cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computational platform for quantification of infectious lung disease using PET-CT imaging

314 Objectives To design fast and robust automated image analysis methods that can accurately facilitate diagnostic measurements of pulmonary lesions in small animal models. Methods We analyzed 85 PET-CTs from 18 different rabbits at various time points (0-to-38 weeks). Each rabbit was infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. In addition, 10 PET-CTs of Ferrets, all infected with the H1N1 influenza virus, were analyzed at four different time points (0-to-72 hours). See Figure1 for the flowchart of the overall methodology to segment lesion using PET-CTs. The resulting delineations were analyzed using dice coefficient (DSC) and metabolic volume changes over time, the standard uptake value (SUV), and correlation with expert derived volumes were also given. For longitudinal quantification, we applied group-wise image registration with CT images of the same animal, at different time points; resulting deformation fields were applied to PET counterparts to align images accordingly (Figure2). For observer agreement studies, two experts conducted their evaluations blindly. Results DSC of PET was 86.0 +/- 3.6% and 84.0 +/- 5.8%. Lung (CT) segmentation accuracy was 86.0+/-7.1% and 83.4+/-8.6% in rabbits and ferrets, respectively. Observer agreement rates were reported (in DSC) as 84.7+/-6.0% (intra, rabbit) and 80.6+/-9.5% (inter, rabbit), 80.3+/-4.4% (intra, ferret), and 77.2+/-11.2% (inter, ferret). Mean registration errors were 2.66 mm and 3.93 mm, in rabbits and ferrets respectively. While manual segmentation can take up to 90 minutes, our segmentation method took only 16 seconds for approximately 250 slices; segmentation of PET images took only 11 seconds on average. Conclusions Quantifying infectious lung diseases using PET-CT images can be acquired quickly and accurately with our comprehensive automated software platform. Research Support This research is supported by CIDI, the intramural research program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). Dr. Jain acknowledges the NIH Director’s New Innovator Award (OD006492). The rabbit infection study is funded by HHMI, NIAD R01AI079590, and R01A1035272.
Acute Nature of Alloxan Damage.

SummaryClamping of a portion of the dog's pancreas during and for the period of 1 to 6 min after the injection of a diabetogenic dose of alloxan will protect that portion of the gland from alloxan damage while in the unclamped part the beta cells will degenerate. This observation shows that the toxic effect of alloxan is limited to a few minutes immediately following the injection.
Using Curriculum-Based Measurement Fluency Data for Initial Screening Decisions

This chapter discusses the use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM), especially, CBMs as measures of fluency. The theoretical support for measures of fluency is discussed, along with more detailed research that supports the use of CBM, basic components of the process, and using CBM data to make screening decisions across a variety of academic subjects. Specific details are provided regarding how CBMs have been developed in reading, mathematics, and writing. In addition, case study examples illustrate teachers’ use of CBM in a data-based decision-making process. Issues that might limit the use of CBM for screening decisions are also addressed. The chapter concludes with an overview of future research that is needed in using CBM for screening decisions in a variety of content areas.
Basophils – Role in Immunity

Basophils are rare immune cells that were originally identified by the German scientist Paul Ehrlich over a century ago. Similar to mast cells, basophils are known to possess granules containing preformed effector molecules, bind immunoglobulin E (IgE), and expand in number in the context of type 2 cytokine responses. Despite these advances, the specific contributions of basophils to the induction of type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammation and protective immunity remain to be fully defined. Recent advances in flow cytometric techniques and murine model systems have allowed investigators to, for the first time, define the nonredundant functions of basophils in the context of several infectious insults. Here we will review these recent studies and discuss how they have significantly informed our greater understanding of basophil biology. Further, we will highlight how these recent conceptual advances may inform new therapeutic strategies to treat clinically important infections.
Dimensioning SPAM: an in depth examination of why users click on deceptive emails

SPAM e-mails are becoming a major attack vector used by cybercriminals and black market solicitors. By crafting enticing and legitimate looking emails, these attackers attempt to get their victims to click on links within the malicious message. These links often lead to websites that are used to distribute malware or capture sensitive user information. This work examined four dimensions of SPAM and measured click-through rates by dimension. Over 42,000 SPAM e-mails were sent to 2667 users over a six month period. Two interesting facts emerged; 1) 15% of the user base were repeat clickers; and 2) SPAM timing was found to be the most effective dimension to lure users to click on links.
Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models of Breast Cancer.

Abstract The need for model systems that more accurately predict patient outcome has led to a renewed interest and a rapid development of orthotopic transplantation models designed to grow, expand, and study patient-derived human breast tumor tissue in mice. After implanting a human breast tumor piece into a mouse mammary fat pad and allowing the tumor to grow in vivo, the tumor tissue can be either harvested and immediately implanted into mice or can be stored as tissue pieces in liquid nitrogen for surgical implantation at a later time. Here, we describe the process of surgically implanting patient-derived breast tumor tissue into the mammary gland of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice and harvesting tumor tissue for long-term storage in liquid nitrogen.
Pancreatic Neoplasms in Children

Pancreatic neoplasms in children are very uncommon, representing less than 1 % of all solid tumors. Because of their rarity, our understanding of their natural history is limited. Pancreatic neoplasms are divided into epithelial and non-epithelial categories. Epithelial tumors are those with a cell line that resembles the lining of the pancreatic ducts, the lining of the pancreatic acini or the cells that form the islets of Langerhans, which can be functional or clinically silent. Non-epithelial tumors are those that arise from tissue of mesenchymal or ectodermal origin, which are extremely rare. In general, pancreatic neoplasms in children have an overall better prognosis than in adults, although some tumors in children are very aggressive, unresectable at diagnosis and have a poor survival rate. Among all different types of pancreatic neoplasms in children, pancreatoblastoma (PBT) and solid-pseudopapillary tumor (SPPT) are the most common ones in the first and second decade of life, respectively. Complete surgical resection is the key in the treatment of all pancreatic neoplasms in children.
Voluntary public good provision with private information using order statistics

Abstract We study the voluntary provision of a public good with private information when inputs are not perfectly substitutable. Modeling the production function as a mixture of order statistics of individual efforts, we bridge the extreme best-shot and weakest-link technologies, passing through summation, in a tractable framework. In contrast with existing predictions, increasing complementarity results in increased public good provision, if the marginal cost of effort rises sufficiently fast.
Europe's Christian Democratic Parties and American Possibilities

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I survey the histories of Europe's Christian Democratic parties and suggest that inasmuch as they show that religiously framed party politics can have significant and positive effects on both institutions and supporters, it is difficult to see how those lessons translate straightforwardly to the American social and political order. Even if they did, making a success, both electorally and substantively, of a Christian Democratic movement in the United States would require a degree of statesmanship that certainly seems in short supply these days.
Surgical and Endovascular Management of Vertebrobasilar Atherosclerosis

Abstract Posterior circulation stroke and transient ischemic attack constitute 20% of all cerebrovascular ischemic events, with vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis (VBA), the primary etiology in up to 35%. Aggressive medical therapy may reduce the risk of recurrence, however, 30-day and 1-year recurrent stroke rates may be higher than 30%, and nearly 60% in the setting of hemodynamic insufficiency. Although use of antiplatelet agents and strict control of atherosclerotic risk factors remain the mainstay of treatment for VBA, some patients remain refractory to aggressive medical therapy necessitating revascularization. Careful analysis of lesion morphology and hemodynamics are necessary for both effective treatment selection and the provision of technically safe procedures that significantly lower the patient's risk of future stroke.
Disparities in Cancer Survivorship Indicators in the Deep South Based on BRFSS Data: Recommendations for Survivorship Care Plans.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to describe cancer survivorship based on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) cancer survivorship modules in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi, conducted in 2012 and 2014, and to investigate disparities across the US Deep South region. METHODS The optional BRFSS cancer survivorship module was introduced in 2009. Data from Alabama (2012), Georgia (2012), and Mississippi (2014) were assessed. Demographic factors were analyzed through weighted regression for risk of receiving cancer treatment summary information and follow-up care. RESULTS Excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer cases, a total of 1105 adults in the Alabama 2012 survey, 571 adults in the Georgia 2012 survey, and 442 adults in the 2014 Mississippi survey reported ever having cancer and were available for analysis. Among Alabamians, those with a higher level of education (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.7) and higher income (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6) were more likely to receive a written summary of their cancer treatments. Adults older than age 65 were only half as likely to receive a written summary of cancer treatments compared with adults 65 years or younger (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8). We found no significant differences in receipt of treatment summary by race or sex. Among those who reported receiving instructions from a doctor for follow-up care, these survivors tended to have a higher level of education, higher income, and were younger (younger than 65 years). Receipt of written or printed follow-up care was positively associated with higher income (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8) and inversely associated with age older than 65 years (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) in Georgia. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the gap identified between survivorship care plan development by the health team and the delivery of it to survivors is important given the evidence of disparities in the receipt of survivorship care plans across survivor age and socioeconomic status in the Deep South.
100 MHz–8 GHz linear distributed GaN MMIC power amplifier with improved power-added efficiency

We report on a multi-octave (100 MHz–8 GHz), linear nonuniform distributed amplifier (NDPA) in a MMIC architecture using scaled 120-nm short-gate-length GaN HEMTs. The linear NDPAs were built with six sections in a nonuniform distributed amplifier approach, where each cell consists of main and g m3 cells. The small signal gain was >10 dB over the band, with saturated CW output power of ∼35 dBm at Vdd = 17 V. The PAE improved by 7%–10% within the band compared to the previous NDPA with 150-nm gate-length GaN FETs. Based on two-tone testing, the linear NDPA showed improved OIP3 of ∼50 dBm, compared to OIP3 of 42 dBm for the NDPA without linearization. Under QPSK LTEwaveform, the ACPR1improved by ∼10 dBc at average output power of 23 dBm, without digital pre-distortion.
HA22 (R490A) is a recombinant immunotoxin with increased anti-tumor activity and therapeutic index

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 622 RFB4 (dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) is a recombinant immunotoxin containing an anti-CD22 variable domain (Fv) fused to a 38-kDa form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE). BL22 has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute in patients with hematological malignancies. BL22 is able to induce a high complete remission rate in patients with purine analogue-resistant HCL. This finding establishes the concept that immunotoxins can produce clinical benefit to patients with advanced malignancies. Our laboratory recently made a mutant immunotoxin, HA22, with improved affinity and cytotoxic activity using a combination of phage display and hot spot mutagenesis techniques. HA22 is derived from BL22 and has three mutations in the heavy chain CDR3 that result in its increased activity. Previous studies using native PE showed that destruction of a protease sensitive site in domain 3 by deleting arginine 490 increased the half-life of PE in the circulation of mice. Several factors are thought to control the lifetime of proteins in the circulation and inactivation or degradation of proteins by proteolysis could be one of them. We have now extended these studies to immunotoxins. For this purpose we have chosen HA22 and made a new mutant in which arginine 490 is changed to alanine. We chose to mutate R490 to A rather than delete it to diminish possible changes in protein structure. We found that HA22 (R490A) is ∼2-fold more active than HA22 on several CD22-positive cell lines. Surprisingly, the plasma half-life of HA22 (490A) was not increased. It was 18.8 min compared to a half -life of 21.9 min for HA22. When injected into mice HA22 and HA22 (R490A) had very similar toxicities with an LD50 of about 1.3 mg/kg for each. However, HA22 (R490A) had a more potent anti-tumor activity than HA22 against CA46 tumors in mice reflecting its increased cytotoxic activity in cell culture. These studies show that protein engineering can be used to increase the efficacy of recombinant immunotoxins. Furthermore because HA22 (490A) has increased anti-tumor activity and not increased animal toxicity, immunotoxins with this mutation are better candidates for clinical development.
B(l)acklash: Tamera, Tia, and the “white man’s whore”

ABSTRACTTamera Mowry-Housely and Tia Mowery-Hardrict first gained popularity with their 1990s sitcom Sister Sister and re-entered the limelight in 2011 with the Tia & Tamera reality show. During the opening scene of season one, Tamera disclosed that she was referred to as a “white man’s whore” on social media. By using critical discourse analysis, we examine how producers on Tia and Tamera and Oprah: Where Are They Now? employ this trope to construct Tamera in a particular way and reinforce postracial storylines.
Human identification and global patterns of craniofacial variation

Research into the genetic admixture proportions from different geographic areas in the United States through autosomal markers demonstrates a complex process with differences in the extent of European contributions to Southern and non-southern African-Americans. There is a global mass migration crisis of people escaping war, starvation, and displacement. These demographic shifts and migration have further increased human identification of undocumented border crossers. What contribution can craniofacial measures make to this global problem? Data for seven West African samples were collected as part of the 3D-ID, Geometric Morphometric Classification of Crania for Forensic Scientists software. Six of the West-African samples were collected from the American Museum of Natural History in NYC and the Angolan sample was collected from the Bocage Museum in Lisbon. Samples from Diaspora populations including modern African Americans, and African Slaves from Cuba are also analyzed and compared.
Discrete Dynamical Systems: A Pathway for Students to Become Enchanted with Mathematics

Discrete dynamical systems and fractal geometry are two of the most interesting fields of research in contemporary mathematics. One reason for this is the absolutely beautiful images that often arise in these fields. A second reason is that many topics in these fields are completely accessible to all, including high school students. One of the aims of this paper is to describe one such topic, namely, the chaos game. Not only do students get quite excited when they first encounter this topic, but they also see how the fractal geometry they use to understand the chaos game relates directly to what they are currently studying in their geometry classes.
Visualizing the Jewish Other in Chaucer’s The Prioress’s Tale

Jay David Bolter posits that words are a medium of logic while pictures are a medium of emotion; thus, images reveal the emotional response of an illustrator to a literary text. To determine students’ reactions to Chaucer’s Prioress’s Tale and its portrayal of Jews, students are given the following assignment: “You’ve been hired as an illustrator for The Canterbury Tales. Draw one picture for the Prioress’s Tale.” This assignment also includes reviewing historical responses to the tale, ranging from illustrations from the Middle Ages to the present drawings of students, which provides a picture of reader reactions from the past to present of the Jewish Other in The Prioress’s Tale. This simple drawing assignment encourages students to explore the difficult issues raised by the tale.
Reaction Chemistry of Silver(I) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Complexes of Nitrogen-Confused C-Scorpionates

Two new C-scorpionate ligands with a bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methyl group bound to the 3 position of either an N-tosyl (TsL*) or an N–H pyrazole (HL*) ring have been prepared. The silver(I) complexes of these new ligands and the two previously reported analogous ligands with unsubstituted bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methyl groups (TsL and HL) in both 1:1 and 2:1 ligand/metal ratios were investigated to explore the effects of ligand sterics on their physical and chemical properties. The structurally characterized derivatives of the type [Ag(L)2](OTf) are four-coordinate, where the confused pyrazolyl is not bound to the metal. On the other hand, three 1:1 complexes [Ag(L)](OTf) had all pyrazolyls bound, while the μ–κ1,κ1-TsL derivative had an unbound confused pyrazolyl. The molecularity of the latter four ranged from polymeric to dimeric to monomeric in the solid with increasing steric bulk of the ligand. The utility of these complexes in stoichiometric ligand-transfer reactions and in styrene aziridination was d...
The safety of breast implants: epidemiologic studies

Abstract: The safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants has been studied more rigorously and extensively than any other medical device in the medical literature. This chapter summarizes the epidemiologic evidence regarding the safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants. The chapter emphasizes results drawn from the most recent epidemiologic investigations and from studies with long-term follow-up, often longer than three decades, as well as those that address some of the historically widespread adverse outcome claims regarding cosmetic breast implants, including connective tissue disease, local complications, offspring health effects, implant rupture, cancer, and psychologic outcomes including suicide.
Chapter 13 Accelerometry

Publisher Summary Accelerometers are small lightweight motion transducers that are capable of measuring accelerations less than 0.02 G ( G =9.807 m/s 2 , the static acceleration of gravity). The use of accelerometers in human motion analysis is discussed in this chapter. The Internet is a rich source of additional information pertaining to basic technology and manufacturers, and this chapter contains an incomplete list of useful sites. Several types of accelerometers are now commercially available, but piezoresistive, piezoelectric and capacitance accelerometers are employed most commonly in human applications. These accelerometers are based on Newton's law of mass acceleration (Force=mass x acceleration) and Hooke's law of spring action (Force=spring constant x change in length of a spring). Piezoresistive accelerometers consist of a small mass attached to a semiconductor beam that behaves like a spring. Deflection of the beam is measured with strain gauges that are connected in a Wheatstone bridge. The output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge is proportional to acceleration. Piezoelectric accelerometers contain a mass that is attached to a piezoelectric crystal, which behaves as a spring. Deformation of the crystal produces a small voltage (∼millivolts) that is proportional to acceleration. Capacitance accelerometers contain a variable capacitor, in which the gap among the capacitor plates changes in proportion to acceleration.
Calibration of diatoms along a nutrient gradient in Florida Everglades Water Conservation Area-2A, USA

The relationship between diatom taxa preserved in surface soils and environmental variables at 31 sites in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Florida Everglades was explored using multivariate analyses. Surface soils were collected along a phosphorus (P) gradient and analyzed for diatoms, total P, % nitrogen (N), %carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and biogenic silica (BSi). Phosphorus varied from 315-1781 μg g-1, and was not found to be correlated with the other geochemical variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlated most closely with the distributions in diatom taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection, constrained and partial CCA, and Monte Carlo permutation tests of significance show the most significant changes in diatom assemblages along the P gradient (p < 0.01), with additional species differences correlated with soil C, N, Ca, and BSi. Weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration models of diatom assemblages to P and BSi were developed. The diatom-based inference model for soil [P] had a high apparent r2 (0.86) with RMSEboot = 218 μg g-1. Indicator diatom species identified by assessing species WA optima and WA tolerance to [P], such as Nitzschia amphibia and N. palea for high [P] (~1300-1400 μ g-1) and Achnanthes minutissima var. scotica and Mastogloia smithii for low [P] (~400-600 μg g-1), may be useful as monitoring tools for eutrophication in WCA-2A as well as other areas of the Everglades. Diatom assemblages analyzed by cluster analysis were related to location within WCA-2A, and dominant taxa within clusters are discussed in relation to the geochemical variables measured as well as hydrology and pH. Diversity of diatom assemblages and a ‘Disturbance Index’ based on diatom data are discussed in relation to the historically P-limited Everglades ecosystem. Diatom assemblages should be very useful for reconstructions of [P] through time in the Florida Everglades, provided diatoms are well preserved in soil cores.
Design and Benchtop Validation of a Powered Knee-Ankle Prosthesis with High-Torque, Low-Impedance Actuators

In this article, we present the design of a powered knee–ankle prosthetic leg, which implements high-torque actuators with low-reduction transmissions. The transmission coupled with a high-torque and low-speed motor creates an actuator with low mechanical impedance and high backdrivability. This style of actuation presents several possible benefits over modern actuation styles in emerging robotic prosthetic legs, which include free-swinging knee motion, compliance with the ground, negligible unmodeled actuator dynamics, less acoustic noise, and power regeneration. Benchtop tests establish that both joints can be backdriven by small torques ( $\sim$ 1–3 N $\cdot$ m) and confirm the small reflected inertia. Impedance control tests prove that the intrinsic impedance and unmodeled dynamics of the actuator are sufficiently small to control joint impedance without torque feedback or lengthy tuning trials. Walking experiments validate performance under the designed loading conditions with minimal tuning. Finally, the regenerative abilities, low friction, and small reflected inertia of the presented actuators reduced power consumption and acoustic noise compared to state-of-the-art powered legs.
La paz construye y se construye

Reflexiones en torno a los procesos de paz en las sociedades , y referencia especial a Colombia.
Decision-Making Involvement and Prediction of Adherence in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: A Cohort Sequential Study.

Objective To assess developmental trajectories of decision-making involvement (DMI), defined as the ways in which parents and children engage each other in decision-making about illness management, in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and examine the effects of DMI on levels of and changes in adherence with age. Methods Participants included 117 youth with T1D, enrolled at ages 8-16 years and assessed five times over 2 years. The cohort sequential design allowed for the approximation of the longitudinal curve from age 8 to 19 from overlapping cohort segments. Children and parents completed the Decision-Making Involvement Scale, which yields subscales for different aspects of DMI, and a self-report adherence questionnaire. Mixed-effects growth curve modeling was used for analysis, with longitudinal measures nested within participant and participants nested within cohort. Results Most aspects of DMI (Parent Express, Parent Seek, Child Express, and Joint) increased with child age; scores on some child report subscales (Parent Express, Child Seek, and Joint) decreased after age 12-14 years. After accounting for age, Child Seek, Child Express, and Joint were associated with overall higher levels of adherence in both child (estimates = 0.08-0.13, p < .001) and parent (estimates = 0.07- 0.13, p < .01) report models, but they did not predict changes in adherence with age. Conclusion These data suggest that helping children to be more proactive in T1D discussions, by encouraging them to express their opinions, share information, and solicit guidance from parents, is a potential target for interventions to enhance effective self-management.
On Adaptive Control of Unactuated Dynamical Systems through Interconnections with Stability and Performance Guarantees

In this paper, an adaptive control architecture is proposed for uncertain dynamical systems subject to interconnected actuated and unactuated dynamics with performance guarantees enforced on both dynamics. Specifically, the control and performance enforcement of the unactuated dynamics is accomplished through the physical interconnection with the actuated dynamics, where the proposed control is applied to stabilize the overall interconnected system in the presence of unknown physical interconnections as well as uncertainties in both the actuated and unactuated dynamics. The performance guarantees are enforced using a set-theoretic model reference adaptive control approach such that the respective system error trajectories of the actuated and unactuated dynamics are restricted to stay inside user-defined compact sets. We then use linear matrix inequality to verify stability of suitable control parameters as well as the allowable system uncertainties and unknown physical interconnections.
Fiber optic radioluminescent probes for radiation therapy dosimetry

Radioluminescent fiber optic dosimeters have drawn great attention due to their unique practical advantageous properties including the ability to perform in vivo, real-time, and intracavity measurements with high spatial resolution due to their small physical size and mechanical flexibility. These features make them ideal candidates for many potential applications in radiation therapy dosimetry, such as in brachytherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, superficial therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, proton therapy, and small-field dosimetry. However, in therapeutic radiation fields, the total optical signal carried by the fiber has undesirable components in addition to the useful radioluminescent signal. The main problem with fiber optic dosimeters in photon and electron therapies is these undesirable signals that are primarily the Cerenkov radiation generated in the irradiated portion of the guide fiber. Another significant issue related to scintillation fiber optic dosimetry that occurs in proton therapy and other beams with high linear energy transfer (LET) is the non-proportionality between the scintillation signal and the proton dose due to the ionization quenching. In this work, recent progress toward minimizing the impact of Cerenkov radiation and ionization quenching through using spectroscopic methods, specialty fiber optics, and undoped fibers is briefly reviewed.
Understanding the Role of Language in Conflict

The purpose of this article is to illustrate innovations in text analysis associated with understanding conflict-related communication events. Two innovations will be explored: LIWC (Linguistic Inq...
Differential requirements for platelet aggregation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase by epinephrine. Studies of a familial platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor defect

We describe a family whose members have impaired platelet aggregation and secretion responses to epinephrine with normal responses to adenosine diphosphate and collagen. Platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors (measured using 3H methyl-yohimbine) were diminished in the propositus (78 sites per platelet), his two sisters (70 and 27 sites per platelet), and parents (37 and 63 sites per platelet), but not in two maternal aunts (12 normal subjects, 214 +/- 18 sites per platelet; mean +/- SE). However, the inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels by epinephrine in platelets exposed to 400 nmol/L PGI2 was similar in the patients and five normal subjects (epinephrine concentration for 50% inhibition, 0.04 +/- 0.01 mumol/L v 0.03 +/- 0.01 mumol/L; P greater than .05). In normal platelets, the concentration of yohimbine (0.18 mumol/L) required for half maximal inhibition of aggregation induced by 2 mumol/L epinephrine was lower than that for inhibition of its effect on adenylate cyclase (1.6 mumol/L). In quin2 loaded platelets, thrombin (0.1 U/mL) stimulated rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, was normal in the two patients studied. The PGI2 analog ZK 36,374 completely inhibited thrombin-induced rise in [Ca2+]i; the reversal of this inhibition by epinephrine was normal in the two patients. Thus, despite the impaired aggregation response to epinephrine, platelets from these patients have normal ability to inhibit PGI2-stimulated cAMP levels. These patients with an inherited receptor defect provide evidence that fewer platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are required for epinephrine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase than for aggregation.
Identifying Suicide Typologies Among Trauma-Exposed Veterans

Background: Suicide among veterans has increased in recent years, making the identification of those at greatest risk for self-injurious behavior a high research priority. Aims: We investigated whether affective impulsivity and risky behaviors distinguished typologies of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in a sample of trauma-exposed veterans. Method: A total of 95 trauma-exposed veterans (ages 21-55; 87% men) completed self-report measures of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, impulsivity, and clinical symptoms. Results: A latent profile analysis produced three classes that differed in suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI): A low class that reported little to no self-injurious thoughts or behaviors; a self-injurious thoughts (ST) class that endorsed high levels of ideation but no self-harm behaviors; and a self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (STaB) class that reported ideation, suicide attempts and NSSI. Membership in the STaB class was associated with greater affective impulsivity, disinhibition, and distress/arousal than the other two classes. Limitations: Limitations include an overrepresentation of males in our sample, the cross-sectional nature of the data, and reliance on self-report measures. Conclusion: Findings point to affective impulsivity and risky behaviors as important characteristics of veterans who engage in self-injurious behaviors.
Matrix Profile XVI: Efficient and Effective Labeling of Massive Time Series Archives

In domains as diverse as entomology and sports medicine, analysts are routinely required to label large amounts of time series data. In a few rare cases, this can be done automatically with a classification algorithm. In many domains however, complex, noisy, and polymorphic data can defeat state-of-the-art classifiers, yet easily yield to human inspection and annotation. This is especially true if the human can access auxiliary information and previous annotations. This labeling task can be a significant bottleneck in scientific progress. For example, an entomology or sports physiology lab may produce several days worth of time series each day. In this work, we introduce an algorithm that greatly reduces the human effort required. Our interactive algorithm groups subsequences and invites the user to label a group's prototype, brushing the label to all members of the group. Thus, our task reduces to optimizing the grouping(s), to allow our system to ask the fewest questions of the user. As we shall show, on diverse domains, we can reduce the human effort by at least an order of magnitude, with no decrease in accuracy.
Towards an AI-powered Future that Works for Vocational Workers

The future of work is speculated to undergo profound change with increased automation. Predictable jobs are projected to face high susceptibility to technological developments. Many economies in Global South are built around outsourcing and manual labour, facing a risk of job insecurity. In this paper, we examine the perceptions and practices around automated futures of work among a population that is highly vulnerable to algorithms and robots entering rule-based and manual domains: vocational technicians. We present results from participatory action research with 38 vocational technician students of low socio-economic status in Bangalore, India. Our findings show that technicians were unfamiliar with the growth of automation, but upon learning about it, articulated an emic vision for a future of work in-line with their value systems. Participants felt excluded by current technological platforms for skilling and job-seeking. We present opportunities for technology industry and policy makers to build a future of work for vulnerable communities.
Intergenerational microbial transmission in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea)

Abstract Background Microbial transmission from parent to offspring is hypothesized to be universal in vertebrates. However, evidence for this is limited as many evolutionarily important clades remain unexamined. Chondrichthyes, as one of the earliest–branching vertebrate lineages, provides an opportunity to investigate the phylogenetic breadth of this hypothesis. The little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, is an important model for this clade, yet little is known about its microbiome composition and establishment. Methods To assess the potential for bacterial transmission in an oviparous chondrichthyan, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the microbial communities associated with the skin, gill, and egg capsule of the little skate, at six points during ontogeny. Community composition was analyzed using the QIIME2 and PiCRUSt2 pipelines and microbial continuity between stages was tracked using FEAST. Results We identify site-specific microbiomes dominated by the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, a composition similar to, but distinct from, that of other chondrichthyans. Our data reveal that the skate egg capsule harbors a highly diverse bacterial community–particularly on the internal surface of the capsule–and facilitates intergenerational microbial transfer to the offspring. Embryonic skin and external gill tissues host similar bacterial communities; the skin and gill communities later diverge as the internal gills and skin denticles develop. Conclusions Our study is the first exploration of the chondrichthyan microbiome throughout ontogeny and provides the first evidence of vertical transmission in this group, which may be the primary mechanism for the signature of phylosymbiosis previously observed in elasmobranchs.
Status of Lead and Bismuth for Radioimmunoimaging and Radioimmunotherapy

Tumor-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) might be useful as diagnostic or therapeutic agents when linked to cytotoxic or imaging reagents. Our group is working to test this hypothesis by linking cytocidal and image-producing isotopes to mAb and testing the utility of the radioimmunoconjugates formed in animal model systems.1–7 Radioiodines were first employed for these purposes,8,9 but unfavorable nuclear properties (half-lives, γ-ray and β-particle energies) and chemical reactivity (deiodination in vivo) limit their utility.10–11 Labeling immunoproteins with metallic radionuclides offers more versatility in that the selection of potentially useful radiometals spans the periodic table.12 Of the metallic radionuclides with physical properties most suited for use with mAb in nuclear medicine, few are more available or desirable than those of bismuth13 (212Bi) and lead14 (203Pb, 212Pb), as listed in Table 1. 212Bi or 212Pb could serve as sources for highly cytocidal α-particles; the 279 KeV γ-emission of 2O3Pb is useful for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging; and 2O6Bi may be used as a γ-ray emitting radiotracer for 212Bi. That no clinical studies have yet been possible is due entirely to the lack of chelate complexes of lead and bismuth that are stable in vivo. In contrast, extensive use is being made of 111In for radioimmunoimaging and 90Y for radioimmunotherapy despite their less than optimal decay characteristics.l5–18
The effect of mass legalization on US state-level institutions: Evidence from the immigration reform and control act

A new case for immigration restrictions argues that migrants may transmit low productivity to their destination countries by importing low-quality economic institutions. Using the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) as a natural experiment, we test whether the legalization of undocumented immigrants affects the quality of state-level economic institutions in the United States. Using synthetic control models, we find that, in the short run, legalization may increase the burden of government spending. However, in the long run, we find statistically insignificant effects of legalization on economic institutions.
Environmental Racism: The Relationship Between Historical Residential Redlining and Current Environmental Hazards

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Communities of color in the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. However, few studies have examined the relationship between historical ...
Association of marital status with takotsubo syndrome (broken heart syndrome) among adults in the United States.

Background The pathophysiology of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is not well understood, however, it is often precipitated by psychological or physical stress. Marital status is related to emotional stress, but its associations with TTS are limited. Aim To explored the potential association between marital status and TTS. Methods We conducted a case-control study using data on patients aged ≥ 40 years with marital status data in the National Hospital Discharge Survey (2006-2010). The International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision codes were used to identify cases with TTS and other comorbid conditions. Each case was matched to 5 controls by age, sex, year of TTS diagnosis and bed size of hospital. Two sets of controls were selected: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) controls and non-cardiovascular disease (CVD) controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of marital status with TTS. Results The 59 patients with TTS who had information on marital status were matched to 295 controls with AMI and 295 non-CVD controls, resulting in a sample of 649 patients. The average age of cases was 69.7 ± 11 years with 90% being women and 88% reporting White race. In multivariable-adjusted models, compared to singles, patients who were married had lower odds of TTS (OR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.79-0.93) while those who were widowed (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.05-1.23) or divorced/separated (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.21-1.45) had elevated odds for TTS when compared to non-CVD controls. Similar results were observed when cases were compared to controls with AMI. Conclusion In this study, being married was associated with lower odds for TTS while being divorced/separated or widowed was related to elevated odds for TTS. These novel findings that underscore the potential importance of social factors like marital status in the development of TTS need confirmation in larger studies.
Survival and decannulation across indications for infant tracheostomy: a twelve-year single-center cohort study.

OBJECTIVE Describe survival and decannulation following infant tracheostomy based on indication for tracheostomy placement. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of infants who received tracheostomy at a single pediatric hospital over a twelve-year period. Primary and secondary indications were categorized into pulmonary, anatomic, cardiac, neurologic/musculoskeletal, and others. RESULTS A total of 378 infants underwent tracheostomy; 323 had sufficient data to be included in analyses of post-discharge outcomes. Overall mortality was 26.3%; post-operative and post-discharge mortality differed across primary indications (P = 0.03 and P = 0.005). Among survivors, 69.3% decannulated at a median age of 3.0 years (IQR 2.3, 4.5 years). Decannulation among survivors varied across primary indications (P = 0.002), ranging from 17% to 75%. In multivariable analysis, presence of a neurologic or musculoskeletal indication for tracheostomy was a significant negative predictor of future decannulation (aOR 0.10 [95% CI 0.02-0.44], P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Early childhood outcomes vary across indications for infant tracheostomy.
Lucky Late Bloomers? The Consequences of Early Marriage for Women in Western Kenya

We examine the impact of early marriage across a wide range of outcomes for women in rural western Kenya. The timing of physical maturation in girls has been shown to influence marriage timing in a quasi-random manner, and we find that each additional year that menarche is delayed is associated with an increase of 0.25 years in age at first marriage. Using age of menarche as an instrument for marital age, we show that delayed marriage increases female educational attainment, some academic test scores, and self-reported measures of health. At the same time, age of marriage appears to have little direct effect on many other important life outcomes including labor market participation, earnings, attitudes and beliefs, marriage market outcomes, and child health.
The mercury-sensitive residue at cysteine 189 in the CHIP28 water channel.

Water channels provide the plasma membranes of red cells and renal proximal tubules with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradient. Molecular identification of CHIP28 protein as the membrane water channel was first accomplished by measurement of osmotic swelling of Xenopus oocytes injected with CHIP28 RNA (Preston, G.M., Carroll, T.P., Guggino, W.B., and Agre, P. (1992) Science 256, 385-387). Since water channels are pharmacologically inhibited by submillimolar concentrations of Hg2+, site-directed mutagenesis was undertaken to demonstrate which of the 4 cysteines (87, 102, 152, or 189) is the Hg(2+)-sensitive residue in the CHIP28 molecule. Each cysteine was individually replaced by serine, and oocytes expressing each of the four mutants exhibited osmotic water permeability (Pf) equivalent to wild-type CHIP28. After incubation in HgCl2, all were significantly inhibited, except C189S exists as a multisubunit complex in the native membrane; however, although oocytes injected with mixed CHIP28 and C189S RNAs exhibited Pf corresponding to the sum of their individual activities, exposure to Hg2+ only reduced the Pf to the level of the C189S mutant. Of the six substitutions at residue 189, only the serine and alanine mutants exhibited increased Pf and had glycosylation patterns resembling wild-type CHIP28 on immunoblots. These studies demonstrated: (i) CHIP28 water channel activity is retained despite substitution of individual cysteines with serine; (ii) cysteine 189 is the Hg(2+)-sensitive residue; (iii) the subunits of the CHIP28 complex are individually active water pores; (iv) residue 189 is critical to proper processing of the CHIP28 protein.
Identifying bullies with a computer game

Current computer involvement in adolescent social networks (youth between the ages of 11 and 17) provides new opportunities to study group dynamics, interactions amongst peers, and individual preferences. Nevertheless, most of the research in this area focuses on efficiently retrieving information that is explicit in large social networks (e.g., properties of the graph structure), but not on how to use the dynamics of the virtual social network to discover latent characteristics of the realworld social network. In this paper, we present the analysis of a game designed to take advantage of the familiarity of adolescents with online social networks, and describe how the data generated by the game can be used to identify bullies in 5th grade classrooms. We present a probabilistic model of the game and using the in-game interactions of the players (i.e., content of chat messages) infer their social role within their classroom (either a bully or non-bully). The evaluation of our model is done by using previously collected data from psychological surveys on the same 5th grade population and by comparing the performance of the new model with off-the-shelf classifiers.
Cross, Timothy A.: The Origins of Membrane Protein Structural Characterization in Lipid Bilayers

Timothy A. Cross has pioneered the development of solid-state NMR of membrane proteins using uniformly aligned lipid bilayer samples. Because membrane protein structure is dictated by both the amino acid sequence and the protein's environment, a good mimic of the membrane environment is essential, especially for small membrane proteins with a large surface area exposure to the membrane environment. Solid-state NMR is uniquely equipped to solve these important protein structures that represent more than 60% of all drug targets. Keywords: membrane proteins; PISEMA; solid-state NMR; PISA wheels; aligned samples; lipid bilayers