cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular localization of prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry.

Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts were grown in tissue culture, fixed with lysine-paraformaldehyde-periodate solutions containing 0 to 0.1% Tween 20, and then stained for cyclooxygenase antigenicity using rabbit anti-cyclooxygenase IgG in the peroxidase anti-peroxidase procedure. When examined by light microscopy, those cells fixed in the presence of 0.03 to 0.1% Tween 20 exhibited staining throughout the cytoplasm and around the nucleus but not on the cell surface. No staining occurred when either preimmune IgG or anti-cyclooxygenase IgG adsorbed with purified enzyme was substituted for the immune IgG. Electron microscopic examination of cells treated with fixative containing 0.05% Tween 20 and then stained for cyclooxygenase antigenicity revealed electron-dense deposits on the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane but not the mitochondrial or plasma membranes. No staining was seen in cells treated with control sera. Agents such as angiotensin II, bradykinin, antidiuretic hormone, and thrombin interact, apparently with the 3T3 cell surface to cause a release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 formation (Pong, S.S., Hong, S. L., and Levine, L. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1408-1413). Our results establish that conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin endoperoxide precursor of PGE2 actually takes place on the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope.
Evidence for Independent Mismatch Repair Processing on Opposite Sides of a Double-Strand Break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Double-strand break (DSB) induced gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during meiosis and MAT switching is mediated primarily by mismatch repair of heteroduplex DNA (hDNA). We used nontandem ura3 duplications containing palindromic frameshift insertion mutations near an HO nuclease recognition site to test whether mismatch repair also mediates DSB-induced mitotic gene conversion at a non-MAT locus. Palindromic insertions included in hDNA are expected to produce a stem-loop mismatch, escape repair, and segregate to produce a sectored (Ura+/-) colony. If conversion occurs by gap repair, the insertion should be removed on both strands, and converted colonies will not be sectored. For both a 14-bp palindrome, and a 37-bp near-palindrome, approximately 75% of recombinant colonies were sectored, indicating that most DSB-induced mitotic gene conversion involves mismatch repair of hDNA. We also investigated mismatch repair of well-repaired markers flanking an unrepaired palindrome. As seen in previous studies, these additional markers increased loop repair (likely reflecting corepair). Among sectored products, few had additional segregating markers, indicating that the lack of repair at one marker is not associated with inefficient repair at nearby markers. Clear evidence was obtained for low levels of short tract mismatch repair. As seen with full gene conversions, donor alleles in sectored products were not altered. Markers on the same side of the DSB as the palindrome were involved in hDNA less often among sectored products than nonsectored products, but markers on the opposite side of the DSB showed similar hDNA involvement among both product classes. These results can be explained in terms of corepair, and they suggest that mismatch repair on opposite sides of a DSB involves distinct repair tracts.
The effect of phosphorus deficiency on the free amino acids of alfalfa.

Abstract Asparagine, arginine, and glutamine were found in higher concentrations in alcohol extracts of phosphorus-deficient alfalfa leaves than in similar extracts of control leaves, while glutamic acid was found to be in lower concentration in the phosphorus-deficient leaf extracts. Similarly, proline showed a slight decrease, but the other amino acids showed no consistent changes in the materials analyzed.
The utility of ultrasonography for screening the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

ABSTRACT Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the means by which the common bile duct is evaluated, if performed at all, has been debated. When the common bile duct is to be scre...
Effects of pacing tachycardia and balloon valvuloplasty on pulmonary artery impedance and hydraulic power in mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUNDMitral stenosis is characterized by progressive pulmonary hypertension and eventual right ventricular failure. However, the correlation between right ventricular failure and the level of pulmonary hypertension is poor, suggesting that factors other than those recognized from nonpulsatile hemodynamic parameters may contribute to impaired right ventricular performance in this condition.METHODS AND RESULTSWe studied 16 patients with severe mitral stenosis (mean valve area, 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm2) at supine rest and during pacing tachycardia using high-fidelity catheter recordings of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and flow velocity. Pulmonary impedance spectra, wave reflection properties, and hydraulic power data were derived from Fourier analysis of signal-averaged data. Pacing tachycardia (baseline heart rate, 81 +/- 11 beats per minute; pacing, 132 +/- 11 beats per minute) significantly raised pulmonary wedge and mean PA pressures. There was no change in pulmonary vascular resistance (209 +/- 144 to 232...
Out-of-Hospital Unwitnessed Cardiopulmonary Collapse and No-Bystander CPR: A Practical Addition to Resuscitation Termination Guidelines

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provides possible survival from otherwise fatal cardiopulmonary collapse. Termination guidelines have been developed for use when resuscitation has no potential benefit for a victim. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to determine if unwitnessed collapse combined with no-bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation would support a decision to terminate attempted resuscitation. There were 541 patients analyzed during 6 months, with functional neurological survival the outcome of interest. There were no functional neurological survivors at hospital discharge among the 180 victims in the unwitnessed, no-bystander CPR subgroup (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0%-2.1%). Functional neurological survival for witnessed collapse, bystander CPR was 6.0% (95% CI 2.8%-12.5%), for witnessed collapse, no-bystander CPR was 3.8% (95% CI 1.9%-7.7%), and for unwitnessed collapse, bystander CPR 1.3% (95% CI 0.2%-6.9%). With confirmation by further studies, unwitnessed collapse and lack of bystander CPR may be a practical addition to resuscitation termination guidelines.
Sources of shocks and compressions in the high‐latitude solar wind: Ulysses

During its southern transit Ulysses sampled the solar wind to −80.2° latitude. Slow streamer belt wind was seen only equatorward of −35°, but its influence extended to much higher latitudes. Reverse shocks bounding the equatorial CIR were seen as far south as −58.2°. High-latitude compressional waves showed no clear correlation with that CIR. Speed and density patterns show that solar rotational modulation persisted up to 25° poleward of the slow wind. Compressional structures at highest latitudes were probably driven by spatial or temporal variations within the southern coronal hole.
Mean and Variance Modeling with Qualitative Responses: A Case Study

This article illustrates the use of response surface methodology whenthe response of interest is not necessarily continuous. Instead, the response in the case study presented here consists of ranks assigned by several panelists for the manufacturing of ..
Identification of Rat Urinary Proteins by Zone and Immunoelectrophoresis.

SummarySeparation and identification of male rat urinary proteins have been accomplished by zone electrophoresis on paper, in dilute agar and starch-gel media and by immunoelectrophoresis. Approxim...
International Relations Theory, Communitarianism, and U.S. Grand Strategy: Whither Africa?

A central paradox of Amitai Etzioni’s From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations relates to how U.S. hegemony, or semi-empire, will be transcended. The United States is exp...
A digital implementation of continuous-time ripple correlation control for photovoltaic applications

A new digital implementation of continuous-time ripple correlation control (RCC) for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) panels. This implementation is straightforward and provides easy and convenient expansion to multiple-panel PV systems. The simple graphical user interface developed helps control and monitor the panels, with the options of manual control or RCC. Digital implementation provides a suitable environment for phase-shift compensation which usually leads to convergence problems with RCC. Results show that over 95% convergence accuracy is achieved using the proposed implementation.
A Linear Programming Approach to the Solution of Constrained Multi-Facility Minimax Location Problems where Distances are Rectangular

The problem of locating new facilities with respect to existing facilities is stated as a linear programming problem where inter-facility distances are assumed to be rectangular. The criterion of location is the minimization of the maximum weighted rectangular distance in the system. Linear constraints which (a) limit the new facility locations and (b) enforce upper bounds on the distances between new and existing facilities and between new facilities can be included. The dual programming problem is formulated in order to provide for an efficient solution procedure. It is shown that the duLal variables provide information abouLt the complete range of new facility locations which satisfy the minimax criterion.
Mesoscale Near-Surface Wind Speed Variability Mapping with Synthetic Aperture Radar

Operationally-significant wind speed variability is often observed within synthetic aperture radar-derived wind speed (SDWS) images of the sea surface. This paper is meant as a first step towards automated distinguishing of meteorological phenomena responsible for such variability. In doing so, the research presented in this paper tests feature extraction and pixel aggregation techniques focused on mesoscale variability of SDWS. A sample of twenty eight SDWS images possessing varying degrees of near-surface wind speed variability were selected to serve as case studies. Gaussian high- and low-pass, local entropy, and local standard deviation filters performed well for the feature extraction portion of the research while principle component analysis of the filtered data performed well for the pixel aggregation. The findings suggest recommendations for future research.
Association of poly(A)polymerase with tryptophan receptor in rat hepatic nuclei

Abstract This study conducted experiments with two rat liver nuclear envelope proteins, a tryptophan receptor glycoprotein and poly(A)polymerase, and compared the structural similarities by using affinity chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and antibody specificity. Earlier, a rat hepatic nuclear envelope glycoprotein that is present in limited quantity and binds tryptophan with high affinity was identified and characterized. Also, analysis of eluted nuclear membrane proteins bound to either tryptophan-agarose or concanavalin A-agarose columns by SDS-PAGE previously revealed a major protein of similar molecular weight after staining with Coomassie blue. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by injecting the excised gel protein band. The second protein, an enzyme, poly(A)polymerase, was previously purified from rat liver nuclei by sequential chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, QAE-Sephadex, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite, and DNA-cellulose columns. Analysis of eluate from the final column by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining revealed a single band. Antibodies to the purified enzyme were raised in chickens. In the present study, using anti-tryptophan receptor antibodies and anti-poly(A)polymerase antibodies, we observed that each recognized the same protein by immunoblot analysis. The anti-tryptophan receptor antibodies did not recognize the catalytic site of poly(A)polymerase but did reduce the enzymatic activity when the antigen-antibody complex was sedimented using Pansorbin ( Staphyloccus aureus cells wearing a coat of protein A). However, antipoly(A)polymerase antibodies inhibited binding of 3 H-tryptophan to the receptor site. Furthermore, tryptophan could elute poly(A)polymerase from both tryptophan agarose and poly(A)sepharose columns. Analysis of eluates from these columns by SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining of the gel revealed the presence of a major band with an apparent molecular weight of about 65,000–67,000. Our present findings suggest that the tryptophan receptor and poly(A)polymerase share structural homology.
Transonic panel flutter

FEM is here used to ascertain the stability and aeroelastic response of thin, 2D panels subjected to Mach 0.8-2.5 flows. In the absence of shocks, it is found that the Euler equations used to represent the unsteady flowfield dynamics predict response behaviors resembling those obtained via potential flow methods. Where shocks do play a significant role in the overall motion of the panel, divergence and limit cycle flutter are observed. In the Mach 1.4-1.5 range, flutter involved the higher modes of the panel, tending toward possible chaotic motion.
The effect of non‐uniform porosity in causing flow maldistributions in isothermal packed beds

A formulation is developed for the flow of an incompressible fluid through a two dimensional packed bed having a spatially variable void fraction, through the statement of the Ergun Equation in a two dimensional system. Computed results are presented for particular spatially distributed void fractions in the bed, which indicate that a lateral variation in the resistance to flow may cause appreciable flow maldistribution and “cross flow” effects. This work is thought to be a first, necessary step in the quantitative understanding of channeling and by-pass phenomena in packed bed reactors. On met au point une formule relative a I'ecoulement d'un fluide incompressible dans un lit gami a deux dimensions et dans lequel il y a une fraction de vide a variable spatiale; on a employe, a cette fin, I'enonce de I'equation d'Ergun dans un systeme a deux dimensions. On presente les resultats calcules dans le cas de fractions de vide particulieres, dans le lit, ou la distribution est spatiale; ils indiquent qu'une variation laterale de la resistance a I'ecoulement peut produire une distribution mauvaise et appreciable de I'ecoulement et les effets d'un “courant croise”. On croit que le present travail est la premiere etape requise pour avoir une idee quantitative des phenomenes de circulation et de deviation dans les reacteurs a lits garnis.
Imitation in the Decorative Arts of the Eighteenth Century

Imitation in the decorative arts is a complex phenomenon, not least because its expressions affect both style and substance, while its effects evoke both delight and disgust. The craftsman seeking to make one material or product look like another may do so to test his skill, or his audience. Those confrontedor confounded-by his work may marvel at his ability, or condemn his deception; but, with few exceptions, the latter is a recent response, an aftereffect of the moralist aesthetic that arose with Ruskin
Measurement of velocities of clusters generated in supersonic flow

Abstract An apparatus is described for measuring the speeds of molecular clusters in a flight tube under conditions of gas density that would overwhelm the system in conventional measurements of gas velocities. Although the apparatus incorporates no new design principles it is effective in practice. It provides the information needed in timing the evolution of the extremely fast phase changes that occur in highly supercooled clusters. The state of clusters is monitored as a function of their distance and, hence, time-of-flight along their path. Illustrative examples of velocity measurements are given.
Perivascular Nitric Oxide Activates Notch Signaling and Promotes Stem-like Character in PDGF-Induced Glioma Cells

eNOS expression is elevated in human glioblastomas and correlated with increased tumor growth and aggressive character. We investigated the potential role of nitric oxide (NO) activity in the perivascular niche (PVN) using a genetic engineered mouse model of PDGF-induced gliomas. eNOS expression is highly elevated in tumor vascular endothelium adjacent to perivascular glioma cells expressing Nestin, Notch, and the NO receptor, sGC. In addition, the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway drives Notch signaling in PDGF-induced gliomas in vitro, and induces the side population phenotype in primary glioma cell cultures. NO also increases neurosphere forming capacity of PDGF-driven glioma primary cultures, and enhances their tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Loss of NO activity in these tumors suppresses Notch signaling in vivo and prolongs survival of mice. This mechanism is conserved in human PDGFR amplified gliomas. The NO/cGMP/PKG pathway's promotion of stem cell-like character in the tumor PVN may identify therapeutic targets for this subset of gliomas.
Oxytocin increases VTA activation to infant and sexual stimuli in nulliparous and postpartum women.

After giving birth, women typically experience decreased sexual desire and increased responsiveness to infant stimuli. These postpartum changes may be viewed as a trade-off in reproductive interests, which could be due to alterations in brain activity including areas associated with reward. The goal of this study was to describe the roles of oxytocin and parity on reward area activation in response to reproductive stimuli, specifically infant and sexual images. Because they have been shown to be associated with reward, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were targeted as areas of expected alterations in activity. Oxytocin was chosen as a potential mediator of reproductive trade-offs because of its relationship to both mother–infant interactions, including breastfeeding and bonding, and sexual responses. We predicted that postpartum women would show higher reward area activation to infant stimuli and nulliparous women would show higher activation to sexual stimuli and that oxytocin would increase activation to infant stimuli in nulliparous women. To test this, we measured VTA and NAc activation using fMRI in response to infant photos, sexual photos, and neutral photos in 29 postpartum and 30 nulliparous women. Participants completed the Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales and the Brief Index of Sexual Function for Women (BISF-W), which includes a sexual desire dimension, and received either oxytocin or placebo nasal spray before viewing crying and smiling infant and sexual images in an fMRI scanner. For both groups of women, intranasal oxytocin administration increased VTA activation to both crying infant and sexual images but not to smiling infant images. We found that postpartum women showed lower SES, higher SIS, and lower sexual desire compared to nulliparous women. Across parity groups, SES scores were correlated with VTA activation and subjective arousal ratings to sexual images. In postpartum women, sexual desire was positively correlated with VTA activation to sexual images and with SES. Our findings show that postpartum decreases in sexual desire may in part be mediated by VTA activation, and oxytocin increased activation of the VTA but not NAc in response to sexual and infant stimuli. Oxytocin may contribute to the altered reproductive priorities in postpartum women by increasing VTA activation to salient infant stimuli.
Use of buccal mucosa grafts for urethral reconstruction in children: a retrospective cohort study

The use of buccal mucosa grafts (BMG) for urethral reconstruction has increased in popularity over the last several decades. Our aim was to describe our institutional experience with and outcomes after BMG urethroplasty. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of boys undergoing BMG urethral reconstruction. Preoperative and perioperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients (median age 8.2 years) underwent BMG urethroplasty from 1995–2012. Of the 10 patients undergoing 1-stage repairs, 6 had tubularized grafts, the last of which was performed in 2000 due to an unacceptably high revision rate (100%). A 2-stage approach was elected for 19 patients (median follow-up 21.3 months). Complications including stricture, fistula, or chordee were seen in 60% of patients completing both stages and 32% required ≥1 revision. However, 71% of 2-stage patients were free of significant problems at last follow-up. We found BMG to be a reasonable option for use in complex pediatric urethral reconstruction. Tubularized grafts had poor results, and we no longer use them. We favor a 2-stage approach for all patients except those with “simple” non-hypospadiac strictures. Although revision procedures were not uncommon, the majority of patients were ultimately free of long-term problems.
Schools, Peers, and Prejudice in Adolescence

Adolescents' perceptions of the prejudice in their social environments can factor into their developmental outcomes. The degree to which others in the environment perceive such prejudice-regardless of adolescents' own perceptions-also matters by shedding light on the contextual climate in which adolescents spend their daily lives. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study revealed that schoolwide perceptions of peer prejudice, which tap into the interpersonal climate of schools, appeared to be particularly risky for adolescents' academic achievement. In contrast, adolescents' own perceptions of peer prejudice at schools were associated with their feelings of alienation in school. Importantly, these patterns did not vary substantially by several markers of vulnerability to social stigmatization. Language: en
Development and comparison of methods using MS scan and selective ion monitoring modes for a wide range of airborne VOCs

Adsorbent sampling with analysis by thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) offers many advantages for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and thus is increasingly used in many applications. For environmental samples and other complex mixtures, the MS detector typically is operated in the scan mode to aid identification of co-eluting compounds. However, scan mode does not achieve the optimal sensitivity, thus compounds occurring at low concentrations may not be detected. This paper develops and evaluates the application of a more sensitive TD/GC/MS method using selective ion monitoring (SIM) that is applicable to VOC mixtures found in ambient and indoor air. Based on toxicity and prevalence, 94 VOCs (including terpenes, aromatic, halogenated and aliphatic compounds) were selected as target compounds. Two analytical methods were developed: a conventional full scan method for ions from 29 to 270 m/z; and a SIM method using 16 time windows and different ions selected for the compounds in each window. Both methods used the same Tenax GR adsorbent sampling tubes, TD and GC parameters, and target and qualifier ions. Laboratory tests determined calibrations, method detection limits (MDLs), precisions, recoveries and storage stability. Field tests compared scan and SIM mode analyses for duplicate samples of indoor air in 51 houses and outdoor air at 41 sites. Statistical analyses included the development of error/precision models. The laboratory tests showed that most compounds demonstrated excellent precision (<10% for concentrations exceeding approximately 0.5 microg m(-3)), good linearity, near identical calibrations for scan and SIM modes, a wide dynamic range (up to 1500 microg m(-3)), and negligible storage losses after 1 month (7 compounds showed moderate losses). SIM mode MDLs ranged from 0.004 to 0.27 microg m(-3), representing a modest (1.1 to 22-fold) improvement compared to scan mode. However, in field tests the SIM method detected significantly more compounds (e.g., styrene and chloroform). Error models fit most compounds and allow quantification of errors at selected percentiles. Overall, while the new SIM method is somewhat time-consuming to develop, it offers greater sensitivity and maintains the high selectivity of traditional scan methods.
Chiropractic and Social Justice: A View From the Perspective of Beauchamp's Principles

Social justice in public health involves the process and product of a community acting to fairly distribute advantages and burdens to improve the health of its population and to reasonably take care of the disadvantaged. Although publications are available about chiropractic public health history, programs, and policy, the potential role of chiropractic in social justice has received little attention. This article discusses Beauchamp's 4 principles of social justice and suggests actions that the chiropractic profession may consider to participate in the practice of social justice in the field of public health.
Nadolol in hypertensive patients maintained on long-term hemodialysis.

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of nadolol were evaluated in hypertensive patients maintained on long-term hemodialysis. In nine patients the plasma elimination half-life of unchanged nadolol averaged 26 hours following a single 40 mg oral dose during the interdialytic period. Nineteen patients received nadolol once after each dialysis session. In addition, 12 of the 19 patients also received hydralazine and/or furosemide daily. Predialysis blood pressures and heart rates were significantly lower with nadolol than with combination or single therapy with conventional antihypertensive drugs, including other beta blockers. Nadolol administered only after each dialysis session (i.e., two or three times a week), in conjunction with hydralazine and/or furosemide, is an effective antihypertensive agent in hypertensive patients receiving long-term hemodialysis.
SAFETY MARGINS AND CAPITAL BUDGETING CRITERIA

Textbooks often portray capital budgeting as a rather mechanical process: Top management decides whether or not to accept a project by requesting an estimate of net present value from its staff and to see if the number is positive or negative. This paper suggests that the textbook net present value rule is not optimal if the competitive market assumption holds. Better decision rules state minimum acceptable safety margins and may take the form of stating a minimum acceptable profitability ratio.
Mechanical Properties of Textiles, I

In this paper the spring-dashpot theory which has been applied in previous papers in this series to single fibers and to yarns is applied here to the experimental investi gations of a plush fabric which have been published by Fox and Schwarz. This serves to outline the experimental methods which should be followed if the data are to have maximum theoretical significance.
Weak radiative neutral hyperon decays in KTeV

Abstract The running of the KTeV experiment at FNAL has yielded large sample of neutral hyperons, particularly Λ 0 s and Ξ 0 s. Ξ 0 decays also provide a sample of tagged Σ 0 s. A large sample of about 4600 Ξ 0 → Σ 0 + γ events has been analyzed and the branching ratio and asymmetry have been measured. A sample of about 1100 Ξ 0 → Λ + γ decays is also being studied. A number of searches for rare radiative decays are being carried out. All of the samples of data have been improved by the recent running of the experiment during 1999 and we look forward to a significant improvement in the size of the sample of all of the hyperon decays.
Urban Adolescents Readily Comply with a Complicated Asthma Research Protocol

Purpose: Adolescents are often cited as having poor rates of compliance with medical regimens and research protocols. We quantified compliance in a cohort of urban adolescents participating in a complex research protocol in which measures were obtained without direct supervision by research personnel. Methods: A total of 54 early adolescents ages 10–13 were asked to wear a vest containing a personal air pollutant exposure monitor for two 24-hour periods and to perform daily peak expiratory flow (PEF) for six consecutive days. Compliance with wearing the vest was measured by comparing accelerometer data from a device within the vest to one worn continuously on the child's wrist. Daily PEF data were recorded using an electronic meter. Results: A priori definition of compliance was met by 85% of the adolescents by wearing the exposure monitoring vest and 72% by performing PEF. Conclusions: These findings suggest that early adolescents can be compliant with complex research protocols that are needed to help bridge gaps in pediatric asthma research.
Dependence of structure of dehydrated PVA on the crystallinity of the original PVA

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films having different crystallinities were prepared by elongating PVA films to different degrees and heating the films with and without elongation treatment at several temperatures between 60 and 200°C. Then, they were dehydrated by heating from 80°C to 230 or 330°C in hydrogen chloride gas. Infrared spectral measurements were made on the dehydrated PVA films obtained. Absorbances of the absorption bands due to several groups seen in the infrared spectra depended only on the density of original PVA films, regardless of its degree of elongation. From these dependences, it was found that the dehydration reaction progressed more easily in the crystalline region than in the amorphous region, that the aromatic rings with four or five adjacent hydrogen atoms were formed mainly in the amorphous region and those with two adjacent hydrogen atoms in the crystalline region, and that the aromatic rings with two isolated hydrogen atoms were formed in both the amorphous and crystalline regions. Relative concentrations of the groups of which the dehydrated PVA were composed were estimated. Comparison of the numbers of carbon atoms among the composing groups indicated that the main groups were the methylene group and the aromatic ring.
Spatial variability of shear wave speed estimation in the non-pregnant cervix

Shear wave speed (SWS) estimation is a noninvasive technique used to assess tissue properties. This could be a valuable tool in understanding changes that occur in the cervix during pregnancy and contribute to approaches for the prediction and prevention of preterm birth. The purpose of this study was to explore sources of biological variability in the normal non-pregnant cervix using shear wave speed estimation. Hysterectomy samples were collected (n = 22), a subset of which were ripened (n = 13). Multiple SWS measurements were made longitudinally along the cervical canal at 4-5 locations on both anterior and posterior halves of the cervix. Statistical tests were performed to determine significance of SWS as a function of position along the canal, anterior vs. posterior, ripened vs. unripened and variability among cervical samples using a linear mixed model. We found that SWS estimates monotonically increased from distal to proximal longitudinally along the cervix and varied anterior to posterior. All variables in the model were found to be significant (p<;0.05) using a likelihood ratio F-test to assess validity of fit.
In vivo high-resolution fluorescence retinal imaging with adaptive optics

We describe a new instrument combining adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy and fluorescence imaging. The instrument is capable of imaging retrograde labeled ganglion cells, intrinsic fluorescence from retinal pigment epithelial cells, and intravenous fluorescein injections in vivo.
Effect of Selection for Milk Production and General Health of the Dairy Cow

Abstract Forty-three pairs of open heifers were purchased as foundation animals to evaluate direct response to selection for milk production and correlated responses of reproduction, digestion, respiration, skin or skeleton, and mammary disorders. One heifer of each pair was selected for high genetic potential, and the other was selected for low potential on pedigree evaluations for milk production. High pedigree cows produced more milk, but they also had 9% more digestive disorders, 5% more foot rot, 14% more skin or skeletal disorders, 11% more cases of udder edema, and 2% more lactations affected by mastitis. High pedigree cows even with the $12.46 more health costs netted $45.80 more per lactation than did low pedigree cows calving in the same year. The foundation animals were assigned randomly to be bred to sires with high or average predicted difference milk. The repeatability of all 14 sires was greater than 70% with an advantage of 610 kg to the seven high sires when they were chosen. Daughters of high sires produced more milk, had 8% fewer systemic uterine treatments, 3% fewer mammary cuts, more joint or leg injuries, 13% more skin or skeletal disorders, and 19% more cases of udder edema than did daughters of average sires. Daughters of sires with high predicted difference milk netted $77.64 more per lactation than did daughters of breed average sires.
Commutation's effect on magnetic amplifier stability

A THEORY ASSOCIATING the commutation phenomena1,2 with the unstable behavior of magnetic amplifiers with slightly less than 100-per-cent positive feedback is presented here.3 Although the study has been based upon the well-known self-saturating doubler circuit, the results of the study may be expected to apply equally well to other types of feedback magnetic amplifiers where commutation exists.
Determination of food particle residence time distributions in coiled tube and straight tube with bends at high temperature using correlation analysis

Abstract The effects of tube geometry (coiled and straight), particle concentration (0–30% v/v), average product flow rate, and carrier fluid temperature (96–124 °C) on residence time distributions of model food particles in the holding section of an aseptic processing system were investigated by means of correlation analysis. Hold tube geometry and flow rate exerted significant effects on the mean normalized residence time. Minimum normalized residence time was significantly influenced by the fluid temperature and the interaction between hold tube geometry and particle concentration. In the coiled tube, standard deviation of normalized residence time decreased with an increase in particle concentration. The fastest-moving particles in the coiled tube possessed a velocity of 1.96 times the average product velocity, whereas the velocity of fastest-moving particle in the straight tube was 1.8 times the average product velocity. Based on empirical expressions of the residence time parameters as functions of particle concentration and dimensionless groups (Frf, Regp, and Arf), variable influence of several forces on particle residence time of particulate food suspensions in different settings was deduced.
Spatial-diffusion measurements in impurity-doped solids by degenerate four-wave mixing

A method is introduced that measures the spatial-migration rate of electronic excitation in condensed media over distances of the order of 0.1 μm. Two volume holographic gratings of widely differing modulation periods are simultaneously produced, using a phase-conjugate wave geometry of degenerate four-wave mixing. Spatial migration results in a reduced scattering efficiency of one grating and is observed as a polarization rotation of the backward-going output wave. Upper limits are placed on the diffusion constants in pink ruby and Nd3+-doped silicate glass.
Online Program Aids Heart Patients and Their Doctors

In the late 1990s, two unrelated trends converged to create substantial stress on the doctor-patient relationship. First, productivity demands of managed care limited doctors’ ability to talk to patients about their disease, answer their questions, and discuss treatment options in detail. Second, the Internet gave patients and other consumers 24/7 access to a vast amount of medical information and advice, but little guidance about how to separate relevant good science and sound advice from irrelevant information, snake oil, and the charlatans. For example, using any of the most popular search engines, you can find more than 47 000 links related to “congestive heart failure,” 618 800 links on “heart disease,” more than 136 000 links on “cardiovascular disease,” and 45 800 links on “coronary heart disease.” As the two trends converge, physicians spend precious time answering questions and discussing issues triggered by information gathered online, which often is misleading, irrelevant to the patient’s condition, or potentially dangerous. Recently, however, medical experts have partnered with information technology experts to shift from a one-size-fits-all model to one that’s customized. The result is a powerful online tool that helps a patient diagnosed with congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, or coronary artery disease make informed decisions and …
Effect of nanoscale confinement on the diffusion behavior of photoresist polymer thin films

The influence of film thickness and molecular weight on the diffusion coefficients of water, benzene, and trifluoroacetic acid in two photoresist polymers, poly(p-hydroxystyrene) and bis-trifluoromethyl carbinol substituted poly(norbornene), has been studied using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) methods. Diffusion coefficients for films as thin as approximately 50 nm were determined. It was observed that the diffusion coefficient was a strong function of film thickness, and that the diffusion coefficient decreases drastically as film thickness is reduced below a critical value. This critical thickness value is found to be a function of both polymer structure and molecular weight. In addition, the effect of film thickness on the equilibrium uptake of the various penetrants was also determined. In particular, the equilibrium water uptake was shown to depend strongly on film thickness, polymer structure, and polymer molecular weight.
Formation of ZnTe Nanowires by Oriented Attachment

A simple hot colloidal method of preparing ZnTe nanowires is presented. Nanowire morphology was controlled by varying the identity of the amine cosurfactant in the growth solution. This produced smooth, brushlike, and multibranched brushlike structures in high yield. Nanowires appear to form via an oriented attachment mechanism.
Optimal inspection policies for a manufacturing station

Abstract We consider the quality control problem of a single automated service facility modeled as a simple queueing system with feedback. The objective is to minimize a finite or infinite time horizon discounted cost measure. It is shown that the optimal inspection policy is based on a threshold applied to the input queue length, both for an infinite and a finite queue capacity station; in the latter case, blocking costs are included in the model. These results apply to the long-run average cost minimization problem as well. Given the difficulty of determining the value of the threshold parameter, we also present an approach for estimating the cost sensitivity with respect to the threshold along a single observed sample path of the system, and hence adjusting it on-line. Numerical and simulation results are included to validate our analysis and to illustrate the on-line threshold-setting process.
Analysis of transport properties of the acetonitrile—water system using a segmented composition model

Abstract A study has been made of the available information concerning the variation of the viscosities of acetonitrile—water mixtures with composition in the acetonitrile-rich region. The study shows that the viscosity maximum reported at X (ACN)⋍0.9 is an artifact of an overparameterised curve fitting procedure. The use of a segmented composition model led to some tentative conclusions about the patterns of molecular aggregation of this system.
Vapor–liquid equilibria for binary mixtures of nitroethane with aliphatic alcohols (C1–C4) at 101.3 kPa

Abstract Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria were measured at 101.3 kPa, in a range of temperatures from 337.56 to 387.16 K, for the binary mixtures of nitroethane with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Calculations of nonideality of the vapor phase were made with Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state. The results were found thermodynamically consistent according to the Van Ness–Byer–Gibbs point-to-point consistency and Herington’s area tests. All the systems exhibit a positive deviation from ideality, and five systems show minimum boiling azeotropes. The experimental data have been correlated with the mole fraction using the Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC, Redlich–Kister, and Wisniak–Tamir equations. The experimental data were also compared to predictions obtained using modified UNIFAC (Dortmund).
A Bayesian framework for adaptive selection, calibration, and validation of coarse-grained models of atomistic systems

A general adaptive modeling algorithm for selection and validation of coarse-grained models of atomistic systems is presented. A Bayesian framework is developed to address uncertainties in parameters, data, and model selection. Algorithms for computing output sensitivities to parameter variances, model evidence and posterior model plausibilities for given data, and for computing what are referred to as Occam Categories in reference to a rough measure of model simplicity, make up components of the overall approach. Computational results are provided for representative applications.
Design and initial performance of the CLEO III silicon tracker

Abstract CLEO III is the new experimental phase of the CLEO experiment at the CESR accelerator. Both the accelerator and the detector have recently been upgraded. A new charged particle tracking system with the addition of a ring imaging Cherenkov particle identification system has been installed. A major part of the tracking system upgrade was the construction of a new four-layer double-sided silicon tracker with 93% solid angle coverage and new readout electronics. The CLEO III upgrade was completed in February 2000 with the installation of the silicon detector. CLEO III has finished the commissioning phase and is now taking data. The design of the detector and first performance results are presented here.
Graph products and integer domination

Abstract We consider the { k } -domination number γ { k } ( G ) of a graph G and the Cartesian product G □ H and the strong direct product G ⊠ H of graphs G and H . We prove that for integers k , m ≥ 1 , γ { k } ( G ⊠ H ) ≥ γ { γ { k } ( H ) } ( G ) and γ { k m } ( G ⊠ H ) ≤ γ { k } ( G ) γ { m } ( H ) , from which earlier results obtained by Fisher on γ ( G ⊠ H ) and Fisher et al. on the fractional domination number γ f ( G ⊠ H ) were derived. We extend a result from Bresar et al. on γ ( G □ H ) for claw-free graphs G . We also point out some sufficient conditions for graphs to satisfy the generalized form of Vizing’s conjecture suggested by Hou and Lu.
Theory of Electrical Conductivity in Disordered Binary Alloys. The Effect of s − d Hybridization

The coherent-potential approximation (CPA) of the conductivity theory of disordered alloys is generalized in order to calculate and to discuss the static conductivity of a two-$s\ensuremath{-}d$-band-alloy model relevant to noble- and transition-metal alloys. The vertex corrections are calculated and can be expressed in the CPA as a sum of single-site contributions. As in the one-band model and for the same physical reasons, these vertex corrections vanish if the potentials are short ranged. Three contributions are obtained for the electrical conductivity. They correspond to the propagation of a pair of $s$ electrons, a pair of $d$ electrons, and two hybridized $s\ensuremath{-}d$ electrons. The scattering of $s$ electrons is viewed as indirectly caused by the randomness of $d$ levels acting through the hybridization interaction $s\ensuremath{-}d$. Two limiting cases are investigated and compared with previous treatments. In the weak-scattering limit, the present theory is shown to be equivalent to the Boltzmann approach. In the dilute-concentration limit, it is possible to reduce this formalism to previous calculations of the impurity-induced resistivity by defining in that limit an effective $s\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering potential. A numerical application is presented. It is not directly related to any particular alloy but the physical parameters are reasonably chosen such that the computed resistivity reproduces qualitatively two types of deviations from the Nordheim behavior observed in some transition-metal-based alloys: (a) a change of slope of the resistivity-versus-concentration curve correlated with a minimum of the specific heat, and (b) an asymmetry of the resistivity curve with a peak in a range of concentration where the influence of $s\ensuremath{-}d$ hybridization is dominant.
Chronic Persistent Cough: Diagnosis and Treatment Update

The approach to patients with chronic cough has been well defined and evaluated in the literature through a number of prospective studies. Meticulous attention to detail of the afferent loop of the cough reflex has helped identify the cause of cough in most patients. The most common causes appear to be similar in both children and adults and include asthma, postnasal drip syndromes, gastroesophageal reflux diseases, and aspiration. In children, recurrent viral infections and infections with atypical organisms also are very prevalent. Specific therapy directed at the cause alleviates the cough in most patients. In some patients, there may be more than one cause of cough. Invasive testing (eg, bronchoscopy and esophageal pH probing) is rarely necessary. In patients in whom a specific cause cannot be identified or in whom cough modifiers are necessary while specific therapy is taking hold, antitussives of both the narcotic and nonnarcotic variety are helpful.
Management of patients with massive resection of the small intestine with special reference to the use of steroid hormones.

1. The treatment of patients who have had extensive resections of the small bowel is discussed in terms of diet, replacement of nutrients and vitamins, and steroid hormones.
Proton translation in submitochondrial vesicles

An investigation of proton translocation in submitochondrial vesicles from rat liver has been made under simple experimental conditions. Choline chloride was used both as the oxidizable substrate and the ionic medium for the measurement of activity during oxygen pulse experiments: (1) The passive permeability measured from the decay of proton efflux after an oxygen pulse could be described by a first-order equation. An H+/O ratio of 2·5 was obtained for choline oxidation in the presence of oligomycin and/or MgCl2. Oligomycin decreased the passive proton permeability and respiration, concomitant with an increase in proton uptake. Respiratory control was directly related to the passive proton permeability and inversely related to the magnitude of the proton gradient. The decreased respiration and passive permeability reflecting respiratory control is most evident in the pH rang 5·8–7·5. (2) Preparation of submitochondrial vesicles in the presence of EDTA resulted in proton production during an oxygen pulse given at alkaline pH. Cytochromec enhanced proton uptake by approximately 1 H+/cytochromec, but only in the presence of Triton X-100. These results are indicative of the asymmetric behavior of the coupling membrane and provide direct evidence of the participation of electron transport components in proton translocation.
Longitudinal-mode-partition noise and amplitude squeezing in semiconductor lasers

We have measured the longitudinal-mode-partition noise of free-running, grating-feedback external-cavity and injection-locked semiconductor lasers, using a nonsymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer. For an external-cavity laser operated at a high pumping level, the contribution of the longitudinal-mode-partition noise to the total intensity noise was negligible, and 0.9 dB of amplitude squeezing was observed. On the other hand, injection locking suppressed the longitudinal-mode-partition noise by 34 dB, and 1.9 dB of amplitude squeezing was observed when the locking bandwidth was 5 GHz. A further increase in the locking bandwidth reduced the suppression of the longitudinal-mode-partition noise and degraded the amplitude squeezing.