cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
String-driven inflation.

It is argued that, in fundamental string theories, as one traces the universe back in time a point is reached when the expansion rate is so fast that the rate of string creation due to quantum effects balances the dilution of the string density due to the expansion. One is therefore led into a phase of constant string density and an exponentially expanding universe. Fundamental strings therefore seem to lead naturally to inflation.
Modeling Interactions in Multidisciplinary Design: A Game Theoretic Approach

The development, implementation, and application of approaches to modeling the interactions in multidisciplinary design is illustrated. Given that the design of complex systems involves multiple disciplinary design teams and their associated analysis and synthesis tools, the task is to model the real interactions among the designers and their tools in order to predict the resulting design. Our approach to this problem is to abstract the interactions in multidisciplinary design as a sequence of games among a set of players, which are embodied by the design teams and their computer-based tools. The developments are applied to a subsonic passenger aircraft design case study to illustrate the rich insights and results that can be generated by exercising different realistic protocols between disciplinary players in modern design processes.
Academic Performance and Childhood Misnourishment: A Quantile Approach

This study assesses the impact of childhood BMI (underweight and overweight) on academic performance using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class. The modeling framework is innovative in that it focuses primarily on (i) controlling for potential endogeneity of BMI on academic performance (as both may be driven by other household characteristics), and (ii) examining marginal effects for the tails of the performance distribution (i.e., those lower performing students). We use Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression to address these two issues. We found that a child BMI had differential impacts across the performance distribution: it affected lower performing students more and may contribute to the achievement gap.
Reconstructed Jet Results in p + p, d + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at 200 GeV from PHENIX

Abstract Jet reconstruction in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC is becoming a popular tool to explore medium effects including the energy loss and modified fragmentation of hard-scattered partons. In p + A and d + A collisions, reconstructed jets are important for evaluating cold nuclear matter effects such as the impact parameter dependence of nuclear parton distribution functions and initial state energy loss. We present current PHENIX results from p + p, d + Au, and Cu + Cu collisions at 200 GeV using the Gaussian filter and anti- k T algorithms. The systematic study of direct jet reconstruction across a variety of collisions systems at PHENIX will help to tell a coherent story of jet physics at RHIC.
Dark halo craters and the thickness of grooved terrain on Ganymede

On the basis of a morphological analysis of recent Voyager images of the dark halo craters and grooved terrain in the Uruk Sulcus region on Ganymede, it is proposed that dark halos result from the incorporation of cratered terrain material into crater ejecta. In Uruk Sulcus, only craters greater than about 12 km in diameter have halos, indicating that the cratered material there forms a stratigraphic horizon buried in the grooved terrain. A depth of excavation of cratered terrains of 1.0 to 1.6 km is calculated. It is shown that the estimated depth is consistent with current theoretical models of grooved terrain, where relatively clean ice is emplaced over downdropped blocks of cratered terrain. Several Voyager 2 images of the Uruk Sulcus region on Ganymede are provided.
Growth and characterization of blue and near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes on bulk GaN

Blue and near-ultraviolet (UV) InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown on GaN and sapphire substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The homoepitaxial LEDs exhibited greatly improved microstructural and electrical properties compared to the devices grown on sapphire. As a result of defect reduction, the reverse-bias leakage current was reduced by more than six orders of magnitude. At forward bias, thermally activated current rather than carrier tunneling was dominant in the LEDs on GaN. The improvement of optical characteristics was found to be a strong function of In content in the active region. At low and intermediate injection levels, the internal quantum efficiency of the UV LED on GaN was much higher compared to that on sapphire, whereas the performance of the blue LEDs was found to be comparable. At high injection currents, both the blue and UV LEDs on GaN greatly outperformed their counterparts on sapphire. The homoepitaxial LEDs with a vertical geometry had a much smaller series resistance and were capable of operating at 600 A/cm 2 in cw mode due to uniform current spreading and efficient heat dissipation.
Magic state distillation and gate compilation in quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry

Quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry map the dynamics of electrons in a molecule to the dynamics of a coupled spin system. To reach chemical accuracy for interesting molecules, a large number of quantum gates must be applied which implies the need for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation. Arbitrary fault-tolerant operations can be constructed from a small, universal set of fault-tolerant operations by gate compilation. Quantum chemistry algorithms are compiled by decomposing the dynamics of the coupled spin-system using a Trotter formula, synthesizing the decomposed dynamics using Clifford operations and single-qubit rotations, and finally approximating the single-qubit rotations by a sequence of fault-tolerant single-qubit gates. Certain fault-tolerant gates rely on the preparation of specific single-qubit states referred to as magic states. As a result, gate compilation and magic state distillation are critical for solving quantum chemistry problems on a quantum computer. We review recent progress that has improved the efficiency of gate compilation and magic state distillation by orders of magnitude. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A graph theoretic approach to feed-through pin assignment

Abstract We study in this paper the feed-through pin assignment problem for cell-based design that assigns global nets to feed-through cells or implicit feed-through ports. On a single row, for a restricted permutation of global nets, we develop a graph theoretic approach for optimally minimizing the density of the channel above (below) the row subject to the bound on the density of the channel below (above) the row. Based on this technique, an approach for iteratively improving style in which there is an over-the-cell feed-through layer.
Two-Dimensional Nucleation of Ice from Supercooled Water

We report the temperature dependent nucleation rates of ice from single water drops supporting aliphatic alcohol Langmuir films. Analysis in the context of a classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation suggests that the critical nucleus is essentially a monolayer, and that the rate-limiting steps in these nucleation processes are therefore not merely influenced by, but instead dictated by, the physics of the water-alcohol interface. Consequently, reduced dimensionality may be much more important in heterogeneous nucleation than has previously been believed.
CANDIDATE PLANETS IN THE HABITABLE ZONES OF KEPLER STARS

A key goal of the Kepler mission is the discovery of Earth-size transiting planets in "habitable zones" where stellar irradiance maintains a temperate climate on an Earth-like planet. Robust estimates of planet radius and irradiance require accurate stellar parameters, but most Kepler systems are faint, making spectroscopy difficult and prioritization of targets desirable. The parameters of 2035 host stars were estimated by Bayesian analysis and the probabilities p HZ that 2738 candidate or confirmed planets orbit in the habitable zone were calculated. Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Program models were compared to photometry from the Kepler Input Catalog, priors for stellar mass, age, metallicity and distance, and planet transit duration. The analysis yielded probability density functions for calculating confidence intervals of planet radius and stellar irradiance, as well as p HZ. Sixty-two planets have p HZ > 0.5 and a most probable stellar irradiance within habitable zone limits. Fourteen of these have radii less than twice the Earth; the objects most resembling Earth in terms of radius and irradiance are KOIs 2626.01 and 3010.01, which orbit late K/M-type dwarf stars. The fraction of Kepler dwarf stars with Earth-size planets in the habitable zone (η⊕) is 0.46, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.31-0.64. Parallaxes from the Gaia mission will reduce uncertainties by more than a factor of five and permit definitive assignments of transiting planets to the habitable zones of Kepler stars.
Face vectors of flag complexes

A conjecture of Kalai and Eckhoff that the face vector of an arbitrary flag complex is also the face vector of some particular balanced complex is verified.
The false discovery rate for statistical pattern recognition

The false discovery rate (FDR) and false nondiscovery rate (FNDR) have received considerable attention in the literature on multiple testing. These performance measures are also appropriate for classification, and in this work we develop generalization error analyses for FDR and FNDR when learning a classifier from labeled training data. Unlike more conventional classification performance measures, the empirical FDR and FNDR are not binomial random variables but rather a ratio of binomials, which introduces challenges not present in conventional formulations of the classification problem. We develop distribution-free uniform deviation bounds and apply these to obtain finite sample bounds and strong universal consistency. We also present a simulation study demonstrating the merits of variance-based bounds, which we also develop. In the context of multiple testing with FDR/FNDR, our framework may be viewed as a way to leverage training data to achieve distribution free, asymptotically optimal inference under the random effects model.
Computer simulation studies of high-energy collision cascades☆

Abstract A modified binary-collision-approximation algorithm allowing the proper order of the collisions in time was used to study cascades in Cu and Au at primary kinetic energies up to 100 keV. Nonlinearities were approximated by letting already-stopped cascade atoms become targets in later collisions, using an improved method of locating potential targets to extend the calculations to energies much higher than heretofore. Beside the effect of the approximate nonlinearity, the effect of thermal disorder in the targets was examined. Target redisplacements reduce the damage in Cu by 3% at most, but in Au they reduce it by amounts up to 20% at 100 keV. Thermal disorder is also important: by disrupting crystal effects, the damage is reduced significantly.
Unifying the Current Data on the Mechanism of Cleavage–Transesterification of RNA

The various mechanisms by which RNA is hydrolyzed are currently under intense investigation. The first step in the hydrolysis pathway is a cleavage–transesterification in which a 2′-OH group attacks a 3′,5′-phosphodiester linkage with departure of the 5′ group. The second step involves the opening of a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphodiester. Complications in these steps arise from multiple possible pathways involving specific acid and base as well as general acid and base catalysis. In addition, controversy exists concerning the protonation states of the phosphodiesters and any intermediate phosphoranes under various experimental conditions. A summary of mechanistic studies involving general and specific acid/base catalysis of RNA hydrolysis and the hydrolysis of RNA analogs is presented herein, along with the interpretations given by the original authors. Included are theoretical calculations, kinetic studies, pKa determinations, isotope effects, Hammett and Bronsted correlations, and model studies. Recent analyses of the mechanism of RNase A are also briefly reviewed. Two limiting mechanisms for the cleavage–transesterification step that unify the data in the literature and differ only in the role of the phosphorane and its protonation state are given at the outset. An analysis of the literature studies supporting these mechanisms is then provided.
Shuffling with ordered cards

We consider a problem of shuffling a deck of cards with ordered labels. Namely we split the deck of N = kq cards (where t ≥ 1 is maximal) into k equally sized stacks and then take the top card off of each stack and sort them by the order of their labels and add them to the shuffled stack. We show how to find stacks of cards invariant and periodic under the shuffling. We also show when gcd(q, k) = 1 the possible periods of this shuffling are divisors of orderk(N − q).
Experimental measurement of impact response in carbon/epoxy plates

The response of carbon/epoxy laminates to transverse impact is of considerable importance due to the susceptibility of these materials to delamination and fiber breakage under impact loading. Experiments and simple analytical approaches are desired for understanding the behavior during impact. In the present study, emphasis was placed on establishing scaling rules for relating laboratory-scale experiments to impacts on larger structures. The scaling rules were first derived from the governing differential equations of the linear impact response problem. Impact experiments were then carried out on AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy plates with the plate dimensions, projectile dimensions, and impact parameters all varied according to the scaling rules. The results were found to follow the scaling rules quite closely. A dynamic model of laminates subjected to impact was developed by using a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure. The predicted strain response agreed very well with the measured response, and supported the conclusions of the experiments regarding scaling rules.
Chiral γ and δ Hydroxysulfones via lipase catalyzed resolutions - synthesis of (R)(+)-4-hexanolide and (2R,5S)-2-methyl-5-hexanolide using intramolecular acylation

Abstract Lipas PS-30 (Amano) was found to be an effective catalyst for enantioselective transesterification of a number of racemic γ and δ hydroxysulfones with isopropenyl acetate in ether. The intramolecular acylation of the ethyl carbonate derivatives obtained from the chiral hydroxysulfones 1d and 1b has been used for the preparation of R (+)-4-hexanolide, sex pheromone of the female dermestid beetle Trogoderma glabrum and (2 R , 5 S )-2-methyl-5-hexanolide, the sex pheromone of the carpenter bee.
DSM-III-R and religion

Abstract The interpretation of religion in DSM-III-R contains considerable negative bias and contributes to unfair stereotypes of religious persons. Particularly new religious movements and religious conversion are unfairly interpreted under the DSM-III-R heading, ‘Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified’. It is suggested that a more balanced and respectful interpretation of religion is needed in DSM-III-R, since psychiatry through its official nomenclature should not contribute to social intolerance of religious nonconformity.
To grab for the market or to bide one's time: a dynamic model of entry

We consider a simultaneous-move, dynamic-entry game. The fixed cost of entry is private information. Entering earlier increases the likelihood of being the monopolist but also increases the likelihood of coordination failure and simultaneous entry. We consider general continuous distributions for the fixed cost, and we characterize the unique symmetric sequential equilibrium in pure strategies. Comparative-statics results are derived. As the time between rounds approaches zero, all of the “action” occurs during an arbitrarily small amount of time. For the Bertrand model, we extend the analysis to allow for n firms.
Credit Chains and Sectoral Comovement: Does the Use of Trade Credit Amplify Sectoral Shocks?

Abstract This paper provides evidence of the presence and relevance of the credit chain propagation and amplification mechanism described by Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) by looking at its implications for the correlation of industries. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that an increase in the use of trade credit, along the input-output chain linking two industries, results in an increase in their output correlation using detailed data on the correlations and input-output relations of 378 manufacturing industry pairs across 43 countries with different degrees of use of trade credit. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and indicate that the mechanism is quantitatively relevant.
Femoral nerve block for diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures in the emergency department

BACKGROUND: Diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures are painful injuries that are frequently seen in patients requiring a trauma work-up in the hospital emergency department prior to definitive management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a femoral nerve block administered in the emergency department could provide better pain relief for patients with femoral fractures than currently used pain management practices. METHODS: Patients who presented with an acute diaphyseal or distal femoral fracture were identified as potential candidates for this study. Eligible patients were randomized by medical record number to receive either (a) the femoral nerve block (20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine) along with standard pain management or (b) standard pain management alone (typically intravenous narcotics). The pain was assessed with use of a visual analog scale at the initial evaluation and at five, fifteen, thirty, sixty, and ninety minutes following the initial evaluation. Fifty-four patients were enrolled in the study from April 2005 to May 2006. Thirty-one patients received a femoral nerve block, and twenty-three patients received standard pain management alone. RESULTS: Baseline scores on the visual analog pain scale did not differ between the groups at the initial evaluation. The patients who received a femoral nerve block (along with standard pain management) had significantly lower pain scores at five, fifteen, thirty, sixty, and ninety minutes following the block than did the patients who received standard pain management alone (p < 0.001). The score on the visual analog pain scale across these time points was an average of 3.6 points less (on a 10-point scale) for those who received the block. There were no infections, paresthesias, or other complications related to the femoral nerve block. CONCLUSIONS: The acute pain of a diaphyseal or distal femoral fracture can be significantly decreased through the use of a femoral nerve block, which can be administered safely in the hospital emergency department. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. ORIGINAL ABSTRACT CITATION: “Femoral Nerve Block for Diaphyseal and Distal Femoral Fractures in the Emergency Department” (2007;89:2599-603).
Solar radiation on Mars

Abstract Detailed information on solar radiation characteristics on Mars are necessary for effective design of future planned solar energy systems operating on the surface of Mars. In this paper we present a procedure and solar radiation related data from which the diurnally, hourly and daily variation of the global, direct beam and diffuse insolation on Mars are calculated. The radiation data are based on measured optical depth of the Martian atmosphere derived from images taken of the sun with a special diode on the Viking cameras; and computation based on multiple wavelength and multiple scattering of the solar radiation.
Social Embeddedness, Overt and Covert Power, and Their Effects on CEO Pay: An Empirical Examination Among Family Businesses in India

The literature on CEO compensation reflects two common biases: (a) the dominant use of the agency theory perspective and (b) the almost exclusive use of U.S. and U.K samples. Agency theory views compensation as a consequence of the incentive contracts and the processes of corporate governance. However, little is known about the determinants of CEO compensation in developing countries. Considering that foreign direct investment of U.S. multinational enterprises increased 10fold over the past decade, mostly in developing economies, there is a great need to understand the dynamics of pay setting in these foreign contexts. Overall, there is an imperative need to explore alternative theoretical perspectives as well as investigate nontraditional contexts to broaden existing theoretical premises. In an attempt to address this need, this study investigates the CEO’s social embeddedness and overt and covert power as determinants of CEO pay in a sample of Indian family-controlled firms. Using a time-series, cross-sectional regression analysis, we find family shareholding and the percentage of inside directors on the board (identified as bases of overt power for the CEO) to be the predominant influences on CEO pay. By contrast, some of the identified bases of covert power, such as the CEO’s tenure, age, education, and firm diversification, are not significant. Surprisingly, controls for firm size and performance also exhibit no influence on CEO pay. These findings offer a useful point of reference against which results from western studies can be compared to formulate more holistic theories of CEO pay.
Building Goal Alignment in Federal Agencies’ Performance Appraisal Programs:

Public managers wrestle with how to influence organizational performance. Results-based management approaches point to the goal alignment’s importance in performance management programs for meeting...
Inhibiting properties of benzimidazole films for Cu(II)/Cu(I) reduction in chloride media studied by RDE and EQCN techniques

Abstract The effects of benzimidazole (BIM) and 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBIM) on the electroreduction of Cu(II) on a rotating Pt disk electrode in chloride media were investigated. These studies were undertaken in conjunction with earlier observation that these imidazole derivatives act as inhibitors of copper corrosion processes and are non-toxic. We have found that BIM and MBIM also form adsorption films on Pt which are able to inhibit one-electron reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) and prevent the development of convective diffusion limiting current wave. The inhibition was found to be controlled by electric field-assisted mass transfer through the film. The ingress of Cu(II) species into the film was detected using the EQCN technique. The EQCN measurements indicate that small fraction of Cu(I) formed in the film by reduction of Cu(II) is retained in the film, most likely in the form of CuCl. The amount of CuCl retained in strongly inhibiting films (e.g., at lower pH) is diminished. The inhibition effectiveness of Cu(II) reduction process by Pt–BIM and Pt–MBIM films increases strongly with increasing acidity of the medium in the pH range from 3 to 1. The mechanism of this remarkable pH effect has been proposed. The orientation of inhibitor molecules on an electrode surface has been evaluated using quantum mechanical calculations for a BIM molecule physisorbed on a model Pt 18 atom cluster.
Effects of mass loss for highly-irradiated giant planets

Abstract We present calculations for the evolution and surviving mass of highly-irradiated extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) at orbital semimajor axes ranging from 0.023 to 0.057 AU using a generalized scaled theory for mass loss, together with new surface-condition grids for hot EGPs and a consistent treatment of tidal truncation. Theoretical estimates for the rate of energy-limited hydrogen escape from giant-planet atmospheres differ by two orders of magnitude, when one holds planetary mass, composition, and irradiation constant. Baraffe et al. [Baraffe, I., Selsis, F., Chabrier, G., Barman, T.S., Allard, F., Hauschildt, P.H., Lammer, H., 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 419, L13–L16] predict the highest rate, based on the theory of Lammer et al. [Lammer, H., Selsis, F., Ribas, I., Guinan, E.F., Bauer, S.J., Weiss, W.W., 2003. Astrophys. J. 598, L121–L124]. Scaling the theory of Watson et al. [Watson, A.J., Donahue, T.M., Walker, J.C.G., 1981. Icarus 48, 150–166] to parameters for a highly-irradiated exoplanet, we find an escape rate ∼ 10 2 lower than Baraffe's. With the scaled Watson theory we find modest mass loss, occurring early in the history of a hot EGP. In this theory, mass loss including the effect of Roche-lobe overflow becomes significant primarily for masses below a Saturn mass, for semimajor axes ⩾ 0.023 AU . This contrasts with the Baraffe model, where hot EGPs are claimed to be remnants of much more massive bodies, originally several times Jupiter and still losing substantial mass fractions at present.
Importance of the topological defects for two-dimensional phase transitions and their relevance for the renormalization group

Abstract For various two dimensional nonlinear σ models, we present a direct comparison between the β functions computed with the 2 + ϵ renormalization group and the β functions measured by Monte Carlo simulations. The theoretical and measured β functions match each other nicely for models with a trivial topology, yet they disagree clearly for models containing topological defects. In these later cases, they are compatible with a phase transition at a finite temperature. This indicates that the global properties of the manifold do matter, in contradiction with the assumption used in the 2 + ϵ RG computation.
Quantum Analog Computing

Abstract Quantum analog computing is based upon similarity between mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and phenomena to be computed. It exploits a dynamical convergence of several competing phenomena to an attractor which can represent an extremum of a function, an image, a solution to a system of ODE, or a stochastic process. In this paper, a quantum version of recurrent neural nets (QRN) as an analog computing device is discussed. This concept is introduced by incorporating classical feedback loops into conventional quantum networks. It is shown that the dynamical evolution of such networks, which interleave quantum evolution with measurement and reset operations, exhibit novel dynamical properties. Moreover, decoherence in quantum recurrent networks is less problematic than in conventional quantum network architectures due to the modest phase coherence times needed for network operation. Application of QRN to simulation of chaos, turbulence, NP-problems, as well as data compression demonstrate computational speedup and exponential increase of information capacity.
Impact of organizational structure on oligopolistic pricing

Abstract The main point of this paper is to suggest that to maintain price discipline, certain organizational and historical features of an industry's information set need to be maintained. In particular, the place of the pricing decision in the organizational structure of firms is a critical determinant of the equilibrium price level in oligopolistic industries offering products that are commodities. The model identifies the dynamics of oligopolistic pricing, with price discipline breaking down as a result of intensified non-price competition and decentralization of the pricing decision. Examples from the steel, nuclear turbine, airline and the telecommunication industries provide some empirical support for the model. The analysis integrates industrial organization theory and the behavioral theory of the firm. “In fact, the one thing that his decentralization in early 1988 had accomplished was that it gave the sales force more freedom to interpret orders such as Akers's 1989 edict that losing market share would no longer be tolerated. Salesmen now had much of the control over pricing that had previously been reserved for senior management, and they realized, even if Akers didn't, that competitors' products were now so similar to IBM's that the only weapon IBM could use to stop market-share losses was lower prices. The salesmen used their weapon. They began a price war that gave customers discounts as high as 50 percent and that eventually rendered list prices meaningless. Buying a mainframe started to include as much wheeling and dealing as buying a used car.” In Paul Carrll's, ‘Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM’, page 221.
Alpha oxidation of cerebronic acid in brains from scorbutic and ascorbic acid-supplemented guinea pigs.

Abstract Brains from scorbutic and ascorbic acid supplemented guinea pigs were used as a source of enzyme for decarboxylation of [1-14C-]-2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid. Both in the 10,000xg supernatant fraction and the recombined 110,000xg pellet and supernatant fractions, decarboxylation was greatly reduced. In the latter experiments, the loss of activity was largely due to the supernatant fraction, which contains most of the brain ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid supplementation, both in vivo and in vitro restored enzymatic activity in the preparations from scorbutic animals, but, in vitro , did not affect the preparations from the supplemented animals.
Managing Oil Price Risk in Developing Countries

This article presents a simple framework for understanding the impact of oil dependence on growth in terms of an optimal savings and investment strategy. Among the more important factors underlying this strategy is the extent to which oil price changes are temporary or permanent. This in turn determines whether a country should rely on stabilization and savings funds or the use of financial instruments to manage oil revenues or both. Country experiences with stabilization and savings funds are surveyed, and the case is presented for using financial instrument to manage oil price risk. Policy implications for enhancing the use of financial instruments are explored, including an exposed role for international financial institutions.
Practical Aspects Of Laser Holographic Interferometry In Wind Tunnels

Practical aspects of using laser holographic interferometry in some NASA Ames wind tunnels are presented. These aspects include the development of techniques for dual-plate interferometry, optics alignment, and laser alignment. In addition, methods to alleviate problems associated with vibration, photographic processing, photographic drying, and photographic reconstruction are discussed.
Preparation of 5‐Aryl‐3‐Oxo‐δ‐Lactones by the Potassium Carbonate–Promoted Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ethyl Acetoacetate in Ethanol

Abstract 5‐Aryl‐3‐oxo‐δ‐lactones (6‐aryl‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2,4(3H)‐diones) were prepared by the potassium carbonate–promoted condensation of aromatic aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate in absolute ethanol. Benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes bearing an alkoxy group (2 or 3 position), a chlorine atom (2, 3, or 4 position), a nitro group (3 or 4 position), a cyano group (4 position), or an acetyl group (4 position) react in high yields under these conditions.
The synthesis and cracking behavior of zeolite-amorphous silica-alumina composites prepared using gels with high alumina and low organic template content

Composites of ZSM-5 and amorphous silica-alumina have been prepared from starting gels with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios of 10 and below and tetrapropyl ammonium (TPA+)/Al2O3 molar ratios below 0.5. The syntheses have been followed by periodic removal of aliquots from the gel with subsequent analysis. At SiO2/Al2O3 = 10 and TPA+/Al2O3 = 0.44 mordenite formed. When the SiO2/AI2O3 ratio was reduced to 8.3, but the ratio TPA+/Al2O3 was kept at 0.45, crystallization progressed from the initial formation of Pc to a mixture of Pc plus ZSM-5 to finally only ZSM-5 at the end of the run. At the lower SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 6 the Pc phase persisted, in a mixture with ZSM-5, until the end of the run. At the lowest SiO2/Al2O3 ratio employed, 3.5, only Pc was detected for a TPA+/Al2O3 ratio of 0.4. In all cases an amorphous silica-alumina coexisted with the zeolites. Samples removed periodically from gels having initial molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 = 8.3 and TPA+/Al2O3 = 0.45 were calcined and subsequently converted to the H+ form of ZSM-5 and evaluated in the cracking of n-hexane. These catalysts, which contained between 10 and 42 wt% HAIZSM-5 were more active than either pure HAIZSM-5 or mechanical mixtures prepared by the addition of preformed ZSM-5 powder (from 10 to 42 wt%) to an amorphous silica-alumina gel. All catalysts examined did show comparable selectivity to C6-C10 aromatics when compared at equal conversions. Both types of catalysts, namely those crystallized in situ and those prepared mechanically, had comparable numbers of strong acid sites (relative to the amount of HAIZSM-5) as measured by the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The better connectivity between the two phases is suggested to be responsible for the greater activity of the composites in which the ZSM-5 crystallizes in situ, compared to the mechanical mixtures.
An X-Ray Jet Discovered by Chandra in the z = 4.3 Radio-selected Quasar GB 1508+5714

We report the Chandra discovery of an X-ray jet associated with the z = 4.3 radio-loud quasar GB 1508+5714. The jet X-ray emission peaks ~2'' to the southwest of the quasar core. We present archival Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 data of the quasar field that show no optical emission at the location of the X-ray jet. We discuss possible emission mechanisms and give constraints to the magnetic field and energy densities for synchrotron radiation or for Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background radiation as the jet X-ray emission process.
HYDROGEN GREENHOUSE PLANETS BEYOND THE HABITABLE ZONE

We show that collision-induced absorption allows molecular hydrogen to act as an incondensible greenhouse gas and that bars or tens of bars of primordial H2–He mixtures can maintain surface temperatures above the freezing point of water well beyond the “classical” habitable zone defined for CO2 greenhouse atmospheres. Using a onedimensional radiative–convective model, we find that 40 bars of pure H2 on a three Earth-mass planet can maintain a surface temperature of 280 K out to 1.5 AU from an early-type M dwarf star and 10 AU from a G-type star. Neglecting the effects of clouds and of gaseous absorbers besides H2, the flux at the surface would be sufficient for photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (in the G star case) or anoxygenic phototrophs (in the M star case). We argue that primordial atmospheres of one to several hundred bars of H2–He are possible and use a model of hydrogen escape to show that such atmospheres are likely to persist further than 1.5 AU from M stars, and 2 AU from G stars, assuming these planets have protecting magnetic fields. We predict that the microlensing planet OGLE-05-390Lb could have retained an H2–He atmosphere and be habitable at ∼2.6 AU from its host M star.
Embeddability of locally finite metric spaces into Banach spaces is finitely determined

The main purpose of the paper is to prove the following results: • Let A be a locally finite metric space whose finite subsets admit uniformly bilipschitz embeddings into a Banach space X. Then A admits a bilipschitz embedding into X. • Let A be a locally finite metric space whose finite subsets admit uniformly coarse embeddings into a Banach space X. Then A admits a coarse embedding into X. These results generalize previously known results of the same type due to Brown–Guentner (2005), Baudier (2007), Baudier–Lancien (2008), and the author (2006, 2009). One of the main steps in the proof is: each locally finite subset of an ultraproduct XU admits a bilipschitz embedding into X. We explain how this result can be used to prove analogues of the main results for other classes of embeddings. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 46B85; Secondary: 05C12, 46B08, 46B20, 54E35
The Sound of Silence: Observational Learning in the U.S. Kidney Market

Mere observation of others' choices can be informative about product quality. This paper develops an individual-level dynamic model of observational learning and applies it to a novel data set from the U.S. kidney market, where transplant candidates on a waiting list sequentially decide whether to accept a kidney offer. We find strong evidence of observational learning: patients draw negative quality inferences from earlier refusals in the queue, thus becoming more inclined towards refusal themselves. This self-reinforcing chain of inferences leads to poor kidney utilization despite the continual shortage in kidney supply. Counterfactual policy simulations show that patients would have made more efficient use of kidneys had the concerns behind earlier refusals been shared. This study yields a set of marketing implications. In particular, we show that observational learning and information sharing shape consumer choices in markedly different ways. Optimal marketing strategies should take into account how consumers learn from others.
Double-diffused high-speed Ge transistors

The recent progress on pyrolytic deposition of masking films on semiconductor surfaces allows one to adopt double diffused technologies for Ge similar to that used for Si. Because of the more favorable material properties, Ge offers the possibility of higher speed and frequency devices. This paper describes the process of double diffused npn and npn planar transistors. The lateral dimensions of the three stripe transistors are such that conventional photoresist processes can be applied. The emitter stripe width is 5 \micro , emitter and base are separated by 5 \micro . Impurity profiles are discussed for both types of transistors. To obtain high speed transistors, the diffused structures are rather shallow. The emitter depth and base width are 2/ \micro .
Fault-tolerance and fault-intolerance: Complementary approaches to reliable computing

Two complementary methods which are employed in order to assure reliable computing are fault-intolerance and fault-tolerance. Fault-intolerance depends on the elimination of the causes of unreliability prior to the start of the computing process while fault-tolerance employs protective redunuancy during the computing process in order to detect and to correct unreliable functioning. A balanced allocation of reliability resources between the two methods appears to offer the best practical solution. The paper reviews current fault-tolerance practices in system architecture and discusses their relevance to software systems.
Synthesis and characterization of tetrathiatetraasterane

Irradiation of 1,4-dithiin gives the cis, syn, cis-photodimer in 70–80% yield whose structure has been unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic methods. A minor product is formed in this photodimerization which is shown to be the trans, anti, trans-photodimer by X-ray structural analysis. Irradiation of the syn photodimer produces tetrathiatetraasterane in 70% yield. The structure of this product is also proven by X-ray methods.
High-Voltage Solar Array Technology

REVIOUS high-voltage solar array (HVSA) studies conducted1"7 under the sponsorship of NASA-LeRC have all come to similar conclusions with regard to the relative power system performance gains possible with the HVSA, the generalized techniques for implementation, the specific problem areas associated with device requirements, and the analytic evaluation of HVSA operation in the space environment. This paper considers forms most practical for ion propulsion and high-power communication satellite applications. Attention is focused on defining the concepts for total power systems in greater detail, on breadboard implementation and testing of critical subsystems associated with the total system approach, and on studies to increase the understanding of solar array/ space plasma interactions so that the selection of array materials and physical designs can be based on a knowledge of the requirements and penalties involved.
A simulation of the Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory to aid in its design and the design of the experiments within the laboratory

Using the finite difference method with overrelaxation, numerical solutions of the steady-state vorticity transport equation were obtained for a continuous flow diffusion chamber of the Hudson-Squires type. The calculation neglected the effects due to temperature, gravity, and saturation. The size and shape of the manifold used to inject the aerosol laden flow was varied to obtain a design which would improve the performance of the chamber from strictly low Reynolds number (
Incorporating spatial variation in housing attribute prices: a comparison of geographically weighted regression and the spatial expansion method

Hedonic house price models typically impose a constant price structure on housing characteristics throughout an entire market area. However, there is increasing evidence that the marginal prices of many important attributes vary over space, especially within large markets. In this paper, we compare two approaches to examine spatial heterogeneity in housing attribute prices within the Tucson, Arizona housing market: the spatial expansion method and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Our results provide strong evidence that the marginal price of key housing characteristics varies over space. GWR outperforms the spatial expansion method in terms of explanatory power and predictive accuracy.
Improved Compression of Network Coding Vectors Using Erasure Decoding and List Decoding

Practical random network coding based schemes for multicast include a header in each packet that records the transformation between the sources and the terminal. The header introduces an overhead that can be significant in certain scenarios. In previous work, parity check matrices of error control codes along with error decoding were used to reduce this overhead. In this work we propose novel packet formats that allow us to use erasure decoding and list decoding. Both schemes have a smaller overhead compared to the error decoding based scheme, when the number of sources combined in a packet is not too small.
The lateral giant fibers of the tubificid worm, Branchiura sowerbyi: structural and functional asymmetry in a paired interneuronal system

Neuroanatomical and ultrastructural studies of the paired lateral giant nerve fibers (LGFs) in posterior segments of the tubificid worm, Branchiura sowerbyi, demonstrate that the fibers are (1) segmental in origin (two cell bodies per segment), (2) joined longitudinally and transversely to form an intersegmental syncytial network, and (3) surrounded by a myelinlike sheath. The LGFs are unique among paired giant fiber systems because of their extreme asymmetry, the diameter of the left fiber being several times greater than that of the right. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the small, right fiber has a high input resistance and, during mechanosensory stimulation, functions as the locus for LGF spike initiation. The larger, left fiber contributes by enhancing the speed of LGF spike conduction along the animal. One physiological benefit of this asymmetric arrangement may be optimization of escape reflex sensitivity to mechanosensory inputs.
Critique of chemical process control theory

Problems of chemical process control, available theories and their inadequacies, and unwritten theories are forged into an essay that rallies colleagues to scale the towering and still untouched peaks on the frontier.
The Multiplicative Quantum Adversary

We present a new variant of the quantum adversary method, a method for proving lower bounds on the quantum query complexity of a function. Adversary methods work as follows: one defines a progress function based on the state of the algorithm, and shows that for a successful algorithm there is a large gap between the initial and final value of the progress, and furthermore that the progress function cannot change by much with a single query. All known variants upper-bound the difference of the progress function, whereas our new variant upper-bounds the ratio and that is why we coin it the multiplicative adversary. Our new method is rooted in the quantum lower-bound method by Ambainis (2005, 2006), based on the analysis of eigenspaces of the density matrix. Ambainis's method is technically very complicated, it lacks intuition, and it only works for symmetric functions. Our method fits well into the adversary framework, has a simple formulation in terms of common block-diagonalization of two operators, and works for all functions. Furthermore, we prove an unconditional strong direct product theorem for the multiplicative quantum adversary bound.
Determining Effective Interface Fracture Properties of 3D Fiber Reinforced Foam Core Sandwich Structures

Foam core sandwich composites are finding a wider breadth of use in aerospace, automotive, and construction applications. These structures present unique challenges in terms of material failure and interaction and are highly sensitive to damage and imperfections introduced during manufacturing. An emerging class of 3D Fiber Reinforced Foam Core (3DFRFC) aims to replace monolithic foams used in sandwich structure cores particularly in demanding high performance aerospace applications. This research is focused on investigating the development of testing methods capable of measuring the effective interface fracture properties between the facesheet and the core in 3DFRFCs. Double Cantilever Beam and EndNotched Flexure specimens are developed to evaluate the Mode I and Mode II fracture properties of a 3DFRFC. Preliminary nonlinear finite element analysis with a progressive failure methodology is used to understand the delamination propagation and aid in specimen development. 3DFRFC panels for fracture testing are manufactured and experimental testing will follow final specimen fabrication.
Assisted reproduction on treacherous terrain: the legal hazards of cross-border reproductive travel

The growing phenomenon of cross-border reproductive travel has four significant legal dimensions. First, laws that ban or inhibit access to assisted reproductive procedures in one country lead patients and physicians to travel to other coun- tries to acquire, to contribute to or to provide assisted reproductive services. Such laws may include provisions that criminalize those who assist or advise patients to undertake such travel. Second, the law may expressly criminalize crossing borders to obtain, to be a donor for or to perform certain procedures. Third, the law may interfere with the ultimate goal of reproductive travellers by refusing to recognize them as the parents of the child they have crossed borders to conceive. Finally, facilitating cross-border reproductive travel may expose physicians, attorneys and brokers to malpractice or other civil liability. This article explores these legal dimensions of cross-border reproductive care and uses the legal doctrines of proportionality, extraterrito- riality and comity to assess the legality and normative validity of governmental efforts to curb or limit assisted reproductive practices. RBMOnline