cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Total Body Irradiation Dose Rate on Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome in Pediatric Patients With Acute Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To evaluate the relationship between total body irradiation (TBI) and other factors in the development of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for acute leukemia. MATERIALS/METHODS Between 2006-2019, 121 pediatric patients with acute leukemia (84 lymphoblastic, 37 myeloid), ranging in age from 1 to 21 years (median 12), underwent allogeneic HCT at a single institution with matched sibling (n = 33), single unrelated cord blood (sUCB; n = 57), or double unrelated cord blood (dUCB; n = 31) donor. Pretransplantation conditioning included cyclophosphamide (100-120 mg/kg) with (n = 89) or without fludarabine (75 mg/m2) (n = 32). TBI was delivered in 8 b.i.d. fractions of 1.65 Gy over 4 days via opposed lateral beams of 6, 18, or 25 MV prescribed to midplane at umbilicus, with the patient in a semi-recumbent position, and without lung shielding. Aluminum lung compensator was utilized if predicted mid-lung point dose was ≥3% higher than prescription dose (n = 28). Dose rate was specified at 9-20 cGy/min and depended on linear accelerator availability. Patients were stratified by receipt of high-dose-rate (HDR; > 15 cGy/min; 36%) or low-dose-rate (LDR; ≤15 cGy/min; 64%) delivery. IPS was defined as pulmonary injury based on clinical symptoms, radiographic evidence, or pulmonary function testing within 100 days of HCT in the absence of concurrent infection. The association between treatment factors and IPS was examined. RESULTS Overall, IPS developed in 22 (18%) patients from day 6 to 83 (median 20) after HCT. On univariate analysis, factors associated with IPS included donor type (matched sibling 12%, sUCB 12%, dUCB 35%, P < 0.01), HDR TBI (35% vs 9% for LDR, P < 0.01), and lower beam energy (35% for 6 MV and 15% for 18/25 MV, P = 0.04). The finding of beam energy significance is likely the result of the 6 MV cohort having a greater dose rate (median 16 cGy/min) than the 18/25 MV cohort (11 cGy/min). On competing risk regression analysis, the pre-specified factors of dose rate, beam energy, lung compensator, age, HCT comorbidity index, and donor type were included in the model. All factors except age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09, P = 0.20) and lung compensator (HR 1.8, P = 0.17) showed an independent statistically significant association with IPS. Kaplan-Meier estimated 1-year survival was 73% for the entire cohort. Time-dependent effect of IPS did not show an association with overall survival (HR 1.2, P = 0.76). CONCLUSION TBI dose rate is an important variable in the risk of pulmonary toxicity in children treated with allogeneic HCT. TBI dose rates ≤15 cGy/min reduced the risk of posttransplantation IPS and should be strongly considered as an easily implemented parameter in pre-transplantation TBI-based conditioning.
Glucocorticoid effects on central nervous excitability and synaptic transmission.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes glucocorticoid effects on whole-brain excitability, multiple unit evoked responses, single-unit responses, specific neurotransmitters, and mechanism of action. The consideration that the increased glucocorticoid may play a pathophysiological role in the affective disorder is strongly suggested by the demonstrated psychiatric disturbance produced by intensive glucocorticoid treatment of numerous medical conditions and by those that are observed in patients with Cushing's and Addison's diseases. Intensive glucocorticoid therapy of animals after experimental spinal-cord trauma has been shown to be effective in promoting functional recovery, indicating the efficacy of the glucocorticoids in central nervous system (CNS) injury, if they are given early and repeatedly in large doses. However, the mechanism(s) of action, and thus the rationale and optimal dosing regimen for glucocorticoid treatment of the injured CNS remains unknown.
Chapter 7.2 Biological and Organic Chemical Decomposition of Silicates

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the biological and organic chemical decomposition of silicates. Biological weathering of silicate rocks and minerals encompasses both biogeophysical and biogeochemical weathering processes. Biogeochemical weathering refers to all processes, direct or indirect, by which living organisms and their metabolic processes and products affect the chemical stability and composition of silicate rocks and minerals. The rates of biological and organic chemical weathering of silicates are difficult to assess in the field because of the problem of distinguishing between biological and abiological processes. Consequently, most investigators have turned to the laboratory where the variables can be selected and appropriate abiological controls employed. The most common method employed involves a closed system in which both silicates and a single biological species or organic chemical are placed in a vessel with an appropriate solution. The rock- or mineral-forming inorganic elements that appear in solution after a suitable incubation period are then taken as a measure of weathering.
STROKE AND NEUROSARCOIDOSIS

Burger's disease or thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a nonatherosclerotic segmental inflammatory obliterative vascular disease that affects medium- and small-sized arteries as well as superficial veins. Burger's disease manifested in the brain has the following morphologic characteristics: arterial occlusions caused by thrombosis in small arteries without arteriosclerosis, and spatial predilection for the cerebral surface in the watershed region between the middle cerebral, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries. TAO is characterized by claudication or ischemia of both legs and less so of the arms. The disease begins distally and progresses more proximally. The diagnosis of TAO requires the exclusion of an embolic source, autoimmune disease, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Arteriography should show the distal involvement with normal arterial lumen proximal to the popliteal or distal brachial level and the absence of atheromatous changes in the large vessels. Abstinence from tobacco will likely halt disease progression and sometimes result in regression of vascular changes.
Product-Market Strategies Among Development Firms

This study reviews important real estate and strategic management literature to examine the strategies that can help real estate development organizations improve performance and increase their cha...
Investigating Teaching Leadership in the Capstone Marketing Course

Marketing graduates are ultimately expected to perform in managerial roles, yet limited course work is devoted to leadership training for marketing management. In the capstone marketing course, group projects with partner organizations can serve as an opportunity for student leadership development. Marketing students working in groups on experiential-learning projects rated others in their project group on the extent to which selected leadership behaviors were evidenced. Three key leadership constructs surfaced in the peer evaluations: vision, rational communication, and heart. Students exposed to leadership concepts in the capstone marketing course rated their peers higher on leadership skills and performed better on the group project.
Bilateral nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: comparison of visual outcome in the two eyes.

Background:In patients with bilateral sequential nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION), previous studies have reported conflicting results on whether or not the visual outcome is similar in the 2 eyes. The authors investigated this issue in 174 consecutive patients with bilateral
Anderson localization in terahertz plasmonic waveguides

We present the first experimental demonstration of spatial localization (Anderson localization) of terahertz waves in plasmonic structures. The effect is brought upon by inclusion of disorder in a one dimensional plasmonic lattice. We discuss the effect of disorder on the propagation properties of the waveguide, the appearance of new modes beyond the stop band, and their transport properties. We also measure the spatial properties of the localized mode and compare the localization length to other experimental demonstrations. The results are consistent with prior published theoretical works.
Spatial regulations and endogenous consideration sets in fisheries

The implementation of spatial regulations has become a mainstay in fisheries management. These regulations have generated a sizable economics literature focused on the spatial behavior of fishermen. Fundamental to these studies is the consideration set (spatial alternatives) assumed by the researcher to be possessed by the decision agent. Often times this consideration set is assumed to be the entire spatial extent of the fishery. This research proposes the use of finite mixture modeling to endogenously estimate the formation of consideration sets and the method is applied to a unique spatial decision environment, the Atka mackerel fishery in the Aleutian Islands. Consideration sets are modeled using different macro-definitions of spatial regions to focus the micro-level spatial decision making within the fishery and to investigate the sensitivity of the results to alternative macro-level spatial definitions. Results illustrate the biases associated with traditional consideration set assumptions by estimating fishermen's valuations for different high-value sites within the Aleutian Islands under alternative consideration set assumptions. Furthermore, our results demonstrate how a model that assumes some structure on potential consideration sets reduces the dimensionality problems associated with other endogenous approaches to choice set definition.
Differential effects of snake venom phospholipase A2 neurotoxin (β-bungarotoxin) and enzyme (Naja naja atra) on protein kinases

Abstract The phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) neurotoxin, β-bungarotoxin (β-BuTX), presynaptically alters acetylcholine release. We previously found that β-BuTX inhibits protein phosphorylation in rat brain synaptosomes. This inhibition was not due to the inhibition of ATP synthesis, the action of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, or the stimulation of phosphatase activities. A typical PLA 2 enzyme from Naja naja atra ( N. n. atra ) venom also inhibited phosphorylation but with lesser potency than that of β-BuTX. We now report the effects of β-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA 2 on the activities of protein kinases. Treatments of synaptic plasma membrane or cytosol with N. n. atra PLA 2 stimulated the activities of cAMP-dependent kinase, Ca 2+ /calmodulindependent kinase II, and protein kinase C (PKC), whereas β-BuTX had no effect on these kinases. Calyculin A, a phosphatase-1 and -2A inhibitor, increased the stimulation of phosphorylation by N. n. atra PLA 2 , indicating that the stimulation is not due to an inhibition of phosphatase activities. The stimulation of PKC by N. n. atra PLA 2 appears to be mediated by free fatty acids (FFAs) resulting from phospholipid hydrolysis by PLA 2 , since (1) treatment of either synaptic plasma membrane or cytosol with N. n. atra PLA 2 produced large amounts of FFAs, and (2) AA, an exogenous FFA, stimulated PKC activity to an extent similar to that caused by N. n. atra PLA 2 . Thus, the mechanisms of action of β-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA 2 appear quite different from each other although both agents inhibit phosphorylation in intact synaptosomes.
An Inadequacy in a Common Micromechanics Approach to Analysis of Damage Evolution in Composites

This article examines a commonly used micromechanics approach to evolution of damage in composites. In this approach an initial crack pattern is assumed and on the basis of the local stress fields and a (brittle) fracture criterion, further evolution of the same crack pattern is determined. We question this assumed self-similarity in the damage mode by considering two alternative crack modes, one of which would result in deviation from the assumed crack pattern. Using a simple maximum stress criterion for formation of brittle cracks, it is found that the self-similarity breaks down before saturation of cracking in the assumed crack pattern. This seemingly inherent inadequacy in the damage evolution analysis is discussed.
Proton as the simplest of all catalysts for [2 + 2] cycloadditions: DFT study of acid-catalyzed imine metathesis.

The mechanism of imine metathesis was studied as a prototype reaction for the impact that heteroatom substitution has on thermally forbidden [2 + 2] addition reactions using high-level density functional theory in combination with a continuum solvation model. The intuitively expected high activation barriers were confirmed for N-alkyl- and N-aryl-substituted imine reactants with transition state free energies of 78.8 and 68.5 kcal/mol, respectively, in benzene. The computed reaction energy profiles were analyzed to discover possible strategies for lowering the transition state energy. Protonation of the imine nitrogen was proposed as a possible catalytic route and was explicitly modeled. The computed reaction energy profile shows that protonation of one of the imine reactants has an enormous effect on the overall rate of metathesis and lowers the activation barrier by as much as 37.3 and 30.6 kcal/mol for the N-alkyl and N-aryl reactants, respectively. These results suggest that acid-catalyzed imine metat...
N-Cadherin Regulates Target Specificity in the Drosophila Visual System

Using visual behavioral screens in Drosophila, we identified multiple alleles of N-cadherin. Removal of N-cadherin selectively from photoreceptor neurons (R cells) causes deficits in specific visual behaviors that correlate with disruptions in R cell connectivity. These defects include disruptions in the pattern of neuronal connections made by all three classes of R cells (R1-R6, R7, and R8). N-cadherin is expressed in both R cell axons and their targets. By inducing mitotic recombination in a subclass of eye progenitors, we generated mutant R7 axons surrounded by largely wild-type R cell axons and a wild-type target. R7 axons lacking N-cadherin mistarget to the R8 recipient layer. We consider the implications of these findings in the context of the proposed role for cadherins in target specificity.
Queueing characteristics of a telephone data transmission system with feedback

Experimental error data were used to measure the queueing characteristics of a simulated detect and repeat telephone data transmission system operating with a constant rate source. The maximum queue varied considerably as a function of the telephone circuit error sample and data system. Several ratios of source rate to channel rate were used and with ratios of one-half or lower queues of more than 100,000 bits were found. Measurements were also made of the frequency of exceeding a buffer which was smaller than the maximum queue.
Independent effects of phytohemagglutinin on cell fusion and attachment by Newcastle disease virus

Abstract Pretreatment of wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-wt) cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at 37° results in a substantial increase in fusion induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) without increasing the amount of virus bound to cells. In contrast, PHA pretreatment at 4° suppresses NDV-induced fusion while increasing the amount of virus bound relative to that bound to untreated control cells at the same temperature. The effects of PHA are reversed within 1–2 hr after incubation of cells at 37° in the absence of lectin. A fusion-resistant cell surface mutant, CHO-15B cells, shows similar results for NDV binding. Both wild-type and mutant cells also bound equivalent amounts of lectin at 4° and 37°. These effects were specific for the leukoagglutinin isolectin of PHA, since the erythroagglutinin isolectin had no comparable effect on either viral attachment or cell fusion. This evidence indicates that the receptors present on CHO cells which control viral attachment, and those which modulate virus-induced fusion, are independently affected by certain lectin pretreatments as well as by mutation.
Eye Movements during Multiple Object Tracking: Where Do Participants Look?.

Similar to the eye movements you might make when viewing a sports game, this experiment investigated where participants tend to look while keeping track of multiple objects. While eye movements were recorded, participants tracked either 1 or 3 of 8 red dots that moved randomly within a square box on a black background. Results indicated that participants fixated closer to targets more often than to distractors. However, on 3-target trials, fixation was closer to the center of the triangle formed by the targets more often than to any individual targets. This center-looking strategy seemed to reflect that people were grouping the targets into a single object rather than simultaneously minimizing all target eccentricities. Here we find that observers deliberately focus their eyes on a location that is different from the objects they are attending, perhaps as a consequence of representing those objects as a group.
WIFE'S EMPLOYMENT—ITS INFLUENCE ON MAJOR FAMILY EXPENDITURES

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of wife's employment on major family expenditures. Tobit analysis of data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Surveys found no relationship between wife's employment and outlays on twelve categories of expenditures. Family income had the greatest overall influence on the expenditure categories examined. Therefore, it appears that the absolute amount of income was more important than its sources in determining expenditures.
Theory of Single-Molecule Photon Sequences

Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool to probe intramolecular distances and to study structure and dynamics of macromolecules. The distances fluctuate due to conformational dynamics on a wide range of time scales. Extracting information about the dynamics is particularly challenging when the fluctuations are as fast as the time between photons. Our study provides a general framework to describe the influence of fast and slow fluctuations of the energy transfer rate on the statistics of donor and acceptor photon counts, interphoton times and delay times (between a laser pulse and the arrival of the photon). I will discuss various methods to analyze photon sequences ranging from photon-by-photon analysis to FRET efficiency and lifetime distributions.
Raising questions about improving the quality of child care: Child care in the United States and France

Aspects of the French child-care system are described and contrasted with aspects of child care in the U.S. in order to stimulate discussion of child-care standards. French child care is characterized by highly trained and reasonably compensated teachers. These teachers work within classrooms with group sizes and adult: child ratios considered excessive by U.S. standards. The quality of child care under such conditions is explored.
New Measurements in the Fourth Positive CO Bands

That part of the fourth positive system of CO lying between 1970A and 2800A has been remeasured together with sixteen bands not previously observed. An equation for the band heads is given, the constants of which yield the values ${D}^{\ensuremath{'}}=12.00$ volts, ${D}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=11.17$ volts for the heat of dissociation.Modifications in values of frequency have been small, while those of intensity have been rather large. Some discrepancies have been removed. Revision of intensity estimates permits a far more accurate comparison than previously with Condon's theory of intensity distribution and shows the superiority of Morse's $U(r)$ function. Using this function, the distribution of intensity among the bands of the fourth positive system agrees perfectly with Snow and Rideal's value of the moment of inertia for the normal state, $I_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=15.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.The quantum assignment of Asundi's infra-red electronic bands has been revised.
Selective transport of water mediated by porous dendritic dipeptides.

The replacement of the benzyl ethers from the periphery of self-assembling dendritic dipeptides with naphthyl ethers provided the simplest mechanism to enhance the thermal stability of their supram...
Optical Communications And Laser Beam Acquisition Performances

Two-way optical communication systems are described. These systems were designed to use the same optical subsystem for transmitting as for receiving. The large information bandwidth and narrow beam width are attributed to the use of lasers as the optical sources. Single-mode elliptical optical fiber is used as transmission medium. This fiber is capable of preserving the two orthogonally polarized modes of propagation. For applications such as linking remote television stations over a long distance, a modulated and highly collimated beam is transmitted through the atmosphere. The effects of the operating environments on the performances of laser beam acquisition is described.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HXK1 regulates carbon catabolism, sporulation, fumonisin B1 production and pathogenesis in Fusarium verticillioides

In Fusarium verticillioides, a ubiquitous pathogen of maize, virulence and mycotoxigenesis are regulated in response to the types and amounts of carbohydrates present in maize kernels. In this study, we investigated the role of a putative hexokinase-encoding gene (HXK1) in growth, development and pathogenesis. A deletion mutant (Δhxk1) of HXK1 was not able to grow when supplied with fructose as the sole carbon source, and growth was impaired when glucose, sucrose or maltotriose was provided. Additionally, the Δhxk1 mutant produced unusual swollen hyphae when provided with fructose, but not glucose, as the sole carbon source. Moreover, the Δhxk1 mutant was impaired in fructose uptake, although glucose uptake was unaffected. On maize kernels, the Δhxk1 mutant was substantially less virulent than the wild-type, but virulence on maize stalks was not impaired, possibly indicating a metabolic response to tissue-specific differences in plant carbohydrate content. Finally, disruption of HXK1 had a pronounced effect on fungal metabolites produced during colonization of maize kernels; the Δhxk1 mutant produced approximately 50 % less trehalose and 80 % less fumonisin B1 (FB1) than the wild-type. The reduction in trehalose biosynthesis likely explains observations of increased sensitivity to osmotic stress in the Δhxk1 mutant. In summary, this study links early events in carbohydrate sensing and glycolysis to virulence and secondary metabolism in F. verticillioides, and thus provides a new foothold from which the genetic regulatory networks that underlie pathogenesis and mycotoxigenesis can be unravelled and defined.
The experience of being an older perioperative nurse.

ABSTRACT • THIS QUALITATIVE STUDY used a purposive sample of perioperative nurses age 50 or older to describe the experience of being an older perioperative nurse. Three themes were identified from data analysis: growing old in the OR, interpersonal and organizational concerns, and worries about the future. • THESE OLDER PERIOPERATIVE NURSES still are challenged and energized by being in the OR, although they have concerns about call and scheduling and have experienced conflict with surgical technologists. • THESE NURSES ALSO ARE VERY WORRIED about the future of nursing, specifically perioperative nursing. They aptly asked, “What's going to happen when the older nurses are gone and no one is here to train the new ones?” AORN J 78 (October 2003) 635–649.
The spectrum of NGC 7027

IUE and echelle spectrograph observations of the planetary nebular NGC 7027 are analyzed to obtain nebular plasma diagnostics and chemical abundances. It is found that most of the nebular plasma has a density of about 60,000/cu cm and a temperature of about 14,000 K. The results suggest that the stellar radiation field is greatly enhanced shortward of 130 A because of a dense non-LTE wind. It is found that the chemical composition is that of a normal C-rich object, rather than that of a N-rich object.
Theory of the Propagation of Shock Waves from Infinite Cylinders of Explosive

The assumption of energy dissipation at a single shock, formulated in an earlier paper, is employed in the formulation of a pair of ordinary differential equations for peak pressure and shock-wave energy as functions of radial distance from the source for the shock wave produced by an infinite cylinder of explosive along which a stationary detonation wave is traveling with finite velocity. The profile of the wave may be determined by means of an auxiliary integration. The theory takes proper account of the finite entropy increment of the fluid produced by the passage of the shock, and permits the use of the exact Hugoniot curve of the fluid in the numerical integration of the basic equations.
Oral and intravenous d-ribose and plasma insulin in healthy humans: Effects of route of administration and of epinephrine and propranolol

Abstract The pentose D-ribose is known to cause a prompt release of insulin when administered to human beings and other mammals. To gain further understanding of the mechanism by which ribose leads to insulin release, a study was carried out of the acute changes in peripheral vein plasma insulin levels in ten healthy human subjects when given ribose by mouth or by vein in the same dose. The effects of preliminary administration of epinephrine or propranolol on the insulin response to ribose were observed. The route of administration made no difference in the insulin response to ribose, which was prompt but brief, and was unrelated to the ribose level in venous blood. Epinephrine infusion suppressed the insulin response both to oral and to intravenous ribose. Preliminary infusion of propranolol did not alter the magnitude or the promptness of the acute insulin response to ribose given by vein. We conclude that it is unlikely that an insulin-releasing factor from the gut is involved in the response to ribose. The change in peripheral insulin levels after ribose administration is modest, contrasting with the large and persisting increases observed when pancreatic insulin output is measured directly in dogs during ribose infusion. This suggests the possibility that the rate of disposition of insulin in the liver may be increased by the metabolism of carbohydrates such as ribose.
Effects of progesterone pretreatment and duration of ram exposure on synchronization of estrus, conception and pregnancy by prostaglandin during seasonal anestrus

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to compare effectiveness of three intervals from introduction of rams to synchronization of estrus and the effect of treatment with progesterone at ram introduction on the optimum interval in Rasa Aragonesa ewes. In Experiment 1, data from 292 ewes revealed that treatment with prostaglandin at 12, 14 or 16 days after ram introduction improved pregnancy rate after two service periods compared to introduction of rams alone (64 vs. 45%; P
Purkinje cell degeneration and control mice: responses of single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the acoustic startle response.

Abstract The cartwheel cell is the most numerous inhibitory interneuron of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is expected to be an important determinant of DCN function. To assess the contribution of the cartwheel cell, we examined the discharge characteristics of DCN neurons and behavioral measures in the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice, which lack cartwheel cells, and compared them to those of the control mice. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem-evoked response thresholds were similar between the two groups. Extracellularly recorded DCN single units in ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized mice were classified according to post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) and excitatory–inhibitory response area (EI-area) schemes. PSTHs recorded in mouse DCN included chopper, pauser/buildup, onset, inhibited and non-descript types. EI-areas recorded included Types I, II, III, I/III, IV and V. There were no significant differences in the proportions of various unit types between the pcd and control mice. The pcd units had slightly lower thresholds to characteristic frequency tones; however, they had spontaneous rates, thresholds to noise, and maximum driven rates to noise that were similar to those of the control units. Pcd mice had smaller startle amplitudes, but startle latency, prepulse inhibition/augmentation and facilitation by a background tone were comparable between the two groups. From these results, we conclude that DCN function in response to relatively simple acoustic stimuli is minimally affected by the absence of the cartwheel cells. Future studies employing more complex and/or multimodal stimuli should help assess the role of the cartwheel cells.
Analysis of a diffuse-photon-density wave in multiple-scattering media in the presence of a small spherical object

We present a general analysis of the sensitivity of a diffuse photon density wave in a homogeneous multiple-scattering medium to the presence of a small spherical object. From our calculations in both infinite and semi-infinite geometry we derive the charge and dipole coefficients that typify the object’s most significant response.
The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Kluyveromyces lactis

The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis grows on galactose by inducing the Leloir pathway enzymes-kinase, epimerase, and transferase. To investigate the molecular mechanism for regulating expression of this metabolic pathway we isolated GAL1, GAL7, GAL10, which code for kinase, transferase, and epimerase, respectively, and characterized their size, organization, and transcriptional regulation. Our results indicate that induction of the Leloir pathway in K. lactis occurs at the level of transcription and that the organization and regulation of the GAL gene cluster in K. lactis is closely related to the homologous gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Likewise, the Upstream Activator Sequences that regulate induction of the GAL genes are similar in base sequence, number and relative location in the two yeasts.
The effect of repeated administration of several chelators on the distribution and excretion of cadmium.

Abstract The effect of repeated administration of several chelators on the distribution and excretion of cadmium (Cd) was determined in male Swiss Webster mice. Radioisotopic Cd ( 109 Cd, 1 mg Cd/kg) was administered iv; 48 hr later (after maximal induction of hepatic metallothionein) daily chelation therapy was initiated. Mice received one of the following ip treatments for 5 days: saline, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), d,l -penicillamine (PEN), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Mice were housed in metabolic cages, and urine and feces were collected daily for 7 days. After 5 days of chelation therapy (7 days after Cd), the mice were killed and various organs removed. DTPA, EDTA, DMSA, and BAL significantly increased the excretion of Cd into urine. DDC significantly increased the fecal elimination of Cd and altered tissue concentrations of Cd. The concentration of Cd in DDC-treated mice was increased in testes, muscle, and brain and decreased in kidney, spleen, and blood. The observed increase in urinary excretion of Cd when certain chelators were administered after the induction of hepatic metallothionein suggests that increasing the duration of chelation therapy may decrease the concentrations of Cd in tissues and hence, reduce the toxicity of the metal.
Characteristics of the velocity field near the instantaneous base of lifted non-premixed turbulent jet flames

The fluid velocity, the flame velocity (in the lab frame of reference), and the strain rates just upstream of the instantaneous location of the flame base are measured in methane and ethylene lifted coflowing jet flames. These measurements are motivated by the supposition that partially premixed laminar flame dynamics and heat release may play important roles in turbulent jet flame stabilization. Although the measurements have significant uncertainty in the flame velocity, a positive correlation exists between fluid and flame velocity, and most of the relative speeds of the flame and the fluid are observed to be in the range 0–3 S L , where S L is the maximum laminar flame speed. It is also found that the measured strain rates experienced by the leading edge of the stabilization flame are approximately one order of magnitude smaller than the extinction strain rates for typical stoichiometric flames. This result casts some doubt on the notion that the flame is a stoichiometric premixed flame extinguished by strain rates induced by large-scale vortical structures in the jet.
Autoantibodies in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis

Abstract Sera from patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis have been examined for abnormal antibody activity. A very high frequency of several autoantibodies was discovered. The incidence of 46.6 per cent for antinuclear factor did not seem to bear an absolute relationship to drug therapy or disease duration. Rheumatoid factor activity, and a factor responsible for a peritubular staining pattern in the immunofluorescent test with mouse kidney were also present. It is suggested that factors besides drugs, such as tissue breakdown, chronicity, and adjuvant effect of mycobacteria may play a role in this anti-tissue antibody production in tuberculosis.
The suppression of strain induced crystallization in PET through sub micron TiO2 particle incorporation

Abstract The effects of TiO2 particles on the crystallization and uniaxial stress–strain behavior of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films from amorphous precursors were investigated. The addition of small fraction of sub micron sized TiO2 particles were found to suppress the mechanical relaxation processes associated with high temperature side of the β relaxation while enhancing the low temperature relaxation. When crystallized from unoriented precursors, TiO2 particles act as a nucleation agent and enhance the thermally induced crystallization of the PET chains. However, when stretched from the amorphous precursors in rubbery temperature range (Tg This method represent a unique way to apply ‘anti-nucleating agent’ effect to control the development of stress induced crystallization that will help control the film and fiber forming processes.
Submillimeter Spectrum and Structure of Chloryl Chloride, ClClO2

The submillimeter spectrum of ClClO2 has been observed between 365 and 398 GHz in a flowing system as a product of the FClO2 + HCl reaction. Absorptions of three isotopomers, 35Cl35ClO2, 37Cl35ClO2, and 35Cl37ClO2, have been assigned. Rotational and centrifugal distortion constants have been determined and structural parameters derived. The data are compared with those from a matrix-isolation study, ab initio calculations, and related molecules.
Higher Anisotropy and Improved Surface Conditions for 90nm Node MoSiON ICP Dry Etch

Embedded-attenuated phase shift masks (EAPSMs) have been an indispensable enabling technology for 4 , O 2 , and He in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were examined for the manufacturing of phase shift masks for 90-nm node design rules. The dependency of etch parameters such as ICP power, bias power (DC bias voltage), pressure, CF 4 concentration, and O 2 concentration on the etch properties of MoSiON were tested. We have investigated vertical slope, surface morphology, and minimum CD bias. This optimized process condition showed that intra-mask phase uniformity was below 1% (3-sigma) over a 135 mm × 135 mm mask area and transmittance uniformity was 8.68% ± 0.09%. CD uniformity was 5.5nm (3-sigma), CD linearity was 5.0nm over 300nm to 1300nm, and Cr-to-MoSiON CD bias was 2.0nm. The MoSiON profile was nearly vertical and the surface morphology was very clean.
Sustainable engineering education in the United States

Sustainable engineering is a conceptual and practical challenge to all engineering disciplines. Although the profession has experience with environmental dimensions of engineering activities that in some cases are quite deep, extending the existing body of practice to sustainable engineering by including social and cultural domains is a significant and non-trivial challenge. Nonetheless, progress is being made, as a recent study undertaken by the Center for Sustainable Engineering in the United States demonstrates.
Use of reversed phase HP liquid chromatography to assay conversion of N-acylglycines to primary fatty acid amides by peptidylglycine-α-amidating monooxygenase

Primary fatty acid amides (R-CO-NH2) and N-acylglycines (R-CO-NH-CH2-COOH) are classes of compounds that have only recently been isolated and characterized from biological sources. Key questions remain regarding how these lipid amides are produced and degraded in biological systems. Relative to the fatty acids, little has been done to develop methods to separate and quantify the fatty acid amides and N-acylglycines. We describe reversed phase HPLC methods for the separation of C2-C12 primary fatty acid amides and N-acylglycines and also C12-C22 fatty acid amides. Separation within each class occurs primarily on the basis of simple interactions between the acyl chain and the chromatographic stationary phase, but the polar headgroups on these and related fatty acids and N-acylethanolamides modulate the absolute retention in reversed phase mode. We use these methods to measure the enzyme-mediated, two-step conversion of N-octanoylglycine to octanoamide.
DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND DEFORESTATION: THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND TAX POLICY IN A TWO‐SECTOR MODEL*

. We model an economy of a developing country that produces an exportable manufactured good in an urban sector and a nontradable rural good. Manufacturing faces a fixed wage, which encourages urban unemployment. Changes in cultivated area in the rural sector involve deforestation or reforestation at frontiers. Government taxes to pay for urban infrastructure that assists the manufacturing sector. Increases in urban infrastructure may relieve or exacerbate frontier deforestation but expands manufacturing employment and reduces urban unemployment. Rural transportation improvements exacerbate frontier deforestation but expand employment in the urban manufacturing sector. A larger population, ceteris paribus, widens the rural-urban wage gap and exacerbates deforestation, but may cause manufacturing employment to expand or contract.
Language Unmoored: On Kleist's The Betrothal in St. Domingue

Situating Kleist's novella in the context of contemporary philosophical responses to the French Revolution (Kant, Hegel), this article suggests that Kleist's text is unique in taking revolution not merely as its theme but also as its mode of presentation. At the core of revolution is the loss of referential stability and the realization that words are not anchored in an extra-linguistic world of facts and objects but are held in place by open-ended systems of association and regularity without further foundation or solidity. Kleist's writing is seen both to intensify linguistic instability and ambiguity and to articulate different political and psychological responses to the revolutionary unmooring of meaning. In this context, the promissory act of betrothal is read as a sign through which the text self-reflexively explores the possibility of social and linguistic connectedness in the absence of established meanings and conventions.
Biomechanical imaging of cell stiffness and prestress with subcellular resolution

Knowledge of cell mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, is essential to understanding the mechanisms by which cells carry out many integrated functions in health and disease. Cellular stiffness is regulated by the composition, structural organization, and indigenous mechanical stress (or prestress) borne by the cytoskeleton. Current methods for measuring stiffness and cytoskeletal prestress of living cells necessitate either limited spatial resolution but with high speed, or spatial maps of the entire cell at the expense of long imaging times. We have developed a novel technique, called biomechanical imaging, for generating maps of both cellular stiffness and prestress that requires less than 30 s of interrogation time, but which provides subcellular spatial resolution. The technique is based on the ability to measure tractions applied to the cell while simultaneously observing cell deformation, combined with capability to solve an elastic inverse problem to find cell stiffness and prestress distributions. We demonstrated the application of this technique by carrying out detailed mapping of the shear modulus and cytoskeletal prestress distributions of 3T3 fibroblasts, making no assumptions regarding those distributions or the correlation between them. We also showed that on the whole cell level, the average shear modulus is closely associated with the average prestress, which is consistent with the data from the literature. Data collection is a straightforward procedure that lends itself to other biochemical/biomechanical interventions. Biomechanical imaging thus offers a new tool that can be used in studies of cell biomechanics and mechanobiology where fast imaging of cell properties and prestress is desired at subcellular resolution.
Regulation of species-specific ribosomal RNA in a somatic hybrid cell.

Abstract When 13B hamster—mouse hybrid cells are harvested either right after 4 h of incubation with [Me-3 H] methionine or following 26 h of “chase” with excess non-radioactive methionine, in both cases about half of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA is of hamster type. It had been previously shown in this laboratory (Eliceiri, G.L. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 312, 737–741) that when [3 H] uridine was the radioactive precursor about 80% of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA was of hamster type after a short incubation, and about half after a long incubation. It is postulated that a temporary difference in the specific activity of [3 H] UTP in possibly segregated mouse and hamster types of nucleoli might account for these results. The hamster mouse ratio of cytoplasmic rRNA in hybrid 13B is similar in free and in membrane-bound ribosomes, and in ribosomes of sparse (rapidly growing) cell populations and of confluent (slowly growing) cells.
Comparison of the Accuracy of 2D vs. 3D FDTD Air-Coupled GPR Modeling of Bridge Deck Deterioration

Computational modeling is beneficial in the preparation for nondestructive wave-based sensing. Forward models, which can be implemented through a variety of computational modeling techniques, enable parametric evaluations to assess the functionality of a sensor under different conditions, and are integral to the solution of the inverse problem. The focus of this article is on the comparison of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) models. This article gives a presentation of the accuracy of 2D modeling by comparing FDTD simulations of reinforced bridge deck deterioration in 2D and 3D. Simulations for a healthy and delaminated bridge deck are examined. It is shown that the difference in propaga-tion between the 3D and 2D point sources must be considered and is more pronounced at greater distances from the source location. The effect of scattering from the delamination is visible and, while there is variation in amplitude between the 3D and 2D models, the shape...
Hypoxic Repression of Lactate Dehydrogenase-B in Retina

In order to elucidate mechanisms controlling hypoxia induced gene repression in the retina, we studied expression of the lactate dehydrogenase gene LDH-B. RT/PCR was used to isolate cDNA fragments of the LDH-A and LDH-B genes from both rat and chick. Northern analysis was used to measure LDH-B mRNA expression and in situ hybridization to localize LDH-B mRNA during development of the avascular chick retina. Primary retinal cultures of rat and chick were subjected to hypoxia and reperfusion paradigms, and levels of LDH-A and LDH-B mRNA expression were measured by Northern and semi-quantitative RT/PCR analyses. Northern analysis demonstrated that LDH-B mRNA is developmentally regulated in the chick retina according to a time course that correlates with oxygen availability. In developing chick retina in situ hybridization localized LDH-B mRNA to aerobic regions of the retina, coincident with the distribution of active mitochondria. Northern and semi-quantitative RT/PCR analyses demonstrated that LDH-B mRNA levels decrease in primary rat and chick retinal cells in response to hypoxia. LDH-B mRNA increased to control levels in retinal cells exposed to hypoxia then reperfused with oxygen, while the opposite was true for LDH-A, an hypoxia inducible gene. These data demonstrate that LDH-B gene repression after hypoxia and reactivation after oxygen reperfusion occurs in both vascular and avascular retinal cells. Oxygen regulated expression of LDH-B is opposite and complementary to that of LDH-A and provides a system to elucidate the mechanisms underlying hypoxic gene repression and reactivation after reperfusion. Mechanisms controlling gene repression and reactivation based on oxygen availability are likely to be critically involved in ischemic damage and neovascular retinopathy.
Design consideration of router-to-radio interface in mobile networks

In order to provide versatile and reliable transport of data, voice and video traffic, military organizations deploy complex communications systems that integrate terrestrial, airborne, and space-based platforms. In these tactical communication systems, typically wireless networks, interface with COTS routers at the sub-network boundaries to form a contiguous network infrastructure.
Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry of Nonpolar Hydrocarbons Using Nitric Oxide Chemical Ionization

Selectivity enhancement of membrane introduction mass spectrometry of nonpolar alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons in air samples by application of nitric oxide chemical ionization (NOCI/MIMS) is demonstrated. Membrane methods are useful for separating compounds (usually nonpolar organics) from air and water samples without costly and time-consuming sample preparation, and coupled with mass spectrometry, they provide good sensitivity. But they often suffer from lack of specificity in mixture analysis, particularly for saturated organics. Nitric oxide chemical ionization is able to produce strong unique ion signals for many hydrocarbon test compounds that can be used to identify and quantify the parent neutrals. Our observed detection limits for a number of test compounds were relatively high; however, the method could potentially be useful for environmental analytical applications (e.g., plume tracking) if the monitored compound was at elevated levels or if NOCI/MIMS is coupled with a trapping method.
Intermolecular Interactions and Dynamics in Polymer/C60 Blends

Solid-state NMR and X-ray scattering are used to study intermolecular interactions in miscible blends of C60 with polystyrene, poly(9-vinylcarbazole), and phase-separate blends with poly(ethylene oxide). Miscible C60 blends prepared by solution precipitation with polystyrene and poly(9-vinylcarbazole) are purple in color, show intermolecular C60−polymer cross-polarization, and do not show the scattering peaks from C60 crystallites. The C60 dynamics measured using the chemical shift anisotropy filter pulse sequence shows that C60 rotates rapidly in the blend and averages the anisotropic line shape, while blending with C60 has a minor effect on the host polymer dynamics. These results demonstrate that C60 interacts weakly with polymers in miscible blends.