cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition

In the United States, women have long held the right to vote and can participate fully in the political process, and yet they are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. Worldwide, men's dominance in the realm of politics has also been the norm. To date, scholars have focused on supply-side and demand-side explanations of women's underrepresentation but differences in how men and women assess electoral risk (the risk involved in seeking political office) are not fully explained. To fill this gap, I explore how evolutionary theory offers insights into gendered differences in political ambition and the evaluation of electoral risk. Using the framework of life-history theory, I hypothesize that both cognitive and environmental factors in human evolution, particularly as they relate to sexual selection and social roles, have shaped the psychology of ambition in gendered ways affecting contemporary politics. Cognitive risk-assessment mechanisms evolving in the hominid line came to be expressed differently in females and males, in women and men. These gendered expressions plausibly reflect differentiable environmental pressures in the past and may help explain behaviors in and barriers to women’s electoral political activity in the present. If so, then the success of efforts to increase such activity — or, regressively, to suppress it — may be better understood.
Hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance lung imaging of non-sedated infants and young children: a proof-of-concept study.

Abstract Purpose To develop and evaluate a protocol for hyperpolarized helium-3 (HHe) ventilation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs of non-sedated infants and children. Materials and methods HHe ventilation MRI was performed on seven children ≤ 4 years old. Contiguous 2D–spiral helium-3 images were acquired sequentially with a scan time of ≤ 0.2 s/slice. Results Motion-artifact–free, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) images of lung ventilation were obtained. Gas was homogeneously distributed in healthy individuals; focal ventilation defects were found in patients with respiratory diseases. Conclusion HHe ventilation MRI can aid assessment of pediatric lung disease even at a young age.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL : VI. COCCOBACILLIFORM BODIES IN BIRDS INFECTED WITH THE CORYZA OF SLOW ONSET.

Minute coccobacilliform bodies have regularly been found in the nasal exudate of fowl infected both by injection and by contact with the coryza of slow onset. These bodies are commonly less than 0.5µ in diameter and are predominantly extracellular. They have consistently failed to grow in artificial media. They are held back by Berkefeld V filters which are impermeable to Hemophilus gallinarum but may pass through filters which are permeable to the test organism. The coccoid bodies are morphologically similar to a cultivable non-infective bacterium which may occasionally be isolated from exudate of the infected fowls.
Costs and impacts of potential energy strategies for rural households in developing communities

Abstract There are a variety of technologies that can help alleviate the energy poverty facing nearly 40% of the world's population today. Yet the most effective among a variety of options is often not clear due to the range of outcomes desired by various stakeholders, constraints imposed by the local conditions and needs, and factors dictating the application and use of these devices. To better understand and anticipate the differences between potential strategies, this article uses a multi-objective probabilistic system model previously developed by the authors to compare the baseline situation in a well-characterized village in Mali to six common single technologies including improved, advanced, communal, and LPG cookstoves; and solar water heating and lighting systems. An integrated strategy was also investigated. Outcomes in terms of energy access and use, health and climate impacts, economic costs and benefits, and quality of life were compared. Results showed that no single technology could optimally address all objectives simultaneously, and that objectives were often conflicting. An integrated approach that seeks to build upon the natural user tendencies to “stack” the fuels and devices that are most convenient and affordable for each task was found to produce the most significant impacts in all areas.
Can Rotational Grouping Be Determined by the Initial Conditions

Objects rotating in depth with an ambiguous rotation direction frequently appear to rotate together. Corotation is especially strong when the objects are interpretable as having a shared axis. We manipulated the initial conditions of the experiment by having pairs of objects initially appear to be unambiguous, and then make either a sudden or gradual transition to ambiguous spin. We find that in neither case do coaxial counter-rotating objects persist in being perceived as counter-rotating. This implies that the perceptual constraint that favors coaxial corotation overrides the initial perceptual state of the objects.
Self-report measure as a useful tool to identify prenatal substance use and predict adverse birth outcomes

ObjectivesThe purpose of the current study was to examine whether a self-report measure identifies prenatal substance use and predicts resulting adverse birth outcomes in a large cohort using elect...
Safety and efficacy of fosaprepitant in pediatric patients for prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.

e22023Background: Aprepitant is an antiemetic that antagonizes the substance P neurokinin-1 receptor. Fosaprepitant is an intravenous prodrug of aprepitant and is FDA-approved for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in adults. Although the FDA extended approval of oral aprepitant to children and adolescents for CINV, pediatric patients have challenges obtaining aprepitant due to insurance or have difficulty taking oral medications during chemotherapy. Fosaprepitant is a logical alternative but data are lacking for safe and effective dosing in children. In 2015, fosaprepitant was added to our hospital formulary for pediatric patients receiving moderate to highly emetogenic chemotherapy. The fosaprepitant dose established was 150mg for weight ≥30kg or 3mg/kg/dose for < 30kg. There is also potential for overall cost savings to our institution. Fosaprepitant is about half the cost of aprepitant using equivalent adult doses. Methods: This retrospective chart review was considered ...
Transcarotid artery stenting for carotid artery pseudoaneurysm using flow reversal technique

Abstract Carotid artery pseudoaneurysm results mostly from direct trauma, prior endarterectomy, prior dissection, radiation, and infections. There are many different surgical and endovascular treatment options for repair, and the choice of treatment depends on patient-, surgeon-, and institute-related factors. Studies have reported the efficacy of various endovascular techniques for aneurysm repair, including stent graft placement and coil embolization, with promising short- and long-term outcomes. In this report, we describe two cases of carotid artery pseudoaneurysm (after trauma and after carotid endarterectomy) treated successfully through transcarotid artery stenting using the flow reversal technique to minimize the risk of embolization and stroke.
Comparisons of Foraging Behavior and Energetics by Great Egrets (Ardea alba) and Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) Across Three Microhabitats

Long-legged wading birds (Family Ardeidae) feed in a variety of aquatic microhabitats, all of which have the potential to alter foraging behavior based upon different abiotic and biotic factors such as the energetic value of the prey present. Foraging behavior in three microhabitats was measured for Great Egrets (Ardea alba) and Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) from May-August 2017. For both species, we completed six hours of observations in rivers, ponds, and weirs (small waterfalls). We recorded strike rates and capture rates per minute, and prey lengths relative to culmen length. Foraging efficiencies were then calculated, which we defined as successful strikes divided by total strikes. Lengths, weights, and energetic values were estimated for all captured prey. Snowy Egrets (55%) had higher overall foraging efficiencies than Great Egrets (48%). Foraging success for both species also differed by microhabitat. Snowy Egrets had significantly higher foraging efficiencies than Great Egrets in rivers and weirs, but not in ponds. There were also significant differences in strike rates, capture rates, and prey sizes both by microhabitat and between species. Both species had the highest foraging efficiency at weirs. Snowy Egrets had higher strike rates and capture rates than Great Egrets in all three microhabitats. However, Great Egrets caught fish in all three microhabitats that were higher energetic value than those caught by Snowy Egrets. Aggression rates at weirs were about three times higher than at both rivers and ponds.
Syntheses of Polymeric Azo Dyes of Pyrazolone Series

To investigate polymeric dyes having excellent bleeding resistance and light fastness, polymeric azo dyes of pyrazolone series were prepared from homopolymerization of 4-arylazo-3- methyl-1 –[p- (methacrylamido) phenyl] - 2-pyrazolin- 5-one in which the aromatic moieties are C6H5, p-CH3C6H4, m-CH3C6H4, p-CH3OC6H4, m-CH3OC6H4, p-CLC6H4, m-CLC6H4, p-NO2C6H4, m-NO2C6H4,p-(CH3)2NC6H4. It was proved from GPC analysis that the polymeric azo dyes are made of molecules of oligomeric range, and it was estimated from IR and NMR spectra that the polymeric as well as monomeric azo dyes are present as a hydrazone form. The comparison of light fastness of the polymeric and monomeric azo dyes was carried out in MMA resin cast film. Appreciable difference in light fastness between the polymeric and corresponding monomeric azo dye was not observed.
Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy: Role of endoscope diameter and systemic sedation

The impact of endoscope diameter and the presence of systemic sedation on the cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy was investigated. One hundred and forty-six patients undergoing elective esophagogastroduodenoscopy were randomly assigned to one of three groups which differed in either endoscope diameter or use of sedation: group 1 (8.5-mm endoscope with no sedation), group 2 (8.5-mm endoscope with diazepam), and group 3 (11.5-mm endoscope with diazepam). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was tolerated best by group 2, and this group had the fewest electrocardiographic changes observed on a Holter recording during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The incidence of electrocardiographic changes during esophagogastroduodenoscopy correlated with patient tolerance (p less than 0.001) and the use of the smaller endoscope (p less than 0.05). The most common arrhythmia was sinus tachycardia (49 patients), but more serious electrocardiographic changes were observed in 21 patients. Serious arrhythmias were more common in patients with a prior history of cardiovascular disease compared with patients with no such history (30% vs. 6%, p less than 0.001). Arterial oxygen desaturation (measured by ear oximetry) during intubation and esophagogastroduodenoscopy was usually modest (2%-5%). However, 16 patients receiving diazepam experienced high levels of desaturation exceeding 7%; this small group of patients also experienced more electrocardiographic changes than other patients. The use of diazepam sedation and an 8.5-mm endoscope may offer the safest and most comfortable combination for most patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Diazepam sedation, however, may represent a potential danger to a small number of patients with marginal baseline arterial saturation.
[(H2O)Zn(Imidazole)n]2+: the vital roles of coordination number and geometry in Zn-OH2 acidity and catalytic hydrolysis.

The Zn(II)–(Imidazole(ate))n coordination motif occurs in numerous biochemical systems, including carbonic anhydrase and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Additionally, it has been used in synthetic materials, such as the zinc-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) structures. Zinc centers in these systems typically act as Lewis acids that form complexes with small molecules, such as H2O, which is activated catalytically toward a number of important and useful hydrolysis reactions. The results reported herein from density functional theory (M05-2X) and ab initio (MP2 and CCSD(T)) calculations demonstrate that both the coordination number and the molecular geometry have a sizable impact on the binding strength, deprotonation energy, and acidity of the Zn(II) coordinated water. Through a series of quantum mechanical calculations on [(ImH)nZn–OH2]2+ complexes (n = 1–5), both the solution-phase pKa and the gas-phase proton dissociation energy significantly increase as n increases. While this should not be too surprising, the Zn–OH2 bond dissociation energies and bond lengths don’t necessarily undergo a concurrent decrease, and therefore would be of limited use as a prediction tool regarding Zn–OH2 acidity. In an effort to dissect the impacts of coordination number and molecular geometry on these thermodynamic parameters, we performed constrained geometry optimizations on the three- (n = 2) and four-coordinate (n = 3) complexes. These calculations surprisingly reveal a marked impact on the pKa and proton dissociation energy of the coordinated water, upon exclusive changes in the Zn(II) coordination geometry, whether in the gas-phase or in aqueous solution. We discuss the relevance of these results to the catalytic peptide hydrolysis mechanism of the MMPs and possible implications for catalytic activity within or on the surfaces of ZIFs.
Synthesis and secretome release by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell spheroids within three‐dimensional collagen hydrogels: Integrating experiments and modelling

Myocardial infarction results in loss of cardiac cell types, inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and fibrotic scar. Transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) is being explored as they could differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells, integrate into host tissue, and enhance resident cell activity. The ability of these cells to restore lost ECM, remodel the inflammatory scar tissue, and repair the injured myocardium remains unexplored. We here elucidated the synthesis and deposition of ECM (e.g., elastin, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, collagen type III, laminin, fibrillin, lysyl oxidase, and nitric oxide synthases), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), and other secretome (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors) in adult human BM-MSC spheroid cultures within three-dimensional collagen gels. The roles of species-specific type I collagen and 5-azacytadine were assessed over a 28-day period. Results revealed that human collagen (but not rat-derived) suppressed MSC proliferation and survival, and MSCs synthesized and released a variety of ECM proteins and secretome over the 28 days. Matrix deposition is at least an order of magnitude lower than their release levels at every time point, most possibly due to elevated MMP levels and interleukins with a concomitant decrease in TIMPs. Matrix synthesis over the 28-day period was fitted to a competitive inhibition form of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the production and decay rates of ECM, MMPs, and TIMPs, along with the kinetic model parameters quantified. Such an integrated experimental and modelling approach would help elucidate the critical roles of various parameters (e.g., cell encapsulation and delivery vehicles) in stem cell-based transplantation therapies.
Clinical Varicocele and Severely Abnormal Semen Analysis in a Couple Considering ART Whose Female Partner Is Over 36 Years Old

Varicoceles are a common finding implicated in male subfertility. These dilated veins of the pampiniform complex are thought to alter the physiology and testicular microenvironment, thus leading to potential testicular dysfunction. While the effect of varicoceles on the testis is well-established, management is not. It is important to be cognizant that while varicoceles only affect the male partner, infertility as a whole involves both the male and female. This complex interplay of the health and well-being of two individuals is challenging. Guidance and management can be particularly challenging when the female partner is of advanced maternal age.
Palladium-Catalyzed Regio-, Enantio-, and Diastereoselective Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopentyl Phosphonates

The palladium-catalyzed unified approach using in situ-generated Phospha-TMM species to synthesize a diverse array of chiral organophosphorus containing carbo- and heterocyclic compounds in a highly regio-, diastereo- (>20:1 dr), and enantioselective (>99% ee) fashion is being disclosed. The present protocol reveals the potential of the deprotonative phospha-TMM strategy for the synthesis of challenging five-membered carbo- and heterocycles, especially those with spirocyclic entities and quaternary asymmetric stereocenters. The choice of the robust chiral diamidophosphite ligand proved to be very crucial for the desired reactivity in the present transformation. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated by multiple transformations such as reductions, oxidations, and alkylations.
Natural History and Long-Term Sequelae of Vertebral Compression Fractures

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are a source of significant disability and pain. It is important for the practitioner to understand the natural history and long-term outcomes following these fractures. This chapter will review the presentation, pain symptoms, physical consequences, disability level, and risk of subsequent fractures following vertebral compression fracture. This will allow the physician to set expectations for their patients and to optimize their medical care, which includes pain control, postural maintenance, and avoidance of subsequent vertebral compression fracture at another vertebral level.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Microglia After Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Mice.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the complex arrangement of glia and neuronal cells in the central nervous system. Microglia, the resident immune cells, survey the cellular milieu under homeos...
DNA break formation induces Scc2/cohesin-dependent recruitment of condensin to meiotic chromosomes

Meiotic chromosome pairing, recombination, and fertility depends on the conserved loop-axis architecture of meiotic chromosomes. This architecture is modulated by condensin, a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex that catalyzes chromatin loop formation. Here, we investigated how condensin is recruited to meiotic chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that double-strand-break (DSB) formation, the initiating event of meiotic recombination, causes condensin redistribution from the nucleolus to DSB hotspots, pericentromeric regions, and axis attachment sites. Hotspot association of condensin correlates weakly with break probability but does not depend on local DSB formation, whereas association with axis sites and pericentromeric regions depends on the Scc2-associated pool of cohesin, another SMC complex. Intriguingly, Scc2 distribution also changes in response to DSB formation. As condensin and Scc2-cohesin both catalyze chromatin loop extrusion, their redistribution upon DSB formation implies a profound change in chromatin loop dynamics that may help promote proper chromosome pairing and DNA repair.
No-Till Farming Systems for Enhancing Soil Water Storage

No-till (NT) management has been a successful soil management practice for many decades due to its ability to increase sustainable agricultural production practices through reduced soil erosion. Utilizing this NT conservation practice helps enhance the sustainability of crop production systems. No-till management practices can also improve soil water storage, which optimizes the use of this critical water resource for plant production. No-till management has been found to improve soil organic carbon, soil water retention, plant available water capacity, soil hydraulic conductivity, and water infiltration in soils, resulting in major improvements with water use efficiency. These improvements in soil properties and processes can translate into a more efficient system for sustainable food, fiber and biofuel production for future generations.
Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature

African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are considered to be three of the most detrimental animal diseases and are currently foreign to the U.S. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens can have tremendous impacts in terms of livestock morbidity and mortality events, production losses, forced trade restrictions, and costs associated with treatment and control. The United States is the world's top producer of beef for domestic and export use and the world's third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products; it has also recently been either the world's largest or second largest exporter of pork and pork products. Understanding the routes of introduction into the United States and the potential economic impact of each pathogen are crucial to (a) allocate resources to prevent routes of introduction that are believed to be more probable, (b) evaluate cost and efficacy of control methods and (c) ensure that protections are enacted to minimize impact to the most vulnerable industries. With two scoping literature reviews, pulled from global data, this study assesses the risk posed by each disease in the event of a viral introduction into the United States and illustrates what is known about the economic costs and losses associated with an outbreak.
Emerging investigator series: entrapment of uranium–phosphorus nanocrystals inside root cells of Tamarix plants from a mine waste site

We investigated the mechanisms of uranium (U) uptake by Tamarix (salt cedars) growing along the Rio Paguate, which flows throughout the Jackpile mine near Pueblo de Laguna, New Mexico. Tamarix were selected for this study due to the detection of U in the roots and shoots of field collected plants (0.6-58.9 mg kg-1), presenting an average bioconcentration factor greater than 1. Synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence analyses of plant roots collected from the field indicate that the accumulation of U occurs in the cortex of the root. The mechanisms for U accumulation in the roots of Tamarix were further investigated in controlled-laboratory experiments where living roots of field plants were macerated for 24 h or 2 weeks in a solution containing 100 μM U. The U concentration in the solution decreased 36-59% after 24 h, and 49-65% in two weeks. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses detected U precipitation in the root cell walls near the xylems of the roots, confirming the initial results from the field samples. High-resolution TEM was used to study the U fate inside the root cells, and needle-like U-P nanocrystals, with diameter <7 nm, were found entrapped inside vacuoles in cells. EXAFS shell-by-shell fitting suggest that U is associated with carbon functional groups. The preferable binding of U to the root cell walls may explain the U retention in the roots of Tamarix, followed by U-P crystal precipitation, and pinocytotic active transport and cellular entrapment. This process resulted in a limited translocation of U to the shoots in Tamarix plants. This study contributes to better understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms affecting the U uptake and accumulation by plants growing near contaminated sites.
Metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma: role of metastasectomy and systemic chemotherapy.

Background Metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) has a poor prognosis. Due to its rarity, high-quality data are lacking to guide treatment. This retrospective analysis was conducted to help characterize the treatment options for patients with metastatic SBA while providing clinically meaningful prognostic information. Patients and methods In total, 437 patients who initially presented with or developed metastatic SBA between September 1977 and September 2019 were identified from the MD Anderson Tumor Registry. Clinical data were collected from review of the medical record. Overall response rates (ORR), time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS) were assessed across various treatments and treatment lines. Results The median OS from diagnosis of metastatic disease was 15.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.3-17.9]. Seventy-five patients (17.1%) underwent metastasectomy, which was associated with a median OS of 34.5 versus 17.1 months among patients who received chemotherapy alone (P Conclusions In well-selected patients with SBA, metastasectomy appears to be associated with improved OS. This improvement was seen across metastasectomy sites, including liver, lung and peritoneal. Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) based immunotherapy was active for dMMR SBA but not pMMR SBA. While taxane-based chemotherapy demonstrates therapeutic activity, the activity of anti-EGFR therapy was limited.
Adult minority language learning: motivation, identity and target variety: by Colin J. Flynn, Bristol, Multilingual Matters, 2020, xi + 257 pp., ₤109.95 (hbk), ISBN 978-1-78892-703-1

A tremendous amount is known about the classroom motivation and attitudes of adults trying to fulfil a school requirement, or learning in a classroom following immigration. Less studied but no less...
Iterative Hierarchical Attention for Answering Complex Questions over Long Documents.

We propose a new model, DocHopper, that iteratively attends to different parts of long, hierarchically structured documents to answer complex questions. Similar to multi-hop question-answering (QA) systems, at each step, DocHopper uses a query $q$ to attend to information from a document, combines this ``retrieved'' information with $q$ to produce the next query. However, in contrast to most previous multi-hop QA systems, DocHopper is able to ``retrieve'' either short passages or long sections of the document, thus emulating a multi-step process of ``navigating'' through a long document to answer a question. To enable this novel behavior, DocHopper does not combine document information with $q$ by concatenating text to the text of $q$, but by combining a compact neural representation of $q$ with a compact neural representation of a hierarchical part of the document, which can potentially be quite large. We experiment with DocHopper on four different QA tasks that require reading long and complex documents to answer multi-hop questions, and show that DocHopper achieves state-of-the-art results on three of the datasets. Additionally, DocHopper is efficient at inference time, being 3--10 times faster than the baselines.
Continuum model of polygonization of carbon nanotubes

We derive a simple continuum model of multiwalled carbon nanotubes that takes into account both strong covalent bonds within graphene layers and weak bonds between graphene layers. The model predicts polygonization of cross sections of large multiwalled nanotubes.
Educating and Qualifying Transnational Lawyers: A U.S. Perspective

Recent years have seen an explosion of programs at American law schools designed to educate transnational lawyers, and this past year has seen new developments in the United States regarding qualifying lawyers from abroad to practice in the United States. This paper will highlight some of these developments, and, hopefully, spur or enhance your interest in this burgeoning area of legal education.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulate tumor cell invasion of three-dimensional collagen matrices via coordinated activation of EDG1/S1P1, EDG2/LPA1, and membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3521 Tumor cell invasion of three-dimensional (3D) matrices differs from cell migration on two-dimensional substrata. Here we utilize new microassay systems that assess the ability of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) to regulate tumor cell invasion of three-dimensional collagen matrices. In migration assays, LPA stimulated migration while S1P inhibited migration of most tumor cell lines. HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells uniquely migrated in response to both lipids. Likewise, HT1080 cells invaded dramatically in 3D type I collagen invasion assays with either lipid. siRNA targeting of EDG1/S1P1 or EDG2/LPA1 specifically inhibited S1P-induced or LPA-induced HT1080 invasion, respectively. siRNA targeting of Rac1 or Cdc42 also decreased invasion of collagen matrices. Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors or tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-2, -3, and -4 blocked HT1080 invasion but not migration suggesting a role for membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) specifically in invasion. siRNA targeting of MT1-MMP markedly inhibited both S1P- and LPA-induced HT1080 invasion. These data suggest that coordinated signaling between LPA and S1P receptors and their effectors are required for cell motility, yet additional involvement of MT1-MMP is required during cellular invasive events. The assays described provide an effective means to identify the molecular requirements for either tumor cell migration or invasion of extracellular matrices.
The matrix protein CCN1/CYR61 is required for αVβ5-mediated cancer cell migration

CYR61 is one of the six proteins of the CCN family of proteins known to play diverse roles in angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, survival, migration and wound healing. However, the specific function of CYR61 in cancer is unclear, and the literature remains controversial. We used quantitative real-time PCR to establish the expression profile of CYR61 and integrin α(V)β5 in three non-small cell lung cancer, five colorectal cancer, one breast cancer and one oesophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines. We showed that the levels of CYR61 were significantly increased in oesophageal squamous carcinoma cell line along with the enhanced levels of α(V)β5 integrin. Further, we investigated whether tumour cell-secreted CYR61 can facilitate cell migration by interacting with the α(V)β5 integrin. Using tumour cell lines with low, intermediate and high CYR61 expression and their isogenic variants as a cellular model, we determined that integrin α(V)β5 expressed on these tumour cells is required for cell migration. Moreover, we showed that the modulation of expression levels of CYR61 in these cancer cells affected their capacity for migration. These results represent an advance to the understanding of the role of CYR61 and α(V)β5 integrin as proteins that cooperate to mediate cancer cell migration.
Comments on “The Grand Objectives” by Thomas E. Graedel

Summary In “The Grand Objectives: A Framework for Prioritized Grouping of Environmental Concerns in Life-Cycle Assessment”. Thomas Graedel (1997) proposed an elegant schema for prioritizing environmental concerns. It operates at three levels: grand objectives, environmental concerns, and targeted activities. I argue that consensus is most likely on the first and third levels, but that the middle level, environmental concerns, is more problematic. Even among individuals who agree on general societal directions, strong differences of views can occur regarding specific technologies. I illustrate by applying Graedel's system to his “radionuclide” category, under his first grand objective (human species extinction). I use the example of nuclear waste to illustrate how values are inextricably involved at the “environmental concerns” level. My analysis suggests ways to enhance the utility of Graedel's useful system.
Genetic Analysis of Recombination-Deficient Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 Carrying rec Mutations Cotransducible with thyA

The rec mutations carried by 20 strains of Escherichia coli K-12 which are defective in genetic recombination and sensitive to ultraviolet light and X rays, and whose lambda lysogens show spontaneous phage production, have been mapped near thyA. In 15 of the strains, the rec mutation fails to complement recB21 but complements rec-22. The other five strains carry a rec mutation which complements recB21 but not rec-22. These mutations map closer to thyA than those which fail to complement recB21. They therefore appear to be defective in a different recombination gene, denoted recC. The order of recB and recC on the linkage map of E. coli K-12 is thyA-recC-recB-argA.
Location of Polysaccharide on Chlamydia psittaci by Silver-Methenamine Staining and Electron Microscopy

Previous serological studies have indicated that the group antigen of chlamydial organisms is composed of an acidic polysaccharide and a lipid component. The present study was undertaken in an effort to locate this polysaccharide complex by use of electron microscopy and a silver-methenamine marker. The meningopneumonitis strain of Chlamydia psittaci was propagated in HeLa-M cell culture. Organisms were purified by differential centrifugation, treatment with Genetron, and by gel filtration. After fixation and embedding, sections were obtained for electron microscopy. Sections were stained for carbohydrates with silver-methenamine. A double layer of regularly spaced silver grains of uniform size was observed at the periphery of the sectioned organisms tracing the contours of the surface membrane (cell wall). This intensity of staining was observed only when sections were oxidized with periodate prior to silver-methenamine staining. Prior treatment with 1% sodium deoxycholate resulted in a significant reduction in staining. It is considered probable that the periodate-sensitive polysaccharide found at the periphery of the organisms represents, or is a component of, the group antigen of these organisms.
Neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia

The counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia is a complex and well-coordinated process. As blood glucose concentration declines, peripheral and central glucose sensors relay this information to central integrative centers to coordinate neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses and avert the progression of hypoglycemia. Diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, can perturb these counterregulatory responses. Moreover, defective counterregulation in the setting of diabetes can progress to hypoglycemia unawareness. While the mechanisms that underlie the development of hypoglycemia unawareness are not completely known, possible causes include altered sensing of hypoglycemia by the brain and/or impaired coordination of responses to hypoglycemia. Further study is needed to better understand the intricacies of the counterregulatory response and the mechanisms contributing to the development of hypoglycemia unawareness.
The integration of science and practice: Unique perspectives from counseling psychology students

Counseling psychology training programs predominately subscribe to the scientist–practitioner training model, which emphasizes the mutual integration of science and practice. There has been extensive debate surrounding the applicability of the scientist–practitioner training model to the field of counseling psychology, and existing commentary from both trainers and trainees has documented the potential challenges to adequately integrating science and practice. In the current article, three counseling psychology doctoral students outline their experiences in a program that adheres to the scientist–practitioner training model. In particular, they describe their involvement in both clinical and scholarly related activities, their experiences with the integration of science and practice, and how the scientist–practitioner model has influenced their overall professional development. Specific examples of how the scientist–practitioner model can shape the perspectives and career goals of psychologists-in-trainin...
Localization of the event-related potential novelty response as defined by principal components analysis

Recent research indicates that novel stimuli elicit at least two distinct components, the Novelty P3 and the P300. The P300 is thought to be elicited when a context updating mechanism is activated by a wide class of deviant events. The functional significance of the Novelty P3 is uncertain. Identification of the generator sources of the two components could provide additional information about their functional significance. Previous localization efforts have yielded conflicting results. The present report demonstrates that the use of principal components analysis (PCA) results in better convergence with knowledge about functional neuroanatomy than did previous localization efforts. The results are also more convincing than that obtained by two alternative methods, MUSIC-RAP and the Minimum Norm. Source modeling on 129-channel data with BESA and BrainVoyager suggests the P300 has sources in the temporal-parietal junction whereas the Novelty P3 has sources in the anterior cingulate.
Modelling of dynamics and transport of carbon dust particles in tokamaks

The transport of dust particles in tokamak fusion devices is studied using computer simulations with the dust transport code, DUSTT. Recent developments in modelling with the DUSTT code are reported. The improved model of dust dynamics in edge plasmas takes into account several additional effects, including thermionic and secondary electron emission which affects dust charging and heating, dust grain size effect on thermal radiation, and the presence of impurities in the plasma. It is shown that thermionic emission leads to enhanced dust heating by the plasma that boosts destruction of dust particles. The zone structure of tokamak plasmas is introduced for a qualitative analysis of dust survivability conditions. It is shown that a dust particle can experience net deposition in relatively cold carbon-contaminated plasma regions. Trajectories of sample dust particles in the DIII-D tokamak are simulated and analysed using the zone plasma description. Statistical averaging over an ensemble of particle trajectories is used to obtain spatial distributions of dust characteristics in the edge plasma of tokamaks. It is shown that transport of dust in tokamaks can significantly enhance penetration of carbon impurities towards the core plasma.
Metaethical Internalism: Another Neglected Distinction

‘Internalism’ is used in metaethics for a cluster of claims which bear a family resemblance. They tend to link, in some distinctive way—typically modal, mereological, or causal—different parts of the normative realm, or the normative and the psychological. The thesis of this paper is that much metaethical mischief has resulted from philosophers’ neglect of the distinction between two different features of such claims. The first is the modality of the entire claim. The second is the relation between the items specified in the claim. In part one I explain this distinction and the problems neglecting it may cause. In part two I show that it has been neglected, and has caused those problems, at least with respect to one version of internalism. That is judgment internalism, which claims that moral beliefs are necessarily related to pro- or con-attitudes; e.g., that if you believe you ought to x you must have some motivation to x. The considerations standardly adduced in favor of judgment internalism support only a version which lacks the metaethical implications typically attributed to it, at least so far as anyone has shown. Proponents and opponents of judgment internalism fail to realize this because of their neglect of the modality/relation distinction. I illustrate by considering discussions of judgment internalism by Russ Shafer-Landau, Simon Blackburn, James Dreier, David Brink, and others.
Metal Dependence of Transcriptional Switching in Escherichia coli Ada

The Escherichia coli Ada protein repairs methylphosphotriesters in DNA by direct, irreversible methyl transfer to one of its own cysteine residues. The methyl transfer process is autocatalyzed by coordination of the acceptor residue, Cys69, to a tightly bound zinc ion. Kinetic data reveal a 4-fold reduction in the methylphosphotriester repair activity for the Cd(II) form of Ada versus the native Zn(II)-bound form, thus confirming a direct role for the metal in autocatalysis. Quantitative electrophoretic mobility shift assays reveal that the specific DNA affinity of the protein is increased 103-fold by transfer of a methyl group to Cys69; the Cd(II) and the Zn(II) forms of the protein behave similarly in this respect. This methylation-sensitive stimulation of binding underlies the ability of Ada to activate inducibly the transcription of a methylation-dependent regulon. We conclude that the chemical properties of the bound metal influence the transition state for autocatalytic methyl transfer, but not the structure that ultimately results from this process.
C2 and CFB genes in age-related maculopathy and joint action with CFH and LOC387715 genes.

Author(s): Jakobsdottir, Johanna; Conley, Yvette P; Weeks, Daniel E; Ferrell, Robert E; Gorin, Michael B | Abstract: BackgroundAge-related maculopathy (ARM) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly populations of industrialized countries and significantly affects the quality of life of those suffering from the disease. Variants within two genes, the complement factor H (CFH) and the poorly characterized LOC387715 (ARMS2), are widely recognized as ARM risk factors. CFH is important in regulation of the alternative complement pathway suggesting this pathway is involved in ARM pathogenesis. Two other complement pathway genes, the closely linked complement component receptor (C2) and complement factor B (CFB), were recently shown to harbor variants associated with ARM.Methods/principal findingsWe investigated two SNPs in C2 and two in CFB in independent case-control and family cohorts of white subjects and found rs547154, an intronic SNP in C2, to be significantly associated with ARM in both our case-control (P-value 0.00007) and family data (P-value 0.00001). Logistic regression analysis suggested that accounting for the effect at this locus significantly (P-value 0.002) improves the fit of a genetic risk model of CFH and LOC387715 effects only. Modeling with the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method showed that adding C2 to the two-factor model of CFH and LOC387715 increases the sensitivity (from 63% to 73%). However, the balanced accuracy increases only from 71% to 72%, and the specificity decreases from 80% to 72%.Conclusions/significanceC2/CFB significantly influences AMD susceptibility and although accounting for effects at this locus does not dramatically increase the overall accuracy of the genetic risk model, the improvement over the CFH-LOC387715 model is statistically significant.
One-year outcomes after retinal detachment surgery among medicare beneficiaries.

Purpose To determine longitudinal rates of second retinal detachment operation and postoperative adverse outcomes after retinal detachment surgery in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. Design Retrospective, longitudinal cohort analysis. Methods A total of 9216 Medicare beneficiaries were identified from the Medicare 5% sample who were diagnosed with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and underwent primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle, pneumatic retinopexy, or laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy alone. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, PPV, scleral buckle, pneumatic retinopexy, or laser photocoagulation/cryotherapy was ascertained from International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes. Rates of second retinal detachment operation and postoperative adverse outcomes were analyzed by cumulative incidence and logistic regression to control for prior adverse outcome measures and demographic factors. Results At 1-year follow-up, the rate of receipt of a second retinal detachment operation for beneficiaries who had undergone primary pneumatic retinopexy was much higher (40.6%, P Conclusions Rates of second operation were much higher after pneumatic retinopexy than PPV or scleral buckle, and rates of adverse outcomes were higher in PPV, even after controlling for risk factors and demographic variables.
Importance of structure in electrical conductivity relaxation

Abstract The electrical conductivity relaxation behavior of ionic conductors has been examined in terms of Kohlrausch exponent, β. Usually β decreases with increasing mobile ion concentration. The literature suggests that it should directly correlate with the magnitude of dc resistivity, the decoupling index, the activation energy of conductivity and nominal cation-cation distance, but each correlation is shown to have limited validity. An anomalous variation of β has been found in a high purity quartz crystal. It is explained by a structure-based model which illustrates the importance of ion distribution, the interaction between mobile cation and its charge compensating center, and the relation between β and Haven ratio.
Mechanical Response of a Metallic Aortic Stent—Part II: A Beam-on-Elastic Foundation Model

The main objective of the paper is to develop the mathematical analysis of the response of a metallic stent subject to axisymmetric loads over its length and to different boundary conditions. These situations introduce bending stresses in the stent and cannot be captured by a model of the stent that can be used to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship under axially uniform loading. The analysis presented here is based on an analogy between a thin-walled pressure vessel and a beam on elastic foundation; in the present application, we derive an equivalent beam model for the bending response of a stent. Using this model, we evaluate the shape of the stent exiting the catheter as well as the variation of the diameter along the length of the stent constrained by stiff end supports. This approach can be used to evaluate the coupled response of the stent and the blood vessel, if the mechanical properties of the blood vessel are known. The coupled problem and its implications in the design of stems are discussed.
HIV/AIDS Prevention in “Indian Country”: Current Practice, Indigenist Etiology Models, and Postcolonial Approaches to Change

Many tribal and urban American Indians and Alaska Native communities have initiated HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment services. The richness, depth, and scope of these efforts, however, are not well known and have not been sufficiently documented in the academic literature. In this article we assess the strengths and weakness of the published literature using the constructs of the socioecological framework. We discuss the need to apply an “indigenist” etiology paradigm to HIV/AIDS risk and protection. Finally, we define and discuss the varied postcolonial approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and healing. In response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, American Indian and Alaskan Native (AIAN) tribes and urban communities have initiated prevention and treatment measures and services. Like community-based programs in all U.S. communities of color, the richness, scope and depth of these efforts are not well represented in the published academic literature. In this paper we use a multilevel social ecological framework to review the scant HIV/AIDS etiologic and interventions research conducted among AIAN populations. We then describe gaps in the literature and suggest a research and intervention agenda applicable to all levels of the social ecological model. Because there are so few published studies available to give context and depth to this study, we have taken the approach of describing examples of postcolonial approaches to intervention and suggesting how the postcolonial approach may be useful in future research.