cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between female and male interest scales for the same occupations

Abstract The relationships between the 37 pairs of same-named Occupational scales for men and women on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory were studied for 1044 female and 1134 male college freshmen. The two sets of scales should not be regarded as equivalent scales (median correlations ranged from .75 to .79). Most of the mean differences between the matched pairs of scales were substantial (⩾ 5 standard scores). Contrary to prior expectations, the use of the cross-sex scales reinforces sexual stereotypes. Both sexes scored relatively high on cross-sex scales representing “traditional” occupations for their sex and relatively low on scales representing “nontraditional” occupations. Various recommendations for alleviating the interpretive problems caused by the use of the cross-sex scales were considered (e.g., using separate sex norms, clarifying the predictive validity of the scales, revising the scale construction procedures, and placing greater reliance on the Basic Interest scales).
Olfactory dysfunction in humans with deficient guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

The guanine nucleotide-binding stimulatory protein (Gs) couples hormone–receptor interaction to the activation of adenylate cyclase and the generation of cyclic AMP (see ref. 1 for a review). Studies using frog neuroepithelium indicate that the sense of smell is mediated by a Gs–adenylate cyclase system2, and this prompted us to test olfaction in the only known model of Gs deficiency in the animal kingdom, Gs-deficient (type 1a) pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), which occurs in humans3–8. Such patients are resistant to the cAMP-mediated actions of several hormones9. (Although Henkin10 has reported disturbances in the sense of smell in six patients with PHP, currently available biochemical measurements such as the cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and determination of Gs activity were not reported and olfactory testing was limited.) In the present study, we found that all Gs-deficient patients had impaired olfaction when compared with PHP patients who had normal Gs activity (type 1b PHP, in which patients are resistant only to the action of PTH in the kidney). This is the first evidence of human olfactory impairment which can be related to Gs deficiency and suggests that Gs-deficient PHP patients may be resistant to cAMP-mediated actions in other non-endocrine systems.
Verification of a cryptographic primitive: SHA-256 (abstract)

A full formal machine-checked verification of a C program: the OpenSSL implementation of SHA-256. This is an interactive proof of functional correctness in the Coq proof assistant, using the Verifiable C program logic. Verifiable C is a separation logic for the C language, proved sound w.r.t. the operational semantics for C, connected to the CompCert verified optimizing C compiler.
Disk scheduling at compile time

This paper describes a simple algorithm* for allocating program files on a disk with a moving head. The algorithm tries to place a file on consecutive pages (but will scatter them somewhat if necessary). It then rearranges these pages to minimize the rotational delay during a sequential scan of the file. This method combines the best features of consecutive and non-consecutive allocation: fast sequential access and fast allocation. It is used in the Solo operating system to reduce program loading time by a factor of 3.
Electron-capture detector and multiple negative ions of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract Multiple electron affinities are identified in the temperature dependence of the electron-capture detector: naphthalene, 0.16, 0.13±0.01; anthracene, 0.69, 0.60, 0 53±0.01; tetracene 1.1, 0.88,±0.03, 0.53±0.05; pyrene, 0.61, 0.50±0.02; azulene 0.90, 0.80, 0.70±0.02, 0.65, 0.55±0.05; acenaphthylene, 0.80, 0.69, 0.60, 0.50±0.05; and c-C8H8, 0.80, 0.70, 0.55±0.02; (all in eV) These are obtained from a rigorous least squares procedure incorporating literature values and uncertainties. The adiabatic electron affinities for about 40 hydrocarbons listed in the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tables are evaluated. The adiabatic electron affinity values not listed in NIST are biphenylene, 0.45±0.05 eV and coronene, 0.8±0.05 eV. Morse potential energy curves in the C–H dimensions illustrate multiple states for benzene and naphthalene.
Comparison of methods for online measurement of diesel particulate matter

Gravimetric analysis is the regulatory method for diesel particulate mass measurement. Because of issues such as adsorption/volatilization artifacts, it faces obstacles in measuring ultra low level emissions from modern diesel engines. Alternative methods of suspended particle mass measurement have been developed that show improvements in time resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy. Three size-resolved methods were considered here. Two methods rely on converting number size distributions obtained using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Conversion techniques were based on effective density measurements and the Lall–Friedlander aggregate model. The third method employs the Universal Nanoparticle Analyzer (UNPA) to measure the aggregate size distribution from which mass is calculated. Results were compared with mass concentrations obtained using gravimetric analysis. The effective density conversion resulted in mass concentrations that were highly correlated (R2 >0.99) with filter mass. The ratios to...
Reasoning based on imperfect context data in adaptive security

Enabling software systems to adjust their protection in continuously changing environments with imperfect context information is a grand challenging problem. The issue of uncertain reasoning based on imperfect information has been overlooked in traditional logic programming with classical negation when applied to dynamic systems. This paper sketches a non-monotonic approach based on Answer Set Programming to reason with imperfect context data in adaptive security where there is little or no knowledge about certainty of the actions and events.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: State-of-the-art review

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is characterized by transient, often severe, left ventricular dysfunction and electrocardiographic changes that might mimic acute myocardial infarction in the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease. It is often encountered in elderly women after physical or emotional stress. Excessive catecholamine stimulation, metabolic abnormalities, and microcirculatory dysfunction are thought to be responsible for the manifestations of this disorder. This comprehensive review summarizes relevant published data, atypical presentations, pathophysiology, and management strategy. It also includes a review of 789 patients with TC including nine illustrative cases encountered at our institution.
DNA ligation during excision repair in yeast cell-free extracts is specifically catalyzed by the CDC9 gene product.

Excision repair of DNA is an important cellular response to DNA damage induced by radiation and many chemicals. In eukaryotes, base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) are two major excision repair pathways which are completed by a DNA ligation step. Using a cell-free system, we have determined the DNA ligase requirement during BER and NER of the yeast S. cerevisiae. Under nonpermissive conditions in extracts of the cdc9-2 temperature-sensitive mutant, DNA ligation in both BER and NER pathways was defective, and the repair patches were enlarged. At the permissive temperature (23 °C), DNA ligation during excision repair was only partially functional in the mutant extracts. In contrast, deleting the DNA ligase IV gene did not affect DNA ligation of BER or NER. Defective DNA ligation of BER and NER in cdc9-2 mutant extracts was complemented in vitro by purified yeast Cdc9 protein, but not by DNA ligase IV even when overexpressed. These results demonstrate that the ligation step of exci...
Oral transmission of Brugia pahangi and Dipetalonema viteae to adult and neonatal jirds.

Abstract Sullivan J. J. and Chernin E. 1976. Oral transmission of Brugia pahangi and Dipetalonema viteae to adult and neonatal jirds. International Journal for Parasitology 6: 75–78. Confirming previous studies, anaesthetized adult jirds became infected after oral doses of 100 infective larvae of B. pahangi ; 4 of 5 jirds became microfilaria-positive and all 5 harbored adult worms. Among 7 unanaesthetized adult jirds similarly exposed, none developed microfilaraemia although 5 each harbored a few adult worms. In these unanaesthetized jirds, presumably, rapid passage of the inoculum through the mouth permitted fewer larvae to penetrate the mucosa, and the rest were probably killed in the stomach. Unanaesthetized 4-day old jirds proved highly and equally susceptible to oral or subcutaneous infection with B. pahangi as indicated by microfilaraemias and large worm-burdens. Direct and indirect evidence suggest that the baby's stomach and small intestine are not inimical to swallowed larvae, thus accounting for the relatively numerous mature worms in the peritoneal cavity. Third-stage larvae of D. viteae , readily infective subcutaneously, succeeded relatively infrequently in maturing when given orally to anaesthetized adult or to unanaesthetized baby jirds. Consistent oral infectivity may thus be a feature of filariae more closely related to B. pahangi .
Early warning system modeling for patient bispectral index prognosis in anesthesia and the operating room

Bispectral index (BIS) is a popular technology widely used in hospitals to monitor depth of patients' anesthesia during surgeries. Maintaining a proper, steady state of the patient's BIS level is critical for patient safety. In this paper an autoregressive moving average model is implemented on patient BIS data for the prognosis of the depth of anesthesia. This prognosis will enable anesthesiologists to make adjustments to the anesthetics prior to a shift in the BIS for the purpose of maintaining steady state BIS. This proposed method will alleviate the current demand for anesthesiologists to make their own predictions during surgery based on past experiences.
Wavelet Collocation Method for Optimal Control Problems

A Haar wavelet technique is discussed as a method for discretizing the nonlinear system equations for optimal control problems. The technique is used to transform the state and control variables into nonlinear programming (NLP) parameters at collocation points. A nonlinear programming solver can then be used to solve optimal control problems that are rather general in form. Here, general Bolza optimal control problems with state and control constraints are considered. Examples of two kinds of optimal control problems, continuous and discrete, are solved. The results are compared to those obtained by using other collocation methods.
Action of Aconitine on the Gold-Blooded Heart.

SummaryThe effect of aconitine on the primary properties of heart muscle has been studied in the cold-blooded heart. Its constant action was to increase the rate of spontaneous beating or to initiate a spontaneous rhythm in driven ventricular strips. This action appeared to be independent of change in resting excitability and to result from enhancement of intrinsic rhythmicity. Vagal action on the auricle depressed the pacemaker, decreased contraction amplitude and shortened refractory period. Contractility and refractory period changes were independent of rate change. In the atropinized auricle high concentrations shortened refractory period by direct muscle action. During the stage of shortened refractory period there was a critical interval when a single extra shock might elicit multiple responses. In the turtle ventricle, which has no vagal endings, high concentrations shortened refractory period, decreased conduction velocity and raised threshold for electrical stimulation.
Curved-straight neutron guide system with uniform spatial intensity distribution

Abstract The spatial intensity distribution of neutrons emerging from a curved guide is asymmetric, and straight guide sections are sometimes appended to curved guides to make the intensity distribution more nearly uniform. For idealized uniform illumination and in the perfect reflectivity approximation, the spatial-angular acceptance at the exit of the combination can be made exactly uniform for a range of long wavelengths by using a sufficiently long straight section, together with a curved guide whose outer wall coating has a critical angle slightly greater than those of the other guide walls. We refer to this as a “phase space tailoring guide” where the coatings on the inner wall and straight section are used to define the required divergence at the end of the guide. Increasing the critical angle of the outer wall of the curved section reduces the characteristic wavelength of the curved guide as well as the wavelength at which ideal uniformity can be obtained. The outer wall coating need only be of sufficiently high critical angle to fill the transmittable phase space area of the straight guide uniformly to adequately short wavelength.
Evaluating the impact of two energy conservation programmes in a midwestern city

Abstract This paper presents a general methodology for evaluating energy conservation programmes, and uses the methodology to assess a home audit and an energy tax credit programme. The data base contains utility bill histories, audit forms, and personal surveys for 319 Decatur, Illinois homeowners. These data enable analysis of the extent of adoption of the two programmes; characteristics of adopters and non-adopters; the role of information in the adoption process; the actions prompted by the programmes; and the impact of the programmes on residential energy consumption. Adopters of the programmes are found to be better educated, wealthier, have newer homes, and engage in more conservation practices than non-adopters. Lack of information is one barrier to programme adoption, with adopters receiving more useful information from the local utility company and government sources. The programmes appear to have prompted certain conservation practices, but they have not reduced energy consumption. Policy implications are discussed.
Free amino acid determination in whole peanut seeds

A method which circumvents the lengthy procedural steps for sample preparation in the analysis of free amino acids (FAA) in the peanut is described. Sample preparation consists of extracting a full fat meal with a lithium citrate sample buffer for 15 min. The sample is centrifuged and filtered with two Millipore filters in series. The resulting extract is analyzed "as is" for FAA via a physiological amino acid procedure. The method significantly reduces sample preparation time and eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals. It is well adapted to the analysis of large numbers of samples or samples of limited quantity. It should be applicable to the analysis of FAA in other oilseeds.
Missing Observations in Multivariate Statistics—IV: A Note on Simple Linear Regression

Abstract In this note we examine the bias and small sample efficiency of certain estimators for the parameters of a linear regression function when some observations are missing. The estimators studies in this paper were suggested by the large sample study reported in this issue of the Journal. We conclude that our asymptotically unbiased estimators of β and μy | x have negligible bias in sample sizes as small as n = 20, and that our asymptotically unbiased estimator of σ2 may have an 8% bias when n = 20. The small sample and asymptotic efficiencies of these estimators are nearly the same for n = 60; when n = 20 the difference between these two efficiencies depends on the correlation coefficient ρ and the pattern of missing observations.
Azelaic acid 15% gel for treatment of rosacea

Although the pathophysiology of rosacea has not been completely elucidated, this chronic, relapsing dermatosis appears to be caused in part by the release of proinflammatory mediators from neutrophils. The effectiveness of some interventions, including topical azelaic acid and metronidazole, may be related to their anti-inflammatory activity. A 15% gel formulation of azelaic acid (Finacea® 15% Gel), with improved pharmacological properties compared with an older azelaic acid 20% cream, has been shown to reduce erythema and inflammatory lesions in rosacea. Topical azelaic acid 15% gel was found to be more effective but transiently more irritating than topical metronidazole 0.75% gel in moderate papulopustular rosacea. Newer agents such as azelaic acid 15% gel provide physicians and patients with an expanded range of treatment options.
Adaptation of cardiac action potential durations to stimulation history with random diastolic intervals.

Random Restitution Kinetics of Cardiac APDs. Introduction: The restitution hypothesis proposes that adaptation of cardiac action potential duration (APD) to rate changes is a predictor of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Conventional restitution kinetics plots the APD of a premature beat as a function of the previous diastolic interval (DI), and VF vulnerability is related to how rapidly APD shortens with decreasing DI. However, APD depends not only on the previous DI but also on the history of previous APDs and DIs. For a comprehensive understanding of APD restitution, we developed a random stimulation protocol and curve fitted each APD with the previous DIs and APDs using multiple autoregressive analyses. Methods and Results: Guinea pig hearts (n = 5) were perfused and stained with di-4 ANEPPS to record optical APs from 252 sites. Activation and repolarization times were detected in real time from one pixel and hearts were stimulated at random DIs (range 0-50 or 0-100 ms). We found that the first, second, and third previous APDs and DIs are required to obtain the best curve fit, which provides the most significant feedback control to APD and up to six previous beats contributed to curve fits (R > 0.8). The coefficients relating the previous DI to APD increased systematically in going from apex to base reflecting the intrinsic gradient of APD across the epicardium. Conclusion: Random restitution is more comprehensive than steady-state restitution, being based on random and dynamic DIs, and makes possible characterization of restitution in only 32 seconds to track changes in restitution during time-varying conditions such as ischemia/reperfusion.
Charge generation of photographic film by roller contact

Abstract The fundamental work of BERTA, HUGHES and others, published more than one decade ago, has been extended to antistatically protected multipacks with the conductive layer separated from the surface by more or less insulating top layers. The charge generation of multilayer films has been studied as a function of time (to get time constants), web speed (to get charge curves) as well as the position of the conducting layer in respect to the roller surface. The measurements included the distribution of field and charge along the web. The shape of the charge curves depends on the speeds of charge generation and charge dissipation, the second being tightly related to the lateral resistivity of the system, the first depending on the dc resistivity of the surface layer. The majority of all cases may be approximated by a general regression formula which contains only two experimental parameters: the critical web speed and a shielding constant. The protective effect of an antistatic layer is not suppressed by the addition of a nonconductive top layer, the critical web speed only being reduced by a factor of about 2. Nonconductive roller coverings may completely block the charge reflux to the separation line web/roler, thus reducing the critical web speed to very small values. Full static protection is achieved, if the actual web speed remains below its critical value. Should it slightly exceed this threshold, then the charge distribution between two succeeding rollers becomes nonhomogeneous and extremely sensitive to the presence of charge focusing elements as well as to the shielding conditions, and the corresponding field distribution gets asymmetrical. The position of the conductive layer in the multipack has only a minor influence on this behaviour. Thus the static risk to be expected for an insufficiently protected material may be even enlarged compared with the unprotected case.
Core Concepts: Neonatal Neurological Examination

The neurological examination is an important tool in the evaluation of a newborn, helping to establish a diagnosis, and providing prognostic information. Neurological disorders may be apparent before birth or appear during the course of the neonatal period. The neonatal neurological examination varies by gestational age and state, which makes the examination a changing and dynamic process. This article reviews the essentials of the neonatal neurological examination, the presence of examination findings based on gestational age, normal and abnormal physical examination findings, and how the examination helps to identify various disorders.
A recommended new standard electrical supply and control configuration for dual kiln drives

It has been shown that the standard electrical drive configuration, which has been utilized throughout the cement industry on kiln drives for many years, can be a significant contributor to vibration and gear wear problems. An alternative configuration with dual supplies and control systems is described that provides highly beneficial electromechanical system interactions. These interactions will prevent costly gear maintenance problems resulting from vibrations at the two lower-order torsional resonances. It is recommended that this arrangement be adopted as a standard on all new kiln drive installations. >
Face recognition using optimal non-orthogonal wavelet basis evaluated by information complexity

Detecting and recognizing face images automatically is a difficult task due to the variability of illumination, presentation angle, face expression and other common problems of machine vision. We represent face images as combinations of 2-D Gabor wavelet basis which are non-orthogonal. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find an optimal basis derived from a combination of frequencies and orientation angles in the 2-D Gabor wavelet transform. Instead of using the widely used within and between class scatter evaluation as the fitness function in GA, we use entropy to measure the information complexity of the wavelet transform. Compared to the well-known "eigenface" algorithm which represents face images based on an orthogonal basis, this Gabor wavelet representation with optimal basis can provide a more accurate and efficient projection scheme and therefore a better classification result.
Post 9/11 Muslims in the West

Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law. Edited by Cesari Jocelyne. Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2010. 264 pp., $39.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-415-77654-7). This edited volume attempts to do many things, bringing together essays by various scholars on Muslims living in Europe and the United States following September 11, 2001. The scope of Muslims in the West after 9/11 is outlined briefly by the editor in a five-page introduction, critiquing earlier studies that tend to essentialize Muslims and Muslim identity without more careful attention to historical context, secularization trends, and recent work in so-called terrorist studies. Section one of the book provides a general overview of the situation of Muslims in Europe and the United States with an essay by the editor on the “securitization” of Islam in Europe, and a survey of Islam in America by Jane Smith. Cesari's chapter focuses mostly on immigration and the various attempts of …
Race and inflammatory bowel disease in an urban healthcare system.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly common among non-Caucasian populations, but interracial differences in disease characteristics and management are not well-characterized. Aims We tested the hypothesis that disease characteristics and management vary by race among IBD patients in an ethnically diverse healthcare system. Methods A retrospective study of the safety net healthcare system of San Francisco, CA, from 1996 to 2009 was undertaken. Patient records with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD9) codes 555.xx, 556.xx, and 558.xx were reviewed. Adult patients with confirmed IBD diagnoses were included. Interracial variations in disease characteristics and management were assessed broadly; focused between-race comparisons identified specific differences. Results The 228 subjects included 77 (33.4%) with Crohn’s disease (CD), 150 (65.8%) with ulcerative colitis, and 1 (0.4%) with IBD, type unclassified. The race distribution included 105 (46.1%) white, 34 (14.9%) black, 35 (15.4%) Hispanic, and 51 (22.4%) Asian subjects. Asians and Hispanics were diagnosed at older ages (41.0 and 37.1 years, respectively) and had shorter disease durations (5.4 and 5.2 years, respectively) than whites (30.5 years at diagnosis and 8.6 years duration, P \ 0.05) and blacks (31.7 years at diagnosis and 12.1 years duration, P \ 0.05). CD was more common among blacks (50% of subjects) than Asians (25.5% of subjects, P = 0.015). The Montreal classification of IBD was similar among races. Hispanics were less likely than others to be treated with 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA), immunomodulators, and steroids. Medical and surgical management was otherwise similar among races. Conclusions Modest race-based differences in IBD characteristics exist in this racially diverse healthcare system, but the management of IBD is similar among race groups.
DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase: promoter hypermethylation associated with decreased expression and G:C to A:T mutations of p53 in brain tumors.

The DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes alkylating adducts from the O6 position of guanine and protects cells from cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. Expression of MGMT is decreased in some cancers, which may be the result of methylation of CpG islands of both the promoter and coding regions of the gene. We studied the methylation status of the MGMT promoter in a very large collection of brain tumors (85) using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Aberrant methylation occurred in 48% of 85 human brain tumor samples. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression of MGMT mRNA levels was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in those brain tumors that had methylation of the promoter region of their MGMT gene. MGMT can prevent G to A mutations by removing alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine. We found a significantly increased frequency of G:C to A:T mutations of the p53 gene in brain tumors having a methylated MGMT promoter compared with those having an unmethylated MGMT promoter (P < 0.05), and all the non–CpG dinucleotide G:C to A:T mutations of p53 were in samples with a methylated MGMT promoter. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social Coping Among Academically Gifted Adolescents in a Residential Setting: A Longitudinal Study:

Much of the research on the social coping of students with gifts and talents has relied on a single administration of an instrument while the participants were attending a summer program. This study attempts to understand how attendance at a residential high school (academy) may affect academically gifted students over time. Students in two graduating classes at the academy completed the Social Coping Questionnaire on two (class of 2006) or three (class of 2005) occasions during their 2 years at the academy. Significant differences across approximately the first year at the academy are found for the items denying giftedness (more common after a year at the academy), social interaction (less common after a year at the academy), and peer acceptance (higher after a year at the academy).
Gold-Catalyzed Annulations of 2-Alkynyl Benzaldehydes with Vinyl Ethers: Synthesis of Dihydronaphthalene, Isochromene, and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane Derivatives

With the suitable selection of a gold catalyst as well as the appropriate control of the reaction conditions, various new gold-catalyzed cyclizations of 2-alkynyl benzaldehyde with acyclic or cyclic vinyl ethers have been developed. Acetal-tethered dihydronaphthalene and isochromenes were obtained from the reactions of 2-alkynyl benzaldehydes with acyclic vinyl ethers under mild conditions. And, more interestingly, the gold-catalyzed reactions of 2-alkynyl benzaldehyde with a cyclic vinyl ether afforded the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivative involving two molecules of cyclic vinyl ethers. These products contain interesting substructures that have been found in many biologically active molecules and natural products. In addition, a gold-catalyzed homo-dimerization of 2-phenylethynyl benzaldehyde 1a was observed when the reaction was carried out in the absence of vinyl ether, affording a set of separable diastereomeric products. Plausible mechanisms for these transformations are discussed; a gold-containing benzopyrylium was regarded as the crucial intermediate by which a number of these new transformations took place.
Understanding Perceived Risk: 1978–2015

Tim O'Riordan made it sound easy when he convinced me to write a brief perspective on hazard management almost four decades after the publication of three seminal articles in Environment on that to...
Nitrogenase Mechanism — An Overview

Nitrogenase is composed of two separately purified proteins called the molybdenum-iron protein (MoFe protein) and the iron protein (Fe protein). N2 fixation and all other reductions catalyzed by N2ase require both component proteins, a source of reducing equivalents, MgATP, protons and an anaerobic environment. This overview covers what has been learned recently about the events that occur during N2ase turnover and the chemical mechanism of substrate reduction.
Untangling the Web: Toxic and Protective Effects of Neuroinflammation and PGE2 Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease

The neuroinflammatory response has received increasing attention as a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microglia, the innate immune cells and resident phagocytes of the brain, respond to accumulating Aβ peptides by generating a nonresolving inflammatory response. While this response can clear Aβ peptides from the nervous system in some settings, its failure to do so in AD accelerates synaptic injury, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline. The complex molecular components of this response are beginning to be unraveled, with identification of both damaging and protective roles for individual components of the neuroinflammatory response. Even within one molecular pathway, contrasting effects are often present. As one example, recent studies of the inflammatory cyclooxygenase–prostaglandin pathway have revealed both beneficial and detrimental effects dependent on the disease context, cell type, and downstream signaling pathway. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inh...
The Romance Text of the Strassburg Oaths. Was it Written in the Ninth Century

E VERY philologist knows that in the history of the French language and literature the poverty of documents of the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries what may be termed the First OldFrench period (before 1100) is very great. Even the most fundamental facts cannot be determined with certainty. The text of the Strassburg Oaths, a few literary fragments like the Cantilerne de Ste Eulalie, the Fragment of Valenciennes part of a homily on Jonas, and a few glossaries (Reichenau, Cassel, Tours, etc.), are all that have survived.1 Accordingly, inductive and inverse reasoning, hypothesis and conjecture, have necessarily been resorted to in order to bridge the gap. One document, however, the Strassburg Oaths,1 has ever been regarded as of unimpeachable integrity. Yet, as the result of a close study of Nithard, whose Historia 2 iS our sole source of information on this point, I have become convinced that a revaluation of the evidence is worth while, and that a new conclusion is to be formed. One need not be accused of excessive skepticism if he is on his guard in this matter on learning the history of the manuscript of Nithard. Only one manuscript is known, Bibliotheque Nationale, fonds latins, 9768, and this dates from at least one hundred and fifty years I after Nithard's death in 843. Certainly two, more probably three, copyists were intermediate between the original manuscript and that which we possess.4 In the first half of the fifteenth century the manuscript pertained to the abbey of St Magloire near Paris, founded by Hugh Capet between 970 and 980. In 1572 the
Postscript on the “Odd Beetle”

Ignotus is a synonym of Thylodrias . In a much appreciated note from A. N. Zhelokhovtsev of the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, in reply to my recent notes on this pest the original type, a male, of Thylodrias contractus Mots., 1839, is said to display nine-jointed antennae conforming fully with my illustration (p. 346, fig. 1A). The antennae are not eleven-jointed as described by Motschulsky and shown in his illustration which was photographically copied as my figure 1C. Other morphological characters of the type coincide with the description by A. P. Semenov, 1912, in the Russian Entomological Review, vol. 12, p. 498. Such errors by old authors may be numerous. Reliance on record of detail may greatly mislead us. Our modern lenses and better standard of preservation of specimens show us structures which were misunderstood by our predecessors with their poor optical equipment and inadequate samples, but our present standards and methods will probably be considered inadequate by our successors.
Expression of GSTPi in Normal Pancreas, Chronic Pancreatitis and Malignant Pancreas:an Immunohistochemical Study

GSTPi is expressed by miscellaneous human malignancies at high level. Overexpresssion of GSTPi in malignant tissue combined with its expression in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions has been used to argue that GSTPi is a "tumor diagnostic marker", but this has not been widely accepted yet. Moreover, GSTPi has been found to relate to tumor drug resistance. In this study, 36 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 15 lymph node metastatic samples from the above malignancies, 10 chronic pancreatitis and 12 normal pancreatic samples were examined immunohistochemically for expression of GSTPi. No significant difference of GSTPi expression has been found between non - tumor samples (including normal pancreas and chronic pancretitis) and malignant samples (P0.5). GSTPi is expressed by primary pancreatic cancers at markedly higher level than corresponding metastatic lesions in lymph nodes (F0.001). Compared by Kaplan -Meire's curve and Log-rank test, pancreatic adenocarcinomas with negative GSTPi staining have a better prognosis than positive ones. Thus, we conclude that expression of GSTPi cannot be used as a tumor diagnostic marker. Discrepancy of sensitivity to chemotherapy may exist between primary and metastatic lesions of pancreatic cancers. Expression of GSTPi in pancreatic cancers can be used as a marker of prognosis.
Fail Not The River: Flood and Aftermath in Minot, North Dakota

This article chronicles the 2011 Souris River flood in Minot, North Dakota, and the flood protection planning that has arisen in response to that flood. The essay argues that the current plans for ...
Spectral Theory for Mercer Operators, and Implications for Ext\left (F\right )

Given a continuous positive definite (p.d.) function F on the open interval \(\left (-1,1\right )\), we are concerned with the set \(Ext\left (F\right )\) of its extensions to p.d. functions defined on all of \(\mathbb{R}\), as well as a certain subset \(Ext_{1}\left (F\right )\) of \(Ext\left (F\right )\). Since every such p.d. extension of F is a Bochner transform of a unique positive and finite Borel measure μ on \(\mathbb{R}\), i.e., \(\widehat{d\mu }\left (x\right )\), \(x \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(\mu \in \mathcal{M}_{+}\left (\mathbb{R}\right )\), we will speak of \(Ext\left (F\right )\) as a subset of \(\mathcal{M}_{+}\left (\mathbb{R}\right )\). The purpose of this chapter is to gain insight into the nature and properties of \(Ext_{1}\left (F\right )\).
Small Groups, Significant Impact: A Review of Peer-Led Team Learning Research with Implications for STEM Education Researchers and Faculty

Peer-led team learning (PLTL) research has expanded from its roots in program evaluation of student success measures in Workshop Chemistry to a spectrum of research questions and qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods study approaches. In order to develop recommendations for PLTL research and propose best practices for faculty who will integrate PLTL in their classrooms, the theoretical frameworks, study designs, results, and limitations of sixty-seven peer-reviewed studies, spanning a variety of STEM disciplines and institution types, were examined. Five program evaluation themes emerged from this synthesis of the literature: student success measures; student perceptions; reasoning and critical thinking skills; research on peer leaders; and variants of the PLTL model. For each of the themes, areas for future study and implications for practice are suggested to STEM discipline-based education researchers and faculty.
Case VI: Shoulder Pain

A 37-year-old male experienced acute pain in the right shoulder while watching television 5 months ago. There was no history of trauma except that a week prior he was running in the airport carrying a 20-pound computer bag. The pain was dull and throbbing. Then he noticed difficulty with overhead movements. The pain subsided over 4 days. The arm movement slightly improved but is still significantly impaired. There is no tingling or numbness.
Monitoring nontimber forest products using forest inventory data: an example with slippery elm bark

The USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysi (FIA) program collects data on a wealth of variables related to trees in forests. Some of these trees produce nontimber forest products (NTFPs) (e.g., fruit, bark and sap) that are harvested for culinary, decorative, building, and medicinal purposes. At least 11 tree species inventoried by FIA are valued for their bark. For example, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) is included in FIA forest inventories, and the bark is used for its medicinal value. Despite widespread use of NTFPs, little quantitative information about abundance, distribution, and harvest is available to support sustainable management. Methods for using the FIA database to monitor and explain the situation regarding selected NTFPs are presented. The focus is on using FIA data to assess for (1) geographic distribution, (2) abundance, (3) applicable metircs (e.g., square feet of bark, and (4) change over time.
Compensation and Plasticity in an Invasive Plant Species

Plant plasticity under varying resources is one character that contributes to competitiveness and invasibility. The plasticity of plant modules of the invasive Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum) was examined under different light and nutrient levels using a balanced field and greenhouse study. Ample light and nutrients resulted in the greatest biomass accumulation in all plant modules. However, M. vimineum showed extreme plasticity, producing stolons and flowers (reproductive structures) under a wide range of environmental conditions except infertile, low light. The addition of nutrients under various shading regimes compensated for lower light levels, rendering little change in the allocation of carbon to reproductive structures. Data from the field study corroborate the greenhouse results, but also suggest plasticity in response to competition.
The multicystic kidney.

AbstractWhen an abdominal mass is found in a newborn it is likely to be a multicystic kidney. This asymptomatic mass is diagnosed in 60 per cent of the children within the first year of life. Two f...
Chemical Waves and Periodic Precipitation Processes

A nonlinear chemical reaction with sufficiently complex reaction mechanism, maintained far from equilibrium, may show the phenomenon of chemical waves or fronts which are traveling concentration gradients 1,2,3,4 Chemical waves may occur in a variety of systems, including oscillatory reactions or reactions in a stable stationary state with so-called excitatory properties in which, upon a perturbation of appropriate direction and magnitude, the system responds with a large variation of concentrations prior to return to the stationary state. The subject of chemical waves includes single fronts, pulses and wave trains. Three types of waves have been discussed in some detail. in kinematic waves5 an apparent wave travels through the system due to an initial gradient in period or phase; hence these waves in the literature are also sometimes called phase waves. Kinematic waves involve only reaction but not diffusion. Relaxation oscillation waves6,7,8 occur in both oscillatory and excititory systems with multiple time scales, systems in which variations of concentrations occur on both a long and short time scale. Hence in relaxation-oscillation systems there occur sharp variations in concentration and there exist steep gradients. Phase waves9 occur in systems with shallow gradients and are distinguished from relaxation-oscillation waves (also called trigger waves) by the shape of the wave. the steepness of the gradient. the velocity and the range of constant velocity10. in both trigger waves and phase waves, diffusion and reaction both play an important role.
CEO power, board oversight, and earnings announcement tone

This study constructs a model of the determinants of earnings announcement tone in order to examine the impact of CEO power on earnings announcement tone. An interaction term between CEO power and board monitoring is used to test whether effective board oversight moderates the strength of the association between CEO power and earnings announcement tone. Following prior research, we measure earnings announcement tone as the spread in the proportion of positive and negative words in the announcements. CEO power is assessed across two dimensions: (1) expert power (CEO tenure) and (2) structural power (CEO-chairman duality). We use board independence, meeting frequency, and board meeting attendance to measure the effectiveness of board oversight. We find that earnings announcement tone is significantly positively associated with CEO tenure and CEO duality. The effect of CEO tenure is weaker when board oversight is stronger, especially when board members have higher reputation costs, whereas the effect of CEO duality is unchanged by board oversight mechanisms. The empirical evidence is broadly consistent with the notion that powerful CEOs use a more optimistic and aggressive tone in their earnings’ announcements and that stronger board oversight is effective in constraining overt aggressiveness in the earnings announcements issued by CEOs with longer tenure but not those issued by dual-role CEOs. The results are robust to several sensitivity tests. Finally, this study identifies CEO power and board oversight as previously unrecognized determinants of tone in earnings announcements.
Collaborative instruction and Handwriting Without Tears®: A strong foundation for kindergarten learning

ABSTRACTHandwriting is a foundational skill students use throughout each school day. Occupational therapists are uniquely positioned to assist teachers and students in the occupational task of handwriting. This intervention combined a collaborative teaching model and the use of Handwriting Without Tears® to teach lower case letter writing to two classrooms of kindergarteners. Pre- and posttesting with The Print Tool® indicated statistically and clinically significant gains on lower case letter memory and overall letter alignment. Teachers reported positive outcomes resulting from collaboration with the occupational therapist. These results support the effectiveness of collaborative instruction using Handwriting Without Tears® with kindergarten students.
Toward total student health: A qualitative pilot study.

Objective: Colleges should aim to cultivate healthy behaviors among students by addressing alterations in wellness students view as important. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-pe...
Culture in Language Teaching

Until World War II, culture used to be seen as the highly literate component of language study. In the 1970s, it became synonymous with the way of life and everyday behaviors of members of speech communities. Nowadays it has become embroiled in the controversies associated with the politics of ethnic identity, religious affiliation, and moral values. This paper first surveys how the cultural dimension of language study has been defined, taught, and researched. It then reviews current interdisciplinary developments in the way culture is conceptualized and how it is now seen as integrating learners' historicities and subjectivities in language education.
Reconstruction for Locally Advanced and Recurrent Breast Cancer

Fortunately, the number of patients presenting with advanced disease has fallen markedly. This is highly related to earlier diagnosis, patient awareness, more frequent breast exams, and self-examination. Nonetheless, some patients present with advanced disease. These patients may be candidates for reconstruction. The criterion for offering reconstruction to these patients is discussed. Additionally, patients with recurrence are also candidates in some cases. For other patients the techniques.
Usage Considerations of 3D Collaborative Virtual Learning Environments to Promote Development and Transfer of Knowledge and Skills for Individuals with Autism

This emerging technology report explores three-dimensional collaborative virtual learning environments (3D CVLEs) as an intervention modality with potential to foster development of knowledge and skills for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Affordances and unique characteristics of 3D CVLEs are detailed and considered from the perspectives of learning, instruction, and assessment. Research suggests that 3D CVLEs can promote acquisition of social and communicative competencies for individuals with ASD in a safe and controllable manner. However, substantial challenges still exist related to overexposure and cybersickness. This report provides an analysis of current trends in the field, along with considerations of relevance and integration challenges with this unique learner population. Implications for further research are discussed.
Uncertainty, Contingency, and Late Development in Taiwan

Taiwan’s postwar performance rested on two pillars: the capacity of enterprises to adapt to the shifting global division of labor and the ability of the state to guide scarce savings toward lines where opportunities for expansion were greatest. Taken as a whole, the scholarship explains East Asian success as the calculated adjustments in policy to aid economic actors in overcoming bottlenecks and technological backwardness. While acknowledging that firms face challenges when entering established markets, the field largely underestimates the difficulty. Moreover, it fails to understand that even before policy can affect development, the state must free itself of the control of the traditional ruling elites, whose economic interests run counter to the requirements of modern economic growth and the instantiation of which is the cause of underdevelopment in the first instance. Taiwan’s postwar performance was only possible because of highly peculiar circumstances arising from the separation of one ruling elite from its base on the mainland and its willingness, on exile in Taiwan, to eradicate the existing landlord and merchant classes nurtured under Japanese colonialism. With no vested interest in preserving the domestic order, the leadership of the state in exile could then impose the social conditions necessary for capitalism.