cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stratified granular media beneath large slide blocks: Implications for mode of emplacement

We have examined the bottoms of many large slide blocks and found basal layers of well-rounded, fine- to coarse-grained, granular material that typically has the appearance of stratified, stream-deposited sandstone or conglomerate. Stratification is subparallel to the basal surface (detachment) and is typically inversely graded, although normal grading and banding of material are present in some samples. The sandstone-conglomerate–like material of the basal layer can be traced continuously from the detachment surface directly into the upper plate, where it is localized within clastic dikes. Although many of the physical characteristics of these basal layers appear to be those associated with water-laid stream deposits, there is no direct evidence of fluid involvement. We interpret the sandstone-conglomerate–like material in the basal layer to be produced by mechanical sieving in a high-energy fluidized environment under a rapidly moving rock mass during a single catastrophic emplacement event. These sandstone-conglomerate layers found along detachment surfaces may prove to be important in determining whether a detached block is simply a gravity slide or the upper-plate remnant of a low-angle normal fault associated with significant crustal extension.
The relaxation schemes for systems of conservation laws in arbitrary space dimensions

We present a class of numerical schemes (called the relaxation schemes) for systems of conservation laws in several space dimensions. The idea is to use a local relaxation approximation. We construct a linear hyperbolic system with a stiff lower order term that approximates the original system with a small dissipative correction. The new system can be solved by underresolved stable numerical discretizations without using either Riemann solvers spatially or a nonlinear system of algebraic equations solvers temporally. Numerical results for 1-D and 2-D problems are presented. The second-order schemes are shown to be total variation diminishing (TVD) in the zero relaxation limit for scalar equations. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of chemicals on viscosity of protoplasm of Amoeba as indicated by Brownian movement

The rate of Brownian movement in Amoeba observed under the dark-field illumination, proved to be a convenient method of studying the viscosity changes of its protoplasm. 1. HCN (M/300) produces an initial increase in viscosity which is immediately followed by a liquefaction of the protoplasm. 2. HCl (M/36) causes a solidification of the entire organism and NaOH produces a liquefaction. 3. CO2 (saturated aqueous solution) produces a gelation of the ectoplasm and a solution of the endoplasm. 4. NaCl (M/16) and KCl (M/7·5) produce a liquefaction CaCl2 and (M/11) and MgCl2 (M/20) cause a solidification of the protoplasm in Amoebae. 5. Alcohol (5%), chloroform (saturated aqueous solution), and ether (4%) produce a final solution of the protoplasm.
Preliminary results from the URSI/IAGA cooperative tidal observations program (CTOP)

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the results of the first three intervals of the Cooperative Tidal Observation Program (CTOP). The program has been undertaken as a collaborative effort by the incoherent scatter radar network, and the Global Radio Meteor Wind Studies Project (GRMWSP) under joint URSI/IAGA sponsorship to provide input to global models of the atmospheric circulation in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The data contributing to this overview are published in detail in nine companion papers in this issue.
Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992

What are the most important sources of institutional variation among authoritarian regimes, and how do such institutions influence these dictatorships' propensity to initiate military disputes? This article argues that most existing studies in both comparative politics and international relations employ a flawed conceptualization of authoritarian institutions. Excessive focus on the personalization or institutionalization of authoritarian regimes' decision-making procedures has distracted attention from the more critical issue of what institutions these regimes deploy to enhance social control and secure political incumbency. Since military regimes are systematically less effective than single-party regimes at developing these types of authoritarian institutions, they more frequently resort to desperate measures to fend off domestic challenges to their power. In particular, we find compelling empirical support for our hypothesis that military regimes are more likely than single-party regimes to initiate military disputes, irrespective of whether those regimes are highly personalized or not.
Sovereign Credit and the Fate of Leaders: Reassessing the “Democratic Advantage”

In this article, we contend that the “democratic advantage” literature (i) exaggerates the potential political backlash from credit downgrades in democracies; and (ii) overlooks the importance of sovereign credit to nondemocratic leaders. We argue that nondemocratic regimes receive a higher marginal political benefit from credit compared to democratic regimes. Consequently, changes in credit prices or credit access affect nondemocratic leaders' tenure more than democratic leaders' tenure. To test this argument, we provide the first statistical examination of the electoral punishment mechanism of the “democratic advantage.” Our duration analysis shows that credit downgrades increase nondemocratic leaders' vulnerability more than that of their democratic peers. Our research reinforces the growing concerns about the conventional views about regime type, domestic constraints, and leaders' preferences toward sovereign credit and other political processes.
Ovarian steroids modulate the self-priming effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on bovine pituitary cells in vitro.

LHRH has the ability to prime the anterior pituitary gland, thereby increasing the quantity of LH and FSH released by a standard dose of LHRH. This priming effect may play an important regulatory role in LH secretion. In experiments described herein, we demonstrate that LHRH priming occurs via a direct effect on bovine gonadotrophs and LHRH priming is modulated by ovarian steroids. Bovine pituitary cells were primed as follows: Medium was changed at time zero, then at 50-min intervals for 400 min. LHRH was added 10 min before each medium change, i.e. cells were exposed to LHRH for 10 min during each of eight consecutive 50-min incubations. At the end of this 400 min, the degree of priming was assessed by incubating the pituitary cells with 0 or 1 ng/ml LHRH for 4 h (test period). The first variable tested was priming dose of LHRH (0, 0.001, 0.01,0.1, or 1 ng/ml). In general, LHRH priming did not affect basal release of LH but did increase the ability of a test dose of LHRH to induce LH release. For exampl...
Neomodern Insecurity in Haiti and the Politics of Asylum

The term ‘asylum’ has a dual connotation that generates opposing but related forms of intervention: providing sanctuary and protection vs. imposing confinement and quarantine. The proliferation of “neomodern insecurity”—intrastate violence and the specter of transnational terrorism, arising within many postcolonial, postauthoritarian and postsocialist states—generates intervention practices that reflect the dual connotations of asylum. In fragile states like Haiti, national insecurity (ensekirite) often results in the flight of traumatized populations across and within national borders. For these individuals, ‘asylum’ connotes the attainment of political recognition and inclusion outside Haiti’s space of ensekirite. Ironically, these vulnerable persons may be viewed as threats to the nations they seek to enter. In so-called secure states like the United States, the threat of insecurity often engenders interventions to contain, manage and rehabilitate states of disorder, as well as their disordered subjects. By chronicling the case of a young Haitian refugee who sought asylum in the United States, was detained and then repatriated after manifesting the disordered signs of insecurity, I argue that the Haitian trope of ensekirite captures and prefigures the subjective experience of neomodernity, one for which there is no asylum.
Dimensions of Value and the Aims of Social Inquiry

The articles in this issue of the American Behavioral Scientist present a critique of mainstream social science and outline an alternative hermeneutic or interpretive approach to human science inquiry. This hermeneutic view (a) stresses that the cultural embeddedness of all human endeavors, including social science, prevents us from ever obtaining a strictly objective or value-neutral account of human behavior. It also (b) claims that social inquiry can lead to a better understanding of the good life or what ends are worth striving for by humans. But why does rejecting objectivity not undermine any claim to a better understanding of what is truly good or worthwhile? This article explores how both cultural or historical embeddedness and claims to understanding the good might be harmonized within a conception of four broad dimensions of human values or valuing: elementary value experiences, purposive human activity, pursuit of the excellence of various forms of life, and the human sense of what is worthy fr...
Patterns of Fluid Flow in a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

The oil-lampblack technique was employed to reveal the patterns of fluid flow in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Flow patterns were visualized adjacent to the shell wall, to the baffle plates, and to each tube of the array. From the flow patterns adjacent to the shell, three recirculation zones were identified. The patterns adjacent to the baffles were similar to those for cross flow over a tube bank, with curvature-related deviations near the shell. The flow patterns adjacent to the tubes showed, typically, a stagnation line/circumferential flow system on the upstream face of each tube and a recirculation tone dominating the tee side. Turn-related deviations from these patterns were in evidence at the window region.
Genetic activation of BK currents in vivo generates bidirectional effects on neuronal excitability

Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) are potent negative regulators of excitability in neurons and muscle, and increasing BK current is a novel therapeutic strategy for neuro- and cardioprotection, disorders of smooth muscle hyperactivity, and several psychiatric diseases. However, in some neurons, enhanced BK current is linked with seizures and paradoxical increases in excitability, potentially complicating the clinical use of agonists. The mechanisms that switch BK influence from inhibitory to excitatory are not well defined. Here we investigate this dichotomy using a gain-of-function subunit (BKR207Q) to enhance BK currents. Heterologous expression of BKR207Q generated currents that activated at physiologically relevant voltages in lower intracellular Ca2+, activated faster, and deactivated slower than wild-type currents. We then used BKR207Q expression to broadly augment endogenous BK currents in vivo, generating a transgenic mouse from a circadian clock-controlled Period1 gene fragment (Tg-BKR207Q). The specific impact on excitability was assessed in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, a cell type where BK currents regulate spontaneous firing under distinct day and night conditions that are defined by different complements of ionic currents. In the SCN, Tg-BKR207Q expression converted the endogenous BK current to fast-activating, while maintaining similar current-voltage properties between day and night. Alteration of BK currents in Tg-BKR207Q SCN neurons increased firing at night but decreased firing during the day, demonstrating that BK currents generate bidirectional effects on neuronal firing under distinct conditions.
Engineered gene networks

Many fundamental cellular processes are governed by genetic programs which employ protein-DNA interactions in regulating function. Owing to recent technological advances, it is now possible to design synthetic gene regulatory networks, and the stage is set for the notion of engineered cellular control at the DNA level. Theoretically, the biochemistry of the feedback loops associated with protein-DNA interactions often leads to nonlinear equations, and the tools of nonlinear analysis become invaluable. In this talk, we describe how techniques from nonlinear dynamics and molecular biology can be utilized to model, design and construct synthetic gene regulatory networks. We present examples in which we integrate the development of a theoretical model with the construction of an experimental system. We also discuss the implications of synthetic gene networks for gene therapy, biotechnology, biocomputing and nanotechnology. In particular, we describe how engineered gene networks can be used to reverse-engineer naturally occurring gene regulatory networks. Such methods may prove useful in identifying and validating specific drug targets and in deconvolving the effects of chemical compounds.
A Comparison of Some of the Themes of Irrationality, Illusion and Mystification Identified or Inferred by Karl Marx and Max Weber in Their Explanations of the Rise of Capitalism

This comparative study was undertaken in the belief that our understanding of the modern economic spirit, volatility of global markets and political activism can be furthered by revisiting Marx‟s and Weber‟s sociological, philosophical, economic and religious explanations of the rise of capitalism. The author identifies and reconsiders much of the scholarly literature on the argument that there are themes of illusion, mystification and irrationality in the classical theorists‟ explanations and that the themes are antagonists in much of the original writings.
Partial blastema formation after amputation in adult mice

The amputation surface of toes of adult mice was treated by repeated skin removal and exposure to a saturated solution of NaCl. Histological examination of treated appendages revealed the presence of wound epithelium, numerous irregularly oriented subepithelial cells, many of which were mitotically active as indicated by [3H] thymidine uptake, and a remodeled viable bone adjacent to subepithelial cells. Thus, tissues at the amputation site of mammals can resemble comparable tissues of newt limb stumps at an early stage of regeneration. Complete blastema formation was not achieved, however.
Genetic algorithm based damage control for shipboard power systems

The work presented in this paper was concerned with the implementation of a damage control method for U.S. Navy shipboard power systems. In recent years, the Navy has been seeking an automated damage control and power system management approach for future reconfigurable shipboard power systems. This paper presents a dynamic formulation and a static implementation of a new damage control method at the DC zonal integrated fight through power system level. The method used a constrained binary genetic algorithm to find an optimal network configuration. System operating limits act as constraints in the static damage control implementation. Off-line studies were conducted using an example power system modeled in PSCAD to evaluate the effectiveness of the damage control method. The simulation results for case studies showed that, in most cases, the proposed damage algorithm was able to find the optimal network configuration that restores the power system network without violating the power system operating constraints.
The Effect of Blakely v. Washington on Upward Departures in a Sentencing Guideline State

The Supreme Court's decision in Blakely v. Washington was a landmark decision, ruling that juries must determine facts before judges can increase sentences above the sentencing guideline maximum—known as upward departures. Because one of the purposes of sentencing guidelines was to reduce discretion—and, thereby, unwarranted disparity—it is hypothesized extralegal factors will have less impact on upward departures after Blakely compared to before Blakely. Upward departures and their determinants were analyzed 27 months before and after Blakely, utilizing a disproportionate stratified random sample. Although the likelihood of upward departures was diminished after Blakely , extralegal factors did not incur differential effects. Both age and gender of the defendant were found to have statistically significant effects (p < .05) before and after Blakely. Although this study is only an explorative step, it is an important step to start addressing any potential effects of this landmark decision on sentencing re...
A third-order DT ΔΣ modulator using noise-shaped bidirectional single-slope quantizer

The aspirations for power efficient ADCs have led to many improvements in this area. In delta-sigma modulators, techniques such as VCO-based quantizer [1, 2] and time-domain quantization [3] have been proposed to enhance the overall performance. The former provides additional noise shaping and the latter eliminates the need for the flash ADC. However, in addition to process and temperature variations, the inherent nonlinear behavior of the VCO requires careful attention. The time-domain quantization technique is an efficient way to utilize the quantizer but it does not improve the noise-shaping property. In this paper, we describe modified dual-slope and single-slope ADCs using bidirectional discharging. With a small modification in the discharging phase of these types of ADCs, a first-order quantization noise shaping is attained. These structures may be used as standalone ADCs or as the quantizer in a delta-sigma loop. Moreover, because the modified discharging extracts the quantization error in the analog domain, possibilities exist for further performance improvements [4].
Tilting, burial, and uplift of the Guadalupe Igneous Complex, Sierra Nevada, California

It is often incorrectly assumed that plutons have a relatively uneventful structural history after emplacement. The 151 Ma Guadalupe Igneous Complex (GIC) in the Foothills Terrane, California, was involved in three post-emplacement events: (1) ∼30° of southwestside-up tilting during ductile regional faulting and contraction, (2) burial of the pluton from ∼4 to 12 km during crustal thickening of the wall rocks, and (3) uplift with only minor tilting in the Late Cretaceous. Tilting of the pluton is indicated by (1) southwest to northeast gradational changes from layered gabbros and diorites to granites and granophyres; (2) northeastward dips of layering in gabbro, internal contacts, and bedding of overlying coeval(?) volcanic rocks; (3) northeastward decrease in wall-rock metamorphic grade; and (4) paleomagnetic data from 14 localities across the pluton. We argue that tilting occurred between 146-135 Ma during southwest-northeast-directed regional contraction. This contraction is indicated by widespread folds and cleavages and by reverse motion on the Bear Mountains fault zone (BMFZ), a large northeast-dipping shear zone that bounds the GIC on its southwest side. Burial of the GIC, which overlapped in time but outlasted tilting, is suggested by (1) post-emplacement contractional faulting, folding, and cleavage development; (2) analyses of strains associated with widespread cleavage that indicate vertical thickening of ∼100% and (3) microstructural and mineral assemblage data that indicate shallow emplacement of the GIC, in contrast to mineral assemblage and limited geobarometric data from adjacent 120-110 Ma plutons that indicate moderate emplacement levels. Late Cretaceous uplift is indicated by 95-75 Ma sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlie the 120-110 Ma plutons. This geologic history is interesting for several reasons. First, although the GIC participated in extensive post-emplacement deformation, it lacks internal structural evidence of these events, except locally along the Bear Mountains fault zone. Second, the agreement between paleomagnetic and structural evidence for tilting suggests that no large latitudinal displacement of the GIC is required. Third, the paleomagnetic data also help to define the geometry of the magma chamber now represented by the GIC. Lack of streaking of paleomagnetic site-mean directions demonstrates that the pluton acted as a single unit after cooling through the blocking temperature (450-560 °C) of low-titanium titanomagnetite; however, variations in the dip of internal layering and contacts, from 70° at the base to 30° near the top of the pluton, indicate that not all of these features were horizontal and planar when they formed. We propose that this variation in dip of layering is most consistent with sidewall crystallization of magma resulting in drape of layering along the walls of the intrusion. Therefore, internal layering within this pluton does not record paleohorizontal.
Toward a Human Blood Serum Proteome Analysis By Multidimensional Separation Coupled With Mass Spectrometry

Blood serum is a complex body fluid that contains various proteins ranging in concentration over at least 9 orders of magnitude. Using a combination of mass spectrometry technologies with improvements in sample preparation, we have performed a proteomic analysis with submilliliter quantities of serum and increased the measurable concentration range for proteins in blood serum beyond previous reports. We have detected 490 proteins in serum by on-line reversed-phase microcapillary liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry. To perform this analysis, immunoglobulins were removed from serum using protein A/G, and the remaining proteins were digested with trypsin. Resulting peptides were separated by strong cation exchange chromatography into distinct fractions prior to analysis. This separation resulted in a 3–5-fold increase in the number of proteins detected in an individual serum sample. With this increase in the number of proteins identified we have detected some lower abundance serum proteins (ng/ml range) including human growth hormone, interleukin-12, and prostate-specific antigen. We also used SEQUEST to compare different protein databases with and without filtering. This comparison is plotted to allow for a quick visual assessment of different databases as a subjective measure of analytical quality. With this study, we have performed the most extensive analysis of serum proteins to date and laid the foundation for future refinements in the identification of novel protein biomarkers of disease.
Standards of evidence in chronobiology: A response

A number of recent studies have debated the existence and nature of clocks outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus that may underlie circadian rhythms in conditions of food entrainment or methamphetamine administration. These papers claim that either the canonical clock genes, or the circuitry in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, may not be necessary for these forms of entrainment. In this paper, we review the evidence necessary to make these claims. In particular, we point out that it is necessary to remove classical conditioning stimuli and interval timer (homeostatic) effects to insure that the remaining entrainment is due to a circadian oscillator. None of these studies appears to meet these criteria for demonstrating circadian entrainment under these conditions. Our own studies, which were discussed in detail by a recent Review in these pages by Mistlberger and colleagues, came to an opposite conclusion. However, our studies were designed to meet these criteria, and we believe that these methodological differences explain why we find that canonical clock gene Bmal1 and the integrity of the dorsomedial nucleus are both required to produce true circadian entrainment under conditions of restricted feeding.
Lynch's Metaphysical Pluralism

Pluralism, according to Michael P. Lynch, is the thesis that there are or can be more than one true story of the world; there can be incompatible but equally acceptable accounts of some subject matter.' The opposite view, absolutism, states that there can be only one true story about how the world is. In our ordinary lives both theses have intuitive pull. Most of us are ready to say that there is more than one right way to teach a class or more than one good way to raise children. Few would deny that there is no one uniquely best flavor of ice cream or best way to write a poem. When it comes to these issues we are all ready to be pluralists. On the other hand, most of us think that there is only one true scientific picture of the world. There is one true physics, and one correct understanding of the human body towards which medicine approaches, even if asymptotically. Some topics, like morality, seem to fall between the cracks, with our intuitions pulling towards both pluralism and absolutism. When dealing with topics that turn crucially on individual preferences or behaviors, pluralist intuitions follow hard behind. When dealing with descriptive facts or truths, absolutist intuitions rise up. How can there be inconsistent truths about some one topic? If there are different but equally true perspectives on the world then truth is not objective; contrapositively, if truth is objective, then there are not different but equally true perspectives on the world. The purpose of Lynch's Truth in Context is to argue against this conditional. He maintains that metaphysical pluralism-true propositions and facts concerning the nature of reality are relative to conceptual schemes or worldviews-is compatible with realism about truth. There are four kinds of pluralism that Lynch distinguishes (pp. 6-8). One is a vertical pluralism according to which there is more than one type of fact in the world and that different levels of fact-stating discourse are not reducible to a more basic discourse. For example, aesthetic or moral facts may not be reducible to physical facts, and so truths about ethics and truths about chem-
Analysis and Purification of Synthetic Oligonucleotides by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array and Mass Spectrometry Detection

Native and modified synthetic oligonucleotides were purified by reversed-phase HPLC using volatile ion-pairing mobile phases. Purification of 10-90 nmol of oligonucleotides in a single injection was demonstrated using a 4.6 x 75-mm HPLC column packed with porous 2.5 microm C18 sorbent. Separation of target products from N-1 failure fragments was achieved for oligonucleotides in the 4- to 60-mer size range. We employed a combination of absorbance and mass spectrometry detection to identify by-products of oligonucleotide synthesis. This method was also employed for analysis and purification of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides.
Bedside to bench and back again: how animal models are guiding the development of new immunotherapies for cancer

Immunotherapy using adoptive cell transfer is a promising approach that can result in the regression of bulky, invasive cancer in some patients. However, currently available therapies remain less successful than desired. To study the mechanisms of action and possible improvements in cell-transfer therapies, we use a murine model system with analogous components to the treat- ment of patients. T cell receptor transgenic CD8 T cells (pmel-1) specifically recognizing the mela- nocyte differentiation antigen gp100 are adop- tively transferred into lympho-depleted mice bear- ing large, established, 14-day subcutaneous B16 melanoma (0.5-1 cm in diameter) on the day of treatment. Adoptive cell transfer in combination with interleukin interleukin-2 or interleukin-15 cy- tokine administration and vaccination using an al- tered form of the target antigen, gp100, can result in the complete and durable regression of large tumor burdens. Complete responders frequently develop autoimmunity with vitiligo at the former tumor site that often spreads to involve the whole coat. These findings have important implications for the design of immunotherapy trials in humans. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 333-337; 2004.
Algorithmic Trimming on Active Circuitry

The active circuitry for a digital autoranging multimeter has been fabricated on a single hybrie substrate measuring 2.8 X 3.8 cm. The hybrid is realized using tantalum nitride thin film technology. A high temperature passivation process stabilizes the tantalum nitride film. During this process, the absolute value of resistance changes substantially. This change makes the technology unusable in some precision applications. In order to overcome this problem and take advantage of the film's inherently excellent stability, laser trimming is utilized to adjust the absolute value. The result is a stable precision resistor. When the end result of the laser trimming process is a resistor of predetermined value, the operation can be performed by "passive trimming." In many cases, it is desirable to trim the resistor to an unknown value in order to obtain a given circuit response. When this is done to an operating circuit, the procedure is known as "active trimming." In general, a relationship can be determined between a known stimulus and its desired circuit response. The trim procedure can be designed to cause this desired relat onship. Specific algorithms and techniques have been developed to test the sensitivity of a circuit parameter to a given change in trim resistance. The computer controlled system uses this information to determine the succeeding trim magnitude. The use of a computer controller allows the system to handle complicated nonlinear stimulus-response data. Once a hybrid is trimmed, it is effectively a finished product. Since it has been calibrated during the trimming process, there is no need for manual adjustment. One difficulty associated with active laser trimming is duplicating the external circuit while at the same instant connecting the hybrid substrate to noisy probe rings, loading it with capacitances, and subjecting it to-the hostile environment of electromechanical controls. This paper will deal primarily with algorithms developed for active trim and the problems of electrically interfacing the system with the hybrid under test. Most of this experience was achieved during the development of the Hewlett-Packard Model 970A Probe Multimeter.
Cell–Matrix Signaling and Thrombospondin Another Link to Myocardial Matrix Remodeling

See related article, pages 515–522 Thrombospondins (TSP) are a family of secreted glycoproteins that participate in cell-to-matrix communication through a number of different pathways.1–8 Although TSP were first identified as a protein released by platelets after exposure to thrombin (hence the origin of the name of this family of proteins), it is now recognized that TSP are released by a number of cell types. TSP are secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and interact with a number of important bioactive molecules, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).1,2,4,9,10 In general terms, TSP appear to modulate cell/matrix interactions through the coalescence of membrane proteins and signaling molecules at specific contact points on the cell surface.1,2,5,6 These sites of TSP/protein interactions at the cell surface, which then induce intracellular signaling events, include the integrins as well as integrin-associated proteins such as CD36 and CD47. Although 5 members of the TSP family exist, the best-studied are TSP-1 and TSP-2. The biological properties of TSP-1 and TSP-2 appear to be similar in general terms, but there are structural differences in TSP-1 and TSP-2 that may impart some unique functions with respect to cell-matrix signaling.11–14 In this issue, Schroen et al report a potential role of myocardial TSP-2 in the adaptive and maladaptive remodeling that occurs in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).15 To place the findings of this study in context with emerging studies regarding myocardial ECM remodeling and the progression to LV failure, a brief review of the biology of TSP with respect to matrix signaling and remodeling is presented here. One of the more established functions of TSP-1, and likely that of TSP-2, is to proteolytically process latent TGF-β to an active form.1,2,9 Through fusion protein studies and the development of a TSP-1 null …
Recent developments in radio‐transmission measurements

During the past year investigations have been continued at Boston, Massachusetts, with a view to securing and utilizing data giving an insight into the mechanism of radio transmission. In papers to he presented at the URSI meeting on May 1, 1931, Pickard describes an interesting correlation obtained by the use of the data which has already accumulated and Kenrick presents some of the apparatus-development and experimental results evolved during the past year. These results are therefore not presented in detail in this report but a brief outline of projects now at hand and the results obtained follows. A brief discussion of what we conceive to be some of the present problems of radio transmission-theory, the relation of the present observations to the general problem, and the means which should be employed to affect a solution is also included.
Model Simulations Examining the Relationship of Lake-Effect Morphology to Lake Shape, Wind Direction, and Wind Speed

Abstract Idealized model simulations with an isolated elliptical lake and prescribed winter lake-effect environmental conditions were used to examine the influences of lake shape, wind speed, and wind direction on the mesoscale morphology. This study presents the first systematic examination of variations in lake shape and the interplay between these three parameters. The array of 21 model simulations produced cases containing each of the three classic lake-effect morphologies (i.e., vortices, shoreline bands, and widespread coverage), and, in some instances, the mesoscale circulations were composed of coexisting morphologies located over the lake, near the downwind shoreline, or inland from the downwind shore. As with lake-effect circulations simulated over circular lakes, the ratio of wind speed (U) to maximum fetch distance (L) was found to be a valuable parameter for determining the morphology of a lake-effect circulation when variations of lake shape, wind speed, and wind direction were introduced. F...
Daughters’ Generation: The Importance of Having Daughters Living Nearby for Older Korean Immigrants’ Mental Health

With declining adherence to filial piety in East Asian cultures, the closeness of adult daughters rather than sons may become more important for older Asian immigrants’ well-being. With a sample of 177 older Korean immigrants to the United States (age 60+, M = 72, SD = 7.7), we examined how and to what extent having daughters living nearby rather than sons (daughters-in-law) is related to older Asian immigrants’ mental health, moderating the direct relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. The analyses showed physical proximity of daughters rather than sons (daughters-in-law) functioned as a stress buffer by reducing the direct relation between stressful life events and older immigrants’ depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that gendered cultural expectations of adult children’s caregiving roles for older Korean immigrants are changing, implying that companionship and the perceived quality of instrumental and emotional support might take priority over traditional gendered ex...
Although They Have Petty Captains, They Obey Them Badly: The Dialectics of Prehispanic Western Pueblo Social Organization

Southwestern archaeologists have debated the nature of late Prehispanic western pueblo social organization for nearly a century. Were the fourteenth-century pueblos egalitarian or hierarchical? This issue remains unsettled largely because of the oppositional thinking that has informed most contributions to the debate: that is, the tendency to frame questions about Prehispanic sociopolitical organization in dichotomous “either-or” terms. We critique this approach to the problem and examine one of the most prominent controversies about Prehispanic social organization: the Grasshopper Pueblo-Chavez Pass controversy. We propose an alternative approach rooted in a dialectical epistemology, and a theory of social life that emphasizes the lived experience of people. What impresses us most about late Prehispanic western social organization is not that it was egalitarian or hierarchical, but that it was both. We discuss how this basic contradiction between communal life and hierarchy was a major internal motor driving change in these pueblos.
A Multi-Stakeholder Process to Transform a Community-based Screening and Referral Program to Implement Evidence-Based Depression Care.

Background: Screening and referral for geriatric depression by service agencies is associated with poor treatment engagement indicating the need to transform services to directly provide depression care. Objective: To describe a multi-organization workgroup implementation planning process used to transform a community-based screening and referral program to provide a brief evidence-based intervention for older adults with depressive symptoms. Methods: An iterative implementation procedure used by a multi-stakeholder group that selected an evidence-based practice, planned implementation rollout, planned counselor training, and designed an implementation evaluation. Results: The workgroup successfully followed the implementation procedure and developed a plan for the implementation of an evidence-based intervention. Overall, the workgroup prioritized decisions that favored feasibility and low implementation burden. Conclusion: A multi-organization workgroup can benefit from a semi-structured implementation ...
Survey on Anemia Status Among Primary and Middle School Students in Anhua County

Objective To know the anemia status among primary and middle school students in Anhua County. Methods A total of 16,027 students were selected from different regions of Anhua County.Hemoglobin value was determined by the cyanmethemoglobin method. Results The detection rate of anemia in 16,027 students was 8.20%.The detection rate of anemia in middle school students was 9.35%,that in primary school students was 7.33%;and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=21.21,P0.01).The detection rate of anemia in the students in urban areas was 9.39%,that in the students in rural areas was 6.97%;and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=30.89,P0.01).The detection rate of anemia in male students was 7.14%,that in female students was 9.29%;and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=24.59,P0.01).The detection rate of anemia among the different age groups of students showed the double-peak feature which occurred in the age groups of 6 and 13 years. Conclusions Unreasonable diet and unhealthy eating habits are the main reasons to cause anemia among primary and middle school students in Anhua County.
Toni Morrison's Beloved: Slavery Haunting America

Toni Morrison’s Beloved explores how the American decision to enslave Africans was a failure in love affecting the love relationships between enslaved mothers and children, mates, and members of the free black community. Through focus on maternal infanticide, the novel makes conscious the slave mothers’ plight: since they could not offer their children lives in freedom, they experienced motherlove as “as a killer.” The concepts of cultural phantom, cultural shadow, and cultural complex help identify what in Beloved is being drawn from collective unconsciousness for purposes of collective healing. The following analysis distinguishes personal complexes, such as the protagonist’s negative mother complex, from cultural complexes, such as the guilt issuing from the structural impossibility of protecting ones children from slavery. Morrison’s giving conscious representation to the psychological legacy of slavery opens a possibility of increased psychological freedom for the African-American community. Further, because Beloved offers to American collective consciousness the understanding that enslaving people is a failure in love, it provides an opportunity for all Americans to help heal the American dream, making it more whole by enabling the rights to life, liberty, and equal justice for all through incorporating the ideal of love of one another.
Wealth Inequality: Historical Trends and Cross-National Differences

This article provides an overview of the recent literature on wealth inequality from a comparative and historical perspective. I first discuss how the stock, composition, and distribution of wealth changed from the 18th century onwards. In the second part of the paper, I move on to the causal questions: What factors drive wealth inequality? Why does the distribution of wealth vary across nations? In the third and concluding section I briefly discuss the socio-political challenges posed by increasing wealth inequality, and identify several key questions for research going forward.
Electrical fixing of photorefractive gratings in SEN:60

We present the result of our investigations on electrical fixing in Sr0.60Ba0.40Nb2O6 (SEN:60). Two electrical fixing techniques which result in very high diffraction efficiencies are discussed and compared to previous publications on electrical fixing. Constant and varying depoling voltages around the coercive field are applied along the c-axis during and after holographic recording in the crystal. The holographic grating is written with two mutually coherent, ordinarily polarized Argon beams at 514 nm. The diffraction efficiency is monitored with an extraordinarily polarized, low power He-Ne beam. The writing beams are expanded to fill the crystal to improve the stability of the reversed domains. The diffraction efficiency in the recording stage is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of a grating written without an external field. We achieve diffraction efficiencies as high as 95% with a gradually increasing negative voltage, while a positive voltage produces a revealed grating with a diffraction efficiency of up to 15%.
Optimal Location-Allocation of TCSCs and Transmission Switch Placement Under High Penetration of Wind Power

We propose a stochastic mathematical program for finding the optimal location and compensation level of thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSCs) and the optimal location of line switches in a transmission network. The combined uncertainty of the load and generation is captured by scenarios. The proposed problem has polynomial constraints, and we use the general linearization technique to linearize those constraints. The model becomes decomposable into a primal master and subprograms solvable by a branch-and-price procedure with the aid of column generation. The numerical results of implementing the model for the IEEE 118-bus test system show that combined investment in TCSCs and switches decreased the cost of energy and increased the penetration of wind energy more than individual investment of TCSCs or switches.
The Overtaking of Undertaking?: Gender Beliefs in a Feminizing Occupation

How gender beliefs are used to explain the division of labor in an occupation can recreate or disrupt inequality. Our study contributes to the growing body of research examining which narratives about gender segregation in male-dominated occupations are more or less oppressive to women. We asked 13 female and 9 male U.S. funeral directors to account for the shifting gender composition of their field. Most funeral directors explained women’s entry into funeral directing and justified gender segregation in the occupation by drawing on gender beliefs about women’s superior nurturing “natures” and men’s “innate” superior physical strength and scientific ability. Our findings demonstrate the strength of cultural gender beliefs for shaping narratives about gender and work and suggest ways individuals grapple in their everyday interactions with “degendering” skills in feminizing occupations.
Fight Fire with Fire: Using One Stereotype to Overcome Another via Contingency Information (Extended Abstract)

To encourage participation of underrepresented groups in stereotyped domains (e.g., women in STEM), marketing managers frequently utilize ads that include members of the underrepresented group (e.g., a female engineering student as the spokesperson). Extant literature on role models suggests that such counter-stereotypical advertisements inoculate the consumers against the stereotype and enhances interest in the domain. Alternatively, stereotype threat research suggests that these ads may backfire by activating stereotype-consistent cognitions, thus reducing interest. When might counter-stereotypical advertisements help or hurt? In answering this research question, the present research contributes to theory by resolving this conflict in the literature with the introduction of a new moderating variable in stereotype literature: contingency information. This in turn will help increase the effectiveness of marketing campaigns intended to increase diversity.
Hypoxic Stress and Inflammatory Pain Disrupt Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junctions: Implications for Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System.

A functional blood-brain barrier (BBB) is necessary to maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Many diseases affecting the CNS, however, alter the functional integrity of the BBB. It has been shown that various diseases and physiological stressors can impact the BBB’s ability to selectively restrict passage of substances from the blood to the brain. Modifications of the BBB’s permeability properties can potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of CNS diseases and result in altered brain delivery of therapeutic agents. Hypoxia and/or inflammation are central components of a number of diseases affecting the CNS. A number of studies indicate hypoxia or inflammatory pain increase BBB paracellular permeability, induce changes in the expression and/or localization of tight junction proteins, and affect CNS drug uptake. In this review, we look at what is currently known with regard to BBB disruption following a hypoxic or inflammatory insult in vivo. Potential mechanisms involved in altering tight junction components at the BBB are also discussed. A more detailed understanding of the mediators involved in changing BBB functional integrity in response to hypoxia or inflammatory pain could potentially lead to new treatments for CNS diseases with hypoxic or inflammatory components. Additionally, greater insight into the mechanisms involved in TJ rearrangement at the BBB may lead to novel strategies to pharmacologically increase delivery of drugs to the CNS.
Voices from Inside the Walls: Views of the Juvenile Justice System from the Youthful Offenders

Public support for rehabilitation has remained fairly steady over the last few decades especially for juvenile offenders. However, most of the public opinion research on the juvenile system has foc...
USPTO Patent Prosecution Research Data: Unlocking Office Action Traits

Release of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Office Action Research Dataset for Patents marks the first time that comprehensive data on examiner-issued rejections are readily available to the research community. An “Office action” is a written notification to the applicant of the examiner’s decision on patentability and generally discloses information, such as the grounds for a rejection, the claims affected, and the pertinent prior art. The relative inaccessibility of Office actions and the considerable effort required to obtain meaningful data therefrom has largely prevented researchers from fully exploiting this valuable information. We aim to rectify this situation by using natural language processing and machine learning techniques to systematically extract information from Office actions and construct a relational database of key data elements. This paper describes our methods and provides an overview of the main data files and variables. This data release consists of three files derived from 4.4 million Office actions mailed during the 2008 to mid-2017 period from USPTO examiners to the applicants of 2.2 million unique patent applications.