cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithography enabling for the 65 nm node gate layer patterning with alternating PSM

This paper presents the application of double exposure alternating phase shift mask (APSM) lithography to the 65nm node gate layer. An integrated approach involving optimization of the layout design rules, APSM synthesis, Optical Proximity Correction (OPC), mask manufacturing process, and wafer patterning process has been employed to scale gate layer critical dimensions from the 90nm node to the 65 nm node with no loss in focus or exposure process window. The paper focuses on some of challenges for achieving a production-worthy APSM solution, including discussions of APSM flow development along with aspects of OPC model calibration, OPC performance, CD control, and OPC validation. Patterning results from the application of APSM to the gate level of a state-of-the-art 65nm node random logic technology are presented.
γ-Sarcoglycan Deficiency Leads to Muscle Membrane Defects and Apoptosis Independent of Dystrophin

γ-Sarcoglycan is a transmembrane, dystrophin-associated protein expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The murine γ-sarcoglycan gene was disrupted using homologous recombination. Mice lacking γ-sarcoglycan showed pronounced dystrophic muscle changes in early life. By 20 wk of age, these mice developed cardiomyopathy and died prematurely. The loss of γ-sarcoglycan produced secondary reduction of β- and δ-sarcoglycan with partial retention of α- and e-sarcoglycan, suggesting that β-, γ-, and δ-sarcoglycan function as a unit. Importantly, mice lacking γ-sarco- glycan showed normal dystrophin content and local- ization, demonstrating that myofiber degeneration occurred independently of dystrophin alteration. Furthermore, β-dystroglycan and laminin were left intact, implying that the dystrophin–dystroglycan–laminin mechanical link was unaffected by sarcoglycan deficiency. Apoptotic myonuclei were abundant in skeletal muscle lacking γ-sarcoglycan, suggesting that programmed cell death contributes to myofiber degeneration. Vital staining with Evans blue dye revealed that muscle lacking γ-sarcoglycan developed membrane disruptions like those seen in dystrophin-deficient muscle. Our data demonstrate that sarcoglycan loss was sufficient, and that dystrophin loss was not necessary to cause membrane defects and apoptosis. As a common molecular feature in a variety of muscular dystrophies, sarcoglycan loss is a likely mediator of pathology.
American Trade Union Growth: 1900–1960

I. Some determinants of union growth, 435. — II. Empirical results, 439. — III. Consideration of some subperiods, 445. — IV Conclusion, 447.
Perturbative Solutions of the Virasoro Master Equation

A perturbative technique for finding solutions of the Virasoro master equation is developed. Isolated solutions as well as solutions with continuous parameters are discovered. The cases of SU(2) and SU(3) are discussed in detail.
Viewing geometric protein structures from inside a CAVE

We have developed general modeling software for a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE); one of its applications is modeling 3D protein structures, generating both outside-in and inside-out views of geometric models. An advantage of the CAVE over other virtual environments is that multiple viewers can observe the same scene at the same time and place. Our software is scalable-from high-end virtual environments such as the CAVE, to mid-range immersive desktop systems, down to low-end graphics workstations. In the current configuration, a parallel Silicon Graphics Power Challenge supercomputer architecture performs the computationally intensive construction of surface patches remotely, and sends the results through the I-WAY (Information Wide Area Year) using VBNS (Very-high-Bandwidth Network Systems) to the graphics machines that drive the CAVE and our graphics visualization software, Valvis (Virtual ALpha shapes VISualizer).
A new paradigm for the molecular basis of rubber elasticity

The molecular basis for rubber elasticity is arguably the oldest and one of the most important questions in the field of polymer physics. The theoretical investigation of rubber elasticity began in earnest almost a century ago with the development of analytic thermodynamic models, based on simple, highly-symmetric configurations of so-called Gaussian chains, i.e. polymer chains that obey Markov statistics. Numerous theories have been proposed over the past 90 years based on the ansatz that the elastic force for individual network chains arises from the entropy change associated with the distribution of end-to-end distances of a free polymer chain. There are serious conceptual objections to this assumption and others, such as the assumption that all network nodes undergo a simple volume-preserving linear motion and that all of the network chains have the same length. Recently, a new paradigm for elasticity in rubber networks has been proposed that is based on mechanisms that originate at the molecular leve...
Variability of aquatic model ecosystem‐derived data

Experiments were conducted to determine the bioaccutnulation potential of several pesticides in aquatic model ecosystems and the variability of these results. Bioaccumulation ratios were low for four herbicides (10 to 290), intermediate (320 to 3740) for hexachlorobenzene and high (2580 to 14,550) for mirex. Coefficients of variation (CV) averaged 30 to 40 percent with a range of one to 75 percent. This model ecosystem derived data was about twice as variable as microcosm metabolism measurements and single species experiments, but one half to one fourth as variable as microcosm population responses.
Cyclodextrin-mediated entrapment of curcuminoid 4-[3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid] or CLEFMA in liposomes for treatment of xenograft lung tumor in rats

We recently reported a novel curcuminoid 4-[3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid] or CLEFMA as a potent anti-proliferative agent, and showed that it induces autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells. We are now reporting a drug-in-CD-in-liposome approach to formulate CLEFMA liposomes that could be labeled with Tc-99m radionuclide for non-invasive imaging of their biodistribution. CLEFMA encapsulation was enabled by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. In vitro studies showed that CLEFMA possessed more potent anti-proliferative activity in lung adenocarcinoma H441 cells than naturally occurring curcumin. At the same time, it had no effect on the proliferative capacity of normal lung fibroblasts. CLEFMA liposomes retained the antiproliferative potency of free CLEFMA, while maintaining its non-toxic nature in normal lung fibroblasts. In nude rats bearing xenograft H441 tumors, the tumor volume significantly reduced after i.v. treatment with CLEFMA liposomes (p<0.05); the tumor inhibition was determined to be 94%. The anti-tumor activity of CLEFMA liposomes was confirmed by the observation that F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in tumors of treated rats was reduced as compared to those of control rats. Tc-99m-labeled CLEFMA liposomes accumulated in liver (33.7%); spleen showed the largest accumulation on per gram tissue basis (6.2 %/g). Upon histopathological examination of liver, lung and kidney, we found no apparent toxicity from multiple CLEFMA liposome administrations. The results demonstrate the utility of liposomes to serve as a carrier for CLEFMA. This study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of novel curcuminoid CLEFMA in a preclinical model.
Effects of quantum well subband structure on the temperature stability of vertical‐cavity semiconductor lasers

This letter investigates the effects of band‐structure, band‐filling, and many‐body interactions on the temperature behavior of a vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser. Significant improvement in temperature stability of the laser output is predicted in the presence of gain arising from high lying quantum well subbands.
For now, one well-timed intrauterine insemination is the way to go

Two articles on pregnancy rates from superovulation and IUI in relation to the IUI protocol were reviewed. Results from a meta-analysis of IUI number (one vs. two) and from a randomized trial of IUI timing (33 hours vs. 39 hours after hCG administration) suggest that one well-timed insemination within several hours of ovulation represents a reasonable balance between efficacy and cost.
Coordinating rendezvous points for inductive power transfer between electric vehicles to increase effective driving distance

Battery electric vehicles (EV) average 75 miles on a fully charged battery. This range can be limited by external factors, namely use of battery power while the vehicle is stopped in traffic. Coupled with the time required by a battery to fully recharge and the current lack of charging stations, many drivers have range anxiety which prevent them from switching to EVs. One method to increase interest in EVs and to ease range anxiety concerns among drivers is to offer immediate charging facilities that are available to drivers. A possible solution is to have drivers "share" charge with each other using inductive power transfer to wirelessly transfer charge between vehicles at rendezvous points. We simulate the interactions of this ad-hoc network of rendezvous points between EVs for charge transfer to determine the feasibility of such a system, especially for taxicabs. We use real world data to simulate typical commuting driving distributions for commuters and New York City taxis. Assuming that all users in the system use GPS, we know each cars start and stop nodes. Using fisheye state routing (FSR) with first-come-first-serve (FCFS) methodology for car coordination at rendezvous points, we show that we are able to reduce the probability of refueling to 0% for commuter cars and significantly lowers the probability of refueling for taxicabs traveling more than 75 miles.
Birth order and personality: A within-family test using independent self-reports from both firstborn and laterborn siblings

Abstract Assumptions about the effects of birth order on personality abound in popular culture and self-help books. Indeed, when one sibling is asked to compare themselves to others in their family, birth order shows weak-to-moderate effects on personality (e.g., Healey & Ellis, 2007; Paulhus, Trapnell, & Chen, 1999 ). No study to date, however, has utilized a complete within-family design that includes independent self-reports from both firstborn and laterborn siblings in the same family. To fill this gap, we collected Big Five personality data on 69 young adult firstborn–laterborn sibling pairs. We also obtained data from parents of the sibling pairs and peer ratings of original participants’ personality traits. Within-family analyses revealed that neither siblings’ independent self-reported personality traits, nor parents’ reports of their children’s personality traits, differed systematically as a function of birth order. Our findings are consistent with results from between-family designs and they provide further evidence, employing a within-family design that utilizes data from multiple family members, that birth order does not have enduring effects on personality.
Sperm Storage in the Oviduct of the American Alligator

Oviducts of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) were examined histologically for the presence of stored sperm. Two regions containing sperm were identified, one at the junction of the posterior uterus and the vagina (UVJ) and the other at the junction of the tube and isthmus (TIJ). In these areas, sperm were found in the lumina of oviductal glands. The glands in these areas of the oviduct are diffuse and shallow and appear to allow better access to sperm than glands located elsewhere. Histochemically, the glands of the UVJ reacted weakly for carbohydrates and proteins, whereas those of the TIJ reacted strongly for these same two components, secretions of which are associated with sperm storage structures in other reptiles. Sperm were not in contact with the glandular epithelium, and glands at the UVJ contained more sperm than those at the TIJ. Oviductal sperm storage was observed not only in recently mated females but in all females possessing uterine eggs as well as all females known to be associated with a nest. We conclude that female alligators are capable of storing sperm in their oviductal glands, but not from one year to the next.
Aortic dissection during directional coronary atherectomy

Directional coronary atherectomy has been applied to aorto-ostial lesions with higher success and lower complication rates than conventional balloon angioplasty. Aortic injuries have been reported with this technique, most resulting from the tip of the catheter. In this report, an aortic dissection caused by the shaft of the directional coronary atherectomy catheter is described.
NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY OF FORTIFIED PRETERM HUMAN MILK |[lpar]|PTHM|[rpar]| IN VLBW INFANTS

The ability of mother's own PTHM fortified with a protein-mineral supplement (Mead Johnson) to approximate in utero requirements of fat, nitrogen (N2), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) was assessed and compared to a premature formula (Mead Johnson) in 5 VLBW infants (BW 948±67 gm, GA 27.8±0.9 wks, mean ± SEM). Urine and stool were collected separately during a 72 hr interval bracketed by carmine red. Three studies were performed in 3 infants (wt 1230-1540 gm, age 41-74 days) fed fortified-PTHM and 3 in 2 infants (wt 1120-1490 gm, age 27-40 days) fed formula. Fat balance and absorption were 6.31±0.72 gm/kg/d and 93±5% with fortified-PTHM, and 5.63±0.06 gm/kg/d and 93±2% with formula respectively. N2, Ca, and P balance (mg/kg/d) and % retention are shown below. Zn balance and retention ranged from 256 to 1084 μg/kg/d and 14 to 64% with fortified-PTHM, and -1074 to +258 μg/kg/d and -88 to +22% with formula respectively. In conclusion, the nutritional requirements for fat, N2, Ca, and P are comparably met by fortified-PTHM and premature formula. However, fortified-PTHM meets Zn needs better.
Clonidine potentiates drug induced self-injurious behavior in rats

Caffeine and amphetamine have been regarded as dramatically dissimilar drugs, both structurally and behaviorally. However, both are stimulants and (under certain conditions) both produce self-injurious behavior in rats which is potentiated by clonidine. Rats were pretreated with various doses of clonidine prior to daily administration of caffeine. In another experiment, rats which had been implanted with continuous release amphetamine pellets were injected twice daily with various doses of clonidine. Clonidine produced a high rate of self-biting when combined with subthreshold doses of caffeine. Clonidine was less effective in potentiating amphetamine induced self-biting; the highest dose tested raised the incidence from 28 to 64%. Clonidine tended to decrease the incidence of behaviors other than self-biting. Thus although caffeine and amphetamine clearly do not have identical behavioral effects, there is increasing evidence that certain of their effects are mediated by similar mechanisms.
A Paradigm for Packaging

The development of this paradigm was not a one-step process. It has grown over years of learning, 'practicing, researching, consulting and teaching packaging. The model appeared in an early form long ago. After much thought and discussion with colleagues, both within and outside of the School of Packaging, it took its present shape. Then it became necessary to find a name or descriptor for the model, other than A Paradigm for Packaging. The name that appeared and found favour with many of the faculty at the School of Packaging was Socio-Scientific Discipline. This name has proven especially useful when describing to prospective students what packaging is. The name, coupled with the model, has been in use by our advising staff for about four years.
The Stanford UltraFlow access: Architecture and hierarchical scheduling

UltraFlow - also known as Optical Flow Switching (OFS) has been recently presented as an effective technology for large Internet data transfer. In this paper, we propose a novel scheduling mechanism for the Stanford UltraFlow access network, a novel optical access network architecture that offers dual-mode service to the end-users: legacy IP and OFS. The proposed scheme is a hybrid mechanism that combines the batch scheduling technique with existing methods so as to increase the average Flow throughput, while maintaining relatively low traffic latency. Extensive simulations highlight the advantages of the proposed solution and demonstrate its merits.
Analyzing Energy-Delay Behavior in Room Temperature Single Electron Transistors

This paper presents Single Electron Transistor (SET) devices operating at room temperature as an attractive option to implement low energy consumption circuits with low-to-moderate performance requirements. Currently, such circuits are implemented using CMOS technologies operating at low supply voltages. CMOS is usually leakage dominated at such a low voltage regime and various optimizations are necessary to design low energy circuits. By discussing the energy-delay trade-offs for SET devices and comparing them to those of contemporary CMOS technology, we present an argument that SET devices may be more favorable compared to CMOS from the energy and delay standpoints at low supply voltages.
In vivo metabolism of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor and its proteinase complexes: Evidence for proteinase transfer to α2-macroglobulin and α1-proteinase inhibitor

Abstract Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor was purified by a modification of published procedures which involved fewer steps and resulted in higher yields. The preparation was used to study the clearance of the inhibitor and its complex with trypsin from the plasma of mice and to examine degradation of the inhibitor in vivo. Unlike other plasma proteinase inhibitor-proteinase complexes, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor reacted with trypsin did not clear faster than the unreacted inhibitor. Studies using 125I-trypsin provided evidence for the dissociation of complexes of proteinase and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor in vivo, followed by rapid removal of proteinase by other plasma proteinase inhibitors, particularly α2-macroglobulin and α1-proteinase inhibitor. Studies in vitro also demonstrated the transfer of trypsin from inter-α-trypsin inhibitor to α2-macroglobulin and α1-proteinase inhibitor but at a much slower rate. The clearance of unreacted 125I-inter-α-trypsin inhibitor was characterized by a half-life ranging from 30 min to more than 1 h. Murine and human inhibitors exhibited identical behavior. Multiphasic clearance of the inhibitor was not due to degradation, aggregation, or carbohydrate heterogeneity, as shown by competition studies with asialoorosomucoid and macroalbumin, but was probably a result of extravascular distribution or endothelial binding. 125I-inter-α-trypsin inhibitor cleared primarily in the liver. Analysis of liver and kidney tissue by gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis showed internalization and limited degradation of 125I-inter-α-trypsin inhibitor in these tissues. No evidence for the production of smaller proteinase inhibitors from 125I-inter-α-trypsin inhibitor injected intravenously or intraperitoneally was detected, even in casein-induced peritoneal inflammation. No species of molecular weight similar to that of urinary proteinase inhibitors, 19,000–70,000, appeared in plasma, liver, kidney, or urine following injection of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor.
Efficient coding of morphology-based multiresolution pyramids

The present paper discusses an approach of efficient coding of the error images obtained using the morphology based multiresolution pyramid decomposition technique proposed by Heijmans and Toel. A commonly used approach to achieve significant compression ratios in pyramid compression techniques is to discard the first error image. However, this may cause degradation of fine edges, texture information, and thin features. In the present paper we have proposed an estimator for the first error image. Directional filtering and sampling is used to decompose the error image into two components.
Oncolytic measles virus strains have significant antitumor activity against glioma stem cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and has a dismal prognosis despite multimodality treatment. Given the resistance of glioma stem cells (GSC) to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, their eradication could prevent tumor recurrence. We sought to evaluate the antitumor activity of measles virus (MV) derivatives against GSC. We generated neurosphere cultures from patient-derived primary tumor GBM xenografts, and we characterized them for the GSC markers CD133, SOX2, Nestin, ATF5 and OLIG2. Using the MV-strains MV-GFP, MV-CEA and MV-NIS we demonstrated infection, viral replication and significant cytopathic effect in vitro against GSC lines. In tumorigenicity experiments, GBM44 GSC were infected with MV in vitro and subsequently implanted into the right caudate nucleus of nude mice: significant prolongation of survival in mice implanted with infected GSC was observed, compared with mock-infected controls (P=0.0483). In therapy experiments in GBM6 and GBM12 GSC xenograft models, there was significant prolongation of survival in MV-GFP-treated animals compared with inactivated virus-treated controls (GBM6 P=0.0021, GBM12 P=0.0416). Abundant syncytia and viral replication was demonstrated in tumors of MV-treated mice. Measles virus derivatives have significant antitumor activity against glioma-derived stem cells in vitro and in vivo.
Electron yields and escape depths from Kapton and Teflon

Secondary electron emission (SEE) characteristics, i.e., SEE yield maximum, the electron energy corresponding to the maximum yield, Emax, and crossover energies at which the SEE yield is unity, as a function of angle of incidence were determined for Kapton and Teflon. Photoelectron yield as a function of angle of incidence from Kapton were also determined. Secondary electron escape depth and photoelectron escape depth from Kapton were calcuated from the experimental data. Pulse beam techniques were used to reduce surface charging problems. Three μsec pulses of electrons were used in SEE experiments, and 100 msec to 1 sec pulses were used in photoemission experiments. The maximum yield of Kapton increases from 1.7 at normal incidence to 3.0 at 80° angle of incidence, Emax increases from 280 eV to 620 eV. The maximum yield of Teflon increases from 2.4 at normal incidence to 3.1 at 80° angle of incidence. The secondary electron escape depth in Kapton was calculated t be 55 ± 5 A. Photoelectrons excited by 21 eV photons have a 87 ± 30 A escape depth in Kapton.
It's time for a "change" in our approach to early detection of malignant melanoma.

The ABCD’s of Melanoma (Table 1) have been one of the most successful mnemonics in medicine and proven to be an excellent tool for professional and lay education about the clinical features of malignant melanoma.1–3 All dermatology residents and most primary care residents use this systematic approach to the physical examination of a patient’s moles. Patients are comforted to know that they can identify these simple features of melanoma and feel a part of the team as they monitor their moles on a monthly basis. It has become clear that the ABCD criteria are often insufficiently sensitive to allow for the diagnosis of early malignant melanoma (Fig. 1).4,5 A review of recent literature confirmed our suspicion that it is time for a “change” in our approach. Malignant melanoma is curable if lesions are identified early and are completely excised. The treatment is difficult, at best, once metastatic spread has occurred. Early melanoma studies have proven that a “change” in a mole is the earliest finding and can lead to the diagnosis of melanoma in the absence of the ABCD physical diagnostic criteria.6–10 In fact, change is the most important diagnostic feature reported by patients.6,11–14 Changes in shape, size, color, crusting, bleeding, and pruritus can be early clues to the diagnosis of melanoma. In the area of melanoma education, an emphasis on change is not new. The American Cancer Society’s “Seven Warning Signs of Cancer” always included, “A change in a wart or mole.”15 MacKie’s seven-point melanoma checklist, which is the standard approach in the United Kingdom, requires any one of three major criteria, or two minor criteria to prompt action in examining nevi (Table 2).16 All three major criteria reflect a recent change. In fact, the importance of change in a mole in the diagnosis of early melanoma has been emphasized by a variety of experts.2,17–23 Even dermoscopy experts who use a hand-held tool to enhance and magnify suspicious lesions have emphasized the limitations of physical diagnostic criteria and emphasized the importance of a recent change as a significant component to early detection.24–30 Finally, photography experts have suggested serial standardized photographic methods to identify changes in moles.31–33 Recent reviews that focus on the ABCDs have not always highFrom the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and the Ohio Division, Inc., American Cancer Society, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Address correspondence to Robert T. Brodell, MD, 2660 East Market Street, Warren, OH 44483. E-mail address: rtb@neoucom.edu. Table 2. MacKie’s Seven-Point Melanoma Checklist
How US Preservice Teachers ‘Read’ Classroom Performances

Abstract Thirty‐seven preservice teachers viewed and evaluated three videotapes of actual classroom lessons. To reveal macrostructures that may have guided perception, we asked the novices to recall as much of a lesson as possible one week after evaluating a tape. Some of the novices then evaluated a live classroom performance. As a comparative gauge, 19 inservice teachers also evaluated the three videotaped lessons. Running notes (taken while viewing a video) suggested that the inservice teachers were able to render spontaneous functional interpretations of teacher behavior (a ‘deep’ reading), while the preservice teachers invariably described teacher behavior first, then only sometimes noted its function (a ‘surface’ reading). The preservice teachers defined good teaching from a student perspective in terms of fun and involvement, while the inservice teachers defined good teaching from a teacher perspective in terms of clear lesson structure. The preservice teachers appeared to use major activity struct...
Feedback Control of Stochastic Systems to Track Prespecified Probability Density Functions

We present a study of feedback controls of stochastic systems to track a prespecified probability density function (PDF). The moment equations of the response are used in the control design to illustrate the underlining issues. A hierarchical approach is proposed to design the control for tracking Gaussian and non-Gaussian PDFs. The control design approach is demonstrated with a simple example.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Threshold stress intensity factor in soda-lime silicate glass by interrupted static fatigue test

Abstract The measurement of the threshold stress intensity factor Kth for sub-critical crack growth of soda-lime glass in a water environment was performed using the interrupted static fatigue test. The experimental procedures suggested in a previous paper by the current authors were followed. In the first approach, Kth was calculated as the stress intensity factor at which half of the specimens fail during the constant stress phase of the test. In the second approach, the fatigue limit was determined from the stress intensity factor applied to the weakest surviving sample during the stress hold. For both cases, values of the stress intensity factor were obtained for increasing hold times, which ranged from 1 hour to 20 days. The estimated Kth values decrease with holding time but are expected to reach a limiting value, equivalent to the true threshold at long times. For holding times of 20 days, values of 0.16 and 0.15 M Pa m 1 2 were obtained by using the two different approaches. For the current test, the necessary limit in the estimated Kth values was not obtained, suggesting that if a threshold exists, it must be equal to or less than these values. These values are significantly lower than previous Kth estimates that were obtained by extrapolation from crack velocity and time-to-failure measurements (0.2 – 0.4 M Pa m 1 2 ).
The Effects of Extended Chilling Times with Acetic Acid on the Temperature and Microbiological Quality of Processed Poultry Carcasses

Abstract The effects of extended chill times with and without .6% acetic acid and agitation on the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses were determined. Carcasses were chilled for either 1, 2, or 3 h using the following treatments: 1) paddle chiller without acid (C); 2) static ice slush with .6% acetic acid (S); 3) static ice slush with air agitation and .6% acetic acid (SA); and 4) a paddle type chiller with .6% acetic acid (P). Whole carcass rinse samples were taken at 1, 2, and 3 h (two per time per treatment) and evaluated for total aerobes and Enterobacteriaceae and at 1 and 2 h for Salmonella incidence. Six replications of 24 carcasses per replication were used for the standard microbiological evaluations and five runs of 24 carcasses per run were used for the determination of Salmonella incidence. Total aerobes were reduced (P ≤ .05) by .34, .62, and 1.16 log10 most probable number/mL for the S, SA, and P treatments, respectively, when compared with the controls. Enterobacteriaceae counts were reduced (P ≤ .05) by .50, .71, and 1.4 log10 for the S, SA, and the P treatments, respectively. Salmonella incidence, from inoculated carcasses, after 1 h were 87% for the C carcasses, 80% for the S treatment, 53% for the SA treatment, and 6.7% for the P treatment.
Membrane potentials and sodium channels: hypotheses for growth regulation and cancer formation based on changes in sodium channels and gap junctions.

Based on several convergent lines of investigation, we make two hypotheses which are sufficient to explain many phenomena of growth regulation in both normal and cancer cells. 1. The first hypothesis is that there is a boundary or threshold of resting cell membrane potential that separates normal resting cells from normal poliferating cells and cancer cells. The basis for this in existing literature values of membrane potentials in resting and poliferating cells is established. A discussion of how these differences in potential can be explained focuses on changes in sodium permeability and internal sodium concentration. Of many sodium transfer mechanisms, the sodium channel is emphasized and how increased intracellular transfer may stimulate DNA synthesis. The effects of changing cell junctions, in particular gap junctions, on membrane potentials is also discussed, as well as the indications of altered junctions in tumor cells. The linking factor of the effects of growth factors on both cell junctions and sodium permeability leads to the second hypothesis. 2. Since growth initiation and inhibition involve sodium channels and gap junctions, several phenomena can be explained by postulating that they are one and the same entity. The basis for this hypothesis in existing descriptions of functional and structural similarities is outlined. The possible interchange of these elements in the cell cycle lead to several corollaries consequent to the conservation of their total number. The formation of gap junctions would consume sodium channels, decrease sodium permeability and stop DNA synthesis. Conversely, growth factors may competitively bind to channel-connexon elements, cleave gap junctions, liberate sodium channels to increase sodium permeability, and trigger DNA synthesis. Alterations in the structure of gap junction-channel elements in tumor cells would be sufficient to explain some carcinogenesis.
Prolonged Administration of Diethylstilbestrol1

DIETHYLSTILBESTROL in the few years since its introduction has become recognized as a highly effective estrogenic agent for the treatment of a variety of gynecological disorders. In view of the fact that it rather frequently gives rise to nausea or vomiting it was designated by some as “toxic”. Despite the failure of several investigations to demonstrate significantly harmful effects of the drug when used within appropriate levels of dosage, its ill repute has persisted. In December, 1939, we reported our first observations on the so-called toxic effect of diethylstilbestrol. The results of the investigation were published in 1941 (1). These results encouraged us to continue its use and to date we have given diethylstilbestrol to 3227 patients. Varied tests were conducted before, during and following the prolonged administration of diethylstilbestrol. None of these laboratory data yielded evidence to suggest that chronic toxicity or a neoplastic transformation occurs as the result of the therapy.
Detection of rare K-ras codon 12 mutations using allele-specific competitive blocker PCR.

Abstract Allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) is a sensitive allele-specific amplification method in which preferential amplification of the mutant allele occurs by using a primer that has more mismatches to the wild-type allele than to the mutant allele (mutant-specific primer, MSP). Additionally, a non-extendable primer with more mismatches to the mutant allele than to the wild-type allele (blocker primer, BP) competes with the MSP for binding to the wild-type allele, thereby reducing background amplification from the wild-type allele. ACB-PCR primer design is largely dependent upon the basepair substitution being measured, making it unclear if this method is broadly applicable. In an earlier study, an H-ras codon 61 CAA→AAA mutation had been detected by ACB-PCR at a sensitivity of 10−5. In this study, ACB-PCR was applied to two human K-ras codon 12 mutations: GGT→GTT and GGT→GAT. The method was optimized by systematically altering the concentrations of Perfect Match PCR Enhancer, MSP, BP, and dNTPs. For each mutation, mutant fractions as low as 10−5 were detected, indicating that this assay can be used on a variety of base substitution mutations. In addition, the results suggest that the 3′-terminal mismatches between the MSP and wild-type allele may be used to predict the ACB-PCR conditions that will be appropriate for the detection of other base substitution mutations. The range of concentrations for each of these components is narrow, making this method relatively easy to apply to additional mutational targets.
CT and radionuclide study of BMP-2 gene therapy-induced bone formation.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Gene therapy techniques have the potential to treat numerous diseases, from cancer to diabetes. One promising application is the use of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gene transfer to induce bone formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that both direct and ex vivo BMP gene therapy have the capacity to initiate the normal endochondral pathway, leading to rapid mature bone formation. In the present study, computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide imaging was used to assess bone formation induced by BMP gene therapy accurately and noninvasively. Materials and Methods Athymic nude rodents were treated with 1.25 × 10 10 particles of adenovirus-BMP-2 (Ad-BMP-2) (treatment group) or adenovirus-β-gal (control group). At various intervals after treatment, the animals underwent CT, planar digital radiography, and planar radionuclide scintigraphic imaging. Results Radionuclide scintigraphy clearly demonstrated active bone deposition that began as early as 15 days after treatment and peaked at approximately 36 days, only at the Ad-BMP-2 injection sites. CT clearly demonstrated ectopic bone induction over time at the Ad-BMP-2 treatment sites, in perfect correlation with the scintigraphic findings. Conclusion This study clearly illustrates that gene therapy–induced osteogenesis can be studied with multimodality imaging and supports the use of these approaches in future preclinical and clinical studies.
Alkaline-Earth Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Aerogel Methods. Characterization and Rational for Unexpectedly High Surface Chemical Reactivities

Aerogel preparation of MgO and CaO nanoparticles involves a sol−gel approach where methoxides are converted to hydroxide gels followed by hypercritical drying and vacuum dehydration. This produces, for these particular hydroxides/oxides, ultrafine particulates rather than monoliths. These particulate materials have exhibited unexpectedly high surface chemical reactivities that have allowed their successful use as high-capacity destructive adsorbents for toxic chemicals, including chlorocarbons, organophosphorus compounds, and acid gases. Detailed characterization involving X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas adsorption/pore distribution analysis, infrared, TEM, AFM, XPS, probe molecule adsorption, and elemental analysis has allowed a rationale to be developed that helps explain the high chemical reactivities observed, especially for CaO. Pore volume and size distribution, unusual surface morphologies with a high ratio of edge ion/surface ions, and trace residual (persistent) surface −OH and −OCH3 seem to be the ...
Existence of continuous residential land-use equilibria☆

Abstract This paper presents a general result on the existence of competitive equilibria for residential land markets in continuous space. Following standard residential land-use theory, such markets are postulated to involve finitely many types of household continua bidding for land within a continuous finite-dimensional space. In contrast to the standard approach of defining an excess-demand correspondence on a price space, the problem here is reformulated in terms of a ‘population excess-supply correspondence’ on a utility space. This approach allows the analysis to be carried out entirely in terms of finite-dimensional methods, and in particular, allows standard types of fixed-point arguments to be employed.
Intraorbital and Intracranial Extension of Sinusitis: Comparative Morbidity

Objectives We hypothesized that intracranial extension of sinusitis carries greater morbidity than extension confined to the orbit and that presenting features can raise suspicion for intracranial extension. Study design A retrospective review (1997 to 2006) identified 118 children with sinusitis complicated by intracranial extension or intraorbital extension. Presenting features and infecting organisms were compared using χ 2 or Fisher exact tests. Outcomes included duration of hospitalization, length of therapy and sequelae. Results Thirty-three children had intracranial extension and 85 had intraorbital extension. Children with intracranial extension were older (11.4 versus 7.6 years; P ≤ .001), had more preadmission encounters (1.9 versus 1.3; P = .012), longer headache duration (9.5 versus 2.8 days; P = .009), and presented more often with vomiting (73% versus 28%; P P P = .001) longer. Four children (3%) had persistent sequelae. Conclusions Children with intracranial extension are hospitalized and treated longer than those with intraorbital extension of sinusitis but persistent sequelae are uncommon. Prolonged headache and protracted vomiting at presentation should alert caregivers to consider intracranial extension.
OPTIMAL DEFINITION OF CLASS INTERVALS FOR FREQUENCY TABLES

ABSTRACT Data sets are often analyzed in the form of collections of frequency tables (or percentiles derived from equivalent cumulative frequency distributions). Decisions concerning the number of intervals and interval width obviously affect the quality of the data in subsequent analysis. Relying on the basic concepts of information theory, a procedure is presented which evaluates the relative information content of a set of frequency data when subdivided in various manners. Maximum information is always preserved when “maximum entropy” histograms (with unequal class intervals) are used. Evaluation of several schemes of frequency table subdivision (phi-based arithmetic, log arithmetic, Z-score, log Z-score, maximum entropy) indicates that, surprisingly, collections of equal interval phi-based frequency tables contain the least information. Additionally, the concept of the relative entropy of a given collection of frequency tables is defined. The relative entropy is useful as a feature extractor wherein s...
Resolution enhancement in linear time-of-flight mass spectrometry by post-source pulse focusing

Abstract Resolution enhancement in linear time-of-flight mass spectrometry is demonstrated for a new technique, post-source pulse focusing. The relatively simple procedure followed to perform pulse focusing is described including a discussion of the need to choose proper experimental conditions. A resolving power of ca. 1500 for m/z 228 is demonstrated. Finally, equations are presented which allow the electric field conditions necessary for optimum pulse focusing to be estimated for instruments with a wide range of instrumental configurations.
ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN SEMICONDUCTOR NUCLEAR PARTICLE DETECTORS USING CdTe.

Abstract Alpha particle spectra were taken with CdTe surface barrier detectors fabricated from vapor grown semi-insulating material. At moderate biases and in the best devices, material inhomogeneities limit resolutions to 1.5% (fwhm). At the higher biases resolution improves slightly but is dominated by noise. By observation and by calculation it is shown that low energy tails observed in semiconductor detectors may be attributed to inhomogeneities. Resolution is correlated with inhomogeneity by calculation and agrees with experimental results. In order to reduce to 0.1% peak broadening due to inhomogeneities in CdTe, it is necessary to either reduce fluctuations in the electron drift length or reduce the concentration of electron traps by a factor of 10 in presently available material.
Localized production of human E-cadherin-derived first repeat in Escherichia coli.

Abstract E-cadherin is a cell surface adhesion molecule that is expressed in both epithelial and endothelial tissues. In this study, an improved method for the simple production of the human E-cadherin-derived first repeat E-CAD1 was developed by exporting it into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli . Localization of the recombinant protein into the periplasm allowed the isolation of E-CAD1 without cell lysis. The N-terminus of E-CAD1 is fused to a streptavidin-derived peptide to allow single-step purification using a Streptag affinity column. Optimal expression in LB medium produced 3.2 mg/L while expression in minimal medium containing 15 NH 4 Cl as the sole source of nitrogen produced 4.2 mg/L purified 15 N-labeled E-CAD1. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the purified E-CAD1 produced in this manner was correctly folded. The expression and purification protocol for unlabeled and isotopically labeled E-CAD1 permits rapid preparative production of this protein for mechanistic and structural studies.
A solution culture study of manganese‐tolerant and ‐sensitive tobacco genotypes

Abstract Genotypic differences in tolerating toxic levels of heavy metals have been observed in various plant species. This research was conducted to study the effect of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) accumulation on two tobacco genotypes, Tobacco Introduction (T.I.) 1112 and KY 14, that have exhibited different sensitivity to toxic levels of Mn. The investigation was carried out employing a solution culture technique in which combinations of three levels of Mn exposure at varying strengths and pH of an Hoagland solution were made. Increasing the strength of the Hoagland solution suppressed Mn uptake and the occurrence of Mn toxicity symptoms in both genotypes, suggesting the potential role of other ions on reducing Mn toxicity. A change in solution pH from 4.5 to 6.5 had no significant effect on the accumulation of Mn, Fe, Ca, and Mg in tobacco leaves as well as the occurrence of Mn toxicity symptoms in the tobacco plant. Accumulations of Mn, Fe, Ca and Mg were significantly ...
Error-based Design Space Windowing

Windowing of design space is considered in order to reduce the bias errors due to low-order polynomial response surfaces (RS). Standard design space windowing (DSW) uses a region of interest by setting a requirement on response level and checks it by a global RS predictions over the design space. This approach, however, is vulnerable since RS modeling errors may lead to the wrong region to zoom on. The approach is modified by introducing an eigenvalue error measure based on point-to-point mean squared error criterion. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the benefit of the error-based DSW.
The effect of GaAs capping layer thickness on quantum dot solar cell performance

The use of nanostructures such as quantum dots (QD) offers tremendous potential to realize high-efficiency photovoltaic (PV) cells. The optimization of the electronic structure of the layers within the QD region should lead to improved PV performance. This includes the QD layer itself, but also the surrounding barrier and/or strain balancing layers that comprise the QD active region. In this paper, the effect of the GaAs capping layer thickness (i.e. the first layer grown following QD) on the optoelectronic properties of InAs QDs was investigated. The GaAs capping layer plays a crucial role in the physical and optoelectronic properties of the QD. The GaAs capping thickness strongly modifies the InAs QD wavelength and also enhances the QD emission relative to the wetting layer (WL) emission. This behavior implies a suppression of WL emission that is thought to be a drawback to high-efficiency photovoltaic performance. In the final paper, we investigate how this WL PL-suppression affects the performance of QD-enhanced GaAs single junction solar cell performance.
The Role of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in the Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Emerging Standard for the Medically Inoperable Patient?

The standard of care for early-stage lung cancer is surgical resection. Many patients with this diagnosis have comorbidities that preclude oncologic resection. Randomized data show that limited resection is inadequate for local disease control and may negatively impact on survival. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a novel radiation modality with significant applications in the inoperable, early-stage lung cancer population. Retrospective and prospective studies published in the past decade have established the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of SBRT in these patients using a variety of dose regimens and technologies. To date, lung SBRT results demonstrate excellent local control with very little acute toxicity, and suggest improved overall survival compared to historical controls of fractionated radiotherapy. Ongoing prospective trials are exploring dose and fractionation schedules in the inoperable population, and are starting to explore the role of SBRT for the operable patient.
Temperature dependence of the quantum efficiency in green light emitting diode dies

Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer, Troy, NY 12180, USA Received 19 September 2006, accepted 29 November 2006 Published online 31 May 2007 PACS 73.40.Kp, 73.61.Ey, 78.60.Hk, 78.67.De, 85.60.Jb The electroluminescence of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diode dies is analyzed at variable low temperatures. We compare the external quantum efficiency of three dies of nominally identi-cal structure but strongly different RT performance at 520 nm. For all dies, the external quantum efficien-cy increases as the temperature is lowered. A maximum is reached for all near 158 K while for lower temperatures as low as 7.7 K, the efficiency continuously drops. The low-temperature efficiency is the lowest for the highest performing die at RT. The peak energy exhibits a blue shift from RT to 158 K fol-lowed by a red shift for lower temperatures. In the same low-temperature range, a secondary emission peak appears near 390 nm that resembles a donor-acceptor pair transition. The pronounced efficiency ma-ximum is tentatively assigned to competition of carrier transport properties and the non-radiative lifetime in the active region.