cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Report on the working group to revise ANSI C50.41

This paper discusses the issues that the working group to revise ANSI C50.41, "American National Standard for Polyphase Induction Motors for Power Generating Stations", is addressing. The last issuance of this standard occurred in 1982. Although it is not presently in print this document continues to be referenced in motor specifications prepared by engineers in the utility industry. This document has also received notice by the IEEE Electric Machinery Committee Task Force on Standards Harmonization. This document addresses issues that appear to be specific to the utility industry and its continued revision and availability to the industry is very important as the technology that it addresses is not addressed in other forums.
Organoimido-polyoxometalates as polymer pendants

The p-styrenyl substituent borne by the organoimido ligand in the Lindqvist derivative [NBu4]2[Mo6O18(NC6- H4CHCH2)] 1 allows the polyoxometalate complex to be introduced as a pendant group in polystyrene compositions via conventional free radical-induced copolymerization.
A new bulge test technique for the determination of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of thin films

A new analysis of the deflection of square and rectangular membranes of varying aspect ratio under the influence of a uniform pressure is presented. The influence of residual stresses on the deflection of membranes is examined. Expressions have been developed that allow one to measure residual stresses and Young's moduli. By testing both square and rectangular membranes of the same film, it is possible to determine Poisson's ratio of the film. Using standard micromachining techniques, free-standing films of LPCVD silicon nitride were fabricated and tested as a model system. The deflection of the silicon nitride films as a function of film aspect ratio is very well predicted by the new analysis. Young's modulus of the silicon nitride films is 222 ± 3 GPa and Poisson's ratio is 0.28 ± 0.05. The residual stress varies between 120 and 150 MPa. Young's modulus and hardness of the films were also measured by means of nanoindentation, yielding values of 216 ± 10 GPa and 21.0 ± 0.9 GPa, respectively.
Methadone N-Demethylation by the Common CYP2B6 Allelic Variant CYP2B6.6

The long-acting opioid methadone displays considerable unexplained interindividual pharmacokinetic variability. Methadone metabolism clinically occurs primarily by N-demethylation to 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), catalyzed predominantly by CYP2B6. Retrospective studies suggest that the common allele variant CYP2B6*6 may influence methadone plasma concentrations. The catalytic activity of CYP2B6.6, encoded by CYP2B6*6, is highly substrate-dependent. This investigation compared methadone N-demethylation by CYP2B6.6 with that by wild-type CYP2B6.1. Methadone enantiomer and racemate N-demethylation by recombinant-expressed CYP2B6.6 and CYP2B6.1 was determined. At substrate concentrations (0.25–2 µM) approximating plasma concentrations occurring clinically, rates of methadone enantiomer N-demethylation by CYP2B6.6, incubated individually or as the racemate, were one-third to one-fourth those by CYP2B6.1. For methadone individual enantiomers and metabolism by CYP2B6.6 compared with CYP2B6.1, Vmax was diminished, Ks was greater and the in vitro intrinsic clearance was diminished 5- to 6-fold. The intrinsic clearance for R- and S-EDDP formation from racemic methadone was diminished approximately 6-fold and 3-fold for R- and S-methadone, respectively. Both CYP2B6.6 and CYP2B6.1 showed similar stereoselectivity (S>R-methadone). Human liver microsomes with diminished CYP2B6 content due to a CYP2B6*6 allele had lower rates of methadone N-demethylation. Results show that methadone N-demethylation catalyzed by CYP2B6.6, the CYP2B6 variant encoded by the CYP2B6*6 polymorphism, is catalytically deficient compared with wild-type CYP2B6.1. Diminished methadone N-demethylation by CYP2B6.6 may provide a mechanistic explanation for clinical observations of altered methadone disposition in individuals carrying the CYP2B6*6 polymorphism.
The 3 Directions: Situated Information Literacy

In-depth case studies of the research experiences of university students gave rise to a conceptual framework for understanding the students’ behaviors related to reading, writing, and thinking as well as information seeking, the fundamental components of information literacy. The 3 Directions refer to the students’ movements toward (1) a product—Actions and Products Direction; (2) learning about their subject—Cognition Direction; and (3) participation in a scholarly or professional community—Participation Direction. Situated cognition offers a full explanation of the 3 Directions. This model is applied to the assessment of advanced-level information literacy in the disciplines and to the design of a basic level online tutorial.
Gain compensations for cavities with slot apertures between reverberant and anechoic environments

Mode-stirred chamber and anechoic chamber measurements were made on two sets of canonical test objects with varying numbers of thin slot apertures. The shielding effectiveness was compared to determine the level of correction needed to compensate the mode-stirred data to levels commensurate with anechoic data from the same test object. The cylinders with varying number of slot apertures had very different corrections needed to compensate the mode-stirred chamber data correctly. For a single slot aperture an unintentional emitter correction plus 4 dB was needed, while the two and eight slot cylinders needed the Sandia correction factor to bring the levels up. The rectangular cavity with varying number of slot apertures had interesting results, in that the same correction factor, namely the unintentional emitter plus 4 dB, worked the best for one, two, and four apertures.
ACAR: Adaptive Connectivity Aware Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Developing routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is a challenging task due to potentially large network sizes, rapidly changing topology and frequent network disconnections, which can cause failure or inefficiency in traditional ad hoc routing protocols. We propose an adaptive connectivity aware routing (ACAR) protocol that addresses these problems by adaptively selecting an optimal route with the best network transmission quality based on the statistical and realtime density data that are gathered through an on-the-fly density collection process. The protocol consists of two parts: (1) select an optimal route, consisting of road segments, with the best estimated transmission quality (2) in each road segment in the selected route, select the most efficient multi-hop path that will improve delivery ratio and throughput. The optimal route can be selected using our new connectivity model that takes into account vehicles densities and traffic light periods to estimate transmission quality at road segments, which considers the probability of connectivity and data delivery ratio for transmitting packets. In each road segment along the optimal path, each hop is selected to minimize the packet error rate of the entire path. Our simulation results show that the proposed ACAR protocol outperforms existing VANET routing protocols in terms of data delivery ratio, throughput and data packet delay. In addition, ACAR works very well even if accurate statistical data is not available.
Genetically Modified Crops and Product Differentiation: Trade and Welfare Effects in the Soybean Complex

A partial equilibrium four-region world trade model for the soybean complex is developed in which Roundup Ready (RR) products are weakly inferior substitutes to conventional ones, RR seeds are priced at a premium, and costly segregation is necessary to separate conventional and biotech products. Solution of the calibrated model illustrates how incomplete adoption of RR technology arises in equilibrium. The United States, Argentina, Brazil, and the Rest of the World (ROW) all gain from the introduction of RR soybeans, although some groups may lose. The impacts of RR production or import bans by the ROW or Brazil are analyzed. U.S. price support helps U.S. farmers, despite hurting the United States and has the potential to improve world efficiency.
Savanna glade hotspots: Plant community development and synergy with large herbivores

In African savannas, abandonment of traditional livestock corrals (bomas) creates long-term mosaics of nutrient hotspots embedded in a lower-nutrient matrix. It is unclear how plant communities develop over time on these sites in clay-rich “black cotton” soils or how herbivores attracted to these sites affect vegetation development. I first examined whether treeless “glades”, derived from abandoned bomas, function as nutrient and herbivore hotspots. Soil, vegetation, and herbivore data were collected on glades of varying ages. The results indicated that glades persist as long-term (� four decades) patches (0.25 e1.0 ha) of improved soil texture and increased nutrient levels, palatable grasses, and herbivore use. Glade vegetation also appears to undergo succession from Cynodon plectostachyus to Pennisetum stramineum dominance. Based on these patterns, exclusion cages were used to test herbivore effects on glade vegetation development. I found that large herbivores may retard succession by suppressing invasion of P. stramineum into C. plectostachyus-dominated areas. These results provide evidence that abundant anthropogenic glades function as long-term nutrient and wildlife hotspots in black cotton soils, distinct from similar hotspots in other soil types. The findings provide evidence that large herbivores can exert control over development and persistence of glades through their effects on plant community dynamics. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stability of ziprasidone mesylate in an extemporaneously compounded oral solution.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To formulate a liquid preparation of ziprasidone in a convenient concentration to allow dosing of less than 20 mg and of sufficient chemical and physical stability to enable an entire prescription or course of treatment to be prepared in a single batch. METHODS Geodon for injection (ziprasidone mesylate), 20 mg/mL, was diluted to 2.5 mg/mL in a commercially available sugar-free and alcohol-free, flavored syrup and stored at room temperature under ambient fluorescent light illumination, at room temperature in darkness, and under refrigeration. The ziprasidone content was measured in samples at various time intervals using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method. RESULTS When refrigerated, the ziprasidone syrup that was compounded in a commercially available, sugar-free and alcohol-free vehicle maintained at least 90% of stated potency for at least 6 weeks. Samples stored under other conditions were less stable, underscoring the manufacturer's labeling regar...
Development of a malaria knowledge test for student travelers

This paper describes a malaria knowledge test (MKT) developed to evaluate a web-based game for students who increasingly travel to malariarisk regions of the world. The 18-item MKT was structured according to the dimensions of the self-regulation model (SRM) to measure the accuracy of students’ beliefs about malaria. An experimental design was used to compare three game versions. Students (N=482) participated in 2010 by completing a pre-test, playing a Webbased game simulating student travel to malaria- endemic destinations, and completing a posttest. Study data support the validity and reliability of the MKT for the evaluation of malaria education interventions and for student self-assessment. Use of the MKT to evaluate an educational game about malaria revealed a strong overall learning effect and discrimination by game version, travel experience, and SRM dimension. This 5-min test may also be adapted for educational outreach purposes among health care providers globally, residents of malaria-endemic regions, and other high risk travel groups (e.g., elderly, chronic health conditions, pregnant, or returning to malaria-endemic regions to visit friends/relatives).
Group sparse total least-squares for cognitive spectrum sensing

The present paper develops a collaborative scheme whereby cognitive radios cooperate to localize active primary transmitters and reconstruct the power spectral density (PSD) maps (one per frequency band) portraying the power distribution across space. The sensing scheme relies on a parsimonious linear system model that accounts for the narrow-band nature of transmit-PSDs compared to the large swath of sensed frequencies, and for the group sparsity emerging when adopting a spatial grid of candidate primary user locations. Combining the merits of Lasso, group Lasso, and total least-squares (TLS), the proposed group sparse (GS) TLS approach yields hierarchically-sparse PSD estimates, and copes with model uncertainty induced by channel randomness and grid mismatch effects. Taking advantage of a novel low-complexity solver for the GS-Lasso, a block coordinate descent scheme is developed to solve the formulated GS-TLS problem. Simulations demonstrate the superior localization and PSD-estimation performance of GS-TLS compared to approaches that do not account for model uncertainties.
A rhythm underlying feeding behaviour in a highly polyphagous caterpillar

.Behavioural mechanisms of food mixing were studied in the polyphagous caterpillar Grammia geneura (Strecker) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) in arenas with different plant foods. Combinations of food plants, including single and multiple plant species were used. Behavioural observations on individuals of similar age were undertaken for 4 h. Foraging and feeding behaviour were monitored in detail. It was found that feeding was generally initiated during short intervals that represented the peaks of an endogenous activity rhythm. Feeding was not initiated on all peaks but at times that represented multiples of the oscillatory period. The oscillation fitted to each individual varied between 10 and 13 min. The possible significance of the oscillation is discussed.
HIERARCHICAL BAYES FOR STRUCTURED, VARIABLE POPULATIONS: FROM RECAPTURE DATA TO LIFE‐HISTORY PREDICTION

Understanding population dynamics requires models that admit the complexity of natural populations and the data ecologists obtain from them. Populations possess structure, which may be defined as “fixed” stages through which individuals pass, with superimposed variability among individuals and groups. Data contain missing values and inaccurate censuses. From limited data ecologists attempt to predict life history schedules and population growth. We extend the “missing value” framework for Bayesian analysis of structured populations to admit the heterogeneity in demography and the limitations of data that are typical of ecological populations. Our hierarchical treatment of capture–recapture data allows inference on demographic rates contained in matrix transition models for populations that may be stratified by location and by other variables. Simulations with artificial data sets demonstrate the ability of the Bayesian model to successfully estimate underlying parameters, even with incomplete census data. In contrast, traditional nonhierarchical models may lead to biased parameter estimates because of variation in recapture rates of individuals. Analyses of published demographic data on Common Terns and Taitu Hills rats illustrate the utility of the model. Predictive distributions of maturation age, survivorship, and population growth demonstrate profound impacts of population and data complexity.
High-speed ultrawideband photonically enabled compressed sensing of sparse radio frequency signals

We demonstrate a new architecture for high-speed compressed sensing using chirp processing with ultrafast laser pulses, presently applied to the measurement of sparse-frequency microwave signals. We spectrally encode highly chirped ultrafast laser pulses with pseudorandom bit sequences such that every laser pulse acquires a unique spectral pattern. The pulses are partially compressed in time, extending the effective sampling rate beyond the electronic limit, and then modulated with a sparse microwave signal. Finally the pulses are fully compressed and detected, effectively integrating the measurement. We achieve 100 usable features per pattern allowing for 100 points in the reconstructed microwave spectra and experimentally demonstrate reconstruction of two- and three-tone microwave signals spanning from 900 MHz to 14.76 GHz. These spectra are reconstructed by measuring the energy of only 23 to 38 consecutive laser pulses acquired in a single shot with a 500 MHz real-time oscilloscope.
Optimizing Free Space Optics for City-Wide Wireless Networks

Recent advances in wireless communications have paved the road to the development of revolutionary city-wide wireless networks that provide a virtual wireless cloud covering large metro areas. City- wide wireless networks offer unmatched options to different community sectors including local government, industry, business, people, and education. However, realizing the benefits and advantages of such a remarkable infrastructure is not straightforward. Extendibility and security limitations present a bottleneck for unrestricted growth of such networks. The future of city-wide wireless networks is in doubt unless these limitations are addressed and solutions are sought. In this paper, we propose free space optical systems as a cost effective backbone that can meet the requirements of future city-wide wireless networks. We study the deployment of free space optics and address major challenges.
Photon level chemical classification using digital compressive detection.

Abstract A key bottleneck to high-speed chemical analysis, including hyperspectral imaging and monitoring of dynamic chemical processes, is the time required to collect and analyze hyperspectral data. Here we describe, both theoretically and experimentally, a means of greatly speeding up the collection of such data using a new digital compressive detection strategy. Our results demonstrate that detecting as few as ∼10 Raman scattered photons (in as little time as ∼30 μs) can be sufficient to positively distinguish chemical species. This is achieved by measuring the Raman scattered light intensity transmitted through programmable binary optical filters designed to minimize the error in the chemical classification (or concentration) variables of interest. The theoretical results are implemented and validated using a digital compressive detection instrument that incorporates a 785 nm diode excitation laser, digital micromirror spatial light modulator, and photon counting photodiode detector. Samples consisting of pairs of liquids with different degrees of spectral overlap (including benzene/acetone and n-heptane/n-octane) are used to illustrate how the accuracy of the present digital compressive detection method depends on the correlation coefficients of the corresponding spectra. Comparisons of measured and predicted chemical classification score plots, as well as linear and non-linear discriminant analyses, demonstrate that this digital compressive detection strategy is Poisson photon noise limited and outperforms total least squares-based compressive detection with analog filters.
Image sensor with focal plane polarization sensitivity

A novel low power polarization image sensor is presented. This image sensor synergistically combines polymer polarization filters with a CMOS image sensor in order to compute the first three Stokes parameters at the focal plane. The carefully optimized microfabrication procedure for the pixel-pitch polymer polarization filters is described in detail in this paper. The imaging array is composed of 60 by 20 pixels and consumes 15 mW at 30 fps. A demo of the completed polarization image sensor will be given to illustrate how objects of similar luminescence can be discriminated based on their polarimetric properties.
Caveolin-1-dependent β1 integrin endocytosis is a critical regulator of fibronectin turnover

beta1 integrins are major cell surface receptors for fibronectin. Some integrins, including beta1 integrins, are known to undergo constitutive endocytosis and recycling. Integrin endocytosis/recycling has been implicated in the regulation of cell migration. However, the mechanisms by which integrin endocytosis/recycling regulates cell migration, and other biological consequences of integrin trafficking are not completely understood. We previously showed that turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here, we investigate the biological relevance of beta1 integrin endocytosis to fibronectin matrix turnover. First, we demonstrate that beta1 integrins, including alpha5beta1 play an important role in endocytosis and turnover of matrix fibronectin. Second, we show that caveolin-1 constitutively regulates endocytosis of alpha5beta1 integrins, and that alpha5beta1 integrin endocytosis can occur in the absence of fibronectin and fibronectin matrix. We also show that downregulation of caveolin-1 expression by siRNA results in marked reduction of beta1 integrin and fibronectin endocytosis. Hence, caveolin-1-dependent beta1 integrin and fibronectin endocytosis plays a critical role in fibronectin matrix turnover, and may contribute to abnormal ECM remodeling that occurs in fibrotic disorders.
Vector-model simulation of all-normal-dispersion fiber lasers

Fiber lasers operating in the normal dispersion regime with a filter are analyzed with simulations of coupled-field equations. This model predicts new operating modes previously unrecognized by scalar simulations.
Non-pancreatic retroperitoneal mucinous neoplasms and a discussion of the differential diagnosis

Retroperitoneal mucinous neoplasms are common and have a wide range of differential diagnoses to consider. It is of utmost importance to maintain a multidisciplinary approach when evaluating these lesions. Clinical history, surgical impression and radiographic studies should be obtained and used in conjunction with morphology and immunohistochemistry to help guide the pathologist to the correct diagnosis. We recently encountered a case of a 51-year-old man who presented with an 11.5 cm left-sided retroperitoneal mucinous neoplasm. This lesion was initially diagnosed as a low-grade mucinous carcinoma of probable pancreatic origin at an outside facility, and he was subsequently treated with chemotherapy. One year later he presented to our institution and underwent retroperitoneal en bloc resection of the 7-cm residual multiloculated mucinous neoplasm. When discussed at tumor board additional medical history was obtained, and review of the patient's chart revealed a remote history of left orchiectomy for a mixed malignant germ cell tumor and metastatic embryonal carcinoma in 2 of 34 retroperitoneal/para-aortic lymph nodes. With no clinical evidence of tumor in the pancreas or extension from it, the predominately para-aortic location of the tumor favors a mucinous carcinoma arising from a rest of mature metastatic/proliferating teratoma that persisted after chemotherapy. This case illustrates the importance of a thorough history, however remote, and correlation with imaging in the development of differential diagnoses, as well as, the need to consider non-pancreaticobiliary sources of retroperitoneal mucinous tumors.
Defect microstructural equivalence in molybdenum under different irradiation conditions at low temperatures and low doses

Abstract Owing to its advantages such as higher dose rates and shorter time required, ion irradiation, including in-situ ion irradiation of nano-foils on electron microscopes, is being proposed as a surrogate for neutron/reactor irradiation in materials testing for the research of irradiation induced/enhanced degradation of reactor structural materials. This raises a key question: can the microstructural evolution be matched across different irradiation conditions? Here we report our recent study using a rate-theory based cluster dynamics approach on the time dependent defect accumulation in elemental molybdenum under varying ion and neutron irradiation conditions, within a low temperature and low dose regime. The approach solves a large system of coupled differential equations each equation describing the rate of change in the concentration of a particular defect/cluster (defined by its nature and number of constituent point defects) caused by direct production (for primary defects), diffusion flux across spatial grids (for mobile defects, under ion irradiation), and capturing and/or emission interactions with other defects/clusters. Our results suggest that defect evolution under different dose rates can be very well matched in either thin foil ion irradiation or bulk neutron irradiation, by using different irradiation temperatures to counteract the effect of the dose rate variation. Across the two types of irradiation, less perfect matching is obtained mainly due to the strong surface sink effect in the thin foil, but the matching can be improved by combining the temperature shift strategy with selection of a single depth in the foil (as opposed to all depths averaged) for matching, or a greater foil thickness.
A comparison: an open psychiatric unit in the US and Germany

1. Psychiatry reform occurred not only in the US but in Europe as well. As a result, psychiatric units in general hospitals were established both here and abroad. 2. Principles of psychiatric nursing also changed. In the US and Germany, guidelines emphasized the goal of a patient's self-sufficiency rather than dependency on staff and institutions. 3. Psychiatric staff nurses in Germany receive additional and continued education, whereas academic advancement and specialization prepares the nurse specialist in the US. 4. The daily routine on a German psychiatric unit includes preadmission interviews, more liberal passes and outings for patients, overlapping shifts, and an emphasis on "supervision."
Synthesis of teleseismic P waves from sources near sinking lithospheric slabs

abstract A wave theory method is used to determine the effect of a sinking lithospheric slab on short-period and long-period waves. We consider a simplified model of the lithospheric slab with a 10 per cent velocity contrast and compute both short-period and long-period theoretical seismograms from a P -wave source located in or near the slab. For this model, the ray-theoretical amplitude agrees quite well with the short-period amplitude. In the ray-theoretical shadow zone the long-period seismograms (15- to 25-sec dominant period) typically have amplitudes 50 per cent (or greater) of the direct P -wave amplitude and exhibit wave-form broadening. Similar wave-form broadening has been attributed to the dynamics of earthquake faulting. The effect of the lithosphere on long-period waves from nearby sources must be taken into account in studies which utilize the observed variation in wave-form broadening to infer earthquake source dynamics.
Teacher Candidate Dispositions: Perspectives of Professional Expectations

This study describes a programmatic effort to examine dispositions perceptions of teacher candidates entering the profession. Study participants included 114 master's level teaching candidates in their first semester of a nontraditional teacher education program. Teacher candidates scored themselves on a department disposition rubric designed to evaluate their professional behaviors and wrote reflective rationales to support their scoring. Results indicated that candidates positioned themselves as no fault, accepts fault, and assigns fault in writing their rationales. These positions were used as lenses to analyze candidates' positioning in relation to the program and faculty expectations. Candidates' disposition performance rationales relied on their novice status, the demands of work and family, and an admitted minimalist approach to some course demands. Insights gained from the study may allow teacher education faculty to better understand and support candidates' dispositional growth and development.
Aluminum multicharged ion generation from laser plasma

Abstract Multicharged aluminum ions are generated by a ns Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulse ablation of an aluminum target in an ultrahigh vacuum. Time-of-flight and electrostatic retarding field ion energy analyzers are used to detect the laser-generated multicharged ions. The experiments are conducted using laser pulse energies of 45–90 mJ focused on the Al target surface by a lens with an 80-cm focal length to 0.0024 cm2 spot area and incident at 45° with the Al target surface. With the increase in the laser pulse energy, a slow increase in the number of ions generated is observed. The generation of ions with a higher charge state is also observed with the increase in the laser pulse energy. For 5 kV accelerating voltage applied to the Al target and using laser energy of 90 mJ, up to Al+4 with ∼0.65 nC total ion charge is delivered to the detector which is located 140 cm away from the Al target. Raising accelerating voltage increases the charge extraction from the laser plasma and the energy of multicharged ions.
Ontogenic and longitudinal activity of Na+-nucleoside transporters in the human intestine

The objectives of our study were to identify the types of nucleoside transporters present in the human fetal small intestine and to characterize their developmental activity, longitudinal distribut...
Hydrologic controls on nutrient cycling in an unconfined coastal aquifer.

Groundwater is an important pathway for terrestrially derived nutrients to enter the coastal ocean. In coastal aquifers, groundwater transits the subterranean estuary, a region of sharp gradients in redox conditions and the availability of reactants. In one such system (Waquoit Bay, MA, USA), we observed more than a doubling of the groundwater-associated nitrogen flux to surface water during the summer compared to winter due primarily to a reduction in nitrogen attenuation within the subterranean estuary. Because marine groundwater intrusion has been shown to increase during the summer, we calculate a greater contribution of recycled nutrients from the coastal ocean to the subterranean estuary. We posit that the longer residence times within the subterranean estuary during the winter, which would result from reduced marine groundwater circulation, allow oxygen depletion of the groundwater, creating a favorable environment for important nutrient transformations such as nitrification, denitrification, and a...
Development of a comprehensive space related 'lessons learned' data base

This paper deals with the development and utilization of a comprehensive space related “lessons learned” data base for capturing important knowledge which can be applied to future space program applications. The data base was the end result of a study conducted by Rockwell International for the NASA/KSC/Space Station Logistics Systems Office in support of early Space Station concept development and planning. The “lessons learned” focused primarily on the areas of maintenance, maintainability, operability, and accessibility. The information contained within the data base was gathered from NASA Manned Space Programs including Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Spacelab, Space Shuttle as well as additional input from Air Force programs, the Trident submarine program and commercial industry. The effort included an analysis for a concept and management approach which could be utilized for the development and implementation of a generic “Lessons Learned” Specification. The concept could be applicable in the Preliminary Design, Design and Production phases of current and future programs and would ensure maximum utilization of experience gained.
Scientific Workflow Composition in Heterogeneous Environments

Scientific workflows have become visible as a new method for scientists to develop and design complex and distributed scientific processes to enable and accelerate many scientific discoveries. Workflows are widely used in business for a long time. However, scientific workflows are emerging as an important technology for solving complex scientific problems and thereby contributing to scientific development. The advantages of high-performance grid-based computing for scientific workflows, and the problems noted with existing scientific workflow management software, provide the rationale for the development of new workflow processes for efficient use of heterogeneous scientific workflows system and utilizing grid computing. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) to propose a scientific workflow system to design, develop, and execute scientific workflows from heterogeneous scientific workflows; 2) to propose a scheduling technique for parallel executing of heterogeneous scientific workflows; and 3) to present a GENOEMFLOW based scientific workflow application to showcase the application of our system.
The Error Analysis of Capacitive Voltage Transformer

It analyzed error of Capacitive Voltage Transformer theoretically and introduced influences of cut important parts to the measuring error and gave regulating method of the error.
An Approach for Performing Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Pavements for Evaluating Alternative Pavement Designs

Abstract Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of pavements is currently used to compare alternate designs by appraising the environmental impacts. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is a key step in LCA, which models the emissions inventory into meaningful environment and human impacts. Although LCIA consists of four steps (classification, characterization, normalization, and weighting), most of the pavements LCA have been performed without normalization and weighting steps due to subjectivity involved. Normalization aims to associate impacts of a design to a set of reference values that is recognizable and understandable by the decision makers. The decisions made without considering normalization may lead to least sustainable pavement design. The objective of this study is to expand pavement LCA by including normalization and weighting in the process by proposing normalization and weighting approaches that will help in selecting sustainable pavement structure. To achieve objective of this study, LCA was performed on four equivalent pavement designs by estimating emissions for each pavement design for 30 years using various LCA datasets. The estimated emissions were further classified and characterized into various impact categories. External and internal normalization were performed on the characterized data. External normalization was performed using two reference systems US per capita emissions in 2008 and an average passenger car emissions. External normalization helps in understanding the magnitude of impacts due to a pavement as well as in differentiating the alternatives. Internal normalization assists in only comparing alternatives and needs no reference system. Based on the evaluation, it is proposed to use normalization and weighting for performing LCA of pavements.
Surface and Core Excitons

The exciton, or coupled conduction-band electron and valence-band hole, has long played an important role in theories of the optical properties of semiconductors and insulators. As one of the simplest many-particle excitations, excitons are crucial in understanding the optical response of materials near the threshold for the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. A fairly large literature exists on excitons, including a recent volume by Uetaet al. in the series Solid State Sciences.1 An earlier chapter by Dexter2 and a book by Knox3 are still frequently referenced.
Todos juntos: hippies, rock music, and the Popular Unity era

AbstractScholars traditionally have characterized the 1960s and early 1970s as an era of political polarization in Chile stemming from an intensifying rift between those who supported the leftist Popular Unity government (1970–1973) and those who opposed it. While there is little question that this division was the fundamental political axis in Chilean society at that time, it was not the only one. This article traces the development of rock music and culture among Chile’s youth to assert that while Chilean society polarized over the Popular Unity government, an additional segment of society emerged as an additional socio-political pole. During the Popular Unity era, a significant number of Chile’s youth rejected both the political right and left by assertively refraining from taking stances in regards to party platforms or candidates, rejecting those sounds, images, and traditions tied to the right and to the left in favor of an alternative political and cultural orientation tied to rock music and hippie...
Decline in methylmercury in museum-preserved bivalves from San Francisco Bay, California.

Abstract There are ongoing efforts to manage mercury and nutrient pollution in San Francisco Bay (California, USA), but historical data on biological responses are limited. We used bivalves preserved in formalin or ethanol from museum collections to investigate long-term trends in methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. In the southern reach of the estuary, South Bay, MeHg in the Asian date mussel ( Musculista senhousia ) significantly declined over the study duration (1970 to 2012). Mean MeHg concentrations were highest (218 ng/g dry weight, dw) in 1975 and declined 3.8-fold (to 57 ng/g dw) by 2012. This decrease corresponded with closure of the New Almaden Mercury Mines and was consistent with previously observed declines in sediment core mercury concentrations. In contrast, across all sites, MeHg in the overbite clam ( Potamocorbula amurensis ) increased 1.3-fold from 64 ng/g dw before 2000 to 81 ng/g dw during the 2000s and was higher than in M. senhousia . Pearson correlation coefficients of the association between MeHg and δ 13 C or δ 15 N provided no evidence that food web alterations explained changing MeHg concentrations. However, isotopic composition shifted temporally. South Bay bivalve δ 15 N increased from 12‰ in the 1970s to 18‰ in 2012. This increase corresponded with increasing nitrogen loadings from wastewater treatment plants until the late 1980s and increasing phytoplankton biomass from the 1990s to 2012. Similarly, a 3‰ decline in δ 13 C from 2002 to 2012 may represent greater utilization of planktonic food sources. In a complimentary 90 day laboratory study to validate use of these preserved specimens, preservation had only minor effects ( 13 C and δ 15 N. MeHg increased following preservation but then stabilized. These are the first documented long-term trends in biota MeHg and stable isotopes in this heavily impacted estuary and support the utility of preserved specimens to infer contaminant and biogeochemical trends.
Unhealthy Weight Management Practices and Non-medical Use of Prescription Drugs

Introduction Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) has reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. With approximately one in five high school students engaging in NMUPD, it is important to understand behavioral correlates. Methods Data were combined from the 2011 and 2013 cycles of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey. After restricting the analytic sample to students who reported a weight loss goal of either staying the same weight or losing weight, logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs for associations between unhealthy weight management practices (UWMPs) and lifetime NMUPD. Individual UWMPs—fasting; taking diet pills, powders, or liquids without a doctor’s advice; and vomiting or taking laxatives—and total number of UWMPs were examined. Data were analyzed in 2016. Results UWMPs were more prevalent among female students (21.1% vs 10.7% for fasting; 7.5% vs 5.2% for taking diet pills, powders, or liquids; and 7.6% vs 3.2% for vomiting or taking laxatives). Significant associations between individual UWMPs and NMUPD and between the number of UWMPs and NMUPD were observed. Discussion UWMPs were associated with NMUPD. Health educators in the school setting, as well as other health professionals who provide services to an adolescent population, can focus on healthy weight management strategies, and other substance-specific messages. Conclusions The association between UWMPs and NMUPD may reflect a constellation of problem behaviors exhibited among some adolescents.
Abstract A03: SCFCyclin F connects AKT signaling to the core cell cycle oscillator

Cell proliferation is governed by the presence of growth factors, and in their absence normal cells cease to progress through the cell cycle. The waves of Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) activity constituting the core of the cell cycle oscillator are driven by cyclin synthesis and its subsequent destruction by the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC), a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls degradation of Cyclins A and B. How growth factor signaling is integrated into the core cell cycle machinery remains largely elusive. Modular Cullin RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) represent the largest E3 ligase family in humans, and control the destruction of hundreds of proteins involved in virtually all aspects of cellular physiology. Here we establish a bi-directional ubiquitylation circuit between the APC substrate receptor Cdh1, and Cyclin F, a substrate receptor for the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F box) family of CRL E3 ubiquitin ligases. We demonstrate that Cdh1 is regulated by SCF(Cyclin F), and conversely, Cyclin F is regulated by APC(Cdh1). AKT modulates the circuit by phosphorylating Cyclin F, enhancing SCF(Cyclin F) ligase assembly, and thereby catalyzing Cdh1 degradation. Later in the cell cycle, CDK phosphorylates Cdh1, preventing its degradation by altering its localization, and allowing both proteins to accumulate. The mutually antagonistic relationship between Cdh1 and Cyclin F represents the first described direct, reciprocal ubiquitylation circuit. Further, phospho-dependent ligase assembly signifies a novel regulatory mechanism for SCF ligases. We propose that AKT is part of a positive feedback loop involved in cell cycle control. This discovery connects growth factor signaling to the core cell cycle machinery, and has potential implications in malignancies where AKT is activated. Citation Format: Michael J. Emanuele, Rajarshi Choudhury, Jennifer Kernan, Christine Allie Mills, Debojyoti Lahiri, Daniel J. Burke. SCFCyclin F connects AKT signaling to the core cell cycle oscillator. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr A03.
ESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS F. SP. TRITICI TTKS RACE (UG99) (WHEAT STEM RUST)

An agricultural sector model estimates impacts for hypothetical U.S. outbreaks of Ug99 wheat stem rust. Scenarios describe reductions in wheat output and exports beginning in 2013. The four year losses in the welfare of wheat producers range from $1.7- $11.6 billion (-15% to -107%). In scenarios reflecting alternate assumptions of disease spread, consumers benefit from embargoed crops remaining in the United States. The consumer surplus change varies between a gain of $4.6 billion (0.3%) when importing countries embargo U.S. wheat shipments and turn to other suppliers and a loss of $1.4 billion (-0.1%) when other countries continue importing the reduced supplies of U.S. wheat. Treatment costs are $139 million to $2.4 billion.
Tipping our CAPS to the UKOSS cardiac arrest in pregnancy study.

Cardiac arrest in pregnancy is a devastating complication, but one which is difficult to study because of its low prevalence. Large healthcare utilization databases provide ample statistical power to analyze this rare outcome, but lack clinical detail, and cannot provide information about key questions, such as the timing of arrest relative to delivery, the cause of the arrest as determined by clinicians, and the impact of the location of arrest and time to perimortem cesarean delivery on survival. The UKOSS Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy Study (CAPS), published in this month's issue of the journal, addresses all of these questions and more. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
DAPAGLIFLOZIN ATTENUATES DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND THE ACTIVATION OF THE NLRP3/ASC INFLAMMASOME IN MICE WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES: A GLUCOSE-LOWERING AND SGLT-2 INDEPENDENT EFFECT

Background: SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin reduced the primary composite outcome (cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) in patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Purpose: To assess whether Dapagliflozin (Dapa) attenuates the deterioration of left
Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Plasticity in Development and Disease

The lymphatic vasculature is crucial for maintaining tissue-fluid homeostasis, providing immune surveillance and mediating lipid absorption. The lymphatic vasculature is tightly associated with the blood vasculature, although it exhibits distinct morphological and functional features. Endothelial cells (ECs) lineage fate specification is determined during embryonic development; however, accumulating evidence suggests that differentiated ECs exhibit remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms promoting lymphatic cell fate specification in the mammalian embryo. We also summarize available data suggesting that lymphatic EC fate is reprogrammable in normal and pathological settings. We further discuss the possible advantages of cell fate manipulation to treat certain disorders associated with lymphatic dysfunction.
Spontaneous Decay, Unitarity, and the Weisskopf–Wigner Approximation

Abstract The theory of spontaneous emission presented by Weisskopf and Wigner [Weisskopf, V., & Wigner, E. (1930) Z. Phyz. 63, 54–73] provides an excellent approximation to the actual decay atoms undergo on optically allowed transitions. However, the theory cannot be rigorously correct since, when applied in a consistent fashion that maintains unitarity, it requires that negative frequencies be permitted in the emitted spectrum. To avoid such problems, a better treatment is needed. Starting with a model Hamiltonian that approximates the decay of a discrete state into the continuum within the rotating-wave approximation, we show explicitly that unitarity is respected for different classes of spectral densities of the vacuum field, physical or not. When the spectral density is bounded from below or above, there is always deviation from exponential decay. In this limit, it is possible for there to be some nonzero probability for the discrete state amplitude to be nonvanishing as the time goes to infinity, even if the spectral density overlaps the transition frequency. The discrete state amplitude is expressed in terms of a finite integral that can be evaluated numerically plus contributions from at most two poles on the imaginary axis that result in terms that do not decay with time. Although the time evolution of the excited state amplitude must be calculated numerically, analytic expressions can be obtained for the spectrum of the spontaneously emitted radiation.
Parametric Study of Double Mode-Locking of the cw Dye Laser

The generation of subpicosecond pulses by the technique of double mode-locking has been numerically investigated [1] and experimentally confirmed [2]. This method utilizes a saturable absorber which is itself a laser dye and can be inverted at the trailing edge of the mode-locked pulse. The resulting stimulated emission leads to the generation of a secondary pulse and to a rapid restoration of the nonlinear losses, which enhances compression of the trailing edge of the primary pulse.
Comparative Animal Behavior – 1920–1973

One of the most eventful periods in the study of animal behavior was from the end of WWI to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to three of the major contributors to the field during that period. It was a time during which the traditional zoological natural history, ethology, animal psychology, and comparative psychology traditions developed along different conceptual and methodological lines and diverged considerably; then began a reconciliation that continued even as new approaches and methods came to the fore.