cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction in Retrospective, or What’s All the Fuss Over Low Fertility?

This paper offers a retrospective look at reproductive politics centered on lowest-low fertility in Europe. Drawing on Italy as a case study, the author sorts out the conundrum of national concerns about fertility decline in light of global concerns about overpopulation. Ethnographic and archival research in central Italy during the past two decades provide material to argue that dire warnings constitutes a form of demographic nationalism. The author offers a critical deployment of ethnographic methods to counter a stubborn rationalist paradigm, which underwrites family planning despite evidence to the contrary. Small families have given rise to a culture of responsibility that dictates an intense set of expectations for Italian parents. Finally, the essay reminds how reproductive matters have histories, which intersect with dominant ideologies of class, race, and gender in profound ways. At the same time, changes in population structures result in new disparities and needs for new ways to contend with the present and imagine the future.
Lost boys in Little Eyolf

This chapter uses the figure of the lost boy to analyse Ibsen’s dramatisation of replacement in Little Eyolf. After Eyolf drowns, his mother proposes to bring poor children up from the shore to live in his rooms. Little Eyolf thus contains the vertical idealism and seaside-to-heights landscape common to several Ibsen plays. I argue, however, that Eyolf’s mother proposes a secondary, figurative drowning in the bourgeois home and in the ambiguous currents of replacement. Lost boys such as Peter Pan and Eyolf are made by doubled loss: first death following neglect; then loss of their indefinite status as a dead child in favour of definite recuperation as the dead child. Lost boys escape, yet are imprisoned by adult fantasies of innocence that refuse the radical limits of death.
Green Design and Quality Initiatives

Producing quality products — products that satisfy customer expectations, becomes more complex daily. Consumers increasingly expect high tech products that are low in price, durable, and attractive. Increasingly, consumers are also adding environmental criteria to their list of product expectations. Corporations are expected to comply with environmental regulations, carry out business with an environmentally conscious ethic, and manufacture and market products with reduced environmental impacts.
The Civil Rights Movement and the Continuing Struggle for the Redemption of America

WHEN SOME STAFF MEMBERS OF THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP Conference (SCLC), including Jesse Jackson, resisted Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s proposal to go to Memphis to support the striking sanitation workers, Dr. King was incensed. SCLC staff, some concerned with their own more favored projects, argued that this new project would spread them too thin. Dr. King issued a strong rebuke to their narrowing of the horizons of the movement. He argued that that this country was in critical condition and that they all had to work together to "redeem the soul of America" (Frady, 1996: 225). Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a man with a transcendent vision, but in stating these prescient sentiments, he stood on the shoulders of giants. This is too often forgotten in treatments of the Civil Rights Movement. This article seeks to understand the Civil Rights Movement in the context of its larger role as a force for the democratization of U.S. society, internally and in its international relations. Although liberals and leftists have tended to disregard J. Edgar Hoover's fear of subversion within the Civil Rights Movement as either a disingenuous cover for his own racism or the paranoid fantasy of an anticommunist psychosis, I would argue that Hoover's fears were well founded within the context of his own premises: that the Civil Rights Movement posed a fundamental threat to the power arrangements of the American social order that he was sworn to defend. I have long felt that the lack of a serious appraisal of J. Edgar Hoover among liberals stemmed from a fear of confronting the contradictions within liberalism itself, partly revealed in its bastard offspring, neoconservatism. American liberalism is particu? larly torn between its egalitarian principles (vis-?-vis the New Deal and Great Society traditions) and its desire for stability and social order (stemming from the social position of the U.S. as the hegemonic power within the capitalist world economy and from its propagation of a founding principle of the capitalist world, the myth of pan-European supremacy).
American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy: Tobacco-cessation patient counseling

Abstract Based on a review of current literature and recommendations, the American College of Preventive Medicine presents a practice policy statement on tobacco-cessation patient counseling.
Supporting variability in women’s lifestyles: a study of single-motherhood transition in South Korea and Japan

ABSTRACTBoth South Korea and Japan have diversified welfare policies from cash assistance to a range of employment support schemes. However, they face the same issue of poverty amongst single-mothe...
On the determinants of other-regarding behavior: Field tests of the moral foundations questionnaire☆,☆☆,★,★★

Abstract This paper examines moral foundations as a predictor of other-regarding behavior outside a laboratory setting. We link responses to the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) with direct measures of other-regarding behavior in two studies. In both studies, moral foundations (as measured by the MFQ) predict other-regarding behavior. Study 1 finds the return rate of a follow-up survey is positively predicted by individualizing foundations and negatively predicted by binding foundations, particularly authority. Study 2 finds the relationships between moral foundations and donations to pre-selected charities are highly sensitive to the inclusion of a veterans charity in the choice set. Individualizing foundations positively predict donations in non-veterans conditions, while loyalty (positively) and authority (negatively) predict donations in veterans conditions.
Psychosocial Syndemic Risks Surrounding Physical Health Conditions Among Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals

Abstract Purpose: The high prevalence of physical health conditions among sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals could be explained, in part, by SGM individuals' disparate exposure to interco...
Threat-of-shock decreases emotional interference on affective stroop performance in healthy controls and anxiety patients

Patients with anxiety disorders suffer from impaired concentration, potentially as a result of stronger emotional interference on attention. Studies using behavioural measures provide conflicting support for this hypothesis. Elevated state anxiety may be necessary to reliably document differences in emotional interference in patients versus healthy controls. The present study examines the effect of experimentally induced state anxiety (threat-of-shock) on attention interference by emotional stimuli. Anxiety patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 32) completed a modified affective Stroop task during periods of safety and threat-of-shock. Results indicated that in both patients and controls, threat decreased negative, but not positive or neutral, emotional interference on attention (both p < .001). This finding supports a threat-related narrowing of attention whereby a certain level of anxiety decreases task-irrelevant processing.
A Global Experience: Teaching International Students in an International Setting

This study analyzed the four stages of acculturation and how an educator teaching abroad, instructing International Students, experienced the path of acculturation through the emotions of elation, resistance, transformation, and integration. Pedagogy is seen with new eyes, and a renewed passion is reignited through a global experience. A new understanding and empathy is developed for those living as an expat, far from their native country. Moreover, a limited view of the world changes from a view of egocentric selfishness to an appreciation of cultural diversity.
THE IMPACT OF SIROLIMUS-RELATED PROTEINURIA ON PROGRESSION OF CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY AND OUTCOMES AMONG HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

We have previously described the use of sirolimus (SRL) as primary immunosuppression therapy following heart transplantation (HT). The advantages of this approach include attenuation of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), improvement in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a decrease in rates of
Surface science lettersChemisorption-induced Pt 4f surface core level shifts

Soft X-ray photoemission experiments have led to the unambiguous observation of a metal surface core level (Pt 4f72) shift, due to an adsorbate (CO), to a binding energy larger than the bulk binding energy. The 4f72 clean (110) surface component, with a binding energy 0.35 ± 0.02 eV lower than the bulk, is shifted by 1.06 ± 0.04 eV towards higher binding energy upon CO chemisorption. The lack of significant changes in the bulk component indicates the localized nature of the CO-Pt surface bonding.
Guided self-management targeting anxiety and activity participation in older Veterans

Objectives: This study examined the acceptance, feasibility, and preliminary effects of a guided self-management intervention using video delivery and a telephone coach on anxiety and activity enga...
CoREC: Scalable and Resilient In-memory Data Staging for In-situ Workflows

The dramatic increase in the scale of current and planned high-end HPC systems is leading new challenges, such as the growing costs of data movement and IO, and the reduced mean time between failures (MTBF) of system components. In-situ workflows, i.e., executing the entire application workflows on the HPC system, have emerged as an attractive approach to address data-related challenges by moving computations closer to the data, and staging-based frameworks have been effectively used to support in-situ workflows at scale. However, the resilience of these staging-based solutions has not been addressed, and they remain susceptible to expensive data failures. Furthermore, naive use of data resilience techniques such as n-way replication and erasure codes can impact latency and/or result in significant storage overheads. In this article, we present CoREC, a scalable and resilient in-memory data staging runtime for large-scale in-situ workflows. CoREC uses a novel hybrid approach that combines dynamic replication with erasure coding based on data access patterns. It also leverages multiple levels of replications and erasure coding to support diverse data resiliency requirements. Furthermore, the article presents optimizations for load balancing and conflict-avoiding encoding, and a low overhead, lazy data recovery scheme. We have implemented the CoREC runtime and have deployed with the DataSpaces staging service on leadership class computing machines and present an experimental evaluation in the article. The experiments demonstrate that CoREC can tolerate in-memory data failures while maintaining low latency and sustaining high overall storage efficiency at large scales.
Viable and efficient electroporation-based genetic manipulation of unstimulated human T cells

Abstract Electroporation is the most feasible non-viral material delivery system for manipulating human T cells given its time- and cost-effectiveness. However, efficient delivery requires electroporation settings to be optimized for different devices, cellular states, and materials to be delivered. Here, we used electroporation to either induce exogenous gene expression in human primary T cells by plasmids or in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA and also target endogenous genes by Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). We characterized the electroporation conditions both for activated and unstimulated human T cells. Although naive cells are non-dividing and therefore their genetic manipulation is harder compared to activated T cells, we developed the technical ability to manipulate both naive and memory cells within the unstimulated T cell population by IVT mRNA and Cas9 RNP electroporation. Here, we outline the best practices for achieving highly-efficient genetic manipulation in primary T cells without causing significant cytotoxicity to the cells. Because there is increasing evidence for “less-differentiated” T cells to have better anti-tumor activity for immunotherapy, manipulating naive T cells with high efficiency is also of high importance to clinical applications and to study the biology of these cells.
Fractions as Ratios

Besides the size and operator aspect (a proportion of something to be considered), the ratio aspect is the third important basic idea for fractions. Here there is no a priori unambiguous whole to which all occurring fractions (including the result of a calculation) are related. Fractions as ratios therefore only play a role later in school, for example in the treatment of proportionality (double price for the double quantity and so on).
PetaDroid: Adaptive Android Malware Detection Using Deep Learning

Android malware detection is a significant problem that affects billions of users using millions of Android applications (apps) in existing markets. Thiss paper proposes PetaDroid, a framework for accurate Android malware detection and family clustering on top of static analyses. PetaDroid automatically adapts to Android malware and benign changes over time with resilience to common binary obfuscation techniques. The framework employs novel techniques elaborated on top of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to achieve accurate, adaptive, and resilient Android malware detection and family clustering. We extensively evaluated PetaDroid on multiple reference datasets. PetaDroid achieved a high detection rate (98–99% f1-score) under different evaluation settings with high homogeneity in the produced clusters (96%). We conducted a thorough quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art solutions MaMaDroid, DroidAPIMiner, MalDozer, in which PetaDroid outperforms them under all the evaluation settings.
Technology wish lists and the significance of temperature-sensing wildlife telemetry

Telemetry has revolutionized studies in wildlife biology, ecology, physiology, and conservation. With the increased demand for telemetry, new technology has made great strides to enable long studies in harsh and remote areas on a wide variety of study species. As the climate crisis continues to impact animals, temperature-sensing telemetry has become a helpful technique for understanding the effects of climate change and how to protect wildlife from them. However, temperature-sensing telemetry and telemetry in general still pose technological challenges and accessibility issues for the researchers who use it. Currently available telemetry technology is expensive, too large and heavy for many study species, and cannot measure all variables researchers want to study. These technological improvements have especially been neglected for temperature-sensing telemetry, which may be underutilized given the current climate crisis. To understand why innovation has stalled, and where it should be directed going forward, we gathered opinions from researchers who use telemetry and from manufacturers that create and supply telemetry equipment. Our goal was to broadly describe the current technological landscape, compare it to what we envision for the future, and make suggestions for how to reach that future.
An Intelligent Gate Driver With Self-diagnosis and Prognosis for SiC MOSFETs

This paper presents an intelligent gate driver (GD) with prognosis and diagnosis (PD) functions for silicon carbide (SiC) power devices. Based on monitoring a gate current, the PD circuit provides useful diagnoses, including a GD board fault, connection verification between the GD and driven devices, and gate open/short condition. Furthermore, it can detect gate oxide degradation, generating an early warning signal to enable users to replace aged power devices with a fresh one. Due to the low-cost implementation of the proposed scheme, it can be easily integrated into the GD, featuring improved reliability. The SPICE-model-based simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Caste and the Civil Rights Laws: From Jim Crow to Same-Sex Marriages

The battle over civil rights law has been waged on many different fronts at the same time. Historically, the emphasis has been on the manifest injustices that dominant groups have inflicted on other groups with less political power. Economically, the dispute has been over whether civil rights legislation will increase or reduce overall levels of production. Sociologically, the question has been whether civil rights legislation can overcome hierarchy and foster a sense of community among equals, or whether it increases levels of group consciousness, which in turn leads to issues of group separation. In most modern settings, this search for rationales has not stemmed from any doubt about the wisdom or even the necessity of civil rights laws. Quite the opposite, the desirability of these laws is usually taken for granted, and the inquiry then proceeds with the aim of finding the most powerful intellectual base on which these laws can rest. But the evident increase in racial and ethnic conflict and the massive attention to sex differences or gender relations even the terms used in the debate will say a lot about which side an advocate is on1 show that the old confidence about the desirability of these laws has been shaken by an ever-increasing awareness that things have not turned out quite the way the supporters of civil rights legislation had hoped. That sense of disappointment is evident in the disagreement over fundamental objectives. On the one hand, commentators commonly proclaim that the purpose of civil rights legislation is to make institutions and individuals ignore those differences of race
Controlled Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation for Computer-Aided Nanomanufacturing

Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) is regarded as an efficient tool for rare event simulation and has been applied in simulating bottom–up self-assembly processes of nanomanufacturing. Yet it has limitations to simulate top–down processes. In this paper, a new and generalized KMC mechanism, called controlled KMC or controlled KMC (cKMC), is proposed to simulate complete physical and chemical processes. This generalization is enabled by the introduction of controlled events. In contrast to the traditional self-assembly events in KMC, controlled events occur at certain times, locations, or directions, which allows all events to be modeled. A formal model of cKMC is also presented to show the generalization. The applications of cKMC to several top–down and bottom–up processes are demonstrated.
Effects of Item Order on Test Scores

AbstractTo combat problems of cheating arising from testing under crowed classroom conditions, instructors frequently use multiple arrangements of a set of test items. These different arrangements or forms should be nearly equivalent relative to mean total scores. This study reports data from comparisons involving eleven pairs of equivalent tests. There were no significant linear relationships between equivalent test forms on the ordering of item difficulties. Reliabilities differed little within pairs of equivalent tests. Nine of eleven t-tests comparing mean total test scores were insignificant. The bulk of these data supported the assumption that one may construct equivalent power tests by rearranging items, when the ordering of item difficulty is non-systematic on both arrangements.
Interpreting a Sample as Evidence About a Finite Population

Observations, when interpreted under a probability model, constitute statistical evidence. A key responsibility of the discipline of statistics is to provide science with theory and methods for objective evaluation of statistical evidence per se, i.e., for representing observations as evidence and measuring the strength of that evidence. Birnbaum (1962) named this problem area `informative inference,' and contrasted it to other important problem areas of statistics, such as those concerned with how beliefs should change in the face of new evidence, or with how statistical evidence can be used most efficiently, along with other types of information, in decision-making procedures. In this chapter we briefly sketch the basic general theory and methods for evidential interpretation of statistical data and then apply them to problems where the data consist of observations on a sample from a finite population. The fundamental rule for interpreting statistical evidence is what Hacking (1965) named the law of likelihood. It states that
Studies of Manganous Nucleotide Complexes with Uridine Diphosphate-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase, Formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase, and Creatine Kinase MECHANISM OF WATER PROTON MAGNETIC RELAXATION FROM FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE MEASUREMENTS

Abstract The longitudinal proton magnetic relaxation rate (PRR) of water in manganous complexes has been measured as a function of frequency. The ternary complexes of manganous ion, nucleotide, and enzyme for three enzymes namely, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, formyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase, and creatine kinase, all exhibited a maximum in the value of the relaxation rate between 8 and 25 MHz. This observation shows that the correlation time which modulates the dipolar interaction between the electron and nuclear spins is frequency-dependent and must therefore be ascribed to the electron spin relaxation time. The enhancement of the PRR of water for the ternary complexes relative to that of the Mn(II) aquo-ion arises because the electron relaxation times for Mn(II) in the ternary complexes (10-8 to ∼10-9 sec) are much longer than the rotational correlation time (∼3 x 10-11 sec) for the simple aquo complex. The rotational modulation of the dipolar interaction for the ternary complexes is slower than modulation from electron spin relaxation and is no longer the dominant correlation time in the macromolecular complexes since their tumbling times are of the order of 10-8 to 10-7 sec. In the case of creatine kinase, the PRR of the abortive quaternary complex, E-Mn-ADP-creatine, has been deenhanced relative to the ternary complex, most markedly in the presence of nitrate ion, and the PRR increases monotonically with decreasing frequency. The number of water ligands in the first coordination sphere of Mn(II) in the quaternary complex is calculated from the relaxation rate and its frequency dependence to be less than one-half. The water proton relaxation rates obtained at various frequencies and temperatures point to the involvement of only outer sphere relaxation in the quaternary complex. It is concluded that a conformational change in the enzyme has occurred upon addition of the second substrate which makes the Mn(II) inaccessible to the solvent water. The binding of Mn(II) in the ternary MnUTP complex with UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is less than in the binary MnUTP complex in the absence of enzyme. The behavior of this nucleotidyl-transferring enzyme differs in this regard from phosphoryl-transferring enzymes from which it is inferred that the coordination scheme of Mn(II) may also differ.
Vortex stability and inertial-range cascades

We consider the inviscid stability and evolution of columnar vortices whose cores consist of a disc of constant vorticity ω1 surrounded by an annular coat of constant vorticity ω2. For core parameters in the range suggested by vortex-tube geometries of the inertial-range eddy structure, we find the breakup of unstable cores is largely two-dimensional, particularly if the vortex is being stretched. Tentative studies of the breakup of the core, using vortex methods, are described.
Boussingault, Jean Baptiste (1802–1887)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Boussingault, Jean Baptiste (treatment of goitre with iodine compounds); nitrogen balance trial
Anomalous ultrafast dynamics of hot plasmonic electrons in nanostructures with hot spots

The interaction of light and matter in metallic nanosystems is mediated by the collective oscillation of surface electrons, called plasmons. After excitation, plasmons are absorbed by the metal electrons through inter- and intraband transitions, creating a highly non-thermal distribution of electrons. The electron population then decays through electron-electron interactions, creating a hot electron distribution within a few hundred femtoseconds, followed by a further relaxation via electron-phonon scattering on the timescale of a few picoseconds. In the spectral domain, hot plasmonic electrons induce changes to the plasmonic resonance of the nanostructure by modifying the dielectric constant of the metal. Here, we report on the observation of anomalously strong changes to the ultrafast temporal and spectral responses of these excited hot plasmonic electrons in hybrid metal/oxide nanostructures as a result of varying the geometry and composition of the nanostructure and the excitation wavelength. In particular, we show a large ultrafast, pulsewidth-limited contribution to the excited electron decay signal in hybrid nanostructures containing hot spots. The intensity of this contribution correlates with the efficiency of the generation of highly excited surface electrons. Using theoretical models, we attribute this effect to the generation of hot plasmonic electrons from hot spots. We then develop general principles to enhance the generation of energetic electrons through specifically designed plasmonic nanostructures that could be used in applications where hot electron generation is beneficial, such as in solar photocatalysis, photodetectors and nonlinear devices.
Applying the generalized Vickrey auction to pricing reliable multicasts

Reliable multicast networks scale back the speed at which content is delivered to accommodate the slowest receiver. By extracting information about the receiver's capabilities, the service provider can select which receivers to admit, and at which speed to operate the network. We examine the application of the Generalized Vickrey Auction to pricing reliable multicast and present a distributed method to compute the GVA prices.
Frictional Characteristics of Apparel Fabrics

A study has been conducted to determine the frictional characteristics of several fabrics used in apparel. The objective was to generate fabric frictional data to help in developing automated assemblies for fabrics. The results revealed that the coefficients of static and dynamic friction between fabrics decreased as the normal force per unit area increased. Wilson's model relating frictional force to normal force and the apparent area of contact closely correlated the data.
FDDI ring management

Ring management is a recent addition to the ANSI FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) standard that provides a mechanism for solving two of the more difficult problems: discontinuities in the token path due to stuck faults, and ring initialization failures due to duplicate addresses. These problems are described, and the use of distributed management, as set out in the standard, to solve them is discussed. Each attachment to the FDDI ring monitors for fault symptoms and starts recovery processes when appropriate. >
Electron mobility in semiconductors

We treat the problem of a single electron interacting only with the lattice vibrations of its host crystal with and without the application of a weak electric field. A Markovian solution which applies in the limit of a large number of collisions is given to the exact integro-differential equation for the electron's density matrix. This equation was derived earlier from the path-integral representation of Feynman et al. for a polaron. The solution, which corresponds to the observed phenomenological description, averages out memory effects. The Einstein diffusion relation is found to hold closely, and realistic results are obtained for the temperature dependence of the mobility and for the deformation-potential coupling constants of silicon and germanium.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD): The saccadic and slow eye movements.

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), a vertical strabismus, is often associated with infantile esotropia, latent nystagmus and excyclo-torsion. DVD usually becomes apparent at about three years of age. The authors wished to determine whether DVD is a manifestation of an abnormal motor vergence system or is part of a visual system disorder. Vertical eye movements of six subjects with DVD, on cover-uncover and alternate cover tests, were studied using the magnetic search eye coil system. Asymmetry between the eyes' saccades were quantified during the DVD upward movement and during a trial of pure vertical saccades. In three subjects the vertical deviation increased to its full amount through a smooth vertical divergence movement, and in the other three patients through a combination of smooth and asymmetrical saccade-like movements. The latencies of the DVD, the peak velocity of the deviation movements, its time constant and the asymmetries in the saccades suggest that DVD represents an abnormal vertical v...
Mixing control in a plane shear layer

An investigation of mixing processes in a plane shear layer by a direct numerical simulation with a high-order numerical technique, the isoparametric spectral element method, is presented. The computational domain includes a region with the splitter plate that allows to start the flow as a laminar (Blasius) boundary layers with different velocities and concentrations, merging in the shear layer and undergoing transition to highly-unsteady structures with intensive mixing. The augmentation of mixing as a function of a downstream location, the intensity and type of vortical structures in the layer is investigated by an introduction of disturbance at the high-velocity inflow. The character of the dynamic mixing is displayed along with time averaged profiles and statistical characteristics.
Market power, monopsony, and health insurance markets

Abstract This paper details the potential adverse welfare consequences of monopsony power in health insurance markets. It is shown that the exercise of monopsony power in the medical services market can augment the monopoly rents of an insurer with market power in the insurance market, while at the same time inefficiently reducing supplier welfare. Cost-shifting by not-for-profit firms and its welfare consequences are also analyzed.
Minicomputer presentation of speech stimuli

A brief introduction to minicomputer control of speech stimuli is presented. Several techniques that have proven useful in this area are described.
Analysis of Resistance Asymmetry Due to p-n Junctions in Graphene FETs

For graphene FETs, asymmetry in the drain current transfer characteristics has been observed. It has been proposed that asymmetry is due to additional resistances from p-n transition regions along the channel [1,2]. Calculations of the additional resistance have been received attention for small p-n transition lengths [3,4]. In this paper, we analyze the resistance of graphene FETs with p-n junctions when transition lengths are long compared with energy and momentum relaxation lengths, as is found in many experimental FETs. We employ a two dimensional device simulator to determine the electric field and channel conductivity variations in the vicinity of the FET gate, assuming rapid electron/hole equilibration. The simulations show added resistances in the range of 50-500 Ω μm p-n junction. We also extract the additional p-n resistance ΔR from experimental results by plots of Vd/Id vs. 1/Vg-Vt. Values of ΔR of order 450 Ω μm were extracted from FET results reported in [2]. Epitaxial graphene FETs fabricated on a SiC substrate [5] gives additional resistance of 620 Ωum. Both results are in reasonable agreement with the simulations. The physically-based device simulator Atlas of Silvaco with parameters modified for graphene was used to obtain carrier distributions. A graphene FET on SiO2 substrate with a global back gate and 0.3μm gate/drain and gate/source gaps was studied. The carrier density in the gap region was controlled by back gate bias (Vbg) while the channel region under the top gate was modulated by top and back gate simultaneously. A long channel device at Vds=10mV was used to minimize the lateral electric field effect. From the simulated carrier distribution, we can obtain the resistivity along the channel by ρ=1/[qμ(n+p)]. Mobility is assumed to be equal for electrons and holes, and depends on carrier concentration Ns, μ=μ0 (N0/Ns)1/2 where N0 and μ0 are intrinsic carrier concentration and peak mobility, respectively. Under positive Vbg, the graphene layer becomes n-type in the gap region and channel region. Proper top gate bias (Vg) may be applied to make channel region intrinsic, p-type or n-type. Therefore, various configurations along the channel such as npn or nnn structures may be created. In the p-n transition region, the total number of carriers reduces to N0 and resistivity shows a peak. The additional resistance of a p-n junction can be calculated by integrating the difference of the resistivity vs. channel position for the nnn and npn structures. The integrated resistance value is impacted by the peak height and peak width. The peak height is controlled by Vg-Vt; the resistivity reaches a maximum at the threshold condition, where the electron and hole densities reach their intrinsic levels. The peak width is also controlled by Vg, via fringing field of the gate.
Preparation and characterization of an improved Cu2+–cyclen polyurethane material that catalyzes generation of nitric oxide from S-nitrosothiols

A new, stable and highly efficient Cu2+–cyclen–polyurethane material is described and shown to exhibit an improved performance compared to that of prior materials for the catalytic decomposition of S-nitrosothiols to physiologically active nitric oxide.
Thickness and crossing number of knots

Abstract Given a “short” piece of rope, one can tie only “simple” knots. We make this precise by modeling “rope” as a solid tube of constant radius about a smooth core. The complexity of a knot is captured by its average crossing number which in turn bounds the minimum crossing number for the knot type. Then the ratio, L, of rope-length to radius provides an upper bound for the crossing number. Our bound is in terms of L 4 3 , which we believe is the lowest exponent possible. Our route for connecting rope-length of a knot to its thickness is via self-repelling knot energies the normal energy EN(K) and the symmetric energy ES(K).
Time course for development of vagal inhibition of the heart in neonatal rats

Abstract Heart rate was recorded in anesthetized rats 1, 3 and 7 days after birth, and the cut peripheral end of the right vagus nerve stimulated electrically at frequencies of 5, 10, 20 and 40 Hz. Control heart rate increased from 344 ± 8 beats/min on eay one to 490 ± 10 beats/min on day seven. Stimulation 6–24 hours after birth slowed the heart rate. At 3 days, slowing was more marked at all frequencies and greatly enhanced at 20 and 40 Hz. It is concluded that efferent cardiac vagal fibers conduct action potentials and that ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurotransmission is established in rats within 6 hours after birth.
Existence of codimension one foliations with minimal leaves

Every smooth closed manifold of dimension 4 or greater that has a smooth codimension one foliation, has such aC1 foliation whose leaves are minimal hypersurfaces for someC1 Riemannian metric.
A Comprehensive Approach to Assessing Leadership Students and Programs: Preliminary Findings:

Assessment and evaluation of leadership students is an important aspect of furthering the academic discipline of leadership. Furthermore, assessment and evaluation of leadership programs help groun...
Adipocyte Lipid Chaperone aP2 Is a Secreted Adipokine Regulating Hepatic Glucose Production

Proper control of hepatic glucose production is central to whole-body glucose homeostasis, and its disruption plays a major role in diabetes. Here, we demonstrate that although established as an intracellular lipid chaperone, aP2 is in fact actively secreted from adipocytes to control liver glucose metabolism. Secretion of aP2 from adipocytes is regulated by fasting- and lipolysis-related signals, and circulating aP2 levels are markedly elevated in mouse and human obesity. Recombinant aP2 stimulates glucose production and gluconeogenic activity in primary hepatocytes in vitro and in lean mice in vivo. In contrast, neutralization of secreted aP2 reduces glucose production and corrects the diabetic phenotype of obese mice. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and pancreatic clamp studies upon aP2 administration or neutralization demonstrated actions of aP2 in liver. We conclude that aP2 is an adipokine linking adipocytes to hepatic glucose production and that neutralizing secreted aP2 may represent an effective therapeutic strategy against diabetes.
Postmodern Theory and Biblical Theology: Vanquishing God's Shadow

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Note on translations of the bible Introduction: Postmodernism, Ontotheology and Christianity: 1. The modernist ground of postmodern theory 2. Nietzsche/Heidegger/Derrida on ontotheology 3. Nietzsche/Heidegger/Derrida on Christianity Part I. Nietzsche's Mockery: The Rejection of Transcendence: 1. The death of God: loss of belief in the Christian God as the cause of nihilism 2. Vanquishing God's realm: Nietzsche's abolition of the true world 3. Nietzsche on the Judaeo-Christian denial of the world and the world to come in the New Testament 5. On redemption: the eternal return or biblical eschatology Part II. Heidegger's Forgetting: The Secularisation of Biblical Anthropology: 6. From the death of God to the forgetting of Being 7. Heidegger's theological origins: from biblical theology to fundamental ontology 8. The redemptive-eschatological separation of flesh and Spirit in the epistles of the Apostle Paul 9. Inauthenticity and the flesh 10. The eigentlich Selbst or the pneumatikos anthropos Part III. Derrida's Denials: The Deconstruction of Ontotheology: 11. From the ends of man to the beginning of writing 12. Deconstituting the subject 13. Writing and metaphysics 14. Reading the law: the Spirit and the letter 15. Scripture of ecriture the limitations of Derrida's deconstruction of ontotheology Conclusion: Ontotheology, Negative and the theology of the Cross: 1. Denials negating/negative theology 2. From ontotheology to the theology of the cross Bibliography.
Stable isotopic studies of Nautilus macromphalus sowerby (new Caledonia) and Nautilus pompilius L. (Fiji)

Abstract Two specimens of Nautilus macromphalus Sowerby from New Caledonia and two specimens of Nautilus pompilius L. from Fiji have been selected for stable isotope analysis of all septa. These animals were captured at depths of 80 m and 200 m, respectively. The early-formed septa were also analyzed from three additional specimens of N. macromphalus captured in New Caledonia at 300–400 m. Oxygen isotope compositions of septa from both populations are characterized by (1) an abrupt increase in δsu18O of 1–3.5‰ from septa 6 to 8, and (2) septum-to-septum variations in δ13 and δ18O which are roughly sympathetic and larger for carbon than oxygen. Septa from the Fiji specimens are slightly depleted in 18O relative to those from New Caledonia. The isotopic “step” between septa 7 and 8 is interpreted to record the hatching of the embryo after development of the seventh septum. Marked 18O-depletion of septa 1–7 evidently reflect non-equilibrium, metabolic isotope fractionation during embryonic groth stages or, perhaps more likely, a difference in the isotopic compositions of nepionic fluid and sea water. The oxygen isotope compositions of septa 10 and higher and shell walls appear to closely approach isotopic equilibrium with sea water, as demonstrated by a comparison of calculated isotopic and known temperatures for aragonite precipitation by an aquarium-grown specimen. A slightly warmer average environment of growth is indicated for the Fiji samples.
Single-strand breaks in duplex DNA of coliphage T7 as demonstrated by electron microscopy.

Previous work based on ultracentrifugal studies had led to the hypothesis that there are either gaps or exceptional bonds, not of the phosphodiester type, in the single polynucleotide strands of the DNA of coliphage T7. To investigate this further, the length distribution of the single strands derived from native T7 DNA by alkaline denaturation has been obtained. An improved technique for electron microscopic visualization of single strands of DNA in a cytochrome c monolayer was used for this measurement. In contrast with the narrow length distribution for native, double-stranded DNA, the length distribution of the single strands was found to be very broad (about eightfold greater than for the native material). Single-stranded T7 DNA was then fractionated according to sedimentation coefficient by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and these various fractions were examined with the electron microscope. It was found that the more rapidly and more slowly moving fractions consist of longer and shorter filaments, respectively, from which it has been concluded that sedimentation heterogeneity of single-stranded DNA is a reflection of molecular weight heterogeneity. Hence, the electron microscopic studies confirm the original hypothesis that T7 DNA contains single-strand breaks or exceptional bonds.
Students' Perception of the Ethical Business Climate: A Comparison With Leaders in the Community

Although undergraduate students are exposed to ethical issues through class assignments, discussions, and readings, they typically do not have first hand experience with business dilemmas. Student opinions on ethical standards and behavior in American business have received scant attention in the literature. The purpose of the study is to provide additional information to both educators and organizations about the ethical perceptions of students. Furthermore, the study contrasts student responses to business and community leaders' responses obtained in a prior study conducted by Touche Ross (1988). The findings from this study are based on an opinion survey about ethics in American business, completed by 476 liberal arts and business students attending a private, religiously affiliated college in New York State. The data indicate numerous differences in perceptions between students and business and community leaders. Differences were also found when students were classified by school (Arts & Science versus Business) and by gender. Overall, students appear to place a strong value on education. Students are the source of new entrants to the business world and the foundation for ethical structures being built by organizations. The findings from this study should assist both educators and employers in the development of necessary programs to maximize the ethical potential of their constituents.
Chimeric Ad5 vectors expressing the short fiber of Ad41 show reduced affinity for human intestinal epithelium.

Altering adenovirus tropism has attracted increased attention in recent years to improve gene delivery. We constructed a recombinant Ad5 vector carrying the non-CAR (coxsackievirus and adenovirus r...
An experience in teaching disciplined programming at an elementary level

Several difficulties in teaching disciplined programming at an elementary level are mentioned. In particular, a minimum set of flow chart control structures for disciplined programming are described, and the problem posed by attempting to use these structures in conjuction with FORTRAN in an elementary computer programming course is discussed. A solution to this problem is presented in terms of a structure oriented extention to FORTRAN called NSFTRAN. The structured statement forms of NSFTRAN are described, and the motivations for the structure orientation are given. The main feature of NSFTRAN is its use of the numeric FORTRAN statement label as a structure range identifier as in the FORTRAN indexed DO statement.
Identification of Cobamide Coenzyme in Nodules of Symbionts & Isolation of the B12 Coenzyme From Rhizobium meliloti

Recently, Barker et al. (5) have isolated from Clostridium tetanomorphum and Propionibacterium shermanii three highly purified cobamide coenzymes. These were subsequently identified as adenylcobamide (AC), benzimidazolylcobamide (BC), and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide (DBC). It has been shown that these compounds function as cofactors in the conversion of glutamate to ,-methyl aspartate (4), in the isomeration of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA (9), and in the conversion of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde (1). All of the cobamide coenzyme molecules contain cobalt, but they differ in that adenine, benzimidazole, or dimethylbenzimadazole bases are constituents of the AC, BC, and DBC coenzymes, respectively (4, 5). It has been established that several Rhizobium species (7,8) and legumes (2,3) grown without a fixed source of nitrogen, require cobalt for normal growth. Evidence also has been provided that Rhizobium meliloti and nodules from several legumes and alder, contain a cobamide coenzyme (6)3 capable of serving as a cofactor for the enzymatic conversion of glutamate to P-methyl aspartate. Identification and characterization of the cobamide coenzymes in these organisms is obviously of interest. A preliminary paper reports that the B12 coenzyme isolated from Rhizobium meliloti was the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide compound (6). This paper presents evidence establishing the identity of the B12 coenzyme from R. meliloti. Also, data on the distribution of B12 coenzymes in the nodules of symbionts are reported.
Practical Suggestions for Assessing Rates of Seismic-Moment Release

This article explores how to interpret observations of rates of seismic- moment release by evaluating simulated earthquake sequences generated assuming Gutenberg–Richter (gr), truncated gr, or exponentially tapered gr distributions. For earthquakes generated assuming a gr distribution, expected moment rates depend strongly on the largest event observed and increase indefinitely over time, never approaching a stable value. For events generated with truncated or tapered distributions expected moment rates increase with time but approach a stable value if moments near the corner moment M C are thoroughly sampled. Thus, interpreting reported moment rates requires knowledge of the corner moment M C and the number N of contributing earthquake observations. This article discusses how to estimate a critical number of events N large where the approach to stability begins; N large depends more strongly M C than on the β -value, and only weakly on whether one simulates the observations with a truncated or tapered gr distribution. For situations where N is less than N large , the article discusses how to adjust moment rates to account for the expected time dependence and also explores ways for estimating rates that reduce the dependence on the largest event.
The Impingement of Moral Values on Sociology

quences of Desegregation: A Social Science Statement," Appendix to Appellants' Briefs, U. S. Supreme Court, October Term 1952, 0. Brown et al., v. Bd. of Ed. of Topeka, Kansas, and other cases, 24 pp. For another summary and interpretation of testimony by expert witnesses in these cases, see K. B. Clark, "The Social Scientist as an Expert Witness in Civil Rights Litigation," Social Problems, 1 (June, 1953), 5-10.