cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in cell culture. The independence of transcription and translation.

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase is a microsomal mixed function oxygenase induced by benz[a]anthracene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in mammalian cell culture. Actinomycin D or 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole (inhibitors of RNA synthesis) or cycloheximide or puromycin (inhibitors of protein synthesis), added simultaneously with benz[a]anthracene, completely prevents aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction. During treatment with inducer, the stimulation of hydroxylase activity becomes insensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D but continues to be sensitive to inhibition by cycloheximide. The phase of induction requiring RNA synthesis is independent of translation; in cells previously treated with benz[a]anthracene plus cycloheximide, the enzyme activity rises for 8 hours after the cells are placed in fresh control medium. Addition of actinomycin D to these previously treated cells does not inhibit the rise in hydroxylase activity, suggesting that RNA synthesis has occurred in the absence of translation. Furthermore, when actinomycin D is added to cells previously treated with benz[a]anthracene plus 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole, the increase in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity is prevented. Induction of increased hydroxylase activity seems to require at least two phases. The initial phase appears to involve synthesis of an induction-specific RNA, and this phase is cycloheximide-insensitive and hence translation-independent. The later phase of enzyme induction involves translation related to an induction-specific RNA, and this stage is insensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D and, thus, is transcription-independent. The increased enzyme activity may be due to an increase in the amount of either enzyme protein or other protein involved in enzyme activation.
The structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus: I. Identification of a minor internal protein

Abstract Purified Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Miyadera strain, was dissociated and its proteins were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptide VP 9 was consistently found to be the fastest migrating viral protein with an estimated molecular weight of approximately 26,500 when compared to known protein markers. VP 9 comprises approximately 3% of the total viral protein of virions grown in either chick embryo or HeLa cells. VP 9 was also identified by immunological procedures. Hyperimmune Ab-9 serum prepared against the purified VP 9 protein (eluted from polyacrylamide gels), was incapable of neutralizing the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase activities of NDV. In addition, this antibody did not react with the S-antigen (nucleoprotein) of the virus. Complement-fixation (CF) tests revealed that this antibody could react with solubilized NDV, but not intact virions. Immunofluorescent staining of NDV-infected HeLa cells with FITC-labeled Ab-9 resulted in cytoplasmic fluorescence which was not blocked by pretreatment with either unlabeled virus-specific antibody or anti-S antibody. To determine the relative proportion of VP 9 antigen in NDV stocks grown in various cell types, CF tests were performed with detergent-dissociated NDV grown in different cells. If the amount of test virus used in these CF reactions was standardized for S-antigen units, the CF titers for VP 9 antigen were the same for virus preparations grown in various cell types, whereas up to an 8-fold variation in titer was observed if standardization was based on hemagglutinin or neuraminidase units. It is concluded that VP 9 is an internal polypeptide of NDV virions which does not constitute part of the nucleoprotein complex and which does not exhibit significant quantitative variations as influenced by host factors.
Structure-reactivity relations of imidazole in polypeptides: I. Accelerated carboxymethylation reactions in poly-l-histidine☆

Abstract The reactivity with bromoacetate of imidazole in poly- l -histidine is 130 or more times greater than that of imidazole in free histidine under equivalent conditions. The N-1 and N-3 ring positions react about equally, in contrast to the preference for N-3 in the slow alkylation of simple imidazoles. The formation of N , N -1,3-dicarboxymethylimidazole in poly- l -histidine was demonstrated. This second alkylation of the ring proceeds more rapidly than the entry of the first carboxymethylation. The alkylation of poly- l -histidine shows an anomalous pH dependence, with a maximum near pH 4.8 and a further, steep rise near pH 6.0. The features of this reaction can be interpreted in terms of transitions between several forms of this polymer existing in aqueous media. The origin of the enhancement is considered to be essentially electrostatic: the reactivity increase due to an alkylating counter-ion appears to be useful for investigating the properties of groups in a charged polypeptide. The contribution is discussed of this phenomenon to the special reactivity of histidine-119 in the active center of pancreatic ribonuclease.
Epileptic Neurons Go Wireless

Neuroscientists have long been puzzled by the fact that prolonged epileptic seizures facilitate future seizures. In his Perspective, Staley discusses a recent study in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy ( Bernard et al .), which shows that a contributory factor to this facilitation is the loss of inhibitory Kion currents called A currents.
Cerebral edema in severe pregnancy-induced hypertension.

lomas might have developed. The patient has since conceived, further supporting origin of these organisms outside the reproductive tract. A high index of clinical suspicion for tuberculosis was crucial since routine histologic study of the therapeutic abortion material was not suggestive of an infectious process. The placenta in the second case showed an unusual gross abnormality, the placenta membranacea. This suggests early infection since tuberculous involvement of the decidual tissues may have interfered with first-trimester atrophy of the capsular villi. In conclusion, it is worthwhile to consider tuberculosis when examining placentas, as involvement may lead to the diagnosis or indicate disseminated disease. Acid-fast stains may be rewarding, even in the absence of suggestive histology, and could prove useful in all abortions on tuberculous women.
Primary food reward and reward-predictive stimuli evoke different patterns of phasic dopamine signaling throughout the striatum

Phasic changes in dopamine activity play a critical role in learning and goal-directed behavior. Unpredicted reward and reward-predictive cues evoke phasic increases in the firing rate of the majority of midbrain dopamine neurons--results that predict uniformly broadcast increases in dopamine concentration throughout the striatum. However, measurement of dopamine concentration changes during reward has cast doubt on this prediction. We systematically measured phasic changes in dopamine in four striatal subregions [nucleus accumbens shell and core (Core), dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum] in response to stimuli known to activate a majority of dopamine neurons. We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in awake and behaving rats, which measures changes in dopamine on a similar timescale to the electrophysiological recordings that established a relationship between phasic dopamine activity and reward. Unlike the responses of midbrain dopamine neurons, unpredicted food reward and reward-predictive cues evoked a phasic increase in dopamine that was subregion specific. In rats with limited experience, unpredicted food reward evoked an increase exclusively in the Core. In rats trained on a discriminative stimulus paradigm, both unpredicted reward and reward-predictive cues evoked robust phasic dopamine in the Core and DMS. Thus, phasic dopamine release in select target structures is dynamic and dependent on context and experience. Because the four subregions assayed receive different inputs and have differential projection targets, the regional selectivity of phasic changes in dopamine has important implications for information flow through the striatum and plasticity that underlies learning and goal-directed behavior.
Holomorphic vector fields with totally degenerate zeroes

A zero set of a holomorphic vector field is totally degenerate, if the endomorphism of the conormal sheaf induced by the vector field is identically zero. By studying a class of foliations generalizing foliations of C*-actions, we show that if a projective manifold admits a holomorphic vector field with a smooth totally degenerate zero component,then the manifold is stably birational to that component of the zero set.When the vector field has an isolated totally degenerate zero, we prove that the manifold is rational. This is a special case of Carrell's conjecture.
Integration of high-content screening and untargeted metabolomics for comprehensive functional annotation of natural product libraries

Traditional natural products discovery using a combination of live/dead screening followed by iterative bioassay-guided fractionation affords no information about compound structure or mode of action until late in the discovery process. This leads to high rates of rediscovery and low probabilities of finding compounds with unique biological and/or chemical properties. By integrating image-based phenotypic screening in HeLa cells with high-resolution untargeted metabolomics analysis, we have developed a new platform, termed Compound Activity Mapping, that is capable of directly predicting the identities and modes of action of bioactive constituents for any complex natural product extract library. This new tool can be used to rapidly identify novel bioactive constituents and provide predictions of compound modes of action directly from primary screening data. This approach inverts the natural products discovery process from the existing ‟grind and find” model to a targeted, hypothesis-driven discovery model where the chemical features and biological function of bioactive metabolites are known early in the screening workflow, and lead compounds can be rationally selected based on biological and/or chemical novelty. We demonstrate the utility of the Compound Activity Mapping platform by combining 10,977 mass spectral features and 58,032 biological measurements from a library of 234 natural products extracts and integrating these two datasets to identify 13 clusters of fractions containing 11 known compound families and four new compounds. Using Compound Activity Mapping we discovered the quinocinnolinomycins, a new family of natural products with a unique carbon skeleton that cause endoplasmic reticulum stress.
A critical appraisal of the usefulness of perioperative nutritional support

Preoperative malnutrition is often associated with poor postoperative outcome, yet there is no consensus about whether perioperative nutritional support reduces postoperative complications to the level occurring in well-nourished patients undergoing similar procedures. This is partly because reports evaluating effect of perioperative nutritional support on postoperative outcome vary widely in number of patients studied, primary diagnosis, and duration and quality of perioperative nutritional support. These concerns warrant caution in interpreting reported results, even of randomized studies. However, analysis of published reports suggests that when total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is given to malnourished patients in adequate amounts for greater than or equal to 7-15 d preoperatively, significant improvements in both nutritional status and postoperative clinical outcome are likely to occur. Preoperative total enteral nutrition (TEN) is as effective as TPN in improving postoperative clinical outcome. Postoperative TPN, TEN, and ad libitum oral nutrition are equally effective in reducing postoperative complications. Potential candidates for surgery for whom prompt initiation of preoperative TPN or TEN may reduce operative morbidity and mortality irrespective of nutritional status can be identified on admission.
Erratum to “Optimization-based prediction of asymmetric human gait” [J. Biomech. 44 (4) (2011) 683–693]

The authors would like to draw your attention to a typographical error in equations published in the above paper. The correct equations are reproduced here. Eq. (3) should have appeared as M 1⁄4Moþrzmp F ; F 1⁄4 F ð3Þ Eq. (6) should have appeared as M 1⁄4M 1 þ Adzmp F GRF 1 ; F A 1⁄4 F 1 ð6aÞ M 1⁄4M 2 þ Bdzmp F GRF 2 ; F B 1⁄4 F 2 ð6bÞ The data analysis and results are unaffected as the correct equations were used in the calculation.
Rayleigh scattering from ions near threshold

Abstract Theoretical studies of Rayleigh scattering of photons from neon atoms with different degrees of ionization, for energies both below and above the K-edges of the ions, are presented. Some unexpected structures both in Rayleigh scattering and in photoionization from neutral and weakly ionized atoms, very close to threshold, have been reported. It has recently been realized that some of the predicted structures may have a nonphysical origin and are due to the limitation of the independent-particle model and also to the use of a Coulombic Latter tail. Use of a K-shell vacancy potential — in which an electron is assumed to be removed from the K-shell — in calculating K-shell Rayleigh scattering amplitudes removes some of the structure effects near threshold. We present in this work a discussion of scattering angular distributions and total cross sections, obtained utilizing vacancy potentials, and compare these predictions with those previously obtained in other potential models.
Observation of the Quantum Well Interference in Magnetic Nanostructures by Photoemission

The Cu/Co/Ni/Co(100) system was investigated by photoemission to study the interference between the Cu quantum well and the Ni layer. By varying their separation, we found that the density of states of the Cu quantum well states were biperiodically modulated. This result provides clear evidence for the quantum interference between two quantum wells in magnetic nanostructures. The biperiodicity was identified to correspond to the two Fermi vectors of the Co minority energy bands.
The microtubule binding domain of tau protein

Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein implicated in the spatial and temporal specification of microtubules and has been found in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease. Determination of tau protein structure has revealed three 18 amino acid repeated sequences hypothesized to be tubulin binding sites. Using tau cDNA clones from human fetal brain, we employed E. coli expression systems to synthesize tau protein and fragments of tau protein in order to identify the microtubule binding site. A fragment containing the three repeated sequences binds microtubules, while the amino-terminal half of the protein does not bind. Fragments containing two or one repeat are also capable of binding, indicating that the basic tubulin interacting unit is one repeat.
Pregnant adolescents' perspectives of pregnancy.

Purpose To gain a clearer understanding of teens' perspectives on pregnancy and parenting. DESIGN Descriptive qualitative study using grounded theory. Methods The sample was comprised of 20 pregnant 15- to 19-year-old teens in the second or third trimester of pregnancy who planned to keep their child. A taped interview of each participant was performed either in the school the teen was attending or in the privacy of her home. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Interviews were compared with each other to confirm/disconfirm emerging themes. Results The comparison of the data from the 20 interviews resulted in themes clearly describing the teens' perceptions of the changes related to pregnancy, how they managed these changes, and their views on mothering. Three major themes emerged: "The pregnant me--unexpected changes," "Transformed relationships," and "Envisioning mothering." Clinical implications Nurses caring for pregnant adolescents who have made the decision to keep their babies should carefully assess each individual's strengths, weaknesses, hopes, and goals prior to developing a plan of care. Identifying the teens' living situations and support from family, father of the baby, and/or friends and recognizing and building upon the strengths the teens bring to the pregnancy may influence the pregnancy's outcome. Encouraging attendance and participation in programs specifically designed for pregnant adolescents and adolescent parents may be a helpful strategy for these teens.
Experimental Investigation of a Vortex-Flow Restrictor: Rain-Blocker Performance Tests

Flow restrictors, or rain blockers, are commonly used at inlets of storm-drain networks to limit the peak flow entering storm sewers. This reduces the likelihood of the sewer system becoming hydraulically overloaded, thus preventing sewer backups and residential flooding. The vortex-flow restrictor limits flow by forcing flow through a helicoidal chamber followed by sudden expansions and contractions that create high levels of turbulence. The high turbulence produced in a vortex-flow restrictor limits flow rates much more than a simple orifice, while maintaining a relatively large flow opening that can reduce the chances of clogging. Hydraulic tests were conducted with a vortex-flow restrictor (FR Type I) as well as a modified version in which the vortex chamber was removed (FR Type II), in which case the restrictor works a simple orifice plate. Discharge coefficients were calculated for the tested flow restrictor configurations and were compared to the case in which no flow restrictor was in place.
Social skills, paranoid thinking, and social outcomes among young adults

Although research indicates associations between social skills deficits and poor social outcomes (Deniz et al., 2005; Segrin, 1990), and such outcomes and paranoid thinking (Freeman et al., 2005), few studies have investigated links between social skills, paranoid thinking, and social outcomes. Undergraduate students (N = 182) completed self-report measures of paranoid thinking, social skills, loneliness, and social support. Paranoid thinking was positively associated with sensitivity to verbal messages of others and social norms; and negatively associated with social adeptness and confidence in social interaction. Social skill deficits and paranoid thinking independently predicted greater loneliness and fewer social supports, particularly deficits in overall social competence (multiple skills combined) rather than individual skills. Social skills are discussed as a target for treatment of social and psychological difficulties.
Dissociation of autoreceptor activation and behavioral consequences of low-dose apomorphine treatment.

Abstract Lynch, Minda R.: Dissociation of autoreceptor activation and behavioral consequences of low-dose apomorphine treatment. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1991, 15 (5) : 689–698. 1. 1. Low dose dopaminergic agonist effects have been used as a behavioral screen for identifying compounds with selective autoreceptor activity. 2. 2. However, results from several recent investigations suggest that these behaviors may not be generated from an autoreceptor substrate but rather from a subpopulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors with a high affinity for the agonist. 3. 3. In support of this hypothesis, the present investigation reports that both hypomotility and yawning, induced in the rat with 0.07 mg/kg apomorphine, were not paralleled by autoreceptor-induced reductions in transmitter metabolism from either mesolimbic or neostriatal dopamine regions.
The mindless use of medical data

Abstract Naive realism is rampant in our culture. Whether it is the typical patient or the scientist collecting medical data, the implicit guiding belief seems to be we all experience a single reality. People of course pay lip service to the idea that things look different from different perspectives. Over thirty years of research on mindlessness/mindfulness suggests otherwise. A distinct difference exists between the theories we hold when asked and the practices in which we engage when going about our daily lives. All of this work strongly suggests that mindlessness is pervasive. This short piece contains two parts. First, I will give an overview of the concept of mindfulness and mindlessness as I study it and describe its causes and consequences. Second, I will apply some of these ideas to a new understanding of medical data, its collection, and use.
Statistical tests for closure of plate motion circuits

Two methods, one based on a chi-square test and the second on an F-ratio test, of testing for the plate motion circuit closures are described and evaluated. The chi-square test is used to evaluate goodness of fit, and it is assumed that the assigned errors are accurate estimates of the true errors in the data. The F-ratio test is used to compare variances of distributions, and it is assumed that the relative values of assigned error are accurate. The two methods are applied to the data of Minster and Jordan (1978) on the motion of the three plates that meet at the Galapagos Triple Junction, and the motion of the three plates that meet at the Indian Ocean Triple Junction. It is noted that the F-ratio plate circuit closure test is more useful than the chi-square test for identifying systematic misfits in data because the chi-square test overestimates the errors of plate motion data.
Monolayers of porphyrin esters: Spectral disturbances and molecular interactions

Abstract Monolayers at the air-water interface provide a model of the environment in the transition zone between the aqueous and nonaqueous components of biological membranes. As a preface to the study of mixed porphyrin systems, we have examined monolayers of several metal-free porphyrin esters, having hydrophilic groups varied in number and position on the periphery of the ring. With all the materials studied, regardless of the number and distribution of polar groups, the films formed are very rigid, with the porphyrin planes oriented vertically at the water surface. There are pronounced spectral disturbances with respect to solution in organic solvents, red shifts of as much as 70 millimicrons being observed. There are also distinct isomer effects. All results are consistent with very strong plane-plane interactions in the films at the air-water interface. The spectral disturbances are discussed in terms of these interactions.
Immunosuppression following exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in Ah-responsive and Ah-nonresponsive mice.

Abstract Recent reports suggest that the immunotoxicity of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is associated with the Ah locus in mice. To test whether immunosuppression mediated by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) is regulated by the Ah locus, several endpoints of immune function were measured in Ah-responsive B6C3F1 and Ah-nonresponsive DBA/2N and in Ah-congenic C57BL/6J (responsive B6-AhbAhd and nonresponsive B6-AhdAhd) mice dosed sc with up to 100 μg/g DMBA in corn oil. Some groups of B6C3F1 and DBA/2N mice were exposed to 100 μg/g benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) or 1 nmol 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for determination of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity. The body weights of all mice were unaffected by DMBA exposure, but thymus weights and spleen cellularity were decreased. Antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) measured 4 days after iv sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) immunization were suppressed 99% in B6C3F1 and 96% in DBA/2 mice. Antibody PFC after in vitro immunization to SRBC were similarly suppressed 98% in both B6-AhbAhd and B6-AhdAhdAh-congenic mice exposed to 100 μg/g DMBA. Responses to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin were significantly suppressed in both B6C3F1 and DBA/2N strains, as was mitogenesis to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The unidirectional mixed lymphocyte responses of the congenic strains were suppressed 76% in B6-AhbAhd and 85% in B6-AhdAhd; cytotoxic lymphocyte generation was suppressed 68% in B6-AhbAhd and 78% in B6-AhdAhd. The overall differences between immunosuppressive responses in splenocytes from B6-AhbAhd and B6-AhdAhd congenics were not significant. Induction of cytochrome P1-450, a marker of Ah responsiveness, was determined by 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase monooxygenase activity in hepatic microsomes or splenocytes. This monooxygenase activity was not significantly increased in either B6C3F1 or DBA/2 mice exposed to DMBA, whereas B(a)P and TCDD exposure significantly induced enzyme activity in B6C3F1 hepatocytes. These data suggest that DMBA has an immunosuppressive action on murine splenocytes which is independent of the Ah locus and associated induction of cytochrome P1-450 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
Preceptor leadership style and the nursing practicum.

Abstract Preceptors are clinically based nurses that agree to participate with nursing students in an effort to provide them with opportunities to reinforce their knowledge with clinical experience. Preceptors serve as nursing role models to students and can facilitate their understanding and socialization into the reality of nursing. Studies on preceptorships have focused traditionally on the experience of precepting from the perspectives of student, employer, and preceptor. Literature related to methods for matching preceptors and students is very limited. Selection of preceptors to serve as role models for students should not be limited to clinical skill alone. Student learning and clinical experience can be influenced directly by the leadership characteristics that a preceptor possesses. To make the experience of precepting positive and beneficial for preceptor, student, and faculty, an examination and discussion of the potential preceptor's leadership style should be conducted. Situational leadership and the four different styles of leadership identified by Hersey and Blanchard provide a useful model for identifying leadership traits in preceptors that nursing faculty will find useful as they seek to match preceptors in a way that will facilitate knowledge acquisition and application for nursing students in the clinical setting. J Prof Nurs 19:32-37, 2003. Copyright 20032003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attitudinal Polarization and Trimodal Distributions: Measurement Problems and Theoretical Implications

Objective. We present trimodality as a distributional pattern that is relevant to conceptual issues of attitudinal polarization but fits nowhere along the modality-bimodality continuum. Methods. We use simulated univariate distributions and distributions taken from the 1994 General Social Survey to investigate how commonly used measures track (or fail to track) noteworthy shifts in the distributions. Results. The kurtosis and variance are largely insensitive to important distributional differences, most importantly that between bimodality and trimodality. Conclusions. We argue that the lack of attention to trimodality and the insensitivity of commonly used measures of polarization (kurtosis in particular) to that distributional pattern create a blind spot in our thinking about polarization and can lead to basic misinterpretations of extant patterns in public opinion data.
The use of derivative spectrophotometry for the rapid measurement of substrate and product concentration in fermentation

Derivative spectrophotometry has been used to study the culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIB 11615 grown in complex medium containing acetanilide. By using fourth derivative spectra it has proved possible to determine both acetanilide (substrate) and aniline (product) concentration in culture samples. The method has been found to possess several advantages over other techniques. It allows simultaneous determination of more than one species, requires a minimum volume of culture, needs no sample pretreatment and yields results within two to three minutes of sampling.
Mechanism of electrical shorting failure mode in resistive switching

The electrical shorting failure mode in resistive switching is characterized by the inability to increase the resistance electrically and is one of the most common failures observed in these devices. We show that vacancy accumulation at the inert electrode is a likely cause of the electrical shorting failure mode. A detailed description is provided of the specific effect of injected oxygen vacancies from the reactive electrode and from the secondary reservoir that is formed at the inert electrode during an electrical shorting failure. We present quantitative theoretical and experimental analysis of the failure mechanism while suggesting approaches and conditions for prevention and recovery. The approach also provides an analytical description of sub-saturation vacancy injection during normal operation while experimentally showing the range of conditions where this behavior dominates.
Agency Internets and the Changing Dynamics of Congressional Oversight

Abstract As federal government agencies offer more sophisticated and useful web access to their programs, many have examined citizen use of these services. Other effects of the increasing online access to agency information and services have been less well studied. Here we focus on the effects of the increasing digital capacity of federal agencies on congressional oversight. We explore the impact of expanded online agency offerings on the number and type of requests for casework; on the focus, duration, and number of investigative hearings; and on the detail and specificity with which program legislation is written. This research is based on interviews with committee staff with jurisdiction over two agencies with a strong Internet presence and two with a weak presence.
Polycrystal orientation distribution effects on microslip in high cycle fatigue

Abstract A principal issue in High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) of polycrystalline metals is the degree of heterogeneity of cyclic slip processes. Under low cycle fatigue (LCF) conditions, persistent slip bands and small cracks are fairly uniformly distributed among grains, leading to low variability of small fatigue crack nucleation and propagation processes. For HCF conditions, the cyclic plastic slip processes are highly heterogeneously distributed among grains and the surface crack density is sparse [1] . This work utilizes computational crystal plasticity to assess the degree of heterogeneity of cyclic plastic deformation for cyclic loading below the yield point among large sets of grains in a single phase polycrystal, using a two-dimensional micromechanical approach based on crystal plasticity. Different realizations of aggregates of grains with random orientations of slip systems are considered for cyclic tension–compression and shear. By examining different microstructure realizations at different strain amplitudes, statistical information is obtained which provides insight into the dependence of fatigue crack formation and early growth on the heterogeneity inherent in actual polycrystalline alloys. It is shown that the cyclic plastic shear strain concentration factor within the microstructure is more severe under cyclic shear than under cyclic tension–compression in the nominally elastic loading regime.
Organization and Well-Being of the Farming Industry: Reflections on the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981

the role of public policy in shaping the agricultural sector. Conclusions drawn from these studies have resulted in something less than a consensus concerning the effects of public policy on agriculture. The Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 is the latest in a series of public laws that affect our national agriculture. The act contains policy guidelines for a variety of commodity price support, income maintenance, and resource use programs. As such, it provides the basis for public intervention in the agricultural sector over the next four years. This paper considers the implications that the 1981 act holds for the organization and well-being of U.S. agriculture. The paper begins with definitions of farm organization and well-being. A brief review of pertinent research follows to establish a few of the more important precedents. Next, the 1981 act's major provisions are highlighted and a general assessment of their likely affect on the farm sector is given. Finally, an analytical evaluation of the implications of the 1981 act for U.S. agriculture is provided.
Outcomes of inferior sinus venosus defect repair.

Objective Inferior sinus venosus defect is an unusual form of interatrial communication with few published data on surgical outcomes. We sought to compare outcomes of surgical repair of inferior sinus venosus defect with those of large secundum atrial septal defects. Methods Patients undergoing surgical closure of an isolated interatrial defect were reviewed, and those with inferior sinus venosus defect were identified on the basis of predetermined anatomic criteria. For each case, 2 controls with secundum atrial septal defect, matched for age and year of surgery, were selected. Technical outcome scores and other perioperative outcomes were compared. Results Compared with the secundum atrial septal defect group (n = 90), the inferior sinus venosus defect group (n = 45) had worse technical outcome scores ( P = .02), a higher rate of reintervention (9% vs 1%, P = .04), longer median total cardiopulmonary bypass (48 vs 39 minutes, P P P = .04) and more than 3 days in the hospital (29% vs 13%, P = .03). Only 16 (36%) of the patients with inferior sinus venosus defect had a correct diagnosis preoperatively. Patients with an incorrect diagnosis had worse technical outcome scores than the secundum atrial septal defect group ( P = .003), whereas those with a correct diagnosis had scores similar to those of the secundum atrial septal defect group ( P = .55). Conclusions Compared with patients with secundum atrial septal defect, patients with inferior sinus venosus defect have more residual defects and longer durations of cardiopulmonary bypass and hospitalization. Rates of misdiagnosis of inferior sinus venosus defect are high and associated with worse technical outcome scores. Accurate preoperative diagnosis of this lesion may lead to improved outcomes.
Effect of fish oil on the fatty acid composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes.

To examine the effect of fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes, five lactating women were supplemented with 6 g of fish oil daily for 21d. Usual maternal diets contained 1,147 mg of total n−3 FA, with 120 mg from very long-chain (>C18) n−3 FA. Supplementation increased dietary levels to 3,092 mg of total n−3 FA and 2,006 mg of very long-chain n−3 FA. Milk samples were collected daily, prior to fish oil ingestion, and at 4-h intervals on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Milk n−3 FA content increased within 8 h and reached steady state levels within one week. The n−6 fatty acid content decreased. Erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid content increased from 0.24% to 1.4% (P<0.01) in mothers and from 0.11% to 0.70% (P<0.05) in infants. Docosapentaenoic acid increased from 1.4% to 2.2% (P<0.05) in mothers and from 0.30% to 0.78% (P<0.01) in infants. There was no significant change in docosahexaenoic acid or n−6 fatty acid content. Maternal platelet aggregation responses were variable. No differences in milk or plasma tocopherol levels were noted.
Understanding the propagation of transient errors in HPC applications

Resiliency of exascale systems has quickly become an important concern for the scientific community. Despite its importance, still much remains to be determined regarding how faults disseminate or at what rate do they impact HPC applications. The understanding of where and how fast faults propagate could lead to more efficient implementation of application-driven error detection and recovery. In this work, we propose a fault propagation framework to analyze how faults propagate in MPI applications and to understand their vulnerability to faults. We employ a combination of compiler-level code transformation and instrumentation, along with a runtime checker. Using the information provided by our framework, we employ machine learning technique to derive application fault propagation models that can be used to estimate the number of corrupted memory locations at runtime.
Flow-induced shear stresses increase the number of cell-cell contacts within extracellular matrix.

The formation of cell–cell contacts within extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and metabolism, as well as critical toward the cell–ECM mechanotransduction that can affect intracellular organization and intercellular communication to enable cell response to external stimuli. This work illustrates the effects of shear stresses on cell–cell contacts within pre-stressed collagen ECM that were loaded in two separate conditions of constant flow (CF) and constant elution time (CET). The numbers of cell–cell contacts and cytoplasmic processes in both media and 3D ECM gels were analyzed in order to examine the shear effects of different magnitudes and time periods on 3D cell–ECM formation. The sheared collagen ECM microstructures were imaged and studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illustrate greater distances between constituent cells when larger shear stresses were applied. And the gap junction Connexin 43 expressed between networked cells that were sheared in short time period using CF loading exhibited more than those using CET loading. Notably, the number of cell–cell contacts increased when larger shear stresses were applied, suggesting these stresses may be used to increase intercellular communication within 3D matrixes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Regional induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide administration

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that is responsible, in part, for several aspects of the acute-phase response to inflammation, including the generation of fever. TNF-alpha has direct effects on central nervous system neurons deep within the hypothalamus that are involved in producing the febrile response, but the blood-brain barrier prevents circulating TNF-alpha from having access to these sites. We therefore have hypothesized that TNF-alpha may be produced in the brain and used as a mediator in the cerebral components of the acute-phase response. We used in situ hybridization to determine the distribution of production of TNF-alpha mRNA in the mouse brain after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. During the initial phase of fever, hybridization was observed in perivascular cells and neurons in circumventricular organs, including the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, median eminence, and area postrema, as well as along the ventral surface of the medulla; hybridization was also prominent over many cell in the meninges. During the late phase of the response, hybridization was observed over neurons in the pericircumventricular nuclei such as the anteroventral periventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. TNF-alpha produced by a cascade of neurons within the brain may participate in the complex autonomic, neuroendocrine, metabolic, and behavioral responses to infection and inflammation.
Prediction of secondary separation in shock wave boundary-layer interactions

A complex three-dimensional shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction at Mach 4 has been investigated experimentally and computationally, using two turbulence models with substantial refinement. With the use of a fine grid model, secondary flow separation was successfully computed, and grid changes did not improve agreement with experiment for the extent of upstream influence. The use of a non-isotropic turbulence model gave a slight improvement in upstream influence, but the size of the interaction was still significantly less than in the experiment.
A method for jointly estimating the noise and bias of AIRS and TES over homogeneous ocean scenes

Accurate estimation of measurement noise in remote sensing instruments is critically important for the retrieval of geophysical quantities and the analysis of bias and trends. It is difficult to estimate noise directly from observed scene data because it is a combination of many sources, including instrument quiescent noise, scene inhomogeneity and random background fluctuations. Multiple datasets can be used to separate the instrument and scene noise. A noise estimate based on staring at cold space or a calibration source constitutes a lower limit, while noise estimates derived from the difference between scene observations and a model (such as forecast) convolves the true noise with the model uncertainty. Ideally, noise should be estimated directly from the observation of the scene. We have developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to jointly estimate the scene noise, instrument noise and instrument biases from sets of overlapping footprints. Informative prior distributions are constructed from pre-launch test results and inference is done by using Gibbs sampling to sample from the posterior distribution of the instrument parameters. We demonstrate this model by estimating and comparing the relative noise and bias of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) instrument on board the Aqua platform to the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Aura platform over the tropical latitudes using the Real-time, global, sea surface temperature (RTG-SST) analysis as a ground truth.
The plutonium-carbon-oxygen system

Abstract A portion of the Pu-C-O condensed ternary phase diagram has been examined. A single-phase field containing a Pu(C, O) phase was found. Lattice parameter data arid the composition range for the Pu(C, O) phase are described. Adjoining the Pu(C, 0) singlephase field, three two-phase fields containing Pu + Pu (C, O), Pu2O3 + Pu(C, O) and Pu2C3 + Pu(C, O) were found. A three-phase field containing Pu + Pu2O3 + Pu (C, O) was also delineated.
Creation of compression gastroenterostomy by means of the oral, percutaneous, or surgical introduction of magnets: feasibility study in swine

Purpose The use of magnets placed surgically, percutaneously, and orally to create compression gastroenteric anastomoses was evaluated in 11 swine. Materials and Methods Disc-shaped, jacketed rare-earth magnets with cutting edges varying in diameter from 0.250 inch (6.4 mm) to 0.500 inch (12.7 mm) were used in seven swine, and rectangular types were used in three swine. Magnets were implanted surgically in five and introduced by means of standard interventional techniques through a gastrostomy in two and perorally in four animals. Anastomoses n = 8) were studied grossly and histologically for acute changes at 5–13 days and for 30-day patency in one. Results Of the nine surviving pigs, there were seven completely patent anastomoses and one partially patent anastomosis at 7–13 days. At 5 days the anastomosis was not patent in the remaining animal. One anastomosis became occluded at 30 days. There was no anastomotic leakage, infection, or bleeding. Conclusions Leak-free gastrojejunostomies can be created by inserting magnets perorally, percutaneously, or surgically.
Multistage cyclotron autoresonance accelerator

It has been shown previously that a cyclotron autoresonance accelerator (CARA) has a practical upper energy limit that arises from axial velocity stalling in the rising axial magnetic field. This paper shows that this upper energy limit can be overcome by operating a series of CARA stages, with each succeeding stage at a higher gyroharmonic. The accelerator would be driven from a single external rf source, and gyroharmonic operation in stages beyond the first would be accomplished by stagewise reduction in the guide magnetic field. Analytical and simulation results are presented to show, under ideal conditions, that stalling can thereby be avoided and acceleration to high energy can be achieved. For a three-stage CARA with a 15-A, 250-kV injected electron beam driven by 75 MW of rf power at 11.424 GHz, the results show that an energy of over 5 MeV can be reached at the end of the third stage, whereas a practical single-stage CARA with a 250-kV injected beam has an upper energy limit of about 1.7 MeV. It is also shown that tandem operation of a large number of CARA stages could, in principle, allow acceleration of electrons up to GeV energies.
Advances in high-rate uncooled detector fabrication at Raytheon

Over the past two years Raytheon has made a major investment aimed at establishing a high volume uncooled manufacturing capability. This effort has addressed three elements of the uncooled value stream, namely bolometer fabrication, packaging and calibration/test. To facilitate a low cost / high volume source of bolometers Raytheon has formed a partnership with a high volume 200mm commercial silicon wafer fabrication. Over a 12 month period Raytheon has installed 200mm VOx deposition equipment, matched the metrology used on the Raytheon 150mm line, transferred the process flow used to fabricate Raytheon's double layer bolometer process and qualified the product. In this paper we will review the process transfer methodology and bolometer performance. To reduce bolometer packaging cost and increase production rates, Raytheon has implemented an automated packaging line. This line utilizes automated adhesive dispense, component pick and place, wire bonding and solder seal. In this paper we will review the process flow, qualification process and line capacity Calibration and test has traditionally been performed using a number of temperature chambers, with increased throughput being obtained by adding more chambers. This comes at the expense of increased test labor required to feed the chambers and an increased energy and floor space foot print. To avoid these collateral costs, Raytheon has implemented an automated robotic calibration cell capable of performing in excess of 5,000 calibrations a month. In this paper we will provide an overview of the calibration cell along with takt time and throughput data.
Atherogenesis and the homocysteine-folate-cobalamin triad: do we need standardized analyses?

Bioscientists, physicians and nutritionists are newly interested in the homocysteine-folate-cobalamin triad, in part because homocysteine may be important both in atherogenesis and thrombogenesis. Homocysteine imbalance may be an early marker for cobalamin disorders because cobalamin is a cofactor in remethylation of homocysteine to methionine.In 139 men and 32 women of similar mean age of 65 years, we measured markers which have been cited as risk for atherosclerosis: serum homocysteine, folate, total cobalamin, holotranscobalamin I and II, (TCI and TCII), total serum cholesterol (SCHOL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), triglycerides (STG) as well as red blood cell (RBC) folate, food records and body composition by whole body counting of potassium-forty (40K).Statistical relationships among the data showed healthy women had lower mean serum homocysteine and their mean RBC folate and TCI and TCII were higher than men. Eighty-three subjects had TCII much lower than 60 pg/ml (subnormal), yet on...
Boom or Bust: Future of Health Profession Education

The future of allied health education depends greatly on the nature of economic, social, political and health trends. It behooves educators and administrators to consider such trends as dramatic cutbacks in educational funding, revision of Medicare and Medicaid hospital reimbursement policies, establishment of diagnosis related groups (DRG), increasing technology, the wave of conservatism and the aging population. The effect of the health profession is speculative, however, knowing these trends and properly preparing, revising and reorganizing for them will keep allied health educational programs viable. This paper addresses the trends and their impact on education.