cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Porous Cross-Linked Polymers for Catalytic Asymmetric Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes

A series of five chiral cross-linked polymers (CCPs) based on the 1,1′-binaphthyl building blocks have been synthesized via the trimerization reaction of terminal alkyne groups, catalyzed by octaca...
Morphogenesis of Testes and Ovaries in the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The testes of Anthonomus grandis Boheman develop during larval stages from imaginal discs of primordial germ cells located in lobes of adipose tissue at about the 5th–7th abdominal segment. They are large enough to be seen through the integument during the second instar. Ovarial growth is somewhat slower, but the ovaries can be seen easily in third-instar larvae. The sex of larvae can be determined visually. Mitotic division of spermatogonia and oogonia occurs during larval development, and the male germ cells prepare for meiotic divisions during the prepupal stage. The divisions were detected immediately after pupation. The change from larval growth to metamorphosis into adult structures was thus correlated with a change in the testes from mitotic multiplication to meiotic maturation.
Subjective versus objective evaluation of amniotic fluid volume of pregnancies of less than 24 weeks' gestation: how can we be accurate?

This study was undertaken to compare subjective versus objective ultrasonic evaluation of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancies of less than 24 weeks' gestation. Amniotic fluid volume was subjectively (visualization without ultrasonic measurements) and objectively (visual interpretation with ultrasonic measurements) evaluated in 42 singleton pregnancies undergoing termination. The actual amniotic fluid volume was then determined using a dye-dilution technique. The women evaluated were in their mid-20s, primarily African American, and between 15 and 23 weeks' gestation. There was no significant difference in the total number of correct estimates of amniotic fluid volume when the data were stratified by level of operator experience (P = .34), ultrasonic technique (P = .33), or the combined correct subjective versus combined correct objective estimates (P = .68). We have concluded that the accuracy of amniotic fluid volume assessment in pregnancies of less than 24 weeks is not influenced by the level of operator experience or the type of ultrasonic measurement.
Codominant effects of the fatty (fa) gene during early development of obesity

Expression of a single copy of the rat obesity fatty (fa) gene may affect energy balance. To test this hypothesis, the effects of zero, one, and two copies of fa on early growth were evaluated, using a molecular genetic method for counting fa alleles inherited by 7- and 14-day-old F2 offspring of a BN/Crl x Crl:ZUC-fa F1 intercross. Litter and sex effects were controlled by multiple-regression analysis, allowing genotype effects on the weights of body, inguinal adipose pads, interscapular brown adipose tissue, and liver to be isolated. At 7 days of age, the fa copy number had linear effects on body and inguinal adipose pads weight. At 14 days of age, the fa copy number had linear effects on body, inguinal adipose pads, and interscapular brown adipose tissue weights and an additional quadratic effect on inguinal adipose pads weight. Thus fa has codominant effects on growth during the first week of life. The recessive effects of fa on growth appear during the second week of life.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Recombinant Phage Antibody against Fumonisin B1.

Bacteriophage expression systems offer promise for the development of novel antibody reagents applicable to detection of microbial agents and their toxins in foods. In this study, fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 )-specific antibodies, composed of a single chain containing a variable heavy (V H ) and light (V L ) chain fragments (ScFv), were cloned using mRNA from either spleen cells of mice immunized with FB 1 -BSA conjugate or from an existing hybridoma cell line that produces anti-FB 1 antibody. The approach consisted of (i) reverse transcription of isolated mRNA, (ii) polymerase chain reaction amplification of V H and V L cDNAs, (iii) ligation of V L and V H chains, and (iv) expression of ScFv proteins on the surface of a filamentous bacteriophage or as a soluble fragment. The efficacy of using the recombinant ScFv proteins for the detection of FB 1 were evaluated in a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA). Compared to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies for FB 1 , the recombinant ScFv proteins were 10 to 100 times less sensitive in the CI-ELISA. The secreted ScFv protein did not cross-react with FB 2 or FB 3 . The results indicated that production of a recombinant antibody to a mycotoxin is feasible. However, problems associated with the affinity or avidity of ScFv fragments need to be further addressed before this technology is adaptable to the development of improved immunodiagnostic kits for mycotoxins or other foodborne disease hazards.
Pharmacodynamic studies of voriconazole: informing the clinical management of invasive fungal infections.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections (IFI), including aspergillosis, candidiasis, Scedosporium infection, and Fusarium infection. IFI often occur in immunocompromised patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.Areas covered: The objective of this review is to summarize the pharmacodynamic properties of voriconazole and to provide considerations for potential optimal dosing strategies. Studies have demonstrated superior clinical response when an AUC/MIC >25 or Cmin/MIC >1 is attained in adult patients, correlating to a trough concentration range as narrow as 2–4.5 mg/L; however, these targets are poorly established in the pediatric population. Topics in this discussion include voriconazole use in multiple age groups, predisposing patient factors for IFI, and considerations for clinicians managing IFI.Expert commentary: The relationship between voriconazole dosing and exposure is not well defined due to the larg...
KCN, a model system of translation rotation coupling in orientationally disordered crystals

It is shown that the collective and local anomalous properties at the ferroelastic phase transition in the alkali-cyanides can be understood on the basis of a coupling between translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Previous microscopic theories based on bilinear coupling are extended by including fourth order terms : linear in molecular orientations but cubic in lattice displacements. These anharmonic contributions are found to be essential for a quantitative agreement between theory and experiment. The influence of lattice mediated interactions on the single particle orientational potential is studied. This effect favors local maxima in directions of the orientational distribution function.
Host coevolution alters the adaptive landscape of a virus

The origin of new and complex structures and functions is fundamental for shaping the diversity of life. Such key innovations are rare because they require multiple interacting changes. We sought to understand how the adaptive landscape led to an innovation whereby bacteriophage λ evolved the new ability to exploit a receptor, OmpF, on Escherichia coli cells. Previous work showed that this ability evolved repeatedly, despite requiring four mutations in one virus gene. Here, we examine how this innovation evolved by studying six intermediate genotypes of λ isolated during independent transitions to exploit OmpF and comparing them to their ancestor. All six intermediates showed large increases in their adsorption rates on the ancestral host. Improvements in adsorption were offset, in large part, by the evolution of host resistance, which occurred by reduced expression of LamB, the usual receptor for λ. As a consequence of host coevolution, the adaptive landscape of the virus changed such that selection favouring four of the six virus intermediates became stronger after the host evolved resistance, thereby accelerating virus populations along the path to using the new OmpF receptor. This dependency of viral fitness on host genotype thus shows an important role for coevolution in the origin of the new viral function.
The Parol Evidence Rule, Information Disclosure, and the Value of an Oral Promise

The paper examines the role played by the parol evidence rule and integration when contracting parties are asymmetrically informed. The paper shows that by integrating an agreement, an uninformed party can better induce information disclosure from an informed party by penalizing non-disclosure and limiting the informed party's ex post opportunistic behavior. The paper also shows that when writing a complete contract is costly, the parties will rely on an oral promise backed by a sufficiently high liquidated damages in a partially integrated or unintegrated contract. This finding implies that the anti-penalty doctrine in contract law can either inefficiently force the parties to complete the contract or even undermine information disclosure.
Maintenance of Mouse Gustatory Terminal Field Organization Is Disrupted following Selective Removal of Peripheral Sodium Salt Taste Activity at Adulthood

Neural activity plays a critical role in the development of central circuits in sensory systems. However, the maintenance of these circuits at adulthood is usually not dependent on sensory-elicited neural activity. Recent work in the mouse gustatory system showed that selectively deleting the primary transduction channel for sodium taste, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), throughout development dramatically impacted the organization of the central terminal fields of three nerves that carry taste information to the nucleus of the solitary tract. More specifically, deleting ENaCs during development prevented the normal maturation of the fields. The present study was designed to extend these findings by testing the hypothesis that the loss of sodium taste activity impacts the maintenance of the normal adult terminal field organization in male and female mice. To do this, we used an inducible Cre-dependent genetic recombination strategy to delete ENaC function after terminal field maturation occurred. We found that removal of sodium taste neural activity at adulthood resulted in significant reorganization of mature gustatory afferent terminal fields in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Specifically, the chorda tympani and greater superficial petrosal nerve terminal fields were 1.4× and 1.6× larger than age-matched controls, respectively. By contrast, the glossopharyngeal nerve, which is not highly sensitive to sodium taste stimulation, did not undergo terminal field reorganization. These surprising results suggest that gustatory nerve terminal fields remain plastic well into adulthood, which likely impacts central coding of taste information and taste-related behaviors with altered taste experience.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural activity plays a major role in the development of sensory circuits in the mammalian brain. However, the importance of sensory-driven activity in maintaining these circuits at adulthood, especially in subcortical structures, appears to be much less. Here, we tested whether the loss of sodium taste activity in adult mice impacts the maintenance of how taste nerves project to the first central relay. We found that specific loss of sodium-elicited taste activity at adulthood produced dramatic and selective reorganization of terminal fields in the brainstem. This demonstrates, for the first time, that taste-elicited activity is necessary for the normal maintenance of central gustatory circuits at adulthood and highlights a level of plasticity not seen in other sensory system subcortical circuits.
Retrieving and combining repeated passages to improve OCR

We present a novel approach to improve the output of optical character recognition (OCR) systems by first detecting duplicate passages in their output and then performing consensus decoding combined with a language model. This approach is orthogonal to, and may be combined with, previously proposed methods for combining the output of different OCR systems on the same image or the output of the same OCR system on differently processed images of the same text. It may also be combined with methods to estimate the parameters of a noisy channel model of OCR errors. Additionally, the current method generalizes previous proposals for a simple majority- vote combination of known duplicated texts. On a corpus of historical newspapers, an annotated set of clusters has a baseline word error rate (WER) of 33%. A majority vote procedure reaches 23% on passages where one or more duplicates were found, and consensus decoding combined with a language model achieves 18% WER. In a separate experiment, newspapers were aligned to very widely reprinted texts such as State of the Union speeches, producing clusters with up to 58 witnesses. Beyond 20 witnesses, majority vote outperforms language model rescoring, though the gap between them is much less in this experiment.
Photodynamic therapy of choriocarcinoma transplanted to the hamster cheek pouch: I. Intraperitoneal photosensitization

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses light-activated compounds, such as hematoporphyrins, to produce cytotoxic effects after illumination. Human choriocarcinoma cells were transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch to study PDT. The transplanted choriocarcinoma secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in proportion to tumor volume. Red light (630 nm) from an argonpumped dye laser (100–200 J/cm 2 ) was used to illuminate tumors sensitized with dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE). Previous work has demonstrated complete regression (CR) of 90% of tumors (1820) after one or two PDT sessions, while contralateral cheek pouch tumors continued to grow despite intraperitoneal DHE. Neither DHE nor laser light alone resulted in significant CRs. In this study we evaluated intratumoral injection of DHE followed in 2 hr by laser treatment. In all tumors, localization of DHE was demonstrated by induced fluorescence with ultraviolet light or He:Cd laser. After a single treatment, 14 of 38 tumors (37%) completely regressed (hCG P
Retrospective Review of Pediatric Transport: Where Do Our Patients Go After Transport?

Abstract Objective This review describes disposition of transported children and identifies contributing factors affecting optimal patient placement. The study describes timing and patient placement indicators in transport patients to identify areas of improvement, re-education, and training. Methods A retrospective chart review for transports via our pediatric specialty transport team from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, was performed. Patients were identified by the transport quality assurance performance improvement database, hospital electronic medical records, and transport medical records. Results Three thousand two hundred fifty-six pediatric patient transports were reviewed. One hundred forty-three records were excluded. Of the remaining 3,113 patients, admission disposition was: 1,487 (47%) pediatric intensive care unit, 120 (4%) pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit, 835 (27%) step-down critical care unit, 438 (14%) emergency department, 194 (6%) general floor, 29 (1%) neonatal intensive care unit, and 10 ( Conclusion Our study validates the efficient use of pediatric specialty transport team resources. Many transported patients are critically ill, require specialized pediatric services, or require definitive pediatric emergency department care.
IVIg for apparently autoimmune small-fiber polyneuropathy: first analysis of efficacy and safety.

Objectives:Small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN) has various underlying causes, including associations with systemic autoimmune conditions. We have proposed a new cause; small-fiber-targeting autoimmun...
Comminution Energy Reduction by Two - Stage Classification

A previous computer study indicated that significant comminution energy savings could be experienced by use of two stage, counter-current cyclone classification. To further prove this important potential a pilot plant was constructed which permitted analysis of energy savings for two stage as compared to single stage classification. Because energy input to the ball mill was constant, savings potential are actually illustrated by the greater percentage of minus 400 mesh solids generated by two stage classification at the same circulating load and product production rate. It was shown that the following conclusions can be made: 1. Energy savings increase as the fineness of grind increases. 2. As recycle ratio decreases, energy savings increase. 3. Energy consumption savings ranged from 7 to over 40% to date. 4. For existing ball mills either capacity can be increased at the same grind or a finer grind can be produced at the same tonnage rate. 5. Overgrinding is reduced at the percent minus 400 mesh is always less than single stage at the same grind. 6. Pilot plant results to date exhibited 6 to 8 percentage points greater amount of minus 400 mesh solids by two stage classification at constant energy input and similar product production rate. 7. Two stage countercurrent classification yields a slightly lower product solids concentration.
Second sound measurements near the tricritical point in ^3He-^4He mixtures

In this paper we discuss a pulsed second sound experiment, aimed at determining accurately the critical exponent ζ, and the predicted logarithmic correction to scaling, for the superfluid density along a tricritical path in the3He-4He phase diagram. We present an accurate estimate for the limits for closest approach to the tricritical point, as set by gravitationally induced sample inhomogeneities and finite size effects, and discuss some of the complications associated with measurements close to the tricritical point.
Gentle Hatha Yoga and Reduction of Fibromyalgia-Related Symptoms: A Preliminary Report

Objectives and Methods: This study examined whether gentle Hatha yoga reduced fibromyalgia-related symptoms for a convenience sample of 10 participants ranging in age from 39 to 64 years who received yoga instruction 2 times per week for 8 weeks. Methods: Respondents completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire 1 time per week and provided weekly journal reports regarding their health status. Pre- and post-intervention manual tender point evaluations were also conducted. Results: Findings provide evidence of association between participating in gentle Hatha yoga classes and reduced fibromyalgia - related symptoms. Conclusions: Additional randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and greater empirical rigor are needed to more fully understand this relationship.
Concomitant intracerebral infusion of tissue plasminogen activator and thrombin leads to brain injury.

Low doses of thrombin are neuroprotective while high doses are neuro-toxic and lead to brain injury. However, evidence suggests that low doses of thrombin cause brain injury when infused concomitantly with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is used clinically to facilitate evacuation of intracerebral hematomas. In this study, we examined the effects of intracerebral infusion of tPA and thrombin, individually and in combination.
Quine and the Limit Assumption in Peirce's Theory of Truth

Quine rejects Peirce's theory of truth because, among other things, its notion of a limit of a sequence of theories is defective in that the notion of a limit depends on that of “nearer than” which is defined for numbers but not for theories. This paper shows that the missing definition of “nearer than” applied to theories can be supplied from within Quine's own epistemology. The upshot is that either Quine's epistemology must be rejected or Peirce's pragmatic theory of truth is partially vindicated.
Use of antibodies for characterization of gonadotropins and steroids.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of antibodies for the characterization of gonadotropins and steroids. Antiserum for immunoprecipitation of rabbit antibodies to hormones—that is, anti-rabbit γ-globulin (anti-RGG)—has been prepared in adult male sheep using the same scheme that is used for immunization of rabbits. Demonstration of the ability of an antiserum to neutralize the activity of a hormone as measured in a specific biological assay provides strong support for the contention that antibodies capable of reacting with the hormone do exist in the antiserum. Immunohistochemical procedures should occupy a position of prime importance in the field of immunoendocrinology. It has been claimed that radioimmunoassay procedures have been used only to demonstrate concepts previously expected on the basis of bioassay data or have only been applied to problems that could have been solved by bioassay. Radioimmunoassays in combination with ultrastructural immunohistochemical procedures and various analytical methods can be used to define the processes of biosynthesis, storage, and release of a hormone within subcellular organelles; to determine the utilization and mechanisms of action of the hormone at target tissues; to study the fate of the hormone at sites of metabolism; and to describe the molecular properties of the hormone at all levels and times.
Longitudinal Task-Related Functional Connectivity Changes Predict Reading Development

Longitudinal studies suggest developmentally dependent changes in lexical processing during reading development, implying a change in inter-regional functional connectivity over this period. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore developmental changes in functional connectivity across multiple runs of a rhyming judgment task in young readers (8-14 years) over an average 2.5-year span. Changes in functional segregation are correlated with and predict changes in the skill with which typically developing children learn to apply the alphabetic principle, as measured by pseudoword decoding. This indicates a developmental shift in the proportion of specialized functional clusters is associated with changes in reading skill and suggests a dependency of reading development on changes of particular neural pathways, specifically decreases in transitivity is indicative of greater network integration. This work provides evidence that characteristics of these pathways, quantified using graph-theoretic metrics, can be used to predict individual differences in reading development.
Standard Economic Models in Nonstandard Settings – StarCraft: Brood War

This paper reviews an entrant to this year’s Star-Craft: Brood War AI tournament, CUNYbot. CUNYbot makes strategic decisions using a low-dimensional economic model traditionally used to describe the behavior of countries, but has applications for any real-time-strategy game (RTS) where the capital/labor ratio (k) and technology/labor ratio (t) are critical. CUNYbot first tunes the economic model parameters between games using a genetic algorithm, allowing it to learn an optimal static k for each built-in AI race. In the second step of the project, CUNYbot models the opponent during the game and is permitted to react to the opponent’s inferred choices in k. The reactive model adopts a greedy "tit-for-tat" style strategy against all three races. This paper reviews the features of the capital-augmenting Cobb-Douglas model, the game theory behind the reactive strategy, and demonstrates adaptation to particular opponents in the RTS context.
Sequence homology in circular RNA detection

Over the past two decades, researchers have shown an increasing interest in a special form of alternative splicing (AS) that produces a circular form of RNA distinct from the canonical linear form of RNA. Although several circular RNA detection tools have been developed, achieving both high sensitivity and high precision has been quite challenging in this area. Homologous coding sequences (exons) in the same transcript can lead to incorrect assignment of a read to a back-splicing junction instead of a linear-splicing junction, producing a source of false-positives in circular RNA detection. Although this problem has been mentioned in previous research articles, there has been no effort made to better understand the extent to which it affects sensitivity and precision. In this paper, we investigate the frequency of exon sequence homology in three different species (human, mouse and rat) and how this issue affects accurate detection of circular RNAs from high-throughput sequencing data.
P199 Student Perception Between a Publisher Textbook Versus an Open Educational Resource Textbook for an Introductory Nutrition Course

Objective To evaluate student perception on a publisher textbook versus an open educational resource (OER) textbook adapted for introductory nutrition. Use of Theory or Research Efforts to increase OER adoption have become wide spread across post-secondary education. The Cost, Outcomes, Usage, and Perceptions (COUP) framework was developed by the Open Education Group to provide a consistent approach to studying OER impacts. Target Audience Participants were students registered in an introductory nutrition course offered at one public university during the 2017 – 2018 academic year. Program Description During the fall semester a publisher's textbook was used in an introductory nutrition course. In the spring semester, the publisher's textbook was replaced with an OER nutrition textbook that was purposely created for the university. Evaluation Methods An online survey to assess usage, perceptions, and engagement was distributed to students one month prior to finals. Responses to the questions related to the likes and dislikes of the textbook were coded using thematic analysis by two different reviewers and then confirmed by a third, independent reviewer. Responses were compared across semesters. Results Sixty-four percent (223/346) of students in the fall responded to the “like” question and 55% (190/346) responded to the “dislike” question. In the spring, 92% (285/311) responded to the “like” question and 49% (153/311) responded to the “dislike” question. Students liked both textbooks’ structure, content, application, and accessibility. More students commented positively on the publisher's textbook structure (n = 87) while more students commented on liking the OER textbook's accessibility (n = 122). For both textbooks, students “dislike comments” related to structure, application, accessibility, and necessity. More students commented that they did not need the publisher's textbook (n = 25) vs the OER textbook (n = 6). Conclusions In addition to perception, further investigation is needed on the cost, usage and engagement of OER introductory nutrition textbooks to inform the integration of OER textbooks in nutrition post-secondary education. Funding University of Hawaii at Manoa, Children's Healthy Living Summer Institute.
Atypical May-Thurner syndrome caused by endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract May-Thurner syndrome is characterized by unilateral lower extremity venous hypertension and stasis due to compression of an iliac vein between an iliac artery and the lumbar spine. In almost all cases, the left common iliac vein is compressed by the right common iliac artery; however, other patterns have been described. Rarely, May-Thurner syndrome may be created iatrogenically as a result of iliac artery stenting. We present an unusual case of new left common iliac vein thrombosis caused by ipsilateral left iliac artery compression after aortobi-iliac endovascular aneurysm repair.
The Effect of Prolonged Lockdown Due to COVID-19 on Greek Demented Patients of Different Stages and on Their Caregivers.

Background The impact of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is deteriorating as time passes and the virus keeps spreading, with people with dementia and their caregivers being affected significantly. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effect of prolonged isolation because of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia and their caregivers. Methods Caregivers answered online questions regarding their own physical and psychological burden, and of the person they take care of. Participants were mostly members of online seminars of the Athens Alzheimer's Association. Questions referred to their own burden, the overall decline of the persons they take care of, and changes in specific domains as well. Further, participants were asked about any changes between the two major lockdown periods. Analysis was performed including the total sample and then, by three different stages of dementia. Results A total of 339 caregivers took part in the study. Results indicated significant decline, both in an overall aspect of the people with dementia, and in specific domains (mostly communication and mood). Regarding the caregivers, they reported having significantly increased physical and psychological burden, and also, noticing an overall change between the two lockdown periods in their own burden. Analysis by dementia-stage group indicated that significant decline occurred both in the middle-stage and the late-stage group. Conclusion An urgency for further support of both the people with neurodegenerative disorders and their caregivers is needed. Collaboration among care workers, online programs, governmental support, and day-care centers should be planned to ensure continuity of care for those in need during the pandemic.
The Formation of Neural Connections I: Axon Growth and Guidance

For its proper operation, the nervous system depends on extremely specific interconnections between neurons, and between neurons and peripheral end-organs. Obviously, the specificity of connections requires a high degree of control during development. The initial steps in the establishment of connections involve the formation and proper positioning of the neurons (histogenesis, see Chapter 5). Next, the neurons must elaborate their axons and dendrites and form connections between the two. This chapter, together with Chapter 7, considers the mechanisms of the latter processes.
Museum in the Mirror: Palace Museums and Narratives of Power in the Cameroon Grassfields

The Cameroon Grassfields is a region of incredible artistic production and the multitudes of small kingdoms, secret societies, dance groups, and local enthusiasts all drive a flourishing trade in the traditional arts. In connection with this local interest in the arts, there are a high number of museums in this region that range from private, one-room museums to grander, palace museums. Many of the palace museums in the area utilized the aid of European institutions to import a museum culture, largely foregoing existing, local modes of display, resulting in uniquely syncretic institutions. Each of these palace museums was designed to promote the heritage of small, and largely unified, groups of individuals, each under a single ruler, or fon, and each has taken a different approach to reconciling the issues of local history, the past and current roles of the king, contemporary ritual practices, and the effect of the museum space on domestic, royal, and ritual objects alike. The resulting narratives laid out in each of these museums are partial fantasy, but quite telling at the same time, with glaring omissions and emphases that illustrate key concerns for each palace. It is this topic, and other elements of my field work, that make my research on museum culture in the Cameroon Grassfields well suited to this panel.
Regulation of Salmonella Virulence by Two-Component Regulatory Systems

Microorganisms exhibit a wide variety of adaptive responses to changes in environmental conditions. The recent use of classical bacterial genetics for the analysis of microbial pathogenesis has allowed the identification of loci previously not recognized as virulence determinants. This approach compares the behavior of isogenic wild-type and mutant strains for their pathogenic properties in defined animal or tissue culture model systems, and it has allowed the identification of transcription regulatory factors and of products required for the export and assembly of crucial virulence factors. Most Salmonella infections result from oral ingestion of contaminated water or foodstuff, passage through the stomach, and engulfment by epithelial or M cells in the small intestine. S. typhimurium strains defective in the EnvZ/OmpR system are attenuated for mouse virulence. This two-component system controls the expression of several products, including the outer membrane porins OmpC and OmpF, in response to changes in osmolarity. The response of S. typhimurium to environments encountered during the course of infection is partially under the transcriptional regulation of the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system. Several virulence defects have been described for strains harboring mutations in phoP or phoQ. Several environmental cues control expression of different PhoP-regulated genes. The study of bacterial pathogenesis has as one of its goals the identification of all determinants that can be targeted for the prevention or treatment of disease.
The brown pigments of autolyzed tobacco leave. II. Incorporation of labeled rutin and chlorogenic acid.

We have attempted to test the hypothesis that the brown pigments of autolyzed tobacco leaves are formed, in part, from the two polyphenols, chlorogenic acid and rutin. Carbon-14-labeled chlorogenic acid and rutin were biosynthesized, isolated from a tobacco plant, and supplied to excised leaves of shade-grown tobacco. After the formation of brown pigments, the leaves were extracted, the brown pigments isolated, and their radioactivities measured. The isolated pigmented fractions contained significant portions of the total activity taken up by the leaves. The carbon-14-labeled brown pigments were hydrolyzed, and the relative amounts of radioactivity in the hydrolysis products were determined. Pigment from tobacco supplied with labeled chlorogenic acid yielded considerably more activity in quinic acid than in rhamnose and glucose, while the reverse was true for pigment from tobacco supplied with labeled rutin.
Transforming Matings into Natural Deduction Proofs

A procedure is given for transforming refutation matings into natural deduction proofs. Thus a theorem proving system which establishes the validity of a theorem by the general matings approach can apply this procedure to obtain a comprehensible proof of the theorem without further search. This illuminates the close relationship between matings and proofs, and serves as a step toward a synthesis between apparently quite different approaches to automated theorem proving.
Abundance of Soil-Borne Entomopathogenic Fungi in Organic and Conventional Fields in the Midwestern USA with an Emphasis on the Effect of Herbicides and Fungicides on Fungal Persistence

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are widespread in agricultural fields and help suppress crop pests. These natural enemies may be hindered by certain agronomic practices associated with conventional agriculture including the use of pesticides. We tested whether the abundance of EPF differed between organic and conventional fields, and whether specific cropping practices and soil properties were correlated with their abundance. In one year of the survey, soil from organic fields and accompanying margins had significantly more EPF than conventional fields and accompanying margins. Regression analysis revealed that the percentage of silt and the application of organic fertilizer were positively correlated with EPF abundance; but nitrogen concentration, tillage, conventional fields, and margins of conventional fields were negatively correlated with EPF abundance. A greenhouse experiment in which fungicides and herbicides were applied to the soil surface showed no significant effect on EPF. Though organic fields were perceived to be more suitable environments for EPF, abiotic factors and cropping practices such as tillage may have greater impacts on the abundance of EPF. Also, fungicides and herbicides may not be as toxic to soil-borne EPF as originally thought.
Chess 4.5-The Northwestern University chess program

CHESS 4.5 is the latest version of the Northwestern University chess program. CHESS 4.5 and its predecessors have won the U.S. Computer Chess Championships in 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1975, placing second in the 1974 U.S. Tourney and also in the first World tournament held the same year. This chapter will describe the structure of the program, focusing on the practical considerations that motivated the implementation of its various features. An understanding of not only what CHESS 4.5 is, but also why it turned out that way, is necessary if one is to appreciate its role in the present and future development of chess programming.
Structural Studies of a Heavy Chain from a Mouse Immunoglobulin M with Antibody Activity

Abstract The molecular weight of the heavy chain (µ) of the immunoglobulin M isolated from mouse myeloma tumor MOPC 104E is 73,000 as determined by gel filtration. Of the heavy chain, 13.3% or 9,700 g/73,000 g of protein is carbohydrate, yielding a carbohydrate-free molecular weight of 63,000. By amino acid analysis the heavy chain consists of 549 residues, with molecular weight 61,000. The NH2-terminal residue was glutamic acid, and the COOH-terminal residue was tyrosine. Comparison of tryptic peptide maps of this heavy chain with two other mouse µ chains, from McPC 471 and RN 140, showed a large number of common peptides but the same degree of variability in the remaining peptides as seen in γ and α heavy chains.
A Different Configuration for the Quarter‐Rudders on the Khufu I Vessel (c.2566 BC), and Egyptian Methods of Mounting Quarter‐Rudders and Oars in the 4th and 5th Dynasties

A review of the Khufu I vessel (c.2566 BC) and contemporary Egyptian iconography (c.2613–2345 BC) suggest this vessel was originally fitted with six pairs of quarter-rudders, instead of one pair. Furthermore, quarter-rudders may have been mounted on knob-shaped thole-pins, instead of crossbeams. The iconography also suggests that each quarter-rudder was fitted with a loom-line and specialized grommet, and rowers may have used a similar system to mount their oars. Finally, a recently published depiction of Sahure sailing a boat may show an anchor secured on the stern deck. © 2011 The Author
The Projective Expression of Needs: I. the Effect of Different Intensities of the Hunger Drive on Perception

(1948). The Projective Expression of Needs: I. the Effect of Different Intensities of the Hunger Drive on Perception. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 205-222.
Dendrimers with anthyridine-based hydrogen-bonding units at their cores: Synthesis, complexation and self-assembly studies

Generation 1–4 Frechet-type dendritic bromides were covalently linked to anthyridine (6) to give “sticky” dendrons 7a–7d. The binding constants of 1:1 complexes between 7 and benzamidinium salt 8 were measured to assess their ability to act as building blocks for self-assembly. A 2:1 complex of 7 and pentamidine 9 formed in 1% CD3CNCDCl3 indicating the utility of these compounds for constructing larger dendritic assemblies.
Elemental variations in whole blood following gamma radiation injury of mice

Abstract A technique for the analysis of trace elements in whole blood has been developed using proton-induced X-ray emission. Samples of 0.1 ml whole blood from mice were dried, weighed, and then ashed in a plasma asher. Targets were prepared by placing drops made from the ash and a 400 ppm Pd solution onto Formvar backings. The samples were irradiated with 2.25 MeV protons, and the X-rays were analyzed by a nondispersive X-ray detctor. The elements Ca, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Rb were detected, and the precision of the technique was determined by a statistical analysis of results from 27 samples. The system was shown to be linear for variations in elemental concentration. Using this procedure, the variations in whole blood following gamma radiation injury of mice have been studied. When compared with the red blood cell count (RBC), only the Fe and Rb showed a change correlated with the RBC; the other elements did not.
RIBBING INSTABILITY OF A TWO-ROLL COATER: NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Data are presented for the critical conditions at which the ribbing instability appears on the surface of a Newtonian liquid film emerging from the nip between two rotating rolls. Data are obtained over two decades in Capillary number (Ca = μU/σ) for values of H0/R in the range 3 × 10−3 to 5 × 10−2. The critical Capillary number is found to be given by the expression $ Data are compared to the predictions that follow from a theory due to Savage, and agreement is found to be poor.
Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: predictive model for temperature distribution

Magnetic nanoparticle (mNP) hyperthermia is a promising adjuvant cancer therapy. mNP’s are delivered intravenously or directly into a tumor, and excited by applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The mNP’s are, in many cases, sequestered by cells and packed into endosomes. The proximity of the mNP’s has a strong influence on their ability to heat due to inter-particle magnetic interaction effects. This is an important point to take into account when modeling the mNP’s. Generally, more mNP heating can be achieved using higher magnetic field strengths. The factor which limits the maximum field strength applied to clinically relevant volumes of tissue is the heating caused by eddy currents, which are induced in the noncancerous tissue. A coupled electromagnetic and thermal model has been developed to predict dynamic thermal distributions during AMF treatment. The EM model is based on the method of auxiliary sources and the thermal modeling is based on the Pennes bioheat equation. The results of our phantom study are used to validate the model which takes into account nanoparticle heating, interaction effects, particle spatial distribution, particle size distribution, EM field distribution, and eddy current generation in a controlled environment. Preliminary in vivo data for model validation are also presented. Once fully developed and validated, the model will have applications in experimental design, AMF coil design, and treatment planning.
Tuning Cell Adhesion on Gradient Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Grafted Surfaces

A simple yet versatile method was developed to prepare a low-density polymerization initiator gradient, which was combined with surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to prod...
“Evolutionary” selection dynamics in games: convergence and limit properties

This paper discusses convergence properties and limiting behavior in a class of dynamical systems of which the replicator dynamics of (biological) evolutionary game theory are a special case. It is known that such dynamics need not be well-behaved for arbitrary games. However, it is easy to show that dominance solvable games are convergent for any dynamics in the class and, what is somewhat more difficult to establish, weak dominance solvable games are as well, provided they are “small” in a sense to be made precise in the text. The paper goes on to compare dynamical solutions with standard solution concepts from noncooperative game theory.
Damage sustained by a carbon/ epoxy composite material subjected to repeated impact

Abstract The damage sustained by 16-ply quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated impact at various energy levels has been quantified. Composite plates 2 mm thick were fabricated using Hercules AS4/350 1–6 carbon/epoxy unidirectional prepreg. Impact energy level and number of impacts were found to be major factors influencing damage. However, damage was limited to the region near the impact point. Several damage assessment techniques were evaluated and subsequently used.
Integration of cytogenetic data with genome maps and available probes: present status and future promise.

The National Cancer Institute has established an initiative, called the Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (Ccap), in order to link and integrate the physical and genetic maps of the human genome with cytogenetic data and the location of chromosomal rearrangements in human diseases. This goal will be achieved by high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping of colony-purified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones spaced at 1-to 2-Mb intervals across the entire genome. All BAC clones will be anchored on the physical map by the presence of a mapped sequence tagged site (STS). The generation of a publicly accessible clone repository will allow convenient distribution of these BACs. Ccap data can be correlated with other cancer-associated and genomic databases, such as the catalog of chromosomal aberrations in cancer and the emerging full genomic sequence. We anticipate that the use of Ccap clones will expedite and refine the mapping of chromosomal breakpoints. The eventual set of approximately 3,000 Ccap BACs should facilitate the production of BAC-containing DNA chips for assessing copy number of genomic segments by matrix comparative genomic hybridization. In addition, the repository will provide genome-wide tools for defining chromosomal aberrations in cytological specimens by interphase cytogenetics. The Ccap Web site illustrates goals and progress of this initiative (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CCAP/).
An Explicit and Reflective Approach to the Use of History to Promote Understanding of the Nature of Science.

Monk and Osborne (Sci Educ 81:405–424, 1997) provide a rigorous justification for why history and philosophy of science should be incorporated as an integral component of instruction and a model for how history of science should be used to promote learning of and about science. In the following essay we critique how history of science is used on this model, and in particular, their advocacy of a direct comparison of students’ conceptions of scientific phenomena with those of past scientists. We propose instead an alternative approach that promotes a more active engagement by inviting students to engage in the sort of reasoning that led past scientists to reach insights about scientific phenomena. As an example we describe in detail two lesson plans taken from an eight-class unit developed with reference to the history of research on sickle-cell anemia. These lessons demonstrate how an open-ended, problem-solving approach can be used to help students deepen their understanding of science. Throughout the unit students are invited to explicitly and reflectively consider the implications of their reasoning about the disease for their understanding of nature of science issues. The essay draws attention to how this alternative approach actually more closely aligns with the constructivist rationale Monk and Osborne have articulated. It concludes with a brief summary of empirical research demonstrating the efficacy of this approach.
Teleological explanation: A species of causal explanation

Abstract The thesis that teleological explanations are best understood as causal explanations is defended (contra Valentine). I shift the focus of debate from behavior simpliciter to allegedly rational behavior. Teleological explanation, in the case of rational agents, involves reason‐giving; and the reasons agents give for acting must be causative of that action if those agents are to be rational in practice. I argue initially that to abandon the claim that reasons are causes of action is to abandon that which renders many generalisations of systematic human behavior intelligible. I then adduce and defend against two major objections to the secondary thesis that reasons can be causes of action: (1) Experiments in attribution research suggest that agents are characteristically mistaken when reporting on the causes of their behavior; (2) Causal explanation must refer to some law, and reasons cannot enter into such laws as causes of action. In responding to these objections, I note that strict predictabilit...