cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Terrorism is Changing Us? Threat Perception and Political Attitudes in the Age of Terrorism by Matteo Vergani

Terrorism is a painful and terrifying experience for people all over the world. Matteo Vergani’s How Is Terrorism Changing Us? is a strong effort to describe the psychological and social mechanisms...
Screening PIM-1 performance as a membrane for binary mixture separation of gaseous organic compounds

Abstract Developing microporous polymeric membranes for the separation of a diverse set of organic species can have a profound impact on many industrial fields. This study reports data for unary/binary adsorption and membrane separation performance for acetaldehyde, acetone, methane, methanethiol, propane, and propene studied with PIM-1. The data is reported at 300 K for the pure gases, 15 unique binary pairs, and at 3 molar fractions (45 pairs in all), which required a total of 2633 independent simulations. Based on the potential complexities associated with binary adsorption processes, we describe a statistical approach that can be broadly applicable in identifying system equilibration and overall contribute to predictions with increased fidelity, enabling high-throughput screening. We provide correlations from available experimental porous polymer data that can predict diffusivity as a function of the membrane fractional free volume for propane and propene. Using these results, several PIM-1 binary mixture membrane performance metrics, such as permselectivity, are reported for paraffin/olefin separation. These relations are essential for experimental and computational studies because they allow researchers to assess gas diffusivity/permeability results while avoiding expensive methods needed to otherwise quantify gas transport.
Economic Contributions of the Florida Citrus Industry in 2015-16

This 2-page fact sheet written by Christa D. Court, Alan W. Hodges, Mohammad Rahmani, and Thomas H. Spreen and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department describes the economic contributions of the citrus industry to the state of Florida in fiscal year 2015/16, updating previous studies for 2012/13 and 2014/15 and previous estimates for the economic impacts of citrus greening disease. edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1021
On Witten's global anomaly for higher SU(2) representations ☆

Abstract The spectral flow of the overlap operator is computed numerically along a particular path in gauge field space. The path connects two gauge equivalent configurations which differ by a gauge transformation in the non-trivial class of π4(SU(2)). The computation is done with the SU(2) gauge field in the fundamental, the 3/2, and the 5/2 representation. The number of eigenvalue pairs that change places along this path is established for these three representations and an even–odd pattern predicted by Witten is verified.
Heavy ion irradiation response of an additively manufactured 316LN stainless steel

Abstract Additive manufacturing has become an appealing technique to fabricate three-dimensional metallic materials and components for nuclear reactors. However, response of additively manufactured alloys to high-dose heavy ion irradiations at elevated temperatures is still not well understood. Here, an additively manufactured 316LN austenitic stainless steel with high-density solidification cells was irradiated using 3.5 MeV Fe ion to a peak dose of 220 dpa at 450 ˚C. Microscopy studies show a lower Frank loop density and smaller size in the additively manufactured sample compared with its cold worked counterpart, and the cellular structures may largely suppress the formation of perfect loops and dislocation networks and reduce the magnitude of solute segregations comparing with high angle grain boundaries. The present work advances the understanding on the high-temperature irradiation response of additively manufactured steels for nuclear reactor applications.
A Hotelling-Faustmann Explanation of the Structure of Christmas Tree Pricing

We examine the relationship between a tree price and a tree age (height) using a Hotelling-Faustmann model of optimal plantation management, which accounts for the possibility of replanting and biological growth. The model's predictions are tested using the data on Christmas tree prices in North Carolina collected in December 1997. The estimates show that, in general, the rates of change in prices between adjacent age cohorts reflect a competitive equilibrium in the capital market thus supporting the Hotelling-Faustmann paradigm.
Prolonged Circulatory Arrest is Not Associated with Stroke or Mortality after Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy

Purpose Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) frequently present with extensive distal clot burden, which adds complexity to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). Complete endarterectomy often necessitates prolonged periods of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA), the ramifications of which are poorly understood. Objectives were to describe the association of HCA time with post-operative neurologic complications, operative mortality and other major morbidity after PTE. Methods From 2013 to 2019, 163 patients underwent PTE at a single academic institution. Median age was 51 [IQR 23] and 55% (N=89) were female. Operative approach involved profound hypothermia with multiple brief periods of HCA without aortic crossclamping. As event rates were low, the primary outcome was a composite of operative mortality, stroke, respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy and renal failure requiring dialysis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine association between HCA and this composite outcome. Results Overall operative mortality was 6.8% (N=11), while 1% of patients (n=2) suffered stroke, 5% (n=8) required dialysis and 10% (n=17) required tracheostomy. In terms of hemodynamic outcomes, median improvement in mean PA pressures was 15mmHg [IQR 16] comparing pre-operative to last post-operative invasive monitoring. Median HCA time was 46 minutes [IQR 32] over a median of 3 [IQR 2] arrest periods at median core temperature of 17°C [IQR 2.2]. When grouped by HCA time less than or greater than 60 minutes, there was no significant difference in the composite outcome (15% versus 12%, p=0.720). Among nine patients with very prolonged HCA time greater than 90 minutes, the composite outcome occurred in one (11%). In a univariate logistic regression analysis, neither HCA time (OR 1.00, CI 0.99-1.01) nor number of arrests (OR 0.98, CI 0.94-1.02) were significant predictors of the composite. In a multivariable model, increasing age was the only significant predictor of the composite (OR 1.05, CI 1.01-1.10). Conclusion Prolonged HCA during PTE does not appear to confer increased risk of neurologic or other major complications. Therefore, more extensive endarterectomy should be pursued, when appropriate, to achieve the best hemodynamic outcome for patients with distal and bilateral disease.
Interictal Spike Propagation Patterns in Adults with Epilepsy Evolve Over Time (S3.009)

Objective: To determine the temporal evolution of interictal spike propagation patterns. Background: Interictal spikes play an important role in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The propagation of interictal spikes elucidates seizure networks and predicts seizure outcomes in epilepsy surgery. An improved understanding of the temporal evolution of spike propagation will have implications for sampling times needed to capture the interictal network. Design/Methods: We prospectively collected intracranial EEG (iEEG) data from 46 patients with localization related epilepsy, implanted with a combination of grids, strips, and depth electrodes. We selected nine patients with frequent visually recognizable spikes. We analyzed the iEEG in the 24 hours surrounding each seizure using our published spike sequence detector. For each sequence, we calculated the direction vector between the mean location of the earliest activated electrodes to the mean location of the terminal electrodes. We compared these spike sequence-specific direction vectors across hour-long EEG segments using MANOVA. Results: The range of spike sequences detected per patient was 329 to 13,049. The number of electrodes accounting for 90% of the total spikes in sequences ranged from 20–79 (17–78% of all electrodes) across the nine patients. Spike propagation vectors varied significantly in the 24 hours surrounding seizures for eight of the nine patients (p = 0.02 − Conclusions: Spike propagation patterns evolved from hour to hour for the majority of studied patients. This temporal change in spike vector trajectory suggests underlying variability in network dynamics over time and implies that at least several hours of iEEG data are needed to establish spike propagation patterns. Future work will focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the temporal evolution of spike propagation. Disclosure: Dr. Conrad holds stock and/or stock options in Nevro. Dr. Tomlinson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Davis has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with UCB and UpToDate. Dr. Davis has received research support from Eisai Inc. Dr. Litt has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Blackfynn, UCB, and Eisai. Dr. Litt has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from MC10. Dr. Marsh has received research support from Zogenix Pharma and GW Pharma.
On the Existence of Stable Equilibria in Monotone Games

This paper shows that under very general conditions, there exists a locally stable Nash equilibrium in games of strategic complements (GSC), as well as in the more general case of games with non-decreasing best response correspondences. While it is well known that in such cases a unique equilibrium is globally stable, no equilibrium can be globally stable when multiple equilibria exist. However, the existence of a locally stable equilibrium remains an open question, as we give examples of GSC in which no stable equilibrium exists. One main advantage of our approach is that our results can be derived simply by exploiting the monotonicity properties of the game, and do not require any differentiability assumptions. Results on equilibrium refinement follow as a corollary under slightly stronger assumptions, in the sense that games with two equilibria possess exactly one locally stable equilibrium.
Calculating Race and Gender in Gubernatorial Contests, in Dollars and Cents

Scant research has investigated the relationship between campaign finance and candidate gender in gubernatorial races. Candidate ethnorace has also been neglected. We therefore explore the race and gender backgrounds of those candidates who enter open-seat primaries and evaluate their overall campaign receipts and the structure of their receipts. In doing so, we contribute to the gender and race literatures by evaluating how campaign finance affects the opportunities of diverse gubernatorial candidates.
Limited War and American Political Engagement

Prior studies of war and political engagement focus on mass mobilizing, successful conflicts and treat war as a monolithic variable affecting all Americans equally. In this study, we analyze the more limited, less successful conflicts prevalent since 1945, and we examine the influence of disparities in local communities’ casualty rates on their residents’ patterns of political engagement. Using both individual- and aggregate-level data, we show that citizens from communities that suffered high casualty rates in the Vietnam and Korean Wars were significantly less politically engaged in each conflict's wake than their peers from low-casualty communities.
Data analysis and optimization for (citi)bike sharing

Bike-sharing systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in urban environments. They provide a low-cost, environmentally-friendly transportation alternative for cities. The management of these systems gives rise to many optimization problems. Chief among these problems is the issue of bicycle rebalancing. Users imbalance the system by creating demand in an asymmetric pattern. This necessitates action to put the system back in balance with the requisite levels of bicycles at each station to facilitate future use. In this paper, we tackle the problem of maintaing system balance during peak rush-hour usage as well as rebalancing overnight to prepare the system for rush-hour usage. We provide novel problem formulations that have been motivated by both a close collaboration with the New York City bike share (Citibike) and a careful analysis of system usage data. We analyze system data to discover the best placement of bikes to facilitate usage. We solve routing problems for overnight shifts as well as clustering problems for handling mid rush-hour usage. The tools developed from this research are currently in daily use at NYC Bike Share LLC, operators of Citibike.
Verifying a self-stabilizing mutual exclusion algorithm

We present a detailed description of a machine-assisted verification of an algorithm for self-stabilizing mutual exclusion that is due to Dijkstra [Dij74]. This verification was constructed using PVS. We compare the mechanical verification to the informal proof sketch on which it is based. This comparison yields several observations regarding the challenges of formalizing and mechanically verifying distributed algorithms in general.
Genes Specifying Auxin and Cytokinin Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes

Since the discovery and characterization of auxins and cytokinins, much time, effort and resources have been expended in order to determine the mechanism of their biosynthesis and mode of action. It would not be an understatement to say that the effort has met with only moderate success. For example, in the case of the cytokinins, the structures are known (46), their metabolism has been extensively documented (29) and the major morphological and physiological consequences of their action have been described (26). Nevertheless, there are large gaps in our understanding. Biosynthesisis a case in point. Although there have been reports of isolation of putative cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes (9,10), no enzyme has been obtained in a state of analytical homogeneity and there is no detailed understanding of the biosynthetic pathway, its expression in different plant organs and its control. The genes which encode the biosynthetic enzymes have yet to be isolated and important questions relating to the temporal and spatial expression of such genes during development remain to be answered.
Enhanced anti-fibrogenic effects of novel oridonin derivative CYD0692 in hepatic stellate cells

Oridonin, isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, has been proven to possess various anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we reported the anti-fibrogenic effects of oridonin for liver in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a newly designed analog CYD0692 in vitro. Cell viability was measured by Alamar Blue assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Cell Death ELISA and Yo-Pro-1 staining. Western blots were performed for cellular proteins. Flow cytometry was used to measure cell cycle regulation. CYD0692 significantly inhibited LX-2 cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an IC50 value of ~0.7 μM for 48 h, ~tenfold greater potency than oridonin. Similar results were observed in HSC-T6 cells. In contrast, on the human hepatocyte cell line C3A, only 12 % of the cell growth was inhibited with 5 μM of CYD0692 treatment for 48 h, while 30 % inhibited at 10 μM. After CYD0692 treatment on LX-2 cells, apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle arrest were induced; cleaved-PARP, p21, and p53 were activated while cyclin-B1 levels declined. In addition, α-smooth muscle actin, type I Collagen, and fibronectin (FN) were markedly down regulated. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) has been identified as a dominant stimulator for ECM production in HSC. Our results indicated that pretreatment with CYD0692 blocked TGF β1-induced FN expression, thereby decreasing the downstream factors of TGF β1 signaling, such as Phospho-Smad2/3 and phospho-ERK. In comparison with oridonin, its novel derivative CYD0692 has demonstrated to be a more potent and potentially safer anti-fibrogenic agent for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Summation formulas, from Poisson and Voronoi to the present

Summation formulas have played a very important role in analysis and number theory, dating back to the Poisson summation formula. The modern formulation of Poisson summation asserts the equality $$\sum\limits_{{n \in \mathbb{Z}}} {f(n) = \sum\limits_{{n \in \mathbb{Z}}} {\widehat{f}(n)} } \left( {\widehat{f}(t) = \int_{\mathbb{R}} {f(x){{e}^{{ - 2\pi ixt}}}dx} } \right),$$ (1.1) valid (at least) for all Schwartz functions f. Let us take a brief historical detour to the beginning of the 20th century, before the notion of Schwartz function had been introduced. The custom then was to state (1.1) for more general functions f,such as functions of bounded variation, but supported on a finite interval, and usually in terms of the cosine: $$\mathop{{{{\sum }^{\prime }}}}\limits_{{a \leqslant n \leqslant b}} f(n) = \smallint _{a}^{b}f(x)dx + 2\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty } \smallint _{a}^{b}f(x)\cos (2\pi nx)dx;$$ (1.2) the notation ∑′ signifies that at points n where f has a discontinuity - including the endpoints a, b - the term f (n) is to be interpreted as the average of the left and right limits of f(x). Indeed, the general case of (1.2) can be reduced to the special case of a = 0, b = 1, which amounts to the statement that the Fourier series of a periodic function of bounded variation converges pointwise, to the average of its left and right-hand limits.
Origins of softshell turtles in Hawaii with implications for conservation

Non-native species have the potential to induce large-scale ecological changes that threaten native ecosystem biodiversity, particularly on islands. However, aside from the most conspicuous invasive taxa, the majority of non-natives receive relatively little scientific attention making it difficult to predict the severity of their impact. In addition to ecological and natural history data, genetic approaches can help address the status of non-natives, particularly for introductions that involve multiple sympatric and morphologically cryptic species to clarify their taxonomic identities and geographic origins. We used a molecular systematic approach to investigate softshell turtles (family: Trionychidae) introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s: Palea steindachneri and Pelodiscus sinensis. In light of extended importation and inter-island dispersal, recent taxonomic revisions in P. sinensis, unknown ecosystem impacts in Hawaii, and native range conservation concerns, a comprehensive characterization of the populations in Hawaii was warranted. Field surveying efforts revealed a distribution markedly different from the historical one, with the current ranges of P. steindachneri limited to Kauai and that of Pelodiscus limited to Oahu. Analysis of the 12S rRNA, ND4, and Cyt b gene regions revealed two species of the Pelodiscus complex (P. sinensis sensu stricto and P. maackii) and low genetic diversity in P. steindachneri. These results suggest the importance of continued study to assess impacts on Hawaiian species with the aim of developing management policies to either protect them as ‘assurance colonies’ for the declining native populations or alternatively to support the control and eradication efforts aimed at these introduced aquatic predators.
Two comparison criteria for scalar Riccati equations with applications

We establish two comparison criteria for scalar Riccati equations and apply them for obtaining certain requirements to coefficients under which the equations have solutions (both tending to infinity and not). We generalize a part of the Lyapunov theorem on the Hill equation and establish solvability criteria for the Redheffer system.
Diaspora or International Proletariat? Italian Labor, Labor Migration, and the Making of Multiethnic States, 1815-1939

We offer a transnational and comparative analysis of the "nationalization" of foreign-born workers in western nation states of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.1 An analysis of this complex historical moment is an important foundation for assessing present-day fears of the imminent collapse of nation states. Canadians and Italians wrestling with demands for regional autonomy; German and French voters opting for a "fortress Europe" united against new waves of migrations; and Americans anticipating the disintegration ofthe United States into ethnic and religious fragments, often believe that today's nation states face unprecedented threats to their unity. In fact, nation states have long faced competition from regional loyalties (Weber) and from the cultural diversity produced by international migrations and the globalization ofcapital (Potts; Cohen, New Helots; Strikwerda). In the past, they also faced internationalist labor movements dedicated to ending capitalist oppression around the world in all its forms. To trace the nationalization of foreign-born workers in the past, we focus on 19 million migrants who left the "geographical expression" called Italy between 1815 and 1940.2 Italians dispersed more widely than other Europeans seeking work in these years.'1 Half or more of migrant men began work as temporary, unskilled laborers on railroad and street construction, and in the mines; Italian women tended initially to remain at home. By 1940, Italian migrants and their descendants lived in both North and South America, in several European countries, as well as in Australia, and in North Africa. By examining Italian workers' experiences worldwide, we point both to transformations shared by migrant workers of other backgrounds and to considerable variation in the character ofstates with many foreigners in their workforces. The dynamics of class in an internationalizing economy provide the starting place for understanding the nationalization of Italian workers. Social relations between educated and poorer Italians, and among workers of many nationalities, shaped every phase of the
Computer science curricula 2013 (CS2013): AI and the intelligent systems knowledge area

The ACM/IEEE-CS Computer Science Curricula 2013 (CS2013) report provides guidelines on undergraduate programs in computer science. The report includes a knowledge area on Intelligent Systems, which presents the topics and learning outcomes related to AI that are recommended for undergraduate CS programs to include.
Correlation between Caspase Activation and Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Although evidence suggests that neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal cell loss are prominent features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the relationship between the two remains unknown. In the present study, the relationship between the activation of apoptotic mechanisms and NFT formation in AD was investigated using a caspase-cleavage site-directed antibody to fodrin, an abundant neuronal cytoskeleton protein. This antibody recognized cleavage products of fodrin after digestion by caspase-3, but did not recognize full-length fodrin. In vitro analysis of this fodrin caspase-cleavage product (CCP) antibody demonstrates that it is a specific probe for the detection of apoptotic but not necrotic pathways in cultured neurons. To determine whether caspases cleave fodrin in vivo, tissue sections from controls and AD were immunostained for fodrin (CCPs). Although no staining was observed in control cases, labeling of neurons was observed in the hippocampus of all AD cases, which increased as a function of disease progression. To determine a possible relationship between caspase activation and NFT formation, double-labeling experiments with fodrin CCP and PHF-1 were performed. Co-localization of these markers was observed in many neurons, and quantitative analysis showed that as the extent of NFT formation increased, there was a significant corresponding increase in fodrin CCP immunolabeling (r = 0.84). Taken together, these results provide evidence for the activation of apoptotic mechanisms in neurons in the AD brain and suggest that there is an association between NFT formation and the activation of apoptotic pathways in AD.
Chain Length Scaling of Protein Folding Time.

Folding of protein-like heteropolymers into unique 3D structures is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations on a cubic lattice. We found that the folding time of chains of length $N$ scales as ${N}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ at the temperature of fastest folding. For chains with random sequences of monomers $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}6$, and for chains with sequences designed to provide a pronounced minimum of energy to their ground state conformation $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}4$. Folding at low temperatures exhibits a simple Arrhenius-like behavior.
A comparison of music majors' and nonmajors' perceptions of tension for two selections of jazz music

The present study allowed music majors (n = 40) and nonmajors (n = 30) to record their perceptions of tension in two selections of jazz music using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI). Both musical stimuli were recorded versions of “St. Louis Blues” by W. C. Handy, The first was a popular, stylized version sung by Nat King Cole, and the second, which included an extensive improvisatory section, was performed by Ella Fitzgerald. In comparing these results to earlier studies dealing with music majors' and nonmajors' perceived tension and aesthetic response, there are certain factors that remain constant Music majors' responses did not seem to differ markedly in overall contour from nonmusic majors' responses, which is consistent with previous research. Graphs of perceived tension responses are much more highly differentiated than are graphs of perceived aesthetic response. These graphs produce a pattern that is unique to that musical selection (or in this case, a highly stylized performance). S...
Assessing the role of alkaline soils on the carbon cycle at a playa site

Alkaline soils occupy approximately 5 % of the Earth’s land surface (7 million km), and this may increase due to the global trend towards increasing desertification, yet the extent to which these soils modulate carbon dynamics on regional and global scales is inadequately studied and poorly understood. Railroad Valley (RRV) playa (Nevada, USA) is a semi-arid playa with highly alkaline soils (pH > 10) and no vegetation. The extreme, alkaline environment and absence of vascular vegetation make RRV an ideal site to investigate the role of physiochemical processes of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Both field and laboratory investigations were conducted. This work shows how the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio decreases at nighttime at RRV playa to a value well below the average global background CO2 concentration. Laboratory investigations using soil samples collected at RRV playa confirmed that CO2 uptake by RRV playa soils occurs when temperatures are decreased. Both field and laboratory studies suggest that the alkaline RRV soil acts as a CO2 reservoir during colder periods, such as at nighttime. These results highlight the importance of investigating carbon dynamics in previously understudied environments. Given how little information is available on the CO2 flux in desert and semi-arid alkaline ecosystems lacking vegetation, our findings draw attention to these environments as becoming increasingly important for carbon fluxes on regional and global scales.
Cell adhesion molecules on vessels during inflammation in the mouse central nervous system

The expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mouse was examined during an inflammation induced by intracerebral injection of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). We showed that injection of killed C. parvum produced an inflammatory cellular infiltrate limited to the injected brain hemisphere. However, the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on brain endothelium occurred starting 2 days after C. parvum injection throughout the entire CNS and was not restricted to vessels surrounded by a cellular infiltrate. In contrast to the systemic upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, cerebral vessels located in the center of the cellular infiltrate started to express the MECA-32 antigen, suggesting an altered functional status of the endothelial cells, as this antigen is suppressed during development of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Binding assays performed on frozen sections of inflamed brains are consistent with an important role for endothelial VCAM-1 in the recruitment of lymphocytes during inflammation in the CNS of the mouse.
Effects of spatial audio on memory, comprehension, and preference during desktop conferences

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of spatial audio on memory, focal assurance, perceived comprehension and listener preferences during desktop conferences. Nineteen participants listened to six, pre-recorded, desktop conferences. Each conference was presented using either non-spatial audio, co-located spatial audio, or scaled spatial audio, and during half of the conferences, static visual representations of the conferees were present. In the co-located condition, each conferees voice originated from directly above their image on the screen, and in the scaled spatial audio condition, the spatial separation between conferee voices was increased beyond the visual separation. Results showed that spatial audio improved all measures, increasing memory, focal assurance, and perceived comprehension. In addition, participants preferred spatial audio to non-spatial audio. No strong differences were found in the visual conditions, or between the co-located spatial condition and the scaled spatial conditions.
Adiponectin and its correlates of cardiovascular risk in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Adiponectin, a novel adipocytokine produced exclusively in the adipose tissue, plays a major role in the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and related cardiovascular (CV) diseases. However, information is scant regarding the association of adiponectin with measures of CV risk in young adults. This aspect was examined in a biracial (black-white) community-based sample of 1153 individuals (mean age, 36.2 years; 70% white, 43% male) who participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Adiponectin levels showed race (white > black, P male, P < .0001) differences, and correlated significantly in a beneficial manner to measures of obesity (body mass index, waist circumference, and abdominal height), mean arterial blood pressure, lipoprotein variables (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), measures of glucose homeostasis (insulin, glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and uric acid, after adjusting for age, race, sex, and cigarette smoking. In multivariate analysis that used either body mass index or abdominal height as a measure of general and visceral adiposity in 2 separate models, HOMA-IR was the major contributor explaining 18.4% and 18.1% of the variance, respectively. There was a significant interaction between abdominal height and HOMA-IR on adiponectin level in that the inverse association between adiponectin and insulin resistance was pronounced at higher level of visceral adiposity. Furthermore, adiponectin levels decreased with increasing number of metabolic syndrome risk factors defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (P for trend <.0001). Moreover, adiponectin levels were low among those with positive parental histories of coronary heart disease (P = .03), hypertension (P = .04), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P = .01), considered as surrogate measures of risk. These findings, by showing an inverse association of adiponectin with insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and related metabolic syndrome, and also with positive parental histories of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, underscore the value of adiponectin in CV and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk assessments in young adults.
Experimental Pressures and Film Forces in a Squeeze Film Damper

The effect of whirl frequency and lubricant viscosity on the dynamic pressures and force response of an open end and a partially sealed squeeze film dampers (SFD) with a radial clearance of 0.38 mm is determined experimentally. The experiments are carried out in a damper test rig executing circular centered orbits and/or whirl frequencies ranging from 33 to 83 Hz. The experimental results show that the sealed SFD configuration produces larger tangential forces than the open end SFD. The tangential (damping) force increases linearly with increasing whirl frequency
Inactivation of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle myocytes

Many of the structural domains involved in Ca2+ channel (CACN) inactivation are also involved in determining their sensitivity to antagonist inhibition. We hypothesize that differences in inactivation properties and their structural determinants may suggest candidate domains as targets for the development of novel, selective antagonists. The characteristics of Ca2+ current (ICa) inactivation, steady-state inactivation (SSIN), and recovery from inactivation were studied in freshly dispersed smooth muscle cells from rabbit portal vein (RPV) using whole-cell, voltage-clamp methods. The time course of inactivation could be represented by two time constants. Increasing ICa by increasing [Ca2+]o or with more negative holding potentials decreased both time constants. With Sr2+, Ba2+, or Na+ as the charge carrier, ICa inactivation was also represented by two time constants, both of which were larger than those found with Ca2+. With Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+ as the charge carrier, both time constants had minimum values near the voltage associated with maximum current. When Na+ (140 mM) was the charge carrier, voltages for Imax (−20 mV) or τmin (o mV) did not correspond. SSIN of ICa had a half-maximum voltage of −32±4 mV for Ca2+, −43 mV±5 mV for Sr2+, −41±5 mV for Ba2+, and −68±6 mV for Na+. The slope factor for SSIN per e-fold voltage change was 6.5±0.2 mV for Ca2+, 6.8±0.3 for Sr2+, and 6.6±0.2 for Ba2+, representing four equivalent charges. When Na+ or Li+ was the charge carrier, the slope factor was 13.5±0.7 mV, representing two equivalent charges. For ICa in rat left ventricular (rLV) myocytes, there was no difference in the slope factor of SSIN for Ca2+ and Na+. The rate of recovery of ICa from inactivation varied inversely with recovery voltage and was independent of the charge carrier. These results suggest that inactivation of ICa in PV myocytes possess an intrinsic voltage dependence that is modified by Ca2+. For RPV but not rLV ICa, the charge of the permeating ion confers the voltage-dependency of SSIN.
Audio and video recording system for routine documentation of fluoroscopic procedures.

Because aviation and other reliable systems routinely record and analyze performance, the authors investigated the feasibility and utility of installing a system capable of recording image–guided procedures. An audio/video recording system adapted from those used in simulation laboratories was installed in a new pediatric interventional radiology suite. In this report, the authors describe the recording system as well as how it can be used to study radiation use during individual procedures. These results illustrate how routinely recording more than 300 procedures during the past 14 months and the detailed analysis of selected recordings can provide insights that lead to continual improvements in performance.
Misconduct: judgment called for.

Letters from: [ Donald E. Buzzelli ][1] [ Frederick Grinnell ][1] Frederick Grinnell, in his editorial “Ambiguity in the practice of science” ([19 Apr., p. 333][2]), argues that the usual practice of science contains “ambiguities,” that is, departures from the ideal of total
Submalar Augmentation: An Alternative to Face-lift Surgery

• Submalar augmentation is a new approach that effectively deals with many of the problems encountered in midfacial rejuvenation. This study reports the results of 78 patients who were successfully treated over 6 years by submalar augmentation. This procedure consists of inserting newly designed Silastic (silicone rubber) implants over the midface to create the appearance of restoring the vibrant and youthful fullness of the middle third of the face while avoiding distortion of normal facial anatomy. When used alone, it provides an alternative to rhytidectomy in the 38- to 50-year age group. The benefits of submalar augmentation are such that it should be considered a standard part of the surgical approach to facial rejuvenation. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:797-801)
Random walks with absorbing points

Abstract In this paper we consider paths from (0, 0) to (2 n , 2 n ) whose steps are (1, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 1), each step with weight A, C, B respectively. Comparisons are made between paths which stay below y = x + 1 and those paths which avoid the points (1, 1), (3, 3), (5, 5),…The number of paths in each case differ by the factor 2 AC /( B + 2 AC ). Several other cases and various probabilistic consequences are also worked out.
The Interrelationship of Hyperoxia and Nitric Oxide on the Neutrophil CD18 Receptor and Lung Myeloperoxidase in Piglets ♦ 1647

Nitric oxide (NO) down regulates the neutrophil CD18 receptor and is purported to decrease lung inflammation. However, in clinical situations, NO is used in the presence of oxygen (O2), a lung inflammatory gas.
Immunochemical Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis IX. Heterophile Antigen Associated with a Glycoprotein from the Bovine Erythrocyte Membrane

A glycoprotein was isolated from the membrane of the bovine erythrocyte by refluxing the acetone- and ethanol-extracted stroma residue with 75% ethanol. The glycoprotein was purified by phosphocellulose chromatography, ethanol precipitation, lipidsolvent extraction and DEAE chromatography. The glycoprotein appeared to have two serological determinants, both reactive with antibodies present in the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis. One of the determinants is similar to the Paul-Bunnell heterophile antigen found on sheep erythrocytes. It is dependent on carbohydrate, including sialic acid residues. Another specificity, seemingly not shared by sheep erythrocytes to any great extent, is resistance to neuraminidase and to alkaline borohydride treatment and thus it may be located either on the polypeptide portion of the molecule or on an alkali-stable oligosaccharide. The purified glycoprotein comprises 73% amino acids. Carbohydrate components and their molar ratios were sialic acid (1.0): galactose (1.5): N-acetylglucosamine (1.1): N-acetylgalactosamine (0.5): mannose (0.1).
Host–guest complexes of docetaxel, an anti-cancer drug

Host–guest complexes of Docetaxel 1, an anti-cancer drug have been isolated and crystal structures are described. Docetaxel crystallized in the 1:1 molar ratio with n-butanol, dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetonitrile (ACN) during crystallization from the respective solvents. In all the three complexes (1 · n-butanol, 1 · DMF and 1 · ACN), docetaxel formed a host framework through hydrogen bonds and the guest solvent molecules occupied the channels. The host is hydrogen bonded to the guest molecules through hydroxyl moieties. Interestingly, 1 · n-butanol, 1 · DMF and a literature 1 · CH3OH · H2O (1:1:1) host–guest complexes are isomorphs. Further, 1 · ACN complex unit cell parameters are similar (same space group) to the marketed docetaxel trihydrate polymorph (form A).
Relations between normative beliefs and initiation intentions toward cigarette, alcohol and marijuana.

Abstract Purpose To examine the relations between normative beliefs and intentions to initiate cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among adolescents reporting no prior use. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 6,594 seventh- to twelfth-grade students in northeast Ohio. Separate analyses were conducted on sub-samples of respondents reporting no prior use of each substance. Within each of these 3 sub-samples, respondents were classified as holding high-risk intentions if they reported that they intended to begin using that particular substance within the next 6 months or were "not sure" of their intentions. Those reporting that they did not intend to start using a substance were classified as holding low-risk intentions. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined the relations between normative beliefs and intention status (low- vs. high-risk), while accounting for socio-demographic characteristics. Results Across all 3 substances, normative beliefs were stronger predictors of intention status than socio-demographic variables. Higher levels of perceived acceptability and perceived prevalence were associated with holding high-risk intentions. Normative belief measures assessing close friend and sibling reference groups were much more important in explaining intention status than those assessing other reference groups (e.g., same age peers). Conclusions Among adolescents with no prior use, normative beliefs concerning close friends and siblings may play an important role in the catalysis and support of intentions to initiate substance use. These findings challenge the utility of primary prevention strategies that provide normative feedback based on rates of substance use among distal reference groups.
THE EFFECT OF NEW INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PARAMETERS ON THE HELIOSPHERE AND ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS FROM THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY

We present new results from three-dimensional simulations of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium (LISM) using recent observations by NASA's Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) mission estimates of the velocity and temperature of the LISM. We investigate four strengths of the LISM magnetic field, from 1 to 4 μG, and adjust the LISM proton and hydrogen densities so that the distance to the termination shock (TS) in the directions of the Voyager spacecraft is just below 90 AU, and the density of hydrogen at the TS is close to 0.09 cm–3 in the nose direction. The orientation of the magnetic field is chosen to point toward the center of the ribbon of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) flux seen in the IBEX data. Our simulations show that the plasma and neutral properties in the outer heliosheath vary considerably as a function of the LISM magnetic field strength. We also show that the heliotail points downwind in all cases, though its structure is strongly affected by the external magnetic field. Comparison and consistency between the simulated ENA flux and the circularity of the ribbon as measured by IBEX are most consistent with a LISM magnetic field strength aligned with the center of the ribbon and a magnitude in the range 2.5-3 μG.
Association of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance Genes with Simple Sequence Repeat Markers on Two Chromosomes in Cotton

Breeding for root-knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is hindered by intensive screening procedures. Identification of DNA markers associated with RKN resistance would provide tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS). The objective of this study was to identify DNA markers associated with RKN resistance and associate these with chromosomes. Parents and an F2 population from a cross of resistant near isoline (RNIL) 3 susceptible near isoline (SNIL) were grown in a greenhouse, inoculated with RKN eggs, and scored for gall index, followed by genotyping with simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The source of the resistance was from the Auburn 634 line. Genotype analysis was conducted on 86 F2 plants with nine polymorphic SSR markers. Additive dominance model analysis showed that Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) SSR markers BNL 3661, 3644, 3545, and 1231 accounted for 21, 19, 12, and 11% of the variation in gall index, respectively. BNL 3661 and 1231 together accounted for 31% of the variation in gall index. BNL 3661 had significant additive and dominant genetic effects of 0.61 and 0.50, respectively. BNL 1231 had significant additive genetic effects of 0.51 and no dominant effects. BNL 3661, 3544, and 3645 were linked and these markers were located on the short arm of chromosome 14. BNL 1231 is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. The association of two different chromosomes with RKN resistance suggests at least two genes are involved in RKN gall score in the cross studied.
American Sports Writers and “Unruly Rooters”: The Significance of Orderly Spectating

On Sunday June 17, 1990, under the special logo "World Cup" and the bold headline "Brits on Rampage Again," Barry Wilner of the Associated Press described how "police had to use tear gas to disperse a group of about 1,000 English fans" just before the England vs. Netherlands World Cup game.1 The article typifies American writers' fascination with what Wilner called soccer's "unruly rooters" during the 1990 World Cup. The juxtaposition of headlines (World Cup/Brits on Rampage) implies a firm relationship between soccer, violence, and English fans, while the emphasis "Brits on Rampage Again" identifies a context already firmly established in the minds of American readers. American reporters in fact constantly asserted a relationship between soccer and spectator violence. They were often drawn to statistics of violence. A running tally was kept in most newspapers of fans arrested, deported, and hospitalized, and several articles were devoted to the riots that broke out in England following their semi-final defeat by Germany and to the violent celebrations that broke out in Germany following their World Cup victory. The control and self-control of fans at sporting arenas is a vital metaphor for social order in Western cultures. Experiences and descriptions of sport spectating encode the social significances of orderly and disorderly conduct; they express, organize, and make comprehensible a society's disciplinary practices. This is particularly true of the United States, where managed and orderly sport spectacles tacitly confront widespread fears of social anarchy and urban violence, constructing codes of disciplined spectatorship that are all the more powerful for being invisibly maintained. American journalists who observed spectators of World Cup matches found these largely-unarticulated codes transgressed and exposed by fans who participated in the sports event with what seemed baffling unrestraint. Hooliganism forced writers to confront the meanings of American spectator decorums and, usually, to reconfirm their propriety. But there was another side to soccer fans and even to soccer hooligans, for their provocative and often joyous breaching of American spectator codes also called the legitimacy of those codes into question. The example of soccer fans showed by contrast what the American experience of sports lacked in terms of passion and what I shall call
Super-Resolution Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions by Bimolecular Complementation of Photoactivatable Fluorescent Proteins

Super-resolution microscopy, a powerful technique for determining protein localization, cannot discriminate between random colocalization of proteins and actual protein-protein interactions. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, on the other hand, directly probes inter-molecular interactions, but has been classically limited by the diffraction limit. Here, we demonstrate that three photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PA-FP) -- PAmCherry1, Dendra2 and a Dronpa variant -- support fluorescence complementation, and that split-PA-FPs can be used after complementation for photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). We recovered photoconvertible fluorescent complexes by fusing split-PAmCherry1 to two interacting subunits of mammalian ATP-synthase. PALM images obtained in situ from such constructs were of quality similar to those obtained by labeling and imaging a single ATP-synthase subunit; however, in this scheme, each PALM event corresponded not only to a single ATP-synthase complex localized with ∼20nm accuracy, but also, more precisely, to two subunits of that complex interacting within <10nm of each other.