cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oil discovery in Uganda’s Albertine region: Local expectations, involvement, and impacts

Abstract This paper examines the opportunities created by the recent oil discovery in Uganda's Albertine region for local economic development. This is achieved through an assessment of local expectations, involvement, and impacts of on-going activities following the discovery of oil. The local communities have formed strong positive expectations including improved access to healthcare, education, electricity, safe drinking water, transport infrastructure, cleaner and less costly energy, and employment prospects. Moreover, communities expect to benefit from auxiliary business opportunities. The negative expectations include concerns about the arrival of immigrants, contestations over land, inequality, environmental pollution, interference with livestock grazing areas, and loss of livelihoods. Despite the negative expectations expressed, the local communities within the Albertine region approve of the ongoing activities with regard to the development of the oil sector. We argue that greater stakeholder involvement will help to alleviate the fears shaping the negative expectations and create conditions necessary to avoid the resource curse.
Everyday Creativity: Singing Goddesses in the Himalayan Foothills

Students and scholars of Indian culture will be familiar with some of Kirin Narayan’s numerous publications, which include, among others, a delightful novel, an engaging family history and, most re...
Beyond Graphene Anode Materials for Emerging Metal Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

Intensive research effort is currently focused on the development of efficient, reliable, and environmentally safe electrochemical energy storage systems due to the ever-increasing global energy storage demand. Li ion battery systems have been used as the primary energy storage device over the last three decades. However, low abundance and uneven distribution of lithium and cobalt in the earth crust and the associated cost of these materials, have resulted in a concerted effort to develop beyond lithium electrochemical storage systems. In the case of non-Li ion rechargeable systems, the development of electrode materials is a significant challenge, considering the larger ionic size of the metal-ions and slower kinetics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes and phosphorene, have garnered significant attention recently due to their multi-faceted advantageous properties: large surface areas, high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, etc. Consequently, the study of 2D materials as negative electrodes is of notable importance as emerging non-Li battery systems continue to generate increasing attention. Among these interesting materials, graphene has already been extensively studied and reviewed, hence this report focuses on 2D materials beyond graphene for emerging non-Li systems. We provide a comparative analysis of 2D material chemistry, structure, and performance parameters as anode materials in rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors.
An unusual case of bilateral pulmonary embolism in a patient on dual venous thromboprophylaxis, secondary to heparin induced thrombocytopenia.

ABSTRACTHeparin Induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare, immune-mediated complication of heparin, associated with both thrombocytopenia and paradoxical thrombotic events. Initial diagnosis is made...
Ultrashort pulse induced elastodynamics in polycrystalline materials. Part II: Thermal–mechanical response

Near-field thermal–mechanical responses in polycrystalline gold films considering grain size effects and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties are examined using the generalized thermo-el...
Chronostratigraphic Revision of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA)

The Cloverly Formation is an important geologic unit for understanding the development of North American terrestrial landscapes and ecosystems, but the age of this unit is poorly constrained. We report U–Pb radiometric dates determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) from euhedral zircons derived from fluvial sandstone and bentonitic claystone. We reanalyzed published biostratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and radiometric datasets, which have generally disregarded younger (late Albian–Cenomanian) ages for the formation. New data reported in this study suggest that deposition of the Cloverly Formation spanned the Valanginian–Cenomanian stages (ca. 140 Ma–98 Ma), a longer time interval than the commonly cited Aptian–Albian depositional timeframe. The lowest member of the Cloverly Formation, the Pryor Conglomerate, was deposited ca. 140–130 Ma in response to the onset of the Sevier Orogeny shedding sediment from the west. The overlying Little Sheep Mudstone Member was deposited ca. 124–109 Ma in a time of low sediment supply. In the mid–late Albian to early Cenomanian (ca. 109–98 Ma), sediment sourced from the east was deposited as the Himes Member and Greybull Sandstone. Following this, the Sykes Mountain Formation began nearshore deposition as the Western Interior Seaway transgressed from the north. Our revised chronostratigraphic framework for the Cloverly Formation is congruent with tectonic subsidence analysis showing a rapid increase in accommodation space in the mid-Albian. We hypothesize that more intensive sampling may yield multiple fossil assemblages within the formation, paralleling its correlates to the south. Furthermore, we hypothesize that some poorly represented taxa will be synonymized with taxa from those same units now that their temporal equivalence has been demonstrated.
Colonic Mucosa With Polypoid Hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES Define the morphologic and molecular features of colonic polyps with subtle histologic features. METHODS Two hundred specimens were obtained of surveillance colonoscopies. Endoscopic findings were reviewed. Histologic features of the polyps were compared with the flat mucosa. Next-generation sequencing was performed on 30 study polyps and 20 control samples. RESULTS Polyps with subtle changes comprised 12% of all polyps. All polyps were sessile and small (<0.5 cm) and were located predominantly in the distal colon (60%). Synchronous hyperplastic, sessile serrated, and dysplastic polyps were found in 30%, 7%, and 51% of patients, respectively. A total of 169 (84.5%) polyps showed wide, nonserrated crypts, increased intraluminal mucus, and patent openings. KRAS alterations were present in 30% of polyps. CONCLUSIONS Most polyps with subtle histologic features have recognizable morphologic changes. About one-third harbored KRAS alterations. These polyps should not be regarded as variants of hyperplastic polyps.
Cell penetrating peptide functionalized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for targeted cell labeling and enhanced fluorine-19 MRI detection

Purpose A bottleneck in developing cell therapies for cancer is assaying cell biodistribution, persistence, and survival in vivo. Ex vivo cell labeling using perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions, paired with 19 F MRI detection, is a non-invasive approach for cell product detection in vivo. Lymphocytes are small and weakly phagocytic limiting PFC labeling levels and MRI sensitivity. To boost labeling, we designed PFC nanoemulsion imaging probes displaying a cell-penetrating peptide, namely the transactivating transcription sequence (TAT) of the human immunodeficiency virus. We report optimized synthesis schemes for preparing TAT co-surfactant to complement the common surfactants used in PFC nanoemulsion preparations. Methods We performed ex vivo labeling of primary human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with nanoemulsion. Intracellular labeling was validated using electron microscopy and confocal imaging. To detect signal enhancement in vivo, labeled CAR T cells were intra-tumorally injected into mice bearing flank glioma tumors. Results By incorporating TAT into the nanoemulsion, a labeling efficiency of ~1012 fluorine atoms per CAR T cell was achieved that is a >8-fold increase compared to nanoemulsion without TAT while retaining high cell viability (~84%). Flow cytometry phenotypic assays show that CAR T cells are unaltered after labeling with TAT nanoemulsion, and in vitro tumor cell killing assays display intact cytotoxic function. The 19 F MRI signal detected from TAT-labeled CAR T cells was 8 times higher than cells labeled with PFC without TAT. Conclusion The peptide-PFC nanoemulsion synthesis scheme presented can significantly enhance cell labeling and imaging sensitivity and is generalizable for other targeted imaging probes.
Emerging erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group A streptococci: Efficacy of linezolid and tedizolid in experimental necrotizing infection.

Abstract Objectives Clindamycin (CLI) and erythromycin (ERY) resistance is increasing among group A streptococci (GAS) causing invasive disease and alternative treatments are urgently required. In this study, the efficacy of the newer oxazolidinone tedizolid (TZD) was compared with the first drug in this class, linezolid (LNZ), in experimental murine myonecrosis caused by ERY-susceptible/CLI-susceptible (ERYS/CLIS) or ERY- resistant/CLI-resistant (ERYR/CLIR) GAS. Methods Normal adult outbred Swiss Webster female mice (10 per group) were infected intramuscularly with ERYS/CLIS (ATCC 12384) or ERYR/CLIR (15-003) GAS. Treatments began 4 h post-infection and continued for 72 h. TZD and LNZ (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneally every 12 h. Saline, penicillin (PEN), CLI and ERY were given every 6 h. Survival and infection severity signs and symptoms were followed for 12 days. Results Both GAS strains were susceptible to LNZ, TZD and PEN; strain 15-003 was confirmed as constitutively resistant to ERY and CLI. Blood levels following a 40 mg/kg dose of LZD and TZD were 30.9 ± 4.0 μg/mL and 21.9 ± 5.3 μg/mL, respectively. Both TZD and LNZ were highly efficacious for the treatment of severe experimental myonecrosis caused by ERYS/CLIS and, importantly, ERYR/CLIR GAS. Conclusion In the current era of emerging macrolide/lincosamide resistance among GAS, these data support the use of TZD and LNZ as first-line antibiotics for the treatment of life-threatening GAS infections in humans.
Systematic interrogation of mutation groupings reveals divergent downstream expression programs within key cancer genes

Genes implicated in tumorigenesis often exhibit diverse sets of genomic variants in the tumor cohorts within which they are frequently mutated. We sought to identify the downstream expression effects of these perturbations and to find whether or not this heterogeneity at the genomic level is reflected in a corresponding heterogeneity at the transcriptomic level. Applying a novel hierarchical framework for organizing the mutations present in a cohort along with machine learning pipelines trained on samples9 expression profiles we systematically interrogated the signatures associated with combinations of perturbations recurrent in cancer. This allowed us to catalogue the mutations with discernible downstream expression effects across a number of tumor cohorts as well as to uncover and characterize a multitude of cases where subsets of a gene9s mutations are clearly divergent in their function from the remaining mutations of the gene. These findings successfully replicated across a number of disease contexts and were found to have clear implications for the delineation of cancer processes as well as clinical decisions, underlining the importance of considering the diversity present within oncogenes when studying the downstream effects of their mutations.
The Promises and Perils of Technological Solutions to the Troubles with Capital Punishment

In this article, we interrogate the entanglement of technology with the moral dilemmas of capital punishment in the United States. Although death is obviously front and center of capital punishment...
Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Conduit Arteries Is Prevented by Mitochondrial-Specific Antioxidant Treatment.

Abstract Background Doxorubicin (DOXO) chemotherapy increases risk for cardiovascular disease in part by inducing endothelial dysfunction in conduit arteries. However, the mechanisms mediating DOXO-associated endothelial dysfunction in (intact) arteries and treatment strategies are not established. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that DOXO impairs endothelial function in conduit arteries via excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that these effects could be prevented by treatment with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant (MitoQ). Methods Endothelial function (endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD] to acetylcholine) and vascular mitochondrial ROS were assessed 4 weeks following administration (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection) of DOXO. A separate cohort of mice received chronic (4 weeks) oral supplementation with MitoQ (drinking water) for 4 weeks following DOXO. Results EDD in isolated pressurized carotid arteries was 55% lower 4 weeks following DOXO (peak EDD, DOXO: 42 ± 7% vs. sham: 94 ± 3%; p = 0.006). Vascular mitochondrial ROS was 52% higher and manganese (mitochondrial) superoxide dismutase was 70% lower after DOXO versus sham (p = 0.0008). Endothelial function was rescued by administration of the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ, to the perfusate. Exposure to plasma from DOXO-treated mice increased mitochondrial ROS in cultured endothelial cells. Analyses of plasma showed differences in oxidative stress-related metabolites and a marked reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor A in DOXO mice, and restoring vascular endothelial growth factor A to sham levels normalized mitochondrial ROS in endothelial cells incubated with plasma from DOXO mice. Oral MitoQ supplementation following DOXO prevented the reduction in EDD (97 ± 1%; p = 0.002 vs. DOXO alone) by ameliorating mitochondrial ROS suppression of EDD. Conclusions DOXO-induced endothelial dysfunction in conduit arteries is mediated by excessive mitochondrial ROS and ameliorated by mitochondrial-specific antioxidant treatment. Mitochondrial ROS is a viable therapeutic target for mitigating arterial dysfunction with DOXO.
A Multilinguistic Spelling Analysis of Children who are Hard of Hearing

Spelling in writing samples was compared between children who are hard of hearing (HH) (n = 142) and their peers with typical hearing (TH) (n = 72) in second and fourth grade. The same analyses were then conducted comparing groups of children who are HH with different levels of aided audibility. Compared to children with TH, children who are HH produced fewer misspelled words (p = .041, d = .42) at second grade but performed similarly in fourth grade (p = .943, d = .02). Compared to peers with TH, children who are HH demonstrated similar distributions of errors in roots but some differences in the distribution of errors for affixes. Different levels of aided audibility among children who are HH were not associated with significant differences in spelling accuracy at both grades. However, second-grade children with poorer aided audibility produced significantly more phonological omissions (p = .005, r = .32) and orthographic consonant errors for monomorphemic words (p = .001, r = .37), as well as more orthographic consonant errors for and affixes (p = .015, r = .28).
A novel approach to modeling plate deformations in fluid-structure interactions

Abstract As computational power increases, so does the desire to use computational simulations while designing fuel plates. The downside is multi-physics simulations – or more specifically, fluid–structure interactions (FSI) as addressed herein – require a larger amount of computational resources. Current simulations of a single plate can take weeks on a desktop computer, thus requiring the use of multiple servers or a cluster for FSI simulations. While computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes coupled to computational structural mechanics (CSM) codes can provide a wealth of information regarding flow patterns, there should be some skepticism in whether or not they are the only means of achieving the desired solution. When the parameters of interest are the onset of plate collapse and the associated fluid channel velocities, coupled CFD–CSM simulations provide superfluous information. The paper provides an alternative approach to solving FSI problems using a 1-D, semi-analytical model derived from first principles. The results are compared and contrasted to the numerical and experimental work performed by Kennedy et al. (2014. Experimental Investigation of Deflection of Flat Aluminium Plates Under Variable Velocity Parallel Flow, Columbia: University of Missouri TherMec Research Group).
Theodore Roethke's "Praise to the End!" Poems

I'll take as my starting point an entry Roethke made in his notebook at the time he was writing the Praise to the End! poems: 'To go back is to go forward."1 In these poems, regression is also progression; time loops back to gather itself as it goes forward to meet itself. The "itself' that time loops back and gathers lies in the pre-history of the world as well as in Roethke's childhood. The landscape of the poems is both the greenhouse operated by Roethke's father in Saginaw, Mich igan, and the primordial wilderness previous to the rise of civilizations; and the in scape of the poems is both the emotional state of Roethke as an adult and the childhood experience of life as an undifferentiated whole previous to the emer gence of adult consciousness. Children lose this undifferentiated whole as they grow into adulthood. One must go back and recover it in order to become a full man. "To go back is to go forward." The Praise to the End! poems are a developmental sequence of fifteen long, experimental poems about childhood and the growth out of childhood into adoles cence, first published completely in The Waking: Poems 1933-1953 (1953). Four of the poems were initially published in The Lost Son (1948), and the whole se quence except for the last poem, "O, Thou Opening, O," was published in Praise to the End! (1951). In Roethke's arrangement (which was not followed in the posthumous Collected Poems), the sequence is divided into two major sections, the first consisting of "Where Knock is Open Wide," "I Need, I Need," "Bring the Day!" "Give Way, Ye Gates," "Sensibility! O La!" and "O Lull Me, Lull Me," and the second consisting of "The Lost Son," "The Long Alley," "A Field of Light," "The Shape of the Fire," "Praise to the End!" "Unfold! Unfold!" "I Cry, Love! Love!" and "O, Thou Opening, O." Taken as a whole, the sequence repre sents one long poem, each part of which (that is, each poem) contains and reaf firms that whole. The movement of progression and regression, of going forward and going back, occurs rhythmically in each poem and in the overall sequence in such a way that the sequence sways as a tree does, with a unified gradation of movements and counter-movements, from the small and quick to the large and ponderous. What gives this sequence its vitality is that its regressions carry the poet and the reader?and the language of the poems as well?back into that timeless childhood experience of life as an undifferentiated whole, as a radical means of recovering that experience for everyday life. "Whole" is an abstract word; as an experience,
The Making of Economics (4th Edition), Volume II: The Modern Superstructure

Volume II in The Making of Economics, 4th Edition series fills a major gap in the literature of economics, providing in brief fashion a complete treatment of high theory in economics. Like Volume I, the book is accessible to the intelligent reader, be they advanced undergraduate or graduate students, laypeople, or professors of economics and finance. The author walks the reader through the maze of contemporary economics, acquainting them with the most up-to-date theories as well as recent economic history. The learning tasks are eased by volleys of examples as well as dramatic illustrations. The progression is from neoclassical Keynesian economics to monetarism, continuing with mathematical economics and econometrics, the theory of economic growth, the new classical economics, game theory, experimental economics, and global economics. For example, common threads between Smithian classical economics and new classical economics are woven into the fabric of discussions directing the way to the higher theory. The new chapters on mathematics and econometrics, game theory, experimental economics, and globalization are not to be found in other surveys of what the author calls the "Modern Superstructure of Economics." Although designed to be used with Volume I, it can also stand alone as a text or textbook supplement for a wide range of courses in economics and finance.
Aggregation and Lumping of DTMCs

Under certain conditions the state space of a discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) can be partitioned into subsets of states called lumpings, each of which can be treated as a single state of a smaller Markov chain. Such a chain is said to be “lumpable” and this article provides an overview of the conditions and methods for examining aggregated chains for lumpability. Keywords: lumpability; state aggregation; Markov chains; merged states; aggregation
The ideological divide and climate change opinion: "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches.

The United States wields disproportionate global influence in terms of carbon dioxide emissions and international climate policy. This makes it an especially important context in which to examine the interplay among social, psychological, and political factors in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to climate change. In this article, we review the emerging literature addressing the liberal-conservative divide in the U.S. with respect to thought, communication, and action concerning climate change. Because of its theoretical and practical significance, we focus on the motivational basis for skepticism and inaction on the part of some, including “top-down” institutional forces, such as corporate strategy, and “bottom-up” psychological factors, such as ego, group, and system justification. Although more research is needed to elucidate fully the social, cognitive, and motivational bases of environmental attitudes and behavior, a great deal has been learned in just a few years by focusing on specific ideological factors in addition to general psychological principles.
Starvation and Refeeding in Rats: Effect on Organismic Respiration, Cytoplasmic Constituents of Liver, and Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Liver, Kidney, and Heart

An analysis of starvation and starvation followed by refeeding was undertaken to characterize some organismic, organ, and mitochondrial responses to these two circumstances. Body weight, organismic respiration as well as weight protein and succinic dehydrogenase activity for liver, kidney, and heart were determined over the course of 6 days of starvation and 5 days refeeding for adult male rats. Assays of marker enzyme activities for mitochondria (cytochrome oxidase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase), endoplasmic reticulum (glucose-6-phosphatase), and plasma membranes (5'-nucleotidase) were conducted for liver in addition to quantitations of mitochondrial protein. All enzyme determinations were done on whole tissue homogenates and reported as total organ activity. Liver mitochondria were harvested quantitatively directly from whole liver homogenates by zonal centrifugation for determination of mitochondrial protein. Starvation resulted in a major loss of body weight, organ weight, and organ protein; liver greater than kidney greater than heart. These changes were accompanied by a major reduction in organ succinic dehydrogenase activity; liver greater than kidney. In heart, succinic dehydrogenase was doubled in activity at day 2 of starvation and subsequently diminished to values not significantly lower than controls. In liver, mitochondrial mass (protein) was severely diminished. From analysis of marker enzyme activities, it appeared that lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane were also decreased. Refeeding restored the greatest part of these losses within 5 days.
Prudence, Commitments and Intertemporal Conflicts

Typical justifications of prudence are based on the fact that we are temporally extended agents who remain numerically identical over time. After showing that prudential considerations should instead be based on our identity at a particular time, I outline a normative context for prudential reasons, based on a present commitment to temporal neutrality. I then consider how contingency in the content of a present commitment to temporal neutrality provides a flexible context that can help to resolve current debates about whether agents are required to maximize value, maximin value, minimax loss or are required to conform to any of a host of other options on how to adjudicate various types of conflict between present and future values.
The duodenal dimple: a specific fluoroscopic correlate to the duodenal web.

Purpose. We describe a new fluoroscopic sign to aid in the diagnosis of an obstructing duodenal web and its attachment site. Materials and methods. During an upper GI series of a neonate, a nasogastric tube was passed into an obstructed duodenum and barium injected. The tube, pressing on an obstructing web, caused dimpling of the duodenal contour at the attachment point of the web to the duodenal wall. The same maneuver at surgery caused identical dimpling. Discussion. While the maneuver is described in surgical textbooks, there has been no radiologic correlate. The “duodenal dimple” is a new fluoroscopic sign of a duodenal web and its attachment point to the duodenal wall.
AlGaN Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency above 10%

Improvements of the internal quantum efficiency by reduction of the threading dislocation density and of the light extraction by using UV transparent p-type cladding and contact layers, UV reflecting ohmic contact, and chip encapsulation with optimized shape and refractive index allowed us to obtain the external quantum efficiency of 10.4% at 20 mA CW current with the output power up to 9.3 mW at 278 nm for AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes grown on sapphire substrates.
Exact first order finite element modeling for eddy current NDE

Numerical methods, including finite element analysis, have previously been applied to model eddy current phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to present a finite element formulation of eddy currents for axisymmetric geometries that is developed without centroid approximations, and to describe the agreement between experimental and calculated results for a coil-in-air. The boundary conditions required for using the code are developed, and practical options for application of the conditions are investigated.
Response of evergreen perennial tree crops to gibberellic acid is crop load-dependent: II. GA3 increases yield and fruit size of ‘Hass’ avocado only in the on-crop year of an alternate bearing orchard

Abstract Despite problems of low fruit set, small fruit size and alternate bearing, the Hass cultivar dominates commercial avocado production worldwide. To increase yield and fruit size, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (25 mg L −1 ) was applied at different stages of ‘Hass’ avocado tree phenology: ( i ) mid–late April (flower abscission), end of June–beginning of July (fruit abscission and beginning of the exponential phase of fruit growth), and mid-January (beginning of pre-harvest fruit drop); ( ii ) end of June–beginning of July; and ( iii ) mid-September (near the end of the major fruit abscission period; period of exponential fruit growth). In both years of the research, applications of GA 3 in April and June–July were within the periods of intense flower and fruit abscission, respectively; fruit abscission was low in September and January. Maximum air temperature was not related to flower or fruit abscission. In the on-crop year (391 fruit per untreated control tree), a single application of GA 3 at the end of June–beginning of July significantly increased total yield (kilograms only) and yield of commercially valuable fruit (178–325 g/fruit) (as kilograms and number per tree) compared with the control ( P 3 applied in September increased total yield (kilograms only) and yield of commercially valuable fruit (kilograms and number per tree) to values intermediate to and not significantly different from all other treatments, except trees receiving multiple applications of GA 3 . This treatment reduced total yield and yield of commercially valuable fruit (kilograms and number per tree) relative to all treatments ( P ≤ 0.0002). In contrast, during the off-crop year (32 fruit per control tree), no GA 3 treatment had a significant effect on yield or fruit size compared with the control and all other GA 3 treatments. For ‘Hass’ avocado, there was no negative effect from applying GA 3 at the end of June–beginning of July in both the off- and on-crop years; 2-year cumulative total yield and yield of commercially valuable fruit were increased by 27 kg (128 fruit) and 22 kg (101 fruit) per tree, respectively, above the yield of untreated control trees ( P
Evidence for independent feedback control of horizontal and vertical saccades from Niemann-Pick type C disease

We measured the eye movements of three sisters with Niemann-Pick type C disease who had a selective defect of vertical saccades, which were slow and hypometric. Horizontal saccades, and horizontal and vertical pursuit and vestibular eye movements were similar to control subjects. The initial movement of oblique saccades was mainly horizontal and most of the vertical component occurred after the horizontal component ended; this resulted in strongly curved trajectories. After completion of the horizontal component of an oblique saccade, the eyes oscillated horizontally at 10-20 Hz until the vertical component ended. These findings are best explained by models that incorporate separate feedback loops for horizontal and vertical burst neurons, and in which the disease selectively affects vertical burst neurons.
Gendered Contexts Variation in Suicidal Ideation by Female and Male Youth across U.S. States

We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (13,186 respondents in 30 states) to develop a unique state-level measure of the gendered context in order to examine the influence of gender normative attitudes and behaviors on state rates of suicidal ideation and individual-level suicidal ideation for female and male youth (ages 13 to 22). The findings demonstrate the negative consequences for youth, especially females who report feminine-typical traits, who live in contexts defined by restrictive gender norms at both the ecological and individual levels. This study points to the importance of fatalistic suicide for female youth and suggests possible mechanisms to explain this association.
Low-level persistence of human papillomavirus 16 DNA in a cohort of closely followed adolescent women.

Most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in young women become undetectable by standard assays after a few months. It is possible that many HPV infections do not actually clear, but persist at very low levels for years, becoming detected again later in life. The purpose of this study is to describe HPV 16 clearance, reappearance, and low-level persistence in a cohort of adolescent women. Adolescent women (N = 66), not vaccinated against HPV, were recruited from 1998 to 2008 into a longitudinal study. Self-collected vaginal samples were obtained quarterly and tested for HPV by Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (LA-HPV). To explore low-level persistence, a type-specific nested PCR for HPV 16 (TSN-PCR-16) was developed. Women with HPV 16 detected by LA-HPV had their negative swabs retested with TSN-PCR-16. Forty-two participants with HPV 16, followed for a mean of 6.3 years, were analyzed. Using LA-HPV, the median duration of HPV 16 detection was 428 days (SD 852.5 days). TSN-PCR-16 detected HPV 16 during periods of LA-HPV non-detection in samples from many women. Using a combination of LA-HPV and TSN-PCR-16 results, the median duration of HPV 16 detection was 1,022.5 days (SD 943.7 days). The durations of detection differed significantly between the two methods (P = 0.0042) with a mean difference of 434.5 days. In adolescent females, duration of HPV 16 detection was significantly longer when TSN-PCR-16 was combined with LA-HPV. Some apparently cleared HPV 16 could be shown to persist at low levels using nested PCR. J. Med. Virol. 83:1362–1369, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of two mariner-like elements in the genome of the mosquito Ochlerotatus atropalpus

Two distinct mariner-like elements, Atmar-1 and Atmar-2, were isolated from the genome of the mosquito Ochlerotatus atropalpus. Full-sized Atmar-1 elements, obtained by screening a genomic library, have a 1293-bp consensus sequence with 27-bp inverted terminal repeats and a 1047-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding the transposase. The Atmar-2 elements were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from genomic DNA and contain the central part of the transposase ORF. Individual clones of both mariner elements contain deletions, frameshifts, and stop codons. The Atmar-1 elements are present in 370-1200 copies, while the Atmar-2 elements are present in approximately 100-300 copies per haploid genome. One of the Atmar-1 elements, Atmar-1.33, could be mobilized, suggesting the presence of functional Atmar-1 elements elsewhere in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Atmar-1 elements belong to the irritans subfamily and Atmar-2 elements to the cecropia subfamily of mariner elements.
Standardized microbial fuel cell anodes of silica-immobilized Shewanella oneidensis

Populations of metabolically active bacteria were associated at an electrode surface via vapor-deposition of silica to facilitate in situ characterization of bacterial physiology and bio-electrocatalytic activity in microbial fuel cells.
Understanding Leadership in Public Administration: The Biographical Approach

This essay reviews the range of literature that uses a biographical approach to probe leadership in public administration. What are the variations in this approach? What have we learned? What should be done in the future? The genre is examined through several books and articles that have studied agency leaders and government departments.
High performance photocatalytic metal oxide synthetic bi-component nanosheets formed by atomic layer deposition

Synthetic nanosheets that are ultrathin variants of bulk materials have been acquired using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on dissolvable substrates with a control over layer dimension including single and bilayered “Janus nanosheet” structures. TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3 and TiO2/ZnO nanosheets function as dispersible photocatalysts in aqueous media showing 3× synergistic rate enhancement for bilayered nanosheets.
Hyperthermia-induced heat shock response and thermotolerance in postimplantation rat embryos.

Postimplantation stage rat embryos (6-10 somites) undergo abnormal development after exposure to a temperature of 43 degrees C for 30 min. A heat shock of 43 degrees C for 30 min also induces the synthesis of a set of eight heat shock proteins (hsps) with molecular masses ranging from 28,000 to 82,000 Da. The synthesis of these hsps is rapidly induced after the heat shock is applied and rapidly decays after embryos are returned to 37 degrees C. A heat shock of 42 degrees C for 30 min has no effect on rat embryo growth and development, but does induce the synthesis of three hsps. The most prominent of these three is believed to be the typical mammalian 70 kDa hsp. Furthermore, a 42 degrees C, 30-min heat shock followed by a 43 degrees C 30-min heat shock leads to partial protection from the embryotoxic effects of a single exposure at 43 degrees C, i.e., thermotolerance.
Unsymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids: Manipulation of physicochemical properties using specific structural architectures

Dicationic ionic liquids have been shown to have superior thermal stabilities compared to traditional ILs while maintaining the same desirable solvation properties. Physical properties can be engineered by altering the cationic moieties, thereby forming unsymmetrical dicationic liquids. Melting points can be lowered by 141 °C and viscosities altered by 500%.
Nucleation and growth kinetics of biochemicals measured at high supersaturations

A grid mixer device (characteristic micromixing time < 3 ms) was successfully used to measure both nucleation and growth kinetics of lovastatin in 60 vol% methanol and asparagine monohydrate in 50 vol% 2-propanol at 23°C at high supersaturations but in the absence of mixing limitations. The supersaturation ratios investigated were in the range 1.25–8.8 for the lovastatin system and 1.17–4.1 for the asparagine system. When plotted according to primary nucleation theory, the induction time and nucleation rate measurements for both systems exhibited a homogeneous nucleation region at high supersaturations and a heterogeneous nucleation region at low supersaturations. The values of interfacial free energy extracted from these measurements for lovastatin (1.4–1.6 mJ/m2) and asparagine (4.5–6.1 mJ/m2) were an order-of-magnitude lower than those for inorganic salts reflecting the weaker intermolecular bonding in such biochemical solutes. The measured crystal growth rates for both solutes over the entire range of supersaturation could be represented with a power law dependence on chemical potential driving force. The kinetic orders of crystal growth were found to be 6.7 and 2.9 for lovastatin and asparagine, respectively. These unusually high kinetic orders could be represented by a polynuclear surface nucleation growth mechanism. The activation energy for the growth of lovastatin was measured as 280 kJ/mol.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy on Integrated Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography

A 75-year-old woman with a long-standing history of smoking and emphysema presented with hoarseness and hemoptysis. Computed tomography (CT) scan found a large soft tissue mass involving the superior mediastinum and aortic-pulmonary window (Figure 1). Left main stem biopsy revealed small cell carcinoma. Apart from left vocal cord paralysis, no other laryngeal lesion was identified on bronchoscopy. Co-registered CT-Positron emission tomography (PET) fusion images identified physiologic fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the right vocal cord but no uptake in the left vocal cord (Figure 2). Physiologic tracer uptake in the laryngeal muscles occurs during speech but not when a patient remains completely silent.1 When the recurrent laryngeal nerve is paralyzed, the ipsilateral vocal fold is fixed in a paramedian position due to the unopposed action of the cricothyroid muscle innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve.2 The compensatory movement during phonation of the contralateral vocal cord results in increased workload, and leads to increased local glucose consumption. The combination of a left mediastinal mass with aorto-pulmonary window involvement or at the left lung apex (i.e., the anatomic course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve) and concomitant right-sided increased uptake in laryngeal muscles is a finding that can be seen in patients with recurrent left-sided laryngeal nerve palsy.3 Although FDG-PET is a sensitive imaging modality for lung cancer staging, anatomic localization of lesions detected at PET is suboptimal. Co-registered CT-PET fusion images allow the focal FDG uptake to be reliably localized to the small internal laryngeal muscles.
Readers’ Responses When Characters Act on Completed Goals: Impact of Characters’ Mental States and Readers’ Task Focus

Research has demonstrated that readers track the objective status of characters' goals (i.e., whether the goals have been completed). We suggest that readers also use characters' subjective representations—characters' mental states with respect to goals—to comprehend actions. We explored circumstances in which local information about characters' subjective representation of a goal mismatched global information about the goal's objective status. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that reading times were always affected by local information about characters' subjective representations but were unaffected by global information about objective goal status. In Experiments 3a and 3b, we asked participants to make judgments about characters' actions. We found that readers' judgments were affected both by global information about goal completion and by characters' subjective representations. These studies provide evidence that readers attend to characters' subjective representations of their goals and that differen...
Boundary Spanning Leadership: Six Practices for Solving Problems, Driving Innovations, and Transforming Organizations

By Chris Ernst and Donna Chrobot-Mason Published in partnership—Center for Creative Leadership and New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. 302 pp. ISBN: 978-0-07-163887-6. $35.00 Hardcover Reviewed by Paige Graham, PhD
The far field of high frequency convected singularities in sheared flows, with an application to jet-noise prediction

The purpose of the present paper is to derive expressions for the pressure fields of various high frequency convected singularities immersed in a unidirectional sheared flow. These expressions include the simultaneous effects of fluid and source convection and refraction. These results are then combined to predict the far-field directivity of cold round jets. It is found that the agreement between experiment and the present theory is quite good at a source Strouhal number of unity but that this agreement deteriorates as the source frequency is increased. Our theoretical results show the explicit form of the ‘refraction integral’ and that convective amplification for the pressure of a quadrupole is increased by a factor of (1 — M J cos Θ) −1 over the classical results, where M J is the jet Mach number and Θ is the angle from the jet axis. Thus acoustic/mean-flow interaction not only implies refraction but also additional convective amplification due not to source convection but to fluid motion.
Solution-processable stiff dendrimers: synthesis, photophysics, film morphology, and electroluminescence.

A series of solution-processable conjugated dendrimers (T1−T5) consisting of a pyrene core, fluorene/carbazole dendrons, and acetylene linkages have been successfully synthesized and fully characterized. The effects of generation on the photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) of dendrimers are investigated. Photon harvest and energy transfer are observed in these dendritic systems. Efficient electroluminescent single layer dendrimer devices are achieved through control of dendrimer generation and optimization of spin-coating speed. A T3-based device exhibits yellow EL (CIE: 0.49, 0.50) with a maximum brightness of 5590 cd/m2 at 16 V, a high current efficiency of 2.67 cd/A at 8.6 V, and a best external quantum efficiency of 0.86%.
On the relationship between differentiability and absolute continuity of measures on ℝ n

We give an elementary proof of the fact that a finite Borel measure on ℝn is absolutely continuous with a C 1 density if and only if it has directional derivatives which are continuous almost everywhere. The Radon-Nikodym derivative of a differentiable measure is given in terms of the directional derivatives.
SOME NEW WORLD HIPPOBOSCIDAE (DIPTERA PUPIPARA)

For the material here reported upon I am indebted to Dr. L. H. Dunn, of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, and Prof. C. H. Vorhies, of the University of Arizona.
Uncovering chromatin's contribution to the mitotic spindle: Applications of computational and polymer models.

The mitotic spindle is a structure that forms during mitosis to help ensure that each daughter cell receives a full complement of genetic material. In metaphase, the spindle contains microtubules that nucleate inward from two opposing poles. Chromosomes are attached to plus-ends of these microtubules via protein structures called kinetochores. The centromere is the specific region of kinetochore attachment on the chromosome. Chromatin surrounding the centromere (pericentric chromatin) is subject to microtubule-based forces and is commonly modeled as a linear spring, where the force that it exerts is proportional to the distance that it is stretched. We have incorporated physically based models of chromatin to create more accurate and predictive models of the spindle. In addition, using fluorescence microscopy and motion analysis of fluorescently labeled chromatin spots we discovered that pericentric chromatin is restrained relative to free diffusive motion. The characterization of chromatin is crucial to understand mitotic spindle stability and to understand the cell cycle checkpoint regulating anaphase onset.
Conditional eddies in isotropic turbulence

Isotropic turbulence is examined for the existence of conditional flow structures by computing estimates of the velocity u(x+r, t) given that the velocity at (x, t) assumes some specified value, u(x, t). In general, the best mean‐square estimate of u(x+r, t) is the conditional average 〈u(x+r, t) ‖ u(x, t) 〉. This quantity is approximated in terms of second‐ and third‐order two‐point spatial correlations using nonlinear estimation techniques. The estimate predicts conditional eddies that are vortex rings axisymmetric about the direction of u(x, t). Averaging these estimates over all values of u(x, t) yields two‐point moments that are correct through third order.
Carotid sinus syndrome: Progress in understanding and management

Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a disease of the autonomic nervous system presenting with syncope, especially in older males who often have cardiovascular disease. The aetiology is unknown and epidemiological data is limited. Forty new patients/million population have been estimated to require pacing for CSS and these patients represent ∼9% of those presenting syncope to a specialist facility. CSS is defined as a response to carotid sinus massage (CSM) that includes reproduction of spontaneous symptoms. Cardioinhibitory CSS shows 3s asystole on CSM and vasodepressor CSS shows >50 mmHg fall in blood pressure (BP), there are mixed forms. The methodology of CSM requires correct massage in the supine and upright with continuous ECG and BP. Assessment of the vasodepressor component implies the ‘method of symptoms’ using atropine to prevent asystole. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is a related condition where CSM is positive in an asymptomatic patient. CSH cannot be assumed to respond to pacing. CSS patients present syncope with little or no warning. If no cause is revealed by the initial evaluation, CSM should be considered in all patients >40 years. CSM carries a small risk of thromboembolism. Therapy for cardioinhibitory CSS is dual chamber pacing, which is most effective in patients with a negative tilt test. Syncope recurrence is ∼20% in 5 years in paced patients. Therapy for the vasodepressor component of CSS, as pure vasodepression or mixed, where tilt testing will likely be positive, is often unrewarding: alternative therapeutic measures may be needed including discontinuation/reduction of hypotensive drugs.
How Do Coronal Hole Storms Affect the Upper Atmosphere

The solar cycle, often described as an increase and decrease of solar activity with a period of about 11 years, can strongly affect Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere. Although the longest direct record of solar activity is based on sunspot number, a more quantifiable parameter is solar irradiance at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, which varies by more than a factor of 3 over the sunspot cycle. To first order, upper atmospheric variation is a result of changes in ionizing fluxes at EUV wavelengths. As the solar cycle passes its EUV peak and approaches minimum, the number of solar active regions declines, leading to a reduction and then a near absence of coronal mass ejections (CMEs)—episodic events of high-energy bursts of solar plasma that cause geomagnetic storms at Earth. During the solar cycle's declining phase, coronal holes begin to occupy lower latitudes on the solar surface and fall in line with the ecliptic plane.