cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of inhibitors of protein degradation on the rate of protein synthesis in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells

In the absence of serum and amino acids, cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary cells released to the medium two thirds of the leucine produced by protein degradation. Because protein synthesis requires all the amino acids, the loss of leucine implies incomplete reincorporation of the other amino acids as well. Leupeptin (0.45 mg/ml) and chloroquine (up to 40 microM) inhibited protein breakdown by 21 and up to 41%, respectively, and resulted in proportional decreases in protein synthesis. Chloroquine abolished the stimulation of protein breakdown by amino acid deprivation. From the values of protein synthesis and leucine output with and without chloroquine, it is estimated that the stimulation of protein degradation not only permitted continuing protein synthesis but also increased amino acid output. In the presence of serum or amino acids protein breakdown was slower than in their absence and less sensitive to inhibition by chloroquine, but proportional effects on synthesis and degradation were still observed. It is suggested that protein degradation may be necessary for the maintenance of optimum intracellular concentrations of amino acids even in the presence of extracellular amino acids.
A multi-purpose coronary cannula

A multi-purpose coronary cannula for use in intact anaesthetized dogs is described. It permits temporary occlusions of a coronary artery as well as intracoronary injection of drugs at a constant site.
The Future Role of Government in Industrial Relations

The future role of government in industrial relations depends on the choices made by employers, workers, and especially governments. Technological change and internationalization have reduced the viability of both Keynesian economics and the mass production system, once integrally related to the industrial relations systems of industrialized democracies after the 1930s. Economic success will require new policies and high-performance systems more appropriate for a global, knowledge-intensive economic environment
The ambiguity of transference

This paper has attempted to find relationships between different psychoanalytic schools, as well as between seemingly disparate views in theoretical and technical debates, along the essentially ambiguous concept of transference. Seeing transference as a condensation as well as a displacement, as recommended by Jordan (1992), has greatly facilitated this task by revealing an ongoing dialectical counterpoint of psychoanalytic dialogue. A sitting duck, the analyst conjures up a demand for recognition by the patient that is made more transparent in its contradiction by the analyst's quality of a decoy. As the scarecrow comes to life, the patient finds out that his demand cannot be fulfilled because ultimately it does not fit as it does not truly come from him. As it becomes clear that it does not come from the analyst either, the analyst as proxy gives all the clues as to the true source of desire. The many issues raised by Freud's monumental discovery are far from solved, and they surely will continue to inspire a continuing scientific dialogue. The issue of recognition in the Hegelian sense is suggested as a potentially fruitful common denominator of the transferential quest, to be further explored.
Cytopathology of the brain and retina of embryonic surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) exposed to crude oil.

Abstract In laboratory experiments, surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) embryos were exposed to 54 or 113 ppb of the seawater-accommodated fraction (SWAF) of Cook Inlet crude oil (CICO) for 3 hr per day, beginning 6 days after fertilization. Embryos 21 and 27 days old (just prior to hatching) exposed to CICO were examined for morphological abnormalities. The only tissues that showed morphological changes in both the 21- and 27-day-old CICO-exposed smelt were the forebrain and the neuronal layer of the retina: both contained numerous necrotic neurons. The retinal receptor cells appeared normal in 21-day-old exposed smelt; in contrast, in 27-day-old treated embryos the ellipsoid and myoid regions of the receptor cell inner segments were severely damaged. Further impact from the SWAF of CICO on developing smelt was indicated by a lower hatching success: approximately 10% in the exposed groups as compared to 50% in the controls.
GRIEVING WHILE DRIVING

Secondary analysis of data from 84 people in 2 interview studies shows that some bereaved people grieve actively while driving. The grief can be intense, even years after a death. Grief while driving may erupt spontaneously or be set off by a wide range of reminders. Some bereaved people seem to save their grieving for times when they drive, because that is when they have the time and privacy to think and feel, but it would be safer for them and others if they would avoid driving while grieving intensely.
Structural Basis of Inward Rectifying Potassium Channel Gating

The last 10 years have seen rapid advances in the understanding of potassium channel function. Since the first inward rectifying (Kir) channels were cloned in 1994, the structural basis of channel function has been significantly elucidated, and determination of the crystal structure of a bacterial K channel (KcsA) in 1998 provided an atomic resolution of the permeation pathway. This review considers recent experimental studies aimed at uncovering the structural basis of Kir channel activity, and the applicability of comparative models based on KcsA to illuminate Kir channel pore structure and opening and closing processes.
An analytical approach to determining optimum reliability and maintainability requirements

In order to assure that the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Airspace System (NAS) equipments are reliable, maintainable and cost effective, a comprehensive methodology for achieving optimum Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) levels has been developed by the Airway Facilities Service in the FAA. This paper describes the methodology, its approach and the specific life cycle cost (LCC) models used in the computation of optimal levels of R&M. It provides criteria, guidelines, rationale, and formulae which the FAA is applying to its procurements in order to determine optimum mean-time-between failure (m.t.b.f., θ) and mean-time-to-repair (m.t.t.r., τ) design values for use in its hardware specification. The methodology is based upon LCC principles which are fully in accord with FAA needs.
Activity of thyroid gland during development of renal hypertension in rats

Abstract The thyroid gland plays an important secondary role in the development of renal hypertension in the rat. Thyroid activity, as assessed by the ratio of thyroid weight to body weight, precipitate to serum I 131 ratio and mean thyroid acinar cell height, increases sharply as systolic blood pressure level approaches 150 to 160 mm. Hg i.e., the range of pressure usually considered to represent the high range of normotension and the low range of hypertension. The ratio of heart weight to body weight increases in a sigmoid-like fashion with increasing blood pressure and in an exponential fashion with increasing thyroid weight ratio. It is suggested that a mechanism (s) independent of thyroid gland activity increases blood pressure to levels of 150 to 160 mm. Hg. At this pressure level, thyroid gland activity increases and further elevates blood pressure to hypertensive levels.
Kullback-Leibler information measure for studying convergence rates of densities and distributions

The Kullback-Leibler (KL) information measure l(f/sub 1/:f/sub 2/) is proposed as an index for studying rates of convergence of densities and distribution functions. To this end, upper bounds in terms of l(f/sub 1/:f/sub 2/) for several distance functions for densities and for distribution functions are obtained. Many illustrations of the use of this technique are given. It is shown, for example, that the sequence of KL information measures converges to zero more slowly for a normalized sequence of gamma random variables converging to its limiting normal distribution than for a normalized sequence of largest order statistics from an exponential distribution converging to its limiting extreme value distribution. Furthermore, a sequence of KL information measures for log-normal random variables approaching normality converges more slowly to zero than for a sequence of normalized gamma random variables. >
Influence of isentropic transport on seasonal ozone variations in the lower stratosphere and subtropical upper troposphere

The isentropic cross-tropopause ozone transport has been estimated in both hemispheres in 1999 based on the potential vorticity mapping of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 11 ozone measurements and contour advection calculations using the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Global and Modeling Assimilation Office analysis. The estimated net isentropic stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux is approx.118 +/- 61 x 10(exp9)kg/yr globally within the layer between 330 and 370 K in 1999; 60% of it is found in the Northern Hemisphere, and 40% is found in the Southern Hemisphere. The monthly average ozone fluxes are strongest in summer and weakest in winter in both hemispheres. The seasonal variations of ozone in the lower stratosphere (LS) and upper troposphere (UT) have been analyzed using ozonesonde observations from ozonesonde stations in the extratropics and subtropics, respectively. It is shown that observed ozone levels increase in the UT over subtropical ozonesonde stations and decrease in the LS over extratropical stations in late spring/early summer and that the ozone increases in the summertime subtropical UT are unlikely to be explained by photochemical ozone production and diabatic transport alone. We conclude that isentropic transport is a significant contributor to ozone levels in the subtropical upper troposphere, especially in summer.
Intrafamilial Phenotypic Variability in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Clinical manifestations were retrospectively assessed in 5 families with tuberous sclerosis complex, including 1 pair of monozygotic twins. Interfamilial variation in tuber count was significantly larger than intrafamilial variation. Severity of epilepsy and cognitive profiles varied both between and within families, particularly between the monozygotic twins, and IQ was inversely related to tuber count. Cutaneous, renal, and cardiac findings did not appear to cluster within families. Although the monozygotic twins displayed similar physical manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex (renal and cardiac hamartomas), they differed markedly in neurocognitive profiles. Phenotypic variation within these families may be explained largely as a function of the randomness of second-hit events that cause hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis complex or by as-yet-unidentified genetic modifiers. Familial variation in tuberous sclerosis complex phenotype has important implications for genetic counseling.
AMINO ACID AND UREA UPTAKE IN TEN SPECIES OF CHLOROPHYTA1

The Uptake of radioartively-labelled mixed amino acids, arginine, lysine, leucine, glutamic acid and urea was examined in six species of Volvocales and four species of Chlarococcales grown in nitrate-containing medium. Nonradioactive amino acids in excess were used to estimate specificity of amino and carriers in selected cases. All ten species possess salurable (hence, carrier-mediated) systems for uptake of both arginine and urea. In all Volvacales and one Chlorococcales, the arginine-speciftc carrier (which also transported lysine with lower efficiency) was the only amino acid carrier detected. Three species of Chlororoccales appear to possess a separate carrier for lysine and two of these appear to possess at least one additional carrier that is involved in uptake of non-basic amino acids.
A comparison of substance abuse and violence in the prediction of long-term rehabilitation outcomes after traumatic brain injury

Abstract Bogner JA, Corrigan JD, Mysiw WJ, Clinchot D, Fugate L. A comparison of substance abuse and violence in the prediction of long-term rehabilitation outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:571-7. Objective: To determine the relative contributions of substance abuse history and violent etiology to the prediction of outcomes for individuals who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) requiring inpatient rehabilitation. Design: Longitudinal study of outcomes 1 year postdischarge from rehabilitation. Setting: Specialized TBI acute rehabilitation unit. Participants: Three hundred fifty-one individuals consecutively admitted for rehabilitation. Interventions: Gathered data from patients' medical records (including etiology of injury, initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and FIM™ instrument scores at discharge), demographic details, and history of substance abuse; phone and mail survey data from individuals (Satisfaction with Life Scale [SWLS]; Community Integration Questionnaire [CIQ]). Main Outcome Measures: CIQ and SWLS; relative contributions of injury etiology, demographic and injury-related dependent variables, and substance abuse history to predictive model. Results: Almost 80% of persons with injuries from violence-related causes had a history of substance abuse. Substance abuse was found to contribute to the prediction of life satisfacton and productivity, while violent etiology was not a significant contributor to predictive models. Conclusion: Substance abuse history proved to be a strong predictor of long-term outcomes, while violent etiology of injury was less influential. The results of this study emphasize the need to include substance abuse history in all studies of outcomes after TBI, and to increase prevention efforts to limit the effects of such a history. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
IL-10 is critical for Th2 responses in a murine model of allergic dermatitis

We found that mechanical injury to mouse skin, which can be caused by tape stripping, results in rapid induction of IL-10 mRNA. IL-10-/- mice were used to examine the role of IL-10 in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis induced by epicutaneous (EC) sensitization with OVA on tape-stripped skin. Skin infiltration by eosinophils and expression of eotaxin, IL-4, and IL-5 mRNA in OVA-sensitized skin sites were severely diminished in IL-10-/- mice. Following in vitro stimulation with OVA, splenocytes from EC-sensitized IL-10-/- mice secreted significantly less IL-4, but significantly more IFN-gamma, than splenocytes from WT controls. A similar skewing in cytokine secretion profile was observed in the splenocytes of IL-10-/- mice immunized intraperitoneally with OVA. IL-10-/- APCs skewed the in vitro response of OVA T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells towards Th1. Examination of the Th response of WT and IL-10-/- mice immunized with OVA-pulsed WT or IL-10-/- DCs revealed that both DCs and T cells participate in IL-10 skewing of the Th2 response in vivo. These results suggest that IL-10 plays an important role in the Th2 response to antigen and in the development of skin eosinophilia in a murine model of allergic dermatitis.
The particle structure of v-dimensional Ising models at low temperatures

In this work we study thev-dimensional Ising model at low temperatures and establish the existence of an upper gap in the energy-momentum spectrum of the two-point function forv≧3. Forv=2, it is known that this gap is absent.
Electroabsorption in C60 and C70. Third-order nonlinearity in molecular and solid states

Abstract We have studied electroabsorption (EA) in both films and disperssed molecules of C 60 and C 70 . In contrast to a recent model for the third harmonic generation (THG) spectrum, we find that the two-photon states important to the nonresonant χ (3) (0) in molecular C 60 are above the 3.6 eV T 1u state, not below it. We present a model consistent with spectra of EA, THG and degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM). The lowest-energy resonances in χ (3) ( ω ) are dominated by ‘forbidden’ transitions made allowed by vibronic coupling in the molecule and intermolecular coupling in the solid.
Attentional Modulation of Learning-Related Repetition Attenuation Effects in Human Parahippocampal Cortex

Two of the most fundamental processes in biological vision are attention and learning. Attention actively selects and enhances visual information that is most relevant to behavior. Learning enables the visual system to benefit from perceptual experience. The amount of visual information to learn is infinite; however, top-down control mechanisms must somehow regulate learning to achieve an adaptive balance between plasticity and stability in neural circuitry. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can measure learning-related changes in neural activity to previously viewed perceptual stimuli. Described variably as the repetition suppression or adaptation effect, the attenuation in neural activity to repeated stimuli versus novel stimuli provides a marker for stimuli-specific perceptual processing and memory. One important issue concerns whether repetition attenuation is automatic or not, and recent work has begun to show that it is sensitive to task demands. Accordingly, the present study further examined how attention controls the attenuated response to repeated stimuli, specifically testing whether attention is important for initial encoding, for the expression of memory traces, or for both encoding and expression. To manipulate attention, we used overlapping scene and face images and asked subjects to attend to either category. fMRI revealed significant attenuation in the parahippocampal place area for only the repeated scenes that were attended both during the initial presentation and during repetition. Thus, attention actively governs when neuronal activity is attenuated to repeated perceptual input, and such attention is important during both initial encoding and subsequent expression of the learned information.
Models for early chemoprevention trials in breast cancer

Chemoprevention is the interruption or reversal of the neoplastic process before the clinical emergence of invasive disease. 61 Because chemoprevention is generally used in healthy subjects without measurable breast cancer, the delineation of a nontoxic drug dose that will modulate precancerous changes in the breast presents methodologic and ethical challenges in performance of phase I and phase II chemoprevention trials. Despite these challenges, new and efficient methodologies for clinical testing must be developed that do not use cancer incidence as an endpoint. An estimated $60 million will be spent on the NSABP-sponsored Phase III Breast Cancer Prevention Trial comparing 5 years of tamoxifen use to placebo in more than 13,000 high-risk women. 87 The planned follow-up trial of tamoxifen versus raloxifene in high-risk postmenopausal women may accrue 20,000 women at even greater expense. 36 The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has identified more than 30 promising chemoprevention compounds from preclinical testing. 57 The financial and human resources are not available to initially estimate efficacy of these compounds by demonstrating a decreased cancer incidence. How do we then select the very best drugs for phase III comparative preven tion studies? Although potential chemopreventive activity of some drugs such as tamoxifen has been identified through adjuvant chemotherapeutic trials, there is high interest in compounds with even fewer side effects. These compounds, even if they have not been demonstrated to have activity in established cancer, might be efficacious if initiated earlier in the neoplastic process (Fig. 1). The proposed solution 60 has been to use biochemical, molecular, and morphologic tissue markers both to help establish a potentially effective but nontoxic dose range in phase I trials and to monitor response in placebo-controlled phase II trials, reserving the endpoint of cancer incidence for large phase III trials (Table 1).
Associations between media use and health in US children.

Objective Television viewing has been associated with poorer health attributes, but relationships between computer use and health are less clear. The aim of this study was to determine associations between TV and computer use, both separately and combined, and health attributes in US children. Methods We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of cross-sectional data on 54 863 children ages 6 to 17 years who participated in the National Survey of Children's Health. Key independent variables were TV, computer, and combined media use; outcome variables were 6 measures of health. Results In models controlling for a wide range of sociodemographic variables, each additional hour of television viewing was associated with greater odds of overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02–1.08), poorer oral health (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.09), social-emotional problems (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05–1.11), concern about self-esteem, and lower social competence. Greater computer use was associated only with overweight/obesity (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07). Combined media use showed similar, but weaker, health associations to television viewing alone. Interaction analyses showed that TV viewing was associated with overweight/obesity only for white, not black or Hispanic, children. Conclusions TV/video use is associated with a broader range of negative physical and social-emotional health attributes than computer use. Associations between media use and health are modest, but persistent at the population level. TV/video use reduction strategies may lead to improved physical and social-emotional population health. However, reductions in TV viewing may have little effect on overweight/obesity in black or Hispanic children. Mechanisms underlying observed health associations need further study.
Intragenic MBD5 familial deletion variant does not negatively impact MBD5 mRNA expression

2q23.1 deletion syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, speech impairment, seizures, disturbed sleep pattern, behavioral problems, and hypotonia. Core features of this syndrome are due to haploinsufficiency of MBD5. Deletions that include coding and noncoding exons show reduced MBD5 mRNA expression. We report a patient with a neurological and behavioral phenotype similar to 2q23.1 deletion syndrome with an inherited intronic deletion in the 5-prime untranslated region of MBD5. Our data show that this patient has normal MBD5 mRNA expression; therefore, this deletion is likely not causative for 2q23.1 deletion syndrome. Overall, it is important to validate intronic deletions for pathogenicity.
Maneuver strategy for NEAR’s rendezvous with 433 Eros

Abstract On 17 February, 1996, a Delta-2 rocket placed NASA’s Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft into a 2-year ΔVEGA trajectory that will rendezvous with the large near-Earth asteroid, 433 Eros in early January 1999. This paper discusses the strategy for performing NEAR’s two large deterministic ΔVs, the Deep Space Maneuver (DSM; 269 m/s) 4 months after aphelion of the initial 2-year orbit and the rendezvous (RND; total 971 m/s) with Eros. The DSM was performed flawlessly on 3 July, 1997, 6 days after NEAR’s flyby of the main-belt asteroid 253 Mathilde. But NEAR could have still gone into orbit about Eros even if there had been a delay of 8 weeks in performing the DSM. The RND maneuver will be much more time-critical than the DSM. The rendezvous will be split into four burns of decreasing size, the error for each of which will be successively decreased. The design can accommodate one-day and two-day delays. After that, NEAR will fly past Eros, necessitating longer delays and higher ΔV costs to orbit the asteroid. A strategy is shown that will allow the full Eros orbital phase to be performed with delays as long as 40 days in performing the first large rendezvous burn. If in the unlikely event the delay is even longer, NEAR could be aimed to swing by the Earth in January 2003, and from there it could encounter 4 Vesta and other interesting objects.
An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical model of secondary recovery is developed that integrates microeconomic theories of production and cost with a dynamic model of scrap generation and accumulation. The model equations are estimated for the U.S. secondary copper industry and used to assess the impacts that various policies and future events have on copper recycling rates. The alternatives considered are: subsidies for secondary production, differing energy costs, and varying ore quality in primary production.
The road safety experiences and perspectives among technology sector employees of a US multinational corporation in urban India

(p1⁄40.009), comprised more males (p1⁄40.05), died faster ( 48 hours vs. Interpretation: The mortality burden of trauma and sepsis in the TASH-ED is high, and mortality patterns differ between these groups. As emergency medicine develops as a specialty in Ethiopia, reduced mortality among these otherwise young, previously well patients could occur through targeted trauma prevention advocacy and the development of context-specific ED clinical care protocols. The generalizability of these study findings are limited by being a single-center study but hold great importance for informed improvements in ED care at Tikur Anbessa Hospital and likely approximate overall early ED mortality patterns in similarly-resourced ED settings in Ethiopia and other African countries. Funding: This project was funded by research grants from the University Health Network and the International Development Research Center. Abstract #: 02NCD007
Comment on the recent controversy over the theory of chirality functions

Derflinger,et al., have criticized the concept of qualitative completeness on the grounds that a chirality function may be qualitatively complete and still vanish identically for certain nonracemic, non-isomeric mixtures. It is pointed out that the functions considered by them are ones in which the full chirality function splits into parts which can be thought of as contributions from “effective fragments” of the molecule, and that their mixtures are indeed racemic in these fragments. The function can be augmented in a very simple way so as not to vanish for such mixtures, and the idea of qualitative completeness is in no way disturbed by this process.
Educational Aspects of Simple Inexpensive Personal Computers in Linear System Analysis

In order to introduce sophomore engineering students to the scientific applications of personal computers, we have used a simple computer algorithm for analyzing linear systems. This algorithm, mathematically equivalent to Euler's method, is derived from the analog computer block diagram with which most students are either already familiar or the principles of which they can grasp very quickly. We have found the method to be of significant pedagogical value in developing a feel for the use and limitations of numerical metbods, and indeed, for the intrinsic opeation of computers as such. It also demonstrates dramatically the educational impact of small, pesonal computers (with a price comparable to that of a textbook) when their simulation capabilities are used in combination with even the lowest resolution graphics.
Biphasic action of retinoids on gonadotropin receptor induction in rat granulosa cells in vitro

Vitamin A (retinol) has been held to be uniquely essential for normal vision and reproduction, all other functions being served by its metabolite retinoic acid. The inability of retinoic acid to maintain adequate serum progesterone is implicated as the cause of fetal resorption. The availability of lipoproteins is a major limiting factor in progesterone production and the ovarian expression of lipoprotein receptors is dependent on the action of luteinizing hormone (LH). Therefore, we investigated the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on LH receptor induction by ovarian cells in an attempt to determine the basis for the reported differences in the gonadal action of these two retinoids. Our results indicate that retinoic acid (10(-10) M) and retinol (10(-8) M) each synergistically enhance the ability of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to induce LH-receptors and to stimulate the formation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and progesterone. However, at higher concentrations, both retinoids inhibited these effects of FSH. For every measured effect, retinoic acid was more potent than retinol. Since retinol is metabolized to retinoic acid in other tissues, these results suggest that retinoic acid may be the mediator of the action of retinol on the ovary and that retinol's unique effect on reproduction needs to be investigated further.
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase activity is independent of cytochrome P450 reductase

7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) catalyzes the final step in cholesterol synthesis. The enzyme utilizes NADPH as a source of electrons and has been reported to require NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) as its redox partner. To test this hypothesis, microsomes were prepared from the livers of mice in which hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase expression was extinguished during maturation. These microsomes contained negligible levels of POR but had 2.5-fold greater DHCR7 activity than did microsomes from wild-type mice. Consistent with this greater activity, immunoblot analysis of DHCR7 expression indicated that DHCR7 protein levels were elevated 2-fold in POR-null microsomes. Addition of POR to these microsomes provided no stimulation of DHCR7 activity, confirming the lack of a role for POR in DHCR7 activity. Because the original observation that POR was necessary for DHCR7 activity was based, in part, on antibody inhibition studies with POR antibody, the ability of an antibody to the full-length POR protein to inhibit DHCR7 activity and cytochrome c reductase activity was tested; the antibody had no effect on DHCR7 activity but decreased cytochrome c reductase activity (a POR-catalyzed reaction) by 50%. Immunoblot analysis further demonstrated no cross-reactivity between POR and DHCR7 with antibodies to either protein. We conclude that cytochrome P450 reductase is not involved in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity.
Optical Circular Polarization of X Persei

THE possible identification1 of X Per with the X-ray source2 2ASE 0352+ 30 has stimulated interest in other properties of the star. In addition to detailed observations of the optical spectrum by Crampton and Hutchings3, attempts to observe radio emissions4 of the object at 21 cm have yielded no positive results. An attempt by Baud and Tinbergen5 to observe circular polarization in visible light showed no component greater than 0.02 of the total intensity.
Mechanical behavior of a notched oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite in combustion environment: Experiments and simulations

Abstract This paper is focused on understanding the role of combustive environment on thermal fatigue of Nextel™ 720/alumina CMCs. The role of pre-existing flaws in thermal monotonic and fatigue failure of the CMCs is also computationally and experimentally investigated. A notch (hole) was fabricated on the samples to study the effect of defects on the mechanical behavior of CMCs in combustion environment. Fatigue life in the combustion condition for notched samples was lower by an order of magnitude in comparison to the unnotched samples in combustion environment and notched samples in isothermal furnace results across the range of applied stress. The different fatigue performance is attributed to the thermal gradient stresses and increased rate of oxidation due to a high moisture level in the combustion rig test condition. The former will be further verified using finite element analysis and the latter from finite element analysis and microscopic analysis of the fracture surfaces.
Metamorphosis in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus: thyroidal status influences gill mitochondria-rich cells.

Abstract Metamorphosis in the summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus ) is mediated by thyroid hormones (TH) and is accompanied by changes in gill mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) and in salinity tolerance. Altered thyroid status during larval development and metamorphosis in this species influences salinity tolerance, though the influence of any hormone on MRCs of larval marine teleosts is not known. This study characterized the effect of altered thyroid status on MRC intracellular membranes, mitochondria size and ultrastructure, immunoreactive (ir)-Na + ,K + -ATPase, and cell size and density during metamorphosis in summer flounder. Inhibition of metamorphosis with thiourea (30 ppm) (TU, an inhibitor of TH synthesis) inhibited changes in MRCs, producing large “larval” type MRCs with weak reactivity to osmium; large, electron-lucent mitochondria; and weak ir-Na + ,K + -ATPase. Replacement of TH with TU + thyroxine–Na salt (100 ppb) rescued the fish from developmental inhibition, producing smaller “juvenile” type MRCs with strong reactivity to osmium; smaller, electron-opaque mitochondria; and strong ir-Na + ,K + -ATPase. The findings suggest that TH are necessary for MRCs to change from larval to juvenile form during metamorphosis.
A comparison of hydrogen ingress behavior in alloys 625 and 716

Microstructural heterogeneities in alloys provide trapping sites for diffusing hydrogen and so strongly affect the susceptibility of the alloys to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). These traps are able to be classified as reversible or irreversible, according to their energy for trapping hydrogen. Irreversible traps can be highly detrimental to the performance of an alloy in a hydrogen environment. So identification of the dominant types of irreversible traps is crucial to characterizing the susceptibility to HE. Hydrogen trapping has been studied previously for a wide range of alloys using a technique referred to as hydrogen ingress analysis by potentiostatic pulsing (HIAPP). The alloy is charged with hydrogen at a constant potential (E[sub c]) for a time (t[sub c]), after which the potential is stepped anodically, resulting in a current transient with a charge q[sub a]. For all the alloys studied to date, the transients could be analyzed in terms of a diffusion/trapping model involving a constant entry flux; that is, the rate of ingress was found to be controlled by diffusion under the influence of kinetically-limited entry. HIAPP has previously been applied to nickel-base alloys of age-hardened types (718 and 925) and work-hardened types (625 and C-276). In the present study, HIAPPmore » was used to investigate hydrogen ingress in Custom Age 625 PLUS (UNS N07716), which was developed as an age-hardenable alternative to alloy 625. The hydrogen entry and trapping characteristics were obtained for alloy 716 and compared with those for alloy 615, with the objective of relating these characteristics to their HE susceptibilities.« less
Worldwide activity and safety of bicalutamide: a summary review.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate bicalutamide as a therapy in nearly 3000 patients with advanced prostate cancer and to determine the dose-ranging, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of bicalutamide. To evaluate bicalutamide as a monotherapy or in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRH-A) therapy. Results. Bicalutamide is a potent, nonsteroidal antiandrogen with a plasma half-life consistent with a once-daily schedule. Monotherapy trials with 50 mg of bicalutamide established its intrinsic activity, as demonstrated by subjective and objective responses and decreases in PSA concentrations. In comparison with castration, 50 mg of bicalutamide monotherapy was inferior with respect to survival. In a randomized, double-blind (for antiandrogen therapy) trial, with a median follow-up of 49 weeks, 50 mg of bicalutamide plus an LHRH-A was superior (P = 0.005) to flutamide plus an LHRH-A in delaying time-to-treatment failure and was better tolerated, as was evident from a significantly (P 2800 patient-years, bicalutamide has been shown to be a well-tolerated therapy with a low incidence of treatment-related withdrawals. Conclusions. Bicalutamide is a new antiandrogen that offers the convenience of once-daily administration, demonstrated activity in prostate cancer, and an excellent safety profile. Because it is effective and offers better tolerability than flutamide, bicalutamide represents a valid first choice for antiandrogen therapy in combination with castration for the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Response Set in a Check List Test: A Sometimes Thing

This study was done to assess the influence of a response set, number of items checked, in the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). In some previous studies, the response set was moderately correlated with the total scale scores of Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility, but in other studies the correlations were minimal. Ss were 432 male and 614 female undergraduates from colleges in the East, Midwest, and West. In the total sample, the number of items checked correlated low, but significantly, with the total scale scores. However, the magnitude of the correlations varied considerably among the three regional samples.
High-speed-switching matrix for fiber optic communications using crossphase modulation techniques

A cadmium Sulphide doped fiber is used to design an all-optical Kerr shutter arranged as a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The high third order susceptibility of cadmium sulphide enabled low power, in milliwatt, operation of the device. At a pump power of 25 mW, in an interferometer of length 15 cm, the switching speed was calculated to be 100 gigabit/second for the switch.
Policy and Research Challenges of Moving Toward Best Practices in Using Student Test Scores to Evaluate Teacher Performance

The push for accountability in public schooling has extended to the evaluation of teacher performance, accelerated by federal efforts through Race to the Top and the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) fle...
Visualization of collagen in some human connective tissues by immunofluorescence

Abstract An antiserum to a urea-soluble fraction of human tendon collagen was raised in rabbits. The antiserum was used by the indirect method for immunofluorescent visualization of certain forms of collagen in several human connective tissues, including oral mucosa. Prominent reactive sites included basement membranes of small blood vessels, renal tubules, young collagen fibres, endomysium and elements of the lamina propria of oral mucosa and skin. In some loci, collagen did not react, presumably due to the state of aggregation or to interactions with other structural macromolecules. Similarities were noted between the altered staining of inflamed gingiva and collagenase-treated tissue.
Growth Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steel

Abstract Stress corrosion crack growth rates are measured at sveral stress intensity levels for low-tempered 4340 steel in 0.1N H 2 SO 4 solution. The characteristics of the growth rates are divided into three regions of stress intensity factors: Region I near K 1 SCC ; Region III near unstable fracture toughness, K 1 SC ; and Region II, which lies between the two. K 1 SCC is the value of K at which no crack growth can be detected after 240 hr. In order to explain these experimental results, the crack initiation analysis reported in a previous paper is extended to the growth rates. A detached crack initiates and grows at the tip of an already existing crack. When the detached crack reaches the tip of the main crack, the process repeats as a new existing crack. A relationship between crack growth rate, v , and stress intensity factor, K , is obtained as a function of b / a and a = b + d , where b is the distance from the tip of the main crack to the detached crack, and d is the ydrogen atom saturated domain. The experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical values in Region II when a = 0.02 mm , b / a = 0.8, c 1 / c 0 = 2.8 for 200°C tempered specimens and a = 0.015 mm, b / a = 0.7, c 1 / c 0 = 3.0, ρ b = 0.055 mm for 400°C tempered specimens, where ρ b is a fictitious notch radius. The plateau part in Region II for 400°C tempered specimens is also successfully explained by the present theory. For Region III, the value of b / a will be almost equal to 1 because v → ∞ for b / a → 1. On the other hand, for Region I, b / a will be zero, since the value of v becomes negligibly small and no crack growth is observable.
The “Carrion Cast”: An Intracavernosal Antimicrobial Cast for the Treatment of Infected Penile Implant

Despite advances in penile prosthetic surgery, risk of infection is not negligible and the results are catastrophic. Men with infection interested in remaining sexually active are traditionally either salvaged immediately, carrying a high risk of reinfection, or salvaged in a delayed fashion, resulting in corporal fibrosis and loss of penile length and girth. The “Carrion Cast” provides another option for patients who are not candidates for an immediate salvage procedure (i.e., presenting with septicemia, complicated medical/surgical history, or failed prior salvage). As is standard of care all infected implant components are removed, and the surgical site vigorously irrigated following a “Mulcahy salvage protocol.” Then, 2-0 Vicryl sutures are preplaced in preparation for “watertight” closure of the corporotomies. Open corporotomy in infected corpus implant has been removed Three Possible Treatment Strategies
A simple reduction from maximum weight matching to maximum cardinality matching

Let mcm(m,n) and mwm(m,n,N) be the complexities of computing a maximum cardinality matching and a maximum weight matching, and let mcm"b"i, mwm"b"i be their counterparts for bipartite graphs, where m, n, and N are the edge count, vertex count, and maximum integer edge weight. Kao, Lam, Sung, and Ting (2001) [1] gave a general reduction showing mwm"b"i(m,n,N)=O(N@?mcm"b"i(m,n)) and Huang and Kavitha (2012) [2] recently proved the analogous result for general graphs, that mwm(m,n,N)=O(N@?mcm(m,n)). We show that Gabow@?s mwm"b"i and mwm algorithms from 1983 [3] and 1985 [4] can be modified to replicate the results of Kao et al. and Huang and Kavitha, but with dramatically simpler proofs. We also show that our reduction leads to new bounds on the complexity of mwm on sparse graph classes, e.g., (bipartite) planar graphs, bounded genus graphs, and H-minor-free graphs.
The Possibilities of Concealed Receiving Systems

A closed 3-meter square loop of 16 turns of wire, hung about 1.5 meters from the ground, was used for long distance reception with an oscillating audion. Daylight overland reception from stations as distant as 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) was regularly accomplished. A combination of two similar loops was also employed, and considerably increased the directional selectivity. The inherent directional qualities of these receivers were utilized in the reduction of strays and interference.
A commentary on current practice in mediating variable analyses in behavioural nutrition and physical activity.

Objective: To critique current practice in, and provide recommendations for, mediating variable analyses (MVA) of nutrition and physical activity behaviour change. Strategy: Theory-based behavioural nutrition and physical activity interventions aim at changing mediating variables that are hypothesized to be responsible for changes in the outcome of interest. MVA are useful because they help to identify the most promising theoretical approaches, mediators and intervention components for behaviour change. However, the current literature suggests that MVA are often inappropriately conducted, poorly understood and inadequately presented. Main problems encountered in the published literature are explained and suggestions for overcoming weaknesses of current practice are proposed. Conclusion: The use of the most appropriate, currently available methods of MVA, and a correct, comprehensive presentation and interpretation of their findings, is of paramount importance for understanding how obesity can be treated and prevented.
Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction of lithium–silver vanadium phosphorous oxide cells: in situ cathode depth profiling of an electrochemical reduction–displacement reaction

Li/Ag2VO2PO4 cells exhibit high power output and a 15 000 fold decrease in impedance upon initial discharge. Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) allows dimensional resolution of the reaction progress in situ, revealing that silver metal (Ag0) initially forms at the electrode–electrolyte interface. This report contains the first description of an in situ EDXRD analysis of a cathode located within an intact Li-anode cell.
A novel objective function for improved phoneme recognition using time delay neural networks

The authors present single- and multispeaker recognition results for the voiced stop consonants /b, d, g/ using time-delay neural networks (TDNN), a new objective function for training these networks, and a simple arbitration scheme for improved classification accuracy. With these enhancements a median 24% reduction in the number of misclassifications made by TDNNs trained with the traditional backpropagation objective function is achieved. This redundant results in /b, d, g/ recognition rates that consistently exceed 98% for TDNNs trained with individual speakers; it yields a 98.1% recognition rate for a TDNN trained with three male speakers. >
Body mass and growth rates in a wild primate population.

We obtined data on body mass and growth rates for the immature members of two groups of wild baboons in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Data were collected without feeding, trapping, or handling. The data were separated into cross-sectional and longitudinal components, allowing both the examination of body mass-age relationships and the calculation of growth rates for individuals. For animals less than three years old, body mass was wellperedicted from age by a linear model. Differences based on social group membership were small but consistent, and their origins are discussed. We detected no differences in body mass based on sex or on maternal dominance rank. For older juveniles, those three to seven years of age, a better fit was obtained from log of mass than by mass in a linear model. This was also true for the cross-sectional data set over the whole age range (zero to seven years). For older juveniles, samples were too small for quantitative analysis of differences based on sex, rank, or group membership, but trends in the data are indicated. Growth rates derived from repeat measures of body mass for 38 animals are presented and discussed.
ATTEMPTED PROTECTION OF BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) FROM PNEUMONIA USING A NONLETHAL CYTOTOXIC STRAIN OF PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA, BIOTYPE A, SEROTYPE11

Between February and April, 1994, we tested the hypothesis that bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) inoculated with a cytotoxic isolate of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 11 (All) could withstand challenge inoculation with a cytotoxic strain of P. haemolytica A2 of domestic sheep origin known to cause lethal pneumonia in bighorn sheep. On experimental day 0, two bighorn sheep were inoculated intratracheally with 6 × 109 colony forming units (cfu) of a cytotoxic strain of P. haemolytica All (group 1); two bighorn sheep were inoculated intratracheally with 6 × 109 cfu of a noncytotoxic P. haemolytica All (group 2), and two control bighorn sheep were inoculated intratracheally with a similar volume of brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (group 3). After inoculation, all bighorn sheep remained healthy. On experimental day 16, group 1 bighorn sheep each were given the same intratracheal inoculation as on day 0, and groups 2 and 3 bighorn sheep each were inoculated with BHI broth at the same vol...