cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the roles of chord-wise flexibility in a flapping wing with hovering kinematics

The aerodynamic performance of a flapping two-dimensional wing section with simplified chord-wise flexibility is studied computationally. Bending stiffness is modelled by a torsion spring connecting two or three rigid components. The leading portion of the wing is prescribed with kinematics that are characteristic of biological hovering, and the aft portion responds passively. Coupled simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations and the wing dynamics are conducted for a wide variety of spring stiffnesses and kinematic parameters. Performance is assessed by comparison of the mean lift, power consumption and lift per unit power, with those from an equivalent rigid wing, and two cases are explored in greater detail through force histories and vorticity snapshots. From the parametric survey, four notable mechanisms are identified through which flexible wings behave differently from rigid counterparts. Rigid wings consistently require more power than their flexible counterparts to generate the same kinematics, as passive deflection leads to smaller drag and torque penalties. Aerodynamic performance is degraded in very flexible wings undergoing large heaving excursions, caused by a premature detachment of the leading-edge vortex. However, a mildly flexible wing has consistently good performance over a wide range of phase differences between pitching and heaving – in contrast to the relative sensitivity of a rigid wing to this parameter – due to better accommodation of the shed leading-edge vortex into the wake during the return stroke, and less tendency to interact with previously shed trailing-edge vortices. Furthermore, a flexible wing permits lift generation even when the leading portion remains nearly vertical, as the wing passively deflects to create an effectively smaller angle of attack, similar to the passive pitching mechanism recently identified for rigid wings. It is found that an effective pitch angle can be defined that accounts for wing deflection to align the results with those of the equivalent rigid wing.
Development and Regeneration of Sox2+ Endoderm Progenitors Are Regulated by a HDAC1/2-Bmp4/Rb1 Regulatory Pathway

The mechanisms that govern the maintenance and differentiation of tissue-specific progenitors in development and tissue regeneration are poorly understood. We show that development of Sox2+ progenitors in the lung endoderm is regulated by histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (Hdac1/2). Hdac1/2 deficiency leads to a loss of Sox2 expression and a block in proximal airway development. This is mediated in part by derepression of Bmp4 and the tumor suppressor Rb1, which are direct transcriptional targets of Hdac1/2. In contrast to development, postnatal loss of Hdac1/2 in airway epithelium does not affect the expression of Sox2 or Bmp4. However, postnatal loss of Hdac1/2 leads to increased expression of the cell-cycle regulators Rb1, p21/Cdkn1a, and p16/Ink4a, resulting in a loss of cell-cycle progression and defective regeneration of Sox2+ lung epithelium. Thus, Hdac1/2 have both common and unique targets that differentially regulate tissue-specific progenitor activity during development and regeneration.
Densification and Microstructure of Sodium‐Doped Colloidal Mullite

A series of mullite gels was prepared by hetero-coagulation of boehmite and colloidal silica. Samples were doped with up to 1.5 wt% Na[sub 2]O. Na[sub 2]O additions as low as 0.16 wt% led to the formation of [alpha]-alumina and a stable glassy phase in addition to mullite. No evidence for the incorporation of sodium into the mullite structure was found by either XRD or [sup 27]Al MAS NMR. SEM showed mullite doped with 0.16 wt% and greater Na[sub 2]O had an intergranular glassy phase and large crystalline grains. It is thought that the majority of the sodium was present in the glassy phase. Sodium addition did not decrease the mullite crystallization temperature and did not lead to enhanced sintering.
Additional pea EST-SSR markers for comparative mapping in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

With 1 figure and 1 table Abstract The availability of a large set of molecular markers is an excellent resource for both applied and basic research for any organism. The current consensus molecular map of pea is 1430 cM and contains 239 simple sequence repeat markers. The goal was to identify and test unique gene-based simple sequence repeat markers to increase the available number for comparative mapping with sequenced legume species. A total of 6327 mRNA sequences were screened using a JAVA algorithm, culminating in the design of 96 novel, gene-based simple sequence repeat markers. The markers were tested for polymorphism between the parents of two recombinant inbred line mapping populations (Early Freezer 680 × PI 269818 and C580257A × 74SN3A) and 11 additional pea lines. A total of 45 new EST-SSR polymorphic markers were identified using these test lines, another 35 were monomorphic and the remaining 16 failed or produced substandard amplification profiles. Linkage map locations are presented for seven of the new EST-SSR markers. Primer sequence, repeat type, status within tested genotypes and the SSR-finding algorithm are presented.
Business Models and the Standard Setting Process

This paper focuses on the role that business models play in cooperative standard setting. Certain business models, namely upstream specialists with no manufacturing of their own, have been vilified by some as patent trolls bent on exploiting the standard setting process. This view ignores important trends in specialization and industry structure and the social benefits that attend them. In particular, over the last few decades, disaggregation in the production process has been prevalent in a number of industries, particularly in the high technology sector. Specialization brings with it a number of benefits, but also complicates business interactions, including licensing. As business models have become more diversified in key industries, business model diversity among standard setting participants has led to inevitable tension. The analysis of business models presented here illustrates how non‐integrated production can benefit from “comparative advantage”, where entities focus on what they do best, which results in higher quality products, increased competition, and increased consumer choice. It also shows, however, that different business models – like design versus manufacturing, or non‐integrated versus integrated – can mean divergent incentives among participants and therefore more disputes among them, which can slow down or even derail the standard setting process, to the detriment of consumers. The appropriate competition policy recognizes the opposing forces at work in modern cooperative standard setting, seeking balance between them to maximize consumer welfare.
Origin of Cancers: Gene-Centric Versus Cell-Centric

The article by Gerlinger and colleagues (Mar. 8 issue) [1] is informative because it confirms what we already know. In the clinics, the genetic approach seems inadequate for us to solve the problem of tumor heterogeneity or reaching our goal of personalized care. However, we contend that the genetic approach is invaluable for our understanding of individual cancers and in our design of personalized care, provided that we have the right theory about the origin of cancers.
Incidence of Nonfunctional Ovaries in Bathyplectes anurus and B. curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Parasites of the Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Northeastern United States

Only about 1% of Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) females, from five locations in three states, had nonfunctional ovaries. In contrast, the ovaries of nearly 10% of B. curculionis females from four states were infertile. This infertility was related to time of emergence from the cocoon; females emerging during the first half of the emergence period had normal ovaries, but 23% of late-emerging females had nonfunctioning ovaries. Ovaries of both species reached maximum fertility (presence of eggs in oviducts) within 24 h of eclosion. Cocoons that had previously been candled, to eliminate dead individuals, had eventual survival rates of from 54% ( B. curculionis ) to 68% ( B. anurus ). The proportion of females produced was 49% for B. anurus and 63% for B. curculionis . The reduced ovarian function of B. curculionis is one of the likely reasons that B. anurus has become the dominant parasite of alfalfa weevil larvae in the New Jersey-southeastern Pennsylvania area during the past decade.
Circulatory changes to alcohol, anxiety and their interactions.

SummaryThe effects of alcohol (0.16 g %), anxiety, and their interaction on circulatory parameters were examined. Electric shocks to the tails of the rats preceded by a 10-sec auditory signal were ...
Ecological vegetation maps

On ecological vegetation maps, the distribution of vegetation is related to one or more features of the environment. Tolerance, competition, map scales and the environment are discussed with regard to their bearing on the geographical distribution of phytocenoses and their portrayal on maps. There are two types of ecological vegetation maps: those relating the vegetation to one environmental quality, and those with two or more such qualities. The interpretation of ecological vegetation maps is relatively simple when plant communities are related to a single quality of the biotope and difficult but usually more useful when related to several qualities. Perfection is not possible but can be approached asymptotically.
Quantum ant colony algorithm for continuous space optimization

To tackle the shortcoming of ant colony optimization which can only be applied to discrete problems and hold a slow convergence rate,a novel method for solving optimization problems in continuous space is presented.In this algorithm,each ant carries a group of quantum bits which represent the position of the ant.Firstly,the target where the ant is going to move is selected according to the selection probability based on pheromone information and heuristic information.Secondly,quantum bits of the ant are updated by quantum rotation gates so as to enable the ant to move.Some quantum bits are mutated by quantum non-gate so as to increase the variety of ant positions.Finally,pheromone information and the heuristic information are updated according to the new position of each ant arrived at.In this algorithm,both probability amplitudes of a quantum bit are regarded as position information belonging to an ant,a double searching space is acquired for ant colony which hold the same number of ants.At last,the availability of the algorithm is illustrated by two application examples of function optimization and weight optimization of neural networks.
New Synthetic Methodology for The Preparation of Substituted 1-Aryl-1-Pyridylamlnomethanephosphonic Acid Esters

Abstract Esters of 1-phenyl-1-pyridylaminomethanephosphonates generally cannot, or only in poor yields be prepared by the usual methods by treatment of the appropriate Schiff base with diethyl or diphenyl phosphite. However, it was found that these phosphonates are readily available by treatment of N, N1-dipyridyl-α, α-diaminotoluenes in an Arbuzov-type reaction with BF3′O(Et)2.
Chapter Six - Progress in Heterocyclic Metallosupramolecular Construction

In the field of metallosupramolecular chemistry, the N-heteroaromatic ligand [2,2′:6′,2″]-terpyridine has received considerable attention due in part to its ability to coordinate with a wide range of transition metals; this has opened the door to a family of new dynamic macromolecular utilitarian constructs. Various synthetic strategies have been employed to generate these -based architectures including the use of triangular-based frameworks, flexible ligands, and harnessing of additional noncovalent forces to enhance spontaneous self-assembly. To achieve three-dimensional architectures, new strategies include the use of meta-substitution, multiplanar as well as flexible vertices, and by restricting the availability of planar conformations via precoordination and/or predesigned steric hindrance. Also discussed is the increasing focus on interconversions between supramacromolecular structures and on hierarchical self-assembly.
Noninvasive Imaging of the Thoracic Aorta.

Thoracic aortic disease is a common problem affecting the geriatric population of the U.S. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection and its variants are the most common diseases of the thoracic aorta, often leading to death if not treated immediately. Contrast aortography is no longer considered to be the diagnostic gold standard for evaluating the thoracic aorta. This is a review of those abnormalities most commonly seen in the geriatric population: thoracic aortic aneurysms, aortic dissections, intramural hematomas, and penetrating ulcers. The roles of multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), spiral computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are discussed in the evaluation of each of these disease entities. Although each has been shown to have high sensitivities and specificities for the diagnosis of aneurysms and dissections and its variants, TEE and MRI are thought to be superior to spiral CT because of their ability to evaluate the aortic valve apparatus. However, spiral CT is perhaps the easiest and most cost effective modality to screen patients with known or suspected aortic dissection. (c)1999 by CVRR, Inc.
Consultation for Self-Evaluation

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the use of social climate assessment techniques within a consultation framework. The goal of such consultation to mental health treatment settings is to facilitate self-evaluation and programmatic changes on the part of the existing staff. The consultant educates the staff on the use of social climate assessment techniques that are highly economical, efficient, valuable to line staff, and incorporate clients’ contributions.
Multiple Antibody Lineages in One Donor Target the Glycan-V3 Supersite of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein and Display a Preference for Quaternary Binding.

ABSTRACT One of the goals of HIV-1 vaccine development is the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against vulnerable regions on the envelope glycoprotein (Env) viral spike. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the Env glycan-V3 region (also called the N332 glycan supersite) have been described previously, with several single lineages each derived from different individual donors. We used a high-throughput B-cell culture method to isolate neutralizing antibodies from an HIV-1-infected donor with high serum neutralization breadth. Clonal relatives from three distinct antibody lineages were isolated. Each of these antibody lineages displayed modest breadth and potency but shared several characteristics with the well-characterized glycan-V3 antibodies, including dependence on glycans N332 and N301, VH4 family gene utilization, a heavy chain complementarity-determining region 2 (CDRH2) insertion, and a longer-than-average CDRH3. In contrast to previously described glycan-V3 antibodies, these antibodies preferentially recognized the native Env trimer compared to monomeric gp120. These data indicate the diversity of antibody specificities that target the glycan-V3 site. The quaternary binding preference of these antibodies suggests that that their elicitation likely requires the presentation of a native-like trimeric Env immunogen. IMPORTANCE Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 glycan-V3 region with single lineages from individual donors have been described previously. Here we describe three lineages from a single donor, each of which targets glycan-V3. Unlike previously described glycan-V3 antibodies, these mature antibodies bind preferentially to the native Env trimer and weakly to the gp120 monomer. These data extend our knowledge of the immune response recognition of the N332 supersite region and suggest that the mode of epitope recognition is more complex than previously anticipated.
Current and near-term GHG emissions factors from electricity production for New York State and New York City

Abstract This paper reports estimates of average GHG emissions factors for New York State and marginal GHG emissions factors for interventions in New York City. A multi-regional unit commitment model was developed to simulate the behavior of the grid. The parameters defining the system operation were gathered from several publicly available data sources including historical hourly electricity production and fuel consumption from over one hundred power plants. Factors were estimated for a baseline year of 2011 and subsequently for the year 2025 considering planned power plant additions and retirements. Future scenarios are also developed considering different wind turbine installation growth rates and policies affecting the cost of generation from coal power plants. The work finds marginal GHG emissions factors for New York City could reduce between 30% and 36% from 540 kg CO 2 e/MWh in 2011 for all future scenarios considered. Average GHG emissions factors for New York State could reduce 9–39% from 215 kg CO 2 e/MWh depending on the wind growth rate and price burden on coal power plants.
Treatment of Longitudinal Forearm Instability: Essex-Lopresti Injury

Essex-Lopresti injuries comprise a complex injury to the radial head, interosseous membrane, and distal radial ulnar joint (DRUJ). Recognition of this injury is necessary to prevent long-term morbidity secondary to pain, stiffness, and arthrosis that accompany the chronic longitudinal forearm instability associated with missing this diagnosis. Effective treatment is predicated on restoration of a stable radiocapitellar joint restoring radial length. Direct intervention to stabilize the DRUJ is provided on a case-by-case basis. Reconstruction of the interosseous membrane is described, but the necessity to do so and the long-term outcomes from interosseous membrane reconstructions are not clearly established.
The ambivalent spectacle: A critical inquiry on Web 2.0 media and alienation

In this paper we test the limits of one of the more influential critical inquiries linking media to Marx’s notion of alienation: Guy Debord’s Society of the Spectacle as applied to web 2.0 media landscapes. While in need of qualification and historicization to interpret web 2.0 media, we argue that the idea of the Spectacle provides a useful holistic perspective capable of reconciling the ambivalent phenomena of alienation that can be found in this new context. Thereafter, by exploring how web 2.0 media practices are consistently tied to labor and value creation, we argue in favor of a materialist approach to media, which treats means of communication as a means of production. Furthermore, we contend that in the new media landscape, Debord’s Spectacle becomes a useful heuristic for understanding (new) mediation as alienation, what we term, ‘Spectacle 2.0.’
Food-Allergic Adolescents at Risk for Anaphylaxis: A Randomized Controlled Study of Supervised Injection to Improve Comfort with Epinephrine Self-Injection

Background Epinephrine self-injection is a key element in the management of food allergy, yet many adolescents report that they may not be able to use the autoinjector when needed. We hypothesized that supervised self-injection with an empty syringe would increase adolescents' comfort with self-injection. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supervised self-injection on self- and parent-reported comfort and anxiety during and after clinic visits in a food allergy center. Methods Sixty adolescent/parent pairs were randomized to self-injection versus control (education only). The predefined primary outcome was a self-reported comfort level with the injection before versus after the intervention on a Likert scale with scores of 1 (Not at all comfortable) to 10 (Extremely comfortable). The primary outcome was evaluated via within-group and between-group analyses. Secondary outcomes included adolescent and parent reports before versus after the injection, and changes in quality of life (QoL) and anxiety a month later. Results Self-injection was associated with a significant immediate increase in comfort levels (primary outcome; within-group comparison: mean scores: 6.93 preintervention vs 8.37 postintervention, P P Conclusions A self-injection (with an empty syringe) procedure in a clinic setting improves adolescents' and parents' comfort level with self-injecting. It may translate into substantial clinical benefits should self-injection be needed.
Caregiver-Child Relationships in Early Childhood: Interventions to Promote Well-Being and Reduce Risk for Psychopathology

Early caregiver-child relationships are foundational to early development and central to efforts to promote well-being and prevent psychopathology. We discuss the role of caregiver-child relationships in early development and risk for psychopathology, and psychotherapeutic interventions targeting early caregiver-child relationships. Early risk for psychopathology is conferred through the dynamic interaction of biological and environmental factors, with sensitive caregiving playing a critical role. Recent research suggests that quality of caregiving moderates the effect of a child’s genetic risk for psychopathology. The protective role of sensitive caregiving is especially vital in the context of stress and trauma. Caregiver-child psychotherapeutic interventions are effective in increasing the rates of secure attachment and sensitive caregiving, and reducing early psychopathology. Emerging evidence suggests some interventions may be associated with changes to parents’ neural circuitry that underlies sensitive caregiving. Relationship-based psychotherapeutic interventions are promising in the promotion of well-being and prevention of psychopathology in at-risk families.
Executive Functioning Among College Students With and Without History of Childhood Maltreatment

ABSTRACTThis study utilized performance-based and self-report measures to examine differences in executive functions in college students with and without histories of childhood maltreatment. On the performance-based measures of executive function, all scores fell within the normal range for age. However, participants in the childhood maltreatment group reported more problems with metacognition than those without history of maltreatment. Severity of childhood maltreatment was associated with poorer cognitive inhibition/switching and phonetic fluency. Although significant group differences were found on a laboratory-based task of executive function, performance across the other tasks was generally similar. However, those with a history of maltreatment reported more problems with metacognition, suggesting a potential avenue for brief interventions focused on improving metacognitive skills important for success in the college environment. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Spinal Cord Aspergillus Invasion—Complication of an Aspergilloma

Acute paraplegia developed in a 53-year-old man with pulmonary aspergilloma because of contiguous extension of Aspergillus infection to the epidural and subdural spaces and spinal cord. Histopathologic findings of the spinal cord showed Aspergillus hyphae penetrating the myelin sheath and myelomalacia, predominantly in the anterior and lateral columns. To the authors' knowledge, there have been no previous descriptions or illustrations of spinal cord involvement and the pathologic changes caused by Aspergillus infection.
Using Harmonic and Melodic Analyses to Automate the Initial Stages of Schenkerian Analysis.

Structural music analysis is used to reveal the inner workings of a musical composition by recursively applying reductions to the music, resulting in a series of successively more abstract views of the composition. Schenkerian analysis is the most well-developed type of structural analysis, and while there is a wide body of research on the theory, there is no well-defined algorithm to perform such an analysis. A automated algorithm for Schenkerian analysis would be extremely useful to music scholars and researchers studying music from a computational standpoint. The first major step in producing a Schenkerian analysis involves selecting notes from the composition in question for the primary soprano and bass parts of the analysis. We present an algorithm for this that uses harmonic and melodic analyses to accomplish this task.
The Enigma of miRNA Regulation in Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small 19-22 nucleotide long, noncoding, single-stranded, and multifunctional RNAs that regulate a diverse assortment of gene and protein functions that impact on a vast network of pathways. Lin-4, a noncoding transcript discovered in 1993 and named miRNA, initiated the exploration of research into these intriguing molecules identified in almost all organisms. miRNAs interfere with translation or posttranscriptional regulation of their target gene and regulate multiple biological actions exerted by these target genes. In cancer, they function as both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes displaying differential activity in various cellular contexts. Although the role of miRNAs on target gene functions has been extensively investigated, less is currently known about the upstream regulatory molecules that regulate miRNAs. This chapter focuses on the factors and processes involved in miRNA regulation.
Virtual screening of inorganic materials synthesis parameters with deep learning

Virtual materials screening approaches have proliferated in the past decade, driven by rapid advances in first-principles computational techniques, and machine-learning algorithms. By comparison, computationally driven materials synthesis screening is still in its infancy, and is mired by the challenges of data sparsity and data scarcity: Synthesis routes exist in a sparse, high-dimensional parameter space that is difficult to optimize over directly, and, for some materials of interest, only scarce volumes of literature-reported syntheses are available. In this article, we present a framework for suggesting quantitative synthesis parameters and potential driving factors for synthesis outcomes. We use a variational autoencoder to compress sparse synthesis representations into a lower dimensional space, which is found to improve the performance of machine-learning tasks. To realize this screening framework even in cases where there are few literature data, we devise a novel data augmentation methodology that incorporates literature synthesis data from related materials systems. We apply this variational autoencoder framework to generate potential SrTiO3 synthesis parameter sets, propose driving factors for brookite TiO2 formation, and identify correlations between alkali-ion intercalation and MnO2 polymorph selection. Recipes for synthesizing inorganic materials can now be generated by machine learning. Elsa Olivetti and coworkers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed an algorithm capable of ‘learning’ new procedures for synthesizing compounds in the lab. ‘Virtual screening’ for synthetic procedures would be a useful tool to aid synthetic chemists, however the field is still nascent with progress hindered by the often complex nature of materials synthesis. Here, the authors simplified the problem by representing syntheses by some key parameters (e.g. reaction temperature), which were used to train the algorithm. As a proof-of-principle, Olivetti used the method to generate synthesis parameters for strontium titanate, as well as revealing insights into the formation of other inorganic oxides. The authors hope their method may eventually lead to a predictive ‘virtual screening’ approach to inorganic materials synthesis.
Site Investigation: A Review of Current Methods and Techniques

This paper reviews some of the current techniques used to investigate contaminated soil sites. It covers the areas of remote sensing, soil gas monitoring, groundwater monitoring and soils sampling. Each discussion focuses on current techniques, major problem areas, advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. It is the intent of this paper to provide a basis of understanding and evaluating the other papers presented in the session on site investigation.
Electron Energy-Loss Spectrometers

Electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) is the analysis of the energy distribution of electrons that have interacted inelastically with the specimen. These inelastic collisions tell us a tremendous amount about the electronic structure of the specimen atoms, which in turn reveals details of the nature of these atoms, their bonding and nearest-neighbor distributions, and their dielectric response. In order to examine the spectrum of electron energies we almost invariably use a magnetic prism spectrometer which, when interfaced to a TEM, creates another form of AEM. The magnetic prism is a simple, but highly sensitive, device with resolving power of approximately 1 eV even when the energy of the incident electron beam is up to 400 keV. Despite its simplicity the magnetic prism is operator-intensive and there is not yet the degree of software control to which we are accustomed with XEDS. In this chapter we’ll describe the operational principles, how to focus and calibrate the spectrometer, and how to determine the collection semiangle (β). This angle is a most important parameter for interpreting your experimental data. In subsequent chapters we’ll go on to look at the spectra, the information they contain, and how we extract quantitative data and images from them. As with XEDS there are standard tests to determine that the spectrometer is working correctly, and we’ll describe these also.
A Literature Survey on Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Devices

This paper provides a review and survey of research on power transfer for biomedical applications based on inductive coupling. There is interest in wireless power transfer (WPT) for implantable and wearable biomedical devices, for example, heart pacemaker or implantable electrocardiogram (ECG) recorders. This paper concentrates on the applications based on near-field power transfer methods, summarizes the main design features in the recent literature, and provides some information about the system model and coil optimization.
Hexokinase 2 Is Targetable for HK1-Negative, HK2-Positive Tumors from a Wide Variety of Tissues of Origin

Although absent in most adult tissues, hexokinase 2 (HK2) is expressed in a majority of tumors and contributes to increased glucose consumption and to in vivo tumor 18F-FDG PET signaling. Methods: Both HK2 knockdown and knockout approaches were used to investigate the role of HK2 in cancer cell proliferation, in vivo xenograft tumor progression and 18F-FDG tumor accumulation. BioProfiler analysis monitored cell culture glucose consumption and lactate production; 18F-FDG PET/CT monitored in vivo tumor glucose accumulation. Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia data were analyzed for HK1 and HK2 expression. Results: Neither cell proliferation in culture nor xenograft tumor progression are inhibited by HK2 knockdown or knockout in cancer cells that express HK1 and HK2. However, cancer subsets from a variety of tissues of origin express only HK2, but not HK1. In contrast to HK1+HK2+ cancers, HK2 knockdown in HK1-HK2+ cancer cells results in inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation and xenograft tumor progression. Moreover, HK1KOHK2+ cancer cells are susceptible to HK2 inhibition, in contrast to their isogenic HK1+HK2+ parental cells. Conclusion: HK1 and HK2 expression are redundant in tumors; either can provide sufficient aerobic glycolysis for tumor growth; despite a reduction in 18F-FDG PET signal. Therapeutic HK2 inhibition is likely to be restricted to HK1-HK2+ tumor subsets, but stratification of tumors that express HK2, but not HK1, should identify tumors treatable with emerging HK2 specific inhibitors.
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy a Comparison of Retinopathy in Younger and Older Onset Diabetic Persons

In a population-based survey of diabetic persons, retinopathy was detected by stereoscopic color fundus photography in 70% of persons under 30 years of age at diagnosis and taking insulin (Group YO), in 62% of persons 30 years of age or older at diagnosis and taking insulin (Group 00-I) and in 36% of persons 30 years of age or older at diagnosis not taking insulin (Group 00-N). The mean duration of known diabetes was 14.6 years in Group YO, 11.0 years in Group 00-I and 6.9 years in Group 00-N. After 20 years of diabetes, proliferative retinopathy was present in about 50% of Group YO, about 25% of Group 00-I and about 5% of Group 00-N. After 15 years of diabetes, macular edema was present in about 18% of Group YO, about 20% of Group 00-I and about 12% of Group 00-N.
Mobile technologies for promoting health and wellness among african american youth

This paper describes an effort to address life-threatening diseases and health conditions through engaging use of mobile devices. The design targeted children ages 7-11, with a goal of becoming aware of the nutritional value of foods that they eat on a regular basis. The implementation efforts resulted in Health Attack, a matching and memory game that seeks to raise the knowledgelevel of participants about the foods that they eat. The evaluation of Health Attack, conducted through a demo and questionnaire administered to K-12 teachers, suggests that this type of game would be engaging for younger audiences as a first step in raising health awareness.
Plato’s Method of Division

Like other theories of Plato, his conception of dialectic too undergoes changes and development. In the later dialogues at least part of the dialectic takes the form of so-called divisions and collections. These procedures are described in the Phaedrus and employed predominantly in the Sophist and Politicus. The purpose of this paper is to examine the products of the divisions as well as the processes that lead to these.
Extremal graphs with no C 4, s, or C 10, s

Abstract We present a new construction for arbitrarily large graphs with n vertices, ( n 2 ) 3 2 edges and no C4, ( n 2 ) 4 3 edges and no C6, and ( n 2 ) 6 5 edges and no C10.
Structure, diversity, and ionic permeability of neuronal and muscle acetylcholine receptors.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) form a family of ligand-gated, cation-selective channels that are concentrated at cholinergic synapses on vertebrate neurons and muscle cells. At the neuromuscular endplate, muscle nAChRs bind acetylcholine released by the persynaptic motor neuron. The receptors then undergo a conformational change that opens their ion channels. Cations move passively through the water-filled pores down their electrochemical gradients, completing synaptic transmission by depolarizing the postsynaptic muscle. The channel only weakly discriminates among permeant cations, which include all monovalent and divalent cations that are small enough to fit through the narrowest cross section. The membrane-spanning region of the pore is lined by uncharged domains that are bracketed by residues with net negative charge. The pore has large entrance vestibules, especially facing extracellularly. The narrowest cross-section is located near the cytoplasmic end of the membrane-spanning region, and this short narrow region probably provides the main cation binding site that is directly in the permeation pathway. Neuronal nAChRs share many of the properties of muscle nAChRs, but the neuronal receptor subtypes are more heterogenous genetically, pharmacologically, and functionally.
Inguinal Hernia Repair

Inguinal hernia (IH) is a well-known complication of radical prostatectomy. The prevalence of groin hernias, including inguinal and femoral, is between 5 and 10% in the United States, with inguinal hernias (IHs) making up the vast majority [1]. In general, risk factors for hernia development include a history of hernia or hernia repair, older age, male gender, Caucasian race, chronic cough or constipation, abdominal wall injury, smoking, and family history [2]. IH also occurs as a complication of radical prostatectomy. In 1996, Regan and coworkers were the first to show a significantly higher incidence of IH following radical prostatectomy when compared to the general population [3]. Indeed, up to 20% of patients develop IHs postoperatively [4–7]. Further, studies have shown that patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy for the treatment of prostate cancer have a higher incidence of IH than prostate cancer patients who do not undergo surgery [8, 9]. Additionally, patients are more likely to suffer from IH after combined radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection than just lymph node dissection alone [10]. Risk for IH extends beyond the immediate postoperative period and may be observed as a long-term complication [11]. Importantly, patients undergoing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy are at increased risk of requiring hernia repair compared to open prostatectomy patients [12].
Improving Accuracy of Android Malware Detection with Lightweight Contextual Awareness

In Android malware detection, recent work has shown that using contextual information of sensitive API invocation in the modeling of applications is able to improve the classification accuracy. However, the improvement brought by this context-awareness varies depending on how this information is used in the modeling. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive study on the effectiveness of using the contextual information in prior state-of-the-art detection systems. We find that this information has been "over-used" such that a large amount of non-essential metadata built into the models weakens the generalizability and longevity of the model, thus finally affects the detection accuracy. On the other hand, we find that the entrypoint of API invocation has the strongest impact on the classification correctness, which can further improve the accuracy if being properly captured. Based on this finding, we design and implement a lightweight, circumstance-aware detection system, named "PIKADROID" that only uses the API invocation and its entrypoint in the modeling. For extracting the meaningful entrypoints, PIKADROID applies a set of static analysis techniques to extract and sanitize the reachable entrypoints of a sensitive API, then constructs a frequency model for classification decision. In the evaluation, we show that this slim model significantly improves the detection accuracy on a data set of 23,631 applications by achieving an f-score of 97.41%, while maintaining a false positive rating of 0.96%.
K-12 Cybersecurity Education, Research, and Outreach

This research-to-practice work-in-progress addresses a new approach to cybersecurity education. The cyber security skills shortage is reaching prevalent proportions. The consensus in the STEM community is that the problem begins at k-12 schools with too few students interested in STEM subjects. One way to ensure a larger pipeline in cybersecurity is to train more high school teachers to not only teach cybersecurity in their schools or integrate cybersecurity concepts in their classrooms but also to promote IT security as an attractive career path. The proposed research will result in developing a unique and novel curriculum and scalable program in the area of cybersecurity and a set of powerful tools for a fun learning experience in cybersecurity education. In this project, we are focusing on the potential to advance research agendas in cybersecurity and train the future generation with cybersecurity skills and answer fundamental research questions that still exist in the blended learning methodologies for cybersecurity education and assessment. Leadership and entrepreneurship skills are also added to the mix to prepare students for real-world problems. Delivery methods, timing, format, pacing and outcomes alignment will all be assessed to provide a baseline for future research and additional synergy and integration with existing cybersecurity programs to expand or leverage for new cybersecurity and STEM educational research. This is a new model for cybersecurity education, leadership, and entrepreneurship and there is a possibility of a significant leap towards a more advanced cybersecurity educational methodology using this model. The project will also provide a prototype for innovation coupled with character-building and ethical leadership.
Kent state: death and dissent in the long sixties

Histories and memoirs of the U.S. student uprisings of the 1960s often focus on the more privileged campuses: Ivy League schools in New York, New Haven, and Cambridge; and flagship state universiti...
Microsurgical Trapping and Excision of Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysms in a Patient with Mitral Valve Endocarditis: A Surgical Technique

This case Video 1 demonstrates a microsurgical technique for trapping and excision of 2 ruptured mycotic aneurysms. The patient was a 64-year-old man with severe mitral regurgitation and valvular vegetations suggestive of endocarditis. On examination, the patient presented with speech difficulty. Preoperative imaging showed a large left temporoparietal intracerebral hemorrhage and associated sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage from 2 distal aneurysms of the left middle cerebral artery. In the presence of ruptured aneurysms in a patient who requires anticoagulation for valve replacement, endovascular options are limited. For aneurysms located in an eloquent area in the left hemisphere, microsurgical treatment with small corridors can facilitate excision and minimize damage to the surrounding tissue. As such, the patient was treated with microsurgical trapping and excision of the aneurysms followed by evacuation of intraparenchymal hemorrhage using stereotactic navigation. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring was used to prepare for a potential bypass in the event of inadequate collaterals or changes in neurophysiologic potentials. Postoperatively, the patient remained symmetric in his motor strength and had improved speech deficits, indicative of an uneventful recovery. The patient was cleared for full anticoagulation and valve replacement on postoperative day 10. The patient underwent intravenous antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone before undergoing mitral valve replacement by cardiac surgery.
Changes in Health and Well-Being during Residents' Training.

OBJECTIVES Previous studies have characterized the negative effects of graduate medical education on physicians; however, there is limited longitudinal data on how physicians' well-being changes during their training. This study aimed to demonstrate and quantify changes to trainees' wellness and health habits during the course of their first 2 years of graduate medical education. METHODS A longitudinal survey study of postgraduate year 1 trainees at the Cleveland Clinic was administered at 3 time points: the initial survey during orientation week, a second survey at 1 year, and a final survey at 2 years. RESULTS Of the 170 trainees contacted, 59 (35%) completed the initial survey and 34 (58%) completed the first follow-up survey. Between the initial survey and the first follow-up survey, respondents reported that their health was worse than the prior year (P < 0.001). They also reported sleeping on average 1 hour less per night and exercising on average one fewer day per week. The number of individuals who reported not eating breakfast increased by 22%, whereas the number of individuals eating out at lunch more than doubled. Twenty-seven people completed the second follow-up survey. Between the first follow-up survey and the final survey, respondents gained on average 2.12 lb (P = 0.039). Breakfast, lunch, and sleeping habits persisted through the second follow-up survey. CONCLUSIONS Residents' health and wellness habits deteriorated during internship and did not improve in the second year of residency. Efforts to promote healthy habits in this population should be a priority.
Glucocorticoid receptor is required for survival through metamorphosis in the frog Xenopus tropicalis.

Abstract Stress hormones, also known as glucocorticoids, are critical for survival at birth in mammals due at least in part to their importance in lung maturation. However, because air breathing is not always required for amphibian survival and because stress hormones have no known developmental impact except to modulate the developmental actions of thyroid hormone (TH), the requirement for stress hormone signaling during metamorphosis is not well understoodi. Here, we produced a glucocorticoid receptor knockout (GRKO) Xenopus line with a frameshift mutation in the first exon of the glucocorticoid receptor. Induction by exogenous corticosterone (CORT, the frog stress hormone) of the CORT response genes, klf9 (Kruppel-like factor 9, also regulated by TH) and ush1g (Usher's syndrome 1G), was completely abrogated in GRKO tadpoles. Surprisingly, GRKO tadpoles developed faster than wild-type tadpoles until forelimb emergence and then developed more slowly until their death at the climax of metamorphosis. Growth rate was not affected in GRKO tadpoles, but they achieved a smaller maximum size. Gene expression analysis of the TH response genes, thrb (TH receptor beta) and klf9 showed reduced expression in the tail at metamorphic climax consistent with the reduced development rate. These results indicate that glucocorticoid receptor is required for survival through metamorphosis and support dual roles for GR signaling in control of developmental rate.
Evidence-Based School Counseling: Expanding the Existing Paradigm:

This special edition of Professional School Counseling provides some of the key proceedings from the seventh annual Evidence-based School Counseling Conference (EBSCC). As the conceptual and practi...
Pilot Study Comparing Adverse Cardiorespiratory Events among Pharmacologically and Nonpharmacologically Treated Infants Undergoing Monitoring for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

There is variation in cardiorespiratory monitoring practices for neonatal abstinence syndrome. We examined the incidence of cardiorespiratory adverse events in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome who were treated or nontreated pharmacologically. Eight (10%) in the nontreated and 23 (19%) in the treated group experienced adverse events. This warrants further investigation in a larger cohort.
Patient with Sickle Cell Disease

The patient with sickle cell disease has unique considerations and necessary precautions to prevent complications and optimize care. The following chapter will commence with a discussion on the epidemiology, history, pathophysiology behind sickle cell disease that is paramount in understanding the proper management of patients with this disease. There will be a review of the different types of sickle cell syndromes with incorporation of genetics, followed by a discussion on the presentation of various crises in sickle cell disease. The chapter will conclude by summarizing a multi-modal approach to management and treatment of sickle cell disease, interventions for the management of sickle cell crises, perioperative management, and management of patients presenting to the emergency department. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the disease processes that drive the clinical manifestations of pain in sickle cell disease and draw attention to the distinct elements of managing the disease.
Diplomatic documents data for international relations: the Freedom of Information Archive Database:

We introduce the Freedom of Information Archive (FOIArchive) Database, a collection of over 3 million documents about state diplomacy. Substantively, our database focusses on the USA and provides o...