cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR NON-FOURIER HEAT CONDUCTION, PART I: ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEM FORMULATION AND APPLICATIONS

A simple and concise finite-difference algorithm is presented for the solution of non-Fourier one-dimensional heat conduction. The numerical algorithm is developed by applying the Godunov scheme on the characteristic equations that govern thermal waves within the medium. A vigorous investigation of the order of accuracy and stability of the procedure is presented. Several heat conduction problems are tested with the scheme, and the predicted temperature field is verified by comparing with results available in the literature. The accuracy of the solution is limited only by the selection of the mesh width in the space and time directions. The solution is free of oscillation, while the dissipation error associated with the numerical scheme in the wave front is controlled by specifying the proper Courant-Fredrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition. The algorithm provides a convenient, accurate, and efficient approximation to the hyperbolic heat conduction equation. It is evident that the procedure is beneficial for the st...
Situational Awareness: Regulation of the Myb Transcription Factor in Differentiation, the Cell Cycle and Oncogenesis

This review summarizes the mechanisms that control the activity of the c-Myb transcription factor in normal cells and tumors, and discusses how c-Myb plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle. Oncogenic versions of c-Myb contribute to the development of leukemias and solid tumors such as adenoid cystic carcinoma, breast cancer and colon cancer. The activity and specificity of the c-Myb protein seems to be controlled through changes in protein-protein interactions, so understanding how it is regulated could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Impact of comprehensive gynecologic services on health maintenance behaviours among women with spinal cord injury.

Purpose: Women with spinal cord injury (SCI) and other physical disabilities often lack access to appropriate gynecologic health care and may be at higher risk for preventable gynecologic diseases and other health problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a women's health clinic that was established to meet the needs of women with SCI and other disabilities. Specifically, this study examined the effect of clinic participation upon the rate of preventive gynecologic health care behaviours and assessed the relationship between physical and emotional functioning in women with SCI and other disabilities. Method: Participants ( n =28) were women who completed surveys immediately prior to participation in the clinic, and at 3 and 12 month follow-ups. Results: Results indicated a trend towards increased frequency of breast self-exam three months after initial participation in the clinic ( p =0.11). Other rates of health promoting behaviours (exercise, diet and mammography) did not inc...
Two Multiport De-Embedding Methods for Accurate On-Wafer Characterization of 60-GHz Differential Amplifiers

Two algorithms for distributed open-short (OS) and open-short-load de-embedding of multiport on-wafer S -parameter measurements are presented, and used for the characterization of four-port differential amplifiers operating in the 60-GHz band. For both methods, comparison to industry standard OS de-embedding shows that anomalies in extracted test-structure parasitics are now avoided, which in particular improves the characterization of the differential input and output impedances.
GestureBar: improving the approachability of gesture-based interfaces

GestureBar is a novel, approachable UI for learning gestural interactions that enables a walk-up-and-use experience which is in the same class as standard menu and toolbar interfaces. GestureBar leverages the familiar, clean look of a common toolbar, but in place of executing commands, richly discloses how to execute commands with gestures, through animated images, detail tips and an out-of-document practice area. GestureBar's simple design is also general enough for use with any recognition technique and for integration with standard, non-gestural UI components. We evaluate GestureBar in a formal experiment showing that users can perform complex, ecologically valid tasks in a purely gestural system without training, introduction, or prior gesture experience when using GestureBar, discovering and learning a high percentage of the gestures needed to perform the tasks optimally, and significantly outperforming a state of the art crib sheet. The relative contribution of the major design elements of GestureBar is also explored. A second experiment shows that GestureBar is preferred to a basic crib sheet and two enhanced crib sheet variations.
Liquidity Risk, Bank Networks, and the Value of Joining the Federal Reserve System

Reducing systemic liquidity risk related to seasonal swings in loan demand was one reason for the founding of the Federal Reserve System. Existing evidence on the post-Federal Reserve increase in the seasonal volatility of aggregate lending and the decrease in seasonal interest rate swings suggests that it succeeded in that mission. Nevertheless, less than 8 percent of state-chartered banks joined the Federal Reserve in its first decade. Some have speculated that nonmembers could avoid higher costs of the Federal Reserve’s reserve requirements while still obtaining access indirectly to the Federal Reserve discount window through contacts with Federal Reserve members. We find that individual bank attributes related to the extent of banks’ ability to mitigate seasonal loan demand variation predict banks’ decisions to join the Federal Reserve. Consistent with the notion that banks could obtain indirect access to the discount window through interbank transfers, we find that a bank’s position within the interbank network (as a user or provider of liquidity) predicts the timing of its entry into the Federal Reserve System and the effect of Federal Reserve membership on its lending behavior. We also find that indirect access to the Federal Reserve was not as good as direct access. Federal Reserve member banks saw a greater increase in lending than nonmember banks.
A Design for Assembly System for Aero Engine

Assembly feasibility of aero engine is of vital importance. Based on investigation of a Chinese aero engine design company, the requirements on assembly design are analyzed firstly. Then, a DFA (Design for Assembly) system dedicating to aero engine is presented. This system mainly includes 3 parts: assembly data and knowledge management, assembly planning and simulation platform, and smart user document toolkit. Applications of this system have proved it operates efficiently, effectively, easily and smartly.
GPOPS-II: A MATLAB Software for Solving Multiple-Phase Optimal Control Problems Using hp-Adaptive Gaussian Quadrature Collocation Methods and Sparse Nonlinear Programming

A general-purpose MATLAB software program called GPOPS--II is described for solving multiple-phase optimal control problems using variable-order Gaussian quadrature collocation methods. The software employs a Legendre-Gauss-Radau quadrature orthogonal collocation method where the continuous-time optimal control problem is transcribed to a large sparse nonlinear programming problem (NLP). An adaptive mesh refinement method is implemented that determines the number of mesh intervals and the degree of the approximating polynomial within each mesh interval to achieve a specified accuracy. The software can be interfaced with either quasi-Newton (first derivative) or Newton (second derivative) NLP solvers, and all derivatives required by the NLP solver are approximated using sparse finite-differencing of the optimal control problem functions. The key components of the software are described in detail and the utility of the software is demonstrated on five optimal control problems of varying complexity. The software described in this article provides researchers a useful platform upon which to solve a wide variety of complex constrained optimal control problems.
Geometric output regulation for a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems

We consider the output regulation problem for a special class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems (NLDPS). The main goal of this work is to show that the geometric theory of nonlinear output regulation, which has been extensively developed for lumped nonlinear systems, can be extended in a local setting to this class of NLDPS. Our approach is geometric, based on the center manifold theorem. Even for local problems, however, one must surmount technical issues that inevitably arise in the infinite dimensional setting. In this paper, we describe a particular class of nonlinear systems and exogenous systems for which center manifold methods can be used to obtain state feedback control laws for solving problems of tracking and disturbance attenuation. We also give a numerical example of set-point control for a controlled Chafee-Infante diffusion reaction equation which involves the consideration of a bounded input operator and an unbounded (point evaluation) output operator.
Accelerated painless labor

Abstract A system of management of labor, called accelerated painless labor, is described and a report made of the results of its application to 54,863 cases delivered at the Alexandra Maternity Hospital in Athens. The method is based on the use of pethidine (Demerol) in repeated small doses and the frequent resort to oxytocin. Statistics are offered to support the contention that the method shortens labor considerably, reduces the need for operative procedures, and has no ill effects on maternal or perinatal mortality or morbidity.
Serine Transhydroxymethylase of Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.): Partial Purification and Properties

Serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1) has been purified 46-fold from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). The enzyme was completely dependent on the presence of tetrahydrofolic acid for the conversion of serine to glycine. The addition of pyridoxal phosphate gave a large increase in the reaction rate. A double pH optimum was observed with maxima at 7.5 and 9.5. The enzyme is specific for l-serine. The d-isomer is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor. The Michaelis constants for l-serine, tetrahydrofolic acid, and pyridoxal phosphate were 300 mum, 760 mum, and 24 mum, respectively. The addition of K(+) also stimulated the reaction rate considerably. The effect was quite specific since all other metal ions tested either had very little: influence or were extremely inhibitory.
High-temperature hall effect measurements on CdS in Cd vapor

Abstract The incorporation of excess Cd into CdS was studied by performing Hall effect and resistivity measurements on single-crystal samples in equilibrium with known partial pressures of Cd vapor at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C. The carrier concentration varies as p 1 3 Cd at temperatures of 700°C and above. This is interpreted in terms of a doubly ionized native donor, probably a sulfur vacancy. The incorporation energy of the doubly ionized defect into the CdS lattice is found to be 1.70 eV. The second donor ionization energy is estimated to be ≦ 0.24 eV, probably ≈ 0.12–0.16 eV. The Hall mobilities ∝ T−1.4 for 400°C ≦ T ≦ 1000°C. This agrees fairly well with the theoretical temperature dependence calculated by reciprocally combining mobilities calculated by considering polar scattering by longitudinal optical modes, deformation potential scattering, and piezoelectric scattering by acoustic modes.
Impaired myocardial perfusion reserve and fibrosis in Friedreich ataxia: a mitochondrial cardiomyopathy with metabolic syndrome

Cardiomyopathy produces significant mortality in patients with Friedreich ataxia (FA), a genetic disorder that pro- duces intra-mitochondrial iron accumulation. We sought to test the hypothesis that abnormal myocardial perfusion reserve and fibrosis represent early manifestations of cardiomyopathy. Methods and results Twenty-six patients with genetically proven FA ages 36+ 12 years without cardiomyopathy and eight controls underwent cardiac magnetic resonance with adenosine. Precontrast imaging for myocardial iron estimation was per- formed. Myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) was quantified using the normalized upslope of myocardial enhancement during vasodilator stress vs. rest. Left ventricular (LV) mass and volumes were computed from short-axis cine images. Serologies included lipids, and platelets were isolated for iron quantification using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Left ventricular ejection fraction and mass averaged 64.1+ 8.3% and 62.7+ 16.7 g/m 2 , respectively, indicating preserved systolic function and absence of significant hypertrophy. Myocar- dial perfusion reserve index quantification revealed significantly lower endocardial-to-epicardial perfusion reserve in patients vs. controls (0.80+ 0.18 vs. 1.22+ 0.36, P ¼ 0.01). Lower MPRI was predicted by increased number of metabolic syndrome (met-S) features (P , 0.01). Worse concentric remodelling occurred with increased GAA repeat length (r ¼ 0.64, P , 0.001). Peripheral platelet iron measurement showed no distinction between patients and controls (5.4+ 8.5 × 10 27 vs. 5.5+ 2.9 × 10 27 ng/platelet, P ¼ 0.88), nor did myocardial T2* measures. Conclusions Patients with FA have abnormal myocardial perfusion reserve that parallels met-S severity. Impaired perfusion reserve and fibrosis occur in the absence of significant hypertrophy and prior to clinical heart failure, providing potential therapeutic targets for stage B cardiomyopathy in FA and related myocardial diseases.
Differential Inhibition of Attachment and Eclipse Activities of HeLa Cells for Enteroviruses

Receptor activities of HeLa cells were evaluated for ability to both attach and eclipse enteroviruses after exposure of cells to acid or heat. A modified procedure of acid (pH 1.5) elution of cell-associated virus, as compared with other procedures, provided a general method for the optimal recovery of receptor-bound enteroviruses. With this procedure, eclipse of virus operationally was considered to be that amount of virus infectivity which was determined initially to be cell-associated and which was not dissociable from the cells. HeLa cells killed by heating at 56 C for 30 min could not attach or eclipse poliovirus T1, but they attached and eclipsed coxsackieviruses B1 and B3, and they attached echovirus 6 but did not eclipse it. HeLa cells treated at pH 2.5 for 10 min at 2 C could not attach or eclipse poliovirus T1, but they attached coxsackieviruses B1 and B3 and echovirus 6, although these viruses were not eclipsed. These results showed that, within the operational definition of virus eclipse, the eclipse activity of HeLa cells for some viruses can be irreversibly inactivated without impairing the activity of the receptors for attaching these viruses. The data provided additional evidence that HeLa cells possess specific receptors for the different enteroviruses.
A novel remote sensing algorithm to quantify phycocyanin in cyanobacterial algal blooms

We present a novel three-band algorithm (PC3) to retrieve phycocyanin (PC) pigment concentration in cyanobacteria laden inland waters. The water sample and remote sensing reflectance data used for PC3 calibration and validation were acquired from highly turbid productive catfish aquaculture ponds. Since the characteristic PC absorption feature at 620 nm is contaminated with residual chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) absorption, we propose a coefficient (ψ) for isolating the PC absorption component at 620 nm. Results show that inclusion of the model coefficient relating Chl-a absorption at 620 nm–665 nm enables PC3 to compensate for the confounding effect of Chl-a at the PC absorption band and considerably increases the accuracy of the PC prediction algorithm. In the current dataset, PC3 produced the lowest mean relative error of prediction among all PC algorithms considered in this research. Moreover, PC3 eliminates the nonlinear sensitivity issue of PC algorithms particularly at high PC range (>100 μg L−1). Therefore, introduction of PC3 will have an immediate positive impact on studies monitoring inland and coastal cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms.
On the theory of indicator-dilution methods under varying blood-flow conditions

The theory of measurement of flow and volume by indicator dilution techniques is given in conditions of time-variable flow rates. It is shown that the usual Hamilton (1932,Am. J. Physiol.,99, 534–551) methods can be misleading if the flow changes at a rate of close to that of the transport function.
Hyperandrogenism in menopause: a case report and literature review

Hyperandrogenism is an uncommon diagnosis in postmenopausal women. In this case, we report on a 69-year-old postmenopausal woman who presented with several months of worsening hirsutism of the face, neck, and chin, which was confirmed on examination. Laboratory testing revealed markedly elevated testosterone levels and typical post-menopausal gonadotropin levels. Transvaginal ultrasonography and pelvic and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) failed to reveal an ovarian or adrenal abnormality. The patient was a poor surgical candidate and was counseled to start on gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy. Administration of leuprolide resulted in a dramatic decline in testosterone levels. The patient reported significant “hot flashes”, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, and depression secondary to treatment, and patient discontinued leuprolide therapy 3 months after initiation. To our knowledge, this is the first case that describes a woman being treated with a GnRH agonist for hyperandrogenism subsequently discontinuing GnRH agonist treatment due to significant side-effects. This case also highlights the difficulty of prescribing appropriate but off-label use of expensive medications not covered by insurance in a senior population of limited income.
Atomistic Investigation of Load Transfer Between DWNT Bundles “Crosslinked” by PMMA Oligomers

The production of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns possessing high strength and toughness remains a major challenge due to the intrinsically weak interactions between “bare” CNTs. To this end, nanomechanical shear experiments between functionalized bundles of CNTs are combined with multiscale simulations to reveal the mechanistic and quantitative role of nanotube surface functionalization on CNT-CNT interactions. Notably, the in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) functionalization of CNT bundles by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-like oligomers is found to enhance the shear strength of bundle junctions by about an order of magnitude compared with “bare” van der Waals interactions between pristine CNTs. Through multiscale simulations, the enhancement of the shear strength can be attributed to an interlocking mechanism of polymer chains in the bundles, dominated by van der Waals interactions, and stretching and alignment of chains during shearing. Unlike covalent bonds, such synergistic weak interactions can re-form upon failure, resulting in strong, yet robust fibers. This work establishes the significance of engineered weak interactions with appropriate structural distribution to design CNT yarns with high strength and toughness, similar to the design paradigm found in many biological materials.
Geometric Properties of Fractional Brownian Sheets

Let $B^H=\{B^H(t), t\in {\Bbb R}_+^N\}$ be an (N, d)-fractional Brownian sheet with Hurst index H = (H1,...,HN) ∈ (0, 1)N. Our objective of the present article is to characterize the anisotropic nature of BH in terms of H. We prove the following results: (1) BH is sectorially locally nondeterministic. (2) By introducing a notion of "dimension" for Borel measures and sets, which is suitable for describing the anisotropic nature of BH, we determine ${\rm dim}_{\cal H}B^H(E)$ for an arbitrary Borel set $E \subset (0, \infty)^N.$ Moreover, when Bα is an (N, d)-fractional Brownian sheet with index 〈α〉 = (α,..., α) (0 < α < 1), we prove the following uniform Hausdorff dimension result for its image sets: If N ≤ αd, then with probability one, ${\rm dim}_{\cal H}B^{\langle\alpha\rangle}(E)=\frac{1}{\alpha}{\rm dim}_{\cal H}E {\rm for\ all\ Borel\ sets}\ E \subset (0, \infty)^N.$ (3) We provide sufficient conditions for the image BH(E) to be a Salem set or to have interior points. The results in (2) and (3) describe the geometric and Fourier analytic properties of BH. They extend and improve the previous theorems of Mountford [35], Khoshnevisan and Xiao [29] and Khoshnevisan, Wu, and Xiao [28] for the Brownian sheet, and Ayache and Xiao [5] for fractional Brownian sheets.
New methods for the study of folate coenzymes: endogenous polyglutamate patterns of subcellular hepatocyte fractions and of regenerating rat liver.

A procedure has been developed that permits the quantitation of three different pools of one-carbon-substituted folates with the simultaneous determination of their corresponding poly-y-glutamyl chain lengths. Pool 1 is made up of N5,N10-methylene-tetrahydro-folates and unsubstituted tetrahydro and dihydrofolates. Pool 2 is made up solely of N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolates and pool 3 includes the folates with one-carbon-substituents at the formyl oxidation level: N5,N10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolates, N10- and N5-formyl-tetra-hydrofolates, and N5-formimino-tetrahydrofolates. Conditions have been found that permit the selective cleavage of the C9-N10 bond of the folates of pools 1, 1+2, and 1+2+3. The cleaved folates are quantitated as the Bratton-Marshall azo-dyes of the p-amino-benzoyl-poly-y-glutamates (AzoGlun) after converting the uncleaved pools to Bratton-Marshall negative products. Determination of the poly-y-glutamyl chain length of the cleaved pools is carried out by high pressure liquid chromatography of the AzoGlun comparing the elution position of each peak with that of authentic synthetic markers. Quantitation of the individual peaks is obtained by integration and by reference to an internal synthetic standard (usually AzoGlu3). To increase the sensitivity of the procedure and make it applicable to plasma or needle biopsy specimens we have developed a synthesis for [3H]-N’-naphthylethylenediamine. This compound is the one coupled to the diazotized p-aminobenzoyl-poly-y-glutamates to form the AzoGltun in the Bratton-Marshall test. The new methods do not require labeling the animal’s folates by the prior injection of radioactive folic acid thus permitting the study of endogenous folate patterns. Applied to rat liver these methods have shown that pool 3 accounts for 44.3 ± 7.7%, pool 2 for 36.7 ± 4.7%, and pool 1 for 18.5 ± 5.8% of the total folates. The pentaglutamates made up about 52% and the hexaglutamates about 42% of the folates. Hepta and tetraglutamates account for approximately 2.8 and 3.5% respectively. The cytosolic folates are predominantly hexaglutamates whereas pentaglutamates predominate in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. Profound changes in the relative proportions of the poly-glutamates were observed 24 h after partial hepatectomy. There are marked increases in hepta and hexaglutamates and decreases in penta and tetraglutamates. These results support the hypothesis that changes in polyglutamate chain length are related to the regulation of one-carbon metabolism.
Transfer of Phytohormone Genes to Induce Morphogenesis in Plants

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transfer of phytohormone genes to induce morphogenesis in plants. The induction of morphogenesis in dicots by transformation with certain T-DNA-borne genes appears to be a general phenomenon but is both unpredictable and virtually uncontrollable. The chapter also discusses the regeneration mainly in the context of soybean and describe the efforts to devise a genetic solution to the problem. Soybean was one of the early crops to be cultured in vitro but remains today largely intractable to the many efforts to induce morphogenesis from unorganized cells. Soybean was cultured early in cell suspensions and was the experimental species used by Gamborg et al. to develop the widely used B5 medium. Soybean also was one of the first species used to derive enzymatically released protoplasts and to demonstrate that such protoplasts could regenerate a cell wall and divide. Several years ago, morphogenesis was reported to occur from a soybean suspension culture following a lengthy series of manipulations but this procedure proved not to be reproducible in a routine way.
Preparing elementary science educators for diverse environments

One factor in training future teachers that should be considered is the growing diversity of the K-12 student population. The University of Michigan-Dearborn (UM-D), situated in the diverse Detroit metropolitan area, considered this in revising its K-8 science education curriculum. A science education program was designed that includes six integrated courses connecting science content while modeling constructivist pedagogy. In creating our new program, consideration was given to the demands for accountability placed on K-8 science teachers. In Michigan, teachers are expected to follow the science benchmarks articulated in the Michigan Curriculum Framework for Science (MCF-S) (Michigan Department of Education, 2000). The design for the science benchmarks in MCF-S was based on the NSES (National Research Council, 1996). Both MCF-S and NSES prescribe not only what should be taught, but also how it should be taught. Thus, our program revision had to be centered on science content linked to the MCF-S and constructivist pedagogy.
Characterization of Discriminative Stimulus Effects of the Neuroactive Steroid Pregnanolone

Reduced pregnane neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone and pregnanolone are potent neuromodulators able to affect a number of membrane receptors, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A, N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3, and ς1receptors. The present study used a drug discrimination procedure to assess further the receptor effects of pregnanolone in vivo. Rats were trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg pregnanolone from saline in a two-lever operant task maintained by food reinforcement. The opiate agonist morphine and the negative GABAA modulator dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate did not substitute for pregnanolone. All of the GABAA positive modulators tested (allopregnanolone, epipregnanolone, androsterone, pentobarbital, midazolam, and zolpidem) dose dependently substituted for pregnanolone. The direct GABA-site agonists 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5- c ]pyridin-3-ol and muscimol failed to substitute for pregnanolone. Ethanol and the ς1 receptor agonist SKF 10047 fully substituted for pregnanolone, and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 partially substituted for pregnanolone. The 5-HT3 antagonist tropisetron did not substitute at any dose tested. The 5-HT3 agonist SR 57227A reached full substitution, whereas the other 5-HT3 agonist tested, m -chlorophenylbiguanide, produced partial substitution. These results suggest that positive GABAAmodulation, but not direct agonism, confers a discriminative stimulus effect similar to pregnanolone. Additionally, antagonism of NMDA receptors and activation of 5-HT3 and ς1receptors modulate stimulus effects similar to the pregnanolone cue. Overall, the data suggest that pregnanolone produces discriminative stimulus effects representative of a wide-spectrum sedative hypnotic.
Cystic Cervical Intramedullary Ependymoma with Previous lntracyst Hemorrhage: Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 1.5 T

A patient with a cystic cervical ependymoma is described. Magnetic resonance imaging identified evidence of previous intratumor hemorrhage, which was confirmed at surgery. The images, operative findings, and pathology are reviewed.
Urea derivatives as fibrinolysis promoting agents.

SummaryA number of urea derivatives added at low concentrations to plasma before or after clotting induce spontaneous dissolution of human plasma clots. They also considerably enhance the activity of urokinase. Ethyl urethan was the most active compound of the group. Bovine fibrin clots are dissolved by ethyl urethan only in presence of human plasma.
Stereochemical Outcome at Four Stereogenic Centers during Conversion of Prephenate to Tetrahydrotyrosine by BacABGF in the Bacilysin Pathway

The first four enzymes of the bacilysin antibiotic pathway, BacABGF, convert prephenate to a tetrahydrotyrosine (H4Tyr) diastereomer on the way to the anticapsin warhead of the dipeptide antibiotic. BacB takes the BacA product endocyclic-Δ4,Δ8-7R-dihydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (en-H2HPP) and generates a mixture of 3E- and 3Z-olefins of the exocyclic-Δ3,Δ5-dihydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (ex-H2HPP). The NADH-utilizing BacG then catalyzes a conjugate reduction, adding a pro-S hydride equivalent to C4 to yield tetrahydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (H4HPP), a transamination away (via BacF) from 2S-H4Tyr. Incubations of the pathway enzymes in D2O yield deuterium incorporation at C8 from BacA and then C9 from BacB action. By 1H NMR analysis of samples of H4Tyr, the stereochemistry at C4, C8, and C9 can be assigned. BacG (followed by BacF) converts 3E-ex-H2HPP to 2S,4R,7R-H4Tyr. The 3Z isomer is instead reduced and transaminated to the opposite diastereomer at C4, 2S,4S,7R-H4Tyr. Given that bacilysin has the 2S,4S stereoch...
Influence of the Major Histocompatibility Complex on Tumor Regression and Immunity in Chickens

Abstract A number of studies show that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes control host immune responses to viral-induced chicken tumors. The MHC gene-controlled responses to malignant neoplasms caused by Rous sarcoma virus, lymphoid leukosis virus and Marek’s disease virus are reviewed. Genes that determine regression of Rous sarcomas and resistance to development of lethal Marek’s disease lymphomas appear to map within the B-F region of the MHC. In some cases, genetic complementation of both MHC genes and non-MHC genes may be responsible for regression of tumors. Metastasis of Rous sarcoma cells is also influenced by the host’s MHC genotype. Background genes can modify the specific MHC gene effect on resistance to progressive growth of Rous sarcomas and Marek’s disease lymphomas. Studies showing that MHC-restricted immunity may be important in cytotoxic T cell reactions to virus-infected and/or transformed chicken cells are discussed. The MHC-restricted cytotoxicity, whereby the T cells and target cells must share one MHC haplotype for in vitro killing to occur, suggests that the T cells have receptors that recognize virus-altered self MHC antigens. This may be an important immune surveillance mechanism for limiting the proliferative growth of virus-induced tumors in chickens.
Milton's Visual Imagination: Imagery in Paradise Lost

1. Introduction: of things invisible 2. Free will and God's scales 3. Heaven's gates 4. Pondering Satan's shield 5. What do bad angels look like? 6. Transported touch 7. Clustering and curling locks 8. Images of the future and the son.
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION.

Enteroviruses have been isolated in a wide variety of clinical syndromes. Investigations by scores of workers in many parts of the world are reviewed. Clinical manifestations of enterovirus infection include aseptic meningitis, paralytic disease, acute cerebellar ataxia, pleurodynia, neonatal infection, pericarditis and myocarditis, orchitis, enanthems and exanthems and respiratory infections. It has not yet been established that these viruses are a major cause of gastrointestinal disorders. When enterovirus infection is suspected, viral laboratory studies cannot be expected to yield meaningful results unless adequate specimens for virus isolation are submitted as well as serum collected in the acute and convalescent stages.
Relation between antihypertensive treatment and 3-month prognosis in acute cerebral infarction patients

Objective To study the effect of antihypertensive treatment on 3-month prognosis in acute cerebral infarction(ACI)patients.Methods Three hundred and forty-six ACI patients were randomly divided into antihypertensive treatment group(n=173)and control group(n=173).Patients in antihypertensive treatment group received antihypertensive treatment to reduce their systolic blood pressure by 10%-20% but not≥120/80mm Hg within 1day after admission,to decrease their blood pressure to below 140/90mm Hg on day 7after admission,and maintained it at 140/90mm Hg within 14days after admission.No measure was taken to reduce the blood pressure in control group.The patients were followed up for 3months.The 3-month mortality and disability rate were assessed according to the modified Rankin scale.Relation between antihypertensive treatment and prognosis in ACI patients was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results The 3-month mortality and disability rate were significantly lower in antihypertensive treatment group than in control group(P0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that antihypertensive treatment could reduce the 3-month mortality and disability rate in ACI patients(RR=0.25,95%CI:0.14-0.43,P0.01).Conclusion Antihypertensive treatment can improve the 3-month prognosis of ACI patients.
Transfection of Mülller cells with type I interferon transgenes: resistance to HSV-1 infection.

Gene transfer is a widely used experimental approach to determine the value of specific genes under a variety of conditions. This chapter focuses on the expression of two human anti-viral genes, interferon (IFN)-alpha2 and IFN-beta, driven by a cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter in a human Muller cell line. The anti-viral efficacy of these two transgenes is determined by measuring resistant to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection assessing viral antigen expression and viral titers recovered from control and IFN transgene-transfected cells. Furthermore, comparing the antiviral efficacy of these two transgenes suggest the anti-viral environment elicited by the human IFN-alpha2 transgene is superior to that of the human IFN-beta, which may be related to the amount of biologically active IFN secreted by these cells.
The Problem of Signal and Symbol Integration: A Study of Cooperative Mobile Autonomous Agent Behaviors

This paper explores and reasons about the interplay between symbolic and continuous representations. We first provide some historical perspective on the signal and symbol integration as viewed by the Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics and Computer Vision communities. The domain of autonomous robotic agents residing in the dynamically changing environments anchors well different aspects of this integration and allows us to look at the problem in its entirety. Models of reasoning, sensing and control actions of such agents determine three different dimensions for discretization of the agent-world behavioral state space. The design and modeling of robotic agents, where these three aspects have to be closely tied together, provide a good experimental platform for addressing the signal-to-symbol-to-signal transformation problem. We present some experimental results from the domain of cooperating mobile agents involved in tasks of navigation and manipulation.
The Behavior-Genetics of Intelligence

Contributions of nature and nurture to intelligence have been investigated for many years. One fruitful approach is behavioral genetics. The most common methods reflecting this approach attempt to infer the genetic contribution to intelligence by either (a) comparing monozygotic (identical) twins to dizygotic (fraternal) twins or (b) correlating intelligence indices of children with either their biological or adoptive parents. The logic of these methods is straightforward: monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic makeup, while dizygotic twins share only 50%. Hence a stronger similarity among the former might be indicative of a genetic contribution to intelligence. Similarly, children share 50% of their genetic makeup with their biological parents, but they only share environments and have virtually no genetic commonality with adoptive parents. Findings from behavioral genetic research suggested that the genetic contributions to intelligence were fairly large, and certainly larger than environmental contributions. Still, there are a number of problems with twin and adoption studies (e.g., confounding of environmental overlap with genetic commonality). Fortunately, newer methodologies, mostly neurochemical, have replaced twin and adoption studies, and these newer methods make fewer assumptions and have fewer limitations.
Enrolment Purposes, Instructional Activities, and Perceptions of Attitudinal Learning in a Human Trafficking MOOC.

AbstractThis study examines learner enrolment purposes, perceptions on instructional activities and their relationship to learning gains in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) for attitudinal change regarding human trafficking. Using an author-developed survey, learners reported their perceptions on instructional activities and learning gains within the MOOC, as well as their enrolment purposes. Motivations varied with the majority of learners wanting to formulate a viewpoint or to justify their existing viewpoint, with those taking the MOOC in order to earn a formal certification reporting the highest learning gains. Overall, learners perceived lectures and videos as the most impactful instructional strategy. However, learners who reported the personal project activity as the most effective instructional strategy showed the highest learning gain. The authors discuss the instructional design considerations based on these survey results.
The effects of increasing semantic-associate list length on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false recognition memory: Dual false-memory process in retrieval from sub- and supraspan lists.

In this study, the number of semantic associates in Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) lists was varied from 4 to 14 in a modified Sternberg paradigm. The false alarm (FA) and correct rejection (CR) re...
Chitosan-based scaffolds for growth factor delivery

Abstract Spatiotemporal presentation and optimum delivery of single as well as multiple growth factors is evidently one of the major challenges in achieving desired biological effect during tissue regeneration. Chitosan, a biomaterial obtained from natural resources, has been widely investigated and shows great potential for delivering growth factors and other biomolecules. The feasibility of fabricating chitosan biomaterials as hydrogels, porous matrices, particulate and fibrous matrices as scaffolds for tissue regeneration has been demonstrated. The presence of amino and hydroxyl functional groups in chitosan has been shown to play a significant role in modulating growth factor release from these matrices. The positive charge arising from the protonation of amino groups in chitosan chain has been shown to promote electrostatic interactions with negatively charged biomolecules, thereby achieving improved control over the release of the encapsulated protein. The covalent immobilization of bioactive growth factors using the functional groups present in chitosan has also been attempted to irreversibly attach these molecules to chitosan scaffolds. This chapter focuses on the use of chitosan as a growth factor delivery system to promote tissue regeneration.
Particle migration during concrete rheometry: How bad is it?

The development and use of concrete rheometers has undergone a shift from complicated to more simple geometries over the last 50 years, mainly due to the introduction of flowable concrete mixtures. One of the reasons for the complex rheometer designs in the 1970s and 1980s was to avoid or minimize particle migration. Literature has revealed that particle migration can become an important factor disturbing the accuracy of rheological measurements in concentrated suspensions. In this paper, the rheological properties of concrete and mortar mixtures with different consistencies and different aggregate contents are investigated. These properties are obtained with three different coaxial cylinder rheometers configurations. Two of the configurations are identical, except the size of the outer cylinder. Mortar results appear not to be affected by particle migration, but measurements on concrete are affected. The difference in rheological properties between the different configurations increases with increasing aggregate content and increasing yield stress-to-plastic viscosity ratio, which is related to plug flow. Particle migration appears to be a minor factor affecting the measurements on flowable concrete mixtures, but for conventional concrete mixtures, the measurements are less reliable and can even become invalid.
LIMITED CARBOHYDRATE REFEEDING INSTRUCTION FOR LONG-TERM WEIGHT MAINTENANCE FOLLOWING A KETOGENIC, VERY-LOW-CALORIE MEAL PLAN

ABSTRACT Objective: Weight-loss maintenance following very-low-calorie meal plans is poorly studied. This report describes weight-loss efficacy and predictors of weight-loss maintenance of a ketogenic, very-low-calorie meal plan (protein-sparing modified fast, PSMF) in people with obesity. Methods: A total of 127 consecutive adults in the PSMF meal plan (27.2 ± 19.5 weeks) and 48 adults on a conventional, hypocaloric meal plan (23.6 ± 20.8 weeks) were retrospectively studied for percent weight change from baseline to end of intervention and at 6, 12, and 24 months postintervention. Baseline factors were analyzed for correlations with weight-loss maintenance. Results: At end of intervention, weight loss from baseline was greater for the PSMF group compared to the conventional intervention group (−12.4% vs. −2.6%; P<.001) but was similar between groups by 12 months postintervention. PSMF subjects who attended follow-up visits to receive instruction on gradual and limited carbohydrate refeeding after ketosis...
Outcome Comparison between Open and Endovascular Management of TASC II D Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease.

Background Endovascular management of complex aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) has been described as a viable alternative to open surgical reconstruction. To date, few studies have directly compared the 2 techniques. We therefore, evaluated short and mid- term outcomes of open and endovascular therapy in TASC II D AIOD patients. Methods TASC II D patients undergoing treatment between January 2009 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical data, and outcomes (complications [technical and systemic] and graft patency) were collected. The primary outcome of this study was primary graft patency. Patients were compared according to treatment group (open versus endovascular). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze follow up results. Results A total of 75 consecutive patients (open: 30; endovascular: 45) were included in this analysis. In the endovascular group, 25 (55.6%) patients were managed using a hybrid approach with 100% technical success. Critical limb ischemia was the indication for intervention in 16.0% of this cohort (open, 13.3% vs. endovascular, 17.8%, P = 0.397). Overall, there were no significant differences in gender (male: open, 50.0% vs. endovascular, 55.6%, P = 0.637) or age (54.5 ± 5.9 years vs. 57.0 ± 8.7 years, P = 0.171). No in hospital deaths occurred in this cohort. The overall complication rate was significantly higher in the open group (43.3% vs. 17.8%, OR 3.5, 95% CI [1.2–10.1], P = 0.016) with peri-operative systemic complications being more likely in the open cohort (40.0% vs. 6.7%, OR 9.3, 95% CI [2.3–37.3], P Conclusions In this comparison of open and endovascular therapy for complex AIOD, endovascular therapy was associated with high initial technical success and fewer in-hospital systemic complications but also high re-intervention rates when compared to open repair. Further prospective studies aimed at reduction of complications, optimization of patency, and patient selection for such procedures is warranted.
Energy Management and Optimization Methods for Grid Energy Storage Systems

Today, the stability of the electric power grid is maintained through real time balancing of generation and demand. Grid scale energy storage systems are increasingly being deployed to provide grid operators the flexibility needed to maintain this balance. Energy storage also imparts resiliency and robustness to the grid infrastructure. Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the deployment of large scale energy storage systems. This growth has been driven by improvements in the cost and performance of energy storage technologies and the need to accommodate distributed generation, as well as incentives and government mandates. Energy management systems (EMSs) and optimization methods are required to effectively and safely utilize energy storage as a flexible grid asset that can provide multiple grid services. The EMS needs to be able to accommodate a variety of use cases and regulatory environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of grid-scale energy storage, an overview of EMS architectures, and a summary of the leading applications for storage. These serve as a foundation for a discussion of EMS optimization methods and design.
Oropharyngeal Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Deglutitive Disorders

This chapter provides an overview of the theory and evidence supporting oropharyngeal strengthening therapy for dysphagia rehabilitation based in principles of exercise, sensorimotor learning and neuromuscular functional interrelationships in the oropharynx. Comprehensive information is provided on anatomy and physiology of the tongue and related musculature/structures as well as therapeutic outcomes with healthy elders and specific patient populations including patients post-stroke and those with head and neck cancer. Strengthening protocol parameters such as frequency, repetition and duration are reviewed relative to published evidence as well as a side-by-side comparison of available devices for facilitation of oropharyngeal strengthening. Dysphagia therapy historically has focused on compensatory and dietary modification. While still useful options, evidence provided in this chapter supports the concept that patients with dysphagia caused, at least in part, by oropharyngeal weakness that complete progressive oropharyngeal strengthening exercises are capable of making significant gains in swallowing kinematics with associated improvements in bolus flow, safety and quality of life.
Journey of Errors: Finding Home in Academia:

In this autoethnographic exploration, I question the notion of academic home. I argue that as postcolonial academic bodies who are educated in the Western societies, our voices are often questioned...