cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastatic spread of the PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma after implantation in the tail of the rat.

The spontaneous metastatic spread of a suspension of PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma cells from the tail site of implantation was analyzed over a period of 5 weeks in male Lobund-Wistar (LW) rats. Following subcutaneous injection of the PAIII cells, the tumor metasta-sized through the primary lymphatic drainage. PAIII microfoci were evident in the gluteal and iliac lymph nodes prior to colonization of the lungs. Growth of the primary tumor was evidenced by significant weight differences of the tails of PAIII-bearing and control rats 1 week after tumor implantation. Time-dependent sequential spread of the adenocarcinoma was quantitated. Significant differences were noted between PAIII-bearing and control animals with respect to the gluteal lymph node weights (+2 weeks), iliac lymph node weights (+3 weeks), dry lung weights, and lung colony numbers (+4 weeks) after tumor implantation. During the course of these studies, the whole blood prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and recalcification times for the PAIII-bearing animals were similar to those of the control group. These findings indicate that there were no gross changes in systemic blood coagulation accompanying the metastasis of PAIII cells from the primary tumor. The tumor in LW rats produced a consistent pattern of growth and metastasis that is suitable for quantitation. The PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma is a sensitive and reproducible system that may be useful to evaluate potential antimetastatic and cytotoxic agents for the treatment of hormone-insensitive prostatic cancer.
A sensor-based solution to the "next best view" problem

Acquiring the complete surface geometry of an object using a range scanner invariably requires that multiple range images be taken of it from different viewpoints. An algorithm is presented which solves the "next best view" (NBV) problem: determine the next position for the range scanner given its previous scans of the object. As part of a complete surface acquisition system the scanner's next position should cause it not only to sample more of the object's surface but to resample part of the object already scanned to allow for the registration and integration of the new data with the previous scans. A novel representation, positional space, is presented which facilitates a solution to the NBV problem by representing what must be and what can be scanned in a unified data structure. The expensive operation of determining the visibility of part of the viewing volume is computed only once, not for each potential position of the scanner thus breaking the computational burden of choosing the NBV from a large number of positions. No assumptions are made about the geometry or topology of the object. The algorithm is self-terminating will scan all visible surfaces of an object and can be directed to resample surfaces which were scanned with low confidence. In addition, the algorithm will work with nearly any range camera and scanning setup. A completely automated surface acquisition system featuring the proposed NBV algorithm is demonstrated on a real object.
Connecting [4Fe–4S] Clusters and Hemes – Towards Modeling the Active Site of Sulfite Reductase

In this paper, we present a new design for biologically inspired models for the active site of assimilatory sulfite and nitrite reductases (aSIR and aNIR), which consists of a siroheme that is directly linked to a [4Fe–4S] cubane cluster. The individual components used here to construct this model are a site-differentiated [4Fe–4S] cluster, a bifunctional bridging ligand, and a metalloporphyrin. We have prepared two new site-differentiated clusters, [Fe4S4(TriS)(SPy)] and [Fe4S4(TriS)(SEtIm)], which contain pyridine and imidazole linkers for the binding to a metalloporphyrin, and characterized these compounds, using UV/Vis, IR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and mass spectrometry. Titration experiments where then performed by using [Zn(TPP)] (TPP2– = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin dianion) and corresponding fluorinated derivatives to find the best [4Fe–4S]–heme combination for an optimal binding of the two components in solution. Excitingly, our results demonstrate the formation of the desired [4Fe–4S]–heme catalytic arrays in solution with high specificity. The best combination of cubane cluster and metalloporphyrin for future catalyst development corresponds to the complex (Bu4N)2[M(To-F2PP)–{Fe4S4(TriS)(SEtIm)}] {To-F2PP2– = meso-tetra(ortho-difluorophenyl)porphyrin dianion}. The binding between these components with M = Zn2+ was further confirmed by CV. Thus, we have created a new type of biologically inspired model system for the aSIR and aNIR active site that leads to a robust attachment of the individual components in solution.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of spermatic cord.

Abstract The second known case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma presenting as a scrotal massis reported.
Plasma and Intracellular Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Fludarabine in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (alloHCT) Recipients

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S27eS44 S30 PT-Cy. We show it is a safe regimen, with high engraftment rates, encouraging survival rates and very low grade III-IV aGvHD and extensive cGVHD rates despite relatively high T cells doses. The results from this relatively small number of mostly high-risk patients are encouraging and form basis for testing it in a larger cohort of patients. TNC <8 10 cells/ kg TNC 8 10 cells/ kg P CD34+ <4 10
Structural characterization of Zn(II)-, Co(II)-, and Mn(II)-loaded forms of the argE-encoded N-acetyl-L-ornithine deacetylase from Escherichia coli.

The Zn, Co, and Mn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the N-acetyl-l-ornithine deacetylase (ArgE) from Escherichia coli, loaded with one or two equivalents of divalent metal ions (i.e., [Zn(II)_(ArgE)], [Zn(II)Zn(II)(ArgE)], [Co(II)_(ArgE)], [Co(II)Co(II)(ArgE)], [Mn(II)_(ArgE)], and [Mn(II)Mn(II)(ArgE)]), were recorded. The Fourier transformed data (FT) for [Zn(II)_(ArgE)], [Zn(II)Zn(II)(ArgE)], [Co(II)_(ArgE)] and [Co(II)Co(II)(ArgE)] are dominated by a peak at 2.05A, that can be fit assuming five or six light atom (N,O) scatterers. Inclusion of multiple-scattering contributions from the outer-shell atoms of a histidine-imidazole ring resulted in reasonable Debye-Waller factors for these contributions and a slight reduction in the goodness-of-fit value (f'). Furthermore, the data best fit a model that included a M-M vector at 3.3 and 3.4A for Zn(II) and Co(II), respectively, suggesting the formation of a dinuclear site. Multiple scattering contributions from the outer-shell atoms of a histidine-imidazole rings are observed at ~3 and 4A for Zn(II)- and Co(II)-loaded ArgE suggesting at least one histidine ligand at each metal binding site. Likewise, EXAFS data for Mn(II)-loaded ArgE are dominated by a peak at 2.19A that was best fit assuming six light atom (N,O) scatterers. Due to poor signal to noise ratios for the Mn EXAFS spectra, no Mn-Mn vector could be modeled. Peak intensities for [M(II)_(ArgE)] vs. [M(II)M(II)(ArgE)] suggest the Zn(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) bind to ArgE in a cooperative manner. Since no structural data has been reported for any ArgE enzyme, the EXAFS data reported herein represent the first structural glimpse for ArgE enzymes. These data also provide a structural foundation for the future design of small molecules that function as inhibitors of ArgE and may potentially function as a new class of antibiotics.
Ξ‾ and Ω distributions in hadron–nucleus interactions

Abstract Strange baryons have long been known to exhibit a leading particle effect. A recent comparison of Ξ− production in π−, n, and Σ− interactions with nuclei show this effect clearly. These data are supplemented by earlier measurements of Ξ− and Ω production by a Ξ− beam. We calculate the Ξ− and Ω xF distributions and nuclear dependence in hA interactions using the intrinsic model.
Retrograde amnesia in patients with Alzheimer's disease or Huntington's disease.

Retrograde amnesia (RA) was studied in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) using an updated version of the remote memory battery originally developed by Albert, Butters and Levin [3]. Regardless of whether remote memory was measured by unaided recall or cued recall, HD patients exhibited deficits that were equally severe across decades. RA was more severe in AD than in HD patients and the AD patients recalled significantly more items from the 1940s and 50s than from the 60s, 70s or 80s. The AD patients also displayed dysnomia, while the AD patients did not. Naming difficulties appeared to contribute to the poor overall performance of the AD patients, but did not account for the temporal gradient of their RA. These findings, like recent reports focusing on these patients' ability to learn new information and to search semantic memory, indicate that the processes underlying AD and HD patients' memory failures are distinct.
A characterization of the unicity property in best approximation

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of characterizing those situations under which the best uniform linear approximation to an arbitrary continuous function is unique. The problem has been solved by Haar where the set of approximants is a finite dimensional subspace, but in this paper we generalize this by allowing the set of approximants to be any subset of a finite dimensional space. Some previous work has been done on this problem by Rice [2, p. 87 ff.] for a number of partial results.
Carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Ascaris suum: the primary structure

The carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from Ascaris suum was isolated from aqueous extracts by affinity chromatography toward immobilized carboxypeptidase A. The amino acid sequence is DQVRKCLSDT10DCTNGEKCVQ20KNKICSTIVE30IQRCEKEHFT40IPCKSNNDCQ50VWAHEKICN K60LPWGL65 . The carboxypeptidase A inhibitor is not homologous with the chymotrypsin/elastase or trypsin inhibitors from Ascaris, but shows homology in a 9-residue internal sequence with the 37/39-residue carboxypeptidase inhibitors from tomato and potato. The carboxy-terminal 5 (4) residues in the three inhibitors are similar, suggesting a common mechanism of inhibition.
Structure of rings of functions with Riemann Stieltjes convolution products

Abstract In this note three sets of complex valued functions with pointwise addition and a Riemann Stieltjes convolution product are considered. The functions considered are discrete analytic functions, sequences, and continuous functions of bounded variation defined on the nonnegative real numbers. Each forms a commutative algebra with identity. The discrete analytic functions form a principal ideal ring with five maximal ideals, nine prime ideals, and is essentially a direct sum of four discrete valuation rings. The ring of sequences is isomorphic to an ideal of the ring of discrete analytic functions; it has two maximal and three prime ideals. Both contain divisors of zero. The units, associates, irreducible elements and primes in these two rings are described. The results are used to study the continuous functions; partial results are obtained concerning units and divisors of zero. The product satisfies a convolution theorem.
Social and academic intelligence: Conceptually distinct but overlapping constructs

Abstract This study explored the relations among multidimensional measures of social intelligence and assessments of academic intelligence. One hundred and seventy-one undergraduates completed several standard academic intelligence scales, four of the Guilford (O'Sullivan & Guilford, 1976; four factor tests of social intelligence (behavioral cognition): manual of instructions and interpretations. Orange, CA: Sheridan Psychological Services) social intelligence scales, the Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1989; Manual for the Social Skills Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press), and a measure of tacit knowledge/etiquette. Correlational and factor analytic analyses indicated that although social and academic intelligence may be conceptually distinct, there is considerable measurement overlap between the constructs. Important implications for the measurement of social intelligence and for future research in the area are discussed.
Long term effects of irradiation on the response of the Hen's liver to estrogens

Abstract o 1. Female chickens receiving a single sublethal whole-body exposure of 500 R of γ-irradiation at 8 days of age failed to respond fully to an estrone-challenge administered during the latter portion of their first egg-laying cycle. 2. Usual increases in estrogen-induced serum phosvitin, total serum lipids and serum apoprotein B (for serum low density lipoproteins) were not forthcoming. 3. Injection of estrogenic substances into previously irradiated hens over a period of 3 days also resulted in a lesser enlargement (by cell division) of livers. 4. The above differences were accompanied by decrements in increase of total liver RNA in irradiated birds, bolstering the concept of a permanently lowered potential for synthesis by their livers of the above named serum yolk protein precursors.
Self-Estimates in Anxious and Depressed Outpatients Treated with Pharmacotherapy

Self-estimates, assessed by Osgood's Semantic Differential technique, were obtained for 96 anxious and 79 depressed patients both before and after 4 wk. of treatment with pharmacotherapy. While there were few changes in self-estimates over the course of treatment with either drug or placebo, patients rated as improved had significantly higher pretreatment potency scores than those rated unimproved. This finding was more pronounced for depressed than for anxious patients and was not affected significantly by either sex or social class.
Advanced coal gasifier designs using large-scale simulations

Porting of the legacy code MFIX to a high performance computer (HPC) and the use of high resolution simulations for the design of a coal gasifier are described here. MFIX is based on a continuum multiphase flow model that considers gas and solids to form interpenetrating continua. Low resolution simulations of a commercial scale gasifier with a validated MFIX model revealed interesting physical phenomena with implications on the gasifier design, which prompted the study reported here. To be predictive, the simulations need to model the spatiotemporal variations in gas and solids volume fractions, velocities, temperatures with any associated phase change and chemical reactions. These processes occur at various time- and length-scales requiring very high spatial resolution and large number of iterations with small time-steps. We were able to perform perhaps the largest known simulations of gas-solids reacting flows, providing detailed information about the gas-solids flow structure and the pressure, temperature and species distribution in the gasifier. One key finding is the new features of the coal jet trajectory revealed with the high spatial resolution, which provides information on the accuracy of the lower resolution simulations. Methodologies for effectively combining high and low resolution simulations for design studies must be developed. From a computational science perspective, we found that global communication has to be reduced to achieve scalability to 1000s of cores, hybrid parallelization is required to effectively utilize the multicore chips, and the wait time in the batch queue significantly increases the actual time-to-solution. From our experience, development is required in the following areas: efficient solvers for heterogeneous, massively parallel systems; data analysis tools to extract information from large data sets; and programming environments for easily porting legacy codes to HPC.
Sensory, Physical, and Cooking Characteristics of Bacon Processed with Varying Levels of Sodium Nitrite and Potassium Sorbate

Sensory, physical, and cooking properties were evaluated on bacon processed under commercial operations in four separate plants. Three formulations with various levels of sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate were used: (1) 0 ppm sodium nitrite, (2) 40 ppm sodium nitrite 2600 ppm potassium sorbate, and (3) 120 ppm sodium nitrite. Sliced bacon was evaluated after 10, 30, 50, and 70 days of storage. “Chemical”-like flavors, prickly mouth sensations, and “sweet aromatic” aromas were found in bacon processed with 40 ppm sodium nitrite and 2600 ppm potassium sorbate. “Microbial” flavors were found in 0 ppm sodium nitrite bacon after 50 and 70 days of storage. Bacon stored for 30 days had less cooking loss and sensory panel scores indicative of more mouth coating with fat than did bacon stored for 10 days. The degree of leanness in bacon strips had more of an influence on textural, physical, and cooking characteristics than did sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate levels.
Activating mutations of the lutropin choriogonadotropin receptor in precocious puberty.

The human receptor for lutropin and chorionic gonadotropin (LHR) is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and plays a key role in normal and abnormal reproductive physiology. Naturally occurring mutations of the LHR gene that lead to hormone-independent signaling are associated with abnormal Leydig cell growth and precocious puberty in boys. These mutations affect 13 different residues in the LHR, with the majority clustered in the cytoplasmic half of transmembrane helix 6. Germline LHR mutations that produce constitutive activation of the G s pathway are found in cases of Leydig cell hyperplasia, while a unique somatic LHR mutation capable of activating both the G s and G q signaling pathways has been identified in Leydig cell tumors. The newly determined crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin provides a useful framework for interpreting the effects of these disease-associated LHR mutations in the context of conserved structural motifs in helix 3 and helix 7 that are known to be involved ...
Optimum Decentralized Choreography for Web Services Composition

Typical solutions for Web services composition problem develop a single intermediary which mediates or choreographs computation and communication among the existing services to realize a target/goal service. However, such a centralized choreography mechanism can involve communication/computation overhead that can be reduced through its decentralized realization. With this as motivation, we study the problem of synthesizing a decentralized choreography strategy that will have an optimum overhead for service composition by developing a set of site-specific choreographers working concurrently to implement a desired goal service. Each communication/computation is quantified by a cost. We develop an algorithm that takes as input the existing services, the goal service, the costs and produces as an output a set of site-specific choreographers that optimally realize the goal service using the existing services. The contribution lies in the formulation of the optimal decentralized choreographer synthesis problem as well as its solution and extends our earlier work in two ways: decentralization of solution and its optimality.
Writing Tips to Make New Lawyers Shine

An effective writer persuades the reader. This article (p. 8) discusses two writing tips for motions, briefs, and advisory memoranda that will put you on the road to achieving that goal. It explains how to effectively quote legal authority and use explanatory parentheticals with legal citations.
Proposed Low-Power High-Speed Microring Resonator-Based Switching Technique for Dynamically Reconfigurable Optical Interconnects

The dynamic bandwidth re-allocation (DBR) technique balances traffic by re-allocating bandwidth from under-utilized links to over-utilized links in a network. In this letter, we propose a nonblocking, fast, low-power, and integratable optical switch that enables DBR. The basic building blocks of the proposed switch are silicon-on-insulator-based microring resonators. Analytical and numerical studies show that the active switch design gives similar performance in throughput and latency, while reducing cost (number of lasers) and area significantly when compared to implementation of DBR with only passive components. There is a slight increase in power (~0.4% for worst-case traffic pattern) using the active switch implementation.
Direct manipulation of interactive character skins

Geometry deformations for interactive animated characters are most commonly achieved using a skeleton-driven deformation technique called linear blend skinning. To deform a vertex, linear blend skinning computes a weighted average of that vertex rigidly transformed by each bone that influences it. Authoring a character for linear blend skinning involves explicitly setting the weights used to compute deformed vertex positions. This process is tedious, repetitive, and frustrating not only because the deformed vertex positions are not intuitively related to the vertex weights, but also because the range of possible deformations is unclear. In this paper, we present a method that lets users directly manipulate the deformed vertex positions in a linear blend skin. We compute the subspace of possible deformed vertex positions, display it for users, and let them place the vertex anywhere in this space. Our algorithm then computes the correct weights automatically. This method lets us provide a skin editing interface that gives users as much direct control as possible and makes explicit what deformations are possible.
Susceptiblity of common rootstock and scion varieties of grapevines to Botryosphaeriaceae species

This study investigated the susceptibility of the most common rootstock and scion varieties used in New Zealand grapevine nurseries and vineyards to Botryosphaeriaceae species. A total of six rootstocks and six scion varieties were inoculated with mycelium of three isolates each of the most common Botryosphaeriaceae species (Neofusicoccum luteum, N. parvum and N. australe) recovered from New Zealand grapevine nurseries. Overall results showed that all isolates produced necrotic lesions on all varieties but susceptibility varied significantly (P < 0.001) with 5C and SO4 being the most susceptible of the rootstock varieties, and Merlot and Pinot noir being the most susceptible of the scions. Pathogenicity also varied significantly (P < 0.001) between species with N. parvum being the most virulent among three species tested. This study has further shown that different isolates of the three species have different levels of virulence providing evidence that these pathogens are genetically diverse. These results have significant implications for the New Zealand grapevine industry as the use of resistant varieties is not a possible option at present since none of the common varieties are resistant to these pathogens.
Philosophical justifications for the extirpation of non-indigenous species: the case of the grasshopper Schistocerca nitens (Orthoptera) on the Island of Nihoa, Hawaii

The case of Schistocerca nitens’ establishment on the island of Nihoa presents a challenging case for conservation biologists with respect to the justification for human efforts to extirpate the insect. In justifying our actions we seek reasons that are ecologically plausible (i.e., consistent with empirical and theoretical understandings of science), ethically compelling (i.e., based on sound reasoning from well-established moral principles), and logically consistent (i.e., avoiding fallacies and contradictions). Our analysis shows that the conventional arguments for conservation programs do not meet these criteria in the case of S. nitens. The following reasons fail on the basis of ecological, ethical, or logical standards: the protection of biodiversity, avoidance of ecological harm, biological qualities of the invasive species (herbivory, fecundity, mobility, recency, and functional integration), anthropogenic basis of arrival, harmfulness or unnaturalness of human agency, the interference with ecological processes, or disturbance of equilibria. Rather, we suggest that an aesthetic argument provides an ecologically, ethically, and logically sound basis for conservation biologists to justify taking action against the grasshopper. The aesthetic concept of a “thick sense” of beauty gives rise to a compelling moral case for extirpation based on virtue ethics in a manner similar to the argument against tolerating roadside litter.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding a novel zinc-finger protein from neuroblastoma x glioma NG108-15 cells

Abstract A subtraction cDNA library was constructed from control hybrid NG108-15 (mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma) cells and NG108-15 cells which had been treated for 48 h with the δ-opioid agonist d -Ala2- d -Leu5 enkephalin (DADLE) to down-regulate the δ-opioid receptor on these cells. Among the clones isolated from this library was NGD16-4, a 2768-bp clone encoding a putative 64-kDa protein containing 14 tandemly repeated zinc fingers (Zf) with high homology to the Kruppel family of Zf proteins. NGD16-4 also contains a region homologous to the A element of the Kruppel A ssociated B ox (KRAB) domain, a domain recently linked to transcriptional repression. Southern and Northern analyses indicate that NGD16-4 is derived from the mouse genome. Northern analysis also demonstrates that expression of NGD16-4 mRNA is much higher in several mouse neuroblastoma cell lines than in mouse brain or other tissues. Although the function of NGD16-4 is unclear, the expression pattern of NGD16-4 indicates a possible association with the processes of differentiation or transformation in the mouse.
Computing large sparse multivariate optimization problems with an application in biophysics

We present a novel divide and conquer method for parallelizing a large scale multivariate linear optimization problem, which is commonly solved using a sequential algorithm with the entire parameter space as the input. The optimization solves a large parameter estimation problem where the result is sparse in the parameters. By partitioning the parameters and the associated computations, our technique overcomes memory constraints when used in the context of a single workstation and achieves high processor utilization when large workstation, clusters are used. We implemented this technique in a widely used software package for the analysis of a biophysics problem, which is representative for a large class of problems in the physical sciences. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on a 512-processor cluster and offer an analytical model for predicting the performance of the algorithm.
Multiplex Zymography Captures Stage-specific Activity Profiles of Cathepsins K, L, and S in Human Breast, Lung, and Cervical Cancer

Background Cathepsins K, L, and S are cysteine proteases upregulated in cancer and proteolyze extracellular matrix to facilitate metastasis, but difficulty distinguishing specific cathepsin activity in complex tissue extracts confounds scientific studies and employing them for use in clinical diagnoses. Here, we have developed multiplex cathepsin zymography to profile cathepsins K, L, and S activity in 10 μg human breast, lung, and cervical tumors by exploiting unique electrophoretic mobility and renaturation properties.
La soberanía en África: casi estados y otros mitos en la teoría internacional | Sovereignty in Africa: Quasi-Statehood and Other Myths in International Theory

Este capitulo se centra en dos errores a menudo repetidos. El primero es la idea de que los estados poseen, de modo uniforme, una cierta coherencia organica generada por un ajuste resuelto entre estado y nacion, un deseo legitimo del estado de mantener esta relacion, una probada aptitud por su parte para crear y conservar un entorno seguro para la nacion, asi como una capacidad verosimil para defenderse frente a las entidades competidoras. El segundo es que la soberania postcolonial constituya una desviacion historica del sistema westfaliano, tanto en lo relativo a la ficcion juridica como a la realidad empirica. [...] Para ilustrar mis argumentos, tendre en cuenta las formas de soberania historica que los hegemons occidentales previeron para Belgica y Suiza por un lado, y para el Congo/Zaire por otro, durante los dos ultimos siglos. This chapter focuses on two oft-repeated errors. One is the notion that Western states uniformly possess a certain organic coherence generated by a purposeful fit between state and nation, a legitimate state desire to maintain this relation, a proven state capacity to defend itself against competing entities. The other is that post-colonial sovereignty constitutes an historical deviation from Western norms, both as a juridical fiction and an empirical reality. [...] To illustrate my points, I will consider the historical forms of sovereignty that Western hegemons envisioned for Belgium and Switzerland, on the one hand, and Congo/Zaire, on the other, during the last two centuries.
Increased natural killer-cell mobilization and cytotoxicity during marital conflict.

Natural killer (NK) cells are reproducibly mobilized into the circulation in response to intense physical exercise or acute psychological stress, and altered expression of adhesion molecules potentially contributes to NK-cell mobilization. Studies of leukocyte mobilization during acute stress have used psychological stressors which facilitate tight experimental control but have limited applicability to everyday life. We therefore used a laboratory model of marital conflict as an experientially meaningful acute stressor to elucidate relationships among conflict, cardiovascular reactivity, and altered leukocyte phenotype and function. Forty-one ethnically diverse, nondistressed, healthy married couples were asked to discuss a specific problem in their marriage for 15 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before, during, and after the discussion, and blood was remotely drawn at the same time points to quantify numbers of specific leukocyte subsets, NK-cell adhesion molecule expression, and NK cytotoxicity. Couples responded to the conflict task with cardiovascular reactivity; increases in the percentages of circulating NK cells and CD8+ T cells and decreases in the percentage of circulating CD4+ T cells; decreases in the percentage of NK cells that express L-selectin; and increases in NK-cell cytotoxicity without a commensurate increase in per-cell cytotoxicity. Rapid downregulation or shedding of L-selectin (CD62L) from NK cells did not contribute to their mobilization during conflict. Instead, CD62L− NK cells were mobilized while CD62L+ NK cells were selectively retained in the vascular marginating pool and/or in extravascular tissue. From a broader perspective, the data support the hypothesis that altered trafficking of specific leukocyte subsets is an integral component of the fight-or-flight response to an acute stressor.
A multigrasp hand prosthesis for transradial amputees

This paper presents the design of a multi-degree-of-freedom, anthropomorphic hand for transradial amputees, and also presents experimental data characterizing its performance. Unlike state-of-the-art commercially available prosthetic hands, the hand described herein is capable of providing eight canonical postures (and movement between these postures). The experimental characterization includes its capability to provide eight canonical grasp postures; the frequency response of finger motion; and its grasping force capability (as a function of finger position). Other performance specifications, such as total mass and audible noise, are also provided.
THE IDEAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CURRICULUM: I. History, Rationales, Misconceptions & Standards

April 22, 1970 will be remembered by many as the date of the first nationwide celebration of Earth Day. This event, according to Gordon (1993, p. 32) in his thoughtful appraisal of the American environmental movement, was "one of the more remarkable happenings in the history of democracy ... 20 million people demonstrated their support [and] ... American politics and public policy would never be the same again." From a science and science education perspective, this national opportunity to express concern for the environment was unique. Never in history had there been such an outpouring of emotion focused on the contributions of a particular scientific discipline. Only the launch of Sputnik and the aftermath of the Scopes evolution trial have impacted science teaching as dramatically as the rise in interest in environmental issues. The legacy of Earth Day was clear and immediate. Environmental science quickly found a home in both the public consciousness and in the school science curriculum.
Lack of association between the occurrence of Crohn's disease and occupational exposure to dairy and beef cattle herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to identify associations between Crohn's disease (CD) and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) exposure. A questionnaire was used to collect information on exposure to cattle infected with Map, and personal and family history of CD in dairy and beef cattle producers with and without Map-infected herds, and in veterinarians who did or did not have contact with Map-infected herds. Cases of CD were selected from respondents and matched 1:4 with controls on occupation, age, and sex. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between Map exposure and CD. There were 3 cases of CD in 702 producers and 4 cases in 774 veterinarians, yielding a prevalence of 0.47%. No association was found between exposure to JD and CD in any phase of the analysis. However, the number of cases of CD is not large and limits the power to detect important differences.
Rapid runtime system verification using automatic source code instrumentation

This paper describes a tool set for on-line and off-line runtime formal verification of system of systems (SoS) using rapid source-code instrumentation of complex C, C++, and Java applications. The tool set consists of two Eclipse plugins: an automatic source code instrumentation tool and an XML-to-JUnit log-file converter. The automatic instrumentation tool inserts code snippets in the source code of the system under test. During the SUT's execution the code snippets create a log stream (file or socket stream) in XML format. The XML-to-JUnit log-file converter transforms this stream into equivalent JUnit tests within the Eclipse environment. These test scenarios are then executed against state chart-assertion formal specifications, thereby performing runtime verification. The tool set enables runtime verification of formal specifications that contain real-time constraints and is capable of performing such verification for applications running on most popular real-time operating systems.
A Variational Approach to Three-Dimensional Elasticity Solutions of Laminated Composite Plates

The displacements in a laminated composite are represented as products of two sets of unknown functions, one of which is only a function of the thickness coordinate and the other is a function of the in-plane coordinates (i.e., separation of variables approach), and the minimization of the total potential energy is reduced to a sequence of iterative linear problems. Analytical solutions are developed for cross-ply and angle-ply laminated composite rectangular plates. The solution for simply-supported cross-ply plates under sinusoidal transverse load reduces to that of Pagano. Numerical results for stresses and is placements for antisymmetric angle-ply laminates are presented. The three-dimensional elasticity solutions developed are important because they can be used to study the behavior of composite laminates, in addition to serving as reference for approximate solutions by numerical methods and two-dimensional theories.
The diffusion behavior of hydrogen in plagioclase feldspar at 800–1000 °C: Implications for re-equilibration of hydroxyl in volcanic phenocrysts

To use structural hydroxyl (OH) concentrations preserved in volcanic phenocrysts to constrain magmatic water contents prior to eruption, it is first necessary to understand the diffusive behavior of hydrogen in plagioclase. In this study, diffusion coefficients for a natural OH-bearing plagioclase feldspar (Ab_(66)An_(31)Or_3) are determined from a series of integrated loss heating experiments performed at 800–1000 °C and 1 atm under air, nitrogen gas, and a CO_2-H_2 mixture at the FMQ oxygen buffer. Hydrogen diffusion is found to be isotropic within analytical error. Using a one-dimensional diffusive loss model for an infinite slab, the diffusion behavior for hydrogen in plagioclase is described by the diffusion parameters log D_0 = −1.62 ± 0.31 (m^2/s) and E_a = 266 ± 77 kJ/mol, and log D_0 = −0.97 ± 0.35 (m^2/s) and E_a = 278 ± 90 kJ/mol for experiments only conducted under nitrogen gas. Nearly complete (83–97%) loss of OH from the andesine was achieved in 900 and 1000 °C heating series, except for the 900 °C FMQ buffer experiment in which only 64% of the total OH was lost after 21.6 days of cumulative heating. The diffusion rates of hydrogen in the plagioclase after 800–1000 °C are similar to interpolated diffusion rates for sodium diffusion in An_(30) feldspar, implying that Na^+ and H^+ both diffuse via Frenkel defects involving the large cation sites and interstitial ions. The diffusion coefficient (D) values for hydrogen in plagioclase are lower than most reported diffusion data for hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals, and are most similar to D reported for pure forsterite, unaffected by iron redox reactions. Based on the hydrogen diffusion parameters in this study, a 1 mm spherical plagioclase phenocryst experiencing dehydration under lowered water activity during ascent and eruption at 800 °C retains 50% of its initial OH concentration after 34 days. At 900 and 1000 °C, a 1 mm phenocryst retains 50% of its initial OH concentration after only 1.3 days and 0.25 day, respectively. OH concentrations in plagioclase are therefore most indicative of magmatic water contents during the latest stages of ascent and eruption.
Using FDTD to improve our understanding of partial wave spectroscopy for advancing ultra early-stage cancer detection techniques

We present numerical modeling techniques and results geared towards improving our understanding of the physical basis underlying partial wave spectroscopy. This work is in support of an ongoing effort in developing and advancing ultra early-stage cancer detection techniques. First, our initial finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling methodology and results for synthesizing partial wave spectroscopy are presented for an inhomogeneous dielectric sphere. Next, we compare these modeling results with those of a one-dimensional layered slab model for testing whether photons interact primarily one-dimensionally with three-dimensional objects in creating partial wave spectroscopy spectra. We then present a working hypothesis and our preliminary work for improving the correlation between the FDTD-generated results and the 1-D layered slab model by implementing a focused beam instead of a plane wave excitation.
Evidence Supporting Two New Forms and One Previously Described Race Within the Cottus carolinae Species-Complex from the Ozark Highlands

Abstract I present preliminary data describing two new forms within the Cottus carolinae species-complex from the Ozark Highlands, the eyelash sculpin and the fringe-head sculpin. The eyelash and fringe-head sculpins can be diagnosed from all other species of Cottus by cirri (thin fleshy appendages), a character heretofore unknown in the genus. The eyelash sculpin can be further diagnosed by a few cirri above the eye and the fringe-head sculpin by a large number of cirri on the head and elsewhere. In addition, I provide data on pectoral fin ray number in the C. carolinae species-complex that validates the recognition of the Black River race in the Ozark Highlands (18–19 in Black River race, 13–17 in all other C. carolinae). The distribution of Ozark Highland members of the C. carolinae species-complex and a new size record are also discussed.
Surface phenotype and migratory capability of Peyer's patch germinal center cells.

Germinal centers (GC’s) are well-delineated clusters of lymphoid blasts that arise within follicles in organized lymphoid tissues, and occasionally in extra-lymphoid sites, in response to antigenic stimulation. There is a wealth of circumstantial evidence associating GC’s with the generation of B cell memory and plasma cell (especially secondary, IgG) responses (reviewed in 1, 2). Nonetheless, definitive studies of the nature, origin, and fate of GC cells have not been possible, largely because of the absence of specific markers. We have found, as reported independently by Rose et al. (3), that peanut agglutinin (PNA), a plant lectin with specificity for terminal galactosyl residues, binds selectively to germinal center lymphoid cells (GCLC) in frozen sections of mouse lymphoid organs. PNA can be used to identify the vast majority of (if not all) GCLC in cell suspensions of Peyer’s patches (PP’s) and probably (when used in combination with other markers to distinguish PNA-binding T cells) in suspensions of lymph nodes and spleen as well.
Butanol-extractable iodine in the serum of infants.

The difference between SPI and BEI in blood from the umbilical cord or from infants is no greater than the difference noted in the blood of adults. The average differences, SPI-BEI, in both are 0.4 to 0.5 gamma %. SPI and BEI of cord blood do not differ significantly from those of the mother9s blood taken during delivery and, therefore, cannot be used to measure the BEI of the infant during the first weeks of life. In contrast the concentrations of fatty acid and cholesterol of the serum from cord blood was only about one-third as great as that of maternal blood. In the first days of life SPI and BEI rise sharply. In 12 of 13 infants 2 to 6 days old the BEIs were between 7.0 and 11.7 gamma %, values indicative of hyperthyroidism in adults. Data on children from birth to 16 years of age suggest that the normal range may remain higher than that of adults for as long as seven years.
Object-Oriented Programming in OpenMusic

OpenMusic is a visual programming language for music composers. It was designed and implemented by the Musical Representation Team at Ircam-Centre Georges Pompidou. OpenMusic is based and implemented on CLOS (Common Lisp Object System) [1014]. It shows several original features, such as re- flexivity, meta-programming capacities, handling of the duality between musical and computational time, and provides a framework of predefined musical objects for handling sound, MIDI and musical notation. Open- Music combines different technics of programming, e.g., functional programming, constraint programming and object-oriented programming. We will focus in this chapter on the last one. Object-oriented programming is crucially connected with the categorical approach. Category theory helps formalize in an original way concepts like inheritance, methods, classes, etc. More details on this relation can be found in [613] or in Section 9.4.2 of this book.
Computational CAM: studying children and media in the age of big data

AbstractNew media technologies enable the pervasive and unobtrusive tracking of children’s media use and interaction behaviors, and a host of new opportunities that researchers are only beginning to embrace. The possibilities for unlocking longstanding questions about children and media are thrilling, but the path forward is complicated by questions about epistemology, data, ethics and training. In this essay, I outline the promise and peril of computational social science for children and media research, drawing on advances from related fields to offer suggestions for researchers hoping to make use of big data and computational analytics.
Excimer Laser Induced Electrical Conductivity in Polymers

The electrical conductivity of high temperature polymers (i.e. polyimide) has been changed permanently from 10−17 Ω−1 cm−1 to 10 Ω−1 cm−1 by excimer laser irradiation. The conduction mechanism is found to be phonon assisted variable range hopping between small (~10 nm) carbon clusters that form a macroscopic percolation cluster. The critical concentration of carbon clusters is found to be pc = 0.24 ± 0.02 and the critical exponent of the insulator-conductor transition is t = 1.97 ± 0.25.
Endothelial Mechanosignaling: Does One Sensor Fit All?

Abstract Significance: Forces are important in the cardiovascular system, acting as regulators of vascular physiology and pathology. Residing at the blood vessel interface, cells (endothelial cell, EC) are constantly exposed to vascular forces, including shear stress. Shear stress is the frictional force exerted by blood flow, and its patterns differ based on vessel geometry and type. These patterns range from uniform laminar flow to nonuniform disturbed flow. Although ECs sense and differentially respond to flow patterns unique to their microenvironment, the mechanisms underlying endothelial mechanosensing remain incompletely understood. Recent Advances: A large body of work suggests that ECs possess many mechanosensors that decorate their apical, junctional, and basal surfaces. These potential mechanosensors sense blood flow, translating physical force into biochemical signaling events. Critical Issues: Understanding the mechanisms by which proposed mechanosensors sense and respond to shear stress requi...
Relationship between Internationalization and Innovation in Emerging Economy Firms

Emerging economy multinationals (EMNEs) are increasingly internationalizing their operations as well as moving from imitation towards innovation. We study the impact of internationalization on inno...
Disarticulated shells of Late Ordovician brachiopods; inferences on strength of hinge and valve architecture

More than five thousand specimens of nine species of articulate brachiopods from the Waynesville-Liberty Formation (Late Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana were analyzed for the percentage of specimens disarticulated and the ratio of pedicle to brachial valves. Among biconvex species, the rhynchonellid Hiscobeccus capax displayed the highest ratio (2.66) of articulated to disarticulated specimens, an observation attributed to its cyrtomatodont hinge. The six orthid species from the same assemblages have much higher frequencies of disarticulated valves and deltidiodont hinges, which did not necessitate breakage of the teeth or sockets in order to disassociate the valves. Platystrophia clarksvillensis has the highest percentage of articulated specimens among the orthids, a fact attributed to the hydrodynamic stability of this species and the interlocking of the valves by the plicae around the commissure. The largest of the three concavo-convex taxa, Rafinesquina ponderosa, has the highest ratio of articulated to disarticulated specimens (3.03) and requires the fastest current velocities to transport the shells based on flume experiments. Additionally, the deltidiodont hinge of R. ponderosa is more complex than those of Strophomena planumbona and Leptaena richmondensis, which might have increased the amount of jostling necessary to disarticulate the valves. The infrequency of brachial valves of H. capax, Hebertella occidentalis, Plaesiomys subquadrata, S. planumbona, and R. ponderosa and the pedicle valves of L. richmondensis probably reflects the comparative mechanical weaknesses of these valves given the high frequency of fragments in the biosparites, which resemble tempestites. Pedicle valves of orthids and rhynchonellids are up to 10 times thicker posteriorly relative to corresponding points on the opposite valve. Brachial valves ofL. richmondensis are more than four times thicker anteriorly relative to the pedicle valve. The occurrence of posterior remnants of the fragmented brachial valve still hinged to the unfractured pedicle valve support the idea that the thinner valve is mechanically much weaker.