cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary value problems of mixed type arising in the kinetic theory of gases

The linear integro-differential equation \[\frac{{\partial xu}}{{\partial t}}(t,x) + u(t,x) - \frac{1}{{\sqrt \pi }}\int_{ - \infty }^\infty {\exp \left( - y^2 \right)} u(t,y)dy = f(t,x),\]$t \in (0,\tau )$, $x \in \mathbb{R}$, is interpreted in functional form as a relation between the mappings $f:[0,\tau ] \to L_2 (\mathbb{R},\mu )$ and $u:[0,\tau ] \to L_2 (\mathbb{R},\mu )$ in a weighted Hilbert space $L_2 (\mathbb{R},\mu )$. It is shown that this equation, together with the appropriate boundary conditions, defines a well-posed problem in $L_2 (\mathbb{R},\mu )$.
Dithiocarbamates enhance tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by rabbit alveolar macrophages, despite inhibition of NF-kappaB.

The tissue-fixed macrophage (Mphi) plays a key role in coordinating the excessive inflammatory response following shock or sepsis. Reactive oxygen intermediates have been recently described as second messengers involved in signal transduction in these cells, including the activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1. The dithiocarbamates are potent antioxidants that inhibit NF-kappaB activation. We postulated that dithiocarbamates would inhibit Mphi activation via inhibition of NF-kappaB. Rabbit alveolar Mphi were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and exposed to either pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) followed by stimulation with LPS (10 ng/mL). Supernatants were analyzed for TNF and prostaglandin E2, (PGE2) and F2-isoprostane (ISP), a marker of membrane lipid peroxidation, production at 18 h. PDTC and DDTC significantly enhanced production of TNF while inhibiting PGE2 and ISP production compared with LPS alone (p < .05). Northern blots revealed increased mRNA for TNF after pretreatment with PDTC, compared with LPS alone. Western blots and oligonucleotide gel shifts of nuclear proteins revealed inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by both PDTC and DDTC. AP-1 activity was shifted to earlier time points by PDTC pretreatment. These results demonstrate transcriptional and functional enhancement of TNF production despite inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. This may be due in part to a loss of autocrine feedback inhibition by PGE2 and enhancement of AP-1 activity. On the basis of these results, we conclude NF-kappaB may be necessary but, in contrast to prior analyzes, is not sufficient for optimal response of the alveolar Mphi to endotoxin.
Terrestrial macroinvertebrates captured with a baited ramp-pitfall trap from five limestone caves in North Alabama and Georgia (USA) and their association with soil organic matter

Abundance and species richness of terrestrial cave invertebrates are not well known but are thought to be constrained by nutrient (food) supplies. A standard sampling procedure for collecting cave invertebrates does not exist. The majority of cave systems in the southeastern USA (e.g. Alabama and Georgia) have not been extensively sampled for invertebrates. We tested a baited ramp-pitfall trap for collecting terrestrial invertebrates from caves and investigated whether macroinvertebrate abundance and species richness follow total organic matter (TOM) levels from cave soils. In 14-day sampling periods, we captured 21,204 invertebrates from 14 orders comprising at least 44 species from five caves in north Alabama and Georgia. Diptera was the most frequently captured order, comprising 18 species and over 91% of our captures. Overall, our traps were successful at sampling terrestrial invertebrates from caves; however, species richness and abundance did not always correlate with TOM concentration.
The Effects of a Rotational Cattle Grazing System on Elk Diets in Arizona Piñon–Juniper Rangeland

I t is not uncommon to hear statements such as these in the western United States. Dietary overlap between cattle and wild herbivores such as elk or deer has been 1 reported in various regions, seasons, and ecosystems. Competition between two species occurs when a shared resource is in limited supply or when the presence of one species disturbs the other. The simple fact that space and forage resources are shared might or might not, however, constitute a negative interaction between cattle and elk. 1 Studies in central Arizona 2 found that although diet similarity was high in certain years and seasons, there was actually little inter-specific competition between cattle and elk overall. Factors such as scale, season, and forage availability influ- ence the likelihood and degree of competition. Overgrazing isdetrimentaltosustainedlivestockandwildlifeproductivity. Livestock grazing can, however, be applied to positively manipulate habitat for wildlife. A review by Krausman et al. 3 cites a Montana case study in which a rotational cattle graz- ing system “maintained productive cover and forage for elk while enhancing native vegetation condition on all of the managed areas.” DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i1_t olleson
Correlated gammas using CGM and MCNPX

Abstract Transport codes like MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended) which are based primarily on experimentally derived data libraries at energies below approximately 100 MeV are reliable and predictive in transporting and producing neutrons and gammas. However, they are deficient in the microscopic sense because of the inability to produce correlated secondary particles. Neutrons will produce the average number of gammas at each collision regardless of the specific neutron reaction. Consequently, capture gammas may be produced by elastic collisions and inelastic gammas may be produced by capture. To remedy this deficiency the Cascading Gamma-ray and Multiplicity (CGM) V3.4 code has been integrated into MCNPX V2.7.0. The CGM code is based on Hauser–Feshbach and optical models. This paper details an overview of the CGM code integration into MCNPX followed by a test case highlighting the gamma spectrum and multiplicities from the CGM/MCNPX code. The test case provides gamma spectrum and multiplicities for the ( n ,γ) reaction on 56 Fe using thermal neutrons. A second test case highlights gamma correlation for the ( n ,γ) reaction on 56 Fe using thermal neutrons using three coincidence detectors.
Biologic potential of human aging in the 21st century

Abstract Aging may be defined as a set of predictable, gradual and inevitable changes that occur in healthy persons with the passage of time. One goal for the 21st century is to let older people improve their lives, which comes largely through controlling the cost of health care. Another goal is to identify and desseminate the potential of human biology in later life to the majority of our population. The third goal is to use space-age technology in addressing the chronic diseases that inflict older members of our society. These changes will bring about a golden future in which we age independent, robust and in good health.
Aircraft flight flutter testing at the NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility

Many parameter identification techniques have been used at the NASA Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Facility at Edwards Air Force Base to determine the aeroelastic stability of new and modified research vehicles in flight. This paper presents a summary of each technique used with emphasis on fast Fourier transform methods. Experiences gained from application of these techniques to various flight test programs are discussed. Also presented are data-smoothing techniques used for test data distorted by noise. Data are presented for various aircraft to demonstrate the accuracy of each parameter identification technique discussed.
A proportional wire chamber system for beam definition in precision total cross section measurements

Abstract We have developed and extensively used a PWC system in precision measurements of total cross sections at low momenta (0.4–1.1 GeV/ c ) and at high momenta (23–370 GeV/ c ). This “electronic collimator” operated simultaneously in a fast (250 ns) decision making mode, and a slower (0.5 ms) readout mode. The decision making mode utilized adjustable hardwired logic to define acceptable incident beam trajectories and reject multiple beam tracks. A sample of the events was read into an on-line computer for beam tuning, for chamber diagnostics, and for study of the effect of small angle scattering to verify the total cross section extrapolation procedure.
Unsteady flow through helicopter rotors

Es wird ein Beitrag geliefert zur Stutzung der schon fruher geausserten Uberzeugung, dass nichtstationare Stromungsanteile das Schwingungsverhalten und die aeroelastische Stabilitat von Helikopter-Drehflugeln wesentlich beeinflussen konnen. Die Untersuchung betont besonders den Dampfungsverlust, welcher sich aus den entlang der Spannweite eines schwebenden Drehflugels schraubenformig abgehenden Wirbeln ergibt. Gemass dem Bedurfnis fur verbesserte Mittel zur Behandlung nichtstationarer aerodynamischer Vorgange werden zwei neue theoretische Entwicklungen beschrieben und zum Berechnen von Luftkraften auf typische schwingende Drehflugel angewendet. Die erste dieser Arbeiten erfasst auf zweidimensionaler Basis das Vorhandensein einer Bodenebene. Es wird angenommen, dass die Wirbel im Abwinde des schwebenden Drehflugels durch die Bodenebene nicht zuruckgeworfen, sondern schnell zerstreut werden. Als Resultat zeigt sich, dass die einer spezifischen Schwingungsform entsprechende aerodynamische Dampfung durch den Einfluss des Bodens, der praktisch etwa zwei Drehflugel-Durchmesser hinaufreicht, im allgemeinen vergrossert wird. Die zweite der vorgelegten Theorien betrifft die dreidimensionale Stromung uber ein schwingendes Flugelblatt, welches als tragende Linie und unter Vernachlassigung der Krummung seines Abwindes untersucht wird. Numerische Rechnungen sind ziemlich muhsam, aber mittels Rechenmaschinen ohne weiteres durchfuhrbar. In einem herausgegriffenen typischen Beispiele zeigte sich, dass die Luftkrafte bedeutend kleiner sind als die von der Streifentheorie angezeigten, dass aber die Phasendifferenz zwischen Anstellwinkel und Luftkraften fast unverandert bleibt.
Natural processes in the phonologies of four error-rate groups

Abstract Processes involved in the misarticulations of 97 children were used to identify patterns associated with error rate. Results indicated that while no processes are unique to subjects with higher error rates, the moderate and high error-rate children either used more processes in unusual ways or overused a few, less-differentiated processes. Groups of intercorrelating processes were determined by factor analysis.
Approach to Equilibrium of Electrons, Plasmons, and Phonons in Quantum and Classical Plasmas

The approach to equilibrium of electrons, plasmons, and phonons in finite-temperature plasmas is studied in the random phase approximation. It is first shown that for an electron plasma in equilibrium, the long-wavelength, well-defined, plasmons contribute a term to the free energy which is appropriate to a collection of independent bosons. In order to study nonequilibrium processes, an explicit plasmon distribution function is introduced. The matrix element for plasmon-electron coupling is calculated in the random phase approximation, and second-order perturbation theory is used to write down the equations which couple the electron and plasmon distribution functions. Equilibrium is shown to result from the competition between the spontaneous emission of plasma waves by single fast electrons and the Landau damping of the plasma waves due to the same group of particles. The equation for the time rate of change of the electron distribution function reduces, in the classical limit, to a Fokker-Planck equation in which there appear diffusion and friction terms associated with plasma waves, of the type first considered by Klimontovitch. When an initial arbitrary nonequilibrium electron distribution is considered, it is seen that a plasma wave instability corresponds to coherent excitation of plasma waves by the electrons in contrast to the incoherent excitation associated with spontaneous emission. The method is generalized to two-component electron-ion plasma in which well defined acoustic plasma waves exist, by introducing an explicit distribution function for the phonons (the acoustic plasmons). The approach to equilibrium and the two-stream instability are derived and discussed for the coupled electron-phonon system; results similar to those obtained for the electron-plasmon system are found.
Testing and analytical procedures for laboratory studies involving nonresponders during a limited observation period: an illustration using male sexual behavior in rats

In many laboratory studies, a subpopulation of subjects fails to exhibit the response under investigation during the period of observation. For example, within any population of male rats, there is significant variation in the expression of sexual behavior in the presence of a receptive female. Some males may never display the full sequence of behaviors leading to ejaculation within the typical time frame of the testing session, with the resulting lack of behavioral response presenting problems in the analysis of the data. Conventional strategies range from screening such males from the study or dropping them from the analysis to constructing new variables based on estimates from existing parameters or increasing the length of the test session to capture sexual responses in a greater portion of males. Herein, we present an alternative strategy for analyzing data where outcomes are absent due to the limited observation period. Survival regression analysis enables inclusion of all subjects in the analysis whether or not they have shown the behavior of interest. Use of such a strategy not only has potential to reveal new results but also guards against bias from excluding nonresponders from the study or dropping more males from one experimental condition than another. Furthermore, this procedure can be helpful in generating the conditional probability (increase, decrease, or constant) of the response with the passage of time based on the hazard function and in estimating parameters for establishing an optimal behavioral test length for future studies.
Effect of diet and sex on kidney transamidinase activity in the rat.

SummaryThe in vitro kidney transamidinase activity of female rats supplied with a purified diet and of chow-fed male rats was found to be approximately 50% of that of male rats supplied with the purified diet. This accounts for much of the variability that has previously been found in normal kidney transamidinase activity. The female rats did not have a greater creatinuria than the comparable male rats, but the chow-fed male rats exhibited moderate creatinuria. Extra dietary glycine did not increase the transamidinase activity of the female or chow-fed rats. Also, glycine had no effect on urinary excretion of creatine by creatine-fed rats. These observations indicate that there are factors other than creatine which limit the activity of kidney transamidinase.
THE EFFECT OF LENGTH OF CS-US INTERVAL AS A FUNCTION OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN A COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL.

(1963). The Effect of Length of CS-US Interval as a Function of Body Temperature in a Cold-Blooded Animal. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 197-201.
Highly scattering optical system identification via frequency response analysis of NIR-TRS spectra.

Frequency response analysis via pulse testing is often used for the characterization of engineering systems. Near infrared-time resolved spectroscopy (NIR-TRS) is a frequently used technique for the analysis of biological system properties. Since the TRS input is a very sharp photon pulse, a well designed TRS input pulse can produce a multi-frequency response over the useful frequency range for the system identification. This new approach for analyzing NIR-TRS provides new optical system parameters (e.g., magnitude ratio and phase shift at multi-frequencies, system time constant, system order, and steady state gain) that are not available by traditional TRS spectra analysis. In this paper, the basic theory of pulse reduction is introduced for the multi-modulation frequency response of TRS spectra. Homogeneous system response with various absorption and scattering properties were analyzed for the multi-system parameters. In heterogeneous systems, the position of the localized absorber is correlated with the multi-parameters, which can ultimately be used to enhance medical imaging.
Social Interaction Linkages in the Service Satisfaction Model

SUMMARY Many of the articles in this special issue on customer satisfaction are dealing with very specific concerns associated with explaining tourist and customer satisfaction. This article is more generic in nature and reaches down to a more fundamental level of recognizing that the locus of satisfaction resides between the service provider and customer. It is the interaction process that transpires between these roles that creates a dissatisfied or satisfied, and in some cases a delighted tourist. The approach taken is largely qualitative because of its theoretical nature. It draws from the fields of social psychology, leisure-tourism, sociology, and business that offer insight into how best to handle and manage such social interactions. It is proposed that this intrinsic interaction model is key to unlocking the complex exchange mechanisms between the service provider and the tourist customer. This article is an initial step in examining the positive interaction process that leads to reinforcing satis...
Habits and Movements of the Adult Pine Root Collar Weevil in Young Red Pine Plantations

Marking and trapping studies were used to learn about the behavior and habits of adults of Hylobius radicis Buchanan. More than 32% of the insects marked were recaptured, some of them several times. Behavior and movement of the adults appear to depend on light intensity and, to some extent, weather. Adults nearly always remain under the duff within 50 centimeters of the tree base in the daytime where their activities other than “resting” include feeding on the bark of the bottom branches, mating, and ovipositing. After sunset, adults move away from the base of the tree. Later in the evening they climb trees and move between trees by walking or, rarely, by flying. Nightly journeys between trees varied from 2 to 10 meters, and 1 insect moved at least 117 meters in 21 days. The adult's habits have led to a silvicultural control method and suggest several chemical control opportunities.
A quantitative test of the Einstein–Debye relation using the shear dependence of viscosity for low molecular weight liquids

The Einstein–Debye relationship gives the time, λ EB, for Brownian motion to remove the alignment of polar molecules resulting from an imposed electrical field after the field is removed. Measurements of the dielectric relaxation time and the shear-dependent viscosity in low-molecular-weight liquids, however, show that the theoretical Einstein–Debye rotational relaxation time is much better correlated with the characteristic time in the Carreau law for low-molecular-weight liquids than with the dielectric relaxation time. In fact, the dielectric relaxation time of bis(phenoxyphenoxy)benzene is better approximated by the ratio of viscosity to limiting-high-rate shear modulus. Flow curves for the low molecular weight, monodisperse liquids, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and squalane, can be well-represented by the Carreau law with the Einstein–Debye time as the characteristic time. Doing so yields the standard form for time–temperature–pressure superposition.
Enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-preclavulone-A

Abstract An enantio- and stereospecific synthesis of 2 , corresponding to the marine eicosanoid, (−)-preclavulone-A, is reported.
An Analysis of Discrimination Skills as a Process of Organizational Learning

Analyses four firms to determine if they develop the ability to be selective and to determine what factors have the greatest impact on discrimination. Discrimination skills involve the ability to discriminate or to discern differences among decision situations and to choose appropriate behaviours or actions for each situation. The factors which seem to be most important to the development of discrimination skills are commitment to past success programmes, utilizing people across divisions/structures, and the salience of the situation. The discrimination skills were apparent by the decision rules that were developed and told.
A note on extended locality

Conditions for the validity of extended locality are derived within the framework of the theory of local observables. It is shown that extended locality is equivalent to the condition that the algebra of all local observables contain no non-trivial translationally invariant operators. It is then shown that the derivation of extended locality can be generalized so as to apply to a wider class of regions.
Seizure probability in animal models of acquired epilepsy: A perspective on the concept of the preictal state

The concept of a preictal state is based on the belief that it may be possible to predict seizures before they occur. The preictal state is viewed as a time period when a seizure is practically inevitable, or at least a period of greatly increased seizure probability. Changes in seizure frequency may provide insight into how seizure probability increases after brain injury. Here, time-dependent changes in the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures after brain injury are summarized from published, nearly continuous, electrographic (EEG) recordings of kainate-treated rats and neonatal rats subjected to hypoxia-ischemia. For these animal models, seizure frequency - and thus seizure probability - was a sigmoid function of time after the brain injury. This observation differs from the traditional view, where the development of epilepsy after brain injury is a step-function of time, and the latent period is the time between a brain injury and the first spontaneous seizure. Based on backward extrapolation of the plots of seizure frequency versus time, these data suggest that seizure probability increases continuously during the latent period. Also, spontaneous recurrent seizures frequently occurred in clusters, suggesting that the intra-cluster seizure intervals are periods of high seizure probability. Thus, seizure probability progressively increases as a function of time after an epileptogenic brain injury, and is particularly high between seizures within a cluster, as compared to the time between clusters. These data suggest that the detectors of the preictal state need to be accurate (and tested) over a very wide range of seizure probabilities, and that studies on the physiological events that occur during seizure clusters may provide insight on the properties of the preictal state.
A review and classification of combined simulation

In this paper we have classified the major combined simulation languages into six approaches. The approaches are useful for understanding the historical development and current direction of combined simulation modeling. We have also characterized the functional capabilities of these languages. We have further traced the relationships of the languages over time. The relationships show which languages have evolved from other languages. Finally, from the context of the classification and relationships, many of the unresolved research issues are presented. While we have reviewed all of the languages, particular emphasis has been placed on the object-oriented languages since they have not been thoroughly reviewed to date.
Ion-pairing control of excited-state electron-transfer reactions. Quenching, charge recombination, and back electron transfer

The rate constants for the oxidative quenching of {sup *}Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} by MV{sup 2+} (k{sub q}) and the charge recombination reaction between Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} and MV{sup .+} in bulk solution (k{sub rec}) and the cage escape yields of the redox products ({eta}{sub ce}) were determined as a function of added electrolytes (Na{sup +} salts of oxyanions and halides) and temperature (10-60{degree}C) in aqueous solution. At 25{degree}C and constant [anion], k{sub q} and k{sub rec} are a function of the specific anion. Activation energies for k{sub q} and k{sub rec} for ClO{sub 4}{sup -} are nearly 30% lower than the average values for the other salts. Values of {eta}{sub ce} show anion-specific trends opposite to those for k{sub q} and k{sub rec}. The reactant cations are extensively ion-paired by the dominant anions in bulk solution, and a similar situation is proposed to exist within the quenching solvent cage. {Delta}H{sup dagger} (activation enthalpy) and {lambda} (solvent reorganization energy) were evaluated for k{sub ip} and back electron transfer within the solvent cage (k{sub bt}) and were found to be smallest for ClO{sub 4}{sup -} and I{sup -}. The correlation that exists between k{sub ip} or k{sub bt} and the standard freemore » energy of hydration ({Delta} G{degree}{sub hyd}) of the anions indicates that the rates of electron transfer between the cationic reactants are greatest in the presence of anions that have the most weakly-held hydration sphere and the greatest ability to break the water structure. 33 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Effect of estrogens on the activities of cholesteryl ester synthetase and cholesteryl ester hydrolases in pigeon aorta

Abstract This study is the first to report the effect of conjugated equine estrogens on the activity of cholesteryl ester synthetase and cholesteryl ester hydrolases in the aorta. In spontaneously atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons, estrogens significantly decreased ( P P
An adjustable monochromatic beta source

Abstract The construction and performance of a relatively small, lightweight and inexpensive 90° beta decay spectrometer magnet is described. The spectrometer provides an adjustable quasi-monochromatic beam of electrons which is virtually free of γ-ray contamination. The device constitutes a versatile tool for testing, detector development and calibration in nuclear and particle physics.
Analysis of the reflection grating couplers for waves at oblique incidence

A perturbation analysis of a reflection grating for waves at oblique incidence is given. Three canonical equations governing the behavior of the reflection grating are systematically deduced, and from them the power-conservation principle and reciprocity are established. The characteristics of the output coupler are obtained with particular reference to both the direction and the polarization of the radiated waves. The important features of an input coupler are investigated with particular emphasis on the direction and the polarization of the incident wave and the length of the grating that lead to the maximum of the input-coupling efficiency. The guided wave can have its electric or magnetic field polarized normal to its sagittal plane, and the grating can be incorporated either on the conducting surface or on the film-cover interface. The relative merits of these four different schemes of operation of the reflection grating are discussed with reference to their applications as output and input couplers.
Corotation torques in the solar nebula - The cutoff function

The behavior of high-order corotation resonances in a disk of finite thickness is examined. The torque exerted at an mth-order resonance is determined by employing a vertically averaged disturbing function, and the ratio of this torque to that exerted on a cold, two-dimensional disk is identified as the so-called torque cutoff function. This function is then used to calculate contributions from the corotation torques to eccentricity variations of a perturber's orbit assumed orbiting in the disk.
Thrombosis of a descending thoracic aortic endovascular stent graft in a patient with factor V Leiden: case report

We present a case of a 14 year old Caucasian male who underwent initially successful endovascular repair of a traumatic injury to the descending thoracic aorta. The patient had undiagnosed Factor V Leiden at the time of the endovascular repair. He later presented with thrombosis of the endovascular stent graft, necessitating open removal of the stent graft and replacement of the involved aorta with a Dacron graft.
Can carbon monoxide prevent infection-mediated preterm birth in a mouse model?

Problem Preterm birth is frequently caused by intrauterine infection and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that carbon monoxide (CO), which is produced endogenously, has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Whether or not CO can prevent infection-mediated preterm birth is unknown. Methods Mice were assigned to one of four groups: sham infection, sham infection + CO, infection, or infection + CO. Infections were established by intra-uterine injection of Escherichia coli on day 14 of pregnancy. Animals received daily i.p. injections of 1 mL CO-saturated lactated ringers solution (LRS) or LRS alone beginning on the morning of surgery. Gestational age at delivery and litter characteristics was noted. In second experiment, animals were sacrificed 24 hrs post-surgery and tissues were harvested for cytokine analyses. Results Escherichia coli intrauterine infection increased the number of animals delivering preterm. This effect was significantly ameliorated by CO-LRS. CO-treatment also increased litter size and weights of the surviving offspring. Cytokines in the amniotic fluid and the placenta were increased by E. coli exposure, but CO had no detectible effect on E. coli-stimulated cytokine production. No effects of CO were detected in sham-infected animals. Conclusion Supplemental CO improves pregnancy outcome after intrauterine infection and may function at a point downstream of, or through pathways independent of, induction of proinflammatory cytokines.
Calibration procedure for Slocum glider deployed optical instruments

Recent developments in the field of the autonomous underwater vehicles allow the wide usage of these platforms as part of scientific experiments, monitoring campaigns and more. The vehicles are often equipped with sensors measuring temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll a fluorescence (Chl a), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence, phycoerithrin (PE) fluorescence and spectral volume scattering function at 117 degrees, providing users with high resolution, real time data. However, calibration of these instruments can be problematic. Most in situ calibrations are performed by deploying complementary instrument packages or water samplers in the proximity of the glider. Laboratory calibrations of the mounted sensors are difficult due to the placement of the instruments within the body of the vehicle. For the laboratory calibrations of the Slocum glider instruments we developed a small calibration chamber where we can perform precise calibrations of the optical instruments aboard our glider, as well as sensors from other deployment platforms. These procedures enable us to obtain pre- and post-deployment calibrations for optical fluorescence instruments, which may differ due to the biofouling and other physical damage that can occur during long-term glider deployments. We found that biofouling caused significant changes in the calibration scaling factors of fluorescent sensors, suggesting the need for consistent and repetitive calibrations for gliders as proposed in this paper.
An experimental technique for design of practical Wireless Power Transfer systems

Wireless Power Transfer using magnetically coupled resonators has been widely used for biomedical and consumer electronics applications. However, typical analysis of wireless power transfer has focused on standard operating conditions (linear power source and fixed impedances Z s = Z L = Z 0 ) and is not applicable for practical applications. In this work we use experimentally obtained S-parameters to accurately model and analyze a WPT system driven by a linear or non-linear power source with arbitrary source impedance (Z s ) delivering power to an arbitrary load impedance (Z L ). Using this approach, we define a framework to evaluate the performance of WPT in terms of two metrics i.e. efficiency and power delivered to the load. The proposed technique can help designers accurately predict and analyze the behavior of WPT systems in practical applications.
Sex-Specific Movement Response of an Estuarine Sciaenid (Cynoscion nebulosus) to Freshets

During a 2.5-year acoustic telemetry study in a Louisiana estuary (Calcasieu Lake), two major freshets occurred (peak river flows >350 m3 s−1) in separate years and seasons, which provided an opportunity to evaluate the movement response of adult spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) to large pulses of freshwater entering the estuary. A total of 172 spotted seatrout (101 females, 49 males, and 22 fish whose sex was unknown) were implanted with acoustic transmitters (battery life ~1 year) and released across four separate tagging events in the spring and fall of both 2007 and 2008; the movements of these fish were monitored by an estuarine-wide array of 60 receivers. Both freshets considerably reduced salinities in the upper bay, from 15–20 to 10 km) to the lower bay where salinities were higher (10–20). This sex-specific movement response to changing salinities has not been explored or demonstrated previously in spotted seatrout. Accordingly, these results provide environmental mangers with unique information on how salinity dynamics affect the accessibility of this economically and ecologically important species to both anglers and scientific surveys. This information also provides insight into how this species may respond to large-scale freshwater diversions that are being planned as part of coastal restoration efforts along the Gulf coast of the USA. More broadly, our results add to a limited but growing body of evidence that environmental preferences of estuarine and coastal fishes often differ between sexes and that the variable abiotic conditions, so characteristic of estuaries, can have important behavioral consequences for mobile organisms living in these systems.
Methylcyclopentane Conversion Catalysis over Zeolite-Y EncagedRhodium: A Test for the Metal–Proton Adduct Model

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) has been studied overzeolite Y supported rhodium catalysts with a variety of protonconcentrations. Ring opening (RO) of MCP to hexane isomers iscatalyzed by metal sites, but ring enlargement (RE) of MCP tocyclohexane and benzene requires metal sites and acid protons.The activity for RE of Rh/HY is 2.5 times higher than that ofphysical mixtures of neutralized Rh/NaY(neutr)and HY with the samenumber of metal and acid sites at 200°C. This illustrates theimportance of proximity between metal and acid sites andsuggests that rhodium–proton adducts,[RhnHx]x+,behave ascollapsed bifunctional sites.Initial overall activity at 200°Cdecreases with increasing proton concentration in the orderRh/SiO2> Rh/NaY(neutr)> Rh/NaY > Rh/HY.In contrast to RE, theintrinsic activity of rhodium–proton adducts for RO is muchlower than that of proton-free Rh clusters. This difference isnot caused by preferential site blocking with coke precursors, asfollows from temperature-programmed oxidation of the catalystafter MCP reaction. Likewise, cyclopentane H/D exchange, areaction that specifically probes for uncovered metal sites,shows that the free metal surface in Rh/HY decreases only by25% upon exposure to MCP. Since the activity differences betweenRh/HY and Rh/NaY cannot be attributed to different metalcoverages with carbonaceous deposits, it follows that thedecrease in RO activity with increasing proton concentration ofthe zeolite results from coverage of metal sites with carbeniumions, which is a direct consequence of metal–proton adduct formation.
Morphological and kinetic partitioning of comonomer in random propylene 1-butene copolymers

Abstract The partitioning of the 1-butene co-unit between crystalline and non-crystalline regions of random, homogeneous propylene 1-butene copolymers (PB) has been studied by WAXD, 13 C NMR, and FTIR in a series of copolymers with a concentration of 1-butene ranging from 2 to ∼ 20 mol%. A partial inclusion of the 1-butene co-unit in the crystallites is identified by the expansion of the unit cell, and quantified by extracting 13 C NMR spectra of the crystalline regions. For slowly cooled copolymers, about 30% of the chain’s 1-butene co-units are incorporated into the crystallites. Analyses of FTIR absorbances associated with crystalline 1-butene provide additional quantitative information on the morphological partitioning of the co-unit and give evidence to support that the incorporation of the comonomer into the crystalline regions is controlled by crystallization kinetics. The presence of the comonomer in the crystalline region affects the observed vibration of the most sensitive iPP 3/1 regularity bands associated with the evolution of crystallites, i.e. 841 cm −1 (12 isotactic units). The frequency of this band shifts toward higher values with increasing comonomer and with increasing undercooling, in support of an increasing concentration of entrapped crystalline 1-butene. The frequency shift is absent in copolymers with co-units that are excluded from the crystalline regions, such as the 1-octene comonomer.
The respiratory quotient has little value in evaluating the state of feeding in burn patients.

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is frequently used to predict over or under feeding in burn patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of RQ obtained from indirect calorimetry to assess feeding adequacy in pediatric burn Intensive Care Unit patients. We evaluated pediatric patients who received enteral nutrition by continuous duodenal tube feeding at a calculated goal rate in the burn intensive care unit from January 2003 to March 2006. RQ lower than 0.85 indicated underfeeding and RQ greater than 1.0 indicated overfeeding. Actual energy intake was recorded and compared with the energy intake divided by measured resting energy expenditure. Underfeeding was defined as a nutritional regimen providing 110% of caloric requirements. On the basis of regression analysis, there was no relationship between energy intake divided by measured resting energy expenditure and RQ (R2 = 0.0059). There was also no relationship between measured RQ and the degree of feeding (N = 222). RQ 1.0 as an indicator of overfeeding had a poor sensitivity of 23% and a specificity of 85%. The RQ, used in isolation, is a poor method to assess over or underfeeding. Future prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal methodology for the assessment of nutritional needs in children with burn injury.
Diminished survival of human cytotrophoblast cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and associated reduction of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor

Objective The antiapoptotic action of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF)–like growth factor and its regulation by O 2 constitutes a key factor for trophoblast survival. The hypothesis that cytotrophoblast survival is compromised by exposure to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury, which may contribute to preeclampsia and some missed abortions, prompted us to investigate HBEGF regulation and its role as a survival factor during H/R in cytotrophoblast cells. Study Design A transformed human first-trimester cytotrophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo was exposed to H/R (2% O 2 followed by 20% O 2 ) and assessed for HBEGF expression and cell death. Results Cellular HBEGF declined significantly within 30 minutes of reoxygenation after culture at 2% O 2 . H/R significantly reduced proliferation and increased cell death when compared with trophoblast cells cultured continuously at 2% or 20% O 2 . Restoration of cell survival also was achieved by adding recombinant HBEGF during reoxygenation. HBEGF inhibited apoptosis through its binding to either human epidermal receptor (HER)-1 or HER4, its cognate receptors. Conclusion These results provide evidence that cytotrophoblast exposure to H/R induces apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation. HBEGF accumulation is diminished under these conditions, whereas restoration of HBEGF signaling improves trophoblast survival.
Expression of the cloned subunits of bacterial luciferase from separate replicons.

Summary The lux A and lux B genes of Vibrio harveyi encoding the alpha and beta subunits of bacterial luciferase, were cloned individually into Escherichia coli in two different compatible plasmids. Active luciferase was formed in an amount equal to that produced in cells carrying a plasmid with the cloned genes on a single fragment.
The Body Political and the Body Ecclesiastical

AWELL-KNOWN analogy compares the church and its members or the state and its classes of citizens to the human body and its parts. The "organic analogy" for describing the body political and the body ecclesiastical is in common usage today. Although classical authors apply the analogy only to the state, and Christian writers beginning with St. Paul apply it to the church, there is a definite interrelationship in the two uses. In tracing the course of these two concepts, my intention is to show that the connection is due to derivation from a common source: a fable of Aesop.
Von Willebrand antigen II (vWAgII) distinguishes acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AvWS) due to decreased synthesis from that due to increased clearance of vWF. |[dagger]| 795

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is bleeding disorder that develops de novo in an individual with a negative past personal and family history of bleeding in association with laboratory studies indicative of von Willebrand disease. This diagnosis can be difficult to distinguish from hereditary von Willebrand syndrome, especially in children. Potential mechanisms causing AvWS include decreased protein synthesis, increased proteolysis of mature von Willebrand factor or accelerated clearance of mature vWF(on an immunologic or adsorptive basis). VWF is synthesized in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes as a pre-propolypeptide that undergoes proteolytic cleavage forming the propolypeptide (vWAgII) and mature vWF. These two proteins are immunologically distinct. We hypothesized that since vWAgII has different functional and immunological characteristics from mature vWF, levels of vWAgII should be normal or increased in states of increased vWF clearance or proteolysis. In contrast, levels of vW AgII should parallel those of mature vWF in states of decreased protein synthesis. We studied 24 individuals, 3-79 years of age, referred for evaluation of AvWS. All 24 had reduced levels of vWF antigen, mean 17±3 u/dL. There was a striking difference in vWAgII levels for the 5 individuals with hypothyroidism when compared to all other individuals, mean 55±4 for hypothyroid subjects v. 120±13 u/dL for all other diagnoses (p=.0001). We had previously shown that the ratio of vWF antigen to vWAgII in normal plasma and in plasma from individuals with type 1 von Willebrand disease was unity. This ratio was markedly different between the groups with AvWS, mean vWF/vWAgII for hypothyroid subjects was 0.53±.11 v. 0.14±.04 for other diagnoses (p=.02). In support of the hypothesis that decreased vWF and vWAgII levels in hypothyroidism are secondary to decreased protein synthesis, 4 patients demonstrated normalization of both vWF and vWAgII following thyroid replacement. Although no subject studied had an inhibitor of vWF ristocetin cofactor activity, 3 euthyroid subjects who underwent DDAVP trials demonstrated accelerated clearance of vWF antigen. vWAgII successfully differentiates AvWS caused by decreased synthesis from AvWS due to increased clearance of vWF.
In-vitro mineralization of hypomineralized dentine induced by strontium and fluoride in the rat

Abstract Fluoride and strontium are capable of inducing hypomineralized layers of rat incisor dentine. Sections containing such altered dentine were incubated in mineralizing solutions ( CaXP i = 1.6 mM 2 /l) to assess the ability of the poorly mineralized regions to take up mineral at various time intervals following injection. Microradiography and microdensitometry revealed that at all intervals (1–4 days) a substantial amount of mineral was accumulated within the hypomineralized regions. Electron microscopic examination revealed that this accumulating mineral followed the usual pattern of forming along and within the collagen fibres and was not present in the predentin. A direct relationship was found between the ability of the hypomineralized matrix to mineralize and its degree of hypomineralization. The ability of the hypomineralized dentine to mineralize in vitro soon after its formation (at a time when it is not mineralizing appreciably in vivo ) is discussed in relation to the mechanisms involved in the development of abnormally mineralized dentine.
Critical considerations in the assessment of health and environmental risks — What we have learned from the nuclear experience

The radiological experience has produced some sophisticated approaches to estimating the environmental risks of anthropogenic chemicals, based on well-validated models for both health effects and exposure assessment. As to exposure assessment, site- and situation-specific data must be acquired for quantitative predictions. However, the requirements for quantitative estimation are often overlooked, even with the radiological models. Metabolism or other chemical processes, also, may more profoundly alter a chemical contaminant than they would a radioelement. Suitably developed models provide useful guidance in deciding what kinds of data to get and how extensive particular data bases need to be.
The Relationship between Wide Reading and Listening Comprehension of Written Language

This study was the first to examine the relationship between wide reading and listening comprehension in the first language. It answered two questions concerning this relationship. First, higher le...
Inversion of GPS data for spatially variable slip-rate on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA

We analyze GPS data collected from 1991-1998 at 35 sites near the Parkeld segment of the San Andreas Fault. Inverting the resultant site velocities for the distri- bution of interseismic slip-rate on the San Andreas reveals an area of low slip-rate on thefault extendingfrom between Middle Mountain and Carr Hill to southeast of Gold Hill. This slip-rate patternis similar to thatfoundbyHarris and Segall(1987) using trilateration data collected between 1966 and 1984. We infer a deep slip-rate (33 mm/yr) and depth of the transition between seismogenic and non-seismogenic slip(14km)thatagree betterwithindependentgeologic ev- idence than those found in the 1987 study. In contrast to Harris and Segall(1987), wendnoevidenceoffault-normal contraction.
Using Curriculum-Based Measurement to Monitor Kindergarteners' Mathematics Development.

The purpose of this study was to examine technical and instructional features of a kindergarten curriculum-based measurement (CBM) tool designed to track students’ mathematics progress in terms of ...
Contemporary approaches to the management of irritability and aggression following traumatic brain injury

In this paper, the principal means of managing irritability and aggression following traumatic brain injury (TBI) will be briefly reviewed. The paper will initially consider the prevalence of irritability, what it is and some of the likely causes that drive the condition. Aggression will then be similarly contemplated. Prior to a discussion regarding those methods most regularly employed in their management, the attention of the reader will be directed to a range of methodological issues that need to be considered in relation to reporting treatment efficacy, including lack of homogeneity and the need to use standardised assessment tools. Three principal management approaches will then be described and appraised, these being pharmacology, psychotherapy, and behaviour therapy. Within the discussion of psychotherapeutic methods, special mention will be made with regard to use of cognitive behaviour therapy, and two detailed case studies will be employed to illustrate issues relating to both cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy.