cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient perspectives about depressive symptoms in heart failure: a review of the qualitative literature.

Background Scientists have systematically established the prevalence and the consequences of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF). However, a comprehensive understanding of patient perspectives about depressive symptoms, in combination with HF, has not been published. A patient-centered approach may support the design of interventions that are effective and acceptable to patients with HF and depressive symptoms. Objective The aim of this study was to review qualitative findings about patient perspectives of contributing factors, associated symptoms, consequences, and self-care strategies used for depressive symptoms in HF. Methods Qualitative studies were included if they were published between 2000 and 2012, if they were in English, and if they described emotional components about living with HF. Three electronic databases were searched using the key words heart failure, qualitative, and depression or psychosocial or stress or emotional. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Patients with HF reported that financial stressors, overall poor health, past traumatic life experiences, and negative thinking contributed to depressive symptoms. The patients described cognitive-affective symptoms of depression and anxiety but not somatic symptoms of depression. Perceived consequences of depressive symptoms included hopelessness, despair, impaired social relationships, and a decreased ability to engage in HF self-care. Recommended management strategies consisted of enhanced social support and cognitive strategies. Conclusions Depressive symptoms in patients with HF were associated with a number of contributing factors, including those not specifically related to their disease, and serious consequences that reduced their self-care ability. Nonpharmacological management approaches to depressive symptoms that include improved social support or cognitive interventions may be effective and acceptable strategies.
Comparison of continuous and discrete representations of unobserved heterogeneity in logit models

Representing unobserved heterogeneity or taste variations in Marketing Analytic behavioral-choice analysis is receiving increasing attention in the estimation of consumer-choice modeling. The mixed logit (MXL) model, which incorporates random coefficients into the multinomial logit model, has been widely adopted for this purpose. The most commonly adopted method in this context is to assume that the random coefficient follows a continuous, unimodal distribution, and the parameters of the distribution as well as the other parameters for the model can be obtained using maximum simulated likelihood estimation. In this article, we refer to this method as the continuous mixed logit (CMXL) model. This method requires the a priori assumption that the distribution of the random coefficient is continuous and, usually, unimodal. One way to relax this assumption is to estimate the distribution nonparametrically, by assuming a discrete distribution with finite support. We refer to this approach as the discrete mixed logit (DMXL) model. Based on the DMXL model, we propose the mass-point MXL model as one alternative to the continuous-distribution assumption and compare its performance with the latent class logit model (LCLM), also part of the DMXL family. Either model can be used to represent unobserved heterogeneity with a discrete distribution in the parameter space. In this article, we conduct empirical analyses and compare the continuous and discrete representations of unobserved heterogeneity in logit models using simulated data with known parameters and real data with discrete choices. Analysis with simulated data provides insights on the ability to distinguish between continuous and discrete parameter distributions and a better understanding of the goodness-of-fit measures used in evaluating model performance with real data. From the simulation study, we find that when the data is generated from a normal distribution, the CMXL model with the unimodal-distribution assumption is preferred to the DMXL mode. From the real data analysis, we find that the CMXL model fails to recover heterogeneity that is identified by the DMXL model. In conclusion, we suggest that when estimating a random-coefficient MXL model, one should start with a CMXL model, but should not accept a ‘no heterogeneity’ conclusion without estimating a series of DMXL models using either the mass-point MXL model or the LCLM with different starting values.
Experimental alignment of a spectrometer system using laser diffraction

A simple technique is described to facilitate precise three-dimensional alignment of a monochromator relative to a dimensionally fixed optical feed system. This technique uses diffraction of a He-Ne laser through the entrance slit of the monochromator. Diffraction pattern symmetry serves as a sensitive visual guide. Reduction of a three-dimensional alignment problem into a simpler two-dimensional one is achieved by the utilization of a "rail and rider" approach accompanied by systematic placement and mechanical alignment of components. Considerable time savings using this approach have been realized.
Fostering innovation and discovery in biomedical research.

N TODAY’S SCIENTIFIC ERA,MOLECULAR RESEARCH HAS PAVED thewayforthedevelopmentofpharmaceuticalsthatare improving the lives of millions of patients. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency retrovirus as the causativeagentofAIDSledtothedevelopmentofreversetranscriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine. Monoclonal antibodiesdirectedagainsttumornecrosisfactorhavechanged the lives of many patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Imatinib mesylate, a specific inhibitor of the bcr-abl protein kinase,hastransformedtheprognosisforpatientswithchronic myeloid leukemia; and as drug-resistant variants arise, DNA sequencing can identify the mutations responsible and providearationalbasisforfurtherdrugdevelopment. 1,2 In2004 thefirstangiogenesisinhibitorswereapprovedbytheUSFood and Drug Administration, in one case for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and in another for age-related macular degeneration. 3,4 There is reason for optimism that this is justthebeginning,andthatthehugeinvestmentsinmolecular biology and genomics research made 10 to 30 years ago will provide an increasingly robust flow of new and effective medicines. Yet this gap of 10 to 30 years between discovery research andpharmaceuticalsbeingprescribedbyphysiciansalsogives
Anarchist, Neoliberal, & Democratic Decision-Making: Deepening the Joy in Learning and Teaching.

Using a critical postmodern framework, this article analyzes the relationship of the decision-making processes of anarchism and neoliberalism to that of deep democracy. Anarchist processes are found to share common core principals with deep democracy; but neoliberal processes are found to be antithetical to deep democracy. To increase the joy in learning and teaching, based upon this analysis, practical anarchist guidelines for school decision-making are suggested.
Aslantest: a symbolic execution tool for testing Aslan formal specifications

This paper introduces Aslantest, a symbolic execution tool for the formal specification language Aslan. Aslan is a state-based specification language built on first-order predicate calculus with equality. Aslantest animates Aslan specifications and enables users to interactively run specific test cases or symbolically execute the specification. Testing the formal specifications early in the software life cycle allows one to assure a reliable system that also provides the desired functionality.
Legal Controls on Mind- and Mood-Altering Drugs

A discussion of foreseeable changes in our laws relating to mind- and mood-altering drugs and the implications and consequences thereof. For marijuana the major question is legalization in its several alternative forms and the ramifications and problems which would be generated. For narcotics the problems concern methadone maintenance programs and civil commitment and preventive detention plans. Other categories of drugs--amphetamines, barbiturates, the various hallucinogens--each pose unique questions and complications. The author discusses the future of drug research and the effects (potentially discouraging) on it of changes in legal control. What is required is a shift away from fearful and panic-like responses to "the drug problem"; we must learn to live with the fact of the presence and the probably increasing use of these substances. Language: en
Resistance to treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumours: what radiologists should know

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour resistance to treatment with imatinib occurs due to pre-existing or acquired mutations. Computed tomography and positron-emission tomography play an essential role in prompt recognition of resistance to treatment. Primary resistance to treatment, which is encountered in the first 6 months of treatment, is associated with specific mutations. Imaging of these tumours shows no anatomical or metabolic response to treatment. Secondary resistance to treatment, which develops after an initial response, is associated with a variety of mutations acquired after the start of treatment. Imaging findings of secondary resistance are of disease progression.
General motors sulfate dispersion experiment—An overview of the wind, temperature, and concentration fields

Abstract A major purpose of the General Motors Sulfate Dispersion Experiment was to study the influence of traffic on the dispersion of pollutants near the roadway. It was found that when the crossroad wind component was low there was upwind dispersion within a few meters of the road. This dispersion was further enhanced when a component of the wind was opposing the traffic in the upwind lanes. The vertical velocity fluctuation (σw) was generally higher in the downwind region than in the upwind region of the road, especially at low wind speeds. Thus, mechanical mixing due to the traffic contributed significantly to the vertical expansion of the plume. Waste heat generated from the traffic also resulted in plume rise near the roadway. Due to the relatively long time scale associated with the buoyancy effect, appreciable plume rise was observed mainly at very low crossroad winds. The implications of the experiment on the Gaussian model are discussed.
A nutritional evaluation of acetostearins in rats

A modified glyceride, acetostearin, has been studied in feeding experiments with rats using several nutritional and biochemical criteria. As acetostearins are more readily absorbed than the standard fats from which they are prepared, it was possible also to study the effect of high levels of saturated fat on essential fatty acid utilization.
Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis.

Abstract Background & Aims: The pathogenesis of brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure is still unresolved. Mild hypothermia (33°–35°C) can ameliorate brain edema after traumatic brain injury. We evaluated mild hypothermia in a model of ammonia-induced brain edema in which accumulation of brain glutamine has been proposed as a key pathogenic factor. Methods: After portacaval anastomosis, anesthetized rats were infused with ammonium acetate at 33°, 35°, and 37°C or vehicle at 37°C. Water and glutamine levels in the brain, cardiac output, and regional and cerebral hemodynamics were measured when intracranial pressure increased 3–4-fold (ammonia infusion at 37°) and matched times (other groups). Results: Mild hypothermia reduced ammonia-induced brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure. Brain glutamine level was not decreased by hypothermia. Brain edema was accompanied by a specific increase in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption, which were normal in both hypothermic groups. When the ammonia infusion was continued in hypothermic rats, plasma ammonia levels continued to increase and brain swelling eventually developed. Conclusions: Mild hypothermia delays ammonia-induced brain edema. In this model, an increase in cerebral perfusion is required for brain edema to become manifest. Mild hypothermia could be tested for treatment of intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:686-693
A Methodology for Denoising and Generating Bus Infrastructure Data

Together with the availability of new mobility data, the development of new intelligent transport systems (ITS) have increased, in order to provide new key performance indicators toward the improvement of the management of traffic awareness in cities. ITS rely on accurate transit infrastructure data that often contain erroneous information (e.g., inconsistencies or is out of date). In this paper, we propose a new methodology that makes use of GPS traces to automatically detect or correct bus stop locations, reconstruct bus route shapes, and estimate time schedules. The methodology performs different steps: 1) data cleaning and detection of trips; 2) bus stop extraction through data mining techniques; 3) route shape reconstruction; and 4) time schedule estimation. A case study using real GPS data from the City of Dublin, Ireland, is performed.
A parallel alpha/beta tree searching algorithm

Abstract This paper gives a theoretical foundation for using parallel processing to search an alpha/beta minimax game tree. A mathematical discussion predicts the behavior of a particular parallel algorithm, Principle Variation Splitting (PVS), along with an enhancement that improves performance for most test cares. After the theoretical discussion, some practical results obtained by running two implementations of the PVS algorithm on a 30-processor tightly coupled shared memory machine are given to show the speedup obtained by parallel processing.
Urinary Isoflavones and Their Metabolites Validate the Dietary Isoflavone Intakes in US Adults

Abstract Background Isoflavones are derived from dietary sources and considered to promote health by preventing the onset of such chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Valid and reliable estimation of isoflavone intake is a prerequisite to establishing biological functions of isoflavones on health risks. Objective This study aimed to validate the approach of estimating dietary isoflavone intake with respective urinary isoflavone concentrations in US adults. Design Data from the US Department of Agriculture isoflavone database and dietary recalls of 2,908 US adults with urinary isoflavone data in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Results Dietary isoflavone was consumed by only 35% of adults in a day with an average intake of 3.1 mg/day, which resulted in a mean intake of 1.0 mg/day for all US adults. The isoflavone intakes were from genistein (55%), diadzein (35%), glycitein (7%), biochanin A (2%), and formononetin (2%). Both daily total and energy adjusted isoflavone intake differed by race/ethnicity subgroups ( P P P P Conclusions In large population-based studies, estimated dietary isoflavone intake can be validated by urinary isoflavones. Further studies are needed at an individual level to validate dietary isoflavone intake by urinary isoflavone concentration.
Foam Delivery of Calcium Polysulfide to the Vadose Zone for Chromium(VI) Immobilization: A Laboratory Evaluation

The delivery of calcium polysulfide (CPS) to the vadose zone using foam and the immobilization of Cr(VI) via reduction by the foam-delivered CPS was studied in a series of batch and column experiments. Batch tests were conducted to select the foam-generating CPS–surfactant solutions, to determine the solution foamability and the reducing potential of CPS-containing foams, and to study the influence of foam quality, surfactant concentration, and CPS concentration on foam stability. Column experiments were performed to test the foam delivery of CPS to sediments under conditions similar to a field vadose zone, to study the foam transport and interaction with sediments, and to determine the extent of Cr(VI) immobilization using this novel delivery approach. Foams containing CPS with high reducing potential were prepared based on the batch tests. Sediment reduction by foam-delivered CPS was observed in the columns. Massive mobilization of Cr(VI) from sediments occurred when CPS was delivered in aqueous solution. The Cr(VI) mobilization was minimized in column tests when CPS was delivered by foams, resulting in significant Cr(VI) in situ immobilization. These results demonstrated for the first time that foam injection can be successfully used for CPS delivery to the vadose zone and that foam-delivered CPS can be applied for Cr(VI) immobilization in contaminated vadose zones.
Multiplicity and stability of premixed laminar flames: an application of bifurcation theory

Abstract Numerical bifurcation techniques are used to describe multiple steady states for a premixed, laminar flame stabilized on a flat flame burner. The flame is assumed to be adiabatic, and the kinetic mechanism is approximated by a single reaction. The numerical methods make it possible to determine all steady states and eliminate computational difficulties near singular points. The possibility of defining solutions near singularities is particularly important in flame modeling for it is near such points that ignition and burn-out may occur. Three steady states are identified: a stable upper state corresponding to a flame burning at or near the adiabatic flame temperature, a lower solution representing an extinguished stable state, and an unstable intermediate state. Sensitivity of the solutions to changes in kinetic parameters is enhanced near burn-out. It is expected that the ability to predict flame behavior near such singular points will be particularly useful in the determination of flame kinetics.
A study of LMM Auger spectra, transition energies, and peak intensity variations in Si (SiH4) and P (PH33) produced by 0.4 to 2.1 MeV He+ ion bombardment

Abstract Si and P LMM Auger spectra with a resolution of 0.45 eV produced under 0.4–2.1 MeV He+ ion bombardment of silane and phosphine gas, respectively, reveal more lines (12 or more in Si and 10 or more in P) at an ion velocity near that of the electrons in the L2,3 shell of the target atoms than at other ion velocities. Auger peak energies, widths, and relative intensities in Si and P produced with a resolution of 0.30 eV under 0.80 and 1.05 MeV He+ ion bombardment, respectively, are given. The Auger peak energies in Si are compared to those produced under 500 eV electron bombardment elsewhere and to existing theory, while those in P are discussed.
Prologue to a contextual archaeology

Abstract The thesis of this essay is that a gap presently exists between the research interests of modern scientific archaeology and the research methodology which structures archaeological investigation. It is argued that this is a function of the traditional objectives of archaeology, and that a methodology justified by a distinctive set of goals is necessary to produce studies more closely related to present archaeological concerns. The traditional goals of archaeology are here characterized as the historical result of prior interests, reinforced by the character of formal programmes of graduate study. The set of distinctive goals identified in the essay derives from assessment of the significance of methodologies appropriate to the investigation of palaeoenvironments in modelling prehistoric cultural systems and subsystems. The proposed methodology is substantively, as well as substantially, different from methodologies in present use. I have called it Contextual Archaeology in recognition of its debt to the statement of an archaeologically-significant method Butzer (1978) has advanced under the name Contextual Approach. It is argued here that contextual archaeology, despite practical problems, is both a productive and an implementable alternative.
Inbreeding and evolution by kin selection

Abstract Because alleles associated with altruistic behaviors can increase in frequency when altruists increase the fitness of closely related individuals, it has been assumed that inbreeding presents the most favorable conditions for the evolution of altruism. Using a family-structured model of kin selection, we varied the proportion of the population mating with sibs and the proportion mating randomly to investigate the hypothesis that inbreeding facilitates the evolution of altruistic behaviors. We partitioned total gene frequency change of the altruistic allele into two components: (1) the change in gene frequency owing to selection within families, or individual selection; this component of selection is always negative and selects against altruistic social behaviors; and (2) the change in gene frequency owing to fitness differences between families, or group selection; this component of selection favors the evolution of altruistic social behaviors. Because inbreeding increases the component of group selection at the expense of individual selection by increasing the between-group variation, it facilitates the spread of the altruistic allele. Computer simulations show that even small amounts of inbreeding (within-sibship mating) significantly increase the rate of gene frequency change.
The Cost of Food Aid to Recipient Countries

S INCE the passage of Public Law 480 in 1954, there have been two major trends in United States food aid policies. The first has been a gradual transition from the disposal of surplus agricultural commodities to a program emphasizing economic development in recipient countries [1]. The self-help criteria specified in the Food for Peace Act of 1966 high-lighted this redirection [6, Sec. 109]. The second and parallel trend has been a gradual hardening of terms, so that shipments have become more like commercial sales. As a result of the latter trend, recipient countries are facing higher payment burdens. In this paper I endeavor to show how the shift to credit sales in the 1966 Act contributes to the commercialization trend and how, by raising the cost of food aid, this policy conflicts with the economic development trend.
Brian Scarlett – Myth, Motivator, Mentor, and Man

Few think of Particle Science and Engineering without thinking of Brian Scarlett. His career spanned over 40 years. From his early days in Nottingham to his final days in Florida, Particle Science and Engineering were not only his passion but his life. He was a complex man. Not all found him easy. However, he left an abiding legacy in the many students that he loved and mentored. He believed in providing opportunity for his students in travel, and sometimes accomplished this while stretching budgets. He motivated many into new arenas of technology, and had just begun to fulfil his technical dreams when cancer claimed him. His final years exposed the man; one who was single-minded, driven, and very brave. He did not complete the work he wanted to finish, but still left an indelible mark on the field of Particle Science and Technology for generations to come. In this paper, the life and accomplishments of this complex man are put into perspective; and, in so doing, we honor him in this special edition of the journal.
Magic-angle-spinning NMR techniques for measuring long-range distances in biological macromolecules.

The determination of molecular structures using solid-state NMR spectroscopy requires distance measurement through nuclear-spin dipole-dipole couplings. However, most dipole-coupling techniques compete with the transverse (T2) relaxation of the nuclear spins, whose time constants are at most several tens of milliseconds, which limits the ability to measure weak dipolar couplings or long distances. In the last 10 years, we have developed a number of magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR techniques to measure distances of 15-20 A. These methods take advantage of the high gyromagnetic ratios of (1)H and (19)F spins, multispin effects that speed up dipolar dephasing, and (1)H and (19)F spin diffusion that probes distances in the nanometer range. Third-spin heteronuclear detection provides a method for determining (1)H dipolar couplings to heteronuclear spins. We have used this technique to measure hydrogen-bond lengths, torsion angles, the distribution of protein conformations, and the oligomeric assembly of proteins. We developed a new pulse sequence, HARDSHIP, to determine weak long-range (1)H-heteronuclear dipolar couplings in the presence of strong short-range couplings. This experiment allows us to determine crystallite thicknesses in biological nanocomposites such as bone. The rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) technique allows us to detect multispin (13)C-(31)P and (13)C-(2)H dipolar couplings. Quantitative analysis of these couplings provides information about the structure of peptides bound to phospholipid bilayers and the geometry of ligand-binding sites in proteins. Finally, we also use relayed magnetization transfer, or spin diffusion, to measure long distances. z-Magnetization can diffuse over several nanometers because its long T1 relaxation times allow it to survive for hundreds of milliseconds. We developed (1)H spin diffusion to probe the depths of protein insertion into the lipid bilayer and protein-water interactions. On the other hand, (19)F spin diffusion of site-specifically fluorinated molecules allowed us to elucidate the oligomeric structures of membrane peptides.
Effects of fluid delivery on the sucking response of the human newborn

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with human newborns to compare sucking behavior under nutritive and nonnutritive sucking conditions using several fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Results showed that: (1) nutritive sucking produces higher over-all sucking rates but lower within-burst rates, (2) burst lengths are longer during nutritive than nonnutritive sucking, (3) fewer bursts per unit time occur during nutritive sucking, (4) fluid termination following nutritive sucking produces a sharp response decrement, suggestive of a negative contrast effect when compared with sucking rates under continuous no-fluid sucking. Response diminution occurs in the first 2–3 min of sucking under all conditions, reflecting the necessity of control comparisons in studies documenting sucking change under changing stimulus or reinforcement conditions.
Canadian multiculturalism and aboriginal people: Negotiating a place in the nation

This paper examines the discourse of Canadian multiculturalism. The author argues that, because it is grounded in presuppositions about culture and how culture serves to identify a people or nation, this discourse constructs culturally defined ethnic identities as categories of ethnic difference that both permit and deny inclusion within the Canadian nation. This argument is illustrated by an examination of the struggle of Aboriginal peoples to claim a place within the nation. The author concludes that, despite the possibilities it allows, the discourse of multiculturalism is close to a racialist discourse, and that it allows difference only in circumscribed ways.
CspB and CspL, thermostable cold-shock proteins from Thermotoga maritima.

Background: Cold-shock proteins (Csps) are important for cellular adaptation to low temperature. Csps help cells adapt to low-temperature growth through their RNA-binding and nucleic acid melting abilities, which lead to anti-termination of transcription. Results: We studied the two most thermostable Csps known to date, TmCspB and TmCspL from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic eubacterium for which no cold-shock response has been demonstrated so far. For comparison, we used a well-characterized Escherichia coli CspE protein. TmCspB and TmCspL are able to bind RNA at both low and high temperatures. They are also able to ‘melt’ nucleic acids secondary structures and as a result decrease E. coli RNA polymerase transcription termination in vivo and E. coli and T. maritima RNA polymerases transcription termination in vitro. Over-expression of TmCsps allowed E. coli cold-sensitive mutant cells to acclimate to the low temperatures of 15 °C. Conclusions: TmCspB and TmCspL (i) are able to perform essential functions of E. coli Csps in vitro and in vivo, 50–65 °C below the temperature optimum of T. maritima and (ii) can anti-terminate transcription by T. maritima RNA polymerase at 55 °C, the lower limit of temperature range for growth of T. maritima. We propose that the observed properties of TmCsps are physiologically relevant and that TmCsps are important for adaptation of T. maritima to physiologically low temperatures.
Combinatorial gene construct and non-viral delivery for anti-obesity in diet-induced obese mice

The combinatorial peptidergic therapy of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and leptin (LEP) analogues was once an optimistic option in treating obese animals and patients. However, the need for frequent administrations and its negative side effects prevent it from being a viable choice. Here, we developed a combinatorial gene therapy of IAPP and LEP, where two genes are inserted into a single plasmid with self-cleaving furin and 2A sites to treat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The developed plasmid DNA (pDNA) individually produced both IAPP and LEP peptides in vitro and in vivo. The pDNA was delivered with a non-viral polymeric carrier, and its once-a-week administrations demonstrated a synergistic loss of body weight and significant reductions of fat mass, blood glucose, and lipid levels in DIO mice. The results suggest that the combinatorial gene therapy would have higher potential than the peptidergic approach for future translation due to its improved practicability.
Clines and adaptive evolution in the methuselah gene region in Drosophila melanogaster

In an effort to characterize further the patterns of selection and adaptive evolution at the methuselah locus in Drosophila species, we extended an analysis of geographical variation to include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in adjacent genes on either side of the mth locus, and examined the molecular variation in a neighbouring methuselah paralogue (mth2). An analysis of 13 SNPs spanning a region of nearly 19 kilobases surrounding the mth locus demonstrated that a clinal pattern associated with the most common mth haplotype does not extend to adjacent gene loci, providing compelling evidence that the clinal pattern results from selection on as yet unidentified sites associated with the functional mth locus. mth2 exhibited a significant pattern of adaptive divergence among D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. yakuba similar to that seen at mth. However, Ka : Ks ratios indicate a difference in levels of functional constraint at the two methuselah, loci with mth2 exhibiting a five- to six-fold reduction in levels of amino acid divergence relative to mth.
Spatial Patterns in Water Quality Associated with Submersed Plant Beds

This study describes the influence of submersed plant beds on spatial distributions of key water quality variables. An on-board flow-through water sampling system was used to investigate patterns in turbidity, chlorophyll-a, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH across a robust stand of the submersed plant Stuckenia pectinata. Spatially interpolated maps show that water quality conditions were significantly altered within this plant bed, especially during months of peak biomass, and that reduction of suspended particles focused at the bed’s edge. Comparison with a suite of submersed plant beds indicated that patterns were related to canopy height, shoot density, and cross-shore bed width. Wide and dense stands with tall canopies showed reduced turbidity and increased light penetration, while smaller sparser beds often showed elevated within-bed turbidity. These results suggest that bed effects on water quality conditions vary seasonally with plant canopy architecture and bed size, providing tentative guidelines for restoring self-sustaining beds.
Pulsed Beam Chopper for the PSR at LAMPF

A traveling-wave beam chopper has been designed to provide properly structured negative-ion beam to the Proton Storage Ring (PSR) and other LAMPF users. The chopper must provide a 20-mrad kick with pulse rise time <5 ns for the 750-keV H- ions in the injector transport line. Variable pulse lengths from 15 ns to 750 ?s at repetition rates up to 16.7 MHz must be generated in synchronization with the PSR circulation frequency. Parameter studies led to an optimized design combining good deflection efficiency and bandwidth with minimum deleterious effects from plate-to-plate coupling. Both positive and negative 600-V pulses, with lengths up to 1 ms and maximum 10% duty factor, can be generated to drive the deflectors.
Assimilation Variability in the GEOS-1 Data Assimilation System

Abstract Ensembles of assimilation runs were used to assess the sensitivity of the GEOS-1 (Goddard Earth Observing System—Version 1) data assimilation system to data gaps and changes in initial conditions. Perturbations from a “control” assimilation were induced by withholding data for periods ranging from 12 to 96 h. Data assimilation then proceeded with each ensemble member for periods up to one month, and ensemble members (“assimilations”) were examined for convergence to the control assimilation. Experimental results show that this method is effective in identifying assimilation system weaknesses by determining where assimilations do not converge quickly. The methodology is also useful for determining assimilation “spinup” time. For the GEOS-1 system, convergence of the assimilation ensemble was slow near the poles and in the Southern Hemisphere. This slow convergence was largely due to the sparseness of data in the Southern Hemisphere and to strong polar filtering. The differences between assimilatio...
Current Issues in Health Care Informatics

Health care informatics has emerged as a diverse and important new field of study. The field can be very broadly defined as the science that addresses how best to use information to improve health care. The field includes the four areas of bioinformatics, medical informatics, public health informatics, and consumer health informatics. Health care informatics applications can be used to improve the quality of patient care, to increase productivity, and to provide access to knowledge. After providing an overview of the field, the 10 articles contained in this special issue are briefly discussed. The first six articles address a diverse set of topics such as the use of health care informatics to conduct research, clinical information systems used by the U.S. Air Force, electronic medical records and physician satisfaction in Oman, and a point of care documentation system used by hospice care providers. The last four articles discuss the complex issues raised by the implementation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).
Rheological Behavior of Comminuted Meat Batters

Good agreement was observed between the shear stress-shear rate results obtained with a capillary extrusion viscometer and the yield stress as determined with a rotational viscometer. The frankfurter batter used in this study was pseudoplastic with a flow behavior index of 0.2–0.4, and a yield stress of approximately 840 Pa at 10°C. To compare the effects of batter composition, an apparent viscosity term was defined. Dilution of the batter resulted in reduced apparent viscosities, while increased fat led to increased apparent viscosities. Although chopping time significantly altered the stability of the batter and the visco-elastic properties of the cooked product, no significant difference in the apparent viscosity was detected. This observation was discussed in light of the apparent insensitivity of viscosity measurements to the degree of fat comminution.
The structure of thermolysin: an electron density map at 2-3 A resolution.

Abstract An electron density map at 2.3 A resolution has been determined for the thermostable protease thermolysin. Crystallographic details are given for the three isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives which were used in the structure determination. The course of the polypeptide chain could be followed through the electron density map without reference to the chemically determined amino-acid sequence and 53% of the amino acids identified correctly. The electron density map, when combined with the amino-acid sequence determined by Titani, Hermodson, Ericsson, Walsh & Neurath (1972) , revealed the conformation of the thermolysin molecule in considerable detail. The molecule is folded into two distinct lobes, with β-structure predominating in one half and helices in the other. The essential zinc atom lies between the two lobes in a deep cleft and has as ligands two histidines and a glutamic acid as in carboxypeptidase A. Some other elements of the active site are similar to that of carboxypeptidase A, but there are also some striking differences. The over-all structures of thermolysin and carboxypeptidase A are quite different. It is shown that thermolysin binds four calcium ions, which may be replaced to varying degrees by ions of strontium, barium and the rare earth metals.
Measurement and analysis of a small nozzle plume in vacuum

Measurements of Pitot pressure and flow angle were made in the plume of a nozzle flowing nitrogen and exhausting to a vacuum. The measurements were compared to results from a numerical simulation of the flow that was based on kinetic theory and used the direct-simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Numerical results were compared with measurements made in the plume at various axial and radial stations. Total pressure measurements were made with Pitot tubes sized for specific regions of the plume. Flow angle measurements were made with a conical probe. The measurement area for flow angle extended to 160 mm (5 exit diameters) downstream of the nozzle exit plane and radially to 60 mm (1.9 exit diameters) from the plume axis. The total pressure measurements extended 480 mm (16 exit diameters) downstream and radially to 60 mm. Comparisons of computed results from the DSMC method with measurements of flow angle displayed improved agreement with increasing distance from the exit plane. Pitot pressures computed from the DSMC method were in reasonably good agreement with experimental results over the entire measurement area.
A Multi-Physics Computational Framework to Predict Dishing and Erosion in Patterned Wafers

The prediction of dishing and erosion caused by CMP is desired as they adversely affect the electrical properties of interconnects in integrated circuits. For a model to properly capture these phenomena, it must account for the time dependent surface evolution in CMP. This work employs the previously introduced Particle-Augmented Mixed Lubrication (PAML) model to predict dishing and erosion in CMP. By using PAML to model the polishing of a patterned wafer, it is possible to predict the dishing and erosion experienced during CMP.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CENTRIOLES AND THEIR SATELLITES IN THE JELLYFISH PHIALIDIUM GREGARIUM.

Testes of jellyfish Phialidium gregarium were fixed in 2 per cent OsO4 in Veronal-acetate buffer at pH 7.4. Thin sections showed that in young spermatids the spindle fibers of the last maturation division are attached to satellites of the filament-forming centriole. In more mature spermatids this attachment is not observed. During the developmental phase, nine satellites can be observed emanating from the interspaces between the nine tubular triplets of this centriole. A circular region on each of the enlarged distal ends of the satellites attaches them to the cell membrane. The satellites apparently provide a firm anchor for the axial filament. Each of the epithelial cells covering the testis produces a single long flagellum. On the filament-forming centriole often a satellite can be observed to which tubules are attached. These tubules are 180 A in diameter and probably represent remnants of spindle fibers. It is suggested that the distal centriole has the ability to form several satellites or appendages at appropriate times during the cell cycle. These satellites are distinct from the daughter centrioles in that they are supportive structures: in certain phases of cell life, spindle fibers may attach to them, while in other instances the distal centriole and the flagellum it is forming are anchored by them.
GPS enabled speed control embedded system speed limiting device with display and engine control interface

In the past decade, there have been close to 350,000 fatal crashes in the United States [1]. With various improvements in traffic and vehicle safety, the number of such crashes is decreasing every year. One of the ways to reduce vehicle crashes is to prevent excessive speeding in the roads and highways. The paper aims to outline the design of an embedded system that will automatically control the speed of a motor vehicle based on its location determined by a GPS device. The embedded system will make use of an AVR ATMega128 microcontroller connected to an EM-406A GPS receiver. The large amount of location input data justifies the use of an ATMega128 microcontroller which has 128KB of programmable flash memory as well as 4KB SRAM, and a 4KB EEPROM Memory [2]. The output of the ATMega128 will be a DOGMI63W-A LCD module which will display information of the current and the set-point speed of the vehicle at the current position. A discrete indicator LED will flash at a pre-determined frequency when the speed of the vehicle has exceeded the recommended speed limit. Finally, the system will have outputs that will communicate with the Engine Control Unit (ECU) of the vehicle. For the limited scope of this project, the ECU is simulated as an external device with two inputs that will acknowledge pulse-trains of particular frequencies to limit the speed of a vehicle. The speed control system will be programmed using mixed language C and Assembly with the latter in use for some pre-written subroutines to drive the LCD module. The GPS module will transmit National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) data strings to the microcontroller (MCU) using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The MCU will use the location coordinates (latitude and longitude) and the speed from the NMEA RMC output string. The current speed is then compared against the recommended speed for the vehicle's location. The memory locations in the ATMega128 can be used to store set-point speed values against a particular set of location co-ordinates. Apart from its implementation in human operated vehicles, the project can be used to control speed of autonomous cars and to implement the idea of a variable speed limit on roads introduced by the Department of Transportation [3].
Spacecraft detumbling using movable telescoping appendages

The dynamics of detumbling a randomly spinning spacecraft using externally mounted, movable telescoping appendages are studied both analytically and numerically. Two types of telescoping appendages are considered: (1) where an end mass is mounted at the end of an (assumed) massless boom; and (2) where the appendage is assumed to consist of a uniformly distributed homogeneous mass throughout its length. From an application of Liapunov's second method boom extension maneuvers can be determined to approach either of two desired final states: close to a zero inertial angular velocity state, and a final spin rate about only one of the principal axes. Recovery dynamics are evaluated analytically for the case of symmetrical deployment. Numerical examination of other asymmetrical cases verifies the practicality of using movable appendages to recover a randomly tumbling spacecraft.
Self-consistent study of the resonant-tunneling diode

Quantum transport in the resonant-tunneling diode (RTD) is modeled here with the Wigner formalism including self-consistent potentials for the first time. We examine the computational aspects of the Wigner-function approach and the boundary conditions for the model. The calculated I-V characteristics show an intrinsic bistability in the negative-differential-conductivity region of the curve. Intrinsic bistability results from charge storage and the subsequent shifting of the internal potential of the device. The cathode region of the RTD shows a strong depletion and quantization of electrons in a deep triangular potential well, which reduces the barrier height to a ballistic electron injected from the cathode, enhancing the valley current and reducing the peak-to-valley ratio. Undoped spacer layers prevent the formation of a deep quantum well at the cathode barrier, and the distribution does not deplete as sharply as without the spacer layer. The I-V curve with the spacer layers shows a much lower negative resistance, and a sharper bistable region. A finite relaxation time for the electrons increases the negative resistance, reduces the peak-to-valley ratio of the current, and causes a ``soft'' hysteresis in the bistable region. A zero-bias anomaly is found to result from high-momentum tails in the distribution at the barrier interface. These high-momentum tails contribute a small high-conductance current. The transient current during switching from the peak to the valley of the I-V curve shows inductive behavior and negative resistance for frequencies below 2 THz.
Estimating hydrate formation and decomposition of gases released in a deepwater ocean plume

Abstract Oil wells in the deep ocean contain a mixture of oil and gas. If gases are released from such water depths due to an accident, the gases can undergo phase changes as they travel through the water column. Based on previous experiments that were mostly done in the laboratory for gases in pipelines, it is known that under such high-pressure conditions, natural gases will be converted to hydrates. As the hydrates travel upwards, the reduced pressure conditions may change the hydrates to free gas. The impact assessment due to these deepwater releases requires a jet/plume hydrodynamics model with an integrated module to simulate gas hydrate formation and decomposition. In this paper, a model for calculating the rate of the gas hydrate formation and decomposition is developed based on the work of Englezos et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci. 42 (1987) 2647] and Kim et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci. 42(7) (1987)]. The model is then used to calculate the fate of gas bubbles as they travel though the water column. The calculations are useful for understanding the fate of a gas bubble released in the deep ocean and for eventual integration into a jet/plume model.
Integrating Multiple Intersecting Identities: A Multicultural Conceptualization of the Power and Control Wheel

For the past three decades intimate partner abuse has received growing attention as a major social problem with its roots in socially structured systemic inequalities. However, much of the intimate partner abuse literature lacks adequate attention to issues of diversity, and more specifically fails to address how structural underpinnings beyond gender shape women's experiences of intimate partner abuse. The primary purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of considering how various systems of oppression (e.g., heterosexism, agism, ableism, racism, spirituality/religion, classism, and sexism) shape the experiences of victims of intimate partner abuse. In particular, we address how these personal, cultural, and structural identities may individually or in combination influence women's experiences of intimate partner abuse. The literature on diverse identities and intimate partner abuse is reviewed, and a revised version of the commonly used Power and Control Wheel is presented, called the Multic...