cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodological considerations for a new household panel survey

This paper identifies new opportunities for innovation and expansion on current survey practice in the design of a new household panel survey, including an increased use of new and mobile technologies, more frequent data collection, modified clustering, and use of non-traditional survey measures such as administrative data, planned missing/matrix sampling questionnaire design, real-time data collection, and biomarkers. These innovative data collection methods require rethinking traditional panel survey methods, but can help reduce respondent burden and expand on current social science knowledge. The paper concludes that a new household panel survey would improve knowledge about important social, economic and health issues facing the US, and would provide a useful test bed for new hypotheses and innovative methods of data collection.
MEIOSIS IN MALE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER I. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MEIOTIC MUTANTS AFFECTING SECOND CHROMOSOME DISJUNCTION

ABSTRACT Two second chromosome, EMS-induced, meiotic mutants which cause an increase in second chromosome nondisjunction are described. The first mutant is recessive and causes an increase in second chromosome nondisjunction in both males and females. It causes no increase in nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in either sex, nor of the third chromosome in females. No haplo- 4 -progeny were recovered from either sex. Thus, it appears that this mutant, which is localized to the second chromosome, affects only second chromosome disjunction and acts in both sexes.—The other mutant affects chromosome disjunction in males and has no effect in females. Nondisjunction occurs at the first meiotic division. Sex chromosome disjunction in the presence of this mutant is similar to that of sc 4 sc 8 , with an excess of X and nullo- XY sperm relative to Y and XY sperm. In some lines, there is an excess of nullo- 2 sperm relative to diplo- 2 sperm, which appears to be regulated, in part, by the Y chromosome. A normal Y chromosome causes an increase in nullo- 2 sperm, where B s Y does not. There is also a high correlation between second and sex chromosome nondisjunction. Nearly half of the second chromosome exceptions are also nondisjunctional for the sex chromosomes. Among the double exceptions, there is an excess of XY nullo- 2 and nullo- XY diplo- 2 gametes. Meiotic drive, chromosome loss and nonhomologous pairing are considered as possible explanations for the double exceptions.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Collections Inventory Project: A Statistical Analysis of Inventory Data from a Medium-sized Academic Library

Abstract Using an electronic shelf-reading system a cost-benefit analysis was conducted of an inventory/shelf-reading project in a medium-sized academic library. Analyses include time spent, cataloging discrepancies, books found with active statuses, mis-shelving rate and distance, and subsequent use of found books. Correctly re-shelving “missing” materials was found to be more cost-effective and service oriented than repurchase.
SU‐FF‐J‐137: Rapid Prototyping of Vascular Trees for Quality Assurance of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Perfusion Imaging and Analysis

Purpose: The increasing need for a quantitative imaging validation tool is fueled by the propagation of perfusion imaging for cancer treatment, prognosis and evaluation. Current methods of providing validation for dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) imaging and analyses have been limited to simulated data, which do not account for variances in image acquisition and artifacts, and static phantoms, which do not yet monitor dynamic effects and their analyses. This work investigates Rapid Prototyping (RP) techniques as a means of creating a high‐order branched vascular phantom amenable to modular integration of regions with differential perfusion. Method and Materials: Three dimensional computerized vascular trees were generated. Each successive bifurcation produced vessels with a smaller inner diameter. The tree structure was fabricated using two RP methods: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) using polycaprolactone (PCL) and ABSplus, respectively. Tests of the phantoms included evaluation of occlusion for the smaller diameter vessels, as well as DCE CT for end‐to‐end testing with perfusion analysis software. Results: Three orders of branching were produced. The build accuracy of the phantoms were assessed with physical measurements and determined to be approximately +/− 200 microns. Vessels with inner diameters of 900 microns were successfully created. DCE CT demonstrated usable flow data across the increasing levels of bifurcation.Conclusion: RP has been successfully tested as a means to generate vascular networks in association with construction of a perfusion phantom for quality assurance of DCE imaging and analysis. Current efforts include development of modular elements for generation of the capillary‐tissue interface. Supported by NIH P01‐CA59827 and the Gates Foundation.
The bradykinin-forming cascade and its role in hereditary angioedema.

Objective To review the mechanisms by which bradykinin is generated in hereditary angioedema (HAE) (C1 inhibitor deficiency), including the role of human plasma proteins and endothelial cells. Data Sources Published articles in reviewed journals that address (1) the fundamentals of bradykinin formation, (2) interactions between kinin-forming proteins and endothelial cells, (3) clinical evidence that bradykinin causes swelling in HAE, and (4) therapeutic options focused on inhibition of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade. Study Selection Historical articles that have made fundamental observations. Recent articles that address evolving concepts of disease pathogenesis and treatment. Results C1 inhibitor deficiency causes dysregulation of the plasma bradykinin-forming cascade with overproduction of bradykinin due to uninhibited effects of activated factor XII and plasma kallikrein. Swelling in HAE and production of bradykinin are localized (and may then disseminate); activation along the endothelial cell surface involves cell membrane ligands of factor XII and high-molecular-weight kininogen, release of endothelial cell heat shock protein 90, activation of the high-molecular-weight kininogen–prekallikrein complex, and endothelial cell activation at the B 2 receptor. Attacks of swelling may be terminated by treatment with a kallikrein inhibitor or B 2 receptor blockade. Replenishing C1 inhibitor can abort attacks of swelling and provide prophylaxis with intravenous administration. Conclusions Bradykinin is the mediator of swelling in types I and II HAE and is overproduced because of a deficiency in C1 inhibitor. Inhibition of bradykinin formation by novel agents can provide targeted therapeutic approaches that address the pathophysiologic abnormalities.
Facile formation of hexahydroporphyrin complexes by reduction of octaethylisobacteriochlorinnickel(II)

Under extremely mild conditions (room temperature) the hexahydroporphyrin 2 isomerizes to its tautomer 3. Complex 2 is the first metal complex with a 2,3,7,8,15,23-hexahydroporphyrin as ligand and is synthesized from 1 by reduction with sodium amalgam.
A complex genetic locus that controls the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Drosophila

IN eukaryotes, the initial steps in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines are performed by multienzyme complexes consisting of the first two enzymes in fungi and the first three enzymes in mammals1,2. In Neurospora there is evidence that this complex facilitates channelling of the carbamyl phosphate produced by pyrimidine-specific carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) to the second enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase)3. The aggregation of these enzymes in fungi correlates with close linkage of the structural genes for both CPSase and ATCase which are apparently cotranscribed and translated4–7. In fungi the third pyrimidine pathway enzyme, dihydroorotase (DHOase) is encoded by an unlinked gene5,8. Considering the close relationship between enzyme aggregation and gene clustering in this system in fungi, the presence of the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis in a single mammalian enzyme aggregate led us to question whether all three structural genes may be clustered in animals. We now report that this is the case in Drosophila and that the fourth enzyme in the pathway is not included within this gene cluster.
Prevalence Estimates of Parkinson Disease among American Indian and Alaska Native People (P07.130)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Parkinson disease (PD) among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people. Background Health disparity, related to underfunding and rural living environments, continues to be a major problem for AI/AN people. Neurological diseases, like PD, may be under-recognized and under-treated, which negatively impacts quality of life and health for those living on reservations. Design/Methods: We analyzed records for AI/AN people with PD during 2002-2009 using inpatient and outpatient direct and contract health care data from the Indian Health Service (IHS). The PD case definition included at least one inpatient or two outpatient visits with a PD diagnosis. For prevalence rate calculations, the population was the number of AI/AN patients seen within the IHS health care system for any reason during the study period. Crude and age-adjusted prevalence, using the 2000 projected US population as the standard, were determined overall and by age group, gender, time period and IHS region. Results: Among almost 2 million AI/AN people, 2613 carried the diagnosis of PD (crude prevalence = 143.8/100,000). The prevalence increased with age through 84 years of age. The overall age-adjusted rate for AI/AN people was 355.7; 822.6 for those aged >40 years and 2350.4 for >65 years. Age-adjusted prevalence was higher among men than women (p Conclusions: Parkinson disease is at least as prevalent among AI/AN people as other populations. Similar to other reports, the prevalence of PD increased with age, was higher in men than women and varied by geographic region. Community-based studies are needed to define incidence, examine risk factors, and determine reasons for gender and regional differences in PD among AI/AN people. Disclosure: Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mehal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Holman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rowland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cheek has nothing to disclose.
Similarity Metrics Applied to Graph Based Design Model Authoring

AbstractModel reuse is typically facilitated by search and retrieval tools, matching the sought model with models in the case base or database. This paper looks at providing assistance to users authoring design exemplars, a new data structure to represent parametric and geometric design problems, by providing alternative configurations. Four distinct similarity metrics are proposed for model retrieval in an interactive modeling environment: entity similarity, relationship similarity, attribute similarity, and structural similarity. A brief review of graph matching literature has been provided, followed by a technical session showing the application of a set of derived similarity metrics.
DNA-mediated electron transfer from a modified base to ethidium: π-stacking as a modulator of reactivity

Background: The DNA double helix is composed of an array of aromatic heterocyclic base pairs and, as a molecular π-stack, represents a novel system for studying long-range electron transfer. Because many base damage and repair processes result from electron-transfer reactions, the ability of DNA to mediate charge transport holds important biological implications. Seemingly contradictory conclusions have been drawn about electron transfer in DNA from the many different studies that have been carried out. These studies must be reconciled so that this phenomenon can be understood both at a fundamental level and in the context of biological systems. Results: The photoinduced oxidation of a modified base, 7-deazaguanine, has been examined as a function of distance, sequence, and base stacking in DNA duplexes covalently modified with ethidium. Over ethidium/deazaguanine separations of 6–27 A, the photooxidation reaction proceeded on a subnanosecond time scale, and the quenching yield exhibited a shallow distance dependence. The efficiency of the reaction was highly sensitive to small changes in base composition. Moreover, the overall distance-dependence of the reaction is sensitive to sequence, despite the constancy of photoexcited ethidium as acceptor. Conclusions: The remarkable efficiency of deazaguanine photooxidation by intercalated ethidium over long distances provides new evidence for fast electron-transfer pathways through DNA. By varying sequence as well as reactant separation, this work provides the first experimental demonstration of the importance of reactant stacking in the modulation of long-range DNA-mediated electron transfer.
Accommodation of prompt alpha-particle loss in a compact stellarator power plant

Abstract Alpha loss is an important issue in stellarators, where the inherent non-axisymmetry of the magnetic geometry causes an appreciable magnetic field ripple along the flux surfaces inside the plasma. This results in a non-negligible fraction of alpha-particles being promptly lost from the plasma and hitting the plasma facing components (PFC) at energies close to their born value of 3.5 MeV. The PFC armor must not only accommodate the heat load from the alpha-particle flux but it must also accommodate the He implantation resulting from the high-energy alpha fluxes while providing the required lifetime. An effort is underway as part of the ARIES-CS study to characterize the alpha-particle loss for a compact stellarator and to explore engineering solutions to accommodate the impact of these alphas on the PFC’s. This paper summarizes the initial results from this effort.
Calculated ionization energies for a series of sesquiterpenes: comparisons with experimental vertical ionization energies and comments on related structure–activity relationships (SARs)

The energies of the highest-occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) are known to be excellent predictors of the reactivities of biogenic hydrocarbons, such as terpenes, with reactive atmospheric oxidants including O3, OH, and NO3. Structure–Activity Relationships (SARs) have also been effectively employed in such studies and related to HOMO energies and lowest ionization energies (ionization potentials). This study employs density function theory (DFT), at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, to predict vertical ionization energies (IPv) for a structurally diverse group of sesquiterpenes, each of which has been reported in air samples collected in the lower troposphere. The availability of published UV photoelectron spectra for nine sesquiterpenes permits comparison of experimental and theoretical vertical ionization energy data. The experimental and theoretical data show a good correlation (average discrepancy ± 0.07 eV). This enables predictions of reactivities for sesquiterpenes whose tropospheric lifetimes may last only a few hours before their transformations into secondary organic aerosols (SOA) close to their emission sources.
How to Realize an “Economic Miracle” in a Socialist Country: A Stabilization Plan for Poland

Proposes and outlines a plan for the passage from the old state economy in Poland to a new most perfect regime of social markets based on conditions of general stable equilibrium conditions, something quite different from the prevailing capitalist markets in the West. Meanwhile the Polish Government has adopted the Western capitalist type of market economy. The results after two years are far from satisfactory. In view of these negative results this plan remains as the best alternative. The expression “socialist democracy” used, however, has nothing to do with the old socialist regime in Poland.
Metabolic Activation of Oxygen by Nitrofurantoin in the Young Chick

Anaerobic incubations containing nitrofurantoin, and NADPH-generating system, and chick hepatic microsomes produced an electron spin resonance spectrum identified as the nitro anion free radical. Aerobically, nitrofurantoin markedly stimulated oxygen consumption, superoxide formation, and NADPH oxidation in hepatic microsomal preparations from control and selenium-deficient chicks. The nitrofurantoin-stimulated oxidation of NADPH was inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD). The superoxide-dependent oxidation of NADPH did not appear to be mediated by an NADP• radical, as has been shown for lactate dehydrogenase. Further, the aerobic metabolism of the nitro drug was also affected by SOD, suggesting the existence of a previously unreported metabolic pathway for nitrofurantoin. These studies support the growing body of evidence which suggests that nitrofurantoin toxicity is mediated, at least in part, by the metabolic activation of oxygen by the nitro aromatic anion radical. Further, these data suggest that superoxide may be involved in the oxidative metabolism of the aromatic nitro compounds.
Anthropological Significance of Gamma Globulin (Gm and Inv) Antigens in Bougainville Island, Melanesia

Anthropological Significance of Gamma Globulin (Gm and Inv) Antigens in Bougainville Island, Melanesia
Joint optimal placement and energy allocation of underwater sensors in a tree topology

By using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions in a multi-hop hierarchical tree structure we obtained the optimal placement of the underwater acoustic sensor nodes with respect to the capacity of the wireless links between the nodes. We assumed that the energy consumption of each sensor node is constant. We were able to calculate the vertical and horizontal distances between each sensor nodes and also between any levels of interest. On the same tree topology we focused on the energy efficient transmission in underwater sensor networks by providing the optimal transmitting energies for the nodes with fixed locations.
Characteristic Subgroups of Finite Abelian Groups

We consider the following question: When do two finite abelian groups have isomorphic lattices of characteristic subgroups? An explicit description of the characteristic subgroups of such groups enables us to give a complete answer to this question, in the case where at least one of the groups has odd order. An “exceptional” isomorphism, which occurs between the lattice of characteristic subgroups of Z p × Z p 2 × Z p 4 and Z p 2 × Z p 5 , for any prime p, is noteworthy.
Characteristics of Glomus Tumors in the Hand Not Diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose To determine whether the diagnosis of hand glomus tumors by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with tumor size, tumor pathology, tumor location, and/or clinical suspicion. Methods We reviewed our pathology database for patients with hand glomus tumors diagnosed between 2006 and 2013 and included those patients who had preoperative MRI at our institution. We excluded patients with recurrent and persistent tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging reports were reviewed for clinical history, tumor location, and associated bone erosion. Pathology reports were reviewed for diagnosis and tumor size. We classified MRI studies as positive (glomus tumor diagnosis), negative (no mention of glomus tumor as possible diagnosis), or indeterminate (glomus tumor mentioned as possible differential diagnosis). Fisher exact test was used to compare positive studies and those that were nondiagnostic (ie, either negative or indeterminate). Results Of the 46 patients who had pathologically confirmed hand glomus tumors, 38 had preoperative MRI studies. A total of 24 MRI studies were positive, 5 were indeterminate, and 7 were negative. Five patients had atypical pathology, 1 had a multifocal tumor, and 2 had extra-digital hand glomus tumors. Failure to diagnose glomus tumors on MRI was associated with atypical pathology, atypical location (ie, not located in the subungual region), absence of bone erosion, and lack of clinical suspicion. Tumor size was not associated with MRI diagnosis. Conclusions In this series of 36 hand glomus tumors, one-third of MRI studies were nondiagnostic. Occurrence of nondiagnostic MRIs was more likely when glomus tumors were pathologically and/or anatomically atypical, without bone erosion, and with no or unrelated clinical history provided. These findings highlight the continued importance of clinical suspicion in glomus tumor diagnosis. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
The Role of Corporate, Professional, and Personal Networks in the Provision of Offshore Financial Services

In a small island offshore financial center (OFC), different kinds of networks influence the provision of financial services. In this paper I will analyze the roles played by corporate, professional, and personal networks in the creation of a superior reputation among competing OFCs. Empirical evidence has shown that the success of an OFC is driven by appropriate financial regulation and supervision addressing the critical precepts of reputation and trust. Such spatially focused regulation can be created by networks of professional associations such as banking or insurance associations interacting with public sector officials on a regular basis. Continued growth of an OFC occurs through marketing efforts of both corporate and personal networks. The dynamic nature of these networks and their social structure encompassing power and gender relations will be explored.
Tear Cholesterol and Your Contact Lens Patient

The effects of an elevated tear cholesterol concentration on contact lens wear are described, along with procedure for office evaluation and suggested management methods.
Nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensors calculated with kinetic energy density-dependent exchange-correlation functionals

Abstract Exchange-correlation functionals that depend on the non-interacting kinetic energy density (τ) break gauge invariance in the presence of a magnetic field. This yields incorrect results for molecular magnetic properties. We propose a simple generalization of the kinetic energy density that resolves this problem. Our modification is validated by computing NMR absolute isotropic shielding constants and shielding anisotropies with τ-dependent functionals for a representative set of molecules. The accuracy of τ-dependent approximations is found to surpass that of common generalized gradient approximations (GGA) and hybrid functionals for strongly deshielded nuclei.
Selectivity of antitemplates as inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases

Abstract DNA polymerase α from calf thymus was relatively insensitive to the action of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) which had been shown previously to be a potent inhibitor of the corresponding enzyme from regenerating rat liver, competitive with the activated DNA template. In contrast, partially thiolated polyuridylic acid (MPU) strongly inhibited the calf thymus enzyme as well, but showed non-competitive kinetics with respect to the activated DNA template. The much more potent inhibitory activity of MPU compared to MPC was attributed to the less rigid conformation of the former. Methyl substitution on the 5-mercapto groups of MPU substantially decreased but did not abolish its inhibitory activity. MPU was also a potent inhibitor of the herpes virus (HSV-1) induced DNA polymerase which, too, showed little sensitivity toward MPC; in this case, the inhibition by MPU was uncompetitive with respect to the DNA template. In preliminary experiments, MPU showed significant (61%) inhibition of the replication of HSV-1, while MPC was inactive. The results demonstrate that the inhibitory activity of partially thiolated synthetic polynucleotides toward certain DNA polymerases is dependent on the base composition.
Integration of an adaptive swing control into a neuromuscular human walking model

Understanding the neuromuscular control underlying human locomotion has the potential to deliver practical controllers for humanoid and prosthetic robots. However, neurocontrollers developed in forward dynamic simulations are seldom applied as practical controllers due to their lack of robustness and adaptability. A key element for robust and adaptive locomotion is swing leg placement. Here we integrate a previously identified robust swing leg controller into a full neuromuscular human walking model and demonstrate that the integrated model has largely improved behaviors including walking on very rough terrain (±10cm) and stair climbing (15cm stairs). These initial results highlight the potential of the identified robust swing control. We plan to generalize it to a range of human locomotion behaviors critical in rehabilitation robotics.
Retinoic acid blockade of imidazole-induced tyrosinase expression in B16 melanoma cultures: similar effects of the active retinoid and triiodothyronine

The effect of retinoic acid on the induction of tyrosinase (EC 1:14.18.1) by imidazole was determined in cultured B16/C3 melanoma cells. Retinoic acid could block the induction of enzyme activity within 3 hours of addition to the culture medium at a physiological concentration (10nM). The blockade was similar to that of 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine (T3) already reported. mRNA hybridizable to a tyrosinase DNA probe was induced by imidazole while retinoic acid and T3 blocked that increase. These observations suggest that retinoic acid can mimic the action of T3 in B16 melanoma cells in culture.
Switching Impulse Tests at Project UHV Using Longwave Fronts

The capabilities of Project UHV to apply switching surges to a test line are described. Switching surges with times to crest between 1000?s and 4000?s, similar in shape and magnitude to those which could occur on 1200 kV transmission lines have been generated. The initial results obtained on rod-plane gaps, conductor-to-tower, and conductor-to-grounded objects are described.
The Experimental Study on the Road Asphalt Fumes Inhibitors

In order to reduce the road asphalt fumes in the process of construction, the paper proposed to add some substances in asphalt to reduce the yield of asphalt fumes. Firstly, considering the theory of how the asphalt fumes come into being in the process of construction on the pavement, six possible additives to restrain these fumes havd been screened out. And tests of fumes suppression effect had been done to get the results that: SBS has a good effect of fumes suppression. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 19.2%; PE has an suppressive effect on asphalt fumes. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 6.5%; Melamine has a good effect of fumes suppression. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 45.1%; Ammonium molybdophosphate has an abnormal effect of fumes suppression. When added by 1%, the asphalt fumes not only did not reduce but increases. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 23.3%; nanoCalcium carbonate has an effect of fumes suppression. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 4.8%; Activated Carbon has a good effect of fumes suppression. When added by 3%, the asphalt fumes reduced by the rate of 41.6%.
Proteolysis in Thyroid Slices: Effects of TSH, Dibutyryl Cyclic 3′,5′-AMP and Prostaglandin E1

Proteolysis of labeled iodoprotein in dog thyroid slices was enhanced by the presence in the medium of dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-AMP (dbcAMP) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) as well as TSH. Inorganic iodide, iodotyrosines and iodothyronines were the major labeled products found. The stimulating effects of maximally effective concentrations of TSH, dbcAMP, and PGE1 on proteolysis in thyroid slices were not additive, suggesting a common pathway of their actions. Theophylline, caffeine, epinephrine and NaF had no effect on proteolysis. (Endocrinology 86: 870, 1970)
Isolation and classification of anaerobic bacteria from intact pulp chambers of non-vital teeth in man

Abstract Samples were taken from 24 non-vital necrotic teeth with intact pulp chambers of 20 patients. A new method for maintaining anaerobiosis during collection of a sample from root canals, as well as during transportation and identification was developed. The direct microscopic clump count (DMCC) was 3.32 ± 1.7 × 10 7 (mean ± S.E.) organisms per ml of original sample. The anaerobic viable count on a minimal agar medium averaged 1.45 ± 0.69 × 10 7 organisms, which constitutes a recovery of 45 per cent of the DMCC. Thioglycollate broth and chopped meat broth were evaluated for ability to demonstrate positive growth of microorganisms. All anaerobic microorganisms were identified to species level when possible. Nearly all of a total of 104 anaerobes from 377 isolated microorganisms were identified. The identified anaerobes consisted of Actinomyces israelii, Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninoyenicus, Campylobacter sputorum, Eubacterium alactolyticum, Fusobacterium fusiforme, Fusobacterium varium, Peptococcus morbulorum, Propionibacterium acnes. Veillonella parvula , and several other Actinomyces species. Anaerobic spore forming bacilli and treponemes were not found.
Keeping a Place for Metaethics: Assessing Elliot's Dismissal of the Subjectivism/Objectivism Debate in Environmental Ethics

Robert Elliot claims that the metaethical distinction between subjec- tivism and objectivism is unimportant in environmental ethics. He argues that because a sufficiently sophisticated subjectivist can accommodate all the intrinsic value an objectivist can, even in apparently problematic situations where humans either do not exist or do not have the relevant values, and because metaethical commitments fail to have any normative or motivational impact on rational debate, it makes no difference whether an environmental ethicist is a subjectivist or an objectivist. Elliot's dismissal, however, is unjustified. As it turns out, objectivists argue differently from the way subjectivists do, are motivated differently from the way subjectivists are, and are able to make a greater range of intrinsic value claims than subjectivists are. If Elliot's arguments have any appeal at all, it is only because he blurs the fundamental metaethical distinction in the first place and defends a subjectivism so objectivist that it is almost unrecogniz- able as subjectivism.
On the Discovery of Brokers in Distributed Messaging Infrastructures

Increasingly messaging infrastructures are being used to support the communication requirements of a wide variety of clients, services, and proxies thereto. Typically, for various reason this messaging infrastructure is a distributed one with multiple constituent brokers. In the paper we present our scheme for the discovery of brokers in distributed messaging infrastructures based on the publish/subscribe paradigm. We also include empirical results from our experiments related to the implementation of our scheme
A monoclonal antibody specific for neutrophils in normal and stressed channel catfish.

Abstract A murine monoclonal antibody, designated mAb 13C5, was found to react specifically with channel catfish neutrophils based upon its ability to identify a subpopulation of leukocytes that are phagocytic and stain positive with both Sudan Black B and nitro-blue tetrazolium. Cytofluorographic analysis with mAb 13C5 was used to assess trafficking of neutrophils in various tissues of catfish subjected to transport stress. Since no prestress neutrophil reservoir was apparent, it seems likely that stress-induced neutrophilia in catfish, as in endotherms, may result from demargination of a pool of capillary-bound neutrophils. MAb 13C5 was also used to successfully “pan” for neutrophil-enriched and depleted populations of peripheral blood leukocytes from transport stressed channel catfish. “Panning” indicated that the continued physical presence of elevated numbers of neutrophils is not responsible for the suppression of T and B cell in vitro proliferation responses to mitogens observed in stressed fish.
An identity based encryption using elliptic curve cryptography for secure M2M communication

In this paper we discuss the suitability of Identity Based (IDB) Cryptosystems to solve privacy and security issues in Machine to Machine (M2M) communications for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Present day Information and Communication Technology is driven by smart digital devices connected to each other via Internet. The purpose of IoT is to control or access these smart digital devices through the Internet securely. So for this, we suggest IDB which is essentially certificate less. This interesting concept was first developed by Shamir [15] for Identity based signature scheme. Later on Boneh and Franklin et.al [11] extended this concept to develop schemes for encryption and decryption based on Weil pairing on elliptic curves. Presently IDB has emerged as an international standard (IEEE 1363.3).We have partially implemented Standard 1363.3 in JAVA with a view to port it onto mobile phones. Our intension is to use mobile phones as nodes of M2M communications for IoT applications. We have chosen elliptic curve parameters in such a way that algorithms when ported onto mobiles (mobiles with Android OS) perform within expected speed limits and also consume less power (light weight).The paper discusses various privacy and security issues related to M2M communication and shows how these issues can be resolved using IDB.The paper concludes with performance results and future work.
Faulty regulation of tau phosphorylation by the reelin signal transduction pathway is a potential mechanism of pathogenesis and therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein is the basic structural component of the neurofibrillary tangle, a histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The formation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein may impair learning and the synaptic plasticity of neurons. Tau is a protein that is associated with and stabilizes microtubules; hyperphosphorylated tau protein is unable to perform this stabilization function. The transduction of reelin, a protein that is crucial to neuronal migration and the formation of synaptic connections in the fetal brain, may have an equally important role in regulating at least some forms of learning and synaptic plasticity in the fully developed mature brain. Reelin transduction is mediated by receptors in the brain that are members of the superfamily of low-density lipoprotein receptors. An important downstream target of reelin signal transduction appears to be inhibition of an enzyme involved in the regulation of tau phosphorylation. The faulty transduction of the reelin signal may be a pathological mechanism leading to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Ultimately, inhibition of tau phosphorylation may be an important therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
On the smooth convergence of subdivision and degree elevation for Bézier curves

Bezier subdivision and degree elevation algorithms generate piecewise linear approximations of Bezier curves that converge to the original Bezier curve. Discrete derivatives of arbitrary order can be associated with these piecewise linear functions via divided differences. Here we establish the convergence of these discrete derivatives to the corresponding continuous derivatives of the initial Bezier curve. Thus, we show that the control polygons generated by subdivision and degree elevation provide not only an approximation to a Bezier curve, but also approximations of its derivatives of arbitrary order.
Calcium metabolism, bones and calcium homeostasis; a review of certain current concepts.

THE purpose of this paper is to discuss some current views on the physiology of bone and the factors which control the metabolism and economy of calcium in the body as a whole. There are tremendous gaps in our knowledge. Nevertheless, this is an opportunity to review our thoughts and attitudes on these matters as they have developed over the years. In the field of modern medical investigation the clinician is usually placed at the bottom of the totem pole, beneath his colleagues versed in the more basic sciences. Yet for a chemical or physical thesis to be accepted as physiologically sound for the human being, it must be shown to operate in him, sick or well. In this respect the clinician runs the final laboratory experiment for his colleagues; and, in addition, from his observation seat, often can provide clues of import to medical advancement. Furthermore, his opportunities for viewing the subject in its broadest aspects are apt to be greater than those of the biochemist or physicist. In the discussion ...
A framework for the expansion of spatial features based on semantic footprints

Geographic feature expansion is a common task in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Identifying and integrating geographic features is a challenging task since many of their spatial and non-spatial properties are described in different sources. We tackle this expansion problem by defining semantic footprints as a measure of similarity among features. Furthermore, we propose three quantifiers of semantic similarity: spatial, dimensional, and ontological affinity. We show how these measures dilute, concentrate, harden, or concede the feature space, and provide useful insights into the semantic relationships of the spatial entities. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in semantically associating the most appropriate spatial features.
Groundwater flow associated with coalbed gas production, Ferron Sandstone, east-central Utah

Abstract The flow and distribution of water associated with coalbed gas production in the Ferron Sandstone was characterized utilizing a discrete fracture network model and a porous media model. A discrete fracture network model calculated fluid flux through volumes of various scales to determine scale effects, directional bulk permeability, and connectivity. The mean directional permeabilities varied by less than a factor of 6, with the northwest–southeast direction (face cleat direction) as the most conductive. Northwest southeast directed hydrofracture simulations increased permeability in all directions except the northeast–southwest, although the permeability increase was not more than a factor of 3. Cluster analysis showed that the simulated cleat network was very well connected at all simulated scales. For thick coals, the entire cleat network formed one compartment, whereas thin coals formed several compartments. Convex hulls of the compartments confirmed that the directional bulk permeability was nearly isotropic. Volumetric calculations of the Ferron coal indicated that all the water produced to date can be accounted for from the coal cleat porosity system and does not depend on contributions of water from contiguous units. Flow paths, determined from porous media modeling from recharge to discharge, indicate that the three coalbed gas (CBG) fields assessed in this study could have different groundwater chemical compositions as confirmed by geochemical data. Simulated water production from 185 wells from 1993 to 1998 showed that in 1998 the maximum head drawdown from the Drunkards Wash field was more than 365 m, and the cone of depression extended to within a short distance of the Ferron outcrop. Maximum drawdown in the Helper field was 120 m, and the maximum drawdown in the Buzzards Bench field was just over 60 m. The cone of depression for the Helper field was half the size of the Drunkards Wash field, and the cone of depression for the Buzzards Bench field was limited to just outside the field unit. Water budget calculations from the simulation indicate that none of the stream flows are affected by coalbed gas associated water production.
Evidence for Molecular Orientation and Residual Charge in the Electrospinning of Poly(butylene terephthalate) Nanofibers

Poly(butylene terephthalate) electrospun fibers were analyzed by a thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique. In the absence of an electric field, a spontaneous current was released near the glass transition, indicating a dipole relaxation process. A monotonic increase in current generated by dissipation of residual was observed with increasing temperature below the melting point. A peak in the charge dissipation current near the melting point indicates that a substantial amount of residual charge is trapped within or at the interface of the crystalline phase. Molecular orientation was also probed by birefringence analysis. Electrospun fibers showed a high level of birefringence, which extinguished upon melting.
Ghetto poverty among blacks in the 1980s

This article uses 1990 census data to analyze the changes in ghetto poverty among blacks in the 1980s. Ghetto poverty among blacks increased, both in terms of the number of blacks living in ghettos and as a percentage of the black population. The black poor became increasingly isolated in ghettos, with nearly half of the black poor in metropolitan areas living in a ghetto neighborhood. The physical size of ghettos expanded rapidly, even in some metropolitan areas where the percentage of blacks living in ghettos declined. There were striking differences between regions, with the Midwest and Southwest having the largest increases in ghetto poverty while the eastern seaboard had declines.
General mass action kinetics

The familiar idea of mass action kinetics is extended to embrace situations more general than chemically reacting mixtures in closed vessels. Thus, for example, many reaction regions connected by convective or diffusive mass transport, such as the cellular aggregates of biological tissue, are drawn into a common mathematical scheme. The ideas of chemical thermodynamics, such as the algebraic nature of the equilibrium conditions and the decreasing property of the free energy, are also generalized in a natural way, and it is then possible to identify classes of generalized kinetic expressions which ensure consistency with the extended thermodynamic conditions. The principal result of this work shows that there exists a simply identifiable class of kinetic expressions, including the familiar detailed balanced kinetics as a proper subclass, which ensure consistency with the extended thermodynamic conditions. For kinetics of this class, which we call complex balanced kinetics, exotic behavior such as bistability and oscillation is precluded, so the domain of search for kinetic expressions with this type of behavior, which is of considerable biological interest, is greatly narrowed. It is also shown that the ideas of complex balancing and of detailed balancing are closely related to symmetry under time reversal.
Effect of Landsat thematic mapper sensor parameters on land cover classification

Selected sensor parameter differences between TM and MSS were assessed through classification performance of a suburban/regional test site. Overall classification accuracy of a seven-band Landsat TM scene in comparison to MSS yielded an improvement in accuracy from 74.8 percent to 83.2 percent. To study the possible causes for the difference in classification performance, key sensor parameter differences between MSS and TM, including: (1) spatial resolution (30 m for TM versus 80 m for MSS), (2) quantization level (256 levels for TM versus 64 for MSS), and (3) spectral regions (seven bands in four major spectral regions for TM versus four bands in two regions for MSS), were evaluated. Landsat TM data were processed to stimulate all possible combinations of these MSS and TM parameters, yielding a three-factor design with two levels per factor. The results indicated that the added spectral regions (TM 1, TM 5, and TM 7) and to a lesser degree the increase in quantization level to eight bits produced the improved TM classification accuracy. However, in this study, the higher 30 m spatial resolution of TM contributed to a reduced classification accuracy from increased within-field variability or class heterogeneity.
Central difference limit for derivatives of ill-posed functions: Best approach in supercomputing era

Abstract A polynomial-time algorithm based on a revised method of iterative central difference limit is presented for computing the numerical value of the derivative of a given analytic function. Through numerical experiments, we establish that this algorithm is a best one. This can be used to obtain the derivative to a desired accuracy subject to the precision of the computer for violently fluctuating or rapidly oscillatory functions. The concerned time/computational complexity is so small in practice that in the non-main-frame supercomputing era when over estimated 95% of computing resources is unutilized and hence a waste, the complexity here is not an issue. We have, for the purpose of a comparison, also included Matlab symbolic-cum-numerical computation to obtain the derivative of the foregoing functions numerically. Matlab programs in both Matlab standard precision as well as Matlab variable precision are also included for the central difference limit along with the symbolic-cum-numerical computation. The reader concerned with computing the derivative of an ill-conditioned function - large or small - can use these programs by copying, pasting, and executing and can readily check the quality of the derivative.
Teaching students how to be revolutionaries or reformers: a course simulation

Simulations can often be used to internationalize a course and even a curriculum. For faculty that teach international and comparative courses, simulations can often provide students with an opportunity to see beyond their own country. In developing a course on political revolutions, I created a simulation in which students role‐played either a reformer (i.e., a government official) or a revolutionary in order to understand the complexity of life in other countries. This article discusses my efforts in creating the simulation and the inherent problems in designing course‐specific simulations.
Mismatch repair and cancer susceptibility

Mismatch-repair systems have been identified in organisms ranging from Escherichia coli to humans. They can repair almost all DNA base pair mismatches as well as small insertion/deletion mismatches. Molecular and biochemical analyses have shown that the core components of eukaryotic mismatch-repair systems are highly homologous to their bacterial counterparts. In humans, defects in four mismatch-repair genes have been linked both to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer and to spontaneous cancers that exhibit rearrangements in DNA containing simple repeat sequences.
Selective effect of PDGF on connexin43 versus connexin40 comprised gap junction channels

The goals of the current study were to determine whether the conductance of Cx40 and Cx40-Cx43 mixed composition junctions was regulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-activated signaling cascades, to ascertain the minimum number of Cx43 subunits/connexon required to confer PDGF sensitivity, and to identify specific residues in Cx43 required for this regulation. Junctional and channel conductances (gjand γj, respectively) were determined for Cx40/Cx40, Cx43/Cx43, Cx40/Cx43, and Cx40-Cx43/Cx40-Cx43 mixed composition channels. PDGF had no effect on gjin Cx40/Cx40 pairs, but decreased gjin the remaining combinations by 53% (Cx43/Cx43), 48% (Cx40/Cx43), 41% (4:1 Cx40:Cx43 expression ratio) and 24% (10:1 Cx40:Cx43 expression ratio). Based on the predicted connexin composition of channels in cells expressing Cx40 and Cx43 at either 4:1 or 10:1 ratios, these decreases in gjsuggest that a single subunit of Cx43 is sufficient to confer PDGF sensitivity. The effect of PDGF on gjinvolved a decrease in both...