cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity of rat liver for pyrimidine synthesis and catabolism during fetal and neonatal development

Abstract The capacity of minces of rat liver to synthesize and degrade pyrimidines during fetal and neonatal development was examined. Pyrimidine synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of NaH 14 CO 3 into orotic acid. Pyrimidine catabolism was estimated by measuring the generation of 14 CO 2 from [2- 14 C]uridine. The incorporation of [2- 14 C]uridine into RNA was determined simultaneously with measurements of uridine catabolism. The activity of β-ureidopropionase, the enzyme which catalyzes the terminal reaction in the dihydropyrimidine catabolic pathway, was also monitored in cell-free extracts of liver throughout the perinatal period. Catabolic activity was detected at the earliest stage of gestation examined (16 days) and rose sharply during fetal development to reach adult levels at birth or shortly thereafter. A similar rise in the activity of β-ureidopropionase was somewhat delayed when compared with the rise in overall catabolic activity; the enzyme activity at birth was about half the adult level. By way of contrast, the incorporation of NaH 14 CO 3 into orotic acid and [2- 14 C]uridine into RNA were highest in 16-day fetal liver and declined sharply with fetal and neonatal development. These results demonstrate an appreciable capacity for pyrimidine catabolism in fetal liver, and also contribute to growing evidence that fetal tissues are capable of meeting their pyrimidine requirements through de novo synthesis. The contrast observed between the rate of synthesis of orotic acid and the capacity for pyrimidine degradation throughout perinatal development fits the pattern which has emerged from other studies showing the pathways for the anabolism and catabolism of pyrimidines to be regulated inversely to one another.
Differential uptake, metabolism and behavioral effects of the D and L isomers of 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Abstract The relative contribution of the D and L isomers of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to the uptake and metabolism of 5-HTP and their associated behavioral effects were investigated. For the metabolic study, an injection of 25 mg/kg of D or L-5-HTP was administered IP and the rats killed 15, 30, 45 or 60 min later. Endogenous levels of 5-HTP, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the telencephalon following D- or L-5-HTP administration. Levels of 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were also measured in the brain stem (including diencephalon) following L-5-HTP administration. In the behavioral study, the effects of IP injections of D-5-HTP, L-5-HTP and D,L-5-HTP upon operant responding on a VI 1 schedule were investigated. Compared to vehicle controls, L-5-HTP significantly increased the levels of 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the telencephalon and brain stem at all time points investigated. Behaviorally, 25 mg/kg of L-5-HTP and 50 mg/kg of D,L-5-HTP produced similar changes. Following the injection of either compound there was a large decrease in response rate with a duration of about 1 hr which paralleled the neurochemical changes. Injections of D-5-HTP produced an increase in the levels of 5-HTP and 5-HIAA in the telencephalon at 15 min but no change in the level of 5-HT was observed. In the operant situation, following D-5-HTP injections, a brief decrease in responding occurred in some animals which did not correlate with the neurochemical data. It was concluded that the L isomer is mainly responsible for the neurochemical and behavioral effects seen when D,L-5-HTP is administered.
A Microwave and Ohmic Combination Heater for Uniform Heating of Liquid–Particle Food Mixtures

: Microwave and ohmic combination heating was proposed to improve the uniformity of thermal processing of particulate foods. Thermal patterns of a liquid–particle mixture in a small test cell were studied using both experimental and simulation approaches. Carrot cubes (10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm) and 0.1% NaCl salt solution were used as model foods. The temperature distribution of solid and liquid phases was examined using individual and combination heating methods. Under ohmic heating, the liquid was heated faster by 18.9 °C after 250 s. The heating rate of a carrot cube was faster than liquid under microwave heating and temperature rise of carrot was approximately 11.2 °C higher than that of solution after heating of 70 s. Samples experienced different heating patterns over time during the combination heating. Carrot samples showed a thermal lead initially when heated under microwave and the trend reversed during the second stage when ohmic heating was applied. Liquid–particle temperature difference was reduced as the combination heating proceeded, and came to be less than 2 °C at the end. Results obtained from simulation showed similar patterns and all prediction data agreed well with the experimental data. The prediction errors for sample temperatures ranged from 5.7% to 11.6%. The results provided better understanding for designing a continuous flow combination heater that can produce uniform temperature of solid–liquid mixtures. Practical Application: If successful, this combination heating technique will find its way to effective aseptic or sterile processing of low acid multiphase foods containing large particulates (such as soups with meatballs or vegetables) that has not been a commercial reality in the United States.
Photodisintegration of the deuteron with elliptically polarized gamma rays

A theoretical investigation of the angular distribution and polarization of outgoing nucleons in photodisintegration of the deuteron for elliptically polarized gamma rays has been carried out. The results have been expressed in terms of those obtained with linearly polarized gamma rays plus terms which depend upon a parameter \ensuremath{\chi} which can be varied to yield results for circularly or elliptically polarized gamma rays. Numerical results for the Paris potential for low-energy gamma rays are presented. Considerable differences in polarization of the outgoing nucleons for circularly polarized and linearly polarized gamma rays are found.
SUPERHEATING, SUPERCOOLING, SURFACE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, AND GINZBURG--LANDAU PARAMETERS OF PURE TYPE-I SUPERCONDUCTORS AND THEIR ALLOYS.

We have measured the low-frequency differential susceptibility of several pure type 1 superconductors, viz. Sn, In, Tl, Pb and Hg, as a function of increasing or decreasing applied magnetic fields. Special emphasis was placed on the observation of metastable (superheated and supercooled) states. Experimental values of the Ginzburg-Landau parameterℵ at the transition temperatureT c and of suitably defined temperature dependent parameters for superheating,ℵ sh(t), and for supercooling,ℵ sc(t), have been obtained and compared with theoretical estimates. The rapid drop inℵ sh close toT c observed in materials withℵ≪1 such as Sn, In, and Tl is interpreted as a manifestation of nonlocal electrodynamics. Supercooling of the normal state down to the bulk nucleation fieldH c2, rather thanH c3, has been achieved close toT c in Cu-plated samples of Sn and In. The parametersℵ andℵ(t) have also been determined for a series of SnIn alloys spanning the range between type I and type II behavior. Supercooling of the superconducting surface sheath below the thermodynamic critical fieldH c has been observed in these alloys as well as in pure Pb. The measured values ofℵ are compared with estimates based on normal state parameters extracted from independent low temperature experiments. Corrections for energy gap anisotropy and electron-phonon retardation are typically below 10%. The strong temperature dependence ofℵ sc(t), observed in all the materials studied, is not explained by present theories, even in the concentrated alloys where anisotropy effects should be washed out.
To Discipline and Publish: Scottsboro and Narratives of Delinquency

With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad (Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal, making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
The Devil in the Details: “Life Force Atrocities” and the Assault on the Family in Times of Conflict

This article introduces the idea of “life force atrocities” and investigates the role they have played in twentieth-century genocides, arguing that genocide is a gendered crime intimately associated with institutions of reproduction. Using examples from established cases of genocide, such as the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, Bosnia, and Rwanda, as well as from conflicts not generally understood as genocides, such as Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the article outlines two types of life force atrocities that have been common features of these conflicts: inversion rituals and ritual desecrations. Each of these instances of ritualized atrocity targets the family unit within victim groups and betrays a preoccupation with the group's life force in its physical and symbolic dimensions. Since life force atrocities play on gender roles and hierarchies to torture family members, this article focuses on the relational way in which genocidaires instrumentalize gendered violence to destro...
Defining the properties of the nonhelical tail domain in type II keratin 5: insight from a bullous disease-causing mutation.

Inherited mutations in the intermediate filament (IF) proteins keratin 5 (K5) or keratin 14 (K14) cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), in which basal layer keratinocytes rupture upon trauma to the epidermis. Most mutations are missense alleles affecting amino acids located in the central α-helical rod domain of K5 and K14. Here, we study the properties of an unusual EBS-causing mutation in which a nucleotide deletion (1649delG) alters the last 41 amino acids and adds 35 residues to the C terminus of K5. Relative to wild type, filaments coassembled in vitro from purified K5-1649delG and K14 proteins are shorter and exhibit weak viscoelastic properties when placed under strain. Loss of the C-terminal 41 residues contributes to these alterations. When transfected in cultured epithelial cells, K5-1649delG incorporates into preexisting keratin IFs and also forms multiple small aggregates that often colocalize with hsp70 in the cytoplasm. Aggregation is purely a function of the K5-1649delG tail domain; in contrast, the cloned 109 residue-long tail domain from wild type K5 is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and colocalizes partly with keratin IFs. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the cell fragility seen in individuals bearing the K5-1649delG allele, and point to the role of the C-terminal 41 residues in determining K5's assembly properties.
Cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) was first described by Debre in 1950, yet the causative bacterial agent of CSD remained obscure until 1992, when Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) henselae was implicated in CSD by serological and microbiological studies. B. henselae had initially been linked to bacillary angiomatosis (BA), a vascular proliferative disease most commonly associated with long-standing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or other significant immunosuppression. B. henselae has also been associated with bacillary peliosis, relapsing bacteraemia and endocarditis in humans. Cats are healthy carriers of B. henselae, and can be bacteraemic for months or years. It has recently been demonstrated that B. henselae can be transmitted from cat to cat by the cat flea, but not by direct contact between animals. The author discusses the present state of knowledge on the aetiology, clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis.
The Response of Equatorial Oceans to a Relaxation of the Trade Winds

Abstract The trade winds over the central Pacific are observed to weaken several months after the appearance of anomalously warm surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The following results obtained with a numerical model indicate how this relaxation of the winds affect the later stages of El Nino. A weakening of the westward trade winds causes a zonal redistribution of heat in the equatorial oceans and a warming of the eastern part of the basin. The warming depends on the zonal extent of the region over which the winds relax, and on the length of time T for. which the winds relax. As T increases the warming in the east increases until it asymtotes to a maximum value when T exceeds the adjustment time of the basin (which is ∼400 days in the case of the Pacific Ocean). Maximum heating is associated with a permanent weakening of the winds, unless the winds reverse direction and become eastward. Even weak eastward winds for a short period can cause disproportionately large temperature increa...
Electrochemically Induced p-Type Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes

Vacuum-annealed semiconducting single walled nanotubes are n-type, but become p-type when exposed to ambient air. Here we present evidence that this effect arises from pinning of the Fermi energy by the four-electron oxygen redox couple in an adsorbed water film, a type of surface transfer doping. The pronounced electrical sensitivity to O2 ,O 3 ,N O2 ,S O2 ,N H3 and HNO3 vapors results from electron exchange between the redox couple and the nanotube. This effect must be considered when using nanotubes for any application in humid air. We also suggest that changes in the electrical properties of graphene and multi-walled nanotubes can be explained by this phenomenon.
Post‐traumatic stress and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: The significance of combat exposure and social support

The hypothesis is tested that individuals exposed to traumatic stress who currently have lower social support have higher rates of post-traumatic stress and associated disorders. To test this, the current prevalence of five psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress, generalized anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse, were studied among a random sample of veterans who served in Vietnam (N=2,490) and a random sample of “era” veterans who did not (N=1,972). Logistic regression was used to analyze each disorder, controlling for past combat exposure, current social status, childhood delinquency, military adjustment, and current social support. Combat exposure was the best predictor of post-traumatic stress and was also associated with anxiety and depression, but not alcohol or drug abuse. Substance abuse was associated with childhood delinquency, and the best predictor of drug abuse was illicit Army drug use. Lower social support was associated with all disorders, except drug abuse. Although the causal nexus is not clear in this case, this study suggests that future research and clinical interventions should not overlook the significance of social support among victims of traumatic stress.
Propionic acidemia consensus conference summary

In January 2011, Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. hosted a consensus conference to discuss and develop recommendations for the diagnosis and management of propionic acidemia. Several resulting manuscripts from this conference are included in this issue. Topics covered include recommendations for acute management of metabolic decompensations, recommendations for chronic management and health monitoring, natural history of disease in patients with propionic acidemia, and neurologic complications in propionic acidemia.
Assessment of calvarial structure motion by MRI

Practitioners of manual medicine/manual therapy (MM/MT) who utilize techniques thought to have some impact upon and move the solid structures of the human head have been criticized for lack of evidence of cranial bone motion. The present study utilized magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) technology to address the question of whether or not inherent (non-operator initiated) calvarial structure motion can be assessed. Subjects: Twenty healthcare professionals, (physicians, nurses, medical students, pharmacists) between the ages of 24 and 52 were recruited. Seven females (ages 25-47, mean age 36.7) and 13 males (ages 25-53, mean age 31.2) volunteered. Technology: MRI scans were acquired at 450 ms per slice, in a 1.5 Tesla Signa Excite HD closed MRI system. The same scan prescription was repeated serially every 45 seconds to obtain eight serial slices for each subject. Image analysis was accomplished using ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.33 u National Institutes of Health, USA). Data from all eight images for each of the 20 subjects were analyzed to determine the two images with the largest differences in the parameters measured. Difference values for the measures of area, width, height, major axis, and feret were statistically different whereas the measures for perimeter and minor axis were not. However, only the difference values for area were both statistically different (p < 0.003) and exceeded the resolution threshold of 0.898 mm/pixel. The statistically significant difference value for area is suggestive of inherent motion in calvarial structures, and adds to the body of evidence supportive of biomechanically measurable calvarial structure motion in general. That the total intracranial area appeared to expand and recede was consistent with theory and prior studies suggestive of calvarial structure motion due to intracranial fluid volume changes. The use of MRI technology was able to demonstrate calvarial structure motion at a level exceeding the resolution threshold, and provides a means for further research on phenomena related to the cranial concept. It may be just a matter of time until increased resolution of MRI technology and image analysis provide the ability to examine more detailed areas of specific cranial bone motion.
The nature of middle school learners' science content understandings with the use of on-line resources

Early research on using the World Wide Web indicated that middle school students did not explore much and used Web tools naively. In response to these challenges, an on-line research engine, Artemis, was designed to provide a permanent workspace and allow students access to preselective on-line resources. This study investigated the depth and accuracy of sixth-grade students' content understandings as well as their use of search and assess strategies when they used on-line resources via Artemis. Eight student pairs from two science classes experienced support from teachers and used scaffolded curriculum materials while completing four on-line inquiry units during 9 months. Multiple sources of data were collected, including video recordings of students' computer activities and conversations, students' artifacts and on- line postings, classroom and lab video recordings, and interview transcripts. Analyses of data showed that students constructed meaningful understandings through on-line inquiry, although the accuracy and depth of their understandings varied. The findings suggest that students might develop accurate and in-depth understandings if they use search and assess strategies appropriately, if resources are thoughtfully chosen, and if support from the learning environment is extensively provided. This research lends evidence to questions regarding the value of students engaging in on-line inquiry. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 323-346, 2003 Educators in the 20th century have seen a number of technological innovations enter into science classrooms across the United States. The most recent innovation for classrooms, the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), offers yet another opportunity for enhancing the ways in which teachers teach and learners learn, although this claim has been left largely unexamined. The increased reliance on the World Wide Web for providing educational experiences to Grade K-12 learners requires the immediate attention of the research community. Advocates (Barrie & Presti, 1996; Kinzie, Larsen, Burch, & Boker, 1996; Ryder & Graves, 1997) speak to the potential of the WWW as an instructional tool for classrooms. The Internet and WWW could change the nature
Neural representation of pitch salience in the human brainstem revealed by psychophysical and electrophysiological indices.

Acoustically, pitch is related to the temporal regularity or periodicity of a sound. Perceptual and electrophysiologic studies have revealed that pitch salience grows systematically with increasing stimulus periodicity. The aim of this study is to show that information relevant to pitch salience is already encoded in the phase-locked neural activity of brainstem neurons in order to demonstrate that the neural manifestation of pitch salience emerges well before cortical involvement. Brainstem frequency following responses (FFRs) were recorded from participants in response to linguistic tones, which varied only in their degree of pitch salience. Neural pitch strength was computed from FFRs using autocorrelation algorithms. In addition, behavioral frequency difference limens (F0 DLs) were measured from each participant to obtain a perceptual estimate related to pitch salience. Brainstem neural pitch strength increased systematically with increasing temporal regularity in stimulus periodicity, indicating more robust encoding for salient pitch. F0 DLs decreased with increasing stimulus periodicity revealing better pitch change detection for more salient stimuli. FFR neural pitch strength and behavioral F0 DLs were negatively correlated suggesting that subcortical processing can, in part, predict an individual’s behavioral judgments of pitch salience. These data imply that changes to the acoustic periodicity of a stimulus directly influence brainstem encoding and the corresponding behavioral responses to pitch. We infer that information related to pitch salience may emerge early along the auditory pathway and is likely rooted in pre-attentive, sensory-level processing.
Extraction of effective permittivity and permeability of dispersive double-negative slabs using evolutionary programming

A major area of recent research involves the study of and realization of double-negative (DNG) metamaterials. DNG metamaterials are bulk materials in which both the permittivity and the permeability are simultaneously negative. This work investigates the potential for applying evolutionary algorithms. In particular, we apply evolutionary programming (EP) to the problem of parameter extraction of DNG metamaterials. EP has been shown to be well-suited for optimization of highly non-linear continuous parameter objective functions that may manifest epistatic behavior, and has been previously applied to a number of challenging electromagnetic problems. Utilizing the EP optimization, it may be possible to extract the effective parameters, including frequency dependence, from the S-parameters of a slab of arbitrary thickness.
Dowry and Female Competition: A Reply to Dickemann

Betzig, Laura L. 1986 Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History. New York: Aldine. Boone, James L. III 1986 Parental Investment and Elite Family Structure in Preindustrial States: A Case Study of the Late Medieval-Early Modern Portuguese Genealogies. American Anthropologist 88:859-878. Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1979 Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies? In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. N. Chagnon and W. Irons, eds. Pp. 374-401. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press. Dickemann, Mildred 1979a Female Infanticide, Reproductive Strategies, and Social Stratification: A Preliminary Model. In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. N. Chagnon and W. Irons, eds. Pp. 321-367. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press. 1979b The Ecology of Mating Systems in Hypergynous Dowry Societies. Social Science Infobrmation 18:163-195. 1981 Paternal Confidence and Dowry Competition: A Biocultural Analysis of Purdah. In Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory. R. Alexander and D. Tinkle, eds. Pp. 417-438. New York: Chiron Press. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster 1990 Dowry as Female Competition. American Anthropologist 92:994-1005. White, Douglas R. 1988 Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems. Current Anthropology 29:529-572 (with com-
Effect of Oxygen Pressure on Magnesium Oxide Dielectrics Grown on Gan by Plasma Assisted Gas Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The effect of oxygen pressure on MgO grown by RF plasma assisted gas-source molecular beam epitaxy was investigated. Increasing oxygen pressure was found to decrease the growth rate, improve the morphology and reduce the Mg/O ratio to near that obtained from bulk single crystal MgO. By contrast, the electrical characteristics of MgO/GaN diodes showed continual improvement in breakdown field and interface state density as the pressure was decreased. The lowest pressure tested, 1×10−5Torr, produced the lowest Dit, 3×1011 eV−1cm−2, and the highest VBD, 4.4 MV/cm. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy of the MgO grown at the lowest pressure showed the initial 40 monolayers to be epitaxial, with the remainder of the layer appearing to be fine grained poly-crystal. Comparisons with films grown using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma suggest that higher ion energies are desirable for obtaining the best electrical characteristics.
The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization

The authors analyze causes and consequences of metropolitan suburbanization with a focus on trends in the United States. The effect of employment transportation and travel considerations is compared with the impact of urban problems such as taxes public school quality crime and environmental quality. (ANNOTATION)
Mode matching analysis of biplanar slot arrays

A modal matching analysis of biplanar slot arrays imbedded in dielectric layers is presented. Calculated and measured results show that, with proper design, the dielectric matching layers can be adjusted to produce a biplanar slot array with a wide low-loss passband. Further, the bandwidth will be much less dependent on the incidence angle than in similar arrays without dielectric matching layers. One interesting feature of the investigation was the appearance of an unexpected passband null due to the dielectric filler material which occurs at a lower frequency than any possible Wood's anomaly. This null was first predicted theoretically and later confirmed by measurements. By modifying the spacing between the slots this null can be removed from the passband.
Variation of output with atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature for Therac‐20 linear accelerator

The Therac‐20 (a linear accelerator manufactured by the Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.) employs an unsealed monitor chamber to control the dose output. Daily fluctuations in machine output for both x rays and electron beams were observed to vary with ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. These variations were not related to any other machine parameters. Variations as large as 3.5% were seen by monitoring 18‐MV x‐ray output over several months. We recommend that the manufacturers take steps to eliminate the atmospheric dependence of dose rate.
Recurrent interstitial deletions of proximal 18q: A new syndrome involving expressive speech delay†

Most deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 involve some part of the most distal 30 Mb. We have identified five individuals with cytogenetically diagnosed interstitial deletions that are all proximal to this commonly deleted region. The extent of their deletions was characterized using molecular and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Each participant was assessed under the comprehensive clinical evaluation protocol of the Chromosome 18 Clinical Research Center. Three of the five individuals were found to have apparently identical interstitial deletions between positions of 37.5 and 42.5 Mb (18q12.3 18q21.1). One individual's deletion was much larger and extended from a more proximal breakpoint position of 23 Mb (18q11.2) to a more distal breakpoint at 43 Mb (18q21.1). The fifth individual had a proximal breakpoint identical to the other three, but a distal breakpoint at 43.5 Mb (18q21.1). The clinical findings were of interest because the three individuals with the smaller deletions lacked major anomalies. All five individuals were developmentally delayed; however, the discrepancy between their expressive and receptive language abilities was striking, with expressive language being much more severely affected. This leads us to hypothesize that there are genes in this region of chromosome 18 that are specific to the neural and motor planning domains necessary for speech. Additionally, this may represent a previously underappreciated syndrome since these children do not have the typical clinical abnormalities that would lead to a chromosome analysis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A power and temperature aware DRAM architecture

Technological advances enable modern processors to utilize increasingly larger DRAMs with rising access frequencies. This is leading to high power consumption and operating temperature in DRAM chips. As a result, temperature management has become a real and pressing issue in high performance DRAM systems. Traditional low power techniques are not suitable for high performance DRAM systems with high bandwidth. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a customized DRAM low power technique based on page hit aware write buffer (PHA-WB). Our proposed approach reduces DRAM system power consumption and temperature without any performance penalty. Our experiments show that a system with a 64-entry PHA-WB could reduce the total DRAM power consumption by up to 22.0% (9.6% on average). The peak and average temperature reductions are 6.1degC and 2.1degC, respectively.
Structure of delta in covariant soliton model

The covariant soliton model is extended to describe the delta. It is found that the covariant wave functions describe the three internal wave functions of the delta in its rest frame. We also give expressions for the equations of motion and scalar form factors.
Depleting senescent cells to combat aging

A new study in mice suggests that pharmacologically targeting the apoptosis proteins BCL-2 and BCL-xL can clear senescent cells from bone marrow and ameliorate stem cell function during aging, bringing us a step closer to preventing senescence-associated tissue attrition in the clinic.
Hemodynamic Analysis in an Idealized Artery Tree: Differences in Wall Shear Stress between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Blood Models

Development of many conditions and disorders, such as atherosclerosis and stroke, are dependent upon hemodynamic forces. To accurately predict and prevent these conditions and disorders hemodynamic forces must be properly mapped. Here we compare a shear-rate dependent fluid (SDF) constitutive model, based on the works by Yasuda et al in 1981, against a Newtonian model of blood. We verify our stabilized finite element numerical method with the benchmark lid-driven cavity flow problem. Numerical simulations show that the Newtonian model gives similar velocity profiles in the 2-dimensional cavity given different height and width dimensions, given the same Reynolds number. Conversely, the SDF model gave dissimilar velocity profiles, differing from the Newtonian velocity profiles by up to 25% in velocity magnitudes. This difference can affect estimation in platelet distribution within blood vessels or magnetic nanoparticle delivery. Wall shear stress (WSS) is an important quantity involved in vascular remodeling through integrin and adhesion molecule mechanotransduction. The SDF model gave a 7.3-fold greater WSS than the Newtonian model at the top of the 3-dimensional cavity. The SDF model gave a 37.7-fold greater WSS than the Newtonian model at artery walls located immediately after bifurcations in the idealized femoral artery tree. The pressure drop across arteries reveals arterial sections highly resistive to flow which correlates with stenosis formation. Numerical simulations give the pressure drop across the idealized femoral artery tree with the SDF model which is approximately 2.3-fold higher than with the Newtonian model. In atherosclerotic lesion models, the SDF model gives over 1 Pa higher WSS than the Newtonian model, a difference correlated with over twice as many adherent monocytes to endothelial cells from the Newtonian model compared to the SDF model.
Application of ARM-based Equal-precision Frequency Measurement Method to Rotational Speed Measuring and Control System

This paper introduces the principle of the equal-precision frequency measurement method and the traditional method,analyzes the difference between the two,and applies the method of equal-precision frequency measurement to measure the rotational speed. The way to build a rotational speed measurement system in software and hardware is given. The experimental results show that the system has a high measuring accuracy and anti-interference ability,and it is applicable to the power monitoring and control system.
A report on emergent uranyl binding phenomena by an amidoxime phosphonic acid co-polymer.

The development of technology to harvest the uranium dissolved in seawater would enable access to vast quantities of this critical metal for nuclear power generation. Amidoxime polymers are the most promising platforms for achieving this separation, yet the design of advanced adsorbents is hindered by uncertainty regarding the uranium binding mode. In this work we use XAFS to investigate the uranium coordination environment in an amidoxime–phosphonic acid copolymer adsorbent. In contrast to the binding mode predicted computationally and from small molecule studies, a cooperative chelating model is favoured, attributable to emergent behavior resulting from inclusion of amidoxime in the polymer. Samples exposed to seawater also display a feature consistent with a μ2-oxo-bridged transition metal, suggesting the formation of an in situ specific binding site. These findings challenge long held assumptions and provide new opportunities for the design of advanced adsorbent materials.
Chaco Revisited: New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

I am pleased to review the edited volume that emerged from a recent Amerind Foundation symposium organized by Steve Plog and Carrie Heitman. Heitman and fellow volume contributor Adam Watson are re...
The influence of sleep on emotional and cognitive processing is primarily trait- (but not state-) dependent

Human studies of sleep and cognition have established thatdifferent sleep stages contribute to distinct aspects of cognitive and emotional processing. However, since the majority of these findings are based on single-night studies, it is difficult to determine whether such effects arise due to individual, between-subject differences in sleep patterns, or from within-subject variations in sleep over time. In the current study, weinvestigated the longitudinal relationship between sleep patterns and cognitive performance by monitoring both in parallel, daily, for a week. Using two cognitive tasks - one assessing emotional reactivity to facial expressions and the other evaluating learning abilities in a probabilistic categorization task - we found that between-subjectdifferences in the average time spent in particular sleep stages predicted performance in these tasks far more than within-subject daily variations. Specifically, the typical time individualsspent in Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) sleep and Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS) was correlated to their characteristic measures of emotional reactivity, whereas the typical time spent in SWS and non-REM stages 1 and 2 was correlated to their success in category learning. These effects were maintained even when sleep properties werebased onbaseline measures taken prior to the experimental week. In contrast, within-subject daily variations in sleep patterns only contributed to overnight difference in one particular measure of emotional reactivity. Thus, we conclude that the effects of natural sleep onemotional cognition and categorylearning are more trait-dependent than state-dependent, and suggest ways to reconcile these results with previous findings in the literature.
Lhermitte-Duclos-Cowden Disease

Two unrelated patients with clinical characteristics of both Lhermitte-Duclos disease and the autosomal dominant Cowden disease are reported from the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Report of 68 Cases

Abstract 2662 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) is a rare complication of kidney transplantation that often arises due to reactivation of the Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV). Given the rarity of this disease, a full understanding of its presentation and optimal therapies has yet to be determined. Out of the 3160 patients who received a kidney transplant at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between October 1987 and December 2010, we provide a retrospective analysis of 68 patients who developed PTLD. These patients were 82% Caucasian, 62% male, and 9% combined kidney and pancreas transplant patients. The most common underlying diseases leading to transplantation were glomerulonephritis (26%) and diabetes mellitus (17%). Most patients received a kidney from an unrelated donor (74%) and experienced one or more rejection episodes prior to PTLD diagnosis (59%). The median age at PTLD diagnosis was 48 yrs (range 17–76 yrs), and the median time from transplantation to diagnosis was 3 yrs (range 6 days– 25 yrs). PTLD histology consisted of 48% monomorphic, 37% polymorphic, 7% plasmacytoma, 4% T cell, and 3% Hodgkin lymphoma. At diagnosis, patients were taking steroids (96%), cyclosporine (53%), tacrolimus (35%), azathioprine (52%), and/or mycophenolate mofetil (28%). Common initial PTLD symptoms include fever (48%), pain (42%), weight loss (33%), fatigue (33%), and mass (24%). The disease commonly presented in lymph nodes (38%), kidney allograft (29%), and/or GI tract (18%). Most PTLD cases were diagnosed at stage 1 (43%) or stage 4 (31%). Laboratory analyses reveal that 62% of patient tumors tested positive for EBV and 61% of patients had elevated LDH levels. Common PTLD therapies included reduction of immunosuppression (88%), treatment with rituximab (31%), surgery (29%), and/or radiation therapy (9%). Reduction of immunosuppression alone led to CR (50%), PR (8%), SD (4%), and PD (38%). Of the 68 patients, 21 (31%) ultimately died a PTLD related death. Interestingly, PTLD patients under age 40 were more likely to have allograft involvement (p=0.007) and a polymorphic histology (p=0.007). Furthermore, allograft involvement tended to occur sooner after transplant (p=0.0001) and those with allograft involvement were more likely to present with allograft failure (p= 0.0001). Compared to monomorphic PTLD, polymorphic PTLD was more likely to be EBV positive (82% vs 51%, p=0.03) and have a lower chance of PTLD-related death (15% vs 40%, p=0.03). Finally, patients with allograft PTLD were more likely to have a polymorphic histology (80%, p<0.001). In summary, PTLD occurs in about 2% of kidney recipients and is typically EBV-associated. EBV positive PTLD is more common in younger recipients, frequently presenting with polymorphic histology in the allograft and appears to have a better prognosis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Metal nanomaterials for optical anti-counterfeit labels

The global economic, security, and health challenges presented by counterfeit goods require new approaches toward anti-counterfeit labels. This review describes recent advances in the use of metal nanomaterials for optical anti-counterfeit labels that may offer a multiplexed approach to security tags that can be easily fabricated, offer large coding capacity, and be interrogated throughout the supply chain and by the end user. This review also critically discusses the current approach to developing continuously more complex labels and offers awareness toward the need for simple, yet unclonable, taggants.
Rope or Elephant’s Tail: Different Frames of Culture

ABSTRACTUsing data from participants at a single organization, we employed a three-perspective meta-theory to move toward a more comprehensive description of organizational culture and examined how differing theoretical perspectives yield convergent, complementary, or contrary findings. Survey data (n = 124) combined with the results from 19 structured interviews indicated that employees shared consensus around some cultural values, but also suggested the existence of subcultures and general ambiguity around other cultural elements. That is, from an integrative perspective, there was clarity surrounding one set of values; from a differentiation perspective, subcultures existed; and from a fragmentation perspective, there was evidence of ambiguity and conflict regarding the meaning of some cultural manifestations. This study contributes to the literature on organizational culture enacting calls to conceptualize and examine culture from multiple perspectives and discussing the consequences. Furthermore, the...
Defining Social Listening: Recognizing an Emerging Dimension of Listening

Social listening occurs in a variety of mediated contexts, but it has yet to be clearly defined in the realm of communication and listening studies. This report explores social listening as a developing listening type extending from the existing taxonomy of listening, posits a definition of its meaning, evaluates its role in organizational and interpersonal communication, and discusses its value as an additional listening dimension. Based on a review and synthesis of literature across multiple fields of study, we describe social listening as a dimension of listening comprising a blend of purposes complementary to the existing appreciative, comprehensive, critical, discriminative, and therapeutic listening types discussed in Wolvin and Coakley’s (1993) listening taxonomy. As mediated communication continuously evolves within the communication landscape, the urgency to understand social listening will surely increase. With this in mind, we introduce and define social listening as an emerging type of listeni...
Richness-dependence of phylogenetic diversity indices

Phylogenetic diversity indices are widely used to characterize the structure and diversity of ecological communities. Most indices are based on a metric that is expected to vary with species richness, so they are standardized to remove this richness-dependence. With this standardization, values of 0 are consistent with random phylogenetic structure, while phylogenetic clustering is associated with either negative or positive values (depending on the index). One common interpretation of phylogenetic clustering is that it indicates some combination of environmental and biological filtering that restricts the species that can be present in a community. Increasingly, studies are comparing phylogenetic indices along environmental gradients to infer differences in the factors structuring communities. This comparison implicitly assumes that index values are comparable among communities with different numbers of species. Using a set of simulations, I show here that this assumption is incorrect. Holding the strength of filtering constant, communities composed of more species show larger absolute index values. This problem is most pronounced when the environmental filter favors a moderate-sized clade strongly over others and when using the net relatedness index (NRI) to measure clustering. This bias potentially casts doubt on studies studying phylogenetic index patterns along gradients where richness also varies. Fortunately, the arising generality that more stressful environments have lower species richness and stronger clustering is opposite to this bias and therefore robust. I also show that a simple rarefaction can remove the richness-dependence of these indices, at the expense of increased error. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Patient safety awareness among postgraduate students and nurses in a tertiary health care facility.

Objective To determine the knowledge of patient safety among postgraduate residents (PGR) and nurses in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This casual comparative study was conducted among the postgraduate residents and nurses working at The Children's Hospital Lahore in the month of July, August 2017. Both PGR and nurses were asked to complete APSQ-IV questionnaire about patient safety on 7 point Likert scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and t-test was used to compare the mean score between two groups. The names of the participants were kept confidential. Results A total of 150 residents and 150 nurses were included. The scores of both postgraduate residents and nurses were similar in all domains having positively worded questions with insignificant difference in mean score (p=0.141). In the reverse coded questions the nurses showed positive perception with higher mean score as compared to postgraduate residents (p=0.004). The postgraduate residents in the early years of residency had higher mean score in positively worded question as compared to residents who were in last years of training (p=0.006). There was no difference in the mean score of nurses as regard to their years of experience (p=0.733). Medical error disclosure domain was reported lowest by both postgraduate residents and nurses. Conclusion Both postgraduate residents and nurses showed positive attitude with good knowledge and perception towards patient safety. Lowest rated scores were from error disclosure confidence domain.
Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Motor Neurons for Modeling Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

The human motor system comprises the same basic functional and anatomic categories that have been described in vertebrate model systems. However, almost all of the genetic and molecular information about the development of the motor system and motor neuron subtypes is based on studies in animal models, since human motor neurons have been available only in postmortem samples. With the establishment of human embryonic stem (hES) cells as a research tool, and the demonstration that they could be directed to differentiate into spinal motor neurons, this inaccessibility has changed. Spinal motor neurons are the target of several diseases. As one key example, the progressive paralysis and ultimate death of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) reflect changes in motor neuron excitability, selective degeneration of nerve-muscle contacts and finally cell death of vulnerable motor neurons. However, the mechanisms of selective motor neuron degeneration are not well understood and there are no effective therapies. The derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from ALS patients allows human motor neurons and other disease-relevant cell types with the same genetic make-up as the patient to be generated in large numbers. However, before they can be reliably used for mechanistic studies or to establish ALS-relevant screens, they need to be validated as a tool. In this article, we discuss salient aspects of human development and neurodegeneration and consider how they can inform our design of appropriate cell models. In addition, we review our recent data suggesting that human iPS cell-derived motor neurons constitute a robust basis for disease modeling and we discuss some of the technological challenges that nevertheless remain to be addressed.
The Practice and Science of Social Good: Emerging Paths to Positive Social Impact:

Purpose:To explore the practice and science of social good and identify avenues for producing research and evidence-based practice in this area. The main proposition of this paper is that social go...