cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Grammar of Pneumatology in Barth and Rahner: A Reconsideration

The trinitarian theologies of Barth and Rahner have tended to be read as failing to overcome a pneumatological deficiency that characterizes Western theology, despite the importance of their thought to proponents of the contemporary trinitarian ‘revival’. This article argues, however, that in fact their conceptualizations of the doctrine of the Trinity depend upon essential pneumatological themes: Barth's understanding of the Spirit as the subjective reality of revelation's effect, and Rahner's proposals concerning the gift of the Spirit in terms of uncreated grace and quasi-formal causality. These insights have been largely overlooked or misconstrued, not least because both Barth and Rahner deploy their pneumatologies in the course of polemical debates with their nineteenth-century predecessors. A fresh reading of these theologians yields a pneumatology that I characterize as a grammar of the construction of graced subjectivity.
The use of chromium(III) to supercharge peptides by protonation at low basicity sites.

The addition of chromium(III) nitrate to solutions of peptides with seven or more residues greatly increases the formation of doubly protonated peptides, [M + 2H]2+, by electrospray ionization. The test compound heptaalanine has only one highly basic site (the N-terminal amino group) and undergoes almost exclusive single protonation using standard solvents. When Cr(III) is added to the solution, abundant [M + 2H]2+ forms, which involves protonation of the peptide backbone or the C-terminus. Salts of Al(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Fe(II), Cu(II), Zn (II), Rh(III), La(III), Ce(IV), and Eu(III) were also studied. Although several metal ions slightly enhance protonation, Cr(III) has by far the greatest ability to generate [M + 2H]2+. Cr(III) does not supercharge peptide methyl esters, which suggests that the mechanism involves interaction of Cr(III) with a carboxylic acid group. Other factors may include the high acidity of hexa-aquochromium(III) and the resistance of Cr(III) to reduction. Nitrate salts enhance protonation more than chloride salts and a molar ratio of 10:1 Cr(III):peptide produces the most intense [M + 2H]2+. Cr(III) also supercharges numerous other small peptides, including highly acidic species. For basic peptides, Cr(III) increases the charge state (2+ versus 1+) and causes the number of peptide molecules being protonated to double or triple. Chromium(III) does not supercharge the proteins cytochrome c and myoglobin. The ability of Cr(III) to enhance [M + 2H]2+ intensity may prove useful in tandem mass spectrometry because of the resulting overall increase in signal-to-noise ratio, the fact that [M + 2H]2+ generally dissociate more readily than [M + H]+, and the ability to produce [M + 2H]2+ precursors for electron-based dissociation techniques.
On the nature of supercooled and glassy states of matter

Abstract The temperature dependence of relaxation behavior in glass-forming liquids is formulated in terms of the temperature variations of a critical lower limit z∗ to the sizes of cooperative regions that can rearrange into another configuration independent of its environment. The temperature dependence of the size of this cooperatively rearranging region is determined by dividing the total volume of the system into blocks, each of volume L3, and then relating the number of particles or molecular segments in each block to the entropy per block, to the Gibbs free energy per block, to the molar entropy of the macroscopic sample, and to the temperature derivative of block length L. The result of the molecular-kinetic theory is a relation for the relaxation time which almost coincides with the empirical WLF and VTF equations. The theory is applied to viscosimetric experiments. This permits evaluation of the ratio of the kinetic glass temperature Tg to the equilibrium temperature T2, where the size of the rearranging region diverges. Predictions are made concerning the temperature dependence of relaxation times and the activation energy for viscous flow as T→Tg, and the ratio of the enthalpy of the glass to the enthalpy of supercooled liquid. The values of Tg/T2 obtained for fourteen widely different materials were found to be nearly the same, i.e., 1.28 ± 5.78%. The non-linearity of the glassy state is found to be governed by properties of the equilibrium melt above Tg. Finally, for an arbitrary one-component many-body system we obtain a lower bound to the entropy density at low temperatures. The entropy per unit volume is related to integrals over certain temperature-dependent correlation functions of the system. An operator product expansion of the correlation functions leads to a necessary condition for the existence of the Kauzmann temperature.
Distal acidification defect induced by phosphate deprivation.

Abstract The effect of phosphate deprivation on urinary acidification was investigated in rats fed a phosphate-deficient diet and in control rats fed the same diet supplemented with phosphate. Phosphate-deprived animals developed hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and hypophosphaturia, but failed to develop hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following 30 or 60 days of phosphate deprivation. Baseline urine pH was significantly higher in phosphate-deprived rats than in controls, but baseline urine HCO 3 excretion was not significantly different between the two groups. The pattern of HCO 3 reabsorption in phosphate-deprived rats was identical to that of controls at both low and high plasma HCO 3 levels. During chronic NH 4 Cl administration, both 30- and 60-day phosphate-deprived rats had a significantly higher minimal urine pH and lower titratable acid and net acid excretion than seen in controls. NH 4 excretion was significantly lower than controls in the 60-day phosphate-deprived rats only. During Na 2 SO 4 administration the minimal urine pH was significantly lower in controls than in phosphate-deprived rats, but there was overlap of urine pH values. At comparable levels of urine pH, NH 4 excretion was significantly lower in phosphate-deprived rats than in controls. Phosphate-deprived rats were able to raise urine-blood CO 2 pressure to the same levels as controls during both HCO 3 loading and Tris buffer administration. Phosphate-deprived rats had greater extrarenal buffering capacity than controls as evidenced by a lower decline in blood pH and HCO 3 during HCl infucion in phosphate-deprived rats. These data demonstrate that phosphate deprivation is associated with distal acidification defect, impaired NH 3 excretion, and increased extrarenal buffering capacity. The increased availability of buffer in phosphate deprivation may play an important role in acid-base homeostasis in this condition.
SU‐FF‐T‐534: A Novel Image Guided Stereotactic Radiosurgery Strategy Employing Virtual Frame Preplanning and Frame Based Treatment

Purpose: This study investigates a novel image‐guided cranial SRS strategy consisting of an invasive frame for rigid‐immobilization coupled with cone‐beam‐CT (CBCT) and a six‐degree‐of‐freedom (6DOF) couch. A preplanning process was developed based on a virtual frame (VF) system which allows avoiding treatment through the invasive frame. Method and Materials: A head phantom with a 9/16″ diameter steel‐ball target inside was used to test the proposed strategy. A CT‐simulation of the head phantom was performed followed by a treatment planning in Pinnacle with non‐coplanar beams. The VF toolkit consisting of a 3D‐surface mesh representation of invasive frame was used to optimize frame location to avoid beam‐frame interference. The real frame was then placed on the phantom guided by the VF frame‐skull measurements and CBCT‐guided alignment was performed with a 6DOF couch. A MV portal image was taken for each beam with a 24×24mm2 open‐field exposure. The displacement vector between the centers of the square and the ball on portal image was used to quantify delivery accuracy. Two different invasive frames (Leksell&BrainLab) were tested and the end‐to‐end delivery accuracy was obtained. Results: VF system can effectively guide frame placement to avoid treatment beams. The frame itself does not introduce serious artifacts on CBCTimages. With 6DOF couch the positioning error can be reduced to sub‐millimeter level. The end‐to‐end tests for two invasive frames both achieved the delivery accuracy within 1.5 mm. Conclusion: A new strategy of using VF based preplanning and invasive frame based immobilization for image‐guided single‐fraction SRS was demonstrated in a phantom study. VF system based simulation enables the preplanning prior the treatment day limiting the time required to plan on the day‐of‐the procedure. The image‐guidedtreatment using invasive frame keeps high accuracy of patient positioning and radiation delivery. The strategy also eliminates the necessity of frequent intra‐fraction motion monitoring.
Orthorhombic structure of UMn2 at low temperatures

Abstract We refined the crystal structure of the cubic Laves phase UMn2 at 295 K and 12 K using the method of Rietveld profile analysis. Structural data and interatomic distances are given.
Masking release and modulation interference in cochlear implant and simulation listeners.

Purpose To examine the effects of temporal and spectral interference of masking noise on sentence recognition for listeners with cochlear implants (CI) and normal-hearing persons listening to vocod...
Endothelin receptor antagonists and cerebral vasospasm: an update.

THIS REVIEW UPDATES the current status of endothelin receptor antagonists in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Recent preclinical and clinical studies are reviewed, as well as clinical trials for other medical indications. Some of the newer endothelin receptor antagonists are also examined.
Simple technique for single incision transumbilical laparoscopic appendectomy

Abstract Introduction Acute appendicitis is one of the most commonly encountered surgical problems in everyday practice. With the recent increase in popularity of single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), several techniques for SILS appendectomy have already been described. We herein describe our own simplified technique for single incision transumbilical laparoscopic appendectomy. Materials and methods From December 2008 to August 2009, a total of 26 patients consented for single incision laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected. Results Our technique was successful in 19 out of 26 (73.1%) patients, while seven patients required the placement of additional trocars. None of the patients needed conversion to an open approach. Mean OR time was 45.9min. The mean length of stay was 1.1 day. Only one patient had developed postoperative umbilical wound infection. Conclusion Our technique for single incision laparoscopic transumbilical appendectomy is safe feasible, and reproducible. Prospective randomized studies comparing the single incision laparoscopic approach with its conventional multiport counterpart are necessary to confirm the conclusions of our early experience.
The Problem of Modern Time in American Journalism 1

Abstract American life seems pressed for time, and journalists claim they must focus on the now because of competition and technology. Shorter news cycles affect the deadlines for producing live reports on television and constant updates online. Without time to investigate or edit, journalists say their work deteriorates, leaving the public uninformed. But our studies of newspaper, television, and internet news reveal that time in news coverage has been expanding into the past and the future for decades, reflecting news reporters’ professional and modernist claims to prioritize events in time. As temporal concepts transformed at the end of the twentieth century, journalists continued producing reports that reflect modern time regimes. The recent closings of mainstream newspapers, and the consequences journalists see for news quality and public policy, flow to some degree from their modernist sense of time that leaves them disconnected from the current time regime.
Depressive symptoms and health problems among Chinese immigrant elders in the US and Chinese elders in China.

Objectives: Researchers speculate that depression tends to be more prevalent among immigrant elders due to their lack of resources, acculturation stress, language problems, and social isolation. However, other characteristics of elderly immigrants, such as the healthy immigrant effect, may counteract these potential risk factors. This study examined whether depressive symptoms differed between Chinese immigrant elders and their counterparts in China and whether health conditions were similarly associated with depressive symptoms in these two samples. Methods: Depression and health information was collected from 177 Chinese immigrant elders in Boston, the US in 2000 and from 428 education and gender-matched elders in Shanghai, China in 2003. Results: Chinese immigrants had a significantly lower score on the modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and its subscales: somatic symptoms and depressive affect. The association remained for the subscale depressive affect in multivariate ...
Archetypes in Man-Computer Problem Solving

Information systems applied to operational environments have meaning only in what they do for humans performing tasks, whether clerical, technical or managerial. Each person's job-position entails interaction with a limited set of categories of variable data. By 'limited' is meant less than several thousand, and more likely several hundred, categories. A category set associated with a collection of tasks performed by an individual or an organization may be called a category domain. This concept makes possible a practicable (in size) data base responsive to support human tasks in human (psychological) time. An analysis of human problem-solving tasks reveals the following gamut: simple inquiry and update, status inquiry, briefing, exception detection, diagnosis, planning/choosing, evaluating/optimizing, constructing (designing), and discovery. There is no compulsive orderinig of these on a complexity scale. The information processing structure of each is exarnined: some common denominators among this set reveal five underlying archetypes of interaction. By making these archetypes explicit and consistent with concepts of domain, application disciplines and system design can move in parallel and generate a simple, well-defined language structure betweefn system and human user.
Water-soluble dendrimer-poly(ethylene glycol) starlike conjugates as potential drug carriers

The design and synthesis of a new dendrimer–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugate that may be used as a model drug carrier are described. The starting material is a polyether dendrimer with two different types of chain end functionalities. The dendritic assembly is made water soluble through attachment of short PEG chains to the dendrimer via one type of functionality. The remaining chain end functionalities then were used to incorporate model drug molecules of varying polarity into the modified dendrimer. Cholesterol and two amino acid derivatives were selected as model drugs for attachment through their respective hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and amino functional groups to the dendrimer via carbonate, ester, and carbamate linkages. The resulting water-soluble dendrimer-model drug conjugates were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3492–3503, 1999
Indian Slaveholders and Presbyterian Missionaries, 1837–1861

Founded in 1837 to provide a denohinational foreign mission board for the Old School Presbyterians, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (PBFM) had from the outset a very different outlook toward mission work among slaveholding Indians than did its closest rival, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), which served the New School Presbyterians and New England Congregationalists.1 The difference increased until 1859 when the latter organization, unable to reconcile its antislavery conviction with the determined proslavery position of the southern Indians, withdrew from that field. The PBFM, headquartered in New York City, thereupon took under its patronage most of those ABCFM missionaries who had been abandoned by their Boston-based board for refusing to expound and practice an antislavery position among the Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Seminoles and Creeks. Some Presbyterians in the North opposed this decision, arguing that their denomination already had the reputation of being "emphatically the Slave Church of America." To take in missionaries whom "the venerable American Board" had dropped for their desire to remain neutral about slavery could very well lead many northern Presbyterians to leave the church: "In this way some of our churches have bled freely already and much of the blood they have lost was of their best blood."2 The image of the bleeding body was prophetic, for the Presbyterian denomination was dismembered in the following year. It was also indicative of the depth of the prevailing spiritual anguish over this issue. Despite protests, the PBFM unanimously voted to accept the Choctaw mission of the ABCFM into its ranks and until the Civil War ended northern-based mission operations among the southern Indians, it continued to add other missionaries as they were abandoned by the Boston board. The PBFM denied that slavery, pro or con, had anything to do with its decision to take in the ABCFM's abandoned missionaries. It simply decided that these dedicated, experienced missionaries (most of whom had joined the presbytery formed in the Indian Territory despite their Congregational origins) wanted to continue their work and deserved to be continued. The PBFM had had its own missionaries in the Indian
The Economics and Ethics of Minimum Wage Legislation

Recent empirical studies have led the economics profession to question the proposition that minimum wage legislation necessarily leads to greater unemployment. This paper extends the analysis of these studies by providing several theoretical reasons why these empirical results may reflect a larger truth. Moreover, it addresses a relatively neglected aspect of the minimum wage debate - its ethical dimensions. Specifically, do the elementary principles of economic justice mandate that employees who “play by the rules”, should earn a “living wage”? This paper argues that the minimum wage is a successful economic policy that is consistent with economic justice.
FTIR Characterization of Atmospheric Fluctuations Along Slant Paths

ABSTRACT Sensor system noise needs to be characterized to determine the limits of detecting a feature from an observed source. For passive infrared spectral sensors, the noise is characterized in terms of the noise equivalent spectral radiance, NESR. The total NESR (NESR total ) has two components, the internal NESR of the instrument (NESR instr ) and the external NESR of the path being viewed by the sensor (NESR path ). In the case of an FTIR instrument , the NESR instr is measured by viewing a stable blackbody at close range thereby removing the effects of the path on the spectrally dependent noise. The standard deviation of the sine transform of the interferogram is then computed to estimate NESR instr . In our application, however, the NESR path is our signal, and it is measured by viewing a n atmospheric scene and removing the effect due to the instrument. A histogram of the spectrally dependent noise spectrum is then computed . The full-width of this histogram is taken at the 1/e
Simulation of Detachment in ITER‐Geometry Using the UEDGE Code and a Fluid Neutral Model

We have simulated detachment in ITER, with the UEDGE code coupled to a Navier-Stokes neutral model, for realistic toroidal geometry and plasma parameters, with a heat flux of 100 MW into the outboard SOL. For a fixed fraction of carbon, corresponding to Zeff2.5 in the SOL, the power to the outer plate is reduced by more than 90%, the peak plate temperature is reduced to about 1 eV, and the total ion saturation current drops by 85%. Volume recombination plays an important role in removing the current. Bifurcated solutions and marfe-like structures below the X-point have been found under certain conditions.
Zeolite thin film-coated long-period fiber grating sensors for detection of chemical vapors with high sensitivity

In this study, a new zeolite thin film-coated long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor was developed and evaluated for chemical vapor detection. The sensor was fabricated by growing nanoporous MFI-type zeolite (pore size ~0.55nm) thin film on fiber grating using in situ hydrothermal crystallization method. The hydrothermal synthesis process was controlled by continuously monitoring the LPFG transmission spectrum evolution, which indicated the zeolite film formation and growth process. The zeolite-LPFG sensor was activated by calcination in air to remove the structural directing agent from the zeolite pores and then demonstrated for sensitive detection of chemical vapor in gas phases.
Cortical Degeneration in the Absence of Neurotrophin Signaling: Dendritic Retraction and Neuronal Loss after Removal of the Receptor TrkB

Abstract To examine functions of TrkB in the adult CNS, TrkB has been removed from neurons expressing CaMKII, primarily pyramidal neurons, using Cre-mediated recombination. A floxed trkB allele was designed so that neurons lacking TrkB express tau-β-galactosidase. Following trkB deletion in pyramidal cells, their dendritic arbors are altered, and cortical layers II/III and V are compressed, after which there is an apparent loss of mutant neurons expressing the transcription factor SCIP but not of those expressing Otx-1. Loss of neurons expressing SCIP requires deletion of trkB within affected neurons; reduction of neuronal ER81 expression does not, suggesting both direct and indirect effects of TrkB loss. Thus, TrkB is required for the maintenance of specific populations of cells in the adult neocortex.
Preparation of 1-deuterioaldehydes via tub use of diisobutylaluminum deuteride (DIBAL-D)

Abstract Deuterioaldehydes, essential precursors In the preparation of chiral primary deuterioalcohols, have been prepared in yields ranging from 55–75% via reduction of methyl and ethyl esters at -78°C with diisobutylaluminun deuterlde (DIBAL-D). The stoichiometry of the DIBAL-D reduction and the time of the reduction were varied depending upon the structure of the reactant. Aliphatic esters were reduced in 6–10 min. at -78°C while aromatic esters were reacted for 1 hr. at -78°C. From 1.0 to 1.S equivalents of DIBAL-D were used to reduce simple monofunctional esters while multifunctional esters required 2.0 to 2.5 equivalents of DIBAL-D.
Weight Considerations in Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity has been increasing in prevalence worldwide and the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are either overweight or obese. Diabetes management in this population has been difficult since a number of antidiabetes agents are associated with weight gain. The effects of various antidiabetes agents and antiobesity agents on glycemic control and body weight will be reviewed. Briefly, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin are associated with weight gain, whereas metformin and amylin analogs are weight neutral or associated with modest weight loss. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors are weight neutral, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs are associated with weight loss. The effect of orlistat and sibutramine in type 2 diabetes is also evaluated. The treatment of diabetes should not only focus on glycemic control as its sole intention, but it should factor in the effect of these various agents on weight, as well, since obesity aggravates insulin resistance, beta cell failure, and cardiovascular risk.
Interactions among Positions in the Third and Fourth Membrane-associated Domains at the Intersubunit Interface of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Forming Sites of Alcohol Action

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor is a major target of ethanol in the brain. Previous studies have identified positions in the third and fourth membrane-associated (M) domains of the NMDA receptor GluN1 and GluN2A subunits that influence alcohol sensitivity. The predicted structure of the NMDA receptor, based on that of the related GluA2 subunit, indicates a close apposition of the alcohol-sensitive positions in M3 and M4 between the two subunit types. We tested the hypothesis that these positions interact to regulate receptor kinetics and ethanol sensitivity by using dual substitution mutants. In single-substitution mutants, we found that a position in both subunits adjacent to one previously identified, GluN1(Gly-638) and GluN2A(Phe-636), can strongly regulate ethanol sensitivity. Significant interactions affecting ethanol inhibition and receptor deactivation were observed at four pairs of positions in GluN1/GluN2A: Gly-638/Met-823, Phe-639/Leu-824, Met-818/Phe-636, and Leu-819/Phe-637; the latter pair also interacted with respect to desensitization. Two interactions involved a position in M4 of both subunits, GluN1(Met-818) and GluN2A(Leu-824), that does not by itself alter ethanol sensitivity, whereas a previously identified ethanol-sensitive position, GluN2A(Ala-825), did not unequivocally interact with any other position tested. These results also indicate a shift by one position of the predicted alignment of the GluN1 M4 domain. These findings have allowed for the refinement of the NMDA receptor M domain structure, demonstrate that this region can influence apparent agonist affinity, and support the existence of four sites of alcohol action on the NMDA receptor, each consisting of five amino acids at the M3-M4 domain intersubunit interfaces.
The effectiveness of participatory ergonomics in the red meat packing industry Evaluation of a corporation

Abstract This investigation evaluated the effectiveness of a corporate ergonomics program that used a participatory approach to solving problems related to musculoskeletal hazards. This meat products corporation developed and implemented a structured, centrally managed participatory ergonomics program in 1986. In the years following implementation, the corporation experienced an increase in the crude incidence rate; a significant decrease in the percentage of recordable disorders related to musculoskeletal risk factors; a marked decrease in the lost-time incidence rate; and a marked decrease in total and per capita annual workers' compensation costs. These results were consistent with the inference that an ergonomics program that uses a participatory approach to identifying and solving problems in the red meat packing industry may be effective in reducing the severity of musculoskeletal morbidity and workers' compensation costs. Relevance to industry If a company implements an ergonomics program that incorporates employee participation, what changes in injury/illness statistics and workers' compensation costs might be anticipated? Will incidence rates go up or down? Will costs related to workers compensation claims increase or decrease? This paper presents such information from one corporation. It provides data for estimating the direction and magnitude of such effects for a new program as well as data for benchmarking an existing program.
Magnetorheological finishing with chemically modified fluids for studying material removal of single-crystal ZnS

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) of polycrystalline, chemical-vapor–deposited (CVD) zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc selenide (ZnSe) can leave millimeter-size artifacts on the part surface. These pebble-like features come from the anisotropic mechanical and chemical properties of the ceramic material and from the CVD growth process itself. The resulting surface texture limits the use of MRF for polishing aspheric and other complex shapes using these important infrared (IR) ceramics. An investigation of the individual contributions of chemistry and mechanics to polishing of other polycrystalline ceramics has been employed in the past to overcome similar material anisotropy problems. The approach taken was to study the removal process for the different single-crystal orientations that comprise the ceramic, making adjustments to mechanics (polishing abrasive type and concentration) and polishing slurry chemistry (primarily pH) to equalize the removal rate for all crystal orientations. Polishing with the modified slurry was shown to prevent the development of surface texture. Here we present mechanical (microhardness testing) and chemical (acid etching) studies performed on the four single-crystal orientations of ZnS: 100, 110, 111, and 311. We found that the (111) plane is 35% to 55% harder and 30% to 40% more resistant to chemical etching than the other three planes. This relatively high degree of variation in these properties can help to explain the surface texture developed from MRF of the polycrystalline material. Theoretical calculations of microhardness, planar, and bond densities are presented and compared with the experimental data. Here surface characterization of these single-crystal orientations of ZnS for material removal and roughness with chemically modified MR fluids at various pH levels between pH 4 and pH 6 are presented for the first time.
Use of vertically resolved plasma emission as an indicator for flagging matrix effects and system drift in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Vertically resolved measurement of analyte emission was investigated as an on-line indicator for flagging matrix effects and system drift in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The method is based on the fact that plasma behavior and excitation conditions are heterogeneous along the ICP vertical axis. As a result, the relative magnitude and even the direction of the change in emission intensity caused by a matrix effect or system drift are not constant, but are functions of observation height in the plasma. Since the determined concentration of an analyte in a sample is proportional to the measured intensity, any change in matrix effects or system drift along the vertical profile will similarly shift the determined concentration, allowing the drift or interference to be detected. It was verified that the new method can successfully flag matrix interferences caused by a change in plasma conditions (so-called plasma-related matrix effects), a change in sample aerosol generation or transport (so-called sample-introduction-related matrix effects) or spectral interference from emission lines of the matrix. Similarly, the method responded effectively to system drift caused by a change in sample throughput, central-channel gas flow and plasma forward power.
Margaret Drabble's The Waterfall: The writer as fiction, or overcoming the dilemma of female authorship

(1989). Margaret Drabble's The Waterfall: The writer as fiction, or overcoming the dilemma of female authorship. Women's Studies: Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 283-292.
Effects of Oat Grain Hydrothermal Treatments on Wheat-Oat Flour Dough Properties and Breadbaking Quality

ABSTRACT Hydrothermal treatments, which are routine in oat processing, have profound effects on oat flour dough rheological properties. The influence of roasting and steam treatments of oat grain on dough mixing and breadbaking properties was investigated when hydrothermally treated oat flour was blended with wheat flour. Roasting of oat grain (105°C, 2 hr) resulted in oat flours that were highly detrimental to wheat flour dough mixing properties and breadbaking quality. Steaming (105°C, 20 min) or a combination of roasting and steaming of oat grain significantly improved the breadbaking potential of the oat flours. The addition of oat flours increased water absorption and mixing requirements of the wheat flour dough and also decreased bread loaf volume. However, at the 10% substitution level, steamed oat flours exhibited only a gluten dilution effect on bread loaf volume when wheat starch was used as a reference. Oat flour in the breadbaking system decreased the retrogradation rate of bread crumb starch....
A Uniform Code To Regulate Athlete Agents

Several trends throughout the 1970s and 1980s have heightened the demand for the sports agent (Dunn, 1988; Rypma, 1990; Shropshire, 1989, 1990; Sobel, 1991). However, promising athletes are often reluctant to secure an agent as a result of the unethical practices of a few agents. Recent attempts to regulate abuses have been unsuccessful (Cosgrove, 1990; Dunn, 1988; Goodman, 1990; Rypma, 1990; Sullivan, 1984; Sobel, 1990). This article addresses the strengths and weaknesses of institutional, state regulatory, and suggested federal remedies which attempt to stop the abuses of unruly athlete agents. The paper proposes the idea of a uniform code as a remedy to athlete agent abuse. Six key areas are integral to the uniform code: 1) a broad definition of both the pro fessional player an d the agent, 2) a "quasi-judicial legislative system" (Carlsen, 1991), 3) defined agent qualifications and certifications, 4) a bond requirement, 5) criminal penalties for code violators, and 6) itemization of prohibited activit...
Generalized linear interpolation of language models

Despite the prevalent use of model combination techniques to improve speech recognition performance on domains with limited data, little prior research has focused on the choice of the actual interpolation model. For merging language models, the most popular approach has been the simple linear interpolation. In this work, we propose a generalization of linear interpolation that computes context-dependent mixture weights from arbitrary features. Results on a lecture transcription task yield up to a 1.0% absolute improvement in recognition word error rate (WER).
Public key management for network security

A tutorial is given on two public key cryptographic systems that provide an alternative to classical cryptographic key management techniques: the RSA system and the SEEK system. The certification of public numbers is discussed.
The Importance of History for Philosophy of Psychiatry: The Case of the DSM and Psychiatric Classification

AbstractRecently, some philosophers of psychiatry (viz., Rachel Cooper and Dominic Murphy) have analyzed the issue of psychiatric classification. This paper expands upon these analyses and seeks to demonstrate that a consideration of the history of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) can provide a rich and informative philosophical perspective for critically examining the issue of psychiatric classification. This case is intended to demonstrate the importance of history for philosophy of psychiatry, and more generally, the potential benefits of historically-informed approaches to philosophy of science.
Sequence‐specific targeting of MSL complex regulates transcription of the roX RNA genes

In Drosophila, dosage compensation is controlled by the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex consisting of at least five proteins and two noncoding RNAs, roX1 and roX2. The roX RNAs function in targeting MSL complex to the X chromosome, and roX transgenes can nucleate spreading of the MSL complex into flanking chromatin when inserted on an autosome. An MSL-binding site (DHS, DNaseI hypersensitive site) has been identified in each roX gene. Here, we investigate the functions of the DHS using transgenic deletion analyses and reporter assays. We find that MSL interaction with the DHS counteracts constitutive repression at roX1, resulting in male-specific expression of roX1 RNA. Surprisingly, the DHS is not required for initiation of cis spreading of MSL complex, instead local transcription of roX RNAs correlates with extensive spreading.
LOCA Break Spectrum Analysis of the Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor

The Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is an 800 MWt (> 225 MWe) integral pressurized water reactor with all primary components, including the steam generator and the pressurizer located inside the reactor vessel. The reactor core is based on a partial-height 17×17 fuel assembly design used in the AP1000® reactor core. The Westinghouse SMR utilizes passive safety systems and proven components from the AP1000 plant design with a compact containment that houses the integral reactor vessel and the passive safety systems. A break spectrum analysis on the Westinghouse SMR LOCA has been performed to investigate the performance of the SMR passive cooling. The break type includes both the double-ended guillotine (DEG) break and the split break with the break size ranging from 0.5 inch to the diameter of direct vessel injection (DVI) line. The break spectrum analysis was performed using the WCOBRA/TRAC-TF2 code, which is designed to simulate PWR LOCA events from the smallest break size to the largest break size. The break spectrum analysis demonstrates that excellent performance of the passive safety system of the Westinghouse SMR in variable LOCA conditions. The study is also a necessary step to develop an evaluation model for the analysis of design basis LOCA accident.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Wave shadowing and modulation of microwave backscatter from the ocean

[1] Shadowing and modulation of microwave backscatter by ocean waves are studied using coherent X-band radars. Two types of shadowing are investigated: geometric shadowing (complete blockage of incident rays) and partial shadowing (polarization-dependent diffraction combined with weak scatterers). We point out that the frequency of occurrence of zero signal-to-noise ratio samples cannot depend on the incident power level or the polarization if geometric shadowing occurs but can if partial shadowing exists. We then compare this behavior with observations, and show that the data do not support the hypothesis that geometric shadowing plays a significant role in low-grazing-angle microwave scattering from the ocean surface. Furthermore, our data indicate that partial shadowing only depends significantly on polarization for the steep waves found near shorelines. We also study the modulation of microwave backscatter by ocean waves using these data by looking at the phase differences between received power and scatterer velocity. These phase differences appear to be rather well explained by standard composite surface theory at VV polarization, having values that are positive looking up wave and negative looking down wave. For HH polarization, however, breaking effects come into play and overshadow composite surface effects of free waves. They cause the phase difference to be near zero for up wave looks and near 180° for down-wave looks. A simple model that involves both breaking and freely propagating waves but does not include any shadowing effects is shown to account for observed phase differences at both polarizations to within about 10°.
The composition and morphology of pits formed on iron in an inhibited chloride solution

Abstract The pitting of iron exposed to a solution containing chloride and phosphate ions has been investigated. Electrochemical techniques were used to assess pitting susceptibility; scanning Auger electron spectroscopy was used to determine the composition and morphology of pits. The susceptibility to pitting was found to increase as the Cl - /PO -3 4 ratio increased, and the morphology of the pits changed with time. Initially faceted pits were formed which became hemispherical as pit growth progressed. During the final stage of pitting the pits were covered with a ferric phosphate corrosion product. These results suggest that the effects of phosphates on suppressing stable pit growth can best be explained by a localized acidification model.
Structural Characterization of HTGR Pyrocarbon Fuel Particle Coatings

Four characterization techniques were used conjointly to assess the irradiation stability of propylene-derived pyrocarbon coatings on fuel particles for the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). The resultant data further clarify the structural properties of the coatings. The characterization methods include oxygen-plasma etching, small-angle X-ray scattering, optical anisotropy evaluation, and transmission electron microscopy. The results of the analysis of pyrocarbon coatings subsequently irradiated in the high-flux isotope reactor are compared. The optimal microstructure in these pyrocarbons exhibits spheroidal growth features ranging in size from < 0.1 to ∼1 μm and a relatively homogeneous distribution of fine fibrous carbon around the larger growth features.
Hypersensitivity phenotypes associated with genetic and synthetic inhibitor-induced base excision repair deficiency

Single-base lesions in DNA are repaired predominantly by base excision repair (BER). DNA polymerase β (pol β) is the polymerase of choice in the preferred single-nucleotide BER pathway. The characteristic phenotype of mouse fibroblasts with a deletion of the pol β gene is moderate hypersensitivity to monofunctional alkylating agents, e.g., methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Increased sensitivity to MMS is also seen in the absence of pol β partner proteins XRCC1 and PARP-1, and under conditions where BER efficiency is reduced by synthetic inhibitors. PARP activity plays a major role in protection against MMS-induced cytotoxicity, and cells treated with a combination of non-toxic concentrations of MMS and a PARP inhibitor undergo cell cycle arrest and die by a Chk1-dependent apoptotic pathway. Since BER-deficient cells and tumors are similarly hypersensitive to the clinically used chemotherapeutic methylating agent temozolomide, modulation of DNA damage-induced cell signaling pathways, as well as BER, are attractive targets for potentiating chemotherapy.
Conformational Analyses on Soluble and Surface Bound Osteopontin

Immunohistology of calvarial sections revealed that staining with monoclonal anti-osteopontin antibodies (clone MPIIIB10) is minimal unless sections are first treated with EDTA. In contrast, following treatment of sections with EDTA, strong staining of mineralizing osteoid areas and osteoblast-like cells was noted (Fig. 1B). Immunostaining for osteopontin appeared to be specific in that controls which substituted rabbit IgG or normal mouse ascites fluid for monoclonal antibody, or which omitted monoclonal antibody uniformly gave background results (Fig. 1C). In an effort to circumvent problems of antibody accessibility we examined the immunoreactivity of OP when adsorbed to plastic and hydroxyapatite surfaces. Although OP bound to plastic surfaces is reactive with MPIIIB10 antibodies, OP adsorbed to hydroxyapatite crystal surfaces is not recognized by these antibodies as assessed by two detection methods. These results demonstrate that most or all of OP bound to hydroxyapatite exhibits a different conformation than when bound to plastic surfaces. On the basis of immunohistologic results with calvarial sections, we suggest that the conformation of native OP in bone and of isolated OP adsorbed to hydroxyapatite may be similar. Finally, solution circular dichroism and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopic studies indicate that the conformation of bone OP is dependent upon its concentration, and, secondarily to the presence or absence of calcium ion. With both spectroscopic methods, addition of calcium appeared to increase the extent of disordered structure. We suggest that these findings support our hypothesis that bone matrix proteins exhibit a different conformation when adsorbed on hydroxyapatite crystal surfaces. Assumption of a more organized secondary structure in concentrated OP solutions (i.e., 15 mg/ml) is consistent with these results in that local concentrations of OP within a semisolid matrix may approach or exceed levels used here.
Receptor heterodimerization leads to a switch in signaling: β-arrestin2-mediated ERK activation by μ-δ opioid receptor heterodimers

Opiates are analgesics of choice in the treatment of chronic pain, but their long-term use leads to the development of physiological tolerance. Thus, understanding the mechanisms modulating the response of their receptor, the mu opioid receptor (muOR), is of great clinical relevance. Here we show that heterodimerization of muOR with delta opioid receptors (deltaOR) leads to a constitutive recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to the receptor complex resulting in changes in the spatio-temporal regulation of ERK1/2 signaling. The involvement of beta-arrestin2 is further supported by studies using beta-arrestin2 siRNA in cells endogenously expressing the heterodimers. The association of beta-arrestin2 with the heterodimer can be altered by treatment with a combination of muOR agonist (DAMGO) and deltaOR antagonist (Tipp(psi)), and this leads to a shift in the pattern of ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the pattern observed with muOR alone. These data indicate that, in the naive state, muOR-deltaOR heterodimers are in a conformation conducive to beta-arrestin-mediated signaling. Destabilization of this conformation by cotreatment with muOR and deltaOR ligands leads to a switch to a non-beta-arrestin-mediated signaling. Taken together, these results show for the first time that muOR-deltaOR heterodimers, by differentially recruiting beta-arrestin, modulate the spatio-temporal dynamics of opioid receptor signaling.
Conduction Electron Spin Resonance in Graphite Intercalation Compounds

The conduction electron spin resonance in graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) has been theoretically studied. Expressions for Δ g and 1/ T 1 in stage-two GIC are obtained by using the Dresselhaus-Dresselhaus Hamiltonian. The Δ g contributions originating from the two bands are found to cancel each other; this is consistent with the observed results. The calculated 1/ T 1 is not only too small in the magnitude but of opposite sign in its temperature dependence, as compared with the experiments. Such a discrepancy can be removed by considering that inhomogeneous broadening caused by the exchange interaction between the two bands is motionally narrowed through the interband transition. Since spin flip process frequently occurs in the alkali s -electrons, spin-lattice relaxation in stage-one GIC is induced by the exchange interaction between the graphitic electrons and s -electrons.
Reciprocity between infants and cargivers during the first year of life

Infants interact reciprocally with their caregivers from the moment of birth. The actions of one affect the other in a manner that resembles an intricate dance. The article proposes a sociocultural model of reciprocity that focuses on the interdependent relationship between infants and their caregivers. Relevant variables include the age, sex, developmental history, and behavioral style of the infant and the caregiver's knowledge of infants' development, level of experience and education, disciplinary style, and temperament. Further, the influence of families and cultural expectations on caregiving practices are discussed within the framework of the model. After a review of the literature, selected activities are suggested to promote infants' interaction with their social world.
On the oxidation of CaF2 in transmission electron microscope

Abstract Electron stimulated oxidation of CaF 2 in transmission electron microscope has been thoroughly studied using various electron microscopy techniques, including imaging, electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It found that the electron irradiation induced CaO locate on the edge of specimen. The oxidation process is associated with desorption of F by electron irradiation, and originates from O impurities in the specimen. Driven by electric field produced by electron irradiation, the O ions inside bulk diffuse to the edge region, occupying the interstitials of metallized Ca lattice. Therefore, the accumulation of O along the edge of specimen results in forming CaO.