cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Shame Following Sexual Abuse: A Longitudinal Look at Risk and Recovery

This study investigated persistence in abuse-related shame during a 6-year period. One-hundred-eighteen sexually abused youth were interviewed at the time of discovery, and again both 1 and 6 years later. Individuals high in shame 1 year following discovery were especially at risk for persistently high levels of shame 6 years later. Youth with high shame for the abuse at 1 and 6 years were the most likely to report clinically significant levels of intrusive recollections at 6 years. Persistent shame may explain failure to process the abuse and the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. The findings from this longitudinal study suggest that shame as a consequence of childhood sexual abuse should be a focus of treatment.
The Mediating Role Of EMS Teamwork As It Pertains To HR Factors And Perceived Environmental Performance

Little management theory or empirical results exist to guide managers in maximizing employee efforts to successfully implement Environmental Management Systems (EMS). In response, this study examines the relationship among Human Resource (HR) factors and employee perceptions of environmental performance. Four hundred thirty-seven (437) employees were surveyed in an organization with a well-developed EMS program and ISO 14001 certification. Results suggest that management support for EMS, EMS training, employee empowerment, and EMS rewards are related to perceived environmental performance. Furthermore, EMS teamwork plays a mediating role between some of independent variables and perceived environmental performance. Finally, implications for managers are discussed.
Viopudial, a hypotensive and smooth muscle antispasmodic from Viburnum opulus.

SummaryThe administration of viopudial, a Viburnum opulus component, produces bradycardia, hypotension, and some decrease in myocardial contractility. Experimental evidence indicates that viopudial's mechanism of action is partly due to its effects on cholinesterase. In vitro demonstrations of a competitive inhibitory effect on both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase showed viopudial to be relatively weak when compared to the known potent inhibitor, physostigmine. Additional mechanistic effects, such as a direct musculotrophic action, may also be responsible for the overall activity.The authors are grateful to Dr. A. H. Nathan and Mr. C. V. Vanderkolk of the Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI, for extractions. This research was supported by NIH Grants GM 461, GM 33,888 and AM 07147.
Multi-layer Bayesian Network for Variable-Bound Inference

Agent decision-making is an information-intensive activity. Its performance is affected by the availability of relevant information. Bayesian networks have provided a probabilistic estimate for uncertain information. However, for those decision problems where information is represented in predicates, Bayesian inferences are required to process the variable-bound relations across predicates. multi-layer Bayesian network (MLBN) is an extension of the classical model of Bayesian networks with multiple layers of conditional probability tables, each corresponding to one specific variable binding. The MLBN has been implemented based on an agent architecture. Experiments have shown its capability of improving performance in an experience-based decision-making framework.
Estimation of Item Response Theory Parameters in the Presence of Missing Data

Missing data are a common problem in a variety of measurement settings, including responses to items on both cognitive and affective assessments. Researchers have shown that such missing data may create problems in the estimation of item difficulty parameters in the Item Response Theory (IRT) context, particularly if they are ignored. At the same time, a number of data imputation methods have been developed outside of the IRT framework and been shown to be effective tools for dealing with missing data. The current study takes several of these methods that have been found to be useful in other contexts and investigates their performance with IRT data that contain missing values. Through a simulation study, it is shown that these methods exhibit varying degrees of effectiveness in terms of imputing data that in turn produce accurate sample estimates of item difficulty and discrimination parameters. Psychometricians and other measurement professionals are familiar with the phenomenon of missing item responses for both cognitive and affective assessments. For example, examinees may leave one or more items unanswered either inadvertently or because they do not know the answer and are afraid to guess. Respondents to a questionnaire might feel inhibited in answering items dealing with a sensitive topic, leading to missing data. Much research has been conducted regarding the im
Fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus restores multiple circadian rhythms in old rats

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the major circadian pacemaker in mammals. When fetal tissue containing the SCN is transplanted into young rats whose circadian rhythms have been abolished by SCN lesions, the rhythms gradually reappear. Circadian rhythms in many rats deteriorate or disappear with age. The rationale of the present study was that old rats with poor circadian rhythms resemble young rats with SCN lesions. If there is a similar mechanism underlying this resemblance, then fetal tissue containing the SCN should restore rhythms in old rats. Therefore, we implanted such tissue into the third ventricle of intact aged rats with poor circadian rhythms. Body temperature, locomotor activity, and/or drinking were measured simultaneously within subjects. Grafts and hosts were stained immunocytochemically for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Of 23 SCN grafts, 14 were viable (cells observable with Nissl or peptide staining). In 7 of the 14 aged hosts, up to three circadian rhythms were improved or restored. VIP cells were always observable, which was not the case for AVP cells or NPY fibers. In the other seven hosts, no circadian rhythm was improved. Compared with the successful grafts, these unsuccessful grafts had similar amounts of AVP and NPY staining but significantly less VIP cell and/or fiber staining. Fetal cerebellar grafts, which do not contain any of the three peptides, did not improve or restore any rhythms. Thus the degeneration of circadian rhythms in aged rats may be due, at least in part, to deterioration of the aged SCN and in particular, to a loss of function of VIP-containing neurons.
Serum gangliosides in mice with metastatic and non-metastatic brain tumors

The content of serum gangliosides was examined in VM and C57BL/6J (B6) mice that contained subcutaneous metastatic (VM) and non-metastatic (CT-2A) brain tumors, respectively. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were used to analyze the serum gangliosides. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) accounted for greater than 90% of the total serum sialic acid content in each mouse strain (5.53 nmol and 2.05 nmol per ml serum, respectively). GM2-NeuGc was the major serum ganglioside detectable in both the normal and tumor-bearing mice of each strain. Shedding of tumor gangliosides into the serum occurs in various murine non-neural tumors and in human gliomas and neuroblastomas, but has not been previously studied in murine brain tumors. Our results show that serum ganglioside concentration was reduced in VM mice bearing the metastatic VM tumor, but was increased in B6 mice bearing the non-metastatic CT-2A tumor. These changes in concentration, however, were not associated with marked changes in serum ganglioside distribution. As serum gangliosides are synthesized in the liver, the differences in serum ganglioside concentration in the tumor-bearing mice may arise more from changes in liver function than from differences in tumor shedding.
Intercity Travel Characteristics

A hypothesis is presented and a scientific model is proposed to aid engineering planners in forecasting travel between city pairs in the United States. Geographic factors such as the proximity of one city to another, the distance between cities and size of city affect travel. Economic factors such as individual worth and city classification, i.e., industrial, marketing, institutional, or balanced, also influence travel. Collection of more adequate data and use of more sophisticated forecasting techniques are essential to an improved transportation system.
The Role of Metalinguistic Awareness in Multilingual Acquisition.

Multilingual acquisition is a nonlinear and complex dynamic process. The past several decades of research have revealed that a number of factors interact and influence the variability of the process, including, for instance, the type of third language (L3) learner, learner proficiency, linguistic domain, grammatical feature, and language (psycho)typology (e.g., Cabrelli Amaro & Rothman, 2010; Llama, Cardoso, & Collins, 2010; Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Gallardo del Puerto, 2007; Gibson, Hufeisen, & Libben, 2001; Pittman, 2008; Ringbom, 2001). Yet another crucial factor to consider, especially from the recent perspective of the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism (DMM) (Herdina & Jessner, 2002), is the linguistic background of the learner in relation to their literacy in the second language (L2), and more specifically, their metalinguistic knowledge and awareness (De Bot & Jaensch, 2013).
A New Species of Ameletus (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae) from Western Virginia

Nymphal and adult stages of a new species of Ameletus from western Virginia are described. Useful characteristics for determining the new species are summarized. Species of Ephemeroptera collected with the new species are reported in addition to the known ecology and distribution of the new species.
Chylous ascites secondary to constrictive pericarditis. A discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms.

We present the first well-documented case of a patient with chylous ascites secondary to constrictive pericarditis in whom complete resolution of the ascites followed anterior pericardiectomy. We postulate that persistently elevated central venous pressure, leading to lymphatic hypertension, resulted in engorgement of the peritoneal serosal lymphatic system and formation of chylous ascites.
Recognition and Receptiveness in Forming a Small Group

A man can't live with stability if he is isolated. Between himself and others, he has interactions, and through repetition of them he tries to be a member of a small group consisted of himself and others.When he finds himself in this group, he attains stability through the union of his true individual self with the group. With the stability of this base, he can face other new external objects in a positive way. In this sense, a small group is essential support to one's stability.It is the level of interactions between them that decides the degree of forming of a small group. One of the most primary interaction is, I think, the recognition and the perceptiveness between oneself and the others.There are four such levels:1) Self-need centered levelThe main purpose is to satisfy one's own wants mutually. When one's wants have been satisfied, interactions are finished. The most important point in this level is the result of the others action. Recognition and perceptiveness to others are not necessary. At this level there are interactions, but the group is not yet formed.2) Subjective levelThrough repetition of interactions, recognition and receptiveness are met. But, there is some subjective bias from which some confusion springs on the way to forming a group. This subjective bias results chiefly from the individuals self-defense and individuality synthesis.3) Objective levelUsually what is called the scientific method. It selects and catches from the others phenomena which can be reasonably applicable to a certain general standard. It is apt to neglect the synthetic function of the others as a whole. So they can't get sufficient recognition and receptiveness to others. As a result, forming a group is limited.4) Emphathetic levelThis is the method by which we recognize and recieve the whole synthetic function as it is, understanding the others not as the objects but as the subjects. When an interaction is done by this method, it will get deeper and it becomes more reasonable to understand each other as a human. The common domain of the Recognition and Receptiveness shows the maximum expantion. Here, the small group becomes the most mature one.In the practical formations of small groups, these levels are partly overlapped by each other. But this classification will give an effective method for the analysis and appreciation of a group and to the educational and critical direction to make a group mature. It also suggests that in studies about human, human-relations, and a group, the subjective synthesis function should be put at the center.
Erythroid histones in chronic erythremic myelosis.

SummaryLysine-rich and arginine-rich histories were extracted from erythroid precursors of bone marrow obtained from three patients with chronic erythremic myelosis. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the histone patterns resembled the patterns of his-tones extracted from erythroid precursors in patients with treated pernicious anemia. Amino acid analyses of histone fractions demonstrated that the erythremic myelosis histones were arginine rich. Relationships between these findings and the pathogenesis of megaloblastoid erythropoiesis are discussed.
Das Qi absenken: Eine Leitlinie für die Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen in der heutigen Zeit

Im Rahmen seiner Forschungsarbeiten beschaftigt sich Heiner Fruhauf seit mehreren Jahren mit klassischen und volksmedizinische Behandlungsstrategien, die im Zuge der Standardisierung der TCM-Lehre sowohl in China als auch im Westen vernachlassigt wurden. In diesem Artikel beschreibt er das Vorgehen von Dr. Wu Sheng’an aus Xi’an, der sich auf den Qing-zeitlichen Gelehrten Huang Yuanyu (1704–1758) stutzt und schwerpunktmasig uber die oo. lienalis et stomachi (Fk „Milz“ und „Magen“, pi wei) behandelte. Im Mittelpunkt von Heiner Fruhaufs Betrachtungen steht hier das „Das Qi absenkende Dekokt“ (Xiaqi tang), dessen Ingredienzen er angibt und dessen Wirkung er im Einzelnen erlautert. Im Anschluss daran werden fur zahlreiche Krankheitsbilder und Symptome mogliche Modifikationen angegeben. For many years now Heiner Fruhauf has given a great deal of attention in his research work to treatment strategies that have been used in classic and folk medicine and which have been neglected in the pursuit of standardisation in TCM teaching both in China and in the West. In this article he describes the approach adopted by Dr. Wu Sheng’an from Xi’an, who drew support for his treatments from the Qing dynasty scholar physician Huang Yuanyu (1704-1758), and who focused his concentration on the spleen and stomach functional systems (oo. lienalis et stomachi, pi wei). The focal point of Heiner Fruhauf’s attention is the „Descend the Qi Decoction“ (Xiaqi tang); he provides a list of the ingredients and explains in detail the effects of each of them. He then goes on to indicate possible modifications in response to particular symptoms and for the treatment of numerous illnesses.
Radiomics: there is more than meets the eye in medical imaging (Conference Presentation)

Imaging-based techniques have traditionally been restricted to the diagnosis of cancer and staging of cancer. But technological advances are moving imaging modalities into the heart of patient care. Radiomics uses imaging assays to develop biomarkers which complement those derived from biopsies. The ultimate goal of radiomics is to improve personalized medicine strategies by allowing clinicians to monitor disease in real time as patients move through treatment. Several studies in different cancer types have demonstrated that radiomic biomarkers have strong prognostic performance, and are associated with underlying mutation and gene-expression patterns. In this talk, Dr. Aerts will discuss recent developments from his lab and collaborators performing research at the intersection of radiology and bioinformatics. Also, he will discuss recent work of building a computational image analysis system to extract a rich radiomics set and use these features to build prognostic radiomics signatures. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of future work on building integrative systems incorporating both molecular and phenotypic data to improve cancer therapies.
Development of 10kV Square Wave Generator

For the measurement of very fast transient overvoltage which has short rise time and high amplitude in the power system,we proposed a circuit of high voltage capacitor discharging type square wave generator (SWG). A SWG with rise time of only 5 ns was developed according to the theoretical experimental studies. The rise time of output voltage generated by capacitor discharging was further shortened by a steep switch. The primary experiment shows that the steep switch satisfies the design requirements with a good consistency. Considering the influence of stray parameters on output waveform,the main component parameters were analyzed in ATP simulation. Based on the results,the parameters of main component were improved and the improved circuit can obtain an output voltage wave of which rise time is less than 5 ns,width is larger than 1 μs and have an amplitude of 10 kV. The generator is sufficient to be the square wave source for the measurement.
Computerized drug-drug interaction screening system.

A pharmacy automated drug interaction screening (PADIS) system is described which detects possible drug interactions by screening patient medication profiles. The data base contains approximately 24,000 drug interaction combinations of drugs marketed in the U.S. and also foreign and investigational drugs that have been implicated to cause drug interactions. It is updated on a monthly basis. The PADIS system operates as a batch run program which screens all patient medication profiles on a daily schedule. A patient drug interaction profile is printed by the computer for use by the pharmacist to suggest alternative therapy to the physician. The computer detects potential drug interactions in approximately 9% of the patients per day at the 635-bed hospital at which the system was developed.
FAK Expression, Not Kinase Activity, Is a Key Mediator of Thyroid Tumorigenesis and Protumorigenic Processes.

There are limited therapy options for advanced thyroid cancer, including papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer (PTC and ATC). Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates cell signaling by functioning as a scaffold and kinase. Previously, we demonstrated that FAK is overexpressed and activated in thyroid cancer cells and human PTC clinical specimens. However, it remains unclear whether patients with advanced thyroid cancer will benefit from FAK inhibition. Therefore, the dual functions of FAK in mediating protumorigenic processes and thyroid tumorigenesis were investigated. Evidence here shows that FAK expression predominantly regulates thyroid cancer cell growth, viability, and anchorage-independent growth. FAK inhibition, with PF-562,271 treatment, modestly reduced tumor volumes, while FAK depletion, through shRNA knockdown, significantly reduced tumor volumes in vivo. A role for FAK expression in tumor establishment was demonstrated in a model of PTC, where FAK knockdown tumors did not develop. FAK depletion also led to a significant decrease in overall metastatic burden. Interestingly, pretreatment with a FAK inhibitor resulted in a paradoxical increase in metastasis in a model of ATC, but decreased metastasis in a model of PTC. These data provide the first evidence that FAK expression is critical for the regulation of thyroid tumorigenic functions. Implications: This study demonstrates that FAK expression, but not kinase activity alone, predominantly mediates thyroid tumor growth and metastasis, indicating that targeting the scaffolding function(s) of FAK may be an important therapeutic strategy for advanced thyroid cancer, as well as other FAK-dependent tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 869–82. ©2016 AACR.
An Approach to Drugs

The nurse should establish a general attitude to drugs, a way of thinking, examining and using them—old ones as well as new ones. The nurse is, of course, not often the one who chooses the drug to use, but since she is constantly with the patient, she is in the best position to see what good it is doing and what its undesirable effects may be. What should the nurse do in the case of a new drug? What should she find out about the drugs she handles? What are the facts which are essential to the understanding and meaningful handling of drugs? Here are some questions the nurse should be able to answer: 1. What are the therapeutic actions and indications for the drug? 2. What are the contraindications? 3. How well is it absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract? 4. What are the permissible routes of administration? 5. How quickly do effects develop by each route? 6. How is it eliminated? 7. How long does complete elimination take? 8. What is the average dose? 9. How often should doses be given? 10. What are the minor and major toxic symptoms? 11. How is toxicity treated? 12. In the case of intolerance, what drug may be substituted? 13. Does the drug deteriorate? 14. How should it be stored?
Treating patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease--Does the glucose matter?

The combination of diabetes and cardiovascular disease is challenging on many levels. Patients with diabetes are at substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular complications, and when they present with their initial event, be it a myocardial infarction, stroke, or need for revascularization, they are much more likely to have poor outcomes [1,2]. Heart failure, from both preserved and reduced left ventricular function is now the most common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes and presents clinicians with even greater management dilemmas [3,4]. There are two principal treatment goals in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease [5]. The first is to treat risk factors as aggressively as possible. It is a general truism that any risk factor modification, whether it be lipids, blood pressure, weight loss or antiplatelet therapy, that is effective in the general population will be as much or more beneficial in patients with diabetes. In fact, even when the relative benefit of a certain therapy is similar between patients with and without diabetes, the event rates are so much higher in patients with diabetes that the absolute risk reductions are often much more dramatic. Thus all patients with DM and CV disease should be on intensive statin therapy (with the addition of ezetimibe if indicated), inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system, and appropriate antiplatelet therapy. The second treatment goal in this population is to achieve “near normal” glycemic levels. This area of management has been more controversial. There is ample evidence in both type I and II diabetes that improved glycemic control improves
Prediction of drinking water intake by dairy cows

Mathematical models that predict water intake by drinking, also known as free water intake (FWI), are useful in understanding water supply needed by animals on dairy farms. The majority of extant mathematical models for predicting FWI of dairy cows have been developed with data sets representing similar experimental conditions, not evaluated with modern cows, and often require dry matter intake (DMI) data, which may not be routinely available. The objectives of the study were to (1) develop a set of new empirical models for predicting FWI of lactating and dry cows with and without DMI using literature data, and (2) evaluate the new and the extant models using an independent set of FWI measurements made on modern cows. Random effect meta-regression analyses were conducted using 72 and 188 FWI treatment means with and without dietary electrolyte and daily mean ambient temperature (TMP) records, respectively, for lactating cows, and 19 FWI treatment means for dry cows. Milk yield, DMI, body weight, days in milk, dietary macro-nutrient contents, an aggregate milliequivalent concentration of dietary sodium and potassium (NaK), and TMP were used as potential covariates to the models. A model having positive relationships of DMI, dietary dry matter (DM%), and CP (CP%) contents, NaK, and TMP explained 76% of variability in FWI treatment means of lactating cows. When challenged on an independent data set (n=261), the model more accurately predicted FWI [root mean square prediction error as a percentage of average observed value (RMSPE%)=14.4%] compared with a model developed without NaK and TMP (RMSPE%=17.3%), and all extant models (RMSPE%≥15.7%). A model without DMI included positive relationships of milk yield, DM%, NaK, TMP, and days in milk, and explained 63% of variability in the FWI treatment means and performed well (RMSPE%=17.9%), when challenged on the independent data. New models for dry cows included positive relationships of DM% and TMP along with DMI or body weight. The new models with and without DMI explained 75 and 54% of the variability in FWI treatment means of dry cows and had RMSPE% of 12.8 and 15.2%, respectively, when evaluated with the literature data. The study offers a set of empirical models that can assist in determining drinking water needs of dairy farms.
Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) following treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

17509 Background: t-MDS is well described following treatment of lymphomas, solid tumors and acute promyelocytic leukemia. In contrast, it has been reported only rarely following treatment of AML, ...
Production and Characterization of Antibody Against PR Toxin.

Antibody against PR toxin was produced after immunizing rabbits with an immunogen prepared by conjugation of PR toxin to bovine serum albumin by a reductive alkylation method. A competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine the antibody specificity. The concentration causing 50% inhibition of binding of 3H-tetrahydro-PR toxin to the antibody by unlabeled PR toxin, tetrahydro-PR toxin, PR imine, eremofortin C (EC), acetyl-EC (Ac-EC), eremofortin D (ED) and eremofortin A (EA) were 7, 10, 5, 15, 50, 500 and 800 ng/assay, respectively; for PR alcohol and eremofortin B (EB), the concentration was greater than 10,000 ng/assay. The practical application of using this antibody for RIA of PR toxin was tested by spiking cheese with the toxin. PR toxin was then extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by RIA. The overall recovery for 20 samples with 0.1 to 50 ppm of PR toxin was 93%.
Effect of magnetic dipolar interactions on temperature dependent magnetic hyperthermia in ferrofluids

Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), where localized heating is generated when magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are subjected to a radiofrequency magnetic field, has a great potential as a non-invasive cancer therapy treatment. The efficiency of heat generation depends on the magnetic properties of MNPs, such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and magnetic anisotropy (K), as well as the particle size distribution and magnetic dipolar interactions. We have investigated MHT in two Fe3O4 ferrofluids prepared by co-precipitation (CP) and hydrothermal (HT) synthesis methods showing similar physical particle size distribution (14 ± 4 nm) and saturation magnetization (70 ± 2 emu/g of Fe3O4) but very different specific absorption rates (SAR) of ∼110 W/g and ∼40 W/g at room temperature (measured with an ac magnetic field amplitude of 240 Oe and a frequency of 375 kHz). This observed reduction in SAR has been explained by taking into account the dipolar interactions and the distribution of the magnetic core size of MNPs in ferr...
Strain-Mediated Magnetization Reversal Through Spin-Transfer Torque

Recent experiments have shown the ability to introduce an anisotropy energy to the energy landscape of a thin-film nanomagnet through the use of mechanical strain. Assuming this strain-induced anisotropy is large enough, the low-energy state of the nanomagnet is altered and can be used to initialize the magnetization along a given axis. Utilizing this effect, we propose a more energy efficient method of nanomagnet reversal through spin-transfer torque (STT). This is accomplished by first initializing the magnetization to a high-energy state and then applying a short current pulse to nudge the magnetization in the appropriate energy basin. Using extensive numerical simulations, we qualitatively analyze this type of reversal and find the optimal parameters for reliable functionality while in the presence of thermal noise. We demonstrate that despite negating the initial portion of nominal STT reversal, where the STT must fight against the damping torque of the initial energy-basin, the magnitude of spin current required for our proposed strain-mediated reversal is equivalent to the nominal case. However, the strain-meditated reversal is beneficial by minimizing the spin-current pulsewidth necessary for reliable operation allowing for large energy savings. Assuming the strain-anisotropy is significantly larger than the nanomagnet’s internal free-axis anisotropy, strain-mediated reversals offer a ${10 \times }$ energy reduction over nominal STT reversals.
Analyzing scientists' donations to measure their values for the Nutrient Network (NutNet)

Abstract This paper reports on a real money, economic experiment in which a broad group of ecological scientists were challenged to consider their own values within an economic framework, by considering whether to contribute financially (i.e., to donate) to support a global research initiative designed to investigate the implications of global change for grassland ecosystems. We use this experiment to illustrate the basic approach of economics as might apply to choices about and individual values for ecosystem services, particularly using an application to the potential to enhance scientific knowledge regarding grassland responses to the global distribution of nutrients. While scientists' choices and values were not significantly influenced by economic incentives embedded in the donation solicitation, donations were significantly associated with ecologists' specializations and career stages.
Medical Student Perceptions of Learner-Initiated Feedback Using a Mobile Web Application:

Feedback, especially timely, specific, and actionable feedback, frequently does not occur. Efforts to better understand methods to improve the effectiveness of feedback are an important area of edu...
Timing of Allergenic Food Introduction to the Infant Diet and Risk of Allergic or Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

D Lerodiakokonou, V Garcia-Larsen, A Logan. JAMA. 2016;316(11):1181–1192 To determine whether the timing of allergenic food introduction influences the risk of development of allergic or autoimmune disease. Meta-analysis of studies evaluating the timing of allergenic food introduction in the first year of life and reported allergy, allergic sensitization, or autoimmune disease. A comprehensive literature search from January 1, 1946, to March 8, 2016, was performed. Participants were enrolled within 6 months of life, and outcomes were evaluated between 7 months and 6 years of age. Across the 146 studies evaluated, the age of allergenic food introduction and associated allergic …
The Face of War and Genocide

The transformation of war in the twentieth century has had two facets: the industrialization of killing and the obliteration of the distinction between civilian and military targets. Consequently, war and genocide have become braided together in new and appalling ways. Representations of both in the visual arts have changed as well since 1914, when the icon of war was the face of the individual soldier. Over time, war has lost its human face, in part due to the introduction of new weapons and in part due to the disappearance of entire peoples, whose murder was an intentional object of war. It is therefore possible to speak of the effacement of war over the past 100 years, its loss of a human face in the century of total war.
Acoustic-emission analysis of fracture-toughness tests: Acoustic emission arising from plastic deformation and crack extension is analyzed with reference to fracture toughness and fracture mode of the material

Acoustic-emission behavior of 300M steel was investigated as a function of the fracture toughness and microstructure. A model is presented to correlate acoustic emission arising from plastic deformation as well as crack growth during fracture-toughness tests and experimental data demonstrate that a quantitative relationship exists between fracture toughness, fracture mode and acoustic emission. Finally, it is shown that, while very limited information can be obtained by monitoring the cumulative counts alone, amplitude-distribution analysis of acoustic emission can provide an improved quantitative characterization.
Susceptibility and Vectorial Capacity of American Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to American Zika Virus Strains

The rapid expansion of Zika virus (ZIKV), following the recent outbreaks of Chikungunya virus, overwhelmed the public health infrastructure in many countries and alarmed many in the scientific community. Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) have previously been incriminated as the vectors of these pathogens in addition to dengue virus. In our study, we challenged low generation Ae. aegypti (Chiapas, Mexico) and Ae. albopictus (North Carolina, Mississippi), with three strains of ZIKV, Puerto Rico (GenBank: KU501215), Honduras (GenBank: KX694534), and Miami (GenBank: MF988743). Following an oral challenge with 107.5 PFU/ml of the Puerto Rico strain, we observed high infection and dissemination rates in both species (95%). We report estimated transmission rates for both species (74 and 33%, for Ae. aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), respectively), and the presence of a probable salivary gland barrier in Ae. albopictus to Zika virus. Finally, we calculated vectorial capacity for both species and found that Ae. albopictus had a slightly lower vectorial capacity when compared with Ae. aegypti.Second Language Abstract: La rapida expansion del virus Zika, poco despues de las epidemias de chikungunya, rebaso la infraestructura de salud publica en muchos paises y sorprendio a muchos en la comunidad cientifica. Notablemente, Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus transmiten estos patogenos ademas del virus del dengue. En este estudio se expusieron con tres cepas americanas de virus Zika a grupos de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus de generacion reciente. Encontramos altos porcentajes de infeccion y diseminacion en ambas especies (95%). Se reporta, la transmision viral en ambas especies (74 y 33%, para Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, respectivamente) y una probable barrera a nivel de glandulas salivarias. Finalmente, calculamos la capacidad vectorial para ambas especies.
Genome, Epigenome, and Transcriptome Editing via Chemical Modification of Nucleobases in Living Cells

Base editors are tools that chemically modify the nucleobases of DNA and RNA in a programmable manner, allowing for genome, epigenome, and transcriptome editing in live cells. These tools can be used to introduce specific base transitions in DNA or RNA, manipulate methylation patterns in the epigenome, and create genetically encoded libraries in target genes. These various functions can be used to modulate every aspect of the central dogma. The efficiency and precision of base editors makes them useful in both basic research and the development of new therapies. Here we describe currently available base editors and the ways that they can be used to better understand and manipulate different aspects of the central dogma.
Prediction of Drivers and Pedestrians' Behaviors at Signalized Mid-Block Danish Offset Crosswalks Using Bayesian Networks

Abstract Introduction: This study presents the prediction of driver yielding compliance and pedestrian tendencies to press pushbuttons at signalized mid-block Danish offset crosswalks. Method: It applies Bayesian Networks (BNs) analysis, which is basically a graphical non-functional form model, on observational survey data collected from five signalized crosswalks in Las Vegas, Nevada. The BNs structures were learnt from the data by the application of several score functions. By considering prediction accuracy and the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, the BN learnt using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) score resulted as the best network structure, compared to the ones learnt using K2 and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The BIC score-based structure was then used for parameter learning and probabilistic inference. Results: Results show that, when considering an individual scenario, the highest predicted yielding compliance (81%) is attained when pedestrians arrive at the crosswalk while the flashes are active, whereas the lowest predicted yielding compliance (23.4%) is observed when the pedestrians cross between the yield line and advanced pedestrian crosswalk sign. On the other hand, crossing within marked stripes, approaching the crosswalk from the near side of the pushbutton pole, inactive flashing lights, and being the first to arrive at the crosswalk result in relatively high-predicted probabilities of pedestrians pressing pushbutton. Furthermore, with a combination of scenarios, the maximum achievable predicted yielding probability is 87.5%, while that of pressing the button was 96.3%. Practical applications: Traffic engineers and planners may use these findings to improve the safety of crosswalk users.
Abstract 103: The Effects of s Lower Blood Pressure Treatment Goal on Orthostatic Hypotension in Adults With Recent Stroke

Background: Lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) treatment goals reduce risk of orthostatic hypotension (OH). Whether a lower goal also reduces orthostatic symptoms is unknown. Methods: We examined ...
'Descended from immigrants and revolutionists': how family immigration history shapes representation in Congress

Does recent immigrant lineage influence the legislative behavior of members of Congress on immigration policy? We examine the relationship between the immigrant background of legislators (i.e., their generational distance from immigration) and legislative behavior, focusing on roll-call votes for landmark immigration legislation and congressional speech on the floor. Legislators more proximate to the immigrant experience tend to support more permissive immigration legislation. Legislators with recent immigration backgrounds also speak more often about immigration in Congress, though the size of immigrant constituencies in their districts accounts for a larger share of this effect. A regression discontinuity design on close elections, which addresses selection bias concerns and holds district composition constant, confirms that legislators with recent immigrant backgrounds tend to support pro-immigration legislation. Finally, we demonstrate how a common immigrant identity can break down along narrower ethnic lines in cases where restrictive legislation targets specific places of origin. Our findings illustrate the important role of immigrant identity in legislative behavior and help illuminate the legislative dynamics of present-day immigration policy.
Laura: Otto Preminger’s Statement of Purpose

Centering on an extending analysis of a brief scene in which Gene Tierney’s titular character begins preparing a pot of coffee, this chapter addresses the role of realism as an aesthetic and formal program in Otto Preminger’s Laura. It approaches this issue from a number of perspectives, from detailed interpretations of the film’s mise-en-scene and editing to theoretical considerations of issues like medium specificity to questions of gender and representation. Ultimately, the chapter reads the film allegorically, arguing that it maps a conflict between modes of perception and representation onto a story in which male characters frequently project their own idealized fantasies onto Tierney’s Laura. In revealing these fantasies to be a source of destructive violence, I argue that the film ultimate sides with those who, in Bazin’s words, put their faith in reality.
Moving pictures, still lives: by James TweedieOxford: University of Oxford Press, 2018, 291 pagesISBN: 978-0-19-087388-2 (paperback) Price: $99.00

From a visual perspective, Tweedie explains the archaeomodern turn through the analogy of a mirror, ‘“an anticipatory fore-form of the modern media”’ (Tweedie 28; citing Bazin). The mirror in class...
Adaptive spatial working memory assessments for aging pet dogs

Assessments for spatial working memory (SWM) in pet dogs that can detect age-related cognitive deficits in a single session may aid in diagnosing canine dementia and may facilitate translational research on Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Adaptive testing procedures are widely used in single-session assessments for humans with diverse cognitive abilities. In this study, we designed and deployed two up-down staircase assessments for SWM in which 26 pet dogs were required to recall the location of a treat hidden behind one of two identical boxes following delays of variable length. In the first experiment, performance tended to decline with age but few dogs completed the test (n = 10). However, all of the dogs that participated in the second experiment (n = 24) completed the assessment and provided reliable evidence of learning and retaining the task. Delay length and age significantly predicted performance supporting the validity of this assessment. The relationships between age and performance were described by inverted U-shaped functions as both old and young dogs displayed deficits in weighted cumulative-scores and trial-by-trial performance. Thus, SWM in pet dogs may develop until midlife and decline thereafter. Exploratory analyses of non-mnemonic fixation strategies, sustained engagement, inhibitory control, and potential improvements for future SWM assessments which adopt this paradigm are also discussed.
Lessons from #MeToo: a critical reflective comment

In this commentary, I use the gender emancipation project as a context for a critique of institutional theory. The core of the critique is that institutional theory cannot be critical. This is demo...
Intestinal Inflammation as a Dysbiosis of Energy Procurement: New Insights into an Old Topic

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) coincides with profound shifts in microbiota and host metabolic energy supply and demand. The gastrointestinal epithelium is anatomically positioned to provide a selective barrier between the anaerobic luminal microbiota and host lamina propria, with the microbiota and epithelium participating in an intricate energy exchange necessary for homeostasis. Maintenance and restoration of the barrier requires high energy flux and places significant demands on available substrates to generate ATP. It is recently appreciated that components of the microbiota contribute significantly to a multitude of biochemical pathways within and outside of the mucosa. Decades-old studies have appreciated that byproducts of the microbiota provide essential sources of energy to the intestinal epithelium, especially the colon. More recent work has unveiled the existence of numerous microbial-derived metabolites that support energy procurement within the mucosa. It is now appreciated that disease-associated shifts in the microbiota, termed dysbiosis, places significant demands on energy acquisition within the mucosa. Here, we review the topic of host- and microbial-derived components that influence tissue energetics in health and during disease.
Narrative Review of Ligamentous Wrist Injuries

Ligamentous wrist injuries are common occurrences that require complex anatomical mastery and extensive understanding of diagnostic and treatment modalities. The purpose of this educational review article is to delve into the most clinically relevant wrist ligaments in an organized manner to provide the reader with an overview of relevant anatomy, function, clinical examination findings, imaging modalities, and options for management. Emphasis is placed on elucidating reported diagnostic accuracies and treatment outcomes to encourage evidence-based practice.
Correlates of Neutralization Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by Early Pandemic Sera.

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that overcome natural and vaccine-induced immunity threaten to exacerbate the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing evidence suggests that neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses are a primary mechanism of protection against infection. However, little is known about the extent and mechanisms by which natural immunity acquired during the early COVID-19 pandemic confers cross-neutralization of emerging variants. In this study, we investigated cross-neutralization of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variants in a well-characterized cohort of early pandemic convalescent subjects. We observed modestly decreased cross-neutralization of B.1.1.7 but a substantial 4.8-fold reduction in cross-neutralization of B.1.351. Correlates of cross-neutralization included receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) binding antibodies, homologous NAb titers, and membrane-directed T cell responses. These data shed light on the cross-neutralization of emerging variants by early pandemic convalescent immune responses. IMPORTANCE Widespread immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will be necessary to end the COVID-19 pandemic. NAb responses are a critical component of immunity that can be stimulated by natural infection as well as vaccines. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants are emerging that contain mutations in the spike gene that promote evasion from NAb responses. These variants may therefore delay control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied whether NAb responses from early COVID-19 convalescent patients are effective against the two SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. We observed that the B.1.351 variant demonstrates significantly reduced susceptibility to early pandemic NAb responses. We additionally characterized virological, immunological, and clinical features that correlate with cross-neutralization. These studies increase our understanding of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Statistics or biology: the zero-inflation controversy about scRNA-seq data

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have revolutionized biomedical sciences by enabling genome-wide profiling of gene expression levels at an unprecedented single-cell resolution. A distinct characteristic of scRNA-seq data is the vast proportion of zeros unseen in bulk RNA-seq data. Researchers view these zeros differently: some regard zeros as biological signals representing no or low gene expression, while others regard zeros as false signals or missing data to be corrected. As a result, the scRNA-seq field faces much controversy regarding how to handle zeros in data analysis. In this paper, we first discuss the sources of biological and non-biological zeros in scRNA-seq data. Second, we evaluate the impacts of non-biological zeros on cell clustering and differential gene expression analysis. Third, we summarize the advantages, disadvantages, and suitable uses of three input data types: observed counts, imputed counts, and binarized counts. Fourth, we benchmark the performance of the three input data types in cell clustering, dimension reduction, and differential gene expression analysis. Finally, we discuss the open questions regarding non-biological zeros and the importance of transparent analysis.