cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the copper and heme cofactors of pseudomonad L-tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract l -Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase, (EC 1.13.1.12) purified from Pseudomonas acidovorans , is inactivated on aerobic aging or on treatment with K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , but regains activity in the presence of reducing agents such as sodium ascorbate. Examination of oxidized, inactive enzyme by electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy has revealed the presence of high spin ferriheme ( g = 6.2) and of Cu(II) ( g ⊥ = 2.065, g ∥ = 2.265) in the enzyme. The epr signal of Cu(II) in inactive tryptophan oxygenase is attenuated on the addition of ascorbate, whereas the high spin ferriheme signal is unaffected, indicating that the site of action of reducing agents in activating the enzyme is the enzymic copper. Quantitation of the Cu(II) signal in inactive tryptophan oxygenase by double integration accounts for 45% of the total copper. Addition of l -tryptophan to either inactive or active enzyme produces a decrease of 44 ± 5% of the epr signal of high spin ferriheme and the emergence of the epr signal of a low spin ferriheme ( g 1, 2, 3 = 2.66, 2.20, 1.81). Disappearance of the high spin ferriheme is hyperbolic (Hill coefficient, n = 1.02) with respect to l -tryptophan concentration, while the appearance of the low spin ferriheme is sigmoidal (Hill coefficient, n = 1.33) with respect to l -tryptophan concentration. The characteristics of the epr signal of this low spin ferriheme are intermediate between those of the signals of the hydroxides of hemoglobin and myoglobin and those in which two histidines are ligated to the ferriheme of hemoglobin. This may be the first example of the observation by epr of an allosteric parameter of an enzyme.
Using logic-based reduction for adversarial component recovery

A current means to protect intellectual property embedded in both circuits and software involves creating a functionally equivalent variant with subjective qualities related to difficulty of reverse engineering. In this paper, we consider the problem of protection in a smaller, generalized class of programs based on Boolean logic primitives. We consider Boolean logic reduction as one means to quantify hardness of undoing structural transformations designed to impede reverse engineering. We detail our experiences in using both commercial synthesis tools and organic red-team tools that simplify transformations using known basic logic patterns. Using simple component recovery on candidate circuits, we show how specific variation methods impact adversarial analysis and posit relationships between specific transformations and corresponding difficulty of reversal.
Heritage: the Survival of Cultural Traditions in a Changing World

With easy accessibility to recorded music comes the need for our sensitivity regarding what to select and how to avoid presenting distorted pictures of musical cultures, and also the concern as to whether a culture which “owns” its musical traditions can be bought or sold. With this access comes our responsibility for respecting the people whose musical expressions they are, and of taking good care of how we transmit these expressions. Questions for discussion include the use of culturally representative music, the need for a standardized system of recompense for songs from a culture-bearer, consultation with members of a musical community in the selection of music, and the controversial matter of music's preservation intact vs. music as a launch for the creative music-making. The paper concludes with a discussion of Malm's categories of musical change (1993) as relevant to teachers, and a call for action by isme in support for the survival of cultural traditions in a changing world.
Maturation of the small intestine: absorption of L-valine in rats.

Summary: The in vivo absorption of L-valine was studied in segments of the jejunum and ileum using a one-pass perfusion technique in normal suckling (2-week-old), weanling (3-week-old) and adolescent (6-week-old) rats. In both the jejunum and the ileum, rate of absorption (μmoles/h/g wt) of L-valine declined with age. The relationship between absorption rate and luminal concentration suggested the presence both of a saturable carrier mediated (Jmax[C]/Kt + [C]) and diffusive (KD.[C]) processes for absorption of L-valine. In both the jejunum and the ileum, rates ‘of carrier mediated and of diffusive absorption of L-valine were over 2-fold greater in the suckling than in the adolescent rats. Rates of absorption were not significantly different in the jejunum and ileum at all three age periods. Although values of Jmax and KD were greater in segments of the suckling rats, values of the apparent Kt were similar at all 3 age periods, suggesting that the mechanism (affinity of the carrier macromolecules) of carrier mediated absorption of L-valine did not change with age but the passive permeability of the intestinal mucosa to L-valine and relative number of L-valine absorbing sites (number of carrier macromolecules) decreased per unit weight of intestine with increasing age. Serum and intestinal tissue concentration of L-valine at the end of the perfusion period were greater in the 2-week-old than in the older rats. After parentral injection of [14C]-L-valine rate of secretion of L-valine was several-fold greater in the jejunum and the ileum of the suckling than of the adolescent rats. Speculation: The decline in the ability of the small intestine to absorb L-valine (per unit weight) with increasing age appears to be due to a decrease in the passive permeability of the mucosal membrane to L-valine as well as to a relative decrease in the number of absorbing sites (carrier macromolecules) per unit weight of intestine. The decline in the passive permeability suggests a change in the biochemical composition or the ultrastructure of the mucosal membrane during maturation. The decline in the absorbing capacity of the small intestine with age could be due to a relative increase in number of villus epithelial cells not involved in absorption of amino acid; however, it is more likely to be due to a decrease in number of amino acid absorbing sites (carrier macromolecules) per villus epithelial cell.
What's Morality Got To Do With It? An Essay on the Politics of Moral Values in Light of the Presidential Election of 2004

The author argues that moral values in U.S. politics predate the 2004 presidential election, animate contemporary public policy discussions among people with varying viewpoints within and across political and religious persuasions, and permeate broader issues of social justice and cultural correctness. Liberal institutions, based on moral principles shown to be consistent with J. Dewey's pragmatic philosophy, afford persons of faith protections and opportunities to engage in public debate and thereby shape legitimate policies thought to be in the public interest. On the whole, the author contends that governmental institutions in the United States are highly resilient, enabling coexistence of proponents of competing accounts of excellence (i.e., virtue and character) on terms of mutual respect. Finally, the author addresses how the present political climate might affect policy and clinical practice and what social workers should do about it.
Using Sketches to Estimate Associations

We should not have to look at the entire corpus (e.g., the Web) to know if two words are associated or not. A powerful sampling technique called Sketches was originally introduced to remove duplicate Web pages. We generalize sketches to estimate contingency tables and associations, using a maximum likelihood estimator to find the most likely contingency table given the sample, the margins (document frequencies) and the size of the collection. Not unsurprisingly, computational work and statistical accuracy (variance or errors) depend on sampling rate, as will be shown both theoretically and empirically. Sampling methods become more and more important with larger and larger collections. At Web scale, sampling rates as low as 10-4 may suffice.
Survival after single versus bilateral lung transplantation for high-risk patients with pulmonary fibrosis.

Background Whether single lung transplantation (SLT) or bilateral lung transplantation (BLT) is optimal for patients with severe idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is unknown. We examine a large multi-institutional cohort of high-risk IPF patients to address this question. Methods We retrospectively reviewed United Network for Organ Sharing data to identify 1,256 lung transplant (LTx) recipients with IPF between 2005 and 2007. Risk of 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality for SLT versus BLT was examined across levels of the lung allocation score (LAS [both continuous with incorporation of interaction terms and categorized by LAS quartiles]). Multivariable analysis was conducted through Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Lung allocation score quartiles were as follows: quartile 1, 29.8 to 37.8, n=315; quartile 2, 37.9 to 42.4, n=313; quartile 3, 42.5 to 51.9, n=314; and quartile 4, 52.0 to 94.1, n=314. Overall, 21.1% more patients received BLT in the highest LAS quartile (59.5%) than in the lowest LAS quartile (38.4%, p p = 0.01) and multivariable analysis (hazard ratio 2.09 [95% confidence interval: 1.07 to 4.10], p = 0.03) as well as in sensitivity analyses incorporating pulmonary hypertension and maximizing follow-up. There were no differences in the risk of death with SLT at 30 or 90 days after LTx in any quartile on unadjusted or multivariable adjusted analysis. Conclusions We provide an initial examination of survival by procedure type and LAS score for LTx recipients with IPF. Bilateral LTx appears to offer advantages over SLT for high-risk patients.
Post-acquisition ETD spectral processing for increased peptide identifications.

Tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) produced using electron transfer dissociation (ETD) differ from those derived from collision-activated dissociation (CAD) in several important ways. Foremost, the predominant fragment ion series are different: c- and z·-type ions are favored in ETD spectra while b- and y-type ions comprise the bulk of the fragments in CAD spectra. Additionally, ETD spectra possess charge-reduced precursors and unique neutral losses. Most database search algorithms were designed to analyze CAD spectra, and have only recently been adapted to accommodate c- and z·-type ions; therefore, inclusion of these additional spectral features can hinder identification, leading to lower confidence scores and decreased sensitivity. Because of this, it is important to pre-process spectral data before submission to a database search to remove those features that cause complications. Here, we demonstrate the effects of removing these features on the number of unique peptide identifications at a 1% false discovery rate (FDR) using the open mass spectrometry search algorithm (OMSSA). When analyzing two biologic replicates of a yeast protein extract in three total analyses, the number of unique identifications with a ∼1% FDR increased from 4611 to 5931 upon spectral pre-processing—an increase of ∼28. 6%. We outline the most effective pre-processing methods, and provide free software containing these algorithms.
Short-time mobility of spherical particles in concentrated aqueous dispersions determined by diffusing wave spectroscopy

The diffusion of optically dense, charge stabilized, polystyrene latex spheres of 500 nm radius in water at 25°C was determined by diffusing wave spectroscopy in the backscattering mode. The diffusion coefficient of the latex spheres had a value of 4.8×10−13 m2 s−1 at infinite dilution and monotonically decreased as the number density of latex spheres increased. The diffusion coefficient dropped by a factor of 3 at 38 volume % latex and a factor of 20 at 59 volume % latex. Comparison was made to diffusion of sterically stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) latex in refractive index matched mixed organic fluids as determined by dynamic light scattering. The concentration dependence determined by diffusing wave spectroscopy matched closely to the short-time diffusion determined by dynamic scattering and not to the long-time diffusion. Although the difference in repulsive potential between the charge and the sterically stabilized lattices must be large, it has a surprisingly small effect on the translational diffusion of the latex over distances small compared to the intersphere distance.
Direct visualization of left ventricular free wall rupture by transesophageal echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.

clinical significance in the majority of cases, it has been reportedly related to putative embolic events, systolic clicks, and atrial arrhythmias. 4 ASA may also masquerade as a right atrial mass. 5 The presence of ASA in our patient with symptomatic severe mitral stenosis was clearly clinically relevant, and it presented a therapeutic dilemma and challenge. In view of her young age and pliable, noncalcified mitral valve, the patient was an ideal candidate for PTMC. 6 On the other hand, PTMC requires passage of a large-caliber 12F balloon catheter across the interatrial septum, and it may thus cause extensive tear of the thin septum if atrial septal puncture is made in the fossa ovale where ASA is located. With the aid of biplane follow-through right atrial angiograms, which well delineated the relationship between the atria and ASA, puncture of the latter was avoided. The puncture was made cephalid and dorsal to the ASA, and after PTMC there was no atrial septal shunt demonstrated by oximetry or color Doppler echocardiography. The PTMC resulted in a marked improvement of the patient 's hemodynamic and clinical status.
The control of sodium excretion with normal and reduced nephron populations: The pre-eminence of third factor

Abstract It has long been realized that renal excretion of sodium (and water) largely determines the extracellular fluid volume. It also has been recognized for many years that extracellular volume must exercise a regulatory function on the rate of renal salt and water excretion. The views as to how volume influences salt excretion are in the process of being reassessed. Changes in glomerular filtration rate and in mineralocorticoid hormone activity may affect sodium excretion, but mounting evidence favors the view that a third factor, which is independent of both glomerular filtration rate and aldosterone levels, modulates sodium excretion. This third factor contributes decisively to the natriuresis observed following acute massive saline loading in normal animals. It also contributes importantly to the high rates of salt excretion per nephron in the diseased kidney and to the very large swings in sodium excretion per nephron which occur in the diseased kidney with only modest changes in salt intake. Moreover, third factor could prove to be responsible for the precisely controlled modulations in sodium excretion which permit the maintenance of sodium balance in health. Finally, in pathologic states characterized by edema formation, it seems possible that the third factor mechanism is inadequate due to some consequence of the underlying abnormality. The possibility even exists that in some salt and water losing states, third factor excesses may be involved.
Some Pointwise Estimates Concerning Solutions of Some Partial Differential Equations of Elliptic Type of Second Order with Physical Applications

Unter Benutzung von Ungleichungen, die auf modifizierten Lagrangeschen Integralen basieren, erhalt man verschiedene Abschatzungen fur Losungen partieller Differentialgleichungen vom Typ Mit x e Ω, wobei Ω ein prakompaktes offenes Gebiet im R2 darstellt, dessen Rand durch eine einfache Kurve gegeben ist, mit ai(x) ≧ 0 und d(x) nicht uberall negativ in Ω. Using inequalities based on a modified Lagrangean (action) integrals, various estimates are derived for solutions of partial differential equations of the type with x e Ω, where Ω is a precompact open region in R2, the boundary of which is a simple curve, with ai(x) ≧ 0, and d(x) not everywhere negative in Ω.
The bacteriophage λ O and P protein initiators promote the replication of single-stranded DNA

Abstract A soluble enzyme system that specifically initiates lambda dv plasmid DNA replication at a bacteriophage lambda replication origin [Wold et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6176-6180] is also capable of replicating the single-stranded circular chromosomes of phages M13 and phi X174 to a duplex form. This chain initiation on single-stranded templates is novel in that it is absolutely dependent on the lambda O and P protein chromosomal initiators and on several Escherichia coli proteins that are known to function in the replication of the lambda chromosome in vivo, including the host dnaB, dnaG (primase), dnaJ and dnaK replication proteins. Strand initiation occurs at multiple sites following an O and P protein-dependent pre-priming step in which the DNA is converted into an activated nucleoprotein complex containing the bacterial dnaB protein. We propose a scheme for the initiation of DNA synthesis on single-stranded templates in this enzyme system that may be relevant to strand initiation events that occur during replication of phage lambda in vivo.
Cloning and expression of the limonene hydroxylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus BR388 and utilization in two-phase limonene conversions.

A 3.6-kb fragment of Bacillus stearo thermophilus Br388 chromosomal DNA that confers growth on limonene to Escherichia coli has been sequenced, revealing a single open reading frame encoding a single subunit limonene hydroxylase containing 444 amino acid residues. This enzyme proved capable of limonene hydroxylation to a mixture of carveol and perillyl alcohol as well as dehydrogenation of these products to carvone and perillyl aldehyde. Oxygen, FAD, and NADH were found to stimulate the hydroxylation reaction in cell extracts, and NAD+ stimulated the dehydrogenase reaction. In two-phase bioconversionsusing viable E. coli cells overexpressing the limonene hydroxylase, perillyl alcohol and carvone were the principal products observed.
Oral manifestations of cystinosis.

Abstract Cystinosis is a genetically determined metabolic disorder. It is characterized by the deposition of cystine crystals in several tissues, photophobia, and retardation of growth in addition to the characteristic signs of vitamin D-resistant rickets. Oral findings are variable and may include stomatitis, retarded dental calcification age, delayed eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth, interdental bone loss, bell-shaped roots, enlarged pulp chambers, periapical radiolucencies, and absence of the lamina dura.
One-year medical outcomes and emergency department recidivism after emergency department observation for cocaine-associated chest pain.

Study objective Chest pain is the most common complaint among cocaine users who present to the emergency department (ED) seeking care, and many hospital resources are applied to stratify cocaine users in regard to future cardiac morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the longitudinal cardiac and noncardiac medical outcomes of cocaine users who have been stratified to an ED observation period after their ED visit. We examine 1-year cardiac outcomes in a low- to intermediate-risk sample of patients with cocaine-associated chest pain in an urban ED, as well as examine ED recidivism at 1 year for cardiac and noncardiac complaints. Methods Prospective consecutive cohort study of patients (18 to 60 years) who presented to an urban Level I ED with cocaine-associated chest pain and were risk stratified to low to intermediate cardiac risk. Exclusion criteria were ECG suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, increased serum cardiac markers, history of acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft, hemodynamic instability, or unstable angina. Baseline interviews using validated measures of health functioning and substance use were conducted during chest pain observation unit stay and at 3, 6, and 12 months. ED utilization during the study year was abstracted from the medical chart. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses were conducted to predict recurrent ED visits. Results Two hundred nineteen participants (73%) were enrolled, 65% returned to the ED post–index visit, and 23% returned for chest pain; of these, 66% had a positive cocaine urine screening result. No patient had an acute myocardial infarction within the 1-year follow-up period. Patients with continued cocaine use were more likely to have a recurrent ED visit ( P Conclusion Patients with cocaine-associated chest pain who have low to intermediate cardiac risk and complete a chest pain observation unit protocol have a less than 1% rate of myocardial infarction in the subsequent 12 months.
What is the role of biliary drainage in liver trauma

Merendino, Dillard, and Cammock [1] in 1963 introduced the concept of controlled extrahepatic biliary drainage (CEBD) by cholecystostomy or choledochos~. tomy in the treatment of liver trauma with the intent of decreasing intrahepatic biliary pressure, thereby reducing intra- and parahepatic bile extravasation. Such drainage allows bile to bypass the sphincter of Oddi which, under normal circumstances, may prevent the passage of bile into the duodenum until the choledochal pressure reaches 30 cm of water. CEBD soon gained widespread acceptance clinically and other benefits became apparent: (!) the easier indentification of small biliary radicals during partial hepatectomy by the installation of a blue dye via a choledochostomy or cholecystostomy tube, (2) chotangiography when jaundice or sepsis develops postoperatively, and (3) early diagnosis of hemobilia by the external drainage of bloody bile. Experimentally, increased survival in dogs and decreased intrahepatic inflammation in cats have been reported when choledochostomy is performed prior to infliction of a standard liver injury. Unfortunately, the numerous clinical impressions Were not based on controlled patient sampling, and the experimental data described liver injuries which were not sutured so that most ot~ the dogs died of hemorrhage rather than of intre- or parahepatic bile leakage. Considering the weighty evidence in support of CEBD, we were disturbed to discover in a retrospective analysis that patients with liver injury who had CEBD had sLmaificantly greater morbidity and mortality than those without CEBD. We attributed this apparent discrepancy ~o the fact that CEBD was used for more severe injuries; nevertheless, we instituted a controlled clinical and experimental evaluation. Experimentally, we observed no change in continuously recorded intrahepatic pressure by CEBD over a three hour per~0a in dogs with or without previous ligation of the common bile duct. Furthermore, CEBD did not alter morbidity and mortality after a standard liver injury which was
Interpretation of Thermodynamic Derivatives Near the Liquid Crystal Phase Transition in p-Azoxyanisole

Abstract A general theory of phase transitions described by a sigle order parameter is applied to the nematic liquid crystal PAA. From previously published results on expansivity, sound velocity, and specific heat, it is shown for the nematic-isotropic phase transition in this substance (a) the coexistence curve is a curve of constant order parameter, and (b) the order parameter slightly below the transition is a function of V 4.3 T, where V is volume and T is temperature.
Depression of Circulating Blood Volume in Patients after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Implications for the Management of Symptomatic Vasospasm

The result of 42 blood volume determinations made with autologous red blood cells labeled with chromium-51 are reported. The subjects consisted of 11 control patients and 25 patients with recent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The mean red blood cell volume (RBCV) and the total blood volume (TBV) for female patients after SAH were significantly lower than corresponding control values (P less than 0.01). No depression of blood volume was found in males as a group. Seventy-two per cent of females had below-normal RBCV and 50% had below-normal TBV. Fifteen patients demonstrated angiographic vasospasm or signs of cerebral ischemia. Only 1 patient with asymptomatic vasospasm had a below-normal RBCV or TBV, whereas 6 of 7 patients with symptomatic vasospasm had a subnormal RBCV or TBV. The mean RBCV and mean TBV for female patients with symptomatic vasospasm were significantly lower than corresponding control values (P less than 0.02) and lower than values for female patients with asymptomatic vasospasm (P less than 0.05). The data suggest that volume status may be the important differential between asymptomatic and symptomatic vasospasm. Delayed ischemic deficits can be expected to develop in patients who have both spasm of the intracranial vessels and decreased TBV. Patients with normal blood volume are far less likely to experience cerebral ischemia, even if vasospasm develops.
What's in a linkage? Review of: Glenn Kramer, solving geometric constraint systems☆

The book solving Geometric Constraint Systems : A case study in kinematics by Glenn Kramer describes research in automating the analysis of mechanisms. The purpose of mechanism analysis is to answer quantitative and qualitative questions about the workings of complex mechanisms, such as gear boxes, robot arms, and vehicle suspensions. Mechanism analysis plays an essential role in design, validation, cataloging, and other mechanical engineering tasks. Automating the analysis benefits mechanical engineering by increasing the productivity of the designers, provides artificial intelligence with a computational theory of engineering expertise, and facilitates design automation
Facial EMG as an indicator of palatability in humans.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to observe the sensory hedonic responses and facial EMG activities elicited from different tastes. In Experiment 1, 25 subjects tasted flavors of apple juice, Gatorade, water, soybean milk, and pickle juice. In Experiment 2, 21 subjects tasted a sugar solution, a salt solution, and water. Subjects' sensory hedonic reports and facial EMG activity in the levator labii superioris/alaeque nasi region were recorded in each experiment. The results from Experiment 1 showed that subjects reported significantly higher ratings of palatability to the apple juice, Gatorade, and water than to the soybean milk and pickle juice. The results from Experiment 2 indicated that the subjects reported significantly higher ratings of palatability to the water and sugar solution than to the salt solution. EMG recordings in both experiments showed that the negative hedonic sensations were associated with higher EMG activity in the levator labii muscle region, and that the positive hedonic sensations were associated with lower EMG activity in the same muscle region. It is concluded that facial EMG activity can be used as an indicator of palatability in humans.
Videoscope‐assisted minimally invasive periodontal surgery (V‐MIS)

Aim Small incision surgery has become routine in many areas of medicine but has not been widely accepted in periodontal therapy. A videoscope to assist minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been developed. The clinical outcomes from MIS performed using this videoscope (V-MIS) are reported. Materials and Methods Patients were evaluated for residual defects following non-surgical therapy consisting of root planing with local anaesthetic. Thirty patients having 110 sites with residual pocket probing depth (PPD) of at least 5 mm, 2 mm loss of clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic evidence of bone loss were surgically treated. V-MIS was performed utilizing the videoscope for surgical visualization. Results At re-evaluation 6 months post surgery, there was a statistically significant improvement (p < .001) in mean PPD and CAL (PPD 3.88 ± 1.02 mm, CAL 4.04 ± 1.38 mm) in 1, 2, and 3 wall defects. All PPD at re-evaluation were 3 mm or less. There was a mean post-surgical increase in soft tissue height (0.13 ± 0.61 mm, p = 0.168) with a decrease in recession. Conclusions The improvement in PPD and CAL from V-MIS, in the authors' opinion, appears to be favourable when compared to previously reported results of periodontal regenerative surgery. The lack of post-surgical recession following V-MIS has not been reported with traditional regenerative surgery.
Microarray Analysis Uncovers the Induction of the Proapoptotic BH3-only Protein Bim in Multiple Models of Glucocorticoid-induced Apoptosis

Despite being one of the earliest recognized and most clinically relevant forms of apoptosis, little is known about the transcriptional events that mediate glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to identify the pattern of dexamethasone-induced changes in gene expression in two well characterized models of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, the murine lymphoma cell lines S49.A2 and WEHI7.2. Dexamethasone treatment induced a diverse set of gene changes that evolved over a 24-h period preceding the onset of cell death. These include previously reported changes in the expression of genes regulating prosurvival signals mediated by c-Myc and NFkappaB. Unexpectedly, we discovered that glucocorticoid treatment increases expression of the gene encoding Bim, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family that is capable of directly activating the apoptotic cascade. Induction of Bim was confirmed by immunoblotting not only in S49.A2 and WEHI7.2 cells but also in the human leukemia cell line CEM-C7 and in primary murine thymocytes. All three prototypical isoforms of Bim (BimEL, BimL, and BimS) were induced by dexamethasone. Because elevated expression of Bim initiates the execution phase of cell death, this report that Bim is induced by dexamethasone provides novel insight into the mechanism through which glucocorticoid-mediated changes in gene expression induce apoptosis in lymphoid cells.
Lensing-induced Cluster Signatures in the Cosmic Microwave Background

We show that clusters of galaxies induce steplike wiggles on top of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The direction of the wiggle is parallel to the large-scale gradient of the CMB, allowing one to isolate the effect from other small-scale fluctuations. The effect is sensitive to the deflection angle rather than its derivative (shear or magnification) and thus traces outer parts of the cluster with higher sensitivity than some other methods. A typical amplitude of the effect is 10 μK(σv/1400 km s-1 )2, where σv is the velocity dispersion of the cluster, and several μK signals extend out to a fraction of a degree. We derive the expressions for the temperature profile for several simple parameterized cluster models and identify some degeneracies between parameters. Finally, we discuss how to separate this signal from other imprints on the CMB using custom-designed filters. Detection of this effect is within reach of the next generation of small-scale CMB telescopes and could provide information about the cluster density profile beyond the virial radius.
Sucrose efflux and export from the maize scutellum

Abstract During incubation of maize scutellum slices in fructose, there was an efflux of sucrose. Efflux was constant for at least 4 h at fructose concentrations of 70 or 100 mol m−3. Efflux was increased by EDTA, and decreased by Ca2+. Efflux was independent of pH after EDTA treatment, but increased from untreated slices when the pH was lowered from 7 to 4. Uranyl ion and PCMBS (p-chloro-mercuribenzenesulfonic acid) abolished sucrose uptake, but were only weak inhibitors of sucrose efflux. These results are consistent with efflux occurring by simple diffusion through aqueous pores, but they do not rule out facilitated diffusion. Rates of sucrose export from the scutellum to the root shoot axis were estimated from measurements of axis respiration and dry weight gain. Sucrose efflux from scutellum slices was only 14-22% of the export rate. Sucrose efflux from the whole scutellum was only 3-4% of the export rate. It is concluded that the observed efflux is from leaky cells and does not represent sucrose on the way to the phloem along a path that includes the apoplast. These results support the idea that the path for sucrose from parenchyma cell to sieve tube in the maize scutellum is entirely symplastic.
PRETRAINING CORRELATES OF TRAINFIRE MARKSMANSHIP

S1mzmary.-514 entering West Point cadets were studied to determine whether prior weapons experience, intelligence, or questionnaire responses concerning their parents' or their own attitudes toward weapons were related to subsequent "Trainfire" rifle marksmanship scores. Confidence in firing ability was found to be a limited, yet best, single predictor of range firing scores. Cadet and parental attitudes toward weapons and prior firing experience were also correlated with range firing scores. Correlations of experience with range scores were lower than those in previously reported studies, and intelligence was not an effective predictor for this population. Possible effects of response sets and unreliability of the measures on the results are considered. This study attempted ro identify antecedent factors associated with variations in rifle marksmanship of new West Point cadets. Previous research concerning the prediction of rifle marksmanship from preuaining data (Humphreys, et al., 1936; McGuigan & McCaslin, 1955; Spaeth & Dunham, 1921) considered the effects of a variety of variables on rifle performance, e.g., rifle steadiness, firing experience, educarional level, intelligence, mechanical aptitude, and mechanical information. However, a recent study by McCaslin and McGuigan ( 1955 ) suggested that of all of these variables, intelligence and experience were the most important, and that the remaining variables associated wich rifle marksmanship were correlated wich intelligence. These previous studies were conducted on known-distance and fixed-target ranges, whereas the present srudy was cond~~cted on a "Trainfire" range with electronically controlled "pop-up" targecs appearing at varied distances. Nevertheless, it was hypothesized that in this study, also, experience would be an important predictor of marksmanship. However, since the range of intelligence of cadets is much more restricted than the range for the Army basic trainee subjects of previous research, intellectual aptitude was not expected to be such an important predictor for the present group. Instead, since the present group was expected to be more homogeneous in terms of intellectual aprin~de and experience, it was conceived that attitudes toward the use of firearms might become an irnportant aspect of prediction of rifle performance.
Anger in Marriage and the Family

Various dimensions of anger in health and illness, clinical training and practice, marriage and the family are reviewed.
Effect of presence of calf on milking-induced release of prolactin and oxytocin during early lactation of dairy cows

The ability of dairy cows to release either prolactin or oxytocin in response to machine milking in a conventional milking parlor was reduced among cows maintained with their calves during the 1st wk postpartum. However, presence of the calf caused no prolonged inhibition; cows evaluated 9 or 23 days after calf removal released similar quantities of prolactin and oxytocin after milking compared to controls (cows whose calves were removed within 24 h after parturition) at the same stage of lactation. Ambient temperature on the day of sampling was positively associated with the premilking serum prolactin concentration among cows housed with or without their calves (correlation coefficients were .52 and .59), but neither ambient temperature nor premilking serum prolactin concentrations were closely associated with area under milking-induced prolactin response curves (correlation coefficients from -.15 to .18). Unlike basal serum prolactin concentration, ambient temperature on the day of sampling was not closely associated with premilking serum concentrations of oxytocin or quantities released to the milking stimulus (correlation coefficients from -.19 to -.12). These results confirm that the calf can inhibit maternal secretion of prolactin and oxytocin in the dairy cow. These data also indicate that the capacity of the cow to respond to the milking stimulus is independent of premilking serum concentrations of prolactin or oxytocin. Better understanding of factors that regulate the secretion of these hormones at milking may allow development of techniques to enhance hormonal response to milking stimuli and possibly enhance milk production.
N,N-Diarylanilinosquaraines and their application to organic photovoltaics

We report new derivatives of symmetric squaraine dyes with N,N-diarylanilino substituents that have high solubility and high absorptivity (e = 0.71–4.1 × 105 M–1 cm–1) in the red solar spectral region (λmax = 645–694 nm) making them promising candidates for application in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Unsymmetrical N,N-diisobutylanilino- and N,N-diphenylanilino(diphenylamino)squaraines have also been prepared that give blue-shifted absorption spectra (λmax = 529–535 nm) relative to their symmetric counterparts. Compared to bis(N,N-diisobutylanilino)squaraine, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical N,N-diarylanilino squaraines show markedly broader absorption bands in solution than their N,N-dialkylanilino squaraine counterparts: the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for N,N-diarylanilino squaraines range from 1280–1980 cm–1, while the fwhm value for the N,N-diisobutylanilino squarine is only 630 cm–1. The absorption bands for thin films of N,N-diarylanilino squaraines broaden further to 2500–3300 cm–1. N,N-Di...
Factors associated with major depression among mothers in Los Angeles.

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with major depression among a sample of diverse mothers in Los Angeles while paying special attention to racial and ethnic as well as immigration status differences. Methods Using logistic regression models, we examined the association between major depression and race and ethnicity, immigration status, and other key covariates. Major depression was measured using the Comprehensive International Diagnostic Interview Short Form. This study was based on 1,856 racially and ethnically diverse mothers who participated in Wave 1 of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, which was fielded in 65 census tracts. Main Findings After controlling for key covariates, we found that non-Hispanic white mothers had 1.67 times the odds of having major depression than Hispanic mothers (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–2.80). In addition, single mothers had elevated rates of major depression compared with married mothers (odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.00–2.37). Mothers with a college degree or higher had significantly lower odds of being depressed compared with mothers without a college degree (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29–0.86); mothers with only adolescents in the home had significantly higher odds of major depression than mothers with at least one preadolescent child in the home (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.11–2.70). Conclusion Given the links between depressed mothers and child outcomes, our results have important implication for mothers with adolescent children, particularly those who are white, single, or less educated.
Dynamical quark effects on the hadronic spectrum and q-potential in lattice QCD

Abstract The results of a calculation which incorporates virtual quark-antiquark pairs at a coupling of β =5.7 and quark mass of 0.05 are compared with those of two quenched simulations at β =5.895 and 6. The inclusion of the dynamical quark produces no effects in the hadron mass spectrum besides an overall shift in the coupling. In contrast, the Wilson lopp factors show a non-trivial effect, in the form of a flattening of the heavy quark potential. All three studies were carried out on a 10 3 ·32 lattice.
Simulation of main chamber wall temperature rise resulting from massive neon gas injection shutdown of ITER

Simulations were performed to estimate the main chamber wall heating in ITER resulting from rapid discharge shutdown by neon massive gas injection (MGI). The TokSys current diffusion model coupled with a simplified impurity transport model was used. Impurity parallel flow was treated with a single-fluid pressure-driven flow model. Impurity cross-field diffusion was treated with an empirical diffusion coefficient estimated from present experiments, while impurity poloidal rotation was included empirically by extrapolation in minor radius from present experiments to ITER. For single-valve neon MGI, maximum wall temperatures of order 1100 K are predicted, somewhat below the melting temperature of beryllium (1560 K). Lower temperature excursions were obtained by increasing the number of gas valves, while higher wall temperatures could be obtained by turning up initial plasma thermal energy or cross-field transport coefficients. Highest wall temperatures tended to occur on the centre post during the start of the current quench phase, consistent with present experiments. These results suggest that a single port may be sufficient for safely initiating rapid shutdown in ITER, leaving other ports free for subsequent rapid shutdown tasks such as runaway electron mitigation.
Using CHAINS, a QuickBASIC 4.5 Program, to Teach Single-Subject Experimentation with Humans.

Students enrolled in a single-subject design course studied the repeated acquisition of response sequences by using CHAINS, a QuickBASIC 4.5 program, which runs in DOS or Windows. For about 2 months, students examined the learning of such sequences as a function of various treatments. Each week students graphed their data, discussed their research, modified their experiments, and then wrote American Psychological Association-style manuscripts. Students positively evaluated CHAINS and the instructional process. Suggestions for future instruction include distributing students' manuscripts the following semester so new students can replicate earlier work and using the alternating treatments design, which quickly permits comparing treatments.
A Note on the Decomposition Structure of the Direct Product of Irreducible Representations of SU(3) by Tensor Method

Tensor methods are employed to determine which unitary irreducible representations (UIR's) (α, β) occur in the reduction of the direct product (λ, μ)⊗(λ', μ') of two arbitrary UIR's of SU(3). For λ', μ' large enough (λ', μ' ≥α+β), it is shown that all the representations (α, β) are given by the following unique correspondence: For each pair of Iz, Y values (i.e., to each 'weight') occurring in the representation (λ, μ) we have a representation (α, β) with α=λ'+Iz+(3/2)Y, μ=μ'+Iz-(3/2)Y, where the multiplicity of occurrence of (α, β) is the same as the multiplicity of the weight Iz, Y in the representation (λ, μ).
Manipulation of vortices by localized impurities in Bose-Einstein condensates

We consider the manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensate vortices by optical potentials generated by focused laser beams. It is shown that for appropriate choices of the laser strength and width it is possible to successfully transport vortices to various positions inside the trap confining the condensate atoms. Furthermore, the full bifurcation structure of possible stationary single-charge vortex solutions in a harmonic potential with this type of impurity is elucidated. The case when a moving vortex is captured by a stationary laser beam is also studied, as well as the possibility of dragging the vortex by means of periodic optical lattices.
Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of polyprenols in Ginkgo biloba L

A supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) procedure for the quantitation of three major polyprenols present in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba was developed. In contrast to previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods, the SFC method does not require extensive pre-purification for polyprenol analysis. The SFC analytical procedure described shows a very broad range of linearity and detects many known polyprenol isoprenologs with baseline separation. Dodecaprenol was used as the internal standard. The coefficient of variation of the method was 5.8% for the quantitation of C85, C90 and C95 polyprenols. The SFC assay results showed that the content of polyprenols in ginkgo leaves were higher than the previously published values. In addition, the chromatogram of the highly concentrated leaf extract revealed the presence of an isoprenolog (C120) not previously detected by HPLC methods.
Multi-colored simplified asthma guideline reminder: why pragmatic asthma tools are needed in real-world practice.

Asthma is a chronic disease that is highly prevalent around the world with increasing societal and economic burden. National Asthma Educational and Preventive Program (NAEPP) and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) are evidence-based documents designed to help clinicians make appropriate decisions for their patients and to reduce undersirable variation in the care of asthmatic patients. It is a generally accepted fact that asthma specialists achieved better and improved asthma outcomes for their patients when compared with primary care physicians (PCPs). These outcome differences are somewhat related to PCPs’ poor adherence to published NAEPP guidelines. Multi-Colored Simplified Asthma Guideline Reminder (MSAGR) is the first user-friendly single-sheet convenient asthma tool designed for clinicians after barriers to the poor adherence to asthma guidelines in primary care settings were identified. Voluntary acceptance and utilization of MSAGR resulted in fewer emergency room visits and hospitalizations for their patients. General acceptance of MSAGR (more than 1 million copies requested by clinicians globally), and overwhelming positive comments by asthma care providers, strongly advocate a need for real-time, pragmatic clinical tools not only in asthma, but also in other chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and depression, etc. In this brief review, we discuss how clinicians, patients, and payers are utilizing these simplified asthma tools to improve asthma care in their community.
The impact of turbulence on the effectiveness and efficiency of software development teams in small organizations

This article presents an agent-based simulation study that explores the effects of team behavior on the efficiency and effectiveness of software development organizations that pursue incremental and iterative processes such as the Rational Unified Process (RUP). The conceptual model underlying the simulation framework is based on the fundamental tenets of organization theory. We present the simulation framework Team-RUP and use it to examine (a) which team archetypes and associated organizational cooperation mechanisms are effective in incremental and iterative software development strategies such as the RUP and (b) the extent of the impact of turbulence (i.e. change in requirements and employee turnover) on the effectiveness of software development under various team archetypes in small organizations. Using the model, we observe that ‘agility’ via incremental and iterative development strategy is a valid and useful counterbalance to the inevitable change involved in most software projects. Also, we observe that the autonomous and concurrent team archetypes are better suited for large, rather than small, enterprises. We believe that the findings reported in this study form the basis for future hypotheses that will facilitate further empirical studies on software team behavior. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.