cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remark on the conservation of the axial vector current

The conjecture is considered that: if the axial vector current were conserved in the V -- A theory of weak interactions, the absolute values of the Gamow-Teller constant (G/sub A/) and the Fermi constant (G/sub V/) would be exactly equal, and the Goldberger-Treiman relation between G/sub A/ and the charged pion decay constant would be valid. It is noted that attempts to verify this conjecture in field theoretical models depend on the assumptions that: there exists a pseudoscalar zero-mass meson that interants with the nucleon; and that in the limit of zero momentum transfer, a particular form factor must equal unity. It is shown by analysis of the properties of the chirality operator, and by consideration of the conservation of the axial vector current, that this form factor, which is an analog of the Gamow-Teller constant, must vanish in the limit of zero momentum transfer. This result implies that either the raass of the meson, if it exists, is non-zero, or its effective coupling with the nucleon is zero. (T.F.H.)
Design and tests of a trawl-resistant package for ADCP's

A package designed to protect an RDI acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) for deployment in fishing areas is described. The package was tested and survived several passages of a trawl. The package has the shape of a truncated pyramid with a base 4 m by 3.3 m and a height of 53 cm. The housing, its deployment method, and some field test results are described. Some acoustic measurements were made to ascertain the effect of the housing on the beam pattern. The results show that this design can protect the instrument from bottom trawls and the acoustic beams are minimally affected by the plastic plate in front of the instrument. >
Effects of eyestalk ablation on carbonic anhydrase activity in the euryhaline blue crab Callinectes sapidus: neuroendocrine control of enzyme expression.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the gills of the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was measured in response to acute low-salinity transfer and treatment with eyestalk ablation (ESA) in an attempt to elucidate potential regulatory mechanisms of salinity-mediated CA induction. ESA alone resulted in an approximate doubling of CA activity in the posterior, ion-transporting gills of crabs acclimated to 35 ppt. Transfer of intact crabs to 28 ppt, a salinity at which the blue crab is still an osmotic and ionic conformer, had no effect on CA activity, but treatment with ESA prior to transfer resulted in a 5-fold increase. Hemolymph osmolality was unaffected by ESA. There was a 7-fold induction of CA activity in posterior gills of intact crabs transferred from 35 to 15 ppt, and this was potentiated by about 100% by ESA. Hemolymph osmolality was slightly elevated in the ESA-treated crabs. CA activity in anterior gills did not increase in response to any treatment. Hemolymph concentrations of methyl farnesoate (MF) were measured for all experimental animals. MF concentrations were undetectable in all intact crabs, regardless of salinity. Treatment with ESA resulted in elevated levels of hemolymph MF, but these levels were still relatively low and unrelated to salinity. These results suggest that CA induction is under the control of a regulatory substance located in the eyestalk. This substance appears to be a CA repressor, keeping CA expression at low levels in the gills of crabs acclimated to high salinity. Exposure to low salinity, or treatment with ESA, removes the effects of this putative repressor and allows CA induction to occur. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:23–31, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Candida glabrata PHO4 Is Necessary and Sufficient for Pho2-Independent Transcription of Phosphate Starvation Genes

Comparative genomic analyses of Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest many signal transduction pathways are highly conserved. Focusing on the phosphate signal transduction (PHO) pathway of C. glabrata, we demonstrate that components of the pathway are conserved and confirm the role of CgPHO81, CgPHO80, CgPHO4, and CgMSN5 in the PHO pathway through deletion analysis. Unlike S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata shows little dependence on the transcription factor, Pho2, for induction of phosphate-regulated genes during phosphate limitation. We show that the CgPho4 protein is necessary and sufficient for Pho2-independent gene expression; CgPho4 is capable of driving expression of PHO promoters in S. cerevisiae in the absence of ScPHO2. On the basis of the sequences of PHO4 in the hemiascomycetes and complementation analysis, we suggest that Pho2 dependence is a trait only observed in species closely related to S. cerevisiae. Our data are consistent with trans-regulatory changes in the PHO pathway via the transcription factor Pho4 as opposed to cis-regulatory changes (the promoter).
Dosimetric Inhomogeneity Predicts for Long-Term Breast Pain After Breast-Conserving Therapy.

Purpose The objective of this cross-sectional study was to characterize long-term breast pain in patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery and radiation (BCT) and to identify predictors of this pain. Methods and Materials We identified 355 eligible patients with Tis-T2N0M0 breast cancer who underwent BCT in 2007 to 2011, without recurrent disease. A questionnaire derived from the Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force (LENT) Subjective, Objective, Management, Analytic (SOMA) scale was mailed with 7 items detailing the severity, frequency, duration, and impact of ipsilateral breast pain over the previous 2 weeks. A logistic regression model identified predictors of long-term breast pain based on questionnaire responses and patient, disease, and treatment characteristics. Results The questionnaire response rate was 80% (n=285). One hundred thirty-five patients (47%) reported pain in the treated breast, with 19 (14%) having pain constantly or at least daily; 15 (11%) had intense pain. The pain interfered with daily activities in 11 patients (8%). Six patients (4%) took analgesics for breast pain. Fourteen (10%) thought that the pain affected their quality of life. On univariable analysis, volume of breast tissue treated to ≥105% of the prescribed dose (odds ratio [OR] 1.001 per cc, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.000-1.002; P =.045), volume treated to ≥110% (OR 1.009 per cc, 95% CI 1.002-1.016; P =.012), hormone therapy use (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.12-3.39; P =.02), and other sites of pain (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.07; P =.03) predicted for long-term breast pain. On multivariable analysis, volume ≥110% (OR 1.01 per cc, 95% CI 1.003-1.017; P =.007), shorter time since treatment (OR 0.98 per month, 95% CI 0.96-0.998; P =.03), and hormone therapy (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.05-3.25; P =.03) were independent predictors of pain. Conclusion Long-term breast pain was common after BCT. Although nearly half of patients had pain, most considered it tolerable. Dosimetric inhomogeneity independently predicted for pain and should be minimized to the greatest extent possible.
Overcoming phase instability of RBaCo2O5+δ (R = Y and Ho) by Sr substitution for application as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Phase instabilities of the RBaCo2O5+δ (R = Y and Ho) layered-perovskites and their decompositions into RCoO3 and BaCoO3−z at 800 °C in air were investigated. The phase instability will restrict their high temperature applications such as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). However, appropriate amount of Sr substitution (≥ 60% for R = Y and ≥ 70% for R = Ho) for Ba successfully stabilized the R(Ba1−xSrx)Co2O5+δ phase at elevated temperatures. This can be explained to be due to the decrease in oxygen vacancies in the R–O layer, decrease in R O bond length, and consequent improvement in structural integrity. In addition, the Sr substitution (x = 0.6–1.0) for Ba provided added benefit with respect to the chemical stability against Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (GDC) electrolyte, which is a critical requirement for the cathodes in SOFC. Among the various compositions investigated, the Y(Ba0.3Sr0.7)Co2O5+δ + GDC composite cathode delivered the optimum electrochemical performances with a stable phase, demonstrating the potential as a cathode in SOFC.
A Calculus for Semantic Composition and Scoping

Certain restrictions on possible scopings of quantified noun phrases in natural language are usually expressed in terms of formal constraints on binding at a level of logical form. Such reliance on the form rather than the content of semantic interpretations goes against the spirit of compositionality. I will show that those scoping restrictions follow from simple and fundamental facts about functional application and abstraction, and can be expressed as constraints on the derivation of possible meanings for sentences rather than constraints of the alleged forms of those meanings.
A hydrologic routing model suitable for climate-scale simulations of arctic rivers: application to the Mackenzie River Basin

In this study, the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model was modified for arctic river basin applications and used to route surface and subsurface run-off from the Community Land Model (CLM) in the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) for the period 2000–2004. The HRR modelling framework performs lateral surface and subsurface run-off routing from hillslopes and channel/floodplain routing. The HRR model was modified here to include a variable subsurface active layer thickness (ALT; permafrost) to enable subsurface water to resurface, a distributed surface storage component to store and attenuate the rapid generation of snowmelt water, compound hillslopes to account for the low relief near rivers and floodplains, and reservoir routing to complete the total surface and subsurface water storage accounting. To illustrate the new HRR model components, a case study is presented for the MRB. The basin is discretized into 5077 sub-basins based on a drainage network derived from the global digital elevation model (DEM) developed from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor on board NASA's Terra satellite and river widths extracted from LandSat images. The median hillslope land area is 68.5 km2 with a flow length of 2.8 km. Gridded CLM surface and subsurface run-offs are remapped to the HRR model's irregular sub-basins. The role of each new model component is quantified in terms of peak annual streamflow (magnitude and timing) at select locations and basin-wide total water storage anomalies. The role of distributed surface storage is shown to attenuate the relatively rapid generation of snowmelt water, impact the annual peak hydrograph (reduced peaks by >30% and detailed peak by >20 days), and account for 20% of the monthly total water storage anomalies averaged over the year and ranging from 14 to 25% (−10 to 30 mm) throughout the year. Although additional research is needed to dynamically link spatially distributed ALT to HRR, the role of ALT is shown to be important. A basin-wide, uniform 1 m ALT impacts the annual peak hydrograph (reduced peaks by 9% and detailed peak by 8 days) and trends in total water storage anomalies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil salinity and drought alter wood density and vulnerability to xylem cavitation of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) seedlings.

We investigated the role of hydraulic conductivity, wood density, and xylem cavitation in the response of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings to increased soil salinity and drought. One-year-old, greenhouse-grown seedlings were irrigated daily with a 100 mM (≈6‰) salt solution or once per week with fresh water (drought). Controls were irrigated daily with fresh water. Gas exchange rates of stressed plants were reduced by approximately 50% (salt) and 70% (drought), resulting in a 50–60% reduction in diameter growth for both treatments. Stem-specific hydraulic conductivity (KS native) of stressed plants was 33% (salt) and 66% (drought) lower than controls and we observed a strong positive correlation between KS native and gas exchange. In addition, we found a strong relationship between CO2 assimilation rate (A) and the soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (kL). The relationship was identical for all treatments, suggesting that our moderate salt stress (as well as drought) did not affect the photosynthetic biochemistry of leaves, but rather reduced A via stomatal closure. Lower KS native of stressed plants was associated with increased wood density and greater resistance to xylem cavitation. Xylem pressures causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50) were −2.88 ± 0.07 MPa (drought), −2.50 ± 0.08 MPa (salt) and −2.01 ± 0.04 MPa (controls). P50s were strongly correlated with wood density (r = −0.71, P < 0.01) and KS native (r = 0.74, P < 0.01). These findings support the hypothesis that there is a significant trade-off between a plant’s cavitation resistance and its hydraulic efficiency. The results of the present study indicate that stressed plants partitioned their biomass in a way that strengthened their xylem and reduced vulnerability to xylem cavitation. Hence, these seedlings could be better suited to be planted in environments with elevated soil salinity. For most parameters (especially P50), drought had an even more pronounced effect than salinity. This is important as nurseries could produce “stress-acclimated” seedlings simply by reducing irrigation amounts and would not have to contaminate the soils in their nursery beds with salt applications.
Free-space characterization of conductor-backed absorbing materials using an aperture screen

Absorbing materials are often adhered to conducting surfaces for the purpose of controlling the electromagnetic field scattered by objects. Many of these materials have both electric and magnetic properties, and these properties may degrade with time, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of the coatings. Because of this, it is important to accurately assess the condition of the coatings by interrogating them with an electromagnetic wave and analyzing the interaction of the wave with the coating materials. Ideally, the permeability and permittivity of the coatings would be measured and compared to baseline values. Since these measurements must be done in the field, the materials cannot be removed from the underlying conducting surfaces.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Other FFA4 Agonists Inhibit Growth Factor Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) are proposed to have many beneficial effects on human health. However, the mechanisms underlying their potential cancer preventative effects are unclear. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family, FFA1/GPR40 and FFA4/GPR120, specifically bind n-3 FAs as agonist ligands. In this study, we examined the effects of n-3 FAs in human prostate cancer cell lines. Initial studies established that the long-chain n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, inhibit proliferation of DU145 cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mitogenic lipid mediator. When added alone to serum-starved DU145 cells, EPA transiently activates signaling events, including p70S6K phosphorylation. However, when added 15 minutes prior to LPA, EPA suppresses LPA-induced activating phosphorylations of ERK, FAK, and p70S6K, and expression of the matricellular protein CCN1. The rapid onset of the inhibitory action of EPA suggested involvement of a GPCR. Further studies showed that DU145 and PC-3 cells express mRNA and protein for both FFA4 and FFA1. TUG-891 (4-[(4-fluoro-4′-methyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methoxy]-benzenepropanoic acid), a selective agonist for FFA4, exerts inhibitory effects on LPA- and epidermal growth factor–induced proliferation and migration, similar to EPA, in DU145 and PC-3 cells. The effects of TUG-891 and EPA are readily reversible. The FFA1/FFA4 agonist GW9508 (4-[[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]amino]-benzenepropranoic acid) likewise inhibits proliferation at doses that block FFA4. Knockdown of FFA4 expression prevents EPA- and TUG-891–induced inhibition of growth and migration. Together, these results indicate that activation of FFA4 initiates signaling events that can inhibit growth factor–induced signaling, providing a novel mechanism for suppression of cancer cell proliferation.
Superconducting Glass State in Disordered Thin Films in a Parallel Magnetic Field

We develop a theory of mesoscopic fluctuations in disordered thin superconducting films in a parallel magnetic field. At zero temperature and sufficiently strong magnetic field the system undergoes a phase transition into a state characterized by a superfluid density which is random in sign. Consequently, in this regime, random supercurrents are spontaneously created in the ground state of the system, and it belongs to the same universality class as the two-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ spin glass with a random sign of the exchange interaction.
Arguments for the Integration of the Non-Zero-Sum Logic of Complex Animal Communication with Information Theory

The outstanding levels of knowledge attained today in the research on animal communication, and the new available technologies to study visual, vocal and chemical signalling, allow an ever increasing use of information theory as a sophisticated tool to improve our knowledge of the complexity of animal communication. Some considerations on the way information theory and intraspecific communication can be linked are presented here. Specifically, information theory may help us to explore interindividual variations in different environmental constraints and social scenarios, as well as the communicative features of social vs. solitary species.
Induction of Type C Viruses in Cultured Guinea Pig Cells

Particles morphologically resembling type C viruses were activated by bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR; 10(-4) M) treatment of cultured guinea pig cells. Virus particles were isolated from the cells of normal and leukemic strain 2 and random-bred guinea pigs (adult and embryonic). Immature virus particles with electron-lucent cores were found in the cytoplasmic matrix. The mature particles with electron-dense cores were found outside the cells and some appeared in the process of budding from the plasma membrane. The peak of virus production was observed within 4 days of BUdR treatment. When compared to the amount of virus produced in darkness, visible light enhanced virus production, whereas exposure of BUdR-treated cells to UV light either had no effect or inhibited virus production. Virus particles had a density of 1.16 gm/ml, possessed an oncornavirus-specific reverse transcriptase, and contained a large-molecular-weight RNA (65-70S) which dissociated into 36S subunits after heat denaturation. The BUdR-activated virus particles, therefore, possessed the morphological, biophysical, and biochemical characteristics of type C oncornaviruses.
Ultrastructural design of anuran muscles used for call production in relation to the thermal environment of a species.

I examined the aerobic trunk muscles, which are used for call production, of male frogs from species that breed in different thermal environments to test the hypothesis that cold-adapted frogs should have fewer capillaries per unit mitochondrial volume in oxidative muscles than warm-adapted frogs because of reduced mitochondrial function at low temperatures. The species of interest were the cold-temperate Pseudacris crucifer and the warm-tropical Hyla microcephala in the family Hylidae, and the cold-temperate Rana sylvatica and the warm-temperate Rana clamitans in the family Ranidae. Trunk-muscle mitochondrial volume, V(V)(mt,f), was proportionally higher in species with higher mean calling rates (number of notes per hour), irrespective of the familial affinity of a species and the thermal environment in which it vocalized. Trunk-muscle capillary length density, J(V)(c,f), was significantly lower in P. crucifer than in H. microcephala because of significantly higher mean fiber area, a-(f). Conversely, trunk-muscle J(V)(c,f) was similar in the two ranid species. Using total capillary length, J(c), and total mitochondrial volume, V(mt,m), as a measure of maximal oxygen supply and demand, respectively, in trunk muscles, J(c)-to-V(mt,m) ratios were significantly lower in cold-adapted P. crucifer (4.3 km cm(−)(3)) and R. sylvatica (4.8 km cm(−)(3)) than in warm-adapted H. microcephala (7.1 km cm(−)(3)) and R. clamitans (6.4 km cm(−)(3)). In contrast, J(c)-to-V(mt,m) ratios in the more anaerobic gastrocnemius muscle of these species was not related to the thermal environment of a species, which may reflect capillaries conforming to microcirculatory functions, e.g. lactate removal, that take precedence over oxygen delivery. Mitochondrial cristae surface area, S(V)(im,mt), in P. crucifer trunk and gastrocnemius muscles (37.7+/−1.6 and 35.9+/−1.5 m(2)cm(−)(3) respectively) was, on average, similar to mammalian values, suggesting equivalent structural capacities of muscle mitochondria in these two taxa. Taken together, the present data suggest that trunk-muscle respiratory design may reflect a capillary supply commensurate with maximal levels of oxygen delivery set by mitochondria operating at different environmental temperatures. P. crucifer and H. microcephala trunk muscles were also characterized by a high lipid content, which contrasted with a near absence of trunk-muscle lipids in R. sylvatica and R. clamitans. The extraordinarily high lipid content of P. crucifer trunk muscles (26 % of muscle volume) may serve as an auxiliary oxygen pathway to mitochondria and thus compensate in part for this tissue9s reduced capillary/fiber interface. The effect of potentially high depletion rates of trunk-muscle lipid stores on metabolic rates of male frogs while calling is discussed.
Juvenile Retinoschisis: Imaging Findings

We present the CT and B-scan sonographic findings in an infant with juvenile retinoschisis, a rare hereditary eye disease, which usually follows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.
Experimental Approaches to Circadian Clock Mechanisms

Several approaches to elucidating the nature of biological clocks, particularly circadian oscillators, have emerged over the years (Edmunds, 1983; Johnson and Hastings, 1986). These include the attempt to locate the anatomical loci responsible for generating these periodicities, efforts to trace the entrainment pathway for light signals (and other Zeitgeber) from the photoreceptor(s) to the clock itself, the experimental dissection of the clock using chemicals and metabolic inhibitors and employing the exciting new techniques of molecular genetics, and the characterization of the coupling pathways and the transducing mechanisms between the clock and the overt rhythmicities (hands) it drives. Each of these strategies are discussed, and the key experimental results obtained to date are summarized. It should become readily apparent that what constitutes mechanism for one investigator is merely descriptive phenomenology for another working at a lower level of organization! Because of the immense amount of work done in these areas, no attempt is made to provide an exhaustive review; rather, several major experimental systems (not surprisingly, most at the cellular level) have been chosen for illustrative purposes, with an effort being made to integrate the results obtained with those of other systems. Consequently, cross-referencing is provided to the more general review of circadian organization in eukaryotic microorganisms presented earlier (see Chapter 2). Finally, this survey sets the stage for the discussion of various biochemical and molecular models for circadian clocks in Chapter 5.
Probleme mit dem Grenzwert — Genetische Begriffsbildung und geistige Hindernisse

Anhand einer exemplarischen Fallstudie uber eine Unterrichtsszene, in der sich drei Schulerinnen in einer computergestutzten Lernumgebung mit dem Grenzwertbegriff auseinandersetzen, werden Probleme der Begriffsbildung aufgezeigt, die in geistigen Hindernissen bzw. „epistemological obstacles” begrundet sind und von daher den didaktischen Wert einer genetischen Begriffsbildung im Mathematikunterricht unterstreichen. Gleichzeitig wird fur eine Verstarkung qualitativer Forschungsmethoden in der Analysisdidaktik pladiert, urn unser Wissen uber Denkstrategien von Lernenden durch deskriptive Studien zu erweitern zu bereichern.
Single cell studies of the actions of agonists and antagonists on nicotinic receptors of the central nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the study of the pharmacology of nicotinic receptors of single central nervous system (CNS) cells using electrophysiological means. Both in vivo and in vitro preparations are discussed. In situ studies using extracellular electrodes to monitor changes in discharge rate is used to map the cholinoceptive areas of the brain. The nicotinic agonists are capable of both exciting and inhibiting neurons in some brain areas. The excitation is a direct postsynaptic action of acetylcholine (ACh); the inhibition may be direct, but most likely results either from indirect inhibition through synaptic connections, or as a result of activation of a membrane conductance as the result of the preceding excitation. The in vitro brain slice preparation has allowed a more precise characterization of the receptor and currents underlying the nicotinic effects. In all areas of the CNS studied so far, central nicotinic receptors have been found to more closely resemble those of peripheral autonomic ganglia than those subserving nicotinic transmission at the neuromuscular junctions (n.m.j). Specifically, α-bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin which blocks nicotinic signal transmission between nerve and muscle, but not between peripheral nerves, also fails to block the effects of ACh and nicotine on central neurons. The ionic nature of the nicotinic effect resembles that of both peripheral nerve and muscle; ACh opens a membrane cation-selective channel which allows positive charge to enter the cell-producing depolarization.
Imaging with primaries and free-surface multiples by joint least-squares reverse time migration

ABSTRACTWe have used joint least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM), also known as linearized waveform inversion, to jointly image primary and free-surface-multiples data. Although migration of free-surface multiples can provide the benefit of additional illumination, crosstalk artifacts that appear in images pose a challenge for migration-based approaches. Our method formulates the imaging problem as an inversion problem to attenuate these crosstalk noises in the image. We have developed a modified modeling operator that uses the data as an areal source. The modified operator is used in joint LSRTM to account for the free-surface multiples in the data. We have developed 3D synthetic and field data examples to reveal that our proposed method improves imaging in geologically complex areas and attenuated crosstalk artifacts in the image.
Inhibition of the histone demethylase Kdm5b promotes neurogenesis and derepresses Reln (reelin) in neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone of mice

The role of epigenetic regulators in the control of adult neurogenesis is largely undefined. We show that the histone demethylase enzyme Kdm5b (Jarid1b) negatively regulates neurogenesis from adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. shRNA-mediated depletion of Kdm5b in proliferating adult NSCs decreased proliferation rates and reduced neurosphere formation in culture. When transferred to differentiation culture conditions, Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs migrated from neurospheres with increased velocity. Whole-genome expression screening revealed widespread transcriptional changes with Kdm5b depletion, notably the up-regulation of reelin (Reln), the inhibition of steroid biosynthetic pathway component genes and the activation of genes with intracellular transport functions in cultured adult NSCs. Kdm5b depletion increased extracellular reelin concentration in the culture medium and increased phosphorylation of the downstream reelin signaling target Disabled-1 (Dab1). Sequestration of extracellular reelin with CR-50 reelin-blocking antibodies suppressed the increase in migratory velocity of Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Kdm5b is present at the proximal promoter of Reln, and H3K4me3 methylation was increased at this locus with Kdm5b depletion in differentiating adult NSCs. Combined the data suggest Kdm5b negatively regulates neurogenesis and represses Reln in neural stem cells from the adult SVZ.
Analysis of the Drinking Water Quality in Guangzhou from 1996 to 2005

Objective To investigate the quality of domestic drinking water in Guangzhou,and provide a plan of remedial action for improving and maintaining the water quality.Methods Data on water quality between 1996 and 2005 were analyzed and compared with the standard of GB5749-85 Standards for Drinking Water quality and Ministry of Public Health Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water 2001.Results A total of 606 water samples were analyzed and 25.58% of the samples were satisfactory.The levels of manganese,free residual chlorine,total bacterial count,chrominance,iron and chemical oxygen demand were above the safety standard.Of the items tested by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Guangzhou,the percentage of samples containing a safety level of manganese,free residual chlorine,total bacterial count,chrominance,iron and chemical oxygen demand was 59.57%,76.73%,85.81%,88.12%,88.94% and 96.37%,respectively.Conclusion The levels of manganese,free residual chlorine,total bacterial count and iron in the domestic water were high.Chlorination of drinking water,regular maintenance and elutriation of water pipeline,avoiding the repeat use of water tank and establishing automatic water monitoring system may improve the water quality.
Palliative Care and End of Life Options for Patients with Endometrial Cancer

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, such as physical, psychosocial, and spiritual [1]. Palliative care is a complex specialty that emphasizes the need to provide early, effective symptom management to patients with serious illnesses and can be implemented and integrated at any point in the disease trajectory, not just at the end of life.
AMPA receptors: Dynamics and targets of disease

In this and forthcoming reviews, a representative clinical case will serve as an introduction to the topic to be discussed. This will provide the basis to address some recent insights from basic neuroscience research on the normal function of the primary target of the disease process involved in the case presented, as well as putative pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications.
When We Enter: the Blackness of Rachel Dolezal

“You won’t read my telling. You read the world but not the letters of talk. You don’t know how to. Maybe one day you will learn.”1—Toni Morrison, A Mercy “ … when and where [do] I enter … [?]”2—Ann...
Trauma and Memory

The issue of trauma and memory is central to the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn, DSM-IV) defines PTSD as being accompanied by extremes of remembering and forgetting. Because traumatic memories take on their extreme character only after a person has been exposed to overwhelming stress, laboratory studies using conventional stimuli seem to be of little guidance in clarifying what happens when people are traumatized. Because trauma cannot be simulated in the laboratory, the exploration of the relationship between trauma and memory depends on (1) collecting retrospective reports from traumatized individuals, (2) post hoc observations of people with trauma histories, or (3) provoking traumatic memories and flashbacks in the laboratory.
Using Exploratory Data Mining to Identify Important Correlates of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Frequency.

Objective Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been linked to many adverse outcomes, with more frequent NSSI increasing the likelihood of impairment, severity, and more serious self-harming behavior (e.g., suicidality; Andover & Gibb, 2010; Darke et al., 2010). Despite the determined importance of NSSI frequency in understanding the severity of one's behavior, there is still a need to identify which constructs may be influential in predicting frequency. The current study aimed to fill this gap by identifying which correlates are most important in relation to NSSI frequency through two exploratory data mining methods. Method Seven hundred twelve undergraduate students with a history of NSSI completed self-report measures of NSSI behavior, suicidality, cognitive-affective deficits, and psychopathology symptomology. Results Both exploratory data mining methods, lasso regression and random forests, demonstrated number of NSSI methods to be the factor with the most importance in relation to lifetime NSSI frequency. Once this variable was removed, suicide plan and depressive symptomology were significant correlates across methods. Conclusions The current findings support the literature between NSSI frequency and NSSI methods, but also implicate suicide plans, an often-overlooked factor, and depression in NSSI severity.
A phase II study of copper-depletion using tetrathiomolybdate (TM) in patients (pts) with breast cancer (BC) at high risk for recurrence: Updated results.

2557Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in the spread of tumors. Bone marrow derived VEGFR2+endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) are key in tumor progression. We hypothesized TM-associated copper depletion inhibits tumor metastases by reducing the number of EPCs and other copper dependent (CD) processes in the pre-metastatic niche. These results are an update with longer follow-up. Methods: Phase II study of BC pts at high risk for recurrence, defined as node+ triple negative (TNBC), stage 3 and 4 with no evidence of disease (NED) were enrolled on a trial of CD with TM. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels were maintained between 8-16 mg/dl for two years with an extension phase or until relapse. The primary endpoint was change in EPCs measured by flow cytometry before and during treatment. Secondary endpoints included tolerability, safety, PFS and LOXL-2 levels. Results: 75 pts received 2650 cycles of TM on primary and extension study. The median...
Kinetics of Trifluoromethane Clathrate Hydrate Formation from CHF3 Gas and Ice Particles.

We report the formation kinetics of trifluoromethane clathrate hydrate (CH) from less than 75 μm diameter ice particles and CHF3 gas. As previously observed for difluoromethane and propane hydrate formation, the initial stages of the reaction exhibit a strong negative correlation of the reaction rate with temperature, consistent with a negative activation energy of formation. The values obtained for trifluoromethane, ca. −6 kJ/mol (H2O), are similar to those for difluoromethane, even though the two molecules have different intermolecular interactions and sizes. The activation energy is lesser per mole of H2O, but greater per mole of guest molecule, than for propane hydrate, which has a different crystal structure. We propose a possible explanation for the negative activation barrier based on the stabilization of metastable structures at low temperature. A pronounced dependence of the formation kinetics on the gas flow rate into the cell is observed. At 253 K and a flow rate of 15 mmol/h, the stage II encl...
Area and International Studies in the United States: Intellectual Trends

The aim of area studies in the United States has been to deparochialize US- and Eurocentric understandings of the world among scholars, policy makers, and the general public. As the individual fields (African studies, China studies, Latin American studies, etc.) have grown rapidly since the 1950s, their intellectual agendas and foci have diverged dramatically based on shifting disciplinary interests, US relations with the countries of study, events in those countries, and possibilities of collaboration with local scholars. As interdisciplinary fields, area studies communities have challenged the hegemony of the social science and humanities disciplines within US universities, and paved the way for many other interdisciplinary programs. Challenged themselves by poststructural theories and new interests in transnationalism, area studies are continuing to evolve towards greater attention to diasporas and collaboration with scholars in other regions of the world.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Military Hearing Conservation Program.

Introduction Occupational noise threatens U.S. worker health and safety and commands a significant financial burden on state and federal government worker compensation programs. Previous studies suggest that hearing conservation programs have contributed to reduced occupational hearing loss for noise-exposed workers. Many military personnel are overexposed to noise and are provided hearing conservation services. Select military branches require all active duty personnel to follow hearing conservation program guidelines, regardless of individual noise exposure. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a military hearing conservation program, relative to no intervention, in relation to cases of hearing loss prevented. Methods We employed cost-effectiveness analytic methods to compare the costs and effectiveness, in terms of hearing loss cases prevented, of a military hearing conservation program relative to no program. We used costs and probability estimates available in the literature and publicly available sources. The effectiveness of the interventions was analyzed based on whether hearing loss occurred over a 20-yr time frame. Results The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the hearing conservation program compared with no intervention was $10,657 per case of hearing loss prevented. Workers were 28% less likely to sustain hearing loss in our model when they received the hearing conservation program compared with no intervention, which reflected the greater effectiveness of the hearing conservation program. Cost-effectiveness results were sensitive to estimated values for the probability of acquiring hearing loss from both interventions and the cost of hearing protection. We performed a Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis where we simultaneously varied all the model parameters to their extreme plausible bounds. When we ran 10,000 Monte Carlo iterations, we observed that the hearing conservation program was more cost-effective in 99% of cases when decision makers were willing to pay $64,172 per case of hearing loss prevented. Conclusions Conceding a lifetime cost for service-related compensation for hearing loss per individual of $64,172, the Department of Defense Hearing Conservation Program is an economically reasonable program relative to no intervention, if a case of hearing loss avoided costs $10,657. Considering the net difference of the costs and comparative benefits of both treatment strategies, providing a hearing conservation program for all active duty military workers may be a cost-effective intervention for the Department of Defense.
Pioneer Rocketry- 1st Place Midwest Rocket Launch 2017

The Midwest High Power Rocket Launch Competition is hosted by the Minnesota Space Grant Consortium every year. This year the competition was to design and build an â€œadaptableâ€ rocket that was able to fly on very different high power rocket motors to the same altitude. While some teams attempted to achieve this goal with air brakes or via adding additional mass to the rocket, we chose to utilize passive aerodynamic forces in our design. We are very proud that we were able to win first place in this competition. While we did not achieve the highest flight score, we were very close to the maximum value achieved by any team. We are especially proud of how well our fully passive design worked, reaching apogees of 6211 ft on the aerotech J90, and 6220 ft on the cesaroni K2045, a difference of only 9 ft.
Therapeutic Hypothermia in the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac death remains a major medical challenge despite the advent of defibrillation decades ago. There are few minutes to defibrillate the heart and thereby stop ongoing ischemic injury to key organs such as the heart and brain, and few therapies proven to protect against the postresuscitation phase of cardiac arrest (CA)—when up to 90% of patients go on to die despite successful defibrillation (2). New approaches are desperately needed to improve CA survival, and the induction of transient hypothermia may be one of the most promising of new approaches (2). Hypothermia used to protect against conditions of low blood flow has historically been induced at different times relative to the arrest (see Fig. 1): pre-arrest, intra-arrest, and postarrest. Pre-arrest cooling is typically induced to as low as 20°C for cardiac surgery and is induced before and simultaneous to the time of arrest. Postarrest cooling to 32 to 33°C was found to be protective in recent human CA trials, induced by applying cooling blankets in the subset of CA patients having return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) who remained unresponsive (3,4). The goal of this hypothermia was to prevent neurologic injury although maintaining a temperature warm enough to prevent the cardiac and numerous other side effects of more profound cooling (e.g., cardiac arrhythmias, coagulopathies, infections). This cooling was protective despite taking 8 hours to reach target temperature after ROSC (4). Intra-arrest cooling, when cooling is induced after failed initial CPR, has the potential to induce a stasis state for a period of time (i.e., suspended animation) long enough for more definitive circulation (e.g., cardiac bypass) to be established and life restored. Little is known about the optimal depth or clinical potential of such hypothermia, due in large part to the technical difficulties involved in inducing profound hypothermia during the low-flow states of sudden CA.
Genetic Algorithm with Applications in Geophysics

Much of what we know about the Earth’s subsurface has been derived from indirect measurements. Three-dimensional images of the Earth’s interior have been derived from recordings of earthquakes caused by tectonic forces existing inside and on the surface of the earth. Variations in the gravity, magnetic, electric and electromagnetic fields recorded with advanced instruments placed on the surface, boreholes and airplanes, have also been used for this purpose. In seismic exploration, we make use of the principles of and lessons learnt from earthquakes to determine finer scale-subsurface features to identify zones that are favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. Similarly monitoring of fluid movement during hydrocarbon production is also carried out by repeat seismic measurements (called time-lapse seismic experiments).
The Extracellular Bicarbonate Concentration and the Regulation of Ventilation in Chronic Hypercapnia in Man

Chronic hypercapnia has been associated with a change in the ventilatory responsiveness to inspired CO2 (CHAPIN et al., and SCHAEFER et al. [1963]). States of severe chronic hypercapnia in man are usually associated with disease of the ventilatory apparatus, so that it is difficult to distinguish the limitations in ventilatory responsiveness imposed by abnormal mechanical function of the chest bellows or lungs and those imposed by changes in sensitivity to the CO2 or H+ stimulus (ALEXANDER et al. [1955], and CHERNIAK and SNIDAL [1956]). In this study two aspects of the ventilatory responsiveness to chronic hypercapnia were investigated: (1) the “normal” or predicted HCO 3 − Pco2 relationship in individuals with chronic hypercapnia who are in normal electrolyte balance; and (2) the effect of chloride depletion, potassium chloride replacement, and ammonium chloride acidosis on the ventilatory responsiveness to inspired CO2. The subjects selected for study were patients with alveolar hypoventilation from long-standing chest-wall disease and included three men aged 41 to 58 years with cardiorespiratory failure secondary to kyposcoliosis and one woman aged 20 with alveolar hypoventilation secondary to skeletal muscle disease. Their level of alveolar hypoventilation was stable. The experimental design consisted of three study periods; (1) a five- to eight-day control period during which dietary sodium chloride remained restricted, as it had been for many months prior to their entering the study: (2) a five-day period of potassium chloride administration (100 mm/day) orally; and (3) a five-day period during which ammonium chloride (100 mm/day) was administered orally.
Simian varicella in old world monkeys.

Simian varicella virus (SVV) causes a natural erythematous disease in Old World monkeys and is responsible for simian varicella epizootics that occur sporadically in facilities housing nonhuman primates. This review summarizes the biology of SVV and simian varicella as a veterinary disease of nonhuman primates. SVV is closely related to varicella–zoster virus, the causative agent of human varicella and herpes zoster. Clinical signs of simian varicella include fever, vesicular skin rash, and hepatitis. Simian varicella may range from a mild infection to a severe and life-threatening disease, and epizootics may have high morbidity and mortality rates. SVV establishes a lifelong latent infection in neural ganglia of animals in which the primary disease resolves, and the virus may reactivate later in life to cause a secondary disease corresponding to herpes zoster. Prompt diagnosis is important for control and prevention of epizootics. Antiviral treatment for simian varicella may be effective if administered early in the course of infection.
Arctic Air Polution:A Case Study of Continent-To-Ocean-To-Continent Transport

Studies over the last several decades have revealed that the chemical composition of organic matter in the atmosphere is astoundingly complex. The complex composition of atmospheric organic compounds reflects the variety of their sources—plant emissions, industrial and combustion effluents, agricultural sources, etc.—as well as secondary products that result from chemical and photochemical reactions in the troposphere. Some organic compounds are sufficiently stable to be transported far from their sources in continental regions to remote areas of the ocean or to other continents. Such long-range transport is clearly evident, for example, in the global distribution of high-molecular-weight chlorinated hydrocarbons. As this chapter shows, pesticide and PCB residues have been detected in air samples from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Furthermore, the pesticides measured in various organisms around the world—from fish and seals in the Antarctic to benthic amphipods in the Arctic Ocean—are ample proof that these compounds are being deposited far from their source and subsequently accumulated by marine organisms (Hargrave et al. 1988;Hidaka et al. 1983;Subramanian et al. 1986a, 1986b;Tanabe et al. 1984, Zell and Ballschmiter 1980).