cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speculation in a two-stage retail supply chain

One perhaps surprising outcome of E-Commerce has been the emergence of speculators who resell products via the web. These speculators create retail shortages for popular products (e.g., toys) by removing them from store shelves in bulk and then selling them at inflated prices through secondary channels; e.g., on sites such as eBay. This article examines the impact of such speculation on ordering decisions in a two-stage manufacturer–retailer supply chain. The equilibrium results of the proposed model demonstrate a range of outcomes: in some cases both the retailer and manufacturer benefit from speculators, whereas in other cases, both may be hurt by a high number of speculators. The proposed model provides insight on when it is best for the manufacturer to take measures to preclude a high degree of speculation.
Statistical confirmation of Thornton's zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric blacks

In an effort to use statistics to arbitrate the recent debate about the clustering of zero crossings of metameric blacks, the statistically-most-significant metameric black was determined as a linear combination of the mean daylight and the first three daylight phases. This spectrum, S4(Λ), is orthogonal to all the 1931 CIE color matching functions, and has zero crossings near 450, 540, and 610 nm. W. Thornton observed that these wavelengths tend to be crossover points for real reflectances that are metameric under some daylight. For the present work, a metameric black is defined as a difference between two matching spectral power distributions rather than between two matching spectral reflectances. The zero crossings of S4(Λ) amply confirm the zero-crossing conjecture for metameric blacks.
Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: clinical outcome and risk factors.

Cardiac disease is common and is the major killer in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cardiac failure is a highly malignant condition in ESRD patients. Cardiac failure mediates most of the adverse prognostic impact of ischemic heart disease. Left ventricular (LV) abnormalities are already present at initiation of dialysis therapy in approximately 80% of patients. These abnormalities (ie, systolic dysfunction in approximately 15%, LV dilatation with preserved systolic function in 30%, concentric LV hypertrophy LVH in 40%) independently predict ischemic heart disease and cardiac failure, and are the largest baseline predictor of mortality after 2 years on dialysis therapy. The associations between classical risk factors (eg, hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension) and cardiac outcomes in ESRD are inconsistent. "Uremic" risk factors represent a nascent, but potentially important field. In our prospective 10-year study of 433 patients starting renal replacement therapy, we identified the following as major independent risk factors for cardiac disease: (1) hypertension (concentric LVH, LV dilatation, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, inverse relationship with mortality); (2) anemia (LV dilatation, cardiac failure, death); and (3) hypoalbuminemia (ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, death). Transplantation dramatically improved LV abnormalities, suggesting that a uremic environment is cardiotoxic. Multiple risk factors act in concert to produce cardiac disease in ESRD; many of these are avoidable, suggesting that the enormous burden of disease can be reduced considerably.
Monte-Carlo verification of power spectrum formulas for random modulation schemes

To verify newly derived formulas for the power spectra of some randomised switching schemes reported in the power electronics literature, the authors develop and apply a Monte-Carlo simulation procedure. Analytical and simulation results are compared on a common illustrative example. >
A survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in Iowa swine including Clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

This survey was undertaken to determine the relative frequency of agents that are currently associated with neonatal diarrhea in swine, including Clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The subjects for this study were the first 100 live 1-7-day-old piglets submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory with a clinical signalment of diarrhea, beginning on January 1, 2000. The evaluation of each pig included bacterial culture of a section of ileum, 2 sections of jejunum, and a single section of colon; a fluorescent antibody test (FAT) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV); ELISA's for rotavirus and C. difficile toxins; IHC for PRRSV; and microscopic examination of ileum, midjejunum, spiral colon, liver, spleen, and lung. Survey results demonstrate a decline in the relative number of diagnoses of TGEV, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens type C compared with retrospective data. The combined case frequency rate for these 3 pathogens dropped from 70% in 1988 to 21% in 2000. This survey also demonstrated the emergence of C. difficile as an important pathogen of neonatal swine. Clostridium difficle toxin was detected in the colon contents of 29% of the piglets, and at least 1 toxin-positive animal was identified in 55% of the cases. All 29 C. difficile toxin-positive piglets had mesocolonic edema, and colitis was observed in 21 of 29 toxin-positive animals. PRRSV-positive macrophages were detected in the lamina propria of intestinal villi by IHC in 10 piglets with diarrhea. In 6 of these cases, PRRSV was the only pathogen detected. Gross and microscopic lung lesions were not a reliable indicator of PRRSV infection in these neonatal pigs with diarrhea. The addition of tests for C. difficile and PRRSV to a routine neonatal diarrhea diagnostic protocol resulted in a significant increase in thediagnostic success rate on both individual animal and case bases.
Kinetics of Thermal Oxidation of Silicon Nitride Powders

The kinetics of thermal oxidation of H. C. Starck M-11 and Ube SN-E10 Si 3 N 4 powders was evaluated in the temperature range 650°-1200°C using isothermal and nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Between 700° and 1200°C, the isothermal kinetics was modeled equally well using the Ginstling-Brounshtein and Zuravlev-Lesokhin-Tempel'man equations. Despite their similar particle sizes and surface areas, the two powders exhibited different oxidation kinetics. The activation energies for oxidation of the M-1l and SN-E10 powders were determined to be 400 and 540 kJ/mol, respectively, between 1000° and 1200°C, and 230 and 260 kJ/mol, respectively, between 700° and 1000°C. The parabolic rate constants for oxidation of the two powders were comparable to those reported in the literature for monolithic, chemically-vapor-deposited Si 3 N 4 at the higher temperatures. At lower temperatures, the oxidation kinetics of the M-11 powder was nearly linear, whereas the kinetics of the SN-E10 powder remained power-law dependent.
Trajectory modeling for automated en route air traffic control (AERA)

AERA (Automated En Route Air traffic control) is a continuing Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) program to increase system capacity, safety, and the granting of user-preferred trajectories (e.g., direct routes) to airspace users. A cornerstone of AERA is its trajectory modeler: the model predictions may be displayed graphically to the controller on the AERA Future Situation Display, and are used to provide strategic (up to 20 min.) detection of aircraft-to-aircraft conflicts. This paper provides an overview of the AERA Trajectory Modeler, as currently envisaged for field implementation in the late 1990s. It is divided into 4 sections, dealing (in turn) with 1) initial trajectory construction, 2) the maintenance of the trajectory as the flight progresses, 3) sources of modeling error, and 4) the application to air traffic control.
Food insecurity and maternal depression in rural, low-income families: a longitudinal investigation.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between household food insecurity and maternal depression in a rural sample to determine whether food insecurity predicted mothers’ depression over time or vice versa. Design: The study employed a prospective design using three waves of data from ‘Rural Families Speak’, a multi-state study of low-income rural families in the USA. Food insecurity was measured using the Core Food Security Module and depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale. A structural equation model was fit to the data using the AMOS software package. Setting: Sixteen states in the USA (California, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wyoming) between 2000 and 2002. Subjects: Subjects included 413 women with at least one child under the age of 13 years living in the home. Results: Findings based on the 184 subjects with complete data indicated that the causal relationship between household food insecurity and depression is bidirectional (P 5 0?034 for causation from depression to food insecurity, P 5 0?003 for causation from food insecurity to depression,x 2 /df 5 1?835, root-mean-square error of approximation 5 0?068, comparative fit index 5 0?989). Findings based on all 413 subjects after imputation of missing values also indicated bidirectionality. Conclusions: The recursive relationship between food insecurity and depression has implications for US nutrition, mental health and poverty policies. The study highlights the need to integrate programmes addressing food insecurity and poor mental health for the population of rural, low-income women.
A triarchic theory of intellectual development during adulthood

Abstract A triarchic theory of intellectual development during adulthood is proposed. The theory comprises three parts: a contextual part that emphasizes the role of intelligence in successful adaptation to the environment; a componential part that specifies the mental mechanisms and processes underlying intelligent behavior; and an experiential part that indicates that intelligence is best manifested in instances in which the task or situation requiring the application of these processes is relatively novel or is becoming automatized. A selective and brief review of the literature on adult intellectual development is provided as evidence for the triarchic theory. The triarchic theory is then compared with four other theoretical approaches to adult intellectual development. It is argued that the triarchic theory provides new insights regarding the ways in which intelligence changes from early to middle to late adulthood and suggests certain properties of tasks and situations that make them more or less useful as measures of intelligence at various points in adult intellectual development.
Phosphorylation influences the translation state of FMRP-associated polyribosomes

Fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, is absent in patients with fragile X syndrome, a common form of mental retardation. FMRP is a nucleocytoplasmic RNA binding protein that is primarily associated with polyribosomes. FMRP is believed to be a translational repressor and may regulate the translation of certain mRNAs at the base of dendritic spines in neurons. However, little is known about the regulation of FMRP. Using mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that FMRP is phosphorylated between residues 483 and 521, N-terminal to the RGG box, both in murine brain and in cultured cells. Primary phosphorylation occurs on the highly conserved serine 499, which triggers hierarchical phosphorylation of nearby serines. FMRP is phosphorylated within 2–4 h of synthesis, however, phosphorylation has no effect on the half-life of the protein. In contrast to the Drosophila ortholog dFxr, the phosphorylation status of mammalian FMRP does not influence its association with specific mRNAs in vivo. However, we find unphosphorylated FMRP associated with actively translating polyribosomes while a fraction of phosphorylated FMRP is associated with apparently stalled polyribosomes. Our data suggest that the phosphorylation may regulate FMRP and that the release of FMRP-induced translational suppression may involve a dephosphorylation signal.
Identifying Victims of Groupthink From Public Statements of Decision Makers

The present study attempts to test hypotheses derived from Janis's groupthink analysis of several foreign policy decisions of the American government. Content analyses were performed using the public statements of key decision makers involved in crises for which Janis's case studies revealed or did not reveal evidence of groupthink. Consistent with Janis's theory, it was found that, relative to non-groupthin k decision makers, groupthink decision makers were more simplistic in their perceptions of policy issues and made more positive references to the United States and its allies (own group). Inconsistent with Janis's theory, groupthink decision makers did not make significantly more negative references to Communist states and their allies (opponents). Possible explanations for the findings are assessed, and methodological and practical obstacles to definitive testing of the groupthink model are examined.
Herbivory and population dynamics of invasive and native Lespedeza.

Some exotic plants are able to invade habitats and attain higher fitness than native species, even when the native species are closely related. One explanation for successful plant invasion is that exotic invasive plant species receive less herbivory or other enemy damage than native species, and this allows them to achieve rapid population growth. Despite many studies comparing herbivory and fitness of native and invasive congeners, none have quantified population growth rates. Here, we examined the contribution of herbivory to the population dynamics of the invasive species, Lespedeza cuneata, and its native congener, L. virginica, using an herbivory reduction experiment. We found that invasive L. cuneata experienced less herbivory than L. virginica. Further, in ambient conditions, the population growth rate of L. cuneata (λ = 20.4) was dramatically larger than L. virginica (λ = 1.7). Reducing herbivory significantly increased fitness of only the largest L. virginica plants, and this resulted in a small but significant increase in its population growth rate. Elasticity analysis showed that the growth rate of these species is most sensitive to changes in the seed production of small plants, a vital rate that is relatively unaffected by herbivory. In all, these species show dramatic differences in their population growth rates, and only 2% of that difference can be explained by their differences in herbivory incidence. Our results demonstrate that to understand the importance of consumers in explaining the relative success of invasive and native species, studies must determine how consumer effects on fitness components translate into population-level consequences.
CUTTING EDGE : RAPID INDUCTION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES BY IMMUNE STIMULATORY CPG DNA

Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG DNA) rapidly activate B cells and monocyte-derived cells; however, the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this process are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CpG DNA induces the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 but does not activate the extracellular receptor kinase in murine B and monocyte-like cell lines. CpG DNA also induces the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2, c-Jun, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 as well as the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding. Inhibition of p38 led to the suppression of CpG DNA-induced AP-1 DNA-binding activity and cytokine production, indicating that the p38 pathway is required for mediating these immune stimulatory effects of CpG DNA. Chloroquine, an endosomal acidification inhibitor, selectively abolished CpG DNA-mediated MAPK activation. Our results indicate that CpG DNA activates the p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase MAPK and leads to the activation of AP-1 via a pathway which is sensitive to chloroquine.
New Evidence for a Direct Effect of Prolactin on Rat Adrenal Steroidogenesis

The direct effect of prolactin on rat adrenal steroidogenic enzyme activity was evaluated by measuring plasma and adrenal cytosol steroid levels and adrenal microsomal 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3B-HSD), 21 hydroxylase (21-OHase) and mitochondrial 11-hydroxylase (11-OHase) after in vivo administration of purified rat prolactin (rPRL) to adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were ovariectomized, hypophysectomized and replaced with ACTH. Two days after surgery rPRL was administered i.p. at doses of 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 micrograms (ug) every 4 hours for 5 days to experimental animals. Control rats received vehicle injections. All rats were sacrificed by decapitation and blood and adrenal glands collected. The adrenals were pooled into each rPRL dose group and mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol prepared from each pool. The activities of 3B-HSD, 21-OHase and 11-OHase were measured using as substrates 14C-dehydroepiandro-sterone, 14C-progesterone and 14C-deoxycorticosterone, respectively. ...
Automatic scan prescription for brain MRI.

Diagnostic brain MRI scans are usually performed by trained medical technologists who manually prescribe the position and orientation of a scanning volume. In this study, a fully automatic computer algorithm is described which compensates for variable patient positioning and acquires brain MRI scans in a predefined reference orientation. The method involves acquiring a rapid water-only pilot scan, segmenting the brain surface, and matching it to a reference surface. The inverse matching transformation is then used to adapt a geometric description of the desired scanning volume, defined relative to the reference surface, to the current patient. Both pilot scan and processing are performed within 30 sec. The method was tested in 25 subjects, and consistently recovered orientation differences between the reference and each subject to within ±5°. Compared to manual prescription, automatic scan prescription promises many potential benefits, including reduced scan times, reproducible scan orientations along anatomically preferable orientations, and better reproducibility for longitudinal studies. Magn Reson Med 45:486–494, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Spray Cooling

An experimental study to determine the effect of liquid and secondary gas flow in droplet impingement cooling is presented. The nucleate boiling regime in particular is analyzed. A correlation to predict the Nusselt number based on the liquid film thickness is derived and compared with the experimental data.
Salutary effects of adiponectin on colon cancer: in vivo and in vitro studies in mice

Background Obesity and a high-fat diet are associated with the risk and progression of colon cancer. Low adiponectin levels may play an important role in the development of colon and other obesity-related malignancies. No previous studies have directly investigated the mechanistic effects of adiponectin on colon cancer in the settings of obesity, a high-fat diet and/or adiponectin deficiency. Objective To investigate the effects of adiponectin on the growth of colorectal cancer in adiponectin-deficient or wild-type-C57BL/6 mice fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Results Mice fed a high-fat-diet gained more weight and had larger tumours than mice fed a low-fat-diet. Adiponectin administration suppressed implanted tumour growth, causing larger central necrotic areas. Adiponectin treatment also suppressed angiogenesis assessed by CD31 staining and VEGFb and VEGFd mRNA expression in tumours obtained from mice fed a high-fat-diet and from adiponectin-deficient mice. Adiponectin treatment decreased serum insulin levels in mice on a high-fat-diet and increased serum-interleukin (IL)-12 levels in adiponectin-deficient mice. In vitro, it was found that adiponectin directly controls malignant potential (cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion and colony formation) and regulates metabolic (AMPK/S6), inflammatory (STAT3/VEGF) and cell cycle (p21/p27/p53/cyclins) signalling pathways in both mouse MCA38 and human HT29, HCT116 and LoVo colon cancer cell lines in a LKB1 -dependent way. Conclusion These new mechanistic and pathophysiology studies provide evidence for an important role of adiponectin in colon cancer. The data indicate that adiponectin or analogues might be useful agents in the management or chemoprevention of colon cancer.
Interpersonal Violence and the Pregnant Homeless Woman

Homelessness continues to increase in the United States. Families comprise the fastest growing segment of the homeless population, and estimates suggest that women head 90% of homeless families. Pregnant homeless women are exposed to more cumulative violence than are comparable low-income, housed women. Intervention strategies that may improve health care provided to pregnant homeless women include abuse and safety assessment protocols and the use of a hand-carried health record. These interventions are directed at efforts to preserve the woman's autonomy and confidentiality, reduce areas of client-provider conflict, and generally improve encounters between the client and the health care system.
A Note on “An Efficient Zero‐One Formulation of the Multilevel Lot‐Sizing Problem”

In a recent paper, McKnew, Saydam, and Coleman [3] presented a novel zero-one integer programming formulation of the multilevel dynamic, deterministic lot-sizing problem in assembly systems. They stated that “the relaxed linear programming solution to this formulation will always be integer’ [3, p. 280] since the constraint matrix is totally unimodular. In this note, we point out that the constraint matrix is not totally unimodular and therefore the authors’claim that a linear relaxation of the zero-one integer formulation always yields an integer solution is not true.
Health promotion for people with chronic illness and physical disabilities: the connection between health psychology and disability prevention

People who have disabilities from injury or chronic illness are at risk for a variety of secondary conditions that can add to the level of disability they experience. Health promotion interventions for people with disabilities have the potential to decrease the incidence and severity of these secondary conditions, but little research has developed models of intervention that specifically address the needs of this population. Two studies were conducted to investigate the utility of integrating the Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky, 1987) and Attribution Style (Abramson et al., 1978) models into a health promotion intervention for people with disabilities. The first study suggested that 45% of the variance in a measure of secondary condition severity could be accounted for by measures of depression, Sense of Coherence and Attributional Style. The second study, a quasi-experimental treatment evaluation, indicated that a health promotion intervention for people with spinal cord injury based on these models resulted in a 37% decrease in reported limitation due to secondary conditions in the treatment group. Combined, the results from these two studies suggest a promising treatment paradigm for conducting health promotion with people who have disabilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene Transfer of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Reduces Angiotensin II–Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

Angiotensin II stimulates vascular NADPH oxidase to produce superoxide, which can react with nitric oxide and impair vasomotor function. We tested the hypothesis that the overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) would correct angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effects of the gene transfer of eNOS or 2 isoforms of SOD to the aorta in angiotensin II-treated rabbits on vasomotor function. New Zealand White rabbits were treated for 1 week with angiotensin II (100 ng. kg(-1). min(-1)) or saline by osmotic minipumps. In angiotensin II-treated rabbits, mean blood pressure was 107+/-8 mm Hg; it was 67+/-5 mm Hg in saline-infused rabbits (P<0.05). In aortas from angiotensin II-treated rabbits, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in superoxide levels, and the oxidative fluorescent probe hydroethidine indicated increased superoxide levels throughout the vascular wall, especially in the endothelium and adventitia. Maximal relaxation to acetylcholine was less in aortas from rabbits treated with angiotensin II (72+/-5% versus 87+/-4% in saline-treated rabbits; P<0.01), but responses to sodium nitroprusside were similar. Segments of the thoracic aorta were incubated in vitro with an adenoviral vector that expressed eNOS, copper zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), extracellular SOD (ECSOD), or beta-galactosidase. beta-Gal treatment with adenovirus containing the gene for eNOS (AdeNOS) but not adenovirus containing the gene for beta-gal (Adbeta-gal) (control virus) restored responses to acetylcholine (82+/-3% after AdeNOS and 67+/-4% after Adbeta-gal). Gene transfer of CuZnSOD or ECSOD did not improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta in rabbits that received angiotensin II. Thus, gene transfer of eNOS, but not SOD, effectively restores vasomotor function in angiotensin II-infused rabbits.
A graphical approach for the construction of constrained a and l-optimal designs using efficiency plots

In this paper, a graphical approach for computing constrained optimal designs in regression experiments is presented. The method is simple to implement and can be used in design problems where there are two optimality criteria, and these criteria are expressible as convex functionals of information matrices. The method is applied to seek constrained L and D-optimal designs in quadratic and cubic polynomial models. Several interesting features are noted, including (i) ifξ0 and ξ1 are optimal designs for two optimality criteria φ0 and φ1 and the two designs have the same support, the optimal design for a convex combination of φ0 and φ1 can have a different set of support points, and (ii) D-restricted extrapolation designs. are generally more efficient than A-restricted extrapolation designs for estimating the model parameters.
Reliability testing the die-attach of CPV cell assemblies

Results and progress are reported for a course of work to establish an efficient reliability test for the die-attach of CPV cell assemblies. Test vehicle design consists of a ∼1 cm2 multijunction cell attached to a substrate via several processes. A thermal cycling sequence is developed in a test-to-failure protocol. Methods of detecting a failed or failing joint are prerequisite for this work; therefore both in-situ and non-destructive methods, including infrared imaging techniques, are being explored as a method to quickly detect non-ideal or failing bonds.
Unraveling the mechanism of high altitude pulmonary edema.

During the last decade, major advances in the understanding of the mechanism of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) have supplemented the landmark work done in the previous 30 years. A brief review of the earlier studies will be described, which will then be followed by a more complete treatise on the subsequent research, which has elucidated the role of accentuated pulmonary hypertension in the development of HAPE. Vasoactive mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1, have played a major role in this understanding and have led to preventive and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, the role of the alveolar epithelium and the Na–K ATPase pump in alveolar fluid clearance has also more recently been understood. Direction for future work will be given as well.
Contour Crafting Process Plan Optimization Part II: Multi–Machine Cases

Contour Crafting is an emerging technology that uses robotics to construct free form building structures by repeatedly laying down layers of material such as concrete. The Contour Crafting technology scales up automated additive fabrication from building small industrial parts to constructing buildings. Tool path planning and optimization for Contour Crafting benefit the technology by increasing the efficiency of construction especially for complicated structures. The research reported here has aimed at providing a systematic solution for improving the overall system efficiency and realizing the Contour Crafting technology for building customdesigned houses. In the Part I of this paper an approach is presented to find the optimal tool path for the single nozzle Contour Crafting system incorporating the physical constraints of the technology and construction considerations. In Part II several algorithms are presented for finding the collision-free tool path for multiple machine configurations based on the single nozzle approach. The multiple machine configurations of Contour Crafting are ideal for rapidly constructing multiple adjacent structures or a large single structure because all machine modules can work in parallel to concurrently fabricate various structural parts.
Ruptured Pseudoaneurysm After Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy During Ponseti Treatment for Congenital Clubfoot Deformity: A Case Report.

The Ponseti method for the treatment of congenital clubfoot deformity has become the standard for correction of idiopathic congenital clubfoot. It involves serial weekly casting aimed at correcting cavus, adductus, and varus foot deformities. Typically, five or six cast changes are needed. Approximately 85% of patients require a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy (at times done in the outpatient clinic) to address the persistent equinus deformity after cast correction of the other deformities. Infants are kept in an additional cast for two to three weeks after tenotomy before being transitioned into the bracing phase of the protocol, which can continue for two to four more years1. Although rare, complications can occur during or following a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy. There are reported cases of bleeding complications caused by injuries to the peroneal artery and saphenous vein during surgery2. In addition, Burghardt et al. reported the development of a pseudoaneurysm following a percutaneous tenotomy3. This resolved with nonsurgical management with use of a compression dressing over the pseudoaneurysm in the molded cast. We present a novel complication following a Ponseti percutaneous Achilles tenotomy, namely rupture of a pseudoaneurysm. The patient’s parents were informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and they provided consent. An eight-week-old boy presented to the emergency department with active bleeding from a ruptured pseudoaneurysm. Four weeks earlier, he had undergone a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy in an outpatient clinic at an outlying facility in another state following a series of manipulations and Ponseti casts. The initial casting and tenotomy were carried out by a provider listed on the Ponseti International Association web site. The tenotomy appeared to have been performed percutaneously at a single level with a posteromedial approach. The original incision may have healed, but the site of the rupture …
Aortic dilation, genetic testing, and associated diagnoses

The aims of this study were to determine the genetic diagnoses most frequently associated with aortic dilation in a large population and to describe the results of genetic testing in the same. A retrospective review of records from patients with known aortic dilation identified through an echocardiogram database was performed. During the study period, different chromosomal microarray platforms and molecular diagnostic techniques were used. A total of 715 patients (mean age, 9.7 years; 67% male) met study inclusion criteria. The overall frequency of underlying presumptive or confirmed genetic diagnoses was 17% (125/715). Molecular evaluation for possible underlying aortopathy-related disorders was performed in 9% of patients (66/715). Next-generation sequencing panels were performed in 16 patients, and pathogenic abnormalities were detected in 4 (25%). Microarrays were conducted in 10% of patients (72/715), with a total of 23 pathogenic copy-number variants identified in 19 patients (26%). Marfan syndrome was the most frequently recognized genetic disorder associated with aortic dilation, but other cytogenetic abnormalities and associated diagnoses also were identified. The differential diagnosis in patients with aortic dilation is broad and includes many conditions outside the common connective tissue disorder spectrum. A genetics evaluation should be considered to assist in the diagnostic evaluation. Genet Med 18 4, 356–363.
Revised Computation of a Velocity Head Weighted Value

Revised computational procedure is proposed on determination of weighted value of velocity head; example presents hydraulic computation of discharge of stream using slope-area method.
The Rationale of Moral Education

Moral education is an important topic?both for moral philoso phy and for the philosophy of education. Of the many questions that ought to be asked about moral education, certainly the following would be included in any reasonable list: (1) What constitutes a moral education? (2) How does one properly give someone a moral education? and (3) Why provide persons with moral education? I have little to say about question (2). My main interest in this paper is in the third question, but I shall approach it by first con centrating on question ( 1 ). What does a person have if he possesses a moral education? What is lacking and what is defective in an individual who does not have one?
Platelet Production in Experimental Iron Deficiency Anemia

Abnormal platelet counts have been observed in patients with iron deficiency anemia. To study this relationship, rats were made iron deficient, and platelet production was estimated by radiosulfate incorporation into platelets. With progressive iron deficiency anemia, both platelet counts and the rate of platelet production increased significantly. Platelet survival was normal. Injection of iron was followed by a fall in platelet counts and platelet production to normal levels within 72 hr, at which time stainable iron had appeared in the bone marrow. An inverse relationship between platelet counts and hematocrit was also seen. It appears that platelet homeostasis in iron deficiency anemia is influenced by the duration and severity of anemia.
A preliminary analysis of chain drug stores distribution in Shanghai

This paper did a preliminary analysis of the chain drug stores distribution in Shanghai. The results showed that there were a total of 1 238 chain drug stores in Shanghai by July 15,2 004, in which 26 were head stores and 1 212 were their chain stores. The distribution of the chain drug stores in the 19 districts was severely skew towards the central districts, and in some districts there was large gap between the number of chain and non-chain drug stores. The report suggested the opportunity and challenge facing the development of chain drug store in Shanghai.
DESIGN OF A STRIP SHAPE MEASURING AND CONTROL SYSTEMFOR TANDEM COLD ROLLING MILL

In the paper, the design of a strip shape measuring and control system for a 3-stand and 4-high tandem cold rolling mill is presented. The principle of measuring and controlling strip shape (flatness) is also described. It is found that the shape of the rolled strip is much improved with this on-line measuring system.
Acute cold exposure induces vagally mediated Fos expression in gastric myenteric neurons in conscious rats.

Acute cold exposure-induced activation of gastric myenteric neurons in conscious rats was examined on longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus whole mount preparations. Few Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cell...
Dynamic response of a full-scale reinforced concrete building frame retrofitted with FRP column jackets

Abstract Many existing reinforced concrete buildings designed in accordance with pre-1971 codes are generally dominated by weak column-strong beam behavior under seismic loading due to inadequate reinforcement detailing. This behavior can lead to premature failure under seismic loads from damage concentrated in the first story of the structure. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the seismic response of a full-scale, two-story non-ductile reinforced concrete frame. The frame was retrofitted with a fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system on the first story columns to mitigate seismic vulnerability. Shake weight testing was performed to investigate the dynamic performance of the retrofitted building structure in terms of the modal response, inter-story drift, and effectiveness of the fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system. The results demonstrate that the retrofit scheme helped develop a more uniform story drift distribution, working to counter the soft-story mechanism commonly found in reinforced concrete frames designed during this period.
Enhancing the secure key rate in a quantum-key-distribution system using discrete-variable, high-dimensional, time-frequency states

High-dimensional (dimension d > 2) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that encode information in the temporal degree of freedom promise to overcome some of the challenges of qubit-based (d = 2) QKD systems. In particular, the long recovery time of single-photon detectors and large channel noise at long distance both limit the rate at which a final secure key can be generated in a low-dimension QKD system. We propose and demonstrate a practical discrete-variable time-frequency protocol with d = 4 at a wavelength of 1550 nm, where the temporal states are secured by transmitting and detecting their dual states under Fourier transformation, known as the frequency-basis states, augmented by a decoy-state protocol. We show that the discrete temporal and frequency states can be generated and detected using commercially-available equipment with high timing and spectral efficiency. In our initial experiments, we only have access to detectors that have low efficiency (1%) at 1550 nm. Together with other component losses, our system is equivalent to a QKD system with ideal components and a 50-km-long optical-fiber quantum channel. We find that our system maintains a spectral visibility of over 99.0% with a quantum bit error rate of 2.3%, which is largely due to the finite extinction ratio of the intensity modulators used in the transmitter. The estimated secure key rate of this system is 7.7×104 KHz, which should improve drastically when we use detectors optimized for 1550 nm.
Leapfrog tracking for the storage ring pEDM project

We are planning an experiment to measure the Electric Dipole Moment of the proton with the sensitivity of 10 −29 e · cm using an electrostatic storage ring. In this paper we describe a tracking simulation for the project based on the Leapfrog algorithm.
The Role of Poles in the Growth Strategy of Bacteria

As the additional cytoplasm is formed, it must be encased by a larger cell wall, and therefore, wall growth is imperative. For both cocci and rods, the extant poles are rigid and inert and serve as geometric support for cell expansion. For rods, much of the cell growth is accommodated by cylindrical elongation. Critically, the existing poles are the support for maintaining the cylindrical elongation at a constant radius. For cocci the only means of enlargement is division; i.e., the formation of a septum and its splitting and bulging, which also depends on the extant poles having a constant radius. This process leads to the new poles for the two daughters and to the accommodation of more cytoplasm. Just how the metabolism of various parts of the wall is controlled is important, but not fully clear at present.
Patterns of physical activity among Russian youth The Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey

Background: This paper describes physical activity the patterns of 2,101 Russian youth enrolled in the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). The RLMS is a nationally representative household sample survey. Methods: Youth 14–18 years and parents of youth 6–13 years responded to survey questions about hours per week of light (cooking and laundry), moderate (walking, bicycling and sports), and vigorous physical activities (karate, wrestling and gymnastics). Sedentary activities (e.g. watching TV, music, homework) were categorized separately. Subjects were categorized for analyses by sex (boys n=1,072 and girls n=1,029) and age was grouped by school year: 6–11 years (elementary school), 12–16 years (high school), and 17–18 years. Mean hours per week by age and sex were computed for time spent in sedentary (≤1 MET), light (1.1–2.9 METs), moderate (3–6 METs), and vigorous (≥6 METs) activities. The proportion of youth meeting International PA Guidelines 1 (any intensity physical activity ≥30 mln/day, ≥5 days per week) and 2 (moderate to vigorous physical activity for three sessions per week) was computed for each group. Results: Russian boys and girls spent approximately 28 h/week in sedentary activities. Boys spent more time than girls in moderate (5.2 versus 4.1 h/week) and vigorous (2.5 versus 1.8 h/week) intensity activities; girls spent more time in household activities. Nearly 70% of Russian youth met Guideline 1, and fewer than 45% met Guideline 2. Conclusions: The results suggest that most Russian youth enrolled in the RLMS obtain sufficient amounts of any level of physical activity per week, but that efforts may be needed to promote more regular moderate to vigorous physical activity.
What We Should Teach about Cancer

(1953). What We Should Teach about Cancer. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 9-39.
1677b Experience with the icoerd classification in wtc lung diseases

The terrorist attack on 9/11/2001, and subsequent rescue, recovery, and service restoration of the World Trade Centre disaster site in New York City, created an unprecedented and unique occupational and environmental exposure that affected a large and diverse group of rescue workers and volunteers. The workers were exposed to a mixture of poorly characterised inhaled toxicants. A variety of acute and chronic respiratory illnesses have been reported among all exposed workers, which are the subject of large scale ongoing investigation and follow up. Our group created the WTC Chest Imaging Archive as a repository for more than 3500 chest CT scan studies in about 1700 WTC workers. We systematically assessed imaging abnormalities by means of the International CT Classification of Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases. An examination of the first available chest CT scan for each subject (n=1453) with complete available data, a median of 6.8 years after September 11, 2001 revealed that the most frequent recorded abnormalities were pleural abnormalities (parietal in 7.9% of the workers, and visceral in 12.8% of them), inhomogeneous attenuation (13.2%), irregular/linear opacities (12.9%), and emphysema (12.0%). With regards to pleural abnormalities, although we found them across all 5 broad occupational groups, they were more frequent among construction labourers/asbestos handlers/building cleaners, most of whom were first-generation immigrants. Many of those abnormalities were not reported by clinical radiological readings. Visceral, but not parietal pleural changes were associated with mild pulmonary function impairment. Future studies will examine the evolution of imaging abnormalities, and add computerised quantitative CT scan to their assessment.
Modeling Processes from Probabilities

John A. Jacquez passed away in October 1999 after a very distinguished career in biomedical modeling. Among his most influential accomplishments is the book Compartmental Analysis in Biology and Medicine, first published in 1972 and as the third edition in 1996. Others will no doubt give comprehensive reviews of his many lifetime achievements. The objective of this paper is to show how his work lays a strong foundation for the present topic, namely modeling processes from probabilities. We recognize that this topic is only a small part of his book, and we leave it to others to point out the richness of his work in additional areas of great importance in biomedical modeling.
Scope of the Burden of Asthma in Older Adults

Asthma is a prevalent condition in older adults, and the prevalence continues to rise. Asthma tends to be more severe in older adults, including higher morbidity and mortality, higher financial costs, and lower asthma-related quality of life. Diagnosis is confounded by poor recognition of symptoms, confusion with potential comorbid diseases, and greater difficulty completing objective testing in older adults. Once a diagnosis is made, older asthmatics tend to be undertreated relative to their younger counterparts. Treatments that may be effective in younger patients may be less effective in older adults for a variety of reasons, including: poor health literacy and lack of good communication with care providers; comorbid conditions that impact tolerance of medications; a higher rate of medication side effects and decreased efficacy of medications; poor inhaler technique; different asthma phenotypes that may not respond to conventional medications; and increased sensitivity to environmental factors such as air pollutants and indoor allergens.
Menstrual Type, Pain and Psychological Distress in Adult Women with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD).

Abstract Objective We evaluated the effects of menstrual types inclusive of PMS on reports of chronic pain intensity and psychopathology in twenty-eight women (mean age 38.93 ± 13.51) with Sickle Cell disease (SCD). Methods Using the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire, we compared women with PMS to those with less distressing spasmodic cycle types. Results Thirty-four percent of the sample used oral contraception; there were no significant effects of birth control use on reports of pain. Women with PMS characterized the sensory (p = .04) and affective (p = .04) experiences of their SCD-related chronic pain, including their current pain intensity (p = .03), as significantly greater than women with primary spasmodic menstrual type. Further, there was a trend towards significance for women with PMS to report greater levels of overall pain intensity (p = .07) and average pain intensity over the past month (p = .08). Conclusions The authors interpret these results to suggest that there may be a complex interaction of neurohormonal, biological, and psychological factors associated with PMS that influence manifestation and experience of chronic pain in patients with SCD.
“The Rise of the Phoenix”: Empowering Learners to Create Their Own Learning Cultures and Transform Their School

An account of a persistently failing New York City high school’s rapid transformation. Urban Assembly School for Green Careers had a 39% graduation rate in 2013 and ranked in the bottom 1% of high ...