cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What, Where, and Why

Cognitive psychology is the science of discovering the mechanisms by which the brain processes the outside world. By examining behavior, cognitive psychologists attempt to infer the existence of systems in the brain that work together to analyze conditions external and internal to the animal (usually humans) and to decide what actions should be produced. Cognitive psychology evolved as a reaction to behaviorism, which was popular in the mid-1900s. Behaviorism said that the mind was an impenetrable black box and science could only study the inputs and the resulting outputs and should not make assumptions about the operations that connect the two. In contrast, cognitive psychology’s main goal is to understand the transformations that occur between the input the organism receives and the output or behavior the organism produces. The types of behaviors (and underlying systems) that cognitive psychologists study include: learning, memory, attention, visual perception, reasoning, and language perception (reading and hearing) and production (writing and speaking). Cognitive psychology seeks to understand how the brain translates the pattern of photons hitting the retina (in seeing) or the pattern of sound waves hitting the eardrum (in hearing) into meaningful units. These meaningful units must be interpreted so the organism knows how to respond to its environment immediately and how it might be stored for later reference. To accomplish these goals, the brain comprises a conglomeration of multiple subsystems that have specialized duties. Cognitive psychology studies what goes in and what comes out in order to try and understand the organization of these subsystems and how they work together in order to produce a unified cognitive experience. The related field of cognitive neuropsychology has similar goals and accomplishes them by the study of how these subsystems work and how they fail when brain damage occurs. By studying the types and co-occurrences of failure, its goal is to learn how the various systems work together or independently of one another. Posner and Rafal (1987) explain a cognitive system as being ...similar to what is known in physiology as an organ system—a set of component functions performed in pursuit of a common goal by several specialized organs.... Similarly, a cognitive system is a set of mental operations performed in pursuit of common processing goals that are carried out by a common neural system. (pp. 186–187) The goal of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology is to discover those component functions that define the various systems.
Basic Principles of Clinical Neurotoxicology

Publisher Summary This chapter defines the general field of clinical neurotoxicology, including some general principles. The chapter presents a detailed analysis of those principles that are most important in evaluating the presence of neurotoxic disease. The chapter also lists some basic principles of toxicology that are of particular relevance to the understanding of clinical neurotoxicology, specifically those that help in the recognition of neurotoxic illnesses. The dose–response relationship is a fundamental principle in toxicology, and simply states that within certain limits, under controlled conditions, there is a positive relationship between the amount of a chemical that an individual or group of individuals is exposed to and the toxic effect. The principle of proximity to exposure and improvement with removal of toxin and delayed neurotoxicity refers to the observation that maximum symptoms generally occur with maximum exposure, with little delay in the onset of symptoms. The concept of multiple syndromes from a single toxin states that depending on the level and duration of exposure, one may develop widely different neurologic syndromes. This chapter provides case examples to help illustrate all the principles presented in the chapter.
Pheochromocytoma and primary aldosteronism.

The hormonal hypersecretion associated with adrenal neoplasms can result in unique clinical presentations. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to two such adrenal tumors are reviewed in this chapter. Pheochromocytoma is associated with spectacular cardiovascular disturbances and, when correctly diagnosed and properly treated, it is curable; when undiagnosed or improperly treated, it can be fatal. Although primary aldosteronism is not associated with a dramatic clinical presentation or lethal consequences if undiscovered, this form of secondary hypertension and the associated hypokalemia are also amenable to a surgical cure.
In vivo diffusion MRI detects early spinal cord axonal pathology in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exhibits contrast that identifies macro- and microstructural changes in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have shown that MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can observe changes in spinal cord white matter in animals and humans affected with symptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The goal of this preclinical work was to investigate the sensitivity of DTI for the detection of signs of tissue damage before symptoms appear. High-field MRI data were acquired using a 9.4-T animal scanner to examine the spinal cord of an ALS mouse model at pre- and post-symptomatic stages (days 80 and 120, respectively). The MRI results were validated using yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) via optical microscopy of spinal cord tissue slices collected from the YFP,G93A-SOD1 mouse strain. DTI maps of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) signal intensity, mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) were computed for axial slices of the lumbar region of the spinal cord. Significant changes were observed in FA (6.7% decrease, p < 0.01), AD (19.5% decrease, p < 0.01) and RD (16.1% increase, p < 0.001) at postnatal day 80 (P80). These differences were correlated with changes in axonal fluorescence intensity and membrane cellular markers. This study demonstrates the value of DTI as a potential tool to detect the underlying pathological progression associated with ALS, and may accelerate the discovery of therapeutic strategies for patients with this disease.
Meropenem-vaborbactam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including acute pyelonephritis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Meropenem-vaborbactam is a new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination that combines a carbapenem antibiotic with a first-in-class, boronic acid pharmacophore, serine beta-lactamase inhibitor which has potent inhibitory activity against class A carbapenemases, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC), in addition to other class A and class C beta-lactamases. The US Food and Drug Administration has recently approved meropenem-vaborbactam for the treatment of adult patients with complicated urinary tract infections including acute pyelonephritis.Areas covered: A PubMed search was performed to gather the most current and relevant articles regarding meropenem-vaborbactam. In this review the authors discuss the chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, antimicrobial spectrum, and efficacy and safety of meropenem-vaborbactam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including acute pyelonephritisExpert opinion: Although merope...
An a posteriori error estimator for the weak Galerkin least-squares finite-element method

Abstract In this paper, we derive an a posteriori error estimator for the weak Galerkin least-squares (WG-LS) method applied to the reaction–diffusion equation. We show that this estimator is both reliable and efficient, allowing it to be used for adaptive refinement. Due to the flexibility of the WG-LS discretization, we are able to design a simple and straightforward refinement scheme that is applicable to any shape regular polygonal mesh. Finally, we present numerical experiments that confirm the effectiveness of the estimator, and demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed adaptive WG-LS approach.
Weight-based victimization among sexual and gender minority adolescents: Findings from a diverse national sample.

Objectives Children and adolescents with overweight and obesity are vulnerable to weight-based victimization. Research on weight-based victimization and sexual identity have been largely isolated from one another; little is known about the nature of weight-based victimization in sexual and gender minority (SGM: eg, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) youth. Our study is the first to examine the nature, extent, and sources of weight-based victimization in a large sample of SGM adolescents. Methods This study utilized data from the LGBTQ National Teen Survey, a comprehensive online survey assessing victimization, school experiences, health behaviors, and sexuality-specific experiences of SGM adolescents across the United States. The sample was composed of 9838 SGM adolescents (Mage = 15.6 years). Results Across diverse sexual orientation and gender identity groups, 44% to 70% of adolescents reported weight-based teasing from family members, and 42% to 57% reported weight-based teasing from peers. Approximately one-third of adolescents reported these experiences from both family and peers. Weight-based victimization was prevalent across body weight categories, particularly at highest (obesity) and lowest (underweight) extremes. Moreover, weight-based victimization was prevalent across adolescents who endorsed established sexual identity labels (eg, gay, lesbian, bisexual) and emerging labels (eg, pansexual, asexual). Conclusions Weight-based victimization, from family members and peers, is prevalent among SGM adolescents, across diverse body sizes and sexual and gender identities. Pediatric providers should be aware that SGM youth may be vulnerable to weight-based victimization, across diverse body sizes.
Correlation Between Customer Relationship Management System Usage, Product Innovation, And Customer Satisfaction

This quantitative correlational research examined the correlations between customer relation-ship management (CRM) usage, product innovation, and customer satisfaction. The general problem was the lack of evidence indicating the use of CRM system as effective in improving small- to medi-um-size companies’ performance. Hence, the specific problem was to determine the beneficial use of a CRM system for customer satisfaction and product innovation. Data were gathered through sur-veymonkey.com. A total of 97 respondents were selected as sample from 10 small- to medium-size companies to answer the survey questions. Respondents were top managers, middle managers, and first-line managers of the selected organization. Statistics of the study were provided with the help of IBM Statistical Package for Social and Sciences version 23. The findings showed a strong correlation between the use of CRM system and customer satisfaction. They indicated the use of CRM system could improve the relationship with existing customers, could help attract prospective customers, and could win back former customers.
A mitochondrial megachannel resides in monomeric F 1 F O ATP synthase.

Purified mitochondrial ATP synthase has been shown to form Ca2+-activated, large conductance channel activity similar to that of mitochondrial megachannel (MMC) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) but the oligomeric state required for channel formation is being debated. We reconstitute purified monomeric ATP synthase from porcine heart mitochondria into small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) with the lipid composition of mitochondrial inner membrane and analyze its oligomeric state by electron cryomicroscopy. The cryo-EM density map reveals the presence of a single ATP synthase monomer with no density seen for a second molecule tilted at an 86o angle relative to the first. We show that this preparation of SUV-reconstituted ATP synthase monomers, when fused into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), forms voltage-gated and Ca2+-activated channels with the key features of mPTP. Based on our findings we conclude that the ATP synthase monomer is sufficient, and dimer formation is not required, for mPTP activity.
ABCMETAapp: R Shiny Application for Simulation-based Estimation of Mean and Standard Deviation for Meta-analysis via Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC)

Background and Objective: In meta-analysis based on continuous outcome, estimated means and corresponding standard deviations from the selected studies are key inputs to obtain a pooled estimate of the mean and its confidence interval. We often encounter the situation that these quantities are not directly reported in the literatures. Instead, other summary statistics are reported such as median, minimum, maximum, quartiles, and study sample size. Based on available summary statistics, we need to estimate estimates of mean and standard deviation for meta-analysis. Methods: We developed a R Shiny code based on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), ABCMETA, to deal with this situation. Results: In this article, we present an interactive and user-friendly R Shiny application for implementing the proposed method (named ABCMETAapp). In ABCMETAapp, users can choose an underlying outcome distribution other than the normal distribution when the distribution of the outcome variable is skewed or heavy tailed. We show how to run ABCMETAapp with examples. Conclusions: ABCMETAapp provides a R Shiny implementation. This method is more flexible than the existing analytical methods since estimation can be based on five different distribution (Normal, Lognormal, Exponential, Weibull, and Beta) for the outcome variable.
3.19 – Metalloprotein Design

Metalloproteins catalyze numerous biological reactions ranging from photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation to signal transduction and complex chemical reactions. It is thus not surprising that metalloproteins account for almost one-half of the total number of proteins in nature. A considerable effort has been directed toward understanding the structure–function relationships using native proteins. However, it is an ultimate challenge to design metalloproteins using only the minimal features required to reproduce their functionalities as well as confer them with novel and unprecedented functionalities learned from the design process. In this chapter, we review some recent successes in the field of metalloprotein design using either de novo designed or native protein scaffolds. Furthermore, metalloprotein design employing unnatural amino acids or non-native cofactor are summarized. Finally, methodologies employing rational design, combinatorial selection, or both methods are also discussed.
Prenatal Exposures Are Associated With Worse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants With Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

Aim: To define a developmental trajectory in infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) and determine whether the impacted developmental domain varies with the type of antenatal exposure. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of infants treated pharmacologically for NOWS and assessed using a standardized schedule for follow-up visits. We compared outcomes of the study population to published norms using one-sample t-tests. Multivariable models examined associations with exposures in addition to opioids. Results: In our cohort of 285 infants with 9-12-months testing, 164 (55.7%) were seen at 3-4 months, and 125 (44%), at 15-18 months. The majority (58%) had intrauterine drug exposures in addition to opioids. Neurodevelopmental scores of infants with NOWS at 3-4 and 9-12 months were not different from published norms. Cognitive and language scores at 15-18 months were worse than published norms. Male sex, older maternal age, and additional barbiturate or alcohol exposure were associated with worse outcomes. Conclusion: Infants with pharmacologically treated NOWS had development similar to unexposed infants during the 1st year but worse cognitive and language scores during the 2nd year. These data support the need for a prospective follow-up of large cohorts of infants with NOWS, with systematic assessments and an evaluation of contributing factors.
Flapping wings help insects stay stable

![Graphic][1] Insects are remarkably agile fliers capable of complex aerial manoeuvres and hovering in turbulent environments. In fact, conventional ways of generating lift, such as those used by airplanes, would not be sufficient to keep them airborne, so they rely on mechanisms such as
Local government as a catalyst for promoting social enterprise

This paper aims to advance our knowledge of the relationship between social enterprise and local government. As social enterprise lies at the crossroads of government, market, and civil society, dy...
Opioid Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology Training Programs.

OBJECTIVE Our primary objective was to assess the current state of pain and opioid education in obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) by performing a detailed review of the national educational curricula guiding OBGYN residency and fellowship training programs in the United States. METHODS From 2019 to 2020 we reviewed seven documents created to guide learning and structure educational training for OBGYN residency and fellowship programs in the United States: the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) Educational Objectives Core Curriculum in Obstetrics and Gynecology, the 2016 Educational Objectives-Fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, and the 2018 Guides to Learning in Complex Family Planning, Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, Gynecologic Oncology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Each document was reviewed by two authors to assess for items referring to pain or opioids. RESULTS The CREOG educational objectives, used to inform educational curricula for residency programs, were the most comprehensive, mentioning pain and/or opioid educational objectives the highest number of times and including the most categories. The CREOG document was followed by the Guides to Learning for Gynecologic Oncology and for Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery. The Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Guide to Learning did not mention pain and/or opioids in the educational objectives. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies an opportunity for consistent and appropriate opioid and pain management education in OBGYN training.
Machine Learning Based Clinical Decision Support and Clinician Trust

Machine learning is burgeoning in the clinical decision support domain, with the potential to bolster the power of decision support systems, improving data-informed clinical decision making. However, barriers persist to the adoption and regular use of machine-learning based clinical decision support systems (ML-CDSS), including the fact that many systems lack model transparency and understandability, precluding clinicians’ trust. One strategy for increasing model understandability and subsequent trust is incorporating clinical expertise in development of the machine learning model. However, clinician requirements for trusting ML-CDSS and evidence on the impact of involving clinical experts in model development for the purposes of facilitating trust are lacking.
The Role of Applied Cognitive Technology and Assistive Technology in Supporting the Adaptive Behavior of People with Intellectual Disability

Access to and use of technology has become a necessity to participate fully in most societies. This chapter examines the access and use of technology by people with intellectual disability. The chapter discusses assistive technology and applied cognitive technology and barriers to both kinds of technology. Issues of universal design and cognitive access that facilitate access and use are discussed. Then, the chapter discusses how technology can support people with intellectual disability to enhance adaptive behavior and full participation in community living and access, employment, recreation and leisure, and social and communication domains.
The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India

There has been increasing attention on mob lynching because of high profile cases of anti-minority violence over the last few years. In July 2018, the Supreme Court of India laid down guidelines in mob violence and lynching cases in response to public interest litigations that had questioned the adequacy of state handling of these cases. The proper implementation of some of these guidelines requires the existence of rigorous data. The National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB), which collects official crimes data in India, reportedly has decided to collect data on “mob lynching”. In this paper, the author critiques the adoption of this category, particularly in the context of NCRB's existing methodological limitations. He argues that NCRB should adopt the category of “hate crimes” because it is more pertinent to the contemporary crisis and less vague than other categories. Analyzing some of the transnational data collection models, the author proposes a combination of categories and methodologies that will do justice to the formulation of future policy on the issue.
Enhanced 5f-δ bonding in [U(C7H7)2]-: C K-edge XAS, magnetism, and ab initio calculations.

5f covalency in [U(C7H7)2]− was probed with carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electronic structure theory. The results revealed U 5f orbital participation in δ-bonding in both the ground- and core-excited states; additional 5f ϕ-mixing is observed in the core-excited states. Comparisons with U(C8H8)2 show greater δ-covalency for [U(C7H7)2]−.
Mural Painting to Collect Sensitizing Data and Encourage Research Participation Among U.S. Latinos

PurposeTo describe a mural-based intervention that can be implemented in partnership with community members in Latino neighborhoods in order to improve awareness of barriers to recruitment/retentio...
Verification of the neural network training process for spectrum-based chemical substructure prediction using metamorphic testing

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the commonly used techniques in chemical analysis. The chemical bonds that are present in samples absorb infrared light at various wavelengths based on the properties of chemical bonds between sets of atoms bonded together. By extracting these absorbance patterns, we aim to predict the presence or absence of various substructures within a compound based on its FTIR spectrum. Hypothetically, a powerful machine learning method with enough examples of a substructure should be able to identify the structure of an unknown compound by analyzing its FTIR spectrum. To this extent we developed a novel system that trains neural networks to predict the presence of various substructures within a compound. We then propose to apply metamorphic testing to verify the network training process. Experimental results exhibit that metamorphic testing helps to develop a more effective training process for classifier neural networks.
Plant and Stand Environment

The mediterranean-climate regions of the world have distinctive climates and vegetation structural characteristics. The climate is defined by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The vegetation is defined by the predominance of hard-leaved, evergreen shrubs. These definitions are in terms of typical and mean conditions. Deviations from the mean climatic conditions occur because of day to day variations, because of different exposures of the land surface, and because of the influence of the vegetation canopy on processes of energy exchange and microclimate. These deviations can be critical to the germination of seeds and survival of seedling.
Examination of young women exposed to stilbestrol in utero

Abstract In recent years, it has been recognized that human female subjects exposed to stilbestrol in utero have an undetermined, but greater than average, potential for the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. These individuals have been encouraged to undergo periodic examinations so that any developing cancers may be discovered as early as possible. However, optimal methods for the early detection of clear cell adenocarcinomas have not been determined. Previously advised methods are reviewed in the light of current information, and the methods employed at this institution are described.
The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs

Available evidence indicates that mammary gland secretions first evolved in synapsids that laid parchment-shelled eggs. Unlike the rigid-shelled eggs of birds and some other sauropsids, parchment-shelled eggs lose water very rapidly when exposed to ambient air of lower vapor pressure, whether due to differences in relative humidity or to differences in temperature. This precludes endothermic incubation of parchment-shelled eggs in an open nest. Synapsids may have avoided egg desiccation by incubating eggs in a pouch, but this would limit maternal activity. Parchment-shelled eggs are able to take up liquid water across the eggshell. I propose that mammary secretion originally evolved as a means of supplying water to eggs, and as such was essential to the evolution of endothermy among the egg-laying cynodonts that were ancestral to mammals. It is possible that synapsid eggs, like parchment-shelled squamate eggs, were also capable of uptake of some nutrients, such as sodium and ionic calcium. Living monotremes still produce parchment-shelled eggs. The porous eggshell and bilaminar yolk sac membrane of these eggs permit substantial uptake of uterine secretions during the intrauterine period, and might also facilitate uptake of mammary secretions during egg incubation. In its simplest form, mammary secretion may be an ancient trait of egg-laying synapsids, having had an important role long before milk became obligatory for suckling young.
A three phase load flow algorithm for shipboard power systems (SPS)

Shipboard power systems (SPS) are island electric power systems. Generation, transmission, and distribution systems in SPS are tightly coupled. The transmission system consists of the lines that interconnect the generator buses in a ring configuration. Hence, there is no transmission system. Therefore, SPS can be considered radial a distribution system downstream of the generators. In this paper, a three phase load flow algorithm developed for SPS is proposed. Due to the nature of SPS, the load flow algorithm must solve for systems with multiple sources and ring configured systems. This algorithm combined three methods that addressed the issues of multiple sources, ring configuration, and radial load flow. For systems with multiple sources in the same proximity, the sources are collapsed to one source bus. The breakpoint compensation method is used for ring configured systems, and the backward-forward sweep method is used to perform a radial load flow. This algorithm was tested on the IEEE 37 bus radial distribution test feeder and a simplified shipboard power test system. The results produced minimal percent error when compared to the actual output results.
Provision of Feedback During Preparation For Academic Testing: Learning Is Enhanced by Immediate But Not Delayed Feedback

Students prepared for classroom examinations by completing practice tests, with selected items from these practice tests repeated, in either the original or in a modified wording, on classroom examinations and a final examination. The availability of immediate self-corrective feedback on Study 1 practice tests (0, 3, or 6 practice tests) was varied, while in Study 2, the timing of feedback provided during practice tests (immediate, end of test, 24-hour delay, control) was varied. Performance on examinations was elevated by the provision of immediate feedback on practice tests in both studies, especially when test items were presented in their original wording, with some generalization observed on items presented in a modified wording. Predictions made in accordance with the interference-perseveration hypothesis and the delayretention effect were not supported. These results demonstrate considerable potential for immediate self-corrective feedback, delivered during test preparation through the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique, to enhance performance on classroom examinations and to promote the retention of factual information during the academic semester.
Valuation of the Effects of Asbestos on Commercial Real Estate

This study develops a valuation procedure and a model for estimating the impact of the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) on real estate income property. A key aspect of the valuation...
Deporting Our Souls: Illegal Immigration: Give Them a Parade

The furor over illegal immigration is palpable. Things are out of control. We are being overrun. They have broken the law. They take jobs away from native workers. They use our resources. They don't share our values. They don't speak English. Simply put, this is a crisis! My solution is simple. Calm down. Welcome undocumented workers. We have recruited and relied upon them for generations. They have contributed to the economic greatness of our country. Welcome their families. Their children have become part of the social fabric of the nation. Like newcomers of the past, they are here to seek a better life through hard work and dedication to their families. To welcome them is to do the right thing. In fact, let's give them a parade. As we have seen recently, segments of the U.S. media, policy leaders, and populace continue to be obsessed with the issue of undocumented immigration to the United States. Turn on CNN and you may find Lou Dobbs chastising President Bush for failing “to enforce immigration laws that would slow the invasion of illegal aliens.” Open up the Los Angeles Times, and you can read about California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger singing praises for the Minutemen Project, the volunteer group of vigilantes formed to patrol the U.S.–Mexico border. Check out the Web, and read about Colorado Republican Congressman Tom Tancredo, who has launched a political career animated by his obsession to stem the tide of immigration from Mexico and Central America.
Redshift periodicities, the galaxy-quasar connection

The Lehto-Tifft redshift quantization model is used to predict the redshift distribution for certain classes of quasars, and for galaxies in the neighborhood of z = 0.5. In the Lehto-Tifft model the redshift is presumed to arise from time dependent decay from an origin at the Planck scale; the decay process is a form of period doubling. Looking back in time reveals earlier stages of the process where redshifts should correspond to predictable fractions of the speed of light. Quasar redshift peaks are shown to correspond to the earliest simple fractions of c as predicted by the model. The sharp peaks present in deep field galaxy redshifts surveys are then shown to correspond to later stages in such a decay process. Highly discordant redshift associations are expected to occur and shown to be present in the deep field surveys. Peaks in redshift distributions appear to represent the spectrum of possible states at various stage of the decay process rather than physical structures.
Nuclear spin relaxation in normal and superconducting aluminum

Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured in normal and superconducting Al from 0.94\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and as a function of static field in the normal state. In the normal state the relaxation rate is proportional to temperature as predicted by Redfield and others. The field dependence is somewhat greater than predicted. Relaxation in the superconductor was studied by a field cycling method which allowed the measurements to be made in the normal state but relaxation to occur in the superconductor. The results disagree with a simple two-fluid model, but are explained by the theory of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. The contrast between the temperature dependence of nuclear relaxation and ultrasonic absorption confirms the central feature of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory that electrons of opposite spin and momentum are correlated.
Nonformaldehyde Flame Retardant Finishing of the Nomex/Cotton Blend Fabric Using a Hydroxy-Functional Organophosphorus Oligomer:

Multifunctional carboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), have been used as durable press finishing agents to produce wrinkle-resistant cotton. In our previous research, we used BTCA as a nonformaldehyde bonding agent in the flame retardant finishing system based on a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) for cotton. In this research, we investigate the application of HFPO to the 65%/35% Nomex/cotton blend fabric using BTCA as a bonding agent and triethanolamine (TEA) as a co-reactant. We found that the addition of TEA in the flame retardant finishing system improves the hydrolysis resistance of the HFPO bound to the Nomex/ cotton blend and enhances the flame retardant performance of HFPO by means of phosphorus—nitrogen synergism. Moreover, TEA reduces the deposit of calcium salt on the treated fabric during laundering by esterifying the free carboxylic acid groups on cotton. The Nomex/cotton blend fabric treated with the HFPO/BTCA/TEA system shows high flame retar...
Biosecurity and Spread of an Infectious Animal Disease

Diminishing infectious animal disease prevalence amounts to a global public good. This has in part motivated the long tradition of public involvement in infectious animal disease control. But appropriately designed public intervention requires a clear understanding of failure in private incentives. Two important features of communicable disease are spatial spread and the possibility of costly private actions to reduce spread. In addition, since routine biosecurity actions by growers are typically costly to verify by veterinary authorities, voluntary compliance is often essential. To this end, growers must recognize the consequences of their actions and must have adequate incentives to take socially desirable actions. The intent of this article is to
Spiritual Transformation, Psychological Well-Being, Health, and Survival in People with HIV

Objectives:Although Spiritual Transformation (ST) occurs in a sizable proportion of people with HIV (about 39%), there is little research on the potential benefits of ST with respect to psychological well-being, health, and survival in this population. Our study attempts to fill this gap.Method:Using a mixed method approach, we related interviews of 147 people with HIV (identifying the presence/absence of ST) to questionnaires measuring demographics, medical history, treatment adherence, physical symptoms, and psychological well-being (i.e., stress, coping, life attitude, and spirituality), and assessments of CD4-counts and viral load and survival 3 to 5 years later.Results:At comparable times since HIV-diagnosis and antiretroviral medications prescribed, the presence of ST was significantly associated with better treatment success (undetectable viral loads, higher CD4 counts), better medication adherence, fewer symptoms, less distress, more positive coping, different life attitudes (i.e., existential tra...
Mouse Alopecia Areata Models: An Array of Data on Mechanisms and Genetics

Laboratory mice have become the premier animal model for most human and domestic animal diseases, and they have long been the model of choice for studying mammalian genetics, especially since the advent of genetic engineering. Many remarkable discoveries have been made through intense study of these wonderful small mammals, and undoubtably many more will be made.1,2 It is no surprise that one mouse model for alopecia areata (AA) has been found3 possibly many more will be, some of which exhibit rare phenotypes found in subpopulations of humans with the disease, such as nail deformities, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 14,5 Intense investigation by many groups into the first model, the adult onset form of AA (using the C3H/HeJ inbred strain), found similarities as well as differences with commonly held ideas concerning human AA. Regardless of some of the controversies, much insight has been gained from studying these and other rodent and domestic animal models which has opened up new ideas and discussions of AA and its treatment.
A theory for the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes: comparison between experimental data and theory

Abstract A theory is constructed to describe quantitatively the dynamic behavior of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes. Experimental data for the freeze-drying of cloxacillin monosodium salt and skim milk are obtained using a pilot freeze-dryer. The comparison of the theoretical results with the experimental data shows that the agreement between experiment and theory is good.
Stimulation of synaptic membrane phosphorylation by a calcium and calmodulin independent heat stable cytosol factor

Abstract Synaptosomal cytosol contains a heat-stable factor that stimulates the endogenous phosphorylation of synaptic plasma membranes in a calcium-independent fashion. This factor can be distinguished from the calcium binding protein, calmodulin, and appears to affect the incorporation of phosphate into a specific synaptic membrane protein.
The Hierarchical Structure of Ecosystems: Connections to Evolution

Ecologic systems, which are involved mainly in the processing of energy and materials, are actually nested one inside another—they are simultaneously parts and wholes. This fundamental hierarchical organization is easy to detect in nature but has been undervalued by ecologists as a source of new insights about the structure and development of ecosystems and as a means of understanding the crucial connections between ecologic processes and large-scale evolutionary patterns. These ecologic systems include individual organisms bundled into local populations, populations as functional components of local communities or ecosystems, local systems making up the working parts of larger regional ecosystems, and so on, right up to the entire biosphere. Systems at any level of organization can be described and interpreted based on aspects of scale (size, duration, and “membership” in more inclusive entities), integration (all the vital connections both at a particular focal level and across levels of hierarchical organization), spatiotemporal continuity (the “life history” of each system), and boundaries (either membranes, skins, or some other kind of border criterion). Considering hierarchical organization as a general feature of ecologic systems could reinvigorate theoretical ecology, provide a realistic scaling framework for paleoecologic studies, and – most importantly – forge new and productive connections between ecology and evolutionary theory.
The physiological significance of the endoendothelial fibrin lining (EEFL) as the critical interface in the "vessel-blood organ' and the importance of in vivo "fibrinogenin formation' in health and disease.

The author's theory of the endoendothelial fibrin lining (EEFL), first advanced in 1953 and developed by him ever since, localizes the homeostasis between steady fibrin formation and deposition, or 'fibrination', and continuous fibrinolysis in the more or less immobile portion of the plasmatic zone next to the vessel wall. In 1971, the author advanced, in relation to the EEFL, the theory of fibrinogen gel clotting without thrombin action or 'fibrinogenin' formation in vivo. Considerable direct and indirect experimental evidence, secured by the author and by several other investigators, advanced markedly the knowledge of the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of various disease processes involving the vessel wall and blood circulation. The information presented is an extension to that given in the author's recent overview (Clin. Hemorheology 1, 9-72, 1981). It deals both with new data by several investigators including those by the author, as well as with older data from the literature. The author maintained already in 1960 that the blood together with the blood vessels, in which it circulates, constitute 'an entity'. In 1981 he postulated this entity to be a very special organ, named conveniently 'vessel-blood organ', which is ubiquitous and penetrates all other organs and adjacent tissues. The EEFL of the vessel-blood organ is considered by the author as the crucial critical interface between the blood and the vessel wall. It is the primary barrier, followed by the endothelium (comprising the endothelial cells and the interendothelial cement substance which contains or is identical with 'cement fibrin') and the basement membrane for the exchanges between the blood, the vessel wall and its surrounding tissues and spaces. The EEFL acts as anticoagulant, is antithrombogenic, maintains vascular patency and aids cardiac action by decreasing significantly the apparent viscosity of blood, referred to in the literature as the 'Copley-Scott Blair phenomenon'. A new concept of leukocyte emigration traversing the capillary wall is presented, affecting focal fibrinolysis of the EEFL and of fibrin contained in the interendothelial cement substance and in the basement membrane. The physical property of capillary (or vascular) permeability is related to the existence of the EEFL, since, as found by Copley et al, both fibrinopeptides, liberated in the transition of fibrinogen to fibrin, and plasminopeptides, freed in the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, enhance capillary permeability. Capillary fragility, which is antagonistic to capillary permeability, is in great part due to fibrinolytic action on fibrin as a constituent of the basement membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Temporal and spatial controls of Aspergillus development

The mechanisms regulating elaboration of the multicellular asexual reproductive apparatus, the conidiophore, of the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans provide a model for the control of fungal development. Recent advances have been made on three fronts. First, new physical and chemical signals have been discovered that control commitment of cells to the conidiation pathway. Second, positively acting developmental regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. In addition, evidence has been obtained for the existence of negatively acting regulatory loci. Finally, an anonymous developmentally regulated gene has been used to make a directed mutation that has revealed the morphogenetic function of the gene.
Online Education in Family and Consumer Sciences University Programs and Four Models for Teaching Online

College and university faculty in Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) programs are becoming more involved in online course design and instruction. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, examples of several existing FCS online programs are presented. Many online programs are being offered in the United States, and several are offered in an international setting (e.g. British Columbia, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand). Second, four models of education that FCS instructors can draw upon for teaching online are presented. The models are positivism, constructivism, the community of inquiry approach, and experiential learning. Positivism should be utilized when the goal is to teach specific and basic knowledge, which is usually contained in lectures and readings. Other models are more appropriate when the goal is to cultivate students' higher level thinking through dynamic learning processes. Constructivism is based on the assumption that learners are active creators of knowledge and meaning. The community of inquiry approach highlights the importance of building relationships for learning. The experiential learning model involves direct participation in realistic contexts and should be followed with reflection on the general principles of the learning situation. Online teaching strategies, examples, and limitations are presented for each model.
24-Hour mother-infant discharge with a follow-up home health visit: Results in a selected medicaid population

Objective: To determine safety and cost-effectiveness of 24-hour discharge in selected mothers and newborns. Methods: Women delivering at University Hospital (the University of Alabama at Birmingham) were screened to determine their eligibility for 24-hour discharge. Mothers were eligible if they had no medical problems and no history of substance abuse, had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery and postpartum course, were 12 or more hours after postpartum bilateral tubal ligation, and had reached 24 hours after delivery by 6:00 pm on the day of discharge. Newborns were eligible if they were term (37 weeks or greater), weighed 2500 g or greater, and had a normal examination at 24 hours of age. At 48 hours after delivery, each mother and infant pair was examined by a home health nurse. Telephone consultations with a staff physician were noted and outcomes were entered into a data base linked to hospital financial data. Results: Of 5621 deliveries from October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1995, 972 mothers (17%) and 856 (15%) newborns were discharged at 24 hours. One mother was lost to follow-up after discharge. Nine-hundred fifty-six of 971 mothers (98.5%) had a normal examination at the home visit. Fifteen of 971 mothers (1.5%) had problems that required obstetrician telephone consultation. Seven mothers (0.7%) required a physician visit; two of these women were read-mitted for treatment of an infection. Seven-hundred ninety-five of 856 (93%) newborns had a normal examination. Sixty-one newborns (7%) had problems that required pediatrician telephone consultation, primarily for jaundice, infant care questions, and a cardiac murmur. Twelve infants (1.4%) required a pediatric clinic visit. No infant was read-mitted to the hospital. Net cost savings to our hospital for 24-hour discharge in these selected patients was $506,139 during a 2-year period. Conclusion: In a selected, low-risk, low-income population, mother-infant discharge 24 hours after delivery with a home follow-up visit is safe and cost-effective.
Melting of Ni40Pd40P20 glass

Upon reheating, most glassy metal alloys crystallize at a temperature not far removed from the glass temperature Tg and far below the liquidus temperature T1. It has been reported by Kui et al. (1984) that the alloy Ni40Pd40P20, which exhibits a scaled glass temperature of about 0.68, has been melt quenched, under a flux of dehydrated B2O3, to a glass at rates as low as 1 deg/s. Here some specimens of this alloy, when similarly fluxed during reheating, have been reheated to temperatures within 50 deg of T1 and 280 deg above Tg at rates of about 2.5 deg/s, and then cooled again to Tg, without crystallization. From this behavior it is inferred that the steady frequency of homogeneous nucleation of crystals in the alloy is less than 0.1/cu cm s.
The use of surface analysis techniques in the study of wear

Abstract Surface science has a wide range of instrumentation for analysis of the first few atomic layers in a surface. Some of these techniques are finding increasing use in the study of wear. They include scanning Auger spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, Raman spectroscopy and ellipsometry. A technique which shows great potential involves in situ wear experiments in a scanning Auger chamber. The initial surface roughening and subsequent prow formation and shear-off have been studied in this manner.