cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivations of equestrian tourists: an analysis of the colonial cup races

Abstract While the motivations of visitors to mainstream professional sporting events have been well documented, comparatively little is known about equestrian tourists. The purpose of this study was to assess the fan motivations, sport identification and expenditures of tourists attending an annual steeplechase. The event chosen for this study was the 31st Annual Colonial Cup Races, held in South Carolina, USA. Wann and Branscombe's (1990) team identification and Wann's (1995) sport fan motivation scales were adapted for use in this study. Responses from 222 equestrian tourists were used to answer four research questions. Regardless of respondent sex, equestrian tourists were most likely to be motivated by entertainment and group affiliation needs and least likely to be motivated by escape and self-esteem needs. However, comparisons based on identification level (low, medium, high) resulted in significant differences in four of the seven motivations and on-site expenditures. Further, there was a signific...
Gas hydrate and free gas petroleum system in 3D seismic data, offshore Angola

ABSTRACTEvidence of gas hydrate and free gas occurrences in a 3D seismic volume from the West-Central Coastal Province of the Congo Fan, offshore Angola, illustrates all the components of a complete petroleum system. Analysis and interpretation are based on the information in attributes calculated from three 3D time-migrated common-angle seismic volumes; the attributes include seismic amplitude, spectral components, dip magnitude, amplitude variation with angle, and instantaneous frequency. The source is organic-rich muds associated with late Cretaceous to early Tertiary channels, the migration paths are along growth faults, and the traps are partly defined by the gas hydrate stability zone (for the gas hydrate), partly by the bottom-simulating reflector (for the subhydrate free gas), and partly by faults (for both). The spatial distribution of free gas is further supported by the associated seismic bright spots, and also by the attenuation of high frequencies of P-waves that traverse the gas-saturated zo...
Comparison of intravesical prostatic protrusion, prostate volume and serum prostatic‐specific antigen in the evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction

Aim : The aims of this study were to define the relationship between intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume (PV) and to determine which one of them is the best predictor of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic enlargement. Methods: A prospective study of 114 male patients older than 50 years examined between November 2001 and 2002 was performed. They were evaluated with digital rectal examination, International Prostate Symptoms Score, PSA, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine measurement, IPP and PV using transabdominal ultrasound scan. Statistical analysis included scatter plot with Spearman's correlation coefficients and nominal logistic regression inuuoea scatter plot Results: Prostate volume, IPP and PSA showed parallel correlation. Although all three indices had good correlation with BOO index, IPP was the best. The Spearman rho correlation coefficients were 0.314, 0.408 and 0.507 for PV, PSA and IPP, respectively. Using receiver-operator characteristic curves, the areas under the curve for PV, PSA and IPP were 0.637, 0.703 and 0.772, respectively. The positive predictive values of PV, PSA and IPP were 65%, 68% and 72%, respectively. Using a nominal regression model, IPP remained the most significant independent index to determine BOO. Conclusions: All three non-invasive indices correlate with one another. The study showed that IPP is a better predictor for BOO than PSA Or PV.
The Baby Bump Managing a Dynamic Stigma Over Time

In light of the prevalent experience, theoretical importance, and underexamination of the intersection of pregnancy and work, the current study explores how pregnant employees manage their concealable stigmatized identities at work over the course of pregnancy. Using a weekly survey methodology, we were able to examine within-person changes in identity management and physical health. Results suggested a reciprocal relationship between revealing and physical health wherein revealing led to more frequent physical health symptoms and more frequent physical health symptoms led to decreased revealing. Furthermore, concealing exerted a unidirectional impact on physical health wherein concealing predicted subsequent decreases in physical health symptoms. Finally, supportive work–family cultures and supervisor support were linked to lower concealing, higher revealing, and less frequent physical health symptoms at the initial measurement occasion (i.e., earlier stages of pregnancy); however, these benefits appeare...
The methodology of simulating particle trajectories through tunneling structures using a Wigner distribution approach

The authors introduce a trajectory methodology to describe elementary space- and time-dependent events in a tunneling process in the resonant tunneling diode (RTD). A methodology for constructing quantum particle trajectories is presented. The trajectories for a RTD are presented and their behavior, as a function of scattering and self-consistency, is shown to be consistent with the steady-state current-voltage/quantum well electron density characteristics of the RTD, and with the response of the RTD to a sudden bias switch. The trajectories also exhibit a conservation-of-energy-like behavior. The trajectory formulation is thus shown to be potentially useful for incorporating into a multidimensional particle Monte Carlo simulation of quantum-based devices in which the tunneling region is small compared to the dimensions of the device. >
Neurolisteriosis presenting as cervical myelitis in an immunocompetent patient.

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium with a predilection for CNS involvement.1 Common presentations include meningitis and rhomboencephalitis in immunocompromised patients, but L. monocytogenes can also affect healthy adults, often in the setting of contaminated deli meats or dairy products.2,3 We report a rare case of neurolisteriosis presenting as cervical myelitis followed by ventriculitis in an immunocompetent patient. Delays in recognition and treatment may have led to a poor outcome. A 69-year-old woman with little past medical history presented to another institution with 2 weeks of right-sided chest pain and progressive weakness of the left upper extremity. MRI of the cervical spine (figure) revealed an enhancing intramedullary lesion extending from C2 to T3; brain MRI was unremarkable. Routine screening laboratories, including complete blood count, electrolytes, and liver function tests, were normal. Lumbar puncture was not performed. A differential diagnosis of a demyelinating or inflammatory process vs spinal cord tumor led to the initiation of empiric high-dose IV corticosteroids. Four days later, the patient’s left arm weakness worsened, …
Cyclophilin A: A Mediator of Cardiovascular Pathology

Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a 17 kDa, ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that possesses peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and scaffold function. Its expression is increased in inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease and cancer. Intracellular CyPA regulates protein trafficking, signal transduction, transcription regulation and the activity of certain other proteins. Secreted CyPA activates cardiovascular cells resulting in a variety of cardiovascular diseases; including vascular remodeling, abdominal aortic aneurysms formation, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. (J Korean Soc Hypertens 2011;17(4):133-147)
Chromium-doped forsterite: dispersion measurement with white-light interferometry

Using a Michelson white-light interferometer, we measure the group-delay dispersion and third-order dispersion coefficients, d2ϕ/dω2 and d3ϕ/dω3, of chromium-doped forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) over wavelengths of 1050–1600 nm for light polarized along both the c and b crystal axes. In this interval, the second-order dispersion for the c axis ranges from 35 fs2/mm to -14 fs2/mm, and the third-order dispersion ranges from 36 fs3/mm to 142 fs3/mm. For the b axis the second-order dispersion ranges from 35 fs2/mm to -15 fs2/mm and the third-order from 73 fs3/mm to 185 fs3/mm. Our data are relevant for the development of optimized dispersion compensation tools for Cr:Mg2SiO4 femtosecond lasers. These measurements help to clarify previously published results and show some significant discrepancies that existed, especially in the third-order dispersion. Our results should furthermore be useful to build up an analytic expression for the index of refraction of chromium forsterite.
Effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on patency and anastomotic hyperplasia of vascular grafts.

The efficacy of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (U63,557A, Upjohn) in promoting early patency and inhibiting anastomotic intimal hyperplasia in ePTFE grafts was compared to that of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a canine model. Animals were started on ASA 5 gr po qd (Group I, n = 12) or U-63,557A 10 mg/kg po bid (Group II, n = 12) 1 day before placement of bilateral 5-mm-i.d., 13- to 16.5-cm-long ePTFE aortoiliac grafts and continued on the medication for the 16-week study. Six dogs in each group received autologous endothelial cell-seeded grafts, while the other six received unseeded grafts. Patency was determined weekly by assessment of femoral pulses. At the conclusion of the study anastomotic intimal hyperplasia was measured on serial sections through the distal anastomosis using a computer-linked digitizer. In Group I the patencies of seeded and unseeded grafts were not significantly different, being 100 and 83%, respectively. Furthermore, luminal narrowing due to intimal hyperplasia was not significantly different being 9.1 f 7.6% (x + SD) in seeded grafts and 8.8 f 8.1% in unseeded grafts. On the other hand, in Group II the seeded grafts had significantly improved patency when compared to the unseeded grafts (83% vs 33%, P < 0.05) and less luminal narrowing (11.4 + 11.1% vs 21.9 * 19.5%, P < 0.01). Although U-63,557A administration promoted patency of unseeded grafts compared to no antiplatelet medication (0% patency), it was significantly less effective than ASA in improving patency (P < 0.05) and inhibiting luminal narrowing (P
Family Privacy Issues and Concepts

Privacy is examined within the context of marriage and the family. The relative invisibility of significant intrafamilial transaction is used to explain part of our pluralistic ignorance concerning the psychosocial dimensions of this basic unit of society. Based on a framework of concepts derived from the social sciences, both the functional and dysfunctional aspects of familial autonomy are elaborated, with particular emphasis given to marital interaction. The general erosion of privacy in the United States is analyzed in terms of its potential for disrupting the traditional right of the family to control the amount and type of information it is willing to reveal to outsiders and when, as well as under what conditions and to whom it is disposed to make such disclosures. A systematic effort to specify the changing dimensions of family privacy is called for.
De-embedding the noise figure of differential amplifiers

Many radio-frequency circuits use differential topologies, whereas the instruments to evaluate them are inevitably single ended. Taking into account noise correlations, this work extends Friis' well-known equation for the noise figure of a cascade of two-ports to the case of three-ports, such as baluns, which surround a differential amplifier during measurements. The amplifier gain and noise figure may be accurately de-embedded with single-ended measurements on the cascade and on the baluns. The new formulas are experimentally validated.
Combined Ectodermal and Mesodermal Dysplasia: Its Musculoskeletal Manifestations

A case of combined ectomesodermal dysplasia has been described. The diffuse musculoskeletal abnormalities which frequently are associated with this syndrome have been stressed. The studies performed, including chromosomal analysis, did not assist in understanding the etiology of the condition.
Family, Culture, Gender, and Mexican American Adolescents’ Academic Success

Mexican American adolescents experience significant barriers to educational success in the United States. It is important to understand the role that families play in counteracting these impediments. This chapter reviews theory and evidence regarding family influences on MA adolescents’ academic engagement and performance. We examine three vectors of influence: family members’ cultural orientations, families’ socioeconomic contexts, and parenting and family relationships. In keeping with the purpose of this volume, we highlight how gender may moderate these influences in Mexican American families. We also identify directions for future research and intervention development.
Engineering Cattle for Dairy Development in Rural India

The upgrading of cattle and buffalo breeds for higher milk productivity is a key aim of India’s dairy development program, and has been undertaken in part through the crossbreeding of indigenous cattle with high-yielding European dairy breeds. In the process, threats posed to the survival of both indigenous cattle and practices of mixed faming have become a matter of concern. This chapter follows the megaengineering of rural livelihoods in India through new technologies of cattle breeding, and argues that the outcomes of such engineering practices are shaped by the social and environmental contexts within which they have to be implemented. To begin with, the promotion of animals geared exclusively towards dairying fits uncomfortably with agrarian systems that assign multiple values to cattle and buffaloes. Alongside, the higher productivity of crossbreds requires the availability of labor for dairying tasks, as well as the presence of refrigeration facilities and transport links for the efficient dispersal of large quantities of milk. Gender divisions of work as well as historical inequalities in infrastructural growth in rural India thus structure the ability of new technologies of dairying to fit into the context-specific mix of rural livelihoods. More broadly, this study of the technological transformation of animals provides further insights into the ways in which the megaengineering of nature is not just a matter of scientific expertise, but is also crucially dependent on the everyday labor of rural people.
Approaching the Roman economy

This paper introduces current approaches to the study of the Roman economy. It discusses ways of measuring Roman economic performance, the uses of historical comparison, and competing models of economic behavior, and stresses the importance of ecological factors. It concludes with an appendix summarizing evidence for climatic conditions in the Roman period.
Hyaluronic acid scaffold has a neuroprotective effect in hemisection spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE Spinal cord injury occurs in 2 phases. The initial trauma is followed by inflammation that leads to fibrous scar tissue, glial scarring, and cavity formation. Scarring causes further axon death around and above the injury. A reduction in secondary injury could lead to functional improvement. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were implanted into the gap formed in the hemisected spinal cord of Sprague-Dawley rats in an attempt to attenuate damage and regenerate tissue. METHODS A T-10 hemisection spinal cord injury was created in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats; the rats were assigned to a sham, control (phosphate-buffered saline), or HA hydrogel-treated group. One cohort of 23 animals was followed for 12 weeks and underwent weekly behavioral assessments. At 12 weeks, retrograde tracing was performed by injecting Fluoro-Gold in the left L-2 gray matter. At 14 weeks, the animals were killed. The volume of the lesion and the number of cells labeled from retrograde tracing were calculated. Animals in a separate cohort were killed at 8 or 16 weeks and perfused for immunohistochemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Samples were stained using H & E, neurofilament stain (neurons and axons), silver stain (disrupted axons), glial fibrillary acidic protein stain (astrocytes), and Iba1 stain (mononuclear cells). RESULTS The lesions were significantly smaller in size and there were more retrograde-labeled cells in the red nuclei of the HA hydrogel-treated rats than in those of the controls; however, the behavioral assessments revealed no differences between the groups. The immunohistochemical analyses revealed decreased fibrous scarring and increased retention of organized intact axonal tissue in the HA hydrogel-treated group. There was a decreased presence of inflammatory cells in the HA hydrogel-treated group. No axonal or neuronal regeneration was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of these experiments show that HA hydrogel had a neuroprotective effect on the spinal cord by decreasing the magnitude of secondary injury after a lacerating spinal cord injury. Although regeneration and behavioral improvement were not observed, the reduction in disorganized scar tissue and the retention of neurons near and above the lesion are important for future regenerative efforts. In addition, this gel would be useful as the base substrate in the development of a more complex scaffold.
Absence of a Periampullary Mass on Cross-sectional Imaging Delays Diagnosis and Time to Pancreatoduodenectomy But Does Not Impair Outcome

The aim of this study was to assess whether the lack of a radiological mass in patients with periampullary malignancies led to protracted diagnosis, delayed resection, and an inferior outcome. The departmental database was interrogated to identify all patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy during the period 2000–2014. The absence of a mass on cross-sectional and endoscopic ultrasound was noted. The interval between imaging and surgery was evaluated and related to the absence of a mass. The relationship between mass/no mass and the pathological profile was also assessed. Among 490 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary malignancies, masses were detected in 299 patients. Patients with undetected mass on either endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had a longer median interval from initial imaging to resection than detected mass with no difference in survival (66 vs. 41 days, p = 0.001). The absence of a mass was more common in cholangiocarcinomas (p < 0.001). The absence of a mass on imaging was associated with smaller size on final histopathology (2.4 vs. 2.8 cm; p < 0.001). The absence of a mass with all modalities in patients with a periampullary malignancy leads to a delayed diagnosis without a significant effect on survival.
Looking at the role of the school nurse in paediatric concussion management in the United States

This article outlines the importance of early recognition and management of concussion, and the school nurse's role in this in the US, with a particular focus on the state of New Jersey. The authors look at some of the issues, including a lack of training/information and non-compliance with legislation.
Early Postnatal Testicular Maldevelopment in Cryptorchidism

AbstractIt has been previously postulated that many cases of cryptorchidism are manifestations of a forme fruste of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In support of this theory the earliest postnatal histological abnormality in cryptorchid testes demonstrated by this morphometric study of semithin microscopic sections of testicular biopsies was hypoplasia of the Leydig cells, which was obvious from the first month of life. The second abnormality, defective transformation of gonocytes into adult dark spermatogonia, was significant from early in life. No reduction in the mean number of germ cells was detected in the first 7 months of life. The abnormal persistence of the untransformed gonocytes resulted in a total germ cell count that was similar to normal controls until the seventh month, when secondary degeneration of untransformed gonocytes led to a decrease in the total germ cell count.These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the blunted neonatal surge of gonadotropins previously demonstrated ...
Why Referring Physicians Rarely Diagnose Gastrointestinal Diseases.

To the Editor: Finding the diagnosis is often far more difficult than treating the disease. Treatment may require technical expertise and all kinds of sophisticated equipment but essentially runs according to a standardized, predictable, and prescribed protocol. Finding the diagnosis, however, is often non-standardized, unpredictable, and entails imagination and creativity. The necessary thought process may become time consuming and frustrating if unsuccessful (1). The pleasures of clinical medicine partly relate to facing and eventually overcoming such diagnostic obstacles. As primary care physicians (PCPs) are trained extensively in internal medicine, they should be familiar and enjoy such challenges of clinical practice. In reality, however, referring physicians rarely invest much effort in establishing gastrointestinal diagnoses and frequently send even obvious cases of drug-induced diarrhea or nausea, lactose intolerance, and superficial pain of the abdominal wall for further workup to gastroenterologists (GEs). In some patients referred to gastroenterology, the diagnoses appear thoughtless, irrational, and affected by magical thinking (2). What circumstances drive such seemingly strange behavior?
Metric Spaces and a Metrization Theorem

A distance function p in a set X is a nonnegative real-valued function defined for each pair of points x, y ∊ X and satisfying: (i) ρ(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y, (ii) ρ(x, y) = ρ(y, x), (iii) ρ(x, z) < ρ(x, y) + ρ(y, z) (triangle inequality).
The Pacifica earthquake of 28 April 1979

abstract An example of how first-motion polarities can precisely fix lateral velocity variations along active faults is given by an earthquake ( M L = 4.4 and M o = 3.4 × 10 21 dyne-cm) that occurred on 28 April 1979, at 0044 UTC along the San Andreas fault zone in the vicinity of Pacifica (37°38.7′N, 122°28.0′W) near the western coastline of San Francisco Peninsula. This moderate earthquake is of particular interest in that it is the largest and best-recorded earthquake that has occurred in the region in the past 20 yr. The well-constrained fault plane solution indicates that there is approximately a 20 per cent velocity contrast across the fault zone with the velocity increasing toward the southwest and that the earthquake had a right-lateral strike-slip focal mechanism orientated parallel to the strike of the San Andreas fault. The distribution of the duration of the first half-cycle of the P wave with azimuth indicated that the rupture proceeded unilaterally northwestward along the San Andreas fault at a velocity of (1.6 ± 0.3) km/sec. In contrast, the fault plane solution for the M L 5.3 earthquake of 22 March 1957, centered about 4 km northwest of the 28 April 1979 earthquake, had a reverse faulting mechanism with the continental (northeast) side rising with respect to the oceanic side. Unlike other moderate earthquakes which have occurred in the region in the past 22 yr, this earthquake had no detectable foreshocks or aftershocks. The depth of focus is estimated to be (12.9 ± 1.0) km.
Lymphocyte migratory genes may program tumor metastasis

1750 Metastasizing tumor cells leave their assigned positional addresses in the body and travel via circulatory channels to distant organs that they colonize. The only other adult cell lineages which make similar journeys are members of the leukocytic series, particularly lymphocytes. In this study we tested whether human breast cancer cells may utilize the same molecular machinery to migrate to the lymph nodes and lungs. We examined primary tumors resulting from orthotopic injections of non-metastatic (NM2C5) or metastatic (M4A4) sublines, both derived from the MDA-MB-435 parental cell line and the lung metastases from M4A4 tumors. Screening of gene expression levels was first performed with Affymetrix Genechip U133A microarrays that interrogate more than 22,000 human genes. Expression of genes of interest was further examined by real-time PCR, using human-specific primers and by immunofluorescence imaging of corresponding proteins, to independently validate observations. Analysis of microarray data revealed distinctive expression patterns of integrins (ITGs) and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Previous work in this laboratory identified VLA-4 (ITGα4β1) as being differentially expressed in primary tumors of opposite metastatic behaviors, giving some support to this hypothesis. In this study, we examined the expression of additional ITGs and CAMs, including those that were recently implicated in directing lymphocytes to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT). Among all integrins, ITGβ1 and ITGα6 were the most highly expressed, followed by ITGαE, αV, α2 and α5 at medium levels. ITGα4 was elevated in metastatic primary tumors and lung metastases compared to their non-metastatic counterparts. This was demonstrated by real-time PCR, consistent with our previous observations on VLA-4 and its functional role recently established in lymphocyte homing to BALT. Similar patterns were also observed for ITGαL, which comprises the α subunit of LFA-1, and its cognate receptors, intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and ICAM2. The real-time PCR data suggested that ICAM1 expression is elevated in M4A4 tumors relative to NMC5 tumors, and further elevated in M4A4 lung metastases. In addition, we have observed that the protein levels of ICAM1 by immunofluorescence imaging concur with the increase of ICAM1 transcripts in metastatic cell lines. In contrast, no expression signal above the noise levels was detectable for ITGα1, α7, α8, αX and ITGβ3, β4 and β7. Hence, by high-throughput screening of gene expression and subsequent validation, we have identified a group of candidate genes whose biological functions are potentially shared by trafficking lymphocyte and metastatic tumor cells. Further experiments to assess the effects of manipulating the expression of these genes on metastasis are in progress.
Management of Patients with Predicted Difficult Airways in an Academic Emergency Department

Abstract Background Patients with difficult airways are sometimes encountered in the emergency department (ED), however, there is a little data available regarding their management. Objectives To determine the incidence, management, and outcomes of patients with predicted difficult airways in the ED. Methods Over the 1-year period from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016, data were prospectively collected on all patients intubated in an academic ED. After each intubation, the operator completed an airway management data form. Operators performed a pre-intubation difficult airway assessment and classified patients into routine, challenging, or difficult airways. All non-arrest patients were included in the study. Results There were 456 patients that met inclusion criteria. Fifty (11%) had predicted difficult airways. In these 50 patients, neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) were used in 40 (80%), an awake intubation technique with light sedation was used in 7 (14%), and no medications were used in 3 (6%). In the 40 difficult airway patients who underwent NMBA facilitated intubation, a video laryngoscope (GlideScope 21, Verathon, Bothell, WA and C-MAC 19, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) was used in each of these, with a first-pass success of 90%. In the 7 patients who underwent awake intubation, a video laryngoscope was used in 5, and a flexible fiberoptic scope was used in 2. Ketamine was used in 6 of the awake intubations. None of these difficult airway patients required rescue with a surgical airway. Conclusions Difficult airways were predicted in 11% of non-arrest patients requiring intubation in the ED, the majority of which were managed using an NMBA and a video laryngoscope with a high first-pass success.
Absolute rate constant of the reaction OH + HO2 yields H2O + O2

The absolute rate constant of the reaction OH + HO2 yields H2O + O2 was determined by using the discharge-flow resonance fluorescence technique at 299 K and 1-torr total pressure. Pseudo-first-order conditions were used with HO2 concentrations in large excess over OH. Secondary reactions of atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen were shown not to interfere under the conditions used. The result is (6.4 plus or minus 1.5) x 10 to the -11th cu cm/molecule s where the error limits are twice the standard deviation. The overall experimental error is estimated to be plus or minus 30%.
Feature Selection and ANN Solar Power Prediction

A novel method of solar power forecasting for individuals and small businesses is developed in this paper based on machine learning, image processing, and acoustic classification techniques. Increases in the production of solar power at the consumer level require automated forecasting systems to minimize loss, cost, and environmental impact for homes and businesses that produce and consume power (prosumers). These new participants in the energy market, prosumers, require new artificial neural network (ANN) performance tuning techniques to create accurate ANN forecasts. Input masking, an ANN tuning technique developed for acoustic signal classification and image edge detection, is applied to prosumer solar data to improve prosumer forecast accuracy over traditional macrogrid ANN performance tuning techniques. ANN inputs tailor time-of-day masking based on error clustering in the time domain. Results show an improvement in prediction to target correlation, the value, lowering inaccuracy of sample predictions by 14.4%, with corresponding drops in mean average error of 5.37% and root mean squared error of 6.83%.
VAULT: Reducing Paging Overheads in SGX with Efficient Integrity Verification Structures

Intel's SGX offers state-of-the-art security features, including confidentiality, integrity, and authentication (CIA) when accessing sensitive pages in memory. Sensitive pages are placed in an Enclave Page Cache (EPC) within the physical memory before they can be accessed by the processor. To control the overheads imposed by CIA guarantees, the EPC operates with a limited capacity (currently 128 MB). Because of this limited EPC size, sensitive pages must be frequently swapped between EPC and non-EPC regions in memory. A page swap is expensive (about 40K cycles) because it requires an OS system call, page copying, updates to integrity trees and metadata, etc. Our analysis shows that the paging overhead can slow the system on average by 5×, and other studies have reported even higher slowdowns for memory-intensive workloads. The paging overhead can be reduced by growing the size of the EPC to match the size of physical memory, while allowing the EPC to also accommodate non-sensitive pages. However, at least two important problems must be addressed to enable this growth in EPC: (i) the depth of the integrity tree and its cacheability must be improved to keep memory bandwidth overheads in check, (ii) the space overheads of integrity verification (tree and MACs) must be reduced. We achieve both goals by introducing a variable arity unified tree (VAULT) organization that is more compact and has lower depth. We further reduce the space overheads with techniques that combine MAC sharing and compression. With simulations, we show that the combination of our techniques can address most inefficiencies in SGX memory access and improve overall performance by 3.7×, relative to an SGX baseline, while incurring a memory capacity over-head of only 4.7%.
Review of Non-Archimedean Analysis

In this section we will give a rapid presentation of those properties of non-Archimedean analysis necessary for later sections. For more we refer the reader to [BGR1], [Bru1], [Kob1], [R1,144–159], [L1], and the first two chapters of [DGS1].
Tyrosine Hydroxylase: Subcellular Distribution and Molecular and Kinetic Characteristics of the Different Enzyme Forms

Tyrosine hydroxylase (E.C. 1.10.3.1) catalyzes the first step in catecholamine biosynthesis, the conversion of tyrosine to dopa. Since this is considered the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis (Levitt et al., 1965) this reaction is the most likely one to be regulated. The hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa is quite complex and it is not known which of its components is actually the limiting factor in the overall reaction. There is, however, general agreement that one of the most important factors which regulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity is feedback inhibition by catecholamines. Therefore, in order to fully understand the regulation of catecholamine synthesis, it is necessary to know the subcellular distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase and the kinetic characteristics of this enzyme. Obviously, the catecholamine pool that modulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity has to be in contact with the enzyme, and the localization of the enzyme will indicate which catecholamine pool regulates catecholamine synthesis. The localization of tyrosine hydroxylase has more than academic importance because it will allow us to understand the mechanism of action of certain drugs which indirectly modify catecholamine biosynthesis.
Curcumin Analogs as Inhibitors of the Jak-STAT Signal Transduction Pathway

The molecular structure of curcumin provides many opportunities for drug development. This natural product has been shown to inhibit a number of signal transduction pathways that might be useful as targets for treatment or prevention of malignancy. Among the many pathways affected by curcumin, the Janus-activated kinase (Jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) has received particular attention for drug development. In this chapter we discuss the rationale behind targeting the Jak-STAT pathway for cancer therapy, with a focus on STAT3 signal transduction. The biologic properties of the natural product, curcumin are reviewed, and a subset of curcumin analogs with potent inhibitory activity toward the STAT3 oncogenic pathway are highlighted.
Pedagogy of Disobedience

It would be hard to overestimate the importance of the teaching vocation. In fact, of the many teachers and mentors that I have had, I credit a high school teacher with first opening my mind to a question that dominated much of my later scholarly work and social activism. When World War One broke out, I was fourteen. Our English teacher had assigned us to memorize the English national anthem.
Obtaining and Using Genetic Information

Our current understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of cancer explains many of the important epidemiology and clinical observations that have been made in the last 100 years.
Anatomische Grundlagen der rückenmarksnahen Anästhesie

Im folgenden Kapitel sind einige anatomische und physiologische Fakten beschrieben, die fur das Verstandnis von Durchfuhrung und moglichen Komplikationen neuraxialer Blockadeverfahren wichtig sind.
Lorcaserin decreases the reinforcing effects of heroin, but not food, in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Preclinical studies indicate that lorcaserin (Belviq®), an FDA-approved serotonin 2 C receptor agonist, may be a promising medication for the treatment of stimulant addiction. However, few studies have investigated its effects on self-administration of drugs of abuse from other pharmacological classes, including opioids. Here, adult male rhesus macaques (N = 3) responded under a fixed ratio 30 schedule of food (1-g banana-flavored pellets) and IV heroin delivery. Following stable self-administration of a range of heroin doses (0.32–32 μg/kg/inj, IV), the effects of acute pretreatment with lorcaserin (0.32–1.0 mg/kg, IM) on heroin- and food-maintained responding was determined. The ability of repeated treatment with lorcaserin (1.0 mg/kg) to produce sustained decreases in heroin and/or food intake and reinforcing strength were then analyzed using behavioral economic demand procedures. Results show that self-administration of intravenous heroin was dose-dependent, with peak responding maintained, on average, by the unit dose of 3.2 μg/kg/inj. Lorcaserin pretreatment produced a dose-dependent flattening of the dose-response function for heroin self-administration in each subject. On the other hand, lorcaserin did not decrease food-maintained responding. Repeated lorcaserin treatment reduced heroin intake by selectively decreasing its reinforcing strength, as evidenced by a leftward shift in the demand curves for heroin and the absence of comparable changes in the reinforcing strength of food. These results indicate that serotonin 2 C receptor agonists, such as lorcaserin, have behaviorally selective effects on IV self-administration behavior, and deserve further consideration as candidates for the management of opioid use disorder.
Erosion and deposition of fine sediments from playas

The erosion and subaerial deposition of fine textured particles caused by wind erosion from playas was sampled over a 5 year period using a system of particle gauges. Subaerial deposition was highest during winter months and lowest during summer months, in an environment where predominate precipitation occurs during the winter. The amount of annual subaerial deposition was inversely related to the annual precipitation. Maximum deposition occurred on the lee (east) side of the playa. Deposition of up to 2930 g/m2/year occurred at the margins of the playa. Deposition on the surrounding mountain escarpment averaged between 20 and 30 g/m2/year. Substantial amounts of sodium and boron were contained in the subaerially deposited material. Wind erosion and subaerial deposition may have a widespread influence on the development of surface soil horizons in desert ecosystems.
Hey Google, what's a moonshot?: how Silicon Valley mocks Apollo

Fifty years on, NASA's expensive triumph is a widely misunderstood model for spectacular innovation.
The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War. By S. Elizabeth Bird and Fraser Ottanelli

Oral history has long been a valuable tool to analyze the causes, consequences, and role of public memory in mass violence. Within the broader context of decolonization and the early years of indep...
Children with Cleft Palate: Predictors of Otologic Issues in the First 10 Years:

ObjectiveTo evaluate the characteristics of children with cleft palate associated with persistent otologic issues in the first 10 years of life.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSing...
Conjugate Direction Methods

In the preceding pages we considered two methods for finding a minimum point of a real-valued function f of n real variables, namely, Newton’s method and the gradient method. The gradient method is easy to apply. However, convergence is often very slow. On the other hand, Newton’s algorithm normally has rapid convergence but involves considerable computation at each step. Recall that one step of Newton’s method involves the computation of the gradient f′(x) and the Hessian f″(x) of f and the solution of a linear system of equations, usually, by the inversion of the Hessian f″(x) of f It is a crucial fact that a Newton step can be accomplished instead by a sequence of n linear minimizations in n suitably chosen directions, called conjugate directions. This fact is the central theme in the design of an important class of minimization algorithms, called conjugate direction algorithms.
Science and Society

Science interacts with society, principally through technology. We saw an example of this in the previous case of the discovery of nuclear fission and the building of the atomic bomb. The process in which scientific knowledge is transformed into technical knowledge and in which technical knowledge is designed into products and services has been called innovation. The societal infrastructure which institutionalizes this innovation process has been called a “national innovation system.”
Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disease: Technical Considerations and Delivery Devices

Abstract Stem cell-based therapeutics for neurological diseases are continually being developed and advanced in preclinical models, which raises optimism for their efficacy in humans. However, relatively few resources have been invested in the development of delivery platforms to ensure that transplanted cells are properly distributed throughout the target region, and deficiencies in cell delivery may hinder the clinical translation of cell-based therapeutics. For decades, cell delivery strategies have generally used some version of a straight cannula with a syringe. This technology, however, has critical limitations that relate to the larger, more anatomically complex target regions of the human brain. In this chapter, we discuss the key technical challenges of delivering cells to the brain, describe neurosurgical cell delivery platforms and strategies, and identify avenues for future innovation.
3D Hyperpure Silica-Silica Testing

High purity (hyperpure silica <10 ppm and Astroquartz <500 ppm) three dimensionally woven silica-silica composite materials were evaluated for potential use as a tough reflective heat shield for planetary entry probes. A special weave design was selected to minimize light piping effects through the heat shield thickness. Various Y-yarn weave spacings (0.15, 0.23 and 0.32 cm) were evaluated. Densification efficiency was determined with an 0.7 pm particle size high purity silica binder (1 ppm total metallic impurities) as an initial screening operation. The 0.23 cm Y-yarn spacing was selected as the optimum spacing. Spectral hemispherical reflectance was measured from 0.2 to 2.5 microns at room temperature. Reflectance of three dimensional hyperpure silica-silica composite (0.23 cm Y-7arn spacing) was higher than reflectance of three dimensional Astroquartz silica-silica composite at all three Y-yarn spacings and at all wavelengths measured. Mechanical properties were measured in beam flexure. Because of a lower specific gravity (1.3 to 1.4), the strength results were lower than the slip cast hyperpure fused silica (1.6 gm/cc) evaluated under NASA CR152118. Thermal conductivity of the hyperpure silica-silica composite was measured from room temperature to 908°C. With improved densification techniques a viable Jupiter atmospheric entry probe heat shield could be fabricated from 3D woven silica-silica materials. The lower density material evaluated had very promising reflectance characteristics and improved toughness but the strength did not meet the design requirements.
Theory and Nuclear Proliferation in the Twenty-First Century: The Limits of Realism

In this chapter, we consider whether the realist approach to international politics is as robust for explanation and prediction of nuclear deterrence as it has been for conventional warfare. Realists have made a strong case for their preferred approach as an alternative to idealism or to constructivism. Realism offers an especially coherent paradigm and one that is especially sensitive to the relationship between force and policy. However, the realism that might apply to conventional warfare or deterrence could be mistaken or misleading as a guide to the pursuit of nuclear deterrence or arms limitation. Nuclear weapons are unique in their ability to create mass destruction in a short time period, with irreversible damage to societies, cultures and climate. Therefore, whereas conventional deterrence depends primarily on the credible threat by the defender to respond by inflicting military defeat on the aggressor, nuclear deterrence emphasizes the credible threat of retaliatory punishment, with unacceptable damage against society and armed forces of the attacker. The “realism” of nuclear deterrence would seem to rest, not only on a scientifically rational calculation of costs and benefits, but also upon a moral compass that would not risk the unacceptable destruction imposed by even small nuclear wars.
Present-day and future Greenland Ice Sheet precipitation frequency from satellite observations and an Earth System Model

Abstract. The dominant mass input component of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is precipitation, whose amounts and phase are poorly constrained by observations. Here we use spaceborne radar observations from CloudSat to map the precipitation frequency and phase on the GrIS, and use those observations, in combination with a satellite simulator to enable direct comparison between observations and model, to evaluate present-day precipitation frequency in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The observations show that substantial variability of snowfall frequency over the GrIS exists, that snowfall occurs throughout the year, and snowfall frequency peaks in Spring and Fall. Rainfall is rare over the GrIS, and only occurs in regions under 2000 m elevation and to the peak summer season. Although CESM overestimates the rainfall frequency, it reproduces the spatial and seasonal variability of precipitation frequency reasonably well. Driven by a high-emission, worst-case RCP8.5 scenario, CESM indicates that rainfall frequency will increase considerably across the GrIS, and will occur at higher elevations, potentially exposing a much larger GrIS area to rain and associated meltwater refreezing, firn warming, and reduced storage capacity. This technique can be applied to evaluate precipitation frequency in other climate models, and can aid in planning future satellite campaigns.
Bidirectional relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and alcohol use over the course of integrated treatment

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder commonly co-occur. Little is known about how symptoms of one affect subsequent week symptoms of the other during the course of integrated treatment for both disorders. The sample included 107 veterans who were randomized to receive either Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorder Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE; an exposure-based trauma focused treatment) or Seeking Safety (SS; a present-focused coping skills-based treatment) and completed measures of PTSD and alcohol use at every other session. Multilevel models estimated the prospective associations between PTSD and alcohol use during treatment. Results indicated that greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with greater future alcohol use (b = 0.20, p = .024), and greater alcohol use was associated with greater future PTSD symptom severity (b = 0.13, p = .003). The effect size for PTSD symptoms to future alcohol use was larger than the reciprocal relationship. When using lagged PTSD severity to predict future drinking, results revealed that clinically significant differences in PTSD severity levels were associated with comparably large differences in drinking. Treatment condition did not moderate the effect of PTSD symptom severity on alcohol use (or the reciprocal relationship). Findings lend support to the mutual maintenance model of addiction. Integrated treatments that treat both PTSD and alcohol use may be preferential to sequential model of care where individuals are expected to achieve abstinence or reduced use prior to receiving trauma-focused treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).