cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
18.5 A 54MHz Crystal Oscillator With 30× 18.5 Start-Up Time Reduction Using 2-Step Injection in 65nm CMOS

The start-up time of crystal oscillators (T START ) is a major bottleneck in reducing the average power of heavily duty-cycled wireless /wireline communication systems [1]. Among all the reported schemes to reduce T START , techniques that increase initial noise amplitude by injecting a surge of energy into the crystal resonator are shown to be most effective [1–3]. These approaches are proven to be robust if the frequency of the injection signal is equal to the crystal oscillator (XO) frequency (F INJ = F X0 ), which is difficult to achieve across PVT with on-chip oscillators. Any mismatch (ΔF = F INJ − F X0 ) even as small as a few 100 ppm can greatly increase T START . Sweeping the injection frequency using a chirp oscillator [2]or dithering the injection frequency between two values [1]can partially alleviate this issue but because $\Delta \text{F} \neq 0$, this only reduces T START to about 14× the theoretical minimum in [2]. On the other hand, it was shown in [3] that the use of a precise injection period T INJ,OPT can help reduce T START even in the presence of large ΔF. T INJ,OPT must be chosen such that current in the motional branch of the resonator, i m (t), reaches its steady-state value, I m,SS (i m (T INJ, OPT ) = I m,SS ) as shown in Fig. 18.5.1 [3]. However, small T START and large tolerance to ΔF can be achieved only when I m,SS is very small, which translates to small XO output amplitude (V XO START ≈ T INJ,OPT because i m (T INJ, OPT ) = I m,SS1 even when ΔF is as large as 1000ppm. However, for I m,SS2 > I m,SS1 , no TINJ can ensure i m (T INJ ) = I m,SS2 if ΔF > 1000ppm, thus greatly increasing T START . Therefore, ΔF must be small ( XO even with precisely-timed injection, a condition that is difficult to meet in practice even with the best-reported temperature-compensated on-chip oscillators [4]. In view of these drawbacks, we present a robust 2-step injection technique that can tolerate large ΔF and achieves close to theoretical minimum T START , large output swing and excellent phase noise. Fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process, the prototype XO achieves T START of less than 20 μs across the −40°C to 85°C temperature range, which is within 1.5× of the theoretical minimum and represents an over-30× reduction in T START compared to that of a normal/uninjected XO.
Tapping Into Multiple Data “Springs” to Strengthen Policy Streams: A Guide to the Types of Data Needed to Formulate Local Retail Tobacco Control Policy

In 2015, the tobacco industry spent $8.24 billion to market tobacco products in convenience stores, supermarkets, pharmacies, and other retail or point-of-sale settings. Community tobacco control partnerships have numerous evidence-based policies (eg, tobacco retailer licensing and compliance, tobacco-free-school buffer zones, eliminating price discounts) to counter point-of-sale tobacco marketing. However, deciding which point-of-sale policies to implement - and when and in what order to implement them - is challenging. The objective of this article was to describe tools and other resources that local-level tobacco use prevention and control leaders can use to assemble the data they need to formulate point-of-sale tobacco policies that fit the needs of their communities, have potential for public health impact, and are feasible in the local policy environment. We were guided by Kingdon's theory of policy change, which contends that windows of policy opportunity open when 3 streams align: a clear problem, a solution to the problem, and the political will to work for change. Community partnerships can draw on 7 data "springs" to activate Kingdon's streams: 1) epidemiologic and surveillance data, 2) macro retail environment data, 3) micro retail environment data, 4) the current policy context, 5) local legal feasibility of policy options, 6) the potential for public health impact, and 7) political will.
Voluntary wheel running effects on intra-accumbens opioid driven diet preferences in male and female rats.

Abstract Palatability driven feeding and voluntary physical activity are mediated by and influence similar neural mechanisms, notably through the actions of opioids within the nucleus accumbens. Recent studies suggest that access to a voluntary running wheel results in sex dependent behavioral and physiological adaptations related to opioid mediated palatability-driven feeding. To explore this relationship, male and female Wistar rats were given either access to a voluntary running wheel (RUN group) or no access (SED group) for one week prior to being stereotaxically implanted with bilateral cannulae targeting the nucleus accumbens. Following 7 days of recovery, with RUN or SED conditions continuing the duration of the experiment, all rats were assessed daily (2 h/day) for feeding behavior of concurrently accessible high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet for one week. Following this week, all rats were administered the μ-opioid receptor agonist D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) (0.0025 μg, 0.025 μg, or 0.25 μg/0.5 μl/side) or the opioid antagonist naloxone (20 μg/0.5 μl/side) into the nucleus accumbens and given concurrent access (2 h) to both diets. All groups expressed a significant baseline preference for the high-carbohydrate diet. DAMGO administration, compared to saline treatment, led to significant increased consumption of the high-carbohydrate diet in all treatment groups. While high-fat diet consumption also increased following DAMGO administration, the influence of DAMGO was much more robust for the preferred high-carbohydrate diet in all groups. Compared to males, females consumed significantly more of both diets at baseline and following DAMGO treatment. Both male and female rats in the RUN condition consumed more high-carbohydrate diet compared to rats in the SED condition. While males exhibited similar increased consumption of both diets regardless of RUN or SED condition, females in the RUN condition displayed a greater sensitivity to DAMGO-driven consumption of the preferred high-carbohydrate, compared to SED females.
Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Despite the questionable validity of schizophrenia as a unitary diagnostic construct, consistent neurobiological features of this disorder are identified. Much of this knowledge, however, has yet to make a substantial impact on clinical practice. Data from neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and neuropathology are now being integrated in ways which may ultimately generate clinically relevant applications. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge about the pathophysiology of schizophrenia from several perspectives and discusses clinically relevant developments and future directions.
Bulk superconductivity in FeTe 1 -x Se x via physicochemical pumping of excess iron

The iron-based superconductor ${\mathrm{FeTe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ has attracted considerable attention as a candidate topological superconductor owing to a unique combination of topological surface states and bulk high-temperature superconductivity. The superconducting properties of as-grown single crystals, however, are highly variable and synthesis dependent due to excess interstitial iron impurities incorporated during growth. Here we report a physicochemical process for pumping this interstitial iron out of the ${\mathrm{FeTe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ matrix and achieving bulk superconductivity. Our method should have significant value for the synthesis of high-quality single crystals of ${\mathrm{FeTe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ with large superconducting volume fractions.
Abstand: Euklidische Geometrie

Euklid hat im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. das damalige mathematische Wissen in seinem Buch „Die Elemente“ zusammengetragen. In seinen geometrischen Uberlegungen spielen von Beginn an Maszahlen eine Rolle: Abstande, Winkel, Flacheninhalte, Volumina. Der Abstand ist der grundlegende Begriff. Ahnlich wie vorher wollen wir auch diesen Begriff nicht einfach axiomatisch definieren, sondern aus anschaulichen Uberlegungen herleiten und erst danach in unser Gerust der Linearen Algebra einbauen, namlich mit Hilfe des Skalarprodukts. Die Grundlage dafur ist der Satz von Pythagoras. Die Gruppe der strukturerhaltenden Transformationen, der „Isometrien“, werden wir diesmal sehr viel genauer studieren; auch ihre diskreten und endlichen Untergruppen werden betrachtet. Diese wiederum haben mit Kristallen und mit den platonischen Korpern zu tun; letztere stellen wir auch in hoheren Dimensionen vor. Die nachst den Geraden einfachsten Gebilde der ebenen Geometrie sind die Kegelschnitte, die wir nun auch im Hinblick auf Langen und Abstande untersuchen wollen. Interessanterweise wird dieses Problem der Anschauung zuganglicher, wenn wir den Begriff „Kegelschnitt“ wortlich nehmen und dabei auch den Raum, der den Kegel umgibt, in den Blick nehmen.
The Making of an American Design School: Lessons Learned

Abstract Throughout the modern history of design there were many design schools that tried to shape the field in one way or another. While some were experimental, others were grounded and had a very practical focus. Very few of these early-day mavericks survived the test of time, remained true to their original mission, and continue to thrive today. The Myron E. Ullman, Jr. School of Design, whose heritage can be traced back to 1869 in Cincinnati, Ohio, is one of these schools. Its predecessor, The McMicken School of Design, which was established with the mandate to drive innovation in industry, set the foundations for a design program that helped shape corporate America as we know it today. This article is based on the book The Making of an American Design School (2019), which outlines the legacy of the Ullman School of Design in the American design landscape. By examining the 150-year history of the institution, and reflecting on its present state of affairs, School Director Gjoko Muratovski shares his vision for the future of one of America’s leading design schools.
4.23 – Complexity and Earthquakes

Earthquakes are clearly a complex phenomena. Yet within this complexity there are several universally valid scaling laws. These include Gutenberg–Richter frequency–magnitude scaling, Omori’s law for the decay of aftershock activity, and Bath’s law relating the magnitude of the largest aftershock to the magnitude of the main shock. Other possibly universal scaling laws include power-law accelerated moment release prior to large earthquakes, a Weibull distribution of recurrence times between characteristic earthquakes, and a nonhomogeneous Poisson distribution of interoccurrence times between aftershocks. The validity of these scaling laws is evidence that earthquakes (seismicity) exhibit self-organized complexity. The relationships of such concepts as fractality, deterministic chaos, and self-organized criticality to earthquakes will be discussed. A variety of models that exhibit self-organized complexity have been related to seismicity. Simple cellular automata models such as the slider-block model reproduce some aspects. Damage mechanics can also reproduce statistical aspects such as Omori’s law. Simulation-based approach to distributed seismicity are also discussed. The objective is to produce synthetic models of earthquakes in a region similar to numerical weather forecasts.
Detecting network load violations for distributed control planes

One of the major challenges faced by network operators pertains to whether their network can meet input traffic demand, avoid overload, and satisfy service-level agreements. Automatically verifying if no network links are overloaded is complicated---requires modeling frequent network failures, complex routing and load-balancing technologies, and evolving traffic requirements. We present QARC, a distributed control plane abstraction that can automatically verify whether a control plane may cause link-load violations under failures. QARC is fully automatic and can help operators program networks that are more resilient to failures and upgrade the network to avoid violations. We apply QARC to real datacenter and ISP networks and find interesting cases of load violations. QARC can detect violations in under an hour.
Rate, Causes, and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission Following Hospitalization for Acute Pericarditis.

Abstract Background Acute pericarditis is a frequent cause of hospitalization in the United States. Although recurrence of this condition is common, few studies have investigated hospital readmissions in this patient population. Methods We queried the National Readmission Database for the years 2016 and 2017 to identify adult admissions for acute pericarditis, and analyzed the data for 30-day readmission. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, we identified clinical characteristics that were independently predictive of hospital readmission within 30 days. Results A total of 21,335 patients (mean age 52.5 ± 0.2 years; 38.3% women) who were discharged following hospitalization for acute pericarditis were included. The rate of 30-day readmission was 12.9% (n = 2740). Increasing age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.05 per 5-year increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.09; P Conclusion After hospitalization for acute pericarditis, readmission within 30 days is common and is associated with increased mortality. Identification of characteristics associated with a higher risk of readmission may lead to focused interventions to improve outcomes.
Group Velocity Estimation and Defect Localization in Magneto-Inductive Waveguides

We report on time–frequency analysis (TFA) of dispersion in a 1-D magneto-inductive waveguide (MIW). The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD) are used to localize the frequency content of the dispersed wave as a function of time and to estimate the group velocity in experiments using a 1-D MIW constructed with planar resonators. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements are performed after deliberately introducing defects along the waveguide; and the results are analyzed with TFA, demonstrating the potential for using such MIW-TDR configurations as sensors. The WVD-TFA is shown to provide precise time–frequency information, accurate defect localization, and group velocity estimation, confirming the slow wave long-range nature of dispersive MIWs. The adaptability of the MIW-TDR setup and the accuracy of the WVD for localization make the technique a suitable candidate for sensing applications using engineered dispersive media.
Investment-Based Transition Costs Associated with Closing a Public Defined Benefit Pension Plan

Defined benefit retirement plans for state and local government employees are underfunded in most jurisdictions. Policymakers and analysts have proposed closing these traditional pensions and enrolling public-sector workers in defined contribution plans similar to 401(k) retirement plans. One objection to such a change is that once a pension plan is closed to new entrants it must adopt a more conservative, lower-yielding investment portfolio that will require higher taxpayer contributions. These higher contributions are referred to as transition costs and increase the cost of pension reforms. I analyze optimal investment portfolios for open and closed pension plans, showing that portfolio allocations differ only slightly and that these differences appear only over long periods. Thus, the actual transition costs associated with pension reforms are likely to be far smaller than has been claimed.
Cell-wall deficient bacterial variants in kidney tissue: Detection by immunofluorescence*

Abstract Persistence of transitional phase bacterial variants in experimentally infected animals has been demonstrated in kidney tissue utilizing an indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Specific fluorescence could be demonstrated for as long as two hundred and thirty-seven days postinjection in rats treated with penicillin. Furthermore, it was possible to inject variants which were unstable in vitro and to stabilize them in vivo with penicillin therapy. Evidence of classic histopathologic aspects in penicillin-treated animals was absent. Untreated animals in which reversion to the vegetative bacterial cells occurred were clearly diseased. These data suggest that persistence of variants may well be the survival mechanism of organisms which allows for a variety of relapsing bacterial infections.
Antioxidant potential of human serum albumin: role in the recovery of high quality human spermatozoa for assisted reproductive technology.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is being considered as an alternate media for sperm enrichment in assisted reproductive technology (ART) because of recent concern with the use of Percoll. In this study, we compared HSA and Percoll for 1) sperm recovery, 2) reactive oxygen species scavenging potential, and 3) effects on total oxidative stress to spermatozoa. The spermatozoa-enriched fractions obtained from Percoll (80%:40%) and HSA (12%) were monitored for sperm motility, viability, hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The effect of superoxide anions (O 2 .) on donor human spermatozoa was observed in the presence of either HSA or Percoll media. A combination of luminol and the Cypridina luciferin analog 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-α)pyrazin-3-one hydrochloride was used as a highly sensitive chemiluminescence probe in our hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase-based assay for O 2 . . Sperm membrane total oxidative stress was determined by measuring levels of the prostanoid 8-iso-Prostaglandin F 2α (8-Iso-PGF 2α ). Significant differences in sperm parameters between the Percoll-enriched spermatozoa (motility 60% ± 4%, viability 56% ± 6%, and HOST 73% ± 7%) and those enriched with HSA (motility 84% ± 5%, viability 85% ± 4%, and HOST 84% ± 3%; P < 0.01) were observed. Adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly higher, by almost 50%, in samples processed with HSA than with Percoll (P = 0.03). The dismutation rate of O 2 . in HSA (slope -6.8) was significantly lower than in Percoll (slope -87.0; P < 0.01). Sperm motility and ATP levels decreased at a slower rate after treatment with O 2 . in the presence of HSA when compared to Percoll; moreover, spermatozoa in HSA regained partial motility after 2 hours, whereas spermatozoa in Percoll were immobilized. No significant differences in 8-iso-PGF 2α levels in spermatozoa enriched by eιther HSA or Percoll were observed. We conclude that the HSA sperm enrichment procedure improves the recovery of higher quality spermatozoa compared to Percoll and, because of its antioxidant properties, may be useful in processing high leukospermia semen samples for ART purposes.
Cutting Edge: Primary Innate Immune Cells Respond Efficiently to Polymeric Peptidoglycan, but Not to Peptidoglycan Monomers

The cell wall of bacteria induces proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes and neutrophils in human blood. The nature of the stimulating component of bacterial cell walls is not well understood. We have previously shown polymeric peptidoglycan (PGN) has this activity, and the cytokine response requires PGN internalization and trafficking to lysosomes. In this study, we demonstrate that peptidoglycan monomers such as muramyl dipeptide and soluble peptidoglycan fail to induce robust cytokine production in immune cells, although they activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins in transfected cell models. We further show that lysosomal extracts from immune cells degrade intact peptidoglycan into simpler products and that the lysosomal digestion products activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins. We conclude that naive innate immune cells recognize PGN in its polymeric form rather than monomers such as muramyl dipeptide and require PGN lysosomal hydrolysis to respond. These findings offer new opportunities in the treatment of sepsis, especially sepsis arising from Gram-positive organisms.
Stable 200 nm TDM/WDM source based on continuum generation in 2 m of fiber

By propagating 500-fs pulses through 2 m of standard fiber followed by 2 m of dispersion-shifted fiber, we generate >200 nm of supercontinuum between 1430 nm and 1630 nm. The supercontinuum is flat to </spl plusmn/0.5 dB over 60 nm and exhibits superior stability and coherence properties.
Comprehensive Treatment Model for Child Maltreatment

Currently various approaches such as psychopathological, sociological, social–situational, family systems, and social learning are used in the treatment of parents who abuse their children.This chapter provides the empirical rationale based on behavioral science literature for comprehensive treatment program consisting of child management, marital enrichment, vocational skills enrichment, and interpersonal enrichment components. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of employing such an approach.
Addition of tranexamic acid to a traumatic injury massive transfusion protocol.

Purpose The development of eligibility criteria and use of tranexamic acid in conjunction with a massive transfusion protocol (MTP) are described. Summary The trauma surgery and pharmacy departments collaborated to operationalize tranexamic acid administration in trauma patients for whom an MTP was activated. The MTP at Boston Medical Center, an urban, tertiary, academic medical center, is activated by the attending physician when the patient is expected to require at least 10 units of packed red blood cells in 24 hours. Tranexamic acid was considered in MTP trauma patients who arrived at the medical center within 8 hours of traumatic injury, were 15 years of age or older, and weighed at least 40 kg. Eligible patients were to receive a loading dose of tranexamic acid 1 g i.v. over 10 minutes followed by a maintenance dose of 1 g infused over 8 hours. To ensure that tranexamic acid use was limited to trauma patients, both its location of use and physician-ordering privileges were restricted by the pharmacy department. A 16-month assessment revealed that 16 patients received tranexamic acid, 13 (81%) of whom met all criteria for use. Tranexamic acid was used in 13 (38%) of 34 eligible MTP patients. Barriers to the use of tranexamic acid include a lack of familiarity with the medication among staff, drug availability, the complexity of administration, and the critical setting of MTP activation. Conclusion Multidisciplinary collaboration and standardization of tranexamic acid use in conjunction with an MTP promoted use of the drug within a trauma population.
Including Students with Visual Impairments: Softball

Research has shown that while students with visual impairments are likely to be included in general physical education programs, they may not be as active as their typically developing peers. This article provides ideas for equipment modifications and game-like progressions for one popular physical education unit, softball. The purpose of these modifications is to include children with visual impairments in the general physical education setting with the proper support to maximize success.
Forecast Accuracy and Efficiency: An Evaluation of Ex Ante Substate Long-Term Forecasts

This article identifies regional characteristics that account for differential forecast accuracy. It is found that population, income, employment, and housing start forecast accuracy depend sig - nificantly on county size, growth rate, and elderly population; industrial specialization is irrele- vant. This finding has implications for making generalizations from a subset of regions. The informational efficiency of regional forecasts is also examined. It is found that employment fore- casts are efficient, income forecasts tend to be overly reliant on previous period growth, and naive population projections ignore information exploited by structural economic-demographic forecasts. These findings have important implications for the optimal combination of forecasts and the improvement of forecasting methodologies. The research reported in this article had two objectives. The first was to search for regional characteristics that could account for differential ex ante forecast accuracy. The second was to examine the informational efficiency of ex ante forecasts. Long-term economic and demographic forecasts of sixty-seven counties in Florida were used as the basis of the study. It has long been presumed that some regions are more difficult to forecast than others (Taylor 1982b). In perhaps the most comprehensive analysis of this issue, Smith (1987) concluded: "Forecast errors tend to increase as the length of the pro- jection horizon increases; forecast errors are generally larger for places with high growth rates than for places with low-to-moderate growth rates; and forecast errors are generally larger for small places than for large places. These findings are so well established that I believe they can be taken as general characteristics of the forecast
3.62 W of continuous-wave orange-yellow light generated by intra-cavity sum-frequency mixing of Nd:YVO4

Abstract A design of laser-diode array (LDA) end-pumped Nd:YVO 4 laser that generates simultaneous laser action at wavelengths 1064 and 1342 nm is presented. Using type-I critical phase matching (CPM) BiB 3 O 6 , 593.5 nm continuous-wave (cw) Orange-yellow laser is obtained by 1064 nm and 1342 nm in an intra-cavity sum-frequency mixing. The maximum laser output power of 3.62 W is obtained when an incident pump laser of 27.5 W is used. The optical-to-optical conversion is up to 13.2%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest conversion efficiency at 593.5 nm in an intra-cavity sum-frequency Nd:YVO 4 laser.
Steel containment buckling research-program

Abstract This paper provides a review of safety-related problems concerning steel containment buckling and a description of two U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission research projects on this subject.
Keratin in cutaneous amyloidoses

Abstract When Congo red stain was the only criterion, "amyloid" was considered to be a single substance. With the advent of electron microscopy, this idea was further strengthened because unfortunately the ultrastructure of all amyloids including those of the skin was found to be uniform. Clinical dermatologists knew that there were two types of skin amyloidoses; one manifesting itself in the skin as well as in various internal organs, the other being exclusively limited to the skin. The first group included amyloidoses associated with multiple myeloma (now termed AL amyloid), infections (now termed AA amyloid), and familial hereditary disease (of chemically variable composition). The second group consisted of truly cutaneous diseases such as lichen amyloidosus, macular amyloidosis, and cutaneous epithelioma-associated amyloidoses. Nodular amyloidosis was thought to be the link between these two groups because occasionally it can become systemic disease; it turned out to be a systemic disease of immunoglobulin light-chain production with a limited skin manifestation. Today we realize that this clinical division was more important than histologic and ultrastructural analyses of amyloid deposits: the second group of amyloidoses occur exclusively in the skin because the amyloid substances come from a special degeneration of keratinocytes of the epidermis and its derivatives.
SU‐DD‐A3‐04: Analysis of Prostate Patient Setup Error and Organ Motion Error Using Calypso Setup Shift and Tracking Data

Purpose: To evaluate the prostate patient setup and intra‐fraction organ motion error distributions by analyzing initial setup shift and target tracking data obtained from the Calypso system. Method and Materials: The spatial coordinates of the centroid of three implanted markers implanted in the prostates of 13 patients were monitored by our Calypso system with 10Hz sampling frequency. Patients were initially setup to tattoos and then shifted to the Calypso localized locations. Measurements were performed for average 32 fractions of average time about 8 minutes each. For each patient, the systematic setup correction and standard‐deviation (SD) over all fractions was obtained for the left‐right (LR), anterior‐posterior (AP) and superior‐inferior (SI) axes. Systematic setup error was obtained as the SD of the systematic setup errors of all patients. Similarly, the systematic and random components of prostate intra‐fractional motion were obtained from the tracking data. For all patients, correlation coefficients were calculated among the three axes of tracking data; the cumulative probability of total 3D displacement from initial setup was also calculated. Results: The systematic and random components of the initial setup errors for LR, AP and SI axes are 2.4mm, 2.6mm and 3.2mm, respectively and 3.6mm, 2.7mm and 3.3mm. The corresponding systematic and random components of prostate intra‐fractional motion errors are 0.3mm, 0.5mm and 0.6mm, and 0.6mm, 1.1mm and 1.0mm, respectively. The correlation between AP and SI motion was significant. The 3D displacement data indicates that 11 of 13 patients have 94.4% or higher probability of prostate motion within 5mm from the Calypso setup positions. However, one patient showed 28.7% probability of motion beyond 5mm. Conclusion: In our patient population, residual systematic and random error due to intra‐fraction prostate motion is small, once inter‐fraction setup‐organ motion errors have been eliminated by Calypso‐guided online setup. Supported in part by grant P01 CA 116162.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, and ab initio calculations of bromocarbonyl isocyanate

Abstract The Raman (3100-10 cm−1) and infrared (3100-30 cm− spectra of Bromocarbonyl isocyanate, BrC(O)NCO, have been recorded for the fluid and solid phases. The observed bands are assigned on the basis of the trans conformer (isocyanate group trans to the carbonyl bond) being more stable and the cis conformer being less stable in the fluid phases, and only the trans conformer being present in the solid. Variable temperature studies of the Raman spectrum of the liquid give a ΔH value of 423 ± 42 cm−1 (1.21 ± 0.12 kcal mol−1). A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the trans conformer, based on infrared band contours, group frequencies, relative intensities, and normal coordinate calculations. Additionally, several fundamentals of the cis conformer have been assigned. The experimental conformational stability and fundamental vibrational frequencies are compared with those obtained from ab initio gradient calculations employing the RHF STO -3 G ∗ basis set and with the corresponding quantities obtained for similar molecules.
Organizational communication as cultural performance

For the past ten to fifteen years, the “systems” metaphor has guided organizational communication research. Recently, a sizable number of management and organizational communication scholars have suggested a different guiding metaphor—that of organizational culture. Present notions of organizational culture, however, tend to focus on static, structural features of culture, and researchers are often content to document the existence of such cultural features as organizational jargon, stories, ideologies, and strategic knowledge. Such a focus, though valuable, overlooks the cultural processes by which these structures are created, maintained, and transformed. We argue in this paper that we can introduce process notions into our understanding of organizational culture by looking at organizational communication as cultural performance. We examine five cultural performances described (often obliquely) in current organizational literature—performances of ritual, “passion,” sociality, politics, and enculturation...
Hume on the Value of Pride

An explicit expression of pride might be pleasing to a proud person but is usually unpleasant to an onlooker. By comparing ourselves with someone so animated by pride, our own sense of self worth seems to diminish. In the section ‘‘Of Greatness of Mind,’’ in Book Three of A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume stresses the importance of keeping our pride to ourselves, of not giving free vent to our pride, whether justified or not, in order to prevent the unpleasant comparisons that arise whenever we are confronted with exuberant self-applause. For Hume, to conceal our pride, to defer to others, are qualities that indicate greatness. Benevolence, compassion, and gratitude are good qualities. However, they can become vicious if they are expressed in ways that hurt other people’s pride. An avowed declaration of our virtues violates the duty to keep pride concealed. Modesty, knowing our weaknesses and limitations, is a virtue. Yet, Hume allows room for pride when we have acquired a number of virtues, and when we avoid voicing them in ways that damage other people’s pride. Our judgments regarding pride and how pride ought to be expressed involves three components of Hume’s position: a principle of sympathy, a principle of comparison, sympathy in reverse, and a discussion of the general rules for causal judgments. Hume takes into account the unreasonable side of human nature to explain why excessive pride is a vice and why a due sense of pride is a virtue.
CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions of hindered amines

Sterically hindered amines constitute a new class of chemicals which have recently come into industrial use in a variety of gas-treating processes: chemical solvents in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, rate promotion additives for the hot carbonate process, and chemical solvents for the selective removal of hydrogen sulfide. The scant published data on the behavior of hindered amines do not allow one to estimate the actual values of the apparent kinetic constants or equilibrium constants, and even less to establish the chemical steps involved. In this paper, the results of an investigation of the behavior of one particular amine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), as a chemical solvent for CO2 in aqueous solutions are reported. The equilibrium behavior of a hindered monoamine like AMP in aqueous solutions is dominated by the values of two equilibrium constants: the protonation constant Kp and the carbamate stability constant Kc. The value of Kp at infinite dilution has been determined experimentally, and is large enough to neglect formation of the carbonate ion. The value of Kc has been found experimentally to be significantly less than 10−1 1/gmol, as is expected for a hindered amine. A thermodynamic model has been developed and tested against experimental equilibrium data. Preliminary kinetic data seem to indicate that the reaction with CO2 is first order with respect to both CO2 and AMP. A first step in the elucidation of the chemical steps involved is presented.
Effect of a novel induction food‐processing device in improving frying oil quality

Summary Producing quality fried snacks involves monitoring the chemical processes that occur during frying to control oil degradation. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a Novel Induction Food-Processing Device (NIFPD) on the quality indices of frying oil. Under standard frying conditions, vegetable oil samples (corn and canola) were collected during a standardised frying cycle to test oxidative stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate and classify samples during the frying time, and standard reference methods used to monitor the oil stability included p-anisidine value, free fatty acid content and CIELAB colour. The induction technology decreased the rate of free fatty acid and aldehyde formation. Tests also showed a marked effect on total colour difference between control and treatment (NIFPD), reducing colour degradation. Overall, our results showed that a patented induction device slows the rate of lipid degradation, resulting 7–20% reduction in formation rate of key quality parameters and significantly longer utilisation of frying oil.
Determination of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in rabbit caudate nuclei by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were measured in paired caudate nuclei of six normal adult albino rabbits by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values for these four cations were 6.18, 20.1, 267, and 477 μmoles/g dry weight, respectively. A technique is presented for making these analyses on samples of tissue as small as 13.8 – 21.0 mg dry weight.
Fast subband video coding with ladder structures

A subband decomposition using wavelet filters has become a popular and effective basis for image compression. The use of a ladder structure for the subband filtering provides a fast implementation, and allows the system to be useful at video rates. In this paper, a system is proposed that provides good quality video for CIF sized image transmitted from 240 kbits/s down to 128 kbits/s (basic rate ISDN). The system uses subband coding, motion-compensated prediction, adaptive DCT coding, and entropy-constrained quantization to achieve the desired bit rate and image quality.
Responding to Clandestine Methamphetamine Manufacturing: A Case Study in Situational Crime Prevention:

During the 1990s, Oklahoma experienced an increase in clandestine methamphetamine laboratories in operation in the state. Identifying and responding to this problem became a law enforcement priority. Clandestine laboratories were extremely dangerous and volatile, as they posed great risks to individuals and local communities. Initial efforts to control the problem proved difficult, given the availability of all the key ingredients and supplies. In response to this problem, the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (OBNDD) worked to inform the Oklahoma legislature, which passed a number of laws aimed at affecting clandestine manufacturing. This case study explores Oklahoma’s legislative responses to methamphetamine manufacturing and retroactively examines whether these laws fit within the situational crime prevention perspective.
Geometric Measure Theory and the Axioms of Continuum Thermodynamics

Basic to all of continuum physics is the notion of a subbody of a given body B. Indeed, the starting point for most theories is the assumption that the underlying laws hold not only for B itself but also for all subbodies of B.
Uniformity analysis of wafer scale sub-25nm wide nanowire array nanoimprint mold fabricated by PEDAL process

In earlier publications [S. Sonkusale, C.J. Amsinck, D.P. Nackashi, N.H. Di Spigna, D. Barlage, M. Johnson, P.D. Franzon, E. Physica, Low Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 28 (2005) 107-114; S. Sonkusale, C.J. Amsinck, D.P. Nackashi, N.H. Di Spigna, D. Barlage, M. Johnson, P.D. Franzon, in: Proceedings of Nano Science and Technology Institute (NSTI) conference 2005, vol. 3, pp. 255.], we proposed and successfully demonstrated an unconventional lithographic technique called PEDAL process (planar edge defined alternate layer) to define wafer scale sub 25nm nanowires and nanoimprint template. In this publication, the uniformity results on array of sixteen line-width structures with obtained by PEDAL process are presented. The average pitch of array across the 4in. wafer was measured to be 40.8nm with the standard deviation of 2.3nm where as the average pitch of the lines in an array was found to be 41.5nm with the standard deviation of 4.6nm. After Pd lift-off the average pitch in nanowire array was measured to be 41.9nm with standard deviation of 1.8nm, which is close to the values obtained for the template.
Uranium-contaminated soils: Ultramicrotomy and electron beam analysis

Uranium contaminated soils from the Fernald Operation Site, Ohio, have been examined by a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron detection (SEM/BSE), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). A method is described for preparing of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) thin sections by ultramicrotomy. By using these thin sections, SEM and TEM images can be compared directly. Uranium was found in iron oxides, silicates (soddyite), phosphates (autunites), and fluorite. Little uranium was associated with clays. The distribution of uranium phases was found to be inhomogeneous at the microscopic level.
The Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Remanent Magnetization in Multidomain Iron and Kamacite

The effects of neutron irradiation on remanent magnetization in multidomain iron and kamacite (3wt% Ni) samples of varying initial coercivities were investigated in order to determine whether cosmic ray exposure significantly affects the natural remanent magnetization (NMR) of lunar samples and chondritic meteorites. Irradiation to 1017 fast neutrons/cm2 increased bulk coercive force (Hc) by an average of 15%. Annealing for 1 hour at 200-300°C returned Hc to its pre-irradiation value. The dominant effect of irradiation on remanent magnetization was to decrease the total intensity by 5-45%. AF demagnetization spectra of both isothermal and thermal remanence before and after irradiation indicate that neutron bombardment slightly increases the resistance to AF demagnetization. No similar increase in resistance to thermal demagnetization was indicated. The changes in Hc and AF demagnetization spectra are attributed to radiation induced point defects rather than to pinning of domain walls by vacancy clusters and dislocations. The NRM in chondritic meteorites and most lunar samples is too stable to be accounted for by exposure of isothermal remanence to cosmic rays. Thus the NRM must be some form of thermal or thermochemical remanence.
Non-uniform lateral current distribution in quantum cascade lasers

Non-uniform lateral current distribution in quantum cascade (QC) lasers is investigated, as a result of stimulated-optical-emission-assisted electron transport, the rate of which depends on the local photon density and is comparable to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering rate. A microscopic model based on rate equations is built to study the self-consistent process of interaction between local electrons and photons in QC lasers. The non-uniform distribution of lateral current and the corresponding spatial hole burning are simulated from this model. Moreover, multi-transverse-mode operation in QC lasers is also investigated.
An assessment of the fakeability of self-report and implicit personality measures

Abstract Researchers are focusing on developing implicit measures of personality to address concerns related to the faking of self-report measures. The present study examined the validity and fakeability of Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures of personality self-concept in a repeated-measures design (N = 33). People’s predictions about how they represented themselves on the measures were also assessed. Results indicated that participants were able fake self-report measures when instructed to do so and that they could accurately predict how they represented themselves on these measures. Participants were also able to fake an IAT measure of Extraversion, but were unable to fake an IAT measure of Conscientiousness or predict how they represented themselves on either IAT measure.
Response to mail surveys on resource‐based recreation topics: A behavioral model and an empirical analysis

Abstract The ability to predict response rates to mail surveys is important in estimating sample size and in assessing the probable need for a nonrespondent follow‐up study to improve the accuracy of population estimates. Predictive models of response rates to mail surveys are scarce, and none has examined leisure or recreation resource‐related studies. This report starts with a behavioral model that takes the potential respondent's perspective. On the basis of the model, variables affecting response rates are hypothesized, operationalized, and tested in 38 studies, each of which used standard mail survey techniques including a cover letter, printed questionnaire booklet, and three reminder letters. Saliency of the topic in combination with the type of survey audience, the amount of hypothetical questions used, the number of pages, the height of the type used, and the month of survey implementation were all statistically significant predictors of response rate.
Similarities in properties, content, and relative rates of synthesis of fructose-P2 aldolase in livers of fed and starved rats.

The present work gives evidence that, in contrast to the situation reported by Pontremoli et al. for the rabbit (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 6323–6325, 1979; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 203, 390–394, 1980; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 79, 5194–5196, 1992), starvation for as long as 3 days does not cause intracellular covalent modification and inactivation of fructose-P2 aldolase molecules in rat liver cells. This conclusion is based on our observations that liver aldolase molecules isolated from fed and starved rats in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors were not distinguished on the basis of specific catalytic activity, electrophoretic mobility, subunit molecular weight, NH2-terminat structure, or COOH-terminal structure. Further, the approximate 40% loss in rat liver mass which occurred during the 3-day fast was not associated with appreciable changes in the content of aldolase and most other abundant cytosolic proteinsper gram of rat liver, as judged by electrophoretic analysis of 100 000-g soluble fractions of liver extracts . Finally, a 3-day fast had no appreciable effect on therelative rates of synthesis of aldolase and most other abundant cytosolic proteins in rat liver. Our findings suggest that nutrient deprivation has no preferential effect on the concentration or metabolism of aldolase in rat liver cells.
Reconstitution of an electrically active conformational transition in rhodopsin-containing membranes

Abstract An electrically active event that has been observed in native rod outer segment disk membranes can be reconstituted into membrane vesicles containing purified rhodopsin and defined phospholipids. The magnitude of this charge-transfer event, as estimated using spin-labeled derivatives of hydrophobic ions, is a function of the phospholipid composition. In reconstituted membranes containing rhodopsin and egg phosphatidylcholine, the charge transferred during this event is approximately 10% that measured in the native system. The addition of 20 mol% egg phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid or brain phosphatidylserine returns the magnitude of the charge transfer to within 60 to 100% of the native activity. The response seen in the reconstituted membrane system is consistent with a previously proposed interfacial charge-transfer mechanism.
Hall effect of sliding condensate in NbSe3

Hall measurements in the non-Ohmic regime show that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ is independent of electric field $E$ up to the uncertainty of the data (4%). The physical picture that emerges is one of highly mobile current-carrying excitations moving parallel to the chains with a mobility anisotropy of at least ${10}^{3}$. The Fr\"ohlich sliding model is consistent with the data. On the other hand, models which ascribe the non-Ohmicity to $E$-field generation of free carriers or to hot-electron effects are decisively excluded by the data.