cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects beyond click-through: Incidental exposure to web advertising

While Web advertising tends to be based on a direct response model, there is a growing debate about the brand building potentials of Web ads. Click-through rates (CTR) are disappointingly low, but Web ads can be effective at brand building in an environment where Web ads are outside of consumers' attentional focus. With this in mind we conducted two experiments. The first experiment examined the effects of incidental exposure to banner ads. Subjects who were incidentally exposed to banner ads reported greater priming effects induced by implicit memory, more favorable Aad, and greater likelihood for the advertised brand to be included in a consideration set over no exposure to the ad. These effects were found without significant improvement on explicit memories (i.e. recall and recognition) and click-through intention. The second experiment to assess the conditions conducive to incidental exposure examined two advertising strategies: format (animated vs. static) and placement (congruency vs. incongruency)....
Central projections of the tympanic fibres in noctuid moths

Abstract The receptor mechanism mediating the avoidance behaviour of flying noctuid moths in response to brief ultrasonic pulses may require only a single pair of acoustic sense cells, one A1 cell in each tympanic organ ( Roeder , 1966c). Introduction of the fluorescent dye, procion yellow, into the nerve fibres leaving the tympanic organ has allowed the reconstruction of the central morphology of A1, the more sensitive of the two acoustic cells. The A1 axon follows a superficial course for the first ∼100 μ auterior to its dorsal root of entry (3N1) into the thoracic ganglia, then plunges ventrally into the posterior mesothoracic neuropil where it branches. The posterior part reaches through two-thirds of the metathoracic ganglion. The anterior branch bifurcates in the anterior mesothoracic ganglion to give rise to a posteriorly directed branch extending through the ventral mesothoracic neuropil and an anterior branch which passes through the connective into the posterior half of the prothoracic ganglion. Here it ramifies along the midline. The cell remains strictly ipsi-lateral with numerous processes extending right up to the midline in the ventral neuropil of all three ganglia. This morphology correlates well with the map of sites from which A1 acoustic responses can be recorded in the central nervous system.
Photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide and metal cyano-species from precious-metal mill effluents

Photochemically-induced detoxification of various cyanide species from a selected precious-metal mills tailings was investigated in detail. The studies were conducted in the presence or absence of a titanium (IV) oxide semiconductor photocatalyst utilizing simulated sunlight as the irradiation source. It was established that the cyanide ion (both free and complexed) was photocatalytically oxidized to nitrate via cyanate and nitrite. In addition iron, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic were stabilized as precipitates. The results obtained may have ramifications for the possible use of solar energy for the efficient treatment of large quantities of precious-metal mill-tailing wastes that contain various cyano-species.
A Low-cost Multi-wavelengths Continuous-wave Diffuse Optical Tomography System Using LED Sources

LEDs are also available in near infrared. In this study, we introduce a continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system using 8 groups of LEDs of four wavelengths. Phantom experiments showed its potential to image deep targets.
Performance of malnourished rats on the Hebb-Williams closed-field maze learning task.

3 groups of rats were subjected to protein restrictions during development, while two control groups received normal diets throughout the experiment. The protein restricted groups were raised on dams that were maintained on 12% protein diets and were weaned at 21 days of age to a diet containing 3% protein. One group was maintained on the diet for 7 wk. and then rehabilitated on a 21% protein diet while a second group was maintained on the 3% protein diet for 27 wk. and then rehabilitated for 7 wk. At this time these two groups and a control group maintained on a normal dam prior to weaning and maintained on 21% protein throughout the experiment were tested on a Hebb-Williams maze for liquid reinforcement. The third diet-restricted group was maintained on the 3% protein diet throughout the experiment and was tested in the Hebb-Williams maze along with a control group raised on 21% diet when they were 6 mo. of age. The nonrehabilitated group made the most errors and differed significantly from both the con...
Advanced System for the Interactive Analysis and Presentation of Geophysical Data

The Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services (PROFS) has developed a highly flexible, interactive system for improved weather forecasting. Several real-time tests with the participation of operational forecasters have demonstrated the viability of the system. The modular, systematic approach employed in developing the PROFS system makes it possible to apply the PROFS processing and display techniques in other areas as well.
Carotid angioplasty: The need to revise post surgical duplex velocity criteria

Purpose. To determine the appropriate duplex velocities post carotid artery angioplasty and stent compared with endarterectomy for recurrent stenosis. Methods. Retrospective analysis on patients with over 80% recurrent carotid artery stenosis treated at our institution was performed. Velocities from preoperative, postoperative (<1 week), and late postoperative duplex scans (1–121 months) were compared after re-do carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery angioplasty and stent (CAS) placement. Variables within the groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Stepwise-regression analysis was used to determine the independence of CAS as a factor causing elevated postoperative velocities. Mean peak systolic velocities (PSV) ± SEM, end diastolic velocities (EDV) ± SEM, and internal carotid artery/common carotid artery PSV ratios (ICA/CCA) are reported. Results. Thirty-four patients with a mean age of 72 were studied. Sixteen patients underwent CAS, and 18 patients underwent CEA. The mean interval between first CEA and treatment for the recurrent stenosis (CEA or CAS) was 41 months. There was no significant difference in risk factors between groups (age, gender, patch, and contralateral occlusion). There was a significant difference in postoperative PSV between CEA and CAS, which resolved after 1.5 years. Similarly, the postoperative ICA/CCA was significantly different between CEA and CAS (0.97 ± 0.11 versus 1.48 ± 0.20, respectively, P < 0.05, ANOVA). When controlled for contralateral occlusion and interval (months) between procedures, CAS over CEA was found to be independently associated with elevated ICA/CCA ratios using linear regression analysis. Conclusion. Postoperative duplex velocities after CAS may not represent hemodynamic narrowing but may indicate altered biomechanics of the poststented carotid. TABLE—ABSTRACT 35. PSV (cm/s) EDV (cm/s) preop (n) postop (n) longterm (n) preop (n) postop (n) longterm (n) CEA 278 ± 38 102 ± 11 113 ± 12 90 ± 14 24 ± 4 28 ± 4 (18) (14) (12) (18) (14) (12) CAS 364 ± 47 ∗145 ± 18 116 ± 11 111 ± 15 30 ± 4 32 ± 3 (15) (17) (12) (15) (17) (12) Note. Mean ± SEM. ∗ P < 0.05 between CAS and CEA.
Kinetics and diffusion in multienzyme systems.

Abstract The kinetics of a multienzyme solution enclosed by a semipermeable membrane have been studied. The analysis takes into account (a) the diffusion of substrate, intermediates and product through the membrane and (b) chemical reactions catalyzed by an arbitrary number of enzymes. In the steady-state case, explicit analytic expressions have been derived for the concentrations and fluxes of all species in the system. In the transient case, explicit analytic expressions have been derived for the concentrations of all species in the bulk phase as a function of time.
Imaging-Based Identification of a Critical Regulator of FtsZ Protofilament Curvature in Caulobacter

Summary FtsZ is an essential bacterial GTPase that polymerizes at midcell, recruits the division machinery, and may generate constrictive forces necessary for cytokinesis. However, many of the mechanistic details underlying these functions are unknown. We sought to identify FtsZ-binding proteins that influence FtsZ function in Caulobacter crescentus . Here, we present a microscopy-based screen through which we discovered two FtsZ-binding proteins, FzlA and FzlC. FzlA is conserved in α-proteobacteria and was found to be functionally critical for cell division in Caulobacter . FzlA altered FtsZ structure both in vivo and in vitro, forming stable higher-order structures that were resistant to depolymerization by MipZ, a spatial determinant of FtsZ assembly. Electron microscopy revealed that FzlA organizes FtsZ protofilaments into striking helical bundles. The degree of curvature induced by FzlA depended on the nucleotide bound to FtsZ. Induction of FtsZ curvature by FzlA carries implications for regulating FtsZ function by modulating its superstructure.
Foreign Policy Activism and Power in the House of Representatives: Black Members of Congress and South Africa, 1968–1986

On 3 October 1986, the 99th Congress—acting at the behest of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)—voted to override President Ronald Reagan’s veto of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA). The passage of this bill, which placed strict economic sanctions on the white supremacist regime in South Africa, was a watershed moment in American politics for two reasons. First, veto overrides in the foreign policy-making arena are an exceedingly rare form of legislative action. More importantly, this was the first time in American history that the members of a minority group were able to use their positions within the Congress to translate a parochial desire into foreign policy against the will of a sitting president.
Spin-orbital effects in magnetized quantum wires and spin chains

We present analysis of the interacting quantum wire problem in the presence of magnetic field and spin-orbital interaction. We show that an interesting interplay of Zeeman and spin-orbit terms, facilitated by the electron-electron interaction, results in the spin-density wave (SDW) state when the magnetic-field and spin-orbit axes are orthogonal. We show that this instability is enhanced in a closely related problem of Heisenberg spin chain with asymmetric uniform Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. Magnetic field in the direction perpendicular to the DM anisotropy axis results in staggered long-range magnetic order along the orthogonal to the applied field direction. We explore consequences of the uniform DM interaction for the electron-spin-resonance (ESR) measurements, and point out that they provide way to probe right- and left-moving excitations of the spin chain separately.
Comparison of the open skull and cranial window preparations in the study of the cerebral microcirculation

Pial arteriolar caliber and responsiveness were studied using two preparations, the cranial window technique, in which the integrity of the skull is preserved, and an open skull preparation, in which the surface of the brain was covered with stagnant CSF with or without an overlying layer of mineral oil. For the vessel size range studied (30–300 μm in diameter), vessel diameter using either oil or artificial CSF in the open preparation was 20% less than the diameter of the same vessels using the cranial window filled with artificial CSF (P < 0.01). At a constant PaCO2, the pH of the artificial CSF in the open preparation rose from 7.35 to 7.9 to 8.1 in 10 min due to loss of carbon dioxide from the CSF into the air, but the pH of the CSF in the closed system of the cranial window remained constant. The small difference in the extravascular pressure (5 mm Hg) in the two preparations was found not to affect the resting vessel diameter and responsiveness of the vessels. The vasodilation in response to arterial hypercapnia was more pronounced and the vasoconstriction in response to arterial hypocapnia was less pronounced in the open preparation than when the cranial window was used. Small pial arterioles responded to norepinephrine with dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the open preparation, while they showed no significant change in caliber in the cranial window preparation. The responsiveness of vessel caliber to induced hypotension was not different in the two preparations. These results show that in the open preparation CSF pH is abnormally high due to loss of CO2 from the exposed surface of the brain. This results in arteriolar vasoconstriction and in significant alteration in the responsiveness of the vessels to some stimuli.
The occipital interhemispheric transtentorial approach for superior vermian, superomedian cerebellar, and tectal arteriovenous malformations: advantages, limitations, and alternatives.

Introduction Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the superior vermis, superomedian cerebellum, and tectum are uncommon lesions. Various routes have enabled accessing the precentral cerebellar fissure and the posterior incisural space. Objective We review the occipital interhemispheric transtentorial (OITT) technique, its advantages and limitations for treatment of such AVMs. We present a case series of six superior vermian, superomedian cerebellar, or tectal AVMs approached via the OITT route and present a detailed review of the literature. Results Given the exposure from the posterior incisura to the torcula heterophili, the superior cerebellar arteries, the nidus and the draining veins are all in view and can be managed sequentially. The OITT approach is appropriate for the treatment of these AVMs if they are located midline or paramedian and vascularized preferentially by the rostral branches of the superior cerebellar arteries. For AVMs extending beyond midline, deep to the fourth ventricles, or caudally to the cerebellar tonsils; and/or vascularized by caudal branches of the superior cerebellar arteries, anterior inferior cerebellar arteries, and/or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries; or having an aneurysm on any of these arteries, the OITT alone may not be appropriate. Preoperative embolization can target contralateral, deep, and caudal feeders or aneurysms, potentially rendering the OITT a favorable route. The OITT can also be combined with other approaches for AVMs that extend caudally with multiple feeders. Conclusion The OITT is a valuable approach for specific superior vermian, superomedian cerebellar, and tectal AVMs. Detailed assessment of angiographic features may however preclude its safety as a unique treatment plan, and complementary or alternative therapeutic options should be considered.
NOSOLOGY OF CHRONIC MOOD DISORDERS

Mood disorders often present in an episodic fashion. For this reason, the classification of mood disorders is unique within DSM-IV 4 in that mood episodes (i.e., major depressive episode, manic episode, mixed episode, and hypomanic episode) are defined using their own free-standing criteria sets that are separate from the criteria sets that define the mood disorders (i.e., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder). Some individuals have a more chronic course that is characterized by a disturbance in mood without any significant periods of remission. Much less common are individuals with chronic unremitting bipolar mood disturbance. For this reason, most of this article focuses on the classification of chronic depression. Although there has been a long history of observation and description of chronic depression, systematic research on this condition has been performed for only about 15 years. The recent surge of research on chronic depression presents fairly compelling data that show that it is a prevalent condition in both clinical and community samples. Furthermore, chronic depression is associated with an increased risk for having or developing a wide variety of other psychiatric disorders.
Synergistic Combination of Hyperoxygenation and Radiotherapy by Repeated Assessments of Tumor pO2 with EPR Oximetry

Carbogen/EPR oximetry/Irradiation/Tumor oxygenation. The effect of hyperoxygenation with carbogen (95% O2 + 5% CO2) inhalation on RIF-1 tumor pO2 and its consequence on growth inhibition with fractionated radiotherapy is reported. The temporal changes in the tumor pO2 were assessed by in vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) oximetry in mice breathing 30% O2 or carbogen and the tumors were irradiated with 4 Gy/day for 5 consecutive days; a protocol that emulates the clinical application of carbogen. The RIF-1 tumors were hypoxic with a tissue pO2 of 5–9 mmHg. Carbogen (CB) breathing significantly increased tumor pO2, with a maximum increase at 22.9–31.2 min on days 1–5, however, the magnitude of increase in pO2 declined on day 5. Radiotherapy during carbogen inhalation (CB/RT) resulted in a significant tumor growth inhibition from day 3 to day 6 as compared to 30%O2/RT and carbogen (CB/Sham RT) groups. The results provide unambiguous quantitative information on the effect of carbogen inhalation on tumor pO2 over the course of 5 days. Tumor growth inhibition in the CB/RT group confirms that the tumor oxygenation with carbogen was radiobiologically significant. Repeated tumor pO2 measurements by EPR oximetry can provide temporal information that could be used to improve therapeutic outcomes by scheduling doses at times of improved tumor ox ygenation.
Effects of Union Type on Division of Household Labor: Do Cohabiting Men Really Perform More Housework?

Using data from 17,636 respondents in 28 nations, this research uses multilevel modeling to compare the reported division of household labor and factors affecting it for currently married and currently cohabiting couples. Cohabiting men report performing more household labor than do married men, and cohabiting women report performing less household labor than do married women. The findings provide support for the time-availability, relative-resources, and gender-ideology perspectives. The effects of time availability and relative resources on the division of household labor are substantially the same for both union types, but gender ideology is more influential on the division of labor reported by cohabiting than by married respondents. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Resistance to Water Flow in Xylem Vessels

Experimental data on flow resistances in xylem vessels with different lumen wall surface sculptures are presented. The technique involved using determinable forces at menisci to pull water through isolated undamaged metaxylem and protoxylem vessels which were empty but had water-saturated walls. In the horizontal orientation, the surface tension forces moved the water at velocities that the resisting viscous forces at the vessel walls would allow since, inertial forces were found negligible. A high speed camera was used to determine the meniscus translation rates. Vessel diameters as well as average dimensions of the microscopic internal surface irregularities were measured with respect to axial position from the inlet. From these, flow resistances were determined in terms of dimensionless friction factor,/, as functions of Reynolds number, Re. It was found that, at certain helical ring thicknesses and spacing, resistance to flow was lowest. Deviations from these parameter values cause dramatic increases in resistance to flow. Results are applicable to normal flow in plants, i.e. without menisci present.
Mechanism for domain expansion in MAMMOS

A magnetic amplifying magnetooptical system (MAMMOS) model was created which calculates the size of the expanded domains in the readout layer by computing the forces on the domain wall. Using the model, the ratio of nucleation coercivity to domain wall motion coercivity, H/sub c,n//H/sub c,m/, was found to be an important factor governing the final expanded domain size in MAMMOS. Simulation results indicated that H/sub c,n//H/sub c,m/>5 is needed for a good readout signal. Experiments measuring the nucleation coercivity in localized areas on a MAMMOS readout layer agree with the modeling results. In the experiments, a wafer was patterned with islands of magnetic material and the switching behavior was measured. For a MAMMOS film, the ratio of H/sub c,n//H/sub c,m/ was measured to be 13 on average in a 400 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ area.
Forbidden configurations and Steiner designs

Let $${\mathcal{F}}$$ be a (0, 1) matrix. A (0, 1) matrix $${\mathcal{M}}$$ is said to have $${\mathcal{F}}$$ as a configuration if there is a submatrix of $${\mathcal{M}}$$ which is a row and column permutation of $${\mathcal{F}}$$ . We say that a matrix $${\mathcal{M}}$$ is simple if it has no repeated columns. For a given $${v \in \mathbb{N}}$$ , we shall denote by forb $${(v, \mathcal{F})}$$ the maximum number of columns in a simple (0, 1) matrix with v rows for which $${\mathcal{F}}$$ does not occur as a configuration. We say that a matrix $${\mathcal{M}}$$ is maximal for $${\mathcal{F}}$$ if $${\mathcal{M}}$$ has forb $${(v, \mathcal{F})}$$ columns. In this paper we show that for certain natural choices of $${\mathcal{F}}$$ , forb $${(v, \mathcal{F})\leq\frac{\binom{v}{t}}{t+1}}$$ . In particular this gives an extremal characterization for Steiner t-designs as maximal (0, 1) matrices in terms of certain forbidden configurations.
Who Cares about Good Teaching

The number of awards for distinguished teaching in psychology and the numbers of nominations for those awards are compared to those for other awards. The data indicate relatively weak support for teaching awards programs. Suggestions are made for ways to increase that support.
Relief of Acute Pain in Chronic Idiopathic Gastroparesis with Intravenous Phentolamine

Objective:To report a case in which complete relief of pain associated with gastroparesis, with promotion of gastric emptying, was achieved with administration of phentolamine.Case Summary:A 37-year-old opiate-tolerant female with a history of recurrent abdominal pain, gastroparesis, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and migraine headaches was admitted to the emergency department (ED) with severe acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient had been previously implanted with a permanent gastric electrical stimulator and she was adherent to her prokinetic, antiemetic, analgesic, and migraine prophylactic medications. Pain relief was achieved rapidly and completely in the ED with sympatholysis by administration of intravenous phentolamine 0.5 mg/kg over 60 minutes, with continuous cardiac monitoring. At a 2 month follow-up visit, the patient reported chronic pain relief, and a decrease in opiate doses was maintained by oral administration of clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily.Discussion:Gastroparesis represent...
Engineering an Isoprenoid Pathway in Escherichia coli for Production of 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol: A Potential Biofuel

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) is a natural volatile 5-carbon alcohol produced by several pine species that have the potential to be used as biofuel. MBO has a high energy content making it superior to ethanol in terms of energy output, and due to its volatility and lower solubility in water, MBO is easier to recover than ethanol. Pine’s MBO synthase enzyme utilizes the intermediate dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) produced by the methyl-erythritol-4-phosphate isoprenoid pathway for the production of MBO. In this study, we performed metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to express an alternate mevalonate dependent pathway for production of DMAPP, along with a codon optimized Pinus sabiniana MBO synthase gene. This heterologous expressed pathway carried out the conversion of an acetyl CoA precursor to DMAPP leading to production of MBO.
Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether as an electrolyte co-solvent for mitigating self-discharge in lithium-sulfur batteries.

Lithium–sulfur batteries suffer from severe self-discharge because of polysulfide dissolution and side reaction. In this work, a novel electrolyte containing bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE) was used to mitigate self-discharge of Li–S cells having both low- and high-sulfur-loading sulfur cathodes. This electrolyte meaningfully decreased self-discharge at elevated temperature, though differences in behavior of cells with high- and low-sulfur-loading were also noted. Further investigation showed that this effect likely stems from the formation of a more robust protective film on the anode surface.
Time-domain spectroscopy of dielectric materials

The uses are discussed of formulas derived by input admittance analysis for the complex permittivity of dielectric samples, placed in a matched coaxial line or terminating it, as a function of the Fourier transforms of the incident and reflected real time pulses observed in time-domain spectroscopy. Precautions to be taken for dielectrics with appreciable ohmic conductance are described, and it is also shown that magnetic permeabilities of linear isotropie materials can be obtained by measurements of open- and short-circuited samples.
ANA*: anytime nonparametric A*

Anytime variants of Dijkstra's and A* shortest path algorithms quickly produce a suboptimal solution and then improve it over time. For example, ARA* introduces a weighting value (e) to rapidly find an initial suboptimal path and then reduces e to improve path quality over time. In ARA*, e is based on a linear trajectory with ad-hoc parameters chosen by each user. We propose a new Anytime A* algorithm, Anytime Nonparametric A* (ANA*), that does not require ad-hoc parameters, and adaptively reduces e to expand the most promising node per iteration, adapting the greediness of the search as path quality improves. We prove that each node expanded by ANA* provides an upper bound on the suboptimality of the current-best solution. We evaluate the performance of ANA* with experiments in the domains of robot motion planning, gridworld planning, and multiple sequence alignment. The results suggest that ANA* is as efficient as ARA* and in most cases: (1) ANA* finds an initial solution faster, (2) ANA* spends less time between solution improvements, (3) ANA* decreases the suboptimality bound of the current-best solution more gradually, and (4) ANA* finds the optimal solution faster. ANA* is freely available from Maxim Likhachev's Search-based Planning Library (SBPL).
ParkingMeter: balancing energy savings and service availability

Vehicular networks offer service coverage for urban environments that would otherwise be too costly for infrastructure-based networks to provide. While many services have already been proposed based on collaboration between moving cars, the inclusion of parked cars in these systems extends their reach, coverage and stability. However, despite the presence of a large car battery, cars still suffer from limited energy availability when they are parked. In these diverse environments, many services may be offered and existing application-oriented energy management solutions fail to capture the complexity of optimizing energy for each individual service, while current service-oriented solutions fail to capture the interactions between services. In response, we propose ParkingMeter, an energy management framework that handles the provisioning of multiple services concurrently by fairly allocating energy to each service, guaranteeing the most effective energy utilization for the system. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ParkingMeter through simulation of three diverse services and the feasibility of the architecture through the evaluation of our prototype system.
Reduced density correlation for hydrogen: Liquid and gaseous states

The available experimental density data for hydrogen have been complied to produce a reduced density correlation for the liquid and gaseous states. This investigation has utilized fifty-seven sources of data, extending from the early studies of Amagat (1880) to the recent contributions of Johnston, Keller, and Friedman (1954). Based on the concept of a reduced density, a correlation for hydrogen has been developed ranging in temperature from the melting point (14°K.) to 3,300°K. and in pressure as high as 2,550 atm. This correlation provides continuity between the liquid and gaseous phases; whereas existing equations of state fail to describe the experimental behavior in the transitional region, particularly near the critical point. Four hundred and eighty-five experimental points covering the entire region were checked to establish the reliability of this correlation, which reproduced the experimental data to within 0.49%.
Sibling Resemblance for Left Ventricular Structure, Contractility, and Diastolic Filling

Although there is evidence that left ventricular (LV) function is genetically controlled, the contribution of familial factors to variation and covariation of LV diastolic filling, contractility, and structure is unknown. Single- and cross-trait sibling correlations were estimated using bivariate familial correlation models in 200 white (400 pairs) and 374 black (539 pairs) hypertensive sibships. LV transmitral early and late peak filling velocities, isovolumic relaxation time, atrial filling fraction, stress-corrected midwall shortening, and LV mass and structure were measured and adjusted for important covariates in race-specific linear regression models. Single-trait sibling correlation was strongest for early peak filling velocity. Significant cross-trait sibling correlation was detected between early and late peak filling velocities. In whites, early peak filling velocity and atrial filling fraction, and isovolumic relaxation time and end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, were also significantly correlated. Familial factors common to early and late peak filling velocities contributed to 64% and 54% of sibling resemblance in early peak filling velocity and to 76% and 77% in late peak filling velocity in blacks and whites, respectively. In whites, 100% of sibling resemblance in isovolumic relaxation time was shared by posterior wall thickness, whereas 75% of sibling influence in posterior wall thickness was common to isovolumic relaxation time. In conclusion, significant cross-trait sibling resemblance was detected between (1) early and late filling parameters and (2) isovolumic relaxation time and posterior wall thickness, suggesting pleiotropy and/or common environment on these traits. These data have potential importance in understanding heritability of LV diastolic function in hypertension.
Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt

One rarely encounters a book on moral development that can serve as the main text for a graduate course while simultaneously enticing the scholar with a compelling case for a synthesized approach t...
Alternative Theories of the Policy Process: Reflections on Research Strategy for the Study of Nuclear Waste Policy*

The contribution of multiple theories of the policy process stems, in part, from the identification of alternative concepts and relations that provide distinct—though often partially overlapping—explanations of (and predictions about) policy development. Thus the competing theories single out alternative concepts as critical to the policy process, and specify widely different hypotheses for test. When theory-building is at a rudimentary level, as is generally the case for the study of the policy process, the alternative theories may provide enriching supplemental insights and hypotheses that, if confirmed, lead to better theory. In that spirit, this article provides some illustrations of the application of alternative theories to an ongoing policy dispute over adoption and development of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) as a testing and storage facility for defense nuclear wastes. My focus is on how the alternative theories emphasize different sets of concepts (and therefore data) and hypotheses, and on some of the implications for research design. These comments are based on my own preliminary research on the WIPP issue, and are meant to be illustrations and suggestions, rather than conclusions, about the policy process regarding the WIPP.
Domain of attraction on adaptive feature extraction of nonstationary processes

The authors review briefly the procedure relating to the convergence analysis of a learning algorithm for adaptive feature extraction. They then address the issue of identification of a nontrivial domain of attraction for the learning system. The problem is important because such an identification is not only powerful for choosing initial settings of the system, but also holds one of the keys to the quantitative analysis of its adaptivity in a nonstationary environment. The primary results concerning convergence analysis of this algorithm are briefly reviewed. >
An architecture for noncooperative QoS provision in many-switch systems

With the proliferation of high-speed networks and networked services, provisioning differentiated services to a diverse user base with heterogeneous QoS requirements has become an important problem. The traditional approach of resource reservation and admission control provides both guarantees and graded services, however, at the cost of potentially underutilized resources and limited scalability. We describe a WAN QoS provision architecture that adaptively organizes best-effort bandwidth into stratified services with graded QoS properties such that the QoS needs of a diverse user base can be effectively met. This architecture-SBS (stratified best-effort service)-promotes a simple user/simple network realization where neither the user nor the network is burdened with complex computational responsibilities. SBS is scalable, efficient, and adaptive, and it complements the guaranteed service architecture, sharing a common network substrate comprised of GPS routers. It is also a functional complement, provisioning QoS efficiently commensurate with user needs, albeit at the cost of weaker protection. SBS is suited to noncooperative network environments where users behave selfishly and resource contention resolution is mediated by the principle of competitive interaction. A principal feature of SBS is the transformation of user-centric QoS provision mechanisms-a defining characteristic of competitive interaction entailing intimate user control of internal network resources-into network-centric mechanisms while preserving the former's resource allocation paradigm. End-to-end QoS control is facilitated by decentralized control based on Lagrangian optimization-achieve a target end-to-end QoS at minimum cost or resource usage-which, in turn, is amenable to distributed implementation. SBS achieves per-flow QoS control with zero per-flow state at routers and a packet header whose size is independent of hop count. SBS, in spite of foregoing both resource reservation and admission control, is able to provision stable, graded QoS.
A Marxian theory of democracy

(2000). A Marxian theory of democracy. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 87-113.
Circadian rhythms of ewes suckling singletons versus twins during the second week of lactation

Abstract. Circadian rhythms are 24 hour cycles of physiology and behavior that evolved for adaptation to changes in environment and physiological state. We hypothesize circadian rhythms adjust to metabolic demands of lactation. Our objective was to determine if circadian rhythms of behavior, body temperature, cortisol and melatonin were different between ewes suckling twins and singletons after two weeks of lactation. Two groups of ewes (n = 5 ewes/group) suckling singleton or twin lambs were acclimated to sampling protocol for 5 d beginning 7 ± 1 d postpartum. After acclimation, behavior was measured (i.e. suckling, eating, drinking, lying down) every 10 min over 24 h. During the following 24 h period, milk, saliva, and rectal temperature were collected every 4 h. Salivary cortisol and melatonin levels were measured with ELISA. Singleton (4.1 ± 1.1 kg) and twin (5.2 ± 1.2 kg) lamb weight and ewe body condition score (BCS: 2.8 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.2, respectively) were not different (p > 0.05) at birth. At 9...
The Combinatorics of Heuristic Search Termination for Object Recognition in Cluttered Environments

Earlier work on using constrained search to locate objects in cluttered scenes showed that the expected search is quadratic in the number of features, if all the data comes from one object, but is exponential if spurious data is included. Consequently, many methods terminate search once a “good” interpretation is found. Here, we show that correct termination procedures can reduce the exponential search to quartic. This analysis agrees with empirical data for cluttered object recognition. These results imply that one must select subsets of the data likely to have come from one object, before finding a correspondence between data and model features.
Inflation Versus Prime Lending Rates: An Empirical Analysis

The inflation rate in our country increased significantly during the last six years. The Reserve Bank of India has been using high interest rate policies to contain the excessive instability and the excessive money supply in the economy. In this context, the present study has attempted to analyze the relationship between inflation rate and prime lending rate in India. The study was mainly limited to the prime lending rates of SBI and ICICI Bank. The time period of the study is from 2004 to 2011. For the purpose of analysis, the inflation rate was compared with the prime lending rates of SBI and ICICI Bank with the help of correlation, regression, and ANOVA tools. The analysis lead to the finding that for most of the years, inflation and prime lending rates of the 2 banks were negatively correlated. However, after testing the fit of the regression line, a conclusion was at arrived that there was no significant relationship between inflation rates and SBAR; whereas, there was a significant relationship between inflation rates and IBAR. Thus, the study tries to provide necessary guidance regarding the relationship between the inflation rates and the prime lending rates.
Social Media Use in the Workplace: A Study of Dual Effects

Social media use in the workplace may simultaneously contribute to productive behaviors task-oriented and relationship-building as well as unproductive behaviors deviance at work. Building on channel expansion theory the authors examine the impact of using social media on these organizational behaviors. Using a sample of 220 working individuals they found that intensity of social media use contributed to greater task-oriented social media behaviors, more relationship-building social media behaviors, and more deviant social media behaviors. Further, the authors examined the moderating effect that preoccupation with social media has on these direct relationships and found that preoccupation diminishes the effect of social media use on both productive and un-productive behaviors.
Cattle Feeding Benchmark Data: Fall & Winter 2014 Spring & Summer 2015

A summary of closeouts from the fall of 2017 through the summer of 2018 is provided on feedlot heifers, steers, mixed pens, white fat cull cows, dairy beef and preconditioning cattle.
Lipopolysaccharide induces fever and depresses locomotor activity in unrestrained mice

The purpose of this study was to characterize the basic biology of fever to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in unrestrained mice. Although LPS has been shown to induce fevers in many laboratory animals (e.g., rats, guinea pigs, rabbits), there is some question of whether LPS causes a fall or rise in body temperature (Tb) in mice. Tb was measured by biotelemetry in unrestrained mice maintained at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. Intraperitoneal injections of LPS at doses of 1.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/kg induced dose-independent prompt decreases of Tb for 5.7 h. After this postinjection reduction, Tb increased and reached a peak at approximately 24 h postinjection. The peak rises in Tb were dose dependent. Changes in Tb due to LPS were accompanied by suppression of locomotor activity. Indomethacin, at a dose that did not affect normal Tb, enhanced the temperature-lowering effect of LPS as well as inhibited the febrile rise of Tb after LPS. Indomethacin did not modify the reduction in activity caused by the injections of LPS. Food intake of the mice was decreased by LPS in a dose-dependent manner, and tolerance developed to a second injection of LPS. We conclude that freely moving mice can develop pronounced and reproducible fevers in response to LPS, which is different in time course, dose-dependent profile, induction of pyrogenic tolerance profile, and mode of inhibition by indomethacin from those responses that have been observed in other species studied so far.
New insights into sickle cell disease: mechanisms and investigational therapies.

Purpose of review Sickle cell disease (SCD) afflicts millions worldwide. The simplicity of its single nucleotide mutation belies the biological and psychosocial complexity of the disease. Despite only a single approved drug specifically for the treatment of SCD, new findings reviewed from 2015 provide the direction forward. Recent findings The last year has provided a wealth of support for mechanisms affecting the red cell, hemolysis and vasculopathy, the innate immune system activation, blood cell and endothelial adhesiveness, central sensitization to pain, and chronic brain injury. The evidence supporting expanded use of hydroxyurea continues to mount. Many promising therapies are reaching clinical trial, including curative therapies, with more on the horizon. Summary Evidence is compelling that the use of hydroxyurea must be expanded by clinicians to gain the full pleiotropic benefits of this approved drug. Clinicians must become aware that severe acute and chronic pain has a biological and neurologic basis, and the understanding of this basis is growing. Researchers are testing investigational therapies at an unprecedented pace in SCD, and partnership between patients, researchers, and the private sector provides the most rapid and productive way forward.
When the first impression counts: Music performers, audience and the evaluation of stage entrance behaviour

In this study, we suggest a typology of stage entrance behaviour of performers, based on audience members’ first impression of selected video recordings of an international violin competition. For ...
Adsorption of Naphthalene and Ozone on Atmospheric Air/Ice Interfaces Coated with Surfactants: A Molecular Simulation Study

The adsorption of gas-phase naphthalene and ozone molecules onto air/ice interfaces coated with different surfactant species (1-octanol, 1-hexadecanol, or 1-octanal) was investigated using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Naphthalene and ozone exhibit a strong preference to be adsorbed at the surfactant-coated air/ice interfaces, as opposed to either being dissolved into the bulk of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) or being incorporated into the ice crystals. The QLL becomes thinner when the air/ice interface is coated with surfactant molecules. The adsorption of both naphthalene and ozone onto surfactant-coated air/ice interfaces is enhanced when compared to bare air/ice interface. Both naphthalene and ozone tend to stay dissolved in the surfactant layer and close to the QLL, rather than adsorbing on top of the surfactant molecules and close to the air region of our systems. Surfactants prefer to orient at a tilted angle with respect to the air/ice interface; the angular distribution and the mo...
Injectable soft tissue substitutes

Historical and modern advances in the development of an injectable soft tissue substitute are reviewed. Nonbiologic alloplastic and biologic injectables are described. The authors experiences, as well as those of others, employing presently available materials in terms of specific indications and special techniques are delineated. The search for a safe, effective, easy-to-use, and long-lasting soft tissue substitute continues.
Effects of matrix composition on detection threshold estimates for methyl anthranilate and 2-aminoacetophenone

Conceptually, a detection threshold represents the lowest concentration at which an individual or a group of individuals can reliably perceive a given stimulus, with a commonly used operational definition of 50% performance above chance. Estimated detection thresholds (DTs), however, are often reported in the literature with little attention given to the matrix in which the stimuli were evaluated. Here, we highlight the influence of matrix effects on DTs for two odor-active compounds commonly found in Vitis Labrusca wines. Differences in orthonasal DTs for methyl anthranilate (MA) and 2-aminoacetophenone (2AAP) in water, a model wine system, and wine were demonstrated using a within-subject design and forced choice (i.e., criterion free) psychophysical methods. Six sample triads, each containing two blanks and one spiked sample, were presented to participants with the instructions to choose the "different" sample, and this was repeated in different matrices (water, model wine, and wine). The estimated DTs for both compounds were significantly lower in water versus the model wine system and wine. This finding recapitulates the strong need to carefully consider the nature of the delivery matrix when determining and comparing threshold estimates across studies. Additionally, data from prior reports have suggested DTs for MA and 2AAP may differ by two orders of magnitude in spite of their structural similarity. We failed to confirm this difference here: although 2AAP thresholds were somewhat lower than MA thresholds, differences were much smaller than what had been suggested previously. This, again, emphasizes the need to make comparisons within the same individuals, using appropriate methods with sufficient numbers of participants.
The Presence of Novel Amino Acids in the Cytoplasmic Domain of Stem Cell Factor Results in Hematopoietic Defects inSteel17H Mice

Stem cell factor (SCF) is expressed as an integral membrane growth factor that may be differentially processed to produce predominantly soluble (S) (SCF248) or membrane-associated (MA) (SCF220) protein. A critical role for membrane presentation of SCF in the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) has been suggested from the phenotype of the Steel-dickie ( Sld ) mice, which lack MA SCF, and by studies performed in our laboratory (and by others) using long-term bone marrow cultures and transgenic mice expressing different SCF isoforms. Steel17H ( Sl17H ) is an SCF mutant that demonstrates melanocyte defects and sterility in males but not in females. The Sl17H allele contains a intronic mutation resulting in the substitution of 36 amino acids (aa’s) in the SCF cytoplasmic domain with 28 novel aa’s. This mutation, which affects virtually the entire cytoplasmic domain of SCF, could be expected to alter membrane SCF presentation. To investigate this possibility, we examined the biochemical and biologic properties of the Sl17H -encoded protein and its impact in vivo and in vitro on hematopoiesis and on c-Kit signaling. We demonstrate that compound heterozygous Sl/Sl17H mice manifest multiple hematopoietic abnormalities in vivo, including red blood cell deficiency, bone marrow hypoplasia, and defective thymopoiesis. In vitro, both S and MA Sl17H isoforms of SCF exhibit reduced cell surface expression on stromal cells and diminished biological activity in comparison to wild-type (wt) SCF isoforms. These alterations in presentation and biological activity are associated with a significant reduction in the proliferation of an SCF-responsive erythroid progenitor cell line and in the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein-Kinase signaling pathways. In vivo, transgene expression of the membrane-restricted (MR) (SCFX9/D3) SCF in Sl/Sl17H mutants results in a significant improvement in peripheral red blood cell counts in comparison to Sl/Sl17H mice.