cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Fitness of Heterokaryotypic Individuals Segregating Naturally within a Long-Standing Laboratory Population of Drosophila silvestris.

Natural populations of Drosophila silvestris are polymorphic for inversions in one or more of four of the five major chromosome arms; laboratory stocks tend to retain this heterozygosity. A laboratory stock, U28T2, was started from a single naturally inseminated wild female caught at Kilauea Forest Reserve, Hawaii, in January 1977. Polytene analysis in 1980 showed the presence of three natural inversions in chromosome 4: k 2 is distal, t is central and l2 is proximal. The inversions are short but only short uncovered euchromatic sections exist at the distal and proximal ends. Periodic examinations through 1986 showed all three inversions to be persistent at moderately high frequencies. In 1984, a series of tests of mating performance of caged, mature males, taken at random as they eclosed from the stock, were followed by cytological testcrosses to females from a homokaryotypic stock. Only three of the eight possible haplotypes, k2/t/+ (A), +/+/l2 ( a) and +/+/+ (a') were present. Tests of crossing over show none in males; in females, there is about 1% in each of the two regions between the inversions. Only one such apparent crossover haplotype was found among 1084 examined in samples from this stock. Thus, chromosome arrangements A, a and a' virtually behave as wholechromosome alleles in both sexes. Of 146 males marked and tested in cages, 61 produced progeny; the others failed to reproduce. Of 58 males and 80 females producing progeny and analyzed cytologically, there were, respectively, 49 and 59 heterokaryotypes. On the basis of frequencies calculated for fertilized eggs, 33.6 males and 46.3 females are expected. The facts suggest that individual males with the Aa karyotype are particularly successful in production of offspring. Adult females show an excess of Aa' as well as Aa. Such high fitness of heterokaryotypes in the effective breeding adults could be a major factor in the maintenance of stable chromosomal polymorphisms both in laboratory stocks and in nature. Although some of this heterosis is clearly ascribable to differential survival, the facts suggest that there is a substantial opportunity, indeed a likelihood, for a contribution from differential mating among surviving adults.
The current status of theory evaluation in nursing

Aims. To identify the current status of theory evaluation in nursing and provide directions for theory evaluation for future development of theoretical bases of nursing discipline.
FLOW VISUALIZATION BY CCMPUTER-GENERATED COLOR GRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

One of our principal aims in flow visualization has been to quantitize the observed flow phenomena through digital image processing. Recently, a new trend has been developed in the reverse way: to produce the image of flow phenomena from computer-generated data using color graphic techniques. The latter method can also be used in reconstruction of the experimental flow field from limited data to give more physical meaning to the information. This technique permits a numerical (computer) experiment to be visualized much like a physical one and thus help to speed up the interpretation of physical phenomena.This study-surveys the literature pertinent to flow visualization by means of computer-generated color graphic techniques. Both the methods and applications are included.
Ontogeny of glucose-6-phosphate and phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in Brachydanio

Abstract 1. 1. The tissue distributions and developmental progressions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio) and B. albolineatus (pearl danio) are reported. 2. 2. The five GPD isozymes separated from adult and embryonic tissues consisted of two electrophoretically distinct components: a hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HPD) and a glacose-6-phosphate specific GPD. 3. 3. HPD isozymes were expressed continuously throughout development. 4. 4. Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase existed as a single form in all tissues and was continuously expressed in embryos. 5. 5. Spectrophotometric analyses of GPD and PGD profiles showed that activities of both enzymes were high between fertilization and blastulation and prior to hatching at 4 days.
Agriculture, trade, and macroeconomics: The U.S. case

Abstract The persistent appreciation of the U.S. dollar from 1980 through 1984 raise the issue of macroeconomic impacts on trade sectors as a critical policy concern. In this article a six-variable vector autoregressive model is utilized to evaluate the dynamic effects of macroeconomic shocks on U.S. agriculture, a key trade sector. The results suggest that the impacts are substantial. Expansion of the money supply or a decline in the real interest rate or the real value of the dollar has a positive effect on agricultural exports and relative prices, whereas autonomous inflationary shocks have negative effects.
Effect of isocyanate to hydroxyl index on the properties of clear polyurethane films

Abstract Clear polyurethane films were made from aqueous polyurethane pre-polymer dispersions and water-dispersible aliphatic isocyanate pre-polymer, varying the amount of isocyanate used to cure the films. Film series were made from one of two polyol dispersions; the control XP-7110 having a higher molecular weight and containing 10 wt.% n-methylpyrrolidone (nmp) was compared to a zero-volatile organic compound (VOC) lower molecular weight alternate polyol XP-2591. Increasing the relative number of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in these films provided an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), tensile strength, elastic modulus and improved barrier properties to dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) for both polyols in this study. At all indices in this study XP-7110 films achieved slightly higher Tg and slightly better resistance to permeation by DMMP than the XP-2591 films. Water resistance of the films was not improved at higher indices nor was there any difference between the polyols. Yet, the experimental results suggest that it is possible to produce polyurethane binders with acceptable film properties while reducing the VOC content of the formulation by using t-butyl acetate as the isocyanate reducing solvent. The zero-VOC polyol achieved better tensile properties with higher indexing than the current polyol containing 10 wt.% VOC. While the zero-VOC polyol did not perform as well as the baseline polyol in some tests, the differences in performance were small and thus there may be an opportunity to use the zero-VOC polyol as a partial or even a complete replacement of the current material.
Interannual temperature variability in the United States since 1896

The variability of mean monthly temperatures in the United States since 1896 is examined. The results show that the interannual variability reached a peak in the decade centered on 1930 and decreased fairly steadily to a minimum in the decade centered on 1970. This temporal trend is almost completely explained by changes in the variability of winter (December, January, February) mean monthly temperatures. The greatest percent decrease in variability occurred in the Midwest.
A report from America: Baby M.

KIE: Rachels reviews the social and legal facts of the celebrated "Baby M" case, in which surrogate Mary Beth Whitehead attempted to keep the daughter she had borne under contract to William Stern. The first phase of the legal battle between the parents ended in March 1988, when New Jersey Superior Court Judge Harvey R. Sorkow upheld the validity of the surrogacy contract, terminated Whitehead's parental rights, and awarded custody of the child to Stern. Rachels comments on public reaction to "Baby M," on Sorkow's decision, and on the impact the case may have on legislative attempts to regulate surrogacy. He also uses the example of "Baby M," as well as that of California heart transplant patient "Baby Jesse," to discuss how the media sensationalize controversial issues.
Prior cesarean delivery is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy: analysis of U.S. perinatal mortality data, 1995-1997.

Objective An association between cesarean delivery and an increased risk of stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy has been reported in the United Kingdom. This study investigated the association between prior cesarean delivery and unexplained intrauterine fetal demise at term in the United States. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional study using the U.S. perinatal mortality data (1995 to 1997). Women aged 15 to 44 years with singleton term (37 weeks or longer) pregnancies were included in the analysis. Study groups were defined as pregnant women with a prior cesarean delivery (prior cesarean delivery) and women with no prior cesarean delivery (no cesarean delivery). Adjustments were made for maternal age, race, underlying medical conditions, and fetal congenital abnormalities. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method was used for relative risk estimation at the 95% confidence interval calculation. Results A total of 11,061,599 deliveries of singleton pregnancies were recorded in the United States from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1997. The cesarean delivery rate was 19.6%. The crude term intrauterine fetal demise rate was 1.5 per 1000 births for no cesarean delivery and 1.3 per 1000 births for prior cesarean delivery. After correction for parity greater than 1, congenital anomalies, and underlying maternal medical conditions, term intrauterine fetal demise rates were 0.6 and 0.4 per 1000 births for no cesarean delivery and prior cesarean delivery, respectively. Restriction of the analysis to women with only 1 prior delivery resulted in term intrauterine fetal demise rates of 0.8 and 0.7 per 1000 births for no cesarean delivery and prior cesarean delivery, respectively (relative risk 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.76-1.06). Conclusion A prior cesarean delivery is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid expression in Leydig cells

In the present study, we evaluated insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) messenger RNA expression in the rat testis. Crude interstitial cells were separated into three distinct bands on 15-60% Percoll density gradients. IGF-I mRNA was mainly localized in the Leydig cell-enriched fraction (band 3), while band 1 and band 2 cells did not contain significant amounts of IGF-I mRNA. Leydig cell IGF-I mRNA consisted of multiple species varying from 0.8 to 7.5 kb and was present in rat Leydig cells all ages examined, from 25 to 55 days old. To further document that IGF-I mRNAs are present in Leydig cells, the method of Klinefelter et al. (Biol. Reprod. (1987) 36, 769-783) was used to isolate highly purified (greater than 98% pure) Leydig cells. Most of the IGF-I mRNA was localized in these Leydig cells, while there was no detectable IGF-I mRNA in the whole testis or other interstitial cells. Furthermore, IGF-I mRNA in Leydig cells was increased more than 2-fold by growth hormone (GH) administration in vivo. This suggests that IGF-I mRNA in Leydig cells is also GH dependent. Interstitial IGF-I produced in Leydig cells may have both autocrine and paracrine effects in the testis.
Liver clock protein BMAL1 promotes de novo lipogenesis through insulin-mTORC2-AKT signaling

The clock protein BMAL1 (brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1) participates in circadian regulation of lipid metabolism, but its contribution to insulin AKT-regulated hepatic lipid synthesis is unclear. Here we used both Bmal1−/− and acute liver-specific Bmal1-depleted mice to study the role of BMAL1 in refeeding-induced de novo lipogenesis in the liver. Both global deficiency and acute hepatic depletion of Bmal1 reduced lipogenic gene expression in the liver upon refeeding. Conversely, Bmal1 overexpression in mouse liver by adenovirus was sufficient to elevate the levels of mRNA of lipogenic enzymes. Bmal1−/− primary mouse hepatocytes displayed decreased levels of de novo lipogenesis and lipogenic enzymes, supporting the notion that BMAL1 regulates lipid synthesis in hepatocytes in a cell-autonomous manner. Both refed mouse liver and insulin-treated primary mouse hepatocytes showed impaired AKT activation in the case of either Bmal1 deficiency or Bmal1 depletion by adenoviral shRNA. Restoring AKT activity by a constitutively active mutant of AKT nearly normalized de novo lipogenesis in Bmal1−/− hepatocytes. Finally, Bmal1 deficiency or knockdown decreased the protein abundance of RICTOR, the key component of the mTORC2 complex, without affecting the gene expression of key factors of insulin signaling. Thus, our study uncovered a novel metabolic function of hepatic BMAL1 that promotes de novo lipogenesis via the insulin-mTORC2-AKT signaling during refeeding.
Physiochemical Properties of Rat Liver Mitochondrial Ribosomes

In the present study, the physiochemical properties of rat liver mitochondrial ribosomes were examined and compared with Escherichia coli ribosomes. The sedimentation and translational diffusion coefficients as well as the molecular weight and buoyant density of rat mitochondrial ribosomes were determined. Sedimentation coefficients were established using the time-derivative algorithm (Philo, J. S. (2000) Anal. Biochem. 279, 151–163). The sedimentation coefficients of the intact monosome, large subunit, and small subunit were 55, 39, and 28 S, respectively. Mitochondrial ribosomes had a particle composition of 75% protein and 25% RNA. The partial specific volume was 0.688 ml/g, as determined from the protein and RNA composition. The buoyant density of formaldehyde-fixed ribosomes in cesium chloride was 1.41 g/cm3. The molecular masses of mitochondrial and E. coli ribosomes determined by static light-scattering experiments were 3.57 ± 0.14 MDa and 2.49 ± 0.06 MDa, respectively. The diffusion coefficient obtained from dynamic light-scattering measurements was 1.10 ± 0.01 × 10−7 cm2s−1 for mitochondrial ribosomes and 1.72 ± 0.03 × 10−7 cm2s−1 for the 70 S E. coli monosome. The hydration factor determined from these hydrodynamic parameters were 4.6 g of water/g of ribosome and 1.3 g/g for mitochondrial andE. coli ribosomes, respectively. A calculated hydration factor of 3.3 g/g for mitochondrial ribosomes was also obtained utilizing a calculated molecular mass and the Svedberg equation. These measurements of solvation suggest that ribosomes are highly hydrated structures. They are also in agreement with current models depicting ribosomes as porous structures containing numerous gaps and tunnels.
Family and employment status associated with women's criminal behavior

Exploring the relationship between women's criminal behavior as evidenced in violence, type of crime, prior criminal history, and the fulfillment of traditional female roles delineated by marital status, employment status, or presence of children in the home of the woman was based on the evaluation of 141 female inmates, which indicated a limited relationship between fulfilling traditional female roles and the nature of female criminal activity. Married and previously married subjects tended to be involved primarily with murder and secondarily with theft. Single subjects were involved primarily with theft and secondarily involved with robbery. Employed subjects were more likely to be involved with theft and nonviolent crime. Unemployed subjects were more likely to be involved in violent crimes.
Distinguishing Potential Recyclers from Nonrecyclers: A Basis for Developing Recycling Strategies.

Abstract The underlying dimensions of household recycling behavior were considered in this study. Four sets of variables were used to classify recyclers and nonrecyclers: the demographic attributes of the residents, their knowledge of the recycling program, their perception of program policies and problems, and their attitudes toward the environment. Discriminant analysis was performed using data from two communities in Broome County, New York. The results suggest some options for promoting higher participation rates in community recycling programs.
The development of guidelines for implementing information technology to promote food security

Food insecurity, and its extreme form, hunger, occur whenever the accessibility to an adequate supply of nutritional and safe foods becomes restricted or unpredictable. They are recurring problems in certain regions of the US, as well as in many parts of the world. According to nation-wide surveys conducted by the US Bureau of the Census, between 1996 and 1998 an estimated 9.7% of US households were classified as food insecure (6.2% being food insecure without evidence of hunger, and 3.5% being food insecure with moderate to severe hunger). This means that approximately 10 million households each year did not always have access to enough food to meet basic needs. A potential tool in the fight against food insecurity and hunger is information technology (IT), since its use and range of application continue to grow at astonishing rates. The study presented here examined the question of how information technology, particularly the Internet, can be used to promote food security. The study used an action science research approach, and a case study strategy, with the food security system of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi selected as the case for study. The research design was a two-phase process. Phase one consisted of a needs assessment among food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and included interviews of key food assistance personnel. Phase one also included a survey of IT subject matter experts to seek their opinions about the current state of Web-based information technology. Phase two involved an analysis of various IT implementation issues, as well as the development of a Web-based food security information system prototype tool. The needs assessment results indicated that (a) certain food security system and information needs existed among the food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and (b) appropriate information technologies existed that could be applied to these needs. The food security needs related to better communication and coordination of information, such as program information, food site inventory information, client history information, food donation information, and nutrition education information. In regard to technology development, a variety of scenarios were examined. These included client-side approaches, server-side approaches, simple e-mail-based systems, Java-based systems, systems based on the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), and commercial database systems. In applying the needs assessment and survey results, the researcher developed a prototype Web site (including a series of online database tools) that could be used to promote food security in counties such as Oktibbeha County. The results of this research show that appropriate, Internet-based, IT holds promise for the reduction of certain social problems, such as food insecurity and hunger.
Isotopic analysis of presolar graphite grains from Orgueil

Abstract We report the successful isolation and isotopic analysis of presolar graphite grains from the Orgueil CI chondrite. Isotopic measurements were made on seven density fractions, with grain sizes >1 μm: ORG1b (1.59–1.67 g cm −3 ), 1c (1.67–1.75 g cm −3 ), 1d (1.75–1.92 g cm −3 ), 1f (2.02–2.04 g cm −3 ), 1g (2.04–2.12 g cm −3 ), 1h (2.12–2.16 g cm −3 ) and 1i (2.16–2.30 g cm −3 ). We measured C, N, O, and Si isotopes with the NanoSIMS. All the fractions, except ORG1b and ORG1h, contain presolar graphite as demonstrated by the large range of 12 C/ 13 C ratios (4–1746) measured in individual grains. The abundance of grains with isotopically light carbon increases with increasing density. Some of the low-density grains are enriched in 18 O, 15 N and 28 Si. As the density increases, the grains mostly exhibit solar oxygen and nitrogen isotopic ratios. However, the high-density grains are enriched in 29 Si and 30 Si. The 18 O and 28 Si excesses indicate that the low-density grains originated from supernovae, while the high-density grains (with 30 Si and 12 C excesses) probably originated from AGB stars with low metallicities.
Tunneling measurements of the zero-bias conductance peak and the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin-film energy gap

We have examined the zero-bias conductance peak that is often found in high-temperature-superconductor tunnel-junction spectra. We have also measured the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin-film energy gap. The zero-bias conductance peak can be explained in terms of quasiparticle tunneling, phase diffusion, and a supercurrent. The implications of this model are discussed.
Performance Analysis of a Cost-Effective Electret Condenser Microphone Directional Array

Microphone directional array technology continues to be a critical part of the overall instrumentation suite for experimental aeroacoustics. Unfortunately, high sensor cost remains one of the limiting factors in the construction of very high-density arrays (i.e., arrays containing several hundred channels or more) which could be used to implement advanced beamforming algorithms. In an effort to reduce the implementation cost of such arrays, the authors have undertaken a systematic performance analysis of a prototype 35-microphone array populated with commercial electret condenser microphones. An ensemble of microphones coupling commercially available electret cartridges with passive signal conditioning circuitry was fabricated for use with the Langley Large Aperture Directional Array (LADA). A performance analysis consisting of three phases was then performed: (1) characterize the acoustic response of the microphones via laboratory testing and calibration, (2) evaluate the beamforming capability of the electret-based LADA using a series of independently controlled point sources in an anechoic environment, and (3) demonstrate the utility of an electret-based directional array in a real-world application, in this case a cold flow jet operating at high subsonic velocities. The results of the investigation revealed a microphone frequency response suitable for directional array use over a range of 250 Hz - 40 kHz, a successful beamforming evaluation using the electret-populated LADA to measure simple point sources at frequencies up to 20 kHz, and a successful demonstration using the array to measure noise generated by the cold flow jet. This paper presents an overview of the tests conducted along with sample data obtained from those tests.
Electoral Congruence and the Autonomy of American State Party Systems

This research examines whether electoral incongruence within American state party systems exists between presidential and state-level elections. Recent research by James Gimpel suggests that the states are developing autonomous party systems in which electoral cleavages in statewide races are increasingly dissimilar to those at the national level. In this research, county-level two-party voting patterns are used as measures of the geographic continuity of partisan electoral cleavages for all presidential, gubernatorial, and senatorial elections over the last decade (1986-1996) from the 10 states examined most closely in Gimpel's work. However, a factor analysis of these data fail to confirm two hypotheses implied by this intrastate autonomy phenomenon. A single dominant factor appears to underlie the partisan cleavages in both the Western and Northern states. Consequently, although more variable, the partisan divisions in elections are likely to be very similar to the contours of those at the presidential...
INTEGRATION IN MANUFACTURING: AN INFORMATION THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE

Integration is a buzzword in manufacturing strategies for global competitiveness. However, some fundamental questions have yet to be answered scientifically; namely, what is integration, why integrate, and what should be integrated? How do existing integration models approach the problems of integration and to what extent are they successful? A theory-based model of information requirements for integrated manufacturing is needed to answer these questions properly. Such a model can unify hitherto narrowly defined and domainoriented approaches. We suggest a paradigm of parallel formulation and use it to formulate the information requirements for integration, including data and knowledge classes, decision spaces, and logical interactions.
Optimal tap settings for voltage regulation transformers in distribution networks

In this paper, we propose a method to optimally set the taps of voltage regulation transformers in distribution networks. Specifically, we cast the problem of optimally choosing the tap settings as a rank-constrained semidefinite program (SDP) with the transformer tap positions removed from the network's admittance matrix and replaced by additional constraints and optimization variables. Then, the non-convex rank-1 constraint that arises from this rank-constrained SDP formulation is relaxed, which leads to a convex SDP program. The tap positions are obtained from the primary- and secondary-side bus voltages yielded by the optimal solution. We present several case studies with a 14-bus single-phase and a 15-bus three-phase distribution system to demonstrate the validity of our method.
Phytic acid: divalent cation interactions. IV. a spectroscopic determination of Co(II) and Cu(II) binding

The interaction of phytate with the aqua ions of Co(II) and Cu(II) has been studied as a function of pH using absorption spectrophotometry. At pH 2.45, the molar absorptivity (AM) and λmax (510 nm) were identical for solutions of 6 mM Co(II) with or without 1 mM phytate. In the absence of phytate, AM was constant to ca. pH 8. With phytate present, however, AM decreased with an increase in pH over a range (2.45 to ~ 4.8) wherein no precipitation occurred. From this it was inferred that Co(II) can bind to phytate to form soluble complexes. Above a pH of 5, insoluble complexes are formed with the decrease in AM being probably due to the diminished Co(II), and presumably phytate, concentration left in solution as a consequence of increased precipitation. From such data, the mols of Co(II) bound per mol phytate as a function of pH has been calculated with the assumption that the decrease in AM of Co(II): phytate solutions represents the binding of Co(II) to phytate in a final 6:1 mol ratio. The binding curve, extending over the pH range 2.5 to ca. 9, can be fitted to the curve-fit parameter 5.33 for five groups and 7.48 for one group-values that closely describe the titration curve for phytic acid above pH 2.50 in the presence of a sixfold concentration of Co(II). The spectrum of the Cu(II) aqua ion shows a maximum at 785 nm with AM (11.5 M−1 cm−1) constant from pH 2.0 to about pH 5. In the presence of phytate (6:1 mol ratio, Cu(II):phytate) and in the pH range 2 to ca. 3.3, wherein soluble complexes are formed, λmax is shifted slightly to the red end of the spectrum (785 to 792 nm) and AM is increased from 12.1 to 13.1 M−1 cm−1. Above a pH of ca. 3.3, Cu(II):phytate complexes become insoluble and, in this case also, the decrease in AM most probably reflects the decrease in Cu(II) ion and phytate concentration. In the pH region wherein comparisons can be made, the mols of Cu(II) bound per mol phytate as estimated from free ion measurements coincides with the decrease in AM. Both the Co(II) and Cu(II) aqua ions are in octahedral coordination. Evidence for a significant coordination change as a consequence of binding to phytate was not seen.
Optimal designs for comparing the variances of several treatments with that of a standard treatment

Optimal designs and associated tables of probability points for comparing the variances of p experimental treatments with that of a standard treatment under the assumption of normality are presented. One-sided and two-sided alternatives are considered. The optimality criteria are those of maximizing the probability of declaring an experimental treatment variance to be smaller than, larger than, or different from that of the standard for a fixed total sample size and a fixed experimentwise error rate. Both small-sample and asymptotic results are given. It is shown that the proportion of observations assigned to the standard treatment for comparing variances in the limiting case is the same as that for comparing means. These optimal proportions are in some cases quite different for small samples.
An Orbital-Based Definition of Radical and Multiradical Character

A definition for radical and general m-fold multiradical character of molecular systems is formulated. The orbitals in which lone or odd electrons most often reside are identified; these orbitals are found by maximizing their probability of (m-fold simultaneous) single occupancy over orbital rotations. The maximum such probability functions as a scalar measure of (multi)radical character. The method is general and applicable to wavefunctions of any form. The radical character, as defined here, obeys strict bounds of zero and unity and has a well-defined meaning. The method has been implemented generally, and it has been tested on simple radical, diradical (biradical), and triradical systems. The results agree with chemical experience for these cases, and in the diradical case, we show that it agrees qualitatively with earlier proposed characterization schemes. Specific implementation for monoradical character requires only two-particle density matrix information, and furthermore, a promising approximation...
Long-range order in the src SH3 folding transition state.

One of the outstanding questions in protein folding concerns the degree of heterogeneity in the folding transition state ensemble: does a protein fold via a large multitude of diverse “pathways,” or are the elements of native structure assembled in a well defined order? Herein, we build on previous point mutagenesis studies of the src SH3 by directly investigating the association of structural elements and the loss of backbone conformational entropy during folding. Double-mutant analysis of polar residues in the distal β-hairpin and the diverging turn indicates that the hydrogen bond network between these elements is largely formed in the folding transition state. A 10-glycine insertion in the n-src loop (which connects the distal hairpin and the diverging turn) and a disulfide crosslink at the base of the distal β-hairpin exclusively affect the folding rate, showing that these structural elements are nearly as ordered in the folding transition state as in the native state. In contrast, crosslinking the base of the RT loop or the N and C termini dramatically slows down the unfolding rate, suggesting that dissociation of the termini and opening of the RT loop precede the rate-limiting step in unfolding. Taken together, these results suggest that essentially all conformations in the folding transition state ensemble have the central three-stranded β-sheet formed, indicating that, for the src homology 3 domain, there is a discrete order to structure assembly during folding.
Preventing Violence in Patients with Schizophrenia

Violence in patients with schizophrenia has garnered substantial public attention in the lay press. Although schizophrenia is associated with a modestly elevated risk for violent behavior, which is further increased by comorbid substance use disorders, most patients with schizophrenia are not violent and most violent individuals do not have schizophrenia. At present, primary prevention efforts are of theoretical interest and include attention being placed on childhood maltreatment. Research into secondary prevention, defined as the prevention of occurrence of violent behavior in persons already diagnosed with schizophrenia, has identified several risk factors including substance use and nonadherence to medication treatment. A specific antiaggressive effect of clozapine has been identified and should be considered as a treatment option for persons with schizophrenia and persistent aggressive behavior. A potential alternative to clozapine is olanzapine, based on a randomized controlled trial where although olanzapine was less efficacious than clozapine in aggression outcomes, olanzapine was more efficacious than haloperidol, and the choice of olanzapine is further supported by evidence from two large effectiveness studies, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness and the European First-Episode Schizophrenia study. Tertiary prevention, defined as the acute management of agitated and aggressive behavior, is accomplished with the use of psychological and behavioral interventions such as verbal de-escalation techniques, in combination with pharmacological agents. For persons with schizophrenia, antipsychotics are preferred. Although rapidly acting intramuscular formulations have been the mainstay for this type of treatment, oral agents such as inhaled loxapine and sublingual asenapine can be considered.
Effects of Fuel Overpenetration and Overmixing During Ignition-Delay Period on Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Small Open-Chamber Diesel Engine

Influence des conditions de l'injection sur les emissions d'hydrocarbures d'un petit moteur diesel a chambre ouverte. On etudie deux phenomenes: le melange trop pauvre a la peripherie du jet; la penetration trop profonde du jet a l'interieur de la chambre
Management Science Process---Experience-Generalized Decision Making: The Next Generation of Managerial Models

Until now, changes in philosophy about the appropriate role that models play in managerial decision processes have evolved in an unplanned way. Changes have generally occurred in reaction to problems that were encountered in previous phases of development. This paper makes the case for planning the next generation of model changes. It presents one possible future system, called Experience-Generalized Decision Processes, and identifies the types of resources that must be involved in research to create the system.
Completion time algorithms for serial multiproduct batch processes with shared storage

Abstract Scheduling in batch processes with constrained resources is a very complex but important problem. In this paper, we consider intermediate storage as a representative constrained resource and study an important subproblem in the scheduling of serial multiproduct batch plants, namely the determination of a timetable for a given sequence of production so as to minimize makespan. We show that in the presence of storage, this becomes a complex problem, and its optimal solution seems intractable. We propose a strategy for assigning storage based on the priorities of products in the production sequence, and show its superiority over the first-come first-serve type of strategy. Using this strategy, we develop a new and efficient completion time algorithm for determining very good schedules for batch plants with arbitrarily constrained shared, finite storage. In the process, we also highlight several interesting issues in dealing with constrained resources in general and propose strategies related to their avail ability and efficient utilization. Numerical evaluation on systems with a specific storage policy shows the superiority of our algorithms over a literature algorithm. By studying a specific resource, this paper represents a significant step towards the development of systematic methods for batch process scheduling with constrained resources.
The entropy of inhomogeneous polymer–solvent systems

The entropy of inhomogeneous polymer solutions has been evaluated using a lattice model. Previous models for polymer solutions considered only the enthalpic contributions, and a more complete expression for the free energy is obtained by adding the entropic term. The resulting expression is used to predict the characteristics of spinodal decomposition of polymer solutions and the interfacial tension between demixed polymer solutions. There is general improvement in the agreement between theory and experiment when the entropic effects are included.
Building a Culture of Health: Promoting Healthy Relationships and Reducing Teen Dating Violence

Our society is faced with an epidemic of partner violence that has far-reaching consequences. As viewed through a public health lens, prevention of teen dating violence can thwart this epidemic from starting and spreading. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Culture of Health strategy aims to reduce negative outcomes and promotes overall well-being. This supplement affirms our dedication to a Culture of Health by generating an evidence base to prevent teen dating violence and promote healthy relationships across the life span.
Cognitive Decline Typical of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration in Transgenic Mice Expressing the 25-kDa C-Terminal Fragment of TDP-43

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is the pathological signature protein in several neurodegenerative disorders, including the majority of frontotemporal lobar degeneration cases (FTLD-TDP), motor neuron disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pathological TDP-43 is mislocalized from its nuclear location to the cytoplasm, where it accumulates and is proteolytically cleaved to form C-terminal fragments. Although the 25-kDa C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 (TDP-25) accumulates in affected brain regions, its role in the disease pathogenesis remains elusive. To address this problem, we have generated a novel transgenic mouse that selectively expresses TDP-25 in neurons. We show that transgenic mice expressing TDP-25 develop cognitive deficits associated with the build-up of soluble TDP-25. These cognitive deficits are independent of TDP-43–positive inclusions and occur without overt neurodegeneration. Additionally, we show that the expression of TDP-25 is sufficient to alter the processing of endogenous full-length TDP-43. These studies represent the first in vivo demonstration of a pathological role for TDP-25 and strongly suggest that the onset of cognitive deficits in TDP-43 proteinopathies is independent of TDP-43 inclusions. These data provide a framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of cognitive deficits in FTLD-TDP and other TDP-43 proteinopathies; thus, the TDP-25 transgenic mice represent a unique tool to reach this goal.
Journal-conference interaction and the competitive exclusion principle

Timelines provides perspectives on HCI history, glancing back at a road that sometimes took unexpected branches and turns. History is not a dry list of events; it is about points of view and differing interpretations. Jonathan Grudin, Editor
Theory of high-energy features in the tunneling spectra of quantum-Hall systems.

We show that the low-temperature sash features in lowest Landau-level (LLL) tunneling spectra recently discovered by Dial and Ashoori are intimately related to the discrete Haldane-pseudopotential interaction energy scales that govern fractional quantum-Hall physics. Our analysis is based on expressions for the tunneling density of states which become exact at filling factors close to ν = 0 and ν = 1, where the sash structure is most prominent. We comment on other aspects of LLL correlation physics that can be revealed by accurate temperature-dependent tunneling data.
Characterization of a polymer microlens fabricated by use of the hydrophobic effect

We report a means of fabricating hydrophilic domains in a hydrophobic background by lithographically patterning an adhesive hydrophobic layer. Polymer microlenses were fabricated on these substrates by use of a dip-coating technique. Various lens shapes (circular, elliptical, square) were fabricated on a variety of substrates (SiO2, SiN, GaAs, InP, etc.), ranging in size from 2 to 500 µm in diameter, with fill factors of up to 90%. Plano–convex and double-convex lenses were fabricated, with f-numbers as low as 1.38 and 1.2, respectively. Optimum lens surfaces deviated from spherical by just ±5 nm. The lenses are stable at room temperature and exhibit minimal degradation after 24 h at 105 °C. The transfer of these polymer lenses to an underlying substrate was also demonstrated.
Protonic and cationic changes during cyclical cation transport driven by electron transfer

Abstract Complexes I and III in mitochondrial particles mediate the coupling of electron transfer (NADH → Q; QH 2 → ferricytochrome c ) to either cyclical or net transport of K + . Cyclical transport was characterized by a U-shaped profile for the protonic and cationic changes observed during an oxygen pulse. The K + e and H + e ratios were found to be unity for the coupled reactions mediated by Complexes I and III. Protons were released on the side of the inner membrane where oxidation was initiated (I side) and taken up on the side where oxidation was terminated (M side). The pattern now shown to be general for the three electron transfer complexes that collectively carry out the NADH → O 2 sequence includes dehydrogenation of the primary reductants on the I side, hydrogenation of the terminal acceptors on the M side, and nonergized transfer of a proton from the I to the M side of the membrane by cation/proton exchange. From these data it has been concluded that the movements of the electron and cation are coupled and synchronized, whereas the proton plays no direct role in energy coupling mediated by electron transfer complexes.
Low Even Configurations in the First Spectrum of Rhenium (Re i )

The theory of intermediate coupling with configuration interaction is used to calculate energy levels and $g$ values in the $5{d}^{5}6{s}^{2}$ and $5{d}^{6}6s$ configurations of Re i. Fifty-one observed levels are fitted with a mean deviation of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}325 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ by using eleven free parameters. The $L(L+1)$ correction is important, as the mean deviation is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}514 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ without it; the parameter for this correction ($\ensuremath{\alpha}=66.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13$) has a value similar to that in first and second long-period spectra. Standard deviations of the parameters are calculated, and within the limits so defined, Slater's parameters are consistent with expectations based on known behavior in first and second long-period spectra. Calculated $g$ values agree with observed values for thirty-seven levels to about \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03. Levels not previously assigned from experiment are given designations; the eigenvectors are used to illustrate qualitative features of these designations.
Learning from Schelling s Strategy of Conflict

Thomas Schelling's Strategy of Confl ict is a masterpiece that should be recognized as one of the most important and infl uential books in social theory. This paper reviews some of the important ideas in Strategy of Confl ict and considers some of the broader impact that this book has had on game theory, economics, and social theory. By his emphasis on the critical importance of information and commitment in strate- gic dynamics, Schelling played a vital role in stimulating the development of non- cooperative game theory. More broadly, Schelling's analysis of games with multiple equilibria has redefi ned the scope of economics and its place in the social sciences. (JEL D74, F51, H56)
Adsorption of ethylene on the Si(100)(2 × 1) surface

The adsorption of ethylene on Si(100)(2 × 1) has been studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Upon adsorption, the ethylene molecule re hybridizes from sp2 to sp2 and forms a di-σ bonded structure to the surface. However, the bonding of the surface silicon atoms — whether or not the SiSi dimer bond remains — cannot be derived from just a study of ethylene adsorption. With low exposures of atomic hydrogen on the ethylene-saturated Si(100) surface, we observed an additional SiH vibrational mode and no significant change in the chemisorbed ethylene spectrum. This result leads to the conclusion that the surface dangling bonds still exist after ethylene adsorption, and they are accessible to atomic hydrogen. Consequently, the adsorption of ethylene must be accompanied by cleavage of the original SiSi dimer bonds on the surface.
The development of sex typing: Themes from recent research

Abstract A conceptual framework for organizing the constructs and content areas included in research on sex typing is presented in this review of recent research on the development of sex typing. Two major themes are discussed. First, sex-typed play activities and interests emerge clearly in the first few years of life. Both play activities and peer preferences are sex typed earlier and more definitely than are personality traits and social behaviors such as aggression or dependency. It is suggested that researchers have underemphasized the importance of interests, activities, and peer associations while overemphasizing personality attributes as the core of sex typing. The second theme is that cognitions and concepts about sex typing are important in the acquisition of gender typing, but they are not sufficient by themselves for understanding the process by which sex-typed behavior is acquired. Children's sex-role concepts are sometimes related to their behavioral preferences, but other factors are also important influences on behavior.
Noninvasive quantitation of phosphorus metabolites in human tissue by NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Quantitation of metabolite concentrations by NMR spectroscopy is complicated by the need to determine the volume from which signals are detected, and by the need to obtain the relative sensitivity of detection within this volume. The use of coils with inhomogeneous B 1 fields further complicates these problems. In order to quantify metabolite concentrations using 31 P NMR spectroscopy, an external reference of hexamethyl phosphoroustriamide was used. Studies were performed on phantoms, using either a surface coil or a Helmholtz head coil to confirm the accuracy of both the ISIS volume selection technique and the use of an external reference. The limitations of this method are related to contamination and signal loss inherent in the ISIS technique and difficulties with integration of broad overlapping peaks. The method was applied to seven normal human subjects. The integrals for metabolite signals in normal brain and calf muscle were determined by using NMRI software. The T 1 values of the signals of all phosphorus metabolites in the selected volume were measured in order to correct for saturation effects. The concentrations for PCr, P i , and ATP were 4.9, 2.0, and 2.5 m M in brain and 36.5, 5.7, and 7.3 m M in muscle. These results are in good agreement with those reported for animals, demonstrating the validity of this quantitation technique.
Virtual Internal Pair-Bond Model for Quasi-Brittle Materials

The present multiscale investigation employs the initial and total fracture energy through a virtual internal pair-bond (VIPB) model. The proposed VIPB model is an extension of the traditional virtual internal bond (VIB) model. Two different types of potentials, a steep short-range potential and a shallow long-range potential, are employed to describe the initial and the total fracture energies, respectively. The Morse potential function is modified for the virtual bond potential so that it is independent of specific length scales associated with the lattice geometry. This feature is incorporated in the VIPB model, which uses both fracture energies and cohesive strength. With respect to the discretization by finite elements, we address the element size dependence in conjunction with the J integral. Parameters in the VIPB model are evaluated by numerical simulations of a pure tension test in conjunction with measured fracture parameters. We also validate the VIPB model by predicting load versus crack mouth opening displacement curves for geometrically similar specimens, and the measured size effect. Finally, we provide an example involving fiber-reinforced concrete, which demonstrates the advantage of the VIPB model over the usual VIB model.