cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple and hyperhypersimple vector spaces

Let V ∞ be a fixed, fully effective, infinite dimensional vector space. Let be the lattice consisting of the recursively enumerable (r.e.) subspaces of V ∞ , under the operations of intersection and weak sum (see §1 for precise definitions). In this article we examine the algebraic properties of . Early research on recursively enumerable algebraic structures was done by Rabin [14], Frolich and Shepherdson [5], Dekker [3], Hamilton [7], and Guhl [6]. Our results are based upon the more recent work concerning vector spaces of Metakides and Nerode [12], Crossley and Nerode [2], Remmel [15], [16], and Kalantari [8]. In the main theorem below, we extend a result of Lachlan from the lattice of r.e. sets to . We define hyperhypersimple vector spaces, discuss some of their properties and show if A, B ∈ , and A is a hyperhypersimple subspace of B then there is a recursive space C such that A + C = B . It will be proven that if V ∈ and the lattice of superspaces of V is a complemented modular lattice then V is hyperhypersimple. The final section contains a summary of related results concerning maximality and simplicity.
Noise Removal from Multiple MRI Images

We introduce a novel technique for magnetic resonance image (MRI) restoration, using a physical model (spin equation). We determine a set of three basis images (proton density and nuclear relaxation times) from the MRI data using a nonlinear optimization method, and use those images to obtain restorations of the original image. MRIs depend nonlinearly on proton density, two nuclear relaxation times, T1 and T2, and two control parameters, echo time (TE) and relaxation time (TR). We model images as Markov random fields and introduce a maximum a posteriori restoration method, based on nonlinear optimization, which reduces noise while preserving resolution.
Development of an artificial diet for the western corn rootworm

The Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera (WCR; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of maize, causing approximately one billion dollars a year in losses and control costs. The insect has become resistant to several chemical controls and growers have asked for a control solution based on genetically-enhanced resistant varieties. Key to the production of genetically-enhanced germ plasm is the ability to use artificial diets for bioassays to identify proteins with activity against the target insect. However, artificial diets currently used for WCR bioassay do not support good WCR larval development because they were developed and optimized for the Southern Corn Rootworm (SCR). The present study was conducted to understand the nutritional physiology of WCR by altering the dietary constituents of a SCR diet and measuring the subsequent effects on WCR growth. Alteration of most dietary constituents had surprisingly little effect on WCR larval growth. The most significant factors affecting WCR growth on artificial diet were removal of formalin, addition of plant adjuvant, and adjustment of dietary pH to 9.0. These dietary changes resulted in larval WCR growth rates that were nearly double those in standard SCR rootworm diets. In some cases, WCR larvae fed on the improved diet obtained larval masses approaching those of larvae fed on maize roots.
Influence of motivational design on completion rates in online self‐study pharmacy‐content courses

Student retention rates are a constant concern in higher education, but this concern has become especially challenging as online courses become more common and there are widespread reports of low completion rates for online, self‐study courses. We evaluated four self‐study online pharmacy courses with a history of very high completion rates for motivational design features, as an explanation for the difference in completion rates between these classes and those reported in the literature. The validated Instructional Materials Motivation Survey [IMMS] (Keller, 1987) and an open‐ended survey based on Keller’s (1987) ARCS components were used to assess the design and instructional materials of these courses for motivational influence. Specifically, the ARCS components of attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction were measured and then compared. Findings suggest that the extent and type of educational scaffolding does impact the motivational effectiveness of self‐study, in online pharmacy‐content cou...
On Theory, Statistics, and the Search for Interactions in the Organizational Sciences

This study is based on a review of several papers on multiple regression (with an emphasis on moderated regression) that have recently been published in the Journal of Management and elsewhere. Independent contributions from each of these articles suggest six sets of questions and/or conclusions that might motivate future researchers in this area, and we call for research which integrates the questions into unified studies.
Analysis of Transmembrane Domain 2 of Rat Serotonin Transporter by Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis

The second transmembrane domain (TM2) of neurotransmitter transporters has been invoked to control oligomerization and surface expression. This transmembrane domain lies between TM1 and TM3, which have both been proposed to contain residues that contribute to the substrate binding site. Rat serotonin transporter (SERT) TM2 was investigated by cysteine scanning mutagenesis. Six mutants in which cysteine replaced an endogenous TM2 residue had low transport activity, and two were inactive. Most of the reduction in transport activity was due to decreased surface expression. In contrast, M124C and G128C showed increased activity and surface expression. Random mutagenesis at positions 124 and 128 revealed that hydrophobic residues at these positions also increased activity. When modeled as an α-helix, positions where mutation to cysteine strongly affects expression levels clustered on the face of TM2 surrounding the leucine heptad repeat conserved within this transporter family. 2-(Aminoethyl)-methanethiosulfonate hydrobromide (MTSEA)-biotin labeled A116C and Y136C but not F117C, M135C, or Y134C, suggesting that these residues may delimit the transmembrane domain. None of the cysteine substitution mutants from 117 through 135 were sensitive to [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl]methanethiosulfonate bromide (MTSET) or MTSEA. However, treatment with MTSEA increased 5-hydroxytryptamine transport by A116C. Activation of A116C by MTSEA was observed only in mutants containing Cys to Ile mutation at position 357, suggesting that modification of Cys-116 activated transport by compensating for a disruption in transport in response to Cys-357 replacement. The reactivity of A116C toward MTSEA was substantially increased in the presence of substrates but not inhibitors. This increase required Na+ and Cl–, and was likely to result from conformational changes during the transport process.
Viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection

Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common complication of upper respiratory tract infection whose pathogenesis involves both viruses and bacteria. We examined risks of acute otitis media associated with specific combinations of respiratory viruses and acute otitis media bacterial pathogens. Data were from a prospective study of children ages 6 to 36 months and included viral and bacterial culture and quantitative PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus. Repeated-measure logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between specific viruses, bacteria, and the risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection. In unadjusted analyses of data from 194 children, adenovirus, bocavirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were significantly associated with AOM (P < 0.05 by χ(2) test). Children with high respiratory syncytial virus loads (≥3.16 × 10(7) copies/ml) experienced increased acute otitis media risk. Higher viral loads of bocavirus and metapneumovirus were not significantly associated with acute otitis media. In adjusted models controlling for the presence of key viruses, bacteria, and acute otitis media risk factors, acute otitis media risk was independently associated with high RSV viral load with Streptococcus pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90 and 10.19) and Haemophilus influenzae (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.38 and 3.02). The risk was higher for the presence of bocavirus and H. influenzae together (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.90 and 6.86). Acute otitis media risk differs by the specific viruses and bacteria involved. Acute otitis media prevention efforts should consider methods for reducing infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, bocavirus, and adenovirus in addition to acute otitis media bacterial pathogens.
Sampling-Based Subnetwork Identification from Microarray Data and Protein-Protein Interaction Network

Identification of condition-specific protein interaction subnetworks has emerged as an attractive research field to reveal molecular mechanisms of diseases and provide reliable network biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Several methods have been proposed, which integrate gene expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to identify subnetworks. However, existing methods treat differential expression of genes and network topology independently, which is an oversimplified assumption to model real biological systems. In this paper, we propose a sampling-based subnetwork identification approach to take into account the dependency between gene expression and network topology. Specifically, we apply Markov random field (MRF) theory to model the dependency of genes in PPI network using a Bayesian framework, followed by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to identify significant subnetworks. The MCMC approach estimates the posterior distribution of genes' significant scores and network structure iteratively. Experimental results on both synthetic data and real breast cancer data demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying subnetworks, especially several functionally important, aberrant subnetworks associated with pathways involved in the development and recurrence of breast cancer.
Characterization of mannose receptor-dependent phagocytosis mediated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan

The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) along with complement receptors mediates phagocytosis of the M. tuberculosis virulent strains Erdman and H37Rv. We have determined that the terminal mannosyl units of the M. tuberculosis surface lipoglycan, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), from the Erdman strain serve as ligands for the MR. The biology of the MR (receptor binding and trafficking) in response to phagocytic stimuli is not well characterized. This study analyzes the MR-dependent phagocytosis mediated by Erdman LAM presented on a 1-μm-diameter phagocytic particle. Erdman LAM microspheres exhibited a time- and dose-dependent rapid increase in attachment and internalization by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In contrast, internalization of LAM microspheres by monocytes was minimal. Microsphere internalization by MDMs was visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence and confocal and electron microscopy and resembled conventional phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of LAM microspheres by MDMs was energy, cytoskeleton, and calcium dependent and was mannan inhibitable. Trypsin treatment of MDMs at 37°C, which depleted surface and recycling intracellular pools of the MR, reduced the subsequent attachment of LAM microspheres. Trypsin treatment at 4°C allowed for subsequent recovery of LAM microsphere phagocytosis at 37°C by recycled MRs. Pretreatment of MDMs with cycloheximide influenced LAM microsphere phagocytosis to only a small extent, indicating that MR-dependent phagocytosis of the microspheres was occurring primarily by preformed recycled receptors. This study characterizes the requirements for macrophage phagocytosis of a LAM-coated particle mediated by the MR. This model will be useful in further characterization of the intracellular pathway taken by phagocytic particles coated with different LAM types in macrophages following ingestion.
The value of conformance testing and a look at the SAF test project

Industry acceptance of the Service AvailabilityTM(SA) Forum interface specifications is apparent with the increasing number of commercial and open-source implementations based on the Hardware Platform Interface Specification and Application Interface Specification. To measure completeness and establish a standard, SA Forum is now preparing the process to certify implementations of the B.01.01 specifications and beyond. SAF Test is an open source project where the tests used for certification are created. This paper discusses the value of conformance testing and certification for service availability, especially with regard to the Service Availability Interfaces. It also describes the challenges faced in starting and maintaining an industry-wide conformance test project, and the value SAF Test brings to SA Forum implementations and customers.
The Roles of Value in Human Behavior

(1952). The Roles of Value in Human Behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 97-107.
An implementation model for lean programmes

While lean programmes continue to be implemented in many companies, there is a rising concern regarding the failures of these programmes. Many of them fail because we do not know how to implement them. Using the experience with a lean programme in an aircraft maintenance and repair operation, the purpose of the research was to develop an implementation model which consists of six critical decisions or steps. The first step was to perform strategic analysis which was driven by the market or the customer. The second step was to establish a high-level cross-functional team to drive the improvement initiative. The third step was to identify overall improvement tools. The fourth step was to perform a high-level value stream mapping and prioritise improvement opportunities. The fifth step was to develop a detailed plan for low-level improvement teams, and the sixth step was to implement, document, and revise as needed. Further, we provided important implications for both practitioners and academicians of our implementation experience with several directions for future research. [Received 09 January 2009; Revised 23 April 2009; Accepted 05 May 2009]
Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease.

• Many renal structural and functional abnormalities have been associated with sickle cell disease. The patients have an impaired urinary concentrating ability but an intact diluting capacity. There are defects in both urinary acidification and potassium excretion, although overt metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia occur infrequently. Proximal tubular function is supranormal, as manifested by increased reabsorption of phosphate and increased secretion of creatinine. The former results in mild hyperphosphatemia, while the latter causes substantial overestimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by creatinine clearance. Both GFR and renal plasma flow are increased in young patients with sickle cell disease, but prostaglandin inhibitors decrease the GFR. The GFR progressively decreases with increasing age. Proteinuria, and even nephrotic syndrome, are relatively frequent; the most common renal lesion in children is focal glomerular sclerosis, which may be associated with progressive deterioration in renal function. Glomerular hyperfiltration has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the glomerular lesions, as well as in the development of renal failure. In patients with end-stage renal disease, both hemodialysis and kidney transplantation have been successful. Recurrent hematuria is a relatively common problem in patients with sickle cell disease. The bleeding usually remits spontaneously, but occasionally requires therapy with aminocaproic acid. Papillary necrosis may occur, and is thought to result from medullary ischemia. (Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:501-504)
Functional network reorganization during learning in a brain-computer interface paradigm

Efforts to study the neural correlates of learning are hampered by the size of the network in which learning occurs. To understand the importance of learning-related changes in a network of neurons, it is necessary to understand how the network acts as a whole to generate behavior. Here we introduce a paradigm in which the output of a cortical network can be perturbed directly and the neural basis of the compensatory changes studied in detail. Using a brain-computer interface, dozens of simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex of awake, behaving monkeys are used to control the movement of a cursor in a three-dimensional virtual-reality environment. This device creates a precise, well-defined mapping between the firing of the recorded neurons and an expressed behavior (cursor movement). In a series of experiments, we force the animal to relearn the association between neural firing and cursor movement in a subset of neurons and assess how the network changes to compensate. We find that changes in neural activity reflect not only an alteration of behavioral strategy but also the relative contributions of individual neurons to the population error signal.
Guidelines and Standards for the Development of Fully Online Learning Objects

The transition from face to face learning to the delivery of instruction through re-usable online learning objects has been shown by Salas and Ellis (2006) to be not only effective but have benefits to students, instructors, and administrators. Course websites are learning objects that when used in conjunction with sound pedagogy, learning outcomes, and content can support traditional, authentic, and alternative learning and assessment protocols (Bennett, 2002). The adoption of standards and guidelines for the design and evaluation of learning objects is an important means of quality assurance (Friesen, 2005; Krauss & Ally, 2005; Valarmis & Apostolakis, 2006) that supports the communication of meaningful feedback to instructional designers for product improvement (Krauss & Ally, 2005). In order to ensure that learning objects that support fully online instruction are well developed, a set of standards has been developed by the Office of Instructional Technology at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore that are supported by an evaluation rubric. The goal of this paper is to encourage the establishment of guidelines and a method for evaluating e-learning quality by providing a model that can be adapted and adopted by interested institutions.
Soldiers, States, and Structures: The End of the Cold War and Weakening U.S. Civilian Control:

While there is no "crisis" in U.S. post-Cold War civil-military relations, it seems clear that the United States is now experiencing a weakening in civilian control of the military, at least compar...
A 28 GHz Hybrid PLL in 32 nm SOI CMOS

A hybrid PLL is introduced, which features a simple switched resistor analog proportional path filter in parallel with a highly digital integral path. The integral path control scheme for the LC-tank VCO includes a novel linearly scaled capacitor bank configuration. In addition to the analog proportional path, the PLL includes a set of digital proportional path controls, so that the two approaches can be experimentally compared. At 28 GHz the RMS jitter is 199 fs (1 MHz to 1 GHz), phase noise is -110 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset. The 14 × 160 μm2 32 nm SOI CMOS PLL locks from 23.8 to 30.2 GHz, and draws 31 mA from a 1 V supply.
No Nation Is an Island: Language, Culture, and National Identity in the Faroe Islands

No Nation Is an Island: Language, Culture, and National Identity in the Faroe Islands. Tom Nauerby. North Atlantic Monographs, 3. Arhus, Denmark: SNAI-North Atlantic Publications; distributed by Arhus University Press, 1996. 237 pp.
A processor architecture for real-time fault detection and isolation in electronically controlled diesel engines

The authors introduce an architecture for a special-purpose diagnostic processor, designed specifically to interact as a coprocessor with the onboard controller(s) on the vehicle. The processor considers the structure of model-based failure detection algorithms and the need for simulating the dynamics of vehicle subsystems in order to monitor their performance, and it processes the information provided by onboard sensors to diagnose sensor or actuator malfunctions. The diagnostic information is available both to the controller for possible system reconfiguration and to repair technicians for service bay applications. A design example on the failure detection and isolation controller is discussed to demonstrate the feasibility of the implementation procedure. >
In search of an understandable consensus algorithm

Raft is a consensus algorithm for managing a replicated log. It produces a result equivalent to (multi-)Paxos, and it is as efficient as Paxos, but its structure is different from Paxos; this makes Raft more understandable than Paxos and also provides a better foundation for building practical systems. In order to enhance understandability, Raft separates the key elements of consensus, such as leader election, log replication, and safety, and it enforces a stronger degree of coherency to reduce the number of states that must be considered. Results from a user study demonstrate that Raft is easier for students to learn than Paxos. Raft also includes a new mechanism for changing the cluster membership, which uses overlapping majorities to guarantee safety.
Reflection properties of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene powder

The reflection properties of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene powder have been under investigation by the Radiometric Physics Division at the National Bureau of Standards for the past five years. This material has a great potential use, both as a standard of diffuse reflectance and as a coating for integrating spheres for applications in reflectance spectrophotometry and other signal-averaging devices. It possesses certain physical and optical properties that make it ideal for use in these applications. Techniques are given for preparing reflection standards and coating integrating spheres with the pressed powder. The effects of powder density and thickness on its reflectance are reported, and observations of possible problems with fluorescence that are due to the presence of contaminants in the powder are discussed. The absolute reflectance (6°/hemispherical reflectance factor relative to a perfect diffuser) is reported for the spectral range of 200–2500 nm. The directional/hemispherical reflectance factor relative to 6°/hemispherical reflectance is given for several wavelengths in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum and for angles of incidence between 5 and 75°. The bidirectional reflectance factor is reported for 300, 600, and 1500 nm at angles of incidence of −10, −30, −50, and −70° and at viewing angles at 10° intervals from −80 to +80°.
Post-school-age training among women: training methods and labor market outcomes at older ages

Abstract This study uses the NLS Mature Women's Cohort to examine labor market effects of education and training on women at pre-retirement ages, comparing training methods: formal education, on-the-job training, and other training. Results show that younger, more educated women tend to train more than other women and that some women appear in a ‘training track’. While both education and on-the-job training are associated with higher wage levels, on-the-job training is most strongly associated with wage growth. Women who acquire training as adults tend to work at older ages.
Local discovery of system architecture - application parameter sensitivity: an empirical technique for adaptive grid applications

This study presents a technique that can significantly improve the performance of a distributed application by allowing the application to locally adapt to architectural characteristics of distinct resources in a distributed system. Application performance is sensitive to system architecture-application parameter pairings. In a distributed or Grid enabled application, a single parameter configuration for the whole application will not always be optimal for every participating resource. In particular, some configurations can significantly degrade performance. Furthermore, the behavior of a system may change during the course of the run. The technique described here provides an automated mechanism for run-time adaptation of application parameters to the local system architecture. Using a scaled-down simulation of a Monte Carlo physics code, we demonstrate that this technique can conservatively achieve speedups up to 65% on individual resources and may even provide order of magnitude speedup in the extreme case.
Latina/os and the Political Process: The Need for Critical Inquiry

As many have observed, immigration from Mexico, Latin America, and Asia, has dramatically affected the racial demographics of the United States. Put simply, immigration is literally changing the face of the nation. Over the last decade, a coherent body of scholarship on the law of the political process has emerged. In analyzing the issue of race and political representation, legal scholars have generally focused on the political representation of African Americans. To this point, scant attention has been paid to Latina/os in the political process. Given the changing racial demographics, need exists for this study. In the past, voting rights litigation has benefitted Latina/s, who historically have been locked out of the political process, particularly in the Southwest, just as African Americans historically have been in the South. Given the population transformation in the United States, we are likely to see novel voting rights litigation in the future. This article, part of a symposium of paper presented at the Seventh Annual LatCrit (critical Latina/o) Theory Conference, seeks to begin the process of filling the scholarly void in the law of the political process. As part of this initial foray into analyzing Latina/os and the electoral process, this essay analyzes a fascinating voting rights case involving congressional redistricting in California (Cano v. Davis) that revealed deep fissures within the Latina/o community and, in turn, implicates deeper issues of electoral representation, including the disenfranchisement of noncitizens, facing Latina/os. The article concludes by considering the possibilities for conflict and coalition between different minority groups in the politics of the new millennium.
Analysis on Water Quality of Monitoring Points of Self-built Water Supply in Changping District of Beijing during 2005-2009

[Objective]To understand the water quality of self-built water supply in Changping district of Beijing,provide the scientific basis for sanitary management of self-built water supply.[Methods]100 water samples selected from 10 monitoring points of self-built water supply in this district in dry season and wet season during 2005-2009 were tested and analyzed.[Results]The average qualified rate of 100 water samples from 10 monitoring points of self-built water supply in Changping district in 5 years was 85%,and the annual qualified rate decreased year by year.The main unqualified indicators were total coliforms,arsenic,zinc,manganese and turbidity.[Conclusion]The unqualified indicators were detected among indicators of microbiology,toxicology,sense and chemistry of 10 self-built water supply facilities in Changping district,and the four main reasons included lack of protective disinfection measures,geological conditions,ageing of self-built water supply equipment,and incomplete water management and supervision.In the future,the protection of water source of self-built water supply should be strengthened,special improvement measures should be carried out based on unqualified indicators,management and monitoring should be improved,so as to ensure the water quality and safety of drinking water.
Research Status of Power Grid Situation Awareness Technology in China and Abroad

This paper introduces the conceptual origin of Situation Awareness and its application status in varies areas,analyzes and summarizes the related research and practice in foreign power systems,as well as the relevant research programs in the field of power grid in China. Particularly,it emphasizes the important effects of the visualization,early-warning and decision supporting in the Situation Awareness technology on the smart grid construction and safe and steady power grid operation.
Laboratory Emergency Test Analysis on Bacterial Food Poisoning

Objective To optimize the lab emergency test methods and procedures on bacterial food poisoning. Methods To discuss and analyze the sampling, lab tests, quality control and result reports. Results The promptness and pertinence of sampling are the key factors which affect the testing results timely and correctly. The bacterial Fast Detection Technique used as supplementary means can guide the test. And the traditional culture method can identify the emergency test ways on bacterial food poisoning. Conclusion The keys to improve the promptness and accuracy of emergency test on bacterial food poisoning are to strengthen the ability training of lab staff, take standardizing operations and the quality control of culture medium seriously and combine the regulated test ways with supplementary test methods.
Monitoring cochlear function intraoperatively using distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) elicited by a bitonal stimulus complex are low-level sounds that are generated within the cochlea, and are easily measured by a miniature microphone system placed in the external auditory canal. Under conditions of rapid measurement, DPOAEs have been shown in an animal model to be exquisitely sensitive to interruption of the blood supply to the inner ear. Currently, there is no real-time procedure available for monitoring hearing function intraoperatively during neurotologic surgery. The goal of the present study was to determine the utility of DPOAEs in monitoring cochlear status intraoperatively, particularly during procedures commonly used to remove acoustic neuromas. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured pre- and intraoperatively in 11 patients, who were under general anesthesia for a variety of otolaryngologic procedures, including acoustic neuroma resection. High frequency emissions (i.e., > or = 4 kHz) were less affected by the elevated levels of acoustic noise present in the operating-room environment, thus permitting emitted responses to be updated as quickly as every 2 seconds. However, a number of technical problems were encountered and addressed during development of the emission monitoring technique. Despite these difficulties, overall, DPOAEs appear to be a promising adjunct to the intraoperative monitoring of auditory function.
Magnetic nanoparticle-based gyroscopic detection device: A review

Magnetic nanoparticles are suspended and spun in a controlled magnetic field. The angular position and inertia are inferred if an external force is applied to the system. The particles can be treated as a multitude of miniature gyroscopes whose overall affect can be combined as one single gyroscope. This article details the test setup and strategy to verify the feasibility of the whole detection system. Solution composition and oscillation frequency were varied to attempt to optimize the gyroscopic feedback.
The Quiet Ego: Assuaging Organizational Concerns About Mindfulness

Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) provide ample evidence regarding the value of mindfulness to individuals and the industrial–organizational community as a whole. However, as they noted, mindfulness programs and practices have not yet found widespread implementation among businesses and other organizations. Hyland et al. suggest two primary reasons for this. First, the move toward a nonjudgmental, presently aware, and accepting mind is a tall order for most individuals in our Western society who are heavily conditioned to be relatively self-interested, judgmental, and future oriented. Second, typical mindfulness programs (e.g., mindfulness based stress reduction; MBSR) may be too costly and time consuming for organizations.
"Here We Come to Save the Day": Exploring the Dark Side of Servant Leadership Narratives among College Freshmen

This article briefly explores student narratives regarding participation in a service learning curriculum in order to trouble the ideology within and suggest a curriculum designed to create thoughtful interactions when communities partner. Drawing on oral and written reflections of a rural Appalachian service experience with college freshman (the names of all parties and communities have been replaced with pseudonyms), it was recognized that students exhibited alarming tendencies to colonize community spaces and members though service. Specifically, students shared narratives in which they privileged themselves as heroes while representing community members as beside the point or invalid. Critical post-colonial critique is used to analyze student reactions. Review of literature and analysis of student narratives suggest hegemonic structures surrounding and within service learning curriculum are likely more responsible for these missteps than individual students. Ultimately I explore and effort to imagine curricula that disrupts hero-centered conceptualizations of service learning curricula.
Impacts of three‐dimensional nonuniform flow on quantification of groundwater‐surface water interactions using heat as a tracer

Use of heat-as-a-tracer is a common method to quantify surface water-groundwater interactions (SW-GW). However, the method relies on assumptions likely violated in natural systems. Numerical studies have explored violation of fundamental assumptions such as heterogeneous streambed properties, two-dimensional groundwater flow fields and uncertainty in thermal parameters for the 1D heat-as-a-tracer method. Few studies to date have modeled complex, fully three-dimensional groundwater flows to address the impacts of non-uniform, 3D flow vectors on use of heat-as-a-tracer to quantify SW-GW interactions. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to model scenarios in a fully three-dimensional flow field in homogeneous, isotropic sand with a sinusoidal temperature upper boundary where vertical flows are deliberately disrupted by large and varied horizontal flows from two directions. Resulting temperature time series from multiple depths were used to estimate vertical Darcy flux and compared with modeled fluxes to assess the performance of the 1D thermal methods to quantify multi-dimensional groundwater flows. In addition, apparent effective thermal diffusivity was calculated from synthetic temperature time series, and compared to model input diffusivity. Both increasingly non-uniform and non-vertical groundwater flow fields resulted in increasing errors for both the temperature-derived flux and temperature-derived effective thermal diffusivity. For losing (downward) flow geometries, errors in temperature-derived effective thermal diffusivity were highly correlated with errors in temperature-derived flux and were used to identify how and when underlying assumptions necessary for heat-as-a-tracer for quantifying groundwater flows were violated. Specifically, non-uniform flow fields (with flow lines that converge or diverge) produced the largest errors in simulated fluxes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Donor CD4+ T and B Cells in Transplants Induce Autoimmune-Like Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease.

Chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major morbidity and mortality of long-term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Chronic GVHD can have features of an autoimmune collagen-vascular disease with clinical manifestations similar to autoimmune scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD is poorly understood. It is unclear how autoreactive T and B cells are generated in chronic GVHD recipients. We have recently developed a new autoimmune-like chronic GVHD model by transplantation of donor DBA/2 (H-2 d ) spleen cells into MHC-matched but minor antigen-mismatched sublethally irradiated BALB/c (H-2 d ) recipients, as well as athymic BALB/c nu/nu and adult thymectomized BALB/c recipients. Both euthymic and athymic BALB/c recipients developed high-levels of serum IgG autoantibodies, sclerodermatous skin damage and glomerulonephritis. Disease induction required both donor CD25 − CD4 + T and B cells in transplants. In contrast, donor CD25 + CD4 + T regulatory (Treg) cells prevented the disease induction. These results indicate that host thymus is not required for induction of autoimmune-like chronic GVHD, and that quiescent autoreactive T and B cells in transplants from non-autoimmune donors may be activated and expanded to cause autoimmune-like chronic GVHD in allogeneic recipients, and donor Treg cells can suppress this process.
Liquid Salt Test Loop modeling using TRACE

Abstract The objective of this work is to simulate the Liquid Salt Test Loop (LSTL) using the TRACE system code. The LSTL is an experimental facility built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to test the thermal-hydraulic behavior of a circulating FLiNaK liquid salt. A literature review of the experimental work and the heat transfer and friction correlations for pebble beds was performed to identify the correlations that can be used to simulate the flow of FLiNaK through a pebble bed. The selected correlations were implemented in the TRACE source code and tested using 1-D pipe components. The modified version of TRACE was then used to develop models for each component in the loop. Each component was tested separately to assess its correct physical behavior. The components were integrated into a comprehensive loop model, including the main loop and the air cooling system. The model was used to compute the steady state conditions of the loop, in particular calculation of the pressure distribution and other global operational parameters. The loop-filling transient was analyzed, along with other specific transient conditions such as the pump trip and the loop behavior under natural circulation conditions. The TRACE model was used to help characterize loop thermal hydraulic behavior and to help interpret results from loop shakedown testing.
Potentially high-risk cardiac arrhythmias with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are associated with the duration of periictal hypoxemia.

SummaryObjective To investigate potentially high-risk cardiac arrhythmias (PHAs) following focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (FBTCSs) and generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs) and to study the association of PHAs with seizure characteristics and the severity of associated ictal respiratory dysfunction. Methods Electrocardiographic (EKG) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) data were recorded concurrently with video-electroencephalographic telemetry in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU). One minute of preictal EKG, the ictal EKG, and 2 min of ictal/postictal data were reviewed for each seizure. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, bradyarrhythmia, and/or sinus pauses were considered as PHAs. FBTCSs/GTCSs with PHAs were compared to those that had only ictal sinus tachycardia. Results Data from 69 patients with 182 FBTCSs/GTCSs with usable SpO2 and EKG recordings were available. There were 10 FBTCSs/GTCSs in 10 patients with a PHA. The presence of PHAs was not associated with seizure duration or SpO2 nadir. FBTCSs/GTCSs with a PHA were significantly associated with the duration of oxygen desaturation < 90% when compared with FBTCSs/GTCSs with only sinus tachycardia (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.042). Desaturation duration of <100 s was not significantly associated with occurrence of PHAs (p = 0.110) when compared with seizures that had only sinus tachycardia. The odds ratio for occurrence of PHA was 7.86 for desaturation durations ≥ 125 s versus desaturations < 125 s (p = 0.005). The odds ratio increased to 13.09 for desaturation durations ≥ 150 s (p < 0.001). Preictal and ictal/postictal arrhythmias occurred with focal seizures that did not progress to FBTCSs. Four patients with focal seizures had ictal/postictal PHAs without preictal PHAs. Two of these patients had evidence for prior cardiac disturbance. Significance PHAs following a single FBTCS/GTCS in the EMU are significantly associated with the duration of ictal/postictal hypoxemia. It is possible that FBTCS/GTCS-associated hypoxemia may trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmias in a subset of susceptible patients dying of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
Tracheobronchial gland tumors.

BackgroundTracheal tumors are uncommon, making up only 0.2% of all respiratory malignancies in the United States. One consequence of this low incidence is that few centers accumulate meaningful exp...
Iron Distribution in Belgrade Rat Reticulocytes After Inhibition of Heme Synthesis With Succinylacetone

We have used succinylacetone (4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid), a specific inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, to gain insight into the defect in iron metabolism in the Belgrade anemia. The Belgrade rat has an inherited microcytic, hypochromic anemia associated with poor iron uptake into developing erythroid cells. Succinylacetone inhibits heme synthesis, leading to nonheme iron accumulation in mitochondria and cytosol of normal reticulocytes. When succinylacetone is used to inhibit Belgrade heme synthesis, iron from diferric transferrin does not accumulate in the stromal fraction that contains mitochondria, nor does 59Fe accumulate in the nonheme cytosolic fraction. Hence, the defect in the Belgrade rat reticulocyte occurs in the endocytic vesicle or in a step subsequent to iron transit from the vesicle but before the nonheme cytosolic or mitochondrial iron fractions. Therefore, the mutation affects either the release of iron from transferrin or iron transport from the vesicle to the mitochondrion.
Phagocytes in Inflammation

Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic cells that comprise the cellular components of the mammalian innate immune system. Phagocytes are bone marrow-derived cells that respond to pathogen-derived chemoattractants to migrate to sites of infection within the tissue. Phagocytes utilize immune receptors on their plasma membranes to recognize pathogens coated with immunoglobulin G antibody molecules or complement. Cross-linking of these receptors initiates the internalization of the pathogens into an intracellular compartment. The process of internalization is called phagocytosis, and the intracellular compartment is termed a phagosome. Phagosomes fuse with subcellular granular structures that contain the phagocyte's killing armamentarium, which includes a variety of toxic acid hydrolases, proteins, and peptides that destroy the internalized pathogens. Additionally, phagocytes produce several reactive oxygen intermediates, including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid, that have deleterious effects on the ingested microbes. These antimicrobial substances can cause tissue injury in inflammatory-based diseases when they leak from the forming phagosome. This leakage may occur when subcellular vacuoles containing the toxic agents fuse with the forming phagosome before it has fully enclosed its target. Thus, phagocytes serve an essential protective role but also can exacerbate disease when their antimicrobial constituents are released inappropriately or excessively.
Interrupción terapéutica del embarazo en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Perú, 2009-2013

Objective: To determine causes of medical termination of pregnancy at a national maternal perinatal institute. Design: Descriptive observational study. Setting: Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru. Material: Applications for therapeutic termination of pregnancy. Method: Review of all applications for medical termination of pregnancy performed at the institution between 2009 and 2013. Main outcome measures: Medical reasons for therapeutic termination of pregnancy. Results: During the study period 64 applications for medical termination of pregnancy were submitted to the General Director of the Institute; 61 were approved by the Medical Board: one in 2009, one in 2010, four in 2011, 21 in 2012 and 34 in 2013. The mean age of patients was 30.4 years (19-47 years); most patients had one or two previous deliveries (47%); 69% had no history of previous abortion, and the majority (31 cases, 51%) carried a 19-22 weeks of gestation. The causes for therapeutic termination of pregnancy were risk of life in 8 (13%) pregnant women and risk for physical and mental health in 53 (87%). The most frequent cause the mother considered as risk of life was active systemic lupus erythematosus, and as risk for physical and mental health, fetal congenital malformations incompatible with life including anencephaly and acrania. Misoprostol and uterine curettage were the most often methods (82%, n = 50) used for termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: Cases of therapeutic termination of pregnancy have increased over time at our institution. Most have been due to causes that endangered the mother’s physical and mental health such as fetal congenital malformations incompatible with extrauterine life. Obstetric and perinatology guidelines for therapeutic termination of pregnancy are being formally applied at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal.
Management of Multiple Myeloma Patients with Renal Dysfunction

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic disorder with ability to affect multiple organ systems including the renal system. Renal dysfunction is an important complication in patients with MM that can result in a limitation of therapeutic options and is associated with a compromised survival. 1 Among newly diagnosed MM patients, ~50% are noted to have a decrease in creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) while 10% of the patients will require dialysis due to severe renal impairment. 2 The incidence of renal failure in MM patients differs among various reported series depending on the criteria used to define renal failure as well as the patient population studied. Among the MM patients who present with renal dysfunction on initial presentation, at least 20% can be classified as having renal failure defined by an increase ≥2.0 mg/dL (177 micromole/L) in serum creatinine concentrations. 3 In a series of 66 MM patients at Roswell Park Cancer Institute we used the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) categories and observed that 54% patients had grade 3 or higher renal dysfunction (GFR, glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2) at initial presentation of the disease (Fig. 1 ). 4
The Flexible Modeling System

In climate research, with the increased emphasis on detailed representation of individual physical processes governing the climate, the construction of a model has come to require large teams working in concert, with individual sub-groups each specializing in a different component of the climate system, such as the ocean circulation, the biosphere, land hydrology, radiative transfer and chemistry, and so on. The development of model code now requires teams to be able to contribute components to an overall coupled system, with no single kernel of researchers mastering the whole. This may be called the distributed development model, in contrast with the monolithic small-team model development process of earlier decades.