cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-acute Transitional Journey: Caring for Orthopedic Surgery Patients in the United States

As the geriatric population in the United States continues to age, there will be an increased demand for total hip and total knee arthroplasties (THAs and TKAs). Older patients tend to have more comorbidities and poorer health, and will require post-acute care (PAC) following discharge. The most utilized PAC facilities following THA and TKA are skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), in-patient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), and home with home health care (HHC). Coordination of care between hospitals and PACs, including the complete transfer of patient information, continues to be a challenge which impacts the quality of care provided by the PACs. The increased demand of hospital resources and PACs by the geriatric population necessitates an improvement in this transition of care process. This review aims to examine the transition of care process currently utilized in the United States for orthopedic surgery patients, and discuss methods for improvement. Employing these approaches will play a key role in improving patient outcomes, decreasing preventable hospital readmissions, and reducing mortality following THA and TKA. The extensive nature of this topic and the ramification of different types of healthcare systems in different countries were the determinant factors limiting our work.
Estimated Profit: A Look at the Excess Revenues of Private Four-Year Nonprofit Postsecondary Institutions

In this study, we use institution-level data for the period 2004 to 2016 from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to examine the excess revenues of private, four-year nonprofit insti...
School Health Program: Impacting Physical Activity Behaviors Among Disadvantaged Students

Background Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are more apt to experience lower availability of nutritious foods, lack opportunities to exercise, and lack access to recreational facilities, and thus, are more likely to be obese and at greater risk for developing chronic diseases. We review school health education programs' impact on physical activity behaviors among disadvantaged students. Methods The inclusion criteria of the study were articles: published in English with full text between 2011 and 2017; focused on school health education programs for disadvantaged school-aged students; assessed programs including a physical activity component; examined school-aged children and adolescents' physical activity behaviors; and assessed programs with comparison groups. Results There were 13 studies matching inclusion criteria in this review. The results of this review indicated that school-based health education programs which included culturally appropriate physical activity, parent involvement, and enhanced student motivation and choice of activities appeared to increase physical activity levels among disadvantaged school-aged students. Health education programs should also emphasize behavioral change skills, such as goal setting and self-motivation, to positively impact on students' physical activity behaviors. Conclusions School-based health education programs may help increase access to physical activity among disadvantaged populations.
MRI-guided frame-based stereotactic brainstem biopsy procedure: A single-center experience.

Abstract Introduction and objectives This study aims at presenting our experience of the MRI-guided frame-based stereotactic brainstem biopsy method, and evaluating the outcomes of the procedure. Patients and methods The current study involved 18 cases that underwent MRI-guided frame-based stereotactic biopsy for brainstem lesions between 2011 and 2018 in our clinic. The relevant data regarding the technique of the biopsy procedure, morbidity, histopathological diagnosis it yields and diagnostic accuracy was retrospectively analyzed. Results Stereotactic biopsy procedure was performed on 18 patients, including 16 adults and two children. MRI was used as guidance for the biopsy procedure in all patients. The adult patients had the biopsy under local anesthesia; as for the pediatric patients local anesthesia plus sedation was used. All patients received diagnosis based on the histopathological examination of their biopsy samples. No equivocal or negative results, and no major morbidity or mortality was seen in the patients after the procedure. Conclusions MRI-guided frame-based stereotactic biopsy can be considered as a safe and efficient diagnostic method for brainstem lesions when its diagnostic yield and its morbidity and/or mortality rates are evaluated. Choosing the best trajectory for each lesion, using MRI as guidance for targeting, taking a limited number of biopsy samples are valuable criteria for the decreased morbidity rates in stereotactic brainstem biopsy procedures.
Minding the gap?: Mechanisms underlying resumption in English

In processing filler-gap dependencies, comprehenders quickly postulate gaps in syntactically licensed positions, but not in syntactic islands. This suggests that comprehenders can accurately use syntactic constraints to guide processing. However, resumptive pronouns appear to challenge this generalization. Resumption is ungrammatical in English. Nevertheless, they appear to immediately allow resolution of a filler dependency in syntactic islands (Hofmeister & Norcliffe 2013). I resolve this tension by arguing that pronouns are analyzed as resumptive when typical filler-gap dependency processing fails. I argue that processing a filler-gap dependency requires anticipatorily building a gapped structure. However, as further linguistic material is processed, this representation degrades in memory. Resumption facilitates processing by triggering a reference dependency, which allows the comprehender to recover a coherent interpretation of the sentence. This predicts that the accessibility of filler NP as a referent for a pronoun, length, and processing difficulty all contribute to the acceptability of resumption. I present the results of four acceptability judgment studies that support this claim. I also introduce a novel experimental paradigm, in which participants’ working memory capacity is taxed while processing a sentence. This increase in processing strain decreases sensitivity to ungrammatical filler dependencies. I argue that this partially explains the acceptability of resumption in syntactic island contexts, which are likely resource-intensive.
Preconditioners for nonsymmetric indefinite linear systems

Abstract In this paper, we develop algorithms for solving nonsymmetric indefinite linear systems by considering the augmented linear systems resulting from a weighted linear least squares problem. Even though the augmented system is more ill-conditioned than the original linear system, one can construct preconditioned GMRES methods for solving these augmented systems capable of obtaining reasonable approximation of the solution in fewer iterations than the classical ILU preconditioned GMRES method for solving the original linear system. More specifically, we present two different preconditioners for these augmented systems, examine the spectral properties of these preconditioned augmented systems, and report numerical results to illustrate the effectiveness of these preconditioners.
Physician Reentry into Clinical Practice: Regulatory Challenges

ABSTRACT Physician reentry to clinical practice is fast becoming recognized as an issue of central importance in discussions about the physician workforce. While there are few empirical studies, ex...
The third heart sound.

BACKGROUND In the current era of cost-effective delivery of health care, it is particularly timely to carefully reevaluate the clinical utility of selected physical signs. The third heart sound (S3) is one such sign that is the focus of the current review. METHODS I conducted a computerized MEDLINE search of articles related to S3 published since 1966. For information before 1966, textbook and other cross-references from MEDLINE-identified sources were used. RESULTS The presence of S3 may be the earliest clue to the presence of left ventricular failure. It predicts a high risk of postoperative complications in the setting of noncardiac surgery and is a predictor of response to digoxin in patients with congestive heart failure. However, the interobserver variation in its detection is high even among experienced clinicians. CONCLUSIONS While the presence of S3 may have important clinical implications, high interobserver variation in detection limits its use.
Testing the forms and consequences of collaboration risk in emergency management networks

This paper elaborates the concept of collaboration risk and measures collaboration risk in an emergency management context to investigate the relations between perceived collaboration risks and net...
Cyclic performance of in-plane shear cross-laminated timber panel-to-panel surface spline connections

Abstract Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have been used as structural diaphragm elements that form the primary lateral force-resisting system in mass-timber buildings. To better understand the overall performance of CLT diaphragms, an experimental program including monotonic and cyclic in-plane shear panel-to-panel spline connections tests was conducted. The spline connections were constructed using nails and screws with different spacings. Experimental results from the testing program allow for characterization of the performance of the connection systems in terms of elastic stiffness, strength, and ductility. Based on the results of this specific testing program, nailed spline connections displayed similar performance in terms of stiffness and strength and were more 58.7% more ductile than the screw connections, which is partly explained by the larger overstrength factors observed for the screw connections. A simplified performance model is presented to aid designers in determining the elastic, inelastic, and post-peak force parameters of the various spline connections tested.
Probabilistic Occupancy via Forward Stochastic Reachability for Markov Jump Affine Systems

Probabilistic occupancy, the likelihood that the state at a known future time lies in a given set, is important in a variety of stochastic motion planning problems. We provide efficient computational techniques, based in Fourier transforms, to characterize the stochasticity of the future state for Markov jump affine systems. This class of systems captures a variety of important dynamics in planning problems, including the Dubins’ vehicle. We employ convex optimization to compute outer approximations of the superlevel sets of the probabilistic occupancy function, which is a key for preserving the safety guarantees sought in collision-avoidance problems. In contrast to traditional approaches, our approach does not rely on gridding, recursion, or sampling, accommodates non-Gaussian perturbed dynamics, and affords outer-approximation guarantees. We demonstrate our methods on the target pursuit problem with multiple robots pursuing a nonadversarial target with stochastic dynamics, and on the problem of computing keep-out regions for stochastic collision avoidance of a Dubins’ vehicle.
Fundamentals of Cancer Immunology and Their Application to Cancer Vaccines.

The capacity of the immune system to influence tumor progression has been a long-standing notion that first generated clinical traction over a hundred years ago when Dr William Coley injected disaggregated bacterial components into sarcomas and noted that the ensuing inflammation commonly associated with tumor regression [1]. Since then, our understanding of the individual components and the overall interaction of the immune system has expanded exponentially. This has led to the development of a robust understanding of how components of innate and adaptive immunity recognize and respond to tumors and leveraging this information for the development of tumor immunotherapies. However, clinical failures have also deepened our knowledge of how tumors might adapt/be selected to avoid or inhibit immune responses, which in turn has led to the further iteration of immunotherapies. In this tutorial, the established elements of tumor immunity are explained, and areas where our knowledge base is too thin is highlighted. The principles of tumor immunity that guide the development of cancer vaccines are further illustrated, and potential considerations of how to integrate cancer vaccines with conventional therapies and other immunotherapies are proposed.
Towards a Reference Model to Ensure the Quality of Massive Open Online Courses and E-Learning

The proliferation of Internet has introduced new technological advances into digital education. One of them is the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). MOOCs are online learning environments offering educational programs to large numbers of geographically dispersed students, free of charge. The rapid development of MOOCs leads to investigate their provided quality of learning, consisting of a combination of factors such as the development life cycle of MOOCs, the quality criteria and the involved members. In view of the above, this paper presents QUMMEL (Quality Model for MOOCs and E-Learning) which is a novel reference model for assessing the quality in e-learning and MOOCs. QUMMEL is a three-dimensional model, being consisted of distinct phases, perspectives and roles. It represents a holistic approach for ensuring quality in either a MOOC or an e-learning environment in terms of pedagogical, technological and strategic perspectives. The evaluation results of applying the QUMMEL in the development of a MOOC are very promising and can offer a fertile ground to foster quality in e-learning.
Efficacy of Sex Steroid Therapy Without Progestin or GnRH Agonist for Gonadal Suppression in Adult Transgender Patients.

CONTEXT Testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) are administered to suppress gonadal function in female-to-male (FTM) and male-to-female (MTF) transgender patients. How often sex steroids cause adequate suppression without GnRH agonist (GnRHa) or progestin therapy has not been reported. OBJECTIVES (1) To determine how often T and E2 therapy alone can effectively suppress gonadal function in MTF and FTM transgender patients, and (2) to determine the frequency and range of serum E2 levels above the normal male range in FTM patients receiving T therapy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Outpatient reproductive endocrinology clinic at an academic medical center. PATIENTS A total of 65 FTM and 33 MTF patients were included who were > 18 years of age and not receiving progestin or GnRHa therapy. INTERVENTION Female-to-male patients were receiving T through injections or gel. Male-to-female patients were receiving oral or subcutaneous E2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS In FTM patients the indicator of ovary suppression was amenorrhea. In MTF patients, the indicator of testes suppression was T levels <50 ng/dL. RESULTS Median serum total T level for FTM patients was 712 ng/dL (range, 370-1164 ng/dL). On T therapy alone, 90.8% of patients achieved amenorrhea and 49.2% of patients had serum E2 levels above the normal range for women. For MTF patients, the median serum E2 level was 129.2 pg/mL (range, 75-197 pg/mL). On E2 therapy alone, 84.8% of MTF patients had adequate suppression of testicular function. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone and E2 therapy are usually effective without progestin or GnRHa therapy to suppress gonadal function in transgender patients. Progestin and/or GnRHa therapy should only be initiated in those patients who do not have adequate gonadal suppression on optimized doses of T or E2 alone.
Joint or separate? The effect of visual presentation on imagery and product evaluation

Abstract In this research, we examine the effect of joint versus separate visual presentation on consumers’ product evaluation. Counter to prior research on hedonic editing and unpacking, which suggests that separate presentation or unpacking produces greater utility, we propose and demonstrate in this paper that joint visual presentation can increase product evaluation. This pattern of effects occurs because presenting products together facilitates mental imagery of the product consumption, which leads to greater perceived psychological ownership and higher product evaluation. As such, the effect of joint presentation on product evaluation is attenuated when mental imagery is disrupted under joint presentation, encouraged under separate presentation, or when products lack complementarity to elicit mental imagery of one cohesive consumption episode. Evidence from seven studies provides converging support for these hypothesized effects and their underlying process. Our findings contribute to the literature on visual presentation, unpacking, and imagery, offering relevant implications to marketers and retailers.
Drum breach: Operational temporalities, error politics and WIPP's kitty litter nuclear waste accident.

In February 2014 at the WIPP transuranic waste repository in New Mexico, a drum erupted in fire. It exposed 22 people to radiation, shut down the underground facility for 35 months and cost the Uni...
A haplotype map of the human genome

For the past several years, human biologists have eagerly awaited the completion of the human genome sequence. The draft sequence, an incomplete yet remarkably useful tool to geneticists, has been available for almost two years, and the finished version is expected by April 2003. While this sequence
The Proxy Problem: Fairness and Artificial Intelligence

Developers of predictive systems use proxies when it is impossible or too expensive for them to directly observe attributes relevant to predictions they would like to make. Use of proxies has the consequence that one area of one’s life can have significant consequences for another seemingly disconnected area, and that raises concerns about fairness. Our starting point for addressing the fairness question is the economist John Roemer’s observation in Equality of Opportunity that a conception of “equality of opportunity . . . prevalent today in Western democracies . . . says that society should do what it can to ‘level the playing field’ among individuals who compete for positions.” Proxies raise novel “level playing field” questions. These questions raise issues of social justice that extend far beyond the focus discrimination against protected groups, the focus typical of work on AI and fairness. We outline an approach regulating proxies that assigns a regulatory role to (in the US system) a federal agency such as the Federal Trade Commission, and we show how mathematically expressed constraints on AI can play a role in such an approach.
Multi-mode root preserving ptychographic phase retrieval algorithm for dispersion scan.

We present a phase retrieval algorithm for dispersion scan (d-scan), inspired by ptychography, which is capable of characterizing multiple mutually-incoherent ultrafast pulses (or modes) in a pulse train simultaneously from a single d-scan trace. In addition, a form of Newton’s method is employed as a solution to the square root problem commonly encountered in second harmonic pulse measurement techniques. Simulated and experimental phase retrievals of both single-mode and multi-mode d-scan traces are shown to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the root preserving ptychographic algorithm (RPPA).
Late health outcomes in survivors of Wilms tumor: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime (SJLIFE) cohort study.

10038Background: We aimed to characterize late health, neurocognitive, and physical performance outcomes among survivors of Wilms tumor. Methods: Wilms tumor survivors (n = 280), ≥ 5 years from dia...
Mental imagery-based self-regulation: Effects on physical activity behaviour and its cognitive and affective precursors over time.

OBJECTIVES (1) Test whether a mental imagery-based self-regulation intervention increases physical activity behaviour over 90 days; (2) Examine cognitive and affective precursors of change in physical activity behaviour. DESIGN A randomized control trial with participants (N = 500) randomized to one of six intervention conditions in a 3 (risk communication format: bulleted list, table, risk ladder) x 2 (mental imagery behaviour: physical activity, active control [sleep hygiene]) factorial design. METHODS After receiving personalized risk estimates via a website on a smartphone, participants listened to an audiorecording that guided them through a mental imagery activity related to improving physical activity (intervention group) or sleep hygiene behaviour (active control). Participants received text message reminders to complete the imagery for 3 weeks post-intervention, 4 weekly text surveys to assess behaviour and its cognitive and affective precursors, and a mailed survey 90 days post-baseline. RESULTS Physical activity increased over 90 days by 19.5 more minutes per week (95%CI: 2.0, 37.1) in the physical activity than the active control condition. This effect was driven by participants in the risk ladder condition, who exercised 54.8 more minutes (95%CI 15.6, 94.0) in the physical activity condition than participants in the active control sleep hygiene group. Goal planning positively predicted physical activity behaviour (b = 12.2 minutes per week, p = 0.002), but self-efficacy, image clarity, and affective attitudes towards behaviours did not (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mental imagery-based self-regulation interventions can increase physical activity behaviour, particularly when supported by personalized disease risk information presented in an easy-to-understand format.
German Unification and the Union of Europe: The Domestic Politics of Integration Policy

German Unification and the Union of Europe discusses some of the most interesting questions in the study of comparative politics and international relations. The book studies the sources of continuity and change in German policy toward the European Union, set in the context of the competing pulls of integration into the EU, and unification of East and West Germany. Employing a framework of analysis premised on the interaction of interests, institutions and ideas, the book asks: how has the domestic politics of unification influenced German policy toward Europe? Why has continuity reigned in some areas, whereas in others significant changes, sometimes reversals, have been registered? What are the implications of this checkered pattern of outcomes for Germany and for Europe? Jeffrey Anderson's book focusses on the political economy issues (such as trade, internal market, energy, and industrial policy) which represent key components of both German domestic politics and Germany's relationship with Europe.Awarded the DAAD 2000 Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German Studies: Politics and Foreign Policy.
Suicidal Behavior Among Gay Male Youth

ABSTRACT Suicide has been purported to be a major problem among gays and lesbians in general, and rates of suicidal behavior (suicide attempts and ideation) are said to be even higher among adolescent samples. While most studies have consistently found rates of suicide attempts among gay and lesbian adolescent populations to be two to three times higher than their heterosexual peers, these findings have not been supported by all studies, particularly those which have relied upon the findings of psychological autopsies. In a comprehensive review of the literature, over 100 sources are examined to determine: (a) whether suicidal behaviors are greater among gay male youths than among heterosexuals, (b) if, in fact, homosexuality is nonpathological, can the higher rates of purported suicide be explained if supported by the literature, and (c) can findings contradicting the higher rates of suicidal behavior among gay male youth be explained? It is hypothesized that the higher rates of suicidal behavior among g...
Diplomatic Theory of International Relations: Crazy religion diplomacy

Whatever the problems posed by greedy companies and other economic actors for the effective conduct of diplomacy, it is easy to assume that they cannot be as bad as those posed by crazy religions, denominations and their members. The idea of “crazy religion” flags an apparently new and pressing challenge to the conduct of contemporary international relations. Since the attacks of “9/11” and subsequent events, largely in the United States, Western Europe, South West Asia and the Middle East, insurgent sects have appeared among peoples like hot cinders falling upon forests which, for reasons that to educated received opinion remain shocking and unfathomable, are dry and ready to burn. In a world rendered increasingly intelligible, controllable and exploitable by the application of scientific enquiry and technological discovery to human affairs, growing numbers of people are attracted to pre-scientific accounts of the world and their place within it. Not only that, they are prepared to be mobilized and to act on the basis of these understandings. What does this development tell us about people, the impact of modernization upon them and the prospects for peoples living peacefully together? The international relations of the Middle East often illustrate the problems posed by religion for diplomacy in their sharpest form. How does one negotiate with people who believe their title to a contested piece of land comes from God, and how do they negotiate with people directed by false gods or no gods at all?
Binary Alloys of Titanium with the Second-Long-Period (4d) and Third-Long-Period (5d)Transition Elements

This chapter deals with superconductivity in alloys of Ti with the 4d-transition elements Zr through Pd and the 5d-transition elements Hf through Pt. Whenever possible, the solutes are treated in common-group-number pairs (e.g. Zr is coupled with Hf, Tc with Re, and so on) in view of the close relationship that exists between 4d and 5d elements from the same column of the periodic table. As in the previous chapter, the treatment proceeds in order of increasing group number. There are, however, some exceptions to this system: Ti-Nb is omitted, being the subject of a separate chapter, and due to a lack of data, Ti-W and Ti-Pd are also excluded from the following discussion.
Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer production.

Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer production
Expression of biologically active human follitropin in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract To study the structure-function relationships of follitropin (FSH), we expressed the hormone in a heterologous cell system. A genomic clone bearing a 3.7-kilobase FSH beta insert containing the entire coding sequence was transfected alone or together with the alpha subunit gene into Chinese hamster ovary cells and stable lines expressing either FSH beta or FSH dimer were selected. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that, when transfected alone FSH beta was very slowly secreted similar to lutropin beta and thyrotropin beta but unlike choriogonadotropin beta which is efficiently secreted. However, cotransfection of the FSH beta and alpha subunit genes resulted in "rescue" of the beta subunit and rapid secretion of dimer. These data support the hypothesis that the glycoprotein hormones of pituitary origin have determinants for secretion that differ from those on the placental hormone, choriogonadotropin. Recombinant FSH stimulated steroidogenesis comparable to purified human FSH isolated from pituitaries in an in vitro rat granulosa cell assay and appears more homogeneous by chromatofocusing. Human FSH produced by this cell line provides a source of bioactive FSH for experimental and clinical use.
Eggs yield nuclear DNA from egg-laying female cowbirds, their embryos and offspring

Here we report methods forextracting maternal DNA from avian eggshells oroffspring DNA from eggshells and embryos. Thesemethods offer alternative techniques forobtaining DNA from oviparous organisms. UsingDNA extracted from eggshells, we obtainmicrosatellite genotypes of the brood parasiticbrown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater)female that laid the eggs and/or her hatchedoffspring. Using DNA extracted from embryos, weobtain microsatellite genotypes of offspring.We demonstrate that separate extractionsperformed on the embryo and shell from a singleegg can provide DNA from the embryo and itsmother, respectively. This single-egg approachfor obtaining both maternal and embryonic DNAsimplifies paternity analyses because allelesunique to the embryo can be considered paternalin origin. Finally we report two newmicrosatellite loci and primer sequences forbrown-headed cowbirds.
Equisingularity and Simultaneous Resolution of Singularities

Zariski defined equisingularity on an n-dimensional hypersurface V via stratification by “dimensionality type,” an integer associated to a point by means of a generic local projection to affine n-space. A possibly more intuitive concept of equisingularity can be based on stratification by simultaneous resolvability of singularities. The two approaches are known to be equivalent for families of plane curve singularities. In higher dimension we ask whether constancy of dimensionality type along a smooth subvariety W of V implies the existence of a simultaneous resolution of the singularities of V along W. (The converse is false.)
Angiographic flow measurements in neuroembolization procedures

The objective of embolization is to selectively block or reduce blood flow through abnormal vascular structures. It is desirable to quantitate blood flow, and the authors are investigating appearance time and first pass distribution analysis (FPA) algorithms applied to angiographic image sequences. The emphasis is on developing a practical method for relative flow measurement that can be provided during a procedure. Preliminary results include color-coded images of arrival times that give a very useful visualization. >
Eleventh Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research: A Long Shadow: The American Pursuit of Political Justice and Education Equality

This article examines the historical relationship between political power and the pursuit of education and social equality from the Reconstruction era to the present. The chief argument is that education equality is historically linked to and even predicated on equal political power, specifically, equal access to the franchise and instruments of government. Following the Civil War and the collapse of the slaveholding aristocracy, the nation faced an unusual opportunity to reinvent itself by incorporating a new concept of equal citizenship in the postbellum Constitution. Despite the new constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law, Congress failed to establish equal access to the instruments of government. Following a protracted and intense debate over race, equality, and voting rights, the leaders of the Reconstruction Congress decided not to establish the most important guarantee of equality, that is, equal access to the elective franchise protected by federal constitutiona...
Online versus Face-to-Face Accounting Education: A Comparison of CPA Exam Outcomes across Matched Institutions.

Programmatic-level comparisons are made between the certified public accountant (CPA) exam outcomes of two types of accounting programs: online or distance accounting programs and face-to-face or classroom accounting programs. After matching programs from each group on student selectivity at admission, the two types of programs are compared on CPA exam outcomes of graduates. Results show online or distance accounting programs have much lower average CPA pass rates than their matched face-to-face counterparts with equivalent student selection criteria. In addition, average 6-year graduation rates and average propensity to sit for the CPA exam after graduation are much lower in the online or distance accounting programs.
Being Modern in Revolutionary Russia

Banerjee explores links among science, technology, science popularization, and modernization in early-20th-century Russia.
Government Engineering Aid to Railroads Before the Civil War

American historians have commonly given attention to the manner in which the Federal Government stimulated the early growth of railroads by the remission of tariff duties on railway iron and particularly by land grants after 1850. They have said little about government promotion of railroads before the Civil War through the provision of engineering services. But this engineering aid was a major element in the initial progress of railroading and is an important aspect of the history of government economic policy toward transportation and science. This government aid is here discussed in terms of (1) the technical assistance given to railroads directly by the Army engineers and (2) the indirect stimulus given to railroads by government promotion of engineering science.
Classification and surgical management of patients with familial and sporadic forms of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.

Abstract Purpose To outline the clinical features and surgical treatment of patients with familial and sporadic (simplex) forms of congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (CFEOM) from 2 countries, and to classify them according to phenotype and mode of inheritance. Design Observational and experimental study. Methods Twenty-eight affected individuals from 20 families with familial or sporadic CFEOM underwent assessment of ocular motility, visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, and ophthalmoscopy. Seventeen patients had a variety of eye muscle procedures and ptosis repair. Results There were 1 Iranian family with autosomal dominant CFEOM, 4 Iranian families with autosomal recessive disease, and 15 simplex cases with various CFEOM phenotypes. Two simplex patients had unilateral disease. All other cases were bilateral. Inferior rectus recession improved hypotropia and Bell's phenomenon in the patients with infraducted eyes and chin elevation. Horizontal muscle recession, sometimes combined with opposite muscle resection, corrected horizontal strabismus satisfactorily in most cases. Ptosis was repaired by frontalis sling and/or levator resection. Conclusion Definite recessive CFEOM was present only in Iranian patients. American patients had the classic phenotype of dominant CFEOM, which was also observed in some of the Iranian patients. The surgical management of patients with CFEOM is challenging. Correction of vertical and horizontal strabismus was addressed using large muscle recessions. Ptosis repair should aim at placing the lid level 1 to 2 mm above the pupil in the primary position to avoid exposure keratopathy.
Is More Better? Using Metadata to Explore Dose–Response Relationships in Stroke Rehabilitation

Background and Purpose— Neurophysiological models of rehabilitation and recovery suggest that a large volume of specific practice is required to induce the neuroplastic changes that underlie behavioral recovery. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to explore the relationship between time scheduled for therapy and improvement in motor therapy for adults after stroke by (1) comparing high doses to low doses and (2) using metaregression to quantify the dose–response relationship further. Methods— Databases were searched to find randomized controlled trials that were not dosage matched for total time scheduled for therapy. Regression models were used to predict improvement during therapy as a function of total time scheduled for therapy and years after stroke. Results— Overall, treatment groups receiving more therapy improved beyond control groups that received less ( g =0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.45). Furthermore, increased time scheduled for therapy was a significant predictor of increased improvement by itself and when controlling for linear and quadratic effects of time after stroke. Conclusions— There is a positive relationship between the time scheduled for therapy and therapy outcomes. These data suggest that large doses of therapy lead to clinically meaningful improvements, controlling for time after stroke. Currently, trials report time scheduled for therapy as a measure of therapy dose. Preferable measures of dose would be active time in therapy or repetitions of an exercise.
Adipocytokine signaling is altered in Flinders sensitive line rats, and adiponectin correlates in humans with some symptoms of depression.

Major depression is a complex multi-factorial disorder with a lifetime diagnosis of nearly 1 out of 6. We used the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) of rats, a model of depression, and the parent Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to identify genes, gene ontology categories and pathways associated with depression. Depression-like behavior was verified in the FSL line by forced swim testing, with FSL animals exhibiting greater immobility compared to SD rats. RNA samples from the hippocampus were isolated from a group of experimentally naive FSL and SD rats for microarray analysis. Microarray analysis yielded a total of 361 genes that were differentially regulated between FSL and SD rats, with catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) being the most up-regulated. The genes that were differentially regulated between FSL and SD rats were subjected to bioinformatic analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), which yielded several gene ontology categories that were overrepresented. Subsequent pathway analysis indicated dysregulation of the adipocytokine signaling pathway. To test the translational impact of this pathway, metabolic factors and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated in a sample of human research participants. Results from our human subjects indicated that anxiety and a subset of depressive symptoms were correlated with adiponectin levels (but not leptin levels). Our results and those of others suggest that disruption of the adipocytokine signaling pathway may be a critical component of the depressive-like behaviors observed in the FSL rats and may also be an important indicator of depressive and anxiety symptoms in humans.
Reduction and calibration of eye monitor data

The present paper presents FORTRAN programs for reducing eye monitor output to fixations and for mapping these fixations to locations in the stimulus space. Flexible parameters of the fixations program allow for determination of the beginning and end of fixations under different resolution criteria and for indicating loss of accurate measurement. The calibration program is based on a rectangular 9-point fixation grid. Each fixation is rescaled within this grid by solving for a quadratic equation. The rescaled values are output in a flexibly determined rectangular coordinate system that is related to the stimulus space, such as character position on the screen. The programs were developed for the 60-Hz Applied Sciences corneal reflection eye monitor, but they may be used with a number of other systems.
Urbanization effects on leaf litter decomposition, foliar nutrient dynamics and aboveground net primary productivity in the subtropics

Urbanization can alter nutrient cycling. This research evaluated how urbanization affected nutrient dynamics in the subtropics. We established 17–0.04 ha plots in five different land cover types—slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations (n = 3), rural natural pine forests (n = 3), rural natural oak forests (n = 4), urban pine forests (n = 3) and urban oak forests (n = 4) in the Florida panhandle, a subtropical region that has experienced rapid urbanization. On each plot, we measured the decomposition of mixed species foliar litter, the nutrient release patterns in decomposing litter, foliar litter quality, and forest floor temperatures. Aboveground net primary productivity and soil carbon and nitrogen contents were also measured to characterize the carbon and nitrogen stocks and fluxes in the urban and rural sites. Litter decay rates, liter quality indices and nutrient release patterns in decomposing litter did not differ among urban and rural forests despite differences in forest floor temperatures between urban and rural sites. Urban forest floor temperatures are on average warmer by 0.63 °C in the winter (p = 0.005) and tend to have a more narrow temperature range than those of the rural forested sites. Foliar mass was measured over an 82 week period that was characterized by drought, which may have masked an urbanization effect. Urban forest land covers had higher aboveground net primary productivity and foliar productivity compared to rural land covers. This increased input of foliar carbon is not reflected in statistically different forest floor or surface soil (0–7.5 cm) carbon contents between urban and rural sites. Understanding how drought interacts with other drivers of change in urban systems may be a necessary component of city specific ecological knowledge.
Reaction study of cobalt and silicon nitride

The interaction of cobalt (Co) and low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited silicon nitride (LPCVD Si3N4) during anneals from 200 °C−1000 °C in vacuum, Ar, and Ar–H2 ambient (95% Ar and 5% H2) has been studied. After the anneals, reduction of Si3N4 by Co to form cobalt silicide and cobalt nitride phases has been observed. Reduction of Si3N4 initially occurs at 600 °C; however, gross physical damage occurs at temperatures of ∼900 °C in Ar. The addition of hydrogen to the ambient enhances the onset of physical damage to the nitride film by as much as 200 °C. Mechanisms governing the Co/Si3N4 reaction have been proposed.
Structural and pH Control on the Electronic Communication between Two Identical Ferrocene Sites

The preparation of a new type of dinuclear ferrocene compound containing a −CH2−N(R)−CH2− bridge is reported. These new dinuclear ferrocenes exhibit a moderate degree of electronic communication between the two ferrocene subunits, which is disrupted by protonation or N-methylation of the bridge's tertiary nitrogen atom.
Sex- and age-specific survival of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Tugidak Island, Alaska

We estimated sex- and age-specific apparent survival of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) born at Tugidak Island, Alaska, from 2000 to 2007 using mark–recapture models and photographs of ventral pelage markings to identify individuals. Estimates of annual apparent survival (1 � (mortality þ emigration)) of females were from 0.05 to 0.10 higher than those of males and were 0.820 for weaning (~1 month) to 1 year, 0.865 for 1–3 years, and 0.929 at 3–7 years. Annual survival of males was 0.717, 0.782, and 0.879 for the same ages. Highest mortality occurred preweaning, with cumulative mortality to 4 weeks of age of 0.259, indicating this is the most vulnerable period for Tugidak harbor seals. Estimates of survival, not biased by misidentification, required that an individual had at least 2 good-quality, matching photographs in the photograph library. The number of photographs available for matching improved resighting probabilities from 0.43 for seals with 2 photographs to 0.69 for seals with 8 photographs, but this heterogeneity did not affect survival estimates. Survival estimates based on photograph-identification data were nearly identical to those based on resightings of flipper-tagged seals using mark–recapture models with a preliminary double-tag–loss estimate of 2.5% per year. Photograph identification of natural pelage markings provides a viable method for estimating vital rates of harbor seals even at large haul-outs (.1,000 animals) and may be useful for populations of conservation concern that require low disturbance of animals or where capturing sufficient numbers of seals for artificial marking is not feasible.
Arecibo observations of IRAS galaxies at 21 and 18 centimeters

Arecibo observations at 21 cm and 18 cm of a sample of galaxies selected for their intense far-infrared (FIR) emission are reported. The objective was to search for H I absorption and OH maser emission. No new cases were found. The significance of this null result is discussed both in terms of spatial distribution of the interstellar gas and dust and in terms of the continuum luminosity of the nucleus. Nevertheless, the H I profiles are extraordinary in that most are convex (single peak). This may suggest disruption of the disk rotation system in some cases. Little correlation is found between the hydrogen mass of these galaxies and their FIR luminosity. Comparison of these quantities suggests that the dust in these galaxies is under conditions very different from the solar neighborhood. Much more of the FIR emission apparently comes from H II regions than in normal galaxies. There is an excellent correlation between IR flux and radio continuum flux. The ratio of these two is the same as for normal spirals, which is surprising considering the many variables which could change this ratio.
Heterogeneity in expression of human leukocyte antigens and melanoma-associated antigens in advanced melanoma†

The study of tumor immunology has led to many innovative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of melanoma. The strategies are primarily dependent on melanoma-associated antigen peptide vaccination or T-cell–based therapy. These immunotherapies are totally reliant on proper copresentation of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules in sufficient quantity and the presence and availability of melanoma-associated antigenic peptides. Altered expression of either HLA class I molecules or melanoma antigens is known to occur. These defects lead to altered manufacture and copresentation of HLA class I molecules with melanoma-associated antigens to T-cells. Defects in any one combination can lead to loss of recognition of melanoma cells and their subsequent destruction by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Thus, these immunotherapy strategies can be thwarted by defects or heterogeneity of expression of human leukocyte antigen class I or of melanoma-associated antigens. J. Cell. Physiol. 182:332–338, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Xeroradiographic observations of coronary arterial distribution in domestic ponies.

Abstract The technique of xeroradiography was used to examine coronary arterial distribution in barium sulfate-gelatin-perfused domestic pony hearts. Similarity to human coronary distribution was observed with regard to consistent right coronary predominance and the presence of a subendocardial plexus of collateral vessels. Xeroradiography provided superior presentation of both perfused vessels and nonperfused soft tissue structures, as compared to conventional radiography.
Good and bad growth: The human development reports

Abstract The 1996 Human Development Report (UNDP, 1996) is about economic growth and human development. In keeping with past reports in the series, it emphasizes the diversity of country performance in improving “human development indicators” at given rates of growth. This article reviews what the Human Development Reports have said on this topic, looking at how well the main messages have been supported by data and analysis, and how compelling they are as a basis for public action.
Mixed-gas inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer

Experimental studies and computer simulations were conducted to identify plasma operating conditions and to explore and contrast the excitation conditions of Ar, Ar-O2, and Ar-He inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) for the introduction of microliter volumes of sample solutions with a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN). The best MgII 280.270 nm/MgI 285.213 nm ratio (6.6) measured with Ar ICP atomic emission spectrometry for the DIHEN (RF power = 1500 W; nebulizer gas flow rate = 0.12 L min–1) was less than the ratio (8.2) acquired on the same instrument for conventional nebulization (1500 W and 0.6 L min–1). Addition of small amounts of O2 or He (5%) to the outer gas flow improved excitation conditions in the ICP, that is, a more robust condition (a MgII/MgI ratio of up to 8.9) could be obtained by using the DIHEN with Ar-O2 and Ar-He mixed-gas plasmas, thereby minimizing some potential spectroscopic and matrix interferences, in comparison to Ar ICPAES.