cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Perceived Needs and Barriers of Youth Offenders Preparing for Community Reentry

This study explored how gender differences may influence the community reentry experiences of incarcerated youth. Structured surveys assessing risk factors for re-offending, perceived reentry needs, and anticipated barriers to meeting these needs were administered to a convenience sample of males (n = 36) and females (n = 35) who were within 60 days of release from two probation camps in Southern California. Bivariate analyses found significant gender differences in prior risk factors, educational aspirations, expressed mental health needs, anticipated use of services, and reentry concerns. Minimal gender differences were detected in perceived employment needs and barriers and self-efficacy to avoid recidivism. The findings support the need for gender-specific reentry programming in some key areas and also draw attention to the importance of removing barriers to successful reentry for all incarcerated youth.
The use of rhBMP-2 in the osseous restoration of cleft palate defects without the use of bone grafting

crestal bone cut by tapping on the device. Distraction was begun 7 days post-op by rotating the activating screw 1⁄2 a full turn twice a day. Each 1⁄2 turn distracted the buccal bone flap by 0.2 mm. Further distraction was performed by the patients at home, 1⁄2 a turn twice a day. The distractor was removed when adequate width of crest was achieved. Implants were inserted at the same session or 7-14 days later. Method of Data Analysis: N/A Results: The study group consisted of 8 patients who suffered from a narrow alveolar crest in the 14-16, 11-21, 32-42, 34-37, and 44-47 regions. The amount of widening ranged from 4-6 mm. Distraction periods ranged from 10-16 days. Latency period was 5-7 days. Six implants were inserted immediately after the removal of the distractors in the first 2 cases. Nineteen implants were inserted 4-5 weeks post-op. No complication was observed during the distraction period or with any of the implants. Prosthetic treatment of the implants was completed 3-4 months after implantation. No complication was observed 18-24 months after prosthetic treatment. Slight neck exposure occurred in one case where the periostium was stripped. Conclusion: Crest widening by distraction may be a better and faster alternative in the case of a narrow alveolar crest with sufficient crestal height. The technique can be easily used in the private office. A long term and multi center trial is needed.
A web of reasons: Mary Wollstonecraft's a vindication of the rights of woman and the re‐weaving of form

Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, written in 1792, stands as one of the most comprehensive historical documents in the argument for the rights of women. Controversial at the time it was written, its content and form have received considerable criticism in the 200 years since its publication. In this essay, a non‐linear model of argument is proposed, based on an analysis of the form of Vindication, which assists scholars in recognizing the complexity of the work as well as the need to reconsider notions of effective rhetorical form.
Resonance Raman Spectrum of all-trans-Spheroidene. DFT Analysis and Isotope Labeling

Density-functional theory has been applied to analyze the resonance Raman spectrum of the carotenoid all-trans-spheroidene. Besides natural-abundance spheroidene, 19 2H- or 13C-containing isotopomers have been taken into consideration. Calculated frequencies are found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. In particular, the observed variation of vibrational frequencies with isotopic composition is nicely reproduced, which proves the assignments. A simple estimate of the resonance Raman intensities correctly predicts which vibrational transitions are resonance enhanced. Density-functional theory is well suited to describe the normal-mode structure of a molecule as large as a carotenoid.
Who May Live the Examined Life? Plato's Rejection of Socratic Practices in Republic VII

In Republic VII Plato has Socrates make a curious argument: dialectic as currently practiced causes lawlessness, and thus the practice of dialectic should be restricted to those of a certain age who have been properly trained and selected (537e-539e). I argue that the warning in Republic VII points to a disagreement between the views expressed by the character `Socrates' in the Republic, and the views expressed by the character `Socrates' in the Apology. I do so by showing that Republic's description of the problem as well as Plato's prescriptions for solving it can only be understood under the assumption that `dialectic' in this passage refers to questioning or refutation in general, and as such must include Socratic practices within its scope. This disagreement represents a more general disagreement about the path to the good life and the role of philosophy in living life well, and raises questions concerning Plato's opinion of the trial of Socrates.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION : IV. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO SPONTANEOUS SNUFFLES.

The onset of spontaneous snuffles in rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute is preceded by the appearance in the nasal passages of Bacterium lepisepticum. The active stages of snuffles infection are associated with the presence in these passages of large numbers of this bacterium. Spontaneous recovery from snuffles is associated with a diminution in number or a disappearance of these bacteria from the nasal passages. Various experimental procedures reduce the resistance of rabbits to spontaneous snuffles.
Several issues regarding the nanopore structure in low-dielectric-constant films detected by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Abstract Positron beam based lifetime spectra were measured for mesoporous low-dielectric constant (low-k) methyl-silsesquioxane (MSSQ) as a function of porogen load. The ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime distributions for MSSQ films were evaluated using the maximum entropy method (MELT). The influence of statistics on bimodal or unimodal o-Ps lifetime distributions corresponding to closed pores is discussed in detail. The average o-Ps lifetime correlated with the R parameter, which is a measure of the 3γ fraction. In porous SiLK® films, there is no o-Ps lifetime longer than 10 ns. This work showed that the positron lifetime technique is promising for studying the nanoporous structure of low-k films, but caution is required when interpreting positron lifetime results.
Bridging Scales Analysis of Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Structures with Imperfections

The analysis of wave propagation has been extensively used as a tool for non destructive evaluation of structural components. The numerical analysis of wavefield in damaged media can be useful to investigate the problem theoretically and to support the interpretation of experimental measurements. A finite element analysis of non homogeneous media can be computationally very expensive, especially when a fine mesh is required to properly model the geometric and/or material discontinuities that are characteristic of the damaged areas. The computational cost associated with wave propagation simulations motivates the development of the simplified damage models presented in Chaps. 6 and 7. This chapter presents a different approach whereby the computational cost is reduced through a multi-scale analysis. A coarse mesh is employed to capture the macroscopic behavior of the structure, and a refined mesh is limited to the small region around the discontinuity. The co-existence of two scales in the model is handled through the application of proper bridging relations between the two scales, and the generation of interaction forces at the interfaces according to the Bridging Scales Method. This technique allows a coarse description of the global behavior of the structure while simultaneously obtaining local information regarding the interaction of propagating waves with a localized discontinuity in the domain. Time and frequency domain formulations of the Bridging Scales Method are illustrated through examples on simulations of 1D and 2D waveguides.
PEG-coated nanospheres from amphiphilic diblock and multiblock copolymers: Investigation of their drug encapsulation and release characteristics1

The development of long-circulating carriers capable of continuously delivering drugs intravenously provides a potential approach to achieve targeting of drugs to specific sites of action. In this research, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated nanospheres were prepared in a single step process using amphiphilic diblock and multiblock copolymers, and their drug encapsulation properties and release characteristics were investigated in vitro. The results obtained indicate that the parameters controlling drug release characteristics of these nanospheres are the chemical composition of their hydrophobic core (i.e. polyester or polyanhydride), as well as the molecular weight and surface density of their hydrophilic (i.e. PEG) chains.
Qualitative research in educational communications and technology: a brief introduction to principles and procedures

Over the past 30 years, qualitative research has emerged as a widely accepted alternative to the quantitative paradigm for performing research in educational communications and technology. As the new paradigm has evolved, it has spawned a variety of theoretical perspectives and methodological techniques that have both increased its potential contributions and engendered confusion about how to work effectively within its scope. This paper reviews the criteria and procedures for designing and implementing basic qualitative studies that are credible, meaningful, and useful. It discusses the reasons for using a qualitative approach, how to frame qualitative research questions appropriately, considerations in choosing and applying data-collection techniques appropriately, techniques for analyzing qualitative data systematically and effectively, and ways to present credible results and draw valid conclusions from qualitative data. Following a few basic principles related to each of these topics can help new researchers in particular begin to become adept users of the basic methods and techniques of the qualitative paradigm. Following up on the paper’s discussion of data-analytic tools and suggestions for additional reading can help both new and experienced researchers expand their knowledge of this important research tradition and become fluent in using it to gain a deep and detailed understanding of how to design and use technologies to support learning.
Cultivating Consciousness Among Black Women Black Nationalism and Self-Esteem Revisited

This study was conducted to assess the relationship between political ideology and self-esteem among African American female college students. From a historically Black university, 164 women were s...
Growth inhibition of hybridoma cells by ammonium ion: correlation with effects on intracellular pH

The effect of NH4Cl addition on intracellular pH (pH i ) was determined by flow cytometric measurements of the fluorescence of a pH-sensitive dye. The effects of NH4Cl on growth were determined for batch growth of cells in flasks in an incubator. The addition of NH4Cl caused a cytoplasmic acidification. A new lower steady-state value of pH i was attained within 20–40 min of NH4Cl addition. A correlation was found between the effects of NH4Cl on growth and on pH i : whereas 3 mM NH4Cl had little effect on growth and on pH i , 10 mM NH4Cl caused a substantial growth inhibition and a pH i decrease of 0.2–0.3 units. The effects of NH4Cl on growth and on pH i were found to be independent of the external pH value (pH e over the range 6.8 to 7.6, except that 10 mM NH4Cl was more toxic at pH e 7.6. The addition of NH4Cl caused an increase in the average cell volume at pH e 7.6, but had no effect on the average cell volume at pH e 's 6.8 and 7.2. For comparison, the effects of pH e alone on growth and on pH i were determined. There was little difference in cell growth at pH e 's 6.8, 7.2 and 7.6. At pH e 6.6, there was a substantial growth inhibition. Some measurements of the effects of pH e on pH i were made, although the steady-state value of pH i as a function of pH e was not determined due to limitations in the pH i -measuring technique. These measurements showed that pH i remained constant from pH e 7.6 to 6.8, but fell by 0.2 units at pH e 6.6, in agreement with the growth results.
International Democracy of Science during War and Reconstruction

THE central idea of this communication can scarcely be claimed as original or new, but its brief draught has been stimulated by witness of the work of British men of science, admirably continued during these times. Monographs and other volumes, articles of academic or applied scientific nature, and reviews and surveys emanating from Great Britain continue to impress us in the United States with the capacity of British men of science for production of quality under the extreme conditions imposed by modern warfare. Touching on the personal side, recent letters from university friends in England, current publication, without undue delay, of papers written jointly with colleagues in that country, and numerous leading articles appearing in recent issues of NATURE have all afforded me a projected conception of the sane tempo of British scientific activities.
Soluble microbial products (SMP) in anaerobic chemostats

The production of soluble microbial products (SMP) in anaerobic systems was evaluated using chemostat reactors. Results from steady-state and tracer experiments with 14C-glucose and 14C-acetate showed that significant amounts of SMP were produced during the acidogenesis of glucose, but that SMP did not accumulate during methanogenesis from acetate. In addition, at a retention time of 40 days, SMP comprised almost all of the effluent COD from the glucose-fed chemostat. For shorter retention times, as low as 10 days, the SMP concentration remained almost constant, but its significance in the effluent COD was reduced due to the accumulation of intermediate volatile fatty acids. The results from a 14C-tracer experiment in the glucose-fed chemostat were used to evaluate the importance of including SMP formation and degradation in kinetic modeling of the methanogenic chemostats. Three models were evaluated: a model without SMP production, a model with SMP production but no degradation, and a model with SMP production and degradation, The results of this kinetic analysis indicate that the model that includes SMP production and degradation was the only one able to adequately represent the fate of 14C in the tracer experiment. The kinetic parameters were successfully used to predict steady-state concentrations of SMP and to characterize the formation and degradation characteristics of the SMP. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental studies using photonic data services at IGrid 2002

We describe an architecture for remote and distributed data intensive applications that integrates optical path services, network protocol services for high performance data transport, and data services for remote data analysis and distributed data mining. We also present experimental evidence using geoscience data that this architecture scales to long haul, high performance networks.
MILL'S “FRIENDLY CRITIC‐THORNTON OR WHEWELL?

In the 1852 edition of his Principles of Political Economy, John Stuart Mill introduced modifications of his theory of international trade that appear to have been borrowed from William Whewell. In a still later edition, he attributes these ideas to his friend, William Thornton. This article points out that Mill had a long history of inaccuracy in matters relating to authorship or the origin of ideas and, thus, lends support to the contention that it was Whewell, and not Thornton, from whom those ideas were borrowed. Copyright 1988 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Dynamics of Magmatic Systems

An intimate physical and chemical interplay between crystals and melt in magmatic systems gives rise to a vast diversity of igneous rocks and the very structure of terrestrial planets. Yet the actual physical means by which this happens is unclear. The long-standing notion of crystals nucleating, growing, and settling ad infinitum from the interior of large pools of magma to eventually form continental rocks is foundering. Processes operating at the smallest scales within marginal solidification fronts and in mingling crystal slurries throughout highly integrated, vertically extended mush columns give rise to planetary-scale effects.
Seasonal Occurrence, Egg Production, and Blood-feeding Activity of Autogenous Culex tarsalis,

Studies were made in 1970 and 1971 of the seasonal occurrence, egg production, and blood-feeding activity of autogenous Culex tarsalis Coquillett in the northern Sacramento Valley, Calif. Autogeny first appeared in females reared from field-collected pupae in April, although pupae were first collected in March. Autogeny rates increased as summer progressed and surpassed 95% in some collections in July and August. Rates decreased in the fall until pupae could not be found in December. No autogenous egg development was detected from November through February in overwintering females collected from shelters, and about 95% of the females were nulliparous. The number of eggs in individual autogenous females reared from pupae collected from April to November ranged from 1 to 215, with a mean of 90. This compared with means of 189 and 144 for blood-engorged and gravid females, respectively, collected from June to October. There was a positive correlation between autogenous egg production and autogeny rates. Autogenous egg development at 25°C surpassed the normal ovarian resting stage within 60 h of adult emergence and was completed within 120 h. Females that were empty when collected in CO2-bait traps seldom (if ever) developed autogenous eggs when incubated for 5 to 10 days. Relatively few nulliparous autogenous females took blood when given continuous access to a chicken for 124 h from emergence.
Reliability of k-out-of-n:G systems with imperfect fault-coverage

k-out-of-n:G systems are modeled to determine their reliability and availability. Markov models are obtained to examine the fault-tolerant operation of the system. From the Markov chains, reliability and availability measures are found as state probabilities. Recursive expressions for mean time-between-failures and mean time-to-failure are obtained for repairable systems, considering perfect and imperfect fault-coverage. >
AGE, FAMILIARITY, AND VISUAL PROCESSING SCHEMES

In a partial-report task adults and 5-yr.-old children identified stimuli of two types (common objects and familiar common objects) in two representations (black-and-white line drawings or full color photographs). It was hypothesized that familiar items and photographic representation would enhance the children's accuracy. Although both children and adults were more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed poorly in all stimulus conditions. Results suggest that the age difference in this task reflects the "concrete" nature of the perceptual process in children.
American gastroenterological association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus.

Abstract This document presents the official recommendations of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal espophagus. It was approved by the Clinical Practice and Practice Economics Committee on September 27, 1998, and by the AGA Governing Board on November 8, 1998. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:229-232
BEIDELLITE IN E HORIZONS OF NORTHERN IDAHO SPODOSOLS FORMED IN VOLCANIC ASH

While soils formed in tephra are typically dominated by poorly crystalline clay minerals, the occurrence of smectite in E horizons of podzolized soils (Spodosols) has been well-documented. We have observed a well-crystallized smectite mineral dominating the clay fraction of E horizons in tephra-derived soils of northern Idaho. This study was initiated to examine properties and distribution of this mineral along a developmental sequence of high-elevation, forested Spodosols formed in 6800-yr-old Mazama tephra. Three soils exhibiting strong, moderate, and weak E horizon development were sampled along an elevational and climatic gradient. The smectite mineral was identified as beidellite based on expansion and layer charge characteristics. Heated, Li-saturated samples from the most strongly developed E horizon exhibited relatively complete expansion to 1.8 nm with glycerol solvation and mean layer charge was calculated to be 0.44 mole/formula unit using sorption characteristics of alkylammonium ions. Apparent crystallinity and relative abundance of the beidellite in clay fractions decrease with decreasing E horizon development. The more poorly crystalline beidellite is associated with a non-expansive 1.4-nm mineral with considerable Al-hydroxy interlayering. Beidellite was not detected in underlying glacial drift or in a thin layer of 200-yr-old ash that mantles these soils, suggesting it is not inherited from these materials. Rather, our results indicate that beidellite forms in these soils in an environment characterized by low pH and a large flux of organic metal-complexing agents.
The future of active surveillance

The majority of men today are diagnosed with early stage, low-grade, localized prostate cancer. The greatest danger to these patients is overtreatment in the face of indolent disease, leaving active surveillance an attractive option. Unfortunately, the ideal markers for disease prognosis, progression, and treatment in the group of men are unknown. Since there is not a perfect way to identify patients that will not progress or to identify patients who are progressing on surveillance, adoption of this treatment is not widespread due to difficulty with acceptance from patients and physicians. The future of active surveillance lies with our ability to better incorporate personalized molecular medicine, noninvasive monitoring, and novel therapeutics into management strategy. Ultimately, this will provide reassurance that deferring definitive treatment with surgery or radiation until necessary is completely safe and can be precisely defined. This chapter highlights new developments in patient selection, monitoring, and modifying disease characteristics in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance.
Cooperative Channelization in Wireless Networks with Network Coding

In this paper, we address congestion of multicast traffic in multihop wireless networks through a combination of network coding and resource reservation. Network coding reduces the number of transmissions required in multicast flows, thus allowing a network to approach its multicast capacity. In addition, it efficiently repairs errors in multicast flows by combining packets lost at different destinations. However, under conditions of extremely high congestion the repair capability of network coding is seriously degraded. In this paper, we propose cooperative channelization, in which portions of the transmission media are allocated to links that are congested at the point where network coding cannot efficiently repair loss. A health metric is proposed to allow comparison of need for channelization of different multicast links. Cooperative channelization considers the impact of channelization on overall network performance before resource reservation is triggered. Our results show that cooperative channelization improves overall network performance while being well suited for wireless networks using network coding.
Response to Thomas D. Crocker

My comments will be organized around three major points. The first is my response to the charge to discuss areas of disagreement and controversy in the assessment of benefits. The second is a discussion of the usefulness of and limitations to the quantitative estimates of damages provided in Tom Crocker’s paper. And the third is a plea to adopt a more comprehensive perspective on the problem of long-range transport of certain atmospheric pollutants.
Selection Tests and Equal Opportunity: The Court and the EEOC

In passing Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Congress sought to promote equal employment opportunity while allowing the use of selection tests. This article focuses on the interaction between the Supreme Court and the EEOC in developing policies governing the use of selection tests. The analysis suggests that typical characterizations of judicial review over administrative agencies frequently miss the subtlety of judicial-administrative interactions. In grappling with the complexities of this potentially redistributive policy, both court and agency have adopted standards more restrictive of selection tests than Congress intended, but more consistent with the goal of equal opportunity.
HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR SCHEDULING BATCH AND SEMI-CONTINUOUS PLANTS WITH PRODUCTION DEADLINES, INTERMEDIATE STORAGE LIMITATIONS AND EQUIPMENT CHANGEOVER COSTS

Abstract We describe a heuristic algorithm for scheduling a multiproduct, batch or semicontinuous plant. In particular, we address a problem involving intermediate product draw-offs, raw-material feeds to any stage, finite intermediate storage inserted between all stages, and order-deadlines. The strategy is characterized by discretization of the scheduling horizon, generalized way of handling storage and a flexible method of objective function evaluation. Each order is assigned a priority taking into account the due dates, product importance and scheduling preference. Orders are scheduled sequentially according to priority. The algorithm maintains the status of all units and inventories of all materials throughout the planning horizon. To satisfy an order, a production run for the material is initiated as close to the deadline as unit and tank availability constraints permit. Then orders for feeds to the scheduled task are generated, and requirements for each feed are met by scheduling their respective tasks. This procedure is carried out recursively until the feeds are externally supplied raw-materials. Different schedules are generated by changing the order priorities. For each trial, an objective function comprising inventory costs, changeover costs and deadline violation penalties is calculated. This objective function is used as a criterion for choosing the best schedule. The algorithm has been successfully tested on data from an existing multiproduct plant and was found to give significantly better schedules than those manually generated by plant staff. The heuristic solutions are found to be within 23% of an exact lower bound by relaxing the integrality constraints to the scheduling problem posed as an MILP. The goodness of the heuristic was further statistically analyzed by evaluating point and interval estimates for the optimal solution value and calculating the performance measure of the heuristic. This measure was always less than 8% indicating a powerful heuristic.
The NIH Visual Browser: An Interactive Visualization of Biomedical Research

This paper presents a technical description of the methods used to generate an interactive, two-dimensional visualization of 60,568 grants funded by the National Institutes of Health in 2007. The visualization is made intelligible by providing interactive features for assessing the data in a web-based visual browser, see http://www.nihmaps.org. The key features include deep zooming, selection, full-text querying, overlays, color-coding schemes, and multi-level labeling. Major insights, broader applicability, and future directions are discussed.
Minimum-time speed optimisation over a fixed path

In this paper we investigate the problem of optimising the speed of a vehicle over a fixed path for minimum time traversal. We utilise a change of variables that has been known since the 1980s, although the resulting convexity of the problem was not noted until recently. The contributions of this paper are three fold. First, we extend the convexification of the problem to a more general framework. Second, we identify a wide range of vehicle models and constraints which can be included in this expanded framework. Third, we develop and implement an algorithm that allows these problems to be solved in real time, on embedded systems, with a high degree of accuracy.
Influence of climate change on algal community structure and primary productivity of Lake Malawi (East Africa) from the Last Glacial Maximum to present

Biomarkers of aquatic algae and compound-specific carbon isotopes are used to examine past variations in algal community composition and primary productivity in Lake Malawi. We note major changes at the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary. From the Last Glacial Maximum until ,11.8 calendar years before present (kyr B.P.), Lake Malawi was characterized by either low rates of primary productivity or algal productivity that was dominated by a group other than diatoms. At the onset of the Holocene, conditions similar to those of modern Lake Malawi were initiated, with diatoms and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria becoming more important contributors to primary productivity. The transition at ,11.8 kyr B.P. is likely related to a shift in the dominant wind direction over Lake Malawi, resulting from a southward shift in the mean latitudinal position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the last glacial. Throughout the 23-kyr B.P. record, the effects of windinduced upwelling are important and may be the main control on the carbon isotopic composition of algal lipids through delivery of 13C-depleted CO2, derived from organic matter decomposition in deeper waters, to the photic zone. Relationships are also suggested between thermal stratification and primary productivity, with cool conditions at ,12 and 8 kyr B.P. resulting in weaker thermal stratification and increased primary productivity. The opposite situation occurs at 4.9 kyr B.P., when significantly warmer temperatures and decreased algal productivity are observed. Thus, in lentic systems such as Lake Malawi the major influence of climate on algal ecology appears to be through feedbacks in physical circulation mechanisms.
Stereotypes and Willingness to Change Them: Testing Theories of Discrimination in South Africa

Employers often decide job assignments or wages after observing productivity signals from workers. Discrimination can occur because employers have stereotypes (priors) against a group of workers, or because they use signals differently depending on the worker's group. This paper introduces an estimable Bayesian framework that allows us to recover both the priors and the updating behavior of evaluators who observe noisy signals from candidates. Using data from a quasi-experiment in South Africa I test for the precise form of racial discrimination. I find evidence of discrimination without overtly negative priors. Discrimination occurs because white evaluators use signals to update their priors about white candidates but not when evaluating black candidates. Blacks, on the other hand, use signals to update their priors about all candidates. The paper uses the estimated structural parameters to simulate how evaluators would choose among equally performing candidates as a tool to show the relative importance of stereotypes and updating behavior on discrimination.
Androgen receptor functions in prostate cancer development and progression

regulatory regions of multiple genes encoding proteins (such as prostate‑specific antigen) that are critical for prostate differentiation and for its normal functions. Significantly, the consistent expression of AR in PCa, and its continued activity in PCa that relapse after androgen deprivation therapy (CRPC), indicate that at least a subset of these genes are also critical for PCa development and progression. However, the identity of the AR regulated genes that are critical for PCa remain unclear, and the extent to which AR acquires new functions during PCa development and progression remains to be determined. AR‑INDUCED GENES MEDIATING PCa GROWTH Consistent with the normal function of androgens in prostate being to drive the differentiated functions of luminal epithelial cells, AR induces many genes coding for seminal fluid proteins (such as prostate‑specific antigen) and multiple genes in metabolic pathways required to support high‑levels of protein and lipid synthesis.
THE QUANTIZATION OF THE SUPERMEMBRANE

We review recent work on the quantum structure of the supermembrane, focusing in particular on the issues of supersymmetry breaking, the existence of massless states, and the nature of the mass spectrum.
Modelling and process development for gaseous separation with silicone-coated polymeric membranes

This paper proposes a permeance equation for vapour–permanent gas mixtures in a silicone-coated polymeric membrane. The equation was derived from the Arrhenius relationship by combining an apparent activation energy and interaction parameter. Accurate values of transmembrane flux were obtained by incorporating this proposed equation, which was dependent on temperature and feed composition. The equation parameters were correlated with the experimental data of eight mixtures consisting of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, ethane, propylene and propane with nitrogen covering a broad range of temperature and concentration. A numerical integration scheme was used for developing a crossflow model utilizing the above equation, which allowed the estimation of product properties including the membrane plasticization cases. The study also reports examples of implementation of this approach in potential industrial applications for the recovery of ethylene and propylene from nitrogen. Cet article propose une equation de permeance pour les melanges vapeur–permanents de gaz dans une membrane polymere enduite de silicone. L'equation a ete derivee du rapport d'Arrhenius en combinant une energie d'activation et un parametre apparents d'interaction. Des valeurs precises du flux de transmembrane ont ete obtenues en incorporant cette equation proposee, qui dependait de la composition en temperature et en alimentation. Les parametres de l'equation ont ete correles avec les donnees experimentales de huit melanges se composant des hydrocarbures tels que l'ethylene, l'ethane, le propylene et le propane avec de l'azote couvrant une large gamme de la temperature et de concentration. Un arrangement numerique d'integration a ete employe pour developper un modele de croisement de flux utilisant l'equation ci-dessus, qui a permis l'evaluation des proprietes de produit comprenant les cas de plasticization de membrane. L'etude indique egalement des exemples d'execution de cette approche dans des demandes industrielles potentielles de retablissement d'ethylene et de propylene de l'azote.
Boutiques, Botox®, and Basal Cells: Can Dermatology Set Its Priorities?

The public perception, now confirmed in the scientific literature, that it is easier and faster to get an appointment for cosmetic botulinum toxin injection than one to evaluate a possible melanoma poses a challenge to the specialty of dermatology. Addressing this disparity will require significant changes in the attitudes and priorities of many dermatologists; additionally, changes in the financing of graduate medical education may also be required. The demand for dermatological advice and treatment far outstrips specialist availability and will do so indefinitely. Primary care physicians and physician extenders will continue to deliver dermatologic care. Dermatologists are duty-bound to ensure that those providing this care are as well trained as possible.
Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge‐corrected, global precipitation

Using traditional land-based gauge measurements and shipboard estimates, a global climatology of mean monthly precipitation has been developed. Data were obtained from ten existing sources, screened for coding errors, and redundant station records were removed. The edited data base contains 24,635 spatially independent terrestrial station records and 2223 oceanic grid-point records. A procedure for correcting gauge-induced biases is presented and used to remove systematic errors caused by wind, wetting on the interior walls of the gauge, and evaporation from the gauge. These ‘corrected’ monthly precipitation observations were then interpolated to a 0·5° of latitude by 0·5° of longitude grid using a spherically based interpolation procedure. Bias-corrected spatial distributions of the annual mean and intraannual variance are presented along with a harmonic decomposition of the intra-annual variance.
Depensation: evidence, models and implications

We review the evidence supporting depensation, describe models of two depensatory mechanisms and how they can be included in population dynamics models and discuss the implications of depensation. The evidence for depensation can be grouped into four mechanisms: reduced probability of fertilisation, impaired group dynamics, conditioning of the environment and predator saturation. Examples of these mechanisms come from a broad range of species including fishes, arthropods, birds, mammals and plants. Despite the large number of studies supporting depensatory mechanisms, there is very little evidence of depensation that is strong enough to be important in a population’s dynamics. However, because factors such as demographic and environmental variability make depensatory population dynamics difficult to detect, this lack of evidence should not be interpreted as evidence that depensatory dynamics are rare and unimportant. The majority of depensatory models are based on reduced probability of fertilisation and predator saturation. We review the models of these mechanisms and different ways they can be incorporated in population dynamics models. Finally, we discuss how depensation may affect optimal harvesting, pest control and population viability analysis.
A lack of response of the financial behaviors of biodiversity conservation nonprofits to changing economic conditions

The effectiveness of conservation organizations is determined in part by how they adapt to changing conditions. Over the previous decade, economic conditions in the United States (US) showed marked variation including a period of rapid growth followed by a major recession. We examine how biodiversity conservation nonprofits in the US responded to these changes through their financial behaviors, focusing on a sample of 90 biodiversity conservation nonprofits and the largest individual organization (The Nature Conservancy; TNC). For the 90 sampled organizations, an analysis of financial ratios derived from tax return data revealed little response to economic conditions. Similarly, more detailed examination of conservation expenditures and land acquisition practices of TNC revealed only one significant relationship with economic conditions: TNC accepted a greater proportion of conservation easements as donated in more difficult economic conditions. Our results suggest that the financial behaviors of US biodiversity conservation nonprofits are unresponsive to economic conditions.
Channel compensation of modulation spectral features

We propose a new channel compensation method for modulation spectral features. We compare our proposed method, subband normalization, with a more traditional method, cepstral mean subtraction (CMS). Experimental results show that subband normalized modulation scale features provide advantages over CMS features. The proposed method is not only robust to slowly varying convolutional noise, but also to time-scale modification and time misalignment. CMS is not robust to these time distortions. We discuss the theory of estimating a modulation scale representation and its channel compensation. Audio identification is used for experimental verification. Simulation results on a large database show that the proposed method provides a high accuracy in spite of convolutional noise and time distortions.
Closed-End Fund Discounts and Premiums

This paper reviews and analyzes five areas relating to closed-end funds. (1) Issues relating to the existence of closed-funds and why rational investors subscribe to new issues of them. A detailed set of model assumptions is examined in order to understand the basis for closed-end funds coming into existence. (2) The time-series properties of discounts. (3) The cross-sectional variation in closed-end fund discounts. (4) Issues of weak and semi-strong form efficiency. (5) Issues relating to the open-ending of closed-end funds.
Emerging model in anesthetic developmental neurotoxicity: human stem cells.

R during the brain growth spurt period triggers neuroapoptosis. For instance, withdrawal of ketamine induced the compensatory upregulation of NMDAR expression followed by a toxic influx of calcium into neurons, leading to the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and neuronal cell death. Administration of the antisense of NMDAR1 attenuated the ketamine-induced neuronal death [
The Action of Gramine

Summary1. Gramine hydrochloride raises blood pressure in anesthetized cats in small doses but lowers it, with a secondary rise, in doses of 30-40 mg per kg. 2. In appropriate concentrations, gramine HCl by perfusion in frogs causes slight constriction of peripheral blood vessels. 3. Gramine HCl when perfused into the inferior vena cava of frogs decreases the amplitude and rate of heart contractions. 4. Gramine HC1 inhibits, frequently preceded by a brief stimulation, peristaltic movements of isolated rabbits' small intestines. 5. Gramine HCI contracts the isolated uteri of rabbits, guinea pigs, and Syrian hamsters. 6. Gramine HCI reduces the effect of epinephrine on blood pressure, intestinal movements, and uterine (isolated) contractions, but causes no reversal. 7. Gramine HCl in doses of 5-20 mg per kg does not alter the concentrations of blood sugar in rabbits. 8. The toxicity of gramine HCl has been determined by intravenous injection in both mice and rats, the latter being less susceptible.
Prediction of pancreatic tissue densities by an analytical test gradient system before purification maximizes human islet recovery for islet autotransplantation/allotransplantation.

Background Using standard density gradient (SDG) ranges for human islet purification frequently results in islet loss and transplantation of lower islet mass. Measuring the densities of islet and acinar tissue beforehand to customize the gradient range for the actual COBE 2991 cell processor (COBE) purification is likely to maximize the recovery of islets. We developed an analytical test gradient system (ATGS) for predicting pancreatic tissue densities before COBE purification to minimize islet loss during purification. Methods Human islets were isolated from deceased donor (n=30) and chronic pancreatitis pancreata (n=30). Pancreatic tissue densities were measured before purification by the ATGS, and the density gradient range for islet purification in a COBE was customized based on density profiles determined by the ATGS. The efficiency of custom density gradients (CDGs) to recover high islet yield was compared with predefined SDGs. Results Pancreatic tissue densities from autografts were significantly higher than in allograft preparations. In allograft purifications, a higher proportion of islets were recovered using ATGS-guided CDGs (85.9%±18.0%) compared with the SDG method (69.2%±27.0%; P=0.048). Acinar contamination at 60%, 70%, and 80% cumulative islet yield for allografts was significantly lower in the CDG group. In autograft purifications, more islets were recovered with CDGs (81.9%±28.0%) than SDGs (55.8%±22.8%; P=0.03). CDGs effectively reduced islet loss by minimizing islet sedimentation in the COBE bag. Conclusions Using ATGS-guided CDGs maximizes the islet recovery for successful transplantations by reducing acinar contamination in allograft preparations and by reducing sedimentation of islets in the COBE bag in autograft preparations.
Pesticides Have Little Impact on Attraction of Three Species of Male Moths to Sex Pheromone

Male moths of the Douglas-fir tussock moth ( Orgyia pseudotsugata [Mc-Dunnough]), the western spruce budworm ( Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman), and the western pine shoot borer ( Eucosma sonomana Kearfott), were equally attracted to their respective sex pheromones whether or not 50 mg of certain pesticides were also present in traps. Electroantennagram responses of adult male O. pseudotsugata and C. occidentalis to pesticides were also very low. Male C. occidentalis searched out and frequently contacted synthetic pheromone releasers attached to tree branches. Males of O. pseudotsugata , although readily attracted to within a few centimeters, seldom contacted the releasers. These results suggest that addition of pesticide to, or around, a slow-release formulation of sex pheromone might effectively kill males of some species, such as C. occidentalis , but not others.
The Training of Exhibition Majors in Tianjin's HVCs

Due to the great need for the exhibition experts in market,it is important to train qualified exhibition experts for enterprises.Through making analyses on the current situation of training higher vocational exhibition experts in Tianjin,the thesis analyzes some problems and then puts forward some suggestions on them.
Sensitivity analysis of synchronous generators for real-time simulations

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the compatibility of generator models in PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering), EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transient Program), and Hypersim, a platform used for the real time modeling and simulation of power systems. The paper introduces a methodology for the comparison of generator models by performing sensitivity analysis of power system responses to generator parameter changes. The three platforms produce identical outputs in steady state but different responses in dynamic studies, and the methodology outlines steps for finding and changing generator parameters in one platform to best match the response achieved by another platform. A standard IEEE 14 bus system is analyzed under normal steady state and dynamic conditions and under faulted conditions.
Topological Analysis and Sub-Network Mining of Protein-Protein Interactions

Proteins are important players in executing the genetic program. When carrying out a particular biological function or serving as molecular building blocks for a particular cellular structure, proteins rarely act individually. Rather, biological complexity is encapsulated in the structure and dynamics of the combinatorial interactions among proteins as well as other biological molecules (such as DNA and RNA) at different levels, ranging from the simplest biochemical reactions to the complex ecological phenomena [1]. Therefore, one of the key challenges in the post genomic era is to understand these complex molecular interactions that confer the structure and dynamics of a living cell.
An Order-Based Approach to Mission-Oriented Autonomous Robot Control: Managing Complexity, Merging Multiple Plans, and Performance Analysis Given Partial Probabilistic Information

Abstract This paper formulates a framework for mission-oriented robot control. The benefit of this approach is multifacet. First, it suggests a promising direction for managing the complexity of encoding control policies. Second, it establishes a natural connection between feedback control and planning. Third, it allows the analysis of the time-to-mission-accomplishment distribution with almost minimum probabilistic information. This framework has been applied to the domain of robot soccer as a test of effectiveness. The resulting system competed at par in a simplified game setting against the strategy of a former championship team in the International RoboCup Competition.