cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pragmatic trial to improve adherence with scheduled appointments in an inner-city pain clinic by human phone calls in the patient's preferred language.

Abstract Study objective We investigated if human reminder phone calls in the patient's preferred language increase adherence with scheduled appointments in an inner-city chronic pain clinic. We hypothesized that language and cultural incongruence is the underlying mechanism to explain poor attendance at clinic appointments in underserved Hispanic populations. Design Pragmatic randomized controlled clinical trial Setting Innercity academic chronic pain clinic with a diverse, predominantly African-American and Hispanic population Patients All ( n =963) adult patients with a scheduled first appointment between October 2014 and October 2015 at the Montefiore Pain Center in the Bronx, New York were enrolled. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive a human reminder call in their preferred language before their appointment, or no contact. Measurements We recorded patients' demographic characteristics and as primary outcome attendance as scheduled, failure to attend and/or cancellation calls. We fit Bayesian and classical multinomial logistic regression models to test if the intervention improved adherence with scheduled appointments. Main results Among the 953 predominantly African American and Hispanic/Latino patients, 475 patients were randomly selected to receive a language-congruent, human reminder call, while 478 were assigned to receive no prior contact, (after we excluded 10 patients, scheduled for repeat appointments). In the experimental group, 275 patients adhered to their scheduled appointment, while 84 cancelled and 116 failed to attend. In the control group, 249 patients adhered to their scheduled appointment, 31 cancelled and 198 failed to attend. Human phone reminders in the preferred language increased adherence (RR 1.89, CI95% [1.42, 1.42], ( p Conclusions Human reminder phone calls prior in the patient's preferred language increased adherence with scheduled appointments. The intervention facilitated access to much needed care in an ethnically diverse, resource poor population, presumably by overcoming language barriers.
Learning Hand Articulations by Hallucinating Heat Distribution

We propose a robust hand pose estimation method by learning hand articulations from depth features and auxiliary modality features. As an additional modality to depth data, we present a function of geometric properties on the surface of the hand described by heat diffusion. The proposed heat distribution descriptor is robust to identify the keypoints on the surface as it incorporates both the local geometry of the hand and global structural representation at multiple time scales. Along this line, we train our heat distribution network to learn the geometrically descriptive representations from the proposed descriptors with the fingertip position labels. Then the hallucination network is guided to mimic the intermediate responses of the heat distribution modality from a paired depth image. We use the resulting geometrically informed responses together with the discriminative depth features estimated from the depth network to regularize the angle parameters in the refinement network. To this end, we conduct extensive evaluations to validate that the proposed framework is powerful as it achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Network-based detection of mobile malware exhibiting obfuscated or silent network behavior

Business demand for bring your own device (BYOD) or guest wireless networks will continue to increase, and enterprise security programs must change to enable and secure this new environment with mobile devices. In this paper, our aim is to demonstrate an intrusion detection alternative that can identify infected mobile devices that either produce no application-sourced Wi-Fi network traffic or highly disguise their Wi-Fi network traffic. We evaluate the detection capability of this tool by attempting to discern non-infected Android mobile devices from Android mobile devices that have been infected by Trojan-based malware. Our approach has two major contributions. (1) It is a network-based tool that does not need to be installed on a device, unlike anti-virus software that can be subverted by malware. (2) Results demonstrate that the network-based tool is capable of accurately detecting a class of malware that does not generate Wi-Fi network traffic or highly disguises its Wi-Fi network traffic.
Reduction in Cigarettes per Day Prospectively Predicts Making a Quit Attempt: A Fine-Grained Secondary Analysis of a Natural History Study.

INTRODUCTION Reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) aided by medication increases quit attempts (QA) among smokers not trying to quit. If this is due to reducing CPD per se, then a greater reduction should predict making a QA. AIMS AND METHODS In this secondary analysis, 132 smokers completed nightly calls to report CPD, intention to quit tomorrow, and QAs over 12 weeks. We provided no treatment. We identified episodes of reduction and tested whether (1) percent reduction in CPD, (2) absolute reduction in CPD, (3) duration of reduction, or (4) CPD on the final day predicted a QA immediately after a reduction episode. We tested this separately among reduction episodes that began with and without an intention to quit. RESULTS Among the 1179 episodes that began without intention to quit, all four measures of reduction predicted making a QA. Greater percent reduction, longer duration, and fewer CPD on the final day were retained in a multivariate model (all p < .05). Among the 85 episodes that began with intention to quit, greater percent reduction and greater absolute reduction predicted making a QA. Only mean percent reduction was retained in a multivariate model (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our results replicate and extend earlier studies by using fine-grained analyses and examining immediately proximal QAs in a sample of self-quitters. Findings suggest that reducing CPD per se increases the probability of a QA among smokers without intention to quit in a dose-related manner. Whether this is the case among smokers who intend to quit remains unclear. IMPLICATIONS Reducing CPD appears to be an effective strategy to increase the probability of making a QA for the majority of smokers who do not intend to quit in the near future. However, our findings are mixed regarding the effectiveness of reducing among smokers who intend to quit. Clinical interventions and policies that promote reducing CPD are likely to be an effective way to increase QAs. Reduction may be especially helpful for smokers who have not responded to traditional advice to stop abruptly.
Analysis of red blood cell partitioning at bifurcations in simulated microvascular networks

Partitioning of red blood cells (RBCs) at vascular bifurcations has been studied over many decades using in vivo, in vitro, and theoretical models. These studies have shown that RBCs usually do not distribute to the daughter vessels with the same proportion as the blood flow. Such disproportionality occurs, whereby the cell distribution fractions are either higher or lower than the flow fractions and have been referred to as classical partitioning and reverse partitioning, respectively. The current work presents a study of RBC partitioning based on, for the first time, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a flowing cell suspension through modeled vascular networks that are comprised of multiple bifurcations and have topological similarity to microvasculature in vivo. The flow of deformable RBCs at physiological hematocrits is considered through the networks, and the 3D dynamics of each individual cell are accurately resolved. The focus is on the detailed analysis of the partitioning, based on the DNS data, as it develops naturally in successive bifurcations, and the underlying mechanisms. We find that while the time-averaged partitioning at a bifurcation manifests in one of two ways, namely, the classical or reverse partitioning, the time-dependent behavior can cycle between these two types. We identify and analyze four different cellular-scale mechanisms underlying the time-dependent partitioning. These mechanisms arise, in general, either due to an asymmetry in the RBC distribution in the feeding vessels caused by the events at an upstream bifurcation or due to a temporary increase in cell concentration near capillary bifurcations. Using the DNS results, we show that a positive skewness in the hematocrit profile in the feeding vessel is associated with the classical partitioning, while a negative skewness is associated with the reverse one. We then present a detailed analysis of the two components of disproportionate partitioning as identified in prior studies, namely, plasma skimming and cell screening. The plasma skimming component is shown to under-predict the disproportionality, leaving the cell screening component to make up for the difference. The crossing of the separation surface by the cells is observed to be a dominant mechanism underlying the cell screening, which is shown to mitigate extreme heterogeneity in RBC distribution across the networks.
Professionalism in Medicine as a Transnational and Transcultural Ethical Concept

This chapter presents the historical origins of the ethical concept of medicine as a profession and its enduring transnational and transcultural applications. The concept of medicine as a profession originated in the ethical writings of two British physicians, the physician-ethicist John Gregory (1724–1773) and the English physician-ethicist Thomas Percival (1740–1804). The three components of this ethical concept are that (1) the physician should become and remain scientifically and clinically competent; (2) the physician should commit to the protection and promotion of the health-related interests of the patient as the physician’s primary concern and motivation; and (3) physicians should maintain, strengthen, and pass on medicine to future physicians and patients as a public trust, not merchant guild. The authors show how this ethical concept of medicine as a profession is comprehensive in scope, applying to medical practice, medical education, and biomedical research. They also show how it provides a framework that guides culturally sensitive and culturally competent clinical judgment, decision-making, and behavior for practicing physicians and trainees across all specialties and subspecialties.
Historiography and Historical Thought: Islamic Tradition

‘Islamic historiography’ refers to the enormous body of historical writing produced by the Muslim societies of Western Asia and North Africa between the seventh and nineteenth centuries. History was never recognized as a formal science and always remained the province of self-taught ‘amateurs’—chiefly religious scholars and chancery secretaries. The writings produced by these two groups reflect distinctive but interpenetrating value-systems and social roles. Historical writing emerged in the seventh and eighth centuries as a way to make sense of the radical changes and religio-political conflicts experienced by Arab Muslims during this era. Early Islamic historiography not only reflected but was created by these changes and conflicts. By the late 800s Muslim historians were crafting grand syntheses that summed up Islam's first three centuries and situated it within a framework of world history. In the tenth century, however, historical writing began to emphasize regional and dynastic history and the recent rather than the remote past—a reflection of new political and cultural processes within the Islamic world. Until ca. 950 Arabic was the sole language of historical discourse, but thereafter Persian and (after 1400) Turkish generated distinctive literatures of their own. In the nineteenth century the sophisticated historiographic traditions of Islam faced intense political and intellectual challenges from Europe, and these challenges compelled a reshaping of historical thought and practice. By World War II, history was becoming a professionalized discipline on the European model, though of course Muslim writers have their own concerns and approaches.
Comparing Business School Faculty Classification for Perceptions of Student Cheating

Faculty continue to address academic dishonesty in their classes. In this follow-up to an earlier study on general perceived faculty student cheating, using a sample of business school faculty, we compared three levels of faculty classification: full-time non-tenure track (NTT, n = 86), full-time tenured/tenure-track (TT, n = 66), and part-time adjuncts (A, n = 71). Results showed that NTTs perceived higher levels for three different types of student cheating, i.e., paper-based, forbidden teamwork, and hiring someone to take an exam. In addition, NTTs were more likely to report a student for cheating. NTTs reported a higher course load and average class size, and average class size was positively related to all five types of cheating measured. Given the predicted increase in NTTs across all disciplines, making sure that all faculty, (but especially NTTs), have the resources needed to deter student cheating is important. All faculty have an obligation to hold students accountable for their behavior. Individual integrity is paramount; and it is what employers expect. Regardless of the chosen field or discipline, an employer’s expectations, in terms of character, is to hire individuals who possess a level of honesty that is above reproach. Addressing cheating is an obligation that all faculty need to address purposefully. Providing resources to help faculty address cheating is critical. Resources might include conflict resolution training to provide instructors with the necessary guidance so that they can better handle these difficult situations. This is important not only for the student while in school, but also for a university/college’s reputation.
Reflecting on God's will: Reflective processing contributes to religious peoples' deontological dilemma responses

Abstract Religious people tend to reject harm on moral dilemmas where causing harm maximizes outcomes, which is consistent with deontological but not utilitarian philosophy. Past research suggests that non-reflective processes drive deontological judgments, such as affective reactions to harm or heuristic application of moral rules. Yet, for religious people, reflective processes may also play a role in driving deontological judgments. We examined this possibility in three studies. Unlike most research, which treats deontological and utilitarian responses as diametric opposites, we employed process dissociation to assess them independently. Religiosity was associated with increased deontological and reduced utilitarian response tendencies—but time pressure (Study 1) and cognitive load (Study 2) reduced deontological tendencies among religious people. Increasing the salience of religious values attenuated this effect, without impacting utilitarian tendencies or the responses of less-religious people (Study 3). Thus, reflective consideration of religious values may contribute to deontological response tendencies among religious people.
Temperature Distribution in the Body

Heat generated in metabolically active organs is transported to the skin where it is removed from the body. In a warm environment, temperature variation is not large, ranging from 37 to 38 °C in metabolically active organs, such as the braien, heart, and liver, to 30–32 °C on the skin of hands and feet. Temperature change in critical central organs is strongly resisted by thermoregulatory mechanisms, while appreciable variation occurs in peripheral regions. Temperature variation throughout the body is important for four reasons: temperature determines the internal energy content of the body, temperature determines the rate at which heat is transported from warm regions to cooler regions, the rate of metabolic reaction increases with increasing temperature according to the Arrhenius equation, and temperature stimulates thermal receptors.
Immigration Enforcement and Student Achievement in the Wake of Secure Communities

Over the past decade, U.S. immigration enforcement policies have increasingly targeted unauthorized immigrants residing in the U.S. interior, many of whom are the parents of U.S.-citizen children. ...
Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients' Perspectives on Experiences With Music in Everyday Life: A Multifaceted and Dynamic Phenomenon.

Background: Cochlear implants (CIs), which have been designed primarily to support spoken communication of persons with severe to profound hearing loss, are highly effective in supporting speech perception in quiet listening conditions. CI users as a group achieve significantly poorer perception and appraisal of music, and speech perception is compromised when background music is present, thought outcomes vary considerably across recipients. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to variable music listening experiences, but many questions remain, particularly regarding experiences in everyday life from the perspective of CI users. Purpose: The purpose of this study was twofold: The first aim was to explore the perspectives of adult CI recipients regarding two experiences with music in everyday life: purposeful music listening and background music that competes with spoken conversation. The second aim was to develop a framework of everyday music experiences based upon CI perspectives that could inform future rehabilitative practices and research initiatives. Methods: Qualitative and patient-engaged research methodologies were used to emphasize the perspectives of the CI users. Participants included 40 experienced adult CI users ranging in age from 19 to 81 enrolled in 13 CI centers. Participants completed on-line semi-structured open-ended questionnaires regarding purposeful music listening and background music in conjunction with spoken communication. Responses were analyzed using an iterative inductive coding process consistent with grounded theory methodology. The interrelated themes that emerged from the data were then organized into a model synthesizing components from models on music response and self-management for persons with chronic health conditions. Outcomes: Data analyses informed the development of a Dynamic Problem Solving Model for Management of Music Listening Environments adapted from Hill-Briggs (2003) Problem Solving Model of Chronic Illness Self-Management. Key findings were: 1) Music listening is a dynamic, multifaceted experience; satisfactory listening depended upon optimal combinations of factors; 2) Music listening is effortful, but the extent of satisfaction is influenced by expectations and self-management of the situation; 3) CI users have limited access to resources for optimizing music experiences. Many CI users would consider rehabilitation, but level of commitment and priorities differ across CI users.
Overcoming immunotherapeutic resistance by targeting the cancer inflammation cycle

Abstract Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer and supports tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis, but also inhibits T cell immunosurveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapy. The biology of cancer inflammation is defined by a cycle of distinct immunological steps that begins during disease conception with the release of inflammatory soluble factors. These factors communicate with host organs to trigger bone marrow mobilization of myeloid cells, trafficking of myeloid cells to the tumor, and differentiation of myeloid cells within the tumor bed. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells then orchestrate an immunosuppressive microenvironment and assist in sustaining a vicious cycle of inflammation that co-evolves with tumor cells. This Cancer-Inflammation Cycle acts as a rheostat or “inflammostat” that impinges upon T cell immunosurveillance and prevents the development of productive anti-tumor immunity. Here, we define the major nodes of the Cancer-Inflammation Cycle and describe their impact on T cell immunosurveillance in cancer. Additionally, we discuss emerging pre-clinical and clinical data suggesting that intervening upon the Cancer-Inflammation Cycle will be a necessary step for broadening the potential of immunotherapy in cancer.
Investigation of Longitudinal Cracking in Widened Concrete Pavements

Widened slabs, widely employed in many US states in concrete pavements, have suffered from unexpected longitudinal cracks. These cracks suddenly appeared within 0.60 m to 1.20 m from widened slab edges and could be detrimental to the long-term pavement performance. The primary objective of this study was to identify possible causes for such longitudinal cracking observed on widened concrete pavements. Both field investigation and Finite Element Analysis were performed. Degrees of curling and warping were measured using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Concrete cores were also extracted to achieve a better understanding of how the cracking had developed. Field survey and numerical simulation results indicate that such longitudinal cracks could be primarily caused by a combination of excessive traffic loads, a high degree of curling and warping, inadequate support from underlying layers, pavement ageing, and skewed joints. It was also found that 4.30 m widened slabs coupled with tied Portland Cement Concrete shoulders outperformed others in terms of producing less cracking, even when they had experienced higher levels of truck traffic. The sites constructed in late afternoons also showed significantly less longitudinal cracks.
The Quasar SDSS J140821.67+025733.2 Does Not Contain a 196 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole

The black hole in the quasar SDSS J140821.67+025733.2 has been reported to have a mass of 1.96 × 1011 M⊙ based on measurements from the SDSS DR12 Quasar Catalog. As a result, references to this object as the most massive known black hole in the universe have recently appeared in scientific articles and in popular media including Wikipedia. We show that this extremely high mass estimate is incorrect, resulting from a faulty measurement of the C iv line width. From a new measurement of the Mg ii line width, we derive an estimate of MBH ≈ 8 × 109 M⊙.
Functional and structural modifications of influenza antibodies during pregnancy

Pregnancy represents a unique tolerogenic immune state which may alter susceptibility to infection and vaccine-response. Here we characterized humoral immunity to seasonal influenza vaccine strains in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Pregnant women had reduced hemagglutinin subtype-1 (H1)-IgG, IgG1, and IgG2, hemagglutination inhibition and group 1 and 2 stem IgG. However, H1-specific avidity and Fc{gamma}R1 binding increased. Influenza-antibodies in pregnancy had distinct Fc and Fab glycans characterized by di-galactosylation and di-sialylation. In contrast, agalactosylation and bisection were prominent outside of pregnancy. H1-specific Fc-functionality was moderately reduced in pregnancy, although likely compensated by stronger binding to cognate antigen and FcR. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct populations characterized by Fc{gamma}R1 binding, H1-IgG levels, and glycosylation. Pooled sera from pregnant women exhibited longer retention in vivo. Our results demonstrate structural and functional modulation of humoral immunity during pregnancy in an antigen-specific manner towards reduced inflammation, increased retention in circulation, and efficient placental transport.
Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal- and antibiotic-tolerant novel bacterial strain from a contaminated culture plate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga.

Background: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga, is normally cultured in laboratories in Tris-Acetate Phosphate (TAP), a medium which contains acetate as the sole carbon source. Acetate in TAP can lead to occasional bacterial and fungal contamination. We isolated a yellow-pigmented bacterium from a Chlamydomonas TAP plate. It was named Clip185 based on the Chlamydomonas strain plate it was isolated from. In this article we present our work on the isolation, taxonomic identification and physiological and biochemical characterizations of Clip185. Methods: We measured sensitivities of Clip185 to five antibiotics and performed standard microbiological tests to characterize it. We partially sequenced the 16S rRNA gene of Clip185. We identified the yellow pigment of Clip185 by spectrophotometric analyses. We tested tolerance of Clip185 to six heavy metals by monitoring its growth on Lysogeny Broth (LB) media plates containing 0.5 mM -10 mM concentrations of six different heavy metals. Results: Clip185 is an aerobic, gram-positive rod, oxidase-negative, mesophilic, alpha-hemolytic bacterium. It can ferment glucose, sucrose and mannitol. It is starch hydrolysis-positive. It is very sensitive to vancomycin but resistant to penicillin and other bacterial cell membrane- and protein synthesis-disrupting antibiotics. Clip185 produces a C50 carotenoid, decaprenoxanthin, which is a powerful anti-oxidant with a commercial demand. Decaprenoxanthin production is induced in Clip185 under light. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of Clip185 revealed a 99% sequence identity to that of Microbacterium binotii strain PK1-12M and Microbacterium sp. strain MDP6. Clip185 is able to tolerate toxic concentrations of six heavy metals. Conclusions: Our results show that Clip185 belongs to the genus Microbacterium. In the future, whole genome sequencing of Clip185 will clarify if Clip185 is a new Microbacterium species or a novel strain of Microbacterium binotii, and will reveal its genes involved in antibiotic-resistance, heavy-metal tolerance and regulation of decaprenoxanthin biosynthesis.
Phased Array with 45° Scanning and Over 65dB Polarization Purity from 53–100GHz Using PCB Flip-Chip Technology

Use of the millimeter wave spectrum is essential for the success of 5G and beyond communications. Modern millimeter wave arrays suffer from bandwidth limitations due to dielectric loadings. In this paper, the latter is compensated with a higher order Marchand balun in each element of a tightly coupled dipole antenna array (TCDA). The array operates from 53–100GHz at boresight with a VSWR < 2. When scanning 45° from broadside in the E and D-planes a VSWR < 3 is maintained, and the same holds for up to 30° in the H-plane. The array has an impressive cross-polarization purity of over 65dB across the bandwidth. Moreover, the array exhibits over 84% efficiency across the band. It is designed and fabricated on Tachyon ISO 100 and copper features are within commercial PCB limitations. Furthermore, the array is designed for flip-chip technologies and in a triangular lattice for 15% phase shifter count reduction.
Holomorphy Theory for Dual Pairs of Vector Spaces

Let E be a complex convex linear topological space (CLTS) and denote by Em the cartesian product E ×⋯× E (m factors). A function P: E → ℂ is called a homogeneous polynomial of degree m on E if there exists a nonzero, symmetric, m-linear functional $$ \beta :{E^m} \to \mathbb{C},\quad ({x_1},...,{x_m}) \to \beta ({x_1},...,{x_m}) $$ such that $$ P(x) = \beta (x,...,x),\quad x \in E $$ . A constant function is a homogeneous polynomial of degree zero. A function which is a finite sum of homogeneous polynomials is called a generalized polynomial. The collection of all generalized polynomials is obviously a point separating algebra of functions on E. Each of its elements P has a unique representation of the form P = P0 +…+ Pm, where Pk is either zero or a homogeneous polynomial of degree k, for 0 ≤ k ≤ m, and Pm ≠ 0. The integer m is called the degree of P and the polynomials Pk are called its homogeneous components. If x0 is a fixed element of E then Q(x) = P(x - x0), x ∈ E, defines a generalized polynomial with degree equal to that of P. Observe that a linear functional on E is a polynomial of degree one. Elements of the algebra generated by the linear functionals are called finite polynomials.
The Tunable Seer

Species diversity and species constancy of behavior depend upon predictable patterns of development. In some species the course of development is relatively inflexible; learning and experience appear to play minor roles…. In other species, the structure and function of the brain make possible a strong reliance on learning and experience…. The greatest conceptual problem in the development of behavior is in understanding the interaction of the two fundamental determinants of the course of development, inheritance and experience. [Brown, 1975, p. 607]
Women’s education in the U.S.S.R.: 1950–1985

When compared to women in other modern, industrialized societies, women in the Soviet Union have made definite strides toward equality with men in several important spheres: employment, legal rights, social and political activity, and education. It cannot be said, however, that women in the U.S.S.R., or elsewhere, have achieved equality with men. Yet the gains that Soviet women have attained have been persistent and impressive.
Analysis of MAP/PH/c Retrial Queue with Phase Type Retrials – Simulation Approach

In this paper we study a multi-server retrial queueing model in which customers arrive according to a Markovian arrival process (MAP) and the service times are assumed to be of phase type (PH-type). An arriving customer finding all servers busy will enter into a (retrial) orbit of infinite size. The customers in orbit will try to capture a free server after a random amount of time which is assumed to be of PH-type. Thus, every customer in the orbit has his/her own phase type distribution before attempting to get into service. Due to the complexity of the model and lack of attention to such models in the literature, we study this via simulation. After validating our simulated results against known results (both exact and approximation) for some special cases, we illustrate how one can underestimate or overestimate some key system performance measures by incorrectly assuming the retrial times to be exponential.
Amber Mutants of Bacteriophage T4 Defective in Deoxycytidine Diphosphatase and Deoxycytidine Triphosphatase ON THE ROLE OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN BACTERIOPHAGE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Infection of Escherichia coli B with T4 amber mutants in gene 56 fails to cause the appearance of either deoxycytidine triphosphatase or deoxycytidine diphosphatase, and little or no DNA synthesis results. Infection of E. coli B with a 7:3 mixture of a gene 56 amber mutant and wild type T4 results in the appearance of only 30% as much dCTPase activity as normal but gives a 100% yield of mixed phage. This indicates that dCTPase is present in at least a 3-fold excess in the wild type infection. Escherichia coli W4597, shown by others to support the synthesis by wild type T4 of DNA in which the hydroxymethylcytosine is virtually unglucosylated, also fails to support the synthesis of DNA upon infection with a gene 56 amber mutant. This and other evidence indicate that in T4 DNA a crucial function of hydroxymethylcytosine, whether glucosylated or not, is the protection of progeny phage DNA against nuclease activity that degrades the cytosine-containing DNA of the host.
A New Paradigm for Women's Sexual Orientation: Implications for Therapy

Abstract This paper critiques old models of women's sexual orientation that viewed heterosexuality as the norm for mental health, characterized lesbians as masculinized sexual “inverts,” and looked to biology to explain the development of homosexuality. A new paradigm for women's sexual orientation is presented. This paradigm emphasizes the importance of the social context and recognizes the multiple pathways that can lead a woman to identify as lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual. In addition, the main components of sexual orientation are considered as is the potential fluidity of women's sexuality. Throughout, implications of the new paradigm for psychotherapy with women are considered.
Fabrication and test of a high power s-band metamaterial backward-wave oscillator

This paper presents the experimental demonstration of a high power backward-wave oscillator (BWO) that uses a negative index mode in a waveguide filled with a metamaterial (MTM). The MTMBWO uses a 500 keV, 80 A electron beam. Initial tests of a 352 mm long metamaterial structure generated 40 W of power at 2.83 GHz. The measured frequency vs. electron beam voltage is in very good agreement with theory. Tests of a longer structure designed to produce over 1 MW of microwave power are scheduled to begin in Spring 2015. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of a high power microwave source utilizing an MTM structure.
Prostate rotation detected from implanted markers can affect dose coverage and cannot be simply dismissed

With implanted markers, daily prostate displacements can be automatically detected with six degrees of freedom. The reported magnitudes of the rotations, however, are often greater than the typical range of a six-degree treatment couch. The purpose of this study is to quantify geometric and dosimetric effects if the prostate rotations are not corrected (ROT_NC) and if they can be compensated with translational shifts (ROT_C). Forty-three kilovoltage cone-beam CTs (KV-CBCT) with implanted markers from five patients were available for this retrospective study. On each KV-CBCT, the prostate, bladder, and rectum were manually contoured by a physician. The prostate contours from the planning CT and CBCT were aligned manually to achieve the best overlaps. This contour registration served as the benchmark method for comparison with two marker registration methods: (a) using six degrees of freedom, but rotations were not corrected (ROT_NC); and (b) using three degrees of freedom while compensating rotations into the translational shifts (ROT_C). The center of mass distance (CMD) and overlap index (OI) were used to evaluate these two methods. The dosimetric effects were also analyzed by comparing the dose coverage of the prostate clinical target volume (CTV) in relation to the planning margins. According to our analysis, the detected rotations dominated in the left–right axis with systematic and random components of 4.6° and 4.1°, respectively. When the rotation angles were greater than 10°, the differences in CMD between the two registrations were greater than 5 mm in 85.7% of these fractions; when the rotation angles were greater than 6°, the differences of CMD were greater than 4 mm in 61.1% of these fractions. With 6 mm/4 mm posterior planning margins, the average difference between the dose to 99% (D99) of the prostate in CBCTs and the planning D99 of the prostate was -8.0 ± 12.3% for the ROT_NC registration, and -3.6 ± 9.0% for the ROT_C registration ( p = 0.01). When the planning margin decreased to 4 mm/2 mm posterior, the average difference in D99 of the prostate was -22.0 ± 16.2% and -15.1 ± 15.2% for the ROT_NC and ROT_C methods, respectively ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, prostate rotation cannot be simply dismissed, and the impact of the rotational errors depends on the distance between the isocenter and the centroid of implanted markers and the rotation angle.
Content-based access to algebraic video

Algebraic video uses a set of basic operations on video segments to create a desired video stream. The video algebra consists of operations for temporally and spatially combining video segments, and for attaching attributes to these segments. Video streams of interest can be discovered with video queries that describe desired attributes. Unlike previous approaches, algebraic video permits video expressions to be nested in arbitrarily deep hierarchies. It also permits video segments to inherit attributes by context. Experience with a prototype algebraic video system suggests that algebraic video can be used to create new video presentations from existing video libraries with query based discovery and algebraic combination of video segments of interest. >
Pets, Attachment, and Well-Being across the Life Cycle

Using an ethological framework of attachment developed by Bowlby and the social provisions of relationships delineated by Weiss, this article explores the ways in which family pets, in particular dogs and cats, provide certain components of attachment that contribute to emotional and social well-being throughout the life cycle. Pets may supply ongoing comfort and reduce feelings of loneliness during adversity or stressful transitions such as divorce or bereavement. They can also provide an opportunity to nurture others. In clinical practice it helps to be aware of how significant a pet may be to a client. Implications are identified for social policies that will protect and maintain this bond for particular populations, such as elderly people in nursing homes or retirement communities and individuals going through a life transition.
Covering pairs by quintuples with index λ 0 (mod 4)

A (v, k. λ) covering design of order v, block size k, and index λ is a collection of k-element subsets, called blocks, of a set V such that every 2-subset of V occurs in at least λ blocks. The covering problem is to determine the minimum number of blocks, α(v, k, λ), in a covering design. It is well known that , where [χ] is the smallest integer satisfying χ ≤ χ. It is shown here that α (v, 5, λ) = ϕ(v, 5, λ) + ϵ where λ ≡ 0 (mod 4) and e= 1 if λ (v−1)≡ 0(mod 4) and λv (v−1)/4 ≡ −1 (mod 5) and e= 0 otherwise With the possible exception of (v,λ) = (28, 4). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finding a Needle in a Haystack Development of a Combinatorial Virtual Screening Approach for Identifying High Specificity Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Sequence(s)

We describe a combinatorial virtual screening approach for predicting high specificity heparin/heparan sulfate sequences using the well-studied antithrombin−heparin interaction as a test case. Heparan sulfate hexasaccharides were simulated in the ‘average backbone' conformation, wherein the inter-glycosidic bond angles were held constant at the mean of the known solution values, irrespective of their sequence. Molecular docking utilized GOLD with restrained inter-glycosidic torsions and intra-ring conformations, but flexible substituents at the 2-, 3-, and 6-positions and explicit incorporation of conformational variability of the iduronate residues. The approach reproduces the binding geometry of the sequence-specific heparin pentasaccharide to within 2.5 A. Screening of a combinatorial virtual library of 6859 heparin hexasaccharides using a dual filter strategy, in which predicted antithrombin affinity was the first filter and self-consistency of docking was the second, resulted in only 10 sequences. Of...
The Intensity of Reflection of X-Rays by Lithium, Sodium and Calcium Fluorides.

is a function of n and of the arrangement of the electrons in the atoms, sin b b2 sin2 0 and includes the Debye temperature factor e x2 . F, which is called the "atomic structure factor," approaches the number of electrons in the atom at small angles of reflection and theoretically should become equal to this number when sin 0 = 0. All of the unknown quantities in the above expression except F may be measured, so that F may be calculated. Since the measurements reported in this note are only relative, we may dispense with the part of (1) which does not enter directly into the determination of the relative intensities. We then have
God's Word, Religious Rules, and Their Relation to Christian and Jewish Children's Concepts of Morality

2 studies were conducted of children's concepts of moral and nonmoral religious rules. In Study 1, 64 Amish-Mennonite children (ages 10, 12, 14, 16) were asked to evaluate 4 moral and 7 nonmoral religious rules as to rule alterability, generalizability, and whether the status of the acts was contingent on the word of God. As a second aspect of Study 1, 64 Dutch Reform Calvinist children were asked to determine whether God's commands could make a harmful act morally right. Study 2 replicated the basic design of Study 1 with 64 Conservative and 32 Orthodox Jewish children. Findings were that subjects differentiated between moral and nonmoral religious issues. Moral rules and some nonmoral rules were seen as nonalterable by religious authorities. The status of moral (but not nonmoral) acts was generalized to members outside the religion and was not viewed as contingent on the existence of statements from God. Judgments regarding moral issues were justified in terms of justice and human welfare considerations; nonmoral issues were evaluated in terms of their normative status. Some denominational and age effects were found. Findings supported the proposition that social knowledge is constructed within conceptual systems that represent fundamental categories of social experience.
Carbon‐nitrogen bond cleavage provoked by hydrogen rearrangement: The fragmentation of N‐acetylpyrrolidine and homologues

Carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage provoked by hydrogen rearrangement in molecular ions is reflected in several prominent features of the fragmentation of acylated cyclic amines, notably N-acetylpyrrolidine. Contrary to the behavior of the free amine, the positional origin of the atoms involved in the ejection of ethylene from the molecular ion of the acetyl derivative reveals participation of an α-carbon atom, i.e. a carbon atom directly attached to nitrogen. Abstraction of hydrogen from the α-position of the ring moiety by the acyl substituent is proposed as initiating the over-all process. The analogous behavior of systems incorporating larger rings or extended acyl substituents (N-acetylpiperidine, N-acetylhexamethyleneimine, N-propionylpyrrolidine and N-n-butyrylpyrrolidine) lends support to the general applicability of this mechanistic rationale.
The National Commission on IRBs: an evolutionary approach.

It is getting harder to find examples of serious harm done to research subjects or serious violations of their rights. In a study done of research during a one-year period at sixty-one institutions, researchers were able to find only five subjects who died in the course of experiments.l The five were in three separate projects, all involving cancer research. At least some of the subjects were terminally ill at the time of their participation in the research. In only 3 percent of all the projects did some harm occur to subjects and these effects were generally trivial or only temporarily disabling-at least according to the judgment of the investigators who provided the data. And the review process has managed to forestall some dangerous research. The Environmental Protection Agency attempted to contract to have humans ingest massive amount of a fungicide, but an institutional review board found the risks excessive.
Averting the proliferation of acronymophilia in dermatology: Effectively avoiding ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC

D iseases and syndromes in medicine are often described by descriptive phrases, eponyms, or acronyms. In addition, mnemonic devices—primarily acronyms—have been extended beyond disease processes and applied liberally in clinical trials, screening instruments, and even magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences. It is not uncommon for a single disease process to be known by three different names or for a single acronym to be applied to scores of uses in medical nomenclature. The proliferation of acronym usage in medicine has been heavily discussed over the past few decades. 5,12-19 However, this topic has not been addressed in the dermatology literature. As the field of dermatology begins to see its own impending proliferation of acronymophilia, it is important to assess the utility of such naming practices, especially (1) given the visual/descriptive nature of the field and (2) as multiple new acronyms are proposed every year. For example, Kreuter et al recently labeled a human papillomaviruseassociated disease as WILD (warts, immunodeficiency, lymphedema, and dysplasia) syndrome, an acronym based on the physical and immunologic aspects of the disease. Before the utility of mnemonic devices can be discussed, the basis of memory should quickly be reviewed. In 1985, Sarter and Markowitsch reviewed the amygdala’s role in memory processing based on human case reports and lesion studies in animals. Later, Barbas reviewed the neuroanatomic
Triptycene Polyimides: Soluble Polymers with High Thermal Stability and Low Refractive Indices

A series of soluble, thermally stable aromatic polyimides were synthesized using commercially available five- and six-membered ring anhydrides and 2,6-diaminotriptycene derivatives. All of these triptycene polyimides (TPIs) were soluble in common organic solvents despite their completely aromatic structure due to the three-dimensional triptycene structure that prevents strong interchain interactions. Low solution viscosities (0.07−0.47 dL/g) and versatile solubilities allow for easy solution processing of these polymers. Nanoporosity in the solid state gives rise to high surface areas (up to 430 m2/g) and low refractive indices (1.19−1.79 at 633 nm), which suggest very low dielectric constants at optical frequencies. Polymer films were found to be amorphous. The decomposition temperature (Td) for all of the polymers is above 500 °C, and no glass transition temperatures can be found below 450 °C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating excellent prospects for high-temperature applications. Th...
Periodogram analysis of 240 years of sunspot records

We have analyzed the direct records of sunspot number between 1749 and 1990 with the same technique currently used in the study of stellar activity cycles observed with Mount Wilson Observatory's 60-inch telescope. In order to mimic the stellar time series, which span only two decades, we analyzed twenty- and fifty-year intervals of the sunspot data in comparison to the entire record. We also examined the reliability of the oldest (pre-1850) sunspot records. The mean solar cycle period determined from the entire record (1749–1990) is 11.04 yr with a computed precision of ± 0.01 yr, but an overall accuracy of only ±1.1 yr. The large uncertainty is caused by variation of the cycle period with time and not observational uncertainty. The ‘correct’ sunspot period is found slightly more often (82%) in 50-year intervals compared to 20-year (74%). The cause is twofold: first, a more precise period results from the longer sample length, and second, other periodicities exist in the sunspot record, so that a more accurate determination of the dominant 11.0-year period results from the longer time series. As a guideline for cycle periodicities in other stars, the solar results indicate that the 50-year intervals would produce more precise and accurate periods than the 20-year time series. On the other hand, useful statistics concerning long-term activity could be obtained from a less-frequently sampled group of stars that is substantially larger than the group of ∼100 lower Main-Sequence stars currently observed at Mount Wilson, although knowledge of short-term variability would be sacrificed.