cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomic receptor interactions in isolated cardiac myocytes from hypertensive rats.

Abstract Isolated ventricular myocytes from adult (16 to 20 weeks) spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats were utilized to examine adrenergic and cholinergic receptor expression and interaction. Binding assays were performed using quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) for cholinergic and β-adrenergic receptors, respectively. In addition, cAMP was measured as an index of adrenergic-cholinergic control of adenylate cyclase. Data from radioligand binding experiments indicated that muscarinic cholinergic receptors were depressed (22%) in SHR myocytes, while β-adrenergic receptor density was comparable to that of WKY myocytes. Heterologous receptor modulation in isolated myocytes as assessed by displacement analysis with and without guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), showed that carbachol displacement of QNB was shifted five fold to the right in the presence of GTP and that the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol did not prevent the GTP-mediated binding alteration. In contrast, carbachol modulated the GTP-shift of ICYP displacement by isoproterenol and these effects were comparable in both WKY and SHR myocytes. Furthermore, the ability of carbachol to blunt the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol was also comparable in myocytes isolated from adult SHR and control animals. Thus, the observed decrement in muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression did not alter adrenergic-cholinergic interactions as assessed by displacement assays using guanine nucleotides, or the control of cAMP levels. In addition, isolated myocytes provide a useful system for analyzing receptor expression and regulation and how these parameters may be altered in the hypertensive heart.
Training doctors to care for old people.

Excerpt Having spent most of my professional life in medical education, I was disturbed by what I found while serving during 1978 on a committee formed to take a close look at how well the medical ...
Use of the Occurrence of Peak Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Egg Hatch for Timing of Bacillus thuringiensis Spray Applications in Potatoes

Two field experiments were done to evaluate spray timing relative to peak egg hatch, of Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (M-One Insecticide, Mycogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.) for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in potatoes. In the first experiment, 186.1 ± 4.5 (x ± SEM) cumulative DD ( n = 3 yr, 10°C base threshold) were recorded from first oviposition by overwintered beetles until peak (33-64%) egg mass hatch. In 1989, when no rainfall occurred during the period when spray treatments were made, effective potato beetle control was achieved with B. thuringiensis if the first spray was applied within 9 d of peak egg hatch and subsequent sprays were applied at either 5- or 10-d intervals. In 1990, when heavy rainfall occurred after the first spray, spray interval (5 or 10 d) had a greater effect on potato beetle control than did timing of the first spray application, and only the 5-d schedule treatments resulted in effective control. Results of a second field experiment in 1990 demonstrated that a 7- or 10-d interval between sprays of B. thuringiensis (following the initial spray at peak egg hatch) was too long to result in acceptable control of Colorado potato beetle if rainfall occurs after the initial spray. However, a 10-d spray schedule using an encapsulated formulation of B. thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX-1806, Mycogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.) resulted in effective control of Colorado potato beetle. Methods for estimation of peak potato beetle egg hatch in potatoes for use in timing of B. thuringiensis spray applications are presented.
A mechanism for antiphonal echolocation by free-tailed bats

Bats are highly social and spend much of their lives echolocating in the presence of other bats. To reduce the effects of acoustic interferences from other bats' echolocation calls, we hypothesized that bats might shift the timing of their pulse emissions to minimize temporal overlap with another bat's echolocation pulses. To test this hypothesis we investigated whether free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) echolocating in the lab would shift the timing of their own pulse emissions in response to regularly repeating artificial acoustic stimuli. A robust phase-locked temporal pattern in pulse emissions was displayed by every bat tested which included an initial suppressive phase lasting more than 60 ms after stimulus onset, during which the probability of emitting pulses was reduced by more than fifty percent, followed by a compensatory rebound phase, the timing and amplitude of which were dependent on the temporal pattern of the stimulus. The responses were non-adapting and were largely insensitive to broad changes in the acoustic properties of the stimulus. Randomly occurring noise-bursts also suppressed calling for up to 60 ms, but the time-course of the compensatory rebound phase was more rapid than when the bats were responding to regularly repeating patterns of noise bursts. These findings provide the first quantitative description of how external stimuli may cause echolocating bats to alter the timing of subsequent pulse emissions.
Parental Notions of School Readiness: How Have They Changed and Has Preschool Made a Difference?

ABSTRACT The authors examined school readiness from the parental perspective, focusing on parents’ efforts and expectations for kindergarten in conjunction with their child's academic development. Using self-reported survey data from two waves of the National Household Education Surveys, the authors tested for changes in school readiness between 1993 and 2007 and related these changes to the expansion of preschool enrollment. Over the 14-year period, there was a significant increase in parental reports of child development and a heightened set of expectations for what parents viewed as essential for entry into kindergarten, but results indicated only modest changes in parent effort. Preschool enrollment was strongly associated with child development, and although preschool has expanded, the association was stronger in the more recent period. Preschool enrollment did not displace parental effort—they were moderately positively correlated—nor did it appear to play a strong role in shaping parental expectati...
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: An issue for Child Welfare

Abstract A new diagnosis for children has emerged in the last decade: Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Children who would have in the past been given other diagnoses are now being relabeled as Pediatric Bipolar. Drugs prescribed for adult Bipolar Disorder are being prescribed for children. The case for delaying pharmacological intervention for treatment of Bipolar Disorder, particularly among young children, is considered. Evidence against the kindling hypothesis, the basis of the case for early pharmacological treatment of Bipolar Disorder, is reviewed. The implications of the controversy over Pediatric Bipolar and medications for small children are discussed with particular consideration given to children in state custody.
Strategy in the Post-Cold War Age: Where Do We Go from Here?

The Politics of Strategic Adjustment: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests, Peter Trubowitz, Emily O. Goldman, Edward Rhodes, eds. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). 331 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-2311-1074-X), $45.00; paper (ISBN: 0-2311-1075-8), $19.50. The Information Revolution and International Security, Ryan Henry, C. Edward Peartree, eds. (Washington, D.C.: The CSIS Press, 1998). 194 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8920-6299-1), $21.50. Books reviewed: The Politics of Strategic Adjustment: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests , Peter Trubowitz, Emily O. Goldman, and Edward Rhodes, eds. The Information Revolution and International Security , Ryan Henry and C. Edward Peartree, eds.
In vitro DNA synthesis by bone marrow cells and PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Suppression by nonradioactive thymidine of the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine into DNA: enhancement of incorporation when inadequate vitamin B12 or folate is corrected.

Summary. Previous studies demonstrated that excess deoxyuridine (dU) added to short-term bone marrow and PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures, blocks the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA via the salvage pathway. In the current study, we investigated the effects of added thymidine (TdR) in varying concentrations (10−6to 1 μmol) on the incorporation of 3H-dU into thymine-DNA, i.e. we executed ‘thymidine suppression tests.’Increasing concentrations of exogenous TdR caused progressive inhibition of 3H-dU incorporation into DNA, and decreasing 3H-dU incorporation was parallelled by increasing incorporation of added 14C-TdR. These findings demonstrate reciprocity of the salvage and the de novo pathways of thymine-DNA synthesis, presumably mediated by thymidine-triphosphate (dTTP), the common end product of both pathways, via feedback inhibition. In patients with folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency, the addition of appropriate vitamins to marrow and lymphocyte cultures enhanced the incorporation of 3H-dU into DNA. As predicted, this was not observed in normal subjects. The enhancing effect of these vitamins on in vitro incorporation of 3H-dU into DNA by deficient cell systems was similar to their correcting effect on abnormal dU suppression. These findings support the theoretical concept that the dU suppression test defines biochemical megaloblastosis due to deficiency of folate and vitamin B12.
STANDARDIZED CLASS INTERVALS AND RATE COMPUTATION IN STATISTICAL MAPS OF MORTALITY

ABSTRACT The standard deviation of a set of mortality or morbidity rates for areal units can be used to establish class intervals for mapping. Use of standard, rather than arbitrarily selected, mapping categories will reduce bias and error in map interpretation. The method of rate calculation employed will affect variation among rate values as well as the nature of the frequency distribution. Crude and age-adjusted rates are chosen to suit the purpose of the map, but once the choice has been made the technical characteristics of the method and its affect on variation and frequency of distribution should be considered.
Existence of a monetary steady state in a matching model: indivisible money

Abstract Existence of a monetary steady state is established for a random matching model with divisible goods, indivisible money, an arbitrary bound on individual money holdings, and take-it-or-leave-it offers by consumers. The background environment is that in papers by Shi and by Trejos and Wright. The monetary steady state shown to exist has nice properties: the value function, defined on money holdings, is strictly increasing and strictly concave, and the measure over money holdings has full support.
THE VANISHING ANALYZING POWERS IN ELECTRON-PROTON ELASTIC SCATTERING; SYMMETRIES AND DYNAMICS

Abstract In high energy electron-proton elastic scattering the two parity-conserving analyzing powers vanish in the one-photon-exchange approximation. The electron analyzing-power vanishes from electron helicity-conservation, but the underlying reason (s) for the vanishing of the proton analyzing-power is (are) not clear. Therefore, a more detailed examination of this question has been made and is reported here. It is then noted that the proton analyzing-power is an optimum experimental observable for the determination of higher order contributions to this basic electron-nucleon electromagnetic interaction.
Two-to-one discrepancy between measured and predicted performance of a ‘low-energy’ office building: insights from a reconciliation based on the DOE-2 model

Computer models of building energy use, if calibrated with measured data, offer a means of assessing retrofit savings, optimizing HVAC operation (on- or off-line), and presenting energy-consumption feedback to building operators. The calibration process itself can pinpoint differences between how a building was designed to perform and how it is actually functioning. Our initial goal was to identify why the actual annual energy consumption of an office building was 325 kWh/m2, over twice the predicted value of 125 kWh/m2. Part of our effort to understand its performance involved calibrating a DOE-2 model prepared at the design stage. In the process, we formulated calibration guidelines and developed insights that may be of use to others. Of particular interest are the major sources of the wide discrepancy between predicted and actual energy use. Unanticipated tenant energy consumption, both during the day and the night, contributed 64% of the two-fold increase. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment operation beyond the expected 10 h per weekday contributed 24%. We attributed the remaining 12% to HVAC equipment not operating up to specification; building conductive heat loss in excess of the design-stage prediction; and minimum outdoor-air intake differing from the design value. The calibration process involved working on major input parameters independently of the others, then combining the results into one simulation. The calibrated model accounted for 94% of measured site energy for the building.
Biogenic amines modulate pulse rate in the dorsal blood vessel of Lumbriculus variegatus

The biogenic amines are widespread regulators of physiological processes, and play an important role in regulating heart rate in diverse organisms. Here, we present the first pharmacological evidence for a role of the biogenic amines in the regulation of dorsal blood vessel pulse rate in an aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (Muller, 1774). Bath application of octopamine to intact worms resulted in an acceleration of pulse rate, but not when co-applied with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL-12,330a. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline mimicked the effects of OA, but the polar adenosine receptor antagonist 8(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline was significantly less potent than theophylline. Pharmacologically blocking synaptic reuptake of the biogenic amines using the selective 5-HT reuptake blocker fluoxetine or various tricyclic antidepressants also accelerated heart rate. Depletion of the biogenic amines by treatment with the monoamine vesicular transporter blocker reserpine dramatically depressed pulse rate. Pulse rate was partially restored in amine-depleted worms after treatment with octopamine or dopamine, but fully restored following treatment with serotonin. This effect of 5-HT was weakly mimicked by 5-methoxytryptamine, but not by alpha-methylserotonin; it was completely blocked by clozapine and partially blocked by cyproheptadine. Because they are known to orchestrate a variety of adaptive behaviors in invertebrates, the biogenic amines may coordinate blood flow with behavioral state in L.variegatus.
A standard timing benchmark for EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations.

A Fortran 77 Monte Carlo source code built from the EGS4 Monte Carlo code system has been used for timing benchmark purposes on 29 different computers. This code simulates the deposition of energy from an incident electron beam in a 3‐D rectilinear geometry such as one would employ to model electron and photontransport through a series of CT slices. The benchmark forms a standalone system and does not require that the EGS4 system be installed. The Fortran source code may be ported to different architectures by modifying a few lines and only a moderate amount of CPU time is required ranging from about 5 h on PC/386/387 to a few seconds on a massively parallel supercomputer (a BBN TC2000 with 512 processors).
Percolative ionic conduction in the LiAlSi O 4 glass-ceramic system

The effect of crystallinity on the lithium ion conductivity in LiAlSi${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ glass and glass-ceramic solid electrolytes has been determined. The ionic conductivity is thermally activated with an activation energy and preexponential factor that change in a marked and nonsimple manner as the volume fraction of crystallinity changes. These results are explained by using a continuum percolation model (effective medium approximation) which assumes that ionic conduction in the glass-ceramic is almost entirely within the glass phase until the crystalline volume fraction rises above \ensuremath{\sim} 55%. The LiAlSi${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ system would seem to be nearly ideal for application of percolation theory since the crystalline phase, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ eucryptite, has nearly the same composition as the glass phase. Hence, as the crystallite volume fraction increases in the glass-ceramic, the residual glass composition and conductivity remain the same. This is the first application of percolation theory to ionic transport in glass-ceramics and excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiments for the LiAlSi${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ system.
A New Freshwater Species of Chaetoceros from the Great Lakes Region

Abstract A new taxon of diatom, Chaetoceros hohnii , known to occur in the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers and Saginaw Bay, is described and illustrated. Its distribution and environmental parameters are presented.
Platelets Alter Tumor Cell Attributes to Propel Metastasis: Programming in Transit

Metastasis of epithelial tumors critically depends on acquisition of a disseminating phenotype that allows tumor cells to colonize distant organs. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Labelle et al. demonstrate that an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition can be induced by interaction between platelets and tumor cells.
Studying physician-patient communication in the acute care setting: the hospitalist rapport study.

Abstract Objective To assess the feasibility of studying physician–patient communication in the acute care setting. Methods We recruited hospitalist physicians and patients from two hospitals within a university system and audio-recorded their first encounter. Recruitment, data collection, and challenges encountered were tracked. Results Thirty-two physicians consented (rate 91%). Between August 2008 and March 2009, 441 patients were referred, 210 (48%) were screened, and 119 (66% of 179 eligible) consented. We audio-recorded encounters of 80 patients with 27 physicians. Physicians’ primary concern about participation was interference with their workflow. Addressing their concerns and building the protocol around their schedules facilitated participation. Challenges unique to the acute care setting were: (1) extremely limited time for patient identification, screening, and enrollment during which patients were ill and busy with clinical care activities and (2) little advance knowledge of when physician–patient encounters would occur. Employing a full-time study coordinator mitigated these challenges. Conclusion Physician concerns for participating in communication studies are similar in ambulatory and acute care settings. The acute care setting presents novel challenges for patient recruitment and data collection. Practice implications These methods should be used to study provider–patient communication in acute care settings. Future work should test strategies to increase patient enrollment.
Development of Alternative Energy Laboratories in Support of a New Green Concentration in Mechanical Engineering

Alternative energy laboratory experiences have been developed to help support a new Green Concentration recently offered for the first time in the mechanical engineering program at Western New England College. These laboratories, which give students hands-on experience and a better understanding of basic concepts in wind energy, solar energy, and fuel cell technology, utilize an improved Alternative Energy Active Learning Platform, as well as newly developed indoor/outdoor Alternative Energy Laboratory facilities. The alternative energy indoor/outdoor laboratory facility includes six 195 Watt photovoltaic panels, a 30,000 Btu/clear day flat-plate solar collectors, a Thermomax evacuated tubes solar collector, as well as a full scale 1 kW wind turbine, whose scale allows for useful power and heat to be provided to the engineering building. This facility will be fully instrumented for the collection of key performance data and allows for large scale demonstration of alternative energy systems to students. Additionally, the improved Alternative Energy Active Learning Platform, which uses wind and solar energy to power an electrolyzer, which disassociates water into hydrogen and oxygen, and then subsequently uses the hydrogen and oxygen produced within a fuel cell to power a fan, has been automated to allow better visualization of each system in operation and more efficient data collection. This paper describes the development, operation and capabilities of both the new indoor/outdoor Alternative Energy Laboratory facilities, and the improved Alternative Energy Active Learning Platform, and their utilization within the Green Concentration of the undergraduate mechanical engineering program.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Relaxation of bulk and interfacial energies

In this paper we obtain an integral representation for the relaxation inBV(Ω; ℝp) of the functional $$u \mapsto \int\limits_\Omega {f(x.\nabla u(x))dx + \int\limits_{\sum _{(u)} } {\varphi (x,[u](x),v(x))dH_{N - 1} (x)} }$$ with respect to theBV weak * convergence.
Interventions to Preserve Beta-Cell Function in the Management and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

The International Diabetes Federation estimates that there are currently 336 million people worldwide who have type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the global prevalence of diabetes has more than doubled since 1980. The rapid rise in rates of T2DM echoes a similar rise in rates of obesity, which causes insulin resistance and places an increased insulin secretory demand on pancreatic β cells. While diabetes is diagnosed clinically by elevated plasma glucose levels, loss of β-cell function is progressive over time and β-cell dysfunction is far advanced by the time diabetes is diagnosed. Methods for preserving or restoring β-cell function are important for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Interventions that reduce body fat or that change fat biology provide the best evidence for slowing or arresting the deterioration of β-cell function that causes T2DM. These interventions should form the basis of interventions to prevent and treat T2DM, particularly early in its course.
A Computer Aided Characterization of the Compressive Creep Behavior of Potato and Cheddar Cheese

Compressive creep curves of potato flesh and cheddar cheese were fitted by a modified, four parameter model of the kind J(t) = Ko+ K1t + t/(K2+K3t) where J(t) is the compliance and the K's characteristic constants. The curves were fitted both with and without correction for cross-sectional area expansion and the nonlinearity of the strain. The fit of the model was comparable to that of the discrete Kelvin-Voigt model with 4 or 6 constants. The magnitude of the modified model constants was indicative of the general rheological character of the material and the stress dependency of the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior.
Population based trends in procedures following sling surgery for urinary incontinence

To investigate practice patterns and variation associated with sling removal/revision and urethrolysis on a population level. We used CPT 4 codes and the State Ambulatory Surgery Database (SASD) to identify all ambulatory procedures for sling removal/revision and urethrolysis from 2004 to 2009 in Florida. Next, we calculated adjusted rates for these procedures and measured regional variation in rates at the level of the Hospital Service Area (HSA). During this time period, rates of secondary procedures following slings more than doubled from 3.2 per 100,000 to 6.5 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001). There was a large amount of regional variation, with rates of these procedures varying more than 5-fold across HSAs. Regions that placed more slings did not necessarily have higher rates of secondary procedures following sling placement. The large amount of variability in rates of secondary procedures following slings signifies considerable uncertainty about the indications for these procedures. Further research is warranted to better explain potential sources for this variation in order to improve the quality of care surrounding midurethral sling placement and the recognition and treatment of its complications.
Probing the supra-nano-scale and micron-scale structure of liquid-crystal and polymer dispersions using laser light scattering

— Liquid-crystal and polymer dispersions are typically made utilizing one of three methods of phase separation. Laser light scattering is a convenient method to probe the evolving supra-nano scale and micron scale morphology of phase-separating mixtures. We used laser light scattering to probe the evolving supra-nano and micron scale structure of phase-separating liquid crystal and monomer mixtures induced with photon-initiated polymerization. We report on the evolutionary phase separation for mixtures of the E7 and the thiol-ene based optical adhesive Norland 65 from low to high weight percentages of E7.
Institutional factors affecting life-cycle impacts of microcomputers

Abstract Life-cycle analysis (LCA) is most commonly used to inform the product design process, but here the focus is on institutional design issues — contracts, rules, and procedures that govern the behavior of individuals working in large organizations. To illustrate the issues, this study investigates the procurement, use, and disposal of microcomputers in state government agencies in Trenton, New Jersey, USA. It finds evidence of environmentally and economically suboptimal asset management, much of which can be explained and mitigated by considering the associated transaction costs.
Diet of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) on the Shimokita Peninsula, northern Japan, in reference to variations with a 16-year interval

The diet of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) was analyzed quantitatively in a high density (14.8±3.0 individuals/km2) population throughout the year by direct observation of feeding behavior on the Shimokita Peninsula, northern Japan, during two survey periods, 1978-1980 and 1994-1996. Serows fed on 114 plants species and one species of fungus. Analyses of 16,686 bites indicated that serows fed mainly on leaves and twigs of deciduous broad-leaved trees, which formed 54.8-58.3% of the diet in autumn and 94.5-95.0% in winter, followed by forbs (16.5-39.1% from spring to autumn). The results suggest that the Japanese serow is a browser throughout the year, and is mainly a folivore. There was no significant difference in the dietary composition at the food category level, nor was there any change in the diversity index of the diet between the two study periods. The four top-ranking food species were identical in the both periods. Browsing by Japanese serows may have only limited impacts on vegetation because of low population densities related to territoriality.
Can pacemakers, neurostimulators, leads, or guide wires be MRI safe? Technological concerns and possible resolutions.

The substantial benefits of magnetic resonance imaging are often denied to patients known to have implanted medical devices such as pacemakers and neurostimulators. Other patients are put at potential risk when they undergo an MRI procedure, even though specific informed consent is required regarding the possible MRI interactions with the implanted device. The medical community is currently divided over the actual extent of the MRI safety problem. In this report, insight is provided into the wide array of results achieved by many researchers; also, several options for producing medical devices that are inherently safe under worst‐case MRI conditions are presented. As the problem is very complex and the variety of implants is large, this paper focuses on the problems of MRI‐induced lead heating.
Effectiveness of a personalized fitness module on knowledge, attitude, and cardiovascular endurance of fifth-grade students: "heart smart".

The effectiveness of a Personalized Fitness Module was compared to a Traditional Fitness Unit, both of which were designed to develop knowledge, behavioral skills, fitness and positive attitudes. 95 students in Grade 5 and from intact physical education/health classes within two public schools participated in a seven-week cardiovascular fitness program. The experimental group of 48 participated in the personalized and noncompetitive fitness module. The control group of 47 participated in the traditional unit, a teacher-centered fitness module. Students received a total of 14 55-min. lessons over seven weeks. Pre- and posttest measurements included the Superkids-Superfit Knowledge Test, the Children's Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Inventory, and the one-mile run/walk. Data were analyzed using group mean gain scores on eight dependent variables (knowledge, six subscales of attitude, and one-mile run/walk) followed by a multivariate analysis of variance. A significant difference between groups led to a ...
Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States

The management of fire-prone forests is one of the most controversial natural resource issues in the US today, particularly in the west of the country. Although vegetation and wildlife in these forests are adapted to fire, the historical range of fire frequency and severity was huge. When fire regimes are altered by human activity, major effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function are unavoidable. We review the ecological science relevant to developing and implementing fire and fuel management policies for forests before, during, and after wildfires. Fire exclusion led to major deviations from historical variability in many dry, low-elevation forests, but not in other forests, such as those characterized by high severity fires recurring at intervals longer than the period of active fire exclusion. Restoration and management of fire-prone forests should be precautionary, allow or mimic natural fire regimes as much as possible, and generally avoid intensive practices such as post-fire logging and planting.
Self-diagnosis of failures in VLSI tree array processors

The authors present a built-in self-test and diagnosis scheme for detecting and locating the faulty cells in a tree array. Since the signatures of all cells are generated simultaneously (i.e., parallel testing), the time required for the signature generating stage is constant, independent of the array size. Each cell (processing element) generates pseudorandom test patterns and compresses test responses into a signature. By comparing signatures, the signature for the fault-free processor is found and used to locate faulty processors. For arrays with distributed faults, a tree array is partitioned into subtrees on which the diagnosis algorithm is applied in parallel. The time complexity of the diagnosis algorithm is derived. >
Informing expectations for induction: explorations of attrition among supported beginning secondary science teachers in the United States

Abstract The problem of teacher shortages in many industrialized countries has been the catalyst for the provision of induction programs. The guiding purpose for these programs is to ease the transition from novice to professional and in turn encourage teachers to remain in the profession. This article explores the status of one science-focused induction program in the United States, with particular attention to the expectation that induction programs can help retain beginning teachers. The authors present the context for US induction programs and describe their development. They then examine the cases of eight beginning secondary science teachers who participated in the program but nevertheless chose to leave teaching. Findings indicate that teachers left because they were either out of place in the profession, or they had lost patience with their working conditions. The study broadens our understanding of reasonable expectations for induction programs and, through content analysis and cross-case compari...
Demonstration of wavelength stabilization in a free-electron laser

Wavelength stabilization of a free-electron laser (FEL) through the use of negative feedback has been successfully demonstrated at the Stanford Picosecond FEL Center. Short-term wavelength fluctuations have been reduced by-an order of magnitude and drift has been virtually eliminated. >
Slow-Neutron Scattering by Rotators. II

The methods developed in a previous paper for extending the neutron scattering formalism of Zemach and Glauber to any type of molecular rotator have been employed to derive generalized forms generalized forms of the differential cross sections for rotator scattering. A mass-ratio expansion for the treatment of the high-energy limit is illustrated on the classical cross section and then employed in the treatment of the more general quantum-mechanical expression for the differential cross section. The results apply to an arbitrarily asymmetric rotator. The very low energy approximation is carried out for the symmetric rotator, and the procedure is compared with the explicit summing of the partial cross sections for individual rotational transitions. The inelastic correction to the static approximation for interference scattering is calculated to an accuracy of first order in the mass ratios for the case of the symmetric rotator.
Detecting outlier genes from high-dimensional data: a fuzzy approach

A recent nding in cancer research has been the characterization of previously undiscovered chromosomal abnormalities in several types of solid tumors. This was found based on analyses of high-throughput data from gene expression microarrays and motivated the development of so-called ‘outlier’ tests for dierential expression. One statistical issue was the potential discreteness of the test statistics. Using ideas from fuzzy set theory, we develop fuzzy outlier detection algorithms that have links to ideas in multiple comparisons. Two- and K-sample extensions are considered. The methodology is illustrated by application to two microarray studies.
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Child Outcomes: Real or Spurious Effect?

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is a major public health concern with clearly established consequences to both mother and newborn (e.g., low birth weight, altered cardiorespiratory responses). MSDP has also been associated with higher rates of a variety of poor cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, impaired learning and memory, and cognitive dysfunction. However, the evidence suggesting causal effects of MSDP for these outcomes is muddied in the existing literature due to the frequent inability to separate prenatal exposure effects from other confounding environmental and genetic factors. Carefully designed studies using genetically sensitive strategies can build on current evidence and begin to elucidate the likely complex factors contributing to associations between MSDP and child outcomes.
The Importance of Motivation for the Future of the LD Field

If the LD field is to make important breakthroughs in coming years, it must avoid becoming insular and parochial. There are important ideas to be gleaned from the work of individuals not enmeshed with the specific problems we confront everyday. Individuals outside the LD field can bring fresh perspectives that allow us to see beyond the boundaries of our current frameworks and procedures. They often see what's missing and suggest important connecting links to improve the way we understand and deal with learning disabilities. As an example of the potential value of soliciting outside viewpoints, we asked Edward Deci and his colleague Cristine Chandler to read over the papers included in the series of articles on “The Future of the LD Field” and to analyze and comment on our field's future from the perspective of Deci's distinguished work on human psychology. The result is a provocative discussion that first reviews the papers in the future series with reference to definition, etiology, prevention, and trea...
IMPACTS OF EARLY- AND LATE-SERAL MYCORRHIZAE DURING RESTORATION IN SEASONAL TROPICAL FOREST, MEXICO

Disturbance of vegetation and soil may change the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which may in turn affect plant species responses to AMF. Seasonal tropical forest in Mexico is undergoing rapid conversion to early-successional forest because of increased wildfire and may require restoration. The responses of six early- and late-successional tree species were tested using early- and late-successional AMF inoculum. The plants were germinated in the shadehouse and received three inoculum treatments: (1) soil from a two-year-old burned site, (2) soil from a mature forest site, or (3) uninoculated controls. They were transplanted as seedlings to a site prepared by burning, and their growth was measured from September 1997 to November 2000. All six species had the greatest growth response to early-seral inoculum, but the response to late-seral inoculum varied. Two tree species, Ceiba pentandra and Guazuma ulmifolia, were smallest with late-seral inoculum, even smaller than the uninocu...
Serotonin-deficient mutants and male mating behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Defining a behavior that requires the function of specific neurons in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can allow one to screen for mutations that disrupt the specification or function of those neurons. We identified serotonin-immunoreactive neurons required for tail curling or “turning” behavior exhibited by C. elegans males during mating. Males mutant in three different genes that reduce serotonin expression, cat-1, cat-4, and bas-1, exhibited defects in turning behavior similar to those of wild-type males in which these neurons were ablated. The turning defect of cat-4 males was rescued by exogenous serotonin, consistent with the idea that their behavioral defect is caused by a lack of serotonin. While the serotonin-deficient mutants we analyzed shared certain behavioral traits, they were blocked for serotonin synthesis at different steps. Analysis of these and additional serotonin-deficient mutants may help us understand how a neuron controls the expression of a serotonergic phenotype.
An approach for using risk assessment in risk-informed decisions on plant-specific changes to the licensing basis

Abstract This paper discusses an acceptable approach that the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff has proposed for using Probabilistic Risk Assessment in making decisions on changes to the licensing basis of a nuclear power plant. First, the overall philosophy of risk-informed decision-making, and the process framework are described. The philosophy is encapsulated in five principles, one of which states that, if the proposed change leads to an increase in core damage frequency or risk, the increases must be small and consistent with the intent of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Safety Goal Policy Statement. The second part of the paper discusses the use of PRA to demonstrate that this principle has been met. The discussion focuses on the acceptance guidelines, and on comparison of the PRA results with those guidelines. The difficulties that arise because of limitations in scope and analytical uncertainties are discussed and approaches to accommodate these difficulties in the decision-making are described.
Preparing World War I Soldiers for Peacetime: The Army's University in France

World War I brought into the army large numbers of men with diverse educational back grounds, many of whom had their education interrupted by the draft. An extensive educational program was developed to meet soldiers' needs for understanding the war effort and preparing for participation in the new peace-time world. Working with civilian organizations, particularly the Y.M.C.A., the army built a comprehensive educational system in Europe, including the army's own University. Many of the leaders of the Army's University remained active and influential in adult education between the wars.
Group Size and Vigilance in Pronghorns

The relationship between group size and vigilance in pronghorn antelopes (Antilocapra americana) was examined. As group size increased, the proportion of vigilant pronghorns decreased. Individuals in larger groups foraged longer than those in smaller groups. However, only solitary individuals foraged for significantly less time than individuals in all other group sizes. Solitary females with fawns present foraged for significantly less time than solitary males; solitary females without fawns present had intermediate foraging times. Peripheral individuals appeared to be more wary than those in the center of groups; the first two individuals to lift their heads were more likely to be on the periphery. Individuals lifted their heads at random with respect to one another. Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Wachsamkeit und Trupp-Grose wurde am Gabelbock (Antilocapra) im Grand Teton Nationalpark (USA) untersucht. Mit steigender Gruppengrose sinkt der Prozentsatz wachsamer Individuen. Individuen fressen in grosen Gruppen langer als in kleinen, einzeln lebende fressen signifikant weniger als Gruppenmitglieder. Einzelne Mutter mit Kitz fressen signifikant kurzere Zeit als einzelne Bocke, die Freseiten einzelner Weibchen ohne Kind liegen zwischen beiden. Individuen am Gruppenrand scheinen wachsamer als solche inmitten der Gruppe; die ersten beiden Individuen, die den Kopf heben, befinden sich mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit am Gruppenrand. Das Kopfheben geschieht unabhangig von dem anderer Individuen.
Some Bulk Properties of Cumulus Ensembles Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model.Part I: Cloud Root Properties

Abstract To provide a basis for developing an improved cloud model for use in cumulus parameterization (CMCP), a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model is used to simulate the bulk properties of cloud roots. Two idealized experiments are presented: one is based on an undisturbed trade wind situation and the other is based on a disturbed tropical situation. The simulated data are analyzed through extensive trajectory analysis to trace the thermodynamic properties and buoyancy of ascending air back into the subcloud layer. Particular efforts are placed on finding the relations between cloud root properties and large-scale variables that are valid for both deep and shallow clouds. It is found that the air below cloud base (in cloud roots) is usually moister than its environment and typically becomes saturated at levels closer to or below the mixed-layer top. Moreover, no matter at which levels cloud roots become saturated, they have very small buoyancy near the level of the mixed-layer top. Based on these two...
Determination of mosaicity in oriented stacks of lipid bilayers

Two methods of measuring the misorientation of domains in oriented multilamellar stacks of lipid bilayers superficially appeared to give different values for the mosaic spread. It is first shown that the traditional rocking method and a newer ring method give the same value of the mosaic spread when the two types of data are similarly analyzed. Both indicate a long-tailed, nearly Lorentzian, mosaic distribution function. Our primary innovation is the analysis of ring data as a function of the rocking angle. For our best oriented DOPC sample, this analysis is consistent with a single Lorentzian mosaic distribution function with width 0.05°. In contrast, samples of DMPC indicate a more complex mosaic distribution and larger widths.
Gallium(III) Tetraphenylporphyrinates Containing Hydrosulfide and Thiolate Ligands: Structural Models for Sulfur-Bound Iron(III) Hemes.

Gallium(III) tetraphenylporphyrinates (TPP) containing anionic sulfur ligands have been prepared and characterized in the solid state and solution. The complexes serve as structural models for iron(III) heme sites containing sulfur coordination that otherwise prove challenging to synthesize due to the propensity for reduction to iron(II). The compounds prepared include the first well-characterized example of a trivalent metalloporphyrinate containing a terminal hydrosulfide ligand, [Ga(SH)(TPP)], as well as [Ga(SEt)(TPP)], [Ga(SPh)(TPP)], and [Ga(SSiiPr3)(TPP)]. The stability of these compounds toward reduction has permitted an investigation of their solid-state structures and electrochemistry. The structural features and reaction chemistry of the complexes in relation to their iron(III) analogs is discussed.
On the Econ within

This essay examines the critique of behavioral economics that Infante, Lecouteaux and Sugden (ILS) offer in:"Preference Purification and the Inner Rational Agent.” It identifies and questions three main criticisms that ILS make: (i) a methodological criticism, alleging that there is no psychological basis for the attribution of purified preferences, (ii) an epistemological criticism, alleging that there is little evidence for claims about purified preferences, and (iii) a normative criticism, arguing that policies should aim to facilitate people’s choices rather than to satisfy purified preferences. The essay also distinguishes the view of welfare economics defended in Preference, Value, Choice, and Welfare from the claims of behavioral economists ILS criticize.
Analysis of Intestinal Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-Related Complex

Lymphocyte subpopulations in the intestinal tissues of seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) were studied by immunohistologic technics at two different locations, the small bowel and the rectum. Intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocyte subsets stained with monoclonal antibodies T11, T4, T8, and B1 were enumerated in the patients and different normal and patient control groups. Intraepithelial T11+ cells were decreased ( P < 0.05) in the small bowel of AIDS and ARC patients, primarily because of the near complete absence of T4+ lymphocytes. In the lamina propria of these patients, a depletion of T4+ cells ( P < 0.05), an increase in T8+ cells ( P < 0.05), and a reversal of the T4/T8 ratio were observed ( e.g ., the small bowel ratio was 0.1 ± 0.02 vs . the normal ratio of 2.3 ± 0.2 and the rectal ratios were 0.2 ± 0.06 vs. normal 2.6 ± 0.3). The T-lymphocytes in the intestine of AIDS and ARC patients did not express the receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2). A near complete absence of T4+ lymphocytes was also seen in lymphoid follicles in the rectum. B1+ cells were not depleted. The reversal of the T4/T8 ratio, which is a hallmark of AIDS, occurs not only in the circulation but also in the gastrointestinal tissues of patients with AIDS and ARC.
Socio-Economic Challenges and Risks of Genetically Modified Foods

The Department of Science and Technology also informed the Committee that due to consistent and substantial economic, environmental and welfare benefits of GM crops, 14 million farmers, including small and resource-poor, planted 134 million hectare of GM crops in 2009, across 25 countries during fourteenth year of commercialization of GM crops with share of developing countries at 46%. Thus GM crops can contribute to major challenges facing global society such as food security, sustainability, alleviation of poverty and hunger, and help mitigate some challenges associated with climate change. The effects of genetically modified foods on human health and well being are at its infancy. There exist little reputable scientific evidence in the current literature to suggest that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and health. Food producers and processors in response to the increasing demand for cheap, nutritious foods have invested considerable resources in developing new products using genetic engineering. It is hoped that this new technology would be used to solve the problems of hunger, food security and pest control, but at what cost to the safety of the consumer and public.Humanitarian use of GR will give both critics and advocates of genetically-modified crops the chance to work toward the goal of creating sustainable solutions for global nutritional concerns. If GMOs of all types can be developed to aid the global community in reducing suffering and building sustainable communities, then we support the efforts of the global community to develop these crops and organisms.