cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P035: Simple Cooking With Heart Culinary Literacy Program: Skill Acquisition, Attitudinal Change, Intention and Efficacy Lead to Improved Dietary Consumption Patters

Introduction: Less than 1% of Americans consume a diet that is consistent with the American Heart Association (AHA) definition for ideal cardiovascular health. In-home food preparation is associated with healthier dietary patterns and is more likely to align with current AHA recommendations for healthy eating. Hypothesis: The AHA’s Simple Cooking with Heart (SCwH) program aims to increase the healthfulness of family meals by addressing common barriers to cooking at home (lack of time, lack of skill, lack of budget). By increasing self-efficacy, individuals will demonstrate changes in attitudes and intention to choose wisely when shopping, as well as prepare and consume more meals at home, resulting in improved diet quality. Exposure to a “live” demonstration program that engages participants will improve cooking confidence and change attitudes in low-socioeconomic populations, compared to an online only, skills-building video exposure. The theoretical framework for this intervention is based upon the Health Belief Model. Methods: A 4-week, 2-cell controlled exposure study design measured the discrete impact of SCwH on low-income individuals exposed to a live cooking demonstration experience compared to individuals who received an online only exposure. All individuals were assessed via questionnaire post baseline for changes in attitude/intention, skill acquisition, frequency of meals prepared in home, dietary consumption and relevance of materials and information received; 337 participants completed the 4 week study. Results: Participation in “live” cooking demonstrations had a near immediate positive impact on participants’ intentions to: increase number of meals at home, reduce added salt and sugar/sweeteners, eat more fruits/vegetables/whole grains, and decrease unhealthy items. Participants who receive a “live” exposure have increased outcomes compared to those who received an online-only exposure. Demonstration participants, compared to web-only participants, reported: more often using new information in-home and reported a significant increase in the frequency of consuming healthy food items and a decrease in unhealthy items. Online-only cell respondents reported no significant difference in the mean frequency an item (healthy or unhealthy) was consumed. Both cells reported learning new information/skills. Conclusions: Culinary skill development, changing perceptions about affordable meals and addressing barriers to preparing and consuming meals in-home can be an effective way to improve dietary quality in low-socioeconomic populations. Exposure to “live” demonstration programs can increase effectiveness and promote healthier cooking at home; however, online-only intervention can still have a positive impact.
TRANSDUCTION OF BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS BY EACH OF TWO PHAGES

Taylor, Martha J. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Curtis B. Thorne. Transduction of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis by each of two phages. J. Bacteriol. 86:452–461. 1963.—A second transducing bacteriophage, designated SP-15, was isolated from the same soil-sample culture filtrate that supplied the Bacillus subtilis transducing phage, SP-10, reported earlier from this laboratory. SP-10 and SP-15 differ serologically and in several other respects, but share the ability to propagate on B. subtilis W-23-Sr (streptomycin-resistant) and B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a, and to mediate general transduction in either species when propagated homologously. Attempts to transduce between the species have failed. SP-10 forms plaques readily on both W-23-Sr and 9945a; SP-15 forms minute plaques on W-23-Sr and has shown no evidence of any lytic activity on 9945a. Maximal recoveries of prototrophic colonies from mixtures of SP-10 with auxotrophs of either W-23-Sr or 9945a were obtained only when excess phage was neutralized by post-transduction treatment with specific phage antiserum. Such treatment was not necessary for maximal recovery of transductants effected by SP-15. Unlike SP-10, SP-15 propagated on W-23-Sr did not transduce B. subtilis 168 (indole−). SP-15 transduced B. licheniformis more efficiently than did SP-10. Neither phage was able to transduce B. licheniformis as efficiently as it transduced B. subtilis. The differing influences of multiplicity of infection were compared for the two phages in both species.
Exotic Pets Invade United States Ecosystems: Legislative Failure and a Proposed Solution

Sneaky, slithery invaders have attacked southern Florida. The perpetrators are not drug lords, terrorists, or angry retirees; instead, the intruders are giant snakes. The Burmese python is one of thousands of non-native species that has invaded the United States in the last several decades.' These invasive creatures, which rank among the world's largest snakes, have overrun the Florida Everglades.2 According to the director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, invasive species pose the number one environmental threat to the United States. 3 While a number of different activities are potentially to blame,4 the pet-trade industry plays a significant role in the introduction of non-native invasive species into the United States. 6 Exotic species find their way into U.S. native ecosystems in three different ways. First, government agencies may intentionally introduce exotic species into the environment, as the U.S. Fish Commission has introduced carp, a non-native fish species, into U.S. river systems. 7 Second, exotic species are unintentionally and incidentally introduced through the operation and ownership of property. For instance, certain transporting activities, such as shipping crates of fruit, carry the risk that exotic
Iodination of cell membranes: I. Optimal conditions for the iodination of exposed membrane components

Abstract Iodination of red blood cells under optimal conditions by the Phillips-Morrison method leads to the iodination of two surface proteins. Modification of these conditions leads to the labeling of additional membrane proteins; labeling of hemoglobin can also occur. These results lead to the conclusion that, depending on the conditions of iodination, proteins located at various depths of the membrane can be labeled. This information was used in establishing an assay for the optimal iodination conditions of HeLa cells. Such iodinated HeLa cells grow at the same rate as control HeLa cells; most of these iodinated surface proteins can be removed by subsequent treatment with pronase.
Type Directed Cloning for Object-Oriented Programs

Object-oriented programming encourages the use of small functions, dynamic dispatch (virtual functions), and inheritance for code reuse. As a result, such programs typically suffer from inferior performance. The problem is that polymorphic functions do not know the exact types of the data they operate on, and hence must use indirection to operate on them. However, most polymorphism is parametric (e.g. templates in C++) which is amenable to elimination through code replication. We present a cloning algorithm which eliminates parametric polymorphism while minimizing code duplication. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated on a number of concurrent object-oriented programs. Finally, since functions and data structures can be parameterized over properties other than type, this algorithm is applicable to general forward data flow problems.
Additional notes on "Clathrozoella drygalskii" (Vanhöffen, 1910) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)

Study of the material of Clathrozoella drygalskii (Vanhoffen, 1910), a hydroid initially referred to the thecate hydroids but probably better classified in athecate hydroids along with such families as Hydractiniidae and Solanderiidae, has been continued with the help of sectioned material. Owing to the conditions of the material available, sectioning proved to be quite difficult; this combined with the poor condition of preservation provided inadequate and inconclusive results, as a result of which the taxonomic position of this enigmatic genus could not be definitely clarified. However, available evidence seems to suggest that the genus Clathrozoella Stechow, 1921, contains at least three species of which one, C. drygalskii, occurs in Antarctic, New Zealand and Australian waters, a second to the south of Stewart Island south of New Zealand, and a third exclusively (so far) in the Antarctic. Histological details of the two additional species are still lacking and information on the cnidome of the three species is still insufficient.
Immune co-signaling to treat cancer

The past two decades have been marked by a growing understanding of the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that are critical to the generation of an effective, well-regulated immune response. Capitalizing on an increasingly nuanced appreciation for the role that these molecules play in anti-tumor immune responses, a diversity of novel therapies to treat human cancers are being explored. The ground-breaking success of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in the treatment of advanced melanoma has set the stage for the clinical development of agents targeting a diversity of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. Herein, we review the co-signaling molecules that regulate T cell activation with a focus on their potential role(s) in anti-tumor immune responses. Where available, pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the anti-tumor activity of agents targeting these molecules are presented.
Atrium: a knowledge model for modern security forces in the information and terrorism age

Eighty percent of business process reengineering efforts have failed. This piece argues that the missing piece is an ability to see the newer technical systems conceptually integrated into an organization as well as functionally embedded. Similarly, a model of a modern military or security institution facing asymmetries in active security threats and dealing with extremely limited strategic depth needs to focus less on precision strikes and more on knowing what can be known in advance. Finding that most published designs and existing relations were based on rather static notions of accessing only explicitly collected knowledge, I turned to the development of an alternative socio-technical organizational design labeled the "Atrium" model based on the corporate hyperlinked model of Nonaka and Takeuchi. The rest of this work presents the basics of this model as applied to a military organization, though it could conceivably apply to any large scale security force.
Effect of Some Proteins on the Yeast Cell Membrane

Yeast cells, Candida utilis, in water suspension and in the absence of electrolytes were found to be very sensitive to several proteins of moderate size, including ribonuclease, protamine, lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, and myoglobin. Viability ceases rapidly, and ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (260 mμ) and the amino acid pool are released into the medium. The ultraviolet-absorbing material appears to be the nucleotide and coenzyme fraction usually extracted by 0.2 n perchloric acid at low temperature. The ribonucleic acid fraction remains in the cell ghosts and can be released by ribonuclease. The enzymatic properties of some of these proteins have no relation to their damaging effect on the cell membrane. Poly-l-lysine shows the same activity.
Effect of surface orientation on the growth and properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/

The effects of surface orientation on growth from the vapor phase and properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ on GaAs [001], [111]B, [111]A, and [110] are discussed. Faceting was observed on CIGS on GaAs [110], resulting in two polar [112] facet types with strikingly different surface morphologies. The [112]s. surface is assigned as the growth front, while growth on {112}/sub Metal/ planes is relatively slow. A study of CIGS on GaAs [111]A and [111]B substrates was carried out and we present a growth model based on the results. The possible surface reconstructions, chemical compositions and the electronic structures of the two [112] surfaces have been investigated and are discussed in the context of CdS/CIGS interfaces and device performances.
Grain Deformation and Strain in Board Level SnAgCu Solder Interconnects Under Deep Thermal Cycling

Digital image correlation and cross polarizer, optical microscopy were used to quantify the deformation behavior under deep thermal cycling of near eutectic SnAgCu (SAC) solder in board level interconnects. Maps with sub micron spatial resolution of the strain levels and von Mises strain were produced for selected cross sections. Large spatial variations in the thermo mechanical response of the solder joints were observed and were correlated with Sn grain boundaries or intermetallic precipitates. Such observations are consistent with the anisotropic nature of the mechanical properties of Sn, and the differences in the mechanical responses of Sn and the intermetallic precipitates in SAC solder. The demonstrated anisotropic thermomechanical response of many SAC solder joints sheds doubt on any model which considers these joints to be composed of isotropic material
Control of asymmetric vortical flows over delta wings at high anglesof attack

Results from a wind tunnel experiment will be used to confirm that Tangential Leading Edge Blowing is capable of controlling the vortical flow over a delta wing to very high angles of attack. The production of significant rolling moments and the ability to unburst a vortex has been demonstrated to 55" angle of attack. Strain gauge balance measurements and upper surface pressure distributions will be presented which illustrate the various modes of operation and which, in particular, identify the uncoupled/coupled nature of the vortex control at pre- and post-stall angles of attack. At angles of attack beyond 40°, rolling moments are produced that exceed those produced by 20" of aileron deflection at 0" angle of attack.
Clustered inter-phrase or word context-dependent models for continuously read Japanese

This paper investigates methods to model inter-phrase or word context for continuous Japanese speech recognition. It is well known that in continuous speech, coarticulation between words or phrases induces allophonic variation of the beginning and ending phones in words or phrases. It was found that by compiling a network of contextdependent phonetic models which models these inter-word or inter-phrase context, recognition error reduction by 32 % can be achieved compared to models which do not account for inter-word context with task-dependent training, i.e. models that were trained with the same vocabulary as the test set. A more dramatic error reduction of up to 43% was possible with task-independent training. However, this will significantly increase the number of phonetic models required to model the vocabulary. With digit models, the increase in the number of models is 4 to 5 fold. To overcome this increase, we clustered the inter-word/phrase context into a few phonetic classes. Using one class for consonant inter-word context and two classes for vowel context, the recognition accuracy on digit string recognition was found to be virtually equal to the accuracy with unclustered models, while the number of phonetic models required was reduced by more than 50%.
Heat and mass transfer in a contaminated porous concrete slab with variable dielectric properties

Abstract The effect of temperature dependent dielectric properties on concrete decontamination and decommissioning using microwave technology is investigated theoretically in this paper. The concrete is treated as a porous material, which has residual water and air within the pores. A one-dimensional model of unsteady heat and mass transport in the porous concrete with temperature dependent dielectric properties is developed. Based on this model, temperature and pressure with different microwave frequencies are predicted, the effects of the temperature dependent dielectric properties on microwave power dissipation, the temperature and pressure distributions for different microwave frequencies, and the different microwave power intensities are analyzed in detail. Four available industrial microwave frequencies of 0.896, 2.45, 10.6 and 18.0 GHz are used in the analysis. As a result of the dielectric properties varying with temperature, the power dissipation also varies with the heating times. Comparing the results for both temperature dependent and constant dielectric properties reveals that the variation of dielectric permittivity with temperature must be considered in a theoretical model of the concrete decontamination and decommissioning process for a low microwave frequency ( f ).
Computation of axisymmetric suction flow through porous media in the presence of surface tension

Abstract The effect of small surface tension on a class of axisymmetric flows with suction is studied numerically. The dynamic evolution of a blob of incompressible viscous fluid, surrounded by air and drawn into an interior sink, is considered. The velocity field of the viscous fluid is assumed to satisfy Darcy's law and thus the motion is that of a flow through porous media. The fluid interface motion is computed using a highly accurate boundary integral method. This method combines recent numerical techniques to achieve efficient and high-order space and time discretizations for this type of flow. Through accurate computations, it is shown that, in the presence of small surface tension, the dynamic behavior of the axisymmetric flows is very similar to that of the (two-dimensional) Hele–Shaw counterparts. A long finger develops in the fluid interface and forms a cone singularity when it reaches the sink before all the fluid is sucked out. The finger bulges and develops a neck for sufficiently small surface tension. The bulge–neck formation is enhanced by the additional component of the mean curvature in the three-dimensional flow. However, its effect is not strong enough to cause the interface to pinch off at the neck for the data considered here.
Frontal Networks for Learning and Executing Arbitrary Stimulus-Response Associations

Flexible rule learning, a behavior with obvious adaptive value, is known to depend on an intact prefrontal cortex (PFC). One simple, yet powerful, form of such learning consists of forming arbitrary stimulus-response (S-R) associations. A variety of evidence from monkey and human studies suggests that the PFC plays an important role in both forming new S-R associations and in using learned rules to select the contextually appropriate response to a particular stimulus cue. Although monkey lesion studies more strongly implicate the ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) in S-R learning, clinical data and neurophysiology studies have implicated both the vlPFC and the dorsolateral region (dlPFC) in associative rule learning. Previous human imaging studies of S-R learning tasks, however, have not demonstrated involvement of the dlPFC. This may be because of the design of previous imaging studies, which used few stimuli and used explicitly stated one-to-one S-R mapping rules that were usually practiced before scanning. Humans learn these rules very quickly, limiting the ability of imaging techniques to capture activity related to rule acquisition. To address these issues, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects learned by trial and error to associate sets of abstract visual stimuli with arbitrary manual responses. Successful learning of this task required discernment of a categorical type of S-R rule in a block design expected to yield sustained rule representation. Our results show that distinct components of the dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and anterior PFC, lateral premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and the striatum are involved in learning versus executing categorical S-R rules.
The Mission of Healing: Kofi Annan's Failed Apology

Kofi Annan traveled to Rwanda in May of 1998 attempting to repair the image of the United Nations (U.N.) and to heal the fractured political relationship between the two entities. However, the U.N. secretary general largely failed to fulfill his mission. This article analyzes the reasons why Annan's mea culpa failed. It argues that in Annan's address before the Rwandan parliament, his rhetorical choices constrained his ability to repair the U.N.'s image and U.N.–Rwandan relations. Specifically, this article demonstrates that the U.N. leader's nondiscussion of his personal culpability for U.N. action, his democratization of blame for the genocide, and the appearance of personal arrogance created by his language choices hindered his ability to fulfill his mission. The article concludes with implications for image repair theory, lessons from Annan's failure for rhetors who apologize for historical wrongdoing, and directions for further research into the phenomena of public apology.
Six minute walk test predicts long-term all-cause mortality and heart failure rehospitalization in African-American patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure.

Abstract Background The prognostic value of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has been described in patients with heart failure (HF); however, limited data are available in an African-American (AA) population. We prospectively evaluated the usefulness of the 6MWT in predicting mortality and HF rehospitalization in AA patients with acute decompensated HF. Methods and Results Two hundred AA patients (63.1% men, mean age 55.7 ± 12.9 years) with acute decompensated HF were prospectively studied. Patients were followed to assess 40-month all-cause mortality and 18-month HF rehospitalization. The median distance walked on the 6MWT was 213 m. Of the 198 patients with available mortality data, 59 patients (29.8%) died. Of the 191 patients with available rehospitalization data, 114 (59.7%) were rehospitalized for worsening HF. For patients who walked ≤200 m during the 6MWT, mortality was 41% compared with 19% in patients who walked >200 m ( P = .001). For patients who walked ≤200 m during the 6MWT, HF rehospitalization was 68% compared with 52% in those who walked >200 m ( P = .027). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that 6MWT distance ≤200 m was the strongest predictor of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.14; confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 3.81; P = .01) and HF rehospitalization (adjusted HR, 1.62; CI, 1.10 to 2.39; P = .015). Conclusions In AA patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF, 6MWT strongly and independently predicts long-term all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization.
Case Studies in the Specification and Analysis of Protocols in Maude

Abstract We follow the method for the specification and analysis of protocols introduced in [3], further exploiting the capabilities of Maude. Our specifications are highly structured and allow the detection of type flaws, as well as replay attacks. We describe a variation of the search strategy introduced in [3] that supports two kinds of optimizations in a simple and modular way.
Synergistic effect of diethylstilbestrol on the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-acetylaminofluorene in the Salmonella assay system

Summary Salmonella typhimurium , TA-1538, was used to investigate the mutagenic potential of N -2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), N -hydroxy- N -2-acetylaminofluorene ( N -OH-2-AAF) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) individual and in combination. In the presence of an induced or uninduced rat liver metabolizing system (S-9), the histidine requiring strain of bacteria was reverted to prototrophy by the aromatic amines but not by the synthetic estrogen. However, when DES was combined with 2-AAF or N -OH-2-AAF in the presence of the induced S-9 fraction, the number of revertant colonies was increased 2- to 4-fold above the levels obtained with the aromatic amines alone. The synergistic effect of DES, a non-mutagen, on the mutagenicity of these aromatic amines was observed only when a 3-methylcholanthrene induced rat liver S-9 fraction was used as the source of mammalian enzymes. When uninduced mouse or rat liver S-9 fractions were used in this test system, an inhibitory effect rather than an enhancing effect was observed.
Time-Varying Causal Inference From Phosphoproteomic Measurements in Macrophage Cells

Cellular signaling circuitry in eukaryotes can be studied by analyzing the regulation of protein phosphorylation and its impact on downstream mechanisms leading to a phenotype. A primary role of phosphorylation is to act as a switch to turn “on” or “off” a protein activity or a cellular pathway. Specifically, protein phosphorylation is a major leit motif for transducing molecular signals inside the cell. Errors in transferring cellular information can alter the normal function and may lead to diseases such as cancer; an accurate reconstruction of the “true” signaling network is essential for understanding the molecular machinery involved in normal and pathological function. In this study, we have developed a novel framework for time-dependent reconstruction of signaling networks involved in the activation of macrophage cells leading to an inflammatory response. Several signaling pathways have been identified in macrophage cells, but the time-varying causal relationship that can produce a dynamic directed graph of these molecules has not been explored in detail. Here, we use the notion of Granger causality, and apply a vector autoregressive model to phosphoprotein time-course data in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Through the reconstruction of the phosphoprotein network, we were able to estimate the directionality and the dynamics of information flow. Significant interactions were selected through statistical hypothesis testing ( t-test) of the coefficients of a linear model and were used to reconstruct the phosphoprotein signaling network. Our approach results in a three-stage phosphoprotein network that represents the evolution of the causal interactions in the intracellular signaling pathways.
Active optical systems for orbiting astronomical observatories.

It has been recognized that a large orbiting astronomical telescope should be a major objective of the National Space Program, now that sufficiently large rocket booster capability is being developed. 1 A telescope aperture of at least 120 inches is a reasonable goal within the next decade. Technologically, one of the most formidable problems in such an undertaking is that of fabricating and maintaining the figure of the primary mirror of such a telescope to the required tolerance.
The degrees of permutation polynomials over finite fields

Abstract A number of theorems are proved concerning the connection between the cycle structure of a permutation of a finite field GF( q ) and the degree of the polynomial representing it. In particular (Section 4) if K r is the set of permutations of GF( q ) moving≤ r elements, then, if r grows slowly enough with respect to q as q →∞, almost all polynomials of degree≤ q −1 representing permutations in K r have degree q −2.
Light-Scattering Measurements of CVD Silicon Carbide

Surface morphologies created by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon carbide were examined with light scattering. Silicon carbide was deposited from methyltrichlorosilane under various conditions to create different surfaces. A helium neon laser was used, and the scattered light was measured over a range of scattering angles. These measurements are compared with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and profilometer measurements of the same surfaces. In theory the scattered light contains all of the information needed to provide a statistical description of a given surface; however, a complete vector theory for the scattering phenomena is too complex to provide any simple basis for experimental analysis. The application and limits of existing descriptions of scattering from a rough surface are discussed.
Creation of a coronary sinus to atrial communication in coronary sinus ostial atresia improves cardiac function after Fontan.

Coronary sinus ostial atresia is a rare anatomic condition which is occasionally associated with drainage of coronary veins via a persistent left-sided superior vena cava. This anatomic condition is normally clinically insignificant. However, when the systemic venous pressure is higher than that of the atrium, cardiac function can be impaired. We report our experience with a young adult who underwent a Fontan due to tricuspid atresia. The patient presented to our institution with poor systolic and diastolic ventricular function. A catheterization revealed an atretic coronary sinus ostium, and the coronary veins drained via a persistent left-sided superior vena cava. Creation of a communication from coronary sinus to the common atrium resulted in a significant decrease in coronary venous pressures. The patient has experienced improvement following the interventiona catheterization. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.

Despite the success of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) for emotional disorders, a sizable subgroup of patients with complex clinical presentations, such as patients with generalized anxiety disorder, fails to evidence adequate treatment response. Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) integrates facets of traditional and contemporary CBTs, mindfulness, and emotion-focused interventions within a framework that reflects basic and translational findings in affect science. Specifically, ERT is a mechanism-targeted intervention focusing on patterns of motivational dysfunction while cultivating emotion regulation skills. Open and randomized controlled psychotherapy trials have demonstrated considerable preliminary evidence for the utility of this approach as well as for the underlying proposed mechanisms. This article provides an illustration of ERT through the case of “William.” In particular, this article includes a case-conceptualization of William from an ERT perspective while describing the flow and progression of the ERT treatment approach.
Nutritional determinants of high-altitude growth in nuñoa, Peru

Data on nutritional intake and patterns of physical growth in the rural Andean community of Nunoa, Peru (elevation 4,000 m), are described and compared to data previously collected from this location. Food consumption data and selected anthropometric measures were obtained from a sample of 33 households. Estimates of caloric intake from this study are very similar to those obtained in Nunoa during the mid- and late 1960s. However, within the present sample, upper income (i.e., middle class) individuals have significantly higher caloric intakes than those of the lower income group and also appear to have an improved diet relative to individuals of 20 years ago. Anthropometric data show that children of the upper socioeconomic status (SES) group are significantly taller and heavier than the lower SES group children. Moreover, the children of the wealthier families are taller and heavier than the children measured 20 years ago at the same location, whereas the poorer children are not. These results indicate that nutritional factors have significantly contributed to the extreme pattern of slow growth previously reported for children of Nunoa and, moreover, demonstrate how social and environmental forces interact to create differential levels of stress that contribute to variation in biological well-being.
Giardia lamblia: detection and characterization of calmodulin.

Abstract Calmodulin was detected in Giardia lamblia by radioimmunoassay and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activation. This protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by fast protein liquid chromatography with a yield of 260 ng of calmodulin/mg of protozoan protein. Purity was established by gel electrophoreis, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The parasite calmodulin has properties characteristic of calmodulin isolated from other eukaryotes, e.g., (1) an apparent molecular weight of 16.7 kD; (2) activation in calcium dependent manner of bovine heart cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; and (3) sensitivity to known calmodulin antagonists.
Conditional random pattern model for copy number aberration detection

Background DNA copy number aberration (CNA) is very important in the pathogenesis of tumors and other diseases. For example, CNAs may result in suppression of anti-oncogenes and activation of oncogenes, which would cause certain types of cancers. High density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data is widely used for the CNA detection. However, it is nontrivial to detect the CNA automatically because the signals obtained from high density SNP arrays often have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which might be caused by whole genome amplification, mixtures of normal and tumor cells, experimental noise or other technical limitations. With the reduction in SNR, many false CNA regions are often detected and the true CNA regions are missed. Thus, more sophisticated statistical models are needed to make the CNAs detection, using the low SNR signals, more robust and reliable.
Interhospital differences in cancer survival.

Abstract We examined variations in cancer survival rates among a large number of hospitals in the United States. Survival rates for breast cancer, prostate cancer, and Hodgkin's disease were calculated from patient care studies of the American College of Surgeons and were linked to data on hospital characteristics from the surveys of the American Hospital Association. When patient, disease, treatment, and institutional characteristics were examined in multivariate analyses, medical school affiliation, residency training, and community size were not related to hospitals' cancer survival experience. Patterns of care involving greater use of staging laparotomy with splenectomy for Hodgkin's dieases, lesser use of mastectomy without axillary dissection for breast cancer and, greater use of bone scanning and lesser use of hormone therapy for prostate cancer all were associated with better survival. The differences between hospitals' survival rates were large but we found that the differences were more a function of patient characteristics, disease stage, and tumor histology than of hospital affiliations, location, size, facilities, or treatment patterns. These findings provide some data upon which future public health interventions to affect cancer mortality may be planned and evaluated.
State of mind: what kind of power will India become?

As its economic power, military strength and cultural influence expands, India draws ever closer to becoming a leading player in world politics. Yet relatively little is known about what Indians take to be the nature of international politics and, correspondingly, how their power and influence should be used. A survey of Indian political thought reveals sharp disagreements. Moralists wish for India to serve as an exemplar of principled action. Hindu nationalists want Indians to act as muscular defenders of Hindu civilization; strategists advocate cultivating state power by developing strategic capabilities; and liberals seek prosperity and peace by increasing trade and interdependence. This article argues that current trends indicate that India will increasingly prioritize its quest for prosperity and peace. But if this quest is thwarted by external threats, then calls to enhance India's military power will most probably grow louder, and be heeded more closely.
GeSmart: A gestural activity recognition model for predicting behavioral health

To promote independent living for elderly population activity recognition based approaches have been investigated deeply to infer the activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (I-ADLs). Deriving and integrating the gestural activities (such as talking, coughing, and deglutition etc.) along with activity recognition approaches can not only help identify the daily activities or social interaction of the older adults but also provide unique insights into their long-term health care, wellness management and ambulatory conditions. Gestural activities (GAs), in general, help identify fine-grained physiological symptoms and chronic psychological conditions which are not directly observable from traditional activities of daily living. In this paper, we propose GeSmart, an energy efficient wearable smart earring based GA recognition model for detecting a combination of speech and non-speech events. To capture the GAs we propose to use only the accelerometer sensor inside our smart earring due to its energy efficient operations and ubiquitous presence in everyday wearable devices. We present initial results and insights based on a C4.5 classification algorithm to infer the infrequent GAs. Subsequently, we propose a novel change-point detection based hybrid classification method exploiting the emerging patterns in a variety of GAs to detect and infer infrequent GAs. Experimental results based on real data traces collected from 10 users demonstrate that this approach improves the accuracy of GAs classification by over 23%, compared to previously proposed pure classification-based solutions. We also note that the accelerometer sensor based earrings are surprisingly informative and energy efficient (by 2.3 times) for identifying different types of GAs.
Formation of phenols from aromatic subtrates by plant and animal mono-oxygenases: The effect of adjacent deuteriums on the magnitude of the NIH shift of tritium

Abstract Hepatic metabolism of 4-[ 3 H]acetanilide in vivo and in vitro yields 4-hydroxyacetanilide which retains, respectively, 40 and 62% of the tritium. When the 4-tritio-substrate contains adjacent deuteriums the retention of tritium is reduced to 26 and 40%. Hepatic metabolism of 4-[ 3 H]anisole in vivo and in vitro yields 4-hydroxyanisole with 78% of the tritium. This retention is reduced to 62% in the corresponding 3,5-[ 2 H 2 ]-4[ 3 H]anisole. Similarly, the retention of tritium in trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid derived by metabolism of trans -[4- 3 H]cinnamic acid with chick pea microsomes is reduced from 91% to 68% by the presence of adjacent deuteriums in the substrate. Hydroxylation at the 4-position does not result in selective loss of tritium from the 3-position of acetanilide, anisole, or cinnamic acid. The above isotope effects indicate that isomerization of the probable arene oxide intermediates proceeds mainly via the keto-tautomer of the phenolic product.
Joseph Wippl responds: A Dangle? But Why Executed?

Ben Fischer argues that Adolf Tolkachev was a Soviet KGB dangle and, after initial hesitation, the CIA swallowed (the proverbial) hook, line, and sinker. It would not be impossible as the U.S. has ...
The occurrence in angina pectoris of electrocardiographic changes similar in magnitude and in kind to those produced by myocardial infarction

Abstract The pronounced electrocardiographic changes which sometimes occur during a paroxysm of angina pectoris indicate that the disturbance of the coronary circulation which occurs in this condition is at times as great as that produced by the sudden occlusion of a large coronary artery. Attacks of anginal pain may occur which are accompanied by pro-found alterations of the electrocardiogram under circumstances which make it necessary to assume that the attendant myocardial ischemia is due to a change in the caliber of the coronary arteries affected, rather than to an increase in the work of the heart alone. Nicotine or some other constituent of cigarette smoke sometimes induces coronary “spasm” in patients who are subject to angina pectoris.
Isocyanate-derived Organic Aerogels: Polyureas, Polyimides, Polyamides

We describe organic aerogels derived from multifunctional isocyanates through reaction with water (polyureas), acid andydrides (polyimides) and carboxylic acids (polyamides). All processes are invariably single-step, one-pot and take place at room or slightly elevated temperatures. The resulting materials are robust, their density may vary over a very wide range and their nanomorphology can be either particulate or fibrous, but in all cases they all consist of similarly sized primary particles.
Neutrino zero modes on electroweak strings

Zero modes of massive standard model fermions have been found on electroweak Z-strings. A zero mode solution for a massless left-handed neutrino is also known, but was thought to be non-normalizable. Here we show that although this mode is not discretely normalizable, it is delta-function normalizable and the correct interpretation of this solution is within the framework of the continuum spectrum. We also analyze an extension of the standard model including right-handed neutrinos in which neutrinos have Dirac masses, arising from a Yukawa coupling to the usual SU(2) Higgs doublet, and right-handed Majorana masses. The Majorana mass terms are taken to be spatially homogeneous and are presumed to arise from the vacuum expectation value of some field acquired in a phase transition well above the electroweak phase transition. The resulting zero energy equations have a discrete zero mode.
Agglomeration, catch-up and the liability of foreignness in emerging economies

Given the importance of location choice for accessing knowledge, we examine the location choices of domestic and foreign firms in an emerging economy after market liberalization. In the literature, co-locating with other firms has been associated with agglomerative economies and knowledge spillovers that lower the liability of foreignness for foreign firms. However, as domestic firms are trying to upgrade their capabilities, or “catch up,” they may also prefer locations with other firms, as these locations have knowledge spillover potential. We develop competing hypotheses to test the extent to which catch-up motivations affect location decisions. Examining the location choices of 501 domestic and 68 foreign firms for their R&D laboratories in India during 2005–2010, we find that domestic firms exhibit a stronger preference for cities with high agglomeration than foreign firms do. This shows that upgrading motivations dominate location choice during periods of accelerated catch-up in emerging economies.
Mineralization of atrazine in the river water intake and sediments of a constructed flow-through wetland

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the role of anaerobic electron acceptors in the biomineralization of atrazine in an established constructed wetland receiving seasonal fluxes of atrazine runoff from an agricultural watershed. The Olentangy River wetland receives river water with a hydraulic residence of about 36 h depending on hydrological conditions. Both sediment samples and suspended solids in the water were of interest in this study. Surface water was collected from the Olentangy River by grab sampling. Samples of sediment top sections were taken from the inlet, middle section, and outlet and combined to a composite for laboratory experiments. Atrazine mineralization in water and sediment samples was based on 14CO2 release from [U-ring-14C]-atrazine in biometer enclosures. The half-lives of atrazine mineralization by suspended solids in water ranged from 10 months to 5 years depending on incubation conditions. Sediment samples from the wetland showed considerable variation in the extent of mineralization, shortest half-life of about 7 days and the longest of about 6–7 weeks with or without an anaerobic electron acceptor. The results indicate that trace levels of atrazine entering wetland will likely persist for extended periods, often exceeding the hydrologic residence time of the wetland.
The synthesis and reactions of ReI carboxylic acids. The X-ray structure of fac-Re(CO)3(dppp)CO2D·0.5C6D6

Abstract The metallocarboxylic acids Re(CO) 3 (PP)C(O)OH where (PP) is either dppe [1,2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ethane] or dppp [1,3-bis(diphen
Faculty Members' Social Identities and Classroom Authority.

How do faculty members' social group identities influence their choices about how they present themselves and their course materials? How do these identities affect student responses to them and the material they present?
Three-dimensional seismic velocity anomalies and their relation to local seismicity

Abstract This is a brief review of recent results on three-dimensional seismic velocity structures, determined by the method of Aki, Christoffersson and Husebye, using the teleseismic and local earthquake P-time data. Particular attention was given to the relation between the velocity structure and local seismicity. We found that seismic activity may be associated with either low- or high-velocity anomalies, presumably depending on whether the structural weakness, which invites stress concentration, or the ductility, which cannot sustain the tectonic stress, is causing the velocity low.
Reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta and Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium on Vacuum-Packaged Fresh Beef Treated with Nisin and Nisin Combined with EDTA

The effect of nisin and nisin/EDTA followed by vacuum packaging on the reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta and Salmonella typhimurium counts on beef was investigated. Beef cubes, inoculated with either bacteria, were dipped in nisin, or nisin combined with EDTA solutions, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 °C for up to 25 D. Growth of B. thermosphacta was completely inhibited by nisin and nisin/EDTA by up to 6.76 log 10 CFU/ml. However, neither treatment showed significant effects against S. Typhimurium. Thus, nisin or nisin/EDTA treatment, followed by vacuum packaging under refrigerated conditions could increase the shelf life of fresh beef by inhibiting the growth of B. thermosphacta, an important spoilage organism in beef. Des morceaux de boeuf sont inocules avec les bacteries Brochothrix thermosphacta et Salmonella typhimurium. Ils sont egalement trempes dans des dolutions de nisine ou de nisine + EDTA, puis emballes sous vide et entreposes a 4°pendant 25 jours. La croissance de B. thermosphacta est completement inhibee par ces traitements. Par contre, Salmonella n'est pas sensible a ces traitements.
A Method to Evaluate CFG Comparison Algorithms

Control-Flow Graph (CFG) similarity is a core technique in many areas, including malware detection and software plagiarism detection. While many algorithms have been proposed in the literature, their relative strengths and weaknesses have not been previously studied. Moreover, it is not even clear how to perform such an evaluation. In this paper we therefore propose the first methodology for evaluating CFG similarity algorithms with respect to accuracy and efficiency. At the heart of our methodology is a technique to automatically generate benchmark graphs, CFGs of known edit distances. We show the result of applying our methodology to four popular algorithms. Our results show that an algorithm proposed by Hu et al. is most efficient both in terms of running time and accuracy.
Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells

BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for most cases of familial, early onset breast and/or ovarian cancer and encode products that each interact with hRAD51. Results presented here show that BRCA1 and BRCA2 coexist in a biochemical complex and colocalize in subnuclear foci in somatic cells and on the axial elements of developing synaptonemal complexes. Like BRCA1 and RAD51, BRCA2 relocates to PCNA+ replication sites following exposure of S phase cells to hydroxyurea or UV irradiation. Thus, BRCA1 and BRCA2 participate, together, in a pathway(s) associated with the activation of double-strand break repair and/or homologous recombination. Dysfunction of this pathway may be a general phenomenon in the majority of cases of hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer.