cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
L1 Burst Fracture Through an Area of Pseudarthrosis—a Case Report

Abstract Introduction This is the first report of a traumatic 3-column injury occurring through an asymptomatic pseudarthrosis site. Background Summary An all-posterior approach can obviate the need for a combined anteroposterior approach to the spine and can avoid all of the complications associated with a separate anterior approach. To our knowledge, there are no reports on the occurrence of a 3-column injury through a pseudarthrosis site and the treatment of this pathology via an all-posterior approach. Methods We present a case of an L1 burst fracture that occurred through an area of pseudarthrosis that resulted in +40° thoracolumbar kyphosis and near complete collapse of the vertebral body with 50% canal compromise. Results The patient was successfully treated with a posterior vertebral column resection from T11–L3 with anterior column support and a 3-rod construct posteriorly. Postoperatively, alignment was anatomically restored and the patient remained neurologically intact. Conclusions The all-posterior approach can be useful for the treatment of thoracolumbar traumatic injuries. Asymptomatic pseudarthrosis sites can be an area for traumatic injury that can be successfully treated with an all-posterior approach.
Distant effects of local injection of botulinum toxin

We studied five patients who received local injections of botulinum toxin for dystonic disorders to determine if there had been any distant effects on neuromuscular transmission. No patient developed weakness or abnormalities on routine electrophysiologic testing. In all patients who received more than 245 U of toxin, SFEMG in the extensor digitorum communis muscle, a muscle distant to all those injected, was abnormal. Fiber density was increased in the two patients who received the largest cumulative dose. Jitter was maximally increased at slow firing rates, confirming its presynaptic basis. Our results reveal that there is an effect on neuromuscular transmission in muscles distant to those injected with botulinum toxin for dystonia.
Modular Assembly of High-Potential Zinc Porphyrin Photosensitizers Attached to TiO2 with a Series of Anchoring Groups

Efforts to improve the ease of assembly and robustness of photoanodes for light-driven water oxidation have led to the development of a modular assembly method for anchoring high-potential zinc porphyrins to TiO2 via coordination to surface-bound pyridine linkers. It is essential that the anchoring groups provide strong electronic coupling between the molecular dye and metal oxide surface for optimal electron injection and that they are robust under the operating conditions of the system. Here, four linker molecules functionalized with either carboxylate, phosphonate, acetylacet- onate, or hydroxamate anchoring groups are compared for their relative water stability on TiO2. We also report the relative electron injection efficiencies, as measured by terahertz spectroscopy, for high-potential zinc porphyrins coordinated to TiO2 via pyridyl linkers with the series of anchoring groups.
Axisymmetric diffraction of a cylindrical transverse wave by a viscoelastic spherical inclusion

Abstract In this paper, the scattering and diffraction of a cylindrical transverse shear wave in a viscoelastic isotropic medium by a spherical heterogeneity is analytically solved. The waves are generated by the harmonic longitudinal oscillations of the cylinder walls. The spherical inclusion is located at the radial center of the cylinder and differs from the cylindrical material only in its complex shear modulus. Small amplitude motion is assumed, such that linear system theory is valid. By employing multi-pole expansions, the incident and scattered wave fields are each defined in both cylindrical and spherical coordinates allowing for the satisfaction of the boundary conditions at the surfaces of these multiply connected bodies. The solution involves an infinite sum of improper integrals, which are evaluated numerically. The wave field is determined for a hydrogel (alginate) bead suspended in a different hydrogel (agarose) that fills a glass test tube. Numerical examples showing the effect on displacement fields of varying the stiffness of the inclusion are presented. This solution is further validated with a finite element simulation showing excellent agreement with the analytic results.
Package structure interaction induced molding issues in MCM packages

As we move forward to newer silicon technologies that requiring MCM dual pad leadframe design and packaging solutions with tighter process margins, it is becoming imperative to resolve ppm wire sweep failure which is critical in transfer molding process as excessive results in shorting of wires, current leakage and electrical failure. Wire sweep has been proved to be closely related to bond span, wire length, height, mold flow direction, mold gate design…etc. With the MCM dual pad leadframe design, architecture dependent mold flow phenomena and race track profile are observed and impact on wire sweep failure rate. Although the impact could be positive on wire sweep, it is considered not acceptable as it would restrict the package design and could introduce incomplete filled or void issues. Besides, it could not meet today's zero ppm mindset in the automotive and critical applications industry.
Review: Spreading the word: precise animal models and validated methods are vital when evaluating prion-like behaviour of alpha-synuclein

Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal proteinaceous aggregates, mainly composed of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn). It is now believed that α-syn can form small aggregates in a restricted number of cells, that propagate to neighbouring cells and seed aggregation of endogenous α-syn, in a 'prion-like manner'. This process could underlie the stereotypical progression of Lewy bodies described by Braak and colleagues across different stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). This prion-like behaviour of α-syn has been recently investigated in animal models of PD or multiple system atrophy (MSA). These models investigate the cell-to-cell transfer of α-syn seeds, or the induction and spreading of α-syn pathology in transgenic or wild-type rodent brain. In this review, we first outline the involvement of α-syn in Lewy body diseases and MSA, and discuss how 'prion-like' mechanisms can contribute to disease. Thereon, we debate the relevance of animal models used to study prion-like propagation. Finally, we review current main histological methods used to assess α-syn pathology both in animal models and in human samples and their relevance to the disease. Specifically, we discuss using α-syn phosphorylated at serine 129 as a marker of pathology, and the novel methods available that allow for more sensitive detection of early pathology, which has relevance for modelling synucleinopathies.
Are Mesons Elementary Particles

The hypothesis that $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons may be composite particles formed by the association of a nucleon with an anti-nucleon is discussed. From an extremely crude discussion of the model it appears that such a meson would have in most respects properties similar to those of the meson of the Yukawa theory.
Learning Scientific Reasoning Skills May Be Key to Retention in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics:

The United States produces too few Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) graduates to meet demand. We investigated scientific reasoning ability as a possible factor in STEM reten...
Computational Analysis of Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the error involved in predicting aerothermodynamic loads (surface pressure, skin friction, and heat transfer) using a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver. Numerical simulations of Shock Wave / Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction (SWTBLI) at Mach 5 are performed and compared with vetted experimental data. These simulations include three 2-D impinging shock, and two 3-D swept shock cases. The impinging shock cases involve different levels of interaction intensity, which result in attached, incipiently separated, and fully separated flows. Comparisons between the numerical results and experimental data for each case are used to evaluate the error in predicting the associated SWTBLI aero-thermodynamic loads. The result shows that while wall pressure is accurately predicted, skin friction is under predicted, and heat transfer is over predicted. However, the trends in skin friction and heat transfer are captured by the RANS simulations.
Do respiratory cycle-related EEG changes or arousals from sleep predict neurobehavioral deficits and response to adenotonsillectomy in children?

Study Objectives:Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with hyperactive behavior, cognitive deficits, psychiatric morbidity, and sleepiness, but objective polysomnographic measures ...
On the Design of Power and Propulsion Subsystems of All-Electric Telecommunication Satellites

High power budget of telecommunication spacecraft can potentially allow the operation of multiple electric thrusters simultaneously during an orbital transfer to the Geostationary Earth orbit. In this paper, we consider the problem of electric orbit-raising during which the spacecraft uses more than one thruster type during the transfer. We develop a methodology to determine trajectories from arbitrary starting orbits to the GEO for the case when two different thruster types are used during the maneuver. We also develop a framework to analyze the solar array degradation caused by protons in the Van Allen radiation belts during orbit-raising. We demonstrate our methodology with the help of numerical examples that evaluate the trade-offs associated with using arcjets during the initial part of the transfer. We consider different cases of switching from arcjets to Hall thrusters during the maneuver and evaluate the requirements on shielding thickness in order to limit the radiation exposure for representative orbit-raising trajectories.
Synthesis and modeling study of (2S,5R,6R)- and (2S,5R,6S)-6-hydroxy- 8-(1-decynyl)-benzolactam-V8 as protein kinase C modulators.

Both (2S,5R,6R)- and (2S,5R,6S)-6-hydroxy-8-(1-decynyl)benzolactam-V8 were designed and synthesized as PKC modulators. Biological assays reveal the (6R)-ligand to be 20-fold more potent than its (6S)-counterpart in binding to PKCα.
Categorization of Video Used in a Digital Learning Online Professional Learning Exchange for Professional Development by the State of New Jersey

This paper presents an overview of a project undertaken by a partnership between the New Jersey Institute of technology (NJIT) and the New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE) to build an Online Professional Learning Exchange (OPLE), a fully online resource, to provide professional development (PD) for over 150,000 educators in the state of New Jersey that supports face-toface, blended, and fully online learning situations. A key aspect of this effort was the use of video in a variety of ways. The development of the OPLE as well as the lessons learned about the categories and parameters related to videos are presented. Findings about the key aspects of online digital learning for educators are also discussed, along with the results of focus groups and reviews conducted on the OPLE. The survey instrument that was designed for use during pilot testing is provided along with a discussion of the broader impacts and potential implications of this initiative.
Electromagnetic Influences of Ground Electrode on Electrified Railway

To provide a reference for designs of ground electrode in electrified railway,the possible electromagnetic influence indexes were proposed according to the characteristics and operation status of electrified railways.The reasonable limits of these indexes and the current type required in calculation of the indexes were analyzed,and the parameters of Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV HVDC transmission project were calculated.The results show that the result of second-type step voltage is 61% of the limit value,the results of transfer voltages of signal cables and communication cables are 53% and 83% of the limit values,respectively,and the magnetic bias of AC transformers reaches 17 A.The tolerances of the 3 factors namely the second type step voltage of steel rail,transfer ovltage of the railway signal and communication cables,DC bias of the traction transformer,are small relative to other factors and they should be emphasized.
White Teacher, Know Thyself: Improving Anti-Racist Praxis through Racial Identity Development.

This article asserts that White teachers in urban schools must turn their racialized focus away from implied deficits of students of Color in the “achievement gap” frame and toward the impact their...
The Sensitivity Analysis of Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Models to Outliers

The hierarchical linear model (HLM) has become popular in behavioral research, and has been widely used in various educational studies in recent years. Violations of model assumptions can have significant impact on the model estimates. The purpose of this study is to conduct a sensitivity analysis of two-level HLM by exploring the influence of outliers on parameter estimates of HLM under normality assumptions. A simulation study is performed to examine the bias of parameter estimates with different numbers and magnitudes of outliers given different sample sizes. Results indicated that the bias of parameter estimates increased with the magnitudes and number of outliers. The estimates have bias with a few outliers. A robust method Huber sandwich estimator corrected the standard errors efficiently when there was a large proportion of outliers.
Host-Guest Assembly of a Molecular Reporter with Chiral Cyanohydrins for Assignment of Absolute Stereochemistry

The absolute stereochemistry of cyanohydrins, derived from ketones and aldehydes, is obtained routinely, in a microscale and derivatization-free manner, upon their complexation with Zn-MAPOL, a zincated porphyrin host with a binding pocket comprised of a biphenol core. The host-guest complex leads to observable exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD), the sign of which is easily correlated to the absolute stereochemistry of the bound cyanohydrin. A working model, based on the ECCD signal of cyanohydrins with known configuration, is proposed.
Effects of formate and oxalate on chloride absorption in rat distal tubule.

We previously demonstrated that formate and oxalate stimulate Cl-transport in the rat proximal tubule in accord with a model involving NaCl uptake across the luminal membrane via Cl-/organic anion exchange in parallel with Na+/H+ exchange and organic acid recycling. The purpose of the present study was to test whether similar mechanisms contribute to Cl- transport in the rat distal tubule. In distal tubules microperfused in situ with an isotonic solution, addition of 0.5 mM formate to the luminal perfusate increased Cl- (JCl) and fluid (Jv) absorption by 77 and 93%, respectively. Addition of 5 microM oxalate increased JCl and Jv by 52 and 108%, respectively. In distal tubules perfused with a hypotonic solution, formate stimulated JCl and Jv by 85 and 98%, respectively, and oxalate stimulated JCl and Jv by 80 and 115%, respectively. Addition of 0.5 mM acetate caused no significant change in JCl and Jv. The stimulation of JCl and Jv by formate was largely abolished by addition of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene...
Adaptive real-time Trojan detection framework through machine learning

Hardware Trojans inserted at the time of design or fabrication by untrustworthy design house or foundry, poses important security concerns. With the increase in attacker's resources and capabilities, we can anticipate an unexpected new attack from the attacker at run-time. Therefore, the challenge is not only to reduce hardware overhead of added security feature but also to secure design from new attacks introduced at real-time. In this work, we propose a Real-time Online Learning approach for Securing many-core design. In order to prevent unexpected attacks, many-core provides feed-back to online learning algorithm based on core information and its behavior to incoming data packet. The proposed Online Learning approach updates the model run-time at each data transfer based on feed-back from many-core. For demonstration, Online Machine Learning model is initially trained with two types of (known) attacks and Trojan free router packets and then unexpected attack is introduced later at run-time. The results show that, feedback based Online Machine Learning algorithm has 8% higher overall detection accuracy and an average of 3% higher accuracy for unexpected attacks at each interval of 1000 test records than Supervised Machine Learning algorithms. The proposed feed-back based Trojan detection framework is demonstrated using a custom many-core architecture integrated with “Modified Balanced Winnow” Online Machine Learning algorithm on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. Post place and route implementation results show that, secured many-core architecture requires 4 extra cycles to complete data transfer. The proposed architecture achieves 56% reduction in area and 50% less latency overhead as compared to previous published work [1]. Furthermore, we evaluate our framework for many-core platform by employing seizure detection application as a case study.
Tales of Tails (and Trunks): Forming the Posterior Body in Vertebrate Embryos

A major question in developmental biology is how the early embryonic axes are established. Recent studies using different model organisms and mammalian in vitro systems have revealed the surprising result that most of the early posterior embryonic body forms from a Wnt-regulated bipotential neuromesodermal progenitor population that escapes early germ layer patterning. Part of the regulatory network that drives the maintenance and differentiation of these progenitors has recently been determined, but much remains to be discovered. This review discusses some of the common features present in all vertebrates, as well as unique aspects that different species utilize to establish their anterior-posterior (A-P) axis.
Geometric Continuity for Surfaces

This chapter discusses geometric continuity for surfaces. The two patches with a common boundary curve are called G 1 if they have a continuously varying tangent plane along that boundary curve. The concept of G 1 continuity is a genuine generalization of C 1 continuity. One important aspect of G 1 continuity is that, it is completely independent of the domains of the two involved surface patches. For C 1 continuity, the interplay between range and domain geometry was crucial, however at present, the domains are only needed so that one can evaluate each patch. An approach to geometric continuity is developed that solves several applications oriented problems. For triangular patches, a (sufficient) condition is constructed for Bezier patches.
In Vitro Propagation for Commercial Production of Ornamentals

A major application of plant tissue culture is the rapid, clonal propagation of ornamentals, crop plants, and medicinal, rare and endangered plant species. The reasons for undertaking in vitro propagation of plants are varied. Clonal integrity of the mother plant is maintained; propagation through seed results in progeny that can vary in important traits. Some plants do not have viable seeds. Pathogen-free stock plants can be maintained. Material in vitro can be cryopreserved in germplasm banks. Endangered species can be regenerated in large numbers. Desirable parent stocks can be generated for the production of hybrid seed. Using cell culture techniques, it is possible to rapidly produce large numbers of identical plants. The exercises will provide experience in the stages of in vitro micropropagation.
Lorenz order with common finite support

A special case of the Lorenz order of some interest is that in which the distributions being ranked with respect to inequality share a common finite support set. A characterization of this partial order is provided, together with the identification of operations that we call Robin Hood exchanges which play a parallel role in the finite support setting to that played by Robin Hood (or progressive) transfers in the general Lorenz ordering case. As an example of a setting in which variables with common finite support are compared with regard to inequality, two classical data sets involving social mobility are considered.
Asbestos-Induced Mesothelial to Fibroblastic Transition Is Modulated by the Inflammasome

Despite the causal relationship established between malignant mesothelioma (MM) and asbestos exposure, the exact mechanism by which asbestos induces this neoplasm and other asbestos-related diseases is still not well understood. MM is characterized by chronic inflammation, which is believed to play an intrinsic role in the origin of this disease. We recently found that asbestos activates the nod-like receptor family member containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in a protracted manner, leading to an up-regulation of IL-1β and IL-18 production in human mesothelial cells. Combined with biopersistence of asbestos fibers, we hypothesize that this creates an environment of chronic IL-1β signaling in human mesothelial cells, which may promote mesothelial to fibroblastic transition (MFT) in an NLRP3-dependent manner. Using a series of experiments, we found that asbestos induces a fibroblastic transition of mesothelial cells with a gain of mesenchymal markers (vimentin and N-cadherin), whereas epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin, are down-regulated. Use of siRNA against NLRP3, recombinant IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist confirmed the role of NLRP3 inflammasome–dependent IL-1β in the process. In vivo studies using wild-type and various inflammasome component knockout mice also revealed the process of asbestos-induced mesothelial to fibroblastic transition and its amelioration in caspase-1 knockout mice. Taken together, our data are the first to suggest that asbestos induces mesothelial to fibroblastic transition in an inflammasome-dependent manner.
Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Texas Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Men: Implications for Gastric Cancer Risk Disparities

Chronic Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection is a major gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) risk factor. GA disproportionately affects U.S. Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Since H. pylori infection studies in Hispanics are few, infection rates in Hispanic and NHW men in Bexar County were compared, and relationships with ethnicity and obesity examined. Age- and zip code-matched participants from a community-dwelling cohort were randomly selected. Sera from 284 men were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for H. pylori antibodies. Adjusted risk ratio estimation for matched data was conducted to identify differences. Hispanics had a markedly higher prevalence of infection (30.3%) than NHWs (9.2%). Matched risk ratio (mRR) analyses revealed a strong association between H. pylori seropositivity and Hispanic ethnicity (mRR = 3.31; 95% CI [1.91, 5.73], adjusted by BMI, smoking status, and family history of cancer (mRR range = 3.28-3.89). BMI mRRs (range = 1.19-1.22) were significant in all models. In this cohort, Hispanic men had higher H. pylori infection rates than NHWs, and parallel the disproportionately higher rates of GA; obesity contributes to this higher prevalence. Future studies should address country of origin, acculturation, and other factors influencing obesity to further elucidate risk of GA in Hispanic populations.
About the Modeling of the Indentation of a Virus Shell: The Role of the Shape of the Probe

This article studies the effect of the geometry of the probe on the nanoindentation of a virus. Theoretical continuum models and numerical simulations are presented for two different probes with different shapes, namely cylindrical probes with a spherical end and cylindrical probes with a flat end. The finite element method is used and the numerical results show that the use of the probe with a spherical end reflects more nonlinearity, probably due to the Hertz effect.
Patterns of Political Elites

Efforts to specify main patterns of political elite relations and link them to types of political regimes and other major political phenomena have been a long-standing aspect of elite theory and research. Some patterns provide elite persons and groups with considerable security and ways of defending and advancing their interests peacefully. Other patterns make elite power wielding a precarious, highly uncertain game in which conspiracy and violence are key elements. Different patterns result in different modes of elite behavior: relatively benevolent or predacious, relatively calculating or capricious, and relatively cooperative or conflicting. The systematic study of political elites thus involves identifying patterns of elite relations in modern societies, how and when changes from one to another pattern occur, the ways in which mass populations affect elite relations, and the chief political and other consequences of each pattern. These are complex and controversial issues. By analyzing the relations and practices of political elites in the world’s major regions and many of its most important national states, this section of the handbook addresses these issues.
Cost-effectiveness of enhancing a Quit-and-Win smoking cessation program for college students

We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis and model-based cost–utility and cost–benefit analysis of increased dosage (3 vs. 1 consecutive contests) and enhanced content (supplemental smoking-cessation counseling) of the Quit-and-Win contest using data from a randomized control trial enrolling college students in the US. For the cost–utility and cost–benefit analyses, we used a microsimulation model of the life course of current and former smokers to translate the distribution of the duration of continuous abstinence among each treatment arm’s participants observed at the end of the trial (N = 1217) into expected quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs and an incremental net monetary benefit (INMB). Missing observations in the trial were classified as smoking. For our reference case, we took a societal perspective and used a 3% discount rate for costs and benefits. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was performed to account for model and trial-estimated parameter uncertainty. We also conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis (cost per additional intermediate cessation) using direct costs of the intervention and two trial-based estimates of intermediate cessation: (a) biochemically verified (BV) 6-month continuous abstinence and (b) BV 30-day point prevalence abstinence at 6 months. Multiple contests resulted in a significantly higher BV 6-month continuous abstinence rate (RD 0.04), at a cost of $1275 per additional quit, and increased the duration of continuous abstinence among quitters. In the long run, multiple contests lead to an average gain of 0.03 QALYs and were cost saving. Incorporating parameter uncertainty into the analyses, the expected INMB was greater than $1000 for any realistic willingness to pay (WTP) for a QALY. Assuming missing values were smoking, multiple contests appear to dominate a single contest from a societal perspective. Funding agencies seeking to promote population health by funding a Quit-and-Win contest in a university setting should strongly consider offering multiple consecutive contests. Further research is needed to evaluate multiple contests compared to no contest.
Intermetallics in catalysis: An exciting subset of multimetallic catalysts

Abstract In this article, we highlight the growing application of intermetallic compounds in heterogeneous catalysis. We clearly discuss intermetallics as distinct from other multi-metallic systems (such as alloys, surface modifiers and dopants). Intermetallics possess a number of attributes over random alloys (i.e., solid solutions) and serve as model catalysts for a number of industrially relevant reactions. We review a variety of methods used for the synthesis of a large number of intermetallic compounds and discuss how standard material characterization techniques can be extended to intermetallics to gain important insight regarding active site morphology, a critical metric in heterogeneous catalyst design. We further summarize the use of intermetallics in understanding changes in reactivity and selectivity due to geometric and electronic effects, with emphasis on determining compositional and structural factors of the active site. We conclude with a brief summary of avenues for future advances in the field and its potential to contribute to environment and economy.
Towards enhanced bubble detachment within a thin liquid film by electrowetting with voltage modulation

This paper extends our previous bubble actuation study using a simple constant voltage by including the oscillating effect created by voltage modulation. Rather than normal contact angle change due to the constant voltage, voltage modulation exhibits preferable characteristics of periodical contact angle variation which is proved to be helpful for bubble detachment within a thin liquid film. Different waveform and frequency modulations were evaluated to acquire an optimal signal input for the purpose of inducing the maximum oscillation effects with which bubble detachment in a thin liquid film can be enhanced. The thick liquid film results show that the square waveform coupled with a frequency of 1 Hz allows for maximum contact angle change scope and induces the largest vertical bubble velocity. With the optimal signal, the tests of bubble detachment within a thin liquid film were conducted and characterized. Three different bubble detachment modes were observed and classified as follows: direct detachment, delayed detachment, and non-detachment. The actuation mechanism of the electrowetting effect on the bubble behavior within a thin liquid film was analyzed. The dimensionless parameter, Weber number, was used to characterize the bubble deformation. A high-speed frame analysis shows that a Weber number greater than 0.5 × 10−3 is necessary to break the energy barrier of the ultra-thin film and achieve the direct detachment mode. It is expected that a proper electrowetting actuation mechanism causing a relatively large Weber number can effectively enhance the bubble detachment within a thin liquid film which will provide promising applications to improve two-phase heat transfer.
Major Bladder Trauma: The Accuracy of Cystography

AbstractWe studied 51 eases of traumatic bladder rupture. Extravasation was noted in 32 eases for v/faich retrograde cystograms were available, including 3 (9 per cent) in which additional infusion of contrast medium was required to demonstrate extravasation. Of the 32 cystograms 4 (13 per cent) showed rupture on the drainage film only. If drainage films and adequate distension of the bladder with contrast medium had been omitted in our study the rate of diagnostic accuracy of the cystogram would have been reduced to 79 per cent. If strict attention is paid to adequate distension of the bladder with contrast material and to obtaining drainage films, diagnostic retrograde cystography for trauma should be almost totally accurate and delays or errors m diagnosis should be rare.
Conformation of Aortic Elastin Revealed by Scanning Electronmicroscopy of Dissected Surfaces

A scanning electron microscopic study of the elastin residue of normal human aortas has been made. Purification has been achieved by successive salt or guanidine extraction and by autoclaving, sodium hydorxide or collagenase treatment to remove contaminating proteins. Purity has been judged by amino acid analysis. The cleanest specimens have been obtained with NaOH. The elastin residue has been fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. The specimens were rendered conductive by osmium-thiocarbohydrazide treatment and examined with a Cambridge scanning electronmicroscope without coating.
Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber Ceramic Composites

The applicability of ASTM Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures (C 1292) was investigated to determine the shear strength of one-dimensional and two-dimensional continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. The advantages and disadvantages of the test method are addressed, and the effect of notch separation on the measured interlaminar shear strength by the compression of double-notched specimens are discussed. Experimental results are presented for the interlaminar and in-plane shear behavior of two-dimensional Nicalon/SiC and the interlaminar shear strength of one-dimensional carbon/carbon composites both at room temperature and 1000°C. The effect of fiber coating thickness on the interlaminar shear strength of two-dimensional Nicalon/SiC is also discussed.
The Indigenous Neighborhoods of La Paz: Urbanization, Migration, and Political Activism in La Paz, 1920–1947

In Bolivian historiography, the Chaco War is associated with the dramatic transformation of political structures and culture of the nation. Scholars often describe it as the awakening of the political elite and emphasize the primacy of socioeconomic class and the importance of nationalism in creating cohesive political projects in the country. This essay examines political activism and popular participation in indigenous neighborhoods before and after the Chaco War in the city of La Paz. I analyze how the activism of indigenous neighborhood residents challenged the negative connotations associated with such labels as “indigena” and “rural” and how labels such as “worker” and “neighbor” came to represent indigenous neighborhood residents. Migrants demanded that the city government provide services in their neighborhoods such as public transportation and water and sewer lines. The primary vehicle indigenous workers used was the neighborhood association, a political pressure group that presented petitions to the city government, organized neighborhood cleanups, and engaged with various institutions on behalf of neighborhood residents in order to improve their quality of life.
BRCA1 regulates HMGA2 levels in the Swan71 trophoblast cell line

During early placental development, tumor suppressors and oncogenes work synergistically to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in a restrained manner compared with the uncontrollable growth in cancer. One example of this partnership is the regulation of the oncofetal protein HMGA2 by BRCA1. BRCA1 forms a repressor complex with ZNF350 and CtIP to bind to the promoter of HMGA2, preventing transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation determined BRCA1 forms this repressor complex in human trophoblast cells, suggesting a role in the placenta. Furthermore, miR-182 has been shown to target BRCA1 mRNA in ovarian cancer cells, blocking the formation of the BRCA1 repressor complex and allowing increased transcription of HMGA2. miR-182 was one of the first miRNAs described as elevated in the serum and placentas of preeclamptic women. Therefore, we hypothesized that BRCA1 is essential for normal trophoblast cell development. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and miR-182 overexpression to decrease BRCA1 protein in the Swan71 cell line. HMGA2 was significantly increased in the BRCA1 KO and miR-182 overexpressing cells compared to controls. We also determined that BRCA1 repressor complex binding to HMGA2 was significantly reduced in BRCA1 KO and miR-182 overexpressing cells compared with controls, leading us to conclude that increased HMGA2 was because of decreased binding of the BRCA1 repressor complex. Finally, we found that the caspase activity was significantly higher in BRCA1 KO and miR-182 overexpressing cells suggesting an increased amount of apoptosis. These data suggest that BRCA1 is an important regulator of the oncofetal protein HMGA2 and promotes cell survival in human placental cells.
Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) Behavior of Nickel Oxide (NiO) Based Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures

This work presents a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure based on nickel oxide (NiO) showing negative differential resistance (NDR) properties. The $${\hbox{Ni}}/{\hbox{NiO}}/{\hbox{HfO}}_2/{\hbox{Ni}}$$ layers structure was obtained by multiple sputtering steps and was then characterized by electrical measurements and other relevant methods. The electrical characteristics of the MIS structure were studied as a function of the oxide layer thickness. The observed NDR behavior could be attributed to a combination of the band-bending and a tunneling current contribution.
Performing solvation free energy calculations in LAMMPS using the decoupling approach

The decoupling approach to solvation free energy calculations requires scaling the interactions between the solute and the solution with all intramolecular interactions preserved. This paper reports a new procedure that makes it possible to these calculations in LAMMPS. The procedure is tested against built-in GROMACS capabilities. The model compounds chosen to test our methodology are ethanol and biphenyl. The LAMMPS and GROMACS results obtained are in good agreement with each other. This work should help perform solvation free energy calculations in LAMMPS and/or other molecular dynamics software having no built-in functions to implement the decoupling approach.
Where is an Organization? How Workspaces Are Appropriated to Become (Partial and Temporary) Organizational Spaces:

One question not addressed in communicative constitution of organizations (CCO) literature is where an organization is located. As more workers work on the road, at coffee shops, from home, and in ...
In the national interest: towards an English school approach to foreign policy

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the study of IR went through a deep theoretical reconceptualization of its objectives, ethics, and raison d’etre as a discipline. New popular and prov...
Flare Phenomenon in O-(2-[18F]-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine PET After Resection of Gliomas: Potential Contribution from Postoperative Ischemia.

TO THE EDITOR: We read with great interest the recent article by Filss et al. published in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ([1][1]). They observed a considerable increase of 18F-FET uptake in 26% of subjects compared with preoperative values adjacent to the resection cavity with subsequent decrease
An ethics of pace in digital culture

As Elodie and 35,000 other Congolese children negotiate dangerous working conditions that impair their health, some Western consumers enjoy the fruits of their debilitating labor to fight for their...
Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 57

Jan E. Leach and Steven E. Lindow, eds. 2019. Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 57. (ISBN-13: 978-0-8243-1357-9, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: annualreviews.org, science@annualreviews.org). $116.00 US, 529 pp , 7½" × 9½".
Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Rare Type of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is an uncommon type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an incidence of approximately 3% of all lung cancer diagnoses. The patient was a 60-year-old male with a 90-pack year smoking history who presented with dyspnea on exertion and productive cough for five weeks. Decreased breath sounds without respiratory distress and generalized cachexia were noted on the initial physical exam. Laboratory results were unremarkable except for chronic microcytic anemia. Computed tomography revealed extensive lymphadenopathy of the paratracheal, paraaortic, hilar, and nodes surrounding the left pulmonary arteries. Additionally, there were areas of necrosis in the left upper lobe, lingula, and left lower lobe with extensive pleural thickening extending to the abdomen and subcutaneous tissue of the anterior chest wall. Biopsy and staining showed disorganized tight cell clusters with irregular and prominent nuclei and numerous lymphocytes consistent with LCNEC. Immunohistochemistry was positive for neural cell adhesion molecule CD56 and synaptophysin, which was indicative of neuroendocrine origin. It was also positive for pan-cytokeratin antibody AE1 and AE3 and cytokeratin (CAM) 5.2, which arise from epithelial origin consistent with NSCLCs. Lastly, the patient's tissue was positive for thyroid transcription factor-1, which confirmed the tumor's primary lung origin. This combination of neuroendocrine and primary lung tumor markers, in conjunction with the histology, confirmed the patient's diagnosis of LCNEC.
Demonstration of a trapped-ion atomic clock in space

Atomic clocks, which lock the frequency of an oscillator to the extremely stable quantized energy levels of atoms, are essential for navigation applications such as deep space exploration1 and global navigation satellite systems2, and are useful tools with which to address questions in fundamental physics3–6. Such satellite systems use precise measurement of signal propagation times determined by atomic clocks, together with propagation speed, to calculate position. Although space atomic clocks with low instability are an enabling technology for global navigation, they have not yet been applied to deep space navigation and have seen only limited application to space-based fundamental physics, owing to performance constraints imposed by the rigours of space operation7. Methods of electromagnetically trapping and cooling ions have revolutionized atomic clock performance8–13. Terrestrial trapped-ion clocks operating in the optical domain have achieved orders-of-magnitude improvements in performance over their predecessors and have become a key component in national metrology laboratory research programmes13, but transporting this new technology into space has remained challenging. Here we show the results from a trapped-ion atomic clock operating in space. On the ground, NASA’s Deep Space Atomic Clock demonstrated a short-term fractional frequency stability of 1.5 × 10−13/τ1/2 (where τ is the averaging time)14. Launched in 2019, the clock has operated for more than 12 months in space and demonstrated there a long-term stability of 3 × 10−15 at 23 days (no drift removal), and an estimated drift of 3.0(0.7) × 10−16 per day. Each of these exceeds current space clock performance by up to an order of magnitude15–17. The Deep Space Atomic Clock is particularly amenable to the space environment because of its low sensitivity to variations in radiation, temperature and magnetic fields. This level of space clock performance will enable one-way navigation in which signal delay times are measured in situ, making near-real-time navigation of deep space probes possible18. Operating in space, NASA’s Deep Space Atomic Clock, a trapped-ion clock, is shown to have long-term stability and drift that are an order of magnitude better than current space clocks.
An Analysis of Technology Applications in the Restaurant Industry

This study aims to examine the utilization of Front of House (FOH) and Back of House (BOH) technology applications in different types of US restaurants along with their level of IT management and explore the importance of these technology applications to restaurant operations.,Survey data were collected from 500 randomly selected restaurant technology managers who subscribe to Hospitality Technology Magazine. The sample group represented 67,299 restaurant units. Data analysis was organized into three parts (descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, and independent samples t-test).,For FOH, the top-five point of sale (POS) technologies used are POS hardware, touchscreen, POS software, gift card integration and integrated credit card swipe into POS. At the BOH, the top-five POS technologies used are accounting/financial software, enterprise reporting, inventory management software, kitchen printers and company intranet.,This is one of the first studies to include a variety of technologies used in restaurants. Most existing studies focus on a single technology or a small number of them. However, this study provides an overall perspective on a variety of restaurant technologies from FOH to BOH. It also includes mobile POS technologies.,本论文旨在研究美国各种类型饭店的前厅（FOH）和后厨（BOH）的各种科技应用系统以及其信息科技管理水平, 此外, 本论文还分析了这些科技应用对于饭店运营的重要性。,本论文采用问卷采样形式, 从订阅了酒店科技杂志（Hospitality Technology Magazine）的饭店科技经理中随机抽取500名经理为问卷样本, 此样本代表了67,299家饭店。数据分析方法共分为三个部分（描述型、因子分析、和独立样本t检定）。,对于FOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括POS硬件、触摸屏、POS软件、礼品卡管理、和信用卡与POS系统链接。对于BOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括会计/财务软件、企业报表、库存管理软件、厨房打印机、和公司内网。,本论文是仅存的几篇研究多样饭店科技的文章之一。大多数文章只是关注一种或者少数几种科技。然而, 本论文提供从FOH到BOH多种饭店科技的分析研究, 包括移动POS科技等。,关键词 饭店科技、前厅科技、后厨科技、移动POS
Small-Group Learning in the Information Age

he practices that many educators use to teach students today must change because society is changing. America is rapidly moving out of the industrial age and into the information age. This change will require a restructuring of the teaching and learning processes on which our schools are based. In the past, teachers were primarily deliverers of information; they presented the curriculum and graded the achievement of their students. Classroom values included an emphasis on obedience and punctuality and an educational approach that involved lecturing or "telling" on the part of the teacher and rote learning by the student. Throughout this period, many children-including whole groups, such as minorities, the handicapped, and the economically disadvantaged-were expected to learn very little. The rapid pace of technological progress and changing societal conditions and values necessitate a revised set of priorities for America's schools. As John Dewey (cited in Glatthorn 1987) wrote in Democracy in Education, "A society which is mobile, which is full of channels for the distribution of change occurring anywhere, must see to it that its members are educated to personal initiative and adaptability. Otherwise, they will be overwhelmed by the changes in which they are caught and whose significance or connections they do not perceive" (41). Today, teachers need to be the analysts and facilitators of learning, and they are expected to assist all students to achieve specified objectives (see table 1). The contemporary assumption is that nearly all students can learn if given sufficient time and proper assistance. Even though they are aware that we live in a new age and that the thrust of education has changed, teachers