cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spark ignition vehicle contributions to atmospheric fine elemental carbon concentrations in coastal, rural and urban communities using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tracers in the CMB model modified for reactivity.

We apportioned the elemental carbon (EC) component of ambient PM2.5 attributable to emissions from spark ignition (SI) vehicles in samples collected over a three-year period in twelve Southern California communities, including coastal, rural, and urban areas using the chemical mass balance model (CMB8) modified for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) reactivity. Selected PAH/EC ratios, measured in samples collected in the Caldecott tunnel were evaluated for use as fingerprints. PAH reactivity which occurs during atmospheric transport and affects the source contribution estimates during the summer/fall/spring months was accounted for using experimentally measured decay constants. Results showed that benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene can be used successfully as specific tracers of EC contributions from SI vehicles. The average EC portion of PM2.5 attributed by the model to SI emissions at these communities was 39, 58 and 62%, respectively, during the summer, spring/autumn, and winter. For all seasons, coastal community contributions represent about twice those found in the rural and urban inland communities, before December 2003 when MTBE was still in use in California.
Signal Transduction during Craniofacial Development

cesses in terms of the cell. This important step forward in the history of embryology continues to provide the intellectual framework upon which the majority of current developmental studies is based. This is particularly evident upon review of the literature dealing with the developing palate. Drawing in part from this valuable data base of descriptive studies, this overview deals with cellular and biochemical aspects of the developing palate and provides a discussion of facts and prob- lems in the field, with particular emphasis on recent devel- opments in the challenging area of regulation of hormone- and growth factor-induced transmembrane signaling and intracell- ular signal transduction. This review is also intended to point out possible research directions that, based on our current knowledge, may, if pursued, provide us with a better under- standing of the cellular and molecular basis of craniofacial ontogeny.
Bonehead mistakes: The background in scientific literature and illustrations for Edward Drinker Cope's first restoration of Elasmosaurus platyurus

Abstract In 1868, Edward Drinker Cope incorrectly restored the type specimen of Elasmosaurus platyurus, by placing the skull at the end of the animal's tail. His error haunted him the rest of his career. In examining the scientific literature and popular science literature available to Cope prior to 1868, as well as taking note of the extent of knowledge which I suggest his professional colleagues shared with him concerning plesiosaurs, it seems impossible that he should have incorrectly restored the fossil. I further suggest that he made this error more than once, even after his mistake was pointed out to him. “Mr. Conybeare has justly remarked how difficult it is to determine the number of the cervical vertebrae in a Plesiosaur, owing to the gradual transition in their lateral appendages from the condition of hatchet-shaped laminae to the ordinary elongated form of ribs.” —Richard Owen “A Description of a Specimen of Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus, Conybeare,” 1840 “It is this apparent adaptation of the par...
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medical Approaches for Arthritis

Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) modalities are defined as healthcare approaches that are generally outside of mainstream, conventional care. Studies show that over 50 % of persons with arthritis use CAM. As patients become more informed about their care and treatment options available, providers must be prepared to assess CAM use and respond to patient preferences in this area. This chapter will provide an overview of CAM approaches that are used with the intent of modifying arthritis progression, improving function, and treating symptoms. The chapter presents research evidence on selected natural products (glucosamine, chondroitin, and topical analgesics) and mind-body practices (acupuncture, massage, tai chi, and yoga) as pertaining to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The chapter concludes with recommendations for addressing CAM with patients in clinical practice.
Exploring healthcare experiences among online interactive weight loss forum users

Internet use for health information is increasingly popular, especially among individuals who are embarrassed or feel stigmatized by personal health conditions such as obesity. Little is known about how healthcare experiences might be linked to using online interactive weight loss forums. We used qualitative methods to analyze forum users' discussions in three high traffic weight loss forums in order to explore characteristics of healthcare experiences (including patient-provider communication) and their influence on health information-seeking. We identified five major themes related to forum users' healthcare experiences that influenced where, when, and from whom health information was sought: (1) access to (and time spent with) providers; (2) providers not adequately managing weight-related shame and emotion; (3) lack of clarity of health information from providers; (4) lack of trust of health information from providers; and (5) rapport and personal relationships with providers. We conclude with recommendations and implications for future research and practice. Healthcare experiences influenced weight loss forum users' health information-seeking.Lack of access and time with providers led some to seek information from forums.Forum users described poor management of weight-related shame by providers.Lack of clarity and trust of provider information led to seeking advice from forums.Rapport and relationships with providers influenced weight loss information-seeking.
Reconsidering Nahdawi Translation: bringing Pushkin to Palestine

Translation occupies a central position in any narrative of the Arabic literary renaissance, or nahdah, of the nineteenth century. The vast majority of these translations, however, have been discounted as less than literary because of the freedoms that they took in altering the source texts as they translated. Consequently, few scholars have looked closely at the translations that figure so prominently in the development of literary language, genres and style during this dynamic period. Turning critical attention to the practices of nahdawi translators highlights the agency of the translator in actively shaping the cultural discourse of the nahdah. In this article, I take the work of Khalil Baydas (1872–1949) as representative of the free translation practices characteristic of the nahdah. A prominent Palestinian journalist and translator, Baydas translated many works of Russian literature into Arabic, always making clear that he altered the stories as he translated them. A close reading of his 1898 trans...
Abstract W MP100: Applying Real-Time Location Systems to Acute Stroke Workflow: A Novel Quality Improvement Tool

Background: Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS) utilize tracking tags and detectors to locate objects or people. This technology has been implemented in healthcare, chiefly to track hospital assets, and a few healthcare systems have applied this technology to track patients in the emergency department. This pilot study tested the feasibility of RTLS to monitor the acute stroke workflow in a large, urban hospital. Methods: An asset tracking RTLS was installed in a large, urban hospital. A series of 21 acute stroke patients were tracked throughout the workflow process by a human observer and via RTLS asset tag attached to the patient’s hospital equipment. A Wi-Fi detector documented initial patient arrival times in the ER Hallway, radiofrequency/infrared (RFID/IR) detectors documented ER CT scanner and ER patient room times. Patient Arrival and departure times in the emergency room (ER) and radiology CT scanner were measured. Time differences between human observer and RTLS were calculated. Results: A total of 21 patients were tracked with RTLS. The mean time difference, interquartile range and standard deviation in minutes are as follows: initial arrival (mean 106, IQR 112, SD 197); CT arrival ( mean 1, IQR 1, SD 0.86); CT departure (mean 2, IQR 2, SD 1.13); patient return to ED (mean 1, IQR 1, SD 0.94). Discussion: Our data demonstrate that RTLS can provide accurate, real-time patient location information, and has the potential to provide data for quality improvement. Combination RFID/IR detectors provided accurate time information while the Wi-Fi detector, proved unreliable for initial arrival times. Our preliminary data supports the development of an unique RTLS system specifically designed to allow for complete visualization of the stroke workflow from patient arrival to treatment along with a dashboard user interface to facilitate treatment team coordination. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Does Cross Listing Lead to Higher Firm Growth

Extant research posits that cross-listing improves firms' access to lower cost external financing. But so far, there is scarce evidence that improved access to external funds through cross-listing contributes to higher firm growth. Documenting the relation between firm growth and cross-listing is critical because the presumption in prior research is that funds raised via cross-listing will be channeled towards potentially profitable projects. Using a sample of firms from 37 countries that are cross-listed in the U.S., we find a positive association between cross-listing and subsequent externally-financed firm growth rates. However, we do not find that increases in externally-financed firm growth after cross-listing vary systematically as a function of the home-country attributes of the cross-listed firms. Overall, our results provide new and direct evidence on the impact of cross-listing on firm growth rates.
Ranking Journalism and Mass Communications Programs: Administrators and Faculty Approve of the Idea and Assess Potential Criteria

Rankings of universities and colleges are common and controversial. However, few rankers produce useful lists that assess and compare journalism and mass communications programs. The few currently available involve superficial reputational surveys or are less than transparent about their methodology. To determine potential criteria for a useful ranking, this article reports the results of a survey of administrators and educators in a broad cross-section of such programs. The survey finds broad support among respondents for the idea of ranking and, further, details criteria that respondents said they would find useful in developing a ranked list of programs.
Estimating the Modulus of Elasticity of Pervious Concrete Based on Porosity

The modulus of elasticity is an important property for evaluating the mechanistic response of any material under load, and porosity influences the rheological, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of pervious concrete. The relationship between porosity and modulus of elasticity of pervious concrete has not been well researched. In this study, pervious concrete cylinder specimens were prepared for a range of porosities and compression tests were performed to determine the moduli of elasticity. Secant moduli of elasticity at five different stress levels (i.e., 2.2, 2.8, 3.3, 3.9, and 4.4 MPa) were calculated from the load-deformation data of the compression tests. Three performance zones were proposed for estimating the modulus of elasticity based on porosity at the stress levels of 2.2 and 2.8 MPa, i.e., lower, average, and upper. These performance zones provide designers with more information based on the variability and heterogeneous distribution of porosity in a pervious concrete section for risk-based assessments. While more research is required for comprehensive characterization of pervious concrete, the modulus of elasticity equation in the lower performance zone might provide an initial performance assessment of pervious concrete until its components can be better characterized.
Cartesian Adaptive Properties Interpolation for Computations of Complex Fluids

*† ‡ An accurate, efficient table look-up procedure for evaluating the constitutive properties of a complex fluid from a general thermodynamic database is presented. Properties and their pertinent derivatives are evaluated by means of an adaptive Cartesian mesh in the thermodynamic plane that provides user-specified accuracy over any selected domain. The Cartesian grid produces a binary tree data structure whose search efficiency is competitive with that for an equally spaced table. Interpolation is accomplished on a triangular subdivision of the 2D Cartesian mesh that ensures function continuity across cell boundaries in equally and unequally spaced portions of the table to C 0 , C 1 or C 2 levels. The C 0 and C 1 interpolations fit the equation of state and enthalpy relations separately, while the C 2 interpolation fits the Helmholtz or Gibbs function enabling EOS/enthalpy consistency also. All three interpolation levels appear effective for the solutions obtained to date. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated through storage and data retrieval examples for air, water and carbon dioxide. Sample fluid dynamic calculations based upon the procedure are presented to demonstrate the implementation. The general thermodynamic procedure enables arbitrary fluid CFD calculations that are as efficient as those for a perfect gas or an incompressible fluid.
Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells: I. Properties of the discrete RNA components from the mitochondrial fraction

Abstract The 16 s, 12 s and 4 s RNA components from the mitochondrial fraction of HeLa cells have been analyzed as to their sedimentation and electrophoretic properties, kinetics of labeling, metabolic stability, response to inhibitors of RNA synthesis, nucleotide composition and methylation level. After denaturation by heat-formaldehyde treatment, the 16 s and 12 s species sediment in sucrose gradients in the presence of formaldehyde as homogeneous components running behind 18 s RNA. Relative to the 28 s and 18 s RNA markers, the 16 s and 12 s RNA components behave in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as expected, in the absence of conformational influences, for a species slightly larger than 18 s RNA (i.e. with a molecular weight about 0.7 × 10 6 ) and respectively, for a species with a molecular weight of about 0.4 × 10 6 . The 16 s and 12 s RNA correspond to the “21 s” and “12 s” electrophoretic components previously described in HeLa cells. However, in contrast to what has been reported for the latter components, the 16 s and 12 s RNA have been found to be methylated; furthermore, these species appear to have a considerably longer half-life than previously surmised on the basis of their behaviour in the presence of ethidium bromide and evidence is presented suggesting that they are synthesised in equimolar amounts.
Effect of succinylsulfathiazole on the urinary excretion of folic acid by the rabbit.

SummaryThe urinary excretion of folic acid by rabbits fed purified diets with or without the addition of succinylsulfathiazole was studied. The inclusion of the drug markedly reduced the urinary excretion of folic acid. This effect was evident from the 4th to the 10th week of the experiments.
A modeling approach to compare ΣPCB concentrations between congener-specific analyses

Changes in analytical methods over time pose problems for assessing long-term trends in environmental contamination by PCBs. Congener-specific analyses vary widely in the number and identity of the 209 distinct PCB chemical configurations (congeners) that are quantified, leading to inconsistencies among summed PCB concentrations (ΣPCB) reported by different studies. Here, we present a modeling approach using linear regression to compare ΣPCB concentrations derived from different congener-specific analyses measuring different co-eluting groups. The approach can be used to develop a specific conversion model between any 2 sets of congener-specific analytical data from similar samples (similar matrix and geographic origin). We demonstrate the method by developing a conversion model for an example data set that includes data from 2 different analytical methods, a low resolution method quantifying 119 congeners and a high resolution method quantifying all 209 congeners. We used the model to show that the 119-congener set captured most (93%) of the total PCB concentration (i.e., Σ209 PCB) in sediment and biological samples. ΣPCB concentrations estimated using the model closely matched measured values (mean relative percent difference = 9.6). General applications of the modeling approach include 1) generating comparable ΣPCB concentrations for samples that were analyzed for different congener sets; and 2) estimating the proportional contribution of different congener sets to ΣPCB. This approach may be especially valuable for enabling comparison of long-term remediation monitoring results even as analytical methods change over time. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:227-232. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Habitual sleep duration and all-cause mortality in a general community sample

STUDY OBJECTIVES The current study sought to determine whether sleep duration and change in sleep duration are associated with all-cause mortality in a community sample of middle-aged and older adults while accounting for several confounding factors including prevalent sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). METHODS Habitual sleep duration was assessed using self-report (< 7, 7-8, ≥ 9 h/night) at the baseline and at the follow-up visits of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Techniques of survival analysis were used to relate habitual sleep duration and change in sleep duration to all-cause mortality after adjusting for covariates such as age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking history, prevalent hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, antidepressant medication use, and SDB severity. RESULTS Compared to a sleep duration of 7-8 h/night, habitually long sleep duration (≥ 9 h/night), but not short sleep duration (< 7 h/night), was associated with all-cause mortality with an adjusted hazards ratio of 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 1.47). Participants who progressed from short or normal sleep duration to long sleep duration had increased risk for all-cause mortality with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.75 (95% CI: 1.08, 2.78) and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.13), respectively. Finally, a change from long to short sleep duration was also associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION Long sleep duration or a shift from long to short sleep duration are independently associated with all-cause mortality.
Hot carrier effect in ultra-scaled replacement metal gate Si i-x Ge x channel p-FinFETs

Hot carrier reliability is studied in replacement metal gate (RMG) Si1-xGex (x = 20%) channel p-FinFETs with high-k gate dielectrics. In this study, we show that: (1) interface state generation and hole-trapping contribute to the HC damage under high-Vg (∼Vd) stress conditions; (2) hot electron injection is the dominant degradation mechanism for low- and mid-Vg biases, which are more representative stress conditions during typical CMOS logic circuit operation. We also found that excessive electron trapping in ultra-scaled SiGe pFinFETs can reduce the effective channel length and significantly increase the off-state leakage current (Ioff).
Activation in Context: Differential Conclusions Drawn from Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses of Adolescents' Cognitive Control-Related Neural Activity.

Introduction Although immature cognitive control, subserved by late-developing prefrontal regions, has been proposed to underlie increased risk taking during adolescence, it remains unclear what patterns of PFC activation represent mature brain states: more or less activation? One challenge to drawing cogent conclusions from extant work stems from its reliance on single-time point neuroimaging and cross-sectional comparisons, which are ill-suited for assessing the complex changes that characterize adolescence. This necessitates longitudinal fMRI work to track within-subject changes in PFC function and links to risk-taking behavior, which can serve as an external marker for maturation of neural systems involved in cognitive control. In the current study, 20 healthy adolescents (13 males) completed a go/nogo task during two fMRI scans, once at age 14 years and again at age 15 years. We found that the association between cognitive control-related VLPFC activation and risk-taking behavior reversed when examining time 1 (T1) versus longitudinal change (T2>T1) and time 2 (T2) in neural activation, such that increased VLPFC activation at T1 was associated with lower risk taking, whereas longitudinal increases in cognitive control-related VLPFC activation as well as heightened VLPFC activation at T2 were associated with greater risk taking. Several steps were taken to disentangle potential alternative accounts that might explain these disparate results across time. Findings highlight the necessity of considering brain-behavior relationships in the context of ongoing developmental changes and suggests that using neuroimaging data at a single time point to predict behavioral changes can introduce interpretation errors when failing to account for changes in neural trajectories.
Oklahoma City Bombing, Stress Effects of*

The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah federal office building in Oklahoma City in 1995 remains the most devastating act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history. This review focuses on the major research findings on posttraumatic stress responses of both victims and the general population in the affected area, the effects on children, and the coping reactions of emergency services personnel in the aftermath of the tragedy.
Ultrasound in the Pre-Symptomatic Diagnosis of Adult (Dominant) Polycystic Kidney Disease

Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) is a genetic disease inherited in autosomal dominant fashion. The penetrance of the gene is such that most patients carrying it will have pathologic evidence of the disease by age eighty (1). There is no sex predilection and the etiology is unknown. The disease typically manifests itself in middle age but may appear as early as infancy. Pathologically, APKD is characterized by bilateral renal cysts. Approximately one-third of the patients with APKD also will have cysts of the liver (2) and cysts in other organs occur less commonly (3). Since patients with APKD may not manifest the disease until their 4th decade or later, the detection of pre-symptomatic APKD is of potential importance in genetic counseling.
Passive and Hybrid Cooling Research

The term “passive cooling” generally denotes the dissipation of heat from buildings by the natural processes of radiation, convection, and evaporation which do not require the expenditure of any nonrenewable energy. In many cases, evaporation and convection can be significantly enhanced by the use of motor-driven fans or pumps, which consume small amounts of electrical energy and the word hybrid has been adopted to characterize such processes.
Heart murmurs and echocardiography findings in the normal newborn nursery.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical findings and management implications of echocardiograms performed on infants with murmurs in the nursery. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2008 through December 2015. Patients in the study were followed by chart review for up to 5 years. In addition, a survey of nursery providers was conducted in February 2016. SETTING A single community hospital associated with a university. PATIENTS All 26 573 infants who received care in the normal newborn nursery were eligible for inclusion in the study. Infants with echocardiograms were analyzed. The survey was sent by e-mail to all 135 physicians who work in the nursery. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes include the specific findings on echocardiogram and whether the findings required an acute change in management, outpatient follow up, or were incidental findings. The primary survey question was how physicians would manage an otherwise asymptomatic newborn with a heart murmur. RESULTS Four hundred ninety-nine infants had echocardiograms, and over the study period the utilization of echocardiography increased from 1.02% to 2.56% (P < .001) of all infants. Three hundred fifty-four babies had echocardiography performed because of a heart murmur. One hundred sixty-three (46.0%) of these echocardiograms were normal and 160 (45.2%) had findings that did not require additional care. Twenty-three neonates (6.5%) had echocardiographic findings that necessitated outpatient follow-up and 8 neonates (2.3%) required neonatal intensive care due to the findings on their echocardiogram. In total, 14 infants (4%) would go on to require heart surgery or interventional cardiac catheterization. 63/135 (47%) physicians completed the survey, with wide variations in the management of newborns with heart murmurs. CONCLUSIONS The use of echocardiography in the normal newborn nursery has increased with time despite improved prenatal detection of heart disease and the use of pulse oximetry screening, and identifies significant heart disease in a small but important number of infants.
Foreskin reconstruction at the time of single-stage hypospadias repair: is it a safe procedure?

Foreskin reconstruction (FR) is a recognised, yet debated, option for patients undergoing single-stage hypospadias repair (HR). We evaluated the incidence of complications after single-stage HR in our institution. This is a retrospective review of all single-stage HR. Patients were classified into group 1 (circumcision) and group 2 foreskin reconstruction (FR). Urethroplasty and foreskin complications were recorded. Statistics used are as follows: Mann–Whitney test to compare age at operation and length of follow-up (FU); Chi-Square test to analyse the incidence of urethral complications and need for reoperation; Log rank test to compare the survival curves; p statistically significant < 0.05. Data are presented as median (range). 304 patients were identified, operated between January 2010 and December 2016, and 20 were excluded: 6 already circumcised at the time of the surgery, 3 with megameatus intact prepuce, 11 lost at FU. 284 patients were included: 161 circumcised and 123 FR. Median age at the operation was 17 months (8–179) (group 1) and 17 months (8–148) (group 2) (p = 0.71). Length of FU was 19 months (8–91) (group 1) and 17 months (4–87) (group 2) (p = 0.45). The survival curve was homogeneous (p = 0.28). Urethroplasty complications occurred in 32/161 (20%) (group 1) and in 21/123 (17%) (group 2) (p = 0.55). Foreskin complications occurred in 18/123 (15%). A second operation was required in 33 boys in each group, (20% group 1 and 27% group 2) (p = 0.21). FR does not increase the complication rate or the need for a reoperation after single-stage HR. Parents should be offered the option between the two procedures according to their personal preference.
Roshan Ara Begum: Performing Classical Music, Gender, and Muslim Nationalism in Pakistan

The imbrication of issues of nation, class, gender, and religion necessitates a critical revision of the so-called secular postcolonial modernity embraced by Indian nationalists, including musicolo...
Immigrant Consumers: Marketing and Public Policy Considerations in the Global Economy:

The author addresses marketing and public policy implications stemming from the presence of Mexican immigrant consumers in the United States economy. Their transnational consumption experiences rai...
Abstract TP361: Implementation of a 24-Hour Stroke Code Window Does Not Impact Stroke Code Volume or Yield

Objective: To assess for changes in stroke code volume and yield after implementation of an extended 24-hour acute stroke code window (ASCW). Background: The DAWN and DEFUSE-3 trials showed that ex...
“They took all my clothes and made me walk naked for two days so I couldn’t escape”: Latina immigrant experiences of human smuggling in Mexico:

Latina migrants often suffer rape, assaults, and gun violence during unauthorized immigration from Mexico to the US. Despite widespread violence during immigration to the US, social work scholarshi...
Workplace Interventions to Promote Sleep Health and an Alert, Healthy Workforce.

Study Objectives:The purpose of this review is to synthesize the published literature that addresses employer-initiated interventions to improve the sleep of workers and in turn improve health, pro...
Process-Induced Stress Effect on Reliability of ChipSeal® Passivation Technology

It is important to take into consideration the process-induced residual stress into reliability prediction modeling. Lack of process-induced stress may lead to error in reliability prediction. Therefore, careful investigation of the stress development is critical. In this paper, the stress development induced by ChipSeal® passivation process technology has been analyzed. The ChipSeal® passivation technology has been developed to enhance the reliability of commercially-off-the-shelf plastic encaptulated microelectronics component by sealing integrated circuit at the wafer level. The analysis takes every process step into account to investigate the temperature effect on the final residual stress. The section of the fabricated structure has been modeled in two different configurations. The stress developments have been simulated by numerical method, and the results have been analyzed to identify the critical location. Three different lengths of metal layer have been considered to investigate the effect of metal layer length structure. Finally, a response surface method is employed to determine the thickness effect of individual layers and to develop design guidelines to enhance ChipSeal® reliability.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Abstract 4498: O GlcNAcylation of SOX2 regulates its tumor initiation properties in pancreatic cancer

Background: Pancreatic Cancer is an extremely aggressive disease with a bad outcome owing to its late detection, high rate of metastasis and self-renewal post-surgical and chemotherapeutic intervention. In cancer the balance between differentiation and self-renewal is tightly regulated by SOX2. Over expression of SOX2, as in pancreatic cancer, can tilt the balance towards self-renewal and thus increase the population of these undifferentiated “stem cells”. Methods: A CRISPR based OGT knockout kit was purchased from Origene and a knockout cell line was generated with S2VP10 cells. For the tumor initiation studies OGTi (OGT knockout cells) were implanted subcutaneously at a limiting dilution from 500,000 cells to 500 cells. Site directed mutagenesis was performed using theQuick-change Lightning from Agilent. Results: In the current study we show for the first time that SOX2 undergoes a type of post translational modification known as O GlcNAcylation. We also show for the first time that in humans this modification happens at Serine 246 and mutating this particular site via a side directed mutagenesis leads to a loss of O GlcNAcylation of SOX2.O GlcNAc modification of SOX2 further leads to its activation which then leads to its stabilization in the nucleus. A CRISPR-OGT knockout in pancreatic cancer cell line S2VP10 resulted in a delayed tumor initiation. We further showed that mutation of this site (S246A) prevents the modification of Sox2 and its downstream activity. Our study also demonstrated that targeting OGT in vivo with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI, results in decreased tumor burden, delayed tumor progression and a decreased expression of SOX2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusion: Our study highlights for the first time that the O-GlcNAc transferase dependent SOX2 glycosylation has a profound effect on the transcriptional activity of SOX2 and is instrumental in determining self-renewal in pancreatic cancer which can be targeted therapeutically. Citation Format: Nikita S. Sharma, Vineet K. Gupta, Patricia Dauer, Roey Hadad, Kousik K. kesh, Vikas Dudeja, Ashok Saluja, Sulagna Banerjee. O GlcNAcylation of SOX2 regulates its tumor initiation properties in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4498.
Exotica Africana: interrogating African otherness in Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern

ABSTRACTThe marked reluctance to incorporate African agency in African image-making in the West quite predictably brought about flat and simplistic caricatures of the continent and its peoples. Wit...
Drowsy Driving Considerations in Non-Commercial Drivers for the Sleep Physician

The sleep physician faces many challenges in the assessment of drowsy driving. The following article reviews current clinical evaluation methods and legal considerations at the state level in the U...
Them’s Flyting Words: The Boundaries of Acceptable Affronts in Medieval Poetry

The boundaries between verbal arguments and physical retribution are complicated and difficult to directly identify. This paper examines the points at which verbal sparring, conventionally dubbed “flyting,” turns to physical altercations. In identifying these points in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" and "The Wife of Bath’s Prologue," I find that rhetoric turns to violence after affronts to particular morality-based identities. In my reading of "Sir Gawain," I posit that the eponyms’ flyte and subsequent fight in the fourth fitt represent an attack on both the institution of King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table and on Sir Gawain’s personhood. In Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Wife of Bath,” I suggest a reading wherein the violence between Allison and Janekin represents a fight against the rhetoric of oppression. Throughout the essay, I show how physical retribution is, in these texts, an excusable method of defense against language, particularly when personal and political senses of honor are verbally attacked. Faculty Sponsor: Elizabeth E. Tavares
An Archaeobotanical Perspective on the Relationship between Grain Crops, Non-Grain Crops and States

Asking the public to question the assumption that our current systems of governance and food production represent the apex of an evolutionary trajectory is timely and well warranted.
From Child Welfare to Jail: Mediating Effects of Juvenile Justice Placement and Other System Involvement:

This study examines the effects of child welfare, mental health, and drug/alcohol system experiences on jail involvement, as mediated by juvenile justice placement, for Black and White youth/young adults. The sample was comprised of individuals born between 1985 and 1994 with child welfare involvement in an urban Pennsylvania county (N = 37,079) and an out-of-home placement (OOHP) subsample (n = 8,317). Four path models were estimated (two full samples, two subsamples; separate models for Black and White youth). For all models, juvenile justice placement was positively related to jail involvement. For the full samples, out-of-home child welfare placement was associated with an increase in juvenile justice placement. Within the Black placement sample, child welfare placement experiences had complex relationships with juvenile justice placement. Providing drug/alcohol services may be a protective factor for Black youth prior to juvenile justice contact. Articulating these relationships helps identify youth most at risk of justice system involvement and better targets services, especially mental health and drug/alcohol services.
10.05 – Metabolic Barrier of the Gastrointestinal Tract*

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is exposed constantly to a variety of xenobiotics, including those derived from the air, diet, and bile, as well as pharmacological agents. The body’s ability to remain healthy despite constant exposure to xenobiotics depends in part on the GI tract’s ability to serve as a protective barrier. The primary component of this barrier is a single layer of cells, which consists predominantly of absorptive columnar epithelial cells, or enterocytes. The enterocytes are replete with biotransformation enzymes and transport proteins that generally act to minimize, or even preclude, the body’s exposure to xenobiotics. Biotransformation enzymes can be categorized as phase I or phase II enzymes. Phase I enzymes consist largely of the cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which either introduce or expose a functional group on the substrate, generally resulting in a small increase in hydrophilicity. Phase II enzymes conjugate organic donor molecules to the substrate, often a CYP-mediated metabolite, and generally result in detoxification and enhanced hydrophilicity of a compound, facilitating excretion from the body. Transport proteins belong to either the ATP-binding cassette or solute carrier superfamilies and are expressed on both the apical (brush border or mucosal) and basolateral (serosal) membrane of enterocytes. As such, these proteins function to facilitate the absorption of xenobiotics from the GI lumen into enterocytes or from enterocytes into the portal circulation, or to facilitate the exsorption of xenobiotics from enterocytes back into the GI lumen. Through the refinement of intestinal cell/tissue models, identification of appropriate animal models, and the increased availability of high-quality human-derived tissue, a comprehensive characterization of GI biotransformation enzymes and transport proteins, as well as their roles in xenobiotic disposition and toxicity, should become feasible.
Poisoning for Profit: Regulatory Rollbacks, Public Health, and State-Facilitated Corporate Crime:

A core policy goal of the Trump administration has been rolling back or weakening regulations designed to protect workers, consumers, the environment, and general public health from known corporate...
SERINC5 Inhibits HIV-1 Infectivity by Altering the Conformation of gp120 on HIV-1 Particles

SERINC5 is a 10-transmembrane-domain cellular protein that is incorporated into budding HIV-1 particles and reduces HIV-1 infectivity by inhibiting virus-cell fusion. HIV-1 susceptibility to SERINC5 is determined by sequences in the viral Env glycoprotein gp120, and the antiviral effect of SERINC5 is counteracted by the viral accessory protein Nef. While the precise mechanism by which SERINC5 inhibits HIV-1 infectivity is unclear, previous studies have suggested that SERINC5 affects Env conformation. To define the effects of SERINC5 on Env conformation, we quantified the binding of HIV-1 particles to immobilized Env-specific monoclonal antibodies. We observed that SERINC5 reduced the binding of HIV-1 particles bearing a SERINC5-susceptible Env to antibodies that recognize the V3 loop, a soluble CD4 (sCD4)-induced epitope, and an N-linked glycan. In contrast, SERINC5 did not alter the capture of HIV-1 particles bearing the SERINC5-resistant Env protein. Moreover, the effect of SERINC5 on antibody-dependent virus capture was abrogated by Nef expression. Our results indicate that SERINC5 inhibits HIV-1 infectivity by altering the conformation of gp120 on virions and/or physical masking of specific HIV-1 Env epitopes.IMPORTANCE SERINC5 is a host cell protein that inhibits the infectivity of HIV-1 by a novel and poorly understood mechanism. Here, we provide evidence that the SERINC5 protein alters the conformation of the HIV-1 Env proteins and that this action is correlated with SERINC5's ability to inhibit HIV-1 infectivity. Defining the specific effects of SERINC5 on the HIV-1 glycoprotein conformation may be useful for designing new antiviral strategies targeting Env.
Suicidal Ideation Among Individuals Who Have Purchased Firearms During COVID-19.

Introduction Given the increase in firearm purchases during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study seeks to determine the extent to which COVID-19 firearm purchasers differ in terms of suicide risk from nonfirearm owners and firearm owners who did not make a purchase during COVID-19. Methods Participants (N=3,500) were recruited through Qualtrics Panels to participate in an online survey examining methods for self-protection. ANCOVAs were utilized to assess suicidal ideation. Multivariate ANCOVAs were used to examine firearm storage practices and storage changes during COVID-19. Data were collected in late June and early July 2020, and analyses were conducted in July 2020. Results Individuals who purchased a firearm during COVID-19 more frequently reported lifetime, past-year, and past-month suicidal ideation than nonfirearm owners and firearm owners who did not make a purchase during COVID-19. COVID-19 purchasers with lifetime ideation were less likely to hide loaded firearms in a closet than those without lifetime ideation. COVID-19 purchasers with past-year or past-month ideation were more likely to use locking devices than COVID-19 purchasers without past-month ideation. Conclusions In contrast to firearm owners more generally, COVID-19 firearm purchasers appear far more likely to have experienced suicidal ideation and appear less likely to use certain unsafe firearm storage methods but also report a greater number of storage changes during COVID-19 that made firearms less secure. Future research should seek to further understand those who purchased a firearm during COVID-19 and determine ways to increase secure storage among firearm owners.
A National Analysis of State Policies on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning/Queer Inclusive Sex Education

Background Many youth engage in risky sexual behaviors that are associated with adverse sexual health outcomes. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning/queer (LGBTQ) youth are disproportionately affected. Comprehensive sex education is instrumental to minimize these outcomes; however, each state varies in the topics taught. Methods This paper is a comprehensive review of all 50 states and the District of Columbia's policies, including laws and education standards, for LGBTQ inclusive material in school-based sex education for youth in K-12. Results Overall, 48 states have policies that mandate sex education in the public schools. This review describes policy differences relevant to students who identify as LGBTQ, by comparing required topics, parental/guardian permission, LGBTQ inclusion, and normative language requirements. Concusions There is a lack of uniformity and presence of discrimination in school-based sex education policies in the United States, particularly related to LGBTQ topics. Therefore, young people, especially LGBTQ students, face geographical barriers to accessing sexual health information and schools are limited in implementing curriculum essential for students to optimize sexual health outcomes. State policymakers, school administrators, child health advocates, and parents should work to eliminate barriers for comprehensive sex education.
Estrogens and the circadian system

Abstract Circadian rhythms are ~24 h cycles of behavior and physiology that are generated by a network of molecular clocks located in nearly every tissue in the body. In mammals, the circadian system is organized hierarchically such that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main circadian clock that receives light information from the eye and entrains to the light-dark cycle. The SCN then coordinates the timing of tissue clocks so internal rhythms are aligned with environmental cycles. Estrogens interact with the circadian system to regulate biological processes. At the molecular level, estrogens and circadian genes interact to regulate gene expression and cell biology. Estrogens also regulate circadian behavior across the estrous cycle. The timing of ovulation during the estrous cycle requires coincident estrogen and SCN signals. Studies using circadian gene reporter mice have also elucidated estrogen regulation of peripheral tissue clocks and metabolic rhythms. This review synthesizes current understanding of the interplay between estrogens and the circadian system, with a focus on female rodents, in regulating molecular, physiological, and behavioral processes.
Turning the page on 2021: an eventful year for the British Journal of Anaesthesia

Summary The British Journal of Anaesthesia (BJA) had an eventful 2021, following what was a cataclysmic 2020 for the whole world. Despite the tragic challenges of multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unparalleled burdens this created for everyone working in anaesthesia and critical care, the BJA underwent a major transformation during 2021. The BJA strongly supported research and education relevant to the pandemic, and to the broader missions of anaesthesia, critical, and pain medicine. Innovations to the BJA in 2021 included a special section on COVID-19 and the Anaesthetist; a new open access journal in the BJA stable; creation of a new social media editor position; new webinar and author interview series; transition to a new manuscript management system; and a move away from paper to electronic publication.
Electronic wave functions for atoms

Several specialized configuration interaction (CI) calculations for the ground states of the He isoelectronic series have been carried out with the purpose of defining successive orders of approximation to the wave function, so that reliable patterns of convergence can be investigated for the energy, some one-electron expectation values, and the wave function itself. We advocate the use of a sequence of wave functions to extrapolate expectation values and to find the extrapolation error = final error bound. As a direct consequence of this study, we show what the utmost limitations of CI expansions are for these systems and what is to be expected in similar situations (electron pairs in many-electron wave functions). Finally, a comparison is made between CI and interparticle coordinates wave functions.
Docosahexaenoic Acid Signalolipidomics in the Homeostatic Modulation of Photoreceptor/Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Integrity During Oxidative Stress

Vision is sustained by the relationship between photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. This relationship results in life-long cell survival in spite of the fact that they reside in a part of the eye that is constantly exposed to potentially damaging factors such as light, high O2 consumption, and high fluxes of polyunsaturated fatty acids. One goal of vision research is to uncover the endogenous cell survival signals that counteract excessive oxidative stress in the retina. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a member of the omega-3 essential fatty acid family that is derived from linolenic acid, 18:3, n-3. DHA and vitamin A from the opsin chromophore of rod photoreceptor outer segments are recycled back from the RPE to inner segments through the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM). In this chapter, we expound upon these concepts and discuss the intimate, harmonious relationship between photoreceptor and RPE cells.
Getting positive about selection

A report on the 68th Symposium on Quantitative Biology, The Genome of Homo Sapiens', Cold Spring Harbor, USA, 28 May-2 June 2003.