cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The paradigm that all oxygen-respiring eukaryotes have cytosolic CuZn-superoxide dismutase and that Mn-superoxide dismutase is localized to the mitochondria does not apply to a large group of marine arthropods.

The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide radical, is present in the cytosol and mitochondria of all oxygen-respiring eukaryotes. The cytosolic form contains copper and zinc (CuZnSOD), whereas the mitochondrial form contains manganese (MnSOD). The latter protein is synthesized in the cytosol as a MnSOD precursor, containing an N-terminal mitochondrial-targeting sequence. CuZnSOD is sensitive toward cyanide (CN) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but MnSOD is not. Assays for SOD activity in cytosol from the hepatopancreas of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, showed the presence of a CN/H2O2-insensitive form of SOD. No CN/H2O2-sensitive CuZnSOD was found. This unexpected phenomenon was shown to occur in all decapod crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimp) examined. The cytosolic and mitochondrial SODs of C. sapidus were purified by means of ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and reverse-phase HPLC. The cytosolic SOD is a homodimeric protein, which exists in a monomer−dimer ...
SYMMETRY IN MATHEMATICS AND ART: AN EXPLORATION OF AN ART VENUE FOR MATHEMATICS LEARNING

ABSTRACT Symmetry is an aspect of mathematics that is strongly linked to art and design. We chose to explore this connection in the context of a liberal arts mathematics course. Here we present a brief description of this course, including an outline of the curriculum and specific features of the course. We subsequently present the results of a study we conducted to examine students' understanding of symmetry in this context. The findings suggest that when working with repetitious geometric art designs students' approach to symmetry often goes beyond the one-to-one correspondence between specific pieces of art and symmetry concepts, to the development of a correspondence between types of art designs and abstract types of group symmetry concepts. Further, familiarity with symmetry concepts allows students to use abstraction as a tool in their artistic creations. Finally, students reported improved attitudes towards mathematics and its relevance to their lives in general - a bonus finding for a liberal arts...
Cares and concerns of CIE TC8-08: spatial appearance modeling and HDR rendering

The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is dedicated to providing discussion, information, and guidance in the science and art of light and lighting. The terms of reference of Division 8 of the CIE is “to study procedures and prepare guides and standards for the optical, visual and metrological aspects of the communication, processing, and reproduction of images, using all types of analogue and digital imaging devices, storage media and imaging media.” Along those lines, Technical Committee (TC) 8-08 is tasked with developing guidelines and testing methods for using spatial or image appearance models, specifically for use with High Dynamic Range (HDR) images. The goal of TC8-08 is not to create a CIE recommended image appearance model, but rather to design and conduct experimental techniques for evaluating these models.
A fatal jellyfish envenomation by the Portuguese man-o'war

The documented case of a human fatality resulting from envenomation by Physalia physalis is presented. Although this case is only the second scientifically recorded fatality, several similar cases have been suspected.
Enzymatic adaptations by cultured adipocytes of human infants and children: effect of obese serum on the activities of lactate-, malate-, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases.

Extract: To determine whether there are any biochemical characteristics which distinguish human adipose cells from human skin fibroblasts, assays of lactate dehydrogenase with pyruvate as substrate (LDH-P), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were done on both cell types after they had been successfully adapted to artificial medium in tissue culture and also while they were growing temporarily in serum from an obses individual. After undergoing transformation to a fibroblastlike appearance, the adipose cells (adipofibroblasts) contained significantly more of each enzyme than did the initial adipose cell isolates. The level of activities of LDH-P and G6PDH increased to the same levels as in skin fibroblasts (Table 2); however, MDH activities rose to much higher levels than those found in skin fibroblasts (Table 2).
Finite Groups Whose Cyclic Subnormal Subgroups Are Permutable

Finite groups in which each cyclic subnormal subgroup is Sylow-permutable, permutable or normal are investigated. Characterizations are found in both the soluble and insoluble cases.
Clinical failure of botulinum toxin A in movement disorders.

Abstract Objective Botulinum toxin (BTX) injections have been used extensively in medicine; however, little is known about the factors predicting the loss of effectiveness of botulin toxin. Methods Using a clinical database, we identified 401 subjects who had been treated for movement disorders from 1998 through 2010 with onabotulinumtoxin A (BTX A) or who switched from BTX A to rimabotulinumtoxin B (BTX B). We compared patients who switched from type A to type B with patients using type A only with regard to number of visits, total number of injections, number of initial and final sites, number of initial units used, and duration of treatments. Results We observed that patients who switched from BTX A to B had a significantly higher number of initial injection sites than patients with BTX A only (BTX A to B median = 8.5; BTX A median = 6; p for difference = 0.006), had a higher number of final sites (BTX A to B median = 9 BTX A median = 7; p = 0.01), and were also more likely to have multiple reasons for injection (BTX A to B = 25.0%; botulin toxin A = 5.3%; p = 0.01). We did not find significant differences between groups based on the other variables. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher number of sites rather than higher number of units or years of treatment are associated with the loss of effectiveness to BTX A. It is possible that the loss of effectiveness to the BTX is more strongly elicited when the injections are widely diffuse.
The role of selling costs in signaling price image

Abstract To attract potential customers, retailers often advertise low prices with appeals such as “Prices start at $49” or “One week in the Caribbean from $449.” These appeals are deliberately vague in the sense that they give little information about the product to which the prices refer. The author offers an explanation of how such advertisements can construct a credible price image even with this vagueness. When retailers must incur costs in the process of selling a product, advertising low prices to lure potential consumers can backfire. This is because attracting too many consumers who are less likely to purchase the retailer's higher-priced products on the basis of vague promises imposes unwanted selling costs but yields little extra revenue. Therefore, a store with a relatively high selling cost will be dissuaded from attempting to use such a strategy. The author shows analytically that such advertising can be credible only when there is a substantial difference in retailers' costs or when the sel...
Molecular and Metabolic Imaging of Tumors to Inform Therapeutic Interventions

This talk will focus on our efforts to combine endogenous and exogenous sources of molecular and metabolic contrast to guide tumor-specific therapy and reduce unnecessary treatment.
Experiments on crystal/liquid partitioning of Ru, Rh and Pd for magnetite and hematite solid solutions crystallized from silicate melt

Experiments to characterize crystal/melt partitioning of Ru, Rh and Pd between Fe-oxides (magnetite and hematite solid solutions) and silicate melt are reported for oxygen fugacities imposed by CO2 decomposition. Oxides were equilibrated near 1275°C at 1 atm with silica-saturated melts in the compositional system “FeO”CaOAl2O3SiO2±MgO±Cr2O3±TiO2. Ru and Rh are strongly compatible while Pd is slightly incompatible. Partition coefficients (elemental weight ratios) for Ru are variable but range from 100 to > 4000 depending, in a poorly defined way, on the oxide crystal composition. We report enhanced compatibility for Ru compared to previous work for spinels in an Fe-free system. Rh compatibility is also enhanced compared to the Fe-free system, but to a lesser degree. However, Rh partition coefficients (grand average is 250±120) are more uniform than those measured for Ru. Pd is slightly incompatible in magnetite and hematite (grand average is 0.7 ± 0.3) in contrast to the Fe-free system where Pd is highly incompatible. The differences in compatibility among Ru, Rh and Pd suggest that spinels could play a role in determining platinum-group element (PGE) fractionation trends, in particular, for rocks crystallizing at high oxygen fugacity where it is most likely that the dissolved PGE's are present as oxidized species. We also propose a reaction mechanism to explain the common observation of platinum-group minerals (PGM's) included within spinel phases. Finally, our data suggest that Ru, at least, should be concentrated in spinels crystallizing in Earth's atmosphere, either within micrometeroids, or from atmospheric crystallization of impact ejecta.
The "Blob" Filter: Gaussian mixture nonlinear filtering with re-sampling for mixand narrowing

A new Gaussian mixture filter has been developed, one that uses a re-sampling step in order to limit the covariances of its individual Gaussian components. The new filter has been designed to produce accurate solutions of difficult nonlinear/non-Bayesian estimation problems. It uses static multiple-model filter calculations and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approximations for each Gaussian mixand in order to perform dynamic propagation and measurement update. The re-sampling step uses a newly designed algorithm that employs linear matrix inequalities in order to bound each mixand's covariance. Re-sampling occurs between the dynamic propagation and the measurement update in order to ensure bounded covariance in both of these operations. The resulting filter has been tested on a difficult 7-state nonlinear filtering problem. It achieves significantly better accuracy than a simple EKF, an Unscented Kalman Filter, a Moving-Horizon Estimator/Backwards-Smoothing EKF, and a regularized Particle Filter.
The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust

The human amygdala is known to be involved in processing social, emotional, and reward-related information. Previous reports have indicated that the amygdala is involved in extracting trustworthiness information from faces. Interestingly, functional neuroimaging research using economic tasks that presumably require developing and/or expressing interpersonal trust, such as the Trust Game (TG), have not routinely identified involvement of the amygdala. The present study sought to explore the role of the amygdala in developing and expressing interpersonal trust, via a multi-round, multiplayer economic exchange, a version of the TG, in a large sample of participants with focal brain damage. Participants with unilateral damage to the amygdala displayed increased benevolent behavior in the TG, and specifically, they tended to increase trust in response to betrayals. On the other hand, neurologically normal adults tended to repay trust in kind, i.e., they decreased interpersonal trust in response to betrayals or increased trust in response to increases from others. Comparison participants, with brain damage that does not include the amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal or insular cortices, tended to behave ambivalently to the expressed trust or betrayal of others. Our data suggest that the amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust. This increased tendency to behave benevolently in response to defections from others may be related to the abnormal social behavior observed in this group. Moreover, increased benevolence may increase the likelihood or opportunity to be taken advantage of by others.
CGP 39653 binding in the chick CNS after NMDA receptor antagonist treatment.

To analyze the affect of blocking neuronal activity on NMDA receptor levels during development, we have injected chick embryos with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist NPC 12626 from E17 to E19. Brains from drug-treated (n=7) and control (n=6) embryos (E20) were processed for receptor autoradiography using the NMDA competitive antagonist [3H]CGP 39653. NPC 12626 treatment caused a significant 24 to 46% increase in [3H]CGP 39653 binding in both the forebrain and cerebellar cortex. The results support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor levels are regulated by activity-dependent mechanisms.
A procedure for successful nonsurgical embryo transfer in swine.

Abstract The current study was undertaken to develop a successful procedure for the nonsurgical transfer of pig embryos. A total of 663 embryos were surgically collected on Day 4 or 5 from 55 donors, of which 542 embryos of acceptable quality were nonsurgically transferred to 46 recipients. Nonsurgical recipient gilts were sedated 15 min prior to transfer with 20 mg im acepromazine maleate. A disposable insemination spirette with an attached 3-way stopcock was manipulated into the cervix of each gilt. Embryos were expelled from a tomcat catheter into the spirette, and 10 to 12 ml of Whitten's medium were used to flush embryos through the spirette into the reproductive tract. Sixteen (34.8%) recipient gilts did not return to estrus before Day 36, and 10 (21.7%) gilts farrowed with an average litter size of 4.3 ± 0.7. Embryos were collected from an additional 20 donors and were surgically transferred to an additional 19 recipients. Surgical transfers conducted at the same time as the nonsurgical transfers resulted in 12 (63.2%) gilts farrowing and 7.1 ± 0.6 pigs were born per litter. In conclusion, a procedure has been developed for nonsurgical transfer of swine embryos which simplifies the process of embryo transfer and which may increase the potential for utilization of embryo transfer technologies by swine producers.
Use of an embedded N-of-1 trial to improve adherence and increase information from a clinical study.

Abstract Withdrawal of participants from randomized trials can occur because of symptoms thought to be related to the study medicine, but the causal relationship between the study medicine and the symptoms is often unclear. Single-patient trials (“N-of-1 trials”), developed to identify optimal therapy for an individual patient in the clinical setting, may provide a means of resolving some of these dilemmas. We describe here the use of an N-of-1 study embedded within a placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto for a participant who considered withdrawing because he believed the study medication caused an increase in his blood pressure. In this case, the N-of-1 study not only reassured the patient, who decided to remain in the study, but provided potentially useful new information regarding the study medication. Wider use of formal N-of-1 studies may be a valuable tool for improving adherence and determining whether observed side effects are caused by study medication in clinical trials.
Effect of mitomycin-C on the variance in refractive outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy.

Purpose To compare the variance in manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin-C (MMC), PRK without MMC, and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the treatment of myopic astigmatism. Setting Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Patients were classified into 3 groups of preoperative refraction-matched eyes as follows: PRK with MMC 0.02%, PRK without MMC, and LASIK. The preoperative and postoperative MRSE, preoperative corrected distance visual acuity, and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) were analyzed. Results Each group comprised 30 eyes. Follow-up was at least 6 months in the LASIK group and 12 months in the 2 PRK groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean preoperative MRSE (P=.95) or postoperative MRSE (P=.06) between the 3 groups. The mean postoperative MRSE was −0.07 diopter (D) ± 0.47 (SD), −0.14 ± 0.26 D, and 0.02 ± 0.25 D in the PRK with MMC 0.02% group, PRK without MMC group, and LASIK group, respectively. The variance in the postoperative MRSE in the PRK with MMC 0.02% group was significantly higher than that in the PRK without MMC group (P=.002) and in the LASIK group (P=.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean postoperative UDVA between the 3 groups (P=.47). Conclusions Refractive outcomes after PRK for myopia were more variable when MMC 0.02% was used. This should be weighed against the advantage of intraoperative MMC use in reducing haze after PRK. Financial Disclosures Dr. Hamilton has received honoraria for educational lectures from Alcon Laboratories. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Enhanced detection of phosphopeptides in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using ammonium salts

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) has been used successfully to detect phosphorylation sites in proteins. Applications may be limited by the low response of phosphopeptides compared to nonphosphorylated peptides in MALDI MS. The addition of ammonium salts to the matrix/analyte solution substantially enhances the signal for phosphopeptides. In examples shown for equimolar mixtures, the phosphorylated peptide peaks become the largest peaks in the spectrum upon ammonium ion addition. This can allow for the identification of phosphopeptides in an unfractionated proteolytic digestion mixture. Sufficient numbers of protonated phosphopeptides can be generated such that they can be subjected to postsource decay analysis, in order to confirm the number of phosphate groups present. The approach works well with the common MALDI matrices such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and with ammonium salts such as diammonium citrate and ammonium acetate.
Gaussian Blurring-Invariant Comparison of Signals and Images

We present a Riemannian framework for analyzing signals and images in a manner that is invariant to their level of blurriness, under Gaussian blurring. Using a well known relation between Gaussian blurring and the heat equation, we establish an action of the blurring group on image space and define an orthogonal section of this action to represent and compare images at the same blur level. This comparison is based on geodesic distances on the section manifold which, in turn, are computed using a path-straightening algorithm. The actual implementations use coefficients of images under a truncated orthonormal basis and the blurring action corresponds to exponential decays of these coefficients. We demonstrate this framework using a number of experimental results, involving 1D signals and 2D images. As a specific application, we study the effect of blurring on the recognition performance when 2D facial images are used for recognizing people.
Ray B. Browne, 1922–2009

Ray B. Browne, a member of the Editorial Board of Popular Music and Society, died 22 October 2009, following a brief illness. He was 87. Professor Browne was instrumental in the founding of Popular...
Observation of transition radiation from relativistic heavy nuclei.

We have made the first observation of transition radiation produced by relativistic heavy nuclei. The instrument used in this work is a large cosmic-ray detector for the space shuttle designed to measure the energy spectra of heavy nuclei in the cosmic radiation at TeV/nucleon energies. The response of the detector scales with the charge $Z$ of the primary nucleus as expected from theory. The relative fluctuations in detected transition radiation from heavy nuclei are much smaller than those from singly charged particles, because of the large number of photons produced. This makes possible an accurate determination of the energy of the nucleus in the TeV/nucleon region by measurement of the transition radiation yield. The response of such a detector can be well extrapolated from accelerator measurements with singly charged particles.
The influence of innervation on the soluble proteins of slow and fast muscles of the rat.

Abstract the speed of contraction of mammalian skeletal muscle is determined, at least in part, by the peripheral nerve. At birth all muscles contract slowly, but shortly thereafter the contraction time of fast muscle shortens. Cross-union of nerves to fast and slow muscle tends to prolong contraction time of the former and shorten that of the latter. The present experiment was performed to determine whether the innervation is responsible for chemical as well as biophysical differences between red and white muscle. Supernatants from aqueous homogenates of rat muscle were subjected to acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and the protein patterns visualized with amido black dye. Consistent differences were observed between the soleus (a slow, red muscle) and the plantaris (a fast, white one). Denervation of the plantaris caused its protein pattern to gradually resemble that of the soleus; reinnervation restored the normal pattern. Denervation or reinnervation of the soleus (by crushing the soleus nerve) was without effect on its protein patterns. But when the denervated soleus was reinnervated by nerve fibers that predominantly supply white muscles (by transecting and resuturing the sciatic nerve) the soleus pattern came to resemble that of the plantaris. These results are consistent with observations on speed of muscle contraction and indicate that the nerve is responsible for some of the differences between protein constituents of slow and fast muscle.
Experimental evidence that bright coloration is not important for territory defense in purple martins

I tested the hypothesis that bright breeding plumage in territorial males acts as a badge of fighting ability or aggressive motivation to intimidate intruders. Territorial male purple martins (Progne subis) whose iridescent blue plumage was lightened to mimic the appearance of subadult males did not suffer an increase in intruder pressure or loss of territory compared with control males. Bright plumage color itself did not deter intruders and was not important for successful territory defense. Furthermore, a bright coloration of owners was not associated with an increased level of aggression toward intruders. Results from parallel studies on this species suggest that bright coloration is important in territory acquisition. The effectiveness of badges of fighting ability and aggressive motivation in territory defense is limited by whether intruders benefit from assessing these traits in owners. Differences in signaling systems between species are due in part to differences in floater tactics and the mode of territory acquisition.
Temperature effects on creep of tuff and its time—Dependent damage analysis

Abstract An investigation and explanation are given of temperature effects on creep of tuff. Creep tests have been conducted at room temperature and at elevated temperature (204°C). In order to model the creep behavior of tuff, a new time-dependent damage model and two definitions of stress intensity factor are proposed. The results of experiments and theoretical analysis show that the creep strain of tuff increases with increasing temperature under the same loading condition, and that the stress intensity factor is not only a function of stress states, but also of temperature.
Influence of racial origin and skeletal muscle properties on disease prevalence and physical performance.

Skeletal muscle properties are related to disease (e.g. obesity) and physical performance. For example, a predominance of type I muscle fibres is associated with better performance in endurance sports and a lower risk of obesity. Disease and physical performance also differ among certain racial groups. African Americans are more likely than Caucasians to develop obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Empirical studies indicate that aerobic capacity is lower in African Americans than Caucasians. Because genetics is a partial determinant of skeletal muscle properties, it is reasonable to assume that skeletal muscle properties vary as a function of race. As such, genetically determined and race-specific skeletal muscle properties may partially explain racial disparities in disease and physical performance. However, additional research is needed in this area to enable the development of more definitive conclusions.
Kinetics of Aspirin, Salicylic Acid, and Salicyluric Acid following Oral Administration of Aspirin as a Tablet and Two Buffered Solutions

Twelve fasting normal volunteers received three aspirin dosage forms in a single-dose, complete crossover study; the plasma and urine levels of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid were measured for 10 hr. The three dosage forms were an unbuffered tablet, an effervescent solution with 16 mEq of buffer, and an effervescent solution with 34 mEq of buffer. Significant differences in the absorption rate were observed, with the solution having 16 mEQ of buffer being fastest, the solution having 34 mEq of buffer being intermediate, and the tablet being slowest. These differences are attributed to gastric emptying rates and tablet dissolution. Urine pH and renal clearance for all three acid compounds are influenced by the buffer during the first 2 hr following dosing but not later. Area under the curve comparisons suggest that approximately 20% more aspirin reaches the general circulation intact following the tablet but that the total amount of salicylate absorbed is not different. Further studies are required to select the optimal buffer content to provide rapid absorption with minimal sodium dose and urine alkalinization.
Blood Flow Velocity Changes in the Middle Cerebral Artery Induced by Driving Fatigue

The cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of middle cerebral artery (MCA) was detected during the fatigue driving using Transcranial Doppler. The CBFV was also analyzed after the fatigue driving by different means of relaxation to alleviate brain fatigue. The results show that the CBFV in MCA is reduced by driving fatigue.
Radiation and plant respiration

A review of the literature supports the conclusion that, under some conditions, an increase of the rate of “apparent” respiration, as measured by gaseous exchange, may be induced by irradiation of various species of plants and types of plant tissues. In the present elementary state of our knowledge it can not be decided with certainty whether or not the observed stimulations are directly related to the “true” respiration. Despite the long-continued interest in this problem the results thus far available are almost entirely of a descriptive nature, and in no single case has there been presented, as yet, a satisfactory elucidation of the mechanism involved. From a consideration of the diverse conditions and types of material with which an alteration of the gaseous exchange has been observed, it seems altogether likely, however, that such an effect may be the common end result produced by a variety of phenomena.
Termination Detection for Parallel Shortest Path Algorithms

Shortest path computation is required by a large number of applications such as VLSI, transportation, and communication networks. These applications, which are often very complex and have sparse networks, generally use parallel labeling shortest path algorithms. Such algorithms, when implemented on a distributed memory machine, require termination detection methods; these methods consist of some type of synchronization among all processors. Because global synchronization can be costly, it is assumed that the best termination detection methods synchronize as infrequently as possible. The frequency, however, can significantly impact the idle time of parallel labeling shortest path algorithms. In this paper we analyze the impact of this frequency on the performance, in particular the idle time, and identify when low versus high frequency detection is best. The analysis and results indicate that when the size of the subnetwork assigned to processor is small enough so that the computation time is less than or equal to the communication time within an iteration, high frequency termination detection methods should be used. Otherwise, low frequency methods should be used.
Conserved quantitative stability/flexibility relationships (QSFR) in an orthologous RNase H pair

Many reports qualitatively describe conserved stability and flexibility profiles across protein families, but biophysical modeling schemes have not been available to robustly quantify both. Here we investigate an orthologous RNase H pair by using a minimal distance constraint model (DCM). The DCM is an all atom microscopic model [Jacobs and Dallakyan, Biophys J 2005;88(2):903-915] that accurately reproduces heat capacity measurements [Livesay et al., FEBS Lett 2004;576(3):468-476], and is unique in its ability to harmoniously calculate thermodynamic stability and flexibility in practical computing times. Consequently, quantified stability/flexibility relationships (QSFR) can be determined using the DCM. For the first time, a comparative QSFR analysis is performed, serving as a paradigm study to illustrate the utility of a QSFR analysis for elucidating evolutionarily conserved stability and flexibility profiles. Despite global conservation of QSFR profiles, distinct enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanisms are identified between the RNase H pair. In both cases, local flexibility metrics parallel H/D exchange experiments by correctly identifying the folding core and several flexible regions. Remarkably, at appropriately shifted temperatures (e.g., melting temperature), these differences lead to a global conservation in Landau free energy landscapes, which directly relate thermodynamic stability to global flexibility. Using ensemble-based sampling within free energy basins, rigidly, and flexibly correlated regions are quantified through cooperativity correlation plots. Five conserved flexible regions are identified within the structures of the orthologous pair. Evolutionary conservation of these flexibly correlated regions is strongly suggestive of their catalytic importance. Conclusions made herein are demonstrated to be robust with respect to the DCM parameterization.
A Methodological Reflection on the “Thick Socialism” of Socialism after Hayek

Abstract This article discusses the valuable contribution that Ted Burczak's Socialism After Hayek makes to the Marxist theory of socialism by drawing on the Hayekian appreciation of markets as processes of discovery. But the article also critiques the book's acceptance of Hayek's exclusive reliance on markets as a mode of economic organisation. The article reflects on the methodological conditions that might have led the book down a path of market essentialism.
Suppressor Mutations That Allow Sindbis Virus RNA Polymerase to Function with Nonaromatic Amino Acids at the N-Terminus: Evidence for Interaction between nsP1 and nsP4 in Minus-Strand RNA Synthesis

The alphavirus RNA polymerase, nsP4, invariably has a Tyr residue at the N-terminus. Previously we reported that the N-terminal Tyr residue of nsP4 of Sindbis virus, the type species of the genus Alphavirus, can be substituted with Phe, Trp, or His without altering the wild-type phenotype in cultured cells but that other substitutions tested, except for Met, were lethal or quasilethal. Here we report the identification of two suppressor mutations in nsP4 (Glu-191 to Leu and Glu-315 to Gly, Val, or Lys) and one in nsP1 (Thr-349 to Lys) that allow nsP4 with nonaromatic amino acids at the N-terminus to function at 30°C. The suppressor mutation at nsP4 Glu-315 occurred most frequently. All three suppressor mutations suppressed the effects of Ala, Arg, or Leu at the N-terminus of nsP4 with almost equal efficiency and thus the effect of the suppressing mutation is independent of the nsP4 N-terminal residue. Reconstructed mutants containing nsP1-T349K or nsP4-E315G combined with Ala-nsP4 had a defect in minus-strand RNA synthesis at 40°C. A double mutant containing nsP4-Q191L combined with Ala-nsP4 was unstable and could not be tested for RNA synthesis because it reverted to temperature-independence too rapidly. Combinations of nsP1-T349K or nsP4-E315G with Leu, Arg, His, or any aromatic amino acid at the N-terminus of nsP4 also made the mutant viruses temperature sensitive. The results from this study and from a previous report on the shutoff of minus-strand RNA synthesis at 40°C with the nsP1-A348T mutation in ts11 suggests that the N-terminus nsP4 interacts with nsP1 during initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis.
The structure of Mo4Cl8(PEt3)4: How unrecognized disorder previously reduced the quality of the refinement

The preparation and structure of the title compound were reported several years ago by McCarly and co-workers ((1978).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 7900). Curiously, it was reported that refinement of the structure converged at exceptionally high figures of merit (R=0.126;R w =0.158), but no reason was given. In view of a recent observation in this laboratory (Chen and Cotton (1991).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 5857) that a similar type of compound, [Re4Cl8(μ-O)2(μ-OMe)2]2− exhibited a subtle but elegant disorder, we reexamined the crystal structure of the title compound. It is found to have 92% of the Mo4 rectangles in one orientation (the only one previously included in the refinement) and 8% in an orientation perpendicular to the main one. In both orientations the ligand positions are approximately the same. The figures of merit are nowR=0.041;R w =0.064. The three structure parameters previously reported are now only slightly different: Mo-Mo=2.210(1) vs. 2.211(3) A; Mo-Mo'=2.897(1) vs. 2.901(2) A; angle Mo-Clb-Mo=74.2[8]° vs. 74.4(2)°. We report here the complete structure.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chiral Diphosphine Platinum(II) VANOL and VAPOL Complexes

Reaction of (dppe)PtCO3 with S-VANOL or S-VAPOL yielded (dppe)Pt(S-VANOL) and (dppe)Pt(S-VAPOL), respectively. NMR data indicate that the VANOL ligand in the former complex adopts a C2-symmetric O,O‘-bound form, while the VAPOL ligand binds to the metal in a C,O-binding mode that partially disrupts the ligand aromaticity. When matched complexes of S-VANOL and S-VAPOL were synthesized with (S,S-chiraphos)PtCO3, both complexes adopt the symmetric O,O‘-mode. Mismatched complexes with (R,R-chiraphos)PtCO3 have both ligands adopting the C,O-binding mode; however, the S-VANOL complex could not be isolated. Competition experiments between S-VANOL and S-VAPOL for the (S,S-chiraphos)Pt2+ fragment indicate that VANOL is the thermodynamically preferred ligand.
Gonadotrophic cells of the rat hypophysis and their relation to hormone production.

The results of these experiments clearly indicate that the PAS-red and PAS-purple gonadotrophs of the rat anterior hypophysis are functionally as well as tinctorially distinct cell types. The PAS-red cells located peripherally in control animals (“peripheral gonadotrophs” of Purves and Griesbach) produce LH. Following castration they begin to appear in greater numbers in the central areas and by 45 days following castration they are predominant in both central and peripheral portions of the glands. At this time after castration the gonadotrophic content of the pituitary gland is predominantly luteinizing in character. The PAS-purple cells which are found in the central portions of control glands (“central gonadotrophs” of Purves and Griesbach) produce FSH. They appear peripherally following castration and are the predominant type of gonadotrophic cell in the glands of short term (10-day) castrates. The gonadotrophic content of such glands is chiefly FSH as shown by bioassay. By 45 days after castration the LH producing “peripheral gonadotrophs” and the FSH producing “central gonadotrophs” have lost their characteristic distribution patterns. Obviously, then, these two gonadotrophic types cannot be accurately followed on the basis of a restricted regional location in the pituitary but must be differentiated on the basis of specific cytological features and staining characteristics.
Student self-assessed medication therapy management skills resulting from caring for uninsured patients using team-based care

Abstract Introduction Student-delivered medication therapy management (MTM) skills can be enhanced using many aspects of team-based learning and active learning principles. The use of student care teams comprised of students from differing academic years of pharmacy education, in the care of underserved patients, can help to hone student MTM skills before graduation. Methods Student care teams, comprised of third-year, fourth-year, and fifth-year students delivered MTM services to uninsured patients in a charitable clinic environment. Student care teams, under faculty supervision, were responsible for providing all aspects of MTM care. Students responded to a Likert questionnaire at the onset of the course and again at completion designed to self-assess their perceived ability to perform various MTM patient care skills. Results Students' self-assessed perception of their MTM patient care skills improved significantly because of providing direct patient care over the duration of the course ( p = 0.028). Conclusion Team learning principles used in the course allowed students to apply the didactic knowledge gained at their respective juncture of study to direct patient MTM care. It also gave more advanced students the opportunity to mentor younger team members. The students reported improvements in confidence and self-perception of skills in the delivery of MTM care. They were also able to identify personal weaknesses in some skills. Early identification of weaknesses allowed students an opportunity to work on these skills before entering licensed practice.
Emissions of greenhouse gases from naturally ventilated free-stall dairy barns

Abstract. Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from two naturally-ventilated free-stall dairy barns were measured during a three-month study period (May, July and September, 2009). Barn 1 (B1) housed 400 fresh cows, while Barn 2 (B2) housed 850 lactating cows. Air samples at inlet and outlet of the barns for measurement of GHG (CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 ) concentrations were delivered to a photoacoustic gas analyzer (INNOVA model 1412) using a custom-made gas sampling system. Ventilation rates in the barns were determined using three dimensional ultrasonic anemometers mounted on air inlets and outlets. Emissions of CO 2 averaged 23.14 in B1 and 18.53kg-CO 2 /cow/d in B2, respectively. Emissions of CH 4 averaged 326.5 in B1 and 374.5 g-CH 4 /cow/d in B2. The respective emissions of N 2 O in B1 and B2 were 16.00 and 7.86 g-N 2 O/cow/d. Emissions of CO 2 and CH 4 in both barns, in particular, were similar. Emissions of N 2 O from the two barns, however, were significantly different probably because of manure management differences. One half of B1 consisted of an open dirt floor (no stalls) and manure (urine plus feces) deposited on this dirt was thus rarely removed and resulted in significantly higher emissions of N 2 O from this barn (B1). Conversely, the correlation between CO 2 and N 2 O was considerably higher than that between CO 2 and CH 4 emissions (R 2 ranged from 0.82 to 0.98).
Urinary and renal interstitial concentrations of TNF-α increase prior to the rise in albuminuria in diabetic rats

Urinary and renal interstitial concentrations of TNF-α increase prior to the rise in albuminuria in diabetic rats. Background The development of diabetic nephropathy has been linked to the release of vasoactive hormones and growth factors. Currently the role of inflammatory cytokines in this pathogenic process is not clear. Methods We utilized the microdialysis technique to monitor early changes in tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) levels in the renal interstitial fluid and urine of conscious Sprague-Dawley rats ( N = 8) before and after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ). Measurement of the urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was utilized to monitor the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Results UAE increased from 0.56 ± 0.20 μg/min to 8.14 ± 2.98 μg/min 17 days after induction of diabetes ( P = 0.01). Renal interstitial fluid TNF-α increased from 11.96 ± 5.32 pg/mL at baseline to 45.02 ± 11.69 pg/mL 5 days after induction of diabetes ( P = 0.03). Renal interstitial fluid TNF-α levels remained elevated throughout the remainder of the study period. Urinary TNF-α also increased significantly compared to baseline 3 days after induction of diabetes (294.18 ± 36.94 pg/mL vs. 16.05 ± 6.07 pg/mL, P P N = 5) did not change throughout the study. Conclusion We found an early rise in renal TNF-α levels after induction of diabetes with STZ, which precedes the rise in UAE by about 2 weeks. These findings suggest a possible contribution of TNF-α in the complicated pathogenic process resulting in microalbuminuria in diabetes.
A Multicultural View Is a More Cognitively Complex View: Cognitive Development and Multicultural Education.

This article introduces the Reflective Judgment model of intellectual development (King & Kitchener, 1994), which illustrates how reasoning skills develop in adulthood, and shows how the developmen...
Anjela duval: Breton poet, peasant and militant

Abstract In 1981 Brittany lost one of its national heroes, a self-educated woman of extraordinary vision and talent, an adamant defender of her native Breton language, and a full-time farmer. Anjela Duval began writing poetry when she was in her early fifties, and within 10 years was recognized by many of her compatriots as one of the most accomplished and powerful poets of the language. A frequent theme of her poetry was the necessity for Bretons to reclaim their language and their culture from the encroachments of the French: as has literary fame spread, so did her prominence as a leader in the cultural and linguistic revival in Britanny during the 1960s and '70s. Her modest farm became a mecca for poets, writers, singers, and other artists and intellectuals committed to the promotion of the Breton language and culture: her literary and emotional impact on contemporary Bretons has been enormous. This article sketches in the main outlines of this unusual woman's life, filling them in with selected examples of her copious poems (which the author has translated from the Breton). A brief consideration of Duval from a feminist perspective is provided in the final section.
Photonic crystal biosensor microplates with integrated fluid networks for high throughput applications in drug discovery

Assays used in pharmaceutical research require a system that can not only detect biochemical interactions with high sensitivity, but that can also perform many measurements in parallel while consuming low volumes of reagents. While nearly all label-free biosensor transducers to date have been interfaced with a flow channel, the liquid handling system is typically aligned and bonded to the transducer for supplying analytes to only a few sensors in parallel. In this presentation, we describe a fabrication approach for photonic crystal biosensors that utilizes nanoreplica molding to produce a network of sensors that are automatically self-aligned with a microfluidic network in a single process step. The sensor/fluid network is inexpensively produced on large surface areas upon flexible plastic substrates, allowing the device to be incorporated into standard format 96-well microplates. A simple flow scheme using hydrostatic pressure applied through a single control point enables immobilization of capture ligands upon a large number of sensors with 220 nL of reagent, and subsequent exposure of the sensors to test samples. A high resolution imaging detection instrument is capable of monitoring the binding within parallel channels at rates compatible with determining kinetic binding constants between the immobilized ligands and the analytes. The first implementation of this system is capable of monitoring the kinetic interactions of 11 flow channels at once, and a total of 88 channels within an integrated biosensor microplate in rapid succession. The system was initially tested to characterize the interaction between sets of proteins with known binding behavior.
Contagious Speculation and a Cure for Cancer: A Nonevent that Made Stock Prices Soar

A Sunday New York Times article on a potential development of new cancer-curing drugs caused EntreMed’s stock price to rise from 12.063 at the Friday close, to open at 85 and close near 52 on Monday. It closed above 30 in the three following weeks. The enthusiasm spilled over to other biotechnology stocks. The potential breakthrough in cancer research already had been reported, however, in the journal Nature, and in various popular newspapers ~including the Times! more than five months earlier. Thus, enthusiastic public attention induced a permanent rise in share prices, even though no genuinely new information had been presented. A CENTRAL TENET OF F INANCIAL ECONOMICS is that an asset should trade at the risk-adjusted present value of its expected future cash f lows. These expected future cash f lows exist in people’s minds, and do not normally lend themselves to direct observation. An equilibrium price in a frictionless market does not tolerate disagreements among market participants: If some people deem the price too low, they will buy the asset; if others think it is too high, they will sell it ~short, if necessary!. Although the efficient-markets hypothesis predicts that price changes are unpredictable, it associates them with changes in traders’ beliefs about future cash f lows or the appropriate discount rate. Beliefs change with the arrival of new information. Thus, in hindsight at least, we should be able to ascribe price changes to the arrival of specific new information. We examine this view in the context of a series of news reports in the media pertaining to EntreMed ~ENMD!, a biotechnology company, and other members of its sector. The Sunday, May 3, 1998, edition of the New York Times reports on a recent breakthrough in cancer research, and mentions ENMD, a company with licensing rights to the breakthrough ~Kolata ~1998!!. The story’s impact on the stock prices was immediate, huge, and to a large extent permanent. The new-news content of the Times story was nil, though: the substance of the story had been published as a scientific piece in Nature ~Boehm et al. ~1997!! and in the popular press @including the Times itself ~Wade ~1997!!# more than five months earlier, in November 1997.
Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation System Using a Microelectromechanical Fabry–Perot Tunable Filter

This paper describes a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor interrogation system based on a microelectromechanical systems tunable Fabry-Perot filter. The shift in the Bragg wavelength due to strain applied to a sensor fiber is detected by means of a correlation algorithm which was implemented on an embedded digital signal processor. The instrument has a 70 nm tuning range, allowing multiple strain sensors to be multiplexed on the same fiber. The performance of the interrogator was characterized using an optical fiber containing six grating strain sensors embedded in a fiberglass test specimen. The measured root mean square (RMS) strain error was 1.5 microstrain, corresponding to a 1.2 pm RMS error in the estimated wavelength shift. Strain measurements are produced with an update rate of 39 samples/s.