cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactation Studies. I. Effects upon Milk Ejection in the Bovine of Various Injection Treatments Using Oxytocin and Relaxin

Summary A cow became unable, in most instances, to eject milk normally. Oxytocin was administered to this cow intravenously, to study milk ejection. Six hundredths I. U. oxytocin was the least amount that caused partial milk ejection, whereas 0.12 to 0.25 I. U. caused normal ejection. Amounts up to ten units were increasingly more effective. Small amounts of oxytocin were more effective in ejecting milk when injected rapidly rather than slowly. However, there was little difference resulting from two 0.25 I. U. injections within a few minutes, and one 0.5 I. U. Complementary milk increased after a second injection of oxytocin, but decreased in per cent of total milk, and the fat per cent was unchanged as the time between injections increased from one to two milking intervals. Milk from the cistern of the udder increased in volume before milk ejection at milkings subsequent to oxytocin treatment, and decreased in fat as the time extended from one to two milkings and as the amount of oxytocin decreased. More complementary milk, higher in fat, was collected from certain amounts of oxytocin, divided into two injections given at one milking, if the most effective injection was given last. Relaxin was tested for milk ejection properties, and from 750 to 1,800G.P.U. injected intravenously into three cows on two occasions did not cause noticeable milk ejection.
Focal medial temporal lobe spike-wave complexes evoked by a memory task.

Summary: Several factors are known to modulate the occurrence of interictal spike-wave complexes (SWC). During performance of a recent memory task by a patient with uncontrolled complex partial seizures and implanted electrodes, visually presented stimuli consistently evoked focal medial temporal lobe interictal SWC with an average latency of 228 ± 29 ms. The SWC were more often lateralized to the left medial temporal lobe. No consistent change in interictal spike rate was observed during performance of several other cognitive tasks during which visual or auditory stimuli were presented. This suggests that performance of specific cognitive tasks–in this case, recognition memory of words—can trigger interictal SWC. RESUME On connait plusieurs facteurs qui modulent la survenue de pointes-ondes (PO) intercritiques. Pendant l'execution d'un test de memoire recent, la presentation de stimuli visuels a entraine de facon reproductible l'a survenue de complexes de PO focales medio-temporales apres une latence moyenne de 228 ± 29 mse-condes. Les PO etaient le plus souvent lateralisees a la partie moyenne du lobe temporal gauche. Nous n'avons pas observe de modification notable de la frequence des PO intercritiques pendant l'execution de plusieurs autres tests cognitifs qui comprenaient une presentation de stimuli visuels ou auditifs. Ceci suggere que l'execution de tâches cognitives precises, dans notre cas la memoire de reconnaissance des mots, peut declencher l'apparition de PO intercritiques. RESUMEN Es conocido que varios factores modulan la frecuencia de los complejos punta-onda lenta interictales. Durante la realizacion de pruebas para memoria recienle con un paciente con ataques parciales complejos sin controlar y con elcctrodos implantados, los estimulos visuales presentados consistentemente ante el. evocaro n complejos punta-onda lenta interictales focales en la porcion medial del lobulo temporal (SWC) con una latencia promediada de 228 ± 29 mseg. Los SWC aparecian mas frecuentemente lateralizados hacia la porcion medial del lobulo temporal izquierdo. No se observo ningun cambio con respecto a la frecuencia de las punlas interictales duranle la realizacion de varios tests para medir la function cognitiva. durante los cuales se presentaron ante el enfermo estimulos visuales o auditivos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la realizacion de pruebas para medida de funcion cognitiva, en este caso el reconocimiento mnesico de palabras. puede desencadenar SWC interictales.
Variation in national suicide rates over time.

In a sample of 30 nations, those with higher proportion of the population under the age of 15 had national suicide rates showing greater variation over the period 1960-1990. Language: en
Band Width of the OH-stretching Vibration in Solid Alcohols

THERE have been many theories1 advanced to explain the extremely broad OH-stretching vibration (νOH) in hydrogen bonded molecules. None of these theories fully explains the νOH band width for all types of hydrogen bonded systems and many Of the theories cannot be tested experimentally. We wish to report experimental evidence that the OH-stretching vibration in solid alcohols is not inherently broad, and that the breadth normally observed results from crystal interactions through nearest neighbour or first order coupling between OH groups along the hydrogen bond chain. Spectra of single crystals were obtained in a diamond window high pressure cell with techniques previously described2. Low temperature spectra were obtained in a conventional Dewar cell.
Utilizing Colloidal Silica and Aluminum-Doped Colloidal Silica as a Binder in FCC Catalysts: Effects on Porosity, Acidity, and Microactivity

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts using two different colloidal silica materials as binders, where one was doped with 2 wt % Al2O3 and the other was without any dopant. The physicochemical properties such as attrition resistance, particle size distribution, surface areas, porosity, morphology, chemical environment, and acidity were investigated employing various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as N2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR, and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). It was observed that the FCC catalysts synthesized using colloidal silica have larger particle sizes than that synthesized using sodium silicate (baseline catalyst) as a binder and lower than that of a commercial FCC catalyst. They also exhibit relatively lower attrition resistance than the commercial and the baseline FCC catalysts; however, they exhibit higher BET and matrix s...
The upper arm approach for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters for protracted venous access.

Obtaining and maintaining venous access in patients with a variety of chronic diseases is a constant problem for those involved in the care of these patients. A recently developed option for medium-duration (weeks to months) venous access is the peripherally inserted central catheter (P1CC). This is a 2to 5-French silicone catheter advanced into the superior vena cava from an antecubital vein, usually placed by specially trained nurses. These catheters have been shown to be safe and effective in patients with a wide variety of diseases [1-3]. Limitations to this approach include variable patient tolerance to the presence of a catheter in the antecubital fossa and the inability to place the catheter in patients with thrombosed antecubital veins. We have developed a technique to place PICCs that relies on fluoroscopic guidance and puncture of the basilic or brachial vein in the mid portion of the upper arm to overcome these limitations.
Sequence stratigraphic setting of Neogene turbidite systems, Green Canyon and Ewing Bank, northern Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary results

The Neogene strata of Green Canyon and Ewing Bank lease areas in northern Gulf of Mexico are a major exploration play. Most discoveries and future exploration targets are in Neogene turbidite systems (low stand systems tracts). The regional sequence stratigraphy for this area has been interpreted to help define the potential areas for future exploration. Data base consists of 10,000 km of multifold seismic data, well log data for 100 wells, biostratigraphy from 180 wells. Existing fields and sand bodies are characterized within a sequence stratigraphic frame-work. Major sand-prone intervals directly overlie the 3.8, 3.4, 1.9, 1.4, 1.1, and 0.8 Ma sequence boundaries. A stacked condensed section occurs in the area between 3.0 to 1.9 Ma; it separates the stratigraphy into two discrete sections. Few reservoir intervals develop in this interval, because of a lack of major sand source into the basin. In general, sediments below the major condensed section were considerably sandier than those sequences younger than the condensed section. Producing sands are from turbidite systems deposited in mid-bathyal water depths in the GC 205, 184 (Jolliet) 65 (Bullwinkle), Ewing Bank 826. Reservoirs vary from massive, blocky sands to thinly laminated sands with low resistivity, and are commonly associatedmore » with seismic amplitude anomalies.« less
New results on distributed detection with dependent observations

Without the conditional independence assumption, the problem of distributed detection becomes intractable in general. A promising approach for this problem was proposed recently that utilizes a hierarchical conditional independence model. By inserting a hidden variable in the detection hierarchy that induces conditional independence among sensor observations, it is possible to identify certain conditions under which the detection problems become tractable. This paper generalizes the conditions thereby broadening the classes of distributed detection problems with dependent observations that can be readily solved. An example of distributed detection of a random signal is given to show that the proposed generalization can solve problems that were not possible using the original approach.
Control of flagellar bending: a new agenda based on dynein diversity.

Observations that were interpreted to provide evidence for equivalent functions of all axonemal dyneins should be reinterpreted, and models based on this assumption should be abandoned. In the future, attempts to understand the mechanisms for flagellar bending, oscillation, and bend propagation should start from the assumption that each type of axonemal dynein may have a specific function. At least three distinct functions can now be identified: bend initiation, maintenance of the angle of propagating bends, and generation of power to overcome viscous resistances. Only the last of these three functions is an outer arm dynein function. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamic response characteristics of a two-wheeled inverted-pendulum transporter

Two-wheeled inverted pendulums can be used as personal transporters. Their maneuverability and small footprint give them desirable properties for this application. However, they are intrinsically unstable and their dynamic response can be significantly different depending on what type of person is riding the transporter. Therefore, the feedback controller that stabilizes the machine must be robust to these dynamic variations. In this paper, dynamic characteristics of a Segway i2 are investigated. The variation in the dynamic properties as a function of the rider parameters of weight and center of mass height is reported. It is shown that the pitching frequency changes significantly as a function of rider weight and center of mass height.
Purification of alternanase by affinity chromatography.

The enzyme alternanase, produced by Bacillus sp. NRRL B-21195, hydrolyzes alternan, a polysaccharide produced by certain strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides that consists of glucose linked by alternating α(1→6), α(1→3) linkages. The main product of enzymatic hydrolysis by alternanase is a novel cyclic tetrasaccharide of glucose that also has alternating linkages between the glucose moieties. An improved purification scheme for alternanase has been developed that incorporates the use of isomaltosyl units linked to agarose for selectively binding the alternanase enzyme. Bound enzyme was eluted with 0.5 M sodium chloride and was nearly pure after this procedure. When followed by preparative isoelectric focusing, a single band of 117 kDa was measured when the purified protein was analyzed by HPLC size-exclusion chromatography/multiangle light scattering. The purification procedure can be scaled to permit large quantities of enzyme to be purified in high (36%) yield.
Complex dielectric functions of anodic bi-layer tantalum oxide

Abstract The optical properties and structure of anodic oxides are dependent on the anodization conditions. For tantalum oxide formed in dilute phosphoric acid, the anodic oxide forms as two chemically distinct layers, referred to as a bi-layer, where the inner layer is pure tantalum oxide and the outer layer contains incorporated phosphate. The complex dielectric functions of the individual inner and outer layers are determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The dielectric functions of the bi-layers are compared to mono-layer oxides formed in sodium sulfate, and the effects of hydrothermal sealing are explored. For bi-layer oxides formed to 70 V in phosphoric acid, the inner layer band gap is 4.37 ± 0.02 eV and the outer layer band gap is 3.86 ± 0.06 eV. Thin anodic oxides (∼6–15 nm) are best described by a mono-layer oxide model and exhibit higher optical absorption with a band gap of 3.98 ± 0.08 eV. This study shows that spectroscopic ellipsometry is a valuable tool in assessing processing–property relationships of multi-layer anodic films.
Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn‐ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia

[1] Glacioclimatological research in the central Tien Shan was performed in the summers of 1998 and 1999 on the South Inilchek Glacier at 5100–5460 m. A 14.36 m firn-ice core and snow samples were collected and used for stratigraphic, isotopic, and chemical analyses. The firn-ice core and snow records were related to snow pit measurements at an event scale and to meteorological data and synoptic indices of atmospheric circulation at annual and seasonal scales. Linear relationships between the seasonal air temperature and seasonal isotopic composition in accumulated precipitation were established. Changes in the δ18O air temperature relationship, in major ion concentration and in the ratios between chemical species, were used to identify different sources of moisture and investigate changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. Precipitation over the central Tien Shan is characterized by the lowest ionic content among the Tien Shan glaciers and indicates its mainly marine origin. In seasons of minimum precipitation, autumn and winter, water vapor was derived from the arid and semiarid regions in central Eurasia and contributed annual maximal solute content to snow accumulation in Tien Shan. The lowest content of major ions was observed in spring and summer layers, which represent maximum seasonal accumulation when moisture originates over the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Flavonoid impairment of neutrophil response.

Abstract Flavonoids are a class of phenolic plant pigments which impair the oxidative burst of neutrophils to an extent dependent on their hydrophobicity. The distribution of quercetin and of morin in nitrogen-cavitated neutrophils paralleled their respective hydrophobic characteristics and respiratory burst inhibition. While both flavonoids were localized primarily in the specific granule membrane of neutrophils, the amount of quercetin was considerably greater than that of morin. We here demonstrate inhibition of the initial stimulation response, depolarization of the membrane potential as monitored by fluorescence of the membrane probe diS-C3-(5), and of the respiratory burst, monitored by following the destruction of diS-C3-(5), a reaction mediated by the H2O2 produced in the burst. The flavonoids kaempferol, morin, quercetin, or fisetin were preincubated with human neutrophils at a concentration of 100 μM per 2 × 106 cells/ml for 2–3 min and subsequently stimulated with 1 μg/ml of the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or with 60 μg/ml of immune complex. The effect of each compound differed, i.e. depolarization was enhanced by some and inhibited by others, while H2O2 generation was inhibited by each, supporting our previous findings that membrane potential depolarization and the respiratory burst are dissociable events. Concentration-response experiments, performed at flavonoid concentrations between 12.5 and 500 μM to determine the ic 50 values of these compounds for depolarization and burst activation, indicated that none of the flavonoids affected the resting potential, while all perturbed the stimulus-coupled response, the direction and extent of the perturbation depending upon the stimulus, and the function assessed. These data show that the effects of flavonoids on human neutrophils are complex and suggest several sites of action depending upon the flavonoid's subcellular distribution and pathway of stimulation.
Risk factors for hyperlipidemia in long-term pediatric renal transplant recipients.

Hyperlipidemia (HL) is a common problem in adult renal transplant (TP) recipients, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic TP nephropathy. There are multiple causes of HL post renal TP in adult patients, including pre TP HL, immunosuppressive agents, renal dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia secondary to nephrotic syndrome, obesity, and conditions that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of HL in 62 pediatric renal TP recipients (15.4+/-4.2 years, range-3.0-22.3 years) with long-term (6.7+/-3.1 years) functioning [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 66.7+/-23.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)] allografts. The mean serum cholesterol (C) level was 205. 5+/-43.6 mg/dl. Thirty-two patients (51.6%) exhibited elevated serum C levels. The mean serum triglyceride (TG) level was 157.3+/-88.4 mg/dl. Serum TG levels were elevated in 32 patients (51.6%). In patients with elevated serum levels of either C or TG, the mean low-density lipoprotein level (LDL) was 138.6+/-44.1 mg/dl (normal 34 mg/dl). Of those patients studied, 45.5% had high LDL levels, whereas 9.1% exhibited low HDL levels. The two risk factors for elevated serum C levels in our patient population were pre-TP HL and increased years since TP. The only risk factor for elevated serum TG levels was reduced GFR. A family history of HL had a significant deleterious impact upon serum levels of C (P=0.01), but did not affect serum TG levels (P=0.7). Years on dialysis prior to TP, history of prior TP, gender, body mass index, and disease leading to ESRD had no influence upon the development of post-TP HL. We conclude that post-renal TP HL is a significant problem in pediatric renal TP recipients.
Far-infrared and capacitance measurements of electrons on liquid helium

We have used the techniques of far-infrared laser spectroscopy to study transitions of electrons between bound states in the potential well near a liquid-helium surface. Data measured as a function of surface charge density are used to deduce the local positional disorder of the surface electrons as was reported in a recent Letter. Measurements at low surface charge density and high electric fields are compared with models of the liquid-gas interface. Capacitance measurements and electrostatic calculations provide an accurate determination of the surface charge density and the applied electric field. These calculations show that the charge only covers part of the liquid surface.
Scaling behaviour of hydrological fluxes and variables: Empirical studies using a hydrological model and remote sensing data

The effects of small-scale heterogeneity in land surface characteristics on the large-scale fluxes of water and energy in the land-atmosphere system has become a central focus of many of the climatology research experiments. The acquisition of high resolution land surface data through remote sensing and intensive land-climatology field experiments (such as HAPEX and FIFE) has provided data to investigate the interactions between microscale land-atmosphere interactions and macroscale models. One essential research question is how to account for the small-scale heterogeneities and whether 'effective' parameters can be used in the macroscale models. To address this question of scaling, is important to carry out modelling studies by analysing the spatial behaviour of process-based, distributed land-atmospheric models and available data from land surface climate experiments such as those designed under ISLSCP (e.g. FIFE and BOREAS) and HAPEX (e.g. HAPEX-MOBILY, HAPEX-SAHEL) and GEWEX (e.g. GCIP) and from smaller scale remote sensing experiments. Using data from FIFE'87 and WASHITA'92, a soil moisture remote sensing experiment, analyses are presented on how the land surface hydrology during rain events and between rain event varies; specifically, runoff during rain events, evaporation between rain events and soil moisture. The analysis with FIFE'87 data suggests that the scale at which a macroscale model becomes valid, the representative elementary scale (REA), is of the order of 1.5-3 correlation lengths, which for the land processes investigated appear to be about 750-1250 m. For the Washita catchment data, analysis of soil-based infiltration data supports an REA of this spatial scale, but model derived and remotely sensed soil moisture data appear to suggest a larger scale. Statistical self-similarity is investigated to further understand how soil moisture scales over the Washita catchment and to provide a basis for macroscale models.
Reniform in U.S. cotton: when, where, why, and some remedies.

AbstractThe reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, is an emerging problem in U.S. cotton. The impact of this nematode and the extent to which it has and will continue to spread across the U.S. cotton belt are controversial. Long-term changes in cotton production and unique biological attributes of R. reniformis are key factors. Expert opinion surveys indicate that R. reniformis has replaced the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) as the major nematode of cotton in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. In neighboring states the incidence of heavily infested fields has increased during the past 10 years. Estimated annual loss to the U.S. cotton crop is $130M. Crop rotation and nematicides can reduce losses. Introgression of genetic resistance from primitive accessions of other cotton species offers the most promising opportunity to effectively control this pathogen in the long term. Laboratories in several institutions are currently pursuing this goal, with the promise of resistant cultivars ada...
Antigenic variation of surface proteins as a survival strategy for bacterial pathogens

T hc t-ok of antigcnic variation in the interaction of surface antigens of pathogens with their human hosts has been the sub jcct of enormous rcccnt intcrcst. ‘1’0 achicvc ecological success (that is, to survive in the host population), a pathogen must have mechanisms both to survive within a single host and to be transmitted between hosts. Antigcnic variation of surface antigcns is one mechanism that is used by bacteria to facilitate persistence and transmission’. Heterogeneity in the dominant surface antigens allows the rcinfcction of hosts that have been infected previously with
Real-Time digital libraries based on widely distributed, high performance management of large data objects

We describe a distributed, wide area network based approach to collecting, cataloguing, storing, and providing Web access for large-data-objects that origi- nate as high-speed data streams. Such data streams result from the operation of many types of online instruments and imaging systems, and are a ''staple'' of modern intelligence, scientific, and health care environments. The approach provides for real-time conversion of the data streams and large datasets to ''objects'' that are manage- able, extensible, searchable, browsable, persistent, and available to both ''ordinary'' and high-performance applications through the integration of a high-speed distributed cache and transparent management of tertia- ry storage. The user interfaces - for both application users and data collection curators - are provided by the capabilities of the World Wide Web. The capabilities of the architecture are not unlike a digital library system, and we give an example of a digital image library that has been built using this architecture. However, our ap- proach particularly addresses the issues involved in creating such digital library-like collections automatically from the high date-rate, real-time output of, e.g., satellite imaging systems, scientific instruments, health care imaging systems, etc. We discuss the capabilities, archi- tecture, and implementation of such a system, as well as several example applications in data-intensive environ- ments. The applications include a metropolitan area ATM network based, online health care video imaging system, and several image database applications, includ- ing a photographic-image library (see (9)). We also describe the security architecture used to enforce data owner imposed access conditions.
Miocene and Post-Miocene Proboscidea from East Africa.

SUMMARY. Deinotherium (Kaup). The occurrence of Deinoiherium in Pleistocene deposits in Africa is now well known. The material from Kanam appears to belong to the species Deinotherium bozasi (Arambourg), originally described from the Omo River deposits. The Kanam teeth are slightly smaller than those from Olduvai, and may possibly be a more primitive form. This, however, is inconclusive owing to the great range of variation in the size of Deinotherium teeth. Pentalopkodon (Falconer). The material from Kanam which is assigned to this genus may equally be compared with Dibunodon arvernensis of Europe, and Pentalopkodon sivalensis of Asia. The Pleistocene fauna of Africa appears, in the light of present knowledge, to have affinities with that of Asia rather than that of Europe, and for this reason the material is here taken to represent a geographical race of the Indian form Pentalopkodon sivalensis. Stegodon (Falconer and Cautley). A fragmentary skull of Stegodon was found near Lake Edward, in deposits apparently contemporary with those of Kaiso. This is the second occurrence of this genus in Africa, and the teeth appear to be more advanced than those of S. clifti from the Pliocene of India, whilst differing in various respects from those of the other Asiatic species. The material is referred to a new species 8. fuchsi, named after the discoverer. Archidiskodon (Pohlig). In the British Museum collections the material referred to Elepkas planifrons shows many variations, which can be arranged in an ascending series from the primitive form which Matsumoto calls Leith-Adamsia (B.M. No. 36695) to the more advanced form (No. 15351). In the latter the structure of the ridges is very similar to that which is found in the primitive forms of Elephas (Archidiskodon) meridionalis. The Kanam series of deposits has yielded the remains of a variety of A. planifrons which is not exactly reproduced in the Indian material, but which has distinct affinities to the more primitive part of the planifrons series. In the same deposit at Kanam, however, there occurs another representative of the Archidiskodon which appears to correspond to the primitive forms of A. meridionalis. Thus, if these forms do show an ascending series, the occurrence of two widely differing varieties in a single deposit suggests that the more primitive of the two may be a survival from earlier times, which perhaps represents an almost unchanged branch of the primitive stock. Palœoloxodon (Matsumoto). An African race of Palœoloxodon antiquus was first described from the deposits of Olduvai, in Tanganyika, under the subspecific name P. a. recki (Dietrich). Its occurrence at Kanjira indicates that the deposits of this locality are of the same general age as those of the Olduvai series.
The Panorama of Cerebral Palsy After Very and Extremely Preterm Birth: Evidence and Challenges

During the past 2 decades, major advances in maternal-fetal medicine and neonatology have resulted in unprecedented survival of very preterm (< 32 weeks) and extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) babies. Despites these advances in prenatal care, neurodevelopmental motor impairment remains a substantial sequela. This article describes the major progress and challenges in understanding pathways of preterm children who go on to have one of the cerebral palsy syndromes. The contributions of chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, and postnatal steroids are analyzed. Management can then be directed to limiting the comorbidities that are associated with threats to survival and to improving protection of central nervous system functions that are involved in moving, manipulative skills, feeding, communication, and learning.
Effectively Obtaining Informed Consent for Child and Adolescent Participation in Mental Health Research

With the recent expansion of child mental health research, more attention is being paid to the process of informed consent for research participation. For the consent to be truly informed, it is necessary that the relevant information be both disclosed and actually understood. Traditionally, much effort has gone to ensuring the comprehensiveness of consent/assent documents, which have progressively increased in length and complexity, whereas less attention has been paid to the comprehensibility of these documents. Available data indicate that many parent and children have difficulties appreciating the research nature of treatment studies and that a higher level of formal education among the parents is associated with a greater degree of understanding. Promising approaches to achieving truly informed research participation have emerged, such as additional time for parents to meet with the researchers and using postexplanation questionnaires for identifying issues in need of further clarification. Research ...
An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of Common Security Measures

Government computer systems and networks are under increasing attack from foreign governments, organized crime, and other malicious attackers. Security best practice checklists are commonly used to ensure the protection of government computer systems. However, experimental validation of the recommended security measures is lacking. Additionally, administrators have no way to compare the effectiveness of the many recommended security measures, and they have no way to decide which security measures should be implemented first. We present a model of security measures that describes their overall effectiveness, and their effectiveness relative to how soon the security measure is implemented. Our analysis reveals important principals for implementing security measures and highlights the need for improved user interfaces and administrative tools.
Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils

Abstract Isotopic analyses are presented for 500 samples of marine and freshwater limestones and fossils. Mean carbon isotopic compositions, in the conventional δ-values, relative to the Chicago PDB standard, are +0.56 per mil (selected marine group) and −4.93 per mil (selected freshwater group); mean oxygen isotopic compositions are −5.25 per mil (marine) and −8.66 per mil (freshwater samples). The average carbon isotopic composition of marine limestones is nearly constant from the Cambrian age group to the Tertiary group and it is concluded that no great change has occurred in the carbon isotopic composition of marine bicarbonate over geologic time. Oxygen isotopic compositions of marine limestone exhibit a progressive increase in average oxygen-18 content from the oldest to the youngest age group, possibly due mainly to postdepositional recrystallization and oxygen exchange in the presence of waters different from those of the original environment. Mean δO18 is −9.7 per mil for the selected Cambrian group, − 1.2 per mil for the Quaternary sample group. Average carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of freshwater limestones show less regular changes with time of formation. Carbon isotope ratios are significantly different from those of marine limestones in sample groups as old as Carboniferous or Devonian, whereas oxygen isotope ratios differ in marine and freshwater sample groups as old as Jurassic. A graphic plot of δC12 versus δO13 gives environmental separation of more than 80 per cent of the samples, and the percentage of correct diagnosis is considerably improved in Jurassic and younger samples. It is concluded that carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of limestones and calcareous fossils provide significant but not infallible criteria of depositional environment for samples of a wide range of geologic age. The difference in C12 content between marine and fresh-water carbonates is attributed mainly to a variable contribution of C13-deficient carbon from land plants and humus, which is added to freshwater systems in several stages, but has a relatively minor influence in most marine environments.
143 MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC AND HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES DURING ACUTELY INDUCED ASPHYXIA IN FETAL LAMBS

Two days after instrumentation, we measured heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), left ventricular myocardial blood flow (MBF), and myocardial consumption of oxygen, glucose and lactate in 6 fetal sheep (118-128 days gestation) in utero during acute progressive asphyxia induced by gradual constriction of a common uterine artery snare. Ascending aortic blood oxygen content decreased by 70% from 7.5 to 2.2 ml/dl. Ascending aortic blood oxygen saturation fell from 60% to 15%. pH fell from 7.40 to 7.04, while PCO2 increased from 46 to 72 torr. Coronary sinus PO2 fell from 11.6 to 6.6 torr. MBF increased 317% above the control of 239 ml/100g/min. Hemoglobin concentration was maintained from 9.3 to 10.8 g/dl during the study. HR, BP, and rate-pressure product remained unchanged. Myocardial oxygen consumption and extraction were maintained until an arterial oxygen saturation of 20-25%, after which they decreased. During hypoxemia, myocardial glucose consumption markedly increased and net lactate uptake by the myocardium occurred until an arterial PO2 of 12 torr (O2 saturation of 21%) was reached. Below this level lactate production occurred in 3 of 6 fetuses. Thus the fetal lamb has a marked reserve to increase myocardial blood flow and maintain myocardial oxygenation and substrate delivery during acute severe asphyxia.
Periodic carbon flushing to roots of Quercus rubra saplings affects soil respiration and rhizosphere microbial biomass

Patterns of root/shoot carbon allocation within plants have been studied at length. The extent, however, to which patterns of carbon allocation from shoots to roots affect the timing and quantity of organic carbon release from roots to soil is not known. We employed a novel approach to study how natural short-term variation in the allocation of carbon to roots may affect rhizosphere soil biology. Taking advantage of the semi-determinate phenology of young northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), we examined how pulsed delivery of carbon from shoots to roots affected dynamics of soil respiration as well as microbial biomass and net nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere. Young Q. rubra exhibit (1) clear switches in the amount of carbon allocated below-ground that are non-destructively detected simply by observing pulsed shoot growth above-ground, and (2) multiple switches in internal carbon allocation during a single growing season, ensuring our ability to detect short-term effects of plant carbon allocation on rhizosphere biology separate from longer-term seasonal effects. In both potted oaks and oaks rooted in soil, soil respiration varied inversely with shoot flush stage through several oak shoot flushes. In addition, upon destructive harvest of potted oaks, microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of saplings with actively flushing shoots was lower than microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of saplings with shoots that were not flushing. Given that plants have evolved with their roots in contact with soil microbes, known species-specific carbon allocation patterns within plants may provide insight into interactions among roots, symbionts, and free-living microbes in the dynamic soil arena.
Linearity of blood-oxygenation-level dependent signal at microvasculature.

Abstract The relationship between the blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal and its underlying neuronal activity is still inconclusive. The task of completely understanding this relationship has been encumbered not only by the complexity of neuronal responses, but also by nonlinear characteristics of the vascular response that are not correlated to neural activity. Repeated stimuli inducing replicable neural responses led to successively smaller BOLD amplitudes and delayed BOLD onset latencies when inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) are shorter than 4–6 s, indicating significant nonlinearity between the BOLD signal and the underlying neuronal activity. We have provided evidence that large-vessel BOLD contributions could be the source of the nonlinearity (Zhang, N., Zhu, X.H., Chen, W., 2008b. Investigating the source of BOLD nonlinearity in human visual cortex in response to paired visual stimuli. Neuroimage 43, 204–212). By utilizing the spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI method at high magnetic fields to suppress large-vessel BOLD contributions, we found that the BOLD signal from the micro-vascular activity is replicable in response to replicated neuronal activities even at ISIs as short as ∼ 1 s, suggesting that the micro-vascular BOLD activity is essentially a linear system. These results indicate that micro-vascular BOLD signals should provide an accurate estimate of the amplitude of neuronal activity changes. Consequently, the findings are important in understanding and resolving the controversy in the neurovascular coupling relationship. In addition, the difference in BOLD response times between macro- and micro-vascular activities demonstrated herein will have a significant impact on functional connectivity and causality studies. Moreover, SE fMRI at high fields, due to its capability of accurately representing the strength of neural activity as well as its previously shown high spatial specificity to activated brain regions, is an ideal choice for mapping brain function and quantifying the stimulus-evoked brain activity noninvasively.
Analysis of Accelerated Exposure Testing of Thin-Glass Mirror Matrix

Concentrating solar power (CSP) companies have deployed thin-glass mirrors produced by wet silver processes on ∼1-mm-thick, relatively lightweight glass. These mirrors have been bonded to metal substrates in commercial installations. Initial hemispherical reflectance is ∼93% to 96%, and the cost is ∼$16.1/m2 to $43.0/m2 . These mirrors have the confidence of the CSP industry. However, corrosion was observed in mirror elements of operational solar systems deployed outdoors for 2 years. NREL’s advanced optical materials team was assigned to investigate the problem. First, it was noted that this corrosion is very similar to the corrosion bands and spots observed on small (45 mm × 67 mm) thin-glass mirrors laminated to metal substrates with several different types of adhesives and subjected to accelerated exposure testing (AET) at NREL. These samples exhibited corrosion at the unprotected edges and along cracks, and the choice of adhesive affected the performance of weathered thin-glass mirrors. Secondly, two significant changes in mirror manufacture have occurred in the wet-chemistry process because of environmental concerns. The first is the method of forming a copper-free reflective mirror, and the second is the use of lead-free paints. A test matrix of 84 combinations of sample constructions (mirror type / back protective paint / adhesive / substrate) was devised for AET as a designed experiment to identify the most promising mirrors, paints, and adhesives for use with concentrator designs. Two types of accelerated exposure were used: an Atlas Ci5000 WeatherOmeter (WOM) and a damp-heat chamber. Based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the various factors and interactions were modeled. These samples now have almost 24 months of accelerated exposure. Analysis of the thin-glass mirror matrix indicated that the Glaverbel mirror with a copperless formulation demonstrates slightly better performance compared to the Naugatuck standard copper-containing mirror and new copperless constructions although most results are within experimental uncertainty. Analysis of the thin-glass mirror matrix indicates commercial (non-mirror) back-protective paint applied after mirror manufacturing is not beneficial. Degradation of the samples exposed to date in the damp-heat chamber is similar, but at a rate 10 times faster than observed for samples in the WOM. We will discuss the results of the continued exposure testing of these mirror samples. Although glass mirrors with copper back-layers and heavily leaded paints have been considered robust for outdoor use, the new copperless back-layer and lead-free paint systems were designed for interior mirror applications and the outdoor durability must be determined.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Preparation of retentive areas for clasps in enamel

R etention is an integral part of every removable partial denture. In most instances, retentive areas can be located on the remaining natural teeth with the use of a surveying instrument and a diagnostic cast. The dentist should not overlook the important means of retention such as that provided by adequate guiding planes and the proper extension of the denture base. In the long-term view, it is the latter two that maintain the removable partial denture in the proper position to function in a physiologic manner. Dentists may have excessive confidence in the capability of that small piece of metal referred to as a retentive clasp. They should consider the abuse a clasp receives when the patient removes a prosthesis using the clasp as a handle, drops it in the sink, or “adjusts” it himself, Additionally, clasps are inherently weak because of structural limitations.
PORTFOLIO EVALUATION & RE‐EVALUATION: AN EXPERIMENT IN SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY, MAN‐MACHINE LEARNING AND DECISION MAKING

In order to bring home to management science students a proper overview of the field, the author undertakes the investigation of real world problems using the methods of systems analysis and operations research. This paper will describe the results of one such investigation. In addition to describing the classroom experiment, a model for speculative stock market investment will be developed. Finally, a simulation model for reviewing investor performance will be outlined.
Binding Properties of Near-IR Dyes to Proteins and Separation of the Dye/Protein Complexes Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection

The noncovalent binding of the near-infrared (NIR) dyes, DTTCI (cationic) and IR-125 (anionic), to several model proteins was investigated with the use of steady-state and picosecond laser fluorescence measurements. In an aqueous borate buffer (pH = 9.2), minimal fluorescence emission from these NIR dyes was observed. When a protein was added to the solution, enhancements in the fluorescence emission were found for both dyes. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements for IR-125 in the presence of the protein, β-casein, indicated a biexponential decay with lifetimes of 195 and 682 ps (X2 = 1.94). Our data suggest that these dyes distribute themselves between the hydrophobic core of the protein and the interstitial aqueous solution. The dye molecules residing in the interior of the protein exhibit enhancements in their fluorescence due to a more favorable microenvironment. The binding and enhanced fluorescence properties allowed the use of these dyes as noncovalent stains for the low-level detection of proteins separated via capillary electrophoresis (CE). Detection limits for some model proteins separated by CE and stained with these NIR dyes were found to be superior to those obtained by using UV detection in CE.
Bladder cancers arise from distinct urothelial sub-populations

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in humans. This heterogeneous set of lesions including urothelial carcinoma (Uca) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arise from the urothelium, a stratified epithelium composed of K5-expressing basal cells, intermediate cells and umbrella cells. Superficial Uca lesions are morphologically distinct and exhibit different clinical behaviours: carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a flat aggressive lesion, whereas papillary carcinomas are generally low-grade and non-invasive. Whether these distinct characteristics reflect different cell types of origin is unknown. Here we show using lineage tracing in a murine model of carcinogenesis that intermediate cells give rise primarily to papillary lesions, whereas K5-basal cells are likely progenitors of CIS, muscle-invasive lesions and SCC depending on the genetic background. Our results provide a cellular and genetic basis for the diversity in bladder cancer lesions and provide a possible explanation for their clinical and morphological differences.
Saturation to Improve Pollutant Retention in a Rain Garden

Rain gardens have been recommended as a best management practice to treat stormwater runoff. Replicate rain gardens were constructed in Haddam, CT, to treat roof runoff. The objective of this study was to assess whether the creation of a saturated zone in a rain garden improved retention of pollutants. The gardens were sized to store 2.54 cm (1 in) of runoff. Results show high retention of flow; only 0.8% overflowed. Overall, concentrations of nitrite+ nitrate-N, ammonia-N, and total-N (TN) in roof runoff were reduced significantly by the rain gardens. Total-P concentrations were significantly increased by both rain gardens. ANCOVA results show significant reductions in TN (18%) due to saturation. Redox potential also decreased in the saturated garden. Rain garden mulch was found to be a sink for metals, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but rain garden soils were a source for these pollutants. The design used for these rain gardens was effective for flow retention, but did not reduce concentrations of all pollutants even when modified. These findings suggest that high flow and pollutant retention could be achieved with the 2.54 cm design method, but the use of an underdrain could reduce overall pollutant retention.
A new syndrome with ethylmalonic aciduria and normal fatty acid oxidation in fibroblasts

We describe four Italian male infants with a novel clinical phenotype characterized by orthostatic acrocyanosis, relapsing petechiae, chronic diarrhea, progressive pyramidal signs, mental retardation, and brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. The first symptoms appeared after the termination of breast-feeding and introduction of formula feeding. Marked persistent 2-ethylmalonic aciduria was associated with abnormal excretion of C4-C5(n-butyryl-, isobutyryl-, isovaleryl-, and 2-methylbutyryl-)acylglycines and acylcarnitines and with intermittent lactic acidosis. Short- and branched-chain plasma acylcarnitine levels were also elevated. 2-Ethylmalonic aciduria is generally regarded as being indicative of a defect in fatty acid oxidation. Extensive studies of cultured fibroblasts failed to reveal such a defect. The observation of intermittent urinary excretion of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid pointed to involvement of the isoleucine R pathway in ethylmalonate biosynthesis. This hypothesis was tentatively corroborated by the biochemical responses to an oral isoleucine challenge in two patients. However, fibroblast studies showed normal oxidation rates of (14C)isoleucine (ul), indicating that this is not a defect of isoleucine oxidation expressed in skin fibroblasts. In one of two patients tested, cytochrome c oxidase activity was partially reduced (45%) in cultured fibroblasts. This unique clinical and biochemical phenotype identifies a new metabolic encephalopathy of yet undetermined cause.