cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flame spread over thin fuels in actual and simulated microgravity conditions

Abstract Most previous research on flame spread over solid surfaces has involved flames in open areas. In this study, the flame spreads in a narrow gap, as occurs in fires behind walls or inside electronic equipment. This geometry leads to interesting flame behaviors not typically seen in open flame spread, and also reproduces some of the conditions experienced by microgravity flames. Two sets of experiments are described, one involving flame spread in a Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA) in normal gravity, and the others taking place in actual microgravity. Three primary variables are considered: flow velocity, oxygen concentration, and gap size (or effect of heat loss). When the oxidizer flow is reduced at either gravity level, the initially uniform flame front becomes corrugated and breaks into separate flamelets. This breakup behavior allows the flame to keep propagating below standard extinction limits by increasing the oxidizer transport to the flame, but has not been observed in other microgravity experiments due to the narrow samples employed. Breakup cannot be studied in typical (i.e., “open”) normal gravity test facilities due to buoyancy-induced opposed flow velocities that are larger than the forced velocities in the flamelet regime. Flammability maps are constructed that delineate the uniform regime, the flamelet regime, and extinction limits for thin cellulose samples. Good agreement is found between flame and flamelet spread rate and flamelet size between the two facilities. Supporting calculations using FLUENT suggest that for small gaps buoyancy is suppressed and exerts a negligible influence on the flow pattern for inlet velocities ⩾5 cm/s. The experiments show that in normal gravity the flamelets are a fire hazard since they can persist in small gaps where they are hard to detect. The results also indicate that the NCA quantitatively captures the essential features of the microgravity tests for thin fuels in opposed flow.
Effects of gamma radiation on the ultrastructure and acid phosphatase activity of the mid-gut of the adult beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua

The effects of gamma radiation on the mid-gut of adult beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), were investigated with the light and electron microscope. Control moths (0 krad) and moths irradiated with a 137Cs source (20, 40, and 120 krad) were sacrificed 24 and 132 h post-emergence. In control moths, microvilli, a single nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, and a Golgi complex comprise the normal cytoarchitecture of individual columnar epithelial cells. These epithelial cells are supported by a continuous basal lamina, and inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle bands. Tissues of irradiated animals show no disruptions in the nucleus, various organelles, membranes or muscle layers. It appears that sub-sterilizing dosages (20 krad) and sterilizing dosages (40 krad) do not seriously effect the ultrastructure of the mid-gut initially (24 h postemergence) or with an increase in time (132 h postemergence). Males irradiated with 120 krad show no radiation effect to the mid-gut, although this dosage produces 50% mortality in 132 h (5-6 days). Resistance to the effect of gamma radiation is correlated with the absence of mitotic cell division. Cytochemical studies reveal no increase in acid phosphatase activity when mid-gut tissue from 120-krad-irradiated animals is compared to controls (0 krad). These results further confirm the extreme radioresistance of the mid-gut of Spodoptera exigua .
Measurement of the Pion Form Factor

Cross sections for the electroproduction reaction $e+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+n+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ have been measured at invariant momentum transfers ${k}^{2}=\ensuremath{-}1, \ensuremath{-}3, \ensuremath{-}6{\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The circulating beam of the Cornell 2-GeV electron synchrotron struck a liquid-hydrogen target mounted in the synchrotron vacuum chamber in a field-free section between ring magnets. Pions produced along the momentum-transfer direction were counted in coincidence with in-elastically scattered electrons. Both were momentum analyzed by quadrupole magnets and detected in scintillation counters and (for the electrons) a shower \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter. The effective mass of the final pion-nucleon system was varied from 1175 to 1300 MeV. The relative contribution of transverse and longitudinal photon exchanges was varied by changing the electron scattering angle. Electroproduction yields were normalized to elastic cross sections measured with the same electron spectrometer at the same incident energy. The eight measured cross sections have been compared with recent dispersion calculations. The agreement is very sensitive to the value chosen for the pion charge form factor, the only free parameter in the theory. Taking into account both experimental errors (typically 10% in the cross sections) and estimates of the reliability of the theory (also around 10%) based on comparison with other experiments, the following results were obtained: ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}(\ensuremath{-}1 {\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})={{0.79}_{\ensuremath{-}0.18}}^{+0.16}$, ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}(\ensuremath{-}3 {\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})=0.82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, and ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}(\ensuremath{-}6 {\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})={{0.57}_{\ensuremath{-}0.09}}^{+0.08}$. Within the errors, the pion and proton charge form factors are idential. The pion form factor is also reasonably consistent with the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-exchange model: ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}={(\frac{1\ensuremath{-}{k}^{2}}{{m}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with $m=600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}80$ MeV. The root-mean-square charge radius of the pion is ${r}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=\frac{(\sqrt{6})}{m}=0.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ F.
Effects of immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone on B and T lymphocyte function in patients with chronic type B hepatitis.

B and T lymphocyte function was studied in 10 patients with chronic type B hepatitis before, during and after a 28-day course of prednisolone therapy. Lymphocyte function was assessed by measuring the in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and by assaying lymphocyte proliferation in response to B and T cell mitogens. During high dose prednisolonetherapy, there was a decrease in immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in lymphocyte proliferation to all mitogens. Studies using separated B andTcells showed that prednisolone treatment led to a decrease in both helper and suppressor T cell function but an enhancement of primary B cell function. When prednisolone was withdrawn, lymphocyte function rapidly returned to baseline levels. During prednisolone therapy, serum aminotransferase activities decreased by an average of 50%. In all patients, there was a subsequent rebound increase in serum aminotransferase activities 4 to 10 weeks after withdrawal of prednisolone. This was accompanied by a striking increase in suppressor T lymphocyte activity without significant changes in either helper T cell or B cell function. The close correlation between changes in helper and suppressor T lymphocyte function and serum aminotransferase activities during andafter immunosuppressive therapy suggests that immunoregulatory T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic type B hepatitis.
Seismic ground motions from a bolide shock wave

[1] An intensely brilliant bolide accompanied by an audible sonic boom occurred on the night of 3 November 2003 (∼2150 LT or 4 November 2003, 0350 UT) in northeastern Arkansas. The sonic boom was well recorded by 22 three-component stations of the Center for Earthquake Research and Information Cooperative Seismic Network. Arrival times and wave polarizations were used to reconstruct the acoustic wave front propagating across the network and to estimate trajectory parameters of the bolide. A grid search location technique constrains the trajectory and gives a reference height of 50–100 km above the southern edge of the network, an azimuth of propagation of 270°–290° toward the northwest and a plunge of 38°–48° downward. The trajectory and date of the bolide event are consistent with a Taurid shower meteor. Transient ground motions from the sonic boom were studied using plane wave, Cagniard-deHoop, and propagator matrix theory for an incident pressure pulse impinging on a layered elastic Earth model. General characteristics of the vertical and radial polarization and wave frequency content require acoustic coupling within a thin (∼10 m) near-surface layer with low P wave (∼0.25 km/s) and S wave (∼0.125 km/s) velocities. Ground motions are generally confined to this near-surface layer, are not sensitive to deeper Earth structure within the Mississippi embayment unconsolidated sediments, and display both “leaky” mode PL (a type of dispersed, P-type seismic wave) and “locked” mode Rayleigh wave propagation. Acoustic wave/ground motion coupling studies may be a useful way to analyze near-surface site responses to determine velocity structure in earthquake shaking hazard studies.
β-Expectation and β-Content Tolerance Limits for Balanced One-Way ANOVA Random Model

This article discusses procedures for computing tolerance limits for a population consisting of many batches. The results of Mee and Owen (1983) for one-sided β-content tolerance limits are extended to the two-sided case. In addition, β-expectation tolerance limit procedures are presented. The procedures given for the case in which the ratio of the between and within variances is known are exact, whereas the procedures derived for settings in which the ratio is unknown involve an approximation.
The Hydrogen Bond Mimic Approach: Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Peptide Stabilized as an α-Helix with a Hydrazone Link

Proteins are characterized by extensive hydrogen bonding that defines regular and irregular substructures. However, hydrogen bonds are weak and insufficient for stabilizing peptide conformation in water. Consequently, the biological activity of peptides is reduced. This led us to test whether a covalent mimic of the hydrogen bond could be used to stabilize peptide conformation in water. A solid-phase synthesis is described for replacing a main-chain hydrogen bond (NH → OCRNH) with a hydrazone link (N−NCH−CH2CH2) in peptides. The synthesis is easy to implement, rapid, and capable of high yields. The replacement of a putative (i + 4 → i) hydrogen bond with the hydrazone at the N terminus of acetyl-GLAGAEAAKA-NH2 (1) to give [JLAZ]AEAAKA-NH2 (2) converts it to a full-length α-helix in water at ambient temperature as indicated by NMR spectroscopy. The observation of weak dαN(i, i + 3), medium dNN(i, i + 1), and strong dαβ(i, i + 3) NOEs that span 2 establish the formation of a full-length α-helix in water. Jα...
Revitalizing Communities Together: The Shared Values, Goals, and Work of Education, Urban Planning, and Public Health

Inequities in education, the urban environment, and health co-exist and mutually reinforce each other. Educators, planners, and public health practitioners share commitments to place-based, participatory, youth-focused, and equitable work. They also have shared goals of building community resilience, social capital, and civic engagement. Interdisciplinary programs that embody these shared values and work towards these shared goals are emerging, including school-based health centers, full-service community schools, community health centers, Promise Neighborhoods, and Choice Neighborhoods. The intersection of these three fields represents an opportunity to intervene on social determinants of health. More collaborative research and practice across public health, education, and planning should build from the shared values identified to continue to address these common goals.
Measurements on A-15 films.

Description of a method for the preparation of A-15 superconducting films by cosputtering. This method is useful for the study of both alloying effects and crystal structure stability determinations. Measurements in the A-15 systems Nb3Al, Nb3Al sub .75 Ge sub .25, and V3Si prepared by this method are presented. In addition a new method for the preparation of V3Si by 'reactive diffusion' is presented.
New solutions for solute transport in a finite column with distance-dependent dispersivities and time-dependent solute sources

Summary Dispersivity is widely accepted to be scale-dependent. Numerous studies have been published for solute transport in porous media with distance-dependent dispersivities in infinite or semi-infinite domains which set the effluent boundaries to be infinitely far away. However, discussion of finite domains is often overlooked. In this study, two new semi-analytical solutions for solute transport in a finite column are developed with linear-asymptotic (LAF solution) or exponential distance-dependent (EF solution) dispersivities and time-dependent sources. These two solutions are compared with the corresponding solutions for semi-infinite domains (LAI and EI solutions). Results show that breakthrough curves calculated by the LAF/EF solution change faster and possess higher peak values than those calculated by the LAI/EI solution, and the discrepancies increase with the growth rate of the dispersivity and the asymptotic dispersivity. At a specific time, the concentrations calculated by the LAF/EF and the LAI/EI solutions are the same close to the solute source. However, the concentrations calculated by the LAF/EF solution are higher than those calculated by the LAI/EI solution after a certain distance from the source. Such distances decrease with the growth rate of the dispersivity and the asymptotic dispersivity. The performances of the LAF, EF, LAI and EF solutions do not differ much when they are applied to interpret the laboratory column tests conducted in both homogeneous and heterogeneous soil columns.
Effect of Ferritin on Short-Term Treatment Response in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objectives: Several studies have shown that iron deficiency and ferritin levels are associated with parent and teacher Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ratings. Although there are co...
The Whats We Teach about in a KM course: A Taxonomic Description of Two Ontological Narratives

I am, have been preparing to teach an undergraduate introduction to knowledge management. Even as an introduction, the subject-matter is quite complex. The subject-matter is a way of opening or unfolding or discovering a view, and a vocabulary, for seeing and understanding situations of decision-making and problem-solving in everyday organizational operations. Knowledge management is itself a view that corporations organize, order, and use knowledge to be competitive in the world of business. There are, for this discussion, two grand narratives (see Sontag, 2009, pp. 212-249 for Barthes’conceptualization) of knowledge management (this is not to say that there are only two narratives). One narrative in use is Davenport’s and Prusak’s as found in Working knowledge (2000) which is a continuation of a discussion started by Davenport with Prusak in their Information ecology (1997). A second grand narrative is Nonaka’s and Takeuchi’s The knowledgecreating company (1995) which is primarily a response to Peter Senge’s The fifth discipline (1990). Both are narratives about how corporations use knowledge to sustain their competitive advantage in the local and global marketplaces. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) especially point out that it is “organizational knowledge creation” (p. 3) which they are arguing makes Japanese companies globally competitive. One narrative is decidedly Western; the other is Eastern, specifically Japanese. Both narratives make use of an ontology, an understanding of knowledge in terms of its domains and taxonomies, in use within situations of sustaining a corporation’s competitive advantage. The brief taxonomic descriptions and definitions (given below) are not detailed but represent some of the major ideas of both narratives. For this essay, An ontology is what people know in their situations. An ontology, in all aspects or in part, can be tacit or silent, implicit, or explicit. An ontology is a basis for any method or set of procedures for doing something in an orderly and systematic manner. An ontology, consisting of one or more domains which are constituted in taxonomies, is a basic analytic category and deals with language affairs, social affairs, and action affairs. These are habits of action and language and styles of doing things and saying things; they are models of thinking and feeling in and about situations which are interactive and transactional habits. An ontology is a system or conceptualization (Gruber, 1993) of terms, mean
Gendered Physical and Emotional Health Consequences of Situational Couple Violence for Heterosexual Married and Cohabiting Couples

Research of intimate partner abuse has not adequately assessed the role of gender in situational couple violence (SCV). This research examines gendered effects of SCV on outcomes using longitudinal data from the United States National Survey of Family and Households. Results show gender asymmetries in physical health, depression, and fear outcomes of respondents exposed to SCV. Women exposed to physical SCV are less likely to report good physical health and more likely to report depression and fear than control-group women. No significant relationships are found for men. Implications suggest inclusion of outcomes when assessing gender symmetry in intimate partner abuse.
A case of disparity between pulse oximetry measurements and blood gas analysis values.

A 79-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit because of shortness of breath, dizziness, and confusion. He had a history of T cell prolymphocytic leukemia, which was not responding to therapy with fludarabine. His admission serum leukocyte count was 886,000 cells/L and his vital signs were: temperature 36.9°C, respiratory rate 28 breaths/min, heart rate 91 beats/min, and blood pressure 160/91 mm Hg. Chest auscultation revealed bibasilar rales. A chest computed tomogram (CT) revealed a diffuse ground-glass appearance of the lung fields and no evidence of pulmonary emboli. While receiving supplemental oxygen via a nonrebreather mask, his arterial oxygen saturation (measured via pulse oximetry [SpO2 ]) was 93%. Table 1 shows the concurrent arterial blood gas and hemoximetry data.
PSpice simulations of nonlinear transmission lines based on ferroelectric dielectrics

The search for efficient, compact, high-power conversion of electrical impulses into high power microwave energy is driving a modern rebirth of nonlinear transmission line studies. A nonlinear transmission line utilizes the nonlinear permittivities and permeabilities, e r and µ r for dielectrics and magnetics, respectively, to transform a fast-rising pulse front into microwave energy. The amplitude dependent phase velocity of nonlinear materials enables an input pulse of relatively slow rise time to be converted into a pulse exhibiting an extremely fast rise-time through the formation of an electromagnetic shockwave. A majority of research today is conducted on nonlinear magnetic materials, namely ferrites, with an impressive degree of success. By contrast, the University of Missouri - Columbia (UMC) has focused upon nonlinear transmission lines comprised of nonlinear dielectric materials in order to take advantage of some unique materials and techniques recently developed at UMC. Pulsed power generated from the nonlinear transmission lines indicate power levels on the order of 100 MW and response frequencies into the GHz range with simultaneous compression of pulses. A simulation study of nonlinear transmission line behavior under different parametric constraints is reported. The simulations were conducted in PSpice and utilize a custom-developed nonlinear dielectric model based upon laboratory data provided by commercial manufacturers of ferroelectric material. The model implemented in the study is discussed in detail and the compromises made to balance model accuracy with numerical convergence are discussed. A one-dimensional model of a coaxial transmission line filled with a ferroelectric material was implemented and the results are discussed.
Hunting for Hope in the Academy

Can academic scholarship harbor hope for humanity, or is it destined to become just another of many things that contribute to the demise of our species? Prodded by the unflinching observations of an eminent colleague, a journalist-turned-academic goes hunting for hope in the scholarship of her own field of mass media studies. Her search raises uncomfortable questions not only for herself, but for other academics who share her environmental concerns.
Programmable blind adaptive spatial filtering

In wireless communications, including cellular communication systems, spread spectrum overlay systems, and signals intelligence applications, the degradation caused by rapidly time-varying multipath and unknown co-channel interference can be reduced by adaptive spatial filtering using antenna arrays. In this paper we propose a flexible framework for adapting a spatial filter to extract signals of interest (SOIs) while rejecting signals not of interest (SNOIs) without using a training signal, array calibration data, or knowledge of spatial characteristics of the desired or interfering signals. The generic method within this framework exploits user-selected properties of the SOIs and/or SNOIs to transform the received data set into a new set in which the SOIs are more highly correlated between the two sets than are the SNOIs. The framework then applies the method of canonical correlation analysis to the original and transformed data sets to obtain a linear combining weight vector that performs the spatial filtering. Simulation results illustrate the performance of algorithms developed within the new framework. >
Twentieth-Century Drought in the Conterminous United States

Abstract Droughts can be characterized by their severity, frequency and duration, and areal extent. Depth–area–duration analysis, widely used to characterize precipitation extremes, provides a basis for the evaluation of drought severity when storm depth is replaced by an appropriate measure of drought severity. Gridded precipitation and temperature data were used to force a physically based macroscale hydrologic model at 1/2° spatial resolution over the continental United States, and construct a drought history from 1920 to 2003 based on the model-simulated soil moisture and runoff. A clustering algorithm was used to identify individual drought events and their spatial extent from monthly summaries of the simulated data. A series of severity–area–duration (SAD) curves were constructed to relate the area of each drought to its severity. An envelope of the most severe drought events in terms of their SAD characteristics was then constructed. The results show that (a) the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s wer...
Regional Patterns of Exurban Industrialization: Results of a Preliminary Investigation

This article reports preliminary results of current research into the changing spatial pattern of manufacturing in the contiguous states. Complete results are not due for two years. Results reporte...
Enteral infusion of glucose at rates approximating EGP enhances glucose disposal but does not cause hypoglycemia

Portal infusion of glucose at rates approximating endogenous glucose production (EGP) causes paradoxical hypoglycemia in wild-type but not GLUT2 null mice, implying activation of a specific portal glucose sensor. To determine whether this occurs in humans, glucose containing [3-3H]glucose was infused intraduodenally at rates of 3.1 mg. kg-1. min-1 (n = 5), 1.55 mg. kg-1. min-1 (n = 9), or 0/0.1 mg. kg-1. min-1 (n = 9) for 7 h in healthy nondiabetic subjects. [6,6-2H2]glucose was infused intravenously to enable simultaneous measurement of EGP, glucose disappearance, and the rate of appearance of the intraduodenally infused glucose. Plasma glucose concentrations fell (P < 0.01) from 90 +/- 1 to 84 +/- 2 mg/dl during the 0/0.1 mg. kg-1. min-1 id infusions but increased (P < 0.001) to 104 +/- 5 and 107 +/- 3 mg/dl, respectively, during the 1.55 and 3.1 mg. kg-1. min-1 id infusions. In contrast, insulin increased (P < 0.05) during the 1.55 and 3.0 mg. kg-1. min-1 infusions, reaching a peak of 10 +/- 2 and 18 +/- 5 micro U/ml, respectively, by 2 h. Insulin concentrations then fell back to concentrations that no longer differed by study end (7 +/- 1 vs. 8 +/- 1 micro U/ml). This resulted in comparable suppression of EGP by study end (0.84 +/- 0.2 and 0.63 +/- 0.1 mg. kg-1. min-1). Glucose disappearance was higher (P < 0.01) during the final hour of the 3.1 than 1.55 mg. kg-1. min-1 id infusion (4.47 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.1 mg. kg-1. min-1), likely because of the slightly, but not significantly, higher glucose and insulin concentrations. We conclude that, in contrast to mice, selective portal glucose delivery at rates approximating EGP does not cause hypoglycemia in humans.
Ruthenium red selectively inhibits oedema formation and increased blood flow induced by capsaicin in rabbit skin.

It has been suggested that ruthenium red has a selective inhibitory effect on capsaicin-induced nociceptor stimulation. We have investigated the effect of ruthenium red on oedema formation and vasodilatation induced by intradermal (i.d.) injection of capsaicin in the rabbit in vivo. Responses induced by capsaicin were inhibited by ruthenium red, but responses induced by bradykinin, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), platelet activating factor (PAF), histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were not affected. These results suggest that ruthenium red selectively inhibits capsaicin-induced local plasma protein leakage and vasodilatation in the rabbit skin microvasculature.
Preparing Teachers to Design Sequences of Instruction in Earth Systems Science: A Comparison of Three Professional Development Programs

This research study examined whether and how professional development can help teachers design sequences of instruction that lead to improved science learning. The efficacy of three professional development programs and a control condition was compared in a cluster randomized trial involving 53 middle school science teachers from a single school district. The four conditions varied along two dimensions: (a) the extent to which the programs guided teachers’ selection of curriculum materials and (b) whether or not teachers received explicit instruction in models of teaching associated with particular methods for designing instruction. Results indicated that the two programs most effective at improving students’ science learning were the ones in which teachers received explicit instruction in models of teaching.
Triangle impulse response (TIR) calculation for lossy transmission line simulation

Triangle impulse responses (TIRs) for lossy transmission lines are accurately calculated using both an inverse fast Fourier transform algorithm and an accelerated inverse Laplace transform algorithm. Frequency dependent transmission line parameters, i.e., R, L, G, and C, are employed to model the skin effect and the frequency dependent electrical properties of the substrate material. The calculated TIR can be further used to carry out time domain simulations for a large number of lossy transmission lines. Frequency dependent line parameters, R, L, G, and C should be used in specific cases to assure the causality of signal waveform, the accuracy of the time delay, and the amplitude of the waveform evaluations in the time domain.
The adapter importin‐α provides flexible control of nuclear import at the expense of efficiency

Although there exists a large family of nuclear transport receptors (Karyopherins), the majority of known import cargoes use an adapter protein, Importin-α (Impα), which links the cargo to a karyopherin, Importin-β (Impβ). The reason for the existence of transport adapters is unknown. One hypothesis is that, as Impα re-export is coupled to GTP hydrolysis, it can drive a higher concentration of nuclear cargo than could be achieved by direct cargo binding to Importin-β. However, computer simulations predicted the opposite outcome, and showed that direct transport is faster than adapter-mediated transport. These predictions were validated experimentally. The data, together with previous analyses of nuclear protein import, suggest that the use of adapters such as importin-α provides the cell with increased dynamic range for control of nuclear import rates, but at the expense of efficiency.
A unified methodology for pre-silicon verification and post-silicon validation

The growing importance of post-silicon validation in ensuring functional correctness of high-end designs increases the need for synergy between the pre-silicon verification and post-silicon validation. We propose a unified functional verification methodology for the pre- and post-silicon domains. This methodology is based on a common verification plan and similar languages for test-templates and coverage models. Implementation of the methodology requires a user-directable stimuli generation tool for the post-silicon domain. We analyze the requirements for such a tool and the differences between it and its pre-silicon counterpart. Based on these requirements, we implemented a tool called Threadmill and used it in the verification of the IBM POWER7 processor chip with encouraging results.
Evidence-based Neurosurgery

Abstracting Data The particular information that the studies must provideshould be determined in advance of review (to avoid intro-ducing bias). It is often helpful to create a data abstractionform to make the review easier and to help the reviewer focuson relevant facts. In general, the abstract should comprisecharacteristics of study design, characteristics of patients,treatment, and outcome. Because the goal of evidence sum-maries is to combine data from several studies, care must betaken to obtain comparable information from the studies. Sta-tistical techniques may be needed to transform results intostandardized scores that can be compared and possibly com-bined across studies. TABLE 4. Qualitative characteristics for studies of prognosisor natural history a Y Patients are assessed at a uniform time in their disease.Y Patients are observed prospectively for a designated period.Y Patient outcomes are measured definitively and reliably.Y Patients are part of a continuous or defined cohort of atleast 25 patients.Y Patients are examined for extraneous prognostic variables.
Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Methanethiol in Aqueous Slurries of Soy Protein Concentrates

: Aqueous slurries of 6 commercial soy protein concentrate (SPC) contained from 9.8 to 21.7 ppb methanethiol, which corresponds to odor values (in water) of 49 to 108. Effects of temperature (5.5, 24, and 65°C), pH (4.8,6.6, and 9.0), transition metals (FeCl3, FeCl2, and CuCl2), lipoxygenase, and EDTA on methanethiol levels in SPC slurries were investigated. Higher temperature (65°C), basic pH (9.0), transition metals, lipoxygenase, and EDTA caused significant increases in methanethiol compared with the control. CuCl2 caused greater increases in methanethiol than FeCl3 and FeCl2. In contrast, treatments with lower temperature (5.5°C) or acidic pH (4.8) resulted in lower levels of methanethiol in all commercial SPC samples examined.
Signal peptides having standard and nonstandard cleavage sites can be processed by Imp1p of the mitochondrial inner membrane protease.

We have performed a site-directed mutagenesis study showing that residues comprising the type I signal peptidase signature in the two catalytic subunits of the yeast inner membrane protease, Imp1p and Imp2p, are functionally important, consistent with the idea that these subunits contain a serine/lysine catalytic dyad. Previous studies have shown that Imp1p cleaves signal peptides having asparagine at the −1 position, which deviates from the typical signal peptide possessing a small uncharged amino acid at this position. To determine whether asparagine is responsible for the nonoverlapping substrate specificities exhibited by the inner membrane protease subunits, we have substituted asparagine with 19 amino acids in the Imp1p substrate i-cytochrome (cyt)b 2. The resulting signal peptides containing alanine, serine, cysteine, leucine, and methionine can be cleaved efficiently by Imp1p. The remaining mutant signal peptides are cleaved inefficiently or not at all. Surprisingly, none of the amino acid changes results in the recognition of i-cytb 2 by Imp2p, whose natural substrate,i-cyt c 1, has alanine at the −1 position. The data demonstrate that (i) although the −1 residue is important in substrates recognized by Imp1p, signal peptides having standard and nonstandard cleavage sites can be processed by Imp1p, and (ii) a −1 asparagine does not govern the substrate specificity of the inner membrane protease subunits.
Activation of the Liver X Receptor Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-induced Lung Injury *

The liver X receptors (LXRs) have been known as sterol sensors that impact cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Although the hepatic functions of LXRs are well documented, whether and how LXRs play a pathophysiological role in the lung remain largely unknown. Here we show that LXRα and LXRβ are expressed in both type I and type II mouse lung epithelial cells, as well as in human lung cancer cells. To study the role of LXRα in vivo including the pulmonary function of this LXR isoform, we created LXRα knock-in (LXR-KI) mice in which a constitutively activated LXRα (VP-LXRα) was inserted into the mouse LXRα locus. We show that activation of LXR in LXR-KI mice or LXR agonist-treated wild type mice induced pulmonary expression of genes encoding multiple antioxidant enzymes. Consistent with the induction of antioxidant enzymes, LXR-KI mice and LXR ligand-treated wild type mice showed a substantial resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury and decreased production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, we have uncovered a novel role of LXR in regulating antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the implication of this regulation in pulmonary tissue protection.
The PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism and risk of cognitive impairment in a longitudinal study.

Abstract The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-γ gene has been associated with reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes. Although diabetes has been implicated as a risk factor for dementia, the association of Pro12Ala with cognitive impairment is unclear. Dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) were determined during six annual follow-up evaluations in a cohort of 929 older Latinos. Among those with diabetes at baseline, there was an increased rate of dementia/CIND for Ala carriers compared to non-carriers (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–4.9) but not among non-diabetic participants (adjusted HR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.49–1.8). Among males, there was also an increased rate for Ala carriers (adjusted HR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.2) but not among female carriers (adjusted HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.47–1.6). The rate of dementia/CIND was highest in diabetic male Ala carriers (adjusted HR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.5–11) compared to non-diabetic male carriers (adjusted HR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1–7.4), diabetic female carriers (HR = 1.6; 95% CI: 0.66–4.1), and non-diabetic female carriers (HR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.21–1.3). These data suggest that although the Ala variant is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, it may increase the risk of cognitive impairment in individuals once diabetes has developed. Male Ala carriers may also have a greater risk of dementia/CIND.
Modified immunogenicity of a mucosally administered antigen.

Streptococcus mutans is present in the saliva of most individuals and is modified by salivary components bound to the cells. These saliva-bound S. mutans are swallowed, exposed to high levels of acidity in the stomach, and presented to the common mucosal immune system. Much effort has been directed to identifying the specific S. mutans antigens that the mucosal immune responses are directed against. However, little is known about the host-altered antigenic determinants that the mucosal immune system recognizes. The immunogenicity of gastrically intubated untreated S. mutans cells, cells coated with whole human saliva, cells treated with HCl (pH 2.0), and saliva-coated and acid-treated cells in mice was investigated. Saliva and serum samples were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies, respectively, against the untreated or treated S. mutans cells. In general, the levels of salivary IgA and serum IgG antibodies to the antigen against which the mice were immunized were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, human saliva and serum samples from 12 subjects were assayed for naturally occurring antibody against the untreated or treated S. mutans cells. In every case, significantly higher reactivity was directed against the saliva-coated and acid-treated cells followed by the saliva-coated S. mutans. These results provide evidence for the altered immunogenicity of swallowed S. mutans in humans by coating native S. mutans antigens with salivary components and/or denaturing surface S. mutans antigens in the acidic environment of the stomach, which would lead to an immune response to modified S. mutans determinants and not to native S. mutans antigens.
Pleurectomy decortication for mesothelioma: The procedure of choice when possible.

From the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, NewYork, NY. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Oct 9, 2015; accepted for publication Oct 13, 2015; available ahead of print Nov 21, 2015. Address for reprints: Raja M. Flores, MD, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai Health System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1023 New York, NY 10029 (E-mail: raja.flores@mountsinai.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:310-2 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.10.036
Charging Orders: How Exclusive is Exclusive?

Several state LLC, LP and LLP statutes provide charging order protection for these entities which may provide substantial protection from creditors beyond that which available with a corporation. Many of these statutes indicate the charging order is the exclusive remedy available to creditors. Is charging order protection this strong? There are only limited cases on point. Recent case law in this emerging area of judicial development provides a glimpse of how exclusive the charging order currently is. These cases also inform the factors courts look at and approaches a court may take when determining how exclusive the charging order remedy is.
Enabling real-time ultrasound imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties by simplification of the shear wave motion equation

Ultrasound based shear wave elastography (SWE) is a technique used for non-invasive characterization and imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties. Robust estimation of shear wave propagation speed is essential for imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties. In this study we propose to estimate shear wave speed by inversion of the first-order wave equation following directional filtering. This approach relies on estimation of first-order derivatives which allows for accurate estimations using smaller smoothing filters than when estimating second-order derivatives. The performance was compared to three current methods used to estimate shear wave propagation speed: direct inversion of the wave equation (DIWE), time-to-peak (TTP) and cross-correlation (CC). The shear wave speed of three homogeneous phantoms of different elastic moduli (gelatin by weight of 5%, 7%, and 9%) were measured with each method. The proposed method was shown to produce shear speed estimates comparable to the conventional methods (standard deviation of measurements being 0.13 m/s, 0.05 m/s, and 0.12 m/s), but with simpler processing and usually less time (by a factor of 1, 13, and 20 for DIWE, CC, and TTP respectively). The proposed method was able to produce a 2-D speed estimate from a single direction of wave propagation in about four seconds using an off-the-shelf PC, showing the feasibility of performing real-time or near real-time elasticity imaging with dedicated hardware.
Foreword to 'By Nature Equal? The Anatomy of a Western Insight'

Professors Coons and Brennan offer a "realist" theory of human equality. They first distill a "conventional" definition of human equality - combining the conversational method of "common sense" philosophy with the law professor's method of constructing a "reasonable person standard." They then move with acuity and alacrity down the long honor roll of Western philosophers, theologians, and natural law theorists in search of antecedents and allies for their theory. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca, Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, Luther, Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson, Kant, and a host of others are all put in the dock for close examination of their theories of equality. Coons and Brennan let these historical luminaries speak on their terms, sometimes at length. They do not coach their historical witnesses to use language or to reach conclusions that suits the thesis of their book. Virtually all these luminaries give credible testimony to support portions of the authors' thesis. But none expounds it outright. The authors then stitch together the testimony they have gathered from the tradition and restate their thesis about human equality. The last section of the volume sketches the pertinence of the thesis for contemporary discussions of liberty, equality, and fraternity, justice, rights, and the common good.
Abstract 5176: PPARγ acetylation governs differentiation function.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of nuclear receptors (NRs) that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes and cancer. PPARγ regulates lipid homeostasis by activating the transcription of key genes that are responsible for lipid biosynthesis. NRs undergo post-translational modification including phosphorylation and acetylation. Direct nuclear receptor acetylation by histone acetyltransferases regulates ligand sensitivity and growth properties. Using mass spectrometry and in vivo labeling assays we showed that PPARγ is acetylated in cultured cells. Inhibition of endogenous TSA-sensitive and NAD-dependent deacetylase activity enhanced Pparγ acetylation. SIRT1 bound and deacetylated Pparγ at K154/155. These lysine residues of Pparγ were required for adipocyte differentiation function and determined distinct gene expression signaling pathways. The lysine residues governing sumoylation (K77) and acetylation (K154/155) were shown to have dissociable functions in regulating cell-cycle, gene expression, gene promoter activity, and protein stability. Breast tumor growth, de novo lipid synthesis, induction of autophagy and evasion of apoptosis was promoted by K154/155 and inhibited by K77 in vivo. Pparγ acetylation induced a gene signature that was increased in breast cancer, associated with a reduction in SIRT1 abundance and poor outcome. These studies suggest that the Pparγ lysine motif regulates both ligand-dependent receptor stability and receptor-dependent gene expression and cell functions. Pparγ and SIRT1 signaling converge in vivo to regulate breast tumor lipid metabolism and growth. Citation Format: Lifeng Tian, Chenguang Wang, Fred K. Hagen, Mathew Casimiro, Anthony A. Sauve, Richard G. Pestell. PPARγ acetylation governs differentiation function. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5176. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5176
STUDY OF SKIN FACTORS FOR THE FILLED SAND CONTROL WELL

Basis on the gravel packing sand control theory, the flux distributing into each resistance section was introduced in the paper. The changing of velocity of flow was analyzed, the laminar skin and the turbulent skin in the damage district and the shot hole were derived with the pressure drop when the perforations were through the contaminated district or not. At the same time, the turbulent skin and the convergence skin for frac -packing were presented. By the contrast between the model of this paper and numerical value, the formulas of this paper were in reason to provide theoretic base for sand control gravel packing.
No Loitering: Exploiting Lingering Vulnerabilities in Default COM Objects.

The Component Object Model (COM) facilitates the creation of software plugins for applications running in Microsoft Windows. ActiveX is a common instantiation of this infrastructure, and uses COM to create plugins for Internet Explorer. As vulnerabilities in COM objects included in the installation of Windows have been found, Microsoft has responded by blacklisting their use by specific applications. In this paper, we demonstrate that the defense mechanisms protecting vulnerable COM objects can be easily circumvented. Specifically, our attack exploits systemic transitive trust among COM objects and allows for the instantiation and exploitation of any of several hundred known flawed controls. After demonstrating this weakness on fully patched Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 machines, we design and implement a system-wide enforcement architecture called COMBlocker, which checks the instantiation of COM objects against a global policy. We then show that COMBlocker is an effective mitigation for such attacks while imposing minimal overhead (approximately 0.5ms per policy check). In so doing, our techniques make the exploitation of default COM objects significantly more difficult.
A study of prolongation of obstetric anesthesia

The clinical and biochemical effects of prolonging obstetric anesthesia were studied at cesarean section, using Pentothal, nitrous oxide, and succinylcholine. Mother, fetus, and newborn infant were evaluated. The average interval between the first injection of Pentothal and delivery was 36 minutes. Maternal respiratory gas and acid-base levels remained stable, as did uterine metabolism. Apgar scores were lower and more vigorous resuscitation was necessary with prolongation of anesthesia. The nitrous oxide concentrations in maternal, fetal, and newborn blood were significantly greater in this series of cases than in those delivered more rapidly. Effects of high nitrous oxide contents on newborn arterial oxygenation are discussed.
Maxima and Minima in Several Variables

This chapter discusses the maxima and minima in several variables. When one looks in a microscope, if the linear approximation has a nondegenerate graph and one can move in any direction, at least a little, then one can increase or decrease the linear function. In other words, one cannot be at either a maximum or a minimum. This is the proof of the interior critical point theorem, The extreme value theorem does not apply for a minimum of a function that is not defined on a bounded region. However, one can use max-min theory to show that the critical point is a minimum.