cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) uptake by human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells: mechanism and regulation

Retinal abnormality and visual disturbances occur in thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anaemia (TRMA), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the human thiamine transporter-1 (hTHTR-1). Human retinal pigment epithelial cells play a pivotal role in supplying thiamine to the highly metabolically active retina but nothing is known about the mechanism, regulation or biological processes involved in thiamine transport in these cells. To address these issues, we used human-derived retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells to characterize the thiamine uptake process. Thiamine uptake is energy- and temperature-dependent, pH-sensitive, Na+-independent, saturable at both the nanomolar (apparent Km, 30 ± 5 nm) and the micromolar (apparent Km, 1.72 ± 0.3 μm) concentration ranges, specific for thiamine and sensitive to sulfhydryl group inhibition. The diuretic amiloride caused a concentration-dependent inhibition in thiamine uptake, whereas the anti-trypanosomal drug, melarsoprol, failed to affect the uptake process. Both hTHTR-1 and hTHTR-2 are expressed in ARPE-19 cells as well as in native human retinal tissue with expression of the former being significantly higher than that of the latter. Uptake of thiamine was adaptively regulated by extracellular substrate level via transcriptionally mediated mechanisms that involve both hTHTR-1 and hTHTR-2; it was also regulated by an intracellular Ca2+–calmodulin-mediated pathway. Confocal imaging of living ARPE-19 cells expressing TRMA-associated hTHTR-1 mutants (D93H, S143F and G172D) showed various expression phenotypes. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of a specialized and regulated uptake process for thiamine in a cellular model of human retinal pigment epithelia that involves hTHTR-1 and hTHTR-2. Further, clinically relevant mutations in hTHTR-1 lead to impaired cell surface expression or function of the transporter in retinal epithelial ARPE-19 cells.
Structure-property relationships in viscoelastic behavior of interpenetrating polymer networks for constrained-layer damping

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are materials composed of two or more crosslinked polymers permanently and intimately intertwined on a molecular level. The resulting distribution of microenvironments can result in a material with a high mechanical loss in the glass-rubber relaxation, that is shifted in temperature and broadened over that of either constituent polymer. Several series of polyurethane/epoxy IPNs have been prepared for evaluation as possible broad band damping materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the temperature of the loss peak could be varied widely with sample formulation. Flexible epoxy components and plasticizers were incorporated. This resulted in materials with relatively low Young's and shear moduli, with losses that were broadened in the temperature regime. Simply supported beam assemblies were used to measure damping of three layer constrained structures. Comparison of measured temperature and frequency dependent viscoelastic behavior in constrained layer structures is analyzed in terms of the Ross-Kerwin-Ungar model for coated beams, and correlated to polymer composition and morphology.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Report of the third international workshop on human chromosome 22 mapping.

The third international workshop on the mapping of human chromosome 22 was held at the Sugarloaf Conference Center in Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA from September 17--20, 1992. It was organized by Beverly S. Emanuel of Children`s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Human Genome Center for Chromosome 22. The highlights of the conference included the discussion of the chromosome 22 gene at the Ewings Sarcoma breakpoint, the identification of a polymorphic TG/CA repeat containing locus tightly linked to the NF2 gene, the isolation of a candidate tumor suppressor locus for meningioma, the isolation of numerous as yet uncharacterized new cDNAs for chromosome 22 and the progress which has been made on generating physical and genetic maps of the chromosome. There is a new genetic map comprised of 16 short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) markers of which 12 have greater than 70% heterozygosity (Fig. 1). It was decided that the next meeting should be held in 18 months and it will be organized by Peter Scambler in the United Kingdom.
Reply to Kocher and Wiedemann

I read Dr Wiedemann’s letter [1] on my commentary [2]. He is quite correct that I overlooked the right coronary artery ligation. Indeed, he is correct that they would likely stay open. However, there is a difficulty with the ligation issue and that is why I was surprised frankly that it had been done. There is a true concern that there will be a relative hypo-perfusion when a fresh internal mammary artery (IMA) is used to bypass a ligated normal coronary artery. If this is analogous to the situation, then a left IMA is used to bypass a diseased vein graft to a left anterior descending. An internal mammary artery works very well when there is a stenotic vessel providing some blood flow with it. It often will not provide adequate blood flow immediately after an operation. Therefore, I am still concerned about this concept with or without IMA ligation. I appreciate Dr. Wiedemann’s thoughtful comments.
Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine-out emission-does flame propagation occur in homogeneous charge compression ignition?

AbstractEngine-out emissions data [CO, CO2, speciated hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (size and number density)] were obtained from a single-cylinder, 660 cm3, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operated on gasoline fuel using direct in-cylinder injection. Data were taken as functions of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) (30–270), r/min, inlet air temperature and fuel injection timing. Three important observations were madeA sharp break occurs in the CO and CO2 emissions indices beginning near A/F = 75. Above A/F ∼ 100, CO is the primary carbon oxide while for A/F < 70, CO2 is the major carbon oxide.The HC emissions index increases linearly, beginning near A/F ∼ 30:1. Below this A/F, the HC index is characteristic of crevice emissions (∼ 3.5 per cent). These results do not prove this unequivocally, but can be explained by a mechanism in which, for A/F < 75, flame propagation occurs over relatively short distances between the multiple autoignition sites within the combustion chamber. Ad...
Evaluation of Movement Speed and Reaction Time as Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Men

Muscle power is associated with mortality independent of strength, suggesting that movement speed and coordination convey health-related information. We hypothesized that movement speed is a marker of longevity. Our participants included 1196 men who performed a tapping and/or auditory simple (respond to a sound) and disjunctive (respond to a higher pitched sound) reaction-time tasks while participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Mortality was assessed over 40 years. Tapping time was associated with mortality (relative risk [RR] = 1.34 per minute, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.70) adjusted for age, and persisted with adjustments for arm strength and power. Simple (RR = 1.17 per 100 ms, 95% CI, 1.03-1.32) and disjunctive (RR = 1.14 per 100 ms, 95% CI, 1.03-1.27) reaction times but not their difference (RR = 1.04 per 100 ms, 95% CI, 0.92-1.19) were associated with mortality after adjustments for age, neurological/psychiatric and neck/arm pain histories. Age-associated impairments in motor control systems but not the decision to move affects longevity.
A power efficient differential 20-GHz low noise amplifier with 5.3-GHz 3-dB bandwidth

A 20-GHz differential two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) is demonstrated in a foundry digital 130-nm CMOS technology with 8-metal layers. This LNA has 20-dB voltage gain and /spl sim/5.5-dB noise figure at 20GHz with 24-mW power consumption. The measured IP/sub 1 dB/ and IIP/sub 3/ are -11 dBm and -4dBm. Compared to the previously published bulk CMOS LNAs operating above 20GHz, this LNA has exceptionally low power and current consumption especially considering its differential topology and wide bandwidth.
A GENERAL INITIAL DECOMPOSITION REACTION FOR COMPLEX METAL HYDRIDES

Abstract Alkali and alkaline complex metal hydrides appear to share the first step in their solid-state thermally activated decomposition mechanisms. This step is proposed to be the initial thermally activated non-equilibrium production of a binary alkali or alkaline hydride and a group IIIb metal hydride. The application of this initial thermochemical decomposition step to the data for several metal alanate compounds illustrates the potential generality of this approach. For LiAlH 4 , the decomposition data fall on the derived distribution plot calculated for NaAlH 4 .
Avoiding the mental foramen during periapical surgery

Many endodontists avoid surgical procedures in proximity to the mental foramen. Although a healthy respect for regional anatomy is important, this should not be at the expense of failing to offer the most appropriate endodontic care. When correct preoperative diagnostic and surgical techniques are used, serious negative sequelae are rarely encountered. Three simple steps used during presurgical diagnosis, flap design, and surgery are presented to increase the practitioner's confidence and safety while performing mandibular periapical surgery.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis for water purification: Contaminant mineralization kinetics and elementary reactor analysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the third and newest of an emerging series of photolytic technologies for water treatment and purification. The earlier examples of ultraviolet ozonation and ultraviolet peroxidation involved direct photoactivation of the contaminant and/or dissolved oxidant and are dominated by solution phase chemistry. Photocatalysis, in contrast, involves photoactivation of the heterogeneous catalyst (an example of indirect photochemical processes) and is dominated by reaction events initiated at the catalyst surface. This paper summarizes (1) current rate equations for photocatalyzed simultaneous destruction of multiple oxidizable organic contaminants and (2) simplified convective transport equations appropriate to photoreactor design under various degrees of fluid mixing and simultaneous reaction contributions by heterogeneous (photocatalyzed) as well as homogeneous reactions.
Interviewing Elderly Residents in Assisted Living

The interpretation of interview data requires an understanding of its context. In this study, the context was Assisted Living (AL). Twenty-one interviews were conducted with elderly residents of 4 Midwestern Assisted Living Facilities (ALFs). Institutional fear and loneliness associated with ALF living framed residents’ interpretation of and responses to the interview questions. Residents feared transfer to a nursing home, and they experienced the loneliness of being cut off from their homes and put into the care of busy staff members. Their framing of and responses to questions (both qualitative and quantitative) reflected this context, and included the invocation of impairments, the reluctance to criticize staff, and the refusal to complain about the ALF or their present situation.
New Algorithms for Aircraft Intent Inference and Trajectory Prediction

Aircraft tracking, intent inference, and trajectory predictions are important tools for enhanced capacity in air traffic control operations. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that performs these three tasks accurately. The algorithm uses a hybrid estimation algorithm to estimate the aircraft's state and flight mode. These estimates are combined with knowledge about air traffic control regulations, the aircraft's flight plan, and the environment to infer the pilot's intent. Trajectory predictions are computed as a function of the aircraft's motion (state and mode estimates) and the inferred intent The result is an algorithm that provides, in real-time, accurate intent and trajectory predictions for aircraft. We analyze and test the performance of the proposed algorithm with various scenarios representative of current and future aircraft operations within the National Airspace System.
Dependency, History, and Scholarship: An Interview with Professor Stanley J. Stein

Stanley J. Stein, Walter Samuel Carpenter III Professor of Spanish Civilization and Culture and Professor of History, Emeritus, at Princeton University, is a lifelong Latin Americanist. Together with his late wife Barbara, herself an accomplished bibliographer and historian of the region, Professor Stein wrote several books and articles that put their stamp on methods of writing the social history of modern Latin America, specifically on the impact of colonialism and industrialism in Mexico and Brazil in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is fair to say that no one who studied Latin American history over the last 35 years would have failed to engage the slim, elegantly written synthesis, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (1970). Recipients of grants and fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, singly or together, the Steins were honored for their path-breaking studies with the CLAH Robertson and Bolton prizes, the Conference on Latin American History Distinguished Service Award (1991), and the American Historical Association Award for Scholarly Distinction (1996).
Positive Evidence Versus Explicit Rule Presentation and Explicit Negative Feedback: A Computer-Assisted Study.

The facilitative role of explicit information in second Language acquisition has been supported by a significant body of research (Alanen, 1995; Carroll & Swain, 1993; de Graaff, 1997; DeKeyser, 1995; Ellis, 1993; Robinson, 1996, 1997), but counterevidence is also available (Rosa & O’Neill, 1999; VanPatten & Oikkenon, 1996). This experimental study investigates the effects of computer-delivered, explicit information on the acquisition of Spanish word order by comparing four groups comprised of [+/−Explanation] and [+/−Explicit Feedback]. Results showed that all groups improved significantly and similarly on interpretation and production tests. It is suggested that explicit information may not necessarily facilitate second Language acquisition and that exposing learners to task-essential practice is sufficient to promote acquisition.
Dynamic nuclear polarization at 700 MHz/460 GHz

We describe the design and implementation of the instrumentation required to perform DNP-NMR at higher field strengths than previously demonstrated, and report the first magic-angle spinning (MAS) DNP-NMR experiments performed at (1)H/e(-) frequencies of 700 MHz/460 GHz. The extension of DNP-NMR to 16.4 T has required the development of probe technology, cryogenics, gyrotrons, and microwave transmission lines. The probe contains a 460 GHz microwave channel, with corrugated waveguide, tapers, and miter-bends that couple microwave power to the sample. Experimental efficiency is increased by a cryogenic exchange system for 3.2 mm rotors within the 89 mm bore. Sample temperatures ≤85 K, resulting in improved DNP enhancements, are achieved by a novel heat exchanger design, stainless steel and brass vacuum jacketed transfer lines, and a bronze probe dewar. In addition, the heat exchanger is preceded with a nitrogen drying and generation system in series with a pre-cooling refrigerator. This reduces liquid nitrogen usage from >700 l per day to 7 days) cryogenic spinning without detrimental frost or ice formation. Initial enhancements, e=-40, and a strong microwave power dependence suggests the possibility for considerable improvement. Finally, two-dimensional spectra of a model system demonstrate that the higher field provides excellent resolution, even in a glassy, cryoprotecting matrix.
Alternative therapeutic modalities. Alternative medicine

Commonly known as Alternative Medicine (AM) in the current literature, treatment of diseases by approaches other than those of allopathic or conventional medicine has feverishly caught on in the United States of America (USA) during the current decade. Public and political pressures on the government to address the escalating costs of health care under the conventional system, which incidentally cannot be afforded by over forty million Americans, finally resulted in the establishment of the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) early 1992 within the well-known National Institutes of Health (NIH). With an initial token budget of $ 2 million, the OAM was charged with examining and promoting the alternative therapeutic modalities from acupressure to acupuncture to yoga, a formidable task indeed, if the medical and scientific communities are to assess these modalities the same way as new treatments or procedures are viewed under the rigid guidelines of the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Utilization of palliative care and acute care services in older adults with advanced cancer

Abstract Objectives There is a gap in knowledge regarding the rates of utilization of palliative care services (PCS) and acute care services (ACS) among older patients with advanced cancer close to end of life. We analyzed the utilization of these services among older adults (65years and older) and compared them to those in younger adults (40–64years) with advanced cancer. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review of 567 veterans who died with advanced cancer between 2002 and 2009 and utilized PCS and ACS prior to death was conducted after IRB approval. To assess PCS utilization, we studied the mean duration between day of hospice referral and time of death (DOR) and the mean length of stay with hospice (LoS). The frequency of emergency room visits (ERVLM), hospital admissions (HALM), and ICU admissions (ICULM) in the last month of life was used as a measure for ACS. The differences among older and younger patients were compared using two sample t-tests. Results Older adults had earlier referral to PCS [mean DOR : 47.3 versus 34.5days, p=0.015 ], longer stay with hospice [mean LoS : 32.5 versus 20.2days, p=0.007 ], fewer hospital [ HALM: 0.7 versus 0.9, p=0.043 ], and ICU admissions [ ICULM: 0.1 versus 0.2, p=0.030 ] per patient. The proportion of patients utilizing ER visits [53.5 % versus 59.5%, p=0.173] and hospital admissions [58.6% versus 65.1%, p=0.13] in the last month of life was similar in both age groups with fewer older adults utilizing ICU care [13.2% versus 19.5%, p=0.047]. Conclusion Older patients with cancer are likely to be referred to PCS earlier than younger patients and spend a longer duration with PCS prior to death. However, there continues to be significant utilization of ACS in all patients with advanced cancer. Better understanding of the goals of care in older adults with cancer and education of oncology providers regarding the need to utilize and integrate palliative care services earlier in the course of disease is imperative.
Accelerations and Jerks Associated With Shaken Baby Syndrome

Shaken Baby Syndrome is a collection of injuries that have been associated with the violent shaking of an infant or small child. These injuries can then lead to serious brain damage or even death. It is therefore important to identify the exact mechanism that leads from the shaking to the observed injuries, but little experimental work has been done in this area.The first part of this study was designed to identify if a correlation exists between the physical characteristics of a person shaking a crash test dummy (CRABI) and the resulting accelerations and jerks associated with the motion of the dummy’s head. This was done by placing a three axis accelerometer in the head and two in the body (one in the chest and one in the groin) of a median twelve month old male dummy to determine the acceleration of the head and body. In particular, the relative angular acceleration and jerk of the head relative to the body was determined, since it was felt to be a better predictor of brain damage than would be the absolute linear acceleration of the head.Similar work has been done in the past; however that study only considered the absolute acceleration of the head, and in only one direction. Since the present study allows the attitude of the head to be determined, a true relative angular acceleration of the head relative to the body was found. Consequently, it was found that no strong correlation existed between the absolute linear acceleration and any body characteristic, however a correlation (R2) of 0.6 was found to exist between the body weight of the shaker and the maximum angular jerk of the dummy’s head relative to its body, as compared to only a correlation of 0.5 when the shaker’s body weight was compared to the absolute linear acceleration of the head.A two dimensional dynamic simulation was also developed that modelled the behavior of a child crash test dummy. The model included the legs, torso, and head of the dummy, and the elastic behavior of the neck. The model was created to allow the associated accelerations and jerks to be determined for inputs of various magnitude and temporal profiles. The model was then validated by comparing the simulation results to the test results obtained from the experimental study described above.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Modulation of diacylglycerol kinase θ activity by α-thrombin and phospholipids

Diacylglycerol kinase modulates the levels of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, two critical lipid second messengers, yet little is known about the effects of cellular stimulation on the kinetic behavior of this enzyme. We examined the effects of alpha-thrombin and activating phospholipids on the activity and substrate affinity of a soluble diacylglycerol kinase, DGKtheta. Our data demonstrate that the apparent binding parameters of DGKtheta increase following thrombin stimulation, suggesting that alpha-thrombin antagonizes DGKtheta activity. Interestingly, this effect is obscured in the presence of high bulk substrate concentrations. Given the known stimulatory effects of phosphatidylserine on many diacylglycerol kinases, we examined the effects of various phospholipids on DGKtheta and found that phosphatidic acid is a more effective activator than phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidic acid decreased the apparent surface K(M) (K(M(surf))app) of DGKtheta for dioleoylglycerol (DOG) and promoted binding to vesicles in a dose-dependent manner. Phosphatidylserine also lowered the K(M(surf))app of DGKtheta, though higher concentrations were required to achieve the same effect. Interestingly, PS promoted binding to vesicles only when present at levels beyond that required to saturate enzyme activity, suggesting that PS and PA activate DGKtheta through different mechanisms. The potential physiological implications of these findings are discussed.
Paper Books, Digital Books: How the Medium of an Object Affects its Use

Understanding differences between digital and physical objects, and people's perceptions of those objects, is a matter of foundational importance to CHI. These differences affect how people interact with digital objects and what roles those objects are able to take on in daily life. The goal of my research is to investigate these differences in the case of books, and to investigate how the affordances and limitations of paper books and e-books affect the possibilities for their use in high-level activities.
A Comprehensive Analysis on the Theories of Sustainable Development of Private Enterprises

Based upon a selection and analysis of the theories of development of enterprises on the part of the School of Classic Economy and the theories on the sustainable development of modern enterprises,the present paper summarizes the researches upon the issues of the development of China's private enterprises done by the national and overseas intellectuals and thus put forward the writer's advice and suggestions accordingly.
Control complexity of schulze voting

Schulze voting is a recently introduced voting system enjoying unusual popularity and a high degree of real-world use, with users including the Wikimedia foundation, several branches of the Pirate Party, and MTV. It is a Condorcet voting system that determines the winners of an election using information about paths in a graph representation of the election. We resolve the complexity of many electoral control cases for Schulze voting. We find that it falls short of the best known voting systems in terms of control resistance, demonstrating vulnerabilities of concern to some prospective users of the system.
Vision Drives Accurate Approach Behavior during Prey Capture in Laboratory Mice

Summary The ability to genetically identify and manipulate neural circuits in the mouse is rapidly advancing our understanding of visual processing in the mammalian brain [1, 2]. However, studies investigating the circuitry that underlies complex ethologically relevant visual behaviors in the mouse have been primarily restricted to fear responses [3–5]. Here, we show that a laboratory strain of mouse ( Mus musculus , C57BL/6J) robustly pursues, captures, and consumes live insect prey and that vision is necessary for mice to perform the accurate orienting and approach behaviors leading to capture. Specifically, we differentially perturbed visual or auditory input in mice and determined that visual input is required for accurate approach, allowing maintenance of bearing to within 11° of the target on average during pursuit. While mice were able to capture prey without vision, the accuracy of their approaches and capture rate dramatically declined. To better explore the contribution of vision to this behavior, we developed a simple assay that isolated visual cues and simplified analysis of the visually guided approach. Together, our results demonstrate that laboratory mice are capable of exhibiting dynamic and accurate visually guided approach behaviors and provide a means to estimate the visual features that drive behavior within an ethological context.
Conservation of a Scalar Extensive in Differential Form

A directional, off-centered, cell balance equation for a scalar substance is developed in a Eulerian volume overlaid with a Lagrangean advection channel. A small but non-zero \( \Delta x \), \( \Delta y \), \( \Delta z \) transport cell is considered with one-dimensional advection in x direction with \( v_x = v \) velocity component that may change with x. Diffusion and convection is assumed simultaneously in the entire cell of \( {\Delta{V}} = {\Delta{V}}_a + {\Delta{V}}_s \) in x, y, and z directions, where \( {\Delta{V}}_a \) and \( {\Delta{V}}_s \) are the advection and stagnant volumes, respectively. The stagnant volume is distributed evenly along \( \Delta x \), characterized by volume fraction of \( S = {\Delta{V}}_s/{\Delta{V}} = {\Delta{A}}_s/{\Delta{A}} \).
The Association between Religion and Self-Reported Academic Honesty among College Students.

AbstractCurrent research yields inconsistent findings about the association between religious variables and academic cheating among college students. In this study, we investigated possible reasons for this disagreement by examining whether, and to what extent, three particular religious variables: religious identity, affirmation of importance and religious services attendance, are associated with academic honesty among college students. Specifically, we utilised a sample of 2503 American college-aged students from Gallup® daily tracking survey and used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to address the proposed research question. Research findings indicate that religious service attendance is positively associated with academic honesty among college students. Specifically, students who attend religious services more frequently are less likely to be engaged in academic misconduct than students who attend less frequently. This finding remains consistent when other important factors such as student attitudes towar...
Real-time PCR assay for Aquimarina macrocephali subsp. homaria and its distribution in shell disease lesions of Homarus americanus, Milne-Edwards, 1837, and environmental samples

Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is causing major losses to the lobster fishery in southern New England. Potential pathogens have been identified in lesion communities, but there are currently no efficient means of detecting and quantifying their presence. A qPCR assay was developed for a key potential pathogen, Aquimarina macrocephali subsp. homaria found to be ubiquitous in ESD lesions but not the unaffected integument. Application of the assay to various samples demonstrated that A. macrocephali subsp. homaria is ubiquitous and abundant in lobster lesions, commonly associated with healthy surfaces of crabs and is scarce in water and sediment samples from southern New England suggesting the affinity of this microorganism to the Arthropod integument. The qPCR assay developed here can be applied in future in vivo and in vitro studies to better understand the ecology and role of A. macrocephali subsp.homaria. in shell disease.
Surgical Thrombectomy for Deep Vein Thrombosis

Iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis can result in phlegmasia cerulea dolens in the acute stage and postthrombotic syndrome in the chronic stage. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens may result in venous gangrene and limb loss. Postthrombotic syndrome is associated with poor quality of life. As soon as a diagnosis of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis is made, every effort should be made to remove the bulk of thrombus from the venous system to prevent these sequelae. In the modern era, endovascular intervention is the most common practice for removing the thrombus burden. For patients who fail endovascular treatment, or have contraindications to thrombolysis, contemporary open surgical venous thrombectomy is the only surgical option to get rid of massive thrombus burden. This operation is not commonly performed these days, but it is important for modern-day vascular surgeons to have this technique in their armamentarium.
Clusters, Assemble: Growth of Intermetallic Compounds from Metal Flux Reactions.

ConspectusMetal flux synthesis involves the reaction of metals and metalloids in a large excess of a low-melting metal that acts as a solvent. This technique makes use of an unusual temperature regime (above the temperatures used for solvothermal methods and below the temperatures used in traditional solid state synthesis) and facilitates the growth of products as large crystals. It has proven to be a fruitful method to discover new intermetallic compounds. However, little is known about the chemistry occurring within a molten metal solvent; without an understanding of the nature of precursor formation and assembly, it is difficult to predict product structures and target properties. Organic chemists have a vast toolbox of well-known reagents and reaction mechanisms to use in directing their synthesis toward a desired molecular structure. This is not yet the case for the synthesis of inorganic extended structures.We have carried out extensive explorations of the growth of new magnetic intermetallic compou...
Climatic variations in the Sahel and other African regions during the past five centuries

Several significant climatic fluctuations occurred in the Sahel and other parts of Africa during the past five centuries. From about the 16th through the 18th centuries, wetter conditions prevailed throughout the Sahel. Beginning about 1680, several severe droughts occurred there, but geographical descriptions suggest an overall more humid character until sometime in the late 18th century. Then a marked trend toward the present Sahelian aridity began, which was interrupted by a period of increased rainfall in the late 19th century. A survey of these periods and a comparison with Pleistocene climatic variations show the complexity of the Sahelian climate.
"Impotent" platelets in albinos with prolonged bleeding times.

Functional, biochemical, and morphologic platelet abnormalities are reported in four children with the syndrome of albinism, mild bleeding tendency, prolonged bleeding time, and normal platelet count. In these children, primary platelet aggregation with adenosine diphosphate occurred normally, but secondary aggregation was impaired. Collagen and norepinephrine produced almost no platelet aggregation. Platelet content of serotonin (5-HT) was markedly reduced, and uptake and retention of 5-HT by the platelets in vivo and in vitro was poor. In one child who was given a tryptophan load, urinary tryptophan metabolites were normal, suggesting that there was no evidence of a block in the 5-HT synthetic pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. Electron microscopy revealed an absence of densely osmophilic granules in 5-HT poor platelets. Platelets from other albinos with no history of bleeding contained normal amounts of 5-HT and densely osmophilic granules.
A Decision-Theoritic, Semi-Supervised Model for Intrusion Detection

In this paper, we develop a model of intrusion detection based on semi-supervised learning. This model attempts to fuse misuse detection with anomaly detection and to exploit strengths of both. In the process of developing this model, we examine different cost functions for the IDS domain and identify two key assumptions that are often implicitly employed in the IDS literature. We demonstrate that relaxing these assumptions requires a decision-theoretic control maker based on the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) framework. This insight opens up a novel space of IDS models and allows precise quantification of the computational expense of optimal decision making for specific IDS variants (e.g., additional data sources) and cost functions. While decision-making for many POMDPs is formally intractable, recognizing the equivalence of the IDS problem to solution of a POMDP makes available the wide variety of exact and approximate learning techniques developed for POMDPs. We demonstrate the performance of the simplest of these models (for which optimal decision-making is tractable) on a previously studied user-level IDS problem, showing that, at the lower limit, our semi-supervised learning model is equivalent to a pure anomaly detection system, but that our model is also capable of exploiting increasing degrees of intermittently labeled data. When such intermittently labeled data is available, our system performs strongly compared to a number of current, pure anomaly detection systems.
The Rights of the Mentally Disabled

The recent change in the standards for involuntary commitment represents only one of the many changes designed to protect the rights of the mentally disabled. These days the patient is provided with many of the same procedural rights in the course of the commitment process that the accused offender receives in the course of a criminal trial. A person charged with a crime is granted certain protections during the procedures which determine his guilt or innocence. He is entitled to make maximum use of these protections to ensure that he will not be punished unless it can be proven that he is guilty. In the civil commitment process procedural rights are designed to ensure that people who do not meet the standards for commitment will not be involuntarily hospitalized. Some of the rights now granted patients have little influence on the practice of psychiatry. Psychiatrists as a rule do not oppose these rights, and usually favor them. Some of the new rights, however, generate consequences which should concern us. Conducting the civil commitment process in the same manner as a criminal proceeding can produce a variety of situations and outcomes which are definitely not good for patients.
The Prognostic Significance of Subendocardial Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Artery Stent Placement (S22.004)

OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of subendocardial MI and impact on outcomes related to CEA or CAS in patients treated in a large national cohort. BACKGROUND: The use of subendocardial myocardial infarction [MI] (non-ST-elevation or non-Q wave MI) as an endpoint following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid angioplasty and stent placement (CAS) within and outside clinical trials is debated. DESIGN/METHODS: We determined the frequency of subendocardial MI and associated in-hospital outcomes using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Survey (NIS) data files from 2002 to 2010. We ascertained the effect of subendocardial MI on in-hospital mortality and composite end point of stroke, cardiac events, and death after adjusting for potential confounders using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1,083,688 patients who underwent CEA or CAS, 11341 (1%) developed subendocardial MI within the same hospitalization. The in-hospital mortality (6.2% versus 0.4%, p CONCLUSIONS: Our results contradict the notion that subendocardial MI is a relatively benign entity after CEA or CAS. It remains unclear whether subendocardial MI is a marker or cause of high rates of adverse outcomes and resource utilization following CEA or CAS. Disclosure: Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chaudhry has nothing to disclose. Dr. Suri has nothing to disclose. Dr. ATACH Investigators has nothing to disclose.
Evangelical Christian Students and the Path to Self-Authorship

This narrative study adopts the lens and language of Baxter Magolda's self-authorship framework to explore the faith development of four evangelical Christian students from their first year of coll...
Learning in the dark: 3D integral imaging object recognition in very low illumination conditions using convolutional neural networks

We propose a framework for three-dimensional (3D) object recognition and classification in very low illumination environments using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). 3D images are reconstructed using 3D integral imaging (InIm) with conventional visible spectrum image sensors. After imaging the low light scene using 3D InIm, the 3D reconstructed image has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than a single 2D image, which is a result of 3D InIm being optimal in the maximum likelihood sense for read-noise dominant images. Once 3D reconstruction has been performed, the 3D image is denoised and regions of interest are extracted to detect 3D objects in a scene. The extracted regions are then inputted into a CNN, which was trained under low illumination conditions using 3D InIm reconstructed images, to perform object recognition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of utilizing 3D InIm and convolutional neural networks for 3D training and 3D object classification under very low illumination conditions.
Severity dependent distribution of impairments in PSP and CBS: Interactive visualizations

Abstract Background Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) -Richardson's Syndrome and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) are the two classic clinical syndromes associated with underlying four repeat (4R) tau pathology. The PSP Rating Scale is a commonly used assessment in PSP clinical trials; there is an increasing interest in designing combined 4R tauopathy clinical trials involving both CBS and PSP. Objectives To determine contributions of each domain of the PSP Rating Scale to overall severity and characterize the probable sequence of clinical progression of PSP as compared to CBS. Methods Multicenter clinical trial and natural history study data were analyzed from 545 patients with PSP and 49 with CBS. Proportional odds models were applied to model normalized cross-sectional PSP Rating Scale, estimating the probability that a patient would experience impairment in each domain using the PSP Rating Scale total score as the index of overall disease severity. Results The earliest symptom domain to demonstrate impairment in PSP patients was most likely to be Ocular Motor, followed jointly by Gait/Midline and Daily Activities, then Limb Motor and Mentation, and finally Bulbar. For CBS, Limb Motor manifested first and ocular showed less probability of impairment throughout the disease spectrum. An online tool to visualize predicted disease progression was developed to predict relative disability on each subscale per overall disease severity. Conclusion The PSP Rating Scale captures disease severity in both PSP and CBS. Modelling how domains change in relation to one other at varying disease severities may facilitate detection of therapeutic effects in future clinical trials.
Robust Resource Allocation With Imperfect Channel Estimation in NOMA-Based Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks

In heterogeneous vehicular networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with effective resource allocation improves spectrum efficiency by allowing multiple users to share the same channel. However, channel estimation errors caused by high mobility in vehicular networks affect system robustness and link reliability. As a result, resource allocation in high-mobility scenarios is a challenging issue. In this paper, robust resource allocation is studied to improve both the throughput performance and reliability of NOMA-based heterogeneous vehicular networks. A cascaded Hungarian channel assignment algorithm is proposed to simplify the formulated resource allocation problem with reliability requirements into a robust power allocation problem with chance constraints. With the approximation of non-central Chi-square distribution, the chance constraints are transformed into deterministic constraints. Furthermore, the optimal power allocation for the transformed problem is obtained in consideration of the requirements in NOMA. Simulation results illustrate the effectiv- eness of the proposed robust resource allocation scheme and its improvement over existing schemes.
Acellular dermal matrix fenestrations and their effect on breast shape

Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are increasingly being utilized in primary and secondary breast reconstruction as they confer several advantages, including soft tissue enhancement at the inferolateral pole of the breast. The senior authors have added fenestrations to ADMs to allow for more rapid expansion and improved breast aesthetics. The purpose of this study is to describe the benefits of ADM fenestration using a mathematical formula as a proof of concept for the effects of these modifications on breast shape. The aggregate effect of symmetrically arranged fenestrations on the ADM’s mechanical properties is explained by a uniform reduction in the effective Young’s modulus of the graft in a direction perpendicular to the chest wall in the area of graft fenestration. Asymmetric reduction of the Young’s modulus is achieved by concentration of the fenestrations at either the cephalic or caudal ends of the ADM. The relaxed Young’s modulus facilitates an increased deflection of the ADM from its resting, unaltered state under the weight of the implant or tissue expander and is modeled using a one-dimensional boundary equation. The reduced inferior pole tension allows for enhanced expansion under the weight of the implant or tissue expander. The effects of asymmetrically arranged fenestrations are similarly modeled and appear to afford the surgeon greater precision in controlling inferior pole characteristics. Acellular dermal matrix fenestration improves aesthetic outcome by facilitating greater inferior pole expansion. Mathematical models are provided to describe the modifications and elucidate the mechanism behind their effect on breast shape. Level of Evidence: Not ratable
Physicochemical properties and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from whole flaxseed and flaxseed meal

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the structural and functional properties, and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from golden whole flaxseed (WF) and flaxseed meal (FM). Results showed that two kinds of proteins differed significantly in terms of extraction and protein recovery yields, purities, as well as molecular and structural properties. Flaxseed proteins obtained from WF and FM reached different purities of isolate (FPI) and concentrate (FPC), respectively. Both SDS–PAGE and size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) results suggested that FPC consisted of a larger proportion of low molecular weight fractions with greater heterogeneity than FPI. The isoelectric point (IEP) of the two proteins was significantly different, being pH 4.2 and 3.0 for FPI and FPC, respectively. This was because of the presence of mucilage in FPC. Both proteins showed the high solubility (>90%) at alkaline conditions (pH > 7.0) and the lowest solubility (
Plotting with Thread: Fabricating Delicate Punch Needle Embroidery with X-Y Plotters

Punch needle embroidery is a unique type of embroidery that uses loops of threads to create designs. Technology for punch needle embroidery ranges from popular handheld manual tools to high-cost industrial tufting machines. Computer-controlled punch needle fabrication tools remain out-of-reach for most practitioners. In this work, we describe how a low-cost X-Y plotter can be repurposed to support punch needle embroidery fabrication. By adding easy-to-make physical accessories coupled with a novel software toolkit, we support the production of delicate and precise punch needle embroideries with minimal manual labor. After examining and evaluating the potential and challenges of converting X-Y plotters into punch needle embroidery fabricators, we propose design and fabrication guidelines that are specific to plotter-based punch needle embroideries. We demonstrate how this novel fabrication approach enables the production of a wide range of artifacts and textures.
Treatment of Diabetes with L363,586

L363,586 (now referred to as MK-678) is a cyclic hexapeptide analog of somatostatin. This compound, whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 1, was developed by chemists at Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research laboratories on the basis of modeling of the active site of the somatostatin molecule in a project which involved the synthesis of more than 150 analogs (1).
Apparent electrocardiogram left ventricular hypertrophy during tachycardia

The electrocardiographic transient display of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), during rapid heart rates, in the setting of sinus/supraventricular tachycardias and atrial fibrillation, is illustrated via 3 case reports. This common occurrence is expressed by an increase in the S-waves in leads V2-V5, during tachycardias, rendering a false positive diagnosis of LVH by the frequently employed Cornell voltage LVH criteria. This tachycardia-mediated apparent LVH, is unrelated to the occasionally encountered stable, and unrelated to tachycardia, "false positive diagnosis of LVH", which could in reality occasionally reflect altered electrical properties of myocardium that could create a functional substrate for developing arrhythmias. The importance of awareness of this insight by all health professionals is immeasurable, considering that a false positive diagnosis of LVH has major consequences in the management, prognostication, resort to expensive unnecessary testing, and stress to the patients and their families.
Visualizing the melting of periodic lattice distortions in a complex 2D charge density wave material via MeV-scale ultrafast electron diffraction

We discuss our experiments that apply ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) to study structural dynamics of the phase transition in single crystal tantalum ditelluride, TaTe2, a quasi-2D quantum material which exhibits a trimer superstructure at cryogenic temperatures. Intense near-infrared (NIR) pulses at 1030 nm are employed to quench the low temperature, atomically ordered state and the process is captured by ultrashort bunches of electrons as a function of pump-probe time delay. The diffraction signatures of the trimer superstructure recover on picosecond time scales. These measurements of TaTe2 underscore moreover the applicability of the HiRES UED beamline at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to probe ultrafast structural dynamics of complex materials.