cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preclinical assessment of purging with VP-16-213: key role for long- term marrow cultures

An evaluation of the effects of VP-16 on normal human marrow cells and representative lymphoma-leukemia cell lines was performed to assess this agent's applicability to ex vivo marrow purging. Tumoricidal dose curves were defined using malignant lymphoid (SK-DHL2 and Reh) and myeloid (HL-60) cells admixed with a 20-fold excess of irradiated marrow cells to simulate a borderline remission marrow. One-hour treatments yielded ID50 of less than 5 mumol/L of VP-16 for clonogenic units from each cell line; rare-to-zero clonogenic units survived exposure to 50 to 100 mumol/L. CFU-Mix, BFU-E, and CFU-GM were equal in their sensitivity to VP-16 (ID50s25 to 30 mumol/L). Marrows treated with 75 mumol/L were completely depleted of these colony-forming cells but produced CFU-GM in one-stage long-term marrow cultures (LTMCs). This dose had little adverse effect on the proliferative capacity of marrow stromal progenitors, as measured by CFU-F (ID50 271 mumol/L) and by the unperturbed development of adherent layers in LTMCs. Furthermore, these stromal layers were able to support hematopoiesis as well as controls in co-culture experiments with autologous marrow cells (two-stage LTMCs). In conclusion, doses of VP-16 that cleanse marrow of lymphoma-leukemia cells spare hematopoietic and stromal progenitors as demonstrated by LTMCs. These data favor the use of VP-16 in the clinical autotransplant setting.
Haemodynamics of Stable Renal Transplant Recipients

1. Haemodynamics, blood volume, plasma renin concentration and creatinine clearance were evaluated in 24 stable renal transplant recipients. 2. The mean cardiac index of the transplant recipients was not different from that of the normal subjects. 3. The transplant recipients comprised eight hypertensive and 16 normotensive patients. The mean cardiac index was the same in eight hypertensive and 16 normotensive patients. Thus the hypertension of stable renal transplant recipients is sustained by a high total peripheral resistance. 4. The mean blood volume, plasma renin concentration and creatinine clearance were similar in eight hypertensive and 16 normotensive patients. Therefore the hypertension of stable renal transplant recipients is not related to blood volume expansion, elevated peripheral renin or low creatinine clearance. The cause of the elevated total peripheral resistance in hypertension in stable renal transplant recipients remains to be elucidated.
Tempering threats to temperate forests.

C. I. Millar and N. L. Stephenson (“Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance,” Review, 21 August, p. [823][1]) review the increasing susceptibility of temperate forests to stresses such as increasing droughts, insect outbreaks, and more frequent and intense fires (“
The Process of Creation of Bathymetric Information in Terms of the Set Theory

All types of bathymetric information and its properties are presented. The entire process of creating bathymetric information, beginning from the planning of the bathymetric survey to the post-processing of bathymetric measurements, is described. This process is expressed in terms of the set theory. Therefore, the description of this very complicated process has become easier and more understandable.
Three ways to interpret narrative

There are many ways to interpret narrative, but almost all of them belong to one of three fundamentally distinct approaches: the intentional, the symptomatic, and the adaptive. Before I set these out, however, I need to focus on an assumption that has been lurking behind most of what I wrote in the last chapter. This is the assumption that narratives are “whole” in the sense that everything in a narrative somehow belongs and contributes to its meaning. Frank Kermode put this in the form of a question: “Why … does it require a more strenuous effort to believe that a narrative lacks coherence than to believe that somehow, if we could only find out, it doesn't?” ( Genesis of Secrecy , 53). The question of wholeness in narrative This assumption of some kind of deep coherence or wholeness lies behind an old rule in the history of interpretation. Over 1600 years ago, Saint Augustine wrote with regard to scripture that meanings found in one part must “be seen to be congruous with” meanings found in other parts. In other words, interpretations have to work for the whole text. In my reading of “Now I Lay Me,” I applied this rule, trying hard to find an interpretation that was “congruous with” all the parts of the narrative. But suppose I wanted to make a more sweeping interpretation of “Now I Lay Me.”
Vaccine Rejection and Hesitancy: A Review and Call to Action

Vaccine refusal has been a recurring story in the media for well over a decade. Although there is scant evidence that refusal is genuinely increasing in the population, multiple studies have demonstrated concerning patterns of decline of confidence in vaccines, the medical professionals who administer vaccines, and the scientists who study and develop vaccines. As specialists in microbiology, immunology, and infectious diseases, scientists are content experts but often lack the direct contact with individuals considering vaccination for themselves or their children that healthcare professionals have daily. This review examines the arguments and players in the US antivaccination scene, and it discusses ways that experts in infectious diseases can become more active in promoting vaccination to friends, family, and the public at large.
Multiple-beam generation from a single-cavity titanium-sapphire thin-disk laser

We demonstrate a laser array generated by a Ti:Al2O3 thin disk inside a Fabry-Perot resonator stabilized by microlenses. More than 1,000 beams were produced from a single cavity.
It's Time We Fix the Peer Review System.

Peer review has been described as the “backbone” or “cornerstone” of the scholarship process.[1,2][1] Feedback provided to authors and editors ensures that conclusions put forward serve to advance knowledge in a discipline. Authors are given the opportunity to incorporate the feedback into
Anhang zur Fallösung

Die erarbeitete strategische Losungskonzeption des Teams enthalt in diesem Falle einen Anhang, in dem wichtige unternehmenspolitische Fuhrungsinstrumente und Grundlagenmaterial zusammengefast sind. So wurde beispielsweise ein Leitbild fur die Firma entwickelt, ein Funktionendiagramm erstellt, Stellenbeschreibungen formuliert, Bilanzkennzahlen und Kalkulationsansatze, Steueransatze, Immobilienwerte dargestellt und Wirkungsziele fur die Strategiebereiche beschrieben.
New unitary and multicomponent gaseous dielectrics

Studies were continued on unitary gases and gas mixtures in order to determine the effects of basic physical properties - such as electron attachment, electron scattering, and electron-impact ionization - on the breakdown strength of gaseous dielectrics. The uniform field dc breakdown strengths (relative to SF/sub 6/ of 1) of some of the new unitary gases investigated are: 0.80, 1.32, 2.5, 2.5, 0.94, 0.41, 1.16, and 0.94 for C/sub 2/F/sub 6/, n-C/sub 4/F/sub 10/, 1,1,1-CC1/sub 3/CF/sub 3/, 1,1,2-CC1/sub 2/FCC1F/sub 2/, OCS, 1,1,1-CH/sub 3/CF/sub 3/, C/sub 2/C1F/sub 5/, and 1-C/sub 3/F/sub 6/, respectively. Mixtures of electron attaching and electron thermalizing gases have been studied with emphasis on optimizing the contribution of the electron thermalizer to the dielectric strength of a multicomponent gas mixture. Results are presented on mixtures containing electron attaching gases, such as SF/sub 6/, 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 6/, and c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/, and dipolar electron slowing-down components, such as CHF/sub 3/, CH/sub 2/F/sub 2/, and 1,1,1-CH/sub 3/CF/sub 3/, which exhibited synergistic behavior. Similar behavior was exhibited by the binary mixtures SF/sub 6//1-C/sub 3/F/sub 6/, c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8//1-C/sub 3/F/sub 6/, and SF/sub 6//OCS. These and earlier studies demonstrate the important role of electron scattering processes at subexcitation energies in effecting synergisticmore » behavior in dielectric mixtures and in tailoring gaseous dielectrics for industrial application.« less
Daffodils-Enduring Winter

The creative design process for Daffodils- Enduring Winter involved merging a concept of sustainability with an exploration of new textile design techniques.
210. Support Networks of Transmasculine And Non-Binary Young Adults During Chosen Name Transition

We sought to explore the type and function of support networks of transmasculine and nonbinary young adults (TNBYA) during their chosen name transition. We conducted 12 in-depth, semi-structured qu...
Dental Care Utilization among Veterans by Smoking Status.

Background. Given the critical importance of dental care utilization among veterans and the overall health consequences of tobacco use in all populations, the purpose of this research is to examine smoking as a risk factor for poor dental care utilization among United States Veterans. Methods. A secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Veterans was conducted. The primary outcome was dental care utilization (Yes, No). Frequency, chi-square analyses, and multivariate logistic regression statistical tests were performed while adjusting for confounding factors. Results. There were 6,308 veterans in the study. Veterans who were current smokers were less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months than former smokers or never smokers. In unadjusted logistic regression analysis, current smokers had an odds ratio of 2.83 [95% CI: 2.36, 3.40] as compared with never smokers. The adjusted odds ratio for current smoking on dental care utilization was 1.71 [95% CI: 1.40, 2.09] as compared with never smoking. Conclusions. Since veterans who smoked are less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months, they are at higher risk for later diagnosis of dental problems. Veterans who smoke should be specifically targeted with interventions to ensure frequent dental visits, so future problems may be averted or managed early in their development.
Glycoform Analysis of Alpha 1-Acid Glycoprotein by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Electrophoretic Injection

Human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase glycoprotein that has a heterogeneous glycosylation pattern. This pattern can change in certain diseases, which has resulted in interest in using AGP glycoforms as potential biomarkers for these diseases. This report describes a method that uses capillary electrophoresis to characterize and analyze AGP glycoforms both in purified samples of AGP and in human serum. This method uses static and dynamic coatings of poly(ethylene oxide) that are applied to a silica capillary for separation of AGP glycoforms in the reversed-polarity mode of CE and in the presence of negligible electroosmotic flow. Electrophoretic injection is performed onto such capillaries by using a stationary stacking interface between the sample and running buffer. In addition, acidic precipitation and desalting are used to allow for the isolation and the analysis of AGP from only 65 μL of serum. Up to eleven AGP glycoform bands can be reproducibly separated by this method, with the difference in migration time between neighboring bands being 12- to almost 60-fold larger than the standard deviation for the migration time of any given band. A limit of detection down to about 2 nM per glycoform band can be obtained by this method for AGP in serum based on absorbance detection and without the need for further sample modification or labeling.
Superficial Ballistic Trauma and Subjective Pain Experienced during Force-on-Force Training and the Observed Recovery Pattern.

INTRODUCTION Military training involves preparing individuals for combat, yet applying the stressors of combat while maintaining a safe training environment is exceedingly difficult. One method to induce significant anxiety while still maintaining reasonable safety has been to utilize simulated ammunition. These rounds enable force-on-force training with reasonable stress and firing accuracy while also readily allowing participants to realize they have been shot. As such, these rounds have significant value when performing force-on-force training. However, although in widespread use, there has not been a documented medical effort assessing the subjective pain experienced by individuals after being struck by one of these rounds, nor a visual record tracking recovery. The current investigation presents pilot data collected from an existing training course to provide an assessment of superficial ballistic trauma inflicted by simulated ammunition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants completed one-on-one duels as part of their intended course curriculum. These individuals used 9 mm pistols firing marking cartridges while wearing only prescribed protection equipment, leaving the chest, arms, and hands minimally covered by typical clothing. Participants engaged in the duels as overseen by the instructors and without guidance or interference by the experiment team. After an individual completed these drills, researchers then asked questions about subjective pain experience while also documenting the recovery via photographs. RESULTS Results indicated that simulated ammunition only inflicted a mild amount of subjective pain, which reduced to zero even upon palpation after only a few days. Subjective pain for the chest was rated slightly higher than any other region. The visual record documented that most contusions were reduced to minor bruising, largely dissipating as quickly as the pain. CONCLUSIONS Participants were able to safely conduct force-on-force training with simulated ammunition by following the manufacturer recommended safety standards. Participants did rate a statistically significant level of subjective pain, although this mild pain serves as a necessary factor to create the stressful environment of simulating combat conditions. It is possible that the subjective pain was rated higher for the chest due to the increased number of total rounds striking the chest, or the more direct impact of the rounds upon this tissue. The differences in subjective pain and recovery between impact regions of the body are likely due to the specific force-on-force drill conducted as a part of this training. Additional research will be necessary to support or dispute this latter speculation.
Editor’s overview: mentoring relationships in higher education

This issue of Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning includes research from scholars representing Florida, Ohio, and Tennessee in the United States as well as Russia. These international c...
Participation of Women in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management: An Update and Extension

A number of articles have examined the participation of women in behavior analysis research. However, most have excluded JOBM from the analysis. For this review, we coded participation of women yea...
Imidazole Derivatives Improve Charge Reduction and Stabilization for Native Mass Spectrometry

Noncovalent interactions between biomolecules are critical to their activity. Native mass spectrometry (MS) has enabled characterization of these interactions by preserving noncovalent assemblies for mass analysis, including protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes for a wide range of soluble and membrane proteins. Recent advances in native MS of lipoprotein nanodiscs have also allowed characterization of antimicrobial peptides and membrane proteins embedded in intact lipid bilayers. However, conventional native electrospray ionization (ESI) can disrupt labile interactions. To stabilize macromolecular complexes for native MS, charge reducing reagents can be added to the solution prior to ESI, such as triethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and imidazole. Lowering the charge acquired during ESI reduces Coulombic repulsion that leads to dissociation, and charge reduction reagents may also lower the internal energy of the ions through evaporative cooling. Here, we tested a range of imidazole derivatives to discover improved charge reducing reagents and to determine how their chemical properties influence charge reduction efficacy. We measured their effects on a soluble protein complex, a membrane protein complex in detergent, and lipoprotein nanodiscs with and without embedded peptides, and used computational chemistry to understand the observed charge-reduction behavior. Together, our data revealed that hydrophobic substituents at the 2 position on imidazole can significantly improve both charge reduction and gas-phase stability over existing reagents. These new imidazole derivatives will be immediately beneficial for a range of native MS applications and provide chemical principles to guide development of novel charge reducing reagents.
Factors affecting 3D printing and post-processing capacity of cookie dough

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the printability and post-processing capacity of cookie dough in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing by modifying the recipe without the addition of gums or stabilizers. Cookie dough formulations with different types of fat (butter and shortening), flour (wheat, rice, and tapioca), the amount of non-fat milk (32.5 or 65 g/100 g flour), and the sugar level (37.5 or 55 g/100 g flour) were investigated for their printability and post-processing capacity. Rheological properties, microstructure, and printability of printing inks were monitored while the moisture loss and dimensional stability after baking were analyzed in printed and baked structures, respectively. Results indicated that cookie dough formulations with reduced sugar content were more printable. The best sample to build a shape that could withstand the baking process was the recipe of 37.5 g sugar, 62.5 g shortening, 100 g tapioca flour, and 32.5 g milk, which yielded printed cookie samples with the ease of printing, better visual printing outcomes, and no structural deformation after baking. Industrial relevance 3D food printing is an emerging technology with many potential applications in the food industry. It is important to understand the effects of key components of food materials on the printing, which enable a wider range of structures just using a single nozzle, and provide tailored nutrition and personalization in extrusion-based 3D printing. Understanding the effects of food processing on 3D printed food items is critical to broadening its applications. This study selected cookie dough as a model system to investigate the 3D food printing since it is mainly composed of fat, sugar, flour, and milk that are the most common ingredients in many food products. Establishing knowledge of the interactions between different food components and contribution of each individual ingredient may help develop a guideline for extrusion-based 3D food printing. In addition, the results acquired from this study can fill knowledge gaps regarding the role of cookie dough component in 3D printing and their effects on post-processing of 3D printed foods.
1,2-cis-Selective glucosylation enabled by halogenated benzyl protecting groups

We report on our initial results from a systematic effort to implement electron-withdrawing protecting groups and Lewis basic solvents/additives as an approach to 1,2-cis(α)-selective O-glucosylation. 1,2-cis-Selective O-glucosylations are reported with thioglucosides and glucosyl trichloroacetimidates and a range of acceptors. A correlation between electron-withdrawing effects and 1,2-cis selectivity has been established. This phenomenon may prove to be broadly applicable in the area of chemical O-glycosylation.
Remote video auditing in the endoscopy unit for evaluation of duodenoscope reprocessing in a tertiary care center.

Background A significant proportion of duodenoscope-transmitted infections have resulted from errors related to reprocessing. Remote video auditing (RVA) is a tool that can monitor reprocessing compliance but it has not been previously evaluated in a tertiary care setting. The aims of this study were to evaluate: 1) RVA feasibility in a tertiary care setting (defined as the ability to audit every step of duodenoscope reprocessing without delaying the next procedure due to unavailability of duodenoscopes); and 2) the use of RVA as a compliance monitoring tool. Methods This was a prospective study at a tertiary care center. A video camera with offsite monitoring was installed in March 2018. Auditors delivered a compliance score after each procedure. The duodenoscope was not used until it passed the audit. Feasibility and compliance data were collected from April 2018 to August 2019 after a 1-month run-in phase. Both per-step compliance and overall 100 % compliance rates were measured. Results Of 743 duodenoscope reprocessing procedures, 32 666 individual steps were audited and 99.9 % of the steps were fully viewable. The mean time per audit was 38.3 minutes, the mean duodenoscope turnover time was 76.1 minutes, and there were no delays to the next procedure due to unavailability of duodenoscopes. The per-step compliance rate was 99.5 % but the overall 100 % compliance rate was 90.3 %. Conclusions The use of RVA in duodenoscope reprocessing was feasible and promoted sustained high-level compliance in a tertiary care center.
Prediction of physical properties of trans-critical CO2 mixtures

Efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions show that the CO 2 must be captured, compressed, transported, and injected into a suitable reservoir such as depleted oil-bearing strata. This chapter explores the complex behavior of CO 2 and its mixtures during transport and at the severe conditions that exist when crossing the critical fluid transition during injection. The selection of equation sets for the prediction of the physical properties of acid gas CO 2 and its mixtures (SO 2 , H 2 S, H 2 O, CH 4 , and N 2 ) in pipelines was documented by comparing simulated properties with published data for the supercritical fluid transition at pressures up to 30 MPa. The multi-parameter equation of state (EOS) sets that proved most accurate was the Peng–Robinson with Boston–Mathias upgrade (PRBM) and the Swartzentrube–Renon Polar (SR Polar) EOS. Regarding the data relevant to Oxy-Fuel compositions, the PRBM predictions for CO 2 with 3,000 ppm SO 2 showed that the most significant impact on pipeline performance was not from the SO 2 , but rather from the presence of diluents.
Effect of Vibration on the Rheology of Concrete for 3D Printing

A primary challenge in concrete 3D printing is the need for low yield stress for good flow through the printer and high yield stress for sustaining the self-weight and the weight of subsequent layers. The current 3D printable concrete mixture designs make limited use of aggregates. Aggregates could significantly increase the yield stress of concrete mixtures but are not used since they impede the flow of concrete through a nozzle. A novel idea is presented in this work where vibration is used to control the rheology of concrete. By including coarse aggregate, a high yield stress concrete mixture can be obtained which when vibrated loses its yield stress instantly. Granular suspensions like concrete recover their yield stress immediately after the vibration ceases. The effect of vibration on the yield stress of concrete with varying aggregate content and packing fraction is also described. It is shown that the yield stress of concrete is significantly greater than that of cement mortar and paste and this high yield stress is lost when the concrete is vibrated.
The Relevance of Classic Fuzz Testing: Have We Solved This One?

As fuzz testing has passed its 30th anniversary, and in the face of the incredible progress in fuzz testing techniques and tools, the question arises if the classic, basic fuzz technique is still useful and applicable? In that tradition, we have updated the basic fuzz tools and testing scripts and applied them to a large collection of Unix utilities on Linux, FreeBSD, and MacOS. As before, our failure criteria was whether the program crashed or hung. We found that 9 crash or hang out of 74 utilities on Linux, 15 out of 78 utilities on FreeBSD, and 12 out of 76 utilities on MacOS. A total of 24 different utilities failed across the three platforms. We note that these failure rates are somewhat higher than our in previous 1995, 2000, and 2006 studies of the reliability of command line utilities. In the basic fuzz tradition, we debugged each failed utility and categorized the causes the failures. Classic categories of failures, such as pointer and array errors and not checking return codes, were still broadly present in the current results. In addition, we found a couple of new categories of failures appearing. We present examples of these failures to illustrate the programming practices that allowed them to happen. As a side note, we tested the limited number of utilities available in a modern programming language (Rust) and found them to be of no better reliability than the standard ones.
Institute of Transportation Engineers Guidelines versus Actual Trip and Parking Generation for a Transit-Oriented Development in an Auto-Oriented Region

The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) guidelines serve as the most widely used reference for trip and parking generation estimates for any new development in the U.S.A. However, recent em...
A new method for assessing anal distensibility with a barostat and magnetic resonance imaging in healthy and constipated women

OBJECTIVES Defecation requires relaxation of the internal and external anal sphincters. High anal resting pressure is associated with painful constipation, defecatory disorders, and increased healthcare utilization in constipated patients; the mechanisms are unclear. Perhaps patients with a high anal resting pressure have a less distensible canal, which impedes defecation. METHODS In 50 of 64 participants (33 healthy and 17 constipated women), anal pressures and distensibility were measured, respectively, with manometry and balloon distention combined with magnetic resonance imaging; rectal balloon expulsion time (BET) was also studied. RESULTS The BET (P = .006) was longer, and the mean (SD) rectoanal pressure gradient (-58[40] vs -34[26] mm Hg, P = .03) was more negative in constipated than healthy women; anal resting pressure was not different. During anal distention, the balloon expanded rapidly at an opening pressure of 49 (18) mm Hg, which was lower (P < .0001) than resting pressure (90 [25] mm Hg). The resting pressure was correlated with the opening pressure (r = 0.57, P < .0001) and inversely (r = -0.38, P = .007) with maximum volume but not with anal distensibility (volume-pressure slope). In healthy women, the difference (opening-resting pressure) was correlated with anal relaxation during evacuation (r = 0.35, P = .04). Anal distensibility and sensory thresholds were not different between constipated and healthy women. CONCLUSIONS Among healthy and constipated women, a greater anal resting pressure is correlated with greater opening pressure and lower maximum volume during distention, and, hence, provides a surrogate marker of anal distensibility. The difference (opening-resting pressure), which reflects anal relaxation during distention, is correlated with anal relaxation during evacuation. Anal resting pressure and distensibility were comparable in healthy and constipated women.
Comparison of Corneal Topography in Eyes Before and One Month After the Phacoemulsification Procedure

Antares Placido topographer CSO had been used to measure 50 eyes corneas at Ophthalmological Clinic of the Greek Red Cross hospital «Korgialeneio - Benakeio in collaboration with University of West Attica and their refractive maps were taken. The refractive power map was taken before cataract surgery with the method of phacoemulsification. The keratometric measurements for 3 & 5mm were recorded before and one month after surgery. The correlation of the K1, K2 readings before and one month after the phacoemulsification procedure, do not cause changes in the refractive power of the two main meridians of the cornea of patients, in order to alter the final astigmatism refractive post-operative effect, to a statistically significant degree.
An investigation on Ni4Ti3 phase precipitation and its effects in laser directed energy deposition of TiC–NiTi composites

Abstract The failure of the NiTi alloys due to their low mechanical strength is the major problem inhibiting their further applications. Adding ceramic reinforcement materials could not only enhance the strength but also tribological characteristics of NiTi alloys. Among various adopted ceramic reinforcement materials including Al2O3, SiC, TiN, TiB2, TiO2, and TiC, TiC is preferred since it little affects the unique shape memory properties of NiTi. For the first time, this paper reports the fabrication of TiC–NiTi composites using laser DED process. Microstructural characterizations are presented to understand the Ni4Ti3 phase precipitation mechanisms with the addition of TiC particles. Nanoindentation tests are conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The addition of TiC particles could alter the phase formation since Ti atoms tend to migrate towards the TiC particles. The nucleation and growth of Ni4Ti3 precipitates are then effectively restricted. The typical thicknesses of the Ni4Ti3 precipitates are reduced by 20% (about 30 nm) at lower levels of laser power or eliminated at a higher level of laser power. The addition of TiC also leads to a reduction of about 10% in the volume fraction of the Ni4Ti3 precipitates and an increase of 6%–17% in the volume fraction of the NiTi2 phases. The refinement of the Ni4Ti3 precipitates improves the pseudoelasticity by about 10% (0.05 in recovery energy ratio). Besides, the nanohardness and Young's modulus are also strengthened. These experimental results indicate that TiC has the capability to refine the Ni4Ti3 precipitates, enhance the strength of NiTi, and improve the pseudoelasticity.
Effects of water on the kinetics of acetone hydrogenation over Pt and Ru catalysts

Abstract We employed an approach combining reaction kinetics measurements at steady state conditions, electronic structure calculations employing density functional theory, and microkinetic modeling for acetone hydrogenation to provide insights into the effects of water on metal catalyst surfaces for the hydrogenation of oxygenates over a wide range of reaction conditions. Elucidation of the repulsive interactions due to adsorbed water molecules at various reaction conditions provides a basis to formulate rate expressions for heterogeneous catalytic processes of biomass oxygenates. Reaction kinetics experiments were carried out at partial pressures of H2, acetone, water and helium in the range of 0.51–0.79, 0.02–0.13, 0.08–0.23, 0–0.28 atm, respectively. We show that the addition of water enhances the hydrogenation rate at 353 K and 1 atm on oxophilic metal catalysts such as Ru/C, whereas the same promotional effect of water is not observed for Pt-based catalysts. Microkinetic model predictions for the hydrogenation of acetone on Ru in the absence and presence of water, using enthalpies and entropies obtained from DFT calculations, were in agreement with the experimentally observed reaction orders and activation barriers. The model shows that a water-assisted hydroxypropyl path is expected to be the favored path on Ru with a rate-determining step of H-OH-mediated hydrogenation of C3H6OH (i.e., the hydroxypropyl intermediate formed by H2O-mediated initial hydrogenation of acetone) to produce isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Furthermore, hydrogen, acetone, hydroxypropyl intermediate and hydroxyl species were predicted to be abundant on the Ru surface with a high coverage of nearly 85%. The combined studies of computational and experimental catalysis on hydrogenation reactions help to elucidate the mechanistic role of water on metal catalyzed reactions for producing chemical building blocks from biomass-derived oxygenates.
Securing 3D NoCs from Hardware Trojan Attacks

Data-snooping is a serious security threat in 3D NoC fabrics that can lead to theft of sensitive information from applications executing on manycore processors. Hardware Trojans (HTs) covertly embedded in 3D NoC components can carry out such snooping attacks. In this paper, we first describe a low-overhead snooping invalidation module (SIM) to prevent malicious data replication by HTs in 3D NoCs. We then devise a snooping detection module (THANOS) to also detect malicious applications that utilize such HTs. Experimental analysis shows that unlike state-of-the-art mechanisms, SIM and THANOS not only mitigate snooping attacks but also improve 3D NoC performance by ~49% in the presence of these attacks, with a minimal ~2.15% area and ~ 5.5% power overhead.
Modular forms on indefinite orthogonal groups of rank three

Abstract We develop a theory of modular forms on the groups SO ( 3 , n + 1 ) , n ≥ 3 . This is very similar to, but simpler, than the notion of modular forms on quaternionic exceptional groups, which was initiated by Gross-Wallach and Gan-Gross-Savin. We prove the results analogous to those of earlier papers of the author on modular forms on exceptional groups, except now in the familiar setting of classical groups. Moreover, in the setting of SO ( 3 , n + 1 ) , there is a family of absolutely convergent Eisenstein series, which are modular forms. We prove that these Eisenstein series have algebraic Fourier coefficients, like the classical holomorphic Eisenstein series on SO ( 2 , n ) . As an application, using a local result of Savin, we prove that the so-called “next-to-minimal” modular form on quaternionic E 8 has rational Fourier expansion.
What Is Art For

Every human society displays some form of behavior that can be called "art," and in most societies other than our own the arts play an integral part in social life. Those who wish to understand art in its broadest sense, as a universal human endowment, need to go beyond modern Western elitist notions that disregard other cultures and ignore the human species' four-million-year evolutionary history. This book offers a new and unprecedentedly comprehensive theory of the evolutionary significance of art. Art, meaning not only visual art, but music, poetic language, dance, and performance, is for the first time regarded from a biobehavioral or ethical viewpoint. It is shown to be a biological necessity in human existence and fundamental characteristic of the human species. In this provocative study, Ellen Dissanayake examines art along with play and ritual as human behaviors that "make special," and proposes that making special is an inherited tendency as intrinsic to the human species as speech and toolmaking. She claims that the arts evolved as means of making socially important activities memorable and pleasurable, and thus have been essential to human survival. Avoiding simplism and reductionism, this original synthetic approach permits a fresh look at old questions about the origins, nature, purpose, and value of art. It crosses disciplinary boundaries and integrates a number of divers fields: human ethology; evolutionary biology; the psychology and philosophy of art; physical and cultural anthropology; "primitive" and prehistoric art; Western cultural history; and children's art. The final chapter, "From Tradition to Aestheticism," explores some of the ways in which modern Western society has diverged from other societies--particularly the type of society in which human beings evolved--and considers the effects of the aberrance on our art and our attitudes toward art. This book is addressed to readers who have a concerned interest in the arts or in human nature and the state of modern society.
Fluoroquinolone induction of phage-mediated gene transfer in multidrug-resistant Salmonella

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase activity, which can cause DNA damage and result in bacterial cell death. In response to DNA damage, bacteria induce an SOS response to stimulate DNA repair. However, the SOS response may also induce prophage with production of infectious virions. Salmonella strains typically contain multiple prophages, and certain strains including phage types DT120 and DT104 contain prophage that upon induction are capable of generalised transduction. In this study, strains of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT120 and DT104 were exposed to fluoroquinolones important for use in human and veterinary disease therapy to determine whether prophage(s) are induced that could facilitate phage-mediated gene transfer. Cultures of MDR S. Typhimurium DT120 and DT104 containing a kanamycin resistance plasmid were lysed after exposure to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and danofloxacin). Bacterial cell lysates were able to transfer the plasmid to a recipient kanamycin-susceptible Salmonella strain by generalised transduction. In addition, exposure of DT120 to ciprofloxacin induced the recA gene of the bacterial SOS response and genes encoded in a P22-like generalised transducing prophage. This research indicates that fluoroquinolone exposure of MDR Salmonella can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, suggesting that fluoroquinolone usage in human and veterinary medicine may have unintended consequences, including the induction of phage-mediated gene transfer from MDR Salmonella. Stimulation of gene transfer following bacterial exposure to fluoroquinolones should be considered an adverse effect, and clinical decisions regarding antibiotic selection for infectious disease therapy should include this potential risk.
Tn10/IS10 transposase purification, activation, and in vitro reaction

We describe a method for the purification of Tn10/IS10 transposase that relies on the aggregation of the protein after overexpression in Escherichia coli. Aggregated transposase was solubilized before the final purification step, a gel-filtration column, using a combination of salt and detergent. This procedure is the first reported for the preparation of concentrated and active transposase from any IS element. The yield is 11 mg of purified protein at a concentration of 1 mg/ml from 2.5 g of cells. The procedure can be scaled up with ease. We also describe a treatment that activates transposase in either a crude or purified state. This involves dilution into a solution of salt plus organic solvent. In transposition reactions using supercoiled substrate plasmid, the activity was directly proportional to the amount of transposase added over a wide range of transposase/DNA ratios (0.2-2.0 molecules/DNA substrate molecule). In this range 8 transposase molecules were added per transposition event. Maximum conversion of substrate to product (40%) was with 18 transposase molecules/transposition event. At higher levels of transposase with a constant amount of substrate, activity was reduced but could be restored by addition of nonspecific DNA. Both the specific activity of transposase and the type of products generated can be altered by changing in vitro assay conditions. The effects of salts, solvents, and pH value on the reaction are described.
Melting in Cylindrical Enclosures: Numerical Modeling and Heat Transfer Correlations

A finite volume model for analyzing melting with natural convection in vertical cylindrical enclosures is developed. The model is verified through detailed comparison with previous experimental and numerical results. Based on the modeling results of outward melting around isothermal cylinders, correlations for the transient heat transfer rate and the total thermal energy stored in the melt are proposed for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers and several representative aspect ratios. Furthermore, a theoretical relationship between the latent energy storage and the total thermal energy storage in the melt is derived and shown to agree well with the numerical results.
Effect of transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament on medial femorotibial contact mechanics.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of transection of the medial caudal menisco-tibial ligament on contact mechanics in a canine cadaveric model of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Study Design: Ex vivo biomechanical study. Sample Population: Unpaired pelvic limbs (n=8) from 28–35 kg dogs. Methods: Cadaveric pelvic limbs with CCL-deficient stifles stabilized with TPLO were axially loaded using a material testing machine with 30% body weight and a stifle angle of 135°. Medial compartment femorotibial contact force and area, peak and mean contact pressure, and peak pressure location were measured with pressure sensors. A paired t-test was used for comparison; P<.05 was considered significant. Results: Transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament resulted in a significant decrease in contact area, from 145 ± 24 to 71 ± 25 mm2 (P<.001) and a significant increase in peak pressure magnitude from 2.9 ± 0.4 to 4.1 ± 0.5 MPa (P<.001). Transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament caused a significant increase in load in the caudal portion of the medial compartment (P<.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that transecting the caudal menisco-tibial ligament eliminates the load bearing function of the medial meniscus and results in significant changes in medial femorotibial contact mechanics. Clinical Relevance: The abnormal cartilage contact stresses after transection of the caudal menisco-tibial ligament may have a negative impact on the cartilage homeostasis and predispose to further degeneration of the medial compartment after TPLO.
Collaborative Position Location

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Problem Definition Performance Bounds An Overview of Suboptimal Algorithms Specific Suboptimal Approaches Numerical Comparison of Approaches NLOS Propagation Summary References
War, the American State, and Politics since 1898

1. Introduction 2. The 'Splendid Little War' 3. The war to end all wars 4. The good war 5. The forgotten war 6. The lost war 7. Conclusion.
Beaming of light at broadside through a subwavelength hole: Leaky wave model and open stopband effect

[1] The optical transmission through a subwavelength hole in a metal film is usually very small, and the beam radiated from its exit aperture is very broad. However, the transmission may be increased by orders of magnitude, and the output beam sharply narrowed, when the tiny hole is surrounded by a properly designed periodic structure, which may take the form of an array of grooves or indentations on the metal surface. We have shown that these dramatic effects are due to the excitation of a leaky surface plasmon mode by the periodic structure on the metal film. Following this understanding, we introduce a simple but effective leaky wave antenna model, which we use to further explain and to quantify these dramatic effects. Particular attention is given to optimizing the structure to achieve maximum radiation at broadside, which offers a significant challenge in view of the open stopband in precisely the broadside direction.
War, Strategy, and Military Effectiveness: Thucydides and Clausewitz

We stand at the dawn of a new era in world history. The truisms and certainties of the past 60 years have disappeared in the crumbling of the Berlin Wall and collapse of the Soviet Union. How to think about the world in the new century is a crying need in a time of uncertainty, ambiguity, and flux. We can hold on to the theories and assumptions about the world, national security, and war, which have marked the efforts of those involved in political science and international relations over past decades. But such theoretical approaches have had their difficulties – not the least being that not a single one predicted even two years before it happened an event as monumental as the collapse of the Soviet Union. But to reject such theories requires that one have something to put in their place, and, here, historians have abdicated even the debate. The result has been to turn the study of current and future problems over to those who, if they do not reject history outright, are happy to rampage through the past with scant attention to its context or complexity. And in their search for absolutes and answers, they have only served to muddy the water for those who wish to gain some feel for war, power, and international relations in the coming century.
Histomorphometric and 3D Cone-Beam Computerized Tomographic Evaluation of Socket Preservation in Molar Extraction Sites Using Human Particulate Mineralized Cancellous Allograft Bone With a Porcine Collagen Xenograft Barrier: A Case Series.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of socket preservation after extraction using human particulate mineralized cancellous allograft bone (MCAB) and type I porcine collagen membranes (PCM) as a guided bone regeneration barrier. Fourteen patients, 12 women and 2 men, were selected who had a diagnosis of one or more unsalvageable teeth with a treatment plan to replace them with implant-supported single crown restorations. Extractions were preformed atraumatically by sectioning teeth for removal to avoid damaging the socket walls and by immediately placing MCAB graft to fill the sockets. The sockets were occluded with a new PCM. The membranes were cut to overlap the facial and lingual (or palatal) socket rim by at least 5 mm (or more if necessary) to cover bony wall fenestration or dehiscence defects. Implants were then placed 16 weeks after the extractions and augmentation. The results were evaluated clinically, histomorphometrically, and with cone-beam computerized tomographic scanning. T...
Optimizing compiler design for modularity and extensibility

Implementing an optimizing compiler for a new target architecture has traditionally been a complex design/development effort requiring a large time scale. Existing machine descriptions and approaches based on pre-existing internal representations (IR) are not sufficient to build truly modular and extensible compilers. This paper describes the features of the Extensible Compiler Interface (ECI) implemented in the PROMIS compiler, which tackles several major problems concerning the reuse of compiler components, retargeting as well as extending existing compilers with new functionality. One of the main design issues is maintaining analysis information calculated by one module after another potentially unknown module modifies the IR. Another problem is expanding existing modules (or passes) to work with processor-specific instructions and data types added by the compiler developers. Our approach to compiler extensibility through the proposed ECI tackles and solves the above problems, and provides a simple yet powerful API for adding arbitrary functionality or entirely new optimizations to existing compilers. A case study is presented in which the components of a parallelizing compiler are reused to build a compiler for a vector architecture, thereby demonstrating the utility and convenience of ECI.