cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Wallops Flight Test Data Through an Automated COTS System

During the summer of 2004 NASA Langley Research Center flight tested a Synthetic Vision System (SVS) at the Reno/Tahoe International Airport (RNO) and the Wallops Flight Facility (WAL). The SVS included a Runway Incursion Prevention System (RIPS) to improve pilot situational awareness while operating near and on the airport surface. The flight tests consisted of air and ground operations to evaluate and validate the performance of the system. This paper describes the flight test and emphasizes how positioning data was collected, post processed and analyzed through the use of a COTS-derived software system. The system that was developed to analyze the data was constructed within the MATLAB(TM) environment. The software was modified to read the data, perform several if-then scenarios and produce the relevant graphs, figures and tables.
Rough crust subduction, forearc kinematics, and Quaternary uplift rates, Costa Rican segment of the Middle American Trench

Orthogonal subduction of bathymetrically rough oceanic lithosphere along the northwestern flank of the Cocos Ridge imprints a distinctive style of deformation on the overriding Costa Rican forearc. We divide the Costa Rican forearc into three 100–160-km-long deformational domains based on the bathymetric roughness and thickness of the Cocos plate entering the Middle American Trench, the dip of the subducting plate, the variation in surface uplift rates of late Quaternary coastal deposits, and the orientations and types of faults deforming Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks. In the ~100-km-long Nicoya domain, coastal deposits show localized surface uplift and arcward tilting above the downdip projections of the fossil trace of the Cocos-Nazca-Panama (CO-NZ-PA) triple junction and the Fisher seamount and ridge. In the ~120-km-long central Pacific forearc domain between the Nicoya Peninsula and Quepos, shallower (~60°) subduction of seamounts and plateaus is accompanied by trench-perpendicular late Quaternary normal faults. Steeply dipping, northeast-striking, margin-perpendicular faults accommodate differential uplift associated with seamount subduction. Uplift and faulting differ between the segments of the forearc facing subducting seamounts and ridges. Inner forearc uplift along the seamount-dominated segment is greatest inboard of the largest furrows across the lower slope. Localized uplift and arcward tilting of coastal deposits is present adjacent to subducting seamounts. In contrast, inboard of the underthrusting aseismic Cocos Ridge, along the ~160-km-long Fila Costena domain between Quepos and the Burica Peninsula, mesoscale fault populations record active shortening related to the ~100-km-long Fila Costena fold-and-thrust belt. The observed patterns of faulting and permanent uplift are best explained by crustal thickening. The uplifted terraces provide a first-order estimate of permanent strain along the forearc in Costa Rica. The permanent strain recorded by uplift of these Quaternary surfaces exceeds the predicted rebound of stored elastic strain released during subduction-zone earthquakes.
Computation of ammonium bisulfate aerosol deposition in conducting airways

Experimental measurements of the growth of monodisperse dry NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/ aerosols by H/sub 2/O vapor condensation have been reported in the literature. These data are incorporated into an aerosol deposition model to study the behavior of inhaled NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/ particles, which is of concern in relation to human health. The tracheobronchial tree is described by Weibel's model A morphology, and Landahl's formulas are used to compute particle deposition efficiencies. Enhanced losses in the trachea due to the action of the laryngeal jet are accounted for by using an empirical deposition efficiency equation. The effect of NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/ aerosol growth is quantitated by comparisons of total and intrabronchial deposition probabilities with those of a nonhygroscopic aerosol of equal aerodynamic size. Computations indicate that hygroscopic growth effects are a function of the size of the particles inhaled. Total deposition efficiencies of NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O droplet aerosols are greater than those of nonhygroscopic aerosols only if the former originate from dry NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/ particles exceeding a critical geometric diameter of 0.3 ..mu..m. Growth effects are explained in terms of the relative efficiencies of the dominant deposition mechanisms active in the lung.
From Collectivism to Capitalism: Neoliberalism and Rural Mobilization in Nicaragua

This article draws on longitudinal, ethnographic data gathered in rural Nicaragua over a two-decade period to examine the ideological and political implications of neoliberalism in the prefigurative, grassroots stages of social mobilization. It contrasts divergent path-dependent processes of accommodation and resistance to neoliberalism as Nicaraguan peasants have moved from collectivism to individual farming, with an emphasis on interpretive processes. This study explores how market processes both serve as an external grievance and operate internally in rural communities to reconfigure rural social relations and individual and collective identities. It also seeks to develop concepts and interpretations that may be applied more broadly to analyze links between deepening market processes and the forms and content of social movement responses to deteriorating economic conditions.
Quantum mechanics of inflation.

It is pointed out that the slow-roll equation of new-inflationary-universe models is not true in general for interacting field theories. We determine a set of conditions under which it is relevant, but argue that they are not likely to be satisfied by the early universe.
Climate and Crime Tests of an FBI Assumption

The Uniform Crime Reports published by the Federal Bureau of investigation state that climate has an independent impact on the variation of crime rates among places. The present study attempted to test this assumption through multivariate analyses of the potential impacts of three climatic and twelve nonclimatic factors on the variation in seven serious forms of violent crime and property crime among the 142 largest American SMSAs. The results indicated that the associations of climatic conditions with forms of crime were uniformly very weak compared to the influences of other variables. Number of days of the year with temperatures above 32.20C (900F) had independent positive associations with the variation in homicide rates and burglary rates while number of days with temperatures below 0°C (320F) and number of days with significant precipitation had positive associations with variation in robbery rates. Furthermore, number of days with freezing temperatures and number of days with significant precipitat...
Inordinate Fondness: The Feds and the Internet.

The Reference Librarian is delighted to wel come the sage of government documents as a regular columnist. Joe Morehead has the rare combination of wisdom, knowledge and wit so rarely found in the library world He is by now an institution, and about as well known and respected as anyone involved with the finer points of teaching. And for those who are unfamiliar with Joe, the following will serve as background: Morehead is the author of Introduction to United States Government Information Sources (Libraries Unlimited, 1996), now in its 5th edition. He has contributed articles and columns to several professional journals, among them RQ, the Journal of Government Information, Government Information Quarterly, The Serials Librarian, and Documents to the People. He was the 1996 recipient of the Isadore Gilbert Mudge-R.R. Bowker Award given by the Reference and Adult Services Division of the American Library Association.
Defect creation in InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells–I. Structural properties

Abstract We present a systematic study of extended defect creation in InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) structures. Three sets of samples, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. First, in a temperature series, optimal deposition temperature of 505 °C was found for the In composition of 20% as determined from dislocation loop (DL) density and inspection of diffuse scattering patterns. InGaAs decomposition and lateral layer thickness undulations were observed above this optimal temperature. Second, increase of MQW periodicity from ×5 to ×10 revealed a thickness-related cumulative deterioration, characterized by increased likelihood of defect intersection with continued MQW growth, as suggested by an increase of the secondary DL density from ~1.6×10 7 cm −2 to ~6×10 8 cm −2 . Additional strained layers experienced an ever-degrading quality of the growth surface. Third, a set consisting of samples with three different MQW periods was investigated. Different stages, suggested by a model of defect creation, were obtained for these different MQW periods, allowing specification of particular type, density, and spatial distribution of extended defects for each stage of defect creation.
Quaternary reactivation of the Kern Canyon fault system, southern Sierra Nevada, California

The Kern Canyon fault, the longest fault in the southern Sierra Nevada, is an active structure and has been reactivated at discrete times over the past ~100 m.y. in response to changing lithospheric stresses. After initiation as a Cretaceous transpressional structure, the Kern Canyon fault transitioned into a dextral strike-slip shear zone that remained active as it was exhumed into the brittle regime during regional Late Cretaceous uplift of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Kern Canyon fault was reactivated during Miocene regional extension as part of a transfer zone between two differentially extending domains in the southern Sierra Nevada. Subsequent normal displacement along the fault began in Pliocene time. New evidence for fault activity, which continued into late Quaternary time, includes its current geomorphic expression as a series of meters-high, west-side-up scarps that crop out discontinuously along the fault’s 130-km length. Relocated focal mechanisms of modern earthquakes confirm ongoing normal faulting, and geodetic measure ments suggest that the Sierra Nevada is uplifting relative to the adjacent valleys. This evidence for recent activity overturns a long-held view that the Kern Canyon fault has been in active for more than 3.5 m.y. Its reactivation indicates that deformation repeatedly localized along a pre existing crustal weakness, a Cretaceous shear zone. We propose that a system of inter related normal faults, including the Kern Canyon fault, is responding to mantle lithosphere removal beneath the southern Sierra Nevada region. The location of the active Kern Canyon fault within the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley microplate indicates that deformation is occurring within the microplate.
NETWORK AND MEANING: AN INTERACTIONIST APPROACH TO STRUCTURE

Social network is a concept interactionists might use to link individual behavior to the larger social system. A symbolic interactionist formulation of network would: 1) approximate the original, anthropological usage better than the current structural conception does, 2) offer symbolic interactionists a unit of social organization better suited to their perspective than the small group, and 3) allow symbolic interactionists to deal with “macro” sociological concerns. Network is conceived of as a set of relationships which people imbue with meaning and use for personal or collective purposes. By emphasizing subjective meaning and the investigation of multi-purpose and weak ties, the interactionist formulation provides theoretical insights into those aspects of society which “structural” approaches overlook. One of the major developments in sociology during the 1970s was the growth and popularity of the network construct to describe social structure.’ Many network analysts, particularly those in sociology, regard themselves as structuralists and rely heavily on mathematical models and statistical methodologies. However, despite its current usage, we argue that the network consrruct is compatible with the symbolic interactionist conceptualization of social structure. In fact, we claim that the symbolic interactionist approach fits anthropologists’ original conception of network better than the structuralists’ approach does. Following the formulations of British social anthropologists (Radcliffe-Brown, 1940; Barnes, 1954; Nadel, 1957), social structure (as network) is seen as a set of relationships between individuals. Symbolic interactionism, like the network formulation, suggests a relational approach to understanding social order. From the symbolic interactionist perspective, social order is constructed through meaningful, self-other interaction. “Society as symbolic interaction” (Blumer, 1969) is equivalent to the view (in network theory) that social structure is grounded in relationships-the self-other relationship is the basic
Social Ecology of Bullying and Peer Victimization of Latino and Asian Youth in the United States: A Review of the Literature

Existing research on bullying and peer victimization among school-age youth focuses on identifying risk and protective factors, developing interventions, and assessing outcomes to address this pervasive problem. This article reviews research on bullying and victimization of Latino and Asian youth. The review suggests that risk and protective factors associated with bullying among Latino and Asian youth might differ considerably from their mainstream peer groups that are often the focus of bullying research. This article examines the macrosystem- (immigration, poverty), exosystem-, and microsystem-level factors (family environment, peers, and school environment), along with ontogenetic factors that are related to bullying involvement among Latino and Asian youth in the United States. It also highlights the need for further investigation into the bullying experiences of Latino and Asian youth, and advocates for the development of culturally relevant interventions.
Central interleukin-1β antibody increases renal and splenic sympathetic nerve discharge

We tested the hypothesis that intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) administration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) antibody increases the level of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) in α-chloralose-...
Spatio-temporal modeling and adaptive acquisition for cardiac MRI

We propose a model-based approach for real-time cardiac imaging that does not require cardiac or respiratory gating or breathholds. The model captures the spatial and temporal-spectral characteristics of the heart and also accounts for respiratory motion during imaging. The model parameters are estimated as part of the MRI experiment and drive both data acquisition and cine reconstruction algorithm. Simulated cardiac MRI experiments show quality cine reconstructions and robustness to modeling inaccuracies.
Vision of Pediatrics 2020: the AAP's role in maintaining focus and creating the future.

Kudos to the authors of the special articles in this issue of Pediatrics regarding the future of pediatrics and those who have reported survey results on the roles and scope of practice.1,2 Their unprecedented analyses of sentinel trends and needs that affect child health and the profession of pediatrics are insightful, and their message is clear: with us or without us, change is proceeding with increasing frequency and speed. These articles constitute a “call to action” for pediatrics to use its knowledge and resources to actively and effectively lead change and create the future. To this end, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), through our Agenda for Children and the Vision of Pediatrics 2020 project, is aligning our strategic priorities with the megatrends presented and actively working to provide our members with the skills and resources necessary to thrive in the future. Most recently, the academy's strategic priorities have focused on the megatrends related to health system reform, reducing health disparities, early brain and child development, mental health, and children … Address correspondence to Marion Burton, MD, Clinical Affairs, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 15 Medical Park, Suite 300, Columbia, SC 29203. E-mail: marion.burton{at}uscmed.sc.edu
Size of the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit impacts mid-term outcome after the Norwood procedure in patients weighing less than 3 kg.

Objective The optimal shunt size for patients who have the Norwood operation with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit is controversial. The goal of this study is to compare outcomes of 2 shunt sizes in this population. Methods Between 2002 and 2010, 75 consecutive patients diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and its variants underwent the Norwood procedure with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit. The outcomes of 20 neonates weighing Results The cumulative 30-day stage 1 mortality was 97% (95% confidence interval, 88%-99%) for all patients (73/75), 20 of whom weighed P = .88). The central pulmonary artery confluence size at prebidirectional cavopulmonary shunt catheterization was 4.5 ± 1.2 mm in group 1 and 2.5 ± 1.0 mm in group 2 ( P = .009). The mean transpulmonary gradient was higher in group 2 (7.8 ± 3.1 mm Hg vs 4.2 ± 1.9 mm Hg; P = .036). The incidence of pulmonary artery intervention was 16% (1/7) in group 1 and 75% (6/8) in group 2 ( P = .030). Survival rate at 6 months was 66% (6/9) in group 1 and 70% (7/10) in group 2 ( P = .89). Conclusions Use of a 6-mm right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit showed better central pulmonary artery growth and less need for pulmonary artery intervention in the authors' experience.
A Model of Reaching Dynamics in Primary Motor Cortex

Features of virtually all voluntary movements are represented in the primary motor cortex. The movements can be ongoing, imminent, delayed, or imagined. Our goal was to investigate the dynamics of movement representation in the motor cortex. To do this we trained a fully recurrent neural network to continually output the direction and magnitude of movements required to reach randomly changing targets. Model neurons developed preferred directions and other properties similar to real motor cortical neurons. The key finding is that when the target for a reaching movement changes location, the ensemble representation of the movement changes nearly monotonically, and the individual neurons comprising the representation exhibit strong, nonmonotonic transients. These transients serve as internal recurrent signals that force the ensemble representation to change more rapidly than if it were limited by the time constants of individual neurons. These transients, if they exist, could be observed in experiments that require only slight modifications of the standard paradigm used to investigate movement representation in the motor cortex.
humpty dumpty is required for developmental DNA amplification and cell proliferation in Drosophila.

Summary The full complement of proteins required for the proper regulation of genome duplication are yet to be described. We employ a genetic DNA-replication model system based on developmental amplification of Drosophila eggshell (chorion) genes [1]. Hypomorphic mutations in essential DNA replication genes result in a distinct thin-eggshell phenotype owing to reduced amplification [2]. Here, we molecularly identify the gene, which we have named humpty dumpty ( hd ), corresponding to the thin-eggshell mutant fs(3)272-9 [3]. We confirm that hd is essential for DNA amplification in the ovary and show that it also is required for cell proliferation during development. Mosaic analysis of hd mutant cells during development and RNAi in Kc cells reveal that depletion of Hd protein results in severe defects in genomic replication and DNA damage. Most Hd protein is found in nuclear foci, and some may traverse the nuclear envelope. Consistent with a role in DNA replication, expression of Hd protein peaks during late G1 and S phase, and it responds to the E2F1/Dp transcription factor. Hd protein sequence is conserved from plants to humans, and published microarrays indicate that expression of its putative human ortholog also peaks at G1/S [4]. Our data suggest that hd defines a new gene family likely required for cell proliferation in all multicellular eukaryotes.
Quasi-stars: accreting black holes inside massive envelopes

We study the structure and evolution of ‘quasi-stars’, accreting black holes embedded within massive hydrostatic gaseous envelopes. These configurations may model the early growth of supermassive black hole seeds. The accretion rate on to the black hole adjusts so that the luminosity carried by the convective envelope equals the Eddington limit for the total mass, M*+MBH≈M*. This greatly exceeds the Eddington limit for the black hole mass alone, leading to rapid growth of the black hole. We use analytic models and numerical stellar structure calculations to study the structure and evolution of quasi-stars. We show that the photospheric temperature of the envelope scales as Tph∝M−2/5BHM7/20*, and decreases with time while the black hole mass increases. Once Tph < 104 K, the photospheric opacity drops precipitously and Tph hits a limiting value, analogous to the Hayashi track for red giants and protostars, below which no hydrostatic solution for the convective envelope exists. For metal-free (Population III) opacities, this limiting temperature is approximately 4000 K. After a quasi-star reaches this limiting temperature, it is rapidly dispersed by radiation pressure. We find that black hole seeds with masses between 103 and 104 M⊙ could form via this mechanism in less than a few Myr.
Nitrogen (N2) Implantation to Suppress Growth of Interfacial Oxide in Mocvd Bst and Sputtered Bst Films

Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 (BST) is one of the high-k candidates for replacing SiO 2 as the gate dielectric in future generation devices. The biggest obstacle to scaling the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of BST is an interfacial layer, Si x O y , which forms between BST and Si. Nitrogen (N 2 ) implantation into the Si substrate has been proposed to reduce the growth of this interfacial layer. In this study, capacitors (Pt/BST/Si) were fabricated by depositing thin BST films (50A) onto N 2 implanted Si in order to evaluate the effects of implant dose and annealing conditions on EOT. It was found that N 2 implantation reduced the EOT of RF magnetron sputtered and Metal Oxide Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) BST films by ∼20% and ∼33%, respectively. For sputtered BST, an implant dose of 1×10 14 cm −;2 provided sufficient nitrogen concentration without residual implant damage after annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed that the reduction in EOT is due to a reduction in the interfacial layer growth. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed typical polycrystalline structure with (111) and (200) preferential orientations for both films. Leakage for these 50A BST films is on the order of 10 −8 to 10 −5 A/cm 2 —lower than oxynitrides with comparable EOTs.
Biasing evaluations to appear unbiased: A self-presentational paradox

Abstract Subjects interviewed a confederate posing as a job applicant. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, half the subjects were insulted by the confederate at the end of the interview and half were not insulted. Half the subjects were observed by the experimenter during the final phase of the interview and evaluated the confederate publicly. The remaining subjects were unobserved during the interview and evaluated the confederate anonymously. As predicted, subjects who were publicly insulted were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects who were privately insulted. Within the public/insult condition, subjects scoring high on Snyder's (1974, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537) self-monitoring scale were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects scoring low on this scale. The positivity bias occurred only on highly subjective ratings, which are most prone to the appearance of bias. The results are discussed in terms of the subjects' desire to avoid the appearance of bias by biasing their evaluations.
Isospin-violating dark matter

Abstract Searches for dark matter scattering off nuclei are typically compared assuming that the dark matterʼs spin-independent couplings are identical for protons and neutrons. This assumption is neither innocuous nor well motivated. We consider isospin-violating dark matter (IVDM) with one extra parameter, the ratio of neutron to proton couplings, and include the isotope distribution for each detector. For a single choice of the coupling ratio, the DAMA and CoGeNT signals are consistent with each other and with current XENON constraints, and they unambiguously predict near future signals at XENON and CRESST. We provide a quark-level realization of IVDM as WIMPless dark matter that is consistent with all collider and low-energy bounds.
Abraham’s Daughter: Eleanor Flexner (October 4, 1908—March 25, 1995)

When the name Flexner is mentioned in schools of social work, it is typically a reference to Abraham Flexner, who spoke to the National Conference on Charities and Corrections in 1915. Yet, his dau...
Assessing the Biopsychosociospiritual Model in Primary Care: Development of the Biopsychosociospiritual Inventory (BioPSSI)

Objective:There is growing evidence in support of the Biopsychosociospiritual Model. However, a cohesive instrument to measure each dimension in terms of its dimension-specific symptoms and functio...
Hot carrier and soft breakdown effects on VCO performance

This paper systematically investigates the hot carrier and soft-breakdown induced performance degradation in a CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator used in phase locked loop frequency synthesizers. After deriving the closed-form equations to predict phase noise and VCO gain, we relate VCO RF performance such as phase noise, tuning range and gain of VCO subject to electrical stress. The circuit degradations predicted by analytical model equations are verified by SpectraRF simulation using parameters extracted from the experimental data of 0.16 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
McTaggart and indexing the copula

In this paper, I show how a solution to Lewis’ problem of temporary intrinsics is also a response to McTaggart’s argument that the A-series is incoherent. There are three strategies Lewis considers for solving the problem of temporary intrinsics: perdurantism, presentism, and property-indexing. William Lane Craig (Analysis 58(2):122–127, 1998) has examined how the three strategies fare with respect to McTaggart’s argument. The only viable solution Lewis considers to the problem of temporary intrinsics that also succeeds against McTaggart, Craig claims, is presentism. This gives us prima facie reason to be presentists. But there is a strategy Craig does not consider-indexing, or relativizing, the copula. In this paper, I show that to the degree that indexing the copula solves the problem of temporary intrinsics, it also shows the invalidity of McTaggart’s argument. The upshot: the copula-indexer needn’t affirm the unreality of time, nor need she embrace presentism.
Zoophycos size may indicate environmental gradients

Detailed examination through a continuous stratigraphic interval representing nearly the entire Lower Devonian Onesquethawan Stage shows that the presence and size of the trace fossil Zoophycos varies systematically throughout the unit. The lithofacies of this sequence are interpreted to represent a double offshore-nshore cycle. Both maximum and mean diameters of the Zoophycos web (=spreite) are relatively large within a more offshore setting and become progressively smaller towards both margins of this geographic (= stratigraphic) zone. Close inspection of Zoophycos morphology reveals a nearly perfect correlation (r = 0.96) between Zoophycos web diameter and meniscus height. Meniscus height bears a constant relationship to the maximum body diameter of the animal creating the burrow, consequently, size of the web is directly proportional to body size. Thus the animal is largest near the center of its environmental range and smallest near the margins. Other ichnofossils in the section (Scalarituba, Phycodes, Chondrites), measured on a more limited scale, show similar size variations with smaller forms at the margins of their respective ranges. Therefore, trace fossil size may be a sensitive indicator of paleoenvironmental gradients.
One Cup at a Time? (Fair Trade) Coffee, Migration, and Globalization

The Broken Village: Coffee, Migration, and Globalization in Honduras. By Daniel R. Reichman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011. 209 pp., $22.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-8014-7729-4). Coffee and Community: Maya Farmers and Fair-Trade Markets. By Lyon Sarah. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011. 266 pp., $29.58 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1-60732-057-9). The interrelations between global commodity value chains, socially conscious consumption in industrialized countries, and rural development in less developed countries are issues that have gained prominence in recent years due to the rapidly growing fair trade movement. The movement has successfully raised public awareness about the relationship between Northern consumer decisions and living conditions of producers in less developed countries' rural communities. By establishing fair trade standards covering a wide range of social, economic, and environmental issues and combining them with a guaranteed price premium, fair trade has enabled farmers in less developed countries to stabilize or even improve their living conditions. As the second most valuable primary commodity exported by developing countries, coffee has played a central role in the development of consumer practices as “political strategies.” Two recently published books contribute to the rapidly growing literature on the interrelations between coffee, development, fair trade, and the potential role of individuals in “governance without government” in very interesting ways. Daniel Reichman's The Broken Village investigates the impact of globalization on a rural community in Honduras. Traditionally dominated by small-scale coffee production, this community experienced a dramatic increase in temporary undocumented migration to the United States over a period of a few years during the early 2000s. In his fascinating ethnographic study, Reichman explores the intricacies of this community's integration into global economic structures, as well as its social and cultural impact on migrants, families, and the community. The author explores the varied motivations for migration, ranging from socioeconomic push factors such as low coffee prices, bad coffee harvests, or the general lack of job opportunities at home, to the gravitational pull of idealized images of life and work in the United States, and the successes enjoyed by returning migrants. His use of “ethnographic profiles” enables the author to identify …
Moving Toward Implementation of Person-Centered Care for Older Adults in Community-Based Medical and Social Service Settings: “You Only Get Things Done When Working in Concert with Clients”

Specialized, fragmented acute care is not aligned optimally to serve older adults. Person-centered care (PCC) has emerged as an evidence-based solution that involves enlisting patients as partners in treatment planning. Although several efforts have captured person-centered voices in outpatient care, more information is needed at the organizational and provider level to better understand the feasibility, challenges, and effect of PCC in community-based and social services settings. To assess themes and emerging trends, researchers conducted telephone interviews with leaders at nine organizations providing PCC for older adults. Questions were focused on the legacy of PCC services, whether and how PCC was connected to better quality care, and what tools were used for measuring PCC. Three themes on PCC for older adults emerged. (1) Each organization ascribed to a unique definition and operational structure for PCC. (2) Despite these differences, all organizations specified a strong commitment to PCC. Most noted financial resources and staffing as challenges and opportunities affecting feasibility. (3) Terms such as "patient-centered" care and other PCC synonyms may warrant greater clarification, because ideological differences set these classifications apart. Results from this analysis indicate the lack of a single, established definition for PCC. As interest in and support for PCC mounts, organizations in outpatient medical and community-based settings clearly have undertaken individual efforts to interpret what PCC is and how to provide it. Interview responses reflect this inconsistency, highlighting how staff and financing in particular can bolster or burden the PCC paradigm and what a consensus definition could do for the field.
Atomistic Studies Of The Structure Of Grain Boundaries and Dislocations

Grain boundaries and dislocations are the most common extended defects in crystalline materials. The principal difference between them is that grain boundaries are planar imperfections which are not accompanied by long-range strain and stress fields, while dislocations are line defects that produce long-range elastic strains and stresses in the material. They both strongly affect, and to a great extent control, the physical and mechanical properties of materials. This is the reason why both dislocations and grain boundaries, and also more general types of interfaces, have been studied very extensively throughout the development of materials science. A common feature of both grain boundaries and dislocations is that their basic characteristics are of crystallographic, geometrical nature. Indeed, in earlier structural studies these characteristics were the main topic of experimental and theoretical investigations (Bollman, 1970; Hirth and Lothe, 1982; Sutton, 1984; Sutton and Balluffi, 1995). In the case of dislocations they were closely linked with studies of their elastic fields and associated long-range interactions (Nabarro, 1967; Hirth and Lothe, 1982). Since crystallographic attributes of dislocations and grain boundaries have to be defined prior to any study of their structures and properties we summarize these characteristics briefly in the following section.
Downscaling transpiration rate from field to tree scale

Abstract Estimation of field spatial variability of tree actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in orchards is key when quantifying water and associated nutrient leaching at the field scale. Though ETa is often measured at the field scale, spatial variations between individual trees are likely due to local differences in soil water availability and canopy cover. It is therefore that we propose seeking a statistical relation between field ETa, tree midday stem water potential (MSWP), soil water storage (WS), and tree potential evapotranspiration (ETc) with relative tree canopy cover (Crel). Four years of soil and almond trees water status data were used to optimize an artificial neural network (ANN), to predict field scale ETa first, followed by downscaling to the individual tree scale. ANN's using two hidden neurons (11 parameters) proved to be the most accurate (RMSE = 0.0246 mm/h, R2 = 0.944), seemingly because adding more neurons generated overfitting of noise in the training dataset. Crel was the main source of variability of ETa, while MSWP was the controlling factor for the tree-scale relative ET. At a given soil WS, almond trees of the drip-irrigated block were less affected by root zone water stress than the fanjet micro-sprinklers block, likely because of soil textural differences between the two main experimental blocks. In wet conditions, the predicted tree ETa followed a normal distribution (with relative standard deviation of about 5%), which was close to the Crel distribution. However, standard deviation values increased (7.6% for the whole orchard) during periods of water stress.
Adaptation and Evaluation of a Group Curriculum for Latino Clients in a Driving Under the Influence Program

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to describe the process of culturally adapting group curriculum modules for Spanish speaking clients in a Driving Under the Influence Program as well as to test the acceptability of these modules. Using the Group Topics Evaluation Scale (English and Spanish version), 90 clients rated six modules that were presented in 30 different group sessions. Spanish speaking clients were significantly more likely to rate all six modules much higher than their English speaking counterparts, indicating acceptability. This is important as driving-under-the-influence programs may provide access to Latino clients not seen elsewhere. Possible further research is discussed.
RAT VIRUS (RV) INFECTIONS OF PREGNANT, FETAL AND NEWBORN RATS.

SummaryRV was found to proliferate in pregnant but not in non-pregnant rats following intravenous inoculation early in pregnancy. There was no indication that this virus is able to cross the placenta. It was, however, able to proliferate there and also in fetuses, if these were inoculated directly, late in gestation. Directly inoculated fetuses surviving birth developed illness characteristic of RV-infections in the suckling period. Rats inoculated at birth might develop an acute disease characterized by a distended intestinal tract and die within 8 to 12 days or survive 40 or more days, dwarfs in size and with deformed teeth. One individual developed an extensive hydrocephalus. Additional findings were the recovery of RV in relatively high titers from lung, intestine, and urine and the fact that sucklings inoculated directly in utero might develop RV-infection or disease, even though the mother was RV-immune.
Heliothis spp.: Larvae and Associated Parasites and Diseases on Wild Host Plants in the Pee Dee Area of South Carolina

In 1972 and 1973, numerous wild host plants in the Pee Dee area of South Carolina were surveyed for populations of larvae of Heliothis spp. Carolina geranium, Geranium carolinianum L., toadflax, Linaria canadensis L., beard-tongue, Penstemon laevigatus Aiton, and crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., were primary spring hosts; later in the season, beggarweed, Desmodium spp., deergrass, Rhexia spp., morning glory, Ipomoea spp., prickly sida, Sida spinosa L., and bicolor lespedeza, Lespedeza bieolor Turcz., were favored. Only the parasities Cardioehiles nigrieepes Viereck and Campoletis spp. and the disease Spiearia rileyi (Farlow) Charles occurred frequently enough to deter the development of populations of Heliothis spp. in the Pee Dee area of South Carolina.
Clinical study on the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infected via blood in 140 adults

Objective To understand the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and study the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV infection in the patients transmitted by underground blood donors.Methods Clinical data including anti-HCV,hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers,liver biochemistry,CD4 + count,endoscopic and ultrasonic scans of 140 HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients transmitted by blood donors were analyzed.Results Of 140 HIV and AIDS patients,128( 91.5%) were positive for anti-HCV.No significant differences were found in liver biochemistry,CD4 + count and ultrasonic scan between patients co-infected with HIV and HCV and patients infected with HIV only.Conclusion High frequency of HCV infection was found in HIV and AIDS patients transmitted by underground blood donors ( 91.5%),Abnormality of liver test function was uncommon in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV compared with HIV infection only,so it is suggested that HIV infection not promote the progression of hepatitis C.
There is an "app" for that: Designing mobile phone technology to improve asthma action plan use in adolescent patients.

Purpose Asthma burden affects mortality, morbidity, quality of life, and the economy. Written asthma action plans are standard of care according to national guidelines, but these plans are often not prescribed. The purpose of this project was to develop an asthma action plan application for smartphones. Data sources A development studio was consulted for support in developing a smartphone application to code the software for the asthma action plan and assist in the design process. During development of the application, a survey was conducted to assist in design of the application and functionality. Conclusions All survey participants agreed that the application was easy to use, could be used without written instruction, and was designed for adolescents with asthma of any severity. Patients and providers mostly agreed that the app would help provide information about what to do in the event of an asthma exacerbation, and the application would be used frequently. Implications for practice There was consensus from both patients and providers that this application is not only functional but also helpful in the event of an asthma exacerbation. The project met the goal of designing a mobile phone application that would improve patient access to asthma action plans.
[Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs compounds in human placenta tissue].

Objective To establish the methods of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)compounds determination by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS simultaneously in human placenta tissue from mothers,and assess the human exposure risk to dioxins and PBDEs in study.Methods Concentrations of 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs as well as 7 PBDEs were measured in human placenta tissue samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS.∑TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)concentration using WHO-TEF factor and PBDEs concentration was calculated respectively.Risk assessment of mother exposure to dioxins and PBDEs was evaluated.Results Median of∑TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)concentration for six samples was 18.15 WHO-TEQ pg/g lipid,ranging from 5.14-67.01 WHO-TEQ pg/g lipid.Ahhoush the median of ∑ TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)was lower than that of human blood of EU and Japan,and close to that of Korea and Taiwan non-exposure as reported in the literatures,the highest∑TEQ (PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)concentration of placenta sample exceeded the value of high dioxins exposure area subjects in Taiwan.The dominant contributor congener for WHO-TEQ were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,PCB126,totally accounted for 65 percent of∑WHO-TEQ.Median and average of PBDE concentration for six samples were 2.73 ng/g lipid and 7.17 ng/g lipid,respectively,ranging from 0.95-25.99 ng/g lipid.BDE47 was the dominant contributor congener for the total concentration,accounted for 35 percent.Conclusion The methods of PCDD/Fs,PCBs and PBDEs compounds determined by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS simultaneously in human placenta tissue from mothers were established successfully,and the human exposure risk to PCDD/Fs,PCBs and PBDEs should be surveyed for the donor with the highest ∑ TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)and PBDEs concentration of placenta sample in the future. Key words: Placenta; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Tetracldorodibenzodioxin; Polybrominated biphenyls
Increase in Prostate Cancer Metastases at Radical Prostatectomy in the United States

Using the most recent Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) release, we identified men aged 40 yr diagnosed with pathologically confirmed PCa during the period 2004-2013. Temporal variations in treatment within 6 mo of diagnosis (expectant management including primary androgen deprivation therapy, RP, and radiation) and RP pathologic features were assessed using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Given that PSA screening was initially discouraged in elderly patients [3], analysis was stratified by age (<75 vs 75 yr). Participants with missing data were excluded from analysis.
Metamodeling of Interdependent Systems: Application to Bridge Infrastructure Management

AbstractRecent advances in the area of modeling systems of systems have brought to the forefront the need to model transportation infrastructure through a new paradigm that would account for the diversity of involved stakeholders, objectives, and interdependencies. This article focuses on a bridge system of systems, and it presents a metamodeling approach in which shared state variables are initially used to link models that represent various subsystems, and subsequently used to provide a tool for coordinating decisions made at the level of the individual subsystems with the goal of obtaining bridge management strategies that are not only optimal from the perspective of a single subsystem, but are more sustainable from a global system of systems perspective.
Energy metabolism: Part I: Anaerobic protozoa

Publisher Summary Several groups of protists are different in their metabolic organization from most eukaryotic cells, including cells of multicellular animals. They lack an organelle with the typical energy conservation processes of mitochondria: they are amitochondriate. This chapter illustrates amitochondriate core metabolism by exemplifyingfour extensively studied human parasite species. The chapter focuses on the biochemical aspects of the overall core and energy metabolism. The chapter discusses extensive biochemical and sequence informationfor a number of individual enzymes involved but these are mentioned only if relevant to specific aspects of the overall metabolism. The description of core metabolism of a few amitochondriate parasitic protists demonstrates that these organisms are highly divergent from most eukaryotes with typical mitochondria, including their mammalian hosts. This divergence is apparent not only in the metabolic consequences of the absence of mitochondria, but also in the presence of processes and enzymes found only exceptionally in other eukaryotes.
Robust Predictive Control with Constraints via l 1 / H ∞ Design

Abstract A new l 1 / H ∞ technique for the design of robust predictive regulators that account for time-domain constraints is proposed. The controller robustly stabilizes a system where the open-loop plant model is corrupted by unstructured uncertainty, and the output signal is affected by bounded but possibly persistent exogenous disturbances. Adequate nominal performance in the regulation mode is achieved by optimizing an l 1 objective that minimizes the worst-case amplification of the disturbance peaks. Robust stability is obtained by satisfying classical frequency-domain conditions through an H ∞ problem. The resulting linear predictive regulator design quantifies the attamable limit of performance with respect to the satisfaction of the time-domain constraints.
Marine reserves solve an important bycatch problem in fisheries

Abstract Management of the diverse fisheries of the world has had mixed success. While managing single species in data-rich environments has been largely effective, perhaps the greatest challenge facing fishery managers is how to deal with mixed stocks of fish with a range of life histories that reside in the same location. Because many fishing gears are nonselective, and the costs of making gear selective can be high, a particular problem is bycatch of weak stocks. This problem is most severe when the weak stock is long-lived and has low fecundity and thus requires a very long recovery time once overfished. We investigate the role that marine reserves might play in solving this challenging and ubiquitous problem in ecosystem-based management. Evidence for marine reserves’ potential to manage fisheries in an ecosystem context has been mixed, so we develop a heuristic strategic mathematical model to obtain general conclusions about the merits of managing multispecies fisheries by using reserves relative to managing them with nonspatial approaches. We show that for many fisheries, yields of strong stocks can be increased, and persistence of weak stocks can be ensured, by using marine reserves rather than by using traditional nonspatial approaches alone. Thus, reserves have a distinct advantage as a management tool in many of the most critical multispecies settings. We also show how the West Coast groundfish fishery of the United States meets these conditions, suggesting that management by reserves may be a superior option in that case.