cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Songbird Use of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Food Plots in Appalachian Hardwood Forests

Abstract Food plots are commonly planted for Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) in the eastern US, because they are known to benefit this species. We hypothesized that food plots may also provide early-successional habitat for nongame species, such as songbirds, in areas where it is normally lacking. Thus, we evaluated songbird use of food plots planted with Trifolium spp. (perennial clovers) in the northern and southern Appalachian Mountains by comparing avian species richness and abundance within plots, along their edges, and in the adjacent forest. During the breeding season on northern sites, there was no difference in avian richness or abundance among the plots, their edges, or adjacent forest. However, both species richness and abundance were greater along plot edges during breeding season on southern sites. Species richness was also greater along plot edges for a subset of southern sites sampled during winter. Thus, food plots within southern Appalachian hardwood forests enhanced habitat co...
Two Kentuckians Evaluate the Mexican Scene from Vera Cruz, 1853-1861

Interesting insights into the Mexican scene were provided the State Department by two Kentuckians, John T. Pickett and R. B. I. Twyman, who shared the office of United States consul at Vera Cruz from 1853 to 1861. Pickett, the more dramatic of the two, has been described as a “Southern filibuster of the type of William Walker.” He had been a “general” in the Hungarian nationalist army of Kossuth, and had engaged in the Lopez expeditions against Cuba. Most readers of United States diplomacy are well aware of Pickett's subsequent exploits in Mexico after having been appointed by Robert Toombs, Confederate Secretary of State, as diplomatic commissioner to the Juarez Government. Pickett had been recommended to Jefferson Davis by John Forsyth, former U.S. Minister to Mexico, who described him as eminently qualified. Pickett believed that he could advance the interests of the Confederacy by revealing to the Juarez Government the true nature of the Yankee Union's Puritan fanaticism; and, if the Juarez Party were to make cause with the Union, then he urged Confederate support of the Conservative Party. Upon arrival in Mexico, in July, 1861, he spoke with the Governor of Vera Cruz, Ignacio de la Llave, who assured him that his government would give equal treatment to the ships of the Union and of the Confederacy. Meantime, Thomas Corwin, Minister of the United States to Mexico, had the support of Liberal President Juarez. As the preference became more marked, Pickett became more indiscreet. Mr. Pickett was forceful, shrewd and widely known in Mexico; and had for a number of years been closely associated with Benito Juarez and a group of Liberals. But he was tactless when angry and sharp-tongued. The telling of his adventures, between May, 1861 and 1864 is found in Frank L. Owsley's King Cotton Diplomacy .
Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal recollections

Carroll Izard’s theoretical and empirical work has played a preeminent role in energizing the renascence in the study of the emotions and emotional development in normality and pathology. A brief historical overview of his career is presented. Izard’s differential emotions theory (DET) has exerted influence in a number of domains and disciplines. Illustrations are provided from research and prevention in developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. Personal recollections of Cal Izard are provided showing that Izard is not only an influential theoretician and researcher, but also a wonderful emotional being.
Activity and Probing Behavior of Lygus hesperus in the Laboratory

Laboratory studies under constant conditions of 70°F and 60% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 14-h light and 10-h dark, showed that both male and female L. hesperus Knight adults have stages of intensive locomotor activity which correspond to crepuscular periods under natural conditions. The Lygus were inactive during the scotophase, even though they did probe extensively at that time. In general, peak probing periods occurred when activity was low (i.e., early photophase and in the scotophase).
Average Operator Inaction Characteristics with Lever Controls — Study of the Column Mounted Gear Selector Lever

Sixty drivers executed 1800 automotive transmission shifts from DRIVE to PARK. These shifts were performed in a total of six vehicles. Among analoq data recorded during each shift are longitudinal (pull) and rotational forces and rotational position of the lever. Analysis reveals that drivers typically impact the mechanical stop associated with PARK position with approximately one and one-half times the minimum force required to complete the shift. Shifts to PARK are completed in an average of 0.58 seconds, and an additional 0.83 seconds is spent continuing to apply force to the lever after PARK position is achieved. Most (80%) shifts are executed without regard for intervening detents. Those drivers who show hesitation in movement typically hesitate for 50 milliseconds. Whether a driver shifts continuously or with shortduration hesitation appears to be driver style or insert plate impact, independent of vehicle.
Analysis on Breakage of Disconnector Transmission Parts in Substation

By experiments on element analysis,microstructure analysis,micro hardness testing and fracture analysis,reason for one failure of breakage of disconnector operating lever of main transformer was analyzed.Study result indicated that this operating lever contained thick primary needle-likeβphase,shrinkage defects and air holes which might cause deterioration of its chemical performance and brittleness breakage in role of external forces.Aiming at problems of relaxed slagging-off technical control in process of alloy smelting,countermeasures such as strengthening factory test,special examination,the arrival of goods quality checking and daily running maintenance detection for the disconnector transmission parts were proposed.
Economic analysis of new energy vehicles based on PHEV and BEV of BYD

In this paper,BYD new energy vehicles have been selected as the analysis object.The total use and purchase costs of the traditional fuel vehicle,plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV),and battery electric vehicles have been analyzed and compared.Through the establishment of PHEV's cost model,considering the change factors in gasoline and electric prices,the economic advantages and disadvantages of PHEV and pure battery electric vehicles have been discussed.The results showed that PHEV has a more distinct economic,and thus,it is suitable for wider promotion,and the pure battery electric vehicle's economy will be increased evidently,when the battery performance can be improved and the vehicle's battery capacity be reduced.The research and development and promotion of new energy vehicle's in China have realistic meanings.
Did large institutional investors flock into the technology herd? An empirical investigation using a vector Markov-switching model

ABSTRACTThis article investigates whether large non-bank institutional investors herded during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s. We use the vector Markov-switching model of Hamilton and Lin (1996) to analyse the technology stockholdings of 115 large institutional investors from 1980 to 2012. By imposing different restrictions on the elements of the transition probability matrix, we are able to test for various lead/lag scenarios that might have existed between the technology stockholding of each investor and that of the residual market. We find that only 17.4% of the investors in our sample herded during the dot-com bubble. Thus, during the dot-com bubble, herding among large institutional investors was not an especially widespread phenomenon. Among those investors that herded, 80% herded during the run-up, 10% during the collapse and 10% during both phases of the dot-com bubble. About 23% of all investors in our sample exited from the technology sector before the bubble collapsed. These results seem to su...
Mutually Assured Protection Among Large U.S. Law Firms

Large law firms in the U.S. rely heavily on lawyers-only mutual insurers to manage their malpractice risks. Yet, under classic economic theory, mutual insurers should not be able to compete with stock insurers, at least absent a market failure. Mutuals have less access to capital and thus less ability to spread risk. Also, mutuals demand much more law firm partner time. Our research into the lawyers’ professional liability (LPL) insurance market makes three contributions. First, while we find evidence consistent with the traditional explanations for mutual insurance — market failures related to moral hazard and adverse selection and a problem with long-term contracting, we also provide a new autonomy explanation. Many lawyers, and presumably other professionals, perceive that mutual insurance promotes professional independence in the face of the social control imposed by liability and insurance. Second, we crack open the windows on a secretive aspect of law firm risk management, revealing the variable, hybrid nature of LPL mutual insurance arrangements. Third, we reframe the scholarly understanding of the relationship between organizational forms. The corporate law and insurance literature typically views mutual and stock insurers solely as competitors. We show that they also play complementary roles, as all of these mutual insurers engage extensively with commercial insurers through reinsurance or excess insurance. At least in this context, mutual insurance is not an alternative to stock insurance, but rather a way to manage access to the powerful risk distributing potential of stock insurance. Indeed, the availability of mutual insurance may favorably affect the behavior of stock insurance companies even outside of their relationships with the mutual insurers. Accordingly, our research suggests that lawyers’ participation in their mutual insurers provides benefits not only to their firms, but also to the legal profession.
An Overview of 3GPP Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Standards

With the growth of mobile data and devices, cellular networks have great potential to support various vehicular communication services for safety and non-safety applications. This paper presents an overview of the 3GPP cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) standards. We discuss various aspects of V2X standards, including types of V2X application support in 3GPP, requirements to support eV2X scenarios, different levels of automation, comparison of V2X and IEEE 802.11p, architecture, spectrum usage, and security and privacy for V2X services. Finally, we conclude this article with a review of typical V2X applications
Outcomes following proton therapy for pediatric ependymoma.

Background: Proton therapy can reduce the low and intermediate radiation dose to uninvolved brain tissue in children with intracranial ependymomas, which may improve functional outcomes and reduce ...
Geochemistry and mineralogy of late Quaternary loess in the upper Mississippi River valley, USA: Provenance and correlation with Laurentide Ice Sheet history

Abstract The midcontinent of North America contains some of the thickest and most extensive last-glacial loess deposits in the world, known as Peoria Loess. Peoria Loess of the upper Mississippi River valley region is thought to have had temporally varying glaciogenic sources resulting from inputs of sediment to the Mississippi River from different lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Here, we explore a new method of determining loess provenance using K/Rb and K/Ba values (in K-feldspars and micas) in loess from a number of different regions in North America. Results indicate that K/Rb and K/Ba values can distinguish loess originating from diverse geologic terrains in North America. Further, different loess bodies that are known to have had the same source sediments (using other criteria) have similar K/Rb and K/Ba values. We also studied three thick loess sections in the upper Mississippi River valley region. At each site, the primary composition of the loess changed over the course of the last glacial period, and K/Rb and K/Ba values parallel changes in carbonate mineral content and clay mineralogy. We thus confirm conclusions of earlier investigators that loess composition changed as a result of the shifting dominance of different lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the changing course of the Mississippi River. We conclude that K/Rb and K/Ba values are effective, robust, and rapid indicators of loess provenance that can be applied to many regions of the world.
Overall survival is similar between women who seek care at one or more institutions after diagnosis of operable breast cancer in the community.

Abstract Background As breast cancer diagnoses increase, so does the number of patients who are critically evaluating hospital attributes to determine where to receive their treatment. Evidence suggests that complex surgeries have better outcomes in high volume academic centers. Whether clinical outcomes of women diagnosed with operable breast cancer, who are treated by multiple disciplines including non-complex surgical approaches, differ for those received all or part of their treatment at their community cancer center is unclear. We hypothesize that the clinical outcomes do not differ for those who received all or part of their care at their community cancer center. Our aim is to analyze data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who received all their treatment at community cancer center when compared with those who had part or all of their care elsewhere. Methods A cohort of 162,803 women diagnosed at a community cancer center with an operable breast cancer (clinical stage I – III) between 2005 and 2014 from the NCDB was evaluated. Demographics, cancer-specific characteristics and overall survival differences between patients who stay at or leave their home institution for breast cancer treatment were compared. Results Within this cohort, patients treated at multiple institutions were younger, traveled further from home for their care, and were more likely to have no comorbidities (p Conclusions The decision for patients to undergo breast cancer treatment in a different institution after being diagnosed in a community center does not appear to impact overall survival.
Spatial snow water equivalent estimation for mountainous areas using wireless-sensor networks and remote-sensing products

Abstract We developed an approach to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) through interpolation of spatially representative point measurements using a k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm and historical spatial SWE data. It accurately reproduced measured SWE, using different data sources for training and evaluation. In the central-Sierra American River basin, we used a k-NN algorithm to interpolate data from continuous snow-depth measurements in 10 sensor clusters by fusing them with 14 years of daily 500-m resolution SWE-reconstruction maps. Accurate SWE estimation over the melt season shows the potential for providing daily, near real-time distributed snowmelt estimates. Further south, in the Merced-Tuolumne basins, we evaluated the potential of k-NN approach to improve real-time SWE estimates. Lacking dense ground-measurement networks, we simulated k-NN interpolation of sensor data using selected pixels of a bi-weekly Lidar-derived snow water equivalent product. k-NN extrapolations underestimate the Lidar-derived SWE, with a maximum bias of −10 cm at elevations below 3000 m and +15 cm above 3000 m. This bias was reduced by using a Gaussian-process regression model to spatially distribute residuals. Using as few as 10 scenes of Lidar-derived SWE from 2014 as training data in the k-NN to estimate the 2016 spatial SWE, both RMSEs and MAEs were reduced from around 20–25 cm to 10–15 cm comparing to using SWE reconstructions as training data. We found that the spatial accuracy of the historical data is more important for learning the spatial distribution of SWE than the number of historical scenes available. Blending continuous spatially representative ground-based sensors with a historical library of SWE reconstructions over the same basin can provide real-time spatial SWE maps that accurately represents Lidar-measured snow depth; and the estimates can be improved by using historical Lidar scans instead of SWE reconstructions.
The Role of Play in Child Psychotherapy

This article examines the roles that play performs as part of child psychotherapy. It posits a generic form of contemporary psychotherapy based on a synthesis of dynamic, cognitive, interpersonal, and family theories relating to child development. Within this form, play serves as a medium of sustained contact between therapist and child, as a means of communication, and as a form of resistance. Play is a natural way for children to communicate, and it fulfills a vital role in the therapeutic encounter with children.
Pretreatment Characteristics of 617 Male Methadone Maintenance Patients

The 617 patients selected for longitudinal study were a representative sample of male patients at six methadone maintenance programs in three eastern cities. At the time of sample selection in late 1985, there were 2394 patients enrolled in these six programs of whom 1874 were in methadone maintenance treatment. Consecutive admissions and a sample of those already in treatment were selected from each treatment program. Some 100 male patients, then, were selected for intensive study from each of the six programs.
Remote Sensing for Regional Lake Water Quality Assessment: Capabilities and Limitations of Current and Upcoming Satellite Systems

Remote, satellite-based sensing is a cost-effective way to gather information needed for regional water quality assessments in lake-rich areas. A major advantage is that it enables retrieval of current and historic information on lakes that were not part of ground-based sampling programs. Advances over the past decade have enabled the use of satellite imagery for regional-scale measurement of lake characteristics, such as clarity and chlorophyll. For example, in the Midwest USA, historic and recent Landsat water clarity assessments have been conducted on more than 20,000 lakes to investigate spatial and temporal patterns and explore factors that affect water quality. The spatial characteristics of Landsat imagery allow for the assessment of all lakes larger than ~4 ha, but the broad nature and placement of its spectral bands have limited assessments largely for water clarity. European Space Agency (ESA) MERIS imagery with spectral bands that were selected for water has been used to assess chlorophyll for about 900 of Minnesota’s large lakes (those > 150 ha). Improvements of the recently launched Landsat 8 and upcoming ESA Sentinel-2 satellites will expand our capabilities further enabling assessment of other optically related water quality characteristics, such as chlorophyll, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and mineral suspended solids for all lakes, and upcoming Sentinel-3 will continue these capabilities for large lakes.
Distinctive semantic features in the healthy adult brain

The role of semantic features, which are distinctive (e.g., a zebra’s stripes) or shared (e.g. has four legs) for accessing a concept, has been studied in detail in early neurodegenerative disease such as semantic dementia (SD). However, potential neural underpinnings of such processing have not been studied in healthy adults. The current study examines neural activation patterns using fMRI while participants completed a feature verification task, in which they identified shared or distinctive semantic features for a set of natural kinds and man-made artifacts. The results showed that the anterior temporal lobe bilaterally is an important area for processing distinctive features, and that this effect is stronger within natural kinds than man-made artifacts. These findings provide converging evidence from healthy adults that is consistent with SD research, and support a model of semantic memory in which patterns of specificity of semantic information can partially explain differences in neural activation between categories.
Sex-dependent effects of bisphenol A on type 1 diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by immune-mediated pancreatic β-cell destruction. The endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) has widespread human exposure and can modulate immune function and the gut microbiome (GMB), which may contribute to the increasing T1D incidence worldwide. It was hypothesized that BPA had sex-dependent effects on T1D by modulating immune homeostasis and GMB. Adult female and male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were orally administered BPA at environmentally relevant doses (30 or 300 µg/kg). Antibiotic-treated adult NOD females were exposed to 0 or 30 µg/kg BPA. BPA accelerated T1D development in females, but delayed males from T1D. Consistently, females had a shift towards pro-inflammation (e.g., increased macrophages and Bacteroidetes), while males had increases in anti-inflammatory immune factors and a decrease in both anti- and pro-inflammatory GMB. Although bacteria altered during sub-acute BPA exposure differed from bacteria altered from chronic BPA exposure in both sexes, the GMB profile was consistently pro-inflammatory in females, while males had a general decrease of both anti- and pro-inflammatory gut microbes. However, treatment of females with the antibiotic vancomycin failed to prevent BPA-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting changes in Gram-positive bacteria were not a primary mechanism. In conclusion, BPA exposure was found to have sex dimorphic effects on T1D with detrimental effects in females, and immunomodulation was identified as the primary mechanism.
A Semantics for Kleene's j-expressions

S. C. Kleene ( Generalized Recursion Theory II , edited by J. E. Fenstad et al. (North-Holland, Amsterdam)) proposed a system for computation in higher types which was based on the syntactic manipulation of formal symbols, called j -expressions. No adequate semantics for these expressions could be based on the classical (total) type structure over N. In particular, not all j -expressions corresponded to objects of type j , and two j -expressions corresponding to the same object could not necessarily be substituted for each other in other j -expressions without altering their meaning. In this paper we provide a semantics which eliminates these problems. The type structure for this semantics is obtained by adding one extra object at type 0 and, at type ( j + 1), allowing all monotone , partial functions from type j into N. The original type structure is embeddable into the extended type structure in a manner which preserves Kleene's computations.
Perceived standing: exploring why people accept or reject others’ access to public participation in local environmental conflicts

In environmental conflicts, people judge others’ right to have representation in and influence on the focal issue, judgments referred to as perceived standing in this paper. This study explores the...
Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes

Genome sequencing at population scale provides unprecedented access to the genetic foundations of human phenotypic diversity, but genotype-phenotype association analyses limited to small variants have failed to comprehensively characterize the genetic architecture of human health and disease because they ignore structural variants (SVs) known to contribute to phenotypic variation and pathogenic conditions1-3. Here we demonstrate the significance of SVs when assessing genotype-phenotype associations and the importance of ethnic diversity in study design by analyzing SVs across 19,652 individuals and the translational impact on 4,156 aptamer-based proteomic measurements across 4,021 multi-ethnic samples. The majority of 304,533 SVs detected are rare, although we identified 2,336 protein-coding genes impacted by common SVs. We identified 64 significant SV-protein associations that comprise 36 cis- and 28 trans-acting relationships, and 21 distinct SV regions overlapped with genome-wide association study loci. These findings represent a more comprehensive mapping of regulatory and translational endophenotypes underlying health and disease.
Perception of pain and influences on opioid use in implant-based breast reconstruction patients.

Although there has been a recent focus on decreasing opioid prescribing through alternative pain medication protocols, the patient's perception of pain related to breast reconstructive surgeries has not been well described. We sought to evaluate patient perception of pain control as it influences opioid use. We hypothesize that modifiable factors may influence patterns in pain perception and postoperative opioid use. Patients undergoing consultation for mastectomy with immediate, implant-based breast reconstruction were enrolled in a prospective, cohort survey study. A survey was administered at preoperative and postoperative appointments to collect data on pain expectations and pain control. Of 100 patients enrolled, 85% completed the postoperative survey. Over half of patients (52%) reported feeling anxious about pain control after surgery. Patients with preoperative opioid use were more likely to expect complete relief of pain postoperatively (P = .038). Patients with psychiatric comorbidity were more likely to report feeling anxious about postoperative pain (P = .012; 70% vs 42%; OR 3.0 CI 1.2-7.4). Patients who reported feeling anxious about pain control preoperatively were more likely to report trying opioids (P = .047; 67% vs 44%; OR 2.5 CI 1.0-6.1) and benzodiazepines (P = .020; 80% vs 56%; OR 3.0 CI 1.2-8.0) postoperatively. Anxiety related to pain control is common and results in an increased likelihood of trying opioid and benzodiazepine medications postoperatively. This presents an opportunity to educate patients preoperatively by addressing anxiety related to pain control to decrease controlled substance use.
Relationship between Sucrose Taste Detection Thresholds and Preferences in Children, Adolescents, and Adults.

To address gaps in knowledge, our objectives were to (1) to determine whether there are age-related changes in sweet taste detection thresholds, as has been observed for sweet taste preferences, and (2) determine whether detection thresholds and taste preferences were significantly related to each other from childhood to adulthood. We combined data from studies that used the same validated psychophysical techniques to measure sucrose taste detection threshold and the most preferred sucrose concentration in children (n = 108), adolescents (n = 172), and adults (n = 205). There were significant effects of age group on both sucrose detection thresholds (p 0.18). These data provide further evidence that age-related changes in sucrose taste preferences that occur during adolescence cannot be explained by changes in taste sensitivity and that these two dimensions of sweet taste undergo distinct developmental trajectories from childhood to adulthood.
The boundaries of pragmatism in Muslim education: Comparing the Islamic pedagogies of Sayyid Qutb and Fethullah Gülen:

Sayyid Qutb and Fethullah Gulen are two of the most important Muslim leaders and intellectuals of the twentieth century: the two are similar not only for their focus on the relationship between Isl...
Psychometric properties of the 4-meter walk test after total knee arthroplasty.

Objective To determine the reliability, responsiveness, and convergent validity of the Four-Meter Walk Test (4mWT) compared to the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) surrounding total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Design Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Setting Research laboratory. Participants One hundred sixty-two patients (aged 63.5 ± 7.4 (mean ± sd) years; 89 females) undergoing TKA participated. Main outcome measures 4mWT (usual and fastest) and 6MWT were measured 1-2 weeks preoperatively, and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Results 4mWT demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability with Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC's) ranging from 0.80 to 0.93 s. 4mWT also demonstrated small measurement error with Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) ranging from 0.15 to 0.35 s. 4mWT (fastest) demonstrated similar responsiveness to 6mWT in the first 2 months after surgery and better responsiveness from 2 to 3 months after surgery. Convergent validity between 6MWT and 4mWT (fastest) was high, with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.81. Conclusions The 4mWT (fastest) has excellent test-retest reliability, shows high responsiveness sufficient for clinical outcomes in the immediate postoperative time periods, and exhibits high convergent validity with 6MWT. Given space and time requirements to conduct each test, 4mWT may be preferred for routine clinical assessment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Walking ability •Walking is an important functional ability for patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). •While the Six-Minute Walk Test is a validated measure of walking ability in the TKA population, its clinical utility is limited by the space and time it takes to perform the test. •The Four-Meter Walk Test (fastest speed) is a valid, reliable, and responsive alternative to the 6MWT and is recommended for routine clinical use after TKA.
Coculture with hemicellulose-fermenting microbes reverses inhibition of corn fiber solubilization by Clostridium thermocellum at elevated solids loadings

The cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum is an important biocatalyst due to its ability to solubilize lignocellulosic feedstocks without the need for pretreatment or exogenous enzyme addition. At low concentrations of substrate, C. thermocellum can solubilize corn fiber > 95% in 5 days, but solubilization declines markedly at substrate concentrations higher than 20 g/L. This differs for model cellulose like Avicel, on which the maximum solubilization rate increases in proportion to substrate concentration. The goal of this study was to examine fermentation at increasing corn fiber concentrations and investigate possible reasons for declining performance. The rate of growth of C. thermocellum on corn fiber, inferred from CipA scaffoldin levels measured by LC–MS/MS, showed very little increase with increasing solids loading. To test for inhibition, we evaluated the effects of spent broth on growth and cellulase activity. The liquids remaining after corn fiber fermentation were found to be strongly inhibitory to growth on cellobiose, a substrate that does not require cellulose hydrolysis. Additionally, the hydrolytic activity of C. thermocellum cellulase was also reduced to less-than half by adding spent broth. Noting that > 15 g/L hemicellulose oligosaccharides accumulated in the spent broth of a 40 g/L corn fiber fermentation, we tested the effect of various model carbohydrates on growth on cellobiose and Avicel. Some compounds like xylooligosaccharides caused a decline in cellulolytic activity and a reduction in the maximum solubilization rate on Avicel. However, there were no relevant model compounds that could replicate the strong inhibition by spent broth on C. thermocellum growth on cellobiose. Cocultures of C. thermocellum with hemicellulose-consuming partners—Herbinix spp. strain LL1355 and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum—exhibited lower levels of unfermented hemicellulose hydrolysis products, a doubling of the maximum solubilization rate, and final solubilization increased from 67 to 93%. This study documents inhibition of C. thermocellum with increasing corn fiber concentration and demonstrates inhibition of cellulase activity by xylooligosaccharides, but further work is needed to understand why growth on cellobiose was inhibited by corn fiber fermentation broth. Our results support the importance of hemicellulose-utilizing coculture partners to augment C. thermocellum in the fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstocks at high solids loading.
Lost Sleep: the Lack of Sleep Education and Training in School Psychology

Insufficient sleep is common among school-attending youth and has been associated with academic, cognitive, social-emotional, and behavioral functioning. Despite these associations, it is believed that few school psychologists are prepared to identify, assess, or treat sleep problems manifested in the K-12 setting. However, no published research has explored the prevalence of behavioral sleep medicine training in the field of school psychology. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the current prevalence of behavioral sleep medicine training in school psychology graduate programs, including the prevalence of school psychologists who screen for sleep problems and assess or treat youth sleep disorders in the K-12 setting. Practicing school psychologists (n = 100) were recruited via state school psychology associations and school psychology graduate educators (n = 59; 29.4% response rate) were recruited via e-mail by the primary author. Those who self-selected to participate completed an online survey via Qualtrics. Findings show that 8.5% of surveyed graduate programs offer formal training in behavioral sleep medicine with 80% of surveyed school psychologists never receiving any classroom instruction in behavioral sleep medicine. Additionally, 77% of school psychologists reported never screening for sleep disorders, 79% reported not assessing for sleep disorders during special education evaluations, and 88% reported not treating sleep disorders in the school setting. The majority of school psychologists reported absent or minimal knowledge about how to assess or treat sleep disorders. Findings suggest minimal training in, and practice of, behavioral sleep medicine in the field of school psychology. Opportunities for greater integration are discussed.
Volume control: Turning the dial on regulatory T cells.

Treg-mediated immunosuppression must be tightly regulated to support immunity while limiting tissue damage. In this issue of Cell, Wong et al. and Marangoni et al. use high-resolution imaging to define feedback circuits that quantitatively control local Treg expansion and function.
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid secretion protects Bacillus subtilis from zinc and copper intoxication

Zinc and copper are essential micronutrients that serve as a cofactors for numerous enzymes. However, when present at elevated concentrations, zinc and copper are highly toxic to bacteria. To combat the effects of zinc and copper excess, bacteria have evolved a wide array of defense mechanisms. Here, we show that the Gram positive soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, produces the extracellular polymeric substance, poly-gamma-glutamate ({gamma}-PGA) as a protective mechanism in response to zinc and copper excess. Furthermore, we provide evidence that zinc and copper dependent {gamma}-PGA production is independent of the DegS-DegQ two component regulatory system and likely occurs at a post-transcriptional level. These data provide new insight into bacterial metal resistance mechanisms and contribute to our understanding of the regulation of bacterial {gamma}-PGA biosynthesis. ImportanceZinc and copper are potent antimicrobial compounds. As such, bacteria have evolved a diverse range of tools to prevent metal intoxication. Here, we show that the Gram-positive model organism, Bacillus subtilis, produces poly-gamma-glutamic acid ({gamma}-PGA) as a protective mechanism against zinc and copper intoxication and that zinc and copper dependent {gamma}-PGA production occurs by a yet undefined mechanism independent of known {gamma}-PGA regulation pathways.
Cannabinoids as a Substitute for Opioids: Suggested Algorithm

Cannabis has become widely accepted by patients and politicians alike; however, physicians have been left in the dark as how to manage patients who prefer cannabis-based treatments for their pain regimen. It is critical that we provide a starting point and lay the groundwork for physicians and their patients by way of patient-centered algorithms to help guide clinical decision-making when recommending cannabis as a substitute for opiates. We hope this algorithm serves as but one guide, as this model will be fluid for years to come and will require iterations as more research is performed on cannabis and pain.
ECSEL Coalition techniques and results for improving retention

Summary form only given. ECSEL, one of the first of the NSF-sponsored Engineering Education Coalitions, has been engaged in an ambitious and multifaceted effort, woven around the twin goals of the transformation of the learning environment and improving attraction and retention rates, particularly for underrepresented groups. The diverse platform of schools in the coalition, as well as the diverse approaches that have been developed at the various schools, offer us the opportunity to gain insight into a variety of aspects of the interplay between these twin goals. We present results to date on the impact of changes in the learning environment, both in-class and out-of-class, on retention of students in engineering in our seven schools. The focus in our first five years has been primarily on the first two years of the undergraduate program, as well as on K-12 outreach efforts, while in Years 6-10, we are placing a heavy emphasis on upper level interdisciplinary design experiences. Our presentation outlines how what we have learned as a coalition in Years 1-5 informs the strategies for our newer efforts.
Structure and Role of Carbohydrate in Freezing Point-depressing Glycoproteins from an Antarctic Fish

Abstract The linkage between the galactose and the N-acetylgalactosamine of the disaccharide attached to every threonine of the freezing point-depressing glycoproteins from the antarctic fish, Trematomus borchgrevinki, has been previously suggested to be β, 1–3 or 1–4, rather than 1–6. This paper reports some colorimetric chemical evidence favoring a 1–3 linkage. Unsubstituted chromogen is formed from the breakdown of the N-acetylgalactosamine upon β elimination with 0.05 m Na2CO3, indicating a 1–3 linkage. The linkage was proven to be of the β type by the release of the terminal galactose when small glycopeptides, obtained by hydrolysis of the glycoproteins with elastate, were incubated with β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). Enzymatic oxidation of the C-6 hydroxyls of the galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine to the aldehydes by galactose oxidase resulted in a fully active glycoprotein. The activity was lost, however, by the conversion of these newly formed C-6 aldehydes to negatively charged groups, either by oxidation to carboxyl groups with halogen or by formation of the bisulfite addition products.
Abstention Reduces Errors - decision Abstaining N-version Genetic Programming

Optimal fault masking N-Version Genetic Programming (NVGP) is a technique for building fault tolerant software via ensemble of automatically generated modules in such a way as to maximize their collective fault masking ability. Decision Abstaining N-Version Genetic Programming is NVGP that abstains from decision-making, when there is no decisive vote among the modules to make a decision. A special course of action may be taken for an abstained instance. We found that decision abstention contributed to error reduction in our experimental Escherichia coli DNA promoter sequence classification problem. Though decision abstention may reduce errors, high abstention rate makes the system of little use. This paper investigates the trade-off between abstention rate and error reduction.
The Coming Arctic Invasion

In a future warmer climate, mollusks and other species are likely to migrate from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the Bering Strait.
Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation of tympanic membrane, sclera, teeth, and pinna

A 40-year-old woman was referred by her primary care physician for evaluation after a routine physical exam revealed bilateral brownish pigmentation of the tympanic membrane. Head and neck examination in the otolaryngology clinic revealed bluish hue of both sclera, teeth, and portions of her pinnae. A hearing test revealed bilateral mild sensorineural hearing loss. The patient had a history of taking minocycline for 14 years, and the hyperpigmentation that she had is known to be a rare complication of prolonged minocycline use. However, to our knowledge, this is the first case showing photographic evidence of minocycline-induced tympanic membrane hyperpigmentation. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation should be considered when a patient presents with brown or blue discoloration of the tympanic membrane.
Preganglionic and sensory origins of calcitonin gene-related peptide- like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia

These experiments further define the organization of peptidergic pathways in the paravertebral sympathetic system of the bullfrog. Populations of axons and synaptic boutons in sympathetic ganglia 9 and 10 were found to express calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) and substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP- IR). CGRP-IR is present in fibers that run through the ganglia and in boutons that make contact with almost half of the principal neurons. SP- IR is also present in fibers within the ganglia and in a rare class of synaptic boutons that are found on less than 1% of the principal neurons. Both forms of immunoreactivity are coexpressed in some nerve fibers and in the rare synaptic boutons that contain SP-IR. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-IR), a marker for C-type postganglionic neurons, was used to identify the postsynaptic targets of boutons containing CGRP-IR and SP-IR. Ninety-five percent of the ganglion cells contacted by CGRP-IR boutons were negative for NPY-IR and are therefore likely to be B-type postganglionic neurons. Similarly, 100% of the ganglion cells contacted by boutons containing SP-IR were negative for NPY-IR. Lesions of the sympathetic chain demonstrated that synaptic boutons containing CGRP-IR arise from neurons whose axons enter the chain rostral to ganglion 7. Cutting the chain between ganglia 8 and 9 eliminates all preganglionic B and C inputs to ganglia 9 and 10. The destruction of the preganglionic C pathway by this lesion was verified by staining ganglia 9 and 10 for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). This lesion also eliminated boutons containing CGRP-IR and drastically reduced the number of ganglionic fibers that stained for CGRP-IR and SP-IR. By contrast, cutting the sympathetic chain between ganglia 6 and 7 spared LHRH-IR in the preganglionic C pathway but still eliminated the boutons that normally express CGRP-IR and reduced the amount of staining for SP- IR. CGRP-IR in the sympathetic ganglia arises from preganglionic and sensory neurons whereas ganglionic SP-IR is purely sensory in origin. In the spinal cord, the preganglionic B and C neurons that innervate ganglia 9 and 10 are located in different segments. In segments that contain preganglionic B cells, but not those that contain C cells, there were 243 +/- 37 (mean +/- SD) neurons in the intermediolateral cell column that express CGRP-IR. However, no cell bodies containing SP- IR were found in this region of the spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Geometrical physics of the many vortex filament problem

We employ a model of fully structured decaying turbulence consisting of unconstrained, reconnecting vortex filaments with dynamic finite cores of uniform circulation, interacting via inertial and viscous forces. We show that the fractal dimension and the length of the vortex tangle approach constant values. The former is observed in the same range of scales as Kolmogorov's -5/3 inertial range scaling. The curvature and torsion spectra show evidence of non-flat scalings corresponding to the inertial range. The vorticity along the core centerlines tends to align mostly with the intermediate eigenvector of the rate of strain tensor and to be normal to the expansive one.
THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH AND ESL SPEAKERS ON THE COMPUTER-BASED TOEFL AND GRE GENERAL TEST

The purpose of this study was to replicate previous research on the construct validity of the paper-based version of the TOEFL and extend it to the computer-based TOEFL. Two samples of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test-takers were used: native speakers of English specially recruited to take the computer-based TOEFL, and ESL test-takers who routinely took the computer-based TOEFL recently. Native speakers performed well on the TOEFL, relative to ESL test-takers and to the maximum possible scores on the test, and varied less in their test performance than did ESL test-takers. TOEFL scores were moderately or highly correlated with the computer-based GRE General Test scores for both groups of test-takers. Regressions of the GRE General Test Verbal scores on the TOEFL scores for ESL test-takers were nonlinear, and the regressions of the other GRE General Test scores were linear. And trends in the variances of the GRE General Test Verbal scores associated with TOEFL scores were also nonlinear, and ...
Functional integrity of the SH1 site in myosin from hypertrophied myocardium.

The hypothesis that an alteration in the SH1 site of hypertrophy myosin is responsible for the reduced Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity is examined. The functional integrity of the SH1, site was evaluated by measurement of the (K+)EDTA-stimulated and Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activities. Neither activity differed from control although the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of the same preparations was significantly reduced. The reduction in Ca2+-activated ATPase was independent of ionic strength. Titration with N-ethylmaleimide elevated the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of hypertrophy myosin to the same peak activity as control. Actin-stimulated ATPase activity of hypertrophy myosin was also reduced. The results indicate that the SH1 of hypertrophy myosin is functionally intact for (K+)EDTA-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+ inhibition, but functionally deficient with regard to Ca2+-stimulated and actin-activated ATPase activities. This implies a partition of the functional aspects of SH1.
Resonance structure of Mie scattering: distance between resonances

The size parameter spacing Δx between an1 and an+11 or between bn1 and bn+11 resonances have been derived to be Δx = x arctan [(mx/n)2 − 1]1/2/n[(mx/n)2 − 1]1/2. Comparison with numerical calculation of the position of resonances in Mie scattering suggests that the accuracy of the derived expression is near 1%.
The temperature and composition dependence of the segregation of interstitial impurity atoms to dislocations

Abstract A relation for the equilibrium number of interstitial impurity atoms about dislocations is established. The effects of the temperature dependence of the impurity solubility in the matrix and the presence of sites of several energy levels around the dislocation are considered. It is shown that segregation will generally increase with increasing temperature. In the case of interstitial carbon in iron, it is shown that segregation to dislocations is not appreciable even though there is a significant binding energy. Nitrogen, with the same binding energy as carbon, will have a strong tendency to form atmospheres.
Characterization of the Maize Xylem Sap Proteome

The xylem in plants has mainly been described as a conduit for water and minerals, but emerging evidence also indicates that the xylem contains protein. To study the proteins in xylem sap, we characterized the identity and composition of the maize xylem sap proteome. The composition of the xylem sap proteome in maize revealed proteins related to different phases of xylem differentiation including cell wall metabolism, secondary cell wall synthesis, and programmed cell death. Many proteins were found to be present as multiple isoforms and some of these isoforms are glycosylated. Proteins involved in defense mechanisms were also present in xylem sap and the sap proteins were shown to have antifungal activity in bioassays.