cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of architecture on numerical algorithms

Abstract This paper serves a dual purpose. First, discussions of microprocessor software relevant to real-time fixed-point arithmetic requirements are presented, and second, five popular √ × algorithms coded on two representative microprocessors are discussed with their hardware/software implications. Conclusions are drawn from experiences with two microprocessors that were chosen to represent a large class of 8- and 16-bit machines.
Investigation of anisotropy by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in exchange-coupled bilayer films

We have used ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) to investigate magnetic anisotropy in bilayer exchange-coupled thin films. Experiments, using both our 9 and 33 GHz FMR spectrometers, were done on two systems: NiFe/FeMn and NiFe/α-Fe 2 O 3 . In some of the NiFe/α-Fe 2 O 3 specimens an additional response was detected at 33 GHz. We attribute this additional resonance to a region formed by interdiffusion of NiFe and α-Fe 2 O 3 at their common interface. Effective anisotropy field, g-value and the relative volume have been determined for each ferromagnetic region. Auger profile, TEM and CBED (convergent beam electron diffraction) cross-section examinations were performed for an interdiffused specimen, the results are consistent with the presence of a layer containing Fe and Fe 3 O 4 located between the NiFe and α-Fe 2 O 3 regions. A memory effect, due presumably to irreversible spin reorientation at the interface, was observed in some of the NiFe/α-Fe 2 O 3 specimens.
Automatic Algorithms for Endmember Extraction

Endmenber extraction has received increasing interests in hyperspectral image analysis. Two major issues are of interest. One is determination of endmembers, p, required to be generated and the other is generation of initial endmembers. Since most endmember extraction algorithms (EEAs) use randomly generated vectors as their initial endmembers to initialize their algorithms, their final generated endmembers are generally determined by these random initial endmembers. As a result, a different set of random initial endmembers may well likely produce a different final set of desired endmembers. This paper converts this disadvantage to an advantage and further resolves the above-mentioned two issues. Due to the random nature of initial endmembers, the proposed idea is to implement an EEA as a random algorithm so that a single run using a random set of initial endmembers is considered as a realization of a random algorithm. As a result, if an EEA is implemented several times with different sets of random initial endmembers, the intersection of their final generated endmembers in all runs should contain the desired endmembers. An EEA is then terminated when their produced intersections converge to the same set of desired endmembers. In this case, there is no need to determine the p. An EEA implemented in such a manner is called automatic EEA (AEEA). Two commonly used EEAs, pixel purity index (PPI) and N-finder algorithm (N-FINDR), are extended to AEEAs along with a new automatic ICA-based EEA. Experimental results demonstrate that the AEEA performs at least as well as their counterparts.
Effects of Stimulants on Rotarod Performance of Mice

This study has demonstrated that amphetamine and pheniprazine increased performance time of mice on the rotating rod, whereas the effects of caffeine were questionable.
Technoeconomic Sensitivity of Biobased Hydrocarbon Production via Fast Pyrolysis to Government Incentive Programs

AbstractFast pyrolysis and upgrading is a promising thermochemical pathway that produces pyrolysis oil that can be upgraded via hydroprocessing into hydrocarbon-based transportation fuels (drop-in biofuels). The internal rate of return (IRR) of a fast pyrolysis and upgrading facility is a function of feedstock cost and projected revenues. We calculate the IRR of a fast pyrolysis and upgrading facility under six different policy scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario in which the facility receives no government support; (2) a scenario in which cap-and-trade (H.R. 2454) is enacted with both carbon price and offsets; (3) a scenario in which the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) is modified to include drop-in biofuels; (4) a scenario in which the VEETC is replaced with a variable VEETC; (5) the revised Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2); and (6) the Cellulosic Biofuel Producer Tax Credit (CBPTC). Combinations of these policy scenarios are also analyzed. We find that the policies responsible for increasing ...
Stimulated emission from a laser-wiggled electron beam travelling in an electrostatic wave

An axial emission process by a relativistic electron beam travelling in a laser beam and an electrostatic wave propagating in the direction antiparallel to the electron-beam direction (‘electric wiggler’), which is different from free-electron two-quantum Stark (FETQS) emission, is identified, and the laser gain through this process is investigated using relativistic quantum kinetics. The transverse a.c. source current for this axial emission is produced by the laser field acting as a classical electromagnetic wave to wiggle the electron in the transverse direction. From the viewpoint of quantum kinematics, this radiation-wiggled one-quantum induced Stark (RWOQIS) emission is exactly the same as FETQS emission in which the equivalent transverse source current needed for the axial emission is due to the intrinsic electron spin angular momentum. However, these two emissions differ in dynamics, since the former is an one-quantum process while the latter is a two-quantum process. It is found that the laser gain by RWOQIS emission increases with the laser intensity when ¦eA0/mc2¦ ≪ 1 and decreases with the inverse of the square of the laser intensity when ¦eA0/mc2¦ ≫ 1, where A0 is the potential amplitude of the laser wave and mc2 is the electron rest energy. This newly found emission is an inherently stimulated one, and does not have a corresponding spontaneous emission.
The earthworm genus Pleionogaster (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in southern Luzon, Philippines

Abstract An earthworm biodiversity survey of the Philippines has yielded 14 new species of the perichaetine megascolecid genus Pleionogaster, previously known from only a few species from scattered Philippine locations. Bicol, the southern peninsula of Luzon, has intact forests on several isolated volcanic peaks and other remote areas. Collections made in these forests yielded the following new species, here presented by type location: Mt. Malinao, Pleionogaster albayensis, P. bicolensis, P. castilloi, P. malinaoensis, P. tiwiensis; Mt. Isarog, P. ffitchae, P. isarogensis; Mt. Bulusan, P. bulusanensis, P. hongi, P. sorsogonensis; Catanduanes Island, P. nautsae, P. viracensis; Caramoan Peninsula, P. caramoanensis, P. nillosae. Most of the species were found only in the neighborhood of the type locality, but P. bicolensis occurs in two locations in northern Bicol. Intraspecific variation in P. castilloi was observed between northern and southern flanks of Mt. Malinao. The importance of several previously overlooked Pleionogaster traits is demonstrated by their homogeneity within species reported here. Full article published online at http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/06-08.htm .
Towards a theory of the cognitive processes in computer programming

While only in the past ten years have large numbers of people been engaged in computer programming, a small body of studies on this activity have already been accumulated. These studies are, however, largely atheoretical. The work described here has as its goal the creation of an information processing theory sufficient to describe the findings of these studies. The theory postulates understanding, method-finding, and coding processes in writing programs, and presents an explicit model for the coding process.
New Far-Ultraviolet Intrinsic Spectral Fluxes of Hot Stars and Their Photospheric Temperatures

We present photometric, far-ultraviolet (FUV) intrinsic spectra of Galactic OB stars that were acquired by the orbital Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) at 2-3 A resolution in the range λ = 912-1840 A. Flux-calibrated by observations of standard white dwarfs to 5% systematic uncertainty, and corrected for extinction to ~15% random uncertainty, the lightly dereddened B-star spectra agree with Kurucz-model atmospheric fluxes at most wavelengths λ > 1000 A. The best-fit Teff are within 500-1000 K of Teff-values recently derived by others with longer wavelength (λ > 1200 A) data. The HUT B-star fluxes near 1000 A are systematically ~5% higher than the models—just within the systematic uncertainty but yielding FUV color temperatures that are at least 1000-5000 K hotter than models.
Unusual Effects of a QT-Prolonging Drug, Arsenic Trioxide, on Cardiac Potassium Currents

Background— Cases of QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death have been reported with arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a highly effective agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia. In this study, we evaluated the effects of As2O3 on repolarizing cardiac ion currents. Methods and Results— In HERG- or KCNQ1+KCNE1-transfected CHO cells (n=32; total), As2O3 caused concentration-dependent block of both IKr and IKs, with an IC50 for tail current block of 0.14±0.01 μmol/L for IKr and 1.13±0.06 μmol/L for IKs. In contrast to other QT-prolonging drugs, As2O3 also activated a time-independent current that additional experiments identified as IK-ATP. Conclusions— As2O3 blocks both IKr and IKs at clinically relevant concentrations. On the other hand, it also activates IK-ATP, which maintains normal repolarization. We infer that variability in the extent of QT interval prolongation and onset of ventricular arrhythmias during arsenic therapy represents competing effects to block and activate multiple repolarizing p...
Multiple cell adhesion molecules shaping a complex nicotinic synapse on neurons

Neuroligin, SynCAM, and L1-CAM are cell adhesion molecules with synaptogenic roles in glutamatergic pathways. We show here that SynCAM is expressed in the chick ciliary ganglion, embedded in a nicotinic pathway, and, as shown previously for neuroligin and L1-CAM, acts transcellularly to promote synaptic maturation on the neurons in culture. Moreover, we show that electroporation of chick embryos with dominant negative constructs disrupting any of the three molecules in vivo reduces the total amount of presynaptic SV2 overlaying the neurons expressing the constructs. Only disruption of L1-CAM and neuroligin, however, reduces the number of SV2 puncta specifically overlaying nicotinic receptor clusters. Disrupting L1-CAM and neuroligin together produces no additional decrement, indicating that they act on the same subset of synapses. SynCAM may affect synaptic maturation rather than synapse formation. The results indicate that individual neurons can express multiple synaptogenic molecules with different effects on the same class of nicotinic synapses.
Introduction of the glutamate receptor subunit 1 into motor neurons in vitro and in vivo using a recombinant herpes simplex virus

Abstract We developed and characterized a recombinant herpes simplex virus vector and used it to introduce the complementary DNA encoding glutamate receptor subunit 1 flip into postmitotic motor neurons. Infection of purified motor neurons in vitro with this vector resulted in selective, high-level expression of glutamate receptor subunit 1 immunoreactivity in nearly 100% of the neurons. Patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that the protein product of the glutamate receptor subunit 1 flip transgene assembles into functional α -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor channels. Herpes simplex virus-glutamate receptor subunit 1 flip was introduced into spinal cord cells by direct injection into the ventral horn and selectively into motor neurons by sciatic nerve injection. High levels of expression were sustained for at least one week and were accompanied by changes in the ionic permeability of AMPA receptors in transgene-expressing neurons. Throughout the first week of infection, there was little evidence for toxicity. Herpes simplex virus provides a versatile tool for manipulating the glutamate receptor phenotype of postmitotic neurons and will permit study of the role of individual glutamate receptor subunits in neuronal physiology and pathophysiology.
Ordered sum and tensor product of linear utility structures

Measurement-theoretic behavior of the category of social utility models is studied in terms of ordered sums and tensor products of mixture spaces. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of individual utility functions and a social utility function (being a weighted average, and in another case a product, of the individual utilities) in terms of individual and social preference rankings.
Primary closure of the corneas of two Great Horned owls after resection of nonhealing ulcers

Two Great Horned owls were presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of corneal lesions. Each bird had a corneal ulcer and bullous keratopathy. Following unsuccessful attempts at medical and surgical management, the corneal defects in each bird were treated with penetrating keratoplasties and conjunctival pedicle grafts. In each bird the cornea healed well and regained approximately its normal shape. Both birds fully recovered and have been released into the wild.
The Use of Administrative Discretion in Implementing the State Children's Health Insurance Program

States have exercised administrative discretion in at least six different ways during the intergovernmental implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provision of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. States have used this flexibility to determine when to submit their plans and when to put the CHIP program into effect. After describing the problem of uninsured children in America and the politics of program adoption, multivariate analysis is used to attempt to answer the following question: Why have some states moved more quickly than others to get plans for introducing CHIP submitted, approved, and implemented? The nature and extent of a relationship between a state's economic, political, and health-need characteristics, on the one hand, and the timing of submission and implementation, on the other, are examined.
A Microscopic Understanding of Nanometer Scale DENMOS Failure Mechanism under ESD Conditions

We present for the first time, analysis of irreversible snapback caused due to the regenerative n-p-n turn-on in a DENMOS through a critical understanding of 'thermal runaway' under ESD conditions. The estimated It2 value from transient simulations has been correlated with the quasi-steady TLP data. A new regenerative bipolar turn-on induced failure model has been proposed and corroborated with experimental observations and failure analysis. We have also investigated the current crowding mechanism to understand the improvement in It2 value under gate and substrate biasing.
Case Study: Selective Mutism in an Immigrant Child:

Selective mutism is a relatively rare psychiatric disorder that appears to be over-represented in immigrant children. In this article, we describe the treatment of a seven-year-old Mexican immigran...
Lean-limit combustion instabilities of a lean premixed prevaporized gas turbine combustor

Abstract One type of low-frequency combustion instability was studied in a lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) gas turbine combustor experiment that was operated at elevated pressures using liquid Jet-A fuel. This intense low-frequency (15 Hz) instability is called a “lean-limit” instability, while in other papers it has been called a “cold tone”, an “incipient blowout” instability or an “entropy wave”. High-speed movies identified the physical mechanism. At first the flame enters the shear layer, is locally extinguished and lifts off. The extinguished region fills with unburned reactants. Finally the premixed flame flashes back into the region of unburned reactants, leading to a large pressure rise which triggers the next cycle. The observations are in general agreement with LES computations published by Huang and Yang. Measurements quantify the time lag between the flame luminosity buildup and subsequent pressure rise as well as the correlation between these two quantities and their spectra. The frequency of this “lean-limit” instability is found to be related to the flow velocity, flame velocity, and the combustor length, as is predicted for an entropy wave. A discussion is presented to qualitatively explain the measured frequencies, which increase as the fuel equivalence ratio is raised. The experiment includes the following realistic conditions: Jet-A liquid fuel, preheated air, elevated pressure and realistic sources of instabilities, including a commercial fuel injector/mixer that creates flame–flame interactions between a non-premixed Pilot and premixed Main flame that are necessary for aircraft applications.
Observation of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in liquid hydrocarbons

Abstract Prebreakdown and breakdown events under quasi-uniform fields in n-hexane, iso-octane, cyclohexane and toluene have been photographed. For each liquid, two types of breakdown pattern are observed. One pattern is characteristic of growth from the cathode while the other is characteristic of growth from the anode. The measured postbreakdown phenomena were identical in all cases. In addition to the optical studies, microscopic observations showed that organic films were produced on the electrode surface and that lead accumulates preferentially in the area of the electrode surface where breakdown occurs.
A STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND OF THE PHYSICAL ADSORPTION OF GASES ON SILVER SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACES BY LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND ELLIPSOMETRY

Abstract The physical adsorption of Kr, Xe, O 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , n- C 4 H 10 on the (110) and (100) faces of silver single crystals has been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and ellipsometry in the temperature range from −195 °C to 0°C and pressure range 10 −10 to 10 −6 Torr. Adsorption isotherms in terms of optical thickness have been measured and from these data, heats of adsorption, the cross sectional areas of the adsorbed molecules and coverage ratios have been derived. LEED measurements indicate that the adsorbed phase is disordered on the silver surface. Ellipsometry is sensitive to the presence of the adsorbed gases in fractional monolayer coverages, while the LEED diffraction patterns were rather insensitive to this disordered adsorption below and up to the monolayer in the beam voltage range 50 to 150 eV.
Global existence to a reaction-diffusion equation through a self-similar-like upper solution

A demonstration method is presented, which will ensure the existence of positive global solutions in time to the reaction–diffusion equation −ut+Δu+up=0 in ℝn×[0, ∞), for exponents p⩾3 and space dimensions n⩾3. This method does not require the initial value to have a specific uniform smallness condition, but rather to satisfy a bell-like form. The method is based on a specific upper solution, which models the diffusion process of the heat equation. The upper solution is not self-similar, but does have a self-similar-like form. After transforming the reaction–diffusion problem into an equivalent one, whose initial value is uniformly very small, a local solution is obtained in the time interval [0, 1] by the use of this upper solution. This local solution is then extended to [0, ∞) through an infinite sequence of extensions. At each step, an appropriate change of variables will transform the extension into a problem nearly identical to the local problem in [0, 1]. These transformations exploit the diffusive and self-similar-like nature of the upper solution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Examinations on the Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum-Matrix Composites

Galvanic corrosion of a 6092-T6 Al metal-matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with boron carbide (B 4 C) particulates was examined through electrochemical characterization of the MMC as well as a monolithic B 4 C. The results were interpreted based on a recently proposed electronic model for B 4 C that emphasizes a conventional non-degenerate p-type semiconductor band structure with high density of gap states. The electrochemical behavior of B 4 C in the dark that was characteristic of non-active metal electrodes was attributed to the very high density of gap states of B 4 C; while the phenomenon of the enhanced cathodic currents of B 4 C under illumination was attributed to the presence of a depletion layer at the B 4 C/electrolyte interface, characteristic of non-degenerate p-type semiconductor/electrolyte interface. The results suggested that galvanic corrosion of the MMC in the dark was limited by slow oxygen reduction kinetics at the B 4 C reinforcements and that illumination promotes galvanic corrosion of the MMC as a result of photo-enhanced cathodic activity of the B 4 C reinforcements. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that corrosion of the MMC initiated from carbon particles that are likely introduced into the matrix during the processing of the MMC. A combination of scanning vibration electrode technique and scanning ion-selective electrode technique revealed that localized anodic and cathodic sites co-exist during the corrosion of the MMC in an air-exposed 3.15 wt % NaCl solution. The localized anodic and cathodic sites have diameters of approximately 200 μm.
Dual-electrode amperometric detection for the determination of SR4233 and its metabolites with microbore liquid chromatography

Abstract 3-Amino-1,2-benzotriazine-2-di- N -oxide (SR4233) is a promising new antineoplastic agent based on reductive activation. SR4233 and its major metabolites (SR4317 and SR4330) are all easily reduced at a carbon electrode. Reductive amperometric detection can therefore provide high selectivity and low detection limits with chromatographic analysis and is an ideal approach to detection of SR4233 in microdialysis samples. However, in order to use amperometric detection in the reductive mode, sample deoxygenation is necessary. This is typically done by purging the sample with either argon or nitrogen prior to injection. This approach is not feasible for microdialysis samples because only 5–10 μl is usually available. In this report, a microbore liquid chromatographic method with dual-electrode amperometric detection is described for the determination of SR4233 and its metabolites without predeoxygenation. A dual-electrode amperometric detector was used in the series configuratioin with an upstream potential of −450 mV to reduce SR4233 and its metabolites to a common product and a downstream potential of +400 mV to oxidize this product. Oxygen is only electroactive at the upstream electrode because of its irreversible behavior. This method is compatible with the small sample volumes provided by microdialysis sampling. Linear calibration graphs were obtained up to 55 μM for SR4233, and 140 μM for both SR4317 and SR4330. The detection limits were 70 nM for SR4233, and 50 nM for SR4317 and SR4330. The average intra-day variation over 5 days was 1.8% (SR4233), 1.4% (SR4330), and 1.8% (SR4317), whereas the inter-day variation over 5 days was 14.1% (SR4233), 8.6% (SR4317), and 2.6% (SR4330).
Three-dimensional numerical investigations of the morphology of Type Ia SNRs

We explore the morphology of Type Ia supernova remnants (SNRs) using threedimensional hydrodynamics modeling and an exponential density profile. Our model distinguishes ejecta from the interstellar medium (ISM), and tracks the ionization age of shocked ejecta, both of which allow for additional analysis of the simulated remnants. We also include the adiabatic index as a free parameter, which aects the compressibility of the fluid and emulates the eciency of cosmic ray acceleration by shock fronts. In addition to generating 3-D images of the simulations, we compute line-of-sight projections through the remnants for comparison against observations of Tycho’s SNR and SN 1006. We find that several features observed in these two remnants, such as the separation between the fluid discontinuities and the presence of ejecta knots ahead of the forward shock, can be generated by smooth ejecta without any initial clumpiness. Our results are consistent with SN 1006 being dynamically younger than Tycho’s SNR, and more eciently accelerating cosmic rays at its forward shock. We conclude that clumpiness is not a necessary condition to reproduce many observed features of Type Ia supernova remnants, particularly the radial profiles and the fleecy emission from ejecta at the central region of both remnants.
GSK-3β Acts Upstream of Fyn Kinase in Regulation of Nuclear Export and Degradation of NF-E2 Related Factor 2

NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates expression and coordinated induction of a battery of chemoprotective genes in response to oxidative and electrophilic stress. This leads to protection against oxidative stress and neoplastic diseases. Nuclear import and export of Nrf2 play a significant role in control of nuclear levels of Nrf2 and thus the expression of Nrf2 down-stream genes. Tyrosine kinase Fyn phosphorylates tyrosine 568 of Nrf2 that leads to the nuclear export of Nrf2. In this study, we investigated the upstream factor(s) in regulation of Fyn and Fyn-mediated nuclear export of Nrf2. The investigations shed light on a novel mechanism of Nrf2 regulation in response to oxidative stress. We demonstrate that GSK-3β acts upstream of Fyn kinase in control of nuclear export of Nrf2. Chemical and short interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β led to nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and transcriptional activation of the Nrf2 downstream gene nqo1. Chemical and short interfering RNA inhibition of GSK-3β and Fyn individually and in combination revealed that both kinases follow the same pathway to regulate nuclear export of Nrf2. We further demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide phosphorylates tyrosine 216 of GSK-3β. This leads to activation of GSK-3β. The activated GSK-3β phosphorylates Fyn at threonine residue(s). Phosphorylated Fyn accumulates in the nucleus and phosphorylates Nrf2 at tyrosine 568. This leads to nuclear export, ubiquitination, and degradation of Nrf2.
The influence of expectation on spinal manipulation induced hypoalgesia: An experimental study in normal subjects

The mechanisms thorough which spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) exerts clinical effects are not established. A prior study has suggested a dorsal horn modulated effect; however, the role of subject expectation was not considered. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of subject expectation on hypoalgesia associated with SMT. Sixty healthy subjects agreed to participate and underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) to their leg and low back. Next, participants were randomly assigned to receive a positive, negative, or neutral expectation instructional set regarding the effects of a specific SMT technique on pain perception. Following the instructional set, all subjects received SMT and underwent repeat QST. No interaction (p = 0.38) between group assignment and pain response was present in the lower extremity following SMT; however, a main effect (p < 0.01) for hypoalgesia was present. A significant interaction was present between change in pain perception and group assignment in the low back (p = 0.01) with participants receiving a negative expectation instructional set demonstrating significant hyper algesia (p < 0.01). The current study replicates prior findings of c- fiber mediated hypoalgesia in the lower extremity following SMT and this occurred regardless of expectation. A significant increase in pain perception occurred following SMT in the low back of participants receiving negative expectation suggesting a potential influence of expectation on SMT induced hypoalgesia in the body area to which the expectation is directed.
Reversing the Metering Pump to Control a Continuous-Flow Pasteurizer

Abstract Pasteurization can be controlled by reversing rotation of the metering pump and the response time measured. A metering pump operated at 28,000 liters per hour was used to recirculate milk (67.8 C) in a closed loop. A thermocouple controlled the reversible motor controller. With milk flow at 28,000 liters per hour (1.8 m/sec) at 78.3 C, a trial started 67.8-C milk from the metering pump to flow over the thermocouple. The thermocouple responded to the 67.8-C milk in 0.4 sec, and all milk below 71.7 C was pulled back to the thermocouple within 3.2 sec. Since a dual-stem flow diversion valve has a response of about 0.2 sec, reversing the rotation of the metering pump offers no potential for improving the response time of pasteurization control systems.
Genome wide expression analysis of the CCR4-NOT complex indicates that it consists of three modules with the NOT module controlling SAGA-responsive genes

Of the nine known members of the CCR4-NOT complex, CCR4/CAF1 are most important in mRNA deadenylation whereas the NOT1-5 proteins are most critical for transcriptional repression. Whole genome microarray analysis using deletions in seven of the CCR4-NOT genes was used to determine the overall mRNA expression patterns that are affected by members of the yeast CCR4-NOT complex. Under glucose conditions, ccr4 and caf1 displayed a high degree of similarity in the manner that they affected gene expression. In contrast, the not deletions were similar in the way they affected genes, but showed no correlation with that of ccr4/caf1. A number of groups of functionally related proteins were specifically controlled by the CCR4/CAF1 or NOT modules. Importantly, the NOT proteins preferentially affected SAGA-controlled gene expression. Also, both the CCR4/CAF1 and NOT group of proteins shared much greater similarities in their effects on gene expression during the stress of glucose deprivation. BTT1, a member of the nascent polypeptide association complex that binds the ribosome, was shown to be a tenth member of the CCR4-NOT complex, interacting through CAF130. Microarray analysis indicated that BTT1 and CAF130 correlate very highly in their control of gene expression and preferentially repress genes involved in ribosome biogenesis. These results indicate that distinct portions of the CCR4-NOT complex control a number of different cellular processes.
Resolved magnetic hyperfine spectra of Au-Fe alloys as a function of temperature

Abstract We have analyzed the Mossbauer hyperfine magnetic spectra of six compositions of Au-Fe from 10.5 to 33 at.% Fe at temperatures ranging from 4.2 K to the magnetic ordering temperature of each alloy. Only two elementary magnetic hyperfine spectra are required to fit the data, each of which has its own value of the magnetic hyperfine field, quadrupole coupling, isomer shift, and relative intensities. The intensity ratios of the two spectra for a given Fe concentration are essentially invariant with temperature. These results point to the existence of two chemically different Fe sites with all the Fe atoms magnetically coupled over the entire temperature regime below the upper magnetic ordering temperature. A relatively sharp increase in the local moment commences at both Fe sites, at ∼ 17 at.% Fe and continues to increase with Fe concentration.
Aluminum inhibition of shoot lateral branches ofGlycine max and reversal by exogenous cytokinin

Aluminum effects on the morphological development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were characterized in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. An Al-sensitive cultivar, ‘Ransom’, was grown in an acid soil (Aeric Paleudult) adjusted to 3 levels of exchangeable Al. Lateral shoot development at the nodes of the main stem was extensive in the limed soil containing 0.06 cmol(+) Alkg−1. However, lateral shoot length and weight were severely inhibited in the unlimed soil containing 2.19 cmol(+) Alkg−1, and in the unlimed soil amended to 2.63 cmol(+) Alkg−1 with AlCl3. This inhibition by the high Al/low pH condition was reversed by the exogenous application of a synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The daily application of 20 μg mL−1 BA applied locally to the lateral meristems of plants grown in the unlimed soil stimulated lateral shoot growth substantially, such that it was either comparable to or greater than that observed in the limed treatment without BA. Accumulation of K, Ca, and Mg in lateral shoot branches was also stimulated by the local application of BA. The inhibitory effects of Al on lateral shoot development were confirmed in solution culture. In addition, differential sensitivity to Al was evident among the primary root, first order lateral roots, and second order lateral roots. The length of the primary root was only slightly decreased by increasing concentrations of Al up to 30 μM. In contrast, the length of basipetally located first order lateral roots was restricted to greater extent; up to 50% by 30 μM Al. Second order lateral lengths were inhibited even more severely; up to 86% by 30 μM Al. Substantial evidence in the literature indicates that the root apex is a major site for the biosynthesis of cytokinin that is supplied to shoots, and cellular function and development in this region of the root are impaired during Al toxic conditions. This suggests that one mode of action by which Al may affect shoot growth is by inhibiting the synthesis and subsequent translocation of cytokinin to the meristematic regions of the shoot. The present observation of a reversal of Al-inhibited lateral shoot development by exogenously applied cytokinin supports this hypothesis. However, the inability of applied cytokinin to counter the restriction imposed by Al on total shoot dry matter production implies the impairment by Al toxicity of other root functions, such as ion and water transport, also played an important role in altering shoot morphology.
Electrical stimulation of cardiomyocytes activates mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase causing electrical remodeling

Cardiac arrhythmias, instigated by mechanical and electrical remodeling, are associated with activation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, the connection between intracellular MMPs activation and arrhythmogenesis is not well established. Previously, we determined localization of MMP in the mitochondria using confocal microscopy. We tested the hypothesis that electrical pacing induces the activation of mitochondrial MMP (mtMMP) and is associated with myocyte mechanical dysfunction. Myocytes were isolated and field stimulated at 1 and 4 Hz. Myocyte mechanics and calcium transient was studied using Ion-Optix system. Mitochondrial MMP-9 activation was evaluated using zymography. There was a 25% increase in 1Hz and 40% increase in 4Hz stimulation. We observed an increase in mtMMP activation with increase in electrical pacing compared to 0 Hz with a significant increase (p<0.05, n=3). Field stimulation at 4 Hz decreased cell re-lengthening. The levels of calcium transient were reduced with increase in contraction frequency. We conclude that electrical stimulation activates mtMMP-9 that is associated with myocyte mechanical dysfunction.
Vibrational analysis of the inelastic neutron scattering spectrum of tetracyanoethylene–hexamethylbenzene by electronic structure calculations

Abstract The vibrational spectrum of the electron donor–acceptor complex formed from tetracyanoethylene and hexamethylbenzene was measured at 15 K by inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Direct analysis of the measured spectra was accomplished using both an isolated complex approximation at the B3LYP/6-31G** theory level and a full periodic representation at the BLYP/dnd theory level. Six intermolecular modes were identified below 100 cm −1 . The 165 cm −1 vibrational mode was identified to arise from the TCNE symmetric bend but a small component from the first overtone of v 8 was also found. Comparison of the observed and calculated INS spectra revealed that the BLYP/dnd calculations for the crystalline solid provide a good description of the experimental INS spectrum and clearly demonstrates the power of the combined experimental/theoretical approach.
Hydrodynamic Phase Locking of Swimming Microorganisms

Some microorganisms, such as spermatozoa, synchronize their flagella when swimming in close proximity. Using a simplified model (two infinite, parallel, two-dimensional waving sheets), we show that phase locking arises from hydrodynamics forces alone, and has its origin in the front-back asymmetry of the geometry of their flagellar waveform. The time evolution of the phase difference between coswimming cells depends only on the nature of this geometrical asymmetry, and microorganisms can phase lock into conformations which minimize or maximize energy dissipation.
Associated coupled thermoplasticity at finite strains: formulation, numerical analysis and implementation

Abstract This paper presents a complete formulation of a model of coupled associative thermoplasticity at finite strains, addresses in detail the numerical analysis aspects involved in its finite element implementation, and assesses the performance of the proposed mechanical and finite element models in a comprehensive set of numerical simulations. On the thermomechanical side, novel aspects of the proposed model of thermoplasticity are (1) the explicit characterization of the plastic (configurational) entropy as an independent internal variable, (2) a thermomechanical extension of the principle of maximum dissipation consistent with the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, and (3) the exploitation of this extended principle in the formulation of an associative flow which characterizes the evolution of the plastic entropy in terms of the change of the flow criterion with respect to temperature. On the numerical analysis side, salient features of the proposed approach are (4) a new global product formula algorithm constructed via an operator split of the nonlinear initial value problem, which leads to a two-step solution procedure, (5) a unified class of local return mapping algorithms which preserves exactly the incompressibility constraint on the plastic flow and reduces to the classical radial return method for isothermal J 2 - flow theory, and (6) the formulation of a mixed finite element method in terms of the elastic entropy and the temperature field which circumvents well-known difficulties associated with the incompressibility constraint on the plastic flow. The exact linearization of both the product formula algorithm and an alternative simulataneous solution scheme for the coupled thermomechanical problem is given in two appendices.
On Identifying New Kinds of Astronomical Objects

WE wish to draw attention to a statistical problem that arises in an especially acute form when the data from a number of new sources are analysed to try to find evidence for a particular kind of object, for example, a neutron star or a black hole. We wish to emphasize that a statistical analysis of the data on any particular source must include consideration of the data on other sources that were found.
Thermal Stress Failure of Pure Refractory Oxides

An investigation was carried out to study the thermal stress failure of three pure, dense refractory oxides, namely alumina, stabilized zirconia, and magnesia. Thermal stress resistances were determined by means of a direct test and by calculation from the physical properties of the material. The properties measured included strength, elasticity, and thermal expansion. All the tests were conducted within the temperature range 25° to 1500°C. For hollow cylindrical specimens, heated uniformly from the inner surface, resistance to fracture was expressed quantitatively by the heat flow at steady state required to cause fracture. This resistance was found to be a function of (1) the physical properties of the material, (2) the temperature range of testing, and (3) the temperature distribution within the specimen.
The influence of experience on behavioural effects of androgen in prepuberally castrated male cats

Abstract Thirteen male kittens were castrated at the age of 4 months. When tested in adulthood with oestrous females they performed very little sexual behaviour. Only one of these males mounted the female, but stepping, thrusting and intromission were absent. When the above tests were completed, 11 of the males were treated with testosterone propionate by injection and pellet implantation. Six males (Group I) were permitted sexual experiences during the period of hormone administration. Of these, four showed the complete sexual pattern after relatively large doses of androgen. The other two never approached the female even after receiving over 3 gr. of hormone. Five other males (Group II) were denied access to the female during the period of androgen therapy. After the hormone treatment was terminated, these animals were tested with a female. Three of these showed no advances in sexual performance over their low levels before androgen therapy started; two made definite advances during the period of testing, pointing to the importance of the experiences gained during the early tests after hormone therapy terminated. Also, the persistence of sexual behaviour after hormone withdrawal was much greater among the maximally experienced males of Group I than among the minimally experienced males of Group II. An analysis of the data from these experiments emphasises the distinction between initiation of sexual behaviour during ontogenesis, and the persistence of the organised sexual pattern when the androgen level is reduced. The data also favour the interpretation of an indirect influence of male hormone when sexual behaviour is being initiated. Androgen causes a variety of critical organic changes, but in addition, stimuli must be present in the environment which elicit behaviour tending to the development of the mating pattern. Once organised through hormones and experience, this behaviour remains for a time relatively independent of the hormone until such time as regressive morphological and physiological changes disrupt it.
The adapter protein CrkL associates with CD34.

CD34 is a cell-surface transmembrane protein expressed specifically at the stem/progenitor stage of lymphohematopoietic development that appears to regulate adhesion. To elucidate intracellular signals modified by CD34, we designed and constructed glutathione-S–transferase (GST)– fusion proteins of the intracellular domain of full-length CD34 (GST-CD34ifull). Precipitation of cell lysates using GST-CD34ifullidentified proteins of molecular mass 39, 36, and 33 kd that constitutively associated with CD34 and a 45-kd protein that associated with CD34 after adhesion. By Western analysis, we identified the 39-kd protein as CrkL. In vivo, CrkL was coimmunoprecipitated with CD34 using CD34 antibodies, confirming the association between CrkL and CD34. CD34 peptide inhibition assays demonstrated that CrkL interacts at a membrane-proximal region of the CD34 tail. To identify the CrkL domain responsible for interaction with CD34, we generated GST-fusion constructs of adapter proteins including GST-CrkL3′ (C-terminal SH3) and GST-CrkL5′ (N-terminal SH2SH3). Of these fusion proteins, only GST-CrkL3′ could precipitate endogenously expressed CD34, suggesting that CD34 binds the C-terminal SH3 domain of CrkL. Interestingly, there appears to be differential specificity between CrkL and CrkII for CD34, because GST-CD34ifull did not precipitate CrkII, a highly homologous Crk family member. Furthermore, GST-CD34ifull did not bind c-Abl, c-Cbl, C3G, or paxillin proteins that are known to associate with CrkL, suggesting that CD34 directly interacts with the CrkL protein. CD34ifull association with Grb or Shc adapter proteins was not detected. Our investigations shed new light on signaling pathways of CD34 by demonstrating that CD34 couples to the hematopoietic adapter protein CrkL.
Small Tests of Change Solve the Big Problem of Critically Low Temperatures at Birth

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program To investigate the etiology of low newborn temperatures at birth. A critical aspect of newborn care is thermoregulation of the newborn environment to ensure safety and facilitate growth and optimal outcomes. Proposed Change In 2012, a clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and maternity center manager (CM) engaged nurses in a test of change approach to improve newborn thermoregulation based on observed, low, birth temperatures (LT). Organizational nursing professional practice model (PPM) provided structures and processes within the work environment to enable and ensure excellence in care delivery. Within the PPM, unit-based, nurse-led, and nurse-driven professional practice councils (PPC) sought care delivery innovations in a rapidly changing environment. An iterative approach of small tests of change was systematically used to evaluate outcomes and gain salience among nurses. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Baseline data for temperatures at birth, defined as within 30 minutes of delivery, were collected for all cesarean deliveries during a 2-week period in 2012. Newborns had LT (≤36.1°C) at birth in 15% of cases. The first test of change was to standardize operating room (OR)-temperature monitoring during every cesarean delivery to ensure OR temperatures of 71 to 73°F. After 3 months of monitored compliance, newborn temperatures were reaudited. LT at birth after a cesarean delivery increased to 22%. Concurrently, temperatures of newborns who were delivered vaginally were collected to clarify whether the OR temperature was the problem. The rate of LT for newborns in this group was 6.2% at birth. Discussion with colleagues and internal/external consultants led the team to question whether disposable thermometers used with newborns might produce false low temperatures. A nurse measured newborn temperatures with disposable and nondisposable (calibrated by clinical engineering) thermometers over a 2-week period. There were numerous incidences of lower temperature readings using disposable thermometers. PPC members reviewed the thermometer discrepancies and subsequently eliminated all disposable thermometers. Data collected 4 months later did not reveal any cases of LT at birth for newborns who were delivered vaginally or by cesarean. Implications for Nursing Practice Direct care nurses were engaged in the audit and feedback process and in discovery of each small test of change; this created a culture of inquiry and performance improvement. Removal of disposable thermometers from the units saved $1,500 annually, which allowed the unit to purchase calibrated thermometers for all patient rooms. There is also the potential for prevention of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions for unstable temperatures, which keeps the newborn and mother together. The next step is to reinforce standards for temperature frequency to regulate newborn temperatures during the transition.
Experience with Modular Concurrent Programming

This paper summarizes the initial experience with the programming language Concurrent Pascal in the design of three model operating systems. A Concurrent Pascal program consists of modules called processes, monitors, and classes. The compiler checks that the data structures of each module are accessed only by the operations defined in the module. The author emphasizes that the creative aspect of program construction is the initial selection of modules and the connection of them into hierarchical structures. By comparison the detailed implementation of each module is straightforward. The most important result is that it is possible to build a concurrent program of one thousand lines out of one-page modules that can be comprehended at a glance.