cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Impact of Control

Abstract Despite important developments in mathematical modeling, systems analysis as applied today to civil system problems is becoming less and less comprehensive of the true nature of these problems and the models used are becomming less and less accurate representations of important responses of the systems concerned. The paper reviews some of the deficiencies which must be corrected if sound civil systems analyses are to be accomplished.
Modulation of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Toxicity by Dietary Chemical

Dietary and nutritional factors are known to influence the biotransformation of drugs and environmental chemicals. Early studies by Wattenberg (Wattenberg, 1971) demonstrated that rats on commercial rat chow had a 68-fold higher intestinal benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity than those on a purified diet. In human studies, ingestion of cabbage and brussels sprouts was shown to increase the metabolism of antipyrine and phenacetin (Conney, 1982, Pantuck and Pan tuck, 1978). Human volunteers on a low-protein diet had lower rates of metabolic clearance of antipyrine and theophylline than those on a high-protein diet (Kappas, et al., 1976). Recent studies demonstrated the transcriptional activation of specific cytochrome P450 genes by dietary chemicals (Pan, et al., 1993, Vang, et al., 1990) and the inhibition of nifedipine metabolism in humans after ingestion of grapefruit juice (Bailey, et al, 1990). Many of these studies have been discussed in several recent reviews (Anderson, et al., 1985, Bidlack, et al., 1986, Hathcock, 1985, Yang, et al., 1992, Yang and Yoo, 1988).
An Empirical Design Space Analysis of Doorway Tracking Systems for Real-World Environments

Doorway tracking systems track people’s room location by instrumenting the doorways rather than instrumenting the rooms themselves—resulting in fewer sensors and less monitoring while still providing location information on occupants. In this article, we explore what is required to make doorway tracking a practical solution. We break a doorway tracking system into multiple independent design components, including both sensor and algorithmic design. Informed by this design, we construct a doorway tracking system and analyze how different combinations of these design components affect tracking accuracy. We perform a six-day in situ study in a ten-room house with two volunteers to analyze how these design components respond to the natural types and frequencies of errors in a real-world setting. To reflect the needs of different application classes, we analyze these design components using three different evaluation metrics: room accuracy, duration accuracy, and transition accuracy. Results indicate that doorway tracking can achieve 99.5% room accuracy on average in controlled settings and 96% room accuracy in in situ settings. This is contrasted against the 76% in situ setting room accuracy of Doorjamb, a doorway tracking system whose design implements only a limited number of components in our proposed doorway tracking system design space. We describe the differences between the data in the in situ and controlled settings, and provide guidelines about how to design a doorway tracking system for a given application’s accuracy requirements.
Pd-PEPPSI: A General Pd-NHC Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Esters by C–O Cleavage

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl esters by selective C–O bond cleavage represents a powerful methodology in organic synthesis. Here, we report that versatile, easily prepared, well-defined Pd-PEPPSI type precatalysts serve as highly reactive catalysts for the direct Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of esters. Sterically and electronically diverse aryl esters couple with arylboronic acids in good to excellent yields using a single, operationally simple protocol. Kinetic studies demonstrate that the cross-coupling of aryl esters proceeds with rates similar to the cross-coupling of amides. This study strongly supports the use of well-defined Pd(II)-NHC precatalysts bearing pyridine “throw-away” ligands for the selective C(acyl) cleavage of bench-stable carboxylic acid derivatives. Considering the modular scaffold of Pd-NHC precatalysts, we envision that the method will be of general interest for the development of new catalysts for C–O cleavage reactions.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a postpartum woman with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after intrathecal methotrexate.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is the most common neurological complication occurring in children undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) but is increasingly recognised to occur in adults as well. Here, we report a woman who presented with B-cell ALL (B-ALL) at the time of delivery and developed PRES 1 day after receiving intrathecal (IT) methotrexate (MTX) that rapidly resolved. She subsequently received IT MTX without recurrence of neurological symptoms. This case represents the first case of PRES in a postpartum B-ALL patient receiving IT MTX, demonstrates that re-treatment with MTX in this case could be done safely and highlights the risk of PRES in adults treated for B-ALL.
Serge Lifar and the Question of Collaboration with the German Authorities under the Occupation of Paris (1940–1949)

This article examines the political and artistic activities of dancer and choreographer Serge Lifar at the Paris Opera during and immediately after the occupation of Paris. Although Lifar was cleared of charges of collaborationism with the German authorities after the war, the question of collaborationism has arisen again in light of the rehabilitation of his aesthetic by the Paris Opera and other dance companies. Using archival materials usually ignored by dance scholars, this article examines Lifar's political activities, his political convictions, and his political ambitions. His theory of ballet as set forth in La Danse: les grands courants de la danse academique (1938) and two of his successful ballets of this period – Joan de Zarissa (1942) and Suite en blanc (1943) – are discussed in light of his politics.
Myoferlin regulates epithelial cancer cell plasticity and migration through autocrine TGF-β1 signaling

Epithelial cancer cells can undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a complex genetic program that enables cells to break free from the primary tumor, breach the basement membrane, invade through the stroma and metastasize to distant organs. Myoferlin (MYOF), a protein involved in plasma membrane function and repair, is overexpressed in several invasive cancer cell lines. Depletion of myoferlin in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231MYOFKD) reduced migration and invasion and caused the cells to revert to an epithelial phenotype. To test if this mesenchymal-epithelial transition was durable, MDA-231MYOFKD cells were treated with TGF-β1, a potent stimulus of EMT. After 48 hr with TGF-β1, MDA-231MYOFKD cells underwent an EMT. TGF-β1 treatment also decreased directional cell motility toward more random migration, similar to the highly invasive control cells. To probe the potential mechanism of MYOF function, we examined TGF-β1 receptor signaling. MDA-MB-231 growth and survival has been previously shown to be regulated by autocrine TGF-β1. We hypothesized that MYOF depletion may result in the dysregulation of TGF-β1 signaling, thwarting EMT. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined production of endogenous TGF-β1 and observed a decrease in TGF-β1 protein secretion and mRNA transcription. To determine if TGF-β1 was required to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype, TGF-β receptor signaling was inhibited with a small molecule inhibitor, resulting in decreased expression of several mesenchymal markers. These results identify a novel pathway in the regulation of autocrine TGF-β signaling and a mechanism by which MYOF regulates cellular phenotype and invasive capacity of human breast cancer cells.
Episodic creep events on the San Andreas Fault caused by pore-pressure variations.

Recent seismic and geodetic observations indicate that interseismic creep rate varies in both time and space. The spatial extent of creep pinpoints locked asperities, while its temporary accelerations, known as slow-slip events, may trigger earthquakes. Although the conditions promoting fault creep are well-studied, the mechanisms for initiating episodic slow-slip events are enigmatic. Here we investigate surface deformation measured by radar interferometry along the central San Andreas Fault between 2003 and 2010 to constrain the temporal evolution of creep. We show that slow-slip events are ensembles of localized creep bursts that aseismically rupture isolated fault compartments. Using a rate-and-state friction model, we show that effective normal stress is temporally variable on the fault, and support this using seismic observations. We propose that compaction-driven elevated pore fluid pressure in the hydraulically isolated fault zone and subsequent frictional dilation cause the observed slow-slip episodes. We further suggest that the 2004 Mw 6 Parkfield earthquake might have been triggered by a slow-slip event, which increased the Coulomb failure stress by up to 0.45 bar per year. This implies that while creeping segments are suggested to act as seismic rupture barriers, slow-slip events on these zones might promote seismicity on adjacent locked segments.
Dynamical modeling of M13 proper motions.

Proper motion data of Ml3 cluster members are very useful for the investigation of the cluster’s internal dynamics. We introduce a maximum likelihood method to fit these data in terms of conventional King-Michie models.
Electrophysiological findings in patients treated with indomethacin.

As an increasing number of drugs are being designed which act with an unknown way to different parts of the metabolism of the human body, one must expect an increase of adverse reactions, especially of the sensitive sensory organs. Indomethacin: (1- (p-chlorobenzoyl) — r methoxy-2 methyl indole-3 acetic acid) Trade name: Indocid (Merck, Sharpe and Dohme), is a synthetic non-steroidal, chemical. It has been widely acclaimed for its anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic properties. It has been effective in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid disorders and fibrositis (Boardman and Hart, 1964; Yamada, 1970). Its anti-inflammatory action is less than that of the steroids (Perkins and McFaul, 1965). The daily dose is up to 200 mg. usually about 100 mg.
Is Privacy Regulation the Environmental Law of the Information Age

This chapter argues that information-based businesses injure personal privacy in much the same way that smokestack industries damage the environment, and that this analogy can teach us something about how to preserve privacy better in the information age. The chapter shows that two of the principal constructs that have been used to understand environmental damage — the negative externality, and the tragedy of the commons — apply equally well to privacy injuries. Thus, a common conceptual structure can be used to understand both environmental damage and privacy injuries. Can environmental law and policy serve as a model for the nascent field of privacy protection? The chapter examines the evolution of environmental regulation from first generation, “command-and-control” methods to more flexible, second generation strategies. It argues that first generation approaches, while appropriate for addressing some social ills, are not a good fit for the regulation of fast-changing information businesses. Second generation strategies, which demand meaningful results while also providing flexibility and reducing regulatory costs, will work better in the privacy context. The chapter concludes that environmental covenants and environmental management systems can be adapted to protect personal information. An emission fee approach can be used to combat spam effectively.
Habitual Domains: Stealth Software for Effective Decision Making

Each human is endowed with a priceless supercomputer — the brain. Unfortunately, due to its limited software (habitual concept and thinking), the supercomputer could not fully utilize its potential. To be a great MCDM scholar, we need to expand and enrich our domains of thinking, which usually can lead us to strikingly better decisions than ever conceived possible. Using habitual domain (HD) theory, we provide easy but effective human software programs to expand and enrich our thinking for re-engineering effective decision making.
Nanodelivery of doxorubicin for age-related macular degeneration.

Objective: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) containing doxorubicin (DOX) were prepared for the inhibition of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α).Significance: HIF-1α is responsible for the upregulation...
Hydroxyl radical and non-hydroxyl radical pathways for trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene degradation in catalyzed H2O2 propagation systems.

Abstract Catalyzed H2O2 propagations (CHP) is characterized by the most robust reactivity of any of the in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technologies because it generates the strong oxidant hydroxyl radical along with nucleophiles + reductants, such as superoxide radical. The most common groundwater contaminants, trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE), were used as model contaminants in evaluating the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dosage on contaminant destruction kinetics. Both TCE and PCE degradation rates increased with H2O2 dosages up to 0.1 M, and then decreased with higher H2O2 dosages. Parallel reactions conducted with the addition of the hydroxyl radical scavenger 2-propanol and the hydroxyl radical-specific probe nitrobenzene confirmed that hydroxyl radical is primarily responsible for TCE and PCE degradation; however, 5–20% of their degradation was attributed to a non-hydroxyl radical mechanism. Reactions conducted with the superoxide probe tetranitromethane showed that superoxide generation rates increased with increasing H2O2 doses. These results were confirmed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Therefore, the non-hydroxyl radical pathway for TCE and PCE degradation at H2O2 ≥0.5 M was likely via nucleophilic attack by superoxide. The results of this research demonstrate that contaminants present in the aqueous phase that are reactive with hydroxyl radical require only low doses of H2O2 (≤0.1 M), but subsurface systems contaminated with species not reactive with hydroxyl radical (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) require H2O2 concentrations ≥0.5 M.
Currently-Employed Destruction Technologies: An Introduction

Unlike nuclear disarmament, chemical demilitarization is a uniquely unrewarding exercise. The cost factor dominates the scene. The price tag for the Chemical Weapons destruction programme in the United States is estimated at over $13 billion, whereas in Russia, the total cost is likely to range between $5 and $8 billion. Despite its higher cost, nuclear disarmament is, however, less wasteful and provides some tangible benefits and significant return. Enriched uranium and plutonium are, and potentially can be, used in generating electric power at nuclear power stations, including fast breeders and modified Canadian-designed CANDU. Nuclear weapons are increasingly recognized by the United States and Russia as the mainstay of the post-Cold War deterrence posture, requiring continuous modernization concurrently with drastic downsizing. Hence, unless reciprocal agreements to the contrary are concluded, fissile material from dismantled weapons can be reused. Also, in most cases, nuclear dismantlement is conducted at what has recently been nuclear weapons assembly plants by the same well-trained personnel who may be still involved in design, manufacturing and safety enhancement activities.
Elevated Preoperative Hemoglobin A1c Associated with Increased Wound Complications in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Primary, Open Carpal Tunnel Release.

Background:An increased rate of complications has been demonstrated with increasing hemoglobin A1c value for a variety of orthopedic procedures, including arthroplasty and spine surgery. The authors investigated the effects of elevated hemoglobin A1c value on postoperative complications at the time
Online Education Vendor Partners: When and How to Select One

Higher education institutions are increasingly looking to online education as a means to broaden their market reach, increase student enrollments and ultimately realize increased tuition revenue. Many institutions, however, find that they have insufficient infrastructure resources to launch one or more fully online learning programs. A small number of corporations now specialize in assisting higher education institutions with both launching and maintaining online education programs. These online education vendor partners typically provide higher education institutions with support in the areas of student marketing, faculty development and technology infrastructure. Such relationships are typically paid for by a share of online tuition dollars and often last for up to ten years. Due to the relatively long timeframes and costs associated with these vendor partnerships it is critical that higher education institutions choose a vendor that is the best fit for the institution. Prior to selecting an online education vendor partner, an institution will likely compare a number of vendors across a variety of dimensions such as cost, level of services, and experience. An online vendor partner decision matrix is one method for objectively acquiring and reviewing decision criteria to assist institutions in selecting the appropriate online education vendor partner.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors predicting infant sleep: Moving beyond main effects

Abstract Sleep patterns change dramatically across the earliest years of life and play an important role in children’s daytime functioning. As a result, psychological research has taken an increasing interest in unpacking the many intrinsic (i.e., child characteristics) and extrinsic (i.e., environmental input) factors that influence children’s sleep development. Considerably less attention has been given to understanding the transactional relationships among intrinsic and extrinsic factors, or to the underlying mechanisms, that both initiate and maintain individual differences in infant sleep development. In the current review, we begin by summarizing what is known about the development of sleep across the first two years of life, making explicit reference to the dual-process model of sleep consolidation and regulation. Next, we synthesize existing literature on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the development of sleep consolidation and regulation in infants. Finally, we reconsider extant findings in the infant sleep literature using theories and concepts from developmental science, posing new hypotheses about the ways in which environmental input both shapes infant sleep patterns and modulates the effects of sleep on later developmental outcomes. We conclude with an examination of current challenges in this field and a suggested roadmap for future research.
Cardiac Auscultation Lab Using a Heart Sounds Auscultation Simulation Manikin.

Introduction Cardiac auscultation skills are essential to the development of a competent physician. We created a hypothesis-driven cardiac auscultation laboratory session utilizing a high-fidelity ...
The impact of sand moisture on the temperature-sex ratio responses of developing loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles.

Abstract All species of sea turtles exhibit a cooler male/warmer female temperature-sex ratio response. Field and experimental studies on loggerhead sea turtle sex ratios suggest that increased sand moisture impacts sea turtle sex ratios with, and perhaps beyond, a cooling effect. This study examines how varying sand moisture impacts the embryo’s response to temperature. Across three years, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle eggs were incubated at temperatures ranging from 28.0 °C to 33.0 °C. Groups of eggs were incubated in one of three volumetric moisture contents: low, medium, or high. Temperatures inside the group of eggs were recorded throughout incubation. Hatchlings were raised for 2–3 months and sex was identified laparoscopically. We calculated temperature response curves for groups of eggs incubated at each moisture level. Pivotal temperatures did not different among eggs incubated in different sand moistures. The transitional ranges of temperatures (TRT) for eggs incubated in high moisture and low moisture were narrower than the TRT for eggs incubated in medium moisture. The results of this study are crucial for understanding how sea turtle embryos respond to temperature directly or indirectly under different moisture conditions. Current sex ratio predictions rely on the embryos response to temperature only and may inaccurately estimate sex ratios especially during periods of heavy rainfall or drought.
Intelligent Agent Embodied Online Tutoring System

In this paper, We developed an animated virtual agent enhanced web-based intelligent tutoring system to engage students in their online learning experience. The online virtual tutor interacts with students and behaves like a real sensitive and effective human tutor to improve science learning by college students. The experimental result shows that the animated virtual tutor enhanced online learning system contributes to good learning outcomes for students.
The Science of Fat Grafting.

Autologous fat grafting has become a popular and well-established technique used by plastic surgeons in a variety of aesthetic and reconstructive procedures. An understanding of the basic science principles underlying fat grafting is crucial to explaining its extensive utility for soft tissue rejuvenation, volume augmentation, and body contouring—and the unpredictable fat resorption rates after grafting that pose a significant challenge for plastic surgeons. While the scientific principles of fat grafting can theoretically be exploited to optimize fat grafting techniques and increase fat tissue survival, a consensus has yet been established as to the best practices for this procedure. This review discusses the biology of adipose tissue and the scientific principles behind its behavior and survival in autologous fat grafting.
Perceptions of violence in justice-involved youth.

Abstract Background Youth are tragically affected by violence. Justice-involved youth are at elevated risk for the effects of violence, as incarceration serves as a risk factor. The objective of this study is to explore the risks and needs of justice-involved youth and identify channels for future hospital-based programming. Methods Four weekly focus groups were conducted by a credible messenger at the Douglas County Youth Center with former participants of Dusk 2 Dawn, a youth violence prevention program delivered at the Douglas County Youth Center. Eight participants were prompted with preset interview questions. All focus groups were recorded and transcribed by a professional transcription service. A thematic analysis was performed by 2 independent coders to identify themes using Dedoose software. Results The 3 most frequently occurring themes involved topics on protection, identified 40 times; family, identified 36 times; and the challenge of overcoming violence, identified 31 times. These themes often overlapped with one another, demonstrating the complexity of youth violence. Conclusion Providing a safe and judgement-free space for the youth to discuss issues of violence was beneficial for 3 reasons: (1) inclusion of youth perspectives allows violence prevention programs to be tailored to specific needs, (2) participants were able to deeply reflect on violence in their own lives and consider steps toward positive change, and (3) open communication encourages trust building and collaborative prevention efforts between the hospital and community.
The Evolving Landscape of Frontline Therapy in Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Purpose of review Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of mature and maturing granulocytes. The disease is characterized by the presence of translocation t(9;22) leading to the abnormal BCR-ABL fusion. Historically, treatment options included hydroxyurea, busulfan, and interferon-α (IFN-α), with allogeneic stem cell transplant being the only potential curative therapy. More recently, the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized the treatment of CML and turned a once fatal disease into a chronic and manageable disorder. This review aims to discuss the frontline treatment options in chronic-phase CML, provide recommendations for tailoring frontline treatment to the patient, and explore emerging therapies in the field. Recent findings The first-generation TKI, imatinib, was FDA approved in 2001 for use in CML. Following the approval and success of imatinib, second- and third-generation TKIs have been developed providing deeper responses, faster responses, and different toxicity profiles. With numerous options available in the frontline setting, choosing the best initial treatment for each individual patient has become a more complex decision. When choosing a frontline therapy for patients with chronic-phase CML, one should consider disease risk, comorbid conditions, and the goal of therapy.
How Fast Is k -Means?

The k-means algorithm is probably the most widely used clustering heuristic, and has the reputation of being fast. How fast is it exactly? Almost no non-trivial time bounds are known for it.
Rapid biological clean-up of soils contaminated with lubricating oil

An experimental program assessed which mechanisms control the rapid biodegradation of used lubricating oil which contaminates soils. The ultimate goal is to effect a rapid biodegradation before the contaminants in the oil are leached into the groundwater or carried into surface waters with runoff. Large amounts of lubricating-oil-degrading bacteria could be grown in liquid culture, as long as a dispersant was applied to form and maintain an oil-in-water emulsion. Application of the oil-degrading bacteria (up to 4.9 × 108/g soil) significantly increased the initial rate of oil degradation in soil plots. However, the long-term rate of degradation slowed as the more available or more biodegradable components of the oil were removed. The fastest removal rates were obtained when the oil-contaminated soil was put into a water-soil slurry and was inoculated with microorganisms and dispersant. Improved microorganism contact and dispersant effectiveness apparently were responsible for the rapid rates in slurry reactors. The increased rates demonstrated the potential value of adding a large, acclimated inoculum and providing good mixing and dispersion to make the oil more available to the microorganisms.
Polarization dynamics induced by the "virtual excitation" of spin-polarized carriers: applications to all-optical polarization switching

Summary from only given. Recently we have demonstrated an optically-addressed coherent polarization switch that is based on the near-resonant excitation of a spin-polarized population of virtual excitons in MQWs. By taking advantage of the nonlinearities associated with a virtual carrier population, this near resonant device exhibits a pulse-width-limited response; by operating near resonance it is capable of producing relatively large contrast ratios in thin samples; and finally, by generating a spin-polarized carrier population, the device produces a rotation of the signal polarization in unstrained MQWs. Here, we experimentally analyze the switching mechanisms by systematically performing spectrally and temporally resolved differential transmission measurements and by fully determining the polarization state of the transmitted signal as a function of time delay.
Fundamentals of Guided Elastic Waves in Solids

Guided-wave (GW) approaches have shown good promise as structural health monitoring (SHM) algorithms. However, to achieve their full potential, a sound understanding of the fundamentals of GWs in solids is very desirable and that is the objective of this article. After a brief introduction to the field of GW SHM, it starts with the simplest equation of elastic waves, that of one-dimensional (1D) waves in a taut string. It covers basic concepts of 1D elastic waves to enable an understanding of fundamental concepts and nomenclature relating to wave theory. It then builds on these ideas to derive the 3D elasticity equations of free GWs (Lamb and horizontal shear waves) in isotropic plates. The notion of dispersiveness of GWs is then explained. This is followed by a brief derivation of the GW field excited by finite-dimensional piezoelectric wafer transducers in isotropic plates based on the authors' earlier work. Subsequently, the equations of bulk waves in transversely isotropic solids are covered and these are used to build the solution for free GWs in multilayered fibrous composite laminates using the global matrix approach. The concept of GW steering in composites is discussed. Finally, more complex research issues in GW SHM are briefly introduced. Keywords: guided waves; lamb waves; dispersion; piezoelectric transducers; finite-dimensional actuators; steering; fibrous composites; multilayered laminates
Trigramin. A low molecular weight peptide inhibiting fibrinogen interaction with platelet receptors expressed on glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex.

Abstract Trigramin, a highly specific inhibitor of fibrinogen binding to platelet receptors, was purified to homogeneity from Trimeresurus gramineus snake venom. Trigramin is a single chain (approximately 9 kDa) cysteine-rich peptide with the Glu-Ala-Gly-Glu-Asp-Cys-Asp-Cys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Ala NH2-terminal sequence. Chymotryptic fragmentation showed the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence in trigramin. Trigramin inhibited fibrinogen-induced aggregation of platelets stimulated by ADP (IC50 = 1.3 X 10(-7)M) and aggregation of chymotrypsin-treated platelets. It did not affect the platelet secretion. Trigramin was a competitive inhibitor of the 125I-fibrinogen binding to ADP-stimulated platelets (Ki = 2 X 10(-8) M). 125I-Trigramin bound to resting platelets (Kd = 1.7 X 10(-7) M; n = 16,500), to ADP-stimulated platelets (Kd = 2.1 X 10(-8) M; n = 17,600), and to chymotrypsin-treated platelets (Kd = 8.8 X 10(-8) M; n = 13,800) in a saturable manner. The number of 125I-trigramin binding sites on thrombasthenic platelets amounted to 2.7-5.4% of control values obtained for normal platelets and correlated with the reduced number of GPIIb-GPIIIa molecules on the platelet surface. EDTA, monoclonal antibodies directed against the GPIIb-GPIIIa complex, and synthetic peptides (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and Tyr-Gly-Gln-Gln-His-His-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Asp-Val) blocked both 125I-fibrinogen binding and 125I-trigramin binding to platelets. Fibrinogen binding was more readily inhibited by these compounds than was trigramin binding. Monoclonal antibodies directed either against GPIIb or GPIIIa molecules did not block the interaction of either ligand with platelets. Reduced, S-pyridylethyl, trigramin did not inhibit platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to platelets and it did not bind to platelets, suggesting that the secondary structure of this molecule is critical for expression of its biological activity.
Neuronal Death and Neurotrophic Factors

The tyranny of theory over the evidence is nowhere more glaringly evident than in the history of the delayed discovery of neuronal death during normal development. The tyranny in this case was imposed by the theory that both ontogeny and phylogeny are progressive, from lower and less organized to higher and more organized nervous systems. Evidence of neuronal death during normal development was reported but was ignored because it was in conflict with the idea of progressive development. Reports of neuronal death were buried in the literature, to be unearthed much later as curious historical relics. Such reports come back to haunt us as they haunted previous generations who could not accept evidence that conflicted with their cherished theories.
Welfare and Party Politics in Latin America

Acknowledgments Acronyms 1. From special privilege to social rights: universalism in social policy 2. Creating universalistic social policy: the role of policy legacies, electoral competition, and party character 3. Healthcare reform in Chile and Uruguay 4. Social assistance reform in Chile and Uruguay 5. Education reform in Chile and Uruguay 6. Party character in Chile and Uruguay 7. Slow progress toward universalism: Argentina and Venezuela in comparative perspective 8. Latin America's left parties and the politics of poverty and inequality References List of interviews Index.
Modeling nutrient impacts on microalgae cells via image analyses

A nonlinear multivariate regression methodology is presented for modeling the responses of microalgae cells regarding their physical appearance (size, shape) to shifts in their chemical environment. This chemometric approach builds on a novel image analysis method recently published in this Journal and augments it such that: (i) the measured effect is expressed mathematically rather than described empirically and (ii) incorporates effects of multiple ambient parameters so that their interactions can be investigated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concrete evidence & geographically weighted regression: A regional analysis of wealth and the land cover in Massachusetts

Abstract Several studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between green vegetation land cover and wealthy socio-economic conditions in urban areas. The purpose of this research is to test for and explore spatial variation in the relationship between socio-economic and green vegetation land cover across urban, suburban, and rural areas, using geographically weighted regression (GWR). The analysis was conducted at the census block group level for Massachusetts, using Census 2000 data and impervious surface data at 1-m resolution. To explore regional variations in the relationship, four scenarios were generated by regressing each of the following socio-economic variables – median household income, percentage of poverty, percentage of minority population, and median home value – against two environmental variables – percent of impervious surface and population density. GWR results show that there is a considerable spatial variation in the character and the strength of the relationship for each model. There are two main conclusions in this study. First, the impervious surface is generally a strong predictor of the level of wealth as measured by four variables included in the analysis, at the scale of census block group; however, the strength of the relationship varies geographically. Second, GWR, not ordinary least squares technique, should be used for regional scale spatial analysis because it is able to account for local effects and shows geographical variation in the strength of the relationship.
Long-term results with radiotherapy for stage I–II follicular lymphomas

Purpose: To analyze the long-term results with radiotherapy (RT) for early-stage, low-grade follicular lymphomas. Methods and Materials: From 1960 to 1988, 80 patients with Stage I (n = 33) or II (n = 47), World Health Organization Grade 1 (n = 50) or 2 (n = 30) follicular lymphoma were treated with RT. The lymph nodes or spleen were involved in 97% of cases. The maximal tumor sizes ranged from 0.5 to 11.0 cm (median 2.0). The RT fields encompassed only the involved Ann Arbor nodal region (involved-field RT) in 9% of the patients. The fields also included 1–3 adjacent, grossly uninvolved nodal regions (regional RT) in 54% of patients but were smaller than mantle or whole abdominopelvic fields. Mantle or whole abdominopelvic fields encompassing up to 6 grossly uninvolved regions (extended-field RT) were used in the remaining 37% of patients. The total RT doses ranged from 26.2 to 50.0 Gy given in daily 1.0–3.0-Gy fractions. Results: The follow-up of the surviving patients ranged from 3.5 to 28.7 years (median 19.0). No recurrences were found >17.0 years after RT, with 13 patients free of disease at their last follow-up visit 17.6–25.0 years after treatment. In 58% of cases, death was not from follicular lymphoma. The 15-year local control rate was 100% for 44 lymphomas <3.0 cm treated with only 27.8–30.8 Gy (median 30.0 in 20 fractions). Progression-free survival was affected by the maximal tumor size at the start of RT (15-year rate 49% vs. 29% for lymphomas <3.0 cm vs. ≥3.0 cm, respectively, p = 0.04) and Ann Arbor stage (15-year rate 66% vs. 26% for Stages I and II, respectively, p = 0.006). Ann Arbor stage also affected the cause-specific survival (15-year rate 87% vs. 54% for Stages I and II, respectively, p = 0.01). No significant difference was found in overall survival between those treated with extended-field RT and those treated with involved-field RT or regional RT (15-year rate 49% and 40%, respectively, p = 0.51). The 15-year incidence rate of Grade 3 or greater late complications according to the Subjective, Objective, Management, and Analytical scale in patients treated with 26.2–30.8 Gy vs. 30.9–50.0 Gy was 0% and 6%, respectively. Conclusions: RT can cure approximately one half of Stage I and one quarter of Stage II, World Health Organization Grade 1 or 2 follicular lymphomas. Follicular lymphomas 30.8 Gy. Doses of 25–30 Gy delivered in 15–20 fractions should be examined prospectively in patients with follicular lymphomas of <3.0 cm.
2 Endoscopic temporary gastric electrical stimulation – results of 140 consecutive patients

Introduction: Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is now an accepted therapy for drug refractory gastroparesis, but requires surgical device implantation. We recently described techniques for placement of temporary GES electrodes via PEG tube or endoscope (GIE 2005: 61:455–461). We now report on a larger series of consecutive patients referred for endoscopic temporary stimulation. Patients: 140 consecutive patients, 29 male, 114 female, mean age 41 years, with the diagnosis of diabetes (DM, n = 44), post-surgical (PS, n = 14) or idiopathic disorders (ID, n = 82) were evaluated. We investigated those patients who were successfully implanted, and those who completed a full evaluation of symptoms and gastric emptying tests. Methods: All patients underwent baseline assessment of Symptoms (SX, as Nausea = N, Vomiting = V, Total GI Sx = TSS) and measurements of Gastric emptying (GET) and again after a minimum of 3 days of GES with standard parameters (GIE, above). Patients were reported by descriptive statistics and by t-tests for symptoms and emptying. Results: 139 (99%) of patients were successfully implanted and 125 (88%) of patients completed at least 3 days of therapy. Of thepatients who completed a full evaluation, there were significant improvements in symptoms and improvements in gastric emptying for some patients: particularly PS and DM (See table). Conclusion: Temporary endoscopic gastric electrical stimulation is feasable and reproducible in a large numbers of patients. The availability of this technique, combined with an emerging technology of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation techniques, gives endoscopists the ability to screen patients before implantation of permanent devices. The availability of endoscopic implanted electrical stimulation offers other potential therapeutic uses, including dyspepsia, post-surgical disorders and obesity. Category B T B T B T B/ T Measure N N V v TSS TSS 4 Hr/ 4 Hr All 3.4 0.9 2.5 0.6 15.2 5.1 20.7 20.6 DM 3.2 0.7 2.6 0.3 14.3 3.2 23.4 20.5 ID 3.2 0.8 2.2 0.6 14.7 4.7 12.9 13.1 PS 3.2 0.2 2.6 0.2 14.1 2.1 28.3 15.8 P <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Flux confinement in the leading logarithm model

Abstract We study the statics of quasi-abelian quark and antiquark source charges in the approximation in which leading logarithm radiative corrections are retained in the gauge gluon effective action functional. We show that the partial differential equation for the flux function is of degenerating elliptic type, leading to flux confinement within a free boundary which is a characteristic. The static potential increases linearly for large source separations, with a logarithmic subdominant term.
Redox-dependent downregulation of Rho by Rac

Rac and Rho GTPases function as critical regulators of actin cytoskeleton remodelling during cell spreading and migration. Here we demonstrate that Rac-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production results in the downregulation of Rho activity. The redox-dependent decrease in Rho activity is required for Rac-induced formation of membrane ruffles and integrin-mediated cell spreading. The pathway linking generation of ROS to downregulation of Rho involves inhibition of the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) and then an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of its target, p190Rho-GAP. Our findings define a novel mechanism for the coupling of changes in cellular redox state to the control of actin cytoskeleton rearrangements by Rho GTPases.
Trapping and desorption of energetic Cu atoms on Cu(111) and (001) surfaces at grazing incidence

Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of Cu atoms impacting both Cu(111) and (001) surfaces at grazing incidence have been performed to study trapping (or surface skipping), desorption, and energy dissipation. An energetic Cu atom $(10l~El~100\mathrm{eV})$ can become trapped by the mean attractive potential above the surface, oscillating normal to the surface. While in this trapped state, it can traverse hundreds of $\AA{}$ as it dissipates energy to the surface. Until the atom either desorbs or comes to rest, it experiences an energy loss, that is piecewise linear in time, typically comprised of two or more linear regions. In each region, the energy loss rate, $dE/dt,$ is approximately constant. The process can be characterized by two parameters: the desorption probability at each oscillation and an average energy loss rate (per oscillation) that is independent of energy. These parameter values are the same for both the (111) and (001) surfaces. A phenomenological model based on these parameters is presented, and the predictions of sticking probability, average energy transfer to the surface, and total distance traveled, agree with full MD simulations. The dependence of the desorption probability on the surface temperature was also studied.
Signature-tagged mutagenesis and the hunt for virulence factors

STM has been successfully adapted to a number of pathogens and has identified new factors required for in vivo survival and growth. It will take further efforts to generate and characterize a sufficient number of mutations within a pathogen to ensure that all genes potentially affecting virulence have been mutated. For most attenuated mutants, polar effects of the insertion have not been eliminated as the cause of loss of virulence. Although STM is a powerful technique, its application will be limited by the genetic systems available in various pathogens, animal model utility and some inherent constraints of the technique. To achieve the goal of identifying all genes affecting the pathogenesis of a given organism, it might be necessary to apply more than one identification scheme.
Diamond growth in a novel low pressure flame

Diamond growth using a new low-pressure combustion technique is reported. A large-area hydrogen/oxygen flame is used as the source of atomic hydrogen. Methane diluted in hydrogen is injected into the flame near a heated silicon substrate, on which diamond crystallites nucleate and grow. This technique is potentially capable of large-area film growth, since atomic hydrogen can be generated uniformly over arbitrarily large areas.
The economics of reburning with cattle manure-based biomass in existing coal-fired power plants for NOx and CO2 emissions control

Abstract Coal plants that reburn with catttle biomass (CB) can reduce CO 2 emissions and save on coal purchasing costs while reducing NO x emissions by 60–90% beyond levels achieved by primary NO x controllers. Reductions from reburning coal with CB are comparable to those obtained by other secondary NO x technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The objective of this study is to model potential emission and economic savings from reburning coal with CB and compare those savings against competing technologies. A spreadsheet computer program was developed to model capital, operation, and maintenance costs for CB reburning, SCR, and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). A base case run of the economics model, showed that a CB reburn system retrofitted on an existing 500 MW e coal plant would have a net present worth of −$80.8 million. Comparatively, an SCR system under the same base case input parameters would have a net present worth of +$3.87 million. The greatest increase in overall cost for CB reburning was found to come from biomass drying and processing operations. The profitability of a CB reburning system retrofit on an existing coal-fired plant improved with higher coal prices and higher valued NO x emission credits. Future CO 2 taxes of $25 tonne −1 could make CB reburning as economically feasible as SCR. Biomass transport distances and the unavailability of suitable, low-ash CB may require future research to concentrate on smaller capacity coal-fired units between 50 and 300 MW e .
Second Mutant Gene Affecting the Amino Acid Pattern of Maize Endosperm Proteins

The mutant floury-2 results in the production of maize endosperm proteins with an altered amino acid pattern. The lysine concentration is high, eapproximately equal to that in mutant opaque-2, and the methionine concentration is higher than in any other stock tested. Other mutants of similar phenotype!, opaque-1, floury-1, and soft-starch do not cause major changes in amino acid Pattern.
An Exploratory Study of the Influence That Analyzing Teaching Has on Preservice Teachers' Classroom Practice.

We designed a video-based course to develop preservice teachers’ vision of ambitious instruction by decomposing instruction to learn to attend to student thinking and to examine how particular teaching moves influence student learning. In this study, we examine the influence that learning to systematically analyze ambitious pedagogy in the course has on preservice teachers’ classroom practice. Analysis of preservice teachers’ videos from the Performance Assessment for California Teachers Teaching Event reveals that they engaged in more student-centered practices compared with a cohort of candidates who did not participate in the course—creating opportunities to see student thinking, noticing student thinking during instruction, and pursuing student ideas to learn more about their thinking. We also found that their probing of student thinking focused primarily on correct answers and procedural fluency. These findings have implications for defining a pedagogy of teacher preparation to develop beginning teac...
Prostate cancer: why is PSA velocity such a sticky concept?

Unequivocal randomized trial data show that PSA velocity does not benefit decision making in localized prostate cancer. A recent paper suggests that the literature is wrong and that PSA velocity does predict aggressive disease; however, the study design is flawed and the key claim seems to be based on a typographical error.
Energy-conversion properties of induction machines in variable-speed constant-frequency generating systems

IN A LIST of more than 380 technical problems affecting the defense of the United States prepared by the National Inventors Council (Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce) appears the following item under the general heading of Power Supplies: ?741. AC Generators ? Constant frequency, variable speed AC Generators.? This is but one indication of the importance attached today to the problem of constant-frequency a-c generation, particularly with regard to air-borne applications. In recent years, many solutions to this problem have been proposed, developed and, in some instances, specific constant-frequency generating systems have been actually utilized in aircraft and guided missiles.