cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actions of Similar Others as Inducements to Cooperate in Social Dilemmas

Two studies were conducted to determine whether information about the actions of others in a multitrial social dilemma can influence choice behavior. Participants read about three (fictitious) people who supposedly had already participated in the study and who were either similar or dissimilar to a typical college student. Participants then played several trials of a social dilemma game. Study 1, which used a prisoner’s dilemma, showed that participant rates of cooperation conformed to those reported for similar, but not dissimilar, others. Study 2 added outcome information to the person descriptions and changed the game to a public goods dilemma. Cooperation rates were directly influenced by similar others when others’ choices were described as having produced large outcomes; when choices were said to have produced small outcomes, rate of cooperation was inversely related to others’ behavior. As with Study 1, information about dissimilar others had no effect on choice behavior.
Synthesis of some cluster galactosides and their effect on the hepatic galactose-binding system

Abstract Mono-, bis- , and tris -β- d -galactopyranosides of (2-(5-hydrazinocarbonylpentanamido)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-propanediol were synthesized. Treatment of the glycosides with nitrous acid gave the corresponding acyl azides which were coupled to bovine serum albumin to form neoglycoproteins. These derivatives were tested for their inhibitory action on (i) the d -galactose binding by rabbit liver membrane, (ii) the corresponding binding by the isolated binding protein, and (iii) the corresponding uptake by intact rat hepatocytes. In these systems, the neoglycoprotein with attached tris-galacto was a better inhibitor than the bis derivative, which in turn was more effective than the mono derivative per each ligand. However, the order is reversed when the inhibitory action is expressed on the basis of d -galactosyl residue.
Synoptic Weather Patterns Associated with the Milwaukee, Wisconsin Flash Flood of 6 August 1986

Abstract A flash flood occurred at Milwaukee, Wisconsin on 6 August 1986 as a result of >6 in. (15.2 cm) of rain, much of it falling over a 2-h period. Several possible contributing factors to the excessive rainfall are addressed, as well as a brief overview of the radar imagery and the local National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts issued during the event. Conventional weather analyses and infrared satellite imagery are used to describe the synoptic-scale weather patterns and cloud features associated with the flash flood. The synoptic patterns are compared with a meteorological composite for heavy rain-producing weather systems associated with relatively warm-topped cloud signatures imbedded in comma-shaped cloud features, as described by Spayd (1982). This composite is referred to as a cyclonic circulation system (CCS). A comparison between the observed synoptic patterns and those predicted by the operational numerical model forecasts is also discussed. A climatological survey is performed to document ...
Measurement of lead-210, bismuth-210, and polonium-210 in environmental samples

Mathematical equations governing the ratio of210Bi/210Pb and210Po/210Pb activities are used to explain the ingrowth of210Bi and210Po in environmental samples during post collection. Procedures are described for radiochemical separation of210Pb,210Bi, and210Po in a state of radioactive disequilibrium and quantification by alpha- and beta-counting. Also, the special case is considered where210Bi is in equilibrium with210Pb, but both are in disequilibrium with210Po. In this case, the activities of both210Pb and210Po are computed by measuring210Po activity twice, using alpha-counting.
Culturing cells with direct clinical importance.

Abstract There are a number of reasons for growing human tissues in culture: (1) The biochemistry of human trabecular meshwork may be studied if the available mass of tissue is increased by the culture process. A “chemical reamer” to treat glaucoma may result. (2) Growth of corneal endothelium may produce “spare parts” to replace aged corneal endothelium in Fuchs's dystrophy. (3) In corneal dystrophies known only in the cornea and only in the human, one will find the specific metabolic defect by culturing corneal stromal connective tissue from specimens of human corneas—keratoplasty buttons or eye bank eyes. There is no other source. (4) Organ culture of lens has produced confirmation of the polyol bypothesis of sugar cataract. Experiments on human lens will be needed to work out the exact applicability to man. Most fanciful of all, the growth of “lentoid bodies” in culture stimulates speculation on how much new knowledge of growth factors will allow regeneration of whole lens however distant in the future this might be. Leaving fancy aside there are clearly enough pressing reasons why human cells should be grown in culture.
Oxygen concentration regulates EGF-induced proliferation and EGF-receptor down regulation

Reducing oxygen from 20% to 2.5% increases EGF-induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in cultures of human diploid fibroblasts. Reducing oxygen also changes the pattern of EGF binding to the cell surface. The loss of surface binding that follows EGF attachment to cells in 20% oxygen does not occur in 2.5% oxygen.
Energy-modified adiabatic approximation for scattering theory

The adiabatic approximation in scattering theory is modified by allowing for the splitting and shifts of perturbed target-state energy levels. This energy-modified adiabatic approximation, derived from operator equations formally equivalent to close-coupling equations in the basis of perturbed target states, is shown to be qualitatively correct for threshold and resonance structures, for which the usual adiabatic theory is inadequate. In the case of electron-molecule vibrational excitation, it is shown that electronic threshold scattering structures should be associated with each vibrational threshold. A single electronic resonance becomes a manifold of multichannel vibrational excitation resonances. Vibrational excitation structures in ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{N}_{2}$ scattering are computed as an example of the method.
Receiver architectures for the detection of spatially correlated optical field using avalanche photodiode detector arrays

Receiver architectures are suggested for the detection of optical field using avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays. It is assumed that optical field is modulated using either binary pulse-position modulated (BPPM) or on-off keying (OOK), and that direct-detection is used to recover the optical signal. It is further assumed that the optical field is exposed to weak atmospheric turbulence. Receivers motivated by the maximum a posteriori (MAP) rule for OOK and BPPM communications are suggested. Due to the complexity of the suggested receivers, suboptimum combining schemes are presented. In one scheme, a simple summation of the output of APDs is utilized to render a decision. In alternate schemes, for BPPM and OOK scenarios, weighting mechanisms that combine the output of detectors in an optimum manner are suggested. For binary PPM signaling, the proposed weighting mechanism maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For OOK signaling, the weighting mechanism is an improvised optimization of the linear summation of the outputs of the APDs. Simulation results are presented to underscore the superiority of the weighted combining methods as compared to the simple summation algorithm.
A study of platelet retention by glass bead columns ('platelet adhesiveness' in normal subjects).

Summary. Platelet adhesiveness tests using glass bead columns were performed in 54 normal subjects. Native blood was forced through the columns by a syringe pump at a flow rate of 6 ml/min, and effluent blood was collected in four aliquots of 2 ml each. The first two aliquots demonstrated a progressive increase in per cent platelet adhesiveness with maximum adhesiveness achieved in the second aliquot. The third and fourth aliquots showed decreased adhesiveness with a progressive broadening of the range of normal. In 11 of the 54 normal subjects the fourth aliquot of effluent blood contained more platelets than the original whole blood and indicated that platelets previously retained by the column were being returned to the effluent. The per cent platelet adhesiveness in the first aliquot did not vary with the platelet count. However, the absolute number of platelets retained by the column increased as the platelet count increased. Moreover, the number of platelets retained from a given aliquot was directly proportional to the number of platelets retained from previous aliquots. The return of platelets to the effluent in the fourth aliquot was associated with the smallest number of platelets retained from the first three aliquots. Adenosine inhibited the retention of platelets by glass bead columns. Retention of platelets by glass bead columns appears to be determined by platelet adhesion to glass surfaces, platelet to platelet aggregation due to released ADP, and spontaneous platelet disaggregation which becomes evident when the initial number of retained platelets provides an insufficient amount of ADP to sustain aggregation.
1 Zeolites: A Primer

Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates, composed of TO4 tetrahedra (T = Si, Al) with O atoms connecting neighboring tetrahedra. For a completely siliceous structure, combination of TO4 (T = Si) units in this fashion leads to silica (SiO2), which is an uncharged solid. Upon incorporation of Al into the silica framework, the +3 charge on the Al makes the framework negatively charged, and requires the presence of extraframework cations (inorganic and organic cations can satisfy this requirement) within the structure to keep the overall framework neutral. The zeolite composition can be best described as having three components: Mmþ n=m Si1 nAlnO2 1⁄2 nH2O
Utilization of alpha-ketoisocaproate for protein synthesis in uremic rats

Utilization of alpha–ketoisocaproate for protein synthesis in uremic rats. We have recently shown that the nutritional efficiency, R, of alpha–ketoisocaproate (KIC) as a substitute for leucine, defined as the ratio of the dose of leucine to the dose of KIC (on a leucine–free diet) for equal growth, can be evaluated isotopically: 14 C-KIC and 3 H-leucine are administered p.o.; six hours later, 14 C/ 3 H in the leucine of whole body protein, divided by 14 C/ 3 H in the injectate, gives a value indistinguishable from R assessed in the same animals by growth experiments. To see how chronic uremia affects R, 11/12 nephrectomized rats and sham-operated controls were fed a regular diet for 15 days and then given these isotopes p.o. Six hours later, R, measured in whole body protein, and in the protein of brain, heart, muscle, salivary gland, liver, and the kidney remnant was significantly greater than in sham-operated controls. The greatest difference (39%) was seen in liver protein and the smallest difference (19%) in muscle. Thus chronic uremia increases the efficiency, relative to leucine, with which KIC is utilized for protein synthesis in all of these organs and in the body as a whole. Possible explanations are discussed.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF URINARY GONADOTROPHINS OF NONPREGNANT HUMANS.

A major separation and considerable purification of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) activities present in gonadotrophin concentrates prepared from urine of eunuchs were attained by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The principal FSH fraction was 4.1 times more potent than NIH-FSH-S1, according to the augmentation assay of Steelman and Pohley. Contamination with LH activity was relatively low, 0.0021 XNIH-LH-S1 per mg, according to the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow. Expressed in terms of the IRP-HMG-(24), the FSH potency of the purified eunuch fraction was 780 U/mg and the LH potency was 6.5 U/mg. The principal eunuch LH fraction, 0.013 times as potent as NIH-LH-S1, was virtually devoid of FSH activity (less than 0.02 times as potent as NIH-FSH-S1 per mg). The ratio of FSH: LH activity in the FSH fraction was at least 1300 times higher than this ratio in the LH fraction. FSH and LH fractions similar to those described above were also prepar...
Brain-computer interfaces in neurological rehabilitation.

Summary Recent advances in analysis of brain signals, training patients to control these signals, and improved computing capabilities have enabled people with severe motor disabilities to use their brain signals for communication and control of objects in their environment, thereby bypassing their impaired neuromuscular system. Non-invasive, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies can be used to control a computer cursor or a limb orthosis, for word processing and accessing the internet, and for other functions such as environmental control or entertainment. By re-establishing some independence, BCI technologies can substantially improve the lives of people with devastating neurological disorders such as advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BCI technology might also restore more effective motor control to people after stroke or other traumatic brain disorders by helping to guide activity-dependent brain plasticity by use of EEG brain signals to indicate to the patient the current state of brain activity and to enable the user to subsequently lower abnormal activity. Alternatively, by use of brain signals to supplement impaired muscle control, BCIs might increase the efficacy of a rehabilitation protocol and thus improve muscle control for the patient.
Social Security and Individual Accounts as Elements of Overall Risk-Sharing

The widespread public and political impetus, in the United States and elsewhere, to revamp social security to incorporate some form of individual accounts creates a time of opportunity. It is a time when people want to see the better exploitation of the available trade-off between risk and return and a time to reconsider the foundations of the social-security system so that it can much better serve its intended purpose as a manager of risks. As I argue in my new book, The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (Shiller, 2003), the time when we redesign social security ought to be a time when we carefully consider the fundamental intergenerational risk-management problem and define choices in individual accounts that reflect the true problem. It is also a time when we must make creative use of insights from behavioral economics that have emerged over the years. Finally, it is a time for an expanded exploitation of our new electronic information technology. We should not miss this opportunity. This means we must work now toward solving a complex constrained optimization problem where the objective is to maximize a social welfare function involving all generations and the constraints reflect the varying degrees of individual optimization ability, psychological underpinnings of human behavior, and modem information technology.
Heat Transfer for Highly Cooled Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers

Introduction N efforts have been made to develop simple prediction schemes for skin friction and to evaluate Reynolds analogy factors 2Ch/Cf for turbulent supersonic and hypersonic boundary-layer flows on flat plates or equivalent zero pressure gradient surfaces. Such correlation schemes, which are useful for predicting turbulent heat transfer, are available for somewhat limited combinations of Mach number and wall cooling. l In this Note, a correlation of heat-transfer data is established for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers with high wall cooling (Tw/Taw (hw/haw) >0.01. Although Me and hw/haw cannot be varied independently using room temperature models, hw/haw can be varied over a wide range, whereas the corresponding range of Me is relatively narrow.
Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. II. Ovine chorionic somatomammotropin in mid- and late gestation in the fetal and maternal circulations.

The plasma concentration of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin (oCS) was measured by homologous RIA in samples obtained from 56 chronically catheterized ovine fetuses, aged 66 days of gestation to term (147 days), and from their mothers. oCS concentrations from either ewe or fetus within 5 days of surgery were elevated compared to samples taken at least 6 days after surgery. In fetuses at least 6 days postoperative, a negative correlation (P < 0.001) was observed between fetal oCS concentration and gestational age. Between 81–100 days of gestation, the mean fetal oCS concentration was 80.0 ± 2.0 ng/ ml, and by 131–140 days of gestation, it had fallen to 37.7 ± 4.1 ng/ml. The mean maternal oCS concentration between 80–100 days of gestation was 54.5 ± 23.4 ng/ml and rose to a maximal concentration of 433.5 ± 93 ng/ml at 121–130 days. The ratio of fetal to maternal oCS concentration was 1.2 ± 0.4 in pregnancies less than 100 days of gestation and fell to 0.14 ± 0.04 at term. Both fetal and maternal oCS concen...
Pathways for oxidation of low density lipoprotein by myeloperoxidase: tyrosyl radical, reactive aldehydes, hypochlorous acid and molecular chlorine

Many lines of evidence implicate oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease. The physiologically relevant mechanisms have not been identified, but phagocytic white cells may play an important role because macrophage-rich lesions characterize the disorder. Recent studies have shown that myeloperoxidase, a heme enzyme secreted only by phagocytes, is present in human atherosclerotic tissue. The enzyme is a potent catalyst of LDL oxidation in vitro, it co-localizes with macrophages in lesions, and it generates products that are detectable in atherosclerotic plaque. These findings suggest that myeloperoxidase may promote LDL oxidation in the artery wall. This article reviews the enzyme's ability to generate a range of oxidants, including tyrosyl radical, reactive aldehydes, hypochlorous acid and molecular chlorine. These products have the potential to damage host molecules as well as microbes, suggesting a mechanism that may contribute to atherosclerotic vascular disease.
LOCAL POLITICS AND VIOLENT CRIME IN U.S. CITIES

Recent research has begun to examine the effects of politics on crime. However, few studies have considered how local political variation is likely to affect crime. Using insights from urban politics research, this paper develops and tests hypotheses regarding direct and conditional effects of local politics on violent crime in 958 cities in 1991. Results from negative binomial regression analyses show that violent crime rates vary by local political structures and the race of the mayor. In addition, the effects of structural factors such as poverty, unemployment, and female-headed households on violent crime depend on local form of government and the number of unreformed local governmental structures. Implications for systemic social disorganization and institutional anomie theories are discussed.
Analytic upscaling of a local microphysics scheme. Part II: Simulations

Part I of this two-part series presents a method to account for the effects of subgrid variability on average microphysical process rates. The method involves upscaling a local microphysics scheme, that is, computing a grid-box average by integrating over an assumed probability density function (PDF). In this paper (Part II), the method is tested. The test case is based on research flight two (RF02) of the second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS-II) field experiment. The upscaled microphysics scheme is incorporated into a single-column model (SCM). Then two SCM simulations of the RF02 test case are performed. They are identical except that one upscales the local microphysics scheme and one does not. Both SCM simulations are compared with a benchmark large-eddy simulation (LES) of the same test case using the same local microphysics scheme. Compared to the local microphysics, the representation of variability inherent in the upscaled microphysics increases autoconversion of cloud droplets to raindrops and accretion (i.e. collection) of cloud droplets onto raindrops. The combined effect is that upscaling the microphysics in the RF02 case leads to significantly more rainwater at the ocean surface, in closer agreement to the LES. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Syngas in millisecond reactors: higher alkanes and fast lightoff

Steady-state and transient catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons (methane, butane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, isooctane, decane) has been carried out on rhodium-coated alumina monoliths in an e%ort to determine whether higher alkanes can be successfullyconverted to H2 and CO in short contact time reactors. This process is also necessaryto determine the feasibilityof on-board hy drogen generation for fuel cell and internal combustion engine applications. Steady-state experiments indicate that hydrocarbon feeds up to at least C10 can be e6cientlyconverted to high-concentration H 2 (? 70% selectivity) streams in millisecond reactors using ceramic monoliths coated with rhodium catalyst. Transient lighto% experiments indicate that millisecond catalytic partial oxidation reactors can be taken from room temperature to steadystate temperature in less than 5 s byusing homogeneous combustion to rapidlyheat the cataly st. ? 2003 Published byElsevier Science Ltd.
COPPER LEVELS IN MATERNAL AND FETAL TISSUES OF RABBITS BEARING INTRAUTERINE COPPER WIRES

Abstract Copper wires were inserted into the uterine cavities, near the utero-tubal junction, of pregnant rabbits. The wires were inserted on Day 7 of pregnancy and were allowed to remain in situ until Day 28 at which time the animals were sacrificed. Tissues from mother and offspring were subjected to routine histological examinations and their copper content was determined. A parallel series of sham-operated animals served as the control. Copper was released from the intrauterine copper wires at an average daily rate of 38.81 ± 7.26 μ g. Histological examination of maternal adrenal, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, spleen and uterus revealed no anatomical abnormalities. There was no increase in copper in any of the above tissues except the uteri and placentae of animals bearing intrauterine copper wires. There were no anatomical abnormalities in either fetal brain, heart, kidney, liver or lung. There was an increase in the amount of copper found in the liver of fetuses obtained from animals bearing intrauterine copper wires. As there were no histological differences between livers of the control and experimental groups, and no evidence of teratological effects due to copper, it is assumed that this small but significant increase in fetal liver copper is insufficient to produce any toxic effects on the offspring.
Hematologic malignancies of the liver: spectrum of disease.

Primary and secondary hepatic hematologic malignancies are reviewed, with emphasis on characteristic imaging findings, pathologic features, associated laboratory abnormalities, and differential diagnosis.
Clinic coordinators for persons with developmental disabilities

Abstract In a special program for Persons with Developmental Disabilities at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, almost 40% of new patients were lost to follow-up. Half of these were returned into the clinic system by the clinic coordinator. It appears that clinic coordinators can ensure consistent follow-up, aid physicians and patients in finding appropriate referral contacts, and enhance communication between the patient and health care providers.
DESTRUCTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN MAMMALS BY AN ANTISERUM TO A NERVE-GROWTH PROTEIN.

The observation by S. Cohen that a rabbit antiserum against a protein fraction of the salivary gland inactivates the in vitro nerve-growth effects of this protein (pp. 302–311, these Proceedings) suggested to him to test the effects of the anti-serum on newborn mice. The finding of a remarkable decrease in size of the sympathetic ganglia of the injected mice prompted an extensive investigation of the effects of the antiserum on the sympathetic ganglia of mice and other mammals. The results of this study are reported in the following pages.
A Molecular Switch in Amyloid Assembly: Met35 and Amyloid β-Protein Oligomerization

Aberrant protein oligomerization is an important pathogenetic process in vivo. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) forms neurotoxic oligomers. The predominant in vivo Abeta alloforms, Abeta40 and Abeta42, have distinct oligomerization pathways. Abeta42 monomers oligomerize into pentamer/hexamer units (paranuclei) which self-associate to form larger oligomers. Abeta40 does not form these paranuclei, a fact which may explain the particularly strong linkage of Abeta42 with AD. Here, we sought to determine the structural elements controlling paranucleus formation as a first step toward the development of strategies for treating AD. Because oxidation of Met(35) is associated with altered Abeta assembly, we examined the role of Met(35) in controlling Abeta oligomerization. Oxidation of Met(35) in Abeta42 blocked paranucleus formation and produced oligomers indistinguishable in size and morphology from those produced by Abeta40. Systematic structural alterations of the C(gamma)(35)-substituent group revealed that its electronic nature, rather than its size (van der Waals volume), was the factor controlling oligomerization pathway choice. Preventing assembly of toxic Abeta42 paranuclei through selective oxidation of Met(35) thus represents a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
Update on Adult Immunizations

The past few years have seen numerous additions and modifications to the current immunization schedules. Starting with the 2010 to 2011 influenza season, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recommended universal annual influenza vaccination for all persons without a contraindication who are 6 months of age and older, including healthy persons aged 19 to 49 years. Hepatitis B vaccination is now recommended for all susceptible diabetics ≤60 years of age. One dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine, adsorbed, is recommended to replace one tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed (adult) vaccination for all adults, including those 65 years of age or older, who are anticipating contact with infants and unvaccinated pregnant women (preferably during the second or third trimester). All adult vaccines remain underused. This article will summarize the most recent changes in the adult immunization recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A Middle Miocene large Hominoid from Thannhausen (MN 5-6) Germany

An isolated lower central incisor from the freshwater molasse deposits at Thannhausen (late MN 5 or basal MN 6), Swabia, Germany, is described and interpreted as belonging to a large-bodied hominoid. It is most likely to represent Griphopithecus suessi or a closely related species. The specimen helps to fill what used to be a lengthy gap in the fossil record of hominoids in Germany stretching from MN 5 (Engelswies) to MN 9 (Vallesian karst deposits in the Swabian Alb and fluvial sediments in the northern Rhine Graben). The specimen poses interesting biogeographic questions.
Oxygen isotope seasonality in a temperate estuarine shell midden: a case study from CA-ALA-17 on the San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract Seasonality determination using stable oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) analyses in archaeological mollusk shell has been largely limited to aquatic settings where one of the two factors that control shell δ 18 O – water δ 18 O (or salinity) and temperature – is assumed to be constant. Open coastal marine environments reflect the former situation, and tropical estuaries constitute the latter. In an effort to expand stable isotope seasonality to an ecological setting where neither variable remains constant, we present a model of annual shell δ 18 O cycle of aragonite deposition derived from instrumental data on salinity and temperature from San Francisco Bay, California. The predicted range of modeled shell δ 18 O is consistent with observed δ 18 O values in prehistoric and modern shells when local conditions are considered. Measurements of δ 18 O taken at 0 mm and 2 mm from the terminal growth margin were made on 36 archaeological specimens of Macoma nasuta from a late Holocene hunter-gatherer site CA-ALA-17, and season of collection was inferred using the shell δ 18 O model. We conclude that shellfish exploitation occurred through the year with the exception of fall, which may indicate scheduling conflicts with acorn harvesting or other seasonally abundant resources elsewhere. The model supports the feasibility of stable isotope seasonality studies in temperate estuaries, provided that instrumental records are available to quantify the relevant water conditions at appropriate spatial and temporal scales.
Response to programmed ventricular stimulation: Sensitivity, specificity and relation to heart disease☆

Abstract This prospective study of 100 patients evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the repetitive ventricular response and ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed electrical stimulation for identifying patients with spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The influence of underlying heart disease on such sensitivity and specificity was also evaluated. The repetitive ventricular response was sensitive (92 percent) for detecting patients with prior spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but lacked specificity (57 percent); the rate of false positive responses was 43 percent. Inducible ventricular tachycardia was less sensitive (65 percent) but more specific (98 percent); the rate of false positive responses was only 3 percent. Among the 100 patients, 71 had heart disease, 29 did not. The presence of underlying heart disease had no significant effect on the sensitivity and specificity of repetitive ventricular responses or ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation; it did not increase the rate of false positive responses. It is concluded that (1) ventricular tachycardia induced with programmed ventricular stimulation is an excellent basis for guiding the management of clinically significant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, regardless of underlying heart disease; and (2) the repetitive ventricular response is not useful for this purpose because of its high rate of false positive responses among patients with or without significant heart disease.
Foreign National Doctoral Students In U.S. Economics Programs

This paper examines why enrollment of foreign national students in U.S. economics graduate programs increased so dramatically since the 1960s. New information regarding the “stay rates” of foreign national students is examined. The paper concludes that growth in the number of foreign national economics graduate students was related to the quality of U.S. graduate programs, growth in foreign social science baccalaureate degree awards, growing foreign incomes, and movement of foreign economies towards markets. These trends were especially pronounced in Asia, where most foreign national economics students are from.
Exopolysaccharide Sugars Contribute to Biofilm Formation by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium on HEp-2 Cells and Chicken Intestinal Epithelium

Recently, we demonstrated that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can form biofilm on HEp-2 cells in a type 1 fimbria-dependent manner. Previous work on Salmonella exopolysaccharide (EPS) in biofilm indicated that the EPS composition can vary based upon the substratum on which the bacterial biofilm forms. We have investigated the role of genes important in the production of colanic acid and cellulose, common components of EPS. A mutation in the colanic acid biosynthetic gene, wcaM, was introduced into S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain BJ2710 and was found to disrupt biofilm formation on HEp-2 cells and chicken intestinal tissue, although biofilm formation on a plastic surface was unaffected. Complementation of the wcaM mutant with the functional gene restored the biofilm phenotype observed in the parent strain. A mutation in the putative cellulose biosynthetic gene, yhjN, was found to disrupt biofilm formation on HEp-2 cells and chicken intestinal epithelium, as well as on a plastic surface. Our data indicate that Salmonella attachment to, and growth on, eukaryotic cells represent complex interactions that are facilitated by species of EPS.
Mutational analysis of the mycobacteriophage BPs promoter PR reveals context-dependent sequences for mycobacterial gene expression

The PR promoter of mycobacteriophage BPs directs early lytic gene expression and is under the control of the BPs repressor, gp33. Reporter gene fusions showed that PR has modest activity in an extrachromosomal context but has activity that is barely detectable in an integrated context, even in the absence of its repressor. Mutational dissection of PR showed that it uses a canonical -10 hexamer recognized by SigA, and mutants with mutations to the sequence 5'-TATAMT had the greatest activities. It does not contain a 5'-TGN-extended -10 sequence, although mutants with mutations creating an extended -10 sequence had substantially increased promoter activity. Mutations in the -35 hexamer also influenced promoter activity but were strongly context dependent, and similar substitutions in the -35 hexamer differentially affected promoter activity, depending on the -10 and extended -10 motifs. This warrants caution in the construction of synthetic promoters or the bioinformatic prediction of promoter activity. Combinations of mutations throughout PR generated a calibrated series of promoters for expression of stably integrated recombinant genes in both Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, with maximal promoter activity being more than 2-fold that of the strong hsp60 promoter.
Thermochemical Investigations of Associated Solutions: 4. Calculation of Carbazole-Dibutyl Ether Association Constants from Measured Solubility in Binary Solvent Mixtures

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene and carbazole in binary dibutyl ether plus n -hexadecane and dibutyl ether plus squalane solvent mixtures at 25°C. Results of these measurements, used in conjunction with the extended nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS) model, enabled calculation of the carbazole-dibutyl ether association constant. The numerical value obtained was independent of the hydrocarbon cosolvent, and compared favorably with previously reported values based on carbazole solubilities in solvent mixtures containing much smaller alkane cosolvents.
Privilege as a Function of Profit: Network Neutrality and the Digital Public Sphere

This paper seeks to evaluate the role that Network Neutrality policies play in terms of access to knowledge in the public sphere, as well as the role that approaches to distributive justice might play in offering justification for pro-Network Neutrality viewpoints. I argue that information technologies provide a means for knowledge – which often acts as a commodity – to be selectively manipulated in ways previously unheard of, and that the widespread adoption of Internet-based technologies for social, educational, and political purposes creates a dangerous juxtaposition of commercial interests against those of the public. I posit that an approach to Network Neutrality whereby the Internet Service Provider acts as a neutral fiduciary in the transport of information provides an effective means to balance commercial against public interests. I analyze public interests in terms of the Capabilities Approach to distributive justice, as it best encompasses the wide variety of purposes for which the Internet is often used in both public and private life.
Alien Labor on the Gulf Coast of Mexico, 1880–1900

Economic activity on Mexico's Gulf coast steadily increased during the last two decades of the nineteenth century partially as a result of improved means of transportation and the enforced peace of Porfirio Diaz. The Mexican government modernized that area's communication facilities by letting out several highly profitable construction contracts to foreigners for building or improving harbor and port facilities at Tampico, Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, and Campeche. Alien contractors and investors were responsible for railway connections from Veracruz to the interior which had been completed in 1873, and other Gulf ports were similarly linked to the hinterland during the next two decades. A Mexican-built interoceanic line spanned the Tehuantepec Isthmus in 1894, but it was so poorly erected that in 1898 an English construction firm, S. Pearson and Sons, contracted to rebuild the line. Subsequently the same company leased and operated that railroad. These material improvements served to enliven the growing Mexican economy.
Hemorrhagic Agent 3,3-Methylenebis (4-Hydroxycoumarin). V. Its' Effect in Prevention of Experimental Thrombosis.∗

ConclusionA definite reduction in the incidence of thrombus formation was noted in dogs previously treated with Dicumarol in a dosage equivalent to a therapeutic and very safe quantity commonly administered to human beings.We wish to acknowledge with gratitude the aid of Dr. C. H. Bunting who examined the microscopic sections and confirmed the observations here recorded.
Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystals: Structure and Hydrogen Storage

Titanium-based icosahedral phases constitute the second largest class of quasicrystals. In contrast with other Ti-based icosahedral phases (i-phases), Ti-Zr-Ni i-phases are well ordered and their formation is inhibited by the presence of Si and O, elements that stabilize the Ti-3d transition metal quasicrystals. We present x-ray and DSC data that suggest that Ti-Zr-Ni i-phases form a different class of titanium-based quasicrystals that are closely related to the MgZn2 Laves phase. The DSC data also suggest that the i-phase may be stable in these alloys. The ability of Ti-Zr-Ni i-phases to absorb up to 62 atomic % of hydrogen is presented and discussed. This opens new avenues of investigation of the structure and dynamics of quasiperiodic phases using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance and may point to potential uses for quasicrystals in hydrogen storage applications.
Activity of Detoxification Enzymes in Aquatic and Terrestrial Insects

Six different detoxification enzymes including general esterase, permethrin hydrolase, total cytochrome P-450, aldrin epoxidase, and glutathione transferase measured with two different substrates were recorded from a variety of terrestrial and aquatic insects. Aquatic insects generally exhibited a well-developed detoxification enzyme system and often displayed activities equal to or greater than those of the terrestrial species tested. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in overall activity profiles between terrestrial and aquatic insects. Such differences may contribute to higher sensitivity of aquatic insects to insecticide poisoning but are insufficient to explain overall differences between terrestrial and aquatic insects with regard to insecticide susceptibility.
The Political Economy of Religious Property Rights

AbstractReligious liberty is generally thought to apply to rights of conscience. However, acting upon one’s beliefs also involves numerous other civil liberties including the right to assemble, as well as the right to own and use real estate. I assert that the successful operation and growth of religious movements requires well-specified and protected private property rights. However, in recent decades, one of the major threats to religious freedom has been an attack on the property rights of religious denominations, particularly smaller and less organized ones. In addition to common Not in my backyard complaints, I assert two additional reasons for this phenomenon: (1) the tax-exempt status of religious groups dis-incentivizes politicians from giving out building permits to congregations; and (2) the growth of private and homeschooling incentivizes politicians concerned with protecting public school funding from granting land use permits that could facilitate alternative educational facilities.
Divergent Approach for the Synthesis of Gombamide A and Derivatives

A synthesis of gombamide A (1) using N-terminal peptide extension, oxidative disulfide bond formation, and late-stage 4-hydroxystyrylamide installation has been achieved. This divergent method was also utilized to synthesize several gombamide A derivatives with modification to the 4-hydroxystyrylamide via cyclic peptide 2. The natural product and four derivatives were found to be devoid of Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 10 μM. In addition, the compounds were not cytotoxic at 10 μM against a panel of cancer cells.
Plasmonic Transparent Conductors

Many of today’s technological applications, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, displays, and touch screens, require materials that are simultaneously optically transparent and electrically conducting. Here we explore transparent conductors based on the excitation of surface plasmons in nanostructured metal films. We measure both the optical and electrical properties of films perforated with nanometer-scale features and optimize the design parameters in order to maximize optical transmission without sacrificing electrical conductivity. We demonstrate that plasmonic transparent conductors can out-perform indium tin oxide in terms of both their transparency and their conductivity.
Graph diffusion distance: A difference measure for weighted graphs based on the graph Laplacian exponential kernel

We propose a novel difference metric, called the graph diffusion distance (GDD), for quantifying the difference between two weighted graphs with the same number of vertices. Our approach is based on measuring the average similarity of heat diffusion on each graph. We compute the graph Laplacian exponential kernel matrices, corresponding to repeatedly solving the heat diffusion problem with initial conditions localized to single vertices. The GDD is then given by the Frobenius norm of the difference of the kernels, at the diffusion time yielding the maximum difference. We study properties of the proposed distance on both synthetic examples, and on real-data graphs representing human anatomical brain connectivity.
Marine assemblages respond rapidly to winter climate variability.

Even species within the same assemblage have varied responses to climate change, and there is a poor understanding for why some taxa are more sensitive to climate than others. In addition, multiple mechanisms can drive species' responses, and responses may be specific to certain life stages or times of year. To test how marine species respond to climate variability, we analyzed 73 diverse taxa off the southeast US coast in 26 years of scientific trawl survey data and determined how changes in distribution and biomass relate to temperature. We found that winter temperatures were particularly useful for explaining interannual variation in species' distribution and biomass, although the direction and magnitude of the response varied among species from strongly negative, to little response, to strongly positive. Across species, the response to winter temperature varied greatly, with much of this variation being explained by thermal preference. A separate analysis of annual commercial fishery landings revealed that winter temperatures may also impact several important fisheries in the southeast United States. Based on the life stages of the species surveyed, winter temperature appears to act through overwinter mortality of juveniles or as a cue for migration timing. We predict that this assemblage will be responsive to projected increases in temperature and that winter temperature may be broadly important for species relationships with climate on a global scale.
Extremes in Otolaryngology Resident Surgical Case Numbers: An Update:

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of minimum case numbers on otolaryngology resident case log data and understand differences in minimum, mean, and maximum among certain procedures as a follow-up to a prior study. Study Design Cross-sectional survey using a national database. Setting Academic otolaryngology residency programs. Subjects and Methods Review of otolaryngology resident national data reports from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident case log system performed from 2004 to 2015. Minimum, mean, standard deviation, and maximum values for total number of supervisor and resident surgeon cases and for specific surgical procedures were compared. Results The mean total number of resident surgeon cases for residents graduating from 2011 to 2015 ranged from 1833.3 ± 484 in 2011 to 2072.3 ± 548 in 2014. The minimum total number of cases ranged from 826 in 2014 to 1004 in 2015. The maximum total number of cases increased from 3545 in 2011 to 4580 in 2015. Multiple key indicator procedures had less than the required minimum reported in 2015. Conclusion Despite the ACGME instituting required minimum numbers for key indicator procedures, residents have graduated without meeting these minimums. Furthermore, there continues to be large variations in the minimum, mean, and maximum numbers for many procedures. Variation among resident case numbers is likely multifactorial. Ensuring proper instruction on coding and case role as well as emphasizing frequent logging by residents will ensure programs have the most accurate data to evaluate their case volume.
The influence of sidewalk replacement on urban street tree growth

Abstract Interactions between tree roots and sidewalks can result in damage to sidewalks and when sidewalk damage is repaired adjacent tree roots are often severed. The objective of this study was to quantify the growth response of urban trees in restricted planting spaces pre- and post-sidewalk construction. The research included four trees species commonly planted along streets in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. Species included were: Acer platanoides, Celtis occidentalis, Gleditsia triacanthos, and Tilia spp. Two street tree populations were sampled: trees adjacent to replaced sidewalk panels (
Bipolar offspring: a window into bipolar disorder evolution

Children of parents with bipolar disorder (bipolar offspring) represent a rich cohort for study with potential for illumination of prodromal forms of bipolar disorder. Due to their high-risk nature, bipolar offspring may present phenomenological, temperamental, and biological clues to early presentations of bipolar disorder. This article reviews the evidence for establishing bipolar offspring as a high-risk cohort, the studies which point to possible prodromal states in bipolar offspring, biological findings in bipolar offspring which may be indicators of even higher risk for bipolar disorder, initial attempts at early intervention in prodromal pediatric bipolar disorder, and implications for future research.
Let the Sun Shine In! An Adventure in Open Payments.

Part of being a doctor these days involves dealing with conflicts of interest in the health care system. I've always worried about my own conflicts of interest, whether in clinical care, education,...
Negative Regulation of Endogenous Stem Cells in Sensory Neuroepithelia: Implications for Neurotherapeutics

Stem cell therapies to treat central nervous system (CNS) injuries and diseases face many obstacles, one of which is the fact that the adult CNS often presents an environment hostile to the development and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells. Close examination of two regions of the nervous system – the olfactory epithelium (OE), which regenerates, and the neural retina, which does not – have helped identify endogenous signals, made by differentiated neurons, which act to inhibit neurogenesis by stem/progenitor cells within these tissues. In this chapter, we provide background information on these systems and their neurogenic signaling systems, with the goal of providing insight into how manipulation of endogenous signaling molecules may enhance the efficacy of stem cell neurotherapeutics.