cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AI Models and Their Worlds: Investigating Data-Driven, AI/ML Ecosystems Through a Work Practices Lens

When we invoke the “future of work,” to whose work do we refer? This paper considers everyday work practices through which contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) ecosystems are made possible. The “future of work” is often talked about in relation to the anticipated domain settings where AI/ML systems might be implemented and the labor conditions such implementations might re-configure (foreseeing or noting changes in medical/health, legal, or manufacturing work, for example). This paper turns our attention to the various forms of labor that must be undertaken to conceive of, train/test, deploy, and ongoingly maintain AI/ML systems in practice. In particular, this paper draws on an ongoing ethnographic endeavor in a large, global technology and consulting corporation and leverages a work practices lens to examine three themes: curating datasets (everyday work practices of data pre-processing); tending models (everyday work practices of training, deploying, and maintaining predictive models); and configuring compute (everyday work practices of back-end infrastructuring, commonly called “DevOps”). This paper considers the value of a work practices lens in studying contemporary sociotechnical labor ecosystems. By locating the work practices through which AI/ML systems emerge, this paper shows that these technologies indeed require considerable human labor, at the same time they are often talked about as drivers of automation and displacers of work. This extends discourses around the “future of work,” giving light to the various standpoints and experiences of labor such imaginaries implicate and ongoingly re-configure.
Old Monsters, Old Curses: The New Hysterical Woman and Penny Dreadful

Penny Dreadful’s Vanessa Ives is not the quintessential hysterical woman of the Victorian era, even though her supernatural symptoms match the diagnostic criteria popularised by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Instead, she is a new hysterical woman who fights actual monsters, not symbolic ones that feed her psychosis. In a modern horror film, such sentiment would support a conservative impulse; in a neo-Victorian series, it illuminates the problematic origins of psychiatry. Unlike the male hysterics in her midst, Vanessa is a self-actualised woman who reclaims her madness from patriarchal diagnosis as victim, victor and villain, exposing the complexities of hysteric reclamation in feminist theory.
Onyx Embolization of Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas and Its Impact on Intraocular Pressure and Recurrence: A Case Series.

Background Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are acquired pathological shunting lesions between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus leading to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). CCFs are commonly treated via endovascular embolization, which theoretically restores physiological pressure differentials. Objective To present our institutional data with CCF treated with embolization and discuss endovascular routes, recurrence rates, and dynamic IOP changes. Methods Retrospective analysis of 42 CCF patients who underwent Onyx (Covidien, Irvine, California) embolization and pre- and postoperative IOP measurement at a single institution. Results CCFs were 19.0% direct (type A) and 81.0% indirect (types B, C, or D). Onyx-18 liquid embolisate was used during all embolizations. Overall rate of total occlusion was 83.3% and was statistically similar between direct and indirect fistulas. Preoperative IOP was elevated in 37.5%, 100.0%, 75.0%, and 50% in type A, B, C, and D fistulas, respectively. Average ΔIOP was -7.3 ± 8.5 mmHg (range: -33 to +8). Follow-up time was 4.64 ± 7.62 mo. Full angiographic occlusion was a predictor of symptom resolution at 1 mo (P = .026) and 6 mo (P = .021). Partial occlusion was associated with persistent symptoms postoperatively at 1 mo (P = .038) and 6 mo follow-up (P = .012). Beyond 6 mo, negative ΔIOP was associated with continued symptom improvement. Recurrence occurred in 9.5% of patients, all of which were indirect CCFs. Conclusion Onyx embolization of CCF is an effective treatment for CCF and often results in the reversal of IOP elevation. Full occlusion predicts favorable clinical outcomes up to 6 mo. Postoperative IOP reduction may indicate favorable long-term clinical outcomes.
On the performance evaluation of stochastic finite elements in linear and nonlinear problems

Abstract Due to the inherent uncertainties in various systems, deterministic approaches may not be able to satisfactorily characterize their response. In such cases, stochastic approaches that can systematically consider uncertainties have to be employed. In the past, many stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA) methods have been developed for uncertainty quantification (UQ), among which the perturbation methods, intrusive and non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion (IPCE/NIPCE) methods and stochastic collocation (SC) methods have received considerable attention. However, in mechanics, most of the applications of these methods are confined to relatively simple problems, and the applicability and performance of these methods to complex nonlinear mechanics problems are not clear. To this end, this study carried out an investigation on the performance of different SFEA methods in linear and nonlinear problems. Numerical studies show that the NIPCE and SC methods are superior in terms of accuracy among other methods in the linear elastic case. The NIPCE method is also used for UQ in stochastic models with plasticity and nonlocal elastoplastic damage. The results demonstrate that the stochastic averages can be significantly different from the deterministic results, which indicates the necessity of considering UQ for improving response predictions.
On thin continua

Abstract We introduce the notion of thin continua: a continuum is thin if every nondegenerate subcontinuum has nonempty interior. We prove that such continua are locally connected and we investigate their mapping properties. We also investigate universal thin dendrites of a given order.
Blood Flow Restriction Training for Athletes: A Systematic Review:

Background:Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a novel technique involving the use of a cuff/tourniquet system positioned around the proximal end of an extremity to maintain arterial flow while restric...
System risk quantification and decision making support using functional modeling and dynamic Bayesian network

Abstract Risk-informed decision-making requires a probabilistic assessment of the likelihood of success of control action, given the system status. This paper presents a systematic state transition modeling approach integrating dynamic probabilistic risk assessment with a decision-making process using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) coupled with functional modeling. A functional model designed with multilevel flow modeling (MFM) technique was used to build a system state structure inferred by energy, mass, and information flow so that one can verify the developed model with respect to system functionality. The MFM model represents the causal relationship among the nodes, which captures the structure of process parameters and control units. Each node may have multiple possible states, and the DBN structured by the MFM model represents the time-domain transitions among the defined states. The MFM-DBN integrated state transition modeling is a white-box approach that allows one to draw the system's risk profile by updating the system states and supports the decisions probabilistically with physical inference. An example of a simple heating system has been used to illustrate this process, including decision-making support based on quantitative risk profile. For demonstrating its applicability to a complex system operational decision making, a case study of station blackout accident scenario leading to the seal loss of coolant accident in a nuclear power plant is presented. The proposed approach effectively provided the risk profile along time for each option so that the operators can make the best decision, which minimizes the plant risk.
Hydration State and Hyaluronidase Treatment Significantly Affect Porcine Vocal Fold Biomechanics.

Summary Objectives The understanding of vocal fold hydration state, including dehydrated, euhydrated, rehydrated tissue, and how hydration affects vocal fold biomechanical properties is still evolving. Although clinical observations support the benefits of increasing vocal fold hydration after dehydrating events, more mechanistic information on the effects of vocal fold dehydration and the beneficial effects of rehydration are needed. Alterations to hyaluronic acid (HA), an important component of the vocal fold extracellular matrix, are likely to influence the biomechanical properties of vocal folds. In this study, we investigated the influence of hydration state and HA on vocal fold tissue stiffness via biomechanical testing. Study design Prospective, ex vivo study design. Methods Fresh porcine vocal folds (N = 18) were examined following sequential immersion in hypertonic (dehydration) and isotonic solutions (rehydration). In a separate experiment, vocal folds were incubated in hyaluronidase (Hyal) to remove HA. Control tissues were not exposed to any challenges. A custom micromechanical system with a microforce sensing probe was used to measure the force-displacement response. Optical strain was calculated, and ultrasound imaging was used to measure tissue cross-sectional area to obtain stress-strain curves. Results Significant increases (P ≤ 0.05) were found in tangent moduli between dehydrated and rehydrated vocal folds at strains of e = 0.15. The tangent moduli of Hyal-digested tissues significantly increased at both e = 0.15 and 0.3 (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Vocal fold dehydration increased tissue stiffness and rehydration reduced the stiffness. Loss of HA increased vocal fold stiffness, suggesting a potential mechanical role for HA in euhydrated vocal folds.
Preliminary preclinical study of Chol-DsiRNA polyplexes formed with PLL[30]-PEG[5K] for the RNAi-based therapy of breast cancer.

Abstract RNA interference molecules have tremendous potential for cancer therapy but are limited by insufficient potency after i.v. administration. We previously found that Chol-DsiRNA polyplexes formed between cholesterol-modified dicer-substrate siRNA (Chol-DsiRNA) and the cationic diblock copolymer PLL[30]-PEG[5K] greatly increase the activity of Chol-DsiRNA against a stably expressed reporter mRNA in primary murine syngeneic breast tumors after daily i.v. dosing. Here, we provide a more thorough preliminary preclinical study of Chol-DsiRNA polyplexes against the therapeutically relevant target protein, STAT3. We found that Chol-DsiSTAT3 polyplexes greatly increase plasma exposure, distribution, potency, and therapeutic activity of Chol-DsiSTAT3 in primary murine syngeneic 4T1 breast tumors after i.v. administration. Furthermore, inactive Chol-DsiCTRL polyplexes are well tolerated by healthy female BALB/c mice after chronic i.v. administration at 50 mg Chol-DsiCTRL/kg over 28 days. Thus, Chol-DsiRNA polyplexes may be a good candidate for Phase I clinical trials to improve the treatment of breast cancer and other solid tumors.
Teaching Geriatric Social Work in Health Care

The acute care hospital setting provides valuable and varied opportunities for teaching, learning, and doing in gerontological social work practice. The special knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for this practice are rooted in generic social work theory and practice, as well as in the special biopsychosocial perspectives of health care. A three-tier practice model is offered in an attempt to conceptualize gerontological content. In providing staff development programs social work departments must be alert to address the issues and needs of the older populations in teaching content. Suggestions for specific staff development courses and program modalities in gerontological social work are given.
Les Passions de L’ame et L’Ontopoiesie de la Vie

En Grece, le choeur des neuf Muses, filles de Mnemosyne, resumait la culture de l’âme, et l’education qui fait les hommes libres, libres a deployer leur esprit. Euterpe et Thalie, Calliope et Clio, Terpsichore et Erato, Uranie et Polymnie, Melpomene, les neuf soeurs etaient tout naturellement associes au trio des Grâces, filles de Venus. Les disciplines qu’elles symbolisaient avaient pour tâche de liberer l’esprit. Pour Tymieniecka, il n’y a pas de limite, parceque tout est liaison, co-relation, concert, orchestration, interdependance; elle est a l’ecoute du silence qui permet d’entendre l’âme, et cette conversation au-dela de la logique qu’entretiennet les choses avec “the unity with everything-there-is-alive” (“l’unite de tout ce qui vit”) du seul fait de leur coexistence et de leur compenetration en unite. Liberer l’esprit, voila la vocation de Tymieniecka. Ainsi donc, atteint-elle l’humain et l’universel. Toute oeuvre d’artiste ne vaut que rajeunie et comme enflammee par la lumiere naturelle, cette etincelle divine de l’imagination creatrice, car notre nature n’est pas matiere opaque et neutre, mais germination de formes vivantes qui souhaitent, pour croitre, beneficier des formes parentes.
Performance modeling and interpretive simulation of PIM architectures and applications

Processing-in-Memory systems that combine processing power and system memory chips present unique algorithmic challenges in the search for optimal system efficiency. This paper presents a tool which allows algorithm designers to quickly understand the performance of their application on a parameterized, highly configurable PIM system model. This tool is not a cycle-accurate simulator, which can take days to run, but a fast and flexible performance estimation tool. Some of the results from our performance analysis of 2-D FFT and biConjugate gradient are shown, and possible ways of using the tool to improve the effectiveness of PIM applications and architectures are given.
AEROSPACE MEDICAL AND BIOENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS IN LIFTING-BODY AND RESEARCH-AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS.

Pilot performance requirements in lifting body and reentry vehicles in hypersonic and subsonic flights
Changing practice patterns in erectile dysfunction: a diagnostic algorithm for the new millennium.

In the era when there was only one cause-specific treatment for erectile dysfunction (vasoactive penile injection), most patients could be safely directed to therapy following a good sexual history, assessment of medical risks, and physical examination. Without diagnostic testing, efficacy and satisfaction was a matter of chance. The next millennium will see the development of multiple oral agents for the management of male sexual dysfunction. These agents with their differing mechanisms of pharmacological action (central initiators, central conditioners, and peripheral modulators) present for the first time the possibility of cause-specific therapy. Currently with only 1 pill available, clinicians are compelled to categorize patients as having oral-agent—responsive or oral-agent—resistant erectile dysfunction (ED). For the time being, we may categorize patients as: Viagra (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY) successes or Viagra failures. But when faced with a laundry list of options for ED, the role of erectile function testing will assume a two-fold importance: (1) establishing an etiology specific diagnosis and (2) formulating a treatment plan with a reasonable likelihood of success. Patients failing first-line therapy by primary caregivers will seek the expertise of specialists; they will want to know not only what is wrong with them but also why a specific agent has failed to reverse their ED. We must be prepared to meet these demands; our diagnostic algorithms must incorporate these new pharmacological agents. Our prescribing patterns, to be successful, must have some objective basis. ED testing will need to produce vascular profiles to predict which drug or combination of drugs (oral, cutaneous, urethral, intracavenosal) will effectively restore erection. Conversely, to spare patients the frustration and the potential side effects of empiric trials, ED testing will need to determine whether patients would be better served by a mechanical solution, a vacuum erection device or penile prosthesis.
Exponential maps of Sobolev metrics on loop groups

We find conditions for the exponential map on a weak riemannian Hilbert manifold to be a nonlinear Fredholm map of index zero and apply the result to left-invariant Sobolev metrics on loop groups.
Measurement of the cp asymmetry in semimuonic b decays produced in ppbar collision at √s= 1.96 TeV

The authors measure the asymmetry between positive and negative same-sign muon pairs originating from semileptonic decays of pairs of B hadrons. Low transverse momentum dimuon pairs are evaluated to determine B hadron content using a log likelihood fit to two-dimensional impact parameter significance templates. Corrections are made for asymmetries arising from the detector, trigger, and hadrons which are reconstructed as muons. Using 1.1 million muon pairs from data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 fb{sup -1}, they find 210,000 same-sign muon pairs with both muon candidates coming from B decays. After corrections, they measure a semileptonic asymmetry from neutral B mixing of A{sub SL} = 0.0080 {+-} 0.0090(stat) {+-} 0.0068(syst). This asymmetry can be interpreted as a constraint on the complex phase of the CKM matrix element V{sub ts} by using the B{sup 0} neutral mixing contribution measured at the B factories. They measure the CP violating asymmetry from B{sub s} mixing to be A{sub SL}{sup s} = 0.020 {+-} 0.028.
Making the Soviet Intelligentsia: Universities and Intellectual Life under Stalin and Khrushchev

Making the Soviet Intelligentsia explores the formation of educated elites in Russian and Ukrainian universities during the early Cold War. In the postwar period, universities emerged as training grounds for the military-industrial complex, showcases of Soviet cultural and economic accomplishments and valued tools in international cultural diplomacy. However, these feted Soviet institutions also generated conflicts about the place of intellectuals and higher learning under socialism. Disruptive party initiatives in higher education - from the xenophobia and anti-Semitic campaigns of late Stalinism to the rewriting of history and the opening of the USSR to the outside world under Khrushchev - encouraged students and professors to interpret their commitments as intellectuals in the Soviet system in varied and sometimes contradictory ways. In the process, the social construct of intelligentsia took on divisive social, political and national meanings for educated society in the postwar Soviet state.
Non‐Work/Work

Non-work/work refers to the relationship between one's work and non-work life. Keywords: history of findings; models to study non-work/work issues; conclusions
A remark on Bower's estimate for the one-element Markov learning model.

For the case of the one-element Markov learning model for which the guessing parameterp is assumed known the efficiency of Bower's method of moments estimatorc + for the learning parameter,c, is found. It seems that althoughc + is not eficient, for some practical value ofc it is not very inefficient. Ifp andc are small,ĉ, the maximum likelihood estimate, andc + have approximately the same first term when expanded in powers ofp.
The Transitory Nature of Negative Earnings and the Implications for Earnings Prediction and Stock Valuation

The value-irrelevance of losses largely results from the transitory nature of losses and the diminished relationship between current and future earnings. This study develops a sales-based model of future normal earnings that is useful in analyzing future earnings prospects of loss firms. Results indicate that the developed model is associated with future earnings realizations and current stock price and is shown to be incrementally value-relevant (with book value) in price regressions for loss firms. Investigation of the relative valuation role of the prediction model provides evidence that the model is associated with equity value for loss firms expected to survive.
Comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy

We investigated comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy by using information from structured telephone interviews with 1,948 adult probands with epilepsy and 1,411 of their parents and siblings. Epilepsy was defined as a lifetime history of two or more unprovoked seizures, and migraine as severe headaches with two or more of the following symptoms: unilateral pain, throbbing pain, visual aura, or nausea. Cumulative incidence of migraine to age 40 was 24% in probands with epilepsy, 23% in relatives with epilepsy, and 12% in relatives without epilepsy. Using Cox proportional hazards analysis to control for years at risk and gender, the rate ratio for migraine was 2.4 (95% CI, 2.02 to 2.89) among probands and 2.4 (1.58 to 3.79) among relatives with epilepsy in comparison with relatives without epilepsy. Migraine risk was highest in probands with epilepsy due to head trauma, but it was significantly higher in every subgroup of probands than in unaffected relatives when probands were stratified by seizure type, age at onset, etiology of epilepsy, and history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives. Age-specific incidence of migraine among probands was increased to a greater extent after onset of epilepsy than before, but it was also significantly increased more than 5 years before onset and 1 to 5 years before onset. These results indicate that migraine and epilepsy are strongly associated, independent of seizure type, etiology, age at onset, or family history of epilepsy.
Effect of Delignification on In Vitro Digestion of Alfalfa Cellulose

Abstract Alfalfa forages containing low or high content of cell walls were ground in a Wiley mill through 1- or 8-mm screens. Portions of the forages were delignified with permanganate. Delignified and intact alfalfas were digested in vitro to ascertain rate and extent of digestion of cell wall and cellulose. Initial and residual cell wall and cellulose were greater for intact high cell wall and 8-mm alfalfa than for low cell wall and 1-mm alfalfa whereas potentially digestible (initial minus undigestible) cell wall and cellulose did not differ. Cellulose content of delignified forages was considerably greater than that of intact forages. Cell wall of low cell wall digested slightly faster (.0550/h) than high cell wall (.0485/h), and 8-mm forage had a slightly higher rate of digestion (.0505/h) of cell wall than 1-mm (.0485/h). Within intact or delignified alfalfas, cellulose digested similarly for either cell wall amount or particle size. Cellulose of delignified forages had a longer digestion lag (23h) than intact forages (4.5 to 6.0h), but once cellulose digestion began, it was much more rapid for the delignified forages (.161/h) than for intact (.048/h). Delignification greatly increased both rate and extent of digestion of cellulose in alfalfa.
LITHIUM INSERTION INTO THE LAYERED PEROVSKITES LICA2NB3O10 AND LILANB2O7

Abstract We have studied the intercalation of lithium into the layered niobates LiCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 and LiLaNb 2 O 7 using an electrochemical cell. Several new phases with varying were isolated and thier lattice parameters were measured in situ by X-ray diffraction. Preliminary measurements of the susceptibility for those new compounds showed no anomalous magnetisation, and no evidence of superconductivity was delected to 10 K.
Pathways and polarities of synaptic interactions in the inner retina of the mudpuppy: I. Synaptic blocking studies

Intracellular recording techniques were applied to the perfused retina-eyecup of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). The use of input resistance measurements and the application of cobalt as a synaptic blocking agent provided evidence about the mode of synaptic operation for depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cell input to cells of the inner retina. In addition, cobalt produced a more rapid block of hyperpolarizing bipolars compared to depolarizing bipolars; in some postbipolar neurons, a temporary simplification of neuronal response waveform was observed, and such cells resembled the depolarizing bipolar. These experiments suggest that bipolar cell input is excitatory and that response characteristics of third-order neurons is partially dependent on the relative input from the two types of bipolar cells.
Least-squares methods for Stokes equations based on a discrete minus one inner product

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop and analyze least-squares approximations for Stokes and elasticity problems. The major advantage of the least-squares formulation is that it does not require that the classical Ladyzhenskaya-Babǔska-Brezzi (LBB) condition be satisfied. We provide two methods. The first is posed in terms of the velocity-pressure pair without the introduction of additional variables. The second adds a vorticity variable. In both cases, we employ least-squares functionals which involve a discrete inner product which is related to the inner product in H−1 (Ω) (the Sobolev space of order minus one on Ω). The use of such inner products (applied to second order problems) was proposed in an earlier paper by Bramble, Lazarov and Pasciak (1994).
Measure and statistical test for cross-correlation between paired neuronal spike trains with small sample size

Abstract Recent development of multi-unit recording techniques such as optical recording and multi-electrode arrays makes it possible to record neuronal activities from tens or hundreds of neurons simultaneously. To analyze functional connections between these neurons, cross-correlation analysis has been most commonly applied to the hundreds to thousands of pairs of these neurons. However, conventional cross-correlation data needs statistical tests for significance especially when the sample size of recorded spike trains is small. Here, a multiple hypergeometric model based on a transformation of the cross-correlogram data to a 2 × J table has been suggested. The exact p value for significance can be obtained by the generalized Fisher's method with small sample size and a cross-correlation coefficient for the strength of cross-correlation can be obtained based on the R -square analogue for nominal data. For large sample size, x 2 test can be applied based on the same transformation. Examples of real spike train data set and simulation show that the methods are applicable to the data of multi-unit activity with only tens of spikes. These methods are especially useful when thousands of cross-correlograms need to be screened quickly and automatically.
Mutations adjacent to the dimple of the canine parvovirus capsid structure affect sialic acid binding.

Abstract The erythrocyte receptor on rhesus macaque erythrocytes used by canine parvovirus (CPV) for binding in hemagglutination (HA) was examined. Erythrocyte membrane proteins were electrophoresed and blotted to nitrocellulose and probed with [ 125 I]-labeled CPV capsids, showing seven virus-binding proteins. Treatment of erythrocytes or isolated membranes with Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase virtually abolished virus binding. Binding was also affected by treatment with potassium periodate and inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin, but was not significantly affected by concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, or soluble N -acetyl-neuram in lactose. A non-HA mutant of CPV failed to bind to erythrocytes or to blotted erythrocyte membrane proteins. The mutation was a single Arg-Lys difference of VP2 amino acid residue 377. The pH dependence of binding of the closely related feline panleukopenia virus was shown to result from a decreased binding in buffers with pH values of 6.8 or greater. The VP2 residues responsible for that difference have been shown to be 323 and 375. The sequences affecting binding were all adjacent to the dimple in the capsid, implicating that region of the capsid as the sialic acid binding site. The role of sialic acid in virus-host cell interactions was not defined, but the plaque sizes of the non-HA mutant and wild type CPV were indistinguishable.
NAFTA AND THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS

Good morning. I am very pleased to speak here at the Conference on Competitiveness today, because we are approaching a basic decision on trade and competitiveness policy. That is the vote on the North American Free Trade Agreement.
A survey of the practice of computational science

Computing plays an indispensable role in scientific research. Presently, researchers in science have different problems, needs, and beliefs about computation than professional programmers. In order to accelerate the progress of science, computer scientists must understand these problems, needs, and beliefs. To this end, this paper presents a survey of scientists from diverse disciplines, practicing computational science at a doctoral-granting university with very high research activity. The survey covers many things, among them, prevalent programming practices within this scientific community, the importance of computational power in different fields, use of tools to enhance performance and software productivity, computational resources leveraged, and prevalence of parallel computation. The results reveal several patterns that suggest interesting avenues to bridge the gap between scientific researchers and programming tools developers.
Optimization of formation analysis and evaluation protocols using neuro-simulation

Neuro-simulation, which conjoins hard computing protocols with soft computing protocols, has been adapted to various applications in petroleum industry. This approach offers the advantage of optimizing number of model/simulation studies that need to be conducted. Simulation/model studies, in this context, refer to various modes of operations through which data are collected and results generated. Thus, experimental protocols followed in laboratories, field tests and operations conducted, and analyses carried using numerical and/or mathematical models are all considered as components of these studies. In this paper, an example implementation of neuro-simulation in the optimization of number of experiments that need to be conducted in measuring relative permeabilities is illustrated.
Resistivity Studies of Antiferromagnetic Mn-Rich Alloys Containing up to 2.5-at.% V, Cr, Fe, and Ru

In an attempt to better understand the nature of the complex magnetic interaction in antiferromagnetic $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}$, we have undertaken an experimental determination of the N\'eel temperatures (${T}_{N}$) of manganese-rich Mn-V, Mn-Cr, Mn-Fe, and Mn-Ru alloys. The electrical resistivities of Mn samples containing up to approximately 2.5 at.% of V, Cr, Fe, and Ru have been studied from 4.2 K to room temperature. Anomalies in the temperature dependence of the alloy resistivities at the onset of antiferromagnetic ordering reveal that dissolving V or Cr into Mn depresses ${T}_{N}$, while dissolving Fe or Ru into Mn raises the N\'eel temperature of the alloy. The data reveal that the introduction of impurity atoms into $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}$ does not affect the antiferromagnetic coupling by a simple dilution process. ${T}_{N}$ exhibits a striking dependence on both the magnitude and sign of the excess electron concentration in the alloys.
Phosphorylation Directly Regulates the Intrinsic DNA Cytidine Deaminase Activity of Activation-induced Deaminase and APOBEC3G Protein

The beneficial effects of DNA cytidine deamination by activation-induced deaminase (AID; antibody gene diversification) and APOBEC3G (retrovirus restriction) are tempered by probable contributions to carcinogenesis. Multiple regulatory mechanisms serve to minimize this detrimental outcome. Here, we show that phosphorylation of a conserved threonine attenuates the intrinsic activity of activation-induced deaminase (Thr-27) and APOBEC3G (Thr-218). Phospho-null alanine mutants maintain intrinsic DNA deaminase activity, whereas phospho-mimetic glutamate mutants are inactive. The phospho-mimetic variants fail to mediate isotype switching in activated mouse splenic B lymphocytes or suppress HIV-1 replication in human T cells. Our data combine to suggest a model in which this critical threonine acts as a phospho-switch that fine-tunes the adaptive and innate immune responses and helps protect mammalian genomic DNA from procarcinogenic lesions.
Interpersonal trust in small‐group communication

(1967). Interpersonal trust in small‐group communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 224-234.
The impact of food price increases on caloric intake in China

World food prices have increased dramatically in recent years. We use panel data from 2006 to examine the impact of these increases on the consumption and nutrition of poor households in two Chinese provinces. We find that households in Hunan suffered no nutrition declines. Households in Gansu experienced a small decline in calories, though the decline is on par with usual seasonal effects. The overall nutritional impact of the world price increase was small because households were able to substitute to cheaper foods and because the domestic prices of staple foods remained low due to government intervention in grain markets.
Antigen-specific T cell responses induced by Towne cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine in CMV-seronegative vaccine recipients

Abstract Background Towne cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine is safe and immunogenic, though its protective efficacy has yet to be optimized. Objective Describe antigen-specific T cell responses to Towne vaccination. Study design 3000 pfu Towne CMV vaccine were given to 12 CMV-seronegative volunteers. CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and IFNγ expression were measured by flow cytometry after stimulation with CMV lysate or peptides. Results All vaccinees developed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell IFNγ responses to multiple CMV antigens, but their CD8+ T cells had low or undetectable IFNγ responses to pp65 peptide pool. The seven HLA-A2+ subjects had higher CD8+ T cell proliferation and IFNγ responses to IE than pp65, and two never developed CD8+ T cell IFNγ responses to pp65. Peak CD4+ T cell IFNγ responses to CMV lysate were lower than values observed in natural CMV seropositives. Initial CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to lysate and pp65 waned after 12 months to levels that were lower than those in healthy CMV seropositives, while vaccinees’ CD8+ T cell responses to IE were robust and prolonged. Conclusion Correlating CMV antigen-specific T cell responses with clinical protective efficacy may facilitate future CMV vaccine development.
Composition of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate from Syntrophomonas wolfei grown on unsaturated fatty acid substrates

Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from crotonate-grown cultures of Syntrophomonas wolfei contained only the d-isomer of β-hydroxybutyrate. The PHA from cultures grown with trans-2-pentenoate or one of several hexenoates as the substrate also contained small amounts (5%) of β-hydroxypentanoate or β-hydroxyhexanoate, respectively. Thus, some PHA was synthesized without cleavage of the carbon skeleton of the substrate, but the predominant route for PHA synthesis was by the condensation and subsequent reduction of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA). The ratio of the β-hydroxypentanoate to the β-hydroxybutyrate in PHA in pentenoate-grown cultures increased immediately after inoculation and then decreased as the amount of the β-hydroxybutyrate in PHA increased. The amount of β-hydroxypentanoate in the PHA did not markedly change throughout the remainder of growth. These data indicated that the unbroken carbon-chain was used for polymer production only in the early stages of growth and, later, polymer synthesis occurred by the condensation and reduction of acetyl-CoA molecules.
Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objective: To review the physiology and pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as current medical strategies for the management of the disease. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1992-September 2004) was conducted using benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), α-receptor antagonists, and 5 α-reductase inhibitors as MeSH search terms to identify clinical trials and review articles. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Primary literature and tertiary review articles evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic options in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia were retrieved and included. Data Synthesis: Pharmacotherapeutic management of symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia has become the hallmark of therapy. Therapeutic agents evaluated include α-adrenergic antagonists (prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, alfuzosin, tamsulosin) and 5-α-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride). α-Adrenergic antagonists are more popular for therapy of BPH. This group of drugs is generally the first line of therapy, with growing popularity of tamsulosin and alfuzosin due to their decreased incidence of adverse effects. Conclusions: Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease can play an integral part in the selection of a pharmacotherapeutic agent. Patients who require pharmacologic intervention can benefit greatly by the number of agents available.
Modeling of mechanical properties of II-VI materials

This paper reviews some new developments in the theory of alloy correlations, order-disorder transitions, and solidus phase-transition curves. It is argued that semiconductor alloys are never truly random, and the various phenomena that drive deviations from random arrangements are introduced. Likely consequences of correlations on the ability to fine-tune the lattice match of epitaxial layers to substrates, on vacancy formation, on diffusion, and on vapor-phase crystal growth are discussed. Examples are chosen for the alloys Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te, Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te, Cd(1-y)Zn(y)Te, and CdSe(1-y)Te(y).
Large-angle attitude control of a spinning space body

The large-angle generalization of a suboptimal control scheme for the attitude control of a rigid space vehicle spinning about an axis of symmetry is the objective of this paper. Body-fixed reaction jets with fixed impulse are used for control. The scheme is also applicable to dual-spin vehicles. Comparison with the fuel-optimal two-impulse control scheme, requiring jets with variable impulse, shows that this scheme, except for small angles, requires in general more fuel than the suboptimal scheme described. A detailed mechanization of the control law is presented.
Effects of CCK‐8 on ingestive behaviors of suckling and weanling rats

The present series of experiments was designed to determine the dose-response characteristics of the cholecystokinin suppression effect on rat pups ingesting through suckling and adult modes. Pups at 10-22 days of age were deprived of their dam and food for 6 hr. At test time, the subjects received intraperitoneal injections or intravenous infusions of CCK-8 at 2, 4, 8, or 16 micrograms/kg in saline, or the saline vehicle alone. The pups were permitted to ingest for 30 min immediately after the injection or during the infusion. Ingestion included taking milk from the dam by suckling or feeding from the substrate. Regardless of the route of administration, CCK-8 elicited a low level of suppression across all doses and all ages when pups ingested within the natural suckling situation. In marked contrast, pups ingesting from the substrate in the adult mode suppressed their intake of bovine light cream or chow pellets in a dose-related manner following injections of the peptide. The blockade of the CCK dose-related suppression effect during suckling indicates that a different set of mechanisms governs intake of milk from the mother. The results may be related to the level of arousal required to sustain motivated behaviors while pups engage in the different modes of ingestion.
Behavioral modelling: Implications for philosophy

The modelling approach is proposed as a novel way to make progress in the discipline of Philosophy. In this arena, the special advantages of modelling, i.e., the use of unique mathematical and algorithmic specifications of technical terms, could be of crucial importance. The paper initially presents an overview of a number of important philosophical issues as a means of providing background on their significance and an explanation of the difficulties arising from present philosophical methodology. It then introduces the modelling concept as a way of developing a more consistent and defensible approach. The modelling is developed at two levels. One is a general conceptual approach based on a specified mechanistic hypothesis supported by arguments from evolution. The second is a very specific operating model of psychological behavior called ''Catspaw'' which has strong philosophical implications. The topics discussed and on which the models shed considerable light, include free will, ethics, and the purpose of existence. These ramify into other relevant topics such as ethical activism, responsibility for good and bad behavior, a rationale for sentencing in the criminal justice system, and our obligation to act in accord with our purpose. The validity of the models' assumptions and conclusions, though not proved in an absolute sense, is strongly supported by the way they explain and interrelate a large number of long-debated philosophical issues in a fashion consistent with evolution and the physical sciences.
Reactions to invasions of marked seats at a race track

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of defensive behavior by neighbors and returning occupants against the invasion of marked seats at a racetrack. On 39 occasions, four female undergraduates took empty seats that were marked with a newspaper, handkerchief, clothing, etc., in the unreserved sections of the grandstand. In the 32 cases in which there was a neighbor present, 20 of them defended the marked seat. There were no sex or age differences between defenders and non-defenders. Compared with one neighbor, presence of two did not increase defenses. The proportion of defenses in this study was greater than in previous studies in other settings, and this difference was discussed with respect to the respective costs in different settings for permitting successful invasions.
Abortion, personhood, and moral rights.

Defenses of abortion have by and large focussed upon one or the other of two topics: the question of the personhood of the fetus, or the question of the woman's rights as weighed against those of the fetus. I will criticize one attempt?probably the most widely read, certainly the most widely anthologized?to defend abortion by denying the personhood of the fetus, and conclude that the determination of the personhood of the fetus, or its lack thereof, should await a full and sensitive discussion of rights. I will then try to show how that conclusion points in the direction of the strongest defense of abortion.
agriculture and the domestication of industry in rural Bulgaria

The capitalist model underlying most analyses of agro-industrial interaction leads to an assumption of industrial determinism whereby the requirements of industry set the parameters for agricultural adaptations. Examining the interaction under east European socialism challenges this premise. In Bulgaria the complete integration of the local socialist economy worked together with a continuing cultural equation between village and agriculture to “domesticate” industry: that is, the system forced industry to accommodate the needs and requirements of agriculture. This interpretation sheds light on the difficulties faced by postsocialist economies and also challenges our assumption of industrial primacy under capitalism, where subsistence agriculture and part-time farming continue to be significant forces in the political economy. [agriculture, Bulgaria, economic development, peasant worker, rural industry, socialism]
Allosteric and isosteric modifiers of NADH binding to cytoplasmic malic dehydrogenase.

Abstract The binding of NADH to cytoplasmic malic dehydrogenase is shown to be affected by a number of added ligands. One class of ligands appear to be analogs of a substrate for the enzyme, L -malate. These alter the binding constant for NADH without affecting the cooperativity of binding. In contrast, fructose-1,6-diphosphate behaves as an allosteric inhibitor at low enzyme concentrations, apparently by shifting the monomer-dimer equilibrium of the protein to the cooperatively binding dimer. The significance of these results are discussed in terms of a proposed regulatory function for the enzyme.
Purification and characterization of rat liver microsomal β-glucuronidase

Abstract β-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) has been isolated from rat-liver microsomes by a novel chromatographic method employing antibody to rat preputial gland β-glucuronidase coupled to Sepharose. The purified enzyme, homogeneous by several methods, was purified some 1700-fold. The microsomal β-glucuronidase has been characterized with respect to catalysis, stability, and molecular weight. The purified enzyme is a tetramer of 290 000 daltons. Comparative studies with lysosomal β-glucuronidase indicate that while these two enzymes are electrophoretically distinct, they are catalytically and immunologically identical and have indistinguishable molecular dimensions. The results suggest that microsomal and lysosomal β-glucuronidase are charge isomers.
A note on the relationships between some risk‐adjusted performance measures

Assuming portfolio returns are normally distributed, it is shown that both Sortino ratio (SR) and upside potential ratio (UPR) are monotonically increasing functions of the Sharpe ratio. As a result, all three risk-adjusted performance measures provide identical ranking among investment alternatives. The effects of skewness and kurtosis are then evaluated within the Edgeworth-Sargan density family. For the Sortino ratio, the above conclusion remains valid in the presence of negative skewness or excessive kurtosis. Similar results apply to the UPR with modifications. For all other cases, both SR and UPR provide exactly opposite ranking among investment alternatives to that suggested by the Sharpe ratio when the Sharpe ratio is large. Applications to futures hedging are discussed. Specifically, it is found that the Sharpe ratio may frequently lead to a smaller futures position than the other two ratios. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:483–495, 2002
A Transition in the Ni2+ Complex Structure from Six- to Four-Coordinate upon Formation of Ion Pair Species in Supercritical Water: An X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, Near-Infrared, and Molecular Dynamics Study

The coordination structure about Ni2+ in water at temperatures up to 525 °C was measured by the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique. Solutions containing 0.2 m NiBr2 and 0.2 m NiBr2/0.8 m NaBr were explored at pressures up to 720 bar. For certain systems, both Ni and Br XAFS data were acquired and a global model was used to fit the two independent sets of XAFS data. These two independent measurements gave excellent agreement on the coordination structure of the Ni2+/Br- contact-ion pairing. The result is a complete picture of the coordination structure of the contact-ion pairing including the coordination numbers, distances for the water−ion and ion−ion associations, and also a high-quality measurement of the binding strength and amount of disorder (Debye−Waller factor and the anharmonicity) of the Ni2+/Br- association. The XAFS measurements strongly indicate a transitional change in the coordination of Ni2+ from the octahedral Ni2+(H2O)6 species at room temperature to the 4-coordinate struct...