cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nursing Reference Center: A Review of e-Book Content

AbstractNursing Reference Center and Nursing Reference Center Plus are evidence-based, point-of-care tools for nurses produced by EBSCO Health. Both versions of the resource provide access to a col...
Suicide attempts in US adults with lifetime DSM-5 eating disorders.

Rates of suicide are increasing in the US. Although psychiatric disorders are associated with suicide risk, there is a dearth of epidemiological research on the relationship between suicide attempts (SAs) and eating disorders (EDs). The study therefore aimed to examine prevalence and correlates of SAs in DSM-5 EDs—anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED)—in a nationally representative sample of US adults. In addition, prevalence and correlates of SAs were examined in the two subtypes of AN—restricting (AN-R) and binge/purge (AN-BP) types. The study included 36,171 respondents in the Third National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) who completed structured diagnostic interviews (AUDADIS-5) and answered questions regarding SA histories and psychosocial impairment associated with EDs. We evaluated lifetime prevalence of SA, psychosocial impairment, clinical profiles, and psychiatric comorbidity in adults with EDs with and without SA histories, and temporal relationships between age onset of SA and EDs. Prevalence estimates of suicide attempts were 24.9% (for AN), 15.7% (for AN-R), 44.1% (for AN-BP), 31.4% (for BN), and 22.9% (for BED). Relative to respondents without specific EDs, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of SAs were significantly greater in all EDs: AN = 5.40 (95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 3.80–7.67), AN-R = 3.16 (95% CIs = 1.82–5.42), AN-BP = 12.09 (95% CIs = 6.29–23.24), BN = 6.33 (95% CIs = 3.39–11.81), and BED = 4.83 (95% CIs = 3.54–6.60). Among those with SA history, mean age at first SA and number of SAs were not significantly different across the specific EDs. SA was associated with significantly earlier ED onset in BN and BED, longer duration of AN but shorter duration of BN, greater psychosocial impairment in AN and BN, and with significantly increased risk for psychiatric disorder comorbidity across EDs. Onset of BED was significantly more likely to precede SA (71.2%) but onsets of AN (50.4%) and BN (47.6%) were not. US adults with lifetime DSM-5 EDs have significantly elevated risk of SA history. Even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, those with lifetime EDs had a roughly 5-to-6-fold risk of SAs relative to those without specific EDs; the AN binge/purge type had an especially elevated risk of SAs. SA history was associated with distinctively different clinical profiles including greater risk for psychosocial impairment and psychiatric comorbidity. These findings highlight the importance of improving screening for EDs and for suicide histories.
Fast gamma-ray event interaction position estimation using k-d tree - a simulation study

We have developed a gamma-ray interaction-position estimation method using k-d tree search, which can achieve efficiency and accuracy at the same time. This method can be combined with various kinds of closeness metrics such as Euclidean distance, and maximum-likelihood estimation. The time complexity of the k-d tree search method is O(log 2 (N)), where N represents the number of entries in the reference data set. The accuracy of the k-d tree search is equivalent to that of the exhaustive search method which has the highest achievable accuracy. Most importantly, this method has no requirement on the shapes of mean-detector-response functions (MDRFs), which means that it is also very robust, and can be applied widely without restrictions.
A unified iteration space transformation framework for sparse and dense tensor algebra

We address the problem of optimizing mixed sparse and dense tensor algebra in a compiler. We show that standard loop transformations, such as strip-mining, tiling, collapsing, parallelization and vectorization, can be applied to irregular loops over sparse iteration spaces. We also show how these transformations can be applied to the contiguous value arrays of sparse tensor data structures, which we call their position space, to unlock load-balanced tiling and parallelism. We have prototyped these concepts in the open-source TACO system, where they are exposed as a scheduling API similar to the Halide domain-specific language for dense computations. Using this scheduling API, we show how to optimize mixed sparse/dense tensor algebra expressions, how to generate load-balanced code by scheduling sparse tensor algebra in position space, and how to generate sparse tensor algebra GPU code. Our evaluation shows that our transformations let us generate good code that is competitive with many hand-optimized implementations from the literature.
Understanding the metal-to-insulator transition in La1−xSrxCoO3−δ and its applications for neuromorphic computing

Transition metal oxides that exhibit a metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) as a function of oxygen vacancy concentration are promising systems to realize energy-efficient platforms for neuromorphic computing. However, the current lack of understanding of the microscopic mechanism driving the MIT hinders the realization of effective and stable devices. Here we investigate defective cobaltites and we unravel the structural, electronic, and magnetic changes responsible for the MIT when oxygen vacancies are introduced in the material. We show that, contrary to accepted views, cooperative structural distortions instead of local bonding changes are responsible for the MIT, and we describe the subtle interdependence of structural and magnetic transitions. Finally, we present a model, based on first principles, to predict the required electric bias to drive the transition, showing good agreement with available measurements and providing a paradigm to establish design rules for low-energy cost devices.
Approximating Hybrid System Dynamics for Analysis and Control

The objective of this lecture is to survey and assess the state of the research on methods for approximating hybrid system dynamics. For all but the most trivial dynamic systems, approximations are necessary to make analysis and controller synthesis tractable. This is true for both continuous-state systems and discrete-state systems, and theories have been developed in both domains to justify and guide model simplification and approximation (although ad hoc engineering judgment remains the method of choice in most applications). For hybrid systems, decidability results indicate that approximations will always be necessary to solve analysis and controller synthesis problems for even the simplest systems. These results will be reviewed briefly as a motivation for the work on approximation methods.
The Basal Ganglia

The term basal ganglia was originally used to refer to all the nuclear groups buried beneath the cortical mantle (that is, cell groups that are organized in nuclei rather than being laminated; see Chapter 2). As it became clear that a subset of the nuclei played a special role in motor function, the definition was narrowed so that, in its modern usage, the term basal ganglia refers to five structures: the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, sub- thalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.
Potential health and safety hazards associated with the manufacture of amorphous silicon and copper indium diselenide photovoltaic cells

Health and safety hazards in production of ..cap alpha..-Si and CuInSe/sub 2/ photovoltaic cells are identified and characterized for their potential to cause health effects. The most significant potential hazards are associated with toxic and explosive gases, high voltages, and rf radiation. These hazards are not unique to the photovoltaic industry; various control options can be used to reduce or eliminate them. 5 refs., 1 tab.
Mutagenicity testing in mammalian cells. I. Derivation of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line heterozygous for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and thymidine kinase loci.

Abstract As a first step in the development of a multiple-marker, mammalian cell mutagenesis assay system, we have isolated a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that is heterozygous for both the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) and thymidine kinase (tk) loci. Presumptive aprt+/− heterozygotes with intermediate levels of APRT activity were selected from unmutagenized CHO cell populations on the basis of resistance to low concentrations of the adenine analog, 8-azaadenine. A functional aprt+/− heterozygote with ∼50% wild-type APRT activity was subsequently used to derive sublines that were also heterozygous for the tk locus. Biochemical and genetic characterization of one such subline, CHO-AT3-2, indicated that it was indeed heterozygous at both the aprt and tk loci. CHO-AT3-2 cells permitted single-step selection of mutants resistant to 8-azaadenine or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, allowing quantitation and direct comparison of mutation induction at the autosomal aprt or tk loci, as well as in the gene involved in ouabain resistance or at the X-linked, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) locus. Significant dose-dependent increases in mutation frequency were observed for all 4 genetic markers after treatment of CHO-AT3-2 cells with ethyl methanesulfonate.
Thermal and biofouling effects on underwater wireless power transfer

This paper presents a characterization of the thermal effects and marine fouling on an undersea wireless power transfer system. The coils used in wireless power transfer experience elevated temperatures due to the resistive losses in the wire. Several different coating strategies to both protect the coils against seawater and dissipate the generated heat are investigated. In addition, the rise in temperature can increase the likelihood of marine bio-fouling on the exposed surfaces of the coils. A study of bio-fouling on the wireless power transfer coils and whether there might be increased microbial growth as a result of the power transfer is also explored.
Optimal experimental design using partial least squares regression

Optimal experimental design is used to either reduce the number of experiments to be performed or to get as much information from the available data and data retrieved from a pre-determined set of experiments. An optimal experimental design aims at minimizing the cost of experimentation and still getting useful data to determine the process properties. This data in turn can be used to construct a black box model of the process response with respect to the input factors and use that model to find an optimum operating regime to get a desired response from the system. This work presents a procedure using partial least squares regression which can be used to design an experiment and iteratively improve the model using the data from the designed experiment. The technique is illustrated with a case study of membrane ultrafiltration process for separating hemoglobin from bovine serum albumin.
MIMO environmental capacity sensitivity

Wireless communications using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems enable increased spectral efficiency for a given total transmit power. The increased capacity is achieved through the introduction of additional spatial channels (space-time coding). In this paper, MIMO capacity is calculated as a function of environmental factors, including channel complexity, external interference and channel estimation error. The capacity of MIMO systems, where both the transmitter and receiver know the channel (channel estimate feedback), is compared with single input multiple output (SIMO) and MIMO systems, where only the receiver knows the channel. The channel complexity is studied using a simple statistical physical scattering model. Finally, an expression for capacity loss particular to channel estimation error at the transmitter is introduced.
Is early intervention worth it

Historically, the largest components of costs associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease, were hospitalizations, principally for joint replacement surgery, and work loss. Thus, for expensive interventions such as biological agents to be "worthwhile," they must reduce the prevalence of joint replacement and assist persons with RA in maintaining employment. However, joint replacement surgery and work losses tend to occur at least several years after onset of disease, even in severe cases. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of expenditures becomes computationally and politically difficult when the expenditure and the outcome are separated in time. The computational issue concerns the translation of future benefits--surgeries avoided and jobs held onto years from now--into present monetary values. The computational issue may be even more complex when the benefits are less tangible than surgery and wages; for example, when measured by quality-adjusted life-years. The political issue concerns the disjuncture between the agents making the expenditures--provincial health insurance in Canada or an employer9s health plan in the US--and the agents reaping the benefits, a private disability insurance company or provincial or state workers9 compensation fund. In addition, there is an ethical dilemma. In the US, many of the advances in the care for RA such as the biological agents derive, at least in part, from federal research expenditures. Such expenditures are financed by increasingly regressive taxes. Yet the individuals bearing an increasing share of the tax burden find themselves relegated to more restrictive health insurance plans less likely to provide access to those agents. Thus, whether expenditures for early interventions are worthwhile may turn on such issues as how long the expenditure and the benefits are separated in time, how well the interests of the agent making the expenditure and the agent reaping the rewards are aligned, and how equitable the financing of the benefit and the access to it.
Characterization of the ELPhiS Prophage from Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strain LK5

Phages are a primary driving force behind the evolution of bacterial pathogens by transferring a variety of virulence genes into their hosts. Similar to other bacterial genomes, the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis LK5 genome contains several regions that are homologous to phages. Although genomic analysis demonstrated the presence of prophages, it was unable to confirm which phage elements within the genome were viable. Genetic markers were used to tag one of the prophages in the genome to allow monitoring of phage induction. Commonly used laboratory strains of Salmonella were resistant to phage infection, and therefore a rapid screen was developed to identify susceptible hosts. This approach showed that a genetically tagged prophage, ELPhiS (Enteritidis lysogenic phage S), was capable of infecting Salmonella serovars that are diverse in host range and virulence and has the potential to laterally transfer genes between these serovars via lysogenic conversion. The rapid screen approach is adaptable to any system with a large collection of isolates and may be used to test the viability of prophages found by sequencing the genomes of various bacterial pathogens.
The Modula-2 experience

The 1987-88 school year represents the first time that the Undergraduate Computer Science Department at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) has offered its five quarter course programming skills sequence with Modula-2 as its primary teaching language. What follows is a description of RIT's first year Modula-2 experience including the trials and tribulations of new languages, new compilers, and untried texts. With only the first half of the sequence having been offered using Modula-2, the benefits derived from the change thus far will be discussed as well as suggestions, conclusions, and a preview of what is yet to come.
Eosinophils infiltrate thyroids, but have no apparent role in induction or resolution of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in interferon‐γ−/− mice

Granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (G-EAT) is induced by mouse thyroglobulin (MTg)-sensitized splenocytes activated with MTg and interleukin (IL)-12. Our previous studies showed that, when used as donors and recipients, interferon (IFN)-gamma(-/-) and wild-type (WT) DBA/1 mice both develop severe G-EAT. Thyroid lesions in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice have many eosinophils and few neutrophils, while those in WT mice have extensive neutrophil infiltration and few eosinophils. Thyroid lesions in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice consistently resolve by day 40-50, whereas those in WT mice have ongoing inflammation and fibrosis persisting for more than 60 days. To determine if the extensive infiltration of eosinophils in thyroids of IFN-gamma(-/-) mice contributes to thyroid damage and/or early resolution of G-EAT, anti-IL-5 was used to inhibit migration of eosinophils to thyroids. G-EAT severity was compared at day 20 and day 40-50 in IFN-gamma(-/-) recipients given anti-IL-5 or control immunoglobulin G (IgG). Thyroids of anti-IL-5-treated IFN-gamma(-/-) mice had few eosinophils and more neutrophils at day 20, but G-EAT severity scores were comparable to those of control IgG-treated mice at both day 20 and day 40-50. Expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) mRNA was higher and that of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) mRNA was lower in thyroids of anti-IL-5-treated IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. IL-5 neutralization did not influence mRNA expression of most cytokines in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. Thus, inhibiting eosinophil migration to thyroids did not affect G-EAT severity or resolution in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, suggesting that eosinophil infiltration of thyroids occurs as a consequence of IFN-gamma deficiency, but these cells have no apparent pathogenic role in G-EAT.
Experimental design in psychological research

Experimental design in psychological research , Experimental design in psychological research , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی
A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rat insulin.

Abstract A simple, quantitative micro-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) has been developed for rat insulin. The micro-ELISA is a solid phase, indirect, competitive immunoassay. The useful range of the micro-ELISA was superior to that of a commercial RIA for rat insulin (e.g. 0.4 to 46.0 ng/ml for the ELISA; 0.2–8.6 ng/ml for the RIA). The ELISA's sensitivity (the lower limit of detection) was 1.0 ng/ml ± 0.13ng/ml, (mean, ± SEm; 9 assays) or 20 ± 2.6 pg/determination, and compared favorably with the sensitivity of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for rat insulin (0.38 ± 0.10 ng/ml: 4 assays). The ELISA measured pure rat insulin standards accurately. Correlation experiments showed that the results of the ELISA agreed with those of the RIA (r=0.91), when rat insulin was assayed in crude extracts of isolated pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. When the standard curve was plotted as a log of the dose response curve, a sigmoidally shaped curve was obtained which could be transformed into a straight line relations...
Enhanced Hemangioblast Generation and Improved Vascular Repair and Regeneration from Embryonic Stem Cells by Defined Transcription Factors

The fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK-1)+ hemangioblast can generate hematopoietic, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). ER71/ETV2, GATA2, and SCL form a core transcriptional network in hemangioblast development. Transient coexpression of these three factors during mesoderm formation stage in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) robustly enhanced hemangioblast generation by activating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and FLK-1 signaling while inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, WNT signaling, and cardiac output. Moreover, etsrp, gata2, and scl inhibition converted hematopoietic field of the zebrafish anterior lateral plate mesoderm to cardiac. FLK-1+ hemangioblasts generated by transient coexpression of the three factors (ER71-GATA2-SCL [EGS]-induced FLK-1+) effectively produced hematopoietic, endothelial, and SMCs in culture and in vivo. Importantly, EGS-induced FLK-1+ hemangioblasts, when codelivered with mesenchymal stem cells as spheroids, were protected from apoptosis and generated functional endothelial cells and SMCs in ischemic mouse hindlimbs, resulting in improved blood perfusion and limb salvage. ESC-derived, EGS-induced FLK-1+ hemangioblasts could provide an attractive cell source for future hematopoietic and vascular repair and regeneration.
Measurement of physician specimen-handling errors and its contribution to laboratory information system quality

To reduce the frequency of errors associated with hematology specimens and requisitions arriving in the hematology laboratories of a large urban teaching hospital, an intervention was conducted to alter the behavior of the medical students, interns, residents, and board-qualified physicians who ordered the tests, completed the requisitions, and drew the specimens. This paper presents the method used for measuring specimen quality, certain results derived from the method, and corresponding considerations for changes in the design of the system by which specimens are collected and delivered to the laboratory. These changes should improve the quality of the entire laboratory information system.
Bioavailability, disposition and pharmacokinetics of 14C-ormetoprim in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

1. Uptake, bioavailability, tissue disposition, and elimination of 14C were examined in rainbow trout following intravascular and per os dosing of 14C-ormetoprim (8 mg/kg). 2. Plasma clearance was rapid following a single i.v. dose (t1/2 alpha = 0.54 h, t1/2 beta = 17.5 h) with an apparent volume of distribution (Vss) of 4.85 l/kg. An increase in both t1/2 alpha (0.67 h) and t1/2 beta (36.7 h) was seen following multiple i.v. doses (steady state). 3. Oral dispositional studies revealed the highest concentration of OMP in bile, kidney and liver, indicating significant renal and hepatic extraction. Significant OMP residues were seen in skin (0.90 p.p.m.) and muscle (0.15 p.p.m.) at 38 days. 4. Peak absorption time of orally administered OMP was 12 h with an apparent bioavailability of 87%. 5. Intravascularly administered OMP was 33% and 31% protein-bound at 1 and 6 h respectively, and binding was non-specific and non-saturable by Scatchard analysis.
Cassini mission to Saturn

The Cassini mission to Saturn is a joint undertaking of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, and numerous other European academic and industrial participants. The Cassini mission will provide a close-up investigation of the Saturn system, including Saturn's atmosphere and magnetosphere, its rings, and several of its moons. Saturn's largest moon Titan is of particular interest. ESA is developing the Huygens probe that will descend through Titan's atmosphere, directly sampling the atmosphere and determining its composition. To accomplish its ambitious scientific objectives, the orbiter and the probe carry 18 scientific instruments to conduct a total of 27 scientific investigations. The Cassini Spacecraft is scheduled for launch on a Titan IV/Centaur in October of 1997. Cassini will reach the Saturn system in 2004. The tour of the Saturn system is scheduled for 4 years and includes 63 orbits of Saturn and more than 36 flybys of Titan. During the first Saturn orbit, the Huygens probe will separate from the Cassini orbiter and descend through the atmosphere of Titan. This paper summarizes the current status of the Cassini program.
Pax Americana: Bumping into Diplomatic Culture

The existence of a deeply rooted, state-based diplomatic culture with its own distinctive institutions, values, and norms has been neglected in both the study and the practice of international relations, especially in the United States. This neglect has had consequences in recent years, notably in connection with the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Using Iraq as a case study, I argue that the United States transgressed five norms of diplomatic culture that are widely accepted: the use of force only as last resort, transparency, continuous dialogue, multilateralism, and civility. Criticisms of these transgressions and the US responses to these criticisms suggest that even a paramount America cannot avoid diplomatic culture’s pervasive influence.
Attempters, adherers, and non-adherers: latent profile analysis of CPAP use with correlates.

Abstract Study objectives To examine whether subtypes of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) user profiles could be identified, and to determine predictors of CPAP subgroup membership. Design A retrospective, correlational approach was used. Subjects attended clinic where a CPAP download was performed and questionnaires were completed. Additional information was obtained from the electronic medical record. Setting Miami VA Sleep Clinic. Participants Obstructive sleep apnea patients (N = 207). Measurements Three adherence variables comprised the profile: % of nights of CPAP use, % of nights of CPAP use > 4 hours and average nightly use in minutes. Predictors included age, AHI, time since CPAP therapy was initiated, CPAP pressure, residual AHI, BMI, social-cognitive variables, insomnia, sleepiness, and psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Results Latent profile analysis was used to identify CPAP user profiles. Three subgroups were identified and labeled “Non-Adherers,” “Attempters,” and “Adherers”. Non-Adherers (37.6% of the sample) used CPAP for an average of 37 minutes nightly, used CPAP 18.2% of nights and used CPAP > 4 hour 6.2 % of nights. Attempters (32.9%) used CPAP for 156 minutes on average, used CPAP 68.2% of nights and used CPAP > 4 hour 29.3% of nights. Adherers (29.5%) used CPAP for 392 minutes, used CPAP 95.4% of nights and used CPAP >4 hour 86.2% of nights. Self-efficacy, insomnia, AHI, time since CPAP was initiated, and CPAP pressure predicted CPAP subgroup membership. Conclusion Sixty-seven percent of users (Non-Adherers, Attempters) had suboptimal adherence. Understanding CPAP use profiles and their predictors enable identification of those who may require additional intervention to improve adherence.
Particle—fluid interactions with application to solid-stabilized emulsions part I. The effect of asphaltene adsorption

Abstract Solid-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions are commonly encountered in the production of crude oil and synthetic fuel liquids. The ability of finely divided solids to stabilize these emulsions is due to the adsorption of asphaltenes and other heavy ends from the oil on the mineral surface which imparts to the solid its hydrophobic nature. This study presents results which quantify the particle—fluid interactions by means of adsorption measurements of asphaltenes on sodium montmorillonite particles. The influence of asphaltene adsorption on the contact angle at the water/oil/solid interface and on the zeta potential of the particles was investigated. The hydrophobic nature of the solids was found to be directly related to the amount of asphaltenes adsorbed on their surface. The effect of asphaltenes on the contact angle is explained in terms of the interfacial tensions at the oil/water and solid/water interfaces. The influence of pH and surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase on the contact angle and the zeta potential is assessed.
HPLC Determination of an Ondan-Setron and Diphenhydramine Mixture in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography procedure has been developed for the assay of an ondansetron hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride mixture in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The separation and quantitation were achieved on a 5-μm Spherisorb ODS-1 column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 60:40 v/v 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 4.5-acetonitrile at flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. with detection of both analytes at 210 nm. The separation was achieved within 22 min. with sensitivity in the ng/mL range for each analyte. The method showed linearity for ondansetron and diphenhydramine in the 0.40–6.40 and 5.0–80.0 μg/mL ranges, respectively. Intra- and inter-day RSD values were 1.8% and 2.8–3.8% for ondansetron, and 1.4–1.7% and 2.0–2.7% for diphenhydramine, respectively. Accuracy of intra and inter-day were in the 1.0–1.6% and 1.2% for ondansetron and 0.7–2.0% and 0.3–3.8% for diphenhydramine, respectively. The limits of detection for ondansetron and diphenhydramine were 70 and 105 ...
Specific sensitization of excimer fluorescence in polymer matrices by singlet molecular oxygen

Abstract This communication reports the specific sensitization of excimer fluorescence of pyrene,2:3 dimethylnaphthalene and fluorene in polystyrene fluffs by a concerted mechanism involving electronic energy transfer from singlet molecular oxygen. The excimer fluorescence is generated in exclusion of monomer fluorescence in these experiments, in contrast to the photoexcited emission.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF THE THUMB MUSCLES

The purpose of this study was to measure the moment arms of four extrinsic muscles (flexor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis longus) and four intrinsic muscles (flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, and opponents pollicis) of the thumb at the interphalangeal, the metacarpophalangeal, and the carpometacarpal joints in the same cadaver specimens and to examine the specific role of each muscle. Measurements were made on seven fresh frozen cadaver hands. The moment arms were measured during flexion/extension of the interphalangeal joint, flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of the metacarpophalangeal joint, and flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of the carpometacarpal joint. Moment arms were computed using the slope of the tendon excursion joint angle relationship. The specific function of each muscle was determined by multiplying the measured moment arms by the maximum force that each muscle can generate. It was found that the flexor pollicis longus was a pure flexor while flexor pollicis brevis was an adductor as well as a flexor, the extensor pollicis longus was an extensor and an adductor, extensor pollicis brevis was an extensor and a mild abductor, the abductor pollicis longus was an extensor as well as an abductor, the abductor pollicis brevis was mainly an abductor, the adductor pollicis was a major flexor as well as an adductor, and the opponents pollicis was a flexor and an abductor.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HEMOCYTES OF PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS

Abstract A panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was generated against hemocytes from unparasitized Pseudoplusia includens and P. includens parasitized by the polydnavirus- carrying parasitoid Microplitis demolitor. Of 862 hybridomas generated, 107 lines secreted antibodies to one or more classes of hemocytes. For the current study, 21 lines were cloned, 11 lines were isotyped and three MAbs were characterized. MAb 48F2D5 specifically labeled granular cells, MAb 52F3A5 labeled plasmatocytes and MAb 55F2G7 only labeled hemocytes inoculated with M. demolitor polydnavirus (MdPDV). Western blot analysis indicated that each MAb recognized specific antigens when cell proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, differences were noted in the proportion of granular cells and plasmatocytes present in parasitized hosts and in the proportion of each cell type labeled by MAb 55F2G7. Double-labeling experiments further suggested that the proportion of granular cells infected by MdPDV declined between 24 h and 7 days post-parasitism while the proportion of infected plasmatocytes did not.
Distribution and projection pattern of motoneurons that innervate hindlimb muscles in the quail

We characterized the motoneuron pool positions and projection patterns in the embryonic quail hindlimb and compared them to those in the chick to determine the degree of similarity and to form a baseline for future chimeric experiments. We find that the most similar parameters of pool position correlate with the major axonal pathway choices. First, the medial-lateral pool position, which is highly conserved among birds and mammals, is identical in the quail and chick and correlates with the dorsal-ventral pathway choice, the first and least plastic of the choices within the limb. Second, although quail pools were known to be compressed into seven rather than eight segments, we show that the map of pools is compressed about a central point (segment three) that preserves the spatial relationships between anterior pools and the crural plexus, and between posterior pools and the sciatic plexus. Access to guidance cues that are restricted to each plexus region is thus maintained between species. Third, pool position along the anterior-posterior axis is the least similar parameter between species. In fact, the entire lumbosacral motor complex may shift by +/- half a segment in individual quail. Despite the consequent differences in segmental projections, the specific projection pattern within each quail hindlimb is identical to that in the chick. There is no need to preserve the exact segmental pattern either phylogenetically or during development, because motoneurons accommodate to modest variations in their position along the anterior-posterior axis by sorting out at the limb base. The contrast between variable segmental and constant limb projections also demonstrates that neither the specification nor the precise projection of motoneurons is dependent upon the specification or development of somites.
Measurement of the Cell−Substrate Separation and the Projected Area of an Individual Adherent Cell Using Electric Cell−Substrate Impedance Sensing

This work presents an electrical technique called electric cell−substrate impedance sensing to measure the cell−substrate separation and the projected area of an individual adherent cell. Cell adhesion and cell spreading are fundamental processes of adherent cells. By recording changes in the cell−substrate separation, the projected area, or both properties with time, the dynamics of cell spreading and cell adhesion can be studied. The advantage of this electrical technique is that it enables a measurement of many individual cells simultaneously. This is a great benefit to the study of heterogeneity in cell populations. The research consisted of building a custom impedance sensing setup, designing an in vitro assay to record an impedance spectrum of an individual living cell, and developing a data analysis method to obtain two properties of the cell from curve-fitting of the impedance spectrum. The values of the cell−substrate separation and the projected area of an individual cell were within the expecte...
HBT IC manufacturability and reliability

Abstract HBT based integrated circuits have reached LSI levels of integration complexity with both GaAs- and InP-based technologies. A wide range of application areas are suitable for HBT integrated circuits ranging in frequencies from below 1 GHz to above 40 GHz. In this article we will present manufacturability and reliability of these technologies with particular emphasis on InP-based HBT IC's. Technology requirements for different application areas are presented with specific integrated circuit examples. Key HBT reliability issues are also presented including discrete devices and IC reliability.
Autophagy is Essential to Suppress Cell Stress and to Allow BCR-Abl-Mediated Leukemogenesis

Hematopoietic cells normally require cell extrinsic signals to maintain metabolism and survival. In contrast, cancer cells can express constitutively active oncogenic kinases such as BCR-Abl that promote these processes independent of extrinsic growth factors. When cells receive insufficient growth signals or when oncogenic kinases are inhibited, glucose metabolism decreases and the self-digestive process of autophagy is elevated to degrade bulk cytoplasm and organelles. Although autophagy has been proposed to provide a cell-intrinsic nutrient supply for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and to maintain cellular homeostasis through degradation of damaged organelles or protein aggregates, its acute role in growth factor deprivation or inhibition of oncogenic kinases remains poorly understood. We therefore developed a growth factor-dependent hematopoietic cell culture model in which autophagy can be acutely disrupted through conditional Cre-mediated excision of the autophagy-essential gene Atg3. Treated cells rapidly lost their ability to perform autophagy and underwent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Although Atg3 was essential for optimal upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways in growth factor withdrawal, this metabolic contribution of autophagy did not appear critical for cell survival, as provision of exogenous pyruvate or lipids could not completely rescue Atg3 deficiency. Instead, autophagy suppressed a stress response that otherwise led to p53 phosphorylation and upregulation of p21 and the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Puma. Importantly, BCR-Abl-expressing cells had low basal levels of autophagy, but were highly dependent on this process, and rapidly underwent apoptosis upon disruption of autophagy through Atg3 deletion or treatment with chemical autophagy inhibitors. This dependence on autophagy extended in vivo, as Atg3 deletion also prevented BCR-Abl-mediated leukemogenesis in a cell transfer model. Together these data demonstrate a critical role for autophagy to mitigate cell stress, and that cells expressing the oncogenic kinase BCR-Abl appear particularly dependent on autophagy for cell survival and leukemogenesis.
Effect of Implicit and Explicit Rule Presentation on Bound-Morpheme Generalization in Specific Language Impairment

This study addressed whether generalization of a trained bound morpheme to untrained vocabulary stems differs between children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with normal language (NL) under two controlled instructional conditions. Twenty-five children with NL and 25 children with SLI matched for age served as subjects. Contrasts between affixed and unaffixed words highlighted the affixation "rule" in the "implicit-rule" condition. The "rule" was verbalized by the trainer in the "explicit-rule" condition. Bimodal generalization results occurred in both subject groups, indicating that generalization was not incremental. Chi-square analyses suggested that the SLI group generalized the bound morpheme less often than the NL group under the explicit-rule training condition. The findings add to those that indicate children with SLI have a unique language-learning style, and suggest that the explicit presentation of metalinguistic information during training may be detrimental to bound-morpheme generalization by preschool-age children with SLI.
Knowledge Transmission Versus Social Transformation: A Critical Analysis of Purpose in Elementary Social Studies Methods Textbooks

In this article, the authors investigate the extent to which 9 elementary social studies methods textbooks present the purpose of teaching and learning social studies. Using Stanley’s three perspectives of teaching social studies for knowledge transmission, method of intelligence, and social transformation; we analyze how these texts prepare preservice teachers to plan, instruct, and assess social studies in the elementary grades. Findings from this study suggest that social studies methods textbooks hold divergent perspectives for teaching social studies and that the purposes presented in the texts generally determine how social studies teaching and learning is presented in the remainder of the texts.
Tendenzen in der Entwicklung britischer Universitäten

Nach einer zehnjahrigen Schlankheitskur haben britische Universitaten personell and finanziell abgespeckt. Sind sie damit aber besser auf rapide ansteigende Studentenzahlen vorbereitet, oder wird durch Uberleitung der Polytechnics zu Universitaten ein zweigleisiges Bildungssystem zum Minimaltarif geschaffen?
Synthesis of new nonlinear network elements

The basic problem of synthesizing a nonlinear resistor, inductor, or capacitor with a prescribed i-v, φ-i, or q-v curve is solved by introducing three new linear two-port network elements, namely the mutator, the reflector, and the scalor. The mutator has the property that a nonlinear resistor is transformed into a nonlinear inductor, or a nonlinear capacitor, upon connecting this resistor across port two of an appropriate mutator. The reflector has the property that a given i-v, φ-i, or q-v curve can be reflected about an arbitrary straight line through the origin. The scalor is characterized by the property that any i-v, φ-i, or q-v curve can be compressed or expanded along a horizontal direction, or along a vertical direction. Using these new elements as building blocks, it is shown that any prescribed single-valued (which need not be monotonic) i-v, φ-i, or q-v curve can be synthesized. Active circuit realizations for each of these new elements are given. Laboratory models of mutators, reflectors, and scalors have been built using discrete components. Oscilloscope tracings of typical mutated, reflected, and scaled i-v, φ-i, and q-v curves are given. The experimental results are in good agreement with theory at relatively low operating frequencies. The practical problems that remain to be solved are the stability and frequency limitation of the present circuits.
Graphical control of manufacturing work cells

Abstract One vital aspect of the CIM vision is the ever increasing need to control and coordinate the functions of numerous industrial devices within one common manufacturing zone, commonly referred to as a work cell and controlled by one computer. Different industrial devices have different protocols and methods of operation making this task difficult and complex. In addition, the overall logic developed for the coordination of the work cell must be flexible to change for different parts and families, and there must be means to store it for retrieval at a later point in time. The paper describes a software package that provides a generic, graphical interface for manufacturing work cell coordination and control. Developed in C within the CADKEY environment, it allows the user to develop flowcharts for sequencing and coordinating the execution of sub-programs that are collectively responsible for the actual functioning of a work cell. The formulated logic can be used to visualize work cell operation sequences or it can be used to control user-written functions or sub-tasks.
Broadband Phase Retrieval and Spectral Estimation with Multiple Unresolved Stars

In this paper we present a method for estimating the wavefront aberrations of a telescope jointly with the spectral weights and positions of several dim close-together stars using focus diverse-phase retrieval.
Endomorphisms of Certain Operator Algebras

On etudie les C(X)-endomorphismes de C(X, #7B-B(h)), pour un espace compact X. On analyse leur structure locale. On demontre l'existence d'un decalage C(X)
Sales Promotions and the Choice Context as Competing Influences on Consumer Decision Making

Although brand switching is one of the most researched topics in marketing, we still know very little about the moderators of switching between brands in different price-quality tiers (e.g., from Haagen–Dazs ice cream to Breyers or to a store brand). Building on the notion that buyers have a (category-specific) consideration set of price–quality tiers, we propose that sales promotions and the choice set composition (or the choice context) have compensatory effects on brand switching between price–quality tiers. Specifically, if one of these factors causes buyers to switch to a higher price–quality tier within their brand-tier consideration set, then the other factor is less likely to induce switching in the same direction (to an even higher tier) and more likely to induce switching in the opposite direction. This general proposition leads to several specific hypotheses, including (a) the likelihood of switching between particular brand tiers due to price promotions can be predicted based on the choice set composition; (b) asymmetric switching, whereby consumers are more likely to switch up from a low-tier to a promoted high-tier brand than from a high-tier to a promoted low-tier brand, is reduced or eliminated if consumers consider three price–quality tiers; and (c) the compromise effect is reduced when the lowest tier brand offers a price promotion. These hypotheses were supported in a series of studies, which also examined rival explanations. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
T(H)17 cells in asthma and inflammation.

Abstract Background The chronic airway disease asthma causes significant burden to patients as well as the healthcare system with limited options for prevention or cure. Inadequate treatment strategies are most likely due to the complex heterogeneous nature of asthma. Furthermore, the severe asthma phenotype is characterized by the lack of a response to standard medication, namely, corticosteroids. Scope of Review In the last several years it has been shown that the eosinophilic/atopic phenotype of asthma driven by TH2 mechanisms is not the only immunologic pathway contributing to disease. In fact, there has been evidence revealing that severe asthmatics in particular have neutrophilic inflammation, and this is associated with corticosteroid resistance. TH17 cells, a recently discovered lineage of T helper cells, play an important role in lung host defense against multiple pathogens via production of the cytokine IL‐17. IL‐17 promotes neutrophil production and chemotaxis via multiple factors. Major Conclusions Mouse and human studies provide robust evidence that TH17 cells and IL‐17 play a role in severe asthma and may contribute to corticosteroid resistance. General Significance As we learn more about TH17 cells in severe asthma, the goal is to potentially target this pathway for treatment in the hope of significantly improving the quality of life for those children and adults affected with this disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
Electrophoretic Analyses of Red Cell Hemolysates Before and During Storage of Blood from Diseased Individuals

The bloods of six healthy young male students were stored anaerobically in the cold and at intervals the stroma-free red cell hemolysates were analyzed in a cacodylate buffer at pH 6.5 and .05M concentration. From these data, a control range was established. Results are presented which show the effect of anaerobic storage on the B/2 values of red cell hemolysates of the bloods of 23 patients with a variety of diseases. In 21 cases, the B/2 values decreased rapidly or showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Attempts to relate the type of storage curve to specific diseases were unsuccessful. It is concluded that water-soluble protein components of the red cells may be altered by disease.
Recognizing the Toxicodendrons (poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac)

Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are now classified in the genus Toxicodendron which is readily distinguished from Rhus . In the United States, there are two species of poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum (western poison oak) and Toxicodendron toxicarium (eastern poison oak). There are also two species of poison ivy, Toxicodendron rydbergii , a nonclimbing subshrub, and Toxicodendron radicans , which may be either a shrub or a climbing vine. There are nine subspecies of T. radicans , six of which are found in the United States. One species of poison sumac, Toxicodendron venix , occurs in the United States. Distinguishing features of these plants and characteristics that separate Toxicodendron from Rhus are outlined in the text and illustrated in colorplates.