cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 1993 Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquake sequence: Source mechanisms from regional data

We use regional broadband seismograms to obtain seismic moment-tensor solutions of the two September 20, 1993, Mw=6, Klamath Falls, Oregon earthquakes, their foreshock and largest aftershocks (My>3.5). Several sub-groups with internally consistent solutions indicate activity on several fault segments and faults. From the estimated moment-tensors and depths of the main shocks and from the aftershock distribution we deduce that both main shocks occurred on an east-dipping normal fault, pos- sibly related to the Lake of the Woods fault system. Rotation of T-axes between the two main shocks is consistent with the two dominant trends of the aftershocks and mapped faults. We pro- pose that a change in fault strike acted as temporary barrier sepa- rating the rupture of the main shocks. Empirical Green's function analysis shows that the first main event had a longer rupture du- ration (half-duration 1.7 s) than the second (1.2 s). In December, vigorous shallow activity commenced near Klamath Lake's west- ern shore, 5-10 km east of the primary aftershock zone. It ap- pears a Mw=5.5 aftershock occurring the day before, though within the primary aftershock zone, triggered the activity.
Level of dyspnoea experienced in mechanically ventilated adults with and without saline instillation prior to endotracheal suctioning

The purpose of this study was to compare the level of dyspnoea with and without the use of 5-cc saline instillation prior to endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated adults. A crossover, quasi-experimental design was used. Seventeen alert, mechanically ventilated adults were asked to rank their level of dyspnoea using the vertical visual analogue scale at specific time intervals surrounding two suctioning events. Saline was randomly assigned to be instilled prior to one of two suctioning episodes. Dyspnoea was ranked immediately after suctioning, and at 10-, 20-, and 30-minute intervals. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with time of measure (immediately after suctioning, 10-, 20-, and 30-minute intervals) and treatment type (with saline versus without saline instillation). The level of dyspnoea based on treatment type (with or without saline) was non-significant. Treatment type by age group interaction was significant (F(1, 15) = 5.41, P = 0.034). The nature of the interaction revealed that older patients (< or = 60 years of age) experienced less dyspnoea without saline prior to suctioning and greater dyspnoea with saline instillation as compared to the younger subjects (<60 years of age). This study documented no beneficial effects of saline. However, it did demonstrate that saline instillation might precipitate a significantly increased level of dyspnoea for up to 10 minutes after suctioning in patients older than 60 years of age. Recommendations based on the results of this study would be to avoid the use of saline instillation prior to suctioning.
Food intake controlled by a blood factor

Intake of food by hungry rats was reduced 50 percent below normal after their blood had been mixed with that of satiated rats. Intake of food by deprived rats was not reduced when the donor rat was deprived of food for 24 hours prior to mixing of the blood or when a deprived donor was fed to satiety immediately before such transfusion.
Dr. Veblen Takes a Uniform Mathematics in the First World War

(2001). Dr. Veblen Takes a Uniform Mathematics in the First World War. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 108, No. 10, pp. 922-931.
DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF CONICAL SHELLS LAMINATED WITH FULL AND DIAGONAL ACTUATORS

Abstract Nozzles, rocket fairings and many engineering structures/components are often made of conical shells. This paper focuses on the finite element modelling, analysis, and control of conical shells laminated with distributed actuators. Electromechanical constitutive equations and governing equations of a generic piezo(electric)elastic continuum are defined first, followed by the strain–displacement relations and electric field–potential relations of laminated shell composites. Finite element formulation of a piezoelastic shell element with non-constant Lame parameters is briefly reviewed; element and system matrix equations of the piezoelastic shell sensor/actuator/structure laminate are derived. The system equation reveals the coupling of mechanical and electric fields, in which the electric force vector is often used in distributed control of shells. Finite element eigenvalue solutions of conical shells are compared with published numerical results first. Distributed control of the conical shell laminated with piezoelectric shell actuators is investigated and control effects of three actuator configurations are evaluated.
Ontogenetic and stress-related changes in hemolymph chemistry of beet armyworms

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of various hemolymph components were measured in 3rd instar to adult beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua Hubner, and also in 4th instar larvae subjected to temperature and water stress. 2. 2. Hemolymph volume remained constant (34.9–41.5%) among the larval instars, but osmotic potential dropped from 431 mOsm/kg in 3rd instars to 353 mOsm/kg in the adult stage. 3. 3. In cold stressed larvae, hemolymph volume rose significantly (to 51.6%) and osmotic potential was elevated (to 398 mOsm). 4. 4. Concentrations of most ions remained constant among the larval instars, but changed significantly (especially K) in the pupal and adult stages. 5. 5. Stress conditions had little effect upon ion composition except for K and Ca. 6. 6. Protein concentrations in pupae and adults increased to more than 1.5 times the larval levels, while amino acid concentrations decreased in pupae and adults. 7. 7. Carbohydrate concentrations were 1 6 as high in pupae as in larvae, and in adults they were 5 times as high as in pupae. 8. 8. Cold stress caused an increase in protein concentrations, while heat stress caused larval amino acid concentrations to increase; and starvation and desiccation caused amino acid concentrations to decrease. 9. 9. Carbohydrate concentrations were lower in all stressed larvae.
Tooth segmentation system with intelligent editing for cephalometric analysis

Cephalometric analysis is the study of the dental and skeletal relationship in the head, and it is used as an assessment and planning tool for improved orthodontic treatment of a patient. Conventional cephalometric analysis identifies bony and soft-tissue landmarks in 2D cephalometric radiographs, in order to diagnose facial features and abnormalities prior to treatment, or to evaluate the progress of treatment. Recent studies in orthodontics indicate that there are persistent inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the results provided using conventional 2D cephalometric analysis. Obviously, plane geometry is inappropriate for analyzing anatomical volumes and their growth; only a 3D analysis is able to analyze the three-dimensional, anatomical maxillofacial complex, which requires computing inertia systems for individual or groups of digitally segmented teeth from an image volume of a patient’s head. For the study of 3D cephalometric analysis, the current paper proposes a system for semi-automatically segmenting teeth from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) volume with two distinct features, including an intelligent user-input interface for automatic background seed generation, and a graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration mechanism for three-dimensional GrowCut volume segmentation. Results show a satisfying average DICE score of 0.92, with the use of the proposed tooth segmentation system, by 15 novice users who segmented a randomly sampled tooth set. The average GrowCut processing time is around one second per tooth, excluding user interaction time.
Wnt signaling and heterotrimeric G-proteins: strange bedfellows or a classic romance?

Abstract Wnts are secreted ligands with diverse roles in animal development. Wnts bind to cell surface membrane proteins termed Frizzleds. Molecular cloning of members of the Frizzled family revealed hydropathy plots with seven putative, transmembrane-spanning regions, conserved in Frizzleds characterized in mice, humans, flies, and worms. Understanding how Frizzled translates binding of their cognate Wnts into intracellular signals controlling aspects of development has been an elusive goal. Earlier observations gathered from a variety of model systems provided compelling, but indirect, support that the Frizzled receptors may be members of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors that possess seven transmembrane-spanning domains. Search for a linkage between Frizzled and possible downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins has been advanced by the use of bacterial toxins, antisense DNA, and novel chimeric receptor constructs. New data establish that Frizzleds are indeed bona fide G-protein-coupled receptors. Frizzled-1 couples via G-proteins Go and Gq to the canonical β-catenin-Lef-Tcf pathway. Frizzled-2 couples via Gq and Gt to downstream effectors including calcium mobilization. Frizzleds and G-proteins might once have been considered strange bedfellows, not likely partners in signaling. The new data, consistent with the properties known for virtually all members of the G-protein-coupled receptors, reveal a more classic romance of signaling elements controlling aspects of early development.
Autoantibodies from mice exposed to Libby amphibole asbestos bind SSA/Ro52 – enriched apoptotic blebs of murine macrophages

Asbestos exposure is associated with increased autoimmune responses in humans. For example, in Libby, MT where significant asbestos exposure has occurred due to an asbestos-contaminated vermiculite mine near the community, residents have developed increased autoimmune responses compared to an unexposed population. However, the exact mechanism by which Libby amphibole asbestos generates autoimmune responses is unclear. A murine model of amphibole asbestos-induced autoimmunity was recently established, and one of the targets of the autoantibodies (AAs) was the SSA/Ro52 autoantigen. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the SSA/Ro52 autoantigen is exposed at the surface of cells as a result of asbestos exposure as a possible mechanism leading to antigenicity. Our results indicate that Libby asbestos induces apoptosis in murine macrophages as determined by phosphatidylserine exposure, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and morphological changes such as nuclear condensation. Moreover, asbestos-induced apoptosis results in the formation of apoptotic cell surface blebs enriched in SSA/Ro52 as determined by confocal microscopy. Most importantly, apoptotic cell surface blebs are recognized by AAs from mice exposed to amphibole asbestos suggesting that these cell surface structures may be antigenic when presented in a pro-inflammatory context. This study supports the hypothesis that the induction of apoptosis plays a key role in environmentally induced autoimmunity through cell surface exposure of a known autoantigen.
The statistical mechanics of particles obeying discrete-time quantum theory

The energy levels for a particle confined to a one dimensional potential well are calculated using discrete spatial QM. The partition function is constructed and approximations are made to evaluate it thus generating an expression for the energy, entropy and chemical potential of an ensemble of such particles. The concept of negative temperature is applied to the above system and applications to the early universe are also discussed.
Current concepts of antimicrobial therapy--4.

Wchloramphenicol is active against nearly all Gram-positive bacteria however nocardia species are resistant. Gram-negative bacteria are moderately susceptible. Chloramphenicol is recommended for serious infections in hospitalized patients. It is available for oral intravenous and topical (otic and optic) use. The half-life is about 2 hours in adults. Serum concentrations should peak at 20 mcg/ml with trough values of 5 to 10 mcg/ml. The most serious side effects result from interaction with the hematopoietic system. Clindamycin is effective against Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. It is active against staphylococci pneumococci and streptococci. Major indications are treatment of: 1) anaerobic infections; 2) severe staphylococcal infections; 3) actinomyces pneumococcal or streptococcal infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin. It is available in 3 preparations. The half-life is approximately 3 hours. The major side effects occur in the gastrointestinal tract and skin. Erythromycin is highly active against most Gram-positive organisms. Is is the drug of choice in a number of infections and can be used as an alternate to penicillin in allergic patients. There are 4 preparations available for oral administration; 2 for intravenous administration. Erythromycin distributes well into most body fluids. Is is 1 of the safest antimicrobial agents in clinical use. Metronidazole is bactericidal for most Gram-negative anaerobes. Some are resistant.
Least squares method for analyzing broadened x-ray line shapes

Abstract A method for obtaining values of the widths and other parameters describing the Gaussian and Lorentzian components of peaks, which have the shape of the convolution of those functions, is described. Results of the method are given for X-ray data containing several peaks with different ratios of the composite widths in separate spectra.
Fracture permeability normal to bedding in layered rock masses

Abstract A two-dimensional model of fracture permeability normal to bedding in layered rock with orthogonal, bed-delimited fractures is investigated. Steady-state, saturated laminar flow is assumed. Permeability is assumed to be a function of apertures and flow path lengths in an otherwise impermeable matrix. Bedding planes or other separations between layers are modeled as fictitious interlayers to render a layered fractured rock mass equivalent to a layered porous medium. Layer, or bed-normal permeability is quantified in terms of readily available field data, using a probability model to represent fracture connectivity between layers. The bed-normal permeability is shown to depend on fracture spacing and aperture, layer spacing and bedding plane aperture, and to be scale-dependent. Numerical investigation and comparison with field data indicates that the derived expression is useful for estimating layer-normal permeability.
Electroanalytical study of the catalytic enhancement by antimony(III) of the anodic wave for bromide in acidic media

Abstract The results are given of a study using a rotating disk electrode to develop an amperometric method for the determination of Sb(III) in acidic media, based on the catalytic increase of the limiting anodic current for Br−. Analytical application was successful provided the bulk concentration of antimony(III) was less than that of bromide. The enhancement technique was also applied to the determination of Sb(III) injected into a stream of electrolyte passing through a platinum coulometric detector.
From the inside out and the outside in: Combining experimental and sampling structures

The three basic tenets of experimental design (randomization, replication, local control) find parallels in sampling design. While the ways these parallel structures are applied differ across the two areas, the commonalities suggest ways of strengthening work in both. We describe examples of embedding sampling within experiments, the use of experimental design structures within sample surveys (including interpenetrating networks of samples), and the generalization from experiments to populations through random selection and sampling. A more complicated connecting structure between experiments and surveys is illustrated by the U.S. Census Bureau model for nonsampling errors. We conclude with a description of alternative approaches to basic inference in complicated embedded structures.
A Study of Some Conditions Relating to the Retarded Adult's Stereotyped Responding in a Binary-Choice Task.

Abstract This study was a longitudinal one that examined the effects of certain conditions on alternation and perseveration in a binary-choice task. The conditions manipulated included: (1) lapse of time (stability of the pattern), (2) stimulus dissimilarity, (3) spatial location of the two alternatives, (4) time-out (time away from the task), (5) delay between responses, and (6) differential reinforcement of the two choices. Eight mentally retarded adults, identified as “pure” alternaters or perseveraters, served as subjects. Perseveration was “disrupted” only by differential reinforcement. Alternation was affected by all experimental manipulations with the exception of stimulus dissimilarity.
COEVOLUTION OF MUTUALISM BETWEEN ANTS AND ACACIAS IN CENTRAL AMERICA

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the coevolution of one of the more thoroughly studied mutualistic systems in the New World tropics: the interdependency between the swollen-thorn acacias and their ant inhabitants. This system has recently been described in detail in respect to one species of plant, Acacia cornigera L. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae), and one species of ant, Pseudomyrmex ferruginea F. Smith (Pseudomyrmecinae; Formicidae), and shown experimentally to be a case of mutualism (Janzen, 1966a). In this species pair, the ant is dependent upon the acacia for food and domicile, and the acacia is dependent upon the ant for protection from phytophagous insects and neighboring plants. The literature dealing only with the New World tropical acacias (Acacia spp.) and their ants (Pseudomyrmex spp.) has been re-evaluated by Janzen (1966a) and will not be discussed further in a review sense. The higher plants that commonly have ant colonies living in them have long been termed myrmecophytes. Ants living in plants range in habit from fortuitous usage of a plant cavity to highly complex interaction systems between the ant and the higher plant. The ant-acacia system represents this latter extreme, and the acacia is by any definition a myrmecophyte. A review paper on the subject of myrmecophytes is in preparation. In the present paper, plants with ants living in them will be called "ant-plants"; the ants will be called "plant-ants." The "swollen-thorn acacias" are those with 1) enlarged stipular thorns normally tenanted by ants, 2) enlarged foliar nectaries, 3) modified leaflet tips called Beltian bodies (eaten by the ants), and 4) nearly year-round leaf production and maintenance even in areas with a distinct dry season (Fig. 1). Swollen-thorn acacias have been shown experimentally to have a virtually obligate dependency on 1 Contribution No. 1308 from the Department of Entomology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence. This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-1428 to the University of California, Berkeley (Dr. R. F. Smith), University of California Associates in Tropical Biogeography Research Grants 66 and 81, and The University of Kansas General Research Grant 3173-5038, and also is a by-product of National Science Foundation Grant GB-91 (Dr. C. D. Michener).
Non-trivial subgame perfect duopoly equilibria can be supported by continuous reaction functions

Abstract This paper demonstrates that non-trivial subgame perfect duopoly equilibria can be supported by continuous reaction functions when previous-period actions of both firms are arguments of reaction functions. Continuity imposes essentially no restrictions on the set of equilibria.
Selective Remediation of Contaminated Sites Using a Two-Level Multiphase Strategy and Geostatistics

Selective soil remediation aims to reduce costs by cleaning only the fraction of an exposure unit (EU) necessary to lower the average concentration below the regulatory threshold. This approach requires a prior stratification of each EU into smaller remediation units (RU) which are then selected according to various criteria. This paper presents a geostatistical framework to account for uncertainties attached to both RU and EU average concentrations in selective remediation. The selection of RUs is based on their impact on the postremediation probability for the EU average concentration to exceed the regulatory threshold, which is assessed using geostatistical stochastic simulation. Application of the technique to a set of 600 dioxin concentrations collected at Piazza Road EPA Superfund site in Missouri shows a substantial decrease in the number of RU remediated compared with single phase remediation. The lower remediation costs achieved by the new strategy are obtained to the detriment of a higher risk of false negatives, yet for this data set this risk remains below the 5% rate set by EPA region 7.
Parental Attachment and gender-role identity

The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory were given to 218 primarily middle class college students of whom 90% were Caucasian. A 2 × 4 × 2 univariate factorial analysis of variance was used to examine the association of attachment level with gender, gender-role identity, and the within subjects factor of attachment figure. Feminine and androgynous individuals reported significantly higher levels of parental attachment than those classified as masculine and undifferentiated. There were also similar multivariate differences among the gender-role categories on the IPPA subscales of Communication, Trust, and Alienation. Across all participants, attachment to mother was higher than to father. Although there were no overall gender differences in parental attachment, females reported higher peer attachment.
Teachers' Unions and Student Achievement in High School Economics

High school students in unionized schools score higher on the Test of Economic Literacy than students in nonunion districts, ceteris paribus.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes RORγt+ Group 3 ILCs and controls intestinal immunity and inflammation

Unlike adaptive immune cells that require antigen recognition and functional maturation during infection, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) usually respond to pathogens promptly and serve as the first line of defense in infectious diseases. RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt)⁺ group 3 ILCs are one of the innate cell populations that have recently been intensively studied. During the fetal stage of development, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs (e.g., lymphoid tissue inducer cells) are required for lymphoid organogenesis. In adult mice, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs are abundantly present in the gut to exert immune defensive functions. Under certain circumstances, however, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs can be pathogenic and contribute to intestinal inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor, is widely expressed by various immune and non-immune cells. In the gut, the ligand for Ahr can be derived/generated from diet, microflora, and/or host cells. Ahr has been shown to regulate different cell populations in the immune system including RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, T helper (Th)17/22 cells, γδT cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Tr1 cells, and antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will focus on the development and function of RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, and discuss the role of Ahr in intestinal immunity and inflammation in mice and in humans. A better understanding of the function of Ahr in the gut is important for developing new therapeutic means to target Ahr in future treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Damage to Flue-Cured Tobacco by Tobacco Budworm and Corn Earworm Alone and Combined at Various Infestation Densities

Damage by larvae of the tobacco bud worm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, H. zea (Boddie), to ⅓-grown ‘Coker 319’ tobacco plants in field cages was determined for the following infestations: 1, 2, and 4 budworms per plant, 1, 2, and 4 earworms, 1 budworm + 1 earworm, and 2 budworms + 2 earworms. Damage was expressed as number of leaves lost. It included (1) the sum of consumed portions of leaves and (2) the number of leaves missing caused by destruction of terminal buds, hereafter referred to as topping damage. Near maximum damage was recorded for the budworm and earworm at an infestation density of 1 larva per plant. Average damage by the budworm and earworm over infestation densities of 1, 2, and 4 larvae per plant amounted to 7 and 14 leaves, respectively. The higher damage by the earworm was due to greater topping damage. Damage by the the mixed infestations was greater than that expected from the number of budworms present but less than that expected from the number of earworms present. This fact indicated that the presence of the budworm reduced damage by the earworm. These reductions in earworm damage were due to reductions in topping damage.
The “Three Worlds” of Human Services

The “three worlds” referred to in this article are the three environments in which human services are delivered: the public, private non-profit, and private for-profit sectors. This article analyses the situation of human services in the USA, while suggesting that the arrival of privatization in other western industrial societies makes it relevant there too. After defining each of the three environments, an attempt is made to generalize about broad differences in management behaviour that tend to result from the different kinds of pressures inherent in each of the three worlds. Relationships between the three worlds are discussed, with special reference to the field of alcoholism treatment services.
Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period

Background and aims: Little is known about muscle strength as a predictor of disability among older Mexican Americans. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hand grip strength and 7-year incidence of ADL disability in older Mexican American men and women. Methods: A 7-year prospective cohort study of 2493 non-institutionalized Mexican American men and women aged 65 or older residing in five south-western states. Maximal hand grip strength test, body mass index, cognitive function, activities of daily living, self-reports of medical conditions (arthritis, diabetes, heart attack, stroke, cancer, hip fracture), and depressive symptoms were obtained. Results: In a Cox proportional regression analysis, there was a linear relationship between hand grip strength at baseline and risk of incident ADL disability over a 7-year follow-up. Among non-disabled men at baseline, the hazard ratio of any new ADL limitation was 1.90(95% CI 1.14–3.17) for those in the lowest quartile, when compared with men in the highest hand grip strength quartile, after controlling for age, marital status, medical conditions, high depressive symptoms, MMSE score, and BMI at baseline. Among non-disabled women at baseline, the hazard ratio of any new ADL limitation was 2.28 (95% CI 1.59–3.27) for those in the lowest quartile, when compared with women in the highest hand grip strength quartile. Conclusions: Hand grip strength is an independent predictor of ADL disability among older Mexican American men and women. The hand grip strength test is an easy, reliable, valid, inexpensive method of screening to identify older adults at risk of disability.
Autoradiographic visualization of CNS receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Abstract Receptors for VIP were characterized in the rat CNS. 125 I-VIP bound with high affinity to rat brain slices. Binding was time dependent and specific. Pharmacology studies indicated that specific 125 I-VIP binding was inhibited with high affinity by VIP and low affinity by secretin and PHI. Using in vitro autoradiographic techniques high grain densities were present in the dentate gyrus, pineal gland, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus and the area postrema. Moderate grain densities were present in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus, subiculum and the medial geniculate nucleus. Grains were absent in the corpus callosum and controls treated with 1 μM unlabeled VIP. The discrete regional distribution of VIP receptors suggest that in may function as an important modulator of neural activity in the CNS.
Response vs excitation in response-dependent and stimulus-dependent lateral inhibitory networks

Response-dependent and stimulus-dependent lateral inhibitory networks may be distinguished by differences in their net response vs net excitation functions. It is shown that the net response of a stable, response-dependent network is a monotonically increasing function of the net excitation. By contrast, the response of a stimulus-dependent lateral inhibitory network can either increase, decrease or remain constant as the net excitation of the network is increased, depending on the relation of the inhibition to the excitation. These differences make it possible to determine that the inhibition produced by a lateral inhibitory network is stimulus-dependent if the net response of the network declines as the network excitation increases.
PHYS: Profiled-HYbrid Sampling for soft error reliability benchmarking

In this paper, we introduce PHYS (Profiled-HYbrid Sampling), a sampling framework for soft-error benchmarking of caches. Reliability simulations of caches are much more complex than performance simulations and therefore exhibit large simulation slowdowns (two orders of magnitude) over performance simulations. The major problem is that the reliability lifetime of every accessed block must be tracked from beginning to end, on top of simulating the benchmark, in order to track the total number of vulnerability cycles (VCs) between two accesses to the block. Because of the need to track SDCs (silent error corruption) and to distinguish between true and false DUEs (detected but unrecoverable errors) vulnerability cycles cannot be truncated when data is written back from cache to main memory. Vulnerability cycles must be maintained even during a block's sojourn in main memory to track whether corrupted values in a block are used by the processor, until program termination. PHYS solves this problem by sampling intervals between accesses to each memory block, instead of sampling the execution of the processor in a time interval as is classically done in performance simulations. At first a statistical profiling phase captures the distribution of VCs for every block. This profiling step provides a statistical guarantee of the minimum sampling rate of access intervals needed to meet a desired FIT error target with a given confidence interval. Then, per cacheset sampling rates are dynamically adjusted to sample VCs with higher merit. We compare PHYS with many other possible sampling methods, some of which are widely used to accelerate performance-centric simulations but have also been applied in the past to track reliability lifetime. We demonstrate the superiority of PHYS in the context of reliability benchmarking through exhaustive evaluations of various sampling techniques.
Stability of switching infinite-dimensional systems

In this note, we generalize the results from Narendra and Balakrishnan (IEEE Trans. Automatic Control 39 (1994) 2469) to the infinite-dimensional system theoretic setting. The paper gives results on the stability of a switching system of the form x@?(t)=A"ix(t), i@?{1,2}, when the infinitesimal generators A"1 and A"2 commute. In addition, the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function is demonstrated.
The hydrogen highway to reperfusion therapy.

Hydrogen gas debuts as a selective antioxidant with explosive potential as cytoprotective therapy for ischemia-reperfusion injury and stroke.
Ultimate strength of large scale reinforced concrete thin shell structures

This paper presents ultimate behavior of large scale reinforced concrete shell structures: hyperbolic cooling tower shell and hyperbolic paraboloid (HP) saddle shell. Both geometrical and material nonlinearities were considered in the analysis. To investigate the influence of concrete tension cracks on the structural behavior, the smeared crack model having the capability of representing double crack and crack rotation was used in the analysis. The biaxial stress state in shells is represented by the improved work-hardening plasticity concrete model, where the ductility increase phenomenon can be depicted. The load-displacement relationship, stress fields, occurrence and propagation of cracks in concrete and steel yield patterns are presented. Due to the factors such as modification in plasticity model, stiffness contribution in the doubly cracked elements, the model predicts a more ductile behavior than the results reported in the current literature. The failure of cooling tower shell seems to occur due to local yielding of meridional reinforcement in the windward meridian. In the case of HP saddle shell, structural instability occurs due to severe tension cracks in the shell part before yielding of reinforcement could occur.
Photoemission spectra of correlated electron systems

Abstract The joint valence band photoemission spectrum and BIS of an N fold degenerate Hubbard model is calculated using a 1/ N expansion, that retains the coherence of the lattice. The lowest order term in the expansion constitutes a Hartree-Fock mean field theory, and to next leading order one finds that the dynamics are dominated by boson like collective excitations. The one electron spectra are, generally, found to have long tails, however in the vicinity of the Fermi-level the spectra shows narrow features. The appearance of satellites and large mass enhancements are correlated with the softening of the boson modes.
Computer and mobile technology-based interventions for substance use disorders: An organizing framework

Research devoted to the development of therapeutic, behavioral interventions for substance use disorders (SUDs) that can be accessed and delivered via computer and mobile technologies has increased rapidly during the past decade. Numerous recent reviews of this literature have supported the efficacy of technology-based interventions (TBIs), but have also revealed their great heterogeneity and a limited understanding of treatment mechanisms. We conducted a "review of reviews" focused on summarizing findings of previous reviews with respect to moderators of TBIs' efficacy, and present an organizing framework of considerations involved in designing and evaluating TBIs for SUDs. The four primary elements that comprise our framework are Accessibility, Usage, Human Contact, and Intervention Content, with several sub-elements within each category. We offer some suggested directions for future research grouped within these four primary considerations. We believe that technology affords unique opportunities to improve, support, and supplement therapeutic and peer relationships via dynamic applications that adapt to individuals' constantly changing motivation and treatment needs. We hope that our framework will aid in guiding programmatic progress in this exciting field.
A New Reaction of Bisphenol A and Preparation of Polysubstituted 9,9-Dimethylxanthenes†

A new transformation of bisphenol A (1) to polymethylated 9,9-dimethylxanthenes 2−5 in the presence of an exogenous phenol is described. The reaction proceeds with concurrent liberation of phenol, is catalyzed by strong acid, and takes place at synthetically useful rates at temperatures above 100 °C. Materials chemically related to bisphenol A, polycarbonate 10, chroman 11, and tars generated during the manufacture of 1, behave similarly. The product xanthenes are useful as precursors to novel xanthene polyesters such as 33 having high glass transition temperatures relative to analogous materials based on 12 or 13. Catalytic oxidation of xanthenes 2−4 affords highly insoluble diacids that are esterified to the esters 6−8. A mechanistic framework accounting for the appearance of chroman 23 and spiroketal 24 as intermediates is given. Overall, the reaction has the characteristics of a complex series of equilibria in which xanthenes such as 2 are strongly favored.
Short-circuit standards for transformers

System faults impose a great variety of short circuits on the windings of 3-winding transformers. Unfortunately, the present American Standard (C57) on short circuits is inadequate and subject to misinterpretation, particularly in the case of line-to-ground faults on Y-connected windings of transformers provided with delta-connected stabilizing windings.
Durable and generalized effects of spatial experience on mental rotation: gender differences in growth patterns

This study addressed questions about improvement in mental rotation skills: (1) whether growth trajectories differ for men and women with higher or lower spatial experience, (2) whether videogame training has effects on performance and leads to transfer, (3) whether effects of repeated testing or training effects are durable and (4) whether transfer is durable. Undergraduates participated in repeated testing on the MRT or played the videogame Tetris. Analyses showed large improvements in mental rotation with both repeated testing and training; these gains were maintained several months later. MRT scores of men and women did not converge, but men showed faster initial growth and women showed more improvement later. Videogame training showed greater initial growth than repeated testing alone, but final performance did not differ. Effects of videogame training transferred to other spatial tasks exceeding the effects of repeated testing, and this transfer advantage was still evident after several months. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The genetics of panic disorder

Of the anxiety disorders, panic disorder (PD) has been the most extensively studied from a genetic standpoint. Results of family studies have consistently demonstrated that PD runs in families, and twin studies indicate that genes contribute to this familiality. However, phenotypic and genetic complexity has made finding the specific genes involved in PD a challenge. There is still uncertainty about how best to define the phenotype for genetic studies and whether it is the clinical phenotype of PD or more latent psychologic and biologic traits that are inherited. To date, molecular genetic studies have suggested some chromosomal regions and genes that may contribute to risk, but none of these have been established. We review the genetic epidemiology of PD as well as recent molecular genetic studies of the disorder, and conclude with a discussion of promising strategies that attempt to uncover specific genetic loci involved in the etiology of PD.
In-vitro susceptibility of nosocomial Gram-negative bloodstream pathogens to quinolones and other antibiotics—a statistical approach

We examined the in-vitro activity of 12 antibiotics against Gram-negative bacillary isolates from 141 distinct episodes of nosocomial bloodstream infection occurring from July 1984 through November 1986. At least ten strains of each of the seven most frequently encountered species were tested. Relative potency was carefully assessed by extending the concentrations from 0.004 to 64 mg/l in microdilution tests performed in duplicate. We estimated MIC50 and MIC90 and, importantly, calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI95) for MIC90. Against all isolates, ciprofloxacin, the most potent antibiotic, had an MIC50 of 0.03 and an MIC90 of 0.13 (CI95 0.11 to 0.16 mg/l). Norfloxacin and enoxacin had MIC90 of 0.50 and 0.71 mg/l, respectively. Imipenem, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and cefoperazone had MIC90 of 1.0, 2.0, 5.3, and 5.7 mg/l, respectively. Both cefotaxime and ceftriaxone had MIC90 of 16 mg/l (CI95 13-19.7 mg/l). For tobramycin, gentamicin and amikacin, the MIC90 values were 1.4, 5.7, and 8 mg/l, respectively. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 26), Serratia marcescens (n = 19), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 26), the CI95s about the MIC90 for ciprofloxacin were 0.31-0.81, 0.07-0.23, and 0.04-0.10 mg/l, respectively. For optimal comparison of antibiotics used to treat hospital-acquired bacteraemias, only clinically significant nosocomial bloodstream isolates should be studied with regard to their antibiotic susceptibilities; the isolates should be unique (only one isolate per episode of bacteraemia occurring over a defined period of time); an adequate number of isolates of a particular species should be studied; MICs should be determined over a wide range of concentrations; and both the MIC90 and the CI95 should be reported.
Transport of prostaglandins across the blood-brain and blood-aqueons barriers and the physiological significance of these absorptive transport processes

Prostaglandins (PGs) are accumulated in vitro against an apparent concentration gradient by some vertebrate tissues including the choroid plexuses and the anterior uvea of all species studied. This concentrative accumulation is saturable and can be inhibited by organic acid transport inhibitors, such as probenecid and bromcresol green. In vivo experiments show that loss of PGs from the extracellular fluids of the brain and the eye is dependent on saturable, carrier-mediated, transport processes which are also affected by the same inhibitors. Such facilitated removal of PGs across the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers appears to be the major mechanism for the termination of action of these potent autacoids which are produced but are not effectively metabolized by brain and intraocular tissues. The apparent physiological significance of these PG transport processes was demonstrated experimentally by showing that application of 8/µg PGE1 but not PGF2α, over the visual cortex caused inhibition and alteration of the visually evoked response and induction of epileptiform activity only in rabbits which were pretreated with known inhibitors of PG transpoit. Pretreatment with PG transport inhibitors also enhanced the hyperthermic effects of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2α. The effects of intravitreally injected PGE1 on the electrical activity of the retina and the visual cortex were also enhanced by pretreatment with bromcresol green. Pretreatment with PG transport inhibitors decreased the loss of intravitreally injected [3H]PGF2α from the vitreous, and increased its accumulation in the aqueous. The ability of the iris-ciliary body complex to accumulate PGs in vitro and thus, presumably, its ability to remove PGs from the intraocular fluids in vivo, was found to be severely decreased during the course of inflammation, and even several months following an episode of severe uveitis. Since PGs can have a potentially adverse effect on the brain and the eye, when allowed to accumulate to abnormal levels, inhibition of these transport processes by drugs or as a sequelae of pathological conditions may account for some effects or side effects of such drugs and for the recurrent nature of uveitis and epileptic seizures.
THE CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN EVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF CHLORIDE AND OTHER ANIONS ON AMINE INHIBITION OF THE OXYGEN-EVOLVING COMPLEX

Abstract In the presence of Cl−, the severity of ammonia-induced inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution is attenuated in spinach thylakoid membranes (Sandusky, P.O. and Yocum, C.F. (1983) FEBS Lett. 162, 339–343). A further examination of this phenomenon using steady-state kinetic analysis suggests that there are two sites of ammonia attack, only one of which is protected by the presence of Cl−. In the case of Tris-induced inhibition of oxygen evolution only the Cl− protected site is evident. In both cases the mechanism of Cl− protection involves the binding of Cl− in competition with the inhibitory amine. Anions (Br− and NO−3) known to reactive oxygen evolution in Cl−-depleted membranes also protect against Tris-induced inhibition, and reactivation of Cl−-depleted membranes by Cl− is competitively inhibited by ammonia. Inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex by NH2OH is impeded by Cl−, whereas Cl− does not affect the inhibition induced by so-called ADRY reagents. We propose that Cl− functions in the oxygen-evolving complex as a ligand bridging manganese atoms to mediate electron transfer. This model accounts both for the well known Cl− requirement of oxygen evolution, and for the inhibitory effects of amines on this reaction.
Src and Pyk2 mediate G-protein-coupled receptor activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but are not required for coupling to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascade.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases Src and Pyk2 have been implicated in linking a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascade. In this report we apply a genetic strategy using cells isolated from Src-, Pyk2-, or EGFR-deficient mice to explore the roles played by these protein tyrosine kinases in GPCR-induced activation of EGFR, Pyk2, and MAP kinase. We show that Src kinases are critical for activation of Pyk2 in response to GPCR-stimulation and that Pyk2 and Src are essential for GPCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR. By contrast, Pyk2, Src, and EGFR are dispensable for GPCR-induced activation of MAP kinase. Moreover, GPCR-induced MAP kinase activation is normal in fibroblasts deficient in both Src and Pyk2 (Src−/−Pyk2−/− cells) as well as in fibroblasts deficient in all three Src kinases expressed in these cells (Src−/−Yes−/−Fyn−/− cells). Finally, experiments are presented demonstrating that, upon stimulation of GPCR, activated Pyk2 forms a complex with Src, which in turn phosphorylates EGFR directly. These experiments reveal a role for Src kinases in Pyk2 activation and a role for Pyk2 and Src in tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR following GPCR stimulation. In addition, EGFR, Src family kinases, and Pyk2 are not required for linking GPCRs with the MAP kinase signaling cascade.
CIS-1,4 Polyisoprene Prepared with Alkyl Aluminum and Titanium Tetrachloride

Abstract By adjustment of the relative amounts of the two components of the catalyst and the temperature of polymerization, cis-1,4 polyisoprene can be produced free from trans-1,4 configuration. Catalysts containing a mole ratio of alkyl aluminum to titanium tetrachloride of 1.0 produce polymers with this configuration at room temperature. At lower temperature of polymerization, somewhat higher ratios are needed to achieve the same result. Solution polymerization was used to control the reaction and obtain a uniform product. It was necessary to use 3 to 5 phm of total catalyst to obtain 100 per cent yield in 4 hours at room temperature. The inherent viscosity of the polymers made under these conditions is low, usually 2.0 to 2.5. However, higher molecular weight polymers are produced at lower polymerization temperature. Compounding studies indicate that vulcanizates of these polymers possess both normal and hot tensile properties comparable to natural rubber. Hysteretic properties of the carbon black vul...
CARBON, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS STOICHIOMETRY OF CYPRINID FISHES

We investigated the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels in whole fish and gut samples of several species of cyprinids, relating our findings to nutrient flux models. Some differences in whole-fish nutrient content across species, lakes, and seasons, as well as differences across fish length and mass, were found. N and P contents were highest in fathead minnows and lowest in pearl dace, with northern redbelly dace and finescale dace intermediate. Larger fish had higher percent C and lower percent N and P. However, all differences in whole fish C, N, and P chemistry were small. Cyprinids had the following mean composition: carbon, 46%; nitrogen, 9.7%; and phosphorus, 1.5%. The cyprinid molar C:N:P ratio was 242:16:1. These values make cyprinids relatively low in phosphorus compared to other fish that have been previously studied, especially members of the Percidae and Centrarchidae. Gut contents were lower in N and P than the whole fish, and C:N and C:P ratios were correspondingly higher in gut contents...