cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum control and measurement of atomic spins in polarization spectroscopy

Abstract Quantum control and measurement are two sides of the same coin. To affect a dynamical map, well-designed time-dependent control fields must be applied to the system of interest. To read out the quantum state, information about the system must be transferred to a probe field. We study a particular example of this dual action in the context of quantum control and measurement of atomic spins through the light-shift interaction with an off-resonant optical probe. By introducing an irreducible tensor decomposition, we identify the coupling of the Stokes vector of the light field with moments of the atomic spin state. This shows how polarization spectroscopy can be used for continuous weak measurement of atomic observables that evolve as a function of time. Simultaneously, the state-dependent light shift induced by the probe field can drive nonlinear dynamics of the spin, and can be used to generate arbitrary unitary transformations on the atoms. We revisit the derivation of the master equation in order to give a unified description of spin dynamics in the presence of both nonlinear dynamics and photon scattering. Based on this formalism, we review applications to quantum control, including the design of state-to-state mappings, and quantum-state reconstruction via continuous weak measurement on a dynamically controlled ensemble.
Compact optical delay line based on scanning surface micromachined polysilicon mirrors

The rapid scanning optical delay (RSOD), which is based on femtosecond pulse shaping technology, was developed to overcome the speed limitations of traditional approaches. In an RSOD the traditional translating mirror is replaced by a scanning mirror with a rotation angle of a few degrees. We present the integration of a scanning silicon micromirror into a compact RSOD geometry only about 5 cm in length. We demonstrate a 40 ps rapid scanning optical delay of 100 fs time scale optical pulses. Our RSOD is based on a surface micromachined tilt-up mirror. The polysilicon mirror is connected to a supporting frame with torsional polysilicon beams and is dynamically driven by an electrostatic comb-drive actuator. The rectangular mirror face is 760 /spl mu/m by 500 /spl mu/m, with a resonant frequency of 1060 Hz and a measured range of deflection of 16 degrees optical. The residual stress gradients give the micromirror a measured convex radius of curvature of 34 cm. The RSOD is characterized using a Michelson interferometer. The frequency and deflection characteristics of the micromirror are presented.
The effect of continuous illumination on photoconductivity in undoped amorphous silicon

Abstract Long exposure to intense illumination reduces the mobility which increases photosensitivity ▵ I / I d . A rearrangement of gap state distribution is confirmed by spectral photoconductivity measurements. Heating to 300°C and cooling down to 23°C curtails the gap state distribution in the 1–2μm region abruptly, and introduces a permanent decrease in the dark conductance. The exponent for this intensity dependence does not depend on the time or level of exposure, suggesting that the basic recombination mechanism is also unaltered by such exposure.
Interlocked test generation and digital hardware synthesis

Digital hardware synthesis implies the use of clock mode register transfer level descriptions. A major feature of this approach to synthesis is the possibility of integrating test generation into the design and synthesis process. Preliminary synthesis makes it possible to link test search at the function level to fault enumeration at the network level. A recently developed backward state justification search has eliminated the final bottleneck in automatic test generation. >
1/f Noise and RTS(Random Telegraph Signal) Errors in Sense Amplifiers

The modeling of noise in the frequency domain gives the mean square noise current of a transistor as a function of frequency. RTS in nanoscale devices is easiest modeled as an instantaneous fluctuation in threshold voltage due to the capture and emission of traps. The capture and emission of a single electron at an interface or oxide trap in a nanoscale NMOS transistor is equivalent to a discrete change in threshold voltage. There is a small-finite probability of a large threshold voltage change due the collective capture or emission of multiple active traps. Even in wide devices this noise can contribute a mismatch in sense amplifiers in CMOS integrated circuits which can lead to errors.
Comparison of Techniques for Measuring Recombination Lifetime in Photovoltaic Materials: Trapping Effects

Here we will compare four techniques that are commonly used for diagnosis of the lifetime of photovoltaic materials. The strengths and weaknesses of these techniques will be shown and discussed.
Cauchy integral formula for generalized analytic functions in hydrodynamics

It is shown that for several classes of generalized analytic functions arising in linearized equations of hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics, the Cauchy integral formulae follow from the one for generalized holomorphic vectors in a uniform fashion. If hydrodynamic fields (velocity, pressure and vorticity) admit representations in terms of corresponding generalized analytic functions, those representations and the Cauchy integral formulae form two essential parts of the generalized analytic function approach, which readily yields either closed-form solutions or boundary integral equations. This approach is demonstrated for problems of axisymmetric and asymmetric Stokes flows, two-phase axisymmetric Stokes flows, two-dimensional and axisymmetric Oseen flows.
Response Analysis of Field-Scale Fully Grouted Standard Cable Bolts Using a Coupled ANN–FDM Approach

This paper presents a coupled approach using an artificial neural network ANN and the finite difference method FDM that has been developed to predict the distribution of axial load along fully grouted standard cable bolts in the field using laboratory pullout test data. A back-propagation training algorithm was used in ANN to determine axial loads in the cables tested in the laboratory. The ANN component of the computational model was trained using two different types of data sets. At first, the ANN was trained to predict the axial loads in a series of short cables grouted with Portland cement at a specific water-to-cement ratio and subjected to different radial confining stiffness values. Next, the ANN model was trained for an expanded case to include the influence of lateral confining stress on the distribution of axial load in the cable reinforcement. Finally, the ANN model was implemented into a widely used, FDM-based geotech- nical software FLAC. The accuracy of the ANN-FDM model is demonstrated in this paper against measured data from laboratory and field tests. The analysis approach introduced in this study is a valuable computational tool that can be used to determine the axial load distribution in long standard cable bolts, which are commonly installed to stabilize rock masses in various geotechnical, transportation, and mining applications.
The computational Co-op: Gathering clusters into a metacomputer

We explore the creation of a metacomputer by the aggregation of independent sites. Joining a metacomputer is voluntary, and hence it has to be an endeavor that mutually benefits all parties involved. We identify proportional-share allocation as a key component of such a mutual benefit. Proportional-share allocation is the basis for enforcing the agreement reached among the sites on how to use the metacomputer's resources. We introduce a resource manager that provides proportional-share allocation over a cluster of workstations, assuming applications to be master-slave. This manager is novel because it performs non-preemptive proportional scheduling of multiple processors. A prototype has been implemented and we report on preliminary results. Finally, we discuss how tickets (first-class entities that encapsulate allocation endowments) can be used in practice to enforce the meta-computer agreement, and also how they can ease the site selection to be performed by the application.
Spatial and temporal variability in filament length of a toxic cyanobacterium (Anabaena affinis)

SUMMARY 1. This study examines the distribution of Anabaena affinis filament lengths under natural conditions as a function of depth and season, and in the laboratory as a function of growth phase. Because Anabaena affinis is only toxic when consumed, both its filament length and position in the water column are important determinants of its potential impact on zooplankton populations. 2. Star Lake (Norwich, Vermont, U.S.A.), a natural, eutrophic pond, remained thermally stratified throughout the Anabaena bloom. Filament number and length differed significantly with both sampling date and water depth. Most filaments occurred at 0.5 m, particularly at the height of the bloom. Throughout the entire water column average filament length decreased from approximately 0.53 mm in May to 0.14 mm in July. The shortest filaments occurred at the 2.5 m depth. Filament length distributions (combined for all depths) for 29 May, 12 June and 3 July, corresponding to the beginning, middle and end of the bloom, respectively, differed significantly among the three dates. These patterns most likely reflect variable growth conditions, both during the season and in the water column. 3. In the laboratory, Anabaena filament length was affected by medium composition and growth phase. Filaments were significantly longer when grown in MBL than in ASM medium. Also, the average length of Anabaena filaments grown in MBL changed significantly as cultures aged; by day 13 filament length (2.01 ± 0.38 mm, mean ± SD) was twice that on day 0 (0.97 ± 0.71 mm). As cell concentration continued to increase, mean filament length gradually decreased.
Sui Sin Far/Edith Eaton: First Chinese-American Fictionist

Both her photographs and her own testimony seem to indicate that Edith Maud Eaton (1867-1914) could have "passed" into the majority society with little trouble. Moreover, although her mother was Chinese, Edith was unacquainted with her mother's native language, except for a few phrases, during her early years; in fact, she had very little contact with Asians or Eurasians, except for her own large group of siblings. Yet when she began to publish stories and articles, she chose to write chiefly about China and Chinese-Americans, and she wrote under the nom de plume of Sui Sin Far (occasionally Sui Seen or Sin Fah).2 Such public identification with a group which was treated so contemptuously in America (as her autobiography vividly depicts) must be attributed to her allegiance to the principle of Confucius who "taught 'The way of sincerity is the way of heaven.' "3 Because of her integrity, Sui Sin Far earned the encomium, "one of the first to speak for an AsianAmerican sensibility that was neither Asian or white American."4 She was not a great writer; she has only one book (a collection of her stories) to her credit, but her attempts deserve recognition. She tells us that, after she began to write, she met "some funny people" who advised her to distance herself from reality. She scoffs:
Lung response to ultrafine Kevlar aramid synthetic fibrils following 2-year inhalation exposure in rats

Four groups of 100 male and 100 female rats were exposed to ultrafine Kevlar fibrils at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 25, and 100 fibrils/cc for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. One group was exposed to 400 fibrils/cc for 1 year and allowed to recover for 1 year. At 2.5 fibrils/cc, the lungs had normal alveolar architecture with a few dust-laden macrophages (dust cell response) in the alveolar airspaces. At 25 fibrils/cc, the lungs showed a dust cell response, slight Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar bronchiolarization, and a negligible amount of collagenized fibrosis in the alveolar duct region. At 100 fibrils/cc, the same pulmonary responses were seen as at 25 fibrils/cc. In addition, cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (CKSCC) was found in 4 female rats, but not in male rats. Female rats had more prominent foamy alveolar macrophages, cholesterol granulomas, and alveolar bronchiolarization. These pulmonary lesions were related to the development of CKSCC. The lung tumors were derived from metaplastic squamous cells in areas of alveolar bronchiolarization. At 400 fibrils/cc following 1 year of recovery, the lung dust content, average fiber length, and the pulmonary lesions were markedly reduced, but slight centriacinar emphysema and minimal collagenized fibrosis were found in the alveolar duct region. One male and 6 female rats developed CKSCC. The lung tumors were a unique type of experimentally induced tumors in the rats and have not been seen as spontaneous tumors in man or animals. Therefore, the relevance of this type of lung tumor to the human situation is minimal.
Narrowing down the role of common variants in the genetic predisposition to obesity

The extent to which common variants contribute to common phenotypes and disease in humans has important consequences for the future of medical genomics. Two reports have recently clarified this issue for one of the most pressing public health concerns, obesity. These large and comprehensive genome-wide association studies find that common variants within at least 11 genes are associated with obesity. Interestingly, most of these genes are highly expressed in the central nervous system, further highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of obesity. However, the individual and combined effects of these variants explain only a small fraction of the inherited variability in obesity, suggesting that rare variants may contribute significantly to the genetic predisposition for this condition.
On the size-dependent critical stress intensity factor of confined brittle nanofilms

Fracture of solid materials is a complex multiscale process that essentially occurs due to macroscopic propagation of cracks formed by hierarchical evolution of atomic scale breaking of interatomic bonds. Because it depends only on the initial crack size and the applied stress, the critical stress intensity factor (Kc) is commonly used as the single parameter to predict whether a mechanically stressed brittle material will fracture by crack propagation or not. In this study, we have shown that when a crack is highly constrained in a nanoscale brittle solid, Kc becomes gage-length dependent, hence, it may not be used as the single parameter for fracture prediction. Classical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to conduct fracture simulations of center-cracked brittle single crystal sodium chloride nanosolids. Infinitely rigid end tabs were modeled to generate boundary constraints on the specimen. The degree of constraints was varied by varying the gage length between the tabs. Our study reveals that for a given crack length, the fracture strain increases as the gage length decreases. Such gage-length dependency of failure strains suggests that the critical stress intensity factor, a measure of material fracture toughness, can be affected by boundary constraints. We have also measured the K-dominance zone size for different degree of constraints and found the K-dominance zone decreases as gage length decreases. It is thus inferred that Kc alone cannot fully capture the fracture force.
Have we made progress in preventing shunt failure? A critical analysis

Object The goal of this study was to determine whether failure rates of hydrocephalus shunts have fallen over the years as a result of experience or technical improvements. Methods A structured search was performed of the English language literature for case series reporting failure rates after shunt insertion. A metaanalytic model was constructed to pool data from multiple studies and to analyze failure rates statistically for temporal trends. Separate models were used for children (< 17 years old) and adults. Results In children, the shunt failure rate was 31.3% for the 1st year and 4.5% per year thereafter. There were no significant changes in either rate over time. Although 1st-year failure rates in adults have fallen slightly over time, late failure rates have risen. Conclusions Progress in preventing shunt failures has not been made over the last several decades. Any improvements made in shunt materials or insertion techniques have been overshadowed by biological and other factors.
Controlling performance of crumb rubber-modified binders through addition of polymer modifiers

The use of tire rubber as a modifier to enhance the properties of asphalt mixes through the wet process has proved to be a successful procedure, but full control of the properties of crumb rubber-modified binders has been a challenge. The literature indicates a wide variation on adding rubber to asphalt and that the degree of success of rubber modification in AC mixes depends on several factors, the majority of which relate to the method of mixing, storing, and transporting and to construction technologies. Understanding the nature of the interaction process between asphalt cement and crumb rubber-modifier (CRM) helps explain the development of binder properties. This paper covers the wet process, a relatively different technology in the application of CRM in asphalt with virgin polymers used to control and enhance the performance properties of CRM binders. The paper provides some clear insights into the mechanisms by which the interaction, with and without the existence of polymer modifiers, takes place....
Evaluation of Network Stack Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

We present a network stack implementation for a wireless sensor platform based on a byte-level radio. The network stack provides error-correction code, multi-channel capability and reliable communication for a high packet reception rate as well as a basic packet-level communication interface. In outdoor tests, the packet reception rate is close to 100% within 800 ft and is reasonably good up to 1100 ft. This is made possible by using error correction code and a reliable transport layer. Our implementation also allows us to choose a fre-quency among multiple channels. By using multiple frequencies as well as a reliable transport layer, we can achieve a high packet reception rate by paying additional retransmission time when collisions increase with additional sensor nodes.
Beyond the clinical trials: how often is sentinel lymph node dissection performed for breast cancer?

Background Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) has been shown to be a reasonable treatment option for early-stage breast cancer. Until recently, SLND was limited to clinical trials. Because this technique is now offered outside of trials, its prevalence is unknown.
Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment . By Emma Rothschild. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. ix, 353. $45.00.

“This book is about laissez-faire when it was new,” says Emma Rothschild at the outset of a provocative series of intertwined essays dealing with the relationship between the emerging economic science and the moral and political aims of the Enlightenment. The book is dedicated to Amartya Sen, whose influence can be seen in several places: for in-stance in the third chapter (“Commerce and the State”), which compares Turgot's, Condorcet's, and Smith's views on famines, and more generally in Rothschild's insistence that political economy cannot and should not be separated from ethics and politics. Rothschild's basic argument is that Smith and Condorcet proposed a comprehensive view of human life. The differences between the two are less important than their common allegiance to a “liberal plan of equality, liberty and justice.”
Benefit Planning and Management in a Changing, Dynamic Labor Market

The U.S. labor market has always been in flux, and contrary to common belief, employees have not historically remained in one job for the lengths of their careers. But, in an effort to remain adaptable and efficient in the labor market, employers today are making fewer paternalistic promises; e.g., they are telling employees not to expect long-term employment nor to rely on benefits that depend on long-term service. Large employers have tried to encourage employees to protect themselves by giving them more control over-and responsibility for-planning and saving through workplace benefit programs. For employees, benefits they once took for granted may no longer be available. This article concludes with a sober look at employers' future role in offering benefits.
Enhanced [Ca2+]i in renal arterial smooth muscle cells of pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure

Reduction of uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) during late pregnancy has been suggested to trigger increases in renal vascular resistance and lead to hypertension of pregnancy. We investigated whet...
Generation and transport of independent 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi), 5.8 GHz (WiMAX), and 60-GHz optical millimeter-wave signals on a single wavelength for converged wireless over fiber access networks

We experimentally demonstrate a novel optical-wireless system to flexibly offer multiple wireless services on a single wavelength. Independent ultra-high speed data on 2.4-GHz/5.8-GHz/60-GHz bands are successfully transmitted over both fiber and air links.
State Estimation Using Sparse Givens Rotation Field Programmable Gate Array

In the on-line assessment of the power grid to assure reliable operation, the state estimation is the front-end real-time processing of the measurement data being transmitted from the SCADA system via network and telemetry. An alternative high-performance computing platform comprising a host computer interconnected to a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) via a PCI-Express bus is proposed. The predicted performance obtained from the state estimation of benchmark power grids (118 and 1648 bus systems) shows that the row-oriented Givens algorithm-specific hardware can provide an order of magnitude speedup over the software program of the same Givens rotation algorithm running on Pentium 4 M 1.7 GHz processor with 1 GB of RAM. This result indicates that algorithm-specific hardware on FPGA may provide a cost-effective solution to high-performance state estimation.
Testing the Comprehensibility of Jury Instructions: California's Old and New Instructions on Circumstantial Evidence

In 2003 and 2005 the Judicial Council of California approved new pattern civil and criminal jury instructions. This article reports on research comparing comprehension of the new civil instruction on circumstantial evidence with comprehension of the old circumstantial evidence instruction. The authors, one of whom was a member of California's Task Forces on Jury Instructions, conducted a study in which research participants were given either the new or old instruction and then asked to state whether each of 16 different scenarios described direct or circumstantial evidence. The authors conclude that the new instruction is more effective than the old one at overcoming the common understanding of "circumstantial evidence" as "weak evidence." The traditional instruction was unable to overcome prior (incorrect) knowledge, whereas the new one, which contained examples, was relatively more effective in this regard. Because even participants with the new instructions had difficulties with the concept, the authors argue that successful instructions on circumstantial evidence would emphasize the importance of strong as compared to weak evidence rather than attempting to educate jurors about the distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence.
The Effect of a Passivation Over-Layer on Tile Mechanisms of Stress Relaxation in Continuous Films and Narrow Lines of Aluminum

Stress relaxation was studied in bare and nitride-covered continuous films and narrow lines of aluminum. The rate of relaxation in unpassivated metallizations is shown to be consistent with a dislocation-controlled mechanism. Relaxation in passivated lines appears to depend on grain boundary diffusion-controlled void growth. In passivated continuous films, two rate-controlling mechanisms appear to operate in sequence.
Using Distance Graphs to Find Meaningful Levels of a Hierarchical Sequence Prior to Performing a Cluster Analysis

By unwinding the assumptions that underlie the standard complete linkage method, the size of a hierarchical sequence reverts back from n levels to \(\frac{n \cdot (n - 1)}{2} + 1\) levels, and the time complexity to construct cluster sets becomes \(O(n^{4})\). To resolve this problem, distance graphs are used to find meaningful levels of an \(\frac{n \cdot (n-1)}{2} + 1\)-level hierarchical sequence prior to performing a cluster analysis. By doing so, it is possible to construct only the cluster sets for meaningful levels and reduce the time complexity from \(O(n^{4})\) to \(O(ln^2)\). Increasing the dimensionality of the data points helps reveal inherent structure in noisy data, which is necessary for finding meaningful levels. The means is theoretically validated. Empirical results from three experiments show that the means does not impose structure on a data set, that it is easy to use, and that it can identify cluster sets that have real world meaning.
An investigation into the risk perceptions held by maximum security correctional officers

ABSTRACTMaximum security correctional officers play a crucial role in the establishment of order within their respective institutions of employment, yet they are also exposed to numerous occupational dangers that can threaten their general welfare. When they perceive high levels of injurious risk from workplace hazards, this cannot only jeopardize their job performance but lead to a poorly managed prison institution. Currently though, few studies have explored correctional officer perceptions of workplace dangers and risks, and even fewer have explored the factors that influence officer perceived risk of injury. Questionnaire data from a statewide population of maximum security correctional officers (N = 649) were gathered in order to examine officer perceived risk of injury from workplace dangers, and the antecedents to this judgment. Results illustrated how officers perceived a high degree of injurious risk from their work, and that their risk perceptions were largely a product of psychological features...
Structural Differences between Wild-Type and Double Mutant EGFR Modulated by Third-Generation Kinase Inhibitors

Mutations in the EGFR kinase domain are implicated in non-small-cell lung cancer. Of particular interest is the drug-resistant double mutant (L858R/T790M, DM EGFR), which is not inhibited selectively by any approved kinase inhibitor. Here we apply bipartite tetracysteine display to demonstrate that DM and WT EGFR differ in structure outside the kinase domain. The structural difference is located within the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane segment (JM) that links the kinase domain with the extracellular and transmembrane regions and is essential for EGFR activation. We show further that third-generation DM EGFR-selective TKIs alter JM structure via allostery to restore the conformation found when WT EGFR is activated by the growth factors EGF and HB-EGF. This work suggests that the oncogenic activity of DM EGFR may extend beyond kinase activity per se to include kinase-independent activities. As JM structure may provide a biomarker for these kinase-independent functions, these insights could guide the development...
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfanitran and dinsed in medicated feeds and premixes

A simple reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining sulfanitran (acetyl-p-nitrophenylsulfanilamide) and Dinsed (dinitrodiphenylsulfonylethylenediamine) in a variety of feed premixes and formulations. Feed premixes are extracted with dimethylformamide, and formulated feeds are extracted with hot methanol. The extract is filtered through medium porosity paper and injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a 254 nm ultraviolet detector and a 30 cm column packed with muBondapak C18. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (45 + 55) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Chromatography was complete in 10 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. Comparison of analyses of commercial samples by this method and by the AOAC colorimetric method, 42.176-42.179, showed close agreement. Recovery of spiked feed samples ranged from 98 to 105%. Butynorate and roxarsone, 2 other drugs which are normally found in combination with sulfanitran and Dinsed, do not interfere.
MO-FG-CAMPUS-JeP1-01: Prompt Gamma Imaging with a Multi-Knife-Edge Slit Collimator: Evaluation for Use in Proton Beam Range Verification

Purpose: To evaluate and characterize a multi-slit collimated imaging system for use in prompt gamma range verification of proton therapy. Methods: Acrylic (PMMA) targets were irradiated with a 50 MeV proton beam. With the collimator placed 13 cm from the beam axis, photons of energy from 2–7 MeV were measured. Image reconstruction provided 2-dimensional distribution of gamma rays. Estimated Bragg peak location was compared with 1-dimensional profiles of photon images. Shifts in Bragg peak were simulated by physically moving the targets in 1 mm increments. Results: The imaging system measured prompt gamma emissions resulting from a 50 MeV proton beam, at currents up to 2 nA, incident on a PMMA target. Overall system detection efficiency was approximately 2.6×10−5 gamma/proton. With delivery of 1×1011 protons, shifts of 1 mm in the target location were detected in 2D prompt gamma images and 1D profiles. With delivery of 1×108 protons, shifts of approximately 3 mm were detectable. Conclusion: This work has characterized the performance of a prototype multi-slit collimated imaging system. The system can produce 2D images of prompt gamma distributions and detect shifts in Bragg peak location down to 1 mm. These results encourage further development and optimization of the system for clinical proton beam applications. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number: DENA0000979 through the Nuclear Science and Security Consortium.
Implementing Machine Learning in Radiology Practice and Research.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to describe concepts that radiologists should understand to evaluate machine learning projects, including common algorithms, supervised as opposed to unsupervised techniques, statistical pitfalls, and data considerations for training and evaluation, and to briefly describe ethical dilemmas and legal risk. CONCLUSION. Machine learning includes a broad class of computer programs that improve with experience. The complexity of creating, training, and monitoring machine learning indicates that the success of the algorithms will require radiologist involvement for years to come, leading to engagement rather than replacement.
miR-125b promotes leukemogenesis via VEGFA

In this issue of Blood , [Liu et al][1] provide evidence that miR-125b may contribute to leukemogenesis by activating an autocrine loop involving VEGFA .[1][2] ![Figure][3] Model of the induction of a VEGFA autocrine loop by miR-125b . Overexpression of miR-125b inhibits translation of TET2
Tc removal from the waste treatment and immobilization plant low-activity waste vitrification off-gas recycle

ABSTRACTVitrification of Low Activity Waste in the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant generates a condensate stream from the off-gas processes. Components in this stream are partially volatile and accumulate to high concentrations through recycling, which impacts the waste glass loading and facility throughput. The primary radionuclide that vaporizes and accumulates in the stream is 99Tc. This program is investigating Tc removal via reductive precipitation with stannous chloride to examine the potential for diverting this stream to an alternate disposition path. Research has shown stannous chloride to be effective, and this paper describes results of recent experiments performed to further mature the technology.
Air-blocking ablation of osteoid osteoma; a technical note

Osteoid osteoma accounts for approximately 10-12% of all benign bone tumors. Surgery was the treatment of choice for osteoid osteomas until percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was introduced in 1992. Although RFA is generally considered curative in the treatment of osteoid osteoma, disease recurrence after ablation has been reported. We report a case in which RFA was delayed by the presence air surrounding the ablation probe. In this case, ablation could only be performed after the probe was removed and saline was injected through the introducer needle to displace the air. Air is reported to decrease radiofrequency energy transmission; a simple measure like injecting saline through an introducer could prevent such a complication. We also suggest that partial air in the ablation bed surrounding the ablation probe could decrease the energy transmission and may be one of the causes of early recurrences. Saline injection could be helpful in providing a more reliable environment for ablation.
Étude XPS de l’interface polyimide/aluminium. Influence du promoteur d’adhérence

We used Al substrates either treated with a silane adhesion promoter (APS) or untreated, followed by spin application of polyamic acid formulation (PAA). The interesting features observed are : 1) APS is adsorbed in a dissociative fashion onto the surfaces, 2) different adsorption mechanisms exist depending on the surface contamination, 3) PAA is adsorbed onto both the APS-treated and untreated surfaces, 4) as expected, PAA cures into polyimide (PI), 5) silicon species (from APS) in different oxidation states can be detected in the PAA and PI films. This suggests that the Al-APS-PAA bonding configuration is not Al-O-Si—NH 2 -PAA, as it is commonly accepted, and that APS is unlikely an efficient coupling agent for Al-PAA adhesion.
Non-binary/Genderqueer Identities: a Critical Review of the Literature

The goal of this paper is to give current understanding of non-binary/genderqueer identities, non-binary mental health trends and identity development, unique experiences of non-binary individuals, and recommendations for clinicians and researchers. About one third of individuals who identify as transgender primarily identify as non-binary. Recent studies found that non-binary people are at higher risk for suicide, experience more psychological distress, and experience higher levels of depression and anxiety. New studies on identity development of non-binary individuals provide explicit and fluid understandings of gender identity development outside of male/female, man/woman, and boy/girl. Overall, little research is focused on non-binary individuals even though non-binary people make up a significant portion of the transgender community and experience even greater negative mental health risks. Non-binary people face several challenges in a society that is structured around binary gender identities. We encourage psychologists to challenge the dominant binary assumption about gender and create environments that include and affirm non-binary individuals.
Node placement for localization networks

Wireless network localization (WNL) is a paradigm proposed recently for providing reliable location services. The localization performance is highly dependent on the placement of nodes in the network. In this paper, we study the node placement problem for localization networks. We first propose a mathematical formulation of the node placement problem. Such a formulation takes into account the uncertainty in the position of the placed nodes as well as the constraints on the region where the nodes can be deployed. Based on this formulation, we propose a near-optimal node placement algorithm, and present an upper bound on the gap between its performance with that of the optimal placement strategy. The proposed algorithm is validated by numerical results.
Increasing Biomass Production on Limited Land Area Through an Optimal Planting Arrangement

Planting density is a primary consideration in silviculture; however, planting arrangement is often ignored. Most, if not all, forest plantations are arranged in rectangular or square lattices (i.e., grids). Using a simple mathematical model, we investigate the potential influence of planting arrangement on planting density, biomass yield, and rotation period by assuming that efficiently arranging trees is similar to packing congruent circles on a plane. The hexagonal lattice achieves the densest circle packing on a plane; therefore, a hexagonal or triangular lattice arrangement of stems provides the highest planting density for a given spacing. Using packing density to quantify arrangement efficiency, tree crowns in a hexagonal lattice fill approximately 90.7% of available area at initial canopy contact, while tree crowns in a square lattice fill approximately 78.5% of available area at initial canopy contact. The hexagonal lattice permits about a 15% higher density than the square lattice, which allows canopy closure to occur earlier without any change in individual tree growth. Short rotation woody crop (SRWC) systems are excellent candidates under the model’s assumptions of level stand with even-age monoculture. If belowground resources are non-limiting, a hexagonal lattice arrangement shortens rotation period and thus optimizes the biomass yield per land area over time. Higher productivity over time is central to sustainable and efficient use of limited area for bioenergy and biomass products.
RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION IN AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the voluntary motor system. Involvement of the respiratory system is inevitable and leads to the development of respiratory failure, the usual cause of death in this disorder. ALS at present is incurable, and only symptomatic treatment is available. This article presents guidelines for the recognition and management of respiratory failure.
Neonate with a Hypopigmented Rash

A preterm male infant in the NICU develops a rash with erythematous and hypopigmented macules, patches, and papules of the arms, axillae, neck, upper back, groin, and legs. The rash has a geometric pattern in areas of occlusion (ie, under leads and wires) and maceration with white exudate in the axillae (Fig 1). Figure 1. Erythematous and hypopigmented macules, patches, and papules of the arms, axillae, neck, upper back, groin, and legs. Note the geometric pattern in areas of occlusion (ie, under leads and wires) and maceration with white exudate in the axilla. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories ### Presentation (Day 21) At 21 days of age, the infant was in a double-walled, heated, and humidified isolette and developed the rash described before. At that time, he required nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory support and was tolerating full nasogastric feedings. #### Vital Signs #### Physical Examination
What is behind low wages in central and eastern Europe

ABSTRACTThis paper compares wages across Europe in relation to the characteristics of workers and firms, with a particular focus on wage levels in central and eastern European countries. Worker and workplace endowments can be taken as a proxy for labour productivity. We estimate the extent to which wage differences observed at an aggregate level can be related to the different compositions of workforces and workplaces, as well as the types of jobs conducted in separate countries. We also decompose the observed differences in returns on endowments by identifying the sectors and occupational categories that contribute most to the wage gaps observed at the aggregate level. The wage gaps in low-wage countries actually appear larger once differences in worker, work and workplace characteristics are controlled for. In contrast, the differences in wages between high-wage countries diminish when we control for these endowments. The wage gap between East and West thus seems to be explained by a much lower return o...
Continuum prediction of scale-dependent, anisotropic fluctuating kinetic energy in gas-solid flows

Abstract This note highlights the subtle difference between two measures of fluctuating kinetic energy of the particulate phase in gas-solids flow. One measure arises from kinetic theory, here identified as granular temperature (T), and a second measure resulting from a spatial average, here denoted κ . Somewhat surprisingly, continuum models derived from a kinetic theory considering a single, scalar granular temperature, which is further assumed to be isotropic, is still able to predict anisotropic spatially averaged fluctuating kinetic energies. Furthermore, the scale dependence of the spatially averaged can also be extracted. Comparisons of the continuum predictions to recent direct numerical data are striking, particularly for larger averaging volumes.
AIDS Allergy and Rheumatology

The AIDS epidemic, which began in the early 1980s, is still ongoing and has touched all aspects of our society. The study of this retroviral infection has significantly expanded our understanding of the immune system. The early observation that patients infected with the AIDS showed a decrease in the number of their CD4+ lymphocytes led investigators to unravel the role that the CD4+ lymphocyte plays in the activation of the immune response and how the loss of T-cell regulation affects B-lymphocyte function. Later, the observation that the macrophage—an antigen-presenting cell to the CD4+ lymphocyte—was a reservoir for the AIDS virus furthered our understanding of critical functions of the macrophage in immune recognition in health and disease. The lessons we have learned about the immune system are still forthcoming.
Using Human Development As A Model For Adaptive Robotics

Over the years an approach to robotics developed that relied on the notion of accurate control; position accuracy was the ultimate measure of success, and in the service of that goal kinematics, dynamics, and path planning became dominant, with some aspects of accurate three dimensional recovery receiving attention. More recently two new threads have developed. In one, the structure of the task is analyzed and the robot is coupled into the environment in such a way that uncertainty is reduced as a consequence of action in the world. The second operates in much less structured environments and uses collections of simple behaviors to guarantee success. In this paper we suggest yet another approach to robotics. Here we suggest combining many theories from artificial intelligence, cognitive sience, physiology and neuroscience in order to build a robot which discovers the structure of the world for itself through a development process in the world.
Marketing, Inventory and Production Decisions

This chapter explores aspects of the firm’s production and inventory activities, with particular emphasis on possible interactions with its marketing efforts within a common framework. We begin by focusing on the short-run analysis of the case of perishable goods where no inventory’ is possible, hence the problem is purely that of production. While the marketing literature mainly concentrates on marketing mix variables such as pricing, advertising, promotion, and product quality, an important example involves a quantity decision, namely, the Federal marketing orders for agricultural products. To gain insights into this problem with potential applications in public policy, we will devote a section on this issue to see how interactions between quality and quantity control can be analyzed in a simple framework. We then follow with the case of storable goods where inventory plays a very significant role. This is where the important literature on inventory has been and continues to develop in operations research and production management. There, the deterministic models will be presented first and stochastic extensions will then be analyzed. We will pay attention to the integration of the firm’s inventory/production with its pricing decisions. Next, we examine the firm’s production decisions under random demand both for the single-product case and the multiple-product case. Finally, we consider long-run behavior of the firm, focusing less on inventory but rather on investment which builds the firm’s capital stocks to be used in its production processes. Once again, the firm’s short-run marketing decisions such as pricing will be considered jointly with investment to maximize its expected discounted economic profits.
Biologically Inspired Mechanisms for Processing Sensor Rich Environments

Biological organisms use a combination of attention and arousal to control the amount of sensory data being sent to their central nervous system’s higher order processing. We propose using what neuroscience has learned about these natural mechanisms to construct a biologically inspired model of how sensor input can be filtered and fused in a large-scale DAI system. We then show how this model can be implemented using our Goal Mind agent environment and discuss how such an implementation can be tested.
Letting him B: A study on the intersection of gender and sexual orientation in the workplace

Abstract Compared to the attention that gay male, lesbian, and even transgender employees have received in the last 30 years, research focused solely on bisexual employees is lacking. With the exception of a handful of studies, there have been surprisingly few attempts to both understand the potentially unique characteristics associated with a bisexual sexual orientation and also develop related psychological theory. The current study focuses on this often invisible and understudied population and examines both individual and organizational characteristics that theoretically and practically influence bisexual employees' workplace experiences. Our data reveal several important findings, the most striking of which is the divergence of experiences, attitudes, and outcomes between men and women who are bisexual. First, we found evidence of more bias against bisexual men than bisexual women. Second, our data show that bisexual men are less likely to disclose their sexual orientation at work both prior to and during employment. Third, bisexual men report experiencing more workplace discrimination than do bisexual women, and they also report increased minority stress, psychological distress, and substance use. Finally, we conducted a moderated mediation analysis for this population, examining employee gender, psychological distress, and substance use. We ultimately concluded that sexual orientation moderates these relations (with the exception of substance use), which are also serially mediated by “outness,” workplace discrimination, and minority stress. These findings suggest that the distinct experiences of bisexual employees, particularly men, may contribute to more negative work- and health-related outcomes for this invisible group as compared to their gay male and lesbian counterparts. We conclude with directions for future research, as well as theoretical and practical implications.
Transport, Tunneling, and Trajectories: Modeling Emission From Surfaces With Structure

The manner by which photo-assisted field-emitted electrons are generated, the impact of delays associated with transport to the surface, emission through and over emission barriers, and the time scales associated with accompanying tunneling / fly-over processes is complicated by conditions associated with emission from realistic surfaces. Recently studies treating transport to and emission past non-linear and resonant/reflectionless potentials motivate consideration of analytic models to be used to assess and compare characteristic time scales associated with transport to the surface, emission over and through surface wells and barriers (heterostructures), and tunneling. The formulation allows for an investigation of time-dependent effects for a class of analytically solvable models. The methods are intended to be useful for the investigation of tunneling and transmission associated with field and photoemission at short time scales.