cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing the Sexual Development of Parasites

Like other eukaryotes, the malaria parasite stores maternal RNA in the female gamete for later use in directing early development. An RNA helicase is a key regulator of this process.
Gas-phase electron diffraction from laser-aligned molecules

Electron diffraction is a valuable tool to capture structural information from molecules in the gas phase. However, the information contained in the diffraction patterns is limited due to the random orientation of the molecules. Additional structural information can be retrieved if the molecules are aligned. Molecules can be impulsively aligned with femtosecond laser pulses, producing a transient alignment. The alignment persists only for a time on the order of a picosecond, so a pulsed electron gun is needed to record the diffraction patterns. In this manuscript, we describe the alignment process and show the changes in the diffraction pattern as a result of alignment. Carbon disulfide, a linear molecule, was chosen as a model molecule for these experiments. We have also experimentally investigated the temporal evolution of the alignment and the dependence on the laser pulse intensity.
Vaccination of children with various chorioallantoic passages of measles virus; a follow-up study.

An extensive study of the usefulness of a vaccine produced by the growth of the measles virus on the chorioallantoic membrane of the fertile hen9s egg was undertaken as a joint study in Baltimore and Philadelphia. Four hundred ninety-seven children were vaccinated and followed for a period covering at least one close exposure to a major epidemic of measles. Eighteen of these children contracted measles within 13 days of their vaccination, and thus could not be included in final tabulations. Of the remaining 479 children, 330, or 69%, contracted the disease. Fifty unvaccinated children served as controls and of these, 44, or 88%, developed measles. The morbidity rate of 69% of the present series should be compared with the morbidity rate of 39% in a smaller series of vaccinated children described by some of the present authors elsewhere. Although the present study suffered from certain shortcomings, it is believed that the following conclusions can be drawn. First, that the chorioallantoic membrane vaccine produced mild symptoms of measles in a large number but not in the majority of children vaccinated, and second, that whatever protection was afforded by the vaccination procedure was minimal in degree. Unfortunately, the reasons for the failure of the vaccine to afford better protection are not evident, nor does it seem probable that they will be fully understood until better methods are available for working with the virus in vitro and in the laboratory.
Vertical thin-film-edge field emitters fabricated by chemical beam deposition

Reports a new field emitter fabrication method based on conformal chemical beam deposition. These vertical thin-film-edge structures should be fundamentally better than conical emitters in high emission currents, low voltage operation, high packing density, low angular dispersion, insensitivity to oxidation and back-ion bombardment, and they should be extremely economical to manufacture. Advantages of this approach include superior film material properties such as small grain size, low stress, oxidation resistance and low work function, as well as a vertical design geometry and simplicity requiring no precise lithography or eventually no lithography at all.
Supervised pattern recognition with heterogeneous features

In this paper, we address the supervised pattern recognition problem with heterogeneous features, where the mathematical model is based on construction of thresholds. Non-Reducible Descriptors (NRDs) for fuzzy features are obtained through the use of a threshold value, which is calculated based on the distance between patterns. In case of solving the problem with real features, the mathematical model for construction of thresholds is based on parallel feature partitioning. Boolean formulas are used to represent NRDs.
Plausibility & Disparate Impact

In Twombly v. Bell Atlantic Corp., 550 U.S. 644 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937 (2009), the Supreme Court introduced a new plausibility pleading standard, abrogating well-established precedent. Under this standard, a plaintiff must now allege enough facts in the complaint to state a plausible claim to relief. Twombly and Iqbal transformed civil procedure law, and both the courts and litigants have struggled with its meaning. One area that has been dramatically affected by these recent decisions is the field of workplace discrimination. There are two types of employment discrimination claims – intentional (or disparate treatment) and unintentional (or disparate impact) discrimination. The academic scholarship is replete with discussions of the problems that the plausibility standard has created for victims alleging disparate treatment claims. Discriminatory intent is difficult to establish, and this is particularly true where a plaintiff has not had access to discovery. One area that has remained unexplored in the academic literature, however, is the effect of Twombly and Iqbal on disparate impact cases. This Article seeks to fill that void in the scholarship. This paper closely examines the two most likely approaches for applying the plausibility standard to unintentional discrimination claims. This paper offers an analytical framework for considering these claims under either standard, and explains why a more streamlined approach to the Supreme Court’s recent decisions is preferable. Navigating Twombly, Iqbal and other Supreme Court decisions, this paper explains how the plausibility standard should be applied to unintentional discrimination cases. This Article provides a blueprint for the courts and litigants to follow when considering a disparate impact claim, and addresses the implications of adopting the proposed approach. Twombly and Iqbal represent a sea change for workplace plaintiffs, and this Article attempts – for the first time – to make sense of these decisions in one of the most complex areas of employment discrimination law.
On the relationship between concurrent separation logic and assume-guarantee reasoning

We study the relationship between Concurrent Separation Logic (CSL) and the assume-guarantee (A-G) method (a.k.a. rely-guarantee method). We show in three steps that CSL can be treated as a specialization of the A-G method for well-synchronized concurrent programs. First, we present an A-G based program logic for a low-level language with built-in locking primitives. Then we extend the program logic with explicit separation of "private data" and "shared data", which provides better memory modularity. Finally, we show that CSL (adapted for the low-level language) can be viewed as a specialization of the extended A-G logic by enforcing the invariant that "shared resources are well-formed outside of critical regions". This work can also be viewed as a different approach (from Brookes') to proving the soundness of CSL: our CSL inference rules are proved as lemmas in the A-G based logic, whose soundness is established following the syntactic approach to proving soundness of type systems.
Noninvasive assessment of bone density and structure using computed tomography and magnetic resonance.

Abstract For several reasons, including low cost and radiation dose, simplicity, and the ability to image several skeletal sites, dual X-ray absoptiometry (DXA) is the most widely employed technique for diagnostic and serial assessment of integral bone mass in osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. However, three-dimensional imaging modalities such as quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offer the ability to separately examine different factors that may play independent and important roles in osteoporosis. These factors include the density of the trabecular and cortical compartments as well as the pattern of trabecular microarchitecture. New developments in QCT include volumetric approaches for precise compartmental assessment of the spine and proximal femur as well as thin-slice tomography of the vertebral body for assessment of trabecular texture. In addition, ultrahigh resolution CT scanners (spatial resolution e50-150¦) have been developed for imaging of trabecular structure in specimens and in some cases for the peripheral skeleton (distal radius and phalanges). High resolution MR measurements may be employed for assessment of the trabecular texture at a range of peripheral sites, including the calcaneus, distal radius, and phalanges.
Reliability evaluation of hypercubes and hypernets using spanning tree approach

The reliability evaluation of two different topologies, hypercubes and hypernets, using the spanning tree/clustering approach is presented. Only hypernets constructed from hypercubes as the basic building blocks are considered in this evaluation. Hypernets and hypercubes of equal number of processor/memory nodes but having different topological features are chosen. The dependence of node-to-node communication reliability on various architectural parameters is shown. >
Bridging the Gap between Theory and Experiments - Nano-structural Changes in Supported Catalysts under Operating Conditions

Computational approaches have been limited to examining catalytic processes using models that have been greatly simplified in comparison to real catalysts. Experimental studies, especially on emission treatment catalysts, have primarily focused on fully formulated systems. Thus, there remains a knowledge gap between theory and experiments. We combine the power of theory and experiment for atomistic design of catalytically active sites that can translate the fundamental insights gained directly to a catalyst system suitable for technical deployment. In this article, we describe our results on a model platinum-alumina catalyst that is a common constituent of emission treatment catalysts such as three-way, NO/dx trap, oxidation, and HC-SCR catalysts. We present theoretical and experimental studies of the oxidation and reactivity of Pt catalyst clusters towards O, CO, and NO/dx. Our theoretical studies indicate that the reaction energetics are strongly dependent on the size of the clusters as well as the extent of oxidation of the clusters, and the energetics of CO and NO oxidation may be more favorable on the oxidized clusters than metallic clusters because of the weakened adsorption of O, CO and NO. Experimentally, we have observed that the aberration-corrected HA-ADF STEM images of Pt/gg-alumina support show that there are singlemore » atoms, 2-3 atom clusters, and several 10-20 atom clusters of Pt. We also found that the Pt particles size has an impact on CO oxidation initiation and completion temperatures. Substrate effects were studied for equivalent Pt particle size distributions on both gu-alumina and gg-alumina supports. Particle size effects were investigated on Pt/gg-alumina catalysts with Pt particle size distribution centered at 1 nm and 12 nm, respectively. We will describe our results on substrate and Pt particle size effects. In addition, we will also present our study of nano-structural changes in model catalysts on exposure to various reaction conditions.« less
Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia Is Associated With Excessive Administration of Intravenous Maintenance Fluid

In Reply .— The correspondence of Roberts and Hatherill et al1 in response to our study2 raises some important points that we feel require additional clarification. Their focus is on maintenance-fluid administration. Although there are comments in their letters and in the article by Moritz and Ayus3 about needs for sodium, this is a separate issue, and we shall not address it in our reply. In both letters, the central issue is that all hospitalized children who do not have free access to water intake require maintenance-fluid administration. A second issue emphasized by Roberts is that there are sufficiently accurate data to provide guidelines for maintenance-fluid recommendations. Issue of agreement : Humans produce heat during metabolism, and this heat must be lost to maintain a steady state. One of the means to lose heat is by evaporation of water; thus, there is an obligatory need for this form of water loss. Issues for which there is disagreement : 1. Loss of water from the …
New formulations, positivity preserving discretizations and stability analysis for non-newtonian flow models

We propose a class of new discretization schemes for solving the rate-type non-Newtonian constitutive equations. The so-called conformation tensor has been known to be symmetric and positive definite in a large class of constitutive equations. Preserving such a positivity property on the discrete level is believed to be crucially important but difficult. High Weissenberg number problems on numerical instabilities have been often associated with this issue. In this paper, we present various discretization schemes that preserve the positive-definiteness of the conformation tensor regardless of the time and spatial resolutions. Moreover, the robustness of the algorithm has been also demonstrated by the stability analysis using the discrete analogue of energy estimates. New schemes presented in this paper are constructed based upon the newly discovered relationship between the rate-type constitutive equations and the symmetric matrix Riccati differential equations.
Asymptotic analysis of nonselfadjoint operators generated by coupled Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam model

In the current paper, we present a series of results on the asymptotic and spectral analysis of coupled Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam model. The model is well-known in the different branches of the engineering sciences, such as in mechanical and civil engineering (in modelling of responses of the suspended bridges to a strong wind), in aeronautical engineering (in predicting and suppressing flutter in aircraft wings, tails, and control surfaces), in engineering and practical aspects of the computer science (in suppressing bending-torsional flutter of a new generation of hard disk drives, which is expected to pack high track densities (20,000+TPI) and rotate at very high speeds (25,000+RPM)), in medical science (in bio mechanical modelling of bloodcarrying vessels in the body, which are elastic and collapsible). The aforementioned mathematical model is governed by a system of two coupled differential equations and a two parameter family of boundary conditions representing the action of the self-straining actuators. This linear hyperbolic system is equivalent to a single operator evolution equation in the energy space. That equation defines a semigroup of bounded operators and a dynamics generator of the semigroup is our main object of interest. We formulate and proof the following results: (a) the dynamics generator is a nonselfadjoint operator with compact resolvent from the class 𝔖p with p > 1; (b) precise spectral asymptotics for the two-branch discrete spectrum; (c) a nonselfadjoint operator, which is the inverse of the dynamics generator, is a finite-rank perturbation of a selfadjoint operator. The latter fact is crucial for the proof that the root vectors of the dynamics generator form a complete and minimal set. In our forthcoming paper, we will use the spectral results to prove that the dynamics generator is Riesz spectral, which will allow us to solve several boundary and distributed controllability problems via the spectral decomposition method. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alkylpyrazines in the mandibular gland secretions of Ammophila wasps (Hymenoptera: sphecidae)☆

Abstract 1. 1. The chemistry of the mandibular glands of four Nearctic species of sphecid wasps in the genus Ammophila is reported. 2. 2. The alkylpyrazine identified in A. fernaldi and A. procera males and A. nigricans males and females is 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine. 3. 3. There are sex differences in the alkylpyrazines of A. urnaria . Males have 2,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrazine and females have 2,6-dimethyl-3-butylpyrazine.
On the inelastic behavior of solids — Part 1: Twinning

Abstract Recently, Wineman and Rajagopal [1990] “On a Constitutive Theory for Materials Undergoing Microstructural Changes,” Arch. Mech., 42 , 53 and Rajagopal and Wineman [1992] “A Constitutive Equation for Nonlinear Solids which Undergo Deformation Induced Microstructural Changes,” Int. J. Plasticity, 8 , 385, developed a theory that was particularly well suited to describing the inelastic behavior of polymeric materials. Here, we draw upon their ideas and generalize them to include a much larger class of materials. The versatility and efficacy of the theory are illustrated by studying the problem of twinning within the context of the theory. We find that the predictions of the theory are remarkably close — both qualitatively and quantitatively — with the experimental results of Madhava et al. [1972] “Discontinuous Twinning during Essentially Elastic Compression of Steel at 4.2K,” Phil. Mag., 25 (2), 519 and Madhava and Armstrong [1974] “A Constitutive Relation for Deformation Twinning at High Strain Rates,” in Rohde, R.W., Butcher, B.M., Holland, J.R. , and Karnes, C.H. , eds., Metallurgical Effects at High Strain Rates. Plenum, New York, 1974.
A Discrete-Time Model of Electrcally Stimulated Muscle

A model describing the input/output properties of electrically stimulated isometric muscle is developed and experimentally tested. A discrete-time model gives the force output at the times of stimulation during pulse width modulation of recruitment at fixed stimulus amplitudes and periods. Two elements are necessary in the model: a static nonlinear element followed by a linear dynamic element. The static nonlinearity describes the relationship between pulse width and steady-state force. The dynamic properties are described with less than 10 percent error by a second-order discrete-time deterministic autoregressive moving average (DARMA) model. Exponentially weighted recursive least squares methods allow efficient parameter estimation. Model parameters are found to vary systematically with muscle length and stimulus frequency. Tests comparing actual and simulated feedback control of electrically stimulated muscle indicate that the model is adequate for digital controller design for applications in functional electrical stimulation.
High Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Bone Marrow Rescue for High Grade Gliomas of the Brain: A Potential for Improvement in Therapeutic Results

Improvements in the therapy of high grade gliomas have not been achieved since the addition of single agent chemotherapy to operation and radiation therapy in the mid-1970s. The dosages of nitrosourea compounds commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents for malignant gliomas have been limited by the myelotoxicity of the drugs. Autologous bone marrow transplantation offers a means to escalate chemotherapeutic dosages by reversing marrow toxicity. Early studies indicated that complete responses, partial responses, and clinical responses are possible using high dose chemotherapy and autologous marrow rescue. The exact role that this technique will play in the management of malignant gliomas has not yet been determined.
Structure and Activity Associated with Multiple Forms ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe DNA Polymerase δ

DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) isolated fromSchizosaccharomyces pombe (sp) consists of at least four subunits, Pol3, Cdc1, Cdc27, and Cdm1. We have reconstituted the four-subunit complex by simultaneously expressing these polypeptides in baculovirus-infected insect cells. The properties of the purified cloned spPol δ were identical to the native spPol δ isolated fromS. pombe cells. In addition, we also isolated a three-subunit complex containing Pol3, Cdc1, and Cdm1. Both three- and four-subunit complexes required replication factor C and proliferating cell nuclear antigen for DNA replication. However, in the presence of low levels of polymerase complexes, the three-subunit complex was less efficient than the four-subunit complex in supporting DNA replication. The inefficient synthesis of DNA by the three-subunit complex can be remedied by the addition of Cdc27, the subunit missing in the three-subunit complex. Gel filtration analysis demonstrated that the three-subunit complex is a monomer of the heterotrimer (Pol3, Cdc1, and Cdm1) and that the four-subunit complex is a dimer of the heterotetramer (Pol3, Cdc1, Cdc27, and Cdm1), similar to the structure of native spPol δ. We have further shown that Cdc1 and Cdc27 interact to form a heterodimeric complex. Gel filtration studies indicate that the structure of this complex is dimeric. These observations suggest that the Cdc27 subunit may play an important role contributing to the dimerization of Pol δ.
The Spirit and the Bride Revisited: Pentecostalism, Renewal, and the Sense of History

Early Pentecostalism embraced a historical narrative of restorationism that provided an apologetic for Pentecostal revivals by trumpeting the discontinuity with much of Christian tradition. As a counter to this restorationist historical narrative, I argue that early Pentecostalism transmitted a catholic spirituality, which explains not only how it fostered ecclesial renewal in other Christian traditions, but also offers a narrative of continuity with the history of Christianity. This catholic spirituality can be found in the way early Pentecostals fused together eschatological notions of the church as the bride with bridal mysticism to forge a theology of encounter that also offered an implicit renewal understanding of history. This fusion drew upon an eschatology of divine presence in which to encounter God was to live proleptically in the end. Restorationism, consequently, need not be tied to the narrative of discontinuity given in the latter rain, full gospel, and apostolic faith identity markers.
Relationships between motivation and hostility among type A and type B middle-aged men

Abstract Relationships between aspects of personality and the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) were examined in a sample of 60 middle-aged men. TABP classification was determined by the Structured Interview (SI) and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), while aspects of personality functioning were measured by the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Jackson Personality Research Form (PRF). It was hypothesized that Type A men would score higher than Type B men on the motivational drives of need for achievement and need for power, and that there would be proportionately more Type As than Bs displaying the Inhibited Power Motive Syndrome (IPMS). The Aggression and Defendence scales of the PRF were combined to form a measure of hostility (PRF-hostility) and relationships between need for power, hostility, and TABP were examined. Results showed that these motivational variables were not directly related to TABP. However, there was a strong interaction such that Type As high in need for power tended to score highly on PRF-hostility and Type Bs high in need for power tended to rate themselves as low on PRF-hostility. This suggests that need for power may play a role in the expression of hostility, and that this differs for Type A and Type B middle-aged men.
Perforation of saphenous vein graft during coronary stenting: A case report

We report on a case of coronary perforation during stenting of a saphenous vein graft with a biliary stent. Sealing of the perforation was achieved with another biliary stent deployed within the first stent at the site of the perforation, and with prolonged balloon inflation. This case illustrates that vein graft perforation can occur with coronary stenting, and could potentially be treated with prolonged balloon inflation and/or stenting at the site of the first stent. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Universal Scaling of Plasmon Coupling in Metal Nanostructures: Extension from Particle Pairs to Nanoshells

It has been recently shown that the strength of plasmon coupling between a pair of plasmonic metal nanoparticles falls as a function of the interparticle gap scaled by the particle size with a near-exponential decay trend that is universally independent of nanoparticle size, shape, metal type, or medium dielectric constant. In this letter, we extend this universal scaling behavior to the dielectric core-metal shell nanostructure. By using extended Mie theory simulations of silica core-metal nanoshells, we show that when the shift of the nanoshell plasmon resonance wavelength scaled by the solid nanosphere resonance wavelength is plotted against the shell thickness scaled by the core radius, nanoshells with different dimensions (radii) exhibit the same near-exponential decay. Thus, the nanoshell system becomes physically analogous to the particle-pair system, i.e., the nanoshell plasmon resonance results from the coupling of the inner shell surface (cavity) and the outer shell surface (sphere) plasmons over a separation distance essentially given by the metal shell thickness, which is consistent with the plasmon hybridization model of Prodan, Halas, and Nordlander. By using the universal scaling behavior in the nanoshell system, we propose a simple expression for predicting the dipolar plasmon resonance of a silica-gold nanoshell of given dimensions.
How familial is familial tremor?: The genetic epidemiology of essential tremor

Essential tremor (ET) is commonly assumed to be partly genetic. This is due to a seemingly excess aggregation within certain families. There are many families containing more than one member with ET, and some large kindreds with multiple affected individuals. Despite this, the proportion of ET cases with affected family members is not known. Estimates vary from 17 to 100%. Additionally, none of the published studies employed control subjects. Therefore, it is unknown to what extent ET aggregates within families beyond that expected by chance, and the importance of genetic susceptibility in the etiology of ET at the population level has not been established. Additionally, whether or not some clinical subtypes of ET are more likely than others to be influenced by genetic susceptibility is unclear. Some studies suggest that early-onset ET may be familial, although increased awareness and earlier recognition of symptoms is an issue. Although many data support the view that ET susceptibility is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, most studies are kindreds or service-based studies that might favor selection of families with apparent autosomal dominant modes of inheritance. One community-based study suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, but this has not been confirmed in studies of more heterogeneous populations. Further understanding of the extent of familial aggregation, extent of genetic heterogeneity, and mode of inheritance is essential for clinical counseling and for further research aimed at localizing and identifying susceptibility genes.
Effect of functional group structure on the selectivity of low-capacity anion exchangers for monovalent anions

Abstract A number of macroreticular anion-exchange resins of low capacity weere prepared by chloromethylation of XAD-1 under meld conditions and reaction with the appropriate tertiary amine. These resins were then evaluated to determine their relative selectivities for 17 monovalent anions. While the relative affinity of the resins for some anions changes very little as the resin structure is altered, other anions exhibit pronounced changes. Explanations are given as to the probable cause of these effects and the practical implications of using chemical structure as a parameter in ion chromatography are discussed.
Sparse Kernel Clustering of Massive High-Dimensional Data sets with Large Number of Clusters

In clustering applications involving documents and images, in addition to the large number of data points (N) and their high dimensionality (d), the number of clusters (C) into which the data need to be partitioned is also large. Kernel-based clustering algorithms, which have been shown to perform better than linear clustering algorithms, have high running time complexity in terms of N, d and C. We propose an efficient sparse kernel k-means clustering algorithm, which incrementally samples the most informative points from the data set using importance sampling, and constructs a sparse kernel matrix using these sampled points. Each row in this matrix corresponds to a data point's similarity with its p-nearest neighbors among the sampled points (p -- N). This sparse kernel matrix is used to perform clustering and obtain the cluster labels. This combination of sampling and sparsity reduces both the running time and memory complexity of kernel clustering. In order to further enhance its efficiency, the proposed algorithm projects the data on to the top C eigenvectors of the sparse kernel matrix and clusters these eigenvectors using a modified k-means algorithm. The running time of the proposed sparse kernel k-means algorithm is linear in N and d, and logarithmic in C. We show analytically that only a small number of points need to be sampled from the data set, and the resulting approximation error is well-bounded. We demonstrate, using several large high-dimensional text and image data sets, that the proposed algorithm is significantly faster than classical kernel-based clustering algorithms, while maintaining clustering quality.
The effect of matrix microstructure on cyclic response and fatigue behavior of particle- reinforced 2219 aluminum: Part I. room temperature behavior

The low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue behavior and cyclic response of naturally aged and overaged 2219/TiC/15p and unreinforced 2219 Al were investigated using plastic strain-controlled and stress-controlled testing. In addition, the influence of grain size on the particle-reinforced materials was examined. In both reinforced and unreinforced materials, the naturally aged conditions were cyclically unstable, exhibiting an initial hardening behavior followed by an extended region of cyclic stability and ultimately a softening region. The overaged reinforced material was cyclically stable for the plastic strains examined, while the overaged unreinforced material exhibited cyclic hardening at plastic strains greater than 2.5 × 10−4. Decreasing grain size of particle-reinforced materials modestly increased the cyclic flow stress of both naturally aged and overaged materials. Reinforced and unreinforced materials exhibited similar fatigue life behaviors; however, the reinforced and unreinforced naturally aged materials had superior fatigue lives in comparison to the overaged materials. Grain size had no effect on the fatigue life behavior of the particle-reinforced materials. The fatigue lives were strongly influenced by the presence of clusters of TiC particles and exogenous Al3Ti intermetallics.
Global health needs to fill the innovation gap.

In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has struggled to deliver new therapies, especially for diseases that affect the most vulnerable in developing countries. The global health community can fill this vacuum by catalyzing innovative partnerships across academia, government and the private sector, fostering a more rigorous environment for scientific decision making and creating the tools and infrastructure to conduct effective translational research.
SIMT - a privacy preserving Web metrics tool

Consumer metrics for analyzing the success of customer relationship management (CRM) are gaining increasing importance. CRM software packages have become commonplace. However, two major shortcomings exist. First, most software solutions are not offered as a Web service on the Internet. Second, privacy restrictions need to be integrated into an overall framework of success indicators for consumer analysis. Whereas the first aspect can be addressed with standardized developer software for Web services, the second must consider privacy legislation, privacy specifications on Web sites (P3P), and data re-identification problems. To address these problems, we have developed a web service - called SIMT - that automatically adapts CRM indicators to an online retailer's P3P policy. It is based on a declarative specification of privacy constraints, and syntactically extends P3P. This paper presents the prototype and describes how inference problems and legal restrictions have been addressed. The system has been tested on data from a large multi-channel retailer.
Hepatic Hodgkin's disease without involvement of the spleen.

A patient with Hodgkin's disease, who at laparotomy had liver involvement with no evidence of Hodgkin's disease in the spleen, is reported. Rare alternate lymphaticovenous anastomoses exist that may lead to liver involvement in the absence of splenic involvement. Cancer 43:1146–1147, 1979.
Scaling up microbial fuel cells.

The goal of this study was to quantify the relation between the surface area of the current-limiting electrode of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the power density generated by the MFC. Shewanella oneidensis (MR-1) was grown anaerobically in the anodic compartment of an MFC utilizing lactate as the electron donor. Graphite plate electrodes of various sizes were used as anodes. Commercially available air electrodes, composed of manganese-based catalyzed carbon bonded to a current-collecting screen made of platinum mesh, were used as cathodes, and dissolved oxygen was used as the cathodic reactant. The surface area of the cathode was always significantly larger than that of the anode, to ensure that the anode was the current-limiting electrode. The power density generated by the MFC decreased as the surface area of the anode increased, which fits well with the trend we detected comparing various published results. Thus, our findings bring into question the assertion that the overall power density generated ...
How Newspaper Sources Trigger Gender Stereotypes

News stories rely on sources to convey information. Official sources are often titled and typically male. This study outlines how such source cues can trigger gender stereotypes to varying degrees in two experimental studies. When the unofficial source cue offered ambiguous gender information, individual differences in propensity to stereotype were shown. Those people who score high on an ethic of caring were less likely to attribute a gender to the source. Results are explained in terms of processing differences and gender stereotyping.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat

Abstract A preparation of the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat was developed for the study of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (PGNs). PGNs were identified for extracellular single unit recording by their location and by antidromic activation by ventral root stimulation. PGNs could be synaptically activated by stimulation of the dorsal root and spinal pathways. Spontaneous firing was observed in 18% of the PGNs. The average firing rate was 1 Hz with a range of 0.3 to 2 Hz. PGNs (and motoneurons) were visualized by incubating vental roots in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solutions. The location and morphology of PGNs were similar to those reported in studies using adult animals. Primary afferent fibers were visualized by incubating dorsal roots in HRP solutions. Dorsal root projections appeared mature in the neonatal rat. Primary afferents did not appear to project directly to PGNs. It is concluded that PGNs are viable in this preparation and that spinal sympathetic systems are relatively mature in the neonatal rat.
Geochronology of basalts from the ninetyeast ridge and continental dispersion in the eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract Conventional K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar total-fusion and incremental-heating ages from basalts recovered from the Ninetyeast Ridge confirm earlier indication from paleontology of basal sediments that basement crystallization ages increase systematically from south to north. A rate of migration of volcanism of 9.4 ± 0.3 cm/yr best fits the age-distance relationship determined from these basalts. The geometry, distribution of ages, paleomagnetism and geochemistry are most compatible with an origin of the Ninetyeast Ridge by northward movement of the Indian plate over a hotspot near Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean, from mid-Cretaceous to Early Oligocene time. The Ninetyeast Ridge and nearly parallel Chagos-Laccadive Ridge provide an absolute frame of reference for the reconstruction of the eastern Indian Ocean.
New calogenin glycosides from Hoodia gordonii

Ten new pregnane glycosides (1, 3-11) were isolated from organic extracts of aerial parts of Hoodia gordonii, which is sold as an appetite suppressant herbal supplement. The aglycone was identified as calogenin, based on the spectroscopic data of products obtained upon chemical and enzymatic degradation of parent glycoside. The structures of the glycosides were established by chemical degradation studies and extensive spectroscopic techniques that included one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR.
Kant's racial mind-body unions

Eric Voegelin’s writings on the historical development of the concept of race in the early 1930s are important to philosophy today in part because they provide a model upon which scholars can further integrate modern philosophy with the critical philosophy of race. In constructing his history, Voegelin’s methodological orientation depends on the centrality of both Kant’s work and the problem of the mind–body union to the concept of race. This essay asks how one might hold these premises if Kant seems to reject the dominant approach to the mind–body union in the mid-eighteenth century, physical influx, and then go on to publish several essays on race that do not thematize that doctrine in any way. I argue that Kant’s racial union of mind and body cannot be understood as an interaction in space, as his contemporaries had presumed. Rather, the union must be approached as a repetition in time. In this way, Kant’s four racial categories are not merely a part of the mind–body problem, but instead each is a veritable mind–body union. This permits the conclusion that ‘race’, as Kant understood it, is a viable solution to the mind–body problem.
The relationship of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma to ghost cell ameloblastoma of the jaws: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study.

The objective of this investigation was to study the relationship of the ghost cell ameloblastoma (GCA), which is a form of type II calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), to the adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP). HE both tumors grew slowly and were invasive. ACP and COC, and by interpo lation GCA, exhibited similar features with all three antibodies. The ghost cells did not exhibit any immunoreactivity but the adjacent cells stained positively for involucrin. The immunological features of ACP were similar to those reported in ameloblastomas for squamous differentiation. However, because of their rarity, no ameloblastomas exhibiting keratinization, including ghost cells, have yet been studied with these antibodies. We conclude that ACP and GCA are homologous lesions.
Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews’ political status in Europe, 1600–1750

The enduring cliche of the east-west divide obscures the nature of the Jews’ changing political status in Europe: the period 1600–1750 cannot be described using the binary of a progressive “West” and a backward “east.” Rather, Jews in Western Europe developed a new political status of “civic parity” (Holland, England) or “corporate parity” (southern France), while Jews in Eastern Europe, especially in the private towns of magnate estates, similarly acquired a new status of “corporate parity” with Christian burghers. It was in Central Europe that Jews in this period lagged behind: while they gained a form of juridical standing in the Holy Roman Empire, their privileges were largely gained as individuals or collections of individuals. In terms of political status, the period is marked by a tripartite division of progressive west and a progressive east contrasted with a backward Central Europe.
Influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cell proliferation and macromolecular biosynthesis in human cells.

Abstract To elucidate the influence of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC) on proliferation of human cells and macromolecular biosynthetic events associated with the proliferative process, we have examined the following parameters of Δ 9 -THC-treated HeLa S 3 cells grown in suspension culture: (1) exponential population growth, (2) subcellular localization of the drug, (3) protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, (4) composition and metabolism of chromosomal proteins, and (5) chromatin transcription in vitro . Exponentially growing HeLa S 3 cells exhibit a dose-dependent depression in proliferative activity when exposed to concentrations of Δ 9 -THC ranging from 5 to 40 μM. Approximately 9 per cent of the compound added to suspension cultures went into the cells, and of this, approximately 99 per cent was recovered from the cytoplasmic fraction and approximately 1 per cent from the nuclear fraction. The total cellular amount of Δ 9 -THC was calculated to be 1.44 ng/10 3 cells. Treatment of cells with 10–40 μM Δ 9 -THC resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the apparent synthesis of DNA and RNA as well as in the sizes of the radiolabeled intracellular acid-soluble nucleotide precursor pool. Similar results were observed in the protein-synthesizing ability of cells treated with 30–40 μM concentrations of Δ 9 -THC. Template activity in vitro of chromatin was not affected by treatment of the cells with 10–30 μM concentrations of the drug. Polyaclylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of chromosomal proteins pulse labeled with [ 3 H] l -leucine suggests that Δ 9 -THC does not affect the composition, the rates of synthesis, or the turnover of histones and nonhistone chromosomal proteins.
On a commutative non-associative algebra associated with a doubly transitive group

“$Ti = xjxi zz -xi xj for l<i<j<n. Putx~=--x~-xx2-...-~x,. As shown in Lemma 1 of [2], we have x0x0 = (I2 1)x,, and xoxi = x,x0 for 1 < i < 17. Therefore if G is a permutation group on R = {O, 1, 2,..., n), then G acts on A by (.xJc = xi8 for g E G and prcscrves the product of A. Hence G can be embedded in the group Aut(A) of the automorphisms of A. Here Aut(A) is defined as Aut(A)= (a& GL(A)j (xy)“=x”y”,x,yEA}. In Theorem A of 121, the author showed that Aut(A) z x,,+, , the symmetric group of degree N + 1, provided that the characteristic of K (denoted by char(K) henceforth) is zero or greater than n + 1. Recently
Male fitness increases when females are eliminated from gene pool: Implications for the Y chromosome

Because the two sexes share a common gene pool while performing many different biological functions, mutations benefiting one sex may not accumulate due to counter selection in the other sex. In these experiments 99% of a haploid genome of Drosophila melanogaster was constrained to segregate like a male-limited Y chromosome for 41 generations, thereby eliminating potential counter selection in females. The synthetic Y chromosomes rapidly accumulated genetic variation that increased male fitness and decreased female fitness. The survival and fertility of females declined when they were mated to males expressing the synthetic Y chromosomes. These results suggests that opposing selection between the sexes may substantially interfere with sex-specific adaptation. They also demonstrate how intersexual evolutionary conflict can lead to perpetual degeneration of the Y via genetic hitchhiking of deleterious mutations.
Energy absorption in the continuous spectrum of ideal MHD

The relationship between energy absorption and the continuous frequency spectrum of the linearized equations of ideal MHD is investigated. We limit ourselves to incompressible fluid perturbations for which the continuum stems from resonant surfaces where the oscillation frequency equals the local frequency of an Alfven wave. Details of this absorption process are illustrated by obtaining the response of the diffuse sheet pinch to an external current source. Expressions are derived that give the rate at which energy is transferred to the plasma, and show the spatial distribution of the absorbed energy. The results indicate that the absorption is enhanced if the plasma profile has regions of large spatial gradients. This enhanced absorption is a consequence of the presence of surface waves.
The prevalence of later life family concerns in the marriage and family therapy journal literature (1976–1985): A content analysis.

This study assessed the frequency with which the marital and family therapy journal literature focused on problems associated with aging in a family context. Content analysis was used to assess the prevalence of later life family concerns in two leading journals, Family Process and the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, during a 10-year period (1976-1985). Results indicate that neither journal covered later life family issues to any appreciable degree. It is concluded that elders in marital and family relationships constitute a new frontier for the extension and elaboration of family therapy.
The ecological impacts of fragmentation and vegetation removal in Lake Huron's coastal wetlands

Many Great Lakes coastal wetlands that remain today have been heavily fragmented by anthropogenic activities. The rate of fragmentation tends to increase during periods of low lake levels, especially in areas of low-gradient bathymetry where wetland area expands substantially and prompts the desire to dredge channels and groom shorelines. We sampled fish and invertebrates, using fyke nets and dipnets respectively, from wetland fragments paired with either areas where wetland vegetation was mowed or removed completely. Our concurrent studies showed that removal of vegetation by beach grooming and channel dredging created conduits for pelagic water to infiltrate the marsh and disrupt the ambient chemical/physical conditions. Alterations to both fish and macroinvertebrate communities were also evident where a significant amount of vegetation was removed. However, where only enough vegetation was removed to allow for boat access, impacts on fish communities were generally non-detectable. Mowing seemed to impa...
Bacterial meningitis: mechanisms of disease and therapy.

Bacterial meningitis continues to be a serious infectious disease with a high morbidity and mortality in young children. Early recognition and initiation of adequate treatment are the major determinants for a good outcome. Recent advances in our understanding of the host inflammatory response by cytokines may result in the use of new therapeutic strategies. Such modulation of the inflammatory response may reduce the incidence of sequelae and death. The use of steroids as adjunctive therapy in children with bacterial meningitis probably has beneficial effects although the available data are still controversial. Additionally, studies in experimental meningitis models indicate that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies against bacterial products, cytokines and CD18 on leucocytes reduce the extent of the meningeal inflammation. Human studies to evaluate the efficacy of these immune modulators are expected to start soon. However, prevention of bacterial meningitis by conjugate vaccines againstStreptococcus pneumoniae andNeisseria meningitidis will be the most promising development in the next decade.