cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic equations in weak topologies

Abstract Existence theorems are presented for the Cauchy problem for an abstract similinear differential equation in a Banach space, where the topological properties of the non-linear perturbation are known only in the weak topology. The results are used to prove the existence of global approximate solutions to the BGK equation.
Pharmaco-EEG study of 6-azamianserin (ORG 3770): dissociation of EEG and pharmacologic predictors of antidepressant activity.

The effects of a single oral dose of 6-azamianserin (2 mg) were compared to those of mianserin (6 mg), flurazepam (10 mg), and placebo in 11 healthy male volunteers, in a crossover design. Quantitative EEG, heart rate, blood pressure, task performance, and subjective state were measured. EEG and behavioral measures distinguished the substances from placebo. 6-Azamianserin was similar to mianserin in type and duration of effects. In a separate study in 12 volunteers, 0.5 and 1.0 mg of the (+) and (-) enantiomers of 6-azamianserin elicited dose-related EEG and behavioral effects, distinguishable from placebo. These effects were similar to those elicited by racemic 6-azamianserin and mianserin. Clinical trials of 6-azamianserin in depressed patients, particularly the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease, are warranted. Dosages selected should be onethird those of mianserin. The stereospecific properties of the enantiomers in preclinical tests predict that any clinical ‘antidepressant’ activity will reside in the (+) isomer only, while the pharmaco-EEG trials predict that both enantiomers will be clinically ‘antidepressant”. Clinical testing of the isomers, particularly the (-) isomer, is indicated as a test of the predictive value of pharmacologic and pharmaco-EEG models of clinical antidepressant activity.
Gender Identity and Social Competence.

The process of gender identity, described as the self-attribution of culturally bound concepts of masculinity and femininity, is traced throughout the period of development and linked to social competence. Three stages in the development of conscious gender identity are described — gender awareness, gender orientation, and gender identity — and the characteristics of each stage are outlined. Finally, the implications of this view of the process of gender identity formation are discussed, especially in relation to Bem's concept of androgyny.
Motion tracking and electromyography assist the removal of mirror hand contributions to fNIRS images acquired during a finger tapping task performed by children with cerebral palsy

Functional neurological imaging has been shown to be valuable in evaluating brain plasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). In recent studies it has been demonstrated that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a viable and sensitive method for imaging motor cortex activities in children with CP. However, during unilateral finger tapping tasks children with CP often exhibit mirror motions (unintended motions in the non-tapping hand), and current fNIRS image formation techniques do not account for this. Therefore, the resulting fNIRS images contain activation from intended and unintended motions. In this study, cortical activity was mapped with fNIRS on four children with CP and five controls during a finger tapping task. Finger motion and arm muscle activation were concurrently measured using motion tracking cameras and electromyography (EMG). Subject-specific regressors were created from motion capture and EMG data and used in a general linear model (GLM) analysis in an attempt to create fNIRS images representative of different motions. The analysis provided an fNIRS image representing activation due to motion and muscle activity for each hand. This method could prove to be valuable in monitoring brain plasticity in children with CP by providing more consistent images between measurements. Additionally, muscle effort versus cortical effort was compared between control and CP subjects. More cortical effort was required to produce similar muscle effort in children with CP. It is possible this metric could be a valuable diagnostic tool in determining response to treatment.
Do tests of executive functioning predict ability to downregulate emotions spontaneously and when instructed to suppress

Behavioral regulation is a hallmark feature of executive functioning (EF). The present study investigated whether commonly used neuropsychological test measures of EF (i.e., working memory, Stroop, trail making, and verbal fluency) were related to ability to downregulate emotion both spontaneously and when instructed to suppress emotional expressions. To ensure a wide range of EF, 24 frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients, 7 Alzheimer's patients, and 17 neurologically normal controls participated. Participants were exposed to an acoustic startle stimulus (single aversive noise burst) under three conditions: (1) unwarned, (2) warned with no instructions (to measure spontaneous emotion downregulation), and (3) warned with instructions to suppress (to measure instructed emotion downregulation). Results indicated that higher verbal fluency scores were related to greater emotion regulation (operationalized as reduction in body movement and emotional facial behavior when warned of the impending startle) in both regulation conditions. No relationships were found between emotion regulation in these conditions and the other EF measures. We conclude that, of four commonly used measures of EF, verbal fluency best indexes the complex processes of monitoring, evaluation, and control necessary for successful emotion regulation, both spontaneously and following instructions to suppress.
Characterization of deep-sea storms

Abstract To describe and quantify the physical forcing of sediment transport events at the HEBBLE site, velocity, stress and sediment concentration data were obtained during a year long deployment. Through the year, a variety of intense sediment transporting “events” were recorded. Careful analysis of these “events” reveals that only a small proportion of the peaks in suspended sediment concentration correspond to “local” erosion. Most sediment “events” were clouds of fine suspended material advected into the region. Analysis of progressive vector diagrams reveal that these advected clouds were bounded by regions with concentration gradients as high as 200 μg 1 −1 km −1 . The high gradients suggest streams of sediment-bearing water, with sharp fronts of sediment concentration along their sidewalls, were veering across the region. The largest concentrations of suspended sediment were observed during local suspension events. The growth and decay of the sediment clouds during the “local” events did not exactly track the boundary shear stress. Rapid erosion occurred as the stress exceeded a critical shear stress. Maximum suspended concentrations occurred shortly after erosion began, indicating a source limited erosion process. The depositional period lasted for several weeks, whereas the erosion occurred in only a few days. Photographs of the bottom reveal depositional features (crag and tail dunes) which are aligned with the post-storm flow, not the erosional flow direction.
From moral concern to moral constraint

Current research into the neural basis of moral decision-making endorses a common theme: The mechanisms we use to make value-guided decisions concerning each other are remarkably similar to those we use to make value-guided decisions for ourselves. In other words, moral decisions are just another kind of ordinary decision. Yet, there is something unsettling about this conclusion: We often feel as if morality places an absolute constraint on our behavior, in a way unlike ordinary personal concerns. What is the neural and psychological basis of this feeling of moral constraint? Several models are considered and outstanding questions highlighted.
Advanced Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Pressurized Air Wave Bearings

Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations have been done in the field of gas lubrication, but few people focused on details of fluid flow between the sliding surfaces. In this work the entire pressurized wave bearing is analyzed in detail. The numerical study using a three-dimensional commercial code and a two-dimensional finite difference code gives information about the flow at many levels. The numerically computed flow rates using the commercial code are compared with experimental results determined at NASA Glenn Research Center on an experimental rig. The calculated discharge coefficient is used in the finite difference code which solves the Reynolds equation. The holes effect is considered as a source term, instead of applying hybrid type boundary conditions on the holes contours. Data from experimental tests, commercial three-dimensional code, and two-dimensional code are reported and compared to each other. Good agreement was found between numerical study and experiment.
Separation and re-adhesion processes of two adhered single-walled carbon nanotube bundles

Carbon nanotubes are desirable components of nanoelectromechanical (NEM) devices due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, dielectrophoresis, a potential high-rate nanomanufacturing process, was used to assemble single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles suspended over a trench. The intent was to assemble a single SWCNT bundle between two electrodes. However, it was observed that when two or more SWCNT bundles assembled across the trench, the bundles were attached together in a portion of the suspended section. This study models the separation and re-adhesion processes of two adhered SWCNT bundles as their internal tensions are varied using an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. Two devices were selected with distinct SWCNT bundles. Observation of the force–distance measurements through applying an AFM tip at the middle of the suspended SWCNT bundles, in conjunction with continuum mechanics modelling, allowed the work of adhesion between the two nanotube bundles to be determined. As the force was applied by the AFM tip, the tension induced in each bundle increases sufficiently to partially overcome the adhesion between the bundles, thereby decreasing the adhesive length. The adhesive length then recovers due to the decrease in the induced tension during the unloading process. The average value of the work of adhesion between two adhered SWCNT bundles was determined to be 0.37 J m−2 according to the experimental data and modelling results.
Economic impact of an environmental accident: A time-series analysis of the exxon valdez oil spill in southcentral alaska

Tharae prevailing model of individual and collective responses to environmental accidents emphasizes the interactive relationships between the impacted social organization and the aversive agent. The focus of this model is on the social and psychological dimensions of these events. Lacking is a recognition that environmental accidents are also powerful economic perturbations with the potential to effect profound adjustments within impacted communities. A stochastic time‐series model is utilized to illustrate the magnitude of the economic impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the communities of southcentral Alaska. This environmental accident induced a regional economic boom of substantial proportions for the small, natural resource dependent communities located in the impacted region. Although the benefits of this increase in economic activity were not distributed evenly across southcentral Alaska, the analysis concludes that the environmental accident was economically beneficial and compensated for a ...
Involvement of tachykinins in endotoxin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.

Inhaled endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been shown to result in bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to endogenous bronchoconstrictive mediators such as histamine. To determine the role of sensory neuropeptides released from bronchopulmonary C-fibers in LPS-induced BHR, 24 guinea pigs were allocated randomly to the following four groups. Animals in Groups I and IV were challenged with intratracheal instillation of 100 μl of saline vehicle, and those in Groups II and III with 1 mg of LPS (Escherichia coli, 0111:B4) in 100 μl of saline. Groups III and IV also received a high dose capsaicin (HDC) treatment to deplete tachykinins from C-fibers 1–2 weeks prior to the experiment. Animals were anesthetized and paralyzed, and total lung resistance (RL) and compliance (Cdyn) were measured continuously during the experiment. Dose responses of RL and Cdyn to histamine (0–8 μg/kg, intravenously) and capsaicin (0–1.6 μg/kg, intravenously), a specific C-fiber stimulant, were obtained prior to and at 1, 2, and 3 h following LPS/saline vehicle challenge. At 2 h after LPS, ΔRL caused by histamine (8 μg/kg) was significantly higher in Group II (1.145%) than that in Group I (280%; p < 0.05); similarly, ΔRL caused by capsaicin (1.6 μg/kg) was also increased after LPS (Group I, 107%; Group II, 267%; p < 0.05). Although HDC treatment completely abolished the bronchomotor response to capsaicin in both Groups III and IV, it enhanced the LPS-induced BHR to histamine (8 μg/kg; Group III, 1.834%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that the role of tachykinins in LPS-induced BHR may be dependent upon the type and the route of administration of the bronchoactive substance studied.
Prevention of dental caries

Abstract The enamel surface is the site at which attempts at caries prevention can most profitably be concentrated. In this connection, it was pointed out that saliva not only serves to keep the tooth surface clean but may, in some way, reinforce it and make it more resistant to dental decay. At this time, methods for increasing the protective effect of saliva are not known. It was pointed out that the tooth surface seems to undergo reactions with its oral environment, resulting in “chemical maturation,” which makes it more resistant to the destructive forces of dental decay. The action of fluorine is an example of such an effect and makes its use, either in water supplies or as applications on the teeth, the most practical procedure for the partial control of caries. That fluorine has such an effect suggests that other agents, including natural food constituents, might also influence the destructibility of the enamel surface. It was concluded that attempts to control the bacteria on the tooth surface offer little promise of practical caries prevention. Instead, it was decided that the best hope of reducing the acid attack from bacteria-foodstuff complexes rests in reducing the frequency of eating sweet foods and that, at present, this is the only effective dietary recommendation which can be made. The advantage of substituting liquid or other carbohydrate foods of low cariogenicity for those with high cariogenicity was suggested as a promising approach to the dietary control of caries.
Regulation of Caveolin-1 Expression and Secretion by a Protein Kinase Cε Signaling Pathway in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Caveolin-1, androgen receptor, c-Myc, and protein kinase Ce (PKCe) proteins are overrepresented in most advanced prostate cancer tumors. Previously, we demonstrated that PKCe has the capacity to enhance the expression of both caveolin-1 and c-Myc in cultured prostate cancer cells and is sufficient to induce the growth of androgen-independent tumors. In this study, we have uncovered further evidence of a functional interplay among these proteins in the CWR22 model of human prostate cancer. The results demonstrated that PKCe expression was naturally up-regulated in recurrent CWR22 tumors and that this oncoprotein was required to sustain the androgen-independent proliferation of CWR-R1 cells in culture. Gene transfer experiments demonstrated that PKCe had the potential to augment the expression and secretion of a biologically active caveolin-1 protein that supports the growth of the CWR-R1 cell line. Antisense and pharmacological experiments provided additional evidence that the sequential activation of PKCe, mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Myc, and androgen receptor signaling drove the downstream expression of caveolin-1 in CWR-R1 cells. Finally, we demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinases were required downstream of PKCe to derepress the transcriptional elongation of the c-myc gene. Our findings support the hypothesis that PKCe may advance the recurrence of human prostate cancer by promoting the expression of several important downstream effectors of disease progression.
Chloride extrusion in the isolated perfused teleost gill

Chloride extrusion is examined in the isolated perfused gill of the pinfish,Lagodon rhomboides. In both sea water and Ringer's baths, the Cl efflux from the isolated gill is 45% that of the intact animal. The transepithelial electrical potential (TEP) across the isolated gill in sea water is equal to that in vivo, in Ringer's the gill TEP is slightly less than in vivo. Cl efflux is linearly dependent upon afferent flow of the perfusate. Furosemide, added to the perfusate inhibits 57% of the Cl efflux in gills bathed bilaterally by Ringer's. Ouabain causes a marked vasoconstriction and increase in afferent pressure. Removal of Na from the perfusate produces an inhibition of the Cl efflux that is not potential mediated. Net extrusion of Cl is inhibited in isolated gills bathed bilaterally by sodium free Ringer's.
Degrees of freedom

I propose a theory of freedom of choice on which it is a variable quality of individual conscious choices that has several dimensions that admit of degrees, even though – as many theorists have traditionally supposed – it also has as a necessary condition the possession of a capacity that is all or nothing. I argue that the proposed account better fits the phenomenology of ostensibly free actions, as well as empirical findings in the human sciences.
LAP2α and BAF collaborate to organize the Moloney murine leukemia virus preintegration complex

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is an essential step in retroviral replication. The viral DNA made by reverse transcription is a component of the preintegration complex (PIC) that also contains the viral integrase protein, the enzyme that integrates the viral DNA. Several other viral and cellular proteins are present in the PIC, but their functional roles are less well established. Barrier‐to‐autointegration factor (BAF) is a cellular protein component of the PIC that blocks autointegration of the viral DNA and stimulates intermolecular integration. In uninfected cells, BAF interacts with members of the LEM family of inner nuclear membrane and nucleoplasmic proteins. Here, we demonstrate that one of the LEM proteins, lamina‐associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α), is a component of the PIC. LAP2α stabilizes the association of BAF with the PIC to stimulate intermolecular integration and suppress autointegration. To further understand the role of LAP2α, we established LAP2α‐knockdown cell lines. Depletion of LAP2α significantly inhibited viral replication. Our results demonstrate a critical contribution of LAP2α to the nucleoprotein organization of the PIC and to viral replication.
Epilogue: Exploring L2 writing–SLA interfaces

Abstract In this closing commentary, I first briefly recognize areas that have made the dialogue between the fields of second language (L2) writing and second language acquisition (SLA) difficult in the past. I then offer some comments on the interfaces that are brought to the fore by the contributions gathered in the special issue. The themes explored are all of an instructional nature, spanning attention to form in writing, written error correction, and individual differences in writing. I close with some additional reflections on the present and future potential for relevant research at the interface between the two fields, specifically calling for the inclusion of teachers, tasks, and L2 proficiency as worthy additional cornerstones of future L2 writing–SLA interface work.
Modeling of Load Frequency Effect on Fatigue Life of Thermoplastic Composites

This paper presents a simple prediction scheme correlating fatigue life to the thermal degradation of fatigue strength. Shifting factors similar to the time-temperature shifting in viscoelastic media were employed to account for the effect of temperature on fatigue strength and an iso-strength plot was introduced for fatigue life prediction under non-isothermal conditions. The scheme presented in this paper can predict the load frequency effect associated with hysteretic heating from limiting basic material information. The load frequency effect on the fatigue life of an AS4/PEEK ±45 thermoplastic composite laminate was investigated at 1 Hz, 5 Hz and 10 Hz. Fatigue life prediction for 5 Hz and 10 Hz based on S-N data at 1 Hz was also demonstrated. The predictions agreed reasonably with the experimental data.
Electronics and the future

The vast influx of reports on new and not easily understood developments in the various fields of electronics easily can be quite baffling to the electrical engineer. An understanding, such as is provided here, of recent expansion in electronics research is helpful to give the correct perspective with which to view the electrical industry.
Implications of VERITAS on AGN astrophysics

Abstract The EGRET detector and existing ground-based γ-ray telescopes have greatly impacted our understanding of blazar-like active galactic nuclei (AGN), but they have also left many questions unanswered. Among these are the nature of the particles which produce the γ-rays, and the mechanisms for accelerating the particles and producing the γ-rays. VERITAS will help answer these questions through precise measures of short time scale phenomena, accurate energy spectra spanning 50 GeV-50 TeV, and the detection of more sources. In this paper, we discuss how VERITAS will contribute to our understanding of AGN.
Relating discriminant analysis and data envelopment analysis to one another

Two techniques that have received a great deal of attention recently are Discriminant Analysis (DA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). While these are two apparently unrelated methods, they do share some noteworthy commonalities. Both can be described as methods for evaluating performance of a group of similar units or observations using linear programming. In each, a set of factors has been measured for all units and a weighting scheme is sought for these factors to differentiate between the successful and the unsuccessful units. These similarities between DA and DEA raise the question of whether some useful middle ground might exist between the two methods, or whether each method might learn something from the other. Exploring these possibilities along with examining the differences and similarities between DA and DEA is the purpose of this paper. The comparison of the two methods in itself provides insight into both methods and provides the taxonomy from which several alternatives to standard DA and DEA are proposed. Two of these methods are developed and discussed in greater detail and appear to have potential usefulness.
Estimating the Coefficient of Cross-Validity in Multiple Regression: A Comparison of Analytical and Empirical Methods

In predictive applications of multiple regression, interest centers on the estimation of the population coefficient of cross-validation rather than the popula tion multiple correlation. The accuracy of 3 analytical formulas for shrinkage esti mation (Ezekiel, Browne, & Darlington) and 4 empirical techniques (simple cross validation, multicross-validation, jackknife, and bootstrap) were investigated in a Monte Carlo study. Random samples of size 20 to 200 were drawn from a pseudopopulation of actual field data. Regression models were investigated with pop ulation coefficients of determination ranging from .04 to .50 and with numbers of regressors ranging from 2 to 10. For all techniques except the Browne formula and multicross-validation, substantial statistical bias was evident when the shrunken R2 values were used to estimate the coefficient of cross-validation. In addition, none of the techniques examined provided unbiased estimates with sample sizes smaller than 100, regardless of the number of regressors. STATISTICAL BIAS in the sample estimate of the coefficient of determina tion is a well-recognized problem when least squares methods are used to esti mate a regression equation. Regression weights that are developed in one sample and applied to a new sample will almost always yield a multiple R2 in the new sample that is smaller than that obtained in the original sample. This shrinkage of the R2 occurs because in the least squares solution the process of optimizing the regression weights in the original sample calls for fitting these weights to all variance in that sample, including idiosyncratic sampling error. The resulting multiple regression equation will therefore not fit a new sample as well as it fits the sample in which it was derived. As Tatsuoka (1988) stated, "The multiple-/?
Cross-tolerance of associative and nonassociative morphine tolerance in the rat with mu- and kappa-specific opioids.

The present study examined the cross-tolerance profiles of associatively and nonassociatively morphine-tolerant rats with analgesia produced by morphine and fentanyl (mu-receptor agonists) and U50,488H (a kappa-receptor agonist). Subjects were given a series of eight morphine injections either paired or unpaired with a distinctive environment and then tested for tolerance using the tail-flick method. Evidence was found that nonassociative morphine tolerance, which was produced using a 6-h interdose interval (IDI), was receptor-specific, i.e. cross-tolerant with analgesia produced by mu-specific, but not kappa-specific drugs. Nonassociative tolerance was characterized by a shift to the right in dose-response curves of 0.32 log units in morphine-tested animals and 0.28 log units in fentanyl-tested animals. Conversely, associative morphine tolerance, which was produced using a 96-h IDI, evidenced a lack of receptor specificity by showing cross-tolerance to the analgesic effects of U50,488H. Associative tolerance was characterized by shifts of 0.42 log units in morphine-tested animals, 0.34 log units in fentanyl-tested animals, and 0.39 log units in U50,488H-tested animals. These results were interpreted as suggesting the mechanisms responsible for associative tolerance differ from those producing nonassociative tolerance. This conclusion is problematic for theories of learned tolerance that assume a unitary set of mechanisms subserving associative and nonassociative tolerance.
SU‐FF‐J‐20: How to Explore Alternative 4D CT Image Binning

Purpose: Most 4D CT datasets use some external respiratory monitor as a surrogate for respiratory‐induced motion. The present work demonstrates the correlation between CTimage acquisition times, times reported in the file of a respiratory monitor and how this information can be used to resort the 4D images.Method and Materials: 4D data sets of a motion phantom and of a patient were acquired using two scanners(GE Discovery ST, GEMS; MX8000‐IDT, Philips Medical Systems), sorted and imported into a radiation treatment planning system (Pinnacle3, Philips Medical Systems). Displacements of a fiducial (RPM™, Varian Medical Systems) placed on the phantom were determined using the treatment planning system tools and recorded. These displacements were then correlated with displacements reported in the respiratory trace file. Software has been developed to generate 4D datasets based on phase or displacement. In this example the mid‐scan time (GE) or content time (Philips), as reported in the DICOM header in the CTimagedata sets, are used to correlate axial slices with fiducial displacement times. Results: The mid‐scan time does not directly correlate with the time of fiducial displacement over repeated beam‐on cycles. The mid‐scan time does correlate within each individual beam‐on cycle. Once the image times were correlated to those in the RPM files we extracted magnitude of fiducial displacement to effect displacement‐based binning of CTimages enabling the study of an alternative image‐sorting scheme. The content time requires a correlation of unequally spaced tags sent to the CTscanner. This technology is under development and requires more complexity in implementation. Conclusion: Alternative retrospective techniques of CTimage binning can be pursued. The present system of phase‐based binning demarked solely by the beginning cycle is effective, but can be improved by including more fiducial information. Conflict of Interest: MJF is supported by a Philips SRA.
Computational modeling/cognitive robotics complements functional modeling/experimental psychology

Abstract This position paper explores the possible contributions to the science of psychology from insights obtained by building and experimenting with cognitive robots. First, the functional modeling characteristic of experimental psychology is discussed. Second, the computational modeling required for cognitive robotics is described, and possible experiments with them are illustrated. Next, we argue that cognitive developmental robots, robots that “live” through a development phase where they learn about their environments in several different modes, can provide additional benefits to the science of psychology. Finally, the reciprocal interactions between computational modeling/cognitive robotics and functional modeling/experimental psychology are explored. We conclude that each can contribute significantly to the other.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for advanced maternal age and other indications.

It has been hypothesized that selection of chromosomally normal embryos could elevate implantation in women of advanced reproductive age (1). Current technology can only assess chromosomal errors after fixation of cells, hence elimination of aneuploid embryos can only be done after polar body or blastomere analysis through preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows chromosome enumeration on interphase cell nuclei, i.e., without the need for culturing cells or preparing metaphase spreads. FISH has been used in PGD of common aneuploidies (at least XY 13, 18, and 21), and more recently it has been expanded to include other chromosomes (16, 15, and 22) involved in spontaneous abortions. Although the technology has been criticized for its inability to diagnose all chromosome errors, efficiency and accuracy rates have been surprisingly high (1–4).
Integrating supply chain and network analyses: The study of netchains

This paper introduces the concept of netchain analysis. A netchain is a set of networks comprised of horizontal ties between firms within a particular industry or group, which are sequentially arranged based on vertical ties between firms in different layers. Netchain analysis interprets supply chain and network perspectives on inter-organisational collaboration with particular emphasis on the value creating and coordination mechanism sources. We posit that sources of value and coordination mechanisms correspond to particular and distinct types of interdependencies: pooled, sequential, and reciprocal. It is further argued that the recognition and accounting of these simultaneous interdependencies is crucial for a more advanced understanding of complex inter-organisational relations. The paper concludes with an analysis of a set of netchain configuration examples, including buyer-supplier relationships, information technology induced interorganization collaborations, and the introduction of the "macrohiera...
An approach to the writing of a scientific manuscript.

Objective Writing a scientific manuscript is one of the most important tasks facing the academician, and may also be one of the most daunting. Materials The essentials of any paper include a description of what is known, an assessment of what is unknown, a clear statement regarding the question and hypothesis being addressed by the current study, and a discussion and summary of new information that has been learned as a result of the study. Conclusions A formulaic approach is provided to guide the author through this process.
Analytical Uncertainty Propagation via Metamodels in Simulation-Based Design under Uncertainty

In spite of the benefits, one of the most challenging issues for implementing optimization under uncertainty, such as the use of robust design approach, is associated with the intensive computational demand of uncertainty propagation, especially when the simulation programs are computationally expensive. In this paper, an efficient approach to uncertainty propagation via the use of metamodels is presented. Metamodels, created through computer simulations to replace expensive simulation programs, are widely used in simulation-based design. Different from existing techniques that apply sample-based methods to metamodels for uncertainty propagation, our method utilizes analytical derivations to eliminate the random errors as well as to reduce the computational expenses of sampling. In this paper, we provide analytical formulations for mean and variance evaluations via a variety of metamodels commonly used in engineering design applications. The benefits of our proposed techniques are demonstrated through the robust design for improving vehicle handling. In addition to the improved accuracy and efficiency, our proposed analytical approach can greatly improve the convergence behavior of optimization under uncertainty.
Circannual Variations in Intraovarian Oocyte but Not Epididymal Sperm Quality in the Domestic Cat

Ovaries and testes were collected throughout the year from domestic cats spayed and neutered at local veterinary clinics. Fresh oocytes recovered from minced ovaries were subjected to in vitro maturation and then stained to determine stage of maturation or were inseminated with conspecific sperm. The cauda and corpus regions of each epididymis were dissected into pieces and placed in medium; 30 min later, the epididymal tissue was removed, the medium centrifuged, and the sperm pellet resuspended. Samples were assessed for total sperm count and sperm motility traits, morphology, acrosomal integrity, and ability to penetrate cat oocytes in vitro. Fewer excellent (grade I) oocytes were recovered per ovarian pair during September‐November (mean 6 SEM, 19.2 6 2.1%) than during January‐July (36.8 6 3.6%, p , 0.05), while the remaining months had intermediate percentages of grade I oocytes (p . 0.05). A high percentage of oocytes recovered from November‐April completed nuclear maturation (64.3 6 6.8%), which was different (p , 0.05) from the values for May‐July (32.2 6 3.8%) and August‐October (10.4 6 2.9%). Percentage of oocytes with bound sperm was lowest (p , 0.01) in September and October (32.0 6 3.1%) compared to February and March (91.4 6 1.7%). Percentage of oocytes with sperm within the perivitelline space was highest (p , 0.05) in May‐August (33.8 6 4.6%) compared to all other months. In contrast, the period of highest (p , 0.01) fertilization (i.e., $ 4-cell embryo formation) was March‐April (51.7 6 3.1%) as compared to May‐July (17.2 6 1.8%) or November‐January (12.4 6 2.6%). Negligible numbers of oocytes recovered during August‐October developed beyond the 2-cell stage (1.1 6 0.3%). Blastocyst development from cleaved embryos was highest during February‐April (44.3 6 2.3%) and lowest during August‐October (0.6 6 0.1%; p , 0.01). Sperm recovered from the epididymides throughout the year did not differ (p . 0.05) in concentration or in any of the motility, structural, or functional variables evaluated. In summary, cat oocyte nuclear maturation in vitro is depressed during August‐October, and the ability to form cleaved embryos remains low even when the capacity to achieve nuclear maturation is relatively high (November‐January and May‐July). In contrast, male cats are capable of consistently producing viable, progressively motile sperm throughout the year.
The Effects of Embedded Generative Learning Strategies and Collaboration on Knowledge Acquisition in a Cognitive Flexibility-Based Computer Learning Environment

Abstract : Inert knowledge is typically produced in learning environments that simplify content and context. Several theories and methods exist to establish learning environments that overcome the negative effects of inert knowledge. This study examined the effects of combining three instructional approaches on knowledge acquisition by advanced learners in a computer-based learning environment. This study used a 2 X 2 experimental design. The two independent variables were program version and method of instruction. Two qualitatively different computer programs were used: a base program developed according to cognitive flexibility theory (CFT) and a generative program containing embedded generative learning strategies (explanation and summary cues). Students completed these programs either individually or collaboratively. One hundred and thirty-two second-year medical students participated in the study. The two treatment variables were randomly assigned to the students. Students received computer diskettes that permitted access to the computer module, "Handling Transfusion Hazards," and were given instructions on how, when, and where to complete the program. The computer program consisted of an orientation section, a pretest, a learning phase, and a posttest. The pretest and posttest consisted of the same three clinical transfusion cases; the learning phase contained six cases. One hundred and one students were included in the final analysis. Analysis of covariance was used to test for the presence of main effects or an interaction. The ANCOVA yielded a significant main effect (p=.008) on posttest performance for the version of program treatment variable. No significant differences in achievement were found for method of instruction, nor was an interaction present between the two treatment variables. This research suggests that advanced learners did not benefit equally from the two computer programs.
Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime

After providing an overview of climate change and its effects, this article draws on the leading crime theories to discuss the potential impact of climate change on crime. It is argued that climate change will increase strain, reduce social control, weaken social support, foster beliefs favorable to crime, contribute to traits conducive to crime, increase certain opportunities for crime, and create social conflict. An overall model of climate change and crime is then presented, along with suggestions for research. Even though neglected by criminologists, there is good reason to believe that climate change will become one of the major forces driving crime as the century progresses.
Not So Different After All: A Comparison of Methods for Detecting Amino Acid Sites Under Selection

We consider three approaches for estimating the rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous changes at each site in a sequence alignment in order to identify sites under positive or negative selection: (1) a suite of fast likelihood-based "counting methods" that employ either a single most likely ancestral reconstruction, weighting across all possible ancestral reconstructions, or sampling from ancestral reconstructions; (2) a random effects likelihood (REL) approach, which models variation in nonsynonymous and synonymous rates across sites according to a predefined distribution, with the selection pressure at an individual site inferred using an empirical Bayes approach; and (3) a fixed effects likelihood (FEL) method that directly estimates nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates at each site. All three methods incorporate flexible models of nucleotide substitution bias and variation in both nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates across sites, facilitating the comparison between the methods. We demonstrate that the results obtained using these approaches show broad agreement in levels of Type I and Type II error and in estimates of substitution rates. Counting methods are well suited for large alignments, for which there is high power to detect positive and negative selection, but appear to underestimate the substitution rate. A REL approach, which is more computationally intensive than counting methods, has higher power than counting methods to detect selection in data sets of intermediate size but may suffer from higher rates of false positives for small data sets. A FEL approach appears to capture the pattern of rate variation better than counting methods or random effects models, does not suffer from as many false positives as random effects models for data sets comprising few sequences, and can be efficiently parallelized. Our results suggest that previously reported differences between results obtained by counting methods and random effects models arise due to a combination of the conservative nature of counting-based methods, the failure of current random effects models to allow for variation in synonymous substitution rates, and the naive application of random effects models to extremely sparse data sets. We demonstrate our methods on sequence data from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env and pol genes and simulated alignments.
Validation of the Clutter Image Rating in older adults with hoarding disorder.

Background: The Clutter Image Rating (CIR) was created to meet a gap in the research on compulsive hoarding: how to ascertain clutter level in an individual's home without a home visit, as not all clinicians have the ability to conduct a home visit. The CIR has proven itself to be both reliable and valid for use in adults with compulsive hoarding symptoms. However, there is currently a dearth of information on performance of the CIR in older adults diagnosed with hoarding disorder (HD). Because older adults have increased medical issues, including fall risks, evaluating the level of clutter in the house is especially critical in geriatric populations. Method: The current study was an investigation of the reliability and validity of the CIR in assessing late life HD. The internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and norms of the CIR were investigated in a large geriatric HD sample and compared with a midlife sample of individuals with HD. Criterion validity of the CIR was investigated through the comparison of participant ratings conducted in the clinic and clinician ratings conducted in the home. Results: The current study found similar levels of reliability and validity in a late life sample as in previous studies conducted in mid-life adults. Conclusions: Unlike previous studies, the current study did not find a significant relationship between the CIR and the non-clutter related subscales of the Savings Inventory-Revised. The CIR appears to be both reliable and valid for assessing clutter levels in older adults diagnosed with HD.
The bandwidth performance of linear adaptive arrays with tapped delay-line processing

A well-known technique for improving the bandwidth performance of adaptive arrays is to use tapped delay-lines behind the elements. The authors discuss how the number of delay-line taps and the delay between taps affect the nulling bandwidth of linear arrays with up to 10 elements and an arbitrary (possibly unequal) number of taps behind each element. For each array size, the optimum number of delay-line taps and the optimum intertap delay are determined as functions of the required nulling bandwidth. Adaptive array performance is relatively insensitive to the delay between taps. The effect intertap delay with up to 10 elements is similar to that of a two-element array. >
Serotonin (5-HT) and Migraine

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT], is a biogenic amine implicated in controlling feeding behavior, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and sleep. 5-HT receptors recognize at least three types of molecular structures: G protein coupled receptors, ligand gated ion channels, and transporters. It is now believed that there are at least seven different families of receptors, many of which have subtypes. The nervous system can be compared to a group of well-modulated neural networks functioning in parallel. The serotonergic system may modulate these networks rather than actually mediate individual responses. Circumstantial evidence suggests a link between 5-HT and migraine. Platelet HT decreases during an attack, and in some cases increased levels of metabolites are found. Many antimigraine drugs interact with 5-HT and its receptors.
Can IT help government to restore public trust? Declining public trust and potential prospects of IT in the public sector

During the past four decades, public trust in governments has continued to diminish due to various administrative, political, socio-cultural, economic, and mass media causes. Focusing on the administrative dimension, this study explores selected administrative factors to the declining of public trust, including public perception of administrative corruption (lack of transparency), inefficiency (wastefulness), ineffectiveness, and policy alienation. We argue that information technology (IT) can offer potentially useful tools to governments and help them to restore public trust by enhancing transparency, cost efficiency, effectiveness, and policy participation. This argument is illustrated by four selected mini cases (OPEN system in Seoul, eVA in Virginia, eFiling for IRS tax returns, and online policy forums in Seoul and Pennsylvania). Despite a generalizability problem, this study offers a cautious but positive view on the potential contribution of IT in restoring pubic trust.
Value of Human Performance Cognitive Predictions: A Free Flight Integration Application

Computational human performance modeling tools have been under development for over 50 years to generate human performance predictions for studying complex human behaviors. Models are particularly focussed in operations that possess high costs associated with failures. One such complex area that is being explored by international regulatory and airline operations groups is the concept known as “free flight”. “Free flight” in the United States is a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) strategic goal for system capacity and for Air Traffic Services to improve accessibility, flexibility, and predictability in the national airspace in order to reduce flight times, crew resources, maintenance, and fuel costs. The experimental scenarios used to explore “free flight” are based on the full “free flight” concepts anticipated by the Requirements and Technical Concepts for Aviation, Inc. (RTCA) in the year 2025. These concepts explore the farthest out parameters of the aviation system. An evaluation of predicted be...
Preparing Reflective Community College Leaders in a Graduate Leadership Course

This study measured the knowledge construction and reflection that occurred in a doctoral course designed to introduce major leadership theories and encourage reflection as a community college leadership practice. At each session, students completed forms reporting new learning and insights they experienced, as well as responding to reflection catalysts. Three themes emerged from the data: reflection on previous internal perspectives about leadership, critical review of personal and theoretical constructs, and embracing relational leadership. By the end of the course, students acknowledged the value of collaborative learning, and demonstrated changed perspectives regarding leadership practices, together with increased habits of reflection. Implications for graduate-level instruction and further research are proposed, based on the conclusion that the New Learning process is valuable for certain types of classes, is beneficial for professional development, and conforms to principles of transformative learni...