cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of a culturally sensitive sign on the use of stairs in African American commuters

To examine the effectiveness of a culturally sensitive sign to encourage stair use among African American commuters. 16 035 commuters were observed in their using either stairs or an adjacent escalator in a subway station. After baseline observation, a culturally sensitive sign to promote stair use was displayed beside the escalator/stairs. Demographic information and use of escalators/stairs were recorded. Stair use increased from 15.8% to 21.5% with the sign. Caucasian commuters used the stairs 23.1% of the time at baseline, and increased to 28.3% with the sign. Among African Americans, stair use increased from 10.3% to 16.4% with the sign. African American women showed the greatest increases in stair use. Stair use remained elevated the week after the sign was removed in all commuters. Among African Americans, stair use returned to baseline within three weeks. Stair use increased significantly among both overweight and non-overweight Caucasians and African Americans. Culturally sensitive interventions can promote physical activity among African Americans in an urban setting.
Scheme for designing concurrent checking and easily testable PLAs

The existing concurrent checking schemes for PLAs are based on the assumption that a single fault can occur during normal operation. However, in practice, after a PLA has been fabricated it may contain more than one fault. In certain cases such faults mask each other, e.g. a fault in the functional part of the self-checking PLA may be masked by a fault in the checker. Thus, after a self-checking PLA has been fabricated, it must be tested in the off-line mode to detect all single faults in both the functional part and checker(s), before it can be used in the concurrent checking mode. In the paper, we present a new technique for designing self-checking PLAs which are easily testable in the off-line test mode and execute concurrent checking during the normal operation. A design example shows that the overall performance of the proposed technique for large PLAs in terms of area overhead (including routing), delay, and fault-detection capability is better than any of the schemes currently available.
Advective Diffusion of Contaminants in the Surf Zone

AbstractA theory on the horizontal spreading of contaminants in the surf zone is described in this paper. The surf zone is viewed as a narrow strip comparable to the characteristic wavelength, in which turbulence caused by wave breaking is strong. Flows inside the surf zone consist of both oscillatory motions and a steady current induced by breaking waves. The wave field in the shoaling zone is modeled by the linear theory for monochromatic waves, and it is assumed that the breaking wave height is proportional to the local depth in the surf zone. The simplest scenario of longshore current on a straight beach of constant slope is considered, for which the longshore current velocity is predicted by a slightly modified version of Longuet-Higgins' original theory developed in the 1970s. On the basis of the estimation that the time scale of horizontal diffusion is much longer than the wave period, the perturbation method of multiple scales is applied to derive the transport equation for the advective diffusion...
Grating visibility as a function of orientation and retinal eccentricity.

Abstract Acuity was measured with high contrast gratings in three orientations at several retinal eccentricities. Acuity for obliquely oriented gratings was poorer than for vertical or horizontal gratings but this difference disappeared with eccentric viewing. The precise locus of disappearance varied from 8° to 18° between subjects. A similar reduction of the orientation effect can be achieved with target contrast reduction which supports the view that the magnitude of the orientation preference (oblique effect) is inversely related to the size of receptive fields participating in detection of the grating.
Role of excitatory amino acids in developmental epilepsies.

Altered excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmission, mediated primarily by glutamate, is a major cause of the imbalance of excitation and inhibition which characterizes both early development and epileptogenesis. Glutamate's actions are mediated by three classes of receptors: NMDA, non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate), and metabotropic. Several features of normal EAA development contribute to hyperexcitability in the immature brain, making it more prone to development of seizures. These features include increased density of NMDA receptors, differences in NMDA receptor subunit composition and activation kinetics, which result in reduced voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade and longer receptor openings in early development. Also, the unique subunit composition of AMPA receptors present at synapses during early development results in increased Ca2+ influx. These and other differences in EAA signaling, in combination with developmental alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission, contribute to the increased seizure susceptibility seen in young animals and children. In turn, seizures themselves may alter EAA neurotransmission in an age-dependent manner. Age related changes in excitatory neurotransmission may, therefore, lead to differences in basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis between the immature and mature brain, and may also alter the activity and efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the pediatric age group. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:254–260. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Raman scattering in crystals of brominated (SN)x

Abstract We have measured the Raman spectra of brominated crystals of polymeric sulfur nitride at 300, 80 and 2 K. We have compared the polarized Raman spectra at several laser wavelengths with those of pure (SN) x . The energies of the two strongest Raman bands (160 and 222 cm -1 ), not seen in (SN) x , are characteristic of a particular molecular form of bromine, Br - 3 .
Pollution and developmental abnormalities of Atlantic fishes

Planktonic ‘eggs’ of Atlantic mackerel,Scomber scombrus, provide evidence that pollution is associated with mortality, malformation, and abnormal chromosome division of fish embryos developing about the surface of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Embryo data are substantiated by the finding that adults of mackerel, windowpane flounder,Scophthalmus acquosus, and winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from more polluted coastal areas also have higher frequencies of mitotic abnormality than those from less polluted regions of the Mid- and North Atlantic. No ontogenetic interval escapes contamination. All are likely to be adversely influenced, resulting in considerable direct and indirect cumulative effect on total early-life survival. Development of genetic and epigenetic resistance to reproductively harmful influences of contaminants may interfere with other modifications in structure and function necessitated by natural environmental fluctuations, changes in climate, and by fishing itself.
Manganese exposure alters extracellular GABA, GABA receptor and transporter protein and mRNA levels in the developing rat brain

Unlike other essential trace elements (e.g., zinc and iron) it is the toxicity of manganese (Mn) that is more common in human populations than its deficiency. Data suggest alterations in dopamine biology may drive the effects associated with Mn neurotoxicity, though recently gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated. In addition, iron deficiency (ID), a common nutritional problem, may cause disturbances in neurochemistry by facilitating accumulation of Mn in the brain. Previous data from our lab have shown decreased brain tissue levels of GABA as well as decreased (3)H-GABA uptake in synaptosomes as a result of Mn exposure and ID. These results indicate a possible increase in the concentration of extracellular GABA due to alterations in expression of GABA transport and receptor proteins. In this study weanling-male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly placed into one of four dietary treatment groups: control (CN; 35mg Fe/kg diet), iron-deficient (ID; 6mg Fe/kg diet), CN with Mn supplementation (via the drinking water; 1g Mn/l) (CNMn), and ID with Mn supplementation (IDMn). Using in vivo microdialysis, an increase in extracellular GABA concentrations in the striatum was observed in response to Mn exposure and ID although correlational analysis reveals that extracellular GABA is related more to extracellular iron levels and not Mn. A diverse effect of Mn exposure and ID was observed in the regions examined via Western blot and RT-PCR analysis, with effects on mRNA and protein expression of GAT-1, GABA(A), and GABA(B) differing between and within the regions examined. For example, Mn exposure reduced GAT-1 protein expression by approximately 50% in the substantia nigra, while increasing mRNA expression approximately four-fold, while in the caudate putamen mRNA expression was decreased with no effect on protein expression. These data suggest that Mn exposure results in an increase in extracellular GABA concentrations via altered expression of transport and receptor proteins, which may be the basis of the neurological characteristics of manganism.
Damage accumulation during isothermal fatigue of Ti-SiC laminates

Titanium-based composites have been under investigation for the last three decades because titanium alloys have the highest strength-to-weight ratio of all common structural metals. The high strength at low to intermediate temperatures (up to 550 C), coupled with a high impact fracture energy, makes these materials candidates for applications such as gas turbine fan blades. Perhaps more important for this application is the fact that Ti composites can have high stiffness, which raises the critical vibration frequencies and lowers the necessary blade thickness and mass. Efforts to reinforce these alloys began with the inclusion of boron filaments. However, complications arose due to reactivity between Ti and the fibers. Since that time compatibility problems have been overcome by either altering the matrix composition or coating the fibers. Subsequently, interest has turned to continuous SiC reinforcements with a variety of fiber diameters, volume fractions and coatings. A full description of the experimental test methods as well as the sample manufacturing procedure was given previously. Therefore, only a brief summary is given here. Fiber volume fraction for all lay-ups was approximately 30%. Prismatic coupons were subjected to a cyclic tensile load history (load ratio = 0.1) with frequencies of 0.001 Hz and 0.1more » Hz. Temperature in the entire gauge section was held constant at 650 C. Strain was measured directly from the sample using a high-temperature extensometer. Following failure, portions of the gauge section were mounted in epoxy and polished by hand on conventional diamond wheels for metallographic analysis. Because the composite section was inclined at a small angle relative to the grinding surface, a wedge of material was removed during grinding so that features from a range of depths could be viewed simultaneously.« less
Observation of saturation broadening of the coherent anti-stokes raman spectrum (cars) of acetylene in a pulsed molecular beam

Abstract Reported is the first observation of saturation broadening in a high-resolution coherent Raman spectrum of the v 2 Q-branch of acetylene. The measured saturation broadening of 1050 MHz is significantly greater than the calculated ac Stark broadening of less than 100 MHz.
254 CORRELATIONS OF GROWTH(G), LUNG PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC), AND LUNG PROTEIN(PR) IN NEWBORN RABBITS

Upon delivery, surfactant is released into the airway of newborn animals. However, changes in total lung (TL), alveolar wash (AW), and lung parenchyma (LP) PC, saturated PC (SPC), and LP PR have not been correlated with early neonatal G. We sacrificed 5 newborn rabbits per day taken from different healthy litters on days 1-12 of life. Following a standardized lung wash we measured in duplicate LP and AW PC, SPC and PR. Samples for the PC and SPC measurements contained 14C-SPC to correct for losses in processing. The rabbits grew from 53±3 g to 240±20 g in 12 days (G curve: Y=51e 0.1315t, r=0.986). TL PC increased from 13±1 μmoles to 34±4 μmoles by 12 days (PC curve: Y=11 + 3.87t -0.16t2, r=.958). AW PC increased for only about 4 days, then the majority of the increase in TL PC was due to an increase in the LP pool. The LP PR increased from 78.2±2.9 to 194±23 mg by 12 days (PR curve: Y=84.8 -9.2t + 3.8t2 -0.2t3, r=0.984). The curves for increases in G, PC, and PR are complex and nonlinear. However, for example, expressing AW PC and LP PC relative to weight results in linear curves (r=0.846 and r=0.930, respectively) that “hide” time dependent nonlinear changes in the pool sizes. However, SPC/PC in LP (0.340±0.003) and SPC/PC in AW (0.612±0.009) were invariant. While there are complex changes in pool sizes of protein and phosphatidylcholine relative to growth, the ratios of LP and AW SPC to PC are tightly regulated.
Bio-inspired, sub-wavelength surface structures for ultra-broadband, omni-directional anti-reflection in the mid and far IR

Quasi-ordered moth-eye arrays were fabricated in Si using a colloidal lithography method to achieve highly efficient, omni-directional transmission of mid and far infrared (IR) radiation. The effect of structure height and aspect ratio on transmittance and scattering was explored experimentally and modeled quantitatively using effective medium theory. The highest aspect ratio structures (AR = 9.4) achieved peak transmittance of 98%, with >85% transmission for λ = 7-30 μm. A detailed photon balance was constructed by measuring transmission, forward scattering, specular reflection and diffuse reflection to quantify optical losses due to near-field effects. In addition, angle-dependent transmission measurements showed that moth-eye structures provide superior anti-reflective properties compared to unstructured interfaces over a wide angular range (0-60° incidence). The colloidal lithography method presented here is scalable and substrate-independent, providing a general approach to realize moth-eye structures and anti-reflection in many IR-compatible material systems.
Smoke Properties of Highly Filled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymer Rubbers

Abstract The observations made in this work indicate the difficulty in extracting generalizations about how efficiently hydrates serve to control smoke levels in a fire situation which involves periods of pyrolysis and of combustion. In our opinion magnesium hydroxide deserves serious consideration as a smoke retardant for EPDM rubbers. This is based on its superior performance in the flaming smoke test, its moderately good performance in the early part of nonfiaming smoke test, its high LOI, and its reinforcing properties. The electrical properties of the Mg(OH)2 filled EPDM rubber indicate that it could be acceptable for some types of electrical insulation or cable covering applications.
Modeling a Loop Heat Pipe With a Capillary Wick in the Condenser

We present a model to predict the behavior of a novel loop heat pipe with a capillary wick in the condenser. The heat pipe consists of a single evaporator and multiple vertically-stacked condensers interdigitated with radial-outflow fan blades of a blower. The resulting heat exchanger assembly maximizes heat transfer area by integrating the heat sink and blower together. As a result of the stacked design, the lowest condenser has the highest liquid pressure in the presence of gravity. The capillary pressure generated by the condenser wick is used to compensate for the difference in the liquid pressures among the condensers. This paper focuses on modeling and designing the heat pipe to form receding menisci in the condensers. The effect of the compensation chamber pressure and viscous losses on the meniscus orientation is examined. The results of the model show that an advancing meniscus is formed at lower heat inputs and a threshold heat input must be exceeded to form a receding meniscus. Guidelines for selecting appropriate wicks for the evaporator and condenser are reported.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Penicillins for Treatment of Pneumococcal Pneumonia: Does In Vitro Resistance Really Matter?

BACKGROUND The rate of in vitro bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is escalating among pathogens that cause the most serious respiratory tract infections. Many reports published during the past few years suggest that this has direct clinical implications. In particular, resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotic therapy has assumed a prominent role in the evolution of guidelines for the initial treatment of respiratory tract infection. METHODS I conducted a critical review of the published medical literature. RESULTS There is only a single report of documented microbiologic failure of parenteral penicillin-class antibiotics in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in patients with or without bacteremia, whereas there are numerous well-documented reports of treatment failure with quinolone-class (n > or = 21) and macrolide-class (n > or = 33) antibiotics in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. CONCLUSION The recommended optimal in-hospital therapy for community-acquired pneumonia should continue to be a beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin, aminopenicillin, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone) administered with a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone agent for adjunctive treatment of infection with potential atypical pathogens.
Developmental toxicity of nine selected compounds following prenatal exposure in the mouse: naphthalene, p-nitrophenol, sodium selenite, dimethyl phthalate, ethylenethiourea, and four glycol ether derivatives.

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGdiME), diethyiene glycol dimethyl ether (diEGdiME), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tri'EGdiME), diethyiene glycol diethyl ether (di‐EGdiEE), ethylenethiourea (ETU), sodium selenite (SS), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), naphthalene (NAP), or p‐nitrophenol (PNP) were administered by gavage for eight consecutive days to female CD‐1 mice. Weight loss was insensitive as an index of sub‐lethal adult toxicity and was inadequate for determining a maximum tolerated dose. LD50 values indicate that SS, NAP, and PNP were more toxic (8.4, 353.6, and 625.7 mg/kg, respectively) than the polyglycol ethers, ETU, and DMP (LD50 values ranged from 2525.8 to 6281.9 mg/kg). Each of the compounds was administered on d 7 through 14 to pregnant animals at a single dose estimated to be at or just below the threshold of adult lethality. In such a reproductive study, each of the compounds could be categorized on the basis of the pattern of maternal lethality and fetotoxicity which it produced. The num...
The Role of Cyclin D3-dependent Kinase in the Phosphorylation of p130 in Mouse BALB/c 3T3 Fibroblasts

Abstract We have observed that cyclin D3-dependent kinase activity is increased in the late G1 phase in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts. The profile of cyclin D3-associated activity closely parallels that of cyclin D1, which is also induced after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent cells. These activities correlate with the appearance of hyperphosphorylated p130, an Rb family member important in regulating E2F-4 and E2F-5 activity in fibroblastic cells. We demonstrated, however, that only the cyclin D3 activity efficiently phosphorylated p130 in an in vitro kinase assay. This apparent specificity was further demonstrated by experiments which demonstrated that cyclin D3 was physically associated with p130 at the times when D3-dependent kinase activity and p130 hyperphosphorylation were observed. Examination of E2F by electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that E2F-4 DNA binding activity existed in a p130·E2F complex at times before D3-dependent kinase activity was apparent and in a free E2F-4 complex after D3 activity developed. Thus, our data suggest that cyclin D3 preferentially phosphorylates p130 and is thereby specifically targeted to overcoming growth-suppressive control mediated through p130 pathways.
Lateral Variation in the Chester Sandstones Producing Oil and Gas in the Lower Wabash River Area: ABSTRACT

Oil and gas production in the Wabash River Valley in southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana is from lower Pennsylvanian and Chester sandstones and the McClosky limestone of the Ste. Genevieve formation. The principal fields in the area are New Harmony Consolidated and Keensburg Consolidated. These fields include an End_Page 914------------------------------ almost continuous producing area from Keensburg, Wabash County, at the north, to a point 3½ miles southeast of Phillipstown, White County. This single area is approximately 18 miles long and varies in width from ½ mile to more than 2 miles at its widest point in White County. As of January 1, 1942, there were almost 1,000 producing wells in the two fields and the productive area proved by drilling was 7,238 acres. All of the eight Chester sandstone formations and additional sandstone beds in other Chester formations were found productive in one place or another throughout the area. Considerable lateral variation in thickness and character of the "sands" was indicated by drilling. In many cases it was so great that it made the development of a particular sandstone uncertain from well to well. The lenticular character of producing "sands" resulted in irregular producing areas. The producing areas of the different "sands" may or may not be directly over or under each other. Many wells in the area are producing from more than one "sand." Distribution of productive areas depends more on sand characteristics than structure in the lower Wabash River area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 915------------
Order parameters for a spherical model of a ferromagnetic; connections to alloy theory☆

Abstract Exact linear equations are obtained that relate the order parameters of a spherical model with arbitrary interactions and arbitrary external field. These linear equations would seem to be a better approximation to the model of a binary alloy than some linear equations previously reported, since the latter are shown to result from making a suitable approximation on the spherical model.
Reply to Kline et al.: Cropland data layer provides a valid assessment of recent grassland conversion in the Western Corn Belt.

Kline et al. (1) pose a series of “what-if” scenarios intended to cast doubt on our (2) findings. These scenarios arise from a critical misreading of our paper and misinterpretation of the US Department of Agriculture’s Cropland Data Layer (CDL).
A comparison of reverse transcriptase and antigen capture assays for the detection of HIV

Abstract HIV antigen capture assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase assay were compared for the detection of HIV. Purified virus and the supernatant of infected cells were used for this study. Antigen capture assay was found to be at least one hundred times more sensitive than the RT assay, and for a large number of samples easier to perform. This assay would be useful for clinical and laboratory diagnosis.
Workshop preview of the 3rd international workshop on mobile development lifecycle (MobileDeLi 2015)

The goal of the MobileDeli 2015 workshop is to establish a vibrant research community of researchers and practitioners for sharing work and leading further research and development in the area of mobile software engineering. At the workshop, we will discuss how other technologies (e.g., DSLs, cloud computing) drive new capabilities in mobile software development. The workshop attendees will also examine the lifecycle of mobile software development and how it relates to the software engineering lifecycle. There will also be working group discussions and activities where attendees will explore and evaluate existing techniques, patterns, and best practices of mobile software development. Additional information about the workshop (e.g., photos, presentations, schedule) can be found at the MobileDeli workshop website: http:// sysrun.haifa.il.ibm.com/hrl/mobiledeli2015
Abstract 2572: Quantitative proteomic and genomic analyses reveal that stress hormones induce a drug resistant phenotype of triple negative breast cancer cells treated with paclitaxel

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is clinically characterized as an aggressive form of cancer which is unresponsive to hormone and trastuzumab based therapies and associated with poorer overall patient prognosis. TNBC can be treated with chemotherapeutic agents but unfortunately typically half of patients do not respond to treatment because their breast cancer cells become resistant. Recent evidence suggests that psychological distress in cancer patients equates to poor chemotherapeutic response, indeed the National Cancer Institute reports that 50% of cancer patients report anxiety due to the cancer diagnosis, the fear of dying and chemotherapy. Historically, single markers depicting breast cancer prognosis have failed to readily translate to the clinic therefore the expression pattern of multiple molecules may prove better predictors of drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. We hypothesize that drug resistance in breast cancer may arise in part due to stress hormone-induced alterations in intrinsic cellular proteins/genes in cancer cells. To examine the effects of stress, via stress hormones on drug resistance MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were incubated with paclitaxel in the presence of physiological concentrations of cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine for 48 h. We utilized a quantitative proteomic strategy, Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC), and LC-MS/MS to compare differences in protein abundance between paclitaxel-treated and stress hormone/paclitaxel-treated cells. For proteomic profiling, paclitaxel-treated cells cultured in unlabeled (no stress hormones) and labeled (stress hormones) SILAC media were mixed, lysed, and proteins were resolved by 1D-SDS PAGE, digested in-gel with trypsin and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. For genomic analyses, total RNA was isolated using TRIzol, cRNA was generated and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip HGU133 plus 2.0 arrays. We identified 220 proteins and 1201 genes whose expression levels were significantly altered by stress hormones. We further identified a unique molecular profile of predictive candidate biomarkers related to stress hormone- induced drug resistance including a significant decrease in the mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 and the DNA damage response enzyme PARP-1, and increases in the immunophillin, FKBP-5 and the cell proliferation/apoptosis regulator C-MYC. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that stress hormones promote resistance to paclitaxel through modulation of several markers of drug resistance in TNBC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2572.
Association of a thioredoxin-like protein with chloroplast coupling factor (CF1)

Abstract The δ subunit isolated from chloroplast coupling factor (CF 1 ) preparations partially replaced thioredoxin in the dithiothreitol-linked activation of chloroplast fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. The δ subunit fraction also stimulated the dithiothreitol-dependent ATPase of heated CF 1 in a manner analogous to that obseryed with each of the three thioredoxins isolated from spinach leaves (thioredoxins f , m , and c ). The δ subunit used in most of these experiments was obtained from CF 1 that had been isolated by a newly devised procedure based on acid precipitation.
Field Tolerant Dynamic Intrinsic Chip ID Using 32 nm High-K/Metal Gate SOI Embedded DRAM

A random intrinsic chip ID generation method using retention fails is implemented in 32 nm SOI embedded DRAM. A dynamic key algorithm employs a unique pair of 4 Kb binary strings for an ID record for secure authentication. These strings are generated by controlling a wordline low voltage to search for a number of fails matching the corresponding challenge numbers. The algorithm further includes field-tolerant authentication by detecting a number of common bits analytically guaranteed for successful recognition, while preventing ID spoofing during the read operation. This results in 100% successful unique ID generation and recognition in two temperature and three voltage conditions per chip for a total of ~ 420 k ID pair comparisons in 266 chips. The analytical model predicts a 99.999% successful recognition rate for 106 parts. Finally, a method to enable a field-tolerant ID using multiple domains will be discussed.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm with aorta-left renal vein fistula with left varicocele

Abdominal aortic aneurysm with spontaneous aorto-left renal vein fistula is a rare but well-described clinical entity usually with abdominal pain, hematuria, and a nonfunctioning left kidney. This report describes a 44-year-old man with left-sided groin pain and varicocele who was treated with conservative measures only. The diagnosis was eventually made when he returned with microscopic hematuria, elevated serum creatinine level, and nonfunction of the left kidney; computed tomography scan demonstrated a 6-cm abdominal aortic aneurysm, a retroaortic left renal vein, and an enlargement of the left kidney. This patient represents the youngest to be reported with aorto-left renal vein fistula and the second case with a left-sided varicocele.
All-Black Schools Provide Role Models: Is this the Solution?

raditional two-parent families in America, reflecting a worldwide trend, are in a serious state of decline (Bronfenbrenner 1991). Although disputing causes, most experts agree that children's welfare is seriously suffering from this development (Etzioni 1992; Popenoe 1988, 1993; Leach 1994; Elkind 1992). Those families with the least resources and support systems are suffering the most (Wilson 1987; Moynihan 1993'; Carnegie 1994), particularly African Americans and other "involuntary" minorities (Ogbu 1978; Ingrassia 1994; Gresham 1994). Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development maintains that appropriate role models are necessary for children, particularly during adolescence (Powell 1983; Comer and Poussaint 1992). Yet in 1989 more than half of all black children, almost one-third of Hispanic children, and about 20 percent of white children lived in single-parent families (Lewin 1990; U.S. Census 1988). The figure for children living with a single parent who had never been married rose 85 percent between 1983 and 1993. In 1993, 6.3 million children were living in such homes, almost as many as the 6.8 million living with single parents who had been divorced, according to a recent U.S. Census report (U.S. Census 1993). This report also showed that the median two-parent family income was $43,578, as opposed to $9,272 for a never-married, single-parent family. This illustrates one of America's most urgent social problems: the lack of economic support and the absence of positive role models for many children, particularly inner-city black boys (Clark 1965; Rainwater and Yancey 1967; Kunjufu 1986; Moynihan 1993). An even more urgent problem is the increasing number of zero-parent children, concentrated in inner cities, where single mothers are becoming crack addicts, going to jail, or leaving their children for other reasons. These children now make up about 9 percent of all children (Gross 1992).
Synthesis and characterization of {(diene)Rh[μ-OSi(OtBu)3]}2, a precursor to silica-bound rhodium

Reaction of [(diene)RhCl]2 with 2 equiv of KOSi(OtBu)3 afforded {(diene)Rh[μ-OSi(OtBu)3]}2, where diene = cod (1) and nbd (2). Multinuclear NMR studies reveal that 1 and 2 have a dimeric structure with bridging tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy ligands. These dimers are folded along the O⋯O axis. Complexes 1 and 2 reacted with PR3 (R = Me, Ph) to give monomeric products, the formulae of which depend on the amount of PR3 added ((diene)Rh[OSi(OtBu)3](PR3) and Rh[OSi(OtBu)3](PMe3)3). The behavior of 1 towards water and methanol is discussed. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) of 1 and 2 reveal rather sharp conversions to rhodium-containing materials. Thermolysis of 1 in toluene at 180 °C resulted in formation of a black precipitate, which contained rhodium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 22 nm, as determined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), after calcination at 300 °C for 1 h.
The impact of superimposition choice in geometric morphometric approaches to morphological integration.

Integration of skeletal structures has traditionally been studied using correlations among linear dimensions, but has more recently been investigated using geometric morphometric data in the form of covariances among landmarks (e.g., Baab et al., 2012).Within this latter field, the use of partial least squares (PLS), or singular warps analysis, has proven particularly useful for examining covariance among sets (blocks) of landmarks (Bookstein, 1997; Klingenberg and Zaklan, 2000; Rohlf and Corti, 2000; Bookstein et al., 2003; Bastir and Rosas, 2005; Gunz and Harvati, 2007; Kulemeyer et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2012). An important step that occurs prior to a PLS analysis is the superimposition of landmark configurations. However, with two distinct blocks of landmarks to compare, there are two basic approaches to superimposition: a single superimposition of all landmarks followed by partitioning into distinct blocks; or, independent superimpositions of the blocks of landmarks. Both approaches have important and predictable downstream effects for interpreting the results of the PLS analysis. While the importance of superimposition choice prior to PLS has been touched on previously, this commentary is outside of the standard anthropological literature (Klingenberg, 2009; Kulemeyer et al., 2009; McCane and Kean, 2011; Mitteroecker et al., 2012). In light of the growing popularity of PLS for the study of morphological integration within the field of anthropology, a brief discourse on this topic is both necessary and timely.
Physics and Detector Response Simulations

Abstract As the complexity and resolution of modern detectors increases, the need for detailed simulation of the experimental setup also becomes more important. Designing detector systems composed of many disparate subsystems requires efﬁcient tools to simulate the detector response and reconstruct the events. Comparisons of different technology options, or geometric layouts, are facilitated if the results can be obtained with a common simulation and reconstruction framework. We have developed efficient and ﬂexible tools for detailed physics and detector response simulation as well as event reconstruction and analysis. The primary goal has been to develop a software toolkit and computing infrastructure to allow physicists from universities and labs to quickly and easily conduct physics analyses and contribute to detector research and development with a minimal investment of time and effort. The application harnesses the full power of the Geant4 toolkit without requiring the end user to have any experience with either Geant4 or C++, thereby allowing the user to concentrate on the physics of the detector system. The reconstruction software and analysis environment are written in Java, providing a modern, object-oriented platform which is independent of the computing operating system.
Characteristics of menstruation in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Objective To determine the characteristics of menstruation in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the impact of immunosuppression on menstruation in HIV-infected women. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 197 HIV-infected and 189 HIV-uninfected women were interviewed about menstruation and abnormal vaginal bleeding during the previous 12 months. Information was also obtained about CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels of HIV-infected women and other factors, including drug use and weight loss, that might affect menstruation. Results The number and duration of menses in HIV-infected women were not significantly different from those of uninfected women. During a 12-month period, 154 (78%) of 197 HIV-infected women and 150 (80%) of 188 uninfected women had 10–14 menses (P = .74). The proportions of women in the two groups with intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or no bleeding were also similar. In HIV-infected women, menstruation and the prevalence of abnormal vaginal bleeding were not significantly different by CD4+ T-lymphocyte level. By multiple logistic regression analysis, neither HIV infection nor CD4+ T-lymphocyte level less than 200 cells/μL was associated with intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or no bleeding. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that neither HIV infection nor immunosuppression has a clinically relevant effect on menstruation or other vaginal bleeding. Most HIV-infected women menstruate about every 25–35 days, suggesting monthly ovulation and an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin: A role in pain and analgesia, but so much more

Abstract The publication of the δ opioid receptor sequence led to the cloning of three homologous receptors: the μ and κ opioid receptors, and a novel opioid-like orphan receptor. The orphan receptor's endogenous ligand, a 17-amino-acid peptide that resembles dynorphin, was named `orphanin FQ' and `nociceptin' (OFQ/N 1–17 ). The OFQ/N 1–17 receptor is expressed widely in the nervous system, and it is becoming clear that the peptide is likely to participate in a broad range of physiological and behavioral functions. At the cellular level, OFQ/N 1–17 has much in common with the classical opioids; however, functional studies are now revealing distinct actions of this peptide. Identified only two years ago, OFQ/N 1–17 has already attracted a great deal of attention. The number and diversity of papers focused on OFQ/N 1–17 at the recent meeting of the Society for Neuroscience augur an exciting future for this new peptide.
Fate of the ash hurley in a global economy

The Irish sport of hurling, which pre-dates written history, has traditionally been played with an ash hurley shaped by a local craftsman known as a hurleymaker. Hurleymaking has always been an Irish practice, but now finds itself threatened by a global economy, an inconsistent supply chain, and synthetic manufacturing.
Fractography, Some Legal Aspects and Challenges

Evidence regarding a fracture event is absolutely and definitively recorded by Nature during the fracture process. That record is in the form of the general macrocrack pattern and the surface topological features of the newly formed fracture surface. In reality, it is the only perfect record of what actually occurred during a fracture. Whenever a conflict or controversy arises regarding a fracture, it is the moral and scientific responsibility of the fractographer to analyze and interpret the record of the fracture as it was created by Nature. It is further necessary for the fractographer to then inform and educate the members of the legal community (lawyer, judge and jury) as to exactly what happened during the failure. This educational process is necessary so that the legal community can collectively understand the history of the fracture and arrive at a just and fair decision regarding responsibility and potential liability for the failure. This paper describes the overall process from the beginning of the fracture examination of the failed artifact to the final appearance in court leading to a decision by the judge or a jury. Both the technical and the human factors are addressed with varying degrees of detail.
Comparison of Coronary Atherosclerotic Volume in Patients With Glomerular Filtration Rates ≤60 Versus >60 ml/min/1.73 m2: A Meta-Analysis of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies

The relation between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2 and the extent and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in 989 subjects with coronary artery disease was investigated. Despite being older, more likely to be women, and having a history of hypertension, diabetes, and bypass surgery, total atheroma volume and percent atheroma volume in subjects with a low GFR did not differ from subjects with a GFR >60 ml/kg/min. Similarly, there was no difference in progression rates of total atheroma volume and percent atheroma volume in patients with GFRs lower and higher than 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 in response to a high rate of use of established preventive therapies. In conclusion, findings suggest that the increased incidence of clinical events in patients with impaired renal function may result from factors other than atherosclerotic burden.
Stretch receptor-associated expression of α3 isoform of the na+,k+-atpase in rat peripheral nervous system

Abstract Expression of the neuronal α 3 isoform of the Na + ,K + -ATPase (α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase) was studied in the rat peripheral nervous system using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Non-uniform expression of the α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase was observed in L5 ventral and dorsal roots, dorsal root ganglion, sciatic nerve and its branches into skeletal muscle. The α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase was not detected in nerve fibers in skin, saphenous and sural nerves. In dorsal root ganglion 12±2% of neurons were immunopositive for α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase and all these neurons were large primary afferents that were not labeled by Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (marker of small primary sensory neurons). In dorsal and ventral roots 27±3% and 40±3%, respectively, of myelinated axons displayed immunoreactivity for α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase. In contrast to the dorsal roots, strong immunoreactivity in ventral roots was observed only in myelinated axons of small caliber, presumably γ-efferents. In the mixed sciatic nerve α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase was detected in 26±5% of myelinated axons (both small and large caliber). In extensor hallicus proprius and lumbricales hind limb muscles α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase was detected in some intramuscular axons and axonal terminals on intrafusal muscle fibers in the spindle equatorial and polar regions (regions of afferent and efferent innervation of the muscle stretch receptor, respectively). No α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase was found in association with innervation of extrafusal muscle fibers or in tendon-muscle fusion regions. These data demonstrate non-uniform expression of the α 3 isoform of the Na + ,K + -ATPase in rat peripheral nervous system and suggest that α 3 Na + ,K + -ATPase is specifically expressed in afferent and efferent axons innervating skeletal muscle stretch receptors.
Recall cues in known-item retrieval

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different kinds of cues on the recall of a text. Forty-four subjects read a short research paper. After a delay of three weeks, they answered questions on the paper. There were three types of cues: free cues, which encouraged unrestricted responses; bibliographic cues, which asked subjects to recall elements of bibliographic description; and structural cues, which were based on the text-linguistic structure of research reports. Recall protocols were analyzed to establish the degree to which protocol vocabulary matched index terms and propositions taken from the article. Bibliographic cues produced relatively few matching terms, and short protocols. Free cues produced many matching terms and propositions, but very long protocols containing large numbers of non-matching terms and intrusions. Structural cues produced as many matching terms and propositions as free cues, but significantly fewer non-matching terms and intrusions. Implications of these findings for known-item retrieval and the design of information system interfaces are discussed. © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Melatonin: an inhibitor of breast cancer

The present review discusses recent work on melatonin-mediated circadian regulation, the metabolic and molecular signaling mechanisms that are involved in human breast cancer growth, and the associated consequences of circadian disruption by exposure to light at night (LEN). The anti-cancer actions of the circadian melatonin signal in human breast cancer cell lines and xenografts heavily involve MT1 receptor-mediated mechanisms. In estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive human breast cancer, melatonin suppresses ERα mRNA expression and ERα transcriptional activity via the MT1 receptor. Melatonin also regulates the transactivation of other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, estrogen-metabolizing enzymes, and the expression of core clock and clock-related genes. Furthermore, melatonin also suppresses tumor aerobic metabolism (the Warburg effect) and, subsequently, cell-signaling pathways critical to cell proliferation, cell survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Melatonin demonstrates both cytostatic and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells that appears to be cell type-specific. Melatonin also possesses anti-invasive/anti-metastatic actions that involve multiple pathways, including inhibition of p38 MAPK and repression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Studies have demonstrated that melatonin promotes genomic stability by inhibiting the expression of LINE-1 retrotransposons. Finally, research in animal and human models has indicated that LEN-induced disruption of the circadian nocturnal melatonin signal promotes the growth, metabolism, and signaling of human breast cancer and drives breast tumors to endocrine and chemotherapeutic resistance. These data provide the strongest understanding and support of the mechanisms that underpin the epidemiologic demonstration of elevated breast cancer risk in night-shift workers and other individuals who are increasingly exposed to LEN.
Mechanism of fatigue in ferroelectric thin films

A quantitative fatigue model is proposed for ferroelectric thin films on the basis of effective one-directional movement of defects due to asymmetric polarization under alternating pulses, defect entrapment at electrode-ferroelectric interface (and/or at grain and domain boundaries), and the resultant polarization loss at these surfaces due to structural damage. A fatigue equation is derived in accordance with this model and three fatigue parameters such as initial saturation polarization, piling constant, and decay constant are defined. The predicted values from the model show very good agreement with experimental data. Temperature and voltage dependence of fatigue parameters are studied on the basis of the fatigue model. The jump distance of defects is calculated from the voltage dependence of the decay constant which turns out essentially to be the same as the lattice parameter. Based on the fatigue model, an improved method to overcome fatigue property is also presented. Un modele quantitatif de tenue en fatigue de films ferroelectriques minces est propose sur la base de mouvements effectifs unidirectionnels des defauts cause par polarization asymetrique sous impulsions alternatives, capture des defauts a l'interface electrode-ferroelectrique (et/ou celle des frontieres de grains at de domaines), et la perte de polarisation resultante dans des surfaces a ete obtenue en accord avec ce modele et trois parametres de fatigue tel que la polarisation de saturation initiale, la constante d'empilement et la constante de deterioration ont ete definis. Les valeurs predites par le model montrent un tres bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. La dependance des parametres de fatigue en fonction de la temperature et du voltage ont ete etudies sur la base du modele de fatigue. La distance de saut (qui apparait en fait ětre pratiquement egale au parametre de lattice) des defauts a ete calcule a partir de la dependance de la constante de deterioration en fonction du voltage. Sur la base de ce modele de fatigue, une methode pour ameliorer les proprietes de tenue en fatigue est presentee.