cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 – Graphing Data

Visual representation of data is paramount to any research publication and provides the reader with a preview of the results of the study. Because of its importance to any research communication it is critical that graphs convey the data accurately. Because there are different categories of data not all graphs are suitable for all statistical results. This chapter describes several of the most common types that are appropriate for scientific publications and why some are better suited than others in conveying the necessary information. Since box and whisker plots are becoming more common, the methods for construction and interpretation of this graphical display are discussed. Numerous examples are provided for different graphical displays of a given data set along with some questionable graphing procedures that are often found in the scientific literature.
The Effect of Affect: Friendship, Education and Prejudice in India:

Intergroup relations are fundamentally based on the idea of ‘us’ and ‘them’, and this categorization has driven political loyalties and social ties in India, particularly the relations between Hind...
Abstract 15865: Analysis of Left Ventricular Assist Device Hemodynamics During Right Heart Catheterization Ramp Studies

Background: Although hemodynamic-driven Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) speed changes have been shown to improve patient outcomes, there is no standardized algorithm for how to best adjust LV...
The Comparative Effectiveness of Stemi Regionalization Strategies

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is more effective on average than thrombolytic therapy (TT) in the treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, most US hospitals are not equipped for PCI and TT is still widely used. To increase access to PCI, two general approaches may be considered: new PCI capability may be introduced at hospitals that formerly could not provide the procedure (hospital strategies); new capacity for STEMI detection and diversion to PCI-capable hospitals may be introduced in the emergency medical service system (EMS strategies). The comparative outcomes and costs of these strategies are not well understood. In multiple analyses, we evaluated hospital and EMS strategies for STEMI regionalization. In simulations of care in a regional emergency system, we estimated the incremental treatment costs and quality-adjusted life expectancies of 2,000 patients with STEMI who received PCI or TT. To increase access to PCI across the system, we compared a baseline strategy, involving transport of patients to their closest hospitals and treating with locally available therapy (PCI if available and TT if not), to two regionalization approaches: 1) twelve discreet hospital strategies involving the construction and staffing of new hospital PCI capability and 2) one EMS strategy involving diversion of patients to existing PCI-capable hospitals. Compared to the base case, each hospital and EMS strategy increased the number of patients receiving PCI, the costs of care and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. Both approaches were cost effective under a variety of conditions, but the EMS strategy was both less costly and moreeffective than all hospital strategies. This result was robust to changes in our assumptions, tested in a range of multivariate sensitivity analyses.In a separate empirical analysis, we identified hospital PCI- capability that was newly introduced in the US between 2004 and 2006, using combined data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s (HCUP) State Inpatient Data (SID) files and from American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Surveys. We estimated 1) the percent of the US population that acquired timely access to PCI as a result of hospital expansions 2) the projected patient benefit from expansion and 3) the costs of expansion.Our simulation results suggest that, where feasible, an EMS strategy is both more effective and less costly than hospital alternatives. This finding persisted even when the estimated new cost of an EMS strategy was multiplied by a factor of nearly 20, or when its expected benefit was decreased by 55% or more. Our empirical analysis showed that nationwide expansion of hospital PCI capability from 2004-2006 added only modestly to timely access and projected patient benefit. Our results suggest that regional planners should consider EMS strategies for increasing access to PCI before adopting strategies involving new construction or increased staffing at hospitals.
Sequential data assimilation for real-time probabilistic flood inundation mapping

Abstract. Real-time probabilistic flood inundation mapping is crucial for flood risk warning and decision-making during the emergency period before an upcoming flood event. Considering the high uncertainties involved in the modeling of a nonlinear and complex flood event, providing a deterministic flood inundation map can be erroneous and misleading for reliable and timely decision-making. The conventional flood hazard maps provided for different return periods cannot also represent the actual dynamics of flooding rivers. Therefore, a real-time modeling framework that forecasts the inundation areas before the onset of an upcoming flood is of paramount importance. Sequential data assimilation (DA) techniques are well known for real-time operation of physical models while accounting for existing uncertainties. In this study, we present a DA hydrodynamic modeling framework where multiple gauge observations are integrated into the LISFLOOD-FP model to improve its performance. This study utilizes the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) in a multivariate fashion for dual estimation of model state variables and parameters where the correlations among point source observations are taken into account. First, a synthetic experiment is designed to assess the performance of the proposed approach; then the method is used to simulate the Hurricane Harvey flood in 2017. Our results indicate that the multivariate assimilation of point source observations into hydrodynamic models can improve the accuracy and reliability of probabilistic flood inundation mapping by 5 %–7 %, while it also provides the basis for sequential updating and real-time flood inundation mapping.
A caged DAMGO for selective photoactivation of endogenous mu opioid receptors

ABSTRACT Photoactivatable drugs and peptides are valuable tools that can drive quantitative studies into endogenous receptor signaling in relatively intact tissue preparations with high spatiotemporal resolution. We previously developed photoactivatable or “caged” variants of the opioid neuropeptides [Leu5]-enkephalin and dynorphin A (1-8), but these reagents activate multiple opioid receptors simultaneously upon photolysis. To achieve selective engagement of mu opioid receptors (MORs), here we describe a photoactivatable derivative of the MOR-selective peptide agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO). Starting from commercially available DAMGO, we appended a negatively charged carboxynitroveratryl (CNV) caging group to the N-terminal tyrosine side chain (Y) to produce CNV-Y-DAMGO. Dose-response curves in a heterologous functional assay revealed that CNV-Y-DAMGO is ~1,000-fold less potent than DAMGO at MORs. In acute hippocampal brain slices, CNV-Y-DAMGO photoactivation with ultraviolet light resulted in rapid, transient suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission, and this was blocked by the MOR-selective antagonist CTAP. These results validate CNV-Y-DAMGO as a photopharmacological reagent for manipulating endogenous MOR signaling in brain tissue with light.
Diverging Color Maps for Scientific Visualization

One of the most fundamental features of scientific visualization is the process of mapping scalar values to colors. This process allows us to view scalar fields by coloring surfaces and volumes. Unfortunately, the majority of scientific visualization tools still use a color map that is famous for its ineffectiveness: the rainbow color map. This color map, which naively sweeps through the most saturated colors, is well known for its ability to obscure data, introduce artifacts, and confuse users. Although many alternate color maps have been proposed, none have achieved widespread adoption by the visualization community for scientific visualization. This paper explores the use of diverging color maps (sometimes also called ratio, bipolar, or double-ended color maps) for use in scientific visualization, provides a diverging color map that generally performs well in scientific visualization applications, and presents an algorithm that allows users to easily generate their own customized color maps.
Theoretical evaluation of effects of electrode sphericity on stationary electrode polarography: Case of a chemical reaction following reversible electron transfer

Abstract Theory of stationary electrode polarography was developed for the case of spherical diffusion and a chemical reaction following reversible electron transfer. An empirical Spherical correction based on these theoretical calculations and applicable to existing plane electrode data is presented. In addition, results of theoretical calculations indicate that interpretations of diagnostic criteria based on variations of peak current with scan rate must in general take account of effects of sphericity. However, criteria based on peak current ratios or peak potential variations with scan rate show negligible effects of sphericity, and therefore in many cases use of these latter diagnostic tests may be preferable. Finally, accurate data are presented which permit calculation of homogeneous rate constants from measurements with a spherical electrode of anodic to cathodic peak current ratios.
Valproate in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.

Severe intractable seizures are frequent manifestations of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Because levels of urinary and plasma glycine have been reported to be elevated by valproate in patients with seizures but no evidence of hereditary hyperglycinemia,1,2 it has been assumed that the agent is contraindicated for the therapy of convulsive states associated wtih nonketotic hyperglycinemia. This conclusion was recently stated, for example, at an international congress on human genetics.3 We regard this assumption as unwarranted. We have administered valproate to two nonketotic hyperglycinemic patients and monitored glycine levels in their cerebrospinal fluid. It is the elevated CSF glycine which has been postulated to result in the encephalopathy in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.4
Reimagining the History of the Experience of Cinema in a Post-Movie-Going Age:

As theatrical movie-going is supplanted by other modes of engaging with cinema, it becomes more apparent that one of the most striking features of the experience of cinema for a century was its sociality. Prior to the 1980s, the experience of cinema around the world involved groups of people converging upon particular places to experience together something understood to be cinema. As it emerged as a cultural industry, cinema depended upon the regular repetition of this social practice under the sign of cinema. This article explores the application of digital technologies in representing the history of the experience of cinema in one American state (North Carolina) across the first three decades of commercial cinema. Going to the Show (www.docsouth.unc.edu/gtts) uses data from city directories, newspapers, photographs, architectural drawings, newspaper ads and articles to recover that which is representable about the experience of movie-going in an online archive. This material is itself represented as a layer on more than 1000 digitally stitched and georeferenced map pages for 45 towns and cities in the state. What emerges is a 'view' of movie-going as part of the experience of urban life at a time when towns and cities in North Carolina - and across the United States - were taking on their modern character and institutions. It also affords a unique perspective on the role of race as the determinative social factor in the experience of moviegoing for all North Carolinians and, by extension, millions of other Americans.
Centripetal Thinking in Curriculum Studies

AbstractAfter years of generating divergent approaches to scholarship, cast mostly as reactions against a historical orthodoxy, the curriculum studies community is now looking at a new dialectic—one marked by a physics that pull ideas inward toward some centripetal center. The tension between looking for unifying ideas as they articulate with a multiplicity of incommensurate ones has, in fact, marked the nature of most scholarly thinking. Isaiah Berlin personified such a tension in his use of the Greek aphorism, “The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.” In recent years, the curriculum field has been dominated by foxes, who have resisted any attempt to even consider the role of hedgehog. But several projects have recently been launched in the field that might signal a new age for curriculum studies, as a new dialogue has been opened that considers possibilities of finding some semblance of canon or disciplinarity in the field. The search for canon or disciplinarity is less likely t...
Discovering “creative essences” in african american women

Abstract — Research has found depression increasingly prevalent among African American women. What is missing from the literature on depression in African American women is a description of how these women either avoid depressive episodes or find peace and joy in their lives. This article presents the findings of a phenomenological study with 15 African American women and how they discovered “creative essences” through their life experiences. Despite stressful life experiences, none of these women reported current depression. They nurtured themselves in many ways, including educational activities, books, art, and even redefinition of oppressive categorizations. The women viewed themselves as having very healthy and self-satisfying lives, even in the face of racial and gender discrimination and poverty, by using internal mechanisms of “creative essences,” such as survival, identity, self-expression, and empowerment.
Preservice Teachers' Personality Traits and Engagement in Creative Activities as Predictors of Their Support for Children's Creativity

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among preservice teachers' personality traits, their own engagement in creative activities, and their beliefs about the teaching practices that have been shown to support children's creativity. A total of 302 early childhood and elementary preservice teachers participated in this study. The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), the Creative Behavior Inventory (CBI), and the Creativity-Fostering Teacher Behavior Index (CFTI) were used to measure the preservice teachers' personality traits (Five-Factor Model), creativity-related experiences, and their creativity-fostering teaching practices. A conceptual model was hypothesized, tested, and supported by the results using multiple regression analyses and Sobel mediator tests. Findings indicate that preservice teachers who had higher scores on the openness to experience personality trait had more engagement in creativity-related experiences; those who had higher scores on the openness trait and who had mo...
Characterization of an unusual deletion of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) gene.

Purpose: We previously reported a deletion of the Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase (GALT) gene. This deletion can cause apparent homozygosity for variants located on the opposite allele, potentially resulting in a discrepancy between the biochemical phenotype and the apparent genotype in an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine the deletion breakpoints, allowing the development of a rapid and reliable molecular test for the mutation. Methods: A Polymerase Chain Reaction walking strategy was used to map the 5′ and 3′ breakpoints. The junction fragment was amplified and sequenced to precisely characterize the deletion breakpoints. Results: The deletion has a bipartite structure involving two large segments of the GALT gene, while retaining a short internal segment of the gene. Molecular characterization allowed the development of a deletion specific Polymerase Chain Reaction-based assay. In 25 individuals who had a biochemical carrier galactosemia phenotype, but tested negative for 8 common GALT gene variants, 3 carried this deletion. Conclusion: This deletion occurs at an appreciable frequency and should be considered when there is a discrepancy between the genotype and biochemical phenotype. Many of the individuals carrying the allele were of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry suggesting that the deletion may be a common cause of galactosemia in that population.
Promoting Success: Mentoring Students with Disabilities Using New Technologies in Higher Education

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate the traditional mentoring practices of mentors and proteges.Design/methodology/approach – As a matter of fact students with disabilities, as a group, have the lowest participation in postsecondary education programs and the highest unemployment rates. Effective mentoring programs can change these outcomes. These students need knowledgeable mentors who are familiar with technology and disabilities to help them in their fields of education. Access to technology and emphasis on using the technologies for mentors will be discussed.Findings – Traditional in‐person mentoring is problematic because of transportation problems with appointment or location. In addition, mentors can help their proteges explore career options, set academic and career goals develop social and professional contacts, identify resources, and strengthen interpersonal skills. Using technology between mentors and proteges makes it easy to exchange information at anytime from anywhere.P...
On testing the intertemporal substitution theory of labor supply

Many empirical tests of the intertemporal, substitution theory of labor market fluctuations have assumed that shocks to the labor demand curve are the sole source of variance in hours and wages. We show that conclusions based on these tests are very sensitive to small deviations from this extreme case. Using data generated by a standard real business cycle model, we show that standard methods incorrectly reject the intertemporal substitution theory even when demand curve shocks account for over 90% of the variance in wages and hours.
Scanning electron microscopy of yolk absorption in early chick embryos

Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn Strain) were incubated from 6–19 hours. Blastoderms were fixed in situ with aldehyde fixative, post-osmicated in 2% OsO4, dehydrated in acetone, criticalpoint-dried, mounted ventral side up, coated with palladium-gold wire and observed in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. Large extracellular yolk granules had a smooth surface and appeared to break up into smaller particles. Similar particles have been observed intracellularly in transmission electron microscopy. Numerous microappendages, mostly ruffles, suggest phagocytosis as a method of absorption of yolk granules into the cells. Absorption of yolk by the cells of the blastoderm involves an initial break up of yolk granules followed by phagocytosis.
Lithium increases dynorphin A(1-8) and prodynorphin mRNA levels in the basal ganglia of rats.

Abstract The aim of this study was to understand the possible influence of the antimanic drug, lithium, and the neuroleptic, haloperidol, alone or in combination, on the regulation of dynorphin biosynthesis in the striatum. The study was done using male Fisher-344 rats subjected to a regimen of subchronic administration of lithium chloride (4 mEq/kg/day for 1, 2, 4 or 6 days, i.p.) or a regimen of chronic oral administration of a diet containing lithium carbonate (1.5 g/kg of the diet). Subchronic administration of lithium increased striatal dynorphin A(1–8)-like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) in a time-related fashion. Immunocytochemistry revealed an increase in DN-LI in fibers and cells clustered in ‘patches’ throughout striatum. The increase in DN-LI was reversible on cessation of lithium administration. Concurrent administration of lithium and an opiate antagonist, naltrexone, or a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, did not influence the changes induced by lithium. Chronic oral administration of lithium for 21 days led to an increase in DN-LI in the striatum. Co-administration of haloperidol with the 21 day regimen of lithium administration failed to affect the increase in DN-LI. The prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum was quantitated by a molecular hybridization procedure using a prodynorphin 32 P-cRNA probe generated from the Riboprobe system. Evidence from the Northern blot analysis reveals that lithium increases the prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum. These results indicate that lithium affects the dynamics of prodynorphin biosynthesis in the striatum, presumably increasing transcription and/or translational processes.
Citizen Sensors for SHM: Use of Accelerometer Data from Smartphones

Ubiquitous smartphones have created a significant opportunity to form a low-cost wireless Citizen Sensor network and produce big data for monitoring structural integrity and safety under operational and extreme loads. Such data are particularly useful for rapid assessment of structural damage in a large urban setting after a major event such as an earthquake. This study explores the utilization of smartphone accelerometers for measuring structural vibration, from which structural health and post-event damage can be diagnosed. Widely available smartphones are tested under sinusoidal wave excitations with frequencies in the range relevant to civil engineering structures. Large-scale seismic shaking table tests, observing input ground motion and response of a structural model, are carried out to evaluate the accuracy of smartphone accelerometers under operational, white-noise and earthquake excitations of different intensity. Finally, the smartphone accelerometers are tested on a dynamically loaded bridge. The extensive experiments show satisfactory agreements between the reference and smartphone sensor measurements in both time and frequency domains, demonstrating the capability of the smartphone sensors to measure structural responses ranging from low-amplitude ambient vibration to high-amplitude seismic response. Encouraged by the results of this study, the authors are developing a citizen-engaging and data-analytics crowdsourcing platform towards a smartphone-based Citizen Sensor network for structural health monitoring and post-event damage assessment applications.
Effective leaders and leadership in policing: traits, assessment, development, and expansion

Purpose – Police leaders and leadership remain understudied within existing criminal justice scholarship. Using data derived from police supervisors participating in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy program, the purpose of this paper is to examine effective leaders and leadership. Specific consideration is given to the traits and habits of effective and ineffective leaders, the assessment of leadership efficacy, the development of leaders, and the barriers to the expansion of more effective leaders and leadership in contemporary policing.Design/methodology/approach – Surveys were administered to over 1,000 police supervisors. Respondents ranked the traits and habits of effective and ineffective leaders, methods to evaluate leadership efficacy, and barriers to the expansion of more effective leaders and leadership. Though a convenience sample, the supervisors represent a diverse mix of police agencies of various sizes and types from around the world.Findings – Ratings suggest resp...
Fabrication and Characterization of Single Crystal Cymbals

Cymbal transducers are made using single crystal relaxor ferroelectric PMN-PT. An electrically conductive adhesive film with uniform geometry and thickness is used to bond the metal cymbal caps to the single crystal. Upon curing, the bond exhibits good mechanical strength under both static and dynamic test conditions. It is found that the capacitance and d 33 of the cymbal drop markedly upon curing as compared to the single crystal disk. It is demonstrated that this is not due to depoling during the adhesive cure stage but rather clamping of the single crystal disk by the stiff metal cymbal caps.
Three-Dimensional Organic/Inorganic Composite Materials: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Open-Framework Oxovanadium Borophosphate [H3NCH2CH2NH3]2[(VO)5(H2O){O3POB(O)2OPO3}2]·1.5H2O

The hydrothermal reaction of NaVO3, BPO4, ethylenediamine, CuCl2·2H2O, and water yields the open-framework material [H3NCH2CH2NH3]2[(VO)5(H2O){O3POB(O)2OPO3}2]·1.5H2O, VOBOPO-1. The framework, constructed from binuclear {V2O10}, mononuclear {VO(H2O)O4}, and {O3POB(O)2OPO3}7- building blocks, provides channels occupied by the (H3NCH2CH2NH3)2+ cations and water molcules of crystallization.
Validity of edgeworth expansions of minimum contrast estimators for Gaussian ARMA processes

Abstract Let { X t } be a Gaussian ARMA process with spectral density f θ ( λ ), where θ is an unknown parameter. To estimate θ we propose a minimum contrast estimation method which includes the maximum likelihood method and the quasi-maximum likelihood method as special cases. Let θ τ be the minimum contrast estimator of θ. Then we derive the Edgewroth expansion of the distribution of θ τ up to third order, and prove its valldity. By this Edgeworth expansion we can see that this minimum contrast estimator is always second-order asymptotically efficient in the class of second-order asymptotically median unbiased estimators. Also the third-order asymptotic comparisons among minimum contrast estimators will be discussed.
Modulation of Recombinant Human Prostate-Specific Antigen: Activation by Hofmeister Salts and Inhibition by Azapeptides† Appendix: Thermodynamic Interpretation of the Activation by Concentrated Salts

Prostate specific antigen (PSA, also known as human kallikrein 3) is an important diagnostic indicator of prostatic disease. PSA exhibits low protease activity (>10(4)-fold less than chymotrypsin) under the usual in vitro assay conditions. In addition, PSA does not react readily with prototypical serine protease inactivators. We expressed human PSA (rh-PSA) in Escherichia coli and have demonstrated that rh-PSA has properties similar to those of native PSA isolated from human seminal fluid. Both PSA and rh-PSA are >10(3)-fold more active in the presence of 1.3 M Na(2)SO(4). This activation is anion-dependent, following the Hofmeister series when normality is considered: SO(4)(2)(-) approximately citrate > Ac(-) > Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-). The nature of the cation has little effect on salt activation. The rate of inactivation of rh-PSA by DFP is 30-fold faster in the presence of 0.9 M Na(2)SO(4), and the rate of inactivation by Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-CK is >20-fold faster under these conditions. Azapeptides containing Phe or Tyr at position P(1) also inactivate rh-PSA in the presence of high salt concentrations. These compounds represent the first described inhibitors designed to utilize the substrate binding subsites of PSA. CD spectroscopy demonstrates that the conformation of rh-PSA changes in the presence of high salt concentrations. Analytical ultracentifugation and dynamic light scattering indicate that PSA remains monomeric under high-salt conditions. Interestingly, human prostatic fluid contains as much as 150 micro mol citrate/g wet weight, which suggests that salt concentrations may regulate PSA activity in vivo.
Heat pipe radiator technology for space power systems

High-reliability high-performance deployable monogroove and dual-slot heat pipe radiator systems to meet the requirements for electric power in future space missions, such as the 300-kW(e) electric powder demand projected for NASA's Space Station, are discussed. Analytical model trade studies of various configurations show the advantages of the dual-slot heat pipe radiator for high temperature applications as well as its weight reduction potential over the 50-350 F temperature range. The ammonia-aluminum monogroove heat pipe, limited to below-180 F operating temperatures, is under development, and can employ methanol-stainless steel heat pipes to achieve operating temperatures in excess of 300 F. Dual-slot heat pipe configuration proof-of-concept testing was begun in 1985.
The influence of scattered versus compact seating on audience response

(1965). The influence of scattered versus compact seating on audience response. Speech Monographs: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 144-148.
A novel quasi-alignment-based method for discovering conserved regions in genetic sequences

This paper presents an alignment-free technique to efficiently discover similar regions in large sets of biological sequences using position sensitive p-mer frequency clustering. A set of sequences is broken down into segment and then a frequency distribution over all oligomers of size p (referred to as p-mers) is obtained to summarize each segment. These summaries are clustered while the order of segments in the set of sequences is preserved in a Markov-type model. Sequence segments within each cluster have very similar DNA/RNA patterns and form a so called quasi-alignment. This fact can be used for a variety of tasks such as species characterization and identification, phylogenetic analysis, functional analysis of sequences and, as in this paper, for discovering conserved regions. Our method is computationally more efficient than multiple sequences alignment since it can apply modern data stream clustering algorithms which run in time linear in the number of segments and thus can help discover highly similar regions across a large number of sequences efficiently. In this paper, we apply the approach to efficiently discover and visualize conserved regions in 16S rRNA.
Quasi-Isometrically Embedded Subgroups of Thompson's GroupF

Abstract The goal of this paper is to study subgroups of Thompson's group F which are isomorphic to F × Z n and F × F . A result estimating the norm of an element of Thompson's group is found, and this estimate is used to prove that these particular subgroups are quasi-isometrically embedded.
Intramodal and cross-modal sensory integration by crayfish optomotor neurons

Abstract 1. 1. Action potentials from crayfish optomotor neurons were recorded extracellularly in situ during natural visual and gravitational stimulation. 2. 2. A small fraction of optomotor neurons apparently received input from statocyst afferents having sensitivities to body orientation in two different geometric planes. 3. 3. One type of optomotor neuron integrates statocyst and visual input in such a way that visual stimulation is much less excitatory at certain body positions than at other positions.
Econometrics and Psychometrics: A Survey of Communalities.

Several themes which are common to both econometrics and psychometrics are surveyed. The themes are illustrated by reference to permanent income hypotheses, simultaneous equation models, adaptive expectations and partial adjustment schemes, and by reference to test score theory, factor analysis, and time-series models.
Mechanistic and dynamic insights into ligand encapsulation by helical arylamide foldamers.

Molecular capsules have been extensively used in catalysis, drug delivery, molecular recognition and protection of ligands from degradation. Novel “apple peel” shaped helical arylamide capsules have been experimentally pursued due to their flexible nature and designability. They were found to encapsulate a variety of small molecules. The apple peel shape of the capsules led to a hypothesis that binding and release of ligands involve partial unfolding. However, the exact mechanism is unknown. Using molecular dynamics simulations with our new aryl-amide force field parameters, we identify two low energy barrier binding/release mechanisms, in which the capsule’s helical structure is either minimally disturbed or restored quickly (within 100 ps). Furthermore, we determine the effects of ligand sizes, their chemical nature (hydrogen bonding capabilities), and solvents on binding modes and stabilities. Our findings not only support experimental observations but also provide underlying principles that allow for rational design of foldamer capsules.
Growth and characterization of CdTe by close spaced sublimation on metal substrates.

Abstract CdS/CdTe solar cells have long been recognized for their terrestrial applications. These cells are usually fabricated on soda-lime glass substrates, but the poor mechanical and thermal properties of glass make it difficult to incorporate it in continuous fabrication processes involving high temperatures, typically above 500°C. In addition, prospective space power applications would benefit if a lighter flexible substrate can be used. With a view to making light-weight modules suitable for large-scale production, a new device structure on metal foils has been proposed. CdTe films have been deposited on light-weight molybdenum foils by the close spaced sublimation (CSS) technique. Firstly, the salient features of the CSS technique as well as the design and construction of a CSS system will be described. CdTe films were deposited using this CSS system. The source and substrate temperatures were varied in steps and the film thickness and grain sizes were studied. The films were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD and AFM as well as contact resistance measurements between the CdTe and molybdenum substrate. Films deposited with source and substrate temperatures of 650°C and 575°C respectively, spaced 0.5 mm apart in helium ambient at 70 Torr yielded CdTe films of 4–5 μm thickness. SEM studies showed CdTe films to be continuous and of uniform grain size. The grains are well faceted and the grain size is of the order of the film thickness. EDS studies indicated stoichiometric CdTe. XRD analysis showed a cubic phase with a preferred orientation in the (1 1 1) direction. A cadmium chloride dip followed by annealing treatment did not alter the grain size or the orientation of the film.
Biosystematics of Amblyseius andersoni and A. potentillae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae): implications for biological control

Populations ofAmblyseius andersoni Chant from Verona, Italy and Oregon, U.S.A. and ofA. potentillae (Garman) from The Netherlands were hybridized in reciprocal crosses and examined for evidence of genetic isolation and morphological or isozyme discrimination. Hybridization studies showed that all crosses between the three populations produced viable and fertile female offspring. Backcrosses of F1 hybrid females to males of the maternal strain likewise showed no evidence of genetic isolation. It is concluded that the populations are conspecific, and thatA. potentillae should be recognized as a junior synonym ofA. andersoni.
The complexity of predicate default logic over a countable domain

Abstract Lifschitz introduced the notion of defining extensions of predicate default theories not as absolute, but relative to a specified domain. We look specifically at default theories over a countable domain and show the set of default theories which possess an ω-extension is Σ21-complete. That the set is in Σ21 is shown by writing a nearly circumscriptive formula whose ω-models correspond to the ω-extensions of a given default theory; similarly, Σ21-hardness is established by a method for translating formulas into default theories in such a way that ω-models of the circumscriptive formula correspond to ω-extensions of the default theory. (That the set of circumscriptive formulas which have ω-models is Σ21-complete was established by Schlipf.)
A centrifugation cell adhesion assay for high-throughput screening of biomaterial surfaces.

A quantitative analysis of cell adhesion is essential in understanding physiological phenomena and designing biomaterials, implant surfaces, and tissue-engineering scaffolds. The most common cell adhesion assays used to evaluate biomaterial surfaces lack sensitivity and reproducibility and/or require specialized equipment and skill-intensive operation. We describe a modified centrifugation cell adhesion assay that uses simple and convenient techniques with standard laboratory equipment and provides reliable, quantitative measurements of cell adhesion. This centrifugation assay applies controlled and uniform detachment forces to a large population of adherent cells, providing robust statistics for quantifying cell adhesion. The applicability of this system to the design and characterization of biomaterial surfaces is shown by evaluating cell adhesion on substrates using different coating proteins, cell types, seeding times, and relative centrifugal forces (RCF). Results verify that this centrifugation cell adhesion assay represents a simple, convenient, and standard method for high-throughput characterization of a variety of biomaterial surfaces and conditions.
Generation and Detection of Coherent Acoustic Pulses by Femtosecond Laser Pulses

In this paper, we systematically study the generation and propagation of coherent acoustic pulses in a metal-dielectric system using a two-color femtosecond pump-probe technique at different probe angles. A long-lived acoustic oscillation is observed in a borosilicate glass coated with gold and shows different attenuation and amplitude at different probe wavelength. Our study suggests that the two-color optical pump-probe technique can be utilized as a noninvasive tool to study acoustic properties of dielectric materials.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
SOME EFFECTS OF SPOUSE SEPARATION ON FERTILITY

Simple probability models incorporating an approximation first demonstrated by Menken (1979) are used to study births averted by two classes of temporary spouse separation, single and cyclic, under conditions of natural fertility. For either class of spouse separation, births averted increases disproportionately with longer separation. For a given length of separation, births prevented are more sensitive to change in length of anovulation than to change in level ofnatural fecundability or risk of spontaneous abortion. In addition, by means of the macrosimulation model REPMOD (Bongaarts, 1977), it is shown that the fertility impact of temporary spouse separation tends to decrease as couples age.
Managing video data in a mobile environment

Two key technological trends of the last few years have been the emergence of handheld computational elements and the implementation of practical wireless communication networks. These two changes have made mobile computer systems feasible. While there has been much research interest devoted to mobile computer issues, such systems have not yet been commercially successful. This has been ascribed to the lack of a killer mobile app. We believe that the support of video on mobile systems will indeed make possible many new interesting applications.However, providing mobile video is a non-trivial task, and much work needs to be done before practical systems are widely available. In this short note we address the issue of mobile multimedia from a practitioner's perspective. We note what software and hardware are currently available in the market in support of mobile multimedia, and point out some of their deficiencies. We also discuss some of the communication and data management research issues that need to be tackled in order to address said deficiencies. Exploring these research issues is the focus of our project.
Insulin secretion in mice with an hereditary diabetes.

SummaryInsulin secretion in mice with hereditary diabetes was measured in vitro by incubation of pancreatic tissue in the presence of glucose and theophylline. When compared with normal mice of the same age, the absolute secretory capacity of the pancreas from young diabetic mice is either normal or increased; in all cases, however, the pancreas from these young diabetic mice mobilizes a greater fraction of its stores of insulin in response to glucose or the combination of glucose and theophylline. Older mice with more severe diabetes are characterized by depletion of the pancreatic stores of insulin and impairment of the secretory ability. However, maintenance of the hyperactive state is seen occasionally in older diabetic mice that had past histories of consistently mild hyperglycemia.
Apical Cyst Theory: a Missing Link

INTRODUCTION The mechanism of the formation of apical cyst has been elusive. Several theories have long been proposed and discussed speculating how an apical cyst is developed and formed in the jaw bone resulting from endododontic infection. Two popular theories are the nutritional deficiency theory and the abscess theory. The nutritional deficiency theory assumes that the over proliferated epithelial cells will form a ball mass such that the cells in the center of the mass will be deprived of nutrition. The abscess theory postulates that when an abscess cavity is formed in connective tissue, epithelial cells proliferate and line the preexisting cavity because of their inherent tendency to cover exposed connective tissue surfaces. Based on the nature of epithelial cells and the epithelium, nutritional theory is a fairy tale, while abscess theory at best just indicates that abscess may be one of the factors that allows the stratified epithelium to form but not to explain a mechanism that makes the cyst to form. THE HYPOTHESIS Apical cyst formation is the result of proliferation of resting epithelial cells, due to inflammation, to a sufficient number such that they are able to form a polarized and stratified epithelial lining against dead tissues or foreign materials. These stratified epithelial lining expands along the dead tissue or foreign materials and eventually wrap around them as a spherical sac, i.e. a cyst. The space in the sac is considered the external environment separating the internal (tissue) environment - the natural function of epithelium. EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS This theory may be tested by introducing a biodegradable device able to slowly release epithelial cell mitogens in an in vivo environment implanted with epithelial cells next to a foreign object. This will allow the cells to continuously proliferate which may form a cystic sac wrapping around the foreign object.
Trigonal splitting of tris(diamine)cobalt(III) complexes. An application of natural and magnetic circular dichroism

Abstract The absorption, circular dichroism, and magnetically induced circular dichroism spectra are reported for [Co(en)3]3+ and [Co(+)(pn)3]3+ in aqueous solution with and without various electrolytes. A method of interpretation of the MCD spectra with respect to the CD spectra is proposed. This interpretation suggests there is considerable trigonal splitting (∼1500cm−1) in solution, and refutes the possibility that the two bands in the Tlg(Oh) region originate from different conformational isomers in solution.
Finite element simulation of bulk elastic waves in piezoceramic transducers using interdigital electrodes

Bulk waves can be created in a thin piezoelectric plate by applying an electrical signal to interdigital electrodes deposited on each side of the plate. These transducers can be used to generate ultrasonic bulk waves with a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes controlled by a number of electrodes and a delayed voltage independently applied to each electrode. The current work centers on feasibility study of damage detection via amplified ultrasonic signals generated by interdigital transducers. To this end, finite element simulation of the generation and detection of bulk waves in piezoelectric substrates by means of interdigital transducers is presented and their potential application as probes in smart structures is also discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The efficiency and effectiveness of commonly used cost variance investigation rules

Abstract Most large manufacturing firms select cost variances for investigation by using cutoffs of fixed amounts or fixed percentages of the standard. This paper reports simulation results that these two commonly used rules are effective, but not efficient, in identifying out-of-control situations. Also, both rules are susceptible to an ex post selection bias and tend to erroneously indicate shifts in cost means. In contrast, while random sampling was neither effective nor efficient, it provided a much more accurate picture of the underlying cost means. These results suggest that it may be desirable to use different selection rules to support different aspects (e.g., standard setting versus performance evaluation) of the control process.
901-122 Oxidized LDL Stimulates Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases in Smooth Muscle Cells and Macrophages

Cellular proliferation and lipid infiltration in vessels are important events in atherogenesis. Recent data suggest an important role for LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in the initiation and maintenance of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms by which LDL and ox-LDL affect cellular proliferation are not clear. A critical signal transduction event universally stimulated by growth factors is activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). We therefore examined the effect of LDL and ox-LDL on MAPK activity in cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) and macrophages by using an in-gel-kinase assay with myelin basic protein as substrate. LDL and ox-LDL stimulated MAPK in a time-and dose-dependent manner in baboon, monkey, and rat SMC, but not in bovine endothelial cells. Ox-LDL also stimulated MAPK in macrophages but the effect was only present after freshly isolated cell as were cultured for 7 days. The maximal response to ox-LDL (340% increase over control) occurred at 50 μg/ml at 5 min in rat SMC, with half-maximal response at 10 μg/ml. Ox-LDL stimulated MAPK 2-fold more than native LDL. Stimulation of MAPK was mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) as phorbol ester pretreatment for 24 hr blocked MAPK activation. The active moiety was a lipid, based on the ability to extract the MAPK activating material from ox-LDL using chloroform, These data show that LDL stimulates MAPK in SMC via a PKC-dependent pathway, that oxidation of LDL potentiates the effect, and that a lipid is involved. These data establish a new growth related signal, MAPK activation, that is more powerfUlly stimulated by ox-LDL than LDL in SMC. In addition, there appears to be dynamic regulation of the cellular response to ox-LDL based on the differences between freshly isolated and cultured macrophages. This knowledge should be useful in understanding the mechanisms by which ox-LDL promotes SMC proliferation and macrophage dysfunction in atherogenesis.
Abiotic sulfhydryl reactivity: a predictor of aquatic toxicity for carbonyl-containing alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds.

A diverse series of aliphatic α,β-unsaturated esters, ketones, and aldehydes were evaluated for reactivity with the model nucleophile sulfhydryl group in the form of the cysteine residue of the tripeptide glutathione; the reactive end point (RC50) was then related to aquatic toxicity (IGC50) assessed in the Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth impairment assay. The substructure specific to all tested reactive substances, an olefin conjugated to a carbonyl group, is inherently electrophilic and conveys the potential to act by way of Michael-type nucleophilic addition. All such unsaturated compounds are inherently acutely toxic. However, their toxicity is difficult to model with conventional descriptors since toxicity is independent of both hydrophobicity and molecular orbital electrophilicity but dependent on the specific molecular structure. While methacrylates typically did not attain an RC50 value at saturation, a linear relationship [log (IGC50-1) = 0.936[log (RC50-1)] + 0.508, where n = 41, r2 = 0...