cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models for Studying the Role of Bacterial Attachment in Virulence and Pathogenesis

Simple in vitro tests for bacterial adhesion can indeed identify the various adhesive mechanisms of bacteria on an immunologic, physiochemical, biochemical, and genetic basis. Difficulties in interpretation arise, however, when attempts are made to relate the presence of a given adhesion to the colonizing ability or virulence of a bacterium. The reasons for this confusion are threefold: (1) there is more than one basic mechanism by which bacteria may associate with mucosae; (2) numerous intervening reactions in the mucosal microenvironment modify the various steps leading to association; and (3) mucosal association may sometimes be detrimental to a bacterium. Bacterial association with the mucosa, therefore, is determined by the final equilibrium established as a consequence of various synergistic and antagonistic reactions. An understanding of such a complex, interdependent system of reactions cannot be gained solely by studying each of its component parts in isolation. More complex models, such as those developed in experimental animals, are therefore required, and the relationship between adhesion and colonization must be explored within the conceptual framework employed by ecologists.
Brine history indicated by argon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, and iodine analyses of fluid inclusions from the Mississippi Valley type lead-fluorite-barite deposits at Hansonburg, New Mexico

Argon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, and iodine were measured in a homogeneous population of high-salinity hydrothermal fluid inclusions from the Tertiary-age Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-fluorite-barite deposits at Hansonburg, New Mexico to establish new types of evidence for the history of both the fluid and the major dissolved salts. Noble gases and halogens in fluid inclusions containing 10−10–10−9 L of brine (Cl= 3 molal) were analyzed by laser microprobe noble-gas mass spectrometry (lmngms) on neutron-irradiated samples. The concentrations of36Ar (4.7 × 10−8 molal) and84Kr1.8 × 10−9 molal) in the fluid inclusions are equal to those of fresh surface waters in equilibrium with air at approximately20 ± 5°. The mole ratios ofBr/Cl (1.2 × 10−4) andI/Cl (1–2 × 10−6) are among the lowest measured in any natural waters, similar to those of modern brines formed by dissolution of Permian NaCl-bearing evaporites in southeast New Mexico.40Ar/36Ar ratios (600) are twice that of air, and indicate that the fluid inclusions had excess radiogenic40Ar (1.4 × 10−5 molal) when trapped. The amount of excess40Ar appears to be too large to have been acquired with Cl by congruent dissolution of halite-bearing evaporites, and possibly too small to have been acquired with Pb by congruent dissolution of granitic basement rocks with Proterozoic KAr ages. From thelmngms data, combined with published Pb and S isotope data, we infer the following sequence of events in the history of the Hansonburg MVT hydrothermal brine: (1) the brine originated as relatively dilute meteoric water, and it did not gain or lose atmospheric Ar or Kr after recharge; (2) the originally dilute fluid acquired the bulk of its Cl and sulfate in the subsurface after recharge by dissolving halite-bearing Permian? marine evaporites; (3) the high salinity brine then acquired most of its Pb and excess radiogenic40Ar from interactions with aquifer rocks other than evaporites, possibly clastic sedimentary rocks or basement rocks with Phanerozoic KAr “ages”; and (4) the brine deposited fluorite without having boiled or degassed.
Transforming Theological Education Through Experiential Learning in Urban Contexts

An important paradigm shift underway in education allows students to be partners in cooperative learning and to field test old answers to ever-changing problems in urban life through the continual journey into neighborhoods and the return journey into the classroom for reflection. The rhythm of journey in and journey out ofthe classroom allows spirituality, community and justice to embrace. Diversity is reflected through students' journeys into contexts where people's worldviews and faith suppositions differ from their own. Jesus educated his disciples by sending them out on journeys, sometimes going with them, other times processing their experiencesd when they returned. Students should likewise be allowed to journey outside the confines of the classroom and interact with the world in all of its complexities. Experiential learning in urban contexts calls for a "servant learner" approach rather than the "servant leader" approach that still dominates theological education. The servant learner goes into a context with the goal of understanding the culture, needs, agendas, and issues of a community as an alternative to the traditional method of seeking to set the agenda for the people of the community. Christian educators are called to slow down, reflect, re-evaluate, and re-direct the educational journey back from where it began-out in the world. In its commitment to free-floating thoughts and cognitive concepts, contemporary higher education is left unanchored and without concrete expression in the world. Theological education cannot justify itself based on what it has become, but must seek a new path based on what might become. It must return to its true calling of educating Christians in their faith journeys through engagement and participation in the real world. It must also allow those whom we serve in our communities to evaluate our efforts.
Simple linear time approximation algorithm for betweenness

Abstract We study the Betweenness problem. We are given a set of vertices and betweenness constraints. Each betweenness constraint of the form x ⇝ { y , z } requires that vertex x lies between vertices y and z . Our goal is to find a vertex ordering that maximizes the number of satisfied constraints. In 1995, Chor and Sudan designed an SDP algorithm that satisfies half of all constraints in a satisfiable instance. We present a simple combinatorial linear time algorithm with the same approximation guarantee.
Circulatory response to hydrotherapy and dry heat in individuals with type 2 diabetes

In total, 33 subjects aged 23–74 years were examined to observe the effect of exposure to warm water hydrotherapy (40oC), local heating (40oC) and global (whole body) dry heat at 30oC and 40oC on their circulation. Data from patients with type 2 diabetes (n=16, mean age=58.3±11.5 years, mean weight=88.1±16.4 kg) were compared to data from control subjects (n=17, mean age=52±14.2 years, mean weight=80.4±12.3 kg). Vascular occlusion was used to assess endothelial damage. Subjects with type 2 diabetes had an impaired circulatory response to warm water immersion, dry heat and the application of local heat to increase skin temperature. Blood flow, in general, was diminished in diabetics by at least 50% when comparing resting blood flow in diabetics to that in control subjects. The response to heat under any condition studied here was also severely impaired in subjects with diabetes. These findings suggest that the application of warmth to increase circulation in patients with diabetes may not be as beneficial ...
Spontaneous Bladder Perforation in a Neonate

Spontaneous bladder perforation in the newborn setting is a rare clinical phenomenon that can be life threatening if left untreated. Several risk factors have been identified in previously reported cases such as hypoxia and bladder diverticula. We present the first case of neonatal bladder rupture without any identifiable risk factors.
Induction of Congenital Hydrocephalus in Hamsters with Attenuated and Natural Strains of Mumps Virus

The abilities of a low-passage strain and of a live, attenuated vaccine strain of mumps virus to induce congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters were tested by intraamniotic inoculation on the 10th day of pregnancy. Examination of term fetuses and neonates, with cytoplasmic inclusions, cytopathic effects, and specific immunofluorescence used as indicators, demonstrated an oronasal portal of entry for both strains. The vaccine strain appeared to be more pathogenic; it spread primarily into the respiratory tract and hence to the central nervous system. Inclusions were observed as long as 21 days after inoculation. Hydrocephalus and ependymal involvement, potentially capable of producing aqueductal stenosis, were observed in 19 of 81 animals studied 11-29 days after inoculation.
A nonlinear Gauss-Seidel algorithm for noncoplanar and coplanar camera calibration with convergence analysis

Abstract In this study, we discuss the nonlinear structure of the camera calibration problem and present new and provably convergent algorithms for noncoplanar and coplanar cases. From the perspective of optimization theory, we have included the following features in solving this nonlinear problem: (1) An initialization algorithm that computes an approximate solution as a starting value close to the global minimum. (2) A main estimation method that partitions the parameter space and uses a Gauss–Seidel optimization procedure for block components. For the noncoplanar case, the extrinsic and lens distortion parameters are computed by linear iterations or in closed form in each iteration. Nonlinear optimization is performed on a reduced parameter space of dimension three. For the coplanar case, the lens distortion parameters are computed by linear iterations. In both cases, the orthonormality condition of the camera vectors is satisfied. Thus, while performing nonlinear optimization over all parameters, we still retain many advantages of the linear methods, and in the process obtain an optimal solution. (3) A Lyapunov type convergence analysis is given for the algorithms. The structure of the objective function is analyzed in each iteration. In addition, for the coplanar case, we discuss new methods for obtaining starting estimates of image center and scale factor parameters. Furthermore, we consider lens distortion with radial, decentering, and thin prism distortion models.
Colocalization of prolactin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the anterior pituitary during estrogen-induced pituitary tumors

Abstract Chronic estrogen treatment induces prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary tumors in laboratory animals. To determine earlier events of tumorigenesis, we studied cell proliferation in the pituitary following 7–30 days of estrogen administration in Fischer 344 rats. Immunohistochemical localization of proliferative cells by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining and lactotropes by PRL staining revealed that estrogen treatment caused a time-dependent increase in the number of proliferative cells and lactotropes. Although the increase in lactotropic cell number paralleled the increase in PCNA-reactive cell number, only approximately 30% of lactotropes reacted simultaneously with the PCNA antibody. These results indicate that a subset population of lactotropes proliferates under the influence of estrogen during tumorigenesis.
Role Theory and Foreign Policy Change: The Transformation of Russian Foreign Policy in the 1990s

With the collapse of the Soviet Union many scholars correctly predicted that Russian foreign policy would change. What was less expected was the transformation of Russian policy in the mid-1990s, to reflect a more assertive stance. The need to address often-unexpected foreign policy changes has been one of the biggest challenges faced by international relations scholars and efforts to address this task have usually failed. This paper seeks to address whether there was any way to predict the changes in Russian international behavior. The project will examine changes in the national role conceptions expressed by the Russian leadership throughout the 1990s and compare them to the changes in Russian international behavior. The goal is to determine if changes in behavior were preceded by changes in expressed roles. This article will argue that national role conceptions, acting as an intervening variable, help explain changes in Russia's foreign policy.
Study of ground subsidence in northwest Harris county using GPS, LiDAR, and InSAR techniques

Subsidence has been affecting many cities around the world, such as Nagoya (Japan), Venice (Italy), San Joaquin Valley and Long Beach (California), and Houston (Texas). This phenomenon can be caused by natural processes and/or human activities, including but not limited to carbonate dissolution, extraction of material from mines, soil compaction, and fluid withdrawal. Surface deformation has been an ongoing problem in the Houston Metropolitan area because of the city’s location in a passive margin where faulting and subsidence are common. Most of the previous studies attributed the causes of the surface deformation to four major mechanisms: faulting, soil compaction, salt tectonics, and fluid withdrawal (groundwater withdrawal and hydrocarbon extraction). This work assessed the surface deformation in the greater Houston area and their possible relationship with fluid withdrawal. To achieve this goal, data from three complimentary remote sensing techniques Global Positioning System (GPS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar were used. GPS rates for the last 17 years show a change in surface deformation patterns. High rates of subsidence in the northwestern areas (up to ~4 cm/year) and signs of uplift in the southeast are observed (up to 2 mm\year). High rates of subsidence appear to be decreasing. Contrary to previous studies in which the location of subsidence appeared to be expanding toward the northwest, current results show that the area of subsidence is shrinking and migrating toward the northeast. Digital elevation model generated from airborne LiDAR, revealed changes between salt domes and their surrounding areas. The persistent scatterer interferometry was performed using twenty-five (25) European remote sensing-1/2 scenes. Rates of change in groundwater level and hydrocarbon production were calculated using data from 261 observation wells and 658 hydrocarbon wells. A water level decline of 4 m/year was found in area of highest subsidence, this area also show ~70 million m3/year of hydrocarbon extraction. This study found strong correlation between fluid withdrawals and subsidence. Therefore, both groundwater and hydrocarbon withdrawal in northwest Harris County are considered to be the major drivers of the surface deformation.
Equilibrium D/H fractionation of organic hydrogen

Interpretations of D/H data from ancient organic molecules must generally address the possibility of isotopic exchange with ambient water. A lack of systematic changes in dD of organic molecules with age is commonly used to infer the lack of exchange, as are large differences in the D/H ratios of organic molecule and water.
Language deficits after apparent clinical recovery from childhood aphasia

Twenty-seven children with childhood injury to the left hemisphere were tested for language function and compared with appropriate controls. Eleven children had incurred their lesions before the age of 1 year, 16 afterward. The group with perinatal injury to the left hemisphere did not show a specific aphasic deficit even though they were mildly cognitively impaired. The group of children with later injury to the left hemisphere showed aphasic deficits if the original injury had caused a language defect; otherwise the left hemisphere injury was not associated with specific disturbances in language function. The average age at time of lesion in those children who had recovered from aphasia was 4.7 years. We conclude that even when childhood aphasia results from a unilateral nonprogressive lesion, recovery of language is less complete than has been generally supposed.
Discrimination and Mexican-Origin Adolescents’ Adjustment: The Moderating Roles of Adolescents’, Mothers’, and Fathers’ Cultural Orientations and Values

Drawing on Garcia Coll et al.’s integrative framework and the risk and resilience model, this study examined the relationships between adolescents’ perceived discrimination and psychosocial adjustment and the moderating roles of adolescents’, mothers’, and fathers’ cultural orientations and values, and adolescent gender in a sample of 246 Mexican-origin families. Using multilevel modeling with data from mothers, fathers, seventh graders (Mage = 12.8 years; SD = .57 year) and older siblings (Mage = 15.7 years; SD = 1.5 years), findings revealed that perceived discrimination was positively related to depression, risky behaviors, and deviant peer affiliations. In addition, parents’ cultural orientations and values and adolescent gender moderated the relationships between perceived discrimination and some indicators of adjustment. These findings suggest that parents’ cultural orientations and values can serve as protective and vulnerability factors in the associations between Mexican-origin adolescents’ perceived discrimination and their psychosocial adjustment.
Analysis of General Anxiety Scale for Children and Draw-a-Person Measures of General Anxiety Level of Elementary School Children

Sarason's (1960) General Anxiety Scale for Children was used as the criterion measure of trait anxiety in a study investigating fifth- and sixth-graders' (ns equals 15) human figure-drawing performance. Figures drawn were man, woman, and self. Significant differentiation by the figure-drawing scores on the sex criterion was obtained for some indices; however, no significant relationships were found between subjects' human figure-drawing scores and their anxiety level as measured by the General Anxiety Scale for Children.
Contact-mediated communication of ouabain resistance in mammalian cells in culture

THE active transport of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane, mediated by Na+-K+-ATPase, can be inhibited specifically by the cardiac glycoside ouabain1. Ouabain is toxic to mammalian cells in culture, the degree of sensitivity varying with species2; however, cells resistant to its cytotoxic effects have been obtained in rodent2–4 and human5,6 cell strains. Ouabain-resistant (ouar) cells are thought to have a mutation affecting the Na+-K+-ATPase so that their enzyme has a lower affinity for ouabain than the enzyme of ouabain-sensitive (ouas) cells. Therefore, ouar cells can actively transport Na+ and K+ at ouabain concentrations that would inhibit ouas cells2,4,5. We have observed that ouas human cells, when cocultured densely with ouar human cells, acquire a functional resistance to ouabain as evidenced by their ability to proliferate in medium containing the drug (unpublished observations). We suspected that ouabain resistance was communicated from ouar to ouas cells and that this transfer was a manifestation of ionic transport through a pathway independent of the Na+-K+-ATPase. There is substantial evidence that a specialised membrane structure, the gap junction, is the ultrastructural pathway for the transfer of ions, metabolites and other small molecules between cells in contact7–9. To determine whether the acquisition of ouabain resistance we observed was mediated through gap junctions, we have compared—for the ability to communicate ouabain resistance—cells which are known to form gap junctions with those that cannot. Our results indicate that ouabain resistance can be communicated from ouar to ouas cells, that the process is contact dependent and that it does not occur in cells unable to form gap junctions.
A determination of the absolute radiant energy of a Robertson-Berger meter sunburn unit

Abstract Data from a Robertson-Berger (RB) sunburn meter were compared with concurrent measurements obtained with an ultraviolet double monochromator (DM), and the absolute energy of one sunburn unit measured by the RB-meter was determined. It was found that at a solar zenith angle of 30° one sunburn unit (SU) is equivalent to 35 ± 4 mJ cm−2, and at a solar zenith angle of 69°, one SU is equivalent to 20 ± 2 mJ cm−2 (relative to a wavelength of 297 nm), where the rate of change is non-linear. The deviation is due to the different response functions of the RB-meter and the DM system used to simulate the response of human skin to the incident u.v. solar spectrum. The average growth rate of the deviation with increasing solar zenith angle was found to be 1.2% per degree between solar zenith angles 30 and 50° and 2.3% per degree between solar zenith angles 50 and 70°. The deviations of response with solar zenith angle were found to be consistent with reported RB-meter characteristics.
Infrared reflectance of YBa2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−δ films

Abstract In this paper, we report the infrared reflectance R( v ,T) of a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ film in which 6% of the Cu atoms have been substituted by Ni. These spectra are taken with better resolution than in our earlier report of films with up to 4% Ni. The reflectance spectra for the 6% Ni-doped film are very similar to those fora 4% Ni-doped film, thus confirming our earlier conclusions about the very non-BCS gapless nature of the optical conductivity. The new spectra make evident a plateau at R = 96% for v −1 and a sharp decrease in R for v > 150cm −1 . These features imply an interesting non-Drude structure in the superconducting density of states in the infrared.
Chromatography on cellulose phosphate of polysaccharide hydrolases from fungi

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for the gradient elution of enzymes from a column of cellulose phosphate. By starting with 0.05 M each of citric acid, acetic acid, and sodium chloride in a constant volume mixing chamber, and 0.05 N NaOH in the reservoir, a pH gradient is produced. When this buffered solution passes through the column of cellulose phosphate, the pH of the effluent rises in a nearly linear manner from pH 2.2 to 7, whereupon the pH rises precipitously. 2. 2. With this system of separation, the chromatographic behavior at room temperature is described of three polygalacturonases (one exo and two endo), two xylanases (exo and endo), two cellulases, an arabanase, a galactanase, a proteinase, and what appear to be three amylases and three enzymes hydrolyzing galactomannan. The enzymes were derived from a commercial “Pectinase” from Rhizopus tritici. Continuous recording of the ultraviolet absorption is also shown. 3. 3. A batchwise separation of the crude R. tritici enzymes on a preparative column of cellulose phosphate is described and the resulting four fractions analyzed by the above procedure. A purification of endopolygalacturonase activity of 93-fold on a nitrogen basis and 1000-fold on a solids basis was achieved in this preparative separation.
3D human airway segmentation for virtual bronchoscopy

This paper describes a new airway segmentation algorithm that improves the speed of morphological-based segmentation approaches. Airway segmentation methods based on morphological operators suffer from the indiscriminant application of all operators to a large area. Using the results of three-dimensional (3D) region growing, the discrete application of larger operators is possible. This change can greatly decrease the execution time of the algorithm. This hybrid approach typically runs 5 to 10 times faster than the original algorithm. 3D adaptive region growing, morphological segmentation, and the hybrid approach are then compared via data obtained from human volunteers using a Marconi MX8000 scanner with the lungs held at 85% TLC. Results show that filtering improves robustness of these techniques. The hybrid approach allows for the practical use of morphological operators to create a clinically useful segmentation. We also demonstrate the method's utility for peripheral nodule analysis in a human case.
Recommendation system for automatic design of magazine covers

In this paper, we present a recommendation system for the automatic design of magazine covers. Our users are non-designer designers: individuals or small and medium businesses who want to design without hiring a professional designer while still wanting to create aesthetically compelling designs. Because a design should have a purpose, we suggest a number of semantic features to the user, e.g., "clean and clear," "dynamic and active," or "formal," to describe the color mood for the purpose of his/her design. Based on these high level features and a number of low level features, such as the complexity of the visual balance in a photo, our system selects the best photos from the user's album for his/her design. Our system then generates several alternative designs that can be rated by the user. Consequently, our system generates future designs based on the user's style. In this fashion, our system personalizes the designs of a user based on his/her preferences.
High frequency behavior of a space charge rotating in a magnetic field

A theoretical discussion is given of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a space charge which is rotating under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. Equations are derived for the relations between the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, charge density, electron velocities, the applied magnetic field, the frequency, the phase velocities, and the effective dielectric constant of the space charge region. In particular, the natural frequencies are computed for such a space charge rotating about an infinitesimal conductor and enclosed by a coaxial conducting cylinder. The predicted resonant frequencies agree well with experimentally observed values for magnetron oscillators. The theory here developed is also applicable to other devices in which a rotating space charge is utilized.
Vibrational spectra of crystalline, molten and aqueous potassium dichromate

Abstract Raman and infrared spectra of crystalline potassium dichromate were measured at −196°C, and Raman spectra were recorded at successive temperatures from 25°C to above the solid-solid phase transition at 269°C. Raman spectra of molten K2Cr2O7 at 435°C and of a saturated aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7 at 25° also were measured. Two-site and correlation field splitting of the internal modes of dichromate ion in the low temperature solid phase are discussed, and the assignment of the Raman active external modes in the crystal is considered using a cell model. The results from a calculation of the 21 normal modes of dichromate ion are presented to support the proposed frequency assignments.
Biodiversity as a General, Scientific Concept

Morar et al. argue that justifications for conservation based on assessments of biodiversity are vacuous, because ‘biodiversity’ is a flawed concept. However, their analysis of the concept mistakes how scientific concepts function. The concept ‘biodiversity’ stands up to their criticisms.
The Indian Saltpeter Trade, the Military Revolution, and the Rise of Britain as a Global Superpower

Between 1601 and 1801, ships made thousands of voyages carrying goods from Asian ports to the primary European markets for East Indian commodities: Amsterdam, London, l'Orient, Copenhagen, Lisbon, ...
The elimination of discipline problems through a combined school-home motivational system

Behavioral control of classroom disruption is usually achieved through some form of school-based motivational system. Upon discovering limitations in this source of reinforcement, a new procedure was implemented that included the children's homes as a powerful source of reinforcement to eliminate discipline problems in school. This procedure consisted of linking the child's daily classroom behavior to consequences provided at home by the parents. An entire class of 23 students was observed for 1.5 hr daily. Baseline measures indicated that the average level of disruption was 90%. To give the child (and parent) feedback regarding his classroom conduct a “Good Behavior” letter was sent home with the child if he met criteria for good conduct. Parents then provided differential consequences in the home, based on the receipt or nonreceipt of the letter. Within a day, the contingent presentation of the letter for good conduct decreased disruptive behavior to a mean of 10%. When the “Good Behavior” letter was given irrespective of conduct in school, disruption rose to 50%. The reinstatement of the contingent presentation of the letter immediately reduced disruptive behavior to zero. The results indicate that a school-home-based motivational system can be effective in reducing disruptive behavior and maintaining appropriate conduct in the classroom. In addition, this procedure helps to integrate the school's objectives with the parents' legitimate expectations.
Processing of stereo image pairs: elimination of depth planes using the 'cut-plane' procedure

We discuss an approach to detect a 3D position or shape by reconstructing real images at multiple positions from a holographic fringe pattern produced on a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The calculation of the intensity distribution on a real image at a certain position can be performed by making the Fresnel transformation of the holographic fringe pattern. It is possible to detect the position of an object by comparing reconstructed images at multiple positions and by picking up one having peak intensity in them. In this paper, an approach to position detection using reconstructed images from a holographic fringe pattern and Fresnel transformation for image reconstruction are described. As experimental results, image reconstructions from holographic fringe patterns produced with one or two point light sources are shown. In conclusion, we discuss the accuracy of this method on z position.
Beyond bankruptcy: Does the US bankruptcy code provide a fresh start to entrepreneurs?

Abstract This paper assesses the extent to which the US bankruptcy system is effective in providing small businesses a “fresh start” after a bankruptcy filing. I use data from the 1993, 1998 and 2003 National Survey of Small Business Finances to explore how firms fare after a bankruptcy filing. On the positive side, previously bankrupt firms are not any more burdened than the average small firm by problems relating to profitability, cash flow, health insurance costs, or taxes. Further, the fact that these firms are surviving several years after the filing is itself a testament to the efficient functioning of the US bankruptcy system. It suggests that the bankruptcy system goes a long way toward helping businesses recover after a bankruptcy filing. However, the one area of concern that persists after a filing is financing or credit access. In general, these firms have a nearly 24 percentage point higher likelihood of being denied a loan and are charged interest rates that are more than 1 percentage point higher than those charged to other businesses. A bankruptcy affects all types of financing, even trade credit, which is a significant form of lending between businesses. In fact, it appears that firms with a bankruptcy record are rationed out of the market, with all types of loans being denied at significantly higher rates than other firms. Further, my results show that bankruptcy leads to a class of discouraged borrowers who are significantly less likely to even apply for a loan.
Sports participation and academic performance: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

It has been argued that high school sports participation increases motivation and teaches teamwork and self-discipline. While several studies have shown that students who participate in athletic activities perform better in school than those who do not, it is not clear whether this association is a result of positive academic spillovers, or due to the influence of unobservables. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and a variety of statistical techniques designed to distinguish between these hypotheses, we examine the effect of sports participation on several measures of academic performance. Our results provide only limited evidence that sports participation leads to enhanced academic performance.
Electronic Medical Records: The Promises and Challenges

MUCH HAS BEEN SAID about the importance of the electronic medical record (EMR) and patient safety. EMRs offer the ability for health care providers and organizations to share and store patient health information without the reliance on paper records. The information contained in the EMR can include progress notes from multiple providers, vital signs, previous tests, health problems, and other vital information. One of the other goals is to simplify the health care provider’s work through the integration of evidence-based decision making programs and quality management programs. Currently, most EMRs reside within a hospital system or a physician practice, and the EMR contains information only from that hospital or physician’s office. Yet the ability to have information together in an integrated fashion, even within one system, does improve patient safety in multiple ways. The information, collected once, can be used to identify adverse events, extend research capabilities, improve access to trends related to treatment, and even improve billing. Another goal is to make the entire EMR available for patients and clinicians beyond the one system. During the Bush administration, the federal government established a national goal to have an integrated health in
Transcripts encoding K12, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, and the microRNA cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus originate from a common promoter

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of three malignancies associated with AIDS and immunosuppression. Tumor cells harbor latent virus and express kaposin (open reading frame [ORF] K12), v-FLIP (ORF 71), v-Cyclin (ORF 72), and latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA; ORF 73). ORFs 71 to 73 are transcribed as multicistronic RNAs initiating from adjacent constitutive and inducible promoters upstream of ORF 73. Here we characterize a third promoter embedded within the ORF 71-to-73 transcription unit specifying transcripts that encode ORF 71/72 or K12. These transcripts may also be the source of 11 microRNAs arranged as a cluster between K12 and ORF 71. Our studies reveal a complex arrangement of interlaced transcription units, incorporating four important protein-encoding genes required for latency and pathogenesis and the entire KSHV microRNA repertoire.
The Human Gut Microbiome as a Screening Tool for Colorectal Cancer

Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome may be an important factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Abnormalities in the gut microbiome have been reported in patients with colorectal cancer; however, this microbial community has not been explored as a potential screen for early-stage disease. We characterized the gut microbiome in patients from three clinical groups representing the stages of colorectal cancer development: healthy, adenoma, and carcinoma. Analysis of the gut microbiome from stool samples revealed both an enrichment and depletion of several bacterial populations associated with adenomas and carcinomas. Combined with known clinical risk factors of colorectal cancer (e.g., BMI, age, race), data from the gut microbiome significantly improved the ability to differentiate between healthy, adenoma, and carcinoma clinical groups relative to risk factors alone. Using Bayesian methods, we determined that using gut microbiome data as a screening tool improved the pretest to posttest probability of adenoma more than 50-fold. For example, the pretest probability in a 65-year-old was 0.17% and, after using the microbiome data, this increased to 10.67% (1 in 9 chance of having an adenoma). Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate the feasibility of using the composition of the gut microbiome to detect the presence of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Furthermore, these results support the need for more cross-sectional studies with diverse populations and linkage to other stool markers, dietary data, and personal health information.
Method of paired transforms for reconstruction of images from projections: discrete model

An effective method of discrete image reconstruction from its projections is introduced. The method is based on the vector and paired representations of the two-dimensional (2D) image with respect to the 2D discrete Fourier transform. Such representations yield algorithms for image reconstruction by a minimal number of attenuation measurements in certain projections. The proposed algorithms are described in detail for an N/spl times/N image, when N=2/sup r/, r>1. The inverse formulas for image reconstruction are given. The efficiency of the algorithms is expressed in the fact that they require a minimal number of multiplications, or can be implemented without such at all. The problem of discrete image reconstruction is also considered in three-dimensional (3D) space, namely on the 3D torus, where the reconstruction is performed by means of the nonlinear projections that are integral over 3D spirals on the torus.
A dual pixel-type array for imaging and motion centroid localization

An imager chip has been designed, fabricated, and tested having two unique pixel types interleaved on the same array. The dual-pixel design enables optimization for two separate tasks. One type of pixel is an active pixel sensor (APS), which is used to produce a low-noise image. The other type is a custom-designed pixel optimized for computing the centroid of a moving object in the scene. The APS array is 120 columns /spl times/36 rows, with a pixel size of 14.7/spl times/14.7 /spl mu/m. The centroid array has 60 columns and 36 rows, with a larger pixel size of 29.4/spl times/29.4 /spl mu/m. The chip was fabricated using standard scalable rules on a 0.5 /spl mu/m 1P3M CMOS process. APS images were taken at a frame rate of 30 fps-8300 fps and centroid data was taken at a rate of 180-3580 (x,y) coordinates per second. The chip consumed 2.6 mW.
The Mobile Data Link (MDL) of the Joint Tactical Radio System Wideband Networking Waveform

The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) is applying the latest advances in distributed ad-hoc networking to a wide range of military applications and platforms. The Mobile Data Link (MDL) provides the channel access for WNW using adaptive TDMA to efficiently schedule transmissions in the face of scarce channel resources, challenging throughput and latency requirements, and changing link conditions. Because of their scarcity, channel resources are reused spatially and concentrated in nodes that are best positioned to relieve congestion. Both allocated TDMA slots and contention slots provide unicast and broadcast coverage that have been optimized for operational groups of nodes on the same channel while allowing selected nodes to bridge between channels. Transmission parameters are adjusted on the fly in response to changes in measurements provided by the Signal-in-Space (SiS) that reflect signal strength and symbol error rate. This paper provides an overview of the architecture of the MDL, its major functions and unique algorithms, and its adaptability to different operational scenarios based on configuration parameters. It will also present performance results based both on recent lab tests using pre-EDM units and on a shared code simulation model that uses the MDL operational code in a realistic emulated networking environment.
the office of reason: on the politics of language and agency in a shelter for “the homeless mentally ill”

An ethnographic study of the words and actions common to a shelter for people considered homeless and mentally ill shows how distinct forms of reasoning and personal agency relate to a set of practical concerns and political exigencies. Whereas the shelter's staff rely on and promote a referential language and direct, active forms of agency, its residents depend on tactical, persuasive uses of language and oblique, reactive forms of agency. Yet because the staff have the upper hand politically, their orientations to language, thought, and action take a more central role in encouraging people to act in sincere and reasonable ways. The residents draw on ideas of sincerity, reason, and personal accountability, but in makeshift ways, with the result that the ideas are caught up in the rhetoric of self-presentation. The article's findings underscore the need for anthropologists to attend to the diverse means, and political, linguistic, and cultural grounds, of human reason and agency. [agency, reason, language, power, mental illness, homelessness]
Computer calculation of deflection aberrations in electron beams

The aberrations of a magnetically deflected electron beam are investigated in detail using an IBM 7094 computer. The computer programming is applicable to the case of one-dimensional deflection through small angles. The beam is treated as a group of electrons having no internal interactions, no energy spread, and producing no external fields. The field distributions that would produce minimum total aberration for a range of specified working distances, maximum deflection distances, coil widths, and coil openings are calculated. The aberrations produced by these ideal fields and by fields that deviate from the model are predicted. Typically, for a working distance of 3 in (7.62 cm), field coverage of 11 mm, and beam convergence angle of 3.54 × 10-3rad, the maximum increase in spot diameter is of the order of 0.05 micron. Theoretical limitations on the minimum aberration of a specific deflection system are established. The aberration is expected to be further minimized if dynamic astigmatic correction, as described in this paper, is applied.
Seasonal movements of crayfish in a fluctuating wetland: implications for restoring wading bird populations

Summary Among aquatic fauna of fluctuating wetlands, seasonal interhabitat movement is a widespread phenomenon that can strongly influence predator–prey interactions and population dynamics of vertebrate predators. For example, movements increase the availability of small fishes during seasonal drying, which is critical to the reproductive success of many wading bird (Ciconiiformes) species. However, few studies have examined movements of aquatic fauna in relation to changes in water depth, especially for those taxa that can physiologically tolerate periods of drying and whose responses to hydrology are difficult to predict (e.g. crayfish). Here, we experimentally explore the movement responses of a key prey species in the Florida Everglades – the slough crayfish Procambarus fallax – to a seasonal decline in water depth. The study was conducted in four replicate wetland impoundments (wetlands) which comprise habitats characteristic of the Florida Everglades. In two wetlands, we induced a 60-cm drop in water level and examined crayfish movements between higher-elevation ridge habitats and lower-elevation slough habitats when water levels were (i) relatively deep on ridges; (ii) relatively shallow on ridges; and (iii) below ground on ridges but above ground in sloughs. In two control wetlands, we followed the identical sampling protocol but maintained the deep stage on the ridges. Crayfish movements were quantified by changes in abundance and mark–release–recapture (MRR). Crayfish abundance changed little within habitats while water remained on the ridges, but it decreased on the ridges and considerably increased in the sloughs after the ridges dried. These changes were clearly due to loss of water on the ridges as abundances in control wetlands remained constant throughout sampling. Elevated slough abundances were not explained by differences in trapping efficiency or episodic releases of recently hatched crayfish, suggesting they were due largely to movements from ridges to sloughs. This was supported by the MRR data. Our results show that seasonal water-level recessions can induce crayfish to move from higher to lower-elevation habitats where they become concentrated and potentially available to foraging birds. We discuss the potential implications of these movements for restoring hydrologic conditions for wading birds in large fluctuating wetlands.
A new tip-recording method to test scorpion pecten chemoresponses to water-soluble stimulants

On the ventral surface of all scorpions are jointed appendages called pectines, which possess thousands of sensory sensilla. Researchers have electrophysiologically examined these peg sensilla in the past, providing evidence for their chemosensitivity and intra-peg synaptic interactions. However, limits to extracellular recording and chemical stimulation have impeded further research. In this study, we develop and apply a new tip-recording technique for stimulating and recording peg neurons. Relative to previous methods in pecten electrophysiology, this technique allows for very fast and efficient data assembly. Using it, we captured sensilla chemoresponses to aqueous stimulants. We see utility in this method for advancing our understanding of sensory physiology; specifically, we suggest this technique may be useful for physiological assays on scorpion and other arthropod chemoreceptors, such as insect and crustacean gustatory sensilla.
A paradoxical gradient of a basal lamina-associated repellent is essential for pathfinding by the Ti1 pioneer axons in cockroach embryos.

Perturbations of in situ axon growth with proteolytic enzymes and monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the role of gradient guidance cues in the formation of the Ti1 pioneer axon trajectory in cultured cockroach embryos. Treatment with enzymes that degrade the basal lamina indicated that this substrate contains both an elastase-sensitive proximal directing cue and a collagenase-sensitive distal directing cue. The latter is shown to be a repellent of axon growth and is identical to the PROD-2 antigen that is distributed in a gradient along the proximal–distal axis of the leg with high levels in proximal regions. This means that throughout the course of their growth the axons extend in the direction of increasing levels of repellent. At a critical decision point in the trajectory the axons change both the direction of growth and the substrate to which their growth cones adhere. PROD-2 plays an essential role in both of these processes.
Müllerian-inhibiting substance in follicular fluid and serum: a comparison of patients with tubal factor infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis.

Abstract Objective: To determine Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) levels in follicular fluid (FF) and sera of IVF patients. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Fertility center. Patient(s): Sixty-six patients: 20 with tubal factor infertility, 17 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and 29 with endometriosis. Intervention(s): All patients underwent ovarian stimulation with hMG and/or FSH, as well as oocyte retrieval for IVF. Main Outcome Measure(s): Follicular fluid and serum MIS levels and oocyte fertilization rates. Result(s): Levels of MIS in FF and sera of PCOS patients were significantly higher than those in tubal factor patients: 7.01 ± 1.52 versus 1.65 ± 0.23 ng/mL (mean ± SE) and 2.97 ± 0.52 versus 0.92 ± 0.19 ng/mL, respectively. In endometriosis patients, follicular fluid and serum MIS levels were not significantly different from those in tubal factor patients. In PCOS patients, the percentage of immature oocytes retrieved (17.9% = 5.0%) was significantly higher compared with tubal factor (1.5% ± 1.0%) and endometriosis (9.2% ± 2.3%) patients. The percentage of oocytes fertilized was significantly lower in PCOS patients (30.2% ± 5.3%) compared with tubal factor (62.2% ± 5.5%) and endometriosis (37.5% ± 5.7%) patients. Conclusion(s): Women with PCOS had higher serum and follicular fluid MIS levels, a higher percentage of immature oocytes, and lower fertilization rates than women with endometriosis or pelvic adhesions.