cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneities of Human Interferons

Interferon was discovered over 25 years ago by virologists who were looking for a soluble cell product that could transfer antiviral resistance from virus-infected cells to noninfected cells (Isaacs and Lindenmann, 1957). This closely linked inducer-action relationship (i.e., a virus-induced antiviral factor) moved the group of virologists who began studying the interferons to believe that these mediators were strictly and uniquely antiviral substances. Indeed, any suggestions that data showed otherwise [such as the early reports that interferons exerted cell-growth inhibition (Paucker et al., 1962)] were met with impassioned cries of heresy, with many investigators claiming that the true effect of interferon was antiviral and that all other actions measured were induced by impurities in the crude preparations (extensively reviewed by Stewart, 1981). The first convincing evidence of a “nonantiviral” action of interferon was reported over a decade ago (Stewart et al., 1971), but the concept that interferons were generally able to induce a variety of alterations in cells besides antiviral resistance was not palatable to most scientists until very recently, when, using homogeneously purified interferons from a variety of sources (including recombinant-derived forms) it was demonstrated that interferons per se are potent antivirals, cell-growth inhibitors, and immunomodulatory agents.
Agamben and the Migrations of Glory

AbstractIn the American political imagination, there is a longstanding and wide-ranging discussion about the separation of church and state. Though Americans argue about whether it should be a ‘‘high wall,’’ or whether certain ‘‘breaches’’ in it might be desirable, they all take ‘‘separation’’ to describe an institutional arrangement. From Giorgio Agamben's perspective, however, ‘‘separation’’ is an image that conceals much more than it reveals about the religious character of the state and the global economy. Agamben traces ‘‘the migrations of glory’’ from church, to state, to global capitalism. For part of this task, Agamben accepts Michel Foucault's diagnostic approach to power. By one reading, certainly, governmentality has us in its grip. But now government itself is overshadowed by the power of global capitalism. While Foucault sought only to make us ‘‘a little less governed,’’ Agamben is interested in a deeper iconoclasm and a greater emancipation. According to Agamben, our less-than-free condition...
Optimal Resource Allocation and Scheduling Among Parallel Processes

The problem of optimally allocating limited resources among competing processes may be formulated as a problem in finding the shortest path in a directed graph, provided a quantitative measure of the performance of each process as a function of its resource allocation can be suitably defined. If this measure is also a function of time, scheduling problems arise so that optimal allocations become time-varying and may depend upon various precedence relations or constraints among the processes. Dynamic programming approaches to such allocation and scheduling problems are presented in the context of parallel processing.
Hiding Intrusions: From the Abnormal to the Normal and Beyond

Anomaly based intrusion detection has been held out as the best (perhaps only) hope for detecting previously unknown exploits. We examine two anomaly detectors based on the analysis of sequences of system calls and demonstrate that the general information hiding paradigm applies in this area also. Given even a fairly restrictive definition of normal behavior, we were able to devise versions of several exploits that escape detection. This is done in several ways: by modifying the exploit so that its manifestations match "normal," by making a serious attack have the manifestations of a less serious but similar attack, and by making the attack look like an entirely different attack. We speculate that similar attacks are possible against other anomaly based IDS and that the results have implications for other areas of information hiding.
The Effects of Trade on Research and Development

This paper examines how U.S. manufacturing firms' research budgets respond to international trade. Using a simple dynamic model of R&D investment and dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques developed by Peseran, Shin, and Smith (1999), firm-level data reveal that increased import competition tends to reduce the research efforts of purely domestic U.S. manufacturing firms. Firms with foreign sales, however, respond very weakly to import competition, and increase research efforts in response to real exchange rate depreciation.
Multimedia and the user

Cavewalls and cuneiform came to mind when I began to ponder the amazing palette of multimedia that we can mix on our canvas today. An ideal mix of abstract and multisensory alphabets is possible in the technical communication process. With 3D graphics, virtual reality, and audio and video interactions we come closer to inserting a self, time, and multisensory relationships into the GUI. I document the process I went through, to better define the heuristics which may help guide the process-approaches to dealing with Seven Slippery GUI Intersections for which multimedia is the ideal intervention.
World wide web based technology transfer testbed

We present here a distributed computational environment based on the world wide web designed to effect technology transfer between university and industry. The prototype is based on the integration of computational modules, scientific visualization tools, and a friendly WWW based user-interface. This prototype allows users with simple personal computer based web browsers (e.g. Mosaic browser) to gain access to research information and computational modules located on high-end computational platforms. This WWW based integration scheme opens new horizons for cooperation among researchers, engineers, scientists, students, and businesses.
Combining Active Immunization with Monoclonal Antibody Therapy To Facilitate Early Initiation of a Long-Acting Anti-Methamphetamine Antibody Response

We hypothesized that an anti-METH mAb could be used in combination with a METH-conjugate vaccine (MCV) to safely improve the overall quality and magnitude of the anti-METH immune response. The benefits would include immediate onset of action (from the mAb), timely increases in the immune responses (from the combined therapy) and duration of antibody response that could last for months (from the MCV). A novel METH-like hapten (METH-SSOO9) was synthesized and then conjugated to immunocyanin monomers of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (IC(KLH)) to create the MCV ICKLH-SOO9. The vaccine, in combination with previously discovered anti-METH mAb7F9, was then tested in rats for safety and potential efficacy. The combination antibody therapy allowed safe achievement of an early high anti-METH antibody response, which persisted throughout the study. Indeed, even after 4 months the METH vaccine antibodies still had the capacity to significantly reduce METH brain concentrations resulting from a 0.56 mg/kg METH dose.
CIDP diagnostic pitfalls and perception of treatment benefit

Objective: We aimed to explore the diagnosis and misdiagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and to identify pitfalls that erroneously lead to a misdiagnosis. Methods: A retrospective study of 59 consecutive patients referred with a diagnosis of CIDP was performed. Patients were classified as having or not having CIDP according to European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) criteria. Diagnostic and treatment data were compared in the 2 groups. Results: Forty-seven percent of patients referred with a diagnosis of CIDP failed to meet minimal CIDP diagnostic requirements. All misdiagnosed patients who satisfied EFNS/PNS clinical criteria would be considered atypical as defined by the EFNS/PNS. CSF cytoalbuminologic dissociation was present in 50% of those without CIDP, although protein elevations were generally mild. Nerve conduction studies in patients without CIDP were heterogeneous, but generally showed demyelinating features better explained by a process other than CIDP. Patients frequently reported improvements after being treated with immunotherapy, even if the CIDP diagnosis was incorrect. Conclusions: CIDP misdiagnosis is common. Over-reliance on subjective patient-reported perception of treatment benefit, liberal electrophysiologic interpretation of demyelination, and placing an overstated importance on mild or moderate cytoalbuminologic dissociation are common diagnostic errors. Utilization of clear and objective indicators of treatment efficacy might improve our ability to make informed treatment decisions.
American pika in a low-elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature-sensitive species.

In 2010, the American pika (Ochotona princeps fenisex) was denied federal protection based on limited evidence of persistence in low-elevation environments. Studies in nonalpine areas have been limited to relatively few environments, and it is unclear whether patterns observed elsewhere (e.g., Bodie, CA) represent other nonalpine habitats. This study was designed to establish pika presence in a new location, determine distribution within the surveyed area, and evaluate influences of elevation, vegetation, lava complexity, and distance to habitat edge on pika site occupancy. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted surveys for American pika on four distinct subalpine lava flows of Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Oregon, USA. Field surveys were conducted at predetermined locations within lava flows via silent observation and active searching for pika sign. Site habitat characteristics were included as predictors of occupancy in multinomial regression models. Above and belowground temperatures were recorded at a subsample of pika detection sites. Pika were detected in 26% (2011) and 19% (2012) of survey plots. Seventy-four pika were detected outside survey plot boundaries. Lava complexity was the strongest predictor of pika occurrence, where pika were up to seven times more likely to occur in the most complicated lava formations. Pika were two times more likely to occur with increasing elevation, although they were found at all elevations in the study area. This study expands the known distribution of the species and provides additional evidence for persistence in nonalpine habitats. Results partially support the predictive occupancy model developed for pika at Craters of the Moon National Monument, another lava environment. Characteristics of the lava environment clearly influence pika site occupancy, but habitat variables reported as important in other studies were inconclusive here. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of the species’ current distribution and ability to persist under future climate conditions.
Off-Flavor Development in Milk Packaged in Polyethylene-Coated Paperboard Cartons

Abstract Development of a packaging flavor in milk packaged in half-pint (236-m1) polyethylene-coated paperboard cartons was investigated. Whole milk, low fat milk, skim milk, and water were filled into polyethylene-coated cartons. Milk and water in glass containers were used as control. Products were evaluated by a 10-member sensory panel using a paired comparison test after 1, 3, and 6 d of storage at 2.2°C. Panelists were selected based on their ability to detect milk off-flavors. Container size and package heat sealing were also investigated as variables affecting packaging flavor. Packaging flavor developed in milk and water packaged in half-pint cartons after 1 d of storage. There was no significant increase in the off-flavor intensity in milk following 3 d of storage. Milk packaged in half-pint cartons had a more intense packaging flavor than milk in quart (946-ml) and half-gallon (1890-ml) cartons after 6 d ( P ≤.O5). Off-flavor development was not due to the package heat-sealing process in the dairy.
Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World: New Agendas in Communication

Johnson, T. J. (2013). Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World: New Agendas in Communication. New York, NY: Routledge. 289 pages.Four decades of agenda setting scholarship have yielded hundreds of empirical ...
Estimation of DNA Synthesis Period (s) by Different Methods in Root Meristem Cells of Zea mays L.: Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by Several Antimetabolites

The duration of DNA Synthesis period (S) is estimated by three different methods by autoradiography with 3H-TdR in Zea mays L. root meristem cells. It is concluded that the three methods yielded similar results. It is presumed that the accuracy of estimating S period by any of three methods depends on the sample size and the mechanics of plotting the curve. The duration of DNA Synthesis was prolonged in roots treated with cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, mitomycin C (MC) or hydroxylamine sulphate (HAS). The incorporation of 3H-TdR) after treatment with MC and HAS was also observed. It was found that MC reduces the incorporation of the radioactive precursor (3H-TdR) into DNA, not only during the time of treatment, but also after the treatment. HAS was also found to inhibit the incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA but the incorporation increased soon after the removal from HAS. The action of HAS on inhibition of DNA Synthesis is different from that of MC. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of HAS on nhibition of DNA Synthesis is easily reversible.
Digital Projector Calibration for 3-D Active Vision Systems

3-D active vision systems that project artificial structured light for coordinate measurements have been adopted in many industrial applications. With advances of electronic projection display technology, the digital projector is becoming an important component of various 3-D active vision systems. However, current projector models or structured light calibration techniques for 3-D active vision systems are limited to stripe-type structured light and the majority of them do not consider projector lens distortion. In order to overcome these limitations, a digital projector calibration method is developed to calibrate light beams projected from all pixel elements of a digital projector. Since the digital projector is fully programmable, various structured light patterns can be projected for coordinate acquisition, whose models can be obtained by interpolating parameters of light beams that synthesize the structured light patterns. With proper interpolation functions, experimental results indicate that the projector lens distortion can be successfully compensated and measurement errors are significantly reduced. When the digital projector is moved, a simple rigid body transformation calibration method is developed to rapidly obtain the transformation without re-calibrating the projector The precision of the 3-D active vision system using the proposed digital projector calibration method and rigid body transformation calibration technique is experimentally evaluated.
Toward an integrated system for command and control net-centric web services and sustainment: Application to Homeland Security

This paper describes the architecture and requirements of an integrated system that is needed to support the command-and-control requirements of the Department of Homeland Security during crisis prevention, disaster relief, and other critical operations. The architecture is based on emerging science and technology that has been under development in information management. Lessons learned in the implementation of decision-support systems for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear defense, standards, spiral-systems integration and implementation, and web-service-centric computing, contribute to the architecture's design. The theoretical underpinnings of such a system are represented using a formalistic approach called “paradigm reuse.”
Comparative and alternative approaches and novel animal models for aging research

This special issue of AGE showcases powerful alternative or unconventional approaches to basic aging research, including the use of exceptionally long-lived animal model species and comparative methods from evolutionary biology. In this opening paper, we introduce several of these alternative aging research themes, including the comparative phylogenetic approach. This approach applies modern inferential methods for dissecting basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms correlated with phenotypic traits including longevity, slow aging, sustained somatic maintenance, and repair of molecular damage. Comparative methods can be used to assess the general relevance of specific aging mechanisms—including oxidative processes—to diverse animal species, as well as to assess their potential clinical relevance to humans and other mammals. We also introduce several other novel, underexploited approaches with particular relevance to biogerontology, including the use of model animal species or strains that retain natural genetic heterogeneity, studies of effects of infectious disease and parasites on aging and responses to caloric restriction, studies of reproductive aging, and naturally occurring sex differences in aging. We emphasize the importance of drawing inferences from aging phenomena in laboratory studies that can be applied to clinically relevant aging syndromes in long-lived, outbred animals, including humans.
Premature Lambs Rescued from Respiratory Failure with Natural Surfactant: Clinical and Biophysical Correlates

Thirty-four Western mixed breed lambs were delivered prematurely at 120 days gestational age (term = 150 days). Four lambs were sacrificed at birth, and four lambs were sacrificed with the onset of respiratory failure (PCO2 greater than 80 torr) at about 30 min of age. The remaining lambs were treated by tracheal instillation with 50 mg of natural sheep surfactant lipid/kg body weight. These lambs were sacrificed 10 min, 40 min, 1.5 h and 3 h after surfactant treatment. Frequent blood gas and compliance measurements documented the clinical responses of the lambs. Lungs from treated lambs showed large increase relative to untreated lungs in air volumes as assessed by pressure-volume curves and by histology. However, the pressure-volume and histologic measurements did not distinguish between the posttreatment groups of lambs. Minimum surface tensions of alveolar washes fell from greater than 30 dynes/cm to 6.3 dynes/cm 10 min after treatment and again rose to 21.6 dynes/cm within 3 h. Minimum surface tensions correlated well with the PO2 values but not with the PCO2 values measured before sacrifice. The combination of dilated distal airways and atelectasis resulted from increasing surface tensions with time and mechanical ventilation and may explain the clinical deterioration without much change in the volume of gas within the airways.
A case for an in utero etiology of chronic SDH/effusion of infancy (letter)

We read with interest the Perinatal/Neonatal Case Presentation involving a 3-month-old infant with new onset seizures who reportedly was discovered to have a chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)1 after having ‘new onset partial complex seizures’. The infant, a dichorionic–dizygotic twin (twin A), was noted to have a large head circumference and bulging fontanelle. The infant was noted to have retinal hemorrhages and had his CSDH drained of ‘xanthochromic fluid with some fresh blood’, which was ‘under very high pressure’. The author concluded that the infant's intracranial findings were the result of an in utero ‘process’ as opposed to a postnatal traumatic event. Although the case presented is intriguing, we have concerns about the case vignette and the interpretation of the data presented that make it difficult for us to draw any meaningful conclusions.
Regulation of synthesis and activity of NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) by dexamethasone and phorbol ester in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells

Dexamethasone stimulated 15-PGDH activity in HEL cells in a time and concentration dependent manner. Increase in 15-PGDH activity by dexamethasone was found to be accompanied by an increase in enzyme synthesis as revealed by Western blot and [35S]methionine labeling studies. In addition to dexamethasone, other anti-inflammatory steroids also increased 15-PGDH activity in the order of their glucocorticoid activity. Among sex steroids only progesterone increased significantly 15-PGDH activity. 12-0-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) also induced the synthesis of 15-PGDH but inhibited the enzyme activity. It appears that TPA caused a time dependent inactivation of 15-PGDH by a protein kinase C mediated mechanism.
Contribution of acid and duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux to oesophageal mucosal injury and symptoms in partial gastrectomy patients [see comment].

Background —The role of acid and pepsin in causing symptoms and oesophagitis is well established; however, the significance of duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux (DGOR) in this disorder is unclear. Aims —To understand the role of acid and DGOR in causing upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and oesophageal mucosal injury in partial gastrectomy (PG) patients. Methods —Thirty two PG patients with upper GI symptoms were studied. Twenty four hour ambulatory acid and bilirubin measurements were obtained with Bilitec 2000 using glass electrode and fibreoptic sensor. Upper GI symptoms and oesophagitis were correlated with either acid or DGOR. Results —The PG patients were a heterogeneous group: 28% (9/32) had mixed reflux (acid+/DGOR+); 50% (16/32) had only DGOR (acid−/DGOR+); and 22% (7/32) had neither (acid−/DGOR−). Upper GI symptoms were associated with both mixed reflux (69%) and DGOR (24%). Six patients (67%) in the acid+/DGOR+ group had oesophagitis; no acid−/DGOR+ or acid−/DGOR− patients had oesophagitis. Mixed reflux showed a significant (p Conclusions —(1) The majority of upper GI symptoms and all cases of oesophagitis in the PG patients occurred in patients who had mixed refluxate (acid and DGOR); (2) DGOR without simultaneous acid reflux may cause symptoms, but was not associated with oesophagitis in this patient group.
Role of slag in microstructural development and hardening of fly ash-slag geopolymer

Abstract This paper presents the microstructural development and hardening rate of fly ash-slag geopolymers. The solid precursors are treated with a potassium hydroxide-silicate activator of modulus 1.25. Ultrasonic wave reflection and Proctor penetration methods are used to determine the rate of hardening. Microstructural development is investigated using SEM-EDS, and the reaction rate is monitored using semi-adiabatic calorimetry. Both UWR and Proctor penetration methods capture changes in the hardening rate due to changes in the reaction mechanism. An increase in the rate of hardening is observed with the addition of slag. It is concluded that the calcium that dissolves from slag significantly influences both early and late age properties, and the availability of free calcium ions seems to prolong fly ash dissolution and enhance geopolymer gel formation. It is proposed that the hardening process is initiated by the precipitation of C-A-S-H and that rapid hardening continues due to accelerated geopolymerization.
Tumor Lipids: The Comparative Lipid Content of the Periphery and Center

Introduction Bullock and Cramer (1914) analyzed transplantable tumors of mice and rats in an effort to obtain information concerning the presence of lipid substances in rapidly growing cells. In addition to finding that phospholipids were more abundant in rapidly growing tumors than in slowly growing tumors, they found that healthy, non-necrotic portions of a mouse carcinoma contained a lower amount of phospholipid calculated as percentage of dry residue than did necrotic portions of the same tumor. Cholesterol was found only in traces and cholesterol esters were absent from both kinds of tissue. Analyses of peripheral and central portions of Flexner-Jobling rat carcinoma by Uramoto (1932) showed higher free and bound cholesterol and water contents in the center of the tumor, while the values for lipid phosphorus were very nearly the same for both tissues. Bierich and Lang (1933) analyzed intact peripheral and necrotic central portions of a Jensen sarcoma, finding a great increase of cholesterol ester and a great decrease of phospholipid in the necrotic central portion. Brikker and Lasaris (1932) reported opposite results on the Ehrlich mouse carcinoma, since they found a higher proportion of cholesterol to lecithin in the periphery than in the center. The analyses of peripheral and central portions of tumor tissue reported in this paper were undertaken to determine, first, the portions of tumor to be used for future lipid analyses; second, the changes in the lipid partition of a tissue due to necrosis. The blood supply to the center of the transplantable rat tumor used is so poor that, for the most part, the lipids formed from those of the outer or growing tissue should remain within the tumor. Experimental Tumor: The tumor used was rat carcinosarcoma 256 obtained from the Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University. Young male rats weighing from 70 to 100 gm. were inoculated subcutaneously in the groin by the trocar method. The tumors were removed when they had attained a size such that sufficient tissue could be obtained from the center for analysis. Their age varied from twenty-seven to fifty-two days depending on their growth rate.
Localization of nodes and personnel in a multistatic radar sensor network

Technology for the detection of enemies from behind barriers and for securing of ports and perimeters with minimal threat to warfighters is essential in modern threat scenarios. We are developing a network of small scattered Doppler radar sensors which lie in wait and report on change or motion within a targeted perimeter. Most sensors are simple radar receiver "nodes" capable of short range communications and long operation life with minimal power requirements, while a few are more advanced radar transceiver "beacons" capable of active interrogation and long range communications. Radar nodes and beacons could be scatter-deployed from a distance, creating a need for post-deployment localization in order to provide useful reconnaissance. A beacon is designed to have absolute position knowledge by strategic deployment of GPS, produces an interrogation signal, and analyzes locally received echoes for signs of motion activity in the targeted area. Scattered nodes in the targeted vicinity form an ad-hoc network which also receives and compares the beacon signal and its target echoes, and reports sensed activity to the beacon. This paper introduces such a system and discusses radar node localization based on signal strength using kernel methods and distributed learning algorithms which take energy constraints into account.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS : II. LIPOLYTIC ENZYMES: ESTERASE.

1. Pneumococci contain an intracellular enzyme of marked lipolytic activity as measured by the acid liberated by its action on tributyrin. 2. Enzyme-containing solutions may be prepared by dissolving pneumococci in bile, or by extraction by other means. 3. The optimum reaction for maximum activity of the endolipase is about pH 7.8, which coincides with the optimum hydrogen ion concentration for growth of pneumococci. 4. Heating the enzyme for 10 minutes at 70°C. destroys its activity. 5. Attenuation of virulence of pneumococcus had no measureable effect on enzyme activity. 6. The possible relation of the endolipase to the mechanism of bile solubility is discussed.
Responsivity and development of tolerance to the motor impairing effects of moderate doses of ethanol in alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rat lines.

Background: Research comparing the alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rat lines has detected an apparent association between ethanol preference and lower responsivity to ethanol, as well as the capacity to develop and maintain tolerance to ethanol's effects. However, past studies of tolerance to ethanol's effects generally involved relatively high doses. The present study examined recovery from functional impairment induced by moderate doses of ethanol after a single dose (responsivity) and after multiple doses (development of tolerance) in the P and NP rat lines. Method: Adult female P and NP rats were trained, for 5 consecutive days, to stay on an oscillating bar for 120 sec. Rats were then assigned to one of three groups to receive 1.0, 1.25, or 1.5 g/kg ethanol for 5 consecutive test days. Rats were tested each day at 15-min intervals, following intraperitoneal injection, until recovery to the 120 sec criterion. Results: On the first test day, NP rats took longer to recover to criterion than the P rats following the 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg doses, whereas at the 1.5 g/kg dose no line difference was evident. Trunk blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), associated with time to recovery, indicated higher values for the P than NP rat on day 1 following injection of the two lower doses. Compared to day 1, NP rats demonstrated significantly shorter times to recovery beginning on day 2 following injections of the 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg doses. However, NP rats did not show significantly different recovery times on days 2–5 compared to day 1 following injection of the 1.5 g/kg dose. The shorter recovery times at the 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg doses were associated with BACs at recovery on day 3 being equal to or greater than values obtained on day 1. In contrast, compared to day 1, P rats did not show shorter recovery times until days 3 and 5 following the 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg doses, respectively. However, P rats did demonstrate shorter recovery times on day 2 and higher BACs on day 3 compared to day 1 following the 1.5 g/kg dose. Conclusion: With regard to motor impairment, lower responsivity to moderate doses of ethanol may be a factor associated with high alcohol-seeking behavior. The present results confirm past research supporting an association between ethanol preference and low ethanol responsivity but at doses that are more reflective of those self-administered by P rats.
Steelhead vulnerability to climate change in the Pacific Northwest

Summary Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other Pacific salmon are threatened by unsustainable levels of harvest, genetic introgression from hatchery stocks and degradation or loss of freshwater habitat. Projected climate change is expected to further stress salmon through increases in stream temperatures and altered stream flows. We demonstrate a spatially explicit method for assessing salmon vulnerability to projected climatic changes (scenario for the years 2030–2059), applied here to steelhead salmon across the entire Pacific Northwest (PNW). We considered steelhead exposure to increased temperatures and more extreme high and low flows during four of their primary freshwater life stages: adult migration, spawning, incubation and rearing. Steelhead sensitivity to climate change was estimated on the basis of their regulatory status and the condition of their habitat. We assessed combinations of exposure and sensitivity to suggest actions that may be most effective for reducing steelhead vulnerability to climate change. Our relative ranking of locations suggested that steelhead exposure to increases in temperature will be most widespread in the southern Pacific Northwest, whereas exposure to substantial flow changes will be most widespread in the interior and northern Pacific Northwest. There were few locations where we projected that steelhead had both relatively low exposure and sensitivity to climate change. Synthesis and applications. There are few areas where habitat protection alone is likely to be sufficient to conserve steelhead under the scenario of climate change considered here. Instead, our results suggest the need for coordinated, landscape-scale actions that both increase salmon resilience and ameliorate climate change impacts, such as restoring connectivity of floodplains and high-elevation habitats.
The Sommerfeld half-plane problem revisited, IV: Variations on a theme of Carlson and Heins

A plane wave is incident upon an infinite set of equally spaced, semi-infinite parallel and staggered plates. The boundary conditions on the plates alternate between the Dirichlet and Neumann ones. This problem is formulated as a pair of coupled Wiener-Hopf integral equations and solved by a method proposed by A. E. Heins in 1950. For the case of specular reflection, that is, a single reflected plane wave, the magnitudes of the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficients are determined.
Determination of organotin species by capillary gas chromatography with alternating current plasma emission detection

Abstract An alternating current plasma (ACP) emission detector is used as a detector for capillary gas chromatography (GC) in the determination of organotin compounds in environmental marine samples. Detection limits for tributyltin chrloride (TBT) and tetrabutyltin (TEBT) were found to be 131 and 116 pg/s (as Sn), respectively. Calibration curves exhibited linearity over three orders of magnitude. Precision was found to be less than 8.5% relative standard devision ( n = 10) for both TBT and TEBT. Results for the separation and detection of organotin compounds in complex sample matrices are presented to illustrate the selectivity of the ACP emission detector. No prior hydride formation or alkylation reactions were performed on the organotin species prior to gas chromatographic detection. Recovery data ranged from 77 to 100%. The results obtained in this study demostrate the variability, selectivity and ease of use of the GC-ACP detector for the determination of organotin compounds.
The Information Commons: A Platform For Innovation

Information Commons have successfully served as platforms for innovations in facilities and service programs within libraries over the past 2 decades. In this article, the author makes a series of points concerning the significance and meaning of the Information Commons as a trend, including the strength of the concept as a bridge between the past and future of libraries, limitations in perceptions concerning Information Commons, and the ways that the trend may play out in the future.
Changing Electoral Contexts and Changing Candidate Images During the 1984 Presidential Campaign

In his 1986 article, Donald R. Kinder argued that the images which people hold of well-known political figures may be linked to four rudimentary cognitive dimensions: strength, competence, integrity, and empathy. Furthermore, judgments about the personalities of politicians are said to be stable over time. To verify the structure and the stability of images, Kinder conducted a survey over a four-week period. This study examined these two points further by extending the range of time to one year, 1984, in which a presidential campaign occurred. Significant changes in both the content and the structure of citizen ratings of the two principal presidential candidates were found. These changes were attributed to the changing electoral contexts during that election year.
Serotonin induced protein phosphorylation in the Aplysia eye.

Abstract 1. Serotonin (5-HT) increases the phosphorylation of two low molecular weight phosphoproteins of 23,000 and 15,000 daltons molecular weight and decreases the phosphorylation of a 20,000 dalton phosphoprotein in the isolated Aplysia eye. 2. The cAMP analog 8-benzylthio cAMP increases and decreases the phosphorylation of the 23,000 and 20,000 dalton 5-HT sensitive phosphoproteins, respectively. 3. The effect of 5-HT on protein phosphorylation is not affected by the phase of the circadian rhythm of spontaneous compound action potentials generated in the eye.
One‐point determination of intrinsic viscosity for polycarbonate, poly(phenylene oxide), and polyetherimide

Intrinsic viscosity determination for polymers can be simplified and considerable time and effort saved via a single measurement of relative viscosity at a known concentration. Several workers have proposed one-point intrinsic viscosity methods. Of the methods in the literature, two one-point methods were found to be as accurate as the multiple-point graphical extrapolation procedure. These two methods, one due to Solomon and Ciuta and a nomographic technique due to Khan and Bhargava, were successfully applied for the intrinsic viscosity determination of three polymers: polycarbonate, poly(phenylene oxide) and polyetherimide.
Novel P4 truncated tripeptidyl α-ketoamides as HCV protease inhibitors

Abstract We describe herein the synthesis and evaluation of two series of P-4 truncated tripeptidyl α-ketoamides as HCV serine protease inhibitors. The most promising compound disclosed in this communication 7b demonstrated enzyme binding affinity ( K i ) at 0.27 uM.
Nonlinear transport processes: Hydrodynamics

Abstract Exact equations of motion for the distribution function and for dynamical variables in systems which are nonlinearly displaced from equilibrium are derived and examined. A projection operator is introduced to resolve these equations into a local equilibrium contribution and correction terms. These are of two types: dissipative and fluctuating and are related by a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The dissipative terms are essential for a valid description of transport processes. Simplifications are introduced for systems where the local thermodynamic potentials are slowly varying on the scale of the molecular correlation length. This leads to local transport equations. For the hydrodynamical variables these are precisely the Navier-Stokes equations. The entropy production for a system described by such nonlinear equations is positive semidefinite and vanishes if and only if the system is in equilibrium.
Arsenic flux interruptions: Induced RHEED oscillations and measurements of As coverage on the growing (001) MBE GaAs surface

Abstract The effect of interruption of As flux on the growing (001) MBE GaAs surface has been studied using measurements of the specular intensity of the RHEED pattern. These studies provide new information about the growing GaAs surface. On a growing roughened surface, oscillations in the specular intensity can be initiated by interrupting the As flux for short intervals, i.e., less than GaAs monolayer formation times. The magnitude of the induced ocillations is a maximum when all the excess As on the surface is consumed during the interruption but no excess Ga is deposited. By measuring the time required for the growing surface to convert from As-stable to Ga-stable, the excess As population on the growing GaAs surface has been measured for the first time. This population is not simply related to the difference between the As and Ga fluxes, but is strongly affected by the reconstruction present on the surface. We observe two distinct (2×4) reconstructions on the growing (001) GaAs surface. Using the measured As population and periodicity of the RHEED pattern for several incident electron beam azimuths as constraints, we have specified probable atomic configurations for the (001) As-stabilized (2×4) GaAs surface during growth.
Some probability relations in multicomponent copolymers

It was previously shown that for a stationary random copolymer of A, B, and C, we have in general p(AB) + p(AC) = p(BA) + p(CA), etc., in place of p(AB) = p(BA) which is valid for a stationary binary copolymer. Here, p(AB) for example, is the probability that a randomly picked pair of consecutive comonomers in the polymer consists of an A followed by a B. For a stationary ternary copolymer produced by a first-order Markovian addition mechanism, we show that PABPBCPCA/PACPCBPBA = k, where k is a constant characteristic of a particular set of three monomers but independent of its composition. Here, PAB is the conditional probability of finding a monomer of B given that its immediate predecessor is an A. We further show that if the individual rate constants of the monomer additions involved take a special form such as used in the Alfrey-Price Q–e scheme, then we have k = 1 irrespective of the kinds of monomers, and in addition we have p(AB) = p(BA), p(AC) = p(CA), etc. Thus, although these latter results were previously proposed by Ham as an alternative basis to supplant the Q–e scheme, they may rather be regarded as mathematical consequences of special assumptions adopted for the form of the individual rate constants. For a stationary random copolymer of four components A, B, C, and D, we have p(AB) + p(AC) + p(AD) = p(BA) + p(CA) + p(DA), etc., in general. For a first-order Markovian four-component copolymer, we show that there are seven different combinations of the conditional probabilities that are constants (k1, k2,…, k1) independent of the monomer composition. Again, if we assume the same special form for the rate constants involved, we find that all the seven constants k1, k2, …, k7 reduce to unity and p(XY) = p(YX) for X,Y, = A, B, C, D.
Collective Membrane Dynamics under Osmotic Stress

Phospholipid membranes are highly dynamic, ordered structures that involve molecular motions of phospholipids together with collective fluctuations of the bilayer [1]. Membrane structural dynamics on these length scales are sensitive to changes in properties such as temperature, pressure, and chemical potential. Structural deformation accompanying the removal of water from the membrane is well characterized, yet perturbation of membrane dynamics under osmotic stress conditions has not been studied. Here we show that membrane dynamics as revealed by 2H NMR relaxation measurements are sensitive to osmotic stress. Specifically, we measured the segmental order parameters (SCD) and 2H spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1Z) over a broad range of hydration levels. Empirical correlations of acyl chain SCD and R1Z profiles follow a theoretically predicted square-law functional dependence. However, for a given acyl position R1Z is essentially independent of SCD as the hydration water is varied. This is expected if the correlation length of the collective and segmental fluctuations remains unperturbed. The fast segmental fluctuations are decoupled from larger amplitude lipid motions within the osmotically stressed membrane. This result contrasts with studies involving cholesterol, where variations of SCD on the order of those observed in the osmotic stress experiment lead to significant reductions in R1Z rates [2]. In this case, interaction with cholesterol couples local segmental dynamics to collective viscoelastic modes. These results show that the relation of SCD to R1Z is a characteristic marker of lipid matrix composition and collective lipid interactions. Furthermore, our results highlight intrinsic differences in the sensitivity of membrane dynamics, as may be encountered for peripheral protein-membrane interactions and integral membrane-lipid interactions. [1] M.F. Brown and S.I. Chan, Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Wiley, New York 1996, 871-885. [2] G.V. Martinez et al. (2004) Langmuir20,1043-1046.
Analysis and design of a synthetic transcriptional network for exact adaptation

This paper presents a mathematical model for a synthetic transcriptional regulatory network in vitro. This circuit design resembles one of the well-known network motifs, the incoherent feed-forward loop, in which an activator regulates both a gene and a repressor of the gene. Through mathematical analysis, we show how the circuit can be controlled to demonstrate exact adaptation to input signals.
Does wide primary perirectal dissection during radical retropubic prostatectomy alter pathologic and biochemical outcomes

The aim of this article is to evaluate wide primary perirectal dissection (WR) during the course of radical prostatectomy as a technique to decrease positive surgical margin rates and improve subsequent biochemical outcomes. A retrospective review of a single surgeon's series of 320 patients, including 61 who underwent WR, from 1998 to the present was performed. Patients were stratified into risk groups based on preoperative data known to predict time to prostate cancer mortality. Pathologic outcomes were tabulated and biochemical outcomes were analyzed at follow-up. Comparisons were made between WR and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) with or without nerve sparing based on these parameters within each risk group. Kaplan-Meier, multivariate, and propensity score analyses were used to evaluate the impact of surgical technique on biochemical recurrence. Urinary morbidity was compared using a retrospective review of University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Symptom Index self-questionnaires. No increase in urinary or rectal morbidity was noted using the WR technique. A statistically significant decrease in positive surgical margins was noted in the high-risk population (55% vs 16%, P = 0.010) in favor of WR. Biochemical failure was similar between groups (WR vs RRP), and no biochemical survival advantage could be documented. Thus, the WR technique may successfully decrease the rate of positive surgical margins in a high-risk group without any increased urinary morbidity. This technique may affect only local control because biochemical recurrence rates were not statistically different. This finding implies the presence of occult metastatic disease at the time of surgery. A larger population with better-matched subjects is needed to clarify the potential role of WR in an intermediate-risk population.
Studies on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue in temperature-acclimated Macaca mulatta.

Abstract 1. 1. Adult male Macaca mulatta were acclimated for 12–24 months at two environmental temperatures (5 ± 1°C and 35 ± 1°C). 2. 2. Body weights in the two temperature groups were the same. The axillary brown adipose tissue (ABAT) wet weight of the cold-acclimated animals was 211 per cent greater, and the total ABAT protein content 1330 per cent greater than that of heat-acclimated animals (P ⩽ 0·05). 3. 3. The calculated total rates of oxygen consumption of homogenates of ABAT of cold-acclimated animals were greater (P ⩽ 0·05) than that of the heat-acclimated animals by 5363 per cent with succinate, 610 per cent with glutamate, 1613 per cent with a-ketoglutarate, 1955 per cent with β-hydroxybutyrate and 6104 per cent with α-glycerophosphate. 4. 4. Both brown and yellow adipose tissue were darker in the cold-acclimated animals.
Treatment trends for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Background: As a result of clinical trial publications, breast conservation treatment has been increasingly used for invasive breast cancer. The patterns of care for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were analyzed for the years 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1991 to determine whether the same treatment principles had been applied to patients with noninvasive disease.
Synthesis, characterization and reverse osmosis performance of poly(amide-sulfonamide)s

Abstract Poly(amide-sulfonamide)s 1–4 were synthesized by low-temperature solution polycondensation of diamino monomers 5 and 6 with isophthaloyl chloride/terephthaloyl chloride in N , N -dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The polymers were adequately characterized for their properties. Membranes were fabricated from PASA 2 under different casting conditions by varying the casting solution composition, evaporation temperature and evaporation time. The reverse osmosis (RO) tests for these membranes were performed with 1000 ppm aqueous sodium chloride feeds at 20 to 40 kg cm −2 ) operating pressure. Membranes showed salt rejections of up to 97.9% at a flux of over 11.9 cm per day. The RO performances of the membranes remained unchanged after treatment with dilute acid, alkali and oxidizing agent.