cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships in families of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease.

This study represents the findings from interviews and assessments of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease and their parents regarding the quality of family relations, the degree to which sickle cell disease has impacted on these relations, and the variable which contribute to these relations. With 70 families as respondents, the data reveal a wide variance in quality of relations, but a broad base of positive relations. Parent report tends to be more positive than child report, both in terms of quality of relations and the impact of sickle cell disease on relations. Social support and knowledge about the disease are significant contributors to positive relations, while socioeconomic status, family structure, and illness severity are not predictive of quality of relations. With age and gender as covariates, results indicate that the families of girls tended to have more positive relations. The data suggest approaches to family and community support in order to help families maintain and build...
Generation of intense short pulses of THz radiation via coherent scattering in atomic and molecular gases

We demonstrated that coherently driven atomic or molecular media potentially yield strong controllable short pulses of THz radiation. The method is based on excitation of maximal coherence in an atomic or molecular gas by optical pulses and coherent scattering of infrared radiation to produce pulses of THz radiation. The pulses can reach the energies ranging from seeral nJ to μJ and time durations from several cycles to ns at room temperature.
Enzymatic synthesis and reactions of uridine 5′-(5-thio-α-d-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate)☆

Abstract Uridine 5′-(5-thio-α- d -glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate), UDPTG, is an efficient substrate for yeast uridine 5′-( d -glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate), UDPG, pyrophosphorylase. Km for UDPTG with the pyrophosphorylase is 0.2 m m and the analog reacts with a maximal velocity 96% that of UDPG. UDPTG is also a substrate for yeast UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. Although not a substrate for bovine liver UDPG dehydrogenase, UDPTG is a potent, mixed-type inhibitor with respect to both UDPG and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). UDPTG is synthesized in 30% yield from 5-thio- d -glucopyranose and in 85% yield from 5-thio-α- d -glucopyranose 1-phosphate by using mixtures of commercially available enzymes. The pKa of the uracil moiety in UDPTG is the same as that in UDPG, and UDPTG appears to be similar to UDPG in the extent of secondary structural order. UDPTG, however, is more highly acid-labile than UDPG.
NOAA operational SAR winds — Current status and plans for Sentinel-1A

After many years of development and experimental production, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) transitioned the generation of winds derived from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to operational status on May 1, 2013, employing SAR data from the Canadian RADARSAT-2 satellite. Winds of 500 m resolution are being produced from SAR data being purchased for the U.S. National Ice Center. Products are distributed internally within NOAA and via public websites. Currently the production of winds from Sentinel-1A data are being added to this system along with the ability to produce new product output formats (e.g., CoastWatch) and a wind archive is being developed by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
Systems analysis: a promising focus for biosocial research.

There is evidence that systems analysis has advanced sufficiently to have major theoretical and practical possibilities for anthropology. This paper presents support for this suggestion from studies of populations in 2 areas of the US: a black migrant group in Mississippi and a midwestern urban group. Some problems and potential applications of systems research are discussed. (Authors)
DEMONSTRATION OF A PRIMARY (? GENETIC) DEFECT IN INSULIN RECEPTORS IN FIBROBLASTS FROM A PATIENT WITH THE SYNDROME OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS TYPE A

We have studied insulin binding to cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with the Type A syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Insulin binding was decreased about 50% at low insulin concentrations. This was due to a decrease in receptor affinity and an increase in the rate of dissociation of insulin from the receptor. In addition, there was a loss of negative cooperativity, as measured by the atility of unlabeled insulin to accelerate dissociation. This defect in the receptor was stable for up to 16 passages of the cells. By contrast, binding of epidermal growth factor did not differ from control. These data suggest that the Type A syndrome of insulin resistance is due to a primary, and possibly genetic, defect in the insulin receptor.
Cyclization/Oxygenation Scheme for the Conversion of Polyenes into C3-Oxygenated Polycycles

Oxidatively induced halogenation and oxygenation reactions of complex Pt(II) organometallic complexes provide a route to a catalytic cation–olefin cyclization/oxygenation sequence. The evidence suggests the involvement of a Pt(III) intermediate, which reacts homolytically to generate an organic free radical that can be intercepted by O2 followed by the Russell breakdown of the resulting alkyl peroxy radicals or by CuX2 (X = Br, Cl) to yield the X–R product.
Highway Crossing Control Using PTC Technology

Positive Train Control (PTC) was mandated by Congress in 2008 to be installed on an extensive network of rail carriers within the United States before the end of 2015. As such, the short time frame for implementation has dictated that several key features that could be adopted within the train control area not be considered until the base development is finished. One of the areas that has been pushed off until later is the interface to Highway crossings. This is being explored in part by Caltrain in their Communications Based Overlay Signal System (CBOSS) project that adapts Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) protocols; however this approach does not undertake the full replacement of existing technology.This paper investigates the concept of operations for PTC controlled highway crossings with the premise that the existing train detection technology will be fully replaced by PTC and its train detection system. This will allow for much reduced hardware in the field while potentially adding additional functionality. Detailed analysis of the safety case will be introduced and interface logic will be included. Additional functions such as prediction, preemption, near side control and switching scenarios will be included in the research for both freight and passenger operations and how these situations can be addressed with available PTC technology.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Discrete-time charge-domain filter with charge buffer for flexible design of FIR filter

A discrete-time charge-domain filter (CDF) with wide bandwidth and high attenuation is proposed. By employing a charge buffer with timing control to move a sampled charge between capacitors, the CDF can reduce the number of pulses and select a decimation rate effectively. Measurement showed 13 MHz bandwidth and 88.86 dB attenuation in a 90 nm CMOS process.
CHESTWALL COMPLIANCE IN FULL-TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS

Chestwall compliance was determined in 26 premature infants (BW 1 320 +/- 410 g, gest. age 32 weeks) and in 10 full-term infants (BW 3 155 +/- 810 g) who were ventilated mechanically. Chestwall compliance in premature infants was 6.4 ml/(cmH2O X kg), decreasing with advancing gestational age to 4.2 ml/(cmH20 X kg) in full-term infants. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.95 and 0.79 respectively) between tidal volume and the pressure transmitted to the esophagus throughout the tidal volume range. The protion of airway pressure transmitted to the infants with hyaline membrane disease, 12% in newborns with a patent ductus arterisus, 17% in normal prematures and 25% in normal full-term infants. The findings suggest that during mechanical ventilation the high chestwall compliance and low lung compliance of premature infants prevent a significant rise in intrapleural pressure which could interfere with central venous return and cardiac output. However, using high inspiratory pressures and continuous distending airway pressure in the absence of lung pathology may result in a decreased cardiac output. The highly compliant chestwall of the premature infant may exert insufficient outward recoil and might be one of the causes of a low functional residual capacity and chronic pulmonary failure in the premature infant.
Characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se $_{\bf 2}$ Absorber Layer Fabricated by a Selenization Process from Metal Precursor

In this paper, the effects of Ag-alloying in the selenization of metal precursors to form (AgCu) (InGa)Se 2 are investigated. Metal precursors with different structures were prepared by sputtering from Cu 0.77 Ga 0.23 , Ag, and In targets. The phases and the composition of the precursor films were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The addition of a Ag layer between the Mo and Cu-Ga-In layers resulted in much less islanding of In-rich phases than typically observed in sputtered Cu-Ga-In films. Selenization at 475 °C of Ag-containing precursors resulted in better adhesion than precursors without Ag. After the selenization reaction, Ag and Cu were uniformly distributed through the film, although Ga remained near the back of the film, as was observed in precursors without Ag. A (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 -based solar cell with 13.9% efficiency was demonstrated.
Dynamics of surfactant‐covered drops in linear flows

Surfactants modify interfacial properties and significantly affect drop behavior in flow. We study the dynamics of a drop, which is covered with a monolayer of insoluble surfactant, in linear viscous flows, both unbounded and in the presence of a wall. The effect of viscosity contrast is included. Analytical results in a form of expansions for weak flows and high viscosity drops are developed. Numerical results with three-dimensional boundary integral simulations are used to explore large deformations. The results show that surfactant generally enhances drop deformation, certainly under small-deformation conditions. The steady-state drop shape and surfactant distribution are independent of viscosity contrast in straining flows (e.g. hyperbolic, axisymmetric strain). The drop shape and surfactant distribution are insensitive to viscosity contrast under small deformation conditions for any linear flow; the effect of the rotational component at higher-order. The theory quantifies the effect of surfactant on drop migration away from a bounding wall as well as the rheology of dilute emulsions. It predicts non-Newtonian features such as shear thinning viscosity and normal stress. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular dynamics simulations of maltose in water

Abstract The conformational preferences and flexibility of α-maltose were calculated using a modified GROMOS potential energy function. Six molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of α-maltose with explicit inclusion of water were run for up to 1000 ps each, starting from different conformations of the glycosidic linkage, the hydroxymethyl groups, and the hydroxyl groups. Comparison of calculated ensemble-averaged optical rotations with experimental data demonstrated an excellent agreement. Reasonable agreement was also found between experimental and calculated time-averaged NMR parameters. The global minimum centered at ϕ / ψ 3 = −49°/−36° was populated to more than 90% of the time. The second minimum with ≈ 11 kJ/mol higher potential energy at ϕ / ψ = − 29°/ − 173° represented the inverted conformation. Transitions between both minimum regions were only found from the local into the global minimum within the total simulation time of 5400 ps. The overall ratio between the staggered populations of the hydroxymethyl groups is gg : gt : tg = 70:23:6 for the reducing glucose, and gg : gt : tg = 55:38:6 for the nonreducing residue. Average lifetimes of the rotamers of the hydroxymethyl groups range between 5 ps for tg and 700 ps for gg conformers. The lowest energy barriers between the rotameric populations were estimated to be between 12 kJ/mol and 16 kJ/mol. Cluster analysis techniques employed to analyze the large amount of data in multidimensional space revealed correlations between the glycosidic linkage and the staggered forms of the hydroxymethyl groups. Interresidue hydrogen bonds that were found in less than 5% of all conformations occurred when the glycosidic linkage adopted conformations with relatively high ϕ and ψ values. Several additional minima that had been found from in vacuo studies are not stable once water is included since the importance of intramolecular hydrogen bonds is drastically reduced. Methodological aspects and the efficiency of MD simulations for reaching conformational equilibria are discussed.
Genetic variability and molecular responses of root penetration in cotton

Abstract Compacted soils restrict root penetration hindering productivity. In this paper, genetic variability of cotton (Gossipium spp.) root capacity to penetrate hard soil layers and the patterns of gene expression during penetration event were investigated. To mimic hard soil layers, wax–petrolatum mixtures were used. Genetic variability among 27 cotton genotypes for the root capacity to penetrate wax–petrolatum disks of 500–700 g wax/kg of mixture was high indicating that breeding efforts targeted to improve this trait can be successful. In the root tips of a cotton strain with high root penetrating ability (G. hirsutum HS 200) which penetrated through wax–petrolatum disks (P), quantity of four polypeptides with molecular weights 35–66 kDa increased compared to those root tips which grew in the absence of mechanical impedance (NP). Differential display showed significant differences in the sets of mRNA expressed in P and NP roots. Out of a total of 917 cDNAs scored in the differential display experiment, 118 cDNAs, or 13%, were specific to P roots and hence could be associated with the root penetration event. Further detailed study of gene expression in penetrated roots will pinpoint molecular factors involved in root penetration ability in cotton.
Enzymatic Treatments and Thermal Effects on Edible Soy Protein Films

The effect of heat and enzymatic treatments on physical and moisture barrier properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) edible films were evaluated at three plasticizer levels. Heat treatment produced a film which was smoother and more transparent than unheated SPI films. Heated films had decreased water vapor permeability (WVP) and increased % elongation at break (%E) and % soluble protein when compared to unheated films. Treatment with horseradish peroxidase provided no further improvement in WVP, but increased tensile strength and % protein solubility and decreased %E. Enzymatic treatment caused protein degradation in addition to crosslinking.
Grain boundary diffusion in enstatite

We have investigated grain boundary diffusion rates in enstatite by heating single crystals of quartz packed in powdered San Carlos olivine (Mg0.90Fe0.10)2SiO4 at controlled oxygen fugacities in the range 10−5.7 to 10−8.7 atm and temperatures from 1350° to 1450 °C for times from 5 to 100 h at 1 atm total pressure. Following the experiments, the thickness of the coherent polycrystalline reaction rim of pyroxene that had formed between the quartz and olivine was measured using backscatter scanning imaging in the electron microprobe. Quantitative microprobe analysis indicated that the composition of this reaction phase is (Mg0.92Fe0.08)2Si2O6. The rate of growth of the pyroxene increases with increasing temperature, is independent of the oxygen fugacity, and is consistent with a parabolic rate law, indicating that the growth rate is controlled by ionic diffusion through the pyroxene rim. Microstructural observations and platinum marker experiments suggest that the reaction phase is formed at the olivine-pyroxene interface, and is therefore controlled by the diffusion of silicon and oxygen. The parabolic rate constants determined from the experiments were analyzed in terms of the oxide activity gradient across the rim to yield mean effective diffusivities for the rate-limiting ionic species, assuming bulk transport through the pyroxene layer. These effective diffusivities are faster than the lattice diffusivities for the slowest species (silicon) calculated from creep experiments, but slower than measured lattice diffusivities for oxygen in enstatite. Thus, silicon grain boundary diffusion is most likely to be the rate-limiting process in the growth of the pyroxene rims. Also, as oxygen transport through the pyroxene rims must be faster than silicon transport, diffusion of oxygen along the grain boundaries must be faster than through the lattice. The grain boundary diffusivity for silicon in orthopyroxenite is then given by D¯gbSiδ=(3.3±3.0)×10−9f0.0O2e−400±65/RT m3s−1, where the activation energy for diffusion is in kJ/mol, and δ is the grain boundary width in m. Calculated growth rates for enstatite under these conditions are significantly slower than predicted by an extrapolation from similar experiments performed at 1000 °C under high pressure (hydrous) conditions by Yund and Tullis (1992), perhaps due to water-enhancement of diffusion in their experiments.
Teratogenic effects and distribution of cadmium (CD2+) administered via osmotic minipumps to gravid CF-1 mice

Studies to identify the mechanisms underlying the teratogenic effects of cadmium (Cd2+) have been complicated by the inherent difficulties of chronically and subchronically administering specific doses of Cd2+ to gravid animals under strictly controlled conditions. The objective of the present study was to develop a relatively simple animal model for examining the teratogenic effects of subchronic Cd2+ exposure. Cd2+ was administered to gravid CF-1 mice by subcutaneously implanted Alzet osmotic minipumps, which released fixed amounts of Cd2+ over a 14-day period between days 5 and 18 of gestation. The results showed that Cd2+ administered in this manner produced fetal anomalies and that the patterns of Cd2+ distribution and the specific developmental defects were similar to those that have been reported for other routes of Cd2+ administration. These findings indicate that osmotic minipumps may serve as useful tools in long-term studies of Cd2+ teratogenicity. They would appear to be especially useful in teratogenic evaluations where minimizing maternal stress and administering precise doses of Cd2+ are important.
Collision-free medium access based on traffic forecasting

In this paper we introduce a novel collision-free, schedule-based medium access control protocol for wireless networks. Our protocol, TRANSFORMA (TRAffic FORecasting Medium Access) uses traffic forecasting to significantly reduce packet delivery delays for delay-sensitive applications while maintaining delivery ratios higher than those of contention-based protocols. TRANSFORMA's novel approach to channel access uses the forecast data rate of each application flow to perform distributed probabilistic channel scheduling. We show through simulations that, thanks to its per-application traffic forecasting capabilities, TRANSFORMA yields lower average delays when compared against DYNAMMA, an existing schedule-based MAC, and against 802.11 under high load. TRANSFORMA caters to emerging high data rate, real-time services that will likely be prevalent particularly at the edges of the Internet of the future. Such services which are currently represented by applications such as Skype, Google Talk, and iChat, exhibit traffic characteristics that are fairly predictable and thus well served by TRANSFORMA's traffic forecasting abilities.
Control and Monitoring System Communications for Effective Energy Use

The application of integrated, distributed systems techniques to energy management, while offering substantial benefits in terms of improved effectiveness of energy use, is too expensive for small commercial and residential buildings, because of the high cost of custom installation. This paper presents ways in which the use of standatdization and commonality of hardware and software can reduce costs. Layers of commonality are identified which, if adopted, would permit automatic interfacing of mechanical, electrical, topological, logical, software and human elements of "off-the-shelf" energy management components. A serial multi-drop data link, COMONET, is described which is specifically developed for control and monitoring tasks within buildings.
SU-F-BRE-08: Feasibility of 3D Printed Patient Specific Phantoms for IMRT/IGRT QA

Purpose: Test the feasibility of 3D printed, per-patient phantoms for IMRT QA to analyze the treatment delivery quality within the patient geometry. Methods: Using the head and neck region of an anthropomorphic phantom as a substitute for an actual patient, a soft-tissue equivalent model was constructed with the use of a 3D printer. A nine-field IMRT plan was constructed and dose verification measurements were performed for the 3D printed phantom. During the delivery of the IMRT QA on to the 3D printed phantom, the same patient positioning indexing system was used on the phantom and image guidance (cone beam CT) was used to localize the phantom, serving as a test of the IGRT system as well. The 3D printed phantom was designed to accommodate four radiochromic film planes (two axial, one coronal and one sagittal) and an ionization chamber measurement. As a frame of comparison, the IMRT QA was also performed on traditional phantoms. Dosimetric tolerance levels such as 3mm / 3% Gamma Index as well as 3% and 5% dose difference were considered. All detector systems were calibrated against a NIST traceable ionization chamber. Results: Comparison of results 3D printed patient phantom with the standard IMRT QA systems showed similar passing rates for the 3D printed phantom and the standard phantoms. However, the locations of the failing regions did not necessarily correlate. The 3D printed phantom was localized within 1 mm and 1° using on-board cone beam CT. Conclusion: A custom phantom was created using a 3D printer. It was determined that the use of patient specific phantoms to perform dosimetric verification and estimate the dose in the patient is feasible. In addition, end-to-end testing on a per-patient basis was possible with the 3D printed phantom. Further refinement of the phantom construction process is needed for routine clinical use.
Electron and ion emission from a copper surface in the presence of oxygen, cesium, and oxygen plus cesium.

Thermionic work functions and electron emission S curves for contaminated copper surface in oxygen and cesium vapors, separate and mixed
Addendum to "Numerical Methods Disguised" (SIGNUM Newsletter, July 1986, 21: 31-32)

I regret the copy of "Numerical Methods Disguised" (SIGNUM Newsletter, July 1986, 21: 31-32) that I forwarded to you had the last paragraph omitted. It reads:An analytical solution of the same problem should also be presented. Thus for a seller's market, the compromise price will be B + (2/3)(S - B). The figure 2/3 is obtained by observing that the bargaining procedure uses successive halving. Hence the series 1 - 1/2+1/4 - 1/8+1/16 - 1/32+1/64 - ... which converges to 2/3. How close to 2/3 the compromise price will be depends on the tolerance, i.e., on how many terms in the series will be summed. Identical reasoning gives the compromise price in a buyer's market as B+(1/3)(S - B). Note that these expressions are algebraically identical to (2/3)S+(1/3)B and (1/3)S+(2/3)B respectively, which, in that form, nicely covey the idea behind a seller's or buyer's market.
Compensating Wages, Value of a Statistical Life, and Inter-industry Differentials

Abstract Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) death rates were combined with three national probability samples to investigate compensating wages for hazardous work. Compensating wages were expected in blue-collar male-only samples, but not in male and female clerk samples. The inter-industry differentials hypothesis was investigated by alternately including and excluding dummy variables for broad industry divisions. The inter-industry differentials hypothesis was supported. The BLS and NIOSH death rates cannot be relied on to produce credible estimates of the value of a statistical life.
Team leader strategies for enabling collaboration technology adaptation: team technology knowledge to improve globally distributed systems development work

Active management of team adaptation of collaboration technologies offers an important lever for influencing success rates in distributed project work, particularly in settings characterized by high task interdependence, such as information systems development (ISD). Substantial uncertainty exists as to how a leader might influence such technology adaptation during project work. Prior research indicates that a major leader resource to accomplish technology adaptation in these settings would be team technology knowledge (TTK). This empirical field study develops a five-factor model of strategies regarding awareness of TTK that team leaders take in intervening to affect technology adaptation in distributed ISD projects. The analysis indicates insights into when and why these strategies are effective and how they relate to each other as well as the leader's awareness of TTK. The study provides a way for ISD team leaders to approach improving team collaboration from a socio-technical perspective as well as insights into potential levers for improving team technology adaptation and the efficacy of ISD projects.
The effect of slip distribution on the monotonic and cyclic ductility of AlLi binary alloys

Abstract The monotonic and cyclic properties of three AlLi alloys were correlated with the slip behavior. One alloy was a solid solution with short range order, one had a small volume fraction of shearable precipitates, and one had a large volume fraction of shearable precipitates. Both the monotonic and cyclic ductility were controlled by the degree of strain localization which depended on the extent of work softening on the glide plane. When a large volume fraction of precipitates were present, cracks nucleated at grain boundary ledges during tensile tests and propagated either transgranularly or intergranularly along precipitate free zones. The propagation mechanism depended on the aging treatment. Cracks most often nucleated at slip bands during cyclic deformation, and propagated either by the striated growth mechanism or by slip band decohesion; the path contingent on the extent of strain localization.
Tuning of A Random Search Algorithm for Controller Design.

Fixed structure controllers display numerous local minima for quadratic performance measures and high dimensional plants. In fact, minimizing a quadratic function with nonlinear constraints is known to be an NP-hard problem. This implies a severe computational burden for higher dimensional problems. One class of multi -modal optimization approach that could overcome this problem is random search optimization. However, very little is known about how different parameters of such algorithms should be adjusted in order to achieve a desired convergence speed. This paper presents a systematic analysis of an Adaptive Random Search Algorithm similar to that of Pronzato. The analysis reveals the key parameters affecting convergence time and provides insight on ways to tune the algorithm for more rapid convergence. A new stopping criterion is also proposed that eliminates the need to estimate the optimum function value beforehand.
Where to from here Future applications of mental models of complex performance

The purpose of this paper is to raise issues for discussion regarding the applications of mental models in the study of complex performance. Applications for training, expert systems and decision aids, job selection, workstation design, and other complex environments are considered. 1 ref.
Cross-tissue translational capacities II. Relative effectiveness of heterologous synthetases (and other supernatant factors) in the translation of hemoglobin message

Abstract The capacity of synthetases in the supernatant of kidney and liver homogenates to produce soluble protein under the influence of reticulocyte messages and ribosomes was measured in a supernatant- (synthetase-) dependent system obtained by pelleting ribosomes through sucrose solutions. Soluble protein was produced in the presence of liver and kidney supernatants. However, if reticulocyte ribosomes were pelleted through a sucrose solution which contained KCl, liver and kidney supernatant solutions were only about one-tenth as effective in producing soluble proteins as they were with ribosomes washed in the absence of salt. Therefore kidney and liver, but not reticulocyte supernatants, may be deficient in their ability to aminoacylate some tRNA species required for hemoglobin message translation or in “releasing factors” required for peptide release from ribosomes.
A Further Study of Personalized Instruction for Students in Large University Classes

The 161 students enrolling in a beginning psychology course were taught using a variant of Keller’s personalized instructional procedures. Course material was divided into twelve units and complete mastery of the material in each unit was demonstrated with a short written examination and a brief interview conducted by a more advanced student. Students could progress through the course material at their own rate. Data are reported on the number of students who withdrew from the course, when they withdrew, and characteristics of their performance prior to withdrawal. For students who completed the course, data on rate of completion of course requirements and level of mastery of course material are presented. Furthermore, student evaluation of various facets of the course are summarized. Of special interest is the finding that student test evaluators were rated as a very favorable feature of the course, and that there was no apparent distinction made between graduate-student and undergraduate evaluators. Thi...
Technology Organization, Freedom The Organizational Theory of John Dewey

John Dewey's pragmatic philosophy merits consideration from an administrative point of view. Within this philosophy is a compelling organization theory. The theory is based on the argument that modern organizations are essential for the regulation of technology and the reform of traditional liberal culture. Dewey believed that a pragmatic organizational culture could promote and protect freedom better than the 19th-century community based on individualistic values. Postmodernists have failed to fully confront Dewey's argument for organizational authority. He relied on the organization to regulate technology, to insure modernism's longevity, and to recast liberal culture's traditional values.
On ways of making information system software available

Abstract As the coverage and information content of the base scanned by an information system are broadened, requirements for efficient storage and easy access lead to increasing reliance on monitor—and hardware—dependent coding. Although much of it is then not immediately portable, the software of the system is always available to ultimate users in much the sense that the software of the monitor system and library of a central computation facility is available to them, that is if they follow established protocol in submitting service requests the system will do what they tell it to do. Interests of users concerned with specific aspects of the structure of the system rather than the reductions or retrievals it provides can be met by distribution of carefully documented symbolic elements of the system repertoire.
The Location of Office Space in the Metropolitan Service Economy of the United States, 1985–1990

As the economic base of most American metropolitan areas relies increasingly on services, office industries have shifted to a more pivotal role in the new metropolitan service economy. Using primary office-space usage data of the time period 1985–1990, the changing spatial patterns of this new metropolitan service economy are investigated. It is found that the primary office activities are predominantly concentrated in a relatively small number of the largest metropolitan areas. However, an emerging spatial dispersion in primary office activities is also exhibited. Such dispersion is extremely strong at the upper end of the urban hierarchy. The Sunbelt-Snowbelt dichotomy fails to reveal any differences in the growth pattern of the new metropolitan service economy. A more diversified growth pattern of primary office activities is observed. Concentrated dispersion is the major spatial characteristic of this new metropolitan service economy.
Anthropologism, naturalism, and the pragmatic study of language

This paper is a critical assessment of Wittgenstein's anthropological perspective and Quine's naturalistic perspective as solutions to the problem of semantic indeterminacy. The three stages of my argument try to establish the following points: (1) that Wittgenstein and Quine offer two substantially different philosophical models of language learning and cognitive development; (2) that unlike Quine's naturalism, Wittgenstein's anthropologism is not committed to semantic skepticism; and (3) that Wittgenstein's anthropological perspective is a more promising approach to pragmatics because it avoids the pitfalls of intellectualism and the philosophical strictures of empiricism and behaviorism. The central conclusion of the argument is the thesis of contextual determinacy, according to which meanings are only radically indeterminate in the abstract but become contextually determinate in specific conversational settings and interactions. I offer further support for this thesis in a discussion of recent ethnomethodological research in conversation analysis.
Automate it: ligand-binding assay productivity in a discovery bioanalytical setting

In multiple industries, including the biopharmaceutical industry, automation is synonymous with increased productivity. Environments with high-throughput needs commonly employ automation for efficiency. However, in a discovery bioanalytical ligand-binding assay laboratory setting where the focus is not necessarily on sample analysis throughput, but instead on assay development and characterization, is automation applicable? Can automation enhance productivity when tasks are more customized than routine? In this Perspective we review the different categories of automation with ligand-binding assays with these questions in mind. In considering whether automation technology has progressed far enough to result in a positive return in investment in the discovery setting, the resource investment required to operate in this space was contrasted with the gain in productivity. In our opinion, technology advancements in automated technology platforms, and especially personal automation, have allowed these categories to strike the right balance for investment in the discovery laboratory setting.
Dose response of surfactants to attenuate gas embolism related platelet aggregation

Intravascular gas embolism promotes blood clot formation, cellular activation, and adhesion events, particularly with platelets. Populating the interface with surfactants is a chemical-based intervention to reduce injury from gas embolism. We studied platelet activation and platelet aggregation, prominent adverse responses to blood contact with bubbles. We examined dose–response relationships for two chemically distinct surfactants to attenuate the rise in platelet function stimulated by exposure to microbubbles. Significant reduction in platelet aggregation and platelet activation occurred with increasing concentration of the surfactants, indicating presence of a saturable system. A population balance model for platelet aggregation in the presence of embolism bubbles and surfactants was developed. Monte Carlo simulations for platelet aggregation were performed. Results agree qualitatively with experimental findings. Surfactant dose-dependent reductions in platelet activation and aggregation indicate inhibition of the gas/liquid interface’s ability to stimulate cellular activation mechanically.
An Integrative Approach to the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation

Approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) have evolved over the past 50 years. In this paper, we briefly review significant historical and conceptual changes in the understanding of PE, with the aim of suggesting a contemporary integrative treatment plan. A review of PE diagnostic nosology, risk factors, and classical and contemporary treatment strategies suggests the need for an integrative approach so as to ensure both increased ejaculatory latency and relationship satisfaction. A multi-faceted integrative treatment process is offered, emphasizing brevity and relying on a modified PLISSIT model. This model, summarized in a flow chart, progresses through sequentially deeper levels of engagement and includes attention to physiological, behavioral, cognitive-affective, and relationship factors, addressing each on an as needed basis. Important to any treatment model is consideration of time, cost, and access. The proposed model attempts to remove potential barriers for seeking treatment by addressing all three concerns.
Hyperglycemic Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mice show severely elevated lipid levels and increased atherosclerosis: a model of type 1 diabetic macrovascular disease

Accelerated atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism of type 1 diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis is not well understood, in part due to the lack of a good animal model for the long-term studies required. In an attempt to create a model for studying diabetic macrovascular disease, we have generated type 1 diabetic Akita mice lacking the low density lipoprotein receptor (Ins2AkitaLdlr−/−). Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mice were severely hyperglycemic with impaired glucose tolerance. Compared with Ldlr−/− mice, 20-week-old Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mice fed a 0.02% cholesterol AIN76a diet showed increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and increased aortic root cross-sectional atherosclerotic lesion area [224% (P < 0.001) in males and 30% (P < 0.05) in females]. Microarray and quantitative PCR analyses of livers from Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mice revealed altered expression of lipid homeostatic genes, including sterol-regulatory element binding protein (Srebp)1, liver X receptor (Lxr)α, Abca1, Cyp7b1, Cyp27a1, and Lpl, along with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including interleukin (Il)1α, Il1β, Il2, tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)α, and Mcp1. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression levels of Mcp1, Tnfα, and Il1β were also increased in the atherosclerotic lesions and artery walls of Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mice. Thus, the Ins2AkitaLdlr−/− mouse appears to be a promising model for mechanistic studies of type 1 diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis.
Blueberries reduce pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α and IL‐6 production in mouse macrophages by inhibiting NF‐κB activation and the MAPK pathway

Blueberries (BB) have been reported to attenuate atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient (ApoE(-/-) ) mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of BB in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mouse macrophages. ApoE(-/-) mice were fed AIN-93G diet (CD) or CD formulated to contain 1% freeze-dried BB for 5 wk. TNF-α and IL-6 were lower in serum of BB-fed mice and TNF-α expression in aorta was down-regulated with BB feeding. Protein level and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lower in the peritoneal macrophages from mice fed BB without or with LPS or oxLDL stimulation. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with polyphenol-enriched extracts made from the sera of rats fed CD (SEC) or CD containing 10% BB (SEB). SEB significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression and protein levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, SEB inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB, NF-κB p65, MAPK p38 and JNK. All of these are important signaling pathways involved in the production of TNF-α and IL-6.
Selective use of preoperative venous duplex ultrasound and intraoperative venography for central venous access device placement in cancer patients.

Central venous access in cancer patients is often challenging. A history of access is common. Appropriate indications for venous imaging studies are not clearly defined. This study was a retrospective analysis of selective use of preoperative venous duplex ultrasound and intraoperative venography in 248 consecutive cancer patients undergoing central venous access placement. Ninety patients had a history of central venous access placement. Eleven had a history of deep venous thrombosis of an upper extremity or central vein. One hundred three underwent preoperative ultrasound. Previous central venous access placement was not associated with an abnormal preoperative ultrasound; however, previous central venous access with deep venous thrombosis was (P=.014). Thirty patients underwent intraoperative venography, of which 18 also had preoperative ultrasound. Fifty percent of patients with an abnormal intraoperative venogram had no abnormal findings on preoperative ultrasound. Routine preoperative ultrasound is unnecessary. We advocate then selective use of preoperative ultrasound in those with a history of central venous access associated with deep venous thrombosis. We advocate the use of intraoperative venography when there is difficulty advancing the guidewire or catheter or when preoperative ultrasound is negative despite a history of central venous access with deep venous thrombosis.
Preparation and semiconducting properties of platinum antimonide

Single crystals of PtSb2, having purities greater than any previously reported were prepared by horizontal zone refining and Czochralski methods. Extrinsic carrier concentrations near 106cm3 and hole and electron mobilities at 50–60°K as high as 7,500 cm2Vsec and 6,000 cm2Vsec, respectively, were achieved. The thermal energy band gap, the intrinsic carrier concentration, the electron and hole mobilities and the mobility ratio of intrinsic PtSb2, were derived from Hall coefficient and resistivity measurements in the mixed conduction range (77–300°K). The data give E0g = 0.11 eV, ni = 1·32 × 1016 T32exp (0·110 eV2kT), μp = 6·55 × 106T-1·57 and μnμp = 0·50. Scattering by acoustic mode phonons limits the mobilities of electrons and holes in intrinsic PtSb2 in the temperature range 77–300°K Infrared absorption measurements at ≈10°K revealed that the band-to-band absorption threshold is ≈0·11 eV. The intrinsic absorption coefficient increases slowly above the threshold α = 19 cm-1 at λ = 8μ), suggesting that the optical transition is either indirect or direct but electric-dipole forbidden. Free carrier absorption data at 77°K show that the conductivity masses are about 0·16 m0g12 for holes and 0·31 m0g12 for electrons (where m0 is the free electron mass and g12 is an undetermined transport coefficient with a value between 1 and 1.8). The index of refraction at λ = 16 μ was found to be 5·5 ± 0·2 from transmission interference fringe measurements.
Axoplasmic transport in the toad Bufo marinus.

Abstract The rate and course of axoplasmic transport from the eighth dorsal root ganglion cell bodies into the sciatic nerve of the toad Bufo marinus were studied. Concentrated tritiated proline was hydraulically injected into a surgically exposed dorsal root ganglion of animals maintained at 19 ± 0.5 °C. At postinjection intervals of 1, 6, and 10 h, the animals were sacrificed and the dorsal root, ganglion, and sciatic nerve were removed bilaterally. The dorsal roots and peripheral nerves were cut into 3 mm segments measured from the ganglion. In some experiments all tissues were prepared for liquid scintillation counting techniques. In others the ganglion and every fifth 3 mm nerve segment were fixed in Bouin's fixative for radioautography, and the remaining tissue segments were prepared for liquid scintillation counting methods. Scintillation counts (counts/min) of consecutive segments along the labeled nerve were plotted against distance (mm) for each animal. Examination of these profiles showed a peak of radioactivity in the injected ganglion for each animal that was followed distally by an abrupt in the adjacent segments of the nerve. Radioactivity remained relatively stable in subsequent segments forming a plateau and then dropped to baseline levels forming a wavefront in the distal portion of the peripheral nerves of the 6 and 10 h toads. Movement of this wavefront during the 6 to 10 h time interval provided evidence for an axoplasmic flow rate of about 120 mm/day. Radioautographs of the ganglion and representative segments along the sciatic nerve were examined with both bright- and dark-field microscopy. Accumulations of silver grains were observed overlying the injected ganglion cell bodies and labeled axons of the nerve. Values for the number of silver grains/unit area were obtained from dark-field radioautographs of the nerve segments through the use of a computer-microscope system. The relative amount of radioactivity present in the axons was thereby demonstrated. Radioautographic data confirmed the axoplasmic flow rate of about 120 mm/day determined by liquid scintillation counting methods for the bulk of radioactive materials transported at this fast rate. In addition, the evaluation of radioautographic data suggests that an even faster flow rate of 185-–215 mm/day may exist for a small portion of the labeled materials transported in the axon.
Time spent in parenthood status among adults in the united states

Transition rates estimated from the 1987–1988 and 1992–1994 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households imply that a U.S. adult will spend approximately one third of the years from ages 20 to 69 as a parent of a dependent child. I distinguish biological from social parenthood and provide separate estimates by gender and race. White women conform most to the conventional image of a biological parent residing with an own child, whereas African American women spend the most adult years as a parent. On average, white men spend fewer years as parents than African American men, but African American men spend more years as biological parents not residing with any children. Implications of these descriptive findings are discussed.
Cruise Missile Retargetting And Damage Assessment: A Look Into The Future

Two capabilities that future generation cruise missiles may have include retargetting and damage assessment. This paper discusses three key areas required to implement these capabilities (missile-borne sensors, software and communications). It addresses the impact of a fixed versus a moveable or mobile target structure on the hardware and software needed, and provides a time estimate to implement these capabilities on cruise missiles. A brief discussion is also given on the extension of these techniques to (smaller) remotely piloted vehicles and ballistic missiles.
p38 MAP kinase modulates Smad-dependent changes in human prostate cell adhesion.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in a variety of cells. Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors that translocate to the nucleus in response to TGFβ. We demonstrate here that TGFβ increases cell adhesion in metastatic PC3-M prostate cancer cells. TGFβ treatment of PC3-M cells leads to nuclear translocation of R-Smad proteins. We show that Smad proteins are necessary, but not sufficient, for TGFβ-mediated cell adhesion. After showing that TGFβ upregulated p38 MAP kinase activity in PC3-M cells, we show that inhibition of p38 MAP kinase partially blocked TGFβ-mediated increase in cell adhesion, as well as nuclear translocation of Smad3. Finally, we show that Smad3 is phosphorylated by p38 MAP kinase in vitro. These findings implicate crosstalk between the MAP kinase and Smad signaling pathways in TGFβ's regulation of cell adhesion in human prostate cells. This represents a mechanism by which the pleiotropic effects of TGFβ may be channeled to modulate cell adhesion.