cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum likelihood estimation of a generalized threshold stochastic regression model

There is hardly any literature on modelling nonlinear dynamic relations involving nonnormal time series data. This is a serious lacuna because nonnormal data are far more abundant than normal ones, for example, time series of counts and positive time series. While there are various forms of nonlinearities, the class of piecewise-linear models is particularly appealing for its relative ease of tractability and interpretation. We propose to study the generalized threshold model which specifies that the conditional probability distribution of the response variable belongs to an exponential family, and the conditional mean response is linked to some piecewise-linear stochastic regression function. We introduce a likelihood-based estimation scheme, and the consistency and limiting distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator are derived. We illustrate the proposed approach with an analysis of a hare abundance time series, which gives new insights on how phase-dependent predator-prey-climate interactions shaped the ten-year hare population cycle. A simulation study is conducted to examine the finite-sample performance of the proposed estimation method.
Competing in cyberspace: The future of the legal profession

Abstract Law is an information-oriented profession that has been profoundly affected by the traditional media, particularly print. In relying on new information technologies, lawyers are engaged both in a process of adaptation, as new tools displace old tools, and in a process of acculturation, as a new information environment emerges in which there are changing assumptions and expectations about the value and use of information. In this digital environment, professional boundaries are vulnerable as control over bodies of knowledge is weakened. In addition, the legal profession must respond to increasing levels of complexity in relationships, to increasing rates of change, and to increasing levels of conflict, all of which are occurring at the same time that the role and meaning of the profession is being redefined.
Clinical Risk Assessment of Coombs Positive ABO Isoimmunization for Excessive Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Clinical Risk Assessment of Coombs Positive ABO Isoimmunization for Excessive Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Site-specific DNA-affinity chromatography of the lac repressor.

Abstract To test the feasibility of site-specific DNA-affinity chromatography, E. coli lac repressor was bound to an operator-containing DNA column, and in parallel to a non-operator DNA column. Salt gradient elution shows: 1) elution from non-operator DNA was near 250mM KCl or NaCl; interpretation of this result suggests the usefulness of the procedure for studying salt-dependence of DNA-protein affinities; 2) elution from operator-containing DNA was delayed (average elution = 1000mM salt), demonstrating a feasibility of site-specific DNA-affinity chromatography, if one provides a sufficiently favorable ratio of specific to non-specific DNA binding sites; 3) repressor eluted from operator-containing DNA over a very broad salt range, which may represent chromatography-generated repressor heterogeneity.
Increased risk of pneumonia among ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury: every day counts!

Abstract Background Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently require mechanical ventilation (MV). The objective of this study was to examine the association between time spent on MV and the development of pneumonia among patients with TBI. Materials and methods Patients older than 18 y with head abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores coded 1–6 requiring MV in the National Trauma Data Bank 2007–2010 data set were included. The study was limited to hospitals reporting pneumonia cases. AIS scores were calculated using ICDMAP-90 software. Patients with injuries in any other region with AIS score >3, significant burns, or a hospital length of stay >30 d were excluded. A generalized linear model was used to determine the approximate relative risk of developing all-cause pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP], and infectious pneumonia identified by the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision , diagnosis code) for each day of MV, controlling for age, gender, Glasgow coma scale motor score, comorbidity (Charlson comorbidity index) score, insurance status, and injury type and severity. Results Among the 24,525 patients with TBI who required MV included in this study, 1593 (6.5%) developed all-cause pneumonia. After controlling for demographic and injury factors, each additional day on the ventilator was associated with a 7% increase in the risk of pneumonia (risk ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.08). Conclusions Patients who have sustained TBIs and require MV are at higher risk for VAP than individuals extubated earlier; therefore, shortening MV exposure will likely reduce the risk of VAP. As patients with TBI frequently require MV because of neurologic impairment, it is key to develop aggressive strategies to expedite ventilator independence.
Complementing lattice-ordered groups: The projectable case

A complemented l-group G is one in which to each a ∈ G there corresponds a b ∈ G so that |a|⋏|b|=0, while |a|⋎|b| is a unit of G. For projectable l-groups this is so precisely when the group possesses a unit. The article introduces the notion of complementation, and the situation for projectable l-groups is analyzed in some detail; in particular, it is shown that any projectable l-group having a projectable complementation in which it is convex has a unique maximal one of this kind.
Band oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for the Lyman and Werner systems of H2, HD, and D2

Hydrogen and deuterium oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for Lyman and Werner system individual bands by electronic dipole moment functions
Elasticities in Variable Environments: Properties and Implications

Abstract: Elasticities in stochastic matrix models are used to understand both population and evolutionary dynamics. We examine three such elasticities: stochastic elasticity \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $E^{\mathrm{S}\,}_{ij}$ \end{document} with respect to the (i, j) matrix element, the elasticity \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace...
THREE COMPONENTS OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE IN READING COMPREHENSION

Research in native (English) and nonnative (ESL) reading comprehension has shown that the ability to understand texts is based not only on the comprehender's linguistic knowledge, but also on general knowledge of the world and the extent to which that knowledge is activated during processing. Separate components of background knowledge which have been identified in the literature are: (1) prior knowledge in the content area of the text (familiar vs. novel); (2) prior knowledge that the text is about a particular content area (context vs. no context); and (3) degree to which the lexical items in the text reveal the content area (transparent vs. opaque). This paper reports a study which shows the individual and interactive effects of these three separate variables on the reading comprehension of both native (English) and nonnative (ESL) readers. Results indicate that, unlike native speakers for whom all three components of background knowledge play a significant role in reading, understanding, and recalling a text, nonnative readers show virtually no significant effects of background knowledge. Further, also unlike native readers, nonnative readers appear not to have a good sense of how easy or difficult a text is for them to understand. These findings are discussed in relation to schema-theoretical views of reading as an interactive process between the text and the reader, and in relation to their implications for ESL reading pedagogy.
Negative life events in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Objective To study the relationship between negative life events and demographic and clinical variables in youth with bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), as well as to compare the rates of life events in youth with bipolar disorder, depressive and/or anxiety disorders (DEP-ANX), and healthy controls. Method Subjects included 446 youth, aged 7 to 17 years, meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I, bipolar II, or an operationalized definition of bipolar disorder NOS, and were enrolled in the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Illness in Youth study. Subjects completed the Life Events Checklist. Sixty-five DEP-ANX and 65 healthy youth were obtained from previous studies using similar methodology. The study was conducted from October 2000 to July 2006. Results Older age, lower socioeconomic status, living with nonintact family, non-Caucasian race, anxiety, and disruptive disorders were associated with greater number of total negative life events. Specifically, increased independent, dependent, and uncertain negative life events were associated with lower socioeconomic status, nonintact family, and comorbid disruptive disorders. Increased independent negative life events were additionally associated with non-Caucasian race and comorbid anxiety disorders. Increased dependent and uncertain negative life events were also associated with older age. DEP-ANX youth reported a similar rate of negative life events as bipolar youth, and both groups had more negative life events than the healthy controls. Bipolar youth reported fewer total and dependent positive life events compared to DEP-ANX and healthy youths. Conclusions Similar to DEP-ANX youth, bipolar youth are exposed to excessive negative independent and dependent life events, which may have implications in the long-term outcome and negative consequences associated with this disorder.
Community Formation in Frontier Mexico: Accepting and Rejecting New Migrants

Through a comparison of two communities, this paper addresses village formation in frontier Campeche, Mexico. Mexico's village political unit, the ejido, allows farmers flexibility in deciding who may take up residence in their communities. The paper analyzes how established farmers employ ideas of ethnicity, family, and expectations of social strife to assess the long-term compatibility of newcomers. The paper further examines the role of economic stratification, village factionalism, and development programs in structuring acceptance into a village. The findings challenge prevalent economic explanations for migration and point to the need for research into the interaction of economic and political factors in intrarural migration.
Jitter measurement circuit for mixed signal production test

Abstract This paper presents a novel low-cost jitter measurement circuit for production test. The hardware implementation is based on the so-called analytic signal method. The circuit consists of two parts: high-speed ADC sampling and DSP computation. The uniqueness of this circuit comes from the fact that the FPGA is used as both the ADC sampling controller and the main computation engine, which can significantly reduce the test cost. To validate the design effectiveness, measurements results have been compared between various instruments and this proposed circuit.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Pulverized Tejon Lookout Granite Adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock Faults: Implications for Earthquake Physics

We present new detailed analyses of samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite collected from sections adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock faults in southern California. The Tejon Lookout granite is pulverized in all exposures within about 100 m from both faults. Chemical analyses indicate no or little weathering in the collected samples, although XRD analysis shows the presence of smectite, illite, and minor kaolinite in the clay-size fraction. Weathering products may dominate in the less than 1 micron fraction. The average grain size in all samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite ranges between 26 and 208 microns (silt to fine sand), with the particle size distribution in part a function of proximity to the primary slip zone. The San Andreas fault samples that we studied are generally finer grained than those collected from adjacent to the Garlock fault. The particle size distribution for each studied sample from both faults follows a pseudo-power law with a continuously changing exponent, which suggests that pulverization is not simply a consequence of direct shear. The average particle size that we determined for our samples is considerably coarser than reported in previous investigations, which we attribute to possible measurement errors in the prior work. Our data and observations suggest that dynamic fracturing in the wall rock of the San Andreas and Garlock faults only accounts for about 1% or less of the earthquake energy budget.
Utility of the SEER-Medicare data to identify chemotherapy use.

Background Medicare claims include codes for chemotherapy administration and specific drugs given, and researchers are increasingly using these data to measure the use of chemotherapy. However, the validity and completeness of these data as a source of information has not been established. Objectives This analysis is intended to assess the utility of the Medicare claims to capture chemotherapy use. Methods Persons with breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer were identified from the linked SEER-Medicare data. Their Medicare claims were reviewed to determine if there were any bills for chemotherapy, and if so, if there were claims for specific agents. This information was compared with data on the first course of treatment obtained from hospitals and treating physicians by the SEER registries through an NCI-supported Patterns of Care Studies (POC). Agreement was measured using kappa statistics. The sensitivity of the Medicare claims to capture chemotherapy, as reported from the POC data, was also measured. An additional comparison assessed the agreement between the two data sources concerning which specific drugs had been given. Results For all of the cancers, there was a high level of agreement between the Medicare claims and the POC data regarding whether or not the patient had received chemotherapy (kappa >or=0.73). The sensitivity of the Medicare data to determine if a person had received chemotherapy was high (>or=88%). In cases where the Medicare claim included a code for a specific drug, there high agreement between Medicare and POC about the specific drug given in breast and colorectal cancers, although the agreement was lower for ovarian cancers. The sensitivity of the Medicare claims to identify specific agents varies by cancer type. Conclusions The Medicare claims can be used to identify which persons are receiving chemotherapy. The utility of Medicare data to measure treatment with specific agents varies by cancer type and specific agent. For some cancers, it is possible to use these claims to assess use of specific drugs, while for other drugs the data are limited.
Dermatome setting for autografts to cover INTEGRA.

Using the INTEGRA® Dermal Regeneration Template requires the outer silastic layer to be replaced with an autograft. We followed the manufacturer's directions for epidermal autografting and frequently obtained shredded, useless grafts and, therefore, it seemed important to determine the proper dermatome setting. We evaluated dermatome settings from 0.002 to 0.012 inches. First, with feeler gauges, we verified the dermatome settings. Second, we harvested skin at various dermatome settings and measured the thickness histologically. We found that 1) the dermatome settings are reasonably accurate; 2) harvesting useful sheets at 0.002 and 0.004 inches is virtually impossible; 3) the variability of histologic graft thickness is enormous; and 4) a dermatome setting of 0.006 inches yields useful grafts. We no longer use the term epidermal autografting but rather ultrathin split-thickness grafting. To harvest these grafts, we now merely set the dermatome to 0.006 inches and make whatever midcourse corrections are necessary to obtain translucent grafts.
Total Dose and Single Event Effects Testing of the Intersil ISL70003SEH Integrated Point of Load Converter

We report results of destructive and nondestructive SEE testing and total dose testing of the ISL70003SEH integrated point of load (POL) converter, together with a discussion of the part's electrical specifications and fabrication process. I. INTRODUCTION HIS paper reports the results of preliminary total dose and SEE testing of the Intersil ISL70003SEH, a synchronous buck regulator featuring integrated power MOSFET devices. The part is intended to work from a 12 V intermediate bus in point of load (POL) regulator applications for low voltage, high current digital circuits such as FPGA's, processors and memory devices. The ISL70003SEH is hardened for the total dose and single-event effects environments through hardened by design methods and uses a commercial submicron BiCMOS power management process. For the present work, sample preproduction die were assembled in the standard hermetic ceramic flatpacks. The objective of these tests was to evaluate the part's total dose hardness and destructive and nondestructive SEE response.
A Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Coverage of Graphs by Heterogeneous Mobile Agents

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of covering an apriori unknown network structure by a group of mobile agents with possibly nonidentical coverage and communication capabilities. The network is represented as a graph, and the agents are mobile devices that explore and cover the graph in a decentralized fashion. We study this problem in a game theoretic setting and achieve optimal coverage through learning in games.
Role of heredity in multiple primary cancer

The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms characterizes virtually all varieties of hereditary cancer. This report focuses on this phenomenon in 11 families with the Cancer Family Syndrome (heritable adenocarcinomas of the colon and endometrium) and a single extended kindred with site-specific colon cancer. Of the 316 relatives with cancer in the 12 families, 68 (21.5%) had two or more primary malignancies and 59 (86.8%) of these multiple primaries involved the colon and/or endometrium. A pooled analysis of this resource revealed a consistent 3% risk for a second primary cancer in each year of survival following first onset. If a second primary occurs, the risk for a third is extremely high (6.9% per year), but shows a nonlinear trend with increasing survival following second onset. The high risk for development of extraprimary malignancies in patients from these kindreds indicates that careful consideration should be given to total removal of their principal target organs following the initial manifestation of cancer.
Remarks on $B$ Decays Into Baryonic Modes and Possible Implications for $V$(ub)

Intriguing hints of possible observation of charmless baryonic modes of B decays have prompted us to make theoretical estimates of two and three body decay modes involving baryons in the final state. Bounds on the Kobayashi-Maskawa parameter Vub can then be obtained.
Acoustic signal recognition with a photorefractive time-delay neural network.

We present a photorefractive processor for audio-acoustic signal recognition based on the time-delay neural network model of Hopfield and Tank [in Neural Models of Plasticity, J. H. Byrne, ed. (Academic, New York, 1989), pp. 363–377]. We demonstrate the recognition of three words by programming the interconnection weights of the time-delay network.
Evaluation of the phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate concept in the acetate kinase and hexokinase reactions from kinetic studies.

The kinetic mechanism of action of Escherichia coli acetate kinase (ATP: acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) was found to be Ping Pong. This conclusion was alluded to from initial rate experiments and from competitive and product inhibition experiments. The findings are consistent with chemical evidence providing the basis for the participation of a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate in the reaction. A discussion is presented in which it is shown that an analogous covalent intermediate is most probably not involved in the reaction catalyzed by yeast hexokinase (ATP:d-hexose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1). Finally, a reinvestigation of the use of isotope competition for segregating kinetic mechanisms of multisubstrate enzymic reactions indicates that the approach is invalid.
Inhibition of nicotine-induced hippocampal norepinephrine release in rats by alpha-conotoxins MII and AuIB microinjected into the locus coeruleus.

Hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) is secreted by neurons projecting from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the hippocampus; LC nicotinic receptors (NAchRs) are involved in the effects of systemic nicotine on this pathway. To clarify the NAchR subtypes, NAchR antagonists, termed α-conotoxins, were microinjected into the LC before nicotine; MII and AulB were used to assess the potential involvement of α3β2 and α3β4 subunit-containing NAchRs, respectively. Nicotine dose-dependently stimulated hippocampal NE release (P 0.25 pmol) reduced the NE response to nicotine (67% decrease; P<0.05), as did AuIB (44% reduction by 25 pmol; P<0.05). Administered together, however, MII and AuIB were no more effective than MII. Thus, MII and AuIB are capable of interacting with NAchR subtypes other than those previously defined as α3β2 and α3β4, respectively. NAchRs containing both β2 and β4subunits may be involved.
Isolation and characterization of a transcriptionally active fraction from Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract In this study we report procedures for the isolation of a transcriptionally active fraction from Dictyostelium discoideum . Chemical analysis of this fraction shows that it contains DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid. The fraction exhibits less than 5% of the alkaline phosphatase-specific activity associated with plasma membranes and less than 10% of the succinate dehydrogenase-specific activity associated with purified mitochondria. Two RNA polymerase activities associated with the fraction have been resolved using DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. One activity is sensitive to low concentrations (25 μ/ml) of the toxin α-amanitin. The total protein and basic protein components of the transcriptionally active fraction have been fractionated on polyacrylamide gels. Eleven major polypeptides were obtained from electrophoresis of the transcriptionally active fraction proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gels, several of which had molecular weights above 50,000. The basic proteins associated with the transcriptionally active fraction after fractionation on polyacrylamide gels appeared similar in mobility to calf thymus histones and also to histones isolated from D. discoideum nuclei. The transcriptional activity of the reaction has been shown to require ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. The reaction is inhibited by EDTA, which can be reversed in the presence of either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ ions. Activity is abolished by treatment of the fraction with DNase or actinomycin D, while the product is susceptible to both RNase and KOH. The reaction is insensitive to rifampicin and is not affected following the addition of DNA or RNA. An analysis of the α-amanitin sensitivity of the transcriptional reaction suggests that the two polymerase activities isolated from the complex are both functioning during the reaction. The transcriptional reaction product, which has been analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, ranges between 4 and 20 S. The profile is lost after treatment of the fractions with RNase. Transcriptional assays run in the presence of α-amanitin yielded a sucrose gradient profile slightly larger than the untreated transcriptionally active fraction product profile, while isolated poly(A) containing in vitro transcripts synthesized by the transcriptionally active fraction appeared similar to the original transcriptionally active fraction product profile. The rate of transcription observed in the present study is comparable within a factor of 2 to that of other endogenous transcriptional systems. As shown by hybridization analysis, the in vitro transcript anneals specifically with D. discoideum DNA. Both the α-amanitin-insensitive and the poly(A)-containing in vitro transcripts showed greater than 80% hybridization with D. discoideum DNA. In the presence of D. discoideum polysomal RNA, the amount of in vitro transcript hybridized is reduced by approximately 90%.
Protein structure: Charting a new course in coiled coils.

Designed expansion of hydrophobic contacts converts a coiled-coil tetramer to a true hexamer, a new protein fold previously deemed unlikely to exist. The complex has a central channel sized to allow passage of water molecules.
In vitro analysis of hepatic carnitine biosynthesis in human systemic carnitine deficiency.

Abstract The syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency (progressive muscle weakness, recurrent metabolic encephalopathy, low liver and muscle and fluctuating serum carnitine levels) has been attributed to a defect of carnitine biosynthesis. We determined activities in liver of the four enzymes which convert ϵ-N- trimethyl- l -lysine to l -carnitine in three patients with systemic carnitine deficiency and in 12 control subjects. In the three patients all enzyme activities were within the normal range except one, which was slightly below the normal range. We conclude that in systemic carnitine deficiency no enzymatic defect exists in the conversion of ϵ-N- trimethyl- l -lysine to carnitine.
Does Religion Distract the Poor? Income and Issue Voting Around the World

This article asks whether religion undermines the negative relationship between income and left voting that is assumed in standard political economy models of democracy. Analysis of cross-country survey data reveals that this correlation disappears among religious individuals in countries that use proportional representation. This is the case in large part because there is a moral values dimension that has a correlation with income that is equal in magnitude but has the opposite sign as the economic dimension, and the votes of the religious are better explained by their positions on moral than economic issues, especially in countries with multiparty systems. The authors conclude by discussing implications for theories of redistribution.
The role of cognitive mediators in heterosocial anxiety: A test of self-efficacy theory

The present study examined the ability of the self-efficacy construct to account for motoric, self-report, and physiological responses evidenced in the treatment of a clinically prevalent fear, and the accuracy of the theory in predicting generalization effects and perseverance when confronted with obstacles and aversive events. Prior to and immediately after treatment, heterosocially anxious males completed ratings of efficacy expectations and several self-report inventories, and participated in a role-play assessment that provided estimates of motoric and physiological responses to simulated heterosocial encounters. Perceived efficacy was found to be a sensitive indicator of self-reports of anxiety, of motoric performance on targeted and generalization tasks, and of the degree of coping behavior displayed in the face of mildly aversive stimuli. Contrary to the theoretical contentions, no correspondence was obtained between performance change and fluctuations in efficacy strength from pre- to posttreatment assessments, nor was any systematic relationship detected between efficacy and arousal. Problematic features associated with conducting adequate tests of the validity of certain predictions espoused by self-efficacy theory are discussed.
Neuroprotection and remyelination after autoimmune demyelination in mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1

In rodents, the chemokine CXCL1 both induces the proliferation and inhibits the migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. We previously reported that in multiple sclerosis, the same chemokine is expressed by hypertrophic astrocytes, which associate with oligodendrocytes that express the receptor CXCR2. To investigate whether chemokines influence repair after autoimmune demyelination, we generated GFAP-rtTA × β-Gal-TRE-CXCL1 double-transgenic (Tg) mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1 under the control of the astrocyte-specific gene, glial fibrillary acidic protein. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, was induced in these animals (and controls) by the subcutaneous injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and after disease onset, CXCL1 production was initiated by the intraperitoneal injection of doxycycline. Double-Tg animals displayed a milder course of disease compared with both single (CXCL1 or glial fibrillary acidic protein)-Tg and wild-type controls. Pathologies were similar in all groups during the acute stage of disease. During the chronic disease phase, both inflammation and demyelination were diminished in double-Tg mice and Wallerian degeneration was markedly decreased. Remyelination was strikingly more prominent in double-Tg mice, together with an apparent increased number of oligodendrocytes. Moreover, cell proliferation, indicated by BrdU incorporation within the central nervous system, was more widespread in the white matter of double-Tg animals. These findings suggest a neuroprotective role for CXCL1 during the course of autoimmune demyelination.
Integration of scramjets with waverider configurations

This paper presents a parametric study of a scramjet propulsion system integrated into a waverider lifting-body configuration. The analysis explores the effect of inlet geometry, internal cross-section-area distribution of the combustor section, the distribution of the heat release of the reacting mixture, the heat transfer, and the friction on the performance of the propulsion system. The Mach number, temperature, and pressure distributions within the scramjet model are studied parametrically, and the effects on the thrust are obtained. The results provide insight on the design concepts and problems that might arise for a given internal-flow configuration.
A Numerical Study of Methods for Moist Atmospheric Flows: Compressible Equations

AbstractTwo common numerical techniques for integrating reversible moist processes in atmospheric flows are investigated in the context of solving the fully compressible Euler equations. The first is a one-step, coupled technique based on using appropriate invariant variables such that terms resulting from phase change are eliminated in the governing equations. In the second approach, which is a two-step scheme, separate transport equations for liquid water and water vapor are used, and no conversion between water vapor and liquid water is allowed in the first step, while in the second step a saturation adjustment procedure is performed that correctly allocates the water into its two phases based on the Clausius–Clapeyron formula. The numerical techniques described are first validated by comparing to a well-established benchmark problem. Particular attention is then paid to the effect of changing the time scale at which the moist variables are adjusted to the saturation requirements in two different varia...
Electrowetting in Carbon Nanotubes

We demonstrate reversible wetting and filling of open single-wall carbon nanotubes with mercury by means of electrocapillary pressure originating from the application of a potential across an individual nanotube in contact with a mercury drop. Wetting improves the conductance in both metallic and semiconducting nanotube probes by decreasing contact resistance and forming a mercury nanowire inside the nanotube. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the electrocapillarity-driven filling process and provide estimates for the imbibition speed and electrocapillary pressure.
Nonparametric Bayes Conditional Distribution Modeling With Variable Selection

This article considers a methodology for flexibly characterizing the relationship between a response and multiple predictors. Goals are (1) to estimate the conditional response distribution addressing the distributional changes across the predictor space, and (2) to identify important predictors for the response distribution change both within local regions and globally. We first introduce the probit stick-breaking process (PSBP) as a prior for an uncountable collection of predictor-dependent random distributions and propose a PSBP mixture (PSBPM) of normal regressions for modeling the conditional distributions. A global variable selection structure is incorporated to discard unimportant predictors, while allowing estimation of posterior inclusion probabilities. Local variable selection is conducted relying on the conditional distribution estimates at different predictor points. An efficient stochastic search sampling algorithm is proposed for posterior computation. The methods are illustrated through simulation and applied to an epidemiologic study.
Infarct detection with a comprehensive cardiac CT protocol

Background Cardiac CT has the potential to offer comprehensive infarct detection by assessing regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs), rest perfusion defects (RPDs), and delayed contrast enhancement (DCE). However, the diagnostic accuracy of these techniques for the detection of myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. Methods Forty-eight patients with intermediate-to-high probability for coronary artery disease after single-photon emitting CT myocardial perfusion imaging were prospectively enrolled for a research comprehensive 64-detector row dual-source cardiac CT protocol that included cine images for RWMA, first-pass images for RPD, and delayed images for DCE. Blinded readers independently assessed each technique. Subsequently, a final combined analysis (cine + rest + DCE) was performed. The universal definition for MI by the 2007 American Heart Association task force was used as the “gold standard.” Results Twenty-four of 48 patients (50%) had infarct by the universal definition. The combined CT analysis was most accurate (90%) with the highest per-patient sensitivity (88%) and specificity (92%) versus individual assessments (RWMA, 79% and 88%; RPD, 67% and 92%; DCE, 79% and 88%). Similar findings were observed on a per-vessel basis analysis. A combination of DCE and cine showed a good accuracy (85%) and high sensitivity (92%). Conclusions Infarct detection with CT is feasible with overall good diagnostic accuracy compared with the universal definition. A combined evaluation that included all techniques (cine, RPD, and DCE) had the highest diagnostic accuracy. These findings may have implications when designing future clinical and research CT protocols for optimal infarct detection.
Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Squealer Tip and Near Squealer Tip Regions of a Gas Turbine Blade

Detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions on a squealer tip of a gas turbine blade were measured using a hue detection based transient liquid crystals technique. The heat transfer coefficients on the shroud and near tip region of the pressure and suction sides of a blade were also measured. Tests were performed on a five-bladed linear cascade with blow down facility. The blade was a 2-dimensional model of a first stage gas turbine rotor blade with a profile of a GE-E3 aircraft gas turbine engine rotor blade. The Reynolds number based on the cascade exit velocity and axial chord length of a blade was 1.1×106 and the total turning angle of the blade was 97.7°. The overall pressure ratio was 1.23 and the inlet and exit Mach number were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. The heat transfer measurements were taken at the three different tip gap clearances of 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.5% of blade span. Results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficient on the squealer tip was higher than that on the shroud and the near tip region of the pressure and suction side. Results also showed that the heat transfer coefficients on the squealer tip and its shroud were lower than that on the plane tip and shroud, but the heat transfer coefficients on the near tip region of suction and pressure sides were higher for the squealer tip case.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Permanent Storage for Nuclear Power Plant Wastes: Comparing Risk Judgments and Their Social Effects

Highly radioactive by-products of nuclear power production presently sit at more than 100 plant sites around the U.S., awaiting the creation of a permanent storage place. A single storage place—or repository—is judged by federal technical specialists to reduce the risk of environmental hazards posed by the present arrangement. The risks are judged quite differently, however, by many outside the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the agency responsible for an unprecedented application of complex transportation and waste storage technology.
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in the animal kingdom: report of two cases

This report describes two cases of marked bone loss (osteopenia) occurring in a 9-week-old German shepherd puppy and in a 6-month-old tiger. In both cases the animals were fed a diet which was exclusively boneless meat. The diets in both cases contained approximately 40 mg of calcium and 1000 mg of phosphorus per pound resulting in both calcium deficiency and phosphorus excess, resulting in a phosphorus-to-calcium ratio of 25:1, well beyond the amounts known to cause marked loss of bone experimentally. This has been termed nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH). Both animals presented with severe bone pain, difficulty in ambulation, and difficulty in chewing food. Radiographs showed marked osteopenia and spontaneous fractures. Both responded clinically and radiographically to calcium supplementation and a diet with an appropriate phosphorus-to-calcium ratio. The importance of calcium and phosphorus in the human diet is briefly discussed.
Radial density distribution and symmetry of a Potexvirus, narcissus mosaic virus

Narcissus mosaic virus is a Potexvirus, a member of the Flexiviridae family of filamentous plant viruses. Fiber diffraction patterns from oriented sols of narcissus mosaic virus have been used to determine the symmetry and structural parameters of the viral helix. The virions have a radius of 55+/-5 A. The viral helix has a pitch of 34.45+/-0.5 A, with 7.8 subunits per turn of the helix. We conclude that all members of the Potexvirus genus have close to 8 subunits per helical turn.
Transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-α1 regulate dynamic growth cone behaviors and initial axon direction in vivo

How axon guidance signals regulate growth cone behavior and guidance decisions in the complex in vivo environment of the central nervous system is not well understood. We have taken advantage of the unique features of the zebrafish embryo to visualize dynamic growth cone behaviors and analyze guidance mechanisms of axons emerging from a central brain nucleus in vivo. We investigated axons of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nucMLF), which are the first axons to extend in the zebrafish midbrain. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging, we show that both positive axon-axon interactions and guidance by surrounding tissue control initial nucMLF axon guidance. We further show that two guidance molecules, transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-α1, are essential for the initial directional extension of nucMLF axons and their subsequent convergence into a tight fascicle. Fixed tissue analysis shows that TAG-1 knockdown causes errors in nucMLF axon pathfinding similar to those seen in a laminin-α1 mutant. However, in vivo time-lapse imaging reveals that while some defects in dynamic growth cone behavior are similar, there are also defects unique to the loss of each gene. Loss of either TAG-1 or laminin-α1 causes nucMLF axons to extend into surrounding tissue in incorrect directions and reduces axonal growth rate, resulting in stunted nucMLF axons that fail to extend beyond the hindbrain. However, defects in axon-axon interactions were found only after TAG-1 knockdown, while defects in initial nucMLF axon polarity and excessive branching of nucMLF axons occurred only in laminin-α1 mutants. These results demonstrate how two guidance cues, TAG-1 and laminin-α1, influence the behavior of growth cones during axon pathfinding in vivo. Our data suggest that TAG-1 functions to allow growth cones to sense environmental cues and mediates positive axon-axon interactions. Laminin-α1 does not regulate axon-axon interactions, but does influence neuronal polarity and directional guidance.
Wifely Submission: Psychological/Spiritual Growth Perspectives

Wifely submission is reviewed from a perspective of psychological and spiritual health with regard to sociocultural arguments, pathological personal motives, and growth motives for submission. Four sociocultural arguments for wifely submission are discussed: social order, sociobiological opinions, maintenance of sexual differences, and scriptural authority. Pathological personal motives for submission assessed are security seeking, masochistic submission, neurotic love seeking, and manipulation. Growth bases considered are service to the partner, marital mutuality, overcoming personal faults, and vowed commitment to the spiritual life. Implications for marriage and premarital counseling are drawn.
Conformation-specific recognition of carcinogen-DNA adduct in escherichia coli nucleotide excision repair.

We report a systematic and quantitative structure-function relationship study of the major N-[deoxyguanosin-8-yl]-2-aminofluorene adduct (AF) derived from the prototype carcinogen 2-aminofluorene and its derivatives. The AF adduct is known to exist in two distinct conformational motifs, depending upon the location of the hydrophobic fluorine moiety: major groove binding "B type" (B) conformation (AF-dG anti ) and base-displaced "stacked" (S) conformation (AF-dG syn ). The AF-induced S/B conformational heterogeneity is sequence-dependent and follows a typical two-site dynamic chemical exchange. The population of S conformation decreases in the order of 3'-G > A » C > T, indicating the importance of the purine flanking bases in promoting the stacking structure. Line-shape analysis showed that the S/B interconversion energy barriers (ΔG ‡ ) are in the narrow 14-16 kcal/mol range. The energy differences of the two conformers are relatively small (<0.5 kcal/mol), suggesting a possibility for a facile adduct conformation switch in the active site of a polymerase. The S/B equilibrium modulates the efficiency of Escherichia coli UvrABC-based nucleotide excision repair (NER) in a conformation-specific manner. The 19 F NMR/NER results indicate greater repair susceptibility for the base-displaced S conformer, which lacks a Watson-Crick base pair at the lesion site. These findings represent the first of its kind quantitative structure-function work relating NER activity to a specific adduct conformer and will lead to a better understanding of how bulky DNA adducts are accommodated by the repair protein.
π–π‐Stacking and nitro–π‐stacking interactions of 1‐(4‐nitro­phenyl)‐4‐phenyl‐2,4‐bis­(phenyl­ethynyl)­buta­diene

The first observed side product, C32H21NO2, in the Sonogashira coupling reaction is reported. The molecular packing shows a high degree of π-stacking interactions in the solid state.
Analysis temperature characteristics of highly strained InGaAs-GaAsP-GaAs (λ1.17μm) quantum well lasers

Characteristic temperature coefficients of the threshold current (T0) and the external quantum efficiency (T1), on highly-strained In0.35Ga0.65As- ((lambda) =1.17micrometers ) and In0.4Ga0.6As- ((lambda) =1.19micrometers ) QW lasers, are studied as simple functions of the temperature dependent of the physical parameters of the semiconductor lasers. Simple expressions of characteristics temperature coefficients of the threshold current (T0) and the external differential quantum efficiency (T1) are expressed as functions as physical parameters and their temperature dependencies. The parameters studied here include the threshold (Jth) and transparency (Jtr) current density, the carrier injection efficiency (Ninj) and external (Nd) differential quantum efficiency, the internal loss ((alpha) i), and the material gain parameter (G0). Simple expressions for T0 and T1 are derived in terms of the fundamental device parameters, indicating that the observed cavity length dependence is due to the length dependence of the modal threshold gain. The influence of monomolecular, radiative, and Auger recombination on the characteristic temperature of the transparency current density, Ttr, are analyzed. A measurement of Ttr, then allows one to determine the dominant recombination mechanisms in the QW. The characteristic temperature of the internal loss, T(alpha i), can be used to determine the influence of intervalence band absorption on the value of T0. The analysis done on the InGaAs QW lasers show that the simple expressions for T0 and T1 values gives consistent results between experiments and theory.
Practice Makes Perfect

In this article, the possibility is raised that some children may implicitly view the therapy situation as one in which new sounds and language forms are learned and practiced. In contrast, the primary purpose of talking outside of therapy is meaningful communication. Inherent in this view of therapy and non-therapy is the incompatibility or inconsistency between practicing speech and communicating effectively. What led me to recognize this inconsistency and consider its potential clinical implications was the way in which my daughter Franne dealt with her phonological disorder.
Some Proofs of Independence in Axiomatic Set Theory

1. Godel's theorem that sufficiently strong formal systems cannot prove their own consistency and Tarski's method for constructing truth-definitions can be combined to give several independence results in axiomatic set theory. In substance, the following theorems can be obtained: (a) The existence of inaccessible ordinals is not provable from the axioms of set theory, if these axioms are consistent, (b) The axiom of infinity is independent of the other axioms, if these other axioms are consistent, (c) The axiom of replacement is independent of the other axioms, if these other axioms are consistent. In all cases, V = L will be included as an axiom. The result (a) concerning inaccessible ordinals already has been proved in Shepherdson [10] and Mostowski [6], but their proofs are somewhat different from the one given here. According to Mostowski [6], Kuratowski essentially had a proof of (a) in 1924. Propositions (b) and (c) have been proved, for axiomatic set theory without the axiom V = L , by Bernays [1] pp. 65–69. The method of proof used in this paper is due to Firestone and Rosser [2]. An outline of a similar proof along these lines is given in Rosser [7] pp. 60–62. As our system G of set theory, we choose Godel's system A, B, C, as given in [4], except for the following changes.
Limit behavior of quadratic forms of moving averages and statistical solutions of the Burgers' equation

Abstract Let ..., X −1 , X 0 , X 1 , ... be symmetric i.i.d. random variables belonging to the domain of normal attraction of an α-stable distribution with 1 c j = j −β Λ ( j ) with 1/α Λ ( j ). We study the limit behavior of the partial sum processes D n ( t ) = ∑ [ nt ] k =1 Q (∑ k −∞ c k −j ) X j ), where Q ( x ) is a secondorder polynomial. We also comment on how our result relates to the study of the Burgers′ equation with random initial data.