cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacies of sirolimus (rapamycin) and cyclosporine in allograft vascular disease in non-human primates: trough levels of sirolimus correlate with inhibition of progression of arterial intimal thickening.

We investigated the efficacies of sirolimus (rapamycin) and cyclosporine for inhibition of graft vascular disease (GVD) in cynomolgus monkey recipients of aortic allografts. Increases in arterial intimal thickening in the midgraft (six consecutive cross-sections) after transplantation were quantified by serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) from day 21 to day 105. These data enabled correlations between changes in intimal indexes [II = (intimal area/vessel area) × 100] and trough levels of sirolimus and cyclosporine to be determined. Eighteen recipients received no immunosuppression for 6 weeks to allow alloimmune injury to occur. On day 45, monkeys were treated daily with sirolimus (n = 6) or cyclosporine (n = 6); six monkeys remained untreated. II increased significantly from day 63 to day 105 in untreated monkeys and monkeys treated with cyclosporine, whereas monkeys treated with sirolimus did not have a significant increase in II (P = 0.008, P = 0.006, P = NS; paired t-test). The change in II from days 63 to 105 was significantly greater in untreated monkeys compared to sirolimus-treated monkeys (P = 0.13; one-way ANOVA, P = 0.012 Tukey's post hoc test); other post hoc pairwise comparisons were not significant. Mean sirolimus and cyclosporine levels ± SEM were 43 ± 7 ng/ml and 562 ± 20 ng/ml, respectively. Sirolimus trough levels, but not cyclosporine levels, correlated inversely with changes in II from day 42 to 105 (r2 = 0.73, P = 0.03). This non-human primate study shows that inhibition of intimal thickening by sirolimus depends on trough levels and provides the rationale for clinical trials of sirolimus for the control of GVD in organ transplant recipients.
Nonparametric estimation of the survival distribution in censored data

Two nonparametric estimators o f the survival distributionare discussed. The estimators were proposed by Kaplan and Meier (1958) and Breslow (1972) and are applicable when dealing with censored data. It is known that they are asymptotically unbiased and uniformly strongly consistent, and when properly normalized that they converge weakly to the same Gaussian process. In this paper, the properties of the estimators are carefully inspected in small or moderate samples. The Breslow estimator, a shrinkage version of the Kaplan-Meier, nearly always has the smaller mean square error (MSE) whenever the truesurvival probabilityis at least 0.20, but has considerably larger MSE than the Kaplan-Meier estimator when the survivalprobability is near zero.
Refractive index for matter waves in ultracold gases

An analytical expression for the refractive index of atomic and molecular matter waves in ultracold gases is obtained. Asymptotic formulas for the refractive index are derived for high and low projectile velocities, and intermediate velocities are investigated with the eikonal approximation. The real and imaginary parts of the matter wave refractive index are expressed via the complex scattering length of elastic and superelastic collisions. It is shown that superelastic collisions dramatically influence the low-energy behavior of the refractive index. A discussion is given of proposed measurements of the real and imaginary parts of the scattering length using the interferometry of slow de Broglie waves.
The use of swallowing in making complete lower impressions

Abstract Swallowing allows a functional impression to be made without opposing occlusal pressure, but with the important and troublesome parts molded by physiologic forces. The denture borders most affected by swallowing will conform to this function, and a correct tongue position is encouraged. The result is a functional impression made without excessive pressure. The anatomy and physiology of the involved tissues were described.
Utilization and spending trends for antiretroviral medications in the U.S. Medicaid program from 1991 to 2005

HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality rates have decreased in the U.S. since 1996. Accompanying the longer life spans of those diagnosed with the disease, however, is a tremendous rise in expenditures on medication. The objective of this study is to describe the trends in utilization of, spending on, and market shares of antiretroviral medications in the U.S. Medicaid Program. Antiretroviral drugs include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and fusion inhibitors (FIs). Utilization and payment data from 1991 to 2005 are provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Descriptive summary analyses were used to assess quarterly prescription numbers and amounts of payment. The total number of prescriptions for antiretrovirals increased from 168,914 in 1991 to 2.0 million in 1998, and 3.0 million in 2005, a 16.7-fold increase over 15 years. The number of prescriptions for NRTIs reached 1.6 million in 2005. Prescriptions for PIs increased from 114 in 1995 to 932,176 in 2005, while the number of prescriptions for NNRTIs increased from 1,339 in 1996 to 401,272 in 2005. The total payment for antiretroviral drugs in the U.S. Medicaid Program increased from US$ 30.6 million in 1991 to US$ 1.6 billion in 2005, a 49.8-fold increase. In 2005, NRTIs as a class had the highest payment market share. These drugs alone accounted for US$ 787.9 million in Medicaid spending (50.8 percent of spending on antiretrovirals). Payment per prescription for each drug, with the exception of Agenerase®, increased, at least somewhat, over time. The relatively expensive drugs in 2005 included Trizivir® ($1040) and Combivir® ($640), as well as Reyataz® ($750), Lexiva® ($700), Sustiva® ($420), Viramune® ($370), and Fuzeon® ($1914). The tremendous growth in antiretroviral spending is due primarily to rising utilization, secondarily to the entry of newer, more expensive antiretrovirals, and, finally, in part to rising per-prescription cost of existing medications.
Outcomes of a federally funded program for alcohol and other drug prevention in higher education

This paper presents the results of the Nationwide Campuses Study that measure the impact of programs supported by the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) for collegiate alcohol and other drug (AOD) prevention efforts. Outcomes were measured by using standardized pre- and post-program items on the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey and adjusted prevalences of AOD use. Although student awareness of AOD prevention programs increased during the funding period, there also were increases in the desire for drugs at parties and in the frequencies of arrests for driving while intoxicated or under the influence and of poor academic performance. Adjusted prevalences of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use among students increased, while tobacco use decreased. Curriculum infusion, administrative response, and faculty and community activities most clearly were associated with favorable outcomes. Overall, however, FIPSE funding had limited short-term impact on AOD use and its consequences in higher education.
Kinetics of replication of copolymeric DNA.

Abstract The theory of crystallization of binary chains ( Chernov, 1965 ) has been used to study the kinetics of replication of copolymeric DNA. The importance of the stacking and bond energies in the process of replication is emphasized. The dependence of rate of replication on the distribution of base pairs for the same ratio of ( G + C ) and ( A + T ) bases in DNA is established. Analytic formulae are given for the rate of replication for copolymeric DNA with regular and random distribution of base pairs in terms of frequencies of the addition and dissolution of hydrogen bonds. A comparison is made with the observed rates of replications for synthetic and natural DNA.
UPPER MANTLE MINERALOGY

The mineralogy of the upper mantle is reviewed in the context of the petrology of xenolith suites entrained in alkali basalts and kimberlites. Low pressure (spinel) and high pressure (garnet) lherzolites (olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene) are the most abundant fertile (i.e. capable of producing basalt with high Ca, Al, Fe and Si) rock types. Xenoliths of high pressure partial melts (websterites, wehrlites, pyroxenites, but excluding eclogites) are more common in alkali basalts than kimberlites, depleted suites of harzburgite and dunite have the reverse distribution, whereas metasomatically-enriched xenoliths are equally abundant in both volcanic eruptives. Systematic mineralogy is discussed under primary minerals (olivine, pyroxene, garnet and spinel), metasomatic minerals (amphibole, phlogopite, apatite, sulfides, carbonates, ilmenite, rutile, exotic mineral oxides, armalcolite, baddelyite, zirconolite and zircon), native elements (diamond, graphite, metals), and other minerals (carbide and magnesiowustite). Alkali basalts and kimberlites originate at ~60 and > 250 km, respectively, and both rock types are related to, and are genetically dependent on, the long term infiltration of metasomatic, volatile-rich melts. Pristine xenoliths are extraordinarily rare. The increasing recognition of samples from the transition zone (410–660 km) and the lower mantle (> 660 km) places new constraints on the geodynamics of the mantle and is an incentive to the possible reinterpretation of many xenoliths that were previously assumed to be of upper mantle origin.
Maximum stream‐flow with reference to flood‐formulas

An echo of the remote past was discernible during a recent review of plans for a small headwaters-reservoir by a public agency. The field-representative had provided a spillway-capacity of only 50 second-feet per square mile, where mature judgment and broad experience of the reviewers disclosed that 1000 csm should be the basis of design. Does this mean that the tragic flood-experiences of recent years have been forgotten? No; one of the virtues of present procedure is reflected by the review and amendment of the field-plans, instead of building according to the first crude conception.
Ligand‐field splitting of the energy levels of Nd3+ (4f3) in 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymer (HEMA)

Detailed absorption spectra of trivalent neodymium (Nd 3+ ) in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymer (HEMA) are reported at cryogenic temperatures and at wavelengths between 440 and 900 nm. The Nd 3+ spectra are confirmed by comparison with spectra of HEMA samples prepared without inclusion of the rare earth ion. The structure observed on the absorption bands can be interpreted in terms of the ligand-field (crystal-field) splitting of the energy levels of Nd 3+ (4f 3 ) for multiplet manifolds, 4 F 3/2 , 4 F 5/2 , 2 H 9/2 , 4 F 7/2 , 4 5 3/2 , 4 F 9/2 , 2 H 11/2, 4 G 5/2 , 2 G 7/2 , 4 G 7/2 , and 2 K 13/2 . The Nd 3+ ions are complexed as species made up of nitrate anions and H 2 O molecules that come from the neodymium nitrate hydrate salt used in the preparation of the doped HEMA sample. The local symmetry of the Nd 3+ ion in HEMA is very low (possibly Cs), and a number of different environments are likely for the neodymium species in the HEMA structure. We have calculated the ligand-field splitting of the Nd 3+ energy levels using a point charge/dipole model for one such possible species, Nd(NO 3 ) 3 ·xH 2 O - (x = 5-6). The results of the model give an agreement of 10 cm -1 (rms) between 43 observed-to-calculated ligand-field (Stark) levels. Comparisons between these same calculated levels and observed levels obtained for Nd 3+ in crystalline hydrated nitrate salts and certain Nd 3+ -doped glasses also give good agreement and support a better understanding of the environment of Nd 3+ in a polymeric structure.
Integrated use of case libraries

Abstract Case-based reasoning is now a well-explored method for intelligent problem solving. It has great potential for engineering applications, particularly for those related to reuse and redesign. However, to make it practically useful, an important technical problem to be solved is how to realize the integrated use of existing case libraries. In this paper, we first give an overview of case-based reasoning, then outline our methodology which leads to a distributed case library in a network environment. We explain how the indexing and retrieval techniques as used in “conventional” case libraries can be extended. An experimental system is described, and the relationship between our work and an object-oriented paradigm, as well as the relationship between our work and distributed artificial intelligence are also briefly examined.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Unusual Platinum(II) Alkene Complex with an η2-Arene Interaction

Dichloro(9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene)platinum(II) has been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure shows that the alkene fragment serves as an anchor to place one of the aromatic rings in close enough proximity for an η2-arene−platinum interaction. Thus, the ethenoanthracene functions as a bidentate ligand.
Solventless sampling of phthalate esters

An environmentally friendly method to passively sample six phthalate esters in water has been devised. The sampling device consists of a semi-permeable membrane, which the analytes diffuse through and are collected onto Tenax TA. The Tenax TA was then thermally desorbed with a helium stream into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) after the sampling period. Samplers were exposed to water samples for known periods of time at known concentrations to create time-weighted average (TWA) plots. For all six phthalates the resulting TWA plots had linear correlations, allowing for the determination of permeation constants for the phthalates. The lag time for each phthalate was also determined using this method. An advantage of this method is that no solvents are used. The analytes are removed from the Tenax TA using thermal desorption rather than liquid extraction.
An Underwater Sensor Allocation Scheme for Noncircular Sensing Coverage Regions

Intelligently allocating underwater sensors to a large area of interest whose acoustic characteristics vary throughout is a challenge, especially for an area clearance scenario. In these scenarios, there is no apparent target for an adversary to gravitate towards, such as a ship or a port. Thus, it is difficult to determine how the field designer should allocate sensors so that their deployment locations can be planned efficiently. The previously proposed Game Theory Field Design (GTFD) model can achieve an intelligent sensor allocation, using a game theoretic approach, for sensors with circular coverage regions. In practice, however, the sensing coverage of an underwater sensor will likely be noncircular due to the azimuthally dependent bathymetric phenomena and other underwater irregularities. As a result, an extension of the model is proposed for allocating sensors for the irregularly shaped sensing coverage regions. This work provides two validations of the extended GTFD model. The first is an analytical comparison with sensing coverage regions whose shape is well understood, and the second uses simulation to validate the model for the irregularly shaped regions.
p53 Overexpression and bcl-2 Persistence in Endometrial Carcinoma: Comparison of Papillary Serous and Endometrioid Subtypes

Forty-two cases, including 21 uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSC) and 21 age-, nuclear-grade-, and clinical-stage-matched uterine endometrioid carcinomas (UEC), were studied immunohistochemically for p53 and bcl-2 in archival paraffin-embedded tissue. Compared to UEC (28.6% positive), UPSC (71.4% positive) had a significantly higher frequency of p53 overexpression (P = 0.005); furthermore, in a clinical-stage-matched fashion, a higher frequency of p53 overexpression was found in early-stage cases (P = 0.032), but not in late-stage cases. In a nuclear-grade-matched comparison, no statistical difference in p53 overexpression was identified between the two subtypes, although UPSC had stronger p53 immunoreactivity than UEC. Of UPSC, no difference in p53 overexpression was detected between tumors of early and late stages; additionally, in 5 cases, there was an abrupt transition from nonstaining morphologically benign glands to uniformly positive p53 nuclear staining in regions of intraepithelial carcinoma. Conversely, in UEC, there was a significant difference in p53 immunostaining between tumors of early and late stages (P = 0.01); no case had an abrupt transition for p53 immunostaining. For bcl-2 immunostaining, UEC had a significantly higher immunohistochemical staining score than did UPSC (P = 0.0002). In general, the staining intensity of bcl-2 diminished progressively from proliferative phase and hyperplastic endometrium to UEC and then to UPSC, with 3 of 21 (14.3%) UPSC being negative. These results suggest that p53 alteration may be an early event in the development of UPSC and may be related to its clinical aggressiveness, while it is a late event in UEC. Early detection of p53 nuclear accumulation may help to identify precursor lesions of UPSC. bcl-2 persistence is frequently associated with endometrial carcinoma, and failure to inactivate bcl-2 expression probably is related to the development of endometrial carcinoma.
Inertial flow in the Gulf Stream

This paper departs from previous studies of steady, laminar, purely inertial models of the Gulf Stream in that it considers two moving layers of different density and with different vertically uniform flow velocities instead of only one such layer. The flow takes place over a resting layer of denser water. Numerical methods are used where analytical results cannot be obtained. Instead of yielding a refined description that fits the observed Gulf Stream better than do the one-layer models, the two-layer models show anomalous features that seem physically unreasonable and that seem to prevent any correspondence with the observed Gulf Stream. Two types of anomalies occur. 1. If an overall density gradient is modelled by splitting the one-layer model into two equally thick layers where the lower layer has a density intermediate between that of the upper layer and the fluid at rest below, the inertial-dynamical solution is invalidated by discontinuities at latitudes near the middle of the range where the observed Gulf Stream seems steady and well-behaved, and where the one-layer models seem to give an adequate description of the flow. 2. If the interface between the lower layer and the fluid at rest below is made nearly horizontal in the interior of the ocean to the east of the Gulf Stream, so as to correspond to the observed 6°C isotherm, then no dynamical solution exists. This is because conservation of potential vorticity for transport of water over large ranges of latitude is incompatible with the small geostrophic velocities required in the lower layer by the nearly horizontal lower interface. Such difficulties lead to the tentative conclusion that steady, purely inertial models are inadequate to describe even the lower latitude growth region of the Gulf Stream. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb00195.x
A pre-positron emission tomography study of l-3,4-dihydroxy-[3H]phenylalanine distribution in the rat

Abstract The distribution of l -3,4-dihydroxy-[ 3 H]phenylalanine ( l -[ 3 H]DOPA) was examined in rats following i.v. injection, to ascertain the possible usefulness of using this ligand to image dopaminergic systems using positron emission tomography. It was found that l -DOPA and its metabolites were preferentially localized in the basal ganglia as compared to other brain regions, and that this preferential localization could be abolished by lesioning of the nigro-striatal tract. The parameters of the l -DOPA uptake and the sensitivity of this uptake to alterations in dopaminergic pathways indicate that this ligand may be useful in visualizing aberrations in dopaminergic pathways in various pathological conditions.
Liquid-liquid immiscibility and phase separation in the quaternary systems K2OAl2O3CaOSiO2 and Na2OAl2O3CaOSiO2

Abstract Additions of Al 2 O 3 , Na 2 O or K 2 O all lower the immiscibility temperature for liquid-liquid phase separation in the CaOSiO 2 system as the region of immiscibility is extended into the ternary field. Simultaneous additions of K 2 O and Al 2 O 3 or of Na 2 O and Al 2 O 3 are found to further extend the compositional region of immiscibility which reaches a maximum with equimolar additions of alkali and alumina. These results are attributed to the ability of KAlO 2 or NaAlO 2 units to substitute for SiO 2 in the liquid structure. As a consequence of liquid-liquid immiscibility, wollastonite crystallizes from the calcia-rich liquid phase. STEM analysis has been applied to the phase-separated glasses to determine the approximate K 2 OAl 2 O 3 ratio and overall composition of each phase to locate tie-lines for the liquid-liquid immiscibility. The tie lines are roughly parallel to the CaOSiO 2 join.
The first terrestrial analogue to Martian dust devil tracks found in Ténéré Desert, Niger

[1] The first example of terrestrial dust devil tracks is presented in this paper. Tracks found in Tenere Desert, Niger are formed by transient events not related to regional winds. Compared to the Martian tracks, Tenere tracks are generally longer and show higher average density. We interpreted these differences as due to different intensities of the dust devil vortices combined with different surface properties. We also suggest that grain size distribution and sorting of surface material is crucial to allow track formation. Major surface changes of Tenere tracks have been observed in selected areas over a time span of 2 years, confirming the very low preservation potential of the tracks. However, no clear evidence for seasonal variations has been found on the available dataset. The Tenere Desert represents a unique site to study the formation and evolution of these peculiar features and to compare their behavior on other planets.
REULARIZED AND PRECONDITIONED BOUNDARY INTEGRAL SOLUTION TO HEAT TRANSFER IN A PARTICIPATING GAS FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES

A novel numerical solution to two-dimensional heat transfer in a participating gas confined within a channel is presented using a regularized and preconditioned Green's function method. A procedure based on the classical concept of regularization is used for converting the originally derived singular integral equation of the first kind, governing the temperature gradient distribution along the gas-wall interface, into an equivalent nonsingular integral equation. This manipulation permits the accurate and rapid solution of both gas temperature and wall temperature gradient distributions. Armed with only a simple integration scheme, the effectiveness of the method is revealed when the results are compared to existing solutions. Indications are that this method overcomes the usual difficulties associated with the entrance corners where a temperature discontinuity exists from the mathematical formulation.
Novel STT-MTJ Device Enabling All-Metallic Logic Circuits

Spintronics is an emerging platform for logic circuit design. Though many approaches have been proposed, and several have met with some success, a number of challenges remain. Here, we introduce a new style of magnetic logic-mLogic-enabled by a novel four-terminal device. An input current pulse to the device switches the magnetic state by spin transfer torque-driven domain wall motion, which programs the resistance state of a magnetic tunnel junction in an electrically-insulated but magnetically-coupled path. Despite the low switching ratios of the devices, limited by the tunnel magnetoresistance ratio, logic circuits independent of CMOS may be configured using current-based signaling. Micromagnetic analysis of device performance and the concepts of mLogic circuit design are introduced, with SPICE simulation of logic gates demonstrating correct logic operation at supplies below 100 mV.
Angiocentric Glioma-Like Tumor of the Midbrain

Angiocentric glioma, a rare brain neoplasm with features of ependymal differentiation, has only recently been recognized as a distinct clinicopathological entity. To date, all reported cases have invo
Experimental studies on the healing of colonic anastomoses

The leakage of colonic anastomoses is a potentially devastating surgical complication. Several factors, such as bowel preparation prior to surgery, surgical technique, nutritional status, and intervening pathological conditions, have been identified as significantly influencing the healing of colonic anastomoses. Due to the multifactorial nature, it is difficult to investigate the mechanisms of occurrence and prevention of colonic dehiscence in the clinical setting. For this reason, many experimental models have been used to study colonic healing and the pathogenesis of anastomotic failure. This report reviews the use of animal models for the study of colonic anastomotic healing. Special emphasis is devoted to the rationale for selecting animal models, parameters of healing, factors influencing anastomotic healing as well as the clinical potential of dietary and pharmacologic manipulations proposed to improve colonic healing.
3D Superalloy Grain Segmentation Using a Multichannel Edge-Weighted Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation Algorithm

Accurate grain segmentation on 3D superalloy images is very important in materials science and engineering. From grain segmentation, we can derive the underlying superalloy grains' micro-structures, based on how many important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the superalloy samples can be evaluated. Grain segmentation is, however, usually a very challenging problem because: 1) even a small 3D superalloy sample may contain hundreds of grains; 2) carbides and noises may degrade the imaging quality; and 3) the intensity within a grain may not be homogeneous. In addition, the same grain may present different appearances, e.g., different intensities, under different microscope settings. In practice, a 3D superalloy image may contain multichannel information where each channel corresponds to a specific microscope setting. In this paper, we develop a multichannel edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation (MCEWCVT) algorithm to effectively and robustly segment the superalloy grains from 3D multichannel superalloy images. MCEWCVT performs segmentation by minimizing an energy function, which encodes both the multichannel voxel-intensity similarity within each cluster in the intensity domain and the smoothness of segmentation boundaries in the 3D image domain. In the experiment, we first quantitatively evaluate the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm on a four-channel Ni-based 3D superalloy data set (IN100) against the manually annotated ground-truth segmentation. We further evaluate the MCEWCVT algorithm on two synthesized four-channel superalloy data sets. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons of 18 existing image segmentation algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm.
Biochemical characterization of biotype-specific esterases in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn (homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract Biochemical properties of the predominant esterases found in two distinct populations, presently considered to be different biotypes of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci , were investigated. General esterases, previously established as diagnostic markers on native polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) for the ‘A’ and ‘B’ biotypes, were characterized with respect to molecular masses, isoelectric points (pIs), isomeric relationships, and substrate specificities. One previously unidentified band in the ‘B’ biotype was detected on native gels when ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) was added to gel buffers. In each of the ‘A’ and ‘B’ biotypes, 12 bands were resolved by isoelectric focusing (IEF), and had pIs ranging from 4.86 to 7.37, and 4.70 to 6.59, respectively. The two bands (‘B’1 and ‘B’2), used as diagnostic markers on native gels for the ‘B’ biotype, were identified as a single band (E7) with IEF. An analogous E7 band was resolved in the ‘A’ biotype with IEF, but corresponded to only one isomer (A6) on native gels. Results of substrate studies revealed most bands on IEF gels had carboxylesterase activity. The E7 esterase in each biotype was identified specifically as acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Ferguson plots revealed these E7 esterases of the ‘A’ and ‘B’ biotypes had equivalent charges, but different molecular masses, indicating they are size isomers. Two dimensional (2D) and IEF analyses confirmed this relationship.
Market Solutions to Externality Problems: Theory and Practice

The concept of market solution to externality problems has received the favorable attention of many economic theorists. Yet, policy practitioners and the general public seem less enthusiastic. Theoretical studies and available empirical work have effectively demolished Coase's doctrine of the allocative neutrality of liability rules. In reality, a full liability law will result in a greater degree of abatement of external diseconomies than will zero or intermediate liability laws. It is suggested that market solutions can be seriously considered in a world with pervasive externalities only if something approaching a full liability rule is established. Even then, excessive transactions costs may limit the success of market solutions.
The case of the mysterious ritual: Murder dramas and older women viewers

Through textual analysis, the author suggests that television's traditional mystery formula encourages audiences to view these programs ritually. Two examples, Murder, She Wrote and Perry Mason, are compared for similar elements. Citing research linking the genre with elderly women viewers, the author suggests an agenda for ethnographic study of this relationship. Through qualitative methods, the author suggests, research can show how ritualistic television viewing fits into the everyday lives of the elderly.
Agroecosystem Performance during Transition to Certified Organic Grain Production

The 2002 U.S. Farm Bill offers incentives to support the transition from conventional to certified organic production. Research-based recommendations must be developed for suitable crop rotations that provide high yields, grain quality, and adequate soil fertility during the transition. We compared replicated conventional and organic systems, using identical crop varieties, during the 3-yr transition period and the fourth year following a full rotation of organic corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-oat (Avena saliva L.)-alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) to determine which rotation was associated with the lowest risk during transition. Organic feed corn yields at the Neely-Kinyon long-term agroecological research (LTAR) site in Greenfield, IA, were equivalent to conventional yields in the transition years, and in the fourth year, the organic corn yield of 8.1 Mg ha -1 in the longest rotation was greater than the conventional corn yield of 7.1 Mg ha -1 in the conventional corn-soybean rotation. Organic and conventional soybean yields were similar in the 3 yr of transition. Organic soybean yield of 3.0 Mg ha -1 exceeded the conventional yield of 2.7 Mg ha -1 in the fourth year of organic production. Pre- and postharvest soil fertility values were responsive to manure application, but few differences between systems were observed. Grass and broadleaf weed populations varied between the organic and conventional systems each year, but the impact on yield was considered negligible. Corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and bean leaf beetle (Ceratoma trifurcata) populations were similar between systems, with no effect on yield. We conclude that organic grain crops can be successfully produced in the 3 yr of transition to organic, and additional economic benefits can be derived from expanded crop rotations.
Acquired right atrial blood cyst: A hitherto unrecognized complication of cardiac operation

Blood-filled cysts within the heart are rare anomalies, usually congenital, and are seen predominately in infants. We report an unusual case of a 68-year-old woman with an acquired right atrial blood-filled cyst that developed after mitral and tricuspid valve operation and that was detected using 2-dimensional echocardiography. We propose that surgical trauma resulted in the formation of the cyst.
Čerenkov radiation in chiral media

In this paper, the Cerenkov radiation in an unbounded homogeneous isotropic chiral medium is studied and analyzed classically. Starting from the Maxwell equations and the proposed constitutive relations for isotropic chiral media, we formulate the problem for the electric and magnetic fields emitted from a charged particle moving with a constant speed in a chiral medium, and find a formal solution for the electromagnetic field components and energy spectral density of radiation. Notable features, such as double cone of propagation, and important characteristics of the Cerenkov radiation in such media in terms of the relative velocity of the particle with respect to the two characteristic phase velocities in the medium are discussed.
The utility of verbal autopsies for identifying HIV-1-related deaths in Haitian children.

These authors sought to determine whether deaths among Haitian infants born to HIV-1-seronegative women could be distinguished from deaths among children born to HIV-1-seropositive women using the verbal autopsy technique. Mothers of 315 Haitian children who died were interviewed about events leading to the childs death. 3 physicians independently reviewed interview data to determine the probable cause without knowledge of maternal HIV-1 status or hospital records. The underlying causes of death assigned to the infants were analyzed to determine whether maternal HIV status could be predicted. There was good agreement among the physicians (Chi = 0.62) and 90% agreement between hospital records and the verbal autopsy diagnosis. Compared with children born to HIV-1-seronegative women deaths in children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers were more likely to be ascribed to a presumptive diagnosis of AIDS (37 vs. 21%; p = 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of verbal autopsies for identifying deaths associated with maternal HIV-1 infection ranged from 37 to 59% and from 69 to 79% respectively depending on the classification system used. The predictive positive value of a death believed to be consistent with pediatric HIV-1 infection was 26-30% and the predictive negative value was 85-90%. Verbal autopsies may be useful for distinguishing certain causes of death but have limited utility for distinguishing deaths associated with maternal HIV-1 infection from deaths among children born to HIV-1-seronegative women. (authors)
The effects of dilution and mixed layer depth on deliberate ocean iron fertilization: 1-D simulations of the southern ocean iron experiment (SOFeX)

Abstract To better understand the role of iron in driving marine ecosystems, the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX) fertilized two surface water patches with iron north and south of the Antarctic Polar Front Zone (APFZ). Using 1-D coupled biological–physical simulations, we examine the biogeochemical dynamics that occurred both inside and outside of the fertilized patches during and shortly after the SOFeX field campaign. We focus, in particular, on three main issues governing the biological response to deliberate iron fertilization: the interaction among phytoplankton, light, macronutrient and iron limitation; dilution and lateral mixing between the fertilized patch and external, unfertilized waters; and the effect of varying mixed layer depth on the light field. At the patch south of the APFZ, sensitivity simulations with no dilution results in the maximum bloom magnitude, whereas dilution with external water extends the development of the north patch bloom by relieving silicon limitation. In model sensitivity studies for both sites, maximum chlorophyll concentration and dissolved inorganic carbon depletion inside the fertilized patches are inversely related to mixed layer depth, similar to the patterns observed across a number of iron fertilization field experiments. Our results suggest that Southern Ocean phytoplankton blooms resulting from natural or deliberate iron fertilization will tend to become iron-light co-limited unless the mixed layer depth is quite shallow.
Evaluation of wheelchair Rolling Resistance using a robotic device

This paper describes the development of a control system for a robotic wheelchair propulsion device, and its use to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a wheelchair-passenger system, in particular the effect of Rolling Resistance in a straight path during acceleration and deceleration phases. Instead of using human passengers as test subjects, a robotic propulsion system is employed to propel the wheelchair in a highly repeatable manner, providing a controlled input torque. It is found that rolling resistance is significantly dependent on the acceleration of the wheelchair, and that the conventional models in which rolling resistance is represented as a Coulomb-type force, are insufficient to describe the dynamic behavior of the wheelchair during acceleration and deceleration.
Phylogenetics of Teleogramma, a Riverine Clade of African Cichlid Fishes, with a Description of the Deepwater Molluskivore—Teleogramma obamaorum— from the Lower Reaches of the Middle Congo River

ABSTRACT The lower Congo River and nearby habitats harbor numerous endemic lineages of cichlid fishes, including some with highly specialized morphologies. Based on morphological and molecular data, we herein describe a new species of Teleogramma, a member of the chromidotilapiine clade found on rocky outcrops in the lower reaches of the middle Congo River. The new species, T. obamaorum, is distinguished from congeners by numerous morphological and ecological attributes, including the lack of dorsoventral head and body depression, absence of sexual dichromatism, and features of laterosensory anatomy, pharyngeal and gut morphology, and dietary preference. Phylogenetic analyses of two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood inference lend strong support for the taxonomic validity of T. obamaorum and provide preliminary estimates of species relationships within the genus. The discovery of a new, ecomorphologically distinctive cichlid species in the Congo River suggests that a...
Infant crying and colic: What lies beneath

The neural structures implicated in crying are reviewed, based on studies in animals. Brain regions involved include the anterior cingulate gyrus (a cortical structure), amygdala, thalamic tegmentum, periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, and the nucleus ambiguus of the caudal brainstem. It is hypothesized that the crying associated with colic may be a manifestation of differing developmental stages in the brain circuits involved.
Effects of thoracic aortic occlusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage on regional spinal cord blood flow in dogs: Correlation with neurologic outcome

Abstract We studied the effect of thoracic aortic occlusion and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage on regional spinal cord blood flow and its correlation with neurologic outcome. Using isotope-tagged microspheres, we determined blood flow to the gray and white matter of five regions of the spinal cord in dogs: group I (control), group II (cross-clamp only), group III (cross-clamp plus CSF drainage). At 60 minutes after thoracic aortic occlusion in group II, median gray matter blood flow (GMBF) in the lower thoracic and lumbar cord decreased from 23.1 and 27.0 ml/100 gm/min at baseline to 4.0 and 2.5 ml/100 gm/min, respectively. The addition of CSF drainage improved GMBF during aortic cross-clamping in the lower thoracic and lumbar cord to 11.3 ( p p p
Body Fat and Bone Mineral Content of Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula during the First Year of Life

Objective To characterize growth, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and bone mineral content (BMC) longitudinally in healthy infants fed breast milk (BM), cow's milk formula (CMF), or soy formula (SF) during the first year of life. Study design Infants were assessed at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Growth was evaluated using standard anthropometric techniques, and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mixed-effects models with repeated measures were used, adjusting for race, socioeconomic status, gestational age, birth weight, birth length, sex, age, and diet history. Results Compared with infants fed formulas, infants fed BM had higher FM at age 3 months, and lower FFM at age 6-12 months ( P P P Conclusion Infants fed CMF and SF had significantly different fat and bone accretion trajectories, and all infants fed formula were significantly different from infants fed BM. Infants fed SF had a leaner body phenotype throughout the first year of life, lower bone mineralization by age 3 months, and greater bone mineral accretion during the first year of life compared with infants fed BM or CMF. Although the body composition profiles are strikingly different in these 3 diet groups, the implications for long-term health outcomes and bone health remain unclear.
New treatment for urethral strictures

A new operative technique using synthetic, absorbable mesh for grafting a urethral defect was applied in 7 mongrel male dogs. The ventral half of the urethral circumference with its surrounding corpus spongiosum was excised for a length of 3 to 4 cm. A Dexon mesh of the same dimensions, woven in our laboratory from polyglycolic acid fibers, was sutured to the defective area. A perineal urethrotomy was established, and no splints were left behind. Dogs were studied between two and six months. Retrograde urethrography showed that the operative area healed without strictures or irregularities. Intravenous urography showed no back pressure effects, and cultured urine was always sterile. Histologic examination two months after surgery showed that the urothelium was completely healed, without inflammatory changes or disruption. Suburothelial tissues were replaced by dense collagenous connective tissue. The excised corpus spongiosum did not regenerate. After six months, the area of dense collagen described was diminished in size so that the operative area could be hardly identified except by the absence of corpus spongiosum.
Overlapping communities in dynamic networks: their detection and mobile applications

Many practical problems on Mobile networking, such as routing strategies in MANETs, sensor reprogramming in WSNs and worm containment in online social networks (OSNs) share an ubiquitous, yet interesting feature in their organizations: community structure. Knowledge of this structure provides us not only crucial information about the network principles, but also key insights into designing more effective algorithms for practical problems enabled by Mobile networking. However, understanding this interesting feature is extremely challenging on dynamic networks where changes to their topologies are frequently introduced, and especially when network communities in reality usually overlap with each other. We focus on the following questions (1) Can we effectively detect the overlapping community structure in a dynamic network? (2) Can we quickly and adaptively update the network structure only based on its history without recomputing from scratch? (3) How does the detection of network communities help mobile applications? We propose AFOCS, a two-phase framework for not only detecting quickly but also tracing effectively the evolution of overlapped network communities in dynamic mobile networks. With the great advantages of the overlapping community structure, AFOCS significantly helps in reducing up to 7 times the infection rates in worm containment on OSNs, and up to 11 times overhead while maintaining good delivery time and ratio in forwarding strategies in MANETs.
Experimental electrical characterization of interconnects and discontinuities in high-speed digital systems

Experimental procedures suited to characterization of microstrip and stripline interconnects and discontinuities on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and multichip modules (MCMs) are discussed. Techniques for calibrated two- and three-port measurements using novel calibration schemes are developed. The first of these utilized symmetry to circumvent the problem of inserting reproducible reflection standards. In the second technique, the complex impedance of a line standard was determined. A closed-form algorithm that accurately characterizes a three-port device is introduced as the third technique. >
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF DOXAZOSIN ON α1-ADRENOCEPTORS IN THE RAT PROSTATE

ABSTRACTPurpose: Although the clinical efficacy of α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) antagonists for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is not disputed, their mechanism of action and ability to maintain long-term effectiveness have only recently been investigated. Since it is known that chronic administration of receptor antagonists causes up-regulation in the targeted receptor, we examined the effects of chronic administration of doxazosin, a nonspecific long acting α1-AR antagonist, on the properties of α1-AR subtypes in the rat prostate.Materials and Methods: Rats were treated with doxazosin (2 or 4 mg/kg daily subcutaneously, supplemented with 4 mg/kg daily orally) for 8 or 12 weeks. Prostatic α1-AR properties at the protein and gene transcript levels were quantified by radioligand receptor binding and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively.Results: Treated rats that received the highest levels of doxazosin had significantly heavier prostates compared with age matched...
Design as Building and Reusing Artifact Theories: Understanding and Supporting Growth of Design Knowledge

As artifacts are designed, knowledge is accumulated gradually and — as this knowledge is organized and reused — designs and design processes are continually refined. An understanding of the nature and growth of design knowledge and its reuse is essential for implementing better design systems and effective design practices. To develop such an understanding, we introduce artifact theory as an interdisciplinary theory about an artifact that is essential for designing that artifact. This theory encapsulates various types of synthetic, analytic and process knowledge and reconciles many disciplinary theories in the context of the artifact. We argue that it is necessarily a contextual theory and hence is ephemeral. While highly mature and well understood design domains may have complete artifact theories, in most domains artifact theories evolve during design. That is, designers not only produce a manufacturable description of the artifact, but also produce the corresponding artifact theory. We observe that this involves both adaptation and reuse of elements of existing artifact theories as well as development of new elements. Hence, we propose the view of design as building and reuse of artifact theories as the basis for understanding design and for developing design environments. We describe artifact theory in terms of several disparate views of design and bring them together leading to a unifying view. We discuss the implications of the view for computational design environments and outline our current research efforts in advancing and supporting this view.