cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of regional differences in the size and oxidative capacity of diaphragm muscle fibers

The oxidative capacity and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers were compared between the costal and crural regions of the cat diaphragm and across the abdominal-thoracic extent of the muscle. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of individual fibers was quantified using a microphotometric procedure implemented on an image-processing system. In both costal and crural regions, population distributions of SDH activities were unimodal for both type I and II fibers. The continuous distribution of SDH activities for type II fibers indicated that no clear threshold exists for the subclassification of fibers based on differences in oxidative capacity (e.g., the classification of fast-twitch glycolytic and fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fiber types). No differences in either SDH activity or cross-sectional area were noted between fiber populations of the costal and crural regions. Differences in SDH activity and cross-sectional area were noted, however, between fiber populations located on the abdominal and thoracic sides of the costal region. Both type I and II fibers on the abdominal side of the costal diaphragm were larger and more oxidative than comparable fibers on the thoracic side.
Weakening Condition (A4)

Considering one ξ-piece and using Lemma 11 and its proof, we can transport all the H 0 1 -index of a simple critical point at infinity∞on that single piece. If this H 0 1 -index is at least 2, we are able to generate a change in the maximal number of zeros of b on the unstable manifold of x ∞. If an iterate of x ∞is of even index 2k, the homology will then be well defined, as far as x ∞is concerned, at the order 2k.
Code puzzles - Robot Chronicle

Programming for beginners is becoming increasingly more difficult to understand since most innovative tools immediately throw students into an environment where they must build everything in a program from nothing with inconsequential programming skills and little knowledge of programming concepts. As programming based careers are rising in demand, it is important to help the beginner programmers bridge the gap between understanding a program and developing one. Robot Chronicle offers a solution to this dilemma through a different approach than common state machines such as Scratch, Alice, Playmaker, and Code Spells and introduces the basic concepts of programming through a puzzle-based video game.
Oral Dextrose Gel Reduces the Need for Intravenous Dextrose Therapy in Neonatal Hypoglycemia.

Background: Newborn infants with risk factors may require intravenous (IV) dextrose for asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Administration of IV dextrose and transfer to t
Sintering Stress of Nonlinear Viscous Materials

An analytical model for the sintering stress of materials characterized by a nonlinear viscous behavior during densification is proposed. The growing applications in the field of nanosized powders processing (in particular, consolidation of high surface area components used in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, gas absorbers) have renewed the interest in this fundamental parameter of sintering science, because of the sintering stress’ characteristic inverse proportionality with respect to the powder particles radius. This increase in the magnitude of the sintering stress is also responsible for power-law creep being the mechanism that underlies densification even without the application of any additional external load, and therefore for a nonlinear viscous behavior of the solid material. The analytical treatment of problems involving nonlinear viscous materials has traditionally involved complex self-consistent methods and approximations, unless the local case of an isolated pore embedded in a fully dense skeleton was considered. The paper proposes a simple first-order iterative method that allows the derivation of both bulk modulus and sintering stress of a material containing an arbitrary amount of pores, as functions of porosity and of the material's nonlinearity parameter, namely strain rate sensitivity. An expression for densification kinetics is also obtained and compared with experimental data.
Incentives in the age of knowledge work

Classic incentive theory holds that offering a performance-based reward is an effective way for organizations to motivate workers’ efforts in service of desired performance. The theory assumes that...
Problem Behavior Theory and Success Despite Disadvantage

The role of psychosocial risk and protective factors in successful adolescent development under circumstances of socioeconomic disadvantage was investigated among 1,638 high school students in a large, urban school district. Success referred to two important developmental tasks: engagement in school and avoiding more than minimal involvement in problem behavior. Significant negative effects on success were found for disadvantage and for risk factors, whereas protective factors had significant positive effects. In addition, protection moderated the effects of risk, especially for more disadvantaged youth. Further, in longitudinal analyses, both risk and protective factors accounted for significant variance in change in successful outcomes over time and development. Key risk factors are Low Expectations for Success, Low Self-Esteem, Hopelessness, and having Friends as Models for Problem Behavior. Key protective factors are Attitudinal Intolerance of Deviance, Positive Orientation to Health, and having Friends as Models for Conventional Behavior. Strengthening protective factors, as well as reducing risk, may enhance successful development, especially in disadvantaged life circumstances.
Light-regulated synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP by a bidomain construct of the cyanobacteriochrome Tlr0924 (SesA) without stable dimerization

Phytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) use double bond photoisomerization of their linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores within cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases/Adenylyl cyclases/FhlA (GAF) domain-containing photosensory modules to regulate signaling activity of C-terminal output domains. CBCRs exhibit much more diverse photocycles than phytochromes, and they are often found in large modular proteins such as Tlr0924 (SesA), one of three blue light regulators of cell aggregation in the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Tlr0924 contains a single bilin-binding GAF domain adjacent to a C-terminal diguanylate cyclase (GGDEF) domain whose catalytic activity requires formation of a dimeric transition state presumably supported by a multi-domain extension at its N-terminus. To probe the structural basis of light-mediated signal propagation from the photosensory input domain to a signaling output domain for a representative CBCR, these studies explore the properties of a bidomain GAF-GGDEF co...
A Social Identity Perspective on the Legalization of Marijuana in the United States: The Relative Importance of Status Insecurity and Group Membership

Using Social Identity Theory, this article explores the process by which a stigmatized consumption practice, namely recreational and medical marijuana use, has been gaining regulatory and normative...
Surgery versus stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: A comprehensive review

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. With the implementation of lung cancer screening, the number and proportion of patients diagnosed with early-stage disease are anticipated to increase. Surgery is currently the standard of care for patients with operable stage I NSCLC. However, promising outcomes with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with inoperable disease has led to interest in directly comparing SBRT and surgery in operable patients. Unfortunately, early randomized trials comparing surgery and SBRT closed early because of poor accrual. In this article, the nuances of surgery and SBRT for early-stage NSCLC are reviewed. Furthermore, retrospective and prospective analyses of SBRT in early-stage NSCLC are discussed, and active randomized trials comparing these 2 approaches are described. Cancer 2018;124:667-78. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Query and Resource Optimization: Bridging the Gap

Modern big data systems run on cloud environments where resources are shared among several users and applications. As a result, declarative user queries need to be optimized and executed over resources that constantly change and are provisioned on demand for each job. This requires us to rethink traditional query optimization designed for systems that run on dedicated resources. In this paper, we show evidence that the choice of query plans depends heavily on the resources that the plan will be executed on. The current practice of determining query plans without accounting for resources could lead to significant performance loss in popular big data systems, such as Hive and SparkSQL. Therefore, we make a case for Query and Resource Optimization (or QROP), i.e., choosing both the query plan and the resource configuration at the same time, and present a research agenda towards this direction.
Solid-state characteristics of amorphous sodium indomethacin relative to its free acid.

Purpose. Having previously studied the amorphous properties of indomethacin (IN) as a model compound for drugs rendered amorphous during processing, we report on the formation and characterization of its sodium salt in the amorphous state and a comparison between the two systems.
Ophthalmic Prisms: Measurement Errors and How to Minimize Them

Abstract Variable results of strabismus surgery may be due in part to errors in prism measurement. The amount of deviation neutralized by an ophthalmic prism is variable depending on how the prism is held. For example, a 40 Δ glass prism with the posterior face held in the frontal plane gives only 32 Δ of effect. Glass prisms are calibrated for use in the Prentice position. Plastic prisms are calibrated for use in the frontal plane position. Surprisingly large errors in prism measurement are produced when adding a small prism to a large prism. For example, adding a 5 Δ glass prism to a 40 Δ glass prism gives not 45 Δ of effect, but 59 Δ . This error can be minimized but not eliminated by holding one prism in front of each eye. The error can also be calculated so that the appropriate correction can be made.
The Jacobson Radical

In Chapter One we developed a structure theory for semisimple rings, as summarized in Theorem 1.18. This theory used, for the most part, properties of modules over a semisimple ring in order to characterize such a ring. In this chapter, we give a more intrinsic characterization of semisimple rings.
A comparative analysis of library prep approaches for sequencing low input translatome samples

Cell type-specific ribosome-pulldown has become an increasingly popular method for analysis of gene expression. It allows for expression analysis from intact tissues and monitoring of protein synthesis in vivo. However, while its utility has been assessed, technical aspects related to sequencing of these samples, often starting with a smaller amount of RNA, have not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the performance of five library prep protocols for ribosome-associated mRNAs when only 250 pg-4 ng of total RNA are used. We obtained total and RiboTag-IP RNA, in three biological replicates. We compared 5 methods of library preparation for Illumina Next Generation sequencing: NuGEN Ovation RNA-Seq system V2 Kit, TaKaRa SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit, TaKaRa SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit, Illumina TruSeq RNA Library Prep Kit v2 and NEBNext® Ultra™ Directional RNA Library Prep Kit using slightly modified protocols each with 4 ng of total RNA. An additional set of samples was processed using the TruSeq kit with 70 ng, as a ‘gold standard’ control and the SMART-Seq v4 with 250 pg of total RNA. TruSeq-processed samples had the best metrics overall, with similar results for the 4 ng and 70 ng samples. The results of the SMART-Seq v4 processed samples were similar to TruSeq (Spearman correlation > 0.8) despite using lower amount of input RNA. All RiboTag-IP samples had an increase in the intronic reads compared with the corresponding whole tissue, suggesting that the IP captures some immature mRNAs. The SMARTer-processed samples had a higher representation of ribosomal and non-coding RNAs leading to lower representation of protein coding mRNA. The enrichment or depletion of IP samples compared to corresponding input RNA was similar across all kits except for SMARTer kit. RiboTag-seq can be performed successfully with as little as 250 pg of total RNA when using the SMART-Seq v4 kit and 4 ng when using the modified protocols of other library preparation kits. The SMART-Seq v4 and TruSeq kits resulted in the highest quality libraries. RiboTag IP RNA contains some immature transcripts.
Revision adult spinal deformity surgery: Does the number of previous operations have a negative impact on outcome?

To study the effect of the number of previous operations on the outcome of revision adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. One hundred and thirty-seven consecutive patients who underwent revision ASD surgery were classified as follows: those who had one previous operation (group 1), had two previous operations (group 2) and had three or more previous operations (group 3). Perioperative complications and additional surgeries were reviewed. Back pain, leg pain, ODI scores and radiographic measurements were obtained. Preoperatively, the patients in group 3 had worse ODI (60.0 vs. 48.1 and 47.9, p 0.05). At mean 30-month follow-up, the additional surgery rates were 7.8, 17.8 and 22.0%, respectively (p = 0.07). The patients in all groups had improved back pain, leg pain and ODI scores. The net improvements on back pain, leg pain and ODI were not statistically different between the groups. Revision ASD patients who had two or more previous operations present with more coronal and sagittal imbalance and worse functional status. Patients who had three or more previous operations have relatively higher reoperation rate but similar perioperative complication rate and similar clinic improvements. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Extracellular vesicles from Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lymphoma induce long-term endothelial cell reprogramming

Extracellular signaling is a mechanism that higher eukaryotes have evolved to facilitate organismal homeostasis. Recent years have seen an emerging interest in the role of secreted microvesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EV) or exosomes in this signaling network. EV contents can be modified by the cell in response to stimuli, allowing them to relay information to neighboring cells, influencing their physiology. Here we show that the tumor virus Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijacks this signaling pathway to induce cell proliferation, migration, and transcriptome reprogramming in cells not infected with the virus. KSHV-EV activates the canonical MEK/ERK pathway, while not alerting innate immune regulators, allowing the virus to exert these changes without cellular pathogen recognition. Collectively, we propose that KSHV establishes a niche favorable for viral spread and cell transformation through cell-derived vesicles, all while avoiding detection.
Quadriceps tendinopathy: a review-part 1: epidemiology and diagnosis.

Overuse injuries of the extensor mechanism of the knee are common in both athletes and non-athletes and usually occur during activities associated with repetitive loading, stress, and knee extension. Historically, they have been labeled as Jumper’s knee due to the high prevalence seen in the athletic community. In many published reports, the name “patellar tendinopathy” is used to describe this disorder of the quadriceps tendon at the patellar insertion, and the names are often used interchangeably. Numerous reports have been published describing extensor mechanism injuries in athletes, but there is a paucity of studies that focus on quadriceps tendinopathy. In addition, there is no universally accepted classification system for tendon pathology. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive literature review of these studies. This review consists of 2 parts. In the first part we review: (I) epidemiology and (II) diagnosis of quadriceps tendinopathy in the athlete as well as the general population. In the second part we discuss: (I) classification; (II) prognosis; and (III) treatment results.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus with Primary Presentation of Psychiatric Disturbance: Case Report

Background and Objective Progressive impairment of cognitive function is a common feature seen in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Along with cognitive decline, many of the other classic symptoms of NPH are chronic and rarely present with overwhelming anxiety. We report the case of a 63-year-old man who presented with recent primary psychiatric manifestation of severe disabling anxiety and otherwise a minimal change in gait and no urinary disturbance. Clinical Presentation The patient's work-up consisted of magnetic resonance imaging that showed moderate ventriculomegaly but no findings concerning for acute obstructive hydrocephalus. A single-photon emission computed tomography scan was markedly abnormal with severe hypoperfusion consistent with hydrocephalus. Initially shunting was not advised but was eventually performed after a dramatic response to a large-volume lumbar puncture. After considerable discussion, he underwent elective ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and had dramatic and sustained improvement in his anxiety. Conclusion We believe this case report is a unique description of NPH symptomology and might guide future research or clinical decision making.
Linking large-scale circulation patterns to low-cloud properties

Abstract. The North Pacific High (NPH) is a fundamental meteorological feature present during the boreal warm season. Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds, which are persistent in this oceanic region, are influenced directly by the NPH. In this study, we combine 11 years of reanalysis and an unsupervised machine learning technique to examine the gamut of 850 hPa synoptic-scale circulation patterns. This approach reveals two distinguishable regimes – a dominant NPH setup and a land-falling cyclone – and in between a spectrum of large-scale patterns. We then use satellite retrievals to elucidate for the first time the explicit dependence of MBL cloud properties (namely cloud droplet number concentration, liquid water path, and shortwave cloud radiative effect – CRE SW ) on 850 hPa circulation patterns over the northeast Pacific Ocean. We find that CRE SW spans from −146.8 to −115.5 W m−2 , indicating that the range of observed MBL cloud properties must be accounted for in global and regional climate models. Our results demonstrate the value of combining reanalysis and satellite retrievals to help clarify the relationship between synoptic-scale dynamics and cloud physics.
Brain activation patterns of female multiple sclerosis patients with voiding dysfunction

AIMS We compared brain activation patterns between female multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with voiding dysfunction (VD) and those without. We aim to expand current knowledge of supraspinal correlates of voiding initiation within a cohort of female MS patients with and without VD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight ambulatory female MS patients with stable disease and lower urinary tract dysfunction were recruited for this study. Subjects were divided into group 1, without VD (n = 14), and group 2, with VD (n = 14), defined as postvoid residual urine of ≥40% of maximum cystometric capacity or need for self-catheterization. We recorded brain activity via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous urodynamic testing. Average fMRI activation maps (the Student t test) were created for both groups, and areas of significant activation were identified (P < .05). A priori regions of interest (ROIs), identified by prior meta-analysis to be involved in voiding, were selected. RESULTS Group-averaged blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation maps demonstrated significant differences between groups 1 and 2 during initiation of voiding with group 2 showing significantly lower levels of activation in all ROIs except for the left cerebellum and right cingulate gyrus. Interestingly, group 2 displayed negative BOLD signals, while group 1 displayed positive signals in the right and left pontine micturition center, right periaqueductal gray, left thalamus, and left cingulate gyrus. The activation map of group 1 was similar to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that distinct supraspinal activation patterns exist between female MS patients with VD and those without.
Stability of acute responses to drugs in humans across repeated testing: Findings with alcohol and amphetamine.

Abstract Background Controlled drug challenge studies provide valuable information about the acute behavioral effects of drugs, including individual differences that may affect risk for abuse. One question that arises in such studies is whether a single administration of a drug (and placebo) provides an accurate measure of response to the drug. Methods Here, we examined data from two studies, one with alcohol and one with amphetamine, in which participants received two administrations of the drug and placebo. In this analysis we assess the stability of acute subjective and cardiovascular responses to the drugs across the two administrations. We examine i) systematic increases or decreases to the drugs from the first to the second administration, ii) test-retest reliability within individuals and iii) the accuracy of the acute drug responses to predict drug choice in a later session. Results Responses were largely stable across sessions, although on the second session amphetamine “liking” was higher, and subjective responses to placebo including “liking” and “want more” decreased in both studies. Test-retest reliability within individuals was high. Responses during the first drug administration were as accurate in predicting drug choice as responses during both administrations combined. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a single administration of drug (and placebo) provides a good index of an individual’s responses to alcohol or amphetamine, when participants are tested under controlled experimental conditions.
Salary History Bans and Wage Bargaining: Experimental Evidence

Abstract Motivated by recently passed laws in the United States banning inquiries about salary history, this experiment examines the impact of information about a player’s outside option in bargaining. The policy intention is studied by comparing private information to perfect information. Since the laws do not prevent voluntary revelation of salaries, a third treatment examines the impact of adding a truthful revelation choice by the informed party. I find that the signaling value of revelation decisions undermines the benefits of private information. A fourth treatment allows for outside options to be misrepresented. Overall, results suggest that these laws may not work as well as intended.
Diagnostic Utility of Platelet Count/Lymphocyte Count Ratio and Platelet Count/Mean Platelet Volume Ratio in Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Diagnosing a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be challenging and often requires a combination of clinical and laboratory findings. Monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and platelet/mean platelet volume ratio (PVR) are simple predictors for inflammation that can be readily obtained from complete blood count. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of these markers in predicting PJI in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Methods A total of 538 patients who underwent revision TKA with calculable marker ratios prerevision in 2 groups were evaluated: (1) 206 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of PJI (group I) and (2) 332 patients treated for revision TKA for aseptic failures (group II). The diagnostic abilities of the markers were assessed via receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Results The optimal threshold of PVR at 30.82 had the highest sensitivity of 87.7%, while the optimal threshold of PLR at 234.13 had the highest specificity of 82.5%. Both PLR and PVR, when combined with Musculoskeletal Infection Society thresholds for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, synovial WBC, and PMN%, achieve significantly higher sensitivity and specificity rates for PJI at or above 97% (PLR: 99.03%; 98.80%; PVR: 98.54%;97.89%). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that PVR and PLR, which are readily available and inexpensive to obtain from complete blood counts, when combined with serum and synovial fluid markers have increased sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of alpha defensin. This suggests that PVR and PLR can be used together with other hematologic and aspirate markers to increase the accuracy of PJI diagnosis in TKA patients.
Micromanipulation of prophase I chromosomes from mouse spermatocytes reveals high stiffness and gel-like chromatin organization

Meiosis produces four haploid cells after two successive divisions in sexually reproducing organisms. A critical event during meiosis is construction of the synaptonemal complex (SC), a large, protein-based bridge that physically links homologous chromosomes. The SC facilitates meiotic recombination, chromosome compaction, and the eventual separation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I. We present experiments directly measuring physical properties of captured mammalian meiotic prophase I chromosomes. Mouse meiotic chromosomes are about ten-fold stiffer than somatic mitotic chromosomes, even for genetic mutants lacking SYCP1, the central element of the SC. Meiotic chromosomes dissolve when treated with nucleases, but only weaken when treated with proteases, suggesting that the SC is not rigidly connected, and that meiotic prophase I chromosomes are a gel meshwork of chromatin, similar to mitotic chromosomes. These results are consistent with a liquid- or liquid-crystal SC, but with SC-chromatin stiff enough to mechanically drive crossover interference.
Community detection in spatial correlation graphs: Application to non-stationary ground motion modeling

Abstract In this paper, we propose a community detection method to find regions in spatial data with higher correlations. We construct a ‘correlation deviation graph’ that considers the influence of global correlation caused by the node's geographical location. We compare the performance of the correlation deviation graph to conventional correlation graph construction approaches for community detection, using synthetic data, and show that the proposed method has the best performance in the presence of a global correlation structure. We also compare the performance of signed spectral clustering and the signed Louvain algorithm for community detection on the correlation graphs, and find that the signed spectral clustering algorithm performs best. We apply our algorithms to simulated earthquake ground motion data in the Los Angeles region. The results suggest that communities of high correlation in ground shaking tend to be associated with common geological conditions and relative location along the rupture strike direction.
Examining Special Education on Social and Academic Outcomes

The article investigates how a change in educational status from general education to special education is associated with students’ social confidence and academic outcomes. This study uses longitu...
The AMIGO1 adhesion protein modulates movement of Kv2.1 voltage sensors

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels sense voltage and facilitate transmembrane flow of K+ to control the electrical excitability of cells. The Kv2.1 channel subtype is abundant in most brain neurons and its conductance is critical for homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability. Many forms of regulation modulate Kv2.1 conductance, yet the biophysical mechanisms through which the conductance is modulated are unknown. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which the neuronal adhesion protein AMIGO1 modulates Kv2.1 channels. With voltage clamp recordings and spectroscopy of heterologously expressed Kv2.1 and AMIGO1 in mammalian cell lines, we show that AMIGO1 modulates Kv2.1 voltage sensor movement to change Kv2.1 conductance. AMIGO1 speeds early voltage sensor movements and shifts the gating charge-voltage relationship to more negative voltages. Fluorescence measurements from voltage sensor toxins bound to Kv2.1 indicate that the voltage sensors enter their earliest resting conformation, yet this conformation is less stable upon voltage stimulation. We conclude that AMIGO1 modulates the Kv2.1 conductance activation pathway by destabilizing the earliest resting state of the voltage sensors.
Displacement velocity control of a mechanised welding system by low-cost state feedback controller

Since welding is one of the most harmful activities in industry, robots and mechanised systems in this process are widely used. As a result, researches about autonomous and semi-autonomous welding systems become extremely important in the quest to reduce losses and improve welding quality. This paper contributes to the velocity control of the displacement module of a linear semi-autonomous welding mechanised system. We propose to use a pole placement control (PPC), which has a simple structure state feedback controller based on poles allocation, which can be applied on low-cost control platforms and use a reduced set of sensors. Experimental results, tested on a Bug-O Modular Drive System, are presented to discuss the feasibility of the proposed control strategy.
Treatment Burden in People with Hypertension is Correlated with Patient Experience with Self-Management.

Introduction New hypertension guidelines in the United States may require more people to take multiple medications or implement lifestyle changes. Increased treatment burden may be an unintended consequence and lead to worse health outcomes. Our study examined whether treatment burden is associated with factors related to self-management in those with hypertension. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional mailed survey of patients from 2 medical centers in Minnesota. Participants with 2 or more medical conditions completed the Patient Experience with Treatment and Self-management (PETS), a validated treatment burden questionnaire, as well as measures of confidence in self-management ability, health literacy, health care-related financial difficulties, and perception of provider interpersonal skills. We used partial correlation analyses, controlling for age, sex, race, and education, to test relationships among study variables. Results Of 254 respondents who had a diagnosis of hypertension, 54% were female, 74% were non-Hispanic White, and the mean age was 67 years. People with hypertension who reported having lower confidence in self-management ability, lower health literacy, more financial difficulties, and health care providers with poorer interpersonal skills reported higher treatment burden scores (PETS scales correlation magnitude range 0.09 to 0.62, P Discussion Hypertension treatment guideline stringent blood pressure criteria may lead to more interventions-medical or lifestyle-creating strains on populations already challenged by abstract disease self-management and at risk of experiencing disparities in cardiovascular health outcomes.
Perceptual biases in affirmative disclosures in print ads

Abstract This study examines the effect of positive and negative affirmative disclosures on the evaluation of the lawyer in a print ad for legal services. The results indicate a positivity bias for ability-related judgments when positively stated disclosures are presented, and a negativity bias for ethics related judgments when negatively stated disclosures are presented. These results are discussed for both the practical implications on affirmative disclosures and the public policy implications of mandated disclosures in advertising of legal services.
Neutron irradiation effects on carbon and graphite cloths and fibers

A series of cloth and fiber samples were irradiated to fluences of 3.5, 7.3, and 10 x 10/sup 21/ cm/sup -2/ at 470/sup 0/C. Dimensional changes of the fibers in the radial direction ranged from -19% to +33% and in the axial direction from -18% to -27%, roughly ten times greater than dimensional changes found for typical nuclear graphites. Despite these large dimensional changes, all but one of the 2-dimensional cloths remained essentially unchanged in overall physical appearance. The 3-dimensional cloths, on the other hand, deteriorated apparently because these types of weaves were less able to accommodate the large axial fiber shrinkages.
Helium Flows at Ultra-High Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers: Opportunities and Challenges

The use of helium as a working fluid enables the generation of flows at ultrahigh Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Such flows create new opportunities for hydrodynamic testing and turbulence research. On the other hand, there are uncertainties to be overcome before helium can be used with familiarity, ease and confidence. This paper reviews some relevant considerations and discusses opportunities and challenges ahead.
Renewable Resource Management with Alternative Sources: the Case of Multiple Aquifers and a "Backstop" Resource

While renewable resource economics is typically confined to one source and one aggregate demand, resource managers must often decide how to manage multiple sources of a resource simultaneously. In addition, studies of extraction sequencing are typically confined to non-renewable resources. We propose a dynamic optimization model to determine the efficient allocation of groundwater when two coastal aquifers are available for exploitation. We find that Herfindahl’s least-cost-first result for nonrenewable resources does not necessarily apply to renewable resources, even when there is only one demand. Along the optimal trajectory extraction may switch from single to simultaneous use, depending on how the marginal opportunity cost of each resource evolves over time. A numerical simulation for the South Oahu aquifer system, which allows for differentiation of users by elevation and hence distribution costs, illustrates the switching behavior.
Collective Violence and the Agrarian Origins of South African Apartheid, 1900-1948

Part I. The Ashes of Defeat: 1. Introduction 2. The etiology of guerrilla organization in the western Transvaal, July 1900 to December 1902 3. Peonage or empire?: the reconstruction of white supremacy 4. Milnerism, the Chinese labor experiment, and the advent of Het Volk Part II. Sidestepping the King's Writ: 5. Ministering to the dry bones of white supremacy: from union and the 1913 Natives Land Act to the 1914 rebellion 6. A glass brimming over: the failed 1914 rebellion in Rustenburg and Marico 7. Turbulent cities, smoldering countryside, 1914-22 8. After the rebellion, before the pact, 1919-24 Part III. A Hoofdliere or Boere Republic?: 9. The pact, the depression, and the stillborn republic, 1924-33 10. A thousand little Hoofdlier, 1934-48 Epilogue.
Experimental autoallergic sialadenitis in the LEW rat. III. Role of CD4+ T cells in EAS induction.

Abstract Experimental autoallergic sialadenitis (EAS) in the LEW rat is an induced autoimmune disease of the salivary tissues. EAS is characterized by a lymphocytic infiltration that consists of both CD4 + (helper/inducer T-cell subset) and CD8 + (cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell subset) T cells and results in the immune-mediated destruction of the exocrine salivary glands. To investigate the role that each of the T-cell subsets may have in the pathogenesis of EAS, LEW rats sensitized with WF SMG homogenate were injected with monoclonal antibodies to deplete or inactivate, in vivo , the CD4, CD5 (OX19; pan T lymphocyte), CD8, or RT6 (70% of peripheral T cells) T-cell populations. Treatment with the OX8 (CD8), OX19 (CD5), or W 3 25 (CD4) only partially reduced in vivo the respective splenic or lymph node T-cell subsets when analyzed on Day 14, while treatment with DS4.23 (anti-RT6) resulted in greater than 95% depletion of RT6 + spleen and lymph node T cells. EAS incidence and severity was significantly reduced in the W 3 25 (CD4) treatment group (11% incidence rate; histologic score 1.0) as compared to medium-injected controls (88% incidence rate; histologic score 2.9). Although the incidence and severity of EAS in the OX19 (71%; histologic score 1.7), OX8 (55%; histologic score 1.7), and RT6 (67%; histologic score 1.6) treatment groups appeared decreased, the reduction was not statistically significant. These results provide evidence that CD4 + T cells have an important role in EAS induction and demonstrate that in vivo treatment with anti-CD4 can ameliorate and/or prevent EAS in the LEW rat.
Managing and Disciplining Diversity: The Politics of Conditional Belonging in a Catalonian Institut

This article traces the ways in which notions of diversity inhered in educational policies and practices to mediate the everyday schooling realities of immigrant youth in a Catalonian public secondary school. Diversity, even as it was celebrated and shrouded in liberal appeals to tolerance and cosmopolitanism, was also something requiring management. Diversity discourses produced and marked immigrant youth in disciplining ways, reinscribing narrow notions of difference that ultimately delimited the school's available approaches for addressing diversity.
Acute ingestion of dietary nitrate increases muscle blood flow via local vasodilation during exercise in young adults (705.9)

Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation with beetroot juice (BR) can reduce the O2 cost of submaximal exercise and increase exercise tolerance. NO3- is converted to nitrite and can be reduced to the...
Introducing the Situational Q-sort to Crisis Practice and Research: Exploring best practices and implications

Crisis communicators face many obstacles while engaging with impacted audiences during a crisis. Communicators must determine when, how, and where to disseminate effective crisis messages. Most research on crisis communication message strategies has involved experiments, content analysis of published media (traditional and social) through monitoring platforms, interviews, and questionnaires. However, the recently developed Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ; Funder et al., 2012; Sherman, Nave, & Funder, 2010) provides a novel method for quantifying subjective impressions of any situation. The RSQ as a methodology provides a window of opportunity for researchers as well as an effective tool for practitioners for determining what messages are most effective for a given situation. This paper provides an overview of the crisis communication methodologies already implemented, discussion related to preliminary results using the RSQ (Freberg, Saling, & Freberg, 2013), and best practices and implications for practitioners and researchers to note when implementing this method in their crisis message strategies.
Macrophage cell cycling: influence of proliferative state on the antibody-mediated activities of rat resident peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract Countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) was used to isolate fractions of rat resident peritoneal macrophages that were enriched in different phases of the cell cycle. The purpose was to assess the influence of the proliferative status of these cells on their antibody-mediated phagocytic activity. Autoradiographic analysis of the resident peritoneal cell population isolated 1 hr after an intravenous injection of [ 3 H] thymidine showed that about 3% of the macrophages were in S-phase of the cell cycle. CCE yielded fractions of macrophages in which the proportions of S-phase cells ranged from 0% to about 10%. Results of flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodine-stained cells were consistent with the autoradiographic findings. Essentially all of the macrophages in the CCE fractions ingested antibody-coated particles, but there were marked differences in phagocytic capacity and in expression of Fc-receptors among discrete groups of cells. CCE fractions with the smallest cells and no S-phase macrophages ingested approximately six- to eightfold fewer particles than did macrophages from CCE fractions with the largest cells and enriched in S-phase macrophages. Similarly, smaller macrophages bound fewer antibody-coated particles than did larger macrophages. These results, which are identical to those previously reported for murine macrophage cell lines, show that the number of Fc-receptors and the phagocytic capacity of cycling resident peritoneal macrophages increase as the cells progress from Gl to G2. Thus, the proliferative state of macrophages does not determine whether they are phagocytic but rather their phagocytic capacity.
On the positivity of the second variation in finite elasticity

where f is a vector-valued function on a bounded open domain O (1%" that satisfies f = d (d given) on a portion of the boundary 9 . Here (Vf) e = OfffSxj, i , j = 1, 2, . . . , n. I f f is a sufficiently smooth solution of the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations, then a further necessary condition for it to be a weak relative minimizer (a local minimizer in the Cx(~) topology) is that the second variation of I at f be nonnegative2'3; i.e., ~IAu) := f Vu. G[Vu] _> o I2
EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS, ABSCISIC ACID, AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON FLOWER PRODUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CLEISTOGAMOUS SPECIES COLLOMIA GRANDIFLORA DOUGL. EX LINDL. (POLEMONIACEAE)'

A B S T R A C T The effects of water stress, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) on flower production and differentiation by Collomia grandiflora were investigated. An untreated plant typically produced both small, closed cleistogamous (CL) and large, open chasmogamous (CH) flowers. The larger corolla of CH flowers was due to a greater cell number and size. When plants were water-stressed or sprayed with ABA, both the percentage of CH flowers and the total number of flowers were reduced significantly. The corolla dimensions and epidermal cell numbers and sizes of CL flowers produced by water-stressed and ABA-sprayed plants did not differ from those of CL flowers produced by control plants. Application of GA3 to both well-watered and water-stressed plants significantly increased the percentage of CH flowers formed compared to well-watered controls. In the absence of GA3, water-stressed plants produced almost entirely CL flowers. GA3-sprayed plants produced CH flowers whose corolla dimensions were intermediate between those of CL and CH flowers formed by control plants. Epidermal cells of these intermediate corollas were reduced only in number and not in size when compared to control CH flowers. Endogenous levels of ABA and gibberellins may control the type of flower produced by C. grandiflora and may mediate some of the observable effects of water stress on flowering.
Endotracheal Intubation in Awake Versus Sedated Premature Infants: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Endotracheal Intubation in Awake Versus Sedated Premature Infants: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Special partially balanced incomplete block designs and associated graphs

This paper treats a class of combinatorial designs which are essentially partially balanced incomplete block designs with two associate classes and with the additional feature that there are constants s and t so that for any treatment-block pair (x, B), the number of first associates of x in the block B is s or t depending on whether x @e B or x @? B. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions that a P.B.I.B.D. should have this feature and obtain generalizations of earlier results on triangular and L"2 (n) P.B.I.B.D.'s. Finally, we consider two graphs naturally associated with quasi symmetric P.B.I.B.D.'s having this special feature determine their spectra, and investigate the conditions under which they are strongly regular.
Flow structures in sandstone dikes

Abstract A large swarm of sandstone dikes (about 150) crops out in the northwestern part of Sacramento Valley, California. Most dikes are massive medium-grained sandstones and have no readily apparent internal structures; some, however, contain a wide variety of structures, some of which strongly resemble certain common primary sedimentary structures. In many dikes tabular grains have a preferred orientation of planar elements parallel with the dike walls; in some dikes this fabric gives the dike rock a well-developed cleavage parallel with their contacts. Some dikes are layered parallel to their margins; individual layers are well-defined and vary in grain size. Some layers are graded perpendicular to the dike walls; others have structures somewhat resembling cross-bedding. On the boundaries between certain layers are a variety of structures somewhat resembling flute casts, groove casts, and ripple marks. Although difficult to account for individually, the internal structures are interpreted as flow structures produced when water-charged sediment was forcefully injected into tension cracks as they opened. Most linear structures are oriented vertically or nearly so within the dikes, but they do not indicate whether intrusion was from above or below.
Approaching Suicide as a Public Health Issue

In this issue, Tsai and colleagues present the results of a longitudinal cohort study of men that examined the relationship of social integration and suicide. The editorialist discusses the study a...
Reward dominance among children with disruptive behavior disorders

Investigated was a deficit in avoidance learning in situations of competing rewards and punishments in boys with behavior disorders. This learning style has been found to differentiate adults with psychopathy and controls and has been labeled “reward dominance.” The present study investigated the reward dominance paradigm in a group of 9- to 13-year-old boys with disruptive behavior disorders (N=21) and a normal control group (N=22). Subjects played four computer games programmed to provide the subject with a steadily decreasing ratio of rewards to punishments. Although the groups did not differ initially on the number of trials played, significant group differences emerged when measures of anxiety were included in the analysis. That is, boys with disruptive behavior disorders played more trials (reward dominance) only when the effect of anxiety was controlled. These findings are consistent with Gray's biobehavioral theory of personality and are also consistent with research indicating that anxiety is an important marker for a distinct subgroup of children with behavior problems.