cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonprofit Service Provision by Insurgent Organizations: The Cases of Hizballah and the Tamil Tigers

Based on field research in Lebanon and Sri Lanka, this article discusses the ways in which Hizballah and the LTTE use nonprofit service provision as a tool for increasing community support. The article compares the organizations’ goals for service provision and specific structures of service provision. The difference in resources and capacity between the two organizations has shaped the structure of service provision used by each organization. Whereas Hizballah autonomously operates a sophisticated group of nongovernmental organization (NGO) service providers, the LTTE has developed an elaborate system for controlling and channeling the resources of existing local and international NGO service providers.
Public support for Hispanic deportation in the United States: the effects of ethnic prejudice and perceptions of economic competition in a period of economic distress

This paper investigates the effect of ethnic prejudice and perceived economic competition on support for deportation and alternative policy options concerning the handling of undocumented immigrants. Using a national survey conducted in early 2009, data are analysed using bivariate and multinomial regression techniques. Ethnic prejudice and perceived economic competition were found to be significantly related to support for deportation in the face of alternative options, controlling for the effects of age, sex, employment status, nativity, race, party identification, and education. Furthermore, majority support for deportation was found among conservatives, moderates, Republicans, and Independents. Even among liberals and Democrats, substantial numbers supported deportation. During the recent economic recession, perceived economic competition and ethnic prejudice were dominant influences on deportation preferences, and deportation appears to have become a mainstream policy option. However, we speculate that deportation preferences are relatively shallow and unstable owing partly to the dependence of immigration public opinion on economic cycles, and, ultimately, the unfeasibility of deportation as a policy option.
Fabrication of Metal and Alloy Components by Additive Manufacturing: Examples of 3D Materials Science

Objective This paper provides a brief review of relatively new additive manufacturing technologies for the fabrication of unusual and complex metal and alloy products by laser and electron beam melting. A number of process features and product microstructures are illustrated utilizing 3D optical and transmission electron microscope image compositions representing examples of 3D materials science. Methods Processing methods involving electron beam melting (EBM) and a process referred to as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), often called selective laser melting (SLM) are described along with the use of light (optical) microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate microstructural phenomena. Results Examples of EBM and SLM studies are presented in 3D image compositions. These include EBM of Ti-6Al-4V, Cu, Co-base superalloy and Inconel 625; and SLM of 17-4 PH stainless steel, Inconel 718 and Inconel 625. Conclusions 3D image compositions constituting 3D materials science provide effective visualization for directional solidification-related phenomena associated with the EBM and SLM fabrication of a range of metals and alloys, especially microstructures and microstructural architectures.
Optimal quantum circuit synthesis from controlled-unitary gates

Using a geometric approach, we derive the minimum number of applications needed for an arbitrary controlled-unitary gate to construct a universal quantum circuit. An analytic construction procedure is presented and shown to be either optimal or close to optimal. This result can be extended to improve the efficiency of universal quantum circuit construction from any entangling gate. In addition, for both the controlled-NOT (CNOT) and double-CNOT gates, we develop simple analytic ways to construct universal quantum circuits with three applications, which is the least possible for these gates.
The Projection of World (Multiregional) Trade Matrices

The various approaches that have been used to project trade-flows among nations and world regions are evaluated, particularly in the light of the knowledge base of regional science. A multimethod approach is developed to take into account the situations under which each existing approach has strength.
Image Archival and Access: Critical Support for the Mission

ABSTRACT Every organization has images of incidents they've been involved with, including 35 mm slides, photographs, negatives, digital camera files, graphics from this presentation or that, PowerPoint files, etc. What does an organization do with these after the fact? Is there a central repository? Who takes care of them? How do I find them again? These are very valid questions whether an organization has been involved in incidents for one year or twenty-five years. NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (NOAA OR&R) has been taking pictures of incidents since December 1976 at the ARGO MERCHANT oil spill in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Since that time, roughly 20,000 pictures have been taken. Before 1995, there was very little organization and even sketchier access to the images. Today, more than 14,000 are available as digital files and can be searched through the use of an image database. The process of getting from very little access to near full access has been daunting at times but is well worth t...
Multilevel wireless capsule endoscopy video segmentation

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a relatively new technology (FDA approved in 2002) allowing doctors to view most of the small intestine. WCE transmits more than 50,000 video frames per examination and the visual inspection of the resulting video is a highly time-consuming task even for the experienced gastroenterologist. Typically, a medical clinician spends one or two hours to analyze a WCE video. To reduce the assessment time, it is critical to develop a technique to automatically discriminate digestive organs and shots each of which consists of the same or similar shots. In this paper a multi-level WCE video segmentation methodology is presented to reduce the examination time.
Social Density, Interpersonal Relationships, and Residential Crowding Stress1

Research has suggested that tripled rooms may be characterized by a coalition of two roommate(s) and a third, left-out rommate (i.e., the isolate) who is more vulnerable to crowding and control-related problems. The present study sought (1) to confirm the existence of two person coalitions in tripled rooms and (2) to further explore the mediating effects of interpersonal relationships on crowding stress and related problems. Thirty intact groups of roommates from doubled rooms (n= 60) and 39 intact groups of roommates from tripled rooms (n= 117) completed a set of surveys concerned with residential experiences. Results suggested that crowding stress previously associated with tripled residential settings may be mediated by interpersonal relationships; tripled residents who had negative interpersonal relationships with their roommates reported being more bothered by crowding, at both the beginning and end of the semester, than doubled residents who expressed negativity towards their roommate. Satisfaction with privacy was also influenced not only by the number of people with whom a resident shared a room, but also by the nature of the resident's interpersonal relationships with his/her roommate(s). Data also suggest that control-related problems may be a direct outcome of poor interpersonal relationships among inhabitants. Results also indicated that only a small percentage of tripled rooms were characterized by reciprocal, two person coalitions.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance in Systems with Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya Coupling; Orientation Dependence in α Fe 2 O 3

Resonance conditions for an antiferromagnet whose sublattice magnetization vectors are canted by the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction are generalized to include an arbitrary angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ between the applied magnetic field and the hard direction of magnetization, and the resulting normal modes are discussed. A correction term to the low-frequency resonance expressions derived by Pincus may be appreciable at higher magnetic fields and small $\ensuremath{\theta}$. For suitable parameters, this term permits the measurement of all pertinent effective fields by resonance experiments. It is furthermore shown that demagnetization effects are negligible. Microwave resonance experiments as a function of field (to 60 kG), angle, and frequency (12 to 35 Gc/sec) on synthetic single crystals of $\ensuremath{\alpha}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ failed to reveal a departure from the Pincus relation, thus leading to the conclusion that $\frac{{H}_{A}}{{H}_{E}}l{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Thyroid hormone receptor orthologues from invertebrate species with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) function as molecular switches in response to thyroid hormone to regulate gene transcription. TRs were previously believed to be present only in chordates. We isolated two TR genes from the Schistosoma mansoni and identified TR orthologues from other invertebrates: the platyhelminths, S. japonium and Schmidtea mediterranea, the mollusc, Lottia gigantean and the arthropod Daphnia pulex. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA binding domain and/or ligand binding domain shows that invertebrate and vertebrate TRs cluster together, TRs from the vertebrates and from the jawless vertebrate (lamprey) clustered within separate subgroups, Platyhelminth TRs cluster outside of the vertebrate TR subgroups and that the schistosome TRs and S. mediterranea TRs clustered within separate subgroups. Alignment of the C-terminus of the A/B domain revealed a conserved TR-specific motif, termed TR 'N-terminus signature sequence', with a consensus sequence of (G/P)YIPSY(M/L)XXXGPE(D/E)X. Heterodimer formation between S. mansoni TRs and SmRXR1 suggests that the invertebrate TR protein gained the ability to form a heterodimer with RXR. ESMA analysis showed that SmTRα could bind to a conserved DNA core motif as a monomer or homodimer. Vertebrate TR genes originated from a common ancestor of the Bilateria. TR genes underwent duplication independently in the Protostomia and Deuterostomia. The duplication of TRs in deuterostomes occurred after the split of jawless and jawed vertebrates. In protostomes, TR genes underwent duplication in Platyhelminths, occurring independently in trematode and turbellarian lineages. Using S. mansoni TRs as an example, invertebrate TRs exhibited the ability to form a dimer with RXR prior to the emergence of the vertebrate TRs and were able to bind to vertebrate TR core DNA elements as a monomer or homodimer.
"Each to His Own Inheritance" Geography as an Evaluative Tool in the Genesis Apocryphon

The Genesis Apocryphon has often been compared with the Book of Jubilees; especially the parallel accounts of Noah's oversight of the earth's post-flood distribution between his sons and grandsons (1QapGenar 16–17//Jub. 8:8–9:15). A close examination of the Genesis Apocryphon demonstrates that, while this comparison is valid, the two works are more different than scholars have typically assumed. Not only is the treatment of Noah's special role and the earth's proper division more widespread and prominent in the Apocryphon than in Jubilees, but the most directly corresponding passage exhibits a different arrangement. This may suggest a common cartographic source, and attests to a more robust interest in such geographic matters on the part of the Apocryphon. While both authors clearly drew on similar traditions, it is suggested that the author of the Genesis Apocryphon was more occupied with the right of Israel to the Promised Land than the author of Jubilees.
The correlation factor for dislocation pipe self-diffusion

Abstract The correlation factor for self-diffusion along 〈100〉 dislocations is calculated. Computer results in combination with the experimental measurements of Robinson and Peterson(1) suggest a vacancy dislocation binding energy of 2500 cal/mole or less for the first two vacancy jumps away from the dislocation core.
Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colors.

Antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of seven colored carrots were determined. Five anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and four carotenoids were quantified by HPLC. Total phenolic content was determined according to the Folin−Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant capacities of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions were determined by using the 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The relative antioxidant capacity index was determined. Anthocyanins were the major antioxidants in purple-yellow and purple-orange carrots, and chlorogenic acid was a major antioxidant in all carrots. Carotenoids did not contribute to total antioxidant capacity, but correlated with antioxidant capacity of hydrophobic extracts. Both the DPPH and ABTS assays showed that the hydrophilic extract had higher antioxidant capacity than the hydrophobic extract. Purple-yellow carrots had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by purple-orange carrots, an...
The Thermodynamic Treatment of Chemical Equilibria in Systems Composed of Real Gases. I. An Approximate Equation for the Mass Action Function Applied to the Existing Data on the Haber Equilibrium

All of the equilibrium data on the ammonia synthesis reaction, which cover an extreme temperature range of from 325\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 952\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and an extreme pressure range (at some temperatures) of from 10 to 1000 atmospheres, are correlated with the compressibility and heat capacity data on the pure reacting gases by means of a rational and relatively simple equation for the mass action function ${K}_{p}$. In this equation the effect of temperature and of pressure on ${K}_{p}$ are separated, the relation for the temperature effect being exact, but certain approximations being introduced for the sake of simplicity into the relation for the pressure effect.All of the data on the ammonia synthesis equilibrium are represented within the experimental accuracy by the use of only two adjustable constants.
Novel Model of Antigen-Specific Induction of Bile Duct Injury

Background & Aims: Biliary-directed inflammation is an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease. We developed and characterized a transgenic mouse model of immune-mediated hepatobiliary injury. Methods: Ovalbumin (OVA)-BIL mice were developed using 3.0 kilobase of the rat apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter promoter to drive aberrant expression of a membrane form of ovalbumin (OVA) on biliary epithelium. Liver inflammation resulted from adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells. Liver immune cells were characterized to determine the mechanism of the response by assessing activation, proliferation, and intracellular cytokine expression. Results: OVA-BIL transgenic mice were tolerant to OVA, without evidence of liver disease. Adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into naive OVA-BIL mice led to biliary-centered necroinflammatory damage in a dose-dependent manner. This inflammation absolutely required CD8+ T cells and was augmented by CD4+ T cells. Adoptively transferred OVA CD8+ cells homed to and proliferated in the liver but not the spleen. These activated, adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes produced elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ. Conclusions: T-cell recognition of antigen aberrantly expressed on bile duct epithelium induced an acute necroinflammatory response specific to the liver, with activation, proliferation, and cytokine production predominantly by the OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells. Thus, OVA BIL represents an antigen-specific animal model of inflammatory bile duct injury.
Divergent Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Agonists and Tumor Necrosis Factor α on Adipocyte ApoE Expression

ApoE is expressed in multiple mammalian cell types in which it supports cellular differentiated function. In this report we demonstrate that apoE expression in adipocytes is regulated by factors involved in modulating systemic insulin sensitivity. Systemic treatment with pioglitazone increased systemic insulin sensitivity and increased apoE mRNA levels in adipose tissue by 2-3-fold. Treatment of cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes with ciglitazone increased apoE mRNA levels by 2-4-fold in a dose-dependent manner and increased apoE secretion from cells. Conversely, treatment of adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha reduced apoE mRNA levels and apoE secretion by 60%. Neither insulin nor a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist regulated adipocyte apoE gene expression. In addition, treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages with ciglitazone did not regulate expression of apoE. Additional analyses using reporter genes indicated that the effect of TNFalpha and PPARgamma agonists on the apoE gene was mediated via distinct gene control elements. The TNFalpha effect was mediated by elements within the proximal promoter, whereas the PPARgamma effect was mediated by elements within a downstream enhancer. However, the addition of TNFalpha substantially reduced the absolute levels of apoE reporter gene response even in the presence of ciglitazone. These results indicate for the first time that adipose tissue expression of apoE is modulated by physiologic regulators of insulin sensitivity.
Polarography of flavine mononucleotide and flavine adenine dinucleotide.

Abstract Flavine coenzymes FMN and FAD were studied polarographically. Both flavines show well-defined reversible polarographic waves consisting of a normal reduction wave and a “post” wave due to adsorption. The half-wave potentials of the normal reduction wave correspond to the standard oxidation-reduction potentials determined potentiometrically. The polarographic results indicate the formation of semi-quinone. The semi-quinone formation constants were calculated by the “index potential” method. The electrocapillary curves were determined for both flavines. The nature of the adsorption wave was established by various criteria such as the variation of the wave heights with the mercury column height or temperature. The total diffusion wave height is in linear relationship with the depolarizer concentration. The E 1 2 vs. pH plot conforms to the theoretical equation and has two bends corresponding to the pKa values of the coenzymes.
The Role of Existing Knowledge in New Product Innovativeness and Performance

The purpose of this study is to provide a more thorough assessment of the link between existing knowledge and organizational performance than currently exists in the literature. We identify factors and processes influential in the management of existing knowledge within the areas of learning culture, knowledge building, and organizational performance. Through structural equation modeling, a more thorough examination is given of the role existing knowledge plays in new product performance and innovativeness. In completing this task, we provide insight into the subprocesses of knowledge building by evaluating the influence of shared interpretation and two aspects of information acquisition—efficiency and degree of innovativeness of newly acquired information—on new product development (NPD) outcomes. Included in the examination of these processes are organizational culture and structure characteristics believed to influence knowledge management success.
Raman spectral studies of poly(1-methylinosinic acid)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of poly(1-methylinosinic acid) are described. Laser Raman spectra of poly (mII) were obtained as a function of temperature in D2O solution. Thermal melting profiles derived from the intensity variations of the 712, 795, 814, 986, 1333, 1509, 1550 and 1680 cm-1 bands indicate a cooperative melting temperature of 9 +/- 1 degree C. The low temperature form of poly(mII) exhibits a carbonyl frequency at 1710 cm-I which is decreased to 1680 cm-I upon melting. The Raman hypochromism in the bands reported are equal to or much larger than any reported for other nucleic acids. The data are consistent with the low temperature form of poly(mII) being an ordered single stranded unit with a high degree of basestacking. The melting profiles obtained from the uv and cd spectra are consistent with and support the Raman data. This single stranded RNA exhibits an uncharacteristic behavior in that it melts cooperatively.
The infrared reflectivity of the desert lizards Cnemidophorus velox and Sceloporus undulatus

Abstract 1. 1. The reflectivity of the dorsal and ventral skin to long-wavelength i.r. (heat) radiation was measured for the lizards C. velox and S. undulatus . Both species were relatively reflective throughout the long-wavelength i.r. range. 2. 2. Reflectivity varied with the temperature to which the skin was exposed; when exposed to long-wavelength i.r. (i.e. cool temperatures) the skin was relatively absorptive, whereas at higher temperatures (short wavelengths), it was comparatively reflective. 3. 3. The ventral surfaces were more reflective than the dorsal surfaces for both species.
Mixed-Metal Pt Monolayer Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Kinetics

We have synthesized a new class of electrocatalysts for the O2 reduction reaction, consisting of a mixed monolayer of Pt and another late transition metal (Ir, Ru, Rh, Re, or Os) deposited on a Pd(111) single crystal or on carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles. Several of these mixed monolayer electrocatalysts exhibited very high activity and increased stability of Pt against oxidation, as well as a 20-fold increase in a Pt mass-specific activity, compared with state-of-the-art all-Pt electrocatalysts. Their superior activity and stability reflect a low OH coverage on Pt, caused by the lateral repulsion between the OH adsorbed on Pt and the OH or O adsorbed on neighboring, other than Pt, late transition metal atoms. The origin of this effect was identified through a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, employing electrochemical techniques, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and periodic, self-consistent density functional theory calculations. This new class of electrocatalysts promises to alleviate some major problems of existing fuel cell technology by simultaneously decreasing materials cost and enhancing performance. Our studies suggest a new way of synthesizing improved ORR catalysts through the modification and control of the surface reactivity of Pt-based mixed monolayers supported on transition metals other than Pt. In addition to improving the ORR catalysts, co-depositing oxophilic metals may be a promising possibility for improving a variety of other catalysts.
Can fourth-year medical students learn bedside ultrasonography?

Study objectives: During the past decade, ultrasonography has become increasingly available in the daily practice of emergency physicians. The scope of use for bedside emergency ultrasonography is expanding daily. Emergency ultrasonographic skills and interpretation, however, are not taught in any US medical schools. We established the first emergency department (ED)–based ultrasonography medical student rotation 1 year ago. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether fourth-year medical students can learn bedside emergency ultrasonography and whether they learn more on a 2- or 4-week rotation. Methods: A 35-question written test was designed covering the core applications of emergency ultrasonography, including diseases of the gallbladder, kidneys, vessels, eyes, reproductive organs, and trauma. An interactive DVD was also designed with live ultrasonographic video clips to accompany the examination. The questions covered ultrasonographic physics, recognition of images, and medical management of patients according to emergency ultrasonography results. Fourth-year medical students were enrolled from a number of US medical students and Europe during a 4-month period. All of the students had little or no experience in ultrasonography. The students were given the examination the first day of their rotation before they received any ultrasonography instruction. The students then spent 2- or 4-week rotations learning emergency ultrasonography. The ultrasonography course consists of 40 hours per week of clinical ultrasonography, 1 hour per week of didactic education, and 5 hours per week of quality-assurance reviewing of ultrasonography clips taped in the ED. On the final day of the rotation, the students were given the final examination. Examination results did not affect their grade for the rotation, and the students were blinded to their results. Results: Twenty-nine fourth-year medical students were enrolled in the study during a 6-month period. There were 16 students on the 2-week rotation and 13 students on the 4-week rotation. The average pretest score of all medical students on the rotation was 16.8 of 35.0, which is 48.0%, and the average posttest scores for all students was 27.7 of 35.0 (79.1%, P P =.448). The average final examination score for students on the 2-week rotation was 26.3 of 35.0 (75.1%) and for the students on the 4-week rotation was 29.4 of 35.0 (84.0%, P =.027). Conclusion: A fourth-year medical student emergency ultrasonography rotation can be an effective method of teaching emergency ultrasonography skills and interpretation. Medical students on a 4-week rotation learn more than those on a 2-week rotation.
Correspondence Between Odorant-Evoked Patterns of Receptor Neuron Input and Intrinsic Optical Signals in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb

We compared odorant-evoked patterns of receptor neuron input to the mouse olfactory bulb, imaged with a calcium-sensitive dye, with those of intrinsic optical signals imaged from the same preparations. Both methods yielded patterns of glomerular activity that showed a strong concentration dependence, a loosely organized chemotopy, and involved widely distributed glomeruli. Presynaptic calcium and intrinsic signals showed similar odorant concentration thresholds. Intrinsic signal foci were larger than their corresponding calcium signals, and input to multiple adjacent glomeruli often appeared as a single intrinsic focus. Nonetheless, at near-threshold concentrations, the correspondence between the glomerular calcium and intrinsic signals averaged 75%, with a 71% correspondence between the most strongly activated glomeruli. The correspondence between strongly activated glomeruli decreased as odorant concentration increased, dropping to 51% at 5- to 15-fold higher concentrations. Intrinsic signal foci often saturated at lower concentrations than the calcium signal, implying a smaller dynamic range, and suprathreshold concentrations could recruit strong intrinsic signals in areas showing little or no calcium signal. These differences were such that, at suprathreshold concentrations, the chemotopy of calcium and intrinsic signal response maps often differed. These results suggest that intrinsic optical signals closely reflect receptor neuron input to glomeruli at low odorant concentrations but reflect additional processes at higher concentrations (activation of second-order neurons, centrifugal input, or constraints on the coupling between neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes). Intrinsic signals that are not associated with receptor neuron input have the potential to impact the interpretation of spatial coding strategies in the olfactory bulb.
Zensors: Adaptive, Rapidly Deployable, Human-Intelligent Sensor Feeds

The promise of "smart" homes, workplaces, schools, and other environments has long been championed. Unattractive, however, has been the cost to run wires and install sensors. More critically, raw sensor data tends not to align with the types of questions humans wish to ask, e.g., do I need to restock my pantry? Although techniques like computer vision can answer some of these questions, it requires significant effort to build and train appropriate classifiers. Even then, these systems are often brittle, with limited ability to handle new or unexpected situations, including being repositioned and environmental changes (e.g., lighting, furniture, seasons). We propose Zensors, a new sensing approach that fuses real-time human intelligence from online crowd workers with automatic approaches to provide robust, adaptive, and readily deployable intelligent sensors. With Zensors, users can go from question to live sensor feed in less than 60 seconds. Through our API, Zensors can enable a variety of rich end-user applications and moves us closer to the vision of responsive, intelligent environments.
Subjective Sleep Quality in Women With Divorce Histories The Role of Intimate Partner Victimization

A marital status of divorced or separated, as opposed to married, predicts increased risk of health problems, but not for all persons. Focusing on one established health risk that has been linked with divorce—poor subjective sleep quality—the present cross-sectional study examined whether a history of physical intimate partner victimization (IPV) helps identify divorced women at potentially greater risk of health problems. Community midlife women with divorce histories, all of whom were free of current IPV, reported on their past month sleep quality and lifetime IPV. The predicted odds of poor sleep quality were significantly greater for women with, versus without, IPV histories. This held after adjusting for socioemotional, medical, or sociodemographic risks. A dose–response relationship between IPV chronicity and poor quality sleep was observed. IPV history may help identify divorced women at increased risk of poor quality sleep and, more broadly, poor health.
Physiological properties of newly formed synapses between sympathetic preganglionic neurons and sympathetic ganglion neurons.

We have examined the physiological properties of transmission at newly formed synapses between sympathetic preganglionic neurons and sympathetic ganglion neurons in vitro. Chick neurons were labeled with fluorescent carbocyanine dyes before they were placed into culture (Honig and Hume, 1986), and were studied by making intracellular recordings during the first 2 weeks of coculture. Evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were not observed until 48 h of coculture. Beyond this time, the frequency with which connected pairs could be found did not vary greatly with time. With repetitive stimulation, the evoked monosynaptic EPSPs fluctuated in amplitude from trial to trial and showed depression at frequencies as low as 1 Hz. To gain further information about the quantitative properties of transmission at newly formed synapses, we analyzed the pattern of fluctuations of delayed release EPSPs. In mature systems, delayed release EPSPs are known to represent responses to single quanta, or to the synchronous release of a small number of quanta. For more than half of the connections we studied, the histograms of delayed release EPSPs were extremely broad. This result suggested that either quantal reponses are drawn from a continuous distribution that has a large coefficient of variation or that there are several distinct size classes of quantal responses. The pattern of fluctuation of monosynaptic EPSPs was consistent with both of these possibilities, and was inconsistent with the possibility that monosynaptic EPSPs are composed of quantal subunits with very little intrinsic variation. Although variation in the size of responses to single quanta might arise in a number of ways, one attractive explanation for our results is that the density and type of acetylcholine receptors varies among the different synaptic sites on the surface of developing sympathetic ganglion neurons.
DEFENDING RIGHTS IN (SPECIAL) EDUCATION

The state's commitment to educating all children can be framed as a matter of human capital development, or the economic benefits accrued to individuals and society as a result of educational attainment; it can be framed as a matter of capabilities, or the development of functionings that enable human flourishing; and it can be framed as a matter of rights. In this essay Sigal Ben-Porath considers the relative merits of the three approaches, elaborating the implications each of these different frameworks has for the education of children with disabilities. While the capabilities approach, which arises from and relates to the rights approach, is sensitive to the needs of individuals with disabilities (more than the human capital approach is, in any case), Ben-Porath concludes that a rights framework can best express through educational policy the state's commitment to the education of all children, regardless of ability.
Characteristics of an electrostatic instability driven by transverse–longitudinal temperature anisotropy

Abstract Simulations have previously been reported which exhibit an electrostatic instability that couples thermal energy towards isotropy in a beam with transverse temperature sufficiently greater than the longitudinal temperature. The nature of this instability is observed to be insensitive to details of the initial beam distribution as well as the focusing geometry. Simulations of a uniformly-focused axisymmetric beam with an initial K–V distribution are compared to predictions of an analytic formalism which describes the instability in terms of an infinite series of transverse Gluckstern modes which become coupled to satisfy the full system of longitudinal/transverse equations. A finite truncation of the series is then used to numerically evaluate the instability characteristics.
Intraoperative Ir‐192 implantation for early breast cancer: Techniques and results

Patients with early breast cancer (T1-2 N0-1) can be treated by lumpectomy and irradiation with a local control and survival equal to more radical surgery. Between 1982 and 1988, 323 patients with early breast cancer were treated, when possible, with Ir-192 implants at the time of lumpectomy to a local dose of 2000 cGy in 40-50 hours. Ten to 14 days later, the whole breast was treated to 4500 cGy at 180 per fraction in 5 weeks. The 6-year actuarial survival for stages I and II disease was 98% and 91%, respectively, and the recurrence-free survival was 96% and 98%, respectively. When these 323 patients were evaluated by T status, a local control of 97% was the same for T1 and T2 lesions. The cosmetic results were good to excellent in 95% of the patients. This approach has improved our ability to accurately place the boost dose in the breast.
Level of motivation in social facilitation of a simple task.

To determine the effect of level of motivation on the social facilitation of a well-learned behavior, 45 college students were divided into motivational groups (high, medium, low) and given an opportunity to pull a lever in the presence and absence of an audience (a passive observing person). The results indicated a significant interaction between the Motivation and Social Condition (Alone, Audience) factors when speed of pulling was the dependent variable. There was no significant difference among the motivational groups when they performed alone. There was a significant difference among the motivational groups when performing with an audience present: the high motivational group performed significantly slower than either the medium or low motivational group. These findings suggest that social facilitation of a well-learned behavior depends upon Ss' level of motivational reactivity.
Stem diversity, cauline domatia, and the evolution of ant–plant associations in Piper sect. Macrostachys (Piperaceae)

Plants possess a variety of structures that harbor ant nests, and the morphology of these domatia determines the nature of ant‐ plant mutualisms in a given plant species. In this study, we report on the differences in anatomy between myrmecophytes of Piper, which are regularly excavated by an obligate ant mutualist (Pheidole bicornis) and nonmyrmecophytes of Piper, which consistently have solid stems. Stems of excavated plant species lacked outward evidence of modification; however, striking anatomical differences were apparent between hollow-stemmed species before excavation and the remainder of the solid-stemmed species studied. Prior to excavation by ants, stems of myrmecophytes were characterized by strongly heterogeneous piths in which a large, central area had relatively large cells lacking intracellular crystals with a periphery of smaller cells containing numerous crystals. The domatium excavated by the ants was restricted to the large-celled region. This is the first report of the absence of crystals in ant-excavated portions of stems of myrmecophytes. Cauline domatia became lined with 3‐8 cell layers of suberized wound tissue, which may have an impact on nutrient absorption by Piper myrmecophytes.
Double opposing Z-plasty for congenital midline cervical web: A case report

Summary Congenital midline cervical clefts (CMCCs), rare congenital anomalies of the cervical neck, are unaesthetic and can lead to secondary deformities of the mandible. Repair usually involves excision of the lesion followed by primary closure, W-plasty, or Z-plasty. We repaired a CMCC in a 4-year-old girl using double opposing Z-plasty of the subcutaneous tissues and platysma to increase the vertical length of the skin and form a deeper cervicomental angle. The surgery substantially improved appearance and function, producing a sharper cervicomental angle and reduction in cleft chin. Scarring was minimized with postsurgical treatments. However, because of the patient's age, an open-bite deformity remained. Therefore, we recommend surgical correction for CMCC in the first year of life.
Anisotropic Beams of Energetic Particles Upstream from the Termination Shock of the Solar Wind

For ~2.5 yr before the crossing of the termination shock of the solar wind, Voyager 1 observed a series of highly anisotropic beams, which are believed to result from downstream particles leaking upstream across a broad range of heliographic longitudes. We show that the downstream spectrum of the accelerated particles is a power law with spectral index of -5 when expressed as a distribution function over this same broad longitude range. We also show that the upstream beams contain too little heat flux to influence the shock structure or the processes occurring downstream. We argue that underlying the beams is an isotropic distribution of suprathermal particles, which also has a power-law spectrum with spectral index of -5, and we find that these conditions are consistent with a simple shock-heating model for the acceleration of energetic particles at the termination shock.
Different estimates of cardiac power: relationship to altered loading conditions

Peak instantaneous power is a prognostic index of LV function but is difficult to measure. It is relatively load independent when corrected by preload (EDV/sup 2/). Easier to acquire power estimates have been proposed ncluding mean and simplified power. These require only echo Doppler flow and cuff pressures, but their relationship to invasively derived results has not been studied. Using a well-validated numerical model of the cardiovascular system, different estimates of power were compared for varying preload, afterload, and contractility. All power results were divided by EDV/sup 2/. Estimates of power correlate with peak power over a wide range of physiology. Corrected power estimates were independent of preload and afterload, but predictably increased with contractility. Different estimates of preload corrected power can be derived from non-invasively obtained variables and correlate with corrected peak instantaneous power.
DYNAMIZATION OF THE TRAPEZOID METHOD FOR PLANAR POINT LOCATION IN MONOTONE SUBDIVISIONS

We present a fully dynamic data structure for point location in a monotone subdivision, based on the trapezoid method. The operations supported are insertion and deletion of vertices and edges, and horizontal translation of vertices. Let n be the current number of vertices of the subdivision. Point location queries take O(log n) time, while updates take O (log2 n) time (amortized for vertex insertion/deletion and worst-case for the other updates). The space requirement is O(n log n). This is the first fully dynamic point location data structure for monotone subdivisions that achieves optimal query time.
Wavefront error budget and optomechanical tolerancing for NIRSPEC

We present the wavefront error budget and optomechanical tolerance analysis for NIRSPEC, a high-resolution near-IR echelle spectrograph for the Keck II telescope. The error budget accounts for aberrations induced by optical design residual, manufacturing error, cryogenic degradation, mounting effects, and misalignments. The allowed errors due to misalignments are used with boresighting and vignetting requirements in an optomechanical tolerance analysis.
MYSTERY MOTIVATOR: AN EFFECTIVE AND TIME EFFICIENT INTERVENTION

Jenson's Mystery Motivator was systematically applied across nine subjects from two classrooms. Primary components of the intervention included immediate performance feedback and intermittent reinf...
Effect of phacoemulsification on corneal thickness

Abstract Purpose To determine the immediate effect on corneal thickness of cataract extraction using phacoemulsification. Design Prospective consecutive nonrandomized humans undergoing standard small-incision phacoemulsification and intraocular lens insertion. Methods Corneal thickness was measured immediately preoperative and postoperatively in 58 consecutive patients undergoing phacoemulsification in the absence of other ocular abnormalities. Corneal thickness was determined centrally and in the midperiphery of four quadrants. The last 17 eyes were also evaluated for the effect of pressure from a Honan balloon on corneal thickness. Setting Faculty practice in medical school and university hospital. Results The cornea thinned in all five of the measured locations, with statistical significance being reached only in the four midperipheral quadrants. Pressure from the Honan balloon resulted in a negligible increase in corneal thickness preoperatively. Conclusions Corneas were found to have thinned statistically significantly immediately after phacoemulsification; however, the degree of thinning has doubtful clinical significance and does not represent a significant dehydration of the cornea during the surgical procedure.
Tables of order statistics of normal random variables under linear trend

Estimators based on order statistics are being used in cases where the random variables being ordered are independent, but not identically distributed. We examine one case, that of independent normal variates with means exhibiting linear trend and unit variance. For samples of size 2 to 10 we compute tables of the expectations, variances, and covariances of the order statistics for trend values from 0 to 3. Applications dealing with quality control and assessment of robustness of estimators to trend are shown.
Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence by Type and Severity: Population-Based Studies in Azerbaijan, Moldova, and Ukraine

The article estimates the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) by type and severity in population-based samples from three countries of the former Soviet Union (fSU). The article utilized nationally representative data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Azerbaijan (2006), Moldova (2005), and Ukraine (2007). Respondents were selected using stratified multistage cluster sampling. The sample included ever-married (or cohabitating) females of reproductive age (15-49 years old); weighted sample n = 3,847 in Azerbaijan, n = 4,321 in Moldova, and n = 2,355 in Ukraine. The analysis used multinomial survey logistic regression adjusting for the sampling design and sampling weights. Ten percent of ever-partnered women in Azerbaijan and Ukraine and 20% in Moldova ever experienced physical IPV (without sexual) from their most recent husband or cohabitating partner; 3% of women in Azerbaijan and Ukraine and 5% in Moldova experienced sexual IPV (with or without physical), and 2% of women in Azerbaijan, 3% in Ukraine, and 6% in Moldova experienced violence resulting in severe physical injuries from their most recent partner. In all three countries physical, sexual, and injurious IPV was higher among formerly married women. Compared to women with above secondary education, women with secondary education or below demonstrated higher risk for physical IPV (in Moldova and Ukraine), sexual IPV in Moldova, and injurious IPV in all three countries. Poor socioeconomic status-as indicated by low household wealth status in Azerbaijan and partner's unemployment in Moldova and Ukraine-was significantly associated with higher risk for physical and injurious IPV. In Moldova and Ukraine partners' low level of education was associated with higher risk for sexual IPV. The article demonstrates that experiences and factors associated with IPV are diverse and context specific. The findings may be helpful in targeting interventions to sociodemographic groups disproportionately affected by IPV in these three transitional countries.
Electoral Rules and the Size of the Prize: How Political Institutions Shape Presidential Party Systems

This paper explores how political institutions besides electoral rules shape the presidential party system. Our focus is upon what we call the “size of the presidential prize”: the degree to which authority is concentrated in the presidency vis-a-vis the legislature (horizontal centralization) as well as in the national level of government vis-a-vis the subnational levels (vertical centralization). We find a significant but nonlinear relationship between the horizontal centralization of authority in the presidency, operationalized either as an index of presidential powers or as regime type, and the presidential party system, operationalized as the effective number of presidential candidates. Specifically, for moderately powerful presidents, increasing presidential powers leads to fewer presidential candidates; however, for either extremely weak or extremely powerful presidents, increasing presidential powers produces a larger number of candidates. Further, we find that the substantive effect of horizontal...
Virtual monotonic counters and count-limited objects using a TPM without a trusted OS

A trusted monotonic counter is a valuable primitive that enables a wide variety of highly scalable offline and decentralized applications that would otherwise be prone to replay attacks, including offline payment, e-wallets, virtual trusted storage, and digital rights management (DRM). In this paper, we show how one can implement a very large number of virtual monotonic counters on an untrusted machine with a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) or similar device, without relying on a trusted OS. We first present a log-based scheme that can be implemented with the current version of the TPM (1.2) and used in certain applications. We then show how the addition of a few simple features to the TPM makes it possible to implement a hash-tree-based scheme that not only offers improved performance and scalability compared to the log-based scheme, but also makes it possible to implement count-limited objects (or ``clobs'' for short) -- i.e., encrypted keys, data, and other objects that can only be used when an associated virtual monotonic counter is within a certain range. Such count-limited objects include n-time use keys, n-out-of-m data blobs, n-copy migratable objects, and other variants, which have many potential uses in digital rights management (DRM), digital cash, itinerant computing, and other application areas.