cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of flexibility options for high RES penetration in power systems — Focusing the Greek case

Abstract Applying the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC in Greece, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) share in gross final consumption (GFC) of energy should reach at least 18% by 2020. Subsequently, according to the Greek National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the RES share in GFC of energy must reach at least 35% by 2030 and the RES share in the GFC of electricity must reach at least 61%, respectively. Based on estimates it was found that installed capacity of at least 9 GW of Renewable Energy (RE) power plants is needed to achieve the above milestones. The installed capacity of variable RE (vRE) power plants (wind and photovoltaic power plants) in Greece during 2017–2030 is expected to be tripled. To achieve such high penetration of variable RES (vRES) in the power systems flexibility issues and needs inevitably arise. System operators seek to identify the most suitable flexibility options combination to meet the challenges posed by high penetration of vRES in the power systems. This paper reviews the different flexibility options (e.g. demand response, energy storage, power to X, supply side etc.) that exist and are tools for the transitioning into a flexible power system. In addition, twenty-three (23) different flexibility options are described and twelve (12) quantitative (numerical) and qualitative parameters are considered. For each of these parameters, data have been obtained from an extensive literature review. Focusing the Greek energy system as an example, all options and parameters are further analyzed presenting their technical characteristics, their economic, technical, and social barriers as well as their environmental impacts in order to assess which flexibility options are most suitable for the Greek power system for the optimization of RES penetration.
The Circulation and its Variability of the South Atlantic Ocean: First Results From the TOPEX/POSEIDON Mission

The sea surface height observations made by the radar altimetry system aboard the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite, the first satellite dedicated to the study of the global ocean circulation, were used to study the circulation and its variability of the South Atlantic Ocean. Preliminary results from the first 18 month’s worth of data are presented on the mean ocean dynamic topography (1 year average) and its seasonal and mesoscale variabilities. Due to the large uncertainty in the geoid model at small scales, the utility of the dynamic topography is limited to scales larger than 2000 km. Comparisons were made with historical hydrographic observation and contemporaneous simulation by a computer model. Both annual and semiannual harmonics (amplitude and phase) were estimated for the sea level variations at scales larger than 500 km. The strongest seasonal variabilities (both annual and semiannual) were found in the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Retroflection, with secondary maxima in the Gulf of Guinea (semiannual) and the western tropical Atlantic (annual). The mesoscale variability revealed by the standard deviation of sea level is similar to previous observations. The effects of eddies on the mean flow, estimated from the eddy Reynolds stress, are important in the Brazil/ Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Retroflection.
Analysis of gene function in lymphocytes by RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the recombination activating gene-2 (RAG-2)-deficient blastocyst complementation system that was developed to assay gene function in lymphocytes providing an efficient complementary assay to the germline mutational approach. RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation has been used to assay the role of a diverse group of genes and loci at all aspects of lymphocyte development. The chapter provides an efficient complementary approach to the germline mutation method. Because of its easy complementation, the approach is expected to be utilized more widely for studying structure function relationships and elucidating signal transduction pathways in the developing animals.RAG-2 is specifically expressed in precursor lymphocytes for the assembly of T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes. Experimentally, both the germline mutational approach and the RAG- 2-deficient blastocyst complementation require the generation of heterozygous mutant embryonic stein (ES) cells by homologous recombination and the generation of chimeric mice. However, they differ in generating homozygous mutation for analysis. Using the germline mutational approach, homozygous mutation is achieved through breeding of chimeric mice for germline transmission of the mutant allele and then of heterozygous mutant mice. In contrast, by RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation, homozygous mutation is obtained by manipulating heterozygous mutant ES cells in vitro. Because of this difference, RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation has some unique advantages.
Dealing with Delinquent Property Taxes

Collection of delinquent property taxes has historically been a difficult task. The nonjudicial tax collection system in Georgia has hampered property tax collection efforts through burdensome notice requirements and clouded titles upon property sales, among other things. This article examines the problems of Georgia’s old tax collection system and how these problems were addressed by a new judicial collection process.
Cortical δ-opioid receptors potentiate K+ homeostasis during anoxia and oxygen-glucose deprivation

Central neurons are extremely vulnerable to hypoxic/ischemic insult, which is a major cause of neurologic morbidity and mortality as a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and death. Our recent work has shown that delta-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic and excitotoxic stress, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Because hypoxia/ischemia disrupts ionic homeostasis with an increase in extracellular K(+), which plays a role in neuronal death, we asked whether DOR activation preserves K(+) homeostasis during hypoxic/ischemic stress. To test this hypothesis, extracellular recordings with K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes were performed in mouse cortical slices under anoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The main findings in this study are that (1) DOR activation with [D-Ala(2), D-Leu(5)]-enkephalinamide attenuated the anoxia- and OGD-induced increase in extracellular K(+) and decrease in DC potential in cortical slices; (2) DOR inhibition with naltrindole, a DOR antagonist, completely abolished the DOR-mediated prevention of increase in extracellular K(+) and decrease in DC potential; (3) inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) with N-(2-[p-bromocinnamylamino]-ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride had no effect on the DOR protection; and (4) inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with chelerythrine chloride reduced the DOR protection, whereas the PKC activator (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) mimicked the effect of DOR activation on K(+) homeostasis. These data suggest that activation of DOR protects the cortex against anoxia- or ODG-induced derangement of potassium homeostasis, and this protection occurs via a PKC-dependent and PKA-independent pathway. We conclude that an important aspect of DOR-mediated neuroprotection is its early action against derangement of K(+) homeostasis during anoxia or ischemia.
When the Agent Knows Better than the Principal: The Effect of Education and Seniority on European Parliament Rapporteur Assignment

This article examines the assignment of legislative rapporteurships to Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). Original data sources are used to test the assumption that committee reports are routinely awarded to MEPs with higher levels of education and seniority at the European level. The hypotheses are supported by an extensive multivariate regression analysis, which also demonstrates the increasing value of rapporteurships, following the initiation of Parliament's veto player status under co-decision. The article surpasses existing accounts of committee work in the European Parliament to include data on the individual balance of legislative power for the legislature's full history, 1979–2009.
Trafficking in Human Beings in the European Union: Gender, Sexual Exploitation, and Digital Communication Technologies

In this article, the intersection of gender, trafficking for sexual exploitation, and use of digital communication technologies are analyzed based on data from the European Union (EU). Over the past two decades, an increase in trafficking in human beings in the EU has been accompanied by an increase in the development and availability of digital communication technologies. The first statistical analysis of trafficking in human beings (2008-2010) carried out by the European Commission found 23,632 victims of human trafficking in the reporting member states. Eighty percent of victims were women and girls; 20% were men and boys. The majority of the victims (62%) were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Digital communication technologies are widely used for trafficking for sexual exploitation, and more rarely for trafficking for forced labor. This article concludes that the combination of gender, trafficking for sexual exploitation, and use of digital communication technologies has created a nexus of victimiz...
Experimental determination of stress in magnetic recording thin film disks

An experimental program is described to help understand and explain the stress state in Cr and CoCrPt thin films sputtered on ceramic (canasite) substrates. Thin film magnetic recording disk substrates are used with production process equipment. A measurement technique is developed. The effect of Cr thickness and sputter preheat on stress in the Cr layer is determined. Stresses in equal thickness Cr and CoCrPt films on canasite are compared. Repeatability of stress levels in films deposited several weeks apart is examined. Average stress immediately after deposition and after several weeks is determined to look for time-dependent effects. A factorial experiment explores the process space of preheat, Cr thickness, and CoCrPt thickness with average film stress as the output variable. After making several assumptions, stress in the CoCrPt layer is computed from the data, leading to a determination of average CoCrPt stress in the process space. The stress state in the Cr layer is controlled by a reduction in argon sputter pressure to introduce atomic shot peening. An outline for further experimental work is developed. >
The Conditional Access System: The Dynamics of À La Carte Pricing for Cable Television in India

This is a case study of the introduction of a la carte pricing for cable television in India. In 2002, a new law was passed requiring the introduction of a nationwide conditional access system (CAS) (addressable cable), but administrative problems and court challenges delayed its implementation until 2007 and limited it to some localities in the four largest cities. At a substantive level, the case supports incrementalist theories of policymaking that argue that radical policy changes mobilize opposition and fail in implementation. But at a procedural level, this paper argues that the CAS controversy catalyzed a radical change in the telecommunications policymaking process, lending support to theories such as punctuated equilibrium, which acknowledge the possibility of radical change. In conclusion, lessons for telecommunications policy-making in India and other developing countries are put forward.
Empirical Measures of Judicial Performance: An Introduction to the Symposium

Inspired by the burgeoning empirical literature on the judiciary, the editors of the Florida State University Law Review have solicited some papers from leading scholars and federal courts of appeals judges, asking them to address the topic of empirical measures of judicial performance. The papers in this "Symposium on Empirical Measures of Judicial Performance" address empirical measures of judicial performance from a variety of methodological perspectives, but as this Foreword suggests, they can roughly be organized around three basic themes. First, many of the papers critique the empirical enterprise itself and especially the tournament strategy for evaluating judges, although these papers also raise important issues for future empirical study of judges. Second, many of the papers in the Symposium propose new ways of operationalizing the empirical study of judicial performance or present fresh new empirical evidence about judges and courts. Third, some of the papers focus on the behavioral and institutional implications or empirical studies of judges and courts. As the papers in the Symposium would indicate, the empirical tournament has inspired some important advances in the discourse about measurement of performance in the context of the judiciary and its relevance to the selection of judges and the judicial process. While efforts to measure judicial performance empirically simultaneously revive many old controversies and presents new issues, its debates will be certain to continue as long as we have data, judges, and courts.
PRESCHOOL ANTECEDENTS OF ADOLESCENT ASSAULTIVE BEHAVIOR: A Longitudinal Study

A 16-year longitudinal study followed preschool maltreated and nonmaltreated children to identify their involvement in assaultive behavior as adolescents. Severity of physical discipline, negative quality of the mother's interaction with the child, and the experience of sexual abuse were related to adolescent assaultive behavior.
TREATMENT OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING IN CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY TEXTBOOKS

Summary.-The present study was designed to examine the excent to which multicultural counseling has been incorporated in correctional psychology textbooks. A content analysis of 12 textbooks published between 1977 and 1988 showed that 10 of the books did not indude topics concerning multicultural counseling. Recent figures show that the US correctional system is responsible for supervising approx~rnatel~ 1.5 million probationers, 250,000 parolees, 225,000 persons held In local jail facilities, 500,000 adult inmates confined in state or federal prisons, and 50,000 juveniles housed in public detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. The total population under some form of correctional supervision is in excess of 2.5 mihon persons (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1984, 1985). The client population in corrections is not only large, it is also quite diverse and overly representative of racial and ethnic minorities. Indeed, the typical state or federal prison inmate is almost equally likely to be nonwhite or white. One profile of prison inmates showed that 51.3% were white, 46.8% were black, and the race or erhnicity of the remainder were classified as "other" or "unknown" (Thomas, 1987). The cultural and ethnic pluralism of the correctional population has caused many over the past several decades to call for a "minority perspective" in criminal justice (French, 1987). In the field of correctional psychology, for example, the idea of multicultural counseling evolved out of this movement (Dillard, 1983). Multicultural counseling basically involves the clinical application of comparative research on culture, behavior, and personality. It is concerned with how psychocultural variations among different human groups affect various counseling techniques such as the here-andnow focus, disclosure, feedback, meta-communication, process illumination, and the use of cognitive aids. But has multicultural counseling been incorporated into the mainstream of correctional psychology? The extent to which new concepts are incorporated into a discipline's "body of knowledge" is partly reflected by the coverage provided in textbooks. The present analysis was undertaken to assess the treatment of multicultural counseling in a number of correctional psychology textbooks.
Routine preoperative restaging CTs after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer are low yield: a retrospective case study.

Introduction: Pre-operative restaging CT scans are often performed routinely following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. There is a paucity of data on the utility of this common practice. We sought to determine how often restaging CTs identified disease progression or regression that altered management. Methods: We performed a single-institution retrospective study. From 2007 to 2011, 182 patients had newly-diagnosed, non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma, of which 96 were surgical candidates with clinical stage II/III disease. Ninety-one of these patients (95%) completed neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Results: Eighty-three out of 91 patients (91%) had restaging CTs. Four patients (5%) had new lesions suspicious for distant metastasis (2 lung, 2 liver) on restaging CT scan reports (1 of these was present on initial staging CT but not reported). All 4 patients had node-positive disease. In no case did restaging CT result in a change in surgical management. Discussion: Because of the financial costs and established risks of intravenous contrast and cumulative radiation exposure, it may be advisable to take a more selective approach to preoperative imaging. Larger, prospective studies may enable identification of an at-risk cohort who would benefit most from restaging CT. Conclusion: Routine restaging CT scans are low yield in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer.
Skeletal muscle fibre type and capillary density in college-aged blacks and whites

The purpose of this study was to compare muscle fibre type proportions and capillary density in untrained, college-aged blacks (n = 14) and whites (n = 14). Both groups were similar in terms of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), measured during cycle ergometry (blacks: 42.6 +/- 4, whites: 44.3 +/- 4 ml.kg-1 min-1, mean +/- SD). Muscle samples were obtained from the quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis) by the needle biopsy technique. Fibre type was determined by myosin ATPase stain (pH = 4.54) and capillaries were identified by amylase-periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. The percentage of type I, IIa, and IIb fibres in the blacks was 39.5 +/- 11.5, 40.0 +/- 8.4, and 22.8 +/- 9.8, respectively. In whites the percentage of type I, IIa, and IIb fibres was 44.9 +/- 8.5, 36.6 +/- 6.9, and 18.3 +/- 9.6, respectively. No significant differences were noted between the two racial groups for type I, IIa, or IIb fibres. Capillary density was 277 +/- 39/mm2 in the blacks compared to 289 +/- 32/mm2 in the whites. Capillary density was positively correlated to percentage of type I fibres (r = 0.497) and negatively correlated to percentage of type IIa fibres (r = -0.389), in the overall study population. These data suggest that if racial differences in fibre type do exist, such differences are small compared to the variability in this measure.
Associative-algebraic approach to logarithmic conformal field theories

Abstract We set up a strategy for studying large families of logarithmic conformal field theories by using the enlarged symmetries and non-semisimple associative algebras appearing in their lattice regularizations (as discussed in a companion paper [N. Read, H. Saleur, Enlarged symmetry algebras of spin chains, loop models, and S -matrices, cond-mat/0701259 ]). Here we work out in detail two examples of theories derived as the continuum limit of XXZ spin-1/2 chains, which are related to spin chains with supersymmetry algebras gl ( n | n ) and gl ( n + 1 | n ) , respectively, with open (or free) boundary conditions in all cases. These theories can also be viewed as vertex models, or as loop models. Their continuum limits are boundary conformal field theories (CFTs) with central charge c = − 2 and c = 0 respectively, and in the loop interpretation they describe dense polymers and the boundaries of critical percolation clusters, respectively. We also discuss the case of dilute (critical) polymers as another boundary CFT with c = 0 . Within the supersymmetric formulations, these boundary CFTs describe the fixed points of certain nonlinear sigma models that have a supercoset space as the target manifold, and of Landau–Ginzburg field theories. The submodule structures of indecomposable representations of the Virasoro algebra appearing in the boundary CFT, representing local fields, are derived from the lattice. A central result is the derivation of the fusion rules for these fields.
Acute Lung Injury-Induced Collagen Deposition is Associated with Elevated Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Arginase Activity

Evidence suggests that lung structure and function is partly maintained by a balance between the competing arginine-metabolizing enzymes arginase and nitric oxide synthase. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It is metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2, which is oxidant-sensitive. The mechanism that induces excess lung collagen deposition in burned patients has not yet been explored. Our objective is to investigate the role of asymmetric dimethylarginine and the arginase pathway in acute lung injury. An ovine model for burn and smoke inhalation injury was used to assess excess lung collagen deposition. Sheep were deeply anesthetized during the injury, mechanically ventilated, resuscitated with fluid, and sacrificed after either 2 or 3 weeks. Lungs were assessed histologically and biochemically for collagen content, arginase activity, lipid peroxidation product and antioxidant concentration, and protein concentrations. Plasma was assessed for amino acid and nitrate/nitrite concentrations. Burn and inhalation injury resulted in significantly reduced pulmonary function and increased lung collagen deposition. These physiological changes were associated with significantly increased lung arginase activity, collagen synthesis precursor ornithine aminotransferase, and ornithine decarboxylase, which is associated with cell proliferation. Significant decreases in plasma nitrate/nitrite after injury were associated with increased lung asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations and decreased dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2 expression. The decreased dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2 expression was associated with significantly increased lipid peroxidation product and decreased antioxidant content in the lung. This data supports that excess lung collagen deposition and reduced pulmonary function in acute lung injury following burn and inhalation injury is mediated through the arginase pathway.
The social basis of homophobia: An empirical illustration

In this article, we examine gender differences in students’ evaluations of statements describing various sexual acts. This examination sheds light on gender differences in prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. On the basis of previous research, we hypothesized that men see gay men primarily in terms of violating conventional gender behavior, whereas they see lesbian women primarily in terms of violating conventional sexual behavior. In contrast, we hypothesized that women see both gay men and lesbian women primarily in terms of violating conventional sexual behavior. Our study of 201 southern university students supports these hypotheses. Men perceive women having sex with women and men having sex with women similarly. However, men perceive men having sex with men much differently, and much more negatively. In contrast, women perceive little difference between women having sex with women and men having sex with men. Women distinguish mostly between consensual and nonconsensual acts rather than betwe...
High-frequency ultrasound microbeam induced calcium elevations in cancer cells: Discrimination between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women. One of the most devastating events for the breast cancer patient is the transformation of a tumor from an indolent to an invasive state, which portends widespread metastasis. Thus, determination of the invasiveness of cancer tissues would be crucial to decide the aggressiveness of therapy. Our recent findings showed that invasive breast cancer cells, but not noninvasive breast cancer cells, express many neuron-like traits due to specific gene, thus enabling higher expression of ion channels that allow calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter cells. Therefore, in this paper, we tested whether high frequency ultrasound microbeam stimulates transient cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation preferentially in highly-invasive, but not weakly-invasive breast cancer cells, demonstrating the potential of high frequency ultrasound microbeam stimulation (HFUMS) for discrimination between invasive and weakly-invasive cancer cells.
An Examination of IT Planning in a Large, Diversified Public Organization*

The conduct of information technology (IT) planning processes has been of dominant managerial concern in public and private organizations. Yet, current IT planning research offers little guidance on the types of planning actions and behaviors that are appropriate to organizational contexts. We focus on the conduct of the IT planning process by describing an exploratory research project. The project empirically examined a number of issues associated with managing IT planning within a single large public enterprise, particularly identifying actions and behaviors related to producing quality IT plans. The results of the study yield some useful set of guidelines; most interesting is the importance of building IT infrastructure based on IT sophistication and innovativeness for large agencies to improve plan quality. Other recommendations include having a focused, balanced technology and business planning orientation that incorporates a strategic outlook, support of top management, attention to business planning, and early consensus among planning members.
The role of visuospatial and verbal working memory in perceptual category learning

The role of verbal and visuospatial working memory in rule-based and information-integration category learning was examined. Previously, Maddox, Ashby, Ing, and Pickering (2004) found that a sequentially presented verbal working memory task did not affect information-integration learning, but disrupted rule-based learning when the rule was on the spatial frequency of a Gabor stimulus. This pattern was replicated in Experiment 1, in which the same category structures were used, but in which the verbal working memory task was replaced with a visuospatial analog. Experiment 2A examined rule-based learning on an oblique orientation and also found both verbal and visuospatial working memory tasks disrupting learning. Experiment 2B examined rule-based learning on a cardinal orientation and found a minimal effect of the verbal working memory task, but a large effect of the visuospatial working memory task. The conceptual significance of cardinal orientations and the role of visuospatial and verbal working memory in category learning are discussed.
Some recent contributions to plasticity theory

Abstract This paper describes several directions of research which are being developed in the mathematical and engineering literatures. In each case the source of the problems is plasticity, either for a continuum or for the discrete model which follows from a finite element representation. One result deserves special mention: the new techniques lead to the first rigorous proof that the equations of incremental plasticity have a solution (up to the moment of collapse). Without attempting to reproduce such a proof, we try to explain some of the underlying ideas—hoping that those ideas will also prove useful in providing a realistic and manageable numerical analysis of plasticity.
Application of a Multiple Time Step Algorithm to Biomolecular Systems

Herein we describe the implementation of the multiple time step method, in conjunction with a reversible integrator and the Nose−Hoover chain method for temperature and pressure control, into ROAR 1.0. We have extensively tested the MTS method on three systems: an antifreeze peptide in water, the organic solvent dimethylformamide (DMF), and a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)-based lipid bilayer. From these test simulations, we observe that the MTS method was capable of producing stable trajectories even when a long time step (e.g., 8 fs) is used, while the SHAKE method was unable to do so. The SHAKE method also disturbs the bond vibrational motion while MTS algorithm does not when the time step was smaller than 5 fs. We also observe that we can conservatively obtain a 2.5-fold speed-up using the MTS method over a SHAKE simulation using a 1 fs time step. Overall, the MTS method gives a solid speed-up over the traditional SHAKE method, while simultaneously giving much more stable trajectories.
Expression of the interleukin-18 gene from rhesus macaque by the simian immunodeficiency virus does not result in increased viral replication.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), previously known as interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-inducing factor (IGIF), is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed by activated macrophages that acts in synergy with IL-12 as an important amplifying factor for IFN-γ production and Th1 development. To study the effect of IL-18 on a lentiviral infection, we cloned the IL-18 gene from a rhesus macaque and constructed replication-competent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that expressed either the precursor pro-IL-18 (SIVIL-18) or the mature form (SIVmIL-18) of IL-18. The predicted amino acid sequence for rhesus IL-18 had 96% homology with the human one, differing in only 8 of 193 residues. SIVIL-18 and SIVmIL-18 replicated more slowly than control viruses in the CEM × 174 cell line and resulted in the development of chronically infected cell lines that expressed high levels of infectious SIV. The cell line generated by SIVIL-18 released large quantities of IL-18 into the supernatant, whereas the one obtained from SIVmIL-18 showed the accumul...
Emotion and the Law

The field of law and emotion draws from a range of disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities to shed light on the emotions that pervade the legal system. It utilizes insights from these disciplines to illuminate and assess the implicit and explicit assumptions about emotion that animate legal reasoning, legal doctrine, the behavior of legal actors, and the structure of legal institutions. In light of law's focus on influencing social norms and on structuring effective and just institutions, one development that holds enormous promise is the growing interdisciplinary interest in collective decision making and in the emotional dynamics of groups. Work in the affective sciences on how emotion and cognition interact is another rich vein for legal scholars interested in the assessment of responsibility and blame, the role of morality in law, and a host of other areas. Another important frontier is exploration of concrete solutions to the problems identified by law and emotion scholars.
Spatiotemporal analysis of brightness induction

Brightness induction refers to a class of visual illusions in which the perceived intensity of a region of space is influenced by the luminance of surrounding regions. These illusions are significant because they provide insight into the neural organization of the visual system. A novel quadrature-phase motion cancelation technique was developed to measure the magnitude of the grating induction brightness illusion across a wide range of spatial frequencies, temporal frequencies and test field heights. Canceling contrast is greatest at low frequencies and declines with increasing frequency in both dimensions, and with increasing test field height. Canceling contrast scales as the product of inducing grating spatial frequency and test field height (the number of inducing grating cycles per test field height). When plotted using a spatial axis which indexes this product, the spatiotemporal induction surfaces for four test field heights can be described as four partially overlapping sections of a single larger surface. These properties of brightness induction are explained in the context of multiscale spatial filtering. The present study is the first to measure the magnitude of grating induction as a function of temporal frequency. Taken in conjunction with several other studies (Blakeslee & McCourt, 2008; Magnussen & Glad, 1975; Robinson & de Sa, 2008) the results of this study illustrate that at least one form of brightness induction is very much faster than that reported by DeValois, Webster, DeValois, and Lingelbach (1986) and Rossi and Paradiso (1996), and are inconsistent with the proposition that brightness induction results from a slow "filling in" process.
School‐Based Programs for Preventing Eating Disturbances

This paper describes a framework for involving schools in primary and secondary prevention of eating disturbances. The issues of why, what, who, and how are considered. Research on the prevalence and consequences of obesity, anorexia and bulimia nervosa, unhealthy dieting, and behaviors such as binge eating and purging indicates why prevention is necessary. Research on the etiology of eating disturbances also provided a basis for determining what factors need to be addressed. However, research has not adequately addressed the question of who should be targeted for prevention and how the topic of prevention should be approached. While different approaches to school-based prevention programs are possible, a comprehensive school-based program is recommended. Important components of a comprehensive program include staff training, classroom interventions, integration of relevant material into existing curriculum, individual counseling and small group work with high risk students, referral systems, opportunities for healthy eating, modifications within the physical education program, and outreach activities. This type of comprehensive program is based on an ecological model for health promotion and aims at the modification of both individual and environmental determinants of behavior.
Labral Reconstruction Using the Ligamentum Teres Capitis: Report of a New Technique

We have used the ligamentum teres capitis to reconstruct the deficient or absent labrum in five patients with femoroacetabular impingement at the time of surgical hip dislocation. Two had a deficient labrum overlying a sectorial retroverted acetabulum causing pincer-type impingement. Three patients had the labrum previously resected arthroscopically. The minimum followup from surgery was 5 months (average, 10 months; range, 5-20 months). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications related to the reconstruction. All patients had improvement in their clinical function and one patient underwent total hip arthroplasty at last followup for unresolved pain without radiographic progression of arthritis. Reconstruction of the labrum in patients with deficient or resected labrums at the time of surgical hip dislocation provides the theoretical advantage of sealing and stabilizing the hip joint, restoring the fluid layer which could potentially prevent continued cartilage degeneration.
Holoprosencephaly associated with diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Patients with holoprosencephal y may have diabetes insipidus, 1 and some patients with central nervous system disorders have the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. 2"4 We report two patients with holoprosencephaly who intermittently had both DI and SIADH. These patients are believed to be unique for two reasons: they developed both SIADH and DI within a relatively short period, and both episodes in our patients might be explained by an aberrant and shifting osmoreceptor. CASE REPORTS Case 1. A 17-month-old female infant had alobar-type 5-7 holoprosencephaly, DI, and severe mental retardation. At the age of 3 months she was admitted to the hospital because of hypertonic dehydration. On the patient's admission, we made a diagnosis of DI (Table I). We successfully controlled D1 by administering water at a rate of 150 to 200 ml/kg/day. Since the patient was 7 months of age hyponatremia has periodically developed (a few times each month) without any apparent cause, despite the same water intake. We interpreted these episodes as SIADH (Table I). All the episodes resolved within a few days without any further water restriction, and plasma osmolality returned to normal values. We performed the hypertonie saline solution loading test (5% sodium chloride, 0.05 ml/kg/min, for 3 hours) during the phase of DI (Table II). The patient began to secrete arginine vasopressin at an abnormally high level of Posrn (>315 mOsm/kg), suggesting that she could secrete AVP but that the setpoint of her osmoreceptor was aberrant at that time. The urine osmolality during these tests was compatible with the plasma AVP values. (data not shown). The AVP values (4.0 to 5.12 pg/ml) during HSLT were higher than those during hypertonic dehydration (0.7 to 1.3 pg/ml) on admission, even at a similarly high Posm (315 to 324 mOsm/kg), suggesting that the setpoint of her osmoreceptor may be changing or shifting, depending on the time.
Transition correlations in three-dimensional boundary layers

The stability and transition characteristics of three-dimensional boundary-layer flows are examined. First, the flow over a rotating cone is considered computationally. An increase of stagnation temperature is found to be only slightly stabilizing. Parameter studies on the simple rotating-cone geometry provide a large database of three-dimensional boundary-layer profiles and associated stability characteristics. To determine the possibility of correlating transition location with parameters based purely on basic-state three-dimensional boundary-layer profile characteristics, an empirical transition location of N = 9 is assumed. Transition location does not correlate with the traditional crossflow Reynolds number. A more appropriate definition for crossflow Reynolds number is found and termed R(sub cf(new)). This new parameter appears to correlate for transition location when plotted against maximum crossflow velocity. Then, the flow over a yawed cone is considered experimentally. The correlation results obtained from the rotating-cone work are applied to the actual measured transition locations on two different yawed-cone models under various angle-of-attack conditions in two different experimental facilities and are verified. This correlation is only suggested as a tool for preliminary transition prediction and design in three-dimensional boundary layers; once a preliminary shape is selected, further linear stability theory or parabolized stability equation calculations are strongly urged.
The Chow and Robbins Fixed Width Confidence Interval Procedure When the Second Moment Barely Does Not Exist

Abstract We investigate the behavior of the Chow and Robbins asymptotic fixed width confidence interval procedure when the underlying i.i.d. random variables do not necessarily have a finite second moment, however, are in the domain of attraction of a normal law.
Plant phosphoglucose isomerase genes lack introns and are expressed in Escherichia coli

Nuclear genes that appear to encode both cytosolic and plastid isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), an essential glycolytic enzyme, have been isolated from three diploid species of the annual wild flower genus Clarkia (Onagraceae). The genes do not contain introns and are expressed to varying degrees in Escherichia coli when cloned in either Charon 35 phage or pUC plasmid vectors. The PGI proteins synthesized in E. coli form dimers, are catalytically active, and their electrophoretic mobilities are similar to those of appropriate Clarkia PGIs. The nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a plastid isozyme of C. unguiculata is described.
Integrated sensing system for highway bridge monitoring

An integrated optical fiber sensor system is being developed for highway bridge monitoring. Laboratory small and large scale testing were performed to explore the feasibility of the system. Large scale reinforced concrete beams were fabricated in the laboratory, and artificial flaws in terms of delaminations were simulated in the beams during construction. The sensing system was used to evaluate the effect of these damages on the behavior of the beams.
Individual and community risk factors and sexually transmitted diseases among arrested youths: a two level analysis

High rates of infection for chlamydia and gonorrhea have been noted among youths involved in the juvenile justice system. Although both individual and community-level factors have been found to be associated with sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk, their relative importance has not been tested in this population. A two-level logistic regression analysis was completed to assess the influence of individual-level and community-level predictors on STD test results among arrested youths processed at a centralized intake facility. Results from weighted two level logistic regression analyses (n = 1,368) indicated individual-level factors of gender (being female), age, race (being African American), and criminal history predicted the youths' positive STD status. For the community-level predictors, concentrated disadvantage significantly and positively predicted the youths' STD status. Implications of these findings for future research and public health policy are discussed.
Raman microscopy of de-novo woven bone tissue

The composition of the bone tissue initially formed during the early mineralization of calvarial bone is poorly understood. Calvarial de novo mineral deposition occurs rapidly; however, whether the mineral is first deposited as an amorphous calcium phosphate or some other calcium phosphate lattice is unclear. Raman microscopy offers the ability to distinguish differences in the mineral lattice through the positions and shifts in the bands of the bone tissue mineral constituents, particularly in the phosphate v1 stretch vibration (950 - 963 cm-1). The ratios of the mineral and organic matrix constituents throughout the sampled region can also elucidate the type of bone tissue deposited. The ability to examine intact specimens at high spatial resolution, without interference from water, is an important feature of Raman microscopy. Using postnatal murine calvaria, we show that the earliest mineral detected is a carbonated hydroxyapatite with other phosphate environments present at lower levels as well. We discuss the mineral composition changes with respect to the age of the mouse over the time period of 2 weeks using a sequence of calvarial sections: postnatal days 3, 7 and 14. We use two different data analysis techniques, factor analysis and center of gravity calculations, to elucidate these discrete changes.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The inactivation of group B arthropod-borne animal viruses by proteases.

Abstract Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain inactivate both the hemagglutinin and the infectivity of Group B viruses but not of Group A viruses under the conditions employed. Evidence has been presented that the inactivation is the result of a proteolytic action on the virus particles.
Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase function of p300 by PKCδ

Abstract Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is one of the functionally distinct isoforms in PKC family. p300 is a histone acetyltransferase/transcription coactivator. They share certain properties, such as ubiquitous expression, growth and tumor suppression, and ability to enhance differentiation and apoptosis. In this study, we found that PKCδ but not classical PKC, specifically phosphorylates p300 at serine 89 in vitro and in vivo. This phosphorylation causes inhibition of p300 intrinsic HAT activity. Subsequently, the targeted acetylation of nucleosomal histones is markedly reduced, which causes repression of p300 transcription coactivator function. These findings identify a new signal transduction pathway by which PKCδ may inhibit cell growth and promote cellular differentiation.
Organic Acid Movement Out of the Central Canal.

SummaryA method for perfusing the central canal of cats and rabbits is described. The reduction of concentration of PAH or CPR added to the perfusate is about the same as the reduction in concentration of added radio inulin. Reduction of CPR concentration is not influenced by probenecid or by the presence of another organic acid (PAH). The data are interpreted to indicate that the ependymal cells lining the central canal do not transport organic acids. It is suggested that the parallel reduction in concentration of inulin and added organic acid results from dilution of the perfusate.
Common femoral vein reconstruction using internal jugular vein after blast injury.

Common femoral vein traumatic injuries are rare. Surgical management is controversial and by nature case specific. In this report, we present an unusual case of an isolated common femoral vein injury from a gunshot blast repaired with an interposition internal jugular vein bypass. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an isolated common femoral vein reconstructed in this manner.
On the origin of equiaxed austenite grains that result from the hot rolling of steel

An investigation has been conducted into the influence of hot rolling on the microstructure of austenite in both a low alloy (transformable) and an austenitic stainless steel. Specimens of each steel were reheated and then given a single 50 pct reduction at various temperatures, after which the specimens were water quenched. The specimens were analyzed using optical, transmission electron and X-ray metallography. The results of these experiments showed that both steels exhibited equiaxed grains after high temperature rolling, elongated grains after low temperature rolling and a mixture of both types of grains after rolling at intermediate temperatures. One of the principal goals of this work was to study the origin of the equiaxed grains that result from high temperature rolling. Information obtained from dislocation observations and texture analysis has led to the conclusion that the mechanism most likely responsible for the equiaxed grains in as-rolled austenite is dynamic recrystallization.
Randomized location service in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETS) are networks of mobile nodes that do not have a fixed infrastructure. Recent research in this field addresses ways of solving existing problems in MANETS by the use of node location information. However, since the location of the nodes change frequently, maintaining location information is in itself a challenge in these networks. In this paper we address the problem of maintaining a location service and present two algorithms in which all nodes maintain location information about all other nodes in the network, keeping this information as up-to-date as practical. Such a location service generates a few outdated values but can be used by an upper level application that can tolerate such values, to provide various location dependent services. Our aim is to achieve algorithms that are simpler and more efficient than existing ones, through the application of probabilistic quorums at the expense of intermittently outdated information.
Multivariate subresultants using Jouanolou matrices

Abstract Earlier results expressing multivariate subresultants as ratios of two subdeterminants of the Macaulay matrix are extended to Jouanolou matrices. These matrix constructions are generalizations of the classical Macaulay matrices and involve matrices of significantly smaller size. Equivalence of the various subresultant constructions is proved. The resulting subresultant method improves the efficiency of previous methods to compute the solution of over-determined polynomial systems.