cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Outcome of Pediatric Aphakic Glaucoma

Purpose: To determine the long-term outcome in pediatric patients with aphakic glaucoma. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 130 patients diagnosed with aphakic glaucoma between 1969 and 2004 was performed. A total of 36 patients (55 eyes) were included in this study after excluding those who had cataract extraction after age 10 and those patients with other ocular conditions, systemic syndromes, traumatic cataracts, congenital glaucoma, or inadequate follow-up (less than 1 year). Outcome variables studied included visual acuity, number of medication changes required over the course of the follow-up, maximum number of medications used at a time for more than 6 months to control intraocular pressures, and surgical interventions required. Mean follow-up period was 18.7 years (range, 6.9–35 years). Results: At the time of last follow-up, 54.5% of the patients had visual acuity 20/40 or better, 34.5% had 20/50 to 20/200, and 11% had acuity worse than 20/200. During the course of follow-up, 34% required 1 to 2 medication changes for controlling glaucoma, 33% required 3 to 5 medication changes, and 33% required 6 or more medication changes. Thirty-six percent of the eyes required a maximum of 1 to 2 medications for more than 6 months during the course of follow-up, 33% required 3, and 31% required 4 or more medications for controlling intraocular pressure. Of the 55 eyes, 15 eyes (27%) required surgical intervention. Six of the 15 eyes (40%) required 1 surgery, 8 eyes (53%) required 2 to 3 surgeries, and 1 eye (7%) required 4 to 6 surgeries. Conclusion: Patients with glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery can have a good visual outcome although multiple medications and surgical interventions may be required to control the glaucoma.
Uma análise crítica sobre a "reflexão" como conceito estruturante na formação docente

Neste artigo, Ken Zeichner, baseando-se em seus varios anos de experiencia como formador de educadores, discute o uso do conceito de "reflexao" em programas de formacao docente ao redor do mundo, relacionando-o a tres temas: 1) ate que ponto a formacao docente reflexiva resultou em um desenvolvimento real dos professores; 2) contribuiu para diminuir as lacunas na qualidade da educacao de estudantes de diferentes perfis etnicos, raciais e sociais e 3) a falta de correspondencia entre concepcoes de formacao docente reflexiva, na literatura especializada, e as realidades materiais de trabalho dos professores. Paradigmas dominantes da formacao docente reflexiva, nos ultimos 25 anos, sao tambem identificados.
New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere.

New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere. Dale F. Eickelman and Jon W. Anderson, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. vii + 213 pp., photographs, illustrations, glossary, contributors, index.
Rural Families' Process of Re-Forming Environmental Health Risk Messages.

Purpose This study was undertaken to explore how rural low-income families with children process health information following a nurse-delivered intervention designed to reduce environmental risks in their homes. Design and Method Grounded theory methodology with a constructivist approach was used to conduct the study. Semistructured interviews of 10 primary child caregivers in rural low-income families who had participated in an environmental risk reduction intervention were completed from 2009 to 2011. Data were categorized using comparative analysis, theoretical sampling, and coding techniques. Findings The three phases—(a) visiting my perception, (b) weighing the evidence, and (c) making a new meaning—explained the core process of the grounded theory of Re-Forming the Risk Message. Conclusions Rural low-income families at risk for environmental hazards in their homes determined what health information and needed subsequent actions regarding their risks were important by changing the meanings of nurse-delivered messages. Clinical Relevance Nursing interventions designed to improve health behaviors and reduce risks are often based on stage theories that explain how change occurs through steps leading to positive actions through delivery of risk messages. However, the risk message delivered in an intervention designed to engage action is not always the risk message people decide to use. To understand whether people are ready to engage in positive behaviors through interventions, or if needed changes to the information must be made, nurses need to discover and explore reasons for the re-formed risk messages.
Fully Automated Common Carotid Artery and Internal Jugular Vein Identification and Tracking Using B-Mode Ultrasound

We describe a fully automated ultrasound analysis system that tracks and identifies the common carotid artery (CCA) and the internal jugular vein (IJV). Our goal is to prevent inadvertent damage to the CCA when targeting the IJV for catheterization. The automated system starts by identifying and fitting ellipses to all the regions that look like major arteries or veins throughout each B-mode ultrasound image frame. The spokes ellipse algorithm described in this paper tracks these putative vessels and calculates their characteristics, which are then weighted and summed to identify the vessels. The optimum subset of characteristics and their weights were determined from a training set of 38 subjects, whose necks were scanned with a portable 10 MHz ultrasound system at 10 frames per second. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA) narrowed the characteristics to the five that best distinguish between the CCA and IJV. A paired version of Fisher's LDA was used to calculate the weights for each of the five parameters. Leave-one-out validation studies showed that the system could track and identify the CCA and IJV with 100% accuracy in this dataset.
MicroRNA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesions.

Core tip: Reliable biomarkers are needed to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) early in order to decrease mortality. In this review, we discuss what the current knowledge is on microRNA (miRNA) in PDAC and its precursor lesions. MiR-21, miR-155, miR-196, miR-210 are dysregulated in tissue, serum, cyst fluid, and stool of PDAC patients. MiR-21, miR-155, and miR-196 are dysregulated in intraductual papillary mucinous neoplasm and pancreatic intraepithelial lesions demonstrating that these miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers for early stage lesions and cancer.
Closed ventriculocisternal perfusion to determine CSF production rate and pressure

When the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production (Vf) is determined using the classical open ventriculocisternal perfusion technique, it is not possible to observe natural fluctuations in CSF pressure, or the effects of experimental treatments on CSF pressure, or to make inferences about CSF volume or resistance to reabsorption of CSF, because CSF pressure is fixed according to the level of the distal end of the cisternal outflow cannula. In addition, the convention of placing the distal end of the cisternal outflow cannula at the interaural line fixes CSF pressure at a value that may not be usual for the animal, thereby introducing potential causes for error in the determination of Vf. The present study describes and evaluates a method of closed ventriculocisternal perfusion that allows the simultaneous determination of Vf and CSF pressure. With this method the time to tracer equilibration was less, and the volume of distribution of the tracer was smaller than with the classical open perfusion system. CSF pressure tracings were of high fidelity showing both respiratory and cardiovascular variation. During both sedation with nitrous oxide or halothane anesthesia, Vf values using closed perfusion were similar to values previously reported using open perfusion. Vf decreased during halothane anesthesia compared with nitrous oxide sedation. No time-related change in Vf from the first measurable time period (approximately 2 h) to the end of the study (approximately 5 h) was observed.
Solid State 13C NMR Applied to Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers Study of the Rubber Vulcanized Network Structures

Abstract This paper discusses the structural changes that occur during the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR) through characterization of the network sulfide struct...
Simultaneous production and separation of biohydrogen in mixed culture systems by continuous dark fermentation.

Hydrogen production by dark fermentation is one promising technology. However, there are challenges in improving the performance and efficiency of the process. The important factors that must be considered to obtain a suitable process are the source of the inoculum and its pre-treatment, types of substrates, the reactor configurations and the hydrogen partial pressure. Furthermore, to obtain high-quality hydrogen, it is necessary to integrate an effective separation procedure that is compatible with the intrinsic characteristics of a biological process. Recent studies have suggested that a stable and robust process could be established if there was an effective selection of a mixed microbial consortium with metabolic pathways directly targeted to high hydrogen yields. Additionally, the integration of membrane technology for the extraction and separation of the hydrogen produced has advantages for the upgrading step, because this technology could play an important role in reducing the negative effect of the hydrogen partial pressure. Using this technology, it has been possible to implement a production–purification system, the ‘hydrogen-extractive membrane bioreactor’. This configuration has great potential for direct applications, such as fuel cells, but studies of new membrane materials, module designs and reactor configurations are required to achieve higher separation efficiencies.
Inquiry-Based Instruction: A Possible Solution to Improving Student Learning of Both Science Concepts and Scientific Practices

The current study, involving 219 teachers and 15,292 students, examined the relationship between teacher participation in a sustained professional development intervention designed to improve the quantity and quality of guided inquiry-based instruction in middle school science classrooms and subsequent student academic growth. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the growth scores of students of participating and non-participating teachers were compared to a benchmark measure established by a virtual comparison group (VCG) of similarly matched students. The results indicate that for all three MAP tests (Scientific Practices, Science Concepts, Science Composite) the students of participating teachers had significantly higher than expected growth relative to the VCG when compared to students of non-participants. In addition, students of teachers who participated in the PD intervention consistently exceeded the growth expectations of the benchmark VCG by up to 82 %. This study supports prior research findings that inquiry-based instruction helps improve students’ achievement relative to scientific practices and also provides evidence of increasing student conceptual knowledge.
Mineral Exploration: Principles and Applications.

S. K. Haldar. 2013. Elsevier. 372 p. ISBN 9780124160057. Price: $129.95 US. S.K. Haldar, an economic geologist with industry and academic teaching experience in India, has written this book with the stated objective of providing undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, and professionals in mineral exploration and government geoscientists with information about the entire scope of mineral exploration. The 15 chapters include four that summarize exploration geology, geochemistry, and geophysics, with discussions about the use of remote sensing and GIS in mineral exploration. Several chapters provide background on topics that are critical in mineral exploration, including a summary of mineral deposit types, sampling and processing methods, and statistics. Additional topics not commonly included in books about mineral exploration are mineral economics, resource and reserve calculations, and environmental system management of mineral resources. Given the author’s nationality and experience, most discussions focus on mineral exploration in India and include valuable case studies and information most likely not published elsewhere in English. Generally, it is well organized; however, incorrect usage and grammar are present in places, which may detract from comprehensibility and lessen the impact of the topic. The figures and illustrations are a good mix of field and rock photographs, graphs, and other diagrams illustrating concepts and procedures. The first half of chapter 1 provides basic definitions of mineral deposits, exploration, and discovery …
Influence of Adult Diet on Damage to Corn by Larvae of the Western Corn Rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Corn plots were infested with eggs (infestation rates of 300, 600, and 1,200 eggs per 30.5-cm row) from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte adults that had been fed either an artificial dry diet or natural foods (e.g., corn leaves, corn). Larvae produced from eggs of females fed artificial diet caused significantly greater damage to corn roots at the 300- and 600-egg rates and the same amount of damage at the 1,200-egg rate as larvae from females fed natural diet. The relationship of yield loss with infestation rate was the same for both diets; however, yield was reduced significantly more by larvae descended from females fed artificial diet. Selection of a diet for adults should be considered as a factor that may influence potential damage by larval descendants in experiments using an artificial infestation technique.
Opening the heart: A spirituality of gratitude.

Insights from the world’s spiritual traditions can offer important perspectives on findings by Mills and colleagues (2015) that gratitude and spiritual well-being are related to positive health outcomes among heart failure patients. Fundamentally, gratitude can begin with the simple recognition that life is a gift. Cultivating such an attitude opens a doorway to the spiritual heart, the human capacity for subtle perception, communion, healing, and love.
Insect-Control Studies with Microwaves and Other Radiofrequency Energy

Recent advances in practical application of microwave power and current interest in physical methods for insect control have given rise to hope that microwave energy might be useful for controlling insects. This is not a new concept. While available information may not be sufficient for detailed evaluation of such potential applications, considerable data are available in the literature concerning the effects on insects of energy in the radiofrequency (RF) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Wading in the Water: A Case Study Approach to Engaging More Fully in the Patient Narrative

Working in the patient narrative has become a familiar part of the common language used in the context of caring for patients. Working in the patient narrative encompasses sharing conversation that allows exploration of the entire patient experience as it relates to health and illness. However, the complexity of engaging in end-of-life conversations, standing steady with conflict, remaining present, maintaining neutrality, and actively listening remain challenging concepts in practice even though they are integral to effectively doing so. Literature review has identified and defined key elements of interactions that can lead to significant opportunities to “wander more fully” in the patient narrative. Two case studies reviewed therein demonstrate ways in which palliative care encounters and end-of-life discussions afford the interdisciplinary team members purposeful engagement with patients. One case discusses taking risks to delve more deeply into patient's fears related to dying. This exploration lays t...
An Ecological Approach to the Insecticide Problem

Insecticides effected important changes in the structure and physiology of the Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) community. The number of species in some insecticide-treated communities were reduced to one-half, relative to the control community. Insecticides severely reduced the numbers of many species populations, but with some insect populations the insecticides caused density increases and in a few cases the populations increased 10-fold. The significant increase in pest populations resulted in most instances from insecticide destruction of natural enemies. Insect control without the usual complications of outbreaks, resistance, and residues is possible if the ecology of populations and communities is thoroughly understood and then insecticides are selectively applied.
Proline biosynthesis and degradation in mammalian cells and tissue

Radioisotopic assays have been developed for the enzymes of proline metabolism. These assays are specific and sensitive enough to measure enzyme activities in cultured cells and biopsy specimens. Measurements of these enzymes in tissues and cultured cells suggest that endogenous biosynthesis of proline may be an important source of this amino acid.
Design and Use of a Novel Apparatus for Measuring Capsule Fill Hole Conductance

Description and results of a novel apparatus for determining the flow conductance through a laser drilled hole in a spherical shell for inertial confinement fusion experiments are described. The instrument monitors the pressure of an enclosed volume containing the laser pressure drilled capsule as air bleeds through the hole into the shell. From these measurements one obtains the conductance of the fill hole. This system has proven to be a valuable tool for verifying the conduct conductance into the capsule in a timely and nondestructive manner.
The Future of Illusions or the Illusions of the Future: FOMC Economic Projections 2008-2015

Monetary policy is forward looking and, in its pursuit of transparency, it communicates its economic outlook to the public at large. As a result, there is great interest in the FOMC's projections and its determinants. Indeed, do these projections converge to the actual values and at what pace? To what extent predictions for a given year are determined jointly with predictions for other years? To what extent FOMC participants differ in their outlook? Are their differences related to the state of the economy? To the Chair of the FOMC? What information is being used for revising these projections and is it possible to anticipate what the FOMC will anticipate? Is it possible to extract a narrative about the functioning of the economy? And is that narrative consistent with existing theories? To address these questions, we assemble FOMC forecasts from 2008 to 2015, examine their statistical properties, and assess the extent to which these forecasts can be predicted using publicly available data at the time the forecasts are made.
Thoughts on Juvenile Justice Systems and Research

This article updates comments published in this journal in 1994 about the nature of the American juvenile justice system, which laid out reasons that it might not serve as a useful model for other nations. Since that time, the US system has moved further right towards the justice model and away from the welfare model. Individualistic philosophies and political conservatism have combined to produce a more adult-like and punitive juvenile system, applied to increasing numbers of minors and to increasingly younger minors. Successful demonstrations of community absorption or treatment have been too few to balance the rightward direction. European scholars are urged to undertake increased studies in two critical areas: (1) the nature, functions, and comparative differences in their juvenile justice systems, and (2) the nature of local communities and their contributions to patterns of delinquency.
Designing a Literacy-Based Mobile Application for Adult Learners

In this paper, we discuss the design of CAPITAL Words, an educational Android application to help low-literacy adults improve their phonemic awareness. We discuss our design choices concerning iconography, linearity, consistency, robustness, interactivity, and visibility when creating mobile software usable by illiterate users. We conducted a usability study with 11 adult learners at a local literacy center to determine how successfully users are able to interact with our interface. Results show that the majority of our design choices were intuitive for low-literacy adults with prior smartphone experience and highly learnable for inexperienced users, and that users overwhelmingly enjoyed using the app as a learning tool. This suggests that, if users are given a small amount of guidance initially, there is a high likelihood that they will be both willing and able to continue using our app independently to improve their literacy skills.
Remote Sensing of Trace Concentrations

The use of quantum coherence in molecular photonics is a hot topic, for example the FAST CARS [1] approach. It will be shown that such a scheme has much in common with single photon Dicke superradiance [2]. An interesting possible extension is backward superradiant amplification,[3] which would provide another tool for remote sensing.
Promiscuous Teleology: From Childhood Through Adulthood and from West to East

From infancy we continually try to make sense of what goes on around us. One strategy in making sense of things is to look for how things might be purposeful or designed. So useful is this strategy that sometimes it gets overused—what Deborah Keleman calls promiscuous teleology . This chapter reviews research with children and adults across cultures—including recent work in China —that demonstrates that promiscuous teleology is a conceptual default that all peoples share but that may be tamped down through enculturation. Kelemen argues that this teleological reasoning makes certain religious ideas about supernatural agents ’ activity in creating or ordering the world largely intuitive.
Gunshot Wound Deaths

Chapter 13 begins by providing a general presentation of weapon and ammunition types. The chapter then discusses various characteristic features of low-velocity (typically handgun) gunshot wounds, including entrance wounds, range of fire, exit wounds, graze wounds, caliber, and miscellaneous features. After presenting sections that deal with high-velocity wounds and shotgun wounds, the chapter concludes with a discussion of various miscellaneous topics, including internal examination, mechanism of injury, documentation, X-rays, clothing examination, gunshot residue, manner of death, special ammunition, weapon types, and circumstances.
First Tools for Looking at Data

The single most important question for a working scientist—perhaps the single most useful question anyone can ask—is: “what’s going on here?” Answering this question requires creative use of different ways to make pictures of datasets, to summarize them, and to expose whatever structure might be there. This is an activity that is sometimes known as “Descriptive Statistics”. There isn’t any fixed recipe for understanding a dataset, but there is a rich variety of tools we can use to get insights.
Holistic Wellness in Older Adulthood: Group Differences Based on Age and Mental Health.

Purpose: To understand how demographic variables and depression symptoms relate to the prevalence of wellness, resilience, and age perception within a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Des...
Case Study I: Link Signature Assisted PUE Attack Detection

This chapter aims to present a detailed case study of a link signature assisted PUE attack detection scheme. As discussed in the previous chapter, one of the main hurdles making the design of a PUE attack detection scheme nontrivial is the FCC’s requirement that no change should be made to the PU. Due to this requirement, most of the existing detection methods are designed solely for the SU side. Nonetheless, if one can deploy a nearby helper node that holds similar behavioral and physical properties as the PU and allow it to cooperate with the SU, the PUE detection performance may be further improved without disobeying the FCC’s requirement. To convey this idea, in this chapter, some background on link signature will be introduced first, followed by an illustration of how the helper node can exploit its physical closeness to the PU to accurately authenticate the PU signal. Then, the overall link signature based PUE attack detection algorithm is illustrated.
A deep learning classifier for prediction of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy from baseline breast DCE-MRI

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is routinely used to treat breast tumors before surgery to reduce tumor size and improve outcome. However, no current clinical or imaging metrics can effectively predict before treatment which NAC recipients will achieve pathological complete response (pCR), the absence of residual invasive disease in the breast or lymph nodes following surgical resection. In this work, we developed and applied a convolu- tional neural network (CNN) to predict pCR from pre-treatment dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) scans on a per-voxel basis. In this study, DCE-MRI data for a total of 166 breast cancer pa- tients from the ISPY1 Clinical Trial were split into a training set of 133 patients and a testing set of 33 patients. A CNN consisting of 6 convolutional blocks was trained over 30 epochs. The pre-contrast and post-contrast DCE-MRI phases were considered in isolation and conjunction. A CNN utilizing a combination of both pre- and post-contrast images best distinguished responders, with an AUC of 0.77; 82% of the patients in the testing set were correctly classified based on their treatment response. Within the testing set, the CNN was able to produce probability heatmaps that visualized tumor regions that most strongly predicted therapeutic response. Multi- variate analysis with prognostic clinical variables (age, largest diameter, hormone receptor and HER2 status), revealed that the network was an independent predictor of response (p=0.05), and that the inclusion of HER2 status could further improve capability to predict response (AUC = 0.85, accuracy = 85%).
Widespread Alterations in Translation Elongation in the Brain of Juvenile Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice

FMRP is a polysome-associated RNA-binding protein encoded by Fmr1 that is lost in Fragile X syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests that FMRP regulates both translation initiation and elongation, but the gene-specificity of these effects is unclear. To elucidate the impact of Fmr1 loss on translation, we used ribosome profiling for genome-wide measurements of ribosomal occupancy and positioning in the cortex of 24 day-old Fmr1 knock-out mice. We found a remarkably coherent reduction in ribosome footprint abundance per mRNA for previously identified, high-affinity mRNA binding partners of FMRP, and an increase for terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) motif-containing genes canonically controlled by mTOR-4EBP-eIF4E signaling. Amino acid motif- and gene-level analyses both showed a widespread reduction of translational pausing in Fmr1 knock-out mice. Our findings are consistent with a model of FMRP-mediated regulation of both translation initiation through eIF4E and elongation that is disrupted in Fragile X syndrome.
Conserving natural resources through food loss reduction: Production and consumption stages of the food supply chain

Abstract Globally, attention has been drawn to the increasingly alarming rates of food loss and waste (FLW) along the food supply chain (FSC) and its contributions to the depletion of the natural resources and rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Within the past decade, discovery of the rippling impacts of this interrelationship has generated an increased sense of urgency in efforts amongst scholars, global leaders, government and non-government agencies to research, and formulate comprehensive plans and goals to address and reduce the rates of global FLW. Not only does FLW lessen the quantity of available food, but also, the availability of the many natural resources required to produce food. This will become an important factor when the world population increases by more than 30% by the year 2050. Although advances have been made, still 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted every year due to various underlying causes and challenges. This enormous quantity of wasted food also represents an increase in usage of natural resources. In the United States (U.S.), food and agriculture consume up to 16% of energy, almost half of the land, and account for 67% of the nation's freshwater use (NRDC, 2017). The rate of natural resource depletion is not sustainable, and it endangers the ecosystem. Multiple reports have cited the first and last stages of the FSC as the most significant contributors of FLW and environmental resource depletion. This literature review attempts to provide a comprehensive assessment of the intricacies of the FSC, the multi-variable causes of global FLW at the production and consumption stages, its environmental implications and the necessary sustainability compliant actions.
Unilateral Optic Neuritis And Retinal Vasculitis Due To Ocular Syphilis (P5.184)

Objective: We present a case report of ocular syphilis with unilateral central retinal artery vasculitis and optic neuritis. Background: The patient is a 22-year-old healthy Caucasian male who presented with four weeks of right eye pain/retrobulbar pressure and two weeks of decreased color vision in the right eye. On examination, there was severe right optic disc edema with a macular cherry red spot, and minimal posterior uveitis. He was initially treated with oral steroids, which was associated with temporary symptom improvement, but was followed by a precipitous vision decline consisting of severely impaired visual acuity, a large relative afferent pupillary defect, and worsening pain with eye movement. Design/Methods: MRI of the orbits and fluorescein angiography were performed to characterize the vision disturbance. Infectious and autoimmune workup was performed to investigate the etiology of unilateral central retinal artery vasculitis and optic neuritis. Results: MRI of the orbits with contrast revealed enhancement and enlargement of the distal right optic nerve. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated abnormal filling of the right central retinal artery, consistent with a retinal vasculitis. Further workup revealed positive syphilis serologies and lumbar puncture confirmed a reactive VDRL in the CSF, consistent with neurosyphilis. Oral steroids were discontinued and the patient was treated with two weeks of intravenous penicillin, with improvement in vision. Conclusions: This case highlights an unusual, but treatable, cause of unilateral optic neuritis and central retinal artery vasculitis. Optic neuritis is commonly an autoimmune process, and steroids are often used as treatment. However, atypical features should prompt additional workup. As infectious etiologies may present in a similar manner, careful consideration must be given prior to the administration of steroids, which can exacerbate disease progression. Disclosure: Dr. Kuruppu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Popli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mackay has nothing to disclose.
Using Performance Assessment to Determine Mathematical Dispositions.

proliferation of information and information technology demands educational change, especially in mathematics. The emphasis must shift from mere acquisition to the use of information to deepen mathematical understanding and appreciation. The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989) envisions a new curriculum. Among its goals are the development of "mathematical power," or "numeracy" (National Research Council 1989) and an appreciation of the beauty and power of mathematics (NCTM 1989). Mathematics instruction must not merely expand students' knowledge of mathematics but must also foster intellec-
A comprehensive Capstone project in Computer Science I: getting the (instant) message

Providing meaningful programming assignments for students who are just learning how to write software is an important task. Problematic issues that arise include programs which are too small or too well-defined to be relevant to real-world software development, assignments which do not relate implementation to design in any significant way, assignments which ignore the importance and motivational aspects of team programming, and assignments which are simply not challenging or fun to write. Perhaps the most egregious error is assigning programs which do not require students to synthesize and reflect on earlier learning. Capstone projects are frequently used in other computer science courses for the purpose, but are not often cited in connection with CS1 courses. This paper documents a project given to a CS1 class which took the second half of the semester to complete and addressed most, if not all of the issues cited. In essence, the project was a small capstone project for beginning software developers. A discussion of the motivation, design, problems and successes experienced during the project are presented.
Unifying Programming Support for Parallel Computers

Highly parallel computation requires programming support tools distinct from those that have been developed for sequential computation. In this paper, we discuss characteristics of parallel programming support that we have found to be useful. In addition, we describe a compatible collection of existing tools — taken from the Poker Parallel Programming Environment [1], the Prep-P Mapping Preprocessor [2] and the Simple Simon Programming Environment [3] — that could form the basis of an integrated, comprehensive parallel environment.
The Application of NMR Techniques to Bacterial Adhesins

Abstract Extracellular adhesins frequently compose large, highly-ordered structural assemblies that project away from the bacterial surface. These assemblies, known as pili or fimbriae, are rod-like polymeric structures that in some cases can extend up to several micrometers from the cell surface. Because these adhesin structures are critical to bacterial colonization of host cell surfaces, there is an incentive to understand their structure, assembly and mechanism of host cell attachment. Various methods in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to address these topics, yielding structural information at the atomic level. Also, new methods in solid-state NMR spectroscopy have thus far been under-utilized in the study of large adhesin structures and offer a powerful approach to overcoming problems with crystallization to better understand the structures of these complexes. The following is a brief overview of the contributions of NMR to the study of bacterial adhesins with an emphasis on the future potential of solid-state NMR.
Applications of the United States Forest Inventory and Analysis dataset: A review and future directions

The United States Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program has been monitoring national forest resources in the United States for over 80 years; presented here is a synthesis of research applica...
Structured Decision-Making Incorporates Stakeholder Values into Management Decisions Thereby Fulfilling Moral and Legal Obligations to Conserve Species

Abstract More than 1,500 species of plants and animals in the United States are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act and habitat destruction is the leading cause of p...
Lois Patiño’s Landscapes: Aura, Loss, Duration

This essay is a reflection on Galician landscapes through a close reading of Lois Patino’s experimental documentary film, Costa da Morte, and has two parts. The first is about temporality and the concept of duration, and asks how duration intersects with certain modes of deceleration in cinema, understood as an aesthetic but also as a structural mechanism of slowing down and capturing stillness. Here, I am particularly interested in photographic stasis when channeled through film, as well as the use of photography and stillness in cinema as an evocation of death. The second part explores landscape as an ecstatic, auratic, and sublime force; as a space of encounter, or «living tapestry»—a place in which the emergence of and absorption by the visible is always uncannily predicated on a poetics of disappearance, invisibility, and loss.
Protecting the Grid Against MAD Attacks

Power grids have recently been shown to be vulnerable to MAnipulation of Demand (MAD) attacks using high-wattage IoT devices. In this paper, we introduce two forms of defenses against line failures caused by these attacks: 1) we develop two algorithms named SAFE and IMMUNE for finding efficient operating points for generators during the normal operation of the grid such that no lines are overloaded instantly after any potential MAD attacks, and 2) assuming lines can temporarily tolerate overloads, we develop efficient methods to verify in advance if such overloads can quickly be cleared by changing the operating points of the generators after any attacks. We then define the novel notion of $\alpha D$ -robustness for a grid indicating that line overloads can either be prevented or cleared after any attacks based on the two forms of introduced defenses if an adversary can increase/decrease the demands by at most $\alpha$ fraction. We demonstrate that practical upper and lower bounds on the maximum $\alpha$ for which a grid is $\alpha D$ -robust can be found efficiently in polynomial time. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the developed algorithms and methods on realistic power grid test cases.
Formation of water-soluble organic matter through fungal degradation of lignin

Abstract Lignin is a major component of decaying terrestrial vegetation in soils and has been reported to contribute substantially to the formation of soil carbon humus and associated water extracts of soil. To better understand this process of humification, lignin from brown-rot degraded wood was subjected to a white-rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) whose enzymes are particularly effective in lignin degradation. This enzymatic attack was monitored by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry of water soluble extracts of the fungal cultures. The molecular level characterizations showed that the P. chrysosporium fungi induced aromatic ring oxidations followed by ring opening, as expected. However, the production of new molecules, some of which are aliphatic, was also observed. These results are consistent with recent findings that hydroxyl radical attack of lignin involves ring opening reactions followed by electrocyclic condensations combined with radical scavenging/disproportionation reactions.
Continuous User Authentication Based on Context-Emphasized Behavior Profiling

The restriction of access to software systems is more important than ever. For example, critical data is increasingly being stored on web services that are accessible from anywhere in the world. Yet most primary authentication methods are still largely based on passwords, which are vulnerable to various attacks such as phishing scams and keyloggers. Advanced methods of behavior-based authentication exist, but most are designed for a specific area or system and are not generally applicable. In this paper, we propose a generic continuous authentication scheme for software systems, which supplements existing authentication schemes and works as an auxiliary layer to provide additional protection against impostors. The kernel of our scheme is a novel monitoring engine that detects impostors in real-time based on behavior and context information. We evaluate our scheme on a dataset consisting of real users' historical records provided by our industrial partner, and the results demonstrate that our approach achieves a high classification accuracy with only a short delay in detection, allowing for real-time, continuous authentication.
Modeling site suitability and production potential of carinata-based sustainable jet fuel in the southeastern United States

Abstract The aviation sector is currently responsible for 2.6% of global carbon emissions. Carbon emissions of the aviation sector are expected to increase by 3–4% each year due to the rising demand for air travel. The use of bio-jet fuel derived from carinata (Brassica carinata) is a potential solution for mitigating carbon emissions from the aviation sector. This study determines suitable sites for growing carinata across three southeastern states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Suitable edaphic (average soil storage, soil organic carbon, root zone depth) and climatic variables (temperature) along with historical land use trajectories were used for determining the land suitability for carinata production. The weights of the edaphic variables were decided by surveying experts using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This study also determined the susceptibility of frost events in growing season of carinata from 2010 to 2017. Finally, the composite risk was calculated by multiplying the probability of potential damage risk and probability of land risk. Considering minimum risk level of 5%, about 45.56% (0.77 million ha) of land in Georgia, 0.81% (0.01 million ha) land in Alabama and about 3.04% (0.05 million ha) of land in Florida is suitable for growing carinata. Depending upon the composite risk level and expected carinata yields, the total production potential of carinata was between 1.87 and 3.91 million metric tons which was sufficient for producing between 980 and 2045 million liters of bio-jet fuel sufficient enough to replace 1.4%–2.33% of the current jet fuel consumption in the United States. Our study will feed into current policy debate about reducing carbon footprint of the aviation sector in the United States and promote development of bio-economy for rural America.
BID: Blockchaining for IoT Devices

The growth of technology has brought upon a slew of devices that have the ability to connect to the internet. This has led to much more opportunistic and easier ways to perform tasks but it also opens the doors for new attacks. Blockchaining is a new technology that was introduced with the creation of Bitcoin in 2008. Blockchaining has mostly been implemented in the field of cryptocurrency but there are many other useful applications of blockchaining. It allows for a decentralized ledger of data that can securely keep a network honest and prevent from possible attacks. Blockchains are based on a consensus algorithm and the proof of stake algorithm bases consensus between nodes based on the stake that the nodes have in the system.
The Supernova Early Warning System

Alec Habig and Kate Scholberg describe the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS), an international network of neutrino detectors set up to provide a fast alert to the astronomical community if the participating experiments detect the distinctive burst of neutrinos from a stellar core collapse in or near the Milky Way. Alec Habig and Kate Scholberg describe the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS), an international network of neutrino detectors aimed to alert the astronomical community if supernova neutrinos are detected.
Predictors of Treatment Response for Preschool Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Enhanced Conversational Recast treatment is an effective intervention for remediating expressive grammatical deficits in preschool-age children with developmental language disorder, but not all children respond equally well. In this study, we sought to identify which child-level variables predict response to treatment of morphological deficits. Method Predictor variables of interest, including pre-intervention test scores and target morpheme production, age, and mother's level of education (proxy for socio-economic status) were included in analyses. The sample included 105 children (M = 5;1 [years;months]) with developmental language disorder who participated in 5 weeks of daily Enhanced Conversational Recast treatment. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify covariates that predicted children's generalization of their trained grammatical morpheme, as measured by treatment effect size d. Results Our analysis indicates that the Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Preschool 2 (SPELT-P 2) scores and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition scores significantly predicted the degree of benefit a child derived from Enhanced Conversational Recast treatment. Specifically, a SPELT-P 2 score above 75 (but still in the impaired range, 100) yielded the largest treatment effect size, whereas a SPELT-P 2 score below 75 predicted the smallest treatment effect size. Other variables included in the model did not significantly predict treatment outcomes. Conclusions Understanding individual differences in response to treatment will allow service providers to make evidence-based decisions regarding how likely a child is to benefit from Enhanced Conversational Recast treatment and the expected magnitude of the response based on the child's background characteristics.
Longitudinal evaluation of perceived stress and memory complaints in the Einstein Aging Study.

Perceived stress decreases memory performance and escalates the risk of developing cognitive impairment. Despite these concerning cognitive outcomes, longitudinal assessment of the relationship bet...
Changes in short- and medium-range order in metallic liquids during undercooling

It has been widely speculated that dominant motifs, such as short-range icosahedral order, can influence glass formation and the properties of glasses. Experimental data on both fragile and strong undercooled liquids show corresponding changes in their thermophysical properties consistent with increasing development of a network of interconnect motifs based on molecular dynamics. Describing these regions of local order, how they connect, and how they are related to property changes have been challenging issues, both computationally and experimentally. Yet the consensus is that metallic liquids develop interconnected medium-range order consisting of some regions with lower mobility with deeper undercooling. Less well understood is how these motifs (or “crystal genes”) in the liquid can inhibit nucleation in the deeply undercooled liquid or influence phase selection upon devitrification. These motifs tend to have local packing unlike stable compounds with icosahedral order tending to dominate the best glass formers. The underlying kinetic and thermodynamic forces that guide the formation of these motifs and how they interconnect during undercooling remain open questions.
Automatic identification of outliers in Hubble Space Telescope galaxy images

Rare extragalactic objects can carry substantial information about the past, present, and future universe. Given the size of astronomical databases in the information era it can be assumed that very many outlier galaxies are included in existing and future astronomical databases. However, manual search for these objects is impractical due to the required labor, and therefore the ability to detect such objects largely depends on computer algorithms. This paper describes an unsupervised machine learning algorithm for automatic detection of outlier galaxy images, and its application to several Hubble Space Telescope fields. The algorithm does not require training, and therefore is not dependent on the preparation of clean training sets. The application of the algorithm to a large collection of galaxies detected a variety of outlier galaxy images. The algorithm is not perfect in the sense that not all objects detected by the algorithm are indeed considered outliers, but it reduces the dataset by two orders of magnitude to allow practical manual identification. The catalogue contains 147 objects that would be very difficult to identify without using automation.