cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Use of Surfactants in Flow Injection Analysis

This review aims to present recent accomplishments in flow injection analysis by the use of surfactants, micellar systems, and cloud point extractions. The analysis of metals, pharmaceuticals, environmental samples, and samples of biological interest, as well as, surfactants themselves is covered. General considerations of micellar systems and cloud point extractions are briefly reviewed along with references to works that cover these fundamentals in greater detail. Highlights of the current work in these areas are given to stress the advantages of employing surfactants as an analytical tool to facilitate the experimental uses of these reagents and their future possibilities in green chemistry and automated laboratory techniques.
Transformation-defective strains of Haemophilus influenzae.

THE mechanism of genetic transformation and recombination can be studied with mutants deficient in various stages of transformation and recombination, but their isolation has often proved to be difficult and time-consuming. We have developed a method for selectively removing cells which transform normally from cultures of Haemophilus influenzae. Mutants isolated from such cultures have been tested for DNA uptake, integration, ultraviolet and X-ray sensitivities and ultraviolet induced DNA synthesis delay.
Molecular Modeling of the Bacterial Cytoplasm

Advances in the fields of structural biology and quantitative proteomics mean that it is now possible to consider developing working molecular models of intracellular environments. This talk focuses on the construction of such a model for the bacterial cytoplasm, describes the use of Brownian dynamics simulations to model diffusion and association of macromolecules, and shows that calculations of protein stability in the model cytoplasm are in excellent agreement with those measured experimentally in vivo.
Antibiosis of Four Insect-resistant Soybean Genotypes to the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were reared on insect resistant soybean genotypes GATIR 81-26, GATIR 81-306, GATIR 81-327, PI 423968, or the susceptible cultivar ‘Ransom.’ Larvae reared on the four resistant genotypes exhibited decreased foliage consumption and decreased pupal weight when compared to larvae reared on ‘Ransom’. Larvae consumed less 81-327 foliage than that of any other genotype. Mortality of larvae was also significantly greater on 81-327 (58.8%) when compared to that on the other soybean genotypes (16–32%). Mean number of days to pupation ranged from 10.7 (‘Ransom’) to 12.3 (81–327). Adult P. includens oviposited significantly more eggs when reared on ‘Ransom’ foliage, while those reared on 423968, 81-26, and 81-327 produced the fewest numbers of eggs. The soybean genotype 81-327 exhibited the highest degree of antibiosis, with low-to-intermediate levels noted in 81-306, 81-26, and 423968.
Simulations of a Thin Sampling Calorimeter with GEANT/FLUKA

The Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS) will investigate the origin, composition and acceleration mechanism of cosmic rays by measuring the elemental composition of the cosmic rays up to 10(exp 15) eV. These measurements will be made with a thin ionization calorimeter and a transition radiation detector. This paper reports studies of a thin sampling calorimeter concept for the ACCESS thin ionization calorimeter. For the past year, a Monte Carlo simulation study of a Thin Sampling Calorimeter (TSC) design has been conducted to predict the detector performance and to design the system for achieving the ACCESS scientific objectives. Simulation results show that the detector energy resolution function resembles a Gaussian distribution and the energy resolution of TSC is about 40%. In addition, simulations of the detector's response to an assumed broken power law cosmic ray spectra in the region where the 'knee' of the cosmic ray spectrum occurs have been conducted and clearly show that a thin sampling calorimeter can provide sufficiently accurate estimates of the spectral parameters to meet the science requirements of ACCESS. n
A Virtual Learning Environment for Perioperative Continuing Nursing Education

Second Life is a virtual-world learning environment that can serve as a venue for creative and engaging continuing nursing education. A virtual world is an on-line, three-dimensional graphical, multimedia environment where individuals are represented by avatars (digital versions of self). Clinical educators in all nursing and healthcare specialties should be aware of the advantages and many potential uses of Second Life.
NEBULIZED NITROPRUSSIDE (NP): A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AGENT TO SELECTIVELY REVERSE HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. † 304

Selective reduction of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in the context of pulmonary hypertension is oft desired but rarely achieved. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to produce this desirable effect, but is relatively difficult to administer or monitor. We wondered whether NP, chemically related to NO but more stable in solution, would produce similar physiologic effects when administered in the convenient modality of nebulization.
Moving off center

A computer center as a concept is in many ways in anachronism. Gone are the days when legions of students and faculty would march diligently to the building on campus that was the sole source of power for their research or instruction. In the building were housed not only machines but friendly people and wizards who could help researchers meet their goals.For most computing on campus, there no longer is a center—physically, intellectually, or spiritually—that encases computing and its myriad support functions. In some cases, the castle is in a state of decay.What has risen in its stead are tens or hundreds or thousand of cottage industries—small-to medium-sized computer centers in faculty offices, student labs, and departmental offices. In some instances, they have appointed their own king or queen, but often the support system for that person is very weak.The revolution is complete. The days of massively central computer centers and services are gone. Yet what mechanisms exist to 1) help build strong cottage centers and 2) help create strong support systems between the cottage centers and with the remaining central computing services?
pH on the teeth of albino rats under various conditions conducive to dental caries

Abstract The pH on the teeth of albino rats with reference to the time of eating was obtained by training the animals to eat their food allowance at scheduled times of the day. The average pH on the teeth of intact rats before eating was in the neighbourhood of 8.0. After eating a cariogenic diet, or sugar alone, it rarely fell as low as 7.0. In sialoadenectomized animals, it was lower than in intact animals. It is concluded that in the rat dental caries may occur without the pH on the teeth falling to what is regarded by many investigators as the decalcification level for human teeth. The results of these experiments raise some questions concerning the acidogenic hypothesis of the aetiology of dental caries.
Probing the catalytic mechanism of prephenate dehydratase by site-directed mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli P-protein dehydratase domain.

The Escherichia coli bifunctional P-protein, which plays a central role in l-phenylalanine (Phe) biosynthesis, contains distinct chorismate mutase (CM) and prephenate dehydratase (PDT) domains as w...
Structure and thermoelectric properties of the new quaternary tin selenide K1 −xSn5 −xBi11 + xSe22

Silver colored ribbon-like crystals of K1 − xSn5 − xBi11 + xSe22 (x ≈ 0.33) were prepared by direct combination of K2Se, Bi2Se3, Sn and Se at 800 °C. A structure determination was carried out for K0.66Sn4.82Bi11.18Se22. Bi2Te3-type and NaCl-type building units are connected to form a new kind of three-dimensional anionic framework with K+ filled tunnels. The building units are assembled from distorted, edge-sharing (Bi,Sn)Se6 octahedra. Bi and Sn atoms are disordered over all metal sites of the chalcogenide network while the K site is only one third occupied. The charge transport measurements of K0.66Sn4.82Bi11.18Se22 at room temperature reveal an electrical conductivity of 450 S cm−1 and a thermopower of −43 µV K−1. The thermal conductivity is 1.5 W m−1 K−1. An optical band gap of approximately 0.12 eV was determined at room temperature. K0.66Sn4.82Bi11.18Se22 melts congruently at 680 °C.
The oxygen effect and its relation to changes in radiosensitivity during seed germination

Abstract The relation of enhancement of X-ray-induced lesions by oxygen to changes in radiosensitivity during seed germination has been investigated by means of somatic mutation techniques. Paired samples of maize seeds heterozygous for alleles, Yg2/yg2, were irradiated in air or helium after having been presoaked at 27° for varying periods of time up to 26 h. Frequencies of yellow-green sectors of leaf tissue, which arise from chromosome breakage and loss of the dominant allele, were the criterion of response to radiation. Dry seeds and seeds presoaked for less than 3 h showed comparable levels of sensitivity to X-rays whether irradiated in air or in helium. Samples presoaked 4–5 h or longer showed a marked and progressive increase in yields of somatic mutations when irradiated in air. The initial rise in sensitivity in the helium series did not appear until after 8–10 h presoaking. Both series underwent an approximately 5-fold increase in radiosensitivity between 16 and 26 h. The ratio of somatic mutations induced in the presence of oxygen to those induced in anoxia was 1.2 for dry seeds and seeds soaked up to 3 h. Between 3 and 6 h, the ratio rose to 2.4 and remained relatively constant thereafter. Pretreatment with, and irradiation in, pure oxygen, even under pressure, failed to modify either the time of inception or the magnitude of oxygen effects.
Employees' perceptions of restaurant brand image.

This study examined how employees perceive restaurant brand image and the factors that affect those perceptions. An extensive review of the literature indicated a need for a better understanding of this area, which is related to both employee training and job satisfaction, and how it affects a restaurants brand image. Using survey data collected from employees in casual-dining chain restaurants, the study investigated employee attitudes toward the restaurant brand image, employees' perceptions of their job satisfaction and employee training, and demographic characteristics. Regression analysis results showed that employees' job satisfaction, overall attitude on the value of employees' training, and working conditions were significant contributors for building positive brand image for employees in casual-dining restaurants. In addition, one-way analysis of variance results indicated that differences in gender and educational level for employees had a significant impact on employees' attitudes toward brand ...
Frequency and Sequence of Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Although drug use has been found to be acquired in a series of stages or steps, the exact nature of this progression has not been firmly established, nor has such a process been corroborated for life periods other than adolescence. In this study, drug use data obtained from 654 adolescents were used to examine changes and sequencing of drug involvement over an eight-year period from early adolescence to young adulthood. Cannabis use peaked during late adolescence; liquor, stimulants, and nonprescription medication increased steadily over the eight-year period; hypnotics and psychedelic use increased through late adolescence and remained stable through young adulthood; and early experimental use of cigarettes decreased to more committed use over the eight-year span. In a latent variable model that did not include nonprescription drugs and cigarettes, alcohol use significantly influenced later cannabis and hard drug use, whereas cannabis use predicted later hard drug use for the earlier life period. Only th...
Effects of a nitric oxide donor on behavior and interaction with nitrous oxide in the mouse light/dark exploration test.

Abstract There is controversy whether endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is involved in anxiogenesis or anxiolysis. This study was conducted to determine the influence of the NO donor, 3-morpholinosyndnonimine (SIN-1), on resting and nitrous oxide (N 2 O)-induced behaviors in the mouse light/dark exploration test. I.c.v. doses of 0.3 and 1.0 μg SIN-1 both increased the time spent in the light compartment. When pretreated with 0.1 μg SIN-1, mice responded to N 2 O with an apparent additive increase in the time spent in the light compartment. These findings further support a functional role of NO in regulation of anxiety and mediation of N 2 O-induced behavior.
Activities of liposome-encapsulated azithromycin and rifabutin compared with that of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex in human macrophages

The activities of liposome-ebtrapped azithromycin, rifabutin or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium-intracellullare (MAI) were evaluated in a cell model of intramacrophage infection. Exposure of free (unencapsulated) and liposome-encapsulated rifabutin or azithromycin to human monocyte-derived macrophages resulted in a marked increase in the uptake of the liposome-entrapped drugs compared to the free form. The macrophages were infected at day 7 of culture with MAI. Treatment was initiated 24 h following the infection and the surviving intracellular bacteria were counted at days 2, 4, and 5. The drugs were used at concentrations close to the serum peak levels achievable following administration of therapeutic oral doses. The antimycobacterial activity of each of the three drugs was significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) when the drugs were delivered in the liposome-entrapped form as compared with the effects of the free drugs. Free and liposome-encapsulated drugs were used at the same concentrations. With the strain of MAI used (ATCC 49601), the efficacy of clarithromycin was significantly bigher (P < 0.01) compared to free or liposome-entrapped azithromycin. Also, rifabutin either in the free or liposomal form, was markedly more effective than clarithromycin. Addition of ethambutol enhanced the efficacies of the three drugs whether in the free or liposomal forms. These results suggest that liposome-encapsulation of rifabutin, azithromycin or clarithromycin may provide the means for effective eradication of MAI infections. Further experiments in animal models are required to establish the in vivo anti-MAI efficacy of these liposomal antimicrobials.
Loss of centrioles and polyploidization in follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Centrioles of the nurse cells of Drosophila have been shown to move into the oocyte prior to polyploidization of the nurse cells. In order to determine whether or not centriolar loss always occurs in polyploid insect cells, the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary was studied. The DNA content of the cells was determined by cytophotometry of Feulgen-stained squash preparations. The first two endomitotic replications occur at stage 7 and 8. Two additional replications occur prior to stage 11, but the DNA content appears to be under-replicated. Centrioles are found in follicle cells until stage 10 at which time they are no longer present. At the inception of polyploidization the centrioles are no longer closely associated with each other or the nuclear envelope. Instead, they are located adjacent to the plasma membrane at the basal surface. These results closely parallel the previous results found for the nurse cells. Hence, it may be a general observation that centrioles are gradually lost in polyploid insect cells.
Antifeedant activity and toxicity of two alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees leaves against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae

Two natural alkaloids viz., Vasicine acetate and 2-Acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Adhatoda vasica leaves, showed antifeedant, larvicidal and moult inhibiting properties against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in laboratory experiments. Maximum antifeedant activity of 98.5% was recorded at 1000 ppm concentration of Vasicine acetate treatment, whereas as 2-Acetyl benzyl amine recorded only 71.4% antifeedant activity at 1000 ppm concentration. Azadirachtin treatment presented 82% antifeedant activity at the highest concentration (1000 ppm). Both the active compounds of A. vasica showed lethal toxicity on larvae and pupae. The highest larvicidal and pupicidal activities were recorded in 2-Acetyl benzylamine treatment at 125 ppm concentration. The two A. vasica compounds also affected the normal growth and development and moulting process of P. xylostella. Final moulting of larvae into pupae was disrupted by the treatments, which resulted in larval–pupal intermediates and abnormal pupae. Treatments als...
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. IV. Purification and Properties of Plastocyanin.

The copper protein plastocyanin has been found to be an essential component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi , and in this paper we describe a method for its isolation and purification from the wild-type strain. In addition, we describe some of its properties and compare them with those reported for spinach plastocyanin. The plastocyanin was extracted from acetone powders prepared from intact cells, and it was purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The yield of the purified protein ranged from plastocyanin equivalent to 2.0 to 2.5 μg atoms copper per 1000 μmoles chlorophyll. In general the absorption spectrum of plastocyanin from C. reinhardi resembled that of the plastocyanin from spinach. Some spectral differences were found in the ultraviolet region where, in contrast to spinach plastocyanin, that of C. reinhardi had a greater absorbance (relative to peaks in the visible) and less evidence for phenylalanine fine structure. The normal oxidation-reduction potential of C. reinhardi plastocyanin was found to be + 0.37 volts, the same as reported for spinach plastocyanin. The molecular weight of C. reinhardi plastocyanin has been estimated to be 13,000 ± 2000. In contrast, the value for spinach plastocyanin has been found to be 21,000.
The management systems evaluation areas program: Tillage and water quality research

Abstract The Midwest Region of the United States produces 80% of the nation's corn and soybeans and is a primary user of fertilizers and pesticides. The impact of corn-soybean farming systems on water resources in the region is a concern, and as part of the President's Water Quality Initiative, the Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEA) Program was established in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Ohio. The goal of the program is to develop research and education programs that will lead to voluntary adoption of alternative agricultural systems and technologies that will reduce adverse impacts on water resources. The focus is on corn-soybean cropping systems using various combinations of tillage and chemical management. The regional MSEA Program uses common quality assurance and quality control methods for the analysis of water samples, identical automatic weather stations, and identical methods for collection, handling, and chemical analysis of soil cores. The program also obtains temporal water quality, soilwater content and plant data at common time intervals. Data will be collected over a sufficient number of years to account for seasonal and annual variations in climate. It will be used to test state and regional hypotheses and in the evaluation and enhancement of simulation models. Excellent progress has been made during the first 3 years as evidenced by extensive research and educational activities already completed. This paper presents an overview of the tillage and water quality research being conducted as part of the MSEA Program.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and bone

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and bone. We studied the effects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the histological manifestations of uremic bone disease. Twelve patients underwent bone biopsy immediately prior to and after one year of such treatment. Those with larger quantities of non-mineralized bone matrix (osteoid) experienced a reduction in relative osteoid volume, mean osteoid seam width, and total osteoid surface. Moreover, the use of time–spaced kinetic markers of mineralization (tetracycline) enabled us to demonstrate that CAPD usually decreased the amount of non-mineralized bone matrix by shortening mineralization lag time (that is, the interval from organic matrix deposition to its mineralization). The changes in the histomorphology appeared to occur independently of bone aluminum. These data indicate that CAPD generally enhances the mineralizing capacity of individual osteoblasts and suggests that such therapy is beneficial to the uremic skeleton.
Discretion in bonus plans

ABSTRACT: This study examines discretionary bonus payments by firms to senior-level executives. Interpreting discretionary bonuses as the result of implicit incentive contracts, I analyze an analytical model that includes a contractible and a non-contractible performance measure. The model yields the primary hypothesis that discretionary bonuses occur when the outcome of the contractible measure is either low or high, but not when the contractible outcome falls in the medium range. Based on a sample collected from public sources, I find empirical support for the notion that discretionary bonuses are paid based on non-contractible performance measures that are related to future financial performance. Moreover, discretionary bonus payments occur significantly more often when the contractible performance measure falls in the tails of the distribution. In contrast, I do not find support for the predictions that discretionary bonus payments are related to the manipulability of the contractible performance meas...
When Perception Is More Than Reality: The Effects of Perceived Versus Actual Resource Depletion on Self-Regulatory Behavior

Considerable research demonstrates that the depletion of self-regulatory resources impairs performance on subsequent tasks that demand these resources. The current research sought to assess the impact of perceived resource depletion on subsequent task performance at both high and low levels of actual depletion. The authors manipulated perceived resource depletion by having participants 1st complete a depleting or nondepleting task before being presented with feedback that did or did not provide a situational attribution for their internal state. Participants then persisted at a problem-solving task (Experiments 1–2), completed an attention-regulation task (Experiment 3), or responded to a persuasive message (Experiment 4). The findings consistently demonstrated that individuals who perceived themselves as less (vs. more) depleted, whether high or low in actual depletion, were more successful at subsequent self-regulation. Thus, perceived regulatory depletion can impact subsequent task performance—and this impact can be independent of one’s actual state of depletion.
Charged particle emission from Hg 194 compound nuclei: Energy and spin dependence of fission-evaporation competition

Twelve reactions have been studied that produce the compound system $^{194}\mathrm{Hg}$* at excitation energies of 57 - 195 MeV and with ${l}_{\mathrm{crit}}$ values of $25\ensuremath{-}142\ensuremath{\hbar}$. Beams of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{19}\mathrm{F}$, $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ ions in conjunction with appropriate targets have been used to measure cross sections for evaporative H/He, fission, and evaporation residues. These results confirm that most $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is evaporated prior to fission or instead of fission and very little if any from the fission fragments. The probability of H/He evaporation increases dramatically with excitation energy. The evaporation residue cross sections ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ER}}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}}$) indicate fission survival for entrance channel $l$ up to $27\ensuremath{-}39\ensuremath{\hbar}$. Fission survival becomes stronger and corresponding fission competition becomes weaker for excitation \ensuremath{\ge} 100 MeV; a connection with charged particle emission is suggested. The dimensionless cross section for evaporation residue ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ER}}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}}$) depends on both the entrance channel and on energy, indicating that nonequilibrium mechanisms must play an important role, even for $l\ensuremath{\lesssim}40$. Heretofore evaporation residue production has been usually thought to arise from lower partial waves while direct reactions have been thought to dominate only for the higher partial waves.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+ $^{182}\mathrm{W}$; $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$+ $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$; $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$+ $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$; $^{19}\mathrm{F}$+ $^{175}\mathrm{Lu}$; reactions forming $^{194}\mathrm{Hg}$* at excitation energies 57, 80, 100, 142, 195 MeV. Measured cross sections for fission and evaporation residues, evaporative H and He including some energy spectra. Discuss relationship to statistical evaporation model.
Abraham Visits Ishmael: A Revisit

Previous studies of the story of Abraham's visit to Ishmael in Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer (PRE) focus on its relationship to Islamic versions and read it either as polemical or apologetic. It is also assumed that either the author of PRE reworked an Islamic version of the story, or that the story is of Jewish origin. Such readings, however, are based largely on notions of Ishmael's character in the story that overlook other references to Ishmael and the Ishmaelites in PRE. This article thus examines the story in light of all references to Ishmael and the Ishmaelites in PRE.
Usability of legacy p2p multicast in multihop ad hoc networks: an experimental study

There has recently been an increasing interest in convergence of p2p and ad hoc network research. Actually, p2p systems and multihop ad hoc networks share similar features, such as self-organisation, decentralisation, self-healing, and so forth. It is thus interesting to understand if p2p systems designed for the wired Internet are suitable also for ad hoc networks and, if they are not, in which direction they should be improved. In this paper, we report our experience in running p2p applications in real multihop ad hoc network testbeds. Specifically, we used group-communication applications that require p2p systems made up of an overlay network and a p2p multicast protocol. In this paper, we present experimental results specifically related to the performance of a well-known p2p shared-tree multicast protocol (Scribe). Our results show that such a solution is far from being efficient on ad hoc networks. We emphasize that the structured multicast approach is one of the main causes of inefficiency, and suggest that stateless solutions could be preferable.
Putting the Family Into the Military Mission A Feminist Exploration of a National Guard Family Program

What are the challenges of doing feminist research within a military institution? This became the guiding force of my research with the Midwest Family Program of the National Guard (MWFP). This article examines both my experiences as a feminist scholar conducting research in a military institution as well as the gendered tensions within the MWFP. While in the field, my research shifted from a traditional ethnographic study to a deeply personal autoethnographic project. Analyzing my interviews, documents from MWFP, and published books by military wives, I consider how hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity shape the MWFP and public discourses of the military family. Simultaneously, I reflect on my own relationship with social power as an academic conducting research on a military institution. What my analysis exposes is how the National Guard relies on a complementary set of gender identities, at both the individual and institutional-level, reinforcing the position of hegemonic masculinity in society.
Mouse microglial cell lines differing in constitutive and interferon-γ-inducible antigen-presenting activities for naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

We developed a panel of non-virus transformed cell lines derived from individual microglial precursors residing in the brains of normal mice. These colony stimulating factor-1-dependent cell lines are B7-1+ (CD80), Mac-1+, Mac-2+, Mac-3+, CD45+, MHC class I+, colony stimulating factor-1 receptor+, and they ingest antibody-coated particles. However, the cell lines differ in their expression of B7-2 (CD86), F4/80, Ly-6C and MHC class II molecules. They also differ in their ability to constitutively process and present antigens to naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ and CD8+, and in the manner by which interferon gamma modulates their antigen-presenting activities. These cell lines should be valuable as models for studies on the immunobiology of the microglia.
Meteorological Satellite Program

The U.S. meteorological satellite program has matured considerably since its beginning on April 1, 1960. The program now has a regular, routine, observational part but also continues a vigorous expansion into new types of measurement [Johnson, 1970; Tepper, 1967]. Operationally, the world is observed routinely every day; digitized mosaics of the world's cloud cover are obtained regularly by means of AVCS (Advanced Vidicon Camera System) television cameras and tape storage [Johnson, 1969]. In addition, about 500 stations in over 50 countries receive cloud pictures daily of large areas surrounding each station through APT (Automatic Picture Transmission). Also, infrared radiation data in the form of pictures are beginning to be received with operational regularity from ITOS 1 (improved Tiros) [Albert, 1968].
Interaction of Seismic Waves With the Unsaturated Zone Waveguide

Primary shallow reflections from interfaces less than 300 m deep are often obscured by other seismic waves during CMP (common midpoint) data acquisition. The first major step toward solution of the interference problem involves identification of the sources of interference and quantification of their characteristics in different geologic environments. A controlled field experiment and computer modeling of seismic wave propagation are being used to investigate the sources of seismic wave phenomena which interfere with primary shallow reflections in the Boise River Valley in southwest Idaho.
Eighth Grade Classrooms in Theory and Practice: The Gap Persists

Recent research has demonstrated that a gap exists between the advocacy of educational innovations in the literature and the actual practice of these innovations in classrooms. The middle school movement has raised several questions concerning the implementation of recommended procedures in the middle grades. This study went beyond using paper and pencil instruments to gather data on classroom practice. Two lowinference observation instruments were used to compare core classrooms to departmental ones on the dimensions of climate, control, and teacherstudent verbal interaction. Except in the area of climate, where core classrooms showed superiority, more similarities than differences were found. Neither core nor departmentalized classrooms were dominated by the practices recommended in the literature to aid early adolescent growth and development.
Study of the dead layer in germanium for the CDMS detectors

We present new measurements on a Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) detector with electron, neutron, and gamma sources. The measurements have been performed to investigate the dead layer of one of the CDMS Z-dependent Ionization Phonon germanium detectors. The dead layer has been studied at both charge electrodes and at different electric field intensities. We also present a method to remove the dependence of athermal phonon measurements on event position.
Reduction in emergency department visits by patients attending an anticoagulation clinic

Introduction Recent studies suggest that warfarin therapy may be linked to cardiac valve calcification. We aimed to establish whether calcification (C) of valves or other tissue occurs with warfarin and to examine if such C was influenced by treatment duration, age, or gender. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 50 long-term warfarin recipients and 50 untreated controls, matched for age, gender, and comorbidity. For inclusion, patients required a recent echocardiogram (within 18 months) and at least one CT-scan and X-ray. We determined a calcification score (CS) for each patient; one point per site was given for C reported in the aortic, mitral, or tricuspid valve, aorta, coronary and carotid arteries, peripheral vessels, kidney, lung, or other locations. Results The groups were matched for hypertension, diabetes, and coronary disease (P = NS); however, males were younger (64 ± 3 vs. 73 ± 2 years; P = 0.03). Most patients received warfarin for valve replacement (42%) or atrial fibrillation (36%); mean treatment duration, 99 ± 3 months. Analysis revealed five main results; (1) Warfarin-associated CS was increased in cardiac valves (P = 0.01 vs. control) and at each assessed site except the coronary arteries. (2) Total CS was higher with warfarin (2.7 ± 0.3) than controls (1.8 ± 0.2; P = 0.02). (3) CS correlated with warfarin treatment duration (P = 0.03). (4) When all patients were assessed, CS correlated with age for both groups, but was always higher with warfarin (P = 0.02 vs. control). (5) However, this effect was due to warfarin-induced C in males. Total CS was higher for warfarin-treated males (2.4 ± 0.4) versus controls (1.2 ± 0.2; P \ 0.01), irrespective of age (P \ 0.01). In contrast, we found no differences between warfarin-treated and control females. Conclusions Long-term warfarin therapy was associated with tissue calcification not only in valves, but also at other sites. For our entire warfarintreated group, calcification correlated with treatment duration and age; however, the most pronounced increases occurred in males.
Narrowing the digital divide in low-income, urban communities

The digital divide is leaving millions disenfranchised from the opportunity to use technology to change their lives and to participate fully in democracy, in their own communities, and in today's job market.
Radiative quenching of He(2 1S) induced by collisions with ground-state helium atoms.

The semiclassical, optical potential, and quantal distorted wave theories of collision-induced radiative quenching are discussed and the relationships between them are presented. The three procedures are applied to the calculation of the cross sections at thermal collision energies of the process He(2 $^{1}\mathit{S}$)+He(1 $^{1}$S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}He(1 $^{1}$S)+He(1 $^{1}$S)+h\ensuremath{\nu}. Several choices of the potential energy curves of the excited A $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ state of the $^{4}$${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$ molecule are employed. The accuracy of the semiclassical and optical potential methods is assessed by comparison with the quantum-mechanical theory. It is shown that the cross sections are sensitive to the barrier in the A $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$ potential but the major uncertainty in the predicted cross sections lies in the adopted transition dipole moment.
Sweet taste of dilute NaCl: psychophysical evidence for a sweet stimulus.

Abstract Dilute NaCl tastes sweet. This sweetness could result from coding confusions in the nervous system such that weak NaCl produces neural signals resembling those for sweeteners like sucrose. On the other hand, an analysis of the structural chemistry of water-salt interactions suggests that water shells organized around cations may actually provide a sweet stimulus indistinguishable (to the receptor molecules) from more conventional sweet stimuli. In the present experiment, the sweetness of weak NaCl was abolished in two ways: by adaptation to sucrose and by topical application of Gymnema sylvestre. Since these two operations also abolish the sweet taste of a variety of conventional sweetners, the sweet taste of NaCl appears to result from the presence of a sweet stimulus.
Clouds and climate: Unravelling a key piece of global warming

Federal policy decisions relating to mitigation of greenhouse gas and other emissions have the potential to exert an enormous impact on industries in which chemical engineers play a prominent role. Many in these industries keep close watch on the development of scientific understanding associated with predictions of global climate change. The authors review one of the most critical, and most uncertain, pieces of the climate puzzle, the role of aerosols and clouds in the global energy balance.
Modulation of Symbiont Lipid A Signaling by Host Alkaline Phosphatases in the Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis

ABSTRACT The synergistic activity of Vibrio fischeri lipid A and the peptidoglycan monomer (tracheal cytotoxin [TCT]) induces apoptosis in the superficial cells of the juvenile Euprymna scolopes light organ during the onset of the squid-vibrio symbiosis. Once the association is established in the epithelium-lined crypts of the light organ, the host degrades the symbiont’s constitutively produced TCT by the amidase activity of a peptidoglycan recognition protein ( E. scolopes peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 [EsPGRP2]). In the present study, we explored the role of alkaline phosphatases in transforming the lipid A of the symbiont into a form that changes its signaling properties to host tissues. We obtained full-length open reading frames for two E. scolopes alkaline phosphatase (EsAP) mRNAs ( esap1 and esap2 ); transcript levels suggested that the dominant light organ isoform is EsAP1. Levels of total EsAP activity increased with symbiosis, but only after the lipid A-dependent morphogenetic induction at 12 h, and were regulated over the day-night cycle. Inhibition of total EsAP activity impaired normal colonization and persistence by the symbiont. EsAP activity localized to the internal regions of the symbiotic juvenile light organ, including the lumina of the crypt spaces where the symbiont resides. These data provide evidence that EsAPs work in concert with EsPGRPs to change the signaling properties of bacterial products and thereby promote persistent colonization by the mutualistic symbiont. IMPORTANCE The potential for microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to compromise host-tissue health is reflected in the often-used nomenclature for these molecules: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also called “endotoxin” and the peptidoglycan monomer is also called “tracheal cytotoxin” (TCT). With constant presentation of MAMPs by the normal microbiota, mechanisms to tolerate their effects have developed. The results of this contribution provide evidence that host alkaline phosphatases (APs) dephosphorylate and inactivate the symbiont MAMP lipid A. As such, APs work in synergy with a peptidoglycan recognition protein, which inactivates symbiont-exported TCT, to alter the symbiont MAMPs and promote persistence of the partnership. Not only may these activities serve to “tame” the MAMPs, but also the resulting products may themselves be important signals in persistent mutualisms. The finding of lipid A modification by APs in an invertebrate mutualism provides evidence that this specific strategy for dealing with symbiotic partners is conserved across the animal kingdom.
Effect of Fuel Type on Carbon Monoxide Accumulation in Tents of Varied Design

Objective The use of backpacking stoves in tents has been recognized to result in elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels and even death among tent inhabitants. A study was performed to evaluate carbon monoxide production occurring in varying tents with variable fuel types. Methods Using a popular backpacking stove, both white gas and regular unleaded gasoline were used to heat a pot of water inside 2 tents of differing levels of weather resistance ("3-season tent" and "4-season tent") under controlled settings. A remote carbon monoxide sensor measured levels over a 20-minute period. Multiple 20-minute runs were performed with varying fuel and tent combinations to assess peak levels and rates of carbon monoxide production. Results Mean peak carbon monoxide levels were obtained in the 3-season tent and 4-season tent when white gas was burned measuring 60.5 ppm (95% CI: 31.2 to 89.8) and 154.5 ppm (95% CI: 112.8 to 195.7; P = .002), respectively. The use of regular unleaded gasoline in the 3-season and 4-season tents resulted in mean peak carbon monoxide levels of 102.9 ppm (95% CI: 77.8 to 128.0) and 210.6 ppm (95% CI: 37.4 to 383.1; P = .06), respectively. Using regular unleaded gasoline resulted in significantly increased mean peak carbon monoxide levels compared with white gas in the 3-season tent (P = .006); however, the difference was not significant in the 4-season tent (P = .23). Conclusions The use of backpacking stoves in tents produces varying levels of carbon monoxide related to fuel type and tent styles. Efforts should continue to educate persons of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning with the use of any stove while inside tents.
Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

This study examines the relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and land use/land cover (LULC) in a portion of the Southeast. Temperature data for all synoptically weak days within a 10-yr period are gathered from the National Climatic Data Center for 144 weather stations. Each station is classified as one of the following LULC types: urban, agriculture, evergreen forest, deciduous forest, or mixed forest. A threeway analysis of variance and paired-sample t tests are used to test for significant DTR differences due to LULC, month, and airmass type. The LULC types display two clear groups according to their DTR, with agricultural and urban areas consistently experiencing the smallest DTRs, and the forest types experiencing greater DTRs. The dry air masses seem to enhance the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types by emphasizing the differences in evapotranspiration. Meanwhile, the high moisture content of moist air masses prohibits extensive evapotranspirational cooling in the vegetated areas. This lessens the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types, while enhancing the differences between vegetated land and urban areas. All of the LULC types exhibit an annual bimodal DTR pattern with peaks in April and October. Since both vegetated and nonvegetated areas experience the bimodal pattern, this may conflict with previous research that names seasonal changes in evapotranspiration as the most probable cause for the annual trend. These findings suggest that airmass type has a larger and more consistent influence on the DTR of an area than LULC type and therefore may play a role in causing the bimodal DTR pattern, altering DTR with the seasonal distribution of airmass occurrence.
Surface ozone variability and the jet position: Implications for projecting future air quality

[1] Changes in the variability of surface ozone can affect the incidence of ozone pollution events. Analysis of multi-century simulations from a chemistry climate model shows that present-day summertime variability of surface ozone depends strongly on the jet stream position over eastern North America. This relationship holds on decadal time scales under projected climate change scenarios, in which surface ozone variability follows the robust poleward shift of the jet. The correlation between ozone and co-located temperature over eastern North America is also closely tied to the jet position, implying that local ozone-temperature relationships may change as the circulation changes. Jet position can thus serve as a dynamical predictor of future surface ozone variability over eastern North America and may also modulate ozone variability in other northern midlatitude regions.
Invited Review: Pathophysiology of cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation as a result of alterations in thin filament regulation

Cardiac muscle contraction depends on the tightly regulated interactions of thin and thick filament proteins of the contractile apparatus. Mutations of thin filament proteins (actin, tropomyosin, a...
Experimental and Theoretical Gas-Phase Acidities, Bond Dissociation Energies, and Heats of Formation of HClOx, x ) 1-4

Gas-phase deprotonation enthalpies were measured for chloric and perchloric acids and found to be 313.2 ± 3.3 and 299.9 ± 5.7 kcal mol−1, respectively. These values were combined with the previousl...
Potential role of transport in the affect of nitric oxide on thrombus formation

Activated platelets synthesize and secrete a number of substances that activate other platelets, cause smooth muscle cell (SMC) constriction, and promote SMC proliferation. In contrast, platelets synthesize nitric oxide (NO), which is a potent platelet inhibitor, a SMC relaxer, and a SMC proliferation inhibitor. Whereas NO must have a mediating effect on coagulation, it is not clear why it is necessary to have this type of negative feedback in the fundamentally positive feedback-based coagulation cascade. It is proposed here that the unique diffusion characteristics of NO cause this molecule to be not just a global inhibitor of platelet activity, but rather an inhibitor at specific local regions. This effect would allow the initial growth of the thrombus, but would limit that growth to a confined area. To examine this hypothesis, a simple model for platelet release, platelet synthesis, and agonist/inhibitor transport has been developed. The results suggest that NO's effect is unimportant during the early part of clot formation, but becomes more important later in the process.
Performance study of InGaAs/InAlAs/InP MODFETs on heterostructures grown by OMVPE and MBE

The authors have fabricated and characterized MODFETs on OMVPE (organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy)-grown InAlAs/InGaAs/InP heterostructures. Excellent DC and RF characteristics were obtained. Extrinsic DC transconductance as high as 1020 mS/mm and a unity current gain cut-off frequency, f/sub T/, of 114 GHz were obtained for devices with 0.27- mu m gate-length. An effective saturation velocity of 2.0*10/sup 7/ cm/s was obtained for these devices. These results are shown to be comparable to the best results reported in the literature for MODFETs fabricated in MBE (molecular-beam epitaxy)-grown heterostructures. >