cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of neonatal enucleation on the organization of callosal linkages in striate cortex of the rat.

Lewis and Olavarria ([1995] J. Comp. Neurol. 361:119–137) showed that the mediolateral organization of callosal linkages differs markedly between medial and lateral regions of striate cortex in the rat. Thus, callosal fibers originating from medial regions of striate cortex interconnect loci that are mirror-symmetric with respect to the midsagittal plane. In contrast, fibers from lateral regions of striate cortex show a reversed pattern of connections: tracer injections into the 17/18a border produce retrograde cell labeling in regions medial to the contralateral 17/18a border, whereas injections placed somewhat medial to the 17/18a border label cells located at the contralateral 17/18a border. Based on the interpretation that callosal fibers from lateral striate cortex connect retinotopically corresponding loci (Lewis and Olavarria [1995] J. Comp. Neurol. 361:119–137) we propose here that the development of the reversed pattern of connections in lateral portions of striate cortex is guided by activity-dependert cues originating from spontaneously active ganglion cells in temporal retina. In the present study we have attempted to falsify this hypothesis by investigating the effects of neonatal bilateral enucleation on the organization of callosal linkages in striate cortex of the rat. Once enucleated rats reached adulthood, we studied the mediolateral organization of callosal connections by placing small injections of different fluorescent tracers into different loci within medial and lateral striate cortex. The analysis of the distribution of retrogradely labeledcallosal cells indicated that connections from lateral portions of striate cortex were no longer organized in a reversed fashion, rather, they resembled the mirror image pattern normally found in the medial callosal region, i. e., injections at the 17/18a border produced labeled cells at the opposite 17/18a border, whereas injections into slightly more medial regions produced labeled cells in the opposite, mirror-symmetric location. In addition, we found that enucleation does not alter the organization of callosal linkages in medial portions of striate cortex. Thus, by showing that enucleation significantly changes the pattern of connections from lateral portions of striate cortex, the present study does not falsify, but rather strengthens the hypothesis that interhemispheric correlated activity driven from the temporal retinal crescent guides the normal development of reversed callosal linkages in lateral portions of rat striate cortex. Furthermore, the present study shows that, in the absence of the eyes, the pattern of callosal linkages in lateral portions of striate cortex resembles the mirror image pattern normally found only in medial striate cortex. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamic modeling of a large once-through steam generator

Abstract A mathematical model of a large counter-current heat exchanger for generation of supercritical steam was derived. The model consists of coupled, nonlinear, partial differential equations derived from the laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy pertaining to the compressible secondary fluid and the counterflowing incompressible primary fluid. Boundary conditions on the dependent variables, such as pressure, enthalpy, and velocity, were applied at three different space points. The exchanger was assumed to be coupled with other components of a nuclear power plant. An analog-digital hybrid computer was used to simulate the model of the exchanger. A continuous-space discrete-time (CSDT) approach in the simulation was very effective in handling the boundary conditions. One of the highlights of the simulation was a demonstration of the dependence of computational stability on the choice of the dependent variables.
The Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha

The formula for π mentioned in the title of this article is $$ \frac{\pi }{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots . $$ (1)
Reprocessing unsatisfactory ThinPrep Papanicolaou test specimens increases sample adequacy and detection of significant cervicovaginal lesions

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of reprocessing bloody ThinPrep® (TP) samples using a glacial acetic acid technique on the unsatisfactory rate. METHODS During a 12-month study period, all TP gynecologic samples received by the Cytology Laboratory from inpatient, outpatient, and community-based clinics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Parkland Health and Hospital System in Dallas, Texas, were enrolled prospectively into the study. The initial TP slides were evaluated for specimen adequacy based on the 2001 Bethesda System. Any TP sample that contained abnormal cells, by definition, was not considered unsatisfactory. The criteria for reprocessing included scant cellularity in a background of abundant blood. Biopsy correlations for all abnormal cytologic diagnoses were established between TP smears and follow-up biopsies. RESULTS During the course of the 1-year study period, a total volume of 57,296 TP samples were evaluated by the study laboratory. Prior to reprocessing, the laboratory unsatisfactory rate was 8.32% (4767 of 57,296 TP samples). After reprocessing those samples that were compromised by blood (2593 of 4767 TP samples), the unsatisfactory rate was reduced to 5.47% (3134 of 57,296 TP samples), with an overall reduction by 34.25% (2.85 of 8.32 TP samples). Of 2593 samples that were reprocessed, 62.98% (1633 of 2593 TP samples) changed from inadequate to adequate for the purposes of evaluation. Of those 1633 adequate samples, 1509 samples (92.41%) were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, 72 samples (4.40%) were atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, 5 samples (0.31%) were atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, 36 samples (2.20%) were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 10 samples (0.61%) were high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 1 sample (0.06%) was adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that the reprocessing of unsatisfactory ThinPrep® cervicovaginal cytology samples decrease the unsatisfactory rate considerably, with an increase in the detection of significant abnormal cervicovaginal lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Carrier-dependent specificity of antibodies to a conserved peptide determinant of gp120.

Abstract Amino acid residues 421–436 constitute a comparatively conserved determinant of gp120 that participates in the binding of host cell CD4 receptors by HIV-1. We compared the immunogenicity of synthetic Cys-gp120 (421–436) conjugated to KLH via the N terminal Cys residue (KLH- I ) and gp120 (421–436) extended at its N terminus with a 15 residue tetanus toxoid T cell epitope (T- I ) in non-autoimmune mice (BALB/ c strain) and Fas -defective autoimmune mice (MRL/ lpr strain). Both immunogens elicited high titer Abs detected as the binding to gp120 (421–436) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA- I ) immobilized in ELISA plates. Abs from KLH- I immunized mice displayed binding to full-length gp120 but the Abs from T- I immunized mice did not. Proteins unrelated in sequence to gp120 did not bind the Abs. Soluble I and T- I failed to compete with immobilized BSA- I for binding to anti-KLH- I Abs, whereas these peptides inhibited anti-T- I Ab binding by BSA- I (rank potency order: BSA- I > T - I ⪢ I ). These results indicate the influence of the carrier protein on the specificity of Abs to synthetic I . Low level BSA- I and gp120 binding Abs were detected in sera from non-immunized MRL/ lpr mice. Similar Ab binding titers and specificity profiles were evident in MRL/ lpr and BALB/ c mice following immunization with KLH- I and T- I , indicating that pre-existing immunity to gp120 in the former strain does not influence the magnitude or specificity of the Ab response.
Dry sliding friction and wear of short carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) at elevated temperatures

Abstract This paper describes the results from an experimental investigation of the effects of operating temperature on the dry sliding friction and wear performance of a short carbon-fiber-reinforced (SCFR) polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite. The sliding experiments were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer at selected temperatures in the range of 20–225°C. The contact configuration used was a stationary steel ball on a rotating polymer flat. As test temperatures increased from below to above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite, wear and friction transitions were seen to occur. These transitions were, however, opposite in nature. In effect, a wear intensification was accompanied by a sharp drop in friction. Particularly interesting was the fact that in the sliding regime above Tg, SCFR-PEEK exhibited coefficients of friction that were lower than those exhibited by neat PEEK by factors of about two to three. The tribological behavior of SCFR-PEEK is discussed in terms of the impact of temperature on structure and mechanical properties. Additionally, the active friction and wear mechanisms of SCFR-PEEK across the range of test temperatures are identified and discussed in relation to those of neat PEEK.
Early changes in human myocardial nuclei after doxorubicin.

Ten nuclei from the endomyocardial biopsies for each of the following 32 patients were examined by electron microscopy: seven patients before and then four and 24 hours after treatment with first-dose doxorubicin; seven patients before and four and 24 hours after treatment with first-dose doxorubicin plus N-acetyl cysteine; nine patients with doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy; and nine patients with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. Five criteria were used to semiquantitatively compare nuclei and nucleoli from each group. The most dramatic changes in nuclear and nucleolar morphology were seen four hours after doxorubicin administration. Nucleoli were smaller, contracted or segregated and contained fewer fibrillar centers and a collapsed or fragmented nucleolonema. The addition of N-acetylcysteine to treatment did not alter these results. By 24 hours, nuclei had returned to the pre-treatment status. Long-term doxorubicin therapy produced increased chromatin clumping and slightly contracted nucleoli. The idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathic nuclei differed significantly from these doxorubicin cardiomyopathic nuclei in the decreased amount of chromatin clumping and the increase in fibrillar centers and nucleonema pattern. It is concluded from this study that: (1) doxorubicin markedly alters the morphology of the human myocardial nucleus and nucleolus four hours after treatment, but these changes diminish by 24 hours; (2) N-acetylcysteine treatment fails to prevent these changes; and (3) the nuclei and nucleoli of chronic doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy differ significantly from other congestive cardiomyopathies, but do resemble changes seen four hours after the first dose of doxorubicin. Cancer 52:215-221, 1983.
Comment on Robert Fudin's Paper “Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Mommy and I are Not Yet One”

Six criticisms by Fudin are evaluated and new directions for study suggested by constructive exchange noted.
Through the looking glass: Ethnic and generational patterns of immigrant identity

Abstract Traditional theories of the “looking glass self” and “social mirroring” assume that people's views of their own group reflect the societal view. Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Brodnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among white, black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 , 503–513), however, found ethnic group differences in the extent to which private and public views correspond. We report data from two studies that further examine this correspondence in (a) a sample of first- and second-generation Black immigrants and (b) samples of first- and second-generation Asian/Pacific Islander, Black, Latino, and White immigrants. Study 1 shows significant shifts for Black immigrants, from a high correlation between public and private regard in the first generation to a non-significant relationship in the second generation. Study 2 replicates the findings for the Black sample and shows different patterns of association for the other three groups. It also shows that endorsement of multiculturalism moderates the relationship between public and private regard among first generation Black and Latino immigrants. We discuss these results in terms of managing the negative value associated with one's group in society and consider immigration as a site for studying social change.
Pathologic aspects of prostate cancer: Prediction of malignant potential

Despite our expanding knowledge of prostatic histopathology, several controversies regarding the prediction of a tumor's biologic behavior still exist. Numerous histologic grading schemes specific for prostate carcinomas have been developed, but pathologists and urologists do not agree on which system is most accurate. Unfortunately, the Broders system, which is frequently used, tends to underestimate tumor grade and malignant potential. Recently, computer-assisted nuclear morphometry has added objectivity to the formerly subjective grading process, and improved prognostic accuracy for early and advanced disease. The relationship between tumor volume and grade remains controversial. Although it has been stated that volume and grade are directly related, our examination of radical prostatectomy specimens casts some doubt on this. While it can be shown that tumor volume is proportional to the surface area of capsular penetration by malignant cells, tumor penetration is more closely related to histologic grade.
Parallelization of an ecological landscape model by functional decomposition

A functional scheme is described to parallelize computer simulations of grid-based ecological landscape models. The method is implemented using the Message Passing Interface protocol and is applied to the Everglades Landscape Vegetation Model. On a two-processor system, the speed-up is satisfactory and the overall performance of the program is competitive with traditional parallelization techniques such as geometrical decomposition. The method is discussed, timing information is provided for three different parallel machines, and some further developments are indicated.
Detection of covalently bound halothane metabolites in the hypoxic rat model for halothane hepatotoxicity

Using a non-radiometric technique, halothane metabolites have been shown to covalently bind to rat hepatic tissue with the production of a lesion. The conditions required for optimizing the lesion (hypoxia and biotransformation enzyme induction) also optimizes the binding of fluorinated halothane residues to hepatic tissue. The maximal binding of fluorinated halothane residues to the liver of rats precedes the development of the hepatic lesion. Female rats, which are resistant to the halothane initiated lesion, have one-third as much covalently bound halothane residue. Biotransformation inhibitors (SKF-525A, metyrapone), which inhibited lesion formation, also inhibit the covalent binding of halothane to hepatic tissue. Cystamine and cysteine, sulfhydryl agents which can inhibit hepatic lesion development when administered four hr after halothane exposure, also suppressed the amount of halothane metabolites covalently bound to hepatic tissue. Using this non-radioactive method for measuring the covalent binding of halothane to hepatic tissue, it appears that the bioactivation of halothane was a necessary event for the appearance of a halothane initiated hepatic lesion.
Synthesis, and crystal and molecular structure of a diisopropyl N,N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonate palladium nitrate complex

Abstract [Diisopropyl N, N-diethylcarbamylmethylenephosphonate] palladium(II) nitrate, Pd[(i-C3H7O)2P(O)CH2C(O)N(C2H5)2](NO3)2 was prepared from the combination of an acidic aqueous solution of Pd(NO3)2 and the phosphonate ligand. The complex was isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the complex was completed, and it was found to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 10.430(2) A, b = 9.124(2) A, c = 12.190(3) A, β = 111.30(2)°, Z = 2, V = 1081.8(5) A3 and ϱcalcd = 1.56 g cm−3. The structure was solved by standard heavy atom techniques and least-squares refinement converged with RF = 5.3% and RwF = 4.9% on the basis of 2672 independent reflections with F ⩾ 5σ(F). The crystal contains monomeric units with each Pd(II) atom bonded to two monodentate nitrate ions and one bidentate carbamylmethylenephosphonate ligand forming a square planar coordination geometry about the palladium atom. Several important bond distances include PdO(carbonyl) 2.011(5) A, PdO(phosphoryl) 2.031(5) A, PdO(nitrate)avg 1.992(5) A, PO 1.499(5) A and CO 1.239(9) A.
New era for HST phase I development and submission

As the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) moves into its Second Decade of observations, we are embarking on bringing our Phase I submission system into the 21st Century as well. Proposing for Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing time and archival research proceeds in two phases. In Phase I, the scientific merits of the proposal are considered. Only accepted proposals enter Phase II, where the observations are specified in complete detail. With the advent of state of the art technology and the excellent prototyping work that has brought the Astronomer's Proposal Tool (APT), formerly the Scientist's Expert Assistant (SEA), from a concept 3 years ago, to an approved Project for implementation, at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). We plan to make HST's Phase I submission system to be an integral part of the APT. We have always tried to maintain our Phase I strategy of keeping the interface simple, as well as having a minimal learning curve. This strategy will be maintained in the APT framework as well. In this paper we will present our concept for the Science definition, and Phase I proposal development and submission tools. We also discuss how we are transforming our current Call for Proposals (CP) document into a smaller and more concise electronic document that will address our policies and submission process. This document will be built and maintained using innovative tools and XML. We will provide links to existing documentation as well as provide all of the relevant information available via the tool as on-line 'context- sensitive' help.
RELATION OF DANCE SKILLS TO BODY CATHEXIS AND LOCUS OF CONTROL ORIENTATION

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of development and performance of dancing skills, body cathexis, and locus of control orientation. Subjects were 33 undergraduate students, 9 males and 24 females, enrolled in Contemporary (Modern) Dance, Social Dance, Square Dance, and Tap and Jazz. Subjects were drawn from a total of 67 students performing in the annual departmental dance recital. All 19 contemporary dance students consented to serve as subjects and 7 of the 8 social dancers (one was absent). Of the 16 square dancers, only two consented to participate in the study. Because the number of tap and jazz students performing together was large, 24, no attempt was made to rate all dancers. Instead, the investigator requested the class instructor to pick at random four dancers; the only criterion for choice was that the dancers be in positions on the floor so they could be seen easily by the judges. The four chosen by the instructor agreed to serve as subjects; the fifth, a tap dance soloist, also consented to participate. During the week prior to the dance recital, the experimenter met in small groups with the dancers from each class. They completed the Levenson Internal, Powerful Others, Chance Scales, the Body Cathexis Scale (Secord & Jourard, 1953), and indicated on the answer forms how long they had studied dance. To provide a means for quantirative evaluation of the dancers' performance, the investigator, with the assistance of Professor Margo Waters, head of Physical Education Activities for Women at East Texas State University, constructed the Dance Performance Evaluation Scale. The scale used a semantic differential format to evaluate two primary concepts of dance, posmre and technique. Two scales evaluated posture; seven, technique. The performance score was the sum total of points marked by the rater.' Before the recital the experimenter met with the five dance instructors, all holding academic rank, who were to serve as judges during recital. During two training sessions, the judges discussed the scales, particularly how each applied to different dance forms, and using the scale, evaluated students performing various dance forms. An intradass reliability of the mean ratings was conducted after each practice session and after the recital. The recital ratings yielded an intraclass reliability coefficient of .88. On the day of the recital, each rater received a folder in which were 33 copies of the Dance Performance Evaluation Scale labeled with each dancer's name and arranged in the order of their performance. During the recital che raters sat in front of the stage, where each made an independent waluation of dancers' performances. Performance data were the sum of scores from the judges' evaluation sheets, with total possible pints being 315.
Preserving Eggs in Water Glass

Abstract WATER glass (sodium silicate) has been used for the home preservation of eggs for many years. The usual recommendations have been to make a 10 percent solution by using one quart of commercial water glass to nine quarts of boiled water. It was suggested that the solution be placed in an earthenware crock and that only clean, sound fresh eggs be used for preservation. It was further suggested that the crock be kept covered and that it be stored in as cool a place as possible. The statement has been made that eggs stored in this manner during the spring months rival fresh eggs during the late fall months. The writer has been unable to find reports of any research in which carefully controlled experiments have been conducted to determine just what changes do take place in eggs stored in water glass and what the effects of temperature, types of . . .
Simplified Model for Computer-Aided Analysis of Integral Bridges

This paper presents a computer-aided approach for the design of integral-abutment bridges. An analysis procedure and a simplified structure model are proposed for the design of integral-abutment bridges considering their actual behavior and load distribution among their various components. A computer program, for the analysis of integral-abutment bridges, has been developed using the proposed analysis procedure and structure model. The program is capable of analyzing an integral-abutment bridge for each construction stage and carrying the effects of applied loads on the structure members from a previous construction stage to the next. The proposed analysis methods and structure models are compared with the conventional analysis method and structure model currently used by many structural engineers for the design of integral-abutment bridges. The benefits of using the proposed analysis method and simplified structure model for the design of integral-abutment bridges are discussed. It was concluded that it ...
Sand-spit erosion following interruption of longshore sediment transport : Shamrock Island, Texas

Shamrock Island, located in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, is a former sand spit that was detached from Mustang Island by navigation channels constructed in the early 1950s. The navigation channels effectively eliminated longshore sediment transport to the island, resulting in severe and ongoing erosion of the island's north shore. This study documents long-term shoreline change, based on analysis of aerial photographs from 1938, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1967, 1975, 1979, 1985, 1990, and 1995. Shamrock Island grew steadily to the south prior to 1956, while the north shore of the island was relatively stable. After 1956, the north shore eroded rapidly, while the south shore continued to grow, probably because sand eroded from the north was redistributed to the south. By 1995, up to 156 m of retreat had occurred on the north shore. The island was recently acquired by the Nature Conservancy of Texas for use as a nature preserve. Erosion now threatens to breach the island, which may result in degradation of an interior lagoon and loss of valuable wildlife habitats. Therefore, in addition to documenting long-term erosion following interruption of longshore sediment transport, this study also illustrates how human modification of the coastal zone can have important and unforseen ramifications affecting future shoreline uses for many decades.
Multifunctional plasmonic nanorattles for spectrum-guided locoregional therapy.

Locoregional death of cancer cells (in vitro) is induced by ablation of plasmonic nanorattles combined with triggered release of a chemotherapeutic drug from the nanorattles. Completion of the therapy process is indicated by a "Raman signal flip" between the two reporters of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe. The nanorattles enable targeted delivery of payload and simultaneous monitoring of the payload release and the therapy process.
Compressive response of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities

An understanding of the mechanical response of pervious concretes as a function of material design and pore structure parameters is essential for effective utilization of this material. A methodology to proportion pervious concrete mixtures of desired porosity using high or low cement paste contents is provided in this paper along with the compressive response of these mixtures. The compressive stress–strain relationships demonstrate: (i) a consistent trend of decreasing peak stresses and strains at peak stress with increasing porosity, (ii) a reduction in strains at peak stresses with reducing paste contents, and (iii) a rapid drop in the post-peak response with reducing porosity. The compressive energy absorbed by the pervious concrete specimens is found to scale linearly with compressive strength and can be related to the porosity and critical pore sizes in the material.
FUSIM: a software tool for simulating fusion transcripts.

Background Gene fusions are the result of chromosomal aberrations and encode chimeric RNA (fusion transcripts) that play an important role in cancer genesis. Recent advances in high throughput transcriptome sequencing have given rise to computational methods for new fusion discovery. The ability to simulate fusion transcripts is essential for testing and improving those tools.
Discursive psychology: An alternative conceptual foundation to means–end chain theory

This study investigates how means–end chain theory and laddering can be used to represent consumers' reasons for supporting or not supporting abstract marketing products such as ideas, goals, or perceptions. The specific empirical context used to illustrate the approach was the public's perceptions of President Clinton. Six hundred and three respondents in a national random sample of the public provided information on their stances toward the President and the bases for these stances. The declared reasons for supporting or not supporting the President were summarized in declarative maps and used to test hypotheses about their structure and their impact on attitudinal and behavioral variables. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Climatic trends from isotopic records of tree rings: The past 100-200 years

There has been a great deal of discussion about global warming from accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Houghton et al., 1990). Relatively less attention has been paid to spatial and/or temporal climatic variations that may be associated with a warmer climate (Rind et al., 1989) or with anthropogenic activities (Schneider, 1994). In this article, we show that an increase in climatic variability may have started. Fourteen isotopic time series of tree rings are presented. These trees were randomly collected from world-wide locations and cover time periods of 120 to over 200 years. The isotopic records show increasing δD values that suggest a consistent and progressive warming occurred in the 19th century in all locations where the trees were sampled. The rate of warming is greater at relatively cold locations than at warm locations with two exceptions. The records also suggest greater climatic variations both temporally and spatially in the 20th century than in the 19th century.
Beyond instrumentation: redesigning measures and methods for evaluating the graduate college experience

This manuscript chronicles the process and products of a redesign for evaluation of the graduate college experience (GCE) which was initiated by a university graduate college, based on its observed need to reconsider and update its measures and methods for assessing graduate students’ experiences. We examined the existing instrumentation and procedures; met with and interviewed staff and stakeholders regarding individual and organizational needs; collected systematic questionnaire data on stakeholder perceptions; and then redesigned, developed, and tested new evaluation instruments, systems, and procedures. The previously paper-based, one-time global exit questionnaire was redesigned into a digitally administered, multi-event assessment series, with content relevant to students’ incremental academic progress. Previously discrete items were expanded into psychometrically coherent variable scales in parallel forms to assess change over time (entry, mid-point, exit, post-graduation). They were also strategically designed as stable and independent enough so administrators could vary the timing and sequence of administration to fit their ongoing needs The team conducted two testing cycles, gathering pertinent information on the redesigned assessment and procedures (N = 2,835). The final redesigned evaluation serves as an exemplar of evaluation that enhances assessment quality including psychometric properties and multiple stakeholder validation, more effectively addresses the organization’s incremental evaluation needs, increases timeliness of data collection, improves reach to and participation of distributed students, and enables longitudinal data collection to provide ongoing trajectory-of-change evaluation and a research data stream. Product and process analysis informs strategies for more effectively and dynamically assessing graduate education.
Root organogenesis from single cells released from the root cap of Medicago sp.

Root border cells were isolated from alfalfa seedlings, and incubated in culture medium with growth regulators. Alfalfa seedlings yielded 1500±100 cells per root, and initial viability of the cells was 95±5%. Multiple cell divisions occurred in the border cells within two weeks. Cell clusters transferred to solidified medium containing growth regulators developed into rapidly growing, friable callus. When transferred to growth regulator-free medium, some of the calluses generated normal roots.
Sklar's Maneuver

Sklar ([1974]) claimed that relationalism about ontology—the doctrine that space and time do not exist—is compatible with Newtonian mechanics. To defend this claim he sketched a relationalist interpretation of Newtonian mechanics. In his interpretation, absolute acceleration is a fundamental, intrinsic property of material bodies; that a body undergoes absolute acceleration does not entail that space and time exist. But Sklar left his proposal as just a sketch; his defense of relationalism succeeds only if the sketch can be filled in. I argue that this cannot be done. There can be no (relationalist) dynamical laws of motion based on Sklar’s proposal that capture the content of Newton’s theory. So relationalists must look elsewhere for a relationalist interpretation of Newtonian mechanics.
Note on "disinhibition".

Use of the term “disinhibition” by social learning theorists is criticized on several grounds. (1) Use of a descriptive term as an explanatory concept is circular. (2) Since the term carries specific explanatory meaning stemming from traditional learning theory, adding another meaning to a single term is likely to cause unnecessary confusion. Altering the name of the term, e.g., “de-inhibition” might help clarify the literature. (3) Where the same term is used to explain seemingly different situations, one is uncertain as to whether the implied underlying process is indeed a single one. (4) The underlying process postulated by Bandura and Walters to account for “disinhibition” is the counterconditioning or extinction of anxiety responses, but the possibly crucial role of E and the experimental arrangements in mediating the effect of the model have been overlooked. Further research regarding the presence of anxiety responses and the effect of the experimental arrangements seems necessary before conclusions...
Partial Resistance to Potato Black Dot, Caused by Colletotrichum coccodes in Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena

Black dot is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S.J. Hughes. The disease is prevalent in potato fields and can be of economic concern by itself, or as a part of the potato early dying syndrome. Little is known about resistance to this disease. In the present study resistance to potato black dot was tested in Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena. Forty accessions were chosen randomly from the core collection and screened. The accessions originated from Peru, Mexico, Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Argentina and Costa Rica. Five accessions had less (P ≤ 0.05) disease on roots and stems than a set of commercial standards. These accessions were: PIs 189473, 230475, 161683, 243367 and 230470. They were retested to validate their partial resistance. Fifteen plants, each a unique genotype, were selected from each accession and were propagated into multiple clones that were inoculated with the pathogen. Three genotypes were identified with less (P < 0.05) disease on roots and stems than the industry standard. These genotypes originated from the accessions PI-243367 and PI-230475. Clones of the resistant genotypes were added to the potato germplasm collection located at the Potato Improvement Laboratory of the USDA-ARS near Prosser, WA, to be used in the development of black dot resistant commercial varieties.
Automatic parallel generation of aeolian fractals on the IBM power visualization system

Abstract Simple approaches to pattern generation using a parallel graphics computer are described. Using these methods, a computer can automatically select parameters and generate a large collection of diverse, aesthetically appealing fractal patterns. Computational recipes are included to encourage reader involvement. The described approaches will work using inexpensive personal computers, although computations done in parallel provide for much quicker generation.
Differentiation in the momentary rating of somatic symptoms covaries with trait emotional awareness in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death.

Objectives:Somatic symptom ratings covary with neuroticism. Yet, people vary from one another in their ability to report their own emotions and differentiate them from bodily sensations. We hypothesized that stressed individuals with greater emotional awareness would experience somatic symptoms in a
Diagenetic fractionation of Ge and Si in reducing sediments: the missing Ge sink and a possible mechanism to cause glacial/interglacial variations in oceanic Ge/Si

The average Ge/Si ratio in the ocean is determined by the budgets for each of these elements. Previous budget formulations have assumed that the only important sink for both elements is burial as opal, based on studies of the Si cycle and the close oceanic coupling observed between inorganic Ge and Si distributions. However, these budgets implied two paradoxes: (1) hydrothermal flow through ocean ridges is smaller than predicted by other tracers, and (2) the lower Ge/Si ratio of opal deposited during glacial times compared to that deposited during interglacial times required enhanced weathering during cooler, drier climates. Both paradoxes could be resolved if a significant sedimentary sink for Ge other than opal burial could be identified, and the objective of this study was to search for one. Two pore water profiles collected in Equatorial Pacific sediments show that Ge and Si behave similarly in the upper 10 cm of sediment, indicating no evidence for a significant non-opal sink for Ge in oxic sediments. By contrast, profiles in several cores from the California Margin demonstrate that in reducing sediments, Ge diagenesis is poorly coupled to Si diagenesis: significant Ge removal is evident, both downcore and sometimes in the near-surface. Benthic flux chamber measurements at three continental slope stations, all with an oxic layer less than 1 cm thick and large iron gradients in near-surface pore waters, showed that 55 ± 9% of the Ge released by opal dissolution is sequestered. However, at two locations with anoxic sediments but little pore water Fe+2 in the upper 2 cm, flux measurements indicated little fractionation from the oceanic ratio during diagenesis, implicating the importance of iron for fractionating Ge from Si during diagenesis. If the Ge sequestration observed in the iron-rich CA margin sediments is typical of all slope sediments (using a depth range of 200–1000 m), then the Ge sink is sufficient to bring the hydrothermal budget based on Ge into concurrence with that based on other tracers. The temporal variation in oceanic Ge/Si could be explained if Ge and Si inputs remain constant and the effective diagenetic fractionation of Ge increases by a factor of 2–3 during glacial times. Increased fractionation would require that glacial periods are characterized by increased opal dissolution in iron-rich reducing sediments; this could be caused by (1) thinning of the oxygenated sediment layer in response to decreased bottom water oxygen concentrations or increased rain of organics to the sea floor, (2) increased rain of iron-rich detrital sediments in areas receiving high opal rain, (3) increased rain of opal to sediments in margin areas. If the oceanic Ge/Si ratio reflects increased rain of diatom opal or organic carbon in margin areas during glacial periods, it may indicate an increase in the efficiency of the biological pump for CO2 during glacial times.
Monogamy contraception and the cultural and reproductive success hypothesis.

Perusse conducted an excellent study on French-Canadians in Quebec. One minor criticism of his work however is the way he analyzed earlier studies. In fact a more careful analysis would provide stronger corroboration for his own findings. The problems with his review include 1) the omission of several studies 2) counting the same results twice 3) tabulating statistically insignificant results as a "no" instead of as a neutral result 4) failing to combine the components of fertility and survivorship to reach an estimate of reproductive success 5) citing large lineage size as a potential correlation with high cultural success or reproductive success when data exist that show large lineage size does not correlate at all with reproductive success and 6) failing to categorize societies by how well they approximate the environment of evolutionary adaptedness and then to analyze separately those which most closely make the approximation. In fact tabulation of published data from tribal societies which are nonliterate nonurban and have had little or no previous contact with literate or urban societies correlates Perusses study by showing a positive correlation of cultural success and reproductive success for more traditional societies that practice polygyny and not contraception. The societies included are Yomut Yanomamo Muslim Hausa non-Muslim Hausa Ache Ifaluk Kipsigis and Mukogodo. The questions raised by Prusses findings include why have humans created socially-imposed monogamy why have they invented contraception and what motivates them to use contraception. The answer to these questions may require the introduction of the perceived cost of childrearing as a factor which may play a role in both low fertility and the flat or inverse correlation of cultural and reproductive success.
LONGITUDINAL COURSE OF ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION: NEUROENDOCRINE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS

Objective The study examined whether cortisol measures are associated with the clinical course of depression in adolescents. Furthermore, the study evaluated whether the relationship between cortisol and clinical course is moderated by environmental stress and/or social support. Method Fifty-five adolescents with depression (age range 13–18 years) were recruited. In addition to a systematic diagnostic assessment, information was obtained on environmental stress and social support. Urinary free cortisol measures were collected on three consecutive nights during the index episode. Clinical follow-up evaluations were conducted at regular intervals over a 5-year period, documenting recovery from the index depressive episode and recurrent episodes. Information on environmental stress and social support also was gathered during each follow-up assessment. Results Consistent with prior reports, the majority of adolescents (92.2%) recovered from the initial depressive episode. A substantial proportion of the recovered youth (42.6%) experienced a subsequent episode during the follow-up period. Higher cortisol levels were associated with a longer time to recovery from the index depressive episode. The effect of cortisol on recovery was moderated by social support. The combination of elevated cortisol and recent stressful experiences predicted recurrence, whereas a higher level of social support was protective against recurrence. Conclusions These data, in conjunction with prior literature, suggest that depression reflects an underlying neurobiological vulnerability that may predispose individuals with high vulnerability to chronic, recurrent episodes. Psychosocial factors, independently or in combination with an underlying neurobiological vulnerability, also play an important role in determining the clinical course of depression.
Granulopoietic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia of children.

Studies have been carried out on the levels of serum and urine colony stimulating activity (CSA) and peripheral blood and bone marrow colony forming cell numbers in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) during various phases of their disease. These studies have suggested that serum and urine levels of colony stimulating factor are reduced during the initial or relapse phase of the disease compared to levels found during remission. It has also been found that the number of bone marrow colony forming cells is reduced in relapse or before treatment and elevated during remission while the number of peripheral blood colony forming cells is increased during relapse or before treatment and normal during remission. It has also been shown that mixing of serum or leukemic cells with normal human bone marrow cells inhibits colony formation.
Push vs. pull: data movement for linked data structures

As the performance gap between the CPU and main memory continues to grow, techniques to hide memory latency are essential to deliver a high performance computer system. Prefetching can often overlap memory latency with computation for array-based numeric applications. However, prefetching for pointer-intensive applications still remains a challenging problem. Prefetching linked data structures (LDS) is difficult because the address sequence of LDS traversal does not present the same arithmetic regularity as array-based applications and the data dependence of pointer dereferences can serialize the address generation process.In this paper, we propose a cooperative hardware/software mechanism to reduce memory access latencies for linked data structures. Instead of relying on the past address history to predict future accesses, we identify the load instructions that traverse the LDS, and execute them ahead of the actual computation. To overcome the serial nature of the LDS address generation, we attach a prefetch controller to each level of the memory hierarchy and push, rather than pull, data to the CPU. Our simulations, using four pointer-intensive applications, show that the push model can achieve between 4% and 30% larger reductions in execution time compared to the pull model.
A new synthesis of alkylsulphanylnaphthalenes and the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of novel naphthylisothiocyanates

The syntheses and transition temperatures of 2-(4-butylsulphanylphenyl)-6-isothiocyanatonaphthalene and 1-(4-butylsulphanylphenyl)-2-(6-isothiocyanato-2-naphthyl)ethyne are reported and discussed. These are the first examples of mesogenic isothiocyanatonaphthalenes to be reported in the literature. The transition temperatures of these compounds were compared and contrasted with compounds where the naphthalene and benzene rings had been interchanged and the analogous compounds where a cyano group replaced the isothiocyanate. The new compounds had high nematic phase thermal stabilities and relatively low melting points. As part of this work we present a new synthetic method for the synthesis of the key 2-alkylsulphanyl-6-bromonaphthalene building block that is a marked improvement over currently available methodology.
Comparison of color flow imaging and peripheral venous saline contrast during transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate right-to-left shunt at the atrial level.

Intravenous injections of agitated saline (contrast) are used to identify right-to-left atrial shunt during transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Color flow imaging (CFI) with TEE can be used to detect left-to-right atrial shunt but its application to detect right-to-left shunt is not known. We performed CFI and contrast during TEE in 72 patients for detection of right-to-left shunt. Frame-by-frame review of CFI demonstrated discrete laminar jets of the left side of the atrial septum at the lower or upper margin of the fossa ovalis (FO) in 41 (57%) of 72; only 22 had positive contrast. Timing of shunts was late diastolic or early systolic and not related to pulmonary venous inflow. The length of the FO at end-systole was greater in those with positive CFI compared to negative CFI (13.5 ± 5 vs 11 ± 4 mm, P = 0.02). CFI was positive for right-to-left shunt in ten of 14 with atrial septal aneurysms. Contrast was positive for right-to-left shunt in 29 (40%) of 72; all but six had positive CFI. The degree of left atrial opacification was minimal in 19 and moderate to severe in ten. FO size was greater in positive versus negative contrast (14 ± 4 vs 11 ± 5 mm, P = 0.02). Contrast was positive for shunt in ten of 14 with septal aneurysms. Thus, right-to-left atrial shunt more often occurs with increased FO size and septal aneurysms. TEE with CFI is extremely sensitive for timing and localization of atrial right-to-left shunt, but the degree of right-to-left shunt is best assessed with contrast.
Boundary layer resistance and temperature distribution on still and flapping leaves: I. Theory and laboratory experiments.

If the evaporation is uniform on a flat exposed leaf, forced convection will also be nearly uniform, and the leaf temperature will vary with the square root of the distance from the leading edge. Then the resistance expressed in terms of the proper, i.e., average, temperature has the same value as the resistance of a leaf at uniform temperature. Compared to a steady laminar flow, the turbulence of a realistic wind decreases the resistance by a constant factor of about 2.5. The same constant factor was observed whether the leaf was flapping or not, when the wind velocity was not too low.