cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine in rats: tail-flick and paw-lick assays

Rationale Theories of drug tolerance differentiate between associative and behavioral (instrumental) drug tolerance. However, there is little research comparing these two forms of drug tolerance beyond alcohol and morphine.
Identification of a novel residue within the second transmembrane domain that confers use-facilitated block by picrotoxin in glycine α1 receptors

The central nervous system convulsant picrotoxin (PTX) inhibits GABA(A) and glutamate-gated Cl(minus sign) channels in a use-facilitated fashion, whereas PTX inhibition of glycine and GABA(C) receptors displays little or no use-facilitated block. We have identified a residue in the extracellular aspect of the second transmembrane domain that converted picrotoxin inhibition of glycine alpha1 receptors from non-use-facilitated to use-facilitated. In wild type alpha1 receptors, PTX inhibited glycine-gated Cl(minus sign) current in a competitive manner and had equivalent effects on peak and steady-state currents, confirming a lack of use-facilitated block. Mutation of the second transmembrane domain 15'-serine to glutamine (alpha1(S15'Q) receptors) converted the mechanism of PTX blockade from competitive to non-competitive. However, more notable was the fact that in alpha1(S15'Q) receptors, PTX had insignificant effects on peak current amplitude and dramatically enhanced current decay kinetics. Similar results were found in alpha1(S15'N) receptors. The reciprocal mutation in the beta2 subunit of alpha1beta2 GABA(A) receptors (alpha1beta2(N15'S) receptors) decreased the magnitude of use-facilitated PTX inhibition. Our results implicate a specific amino acid at the extracellular aspect of the ion channel in determining use-facilitated characteristics of picrotoxin blockade. Moreover, the data are consistent with the suggestion that picrotoxin may interact with two domains in ligand-gated anion channels.
Preoperative assessment of the adult plexus patient.

Methods of assessing brachial plexus lesions are presented in relation to the type of lesion, the severity, the prognosis, and the timing of nerve repair and reconstructive surgery. A careful physical examination of both muscles and sensory function, the sweating concordance, and the Tinel sign are considered the most important aspects of assessment which is completed by electromyography (evoked potentials), radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast computerised axial tomography (CT scanning). Contrast-CT is considered the most reliable investigation to reveal root avulsion from the cord. An assessment chart able to show the extent and location of the lesion at a glance is included. © Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite fabricated by semi-solid powder processing

Abstract Semi-solid powder processing (SPP) is a promising technology that combines the benefits of semi-solid forming and powder metallurgy. In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced aluminum alloy 6061 (Al6061) composite was synthesized by SPP for the first time. Mechanical alloying was used to disperse the CNTs in the matrix phase. The effects of the processing temperature (600 °C, 620 °C and 640 °C) on the microstructure, hardness, fracture surface and composition of the Al6061–CNT composite were investigated. Overall, the Al6061–CNT composite showed full densification above 99% with 100 MPa of pre-compaction and 50 MPa of pressure during consolidation in the semi-solid regime. Microstructure and the fracture surface analyses showed that the CNTs were uniformly dispersed throughout the Al6061 matrix. Higher density composite was obtained at higher liquid content, although the highest composite hardness was achieved when processed at 620 °C. It was speculated that the formation of carbides at higher temperatures affected the interface bonding between the matrix and CNT. The study showed feasibility of manufacturing CNT reinforced metal composites by SPP.
Gold Production and the Price Level: The Cassel Three Per Cent Estimate

I. The Cassel method, 647.— Kitchin's estimate, 648.— II. The problem of the base years: cyclical complications, 649; wholesale vs. general prices, 653; international aspect, 654.— III. The problem of the "normal" gold supply, 655.— IV. The problem of the rate of increase in the demand for gold, 658.— The first sub-assumption, 659; the second, 660; the third, 660.— Bank currency: England, 665; France, 669; Germany, 671; United States, 675.— V. Conclusions, 677.
Primary breast lymphoma

We report a case of primary breast lymphoma in a 75-year-old woman who noticed a lump in her right breast after trauma. Mammographic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic correlations are provided. The typical appearance of primary breast lymphoma on mammography is a solitary, uncalcified, circumscribed, or indistinctly marginated mass with adjacent lymphadenopathy. On ultrasound, primary breast lymphoma is usually hypoechoic with circumscribed or microlobulated margins demonstrating increased vascularity. The differential diagnosis for a mass with this appearance is discussed in detail and includes hematoma, abscess, primary breast lymphoma, invasive ductal carcinoma, phyllodes tumor, and metastatic disease.
A Time to Hate: Situational Antecedents of Intergroup Bias

Shortly after the World Trade Center was destroyed, reports began to appear of hate crimes against Americans of Middle Eastern or South Asian descent. This article provides a summary of social psychological research that explains why certain events might promote intergroup bias. The literature on the correlation between hate crimes and potential precipitating factors is also reviewed. Finally, a few brief suggestions are made, based on previous research, as to how these crimes might be prevented.
An empirical measurement of jamming attacks in CSS Cognitive Radio networks

Cognitive Radio networks (CRN) are capable of providing a solution to the spectrum shortage problem. With diverse application domains ranging from distance education to government-delivered essential services, the task of mitigating malicious attacks, especially jamming, in this emerging network is challenging. This is because potential attackers could be operating as Cognitive Radios themselves, and as a result are capable of preying on the adaptable and reconfigurable features of CRN with the intent of causing serious denial of service to the users of the network. In addition, these jammers are capable of introducing value faults in pathological cases as a result of being able to manipulate transmitted data. In this paper, we investigated through simulation the performance of CRNs operating in the presence of jamming attacks that are capable of introducing value faults. The purpose of this investigation is to be able to come up with a suitable anti-jamming strategy that is capable of mitigating jamming in CRN. Using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) measurements we observed that these jammers are very effective in their operations as they are capable of bringing down the entire CRN when their jamming rate is just about 30%. As a result, we investigated different anti-jamming strategies and analyzed their suitabilities in combating CR operating as jammers with the intent of proposing a solution that is capable of handling all scenarios presented in these models.
Stimulus-Dependent Impairment of the Neutrophil Oxidative Burst Response in Lactoferrin-Deficient Mice

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding protein found in milk, mucosal secretions, and the secondary granules of neutrophils in which it is considered to be an important factor in the innate immune response against microbial infections. Moreover, LF deficiency in the secondary granules of neutrophils has long been speculated to contribute directly to the hypersusceptibility of specific granule deficiency (SGD) patients to severe, life-threatening bacterial infections. However, the exact physiological significance of LF in neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanisms remains controversial and has not yet been clearly established in vivo using relevant animal models. In this study, we used lactoferrin knockout (LFKO) mice to directly address the selective role of LF in the host defense response of neutrophils and to determine its contribution, if any, to the phenotype of SGD. Neutrophil maturation, migration, phagocytosis, granule release, and antimicrobial response to bacterial challenge were unaffected in LFKO mice. Interestingly, a stimulus-dependent defect in the oxidative burst response of LFKO neutrophils was observed in that normal activation was seen in response to opsonized bacteria whereas an impaired response was evident after phorbol myristate-13-acetate stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate that although LF deficiency alone is not a primary cause of the defects associated with SGD, this protein does play an immunomodulatory role in the oxidative burst response of neutrophils.
Stability of Escherichia coli sodA mRNA and identification of the transcriptional start site(s) under different environmental and oxidative stresses

Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD-sodA) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is regulated at the transcriptional level as observed in studies using both operon and gene fusions. In this paper were examine the regulation of sodA gene at the level of mRNA. We examine the effects of several aerobic inducing conditions (i.e., nalidixic acid, paraquat, or 2,2′-dipyridyl) on mRNA stability, transcription initiation, and translation. The half-life of sodA mRNA was found to be approximately 3–4 min, showing no differences in mRNA stability between induced and uninduced cells. We also found, by reverse transcriptase, that the second putative promoter is not functional under normal or stress conditions, and the amount of mRNA was found to be proportional to active MnSOD. Thus, these results indicate that under oxidative stress/inducing conditions, the increase in aerobic transcription of sodA occurs from only one transcription start site without affecting the stability of sodA mRNA. In addition, the 1:1 ratio found between increases in sodA mRNA and active MnSOD suggests that no translational regulation occurs aerobically.
Algorithm 673: Dynamic Huffman coding

We present a Pascal implementation of the one-pass algorithm for constructing dynamic Huffman codes that is described and analyzed in a companion paper. The program runs in real time; that is, the processing time for each letter of the message is proportional to the length of its codeword. The number of bits used to encode a message of t letters is less than t bits more than that used by the well-known two-pass algorithm. This is best possible for any one-pass Huffman scheme. In practice, it uses fewer bits than all other Huffman schemes. The algorithm has applications in file compression and network transmission.
The effects of collaborative practice on statistical problem solving: Benefits and boundaries

Abstract In recent years, understanding the effects of collaboration on learning and memory has emerged as a major topic of investigation. Findings from applied educational research and from basic cognitive research demonstrate a complex view of how collaboration affects learning. The present laboratory study bridged these two domains of research to address the question of how collaborative learning affects statistical problem solving. After viewing a lecture, participants completed two statistics tests. They either completed the tests collaboratively and then individually, or completed both tests individually. Results showed an immediate benefit of collaboration, but this benefit did not persist on a subsequent individual test. Repeated practice by those who worked individually increased performance to the level of those who had previously collaborated. These results were qualified by gender as females showed a consistent benefit from prior collaboration on the post-collaborative test, particularly on conceptual problems. Implications for education are discussed.
The future of Neutrino Physics

A brief, selective overview is presented of recent progress in neutrino physics, with emphasis on several unanswered questions and possible future experiments which might address them.
A high mass trigger for the E864 experiment at the AGS accelerator

Abstract The E864 experiment at the AGS is designed to carry out high sensitivity searches for a variety of possible new particles using relativistic heavy ion Au beams on Pb and Pt targets. In order to reach the desired sensitivities, a level-2 “late energy” trigger was built to select events in which a heavy particle is detected in a hadronic calorimeter with deposited energy and time-of-flight from the target exceeding preset values. The physics motivation for the trigger is discussed and and details of its hardware and software design are given. Performance results from recent E864 data taking runs are presented.
Design considerations for a combined synchrotron light source and heavy-ion storage ring atomic physics facility

Abstract An atomic physics facility (APF) based on the combination of photons produced by a synchrotron light source with heavy ions in a storage ring will open the way to the study of ionic states of almost all elements. The design considerations for such a facility are discussed in terms of the use of synchrotron radiation for photoexcitation and ionization experiments. Design considerations for an APF are given in terms of the accelerator facilities presently available at BNL which include the National Synchrotron Light Source and Tandem Van de Graaff Laboratory. The results show that the concept is valid and therefore that implementation would result in entirely new capabilities for the study of multiply-ionized atoms.
Restoration of expression of transforming growth factor-β Type II receptor in murine renal cell carcinoma (renca) cells by 5-Aza-2′- deoxycytidine

Abstract The murine renal cell carcinoma (Renca) cells are insensitive to TGF-β due to a lack of TGF-β type II receptor (TβR-II). The objective of the present study is to determine the mechanism of this loss of sensitivity to TGF-β in Renca cells. Renca cells were cultured and treated with 5-Aza-2′-Deoxycytidine (5-Aza), a specific inhibitor of methylation. Expression of TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and TβRII was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis before and after the treatment of Renca cells with 5-Aza. The expression of phosphorylated Smad2 (P-Smad2) was determined by Western blot analysis. TGF-β levels in the conditioned medium were measured by ELISA. Renca cells did not express TβR-II prior to 5-Aza treatment. After 5-Aza treatment, these cells expressed TβR-II at both mRNA and protein levels, which corresponded to the restoration of sensitivity to TGF-β by an increase in P-Smad2. Levels of TGF-β1 were similar before and after 5-Aza treatment. Results of the present study indicated that, in Renca cells, the loss of sensitivity to TGF-β is likely due to a promoter hypermethylation in the TβR-II gene.
Tissue concentrations and proliferative effects of massive doses of ascorbic acid in the mouse.

The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on CF1 mice fed ascorbic acid for approximately six months at dose levels of 1%, 5%, and 10% of diet was investigated by analysis of tissue ascorbic acid concentration in the liver, kidney, stomach, small intestine, and large bowel. The effect on epithelial cell proliferation was also examined in the small and large bowel but only at the 5% level. In the control animals, ascorbic acid concentration was lowest in the liver (0.406 +/- 0.07 mg/g) and highest in the small bowel (0.754 +/- 0.16 mg/g). Dietary intake of 5% and 10% ascorbic acid significantly elevated levels in the liver (0.741 +/- 0.13; p less than 0.05), and all doses of ascorbic acid significantly raised tissue concentrations in the kidney and colon. No difference was observed in the percentage of DNA-synthesizing cells in the jejunum of controls or animals fed 5% ascorbic acid at 1 or 24 hours after 3HTdR injection. However, at 1 hour a significantly decreased level of proliferation was observed in the distal colon of ascorbic-acid-treated mice compared with controls (labeling index [L.I.] = 7.3 +/- 0.28 vs. 10.1 +/- 1.15; p less than 0.05), and an even greater suppression of DNA synthesis was achieved by 24 hours (L.I. = 11.4 +/- 1.06 vs. 18.6 +/- 1.61; p less than 0.01). None of the doses of ascorbic acid employed was toxic to the experimental mice.
Lp(a) concentrations and phenotypes in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Abstract Subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Several studies have suggested that Lp(a) levels may be increased in IDDM subjects, although these studies have been limited by the lack of information on apo(a) phenotype and urinary albumin excretion. We compared Lp(a) concentrations in 66 children with IDDM and 18 non-diabetic children; all were non-Hispanic whites and none had detectable albuminuria. Lp(a) concentrations (mg/dl) were lower in subjects with IDDM than in non-diabetic subjects (12.0 ± 2.2 vs. 20.0 ± 6.1, respectively), although these means were not significantly different (P = 0.276). Postpubertal subjects, particularly males, had increased Lp(a) concentrations relative to prepubertal subjects (P = 0.041). Higher apo(a) molecular weight was associated with decreased Lp(a) concentrations in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. However, apo(a) size was not different in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Lp(a) concentrations were not significantly correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin levels in diabetic subjects (r = 0.11, P = NS). We also found similar Lp(a) concentrations in postpubertal IDDM subjects compared with adult non-Hispanic white non-diabetic subjects (n = 208) from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study. These observations do not support increased Lp(a) concentrations in young normoalbuminuric IDDM subjects.
Are invaders moving targets? The generality and persistence of advantages in size, reproduction, and enemy release in invasive plant species with time since introduction.

Abstract: Successful plant invasions are often attributed to increased plant size, reproduction, or release from natural enemies, but the generality and persistence of these patterns remains widely debated. Meta‐analysis was used to quantitatively assess invasive plant performance and release from enemy damage and how these change with residence time and geographic distribution. Invasive plants were compared either in their introduced and home ranges or with native congeners in the introduced range. Invasive plants in the introduced range were generally larger, allocated more to reproduction, and had lower levels of herbivore damage compared with conspecifics in the home range; pathogen attack, however, varied widely. In congener comparisons, invasive and native plants did not differ in size or herbivory, but invaders did allocate less to reproduction and had lower levels of pathogen damage. Time since introduction was a significant nonlinear predictor of enemy release for both herbivores and pathogens, w...
ON “NOT THREE GODS”—AGAIN: CAN A PRIMARY‐SECONDARY SUBSTANCE READING OF OUSIA AND HYPOSTASIS AVOID TRITHEISM?

This article is both historical and constructive. The historical side addresses the question of whether a consistent line of analogy for the Trinity can be found among the Cappadocians. I answer in the affirmative, arguing that an analogy of primary-secondary substance for the one ousia and three hypostases of the Godhead is present in Basil and the two Gregories. The constructive side concerns the question raised by modern critics over whether Primary-Secondary Substance Trinitarianism (PST) can ultimately avoid tritheism. I will consider objections to this analogy in an effort to show that PST, when taking its cues from the Cappadocians, can successfully sustain its claim to monotheism.
The holistic study of the voice

(1962). The holistic study of the voice. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 280-284.
Investigating the Use of (Re)Configurability to Reduce Product Family Cost and Mitigate Performance Losses

Commonality amongst a family of products provides both technical and economic advantages. However, with an increase in commonality, a loss of product differentiation can occur, resulting in product cannibalization. Furthermore, there is generally a required tradeoff between performance and cost when incorporating commonality into a family of products. This paper synthesizes recent research in system flexibility, system reconfigurability, and product families to develop a formal design method, which may allow a design firm to decrease family cost, increase commonality, and maintain or improve system performance. The system configurations can be set before they reach the consumer or be capable of being set by the consumer. (Re)configurability is used to denote that the solution may be permanent once configured (i.e., a configurable system) or the changes can be repeatable and reversible (i.e., a reconfigurable system). Added benefits to incorporating principles of product flexibility and (re)configurability are the possibility for the systems to age gracefully, adapt to meet future demands and operating environments, and incorporate newly developed technologies.
Total synthesis and structure proof of (3E,8E)-suspensolide

Abstract A new macrolide, E,E-suspensolide ( 1 ), was prepared in six steps from mesityl oxide. The stereochemistries of intermediate isomers were assigned principally from their 13C NMR spectra. An isomeric macrolide, Z,E-suspensolide ( 2 ), was also prepared.
Effects of fore-aft body mass distribution on acceleration in dogs

The ability of a quadruped to apply propulsive ground reaction forces (GRF) during rapid acceleration may be limited by muscle power, foot traction or the ability to counteract the nose-up pitching moment due to acceleration. Because the biomechanics of acceleration change, both throughout the stride cycle and over subsequent strides as velocity increases, the factors limiting propulsive force production may also change. Depending on which factors are limiting during each step, alterations in fore-aft body mass distribution may either increase or decrease the maximum propulsive GRF produced. We analyzed the effects of experimental alterations in the fore-aft body mass distribution of dogs as they performed rapid accelerations. We measured the changes in trunk kinematics and GRF as dogs accelerated while carrying 10% body mass in saddlebags positioned just in front of the shoulder girdle or directly over the pelvic girdle. We found that dogs applied greater propulsive forces in the initial hindlimb push-off and first step by the lead forelimb in both weighted conditions. During these steps dogs appear to have been limited by foot traction. For the trailing forelimb, propulsive forces and impulses were reduced when dogs wore caudally placed weights and increased when dogs wore cranially placed weights. This is consistent with nose-up pitching or avoidance thereof having limited propulsive force production by the trailing forelimb. By the second stride, the hindlimbs appear to have been limited by muscle power in their ability to apply propulsive force. Adding weights decreased the propulsive force they applied most in the beginning of stance, when limb retractor muscles were active in supporting body weight. These results suggest that all three factors: foot traction, pitching of the body, and muscle power play roles in limiting quadrupedal acceleration. Digging in to the substrate with claws or hooves appears to be necessary for maximizing propulsion in the initial hindlimb push-off and first forelimb step. Shifting the center of mass forward, as occurred with the loss of the large and heavy tail in the evolution of mammals, is likely to increase the contribution of the forelimbs to acceleration. Hindlimb muscle power appears to play a greater role in limiting acceleration than does forelimb muscle power. As such, we might expect animals built for rapid acceleration to have an increased ratio of hindlimb to forelimb muscle mass.
Limited Sets in C(K)‐Spaces and Examples Concerning the Gelfand‐Phillips‐Property

In this paper we give criteria for limitedness in C(K)-spaces and discuss the Gelfand-Phillips-property. We show that the Gelfand-Phillips-property is not a three-space-property, that l1 ⊄ X does not imply the Gelfand-Phillips-property of X and that the Gelfand-Phillips-property of a space X does not imply that the dual unit ball contains a w*-sequentially precompact subset which norms X up to a constant.
Cigarette Smoking and Severe Uncontrolled Hypertension in Inner-city African Americans

Abstract PURPOSE: Although over the past 2 decades great strides have been made in increasing the awareness, detection, and treatment of hypertension (HTN), actual control of blood pressure is far from optimal. We hypothesized that current cigarette smoking, by acting as a marker for poor health related behavioral patterns, would be significantly associated with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 3-month period in 1994, all patients who presented to a public hospital medical walk-in clinic were screened, and had their BP measured if they had been prescribed BP medication within 1 year and were aware of their diagnosis of HTN. Patients were defined as controlled hypertensives if both systolic BP and diastolic BP were ≤ 140/90 mm Hg. Severe uncontrolled hypertensives were those with either systolic BP ≥ 180 mm Hg or diastolic BP was ≥ 110 mm Hg. RESULTS: Of the 221 patients meeting all inclusion criteria (1 refusal), 86 had uncontrolled HTN (mean BP=192/106 mm Hg), 130 were controlled (mean BP=130/80 mm Hg), and 5 were not African American. Severe uncontrolled hypertensives, when compared with controlled hypertensives, were significantly more likely to be current (versus former) smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 4.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8 to 9.5), and be less compliant with medications (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.1). Age, gender, alcohol use, marital status, education, and comorbidity were not associated with HTN control. In an adjusted logistic regression model, both current and never-smokers when compared with former smokers were significantly more likely to have uncontrolled HTN in compliant patients (OR = 14.4; 95% CI: 3.3 to 63.3 and OR=5.7; 95% CI: 1.5 to 21.7, respectively). In noncompliant patients, smoking status was not associated with uncontrolled HTN. CONCLUSION: In disadvantaged African-American patients who report good medication compliance, former smoking status is strongly associated with HTN control. Physicians may need to be especially vigilant of BP control in patients who smoke.
Using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum A Prior Probability (MAP) in Iterative Self‐Organizing Data (ISODATA)

Abstract With the availability of high‐resolution satellite imagery featuring as high as 1 meter resolution in the panchromatic mode and 3‐meter resolution in the multispectral mode, there is an interest by many new commercial and public service applications such as cellular telephones coverage area design, urban/land cover planning, and real estate marketing to extract features from images automatically. To that end, the demand for unsupervised classification techniques is growing. In this paper, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum A prior Probability (MAP) algorithms are used as decision rules to find boundaries of classes computed by the Iterative Self‐Organizing Data (ISOADATA) algorithm. Different satellite images with different resolutions were used to experiment with these algorithms. The results of comparing and analyzing the algorithms revealed that MAP‐ISODATA performed better than ML‐ISODATA even when the same initial matrix was used. It was shown that there was no significant difference be...
Humic acid-, ferrihydrite-, and aluminosilicate-coated sands for column transport experiments

Interactions of chemicals with soil minerals are often studied in batch systems. Dynamic flow systems are often limited by the low hydraulic permeability of the soil constituents, such as clays, when packed into columns. However, if clay minerals and organic matter can be immobilized on an inert support, then dynamic flow experiments can be performed. In this study, we investigate the feasibility to produce porous media with similar hydrodynamic properties, but different surface characteristics. Four minerals (ferrihydrite, kaolinite, illite, and smectite) and a humic acid were coated on silica sand grains. Coated grains were packed into columns and the hydrodynamic properties of the media were determined with anionic tracers. The hydrodynamic properties of the various coated silica sands were similar, suggesting that porous media with similar spatial structure, but different surface characteristics, could be produced. Coating of clay minerals was shown to cause anion exclusion of anionic tracers when high surface charge clays or high clay loadings for the coating procedure were used. The specific surface area of the coating materials inside the porous medium could be changed by varying the particle size of the silica grain support. Coating of different materials onto silica sand grains allows to study interactions of chemicals and colloids with dynamic flow experiments in a porous medium with defined structure.
Objective Being and “Ofness” in Descartes

It is generally assumed that Descartes invokes “objective being in the intellect” in order to explain or describe an idea’s status as being “of something.” I argue that this assumption is mistaken. As emerges in his discussion of “materially false ideas” in the Fourth Replies, Descartes recognizes two senses of ‘idea of’. One, a theoretical sense, is itself introduced in terms of objective being. Hence Descartes can’t be introducing objective being to explain or describe “ofness” understood in this sense. Descartes also appeals to a pretheoretical sense of ‘idea of’. I will argue that the notion of objective being can’t serve to explain or describe this “ofness” either. I conclude by proposing an alternative explanation of the role of objective being, according to which Descartes introduces this notion to explain the mind’s ability to attain clear and distinct ideas.
Three-phase study of phlebitis in patients receiving peripheral intravenous hyperalimentation

We found clinical phlebitis in 57 of 88 patients with peripheral hyperalimentation (65%). To determine if this was a problem common to all intravenous fluid therapy at our hospital, we performed a point-prevalence study. The prevalence of phlebitis in nonhyperalimentation intravenous patients was 18% (84 of 456 patients). We then performed a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial of sham versus standard in-line filters to determine if bacteria or filterable particulate matter was responsible for phlebitis in the peripheral hyperalimentation group. The standard-filter group had a phlebitis rate of 74% compared with 64% in the sham-filter group. We then eliminated in-line filters and replaced the standard glucose-based solution with a glycerol-based peripheral hyperalimentation solution. The phlebitis rate decreased from 68% to 27% (p
Adhesion molecules as prognostic factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Objective/Hypothesis To identify the significance of molecular markers in determining the risk of recurrence and distant metastases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Study Design In this retrospective case study, we evaluated archival nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens for patterns of expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, c-erb-B2, and Ki-67, which have been demonstrated to be important in other tumors. Methods Fifty-four cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were identified, with a maximum follow-up of 13 years. The histopathological sections were stained using an automated immunohistochemical stainer (NexES, Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ) for E-cadherin (Zymed Laboratories [San Francisco, CA] and Transduction Laboratories [Lexington, KY] clones), β-catenin (Zymed), c-erb-B2 (Ventana Medical Systems), and Ki-67 (Novocastra, Burlingame, CA). The numbers of positively staining cells were scored as follows: 0%, 1% to 33%, 34% to 66%, or greater than 67%. Results E-cadherin (Zymed) stained positively in only one case. The Transduction Laboratories clone demonstrated a spectrum of staining in all cases, from complete to disrupted to no identifiable membranous staining. The staining was consistently absent at the advancing tumor border, regardless of stage. The loss of β-catenin expression did not correlate with that of E-cadherin or with clinical outcomes. No staining was identified for c-erb-B2. Ki-67 staining was variable and did not correlate with clinical outcomes. Conclusions Altered expression or loss of E-cadherin, or both, may result in loss of function, particularly at the infiltrating edge, with resultant loss of cell polarity, cell migration, and eventual metastasis. The interpretation of E-cadherin staining depends on antibody source. In contrast to recent studies, β-catenin expression is not altered and c-erb-B2 expression not identified, suggesting that these markers are not important in the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Influence of salinity and temperature on the growth and production of a freshwater mayfly in the Lower Mobile River, Alabama

Secondary production of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata, was quantified from four sites differing in seasonal salinity within the Lower Mobile River, Alabama, from October 1995 to September 1996. This population was univoltine, with emergence occurring from late May through early August. Comparisons with other populations of this species showed latitudinal trends suggesting that summer temperatures may exceed an upper thermal threshold for growth. Longitudinal differences in riverine salinity (i.e., upriver sites, 0‰; downriver sites, 5.5‰ maximum salinity) explained most of the differences among sites, both for average density (upriver sites, 75.6 mayflies m 22
Effects of chlordecone on the adrenal medulla of the rat

Abstract Rats were treated with the chlorocarbon analogs chlordecone or mirex (200 ppm) for 8 days and the adrenal glands removed for catecholamine analysis and ultrastructural examination. Total catecholamine content was reduced 54% from 22.07 ± 2.8 (SE) to 10.26 ± 1.2 μg per gland after chlordecone but was not significantly changed after mirex. There was a selective decrease in epinephrine of 63% and an increase in norepinephrine of 28% after chlordecone but not after mirex. Phenylethanolamine- N -methyl transferase, the enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine was not inhibited by chlordecone in vitro . The biochemical data were supported by electron microscopy after the use of two different fixation methods. Perfusion of the adrenal glands in control rats with glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde, “postosmification” and block-staining gave good general preservation with well-defined epinephrine and norepinephrine cells. Block-fixation in glutaraldehyde-dichromate also resulted in easily identified epinephrine and norepinephrine cells. After chlordecone, the catecholamine-containing granules of the epinephrine cells, but not of the norepinephrine cells, became depleted as visualized by both methods. Mirex had no morphological effect on epinephrine or norepinephrine granules. Thus, distinct differences between the two closely related structural analogs chlordecone and mirex were demonstrated on the catecholamine contents and epinephrine cell ultrastructure in the rat adrenal medulla. These differences are speculated to result from differential effects on mitochondrial and/or granular Mg 2+ -ATPase and on adrenal corticosteroid levels.
Virtual reality high dimensional objective spaces for multi-objective optimization: An improved representation

This paper presents an approach for constructing improved visual representations of high dimensional objective spaces using virtual reality. These spaces arise from the solution of multi-objective optimization problems with more than 3 objective functions which lead to high dimensional Pareto fronts. The 3-D representations of m-dimensional Pareto fronts, or their approximations, are constructed via similarity structure mappings between the original objective spaces and the 3-D space. Alpha shapes are introduced for the representation and compared with previous approaches based on convex hulls. In addition, the mappings minimizing a measure of the amount of dissimilarity loss are obtained via genetic programming. This approach is preliminarily investigated using both theoretically derived high dimensional Pareto fronts for a test problem (DTLZ2) and practically obtained objective spaces for the 4 dimensional knapsack problem via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms like HLGA, NSGA, and VEGA. The improved representation captures more accurately the real nature of the m-dimensional objective spaces and the quality of the mappings obtained with genetic programming is equivalent to those computed with classical optimization algorithms.
Treatments of medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Inherent to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are a plethora of medical complications which correlate with the severity of weight loss or the frequency and mode of purging. Yet, the encouraging fact is that most of these medical complications are treatable and reversible with definitive care and cessation of the eating-disordered behaviours. Herein, these treatments are described for both the medical complications of anorexia nervosa and those which are a result of bulimia nervosa.
Self-Assembly and Chain-Folding in Hybrid Coil-Coil-Cube Triblock Oligomers of Polyethylene-b-Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

Self-assembly and chain-folding in well-defined oligomeric polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (PE-b-PEO-b-POSS) triblock molecules were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The triblock oligomers were synthesized by attaching two kinds of functional POSS molecules, namely, isocyanatopropyldimethylsilylisobutyl-POSS (Ib−POSS) and isocyanatopropyldimethylsilylcyclopentyl-POSS (Cp−POSS), to a hydroxyl-terminated PE-b-PEO-OH diblock oligomer (denoted as E39EO23) via urethane reactions. In these triblock oligomers, both PE and POSS were crystalline, whereas PEO became amorphous due to tethering of its both ends to other two blocks. In the crystalline state, PE chains tilted 32° from the lamellar normal, and both Ib−POSS and Cp−POSS molecules stacked into four-layer (ABCA) lamellar crystals, having the same trigonal (R3m) symmetry as in pure POSS crystals. Because the cros...
Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and MRI measures of brain aging

Objective: To examine the cross-sectional relationship between nutrient status and psychometric and imaging indices of brain health in dementia-free elders. Methods: Thirty plasma biomarkers of diet were assayed in the Oregon Brain Aging Study cohort (n = 104). Principal component analysis constructed nutrient biomarker patterns (NBPs) and regression models assessed the relationship of these with cognitive and MRI outcomes. Results: Mean age was 87 ± 10 years and 62% of subjects were female. Two NBPs associated with more favorable cognitive and MRI measures: one high in plasma vitamins B (B1, B2, B6, folate, and B12), C, D, and E, and another high in plasma marine ω-3 fatty acids. A third pattern characterized by high trans fat was associated with less favorable cognitive function and less total cerebral brain volume. Depression attenuated the relationship between the marine ω-3 pattern and white matter hyperintensity volume. Conclusion: Distinct nutrient biomarker patterns detected in plasma are interpretable and account for a significant degree of variance in both cognitive function and brain volume. Objective and multivariate approaches to the study of nutrition in brain health warrant further study. These findings should be confirmed in a separate population. Neurology ® 2012;78:241–249
Multiscale Modeling and Constraints for Max-flow/Min-cut Problems in Computer Vision

Multiscale techniques have been used for many years in computer vision. Recently multiscale edges have received attention in spectral graph methods as an important perceptual cue. In this paper multiscale cues are used in the context of max-flow/min-cut energy minimization. We formulate multiscale min-cut versions of three typical computer vision applications, namely interactive segmentation, image restoration, and optical flow. We then solve across all scales simultaneously. This use of multiscale models and constraints leads to quantitatively and qualitatively improved experimental results.
Rate and extent of recovery of left ventricular function in patients following acute myocardial infarction

To determine the rate and extent of recovery of left ventricular (LV) performance following acute myocardial infarction (MI), peak aortic blood acceleration was measured serially in 26 patients and in 11 normal volunteers with a continuous wave Doppler placed suprasternally. In patients, Doppler measurements were made 20 +/- 2 hours after the acute onset of chest discomfort and were repeated daily for 6 consecutive days. Infarction patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 15 patients who did not have a previous MI and whose present course was not complicated by congestive heart failure (CHF). Group II consisted of 11 patients who had either a previous MI or developed CHF during the present admission. Peak acceleration in the normal volunteers showed minimal daily variations over a period of 6 days. Peak acceleration in the entire group of 26 MI patients increased from 13 +/- 3 m/sec/sec on the day of admission (day 1) to 18 +/- 6 m/sec/sec on day 6 (p less than 0.001). In group I, peak acceleration increased from 13 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 6 m/sec/sec between day 1 and day 6 (p less than 0.001). In group II, however, peak acceleration was 12 +/- 2 m/sec/sec on day 1 and increased to only 15 +/- 4 m/sec/sec on day 6 (NS). These results indicate that LV performance, based upon peak acceleration of blood in the ascending aorta, improves markedly within 6 days in patients suffering their first MI uncomplicated by CHF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Symposium on Grouting: Investigation of Sand–Cement Grouts

This paper is one of several papers that constitute the Symposium on Grouting which occupied sessions of the June 1960 meeting of ASCE in Reno, Nevada. Credit for organizing this symposium program ...
1/f Noise in Length Sorted Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes at Their Critical Percolation Conditions

The electrical noise characteristics of thin film random networks of single walled carbon nanotubes with lengths of 820nm, 210nm and 130nm, were evaluated in addition to mixed length and pure semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube networks. This study represents one of the first experimental studies in which highly characterized length sorted single walled nanotubes networks have been investigated to isolate their contributions to 1/f noise. In this work we evaluate the noise power spectrum, in the low frequency range, for each of our type sorted samples and demonstrate the effect of nanotube type, length, dimensionality and critical percolation conditions in 1/f noise generating mechanisms. 1/f noise in two-dimensional (2-D) thin films of random network, homogeneous length sorted SWNTs at their percolation threshold in contrast to three dimensional (3-D) thin films of mixed length SWNT and purely semi-conducting SWNT thin films were investigated. We find that at their respective critical percolation thresholds, xc, length sorted SWNT networks exhibit atypical reduced noise amplitude (A) characteristics compared to their mixed length and semi-conducting nanotube counterparts.
Case 34-2010: A 65-Year-Old Woman with an Incorrect Operation on the Left Hand

From the Departments of Orthopedics (D.C.R., J.H.H.) and Medicine (G.S.M.) and the Massachusetts General Physicians Organization (G.S.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and the Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (D.C.R., J.H.H.) and Medicine (G.S.M.), Harvard Medical School — both in Boston.
Structure and dynamics of liquid Ni 36 Zr 64 by ab initio molecular dynamics

First-principles molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the interplay between the local structure and atomic dynamics of liquid Ni${}_{36}$Zr${}_{64}$ eutectic alloy in the equilibrium and undercooled states. The topological and chemical short-range orders (SROs) as characterized by the partial pair-correlation functions show good agreement with recent neutron-scattering experiments. Three-dimensional structural analysis shows that the local environment around both Ni and Zr atoms is more complex than the icosahedral SRO due to the frustration of icosahedra driven by the strong directional interaction and large size difference between Ni and Zr. The atomic dynamics analysis shows that the Ni-centered $\ensuremath{\langle}0,2,8,1,0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and Zr-centered $\ensuremath{\langle}0,1,10,4,0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ Voronoi polyhedra with relatively longer lifetime play a key role in slowing down the dynamics. The fraction of these clusters increases significantly as the liquid is cooled down and thus facilitates glass formation in the rapidly quenched alloys.
Intestinal stem cell response to injury: lessons from Drosophila

Many adult tissues and organs are maintained by resident stem cells that are activated in response to injury but the mechanisms that regulate stem cell activity during regeneration are still poorly understood. An emerging system to study such problem is the Drosophila adult midgut. Recent studies have identified both intrinsic factors and extrinsic niche signals that control the proliferation, self-renewal, and lineage differentiation of Drosophila adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs). These findings set up the stage to interrogate how niche signals are regulated and how they are integrated with cell-intrinsic factors to control ISC activity during normal homeostasis and regeneration. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms that control ISC self-renewal, proliferation, and lineage differentiation in Drosophila adult midgut with a focus on the niche signaling network that governs ISC activity in response to injury.
Methodological alternatives for measuring premature mortality.

Although crude and age-adjusted mortality statistics are frequently used to quantify public health problems, they are heavily influenced by the underlying disease processes of the elderly. Alternative measures have been developed to reflect the mortality experience of younger age groups (i.e., premature mortality). We evaluated four different methods for tabulating premature mortality, one method weighted by the remaining life expectancy at death and three methods with constant end points using age spans from birth to 65 years, birth to 75 years, and 1 to 65 years. These alternatives provide dramatically different descriptions of premature mortality in the United States in 1984. In general, the constant end-point methods emphasize the different pattern of mortality among younger persons, while premature mortality computed by the remaining life expectancy method more closely resembles the pattern of crude mortality. Although no single method is preferable for all purposes, the constant end-point method best differentiates the leading causes of premature death.