cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract C123: Frameshift mutations of chromosome cohesion-related genes SGOL1 and PDS5B in gastric and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability.

Background: Cohesin is a protein complex that regulates chromatid cohesion and plays roles in preventing aneuploidy and maintaining chromosomal stability. SGOL1 encodes a cohesin protector and PDS5B encodes a regulatory cohesion factor. Both SGOL1 and PDS5B are considered putative tumor suppressor genes. Purpose: Aim of this study was to explore whether SGOL1 and PDS5B genes are mutated and expressionally altered in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC). Method: In a database, we found that both genes possessed mononucleotide repeats in coding sequences that could be mutation targets in cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI). We analyzed mutations in them in 91 GC and 100 CRC with high MSI (MSI-H) or stable MSI/low MSI (MSS/MSI-L) by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. We also analyzed SGOL1 and PDS5B expressions in the GC and CRC by immunohistochemistry. Results: Overall, we found 21 SGOL1 frameshift mutations in 21 cancers and 18 PDS5B frameshift mutations in 16 cancers. SGOL1 and PDS5B frameshift mutation were detected in 26.6% and 20.3% of MSI-H respectively, but not in MSS/MSI-L (0/112). In immunohistochemistry, losses of SGOL1 and PDS5B were identified in 19 - 47% of the GC and CRC irrespective of MSI status. The losses were more common in those with the frameshift mutations or MSI-H than those without the mutations or MSI-H. Conclusion: The data indicate that frameshift mutations of SGOL1 and PDS5B, and their losses may be a feature of GC and CRC with MSI-H. Also, the data suggest that these alterations might contribute to cancer pathogenesis by deregulating cohesin-related functions. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C123. Citation Format: Changhyeok An, Min Sung Kim, Jae Im Lee, Nam Jin Yoo, Sug Hyung Lee. Frameshift mutations of chromosome cohesion-related genes SGOL1 and PDS5B in gastric and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C123.
Development of dominance in domestic rats in laboratory and seminatural environments

Abstract Dominance hierarchies were studied in mixed-sex colonies of albino rats Rattus norvegicus reared and housed in three different types of physical environments. Colonies were observed. In either an outdoor pen, an indoor pen, or in laboratory cases for a period of 24 weeks initiated at 35 days of age. In both pen colonies, male dominance relationships were based on the asymmetric display of biting attacks by dominants and the unequivocal display of submissive postures by subordinates. These behaviours did not fully develop, nor did dominance emerge until males were 140–150 days of age. No asymmetric display of attacks and submission, nor dominance relationships were observed in two different types of laboratory cage settings; these males continued to play fight throughout adulthood. However, males of all colony types attacked male intruders. The nature of the physical environment appeared to have a powerful influence on the development of dominance, but did not affect agonistic behaviour directed toward intruders.
Differences between the Sequential Collapse Folding Pathways of Apoleghemoglobin and Apomyoglobin

The sequential collapse model (SCM) is applied to reveal the folding pathway of apoleghemoglobin, and the results are compared to the folding pathway of apomyoglobin, a structurally similar protein...
JURY CRITICISM AND DESIGN ABILITY: FACTORS IN EVALUATIVE JUDGMENTS OF DESIGN

-Critical comment (the "crit") is used to teach judgment and design to architects. It is assumed by experts that the best designers are likely to be the best judges. In this study architecture students (ns = 16, 22, 20, 1 7 ) judged their own and their peers' work before or during a peer jury; 3 instructors' evaluations were criteria. When students judged their own work, good designers were more accurate then poor ones and hearing the jury assisted both good designers and poor designers. When students judged one another's work, their own ability in design made no difference. Again, the jury assisted both groups. It appears that all students tend to overrate poor designs by others. The implications in relation to peer norms and teaching are discussed.
Childhood schizophrenia--what is it?

Diagnostic criteria and follow-up findings on groups of children diagnosed by various investigators as childhood schizophrenic, autistic, or atypical are presented. Patients diagnosed by strict criteria believed to be indicative of severe disturbance by the originators of those criteria were, with few exceptions, severely disturbed at the time of follow-up. Those diagnosed by broader criteria showed a much greater variability in their social adjustment at the time of follow-up. Also presented are the results of studies attempting to find common physiologic abnormalities between childhood schizophrenics and a group of adult “process” schizophrenics. It is stated that to date no common physiologic abnormality has been found. The heterogeneity of the children found under the diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia and the need for a “marker” either physiologic or psychologic as a means of delimiting a more homogeneous group for study are stressed.
Thermally-induced structural dynamic response of flexural configurations influenced by linear/non-linear thermal effects

The thermally-induced strucural dynamic response of flexural configurations influenced by linear/nonlinear thermal effects is presented in conjunction with 'unified' transient approaches for effectively tackling this class of interdisciplinary problems. For illustrative purposes, the flexural structural models are assumed to be of the Euler-Bernoulli type. The purpose of the present paper is to not only provide an understanding of the influence of general linear/nonlinear thermal effects on flexural configurations, but also to provide to the analyst effective computational tools which help preserve a unified technology for the interdisciplinary areas encompassing structural mechanics/dynamics and thermal sciences. Several numerical test models illustrate the representative thermally-induced structural dynamic response of flexural configurations subjected to general linear/nonlinear temperature effects.
Levamisole-adulterated Cocaine Induced Vasculitis with Skin Ulcerations

A 40-year-old man with Hepatitis C and a history of cocaine abuse presented with multiple stages of painful rashes on his extremities and ears. On examination, the patient had several areas of purpuric macules and retiform purpura to his legs and ears (Figures 1 and 2), as well as large ulcerations with erythematous borders on bilateral lower extremities (Figure 3). Laboratory studies revealed mild leukopenia (white blood cell 3.8 K/uL), positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and negative cryoglobulins. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies (MPO-ANCA) and anti-proteinase-3 (PR3-ANCA) were also positive. Skin biopsy revealed dermal purpura and thrombi.
Le Petisme: flirting with the sordid in Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain

AbstractThe happiness carefully constructed in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amelie Poulain/Amelie (2001), finds its roots in the recent French phenomenon of a return to minuscule pleasures of daily life, le petisme. Petisme is first a reaction to and a concern about everything that is gigantic or growing in France, that is, globalization, crime, ordinary violence, unemployment, hypermarkets, and the loss of individual identity in the technological age. Petisme bears homage to the little things. It prioritizes the local, the immediate, that which can be quickly rectified, and implies a diversion from the larger issues. It centres on the familiar, resulting in a withdrawal into oneself. It involves an interest in the ‘fait divers’ or usually sordid, current local event. Jeunet's film taps into this need for a diversion from a mistrust and growing malaise in a France facing the rise of globalization, increasing cultural diversity, a growing lack of confidence in governmental institutions, public...
Comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer 2012. Part I: diagnosis-clinical staging and pathology.

Biliary tract cancers (gallbladder cancer, intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and selected periampullary cancers) accounted for 12,760 new cases of cancer in the USA in 2010. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential, both for potential cure where possible and for optimal palliative therapy in all others. This review examines the currently available and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment of this group of diseases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:332–338. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bleaching of visual purple.

A seasonal alteration in the sequence of events in the bleaching of frog visual purple was re-investigated by alteration of the length of the light period in the normal diurnal cycle to which the experimental animals were exposed. Frogs collected during winter and summer seasons were maintained on a light-dark sequence which corresponded both to the season of their collection and to the alternate season. The visual purple extracted from the retinas of the several experimental categories were exposed to light and the sequence of the bleaching reactions was followed. Comparisons were made upon the position of the isobestic point and the final products of bleaching.When the conditions of measurement, temperature, pH, and light exposure were constant seasonal differences did not appear, nor did the alteration of the light-dark cycle result in any modification of the bleaching pattern. Changes in pH and light exposure cause changes in the bleaching pattern which are identical regardless of season or alteration of the light-dark cycle.
Reconstruction of the alar cartilage arches

When the alar cartilages are missing or irreparably damaged, they can be reconstructed using auricular conchal or septal cartilage grafts. These are formed to resemble normal or ideal alar cartilage arches. The graft material is cut so it has a medial genu and a medial crus. Then it is bent to form a lateral genu and middle and length, and the shadowed and highlighted inflections and declivities of the normal, natural nasal tip.
Embeddedness and New Idea Discussion in Professional Networks: The Mediating Role of Affect-Based Trust

This article examines how managers' tendency to discuss new ideas with others in their professional networks depends on the density of shared ties surrounding a given relationship. Consistent with prior research which found that embeddedness enhances information flow, an egocentric network survey of mid-level executives shows that managers tend to discuss new ideas with those who are densely embedded in their professional networks. More specifically, embeddedness increases the likelihood to discuss new ideas by engendering affect-based trust, as opposed to cognition-based trust. Implications for network and creativity research are discussed.
Dynamics of Centromere and Kinetochore Proteins: Implications for Checkpoint Signaling and Silencing

Abstract Background: The mitotic checkpoint prevents the onset of anaphase before all chromosomes are attached to spindle microtubules. The checkpoint is thought to act by the catalytic generation at unattached kinetochores of a diffusible "wait signal" that prevents anaphase. Mad2 and Cdc20, two candidate proteins for components of a diffusible wait signal, have previously been shown to be recruited to and rapidly released from unattached kinetochores. Results: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrated that Mad1, Bub1, and a portion of Mad2, all essential mitotic-checkpoint components, are stably bound elements of unattached kinetochores (as are structural centromere components such as Centromere protein C [CENP-C]). After microtubule attachment, Mad1 and Mad2 are released from kinetochores and relocalize to spindle poles, whereas Bub1 remains at kinetochores. Conclusions: A long residence time at kinetochores identifies Bub1, Mad1, and a portion of Mad2 as part of a catalytic platform that recruits, activates, and releases a diffusible wait signal that is partly composed of the rapidly exchanging portion of Mad2. The release of Mad1 and Mad2, but not Bub1, from kinetochores upon attachment separates the elements of this "catalytic platform" and thereby silences generation of the anaphase inhibitor despite continued rapid cycling of Mad2 at spindle poles.
AgBr/Al-MCM-41 visible-light photocatalyst for gas-phase decomposition of CH3CHO

Abstract AgBr/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was active for the photooxidation of acetaldehyde in the gas phase under visible and UV light. Upon visible light illumination, continuous production of CO 2 with a decrease in CH 3 CHO concentration was observed without the destruction of AgBr. The crystallite sizes of AgBr increased, as seen from powder X-ray diffraction after photocatalytic reaction under both visible and UV irradiation. It appears that AgBr together with Ag 0 is the photoactive species in the decomposition of CH 3 CHO, and the high-surface-area Al-MCM-41 helps in high dispersion of AgBr on the support.
Purification of glycopeptides of human plasma proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The combination of gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography proves to be very effective for the purification of high-molecular-weight glycopeptides containing a single glycan, that have been difficult to separate by other procedures. In order to facilitate comparison of the chromatographic properties of glycopeptides derived from a variety of proteins and having different structures, identical procedures were used for their purification. The method was applied to a series of human plasma proteins, including immunoglobulin D, ceruloplasmin, hemopexin, β-2-glycoprotein I, 3.1S α-2-leucine-rich glycoprotein, and α-1-B-glycoprotein. All the purified glycopeptides were placed in the protein structure of these plasma proteins. In several cass the carbohydrate structure has been determined by collaborating groups. Immunoglobulin D is the first example of a glycoprotein whoe entire primary structure has been defined by utilizing a single protein source. Furthermore, hemopexin and 3.1S α-2-leucine-rich glycoprotein were both found to contain GalN oligosaccharide, which has not previously been identified in these proteins. The method was also used to identify the oligosaccharide that is missing in a carbohydrate variant of ceruloplasmin.
The use of meta-analysis in cost-effectiveness analysis. Issues and recommendations.

Meta-analysis is used to statistically pool the results from individual studies, usually randomised trials, to obtain an estimate of the summary effect size across studies. The summary measure from a meta-analysis is often used to derive the probability of treatment success in a cost-effectiveness analysis. Recently, LeLorier and colleagues questioned the ability of meta-analysis to accurately predict the results of a subsequent large-scale trial, implying that the use of a summary measure from a meta-analysis may be inappropriate in an economic evaluation. We comment on this potential shortcoming by first providing an outline of the use of meta-analysis results in a cost-effectiveness analysis. Then, using examples of discrepancies between meta-analyses and subsequent large trials noted by LeLorier and colleagues, we examine the potential impact of using the results from a small trial versus a meta-analysis. We found that the meta-analyses were comparable to or better than small trials at predicting the results of subsequent large trials. We, therefore, argue that a meta-analysis of homogeneous studies can provide a reasonable estimate of the treatment effect for use in a cost-effectiveness analysis when no large, definitive clinical trial has been performed. However, care must be taken not to overinterpret the precision of the estimate, since both the homogeneity and quality of the primary studies need to be considered. We conclude by providing guidance on the appropriate use of summary measures derived from meta-analyses for cost-effectiveness studies.
The timing of early developmental events in Xenopus

Abstract The eggs of animals undergo carefully timed sequences of events controlled by endogenous timing mechanisms. Recent studies in Xenopus have revealed three timing mechanisms based on different principles. The early synchronous cleavage cycle is based on a cytoplasmic oscillator present in each blastomere, which can operate independently of the nuclear events which it controls. The cessation of synchronous cleavage at the midblastula transition engages a new developmental program. The timing of this transition depends on the nucleus-to-cytoplasm volume ratio, which is sensed by the titration of some material by the nucleus. Following the midblastula transition is gastrulation, whose timing is sensed not by the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio but by time elapsed since fertilization. The Xenopus egg therefore possesses long-term timing mechanisms which initiate and engage new developmental programs.
General considerations on the design of an interactive system for data analysis

Among the most important criteria in the design and implementation of an interactive system for data analysis are: data structure, control language, user interface, sytem versatility, extensibility, and portability. The design of an interactive system, viewed as a set of constrained decisions based on these criteria, will be discussed. The concepts and considerations discussed in this article about the design of interactive systems are general in nature and are neither problem-specific nor discipline-specific. Specific examples from statistical packages and their designs are cited for illustration purposes only.
Population-Based Biomonitoring of Exposure to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticides in New York City

Background: Organophosphates and pyrethroids are the most common classes of insecticides used in the United States. Widespread use of these compounds to control building infestations in New York Ci...
Piscine macrophage aggregates: A review

Abstract Piscine macrophage aggregates (MAs), alternatively known as melano-macrophage centers (MMC), are focal accumulations of macrophages usually containing the pigments hemosiderin, lipofuscin and ceroid, and melanin. The structures are not confined to fish and have been observed in other poikilothermic vertebrates. The aggregations are most commonly present in the spleen, pronephros, mesonephros and liver but may be found in other organs, especially in relation to inflammation. In the lower fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes) the pigmented cells tend to be solitary or in small ( An exception to these observations if found in the Clupeiformes and the Salmoniformes, considered lower teleosts, who have poorly organized and irregularly shaped aggregations that are smaller than the higher teleosts. Macrophage aggregates function in normal physiological processes and in the body's defense against injurious agents. Evidence indicates that these functions are multiple, complex, and not well understood. They may be classified as, (a) immune, including humoral and inflammatory responses; (b) storage, destruction, or detoxification of exogenous and endogenous substances; and (c) iron recycling. There is a growing body of information that elucidates these functions. Macrophage aggregates qualify as anatomical and cytological biomarkers since they are known to change in number, size, and pigment content in relation to fish health and environmental degradation. Their value lies in their ubiquity, availability, and ease of measurement. There have been few extensive, controlled attempts to produce MAs or to study their kinetics by chronic exposure to contaminants known to exist in polluted environments. Clearly, without such investigations the value of MAs as monitors (biomarkers) of fish health and environmental degradation remains questionable.
What Is Really Different About What Is Political Philosophy

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the recent symposium dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of What Is Political Philosophy? is what was not said. Though such well-worn themes...
What Type of Support Do They Need? Investigating Student Adjustment as Related to Emotional, Informational, Appraisal, and Instrumental Support.

Despite the availability of conceptual frameworks for examining types of social support, the majority of studies in the literature measure global social support and do not examine specific types of support. Thus, the present study asked: (a) What types of support (e.g., emotional, informational, appraisal, and instrumental) do students most often perceive from each of the sources of support (e.g., parents, teachers, classmates, and close friends)? and (b) Are certain types of social support more related to students’ social, behavioral, and academic outcomes? Preliminary analyses were also conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS; Malecki, Demaray, & Elliott, 2000) and gender differences in perceptions of types of support. Participants included 263 students in Grades 5 through 8 and data were collected using the CASSS, the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS; Gresham & Elliott, 1990), and the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1998). Results found that although early adolescent boys and girls perceive similar levels of all types of support from their parents and teachers, girls perceive more support of most types from classmates and friends. Furthermore, emotional and informational support were the most highly reported type of support from parents, informational support was most highly reported from teachers, and emotional and instrumental support scores were reported highest from classmates and close friends. Supportive behaviors from parents contributed to students’ personal adjustment. Emotional support perceived from teachers was a significant and sole individual predictor of students’ social skills and academic competence. Finally, supportive behaviors from teachers also predicted students’ school maladjustment.
Prevalence and characteristics of systolic blood pressure thresholds in individuals 60 years or older.

For over 20 years, US Joint National Committee (JNC) hypertension guidelines, including JNC7, have recommended systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) thresholds of 140/90 mmHg for initiating antihypertensive medication and goal attainment while on treatment for individuals without diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD).1, 2 The 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults Report from the panel members appointed to JNC8 recently recommended a higher SBP threshold (150 mmHg) for treatment initiation and goal attainment in adults 60 years and older.3 We estimated the percentage and characteristics of older US adults potentially affected by the new SBP threshold.
Cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Winkelmann granuloma): Confirmation of the association with systemic disease

Abstract Background: An unusual palisading granuloma has been described in patients with immunoreactive diseases. Multiple names have been given to this lesion. Objective: Our aim was to verify whether a distinct palisading granuloma can be used as a marker for systemic disease. We also propose unifying nomenclature. Methods: Thirty-four biopsy specimens from 22 patients were selected for study on the basis of histologic criteria. The medical histories of these patients were subsequently reviewed for clinical information. Results: At least 21 of the 22 patients with cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma had evidence of an underlying immunoreactive systemic illness. In each, the systemic disease preceded or was diagnosed concurrently with the cutaneous lesions. Conclusion: The cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma has unique clinical and histologic features. In a great majority of cases, a systemic immunoreactive disease is present.
Improved high power Li-ion batteries with Li2RuO3 addition: A fast charging and fast cycling study

Abstract The high-rate charging and cycling of Li-ion batteries is improved by blending Li 2 RuO 3 into LiCoO 2 cathodes in cells with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anodes. The cathode-limited cells have greater discharge capacities when Li 2 RuO 3 -containing cathodes are recharged up to 2 C rates. The Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /Li 2 RuO 3 + LiCoO 2 cells also show capacity increases over initial cycles and minimal capacity decay when cycled at a 2 C rate over 50 cycles. These benefits are attributed to the reduced cell impedance of the Li 2 RuO 3 -containing cathodes.
Thermal analysis of water and magnesium hydroxide content in commercial pharmaceutical suspensions milk of magnesia

A standard protocol was developed to determine the water content by thermal analysis of milk of magnesia (MoM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used in a novel manner for examining the physical characteristics of the commercial pharmaceutical suspensions. Moisture analyzer and oven-dry methods validate the proposed protocol. MoM consists primarily of water and magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]. Experimental design of the thermal analysis parameters were considered including sample size, flowing atmosphere, sample pan, and heating rate for both DSC and TG. The results established the optimum conditions for minimizing heat and mass transfer effect. Sample sizes used were: (5–15 mg) for DSC and (30–50 mg) for TG. DSC analysis used crimped crucibles with a pinhole, which allowed maximum resolution and gave well-defined mass (water) loss. TG analysis used a heating rate of 10 °C/min−1 in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The heat of crystallization, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization of unbound water are 334, 334, and 2,257 Jg−1, respectively (Mitra et al. Proc NATAS Annu Conf Therm Anal Appl 30:203–208, 2002). The DSC average water content of (MoM) was 80 wt% for name brand and 89.5 wt% for generic brand, based on the relative crystallization, melting and vaporization heats/Jg−1 of distilled water in the recently purchased (2011) MoM samples. The TG showed a two-step process, losing water at 80–135 °C for unbound water and bound water (MgO·H2O) at 376–404 °C, yielding a total average water loss of 91.9 % for name brand and 90.7 % for generic brand by mass. The difference between the high-temperature TG and the lower-temperature DSC can be attributed for the decomposition of magnesium hydroxide or MgO·H2O. Therefore in performing this new approach to water analysis by heating to a high temperature decomposed the magnesium hydroxide residue. It was determined that the TG method was the most accurate for determining bound and unbound water.
Erste Ergebnisse der Abnahmeprüfungen nach DIN 6868 T50

Zusammenfassung Die optische Dichte der hei Abnahmeprufungen nach DIN 6868 Teil 50 angefertigten Rontgenaufnahmen gilt als Referenz fur alle weiteren Konstanzprufungen. Es werden jedoch zu grose Schwankungen dieser Referenzwerte festgestellt, die sich aus zu grosen Toleranzen hei der Abnahmeprufung ergeben. Es wird gefolgert, das zur Herstellung eines akzeptablen Niveaus der Qualitatssicherung uber DIN 6868 Teil 50 hinausgehende Gesichtspunkte erarbeitet werden mussen.
Concurrent release and reacylation of fatty acids by rat kidney cells. Selective incorporation of arachidonic acid.

Abstract Cultured rat kidney cells avidly absorbed exogenous fatty acids and acylated them, mostly into cellular phospholipids. The inclusion of serum or bovine serum albumin in the culture medium stimulated release of free fatty acids from the cells. Using labeled fatty acids, the concurrent release and reacylation of fatty acids was observed. However, whereas palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid competed with each other for the reacylation mechanism, arachidonic acid was selectively absorbed and acylated. The data are consistent with the operation of a deacylation-reacylation mechanism which may regulate free arachidonic acid concentrations in these kidney cells.
End-user full-text searching : Access or excess ?

The study examined and assessed the search techniques of trained end-users and determined whether or not they were searching the system effectively. One hundred and thirty-one users searched a full-text system and completed a survey that asked them to evaluate the system and describe their search strategy and techniques. Overall, 55% of the total indicated dissatisfaction with their searches. Correlations between native language and searching results and satisfaction are shown. These findings suggest that computer literate end-users with prior experience searching other databases and formal training experience more difficulties than is commonly realized. Implications for training are discussed.
The effect of relative and absolute reinforcement magnitude on operant responding

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if the changes in operant responding observed after shifts in reinforcement magnitude are due to antecedent reinforcement conditions, or the absolute reinforcement magnitude in effect at any given time. All animals in both experiments were responding on a multiple VI 20 second-extinction schedule of reinforcement. In one experiment, the animals were trained on 0.04 ml dippers, and were subsequently switched to both large and smaller dipper sizes. In the second experiment, three groups of rats were trained on 0.01, 0.04 and 0.10 ml dippers; each group was run exclusively on its designated dipper size. Data from both experiments were computer processed to yield a detailed description of response pattern. Rate of response, during both schedule components, depended on reinforcement magnitude only in the first experiment. Pausing behavior, both after reinforcement and during response runs, was inversely correlated with reinforcement magnitude in both experiments. It was concluded that pausing is a function of absolute dipper size, but response rate is a function of prior reinforcement conditions.
Test for Radiochemical Purity of Sodium Radio-Iodide (I131) Solution U.S.P. by Thin-Layer Chromatography

A thin-layer chromatography method for separating inorganic iodide and iodate ions is described. The method is useful in establishing the radiochemical purity of sodium radio-iodide (I 131 ) solution U.S.P.
Hierarchical Assembly of Collagen-Like Peptides in vitro Provides Structural Causes of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Collagen type I peptides, representative of native to disease states for the bone disease, Osteogenesis imperfecta, were studied with regard to self-assembly into triple helices and liquid crystalline mesophases. The purpose of the study was to establish insight into collagen mutations in terms of propagation of single chain defects up the scale of materials hierarchy, toward solid state fibril assemblies formed from collagen. Studies carried out in vitro demonstrated the value of this approach in establishing in vitro disease models, as the degree of collagen disruption could be recapitulated by the point mutations to show major impact on macroscopic features. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy and optical ellipsometry were used to assess the structural and morphological changes at the various length scales post assembly. The results demonstrated that glycine to alanine to aspartic acid single substitutions in the collagen peptides progressively disrupted normal assembly, reflected in lower thermal stability, loss of triple helical structure and loss of mesophase formation. This approach can provide a basis upon which to study collagen biomaterial templates for controlled hydroxyapatite formation and changes in cell signaling related to bone remodeling, related to the severity of the disease.
Observables for the Analysis of Event Shapes in e+ e- Annihilation and Other Processes

We present a set of rotationally invariant observables which characterizes the "shapes" of events, and is calculable in quantum-chromodynamics perturbation theory for final states consisting of quarks and gluons ($G$). We include the effects of fragmentation to hadrons in comparing the shapes of events from the processes ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}$, ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}G$, and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{heavy}\mathrm{resonance}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{GGG}$, and from heavy-quark and lepton production. We indicate how our analysis may be extended to deep-elastic lepton-hadron interactions and hadron-hadron collisions involving large transverse momenta.
Antiestrogen action in breast cancer cells: Modulation of proliferation and protein synthesis, and interaction with estrogen receptors and additional antiestrogen binding sites

Antiestrogens have proven to be effective in controlling the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancers. At the concentrations of antiestrogens achieved in the blood of breast cancer patients taking antiestrogens (up to 2 × 10−6 M), antiestrogens selectively inhibit the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing breast cancer cells, and this inhibition is reversible by estradiol. Antiestrogens also inhibit estrogen-stimulation of several specific protein synthetic activities in breast cancer cells, including increases in plasminogen activator activity, progesterone receptor levels and production of several secreted glycoproteins and intracellular proteins. Antiestrogens bind with high affinity to the estrogen receptor and to additional microsomal binding sites to which estrogens do not bind. These latter sites, called antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS), are present in equal concentrations in estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer cells and are present in a wide variety of tissues, with highest concentrations being found in the liver. The antiestrogenic and growth suppressive potencies of a variety of antiestrogens correlate best with their affinity for estrogen receptor and not with affinity for AEBS. Antiestrogens undergo bioactivation and metabolismin vivo and hydroxylated forms of the antiestrogen have markedly enhanced affinities for the estrogen receptor. Detailed studies with high affinity radiolabelled antiestrogens indicate that antiestrogens induce important conformational changes in receptor that are reflected in the enhanced maintenance of a 5 S form of the estrogen receptor complex; reduced interaction with DNA; and altered activation and dissociation kinetics of the antiestrogen-estrogen receptor complex. These conformational changes effected by antiestrogens likely result in different interactions with chromatin, causing altered cell proliferation and protein synthesis. Analyses of the rates of synthesis and turnover of the estrogen receptor through pulse-chase experiments utilizing the covalently attaching antiestrogen, tamoxifen aziridine, and studies employing dense amino acid labeling of estrogen receptor reveal that the antiestrogen-occupied receptor is degraded at a rate (t 1/2 = 4 h) similar to that of the control unoccupied receptor. Hence, antiestrogens do not prevent estrogen receptor synthesis and they do not either accelerate or block estrogen receptor degradation. Our findings raise serious doubts about the role of the AEBS in mediating directly the growth suppressive actions of antiestrogens, and suggest that interaction with the estrogen receptor is most likely the mechanism underlying the growth-inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. At present, the role of the AEBS in the actions of antiestrogens or in possible antiestrogen metabolism remains unclear.
Gastric H,K-ATPase topography: amino acids 888-907 are cytoplasmic.

Gastric acidification is mediated by H,K-ATPase, an integral protein of apical membranes of gastric parietal cells. Hydropathy analysis of H,K-ATPase α subunit primary structure predicts eight transmembrane (TM) domains, while omeprazole-binding data were interpreted in terms of ten TM domains (Mercier et al. (1991) FASEB J. 5, A749). In the present study, tryptic hydrolysis of gastric mucosal microsomes gave a set of peptides which bound the monoclonal antibody HK 12.18, a highly specific probe of the H,K-ATPase. An antiserum against the C-terminus of H,K-ATPase α subunit bound the same peptides, and one smaller peptide. The binding data suggested a putative epitope for HK 12.18, and a 20-mer peptide encompassing this site was synthesized. This peptide bound directly to HK 12.18, displaced HK 12.18 from microsomal H,K-ATPase, and blocked HK 12.18 immunostaining of gastric parietal cells. In addition, intact gastric microsomes competitively inhibited binding of HK 12.18 to peptide-BSA conjugate. Taken together, these data place the HK 12.18 epitope between amino acids 888–907 and identify this domain as cytosolic. This result specifically excludes a pair of TM domains between the sixth and seventh TM α helices of the H,K-ATPase and supports a secondary structure model with eight TM domains.
Thermal stability and the failure mechanism of the Al/W76N24/Au metallization

Abstract We have studied amorphous binary W76N24 thin films as diffusion barriers between aluminum (170 nm) and gold films for variable gold (170 nm, 620 nm) and W76N24 (80–280 nm) thicknesses. The thermal stability of Al/W76N24/Au trilayers is evaluated using 3 MeV 4H2+ backscattering spectrometry, Read camera X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy together with energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays, and optical microscopy. A 280 nm thick W76N24 film prevents the interaction between the aluminum underlayers and the gold overlayer, both 170 nm thick, for annealings of 30 min in vacuum up to 500°C, as observed by backscattering. At elevated temperatures, the integrity of the metallization degrades further in a localized manner which is attributed to the growth of AlAu or AlW intermetallic in the interface between the aluminum and W76N24 films. Metallizations with 80 nm or 140 nm thick diffusion barriers fail already after 30 min annealings at 450°C or 500°C respectively, according to analyses by backscattering.
A novel high sensitivity differential current transformer for online health monitoring of industrial motor ground-wall insulation

The offline capacitance and dissipation factor bridge test is an industry accepted standard test to assess the health condition of ground-wall insulation of industrial motors. However, so far, it was not possible to conduct this test online on large motors due to the great difficulty in online measurement of very small motor insulation leakage currents (few mA) in the presence of large motor line currents (hundreds of amps). The line currents would produce enormous noise to mask the tiny magnetic field produced by the insulation leakage currents. A recently invented novel sensor, High Sensitivity Differential Current Transformer (HSCT), is presented in this paper that enabled online measurement of stator insulation leakage current of large industrial motor for the first time in the world. Thus HSCT also enabled to conduct the industry accepted capacitance and dissipation factor test on large industrial motors for the first time in the industry. Such an online test adds a new dimension to state-of-the-art online condition monitoring and greatly benefits the motor users to continuously assess the insulation condition since no motor outage is required.
Constrained motion revisited

Abstract A current assessment of the generalized inverse theory of constrained motion of discrete mechanical systems is presented, and applications are described.
Incentive Problems and General Partner Compensation in Limited Partnership Real Estate Investments

When a general partner raises capital for a real estate syndication, prospective investors should price-protect against incentives of the general partner to misrepresent project cash flows. In this study, I evaluate the structure of the general partner's compensation and specific project characteristics to determine if compensation structure can mitigate agency costs. Results indicate that front-end compensation is higher for the high reputation general partner and that the compensation structure varies with the degree of management expertise required and the financial risks of the investment.
Integration of new chemotherapeutic agents into chemoradiotherapy for stage III non--small cell lung cancer: focus on docetaxel.

Abstract Randomized clinical trials have shown that combinations of chemotherapy plus thoracic radiation improve survival compared with radiotherapy alone in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Furthermore, two recent studies have concluded that concurrent chemoradiotherapy produces superior results to sequential administration. Dependent on the dose and schedule used, chemotherapy may contribute by eradicating distant micrometastases by improving local control as a radiosensitizer, or through both mechanisms. In general, sequential approaches in which full-dose platinum-based chemotherapy precedes thoracic radiation or surgery have improved outcome by impacting distant metastases. In contrast, concurrent chemoradiotherapy using low-dose cisplatin is reported to improve survival by reducing local recurrence without an impact on distant failure rates. In view of these observations, chemoradiotherapy strategies integrating both radiosensitizing agents and dose levels of chemotherapy effective against micrometastases may prove to be most efficacious. Because distant metastases remain the major site of failure, it also is likely that more effective chemotherapy will be required to further improve the current level of response and survival. Fortunately, several newly available chemotherapeutic agents are both highly active against NSCLC and are potent radiosensitizers. In this report we review recent data regarding integration of new chemotherapeutic agents into chemoradiotherapy programs in stage III NSCLC, focusing on trials investigating docetaxel. Encouraging results, including those of the Southwest Oncology Group trial 9504, suggest that docetaxel will play a major role in the future of combined-modality therapy for locally advanced NSCLC.
In vivo fibrinolytic activity and pharmacology of various plasmin (fibrinolysin) preparations.

A quantitative method based on the disappearance of I131 labeled fibrin has been used to study the in vivo effect of fibrinolytic agents. Various preparations of human and bovine plasmin were found to lyse clots effectively. The minimal effective dose of human plasmin prepared by the method of Kline was 15 Loomis units/Kg. Plasmin preparations given intravenously produced hypotension and leukopenia followed by leukocytosis. Doses above 30 Loomis units/Kg. caused decrease in fibrinogen level and clotting index.
Alterations in dynamics of microtubule assembly during axonal neuritogenesis in NB2a/d1 cells

During dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP)-mediated differentiation, axonal neurites elaborated by mouse NB2a/d1 neuroblastoma cells are initially colchicine-labile but attain colchicine-stability after 7 days. To examine whether or not differences in tubulin subunit turnover could account for the development of colchicine-stability, anti-tubulin antibodies were delivered into NB2a/d1 cells at various times during dbcAMP-mediated neurite outgrowth. These antibodies prevented initial neurite elaboration, and induced neurite retraction in cells treated with dbcAMP for up to 3 days, but did not induce neurite retraction for cells treated for 7 days. We conclude that a less dynamic, more slowly-turning over population of microtubules develops within neurites of cells treated with dbcAMP for 7 days.
Action of nicotine on reflexes in spinal cats

The effects of nicotine bitartrate on spinal reflexes were studied in cats with spinal section. Intravenous nicotine bitartrate routinely depressed monosynaptic reflexes. The depression of the monosynaptic reflex by nicotine can be blocked by raising the arterial blood pH either by hyperventilating the animal or by infusing sodium bicarbonate while maintaining end respiratory PCO2 at 4%. The effect of pH on the nicotine response is not secondary to an increased monosynaptic reflex amplitude or to local vasoconstriction. Volleys in ipsilateral cutaneous afferents can also reduce nicotine-induced depression of the monosynaptic reflex. Intravenous nicotine bitartrate almost invariably caused an increase in the amplitude of the polysynaptic reflex, which was not dependent on nicotine's stimulation of peripheral afferent endings. One mechanism by which nicotine increased the polysynaptic reflex is presumed to be stimulation of Renshaw cells, since recurrent conditioning often yielded monosynaptic reflex inhibition accompanied by polysynaptic reflex augmentation. Nicotine effectively blocked recurrent inhibition, both during the period of reduction of the monosynaptic reflex and following the return of the reflex to within 10% of control levels. The block was also observed following doses of nicotine which had only minimal effects on the monosynaptic reflex. Doses of nicotine large enough to reduce the monosynaptic reflex to at least 25% of control produced a transient reversal of recurrent inhibition to recurrent facilitation, when the conditioning and testing motor nerves belonged to closely related muscles.
Prediction of PET container properties using film data

In this work, PET films were stretched on the long extensional tester at various temperatures, stretch speeds, and stretch ratios. The stretched films were then characterized using various techniques. Prediction of container properties using the data generated for films was undertaken and three different approaches were used. The first method involves the use of time–temperature superposition to extrapolate the film data to the extension rate and extension ratio encountered in bottle blowing. In the second method, correlations developed between functional properties and average orientation functions for films were used for prediction of properties of blown containers. The third method was a combination of the first two methods. The birefringence was obtained by superposition and other properties were predicted using the correlation between functional properties and birefringence. With the exception of tensile energy absorption, it has been shown that mechanical properties of blown containers can be predicted from film data using any of the three methods previously described. A quantitative measure of property variation through thickness can also be obtained. Using the methods developed in this work, a map of properties and processing conditions encountered in stretch blow molding can be generated and this information can be used for designing preforms and containers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 17: 217–235, 1998
Extended Performance 8-cm Mercury Ion Thruster

A slightly modified 8-cm Hg ion thruster demonstrated significant increase in performance. Thrust was increased by almost a factor of five over that of the baseline thruster. Thruster operation with various three grid ion optics configurations; thruster performance as a function of accelerator grid open area, cathode baffle, and cathode orifice size; and a life test of 614 hours at a beam current of 250 mA (17.5 mN thrust) are discussed. Highest thruster efficiency was obtained with the smallest open area accelerator grid. The benefits in efficiency from the low neutral loss grids were mitigated, however, by the limitation such grids place on attainable ion beam current densities. The thruster components suffered negligible weight losses during a life test, which indicated that operation of the 8-cm thruster at extended levels of thrust and power is possible with no significant loss of lifetime.