cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of processing speed on cerebral asymmetry for left- and right-oriented faces

Abstract A free-vision chimeric facial emotion judgment task and a tachistoscopic face-recognition reaction time task were administered to 20 male right-handed subjects. The tachistoscopic task involved judgments of whether a poser in the centrally presented full-face photograph was the same or different poser than in a profile photograph presented in the left or right visual field (LVF, RVF). The free-vision task was that used by J. Levy, W. Heller, M. Banich, and L. Burton ((1983), Brain and Cognition , 2 , 404–419) and involved judging which of two chimeric faces appeared happier, in which the two chimeras were mirror images of each other and each chimera consisted of a smiling half-face joined at the midline to a neutral half-face of the same poser. For the tachistoscopic task, subjects were divided into groups of Fast and Slow responders by a median split of the mean reaction times. For the Fast subjects, judgments were faster in the LVF than in the RVF, and there was a significant interaction between visual field and profile direction, such that responses were faster for medially oriented profiles; i.e., LVF responses were faster for right-facing than for left-facing profiles, with the reverse relationship in the RVF. The Slow responders did not show these effects. Only the Fast group showed the bias for choosing the chimera with the smile on the left as happier, and mean response speed and the LVF advantage on the tachistoscopic test correlated with the leftward bias on the free-vision task for all subjects combined. It was suggested that overall response speed on the face-matching task reflected the extent to which specialized and more efficient right hemisphere functions were activated.
Thermodynamic properties of niobium - tantalum - oxygen solid solutions

EMF measurements were made on solid solution Nb--Ta--O, electrolyte ThO/sub 2//Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and V + 10 at. % O ..cap alpha.. + ..beta.. phase mixture in an equilibrium study. The solid electrolytic cell technique is suitable for determining oxygen solubility and thermodynamic properties of ternary systems having two metal components. The enthalpy and entropy changes vary linearly with composition between the values for pure Nb and pure Ta. (FS)
Emetine-induced lactate dehydrogenase release, functional changes and electrocardiographic changes in the rat heart in vitro

Abstract Emetine is an old drug which is used primarily as a emetic in ipecac syrup and as an alternative amoebicide. The major problem with emetine is that chronic use causes severe cardiotoxicity. In order to explore the mechanism of emetine cardiotoxicity, simultaneous recordings of mechanical activity and electrocardiograms, and biochemical assays were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rat hearts perfused by the Langendorff technique. Emetine was perfused constantly at concentrations of 19 or 37 μm for 10 min. All of the effects of emetine were concentration dependent. The most significant toxicological effect was the large amounts of LDH which appeared in the coronary effluent. A significant degree of injury to the cardiac plasma membrane is indicated by this observation, since LDH normally is an intracellular enzyme. Such damage to the membrane might accumulate and lead to the chronic, cumulative cardiotoxicity observed clinically with emetine. The pharmacological effects of emetine perfusion included decreased contractility which occurred concurrently with P-R interval prolongation, QRS duration prolongation, and degeneration of the QRS waveform. Coronary flow increased early during emetine perfusion, but then dropped to below control levels. The atria were more delayed in their response to emetine and in their recovery following emetine than were the ventricles. The simultaneous measurement of several parameters is a useful technique for the study of cardiac toxicity.
Software reliability estimation: A realization of competing risk

Abstract A software reliability model presented here assumes a time-dependent failure rate and that debugging can remove as well as add faults with a nonzero probability. Based on these assumptions, the expected number of faults and mean standard error of the estimated faults remaining in the system are derived. The model treats the capability of correcting errors as a random process under which most of the existing software reliability models become special cases of this proposed one. It, therefore, serves to realize a competing risk problem and to unify much of the current software reliability theory. The model deals with the nonindependence of error correction and should be extremely valuable for a large-scale software project.
A trade-off in task allocation between sensitivity to the environment and response time.

Task allocation is the process that adjusts the number of workers in each colony task in response to the environment. There is no central coordination of task allocation; instead workers use local cues from the environment and from other workers to decide which task to perform. We examine two aspects of task allocation: the sensitivity to the environment of task distribution, and the rate of response to environmental changes. We investigate how these two aspects are influenced by: (1) colony size, and (2) behavioral rules used by workers, i.e. how a worker uses cues from the environment and from social interactions with other workers in deciding which task to perform. We show that if workers use social cues in their choice of task, response time decreases with increasing colony size. Sensitivity of task distribution to the environment may decrease or not with colony size, depending on the behavioral rules used by workers. This produces a trade-off in task allocation: short response times can be achieved by increasing colony size, but at the cost of decreased sensitivity to the environment. We show that when a worker's response to social interactions depends on the local environment, sensitivity of task distribution to the environment is not affected by colony size and the trade-off is avoided.
Freckle disease of banana in Hawaii caused by Phyllostictina musarum (Cke.) Petr

SUMMARY ‘Freckle’ (‘black-spot’ disease) of bananas is common on leaves and fruit of Dwarf Cavendish and other varieties in Hawaii, especially after rainy periods. On fruit, symptoms may appear 2–4 weeks after the bunch has opened, and become more severe as maturity is approached. The disease is usually confined to older leaves on affected plants. Freckled tissue contains numerous pycnidia of Phyllostictina musarum and disease was experimentally induced by inoculating leaves and fruit with conidia of this fungus. This appears to be the first record of successful inoculation with P. musarum. Conidia of P. musarum germinate after 3–6 h in a film of water on banana peel, appressoria being formed after 18–30 h. Penetration of the epidermis occurs 24–96 h after inoculation, and is brought about by an infection hypha which grows from the appressorium. The progressive increase in severity of freckle as fruit matures is due to repeated infection by further conidia of P. musarum, rather than to enlargement of original infections. Some banana clones, including Gros Michel, appear to be resistant to the fungus Dispersal of P. musarum conidia immediately after discharge from the pycnidium is chiefly by rainwater and dew. Secondary infections contribute greatly to the total number of infections. Conidium dispersal by water often results in the development of characteristic patterns of spotting, chiefly in the form of streaks or circular areas, coinciding with the directions of movement of rainwater and dew. Large numbers of conidia of P. musarum are washed on to fruit in rainwater and dew running from diseased, overhead leaves.
The effects of product knowledge on the evaluation of warranteed brands

This study explores the effects of consumer knowledge on respondents' evaluations of both known and unknown brands that include either a 2-year or a 20-year warranty. Both experts and nonexperts evaluated warranty as more important than brand name in their product quality decision. Warranty length was positively correlated with product quality perceptions for both known and unknown brands. With the unknown brand, nonexperts perceived significant improvement in product quality when the warranty length was increased from 2 to 20 years. For the known brand, nonexperts perceived little difference in quality for the two warranty lengths. Experts indicated no significant differences in perceived quality, given the four brand/warranty-length conditions. The results indicate that warranty length is most heavily weighted as a cue to product quality when consumers are not highly knowledgeable, and the brand name is not well known. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Policing Cells under Stress: Noncoding RNAs Capture Proteins in Nucleolar Detention Centers

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Audas et al. (2012) demonstrate that a class of stress-induced noncoding RNAs immobilizes proteins in the nucleolus in response to a specific stimulus.
Choice of threshold line angle for binary phase-only filters

Abstract The choice of Threshold Line Angle (TLA) is an important issue in designing Binary Phase-Only Filters (BPOFs). In this paper, we derive expressions that explicitly relate the TLA to correlation peakintensity. We also show some examples that illustrate the effect of choosing the wrong TLA. 1 Introduction Binary Phase-Only Filters (BPOFs) [1,2] are attractive for optical correlators because they can beimplemented on Magneto-Optic Spatial Light Modulators [3] or other binary modulators. They also havehigh light efficiency. One of the design issues involved in BPOFs is the choice of the Threshold Line Angle(TLA) [4]. We will first present some background on BPOFs and then discuss ways of choosing the TLAand the effect that choice has on the resulting correlation.We use 1-D notation for convenience, but all results can be extended to 2-D. Let s(x) denote the input signal. Also, let S(u) be the Fourier Transform (FT) of s(x). If the filter used for correlation is H(u), then the correlation output c(r) is given by
Family members do not disrupt care when present during invasive procedures.

Objective: To determine whether family members (FMs) remaining with pediatric patients during invasive procedures interfere with delivery of care. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective observational study of consecutive patients <18 years of age undergoing invasive procedures in the emergency department (ED) over a one-year period. Behaviors of FMs remaining during invasive procedures were recorded as any of six categorical descriptions (stood quietly, asked questions, soothed patient, helped restrain patient, interfered with care, other). All observations were made through direct observation by two study attending physicians on FMs of patients under their direct care, or during their supervision of resident care. Results: Fifty-four FMs were observed during the ED care of 37 patients [mean age 1.5 years (′0.25), median age 0.4 years]. Invasive procedures included: lumbar puncture (n = 28), endotracheal intubation (n = 5), fracture reduction (n = 2), shoulder reduction (n = 1), and tube thoracostomy (n = 1). Seventy-one FM activities were recorded: stood bedside, 22 (31%); soothed child, 21 (30%); asked questions, 11 (16%); helped restrain, 5 (7%); interfered with care, 2 (3%); and other, 10 (15%). The two "interfered with care" events were minor and did not significantly alter patient management. One mother experienced a near-syncope event standing during a lumbar puncture of her child and was seated without further incident. One mother stopped reduction of a shoulder dislocation because she felt the pain control was inadequate even though the child was deeply sedated with propofol. Expected patient behavior was described to the mother and reduction was completed. Conclusions: In this study, family members remaining with children during invasive procedures were not a risk for disruption of patient care.
Juveniles Who Sexually Offend: Recommending a Treatment Program and Level of Care

Specialized interventions for juveniles who have committed sex offenses have been widely available for 25 years. These interventions initially were based largely on adult sex offender interventions, with little consideration of developmental and other differences that distinguish juveniles from adult offenders. More recently, interventions have been developed that address youth-specific factors associated with problem sexual behaviors and that include a stronger family focus. This article reviews the history of intervention approaches, summarizes specialized evaluation methods and addresses the assessment of juvenile recidivism risk.
Gender and Perceived Internet Efficacy: Examining Secondary Digital Divide Issues in Singapore

This article provides a critical discussion and empirical investigation of secondary digital divide factors, including gendered variations in Internet use. Analyses were conducted on data obtained from 716 respondents, who were self-reported Internet users based on a nation-wide telephone survey in Singapore. Results showed that females and males differed significantly in terms of their perceived Internet efficacy and identified various factors including socio-economic status, perceived Internet efficacy, and gender that undergird Internet use.
Determination of mucopolysaccharide sulphate in connective tissue

Abstract A relatively rapid method for the determination of mucopolysaccharide sulphate is presented. The procedure depends on a desulphation technique combined with a turbidimetric determination of the sulphate.
Essential role of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cell migration

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a multifunctional cell surface receptor highly expressed in human aortic smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we used the short interfering RNA (siRNA) technique to explore the role of LRP in smooth muscle cell migration. We identified an LRP-specific siRNA that selective silences LRP expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. As a consequence, LRP-mediated ligand degradation was significantly reduced. More important, we found that platelet-derived growth factor-dependent cell migration was inhibited in cells transfected with LRP siRNA. These results demonstrate an important role of LRP in smooth muscle cell migration.
Inclusion of Environmental Goods in National Income Accounting

National income statistics take into account the values of market goods and completely ignore the environmental goods. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the integration of environmental goods into the framework of Leontiefs input–output analysis. It is suggested that environmental goods, such as clean air, fresh water, quiet, etc., be treated as sectors in the same way as market goods sectors. The final deliveries of the sectors may be positive, zero or negative, depending on the scarcity of the environ mental goods and political decisions. The paper gives a numerical illustration of how the environmental goods can be valued from an input–output analysis. It is recommended that a system should be devised to adjust the national income estimators of individual countries for the changes in the environmental goods caused by the economic activities of these countries.
Influence of reward magnitude on the initial nonreward effect

Two groups received 20 nonrewarded (N) runway trials followed by either 20 small-reward (2 pellets) or 20 large-reward (20 pellets) trials (Groups N-2 and N-20, respectively). Groups receiving 40 small-reward (Group 2-2) or 40 large-reward (Group 20-20) trials were also included (N = 10 rats/group). An initial nonreward effect (INE) was obtained, with Groups N-2 and N-20 being more resistant to extinction than Groups 2-2 and 20-20, respectively. The size of the INE was independent of reward magnitude, and small-reward groups were more resistant to extinction than large-reward groups.
Secretion of MCP-1 and other paracrine factors in a novel tumor-bone coculture model

Background The bone-tumor microenvironment encompasses unique interactions between the normal cells of the bone and marrow cavity and the malignant cells from a primary or metastasized cancer. A multitude of paracrine factors within this microenvironment such as the growth factor, TGF-β, and the chemokine, MCP-1, are secreted by many of these cell types. These factors can act in concert to modulate normal and malignant cell proliferation, malignant cell migration and invasion and, often, mediate bone cancer pain. Although many valuable in vitro and in vivo models exist, identifying the relevant paracrine factors and deciphering their interactions is still a challenge. The aim of our study is to test an ex vivo coculture model that will allow monitoring of the expression, release and regulation of paracrine factors during interactions of an intact femur explant and tumor cells.
Cu+ -ATPases brake system.

Copper (Cu + ) transport ATPases are characterized by cytoplasmic metal-binding repeats. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of functionally intact Cu + -ATPases and high-resolution structures of isolated domains, Wu et al. (2008) produced a model that explains how Cu + binding to cytoplasmic sites controls the enzyme transport rate.
Repair of coarctation of the aorta during infancy minimizes the risk of late hypertension

Abstract Background . Recent surgical reports on coarctation of the aorta have primarily focused on the relative merits of various operative techniques. However, appropriate timing for elective repair remains unclear. Methods . In a retrospective analysis we examined the surgical outcomes in 176 consecutive patients undergoing repair of coarctation of the aorta in our institution over a 25-year period. Ninety-nine percent of the patients had follow-up for a median of 7.5 years. Results . A total of 13 patients have died (7.4% overall mortality). Nine of these patients had associated complex intracardiac anomalies. There was no mortality in the 113 patients with isolated coarctation. Residual or recurrent coarctation occurred in 27 patients (15.3%). The age at operation and the type of surgical repair did not have an effect on the incidence of recurrence. Persistent or late hypertension was identified in 18 of the 107 patients who have been followed up for more than 5 years (16.8%). A total of 48 patients operated on during infancy have been followed up for more than 5 years. Only 2 have developed late hypertension (4.2%). Both of these patients had recurrence. In contrast, 16 of the 59 patients operated on after a year of age had late hypertension (27.1%). Conclusions . To minimize the risk of persistent hypertension, elective repair of coarctation should be performed within the first year of life.
Transport velocity transformation: A convenient method for performance analysis of multilayer solar cell structure

With the trend to the use of drift fields and high-low junctions in the front and base regions of solar cells, the need arises for simple modeling of structures with at least three layers in a region. A forerunner treated a one-dimensional two-layer model in closed form and showed an expansion to a third layer for a very simple case [10]. Since direct expansion of the closed-form method to additional layers is too cumbersome, a layer-by-layer modeling method was developed, based on the representation of current densities across layer interfaces by the product of the carrier density and a transport velocity. In the ease of low-level injection, space-charge quasi-neutrality, and spatially constant material parameters, including an electrostatic field, the individual layer can be treated analytically, and the basic solar cell performance parameters evaluated from three equations. The first represents the transformation of the transport velocity across the layer from the other layer boundary. The second determines the light-generated current output from the layer interface, under the influence of the transport velocities and minority-carrier density at both layer boundaries and of bulk recombination. The third equation describes the flow of these carriers across other layers. The power of the approach lies in its facility for analysis of the solar cell's performance layer by layer, giving a clear picture of the individual layer's influence on the cell efficiency. It thus greatly eases the task of cell-design optimization. Where the parameters are not constant within a layer, the method allows approximation by stepwise-constant parameter approach, after subdividing the layer into a suitable number of sublayers.
Donor Age-Based Analysis of Liver Transplantation Outcomes: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes Are Similar Regardless of Donor Age.

Background The shortage of donor organs has led to increasing use of extended criteria donors, including older donors. The upper limit of donor age that produces acceptable outcomes continues to be explored. In liver transplantation, with appropriate selection, graft survival and patient outcomes would be comparable regardless of age. Study Design We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,036 adult orthotopic liver transplantations (OLT) from a prospectively maintained database performed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013. The study focus group was liver transplantations performed using grafts from older (older than 60 years) deceased donors. Deceased donor liver transplantations done during the same time period using grafts from younger donors (younger than 60 years) were analyzed for comparison. Both groups were further divided based on recipient age (less than 60 years and 60 years or older). Donor age was the primary variable. Recipient variables included were demographics, indication for transplantation, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), graft survival, and patient survival. Operative details and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results Patient demographics and perioperative details were similar between groups. Patient and graft survival rates were similar in the 4 groups. Rates of rejection (p = 0.07), bile leak (p = 0.17), and hepatic artery thrombosis were comparable across all groups (p = 0.84). Hepatitis C virus recurrence was similar across all groups (p = 0.10). Thirty-one young recipients (less than 60 years) received grafts from donors aged 70 or older. Their survival and other complication rates were comparable to those in the young donor to young recipient group. Conclusions Comparable outcomes in graft and patient survivals were achieved using older donors (60 years or more), regardless of recipient age, without increased rate of complications.
Nonuniversal effects in the homogeneous Bose gas

Effective field theory predicts that the leading nonuniversal effects in the homogeneous Bose gas arise from the effective range for S-wave scattering and from an effective three-body contact interaction. We calculate the leading nonuniversal contributions to the energy density and condensate fraction and compare the predictions with results from diffusion Monte Carlo calculations by Giorgini, Boronat, and Casulleras. We give a crude determination of the strength of the three-body contact interaction for various model potentials. Accurate determinations could be obtained from diffusion Monte Carlo calculations of the energy density with higher statistics.
An octapeptide in the juxtamembrane domain of VE-cadherin is important for p120ctn binding and cell proliferation.

The cadherins are a family of adhesive proteins involved in cell-cell homophilic interactions. VE-cadherin, expressed in endothelial cells, is involved in morphogenesis, regulation of permeability, and cellular proliferation. The cytoplasmic tails of cadherins contain two major domains, the juxtamembrane domain that plays a role in the intercellular localization of the protein and also serves for binding of p120ctn, and a C-terminal domain that associates with β- or γ-catenin. A highly conserved region present in the juxtamembrane domain of the cadherins has been shown to be necessary for p120ctn binding in E-cadherin. Using a mutant VE-cadherin lacking a highly conserved octapeptide, we demonstrated that it is required for p120ctn binding to VE-cadherin as determined by immunoprecipitation and colocalization studies. By immunofluorescence, this mutant protein has a topographical distribution similar to that of the wild-type VE-cadherin and, therefore, we conclude that the topographical distribution of VE-cadherin is independent of this motif. In addition, although cell-cell association is present in cells expressing this mutant form of VE-cadherin, we found that the strength of adhesion is decreased. Finally, our results for the first time demonstrate that the interaction of VE-cadherin with p120 catenin plays an important role in cellular growth, suggesting that the binding of p120 catenin to cadherins may regulate cell proliferation.
Solving simultaneous modular equations of low degree

We consider the problem of solving systems of equations $P_i (x) \equiv 0(\bmod n_i )i = 1 \cdots k$ where $P_i $ are polynomials of degree d and the $n_i $ are distinct relatively prime numbers and $x {{d(d + 1)} / 2}$ we can recover x in polynomial time provided $\min (n_i ) > 2^{d^2 } $. As a consequence the RSA cryptosystem used with a small exponent is not a good choice to use as a public-key cryptosystem in a large network. We also show that a protocol by Broder and Dolev [Proceedings on the 25th Annual IEEE Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science, 1984] is insecure if RSA with a small exponent is used.
Abnormal Heart Rate Turbulence Predicts the Initiation of Ventricular Arrhythmias

Background: Abnormal heart rate turbulence (HRT) reflects autonomic derangements predicting all-cause mortality, yet has riot been shown to predict ventriculor arrhythmias in at-risk patients. We hypothesized that HRT at programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) would predict arrhythmia initiation in patients with left ventriculor dysfunction. Methods: We studied 27 patients with coronary disease, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 26.7 +/- 9.1%, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) 461 +/- 561 pg/mL. Prior to arrhythmia induction at PVS, we measured sinus cycles after spontaneous or paced premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) for turbulence onset (TO; % cycle length change following PVC) and slope (TS; greatest slope of return to baseline cycle). T-wave alternans (TWA) was also measured during atrial pacing. Results: At PVS, abnormal TO (>= 0%) predicted inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT; n = 10 patients; P < 0.05). TO was greater in inducible than in noninducible patients (2.3 +/- 3.1% vs -0.02 +/- 2.8%, P < 0.05) and correlated with LVEF (P < 0.05) but not with BNP. TS did not differ between groups. Conversely, ambulatory HRT differed significantly from HRT at PVS (TO -0.55 +/- 1.08% vs 0.85 +/- 3.02%, P < 0.05; TS 2.63 +/- 2.09 ms/RR vs 8.70 +/- 6.56 ms/RR, P < 0.01), and did not predict inducible VT but trended (P = 0.05) to predict sustained VT on 739 179 days follow-up. TWA predicted inducible (P < 0.05) and spontaneous (P = 0.0001) VT but did not co-migrate with HRT. Conclusions: Abnormal HRT measured at PVS predicted the induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, HRT at PVS did not correlate with ambulatory HRT nor with TWA, both of which predicted spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. Thus, HRT may reflect the influence of autonomic milieu on arrhythmic susceptibility and is likely complementary to traditional arrhythmic indices.
Development and Implementation of Numerical Simulation for a Selective Noncatalytic Reduction System Design

Selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) technology is an effective and economical method of reducing NOx emissions from a wide range of industrial combustion systems. It is widely known that the SN...
Some changes in the constituents upon heating a model meat flavour system

Percentage changes in the amino acid content upon heating with different components in a synthetic model meat flavour mixture were followed during different stages in development of the system. Heating of ten different amino acids with a simple sugar mixture (glucose, ribose and xylose) resulted in losses of approximately 95, 58, 38 and 37% of the cysteine, methionine, leucine and isoleucine, respectively, whereas the other amino acids decreased by 19–31%, but the ammonia (NH3) content by only 5%. On heating gelatin with the simple sugar mixture, tyrosine and phenylalanine losses amounted to about 58 and 40%, respectively, while the other amino acids declined by 27–37% and the NH3 content by some 12%. Heating of the composite model system (gelatin, added amino acids and simple sugars) resulted in losses of about 94, 60 and 55% of the cysteine, methionine and histidine, respectively, while the other amino acids decreased by 20–35% and the NH3 content by 15%. The possible role of some of the amino acids in the development of the synthetic meat flavour system is discussed in view of these findings.
Changes in events alter how people remember recent information

Observers spontaneously segment larger activities into smaller events. For example, "washing a car" might be segmented into "scrubbing," "rinsing," and "drying" the car. This process, called event segmentation, separates "what is happening now" from "what just happened." In this study, we show that event segmentation predicts activity in the hippocampus when people access recent information. Participants watched narrative film and occasionally attempted to retrieve from memory objects that recently appeared in the film. The delay between object presentation and test was always 5 sec. Critically, for some of the objects, the event changed during the delay whereas for others the event continued. Using fMRI, we examined whether retrieval-related brain activity differed when the event changed during the delay. Brain regions involved in remembering past experiences over long periods, including the hippocampus, were more active during retrieval when the event changed during the delay. Thus, the way an object encountered just 5 sec ago is retrieved from memory appears to depend in part on what happened in those 5 sec. These data strongly suggest that the segmentation of ongoing activity into events is a control process that regulates when memory for events is updated.
Duplication of proximal 15q as a cause of Prader-Willi syndrome.

We describe an apparent duplication of proximal 15q, i.e., 15q11q12 or 15q12q13 in two patients. Prometaphase chromosome analysis, C-banding and distamycin A/DAPI staining were used to exclude a translocation between the abnormal 15 homolog and another chromosome. The 2 patients have many manifestations of the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) including at least 5 of the following: obesity, compulsive eating, mental retardation, short stature, central hypotonia, hypogonadism, small hands and feet, hypopigmentation, and feeding problems in infancy. Results of high resolution chromosome analysis of the parents of both patients were normal. A comparison between these patients and 2 subjects from previous reports demonstrates phenotypic heterogeneity among the duplication 15q PWS patients. Two patients have the hypopigmentation seen in chromosomally normal and deletion PWS patients. These cases add to the variety of chromosome 15 aberrations which are associated with PWS.
Analysis of the Performance of Ionic Liquids in Cooling Loops

Liquids are often pumped in closed loops to transfer heat from a high temperature source to a low temperature sink. They operate at low Reynolds number when the diameter of the pipe is small, the fluid velocity is low, or when the working liquid is very viscous. Ionic liquids, though environmentally friendly, typically have viscosities much larger than water. An analytical study is made of the process for the purpose of determining what the important physical parameters of the system are that will enable the largest quantity of heat to be transferred for unit work expended. For this purpose, a loop is considered that has a pump that generates a certain pressure rise and two heat exchangers, one for heating the fluid and the other for cooling it. Laminar flow that is fully-developed hy-drodynamically and thermally is assumed. The analysis is based on constant fluid properties, and analytical expressions are obtained for the heat rate and the work input.
The Tailless Complex Polypeptide-1 Ring Complex of the Heat Shock Protein 60 Family Facilitates Cross-Priming of CD8 Responses Specific for Chaperoned Peptides

The tailless complex polypeptide-1 ring complex (TRiC) is a eukaryotic heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) molecule that has been shown to bind N-terminally extended precursors of OVA-derived SIINFEKL in vivo. Binding of peptides to TRiC was shown to be essential for their presentation on MHC class I. We demonstrate in this study that purified TRiC binds antigenic peptides in vitro as well ; however, such binding is not restricted to N-terminally extended peptides, suggesting that the results obtained in vivo reflect the availability of peptides in vivo rather than structural constraints of TRiC-peptide binding. Immunization of mice with noncovalent complexes of peptides (derived from OVA or β-galactosidase) and TRiC results in cross-priming of CD8 + T lymphocytes specific for K b /SIINFEKL or L d /TPHPARIGL. Mechanistic dissection of this phenomenon shows that TRiC binds APC, and TRiC-chaperoned peptides are processed within the APC and presented on their MHC class I. Immunogenicity of TRiC purified from OVA- or β-galactosidase–expressing cells, that is, of endogenously generated TRiC-peptide complexes, was investigated, and such preparations were observed not to be immunogenic. Consistent with this observation, SIINFEKL or its precursors were not observed to be associated with TRiC purified from cells expressing a fusion GFP-OVA protein. In contrast, immunization with TRiC purified from a tumor elicited specific protection against a challenge with that tumor. These results are interpreted with respect to the cell biological properties of TRiC and suggest that in vivo, TRiC binds a limited proportion of peptides derived from a limited set of intracellular proteins.
Fabrication and mechanical performance of a mesoscale space-filling truss system

A small, lightweight, space-filling truss structure is fabricated using soft lithography in combination with electrodeposition. The truss architecture is chosen so that three-dimensionality can be achieved simply by folding a two-dimensional grid at a specific angle. The mechanical performance and structural efficiency of the truss beam are assessed under four-point bending and compared to the bending behavior of a square box beam in terms of non-dimensional indexes for stiffness, weight, and load-bearing capacity.
Pressure, temperature and cooling rates of granulite facies migmatitic pelites from the southern Adirondack Highlands, New York

Detailed petrographic analysis was performed on samples from five localities within the southern Adirondacks. Textures and zoning patterns in garnet from all samples provide evidence for dehydration melting of biotite. Zoning of grossular in garnet - providing a record of prograde growth - shows both increasing and decreasing trends in garnet from the same sample. However, Ca concentrations at the garnet rims of most samples are identical (grossular ¼ 3.4%). These observations have been interpreted as evidence for the differential timing of garnet nucleation and growth. All Fe/(Fe + Mg) and some spessartine distributions are consistent between samples, displaying diffusive profiles established largely upon cooling. Only one sample, in which retrogression was minimal, contains garnet with flat Fe/(Fe + Mg) profiles. A general pelitic pseudosection constructed in the system MnNCKFMASH reveals a maximum for Ca in garnet where the plagioclase-out isopleth intersects the solidus (muscovite ¼ 0). The pseudosection predicts bell-shaped core-to-rim profiles of grossular during anatexis, similar to those observed in the rocks. Garnet-biotite thermometry and GASP barometry indicate peak temperatures of at least 790 � C at about 7-9 kbar, similar to conditions determined for the central Adirondacks. Cooling rates determined from finite difference modelling of spessartine and Fe/(Fe + Mg) diffusional profiles indicate a multi-stage cooling history in which some period of rapid cooling (>200 � C Myr )1 ) is required.
Ideal Elements in Hilbert's Geometry

Hilbert first mentioned ideal elements in his 1898-99 lectures on geometry. He described them as important, fruitful, and of frequent occurrence in mathematics, pointing to the examples of negative, irrational, imaginary, ideal and transfinite numbers. In geometry, he had in mind the examples of points, lines, and planes at infinity, whose introduction gives geometry a certain completeness, by making theorems such as those of Pappus and Desargues universally valid. In this article I will discuss how Hilbert transformed our view of the Pappus and Desargues theorems by showing that they express the underlying algebraic structure of projective geometry. I will compare this result with another of Hilbert's great contributions, his calculus of ends. By studying the ideal elements of the hyperbolic plane, Hilbert similarly extracted algebraic structure from the axioms of hyperbolic geometry. Hilbert's treatments of projective and hyperbolic geometry have another important common element: construction of real numbers. To achieve this, Hilbert has to add an axiom of continuity to the geometry axioms, but he evidently wants to show that the real numbers can be put on a geometric foundation.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Justice Outreach Program Connecting Justice-Involved Veterans With Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Treatment

The Veterans Justice Outreach (VJO) program of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration has a primary mission of linking military veterans in jails, courts, or in contact with law enforcement to mental health and substance use disorder treatment. National data of veterans with VJO contact were used to describe demographic characteristics, and mental health and substance use disorder diagnoses and treatment use and test correlates of treatment entry and engagement using multi-level logistic regression models. Of the 37,542 VJO veterans, treatment entry was associated with being homeless and having a mental health disorder or both a mental health and a substance use disorder versus a substance use disorder only. Being American Indian/Alaskan Native was associated with lower odds of treatment entry. Engagement was associated with female gender, older age, Asian race, urban residence, and homeless status. Increased utilization of substance use disorder treatment, especially pharmacotherapy, is an important quality improvement target.
Mechanism of Charging Damage During Plasma-Enhanced Silicon Nitride/Oxide Thin-Film Deposition

Charging damage during plasma-enhanced dielectric thin-film deposition is a surprisingly severe problem. Given that the dielectric films are good insulators, it is counterintuitive to have a charging damage problem in the first place, let alone one that is severe. More surprising still is that while most of the damaging plasma processes show diminished (measurable) impact when gate oxide has been scaled down to 3 nm or less in thickness, charging damage from dielectric deposition remains a serious problem. A photoconduction mechanism was proposed by Cheung and Pai [IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 16, p. 220, 1995] to explain charging damage in plasma-enhanced dielectric deposition. However, the model did not account for the effect of non ohmic contact that limits current flow. It is shown here that the combination of photoconduction, internal photoemission, and high-temperature acceleration of breakdown is needed to explain the charging damage during plasma-enhanced dielectric deposition. Details of the conduction process, including polarity effect, are discussed. The recently measured oxide photoconductivity is shown to be in agreement with expectation
Non-spherical particles for optical trap assisted nanopatterning.

Optical trap assisted nanopatterning is a laser direct-write technique that uses an optically trapped microsphere as a near-field objective. The type of feature that one can create with this technique depends on several factors, one of which is the shape of the microbead. In this paper, we examine how the geometry of the bead affects the focus of the light through a combination of experiments and simulations. We realize nanopatterning using non-spherical dielectric particles to shape the light–material interaction. We model the resulting nanoscale features with a finite difference time domain simulation and obtain very good agreement with the experiments. This work opens the way to systematic engineering of the microparticle geometry in order to tailor the near-field focus to specific nanopatterning applications.
Recent Progress in Molecular Modeling of Adsorption and Hysteresis in Mesoporous Materials

We review some recent progress in molecular modeling of the behavior of fluids confined in mesoporous materials. We address three issues. The first is the applicability of the grand canonical ensemble for studying adsorption and hysteresis in porous materials. Next we discuss models of complex pore structure and how these can be coarse grained using a lattice model. Then we consider the question of how hysteresis is related to a vapor-liquid phase transition for disordered mesoporous materials. In concluding we assess the prospects of developing a unified description of adsorption and hysteresis valid over the range of mesoporous materials.
The Accuracy of Species Tree Estimation under Simulation: A Comparison of Methods

Numerous simulation studies have investigated the accuracy of phylogenetic inference of gene trees under max- imum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian techniques. The relative accuracy of species tree inference methods under simulation has received less study. The number of analytical techniques available for inferring species trees is in- creasing rapidly, and in this paper, we compare the performance of several species tree inference techniques at estimating recent species divergences using computer simulation. Simulating gene trees within species trees of different shapes and with varying tree lengths (T) and population sizes (0), and evolving sequences on those gene trees, allows us to determine how phylogenetic accuracy changes in relation to different levels of deep coalescence and phylogenetic signal. When the probability of discordance between the gene trees and the species tree is high (i.e., T is small and /or 0 is large), Bayesian species tree inference using the multispecies coalescent (BEST) outperforms other methods. The performance of all methods improves as the total length of the species tree is increased, which reflects the combined benefits of decreasing the proba- bility of discordance between species trees and gene trees and gaining more accurate estimates for gene trees. Decreasing the probability of deep coalescences by reducing 0 also leads to accuracy gains for most methods. Increasing the number of loci from 10 to 100 improves accuracy under difficult demographic scenarios (i.e., coalescent units ^ 4M>), but 10 loci are adequate for estimating the correct species tree in cases where deep coalescence is limited or absent. In general, the correlation between the phylogenetic accuracy and the posterior probability values obtained from BEST is high, although posterior probabilities are overestimated when the prior distribution for 0 is misspecified. (Coalescence; gene trees; incom- plete lineage sorting; multilocus data; phylogeny reconstruction; simulation; tree shape.)
Fundamental solution and single‐chain properties of polylactides

Polylactides (PLA) have been known for several decades and are recently of considerable commercial significance. However, the literature on basic chain properties and solution characterization is divided and inconsistent. In this study, a comprehensive and well-controlled set of experiments is combined with rigorous quantitative analysis to resolve existing apparent contradictions. Homopolymers and copolymers spanning wide ranges of molecular weight and stereoisomer proportions were prepared by ring-opening polymerizations of L- and D-lactides using stannous octanoate as the catalyst. Samples were characterized by means of: (1) dilute-solution viscometry in three different solvents; (2) size exclusion chromatography in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with light scattering detection; (3) static multiangle light scattering in a mixed acetonitrile-dichloromethane solvent; (4) variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry; and (5) melt rheology. The data imply that PLA are typical linear flexible polymers; unperturbed PLA chain dimensions are describable in terms of a characteristic ratio of 6.5 ± 0.9, regardless of stereoisomer content. The Schulz-Blaschke and Mark-Houwink constants for dilute PLA solutions in chloroform and in THF are determined. For chloroform at 30 C, the correct values are k SB = 0.302, K = 0.0131 (mL/g), and a = 0.759, while for THF at 30°C, the correct values are k SB = 0.289, K = 0.0174 (mL/g), and a = 0.736.
Gain characteristics of a 210 km hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplified loop

As an alternative to using gain flattening filters or other optical devices that add attenuation to balance the gain in the optical spectrum, we have studied the effects of combining gain from Raman amplifiers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in a fiber recirculating loop. We have shown a parameter range for which the gain profile is flat, and have analyzed the variation of the gain tilt as a function of the individual contributions of the Raman and EDFA amplifiers.
Up against Whiteness: Students of Color in Our Schools

on how race and racism play out in the everyday lives of students in urban schools across the United States. The articles demonstrate that racial ideologies shape and constrain students' academic experiences and identities, especially as they intersect with class and gender ideologies. And while white students are conspicuously absent from many urban schools, the articles suggest that whiteness remains the ubiquitous norm against which students of color are judged. Taken as a whole, these articles go a long way toward moving us beyond a solely black and white discourse on race, and in an attempt to continue this conversation I will weave a discussion of my work with Asian American students into my reflection on the articles in this issue of AEQ. The articles by Cammarota and Rolon-Dow both demonstrate that gender complicates the way race is experienced by young men and women of color. Schools and the larger society construct young Latino men as possessing a deviant, dangerous, and improper masculinity that must be contained and policed. Cammarota argues that the negative stereotyping of Latinos contributes to their alienation from school. Cammarota's findings confirm other qualitative research on the intersection of gender and race that suggests that men of color are often seen as expressing dangerous and improper masculinities. Like Latino men, African American and Southeast Asian American men often are criminalized in the mainstream imagination (Ferguson 2000; Lee in press; Lei 2003). In my recent study on Hmong American high school students (Lee in press), I found that Hmong American boys' expressions of masculinity, like that of other boys/men of color, were judged against the standards of white hegemonic masculinity. Some Hmong American boys, for example, were viewed as being too quiet and therefore not masculine. Other Hmong American boys were viewed as possessing a dangerous and deviant masculinity. Many white teachers wrongly assumed that