cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomics of Mature and Immature Olfactory Sensory Neurons

The continuous replacement of neurons in the olfactory epithelium provides an advantageous model for investigating neuronal differentiation and maturation. By calculating the relative enrichment of every mRNA detected in samples of mature mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), immature OSNs, and the residual population of neighboring cell types, and then comparing these ratios against the known expression patterns of >300 genes, enrichment criteria that accurately predicted the OSN expression patterns of nearly all genes were determined. We identified 847 immature OSN-specific and 691 mature OSN-specific genes. The control of gene expression by chromatin modification and transcription factors, and neurite growth, protein transport, RNA processing, cholesterol biosynthesis, and apoptosis via death domain receptors, were overrepresented biological processes in immature OSNs. Ion transport (ion channels), presynaptic functions, and cilia-specific processes were overrepresented in mature OSNs. Processes overrepresented among the genes expressed by all OSNs were protein and ion transport, ER overload response, protein catabolism, and the electron transport chain. To more accurately represent gradations in mRNA abundance and identify all genes expressed in each cell type, classification methods were used to produce probabilities of expression in each cell type for every gene. These probabilities, which identified 9,300 genes expressed in OSNs, were 96% accurate at identifying genes expressed in OSNs and 86% accurate at discriminating genes specific to mature and immature OSNs. This OSN gene database not only predicts the genes responsible for the major biological processes active in OSNs, but also identifies thousands of never before studied genes that support OSN phenotypes.
Low-temperature single-wall carbon nanotubes synthesis: feedstock decomposition limited growth.

We report on the lowest temperature of SWCNT growth using endothermic decomposition of CH4 gas on a specially activated alumina-supported Fe:Mo catalyst. However, the observed lowest growth temperature (560 °C) is higher than that reported previously for exothermic feedstock type. Our observation indicates that the decomposition threshold temperature of the feedstock limits the SWCNT growth. This study also suggests that, by using more active carbon feedstock or somehow facilitating its decomposition, one could enable the synthesis of SWCNT at an even lower temperature.
Computing curricula 2005: and guide

This poster describes a progress to conclusion of the Computing Curricula 2005 (CC2005) report. It demonstrates the status of this work and highlights its salient features. These features include the scope of the computing areas of computer engineering, computer science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering. The poster illustrates the commonalities and differences of these areas and shows some of the outcome expectancies of the graduates from these programs. It also demonstrates a new addition - a "guide" - intended for distribution to high schools throughout the United States and elsewhere. Participants of the poster session would have the opportunity to comment on this guide before it goes public.
Intra-annual growth and mortality of four Populus clones in pure and mixed plantings

Intra-annual growth rates were assessed during 3 years for four Populus clones grown in pure and mixed clonal stands at square spacings of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m in western Washington, USA. Height growth rate peaked in August, except at the 0.5-m spacing where it peaked in July and June in years 2 and 3, respectively. Diameter growth rate generally peaked in June. Seasonal growth patterns in mixed clonal stands, relative to those in pure clonal stands, varied by clone. Following early season moisture stress in year 2, growth of a P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa clone declined significantly relative to three P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa × P. deltoides clones; this trend was most evident at the 0.5-m spacing. During this period of moisture stress, P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa had 11 and 36% mortality in pure and mixed stands, respectively, at the 0.5-m spacing; this clone had no mortality at wider spacings during the same period. Although height rankings among clones shifted during the first growing season, rankings at the end of year 1 were very similar to those at the end of year 3.
Possible phagocytosis by keratinocytes: ultrastructural evidence from the study of human oral mucosa in organ culture.

Abstract Surgical samples of human oral mucosa undergo striking transformations within 24 hr, when maintained in organ culture, at 37 °C, on fibrin foam mats, with 5 per cent CO2 in air as the atmosphere. These transformations include disorganization of the tonofibrillar apparatus, reduction or loss of desmosomes, and loss of the intercellular relationships characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium. Under these conditions, remnants of whole, nucleated cells or fragments of nuclei were observed in membrane-bound vacuoles within keratinocytes. The ingestion of cells or cell fragments by keratinocytes usually resulted in some damage to the cytoplasm immediately adjacent to the phagocytic vacuoles containing the cells or cell fragments. While instances of keratinocyte phagocytosis were rare in the system studied, they, nevertheless, contribute additional support to previous descriptions of keratinocyte phagocyte capability. It also appears, that, while being able to phagocytose and degrade both cells and extracellular products, keratinocytes do so at the partial expense of their own structural integrity.
Research on thin film anticounterfeiting coatings at the National Research Council of Canada

After a brief description of the threats which face the issuers of documents and valuable papers, the concept of thin film anticounterfeiting coatings proposed by the NRCC is explained. The colorimetric considerations which govern the design of such devices are reviewed. Typical coating designs suitable for use in transmission and reflection are discussed. Reflection coatings can be constructed with and without an integral black absorber coating. The need for geometric patterns in the anticounterfeiting coating is explained. Various methods for producing such logos are proposed. Mention is made of the various numerical tools developed for the design and investigation of single films and multilayers, their desensitization to construction errors, and for the investigation of different process control strategies. During the duration of the project, experiments were performed on the optical constants and nonoptical properties of a number of metal and dielectric films considered for use in the anticounterfeiting coatings. These and some of the processes and equipment investigated during the development of a prototype production facility are reviewed. Finally, some security and economic aspects of the devices are considered.
Endothelial cell interactions with granulocytes: tethering and signaling molecules

The adhesion of granulocytes to endothelial cells requires regulated expression of molecules on both the endothelial cell and the granulocyte. These pro-adhesive molecules have diverse structures and mechanisms of expression, and act either to tether the two cells together or as signals that induce activation-dependent adhesion events. Combinations of tethering and signaling molecules regulate endothelial-cell-granulocyte interactions at the endothelial surface.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract Two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy is demonstrated. Non-collinear three-pulse scattering allows selection of electronic coherence order by choice of phase-matching geometry, temporal pulse order, and Fourier transform variables. Detection of the scattered field at the sample allows separation of the real (absorptive and emissive) and imaginary (refractive) contributions to the 2D spectra. The experiments reported here are electronic analogs of the 2D magnetic resonance techniques known as COSY (correlated spectroscopy) and NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) and should allow detection of electronic multiple quantum coherence.
Transport Coefficients of Partially Ionized Helium

Partially ionized He in chemical equilibrium at various pressures and temperatures, deriving transport coefficients with Chapman-Enskog- Burnett method
Defibrillation electrode configurations developed from cardiac mapping that combine biphasic shocks with sequential timing.

Abstract Previous canine mapping studies of the transvenous defibrillation lead configuration of right ventricle (RV) to left R2 patch (P) revealed regions of low potential gradient in the left ventricular apex (A) and the right ventricular outflow tract (O). Thus 16 new lead configurations were tested in eight dogs, which incorporated electrodes in A and O to raise the gradient. When used in conjunction with two sequential biphasic shocks, the average defibrillation threshold energy from these configurations was 57% lower than that produced by a single biphasic shock delivered through RV→P (phase 1 cathode→anode, p
Direct Microbial Reduction and Subsequent Preservation of Uranium in Natural Near-Surface Sediment

The fate of uranium in natural systems is of great environmental importance. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) revealed that U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) in shallow freshwater sediment at an open pit in an inactive uranium mine. Geochemical characterization of the sediment showed that nitrate, Fe(III), and sulfate had also been reduced in the sediment. Observations of the sediment particles and microbial cells by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, coupled with elemental analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy, revealed that uranium was concentrated at microbial cell surfaces. U(IV) was not associated with framboidal pyrite or nanometer-scale iron sulfides, which are presumed to be of microbial origin. Uranium concentrations were not detected in association with algal cells. Phylogenetic analyses of microbial populations in the sediment by the use of 16S rRNA and dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene sequences detected organisms belonging to the families Geobacteraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae. Cultivated members of these lineages reduce U(VI) and precipitate iron sulfides. The association of uranium with cells, but not with sulfide surfaces, suggests that U(VI) is reduced by the enzymatic activities of microorganisms. Uranium was highly enriched (760 ppm) in a subsurface black layer in unsaturated sediment sampled from a pit which was exposed to seasonal fluctuations in the pond level. XANES analysis showed that the majority of uranium in this layer was U(IV), indicating that uranium is preserved in its reduced form after burial.
A general approach for investigating enzymatic pathways and substrates for ubiquitin-like modifiers.

Abstract Ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) contain ubiquitin homology domains and can covalently modify target proteins in a manner similar to ubiquitylation. In this study, we revealed a general proteomic approach to elucidate the enzymatic pathways and identify target proteins for three UBLs: SUMO-2, SUMO-3, and NEDD8. Expression plasmids containing the cDNAs of Myc/6× His doubly-tagged processed or non-conjugatable forms of these UBLs were constructed. The constructed vectors were then used to transfect HEK 293 Tet-On cells, and stable cell lines expressing these UBLs and their mutants were established. The epitope-tagged proteins were purified by immunoprecipitation under native conditions or by affinity chromatography on nickel resin under denaturing conditions. Purified proteins were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Most of the E1-like activating enzymes, E2-like conjugating enzymes and the majorities of the known target as well as some previously unreported proteins for SUMO-2, SUMO-3, and NEDD8 pathways were identified.
Critical nuclear charges for N‐electron atoms

One-particle model with a spherically-symmetric screened Coulomb potential is proposed to describe the motion of a loosely bound electron in a multielectron atom when the nuclear charge, which is treated as a continuous parameter, approaches its critical value. The critical nuclear charge, Z , is the minimum charge necessary to bind c N electrons. Parameters of the model are chosen to meet known binding energies of the neutral atom and the isoelectronic negative ion. This model correctly describes the asymptotic behavior of the binding energy in the vicinity of the critical charge, gives accurate estimation of the critical charges in comparison with ab initio calculations for small atoms, and is in full agreement with the prediction of the statistical theory of large atoms. Our results rule out the stability of doubly charged atomic negative ions in the gas phase. Moreover, the critical charge obeys the proposed inequality, N y 2 F Z F c N y 1. We show that in the presence of a strong magnetic field many atomic dianions become stable. Q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 75: 533)542, 1999
Measurement of the surface inductance and penetration depth of superconducting aluminum

Pure superconducting Al wire surface inductance measurement as function of temperature, noting penetration depth value
Hierarchical geometric constraints for building design

Research and applications in parametric manipulation of geometry through constraints has been applied to the description of individual parts, and to the configuration of rigid parts within an assembly. Manipulating the geometry of an assembly such as a building often requires accounting for interaction between constraints governing shape and those governing location. Most approaches use a nonhierarchical organization of constraints which makes it difficult to account for interaction of shape and location constraints. The paper describes a hierarchical constraint approach and implementation which addresses these issues.
Stability Determination in Turning Using Persistent Homology and Time Series Analysis

This paper describes a new approach for ascertaining the stability of autonomous stochastic delay equations in their parameter space by examining their time series using topological data analysis. We use a nonlinear model that describes the tool oscillations due to self-excited vibrations in turning. The time series is generated using Euler-Maruyama method and then is turned into a point cloud in a high dimensional Euclidean space using the delay embedding. The point cloud can then be analyzed using persistent homology. Specifically, in the deterministic case, the system has a stable fixed point while the loss of stability is associated with Hopf bifurcation whereby a limit cycle branches from the fixed point. Since periodicity in the signal translates into circularity in the point cloud, the persistence diagram associated to the periodic time series will have a high persistence point. This can be used to determine a threshold criteria that can automatically classify the system behavior based on its time series. The results of this study show that the described approach can be used for analyzing datasets of delay dynamical systems generated both from numerical simulation and experimental data.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Carotid sacrifice with a single Penumbra occlusion device: a feasibility study in a swine model

Introduction Carotid sacrifice is a valuable tool in the treatment of select vascular lesions. Traditional coil embolization as the primary means of carotid sacrifice can be expensive, with high radiation exposure. We investigated the feasibility of a novel hybrid coil, the Penumbra occlusion device (POD), for carotid sacrifice in a swine model. Methods A total of eight common carotid artery sacrifices were performed in fully heparinized pigs under fluoroscopic guidance. A single POD device was deployed within each vessel, and intermittent follow-up angiography was performed to assess flow. Results Complete carotid occlusion was achieved in all cases with a single POD (time range 2–15 min) without any coil migration or intraprocedural complications. Once the anchor zone was stable, no distal migrations were observed during either proximal soft coil packing or during hand injected angiography. Complete occlusion was verified between 2 and 15 min following POD deployment. Conclusions Carotid artery sacrifice using a novel POD device is safe and effective, allowing for reduced radiation and material costs compared with any other described endovascular technique.
Effect of ouabain on the meiotic maturation of stage IV–V Xenopus laevis oocytes

Full-grown stage VI Xenopus laevis oocytes (1,200 to 1,300 micron) respond to progesterone stimulation by undergoing a series of physiological and morphological changes that are referred to as meiotic maturation. Oocytes in earlier stages of oogenesis (I through V) do not undergo these changes and remain in prophase arrest when exposed to this steroid. We have found that oocytes ranging from 850 micron (stage IV) to 1,000 micron (stage V) are capable of responding to progesterone under the appropriate conditions. Oocytes greater than or equal to 850 micron in diameter underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) after 10-12 hr of exposure to progesterone when ouabain was added to the medium at a concentration greater than 2.5 X 10(-6) M. Under this culture condition, progesterone was now able to induce a 0.3- to 0.4-unit increase in the intracellular pH of stage IV-V oocytes, a 4- to 5-fold increase in 40s ribosomal protein S-6 phosphorylation, and a 2.3-fold increase in their rate of protein synthesis. All of these physiological changes are characteristic of full-grown stage VI oocytes undergoing meiotic maturation. In addition, we have found that oocytes greater than or equal to 750 micron are capable of amplifying maturation promoting factor (MPF) in their cytoplasm leading to GVBD. Therefore, stage IV-V Xenopus oocytes have the potential for undergoing meiotic maturation, but they are blocked at a point in prophase that appears to be alleviated by the combination of progesterone and ouabain.
Reflective membrane optical scintillator: design and characterization.

Amplitude distributions produced by a novel reflective membrane optical scintillator (RMOS) showed excellent statistical agreement with experimental field data taken from actual atmospheric measurements. Laboratory simulated atmospheric turbulence using RMOS was found to have a log–normal amplitude distribution. This included two test cases representing subsets of real weak turbulence and moderate turbulence regimes.
DNA Repair Mechanisms and Their Biological Roles in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Research into the complex genetic underpinnings of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is entering a new era with the arrival of site-specific genome engineering. Previously restricted only to model systems but now expanded to most laboratory organisms, and even to humans for experimental gene therapy studies, this technology allows researchers to rapidly generate previously unattainable genetic modifications. This technological advance is dependent on DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR), specifically homologous recombination in the case of Plasmodium. Our understanding of DSBR in malaria parasites, however, is based largely on assumptions and knowledge taken from other model systems, which do not always hold true in Plasmodium. Here we describe the causes of double-strand breaks, the mechanisms of DSBR, and the differences between model systems and P. falciparum. These mechanisms drive basic parasite functions, such as meiosis, antigen diversification, and copy number variation, and allow the parasite to continually evolve in the contexts of host immune pressure and drug selection. Finally, we discuss the new technologies that leverage DSBR mechanisms to accelerate genetic investigations into this global infectious pathogen.
Synthesis, radiotechnetium labeling and biodistribution of 4-phosphoryl-L-proline.

Abstract Synthesis of the compound 4-phosphory]- l -proline was accomplished by using hydroxyproline as the starting material. The substance was found to bind reduced 99 m Tc. When administered intravenously to mice and rabbits, the 99 m Tc-complex was predominantly excreted in the urine with significant deposition in bone.
Recent progress in atomic and molecular collisions and the interface with electronic structure theory

Some examples of areas in atomic and molecular collisions where there has been recent progress—in theory, in computations, or in experimental work—are discussed, and the new needs from electronic structure theory are stressed.
Detecting cumulative abnormal volume: a comparison of event study methods

A growing body of research in accounting and finance examines the reaction of trading volume to new information. The typical ‘volume event study’ employs a single-index market model borrowed mutatis mutandis from abnormal returns event studies. In this article, several alternative event study test statistics are compared using Brown and Warner (1985) style simulations, i.e. random samples of securities are drawn from the data set provided by the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and the empirical distributions of alternative test statistics are compared. In contrast to the extant literature, these simulations show that estimated generalized least squares with first- and second-order autoregressive structures do not offer material improvement over ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. A first-order moving average structure also does not offer material improvement. These simulations also show that test statistics that are robust with regard to cross-sectional heteroskedasticity are essential ...
Peppermint relay intercropping with rye.

ABSTRACT If practicable, relay intercropping of peppermint (Mentha piperita, L) may have many desirable effects for decreasing the amount of agrichemicals used for weed and insect control, as well as reducing nitrate leaching by removing excess soil nitrates prior to the rainy winter season. A field of established peppermint was intercropped with rye (Secale cereale, L) after harvest to test the peppermint's ability to perform with winter competition in an arid climate. In early spring the peppermint was taller in the rye treatments than in the control. Rye and peppermint were removed at “ground level” and at the “300-mm level” in two of the treatments in late spring. These were compared to a treatment with no rye removed or “no-cut,” and to a no-rye control. The 300-mm level treatment produced significantly lower peppermint dry matter yields. There were no significant differences in peppermint oil yield between any of the treatments and the no-rye control. Oil constituent data suggest that the 300-mm lev...
Energy-efficient synthesis of periodic task systems upon identical multiprocessor platforms

Multiprocessor implementations of real-time systems tend to be more energy-efficient than uniprocessor implementations. However several factors, including the nonexistence of optimal multiprocessor scheduling algorithms, combine to prevent all the computing capacity of a multiprocessor platform from being guaranteed available for executing the real-time workload. In this paper, this tradeoff - that while increasing the number of processors results in lower energy consumption for a given computing capacity, the fraction of the capacity of a multiprocessor platform that is guaranteed available for executing real-time work decreases as the number of processors increases - is explored in detail. Algorithms are presented for synthesizing multiprocessor implementations of hard-real-time systems comprised of independent periodic tasks in such a manner that the energy consumed by the synthesized system is minimized.
Halide etching for tin EUV optics cleaning

Tin (Sn) has the advantage of delivering higher conversion efficiency than xenon. However, the use of a condensable fuel in a lithography system leads to some additional challenges for maintaining a satisfactory lifetime of the EUV optics. A critical issue leading to decreased mirror lifetime is the buildup of debris on the surface of the primary mirror optics that comes from the use of Sn in GDPP or LPP. This leads to a decreased reflectivity from the added material thickness and increased surface roughness that contributes to scattering. Reactive ion etching (RIE) with halide ions is one potential solution to this problem. Encouraging results were obtained using argon/chlorine and other gas mixtures in a PlasmaTherm SLR-770 inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etcher at the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory at the University of Illinois. The results showed that at low sample bias tin could be etched at a rate of 278 nm/min with a selectivity of tin removal rate to SiO2 removal rate over 9000. However, the use of the etcher at a multi-user facility did not provide adequate control over experimental parameters and reproducible cleanliness of the system. Moreover, the simulating the real optics in the PlasmaTherm SLR-770 was not allowed. Hence, a collector mock-up which can simulate the real collector optics was constructed. This work presents results for etch rate and selectivity for halide etching of tin in the Plasma-Material Interaction Group's new reactive ion etching experiment where control over important parameters such as gas mixture, RF power, sample bias, and sample temperature; as well as overall system cleanliness is maintained. The effect of these parameters on etch rate and selectivity will be presented. In addition, the results of our recipes in the optics mock-up will be shown.
An Approximate Time-Delay Analysis for Packet-Switching Communication Networks

A technique is presented for the derivation of approximate average packet time-delay formulas in a packet-switching store-and-forward network. The approximation technique appropriately incorporates arrival and departure packet interferences with the recent queueing results in a noninterfered communication path. Simulation results, for basic flow configurations, show the approximate timedelay function to constitute a very close lower bound over wide range of traffic intensities. The resulting average time-delay approximation when a Poisson assumption is made, is shown to constitute an upper bound. A procedure for approximate network time-delay analysis is then presented.
Vibrational assignments and force field calculations for trimethylarsenic dichloride, dibromide and their deuterated analogs

Abstract Raman and infrared spectra have been recorded for trimethylarsenic dichloride, dibromide and their deuterated analogs and vibrational assignments were made for the skeletal modes of these compounds. The spectra of the dichloride and its deuterated analog were interpreted in terms of a trigonal bipyramidal structure, D 3 h symmetry, whereas the spectra of the dibromides were interpreted using the ionic model, [(CH 3 ) 3 AsBr] + Br − , having C 3 v symmetry. Using a generalized valence force potential field, normal coordinate analyses data were obtained for the dichloride and the dibromide. Included in this data are potential energy distributions for a set of symmetry coordinates. The force fields obtained for the dichloride and dibromide were used to calculate frequencies for the corresponding deuterated compounds. The discrepancies between the observed and calculated frequencies for the deuterated compounds are discussed in terms of the assumptions made.
Analysis of expression and promoter function of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in DLD-1 cells and monkey hepatocytes

Upon cytokine induction, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and enzyme activity in DLD-1 cells reached maximal levels at 6 and 8 h, respectively. A 3.7 kb 5'-flanking region of the human iNOS gene was used to prepare luciferase reporter constructs. Upon transfection of these constructs into DLD-1 cells and primary monkey hepatocytes, significant promoter activity was detected in the absence of cytokines, and this activity decreased with successive truncations of the human iNOS promoter. No increase in luciferase activity was observed after cytokine treatment, in spite of the fact that nuclear run-on analysis indicated that iNOS induction in DLD-1 cells was due, in part, to an increase in transcription rate. These results suggest that 3.7 kb of 5'-flanking DNA do not contain all of the elements required for transcriptional induction of the human iNOS gene. This differs from the mouse iNOS gene for which 1.7 kb of 5'-flanking DNA contain most or all of the elements that control iNOS expression in mouse macrophages. Thus, important cell- and species-specific mechanisms may exist for the control of iNOS expression.
Where to from here for ASD and Anxiety? Lessons Learned from Child anxiety and the Issue of DSM‐5

In this commentary, I provide additional areas of focus in moving forward with understanding and helping those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and anxiety. Many of these issues have been experienced by those in the child anxiety realm as well, and so insights and findings from that field seem pertinent. Although there are many topics relevant to the study of anxiety in those with ASD, I briefly highlight several that are particularly pressing, including the downward and lateral extensions of anxiety findings from the typically developing literature, the use of multiple informants in assessment, the consideration of age and intellectual functioning in development and diagnosis, and the potential impact from the proposed revisions in DSM-5.
Gait Disorders in Older Adults

Both aging and diseases that are more prevalent with aging affect how older adults walk. This review addresses the evaluation and treatment of gait disorders in older adults. The focus is on comfortable gait, the most common clinically evaluated aspect of walking. GAIT AND DISABILITY From 8 to 19% of noninstitutionalized older adults have difficulty walking or require the assistance of another person or special equipment to walk. J,2 Walking disability increases with age. For example, 6% of female East Boston respon­ dents aged 65 to 69, compared with 38% of those aged 85 and older, need assistance in walking.:' Limitations in walk­ ing can be seen in as many as 63% of nursing home resi­ dents." In older adults with diseases such as arthritis, 35% admit to difficulty in walking one-quarter mile:' Measures such as gait speed provide an index of func­ tional status. Even in those who report no difficulty in walk­ ing one-half mile, a timed 8-foot walk, in addition to other lower-extremity function tests, ultimately predicts mobility­ related and ADL disability at 4-year follow-up." Self-selected gait speed predicts self-perceived physical function, as mea­ sured by the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), better than other physical measures such as balance and grip strength, partic­ ularly among frail nursing home residents." Prolonged 50­ foot walk time relates to increased arthritis activity, although improvements in symptoms and signs predict walk time im­ provement inconsistently.v" Walking speed is particularly important for crossing traffic intersections safely. In a 1994 study, 27% of 592 older adult pedestrians were unable to reach the opposite curb before the light changes to allow cross traffic to enter the intersection.!" Finally, faster gait speed on admission predicts success in rehabilitation, 11 and slow gait speed on discharge predicts institutionalization. 12 Fifty-four percent of those requiring skilled care compared with none of those discharged home or to nonskilled levels of care have discharge walking speeds below 0.15 m/sec.'? Gait speed assessment is particularly useful in patients with cardiopulmonary disease.Pv'" Self-paced 6-minute walking distance discriminates between NYHA levels of con­ gestive heart failure l5-17 and predicts hospitalization rates
The Path to Aversive Interventions: Four Mothers' Perceptions

An interview was conducted with each of four mothers to gain an understanding of their perceptions of the educational and behavioral history of their children leading up to placement in a residential facility that used aversive interventions, including contingent electric skin shock. Semistructured instruments were used to understand each family's “story.” These mothers, each of whom indicated wanting to remove their child from the facility, reported about their experiences prior to placement in the facility and their experiences while their child was in residence at the facility. In general, these mothers felt there was little support for their child or themselves throughout the years prior to the placement; they had minimal participation or say in their child's programs, and they had no real choice in their child's ultimate placement in the facility that used aversive interventions. Mothers also reported experiencing little choice (along with significant coercion) regarding their child's program at this...
THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE: EVOLUTION, USAGE AND FUTURE ADAPTABILITY

Injury Scaling as a means for classifying the extent of trauma has a long histroy. This paper describes the origin, development and usage of the Abbreviated Injury Scale. Major revisions to AIS-80 are discussed in detail. Both the value of the AIS as a research tool and its limitations are presented. The critical need for training AIS users in proper application is addressed. The future role of the Committee on Injury Scaling is explained, and three potential uses of the AIS are suggested as priority items. The paper, accompanied by a comprehensive bibliography, serves as a basic state of the art reference for physicians and others researchers in the traffic medicine and highway safety field.
A method for measuring magnetic fields in superconductors

Es wird eine Methode zur Messung magnetischer Felder im Innern von supraleitenden Substanzen beschrieben. Die FeldstarkeH(x) an der Stellex innerhalb eines Supraleiters wird dadurch bestimmt, das man die Drehung der Winkelkorrelation einerγ-γ-Kaskade beobachtet. Das dabei benotigte radioaktive Isotop wird tragerfrei durch eine Verdampfungstechnik in die zu untersuchende Substanz eingebaut. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode wurde der Meissner-Effekt in Blei beobachtet. Die dabei auftretenden Schwierigkeiten werden diskutiert.
Ribonucleotide reductase in human bone marrow: Lack of stimulation by 5′-deoxyadenosyl B12

Abstract Assays carried out with B12 deficient human bone marrow do not support a participation of 5′-deoxyadenosyl B12 in the ribonucleotide reductase reaction in man. Hydroxyurea was found to inhibit this enzyme. The human material also resembles the ribonucleotide reductase from E. coli in its substrate requirements.
Volatile composition in raspberry cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest determined by stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Twenty-nine volatile compounds in ‘Chilliwack’, ‘Tulameen’, ‘Willamette’, ‘Yellow Meeker’, and ‘Meeker’ raspberries were quantified using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) paired with gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Good correlation coefficients were obtained with most aroma-active compounds in raspberry, with quantification limits of 1 µg/kg. However, poor recoveries were observed for raspberry ketone and zingerone. Quantitative data showed that volatile concentrations varied for different cultivars. Large variations for α-ionone, β-ionone, geraniol, linalool, and (Z)-3-hexenol were observed in different raspberry cultivars. In addition, the volatile compositions in ‘Meeker’ raspberry grown at different locations also varied. The chiral isomeric ratios of raspberry ketone, α-ionone, α-pinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, δ-octalactone, δ-decalactone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol were studied using a CyclosilB column. α-Ionone, α-pinene, δ-octalactone, and δ-decalactone had strong chiral isomeri...
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RADIATION AND VISCOUS LOSS IN A FLUID LOADED FLEXURAL PLATE WAVE SENSOR

Abstract In this paper a study of radiation and viscous losses in a fluid loaded Flexural Plate Wave (FPW) sensor is presented. Previous to this study, it was believed that supersonic radiation was the dominant mechanism of damping in FPW devices. However, because no previous theory had been developed to model finite length effects, this belief was never challenged. In this paper it will be shown that the dominant mechanism of damping cannot only be due to supersonic radiation, but also to a fluid/structure resonance which enhances viscous loss. The equations of motion for a single port FPW sensor plate are derived and coupled to the equations of motion for a Newtonian fluid. These coupled equations are solved by using a wave number transform approach. The resulting solution is comprised of terms derived by Wenzel, plus additional terms representing diffracted wave dynamics. It is shown that significant viscous damping occurs when a resonance involving diffracted wave dynamics is excited.
The NOAA nitrous oxide standard scale for atmospheric observations

[1] A new nitrous oxide (N2O) calibration scale has been developed for atmospheric observations. The NOAA-2006 N2O scale is based on gravimetrically prepared compressed gas standards. This scale supercedes the NOAA-2000 scale, which was accepted by the community of experts within the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch program (GAW) as the GAW reference standard. The new scale is defined by thirteen “daughter” standards with dry air mole fractions ranging from 261–371 parts-per-billion (nmol mol−1, ppb). These were derived from four part-per-million (mmol mol−1, ppm) level “parents”. Standards were evaluated using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The daughter standards are internally consistent with a standard deviation of residuals of 0.33 ppb, and there is essentially no detectable difference among “cousins” (standards prepared from different parents). The NOAA-2006 scale is 0.19 ppb lower than the NOAA-2000 scale at 320 ppb. The global mean N2O mixing ratio (dry air mole fraction), calculated from in situ observations at five monitoring sites was 318.46 ppb in 2004 on the new scale. The NOAA-2006 scale compares well with other scales based on comparisons of compressed gas standards. The NOAA-2006 scale is, on average, 0.23% higher than that defined by NIST Standard Reference Materials 2608 and 2609, and an average of 0.01% lower than the Scripps Institution of Oceanography SIO-98 scale over the range 298–319 ppb.
Genetic control of macromolecular synthesis during development of an ascidian: Ascidia nigra.

During early tunicate development, there are two periods of rapid protein synthesis. The first begins shortly after fertilization and continues until about the four cell stage, the second begins at gastrulation. Only the second increase in the rate of protein synthesis is inhibited by actinomycin-D. In addition to the initial high rate of synthesis there is some protein synthesis throughout early development which is insensitive to treatment with actinomycin-D. The tunicate embryo thus shows two kinds of genomic control during development. It is suggested that one of them operates at the level of the synthesis of new messenger RNA, and the other at the level of translation of already existing, stable, messenger RNA. This dichotomy of regulatory mechanisms is similar to that occurring during sea urchin development. It is also shown that RNA synthesis first begins around the four cell stage in the Ascidian embryo and that this synthesis is sensitive to treatment with actinomycin-D. It is postulated that this early synthesis of RNA accounts for the difference between mosaic and regulative development.
Detection and estimation of squalene in leaves.

SQUALENE, C30H50, was discovered in the liver oils of squaloid sharks by Tsujimoto1 and later found in olive oil by Thorbjarnarson and Drummond2. Values as high as 708 mgm. per 100 gm. have been reported by Fitelson3 with much lower values, 5–28 mgm., in several other vegetable oils. More recently, Fuhrmann4 reported a squalene content of 200 mgm. per 100 gm. in olive oil.
Deduction, inference and illation

From the standpoint of the theory of medicine, a formulation is given of three types of reasoning used by physicians. The first is deduction from probability models (as in prognosis or genetic counseling for Mendelian disorders). It is a branch of mathematics that leads to predictive statements about outcomes of individual events in terms of known formal assumptions and parameters. The second type is inference (as in interpreting clinical trials). In it the arguments from replications of the same process (‘data’) lead to conclusions about the parameters of a system, without calling into question either the probabilistic model or the criteria of evidence. The third is illation (as in the elucidation of symptoms in a patient). It is a process whereby, in the light of the total evidence and the conclusions from the other types of reasoning, one may modify, expand, simplify or demolish a conceptual framework proposed for deductions, and modify the nature of the evidence sought, the criteriology, the axioms, and the surmised complexity of the scientific theory. (The process of diagnosis as applied to a patient may in extreme cases lead to the discovery of an entirely new disease with its own, quite new, set of diagnostic criteria. This course cannot be accommodated inside either of the other two types of reasoning.) Illation has something of the character of Kuhn's ‘scientific revolution’ in physics; but it differs in that it is the nature, not the degree or frequency of change that distinguishes it from Kuhn's ‘normal science.’
The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Stroke: Cognitive, Behavioral and Emotional Disorders following Vascular Brain Injury

This second edition covers the range of neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with stroke, including cognitive, emotional and behavioural disorders such as depression, anxiety and psychosis. There is growing recognition among a wide range of clinicians and allied healthcare staff that post-stroke neuropsychiatric syndromes are common and serious. Such complications can have a negative impact on recovery and even survival; however, there is now evidence suggesting that pre-emptive therapeutic intervention in high-risk patient groups can prevent the initial onset of the conditions. This opportunity for primary prevention marks a huge advance in the management of this patient population.
Ontogeny of drinking behavior of preweanling rats with lateral preoptic damage.

Abstract Male (N = 9) and female (N = 7) infant albino rats sustained bilateral lateral preoptic area (LPO) destruction on the tenth day of life. During development and as adults, these brain-damaged rats were subjected to repeated testing of drinking behaviors in response to cellular and extracellular dehydration. Immediately following LPO destruction the pups ceased suckling and most rats required tube-feeding to maintain life; however, all pups were maintaining body weight through voluntary suckling and/or feeding-drinking by 20–21 days of age. Daily water intakes were elevated from 30–42 days of age, following which intakes decreased to control volumes from 43–160 days of age. Brain damaged rats had attenuated water intakes in response to hypertonic saline injection, however these rats were hyperdipsic in response to water deprivation, polyethylene glycol injection and food deprivation treatments. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the LPO contains osmoreceptors for drinking behavior, and the present results suggest that such osmoreceptors may be functional by the tenth day of life for rats.
Wide-Line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Sulfur-33 in Minerals

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 33S in solid samples were obtained for the first time. Although the natural abundance of 33S is quite low (0.74 percent), good signals were obtained for sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS). In addition, separate signals were obtained for the first time for a binary mixture of sulfur compounds (sulfur dissolved in liquid CS2).
Anthracycline antibiotics in cancer therapy. Focus on drug resistance

30 years ago an anthracycline antibiotic was shown to have antineoplastic activity. This led to the development of well over 1000 analogues with a vast spectrum of biochemical characteristics. Many biological actions have been described. The original anthracyclines are active against many types of cancer and are an integral part of several curative combinations. They are ineffective against other tumours. Although some analogues show an altered spectrum of activity or an improved therapeutic index relative to the older agents, it is not clear that cardiotoxicity can be totally avoided with these agents. Primary and secondary resistance to anthracyclines remain major clinical problems. Pharmacokinetic studies have been of limited help in explaining this. Overexpression of a surface-membrane permeability glycoprotein (Pgp) was identified in ovarian cancer of patients who had clinical multidrug resistance in 1985. This led the way for the discovery of a number of resistance mechanisms in vitro. Some of these have been found in more than 1 type of cell line, and more than 1 mechanism may exist in a single cell. Additional resistance proteins have been identified, qualitative and quantitative alterations of topoisomerase II have been described, and some mechanisms in other systems have not yet been identified. Some of these may prove to be important in clinical drug resistance. Drugs such as calcium antagonists and cyclosporin, studied initially for their ability to block the Pgp pump, appear to be heterogeneous in this capacity and may have additional sites of action. It will be critical for clinical studies to define the precise resistance mechanism(s) that must be reversed. To date this has been difficult, even in trials ostensibly dealing with the original Pgp. Liposomes can potentially alter toxicity and target drug delivery to specific sites. In addition, they may permit the use of lipophilic drugs that would otherwise be difficult to administer systemically. Resistant tumours may be sensitive to anthracyclines delivered by liposomes. To reduce cardiac toxicity, administering doxorubicin (adriamycin) by slow infusion through a central-venous line should be considered whenever feasible. Monitoring of cardiac ejection fraction and the use of endomyocardial biopsy will permit patients to be treated safely after they reach the dose threshold at which heart failure begins to be a potential risk. A number of structurally modified anthracyclines with the potential advantages of decreased cardiotoxicity and avoidance of multidrug resistance mechanisms are entering clinical trials. Meanwhile, the vast weight of clinical experience leaves doxorubicin as a well tolerated and effective choicc for most potentially anthracycline-sensitive tumours.
CBR-DFMA: A Case-Based System Used to Assembly Part Design in the Early Design Stage

Many conflicting issues exist between product design and manufacturing department. In the early design stage, designers often do not have enough expertise to successfully address all these issues. This results in a product design with a low level of assemblability and manufacturability. Hence, an intelligent decision support system is needed for early design stages to improve a design. This paper proposed a web-based intelligent decision support system, CBR-DFMA, connecting with a case base, database and knowledge base. Early experimental results indicate that potential design problems can be detected in advance, design expertise can be effectively disseminated and effective training is offered to designer by employing this system.Copyright © 2006 by ASME