cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community, Identity, and International Student Engagement

This article explores the insights of cosmopolitanism as they relate to questions of international student inclusion. Enacting policies and practices that highlight a rooted cosmopolitanism, one where particular attachments are partially constitutive of identity, offers one way to successfully foster inclusion. Membership in particular communities need not stand as an obstacle to engaging; instead, values provide not a barrier but a means by which intercultural engagement can occur. One approach is to create communities organized around shared markers beyond national identity alone. This article illustrates this by highlighting the process of organizing a diverse group of international students in order to create a sense of community, a home base, so to speak, which served to foster both a sense of belonging and further social engagement with the university community.
Best practices in roving reference services: Six steps for success

R oving reference requires an open and friendly person who is understanding of the student’s needs. Also, roving reference requires a good deal of interpersonal skills and the ability to read a situation. We tend to walk the library and find students who are lost in the stacks or sitting in a chair with a database open, but not quite sure what to do with it. These are the students we are trying to reach, the student who needs help but will not ask or it. In my approach, I find that saying hello before your intervention, remembering names, and keeping the students’ best interest in mind achieves the best outcomes for both the librarian and the learner. Roving reference has value to the student and offers a service that adds value to librarians. Librarians play an enormous role in the learning and student outcomes. However, many students are not aware of what exactly it is that we do.
Modeling impacts of landscape connectivity on dispersal movements of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons).

Abstract Landscape connectivity is a key component for successful dispersal of wildlife. Many approaches to quantify landscape connectivity utilize landscape characteristics and wildlife behavior in response to those characteristics, whereas other approaches focus on wildlife dispersal behavior. Combining landscape structure and wildlife behavior (e.g. movement, food acquisition, response to predation risk) provides critical information for conservation and management of many species. Individual-based models (IBM) are useful tools for evaluating the interaction between landscape characteristics and individual behaviors, thereby providing insights into management and conservation. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of reductions in landscape connectivity on northern flying squirrel dispersal movements under alternative timber management scenarios within the modeling framework of a spatially-explicit IBM. We simulated timber harvests of 6% and 9% of old-growth forest, the primary habitat for this species, distributed across 5, 10 or 15 harvest locations. We measured the influence of these scenarios upon landscape connectivity for flying squirrels. Landscapes with greater connectivity exhibited longer flying squirrel dispersal distances, more sinuous dispersal paths, and a greater total area of landscape utilization. However, connectivity was not directly correlated with habitat loss. The harvest scenario with 6% harvest of old growth distributed among 15 harvest locations had the lowest connectivity index value despite other scenarios modeling a greater percentage of old growth loss. The IBM demonstrated the importance of behaviors such as path tortuosity and movement rates in conjunction with landscape configuration in influencing the movement of dispersing individuals. The spatially explicit IBM provided a framework to evaluate connectivity from a fine-scale behavioral rather than structural perspective as well as to evaluate the distribution of new home range locations, which could be a useful management tool when evaluating the influence of landscape heterogeneity and stochastic behavior on wildlife movement and dispersal.
CATALYTIC CYCLOISOMERIZATION OF UNSATURATED ORGANOIODIDES

Catalytic quantities of phenyllithium (PhLi) have been found to initiate novel 5-exo cycloisomerization of a variety of structurally diverse unsaturated organoiodides. The isomerization reaction appears to be a process of broad synthetic utility for the preparation of iodomethyl-substituted five-membered rings. Primary, secondary, tertiary, or aryl iodides tethered to a suitably positioned carbon−carbon π-bond are converted cleanly to their cyclic isomers in good to excellent yield (i.e., 70−90%) by simply allowing a hydrocarbon−MTBE solution of the iodide to stand in the presence of a small quantity of PhLi at an appropriate temperature. The mechanism of the cycloisomerization was found to be substrate dependent: unsaturated aryl and primary alkyl iodides undergo isomerization via a three-step cascade (eqs 1−3) mediated by two reversible lithium−iodine exchange reactions bracketing an irreversible 5-exo cyclization of an unsaturated organolithium; unsaturated secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides apparen...
Risk and protective effects of serotonin and BDNF genes on stress-related adult psychiatric symptoms.

Abstract We focused on individual risk by examining childhood adversity and current psychiatric symptoms in a sample of 100 college students genotyped for both the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Naturally occurring allelic variation in 5-HTTLPR (short/long) and BDNF (valine/methionine) have been strongly implicated in stress-related psychiatric risk, but the combined effects of these alleles on psychological functioning have yet to be fully elucidated. Univariate analysis revealed gene-environment correlations linking heightened psychiatric risk with past childhood adversity for short but not long 5-HTTLPR allelic carriers and for valine (Val) but not methionine (Met) BDNF allelic carriers. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant gene x gene interaction with results showing that risk varied systematically depending on both 5-HTTLPR and BDNF alleles, independent of childhood adversity. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that approximately 11% of the variance in symptoms of depression could be specifically accounted for by the epistatic interaction of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF val66Met polymorphisms. Allelic group analyses indicated lowest risk, as measured by depression and anxiety, for allelic carriers of 5-HTTLPR-short and BDNF Met, followed by 5-HTTLPR-long and BDNF-Val, 5-HTTLPR-short and BDNF-Val, and 5-HTTLPR-long and BDNF-Met. Results suggest that protective or risk-enhancing effects on stress-related psychiatric functioning may depend on specific allelic combinations of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF.
The Importance of Considering Model Choices When Interpreting Results in Computational Neuroimaging

Model-based analyses open exciting opportunities for understanding neural information processing. In a commentary published in eNeuro, Gardner and Liu (2019) discuss the role of model specification in interpreting results derived from complex models of neural data. As a case study, they suggest that one such analysis, the inverted encoding model (IEM), should not be used to assay properties of "stimulus representations" because the ability to apply linear transformations at various stages of the analysis procedure renders results "arbitrary." Here, we argue that the specification of all models is arbitrary to the extent that an experimenter makes choices based on current knowledge of the model system. However, the results derived from any given model, such as the reconstructed channel response profiles obtained from an IEM analysis, are uniquely defined and are arbitrary only in the sense that changes in the model can predictably change results. IEM-based channel response profiles should therefore not be considered arbitrary when the model is clearly specified and guided by our best understanding of neural population representations in the brain regions being analyzed. Intuitions derived from this case study are important to consider when interpreting results from all model-based analyses, which are similarly contingent upon the specification of the models used.
Personality-Based Engagement: An Examination of Personality and Message Factors on Consumer Responses to Social Media Advertisements

Social media advertising has seen a growth in media messages customized to appeal to highly specific characteristics of an identified target. However, the psychological determinants of consumer res...
SCAI CARDIOGENIC SHOCK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TO PREDICT SURVIVAL

The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) recently developed a cardiogenic shock (CS) classification system for risk stratification in CS. We sought to evaluate the ability of the SCAI CS classification to predict survival to hospital discharge. Patients receiving
Recalled maternal lifestyle behaviors associated with anti-müllerian hormone of adult female offspring.

Abstract Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is an established marker of ovarian reserve that decreases with age. Though the pool of ovarian follicles is established during fetal development, impacts of in utero exposures on AMH are uncertain. Thus, we sought to evaluate associations of in utero exposures with AMH of adult daughters with a prospective cohort study of adult daughters at university medical centers. Women noted their mother’s reported use of diethylstilbestrol (DES), vitamins, tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine during pregnancy, and their mother’s occupation during pregnancy. All participants were reproductive age women (18–40 years) enrolled in the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction (EAGeR) trial. Serum AMH concentrations were measured at baseline prior to conception and categorized using clinical guidelines. Multinomial regression models estimated associations between each exposure and high (>3.5 ng/mL) and low (
Cefiderocol Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: a Comparison of Disk Diffusion to Broth Microdilution.

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of cefiderocol poses challenges because of its unique mechanism of action (i.e., requiring an iron-depleted state) and due to differences in interpretative criteria established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Our objective was to compare cefiderocol disk diffusion methods (DD) to broth microdilution (BMD) for AST of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Cefiderocol AST was performed on consecutive carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE; 58 isolates) and non-glucose-fermenting GNB (50 isolates) by BMD (lyophilized panels; Sensititre; Thermo Fisher) and DD (30 μg; research-use-only [RUO] MASTDISCS and FDA-cleared HardyDisks). Results were interpreted using FDA (prior to 28 September 2020 update), EUCAST, and investigational CLSI breakpoints (BPs). Categorical agreement (CA), minor errors (mE), major errors (ME), and very major errors (VME) were calculated for DD methods. The susceptibilities of all isolates by BMD were 72% (FDA), 75% (EUCAST) and 90% (CLSI). For DD methods, EUCAST BPs demonstrated lower susceptibility at 65% and 66%, compared to 74% and 72% (FDA) and 87% and 89% (CLSI) by HardyDisks and MASTDISCS, respectively. CA ranged from 75% to 90%, with 8 to 25% mE, 0 to 19% ME, and 0 to 20% VME and varied based on disk, GNB, and BPs evaluated. Both DD methods performed poorly for Acinetobacter baumannii complex. There is considerable variability when cefiderocol ASTs are interpreted using CLSI, FDA, and EUCAST breakpoints. DD offers a convenient alternative approach to BMD methods for cefiderocol AST, with the exception of A. baumannii complex isolates.
Innovation and Diffusion at the Meso Level

Value propositions play an important role in innovation. What is a value proposition? What is the role of value propositions in innovation (Chandler and Lusch, J Serv Res 18(1):6–22, 2015)? How can a systems perspective on innovation inform how we think about data? Service science is the study of “value-co-creation configurations of people, technology, value propositions” (Maglio and Spohrer, J Acad Market Sci 36(1):18–20, 2008). What does this mean for artificial intelligence, machine learning, analytics, big data, and privacy? How do people and technology come together because of data? Can nonhuman actors participate in innovation (e.g., actor network theory)? Why and how? How are devices and screens contributing to innovation? This chapter explores multisided platforms or technologies that enable direct interactions among multiple and otherwise disconnected groups (Hagiu, MIT Sloan Manag Rev 55(2):71, 2014; Hagiu and Wright, Inter J Indus Org 43: 162–174, 2015).
Life satisfaction among a clinical eating disorder population

The primary objective was to understand life satisfaction (LS) of patients with eating disorders (EDs) in relation to eating pathology severity, personal/familial ED history, and key demographic and anthropometric variables. Participants (N = 60) completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Eating Pathology Severity Index (EPSI), and demographic questionnaires. Bivariate associations via correlations and multiple linear regression models were used to explore these relationships. The SWLS mean score was 3.7 out of 7, suggesting it is below the population-based norm. LS was positively statistically significantly associated with private insurance, past ED, EPSI muscle building, EPSI restricted eating, and EPSI negative attitudes. When included in multiple linear regression, the model explained 33% of the variability of LS [F (7, 56) = 3.4, p = 0.0054, R2 = 0.33]. EPSI muscle building remained the strongest predictor (β = 0.13, p = 0.04). Based on the data, individuals who have/have had EDs scored lower on the SWLS than the general population. Individuals scoring within this range typically experience significant issues in several areas of life or a substantial issue in one area.
Encapsulation of a Fiber Taper Coupled Microtoroid Resonator in a Polymer Matrix

We encapsulate a high-quality (Q) factor optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microtoroid resonator together with its side coupled fiber taper inside a low refractive index polymer, achieving a final Q higher than 107. Packaging provides stable resonator-fiber taper coupling, long-term maintenance of high-Q, a protective layer against contaminants, and portability to microtoroid resonator based devices. We test the robustness of the packaged device under various conditions and demonstrate its capability for thermal sensing.
Rejuvenation of Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys

During service, superalloy turbine components degrade over time by creep and fatigue deformation mechanisms due to a complex combination of stresses at high temperatures. The high cost of fabricating Ni-base superalloy components and, consequently, replacement components has encouraged the development of rejuvenation (restoration) procedures to extend useful service life. The processes that limit repeated rejuvenation of directionally solidified GTD444 and single-crystal Rene N5(SX) alloys have been studied in detail. A rejuvenation cycle includes a rejuvenation heat treatment and/or small-scale material removal, followed by creep or fatigue testing. With the application of multiple rejuvenation cycles, the total creep rupture life of Rene N5(SX) tested at 982 °C and 206 MPa was extended by a factor of 2.8 over the baseline rupture life. To produce this increase in rupture life, creep strains were limited to 2 or 3 pct prior to application of a rejuvenation cycle, involving solutioning at 28 °C below the $$\gamma ^{\prime }$$ solvus temperature for 2 hours and aging at 1079 °C for 4 hours. Rejuvenation of compressive hold-time fatigue damage was also successful with the use of small-scale material removal. Due to the tortuosity of the grain boundaries in GTD444(DS), some boundaries are initially oriented transverse to the growth direction. The enhanced plasticity near these grain boundaries may be the primary reason why the initially single-crystal Rene N5(SX) specimens were more amenable to rejuvenation than GTD444(DS). For both alloys, recrystallization after multiple rejuvenation cycles was responsible for early failure during the subsequent creep test. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was successfully implemented to detect the presence of recrystallized grains.
Stream discharge depends more on the temporal distribution of water inputs than on yearly snowfall fractions for a headwater catchment at the rain-snow transition zone

Abstract. Climate warming affects snowfall fractions and snowpack storage, displaces the rain-snow transition zone towards higher elevations, and impacts discharge timing and magnitude as well as low-flow patterns. However, it remains unknown how variations in the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation at the rain-snow transition zone affect discharge. To investigate this, we used observations from eleven weather stations and snow depths measured in one aerial lidar survey to force a spatially distributed snowpack model (iSnobal/Automated Water Supply Model) in a semi-arid, 1.8 km2 headwater catchment at the rain-snow transition zone. We focused on surface water inputs (SWI; the summation of rainfall and snowmelt) for four years with contrasting climatological conditions (wet, dry, rainy and snowy) and compared simulated SWI to measured discharge. We obtained a strong spatial agreement between snow depth from the lidar survey and model (r2: 0.88), and a median Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.65 for simulated and measured snow depths for all modelled years (0.75 for normalized snow depths). The spatial pattern of SWI was consistent between the four years, with north-facing slopes producing 1.09 to 1.25 times more SWI than south-facing slopes, and snow drifts producing up to six times more SWI than the catchment average. We found that discharge in a snowy year was almost twice as high as in a rainy year, despite similar SWI. However, years with a lower snowfall fraction did not always have lower annual discharge nor earlier stream drying. Instead, we found that the dry-out date at the catchment outlet was positively correlated to the snowpack melt-out date. These results highlight the heterogeneity of SWI at the rain-snow transition zone and emphasize the need for spatially distributed modelling or monitoring of both the snowpack and rainfall.
DBNet: a novel deep learning framework for mechanical ventilation prediction using electronic health records

The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of deaths and put immense pressure on the health care system, especially the supply of mechanical ventilators. It is critical for clinicians to identify the patients in a timely manner whose status may deteriorate in the near future and therefore need mechanical ventilators. We propose a prediction model to estimate the probability of requiring mechanical ventilation for in-hospital patients at least 24 hours after their admission. Our model is a multi-modal encoder-decoder attention model that takes full usages of the electronic health record (EHR) database. The EHR database consists of heterogeneous data tables of different formats (diagnosis, drug administrations, medicine prescriptions, lab tests, vital sign observations, clinical procedures, and demographics). We leverage the attention mechanism to increase model performance and promote result interpretability. The attention mechanism also serves the role of the missing data imputation technique, which is often used on irregularly sampled temporal data. We name the model as DBNet as the model takes the database as input. DBNet is evaluated on a large cohort of COVID-19 patients and the result shows it outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline deep learning models in predicting the future requirement of mechanical ventilation. It also outperforms several machine learning models even with sophisticated feature engineering. Due to its ability to handle multiple tables and also longitudinal data, the DBNet can also is not limited to this single application and can be generalized to other healthcare prediction tasks.
Managing Complex Construction Project: Experience in Indonesia's Cement Projects

The goal of this paper is to guide new investors on how to deal with complicated investment procedures in Indonesia. The paper is also to contribute in theoretical and practical level to managing complex project’s management during implementation. The methods presented are based on the case studies combining with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on data construction of cement plants taken from 2010 to 2018. All have been structured by the exploratory study then enriched by the descriptive analysis. Findings are communicated by an argument-based analysis. To conduct complicated heavy projects as such cement projects, there are five big stages, which are the preparation stage, procurement phase, ground-breaking and construction stages, commissioning, and finally, closing ceremony. This research appropriates to the cement projects, but it can be adapted to other projects with several adjustments. These findings help investors to set up earlier and anticipate strategies when they would like to invest in Indonesia. It is proven that empirical findings will have reactions or responses to several parties who might involve; the expectation is to improve the procedures and help change society's habits and attitudes. This research is meeting with a novelty in the area as there are not many similar archives available with a focus in Indonesia.
Unjustly Vilified TRIPS-Plus?: Intellectual Property Law in Free Trade Agreements

Intellectual property (“IP”) law provisions of free trade agreements (“FTAs”) have attracted much criticism. Critics have argued that FTA negotiators, succumbing to the lobbying of various stakeholders, have eliminated or significantly limited many of the flexibilities that multilateral treaties had created, forced stronger IP protection onto developing countries, and fragmented international IP law. While agreeing with a great deal of the criticism expressed by others, this article departs from the typical vilification of FTAs by identifying and analyzing the positive features of FTA IP provisions that are worth replicating and expanding in future FTAs. These positive features include provisions concerning the transparency of IP systems, cooperation among national IP offices, and clarifications of multilateral IP treaties. The processes of FTA negotiations, adoption, and implementation may produce positives as well; FTAs provide opportunities for experimentation at the bilateral and regional level, whose results may usefully inform future multilateral negotiations. Cross-border IP issues, which can benefit from international coordination, can be a focus area in future FTA negotiations.
Nonlinear Elastic Wave Experiments: Learning About the Behaviour of Rocks and Geomaterials

Nonlinear acoustics was a huge topic of research in the 1960s and 1970s after the creation of the parametric array. (By mixing two high-frequency sound waves together in a nonlinear medium such as water, a very focused beam could be created.) Other applications were also suggested and research in the field exploded. In the mid-1980s a group at Los Alamos began exploring the nonlinearity of the earth with a mind to developing tools such as the parametric array for use in seismic imaging. Initial measurements showed rocks to be highly nonlinear. Yet, attempts at carefully quantifying the dynamic behavior of rocks were frustrating, as were attempts to model the physics. Rocks showed some extremely peculiar behavior, including memory effects (slow dynamics), hysteresis, and end point memory in addition to the expected Landau-type nonlinearity. This chapter traces (historically) the macroscopic experiments that led to our current understanding of the peculiar nonlinearity of not only rocks and geomaterials, but many other materials as well. Results from some recent microscopic measurements where neutron scattering is used to help ascertain the physical origin of the nonlinearity conclude the chapter.
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF AVERAGE SOUTHEASTERN-BASED DROUGHTS IN THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the spatial evolution of meteorological drought severity within the contiguous United States during the first six months of an average drought event. Drought events occurring during the period January 1895 to April 1989 were identified based on the drought history of the Northwest South Carolina (NWSC) climatic division. Values of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) corresponding to each drought event were collected and averaged to produce cold and warm season time series of average drought severity for each climatic division. Although the results indicate that droughts associated with this region are widespread in both the cold and warm seasons, the nationwide patterns of average drought severity are clearly different for the two examples. For the cold season there is a northwest to southeast alignment of drought conditions, with a node of maximum drought severity located in the north central Great Plains, and another in the southeast. For the warm sea...
Copping out on moral twin earth

In Milk, Honey, and the Good Life on Moral Twin Earth, David Copp explores some ways in which a defender of synthetic moral naturalism might attempt to get around our Moral Twin Earth argument. 1 Copp nicely brings out the force of our argument, not only through his exposition of it, but through his attempt to defeat it, since his efforts, we think, only help to make manifest the deep difficulties the Moral Twin Earth argument poses for the synthetic moral naturalist. Our response to Copp will be in two stages. First we will make some general observations about our argument that help one appreciate its force, and then we will turn to the details of Copp's proposals.
A survey of load balancing in grid computing

Although intensive work has been done in the area of load balancing, the grid computing environment is different from the traditional parallel systems, which prevents existing load balancing schemes from benefiting large-scale parallel applications. This paper provides a survey of the existing solutions and new efforts in load balancing to address the new challenges in grid computing. We classify the surveyed approaches into three categories: resource-aware repartition, divisible load theory and prediction based schemes.
The Weierstrass Semigroup of an m -tuple of Collinear Points on a Hermitian Curve

We examine the structure of the Weierstrass semigroup of an m-tuple of points on a smooth, projective, absolutely irreducible curve X over a finite field \(\mathbb{F}\). A criteria is given for determining a minimal subset of semigroup elements which generate such a semigroup where 2 \( \leq m \leq |\mathbb{F}|\). For all 2 mq + 1, we determine the Weierstrass semigroup of any m-tuple of collinear \(\mathbb{F}_{q^2}\)-rational points on a Hermitian curve y q + y = x q + 1.
Predicting the Response of Aluminum Casting Alloys to Heat Treatment

In this publication we report on the development of a mathematical model that enables predicting the changes in hardness of cast aluminum alloy components in response to heat treatment. This model is part of a more inclusive model that is currently under development and that when completed, will enable predicting the changes in room temperature tensile properties as a function of heat treatment.
Wrist flexion/extension control in C5 and C4 quadriplegic subjects using functional neuromuscular stimulation

The authors investigated the feasibility of using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) to control wrist angle in C5 tetraplegics. They measured the moments available from the wrist muscles, the moments produced at the wrist by the finger muscles during grasp, and the passive properties of the wrist joint. Furthermore, the authors evaluated three wrist position controllers. They found that the passive and finger muscle moments are significant compared with the moment produced by single wrist muscles and will affect the maximal range of wrist angle obtainable and the stability of the wrist during grasp. Feedback regulation would provide increase wrist stability in the presence of disturbances, with possibly less wrist muscle activation. >
Common Bond Type and Credit Union Behavior

The era of deregulation in consumer financial services has focused atten? tion on the effects for commercial banks and, recently, the solvency of savings and loan associations. Often neglected in the financial press are credit unions: not-for-profit financial cooperatives which, in most cases, experienced more dramatic regulatory changes. A major reason for this apparent lack of interest in credit unions is not because of declining market share or hindered asset growth ? much the opposite is the case ? but rather because of the lack of a distinct proprietor. Credit unions, under the law, are nonstock private corporations providing general financial services to a distinct class of people subject to association by a "common bond/1 While credit unions today may provide a full menu of financial services similar to that of commercial banks, they remain different. This difference is due to the cooperative nature of the credit union as imbedded in the concept of a common bond. Notably, the concept of a financial cooperative is inherently more complex than that of other private stock-issuing intermediaries in that regulators and others must examine the behavior among the members of the cooperative as well as the relationship between the cooperative and the market as a whole. Regulators and pre? vious researchers have largely concentrated on the latter at the expense of the former. A central thesis of this paper is that regulators, by systematically ignoring the rich behavioral dynamics of the relationship among members in the financial cooperative, may pursue actions that will hamper the social utility
Rescue of Major Histocompatibility-DR Surface Expression in Retinoblastoma-Defective, Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells by the MS-275 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor

Major histocompatibility (MHC) class II expression is ordinarily inducible by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), but the induction is repressed in retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-defective cells. The repression can be rescued by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor treatment, but this has never been shown for an HDAC inhibitor that is suitable for clinical trials and eventual patient therapy. Here we demonstrate that the HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, can rescue the IFN-γ inducibility of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR in non-small cell lung cancer cells. This HDAC inhibitor is currently being tested in phase I/II clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer. We further verified that the MS-275 effect is related to an HDAC tethered to the HLA-DRA promoter by the transcription factor, YY1. HDAC inhibitors that can be used to treat patients may augment the expression of tumor cell MHC class II, and the results suggest an opportunity to determine the immunological consequences of HDAC inhibitor treatment in tumor therapy.
Looking Inside the “Glass Walls”: The Case of Women on the Industrial Sales Force

For the past several decades women have been moving into the United States workforce in greater numbers and they have been gaining access to the types of jobs that were, traditionally, performed exclusively by men. Despite this progress, they are still having difficulty penetrating the so‐called “glass ceiling” into upper management positions (Alimo‐Metcalfe 1993; Tavakolian 1993). Many reasons have been advanced, but the most compelling of these concerns the “glass walls” that support the “glass ceiling”. The “glass walls” refer to those invisible barriers that limit the ability of women and minorities to gain access to the type of job that would place them in a position to break through the “glass ceiling” (Townsend 1996). If women are to gain parity with men in the workforce, they need to succeed in the positions that lie inside the “glass walls” that will enable them to rise through the “glass ceiling” to upper management.
Neurophysiology of the caudally directed hippocampal efferent system in the rat: Projections to the subicular complex

We studied the responses of rat subicular neurons to electrical stimulation of the hippocampus. Four main results were obtained: (1) orthodromic excitatory responses were recorded in neurons of the subicular complex following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral hippocampus. Responses were usually characterized by a single action potential immediately followed by an inhibitory period. Intracellular recordings showed that spikes were triggered by EPSPs. Preliminary data indicated that the excitatory effects extend to the entorhinal cortex as well; (2) neither fornical nor commissural afferents were necessary for the responses; they were present even in animals that had received surgical sections of the fornix and hippocampal commissures prior to the neurophysiological experiments; (3) some neurons showed evidence of frequency potentiation when stimulated at 5/sec or 10/sec; and (4) neurons in hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 with the physiological characteristics of pyramids could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of subicular white matter. The results indicate an excitatory, caudally directed hippocampal efferent system that originates in fields CA1 and CA3, and that projects to all ventrocaudal regions of the subicular complex.
Efficiency of the Lucas scintillation cell

Abstract The Lucas scintillation cell (LC) and its modifications are among the most sensitive instruments to detect low levels of radon. In this work we describe a comprehensive investigation of the counting efficiency of the LC. A known quantity of 222 Rn was transferred into the LC and the decay and ingrowth of Rn and its daughters was followed in an automated measurement with counting intervals ranging from 5 s to 12 h. A total of 7014 measurements were taken in a period exceeding 5 months. The measurements taken during Rn transfer to the LC indicated that the separation was not ideal and that small amounts of daughters were also transferred to the LC. A numerical model was then developed and fitted to the data. The model includes kinetics of Rn transfer to the LC, a matrix-algebra method for description of decay and growth of Rn and its daughters, individual counting efficiencies, as well as several small corrections. Individual α counting efficiencies (counts/particle) were determined: 0.76(2) for 222 Rn, 0.77(3) for 218 Po, 0.91(1) for 214 Po, and 0.8283(6) for 210 Po. A contribution from electrons to the efficiency was found to be insignificant. The work is concluded by providing an overall counting efficiency of LC as a function of decay and counting times, which is of practical interest to radon measurements.
The Growth Strategies of Southern Railroads, 1865-1893

Railroads were unquestionably a leading sector of economic development in the American South following the Civil War. By appraising the growth strategies followed by southern roads as functions of their profitability, the authors illustrate how the supply of regional transport in the South was patterned by the decisions of competing groups of businessmen.
An adaptive approach for continuous multi-factor authentication in an identity eco-system

Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) is the current trend to genuinely identify the legitimate users in cyber eco-system through an active authentication process. This process includes passwords, security token, biometrics, human cognitive behavior metrics, etc. New sensors and better authentication modalities are evolving, which provide the opportunity for the security researchers to come up with new solutions facilitating MFA to different online resource access and identity management systems. This paper focuses on the design and development of a framework for continuous MFA where authentication modalities are selected adaptively through sensing many characteristics of the user's operating environment. The degree of adaptiveness in the selection of authentication modalities exhibits dynamism in the authentication process and lessens the burden of the users to use the same set of authentication process in less trustworthy environments. A trustworthy framework to quantify the available authentication modalities is proposed and the applicability of the framework for identity eco-system is illustrated in this paper.
Linguistic searching versus relevance ranking: Dr‐Link and Target

Limitations of traditional Boolean searching are claimed to be overcome by two alternative search systems: DR‐LINK, a linguistic search system, and TARGET, a relevance ranking system. This paper compares the system and search features of both and describes conceptual differences in system design. A series of test questions was developed to test the retrieval effectiveness of both search systems. A controlled dataset was used to measure the results. System features are compared and discussed. Relevance overlap and search capabilities are evaluated and results are presented.
Convergence of congenic mapping and allele-specific alterations in tumors for the resolution of the Skts1 skin tumor susceptibility locus

Although several familial cancer genes with high-penetrance mutations have been identified, the major genetic component of susceptibility to sporadic cancers is attributable to low-penetrance alleles. These 'weak' tumor susceptibility genes do not segregate as single Mendelian traits and are therefore difficult to find in studies of human populations. Previously, we have proposed that a combination of germline mapping and analysis of allele-specific imbalance in tumors may be used to refine the locations of susceptibility genes using mouse models of cancer. Here, we have used linkage analysis and congenic mouse strains to map the major skin tumor susceptibility locus Skts1 within a genetic interval of 0.9 cM on proximal chromosome 7. This interval lies in an apparent recombination cold spot, and corresponds to a physical distance of about 15 Mb. We therefore, used patterns of allele-specific imbalances in tumors from backcross and congenic mice to refine the location of Skts1. We demonstrate that this single tumor modifier locus has a dramatic effect on the allelic preference for imbalance on chromosome 7, with at least 90% of tumors from the congenics showing preferential gain of markers on the chromosome carrying the susceptibility variant. Importantly, these alterations enabled us to refine the location of Skts1 at higher resolution than that attained using the congenic mice. We conclude that low-penetrance susceptibility genes can have strong effects on patterns of allele-specific somatic genetic changes in tumors, and that analysis of the directionality of these somatic events provides an important and rapid route to identification of germline genetic variants that confer increased cancer risk.
Study of contacts in an electrostatically actuated microswitch

Abstract Surface micromachined, electrostatically actuated microswitches have been developed at Northeastern University. Microswitches with gold contacts typically have an initial contact resistance of the order of 0.1 Ω over the first 10 5 cycles of lifetime while cold-switching 4 mA, and have a current handling capability of about 20 mA. In general, the contact resistance decreases over the first few thousand switch cycles, and degrades progressively when the switches are cycled beyond approximately 10 6 cycles. In this work, the microswitch contact resistance is studied on the basis of a clean metal contact resistance model. Comparison of the measured contact resistance (measured as a function of contact force) with the characteristics predicted by the model shows approximate agreement. The discrepancies between the model characteristics and measurements are discussed briefly.
The status of U-series methods of mollusk dating

An intensive evaluation is presented of the 400 available analyses of U-series nuclides in mollusks including 200 performed as part of the present study. It is shown that among the 60 samples of known age, Th230U234 ratios give correct ages no more than half of the time. The samples of unknown age show the following evidence of having been open systems: increase of U238 with time, increase of U234 relative to U238, and disagreement between Th230U234 ages and Pa231U235 ages. It is also shown that a recently proposed open system model (Szabo and Rosholt, 1969) is based on unlikely isotopic migration patterns. This model commonly yields ages which conflict with known ages and its apparent internal consistency in several cases is shown to be no better than that for alternative models. Finally in the vast majority of cases, resulting U234U238 evolution patterns are different from those actually observed.
Quality-Aware Academic Research Tool Development

Many organizations have adopted several different kinds of commercial software tools for the purpose of developing quality software, reducing time-to-market, and automating labor intensive and error-prone tasks. Academic researchers have also developed various types of tools, primarily as a means toward providing a prototype reference implementation that corresponds to some new research concept. In addition, academic researchers also use the tool building task itself as a mechanism for students to learn and practice various software engineering principles (e.g., requirements management, design, implementation, testing, configuration management, and release management) from building the tools. Although some academic tools have been developed with observance of sound software engineering practices, most academic research tool development still remains an ad hoc process because tools tend to be developed quickly and without much consideration for quality. In this paper, we present several quality factors to be considered when developing software tools for academic research purposes. We also present a survey of tools that have been presented at major conferences to examine the status quo of academic research tool development in terms of these factors.
Project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination: A New Synthesis for Improving Science Education

The Project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science (SS&C) is a major national project designed to reform science education, K-12. Based on research on learning science, the project includes provision for hands-on experience, sequencing over time at successively higher levels of abstraction, and taking account of student preconceptions. Associated with SS&C is a performance-based student assessment project which incorporates compact-disc interactive (CD-I) technology. The SS&C project and its assessment component were initiated by the author and have become projects of the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education. Projects are underway in California, North Carolina, Iowa, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Alaska.
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN: A REVIEW

The authors review the literature on bottlenose dolphin ecology, behavior and social organization, focusing on data collected on free-ranging animals. Most bottlenose dolphins studied to date have had definable home ranges, and behavioral, morphological and biochemical information indicates discrete stocks in some areas. Bottlenose dolphins appear to form relatively permanent social groups based on sex and age. Mother—calf bonds are long-lasting. Movement patterns are extremely variable from location to location but are relatively predictable at any given site. Food resources are one of the most important factors affecting movements. Bottlenose dolphin behavior is very flexible, and these dolphins are generally active day and night. Feeding peaks in the morning and afternoon have been observed at several sites. Social behavior is an important component of daily activities. Sharks are the most significant predator on bottlenose dolphins in most areas, but captive and wild studies show that dolphins and sharks frequently live in harmony as well. Human activities may be helpful, harmful or neutral to bottlenose dolphins, but interactions with humans are frequent for these coastal cetaceans.
Disordered eating in women of color

It has been assumed that the occurrence of eating disorders in American racial minority groups are rare. Indeed, whereas the cultural context may afford “protection” to the group, it does not necessarily protect specific individuals. Individuals within each racial/ethnic group are subject to the standards of the dominant culture, particularly when the culture-of-origin is devalued by the dominant culture. Social, familial, and individual factors which contribute to disorders eating symptomatology are discussed. Discussions of obstacles to detecting eating disorders and guidelines for developing more inclusive theory of and treatment of persons with eating disorders is included.
THE SEPARATION OF m-DIISOPROPYLBENZENE FROM p-DIISOPROPYLBENZENE BY AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION

m-Diisopropylbenzene can be separated from p-diisopropyl-benzene by azeotropic distillation when the azeotrope forming agent is selected from certain ketones, e.g. acetophenone; alcohols, e.g. o-isopropyl-phenol; esters, e.g. methyl benzoate; ethers, e.g. dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether or nitrogeneous compounds, e.g. 2-nitrotoluene.