cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Flooding on Roadways

Flooding can cause extensive damages in roadways, particularly in those with granular base layers and thin asphalt mix surface layers. The objective of this paper is to present a summary of work conducted on the evaluation of the impact of flooding on pavements. Research shows that flood-induced damage occurs through various ways—weakening and washing away of granular base and soil subgrade layers, washing away of thin surface layers such as seals, and through erosion of subsurface materials near flowing water. Dislocation of concrete slabs due to washing away of subgrade soils during flooding has also been noted. Several models and frameworks have been developed to predict change in structural and surface properties such as roughness due to the impact of flooding. A number of models relating resilient modulus of soil to saturation and matric suction have been proposed. Researches have use both finite difference and finite element models to simulate flow of water through pavements. It has been confirmed that flow under unsaturated conditions is the dominant drainage mechanism in pavements. The role of base course material properties, trench backfill material, and drainage systems has been found to be crucial for drainage. The importance of considering the soil water characteristic curve information and an understanding of change in hydraulic conductivity for different saturation conditions has been emphasized.
Pacifist Invasions: Arabic, Translation & the Postfrancophone Lyric

Pacifist Invasions is about what happens to the francophone lyric in the translingual Franco-Arabic context. Drawing on lyric theory, comparative poetics, and linguistics, it demonstrates how Arabic literature and Islamic scripture pacifically invade French in the poetry of Habib Tengour (Algeria), Edmond Jabes (Egypt), Salah Stetie (Lebanon), Abdelwahab Meddeb (Tunisia), and Ryoko Sekiguchi (Japan). Pacifist Invasions deploys side-by-side comparisons of classical Arabic literature, Islamic scripture, and the Arabic commentary traditions in the original language against the landscapes of modern and contemporary French and francophone literature, poetry, and poetics. Detailed close readings reveal three generic modes of translating Arabic poetics into the French lyric, and the mechanisms by which poets foreignize French, as they engage in a translational and intertextual relationship with the history and world of Arabic literature. Through fine-grained analyses of poetry, translations, commentaries, chapbooks, art books, and essays, Pacifist Invasions proposes a cross-cultural history and rereading of French and francophone literatures in relation to the transversal translations and transmissions of classical Arabic poetics. It offers a translingual, comparative repositioning of the field of francophone postcolonial studies along a fluid, translational Franco-Arabic axis. The vision of the postfrancophone succeeds the point of exhaustion within the French poetic sociolect, with wide-ranging and surprising implications for the study of French and francophone poetry.
Henry Ward and John James Audubon, 1831–1837

Edwin Henry Ward was a member of the illustrious Ward family of taxidermists. The first reference to Henry Ward was when he boarded the ship Columbia off Portsmouth on 31 July 1831 when he set sail...
Epistemic agency in an environmental sciences watershed investigation fostered by digital photography

This collective case study investigates the role of digital photography to support high school students’ engagement in science inquiry practices during a three-week environmental sciences unit. The...
Hyper-Growth and Electoral Bias: Intra-Decade Population Growth, Constituencies, and Representation in the U.S. House

To a remarkable degree, population growth in the United States is unevenly distributed and, at present, most evident in places where Republicans dominate the Democrats. These two effects result from an ongoing trend that persisted in the current decade: migration favors suburbs and disperses the population. Does this pattern of uneven growth directed toward areas of Republican strength actually help one party or the other? This paper considers this question, and asks whether can we theorize about how these outcomes might persist. In some respects, these patterns support the electoral interests of Republicans, but not necessarily. Electoral outcomes are conditioned upon who moves, who stays behind, and the relationship of elected officials and new migrants relative to other voters. This study, which applies aggregate data organized by U.S. Congressional district, I find no systematic tendency in this decade for migration to either consolidate or dissipate partisanship in their constituencies. Despite this null finding, I find preliminary evidence suggesting that high growth districts contribute disproportionately to polarization in the House.
Head and Neck Presentations of Intracranial Lesions

Because of the close proximity of the intracranial compartment to head and neck sites, central nervous system (CNS) lesions may be encountered in this region, as primary tumors, developmental or traumatic displacements, and due to direct extension from the brain or meninges. Awareness of CNS lesions (many of which are more easily identified on intraoperative touch/smear preparations made from the typically scant tissue provided) will avoid misdiagnosis during surgery and on permanent specimens. Clinical and radiologic information, of course, is very helpful. The histology of these entities, described below, is identical to their intracranial counterpart.
The Statistics of Failure Probability in Heterogeneous Materials with Tough—to—Brittle Crossover

We study and review the statistics of fracture due to randomly disordered and heterogeneous microstructures. The samples to be considered will have a uniform tensile stress applied across them. But, unlike most of the samples considered at this conference, these samples will have no macroscopic notch cut in them but only the cracks and defects due to the disordered microstructure. We shall review very briefly the work of our group on brittle systems[1], dating from almost a decade ago, along with our more recent recursion relation method for heterogeneous samples[2], and finally present our latest work on surface effects and the analytic form of the failure probabilities[3].
Effort valuation and psychopathology in children and adults.

BACKGROUND The Research Domain Criteria initiative was launched by the US National Institute of Mental Health to establish a multi-level framework for understanding psychological constructs relevant to human psychiatric disorders, and identified 'effort valuation/willingness to work' as a clinically useful construct worthy of further study. This construct encompasses the processes by which the cost(s) of obtaining an outcome are calculated, and the tendency to overcome response costs to obtain a reinforcer. The current study aims to examine effort valuation as a correlate of psychopathology in children and adults, and the moderating effects of sex on this relationship. METHODS Participants were 1215 children aged 6-12 and their parents (n = 1044). All participants completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as a measure of effort expenditure. Child psychopathology was measured via the Child Behavior Checklist, while adult psychopathology was measured via the Adult Self Report. Additionally, the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents and Injury Behavior Checklist were used to examine child social impairments/problem behaviors. RESULTS In children, significant interactions between reward sensitivity and sex were observed in association with anxiety and thought problems, specifically at low reward sensitivity levels. In adults, main effects of effort expenditure were seen in drug and alcohol abuse, where higher effort was associated with higher degrees of abuse. CONCLUSIONS These results establish effort valuation as a relevant psychological construct for understanding psychopathology, but with different profiles of associated psychopathology across sex in children and adults.
Natural circulation flow distribution within a multi-branch manifold

Abstract Natural circulation systems are extensively used in different applications but they need to be fully characterized to understand their behavior under different boundary conditions. CFD tools provide means to analyze these systems, however, they need additional experimental data to be validated. Experimental measurements of the flow distribution within a multiple-branch manifold under natural circulation have been conducted using PIV. Measurements have demonstrated that the flow within the risers behave similarly, differing between 6.68% and 12.63% in speed and vertical velocity, and between 8.7% and 17.5% for vertical turbulence strength at selected heights. A back-flow region has been observed at the bottom of the main channel, with an increasing cross sectional area moving far from the manifold inlet, while stream-wise flow occupies the top section of the main channel. The experimental activity has also produced a complete experimental data set with first and second order statistics of the flow that can be used for CFD code validation.
Barriers and Facilitators to Hypertension Control Following Participation in a Church-Based Hypertension Intervention Study:

Purpose:Hypertension is the primary risk factor for development of cardiovascular complications. Community-initiated interventions have proven effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk amon...
The Fourth U.S.A. Mathematics Olympiad.

THE U.S.A. Mathematical Olympiad, now in its fourth year, has, to judge from the correspondence we have received, at tained an enviable position in the world of secondary school education. Recommenda tions from school officials on behalf of superior mathematics students increased markedly this year. Participation is by in vitation only. This year, as in previous years, most students were selected on the basis of their performance on the Annual High School Mathematics Examination. As before, sev eral students from Michigan and Wisconsin were also invited to participate. (These states do not participate in the Annual High School Mathematics Examination, but have their own contests.) In addition, a very few students were invited this year on the recommendation of regional school su pervisors. Thus, 112 students were asked to take part, and 103 finally took part in the Olympiad on 6 May 1975. As before, the Olympiad consisted of five problems of the essay type, requiring math ematical ingenuity and power to solve. The time allowed for the Olympiad was three hours. The problems and their solutions ap pear at the end of this article. All test papers were returned by 16 May and graded on 19 May by a committee of the mathematics faculty at Rutgers Univer sity. The top thirty papers were then re graded at Memphis State University. The results of the grading are shown in table 1 below. Final results, listing the top twenty five scorers, were mailed to the schools in volved on 26 May. Seven of the eight finalists had scores in dicated in the rectangle at the right in table 1. Again, the spread in scores on the An nual High School Examination was con siderable. The two students assigned to the 'Other" row were both recommended highly by their supervisors. B?th did well enough to be selected as members of this 1 year's International Team. The correlation between pairs of scores in table 1 is so small as to be negligible. The listing of grades attained by partici pants on each problem is given in table 2.
Niche cells spatially restrict stem-cell self-renewal signaling via receptor-ligand degradation

Abstract Stem-cell niche signaling is short-range in nature, such that only stem cells and not their differentiating progeny experience self-renewing signals1. At the apical tip of the Drosophila testes, 8 to 10 germline stem cells (GSCs) surround the hub, the niche signaling center. Microtubule-based nanotubes (MT-nanotubes) formed by GSCs project into the hub cells, serves as the platform for niche signal reception. Here we show that the receptor for Decapentaplegic (Dpp) accumulated on MT-nanotubes is internalized into hub cells together with the Dpp ligand, and both are degraded in the hub cell lysosomes. Perturbation of hub lysosomal function or MT-nanotube formation lead to excess receptor retention within GSCs as well as excess Dpp ligand that diffuses out of the hub. Our results indicate that degradation of the self-renewal ligand/receptor by niche cells specially restrict the niche signal range, and that might be a general feature of stem-cell niche signaling.
Nuclear Orientation of Tb 160

Nuclear orientation of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{160}$ in a single crystal of neodymium ethylsulphate has been observed by the anisotropic intensity distribution of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. The alignment arises from the coupling of the nuclear-magnetic and quadrupole moments with the crystal field. The spin of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{160}$ is shown to be 3, and the spin of the 1360-kev level in ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{160}$ is 2. The nuclear moments of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{160}$ are $|\ensuremath{\mu}|=1.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25$ nm and $Q=+1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ barns.
Limited Role for Routine Restaging After Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Abstract Background Although many patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergo restaging imaging after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and before surgery, the benefit of this practice is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of reimaging on outcomes. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with stage 2 and 3 rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy between May 2005 and April 2018. Patient and disease characteristics, imaging, treatment, and oncologic outcomes were compared between those who underwent restaging and those who went directly to surgery. Predictors of outcomes and cost effectiveness of restaging were determined. Results Of 224 patients, 146 underwent restaging. Six restaged patients had findings leading to a change in management. There was no difference in freedom from recurrence (P = 0.807) and overall survival (P = 0.684) based on restaging. Pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen level >3 ng/mL (P = 0.010), clinical T stage 4 (P = 0.016), and pathologic T4 (P = 0.047) and N2 (P = 0.002) disease increased the risk of death, whereas adjuvant chemotherapy decreased the risk of death (P Conclusions Imaging restaging after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer rarely changes treatment and does not improve survival. In a subset of patients at higher risk for worse outcome, reimaging may be beneficial.
Systematic incorporation of inherent safety in hazardous chemicals supply chain optimization

Abstract Increasing globalization has made many chemical supply chains large, interdependent and complex. Process incidents often affect the reliability of a supply chain and can cause large disruptions at different segments of the industry. We propose an optimization-based framework that systematically takes into account the trade-offs between process safety and supply chain economics for decision-making. We quantify the hazard at various supply chain echelons in the form of a safety index that takes both fire and toxic hazards into account. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)-based model is developed to either maximize profit for specified hazard limits, or to minimize hazard in a supply chain with multiple production plants, technological options, warehouses and distribution nodes. The MINLP model is used to generate trade-off optimal solutions for various toxic and fire hazard limits. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to an end-to-end ammonia supply chain case study which resulted in several non-intuitive observations regarding hazardous supply chain design and optimization.
Leveraging size effects in flexoelectric-piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting

Abstract This chapter explores the potential of vibration energy harvesting from structures leveraging flexoelectricity (i.e., strain gradient-induced polarization) and presents analytical modeling and analysis results for next-generation submicron scale energy harvesters. At such small geometric scales, flexoelectricity, as a gradient effect, enables significant electromechanical behavior even in nonpiezoelectric dielectric materials, while it enhances the electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric ones. In particular, energy harvesting is a potential future application area of flexoelectricity to enable ultra-low-power nanoscale devices by converting vibrations into electricity. The focus of this chapter is first placed on bending vibration of centrosymmetric cantilevers, such as a monolayer STO (Strontium Titanate) cantilever. An electroelastodynamic framework is presented and analyzed for flexoelectric power generation from strain gradient fluctuations in centrosymmetric dielectrics, by accounting for the presence of a finite electrical load across the surface electrodes as well as two-way electromechanical coupling, and capturing the size effect. Following recent efforts on the converse flexoelectric effect in finite samples, the proposed model properly accounts for a thermodynamically consistent, symmetric two-way coupling, i.e., the direct and converse effects. In addition to the electromechanical frequency response functions, the transverse mode flexoelectric coupling coefficient (a direct measure of energy conversion) is obtained analytically; its dependence on the cantilever thickness and a material figure of merit is shown. The modeling framework is then extended to noncentrosymmetric configurations, such as bimorph cantilevers made from Barium Titanate (BTO), to understand the interaction between flexoelectricity and piezoelectricity for different thickness levels from mm-scale to nm-scale, with a focus on resonant energy harvesting. The level of enhancement in the overall electromechanical coupling due to flexoelectricity with reduced thickness is quantified.
Principal spectral theory and asynchronous exponential growth for age-structured models with nonlocal diffusion of Neumann type

In this paper we study the principal spectral theory and asynchronous exponential growth for age-structured models with nonlocal diffusion of Neumann type. First, we provide two general sufficient conditions to guarantee existence of the principal eigenvalue of the age-structured operator with nonlocal diffusion. Then we show that such conditions are also enough to ensure that the semigroup generated by solutions of the age-structured model with nonlocal diffusion exhibits asynchronous exponential growth. Compared with previous studies, we prove that the semigroup is essentially compact instead of eventually compact, where the latter is usually obtained by showing the compactness of solution trajectories. Next, following the technique developed in Vo (Principal spectral theory of time-periodic nonlocal dispersal operators of Neumann type. arXiv:1911.06119 , 2019), we overcome the difficulty that the principal eigenvalue of a nonlocal Neumann operator is not monotone with respect to the domain and obtain some limit properties of the principal eigenvalue with respect to the diffusion rate and diffusion range. Finally, we establish the strong maximum principle for the age-structured operator with nonlocal diffusion.
Tipifarnib enhances anti-EGFR activity of cetuximab in non-HRas mutated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cancer (HNSCC).

Abstract Objective To test the potential ability of tipifarnib to impair proliferation and to enhance the activity of the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab in wild-type H-Ras HNSCC, which accounts for the majority of HNSCC. Materials and Methods Cell growth, apoptosis and signaling changes in HNSCC cells following tipifarnib exposure in vitro were assessed by SRB, colony formation assay, annexin V staining and Western blot, respectively. A patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal model was adopted to evaluate the efficacy of tipifarnib in vivo with and without cetuximab. Results Treatment of wild-type H-Ras HNSCC cell lines in vitro with tipifarnib reduced cell growth and increased levels of defarnesylated H-Ras in a dose-dependent manner. In a PDX mouse model, treatment with single-agent tipifarnib led to only near-significant growth inhibition. The addition of cetuximab resulted in increased anti-proliferative effect both in culture and in PDX models, which was also mirrored by Western blot and apoptosis assay results. Conclusion Tipifarnib has only a moderate ability to slow tumor growth as a single agent in HNSCC with wild type H-Ras, despite specifically inhibiting the farnesyltransferase upon which the function of H-Ras depends. The combination of cetuximab and tipifarnib appears to enhance the anti-proliferative effect of single-agent tipifarnib and marginally enhance that of single agent cetuximab. These findings deserve further evaluation.
The effect of economic training on some physiological variables and physical abilities for 1500 m run of advanced class

The study purpose is to identify the influence of economic training on some physiological variables and physical abilities of the athlete of 1500 m run for advanced class. Sport training is one of the important and basic sciences to prepare sportsmen to achieve the highest levels. The training should be built on right scientific and accurate basics in line with the latest development of different sport games. Also, it is a science that partially depends in its theories, basics and principles on other sciences as physiology, biochemistry and nutrition. All these sciences work together to enhance the training situation of the sportsman, which affects the players' levels positively. The study problem is that the accumulation of preparatory races during official championships of 1500 m until the final race, the athlete passes through more than one race within a short period of time, which negatively affects the player's performance. Consequently, it affects the player's results negatively, which will be a burden on the athlete. The results demonstrated that the use of economic training is an effective tool to develop physiological variables for 1500 m run. Also, it can be concluded that there is a noticeable development in the physical abilities of the experimental group due to use economic training for 1500 m run.
Growth Inhibition of Mycoplasma by Inhibitors of Polyterpene Biosynthesis and Its Reversal by Cholesterol

Smith, Paul F. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion), and Carl V. Henrikson. Growth inhibition of Mycoplasma by inhibitors of polyterpene biosynthesis and its reversal by cholesterol. J. Bacteriol. 91:1854-1858. 1966.-Compounds which inhibit enzymatic reactions in the biosynthetic pathway to carotenoids inhibited growth of a sterol-nonrequiring species, Mycoplasma laidlawii, strain B, and M. hominis, strain 07. Since M. hominis lacks the enzymes for polyterpene biosynthesis, the inhibitory compounds must act also at other sites. Most inhibitors exerted a lytic effect at bactericidal levels. The inhibition of M. laidlawii is reversed by exogenous cholesterol. M. laidlawii exhibited a greatly increased content of cholesterol and a greatly decreased content of carotenoids when grown in the presence of phenethylbiguanide and cholesterol. These results are considered as further evidence for a common function for sterols and carotenols in Mycoplasma.
Isozyme-selective activity of the HDAC inhibitor MS-275.

2451 The inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) have potential as a new class of antitumor agents. So far, 18 HDACs have been identified and classified into 3 classes, Class I (HDACs 1, 2, 3, 8 and 11), Class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10) and Class III (SIRTs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). Although several classes of HDAC inhibitors such as short chain fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, cyclic peptides and benzamides have been reported, detailed analysis on isozyme selectivity has not been reported. MS-275 is an orally active benzamide compound with antitumor activity in vivo. In this study, we examined in vitro the isozyme spectrum of MS-275 in comparison with trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (NaBu) by using recombinant human isozyme proteins, HDACs 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 and SIRT1. MS-275 strongly inhibited HDACs 1 and 3 (IC50values were 0.51 μM and 1.7 μM, respectively) compared with other HDACs (IC50values of HDACs 4, 6, 8 and 10 were >100 μM, >100 μM, 82.5 μM and 94.7 μM, respectively). On the other hand, TSA and NaBu showed different spectra in comparison to MS-275. TSA inhibited Class II isozymes as well as Class I isozymes at around nanomolar concentrations (IC50values of HDAC1, 3, 4, 6 and 10 were 4.99 nM, 5.21 nM, 27.6 nM, 16.4 nM and 24.3 nM, respectively), except HDAC8 (IC50 value was 486 nM) that needed a much higher concentration for the inhibition than the others. NaBu inhibited Class I enzymes including HDAC8 at sub-millimolar concentrations (IC50values of HDACs 1, 3 and 8 were 0.351 mM, 0.916 mM and 0.284 mM, respectively) and HDACs 4 and 10 at millimolar concentrations (IC50values were 3.10 mM and 3.14 mM, respectively), although much higher concentrations were needed to inhibit HDAC6 (IC50 value was 79.5 mM). The Class III enzyme SIRT1 was not inhibited by any of the 3 HDAC inhibitors. The finding that TSA, but neither NaBu nor MS-275, inhibited HDAC6 was consistent with the result showing that only TSA induced α-tubulin acetylation, for which inhibition of HDAC6 is needed. These results suggest that MS-275 is selective to structurally close subfamily members of Class I enzymes, HDAC1 and HDAC3, which are considered to be most important for tumor cell cycling and proliferation, whereas TSA and NaBu demonstrated broader spectra spread to Class I and Class II isozymes.
Patterning of sexually dimorphic neurogenesis in the Caenorhabditis elegans ventral cord by Hox and TALE homeodomain transcription factors

Background: Reproduction in animals requires development of distinct neurons in each sex. In C. elegans, most ventral cord neurons (VCNs) are present in both sexes, with the exception of six hermaphrodite-specific neurons (VCs) and nine pairs of male-specific neurons (CAs and CPs) that arise from analogous precursor cells. How are the activities of sexual regulators and mediators of neuronal survival, division, and fate coordinated to generate sex-specificity in VCNs? Results: To address this, we have developed a toolkit of VCN markers that allows us to examine sex-specific neurogenesis, asymmetric fates of daughters of a neuroblast division, and regional specification on the anteroposterior axis. Here, we describe the roles of the Hox transcription factors LIN-39 and MAB-5 in promoting survival, differentiation, and regionalization of VCNs. We also find that the TALE class homeodomain proteins CEH-20 and UNC-62 contribute to specification of neurotransmitter fate in males. Furthermore, we identify that VCN sex is determined during the L1 larval stage. Conclusions: These findings, combined with future analyses made possible by the suite of VCN markers described here, will elucidate how Hox-mediated cell fate decisions and sex determination intersect to influence development of neuronal sex differences. Developmental Dynamics 243:159–171, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Private School Choice in the Chicago Metropolitan Area

The determinants of private school choice in the Chicago metropolitan area are examined. Particular attention is given to the effects of race and ethnicity. Results include non-Hispanic White, Blacks, and Hispanics having a higher demand for private schools where there are higher concentrations of Blacks. Non-Hispanic Whites also have a higher demand for private schools in areas with higher concentrations of Hispanics.
Optical signal and image processing: from analog systems to digital pipeline smart pixels

Summary form only given. The author discusses developments in optical signal processing and highlights the many ways in which the technology of optical and electronic signal processing is converging.
Expecting the Unexpected: Proactive Planning for Massive Obstetric Hemorrhage

closure was identified for the community, health care providers, and current obstetric patients receiving care. Triage assessment, birth, and emergency care procedures for obstetric related health care issues were identified with education completed for nursing and interdisciplinary emergency department team members to ensure competency and standard of care delivery for the obstetric and newborn patient population. A coordinated plan for obstetric care was identified with the rural community and birth facility nursing and physician team members to assure access to prenatal care close to home early in pregnancy and the successful transition of the obstetric patient and her health information to the birth physician and birth facility in the third trimester.
Analyzing exposure of school children to accidental releases of hazardous substances

Concerns regarding consequences of hazardous chemical accidents and children's environmental health have increased substantially in recent years. The objectives of this paper are to: (a) demonstrate a methodology for identifying areas potentially exposed to accidental releases of hazardous substances in a large metropolitan region (Hillsborough County, Florida); (b) examine the number and type of schools and school children at risk; and (c) explore the relationship between potential exposure levels and school enrollment patterns in the region. Methods based on the integration of environmental modeling and geographic information systems (GIS) technology are used to achieve these goals. The results indicate that almost 80% of schools and enrolled students in the study area is potentially exposed to worst-case accidents. Compared to elementary school children, a higher proportion of middle school children and a lower proportion of high school students are exposed to multiple releases of hazardous chemicals. A significant and negative association is observed between exposure levels and school enrollment size, which suggests fewer children in regions of highest exposure.
The optical properties of container glass

Abstract Those optical properties of glass of most interest in the soda-lime-silica container composition field are refractive index, reflection, transmittance and absorption. These properties relate to measurement of internal stress, light protection, heat transmission and visual color. Spectrophotometric measurement of transmission/absorbance properties and use of the C.I.E. system to express color parameters are useful in color control to meet customer specifications.
Phosphorus Fertilization Responses on Bahiagrass Pastures: Forage Production and Water Quality

The increased cost of fertilizer and concerns about environmental impacts have led to a reduction in P use in grazed pastures in Florida; however, P fertilization may be necessary to sustain bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fliigge) pastures. This study evaluated the impacts of reduced P fertilization on forage characteristics, soil and leachate P concentrations on bahiagrass pastures during 2007 and 2008. Treatments consisted of three P fertilization levels (0, 5, and 10 kg P ha ―1 , applied as KH 2 PO 4 ) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Twelve 1.2-ha bahiagrass pastures were stocked continuously with a fixed stocking rate of two beef heifers [Bos sp; 380 ± 30 kg live weight (LW)] per experimental unit. Forage was sampled at 14-d intervals for herbage mass (HM), crude protein (CP), and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations. Two suction lysimeters were installed at 60- and 90-cm depth to monitor leachate P. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect HM (4.4 Mg ha ―1 ), herbage accumulation rate (HAR, 43 kg ha ―1 d ―1 ), CP (94 g kg ―1 ), or IVDOM (500 g kg ―1 ). Tissue P concentrations increased from 1.9 to 2.2 g kg ―1 as P fertilization increased from 0 to 10 kg P ha ―1 . Soil P concentration in the Ap (7 mg kg ―1 ) and Bh horizons (23 mg kg ―1 ) and leachate P concentration (0.06 mg L ―1 ) were not affected by P application. Despite the lack of yield response to P fertilization, P application at levels of 5 and 10 kg P ha ―1 showed no impacts on water quality.
Effects of sequential attack on gallery construction, oviposition, and re-emergence by Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

The effects of sequential attack on gallery construction, oviposition, and reemergence by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann were studied in the laboratory at 25 °C. Six mating pairs were allowed to attack bark slabs in groups of 2 pairs every 2 days. Total gallery and eggs per pair decreased with increasing day of attack. The time of attack had little effect on the distance and time from the gallery origin to the first egg. Distances between eggs were shortest for pairs attacking second and greatest for pairs attacking last. Inverse relationships of egg-bearing gallery length, oviposition period, and adult residence time were observed with the day of attack. The basic behavioral and physiological mechanisms thought to influence reproduction of D. frontalis are discussed. A hypothesis for termination of oviposition is formulated from these mechanisms, which provides greater understanding of the effects of attack density on reproduction.
Endothelium-dependent responses and their potential relevance to the distribution of blood flow during hemorrhagic shock

The endothelium releases vasoactive substances in response to several circulating hormones and to changes in shear stress of the flowing blood across the endothelial surface. Because the distribution of receptors mediating the release of endothelium-derived factors is not uniform along the vascular bed, the vascular endothelium has a potential role in regulating regional blood flow and maintaining peripheral resistance during the course and recovery from hemorrhagic shock.
Study of effects of sidewall angle on process window using 193nm CPL masks in a 300mm wafer manufacturing environment

As semiconductor process technology moves down below 90nm and 65nm, more and more wafer fabs are starting to apply 193nm CPL (Chromeless Phase Lithography) technology as the main lithography strategy for their most critical layers. However the 3D pattern profile is another critical factor, which affects image intensity and final process window. Since 193nm CPL is a relatively new technology in the semiconductor industry, it is important for us to understand the key mask specifications of 193nm CPL and their impact on wafer-level imaging. In this paper, we will study the effects of sidewall angle on process window and wafer CD using 193nm CPL masks in a 300mm wafer manufacturing environment. We begin our experiment by making several special 193nm CPL masks. These masks have been specially designed with different sidewall angles (SWA) with phase of 180 degrees. The sidewall angle spread represents approximately 10 degrees. We use specially designed test patterns that are compatible at the 65nm technology node. In our experiment, we first study the correlation between AFM (atomic force microscope)-determined profile angle and lithographic process behavior. In addition, simulation was also used to predict the impact of 3D profile on process performance. All lithographic experiments were performed on 300mm wafers using a high NA ASML 193nm scanner and high contrast resist. In this study, we have focused on the impact of sidewall angle on wafer process performance by comparing the wafer CD and pattern profile through focus. In order to establish more effective specifications of angle control in 193nm CPL between mask shop and wafer fabs, all AFM, wafer CD, and simulation results will be compared and correlated.
Distance Bounds for an Ensemble of LDPC Convolutional Codes

An ensemble of (J, K) -regular low-density parity-check (LDPC) convolutional codes is introduced and existence-type lower bounds on the minimum distance dL, of code segments of finite length L and on the free distance dfree are derived. For sufficiently large constraint lengths v, the distances are shown to grow linearly with v and the ratio dL/v approaches the ratio dfee/v for large L. Moreover, the ratio of free distance to constraint length is several times larger than the ratio of minimum distance to block length for Gallager's ensemble of (J, K) -regular LDPC block codes.
Is droplet evaporation crucial in the mechanism of electrospray mass spectrometry

Evaporation of solvent from charged droplets was found not to be a prerequisite to ion desorption in electrospray mass spectrometry. Evidence of evaporation was absent in an examination of the electrospray mass spectral profiles of cytochrome c and myoglobin in 0.2% acetic and propionic acid solutions; the pHs of these two acid solutions are expected to change in opposite directions with evaporation. The results strongly suggest that ions, as observed in electrospray mass spectrometry, are desorbed from solutions that have undergone minimal evaporation, in other words, at the beginning rather than later parts of the electrospray process. It is speculated that ions are desorbed directly from the solution-air interface at the needle tip.
Excessive blood loss during operation in the patient treated with propylthiouracil.

A case of bleeding during operation due to propylthiouracil-induced thrombocytopenia is reported.
Bond-alternating Hückel-Möbius and related, twisted linear, cyclic and helical systems—their molecular orbitals, energies and phase correlation upon dissociation

Cyclic group formalism and screw symmetry operation are used to clarify and generalize the definition of Huckel and Mobius systems. It is shown that the Mobius ring system has half-integral pseudo-angular momentum similar to that of spin space, and that applications of Mobius electronics to chemical reactions have been based on truncated single-circle Mobius rings which have unique beginning and end (Sect. 2). This concept is illustrated by application to the [1, 7] antarafacial hydrogen shift (Appendix A and Figs. A1–A3). Definition of a Huickel versus Mobius ring system for in-plane and out-of-plane π, δ and φ orbitals as well as the appropriate relative angle of twists are given (Sect. 2 and Table 1). Using the concept of the compatibility of the twist (screw) angle and rotation around a ring, we also derive the proper phase coherence and energy correlation between a parent cyclic (Huckel or Mobius) molecule and its dissociated linear fragments (Sect. 4). The concept of parentage in diabatic fragmentation is discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of submicron single-crystalline Bi2Fe4O9 cubes

Single-crystalline, submicron-sized Bi2Fe4O9 cubes of reproducible shape have been successfully prepared using a facile, large-scale solid-state reaction employing a molten salt technique in the presence of a nonionic surfactant. The role of surfactant as well as alterations in the molar ratio of Bi3+ to Fe3+ precursors have been examined under otherwise identical reaction conditions and correlated with the predictive formation of different shapes of Bi2Fe4O9 products. Extensive structural characterization of as-prepared samples has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Mossbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetic measurements were obtained using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).
The patent question

Does patent consciousness interfere with co-operation between industrial and university research laboratories? The author takes the stand that our patent system, by protecting the inventor, opens the door to the free interchange of ideas which are so necessary to rapid scientific progress. This is one viewpoint on an important and controversial topic.
Selective Use of Voiding Cystourethrography in Children Undergoing Renal Transplant Evaluation

Purpose: Voiding cystourethrography is a routine component in evaluating children awaiting renal transplantation. We examined whether this assessment is necessary in children with renal failure due to dysplasia/aplasia/hypoplasia syndrome and unknown etiology, which account for up to 25% of those with renal failure requiring renal replacement therapies.Materials and Methods: We performed an institutional review board approved, retrospective review of 191 children undergoing transplantation between 2002 and 2007. We reviewed clinical factors associated with positive findings on voiding cystourethrogram. We also reviewed cystography results in children with chronic kidney disease due to renal dysplasia and unknown etiology.Results: We identified 113 boys and 78 girls who underwent renal transplantation during the study period. Pre-transplant voiding cystourethrography was documented in 108 children (57%). Predictors of positive pre-transplant results included history of hydronephrosis, urinary tract infecti...
Histidine uptake by isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. Effect of inhibiton of histidine decarboxylase by α-fluoromethylhistidine

Preincubation with (S)-alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, was found to markedly reduce, but not eliminate, the uptake of [3H]histidine by rat peritoneal mast cells. The Vmax for histidine transport for cells in which decarboxylation of histidine had been completely inhibited was 11.9 pmoles per min per 10(6) cells, compared to a Vmax of 18.9 pmoles per min per 10(6) cells in the presence of active mast cell histidine decarboxylase. The Km of uptake was 139 microM in the presence of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, several times higher than the Km of 44.0 microM in the uninhibited cell. alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine did not inhibit mast cell uptake of phenylalanine, a competitive inhibitor of histidine uptake but not a substrate for histidine decarboxylase; nor did it inhibit the uptake of histidine by non-mast cells, which lack histidine decarboxylase. Levels of intracellular [3H]histidine in mast cells were similar in the presence and absence of the decarboxylase inhibitor. Based on these observations, we propose that intracellular decarboxylation of histidine in the mast cell serves to specifically enhance the uptake of histidine by the relatively non-specific amino acid transporter present in the plasma membrane of the cell.
Thermal Elimination of Precursors to Poly(phenylenevinylene) with a Macrocounterion versus a Small Counterion: A Coordinated Experimental and Simulation Study

Coordinated experimental and orthogonal space random walk (OSRW) molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to understand the exceptionally low temperature required for thermal conversion of a poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV) precursor containing the macromolecular counterion poly(ethylene glycol)-4-nonylphenyl-3-sulfopropyl ether (PEGNOPS). Simulations of this solvent-free system converged for starting points where the backbone was artificially expanded or compressed. In this example of a polymer organized by a polymer, the simulations revealed the ability of PEGNOPS to partially preorder the precursor chain in a conformation that favors the E2 elimination pathway.
Evolution of Courtship Behaviour Patterns and Reproductive Isolation in the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex

The extent to which differences in courtship behaviour patterns act as mechanisms of reproductive isolation is critical to understanding both speciation and the evolution of these behaviour patterns. While numerous studies have investigated intraspecific and interspecific differences in courtship, fewer interpret results in a phylogenetic framework. We describe and analyse geographic variation in the courtship behaviour patterns of the Allegheny Dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). We then examine courtship among closely related species in the D. ochrophaeus complex in a phylogenetic context. We found that populations of D. ochrophaeus separated by extensive geographic distances show little variation in courtship behaviour patterns and are sexually compatible. This contrasts with significant levels of sexual isolation between D. ochrophaeus and other species in the complex. Mapping behaviour patterns onto a phylogeny that we generated from cytochrome b sequences indicates that two behaviour patterns present in the courtship sequence of other members in the complex have either been lost in D. ochrophaeus or gained independently in other species in the complex. Loss of these behaviour patterns may result in reproductive isolation between D. ochrophaeus and its sister taxon, D. orestes.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Alloraphes Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The Neotropical genus Alloraphes Franz belonging to the tribe Cyrtoscydmini is revised. Alloraphes is redefined based on a detailed morphological study, and Parastenichnaphes myrmecophilus (Franz) is transferred back to Alloraphes , where it was originally placed. Alloraphes jamaicae Franz, A. peruanus Franz, A. lenkoi Franz, A. yucatani Franz, A. chiapasensis Franz and A. myrmecophilus Franz, stat. rest. are redescribed; A. dentatus sp. n. from Peru and A. peckorum sp. n. from Bolivia are described. Alloraphes magnus Franz and A. bolivarensis Franz are treated as species inquirendae pending further study. The placement of ? Alloraphes magnus , known from a single female only, remains unclear. The type material of A. bolivarensis was not found in the Franz Collection and the original description hardly allows for the species identification.
The effect of strain‐induced crystallization on the ultimate properties of an elastomeric polymer network

Elastomeric networks made up of chain molecules of sufficient structural regularity generally exhibit strain-induced crystallization. Crystallites thus formed have a pronounced reinforcing effect within the network, and thus increase its ultimate properties (ultimate strength and maximum extensibility), Increase in temperature or addition of diluent (plasticizer) suppresses the strain-induced crystallization and thus diminishes the ultimate properties. These effects are demonstrated using stress-strain isotherms obtained in elongation for crystallizable networks of cis-1, 4-polybutadiene and of polyisobutylene. The magnitude of the effects of strain-induced crystallization are determintud by comparisons of the ultimate properties of these two crystallizable networks with the corresponding ultimate properties of noncrysrallizable networks of polydimethylsiloxane.