cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equations for Elastic Plates with Partially Electroded Piezoelectric Actuators in Flexure with Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia

A system of two-dimensional equations for the flexural motion of an elastic plate with both electroded and unelectroded portions of piezoelectric actuators attached to the top and bottom surfaces are derived from existing equations of thin elastic and piezoelectric plates by satisfying the actuator-plate interface conditions. In the derivation, the piezoelectric actuators are assumed to be very thin compared to the elastic plate and are treated as films which are in extensional motion but do not resist bending. The unelectroded portions of the piezoelectric actuators have the effect of reducing the shear stress concentration near the edges of the actuators. These equations are generalizations of an earlier system of equations in the literature in that the elastic plate is governed by the Reissner Mindlin theory of flexure with shear deformation and rotatory inertia. Therefore they can be used in cases when the elastic plate is not very thin. The equations obtained are of second order and are suitable for ...
Reflection Function for an Isotropically Scattering Finite Medium

= l f 2 i r f 1 7lJ0 J0 IV where 7fv (//, ') is the incident intensity. Once the reflection function is known, the directional-hemispherical reflectance, hemispherical-directional reflectance, and hemispherical reflectance can be calculated. The reflection function is also referred to by the name of bidirectional reflectance. Unfortunately, only a few models for the reflection function are available. For example, the reflection function for a specular surface may be written as
Outsourcing prioritized warranty repairs

Purpose – To consider the problem of outsourcing warranty repairs to outside vendors when items have priorities in service.Design/methodology/approach – The repair allocation problem is formulated as a convex minimum‐cost network flow problem and solve it by the successive shortest path algorithm. The computation issues involved with the problem are also discussed.Findings – Examples are provided to illustrate the cost benefits achieved due to the priority structure.Research limitations/implications – The research uses a closed static allocation model. Future research efforts can expand our model by considering a dynamic allocation method or an open population model.Practical implications – The paper can be a valuable resource to warranty managers who make decisions regarding the negotiations of warranty contracts and the allocation of items to outside repair vendors.Originality/value – A warranty manager can apply our results to receive insight on the value of giving priority in service to special custom...
Surface Area Increase on Pd Foils after Oxidation in Excess Methane

Abstract An increase in the PdO surface area by a factor of about 20 was observed after treatment of Pd foils in excess methane at 598 K. The surface area was increased as the O2 partial pressure in the activation treatment was decreased. The activated foil was probed by the reaction of complete oxidation of methane in excess O2. The rate was proportional to the PdO surface area and thus the turnover rate per unit of PdO area was the same as that for the untreated foil. Critical for this assessment was the determination of the PdO surface area measured by exchange of surface oxygen with 18O2. The PdO surface area decreased after interaction with water when the sample was cooled. After treatment of the foil in excess methane, PdO but not Pd was identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and carbon deposits from methane were identified on the surface and in the bulk by temperature-programmed desorption.
On a one-dimensional theory of finite bending and stretching of elastic plates

Abstract The equations of the classical theory of small finite deflections of thin elastic plates are used for the derivation of an approximate one-dimensional theory of plates which are long in comparison with their width. The one-dimensional theory which is obtained is of the eighth-order and includes, in a natural way, the effect of warping stiffness in addition to the effects of stretching, bending and twisting stiffness. The general formulas are specialized so as to obtain a system of equations for the analysis of the lateral buckling of beams which is more general than the previously known results for this class of problems.
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT : III. GENETIC ASPECTS; GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Hereditary achondroplasia (chondrodystrophia foetalis) in the rabbit has been described in the present and preceding papers (1, 2). It is the first instance of this abnormality in rodents to be reported. The variation arose in pure bred Havana stock. The abnormality is determined by the expression of a simple recessive unit factor, affected individuals being homozygous for the factor. Females are somewhat more frequently affected than males, but the character is not sex-linked. Rabbits heterozygous for the factor as determined by appropriate breeding tests have a perfectly normal appearance at birth and in later life. The condition appears to be determined solely by the genetic constitution of the animal. Attention was drawn to the fact that although the development of the achondroplastic form proceeds to birth at term, death regularly occurs at the time of or very shortly after parturition. This feature of the condition is briefly discussed.
Effects of current density on the structure of Ni and Ni–Mn electrodeposits

Grain size and texture of Ni electrodeposited from sulfamate baths depend greatly on current density. Increasing grain size is observed with increasing current density and the deposit texture changes from 〈110〉 at current densities lower than 5 mA cm−2 to 〈100〉 for higher current densities. Co-deposition of Mn modifies the deposit structure by favoring the growth of the 〈110〉 texture and decreasing the average grain size even as the current density increases. While the average Mn film content increases with increasing current density, local Mn concentrations are a more complex function of deposition parameters, as indicated by atom probe tomography measurements. In both direct-current plated and pulse plated films, large variations on a nanometer scale in local Mn concentration are observed.
Field amplified injection in the presence of salts for capillary electrophoresis

Salts in the sample are detrimental to the stacking by the field-amplified injection. However, physiological samples often contain salts at levels of about 1% which can diminish the peak height or cause band spreading instead of stacking. Using different analytes which contain salts, we demonstrate that the presence of acetonitrile at 66% in the sample reverses the deleterious effect of salts and favors the stacking by the electrokinetic injection. The advantage of this type of stacking is that it favors certain analytes over others and it can give, in some instances, better theoretical plate numbers.
Isolation of Buoyancy Effects in Jet Diffusion Flame Experiments

Abstract Buoyancy is an important factor in the dynamic behavior of jet diffusion flames. In order to determine the exact role that buoyancy plays, a simple procedure is described for varying in isolation the relative buoyancy force in stationary laboratory jet diffusion flame experiments. This procedure, which is derived from a theoretical model of these flames, merely requires that background pressure be varied while maintaining constant mass flows of fuel and oxidizer into the burner. It is shown that the sole result of these pressure variations in the theoretical model is that the effective gravitational acceleration acting upon the flame varies as the square of the pressure. Comparisons are made between the structure of a low speed laboratory methane/air flame at various pressures and the results of a direct numerical simulation of the same flame with various gravitational accelerations. Similar evolutions in flame structure are observed in both cases.
Hintikka and Moore's paradox

NOTES 'Given in varying (but essentially the same) forms in "Reference and Modality," in From a Logical Point of View (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963), p. 159; Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960), pp. 148-;49; "'Three Grades of Modal Involvement," in Ways of Paradox (New York: Random House, 1966), pp. 161-62. 2 That is, if a is a transparent noun position in 0ca, then it is transparent in M(pa). 8 Word and Object, p. 148. The version of Quine's argument in the other two references employs a class-abstract term instead of a definite description involving B. However, if classabstract terms are viewed as covert descriptions (as Quine himself advises) then this difference is not material here. 'Arthur Smullyan, "Modality and Description," Joumal of Symbolic Logic, 13:31-37 (1948). 6 In the notation of Principia Mathematica this would be written M[ (tx * ox) * f(cx ,5x)], but the latter occurrence of '(Lx * Px)' strikes me as needlessly wasteful of ink, and a bit confusing. I replace it here just by 'x,' viewing the initial '(Lx * Xx)' as a quantifier, or, if you like, as an abbreviation for the combination of quantifiers and predicates (3x) (Ox : q'y Dy y = x ... when this binds a subsequent free 'x.' ' In connection with my discussion of Quine's argument see R. C. Sleigh's "Note on an Argument of Quine's," Philosophical Studies, 17:91-93 (1966). Sleigh's criticism is restricted to an epistemic application of Quine's argument, and it uses the notion of transparent and opaque occurrences of singular terms, which I feel should be analyzed away in favor of distinctions in the scope of these terms. If this is done to Sleigh's comments, and the result generalized beyond epistemic operators to include all non-truth-functions preserving the substitution p/ ap = 1, the result is part of my complaint against Quine's argument.
Calculations of the dimensional dependence of the critical state in disk-shaped superconductors.

We present numerical calculations of the field distribution and the moment of disk-shaped superconductors in the critical state, extending earlier work of Daeumling and Larbalestier. In particular, using the Kim model for the dependence of critical current density on field, we show that a conventional model ignoring flux-line curvature predicts a nonlinear dependence of zero-field remanent moment on radius, while accounting for the curvature numerically leads to an almost linear dependence on radius, with a slope reduced from that of the Bean formula. We find an approximate analytical formula for this reduced slope.
Cellulose-inducible Ultrastructural Protuberances and Cellulose-affinity Proteins of Eubacterium cellulosolvens

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy detected ultrastructural protuberances on the cellulolytic anaerobe Eubacterium cellulosolvens . Such cell surface structures were found only when cells were cultivated in cellulose containing medium, suggesting these structures play a role in cellulose degradation. Organisms cultivated in medium containing cellobiose, glucose, fructose, maltose, or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) contained few, if any, of these protuberances. Also, when a soluble carbohydrate or CMC was added to cellulose-grown cells, the ultrastructural protuberances were no longer detected. In fact, a time course study revealed that the loss of these protuberant structures occurred within 5 min of the addition of glucose, cellobiose, fructose, or a glucose analog to the medium. On the other hand, formation of these protuberances required at least 2 h, and 4 h before large numbers were present on the cells. Cellulose-grown cells also bound the FITC-labeled lectin BSI-B 4 , obtained from Bandeiraea (formerly Griffonia ) simplicifolia . Less detectable levels of lectin were bound by cellobiose-grown cells, and glucose- and fructose-grown cells did not bind any detectable levels of the lectin. Moreover, the addition of glucose or 2-deoxyglucose to the medium of a cellulose-grown culture resulted in the loss of detectable lectin binding. A cellulose-affinity protein fraction, which contained cellulase activity, was also isolated from the cellular extracts of cellobiose- and cellulose-grown cultures of E. cellulosolvens . This affinity fraction could not be eluted from the cellulose column with either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), urea, or a 2-M solution of NaCl, but was eluted by Tris buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The fraction possessed cellulase activity, and consisted of numerous polypeptides. However, this protein fraction could not be detected in the extract of glucose-grown cultures, or in the extract of cellulose-grown cultures within 5 min of the addition of glucose (or a glucose analog) to the medium. The immediate loss of the cellulose-affinity protein fraction and protuberant structures when a soluble carbohydrate was added to the medium indicated some, as yet unknown, regulatory mechanism.
Workplace stress and the quality of teacher–children relationships in Head Start

Abstract The quality of the relationships between teachers and young children affects children's social and emotional development and their academic success. Little is known, however, about whether the amount of workplace stress experienced by early childhood educators impacts the quality of their relationships with young children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether workplace stress was associated with poorer quality teacher–children relationships in Head Start. Across 37 Head Start programs in Pennsylvania, 1001 teachers completed an anonymous, web-based survey about workplace stress and the levels of conflict and closeness in their relationships with children in their classrooms. We examined the associations between teacher–children relationship quality and the level of three types of perceived workplace stress: high demands, low control, and low support. Findings indicated that more workplace stress was associated with more conflict in teacher–children relationships. Interventions to address workplace stress should be evaluated for their potential to impact teacher–children relationship quality and children's social–emotional development.
Click and photo-unclick chemistry of aminoacrylate for visible light-triggered drug release

“Click and Photo-unclick Chemistry” of aminoacrylates is proposed for a new photo-labile linker. Adducts are built in 2 steps with good yields and cleaved rapidly by tissue penetrable visible light (690 nm) with a photosensitizer. Facile synthesis, release of mother drug, and stability and cleavage in medium are demonstrated.
Group dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder: A preliminary, uncontrolled trial

This study provides preliminary data regarding the efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) adapted for the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED). Eleven women with BED participated in this uncontrolled trial and were administered the Eating Disorder Examination together with measures of weight, mood, and affect regulation at baseline and posttreatment. Data on binge eating and weight were also collected at 3- and 6-month follow-up. There were no dropouts from treatment and 82% of the women were no longer binge eating by treatment end. Improvement in emotion regulation was also evidenced posttreatment. The improvement in binge eating was maintained during follow-up. These results lend support for continued research into the applications of DBT for treating BED.
Density Functional Analysis of Ancillary Ligand Electronic Contributions to Metal-Mediated Enediyne Cyclization

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to study electronic perturbations induced by ancillary halogen ligation within metalloenediyne constructs, and the subsequent affect upon thermal Bergman cyclization temperatures. To isolate electronic from geometric components of Bergman cyclization thermodynamics, model diamine- and diphosphine-enediynes (L = 1,6-diamino- or 1,6-diphosphino-cis-1,5-hexadiyne-3-ene) of Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pd(II) with ancillary chloride ligands have been examined computationally and compared to more complex ethylenediamine-based metalloenediyne frameworks of the form MLX(2) (X = Cl, Br, I; L = 1,4-dibenzyl-1,4-diaza-cyclododec-8-ene-6,10-diyne) with distorted square-planar (Cu(II)), T(d) (Zn(II)), and D(4h) (Pd(II)) geometries. In the latter systems, the ethylenediamine linkage restricts the conformation of the enediyne backbone, causing the alkyne termini separation to be nearly independent of metal geometry (3.75-3.82 A). Within the Zn(II) family, steric effects are shown to induce conformational changes on the cyclization potential energy surface (PES) prior to the Bergman transition state, introducing distinct electron-electron repulsive interactions. Multiple metal and ligand conformations are also observed on the Cu(II) metalloenediyne cyclization PES. In contrast, square-planar Pd(II) compounds exhibit overlap between the out-of-plane halogen lone pairs and metal d orbitals, as well as the enediyne pi system, reminiscent of an organometallic "push-pull" reaction mechanism. These systems have significantly higher predicted activation barriers toward cycloaromatization due to enhanced electron repulsion.
The use of low concentrations of heavy metals in the isolation of rat liver nuclei.

Abstract Methods have been developed for isolating rat liver nuclei in the presence of very low concentrations (Ca 0.0002 m ) of lead acetate, cadmium sulfate, or indium trichloride. The nuclei are sufficiently stabilized by the metals so that they can be isolated without pH control or the addition of other stabilizers such as Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ . The use of lead or cadmium in the isolation procedure overcomes the loss of the easily extractable histone fraction which occurs when CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 are used as nuclear stabilizers without pH control. If lead acetate is used in the first steps of the isolation, MgCl 2 can be used in the subsequent steps (in the absence of more lead) without causing loss of the easily extractable histone. The use of lead acetate has made it possible to recover the easily extractable histone fraction from nuclei isolated at pH 5.8. This was not possible previously. The recovered fraction was shown to exhibit disc-gel electrophoretic patterns typical of histones. Indium has been found useful in the isolation of nuclei but apparently it should be present in the form of partially hydrolized InCl 3 to be of real advantage. Disc-gel electrophoresis has shown that lead apparently is not combined with histones at least at relatively low pH but is probably present as Pb 2+ which can easily be removed through precipitation as PbS in acid solution. The electrophoretic patterns of the total histone extract were essentially the same in the cases of nuclei isolated with or without the use of lead acetate; the patterns were not changed whether the lead was left in the histone extract or removed before electrophoresis. All samples of nuclei isolated in the presence of lead cadmium or indium at pH 5.8 or without pH control formed strong gels at pH 8 to 9, indicating that the macromolecular structure of the chromatin had not been degraded through DNAase or protease action. This observation testifies to the effectiveness of these metals in blocking macromolecular degradation, since it is practically impossible, owing to autolytic degradation, even to isolate nuclei in sucrose homogenates without controlling the pH or adding metals such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ for purposes of stabilization.
Design and performance of a multiterawatt Cr:LiSrAlF 6 laser system

We have developed a compact, flash-lamp-pumped Cr:LiSrAlF6 (Cr:LiSAF) laser system capable of producing femtosecond pulses exhibiting peak powers greater than 2 TW. Chirped pulse amplification in a Cr:LiSAF regenerative amplifier produces 15-mJ pulses at a 5-Hz repetition rate. Further amplification in Cr:LiSAF yields recompressed pulse energies of 280 mJ and a pulse duration of less than 135 fs at a 1.0-Hz repetition rate. We describe the design and performance of this laser as well as the optimization of chirped pulse amplification in flash-lamp-pumped Cr:LiSAF.
Habitat structure, conspecific presence and spatial variation in the recruitment of a temperate reef fish

Pronounced spatial variation in recruitment occurs in many marine invertebrate and fish populations and is thought to be critical to the demography of these species. In this study I examined the importance of habitat structure and the presence of conspecific residents to spatial variation in larval settlement and recruitment in a temperate fish Tautogolabrus adspersus. I define settlement as the movement of individuals from the water column to the benthic habitat, while I refer to recruitment as numbers of individuals surviving some arbitrary period of time after settlement. Experiments in which standard habitats were stocked with conspecifics showed that resident conspecifics were not an important factor contributing to small-scale variability in recruitment. Further correlative analyses demonstrated that large-scale variation in recruitment could not be explained by variability in older age classes. By contrast, manipulations of macroalgal structure within a kelp bed demonstrated that recruitment was significantly higher in habitats with a dense understory of foliose and filamentous algae than in habitats with only crustose algae. Understory algae varied in their pattern of disperison among sites, and the dispersion of fish matched that of the plants. In order to determine the effects of differences in patterns of algal dispersion on the demography of associated T. adspersus populations, I used experimental habitat units to manipulate patterns of dispersion. Settlement was significantly greater to randomly placed versus clumped habitats; however, no differences in recruitment between random and clumped habitats were detected. Because recruitment is a function of the numbers of settlers minus the subsequent loss of settlers, rates of mortality or migration must have been higher in the randomly placed habitats. These results are counter to the current paradigm for reef fishes which suggests that larval settlement is the crucial demographic process producing variability in population abundance. In this experiment patterns of settlement were modified by varying the patch structure of the habitat.
P—V—T data and virial coefficients for gaseous methane—water mixtures with correction for adsorption effects

Abstract Precise experimental P —ϱ— T measurements for 10, 25, and 50 mole per cent water in methane mixtures were obtained using a Burnett—Isochoric (B—I) apparatus. These data are vapor—phase measurements at temperatures from 398.15 K to 498.15 K and pressures of 72 kPa to 12.03 MPa or the dew point pressure at each temperature. In the analysis of these data, we have corrected for the effects of H 2 O adsorption on the measured pressures using a Brunauer—Emmett—Teller (BET) adsorption model and applicable BET adsorption constants. This analysis yielded precise values of compressibility factors, densities, and mixture and interaction virial coefficients. The densities are believed to be accurate to within 8/10,000 and the mixture second virial coefficients to ± 2 cm 3 /mol. Additionally, dew point pressures were determined for each mixture by calculating the point of slope change in the vapor isochores.
Effects of learning from interaction with physical or mediated devices

Online learning tools and course materials have not only taken root: they are fully established and thriving. However, some wonder whether the missing interaction with physical, rather than virtual, tools may be undermining the foundation of more abstract spatial and cognitive skills. Sixty third-grade (28 male and 32 female) children with a mean age of 8.95 years (SD = .56 years) were randomly assigned to practice new math skills on a physical wooden Chinese abacus or a virtual Chinese abacus, programmed using Hypercard. Later; the children did equally well on a paper and pencil recognition test, but the children who had practiced with the virtual Chinese abacus were significantly worse at building on their knowledge to figure out how to use the abacus for more advanced computation than those who had practiced with the wooden Chinese abacus. This could have important implications for the early development of the foundation of mathematical, spatial, and cognitive skills.
Axial Fan Tone Noise Induced by Separated Tip Flow, Flutter, and Forced Response

Axial fan tone noise generated by steady rotor loading and by rotor-wake stator interactions has been well studied and computational methods are presently available to predict the noise generated by these mechanisms. However, these are not the only tone noise mechanisms that can occur in practice. This paper examines three other types of tone noise that can be generated at less-than-optimal fan operating conditions. The first is atypical Multiple Pure Tone noise that is generated by large circumferential variations in the mean rotor pressure field due to separated tip flow. The second is Multiple Non-Pure Tone noise that is generated by a non-synchronous traveling-wave vibration of a fan due to flutter. And the third is tone noise that is generated by a forced vibration of a fan due to the potential field influence of downstream struts and pylons. Representative examples of these mechanisms are provided from measurements acquired on full-scale propulsion engine axial fans. The spectral characteristics of the radiated noise are examined with reference to measurements acquired by external microphones. The spectral characteristics and the circumferential mode structure of the internal duct pressure field slightly upstream of the fan are examined with reference to measurements acquired by a circumferential array of pressure transducers flush mounted in the fan case. Descriptive explanations and simple formulas are provided that account for the observed frequencies and circumferential mode orders. Although these noise mechanisms are not routinely encountered in practice, knowledge of their spectral characteristics can be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify aberrant fan behavior.
Complex Function for SicA, a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type III Secretion-Associated Chaperone

Salmonella enterica encodes a type III secretion system within a pathogenicity island located at centisome 63 that is essential for virulence. All type III secretion systems require the function of a family of low-molecular-weight proteins that aid the secretion process by acting as partitioning factors and/or secretion pilots. One such protein is SicA, which is encoded immediately upstream of the type III secreted proteins SipB and SipC. We found that the absence of SicA results in the degradation of both SipB and SipC. Interestingly, in the absence of SipC, SipB was not only stable but also secreted at wild-type levels in a sicA mutant background, indicating that SicA is not required for SipB secretion. We also found that SicA is capable of binding both SipB and SipC. These results are consistent with a SicA role as a partitioning factor for SipB and SipC, thereby preventing their premature association and degradation. We also found that introduction of a sicA null mutation results in the lack of expression of SopE, another type III-secreted protein. Such an effect was shown to be transcriptional. Introduction of a loss-of-function sipC mutation into the sicA mutant background rescued sopE expression. These results indicate that the effect of sicA on sopE expression is indirect and most likely exerted through a regulatory factor(s) partitioned by SicA from SipC. These studies therefore describe a surprisingly complex function for the Salmonella enterica type III secretion-associated chaperone SicA.
Mesenchymal stem cells as a gene delivery vehicle for successful islet transplantation.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) as gene delivery vehicles to simultaneously express human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) to improve the outcome of islet transplantation.
Outcomes of early versus late Tracheostomy: 2008–2010

Objectives/Hypothesis The ideal timing of tracheostomy varies. This study sought to determine demographic, management, and outcome differences in patients undergoing early tracheostomy (ET) versus late tracheostomy (LT) ( 10 days postintubation, respectively). Study Design Retrospective review of the 2008 to 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients with extreme severity of illness who underwent tracheostomy. Methods Patients were subdivided based on the timing of tracheostomy placement (days 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, 21–25). ET and LT were defined using a 10-day cutoff. Descriptive statistics were obtained for hospital and patient demographics. Multivariate models analyzed the effect of tracheostomy timing on primary outcomes of in-hospital morbidity/mortality, length of stay (LOS), and charges. Results A total of 124,990 tracheostomy cases met inclusion criteria. Of the total cases, 53,749 underwent ET, and 71,244 underwent LT. Significant predictors (P < .01) of ET included patient age <65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.136), admission to a Midwest hospital (OR: 1.430), neurologic disorder (OR: 1.196), paralysis (OR: 1.264), and admission to a government, nonfederal hospital (OR: 1.434). Significant predictors of LT included admission to a small hospital (OR: 1.150), acute respiratory failure (OR: 1.601), and acute chronic respiratory failure (OR: 1.349). The economic outcomes of hospital costs and LOS increased linearly and significantly with time to tracheostomy, as did mortality (P < .001). ET was associated with a significantly increased rate of discharge to home (P < .001) and decreased rate of sepsis (P < .001) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (P < .001). Conclusions Efficient and effective healthcare delivery is paramount in today's economic climate. Identification of patients likely to need prolonged ventilator support and ET may prove to be a cost- and morbidity-saving measure and deserves further prospective examination. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 124:1801–1806, 2014
Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) and Canola (Brassica napus) Dose Response and Metabolism Relationships with Glyphosate

Experiments were conducted to determine (1) dose response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (non-GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and canola (Brassica napus L.) to glyphosate, (2) if differential metabolism of glyphosate to aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) is the underlying mechanism for differential resistance to glyphosate among GR soybean varieties, and (3) the extent of metabolism of glyphosate to AMPA in GR canola and to correlate metabolism to injury from AMPA. GR50 (glyphosate dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant dry weight) values for GR (Asgrow 4603RR) and non-GR (HBKC 5025) soybean were 22.8 kg ae ha-1 and 0.47 kg ha-1, respectively, with GR soybean exhibiting a 49-fold level of resistance to glyphosate as compared to non-GR soybean. Differential reduction in chlorophyll by glyphosate was observed between GR soybean varieties, but there were no differences in shoot fresh weight reduction. No significant differences were found between GR varieties in metabolism of gly...
Characterization and regulation of adenosine transport in T84 intestinal epithelial cells

Adenosine release from mucosal sources during inflammation and ischemia activates intestinal epithelial Cl−secretion. Previous data suggest that A2b receptor-mediated Cl− secretory responses may be...
Noble‐gas atmospheric monitoring for international safeguards at reprocessing facilities

Environmental monitoring of nuclear activities promises to play a large role in the improvements in international safeguards under the International Atomic Energy Agency's Programme 93+2. Monitoring of stable noble‐gas (Kr, Xe) isotopic abundances at reprocessing plant stacks appears to be able to yield information on the burnup and type of the fuel being processed. To estimate the size of these signals, model calculations of the production of stable Kr and Xe nuclides in reactor fuel and the subsequent dilution of these nuclides in the plant stack are carried out for two case studies: reprocessing of PWR fuel with a burnup of 35 GWd/tU, and reprocessing of CANDU fuel with a burnup of 1 GWd/tU. For each case, a maximum‐likelihood analysis is used to determine the fuel burnup and type from the isotopic data.
Comparison of FSCBG Model Predictions with Heather Seed Orchard Deposition Data

Abstract Aerial applications of esfenvalerate in a Douglas-fir seed orchard in the Oakridge Ranger District of the Willamette National Forest are used to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticide treatments to control seed and cone insects of Douglas fir. Data from Kromekote spray deposition cards are compared with canopy penetration and deposition predictions from FSCBG, a Forest Service computer model that predicts the behavior of pesticide sprays released from aircraft. Predictions of canopy penetration and ground deposition am within an average of 7.8% of the overall field dataset. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the simulation model for selecting spray application parameters and describing the environmental distribution of pesticides.
Cause-Specific Mortality After First Cerebral Infarction A Population-Based Study

Background and Purpose— Mortality after cerebral infarction (CI) has remained unchanged during the past 20 years, despite advances in neurologic care. Key factors affecting survival may be underrecognized. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and cause of mortality after first CI. Methods— In this case-control, population-based study, all available medical records were reviewed for Rochester (Minnesota) residents with a first CI between 1985 and 1989 to identify morbidities and cause of death. Predictors for mortality were analyzed. Results— First CI was recorded for 444 patients. Survival was 83% at 1 month, 71% at 1 year, and 46% at 5 years. The most frequent causes of death were cardiovascular events (22%), respiratory infection (21%), and initial stroke complications (14%). Recurrent stroke and cancer accounted for 9% and 7.5% of deaths, respectively. In the first month after CI, 51% of deaths were attributed to the initial CI, 22% to respiratory infections, and 12% to cardiovascular ev...
Location of ectopic adrenocortical hormone-secreting tumors causing Cushing's syndrome in the paranasal sinuses.

Background. The majority of ectopic adrenocorti- cotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting tumors are localized in the chest or abdomen. Occasionally, these tumors are found in the paranasal sinuses. Methods. We present 2 unusual cases of ectopic ACTH syndrome whose ACTH-secreting tumors were localized in the paranasal sinuses and describe their biochemical and radio- logical presentation. Results. The first patient had an ACTH-secreting olphactory neuroblastoma originating in the ethmoid sinuses. The second patient had a clinical course and biochemical findings indistin- guishable from pituitary ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, except for negative petrosal sinus sampling. Head imaging showed a ''polyp'' in the left maxillary sinus-secreting ACTH. Both patients went into remission following surgical resection and recovered normal pituitary-adrenal axis function. Conclusion. Ectopic ACTH secretion may originate from lesions in the paranasal sinuses. This accessible location allows for direct immunohistochemical diagnosis with ACTH staining. Surgical resection/radiation therapy can result in complete remission of the disease and restoration of normal pituitary-adre- nal function. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 31: 699-706, 2009
The capacity region of broadcast channels with intersymbol interference and colored Gaussian noise

We derive the capacity region for a broadcast channel with intersymbol interference (ISI) and colored Gaussian noise under an input power constraint. The region is obtained by first defining a similar channel model, the circular broadcast channel, which can be decomposed into a set of parallel degraded broadcast channels. The capacity region for parallel degraded broadcast channels is known. We then show that the capacity region of the original broadcast channel equals that of the circular broadcast channel in the limit of infinite block length, and we obtain an explicit formula for the resulting capacity region. The coding strategy used to achieve each point on the convex hull of the capacity region uses superposition coding on some or all of the parallel channels and dedicated transmission on the others. The optimal power allocation for any point in the capacity region is obtained via a multilevel water-filling. We derive this optimal power allocation and the resulting capacity region for several broadcast channel models.
Implementation Research for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa: Existing Evidence, Current Gaps, and New Opportunities.

Tremendous gains have been made in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in sub-Saharan Africa. Ambitious goals for the “virtual elimination” of pediatric HIV appear increasingly feasible, driven by new scientific advances, forward-thinking health policy, and substantial donor investment. To fulfill this promise, however, rapid and effective implementation of evidence-based practices must be brought to scale across a diversity of settings. The discipline of implementation research can facilitate this translation from policy into practice; however, to date, its core principles and frameworks have been inconsistently applied in the field. We reviewed the recent developments in implementation research across each of the four “prongs” of a comprehensive PMTCT approach. While significant progress continues to be made, a greater emphasis on context, fidelity, and scalability—in the design and dissemination of study results—would greatly enhance current efforts and provide the necessary foundation for future evidence-based programs.
Load Capacity and Thermal Efficiency Optimization of a Research Data Center Using Computational Modeling

Data centers are most commonly cooled by air delivered to electronic equipment from centralized cooling systems. The research presented here is motivated by the need for strategies to improve and optimize the load capacity and thermal efficiency of data centers by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Here, CFD is used to model and optimize the Villanova Steel Orca Research Center (VSORC). VSORC, presently in the design stages, will provide a testing environment as well as the capability to investigate best practices and state of the art strategies including hybrid cooling, IT load distribution, density zones, and hot aisle and cold aisle containment. The results of this study will be used in the overall design and construction of the aforementioned research data center. The objective of this study is to find the optimal operating points and design layout of a data center while still meeting certain design constraints. A focus is on finding both the ideal total supply flow rate of the air conditioning units and the ideal chilled water supply temperature (CHWST) setpoint under different data center design configurations and load capacities. The total supply flow rate of the air conditioning units and the supply temperature setpoint of the chilled water system are varied as design parameters in order to systematically determine the optimal operating points. The study also examines the influence of hot aisle and cold aisle containment strategies in full containment, half containment, and no containment configurations on the determined optimal operating conditions for the modeled research data center.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Combinatorial Study of Li y Mn x Ni2 − x O 4 Cathode Materials Using Microfabricated Solid-State Electrochemical Cells

A methodology for batch-fabricating hundreds of submillimeter thin-film solid-state batteries was used in conjunction with a combinatorial materials synthesis technique. This approach allowed for the simultaneous creation of many solid-state microbatteries that had Li v Mn x Ni 2-x O 4 cathodes, where x varied continuously from 0.2 to 1.8 and y varied from 2.7 to 3.7 in the as-deposited films. Sputtered lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) was used as an electrolyte, while evaporated, micropat-temed Li metal served as the anode layer. The composition, thickness, and microstructure of the cathodes were examined using X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, stylus profilometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical cycling data allowed for cell performance to be correlated to cathode composition and structure. Cathodes with a composition of LiMn 1.4 Ni 0.6 O 4 had both the highest specific capacity as well as the longest high-potential (4.7 V) discharge plateau, while cells with higher Mn content had a longer 4 V discharge plateau, a result that qualitatively agrees with similar studies on conventional bulk-fabricated cathodes of the same material.
The Human Right to Democracy and the Pursuit of Global Justice

This paper addresses two questions concerning human rights and the pursuit of global justice: Is there a human right to democracy? How does the achievement of human rights, including the human right to democracy, relate to the pursuit of global justice? In section 2, the paper answers the first question in the affirmative. It identifies three reasons for favoring democracy and explores the significance of those reasons for defending it as a human right. It answers important worries that acknowledging a human right to democracy would lead to intolerance and lack of respect for peoples’ self-determination, exaggerate the importance of democracy for securing other rights, generalize institutional arrangements that only work in some contexts, and tie human rights to specific ideas of freedom and equality that do not have the same universal appeal and urgency. In section 3, the paper answers the second question. It distinguishes between basic and non-basic global justice and argues that democracy is significant for both. It claims that the fulfillment of human rights constitutes basic global justice, explains how a human right to democracy has significance for the legitimacy of international besides domestic institutions, and shows how forms of global democracy and the exploration of cosmopolitan and humanist commitments underlying human rights may enable and motivate the pursuit of non-basic demands of global justice (such as those concerning socioeconomic equality). The key claim in the paper is that democratic political empowerment is crucial for the pursuit of global justice.
On the front lines: family physicians' preparedness for bioterrorism.

OBJECTIVE: The events of September 11, 2001, and the nation's recent experience with anthrax assaults made bioterrorism preparedness a national priority. Because primary care physicians are among the sentinel responders to bioterrorist attacks, we sought to determine family physicians' beliefs about their preparedness for such an attack. STUDY DESIGN: In October 2001 we conducted a national survey of 976 family physicians randomly selected from the American Academy of Family Physicians' active membership directory. POPULATION: 614 (63%) family physicians responded to the survey. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Physicians' self-reported ability to "know what to do as a doctor in the event of a suspected bioterrorist attack, recognize signs and symptoms of an illness due to bioterrorism, and know where to call to report a suspected bioterrorist attack." RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of physicians agreed that a bioterrorist attack is a real threat within the United States. However, only 27% of family physicians believed that the US health care system could respond effectively to a bioterrorist attack; fewer (17%) thought that their local medical communities could respond effectively. Twenty-six percent of physicians reported that they would know what to do as a doctor in the event of a bioterrorist attack. Only 18% had previous training in bioterrorism preparedness. In a multivariate analysis, physicians reported that preparedness for a bioterrorist attack was significantly associated with previous bioterrorism preparedness training (OR 3.9 [95% CI 2.4-6.3]) and knowing how to obtain information in the event of a bioterrorist attack (OR 6.4 [95% CI 3.9-10.6]). CONCLUSIONS: Only one quarter of family physicians felt prepared to respond to a bioterrorist event. However, training in bioterrorism preparedness was significantly associated with physicians' perceived ability to respond effectively to an attack. Primary care physicians need more training in bioterrorism preparedness and easy access to public health and medical information in the event of a bioterrorist attack. Language: en
School bullying and student trauma: Fear and avoidance associated with victimization

Bullying is a significant problem in U.S. schools. The purpose of the present study is to examine the impact student bullying has on avoidance behaviors and fear at school among youth nationwide. Data from the School Crime and Safety Survey was analyzed. Participants included 5,784 U.S. students in grades 5 through 12. Almost one-third of students reported being bullied in the past year. Females, junior high school students, and public school students were significantly more likely to report being bullied than their counterparts. Students who were bullied were significantly more likely than students who had not been bullied to report fear and avoidance. Prevention and intervention programs are needed to reduce bullying and negative consequences associated with the behavior.
Surface conductance of graphene from non-contact resonant cavity

A method is established to reliably determine surface conductance of single-layer or multi-layer atomically thin nano-carbon graphene structures. The measurements are made in an air filled standard R100 rectangular waveguide configuration at one of the resonant frequency modes, typically at TE103 mode of 7.4543 GHz. Surface conductance measurement involves monitoring a change in the quality factor of the cavity as the specimen is progressively inserted into the cavity in quantitative correlation with the specimen surface area. The specimen consists of a nano-carbon-layer supported on a low loss dielectric substrate. The thickness of the conducting nano-carbon layer does not need to be explicitly known, but it is assumed that the lateral dimension is uniform over the specimen area. The non-contact surface conductance measurements are illustrated for a typical graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition process, and for a high quality monolayer epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide wafers for which we performed non-gated quantum Hall resistance measurements. The sequence of quantized transverse Hall resistance at the Landau filling factors ν = ±6 and ±2, and the absence of the Hall plateau at ν = 4 indicate that the epitaxially grown graphene is a high quality mono-layer. The resonant microwave cavity measurement is sensitive to the surface and bulk conductivity, and since no additional processing is required, it preserves the integrity of the conductive graphene layer. It allows characterization with high speed, precision and efficiency, compared to transport measurements where sample contacts must be defined and applied in multiple processing steps.