cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-based thermodynamic modeling of the Ni-Al-Mo system using first-principles calculations

A solution-based thermodynamic description of the ternary Ni–Al–Mo system is developed here, incorporating first-principles calculations and reported modeling of the binary Ni–Al, Ni–Mo and Al–Mo systems. To search for the configurations with the lowest energies of the N phase, the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT) was employed and combined with VASP. The liquid, bcc and γ-fcc phases are modeled as random atomic solutions, and the γʹ-Ni3Al phase is modeled by describing the ordering within the fcc structure using two sublattices, summarized as (Al,Mo,Ni)0.75(Al,Mo,Ni)0.25. Thus, γ-fcc and γʹ-Ni3Al are modeled with a single Gibbs free energy function with appropriate treatment of the chemical ordering contribution. In addition, notable improvements are the following: first, the ternary effects of Mo and Al in the B2-NiAl and D0a-Ni3Mo phases, respectively, are considered; second, the N-NiAl8Mo3 phase is described as a solid solution using a three-sublattice model; third, the X-Ni14Al75Mo11 phase is treated as a stoichiometric compound. Model parameters are evaluated using first-principles calculations of zero-Kelvin formation enthalpies and reported experimental data. In comparison with the enthalpies of formation for the compounds ψ-AlMo, θ-Al8Mo3 and B2-NiAl, the first-principles results indicate that the N-NiAl8Mo3 phase, which is stable at high temperatures, decomposes into other phases at low temperature. Resulting phase equilibria are summarized in the form of isothermal sections and liquidus projections. To clearly identify the relationship between the γ-fcc and γʹ-Ni3Al phases in the ternary Ni–Al–Mo system, the specific γ-fcc and γʹ-Ni3Al phase fields are plotted in x(Al)–x(Mo)–T space for a temperature range 1200–1800 K.
Synthetic Biology: Tools to Design, Build, and Optimize Cellular Processes

The general central dogma frames the emergent properties of life, which make biology both necessary and difficult to engineer. In a process engineering paradigm, each biological process stream and process unit is heavily influenced by regulatory interactions and interactions with the surrounding environment. Synthetic biology is developing the tools and methods that will increase control over these interactions, eventually resulting in an integrative synthetic biology that will allow ground-up cellular optimization. In this review, we attempt to contextualize the areas of synthetic biology into three tiers: (1) the process units and associated streams of the central dogma, (2) the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms, and (3) the extrinsic physical and chemical environment. Efforts at each of these three tiers attempt to control cellular systems and take advantage of emerging tools and approaches. Ultimately, it will be possible to integrate these approaches and realize the vision of integrative synthetic biology when cells are completely rewired for biotechnological goals. This review will highlight progress towards this goal as well as areas requiring further research.
A clinical diagnosis of muscular pattern in orthodontic practice.

T he multidimensional field of orthodontic diagnosis and orthodontic classification embodies three major parameters : occlusal, skeletal, and muscular. It, was Angle1 who first fully recognized that rational orthodontic treatment, rests upon a correct diagnosis of occlusal dysplasia. In effect, his classification of malocclusion brough a semblance of orderliness into our diagnostic procc(lures and has notably facilitated definition of our treatment goals. Angle’s system and subsequent modifications introduced by Lischerz and Dewey” group various occZ~sclZ patterns within several classes distinguished 1)~ characteristic horizontal and vertical cuspal relationships of teeth. The scope of initially denture-oriented orthodontic diagnosis has been expanded into thrt arca of skeletal anthropometry by the advent of roentgenographic ccphalometrics:&! 5 Krogman and Sassouni6 described as many as forty-four different ccphalometric analyses designed to evaluate the skeletal pattern of orthodont,ic patients. These analyses utilize--in various combinations-fifty-nine anthropometric landmarks, forty-one craniofacial planes, and seventeen angles.’ Before long we discovered that, in some cases, a discordance could be found between the occlusal and skeletal classifications, (for example, Angle’s Class II malocclusion associated with a Class I skeletal pattern). These observations brought about a drastic departure from a conventional acceptance of various octlusal classes as homogenous morphologic entities. We have learned to recognize a unique interplay of multiple occlusal and skeletal variables in uach orthodontic case, and, as a result, we have abandoned our stereotyped approach to treat,ment planning. It is rather surprising that, despite a seemingly sound and sophisticated diagnostic approach and in spite of our clinical proficiency and the excellentrc of our mechanical appliances, we are still experiencing frequent cliwical fGil,ures. Why is it that we are still unable to treat and successfully retain all our
The Impact of Pharmacokinetics on Cancer Chemotherapy

The benefits of pharmacokinetics can be considered from two points of view, the impact on the average patient and that on the individual patient. For the average patient, pharmacokinetic studies answer basic questions about dose, schedule, and route of administration. For the individual patient, benefits are derived from the ability of pharmacokinetic studies to define parameters of toxicity and suggest possible dose modifications.
An atlas-navigated optimal medial axis and deformable model algorithm (NOMAD) for the segmentation of the optic nerves and chiasm in MR and CT images☆

In recent years, radiation therapy has become the preferred treatment for many types of head and neck tumors. To plan the procedure, vital structures, including the optic nerves and chiasm, must be identified using CT/MR imagery. In this work we present a novel method for automatically localizing the optic nerves and chiasm using a tubular structure localization algorithm in which a statistical model and image registration are used to incorporate a priori local intensity and shape information. The method results in mean Dice coefficients of 0.8 when compared to manual segmentations over ten test cases. This suggests that our method is more accurate than existing techniques developed for the segmentation of these structures.
Construction of vector lists and isomorph rejection

It is observed that if @D is a system of orbit representatives for the action of a finite group G on a G-stable subset L of a finite set S and if F is a field of characteristic zero, then F^S is an algebra of dimension |S|. Furthermore, if S = R^D, the set of functions from a finite set D to a finite set R, then F^S has a multilinear structure. A general problem is stated: Given linear operators T"1 and T"2, construct vectors v"1, ... v"[email protected]^S such that T"2I"@D = T"1(v"1 + ... + v"t) where l"@D is the indicator or characteristic function of @D. (Note that this construction gives, in some sense, a solution to the problem of isomorph rejection.) For appropriate choices of T"1 and T"2, two approaches to this construction problem are considered. These are the principle of inclusion-exclusion and backtrack computer programming. In particular, these approaches are discussed when S = R^D and the vectors to be constructed are pure or homogeneous tensors.
Creating a sensible derating system

Derating is the intentional reduction of applied stress on a component in order to assure reliability. A series of derating guides have been issued by the U.S. military services as well as other groups. Each guide, by itself, is not complete. Entries in guides are typically "rules of thumb" such as "derate at 70% of maximum power up to 70 degC and then derate linearly to zero by 100 degC". This rule may work for most of the cases of a certain component in a common design practice. Derating guidelines should also work for the balance of the remaining applications. The remaining cases represent the challenge and probably need supplemental notes, explanations or active design team involvement with the reliability engineer. A good derating system will also include recommended derating factor information supplemented, in some cases, by additional comments or figures which describe practical limits. The additional cautions and/or supplemental notes could help for the more difficult cases. Lastly, alternate component types should be suggested when required. Placing these derating guides into your own company will help to develop reliability thinking at the design level
Labeled indole-macromolecular conjugates from growing stems supplied with labeled indoleacetic Acid : I. Fractionation.

Pea (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Red Kidney) stem sections treated with indoleacetic acid-1-(14)C, indoleacetic acid-2-(14)C, and indoleacetic acid-5-(3)H were homogenized, extracted with phenol, and the water-soluble, ethanol-insoluble material subjected to further fractionation. Following an 18-hour incubation period in indoleacetic acid-1-(14)C, most of the label was found as nonindole-(14)C in high molecular weight polysaccharide, as phenol extraction is specific for both RNA and polysaccharides. With indoleacetic acid-2-(14)C and -5-(3)H, and to a lesser extent with indoleacetic acid-1-(14)C, radioactive indoles were obtained by hydrolysis from a heterogeneous fraction between about 500 and 30,000 molecular weight, possibly polysaccharide in nature. Indoleacetic acid accounted for 8% and indole aldehyde accounted for 21% of the total radioactivity in the extract.
Affective reactivity of speech disturbances in schizotypy

Speech disturbances (SD) are a pernicious symptom of schizophrenia that increase when negative emotion is elicited. This increase is referred to as affective reactivity (AR). Although considerable research has examined SD in schizophrenia, few studies have investigated this symptom in individuals at risk for the disorder, who demonstrate schizophrenia-like, or schizotypic, traits. In the present study, we examined: (1) SD severity in schizotypy, (2) how SD varies as a function of stress reactivity in schizotypy, and (3) the relationship between SD/AR with Quality of Life (QOL). Individuals with psychometrically-defined schizotypy (n=83) and controls (n=22) completed a laboratory procedure in which they produced speech while viewing pleasant and stressful photographs. This speech was analyzed for subtle speech disorder using a well-validated measure. We found that the schizotypy group demonstrated significant increases in SD across both baseline and stressful conditions compared to the control group. AR was not significantly different between the groups. Within the schizotypy group, severity of disorganized schizotypy symptoms was associated with high levels of SD and AR while interpersonal schizotypy was associated with low levels of SD and AR. AR was also related to increased objective QOL in the schizotypy group. This study highlights the role of stress reactivity across the schizophrenia-spectrum. Moreover, the incongruous relationships between disorganized and interpersonal symptoms with SD underscore the marked heterogeneity in processes across schizotypy.
A spatial approach to transcriptional profiling: mechanotransduction and the focal origin of atherosclerosis

The initiation and progression of focal atherosclerotic lesions has long been known to be associated with regions of disturbed blood flow. Improved precision in experimental models of spatially defined flow has recently been combined with regional and single-cell gene-expression profiling to investigate the relationships linking haemodynamics to vessel-wall pathobiology.
Statistical Analysis of the Time Dependence of HIV Infectivity Based on Partner Study Data

Abstract Statistical analyses of data from studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in partners of infected individuals often focus on estimation of the per contact probability of virus transmission, or infectivity. Of particular interest is evaluating whether the infectivity changes during the course of a partnership and identifying factors that influence the infectiousness of the initially infected partner (called the index case) and the susceptibility of the uninfected partner. Estimation and inference are complicated by limitations in partner study data, which may include unknown time of infection for either or both partners and inaccurate or incomplete information on the number and frequency of contacts. Using techniques from survival analysis, we extend earlier work of Jewell and Shiboski by developing semiparametric models for partner study data that allow variation in the infectivity according to time since infection of the index case. These models provide a unifying framework fo...
Application of carbon isotopes to detect seepage out of coalbed natural gas produced water impoundments

Abstract Coalbed natural gas (CBNG) production from coal bed aquifers requires large volumes of produced water to be pumped from the subsurface. The produced water ranges from high quality that meets state and federal drinking water standards to low quality due to increased salinity and/or sodicity. The Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming is a major coalbed natural gas producing region, where water quality generally decreases moving from the southeastern portion of the basin towards the center. Most produced water in Wyoming is disposed into impoundments and other surface drainages, where it may infiltrate into shallow groundwater. Groundwater degradation caused by infiltration of CBNG produced water holding impoundments into arid, soluble salt-rich soils is an issue of immense importance because groundwater is a major source for stock water, irrigation, and drinking water for many small communities in these areas. This study examines the potential of using stable C isotope signatures of dissolved inorganic C (δ 13 C DIC ) to track the fate of CBNG produced water after it is discharged into the impoundments. Other geochemical proxies like the major cations and major anions were used in conjunction with field water quality measurements to understand the geochemical differences between CBNG produced waters and ambient waters in the study area. Samples were collected from the CBNG discharge outfalls, produced water holding impoundments, and monitoring wells from different parts of the Powder River Basin and analyzed for δ 13 C DIC . The CBNG produced waters from outfalls and impoundments have positive δ 13 C DIC values that fall within the range of +12‰ to +22‰, distinct from the ambient regional surface and groundwaters with δ 13 C DIC values ranging from −10‰ to −14‰. The results from the study demonstrate that these contrasting δ 13 C DIC signatures can be used to trace seepage out of CBNG produced water impoundments into shallow groundwaters.
Multichannel Processes And Cross Sections For The Production Of Photofragments In Molecular Systems

Fluorescence spectra resulting from extreme ultraviolet photon excitation of a number of molecular systems have been obtained. The final states produced have been determined from the dispersed fluorescence so that the species and the vibronic levels populated could be quantitatively determined. From these data, partial cross sections for the production of excited photofragments of molecules have been obtained. In addition, the kinetic energy distribution of excited atomic photofragments following dissociative ionization excitation of molecular nitrogen has been obtained by using the fluorescence photon-photoion coincidence technique. A discussion of the various multichannel processes and their significance, together with appropriate data are presented.
Efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes

We have studied the quantum efficiency of multilayer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Attention is focused on the recombination efficiency and exciton quenching, controlling the performance of highly efficient OLEDs having Alq(3) (Al(III) 8-hydroxyquinoline) as the emissive layer. The kinetics model is extended to account for the image charge effect on the injection and the narrow bandwidths of carriers. An analytical criterion for maximum recombination efficiency at low voltages is found. The analysis of current voltage dependence and quantum efficiency is performed for Al/LiF/Alq(3)/TPD/ITO devices with or without an ultrathin dielectric layer LiF, taking into account the exciton quenching controlled by the boundary Al-Alq(3). We get a reasonable fit for the experimental data and discuss the optimum modifications required to enhance the device performance.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypervelocity impact tests on Space Shuttle Orbiter RCC thermal protection material

It is noted that the Shuttle Orbiter will be more subject to meteoroid impact than previous spacecraft, due to its greater surface area and longer cumulative time in space. The Orbiter structural material, RCC, a reinforced carbon-carbon laminate with a diffused silicon carbide coating, is evaluated in terms of its resistance to hypervelocity impact. It was found that the specimens (disks with a mass of 34 g and a thickness of 5.0 mm) were cratered only on the front surface when the impact energy was 3 J or less. At 3 J, a trace of the black carbon interior was exposed. The specimens were completely penetrated when the energy was 34 J or greater.
Distribution of Peltoperla arcuata Needham (Ins., Plecoptera) in a Small Woodland Stream

The distribution of Peltoperla arcuata in a first-order stream and its two ephemeral tributaries was studied between March and April, 1977. Overall, the distribution was highly contagious (clumped) with most nymphs concentrated in the lower reaches of the tributaries. The most reasonable explanations for aggregation in tributaries were: 1) higher food quantity and quality in early fall, 2) minimization of downstream transport by erosion of leaf packets and 3) diversion to the tributaries of upstream movement in the mainstream by obstacles (e. g., logs and boulders) in the channel.
Who accepts the pareto axiom? the role of utility and equity in arbitration decisions

Some controversy surrounds the role of equity considerations in decisions about resource allocation and policy decisions at the levels of the group, organization, society, and supranational systems. In two descriptive studies arbitration judgments for hypothetical two-party conflicts made by 70 public administration students were compared to predictions from four social welfare functions incorporating equity considerations: Sen's absolute deviation model, Sen's variance model, Keeney and Raiffa's multilinear model, and Rawls' maximin principle. Two experiments—one using regression analyses of ratings, the other using conjoint measurement analyses of rankings—yielded the same conclusions. The arbitration judgments are best described by Sen's absolute deviation model, W = [(a + b)/2] + (1 - )[- | a - b |/2], where W is the arbiter's evaluative rating of a contract which assigns utilities a and b to parties 1 and 2, respectively, and where is an empirical constant representing the tradeoff between utility and equity. This model not only has a better statistical fit to the data than do the others tested, but also predicts the substantial violations of Pareto optimality which did occur. Over half the participants in each experiment showed a willingness to accept reduced total utility in order to obtain a more equitable distribution of utility to the two parties. Implications for axiomatic social welfare functions, for future research, and for policy applications are discussed.
Preparing for the Sickest Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1).

. 2009;0(2009):20091535. JAMA Influenza Investigators. The Australia and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ANZ ECMO) Respiratory Distress Syndrome Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Acute . 2009;0(2009):20091496. JAMA Anand Kumar et al. Critically Ill Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Infection in Canada . 2009;0(2009):20091536. JAMA Guillermo Dominguez-Cherit et al. Critically Ill Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico
Open structure of the Ca2+ gating ring in the high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel.

The crystal structure of the calcium-bound gating ring of a calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel shows in detail how the effect of calcium binding on the gating ring produces the conformational change from closed to open. High conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels (Slo1 or BK channels) underlie many physiological functions. Most significantly to medicine, these channels regulate smooth muscle tone in vascular beds and pulmonary airways, so BK channels are prime targets for hypertension and asthma therapies. This paper from Roderick MacKinnon's lab reports the structure of the Ca2+-bound gating ring from the zebrafish BK channel in its open conformation. Comparison with previously published structures of the Ca2+-free, closed conformation of the gating ring suggests a mechanism by which calcium binding leads to opening of the channel. High-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels function in many physiological processes that link cell membrane voltage and intracellular Ca2+ concentration, including neuronal electrical activity, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, and hair cell tuning1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Like other voltage-dependent K+ channels, Ca2+-activated K+ channels open when the cell membrane depolarizes, but in contrast to other voltage-dependent K+ channels, they also open when intracellular Ca2+ concentrations rise. Channel opening by Ca2+ is made possible by a structure called the gating ring, which is located in the cytoplasm. Recent structural studies have defined the Ca2+-free, closed, conformation of the gating ring, but the Ca2+-bound, open, conformation is not yet known9. Here we present the Ca2+-bound conformation of the gating ring. This structure shows how one layer of the gating ring, in response to the binding of Ca2+, opens like the petals of a flower. The degree to which it opens explains how Ca2+ binding can open the transmembrane pore. These findings present a molecular basis for Ca2+ activation of K+ channels and suggest new possibilities for targeting the gating ring to treat conditions such as asthma and hypertension.
An automated method for representing, tracking and forecasting rain fields of severe storms by Doppler weather radars

Abstract A new automated method is developed in order to track and predict in the short term (5 min to 1 h lead times) the evolution of rain fields in time and space, as observed by weather radars. First, the rain field is decomposed into simple, tractable elements. Next the changes in each of these elements in time are detected and tracked. Then a statistical adaptive forecasting scheme is developed in order to predict the changes in each of these elements in time. The composition of these elements forms the complete rain field with respect to its spatial configuration, location and rain intensity texture at each prediction lead time. The method has been applied to the Doppler digital weather radar data of rain fields. Some application results are given.
Residues of Forestry Herbicides in Plants of Importance to California Native Americans

Glyphosate, triclopyr, and hexazinone are herbicides that are used in site preparation and release operations in conifer tree plantations in California’s national forests (DiTomaso 1997, Ghassemi 1981). These herbicides are applied from the spring through fall. While most applications are made by ground application using backpack sprayer or spreader, some large acreage projects may use aerial application of granular hexazinone.
Probability learning and reversal by experimentally naive rhesus and squirrel monkeys

Abstract Six rhesus and nine squirrel monkeys were tested on the acquisition and reversal of probability learning tasks at ratios of 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10. All Ss adopted patterns of choice responding wherein the more frequently reinforced alternative was selected consistently. Reversal of reinforcement contingencies yielded choice of the previously nonselected alternative in slightly, but significantly, more trials than were required for original acquisition. The influence of the different probability ratios was significant only for acquisition by squirrel monkeys. Striking similarities between performances of the two species were revealed, and characteristics of the tasks as comparative evaluators were discussed.
Effects of acclimation and egg-incubation temperature on selected temperature by hatchling western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii)

Abstract The ability of hatchling turtles to detect environmental temperature differences and to effectively select preferred temperature is a function that critically impacts survival. In some turtle species, temperature preference may be influenced by embryonic and post-hatching conditions, such as egg-incubation and acclimation temperature. We tested for effects of embryonic incubation temperature (27.5 °C, 30 °C) and acclimation temperature (20 °C, 25 °C) on the selected temperature and movement patterns of 32 Chrysemys picta bellii (Reptilia: Emydidae) hatchlings in an aquatic thermal gradient of 14–34 °C and in single-temperature (20 °C, 25 °C) control tests. Among 10–11 month old hatchlings, acclimation temperature and egg-incubation temperature influenced temperature selection and movement patterns. Acclimation temperature affected activity and movement: in thermal gradient and single-temperature control tests, 25 °C-acclimated turtles relocated between chambers significantly more frequently than individuals acclimated to 20 °C. Acclimation temperature also affected temperature selection: 20 °C-acclimated turtles selected a specific temperature during gradient tests, but 25 °C-acclimated turtles did not. Among 20 °C-acclimated turtles, egg-incubation temperature was inversely related to selected temperature: hatchling turtles incubated at 27.5 °C selected the warmest temperature available (34 °C); individuals incubated at 30 °C selected the coldest temperature (14 °C). These results suggest that interactions of environmental conditions may influence post-hatching thermoregulatory behavior in C. picta bellii , a factor that ultimately affects fitness.
A Bibliometric Evaluation of Core Journals in Communication Research.

Bibliometrics is a method of assessing scientific activity based on the citation links between journal articles. Nine core journals in the field of communication were studied to evaluate their influence on each other and on journals outside the field. Most of the data were drawn from the Social Sciences Citation Index Journal Citation Reports, 1977–1979 issues. It was found that communication journals make only about 13% of their cites to other communication journals, and 44% of these are self-citations. With the exception of Public Opinion Quarterly, communication journals make five citations for every one they receive. A network analysis showed that the nine journals clustered into two groups: speech-communication journals and mass communication journals. Human Communication Research has the most influence within the communication discipline, and Public Opinion Quarterly has the most influence outside the discipline. Communication remains a field with separate subliteratures and is very dependent on journals outside communication research.
Relationship of the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors.

Abstract The average distance between the most anterior point of the maxillary central incisors and the most posterior point of the incisive papilla was 12.454 mm with a standard deviation of 3.867 mm. This distance was measured when these two points were the right side ( R ), and on the left side ( L ). The average error incurred due to inconsistency of the method employed was less than 3% or less than 0.372 mm for the position of the central incisor. It is believed that the application of this anatomic relation can provide a reliable point for arranging and checking the position of the anterior maxillary teeth for complete dentures.
Evaluation of the effects of asphalt binder on the properties of hot mix asphalt at intermediate temperatures

The asphalt binder is an essential component of asphaltic mixtures. The performance of an asphaltic mixture is directly related to mechanical characteristics of the binder. With the development of new material characterization methods for both asphalt binder and asphaltic mixture, there is a need to re-evaluate the relationship between the properties of binders and asphaltic mixtures such that a proper understanding and selection of an asphalt binder can be made to improve the performance of an asphaltic mixture. In this study, the effects of asphalt binder properties on asphaltic mixtures at intermediate temperatures were evaluated based on recent developments on material characterization methods for both binder and asphaltic mixture. Five asphalt binders and five asphalt mixtures containing these binders with one aggregate were tested. Four of the binders were based on a modification of a base binder with different techniques. Complex shear modulus and monotonic constant shear-rate tests were conducted on asphalt binders, whereas dynamic modulus and indirect tensile strength tests were conducted on the mixtures. The effects of modification techniques on the properties of asphalt binders and the relationships between the properties of binders and asphaltic mixtures were evaluated in this study.
Structure and Phase Behavior of Phospholipid-Based Micelles in Nonaqueous Media

The phase behavior of phospholipid aggregates in nonaqueous media of hexane and vegetable oil with a negligible aqueous core (water < 0.3 wt %) was investigated. It was found that inverse micellar ...
Tumor Conference #9: Massive Hemangioma with Pharyngeal Involvement

When first seen in May, 1974, this 7-week-old child presented a rapidly enlarging hemangioma involving her face, scalp, oral mucous membranes and pharynx. Because of the development of stridor and complete closure of the eyelids of one eye by the hemangioma, the child was placed on systemic corticosteroid therapy. This was continued for a three-month period at which point it was discontinued. There was unquestionalbe shrinkage of the tumor during therapy. The stridor disappeared and the eyelids opened within a few days. Within six days of discontinuation of the corticosteroids, there was sudden enlargement of the lesion and reappearance of stridor which again subsided after a six-week course of systemic corticosteroids. Currently, the child is still under observation. It is anticipated that further spontaneous resolution will take place but that she will require plastic surgery for some of the residual deformities. The questions of ocular involvement, cardiac enlargement, occlusion of the pharyngeal airway, and arteriovenous anastamoses were raised in this child. Newer treatments including embolization treatments and cryotherapy were considered for this child but were not pursued since the growth of the hemangioma came to a virtual standstill and the child is otherwise thriving.
Voluntary Task Switching: Chasing the Elusive Homunculus.

In the voluntary task switching procedure, subjects choose the task to perform on a series of bivalent stimuli, requiring top-down control of task switching. Experiments 1-3 contrasted voluntary task switching and explicit task cuing. Choice behavior showed small, inconsistent effects of external stimulus characteristics, supporting the assumption of top-down control of task choice. Switch costs were smaller when subjects chose to switch tasks than when instructed by an external cue. Experiments 4-6 separated choice costs from switch costs. These findings support models of task switching that incorporate top-down processes in accounts of switch costs. The degree to which task switching procedures capture top-down versus bottom-up processes may depend on the extent of environmental support provided by the procedure.
Efficient propagation of archetype BK and JC polyomaviruses

BKPyV and JCPyV are closely related, ubiquitous human pathogens that cause disease in immunocompromised patients. The DNA sequence of the regulatory regions distinguishes two forms of these viruses, designated archetype and rearranged. Although cell culture systems exist for rearranged BKPyV and JCPyV, currently there is no robust cell culture system to study the archetype viruses. Large T antigen (TAg) is a virally encoded protein required to initiate viral DNA synthesis. Because archetype virus produces undetectable levels of TAg, we hypothesized that TAg overexpression would stimulate archetype virus replication. Efficient propagation of the archetype forms of BKPyV and JCPyV was observed in 293TT cells, human embryonic kidney cells overexpressing SV40 TAg. Importantly, the archetypal structure of the regulatory region was maintained during viral growth. Significant replication was not observed for Merkel cell, KI, or WU polyomaviruses. 293TT cells provide a means of propagating archetype BKPyV and JCPyV for detailed study.
External heavy atom quenching of the fluorescence of the acridizinium ion via charge-transfer complexes

Abstract The rate constants of fluorescence quenching of the acridizinium ion by alkyl bromides and iodides are determined by the donor behaviour (ionization potential) of the quenches. An encounter-CT complex is postulated, in which the quencher acts as an electron donor.
Exploring strategies for companies that use manufacturers' representatives as their sales force

Abstract Little research in sales management has explored the theoretical constructs underlying the practice of using manufacturers' representatives or agents as primary sales force. The decision to engage rep firms is more than one of merely attempting to lower total sales costs. The article suggests that both financial and environmental factors contribute to the decision and identifies internal and external determinants to the decision. Two rep firm engagement models are proposed: positive and speculative.
Heparin-coated PTFE graft for aortoiliac bypass grafting inhibits intimal hyperplasia in baboons

Abstract Purpose: Intimal hyperplasia and graft thrombosis represent the major causes of graft failure. Heparin has been shown to prolong graft patency and inhibit intimal hyperplasia in animal models. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a heparin-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft in a baboon model of aortoiliac bypass graft placement. Methods: Six adult male baboons (mean weight: 9.3 kg) underwent bilateral aortoiliac bypass grafting with ePTFE grafts (4 mm internal diameter × 5 cm length). In each animal, a heparin-coated ePTFE graft was placed on one side while the contralateral aortoiliac artery received an uncoated graft that served as a control. Platelet counts and activated partial thromboplastin time measurements were performed weekly. The grafts were harvested at 4 weeks and were subjected to morphometric analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed with bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining. Results: All the harvested grafts were patent. No differences were found in platelet counts or activated partial thromboplastin time measurements taken before and after the bypass procedure. There was a significant reduction of neointimal area at both proximal (0.06 ± 0.05 mm2) and distal (0.13 ± 0.07 mm2) anastomoses in the heparin-coated grafts as compared with proximal (0.16 ± 0.07 mm2) and distal (0.33 ± 0.12 mm2) anastomoses in the untreated control grafts (P
Seeing and believing: perception, belief formation and the divided mind

On many of the idealized models of human cognition and behavior in use by philosophers, agents are represented as having a single corpus of beliefs which (a) is consistent and deductively closed, and (b) guides all of their (rational, deliberate, intentional) actions all the time. In graded-belief frameworks, agents are represented as having a single, coherent distribution of credences, which guides all of their (rational, deliberate, intentional) actions all of the time. It’s clear that actual human beings don’t live up to this idealization. The systems of belief that we in fact have are fragmented. Rather than having a single system of beliefs that guides all of our behavior all of the time, we have a number of distinct, compartmentalized systems of belief, different ones of which drive different aspects of our behavior in different contexts. It’s tempting to think that, while of course people are fragmented, it would be better (from the perspective of rationality) if they weren’t, and the only reason why our fragmentation is excusable is that we have limited cognitive resources, which prevents us from holding too much information before our minds at a time. Give us enough additional processing capacity, and there’d be no justification for any continued fragmentation. I argue that this is not so. There are good reasons to be fragmented rather than unified, independent of the limitations on our available processing power. In particular, there are ways our belief-forming mechanisms—including our perceptual systems—could be constructed that would make it better to be fragmented than to be unified. And there are reasons to think that some of our belief-forming mechanisms really are constructed that way.
Onset of anthrax toxin pore formation.

Protective antigen (PA) is the anthrax toxin protein recognized by capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), a transmembrane cellular receptor. Upon activation, seven ligand-receptor units self-assemble into a heptameric ring-like complex that becomes endocytozed by the host cell. A critical step in the subsequent intoxication process is the formation and insertion of a pore into the endosome membrane by PA. The pore conversion requires a change in binding between PA and its receptor in the acidified endosome environment. Molecular dynamics simulations totaling ∼136 ns on systems of over 92,000 atoms were performed. The simulations revealed how the PA-CMG2 complex, stable at neutral conditions, becomes transformed at low pH upon protonation of His-121 and Glu-122, two conserved amino acids of the receptor. The protonation disrupts a salt bridge important for the binding stability and leads to the detachment of PA domain II, which weakens the stability of the PA-CMG2 complex significantly, and subsequently releases a PA segment needed for pore formation. The simulations also explain the great strength of the PA-CMG2 complex achieves through extraordinary coordination of a divalent cation.
Temperature and area constraints of the South Volund Volcano on Io from the NIMS and SSI instruments during the Galileo G1 orbit

Analysis of data from darkside and eclipse observations of Io by the NIMS and SSI instruments show that the South Volund hot spot is a manifestation of high temperature active silicate volcanism. The NIMS data are fitted with a two temperature model (developed from modelling terrestrial lavas) which yields a better fit to the data than a single temperature fit. The multispectral color temperatures obtained from NIMS are compared with the brightness temperatures obtained from the SSI instrument, and show excellent agreement for the hotter of the two components fitted to the NIMS data. The two components might correspond to a cooled crust which has formed on the surface of an active flow or lava lake, at a temperature of approximately 450 K, and covering an area of about 50 km², and a hotter and much smaller component, at a temperature of approximately 1100 K and an area of less than 0.1 km². The hot component implies the existence of cracks in the surface crust of a flow or lake through which the hot interior radiates, a hot vent area, or breakouts of lava forming new flow lobes. The ratio of these areas is consistent with the crack-to-crust ratio of some lava flows and lava lakes on Earth.
Hole intersubband transitions in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells… A new method for determining the Luttinger parameters

Abstract Resonant electronic Raman scattering from photoexcited holes has been observed for multiple quantum wells (MQW's) grown in the [111]b and [100] directions. The measurements indicate that the heavy hole mass in the [111] direction is 0.75mo. This value is 2.2 times larger than the value characteristics of the [100] direction. The measurements also quantify the degree of anisotropy for the light holes. We propose a new set of Luttinger parameters that describe the anisotropy of the valence band in GaAs and are consistent with the interband and intersubband transitions observed in [100] and [111]b MQW's.
Fractal, non-chaotic oscillations in a microwave TED

Abstract We analyse the time domain behaviour of a one-dimensional model of the Gunn effect, subject to a two-frequency or quasi-periodic drive. We find that this system exhibits a behaviour known as strange-non-chaotic, i.e. the system exhibits a strange or fractal attractor, yet is not sensitive to initial conditions (a zero Lyapunov exponent).
THE PLANAR SYMMETRY BEAM PROBLEM IN STOCHASTIC MEDIA

Abstract This paper considers planar symmetry, steady-state, energy dependent, linear transport of a normally incident radiation beam through a scattering/absorbing thin slab, composed of a stochastic mixture of two immiscible materials. The scattering process is assumed sufficiently peaked in both energy and angle so that the Fokker-Planck description is valid. If the material mixing obeys Markovian statistics, and if particle backscattering can be ignored, this situation is a joint Markov process. As such, the stochastic Liouville master equation is valid, and we obtain a set of two coupled linear transport equations describing exactly the ensemble-averaged solution for the particle intensity. We develop the small correlation length asymptotic limit of this set of two equations, which results in a single renormalized equation. The two-equation set is treated by an angular moments method, exploiting the assumed peakedness of the solution in angle. In a separate development, an explicit result is obtained for the spatial profile of the particle density in the case of monoenergetic, purely scattering transport through a layered statistical mixture.
The role of large pedigrees in an era of high-throughput sequencing

Rare variation is the current frontier in human genetics. The large pedigree design is practical, efficient, and well-suited for investigating rare variation. In large pedigrees, specific rare variants that co-segregate with a trait will occur in sufficient numbers so that effects can be measured, and evidence for association can be evaluated, by making use of methods that fully use the pedigree information. Evidence from linkage analysis can focus investigation, both reducing the multiple testing burden and expanding the variants that can be evaluated and followed up, as recent studies have shown. The large pedigree design requires only a small fraction of the sample size needed to identify rare variants of interest in population-based designs, and many highly suitable, well-understood, and available statistical and computational tools already exist. Samples consisting of large pedigrees with existing rich phenotype and genome scan data should be prime candidates for high-throughput sequencing in the search of the determinants of complex traits.
A distributed algorithm for embedding trees in hypercubes with modifications for run-time fault tolerance

Abstract In this paper we present a distributed algorithm for embedding binary trees in hypercubes. Starting with the root (invoked in some cube node by a host), each node is responsible for determining the addresses of its children, and for invoking the embedding algorithm for the subtree rooted at each child in the proper cube node. This distributed embedding, along with the wealth of communication links in the hypercube, leads to a high potential for fault tolerance. We demonstrate the fault tolerance capability by introducing restructuring techniques which may be used to tolerate faults during the initial embedding, but is especially useful for remapping nodes that fail at run-time. The distributed nature of the embeddings eliminates the need for global knowledge of faulty nodes; each node must only know the status of its neighbors. In addition, only the neighbors of a faulty node need be aware of any change.
Spinal-fluid lysozyme in the diagnosis of central-nervous-system tumours.

Abstract Lysozyme is absent from norma cerebrospinal fluids (C.S.F.). Appreciable amounts of lysozyme were noted in C.S.F. from patients with primary and secondary tumours of the central nervous system. The concentrations reflected both the nature of the tumour and the degree of involvement. Pyogenic and other infections of the central nervous system also produced notable levels of C.S.F. lysozyme.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers Differ in Their Free Radical Scavenging Properties

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers were investigated for free radical scavenging properties against the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry and spectrophotometric methods. ESR measurements confirmed that both c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA directly reacted with and quenched DPPH radicals, whereas spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA differed in their kinetic and thermodynamic properties in reacting with DPPH radicals. t10,c12-CLA was shown to exhibit a greater initial velocity in CLA−DPPH radical reactions at levels of 2.5−80 mg/mL, and c9,t11-CLA scavenged more DPPH radicals at steady state. Similar dose and time relationships were observed for both isomers. In addition, a mixture of c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA isomers demonstrated a greater initial velocity in quenching DPPH radicals than either isomer alone on the same concentration basis, suggesting that a synergistic effect between CLA isomers existed in the...
Mn2+ transport across biological membranes may be monitored spectroscopically using the Ca2+ indicator dye antipyrylazo III.

Abstract The metallochromic indicator antipyrylazo III can be used for the rapid and convenient monitoring of Mn 2+ transport in biological systems. The apparent K D of the Mn-antipyrylazo III complex in buffered 150 m m KCl (pH 7.2 at 20°C) is approximately 2.5 × 10 −5 m . The sensitivity of antipyrylazo III to Mn 2+ is comparable to that of arsenazo III to Ca 2+ . Mn 2+ can be measured without interference from Ca 2+ , by using dual-wavelength spectrophotometry at the wavelength pair 510–590 nm, or 530–565 nm in cell or mitochondrial suspensions. Ca 2+ can be monitored at the wavelength pair 720–790 nm without interference from Mn 2+ . This paper represents the first application of this technique, here used to characterize mitochondrial efflux kinetics of Mn 2+ . We report that Mn 2+ is transported out of liver mitochondria with a V max of 1–2 nmol/(mg · min) and a K m of about 12 nmol/mg. These results are in close agreement with results of measurements using 54 Mn.
The role of oocyte transcription, the 5'UTR, and translation repression and derepression in Drosophila gurken mRNA and protein localization.

Abstract The establishment of the major body axes of the Drosophila egg and future embryo requires strict regulation of gurken mRNA and protein localization. Here, we show that grk mRNA and protein localization is dependent on synthesis of grk transcripts in the oocyte nucleus and on RNA localization elements in the 5′ portion of the transcript. We also show that gurken mRNA and protein localization is dependent on region-specific translation of gurken transcripts and identify K10 as a probable negative regulator of gurken translation.