cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technological Transformation, Multiple Literacies, and the Re-visioning of Education

In light of globalization and technological developments, this article argues that educators need to cultivate multiple literacies for contemporary technological and multicultural societies, that teachers need to develop a range of literacies of diverse sorts, including a more fundamental importance for print literacy, to meet the challenge of restructuring education for a hi-tech, multicultural society, and global economy and culture. Drawing on Dewey, Freire, Illich and others, the author argues for a reconstruction of education to increase democratization and to make education more relevant to the challenges of the contemporary era. In particular, it is maintained that by introducing multiple literacies to empower individuals and groups traditionally excluded, education could be reconstructed to make it more responsive to the challenges of a democratic and multicultural society.
A comparison of the dust properties in recent periodic comets

Measurements of the thermal emission from the cometary dust coma can be used to derive the rate of dust production from the nucleus as well as the size distribution of absorbing grains. More than ten short-period comets have now been observed in the infrared over a wide range in heliocentric distance. Dust production rates are derived for these comets based on theoretical models of the thermal emission from small absorbing grains and calculations of dust grain velocities. The mean size and albedo of the dust grains is similar in these comets, with the exception of Comet Crommelin, which seems to have had larger, darker grains.
A MODULAR APPROACH TO MARINE MACROLIDE CONSTRUCTION. 2. CONCISE STEREOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF THE C17-C28 (CD) SPIROACETAL COMPONENT

Abstract The CD spiroacetal ring system of altohyrtin A, which houses one-fifth of the stereogenic centers resident in the macrolide, has been synthesized through a combination of aldol condensations having different stereocontrol elements.
Early Expression of a Pathophysiological Feature of Schizophrenia: Saccadic Intrusions Into Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements in School-Age Children Vulnerable to Schizophrenia

ABSTRACT Objective Neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia propose that the responsible pathology occurs much earlier than the usual onset of illness in late adolescence. Nonspecific neurocognitive and behavioral deficits found in children vulnerable to schizophrenia support this hypothesis. This report describes early deficits in a putative genetic endophenotype, saccadic intrusions into smooth-pursuit eye movements (SPEM). Method SPEM were recorded in 189 children aged 6–15 years: 49 children with schizophrenia, 60 nonpsychotic first-degree relatives, and 80 typically developing children. Results Children with schizophrenia demonstrated poorer gain and a significantly increased frequency of leading saccades and large anticipatory saccades; however, only leading saccades differentiated first-degree relatives from typical children. Admixture analysis indicates that 94% of children with schizophrenia, 50% of first-degree relatives, and 19% of typically developing children have abnormally increased frequencies of leading saccades. Conclusions Typically developing young school-age children have a leading saccade phenotype similar to that of adults, suggesting this brain function is fully developed by early school-age years. The abnormal leading saccade phenotype, a schizophrenia-associated familial brain dysfunction, is present by 6 years of age, more than a decade before the highest risk for onset of psychosis. Treatment and prevention strategies will need to consider the early neurodevelopmental nature of schizophrenia.
Reading Achievement and Science Proficiency: International Comparisons From the Programme on International Student Assessment

Students need to develop scientific literacy in order to participate fully as citizens, community members, and in the globalized economy. But what is the relationship between scientific literacy and reading literacy? Three international data sets from the Programme on International Student Assessment (PISA) were used to calculate correlations between scientific literacy and reading literacy for 15-year-old students. Mean correlations at the individual student level across countries were .840 for the PISA 2000 data set, .805 for the PISA 2003 data set, and .819 for the PISA 2006 data set. In all three data sets, this correlation varied among countries, and the reading-science relationship was weakest in countries with low country mean reading scores. Three possible interpretations are discussed, favoring the interpretation that knowledge and skills that drive higher reading comprehension also drive higher science achievement.
Area Studies and the Discipline: A Useful Controversy?

ies and the discipline? There are strong reasons for endorsing both. In this essay, I sketch the current debate and explore the ways in local knowledge can and is being incorporated into general analytic frameworks. I conclude by stressing the work that lies ahead. In doing so, it should be stressed, I deal only with political science. The dynamics in other disciplines, I have found, differ greatly from those within our own (Bates et al. 1993).
Gene conversion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evidence for its role in pilus antigenic variation.

Abstract Antigenic variation of gonococcal pili results from the unidirectional transfer of genetic information from variant-encoding partial pilin genes to an active expression locus. Two potential mechanisms that may result in the observed alterations of gene linkage and organization are conversion and transformation. To determine the relative contributions of these two distinct pathways of recombination to pilus variation, gonococcal strains carrying defined frameshift, missense, and nonsense mutations within the pilin expression locus were constructed. Reversion to a piliated state required correction of the lesions and provided a simple means of scoring productive recombination and antigenic variation. Examination of the mutants revealed a lack of correspondence between the frequencies with which they could be transformed (10(-6) per recipient) and the incidence with which they gave rise to revertants (greater than 10(-4) per colony-forming unit per generation). Further, the rates of reversion demonstrated by these mutants were not altered by growth in the presence of DNase I, conditions that abolished intercellular transfer of chromosomal markers during cultivation. Through the use of a pilin mutant in which a frameshift mutation encompassed the introduction of a restriction endonuclease site, the symmetry of recombination that resulted in reversion could be scored by Southern hybridization. In all cases examined, the DNA alterations responsible for pilin variation were nonreciprocal events. The results favor the model that productive pilin gene rearrangements in gonococci arise by gene conversion.
Effectiveness of an Imposed Slot Length Limit of 12.0-14.9 Inches on Largemouth Bass

Abstract Watkins Mill Lake was opened to public fishing in 1974 with a minimum length limit of 15.0 in on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In 1976, the growth and size structure of large-mouth bass were poor. The average length of Age-V largemouth bass was 12.0 in and the Proportional Stock Density (PSD) was 1%. A regulation was established in 1977 to protect largemouth bass 12.0-14.9 in long; with this slot regulation, fish less than 12.0 in and those 15.0 in and longer could be harvested while fish from 12.0 to 14.9 in long had to be released. Anglers removed an estimated 47 largemouth bass per acre during the first year of the experimental regulation. Thereafter, significant improvements in growth and size structure occurred. In 1982, the average length of Age-V largemouth bass was 15.4 in; PSD and RSD 15 values were 50 and 24% respectively. Largemouth bass densities (≳ 7.0 in) were reduced from about 78 per acre in 1977 to about 23 per acre in 1981. Despite the reduction in numbers, their tota...
Multifractal analysis of solvent accessibilities in proteins

The solvent accessibilities of amino acid side chains in a protein can be determined computationally from x-ray crystallographic data. The sequential profile of these accessibilities shows a seemingly random variation. A generalized box-counting analysis of such profiles shows multifractal behavior. Multifractal spectra obtained for a variety of proteins are broader than a corresponding random array, indicating an underlying hierarchical structure to the proteins. The multifractal parameters are used to extract an underlying binary multiplicative process with one-step memory. Similar binary processes occur in the generation of helix-coil sequences in biopolymers. Computer simulations were performed that generated misfolded proteins. The misfolded proteins have narrower multifractal spectra than the properly folded ones. Thus, this multifractal analysis can be used as a diagnostic tool in assessing proper folding in structure prediction algorithms.
Power and influence in higher education: the case of Florida

This study assessed the relative power and influence of leading state-level policy actors in higher education in Florida. On the basis of that assessment, a hierarchy of power and influence among principal policy actors was constructed. The data indicate that Florida's higher education leaders agree on the relative ability of various policy actors to influence policy formation. Policy elites in higher education were found to be legislators and key legislative staff consultants, along with the chancellor of the state university system and the Board of Regents of the system. Among the least influential in policy formation were faculty and student interest groups and educational research organizations. The data also indicate that higher education leaders do not perceive that shared authority is the dominant pattern of governance in higher education in Florida.
Robotic enzyme-based autonomous self-replication

In this paper, we introduce and describe the notion of a robotic enzyme, and how it can use properties that are similar to biological enzymes to autonomously self-replicate. We test the idea of robotic enzymes using a virtual environment that simulates the currently existing modular robots in a physically accurate way. We describe the self-replicating features of robotic enzymes, and how they could be used to autonomously self-replicate for multiple generations, limited only by the amount of modules in the environment.
Characteristics of American Psychological Association Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology) Fellows

Fellow status is an honor bestowed on American Psychological Association (APA) members who have made unusual and outstanding contributions to the field of psychology that have had a national impact. Thus far no studies have examined the characteristics of the individuals who have received this honor. This study examined publicly available data for 157 Division 40 Fellows. Fellows comprise 3.7% of the 4273 members of the division compared to 5.7% of the entire APA membership. Fellows are predominantly male (73%). All but two fellows had earned a Ph.D. with the average time since granting of the doctoral degree of 17.1 ± 6 years (median = 16 years) with a range of 7–40 years post-degree. Slightly over half of the fellows hold board certification (53%) in the American Board of Professional Psychology. The largest group of fellows reports their primary employment currently as a university-affiliated medical setting (48%). These data serve to characterize current Division 40 Fellows for the field of neuropsych...
Assessment of Sarcocystis neurona Sporocyst Viability and Differentiation Between Viable and Nonviable Sporocysts Using Propidium Iodide Stain

Sarcocystis neurona has become recognized as the major causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the Americas. At least 3 pathogenic species of Sarcocystis, including S. neurona, can be isolated from opossums. Methods are needed to ascertain whether these isolates are viable and capable of causing infections. In this study, the nuclear stain propidium iodide (PI) was used to differentiate between live (viable) and heat-killed (nonviable) S. neurona sporocysts. PI was excluded by live sporocysts but penetrated compromised sporocyst membrane and stained sporozoite nuclei of dead sporocysts. After live and dead sporocysts were mixed at various ratios, the number of unstained sporocysts detected after the staining procedure correlated significantly (r2 = 0.9978) with the expected numbers of live sporocysts. Sporocyst mixtures were also assayed for in vitro excystation and development in tissue cultures. The correlation between the percentage of plaques formed in tissue cultures and the pe...
Möbius function on cross-section lattices

Let M be an irreducible algebraic monoid with a reductive unit group G. Then there is an idempotent cross-section Λ of G × G-orbits that preserves the Zariski closure ordering. The purpose of this paper is to compute the Mobius function on the cross-section lattice Λ. This is accomplished by analyzing an associated boolean family of face lattices of polytopes and then solving a resulting system of linear equations.
Cops in Lab Coats and Forensics in the Courtroom

Review of: Sandra Guerra Thompson, Cops in Lab Coats: Curbing Wrongful Convictions Through Independent Forensic Laboratories (Carolina Academic Press 2015).
Detecting primitive hematopoietic stem cells in total nucleated and mononuclear cell fractions from umbilical cord blood segments and units

Rare hematopoietic stem cell populations are responsible for the transplantation engraftment process. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is usually processed to the total nucleated cell (TNC), but not to the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction. TNC counts are used to determine UCB unit storage, release for transplantation and correlation with time to engraftment. However, the TNC fraction contains varying concentrations of red blood cells, granulocytes, platelets and other cells that dilute and mask the stem cells from being detected. This does not allow the quality and potency of the stem cells to be reliably measured. 63 UCB segments and 10 UCB units plus segments were analyzed for the response of both primitive lympho-hematopoietic and primitive hematopoietic stem cells in both the TNC and MNC fractions. The samples were analyzed using a highly sensitive, standardized and validated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence stem cell proliferation assay verified against the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. Dye exclusion and metabolic viability were also determined. Regardless of whether the cells were derived from a segment or unit, the TNC fraction always produced a significantly lower and more variable stem cell response than that derived from the MNC fraction. Routine dye exclusion cell viability did not correspond with metabolic viability and stem cell response. Paired UCB segments produced highly variable results, and the UCB segment did not produce similar results to the unit. The TNC fraction underestimates the ability and capacity of the stem cells in both the UCB segment and unit and therefore provides an erroneous interpretation of the of the results. Dye exclusion viability can result in false positive values, when in fact the stem cells may be dead or incapable of proliferation. The difference in response between the segment and unit calls into question the ability to use the segment as a representative sample of the UCB unit. It is apparent that present UCB processing and testing methods are inadequate to properly determine the quality and potency of the unit for release and use in a patient.
Sources of variability in medical student evaluations on the internal medicine clinical rotation

Objectives: To explore the sources of variability in evaluator ratings among third year medical students in the Internal Medicine clinical rotation. Also, to examine systematic effects and variability introduced by differences in the various student, evaluator, and evaluation settings. Methods: A multilevel model was used to estimate the amount of between-student, between-rater and raterstudent interaction variability present in the students’ clinical evaluations in a third year internal medicine clinical rotation. Within this model, linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of variables on the students’ numerical evaluation scores and the reliability of those scores. Results: A total of 2,747 evaluation surveys were collected from 389 evaluators on 373 students over 4.5 years. All surveys used a nine-point grading scale, and therefore all results are reported on this scale. The calculated betweenrater, between-student and rater-student interaction variance components were 0.50, 0.27 and 0.62, respectively. African American/Black students had lower scores than Caucasian students by 0.58 points (t=-3.28; P=0.001). No gender effects were noted. Conclusions: These between-rater and between-student variance components imply that the evaluator plays a larger role in the students’ scores than the students themselves. The residual rater-student interaction variance was larger and did not change by accounting for the measured demographic variables. This implies there is significant variability in each rater-student interaction that remains unexplained. This could contribute to unreliability in the system, requiring that students receive between 8 and 17 clinical evaluations to achieve 80% reliability.
Dewey’s Spiritual Response to the Crisis of Late Modernity and Early Postmodernity

Sapient, intelligent, reflective human beings such as Homo sapiens ponder their place in the universe while striving to live meaningful lives. For over one hundred fifty years, the unsustainability of Western metaphysics and theology has confounded our existential concerns. I concentrate on two events that undermine ontotheology and show how John Dewey responds to them with a religious sensibility that emphasizes artistic creativity, mutual responsiveness, and democratic participation in the shared pursuit of those ideals that make life most meaningful. There are other aspects to Dewey’s answer, but these are the only ones I explore here. I wish to show that Dewey has a spiritual reply to the crisis of modernity and postmodernity if we understand spirituality as seeking deeply meaningful, good, and often intimate relations with the events of existence such that our creative acts matter in the flux of an unfinished and unfinishable universe.
Review of Beyond the Crash: Overcoming the First Crisis of Globalization

This is a review of Gordon Brown (2010), Beyond the crash: Overcoming the first crisis of globalization. It presents the author's view towards the global crisis of 2008 and its impact on every nook corner of the world, from the richest to the poorest.
Novel Lookahead Decision Tree State Tying for Acoustic Modeling

This paper presents two new lookahead methods of constructing phonetic decision trees (PDTs) for acoustic model state tying, a constrained method and a stochastic method. The constrained lookahead method searches for optimal phonetic questions among pre-selected question sets, and reduces contributions of deeper decedents as a function of their levels in the tree. The stochastic full lookahead method uses subtree size instead of likelihood gain as a judgment in selecting a phonetic question for a node split, in order to find a compact tree that is consistent with training data. Since the computational cost of exhaustive lookahead is prohibitively high, a stochastic subtree generation method is used to explore most promising question at each node. We also propose using a phone-state dependent threshold instead of a fixed threshold of likelihood gain to decide if a node split should continue or not. Furthermore, we use a fast confusion network (CN) algorithm to combine recognition hypotheses produced by using acoustic models from different PDT training methods. Experimental results show that the proposed lookahead methods consistently decrease model size, and the integration of recognition hypotheses consistently improves recognition accuracy.
Ground Water Recharge and Discharge in the Central Everglades

Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA‐2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA‐2A (located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA‐2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ~1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures.
The Name “Iscariot”

One of the puzzles of the Gospel tradition has been the interpretation of the epithet which distinguishes the betrayer of Jesus from other bearers of the very common name Judas. The attempt to explain it has brought forth perhaps as many impossible theories as any other New Testament riddle of the kind. The most recent authoritative work dealing with Palestinian affairs, the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 6 (1942), merely mentions three attempted explanations of the name: 1. “man of Kerioth”; 2. derivation from Hebrew sheker (“falsehood”); 3. from Latin scortea , meaning the “leather bag” which Judas as treasurer carried (John 12: 6, 13: 29). The reader is left to make his own choice, as no preference is expressed.
POTENTIAL BASIS OF GLYPHOSATE RESISTANCE IN CALIFORNIA RIGID RYEGRASS (Lolium rigidum)

Abstract Glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass has been identified in California, but research has yet to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The objectives of this study were to examine the differences between sensitive and resistant rigid ryegrass in absorption and distribution of glyphosate, in vivo and in vitro absorption by chloroplasts, and shikimic acid accumulation after glyphosate treatment. Foliar absorption and distribution of 14C-glyphosate did not differ 1 to 3 d after treatment (DAT) between the susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate by isolated chloroplasts also did not differ between the S and R biotypes. After foliar application of 14C-glyphosate, chloroplasts were isolated from treated leaves from both biotypes. Accumulation of 14C-glyphosate in the chloroplasts did not differ between the two biotypes. Shikimic acid level increased significantly in the S biotype after treatment with glyphosate at 2.24 kg ai ha−1 to levels 10-fold greater than in the R biot...
THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE: A Commentary on Karen Bakker's Privatizing Water

The virtuosity of Karen Bakker's book, Privatizing Water, lies in its depth of understanding and methodical assessment of water provision, its refusal to lapse into the easy embrace of entrenched dichotomies, and its relentless commitment to asking how we can find solutions to urban water crises that are workable and just. Bakker strives to extend this notion of justice to both the human and non-human realms. Whether she succeeds is moot, because 'ecological rights', as Bakker terms them, ultimately remain firmly bound to the anthropocentric: the future possibility of 'human' and 'community' rights.
The relationship between residential yard management and neighborhood crime: An analysis from Baltimore City and County

Abstract We analyzed the relationship between crime and indicators of residential yard management in Baltimore City and County. Data came from a survey we conducted of over one thousand front yards that included more than 40 indicators relating to lawns, trees, shrubs, beds and other features. These indicators were related to point counts of crime at the 150 m scale using a combination of ordinary least squares, spatial error, and Poisson regressions. After controlling for income, population density, block-scale tree canopy, and housing type, we found a consistently significant relationship between crime and a number of indicators of yard management. Yard-level variables that were negatively associated with crime included: the presence of yard trees, garden hoses/sprinklers, and lawns, in addition to the percentage of pervious area in a yard. Those positively associated with crime included presence of litter, desiccation of the lawn, lack of cutting of the lawn, and number of small trees in front of or adjacent to the property. While these results do not establish causality, they add evidence to a growing literature that suggests the possibility of several mechanisms by which environmental design may reduce crime: “cues to care” (the inverse of the “broken window” hypothesis) can lead to reduced crime by signaling to criminals the presence of social capital and the active involvement of neighbors in community spaces; and more appealing landscaping draws more “eyes on the street,” which in turn deters criminals.
Improving protein conformational sampling by using guiding projections

Sampling-based motion planning algorithms from the field of robotics have been very successful in exploring the conformational space of proteins. However, studying the flexibility of large proteins with hundreds or thousands of Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) remains a big challenge. Large proteins are also highly-constrained systems, which makes them more challenging for standard robotic approaches.
Footloose at Fifty: An Introduction to the Tiebout Anniversary Essays

This essay is the introduction to a volume commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Tiebout's A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures, which was first published in the Journal of Political Economy in October 1956. It presents biographical and contextual information about Charles Tiebout, who died in 1968, to explain the initially modest influence of his article in the 1950s and 1960s and its accelerating influence since 1970. Wallace Oates's 1969 empirical study of capitalization was the catalyst for scholarly interest in the Tiebout model, but political and economic trends that undermined confidence in centralized government have widened its influence. The balance of the introduction assays the nine other original articles in the volume. The Tiebout model remains the touchstone of the analysis of local government activities, especially public education and land-use regulation, but its influence now informs the economic analysis of geographic mobility on a wider scale.
Dislocation of Posterior Tibial Tendon

Dislocation of the posterior tibial tendon has been reported rarely in the English literature. We report a case of traumatic dislocation of the posterior tibial tendon. The diagnosis was delayed for months and was ultimately made by magnetic resonance imaging, which accurately determined the location of the tendon. At the time of surgical exploration, no predisposing anatomic abnormalities were noted. A new pseudoretinaculum had developed that prevented recurrent subluxation or dislocation. Surgical relocation of the tendon and repair of the retinaculum resulted in a good outcome.
Assessing Vocal Development in Infants and Toddlers Who Are Hard of Hearing: A Parent-Report Tool

The main purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether the Vocal Development Landmarks Interview-Experimental Version (VDLI-E) was sensitive to variation in the vocal development of infants and toddlers who are hard of hearing. The VDLI-E is an interactive parent interview that uses audio samples of authentic infant vocalizations to make targeted vocal behaviors clear and understandable to parents without the need for technical terms, verbal descriptions, or adult modeling of infant productions. The VDLI-E was found to be sensitive to age and hearing and was related to performance on concurrent measures of early auditory skills, expressive vocabulary, and overall expressive language abilities. These findings provide preliminary support for the utility of this measure in monitoring the impact of early auditory experiences on vocal development for 6- to 18-month-old children who are hard of hearing.
Introduction to large gatherings of the factors influencing food safety and security measures

this paper,the factors affecting large gatherings,food security and the safeguard measures of food safety problems in carding and analysis,hope to be able to to promote food safety security work help large gatherings.
Alternate Routes of Administration among Prescription Opioid Misusers and Associations with Sexual HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors

Literature suggests that young adult prescription opioid misusers who are using alternate routes of administration (e.g., snorting, injecting) may be engaging in sexual and non-sexual HIV risk behaviors. This study examines demographics, substance use, sexual risk behavior, and health and social problems associated with alternate routes of administration of prescription opioids among a sample of young adult prescription opioid misusers. Data are drawn from baseline assessments from a behavioral intervention trial. Eligible participants were ages 18-39, and reported recent (past 90 days) heterosexual sex, and recent and regular substance use and attendance at large, recognized local nightclubs. The analyses include 446 racially/ethnically diverse participants. In bivariate regression models, compared to those who did not, participants reporting alternate routes of administration (n = 209) were more likely to be White (p < 0.025) and report group sex participation history (p = 0.002), sex with an injection drug user (p = 0.003), sexual victimization history (p = 0.003), and severe mental distress (p < 0.000). White race, group sex participation history, and severe mental distress remained significant in the multivariate model. Alternate routes of administration of prescription opioids are associated with sexual HIV transmission risk behaviors. Early prevention and intervention efforts that address sexual and non-sexual HIV risk behaviors are warranted.
Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication

Symposium: Critical Legal Studies (Debut de Siecle): A Symposium on Duncan Kennedy’s A Critique of Adjudication. This article, written for a symposium in honor of Duncan Kennedy on the occasion of the publication of his book, A Critique of Adjudication (1998: Harvard), uses works produced during the overlapping times of the Beat Generation and the Civil Rights Movement to explain, extend, and move beyond critical legal studies and Critical Race Theory.
Prevention of pyelonephritis by immunization with P-fimbriae.

Abstract P-fimbriae have been found to be a virulence factor in both human and nonhuman primate urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. This is because of bacterial adherence to urothelial cells which is mediated by adherence of fimbriae to a specific glycolipid receptor on the cell membrane of these cells. We purified P-fimbriae for immunization of monkeys. High titers of antifimbrial antibody protected against both acute and chronic pyelonephritis after renal inoculations of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli.
CHAPTER 9 – RL Circuit Analysis

This chapter describes the methods of analysis of series and parallel circuits containing resistors as well as inductors. In a series RL circuit, the sum of the voltage drop across the resistor and the voltage drop across the inductor do not simply add algebraically to equal the applied voltage, as they would in either a purely resistive or a purely reactive circuit. This is because of the combination of resistance and reactance, and the different phase relationship between the voltage and current for each component. In an RL circuit, however, there exists a combination of resistance and reactance like in a series resistor–capacitor (RC) circuit, and it is known as impedance, Z, measured in ohms. Impedance of an RC circuit can be calculated by adding the resistance and the reactance vectorially on the phasor diagram. When drawing voltage and impedance diagrams for circuits like this, it is often convenient to draw them in the form of a right triangle. The quality of a coil is based on its ability to store energy in its magnetic field and then return that energy back to the circuit. Essentially, it is a measure of how efficient the coil is as far as its reactive, self-inductive qualities are concerned. The chapter introduces the concept of Q of a coil and the factors affecting it.
Strategically Funny: Romantic Motives Affect Humor Style in Relationship Initiation

Not all humor is the same, yet little is known about the appeal of specific humor styles in romantic initiation. The current experimental study addresses this gap by investigating how romantic motives (short-term or long-term) affect individuals’ anticipated use of, and response to, positive humor and negative humor. Heterosexual participants (n = 224) imagined the pursuit of either a desired short-term or long-term relationship, indicated the extent to which they would produce positive and negative humor, and reported how their own interest would change in response to the imaginary target’s use of positive or negative humor. Results revealed that individuals are strategic in their humor production as a function of relational motives. Individuals produced positive humor in both contexts but limited their use of negative humor when pursuing a long-term relationship. The target’s positive humor increased individuals’ attraction, especially women’s, and although negative humor boosted attraction, it did not boost attraction more for short-term than long-term relationships. Findings extend a trait-indicator model of humor and their implications are discussed in light of other theoretical perspectives.
Domestic minor sex trafficking in a rural state: interviews with adjudicated female juveniles

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is defined as the “recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act” (TVPA, 2000) where the person is a citizen of the U.S. and under age 18 years. The purpose of this study was to gain a more informed understanding of the scope of the problem of DMST for adjudicated juvenile females, to identify factors associated with DMST for this vulnerable population, and enhance our understanding of the pathways in and out of DMST from the victims’ perspective (especially rural vs. urban). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 40 adjudicated juvenile females in a southern, rural state. Results indicate a significant number of adjudicated female youth are engaged in sex trafficking, often to obtain drugs, and that a significant number feel forced to perform sex acts in exchange for drugs and/or for a place to sleep which is also highly correlated with being a victim of sexual abuse. Early intervention for juvenile females who fit the noted vulnerabilities needs to be implemented in time to prevent our youth from being victimized. Suggestions for future research are addressed.
Sunitinib affects specific subpopulations of peripheral blood monocytic cells in patients with unresectable neuroendocrine tumor (NET): an 8-color flow cytometry analysis

C162 Background: Blood-based, non-invasive biomarkers of drug activity hold potential to improve the clinical application of molecularly targeted agents. Sunitinib malate (SU011248), an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, RET, and FLT3, has demonstrated both antitumor efficacy and anti-angiogenic activity. We previously reported that monocyte and other peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations were consistently modulated by sunitinib, and that these changes correlated with clinical benefit in patients with malignant GIST (Norden-Zfoni et al. Clin Cancer Res 2007). In a phase II trial in patients with advanced unresectable NET, including carcinoid and pancreatic islet-cell tumors, single-agent sunitinib demonstrated antitumor activity (Kulke et al., Proc ASCO 2005 abstr#4008). Here, we investigated changes in specific PBMC subsets expressing targets relevant to sunitinib inhibition from treated patients in this clinical trial. Methods: Patients received sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 consecutive weeks followed by 2 weeks off therapy in 6-week treatment cycles. CBC with differential was assessed pre-treatment, and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks during the first cycle of treatment. Monocyte subpopulations (nucleated cells expressing CD14) were serially evaluated by 8-color flow cytometry before and during the first cycle in 29 patients. Target receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including VEGFR-1, PDGFR-Β, and KIT, and biomarkers defining biologically-relevant PB populations including CXCR4, CD34, and Tie-2 were analyzed. On-treatment levels of single and multiple biomarker cell populations were compared to baseline (BL) values and expressed as percentages of BL. Results: Overall, WBCs and monocytes decreased to approximately 55% BL on Day 28, whereas lymphocytes by comparison did not change significantly (72% BL). CD14+ cells nadired by Day 28, while CD14-negative cells remained unaffected on treatment, indicating that sunitinib may preferentially target CD14+ monocytes in PB. Among specific CD14+ monocytic subpopulations, CD14+VEGFR-1+ cells decreased significantly more than their VEGFR-1-negative counterpart, and remained
Effect of Product Return Policy on Consumer’s Risk Perception, Store Image, and Store Patronage: A Causal Investigation (Abstract)

This study investigates the interaction effects of product return policy and perceived product price and quality on purchase risk, store image, and store patronage. Using Warranty theory, this study argues that a consumer’s perception of product price and quality interacts with return policy in driving down the risk of purchase, thereby increasing image of the store and patronage intention. Using an experiment design, this study finds significant support for the prediction that lenient return policy and quality perception interact with each other to influence store image and patronage intention. In addition, results show support for the prediction that the interacting effect of return policy and product quality on patronage intention is mediated by risk perception. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are also provided.
Temozolomide arrests glioma growth and normalizes intratumoral extracellular pH.

Gliomas maintain an acidic extracellular pH (pHe), which promotes tumor growth and builds resistance to therapy. Given evidence that acidic pHe beyond the tumor core indicates infiltration, we hypothesized that imaging the intratumoral pHe in relation to the peritumoral pHe can provide a novel readout of therapeutic influence on the tumor microenvironment. We used Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS), which utilizes chemical shifts of non-exchangeable protons from macrocyclic chelates (e.g., DOTP8−) complexed with paramagnetic thulium (Tm3+), to generate pHe maps in rat brains bearing U251 tumors. Following TmDOTP5− infusion, T2-weighted MRI provided delineation of the tumor boundary and BIRDS was used to image the pHe gradient between intratumoral and peritumoral regions (ΔpHe) in both untreated and temozolomide treated (40 mg/kg) rats bearing U251 tumors. Treated rats had reduced tumor volume (p < 0.01), reduced proliferation (Ki-67 staining; p < 0.03) and apoptosis induction (cleaved Caspase-3 staining; p < 0.001) when compared to untreated rats. The ΔpHe was significantly higher in untreated compared to treated rats (p < 0.002), suggesting that temozolomide, which induces apoptosis and hinders proliferation, also normalizes intratumoral pHe. Thus, BIRDS can be used to map the ΔpHe in gliomas and provide a physiological readout of the therapeutic response on the tumor microenvironment.
The Capital Structure of Private Firms

This paper investigates the capital structure of a large sample of U.S. private firms from 2004 to 2013. There is considerable heterogeneity in private firm capital structure, not only in terms of the level of leverage but also with regard to the issuance of specific debt instruments. Leverage, debt type usage, and debt specialization are dynamic and strongly related to observable firm characteristics largely in support of contract theory. Unobservable firm and industry characteristics are strong determinants of leverage levels and debt specialization. Macro credit conditions are not related to private firm leverage but are strong determinants of the degree to which firms diversify their debt capital structures.
La Desaparición Forzada de Personas a Cuarenta Años del Golpe de Estado en Chile: un Acercamiento a la Dimensión Familiar

This article analyzes the recollections of detained and disappeared relatives of 19 women from the Association for Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared. Testimony was collected using group reflective interviews, with an analysis of the verbal data. The main results indicate that the family memories transmitted trans-generationally are of high intensity and affectivity, constituting a post-memory (Hirsch, 1998). The recollections of the victim’s relatives also work against negation and impunity of the disappearance of the detained relative. This study contributes to the development of policies for memory which permit the social recognition of the family history of the victims of State terrorism. Both the theoretical-methodological proposal and the results obtained in this study indicate pathways to new lines of research oriented to the understanding of inter-generational transmission of traumatic experiences.
How much basic science content do second-year medical students remember from their first year?

While most medical students generally perform well on examinations and pass their courses during the first year, we do not know how much basic science content they retain at the start of their second year and how that relates to minimal competency set by the faculty. In the fall of 2014, before starting their second-year courses, 27 medical students volunteered to participate in a study of long-term retention of the basic sciences by taking a “retention exam” after a delay of 5–11 months. The overall mean performance when the students initially answered the 60 multiple choice questions (MCQs) was 82.8% [standard deviation (SD) = 7.4%], which fell to 50.1% (SD = 12.1%) on the retention exam. This gave a mean retention of 60.4% (SD = 12.8%) with the retention for individual students ranging from 37 to 81%. The majority of students (23/27; 85%) fell below the minimal level of competency to start their second year. Medical educators should be more aware of the significant amount of forgetting that occ...
Nonepithelial Tumor of Ovary

Nonepithelial ovarian tumors are generally grouped into germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors and varieties of miscellaneous tumors, including lymphomas and soft tissue tumors.
MOLECULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO WATER-DEFICIT STRESS

Soil-water-deficit stress causes many changes in the biology of the plant cell beginning with the perception of the stress followed by changes that promote the acclimation to the stress. The mechanism by which plant cells transduce the physical stress of loss of water to biochemical changes in the cell continues to elude plant biologists. Using modern techniques that allow measurements of thousands of changes in gene expression at one time, researchers have catalogued and are beginning to make progress in interpreting the function of the many changes in gene expression. Although, it still remains a challenge to understand the function and relevance of many of these responses. There are indications that laboratory stress conditions intended to mimic plant water-deficit stress do not cause a universal water stress response; only a small number of genes are commonly induced when plants are subjected to water-deficit stress in different laboratories. Researchers remain optimistic that lessons learned from the molecular response of Arabidopsis plants to stress can be used to improve crops for growth under non ideal field conditions and lessen the need for irrigation in areas of the world where water availabilty for agriculture is decreasing
The socioeconomic determinants for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a review of New York State from 1995 to 2015

BACKGROUND Prolonged length of stay (pLOS), disease-related complications, and 30-day readmissions are important quality metrics under the Affordable Care Act. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of patient-level and hospital-level factors on these outcomes for patients admitted for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. METHODS The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database was queried to investigate 30-day readmissions and pLOS for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in New York from 1995 to 2015. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, was performed to assess the effect of these variables on the outcomes of interest. RESULTS A total of 9950 patients underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery; 7122 (72%), 2394 (24%), and 434 (4%) patients were treated at high-volume, medium-volume, and low-volume centers, respectively. Patient factors associated with treatment at high-volume centers (HVCs) included: top income quartile, private insurance, urban residence, and white or Asian race (p 65 years, elevated Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scores, bottom income quartile, Medicaid and Medicare insurance, rural residence, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity (p < 0.05). Variables predictive of prolonged hospitalizations in our multivariable model included black race, Hispanic ethnicity, Medicaid insurance, low income, female gender, LVC, and comorbidities (panhypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus [DI], visual disturbances, CCI) while predictors of readmissions included Asian race, female gender, and comorbidities (Cushing syndrome, DI, CCI). CONCLUSION Patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery at HVCs have shorter hospitalizations, fewer postoperative electrolyte abnormalities, and lower charges; however, socioeconomic factors may influence access to quality care.