cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of particle growth VII. NH4NO3from the NH3‐O3 reaction in the presence of air and water vapor

Our earlier work on the formation of particulate NH4NO3 in the NH3O3 reaction at 25°C is extended to include air as a diluent and H2O vapor as an additive. More extensive data at different values of [NH3]/[O3]0 were obtained also, where [O3]0 is the initial O3 concentration. In our earlier work we concluded that NH4NO3 vapor was dissociated to NH3 + HNO3 and that the HNO3 was removed by diffusion to the walls with a rate coefficient kdiff = 0.4 min−1 or by condensation on the suspended particles. Particles were nucleated by 8 NH3HNO3 pairs when their concentration product reached 5.8 × 1027 molec2/cm6 with a rate coefficient knucl of 6.2 × 10−224 cm45/min and removed by coagulation with a rate coefficient kcoag of 1.3 × 10−7 cm3/min. A corrected calculation modifies the number of pairs required to 6–7 with a correspondingly changed value of knucl. With the more extensive data of the present study the indications are that the vapor-phase NH4NO3 monomer is not dissociated and that its diffusion constant for loss to the walls varies between 0.3 and 0.9 min−1 for different reaction conditions. Nucleation occurs when the NH4NO3 vapor concentration reaches 1.0 × 1012 molec/cm3 via. where r is 9 and the nucleation rate coefficient knucl is 3 × 10−108 cm24/min. With 5.0 or 9.5 torr of H2O vapor present, there is an excess of particles produced over that expected from this rate coefficient, indicating an additional nucleation step in which H2O vapor participates directly to produce a hydrated salt. The coagulation coefficient of (1.87 ± 0.14) × 10−7 cm3/min found here is in good agreement with that found previously.
Combining rough sets and GIS techniques to assess aquifer vulnerability characteristics in the semi-arid South Texas

The coastal semi-arid region of South Texas is undergoing significant growth causing an enormous burden on its limited water resources. Understanding regional-scale vulnerability of this resource is important for sustainable water resources management and land use development. In this study, DRASTIC methodology is integrated with an information-analytic technique called rough sets to understand groundwater vulnerability characteristics in 18 different counties of South Texas. The rough set theory provides three useful metrics: the strength factor which depicts how vulnerability characteristics occur over the area; the certainty factor computes the relative probabilities for various vulnerability states within a county and the coverage factor which elucidates the fraction of a specific vulnerability state present in each county. The coupling of rough sets with GIS is particularly advantageous to cluster counties exhibiting similar vulnerability characteristics and to obtain other related insights. The application of the approach indicates that the groundwater vulnerability exhibits greater variability along the coast than in the interior sections of the area. The shallow aquifer in Aransas, DeWitt, Goliad and Gonzales counties is the most vulnerable, while the aquifer in Duval, Jim Wells, Karnes, Live Oak, Nueces and San Patricio is less vulnerable. This approach should prove useful to regional planners and environmental managers entrusted with the protection of groundwater resources.
Mesenteric lymph node T cells but not splenic T cells maintain their proliferative response to Concanavalin-A following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii

The suppression of T cell responsiveness which occurs after infection with Toxoplasma gondii in mice has been widely studied using spleen cells. Because the natural route of infection with T. gondii is the peroral route, we examined the proliferative responses of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, in addition to spleen cells, to Concanavalin-A (Con-A) in mice perorally infected with T. gondii. Proliferative responses of spleen cells were significantly suppressed seven and ten days after infection when compared with spleen cells from uninfected mice (62% and 91% reduction, respectively). In contrast, proliferative responses of MLN cells from these infected mice did not differ from those of normal MLN cells. Since IFN-gamma-induced reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) production has been reported to play a major role in suppression of proliferative responses in spleen cells of infected mice, we compared production of IFN-gamma and RNI by spleen and MLN cells following infection. MLN cells produced as much IFN-gamma as did spleen cells, but produced 70% less nitrite (as a measure of RNI) after Con-A stimulation. Proliferative responses of MLN cells were suppressed when co-cultured with spleen cells from infected mice, and addition of an inhibitor of RNI to these co-culture inhibited this suppression, suggesting that reduced RNI production by MLN cells contributes to their maintenance of higher proliferative responses. These results demonstrated a clear difference in activity of T cells in the MLN and spleen during the acute stage of the infection.
Combined Tracking and Monitoring Performance over Seven Hours under Noise

Twenty volunteer, paid, males performed a task requiring (a) pursuit tracking of a CRT display target using a joystick control, plus (b) concurrent monitoring of a warning light and two panel meters located peripherally to the central task. During the task which lasted seven hours 10 subjects were exposed to rapid, intermittent pulses of broadband noise of 91 dB(A) peak intensity; the other 10 subjects performed in “quiet”. Recordings of eye movements were made to determine attention to the time-shared, peripheral tasks. No significant differences in performance were found (a) for the noise variable or (b) between “high” and “low” annoyance sensitive subjects as categorized by scores on a Noise Annoyance Sensitivity Scale. While tracking performance declined over time, meter monitoring performance did not, nor was there evidence that eye movements to the peripheral events decreased over time. The results fail to support the view that narrowing of attention occurs in perceptual-motor tasks involving time-s...
Paralinear Oxidation of CVD SiC in Simulated Fuel‐Rich Combustion

The oxidation kinetics of CVD SiC were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a 4H2 (central dot) 12H2O (central dot) 10CO (central dot) 7CO2 (central dot) 67N2 gas mixture flowing at 0.44 cm/s at temperatures between 1300 and 1450 C in fused quartz furnace tubes at I atm total pressure. The SiC was oxidized to form solid SiO2. At less than or = 1350 C, the SiO2 was in turn volatilized. Volatilization kinetics were consistent with the thermodynamic predictions based on SiO formation. These two simultaneous reactions resulted in overall paralinear kinetics. A curve fitting technique was used to determine the linear and parabolic rate constants from the paralinear kinetic data. Volatilization of the protective SiO2 scale resulted in accelerated consumption of SiC. Recession rates under conditions more representative of actual combustors were estimated from the furnace data.
A subset of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the ovine medial basal hypothalamus is activated during increased pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion.

GnRH neurons active in the preovulatory LH surge have been identified in several species using the early intermediate gene product, Fos, but the GnRH neurons active during episodic LH secretion remain unknown. In this study, we have used Fos and Fos-related antigens (FRA) to determine whether a subset of GnRH neurons is active when pulsatile LH secretion is acutely stimulated in sheep. In experiment 1, episodic LH secretion was stimulated in five of six ewes by injection of an opioid antagonist to luteal phase ewes. These five ewes had a 6-fold increase in the percentage of GnRH neurons in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) expressing Fos/FRA, compared with control ewes that had no LH pulses before death. Fos/FRA expression was not increased in GnRH neurons found in any other area. In experiment 2, episodic LH secretion was induced in rams by introduction of estrous ewes. This treatment increased Fos/FRA expression in MBH GnRH neurons approximately 10-fold compared with control rams. Again, this increase...
Ocean wave transmission and reflection between two connecting viscoelastic ice covers: An approximate solution

Abstract An approximate solution for wave transmission and reflection between open water and a viscoelastic ice cover was developed earlier, in which both the water and the ice cover were treated as a continuum, each governed by its own equation of motion. The interface conditions included matching velocity and stresses between the two continua. The analysis provided a first step towards modeling the wave-in-ice climate on a geophysical scale, where properties of the ice cover change with time and location. In this study, we derive the wave transmission and reflection from one viscoelastic material to another. Only two modes of the dispersion relation are considered and the horizontal boundary conditions are approximated by matching the mean values. The reflection and transmission coefficients are first determined for simplified cases to compare with earlier theories. All results show reasonable agreement when the same physical parameters are used. Behaviors of the transmission and reflection coefficients are then obtained for a range of viscoelastic covers. A mode switching phenomenon with increasing ice shear modulus is found. This phenomenon was pointed out in the study of wave propagation from open water to a viscoelastic cover. For two connecting viscoelastic covers, such mode switching is found to terminate with increasing viscosity. Together with an earlier investigation of wave dispersion in a viscoelastic ice cover, the present study provides a way to implement theoretical results in a numerical model for wave propagation through a heterogeneous ice cover. In discretizing a continuously changing ice cover over the geophysical scale, on top of the energy advection, energy transmission between computational cells due to the heterogeneity can be estimated using the present method, while the attenuation and wave speed within each cell are from the previously obtained dispersion relation. In addition, on floe scales, this study provides a way to determine wave scattering from an ice floe imbedded in grease or brash ice.
Molecular beam epitaxy of cubic Zn1-xCdxSe and Cd1-xMnxSe and related superlattices

Abstract We report the epitaxial growth of cubic Zn 1− x Cd x Se (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) and Cd 1− x Mn x Se (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.8) on (100) GaAs. attempts at growing modulated structures involving these materials. Structural and optical characterization of the epilayers and superlattices is discussed.
A study in nucleated polymerization models of protein aggregation

The nucleated polymerization model is a mathematical framework that has been applied to aggregation and fragmentation processes in both the discrete and continuous setting. In particular, this model has been the canonical framework for analyzing the dynamics of protein aggregates arising in prion and amyloid diseases such as as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We present an explicit steady-state solution to the aggregate size distribution governed by the discrete nucleated polymerization equations. Steady-state solutions have been previously obtained under the assumption of continuous aggregate sizes; however, the discrete solution allows for direct computation and parameter inference, as well as facilitates estimates on the accuracy of the continuous approximation.
Future Teachers of Geography: Whose Opportunity?

Abstract Although geography is being revived in the K-12 curriculum, preservice teachers—candidates for the teaching profession—now in our universities are not universally reaping the benefits of cooperative efforts of geography and college of education faculty. Reform is appropriate in both camps. Colleges of education, influenced by many agents, including Certificate/licensing regulations, accrediting agencies, professional organizations, and a stream of reform movements, are bringing education to the level of a true profession. The dimensions of the reform underway and several key players offer great opportunities for geography education and for improving the general climate for teaching excellence in institutions of higher learning. Candidates for the new teaching profession and their education faculty are teaching and learning collaboratively, and conducting research in diverse school districts. Geographers have new reasons and new opportunities to participate in the education of the geography teache...
Effects of Repetitive Bursts of Vagal Activity on Heart Rate

The effect of the timing of discrete bursts of efferent vagal impulses on heart rate was determined in anesthized dogs. Two modes of stimulation were employed. In the first mode, one stimulus burst was delivered per cardiac cycle. As the time from the beginning of the P wave to the vagal stimulus (P-St interval) was progessively increased, there was first a progressive lengthening of the cardiac cycle (P-P interval), then a rapid decrease in P-P interval, and finally a gradual augmentation of the P-P interval. The amplitudes of curves of P-P interval as a function of P-St interval increased as the number of stimuli per burst was augmented, with 10 stimuli/burst yielding nearly maximal effects. Vagal stimuli applied at P-St intervals which coincided with the negative-slope (d[P-P]/d[P-St]) region of such curves tended to evoke sinus arrhythmias. With 5 stimuli/burst or more, these arrhythmias were pronounced and consisted of alternate short and long P-P intervals. In the second mode of stimulation, bursts of stimuli were delivered to the vagus nerve at a frequency independent of heart rate. The cardiac pacemaker tended to become synchronized in some fixed ratio of vagal stimuli to P waves, and this tendency became greater the larger the number of stimuli per burst of impulses. Within any range of synchronization, a paradoxical effect was manifest--increasing frequencies of vagal stimulation produced increasing rather than decreasing heart rates.
Generalized theory of metal-film bolometers

A generalized theory for metal-film bolometers is presented which yields the temperature distribution along the length of a bolometer exact with respect to the fourth-power radiation law. The general case of combined radiative and conductive coupling is treated, and the resulting temperature distribution is obtained for both cooled and uncooled bolometers. An exact analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio for a bolometer is given but not solved. A method utilizing a linear approximation to the exact analysis is presented for calculating the optimum bias current from known bolometer parameters. The ratio of the average bolometer temperature with optimum bias current (maximum signal-to-noise ratio) to that without bias current is derived, and this ratio is related to a design parameter which may be used as a measure of quality. It is shown that this method leads to a more accurate description of bolometer performance as determined by the calculated terminal resistance under operating conditions.
A Simple Multiband Printed Bowtie Antenna

This letter presents a new approach for the design of a multiresonant printed bowtie antenna. Several techniques were attempted to obtain one antenna which is operational in the 2, 3, and 5 GHz bands corresponding to many wireless applications. The idea of creating different slot configurations on different parts of a single antenna is the basic principle. A prototype of the final antenna design was fabricated tested and a good agreement was found between simulated and tested results.
Numerical scattering analysis for two-dimensional dense random media: characterization of effective permittivity

A new numerical method for determining effective permittivity of dense random media in two dimensions is presented. The core of the method is to compare the average scattered field of a random collection of scatterers confined within an imaginary boundary with the scattered field from a homogeneous dielectric of the same shape as the imaginary boundary. The two-dimensional (2-D) problem is aggressively studied to provide insight into the dependence of the method's convergence on particle size, boundary shape, and boundary dimension. A novel inverse scattering method is introduced based on the method of moments (MoM), which greatly reduces the computation time and increases the flexibility of the procedure to analyze a variety of geometries. Results from this 2-D method may be used directly to compare with theoretical methods for determining effective permittivity such as the Polder-Van Santen (1946) mixing formula or field techniques such as the quasi-crystalline approximation.
Light‐Directed Simultaneous Synthesis of Oligopeptides on Microarray Substrate Using a Photogenerated Acid

Photogenerated acid (PGA) was used as the acid to remove the protection group from amino acids or peptide oligomers. Comparative study of the deprotection using a PGA, trisarylsulfonium antimonyhexafluoride (SSb), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was performed on glass microscope slides. The results showed that PGA can replace TFA in the deprotection step of oligopeptide synthesis with comparable efficiencies. Acids needed for the deprotection step were generated in situ by light activiation of the precursor molecule on the microwell substrate. A maskless laser light illumination system was used to activate the precursor. The accuracy of the amino acid sequence of the synthesized oligopeptide and the location of the synthesis was illustrated by the specific recognition binding of two different models: lead(II) ion-peptide biosensor for lead(II) and human protein p53 (residue 20-25)-mouse MAb DO1. After parallel synthesis of the target peptide models and their analogues based on the predetermined pattern, specific binding treatment, and fluorescence labeling, the fluorescence emission images of the oligopeptide microarray showed fluorescence intensity as a result of specific binding at the correct locations of the array. The stepwise synthesis efficiencies of pentapeptide synthesis on the microwell substrate range are 96-100% and do not decrease with respect to the chain length of the peptide.
Charismatic Authority in the Rational Organization

A rationale for the antithesis of Weber's theory of the routinization of charisma is presented. The hypothesis that charismatic authority is a function of the superintendent's tenure in office was tested using a ran dom sample of Kentucky school superintendents, stratified by tenure in office. Superintendents' charismatic authority was evaluated by their administrative staffs using the Charismatic Authority Scale. Superin tendents in the high tenure group were perceived as possessing greater charismatic authority than superintendents in the low and medium tenure groups. District size and superintendent's age were not significantly related to charismatic authority.
In-flight calibration of the NEAR magnetometer

The science objectives for the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Magnetometer Experiment (MAG) are to measure a possible magnetic field of 433 Eros to 5 nT accuracy and secondarily to detect asteroid-solar wind interaction signatures. Because the MAG sensor is body mounted, achieving this accuracy required detailed analysis of spacecraft magnetic fields during cruise. Sources of magnetic contamination identified prior to launch and during cruise are: propulsion latch valves, fixed 190 nT residual held, solar arrays and power harness, variable 15 to 60 nT field, power distribution terminal board, /spl sim/30 nT field with 5 nT variations, power shunting circuitry, 1-5 nT variations, the MAG sensor survival heater, 6 nT steps and attitude control momentum wheels, and 1 nT amplitude at 0.5 to 10 Hz from each of four wheels. Analysis of cruise data was used to create accurate /spl plusmn/1 nT models for the fixed and variable fields with signals below 0.5 Hz to provide correction of the raw data. The spacecraft field corrections and MAG calibration were validated with data from the Earth swing-by of January 1997. Comparison of solar wind magnetic held measurements from the WIND spacecraft and NEAR from January 22-24, 1997, before and after the Earth swing-by maneuver, confirm that the resulting NEAR magnetic field measurements are accurate to 1-2 nT.
Landscape genetic patterns of the rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum: a catchment analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellites.

Catchment population structure and divergence patterns of the rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum (Percidae: Teleostei), an eastern North American benthic fish, are tested using a landscape genetics approach. Allelic variation at eight nuclear DNA microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial DNA regions [cytochrome (cyt) b gene and control region; 2056 aligned base pairs (bp)] is analysed from 89 individuals and six sites in the Lake Erie catchment (Blanchard, Chagrin, Cuyahoga and Grand Rivers) v. the Ohio River catchment (Big Darby Creek and Little Miami River). Genetic and geographic patterning is assessed using phylogenetic trees, pair-wise FST analogues, AMOVA partitioning, Mantel regression, Bayesian assignment, 3D factorial correspondence and barrier analyses. Results identify 34 cyt b haplotypes, 22 control region haplotypes and 137 microsatellite alleles whose distributions demonstrate marked genetic divergence between populations from the Lake Erie and Ohio River catchments. Etheostoma caeruleum populations in the Lake Erie and Ohio River catchments diverged c. 1·6 mya during the Pleistocene glaciations. Greater genetic separations characterize the Ohio River populations, reflecting their older habitat age and less recent connectivity. Divergence levels within the Lake Erie catchment denote more recent post-glacial origins. Notably, the western Lake Erie Blanchard River population markedly differs from the three central basin tributary samples, which are each genetically distinguishable using microsatellites. Overall relationships among the Lake Erie sites refute a genetic isolation by geographic distance hypothesis. Etheostoma caeruleum populations thus exchange few genes and have low migration among tributaries and catchments.
Classical treatment of island cosmology

Computing the perturbation spectrum in the recently proposed Island Cosmology remains an open problem. In this paper we present a classical computation of the perturbations generated in this scenario by assuming that the NEC-violating field behaves as a classical phantom field. Using an exactly solvable potential, we show that the model generates a scale-invariant spectrum of scalar perturbations, as well as a scale-invariant spectrum of gravitational waves. The scalar perturbations can have sufficient amplitude to seed cosmological structure, while the gravitational waves have a vastly diminished amplitude.
Conditional Loss of Arx From the Developing Dorsal Telencephalon Results in Behavioral Phenotypes Resembling Mild Human ARX Mutations

Mutations in the Aristaless-Related Homeobox (ARX) gene cause structural anomalies of the brain, epilepsy, and neurocognitive deficits in children. During forebrain development, Arx is expressed in both pallial and subpallial progenitor cells. We previously demonstrated that elimination of Arx from subpallial-derived cortical interneurons generates an epilepsy phenotype with features overlapping those seen in patients with ARX mutations. In this report, we have selectively removed Arx from pallial progenitor cells that give rise to the cerebral cortical projection neurons. While no discernable seizure activity was recorded, these mice exhibited a peculiar constellation of behaviors. They are less anxious, less social, and more active when compared with their wild-type littermates. The overall cortical thickness was reduced, and the corpus callosum and anterior commissure were hypoplastic, consistent with a perturbation in cortical connectivity. Taken together, these data suggest that some of the structural and behavioral anomalies, common in patients with ARX mutations, are specifically due to alterations in pallial progenitor function. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that some of the neurobehavioral features found in patients with ARX mutations may not be due to on-going seizures, as is often postulated, given that epilepsy was eliminated as a confounding variable in these behavior analyses.
Relocation of the helium ion radiotherapy program from the 184" Synchrocyclotron to the Bevalac

The closure and dismantling of the 184" Synchrocyclotron has required that the helium ion radiotherapy program be transferred to the Bevalac. To this end, the extremely precise and sophisticated patient positioner ISAH (Irradiation Stereotactic Apparatus for Humans) has been relocated to a new radiation enclosure at the Bevalac. This has formed the basis for a new fully equipped patient treatment area which is now totally integrated into the existing biomedical facility at the Bevalac. Now fully commissioned, this new area has seen the resumption of the very promising ocular melanoma, AVM, and precision dose-localization treatment programs after only a six-month interruption. Details of the move of ISAH and its modifications to fit into its new environment are presented, along with the instrumentation and changes to the Vax-based control system that were needed to integrate the new treatment room into the existing biomedical facility. Operation of the full facility is discussed, with emphasis on the substantial increase in complexity of scheduling and resource allocation. >
A New Alligator Lizard from Northeastern Mexico

Abstract A new alligator lizard is described from the Chihuahuan Desert in southwestern Tamaulipas, Mexico. This lizard appears to be most closely related to the smooth-scaled, relatively small-bodied alligator lizards Gerrhonotus lugoi, from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin of central Coahuila, and G. parvus, from the central part of Nuevo Leon, but differs from these species, especially G. parvus, in a number of morphological characters. We tentatively place our new species in the genus Gerrhonotus alongside G. lugoi and G. parvus, but concede that future research is needed to ascertain the phylogenetic placement of these smooth-scaled gerrhonotine lizards.
Interaction of Nitric Oxide with Catalase: Structural and Kinetic Analysis

We present the structures of bovine catalase in its native form and complexed with ammonia and nitric oxide, obtained by X-ray crystallography. Using the NO generator 1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-i...
Hate Crimes on Campus: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Campus Safety

Colleges and universities across the US have prioritized minority enrollments in their recruitment strategies, but theories offer to possible outcomes of increasing diversity on campus-increased racial harmony or increased racial tension. This study examines the impact of racial diversity on the reported number of hate crimes that occur on campus. Findings suggest that those schools that are most successful in recruiting the hardest to recruit minorities (Black and Latino students) report fewer hate crimes on campus. Implications for campus climate and racial dynamics on campus, as well as future research, are discussed.
The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility: Evidence from Romania.

Abstract:This paper investigates the effect of the supply of birth control methods on fertility behavior by examining Romania's 23-year period of pronatalist policies. Following the lifting of the restrictions in 1989 the immediate decrease in fertility was 30 percent. Women who spent most of their reproductive years under the restrictive regime experienced increases in life-cycle fertility of about 0.5 children. Less-educated women had bigger increases infertility after policy implementation and larger fertility decreases following the lifting of restrictions. These findings suggest that access to abortion and birth control are significant determinants of fertility levels, particularly for less-educated women.
Efficient and Chemoselective Synthesis of ω,ω-Heterodifunctional Polymers

We report a strategy for the preparation of semitelechelic polymers containing two distinct functionalities at one chain end by consecutive and chemoselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions on 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT). Because of its commercial availability, well-defined nature, and ubiquity in biological applications, monomethyl ether poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) was chosen to demonstrate the utility of this ω,ω-heterodifunctional end-group modification strategy. TCT-functionalized mPEG underwent highly efficient ω,ω-heterodisubstitution via sequential chemoselective substitution with model thiols and amines. The efficiency of nucleophile conjugation to the polymer end group was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, density functional theory calculations provided insight into the importance of nucleophile addition order. This route introduces TCT derivatization as a powerful and facile tool...
Simulation selection for empirical model comparison

We propose an efficient statistical method for the empirical model comparison, which is typically referred to as a simulation procedure to evaluate multiple statistical learning algorithms. First, we use experimental designs to appropriately construct the training and test sets for estimating the empirical performances of these models using the mean square errors. Second, we apply the idea of Bayesian fully sequential ranking and selection to optimally allocate the simulation budget according to the value of information. To make the procedure computationally tractable, we assume a normal-Wishart prior distribution, and propose a new approximation scheme for the posterior distribution by matching it with a normal-Wishart distribution using the first-order moment. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the superiority of the proposed approach on empirical model comparison problems.
Fim/Iap/Tem Studies of Ion Implanted Nickel Emitters

Accurate depth profiling of implanted hydrogen and its isotopes in metals is extremely important. Field ion microscopy and atom-probe techniques provide the most accurate depth profiling analytical method of any available. In addition, they are extremely sensitive to hydrogen. This paper reports our early work on hydrogen trapping at defects in metals using the Field Ion Microscope/Imaging Atom Probe (FIM/IAP). Our results deal primarily with the control experiments required to overcome instrumental difficulties associated with in situ implantation and the influence of a high electric field. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) has been used extensively to independently examine the influence of high electric fields on emitters. 11 references, 7 figures.
Study on the Factors Affecting the Performance of National Science and Technology Support Programs in Agriculture Field—Empirical Research Based on the Principal Components Analytic Method

Currently,most researches in China are analyzing science and technology plan projects performance from a macroscopic perspective,while there are few studies on the performance of the national science and technology support programs in agriculture field according to the classification assessment principle. Based on data related to the national science and technology support programs in agriculture field during the 11 th five year plan period,the paper has analyzed the factors affecting the performance of national science and technology support programs in agriculture field by using principal components analytic method,and concluded that getting patent license,breeding new varieties as well as generating incomes from scientific and technological achievements transferring are the existing weak points affecting the performance of national science and technology support programs in agriculture field. In the end,the paper puts forward some effective improvement measures for the existing problems.
Efficient XML Path Filtering Using GPUs

Publish-subscribe (pub-sub) systems present the state of the art in information dissemination to multiple users.Current XML-based pub-sub systems provide users with considerable flexibility allowing the formulation of complex queries on the content as well as the structure of the streaming messages. Messages that contain one or more matches for a given user profile (query) are forwarded to the user. Recently various approaches focused on accelerating XML path query filtering using dedicated hardware architectures, like FPGAs. Despite their very high throughput, FPGAs require extensive update time while their physical resource availability is also limited. In this paper we exploit the parallelism found in XPath filtering systems using GPUs instead, which are favorable platforms due to the massive parallelism found in their hardware architecture, alongside the flexibility and programmability of software. By utilizing properties of the GPU memory hierarchy we can match thousands of user profiles at high throughput, requiring minimal update time. Ecient common prefix optimizations are also applied to the query set. An extensive experimental evaluation shows an average speedup of 10x (up to 2.5 orders of magnitude) versus the state of the art software approaches.
Multilayered knowledge: understanding the structure and enactment of teacher educators’ specialized knowledge base

In order to corroborate and grow teacher educator knowledge (TEK) scholarship, this paper describes an in-depth-focused exploration of a group of teacher educators providing professional development. Our grounded data analysis allowed us to define different major elements, sub-elements, and components that comprise TEK, as well as make explicit how the use of this knowledge—in the context of teaching professional development—draws upon multiple components at any given moment. These findings hold implications for TEK scholarship and practice. Specific to scholarly efforts, while current models for TEK are useful for explicating common understandings amongst the research community, the most functional representations should be fluid and dynamic, in part by balancing both breadth and depth in their scope. Specific to the development of teacher educators, teacher educator preparation should recognize, emphasize, and develop future teacher educators’ layered understandings (i.e. knowledge of students and teach...
Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer

Current approaches to the management of prostate cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormonal manipulation either individually or in combination. With an increase in understanding of the etiology and natural history of prostate cancer, the influence of dietary factors on the disease is becoming more evident. There have been a number of studies in this regard that have demonstrated a relationship between prostate cancer and numerous dietary constituents including vitamins. The fat-soluble vitamins A and D have both been found to affect the growth of prostate cancer in preclinical experiments. Of the two, vitamin D has been the focus of greater attention in recent years, and there are indications that it may be useful both in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. This article reviews the current literature in this area to determine if treatment with vitamin D would be a viable management alternative for the patient described in the case study.
The History of Research Training and Career Awards in Urological Science Supported in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Urology research and training grants were placed into a separate research program in 1979. Research emphasis and the context of training programs have changed from a focus on urolithiasis in the 1970s to a broader range of urological disorders in the 1980s. From 1977 to 1990, 49 applications were submitted by 47 applicants for research training/career development support and 39% of the applications were successful. From 1977 to 1987 medical doctors applying for research/career training had a 75% success rate in subsequent National Institutes of Health research grant applications, and basic scientists had a 67% success rate. Of the 33 former trainees supported on institutional training grants during the last 14 years 76% were medical doctors and 24% were basic scientists. From 1977 to 1987, no former medical doctors or basic scientists from institutional training grants have a record of applying to the National Institutes of Health for research grant support. The urology community needs to capitalize on the available opportunities to expand the training programs to increase the number of physician and urological research scientists.
Active Control of Vehicle Powertrain Noise using Adaptive Notch Filter with Inverse Model LMS Algorithm

Conventional active noise control (ANC) systems are typically configured with the filtered-x least mean squares (FXLMS) algorithm or its modified versions. However, the traditional FXLMS algorithm often exhibits a frequency-dependent convergence behaviour, which leads to a poor tracking ability and unbalanced performance at individual harmonics. In this study, a novel adaptive notch filter with inverse model least means squares (ANF-IMLMS) algorithm is proposed as the basis for active control of vehicle powertrain noise. The proposed algorithm possesses the following two salient features as compared to the filtered-x LMS type algorithms: 1) rapid convergence speed; 2) good computational efficiency. The convergence speed and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analysed first. Then, the proposed ANC system for vehicle powertrain noise configured with the new algorithm is evaluated. The results show obvious enhancement in the convergence speed and noticeable noise reductions for each engine harmonic over a broader frequency range.
Conservative Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

In the practice of medicine, the definition of “conservative” is often subject to as many and varied interpretations as it is in the field of politics. For the purpose of this discussion, conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis is considered to encompass all therapeutic measures except (a) operative procedures, (b) therapeutic endoscopy, (c) percutaneous placement of drainage catheters, and (d) peritoneal dialysis for indications other than renal failure. It is crucial to distinguish between conservative treatment and nonaggressive treatment. The conservative management of severe acute pancreatitis is quite vigorous and aggressive, focusing on provision of necessary supportive care and early recognition and treatment of any complications.
Hippocampal Malformation and Febrile Seizures

The MRIs of 13 members of two families with febrile convulsions (FC) and 10 members without FC were compared with 23 control subjects in a study at the Universities of Magdeburg and Bonn, Germany.
A historical and theoretical look at ritual abuse laws Part III: Applying an integrated conflict model analysis to the California McMartin Case

This article further examines the social construction of ritual abuse statutes within the Integrated Conflict Model perspective. With content analysis findings based on a qualitative, historical phenomenological interpretation, this piece examines the formation of ritual abuse laws in California. Examining circumstances surrounding the satanic panic that took place in the mid-1980s to early 1990s, the article reviews the McMartin Preschool case. It supports previous research indicating the formation of ritual abuse laws involves structural foundations, public perceptions of crime, triggering events, and counter-triggering events.
IMPACT OF TREATMENT CROSSOVERS ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE RATE AND RHYTHM CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: INSIGHTSFROM THE AFFIRM (ATRIAL FIBRILLATION FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION OF RHYTHM MANAGEMENT) TRIAL

Background: Limited data exist on the outcomes of patients who cross over to alternative strategies of rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated the reasons for crossover to alternative treatment strategies and its impact on mortality in patients who were enrolled in the
Structured illumination for 3D subdiffraction reconstruction of refractive-index and fluorescence (Conference Presentation)

Refractive-index (RI) is an inherent optical property of materials that can provide important biochemical and biophysical information about a biological sample. Optical-diffraction-tomography (ODT) is a current standard to obtain quantitative three-dimensional RI distributions, by measuring optical fields diffracted from the sample by rotated illumination beams. This method for ODT also synthetically enlarges the microscope’s lateral spatial-frequency support, and thus images the RI distribution with lateral resolution beyond the microscope's coherent diffraction limit. Fluorescence microscopy offers a complementary set of biological insights by offering imaging capabilities with molecular specificity. Analogous to ODT, super-resolution fluorescence techniques can offer these insights at spatial resolutions beyond the microscope's incoherent diffraction limit. Unfortunately, such super-resolution techniques are generally incompatible with ODT and a generalized sub-diffraction technique has been difficult to find, which hinders a cohesive, high-resolution, multimodal analysis of biological samples. We experimentally introduce, for the first time to our knowledge, a novel, high resolution, optical system that uses structured illumination (SI) to enable 3D sub-diffraction resolution imaging for both fluorescence and RI. We demonstrate sub-diffraction resolution, multimodal SI imaging of HT29 and MCF7 cells fluorescently stained for F-actin, such that the 3D RI and fluorescent distributions may offer unique, but complementary, insights into the biological samples.
Self-determination theory and motivational interviewing interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment: A systematic review:

Treatment of those with obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes often yields initial health improvements, but gains erode over time. A systematic search of self-determination theory and motivational interviewing papers for the above populations was conducted, yielding 54 publications and 42 independent samples. Interventions to treat overweight and obesity (n = 15), prediabetes (n = 4), and type 2 diabetes (n = 23) are summarized and evaluated using the Quality Rating Scale. While the results of these studies are mixed, the majority of the interventions resulted in health benefits. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Exercise testing in heart failure: a contemporary discussion in an era of novel diagnostic techniques and biomarkers.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in the field of exercise testing for patients with heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS The importance of assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and exercise testing in heart failure is highlighted in the consensus recommendation of the American Heart Association. Contemporary studies have validated the independent and incremental strength of CRF metrics in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. The use of respiratory gas analysis and imaging or hemodynamics during physical exercise is feasible and results in high prognostic utility across the continuum of heart failure. Understanding how CRF metrics complement existing and novel biomarkers and risk scores is an emerging subject of scientific inquiry. SUMMARY In the current era of personalized medicine, integrating CRF, imaging and circulating biomarkers will allow us to further develop individualized strategies for improving outcome in patients with heart failure.
Extreme Events: Trends and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Abstract In this chapter we discuss extreme weather events as they relate to climate adaptation. First, we summarize the state of the science regarding how different kinds of extreme events have been or will be influenced by global warming. Second, we describe the different kinds of tools that exist for extreme event hazard assessment. These include extreme value theory, which allows inference of rare event statistics from observational records too short to resolve them; “catastrophe models” developed for the insurance industry; and dynamical models developed for climate science. Third, we describe how these different tools may be relevant to different activities that might fall under the broad rubric of “climate adaptation science.” We advocate a pragmatic approach, recognizing that anthropogenic climate change is one of multiple factors influencing extreme event hazard, and that, when the most extreme events are considered, much human settlement and infrastructure is inadequately adapted even to the historical climate.
Nano-electromechanical random access memory (RAM) devices

Abstract: Historically, our society requires computational memory media to support the development of our civilization. It is likely that our society will keep demanding larger capacity memory. However, conventional memory technologies are facing many challenges such as difficulties of miniaturization and guarantee of good reliability. Therefore, alternative memory device designs are proposed to overcome these challenges. As a new concept of non-volatile memory technology, a nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) diode non-volatile memory cell design is proposed. This design eliminates the need of a selector device to form a cross-point array, by leveraging the gap closing actuator. The electro-mechanical diode cell design can be scaled to 20 nm minimum lateral dimension by following an appropriate scaling methodology in consideration of various practical and fundamental limits. Low-voltage (
Death by delay

Oscillations occur naturally in many systems (in heart muscles, fireflies, and Josephson junctions, for example). When many oscillators are coupled together, complicated collective behaviour such as wave propagation can emerge. A new phenomenon has been predicted for some sets of oscillators, when there is a time-delay in their coupling: they can drive each other to stop oscillating.
Post-Verbal Asymmetries in Spanish

Spanish allows its post-verbal subjects to appear in the VSO and VOS configurations. It has been generally assumed that the second order is generated by the adjunction of the subject to the right (Rizzi 1982, Torrego 1984, and Sun_er 1994). This paper explores an alternative to this traditional view in which this order is generated by the scrambling of the objects to the left. Empirical support in favor of this hypothesis comes from certain syntactic asymmetries between VSO and VOS. Some of these asymmetries reflect the fact that the object c-commands the subject in the VOS order but not in the VSO order. In other cases, the asymmetries show that certain types of objects cannot move to the left to produce the VOS order. This is the result predicted by the constrained nature of scrambling. Specifically, there is a parallel between these alternations in Spanish and the same ones described in scrambling languages (e.g., German or Korean) with SOV and OSV alternations. Finally, this hypothesis supports the line of research put forward by Kayne (1994) for word order in UG, according to which right adjunction is not possible.