cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Next-to-leading order transverse momentum-weighted Sivers asymmetry in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering: The role of the three-gluon correlator

We study the Sivers asymmetry in semi-inclusive hadron production in deep inelastic scattering. We concentrate on the contribution from the photon-gluon fusion channel at $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{em}^{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s})$, where three-gluon correlation functions play a major role within the twist-3 collinear factorization formalism. We establish the correspondence between such a formalism with three-gluon correlation functions and the usual transverse momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization formalism at moderate hadron transverse momenta. We derive the coefficient functions used in the usual TMD evolution formalism related to the quark Sivers function expansion in terms of the three-gluon correlation functions. We further perform the next-to-leading order calculation for the transverse momentum-weighted spin-dependent differential cross section and identify the off-diagonal contribution from the three-gluon correlation functions to the QCD collinear evolution of the twist-3 Qiu-Sterman function.
Very Low Concentration Sand Transport in Multiphase Horizontal Pipelines: An Experimental Study and Modeling Guidelines

Very low concentration sand transport in multiphase horizontal pipes is experimentally investigated in this study. Sand concentration is chosen to be low enough to ignore the effect of particle-particle interaction. This is done to obtain the liquid and gas threshold flow rates which are required to move particles at low concentration (0.002 volume percent) of particles in multiphase pipelines. Along with obtaining the threshold flow rates, the effects of sand concentration, sand size, pipe size and liquid viscosity are also experimentally investigated. Critical velocity is defined to make sure all grains of sand continuously move in the pipe. The experimental data were obtained for a wide range of operating conditions in both intermittent and stratified flow regimes. A comparison of the obtained experimental data in this study with similar studies in the literature reveals the effect of some physical parameters affecting sad transport in multiphase flow pipelines. This study also gives some general guidelines for a more accurate model to predict minimum flow rates to move sand in multiphase flows.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Information and Arithmetic

In this chapter I consider what form a mathematical information function can take. I shall confine myself to the collection of all finite probability spaces. A typical space is modelled by a set of n points, together with n non-negative real numbers whose sum is 1. These numbers play the role of the probabilities with which the various (point) events occur. If the appropriate assumptions are made concerning atomicity there is no problem in extending the following results to other probability spaces.
Effect of radon-containing ointment on cutaneous lymph flow and minute vessels of skin.

Summary and ConclusionsEvidence is presented suggesting that the effect of Radon ointment applied to the skin of men and animals is: (1) To produce active hyperemia. (2) To increase lymph formation and lymph flow without appreciably increasing capillary permeability to colloids. (3) It is suggested that the therapeutic effect of Radon ointment may be apparent in these cases where lymph flow is diminished, per- haps due to partial block. Evidence is offered suggesting that lymph flow is diminished in a limb that has, in the past, been exposed to excessive x-ray irradiation. Also, the result of treating acute lesions thought to represent partial lymphatic block following penicillin injections is described, with results that are suggestively good although the series is too small for absolute certainty.
Insect Control and Residues in Sweet Corn Using Ground Equipment for Treating with Low-Volume Formulations

Low-volume ground equipment was evaluated for its ellectiveness in insect control. The control of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), using low-volume forumlations of endosulfan-malathion, DDT-malathion, and 50-8447 (2-chloro-I-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was equal to that obtained with 2 lb per acre of DDT emulsifiable concentrate. Corn earworm control with a pneumatic (F-l) nozzle with air plus charge and a flat fan (650017) nozzle was not significantly different when varying rates of malathion and SD-8447 were used, but both types of nozzles were significantly better than the DDT standard or the 1,-1 nozzle without air plus charge. Residues of low-volume DDT-malathion showed a 3-12 ppm DDT increase and a 4-24 ppm malathion increase from the first to the second application. with no additional increase shown for the remaining 3 applications. Seven days after the fifth application, residues declined to 6 and 0.8 ppm for DDT and malathion, respectively.
Phase Stability and Electronic Structure of GaAs1–xNx Alloys

We investigate the electronic structure and stability of GaAs1–xNx alloys for several compositions, using state-of-the-art first-principles total-energy calculations. We consider several ordered structures, and in addition we address the case of low-dimensional structures, such as zero-dimensional point defects (NAs in GaAs). Our results reveal two rem ark-able features of this alloy system: (i) a very large bowing of the band gap (the system may even become metallic for compositions around x = 0.5) and (ii) a very limited miscibility. Both properties are related to a distinctive property of this alloy system: a more than 20% lattice mismatch between GaAs and GaN.
Planning for uncertainty: use of structural equation modelling to determine the causal structure of time buffer allocation

Construction personnel at every level of management are constantly planning and trying to figure out how to best deal with the uncertainty and variability of construction projects. The allocation of a time buffer in task planning is one method used to absorb variation caused by the inherent complexity and uncertainty present in construction. The research objective is to identify the causal structure used in planning for uncertainty and allocating a time buffer to construction project tasks. A time buffer questionnaire was developed and distributed to 175 companies across 37 states in the US. A structural equation modelling approach was used to develop mental models for field management personnel and upper management personnel based on both the frequency and severity response data collected. A total of 63 completed surveys from construction field managers were collected to validate the models. Contributions to the body of knowledge include (1) the development of causal structures for decision support throu...
Intelligent control of time-varying dynamical systems using CMAC artificial neural network

In this paper, some successful case studies are presented on the intelligent control of time-varying linear/nonlinear dynamical systems using the Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer (CMAC) artificial neural network, and a recently developed unified linear system theory and a novel control technique called Extended-Mean Assignment Control (EMAC). Thanks to CMAC's simple and effective training algorithm and fast learning convergence, satisfactory and encouraging simulation results of angle-of-attack control of an aerobreak re-entry spacecraft and attitude control of an earth orbiting space vehicle subject to gravity gradient torque are obtained and presented in this paper. Suggestions for further investigations on the control of time-varying dynamical systems using CMAC and EMAC are proposed.
GnuTutor: An Open Source Intelligent Tutoring System Based on AutoTutor

This paper presents GnuTutor, an open source intelligent tutoring system (ITS) inspired by the AutoTutor ITS. The goal of GnuTutor is to create a freely available, open source ITS platform that can be used by schools and researchers alike. To achieve this goal, significant departures from AutoTutor's current design were made so that GnuTutor would use a smaller, non-proprietary code base but have the major functionality of AutoTutor, including mixed-initiative dialogue, an animated agent, speech act classification, and natural language understanding using latent semantic analysis. This paper describes the GnuTutor system, its components, and the major differences between GnuTutor and AutoTutor.
History of evolution of the concept of medical ethics.

"Time present and time past are both perhaps present in time future and time future contained in time past".--Thomas Steams Eliot (1888-1965), Noble Literature Laureate, 1948. History and evolution of the concept of Medical Ethics is the classical example of this poetic expression. Virtually, every human society has some forces of myth to explain the origin of morality. Indian ethics was philosophical from its very birth. In the Vedas (1500 B.C.), ethics was an integral aspect of philosophical and religious speculation about the nature of reality. The Vedas says how people ought to live and is the oldest philosophical literature in the world. It was the first account of philosophical ethics in human history. The old Testament of (c. 200 B.C.) the Hebrew Bible (Greek--ta biblia--"the books") gives account of God giving the Ten Commandments--the oral and written Law engraved on tablets of Stone to Moses around 13th century B.C. on Mount Sinai (Arabic--Gebel Musa) the Mountain near the tip of the Sinai Peninsula in West Asia.
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LYMPHOCYTE MEDIATOR-MACROPHAGE INTERACTIONS*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical characterization of lymphocyte mediator–macrophage interactions. The interaction between lymphocytes and macrophages represents an important aspect of cellular immunity. One facet of this interaction is the production and secretion of a lymphocyte mediator, migration inhibitory factor (MIF) that affects the behavior of macrophages. Macrophage activating factor (MAF) activates macrophages by inducing a number of changes in them, including an augmentation of their ability to kill tumor cells and microorganisms. Lymphocyte mediators play a crucial role in the immunological activation of macrophages. The chapter describes the biochemical, morphological, and functional alterations of macrophages. If cell surface carbohydrates are necessary for the interaction between the macrophage and MIF/MAF, then a candidate for a receptor can be a glycolipid located in the plasma membrane. Glycolipids are receptors for a variety of hormones and bacterial toxins.
PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN HUMAN LACTATION

The decline of breastfeeding is not the public health problem but rather it is the often unsanitary conditions under which bottlefeeding occurs leading to the high rate of infant morbidity and mortality. However Solimano and Sherman believe that prior to addressing breastfeeding practices in the general society health care professionals must be educated to the advantages of breastfeeding. The importance of breastfeeding should be included in all training programs for those working with prospective mothers. Hospitals might abolish nurseries in an attempt to make the hospital environment more conducive to lactating women. Physicians in their relationship to the milk companies should be more aware of the image they project and the influence they exert on new mothers regarding the question of breastfeeding. Also the formula firms should be better regulated. Additionally the authors suggest that health and sanitary services must be both accessible and appropriate to low income groups. Finally special attention should be given to policies such as paid maternity leave for mothers working in the labor market development of nurseries at places of employment plus educational programs aimed at encouraging women to breastfeed.
Compact Model for Current Collapse in GaN-HEMT Power Switches

We present a simple yet accurate model describing current-voltage characteristics of GaN-HEMT power switches in presence of carrier trapping often referred to as current collapse. The model accounts for time-dependent changes in the source-gate and gate-drain resistances after application of high drain voltage. The model also has a regime describing ‘fast’ current voltage characteristics when the applied voltage swing occurs within a period of time much shorter than the characteristic trapping – detrapping times. The model is written in Verilog-A and can be implemented in SPICE-type circuit simulators.
ESTAGIÁRIO: PERCEPÇÃO DE ALUNOS E PROFESSORES

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a concepcao do professor regente e dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental em relacao a presenca e a participacao do aluno-estagiario de Ciencias Biologicas durante as aulas de ciencias. Considerando que uma boa relacao entre aluno-professor e de extrema importância durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, o aluno-estagiario deve refletir e exercitar durante sua formacao essa afinidade na convivencia com os alunos. A partir dos dados coletados foi possivel perceber que o estagio supervisionado colaborou no processo da construcao dos saberes do aluno-estagiario, pois tanto os alunos quanto o professor regente reconhecem ser de extrema importância essa convivencia na formacao do futuro professor.
Influence of gold nanoparticle surface chemistry and diameter upon Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-β protein aggregation

Deposits of aggregated amyloid-β protein (Aβ) are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, one therapeutic strategy is to eliminate these deposits by halting Aβ aggregation. While a variety of possible aggregation inhibitors have been explored, only nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit promise at low substoichiometric ratios. With tunable size, shape, and surface properties, NPs present an ideal platform for rationally designed Aβ aggregation inhibitors. In this study, we characterized the inhibitory capabilities of gold nanospheres exhibiting different surface coatings and diameters. Both NP diameter and surface chemistry were found to modulate the extent of aggregation, while NP electric charge influenced aggregate morphology. Notably, 8 nm and 18 nm poly(acrylic acid)-coated NPs abrogated Aβ aggregation at a substoichiometric ratio of 1:2,000,000. Theoretical calculations suggest that this low stoichiometry could arise from altered solution conditions near the NP surface. Specifically, local solution pH and charge density are congruent with conditions that influence aggregation. These findings demonstrate the potential of surface-coated gold nanospheres to serve as tunable therapeutic agents for the inhibition of Aβ aggregation. Insights gained into the physiochemical properties of effective NP inhibitors will inform future rational design of effective NP-based therapeutics for AD.
Conversion and assimilation of furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural by Pseudomonas putida KT2440

The sugar dehydration products, furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), are commonly formed during high-temperature processing of lignocellulose, most often in thermochemical pretreatment, liquefaction, or pyrolysis. Typically, these two aldehydes are considered major inhibitors in microbial conversion processes. Many microbes can convert these compounds to their less toxic, dead-end alcohol counterparts, furfuryl alcohol and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfuryl alcohol. Recently, the genes responsible for aerobic catabolism of furfural and HMF were discovered in Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 to enable complete conversion of these compounds to the TCA cycle intermediate, 2-oxo-glutarate. In this work, we engineer the robust soil microbe, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, to utilize furfural and HMF as sole carbon and energy sources via complete genomic integration of the 12 kB hmf gene cluster previously reported from Burkholderia phytofirmans. The common intermediate, 2-furoic acid, is shown to be a bottleneck for both furfural and HMF metabolism. When cultured on biomass hydrolysate containing representative amounts of furfural and HMF from dilute-acid pretreatment, the engineered strain outperforms the wild type microbe in terms of reduced lag time and enhanced growth rates due to catabolism of furfural and HMF. Overall, this study demonstrates that an approach for biological conversion of furfural and HMF, relative to the typical production of dead-end alcohols, enables both enhanced carbon conversion and substantially improves tolerance to hydrolysate inhibitors. This approach should find general utility both in emerging aerobic processes for the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass-derived sugars and in the biological conversion of high-temperature biomass streams from liquefaction or pyrolysis where furfural and HMF are much more abundant than in biomass hydrolysates from pretreatment.
The Big Glamorous Monster (or Lady Gaga’s Adventures at Sea): Improving Student Writing Through Dramatic Approaches in Schools

Drawing on assets-oriented, sociocultural theories of imagination and learning, the authors argue that the improvisational qualities and expanded resources of dramatic approaches to teaching make a positive difference in the quality of and persistence in students’ story writing. The authors describe findings from a controlled quasi-experimental study examining the outcomes of an 8-week story-writing and drama-based program, Literacy to Life, implemented in 29 third-grade classrooms in elementary schools with and without Title I funding located within the same urban school district in Texas. Pre- and post-measures of writing self-efficacy, story building, and generating and revising ideas showed significant positive results, especially for students in schools that receive Title I funding. Research findings and the sociocultural theoretical framework argue for increased resources in support of opportunities for students to practice combinatorial imagination and use cultural knowledge for creative writing, a...
The Fiscal Savings Behavior of Pennsylvania School Districts Through the Great Recession

While researchers have examined fiscal stabilization for state and local governments, less attention has been dedicated to special purpose governments, such as school districts. This paper fills the gap by examining the general unassigned fund balance of Pennsylvania school districts before and after the Great Recession using a Two‐Step Generalized Method of Moments estimator. Although Pennsylvania imposes limitations on the unassigned fund balance, half of school districts are non‐compliant, choosing instead to accumulate savings above the limits to improve their budget flexibility. Since the Great Recession, however, state revenue constraints have challenged savings accumulation. Additionally, while districts use savings for covering expenditures, less unassigned fund balance was drained during downturn years due to cutback management. Collectively, these findings signal a “new normal” for Pennsylvania districts.
Wettability tailoring of nanotube carpets: morphology-chemistry synergy for hydrophobic–hydrophilic cycling

Carpet-like arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on graphitic carbon materials have been investigated in order to understand all-carbon hierarchical structures for multifunctional surface-active devices. Pure CNT carpets are seen to be super-hydrophobic as long as they are well aligned. For future applications involving aqueous environments, the ability to tailor the surface wettability and switch it on demand can be very useful, and enable unprecedented devices related to microfluidics, catalysis and sensing/detection systems. In this study, microwave plasma treatments were used to functionalize CNT carpets for a progressive increase in wettability so that they could eventually become super-hydrophilic. This change could be reversed by heating. Alternating between microwave plasma treatment and heating enabled repeated cycling of the CNT carpets between super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic states. This paper focuses on the influence of these two treatments on surface chemical states and multiscale morphology of CNT carpets, and their relation to wettability. It was shown by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) that oxygen-containing groups attached to surface carbon atoms are created during plasma treatment. These species desorb at temperatures of about 110 °C. The strength of C 1s and O 1s XPS signals from these radicals were seen to have direct correlation with water contact angles. In addition to surface chemistry, carpet morphology plays an important role in contact angle variations. Extreme surface roughness caused by high aspect-ratio of nanotubes would strongly accentuate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic behavior compared to flat surfaces. Classical geometric models of liquid droplets on uneven solids have been considered. Topological image analysis combined with intrinsic contact angle on flat graphene is used to predict the contact angle of these carpets, which matches well with experimental results. This analysis further explains why observed contact angles change if the vertical alignment of CNT is disturbed.
MEMS Enabled live cell mechanics and dynamics in shear loading

We designed, fabricated, and deployed a silicon MEMS device to strain a sheet of epithelial (2D and skin-like) cells in tension and/or shear simultaneously. We deployed the device with upright bright-field and fluorescence microscopy in live cell experiments spanning 42 hours. For the first time, our MEMS-based assay enabled quantification of the mechanics and dynamics of epithelial monolayers under shear deformation. In-plane shear forces are important in biological processes such as development, growth, collective migration, or cancer metastasis.
Social cognition : development across the life span

From the moment we enter this world, we are dependent on others. This dependence changes as we grow, creating a harmonic balance between ourselves and others.The goal of this volume is to describe and highlight cutting-edge research and theories that answer the many questions that arise in the field of Social Cognition. This is done in a rigorous and structured way, offering multidisciplinary material that goes beyond academic spheres.
Extended-release of opioids using fentanyl-based polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced pain management

Opioid receptor agonists form the backbone of pharmacological pain management. The use of these drugs through the current delivery routes poses significant health risks, including abuse, addiction, respiratory depression, and death. Those risks can be alleviated through controlled release of opioids at therapeutic levels for prolonged periods. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized as controlled drug delivery vehicles due to their unique ability of presenting different molecules of interest at their surfaces. In this study, we focus on extended-release of the synthetic opioid fentanyl analogs for improved pain management. To this end, we report the formulation of fentanyl-bearing polylactide and polyglicolide NPs (Fen-PLA/PLGA NPs) with controlled size, surface features, and antinociceptive properties. Biocompatible Fen-PLA/PLGA NPs were formulated through opioid initiators Fen-OH and Fen-Ary-EtOH, to prepare opioid chain-end functional biodegradable polymers. The results demonstrate that a single subcutaneous dose of the prepared NPs delivers therapeutically relevant doses for up to six days in a mouse model of acute nociception without unwanted burst-release. To further our aim of precise administration of the novel opioid delivery systems into skin tissue, we envisioned and fabricated dissolvable microneedle arrays (MNAs) that integrate the formulated NPs at their tips. Our novel biohybrids, which can be delivered precisely and minimally-invasively using dissolvable MNAs, may be utilized to formulate opioids towards preventing overdose and abuse.
Endoscopic Endonasal Transoculomotor Triangle Approach for the Resection of a Pituitary Adenoma with Ambient Cistern Extension.

Objectives The current video presents the nuances of the endoscopic endonasal transoculomotor triangle approach for the resection of a pituitary adenoma with extension into the ambient cistern. Design The video analyzes the presentation, preoperative workup and imaging, surgical steps and technical nuances of the surgery, the clinical outcome, and follow-up imaging. Setting The patient was treated by a skull base team consisting of a neurosurgeon and an ENT surgeon at a teaching academic institution. Participants The case refers to a 62-year-old female who presented with vision loss and headaches, and was found to have a pituitary adenoma with extension into the ambient cistern. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures consist of the reversal of the patient symptoms (headaches), the recurrence-free survival based on imaging, as well as the absence of any complications. Results The patient's headaches improved. There was no evidence of recurrence. Conclusions The endoscopic endonasal transoculomotor triangle approach is safe and effective for addressing pituitary tumors which extend into the ambient cistern. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/EBLwEWhohxY .
A feedforward and feedback integrated lateral and longitudinal driver model for personalized advanced driver assistance systems

Abstract Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are a subject of increasing interest as they are being implemented on production vehicles and also continue to be developed and researched. These systems need to work cooperatively with human drivers to increase vehicle driving safety and performance. Such cooperation requires the ADAS to work with the specific driver with some knowledge of the human driver's driving behavior. To aid such cooperation between human drivers and ADAS, driver models are necessary to replicate and predict human driving behaviors and distinguish among different drivers. This paper presents a combined lateral and longitudinal driver model developed based on human subject driving simulator experiments that is able to identify different driver behaviors through driver model parameter identification. The lateral driver model consists of a compensatory transfer function and an anticipatory component and is integrated with the design of the individual driver's desired path. The longitudinal driver model works with the lateral driver model by using the same desired path parameters to model the driver's velocity control based on the relative velocity and relative distance to the preceding vehicle. A feedforward component is added to the feedback longitudinal driver model by considering the driver's ability to regulate his/her velocity based on the curvature of his/her desired path. This interconnection between the longitudinal and lateral driver models allows for fewer driver model parameters and an increased modeling accuracy. It has been shown that the proposed driver model can replicate individual driver's steering wheel angle and velocity for a variety of highway maneuvers.
Are They on the Same Wavelength? Industry Professionals’ and Students’ Perceptions of Online Graduate Degree Programs in Hospitality and Tourism

The topic of graduate study in hospitality, particularly in an online format, deserves to be studied further to determine additional insights into how to make graduate programs in hospitality and t...
On the Parametrization of Input—Output Maps for Stable Linear Systems

I was introduced to the topic of linear multi-input—multi-output (MIMO) systems in the spring of 1960 at Purdue University by the late Rangasami Sridhar. At that time, reference material consisted of papers by Freeman [1, 2] and Kavanagh [3, 4] and analysis and synthesis of MIMO systems was in its infancy. Transfer function matrix representation was used and both analysis and synthesis involved inversion of square rational matrices. There was no understanding of synthesis procedures that would be guaranteed to lead to proper stabilizing controllers nor was there any real understanding of how closed-loop stability could be determined from an input—output representation. Although it was quite clear that considerable work was needed in order to develop effective tools to use on these problems, it was definitely not clear where to start.
Hemoglobin Imaging with Hybrid Magnetic Resonance and Near-Infrared Diffuse Tomography

This study examines the methodology of combining high-resolution information from magnetic resonance imaging into the reconstruction of near-infrared images of hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation. This type of hybrid imaging modality has the potential to provide non-invasive maps of hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation with relatively high spatial resolution with a fast time response. The study uses (i) tissue-simulating phantoms, as well as (ii) a rat cranial model, to test the method in two well-controlled situations. The phantom test demonstrates that better reconstruction accuracy can be achieved with the use of MRI-generated spatial regions in near-infrared reconstruction. The rat functional testing reveals that the technique can be applied to in vivo physiology, even in situations where the tissue is quite heterogeneous. It also shows that the application of a priori structure in the finite element mesh as well as spatial constraints in the near-infrared image reconstruction, can significantly improve the quality of the resulting hemoglobin images.
(Broad)casting a Wider Net: Clocking Men and Women in the Primetime and Non-Primetime Coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics

This study analyzed the frequency with which the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic broadcasts featured men and women athletes. To understand these portrayals, all 557 hr and 15 min of National Broadc...
The Occupational Dimension of Lung Cancer Screening

An editorial is presented that explores the occupational dimension of lung cancer screening. Particular focus is given to a study presented in the issue that looks at low-dose computerized tomography screening. Additional topics discussed include improving outcomes for patients, causes of lung cancer including smoking and asbestos exposure, and expanding the use of low-dose CT scanning
Engaging in risky and impulsive behaviors to alleviate distress mediates associations between intolerance of uncertainty and externalizing psychopathology

Despite increasing recognition that intolerance of uncertainty is a transdiagnostic dimension of psychopathology, very little research has investigated its relevance for externalizing psychopathology and related risky/impulsive behavior. Ninety-five unselected adults (ages 19-55, 53% men) recruited from the community completed a measure of intolerance of uncertainty, externalizing traits and problems, and risky/impulsive behavior. Higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty were associated with greater endorsement of externalizing symptoms (e.g., aggression, alcohol/marijuana use, problematic impulsivity) and last-month risky and impulsive behaviors. Relations between intolerance of uncertainty and externalizing symptoms/risky behaviors were mediated by a motivation to engage in these behaviors to avoid distress, but not by the motivation to experience pleasurable emotions. Findings suggest that difficulty tolerating uncertainty may confer risk for the externalizing spectrum of psychopathology by increasing the likelihood that an individual will engage in risky behaviors to alleviate distressing or unpleasant emotions.
The role of geriatric palliative care in hospitalized older adults

Take-Away Points:1. Geriatric palliative care requires integrating the disciplines of hospital medicine and palliative care in pursuit of delivering comprehensive, whole-person care to aging patients with serious illnesses.2. Older adults have unique palliative care needs compared to the general population, different prevalence and intensity of symptoms, more frequent neuropsychiatric challenges, increased social needs, distinct spiritual, religious, and cultural considerations, and complex medicolegal and ethical issues.3. Hospital-based palliative care interdisciplinary teams can take many forms and provide high-quality, goal-concordant care to older adults and their families.
Estimated effect of US state syringe sale policy on source of last-used injection equipment.

Abstract Background Many people who inject drugs (PWID) lack access to a new sterile syringe each time they inject, with increased risk of injection-related harms, including spread of communicable diseases. In the United States (US), restricted access is largely due to state laws and policies regulating syringe access. Our aim in this US-focused study is to estimate variations in syringe acquisition behavior in relation to state-level syringe sale policies, drawing upon self-identified PWID in a nationally representative sample survey. Methods Estimates were obtained on the source of the last used syringe from participants of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) years 2002–2011. States were classified as having restricted syringe policies if they had any restriction on the sale of syringes during the study period (e.g., required a prescription or limited the number being sold). Results In states with unrestricted syringe sale policies, PWID were more likely to have obtained their most recently used syringe from a safe source (Difference (%) = 9.8, 95% CI: 1.9, 17.7). This difference was largely driven by a larger percent of injectors obtaining syringes from a pharmacy in unrestricted states (Difference = 20.4, 95% CI: 12.2, 28.6) but was partially offset by fewer injectors obtaining syringes from syringe exchange programs (Difference = −10.7, 95% CI: −16.1, −5.3). Conclusion These new findings, taken with other evidence, should help promote removal of policy barriers that now thwart syringe acquisition from a safe source. We hope this additional evidence will provoke policy discussions and may influence regulations that promote public health and reduce the spread of communicable diseases.
Management of pathogens in swine

Abstract Pork is one of the most consumed proteins in the world due to the ability to raise pigs in areas similar to where society thrives. The management of swine and their pathogens has changed greatly over time. Production systems incorporate facilities, animal movements, cleaning, disinfection, nutrition, immunology, and genetics to efficiently rear swine.
Stochastic approximation for simulation optimization under input uncertainty with streaming data

We consider a simulation optimization problem whose objective function is defined as the expectation of a simulation output based on a continuous decision variable, where the parameters of the simulation input distributions are estimated based on independent and identically distributed streaming data from a real-world system. Finite-sample error in the input parameter estimates causes input uncertainty in the simulation output, which decreases as the data size increases. By viewing the problem through the lens of misspecified stochastic optimization, we develop a stochastic approximation (SA) framework to solve a sequence of problems defined by the sequence of input parameter estimates to increasing levels of exactness. Under suitable assumptions, we observe that the error in the SA solution diminishes to zero in expectation and propose a SA sampling scheme so that the resulting solution iterates converge to the optimal solution under the real-world input distribution at the best possible rate.
From provincial to international: Competing imaginings and representations of taiyupian in news reports between 1956 and 1958

As Taiwan’s film policy reform was taking place between 1956 and 1958, the definition of guochanpian (domestically produced films) and the qualification of taiyupian (Taiwanese-language films) as g...
An arduino-based sensor to measure transendothelial electrical resistance

Abstract As the most popular microcontroller, Arduino is gaining interest for prototyping and optimizing instruments. Here, we report for the first time the use of Arduino as a standalone instrument to measure cell barrier integrity. Specifically, a transendothelial/epithelial resistance (TEER) meter was fabricated with an Arduino unit. TEER is an essential biophysical measurement to evaluate the integrity of biological barriers. Characterization of the device showed that the meter could accurately measure TEERs between 132 and 82,500 Ω·cm2 with
David L. McConnell and Marilyn D. Loveless, Nature and the Environment in Amish Life

David L. McConnell and Marilyn D. Loveless, Nature and the Environment in Amish Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018), xiv+294 pp., $49.95 (pbk), ISBN: 9781421426167.
The Affective Being of Multilingual Children’s Language Use for Mathematics Learning

This article investigates how young multilingual children's mathematics learning is connected to their language use, lived experiences, contexts, and emotions. To this end, we consider the experien...
Functional recovery in new mouse models of ALS/FTLD after clearance of pathological cytoplasmic TDP-43

Accumulation of phosphorylated cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions accompanied by loss of normal nuclear TDP-43 in neurons and glia of the brain and spinal cord are the molecular hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP). However, the role of cytoplasmic TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative TDP-43 proteinopathies remains unclear, due in part to a lack of valid mouse models. We therefore generated new mice with doxycycline (Dox)-suppressible expression of human TDP-43 (hTDP-43) harboring a defective nuclear localization signal (∆NLS) under the control of the neurofilament heavy chain promoter. Expression of hTDP-43∆NLS in these ‘regulatable NLS’ (rNLS) mice resulted in the accumulation of insoluble, phosphorylated cytoplasmic TDP-43 in brain and spinal cord, loss of endogenous nuclear mouse TDP-43 (mTDP-43), brain atrophy, muscle denervation, dramatic motor neuron loss, and progressive motor impairments leading to death. Notably, suppression of hTDP-43∆NLS expression by return of Dox to rNLS mice after disease onset caused a dramatic decrease in phosphorylated TDP-43 pathology, an increase in nuclear mTDP-43 to control levels, and the prevention of further motor neuron loss. rNLS mice back on Dox also showed a significant increase in muscle innervation, a rescue of motor impairments, and a dramatic extension of lifespan. Thus, the rNLS mice are new TDP-43 mouse models that delineate the timeline of pathology development, muscle denervation and neuron loss in ALS/FTLD-TDP. Importantly, even after neurodegeneration and onset of motor dysfunction, removal of cytoplasmic TDP-43 and the concomitant return of nuclear TDP-43 led to neuron preservation, muscle re-innervation and functional recovery.
Union republic migration trends in the USSR during the 1980s.

This article examines union republic migration trends in the USSR between 1979 and 1987 and prospects for indigenous out-migration from rural areas in Central Asia. The study is based on migration data derived by the residual technique and migration data from the 1985 microcensus. Results indicate that a south-to-north and probably Russian-dominated migration trend emerged in the 1980s, one which marks an almost complete reversal from earlier periods, especially 1959-70. Although Central Asia continues to have low levels of indigenous out-migration, labor surpluses and relatively waning capital investment in Central Asia may change this situation.
Meeting metadata challenges in the consortial environment: Metadata coordination for North Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to focus on the approaches to metadata pursued by North Carolina's Exploring Cultural Heritage Online (NC ECHO), a statewide digitization project. Metadata forms the cornerstone to the project and serves as a vehicle to meet the vision of all‐inclusive access to the state's unique cultural and historical resources.Design/methodology/approach – The article begins with a description of the cultural heritage institution landscape in North Carolina and a discussion of that landscape within the framework of metadata challenges. Four distinct but interrelated approaches are then discussed in the context of the project's missions and goals: working groups, “metadata first”, training and outreach, and “Seek a Metadata Consultation”.Findings – The described approach demonstrates a commitment to communication, facilitation, and empowerment that is fundamental to the overall mission of NC ECHO: to provide access to the state's cultural heritage materials through an online por...
Individuals' Estimates of the Risks of Death: Part II—New Evidence

Using new survey data, we test the hypothesis that individuals' perceptions of health and safety risks are unbiased. While we find that respondents' estimates of those risks are sensitive to the information they are given to anchor their responses, we find no evidence to support the widely held view that people tend to underestimate the frequency of relatively common risks. The slight tendency for respondents to overestimate the frequency of extremely unlikely events can plausibly be interpreted as truncation bias. Overall, the accuracy of our subjects' estimates varies in a manner that is fully consistent with simple conjectures about the health and safety information that is of greatest relevance to them in the conduct of their lives. The marked difference between the results of our survey and those of previous studies appears to be attributable to the practical implications of costly information and the common failure of investigators to account for the fact that rational individuals will choose to acquire less than full information about many uncertain events.
Magnetic ordering in UCu2Si2 at high pressure

Abstract We have performed resistivity measurements as a function of applied pressure to 2.0 GPa on a single crystal of UCu 2 Si 2 . We find that the ambient pressure magnetic ordering temperature of 100 K, and the low-temperature ordering at 50 K, both decrease gradually in a manner consistent with itinerant magnetism. The results will be compared to previous measurements on UCu 2 Ge 2 .
A software tool for progressive image transmission

A software tool for evaluations of progressive image transmission (PIT) schemes is presented. This tool offers a simple, convenient, and flexible platform for performing these evaluations in a user-friendly manner. Under one platform, the tool permits simultaneous evaluation of two or more PIT schemes using both objective and subjective quality measures. It is an open architecture that makes it easy to add new modules. The authors present illustrative examples of some of the subjective evaluation features of the tool, namely, the difference image and the interactive zoom utility. >
Fretting fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V under seawater environment ☆

Abstract Fretting fatigue behavior of titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, was investigated in ambient laboratory and under a controlled environment consisting of synthetic seawater. Tests were performed over a wide range of the maximum axial stresses ranging from 380 to 760 MPa to examine both low and high cycle fatigue regimes. It was found that seawater had a deleterious effect on fretting fatigue life in the low cycle fatigue regime but improved the life in the high cycle fatigue regime. The normalized tangential force showed negligible difference between the two conditions. More debris was found on the fracture surface of specimens exposed to seawater, which also resulted in larger fretting scar volume as compared to specimens tested under the ambient laboratory condition. Analysis of tests showed that both effective stress and a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter could be used to predict seawater fretting fatigue life from the ambient laboratory fretting fatigue life data in the high cycle fatigue regime.
The Copernican Question Revisited: A Reply to Noel Swerdlow and John Heilbron

The Copernican Question advances a radical reinterpretation of a classic episode in the history of science. Copernicus's turn to the heliocentric planetary arrangement occurred in the context of a late-fifteenth century political/religious controversy about the credibility of astrology triggered in 1496 by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's attack on the science of the stars. This controversy about the principles of astrological prognostication continued to drive debates about the heavens from the late-fifteenth to the early seventeenth century. The reviewers conceal their defense of the historiographical status quo ante by focusing on matters of translation. The rebuttal demonstrates that the real disagreements are over method and interpretation.
High-pressure structural stability and elasticity of supercrystals self-assembled from nanocrystals.

We report here combined quasi-hydrostatic high-pressure small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies on faceted 3D supercrystals (SCs) self-assembled from colloidal 7.0 nm spherical PbS nanocrystals (NCs). Diamond anvil cell (DAC) SAXS experiments in the pressure range from ambient to 12.5 GPa revealed nearly perfect structural stability of the SCs, with face-centered cubic organization of the NCs. Pressure-induced ordering (annealing effect) of the superstructure was observed. The ambient pressure bulk modulus of the SCs was calculated to be ∼5 GPa for compression and ∼14.5 GPa for decompression from fitting of Vinet and Birch−Murnaghan equations of state. XRD measurements revealed strong preferential crystallographic orientation of the NCs through all phase transformations to as high as 55 GPa without any indication of NC sintering. The first phase transition pressure of the NCs was found between 8.1 and 9.2 GPa and proceeds through homogeneous nucleation. Bulk modulus of PbS ...
Organization and Management Practices of Urban Terrorist Groups

A terrorist organization, existing for a specific purpose and mission, is a social unit (human grouping), deliberately constructed, which manages to achieve rational cooperation as it pursues specific goals. Consequently, ideological commitment by members of a terrorist group to the goals of their organization is necessary for organizational survival. For this purpose, results to be achieved by terrorist propaganda and armed actions are expressed in terms of goals.1 Used in this broad sense, goals of a terrorist organization would include such things as objectives, purposes, missions, deadlines, targets, and quotas. Goals, therefore, are a vital link in the administration of a terrorist organization, as they aid in decentralization, provide a basis for voluntary coordination, become a focus for individual motivation, and also are essential elements in the process of control.2
Endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer: A review

More than 45,000 women will die of metastatic breast cancer in the United States in 1991. Endocrine therapy remains a major option for treatment of such patients, and results in complete plus partial response rates of 30% with a median duration of approximately one year. Postmenopausal status, increased age, a prolonged disease-free interval, bone and soft tissue metastases, and positive estrogen and progesterone receptors are all associated with an increased response to endocrine therapy. The use of additive hormonal therapy, specifically antiestrogens, progestins, and aromatase inhibitors, have replaced surgical ablative procedures in the majority of patients; response rates to antiestrogen therapy, progestin therapy, and aromatase inhibitors are similar, but antiestrogens have generally been associated with the most favorable therapeutic index. At present, there is no convincing evidence that either combinations of endocrine therapies or endocrine therapy combined with chemotherapy are associated with an improvement in survival for patients with metastatic disease. Future research efforts directed at defining the molecular mechanisms of endocrine activity should facilitate clinical trials of newer and potentially more effective agents. All patients with metastatic breast cancer should be considered for at least one trial of endocrine therapy provided their metastatic disease is not rapidly progressive or life-threatening.