cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A factorial analysis of preparation, aversion, and maintenance in the elimination of smoking

The present investigation initiated a dismantling strategy in which subjects were assigned to treatment stages (preparation, aversion, maintenance) or to combinations of stages in a factorial design. It was hypothesized that multistage conditions would be superior to single stage conditions and that maintenance would retard relapse. Forty men and 33 women were randomly assigned to one of seven conditions. Results supported both hypotheses although significant effects were no longer evident at 12-month follow-up. Considerable relapse occurred in all conditions. Specific treatment components appeared to be of limited importance as indicated by generally very similar results for preparation and aversion. Booster sessions appeared to be ineffective. Interpretation of the findings is limited, however, by a relatively small subject enrollment in each condition. It was concluded that attempts to isolate extremely precise treatment elements are unlikely to be successful. Suggestions for further research included adoption of more structured maintenance strategies emphasizing coping skills and a more systematic focus upon potentially important process variables, notably group cohesiveness.
Infant reaction to parental separations when left with familiar and unfamiliar adults.

The results of two experiments examining infants at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months of age and varying levels of father interaction are summarized to show that separation protest is more a function of a strange person remaining in an unfamiliar laboratory situation with the infant than the temporary loss of a specific parent. The use of protest as an index of infant-parent attachment seems undesirable. Language: en
The Bacteriophage T7 Virion Undergoes Extensive Structural Remodeling During Infection

Adsorption and genome ejection are fundamental to the bacteriophage life cycle, yet their molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We used cryo–electron tomography to capture T7 virions at successive stages of infection of Escherichia coli minicells at ~4-nm resolution. The six phage tail fibers were folded against the capsid, extending and orienting symmetrically only after productive adsorption to the host cell surface. Receptor binding by the tail triggered conformational changes resulting in the insertion of an extended tail, which functions as the DNA ejection conduit into the cell cytoplasm. After ejection, the extended phage tail collapsed or disassembled, which allowed resealing of the infected cell membrane. These structural studies provide a detailed series of intermediates during phage infection.
Variations in strategy for the treatment of urethral obstruction after a pubovaginal sling procedure.

Purpose: We evaluated the success of several techniques for treating urethral obstruction and erosion after a pubovaginal sling procedure.Materials and Methods: Between April 1998 and June 1999, 32 women 33 to 79 years old (average age 62) who underwent a pubovaginal sling procedure with various materials were referred for the assessment of urethral obstruction. Patients were evaluated with a urogynecologic history, physical examination, voiding diary, cystoscopy and video urodynamics. Surgical procedures to resolve urethral obstruction were performed transvaginally and the specific techniques used were based on the type of sling material, urethral erosion and concomitant stress incontinence or other urethral pathology. Outcome measures were assessed by disease specific quality of life questionnaires, voiding diary and urogynecologic questionnaire.Results: Preoperatively 30 of the 32 women (93.7%) noticed urge incontinence, 20 (62.5%) performed intermittent self-catheterization, 6 (18.7%) had an indwellin...
Incidence of primary neoplasms in explanted lungs: long-term follow-up from 214 lung transplant patients.

Background. Undetected neoplasms in explanted lungs at transplantation are an unusual occurrence that may significantly complicate both the short- and long-term outcome of these patients. The incidence and survival of undetected primary neoplasms in explanted lungs with clinical and radiologic correlation have not been studied in a large cohort of patients. Methods. We reviewed the files of 214 consecutive lung transplants from the Transplant Center at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1991 to 2000. Data collected included age, gender, pathology of explanted lung, and survival. Retrospective review of all imaging studies was performed in those cases where a primary neoplasm was detected after transplant. Results. One hundred thirteen males and 101 females underwent lung transplantation for the following diagnoses: emphysema, 118; cystic fibrosis, 35; primary pulmonary hypertension, 27; usual interstitial pneumonia, 26; lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 4; sarcoidosis, 2; and pneumoconiosis, 2. Four neoplasms were found in the explanted lungs, representing a 2% incidence. All four neoplasms were bronchogenic carcinomas, including three adenocarcinomas and one squamous cell carcinoma. Three of four neoplasms were found in the setting of emphysema and were detected at an early stage (stage I), and the fourth presented as stage IV in the setting of usual interstitial fibrosis. No recurrence of tumor was seen in the stage I cases. The stage IV case died in the perioperative period. Retrospective review of the imaging studies showed that, in all four cases, a portable chest radiograph performed immediately before transplant failed to identify the lesions. A chest computerized tomogram was performed in all four cases from 3 to 27 months prior to transplantation and revealed a suspicious lesion in one of the four. Conclusions. Undetected neoplasms in explanted lungs at transplantation are uncommon, with an incidence of 2% at our institution. Adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type. In long-term survivors, no recurrences were found. The 3-year survival was 50% and this approaches the 3-year survival of transplant recipients without lung tumors (58.8%) at our institution. Chest radiographs appear to have a very low sensitivity for the detection of small lesions suspicious for a neoplasm. Chest computerized tomograms performed immediately prior to transplantation may be of benefit in detecting these neoplasms.
Impact Resistance of Cross-Plied Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites

Impact resistance and residual strength of thermoplastic polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites are studied with regard to laminate configurations consisting of cross-plied Glass/PPS, 50% hybrid Glass/Graphite/PPS and Graphite/PPS. By means of impact testing, ballistic limit measurements show that hybridization can be used to modify penetration resistance. Residual strength measurements show that the percent reduction in strength is about 50% for all the laminate configurations The original strength values are Glass/PPS-440 MPa (63 ksi), 50% hybrid Glass/Graphite/PPS-530 MPa (76 ksi), and Graphite/PPS-585 MPa (84 ksi). For microstructural comparison of the damage modes and progression, two series of impact tests were done In one series, impact was inhibited such that only damage initiation was possible, and in the second series, the impact was allowed to a completion. Three impact velocities, 10 m/sec, 20 m/sec, and 30 m/sec were used. Microstructural observation of damage initiation alone revealed matrix...
Study on lamp heating system for SiGe selective epitaxial growth fabrication process

• A lamp heating system can be characterized by the concept of heating efficiency• Since SiGe epitaxial growth process is surface reaction controlled, the film thickness & profile can be determined by adjusting the wafer surface temperature content • The uniformity of drive current can be improved accordingly
Carcinoid tumors of the lung: cytologic differential diagnosis in fine-needle aspirates.

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors presenting as peripheral or coin lesions are rare and radiologically may resemble other primary or metastatic neoplasms in the lung. This study consisted of the cytologic evaluation of fine-needle aspirates from five peripheral carcinoid tumors of the lung with particular reference to the differences between the cytologic manifestations of this neoplasm and of small-cell carcinoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Aspirates of typical carcinoid tumors are characterized by (1) isolated cells and loose aggregates of cells; (2) spindle- and oval-shaped cells of uniform size with scanty, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm; and (3) nuclei with evenly dispersed finely granular chromatin and usually prominent single micronucleoli with occasional macronucleoli. In contrast, the cells of small-cell carcinoma are pleomorphic and arranged in noncohesive loose aggregates, their cytoplasm is scanty, and they show nuclear molding. Their nuclei are hyperchromatic with fine to coarsely granular chromatin. The cells of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma are arranged in three-dimensional clusters or loose aggregates of relatively uniform cells with a columnar configuration. The nuclei are uniformly round and hyperchromatic with finely granular chromatin. Macronucleoli are usually prominent. This study demonstrates that cytologic analysis of fine-needle aspirates can play a significant role in the evaluation and management of peripheral lung tumors. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:343–346.
Histocompatibility Antigens and Solid Malignant Neoplasms

To evaluate the relation between histocompatibility antigen phenotypes and solid malignant neoplasms, HL-A type was determined in 633 cancer patients and compared with those of 489 normal controls. HL-A8 was elevated in patients with squamous cancer, melanoma, and adenocarcinoma. The highest incidence occurred in patients with salivary gland adenocarcinoma (67% vs only 17% in normal controls). A threefold increase in HL-A5 was detected in patients with connective tissue sarcomas (28% incidence vs 9% in normal controls). Antigen frequencies did not vary when analyzed by time of diagnosis or interval after treatment. The finding that certain malignant neoplasms have associations with increased frequency of individual HL-A antigens may give clues to cause and genesis for these tumors.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Dog Adipose Tissue.

SummaryWithin the same animal, LDH activity is significantly higher in the peri-cardial than in the inguinal adipose tssue. This is related to the flavoprotein content of the two tissues. High pyruvate concentrations inhibit LDH activity from either source to the same extent. The degree of inhibition by urea is always significantly less (p<.005) at the high (1 × 10−2 M) than at the low (5 × 10−4 M) pyruvate level. Oxalate inhibits inguinal adipose tissue LDH less at the high than at the low pyruvate level, while showing a reverse effect on the enzyme from peri-cardial tissue. Michaelis-Menten constants (KM) for pyruvate were calculated from activities both in the absence and in the presence of urea and oxalate. KM values were significantly decreased in the presence of 2.0 M urea. All levels of oxalate studied increased the KM of pericardial adipose tissue LDH, but did not affect that of the inguinal adipose tissue enzyme. Incubation at 59°C for 10 minutes inactivates both enzymes to about the same extent,...
The metabotropic glutamate agonist 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) does not activate currents in postnatal retinal ganglion cells

Whereas in the mature retina the glutamate agonist 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) selectively activates currents in rod bipolar and ON-cone bipolar cells, recent molecular studies have suggested the possibility of a transient appearance of the APB-sensitive receptor in developing retinal ganglion cells. In the present study the whole-cell and perforated variations of the patch-clamp method were employed to assess the responsivity of postnatal cat retinal ganglion cells to APB. Recently, APB treatment has been shown in our laboratory to block the normal stratification of retinal ganglion cell dendrites into ON and OFF sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. Although application of this glutamate agonist elicited inward sustained currents, amino acid analysis revealed that the APB product (RBI) was contaminated by 8% glycine. In subsequent experiments applications of uncontaminated APB (Cal Biochem) never yielded responses in postnatal retinal ganglion cells which displayed normal currents to other glutamate agonists. The findings do not support the notion of transient expression of APB receptors in retinal ganglion cells during the development period studied.
Muscular exercise, 2,3-DPG and oxy-hemoglobin affinity.

This study was concerned with the effects of prolonged muscular work in healthy subjects on erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate as a mediator of acute changes in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. The experimental procedures were designed to elicit marked variation among exercise conditionsin factors which are known or hypothesized to effect oxy-hemoglobin dissociation in vivo, ·... namely respiratory and metabolic acid-base status, temperature, adequacy of systemic O2 transport and length of time to exhaustion. In contrast to a previous report, the only systematic effect of exercise under present conditions was a decline below resting levels in red cell 2,3-DPG which occurred at the mid-point of each work test. Neither the magnitude nor direction of change in 2,3-DPG was related to the physiologic intensity of exercise. Present findings are consistent with the contention that time is a critical determinant of any contribution the generation of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG may make to oxy-hemoglobin affinity, regardless of the apparent intensity of demand for increased O2 delivery.
Uniqueness of a basic nonlinear structure

In this paper we show that systems consisting of a memoryless nonlinearity sandwiched between two linear time-invariant (LTI) operators are unique modulo scaling and delays. We mention a few corollaries and applications of general circuit and system theoretic interest.
Maintenance of alveolar bone by the intentional replantation of roots.

Abstract An approach to the problem of postextraction resorption of alveolar bone is presented. Endodontically treated roots are replanted into their sockets in an attempt to maintain the height and width of alveolar bone. Eighteen-month clinical and radiographic findings indicated that no bone had formed coronal to the roots, and many of the roots were resorbing. However, clinically some cases appeared to be maintaining bone in different degrees.
Pipelining of double precision floating point division and square root operations

Space applications rely increasingly on high data rate DSP algorithms. These algorithms use double precision floating point arithmetic operations. While most DSP applications can be compiled on DSP processors, high data rate DSP computations require novel implementation technologies to support their high throughputs. Only recently, gate densities in FPGAs have reached a level which makes them attractive platforms to implement compute-intensive DSP applications. In this context, this paper presents the sequential and pipelined designs of a double precision floating point divider and square root unit on FPGAs. Contrary to pipelined parallel implementations, the pipelining of these units is based on unrolling the iterations in low-radix digit recurrence algorithms. These units are mapped on generic FPGA reconfigurable fabric without taking advantage of any advanced architectural components available in high capacity FPGAs. The implementations of these designs show that their performances are comparable to, and sometimes higher than, the performances of non-iterative designs based of high radix numbers. The iterative divider and square root unit occupy less than 1% of an XC2V6000 FPGA chip while their pipelined counterparts can produce throughputs that reach the 100 MFLOPS mark by consuming a modest 8% of the chip area.
A model for the spatial coherence of arbitrarily directive noise in the depth-stratified ocean

Though referred to as noise, the ambient ocean soundscape carries valuable information about the physical ocean environment. To study this information, Kuperman and Ingenito introduced a model for spatial coherence in a depth stratified ocean arising from the vertically directive diffuse acoustic noise produced by bubbles distributed throughout the surface. Here the model is adapted to incorporate horizontal directivity as well, making it possible to include additional noise contributions from directive features such as storms, biologics, shipping, and wave breaking. As an analytic approach, the model can serve as a computationally light complement to existing methods.
Selective removal of dielectrics from integrated circuits for electron beam probing

An apparatus and method for selectively removing dielectric layers from integrated circuits, to expose up to three layers of metal interconnect for electron beam probing, are described. The results are achieved by using a CF/sub 4//O/sub 2/ plasma reactive ion etch process. Fixtures and process conditions were combined to prevent transistor damage, metal sputtering onto sample from various sources, polymer deposition, undercutting and overetching. >
Asymptotically optimum experimental designs for prediction of deterministic functions given derivative information

Abstract The paper considers problems of optimal design for deterministic response surface experiments, specifically computer experiments, when derivative information as well as the response itself are available at each design site. We adopt a Bayesian perspective. The considerable difficulty in finding G -, D - or A -optimum designs when a fixed prior is placed on the response space then leads us to investigate these problems asymptotically for a sequence of priors in which intersite correlations become progressively weaker. In two settings carrying notions of distance, we show that for prediction of the response and its derivatives, asymptotically D -optimum designs are necessarily miximin distance designs. When predicting only the response, asymptotically G -optimum designs are necessarily minimax distance designs. For prediction of the response, our asymptotic D - and A -optimality conditions agree but, as the condition is not really useful, we do no more than state what it is.
Experimental and theoretical studies of potassium cation interactions with the acidic amino acids and their amide derivatives

The binding of K(+) to aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), asparagine (Asn), and glutamine (Gln) is examined in detail by studying the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the four potassium cation-bound amino acid complexes with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Formed by electrospray ionization, these complexes have energy-dependent CID cross sections that are analyzed to provide 0 K bond energies after accounting for unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion-molecule collisions. Quantum chemical calculations for a number of geometric conformations of each K(+)(L) complex are determined at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level with single-point energies calculated at B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels using a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are in good agreement with the experimental values. This coordinated examination of both experimental work and quantum chemical calculations allows for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions of K(+) with the Asx and Glx amino acids. K(+) binding affinities for the amide complexes are systematically stronger than those for the acid complexes by 9+/-1 kJ/mol, which is attributed to an inductive effect of the OH group in the carboxylic acid side chain. Additionally, the K(+) binding affinity for the longer-chain amino acids (Glx) is enhanced by 5+/-1 kJ/mol compared to the shorter-chain Asx because steric effects are reduced. Further, a detailed comparison between experimental and theoretical results reveals interesting differences in the binding of K(+) and Na(+) to these amino acids.
Differential delay of reinnervating axons alters specificity in the rat serratus anterior muscle

Previous studies have shown remarkable rostrocaudal selectivity by regenerating motoneurons to the rat serratus anterior (SA) muscle after freezing, crushing, or sectioning the long thoracic (LT) nerve. The LT nerve contains motoneurons from both the sixth and seventh cervical spinal nerves (C6 and C7), with C6 motoneurons as the major source of innervation throughout the muscle, and with C7 motoneurons innervating a larger percentage of muscle fibers caudally than rostrally. To determine if synaptic competition can play a role in neuromuscular topography, both the LT nerve and the branch carrying C6 (rostral) motoneurons to the LT nerve were crushed in newborn rats. This approach provides a temporal advantage to regenerating C7 (caudal) motoneurons. After an initial period during which C7 motoneurons reinnervated a larger proportion of muscle fibers than normal in all SA muscle sectors, C6 motoneurons regained their original proportion of rostral muscle fibers. Caudally, however, C7 motoneurons maintained an expanded territory. With this two-site crush method, the number of C6 motoneurons that reinnervate the SA muscle was significantly decreased from normal, whereas the number of C7 motoneurons remained the same. It is concluded that when C7 motoneurons are given a temporal advantage, synaptic specificity can be altered transiently in rostral muscle sectors and permanently in caudal sectors, and this is correlated with a disproportionate loss of C6 motoneurons. Moreover, this may be an important model for studies of synaptic competition, where terminals destined to be eliminated can be identified beforehand. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spliceosomal RNA U6 is remarkably conserved from yeast to mammals

The small nuclear RNA U6 and its gene have been isolated from yeast. In striking contrast to other yeast spliceosomal RNAs, U6 is very similar in size, sequence and structure to its mammalian homologue. The single-copy gene is essential. These properties suggest a central role in pre-mRNA processing. An extensive base-pairing interaction with U4 snRNA is described; the destabilization of the U4/U6 complex seen during splicing thus requires a large conformational change.
Recent Advances in Numerical Modeling of Detonations

Three lectures were presented on recent advances in numerical modeling detonations entitled (1) Jet Initiation and Penetration of Explosives; (2) Explosive Desensitization by Preshocking; (3) Inert Metal-Loaded Explosives.
The trauma score as applied to penetrating trauma

The Trauma Score is a simple physiological measure of injury severity that has been shown to have a high correlation with mortality for blunt trauma patients. In this study, the Trauma Score was evaluated on two subsets of penetrating trauma patients. Results showed that the Trauma Score had a relative information gain of 0.83 and 0.87, an excellent rating in comparison with a possible perfect rating of 1.0. The Score had modest numbers of false negatives (13/64 for the design set, and 3/380 for the test set) and a low number of false positives (5/380 for the design set, and 3/380 for the test set). The Trauma Score is thus an accurate predictor of mortality for both blunt and penetrating trauma patients.
Disney World as Structure and Symbol: Re‐Creation of the American Experience

It has been said that the Disney theme parks are the cities America wishes it had; immune to death and taxes, clean, orderly, crime-free family style environments of optimism and nostalgia, politically independent, with the advantages but few of the vices of real cities. Treatments of the amusement park in political terms, such as Michael Harrington's Atlantic article, “To the disney Station,” while invariably critical, indicate the important position these places have attained as complex institutions in themselves—living commentaries on society at Large, as well as important standard-setters for new social, political and economic philosophy for planning and control in all sectors of national life. In this way, Disney's worlds—and parks built under their influence—have come to be viewed as societies in miniature, reliable images of work, leisure, human relations and politics in the larger world outside. Here anthropologist David Johnson uses morphology as the key to discerning the meanings of these prototype parks for basic cultural values in many aspects, including work, class, economic order, technology, individualism, history, and cross-cultural adventure. In fact, these Disney versions have now themselves become a special mode of first-hand experience in the repertoire of the great national shared experience.
Effect of a conducting shield on the inductance of an air-core solenoid

A magnetostatic integral equation for the current induced by a solenoidal inductor in the conducting wall of a closed, perfectly conducting cylindrical shield was solved by the method of moments and point matching. The induced current was then used to determine the self-inductance of the solenoid. A chart of the ratio of the shielded inductance to that in free space was produced to aid in the design of practical air-core inductors. In addition, Wheeler's well-known formula for the free-space inductance of a single-layer solenoid was shown to be sufficiently accurate to serve as a basis for the design of practical coils if the effect of the shield, available from the chart, is included.
Modeling cross-organizational services composition with Pi-calculus

Cross-organizational services composition is process-oriented and need collaboration of several systems, and these characteristics are different from normal. Traditional services composition modeling methods cannot meet these new requirements because they don't have mechanisms to model the concurrency operations of several systems. Target on this problem, a cross-organizational services composition modeling method based on Pi calculus is proposed. Using Pi calculus, a cross-organizational business process is modeled as a composition of a set concurrent local business processes, the cross-organization controller, the global start activity and global end activity. Local business processes is modeled as a composition of local activities which can receive external start message compared with traditional activities in service composition. This new cross-organizational services composition modeling method can makes the model adapt to dynamic cross-organizational environment. And this model is based on strict formal method, which facilitates the analysis and verification of business process models.
Activists, Alliances, and Anti–U.S. Base Protests: The U.S.-Japan Alliance and Anti-Base Movements in Okinawa, 1995–1996

To tell you the truth, I'm in an awkward position myself. Were I to pass on the demands of the Okinawan people, it would be for the complete return of Futenma. However, bearing in mind the importance of U.S.-Japan security … I realize that this is extremely difficult. – Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto August 2009 heralded a rare political moment in Japanese politics. Hailed by many Japanese as the “final blow to the island nation's postwar order,” the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) resoundingly defeated the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Washington policymakers had predicted the LDP's downfall months before the elections. However, political reality now sent U.S. officials scrambling for answers regarding the fate of an important Marine air base in Okinawa. In support of Okinawan anti-base demands, the DPJ had publicly campaigned against construction of Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Futenma's replacement facility within Okinawa. The media on both sides of the Pacific honed in on the potential looming crisis in the U.S.-Japan alliance and the precarious future of U.S. base realignment plans in Okinawa. Aside from passing references, however, what media reports often failed to mention regarding Futenma's relocation was the rape of a schoolgirl by two U.S. Marines and a Navy seaman fourteen years earlier. The incident triggered widespread anti-base protests, which eventually led to the promise of Futenma's return by the U.S. and Japanese governments.
Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals1

Within the last decade, several classes of chemicals have been shown in laboratory studies to disrupt reproductive development by acting as androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and/or inhibitors of fetal Leydig cell testosterone production. Some phthalate esters alter gubernacular differentiation by reducing insulin-like 3 (insl3) mRNA levels. We have found that AR antagonists and inhibitors of fetal testis hormone production generally induce cumulative, apparently dose-additive adverse effects when administered in mixtures. New research has also revealed the presence of androgens in the environment. Effluents from pulp and paper mills display androgenic activity of sufficient potency to masculinize and/or sex-reverse female fish. Effluent from beef cattle concentrated animal feedlot operations from the United States also displays androgenic activity in vitro, due, in part, to the presence of a steroid used to promote growth in beef cattle. In summary, we are only beginning to identify the classes of chemicals that have the potential to alter the androgen signalling pathway in utero. This review will (i) present information on the classes of environmental chemicals that display antiandrogenic and androgenic activities in vitro and in vivo, and (ii) provide an insight into how exposure to mixtures these chemicals might behave in utero.
Designing fault-tolerant manipulators: how many degrees of freedom?

One of the most important parameters to consider when designing a manipulator is the number of degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). This article focuses on the question: How many DOFs are necessary and sufficient for fault tolerance and how should these DOFs be distributed along the length of the manipulator? A manipulator is fault tolerant if it can complete its task even when one of its joints fails and is immobilized. The number of degrees-of-freedom needed for fault tolerance strongly depends on the knowledge available about the task. In this article, two approaches are explored. First, for the design of a General Purpose Fault Tolerant Manipulator, it is assumed that neither the exact task trajectory, nor the redundancy resolution algorithm are known a priori and that the manipulator has no joint limits. In this case, two redundant DOFs are necessary and sufficient to sustain one joint failure as is demonstrated in two design templates for spatial fault tolerant manipulators. In a second approach, both the Cartesian task path and the redundancy resolution algorithm are assumed to be known. The design of such a Task Specific Fault Tolerant Manipulator requires only one degree-of-redundancy.
Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen under warm-season native grasses relative to croplands in west-central Indiana, USA

Abstract Establishment of grasslands can be an effective means of sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC) and reducing atmospheric CO 2 that is believed to contribute to global warming. This study evaluated the vertical distribution and overall sequestration of SOC and total nitrogen (N) under warm-season native grasses (WSNGs) planted 6–8 years earlier relative to a corn ( Zea mays L.)–soybean ( Glycine max L.) crop sequence, and switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) relative to tall mixed grasses of big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardi ), indiangrass ( Sorghastrum nutans ), and little bluestem ( Andropogon scoparius ). Paired soil samples from 0–15, 15–30, 30–60 and 60–100 cm depth increments were taken from WSNGs and adjoining croplands at 10 locations, and from switchgrass and adjoining tall mixed grasses at four locations in three major soil types of alfisols, mollisols, and entisols in Montgomery County, Indiana. Significant differences in SOC and N concentrations of WSNGs and croplands were limited to the surface 30 cm. On average, SOC concentrations in the surface 15 cm depth were higher in WSNGs than croplands (average: 22.4 and 19.8 g kg −1 C, respectively) but significant differences were observed in just 4 of 10 locations. Similarly, surface soil SOC concentrations were not different for switchgrass (22.1 g kg −1 ) relative to tall mixed grasses (21.4 g kg −1 ). Soil N concentrations never differed significantly among land use treatments. On average, SOC mass calculated to 1.0 m depth was 9.4% higher under WSNGs than cropland ( P P −1 yr −1 more than the corn–soybean sequence.
The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy.

Phylogenetic taxonomy, like modern Linnean taxonomy, was modeled on a phylogenetic tree rather than a cladogram and, like its predecessor, perpetuates the use of morphology as a means of recognizing clades. Both practices have generated confusion in graphical representation, operational terminology, and definitional rationale in phylogenetic taxonomy, the history of which is traced. The following points are made: (1) cladograms, rather than trees or hybrid clado- gram-trees, provide the framework for the simplest graphical depiction of phylogenetic definitions; (2) a complete notational scheme for phylogenetic definitions is presented that distinguishes symbolic notation from shorthand and longhand versions; (3) phylogenetic definitions are composed of three components (paradigm, specifier, qualifier) arranged in two fundamental patterns—node and stem; (4) apomorphies do not constitute a fundamental definitional pattern but rather serve to qualify a stem-based definition (as do time and geographic range); (5) formulation of phylogenetic definitions involves three heuristic criteria (stability, simplicity, prior use); (6) reasoned definitional revision is encouraged and better defined (textual substi- tution, first- and second-order revision); and (7) a database, TaxonSearch, allows rapid recall of taxonomic and definitional information. (Content; definition; node; notation; PhyloCode; stem; taxonomy; TaxonSearch.)
Boosting video classification using cross-video signals

We consider the problem of large-scale video classification. Our attention is focused on online video services since they can provide rich cross-video signals derived from user behavior. These signals help us to extract correlated information across videos which are co-browsed, co-uploaded, cocommented, co-queried, etc. Majority of the video classification methods omit this rich information and focus solely on a single test instance. In this paper, we propose a video classification system that exploits various cross-video signals offered by large-scale video databases. In our experiments, we show up to 4.5% absolute equal error rate (17% relative) improvement over the baseline on four video classification problems.
Determination of the energy storage efficiency of the photoisomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane as a potential means for the trapping of solar energy

Abstract The fraction of incident radiant energy stored in chemical form by the photosensitized isomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane has been estimated. This reaction has been widely viewed as a potential means for the conversion of solar energy to useful heat. Using a xenon lamp as a radiant energy source in lieu of natural sunlight, 1-M acetophenone-norbornadiene and benzophenone-norbornadiene solutions were irradiated for 2-h periods with 1–5-mW radiant power levels delivered in 4-nm bandwidths centered on 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm and 450 nm. In each case the reaction was carried out batchwise at four temperatures in the liquid-phase range of the solutions, namely, 278 K, 298 K, 318 K and 333 K, controlled to within ±2 K. The results indicate that about 8.8% of the total available incident light contained in the region from 300 nm (lower end of the solar spectrum that impinges upon the earth's surface) to 425 nm (approximate absorption threshold of the sensitizers acetophenone and benzophenone; maximum wavelength capable of promoting the reaction under the conditions of this study) can be stored in the chemical bonds of quadricyclane in the acetophenone-sensitized isomerization and about 14.5% when benzophenone is utilized. Based on the entire solar spectrum, these energy storage efficiencies translate into 0.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Efficiency values were estimated by determining the quantum yield of the reaction as a function of wavelength and temperature. While the data show no definitive temperature dependence, it has been established that the functional relationship with wavelength follows the same pattern as the absorption spectra of the sensitizers themselves.
Strongly stretched polymer brushes

Polymer «brushes»are formed when long-chain molecules are somehow attached by one end at an interface with a relatively small area per chain. Such adsorbed brushes in the presence of solvent may be used to modify surface properties, stabilize colloidal particles, etc. Strongly segregated block copolymer phases, or interfacial layers of such «polymeric surfactants» may also be modeled in terms of «melt brushes,»(i.e., brushes without solvent). In both cases, when chain attachments are crowded on the interface, the chains stretch out to avoid neighboring chains. The resulting physical state has properties markedly different from polymer solutions, gels, or weakly adsorbed polymer layers
Language Wants To Be Overlooked: On Software and Ideology:

This article is a theoretical response to the observation from Wendy Hui Kyong Chun that ‘software is a functional analog to ideology’. Several principles of software design support this claim, the...
Three steps to protecting pediatric research participants from excessive risks.

There is growing recognition that pediatric research is needed to improve pediatric medicine [1,2]. Research guidelines try to accommodate this need by allowing children to be enrolled in research when it offers an appropriate risk–benefit profile. These guidelines allow children to undergo research interventions that offer a compensating potential for clinical benefit. Most guidelines also allow children to undergo research interventions that do not offer a compensating potential for clinical benefit, provided the risks are acceptably low. To implement this threshold on acceptable risks, review committees, known variously as ethics review committees, institutional review boards, or research ethics committees (RECs), must make three related assessments. They must identify the research interventions included in the study under review, determine which, if any, of the research interventions fail to offer participants a compensating potential for clinical benefit, and ensure that these interventions do not pose excessive risks. These steps, while vital to protecting pediatric participants from excessive risks, have not been systematically described. This essay attempts to address this gap by describing the assessment appropriate for each of these three steps.
Towards type-theoretic semantics for transactional concurrency

We propose a dependent type theory that integrates programming, specifications, and reasoning about higher-order concurrent programs with shared transactional memory. The design builds upon our previous work on Hoare Type Theory (HTT), which we extend with types that correspond to Hoare-style specifications for transactions. The types track shared and local state of the process separately, and enforce that shared state always satisfies a given invariant, except at specific critical sections which appear to execute atomically. Atomic sections may violate the invariant, but must restore it upon exit. HTT follows Separation Logic in providing tight specifications of space requirements.As a logic, we argue that HTT is sound and compositional. As a programming language, we define its operational semantics and show adequacy with respect to specifications.
Bearing capacity of strip footings on purely frictional soil under eccentric and inclined loads

The finite element method is used for the determination of the collapse load of a rigid strip footing placed on a uniform layer of purely frictional soil subjected to inclined and eccentric loading...
The solubility of ethane in aqueous solutions of sodium 1-pentanesulfonate, sodium 1-hexanesulfonate, sodium 1-heptanesulfonate, and sodium 1-octanesulfonate at 25 °C

Measurements have been made to determine the solubility of ethane, C2H6, in aqueous solutions of four different surfactants of the linear alkanesulfonate class at 25 degrees C. The surfactants, sodium 1-pentanesulfonate, sodium 1-hexanesulfonate, sodium 1-heptanesulfonate, and sodium 1-octanesulfonate, all share a common head group (-SO-3) and counter ion (Na+), and differ only in the length of the alkyl chain attached to the head group. The solubility of ethane has been determined as a function of surfactant concentration for each surfactant. At surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the solubility of ethane is quite low and differs only slightly from the solubility of ethane in pure water. At concentrations greater than the CMC, the solubility of ethane exhibits a gradual increase with surfactant concentration. At high surfactant concentrations, well in excess of the CMC, the solubility of ethane is found to increase as a linear function of surfactant concentration. From this data it becomes possible to determine the fractional population of the surfactant in the free and micellized states. The solubility data measured for ethane is interpreted in terms of the mass-action model for micelle formation.
Optical Implementation of a Self-Organizing Feature Extractor

We demonstrate a self-organizing system based on photorefractive ring oscillators. We employ the system in two ways that can both be thought of as feature extractors; one acts on a set of images exposed repeatedly to the system strictly as a linear feature extractor, and the other serves as a signal demultiplexer for fiber optic communications. Both systems implement unsupervised competitive learning embedded within the mode interaction dynamics between the modes of a set of ring oscillators. After a training period, the modes of the rings become associated with the different image features or carrier frequencies within the incoming data stream.
Systems Approach to Pest Management1)

The principles and concepts which provide an overall prospective for coordinating modeling activities with other aspects of the environment to obtain ecologically and sociologically compatible and economically feasible –pest management –are discussed. The discussion on off–line use of models emphasizes the utility of the models of different complexity in research and management. The use of simple models in the on–line management emphasizes the fact that the accuracy of the model can be sacrificed for more information from the real system. To this extent, implementation does not have to wait for complete and very accurate model development. On the other hand, research and understanding of the ecosystem will increase from complex modeling efforts and should continue.
Development and Test of a Theory of Technological Learning and Usage

Beliefs, attitudes, and intentions are important factors in the adoption of computer technologies. While contemporary representations have focused on explaining the act of using computers, the role of learning to use the computer needs to be better understood within the overall adoption process. Inadequate learning can curtail the adoption and use of a potentially productive system. We introduce a new theoretical model, the theory of trying, in which computer learning is conceptualized as a goal determined by three attitude components: attitude toward success, attitude toward failure, and attitude toward the process of goal pursuit. Intentions to try and actual trying are the theoretical mechanisms linking these goal-directed attitudes to goal attainment. An empirical study is conducted to ascertain the construct validity and utility of the new theory within the context of the adoption of a word processing package. Specifically, we examine convergent validity, internal consistency reliability, stability, ...
Comprehensive studies of aldicarb degradation in various oxidant systems using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, is commonly used in agriculture and can be naturally degraded to metabolites, resulting in their occurrence in drinking water supplies. The disinfection process using different oxidants for the treatment of drinking water provides the opportunity to degrade aldicarb and its metabolites to byproducts that may pose more human health risk than the parent compounds. A comprehensive study of aldicarb and its metabolites involving treatment with free chlorine (FC), monochloramine (MCA), ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), hydrogen peroxide, permanganate ( ) and UV radiation was performed to identify the degradation products. Free chlorine, high-dosage UV radiation and permanganate exhibited stronger oxidation capacity than the other oxidants studied, with chlorine dioxide showing the weakest oxidation ability among them. Aldicarb sulfoxide was formed as the degradation product of aldicarb by oxidation with free chlorine, MCA, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. Aldicarb sulfone was i...
Evaluating New Transportation Technologies with Tiered Criteria: Rail Case Study Approach

New transportation technologies, such as magnetic levitation (maglev), offer promise and risk as they move through the successive stages of research, development, demonstration, and deployment. The Virginia General Assembly's initial financial contributions to a low-speed, 3,400-ft (1,037-m), maglev-based people mover being constructed by the private sector illustrate the opportunities for potential reward and failure. Requests for additional funding to refine and deploy the prototype motivated the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to seek a structured decision process. VDOT did not want to spend taxpayers' money frivolously on a technology not yet in commercial service anywhere in the world, or to impede an affordable, new approach that could effectively reduce congestion. To help VDOT evaluate the prototype maglev system, the Virginia Transportation Research Council developed a set of broad-based performance measures applicable to different rail systems including maglev. This study links the standards of credibility, reliability, performance, safety, and cost to the types of detailed performance measures that should be obtained during an operational test. A strong link between technical data and broad-based metrics enables persons of disparate backgrounds to jointly evaluate the results of a new technology and establish reasonable expectations for what that technology should accomplish. This is a better approach than making decisions on the sole basis of preconceived notions of whether a technology is good or bad. These performance measures, therefore, offer a promising method for evaluating new transportation products. Although the concept of technology-blind criteria has received renewed emphasis over the past decade, this study highlights challenges and suggestions for using such criteria in a relatively political setting, which is less than ideal but common.