cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplexed phase-conjugate holographic storage using an intermediate buffer hologram

Volume holographic storage combines fast, parallel readout (because each hologram stores a large data page) with high density (because many holograms are multiplexed within the same volume). Phase-conjugate readout has been proposed as a way to eliminate the precision optics that recent demonstrations have relied upon to image the pixels of the input spatial light modulator (SLM) onto those of the output detector array. However, hologram multiplexing with the phase-conjugate approach requires multiple pairs of phase- conjugate beams, which are extremely difficult to create and maintain. We have developed a two-step recording process which combines the advantages of phase-conjugate holography with the simplicity of using the same multiplexed reference beam for recording and readout. The data-bearing object beam first passes completely through a long storage crystal, and is then temporarily stored in a second holographic storage material. This buffer hologram is immediately read with a phase-conjugate reference beam, reconstructing a phase- conjugate object beam which travels back into the storage crystal. This new object beam can now be recorded, and then later reconstructed, with a multiplexed reference beam at any of the spatial storage locations. We describe the advantages and limitations of this technique, the materials requirements for the buffer hologram, and describe a test platform designed to implement this technique.
Public Architecture in a Postimperial Capital: The Portuguese Pavilion at the 1998 Lisbon's World's Fair

Alvaro Siza Vieira's Portuguese Pavilion was the signature architectural showpiece of Lisbon's 1998 world exposition, Expo '98. Designed by the dean of Portuguese architects, and linked to the Portuguese state, the Pavilion attempted to break with older narratives of the country's past, representing the nation as both modern and European. It displays design continuities with older imperial themes, however, and does not escape long-standing entanglements between Portugal's national and imperial projects. The empty Pavilion has failed to achieve a new purpose and is descending into obscurity, perhaps from lack of coherence in its historical, political, and esthetic messages.
Optical Emissions Observed During the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE I) in the Ionosphere

The in-flight engine firing of solid rocket motors in the ionosphere produces an artificial dusty plasma. Optical emissions of sunlight scattered from the dust particles yield measurements of the dust location and flow velocities. Charging by ambient ionospheric electrons of the particulates yields dust particles that stream across the magnetic field lines. These exhaust particles initiate plasma turbulence in the ionosphere that can scatter radar waves. If the exhaust cloud itself passes over in situ particle or plasma wave detectors, measurements can be made of increased dusty plasma wave turbulence and plasma densities. To demonstrate long-range detection of rocket engine burns in the ionosphere, the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE I) was conducted in September 2009. Optical observations from CARE I provided measurements of both the dust particle distributions and the interactions of the molecular component of the rocket exhaust in the ionosphere.
Characterization of a protein fraction containing cytochromes b and c1 from mitochondria of Leishmania tarentolae

Abstract A soluble red band fraction was obtained from Leishmania tarentolae cells by sucrose gradient sedimentation of a Triton X-100 lysate. Spectral analysis indicated that cytochrome b was present in the red band: the reduced minus oxidized difference spectra revealed absorption maxima at 562, 527, and 431 nm at room temperature and 562, 530, and 422 nm at 77K. In addition, a 28-kDa protein was identified in this fraction which retained heme-associated peroxidase activity even after denaturation on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The amino acid composition of this protein showed a strong similarity to cytochrome c1 of both bovine and yeast.
The adaptive cross approximation algorithm for accelerated method of moments computations of EMC problems

This paper presents the adaptive cross approximation (ACA) algorithm to reduce memory and CPU time overhead in the method of moments (MoM) solution of surface integral equations. The present algorithm is purely algebraic; hence, its formulation and implementation are integral equation kernel (Green's function) independent. The algorithm starts with a multilevel partitioning of the computational domain. The interactions of well-separated partitioning clusters are accounted through a rank-revealing LU decomposition. The acceleration and memory savings of ACA come from the partial assembly of the rank-deficient interaction submatrices. It has been demonstrated that the ACA algorithm results in O(NlogN) complexity (where N is the number of unknowns) when applied to static and electrically small electromagnetic problems. In this paper the ACA algorithm is extended to electromagnetic compatibility-related problems of moderate electrical size. Specifically, the ACA algorithm is used to study compact-range ground planes and electromagnetic interference and shielding in vehicles. Through numerical experiments, it is concluded that for moderate electrical size problems the memory and CPU time requirements for the ACA algorithm scale as N/sup 4/3/logN.
The Cumulative Long-Term Risk of Dislocation After Primary Charnley Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background: A widely variable prevalence of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty has been reported, partly because of varying durations of follow-up for this specific end-point. The effect of demographic factors on the long-term risk of dislocation as a function of time after total hip arthroplasty is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the risk of dislocation as a function of time after Charnley total hip arthroplasty and to investigate the demographic factors that influence the cumulative risk of dislocation. Methods: Six thousand six hundred and twenty-three consecutive primary Charnley total hip arthroplasties were performed in 5459 patients at one institution between 1969 and 1984. The patients included 2869 female patients and 2590 male patients with a mean age of sixty-three years. All procedures were performed with a 22-mm femoral head, and all femoral and acetabular components were fixed with cement. The patients were followed at routine intervals and were specifically queried about dislocation. The cumulative risk of dislocation was calculated with use of the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Three hundred and twenty hips (4.8%) dislocated. The cumulative risk of a first-time dislocation was 1% at one month and 1.9% at one year and then rose at a constant rate of approximately 1% every five years to 7% at twenty-five years for patients who were alive and had not had a revision by that time. Multivariate analysis revealed that the relative risk of dislocation for female patients (as compared with male patients) was 2.1 and that the relative risk for patients who were seventy years old or more (as compared with those who were less than seventy years old) was 1.3. Three underlying diagnoses—osteonecrosis of the femoral head, acute fracture or nonunion of the proximal part of the femur, and inflammatory arthritis—were associated with a significantly greater risk of dislocation than osteoarthritis was. Conclusions: The cumulative long-term risk of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty is considerably greater than has been reported in short-term studies. The incidence of dislocation is highest in the first year after arthroplasty and then continues at a relatively constant rate for the life of the arthroplasty. Patients at highest risk are female patients and those with a diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head or an acute fracture or nonunion of the proximal part of the femur. Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II-1 (retrospective study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Efficient Simulation of Biological Neural Networks on Massively Parallel Supercomputers with Hypercube Architecture

We present a neural network simulation which we implemented on the massively parallel Connection Machine 2. In contrast to previous work, this simulator is based on biologically realistic neurons with nontrivial single-cell dynamics, high connectivity with a structure modelled in agreement with biological data, and preservation of the temporal dynamics of spike interactions. We simulate neural networks of 16,384 neurons coupled by about 1000 synapses per neuron, and estimate the performance for much larger systems. Communication between neurons is identified as the computationally most demanding task and we present a novel method to overcome this bottleneck. The simulator has already been used to study the primary visual system of the cat.
Early requirement for fgf8 function during hindbrain pattern formation in zebrafish.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is required for normal development of the vertebrate brain, including the isthmus and caudal regions of the hindbrain. Recent work in zebrafish has identified a requirement for the combination of fgf3 and fgf8 functions in specification of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (r5, r6), when evaluated at mid- and late somitogenesis stages. However, when examined earlier in development, during early somitogenesis stages, FGF8 alone is required to initiate r5 and r6 development. Both a mutation in fgf8 and injection of fgf8-targeted antisense morpholino-modified oligonucleotides result in suppression of genes normally expressed in r5 and r6 by the one- to two-somite stage. This expression recovers by the six-somite stage, and we propose that this recovery is a response to activation of fgf3 and to delayed accumulation of fgf8. These data demonstrate an early, nonredundant requirement for fgf8 function in hindbrain patterning. Developmental Dynamics 229:393–399, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Progress and prospects in youth violence-prevention evaluation

The evaluation of youth violence-prevention projects using sound methods is very important. Up to now, the evaluation literature has (1) inadequately heeded known epidemiologic patterns of violence, (2) failed to differentiate types of violence, and (3) failed to differentiate the levels of risk-influence addressed by the intervention. The reports in this supplement have considered these past deficiencies. These reports also make some notable advances, such as illustrating the role that efficacy trials can and should play in violence prevention, demonstrating that programs can and should be evaluated and that design characteristics such as random assignment are plausible, balancing the practical and theoretical aspects of violence prevention, and reflecting the importance of the setting on the style and scope of the intervention. The reports and projects also have remaining limitations. Length of planned follow-up is generally quite brief. In some cases the rationale for the intervention is not adequately explained. Some reports do not clarify whether the intervention is intended for all youths or selected high-risk youth. The next steps for these and similar projects are to determine the program impact and implementation, strive for longer follow-up, document conditions that interact with proximal impact on distal outcomes, and further broaden evaluation efforts into modifying situations instead of modifying only individuals. Finally, we must recognize that the goal of evaluation is not to declare all earnest efforts effective, but to determine which efforts merit further consideration.
Abstract B32: Heterogeneity of breast cancer clinical characteristics and outcomes in U.S. black women - effect of place of birth

Background: Breast cancer mortality in black women is disproportionately high; reasons for this phenomenon are still unclear. In addition to socioeconomic factors, the biology of the tumor may play a role. Methods: We analyzed 1,097 incident invasive breast cancer cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2010 in black US women from Long Island and Brooklyn. Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated and fitted for cancer mortality; when data were stratified, the log-rank test was used to assess statistical differences in survival across strata. A multivariable Cox hazard model was applied to assess the independent contributions to survival of several factors such as age, histology, stage at diagnosis, and hormone receptor status. Results: Thirty-five percent of women had an estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumor, 46% a progesterone receptor (PR) negative tumor. ER, PR negative tumors were diagnosed at an earlier age (55.8 vs 55.3 yrs), at a later stage (p= 0.06), were larger in size (p=0.04), and more frequently treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.06) than ER, PR positive tumors. Determinants of shorter survival were: ER, PR negativity (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4-3.4), age, and stage at diagnosis (HR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.5-2.7). ER, PR negative women born outside of the US experienced significantly worse survival than ER, PR negative women who were born in the US. There were no differences in survival based on therapeutic strategy (radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery). Conclusions: ER, PR negative tumors in black women born outside the US, mainly in the Caribbean, are biologically more aggressive than the same tumor size and age matched tumors in black women born in the US. Our study suggests that environmental exposures in the country of origin may impact on host cancer interactions and cancer outcome. Citation Format: Marlene Camacho-Rivera, Tricia Kalwar, Jasotha Sanmugarajah, Iuliana Shapira, Emanuela Taioli. Heterogeneity of breast cancer clinical characteristics and outcomes in U.S. black women - effect of place of birth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B32. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-B32
PERIOD BY THE WAVE-GROUP METHOD

The wave-group period, T , is obtained by a eimple manual procedure from the periodic wave groupff'and sequences that appear in strip-chart records. A dozen or more values are commonly derived from a 20-minute record. When plotted as a time-series, T values form patterns that represent individual wave trains, each generated by a synoptic weather event. Swell trains and wind-wave trains can be distinguished by their characteristic period distributions. For swell trains, the mean wave-group frequency, f , obtained from the best-fit line to the time-series plot of f_ values (reciprocal T values), is equivalent to the frequency of maximum energy density, fm, obtained from spectral analysis. The distance and time of origin for a swell train can be determined from the time rate of change of f„, and with the use of weather maps the generating area can be identified and the deep-water arrival direction of the swell train at the wave gage determined. The zero-line crossing period, T , represents an integration of the waves from all wave trains present and has no synoptic significance.
Characterization of star sign patterns that require Hn

Abstract The refined inertia of a square real matrix B , denoted ri ( B ) , is the ordered 4-tuple ( n + ( B ) , n − ( B ) , n z ( B ) , 2 n p ( B ) ) , where n + ( B ) (resp., n − ( B ) ) is the number of eigenvalues of B with positive (resp., negative) real part, n z ( B ) is the number of zero eigenvalues of B , and 2 n p ( B ) is the number of pure imaginary eigenvalues of B . For n ≥ 3 , the set of refined inertias H n = { ( 0 , n , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , n − 2 , 0 , 2 ) , ( 2 , n − 2 , 0 , 0 ) } is important for the onset of Hopf bifurcation in dynamical systems. An n × n sign pattern A is said to require H n if H n = { ri ( B ) | B ∈ Q ( A ) } . The star sign patterns of order n ≥ 5 that require H n are characterized. More specifically, it is shown that for each n ≥ 5 , a star sign pattern requires H n if and only if it is equivalent to one of the five sign patterns identified in the paper.
The Effects of Liquid Payloads on the Trajectory of Spinning Projectiles

This paper outlines a relatively straight forward technique to incorporate the effect of liquid payloads on prediction of projectile trajectories. The key to this method is the addition of liquid moments imparted onto the projectile body. A first step to include the effects of liquid payloads is to model a low viscosity liquid while undergoing typical projectile coning motions. Since most projectiles carrying liquid payloads are spin stabilized with relatively high spin rates, the moment contribution of the liquid to the angular motion of the projectile can be found using linear theory. After developing an integrated dynamic model for a projectile with a liquid payload, exemplar trajectory characteristics are shown that exhibit typical dynamic behavior of a projectile with a liquid payload. Results comparing solid projectiles with a similar liquid filled projectile are also presented. A discussion of flight stability caused by a liquid payload is as presented.
Widefield and High Resolution Fluorescence Imaging Using Vital Dye Contrast for Gastrointestinal Cancers

This ex vivo study evaluates widefield and high-resolution fluorescence imaging with vital-dye enhancement to improve endoscopic evaluation of metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Differences in epithelial features were observed.
A Normal Mode Stability Analysis of Numerical Interface Conditions for Fluid/Structure Interaction

In multi physics computations where a compressible fluid is coupled with a linearly elastic solid, it is standard to enforce continuity of the normal velocities and of the normal stresses at the interface between the fluid and the solid. In a numerical scheme, there are many ways that velocity- and stress-continuity can be enforced in the discrete approximation. This paper performs a normal mode stability analysis of the linearized problem to investigate the stability of different numerical interface conditions for a model problem approximated by upwind type finite difference schemes. The analysis shows that depending on the ratio of densities between the solid and the fluid, some numerical interface conditions are stable up to the maximal CFL-limit, while other numerical interface conditions suffer from a severe reduction of the stable CFL-limit. The paper also presents a new interface condition, obtained as a simplified characteristic boundary condition, that is proved to not suffer from any reduction of the stable CFL-limit. Numerical experiments in one space dimension show that the new interface condition is stable also for computations with the non-linear Euler equations of compressible fluid flow coupled with a linearly elastic solid.
Analysis of Chinese Oilseeds Industrial Safety and Policy Suggestions

Oilseeds industry is the production,processing and sales,trade,and a series of economic diversity of the main industrial activities.The ratio of dependence on oil and oilseeds' import is high.Processing and sales is by a high degree of foreign control.Oilseeds' production is on a low level.Domestic oil and oilseeds' prices are vulnerable to price fluctuations in world market and in foreign control.Thus,state regulation of the market price of oil and oilseeds products diminished.Domestic supply of oil and oilseeds can not get security protection.In short,China's oilseeds industry is on the low level of security.We need to improve the international competitiveness of oilseeds,to improve competitiveness of local enterprises,to reduce dependence on imported oil and oilseeds products,and to establish the mechanism of oilseeds industry safety assessment.
Triceps transfer to restore elbow flexion. A study of fifteen patients with paralytic lesions and arthrogryposis.

Transfer of the triceps to the radius can restore active flexion to the paralyzed elbow when the preoperative indications for a Steindler flexorplasty cannot be met. Based on this series of fifteen patients, results are generally predictable in the paralytic and traumatic cases, but in arthrogrypotic patients, the results are less predictable, but still encouraging enough to justify further clinical use.
Sbe7-β-CD, a New, Novel and Safe Polyanionic β-Cyclodextrin Derivative: Characterization And Biomedical Applications.

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CyD) and some other CyDs have utility for solubilizing and stabilizing drug entities, however, they are nephrotoxic when administered by injection (parenterally) to animals. Therefore, the objective of our work was to identify, prepare and evaluate various CyD derivatives with superior inclusion complexation ability and maximal in vivo safety for various biomedical uses. A systematic study led to SBE7-β-CD, a polyanionic 2-, 3-, and 6-variably substituted sulfobutyl ether (average degree of substitution of 7) of β-CyD as a non-nephrotoxic derivative with superior properties over HP-β-CD, a competitor product [1, 2].
“Just Treatment of Licentious Men”: January 1838

Although nowhere so avidly defended or fully articulated as in the anti-slavery movement, women’s rights ideas also appeared in other social movements, including moral reform. In this letter to the Friend of Virtue, the chief publication of the New England branch of the movement, the writer shows how women were taking the initiative in reforming sexual relations by condemning predatory male sexuality. Although these women tended to be much more conservative than Garrisonian abolitionist women in their views of women’s public rights, they could be quite radical in their defense of women’s right to control their own bodies and in their call for a single standard of sexual behavior for men and women.
Bundled payments in total joint arthroplasty and spine surgery.

Purpose of review The goal of this manuscript is to provide an overview and analysis of bundled payment models for joint replacement and select spine procedures. Advantages and disadvantages of bundled payment models will be discussed.
Quantitating morphological changes in biological samples during scanning electron microscopy sample preparation with correlative super-resolution microscopy

Sample preparation is critical to biological electron microscopy (EM), and there have been continuous efforts on optimizing the procedures to best preserve structures of interest in the sample. However, a quantitative characterization of the morphological changes associated with each step in EM sample preparation is currently lacking. Using correlative EM and superresolution microscopy (SRM), we have examined the effects of different drying methods as well as osmium tetroxide (OsO4) post-fixation on cell morphology during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation. Here, SRM images of the sample acquired under hydrated conditions were used as a baseline for evaluating morphological changes as the sample went through SEM sample processing. We found that both chemical drying and critical point drying lead to a mild cellular boundary retraction of ~60 nm. Post-fixation by OsO4 causes at least 40 nm additional boundary retraction. We also found that coating coverslips with adhesion molecules such as fibronectin prior to cell plating helps reduce cell distortion from OsO4 post-fixation. These quantitative measurements offer useful information for identifying causes of cell distortions in SEM sample preparation and improving current procedures.
Varieties of civil war and mass killing: Reassessing the relationship between guerrilla warfare and civilian victimization

Why do some civil wars feature the mass killing of civilians while others do not? Recent research answers this question by adopting a ‘varieties of civil war’ approach that distinguishes between gu...
Adjudication Materials on Agency Websites

This report examines the dissemination on agency websites of decisions and supporting materials issued and filed in federal adjudicative proceedings. In contrast to notice-and-comment rulemaking, which is supported by a fully digitized platform that allows members of the public to post comments to proposed rules and view materials contained in rulemaking dockets, there exists no single, comprehensive online clearinghouse for the public hosting of adjudication decisions and supporting materials. Instead, to the extent that a particular adjudication record is digitally available, it is likely to be found on the relevant agency’s website.
The trajectory of microbial single-cell sequencing

Over the past decade, it has become nearly routine to sequence genomes of individual microbial cells directly isolated from environmental samples ranging from deep-sea hydrothermal vents to insect guts, providing a powerful complement to shotgun metagenomics in microbial community studies. In this review, we address the technical aspects and challenges of single-cell genome sequencing and discuss some of the scientific endeavors that it has enabled. Specifically, we highlight newly added leaves and branches in the genomic tree of bacterial and archaeal life and illustrate the unique and exciting advantages that single-cell genomics offers over metagenomics, both now and in the near future.
Commentary on Katz's Bystander Training as Leadership Training.

This response to Katz’s commentary is based on our team’s experiences and findings in bystander intervention design and evaluation among male and female adolescents in several high school settings. Three themes emerged in reflecting on “what worked” in our large evaluation in light of Katz’s commentary. First, our field needs data from multiple rigorous bystander intervention evaluations. Second, bystander interventions must be acceptable to the population receiving the intervention. Third, engaging all adolescent and young adults in prevention independent of sex or sexual orientation is essential to reduce sexual violence including harassment and bullying.
An introduction to the macroeconomics of aging

Abstract This special issue contains six articles that develop macroeconomic models that analyze the impact of population aging—and the impact of government policies related to pensions and health care in response to aging—on aggregate employment, investment, wages, and interest rates. Increased spending on pensions and public health care programs is projected to impose a major fiscal burden not only on the developed world but also on much of the less developed world. The articles in this special issue point to the directions that economists need to take in analyzing the impact of aging on the macroeconomy.
Role of Imaging in Drug Development

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the emerging role of novel radiographic imaging in the drug development process. The main purpose is to provide an overview of how imaging can facilitate drug development. Every step in drug development is undertaken in view of the regulatory requirements that will eventually need to be satisfied for FDA approval. The FDA requires that the drug shows an acceptable safety profile and adequate clinical benefit in a defined patient population. The shift toward less toxic, predominantly cytostatic agents renders the traditional drug development system inadequate. This inadequacy is seen throughout the entire drug development process. Limited patient resources are an additional barrier to current drug development. Use of imaging during diagnosis and staging is common and is familiar to all clinicians. Depending on the tumor type and location, anatomic imaging using CT, MRI, or bone scintigraphy is the standard in most cases for delineating the size and extent of malignancy. The routine use of these imaging modalities is more qualitative than quantitative due to the subjectivity in interpretation among radiologists and clinicians. 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET is the universally available molecular imaging technology that is approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for staging of cancers of non-small cell lung, breast, esophageal, colorectal, head and neck, and cervix, melanoma and lymphoma, as well as for monitoring the response to treatment in breast cancer. It has been an invaluable tool in the treatment planning of these and other cancers.
Energy requirements for two aspects of phospholipid metabolism in mammalian brain

Previous estimates have placed the energy requirements of total phospholipid metabolism in mammalian brain at 2% or less of total ATP consumption. This low estimate was consistent with the very long half-lives (up to days) reported for fatty acids esterified within phospholipids. However, using an approach featuring analysis of brain acyl-CoA, which takes into account dilution of the precursor acyl-CoA pool by recycling of fatty acids, we reported that half-lives of fatty acids in phospholipids are some 100 times shorter (min-h) than previously thought. Based on these new estimates of short half-lives, palmitic acid and arachidonic acid were used as prototype fatty acids to calculate energy consumption by fatty acid recycling at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of brain phospholipids. We calculated that the energy requirements for reacylation of fatty acids into lysophospholipids are 5% of net brain ATP consumption. We also calculated ATP requirements for maintaining asymmetry of the aminophospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine across brain membrane bilayers. This asymmetry is maintained by a translocase at a stoichiometry of 1 mol of ATP per mol of phospholipid transferred in either direction across the membrane. The energy cost of maintaining membrane bilayer asymmetry of aminophospholipids at steady-state was calculated to be 8% of total ATP consumed. Taken together, deacylation-reacylation and maintenance of membrane asymmetry of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine require about 13% of ATP consumed by brain as a whole. This is a lower limit for energy consumption by processes involving phospholipids, as other processes, including phosphorylation of polyphosphoinositides and de novo phospholipid biosynthesis, were not considered.
Integrated Pest Management of Insects and Mites of Pear

The three Pacific coast states of California, Oregon and Washington produce in excess of 90% of the commercially grown pears in the United States. Within this geographically limited area, there exist quantitative and qualitative differences in pest fauna. These differences along with substantial variation in climate, cultivar dominance, and horticultural practices demand that the data base necessary for the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs be developed to meet the requirements and needs of individual pear districts. This chapter deals with the development of IPM of insect and mite pests in one such pear district, southern Oregon.
Role of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Adaptation of the Brain to Injury

Although the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis has been intensively described and studied for the past few decades, its relevance to acquired brain injury remains largely unknown. In addition, glial-specific progenitors appear to be quite widespread throughout the brain, and their roles in injury-induced remodeling are also just beginning to emerge. Ongoing adult neurogenesis occurs in two regions of the mammalian brain—the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus within the hippocampus. Because of their well-described role in adult neurogenesis, there has been considerable speculation about how they might function in the setting of injury. Since there is clearly potential for neurogenesis after brain injury, studies have elucidated a differential response to injury in these two regions with stroke-mediated neurogenesis arising primarily from the SVZ and traumatic brain injury-mediated neurogenesis originating from the SGZ. For each, neurogenesis may mediate functional recovery after injury, and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects are being investigated. One goal of these studies is to potentially exploit neurogenesis as a therapeutic modality following acquired brain injuries due to stroke or trauma for which there is currently little to offer outside of supportive care and physical rehabilitation.
36. Angiogenic factors and preeclampsia with severe features among a primarily African American cohort with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Introduction Preeclampsia related morbidity and mortality is rising predominantly due to delayed identification of patients at risk for severe features (preE-SF). This study explored the association between angiogenic markers (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 [sFlt] and placental growth factor [PlGF]) and preE-SF. Methods Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were enrolled upon admission. Blood samples were collected within 96 h prior to delivery. Angiogenic markers were measured on an automated platform. Severe disease was defined by ACOG criteria as BP ⩾160/110, thrombocytopenia, right upper quadrant pain/epigastric pain/transaminases, renal insufficiency, pulmonary edema, or cerebral/visual disturbances. Descriptive statistics were generated and assessed with a Wilcoxon Rank Sum, chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess for differences in outcomes and angiogenic markers were assessed in tertiles. Results Our study included 375 women with HDP, of which 127 (33.9%) had preE-SF, 115 (30.7%) had gestational hypertension, and 66 (17.6%) had chronic hypertension. Our cohort was predominantly African American (74.4%). Fig. 1 outlines the prevalence of severe features among those with severe disease. Levels of sFlt1 (pg/ml) were significantly higher in women with severe features compared to those without (9372.5 vs. 3607.0; p Conclusion This study demonstrates a significant association between an abnormal angiogenic profile and preE-SF in a primarily African American cohort. Additional evaluation of the role of angiogenic markers during assessment for HDP and disease severity is needed.
Key microstructural characteristics in flash sintered 3YSZ critical for enhanced sintering process

Abstract To explore the fundamental flash sintering mechanisms in yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ), a detailed microstructural characterization based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been conducted on 3YSZ flash sintered in air and Ar atmospheres. The study combines the surface morphology characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the detailed grain structure analysis based on TEM. The results show that large clusters are comprised of very fine nanocrystalline subgrains, possibly caused by global grain boundary sliding and grain rotation which occur during the flash sintering process. Dislocation arrays were found near grain boundary triple junctions, suggesting the high mass transport rate during the rapid densification process in flash sintering. Yttrium-segregation was observed at grain boundaries near triple junctions as the result of the electrochemical forces.
De novo mass spectral data analysis of sulfur speciation in the reaction between GSNO and H2S: A sulfomic study using a Kendrick mass deficient approach

An efficient method for mass spectral data analyses and visualization of sulfur speciation in the reaction between S- nitroso glutathione (GSNO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) based on Kendrick mass defect (KMD) methodology is described. KMD is defined as the difference in exact mass and Kendrick mass of any species detected by the mass spectrometry study. GSNO + H2S → GSSxG + GSSx H + GSNSxH2 + GSSxOH + GSSxO3H + HSxOyH The mass spectral data of modified terminal thiol in glutathione, containing persulfane and polysulfides and as well small oxoacids of sulfur products, generated in the reaction between GSNO and H2S recorded using Orbitrap high resolution liquid chromatography (LC/MS) were used to perform the KMD analysis. The traditional KMD method utilizing the mass scale of the methylene unit (CH2) set to 14.000 u for rapid graphical identification of members of a homologous series for species like GSSxG, GSSH, GSNSxH, GSSxOH and GSSxO3H produced a cumbersome plot for visual recognition. We present here an effective methodology for mass spectral data visualization by simply substituting the mass scale of methylene unit to sulfur (32 u) in Kendrick mass significantly enhancing the graphical representation of the S- modified glutathione and SOS species. The broad applicability of this new method is demonstrated by a range electrophilic and nucleophilic trapping reagent like dimedone, 1-trimethylsiloxycyclohexene, monobromobimane, phenyl acetylene, t-butyl styrene, benzyl bromide, iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, and 3-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone in the trapping of reactive species generated in the reaction between GSNO and H2S. We also show that the inclusion of mass spectral intensity in the KMD analysis allows to quantify and differentiate concentration of species generated within and across various other homologous series.
Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis disulfide bond forming enzymes

In bacteria, disulfide bonds confer stability on many proteins exported to the cell envelope or beyond, including bacterial virulence factors. Thus, proteins involved in disulfide bond formation represent good targets for the development of inhibitors that can act as antibiotics or anti-virulence agents, resulting in the simultaneous inactivation of several types of virulence factors. Here, we present evidence that the disulfide bond forming enzymes, DsbB and VKOR, are required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival respectively. We also report the results of a HTS of 216,767 compounds tested against P. aeruginosa DsbB1 and M. tuberculosis VKOR using Escherichia coli cells. Since both P. aeruginosa DsbB1 and M. tuberculosis VKOR complement an E. coli dsbB knockout, we screened simultaneously for inhibitors of each complemented E. coli strain expressing a disulfide-bond sensitive β-galactosidase reported previously. The properties of several inhibitors obtained from these screens suggest they are a starting point for chemical modifications with potential for future antibacterial development.
βII-spectrin promotes mouse brain connectivity through stabilizing axonal plasma membranes and enabling axonal organelle transport

βII-spectrin is the generally expressed member of the β-spectrin family of elongated polypeptides that form micrometer-scale networks associated with plasma membranes. We addressed in vivo functions of βII-spectrin in neurons by knockout of βII-spectrin in mouse neural progenitors. βII-spectrin deficiency caused severe defects in long-range axonal connectivity and axonal degeneration. βII-spectrin-null neurons exhibited reduced axon growth, loss of actin-spectrin-based periodic membrane skeleton, and impaired bidirectional axonal transport of synaptic cargo. We found that βII-spectrin associates with KIF3A, KIF5B, KIF1A, and dynactin, implicating spectrin in the coupling of motors and synaptic cargo. βII-spectrin required phosphoinositide lipid binding to promote axonal transport and restore axon growth. Knockout of ankyrin-B (AnkB), a βII-spectrin partner, primarily impaired retrograde organelle transport, while double knockout of βII-spectrin and AnkB nearly eliminated transport. Thus, βII-spectrin promotes both axon growth and axon stability through establishing the actin-spectrin-based membrane-associated periodic skeleton as well as enabling axonal transport of synaptic cargo.
“Relative Continuity” for Non-Lipschitz Nonsmooth Convex Optimization Using Stochastic (or Deterministic) Mirror Descent

The usual approach to developing and analyzing first-order methods for nonsmooth (stochastic or deterministic) convex optimization assumes that the objective function is uniformly Lipschitz continu...
Variation in the fusion sequence of primary and secondary ossification centers in the human skeleton.

Objectives One of the biggest challenges for biological anthropologists is determining the minimum number of individuals in commingled skeletal samples in forensic or bioarcheological contexts. The fusion sequence of primary and secondary ossification centers is a promising, yet under-explored, process to improve identification of associated remains of subadults and young adults, but is limited by the lack of understanding of population variation in this aspect of human development. While prior studies show within-population variation in fusion sequence, possible geographic variation has not been systematically explored. Materials and methods To explore potential variation in fusion sequence in different populations, we analyzed eight skeletal samples of East Asian, North American, African, and European ancestry. Forty-three epiphyses were cross tabulated to determine the order of beginning and completing fusion for each geographic group. Results were distilled into modal sequence (most common order) trajectories, including the variation around the modal sequence. Results Population variation occurs within and across all geographic groups, especially in later fusing sites. Some sites, such as the acromion and sacral elements, consistently exhibit greater variability. Among outliers from the modal sequence, it is more common for early-fusing sites to fuse late than for later-fusing sites to fuse early. The completing fusion trajectories vary less than the beginning fusion trajectories. Discussion Despite considerable variation within and among different geographic groups, there are shared commonalities across different samples that can facilitate differentiation of multiple individuals. With fewer outliers, the completing fusion trajectories are potentially of greater practical use in forensic and bioarcheological practice.
Short-term impacts of biochar and manure application on soil labile carbon fractions, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure

Biochar is known to ameliorate soil fertility and increase crop yield; however, information regarding its effects on soil chemical and biological properties remains limited. The experiment was conducted to study the short-term impacts of different types of biochar on soil C fractions, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure at depositional and eroded landscape positions at different sampling times [before planting, after planting, and after harvesting of soybean (Glycine max L.)]. Three biochar materials, produced from C-optimized gasification of corn (maize, Zea mays L.) stover (CS), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson and C. Lawson) wood residue (PW), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) (SG), and dairy manure (DM) and mixture of dairy manure and pinewood biochar (DMP), were applied at a rate of 10 Mg ha−1 to depositional and eroded landscape positions. Data showed that the application of DMP and sole application of DM treatments significantly increased the labile C fractions at the depositional and eroded landscapes. The addition of DM and DMP increased the activities of β-glucosidase and urease enzymes, and those are involved in C and nitrogen cycling at depositional and eroded landscape positions. There were no significant differences between different biochar materials. However, there was an increase in soil microbial community structure in the DM and DMP treatments at both the landscape positions. In conclusion, our study revealed that DMP and sole application of DM influenced the soil labile C pool, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure at both the landscape positions for different sampling times.
THz generation and detection using field effect periodic structures of variable width

The field effect transistor structures with periodically changing width support excitations of the electron density (plasma waves) in the gated channels. We present the variable width design of such structures that support the plasma wave instabilities enabling terahertz (THz) emission and amplification. This design includes narrow protruding gated regions – plasmonic stubs - that enable the energy pumping of the plasma oscillations. Our calculations show that efficient THz radiation could be achieved in a wide sub-THz and THz band using feature sizes from 22 nm to 130 nm and materials such as Si, GaN, InGaAs, and p-diamond.
Diagnosis-Related Groups, Reimbursement, and the Quality Disconnect.

Diagnosis Related Groups were established to reduce excess waste in the healthcare system. These classification systems provide standardized and scalable approaches to measuring severity of illness, assessment of treatment difficulty, and resource intensity. In this commentary, we discuss how the current DRG models in pediatrics—and for congenital heart surgery in particular—are not constructed to optimize quality.
Different strokes: differences in the characteristics and outcomes of BCVI and non-BCVI strokes in trauma patients.

Background Although strokes are rare in trauma patients, they are associated with worse functional and cognitive outcomes and decreased mobility. Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI)–related strokes and mortality have decreased, likely due to refined screening and treatment algorithms in trauma literature; however, there is a paucity of research addressing non-BCVI strokes in trauma. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence, etiology, and risk factors of stroke in our trauma population in order to identify preventive strategies. Methods This study was a retrospective review of all adult trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma hospital who suffered a stroke during trauma admission from 2010 to 2017. Data were collected from the prospectively maintained trauma and stroke databases. Stroke etiology was determined by a vascular neurologist. Results Of the 43 674 adult trauma patients admitted during the study period, 99 (0.2%) were diagnosed with a stroke during the index admission. Twenty-one (21%) strokes were due to BCVI. Seventy-eight (79%) strokes were due to non-BCVI etiologies. Patients with non-BCVI strokes were older, less severely injured, and had more medical comorbidities compared with patients with a BCVI stroke. While patients with a BCVI stroke were more likely to suffer multiple traumatic injuries from MVC (76% vs 28%, p Discussion The incidence of stroke has increased despite aggressive screening and treatment of BCVI. This increase is primarily due to non-BCVI strokes which are associated with advanced age and medical comorbidities after low mechanism traumatic injury. Medical optimization of comorbid conditions during trauma hospitalization will become increasingly important for stroke prevention as the population ages. Level of evidence: Level III