cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rôle of syphilis in the etiology of angina pectoris, coronary arteriosclerosis and thrombosis, and of sudden cardiac death

T ;IE r6le played by syphilis in the etiology of angina pectoris, coronary sclerosis and thrombosis, and of cardiac infarction has never been clearly evaluated ; and varying opinions have been held by clinicians as to its importance in the production of these conditions. The most recent writers, as Levine, believe that syphilis is rarely an underlying factor in the causation of coronary thrombosis. In only three of Levine’s eighty-nine cases in which a Wassermann reaction was done was there a positive reaction, and in one other case with a negative reaction, there was a history of a primary infection. From this it would appear that only 4.5 per cent of his patients were syphilitic, and it does not necessarily follow that in these cases the syphilis was the etiologic factor in the production of coronary thrombosis. In one case only, a patient only thirty-six years old, the youngest in his series, did this seem likely. In the other cases the syphilis may well have been coincidental. Levine decides that coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction are rarely caused by syphilis. However, in Levine’s cases the diagnoses were chiefly clinical and gross pathological. In only forty-six of the cases were autopsies done, and t,he microscopic diagnosis of syphilis does not seem to have been considered. It is possible that microscopic criteria for the diagnosis of syphilis might have increased the percentage of syphilitics in his material. In thirteen autopsies on patients dying of coronary disease reported by W. J. Stone, microscopical examination showed syphilitic periarteritis in two cases. In eighty-six autopsies of coronary sclerosis, Willius and Brown found syphilis of the aorta in 19 per cent.
A graphical notation for describing system implementation

It is suggested that many important concepts in computer system implementation are more difficult to describe and understand than would be the case were there a suitable graphical notation available. Such a notation, which consists of five elements and two forms for composing these elements, is introduced. It is then used to illustrate some basic techniques in the implementation of programming languages.
Continuum damage modeling of impact fracture in ceramic materials

Abstract The expanded use of ceramic materials in a variety of engineering applications demands improved capabilities for the simulation of anisotropic microcracking and fracture processes. Damage mechanics provides a continuum-based description of such processes which can be readily implemented in the Lagrangian finite element codes most often employed in structural analysis and design. The use of anisotropic damage models in three-dimensional impact simulations demands that large rotation effects be accounted for, in a computationally efficient way. In addition, ceramic materials call for consideration of rate-dependent damage evolution equations. A second-order tensor-based elastic-brittle damage model for ceramic materials may be formulated, which is both suitable for large rotation analysis and thermodynamically consistent in its treatment of rate-dependent damage evolution.
Chlamydia screening in at-risk adolescent females: An evaluation of screening practices and modifiable screening correlates

Abstract Purpose To identify modifiable correlates of chlamydia screening that could offer intervention targets to enhance screening. Methods We surveyed a representative sample of primary care providers (n = 186) at an integrated healthcare delivery system to document their self-reported adherence to annual screening of sexually-active adolescents and to identify specific, modifiable constructs that were correlated with annual chlamydia screening. To cross-validate providers' self-report, we also used automated data to examine adolescent screening in an anonymous sample of primary care providers (n = 143). Results Forty-two percent of providers reported annual chlamydia screening of sexually-active adolescents. Univariate correlates of annual screening were: provider type (non-physician) ( p = .01), female gender ( p = .001), fewer years of clinical experience ( p = .001), greater perceived knowledge about chlamydia ( p = .001), greater confidence across a range of screening-related activities ( p ≤ .01), greater comfort recommending screening for sexually transmitted diseases ( p = .001), and greater perceived patient comfort discussing sexual issues ( p Conclusions Routine chlamydia screening among asymptomatic, at-risk adolescent females could be enhanced through additional intervention targeting specific provider attitudes and beliefs about chlamydia screening.
Conversion of Fertilized Annual Range Forage to Beef Cattle Liveweight Gain

A 3-yr field experiment evaluated average daily (ADG) and total seasonal (LG) weight gains of growing beef cattle (Bos taunts) on fertilized California foothill annual range. Soils were a mixture of four series of alfisols. Nitrogen was applied alone at 45 or 90 kg ha ', P and S were applied together at 34P 37S or 67P 74S kg ha'1, and the two N rates were combined with 34P 37S. Two 13.2-ha replications were stocked with 215-kg steers in late November, and stocking rates were increased twice during a grazing season averaging 190 d. Forage on offer (FL) varied from 400 to 2500 kg ha~>. Annual forage production (FP) varied from 2500 to 5700 kg ha~' and differed (P<0.05) between treatments and years. Year-to-year and within-year variations in rainfall influenced FP. Average daily gains over the season varied linearly from less than 0.2 to over 1.0 kg steer~'. Differences in ADG due to treatments were largely restricted to the first year and to treatments with N, P, and S or the higher level of PS, but 3-yr trends were not significant. Average daily gain was not strongly influenced by either FL or legume content of the forage. Three-year LG was highest for the two NPS and the higher PS treatment. Fertilization increased forage organic matter digestibility and N concentrations over the control. Results indicate that either N, P, and S or a sufficient level of P and S to stimulate production of legume N was required for high forage production.
Of Elections and Emeritus Memberships

The balloting for the 2013 RRA elections has now been completed. Your voting yielded the following outcomes: Jack Marcum was elected President for a term that begins in 2015. He became Vice-President at the end of this year’s annual meeting. Mary Gautier and Melinda Lundquist Denton were elected to 4-year terms on the RRA Board of Directors. They also took office at the end of this year’s annual meeting. Conrad Hackett and Robert Woodberry were elected to the Nominating Committee and will begin their work with the election of 2014. On behalf of the RRA membership I want to congratulate all of these individuals and extend our appreciation to everyone who agreed to stand for election, as well as to Nominations Chair Elaine Howard Ecklund and those who worked with her. Finding well-qualified persons who are willing to accept nomination is not the easiest job in RRA. On another front, the Executive Office had quite a surprising event as dues rolled in this year, inasmuch as a number of people declared themselves Emeritus members and paid Emeritus dues. Some also included generous contributions, for which we are grateful. Others did not. This matter apparently needs to be set straight formally, so that it is included in that part of our institutional printed record that goes to all members: The RRA By-Laws revision of 1995 ended the category of Emeritus membership, but the Board also recognized at that time that this honor had been bestowed on a number of individuals and stated that those persons who held this status prior to 1995 would retain it for the remainder of their active lives in the RRA. The only RRA members who now hold this status are David O. Moberg and Everett L. Perry. We wish them both long and productive lives, but once they have gone to their rewards, that is the end of Emeritus membership in the RRA. In the future, these Emeritus members will be sent separate dues notices to avoid this confusion.
Personalizing therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

The recognition that non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not a single disease entity, but rather a collection of distinct molecularly driven neoplasms, has permanently shifted the therapeutic landscape of NSCLC to a personalized approach. This personalization of NSCLC therapy is typified by the dramatic response rates seen in EGFR mutant NSCLC when treated with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and in ALK translocation–driven NSCLC when treated with ALK inhibitors. Targeted therapeutic approaches in NSCLC necessitate consideration of more invasive biopsy techniques aimed at providing sufficient tissue for both histological determination and molecular profiling in all patients with stage IV disease both at the time of diagnosis and at the time of disease progression. Comprehensive genotyping efforts have identified oncogenic drivers in 62% lung adenocarcinomas and an increasing proportion of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. The identification of these oncogenic drivers and the triage of patients to clinical trials evaluating novel targeted therapeutic approaches will increasingly mold a landscape of personalized lung cancer therapy where each genotype has an associated targeted therapy. This review outlines the state of personalized lung cancer therapy as it pertains to individual NSCLC genotypes.
Singing the gospel: Using musical practices to build religious and racial communities

Abstract How can musical traditions be used to create meaningful social bonds? In an ethnographic study of an African-American church, I examine the process by which the religious and musical practice of gospel singing creates social ties. Bonds are built not just in ritual moments of worship, but in “backstage” moments when vocal techniques are taught, shared understandings of religious lyrics are nurtured, and a “worshipful” subjectivity is cultivated. Gospel choir singing binds youth to the church and symbolically to the local and global black community. I use the concept of “practice” to bring to the fore the social contexts in which the act of singing takes place.
Platinum(II) Phosphido Complexes as Metalloligands. Structural and Spectroscopic Consequences of Conversion from Terminal to Bridging Coordination

Treatment of the terminal phosphido complexes Pt(dppe)(Me)(PPh(R)) (R = Ph (1), i-Bu (6)) with Pt(dppe)(Me)(OTf) gave the cationic μ-phosphido complexes [(Pt(dppe)(Me))2(μ-PPh(R))][OTf] (R = Ph (7), i-Bu (8)). Similarly, Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me)(PPh(i-Bu)) (10) was converted to [(Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me))2(μ-PPh(i-Bu))][OTf] (11). A fluxional process in 8 and 11, presumably involving hindered rotation about the Pt−PPh(i-Bu) bonds, was observed by NMR spectroscopy; it resulted in two diastereomers for 8 and four for 11 at low temperature. Coordination of the metalloligand 10 to the [Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me)]+ fragment, yielding 11, resulted in structural changes at the Pt−phosphido group, whose geometry changed from distorted pyramidal to tetrahedral. Decomposition of 6 also gave the cation 8, while oxidation of 6 with H2O2 gave the crystallographically characterized phosphido oxide complex Pt(dppe)(Me)(P(O)Ph(i-Bu)) (12).
Tennant on knowability

(1999). Tennant on knowability. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 422-428.
Performance limitations in the control of LTI plants over fading channels

This paper presents performance limitations in the control of single-input linear time-invariant (LTI) plants when controlled over a fading channel. Our main result is a closed form characterization of the minimal stationary plant output variance, as an explicit function of channel statistics and plant characteristics. To derive our results, we first show that there exists an equivalence, in a second order moment sense, between a fading channel and an additive white noise channel subject to a stationary SNR constraint. Such equivalence is then exploited to state conditions for stabilization, and to derive explicit performance limitations, as immediate corollaries of known results in the literature on networked control subject to SNR constraints.
Fundamentals of successful monitoring, reporting, and verification under a cap-and-trade program

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed and implemented the Acid Rain Program (ARP), and NOx Budget Trading Programs (NBTP) using several fundamental monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) elements: (1) compliance assurance through incentives and automatic penalties; (2) strong quality assurance (QA); (3) collaborative approach with a petition process; (4) standardized electronic reporting; (5) compliance flexibility for low-emitting sources; (6) complete emissions data record required; (7) centralized administration; (8) level playing field; (9) publicly available data; (10) performance-based approach; and (11) reducing conflicts of interest. Each of these elements is discussed in the context of the authors’ experience under two U.S. cap-and-trade programs and their potential application to other capand-trade programs. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget found that the Acid Rain Program has accounted for the largest quantified human health benefits of any federal reg...
Reversing the Underachievement of Gifted Middle School Students Lessons From Another Field

Underachievement often begins in middle school for gifted students. Unfortunately, there is no single intervention that will ameliorate underachievement for all gifted students. To date, interventions aimed at reversing the underachieving behaviors of gifted middle school students have been inconsistent and inconclusive. To create an effective plan to reverse gifted underachievement, the field of gifted education must look closely at the research-based practices of special education. Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) is a viable way to accomplish this task. A team of individuals invested in the student’s success first target the source(s) of the student’s underachieving behavior, and then, together, they develop an individualized intervention plan. Although there is no magical cure for underachievement, steps can be taken to help middle school gifted students become achievers. This article will explore who the middle school gifted underachiever is and why he or she may begin to underachieve, review int...
Risk, Mercury Levels, and Birds: Relating Adverse Laboratory Effects to Field Biomonitoring

There is an abundance of field data on levels of mercury in a variety of organisms and there are a number of studies that demonstrate the adverse effects of mercury on laboratory animals, but few studies examine the relationship between the two. Thus it is often difficult to determine the ecological relevance of mercury concentrations found in nature, or to predict the ecosystem consequences of current levels. In this paper we review the levels in tissues that are associated with adverse effects in birds from laboratory studies and compare these with levels found in wild bird populations in the New York Bight to provide a basis for interpreting values in avian populations. We use feathers from fledgling birds which would have been fed on locally obtained food to eliminate the problem of where toxic burdens were acquired by more mobile adult birds. Laboratory studies indicate that in some species mercury levels of 1.5 ppm in eggs and/or 5 to 40 ppm in the feathers of birds are associated with adverse effects, including impaired reproduction. We report egg levels in birds that range as high as 3.8 ppm and feather levels that range as high as 10.3 ppm, although means are much lower. The levels in eggs of some wild birds in the New York Bight are within the range known to lower hatchability, embryo and chick survival, and chick weight, all variables that reduce reproductive success. Species with high egg levels include Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and black skimmer (Rynchops niger). Levels in feathers of some young wild birds from the New York Bight are within the range associated with reduced hatchability of eggs, behavioral abnormalities of adults, and infertility. Species with dangerously elevated mercury levels in feathers include great egret (Ardea [=Egretta] alba), snowy egret [Egretta thula), and black skimmers.
Peptides bound endogenously by HLA-Cw*0304 expressed in LCL 721.221 cells include a peptide derived from HLA-E

The peptide-binding specificity of HLA-Cw*0304 was determined. Sequence analysis of endogenously-bound peptides isolated from Cw*0304 expressed by LCL 721.221 (221 for short) cells transfected with Cw*0304 cDNA revealed this class I allotype preferentially binds peptides possessing alanine at position 2 and leucine or methionine at the C-terminus. One peptide isolated from Cw*0304 expressed by 221 cells has sequence identity to residues 116-126 of HLA-E. Expression of HLA-E by 221 cells was confirmed by isolation of mRNA transcripts for HLA-E*0101 and detection of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m)-associated HLA-E protein.
W-H-E-E-L of Disaster.

Many states require long-term care facilities to develop mandatory training sessions on several safety, infection, and biohazard-related topics. The challenge for most facilities is how to make learning exciting and new. Many training sessions are mandatory, so the challenge for educators is how to take the boredom out of going to inservice programs. This article outlines an inservice program developed at Attic Angel Place in Madison, WI. Using the popular television show Wheel of Fortune as a model, the facility developed a similar game-like training program dealing with accident prevention, fire and tornado safety, and biohazardous materials. Of the facility’s 175 full- and part-time employees, 75 attended the “Wheel of Disaster.”
Neuropharmacological profile of the young chick.

Abstract The EEG and behavioral effects of diverse centrally active pharmacological agents were studied in unrestrained, unanesthetized, 5–14 day old white Leghorn cockerels. Effective doses of the barbiturates, alpha chloralose, chlorpromazine, reserpine, and morphine, produced behavioral depression and associated slow wave EEG activity. The hallucinogenic compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, harmine, and mescaline, induced behavioral excitation, EEG arousal activity and abnormal body postures; the initial effects were often followed by behavioral depression. Caffeine produced no apparent alteration of either the EEG or the behavior of the young chick. Atropine induced an EEG arousal pattern, locomotor ataxia, and later a perceptible increase in normal motor activities. Amphetamine produced desynchronized EEG patterns characteristic of arousal, increased vocal activity, abnormal postures, and increased locomotor activities. Drug interactions with the unique amphetamine chick response revealed that atropine was the most effective amphetamine potentiating agent examined; while diphenhydramine and related agents were the most effective blocking agents of amphetamine induced behavior, that by themselves did not produce behavioral depression. Subconvulsant doses of metrazol produced slow wave EEG activity and behavioral quiescence; while convulsant doses induced clonus and diffuse, high voltage, spiking waves in the EEG. Strychnine produced tonic convulsions while the EEG demonstrated only a desynchronized pattern and not a pattern of spikes. The few differences in drug responses between avian and mammalian species appeared to be related to the absence of an avian functional cerebral cortex and a neothalamo-cortical anatomical complex. These anatomical differences in the bird result in: the absence of myoclonic jerking following alpha chloralose; the apparent lack of a caffeine stimulatory effect; the association of the atropine-induced EEG and behavioral effects; and the absence of strychnine-induced spikes in the cerebral hemisphere EEG. The many similarities in responsiveness between avian and mammalian species were more striking than the few differences. Especially prominent was the demonstration that the chick responses to those agents that effect mechanisms underlying the states of wakefulness and sleep, i.e. the barbiturates, chlorpromazine, reserpine, and amphetamine, were comparable to the responses reported for mammalian species. This suggested that there are a number of fundamental central nervous system mechanisms controlling EEG and behavioral activities, and originating in subcortical brain areas that appear to share common properties and presence in the homeothermal vertebrates.
Mutational Analysis of Escherichia coliTopoisomerase IV II. ATPase NEGATIVE MUTANTS OF ParE INDUCE HYPER-DNA CLEAVAGE

ParE is the ATP-binding subunit of topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). During topoisomerization, the ATP-binding and hydrolysis cycle must be coordinated with the cycle of DNA cleavage and religation. We have isolated three dominant-negative mutant alleles ofparE that encode ParE proteins that fail to hydrolyze ATP when reconstituted with ParC to form Topo IV. ParE G110S Topo IV and ParE S123L Topo IV failed to bind ATP at all, whereas ParE T201A could bind ATP. All three mutant Topo IV proteins exhibited an elevated level of spontaneous DNA cleavage that could be associated with a decreased rate of DNA resealing. In ParE T201A Topo IV, this defect appeared to result from an increased likelihood that the tetrameric enzyme would fall apart after DNA cleavage. Thus, while ATP is not required for DNA cleavage, the properties of these mutant enzymes suggests that ATP-hydrolysis informs DNA religation.
Agricultural biotechnology: Gene exchange by design

Gene transfer from bacteria to plants was thought to be limited to the bacterial genus Agrobacterium. But other bacterial groups also contain species capable of interkingdom genetic exchange.
Potassium currents in adult rat intracardiac neurones.

1. Properties of K+ currents were studied in isolated adult rat parasympathetic intracardiac neurones with the use of single-electrode voltage-clamp techniques. 2. A hyperpolarization-activated inward rectifier current was revealed when the membrane was clamped close to the resting level (-60 mV). The slowly developing inward relaxation had a mean amplitude of 450 pA at -150 mV, an activation threshold of -60 to -70 mV and a relaxation time constant of 41 ms at -120 mV. The current was reversibly blocked by Cs+ (1 mM) and became smaller with reduced [K+]o and [Na+]o, indicating that this inward rectifier current probably is a time- and voltage-dependent Na(+)-K+ current. 3. Step depolarizations from the holding potential of -80 mV evoked a transient (< 100 ms at -40 mV) outward K+ current (IA) which was blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM). The time constants for IA inactivation were 20 ms at -50 mV and 16 ms at -20 mV. The steady-state activation and (removal of) inactivation curve showed a small overlap between -70 and -40 mV; the reversal potential of IA was close to EK. 4. Step hyperpolarizations from the depolarized potentials, i.e. -30 mV, revealed a slow inward relaxation associated with the deactivation of a time- and voltage-dependent current. The inward relaxation became faster at more hyperpolarized potentials and reversed at -85 and -53 mV in 4.7 and 15 mM [K+]o. This current was blocked by muscarine (20 microM) and Ba2+ (1 mM) but not affected by Cs+ (1 mM); this current may correspond to the M-current (IM). 5. Depolarization-activated outward K+ currents were evoked by holding the membrane close to the resting potential in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 3 microM), 4-AP (1 mM) and Ba2+ (1 mM). The amplitude of the outward relaxation and the tail current became smaller as the [K+]o was elevated. The outward tail current was reduced in a Ca(2+)-free solution and the residual current was eliminated by the addition of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 10 mM); the reversal potential was shifted in a direction predicted by the Nernst equation. These findings suggest the presence of delayed rectifier K+ current and Ca(2+)-activated K+ current. 6. Superfusion of TEA, Ba2+ and 4-AP, but not Cs+, induced rhythmic discharges in some of the otherwise quiescent intracardiac neurones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Plant Reproduction: GABA Gradient, Guidance and Growth

How a pollen tube manages to navigate through the female tissues during plant reproduction has been a mystery. A new analysis of an Arabidopsis mutant has provided the strongest evidence yet that a GABA gradient may be a critical signal for correct targeting of the pollen tube.
Evaluation of Methanol and Formate in Urine as Biological Exposure Indices of Methanol Exposure

Abstract Biological monitoring of exposure to industrial chemicals commonly involves laboratory analyses of a toxicant or metabolites in urine. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has recommended biological exposure indices for methanol exposure based on methanol and formate in urine. The present study was designed primarily to evaluate methanol in urine and other potential biological determinants of methanol exposure. Volunteer subjects underwent controlled exposure to methanol vapor at different concentrations for approximately 8 hours to simulate a standard work shift. Urine was collected immediately prior to exposure sessions, during exposures, and immediately following cessation of exposures. Samples were analyzed for methanol, formate, specific gravity (SpGr), and creatinine. The following biological determinants were examined: total methanol excreted during the shift; mean concentration of methanol excreted during the shift (uncorrected, and corrected for SpGr and creatini...
Instruction and Assessment: How Students with Deaf-Blindness Fare in Large-Scale Alternate Assessments

The purpose of this article is to report the results from a study examining the relationship between educational experiences for students with deaf-blindness and large-scale alternate assessment ou...
Social-Network Complexity in Humans Is Associated With the Neural Response to Social Information

Humans have evolved to thrive in large and complex social groups, and it is likely that this increase in group complexity has come with a greater need to decode and respond to complex and uncertain communicatory signals. In this functional MRI study, we examined whether complexity of social networks in humans is related to the functioning of brain regions key to the perception of basic, nonverbal social stimuli. Greater activation to biological than to scrambled motion in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and right amygdala were positively correlated with the diversity of social-network roles. In the pSTS, in particular, this association was not due to a relationship between network diversity and network size. These findings suggest that increased functioning of brain regions involved in decoding social signals might facilitate the detection and decoding of subtle signals encountered in varied social settings.
Statistical mechanics of nonlinear wave equations (4): Cubic Schrödinger

The cubic Schrodinger equation is considered on the circle, both in the de-focussing and the focussing case. The existence of the flow is proved together with the invariance of the appropriate Gibbsian measure, namely the petit canonical measure in the defocussing case and the micro-canonical measure in the focussing case.
Effects of Food Gums on Zinc and Iron Solubility following in vitro Digestion

The effects of three levels (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) of locust bean gum, guar gum and sodium alginate on zinc and iron availability were evaluated in milk and soy systems. Availability was estimated as metal solubility after digestion with pepsin-HCl followed by addition of bicarbonate and digestion with pancreatic and bile extracts. Locust bean gum (0.5%) and guar gum (0.5%) reduced zinc solubility by 23.5 and 69.6%, respectively, in the milk and by 41.1 and 40.1% in the soy. Smaller reductions were observed at lower gum levels. The two gums also caused significant reductions in iron solubility from soy. Sodium alginate exerted little effect on mineral solubility.
Arousal as a function of background factors in psychological experiments

Two background factors in laboratory research are explored in terms of their effects on the arousal level ofSs. One factor is the laboratory environment as a whole, assessed by comparing arousal levels obtained there to levels obtained during equivalent activities in Ss’homes. Secondly, arousal levels of experienced, paid Ss are compared to those of inexperienced, unpaid Ss. An interaction between these factors unexpectedly partitioned the set ofSs into a low-arousal and a high-arousal group and suggested a reinterpretation of the psychological significance of the factors responsible. Until future research establishes more decisively the relevance of these background factors, auxiliary skin-resistance recording during experiments can help investigators control for these effects.
Analysis of Optimal Weaving Frequency of Maneuvering Targets

References 1de Weck, O. L., and Chang, D. D., “Architecture Trade Methodology for LEO Personal Communication Systems,” AIAA Paper 2002-1866, May 2002. 2Pritchard, W. L., “Estimating the Mass and Power of Communications Satellites,” International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1984, pp. 107–112. 3Richharia, M. Satellite Communications Systems: Design Principles, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1995, pp. 300–306. 4Larson, W. J., and Wertz, J. R. (eds.), Space Mission Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Microcosm Press, El Segundo, CA, and Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2001, Chap. 10. 5Saleh, J. H., Hastings, D. E., and Newman, D. J., “Spacecraft Design Lifetime,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2002, pp. 244–257. 6Khuri, A. I., and Cornell, J. A., Response Surfaces: Designs and Analyses, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996. 7Lutz, E., Werner, M., and Jahn, A., Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000, pp. 375– 378, 389–395.
Simple variational method for calculating energy and quantum capacitance of an electron gas with screened interactions

We describe a variational procedure for calculating the energy of an electron gas in which the long-range Coulomb interaction is truncated, for example by the screening effect of a nearby metallic gate. We use this procedure to compute the quantum capacitance of a two-dimensional electron gas next to a metallic gate as a function of electron density and spin polarization. The accuracy of the method is verified against published Monte Carlo data. The results compare favorably with a recent experiment.
Atlas Florae Europaeae Notes 18. Synonymy and Distribution of Some Native and Alien Species of Cotoneaster (Rosaceae) in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus

Some corrections to the nomenclatural checklist of Cotoneaster (Rosaceae) in eastern Europe and the Caucasus are proposed. Cotoneaster uralensis B. Hylmo & J. Fryer is treated as a synonym of C. cinnabarinus Juz., and C. soczavianus Pojark. as a synonym of C. tomentosus (Aiton) Lindl. For the sake of stability, the established use of the name C. integerrimus Medik. is maintained according to the lectotype designated by B. Hylmo and contrary to the conserved type belonging to C. scandinavicus B. Hylmo. The name C. pyrenaicus Gand. is found applicable to C. integerrimus sensu Hylmo if the conservation is followed. Cotoneaster mamajevii Knjaz. and C. estiensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmo are reduced to the synonymy of C. integerrimus. The second-step lectotypes of C. antoninae Juz. and C. cinnabarinus Juz. are designated. Cotoneaster cinnabarinus is reported as new to the Tyumen Region of Russia and Siberia as a whole. Some records of casual and naturalised alien species of Cotoneaster in the European Russia are rev...
Anomalously Large Polarization Effect Responsible for Excitonic Red Shifts in PbSe Quantum Dot Solids

The formation of solid thin films from colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is often accompanied by red shifts in excitonic transitions, but the mechanisms responsible for the red shifts are under debate. We quantitatively address this issue using optical absorption spectroscopy of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) arrays of PbSe QDs with controlled inter-QD distance, which was determined by the length of alkanedithiol linking molecules. With decreasing inter-QD distance, the first and second exciton absorption peaks show increasing red shifts. Using thin films consisting of large and isolated QDs embedded in a matrix of small QDs, we determine that a dominant contribution to the observed red shift is due to changes in polarization of the dielectric environment surrounding each QD (∼88%), while electronic or transition dipole coupling plays a lesser role. However, the observed red shifts are more than 1 order of magnitude larger than theoretical predictions based on the dielectric pola...
Effect of temperature, humidity, and prey density on feeding rate of the striped earwig (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)

We measured the feeding rate of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas) on third-instar fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), at three constant temperatures and at three humidities. Striped earwigs ate more larvae at 30°C than at 25 or 35°C. Humidity did not affect feeding rate. Rogers' random predator equation described the effects of prey density on feeding at 30°C and 80% RH. Search rates were ≍1,127 and 4,355 cm2/d, and handling rates were 20 and 22.1 prey per day for males and females, respectively. Females consumed more prey than males. The striped earwig appears to bean excellent biological control agent for arthropod pests in row crops.
Design of a Digital Architecture for Real-Time Video, Enhancement Based on Illuminance-Reflectance Model

A design of a high performance digital architecture for a nonlinear image enhancement technique is presented in this paper. The image enhancement is based on illuminance-reflectance model which improves the visual quality of digital images and video captured under insufficient or non-uniform lighting conditions [1]. Systolic, pipelined and parallel design techniques are utilized effectively in the proposed FPGA-based architectural design to achieve real-time performance. Estimation and folding techniques are used in the hardware algorithmic design to achieve faster, simpler and more efficient architecture. The video enhancement system is implemented using Xilinx's multimedia development board that contains a VirtexII-X2000 FPGA and it is capable of processing approximately 66 Mega-pixels (Mpixels) per second.
An Experimental Study of Internal Interval Standards in Javanese and Western Musicians

Six Javanese and six Western musicians performed a magnitude-estimation task using 36 melodic intervals ranging from 60 to 760 cents at 20-cent increments. Several musicians displayed well-defined regions of confusion in which a range of intervals was assigned approximately equal magnitude estimates. The results suggest that these listeners assimilate the intervals to a set of internal interval standards. No evidence for assimilation was found for other musicians in both groups, some of whom made highly accurate estimates. For the Javanese musicians who showed assimilation to internal interval standards, the regions corresponded to the two Javanese tuning systems, slendro and pelog. For the Western musicians, the regions corresponded to the equal-tempered scale. The relatively wider regions of confusion for the Javanese musicians may reflect the greater variability of intonation in Java. In addition, the Javanese musicians seemed able to choose between internal interval standards based on the two tuning systems.
Fibrils in brains of Rocky Mountain elk with chronic wasting disease contain scrapie amyloid

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of captive mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk, is characterized neuropathologically by spongiform change in the neuropil, intraneuronal vacuolation and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Recently, scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques have been demontrated in brain tissues of CWD-affected captive mule deer, Rocky Mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer. We now report on the presence of abnormal fibrils isolated from brain tissues of Rocky Mountain elk using negative-stain electron microscopy. These fibrils resemble those found in scrapie-infected hamster brain. Furthermore, protein bands with relative molecular masses of 26 to 30 kilodaltons were shown to be immunoreactive to antibodies raised against scrapie amyloid by Western immunoblotting. Immuno-dot blot showed similar reactivity. Our data support the clinical and pathological diagnosis of the disease and provide further evidence that CWD belongs to the subacute spongiform encephalopathies.
Infrared linear dichroism of the T1 state of acridine in stretched polyethylene

Abstract We report the first determination of the symmetry of an excited-state vibration observed with direct infrared absorption. We assign the excited triplet-state vibration of acridine at 751 cm −1 to b 1 symmetry.
Small particle defect characterization on critical layers of 22nm Spacer Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP)

The 22nm Spacer Self Aligned Double Patterning (SADP) process developed at Applied Materials' Maydan Technology Center was used to characterize small particle defects in the four critical steps of the process flow: Lithography, APF Etch, Spacer Deposition, Spacer Open. Small Particle defect contamination poses a risk to yield in each of the SADP process steps (Lithography, Deposition and Etch) and requires an understanding of their sources and impact on each subsequent step. The defect inspection was carried out using two different inspection platforms; DFinder TM which is designed for detection of 3D defects and UVision TM 3 which is designed for detection of 2D defects. Small particle defects (smaller than 60nm), in the Lithography and APF Etch process steps were shown to become "killer" defects at the Spacer Open step. More study is needed to develop inspection strategies based on a wider range of defect types.
CRBP-III:lacZ expression pattern reveals a novel heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelial cells are structurally and functionally heterogeneous. However, the molecular basis of this heterogeneity remains poorly defined. We used subtractive and differential screening to identify genes that exhibit heterogeneous expression patterns among vascular endothelial cells. One such gene is cellular retinol binding protein III (CRBP-III/Rbp7). Analysis of the lacZ knockin line for this gene (CRBP-III:lacZ) revealed a novel organ-specific vascular endothelial expression pattern. LacZ was expressed in vascular endothelial cells in heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, thymus, and salivary gland. However, it was not detected in other tissues such as brain, liver, and lung. Furthermore, the expression within each organ was primarily restricted to small capillary endothelial cells, but could not be detected in larger vessels. This organ-specific vascular endothelial expression of CRPB:lacZ is relatively resistant to the changes of organ microenvironment. However, the level of expression can be modified by vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, our results provide novel molecular evidence for the heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells. genesis 40:139–145, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localization of constitutive phytases in lily pollen and properties of the pH 8 form

Abstract Studies on the subcellular localization and selected properties of consitutive phosphohydrolases in pollen from Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (pH 5 phytase, pH 8 phytase, myo -inositol monophosphatase) are described. In anthers, all three enzymes increased in activity during pollen maturation along with levels of phytic acid. These enzymes were localized in mature pollen by the use of lead capture cytochemistry and shown to be associated with the membrane of the organelle previously identified as the storage site of phytic acid in the form of its insoluble salt, phytin. Recovery of the phytase with optimal activity at pH 8 was most complete when detergent or phospholipase C was included in the extracting medium, suggesting that its association with the organelle membrane is more integral than that of the other enzymes. The pH 8 phytase exhibited differences from a pH 5 phytase which has not been previously reported. They include higher substrate specificity for phytate, terminal hydrolysis to myo -inositol trisphosphate (stereochemistry undetermined), and lack of inhibition of fluoride. Our results suggest a subcellular organization of phytic acid metabolism in lily pollen with the pH 8 phytase as an important component.
On polynomial complexity of a stochastic algorithm for mixed zero-one programs

A stochastic (randomization) algorithm for solving mixed zero-one programs in a yes-no form is presented. Under a set of conditions, we show that any mixed zero-one program is such that either a feasible solution for the problem is obtained or it is classified as infeasible. The algorithm is such that its random running time has its kth moment, k = 1,...,j, for any j, bounded by a polynomial in n, the number of zero-one variables.
Theoretical study of the positron surface state at an alkali-metal surface

We present a quantum mechanical analysis of positrons trapped in a bound state at the (100) surface of bulk Cs, based on the treatment of a positron as a single charged particle trapped in an image potential-correlation well in the proximity of the surface atoms. The image-potential-induced positron surface state is calculated using the corrugated-mirror model in full three-dimensional geometry. Calculations show that the positron bound state is delocalized in the surface plane, but is strongly localized perpendicular to the surface mainly in the region between the top and the second layers of Cs atoms. The positron binding energy Eb in the surface state is computed to be 4.92 eV. Calculations on the positron annihilation rates for different Cs core levels are performed using the independent particle model. The positron surface state lifetime is calculated using the local density approximation method. The annihilation probabilities of a positron trapped at the Cs(100) surface with Cs 4p and 4d core electron levels are computed to be 0.065% and 0.22%, respectively.
Crossing the Line in Quebec and Catalonia: The Consequences of the Linguistically "Mixed" Marriage.

The linguistically “mixed” marriage stands at the crossroads of important factors in the future of French in North America and Catalan in Europe: reversing language shift. While Quebec and Catalonia initially appear strikingly similar, one could easily conclude that if the couple exogamique is good for the future of Catalan, it will also favor francisation in Quebec. Strong evidence indicates that demographic, linguistic, socioeconomic, and even “life-style” factors may make linguistic exogamy favorable to Catalan, but marginally disadvantageous to Quebec French. With “mixed” couples (whether married or not) increasing in number in both countries, the linguistic outcome of the “mixed” household becomes increasingly important to language planners.
The permeability of synthetic fractal aggregates with realistic three-dimensional structure

The permeability of fractal porous aggregates with realistic three-dimensional structure is investigated theoretically using model aggregates composed of identical spherical primary particles. Synthetic aggregates are generated by several techniques, including a lattice-based method, simulation of aggregation by differential settling and turbulent shear, and the specification of simple cubic structures, resulting in aggregates characterized by the number of primary particles, solid fraction, characteristic radius, and fractal dimension. Stokesian dynamics is used to determine the total hydrodynamic force on and the distribution of velocity within an aggregate exposed to a uniform flow. The aggregate permeability is calculated by comparing these values with the total force and velocity distribution calculated from the Brinkman equation applied locally and to the entire aggregate using permeability expressions from the literature. The relationship between the aggregate permeability and solid fraction is found to be best predicted by permeability expressions based on cylindrical rather than spherical geometrical elements, the latter tending to underestimate the aggregate permeability significantly. The permeability expressions of Jackson and James or Davies provide good estimates of the force on and flow through porous aggregates of known structure. These relationships are used to identify a number of general characteristics of fractal aggregates.
"Health for all": An ethical imperative or unattainable ideal?

“Health for all,” the universal vision that has guided health promotion efforts for the past two decades (Nampudukam, 1998), envisages the attainment of a health level that permits all people to lead socially and economically productive lives. Yet we continue to live in a world with enormous health disparities. For example, the life expectancy in Japan is 80 years, whereas in Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Zambia it is fewer than 40 years (see “World Life Expectancy Chart,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Although the youngerthan-5 mortality rate in Norway is 4 per 1,000, in Sierra Leone it is 316 per 1,000. This situation is actually worse than figures suggest because average rates tend to mask inequalities within a country, which affect the poor disproportionately (Dwyer, 2003). Furthermore, the United States, the world’s richest country, has the second-worst newborn mortality rate in the developed world, according to a new report. As reported by Save the Children researchers (Green, 2006), American babies are 3 times more likely to die in their first month as children born in Japan, and newborn mortality is 2.5 times higher in the United States than in Finland, Iceland, or Norway. In particular, for African Americans, the mortality rate is nearly double that of the United States as a whole, with 9.3 deaths per 1,000 births (Green, 2006). The disparities in social, mental, and physical health between the most advantaged and the most disadvantaged population groups are, in general, as great today, if not greater, than they have ever been and occur in both rich and poor countries. This editorial reflects on the prevailing health inequities observed in the United States and attempts to address some of these health determinants and related injustices. In light of the health educators’ obligations put forth in the Health Education Code of Ethics (http://www.sophe.org/about/ ethics.html), we feel that this is an important issue as well as an ethical imperative. We specifically focus here on potential directives for achieving the lofty goal of “health for all,” along with those of Healthy People 2010 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2002), through a diverse array of health promotion efforts. Our aim is to provide some practical suggestions for fostering this nation’s health and advancing the ideal of “Health as a human right.” We believe the potential role of health educators in minimizing all those