cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffraction Scattering for Inelastic Processes

Previous treatments on high-energy scattering in quantum electrodynamics are extended to diffractive inelastic processes. We explore the model in which the diffractive excitation proceeds through the exchange of vector mesons. Six inelastic impact factors are explicitly calculated in the lowest order: (1) scalar to scalar, (2) pseudoscalar to pseudoscalar, (3) vector to vector, (4) axial vector to axial vector, (5) scalar to axial vector, and (6) pseudoscalar to axial vector. For all six of these impact factors, the masses of the incoming and outgoing particles may be different; and for the last two impact factors, the spins and the parities of the incoming and outgoing particles may be different. The nonvanishing of the impact factors demonstrates that mass, spin, and parity can change during a diffractive process. We also conclude that $C$ (charge conjugation quantum number), $S$ (strangeness), $I$ (isotopic spin), $B$ (baryon number), and $G$ parity, etc., must remain the same during a diffractive process. Some general properties of the impact factor are also discussed.
Characterization of proliferation and differentiation of opossum kidney cells in a serum-free defined medium

Proliferation and differentiation of opossum kidney cells in a serum-free defined medium was investigated and compared to that under conditions in which fetal bovine serum FBS (10%) was employed. Monolayers were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-Ham's F12 nutrient mixture containing insulin (10 μg/ml), bovine serum albumin fraction V (1 mg/ml) and fetuin (1 mg/ml). Cells in serum-free medium seeded at 1×104 per cm2 grew to confluency within 6 to 8 d and formed hemicysts or domes at a frequency equivalent to those in serum-containing medium. Electron microscopy of cultures grown in serum-free medium revealed polarized monolayers with the presence of microvilli and tight junctions. The differentiated characteristics, including sodium-dependent phosphate transport, the inhibition of this transport by parathyroid hormone (PTH), and the generation of cyclic AMP in response to PTH, were preserved in opossum kidney cells grown in serum-free medium.
Understanding the Relationship between Surface Coverage and Molecular Orientation in Polar Self-Assembled Monolayers

We report here a study of surface coverage and molecular orientation in polar self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The ordering in these SAMs arises from the competition of bonding to the surface and mutual steric effects that force alignment of the dipolar chromophores. The optimized molecular orientation was found to be 32 ± 3°, and the maximum surface coverage was approximately 2−4 molecules per nm2 depending on the molecular cross section. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements were performed to verify the polar alignment; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to determine the monolayer thin-film thickness (4.3 nm) in a selected SAM.
A comprehensive model for crossbar memory arrays

A crossbar array model with complete solutions for arbitrary memory and selector device behaviors (e.g., nonlinear, rectifying, etc.) is presented in this paper to analyze various array designs and device options. Voltage/current decay due to line resistance limits practical size of linear crossbar arrays below 10kbit. Less than 2% current reaches the end of a line in a small 1kbit array. Nonlinearity in memory characteristics and select diodes improve sensing margin from below 5% to above 30% in a 1kbit array. The voltage window between selected and unselected devices is increased from &#60;5%V dd to >20%V dd by nonlinearity and >40%V dd by select diodes. This model provides quantitative evaluation for crossbar array designs and enables statistical analysis of array characteristics.
SnO 2 , IrO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 nanoparticle anodes: electrochemical oxidation coupled with the cathodic reduction of water to yield molecular H 2

In recent years, the search for environmentally friendly alternative energy sources with reduced carbon footprints has increased. The coupling of photovoltaic power sources with advanced electrolysis systems for hydrogen production via water splitting using organic contaminants as sacrificial electron donors has been considered to a be viable alternative. In this report, we demonstrated the feasibility of a scaled-up rooftop prototype of the proposed hybrid photovoltaic-electrolysis system, which utilizes semiconductor nanoparticles coated on to metal substrates as electrodes for the generation of hydrogen coupled with the oxidation of wastewater. Application of an anodic bias of >2.0 V to bismuth-doped TiO2 (BiO x –TiO2) on Ti metal anodes with a sequential under-coatings of nanoparticulate SnO2, IrO2, Ta2O5, and Bi2O3 results in the electrochemical degradation of a variety of organic chemical contaminants in water (i.e., rhodamine B (Rh.B), methylene blue (MB), salicylic acid, triclosan, and phenol) and actual wastewater from a chemical manufacturing plant, while at the same time, molecular hydrogen is produced at stainless steel (SS) cathodes. The kinetics of the anodic substrates oxidation is investigated as a function of the cell current (I cell), substrate concentration, and background electrolyte composition (e.g., NaCl, Na2SO4, or seawater). Average current efficiencies were found to be in the range of 4–22 %, while the cathodic current and energy efficiencies for hydrogen production were found to be in the range of 50–70 % and 20–40 %, respectively.
SQL and management of external data

In late 2000, work was completed on yet another part of the SQL standard [1], to which we introduced our readers in an earlier edition of this column [2].Although SQL database systems manage an enormous amount of data, it certainly has no monopoly on that task. Tremendous amounts of data remain in ordinary operating system files, in network and hierarchical databases, and in other repositories. The need to query and manipulate that data alongside SQL data continues to grow. Database system vendors have developed many approaches to providing such integrated access.In this (partly guested) article, SQL's new part, Management of External Data (SQL/MED), is explored to give readers a better notion of just how applications can use standard SQL to concurrently access their SQL data and their non-SQL data.
CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G AND AMYLASE IN SALIVA OF MODERATELY PROTEIN UNDERNOURISHED RATS

Chronic protein insufficiency was achieved in rats with an 8% protein diet initiated at weaning. The amount of total protein/ml of saliva, volume of saliva secreted in 30 min, and total protein in stimulated saliva collected during 30 mm were decreased in the in utero malnourished rats. Malnutrition applied after weaning did not significantly suppress saliva flow. Albumin levels in saliva and the host defense capacity of saliva in the level of IgG were not significantly suppressed by dietary status. However amylase was found at a lower level in saliva.
Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on the common carotid artery. Two- and four-year reduction of intima-media thickness measured by ultrasound.

BACKGROUNDControlled clinical trials have reported treatment effects evaluated with serial imaging in coronary and femoral but not cervical arteries. The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a coronary, cervical, and femoral angiographic trial of colestipol plus niacin, included a pilot study of standardized carotid ultrasound imaging.METHODS AND RESULTSSeventy-eight subjects had ultrasound studies at baseline, 2, and 4 years. Twenty-four drug and 22 placebo subjects had carotid ultrasound images at baseline, 2, and 4 years with matching cervical angiograms. Computer image processing was applied to ultrasound images of common carotid (far wall) and cervical angiograms. Computer operators were blind to treatment group. Carotid ultrasound measurements were tested for treatment effects and compared with measurements of atherosclerosis in coronary and cervical angiograms. Drug subjects showed significant progressive reduction in carotid thickness at 2 (P = .0001) and 4 years (P = .0001); placebo subjec...
Response to Kirton.

Further comment and analyses of data from 103 alcoholics indicate less internal consistency in alcoholics' responding than in normals, no tendency for innovative alcoholics to engage in more hostile/aggressive behaviors than adaptor alcoholics, and a likelihood that more than three factors for alcoholics would be required to account for variance comparable to that for nonalcoholic persons.
Early results of conversion of a failed femoral component in hip resurfacing arthroplasty.

Background: A theoretical advantage of resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is that a failed femoral component can be safely and successfully revised to a total hip arthroplasty. To our knowledge, this advantage has not been demonstrated to date. Methods: Twenty-one metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasties in twenty patients with an average age of 50.2 years were converted to a conventional stemmed total hip arthroplasty because of femoral component failure. In eighteen hips, the acetabular component was retained, and in three hips both components were revised. The results in the resurfacing conversion group were compared with those in a group of fifty-eight patients who had undergone sixty-four primary total hip arthroplasties that had been performed during the same time-period by the same surgeon. Clinical evaluations (the Harris hip score, the University of California at Los Angeles pain, walking, and activity scores and the Short Form-12 score) and radiographic evaluations were performed. The average duration of follow-up was forty-six months for the conversion arthroplasty group and fifty-seven months for the primary conventional total hip arthroplasty group. Results: There was no significant difference between the conversion arthroplasty group and the conventional arthroplasty group with regard to operative time, blood loss, or complication rates. At the time of the most recent follow-up, with the numbers studied, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the mean Harris hip score; the University of California at Los Angeles pain, walking, and activity score; or the SF-12 score. As assessed radiographically, the quality of component fixation and the alignment of the reconstruction were equivalent between the two groups. There had been no instances of aseptic loosening of the femoral or the acetabular component in either group, and there had been no dislocations after conversion of a resurfacing arthroplasty. Conclusions: Conversion of a hip resurfacing with a femoral-side failure to a total hip arthroplasty appears to be comparable with primary total hip arthroplasty in terms of surgical effort, safety, and early clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Medical therapy: Where are we now?

Purpose. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of the nonbiologic, or traditional, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), particularly methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, and hydroxychloroquine. It also addresses various aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical trials that warrant careful interpretation, including response criteria, outcomes measurements, study designs, and results of combination therapy trials. Summary. The considerable progress in the treatment of RA over the past 20 years is due in large part to a better understanding of how to use DMARDs optimally and the introduction of biologic agents. In addition to their ability to suppress inflammation, and thereby reduce symptoms of pain and stiffness, these drugs also have the potential to alter the course of RA by slowing disease progression and reducing joint damage. Conclusion. Studies have demonstrated that early treatment of RA and rapid suppression of inflammation are extremely important as they provide long-term benefits and improve the overall prognosis for patients with the disease.
Experiments in structural DNA nanotechnology: Arrays and devices

In recent years, the chemistry of DNA has expanded from biological systems to nanotechnology. The generalization of the biological processes of reciprocal exchange leads to stable branched motifs that can be used for the construction of DNA-based geometrical and topological objects, arrays and nanomechanical devices. The information in DNA is the basis of life, but it can also be used to control the physical states of a variety of systems, leading ultimately to nanorobotics; these devices include shape-changing, walking and translating machines. We expect ultimately to be able to use the dynamic information-based architectural properties of nucleic acids to be the basis for advanced materials with applications from nanoelectronics to biomedical devices on the nanometer scale.
Vibrational spectra of 1,1-dibromocyclopropane

Abstract The i.r. spectra of solid, liquid and gaseous 1,1-dibromocyclopropane have been observed in the region 4000-50 cm −1 , and Raman spectra of the liquid phase have also been recorded. With the aid of Raman depolarization ratios and gas-phase i.r. band contours the 21 fundamental vibrations have been assigned on the basis of a C 2 v structure, and a normal-coordinate calculation was carried out with a modified Urey—Bradley force field.
Relationship of nevocytic nevi to sun exposure in dysplastic nevus syndrome

In eighty consecutive patients who have the dysplastic nevus syndrome, the concentration of nevocytic nevi on the relatively sun-protected lateral thoracic area was compared to the concentration on the relatively sun-exposed areas of the anterior and posterior thorax. Nevocytic nevi in an area 7 × 20 cm were counted in each location. There was a total of 177 nevi on the lateral thorax (average, 2.2 nevi/person), 361 on the anterior thorax (average, 4.5 nevi/person), and 506 on the posterior thorax (average, 6.3 nevi/person). Men showed no significant difference in the number of nevi on the anterior and posterior thoracic areas, but women had fewer nevi on the anterior than on the posterior thoracic sites. These findings are consonant with the hypothesis that sunlight induces nevocytic nevi in patients who have the dysplastic nevus syndrome.
A Simple Method for Fabricating Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes

A simple, inexpensive method involving chemical deposition of silver metal onto a polymer layer by noncatalytic chemical reduction from silver nitrate solution is used in the fabrication of polymeric light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The method yielded silver films with good polymer/metal interfaces and the resulting LEDs emitted light uniformly over the entire device area, but the emission efficiencies were lower by an order of magnitude compared to LEDs with vacuum-deposited metal electrodes. The chemical deposition of the metal film was carried out on a lab bench in open air without any special precautions. In addition to its cost advantage over vacuum deposition methods, the chemical process may also allow fabrication of polymer LEDs on nonflat and/or large area substrates.
Interleukin-10 promotes the maintenance of antitumor CD8(+) T-cell effector function in situ.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that can exert suppressive and stimulatory effects on T cells. It was investigated whether IL-10 could serve as an immunostimulant for specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) in vivo after vaccination and, if so, under what conditions. In tumor prevention models, administration of IL-10 before, or soon after, peptide-pulsed primary dendritic cell immunization resulted in immune suppression and enhanced tumor progression. Injection of IL-10, however, just after a booster vaccine significantly enhanced antitumor immunity and vaccine efficacy. Analysis of spleen cells derived from these latter animals 3 weeks after IL-10 treatment revealed that the number of CD8+CD44hi CD122+ T cells had increased and that antigen-specific proliferation in vitro was enhanced. Although cytotoxicity assays did not support differences between the various treatment groups, 2 more sensitive assays measuring antigen-specific interferon-γ production at the single-cell level demonstrated increases in the number of antigen-specific responder T cells in animals in the vaccine/IL-10 treatment group. Thus, IL-10 may maintain the number of antitumor CD8+ T cells. In adoptive transfer studies, the ability of IL-10 to maintain CTL function could be enhanced by the depletion of CD4+ T cells. This suggests that IL-10 mediates contrasting effects on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that result in either immune dampening or immune potentiation in situ, respectively. Appreciation of this dichotomy in IL-10 immunobiology may allow for the design of more effective cancer vaccines designed to activate and maintain specific CD8+ T-cell effector function in situ.
Housing price responses to newspaper publicity of hazardous waste sites

Abstract This paper uses housing market data to examine the relationship between newspaper coverage of local hazardous waste sites and housing prices. We explore a range of measures of newspaper publicity, including the number of Superfund-related articles, the number of such articles that focus on the risk levels at the sites, and the number of such articles that appear on page one or section A. We restrict our sample to those houses sold more than once in order to eliminate confounding timE−invariant determinants of housing price. Our findings indicate a price increase of approximately US$ 100–200 per article, which could suggest that the publicity either led residents to lower their perceptions of risk or led them to increase their expectations of a clean-up (or both).
From Impossible Words to Conceptual Structure: the Role of Structure and Processes in the Lexicon

The structure of words is often thought to provide important evidence regarding the structure of concepts. At the same time, most contemporary linguists posit a great deal of structure in words. Such a trend makes some atomists about concepts uncomfortable. The details of linguistic methodology undermine several strategies for avoiding positing structure in words. I conclude by arguing that there is insufficient evidence to hold that word-structure bears any interesting relation to the structure of concepts.
Hydrogen peroxide causes dimethylthiourea consumption while hydroxyl radical causes dimethyl sulfoxide consumption in vitro

Addition of increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused progressive decreases in dimethylthiourea (DMTU) concentrations which were inhibitable by simultaneous addition of catalase, but not the superoxide anion (O2-.) scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD), or hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavengers, such as mannitol, sodium benzoate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In parallel, addition of increasing concentrations of H2O2 with FE++/EDTA (but not H2O2 alone) caused decreases in DMSO concentrations which were inhibitable by simultaneous addition of .OH scavengers but not SOD or catalase. Addition of DMTU, but not DMSO, also decreased H2O2 concentrations in vitro. The results indicate the relative scavenging specificities of DMTU and DMSO for H2O2 and .OH, respectively. The findings also suggest that measurement of DMTU or DMSO consumption could help assess the contribution of O2 metabolites in biological systems.
Aerial Concentrations of Gossyplure, the Sex Pheromone of the Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), within and Above Cotton Fields Treated with Long-Lasting Dispensers

Cotton plants, Gossypium spp., were treated with long-lasting dispensers containing gossyplure, the sex pheromone of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Samples of air from 0.15 m above ground level and from above the tops of plants were pulled through adsorbent cartridges during day and night periods (0600–1800 and 1800–0600 hours [PST], respectively) and analyzed by gas chromatography for gossyplure content. The gossyplure was applied in Shin-Etsu rope or bag dispensers to 5-ha areas at rates of 86.8 or 71.6 g Al/ha, respectively, at the pin-square (first-Rower bud) stage of plant development. Air samples were taken during 3-d periods beginning 20, 40, 63, and 84 d after application. Ten Delta traps, each baited with 1 mg of gossyplure, were used to capture males in each treated area and an untreated control field. Eight samples of 200 bolls per area were collected weekly from treated and control areas during August and September and incubated for 2 wk before counts of pink bollworm were made. Temperatures and wind speed were recorded at 0.3 and 1.8 m above ground level in the cotton field. Temperatures and wind speeds were similar at 0.3 and 1.8 m above ground level when the cotton plants were small, but as the plants grew, temperatures were 4°C lower and wind speeds were reduced to <0.5 m/s at 0.3 m. Emission of gossyplure from rope dispensers was greatest following application and then declined, whereas the emission from bag dispensers increased slightly throughout the test period. Trap catch of males in both treated areas was reduced 99% compared with the control area during 60 d following application. No pink bollworm were found in 1,600 bolls collected from each treated area compared with 13 pink bollworm collected from the control area. Aerial concentrations of gossyplure followed similar patterns in rope and bag fields during canopy formation. Daytime and nighttime aerial concentrations of gossyplure at 0.15 m increased significantly during the test, whereas concentrations at the tops of the plants changed little. These results show that the nighttime aerial concentrations in the mating arena of moths at the tops of the plants do not reRect the increasing concentrations at 0.15 m as obtained with the dispensers applied at pin-square.
Down-Regulating Destruction: Phosphorylation Regulates the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4-2

E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze ubiquitination, which can target specific proteins for degradation. Although a growing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their targets have been identified, much less is known about the mechanisms that regulate their activity. A convergence of data indicate that phosphorylation regulates the binding of Nedd4-2, a HECT (homologous to the E6-AP C terminus) domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, to its target, the epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC. Nedd4-2 phosphorylation is emerging as a central convergence point for the regulation of epithelial Na(+) transport.
“Microfluidic drifting”—implementing three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing with a single-layer planar microfluidic device

We introduce a novel fluid manipulation technique named “microfluidic drifting” to enable three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing with a simple single-layer planar microfluidic device.
Predictability of the Loop Current Variation and Eddy Shedding Process in the Gulf of Mexico Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach

AbstractA novel approach based on an artificial neural network was used to forecast sea surface height (SSH) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in order to predict Loop Current variation and its eddy shedding process. The empirical orthogonal function analysis method was applied to decompose long-term satellite-observed SSH into spatial patterns (EOFs) and time-dependent principal components (PCs). The nonlinear autoregressive network was then developed to predict major PCs of the GoM SSH in the future. The prediction of SSH in the GoM was constructed by multiplying the EOFs and predicted PCs. Model sensitivity experiments were conducted to determine the optimal number of PCs. Validations against independent satellite observations indicate that the neural network–based model can reliably predict Loop Current variations and its eddy shedding process for a 4-week period. In some cases, an accurate forecast for 5–6 weeks is possible.
Regulatory Role of Retinoic Acid on Cultured Mouse Keratinocyte Inositol Phospholipid Metabolism: Dose-dependent Release of Inositol Triphosphate

Abstract The incorporation of precursor 14 C-myoinositol into the three cellular inositol phospholipids (PtdIns, PtdInsP, and PtdInsP 2 ) of cultured, rapidly proliferating keratinocytes is significantly enhanced by the exogenous addition of a high concentration (1 × 10 −7 M) of all-trans retinoic acid or its analog 13-Cis analog, whereas a similar incubation with a low concentration (1 × 10 −10 M) of the same retinoid resulted in an insignificant incorporation of the radio-precursor into the three inositol phospholipids. Incorporation was most marked into the more phosphorylated PtdIns4P and PtdIns4,5P 2 . These results indicate that retinoic acid affects the biosynthesis of the inositol phospholipids at high concentrations. In contrast, the hydrolysis of 14 C-PtdIns4,5P 2 and release of 14 C-InsP 3 from the prelabeled keratinocytes is markedly enhanced by a low physiologic concentration (1 × 10 −10 M) of retinoic acid or its 13-Cis analog. The hydrolysis is rapid, with an accompanying elevated transient release of 14 C-InsP 3 . High concentration (1 × 10 −5 M), on the other hand, supresses 14 C-InsP 3 release. These results taken together underscore a bifunctional, dose-dependent effect of both the all-trans-RA and its 13-Cis analog on the synthesis and hydrolysis of keratinocyte PtdIns4,5P 2 . Furthermore, the results suggest that at low physiologic concentrations, these retinoids may function as agonists to perturb the membrane resulting in induced rapid hydrolysis of cellular PtdIns4,5P 2 , which is coupled to a "transient" generation of InsP 3 (an intracellular second messenger). The rapid formation of this putative "second messenger" may in turn play a role in the cellular proliferative or differentiating biochemical events in the murine keratinocytes.
Spatial variation of accelerated pickup ions at co-rotating interaction regions

The spatial distribution of accelerated particles at corotating interaction regions (CIR's) provides constraints on possible acceleration mechanisms. We point out some previously unrecognized aspects of acceleration at the forward and reverse shocks bounding CIRs, which support the idea that acceleration of pickup ions at these shocks is an important contributor to energetic ions in the inner heliosphere. We find that the acceleration of pickup ions is strongly favored at the reverse shock over the forward shock. Also, the scaling of the pickup-ion velocity distribution with respect to local solar wind speed is not necessarily useful within the CIR.
Influence of initial state bend—stretch couplings on product rotational distributions in photodissociation of bent triatomic molecules

Abstract Even when a simple valence force field is used to represent the bound state normal modes, the kinetic energy operator couples bending and stretching motions in bent triatomic molecules. These bend—stretch couplings have been ignored in previous theoretical descriptions of photodissociation and are shown here to significantly alter predicted rotational energy distributions. Examples consider model HCN and NOCl photodissociations from bent initial states.
Changes in density of states caused by chemisorption, with implications for photoemission

Considerable effort has recently been devoted to investigating the changes in photoemission from transition metals when light gas atoms (H, 0, N, C, etc.) are absorbed on their surfaces 1, 2). We can gain insight into the features of the changes by investigating the change in electronic density of states (A DOS) using the framework presented by Einstein and Schrieffers) (hereafter denoted by ES). This one-electron model provides a simple way to visualize the formation of peaks below the d-band, the depletion of states within the center of the band, and the general dependence of spectra on the natural parameters of the problem. The model of ES considers the (100) surface of a single s-band, simple cubic, semi-infinite lattice in the tight-binding approximation [(loo) cubium], as treated by Kalkstein and Sovend), and Allans), with the one-center matrix element set at zero; the center of the bulk band is the energy zero. We take the two-center matrix element to be -3, which sets the energy scale and gives a bandwidth of 6. We represent the adatom by a single, sharp, nondegenerate (save for spin) level of energy E,. The best rough estimate of E, is an average of the ionization (I) and affinity (A) levels, rather than simply the former. The model is most realistic for neutral adsorption, i.e. when E, and the Fermi energy are relatively close, and when the Coulomb interaction (-Z-A) is not too large. The perturbation parameter, V, characterizes the hopping of an electron between an adatom and its nearest neighbor on the substrate, as in the Anderson model6). For clarity and brevity, our presentation assumes that the adatom sits directly above a surface atom in the atop position. The present discussion neglects self-consistency effects; we are presently implementing them’). We note here, however, that for atop binding, particle-hole symmetry gives self-consistency automatically for a halffilled band and E, = 0. We will therefore keep E, near the band center even though this may tend to overemphasize adatom-substrate mixing.
Anisotropic flux penetration, pinning and critical fields in high Tc superconductors

Abstract We discuss the superconducting anisotropy of high temperature oxide superconductors, particularly YBaCuO and BiSrCaCuO, based on measurements of the zero-field-cooled dc magnetization vs temperature. This technique yields apparent H⊥c1 values for BiSrCaCuO in the range of 80–140 Oe, within a factor of two of the values for YBaCuO crystals. The analysis based on the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau theory implies an effective mass anisotropy of less than 10. We attribute previously reported large anisotropies to the extrinsic effect of intergrowths. This has important implications for the possibility of two-dimensional statistical phenomena, like Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions, in these materials.
Expression of a wound-inducible cytokinin biosynthesis gene in transgenic tobacco: correlation of root expression with induction of cytokinin effects

Abstract The Agrobacterium -derived cytokinin-biosynthesis gene ipt was fused to the wound-inducible proteinase-inhibitor-IIK gene promoter from potato and introduced into Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and N. tabacum . Maximum accumulation of ipt transcripts in the leaves of transgenic plants was observed within 3–24 h after leaf wounding. Root and stem ipt messages were not detected in unwounded transgenic N. plumbaginifolia PI-II- ipt seedlings until after the plants bolted whereas in N. tabacum , a relatively low level of root and stem expression was evident only prior to stem elongation and not detected after the plants bolted. Atypical cytokinin effects were observed with the N. plumbaginifolia but not N. tabacum transformants. Transgenic N. plumbaginifolia plants bolted sooner, were taller than control plants and had larger leaves with lower specific fresh weights and chlorophyll content. At flowering, the emergence of numerous lateral shoots from lower stem sections and basal leaf greening followed the moderate increase in root ipt transcripts and corresponded to a greater than 100-fold increase in zeatin and zeatinriboside cytokinin concentrations. The expression pattern of the PI-II- ipt gene followed that of the PI-IIK gene and, when expressed in the root, corresponded with induction of characteristic cytokinin effects.
Dual-Mode Combustion Experiments with an Integrated Aeroramp-Injector/Plasma-Torch Igniter

Results from combustion experiments in a direct-connect supersonic combustor facility are presented. Successful ignition and sustained combustion of both hydrogen and ethylene fuels were achieved using an integrated aerorampinjector/plasma-torch igniter configuration. A Mach 2 nozzle was used to obtain flow simulating Mach ≈ 4 flight conditions at 27 km, at a total temperature of 1000 K and a static pressure of 42 kPa. Combustion was achieved at (global) equivalence ratios between 0.08 and 0.31 for hydrogen and 0.13 and 0.47 for ethylene, with corresponding maximum combustor pressure rises of about a factor of 4.0. One-dimensional performance analysis of the test data indicates combustion efficiencies as high as 75% for both fuels, in the leanest conditions tested. Off-design flight conditions were tested by varying the freestream air total temperature. Supersonic combustion was achieved at total temperatures as low as 530 K with hydrogen and 680 K with ethylene.
The effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin on follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol secretion in the prepuberal gilt

The effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol concentrations was studied in 14 prepuberal gilts. At 157 ± 3 days of age, gilts were randomly assigned to receive a single subcutaneous injection of either saline (C; n = 7) or 1000 IU of PMSG (n = 7). Treatments were administered at 08.00 h. Blood was collected on days −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 (day 0 = day of injection). Samples were taken at 15-min intervals between 08.00 and 12.00 h and 20.00 h and 24.00 h. Additional samples were taken every 2.67 h between 24.00 and 08.00 h and 12.00 and 20.00 h. Concentrations of FSH during the preinjection period were similar (P 0.05). Mean daily FSH concentrations decreased (P < 0.06) from 4.4 ± 0.06 ng/ml on day 0 to 2.6 ± 0.7 ng/ml on day 4 in PMSG gilts. Mean daily concentrations of estradiol were higher (P < 0.05) on days 2, 3 and 4 in gilts receiving PMSG when compared to C females. Laparoscopic examination of the ovaries on day 6 revealed that the PMSG-treated gilts had ovulated while the C gilts did not. These results indicate that PMSG stimulated follicular growth and ovulation in prepuberal gilts with no increase in plasma concentrations of FSH.
Importance of nutrition to corneal grafts when used as a carrier of the Boston Keratoprosthesis.

Purpose:Necrosis, melt, and perforation have historically been frequent around a Keratoprosthesis (KPro), even resulting in extrusion or endophthalmitis. Autoimmune diseases such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (OCP) have been notorious in this respect. The purpos
Everywhere differentiability of infinity harmonic functions

We show that an infinity harmonic function, that is, a viscosity solution of the nonlinear PDE \({- \Delta_\infty u = -u_{x_i}u_{x_j}u_{x_ix_j} = 0}\), is everywhere differentiable. Our new innovation is proving the uniqueness of appropriately rescaled blow-up limits around an arbitrary point.
Hybrid photorefractive material composed of layered conjugated polymer and dye-doped liquid crystal films

Photorefractivity is observed in a multifunctional layered material consisting of a nematic 5CB/8OCB liquid crystal thin film doped with the chromophoric electron acceptor 1,7-bis(N-piperidinyl)-3,...
A Formal Language for Cryptographic Protocol Requirements

In this paper we present a formal language for specifying and reasoning about cryptographic protocol requirements. We give sets of requirements for key distribution protocols and for key agreement protocols in that language. We look at a key agreement protocol due to Aziz and Diffie that might meet those requirements and show how to specify it in the language of the NRL Protocol Analyzer. We also show how to map our formal requirements to the language of the NRL Protocol Analyzer and use the Analyzer to show that the protocol meets those requirements. In other words, we use the Analyzer to assess the validity of the formulae that make up the requirements in models of the protocol. Our analysis reveals an implicit assumption about implementations of the protocol and reveals subtleties in the kinds of requirements one might specify for similar protocols.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DESIGN, TIME, SOURCE, AND GLYPHS ON PREHISPANIC JEDDITO YELLOW WARE

AbstractThis paper summarizes analysis of 236 Jeddito Yellow Ware bowls to better understand the nature of production, exchange, and social roles of Jeddito Yellow Ware bowls within their respective communities. I examine changes in design structure of Hopi yellow ware during 300 years of production prior to the establishment of Spanish missions in 1629. Patterns in production and exchange of Jeddito Yellow Ware have emerged by comparing bowls from Hopi Mesa villages—the presumed production area—to off-mesa villages, especially villages in the Homol'ovi Settlement Cluster. These patterns allow a more nuanced approach to understanding the nature and production level of yellow ware pottery within the producing community and a better understanding of social ties with importing communities that dictated parameters of innovation in bowl decoration. These analyses also indicate yellow ware bowls produced after 1400, (when the majority of regional villages to which yellow ware was exchanged were abandoned), sign...
How newcomers learn the social norms of an organization: A case study of the socialization of newly hired engineers

Current scholarship views organizational socialization as a learning process that is primarily the responsibility of the newcomer. Yet recent learning research recognizes the importance of the social interactions in the learning process. This study investigated how newly hired engineers at a large manufacturing company learned job-related tasks and the social norms of the organization. From the perspective of social exchange theory, two major findings emerged from the data: (1) relationship building was the primary driver of socialization, and (2) the work group was the primary context for socialization. These findings challenge the current views of organizational socialization by accentuating the relational processes that mediate learning during socialization.
Tectonic evolution of the west Spitsbergen fold belt

Abstract The west Spitsbergen fold belt has a complex tectonic history which is recorded in a thick, nearly complete upper Proterozoic-Phanerozoic layered sequence. Work since 1977 near Bellsund allows recognition of the main deformational events in that segment of the fold belt. The strata are grouped informally into the metamorphosed Hecla Hoek (HH) sequence (Proterozoic) and the Van Keulenfjorden (VK) sequence (Carboniferous-Cretaceous), separated by a pronounced unconformity. The HH is divided into the Antoniabreen succession, the Chamberlindalen succession, and the Kapp Lyell tillite; the first two consist of diverse clastic and carbonate rocks, along with some volcanic rocks. The VK is a platform sequence of shallow marine and terrestrial sedimentary rocks. These layered rocks are intruded by a few Mesozoic dolerite sills and dikes. Subhorizontal Paleogene sedimentary rocks are preserved in a small graben. Both layered sequences have undergone strong deformation. Structures (mainly Caledonian age) in the HH can be grouped as phase 1 (small isoclinal folds, subhorizontal axial planar foliation, ridge-groove lineation in the foliation, and large recumbent folds), phase 2 (tight to isoclinal folds, axial planar foliation), and younger (weak folds and foliations, kink bands, crinkles). Structures (mainly Tertiary age) in the VK include faults (thrust, reverse, down-to-the-east bedding-plane normal, other normal); folds (symmetric, asymmetric, overturned, recumbent, isoclinal); and foliation (in some tightly folded Triassic shales). Six deformational events can be identified here, each described below in terms of age, intensity, and kinematic pattern: • D1 - Vendian or early Paleozoic; very strong; NNW-SSE shortening?, NNW transport? • D2 - Early Paleozoic (pre-Carboniferous); strong; NE-SW shortening, NE vergence. • D3 - Middle (?) Carboniferous; moderate; unclear (limited exposure). • D4 - Early Cretaceous (?); weak; extension, direction unclear. • D5 - Early (?) Tertiary; very strong locally; uplift in W, ENE-WSW shortening, ENE translation. • D6 - Middle (?) Tertiary; moderate; NE-SW extension.
Sweet taste signaling in the gut

The taste system plays a critical role in determining whether a food is nutritious and should be ingested or is potentially toxic and should be rejected (1). Considerable attention has focused on the sweet taste of sugar because it is such a potent stimulator of eating in humans and many other animal species. A major advance in our understanding of sweetness perception was the discovery of two G-coupled receptor proteins, T1R2 and T1R3, which dimerize to form a broadly tuned sweet taste receptor (1). Stimulation of the T1R2+T1R3 taste receptor by sugars or artificial sweeteners activates intracellular signaling elements, including α-gustducin, which stimulate peripheral gustatory nerves and, in turn, brain gustatory pathways. The central processing of the sweet taste signal typically activates feeding circuits as well as brain reward systems that promote sweet appetite (2). Brain autonomic centers may also relay information via the vagus nerve to prepare the digestive system for the incoming carbohydrate-rich food (2). Digestive and absorptive processing of the ingested food is further coordinated by sugar sensing in the intestinal tract, which modulates nutrient absorption, hormone release, and gastrointestinal motility, and generates satiation signals to the brain that terminate the meal (3, 4). In this issue of PNAS, Margolskee et al. (5) report that the same T1R2+T1R3 sweet taste receptor that initiates sugar ingestion in the mouth also detects sugar in the intestinal lumen and triggers physiological responses that promote sugar absorption and metabolism.
Structure property relationships of nanometer-size metal clusters in glasses

Ion implantation of Cu in high purity silica has been used to produce nanometer size metallic copper clusters. The size and size distribution of these colloids have been characterized by quantitative images analysis emphasizing transmission electron microscopy. Electron diffraction patterns indicate they are crystalline FCC copper embedded in the amorphous silica host. The ion implantation dose and substrate temperatures alter the size distribution of the colloidal copper. The optical transmission of implanted silica containing varying sizes and size distributions of Cu clusters has been determined and is related to the size distribution.
Follow‐up after paediatric intensive care treatment: parental posttraumatic stress

Aim: To study the prevalence of posttraumatic stress in parents after an acute admission to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to determine risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress. Methods: Parents completed posttraumatic stress questionnaires three months after their child’s discharge. This questionnaire measures both symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and enables determination of the full psychiatric diagnosis of PTSD. Medical and demographic data concerning their child were gathered from physical evaluations three months after discharge. Of 250 eligible families, 144 (57.6%) participated in this study. The questionnaires were completed by 140 mothers and 107 fathers. Results: More than three-quarters of the parents experienced persistent symptoms of PTSD. In 21 mothers (15.0%) and 10 fathers (9.3%), the full psychiatric diagnosis of PTSD was determined. In six families, both parents had PTSD. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between symptoms of PTSD of the mothers and the fathers. No obvious medical risk factors could be distinguished. Conclusion: The unexpected admission of a child to a PICU is a stressful event associated with parental posttraumatic stress. Treatment should not end after discharge. Follow-up care is warranted and research should be focused on prevention of these symptoms.
A self-oscillating detuning-insensitive class-E transmitter for implantable microsystems

Describes a low-cost, self-oscillating, detuning-insensitive, class-E driver for transcutaneous power and data transmission to implantable microsystems. A voltage feedback scheme using a fast comparator for zero-crossing detection and a CMOS start-up circuit were used to stabilize the class-E operation for various transmitter coil inductance values. This technique solves the common problem of mismatch between the switching frequency of the driving device and the resonant frequency of the load network, which can cause excessive power loss and damage to the active device. Data is transmitted by AM modulation of the carrier through switching the power supply between two levels. The transmitter uses a 9-V supply consumes 212 mA, operates at 3.9 MHz, and has an efficiency of 71%. The efficiency is stable (<2% change) against 13% variations in the inductance value of a pancake shaped transmitter coil.
Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress

Melatonin was discovered to be a direct free radical scavenger less than 10 years ago. Besides its ability to directly neutralize a number of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, it stimulates several antioxidative enzymes which increase its efficiency as an antioxidant. In terms of direct free radical scavenging, melatonin interacts with the highly toxic hydroxyl radical with a rate constant equivalent to that of other highly efficient hydroxyl radical scavengers. Additionally, melatonin reportedly neutralizes hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite anion, nitric oxide and hypochlorous acid. The following antioxidative enzymes are also stimulated by melatonin: superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Melatonin has been widely used as a protective agent against a wide variety of processes and agents that damage tissues via free radical mechanisms.
Design-for-reliability and implementation on power converters

Reliability is a complex task that needs an integrated teamwork to accomplish. The reliability work of a power converter starts from topology design, component selection and qualification, design, testing, manufacturing, and does not end with the first customer shipment. Reliability has to be designed in, tested in, and built in. This paper provides a comprehensive study on reliability issues related to DC-DC power converter design and a Design-for-Reliability (DFR) practice. First of all, a reliability sensitivity analysis is conducted for a typical DC-DC converter design using an interactive design-for-reliability tool created by the author and colleagues at HP. The design parameters studied include thermal design, component derating, topology design, mechanical layout, and component quality and selections. Then, some common reliability issues of DC-DC converter design are discussed and the component reliability issues and applications in DC-DC converters are discussed in details. In the last part of the paper, an integrated reliability qualification testing matrix is presented using highly accelerated testing methods.