cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the effect of selenium on the mutagenicity and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in rat and hamster liver S9 activation systems

When selenium (Na2SeO3) was included in the incubation mix containing rat or hamster liver S9 preparations both the metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and several of its metabolites were altered. At non-toxic concentrations selenium inhibited the S9 dependent mutagenicity of BaP and a number of its metabolites on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 as indicated by the number of histidine independent revertants observed. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of S9 generated metabolites of BaP from rat and hamster liver indicated that selenium caused quantitative differences in the amounts of the metabolic products. In hamster liver S9 differences were reflected in decreased amounts of strongly mutagenic BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol and increased amounts of 4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiols that were weakly mutagenic to TA100 in that system. In rat liver S9 selenium caused quantitatively similar decreases in BaP-7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiol and 3-hydroxy-BaP. When used as substrate 3-hydroxy-BaP was the most mutagenic to TA100 in the rat activation system whereas BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol was most mutagenic in the hamster S9 system. Assays that measured the formation of water-soluble conjugates of BaP indicated that selenium did not significantly alter the formation of sulfate ester or glutathione conjugates although a 12-17% reduction of labeled metabolites bound to the glucuronide fraction was observed. Results described in this report suggest that selenium modified the metabolism and hence the mutagenicity of BaP to TA100 by affecting mixed-function oxidase and/or epoxide hydratase activity in both the rat and hamster liver S9 activation systems.
Nonsuperfluid origin of the nonclassical rotational inertia in a bulk sample of solid 4He.

The torsional oscillator experiments described here examine the effect of disorder on the nonclassical rotational inertia (NCRI) of a solid 4 He sample. The NCRI increases with increasing disorder, but the period changes responsible for this increase occur primarily at higher temperatures. Contrary to expectations based on a supersolid scenario, the oscillator period remains relatively unaffected at the lowest temperatures. This result points to a nonsuperfluid origin for the NCRI.
Variance in pollen carryover in animal-pollinated plants: Implications for mate choice

We used analytical and simulation models to explore the effect of variance in pollen carryover on the diversity of donors contributing pollen to recipient flowers. The analytical model illustrated that as carryover rate drops, fewer donors can be sampled by any pollen recipient, and that this reduction in diversity is highly non-linear. Simulations of variable pollen carryover were carried out for two kinds of plant pollinator systems: (a) those in which little pollen on average is removed from a vector during a flower visit, and (b) those in which a large fraction of the available pollen is removed. In both cases, realized carryover is reduced as variance in carryover of pollen from one flower to the next increases. However, the reduction is disproportionately large in case (b). Introducing simulation results in the analytical projection of donor diversity suggests that in the extreme, variance in carryover can reduce the diversity of pollen “seen” by a flower by up to 70%. Thus, insofar as female choice is an adaptive process in flowering plants (and male fitness is enhanced by multiple opportunities for mating), natural selection should favor floral characters that stabilize pollen carryover rates.
Axisymmetrically supported heavy circular plate

A heavy or uniformly loaded thin plate rests on a smaller axisymmetric support. The solutions are found analytically and numerically. Optimum sizes of a ring support are determined for minimum sag, moment or shear. The addition of a central pinned support suppresses the deflections, but causes infinite local moment and shear at the center. Of interest is the solid cylinder support, where a freely resting heavy plate would incur partial separation due to the overhang.
Detection of a Deep Boundary Current in the Western South Pacific

FROM the distribution of salinity, temperature, oxygen and radio-carbon observed in the deep oceans (deeper than 2,000 m) of the world, it seems that all the deep water in both the North and South Pacific comes from other oceans, entering the Pacific from the south. The Tasman Sea is closed to the north at depths greater than 3,000 m, so that any deep current reaching into the North Pacific must lie east of New Zealand. The simple linear geostrophic theory of the abyssal circulation proposed by Stommel and Arons1,2 requires that the source water, “after passing south of New Zealand, flows northward into the Pacific Ocean as a narrow western boundary current along the Tonga–Kermadec Trench”. It seems surprising that the source water should move in such a narrow current when it has the full width of the South Pacific within which it might flow, but the dynamics demands weak, southward geostrophic flow over most of the width of the South Pacific, and permits northward flow only in a higher-order boundary current. We are not at all certain that such simple dynamics do prevail, and the data have so far been insufficient to reveal the existence or non-existence of this current.
Conditions for Finite Ladder Height and Delay Moments

We provide simple proofs for several known results: conditions for finite ladder height moments are obtained in a unified way for random walks under both the oscillating and drift cases. The random walk conditions are used to obtain conditions for finite delay moments for the GI/G/1 queue. The GI/G/1 conditions are then used to obtain the Kiefer and Wolfowitz conditions for finite moments of delay and of work in system for the GI/G/c queue.
Accessing OSI virtual terminal services from Cobol application programs

Abstract Application programs access Open System Interconnection services through a Programmatic Interface. This Programmatic Interface should be made available to users of high level languages most commonly used for programming applications. This paper presents a Cobol oriented programmatic interface giving access to the Presentation Virtual Terminal Services of CII-HB and HIS Distributed Systems Architecture, DSA, which is built in accordance with ISO reference model for OSI. The virtual terminal model used is described in terms of presentation objects and their attributes, as well as the operations performed on these objects. A correspondance is given between this model and the COBOL communication model.
Modern Art Collecting and Married Women in 1950s Chicago—Shopping, Sublimation, and the Pursuit of Possessive Individualism: Mary Lasker Block & Muriel Kallis Steinberg Newman

“Have We Got an Inferiority Complex? If N.Y. Did It, It's Art. If Chicago Does It, It's Doubtful,” is the title of an editorial cartoon lampooning the pandering flattery and deceit used by a shifty...
In Vivo Profiling of T-Cell Responses by Omental Cells (OC) in Experimental Lung Transplantation (LTx)

Purpose Limitations to survival following LTx include allogeneic responses and primary graft dysfunction. Experimental LTx models aim to differentiate allogeneic, innate and antibody-mediated pathways. Omentum, in clinical practice has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties. Pluripotent properties of activated OC (aOC) have a beneficial T-cell mediated effect shown in-vitro. A novel in vivo imaging strategy was used to track activated T-cells in a murine allogeneic left single-LTx model to assess early implantation responses. Activated T-cell localization was studied after aOC administration in this study. Methods and Materials We generated Cre gene knock-in mice at the IL-2 gene. Their T-cells express Cre upon antigen activation. Reporter genes (luciferase) can detect the expression of Cre. Recipient mice producing luciferase upon IL-2 expression allows tracking of activated T-cells in vivo via a measurable bioluminescence. Left lungs from B.10A donors were transplanted into Rosa26lucif/IL-2Cre recipients. Recipients received intratracheal injections of aOC at D3 & 7 post-LTx (OC-treatment group, N=3). Mice were imaged using the Xenogen IVIS100 on D3, 14 & 21 along anterior and lateral chest (AC, LC) and anterior and lateral abdomen (AA, LA) areas to determine degree of T-cell activation. D21 histological and flow cytometry analyses are reported. Results Day 3 imaging shows photon signals in lung and axillary nodal areas. On D14 & 21, a decrease in signal intensity was seen in the OC-treated group on all 4 views as compared to saline controls. D14: AC p=.6142, LC p=.6439, AA p=.5028, LA p=.2706. D21: AC p=.1638, LC p=.0655, AA p=.151, LA p=.1246. OC increased CD45+ and decreased CD11b+ cell populations in bone marrow. Conclusions An in-vivo allogeneic LTx model to assess the immunosuppressive potential of aOC has been devised. A reduction in the amount of activated T-cells in specific locations is evident. Potential therapeutic roles of aOC to modulate innate responses may now be investigated further.
Analysis of Measured and Calculated Response of a Cold-formed Steel Shear Panel Structure

Cold-formed steel buildings are a very popular structural system in the United States, including areas where strong earthquakes are expected. As part of a larger study of this structural system, shake table tests of a full-size, one bay two-story model were conducted on a shake table. The objectives of the research were to study the dynamic behavior of this structure under large amplitudes of motion and to determine if commonly used analytical models are able to predict the measured motion of the structure with reasonable accuracy. Initial attempts to reproduce the measured results were quite poor. This problem was a result of the inability of the shake table to properly control the table motion. This paper describes the process and results of trying to reconcile the measured and calculated responses of the model. In doing so, some light was also shed on the ability of commonly used models for the dynamic analysis of cold-formed steel buildings to predict their response to large earthquakes.
Radiosensitization by High Affinity Programmable Minor Groove Binders

Non-genotoxic small molecules of low systemic toxicity that can potentiate the effects of radiation could be valuable adjuvant therapeutics for solid tumors. Pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamides are synthetic oligomers that bind the minor groove of DNA non-covalently with programmable sequence recognition and high affinity. We reported that a polyamide targeted to the DNA sequence 5’-WGWWCW-3’ (W = A/T) suppressed growth of prostate tumor xenografts. In cell culture, this polyamide interferes with RNA Polymerase II activity and results in a dose-dependent depletion of the RNA Polymerase II large subunit. We hypothesized that high-affinity DNA binding Py-Im polyamides may enhance the effects of ionizing radiation.
Joint Vendor-buyer Policy in JIT Manufacturing

In this study, we show that a co-operative batching policy, based on cost information exchange between the vendor and the buyer, can reduce total cost significantly in the just-in-time (JIT) environment. We examine the impact of such co-operation on total costs, including ordering, set-up, transportation and inventory holding costs for a long-term supply relationship. The study shows that joint optimization of both the vendor and the buyer's operations does not necessarily result in a common lot size. We further examine the sensitivity of the resulting cost savings due to the exchange of cost information to changes in the relevant operating parameters.
The Characteristics of Soap Hemihydrate Crystals.

1 Buerger, M. J., "The General Role of Composition in Polymorphism," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 22 685-689 (1936). 2 Thiessen, Peter A, and Stauff, Joachim, "Feinbau und Umwandlungen kristallisierter Alkalisalze langkettiger Fettsiuren," Zeit. Physikal. Chem. (A), 176 397-429 (1936), 3 Bretteville, A. de, Jr., "X-ray Diffraction Study of Oriented Soaps," Thesis, Stanford University (1942). 4 Bretteville, Alexander de, Jr., and McBain, J. W., "X-ray Evidence for a Third Polymorphic Form of Sodium Stearate," Science, 96, 470-471 (1942). 5 Buerger, M. J., "The Characteristics of Soap Hemihydrate Crystals," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 28 529-535 (1942).
THE EFFECT OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE ON ASCITES TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE

The growth of Krebs-2A ascites tumors in mice was appreciably depressed by the presence of deuterium in the body fluids in concentrations ranging from 13 to 32%. Measurement of the glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GO-T) levels revealed that with increasing deuteration there was a prcgressive elevation of serum GO-T in tumor-bearing mice and an even more rapid rise of ascitic plasma GO- T. These data suggest that deuteration of the organism leads to tumor-cell injury with resulting release of GO-T into the ascitic fiuid, whence it is carried into the general circulation. The notion that deuterium injures and possibly destroys mouse ascites tumor cells is supported, in part, by the terminal increase in the incidence of eosin-stainable tumor cells and, in part, by the absence of any striking difference in mitotic index of deuterated and nondeuterated tumor cells. These conclusions also apply to transplantable mouse ascites tumors. (auth)
Sustainability Science Needs to Include Sustainable Consumption

Robert Kates's Readings in Sustainability Science and Technology—An Introduction to the Key Literature of Sustainability Science 1 is a marvelous compendium of publications on human-nature interact...
Self-monitoring of wireless sensor networks

This paper presents an efficient distributed self-monitoring mechanism for a class of wireless sensor networks used for monitoring and surveillance. In these applications, it is important to monitor the health of the network of sensors itself for security reasons. This mechanism employs a novel two-phase timer scheme that exploits local coordination and active probing. Simulation results show that this method can achieve low false alarm probability without increasing the response delay. Under a stable environment analytical estimates are provided as a guideline in designing optimal parameter values. Under a changing, noisy environment a self-parameter tuning functionality is provided and examined.
Downstream Weather Impacts Associated with Atmospheric Blocking over the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Relationships between atmospheric blocking over the Alaskan region of the northeast Pacific, referred to as Alaskan blocking, and weather extremes over North America during boreal winter 1979–2000 are examined. A total of 37 atmospheric blocking events are identified with durations ranging from 8 to 25 days and a mean duration of 11.3 days. A total of 15.6% of the days during the boreal winter belonged to an Alaskan blocking event. The number of blocked days over the Alaskan region was found to be sensitive to the phase of the ENSO cycle with a reduced (increased) number of blocked days during El Nino (La Nina/neutral) winters. The average number of blocked days during El Nino winters was 12, compared with 31.2 and 27 for neutral and La Nina winters, respectively. The mature Alaskan block possesses characteristics, which are typical of blocking episodes, including the equivalent barotropic structure of the blocking anticyclone, the meridional flow both upstream and downstream of the block, the eq...
Content Literacy: Fundamental Toolkit Elements

The inaugural column in the “Content Literacy” department discusses the importance of teachers' assisting students in grades 4–6 to develop content literacy skills. The discussion centers on levels of literacy and diversity issues facing teachers and then identifies three fundamental elements that should be a part of every teacher's content literacy toolkit.
Interstitial brines in playa sediments

Abstract Study of several closed drainages in the Great Basin has shown that the interstitial solutions of shallow, fine-grained playa deposits store a large quantity of dissolved solids and are often more concentrated than associated lakes and ponds, except in peripheral zones of stream or ground-water inflow. These interstitial fluids, when compared with local runoff, impoundments, or spring waters, commonly have a distinctive ionic composition which sometimes cannot be explained by either simple mixing of surface and subsurface inflow or by evaporative concentration. At Abert Lake, Oregon, the interstitial solute concentrations increased with depth to values as much as five times greater than the lake, except where springs indicate significant ground-water input. Where Na+, Cl, and CO2 species constitute more than 90% of the solutes, Na + Cl − ratios in the lake water are lower than in interstitial solutions of bottom cores and higher than in playa fluids. At the same time, Na + K + ratios are highest in the fluids of lake bottom muds and lowest in playa interstitials. In deeper playa profiles, interstitial Na + Cl − tended to decrease with depth (5 ft. maximum). In the Abert Lake area, as in other parts of the western Great Basin, Na + Cl − ratios are indicative of total CO2 in solution and the effects of organic decay in surficial sediments. These ratios, coupled with data on silica and bulk density, show that higher PCO2 accompanying decay promotes silicate dissolution and hydrogen ion exchange, stripping alkalis from sediment which had preferentially adsorbed K+ when entering the lake. On subsequent loss of pore fluid in the playa regime, silica initially released to solution in the lake environment is readsorbed on dissolution products.
Quantification of cytokeratin 5 mRNA expression in the circulation of healthy human subjects and after lung transplantation.

Author(s): Nickerson, Derek W; Presson, Angela P; Weigt, Stephen S; Gregson, Aric L; Belperio, John A; Gomperts, Brigitte N | Abstract: BackgroundCirculating epithelial progenitor cells are important for repair of the airway epithelium in a mouse model of tracheal transplantation. We therefore hypothesized that circulating epithelial progenitor cells would also be present in normal human subjects and could be important for repair of the airway after lung injury. As lung transplantation is associated with lung injury, which is severe early on and exacerbated during episodes of infection and rejection, we hypothesized that circulating epithelial progenitor cell levels could predict clinical outcome following lung transplantation.Methodology/principal findingsQuantitative Real Time PCR was performed to determine peripheral blood mRNA levels of cytokeratin 5, a previously characterized marker of circulating epithelial progenitor cells. Cytokeratin 5 levels were evaluated in healthy human subjects, in lung transplant recipients immediately post-transplant and serially thereafter, and in heart transplant recipients. All normal human subjects examined expressed cytokeratin 5 in their buffy coat in amounts that were not significantly influenced by age or gender. There was a profound, statistically significant decrease in cytokeratin 5 mRNA expression levels in lung transplant patients compared to healthy human subjects (p = 3.1x10(-13)) and to heart transplant recipients. There was a moderate negative correlation between improved circulating cytokeratin 5 mRNA levels in lung transplant recipients with recovering lung function, as measured by improved FEV1 values (rho = -0.39).Conclusions/significanceLevels of cytokeratin 5 mRNA, a proxy marker for circulating epithelial progenitor cells, inversely correlated with disease status in lung transplant recipients. It may therefore serve as a biomarker of the clinical outcome of lung transplant patients and potentially other patients with airway injury.
Changes occurring with the immobile liquid phase in gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract Changes which the liquid partitioner of a gas-liquid chromatographic column may undergo are reviewed. The redistribution of liquid within the column may introduce a 0discontinuity in the concentration of the liquid or a discontinuity in the retention mechanism by exposure of the adsorptive support. Experiments show that the former changes the intercept of the semi-logarithmic plot of retention volumes vs. the carbon number for a homologous series of alkyl alcohols but not the slope. The second type of discontinuity may give spurious peaks.
Separation of Hydrophilic Oligomers and Polymers Using Monodisperse Poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl Methacrylate- co -Ethylene Dimethacrylate) Beads via Normal-Phase and Hydrophilic-Interaction HPLC

Microparticulate, monosized, and macroporous poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) beads have been used as a stationary phase for HPLC separations of hydrophilic oligomers and polymers. Homogeneous coverage of the sorbent surface with a large number of chemically equivalent diol functionalities affords suitable retentivity in both normal-phase and hydrophilic-interaction chromatographic modes and enables the separations of water-soluble oligomers and polymers. Chromatographic properties of this stationary phase are demonstrated on a variety of separations of poly(oxyalkylene)s, polyvinylpyrrolidones, and polysaccharides.
Analysis of intrinsic stability criteria for isotropic third-order Green elastic and compressible neo-Hookean solids

Abstract Internal stability of isotropic nonlinear elastic materials under homogeneous deformation is studied. Results provide new insight into various intrinsic stability measures, first proposed elsewhere, for generic nonlinear elastic solids. Three intrinsic stability criteria involving three different tangent elastic stiffness matrices are considered, corresponding to respective increments in strain measures conjugate to thermodynamic tension, first Piola–Kirchhoff stress, and Cauchy stress. Primary deformation paths of interest include spherical (i.e., isotropic) deformation, uniaxial strain, and simple shear; unstable modes are not constrained to remain along primary deformation paths. Effects of choices of second- and third-order elastic constants on intrinsic stability are systematically studied for physically realistic ranges of constants. For most cases investigated here, internal stability according to strain increments conjugate to Cauchy stress is found to be the most stringent criterion. When third-order constants vanish, internal stability under large compression tends to decrease as Poisson’s ratio increases. When third-order constants are nonzero, a negative (positive) pressure derivative of the shear modulus often promotes unstable modes in compression (tension). For large shear deformation, larger magnitudes of third-order constants tend to result in more unstable behavior, regardless of the sign of the pressure derivative of the shear modulus. A compressible neo-Hookean model is generally much more intrinsically stable than second- and third-order elastic models when Poisson’s ratio is non-negative.
Effect of thermal injury on transfer of IR22 IgA myeloma protein into bile in the rat.

— We previously observed a 75–90% decrease in concentration of biliary IgA after thermal injury to rat skin. Decrease in biliary IgA might result from an alteration in supply of polymeric IgA delivered to the hepatocyte or from an alteration in hepatocyte transfer of polymeric IgA into bile. In the present study, we examined the transfer of intravenously administered 125I-IgA into bile. Purified IR22 rat IgA myeloma protein consisting of both monomeric and polymeric IgA was labelled with 125I. Sprague-Dawley rats (140–180 g) received a 20–30% body surface area scald-burn or sham treatment. The bile duct was cannulated 18–24 h later and 125I-IgA preparations were injected into the tail vein. Bile was collected under light ether anesthesia for 3 h. In rats injected with 125I-IR22 IgA myeloma protein there were no significant differences in total, TCA-precipitable, or immunoprecipitable radioactivity in bile from burn-injured or sham-treated animals. On Bio-Gel A-1.5 m gel permeation, the radioactivity in bile from sham-treated animals eluted in the region of polymeric IgA as expected; the radioactivity in the bile from burn-injured animals eluted equally in the same regions as polymeric IgA and monomeric IgA. In sham-treated rats injected with isolated polymeric IgA only, bile contained primarily polymeric IgA. In burn-injured rats injected with polymeric IgA only, bile contained a mixture of polymeric IgA and monomeric IgA. These findings suggest that hepatocyte processing of polymeric IgA is altered after thermal injury, resulting in the transformation of some polymeric IgA into its monomeric form.
RESPOND-R test instrument

The RESPOND-R framework is a modular, distributed data logging framework built for the purpose of studying Emergency Informatics as it relates to human-robot performance during disaster responses. Currently deployed systems have limited data logging capabilities, with few incorporating heterogeneous robotic systems. Current systems focus on human performance and event information, but often incorporate restricted ontologies that inhibit real-time sensor logging of robotic systems. RESPOND-R provides broad logging coverage of robotic systems and human performance data, bridging the gap between the heterogeneous loggers and current emergency management systems. A Packbot 510 UGV, an AirRobot 100B sUAS, an AEOS Marcy USV, and nuclear biological chemical (NBC) sensors have been integrated into RESPOND-R. The paper describes how RESPOND-R supported data collection during a 2013 radiological forensics field exercise. The data has been used to analyze autonomous flight patterns for nuclear forensics and to isolate and identify the cause of a sensing anomaly.
Franck–Condon factors in studies of the dynamics of chemical reactions. III. Analysis of information theory for vibration–rotation distributions and isotopic branching ratios

A previously developed approximate theory of chemical dynamics based on generalized Franck–Condon factors is used to study the information theoretic analysis of vibration–rotation distributions and of isotopic branching ratios. We begin by examining the surprisal function I obtained from the Franck–Condon factors for rotational and vibrational distributions. For rotational distributions we find linear surprisal behavior for low rotational excitation in the limit of strong potential and weak kinematic coupling, but nonlinear surprisals for high rotational excitation in that limit. In addition, nonlinear rotational surprisals are generally obtained for any degree of rotational excitation in the limit of strong kinematic and weak potential coupling. We find these generalizations from the Franck–Condon factors and their applications to the H+H2, F+H2(D2), and H+Cl2 reactions. For F+H2(D2), nearly microcanonical rotational distributions are obtained (for low j′), due to the cancellation of contributions from the angular coordinate overlap factor [which leads to a positive slope (temperature) parameter ϑ] and centrifugal stretching effects (which lead to negative ϑ). For vibrational distributions linear surprisals are obtained for F+H2(D2), where little of the reaction exoergicity is released in the exit channel and the region of maximum overlap of reagent and product wavefunctions is highly localized, but not for H(D)+Cl2, which has a higher repulsive energy release (in the terminology of Polanyi and co‐workers) and a more delocalized overlap. For both rotational and vibrational surprisals, we find that linearity occurs when the potential constrains the reaction to occur through a highly localized set of nuclear configurations (and hence in the limit of strong potential coupling and of highly localized overlaps). In our study of branching ratios, we consider the isotopic branching in F+HD→FH(FD)+D(H). We first show that the purely dynamical Franck–Condon factor provides a correct qualitative description of the branching ratio (especially its dependence on reagent rotational excitation). We then use information theory to predict the same ratio, and find some points of similarity to the purely dynamical result (such as the dependence on parameters of the product state distributions), but also certain important points of difference (such as dependence on degree of reagent rotational excitation). These points of similarity and difference may be reinterpreted in terms of the relative contribution of strongly coupled potential and kinematic effects, respectively, and the success of simple information theoretic branching ratio predictions depends on the relative importance of these factors.
REL: a Rapidly Extensible Language System II. REL English

REL, a Rapidly Extensible Language System, is an integrated information system designed to facilitate conversational access to a computer. It permits the use of large data bases by means of highly idiosyncratic languages. One of these languages is a subset of natural English with an extensive capability for defining new concepts and structures. REL English is a formal language, essentially unrestricted in surface structure and restricted by the structural limitations of the memory forms. The structural power of this language is matched by the extremely flexible organization of data into interrelated rings. The REL grammar consists of rewrite rules and associated semantic transformations, and includes general rewrite and transformational rules. A number of aspects of the grammar are discussed in detail, including features, name and relation modification, verbs, subordinate clauses, time modification, quantifiers and conjunctions.
Use if BEST In-Highways for Green Highway Construction Rating in Wisconsin

Environmentally and Economically Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure- Highways (BE2ST in-Highways). BE2ST in-Highways employs life cycle analysis techniques to provide a quantitative assessment of the impacts associated with a highway construction project. Energy and water consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, service life, and life cycle cost are evaluated in a quantitative framework that can be used to compare alternative construction strategies from a holistic perspective. The methodology is grounded in quantitative metrics rather than an arbitrary point system so that a transparent linkage exists between the project rating and the sustainable practices employed in design and construction. This transparency reduces the potential for ‘gaming’ of the rating system. Application of the BE2ST in-Highways system to a project in Wisconsin is described. Results of the application indicate that using recycled materials in a pavement can result in reductions in global warming potential (32%), energy consumption (28%), water consumption (29%), and hazardous waste generation (25%) as compared to the reference design using conventional materials, while also extending the service life of the pavement. In addition, using recycled materials in a pavement can result in a life cycle cost savings of 23%. Because of this environmental and economical out-performance of the alternative design using recycled materials compared to the reference design using conventional materials, the maximum total credit (i.e., 12 points) is granted to the project.
On Critical Reflection

This paper presents an analysis and clarification of the major role of critical reflection of assumptions (CRA) in adult learning. It examines the differences among types of critical reflection, th...
Crystal structure of cellular retinoic acid binding protein I shows increased access to the binding cavity due to formation of an intermolecular beta-sheet.

Abstract A recombinant form of murine apo-cellular retinoic acid binding protein I (apo-CRABPI) has been purified and crystallized at pH 5.0, and the crystal structure has been refined to anR-factor of 19.6% at a resolution of 2.7 A. CRABPI binds all-transretinoic acid and some retinoic acid metabolites with nanomolar affinities. Coordinates of the holo form of CRABP were not available during the early stages of the study, and in spite of numerous homologs of known structure, phases were not obtainable through molecular replacement. Instead, an interpretable electron density map was obtained by multple isomorphous replacement methods after improvement of the heavy-atom parameters with density modified trial phases. Two molecules of apo-CRABPI occupy theP3121 asymmetric unit and are related by pseudo 2-fold rotational symmetry. Unique conformational differences are apparent between the two molecules. IN all of the family members studied to date, there is a lack of hydrogen bonds between two of the component β-strands resulting in a gap in the interstand hydrogen bonding pattern. In the crystallographic dimer described here, a continuous intermolecular β-sheet is formed by using this gap region. This is possible because of an 8 A outward maximum displacement of the tight turn between the third and fourth β-strands on one of the molecules. The result is a double β-barrel containing two apo-CRABPI molecules with a more open, ligand-accessible binding cavity, which has not been observed in other structures of a family of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands.
Sand sources and transport pathways for the San Francisco Bay coastal system, based on X-ray diffraction mineralogy

Abstract The mineralogical compositions of 119 samples collected from throughout the San Francisco Bay coastal system, including bayfloor and seafloor, area beaches, cliff outcrops, and major drainages, were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Comparison of the mineral concentrations and application of statistical cluster analysis of XRD spectra allowed for the determination of provenances and transport pathways. The use of XRD mineral identifications provides semi-quantitative compositions needed for comparisons of beach and offshore sands with potential cliff and river sources, but the innovative cluster analysis of XRD diffraction spectra provides a unique visualization of how groups of samples within the San Francisco Bay coastal system are related so that sand-sized sediment transport pathways can be inferred. The main vector for sediment transport as defined by the XRD analysis is from San Francisco Bay to the outer coast, where the sand then accumulates on the ebb tidal delta and also moves alongshore. This mineralogical link defines a critical pathway because large volumes of sediment have been removed from the Bay over the last century via channel dredging, aggregate mining, and borrow pit mining, with comparable volumes of erosion from the ebb tidal delta over the same period, in addition to high rates of shoreline retreat along the adjacent, open-coast beaches. Therefore, while previously only a temporal relationship was established, the transport pathway defined by mineralogical and geochemical tracers support the link between anthropogenic activities in the Bay and widespread erosion outside the Bay. The XRD results also establish the regional and local importance of sediment derived from cliff erosion, as well as both proximal and distal fluvial sources. This research is an important contribution to a broader provenance study aimed at identifying the driving forces for widespread geomorphic change in a heavily urbanized coastal-estuarine system.
Feminism and Farming: A Response to Paul Thompson’s the Agrarian Vision

The Agrarian Vision is a big project. It is a project that calls us to see that environmental philosophy must take issues of agriculture more seriously since it constitutes the largest human impact on the land (18). I applaud this. Environmental philosophy does need to quit seeing agriculture and domestication as ‘‘polluted’’ or ‘‘unnatural’’ and so not their concern. To make his case, Thompson takes us through an interesting history of farming in the United States, the complexity of governmental policy, and different notions of sustainability. This is all done to support his argument that we are missing something important as we lose the agrarian way of understanding our selves and our place in the world. The agrarian vision returns to us a sense of place in the world. This connection, it is argued, will make us better citizens (CAT) who will alter our practices to achieve a version of sustainable agriculture. It will help us see that self-reliance is not self-sufficiency (PAL), and that self-realization (GAG) is possible when one ‘‘recognizes and discharges the particular duties of his or her particular station in life, realizing himor herself through the lifelong formation and expression of a virtuous moral character’’ (53–55). Thompson sums this up nicely when he says,
Moving from clientelist politics toward a welfare regime: evidence from the 2009 assembly election in Andhra Pradesh

Increases in government revenue in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, have enabled provision of welfare benefits without revenue caps, which has removed the need for clientelist intermediaries. In this transition from clientelism, the government has led the way, a different path from other societies where the middle class has initiated political reforms leading to the demise of clientelism. The formerly dominant castes, which continue to control the government, retain greater expectation of clientelist benefits than lower castes, sustaining high-level corruption and caste cronyism in the underbelly of the emerging welfare regime. This study is based on a survey undertaken during the 2009 election for the assembly in Andhra Pradesh that yielded victory for the incumbent Congress regime.
Regulatory Th2 response induced following adoptive transfer of dendritic cells in prediabetic NOD mice

We previously demonstrated that immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DC) prevented diabetes development in prediabetic NOD mice and that this effect was optimal when using a stimulatory DC population generated from bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which GM-CSF- and IL-4-cultured DC prevent diabetes in prediabetic NOD mice. Histological analysis of pancreatic tissue from DC-treated mice revealed a reduction in the severity of insulitis compared to controls. Analysisof the T cell response in DC-treated mice suggested a general shift towards a Th2-dominated response, as determined by cytokine production following either concanavalin A or anti-TCR stimulation. Furthermore, sorted CD45RB(lo) CD25+ CD4+ T cells from the spleen of DC-treated mice produced high amounts of Th2 cytokines following anti-TCR stimulation, suggesting that these cells are responsible for the apparent Th2 shift. We conclude that DC therapy may have corrected the immunoregulatory defect in the NOD mouse, thus restoring a balance between pathogenic Th1 cells and protective Th2 cells.
Enhanced resistance of mice to virulent Japanese B encephalitis virus following inactivated vaccine and poly I:C.

The double-stranded complex consisting of polyriboinosinic and polyribocytidylic acids (poly I:C) has been shown to be a potent inducer of interferon [1], effective prophylactically against a number of experimental viral infections [2]. Poly I:C has also stimulated the appearance of antibody-forming cells [3] and potentiated the antibody response to influenza viral vaccine in adjuvant 65 [4]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and attempt to explain the effect of poly I:C on the resistance of mice immunized with formalin-
Shot noise of spin-polarized electrons

The shot noise of spin polarized electrons is shown to be generically dependent upon spin--flip processes. Such a situation represents perhaps the simplest instance where the two-particle character of current fluctuations out of equilibrium is explicit, leading to trinomial statistics of charge transfer in a single channel model. We calculate the effect of spin--orbit coupling, magnetic impurities, and precession in an external magnetic field on the noise in the experimentally relevant cases of diffusive wires and lateral semiconductor dots, finding dramatic enhancements of the Fano factor. The possibility of using the shot noise to measure the spin-relaxation time in an open mesoscopic system is raised.
Effect of scattering on the dynamic localization of a particle in a time-dependent electric field.

The theory of dynamic localization of a charged particle moving on a lattice under the influence of a time-dependent electric field developed in a previous paper is extended to include the effect of scattering of the particle by imperfections in the lattice. The description used to include scattering is that provided by the stochastic Liouville equation. Exact solutions for the mean-square displacement are obtained, and the average diffusion constant is calculated for a sinusoidal ac field. Scattering is found to play a dual role: It increases diffusion by preventing localization, and decreases it by increasing the amount of incoherence. Viewed another way, an alternating electric field is seen to result in an increase in the scattering rate in general and the appearance of singularities in the rate for specific values of the field magnitude and/or the field frequency. These singularities represent the phenomenon of dynamic localization and indicate the possibility of inducing anisotropy in isotropic materials through the application of strong time-varying electric fields.
Facts, Artifacts, Mythofacts, Invisible Colleges, Illusory Colleges: The Perils of Publication Segmentation, Citation Preference, and Megamultiple Authorship: A Commentary on Blashfield and Reynolds

When the editors of the Journal of Personality Disorders asked me to pen a commentary on the Blashfield and Reynolds (2012) piece on their “invisible college” analysis of the reference list associated with the DSM-5 work group’s proposal, I was not particularly inclined to do so. However, with some reflection I came to see the paper as affording any number of interesting points for discussion. In reading (and rereading) the Blashfield and Reynolds paper, I found myself thinking: What did they find? Why did they find what they found? Most importantly, what do their findings mean? At the end of the day, I believe Blashfield and Reynolds have offered us evidence not of an “invisible college” of insiders connected with one of the longitudinal studies of personality disorders at work crafting the DSM-5. Rather, consideration of their findings, the data upon which they are based, and their interpretation point to the existence of an “illusory college” reflective of fascinating publication artifacts. The intellectual danger afoot in Blashfield and Reynolds’s paper is that their invisible college interpretation could take on the status of what my former colleague Brendan A. Maher (1992) called a “mythofact,” or a fact-like statement that, while not actually true, is demanded by the flow of the narrative. In short, my impression of the results obtained by Blashfield and Reynolds in their citation analysis reflects a perfect storm resulting from (a) publication segmentation, (b) citation preference/style, and (c) megamultiple authorship propensities on the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). The results of the Blashfield and Reynolds analysis do not provide compelling support for their claim of the CLPS staff driving the hybrid dimensional/categorical model proposed for the DSM-5.
Quantitative Characterization of Indentation Crack Path in a Cubic Zirconia—10 vol% Alumina Composite

Stereological measurements were performed to characterize the indentation crack path in a cubic zirconia-10 vol% alumina (c-ZrO{sub 2}-10 vol% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) composite. Cracks were generated using Vickers indentation, and the rack propagation behavior was characterized as a function of the indentation loading/unloading rates. Cracks that were produced by Vickers indentation formed at higher crack velocities as the loading/unloading rates increased. The amount of contact between the crack and the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles increased as the indentation rate decreased. The total number of crack-particle interactions per unit crack length also increased as the indentation rate decreased, because of an increase in the number of particles that were fractured per unit crack length, whereas the number of particles that were debonded remained relatively constant as the indentation rate changed. These results suggest that residual thermal mismatch stresses have predominant control of the crack path at lower crack velocities (low indentation loading/unloading rate), whereas elastic mismatch stresses predominate at higher crack velocities (high indentation loading/unloading rate).
A Reduced-Complexity MIMO Receiver via Channel Ordering

We consider the problem of maximum likelihood (ML) signal detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. We propose a new preprocessing algorithm in the form of channel ordering for sphere decoders. Numerical results show that this new channel ordering leads to significantly lower complexity (in the form of the number of nodes visited by the search algorithm); for MPSK modulation where M ≥ 8 and a moderate SNR range of 15 - 24 dB, our channel ordering results in a two-fold to four-fold decrease in the number of nodes visited by the search algorithm. We also present a brief review of the SDR-ML detector, formulated using semidefinite programming and relaxation techniques. Finally, we propose a combined SDR-ML-sphere decoder and demonstrate that it further reduces the number of nodes visited by the search algorithm; for a 20×20 BPSK-modulated MIMO system and SNR of 8 dB, the SDR-ML-sphere decoder has an average complexity that is approximately 5 times less than the sphere decoder.
Violence and Externalizing Behavior Among Youth in the United States: Is There a Severe 5%?

Despite research demonstrating that approximately 5% of study populations are composed of severely antisocial persons who account for a disproportionate share of problem behaviors, there have been no nationally representative studies assessing this phenomenon among adolescents. Using a large nationally representative sample (N = 18,614), we identified a severe group (4.7% of respondents) characterized by involvement in varied and intensive externalizing behaviors, greater internalizing, lower academic achievement, and less parental involvement. The current study is the first nationally representative study of criminal careers/externalizing behaviors among adolescents in the United States, which is convergent with prior research and theory. Language: en
Classical models for electronic degrees of freedom: Quenching of Br*(2P1/2) by collision with H2 in three dimensions

Abstract Three-dimensional classical trajectory calculations have been carried out for the quenching of Br*(2P1/2) by collision with ground-state H2, using an approach that describes the electronic as well as heavy-particle (i.e. transition, rotation, vibration) degrees of freedom by classical mechanics. We find a sizeable quenching cross section (≈ 1 2 A2), with essentially all of the collision products having H2 vibrationally excited to υ = 1, i.e. near-resonant EV transfer dominates the non-resonant ET,R processes. This is in agreement with experimental results.