cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Missing Link: Chicago's Underperforming Public Infrastructure and Connective Urban Strategies for Bronzeville

The Chicago South Side neighborhood of Bronzeville, adjacent to Burnham Park, has remained separated from the lakefront public landscape for almost a century. Since then, the Canadian National rail tracks and Lake Shore Drive have been acting as physical barriers, making access and connection between the neighborhood and park a difficult endeavour. Efforts undertaken by city authorities to connect Bronzeville and Burnham Park have not been successful in nurturing the desired conditions of mutual benefit and connectivity between these adjacent spaces. The first in a series of projects built with the intention of connecting these two urban landscapes is the 35th Street bridge. The objective of this paper is to enlist which decisions taken by city authorities when planning this project were detrimental to the project, and enlighten on the urban design qualities and criterias that have resulted in the 35th Street bridge’s undermining performance. Historical review of the policies driving the strategy’s inception and a qualitative evaluation of its design are employed to argue over the projects’s limited performance. This document aims to suggest future criterias for the city of Chicago authorities to follow when planning and designing access and connective infrastructure between Bronzeville and Burnham Park.
Oil column pinch-off controls the oil fraction of the oil-coated bubble

We study experimentally the formation of millimeter-sized oil-coated bubbles at a customized co-axial orifice system and the pinch-off dynamics of the oil column attached below the rising gas bubble. After the gas bubble detaches from the inner orifice, it rises under buoyancy and stretches the oil column to cause pinch-off, forming an oil-coated bubble, with the oil fraction set by the pinch-off location. We show that this pinch-off location is dominated by the size ratio of the gas bubble/oil tail to the outer orifice, and a theoretical model is proposed to predict the oil fraction, describing the experimental results well. Our findings provide potential guidelines for the controllable generation of compound multiphase bubbles using co-axial orifices.
Spectral Properties of Line Graphs

Graphs and matrices have an intimate connection, and this naturally carries over to line digraphs. The foremost basic result in this area is Horst Sachs’s theorem which states that eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a line graph are never less than −2. This feature pervades this chapter, culminating in a powerful theorem of Cameron, Goethals, Seidel, and Shult on root systems.
Feasibility of Recharging Electric Vehicles With Photovoltaic Solar Panels

Abstract There are many reasons for the development and the use of renewable energy sources, such as the public awareness in the fight against climate change, energy independence with the security of supply, national competitiveness, technological development and job creation in a sector that has a great future. In this line, and within the proposed electric vehicle sustainability, it is an alternative to achieve a reduction of pollutant emissions and to increase the efficiency of road transport. The article presents a study of the use of electric vehicles from different points of view. It has been compared combustion vehicles with the electric counterparts in terms of power and features appreciated by the user in the automobile market. The purpose of the study was to analyze the feasibility to recharge different electric vehicles by solar photovoltaic modules, so that energy generation would not contribute to any CO2 emissions, when the system would be installed and ready to supply these vehicles. The study also shows a comparative analysis of the cost of purchasing electricity to the distributor compared with the using of a photovoltaic system designed to recharge the vehicle, even it has also been calculated the depreciation. Finally, it has been analyzed comparatively the type of the solar photovoltaic system considered more economically viable for recharging a pure electric vehicle (EV) therefore it has been compared projects on houses and on a parking to recharge several vehicles.
Paroxysmal pulmonary edema consequent to stimulation of cardiovascular receptors; pharmacologic experiments.

Abstract 1. 1. A systematic study of various drugs has been made in the treatment of acute experimental pulmonary edema caused by the rapid intracarotid infusion of physiologic salt solution. 2. 2. The following drugs conferred protective effects and tended to prevent the development of edema: 2.1. a. The best results were obtained by hypnotics (phenobarbital, barbital, chloral hydrate) and by combination of any one of the hypnotics with morphine. 2.2. b. A combination of prostigmine with either atropine and curare or atropine and morphine also gave excellent results. 2.3. c. Sympatholytic drugs (ergotamine, 883 F), novocaine, and trasentine gave less constant results. 2.4. d. Vasodilators and drugs stimulating the myocardium only occasionally gave good results. 2.5. e. Atropine, adrenalin, and pitressin definitely made the edema of the lungs worse. 3. 3. Observations on the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema caused by the method of rapid intracarotid infusions are drawn from the reported pharmacologic studies. Attention is called to the important part that the central nervous system plays in the syndrome and to reflexes leading to an acute increase of capillary permeability of the lungs. 4. 4. Therapeutic considerations are drawn from the reported experiments.
Introducing the IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine

The leadership at EMBS created the IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine (JTEHM) to address the critical need to disseminate innovative translational research in health and medicine. The journal's unique aim is to support the movement of biotechnological innovations from idea to clinical trials and commercialization. We intend for JTEHM to provide a vehicle for the consilience of engineering, medicine and health, and translation. Translation is the critical step to take technological advances from the lab into the clinical environment to improve clinical practice and healthcare. We chose the open-access route not because it is easier (it is not) but because it lays waste to the barrier of cost of reading. We are proud to introduce JTEHM with an open-source, continuous-publication platform that allows multimedia presentation of clinically significant translational technologies, along with editorial blogs and comments from experts, entrepreneurs and clinicians. The papers published in JTEHM are accessible through IEEE Xplore and will be in PubMed soon, as well as in downloadable PDF versions with additional material. We welcome submission of your research findings and clinical translation studies.
Trade, Intellectual Property Rights, and the World Trade Organization

Abstract This chapter surveys the literature on international trade and the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the global economy. The discussion is organized around the major questions in the field. How does openness to trade affect national incentives for patent protection? What is the rationale for international coordination over patent policies? Given that countries are highly asymmetric with respect to their technological capabilities, what incentives do lagging countries have for enforcing IPRs and what are the consequences of requiring them to do so? To what extent do empirical studies support the major arguments for and against the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)? Finally, can the structure of TRIPS—both in terms of the core obligations it imposes on the WTO members and the flexibilities that it provides them with respect to exhaustion policies and the use of compulsory licensing—be reconciled with existing models of IPR protection in the global economy?
WEIGHT REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS BY MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION

This paper describes a study to evaluate the potential of weight reduction by material substitution for passenger cars and light trucks. Production vehicles considered to be optimally designed for a given functional size were selected as baseline vehicles for the study. Four alternative materials were used in the analysis: high strength steels, aluminum alloys, fiberglass reinforced plastics, and hybrid reinforced plastics. Applying equal stiffness as the structural requirement, weight savings by direct material substitution were computed for each baseline vehicle.
Analysis of hamster tumor cell lines isolated from single colonies soon after induction by polyoma strains differing in transplant antigen production.

Tumor cell colonies, arising after the infection of hamster embryo cells with two strains of polyoma virus (PV) which differed in their capacity to induce the PV-specific transplant antigen, were isolated and studied for their transplant and tumor or “T” antigen content and growth characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Four of four tumor lines induced by the transplant immunogenic 3049 strain contained the transplant antigen, while only one of seven lines induced by the immunogenically deficient sp-D strain showed direct evidence for this antigen. T antigen was not detected by immunofluorescence in three tumor lines induced by the 3049 virus which contained the polyoma transplant antigen. No differences in growth capacity on plastic, in agar, or in the hamster subcutaneous tissue were apparent in spite of significant differences in transplant antigen content among the clones.
Optimal response time retrieval of replicated data (extended abstract)

This work deals with the problem of finding efficient access plans for retrieving a set of pages from a multi-disk system with replicated data. This paper contains two results related to this problem: (a) We solve the problem of finding an optimal access path by transforming it into a network flow problem. We also indicate how our method may be employed in dynamic environments where some (or all) of the disks have a preexisting load, are heterogeneous, and reside on different servers. (b) We present a lower bound for the worst case response time of a request under all replication schemes, and also discuss the replication scheme that results in this lower bound. We then use simulation to show how this replication scheme can also greatly reduce the average case response time.
Cooperative Coparenting Moderates the Association between Parenting Practices and Children’s Prosocial Behavior

This study examined how aspects of the parenting and coparenting relationships relate to children's prosocial behavior in early childhood. Fifty-eight 2-parent families from a larger ongoing longitudinal study participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires that measured their use of inductive reasoning, as well as their children's prosocial behavior. Furthermore, parents and their children participated in 3 triadic interaction tasks that were coded to assess cooperative coparenting behavior. Results revealed that cooperative coparenting was positively associated with children's prosocial behavior. A significant interaction also emerged between maternal inductive reasoning and cooperative coparenting behavior. These findings underscore the important role of a cooperative coparenting subsystem in influencing children's emerging prosocial behavior, as well as highlight the association between positive parenting practices and children's prosocial development within the context of cooperative coparenting behaviors. This study demonstrates the utility of understanding family-level processes that contribute to children's prosocial development during early childhood.
Geomorphological setting and Native American acquisition of buff-firing ceramic clays in the Lower and Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona

Abstract This study addresses buff-firing clay sources in dynamic alluvial settings along Arizona’s Gila River in the U.S. Southwest. We establish clay resource distribution relative to the geomorphic histories of the Lower and Middle Gila River based on 38 clay samples and ethnographic data from two US Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) projects. Buff-firing clayey alluvium, deposited in the Gila River floodplain 800 to 1,500 or more years ago, was a surficial ceramic raw material source for prehistoric Hohokam and lowland Patayan potters. This geomorphic unit was later removed in some places and buried by up to 3–4 m of sediment in others, reducing the availability of buff-firing clays in the Hohokam Classic period and requiring historic Pee Posh and Akimel O’odham potters to dig pits to access it. Sources were further destroyed in catastrophic floods in the late 19th and early 20th century, affecting ceramic manufacture patterns and ultimately contributing to the decline of pottery production by the O’odham living in the Gila River Valley. Our results contribute to regional ceramic ecology and should also be of interest to others investigating alluvial clay use in general or buff-firing alluvial clays in particular. The study also illustrates the value of combining geomorphic and ethnographic data to examine major changes in resource distribution and use.
Regulation of NADPH oxidase activity by Rac GTPase activating protein(s).

Activation of the NADPH oxidase of phagocytic cells requires the action of Rac2 or Rac1, members of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins. Rac proteins are active when in the GTP-bound form a...
Two new species of the melittophilous beetle Scotocryptus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) associated with colonies of Melipona fuscipes (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Colombia

We describe two new species of the melittophilous beetle Scotocryptus Girard, 1874 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) associated with colonies of the stingless honey bee Melipona fuscipes Friese, 1900 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) in Colombia. The new species are described to make their names available in forthcoming papers on their biology. They are similar to S. meliponae Girard, 1874, differing primarily in characters of the male aedeagus. We also found morphological differences in the 7th and 8th tergites, 8th sternite, genitalia, and spermatheca of the female of the two new species. Female genitalic structures have not yet been studied in Scotocryptus, and they might provide additional characters in recognizing species, and in reconstructing the phylogeny of this interesting group. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Static Deformation of an Earth Model with a Fluid Core

Summary The concept of a purely static deformation of an Earth model, although strictly a highly artificial physical situation, nevertheless provides a useful idealization in certain problems. We derive a computational algorithm which allows one to determine any geophysically observable aspect of the purely static deformation of a non-rotating, spherically symmetric Earth model which has an elastic mantle and a compressible fluid core. In particular, we show how to compute the static perturbation to the density, the gravitational potential, and the fluid pressure at every point within the core, as well as every aspect of the deformation in the solid elastic mantle. Because of the artificiality of the concept of a purely static deformation, the static Lagrangian particle displacement in the fluid core is indeterminate.
Keeping Them on the Bus: Retaining Early Career Teachers in a Successful Urban School

This article addresses teacher retention in a successful, new, small urban school. As a longitudinal study, it focuses on the intersections between individual teachers' expectations about teaching, contextual factors, and experiences at the school site and teachers' future career plans. The experiences and perspectives of three representative case study teachers indicated that even in a successful urban school, the match between contextual demands and teacher expectations and experiences led to different career decisions.
School science as a rite of passage: A new frame for familiar problems

The purpose of this article is twofold: to characterize and describe school science as a rite of passage, and to expose problems in school science that are made visible through the use of this metaphor. Like other rite-of-passage studies by van Gennep, Turner, and White, school-science-as-a-rite-of-passage follows the classic model: First, science students are separated from other students through their enrollment in introductory science classes and laboratory (the phase of separation). Science students are then secluded in the classroom and laboratory where a specialized body of knowledge unique to the scientific community is transmitted to them (the phase of transition). Eventually, students are presented via graduation ceremonies to the ordinary world with accompanying changes in their status and rights (the phase of reincorporation). However, unlike traditional passage rites, school science is a lengthy and ambiguous process that muddles the points of separation and reincorporation and fails to clarify the value of transition rituals.
Four new species of Cymatodera Gray from Mexico (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Tillinae)

Four new species of Cymatodera from Mexico: Cymatodera bogcioides sp. n.; Cymatodera pueblae sp. n.; Cymatodera mitae sp. n.; and Cymatodera lineata sp. n. are described based on adult male and female specimens. Male genitalia and other characters of taxonomic value are presented.
Computational studies of dative bond containing heterocyclic ring structures

Ab initio calculations are reported for several related heterocyclic compounds, each of which contains two dative bonds when they self-dimerize. Thus, these molecules are nominally dimers that contain either a boron–carbon–nitrogen (BCN) or boron–carbon–phosphorous (BCP) segment. Molecules with this motiff have been found experimentally to have several unusual properties that may be related to a “multi-polar framework’’ that results from charge separation associated with the two dative bonds. Structures obtained from full geometry optimizations without symmetry constraints, dative bond energies and charge distributions for four multipolar molecules are reported, the BCN–BCN dimer and the BCN–BCP dimer with and without carboxylation of one boron atom. Comparisons to single dative bond, self-cyclized monomers and the role of ring strain in molecular stabilities are also discussed.
Calcium accentuates injury induced by ethanol in human gastric cells

The mechanism(s) whereby ethanol induces cellular injury remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the role of calcium in gastric mucosal injury under in vitro conditions is poorly defined. The major objectives of this study were to (1) define the temporal relationship between intracellular calcium accumulation induced by ethanol and cellular injury, (2) characterize the mechanism(s) whereby ethanol increases cellular calcium content, and (3) determine whether calcium removal would attenuate ethanol-induced cellular injury. Human gastric cells (AGS) were used for all experiments. Sustained intracellular calcium accumulation induced by ethanol, but not transient changes, preceded and directly correlated with cellular injury. Cells exposed to damaging concentrations of ethanol demonstrated an initial calcium surge that appeared to be a consequence of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) generation and subsequent internal store release followed by a sustained plateau resulting from extracellular calcium influx through store-operated calcium channels. Finally, both morphologic (cellular injury) and functional (clearance of bovine serum albumin) changes induced by ethanol were significantly attenuated when extracellular Ca(+&plus) influx was prevented, and further decreased when intracellular Ca(++) stores were depleted. These data indicate that calcium plays a significant role in cellular injury induced by ethanol.
Assessment on the ADDSAFE Benchmark Simulator of an H-infinity Fault Detection Design for Aircraft

Abstract In this article the verification assessment of an aircraft fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme based on H-infinity is presented. The proposed scheme is designed to detect abnormal aircraft behaviour, specifically aileron faults leading to degradation of performance. The design follows a global approach based on an H∞ FDD filter residual generator augmented with simple threshold and time-based logic for residual evaluation. The design development and verification is part of a European 7th Framework Program project entitled “Advanced Fault Diagnosis for Sustainable Flight Guidance and Control (ADDSAFE)”. The verification results show that the proposed FDD scheme satisfies the demanding performance and robustness metrics established for on-board aircraft assessment by the ADDSAFE industrial partners.
Evolution in Action: N and C Termini of Subunits in Related T=4 Viruses Exchange Roles as Molecular Switches

Summary The T = 4 tetravirus and T = 3 nodavirus capsid proteins undergo closely similar autoproteolysis to produce the N-terminal β and C-terminal, lipophilic γ polypeptides. The γ peptides and the N termini of β also act as molecular switches that determine their quasi equivalent capsid structures. The crystal structure of Providence virus (PrV), only the second of a tetravirus (the first was NωV), reveals conserved folds and cleavage sites, but the protein termini have completely different structures and the opposite functions of those in NωV. N termini of β form the molecular switch in PrV, whereas γ peptides play this role in NωV. PrV γ peptides instead interact with packaged RNA at the particle two-folds by using a repeating sequence pattern found in only four other RNA- or membrane-binding proteins. The disposition of peptide termini in PrV is closely related to those in nodaviruses, suggesting that PrV may be closer to the primordial T = 4 particle than NωV.
Methodological and Related Problems in Cross-Cultural Research

Abstract Problemes metbodologiques des recherches interculturelhs.-L'A. cherche a montrer dans quelles conditions le probleme de la comparabilite des echantillons dans les etudes interculturelles peut ou non trouver une solution. Il montre que les themes d'etude sont determines ethniquement, et souligne qu'il est sage pour un chercheur qui s'eloigne des frontieres de son milieu naturel, de se livrer a une exploration preliminaire suffisante pour s'assurer que le theme qui l'interesse a un sens dans ce qui est, pour lui, un cadre etranger. Le choix des instruments de recherche et leur necessaire adaptation a deux ou plusieurs cultures, souleve des problemes particulierement tenaces qui peuvent ětre partiellement traites, via la notion de validation construite. Mais celle-ci, a son tour, elimine presque totalement la possibilite de strides definitions operationnelles, a moins qu'on ne puisse montrer que les operations, quoique differentes, ont une signification equivalente. Nous pouvons continuer a faire ef...
Surgical management of cesarean scar pregnancies – A single tertiary experience

Abstract Cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs) are a rare complication of previous cesarean deliveries. As cesarean section rates continue to increase worldwide, the incidence of CSPs is likely to rise as well. The diagnosis and management of CSPs pose challenging problems to clinicians. Early accurate diagnosis is crucial, as CSP is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to potentially catastrophic consequences such as uterine rupture, hemorrhage, loss of fertility and maternal death. There is no general consensus, however, regarding the best means of management. Various case reports and case series have reported successful outcomes with medical treatment, surgical intervention, interventional radiology, as well as a combination of methods. We present a case series of CSPs managed in our center, a tertiary obstetrics and gynecology hospital. All were treated primarily by conservative and fertility-sparing surgical methods. We have also included a short review of the current literature on this rare but important condition.
Demonstrative Maneuvers for Aircraft Agility Predictions

Abstract : This study was motivated by a need to develop a reliable method of predicting the agility characteristics of various aircraft. To fully investigate the agility of an aircraft, maneuvers which push the limits of an aircraft's maneuvering capabilities must be simulated. In these cases, classic trajectory optimization techniques either require too many assumptions for a realistic solution or require a good guess of the final solution before the problem is even attempted. This study investigated both the utility of pseudospectral optimization methods for robust trajectory optimization as well as the potential for demonstrating differences in aircraft agility characteristics of several specific maneuvers. Three variations of a basic F-16 mathematical model were simulated for various maneuvers specifically designed to demonstrate aircraft maneuvering limits.
X‐ray structure determination of new monomers to establish their polymerizability: Copolymerization of two tetrasubstituted electrophilic olefins with electron‐rich styrenes giving polymers with an average 1.25 functional groups per chain carbon atom

X-ray crystal structure determination for two tetrasubstituted electrophilic olefins, tetramethyl ethylenetetracarboxylate TMET and dimethyl dicyanofumarate DDCF, revealed two fundamentally different molecular structures. TMET is a nonplanar molecule that possesses two opposite ester groups planar and the others above and below the molecular plane. In contrast, DDCF is a molecule for which both ester groups lie in the plane of the double bond and nitrile groups. DDCF underwent thermal spontaneous copolymerization with electron-rich styrenes to give 1:1 alternating copolymers in moderate yields and molecular weights. These copolymers, which result from the first copolymerization of a tetrasubstituted olefin, possess an average functionality of 1.25 per chain carbon atom. Polymerization is made possible by low steric hindrance and the high delocalization in the propagating radical. The yields were limited by competing cycloaddition reaction. The corresponding diethyl ester also copolymerized, but not so well. Neither electrophilic olefin homopolymerized under ..gamma..-irradiation. TMET did not copolymerize at all when treated under identical conditions.
A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Diphenylhexatriene (DPH) Anisotropy Characterization of a Series of Model Lipid Constructs for the Sperm Plasma Membrane

We present a steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy analysis, using the probe diphenylhexatriene (DPH), of a hierarchical series of lipid membrane constructs that have been designed to resemble sperm plasma membranes. Anisotropy and lipid order parameters determined for the model membranes are compared to those of lipid membranes reconstituted from rabbit sperm plasma membranes. In addition, we study the response of all membrane systems to surfactant attack. The surfactants used in this investigation have current or potential use as spermicidal and antimicrobial agents. We show that our highest-level approximation of the sperm plasma membrane captures the essential characteristics of the sperm extract membranes, in terms of lipid order and response to surfactant attack. Our studies also highlight the importance of sphingomyelin as a regulator of membrane properties and also show indirect evidence of lateral phase separation in the membrane constructs that contain both cholesterol and sphin...
Does salinity affect somatic growth in early juvenile Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus (L.)?

Abstract Factors affecting recruitment of fishes remain one of the most studied but least understood issues of fisheries science. Understanding the causes of recruitment variability remains elusive because factors that affect the growth and survivorship of young fishes are complex and dynamic. Here we focus on the influence of salinity on growth of early juvenile Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus under laboratory conditions as part of a larger study to relate short-term fluctuations in growth rates of young estuarine-dependent fishes with variability in abiotic environmental factors. Body growth of juvenile Atlantic croaker was significantly ( P 20–5‰=20‰. A linear response to the changing treatment suggests an additive effect of changing salinity on body wet weight (WW) growth. Juvenile Atlantic croaker in the 5‰ treatment grew in WW by a factor of 3.88 relative to initial WW. Fish in the 20–5‰ treatment grew in WW by a factor of 2.90, while fish in the 20‰ treatment grew in WW by a factor of 2.17. Otolith diameter also varied significantly with salinity, and there was a significant positive relationship between changes in body WW and changes in otolith diameter growth ( r =0.68, P n =12). The correlation between body and otolith growth justified our use of otolith data to infer that substantial fluctuation in the early growth of early juvenile Atlantic croaker from field collections was inversely cross-correlated with salinity and water temperature. Assuming that the probability of survival during the nursery period increases as postlarval fish grow, salinity-induced plasticity in growth rates implies that the site and habitat into which post-larval fish settle can potentially influence recruitment dynamics. This study demonstrates that there is the potential for fluctuations and spatial variability in salinity to cause significant variability in short-term growth rates for juvenile fishes within estuarine nursery areas.
Cerebrovascular response to acute decreases in arterial PO2.

The purpose of these studies was to examine the time course of the cerebrovascular response to acute hypoxia in unanesthetized ponies. An electromagnetic flow transducer chronically placed on the internal carotid artery of the pony allowed continuous recording of internal carotid artery blood flow (ICBF) which has been shown to be representative of cerebral blood flow (CBF). The ponies were subjected to three levels of acute isocapnic hypoxia (PaO2 = 62, 44, and 39 mm Hg for hypoxia level I, II, and III, respectively), and the temporal and steady-state cerebrovascular response was examined. ICBF increased significantly at all three hypoxia levels (8, 25, and 40% at hypoxia I, II, and III, respectively). This increase was rapid in the two most severe levels of hypoxia, beginning within 45 s, and was complete within 90 s. The increase lagged behind the reduction in PaO2 by 24–28 s. During the very mild level of hypoxia (I), no such rapid increase in flow was observed; rather, the increase occurred only afte...
137Cs fallout depth distributions in forest versus field sites: Implications for external gamma dose rates

Abstract The depth profile of 137 Cs fallout in soil from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests was measured at neighboring field and forest areas for seven sites in the northeastern US. The inferred dose rates in air at 1 m above the ground per unit inventory of 137 Cs averaged a factor of 1·8 higher in the forest as compared to the field areas. Calculations indicate that the dose rate in forest areas would be a factor of four higher than that over deeply plowed land. Based on a limited set of historical measurements made since 1972, it appears that the dose rate per unit inventory in both field and forest areas has more or less stabilized after a sharp decrease following deposition events in the early 1960s. Estimated dose commitments for various land types are compared to the value suggested by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the implications with respect to certain population groups are discussed. The findings may have application in estimating future external doses from deposited 137 Cs associated with Chernobyl fallout in Europe.
The Hidden Message Activity: Utilizing Optical Science in Therapy

During supervision with counseling interns and practicum students, I sometimes hear about young clients who are more challenging to get engaged in the therapeutic process or who do not respond well...
Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding a dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatase located in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells.

Abstract The CWH8 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown recently (Fernandez, F., Rush, J. S., Toke, D. A., Han, G., Quinn, J. E., Carman, G. M., Choi, J.-Y., Voelker, D. R., Aebi, M., and Waechter, C. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41455–41464) to encode a dolichyl pyrophosphate (Dol-P-P) phosphatase associated with crude microsomal fractions. Mutations in CWH8 result in the accumulation of Dol-P-P, deficiency in lipid intermediate synthesis, defective protein N-glycosylation, and a reduced growth rate. A cDNA (DOLPP1, GenBankTMaccession number AB030189) from mouse brain encoding a homologue of the yeast CWH8 gene is now shown to complement the defects in growth and protein N-glycosylation, and to correct the accumulation of Dol-P-P in the cwh8Δ yeast mutant. Northern blot analyses demonstrate a wide distribution of theDOLPP1 mRNA in mouse tissues. Overexpression of Dolpp1p in yeast, COS, and Sf9 cells produces substantial increases in Dol-P-P phosphatase activity but not in dolichyl monophosphate or phosphatidic acid phosphatase activities in microsomal fractions. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies localize the enzyme encoded by DOLPP1 to the endoplasmic reticulum of COS cells. The results of protease sensitivity studies with microsomal vesicles from the lpp1Δ/dpp1Δ yeast mutant expressing DOLPP1 are consistent with Dolpp1p having a luminally oriented active site. The sequence of the DOLPP1cDNA predicts a polypeptide with 238 amino acids, and a new polypeptide corresponding to 27 kDa is observed when DOLPP1is expressed in yeast, COS, and Sf9 cells. This study is the first identification and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding an essential component of a mammalian lipid pyrophosphate phosphatase that is highly specific for Dol-P-P. The specificity, subcellular location, and topological orientation of the active site described in the current study strongly support a role for Dolpp1p in the recycling of Dol-P-P discharged during protein N-glycosylation reactions on the luminal leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cells.
Mentoring in Literacy Education: A Commentary from Graduate Students, Untenured Professors, and Tenured Professors

This commentary continues a dialogue which began among literacy teacher educators attending an alternative format session about mentoring in the academy at a national conference. Literacy teacher educators participated in an informal discussion centered on the nature of mentoring in the academy for doctoral students, untenured professors, and tenured professors. Doctoral students focused on their changing identities and roles in the academy, their concerns about navigating the political infrastructure of academia, and the importance of assuming a proactive stance towards obtaining mentoring, especially for part‐time doctoral students. Untenured professors focused on the ways they were inventing and reinventing themselves within the power and politics of academia and their need for more holistic mentoring during these turbulent times. Tenured professors were able to embed mentoring experiences into their scholarly work and find ways to benefit or learn from mentoring experiences. These mentors also found c...
An analysis of margin adaptation of all-porcelain facial margin ceramometal crowns

E limination of the metal collar or metal substructure at the facial margin of a ceramometal crown will greatly improve the esthetic result of the completed restoration. A number of techniques for fabrication of facial porcelain margins for these restorations (platinum foil, refractory die, and direct lift-off) have been described.‘-’ The least complicated of these, the direct lift-off technique, has certain potential disadvantages such as the displacement of the metal coping during shoulder buildup and pyroplastic deformation during firing. Although these discrepancies have been measured and reported by several authors5s 9 scarce data exist relative to the margin adaptation of the all-porcelain facial margin. The purpose of this study was to measure the cavosurface margin adaptation of all-porcelain margins fabricated with a lift-off technique and to measure changes in the metal coping margin during the stages of porcelainization.
Late Pleistocene slip rate along the Owens Valley fault, eastern California

[1] The Owens Valley fault zone (OVF) is one of the primary structures accommodating dextral shear across the Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). Previous estimates of the Holocene slip rate along this structure rely on paleoseismic data and yield rates 2–3 times lower than those implied by geodetic velocities. Using displaced lava flows along the flank of Crater Mountain, we present the first estimate of slip rate along the OVF during the late Pleistocene. Subsurface characterization of the flow margin using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) allows for relatively precise determination of dextral displacement, and terrestrial cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages of samples from the flow surface yield slip rates between ∼2.8 – 4.5 mm/yr over the past 55–80 kyr. Our results suggest either that paleoseismic slip-rate estimates underestimate the long-term slip rate or that rates of strain release have not been steady during the latter part of the Quaternary.
Germanium and uranium in coalified wood bom upper Devonian black shale

Abstract Microscopic study of black, vitreous, carbonaceous material occurring in the Chattanooga shale in Tennessee and in the Cleveland member of the Ohio shale in Ohio has revealed coalified woody plant tissue. Some samples have shown sufficient detail to be identified with the genus Cauixylon. Similar material has been reported in the literature as “bituminous” or “asphaltic” stringers. Spectrographic analyses of the ash from the coalified wood have shown unusually high percentages of germanium, uranium, vanadium, and nickel. The inverse relationship between uranium and germanium in the ash and the ash content of various samples shows an association of these elements with the organic constituents of the coal. On the basis of geochemical considerations, it seems most probable that the wood or coalified wood was germanium-bearing at the time logs or woody fragmenta were floated into the basins of deposition of the Chattanooga shale and the Cleveland member of the Ohio shale. Once within the marine environment, the material probably absorbed uranium with the formation of organo-uranium compounds such as exist in coals. It is suggested that a more systematic search for germaniferous coals in the vicinity of the Chattanooga shale and the Cleveland member of the Ohio shale might be rewarding.
Data processing for real-time construction site spatial modeling

The ability to quickly model work spaces using high frequency 3D imaging sensors has great potential for improving construction site resource management. Yet, the rapid processing of tens of thousands of range points, which is a crucial component of the spatial modeling process, is still an unsolved problem requiring further investigation. This paper describes a testbed that was developed to study the performance of various algorithms for processing range point data captured using 3D imaging sensors. Results of applying different combinations of data filtering, transformation, and segmentation techniques are also presented. Some of the algorithms investigated proved to be robust to sensor noise and able to accurately and rapidly process high frequency range data.
Geographic Distribution of Pediatricians in the United States: An Analysis of the Fifty States and Washington, DC

Objectives To determine current geographic distribution of pediatricians in the United States, to assess the changes in the geographic distribution of pediatricians between 1982 and 1992, and to identify factors associated with the distribution of pediatricians among the 50 states. Methods A data set was constructed using several published data sources including the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile as the principal source for physician information. The pediatrician-to-child population ratio (PCPR, the number of pediatricians per 100 000 people under 18 years of age) was calculated to compare the distribution of pediatricians among states and the distributional changes between 1982 and 1992. Lorenz curves and Gini indices were used to describe distributions and to compare distributions across time periods. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between PCPR (dependent variable) with 9 predictor variables. Results Between 1982 and 1992, there was a 5.4% increase in the United States (US) child population and a 46.1% increase in the number of pediatricians in patient care. During that time period, the PCPR increased by 38.6% from 35.1 per 100 000 to 48.6 per 100 000. There was a more than 4-fold difference in the PCPRs of the highest state (Maryland, 84.3) and the lowest state (Idaho, 18.5) in 1992. The PCPR increased in all 50 states, but varied from a 4.1% increase in Wyoming to a 63.4% increase in Massachusetts. The Lorenz curve showed that pediatricians were less evenly distributed than all physicians, but more evenly distributed than pediatric cardiologists. Between 1982 to 1992 the Gini index decreased 9.8% for all physicians and 10.2% for pediatric cardiologists, but only 1. 9% for pediatricians. Since a decrease in the Gini index signifies better overall distribution, these changes are relatively modest for pediatricians as a whole, especially when compared to other physicians. Regression analysis showed that a higher PCPR was associated with a greater number of residency positions per 100 000 children and with the per capita income of the state (R = .93). Conclusions The distribution of pediatricians does not parallel the distribution of the child population in the US, nor has this distribution changed substantially in spite of a 38.6% increase in the PCPR. Pediatricians tend to concentrate in states with high per capita income and in states with a larger number of residency training positions. The failure of market forces to improve the geographic distribution may require manpower policy changes designed to improve distribution in underrepresented states. The uncertain impact of market changes due to increased use of managed care could affect distributional requirements of pediatricians in the future.
Serious Gaming for Design and Systems Engineering Research

In this paper, we investigate the use of serious gaming as a research tool for design and systems engineering research. Design and systems engineering research produces theories and methods aimed at bettering the engineering process and improving the quality of end products. However, the engineering process is largely human-driven and thus the way in which theories and methods are implemented and used depends greatly on the human element. Serious gaming provides a fully controllable environment in which to test and validate theories and methods against human behavior. To evaluate the viability of serious gaming as a research tool, we construct a game to study the sunk cost effect in the context of a manned Mars mission, and compare game results with results from a survey centered on the scenario. We observe a difference in results between the game and survey; those in the game fall victim to the sunk cost effect despite treatment whereas those in the survey do not fall for the sunk cost effect in a control treatment. We hypothesize that this may be caused by a preference for continued gameplay as opposed to the objectives in the narrative. Therefore, we conclude that gaming, at least in our case, induces behavior that may not be representative of real-world engineer behavior and must be mitigated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On the greatest number of 2 and 3 colorings of a (v, e)‐graph

Let F denote the family of simple undirected graphs on v vertices having e edges ((v, e)-graphs) and P(λ, G) be the chromatic polynomial of a graph G. For the given integers v, e, Δ, let f(v, e, Δ) denote the greatest number of proper colorings in Δ or less colors that a (v, e)-graph G can have, i.e., f(v, e, Δ) = max{P(Δ, G): G ∈ F}. In this paper we determine f(v, e, 2) and describe all graphs G for which P(2, G) = f(v, e, 2). For f(v, e, 3), a lower bound and an upper bound are found.
Load history dependence in problems of micro-slip evolution

A region of micro-slip may develop at the interface of two contacting bodies subjected to compression and shear. Prediction of a slip response to the applied system of loads is of great interest in structural dynamics as shear microdisplacements are found to be a source of energy dissipation in jointed elements. Such prediction is challenged by the fact that slip evolution (and therefore damping of the entire system) is highly influenced by the history of loading. The present study aims to develop memory rules for the generalized contact of two axi-symmetric bodies with an irregularity of shape Ar α. At each step of the loading, three characteristic domains are identified in the force space to differentiate different scenarios of the contact response. The tangential and normal compliances are used to obtain the incremental equations in each of these domains that constitute the memory rules for micro-slip evolution.
Exploiting time predictable two-level scratchpad memory for real-time systems

In modern computer architectures, caches are time unpredictable, and thus can significantly increase the complexity of worse-case execution time (WCET) analysis for real-time systems. This paper proposes a time predictable two-level scratchpad (SPM) based architecture for VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) processors, and an ILP (Integer Linear Programming) based static memory objects assignment algorithm is utilized in order not to harm the time predictability of SPMs. Also, both the timing and energy performance of our two-level SPM based architecture are completely evaluated in this paper. Our experimental results indicate that the timing and energy performance of our architecture is superior to the similar cache based architecture for 75% of the benchmarks we studied.
Evaluating policies using agent–based simulations: investigating policies for continuity of care

Anticipating effects of proposed clinical policies is a difficult task. This study investigates the usefulness of agent–based simulations for evaluating clinical policies. Two policies for continuity of care for patients with type 2 diabetes are investigated using an agent–based simulation. Computational models of a dynamic decision environment were simulated to determine aggregated effects of individual care–providing agents acting to achieve clinical goals. The simulated policies were: 1) continuous care (CC), where each patient was randomly assigned a specific physician model for care across visits; 2) opportunistic care (OC), where each patient on each visit was randomly assigned to a physician model for treatment. These policy scenarios are at the crux of a debate as to whether continuity of care needs to be administered by a single provider or by a single organisation (e.g., clinic). The study determines under which conditions CC and OC policies result in favourable patient outcomes.
Social Psychology Job Applicants: Normative Information and the Question of Sexism

Demographic, educational, and research information was abstracted from vitas of 183 applicants for Assistant Professor social psychology positions in 1974 and 1975. Significant differences were found between male and female applicants on criteria indicating research productivity. Some possible explanations are explored.