cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stratified Sporophores of Polyporus Gilvus

The generally accepted basis for the separation of the genus Fomes from Polyporus among the Polyporaceae is its perennial growth, whereby a new layer of tubes is added to the sporophore from year to year, since the mycelium of the context and tube layer remains alive through the year. In his description of Polyporus gilvus (Schw.) Fries, Dr. L. 0. Overholts reports that "the plants are annual or reviving for two or three years" (1), again, that "the plants are sometimes perennial" (2). In my present study of the biology of Polyporus gilvus I have collected a number of sporophores which showed a distinct stratification of the tube layers, indicating that the sporophore might at times be perennial. During the summer of 1923 I made a study of some sporo? phores of Polyporus gilvus under natural growing conditions in the vicinity of Syracuse, and I was convinced that these stratifications of the tube layers did not indicate, for these sporophores at least, that they were perennial. In my previous work I had found that if I brought blocks of wood infected with the above fungus into the laboratory during the late winter or early spring, and kept them under certain moisture and temperature conditions, normal sporophores would develop and produce spores for culture work which I was carrying on. With this point in mind, in February 1924 I brought into the laboratory a section from the trunk of a white oak infected with Polyporus gilvus and upon which were a few sporophores formed during the summer of 1923. Several of these sporophores I split in half to make sure that there was only one layer of tubes present but left them attached to the bark, the remaining sporophores I left intact. Tissue cultures from these were attempted but no mycelial growth was evident, although cultures from the decayed wood were easily obtained.
The Emerging Culture Concept: An Approach to the Study of Culture Change

to coincide very closely to form a new composite formula for differential evaluation. The process just sketched-the translation of technicways into modern Negro institutions-inevitably erased many of the older social distinctions based on secondary status criteria (white ancestry, skin color, absence of slavery tradition). In a folk society which was deprived of the opportunity either to develop autochthonous institutions or to assimilate those of its masters to any great extent, these distinctions were appropriate. But such a simple system of ranking could not adequately recruit members to perform the roles embraced in the complex institutional structure discussed above. Consequently, there has developed a scale of stratification based on primary status criteria and ultimately on the values which underlie Negro institutions. As we have already seen, superior status attaches to successful businessmen, professionals, and civic leaders. This is the group which performs the most important roles-roles which require the most training and talent. Intermediate status is accorded a somewhat functionally differentiated middle class which includes white collar workers, skilled industrial workers, and the more responsible service workers. Their status position depends somewhat on occupation and family stability, but differentials in education and income (in comparison with the upper class) place them below the upper ranges of the stratification scale. At the bottom are the unskilled, the chronically unemployed, the unadjusted recent migrants, who rank low on all prevailing status criteria. We have concentrated this analysis on larger urban areas, since the positive role of the technicways is clearest in that context. Yet the same general process seems to be evident in other communities on a smaller scale or in its negative aspects. We have no accurate indices of the presence of technicways, but general indications seem to confirm the hypothesis that they are weaker in rural than in urban areas, in the South than in the North, in the small town than in the large city. Correspondingly, as we have already seen, class distinctions are less evolved in rural than in urban areas, in the South than in the North, in the small town than in the larger city.
Red-Shifts upon Metal Binding: A Di-Gold(I)-Substituted Bithiophene

5,5′-Bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene was metalated with (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) at the 5,5′-positions to yield a di-gold(I)-substituted bithiophene. The resulting complex was characterized by X-ray diffraction crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The digold bithiophene complex emits green, structured luminescence in chloroform. Its absorption profile is red-shifted from those of 2,2′-bithiophene or the boronate ester starting material. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the frontier orbitals of the digold complex concentrate on the bithienyl bridge. Time-dependent DFT calculations find that the LUMO←HOMO promotion mostly accounts for the absorption onset in all three compounds and that configuration interaction with vacant orbitals on gold modulates this transition. This interaction contributes to red-shifted absorption profiles of σ-aurated gold(I) organometallics.
Hemostasis of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Endoscopic therapy is the primary modality for hemostasis of both upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Some technical differences exist, however, with regard to the application of hemostasis in the lower GI tract relative to the upper gut. A working knowledge of the techniques and hemostatic devices available for the treatment of particular bleeding lesions in the lower GI tract is necessary for the safe and effective use of these modalities. Herein, the specifics of endoscopic techniques for hemostasis of lower GI bleeding will be highlighted, in addition to the role of the interventional radiologist and surgeon when colonoscopic management fails or is not feasible.
Special Article: High-Resolution CT of Lesions of the Optic Nerve

The optic nerves are well demonstrated by high-resolution computed tomography. Involvement of the optic nerve by optic gliomas and optic nerve sheath meningiomas is well known. However, nonneoplastic processes such as increased intracranial pressure, optic neuritis, Grave ophthalmopathy, and orbital pseudotumor may also alter the appearance of the optic nerve/sheath on computed tomography. Certain clinical and computed tomographic features permit distinction of these nonneoplastic tumefactions from tumors.
A Comparative Study of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for Liquid Transportation Fuels Production from Biomass

Abstract Biomass is widely recognized as one of the promising renewable sources for the production of liquid fuels (gasoline, diesel, and kerosene) and chemicals. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) coupled with gasification is an efficient pathway for biomass conversion. In this work, biomass conversion processes for liquid transportation fuels production is simulated in ASPEN Plus. Given the same biomass feedstocks, three FTS technologies including supercritical FTS, once-through FTS, and conventional FTS are comparatively studied. Carbon conversion rate, product outputs, and CO2 emissions are compared. Results show that biomass conversion processes with supercritical FTS technology generate the most diesel and kerosene due to the utilization of supercritical media, while biomass conversion processes with conventional FTS technology generates the most gasoline. Better heat transfer in the supercritical media suppresses generation of CO2 in this FTS process. Different feedstocks, including pine bark, hybrid poplar, corn stover, switchgrass and hardwood, are used to study their effects on the product distribution. Corn stover shows the highest carbon conversion rate in this study.
Mock and mixed mock modular forms in the lower half-plane

We study mock and mixed mock modular forms in the lower half-plane. In particular, our results apply to Zwegers’ three-variable mock Jacobi form $${\mu(u,v;\tau)}$$ , three-variable generalizations of the universal mock modular partition rank generating function, and the quantum and mock modular strongly unimodal sequence rank generating function. We do not rely upon the analytic properties of these functions; we establish our results concisely using the theory of q-hypergeometric series and partial theta functions. We extend related results of Ramanujan, Hikami, and prior work of the author with Bringmann and Rhoades, and also incorporate more recent aspects of the theory pertaining to quantum modular forms and the behavior of these functions at rational numbers when viewed as functions of $${\tau}$$ (or equivalently, at roots of unity when viewed as functions of q).
Core Breast Biopsies Showing Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Should Be Excised and Surveillance Is Reasonable for Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to determine the upgrade rate to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive carcinoma at excision at the same site after percutaneous breast biopsy findings of atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) using current imaging and strict pathologic criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From January 2006 through September 2013, 32,960 breast core biopsies were performed; 1084 (3.3%) core biopsies found ALH or classic LCIS. For 447 lesions in 433 women, this was the only high-risk lesion at that site, with no ipsilateral malignancy, and results of excision were available. RESULTS. Among the 447 lesions, 22 (4.9%) were malignant at excision, including 10 invasive carcinomas (two grade 2 and eight grade 1; all node negative) and 12 DCIS. The upgrade rate of LCIS was 9.3% (10/108; 95% CI, 5.1–16.2%) and that of ALH was 3.5% (12/339; 95% CI, 2.0–6.1%; p = 0.02). After excluding five cases with radiologic-pathologic discordance and reclassifying one...
Staging Beckett in Great Britain: Staging Beckett in Ireland and Northern Ireland

The two volumes reviewed here are a great addition to the maturity and development of scholarly research on Beckett. Addressed as they are to his work in the theatre and how it has been performed i...
The role of chemistry and bonding in regulating fracture in multiphase transition metal carbides and nitrides

Abstract The presence of the zeta phase in the tantalum carbides has been experimentally shown to give rise to very high fracture toughness which has been attributed to its complex microstructure. In this paper, electronic structure density functional theory is used to investigate the role chemistry and bonding play in regulating the fracture. These simulations demonstrate that fracture in the cubic carbide form is preferred along the {100} planes while the closed packed planes are preferred when carbon atoms are depleted from these planes. This is a consequence of the loss of all the primary covalent bonds across these planes, and idea that is rationalized using a broken-bond model. Thus, the fracture paths should follow the closed packed planes when carbon depleted stacking faults are present in the zeta phase, and the {100} planes when they are not. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that these features are not unique to the tantalum carbides and are present in the vanadium carbides, niobium carbides and hafnium nitrides. This suggests that these materials may also have similar high fracture toughness’s if the correct microstructure can be obtained through processing.
Commentary: STS of the Underground

Geographer Trevor Birkenholtz draws out major themes across the articles in the thematic collection "Engaging the Underground: An STS Field in Formation," with reference to cartographic and model production and representation, particularly in the ways that they render the landscapes partially knowable and contestable.
The U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines After One Half Century: Three Steps Forward and One Step Back

The U.S. antitrust agencies’ Horizontal Merger Guidelines are approaching their half century mark, having progressed through three earlier versions to their current 2010 form. Recent reports promote the contention that the enhanced sophistication and transparency of the newer versions have led to improved policy results. This study questions this conclusion by examining recent retrospective merger case evidence as well as agency policy and practices, in light of long-held Supreme Court dicta.
The Complementary Health Approaches for Pain Survey (CHAPS): Validity testing and characteristics of a rural population with pain

Objectives Little is known about patterns and correlates of Complementary Health Approaches (CHAs) in chronic pain populations, particularly in rural, underserved communities. This article details the development and implementation of a new survey instrument designed to address this gap, the Complementary Health Approaches for Pain Survey (CHAPS). Design Following pilot-testing using pre-specified criteria to assess quality and comprehension in our target population, and after feedback regarding face-validity from content experts and stakeholders, the final cross-sectional self-report survey required 10–12 minutes to complete. It contained 69 demographic, lifestyle and health-related factors, and utilized a Transtheoretical Model (TTM) underpinning to assess short- and long-term use of 12 CHAs for pain management. Twenty additional items on pain severity, feelings, clinical outcomes, and activities were assessed using the Short-Form Global Pain Scale (SF-GPS); Internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Settings/location Investigators conducted consecutive sampling in four West Virginia pain management and rheumatology practices. Participants 301 Appalachian adult patients seeking conventional care for pain management. Results Response rates were high (88% ± 4.1%). High quality and comprehension deemed the CHAPS an appropriate measurement tool in a rural population with pain. Missing data were unrelated to patient characteristics. Participants predominantly experienced chronic pain (93%), had five or more health conditions (56%, Mean = 5.4±3.1), were white (92%), female (57%), and middle-aged (Mean = 55.6 (SD = 13.6) years). Over 40% were disabled (43%) and/or obese (44%, Mean BMI = 33.4±31.5). Additionally, 44% used opioids, 31% used other prescription medications, and 66% used at least one CHA for pain, with 48% using CHAs for greater than 6 months. There was high internal reliability of the SF-GPS (alpha = .93) and satisfactory internal reliability for each of the five TTM stages across (all) twelve CHAs: precontemplation (0.89), contemplation (0.72), preparation (0.75), action (0.70), and maintenance (0.70). Conclusions The CHAPS is the first comprehensive measurement tool to assess CHA use specifically for pain management. Ease of administration in a population with pain support further use in population- and clinic-based studies in similar populations.
Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: New Lessons from the SEARCH Study

The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the recent body of evidence emerging for type 2 diabetes as identified through the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. This body of evidence illustrates that type 2 diabetes continues to increase in incidence, although this increase may be partially attributable to increased surveillance. Disease management is influenced by the transition from adolescent to adult care and psychosocial factors may also contribute. This evidence also describes a high prevalence of disease-associated complications and comorbidities. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are also highly prevalent. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study continues to inform our understanding of the descriptive epidemiology and natural history of type 2 diabetes in youth. As the cohort matures, new opportunities emerge for building on our understanding of how youth-onset type 2 diabetes impacts future health.
Evaluating conditional arguments with uncertain premises

ABSTRACTTreating conditionals as probabilistic statements has been referred to as a defining feature of the “new paradigm” in cognitive psychology. Doing so is attractive for several reasons, but it complicates the problem of assessing the merits of conditional arguments. We consider several variables that relate to judging the persuasiveness of conditional arguments with uncertain (probabilistic) premises. We also explore ways of judging the consistency of people's beliefs as represented by components of conditional arguments. Experimental results provide evidence that inconsistencies in beliefs are more prevalent if the arguments’ components are spatially and temporally dispersed than if they are contiguous in space and time. This supports the idea that assuring the consistency among even a small number of beliefs is difficult to do, especially if the beliefs in question are not brought into consciousness at the same time; but consistency can be enhanced when beliefs are considered simultaneously or nea...
THE ROLE OF PROVERBS IN FORMING INTERCULTURAL AWARENESS (ON THE BASIS OF TEACHING ENGLISH, GEORGIAN AND TURKISH LANGUAGES) – Ph. D. THESIS REVIEW FOR: HALİS GÖZPINAR

It is indeed with much pleasure and considerable excitement that I submit this highly positive review of Halis Gozpinar’s magisterial dissertation The Role of Proverbs in Forming Intercultural Awareness (On the Basis of Teaching English, Georgian and Turkish Languages) that he has submitted to the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University in distant Georgia. I have shown his work to two of my colleagues in the Faculty of Education here at the University of Vermont, and I am happy to report that they are deeply impressed with this scholarly achievement, and they join me in my laudatory evaluation that is to follow here. Article visualizations:
Internet-based Education

Internet-based education is an evolving practice that is taking hold around the globe. Higher education has led to advances in the use of the Internet for educational purposes, but elementary and secondary systems are increasingly adopting Internet-based educational practices. This article defines a variety of practices associated with Internet-based education and makes a distinction between curricula designed to replace traditional, face-to-face courses and curricula designed to enhance traditional courses. The prevalence and purposes of Internet-based education are also described, and the research regarding student retention and learning in courses and programs is summarized.
Guanosine diphosphate-4-keto-D-rhamnose reductase. A non-stereoselective enzyme.

Abstract The pyridine nucleotide-mediated reduction of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose (GDP-4-keto-d-rhamnose) as catalyzed by extracts of soil bacterium GS (ATCC 19241) has been investigated with the use of 200- to 400-fold purified GDP-4-keto-d-rhamnose reductase. The results of these investigations suggest that a single enzyme protein is responsible for the formation of both C-4 epimers, GDP-d-rhamnose and GDP-d-talomethylose. Experiments with GDP-d-[14C]rhamnose exclude interconversion of the sugar nucleotide epimers by means of a GDP-d-rhamnose-4-epimerase. Thus, their formation appears to result from separate reductive reactions in which either GDP-d-rhamnose or GDP-d-talomethylose is produced, depending upon the orientation of the pyranose ring with respect to the reducing hydrogen atom. In experiments with stereospecifically labeled [4-3H]TPNH, it has been possible to show the quantitative transfer of tritium from [4B-3H]TPNH to the rhamnose and talomethylose moieties of GDP-d-rhamnose and GDP-d-talomethylose. Hence, while location of tritium at C-4 of the 6-deoxyhexose is assumed, it appears that a single enzyme transfers hydrogen from the 4B position of TPNH to either side of the pyranose ring at the C-4 carbonyl function of GDP-4-keto-d-rhamnose. This is the first description of a pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase which lacks precise stereoselectivity with respect to its hydrogen receptor carbonyl function.
Family Life, Children and the Feminization of Computing

With the entry of new technologies into the home, we are witnessing a proliferation of descriptors for the emerging home environment. These include such terms as smart homes, home automation and devices, the networked home, the home of the future, digital living, and of course the one offered in this book: the connected home. In general, they all seem to be pointing to the same story: that the modern home in this new media/internet age is undergoing a transformation. Home life as previously understood is changing. Computing and computers are of course central to this. But how and in what ways?
Privacy and Public Intellectual Freedom: Why Trained Library Staff Preserve and Protect Patron Confidentiality

On the layman's level, this Commentary presents the essence of how and why library staff engage with the public while preserving patron privacy. Basic documentation, such as the Library Bill of Rights and the ALA's Intellectual Freedom Manual are referenced, along with an unsettling article about arson. After reading this Commentary, library staff should feel a renewed sense of loyalty to their profession, as well as an uncomfortable realization that every day, someone's life is held in the balance for educational good or for misapplied freedom: it is partially up to the librarian to help each person pursue excellence within the framework of free access to information.
Amodal Presence and the Bounce/Stream Illusion:

Ambiguous bounce/stream collision points were hidden behind an occluder so that observers had to complete them amodally. In Movie 1, straight or curved static lines were painted on the occluder. In Movie 2, dotted textures flowed in straight or curved lines across the front of the occluder. In Movie 3, moving eyes, painted on the occluder, either moved in straight lines, as if tracking streaming spots, or else followed curved paths, as if tracking bouncing spots. The straight (or curved) lines, texture flow or eye movements led to judgments of streaming (or bouncing). These effects demonstrate the role of attention and expectations in disambiguating bounce/stream stimuli.
Number of Pregnancies and Atrial Fibrillation Risk: The Women's Health Study.

Increased parity is independently associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in large observational studies.1 Although CVD is a strong risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation (AF),2 little is known about the relationship between parity and AF risk. To address these gaps in knowledge, and given the significant impact AF has in women, we sought to examine the relationship between parity and AF in a large cohort of women free of CVD and AF at baseline within the WHS (Women’s Health Study). WHS began as a randomized trial examining the use of aspirin versus placebo for the primary prevention of CVD and cancer.3 The study enrolled 39 876 women aged ≥45 years without CVD or any major illness. Development of prespecified health outcomes, and updated demographic, lifestyle, and CVD risk factor information were captured in annual questionnaires. The randomized trial was completed in March 2004, and subjects were invited to participate in observational follow-up. Women reported their number of pregnancies lasting at least 6 months in duration at baseline and incident AF events beginning at 48 months and …
A particle-resolved 3D finite element model to study the effect of cathode microstructure on the behavior of lithium ion batteries

Abstract This manuscript presents the formulation and implementation of a particle-resolved 3D finite element (3DFE) model to study the effect of cathode microstructure on the electrochemical and mechanical responses of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during the discharge process. In this model, active particles (lithium iron phosphate) are explicitly resolved to allow the direct assignment of boundary conditions on particle surfaces. To incorporate the effect of binder phase in a numerically efficient manner, it is modeled as a homogenized matrix with a pore-filling electrolyte that allows the transport of both electrons and ions. A new virtual packing algorithm is implemented to reconstruct three cathode microstructures, one of which has an idealized microstructure with spherical particles of similar radii. This microstructural model is used for the verification of the 3DFE model through comparison with the pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model. The other two cathodes, which are composed of two-size spherical and arbitrary-shaped particles, are used to study the impact of microstructure and discharge rate on the electro-chemo-mechanical behavior. The proposed model predicts the effect of electrode microstructure on active material utilization, as well as the magnitude and distribution of mechanical stresses developed in particles. We also study how the mechanical response of the cathode is affected by the binder stiffness.
Tips for Organizing an Educational Agricultural Commodity Trading Club.

Educational commodity marketing clubs have been an effective tool for producers to develop their grain and livestock marketing skills. These groups are further enhanced when the participants engage in "actual trading" versus "paper trading" techniques. When a club chooses to try actual trading, it becomes more complicated than pooling monies together. Group members need to think of personal liability and state and government regulations with which they need to comply. This article attempts to assist Extension educators as they guide groups through the steps that will limit their personal liability and bring them into compliance with federal regulations.
Transposition of the Great Arteries

Many adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) have limited knowledge of their heart disease and heart history. It is not uncommon to encounter adult patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) that have not seen a physician in many years. Radiologist and cardiologist need to understand image findings and the anatomy of the repair and the potential late complications associated with it. In this chapter these issues will be reviewed. Table 10.1 shows anatomic definitions relevant to the TGA and Table 10.2 defines morphological characteristics of the ventricles for correct identification.
Optimization of harvest and logistics for multiple lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks in the northeastern United States

Abstract A mixed-integer linear programming model was developed to optimize the multiple biomass feedstock supply chains, including feedstock establishment, harvest, storage, transportation, and preprocessing. The model was applied for analyses of multiple biomass feedstocks at county level for 13 states in the northeastern United States. In the base case with a demand of 180,000 dry Mg/year of biomass, the delivered costs ranged from $67.90 to $86.97 per dry Mg with an average of $79.58/dry Mg. The biomass delivered costs by county were from $67.90 to 150.81 per dry Mg across the northeastern U.S. Considered the entire study area, the delivered cost averaged $85.30/dry Mg for forest residues, $84.47/dry Mg for hybrid willow, $99.68 for switchgrass and $97.87 per dry Mg for Miscanthus. Seventy seven out of 387 counties could be able to deliver biomass at $84 per dry Mg or less a target set by US DOE by 2022. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to evaluate the effects of feedstock availability, feedstock price, moisture content, procurement radius, and facility demand on the delivered cost. Our results showed that procurement radius, facility capacity, and forest residue availability were the most sensitive factors affecting the biomass delivered costs.
Wide-field dual-probe imaging approach validated using QDs and skin mimicking phantoms (Conference Presentation)

We utilized these NIR QDs to demonstrate the utility of an image processing algorithm capable of determining the relative concentration ratios of two distinct emitters at various tissue depths. This algorithm is based on the dual probe imaging method, which we modified for use in wide-field imaging systems. The algorithm was validated using skin-mimicking tissue phantoms that were used to vary the effective imaging depth from 0-1.2 mm. The algorithm correctly determined concentration ratios of a two-color QD system for variations in concentration ≥ 10%, independently of depth. These contrast agents and the imaging approach are being adapted for use for in vivo targeted tumor imaging.ng adapted for use for in vivo targeted tumor imaging.
The Approach that Would Be TBLE for a Government to Take to Economic-Efficiency Prediction/Post-diction—The Rest of the Story

This chapter indicates some of the non-analytic-protocol matters that a government must handle third-best-allocative-efficiently for its overall approach to economic-efficiency prediction/post-diction to be TBLE. The issues it references include (1) whether to legally obligate non-government actors to supply relevant information, whether and how to compensate them for doing so, how to evaluate the information they supply, (2) the criteria to be used to select relevant government employees, the training and supervision to give such employees, (3) the compensation to be paid such employees, the criteria to be used to decide whether to retain, promote, or fire them, (4) whether the employment-contracts of such employees should limit their ability to become employees of, do paid consulting work for, or give paid speeches to specified sets of non-government actors during and after their government service, (5) the identity of the non-government actors that should be entitled to provide information to economic-efficiency analysts and the time-constraints and page-constraints that should be imposed on any such entitled information-providers, (6) the obligations of economic-efficiency analysts to justify their conclusions, and (7) the nature of the process for reviewing economic-efficiency analysts’ conclusions (including the rights of specified parties to challenge those conclusions, the duty of the analysts to respond to challenges, and the obligations of supervisors to justify their ultimate economic-efficiency conclusions).
Troubling the Southern turn in feminisms

In this article, I focus on the work of the South Asian Network for Gender Transformation (SANGAT) to show how it goes beyond the current turn to the Global South in much contemporary transnational...
“We Must Go Hard and We Must Go Early”: How New Zealand Halted Coronavirus in the Community and Corrections

New Zealand’s success at containing the coronavirus, despite a potential reemergence in August, is viewed by the World Health Organization as a model for handling a pandemic. This same success also...
Modeling and estimation with multiple reflections

When medium property variation is not smooth and slow or perturbative, multiple reflections are non-negligible. We model multiples and develop associated methods for estimating medium parameters from received signals. We focus on 1-D which is fundamental theoretically and has direct applications to layered media, e.g., nondestructive testing for delamination in layered composites. We account for all reflection multiples: intra and inter-layer including sub and supra-source layer multiples. We represent the system in two ways, and develop associated model expressions and estimation methods. For the block diagram representation, we employ system functionals to develop closed-from expressions of the transfer function that do not require integration. Using this expression, we can estimate parameters by optimization. For the tree-diagram representation, we develop expressions that construct the response semi-incrementally in time. We develop non-optimization-based methods to estimate parameters from theseexpressions without prior knowledge of the number of layers. For broad-band signals, this method runs in real-time. Our models and methodsaccount for various multiples, are easily modifiable for various configurations (of pre-source layers and location of source-receiver) and source radiation patterns (uni/bi-directionality). Configurational flexibility, diagrammatic representations, simple closed-form expression, interpretable models, and form of estimation methods are strengths of our models and methods.
Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem and triangular finite element discretizations: an energetic interpretation

Abstract Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem (RMVT) presents both displacements and transverse stresses as primary variables. This property allows the a-priori fulfillment of both interlaminar compatibility and equilibrium with potentially excellent numerical performance. However, the triangular finite element based on RMVT has never been assessed from an energetic perspective. This aspect is investigated in the present contribution for the first time: the functional reconstitution technique is extended to RMVT-based triangular elements (retaining transverse normal stress) and it is demonstrated that the elements exhibit significantly lower errors than the corresponding displacement-based formulation. Moreover, the percentage errors on the approximation of the semi-complementary energy is shown to be invariant with the plate thickness-to-width ratio.
Contact lens-based sensing of lysozyme in tear fluid using a mobile well-plate reader

We report the quantification of lysozyme in tear fluid using contact lenses and a mobile-phone well-plate reader. We observed significantly lower lysozyme levels in human participants with dry eye disease compared to healthy controls.
Multicultural School Psychology Competencies: A Practical Guide

Foreword Preface Part I: Multicultural School Competencies Chapter 1: Introduction to Multicultural School Competencies Part II: Multicultural Assessment Chapter 2: Multicultural Assessment Chapter 3: Assessment of Emotional and Multiple Intelligences Chapter 4: Academic Assessment Chapter 5: Clinical Assessment in a Multicultural Context Chapter 6: Personality and Behavioral Assessment Chapter 7: Writing Psychological and Educational Reports for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Clients Part III: Consultations and Interventions Chapter 8: Consultations and Interventions Involving Teachers Chapter 9: Multicultural Competencies for Parental Training Programs (by Sara Nahari) Part IV: Special Topics Chapter 10: Acculturation Chapter 11: The Language Barrier Chapter 12: Prejudice Reduction Chapter 13: Giftedness and Diverse Students Index
Toward Combining Individual and Collaborative Learning Within an Intelligent Tutoring System

Collaborative and individual learning appear to have complementary strengths; however, the best way to combine these learning methods is still unclear. While previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) for individual learning, collaborative learning with ITSs is much less frequent – especially for young students. In this paper, we discuss our prior and future work with elementary school students that aims to investigate how to best combine individual and collaborative learning using their complementary strengths within an ITS. Our previous findings demonstrate that ITSs are able to support collaboration, as well as individual learning, for this population. In addition, we propose future research to understand how to best combine individual and collaborative learning within an ITS.
Chemical and nutritional aspects of folate research: analytical procedures, methods of folate synthesis, stability, and bioavailability of dietary folates.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the current knowledge concerning: (1) the inherent chemical properties of folates and methods of synthesis of experimentally important forms of the vitamin, (2) analytical methods for measurement of folates in foods and other biological materials, (3) the stability and chemical behavior of folates in foods, (4) the folate requirement of humans and the nutritional adequacy of human diets, ( 5 ) methods of assessment of the bioavailability of the vitamin, and (6) the mechanism of folate absorption and factors affecting the bioavailability of dietary folate. The application of these methods in the near future will provide significant new information with respect to the identity, content, and bioavailability of folates in foods. Although the chemical behavior of folates in foods is reasonably well characterized, common methods of food preparation and processing often yield inevitable losses of folate by oxidative or other modes of degradation or by aqueous extraction.
Chapter 15 Some Physics of Ion Transport

Publisher Summary The transport of ions across membranes occurs in a limited number of ways: (1) free ion migration, (2) ion carrier migration, (3) specific ion conductance or semiconductance, and (4) specific ion conductor coupled to an energy source. The first two are essentially liquid phase phenomena, while the last two are solid state. To illustrate the extent of these conductances, this chapter considers two examples: first, crystalline sodium alumina has sodium ion conductivity at 25°C comparable to that of aqueous NaCl (0.1 M). Second, ice at 0°C has a proton conductance about equal to the ionic conductance of water at the same temperature. A model is presented which illustrates how a redox reaction can be linked to transmembrane proton transport. When the hydrogen is in the well on the left of the chain, it is in the ground state. When it is in the well on the right, an ion pair has formed since the right-hand oxygen has an extra positive charge and the left-hand oxygen has a deficit of a positive charge.
Femtosecond laser irradiation-induced infrared absorption on silicon surfaces

The near-infrared (NIR) absorption below band gap energy of crystalline silicon is significantly increased after the silicon is irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses at a simple experimental condition. The absorption increase in the NIR range primarily depends on the femtosecond laser pulse energy, pulse number, and pulse duration. The Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that after the laser irradiation, the silicon surface consists of silicon nanostructure and amorphous silicon. The femtosecond laser irradiation leads to the formation of a composite of nanocrystalline, amorphous, and the crystal silicon substrate surface with microstructures. The composite has an optical absorption enhancement at visible wavelengths as well as at NIR wavelength. The composite may be useful for an NIR detector, for example, for gas sensing because of its large surface area.
The reactivity of thiols and disulfides with different redox states of myoglobin. Redox and addition reactions and formation of thiyl radical intermediates.

The reactivity of several thiols, including glutathione, dihydrolipoic acid, cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine, and ergothioneine, as well as several disulfides, toward different redox states of myoglobin, mainly met-myoglobin (HX-FeIII) and ferrylmyoglobin (HX-FeIV=O), was evaluated by optical spectral analysis, product formation, and thiyl free radical generation. Only dihydrolipoic acid reduced met-myoglobin to oxy-myoglobin, whereas all the other thiols tested did not interact with met-myoglobin. Although the redox transitions involved in the former reduction were expected to yield the dihydrolipoate thiyl radical, the reaction was EPR silent. Conversely, all thiols interacted to different extent with the high oxidation state of myoglobin, i.e. ferrylmyoglobin, via two processes. First, direct electron transfer to heme iron in ferrylmyoglobin (HX-FeIV=O) with formation of met-myoglobin (HX-FeIII) or oxymyoglobin (HX-FeIIO2); the former transition was effected by all thiols except dihydrolipoate, which facilitated the latter, i.e. the formation of the two-electron reduction product of ferrylmyoglobin. Second, nucleophilic addition onto a pyrrole in ferrylmyoglobin with subsequent formation of sulfmyoglobin. The contribution of either direct electron transfer to the heme iron or nucleophilic addition depended on the physicochemical properties of the thiol involved and on the availability of H2O2 to reoxidize met-myoglobin to ferrylmyoglobin. The thiyl radicals of glutathione, cysteine, and N-acetylcysteine were formed during the interaction of the corresponding thiols with ferrylmyoglobin and detected by EPR in conjunction with the spin trap 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyroline-N-oxide. The intensity of the EPR signal was insensitive to superoxide dismutase and it was decreased, but not suppressed, by catalase. The disulfides of glutathione and cysteine did not react with ferrylmyoglobin, but the disulfide bridge in lipoic acid interacted efficiently with the ferryl species by either reducing directly the heme iron to form met-myoglobin or adding onto a pyrrole ring to form sulfmyoglobin; either process depended on the presence or absence of catalase (to eliminate the excess of H2O2) in the reaction mixture, respectively. The biological significance of the above results is discussed in terms of the occurrence and distribution of high oxidation states of myoglobin, its specific participation in cellular injury, and its potential interaction with biologically important thiols leading to either recovery of myoglobin or generation of nonfunctional forms of the hemoprotein as sulfmyoglobin.
Organometallic compounds of Group III: XLIV. Molecular hydrogen and aluminum hydride transfers mediated by nickel(0) complexes: the intermediacy of nickel hydrides in the Ziegler nickel effect

Abstract In investigating the possible mechanistic similarity between dihydrogen and aluminum hydride transfers to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the catalytic action of nickel(0) complexes on such transfers was investigated in detail. For dihydrogen transfers the tendency of dihydroaromatics to disproportionate into tetrahydro-aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated for 1,2- and 1,4-dihydrobenzenes, 1,2- and 1,4-dihydronaphthalenes and 9,10-dihydroanthracene toward (Cod)2Ni, Bpy(Cod)Ni and (Et3P)4Ni. The catalyzed disproportionation, which proceeded with decreasing rate in the order, 1,4-C6H8 > 1,2-C6H8 > 1,2- and 1,4-C10H10 » 9,10-C14H12, was interpreted in terms of the formation of intermediate allylic nickel hydrides. The study of aluminum hydride transfer to unsaturated hydrocarbons was carried out by letting organoaluminum alkyls or hydrides interact with nickel(0) complexes. Three different reactions were observed: (1) nickel-catalyzed olefin formation from R3Al; (2) nickel-catalyzed hydroalumination from R2AlH and unsaturated hydrocarbons; and (3) stoichiometric reaction of nickel(0) compounds and LiAlH4 or R2AlH to form aluminum nickelides (LiAlH2Ni). The rates, stereochemistry, regiochemistry and deactivation of the thermal and nickel-catalyzed hydroaluminations of alkenes and alkynes were compared, in order to learn about the most probable catalytic carriers in such nickel catalysis. The foregoing lines of evidence on how nickel(0) interacts with organoaluminum compounds are brought together in formulating a new, comprehensive mechanism for the Ziegler Nickel Effect. In this novel molecular view, the catalytic carriers in the Nickel Effect are dialkylaluminum nickel hydrides. Seen in this light, dihydrogen and aluminum hydrogen transfers have more than just a formal similarity; both processes proceed by nickel hydrides, which are formed by way of oxidative insertions, into a C-H and an Al-H bond, respectively.
The Wealth and Poverty of Regions: Why Cities Matter – By Mario Polèse

Mario Polese’s book The Wealth and Poverty of Regions: Why Cities Matter is about spatial economy, how some places generate more wealth than others, and what explains the dramatic spatial unevennes...
InfoMall: A Scalable Organisation for the Development of High-Performance Computing and Communications - Software and Systems

InfoMall is a programme lead by the Northeast Parallel Architectures Center (NPAC) featuring a partnership of over twenty-five organisations and a plan for accelerating development of the High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) software and systems industry. HPCC (or HPCN as it is known in Europe) is a critical technology which will have unprecedented impact on industry, education, society, and defense. Acceptance of HPCC by these real world sectors is held up by the extremely hard problem of HPCC software development. InfoMall employs a novel technology development strategy involving closely linked programmes in technology execution and certification, software development, marketing, education and training, economic development and small business support. InfoMall has excellent HPCC and other facility infrastructure. InfoMall partners have unrivaled expertise in all the areas critical to rapid development of the HPCC software industry. The process is constructed and explained by analogy to the full-service set of stores found in a shopping mall. InfoMall is a concept which can create 15,000 jobs in New York State alone, and be scaled in future years to create an order of magnitude more jobs nationally.
Detection of anabolic steroid administration: ratio of urinary testosterone to epitestosterone vs the ratio of urinary testosterone to luteinizing hormone

Our goal in this study was to determine whether the urinary ratio of testosterone to luteinizing hormone (T/LH) as an indicator of exogenous anabolic steroid (AS) use is superior to the urinary ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E). After 2 weekly placebo injections, 19 subjects were given testosterone cypionate (TC) injections of 250 or 500 mg/week for 14 weeks followed by 14 weekly placebo injections. Patients were considered to have ceased taking TC if they tested negative 9 weeks after their last injection. For detection of illicit or supraphysiological TC (AS) use, the urinary T/E ratio of > or = 6 yielded a false-negative rate of 46% and a false-positive rate of 4%. However, a urinary T/LH ratio of > or = 30 produced a false-negative rate of only 24% and a false-positive rate of 13%. We conclude that the urinary T/LH ratio of > or = 30 is a more sensitive marker of AS use than the urinary T/E ratio of > or = 6 and remains sensitive for twice as long as urinary T/E.
Oxalic acid concentrations in Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) is altered by the stage of harvest and the nitrate to ammonium ratios in hydroponics

Abstract Oxalic acid (OA) occurs naturally in a large number of plant species. When present in the human diet, OA may combine with essential minerals such as calcium and iron, to form insoluble salts known as oxalates and hinder their bio-availability. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea, Portulacaceae) is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and anti-oxidant vitamins. However, its consumption as a green vegetable is limited by high concentrations of OA. In previous studies we reported the influence of nitrate to ammonium ratios in hydroponics on the leaf omega-3 fatty acid concentrations. In this study we determined the NO3−-N:NH4+-N ratio in hydroponics and the stage of harvest that would minimize the oxalic acid concentrations in purslane leaves. Fully expanded leaves were harvested at 8-true leaf and at 16-true leaf stages from purslane plants grown in hydroponic systems containing nitrogen (200 μg ml−1) as nitrate (NO3−) to ammonium (NH4+) ratios (1:0, 0.75:0.25, 0.5:0.5 and 0.25:0.75), and analyzed for OA concentrations. Results indicate that at both stages of harvest the OA concentrations were ≈40–50% lower in the leaves grown in solutions containing ammonium compared to the leaves grown with no ammonium. Leaves harvested at 16-true leaf stage had ≈36–45% lower OA concentrations compared to the leaves harvested at 8-true leaf stage. The dry weight (DW), fresh weight (FW) and leaf area (LA) were greater at 16-true leaf stage than at 8-true leaf stage, but were not influenced by the NO3−:NH4+ ratios in hydroponics.