cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgenerational attenuation of opioid self-administration as a consequence of adolescent morphine exposure

The United States is in the midst of an opiate epidemic, with abuse of prescription and illegal opioids increasing steadily over the past decade. While it is clear that there is a genetic component to opioid addiction, there is a significant portion of heritability that cannot be explained by genetics alone. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that maternal exposure to opioids prior to pregnancy alters abuse liability in subsequent generations. Female adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were administered morphine at increasing doses (5-25 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline for 10 days (P30-39). During adulthood, animals were bred with drug-naive colony males. Male and female adult offspring (F1 animals) were tested for morphine self-administration acquisition, progressive ratio, extinction, and reinstatement at three doses of morphine (0.25, 0.75, 1.25 mg/kg/infusion). Grandoffspring (F2 animals, from the maternal line) were also examined. Additionally, gene expression changes within the nucleus accumbens were examined with RNA deep sequencing (PacBio) and qPCR. There were dose- and sex-dependent effects on all phases of the self-administration paradigm that indicate decreased morphine reinforcement and attenuated relapse-like behavior. Additionally, genes related to synaptic plasticity, as well as myelin basic protein (MBP), were dysregulated. Some, but not all, effects persisted into the subsequent (F2) generation. The results demonstrate that even limited opioid exposure during adolescence can have lasting effects across multiple generations, which has implications for mechanisms of the transmission of drug abuse liability in humans.
Post-treatment surveillance for ovarian carcinoma patients: The effect of Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA).

e16538 Background: In the USA, ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women; about 21,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Many women experience recurrence after curative-intent treat...
Using surveys to study substance use behavior

Population-based estimates of substance use patterns have been regularly reported for several decades. Concerns with the quality of the survey methodologies employed to produce these estimates, however, date back almost as far. These concerns have led to a considerable body of research specifically focused on understanding the nature and consequences of survey-based errors in substance use epidemiology. This chapter reviews and summarizes that empirical research by organizing it within a total survey error model framework that considers multiple types of representation and measurement errors. Gaps in knowledge regarding sources of error in substance use surveys and areas needing future research are also identified.
Abstract 4: Porcine Parthenotes as a Model to Evaluate Developmental Potential of Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells

The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has tremendous potential for regenerative medicine by providing an unlimited source of personalized cells. A number of protocols have been established for efficient differentiation of hiPSCs to the desired lineage in vitro, such as cardiomyocytes and blood. However, the field lacks an in vivo system to evaluate the differentiation potential and quality of hiPSCs. Developmental potential of stem cells derived from experimental animals can be readily assessed by generating blastocyst chimeras and examination of the contribution to the embryos, or by the potential of teratoma formation. However, this is not possible in the case of humans. As a potential solution for this issue, we examined whether porcine parthenotes could be used as an experimental model to test the developmental potential of the hiPSCs. Parthenotes are generated by electrical activation of the oocytes collected at the abattoir and will develop up to gestational day 53 if transferred to a pseudo-pregnant sow. The embryonic culture conditions have also been established and the zygotes can develop normally to the expanded blastocyst stage (day 7 post fertilization/activation), in vitro. We took advantage of this in vitro system and examined the ability of hiPSCs to proliferate and integrate into the parthenogenetic embryos. Parthenogenetic embryos were injected with ten undifferentiated hiPSCs at day 4 (8 cell ~ morula stage) and cultured up to 72 hours. During this period, parthenotes underwent blastocoel cavity formation and hatching. Cell tracing experiments demonstrated that hiPSCs proliferated and integrated into the parthenotes. They retained pluripotency marker expression during this period. hiPSCs and their derivatives were found both in trophoectoderm and embryo proper. We further observed that the hiPSCs underwent cellular proliferation and promoted developmental progression of the parthenote in vitro. In summary, the porcine parthenote model system is an efficient high throughput system to examine the developmental capacity of human stem cell populations.
T helper cells modulate intestinal stem cell renewal and differentiation

In the small intestine, a cellular niche of diverse accessory cell types supports the rapid generation of mature epithelial cell types through self renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, not much is known about interactions between immune cells and ISCs, and it is unclear if and how immune cell dynamics affect eventual ISC fate or the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we used single cell RNAseq (scRNASeq) of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to identify new mechanisms for ISC and immune cell interactions. Surprisingly, MHC class II (MHCII) is enriched in two distinct subsets of Lgr5+ crypt base columnar ISCs, which are also distinguished by higher proliferation rates. Using co culture of T cells with intestinal organoids, cytokine stimulations, and in vivo mouse models, we confirm that CD4+ T helper (Th) cells communicate with ISCs and affect their differentiation, in a manner specific to the Th subtypes and their signature cytokines and dependent on MHCII expression by ISCs. Specific inducible knockout of MHCII in intestinal epithelial cells in mice in vivo results in expansion of the ISC pool. Mice lacking T cells have expanded ISC pools, whereas specific depletion of Treg cells in vivo results in substantial reduction of ISC numbers. Our findings show that interactions between Th cells and ISCs mediated via MHCII expressed in intestinal epithelial stem cells help orchestrate tissue-wide responses to external signals.
Culturally Modified Red Pine, Birch-Bark Canoes, and the Strategic Geography of the Fur Trade on Lake Saganaga, Minnesota, U.S.A.

Culturally modified red pine (Pinus resinosa) can be added to the long list of natural and artificial features that comprise the cultural landscape of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness of Minnesota, U.S.A. This study provides historical context for the first cultural-modification dates derived from the dendrochronological evaluation of primary-growth, fire-killed red pine in the Border Lakes region. The tree-ring-based data are interpreted in the context of archaeological records, fur-trade era travel accounts, and ethnographic information to shed new light on the economy of the Border Lakes Ojibwe from the late 1700s to the early 1900s. Multiple lines of evidence from Lake Saganaga suggest that these culturally modified red pine were intentionally wounded in order to extract pitch, which was used to make the gum critical for constructing and repairing birch-bark canoes. Culturally modified red pine are a tangible artifact class that may serve to reframe modern perspectives on the critical role of the birch-bark canoe for transport in the historical Border Lakes landscape. These trees are living symbols of historical land-use patterns and are indicative of the strategic geography of the fur trade.
Pressure dilution, a new method to prepare a stable Ni/fumed silica catalyst for the dry reforming of methane

Abstract A novel method of catalyst preparation, using pressure dilution, which increased the dispersion and stability of a Ni/fumed SiO2 catalyst is described. We first studied the effect of carbon formation on the activity and stability of Ni/fumed SiO2 catalysts at different times on stream (TOS) during the dry reforming of methane (DRM). The catalysts were characterized by SEM/TEM and BET, XRD, XPS, TGA/DSC, and CO chemisorption. Catalysts prepared by impregnation of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O onto fumed SiO2, were subjected to various pretreatments which yielded high initial activities at 600 °C. The activation energy was measured to be 91 kJ/mol and the initial rate was of 8.5 [mol of CH4/gNi h], comparable with Pt-Ni alloy catalysts. Depending on the pretreatment, however, the catalysts deactivated at different rates due to carbon formation. The carbon structure was studied by SEM/TEM and its amount measured by a carbon analyzer. We found that carbon accumulates mostly in the form of carbon nanotubes (C-NT) with Ni crystallites at the top, where the reaction takes place without affecting the activity during first hours of TOS. We also found formation of clumps of entangled C-NT with Ni crystallites encapsulated by the entangled C-NT, leading to loss of active area and deactivation. A newly discovered method of catalyst preparation, referred as pressure dilution, resulted in a significant increase in Ni dispersion from 19% to 61%, when supported on fumed SiO2. Moreover, Ni dispersion can be controlled by the pressure applied during catalysts’ preparation. The higher dispersion resulted in a higher catalyst activity and increased stability towards carbon formation. A hypothesis of the re-dispersion process occurring during p-dilution is proposed.
Active Interrogation Testing Standards

Active interrogation systems for cargo inspection are designed to automatically determine the presence of special nuclear material (SNM) in transport by observing the radiation emitted by an object when exposed to an external radiation source. Active interrogation systems are contrasted with passive detection systems, such as radiation portal monitor systems, that detect the neutron and gamma radiation spontaneously emitted by SNM. Operational limitations to not interfere with commerce can restrict the use any interdiction system, including passive detection, active-interrogation and imaging systems. Because of their cost and complexity, active interrogation systems are intended for applications where SNM may be in shielded configurations that may not normally be detectable by passive systems. Active interrogation systems range from those that only indicate the presence of high-Z materials, to fissionable material detection, to those that detect specific SNM materials. The decision to deploy an AI system will depend on its ability to meet standards and specifications, its effectiveness, and its ability to fit into the operational environment. To ensure AI systems are designed and tested to a consistent level, minimum performance standards have been developed for evaluating these systems. Development of an active interrogation system that has the sensitivity to SNM that is needed while also being deployable is a challenge. It is the aim of standards to define a set of tests that can be performed on a system in an economic manner while challenging the capability of the system.
Effect of a dilute random field on a continuous-symmetry order parameter

$XY$ and Heisenberg spins, subjected to strong random fields acting at a few points in space with a concentration ${c}_{r}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, are studied numerically on three-dimensional lattices containing over $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ sites. Glassy behavior with a strong dependence on initial conditions is found. Beginning with a random initial orientation of spins, the system evolves into ferromagnetic domains inversely proportional to ${c}_{r}$ in size. The area of the hysteresis loop $m(H)$ scales as ${c}_{r}^{2}$. These findings are explained by mapping the effect of a strong dilute random field onto the effect of a weak continuous random field. Our theory applies directly to ferromagnets with magnetic impurities, and is conceptually relevant to strongly pinned vortex lattices in superconductors and pinned charge-density waves.
Erasure coding in windows azure storage

Windows Azure Storage (WAS) is a cloud storage system that provides customers the ability to store seemingly limitless amounts of data for any duration of time. WAS customers have access to their data from anywhere, at any time, and only pay for what they use and store. To provide durability for that data and to keep the cost of storage low, WAS uses erasure coding. In this paper we introduce a new set of codes for erasure coding called Local Reconstruction Codes (LRC). LRC reduces the number of erasure coding fragments that need to be read when reconstructing data fragments that are offline, while still keeping the storage overhead low. The important benefits of LRC are that it reduces the bandwidth and I/Os required for repair reads over prior codes, while still allowing a significant reduction in storage overhead. We describe how LRC is used in WAS to provide low overhead durable storage with consistently low read latencies.
Statin use associated with improved overall and cancer specific survival in patients with head and neck cancer.

Abstract Objectives Studies have shown the utility of lipid-lowering agents in improving outcomes in various cancers. We aim to explore how statins affect overall survival and cancer specific survival in head and neck cancer patients using population-based datasets. Patients and methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked dataset, we separated HNC patients into three groups: those with no hyperlipidemia (nH), those with hyperlipidemia and not taking a statin (HnS), and those with hyperlipidemia and taking a statin (H + S). Overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were compared between the three groups based on disease subsite (oral cavity, oropharynx, and other) using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analysis (MVA), controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, staging, treatment, and comorbidity covariates. Using Pearson chi-square analysis, we also compared the incidence of cancer-related toxicity events. Results There were 495 nH, 567 HnS, and 530 H + S patients. H + S patients had superior OS and CSS (73.0, 81.2%) relative to nH (58.6, 69.1%) and HnS groups (61.7, 69.2%) (p Conclusion HNC patients with hyperlipidemia and taking a statin demonstrated improved outcomes compared to nH and HnS patients, further supporting statins' role as a potential adjuvant anti-neoplastic agent in HNC. Further prospective studies to investigate the impact of statins on HNC outcomes are warranted.
Fluid Management in Septic Shock: a Review of Physiology, Goal-Directed Therapy, Fluid Dose, and Selection

To review our current understanding of the intravascular space, therapeutic goals of fluid resuscitation, suitable endpoints of resuscitation, and appropriate choice of fluids. An evolving understanding of the endothelium and glycocalyx has improved our understanding of the intravascular space. More aggressive fluid resuscitation after adoption of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines has led to an initial reduction in mortality associated with sepsis; however, the untoward effects of volume overload are increasingly evident. Fluid responsiveness is likely the best endpoint for resuscitation. Albumin has not been shown to be superior to crystalloids in the resuscitation of septic patients. As 0.9% saline has been associated with acute kidney injury, balanced buffered salt solutions are considered the preferred resuscitation fluid of choice. Fluid resuscitation with buffered crystalloid solutions is preferred and should likely continue if the patient remains fluid responsive. This strategy risks volume overload.
IneqDetect: A Visual Analytics System to Detect Conversational Inequality and Support Reflection during Active Learning

A series of recent studies have shed light on the existence of sociocultural inequities in collaborative learning environments. We present IneqDetect, a system which helps students reflect on the way that they communicate as a team. Conversations during collaborative learning activities are recorded using lapel microphones, processed to determine who spoke at a given time, and then visualized. The resulting dashboard visualization provides students with a timeline of when each student was speaking, a summary of how much they spoke, and an estimate of how equitable the conversation was between team members. Students reflect on this information at the end of the class period to identify and address issues, such as conversational inequality, within their groups. IneqDetect was deployed across four CS active learning classrooms. IneqDetect led students to discuss group dynamics, change their behaviors, and gain insights about themselves and their team. However, conversational equity within groups did not improve.
Association of Length of Time Spent in the United States With Opioid Use Among First-Generation Immigrants.

The opioid crisis is unique in that it originated from within the US health care system.1 Examining prescription opioid use among immigrants as they spend more time in the United States provides a unique opportunity to quantify the association of the health care system (or other factors) on prescribing practices. If uniquely American cultural factors affect opioid prescribing independent of known sociodemographic and health-related factors, interventions to potentially mitigate the opioid crisis would likely require a more complex and nuanced understanding of traditions and customs. Therefore, we examined the association of the length of time in the United States with opioid use among first-generation immigrants to evaluate the association of the cultural influence (if any) with opioid prescribing.
Automated cartilage and meniscus segmentation of knee MRI with conditional generative adversarial networks

Purpose Fully automatic tissue segmentation is an essential step to translate quantitative MRI techniques to clinical setting. The goal of this study was to develop a novel approach based on the generative adversarial networks for fully automatic segmentation of knee cartilage and meniscus. Theory and methods Defining proper loss function for semantic segmentation to enforce the learning of multiscale spatial constraints in an end-to-end training process is an open problem. In this work, we have used the conditional generative adversarial networks to improve segmentation performance of convolutional neural network, such as UNet alone by overcoming the problems caused by pixel-wise mapping based objective functions, and to capture cartilage features during the training of the network. Furthermore, the Dice coefficient and cross entropy losses were incorporated to the loss functions to improve the model performance. The model was trained and tested on 176, 3D DESS (double-echo steady-state) knee images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative data set. Results The proposed model provided excellent segmentation performance for cartilages with Dice coefficients ranging from 0.84 in patellar cartilage to 0.91 in lateral tibial cartilage, with an average Dice coefficient of 0.88. For meniscus segmentation, the model achieves 0.89 Dice coefficient for lateral meniscus and 0.87 Dice coefficient for medial meniscus. The results are superior to previously published automatic cartilage and meniscus segmentation methods based on deep learning models such as convolutional neural network. Conclusion The proposed UNet-conditional generative adversarial networks based model demonstrated a fully automated segmentation method with high accuracy for knee cartilage and meniscus.
Factors Related to Development of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis on Long-term Follow-up: A Database Study.

BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA). However, little is known about factors related to development of PA in CP. OBJECTIVE To evaluate factors associated with PA in CP. METHODS A national insurance database of 120 million US patients was used. Adults with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code for CP (577.1) from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 20014, were identified. Patients' age, sex, and ICD-9 codes for PA, bile duct obstruction, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus before and after diagnosis of CP, obesity, tobacco use, and type of insurance were obtained. Patients with CP without a unique identification number, missing dates for insurance coverage period, and with duration to end of follow-up or development of PA less than 2 years were excluded. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for analysis. RESULTS The final analysis had 30,555 patients with CP including 219 patients (0.72%) with PA. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that in patients with CP age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.03-1.1), male sex (HR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.25-3.54), tobacco use (HR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.1-3.23), and having commercial insurance (HR = 4.26; 95% CI = 1.63-11.11) were associated with a subsequent medical claim for PA. Duration of bile duct obstruction (HR = 0.999; 95% CI = 0.998-0.999) and presence of diabetes mellitus before CP (HR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.19-0.63) were inversely related to subsequent diagnosis of PA. CONCLUSION PA was diagnosed in 0.72% of the patients with CP at least 2 years after the diagnosis of CP. Increasing age, male sex, tobacco use, having commercial insurance, absence of diabetes mellitus before CP, and shorter duration of bile duct obstruction were associated with a diagnosis of PA in patients with CP.
The relationship between parental involvement in childhood and depression in early adulthood.

Abstract Background Positive early life experiences may help prevent depression later in life. We examined the accumulated benefit, timing, and trajectories of positive parental involvement in childhood in association with incident depression in early adulthood. Methods Prospectively assessed Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) data (n = 7120) were analyzed. Overall and developmental stage-specific parental involvement scores were estimated from multiple measures from birth to age 7 years. Trajectory groups of parental involvement were derived via latent class growth analysis. At 18 years, depression cases were identified with diagnostic instruments. Multiple imputation was used to handle missingness. We constructed logistic regression models with potential confounders adjusted. Results Participants from trajectory groups with higher average parenting scores over time had 30% to 40% lower odds of developing depression in early adulthood than participants from the group with the lowest average parenting score over time. However, the relationship became non-significant when all covariates were adjusted. A one-unit increase in the overall parenting score corresponded to 12% lower odds of developing depression (adjusted OR=0.88 [0.79–0.98]). Protective effects on incident depression in early adulthood from parental involvement in school age (5–7 years), and not at other ages, were observed (OR=0.87 [0.77–0.99] for a one-unit increase in the parenting score at school age). However, the relationship became non-significant when all covariates were adjusted (OR=0.91 [0.80–1.03]). Limitations Measurements of parental involvement were only based on maternal report. The study has limited generalizability to other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusion Higher level of parental involvement during childhood lowers the risk of developing depression in early adulthood. These results suggest positive early life experiences may promote mental health across the life course.
Transparent and Flexible Thermal Insulation Window Material

Summary Transparent windows that insulate against infrared light and heat entering buildings hold the promise of reducing energy consumption. However, a long-standing challenge for energy-saving window materials is to concurrently achieve a large tuning of refractive index, broad transmission modulation, and near-room-temperature phase transition. Here, we report the insulation of heat and infrared radiation by using a functionally graded transparent nanocomposite consisting of a hollow network-nanoparticle hybrid. We demonstrate ΔT of 6.9°C by combining the light-reflectance properties of metallic nanoparticles and the thermal insulation of hollow shell networks, resulting in an equivalent cooling power of 396 W/m2 under a light intensity of 3 W/cm2. This flexible nanocomposite sheet shows a high transparency of 91.0%, low haze in the visible region, and a modulus of 160 MPa. The gradient nanocomposites combine UV light blocking, visible transparency, and infrared light shielding, potentially opening a new avenue for energy-saving building window applications.
Comparative Study of Different PV Systems Configurations Combined with Alkaline and PEM Water Electrolyzers for Hydrogen Production

Algeria is endowed with one of the world’s largest solar potential. Therefore, photovoltaic effect is one of the most common techniques used in exploiting this huge potential. Nevertheless, the amount of energy generated by solar PV panels is influenced by several factors. Indeed, PV cells technologies, site location and weather (solar radiation, temperature and wind speed) and system design (tracking and orientation) determine the output power of PV solar systems. This paper investigated PV-Hydrogen production by two water electrolyzers technologies, alkaline and PEM. Indeed, four different PV systems configurations, two fixed PV panels and two solar tracking system, have been considered. All these cases are studied using meteorological data of the site of Ghardaia, in the south of Algeria. Thus, a photovoltaic system of about 1.6 kW supplies an electrolysis system of about 1.35 kW across an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and buck DCDC converters. The annual hydrogen production shows the advantage of PEM technology in hydrogen production as well as that of sun trackers for PV systems.
Romanticism and Pessimism

I argue in this chapter that there is a fundamental opposition between Romanticism and pessimism, that Romanticism is a fundamentally optimistic philosophy in comparison with pessimism. This chapter takes Schopenhauer as the paradigm pessimist and Schelling as the paradigm romantic. Our initial intuitions about the opposition between Romanticism and pessimism are rendered suspicious, however, because it turns out that there is great affinity in the doctrines of Schopenhauer and Schelling. Both stressed the primacy of the will, emphasized the suffering of life and saw the need for redemption. This affinity in doctrines was noticed by several scholars in the nineteenth century (Hartmann, Noack and others), who stressed the major influence of Schelling upon Schopenhauer. I argue that despite the apparent affinity and the huge impact of Schelling upon Schopenhauer, there are still fundamental differences between Schelling and Schopenhauer which become apparent when one examines their philosophies in more detail and in context. It turns out that our original intuitions about the opposition between pessimism and Romanticism are correct after all.
Advancements in reactor stability analysis methods; personal perspective

Abstract Understanding the origins and propagation of flow-induced instabilities is very important for the operation and safety of the current and next generations of boiling water reactors (BWR), as well as for future new reactor types, such as the supercritical-pressure reactors, cooled by either water or CO2. Consequently, substantial (or even extensive) efforts have been made during the past 40+ years to investigate the physical phenomena governing such instabilities, and to develop models and computational tools to simulate the dynamics of marginally-stable/unstable boiling systems. The purpose of this paper is to present an updated perspective on, and discuss new aspects of, selected studies performed by the author and his collaborators, associates and graduate students, aimed at the development of various methods for the analysis of flow-induced instabilities in both boiling and supercritical-pressure systems. The impact of model and method selection on the results of predictions will also be discussed for a large class of systems, including the neutronically-coupled oscillations. Since the current paper is a part of the NED issue commemorating 40 years since the first NURETH–series conference, the list of references includes eleven (11) related papers published before in various NURETH proceedings, as well as other related journal articles and conference papers.
Mediation in Reputational Bargaining

Can an uninformed mediator improve outcomes in a dynamic reputational bargaining model? I show that a simple communication protocol used by professional mediators, of announcing an agreement only if both parties privately accept its terms, can increase the payoffs of rational bargainers, but only if communication is noisy: the mediator must sometimes fail to suggest a deal even when both bargainers accept it.
Medical Advisability of Youth Pitching Recommendations on the Internet.

Background:As the incidence of youth pitching injuries and surgical procedures attributed to overuse has drastically increased, there are quality concerns about popular internet resources regarding...
Stress, coping, resilience, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: A representative survey study of US adults.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency resulting in widespread death and substantial disruption to daily life. Previous research has shown that novel disease outbreaks are associated with high stress levels and sleep impairments that lead to neuropsychiatric consequences. Therefore, it is vital to study both stress and protective factors such as coping and resilience that may hinder or help sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, as gender disparities exist in sleep quality, it is important to understand the relationship between pandemic-related stress, coping strategies, resilience, and sleep in bothgenders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Our study examined how gender, stress, coping, and resilience were associated with sleep cross-sectionally during the COVID-19 pandemic in a representative sample of US adults (N = 393). Results Consistent with many recent studies, we found that worsened sleep quality in women compared to men persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, pandemic-related stress was not significantly associated with sleep quality, but pandemicrelated coping was associated with sleep independent of robust controls and trait resilience. Conclusions Greater primary control engagement coping was associated with better sleep quality, while involuntary engagement coping was associated with poor sleep quality. Future research should extend the findings with actigraphy and explore ways to enhance beneficial coping and sleep health during pandemics.
Other People's PATRIOT Acts: Europe's Response to September 11

After September 11, many countries changed their laws to make it easier to fight terrorism. They did so in part because the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1373 under its Chapter VII powers. The resolution required all Members of the United Nations to criminalize terrorism, to prevent their territory from being used to plan or promote terrorism, to crack down on terrorism financing, to tighten up immigration and asylum procedures and to share information about terrorists and terrorist threats with other states. This article examines what happened to the Security Council mandate when it got to Europe by first tracing the framework that the European Union developed to respond to the Security Council mandate and then by exploring the very different legal reactions of the UK and Germany within this common framework. Britain enacted and encouraged extreme measures to meet the terrorist threat while Germany complied with the Security Council within the framework of its established constitutional norms.
PXI - a new architecture for many testing requirements

The PXI (PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation) architecture is relatively new as far as instrumentation standards go. However, in its short history, market acceptance has been excellent. According to estimates from Prime Data in 2002, the PXI market grew 35% in terms of sales and 55% in terms of new product introductions, when compared to 2001 figures. Granted, the market is small when compared to, for example, GPIB and VXI based instrumentation. But such market figures indicate that this will change over time.
Big Love in the Liberal State

How should the liberal state respond when women emphatically endorse practices that seem to result in their own oppression? Nussbaum argues that we must avoid “trusting desire too much,” since desires can be distorted, while also recognizing the importance of trusting desires “a little bit.” To this end, I advocate what I call modified subjectivism for adults and moderate perfectionism for children. Accordingly, the liberal state should protect the liberty of adults to engage in problematic practices, like polygyny, provided that it is conceivable that the parties involved could offer intelligible reasons for participating in the practice. At the same time, if it is also conceivable that some people could not offer intelligible reasons for their participation, that is, could only offer reasons based upon fear, coercion, or their own inferiority, then the state must throw its weight behind efforts to minimize the chances that children will develop unintelligible preferences for these practices. Fundamentalist Mormon polygyny is a paradigmatic example of a problematic practice. In line with modified subjectivism, I insist that polygamy must be legalized for consenting adults. From the perspective of moderate perfectionism, however, I also insist that the state must do a better job of ensuring that children receive an adequate education in gender equality. Should some boys and girls still grow up to affirm polygyny, we can hope they will do so for intelligible reasons, and not because they each believe themselves to be in the position they “deserve.”
Resilience Among Older Adults with Cancer and the Importance of Social Support and Spirituality-Faith

Abstract Approximately 3.1 million males and 2.3 million females over age 65 became ill with cancer in 2000. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial experience of the older adult with cancer to enable social workers to better serve this population. Thirteen older adults with cancer were interviewed in-depth along with a focus group of three oncology social workers. The older adults in this study were mostly resilient and full of life, despite the possible devastation of cancer. The themes that are discussed in this article are: (1) social support, and (2) spirituality-faith (belief in God, hope, and helping others). Practice applications are discussed in relation to working with resilient and non-resilient older adults with cancer.
Columbia University Southern Hemisphere Millimeter-Wave Survey Telescope

After seven years of use the Columbia millimeter-wave telescope has demonstrated the utility of an instrument in the one meter class dedicated to CO observations. It has almost finished a task that would be totaly impractical at the resolution of a 10 meter telescope, namely a complete northern hemisphere inventory of molecular matter both in the distant galactic plane and in the nearby clouds in the local arm and Gould’s belt. This has been possible because the 8 minute beamwidth of our telescope is well matched to such projects, allowing, for example, the first quadrant of the distant galactic plane to be surveyed in a few hundred days of observation.
The /spl rho/ performance measure: a new tool for controller design with multiple frequency domain specifications

Multiobjective frequency domain design aims to find a controller that gives desirable properties to several closed loop frequency responses simultaneously. This problem may be cast as a problem of finding a controller such that the worst-case /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// norm, i.e. the largest among several /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// norms, satisfies a prespecified bound. The authors define an upper bound, the /spl rho/ measure, for the worst-case /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin//, norm in terms of a scaled /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// cost function. The authors show that the problem of finding a controller that minimizes /spl rho/ can be reduced to a finite dimensional convex program for the unknown scales and a standard /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// problem. The authors give affine matrix inequalities for controller synthesis when the scales are restricted to constant matrices. A numerical example is used to illustrate the advantages of the authors' formulation, over the single objective /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin//, formulation, for solving multiobjective /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// problems.
Elecciones sin democracia. A propósito de los regímenes híbridos

Muchos paises han adoptado la forma de la democracia, pero no toda su importancia. Esto hace que la tarea de clasificar los regimenes sea mas dificil, aunque tambien mas importante.
A new method for point power spectrum estimation

A novel method for point power spectrum identification is presented. It involves a refinement of a recently developed scheme and achieves measurable performance improvement. It utilizes two families of spectral estimators and a pseudolinearity property to arrive at the final point spectrum estimate. Two examples are included. >
Use of recombinant retroviruses to characterize the activity of antiretroviral compounds.

Abstract This report describes the use of a recombinant murine retrovirus encoding beta-galactosidase (PLJ beta-gal retrovirus) to study the antiretroviral activity of zidovudine (AZT) and other nucleoside analogs. The PLJ beta-gal virus permits the rapid and unequivocal identification of individual virus-infected cells arising from a single cycle of viral replication. With this model system, AZT is shown to completely and irreversibly prevent retrovirus infection of proliferating cell lines as measured by a lack of reporter gene expression. On the other hand, AZT is less effective in protecting growth-arrested cells from retroviral infection. Recombinant retroviruses such as the PLJ beta-gal virus are potentially useful reagents for the identification and characterization of antiretroviral compounds.
Parabolic wave theories and some recent applications

Abstract Some of the recent works on a scalar parabolic wave theory, the applications it has found in ocean acoustic studies, and the extension to a parabolic stress wave theory are reviewed. Some of the problems in applying these works to seismological studies are discussed.
Peritonsillar infection and bacteremia caused by Fusobacterium gonidiaformans

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The Necessity of History and the Professional Historian

There is no adequate preparation for writing a presidential address. Trying to choose among the many urgent themes that demand attention, one is painfully aware of the wisdom of one's predecessors and one's own limitations. The audience to be addressed is the most critical and important one will ever face: a national audience of colleagues. For a woman, following a long line of male presidents, there is an added responsibility: one wishes to be representative of the profession as a whole and yet not neglectful of those long silenced. Behind me stands a line of women historians, who practiced their profession and helped to build this organization without enjoying equality in status, economic rewards, and representation. Even the most exceptional among them, whose achievements were recognized and honored by the profession, had careers vastly different from their male colleagues. For example, of the leading female academic historians who practiced in the early decades of this century, only one was employed at a major university, four worked in women's colleges, the others in outside institutions. The medievalist Nellie Neilson, president of the American Historical Association in 1943 and to this day the only woman to hold that office, spent her entire career in Mount Holyoke College. Louise Kellogg, president of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association in 1930, worked at the Wisconsin State Historical Society. Helen Sumner Woodbury made her major contribution to labor history in the Children's Bureau. Martha Edwards, like Sumner a holder of the Ph.D. in history from the University of Wisconsin, spent her career first in the Wisconsin State Historical Society, then as a teacher in the extension division. Florence Robinson, who held an M.A. in history from Wisconsin and earned the Ph.D. there a few years prior to her death, was unable to find a teaching job in history and headed the home economics department of Beloit College during her entire career. It was she who endowed the Robinson-Edwards chair I now hold, in memory of her father
Nursing Care of the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes Mellitus

A review of pregnancy and diabetes and a discussion of nursing in relation to pregnancy, mental health, and diabetes are presented. The various complications of a chronic disease complicated by pregnancy are discussed, including emotional tensions, family life, sexual changes, and financial responsibilities. The authors propose collaboration of team members with a clinical nurse specialist as central to care continuity, education to help the diabetic woman fulfill the medical plan of therapy, counseling to assist her in adjusting to pregnancy, and nonseparation of pregnancy and diabetes for purposes of nursing and medical care.
The Emerging Art of Solid-State Synthesis

Solid-state chemists are exploring new routes to synthesizing useful compounds, including self-assembly, by which complex structures form spontaneously from simpler ones. Parkinson provides background and comment on a research report by Noh et al . in this issue (p. 1181) that describes a method of depositing reactants on a substrate at low temperature; once the starting materials are in place, the temperature is increased, allowing the reaction to proceed.
Improving integration of clinical clerkship didactic curriculum

Curricular integration is a primary focus of many efforts to improve clinical education, but the practical realities of connecting content across discipline-based learning experience is a formidable challenge. This paper describes the construction of a third-year clinical clerkship curriculum featuring integrated didactics, purposeful sequencing, linkage to clinical context and introduction of competency-based learning activities. We describe the organization of our curriculum, the methods by which we integrated our didactic curriculum, and the results of curricular evaluations. Over two years, we improved integration and reduced fragmented learning experiences in a longitudinal integrated clerkship. Individual lectures were highly rated with a mean overall score of 4.29 (SD=0.78) (1=poor, 5= excellent)(N=23). Integrated didactic sessions and competency-based learning activities, including a quality improvement curriculum and reflection sessions, were also highly rated. Purposeful integration of clinical content, sequencing of didactics across the academic year, linking didactic content to a clinical context and creating new competency-based learning activities were highly rated and feasible ways to combine didactics across disciplines in the core clerkship year. Similar integrated curricula may be used with students in longitudinal integrated clerkships or in a traditional third-year clerkship model.
(p,d) REACTION IN THE TITANIUM ISOTOPES.

Abstract Angular distributions for the 48 Ti(p, d) 47 Ti reaction were obtained for E p = 25–45 MeV to study the energy dependence of various methods of extracting spectroscopic factors. In the DWBA analysis for the principal l n = 1, 2 and 3 transitions, it was found that correcting for finite-range and non-locality in the interaction eliminated the energy dependence observed in spectroscopic factors obtained with local zero-range calculations. On the basis of these results, spectroscopic factors were measured for the 46, 48, 50 Ti(p, d) 45, 47, 49 Ti reactions and compared to the sum-rule predictions of French and Macfarlane. Most of the disagreement observed is attributed to incorrect treatment of Q -dependence in the calculations.
General purpose problem solving using simulated human judgement

This paper presents an alternative or possible addition to techniques used in general purpose problem solvers. A technique described by Jeffrey and Ossorio to simulate human judgment is applied to general problem solving. Human judgments on the degree to which objects are important to processes, (solution methods,) are factor analyzed and formed into a judgment space of orthogonal vectors. This space is consulted to choose a solution method based on the attributes of the available objects. The result is a system which decides "how" to solve a problem in much the same way a person would.
Expression and transport of cellulase in avocado mesocarp during ripening

Cellulase localization in the mesocarp of ripening avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) was studied by a variety of immunological methods. As localized by immunodetection on whole fruit tissue blots, cellulase first appeared near the stylar end of the fruit during the late portion of the rise in climacteric respiration. Cellulase appearance subsequently expanded outward and upward, reaching the peduncle end of the fruit by the day after the climacteric peak. Cellulase expression in cells surrounding vascular bundles was delayed relative to expression in the adjacent mesocarp. Immuno-labeled frozen sections, viewed with the light microscope, showed that cellulase appeared in both parenchyma and oil cells concom-mitantly with wall breakdown. Immunogold detection of cellulase by electron microscopy revealed labeling associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and cell wall during the period between the late portion of the climacteric rise and the day after the climacteric peak. Cellulase appeared in the nucleus during all stages of ripening after the early portion of the climacteric rise. Immunoblot analysis of organelle fractions, isolated from avocado fruit at the climacteric peak of respiration, revealed three molecular weight forms of cellulase; a light and a heavy form found in endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions, and an intermediate form found in Golgi and plasma membrane-enriched fractions.