cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective evaluation of adverse drug interactions in the emergency department.

Study objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors of clinically relevant adverse drug interactions occurring in emergency department patients. Design: This report describes the drug interactions identified in an emergency population. Patients' drug regimens were evaluated prospectively at the time of the emergency evaluation. Setting: University hospital ED. Type of participants: Convenience sample of 341 patients. Interventions: Patients' medications on arrival at the ED (current medications) and medications initiated in the ED were entered into Hansten's computer-based drug interaction program to identify potential drug interactions. All potential drug interactions were brought to the attention of the attending emergency physician, whose subsequent actions were noted. Clinically relevant interactions were determined by a physician panel based on the ED attendings' actions, set criteria, and a review of hospital charts and four-week telephone follow-up of patients with potential drug interactions. Measurements and main results: Three hundred forty patients were enrolled. One hundred thirty-five potential drug interactions were identified in 61 patients. Among these 135 potential drug interactions and 61 patients, we identified 20 clinically relevant interactions in 15 patients. The incidence of clinically relevant interactions was significantly higher ( χ 2 = 3.95, P = .047) among current medication (9.7%) than medication added in the ED (3.1%). Clinically relevant interaction from both current and ED-initiated medication was associated with taking three or more medications on ED arrival ( P = .016 and .045, respectively). Multiple regression showed age of 60 years or older to be the sole predictor of clinically relevant interaction among current medication ( P = .05). Conclusion: Clinically relevant adverse drug interaction was significantly less from medication administered or prescribed in the ED than from current medication.
Presolar stardust in meteorites : recent advances and scientific frontiers

Grains of stardust that formed in stellar outflows prior to the formation of the solar system survive intact as trace constituents of primitive meteorites. The presolar origin of the grains is indicated by enormous isotopic ratio variations compared to solar system materials. Identified presolar phases include diamond, silicon carbide, graphite, silicon nitride, corundum, spinel, hibonite, titanium oxide, and, most recently, silicates. Sub-grains of refractory carbides (e.g. TiC), and Fe^Ni metal have also been observed within individual presolar graphite grains. Isotopic compositions indicate that the grains formed in red giants, asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, supernovae and novae; thus they provide unique insights into the evolution of and nucleosynthesis within these environments. Some of the isotopic variations also reflect the chemical evolution of the galaxy and can be used to constrain corresponding models. Presolar grain microstructures provide information about physical and chemical conditions of dust formation in stellar environments; recent studies have focused on graphite grains from supernovae as well as SiC and corundum from AGB stars. The survival of presolar grains in different classes of meteorites has important implications for early solar system evolution. Recent analytical developments, including resonance ionization mass spectrometry, high spatial resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and site-selective ion milling, should help solve many outstanding problems but are likely to also introduce new surprises. 5 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Captures of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Nontarget Insects in BioLure and Torula Yeast Traps in Hawaii

MultiLure traps were deployed in a Hawaiian orchard to compare the attraction of economically important fruit flies and nontarget insects to the three-component BioLure and torula yeast food lures. Either water or a 20% propylene glycol solution was used to dissolve the torula yeast or as capture fluid in BioLure traps. Torula yeast in water was more attractive than BioLure for male and female Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and as attractive for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the addition of propylene glycol significantly inhibited the attractiveness of torula yeast. The known synergistic effect of propylene glycol with BioLure, resulting in increased captures of Anastrepha flies, was not observed with Bactrocera. Nontarget Drosophilidae, Neriidae, Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae were more strongly attracted to BioLure, and both lures collected Chloropidae equally. As with fruit flies, propylene glycol in torula yeast significantly decreased nontarget captures. The results therefore suggest that torula yeast in water is a more effective attractant than BioLure for pest Bactrocera while minimizing nontarget captures.
Algebraic methods in molecular structure

The use of algebraic methods in molecular structure is briefly reviewed. The fundamental algebra, ≡ U(4), of rotation–vibration spectra is introduced and its implications on spectra of di-, tri-, and polyatomic molecules are discussed.
One-pixel-wide closed boundary identification

An appropriate space of one-pixel-wide closed (OPWC) boundary configurations is explicitly defined and an automatic algorithm to obtain OPWC contour estimates from a segmented image is presented. The motivation is to obtain a reasonable starting estimate for a Markov chain Monte Carlo-based (McMC-based) boundary optimization algorithm.
Radioprotective Role in Lung of the Flaxseed Lignan Complex Enriched in the Phenolic Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG)

While dietary wholegrain Flaxseed (FS) has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and antioxidant properties in murine models of acute and chronic lung injury, the main bioactive ingredient that contributes to these protective effects remains unknown. This study evaluated the lignan complex of FS (FLC) enriched in secoisolariciresinol diglucoside with respect to lung radioprotective and tumor radiosensitizing efficacy using a mouse model of thoracic radiation-induced pneumonopathy. C57/Bl6 mice were fed 0% FS, 10% FS, 10% FLC or 20% FLC for 3 weeks, then irradiated with a single fraction (13.5 Gy) of X-ray radiation treatment (XRT). Mouse survival was monitored for 4 months after irradiation and inflammatory lung parameters were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Gene and protein levels of protective antioxidant and phase II enzymes were evaluated in lung tissue using qPCR and protein levels were verified by immunoblotting. Prolonged administration of the FLC diet was well tolerated and was not associated with any toxicity. Importantly, comparable to the whole grain 10% FS diet, irradiated mice fed 10% and 20% FLC diets displayed improved survival. Improved hemodynamic measurements were also recorded in irradiated mice fed 10% FS or 10% FLC diet compared to irradiated 0% FS fed mice. Flaxseed lignan complex diet also attenuated polymorphonuclear infiltration and overall lung inflammation to levels comparable to those in nonirradiated mice. Flaxseed lignan complex, similarly to FS, up-regulated gene expression as well as protein levels of protective antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Dietary FLC induced radiosensitizing effects in our murine model of metastatic lung cancer. Importantly, protection of normal tissue does not thwart tumor cell death by radiation treatment. The dietary lignan complex of FS, mainly consisting of the phenolic secoisolariciresinol, is protective against radiation pneumonopathy in vivo while not hindering the tumoricidal effects of radiotherapy.
Photosynthesis and the Web: 2008

The World Wide Web has become an important resource for public awareness and for educating the world’s population, including its political leaders, students, researchers, teachers, and ordinary citizens seeking information. Relevant information on photosynthesis-related web sites is grouped into several categories: (1) group sites, (2) sites by subject, (3) individual researcher’s sites, (4) sites for educators and students, and (5) other useful sites.
What a lifespan approach might tell us about why distinct measures of social support have differential links to physical health

Social support has been reliably related to physical health outcomes. However, an examination of mediators of such links has been slowed by the lack of understanding regarding two complex and related questions: what is social support and what phase of the disease process does it impact? In this paper, I argue for the importance of a lifespan perspective that takes into account distinct antecedent processes and mechanisms that are related to measures of support over time. This view makes clear the need to distinguish measures of perceived and received support and its links to more specific aspects of disease (e.g., acute, chronic, disease incidence). The implications of these theoretical arguments for research on social support and physical health are discussed.
Sex Discrimination in Gerris remigis: Role of a Surface Wave Signal

Even when blinded with masks, adult male water striders (Gerris remigis) accurately ascertain the sex of other adult water striders in the laboratory. Freely moving females that were artificially made to play back computer-generated male surface wave and body-contact signals of about 90 waves per second were treated as males by the masked males and as females when no such playbacks were made. Thus, the males can use presence or absence of the male signal as the sole means for sex discrimination.
The PRIDE (Partnership to Improve Diabetes Education) Toolkit: Development and Evaluation of Novel Literacy and Culturally Sensitive Diabetes Education Materials

PurposePatients with low literacy, low numeracy, and/or linguistic needs can experience challenges understanding diabetes information and applying concepts to their self-management. The authors des...
Classification of Children's Social Dominance in Group Interactions with Robots

As social robots become more widespread in educational environments, their ability to understand group dynamics and engage multiple children in social interactions is crucial. Social dominance is a highly influential factor in social interactions, expressed through both verbal and nonverbal behaviors. In this paper, we present a method for determining whether a participant is high or low in social dominance in a group interaction with children and robots. We investigated the correlation between many verbal and nonverbal behavioral features with social dominance levels collected through teacher surveys. We additionally implemented Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machines models with classification accuracies of 81% and 89%, respectively, showing that using a small subset of nonverbal behavioral features, these models can successfully classify children's social dominance level. Our approach for classifying social dominance is novel not only for its application to children, but also for achieving high classification accuracies using a reduced set of nonverbal features that, in future work, can be automatically extracted with current sensing technology.
Life History, Burrowing Behavior, and Distribution of Neohermes filicornis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), a Long-Lived Aquatic Insect in Intermittent Streams

Abstract. Several species of fishflies (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) have been reported from intermittent streams in western North America, but the life histories and distributions of these species are poorly understood. We studied the life history of Neohermes filicornis (Banks 1903) for 2 years in Donner Creek (Contra Costa County, California), a small intermittent stream that flows for 5–7 months per year. Neohermes filicornis had a 3–4-year life span and larval growth was asynchronous. Analysis of gut contents showed that larvae were generalist predators of aquatic insect larvae including Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera. Final instars dug pupal chambers in the streambed and began pupation within several days of stream drying. Dry conditions in 2007 resulted in stream drying 50 days earlier than in 2006, which was reflected in earlier pupation and adult emergence in 2007 than in 2006. Pupal and adult stages each lasted for 1–2 weeks. Although active burrowing into the dry streambed wa...
How the George W. Bush Administration Made Conflict Resolution Obsolete

In 2000, the last year for Americans feeling comfortable and secure at home, the newly elected President George W. Bush promised Americans and the rest of the world that under his new administration he would promote bipartisan, peace, and mediation to address not just America's concerns, but the world's as well. Then 9/11 changed everything! Forever! President Bush would not only break all promises made pre 9/11, he and his administration would break the law on every level of government. From national laws in the U.S. Constitution that have governed America for more than two-hundred years to international conflict resolution laws that have lasted for more than a millennium, Mr. Bush violated them.
The Moral Background: An Inquiry into the History of Business Ethics, G. Abend. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford (2014). 416 p.

Le fait que la Cour supreme des Etats-Unis vienne d’enteriner la demande de l’entreprise familiale Hobby Lobby de ne pas couvrir, pour des motifs religieux, l’acces de ses employes a certaines formes de contraception mandatees par la loi federale (comme la pilule du lendemain) en dit long sur l’acceptation croissante de la notion qu’une entreprise puisse avoir une autorite morale propre, ici religieuse. Ce jugement — meme s’il se limite pour le moment aux entreprises dont la majorite de l’act...
Heterosexual White Male: Some Recent Inversions in American Cultural History

Twenty-five years ago, if one had told the practitioners of the newly arrived African American history that in the future cutting-edge progressive, or Left-oriented, scholarship would focus on the history of something called "whiteness," one would have met, I think, bemusement or disbelief. In works such as Lawrence Levine's Black Culture and Black Consciousness, Herbert G. Gutman's 7he Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925, and John W. Blassingame's The Slave Community, the attempt to recover the experience and agency of black actors in American history was central. The works arose out of the general orientation of the so-called new social history and the specific orientation of the civil rights movement. One of their criticisms of the dominant consensus history of the 1950s was that it adopted the point of view of whites, that blacks came into the story only as objects of white attention, rather than as historical actors and agents in their own right. The new black studies programs of the 1970s installed black experience, agency, and resistance-rather than white power and racism-at the center of historical study. When the popular humorist Martin Mull released his television "mockumentary" and the accompanying book, The History of White People in America, in 1985, modeled on a post-civil rights black history of accomplishments and contributions, the joke was that American history had previously always been written as the history of white people. To reconfigure whites on the model of a previously excluded ethnic or racial group was to point out exactly how white American history had always been. The absence of a visible white culture in American history led Mull to elevate bland and banal social practices such as lawn care, golf, and eating mayonnaise into a would-be white cultural tradition, only to mock it. His Institute for White Studies was a parody of academic culture that was only slightly prescient.1 The new history of whiteness that has developed over the last decade, however, is anything but a joke. The history of whiteness, which first appeared in popular culture
The Effect of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Israelensis on Toxorhynchites Rutilus Rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Presence and Absence of Prey

The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis (serotype 14; IPS-78) on larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus was determined in the laboratory. The survival of 4th-instar larvae exposed to 10 ppm B. thuringiensis (H-14) in the absence of prey was unaffected after 10 days of continuous exposure. Fourth instars exposed to 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ppm of the bacteria in the presence of excess prey (20 Aedes aegypti larvae) responded with 23, 62 and 95% mortality, respectively, after 10 days. One ppm B. thuringiensis (H-14) in the presence of 5, 10 and 20 Ae. aegypti larvae produced 9, 21 and 23% mortality, respectively, after 10 days. First instars were considerably more susceptible to B. thuringiensis (H-14) than were older instars. In the presence of excess prey, 98% mortality was observed 10 days after exposure to 0.5 ppm; those larvae fed on a nonliving diet at the same concentration responded with 80% mortality. No significant difference in mortality was observed between 4th instars exposed to excess prey at 1.0 ppm (IPS-78) or to cadavers of Ae. aegypti that had fed on 1.0 ppm B. thuringiensis (H-14) 24 h earlier. Neither blended cadavers that had died as a result of consuming B. thuringiensis (H-14) nor water in which cadavers had set overnight produced mortality in 4th instars of Tx. r. rutilus .
Practical application of bedside diagnostics in determining limb viability.

IntroductionThis study aimed to determine the practical application of vascular lab studies in determining limb salvage outcomes in injured patients with concerning clinical examinations.MethodsA retrospective review of the trauma registry at a level I center was conducted from January 2009 to June 2013. All patients >16 years of age who sustained a lower limb arterial injury had a concerning clinical exam (mottled skin, decreased skin warmth, diminished pulses) and had vascular lab studies to determine management were included. Data-points included demographics, type and location of injury, procedure type, vascular lab study results, and limb outcome.ResultsOver a five-year period, 11 trauma patients met inclusion criteria. Five of these patients had concerning clinical exams after revascularization, and six observed patients had a concerning clinical examination during the course of their hospitalization. All 11 patients had vascular lab studies that were within normal limits. As a result of normal vasc...
Incidence Rate and Results of the Surgical Treatment of Pectoralis Major Tendon Ruptures in Active-Duty Military Personnel:

Background:Pectoralis major tendon ruptures are commonly described as rare injuries affecting men between 20 and 40 years of age, with generally excellent results after surgical repair. However, this perception is based on a relatively small number of case series and prospective studies in the orthopaedic literature.Purpose:To determine the incidence of pectoralis major tendon ruptures in the active-duty military population and the demographic risk factors for a rupture and to describe the outcomes of surgical treatment.Study Design:Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:We utilized the Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) to identify all active-duty military personnel surgically treated for a pectoralis major tendon rupture between January 2012 and December 2014. Electronic medical records were searched for patients’ demographic information, injury characteristics, and postoperative complications and outcomes. Risk factors for a rupture were calculated using Poisson regression, based on...
Effect of Rail Transit on Crime: A Study of Los Angeles from 1988 to 2014

To assess the impact of rail transit on crime in neighborhoods near transit stations. We use data on the location and date of all rail station openings in Los Angeles between 1990 and 2012 and crimes reported to the Los Angeles Police Department from 1988 to 2014. We estimate the effect of transit on crime using a stepped-wedge design estimated with Poisson regression with permutation tests to assess statistical significance. Two labor strikes during the study period created a natural experiment for which we assessed the short-term effect of transit on crime. We find no evidence that transit station openings or disruptions in transit due to strikes result in changes in crime in surrounding neighborhoods. The results suggest that rail transit may produce no major consequence for overall neighborhood crime patterns. Future research should examine other cities and more fine-grained geocoded data on crime at the street segment level and by land-use characteristics that generate foot traffic, as this approach could assess under what conditions transit may generate crime increases or reductions in highly localized areas.
Analysis on the dynamic outcome of the advanced schistosomiasis epidemic in Hubei Province

Objective To analyze the dynamic outcome of the advanced schistosomiasis patients,and to provide evidence for further control in the future.Methods A unified standard was formulated for the follow-up investigation of the advanced schistosomiasis patients yearly,from 2004 to 2011.Results 39 996 advanced schistosomiasis patients were found in the past eight years,38 851 patients were treated,the treatment rate was 97.14%.5 648 patients were cured,the curative rate was 14.12%.Most of the the advanced schistosomiasis patients were with ascites,followed by megalospleny.Conclusion The tendency of patients' number,curative and mortality rate in Hubei Province was descending year by year.
Outcome analysis of Kaschin-Beck disease Monitoring in Sanmenxia City in 2008

Objective To underst and Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD) status in Sanmenxia City and provide the basis for the further prevention and treatment of KBD.Methods According to The National and Henan Province Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2007,Children aged 7 to 12 in 3 villages(Yaodian,Miaowa and Zhuyang) with the same environment such as topography,physiognomy,production mode and living habits in Shan County and Lingbao City were selected to undertake KBD clinical examination in 2008.X-ray examination of nght hand and child hair samples and food samples were coileeted to determine the content of selenium.Selenium was determined using 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene method.Adults who were 16 years or older in 5 counties(Lingbao,Mianchi,Shan and Lushi) were selected and examined for KBD.Results One hundred and ninty aged children 7 to 12 were clinically examined and clinical KBD were found,Whereas 3 children were diagnosed as KBD by X-ray examination,the positive rate was 1.58 %(3/190).All 16222 adults were clinically examined and KBD prevelance rate was(6.65 %,1079/16 222),including degree I(4.46 %,723/16 222),degree II(1.82 %,295/16 222),degreeⅢ(0.38 %,61/16 222).The average selenium contents samples in hair and food samples were(0.319±0.128)mg/kg and(0.031±0.009)mg/kg,respectively.Conclusions Although KBD in children have been controlled in Sanmenxia City.It is still compare serious in adults.So the monitoring of KBD should be carried on and prevention and control for KBD in adults should strengthened.,which especially suggested that secondary prevention with the objective of clinically treating KBD patients should be strengthened.
Investigation on epidemic characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in Longnan City, Gansu from 2008 to 2012

Objective To investigate incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Longnan City, Gansu from 2008 to 2012, and analyze epidemic characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases. Methods The data including all notifiable infectious diseases occurred in Longnan City from 2008─2012 were collected to calculate incidence and constituent ratio, and statistical analysis was carried out. Results During 2008─2012, there were 60 830 cases with notifiable infectious diseases of 23 types in Longnan City, with annual incidence of 460.50/100 000, and the incidence was higher in the male than in the female(χ2=3 086.29, P0.001). There was no report on infectious diseases of class A, but there were 14 kinds of class B and 9 kinds of class C. The top five diseases were hepatitis B, pulmonary tuberculosis, mumps and bacterial dysentery, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Out of them, the incidence of hepatitis B and tuberculosis were significantly higher than that of other infectious diseases(χ2=30 792.75, P0.001). During the latest five years, totally 66 dead cases were reported due to notifiable infectious diseases, with annual average mortality of 0.50/100 000, including 51 cases with tuberculosis. The highest incidence was in the age group of 0-9 year-old. After 20 to 29 year-old, the incidence gradually decreased along with the increase of age. Wudu District was the endemic area with the highest incidence of legal infectious diseases. Conclusions The results show that the epidemic of notifiable infectious diseases is severe in Longnan City, especially hepatitis B and tuberculosis, so surveillance and control are important for notifiable infectious disease in Longnan City.
Treatment of postoperative pulmonary infections.

Specialized procedures are often required for accurate etiological diagnosis of postoperative pulmonary infection. When empirical therapy is necessary, antimicrobials should be selected with a view toward covering possible multiple pathogens.
Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Treatment: A Review

Importance Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as important agents in cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses offer the attractive therapeutic combination of tumor-specific cell lysis together with immune stimulation, therefore acting as potential in situ tumor vaccines. Moreover, OVs can be engineered for optimization of tumor selectivity and enhanced immune stimulation and can be readily combined with other agents. The effectiveness of OVs has been demonstrated in many preclinical studies and recently in humans, with US Food and Drug Administration approval of the oncolytic herpesvirus talimogene laherparepvec in advanced melanoma, a major breakthrough for the field. Thus, the OV approach to cancer therapy is becoming more interesting for scientists, clinicians, and the public. The main purpose of this review is to give a basic overview of OVs in clinical development and provide a description of the current status of clinical trials. Observations In 2016 approximately 40 clinical trials are recruiting patients, using a range of OVs in multiple cancer types. There are also many more trials in the planning stages. Therefore, we are now in the most active period of clinical OV studies in the history of the field. There are several OVs currently being tested with many additional engineered derivatives. In OV clinical trials, there are a number of specific areas that should be considered, including viral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, potential toxic effects, and monitoring of the patients’ immune status. Clinical development of OVs is increasingly focused on their immune stimulatory properties, which may work synergistically with immune checkpoint inhibitors and other strategies in the treatment of human cancer. Conclusions and Relevance Oncolytic viruses are an active area of clinical research. The ability of these agents to harness antitumor immunity appears to be key for their success. Combinatorial studies with immune checkpoint blockade have started and the results are awaited with great interest.
Patterns and Models of Debitage Dispersal in Percussion Flaking

(1997). Patterns and Models of Debitage Dispersal in Percussion Flaking. Lithic Technology: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 122-138.
High-speed solar-blind UV photodetectors using high-Al content Al0.64Ga0.36N/Al0.34Ga0.66N multiple quantum wells

We demonstrate high-external quantum efficiency (~50%) solar-blind AlGaN p–n junction photodetectors with high-Al content multiple quantum wells (MQWs). A peak responsivity of 0.1 A/W at 250 nm, which falls >103 by 280 nm, indicates that the optical absorption is dominated by the MQW structures. At a reverse bias of 0.5 V, the dark current is <0.1 pA. The readout RC-limited time response is measured as 0.4 µs, and an achievable detector RC-limited time response of 2 ns is estimated. The devices do not show internal gain, which accounts for their high speed.
Driver trust in five driver assistance technologies following real-world use in four production vehicles.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Information about drivers' experiences with driver assistance technologies in real driving conditions is sparse. This study characterized driver interactions with forward collision warning, adaptive cruise control, active lane keeping, side-view assist, and lane departure warning systems following real-world use.Methods: Fifty-four Insurance Institute for Highway Safety employees participated and drove a 2016 Toyota Prius, 2016 Honda Civic, 2017 Audi Q7, or 2016 Infiniti QX60 for up to several weeks. Participants reported mileage and warnings from the technologies in an online daily-use survey. Participants reported their level of agreement with five statements regarding trust in an online post-use survey. Responses were averaged to create a composite measure of trust ranging from −2 (strongly disagree) to +2 (strongly agree) for each technology. Mixed-effect regression models were constructed to compare trust among technologies and separately among the study vehicles. Participants' fr...
How Stuttering Develops: The Multifactorial Dynamic Pathways Theory

Purpose We advanced a multifactorial, dynamic account of the complex, nonlinear interactions of motor, linguistic, and emotional factors contributing to the development of stuttering. Our purpose h...
Voltage-gated calcium flux mediates Escherichia coli mechanosensation

Electrically excitable cells harness voltage-coupled calcium influx to transmit intracellular signals, typically studied in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Despite intense study in higher organisms, investigations of voltage and calcium signaling in bacteria have lagged due to their small size and a lack of sensitive tools. Only recently were bacteria shown to modulate their membrane potential on the timescale of seconds, and little is known about the downstream effects from this modulation. In this paper, we report on the effects of electrophysiology in individual bacteria. A genetically encoded calcium sensor expressed in Escherichia coli revealed calcium transients in single cells. A fusion sensor that simultaneously reports voltage and calcium indicated that calcium influx is induced by voltage depolarizations, similar to metazoan action potentials. Cytoplasmic calcium levels and transients increased upon mechanical stimulation with a hydrogel, and single cells altered protein concentrations dependent on the mechanical environment. Blocking voltage and calcium flux altered mechanically induced changes in protein concentration, while inducing calcium flux reproduced these changes. Thus, voltage and calcium relay a bacterial sense of touch and alter cellular lifestyle. Although the calcium effectors remain unknown, these data open a host of new questions about E. coli, including the identity of the underlying molecular players, as well as other signals conveyed by voltage and calcium. These data also provide evidence that dynamic voltage and calcium exists as a signaling modality in the oldest domain of life, and therefore studying electrophysiology beyond canonical electrically excitable cells could yield exciting new findings.
prisoners at midnight: illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative analysis through a simulation exercise

Recent literature suggests that undergraduate students in political science dread studying methods, especially quantitative methods. Nonetheless, we believe that teaching students the value of quantitative analysis is critical. Going beyond traditional teaching approaches, we use a simulation to conceptualize the logic and process of quantitative analysis. In our simulation, student participants are told they are in a prison with another prisoner, where both have the objective to make the other prisoner crossover, using any strategy. The simulation allows students to generate and test basic hypothesis about students’ characteristics and their strategies, as well as operationalizing variables and quantifying results.
The Dynamics of Arrivals of Maine Migratory Breeding Birds: Results from a 24-Year Study

This citizen-science project is the first systematic study of patterns of spring migration of Maine migratory birds. A comparison of arrival data from the Maine Ornithological Society from 1899–1911 with the modern data (1994–2017) collected for this study indicated that most species are now not arriving earlier, contrary to the predictions of earlier arrivals in the face of global warming. Arrival was synchronous across the lower two-thirds of the state for most species, although some species showed delayed arrivals along the northeastern coast compared to southern coastal areas. Only thirteen of 81 species are now arriving earlier and seven arriving later. Using quantile regression analysis with three levels of tau, the effect of year, temperature-departure from mean monthly temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index were weak. Most species did not respond to any of these explanatory variables using the modern data. Leaf-gleaners showed the strongest responses. Only four species showed increasing abundance in recent years, an effect that influences detectability and hence could confound interpretation of changes in arrival date.
Anisotropic Müller glial scaffolding supports a multiplex lattice mosaic of photoreceptors in zebrafish retina

The multiplex, lattice mosaic of cone photoreceptors in the adult fish retina is a compelling example of a highly ordered epithelial cell pattern, with single cell width rows and columns of cones and precisely defined neighbor relationships among different cone types. Cellular mechanisms patterning this multiplex mosaic are not understood. Physical models can provide new insights into fundamental mechanisms of biological patterning. In earlier work, we developed a mathematical model of photoreceptor cell packing in the zebrafish retina, which predicted that anisotropic mechanical tension in the retinal epithelium orients planar polarized adhesive interfaces to align the columns as cone photoreceptors are generated at the retinal margin during post-embryonic growth. With cell-specific fluorescent reporters and in vivo imaging of the growing retinal margin in transparent juvenile zebrafish we provide the first view of how cell packing, spatial arrangement, and cell identity are coordinated to build the lattice mosaic. With targeted laser ablation we probed the tissue mechanics of the retinal epithelium. Within the lattice mosaic, planar polarized Crumbs adhesion proteins pack cones into a single cell width column; between columns, N-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions stabilize Muller glial apical processes. The concentration of activated pMyosin II at these punctate adherens junctions suggests that these glial bands are under tension, forming a physical barrier between cone columns and contributing to mechanical stress anisotropies in the epithelial sheet. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the appearance of such parallel bands of Muller glial apical processes precedes the packing of cones into single cell width columns, hinting at a possible role for glia in the initial organization of the lattice mosaic. Targeted laser ablation of Muller glia directly demonstrates that these glial processes support anisotropic mechanical tension in the planar dimension of the retinal epithelium. These findings uncovered a novel structural feature of Muller glia associated with alignment of photoreceptors into a lattice mosaic in the zebrafish retina. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of planar, anisotropic mechanical forces mediated by glial cells.
Chemical vapor deposition of Mo tubes for fuel cladding applications

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques have been evaluated for fabrication of free-standing 0.25 mm thick molybdenum tubes with the end goal of nuclear fuel cladding applications. In order to produce tubes with the wall thickness and microstructures desirable for this application, long deposition durations on the order of 50 h with slow deposition rates were employed. A standard CVD method, involving molybdenum pentachloride reduction by hydrogen, as well as a fluidized-bed CVD (FBCVD) method was applied towards these objectives. Characterization of the tubes produced in this manner revealed regions of material with fine grain microstructure and wall thickness suitable for fuel cladding applications, but lacking necessary uniformity across the length of the tubes. A path forward for the production of freestanding molybdenum tubes that possess the desired properties across their entire length has been identified and can be accomplished by future optimization of the deposition system.
Where the people are: Current trends and future potential targeted investments in urban trees for PM10 and temperature mitigation in 27 U.S. Cities

Abstract Urban trees reduce respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentrations and maximum daytime summer temperatures. While most cities are losing tree cover, some are considering ambitious planting efforts. Maximizing PM10 and heat mitigation for people from such efforts requires cost-effective targeting. We adapt published methods to estimate the impact of a decade (2004–2014) of tree cover change on city-level PM10 and heat mitigation in 27 U.S. cities and present a new methodology for estimating local-level PM10 and heat mitigation by street trees and tree patches. We map potential tree planting sites in the 27 cities and use our local-level PM10 and heat mitigation methods to assess the population-weighted return on investment (ROI) of each site for PM10 and heat abatement for nearby populations. Twenty-three of the 27 cities lost canopy cover during 2004–2014, reducing estimated city-level PM10 removal by 6% (168 tons) and increasing city-level average maximum daily summer temperature by 0.1 °C on average across cities. We find large potential for urban reforestation to increase PM10 and heat abatement. Intra-city variation in planting site ROI – driven primarily by differences in population density around planting sites – exceeds four orders of magnitude, indicating large scope for targeting to increase PM10 and heat abatement from reforestation. Reforesting each city’s top 20% ROI sites could lower average annual PM10 concentrations by >2 μg/m3 for 3.4–11.4 million people and average maximum daily summer temperatures by >2 °C for 1.7–12.7 million – effects large enough to provide meaningful health benefits – at a combined annual cost of $102 million.
Shadow Probability Theory for Asset Pricing under Ambiguity

Assuming that probabilities (capacities) of events are random, this paper introduces a novel model of decision making under ambiguity, called Shadow probability theory, a generalization of the Choquet expected utility. In this model, probabilities of observable events in a subordinated outcome-space are dominated by second-order unobservable events in a directing probability space. The level of ambiguity, and the decision maker’s attitude toward it, are measured with respect to the directing space. Risk and risk attitude, on the other hand, apply to the subordinated space, as in classical expected utility theory. The desired distinction between preferences and beliefs and between risk and ambiguity is then obtained. A measure of ambiguity is naturally carried over on these settings. The present paper proves that in most cases ambiguity cannot be diversified. Counterintuitively, adding an ambiguous lottery to a portfolio of lotteries usually increases its ambiguity. This result, which implies that full diversification is not always optimal, challenges the common notion in the financial literature that investors should hold a fully diversified portfolio. Using this model of choice, the current paper generalizes the classical asset pricing theory by incorporating ambiguous probabilities. It proposes a well defined ambiguity premium that can be measured empirically.
The Relevance Of U.S. Public Administration Theory For Russian Public Administration

Are U.S. public administration theorists addressing the field in ways that translate meaningfully to other cultures? The purpose of this essay is to explore whether the major concerns addressed by ...
Developmental changes in connectivity between the amygdala subnuclei and occipitotemporal cortex

Abstract The amygdala, a subcortical structure known for social and emotional processing, can be subdivided into multiple nuclei with unique functions and connectivity patterns. Tracer studies in adult macaques have shown that the lateral and basal amygdala subnuclei decrease in connectivity to visual cortical areas moving from anterior to posterior, and that infants have similar adult-like projections plus additional connections that are refined with development. Can we delineate the connectivity between the amygdala subnuclei and occipitotemporal cortex in humans, and will it show similar developmental differences as macaques? If so, what functional regions may be contributing to this pattern of connectivity? To address these questions, we anatomically defined the lateral and basal amygdala subnuclei in 20 adult subjects, 27 kids (aged 7-8), and 15 neonates. We then defined the occipitotemporal region in each individual’s native anatomy, and split this entire region into five equal sections from anterior to posterior. We also defined visual functional parcellations in the occipitotemporal cortex (e.g. FFA, PPA) and anatomically defined primary visual cortex (i.e., V1). Using Diffusion Weighted Imaging data, we ran probabilistic tractography with FSL between the amygdala subnuclei as seeds and the occipitotemporal cortical parcellations as targets. Results showed that like macaques, the mean connectivity across subjects to the occipitotemporal cortex significantly decreased on a gradient from anterior to posterior, and that connectivity in kids and neonates was adult-like but became more refined across development. Further, refinement of connectivity to mid and posterior occipitotemporal cortex was largely driven by anterior PPA, LO, and V1, with connectivity to higher order visual areas increasing with age. The functional maturation of these regions may contribute to the continued refinement of these connections, in line with Interactive Specialization hypotheses of brain development.
Pericytes in Sarcomas and Other Mesenchymal Tumors.

Tumors of mesenchymal origin are a diverse group, with >130 distinct entities currently recognized by the World Health Organization. A subset of mesenchymal tumors grow or invade in a perivascular fashion, and their potential relationship to pericytes is a matter of ongoing interest. In fact, multiple intersections exist between pericytes and tumors of mesenchymal origin. First, pericytes are the likely cell of origin for a group of mesenchymal tumors with a common perivascular growth pattern. These primarily benign tumors grow in a perivascular fashion and diffusely express canonical pericyte markers such as CD146, smooth muscle actin (SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), and RGS5. These benign tumors include glomus tumor, myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma, and myofibroma. Second and as suggested by animal models, pericytes may give rise to malignant sarcomas. This is not a suggestion that all sarcomas within a certain subtype arise from pericytes, but that genetic modifications within a pericyte cell type may give rise to sarcomas. Third, mesenchymal tumors that are likely not a pericyte derivative co-opt pericyte markers in certain contexts. These include the PEComa family of tumors and liposarcoma. Fourth and finally, as “guardians” that enwrap the microvasculature, nonneoplastic pericytes may be important in sarcoma disease progression.
Enamine-based Reactions Using Organocatalysts

Enamines are key intermediates in both organic chemistry and enzyme catalysis. Natural aldolase enzymes form an enamine intermediate from aldehydes and ketones in order to catalyze aldol reactions under mild ambient conditions. We have developed man-made aldolase catalytic antibodies and small peptides that catalyze aldol reactions, in which catalyst molecules form enamines from aldehydes and ketones in situ, like natural aldolase enzymes do. Through these studies, we have also developed small amine- and amino acid-catalyzed bond-forming reactions that use an enamine mechanism and that can be performed under mild ambient conditions. These low molecular weight amines form enamine intermediates in situ and the enamine reacts with electrophiles to afford products with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Our organocatalytic methodologies include catalytic asymmetric aldol, Mannich, Michael, and Diels-Alder reactions. Our catalysts, from aldolase antibodies to small organic amine and amino acid catalyst molecules, emulate many of the features of nature's enzymes.
Prototyping the Integration Requirements of a Free-Path AGV System

Automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS) are gaining more attention from both academic and industrial research organizations. However, there exist some basic problems that still remain unsolved which prevent widespread installation of AGV systems. System integration is such an issue.
Use of "Poppers" among Adults in the United States, 2015-2017.

We sought to estimate the prevalence as well as demographic and drug use-related correlates of poppers use among adults in the United States. Data were analyzed from adult participants (ages 18–64)...
Endovascular Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Head and Neck: Focus on the Yakes Classification and Outcomes.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate endovascular treatment of head and neck arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) based on the Yakes AVM classification and correlate treatment approach with clinical and angiographic outcomes. Materials and Methods A retrospective single-center study was performed in patients who underwent endovascular treatment of head and neck AVMs between January 2005 and December 2017. Clinical and operative records, imaging, and postoperative courses of patients were reviewed. Clinical stage was determined according to the Schobinger classification. AVM architecture and treatment approaches were determined according to the Yakes classification. Primary outcomes were clinical and angiographic treatment success rates and complication rates, with analysis according to the Yakes classification. Results A total of 29 patients (15 females) were identified, with a mean age of 30.6 years. Downgrading of the Schobinger clinical classification was achieved in all patients. Lesions included 8 Yakes type IIa, 5 type IIb, 1 type IIIa and IIIb, and 14 type IV. Lesions were treated using an intra-arterial, nidal, or transvenous approach, using ethanol and liquid embolic agents. Arteriovenous shunt eradication of >90% was achieved in 22 of 28 patients (79%), including 9 of 13 (69%) of Yakes type IV lesions and 13 of 15 (87%) of the other types. There were 5 significant complications in 79 procedures (6%), including 4 of 50 (8%) in Yakes type IV lesions. Conclusions Schobinger stage was downgraded in all patients. Arteriovenous shunt eradication of >90% was achieved in most patients. Yakes type IV lesions required more sessions, and shunt eradication was higher in the Yakes II and III groups.