cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Allocation in Some Sympatric, Subalpine Rodents

The diets and foraging patterns of four sympatric rodents ( Eutamias minimus, Thomomys talpoides, Peromyscus maniculatus , and Microtus montanus ) were studied for three summers in subalpine meadows in northern Colorado. The rodents were taken in half-acre quadrats isolated by electric fences, and the diets were determined by microscopic examinations of stomach contents. Records of times of capture and frequency data on the plants at capture sites contributed to an evaluation of feeding biology. Each species utilized a different feeding strategy; the species with broadly similar diets had contrasting specific food-item preferences and were spatially or temporally separated during foraging. Thomomys talpoides and M. montanus were both entirely herbivorous, but each preferred different plants and different size classes of plants, and they foraged in different microenvironments. Both E. minimus and P. maniculatus ate primarily seeds and arthropods, but they preferred different kinds of seeds and depended on arthropods to differing degrees; E. minimus was diurnal and P. maniculatus was nocturnal. Feeding niche displacement between the rodents was especially striking during spring snowmelt and after late summer frosts, times when food was in short supply. The striking changes in the diets of the rodents during the summer and relationships between diets and feeding-activity rhythms are discussed.
Comparison of Swedish and American Preschool Children's Attitudes toward Elderly Persons:

Attitudes toward elderly persons were examined for 40 4- and 5-yr.-old children, 20 from Sweden and 20 from the United States, enrolled in full-day preschool programs. Subjects were matched for age, socioeconomic status, and parents' age and marital status. One-half of each group were male and one-half were female. The Social Attitude Scale of Ageist Prejudice was used to assess children's attitudes toward elderly persons. One-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in scores between the groups.
Dissolution kinetics and topographic relaxation on celestite (0 0 1) surfaces: The effect of solution saturation state studied using Atomic Force Microscopy

Abstract Dissolution of celestite (0 0 1) was studied by atomic force microscopy as a function of solution undersaturation. In solutions near saturation with respect to celestite, dissolution of the mineral took place exclusively by removal of ions from existing step edges. The onset of etch pit nucleation was observed at a critical saturation state of Ω crit ∼ 0.1 ( = [ Sr 2 + ] [ SO 4 2 - ] / K sp ) . Below this saturation state, dissolution took place both at existing step edges and via the creation of new steps surrounding the etch pits. The dissolution rates of celestite exhibited a non-linear dependence on saturation state. Basic crystal dissolution/growth models were inadequate to describe the non-linearity, but a model that incorporates a critical undersaturation provided an improved fit to data collected at high undersaturation. A simple model for dissolution at low undersaturation also fit the rate data well, but in light of the conditions necessary to produce new step edges, the rate coefficient in this model is poorly constrained due to the effects of sample surface history. Consideration of the process of topographic relaxation, consisting of changes in the surface microtopography (i.e., step density) resulting from changes in solution conditions, led to predicted relaxation times on the order of days for the celestite–water interface.
A structural basis for the mechanism of aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Vibrio cholerae.

L-Aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASADH) catalyzes the reductive dephosphorylation of β-aspartyl phosphate to L-aspartate-β-semialdehyde in the aspartate biosynthetic pathway of plants and micro-organisms. The aspartate pathway produces fully one-quarter of the naturally occurring amino acids, but is not found in humans or other eukaryotic organisms, making ASADH an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial, fungicidal, or herbicidal compounds. We have determined the structure of ASADH from Vibrio cholerae in two states; the apoenzyme and a complex with NADP, and a covalently bound active site inhibitor, S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Upon binding the inhibitor undergoes an enzyme-catalyzed reductive demethylation leading to a covalently bound cysteine that is observed in the complex structure. The enzyme is a functional homodimer, with extensive intersubunit contacts and a symmetrical 4-amino acid bridge linking the active site residues in adjacent subunits that could serve as a communication channel. The active site is essentially preformed, with minimal differences in active site conformation in the apoenzyme relative to the ternary inhibitor complex. The conformational changes that do occur result primarily from NADP binding, and are localized to the repositioning of two surface loops located on the rim at opposite sides of the NADP cleft.
Analysis and Modeling of Surface Waviness Inspection with Light Reflection, Part 2: Back-Lighted Grid Method

The back-lighted grid method for inspecting a reflective surface has been studied with analytical derivations and numerical modeling. The displacement of the image of a grid point due to surface waviness was found to be proportional to the surface slope along the viewing direction at the reflecting point and the distance between the grid and the reflecting point. The 2-D and 3-D numerical modeling was verified with analytical relations, and the 3-D modeling was then tested with the reflection from a profiled SMC (sheet molding compound) panel. The effects of short-term waviness, light box inclination, viewing angle, and surface waviness orientation are investigated. The reflection image patterns for typical surface features are predicted and characterized.
Predictive Validity of the MMPI–2 Among Female Offenders in a Residential Treatment Program

This study investigated the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) validity, clinical, restructured clinical, supplementary, and content scales in a female correctional population. The study used archival data for a final sample of 116 women who had been evaluated for acceptance into a residential rehabilitative treatment program for nonviolent female offenders in North Carolina. MMPI–2 scale elevations are reported and assessed for predictive validity in relation to treatment success, as measured by treatment attendance and graduation status. In relation to predictive validity, logistic regression analyses revealed that elevations on Scales FRS (Fears) and R (Repression) differentiated women who attended the program from women who did not. Elevations on Scales 4, DEP (Depression), Re (Responsibility), and AAS (Addiction Admission Scale) differentiated women who graduated the program from women who did not. Implications for the rehabilitation of female offenders, as well as limitations of ...
A comparative study of two learning rules for associative memory

This paper addresses itself to a practical problem encountered in using iterative learning rules for associative memory models. The performance of a learning rule based on linear programming which overcomes this problem is compared with that of a representative iterative rule by numerical simulation. Results indicate superior performance by the linear programming rule. An algorithm for computing radii of maximal hyperspheres around patterns in the state space of a model is presented. Fractional volumes of basins of attractions are computed for the representative iterative rule as well as the linear programming rule. With the radii of maximal hyperspheres as weight factors for corresponding patterns to be stored, the linear programming rule gives rise to the maximal utilisation of the state space.
Error Rates in Dual Hop Wireless Links Operating in Cascaded Fading Channels

Dual hop wireless links offer a simple means of achieving broad coverage through low power transmitters. But, such systems are not immune from fading present in all wireless systems. While several fading models exist, fading treated as a cascading process, namely the cascaded model, allows flexibility in describing channel conditions that are far worse than those existing in Nakagami channels. In this work, an exact analysis of a dual hop link operating in a cascaded N*Nakagami channel is studied. The error rates were estimated using the exact model and compared to the results obtained using random number simulation. These results show an excellent match suggesting the strength of the approach. While the dual hop systems might offer simplicity, the error rate analysis in such systems illustrates that the performance is worse than what is seen in a conventional direct link.
Francis Galton's contribution to genetics.

Francis Galton's role in the development of genetics has been somewhat puzzling to historians; they cannot understand why his contemporaries found his work so stimulating.' True, Galton believed that inheritance is particulate, dependent upon the behavior of large numbers of independent genetic units, but he was neither the first nor the most articulate advocate of that approach. The statistical techniques that he developed, regression and correlation, though useful now, were infrequently employed by the first generation of geneticists, and his Ancestral Law (each parent contributed 1/4 of the heritage of the offspring, each grandparent 1/8, and so on) was superseded rather quickly by the rediscovery of Mendel's laws, which were more carefully derived and potentially much more useful. Galton did not discover a new or truly crucial fact and he did not synthesize a new or truly fruitful model from the facts that were already known. Despite all this many of the founders of modem genetics were inspired by his work, particularly his most important book, Natural Inheritance, which appeared in 1889, just at the beginning of the twenty-year period in which modern genetics was born. What they found in his book was simply this: an operational definition for a word which had long been poorly defined-the word was "heredity." Nowadays when we use the term "heredity" we use it, more often than not, as a chapter heading in a text. Heredity is a broad word, and we use it to describe or summarize a wide range of phenomena all of which have something to do with the transmission of characters between several generations.
Toward end-to-end control in VANETs

In emerging non-safety unicast applications of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) such as Internet Access, Content, Map, or Database Download (CMDD), end-to-end (e.g., connection-oriented) transmission control must be employed to guarantee a desired level of performance. Designing a Transport Control Protocol (TCP) in VANETs is a very challenging task as the end-to-end data transmission involves multi-hop wireless transmission. The mobility and wireless channel conditions (such as fading, shadowing, multipath, etc.) exacerbate the well-known problems of using TCP over wireless links. In this paper, it is shown that casting the end-to-end flow control as a routing problem whereby the stability of each link is ensured in a dynamic fashion is a powerful approach to guaranteeing the stability of a multi-hop end-to-end route. Unlike the existing bottom-up approaches, a cross-layer design paradigm whereby the network layer utilizes the transport layer information in making routing decisions is shown to be beneficial. Finally, a new VANET Transport Control Protocol is proposed which can detect packet losses, identify the different causes of such losses (such as congestion, disconnection due to mobility, wireless channel conditions), and resolve such problems using different and suitable mechanisms for each case. The proposed new approach seems very promising for delay-tolerant applications such as Instant Messaging and Internet Access as it can support end-to-end control in these applications for up to 5 hops.
OPTIMUM PLOT SIZE DETERMINATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO CUCUMBER YIELD TRIALS

Methods of estimating Smith's b and, thereby, optimum plot size are compared from a theoretical viewpoint. For estimating b, generalized least squares is recommended over Smith's (1938) original method and other methods because the points used to fit the required regression are correlated and have unequal variances.
The dangers of dating the "bad boy" (or girl): When does romantic desire encourage us to take on the negative qualities of potential partners?

Abstract People generally strive to maintain positive views of themselves. Even in the face of negative feedback, individuals frequently protect the self-concept from incorporating negative information. Two studies examined a potential exception to that rule: whether and when romantic desire may motivate individuals to spontaneously adopt the negative attributes of a potential partner. Study 1 demonstrated the basic effect such that single individuals spontaneously incorporated negative attributes of a potential romantic partner into their self-concepts, and incorporation was magnified by desire for the partner. Study 2 explored boundary conditions of these effects. Negative attributes were only incorporated if the potential partner expressed self-acceptance about possessing these attributes; when potential partners reported wishing to change the negative attribute, it was not adopted into the self-concept. Attribute extremity also moderated incorporation. The implications of these results for understanding the nuances of motivated self-malleability are discussed.
Structure and Functional Analysis of RifR, the Type II Thioesterase from the Rifamycin Biosynthetic Pathway

Two thioesterases are commonly found in natural product biosynthetic clusters, a type I thioesterase that is responsible for removing the final product from the biosynthetic complex and a type II thioesterase that is believed to perform housekeeping functions such as removing aberrant units from carrier domains. We present the crystal structure and the kinetic analysis of RifR, a type II thioesterase from the hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetases/polyketide synthase rifamycin biosynthetic cluster of Amycolatopsis mediterranei. Steady-state kinetics show that RifR has a preference for the hydrolysis of acyl units from the phosphopantetheinyl arm of the acyl carrier domain over the hydrolysis of acyl units from the phosphopantetheinyl arm of acyl-CoAs as well as a modest preference for the decarboxylated substrate mimics acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA over malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA. Multiple RifR conformations and structural similarities to other thioesterases suggest that movement of a helical lid controls access of substrates to the active site of RifR.
The classical speech divisions

(1939). The classical speech divisions. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 212-213.
Gas chromatographic assay of iduronic and glucuronic acids as aldonic acid butaneboronates

Abstract A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the analysis of uronic acids as aldonic acid butaneboronates. With these derivatives, aldoses frequently accompanying uronic acids in polysaccharide hydrolyzates are readily separated and measured. The method has been applied to the assay of iduronic and glucuronic acid released by enzymes associated with various mucopolysaccharidoses.
On Koszul Algebras and a New Construction of Artin–Schelter Regular Algebras

Abstract We prove the simple fact that the factor ring of a Koszul algebra by a regular, normal, quadratic element is a Koszul algebra. This fact leads to a new construction of quadratic Artin–Schelter regular algebras. This construction generalizes the construction of Artin–Schelter regular Clifford algebras.
Active bleb formation is abated in Lytechinus variegatus red spherule coelomocytes after disruption of acto‐myosin contractility

Red spherule coelomocytes are immune cells in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus that have been characterized as motile O(2) transport cells. Video microscopy of living red spherule coelomocytes reveals a constitutive, dynamic array of cellular morphologies and movements. Cells continuously send out and retract membrane blebs all over the cell surface as part of their normal cellular physiology. Disruption of microtubules by perfusion with either nocodazole or taxol had no effect on bleb formation or motility. Perfusion with cytochalasin B abated bleb formation and revealed cells that exhibited multiple small spheres attached by short membrane extensions. Attenuation of blebbing and intracellular organelle motility were restored by washing out with cytochalasin B. Treatment with phalloidin also abated bleb formation and revealed a smooth, spherical cellular morphology. The effects of phalloidin were completely reversible after washout. Red spherule coelomocytes treated with blebbistatin rounded up with an irreversible retraction of blebs into surface blebs that were greatly reduced in size, number and motility. Normal cell surface bleb formation and intracellular organelle motility were not restored after washout of the drug. These results indicate that the acto-myosin contractile mechanism contributes to the dynamics of constitutive cell surface membrane blebbing in invertebrate immune cells.
Data declustering for efficient range and similarity searching

Advances in processor and network technologies have catalyzed the growth of data intensive applications such as image repositories and digital libraries. The lack of commensurate improvements in storage systems has resulted in I/O becoming a major bottleneck in modern systems. The use of parallel I/O from multiple devices is a well known technique for improving I/O performance. A key factor in exploiting parallel I/O is knowledge of the access pattern - the sets of data items that are likely to be accessed concurrently should be declustered across the disks. Range and nearest-neighbor (similarity) queries are the most important class of queries for multimedia databases. Declustering schemes tailored for improving the performance of range only or similarity only queries have been proposed in the literature. The problem of declustering for combined range and similarity queries has not been addressed in the literature. We evaluate the performance of declustering schemes for combined range and similarity queries. It is established that the Cyclic allocation schemes, that we have developed, give the best overall performance improvement for combined queries and are most robust with respect to variations in system parameters. The evaluation is based upon the ability to achieve parallel I/O. We consider both combined queries as well as independent range and similarity queries with a given declustering.
Ambiguities in the derivation of phase parameters from a perturbative model for elastic nucleon-nucleon scattering

Three methods for defining nucleon--nucleon phase parameters from approximations of the scattering operator are described. They are based on the Heitler and exponential forms for the scattering operator and on a third method that forces unitarity on the scattering operator by putting it into polar form. The methods are applied to a model due to Bock and Haracz which includes the one- and two-pion-exchange processes with the one-vector-meson exchanges as defined in relativistic quantum field perturbation theory. Significant differences in the larger P- and D-state phase shifts are noted in the model. (AIP)
A MUTATION IN THE CYP11B2 GENE IN A PATIENT WITH CORTICOSTERONE METHYLOXIDASE II (CMO II) DEFICIENCY

CMO II deficiency is a defect in the final step in aldosterone biosynthesis. The CYP11B2 gene encodes a cytochrome P450 enzyme which catalyzes this 18-oxidation reaction, as well as the preceding 11-hydroxylation and 18-hydroxylation steps in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. A newborn female, born to consanguineous parents, presented with severe salt-wasting. Laboratory evaluation revealed an increased level of 18-OH-Corticosterone consistent with the diagnosis of CMO II deficiency. Segments of the patient's CYP11B2 gene, as well as that of her parents and a normal control, were amplified by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers in areas that differed from the 93% homologous CYP11B1 gene. The PCR products were analyzed by Southern blot and revealed a large mutation of the patient's CYP11B2 gene 5′ of exon 6. Downstream of exon 6, there are no other gross mutations. This mutation differs from those previously described in the literature. Further evaluation of this defect may reveal valuable insight into the mechanism of aldosterone biosynthesis.
Measurement of the unperturbed dimensions of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate)

Abstract The results of measurements of unperturbed dimensions for a series of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylates) are reported. The measurements were made by a recently developed method involving a gel permeation chromatograph coupled with an on-line low angle laser light scattering photometer. Measurements were performed in a thermodynamically good solvent, tetrahydrofuran at 25°C. The unperturbed dimensions were obtained by means of viscosity plots. Comparison of the results obtained by this method with those currently available in the literature, as well as with values predicted by statistical calculations, show good agreement. It was determined that a measurable difference occurs in the Mark-Houwink relationship between isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate); isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) is 30% more extended than syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) in its unperturbed state; and isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) exhibits a smaller degree of polymer solvent interaction than the syndiotactic form.
Electron momentum densities of high-tc's

Abstract There is now a significant body of evidence to suggest that the electronic structures of the high-T c superconductors in their normal state are well described by conventional LDA band theory and Fermi surfaces. This paper reviews the existing and emerging results from positron annihilation studies where the evidence, thus far, ranges from clear cut to highly suggestive.
Adaptive blind equalization for multicarrier CDMA systems with receiver diversity

In this paper we present a new adaptive blind equalization algorithm for multicarrier CDMA systems with single or multiple receive antennas. We analyze the cost function in the well-known subspace method and interpret it in terms of the noise projection matrix. The projection matrix is shown to be a special weighted spectral decomposition of the data autocorrelation matrix, which can be effectively approximated by inverting the data autocorrelation matrix. By adding a user specific correction term to the common cost function, we show that all user channel impulse responses can be estimated in parallel. In this way we develop a block algorithm with low complexity first. We then derive a recursive algorithm using RLS-type matrix updating. Simulations show our recursive algorithm has fast convergence and is near-far resistant. The bit error rate performance is also shown to improve as receiver diversity increases.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A note on the effects of two versus one feeder locations on the feeding behaviour and growth performance of pigs in a deep-litter, large group housing system

The aim of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that reducing the distance that the pig must travel to feed in a deep-litter, large group system will result in shorter, more frequent feeding bouts, thus improving pig growth performance (feed intake, growth rate and feed:gain). The experiment studied pigs from 9 to 22 weeks of age, using 720 crossbred pigs. There were two trials conducted, utilising 360 pigs each time. The two treatments were: (A) maximum distance to travel to the feeder (MAX) – one feeder located on the north end of the pen and (B) minimum distance to travel to feeder (MIN) – two feeders: one located on the north end of the pen and one at the south end. Feeding behaviour was observed at 14 and 22 weeks of age. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that reducing the distance that the pigs had to travel to feed, by placing a second feeding station in the pen, produced shorter and more frequent feeding events (P > 0.05) and improved growth performance (P > 0.05). # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
CAMAC Magnetostrictive Readout System Using Schottky Memories

A magnetostrictive readout modular system using fast TTL memories is described in this paper. The main characteristics of this system are its expandability, its simple logic configuration, its high recording speed and its capacity of 15 sparks/wand with a word length of 16 bits per spark.
River alteration and niche overlap among three native minnows (Cyprinidae) in the Missouri River hydrosystem

The influence of physical and hydrologic stabilization on habitat niche overlap among three native cyprinid species: flathead chub Platygobio gracilis, sicklefin chub Macrhvbopsis meeki and sturgeon chub Macrhvbopsis gelida, in riverine segments of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers in western North Dakota and eastern Montana, was evaluated. Collectively the three species exhibited higher niche overlap in quasi-natural river segments than in segments highly altered by a mainstem dam based on relatively high percentages of individuals in quasi-natural river segments that were classified correctly, according to species, in discriminant function analyses of resource use, compared to lower percentages of individuals classified correctly in the altered river segments. The lower niche overlap in altered river segments resulted primarily from the lower overlap between flathead chub and the remaining species; this appears to be related to a decline in the diversity of natural habitats and conditions that provided a wide range of habitat conditions suitable for all three species. Results from this study suggest that selective segregation and habitat changes, rather than interactive segregation and competition, is probably the mechanism responsible for the pattern of habitat use and niche overlap among the three species in the altered segments.
Prolonged Toxicity after Amitriptyline Overdose in a Patient Deficient in CYP2D6 Activity

Introduction Amitriptyline and its metabolite, nortriptyline, are metabolized, in part, by CYP2D6, a polymorphic enzyme. About 8% of Caucasians are deficient in CYP2D6 activity.
Hominoid seminal protein evolution and ancestral mating behavior.

Hominoid mating systems show extensive variation among species. The degree of sexual dimorphism in body size and canine size varies among primates in accordance with their mating system, as does the testes size and the consistency of ejaculated semen, in response to differing levels of sperm competition. To investigate patterns of evolution at hominoid seminal proteins and to make inferences regarding the mating systems of extinct taxa, we sequenced the entire coding region of the prostate-specific transglutaminase (TGM4) gene in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, western lowland gorilla, eastern lowland gorilla, orangutan, and siamang, including multiple humans, chimps, and gorillas. Partial DNA sequence of the coding regions was also obtained for one eastern lowland gorilla at the semenogelin genes (SEMG1 and SEMG2), which code for the predominant proteins in semen. Patterns of nucleotide variation and inferred protein sequence change were evaluated within and between species. Combining the present data with previous studies demonstrates a high rate of amino acid substitutions, and low intraspecific variation, at seminal proteins in Pan, presumably driven by strong sperm competition. Both gorilla species apparently possess nonfunctional TGM4, SEMG1, and SEMG2 genes, suggesting that gorillas have had low sperm competition, and therefore their current polygynous mating system, for a long time before their divergence. Similarly, orangutans show longstanding stasis at TGM4, which may be interpreted as evidence for an unchanging mating system for most of their evolution after their divergence from African apes. In contrast to the great apes, the data from humans could be interpreted as evidence of fluctuations between different mating systems or alternatively as a relaxed functional constraint in these proteins. It is our hope that this study is a first step toward developing a model to predict ancestral mating systems from extant molecular data to complement interpretations from the fossil record. Am. J. Primatol. 70:939–948, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Subjective organization and free recall: Performance of high, moderate, and low organizers

Carterette & Coleman (1963) report that, at least for high organizers, subjective organization appears to follow recall. Since such a relationship seriously brings into question the hypothesis that memory is largely dependent upon subjective organization, a replication and extension of Carterette and Coleman’s experiment was undertaken. When Ss were divided into high, moderate, and low organizers, superior recall performance was clearly associated with greater organization. However, increases in organization for the low and moderate organizers were minimal, despite marked improvements in recall. Thus, the general problem raised by Carterette and Coleman about the adequacy of the organizational hypothesis to account for the free recall of lists of unrelated words was upheld.
Spectrophotometric determination of H2O2 in marine waters with leuco crystal violet

Abstract H2O2 in marine waters may be determined by measuring the absorbance of crystal violet (CV+), formed by the oxidation of leuco crystal violet (LCV) by H2O2 in the presence of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase, at 592 nm at pH 4. The detection limit and the precision of the method are about 0.02 μM and ± 1% (at a concentration of 0.03 μM), respectively. The results obtained by this method and by a widely used fluorimetric method agreed with each other well. After color development, samples together with the sub-samples for constructing the calibration curve may be stored for up to 5 days before their absorbances are measured without significantly changing the estimated concentration of H2O2.
Analysis of Treatment Results for Oral Tongue Cancer

Objective The study reports the results of treatment of oral tongue cancer with five different treatment modalities with long-term follow-up. Study Design Retrospective study of 332 patients with oral tongue cancer treated in the Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Radiation Therapy at Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, MO) from 1957 to 1996. Methods Patients with biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue who were previously untreated and were treated with curative intent by one of five modalities and who were eligible for 5-year follow-up were included. The treatment modalities included local resection alone, composite resection alone (with neck dissection), radiation therapy alone, local resection with radiation therapy, and composite resection with radiation therapy. Multiple diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up parameters were studied using standard statistical analysis to determine statistical significance. Results The overall 5-year disease-specific survival rate (DSS) was 57% with death due to tumor in 43%. The 5-year cumulative disease-specific survival probability (CDSS) was 0.61 (Kaplan-Meier) with a mean of 17.5 years and a median of 30.1 years. The DSS by treatment modality included local resection (73%), composite resection (61%), radiation therapy (46%), local resection and radiation therapy (65%), and composite resection with radiation therapy (CR/RT) (44%). Overall, local resection had a significantly improved DSS and CR/RT had a decreased DSS that was related to the stage of disease being treated. In treating stage IV disease, CR/RT produced a more significantly improved CDSS than the other treatment modalities. Recurrence at the primary site was as common as recurrence in the neck. Eighty-nine percent of recurrences occurred within the first 60 months. Recurrence significantly decreased survival. DSS was significantly improved in patients with clear margins of resection. Metastasis to a distant site occurred in 9.6% of patients. Twenty-one percent of patients had second primary cancers, and 54% of these patients died of their second primary cancer. Conclusions Significant improvement in DSS was seen in patients with clear margins, early stage grouping and clinical (pretreatment) tumor stage, and negative nodes. Significant decrease in DSS was seen in patients with close or involved margins, advanced stage grouping and clinical (pretreatment) tumor staging, positive clinical (pretreatment) node staging, and tumor recurrence. Obtaining clear margins of resection is crucial because it significantly affects survival. A minimum of 5 years of close monitoring is recommended because of the high incidence of second primary cancers.
State and regional service strategies for an electronic Federal Depository Library Program

Abstract As the Federal Depository Library Program moves toward the increased utilization of electronic technologies to meet the government information needs of the public, libraries must plan how to best take advantage of local, state, and regional resources to make this transition successful. This paper suggests that depository libraries should begin immediately a planning process to develop state or regional service strategies for electronic government information and outlines the steps to develop such plans.
An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonium in natural waters

An improved fluorescence method is described for measuring nanomolar concentrations of NH4+ in natural waters. This method is based on the conversion of NH4+ to NH3 and subsequent diffusion of NH3 across a microporous hydrophobic Teflon membrane into a flowing stream of o-phthaldialdehyde reagent to produce a fluorescent adduct. The product is detected fluorometrically with a lower detection limit of better than 1.5 nM. Up to 30 determinations h−1 can be made. The method works well in freshwater or salt water. Field tests of the method in the Dry Tortugas and Gulf Stream gave NH4+ concentrations that ranged from 18.0 nM in Gulf Stream waters to 2,254.7 nM in interstitial waters from coralline reef sands. The method can be used to measure near real-time NH4+ concentrations in situations where it was previously difficult or impossible.
Confronting the Teacher Shortage: Are Alternative Certification Programs the Answer?

(1986). Confronting the Teacher Shortage: Are Alternative Certification Programs the Answer? Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 8, Evaluating Alternative Certification, pp. 19-23.
A Long Wavelength Infrared Image Projection System Study

The Infrared Simulation System (IRSS) at the Army's Redstone Arsenal is used to test small air-to-air IR guided missile seekers. The IRSS optics provide a dynamic field of view containing dynamic targets and backgrounds and are designed to operate over the wave-length range from near UV to 5 µm. We have studied ways in which this system could be modified so that it can also be used for testing small air-to-ground missile seekers operating passively in the 8 to 14 µm window., The existing optical system is an Offner Concentric Mirror Annular Field Projector (l) in which the secondary mirror has been dimpled to expand the input beams and allow superposition of the fields of several relatively narrow input beams. In the thermal IR this dimpled mirror inserts copious ambient radiation into the system which must be allowed for. Further in the air-to-ground case the background closes with the target whereas in the existing simulator the background is assumed to remain distant. The limitations imposed by these factors will be discussed as will the practicability of less and more sophisticated methods of circumventing these limitations.
r-Refinement grid adaptation algorithms and issues

Issues concerning r-refinement adaptation are discussed in terms of the research underway at North Carolina State University. A brief justification for adaptation is offered and adaptation criteria are stated. The NCSU adaptation algorithms DSAGA and SIERRA are described and results obtained with these algorithms are used to illustrate the adaptation issues. Grid quality, truncation errors added and reduced by adaptation, and current research areas are discussed. Qualitative analysis of grids produced by the adaptive algorithms reveals that conventional standards of grid quality are violated frequently in regions where solution improvement due to adaptation is evident. Alignment of the grid with solution features is shown to be a more appropriate indication of mesh improvement than cell shape. Benefits and weaknesses of r-refinement adaptation are summarized and areas for further research are noted.
Flash memory disturbances: modeling and test

Nonvolatile Memories (NVMs) can undergo different types of disturbances. These disturbances are particular to the technology and the cell structure of the memory element. In this paper we develop a coupling fault model that appropriately models disturbances in flash memories that use floating gate transistor as their core memory element. We describe the behavior of faulty cells under different fault models and how their characteristics change under each model. We demonstrate the inappropriateness of conventional march algorithms for testing flash memories and present a procedure to derive pseudo-algorithms that can be used in testing flash memories. In addition we present an efficient test that detects these disturbances under different fault models developed in this paper.
2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds as Antioestrogens: Characterization and Mechanism of Action

In the female Sprague-Dawley rat uterus 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds exhibited a broad spectrum of antioestrogenic responses. For example 2,3,7,8-TCDD inhibited the 17 beta-oestradiol-induced uterine wet weight increase, peroxidase activity, oestrogen and progesterone receptor levels, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor binding, and EGF receptor and c-fos protooncogene mRNA levels. The aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor was identified in the rat uterus and the antioestrogenic activities of TCDD and related compounds were structure-dependent. In parallel studies, the effects of TCDD as an antioestrogen in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was also investigated. TCDD inhibited the 17 beta-oestradiol-induced proliferation of these cells and the secretion of the 34-, 52- and 160-kDa proteins. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1 nM [3H]-17 beta-oestradiol resulted in a rapid accumulation of nuclear oestrogen receptor (ER) complexes. Pretreatment of the cells with TCDD caused a rapid decrease in nuclear ER binding activity and immunoreactive protein; moreover, the structure-dependent potencies of TCDD and related compounds as antioestrogens were similar to their Ah receptor binding affinities. TCDD also caused a decrease in nuclear ER levels in wild-type Ah-responsive Hepa 1c1c7 cells but was inactive in Ah non-responsive mutant Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Moreover, in the wild-type cells, both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the effects of TCDD. 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) has previously been characterized as a TCDD antagonist in rodents and in transformed rodent cell lines. However, like TCDD, MCDF also exhibited a broad spectrum of antioestrogenic activities in both the female Sprague-Dawley rat uterus and MCF-7 cells. MCDF is relatively non-toxic compared to TCDD and is being investigated as a compound which may be clinically useful for the treatment of mammary cancer.
The Politics of True Convenience or Inconvenient Truth: Struggles over How to Sustain Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology in the 21st Century

This critique of inherent flaws in today's growth-driven natural capitalism argues its key contradictions and basic conflicts can be typified by the cultural politics and political economy found in the environmental advocacy of Al Gore Jr, especially in his Nobel Prize winning activities on global climate change in works like An Inconvenient Truth. In such criticism he aims neither to dismiss the dangers of global climate change nor to derogate the findings of ongoing scientific research, like that done by the co-awardees of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore, namely, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Rather, it is meant to begin a more pointed reassessment of how today's global climate-change debates are too entwined in the reproduction of most existing power relations and global market exchange. At best, Gore's work seems essentially to 'greenwash' existing networks of corporate organization and expert technocracy with renewed institutional legitimacy that only rinses today's unsustainable economic status quo in the refreshing, but not fully cleansing, waters of sustainable development ideology. While there is a need for systemic reforms in economic production, government regulation, technological innovation, and social distribution to mitigate climate change, Gore's many engagements with big business, venture capital, and global media do not appear to offer such a radical transformation. Instead, his basic project of decarbonizing the commodity chain mainly would appear to be a new program for further economic development that might not even retard, much less fully reverse, current climate-change trends.
SLA-based Optimization of Power and Migration Cost in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing systems (or hosting datacenters) have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Utility computing, reliable data storage, and infrastructure-independent computing are example applications of such systems. Electrical energy cost of a cloud computing system is a strong function of the consolidation and migration techniques used to assign incoming clients to existing servers. Moreover, each client typically has a service level agreement (SLA), which specifies constraints on performance and/or quality of service that it receives from the system. These constraints result in a basic trade-off between the total energy cost and client satisfaction in the system. In this paper, a resource allocation problem is considered that aims to minimize the total energy cost of cloud computing system while meeting the specified client-level SLAs in a probabilistic sense. The cloud computing system pays penalty for the percentage of a client's requests that do not meet a specified upper bound on their service time. An efficient heuristic algorithm based on convex optimization and dynamic programming is presented to solve the aforesaid resource allocation problem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to previous work.
Prototyping a Community-Generated, Mobile Device-Enabled Database of Environmental Impact Reviews of Consumer Products

GreenScanner is a system that helps people engage in environmentally preferable purchasing during their everyday consumer transactions. This system has two parts: a dynamic online database of community-generated environmental impact reviews of products, and a mobile phone application that allows consumers to access these reviews at a point of purchase by photographing a product's universal product code (UPC). This paper describes a prototype of the system that was released publicly in April 2006, and analyzes the results of that deployment. Over its first year of existence, the site received approximately 31,000 hits. However, during that time, only 79 subjective comments were uploaded. This paper analyzes the site's usage patterns, and describes a number of improvements to the system that are currently under way.
Lack of significant bronchial reactivity to inhaled normal saline in subjects with a positive methacholine challenge test.

Patients with symptoms suggestive of asthma often have normal resting pulmonary function. In these patients, a determination of airway responsiveness by bronchial challenge is useful in demonstrating bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), a defining feature of asthma. In the methacholine (Mch) challenge, it is recommended that following a baseline measurement of FEV1, the patient inhale the normal saline (NS) diluent and FEV1 be repeated to assess for nonspecific BHR to NS. It is also recommended that post-NS inhalation FEV1 should be used as the control value from which decrement in FEV1 is compared following Mch challenge. Mch testing was performed in 44 patients with symptoms suggestive of asthma (cough, chest tightness, dyspnea) and normal resting pulmonary function. Baseline spirometry was obtained and repeated after inhalation of NS and after five breaths each of Mch at the following concentrations: 0.025 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml. The procedure was terminated when FEV1 decrease...
The Maternal Behavior Rating Scale.

This investigation presents data on a seven-item short form of the Maternal Behavior Rating Scale, which is a global rating scale designed to assess the quality of maternal interactive behavior with young mentally retarded children. Seven items were used to assess the interactive behavior of a sample of 60 mothers while they were playing with their mentally retarded children who were either 1, 2, or 3 years of age. A factor analysis of the seven items revealed two independent parameters of maternal behavior, child orientedness/pleasure, and control. A least squares regression procedure indicated that the two factors accounted for 20% of the variability in children's level of mental development. These results closely approximated those obtained with the 18-item version of this scale.
Microbial growth and detritus transformations during decomposition of leaf litter in a stream

SUMMARY. 1. Despite the widely accepted importance of bacteria and fungi in degrading detritus in aquatic ecosystems there is still very little quantitative information on the abundance and dynamics of these microorganisms. Using epifluorescent microscopy, we measured the biomass of bacteria and fungi during decomposition of three types of leaf detritus. Bacterial production was determined from the rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. 2. The transformation of leaf carbon into dissolved organic carbon and fine particulate organic carbon was followed in order to compare the amounts of leaf material that were converted into these ‘end-products’ of decomposition versus the amount converted into microbial biomass. 3. The amount of microbial carbon in the leaf-detritus complex never exceeded 5.2% of the total carbon, and fungal biomass was always much greater than bacterial biomass. Despite the greater standing stock of fungi, the rapid turnover of bacteria (doubling about once per day) implies that their role in degrading leaf litter or as a food source for detritivores might be as great as for fungi. 4. Removal of microbial biomass from leaf litter may occur as release of fungal spores and consumption or shedding of bacterial biomass. Fungal spores can be a significant part of the fine particulate organic carbon released from leaf detritus and potentially represent an important food resource for filter-feeding organisms.
Power laws and the cosmic ray energy spectrum

Abstract Two separate statistical tests are applied to the AGASA and preliminary Auger cosmic ray energy spectra in an attempt to find deviation from a pure power-law. The first test is constructed from the probability distribution for the maximum event of a sample drawn from a power-law. The second employs the TP-statistic, a function defined to deviate from zero when the sample deviates from the power-law form, regardless of the value of the power index. The AGASA data show no significant deviation from a power-law when subjected to both tests. Applying these tests to the Auger spectrum suggests deviation from a power-law. However, potentially large systematics on the relative energy scale prevent us from drawing definite conclusions at this time.