cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in outdoor navigation by the SAIL developmental robot

A sensory mapping method, called Staggered Hierarchical Mapping (SHM), and its developmental algorithm are described in this paper. SHM is a model motivated by human early visual pathways including processing performed by the retina, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) and the primary visual cortex. The work reported here concerns not only the design of such a series of processors but also their autonomous development. The primary goal is to address a long standing open problem of visual information processing in that processing elements that are dedicated to receptive fields of different retinal positions and different scales (sizes) must be concurrently functioning, in robotic and other applications in unstructured environments. A new Incremental Principal Component Analysis (IPCA) method is used to automatically develop orientation sensitive and other needed filters. For a fast convergence, the lateral inhibition of sensory neurons is modelled by what is called residual images. A set of staggered receptive fields models the pattern of positioning of processing cells. From sequentially sensed video frames, the proposed developing algorithm develops a hierarchy of filters, whose outputs are uncorrelated within each layer, but with increasing scale of receptive fields from low to higher layers. To study the completeness of the representation generated by the SHM, we experimentally show that the response produced at any layer is sufficient to corresponding retinal image. As an application domain, we describe out preliminary experiments of autonomous navigation by the SAIL robot, and why a mapping like the SHM is needed in our next phase of work of vision guided autonomous navigation in outdoor environments.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Exchange rate policies for developing countries

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the exchange rate policies for developing countries. Developing countries have generally favored adjustable par values as the basis for the world exchange rate system. This has been apparent both in their attitude in negotiations on reform of the international monetary system and in their reactions to the exchange rate developments of recent years. Most developing countries have, in the management of their own exchange rates, maintained a fixed peg against a single intervention currency, though a significant minority have moved to floating exchange rates or have pegged their rates to a basket of currencies. The case for flexible or floating exchange rates versus a system of adjustable par values has usually been made abstracting from the level of development of countries. The chapter discusses the differentiating characteristics of developing countries that may affect their preference for a particular exchange rate system. It discusses various possible policy reactions of developing countries to the current situation, where the industrial nations' currencies are floating.
A Statistical Model on Drive-Level Stiction

We present a statistical model that correlates the drive-level stiction behavior, which involves multiple head-disk interfaces, to its constituents' component-level stiction behavior. The model takes into account all types of component-level stiction events, namely fly stiction as well as normal stiction. The important conclusions from this study are as follows. (i) Drives with a large number of head-disk interfaces are significantly more immune to stiction induced spin failure than one might perceive. (ii) The stiction per interface measured in a drive is always lower than the component-level stiction and decreases with increasing number of head-disk interfaces.
The syringolides: Bacterial C-glycosyl lipids that trigger plant disease resistance

Abstract The salient structural and bioorganic properties of this new class of signal molecules are reported.
A method for calculating aerodynamic heating on sounding rocket tangent ogive noses

A method is presented for calculating the aerodynamic heating and shear stresses at the wall for tangent ogive noses that are slender enough to maintain an attached nose shock through that portion of flight during which heat transfer from the boundary layer to the wall is significant. The lower entropy of the attached nose shock combined with the inclusion of the streamwise pressure gradient yields a reasonable estimate of the actual flow conditions. Both laminar and turbulent boundary layers are examined and an approximation of the effects of (up to) moderate angles-of-attack is included in the analysis. The analytical method has been programmed in FORTRAN 4 for an IBM 360/91 computer.
Long-term survival following aortic valve replacement.

Summary Study was made of 95 survivors of aortic valve replacement during the early years of this procedure (1964 to 1970). The average follow-up time was 50.2 months. Survival was not related to hemodynamicparameters, such as cardiac index or left ventricular pressure, and did not appear to be influenced by the type of preoperative valve lesion. A history of angina pectoris and a New York Heart Association Class IV grouping were associated with shorter survival. Associated coronary artery disease was a leading cause of death in those patients surviving less than 2 years and angina pectoris the leading cause of morbidity in the long-term survivors. Sudden death occurred in five patients. Once a patient survived 36 months after theoperation, the prognosis was excellent.
Probability distributions for multicomponent systems with multiplicative noise

Abstract Linear systems with many degrees of freedom containing multiplicative and additive noise are considered. The steady state probability distribution for equations of this kind is examined. With multiplicative white noise and certain symmetry conditions it is shown that the probability distribution of a single component has power law tails, with the exponent independent of the strength of additive noise, but dependent on the strength of the multiplicative noise. The classification of these systems into two regimes appears to be possible in the same manner as with just one degree of freedom. A physical system, that of a turbulent fluid undergoing a chemical reaction is predicted to show a transition from exponential to power law tails, as the reaction rate is increased. A variety of systems are studied numerically. A replication algorithm is used to obtain the Lyapunov exponents for high moments, which would be inaccessible by more conventional approaches.
Low-thrust trajectories for human missions to Ceres

Abstract A low-thrust trajectory design study is performed for a mission to send humans to Ceres and back. The flight times are constrained to 270 days for each leg, and a grid search is performed over propulsion system power, ranging from 6 to 14 MW, and departure V ∞ , ranging from 0 to 3 km/s. A propulsion system specific mass of 5 kg/kW is assumed. Each mission delivers a 75 Mg payload to Ceres, not including propulsion system mass. An elliptical spiral method for transferring from low Earth orbit to an interplanetary trajectory is described and used for the mission design. A mission with a power of 11.7 MW and departure V ∞ of 3 km/s is found to offer a minimum initial mass in low Earth orbit of 289 Mg. A preliminary supply mission delivering 80 Mg of supplies to Ceres is also designed with an initial mass in low Earth orbit of 127 Mg. Based on these results, it appears that a human mission to Ceres is not significantly more difficult than current plans to send humans to Mars.
Both Kdr and Flt1 play a vital role in hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation and retinal neovascularization

To understand the mechanisms of Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), we studied the role of Kdr and Flt1. VEGFA, while having no effect on Flt1 phosphorylation, induced Kdr phosphorylation in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVECs). Depletion of Kdr attenuated VEGFA-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation. Regardless of its phosphorylation state, downregulation of Flt1 also inhibited VEGFA-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation, but only modestly. In line with these findings, depletion of either Kdr or Flt1 suppressed VEGFA-induced DNA synthesis, migration, and tube formation, albeit more robustly with Kdr downregulation. Hypoxia induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Kdr and Flt1 in mouse retina, and depletion of Kdr or Flt1 blocked hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation and retinal neovascularization. VEGFB induced Flt1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation in HRMVECs. Hypoxia induced VEGFA and VEGFB expression in retina, and inhibition of their expression blocked hypoxia-induced Kdr and Flt1 activation, respectively. Furthermore, depletion of VEGFA or VEGFB attenuated hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation and retinal neovascularization. These findings suggest that although VEGFA, through Kdr and Flt1, appears to be the major modulator of Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 signaling in HRMVECs, facilitating their angiogenic events in vitro, both VEGFA and VEGFB mediate hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-cPLA2 activation and retinal neovascularization via activation of Kdr and Flt1, respectively.
An effective string theory of Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortices

Abstract We obtain an effective string theory of the Abrikosov–Nielsen–Olesen vortices of the Abelian Higgs model. The theory has an anomaly free effective string action which, when the extrinsic curvature is set equal to zero, yields the Nambu–Goto action. This generalizes previous work in which a string representation was obtained in the London limit, where the magnitude of the Higgs field is fixed. Viewed as a model for long distance QCD, it provides a concrete picture of the QCD string as a fluctuating Abrikosov–Nielsen–Olesen vortex of a dual superconductor on the border between type I and type II.
Partial Least Square Analyses of Landscape and Surface Water Biota Associations in the Savannah River Basin

Ecologists are often faced with problem of small sample size, correlated and large number of predictors, and high noise-to-signal relationships. This necessitates excluding important variables from the model when applying standard multiple or multivariate regression analyses. In this paper, we present the results of applying PLS to explore relationships among biotic indicators of surface water quality and landscape conditions accounting for the above problems. Available field sampling and remotely sensed data sets for the Savannah Basin are used. We were able to develop models and compare results for the whole basin and for each ecoregion (Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain) in spite of the data constraints. The amount of variability in surface water biota explained by each model reflects the scale, spatial location, and the composition of contributing landscape metrics. The landscape-biota model developed for the whole basin using PLS explains 43% and 80% of the variation in water biota and landscape data sets, respectively. Models developed for each of the three ecoregions indicate dominance of landscape variables which reflect the geophysical characteristics of that ecoregion.
Immigrant and ethnic enterprise in North America

(1984). Immigrant and ethnic enterprise in North America. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 195-216.
On the applicability of directed fluid jets to newtonian and non-newtonian flows

Abstract This paper elaborates on the applicability of a direct formulation of the theory of jets to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flow problems. Following a general discussion of the nature of direct theories, we record the basic equations of the theory of directed curves for any finite number of directors. Reference is then made to some recent results for incompressible Newtonian viscous flows, including the problem of jet breakup. The major portion of the paper is concerned with application of the direct approach to an incompressible non-Newtonian Poiseuille flow in a circular pipe. The results are compared to those of the three-dimensional theory and are found to include the effect of “normal force” corresponding to the “normal stress” effect.
LOW-MASS SEYFERT 2 GALAXIES IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We describe a sample of low-mass Seyfert 2 galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), with a median absolute magnitude of Mg = –19.0 mag. These galaxies are Type 2 counterparts to the Seyfert 1 galaxies with intermediate-mass black holes identified by Greene & Ho. Spectra obtained with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager at the Keck Observatory are used to determine the central stellar velocity dispersions and to examine the emission-line properties. Overall, the stellar velocity dispersions are low (~40-90 km s–1), and we find 12 objects having σ < 60 km s–1, a range where very few Seyfert 2 galaxies were previously known. The sample follows the correlation between stellar velocity dispersion and FWHM([O III]) seen in more massive Seyfert galaxies, indicating that the narrow-line FWHM values are largely determined by virial motion of gas in the central regions of the host galaxies, but the [O III] emission lines exhibit a higher incidence of redward asymmetries and double-peaked profiles than what is found in typical Seyfert samples. Using estimates of the black hole masses and active galactic nucleus (AGN) bolometric luminosities, we find that these galaxies are typically radiating at a high fraction of their Eddington rate, with a median L bol/L Edd = 0.4. We identify one galaxy, SDSS J110912.40+612346.7, as a Type 2 analog of the nearby dwarf Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395, with a nearly identical narrow-line spectrum and a dwarf spiral host of only Mg = –16.8 mag. The close similarities between these two objects suggest that the obscuring torus of AGN unification models may persist even at the lowest luminosities seen among Seyfert galaxies, below L bol = 1041 ergs s–1. Spectropolarimetry observations of four objects do not reveal any evidence for polarized broad-line emission, but SDSS J110912.40+612346.7 has a continuum polarization significantly in excess of the expected Galactic foreground polarization, a possible indication of scattered light from a hidden nucleus. Forthcoming observations of this sample, including X-ray and mid-infrared spectroscopy, can provide new tests of the obscuring torus model for active galaxies at low luminosities.
Transient Flow Induced by the Adsorption of Particles

When small particles, e.g., glass, flour, pollen, etc., come in contact with a fluid-liquid interface they disperse so quickly to form a monolayer on the interface that it appears explosive, especially on the surface of mobile liquids like water. This is a consequence of the fact that the adsorption of a particle in an interface causes a lateral flow on the interface away from the particle. In this study we use the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique to measure the transient three-dimensional flow that arises due to the adsorption of spherical particles. The PIV measurements show that the flow develops a fraction of a second after the adsorption of the particle and then persists for several seconds. The fluid below the particle rises upwards and on the surface moves away from the particle. These latter PIV results are consistent with the surface-velocity measurements performed in earlier studies. The strength of the induced flow, and the time duration for which the flow persists, both decrease with decreasing particle size.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Constructions for a bivariate beta distribution

Abstract We provide a new bivariate distribution with beta marginal distributions, positive probability over the unit square, and correlations over the full range. We discuss its extension to three or more dimensions.
Energetics of photoexcited desorption from chlorinated Si(100) and Si(111)

Abstract Microscopic understanding of the photoetching of semiconductors on a molecular scale by halogens is essential in terms of defining initially the role of substitutional defects, charged carriers and band bending at the surface. Creation of charged carriers at high doping levels by photodionization coupled with field-induced transport introduces new reaction channels into the surface chemistry. This paper focusess on heavily doped Si(111) and Si(100) in the quantum mechanical regime at low laser fluences and surface temperatures where desorption is dominated by electron excitations [6]. Substantial alteration of the etching mechanism occurs when the atomic processes are driven quantum mechanically rather than thermally. Fundamental aspects are presented for this reaction regime where the surface chemistry is primarily electron-excited in terms of: (1) the influence of substitutional electron defects on the microetching and surface chemistry of heavily p- and n-doped Si(100) and Si(111) and, (2) photoexcited velocity distribution results at low laser fluences and temperatures. Some implications for the extension of these studies to energetic mechanisms for photodesorption are discussed.
Total synthesis of natural (−)-vulgarolide. A concise stereocontrolled means for twofold distal oxaannulation of a cyclooctanone core

Abstract An anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement has been developed to produce enantiomerically pure keto ester 3, which was structurally modified to produce epoxy acid 2 whose ozonolysis led directly to a 1:1 mixture of (−)-vulgarolide and its anomer.
Solar models, neutrino experiments, and helioseismology

The event rates and their recognized uncertainties are calculated for 11 solar neutrino experiments using accurate solar models. These models are also used to evaluate the frequency spectrum of the p and g oscillations modes of the sun. It is shown that the discrepancy between the predicted and observed event rates in the Cl-37 and Kamiokande II experiments cannot be explained by a 'likely' fluctuation in input parameters with the best estimates and uncertainties given in the present study. It is suggested that, whatever the correct solution to the solar neutrino problem, it is unlikely to be a 'trival' error.
Dyson-Schwinger studies of meson masses and decay constants

The masses and decay constants of the light mesons are studied within a ladder-rainbow truncation of the set of Dyson-Schwinger equations using a model 2-point gluon function. The one phenomenological parameter and two current quark masses are fitted to reproduce $f_\pi$, $m_\pi$ and $m_K$. Our results for $f_K$, and for the vector mesons $\rho$, $\phi$, and $K^\star$ are in good agreement with the experimental values.
Antonio Marussi 1908”1984

Antonio Marussi, one of the most prominent geodesists of this century, died in Trieste, Italy, on April 24, 1984, at the age of 75. Blessed with good health and a robust physical constitution for most of his life, he was struck down by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease) which he had contracted in 1982. Marussi is best known among geodesists as the father of modern three-dimensional geodesy. Following an initial presentation at the 1948 Oslo General Assembly of the IUGG, he published in 1949 in the Bulletin Geodesique an article entitled “Fondements de geometrie differentielle absolue du champ potential terrestre,” acknowledged now as one of the seminal works of the geodetic literature. In this and subsequent papers, Marussi developed in a general, rigorous, mathematical setting a unified approach to the solution of both geometric and physical problems in geodesy, obliterating the artificial distinction between horizontal and vertical which had been built up by geodesists over many years because of observational difficulties. He thus introduced many geodesists to the 20th century by demonstrating the value and, indeed, the necessity of advanced mathematical techniques like the tensor calculus and by anticipating useful data to be obtained by observations on close extraterrestrial objects like satellites.
Transmission of shocks from cross-listed markets to the return and volatility of domestic stocks

Abstract This paper examines the transmission of information from German and the U.S. markets to domestic markets using daily price and volume data of 264 stocks from 26 countries that are traded in their home country and cross-listed outside their home market as depository receipts (DRs); in the German market as Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) and in the U.S. as American Depository Receipts (ADRs). We identify days with significant news arrivals in a market through minimum thresholds for both significant absolute price change and trading volume. DR returns and volatilities are affected by the shocks in the markets where they are cross-listed controlling for domestic shocks. Contemporaneous and/or lagged shocks to the cross-listed markets are transmitted to domestic stock returns and volatilities. South American DRs are affected mostly by U.S. shocks, while Eastern European DRs show greater reaction to the German shocks.
Earnings‐based compensation schemes and discretionary accrual and expenditure decisions over CEO tenure

Classifies previous research on the links between earnings management and managerial opportunism into studies of the links between earnings‐based compensation schemes and opportunistic, short‐term earnings management; and earnings management around CEO changes. Suggests some reasons why the sensitivity of compensation to earnings and stock return performance measures might change over the length of CEO tenure and presents a study of 1970‐1991 US data to examine this. Finds that sensitivity to earnings is greater than to stock returns and that the significance of both varies during the first and second halves of tenure, as does the use of discretionar accruals. Considers the underlying reasons for this, consistency with other research and the implications for research and practice.
Monte Carlo studies of nuclei and quantum liquid drops

Abstract The progress in application of variational and Green's function Monte Carlo methods to nuclei is reviewed. The nature of single-particle orbitals in correlated quantum liquid drops is discussed, and it is suggested that the difference between quasi-particle and mean-field orbitals may be of importance in nuclear structure physics.
The impact of derivatives on firm risk: An empirical examination of new derivative users

Abstract The appropriateness of financial reporting rules for derivative securities depends on corporations' reasons for using the instruments. Empirically, little is documented about how the instruments affect firms' risk exposures. This study examines derivatives' roles in firms initiating derivatives use. The results are consistent with firms using derivatives to hedge, and not to increase, entity risk. Firm risk (measured several ways) declines following derivatives use. Realized risk reductions and decisions to initiate derivatives programs vary across firms with the expected benefits from hedging. The findings emphasize the importance of hedge-accounting rules that incorporate the impact of derivatives and hedged items simultaneously.
Chelating diamide based rate enhancement of intramolecular alkene hydroaminations catalyzed by a neutral Sc(III) complex.

Neutral scandium amido complexes are viable catalysts for intramolecular alkene hydroamination. Catalytic activity is strongly coupled to the electronic character of the Sc(III) ligand environment with chelating diamide coordination providing a precatalyst possessing substantially improved activity and superb distereoselectivity in the synthesis of trans-2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines.
How long to Pareto efficiency

We consider uncoupled dynamics (each player knows only his own payoff function) that reach outcomes that are Pareto efficient and individually rational. We show that in the worst case the number of periods it takes to reach these outcomes must be exponential in the number of players and hence the same number of periods it takes to reach Nash equilibria. For social welfare maximizing outcomes we provide a tight bound on the minimal number of steps required for reaching such an outcome by uncoupled dynamics.
Microbial degradation of gasoline in soil: Effect of season of sampling

In cases where fire debris contains soil, microorganisms can rapidly and irreversibly alter the chemical composition of any ignitable liquid residue that may be present. In this study, differences in microbial degradation due to the season in which the sample is collected was examined. Soil samples were collected from the same site during Fall, Winter, Spring and Summer and the degradation of gasoline was monitored over 30 days. Predominant viable bacterial populations enumerated using real-time PCR and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) enumeration revealed the predominant viable bacterial genera to be Alcaligenes, Bacillus, and Flavobacterium. Overall, the compounds most vulnerable to microbial degradation are the n-alkanes, followed by the mono-substituted alkylbenzenes (e.g., toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene). Benzaldehyde (a degradation product of toluene) was also identified as a marker for the extent of biodegradation. Ultimately, it was determined that soil collected during an unusually hot and dry summer exhibited the least degradation with little to no change in gasoline for up to 4 days, readily detectable n-alkanes for up to 7 days and relatively high levels of resilient compounds such as o-xylene, p-xylene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. These results demonstrate, however, that prompt preservation and/or analysis of soil evidence is required in order to properly classify an ignitable liquid residue.
Characterization of a novel focusing/tracking technique with increased feedthrough immunity for optical-disk applications: the double-astigmatic method.

The astigmatic-focusing/push-pull tracking-error detection method is an elegant and sensitive optical servo technique. Unfortunately the formation of error signals far from either line focus of the astigmat (for relaxing alignment tolerances and broadening the servo’s acquisition range) gives rise to undesired diffraction effects in the focus servo channel owing to track crossings of the pregrooved disk by the optical stylus, especially if certain aberrations are present. These undesired effects are given several names: pattern noise, optical servo cross talk, and feedthrough. By combining two astigmatic lenses and their associated detectors, one can configure a differential variant of the astigmatic technique. This double-astigmatic method greatly reduces pattern noise caused by the presence of spurious astigmatism oriented with its line foci at ±45° to the disk tracks. In this paper we present numerical modeling and experimental data that demonstrate the effectiveness of this focusing/tracking technique in feedthrough suppression.
SLE and Virasoro Representations: Localization

We consider some probabilistic and analytic realizations of Virasoro highest-weight representations. Specifically, we consider measures on paths connecting points marked on the boundary of a (bordered) Riemann surface. These Schramm–Loewner evolution-type measures are constructed by the method of localization in path space. Their partition function (total mass) is the highest-weight vector of a Virasoro representation, and the action is given by Virasoro uniformization.
X-ray spectroscopy of high-z elements on nike

A detailed study of the x-ray spectra of gold has been inspired by the necessities of the National Ignition Campaign to learn more about the M-band contribution to the total energy balance inside the NIF's hohlraum. For this purpose a survey x-ray spectrometer covering a spectral range from 0.5 to 19.5 angstroms has been added to the the Nike diagnostic suite. This instrument allows simultaneous observation of both M- and N- spectra of Hf, W, Ta, Pt and Au with high spectral resolution. Shots taken with a power density of 2×1014 W/cm2 confirmed the strong presence of transitions of Ni-like ions of the above mentioned elements.
Indirectly Encoded Sodarace for Artificial Life

The aim of this paper is to introduce a lightweight twodimensional domain for evolving diverse and interesting artificial creatures. The hope is that this domain will fill a need for such an easily-accessible option for researchers who wish to focus more on the evolutionary dynamics of artificial life scenarios than on building simulators and creature encodings. The proposed domain is inspired by Sodarace, a construction set for two-dimensional creatures made of masses and springs. However, unlike the original Sodarace, the indirectly encoded Sodarace (IESoR) system introduced in this paper allows evolution to discover a wide range of complex and regular ambulating creature morphologies by encoding them with compositional pattern producing networks (CPPNs), which are an established indirect encoding originally introduced for encoding large-scale neural networks. The result, demonstrated through a technique called novelty search with local competition (which are combined through multiobjective search), is that IESoR can discover a wide breadth of interesting and functional creatures, suggesting its potential utility for future experiments in artificial life.
Black Holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?

We argue that the following three statements cannot all be true: (i) Hawking radiation is in a pure state, (ii) the information carried by the radiation is emitted from the region near the horizon, with low energy effective field theory valid beyond some microscopic distance from the horizon, and (iii) the infalling observer encounters nothing unusual at the horizon. Perhaps the most conservative resolution is that the infalling observer burns up at the horizon. Alternatives would seem to require novel dynamics that nevertheless cause notable violations of semiclassical physics at macroscopic distances from the horizon.
Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air

Abstract As concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) has grown in recent years, understanding indoor aerosols has become increasingly important so that control techniques may be implemented to reduce damaging health effects and soiling problems. This paper begins with a brief look at the mechanics of deposition in the lungs and the aerosol dynamics that influence particles at all times. This discussion shows that the particle diameters must be known to predict dose or soiling and to determine efficient mitigation techniques. The particle sizes produced by the various indoor sources, as well as unusual aspects of each type of source, must be known so that this process may begin. This paper summarizes the results of a literature search into the sources, sizes and concentrations of indoor particles. There are several types of indoor particles: plant and animal bioaerosols and mineral, combustion and home/personal care aerosols. These types may be produced indoors or outdoors, entering through building openings. The sources may be short term, seasonal or continuous. Particle sizes produced vary from submicrometer to larger than 10 μm. The particles may be toxic or allergenic. This information is presented in a summary table and is discussed in the text.
Asymptotically Anti-De Sitter Spacetimes and Their Stress Energy Tensor

We consider asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes in general dimensions. We review the origin of infrared divergences in the on-shell gravitational action, and the construction of the renormalized on-shell action by the addition of boundary counterterms. In odd dimensions, the renormalized on-shell action is not invariant under bulk diffeomorphisms that yield conformal transformations in the boundary (holographic Weyl anomaly). We obtain formulae for the gravitational stress energy tensor, defined as the metric variation of the renormalized on-shell action, in terms of coefficients in the asymptotic expansion of the metric near infinity. The stress energy tensor transforms anomalously under bulk diffeomorphisms broken by infrared divergences.
Quasar absorption lines as a function of quasar orientation measures

We present high-resolution radio data at 3.5 and 20 cm from the VLA in the A configuration for 144 quasars with known C IV absorption-line properties. Using these measurements, we compare and contrast a number of quasar orientation indicators. These quantities are used to study the velocity distribution of C IV absorption lines as a function of quasar orientation measures. That there is an excess of narrow, high-velocity C IV absorbers in flat spectrum quasars as compared to steep spectrum quasars is confirmed. Orientation indicators that are not based upon spectral indices (e.g., RV and the core-to-lobe ratio) do not show the same effect. These seemingly contradictory results may be reconciled if the absorber distribution is not strictly a function of orientation, but rather a function of intrinsic radio properties that may or may not be good orientation indicators.
Exploiting symmetries for efficient post-buckling analysis of composite plates

Two aspects of the post-buckling analysis of composite plates are considered in this paper. The first pertains to identifying the different types of symmetry exhibited by the pre- and post-buckling responses of rectangular and skewed composite plates. A procedure is presented for exploiting these symmetries in finite-element and finite-difference analyses. The procedure can be used with existing programs having multipoint constraint capability. The second aspect pertains to the post-buckling response of biaxially loaded composite plates. Numerical results from finite-element analysis are presented which show the range of parameters for which shear deformation and/or anisotropy are important in buckling and post-buckling analysis.
Crystal structures and polymorphism in compounds Bi6+xT1−xP2O15+y, T=first row transition metals and Pb

The compounds Bi{sub 6+x}T{sub 1-x}P{sub 2}O{sub 15+y}, T=Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb display five polymorphic forms. Polymorph A is formed by the Ti, Mn, Fe and Ni phases. Polymorph B is exhibited by Co and Cu compounds. The Cr phase crystallizes as polymorphic form C and the Zn phase crystallizes as polymorph D. The Pb compound crystallizes in a new structure type designated as polymorph E. The transition metal crystal structures demonstrate a similar motive. OBi{sub 4} tetrahedra share edges to form two-dimensional Bi{sub 2}O{sub 2} layers that are spanned by PO{sub 4} tetrahedra and TO{sub 6-y} octahedra, pyramids and a trigonal bipyramid to form a three-dimensional network. Polymorph A crystallizes in space group C2; polymorph B is centrosymmetric with space group C2/c, the unit cell parameters differ and the unit cell volume is about double. Polymorph C crystallizes in space group P1-bar and polymorph D exhibits space group C2. Bi{sub 6.4}Pb{sub 0.6}P{sub 2}O{sub 15.2} can be considered as polymorph E, space group C2, with a new crystal structure but related stoichiometry. - Graphical abstract: View of Bi{sub 6.24}Cr{sub 0.09}P{sub 2}O{sub 14.4} perpendicular to [010].
Modeling volatility in prediction markets

There is significant experimental evidence that prediction markets are efficient mechanisms for aggregating information and are more accurate in forecasting events than traditional forecasting methods, such as polls. Interpretation of prediction market prices as probabilities has been extensively studied in the literature. However there is little research on the volatility of prediction market prices. Given that volatility is fundamental in estimating significance of price movements, it is important to have a better understanding of the volatility of the contract prices.This paper presents a model of a prediction market with binary payoff on a competitive event involving two parties. In our model, each party has a latent underlying "ability" process that describes its ability to win and evolves as an Ito diffusion. We show that, if the prediction market for this event is efficient and unbiased, the price of the corresponding contract also follows a diffusion and its instantaneous volatility is a function of the current contract price and its time to expiration. In the experimental section, we validate our model on a set of InTrade prediction markets and show that our model is consistent with the observed volatility of contract returns. Our model also outperforms existing volatility models in predicting future contract volatility from historical price data. To demonstrate the practical value of our model, we apply it to pricing options on prediction market contracts, such as those recently introduced by InTrade. Other potential applications of this model include detection of significant market moves and improving forecast standard errors.
Nonstandard foundations of equilibrium search models

Abstract We develop an equilibrium sequential search model which includes most of the literature as special cases. In particular, the model can accommodate heterogeneity in buyers’ search costs and demand functions and firms’ cost functions, with general demand and cost functions. We identify conditions which ensure existence of equilibrium in pure strategies, utilizing recent progress in the theory of large games by Khan and Sun. These conditions elucidate the essential structure of equilibrium search models. Although we focus on sequential search, our methodology can be used for other classes of equilibrium search models as well.
EUROPE'S TIRED, POOR, HUDDLED MASSES: SELF-SELECTION AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES IN THE AGE OF MASS MIGRATION

During the age of mass migration (1850-1913), one of the largest migration episodes in history, the United States maintained a nearly open border, allowing the study of migrant decisions unhindered by entry restrictions. We estimate the return to migration while accounting for migrant selection by comparing Norway-to-US migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway in the late nineteenth century. We also compare fathers of migrants and nonmigrants by wealth and occupation. We find that the return to migration was relatively low (70 percent) and that migrants from urban areas were negatively selected from the sending population. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"--Emma Lazarus (1883).
SKIPPED BLOCKING AND OTHER DECOMPOSITIONS IN BANACH SPACES

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for when a sequence of finite-dimensional subspaces (Xn) can be blocked to be a skipped blocking decompositon (SBD). These are very similar to known results about blocking of biorthogonal sequences. A separable space X has PCP, if and only if, every norming decomposition (Xn) can be blocked to be a boundedly complete SBD. Every boundedly complete SBD is a JT-decomposition.
Memory coherence in shared virtual memory systems

The memory coherence problem in designing and implementing a shared virtual memory on loosely coupled multiprocessors is studied in depth. Two classes of algorithms, centralized and distributed, for solving the problem are presented. A prototype shared virtual memory on an Apollo ring based on these algorithms has been implemented. Both theoretical and practical results show that the memory coherence problem can indeed be solved efficiently on a loosely coupled multiprocessor.
THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES: EVIDENCE AND THEORY

The term structure of interest rates is an old topic. Over the years, both the hypotheses debated and the research techniques used have changed considerably. Two fairly recent developments which distinguish current research are the widespread adoption of rational expectations and the integration of the term structure with the general theory of asset pricing. This survey reviews previous work from this perspective. The main objective is to catalog available evidence about term premia and to interpret this evidence in light of alternative models of term premia determination.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Cytology and histopathology of cervical herpes simplex infection.

Sixty-two of approximately 40,000 patients screened for cancer by vaginal smears showed cellular changes compatible with a herpes simplex infection. Thirty-two had a cervical biopsy; 4 presented with an in situ carcinoma involving mainly the endocervical canal; 6 had squamous atypia; another 11 showed granulation tissues with acute cervicitis; 5 had a lesion histologically compatible with a herpes simplex infection and in 6 no peculiar microscopic lesion was revealed. A brief description of the cytological and histological findings are given. The possibility of a relation between cervical atypia and a herpetic genital infection should be considered.
The paradox for the family firm CEO: Owner age relationship to succession-related processes and plans

Abstract The failure of family firms to transition to second and third generations has prompted researchers to examine succession processes. This study proposes that adding demographic and behavioral variables to existing models can enrich theoretical frameworks. Using a structural equation model, it was found that older owner age was positively associated with formal succession plans. However, paradoxically, older owner age was also negatively associated with cooperative conflict management, an approach that was positively associated with the importance of succession planning. Owner age was also positively associated with competitive conflict management, an approach that was negatively associated with formal succession planning. Thus, increased owner age is directly associated with formal succession plans, but indirectly associated with behavioral practices that interfere with succession planning. In addition, the study revealed that, although not related to owner age, both autocratic and relational leadership are positively related to the importance of succession planning.
Risk from exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emitted from municipal incinerators

Abstract Incineration of wastes seems to be one of the major sources of PCDFs and PCDFs (dioxins). Their prevalence and extreme stability in the environment, bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the biota and human adipose tissues and breast milk are of much concern. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is one of the most toxic chemicals known and has been found to have teratogenic and carcinogenic activities in animals. Exposure to TCDD can result in chloracne, general weakness, drastic weight loss, hyperpigmentation of skin, hirsutism, porphyria cutanea tarda, liver damage, changes in activities of various liver enzymatic levels, abnormal lipid metabolism, abnormalities of the endocrine and immune systems, and possible teratogenic effects in humans. Moreover, chronic bioassay data indicate that TCDD is one of the most potent carcinogens known. It promotes liver and skin carcinogeneses, and is an initiator for various target organs in rodent test systems. There is only a limited number human epi-studies on carcinogenic outcome as a result of exposure to TCDD in isolated population. According to the classification system of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the qualitative evidence for carcinogenicity of TCDD is considered to be “sufficient” in animals and “nadequate” in humans. Consequently, this chemical has been placed in IARC's 2B category. A modification of the multistage model is utilized for extrapolating high-dose, two-year animal cancer bioassay data to estimate human cancer risk for long-term, low-dose human exposure. The upper limit of incremental cancer risk is 3.3 × 10 −5 for a continuous lifetime exposure to 1 pg m −3 of TCDD in ambient air. With the exception of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8- and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDDs, the chronic toxicity data on the rest of the 75 PCDD and 135 PCDF congeners are badly deficient. In the a absence of chronic bioassay data on other PCDFs and PCDFs, several TCDD equivalent approaches have been proposed for risk assessment on other congeners or mixtures. This paper compares the various approaches.
Fault-tolerance in the advanced automation system

The Advanced Automation System is a distributed real-time system under development by IBM's Systems Integration Division for the US Federal Aviation Administration. The system is intended to replace the present en-route and terminal approach US air traffic control computer systems over the next decade. High availability of air traffic control services is an essential requirement of the system. This paper discusses the general approach to fault-tolerance adopted in AAS, by reviewing some of the questions which were asked during the system design, various alternative solutions considered, and the reasons for the design choices made.
Thermal Explosion in Al−Ni System: Influence of Mechanical Activation

The influence of short-term (5−15 min) highly energetic ball milling on the ignition characteristics of a gasless heterogeneous Ni−Al reactive system has been investigated. By using Al−Ni clad particles (30−40 μm diameter Al spheres coated by a 3−3.5 μm layer of Ni, that corresponds to a 1:1 Ni/Al atomic ratio), it was shown that such mechanical treatment leads to a significant decrease in the self-ignition temperature of the system. For example, after 15 min of ball milling, the ignition temperature appears to be ∼600 K, well below the eutectic (913 K) in the considered binary system, which is the ignition temperature for the initial clad particles. Thus, it was demonstrated that the thermal explosion process for mechanically treated reactive media can be solely defined by solid-state reactions. Additionally, thermal analysis measurements revealed that mechanical activation results in a substantial decrease in the effective activation energy (from 84 to 28 kcal/mol) of interaction between Al and Ni. This...
Synthesis of Cyclic Thioethers through Tandem C(sp3)−S and C(sp2)−S Bond Formations from α,β‘-Dichloro Vinyl Ketones

The synthesis of 5- to 8-memebered cyclic thioethers 4 has been achieved through a simple two-step sequence. The present methodology utilizes the facile Friedel−Crafts acylation of terminal alkynes 1 with acid chlorides 2 followed by tandem C(sp3)−S and C(sp2)−S bond formations with NaSH·xH2O.
Economic and Cultural Influences on the Decision to Leave Home in Peninsular Malaysia

Although the departure of children from the parental home is an important life-cycle event, few studies have investigated nest-leaving in developing countries. Using retrospective data from the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey, we estimate hazard models of nest-leaving in Peninsular Malaysia. We find that the departure of children, especially sons, responds to economic incentives, including housing costs, family businesses, education, and economic growth, and that ethnic differences in nest-leaving are important. We also find that the median age of departure from home has declined sharply over the past 40 years, a period of rapid social and economic change in Malaysia.
Successes and Predictions of A Pseudopotential Approach in Anion-Mixed Nitrides

The construction and the parameters of a new-strain dependent empirical pseudopotentials method are described and provided, respectively. This method is shown to reproduce with a very high accuracy some observed unusual properties in various complex anion-mixed nitride alloys. This method is also used to predict and understand anomalous effects that remain to be experimentally discovered in Ga1−yInyAs1−xNx quaternaries and GaAs0.5−xP0.5−xN2x solid solutions.