cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing language ideologies in a multilingual, second-grade classroom: A case study of two emergent bilingual students’ language-use during eBook composing

Abstract Emergent bilingual students in the United States often attend schools that perpetuate English-only language ideologies. This article draws from qualitative data collected in a multilingual, second-grade classroom in the U.S. to explore how students co-constructed language ideologies across a schoolyear as they engaged in a daily eBook composing activity designed to counter the school's English-only policy and instead value the use of multiple languages. Conceptually, this paper draws upon the notion of language and literacy as social and ideological practices to demonstrate the ways students negotiated multiple, situated, and dynamic language ideologies about various heritage languages. Using data from two students with different heritage language backgrounds as telling cases, it is argued that students co-constructed language ideologies that valued their own and peers’ heritage languages, and that these ideologies were both connected to students’ school and peer worlds and influenced by their heritage language backgrounds.
Long Limbless Locomotors Over Land: The Mechanics and Biology of Elongate, Limbless Vertebrate Locomotion

Elongate, limbless body plans are widespread in nature and frequently converged upon (with over two dozen independent convergences in Squamates alone, and many outside of Squamata). Despite their lack of legs, these animals move effectively through a wide range of microhabitats, and have a particular advantage in cluttered or confined environments. This has elicited interest from multiple disciplines in many aspects of their movements, from how and when limbless morphologies evolve to the biomechanics and control of limbless locomotion within and across taxa to its replication in elongate robots. Increasingly powerful tools and technology enable more detailed examinations of limbless locomotor biomechanics, and improved phylogenies have shed increasing light on the origins and evolution of limblessness, as well as the high frequency of convergence. Advances in actuators and control are increasing the capability of "snakebots" to solve real-world problems (e.g., search and rescue), while biological data have proven to be a potent inspiration for improvements in snakebot control. This collection of research brings together prominent researchers on the topic from around the world, including biologists, physicists, and roboticists to offer new perspective on locomotor modes, musculoskeletal mechanisms, locomotor control, and the evolution and diversity of limbless locomotion.
Acute anejaculation, hypogonadism, and fertility preservation in the setting of neurosarcoidosis: case report and literature review

Objective To examine fertility preservation techniques in the setting of neurosarcoidosis, and to review the impact of corticosteroid and methotrexate therapy on fertility. Design Case report of a patient with infertility secondary to anejaculation associated with spinal neurosarcoidosis, treated with systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate. Setting Academic tertiary-care hospital. Patient(s) A 39-year-old man presented with neurosarcoidosis complicated by acute anejaculation, erectile dysfunction, and hypogonadism. He underwent fertility consultation and sperm cryopreservation before initiating methotrexate therapy. His pretreatment total testosterone was low, at 157 ng/dL. Intervention(s) Unsuccessful pharmacologic therapy and penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) were followed by microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE). Clomiphene was administered for optimization of spermatogenesis before microTESE. Main Outcome Measure(s) Vials of cryopreserved sperm, testis histopathology, and serum testosterone levels. Result(s) Eight vials of viable sperm were harvested by means of micro-TESE and cryopreserved. Despite intraoperative appearance of hypospermatogenesis, 90% of seminiferous tubules had active germ cell sloughing. Total testosterone increased to 278 ng/dL 2 months after initiating clomiphene. Conclusion(s) Conventional fertility preservation techniques may be effective in the setting of neurosarcoidosis-induced infertility owing to largely intact spermatogenesis. PVS, though not effective for this patient, should be considered along with electroejaculation, given high success rates in other patients with neurogenic anejaculation. Corticosteroid-mediated hypogonadism also must be considered in these patients, because it can negatively affect downstream spermatogenesis. In addition, evidence for the impact of paternal methotrexate exposure on fertility is limited and requires further investigation. As such, fertility consultation before initiating methotrexate is highly recommended.
Divanadium substituted keggin [PV2W10O40] on non-reducible supports-Al2O3 and SiO2: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Molecular metal oxide cluster, K5[α-1,2-PV2W10O40] (PV2W10), was found to have intrinsic catalytic activity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with high selectivity (> 80%) to propylene at low propane conversion (0.3%). Synthesis of dispersed PV2W10 in non-reducible supports, γ-Al2O3 and SiO2, was done by incipient wetness impregnation. The supported catalysts were characterized by IR, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, x-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2–TPR), and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3–TPD). Catalytic testing of the supported PV2W10 at equimolar cluster concentration revealed that when supported in γ-Al2O3 it is more active (sevenfold increase in propane conversion) but in SiO2 it is more selective to propylene (94%). The observed performance was due to both an increase in reducibility and higher concentration of strong acid sites for PV2W10 supported in γ-Al2O3 versus SiO2. Lastly, PV2W10 was shown to remain intact under reaction conditions indicating its thermal and oxidative stability.
Correlation between time and angular alignment in molecular dynamics simulations of heavy ion collisions

Neutron-proton equilibration is a process which has been used to study the density dependence of the symmetry energy term in the nuclear equation-of-state. This study utilizes constrained molecular dynamics (CoMD) simulations of $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}+\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$ with collision energies of 35 and 45 MeV/nucleon. An algorithm is used which searches through CoMD events and identifies the PLF* after it separates from the target and determines its lifetime, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t$. It also determines the fragments that the PLF* breaks apart into and determines their angular alignment. This technique gives an opportunity to explore how the average alignment of dynamically produced fragments, ${\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rangle}}_{\mathrm{dyn}}$, evolves with PLF* lifetime. An approximately linear relationship was determined with $d{\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rangle}}_{\mathrm{dyn}}/d\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t=0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{zs}$ and $1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{zs}$ for the 35 and $45\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{nucleon}$, respectively, indicating a correlation with magnitude consistent with classically determined values which were used for prior experimental studies.
Proximity to sources of airborne lead is associated with reductions in Children's executive function in the first four years of life

Abstract Although policies to remove lead from gasoline have resulted in a substantial reduction in airborne lead, multiple industries are known to generate lead that is released in the air. The present study examines the extent to which residential proximity to a documented source of airborne lead is associated with intellectual and executive function in children. Data were available for n = 849 children from the Family Life Project. Geolocation for children's residences between birth and 36 months were referenced against the Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) database, which estimates exposure for each ½ mile grid in the contiguous United States. Instrumental variable models were employed to estimate causal associations between exposure and cognitive outcomes measured at 36, 48, and 60 months, using census-documented density of manufacturing employment as the instrument. Models of continuous lead dosage indicated small negative effects for both child IQ and executive function (EF). These results indicate that RSEI estimates of airborne lead exposure are meaningfully associated with decrements in cognitive development.
Neuropathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies for Post-traumatic Epilepsy

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults and a risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Severe TBI, after a period of time, causes numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems with varying comorbidities; and brain homeostasis may never be restored. As a consequence of disrupted equilibrium, neuropathological changes such as circuit remodeling, reorganization of neural networks, changes in structural and functional plasticity, predisposition to synchronized activity, and post-translational modification of synaptic proteins may begin to dominate the brain. These pathological changes, over the course of time, contribute to conditions like Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE is one of the most common, devastating complications of TBI; and of those affected by a severe TBI, more than 50% develop PTE. The etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are either unknown or poorly understood, which makes treatment challenging. Although anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used as preventive strategies to manage TBI, control acute seizures and prevent development of PTE, their efficacy in PTE remains controversial. In this review, we discuss novel mechanisms and risk factors underlying PTE. We also discuss dysfunctions of neurovascular unit, cell-specific neuroinflammatory mediators and immune response factors that are vital for epileptogenesis after TBI. Finally, we describe current and novel treatments and management strategies for preventing PTE.
Increased Adipose Tissue Fibrogenesis, Not Impaired Expandability, Is Associated With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is proposed that impaired expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and an increase in adipose tissue (AT) fibrosis causes ectopic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance (IR), and metabolically unhealthy obesity. We therefore evaluated whether a decrease in SAT expandability, assessed by measuring SAT lipogenesis (triglyceride [TG] production), and an increase in SAT fibrogenesis (collagen production) are associated with NAFLD and IR in persons with obesity. APPROACH AND RESULTS In vivo abdominal SAT lipogenesis and fibrogenesis, expression of SAT genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, and insulin sensitivity were assessed in three groups of participants stratified by adiposity and intrahepatic TG (IHTG) content: (1) healthy lean with normal IHTG content (Lean-NL; n = 12); (2) obese with normal IHTG content and normal glucose tolerance (Ob-NL; n = 25); and (3) obese with NAFLD and abnormal glucose metabolism (Ob-NAFLD; n = 25). Abdominal SAT TG synthesis rates were greater (P < 0.05) in both the Ob-NL (65.9 ± 4.6 g/wk) and Ob-NAFLD groups (71.1 ± 6.7 g/wk) than the Lean-NL group (16.2 ± 2.8 g/wk) without a difference between the Ob-NL and Ob-NAFLD groups. Abdominal SAT collagen synthesis rate and the composite expression of genes encoding collagens progressively increased from the Lean-NL to the Ob-NL to the Ob-NAFLD groups and were greater in the Ob-NAFLD than the Ob-NL group (P < 0.05). Composite expression of collagen genes was inversely correlated with both hepatic and whole-body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AT expandability is not impaired in persons with obesity and NAFLD. However, SAT fibrogenesis is greater in persons with obesity and NAFLD than in those with obesity and normal IHTG content, and is inversely correlated with both hepatic and whole-body insulin sensitivity.
Polycythemia Vera: Rapid Evidence Review

Polycythemia vera is one of three stem-cell-derived myeloid malignancies commonly known as myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is characterized by erythrocytosis, often with associated leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. It has a significant negative impact on overall mortality and morbidity in the form of arterial and venous clots, symptoms of fatigue and pruritus, and conversion to leukemia and myelofibrosis. The World Health Organization's major diagnostic criteria include an elevated hemoglobin or hematocrit level, abnormal results on bone marrow biopsy, and presence of the Janus kinase 2 genetic mutation, which is present in approximately 98% of cases. The only minor criterion is a subnormal erythropoietin level, which helps differentiate polycythemia vera from common causes of secondary erythrocytosis such as smoking, sleep apnea, and testosterone use. First-line treatments, such as low-dose aspirin and goal-directed phlebotomy to a hematocrit level of less than 45% to reduce thrombotic events, improve quality of life and prolong survival. When indicated, cytoreductive therapy, primarily with hydroxyurea, can be added with consideration of second-line agents such as pegylated interferon-alfa, busulfan, and ruxolitinib, depending on the clinical scenario. Smoking cessation and cardiometabolic disease are modifiable risk factors that should be addressed to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Currently, no medications have been shown to cure the disease or to reduce the risk of conversion to leukemia and myelofibrosis.
Relationship between physical and mental health comorbidities and COVID-19 positivity, hospitalization, and mortality.

Abstract Background Understanding the association between separate and combined mental and physical health diagnoses and COVID-19 outcomes is greatly needed to address the severity of illness. Methods Data on 24,034 patients screened for COVID-19 as of July 2020 were extracted from the Froedtert/Medical College of Wisconsin Epic medical record. COVID-19 outcomes were defined as positive screens, proportion hospitalized among positive screens, and proportion that died among positive and hospitalized population. The primary independent variable was a 3-category variable: physical health diagnosis alone, mental health diagnosis alone, and combined mental and physical health diagnoses. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the independent relationship between separate and combined diagnoses and COVID-19 outcomes. Results Compared to physical health diagnosis alone, mental health diagnosis alone had lower odds of screening positive (OR=0.68, CI=0.51;0.92) and was not associated with hospitalization or mortality among positive screens. Combined had lower odds of screening positive (OR=0.78, CI=0.69;0.88) and higher odds of hospitalization among positive screens after adjusting for demographics (OR=1.58, CI=1.20;2.08) but lost significance in the fully adjusted model. No category of diagnoses was associated with mortality. Limitations Analysis is cross-sectional and cannot speak to any causal relationships. Conclusions Overall, compared to physical health diagnosis alone, mental health diagnosis and combined had lower odds of positive screens. However, individuals with combined were more likely to be hospitalized, after adjusting for demographics only. These findings add new evidence for risk of COVID-19 and related hospitalization in individuals who have a physical and mental health diagnosis.
Machine-learning hidden symmetries.

We present an automated method for finding hidden symmetries, defined as symmetries that become manifest only in a new coordinate system that must be discovered. Its core idea is to quantify asymmetry as violation of certain partial differential equations, and to numerically minimize such violation over the space of all invertible transformations, parametrized as invertible neural networks. For example, our method rediscovers the famous Gullstrand-Painleve metric that manifests hidden translational symmetry in the Schwarzschild metric of non-rotating black holes, as well as Hamiltonicity, modularity and other simplifying traits not traditionally viewed as symmetries.
Distinct effects of polyphenols and solvents on dentin collagen crosslinking interactions and biostability.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of different polyphenols and solvents on dentin collagen’s crosslinking interactions and biostabilization against MMPs and collagenase degradation. Methods Two polyphenols [proanthocyanidin (PA) and quercetin (QC)] with different water solubility were prepared as treatment solutions using ethanol (EtOH) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvents. 6-um-thick dentin films were microtomed from dentin slabs of third molars. Following demineralization, films or slabs were subject to 60-s treatment (PA or QC) or no treatment (control) with subsequent extended-rinse with original solvent (EtOH or DMSO) or distilled water (DW). Collagen crosslinking interactions were assessed by FTIR. Biostability was assessed through endogenous MMPs activity via confocal laser scanning microscopy, and exogenous collagenase degradation via weight loss, hydroxyproline release and SEM. Finally, direct collagenase inactivation was also evaluated. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05%). Results Distinct effects of two polyphenols and solvents on collagen crosslinking and biostabilization were observed. Higher crosslinking and biostability efficacy occurred with PA than QC (p Significance Collagen crosslinking interactions and biostability depend on polyphenol chemical characteristics. Treatment-solution solvents may affect interactions between polyphenols and collagen, specifically, DMSO showed detrimental effects on collagen crosslinking and biostability and should be used with caution.
Homer's Odyssey and the Near East

Introduction 1. Divine councils and apocalyptic myth 2. Theoxeny: Odyssey 1, 3, 13-22, and Genesis 18-19 3. Romance: the Odyssey and the myth of Joseph (Genesis 37, 39-47) 4. Helen and Rahab (Joshua 2), Menelaus and Jacob (Genesis 32:22-32) 5. Ogygia and creation myth, Kalypso and Ishtar 6. Argonautic myth: Odysseus and Nausikaa/Circe, Jason and Medea, Jacob and Rachel (Odyssey 6-8, 10-12, 13.1-187, Genesis 28-33) 7. Odysseus and Jonah: sea-monsters and the fantastic voyage 8. The combat myth: Polyphemos and Humbaba 9. Catabasis, consultation, and the vision: Odyssey 11, 1 Samuel 28, Gilgamesh 12, Aeneid 6, and the Book of Revelation 10. Odyssey 12 and Exodus 32: Odysseus and Moses, the people defy their leader and rebel against God 11. The suitors and the depiction of impious men in wisdom literature 12. Odysseus and Jesus: the King returns, unrecognized and abused in his own Kingdom 13. Contained apocalypse: Odyssey 12, 13, 22 and 24, Exodus 32 (and Genesis 18-19) Conclusion.
Gold, Silver, and Bronze: Determining National Success in Men’s and Women’s Summer Olympic Events

Summary We add to the literature on Olympic performance by explicitly studying the determinants of women's performance at the Games. We estimate separate models of medal production for men and women over the last four Summer Olympic Games. The production of medals is a function of capital, labor, and total factor productivity (TFP). We use real GDP per capita and popu lation - two variables that appear in almost all Olympic studies - as proxies for capital and labor. Our measure of TFP is a vector of variables that captures a nation's willingness and ability to marshal its resources to promote Olympic performance and variables that determine its willingness to support its women. Because the dependent variable is a count measure, we estimate the production function using a negative binomial framework. We find that the de terminants of success by a nation's women closely resemble the determinants for its men. We also show that some determinants of gold medal counts differ from the determinants of silver and bronze medals. Our findings suggest that nations can improve the medal performance of men and women by following policies that increase the political and economic participation of
Scientists prefer them blind: the history of hypogean fish research

The history of hypogean fish research has been strongly influenced by neo-Lamarckism (including orthogenesis) and typological thinking. Only in the last few decades neo-Darwinism has made any inroads in the research approach to this subject. The majority of the most distinguished and productive hypogean fish researchers have used their research subjects to confirm their own views on evolution rather than to use those subjects as a spring of knowledge to enrich mainstream biological thought. Of these views, I found that the most perversive of all is the notion of evolutionary ‘progress’ that has led many researchers to envision hypogean fishes as prime examples of ‘regressive’ evolution. I propose that the utilization of hypogean fishes for the study of convergent evolution should catapult these subjects of research into prime objects of evolutionary ideas.
Asymptotic Scaling for Euclidean Lattices

We calculate numerically-exact values for the absorption time (or mean walk length) for a particle performing a nearest-neighbor random walk on a finite, nth generation triangular lattice of non-uniform connectivity with a deep trap at one vertex. We show that although the Euclidean lattice is not self-similar, there exists a scaling relation which becomes asymptotically exact in the limit of large lattices. We also show that there exists an exact invariance relation for the class of lattices considered here, valid for any lattice size.
The voltage sensor and the gate in ion channels

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates two aspects of ion channels: the gating process and the transduction from the initiating stimulus to the operation of the gate. The gating process is the operation of the gate proper while the transducer may be considered the sensor of the stimulus that ultimately opens and closes the channel. It also addresses one type of sensor: the membrane potential or voltage sensor. The understanding of voltage sensing and gating has been the result of a large number of physiological and biophysical observations that were initiated by the pioneering work of Hodgkin and Huxley in a large variety of ion channels from squid axon sodium and potassium channels to potassium channels from bacteria. The correlation between structure and function has benefited especially from the possibility of expressing ion channels in heterologous expression systems that allows the study of specially engineered channels where specific sites can be tested with EPR or fluorescent probes.
Building New Hearts: A Review of Trends in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States. However, few treatments for CVD provide a means to regain full cardiac function with no long-term side effects. Novel tissue-engineered products may provide a way to overcome the limitations of current CVD therapies by replacing injured myocardium with functioning tissue or by inducing more constructive forms of endogenous repair. In this review, we discuss some of the factors that should be considered in the development of tissue-engineered products, and we review the methods currently being investigated to generate more effective heart valves, cardiac patches and whole hearts.
Agricultural Policy in an Affluent Society

Having been assigned a title with such distinguished lineage, it occurred to me that I ought to re-read the book and, if possible, use it as a foundation on which to base my presentation. In the process I discovered why I was chosen to participate in this morning's discussion. According to Professor Galbraith, ". . . the right to enunciate the conventional wisdom ... is one of the rewards of high academic rank, although such rank is also a reward for expounding the conventional wisdom at a properly sophisticated level" [p. 12] and " ... at the highest level of social science scholarship . .. considerable store is set by the device of putting an old truth in a new form..." [p. 10]. In my discussion this morning I would like to step back and review, in broad strokes, some of the major forces which have influenced the economic history of American agriculture. An attempt is then made to assess the continuing strength of these forces and to anticipate some of the issues which they pose for the evolution of agricultural policy. From the time of the Plymouth and Jamestown settlements until the closing years of the 19th century, the encounter with the frontier represented a dominant theme in American agricultural development [16; 61, pp. 37-62; 69]. This encounter created an opportunity for the evolution of an agriculture based on an abundance of land and a relative scarcity of labor. This in turn stimulated the development of an agricultural technology that was primarily directed toward achieving gains in labor productivity rather than gains in land productivity. Since the closing of the frontier, in the last quarter of the 19th century, the encounter with an increasingly dominant urban-industrial sector has emerged as a major force in American agricultural development.' By
Monoclonal antibodies identify blastemal cells derived from dedifferentiating muscle in newt limb regeneration

Blastemal cells arise after the amputation of limbs or tails in urodele amphibians. These histologically undifferentiated mesenchymal cells divide and subsequently differentiate to regenerate a new appendage. Various studies (reviewed in ref. 1) indicate that blastemal cells arise from tissues near the site of amputation, including muscle, cartilage, nerve and dermis. The multinucleated myofibre, however, is a controversial source of blastemal cells. The suggestion that myofibres can dedifferentiate is based on their histological appearance during the early stages of limb regeneration. This is contrary to the widely accepted view of muscle regeneration in higher vertebrates which attributes it to satellite cells. One prediction of the dedifferentiation hypothesis is that a population with properties of both myofibres and blastema cells should be present during the early stages of regeneration. Here we described the isolation of two monoclonal antibodies, one that recognizes an antigen found only in myofibres and another that recognizes an antigen restricted to blastemal cells. By using these antibodies as cell markers, we can detect a small population of cells in the regenerating limbs of adult newts that bear both the myofibre and blastemal cell antigens. The time and location of these double-labelled cells supports the idea that blastemal cells originate, in part, by dedifferentiation of myofibres.
Dopaminergic neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus of old rats: evidence for decreased affinity of tyrosine hydroxylase for substrate and cofactor

The effect of aging on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and on the number of TH-positive perikarya in the hypothalamus was studied in old and young female rats. The activity of TH in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of old rats was significantly (P less than 0.025) less than that in young rats. In old rats, the Km of TH for tyrosine as well as cofactor, 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine (6MPH4), was markedly greater than the Km in young rats. The maximal velocity was only slightly reduced in old animals. Contiguous coronal sections of the brain of an old and a young female rat were immunocytochemically stained for TH, and the TH-positive perikarya in the hypothalamus were counted. In the circumventricular region, 6793 TH-positive perikarya were present in the young brain and 6632 in the old brain. In the arcuate region, 2868 and 2760 TH-positive perikarya were counted in the young and old brain, respectively. It is concluded that the reduced TH activity in the MBH of old rats is not a consequence of a reduction in the number of TH-positive perikarya in the arcuate or circumventricular regions of the hypothalamus but is due to a reduction in the affinity of TH for its substrate and cofactor.
Estimation of parameters in mathematical models of segregation

Abstract Several differential equations models have been proposed which describe transitions of neighborhoods from predominantly white to predominantly non-white. We show how to fit such models to data by estimating parameters and initial conditions. The mathematical and computational tool, quasilinearization, is shown to work well on a model due to Levine.
Building program optimizers with rewriting strategies

We describe a language for defining term rewriting strategies, and its application to the production of program optimizers. Valid transformations on program terms can be described by a set of rewrite rules; rewriting strategies are used to describe when and how the various rules should be applied in order to obtain the desired optimization effects. Separating rules from strategies in this fashion makes it easier to reason about the behavior of the optimizer as a whole, compared to traditional monolithic optimizer implementations. We illustrate the expressiveness of our language by using it to describe a simple optimizer for an ML-like intermediate representation.The basic strategy language uses operators such as sequential composition, choice, and recursion to build transformers from a set of labeled unconditional rewrite rules. We also define an extended language in which the side-conditions and contextual rules that arise in realistic optimizer specifications can themselves be expressed as strategy-driven rewrites. We show that the features of the basic and extended languages can be expressed by breaking down the rewrite rules into their primitive building blocks, namely matching and building terms in variable binding environments. This gives us a low-level core language which has a clear semantics, can be implemented straightforwardly and can itself be optimized. The current implementation generates C code from a strategy specification.
Effects of wall distensibility in hemodynamic simulations of an arteriovenous fistula

Arteriovenous fistulae are created surgically to provide adequate access for dialysis patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. It has long been hypothesized that the rapid blood vessel remodeling occurring after fistula creation is in part a process to restore the mechanical stresses to some preferred level, i.e., mechanical homeostasis. The current study presents fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations of a patient-specific model of a mature arteriovenous fistula reconstructed from 3D ultrasound scans. The FSI results are compared with previously published data of the same model but with rigid walls. Ultrasound-derived wall motion measurements are also used to validate the FSI simulations of the wall motion. Very large time-averaged shear stresses, 10–15 Pa, are calculated at the fistula anastomosis in the FSI simulations, values which are much larger than what is typically thought to be the normal homeostatic shear stress in the peripheral vasculature. Although this result is systematically lower by as much as 50 % compared to the analogous rigid-walled simulations, the inclusion of distensible vessel walls in hemodynamic simulations does not reduce the high anastomotic shear stresses to “normal” values. Therefore, rigid-walled analyses may be acceptable for identifying high shear regions of arteriovenous fistulae.
THE POSSIBLE EFFECT OF CEMENT DUST ON PLANTS.

Dust, which is thought to have originated from a cement factory in California, was characterized and studied for its effect on trees, plants, and property values in the area. The effects on plants and trees were determined to be primarily mechanical; i.e., prevention of gas exchange due to clogging of stomata. Removal of the dust by rainfall was negligible due to seasonal drought; frequent fogs tended to set or fix the dust, forming a crust. Market values and salability of land has been influenced by the excess of dust and the market for otherwise fine table grapes limited.
Emergent Dynamics from Quorum Eavesdropping

Numerous bacterial species utilize quorum sensing to communicate, but crosstalk often complicates the dynamics of mixed populations. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Wu and colleagues take advantage of synthetic gene circuits to elucidate interactions between two quorum sensing systems, with potential applications to fields from infectious diseases to biosynthesis.
Rational Ruijsenaars–Schneider hierarchy and bispectral difference operators

Abstract We show that a monic polynomial in a discrete variable n , with coefficients depending on time variables t 1 , t 2 , … , is a τ -function for the discrete Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy if and only if the motion of its zeros is governed by a hierarchy of Ruijsenaars–Schneider systems. These τ -functions were considered in [L. Haine, P. Iliev, Commutative rings of difference operators and an adelic flag manifold, Int. Math. Res. Not. 2000 (6) (2000) 281–323], where it was proved that they parametrize rank one solutions to a difference–differential version of the bispectral problem.
Reconstruction of Major Segmental Acetabular Defects with an Oblong-Shaped Cementless Prosthesis: A Long-Term Outcomes Study

A retrospective outcomes study was performed on 25 consecutive acetabular reconstructions of major segmental defects by using an oblong-shaped cementless implant. All patients had combined acetabular defects (type III) as defined by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons classification of acetabular bone deficiency. Long-term follow-up was performed at an average of 11 years postoperatively. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were measured. Failures were defined by component revision or clear radiographic evidence of loosening. Six patients died before final evaluation, and 4 patients did not have complete radiographic data, leaving 14 patients (15 hips) for final analysis. At final follow-up, only 3 of the implants had failed and were revised. There was 1 case of a well-functioning implant with circumferential radiolucency; otherwise, there was no evidence of loosening among the remaining implants.
Electroscopes in Lecture

THE electroscope which Prof. Lodge proposes to use to indicate positive and negative potentials by different movements of the leaves (see p. 320), has the disadvantage that (assuming the case to be charged negatively), if too large a negative charge be given to the gold leaves they will diverge, and the inference will be that the potential is zero or positive, neither of which is the truth. For the purpose Prof. Lodge has in view, a Bohnenberger's electroscope would indicate more clearly positive, negative, or zero potential. Instead of the two dry piles, the inner and outer coatings of a charged insulated Leyden jar connected to two knobs, one on each side of the single gold leaf, might be substituted.
Observations and analysis of sintering damage

Abstract The influence of differential shrinkage on sintering damage induced by initially dense cylindrical heterogeneities has been examined. Radial cracks, formed at the matrix/inhomogeneity interface constitute the dominant mode of sintering damage. Sequential damage observations around the inhomogeneity have revealed an increase in crack-length and crack-opening displacement with increasing initial density differential between the matrix and the inhomogeneity. The stresses responsible for the crack-like damage have been estimated from viscosity data and unconstrained shrinkage rates obtained on the porous matrix at different temperatures and porosities. Correlations between theory and experiment are discussed.
Differential effects of methamphetamine and SCH23390 on the expression of members of IEG families of transcription factors in the rat striatum

Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that can cause long-lasting neurodegenerative effects in humans and animals. These toxic effects appear to occur, in part, via activation of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors. This paper assessed the possibility that the DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390, might inhibit METH-induced changes in the expression of several members of immediate early genes (IEGs) which are known to control more delayed expression of other genes. We found that injections of METH (4x10 mg/kg, given at 2 h intervals) caused significant increases in c-fos and fra-2 expression which lasted from 30 min to 4 h. Pre-treatment with SCH23390, given 30 min before each METH injection, completely blocked METH-induced expression of c-fos, but only partially inhibited fra-2 mRNA expression. These results were confirmed by Western blot analysis which showed METH-induced changes in c-Fos protein expression that were blocked by pretreatment with SCH23390. There were also delayed METH-induced DA D1 receptor-dependent effects on fosB mRNA expression. Even though fra-1 expression was not affected by pretreatment with METH alone, the repeated injections of SCH23390 caused substantial decreases in fra-1 mRNA expression in both the presence and absence of METH. The repeated injections of METH caused no changes in the mRNAs for c-jun, junB or junD. However, there were significant increases in the phosphorylation of c-Jun protein (ser63). Phosphorylation of c-Jun occurred in a delayed fashion (16 and 24 h after the last METH injections) and was attenuated by SCH23390 pretreatment. Interestingly, SCH23390 given alone caused significant decreases in phospho-c-Jun at all time-points. The METH injections also caused delayed induction in the expression of members of the Egr family of transcription factors in a DA D1 receptor-dependent fashion. Repeated injections of SCH23390 caused substantial suppression of basal striatal egr-1 and egr-2 mRNA expression but not of that of egr-3. Both crem and arc mRNA levels were induced by METH in a SCH23390-sensitive fashion. Moreover, multiple injections of SCH23390 given alone caused marked inhibition of basal arc expression. These results show that multiple injections of METH can differentially affect the expression of several IEGs, some of which occurred in a DA D1 receptor dependent fashion. The SCH23390-mediated suppression of basal fra-1, egr-1, and egr-2 mRNA levels suggests that their basal expression in the striatum might be dependent on tonic stimulation of the DA D1 receptor.
Conditional survival estimates improve over time for patients with advanced melanoma: results from a population-based analysis

BACKGROUND: Conditional survival (CS) has emerged as a clinically relevant measure of prognosis for cancer survivors. The objective of this analysis was to provide melanoma-specific CS estimates to help clinicians promote more informed patient decision making. METHODS: Patients with melanoma and at least 5 years of follow-up were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry (1988-2000). By using the methods of Kaplan and Meier, stage-specific, 5-year CS estimates were independently calculated for survivors for each year after diagnosis. Stage-specific multivariate Cox regression models including baseline survivor functions were used to calculate adjusted melanoma-specific CS for different subgroups of patients further stratified by age, gender, race, marital status, anatomic tumor location, and tumor histology. RESULTS: Five-year CS estimates for patients with stage I disease remained constant at 97% annually, while for patients with stages II, III, and IV disease, 5-year CS estimates from time 0 (diagnosis) to 5 years improved from 72% to 86%, 51% to 87%, and 19% to 84%, respectively. Multivariate CS analysis revealed that differences in stages II through IV CS based on age, gender, and race decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year melanoma-specific CS estimates improve dramatically over time for survivors with advanced stages of disease. These prognostic data are critical to patients for both treatment and nontreatment related life decisions. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Pachycephalosauridae from the San Carlos and Aguja Formations (Upper Cretaceous) of West Texas, and observations of the frontoparietal dome

ABSTRACT Several fragmentary frontoparietal domes from the San Carlos and Aguja Formations (Campanian) of Brewster and Presidio Counties, Texas, are referable to Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) and represent a southern extension of the known range of these dinosaurs in North America. Although the specimens are insufficient for confident generic identification, the size, relative dome height and width, continuity of frontal and parietal portions of the dome, and obliteration of sutures between these bones suggest affinity with pachycephalosaurids as Stegoceras and Gravitholus. More than one taxon is probably represented in the collection. Sections taken from one of the domes reveal histological tissue zonation comparable to that found in other pachycephalosaurids and growth lines indicating that at least 5 years were required to attain adult size. The bone tissue is well suited for strengthening the dome to resist compressional loading, and is compatible with the hypothesis that these anima...
Evaluation of a minimally invasive renal cooling device using heat transfer analysis and an in vivo porcine model

Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment for renal cell carcinoma. This procedure requires temporary occlusion of the renal artery, which can cause irreversible damage due to warm ischemia after 30 min. Open surgical procedures use crushed ice to induce a mild hypothermia of 20°C in the kidney, which can increase allowable ischemia time up to 2.5 h. The Kidney Cooler device was developed previously by the authors to achieve renal cooling using a minimally invasive approach. In the present study an analytical model of kidney cooling in situ was developed using heat transfer equations to determine the effect of kidney thickness on cooling time. In vivo porcine testing was conducted to evaluate the cooling performance of this device and to identify opportunities for improved surgical handling. Renal temperature was measured continuously at 6 points using probes placed orthogonally to each other within the kidney. Results showed that the device can cool the core of the kidney to 20°C in 10-20 min. Design enhancements were made based on surgeon feedback; it was determined that the addition of an insulating air layer below the device increased difficulty of positioning the device around the kidney and did not significantly enhance cooling performance. The Kidney Cooler has been shown to effectively induce mild renal hypothermia of 20°C in an in vivo porcine model.
Stimulus control in the albino rat as a function of extradimensional discrimination training

Two groups of rats were given a generalization test along the floor tilt dimension following either single stimulus training in the presence of white noise or discrimination training between the presence and absence of white noise. For both groups, training took place with the floor in the flat (horizontal) position. The generalization test revealed strong control by the flat floor for the discrimination Ss and weak or no control by the flat floor following single stimulus training. The results are discussed as supporting the general attention view of Thomas and his associates.
Charles C. Zoller (1854–1934): Autochrome Collection

(2008). Charles C. Zoller (1854–1934): Autochrome Collection. Photography and Culture: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 239-246.
Judgments by monkeys of apparent depth in dynamic random-dot stereograms

Abstract Young macaques discriminated apparent depths of targets embedded in dynamic random dot stereograms; a test of stereopsis. In a ‘same/different’ paradigm, the discrimination took longer if the pair of stimuli appeared to be in same depth plane, than when they appeared to be located in a different depth plane. The decision time was an inverse function of the disparity difference. Apparent depth discrimination performance decreased as a function of disparity, with no differences in judgments regarding crossed or uncrossed disparities.
Impact of operator experience on the accuracy of implant placement with stereolithographic surgical templates: an in vitro study.

Statement of problem To achieve functional and esthetic results, implants must be placed accurately. However, little information relating to the effect of operator experience on implant placement accuracy is available. Purpose The objective of this investigation was to measure the accuracy of dental implant placement with a bone-supported stereolithographic surgical template created from a virtual implant plan and to determine the effect of operator experience on implant placement accuracy. Material and methods Twenty photopolymer resin edentulous mandibles were scanned with cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). Five implants were planned virtually for each mandible, and a stereolithographic surgical template was made. Four operators placed a total of 100 implants (25 per operator). Two of the operators were experienced in implant placement and 2 operators had limited prior implant placement experience. A CBCT scan of the postimplant placement mandibles was performed, and the images were superimposed on the preimplant placement images containing the virtual implant plans. The amount of angular, horizontal, and vertical deviation of the placed implants from the virtually planned implants at the apex and platform was calculated, and statistically significant differences were detected between the operator groups by using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (α=.05). Results For the experienced operators, the mean error of angular deviation was 2.60 ±1.25 degrees, of horizontal deviation at the apex 0.34 ±0.15 mm, of horizontal deviation at the platform 0.63 ±0.28 mm, of vertical deviation at the apex 0.59 ±0.12 mm, and of vertical deviation at the platform 0.16 ±0.11 mm. For the inexperienced group, the mean error of angular deviation was 3.96 ±1.64 degrees, of horizontal deviation at the apex 0.42 ±0.19 mm, of horizontal deviation at the platform 0.77 ±0.33 mm, of vertical deviation at the apex 0.62 ±0.13 mm, and of vertical deviation at the platform 0.15 ±0.11 mm. The MANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the experienced and inexperienced groups for angular and horizontal error at the implant apex and platform ( P Conclusions The results of this in vitro investigation revealed that the experience level of the operator placing the implants contributes to the accuracy of implant placement, with more experienced operators placing more implants accurately.
Effective Interdepartmental Communication in the Hospital

(1955). Effective Interdepartmental Communication in the Hospital. Hospital Topics: Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 19-20.