cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4D reconstruction of cardiac gated SPECT images using a content-adaptive deformable mesh model

In this work, we present a four-dimensional reconstruction technique for cardiac gated SPECT images using a content-adaptive deformable mesh model. Cardiac gated SPECT images are affected by a high level of noise. Noise reduction methods usually do not account for cardiac motion and therefore introduce motion blur-an artifact that can decrease diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, image reconstruction methods typically rely on uniform sampling and Cartesian griding for image representation. The proposed method utilizes a mesh representation of the images in order to utilize the benefits of content-adaptive nonuniform sampling. The mesh model allows for accurate representation of important regions while significantly compressing the data. The content-adaptive deformable mesh model is generated by combining nodes generated on the full torso using pre-reconstructed emission and attenuation images with nodes accurately sampled on the left ventricle. Ventricular nodes are further displaced according to cardiac motion using our previously introduced motion estimation technique. The resulting mesh structure is then used to perform iterative image reconstruction using a mesh-based maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm. Finally, motion-compensated post-reconstruction temporal filtering is applied in the mesh domain using the deformable mesh model. Reconstructed images as well as quantitative evaluation show that the proposed method offers improved image quality while reducing the data size.
Modeling Multiphase Effects in the Combustion of HMX and RDX

RDX and HMX have similar structures and bur ning rates. However, the burning -rate temperature sensitivity ( �p) is significantly different between RDX and HMX at low pressures. Recent efforts to mathematically model the steady -state combustion of RDX and HMX with detailed chemical kinetics in the gas phase and distributed decomposition in the condensed phase hav e succeeded in modeling burning rates at a specific initial temperature. However, all have failed to calculate thep trends of HMX at low pressure and differentiate thep of RDX and HMX. RDX and HMX both burn with a thin multi -phase surface of bubbles i n liquid. A liquid -bubble submodel was developed to improvep calculations. Calculations including the liquid -bubble submodel produced the desired trends in both the HMX and RDXp values. To predict the observed HMXp values with the model, first, evapo ration in the sub -surface was limited near the gas -liquid surface. Second, the difference in surface temperature at different initial temperatures was adjusted to follow trends in experimental data. Third, the Marangoni effect was added to the calculation of the bubble velocities. At low pressures, the Marangoni effect was found to be greater in the higher initial temperature calculations because the temperature gradient was steeper. For RDX, there was little change in the calculatedp values with the addition of the liquid - bubble submodel. This is the first combustion model with detailed gas phase kinetics to predict the properp trends for both HMX and RDX.
Constraints on continued episodic inflation at Long Valley Caldera, based on seismic and geodetic observations

[1] Long Valley Caldera, a large and potentially explosive silicic system, has experienced highly anomalous continued inflation since late 1970s. We characterize an episode of rapid episodic uplift occurring between 2002 and 2003 following similar episodes of 1979–1980, 1983, 1989–1990, and 1997–1998. This most recent episode was the first to be observed by a dense array of 13 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. Similar to previously observed episodes of deformation, uplift is quasi-radially symmetric and is mostly explained by a compact pressure source located ∼3 km west of the resurgent dome. The maximum uplift during the 2002–2003 episode is ∼35 ± 8 mm, about 1/3 the magnitude but with a similar time-dependent behavior as the 1997–1998 episode. The horizontal source location is well constrained at −118.930°, 37.678°, for a small spherical source, and indistinguishable from the location of a vertically dipping prolate spheroidal source. A trade-off between depth and volume change is observed for both spherical and prolate models, with depth between 7.5 and 13.5 km and a volume change of 0.01–0.03 km3 at 95% confidence. For prolate spheroidal models, depth and volume change are additionally affected by the source axis ratio (b/a), which is greater than 0.55. Though the background seismicity remained low during the 2002–2003 episode, we identified a significant spike in activity during the maximum rate of uplift, similar to observations in both the much larger episodes in 1989–1990, and 1997–1998. More interestingly, we additionally find that all three episodes begin immediately after a short period of seismic quiescence, with background seismicity falling to levels below background levels following the prior uplift event. With the dense GPS coverage, we also identify increased opening of the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain after the 2002–2003 episode suggesting potential interaction of magmatic fluids between the two systems.
Verification and validation study of some polydisperse kinetic theories

Abstract The predictions of several polydisperse kinetic theories are presented in this study for the simple shear flow of a binary mixture of powders with varying sizes in a vacuum under zero gravity. These results are compared to published numerical data obtained using discrete molecular dynamics technique. The theory showing the most accurate results is modified so that the sum of the kinetic stresses of two or more identical solid phases adds to that of a monodisperse system with the same properties. Simulation results obtained in a three-dimensional riser for the flow of air and a binary mixture of glass beads are compared with available experimental data for each solid-phase velocity, concentration, and granular temperature. The predictions of the theory compare reasonably well with experimental data when the value of the linear particle–particle restitution coefficient is lowered to take into account the extra energy dissipation due to collisions between pairs of slightly frictional particles.
Does federal electoral redistricting induce congressional quits? An empirical note

The present paper used national data to examine the outcome of political redistricting (in the United States), from the 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, on congressional quits (retirements) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Our results suggest that the redistricting efforts created by these 1982 amendments have led to significantly lower retirement rates within the U.S. House. In fact, upon performing various unit root tests for variable stationarity and developing first-difference statistical equations, our results suggest that retirement rates after the passage of the 1982 amendments are approximately 10.5 to 15 percent lower. Such results contradict much of the previous work in the political science field, yet confirm many of the results beiung put forth by public choice scholars.
A unified approach to the realization of canonic RC-active, single as well as variable, frequency oscillators using operational amplifiers

Abstract A general, unified and systematic approach is employed to study realization of operational amplifier (OA) based sinusoidal RC-active oscillators. Both single frequency and variable frequency operations are investigated. A set of circuits is found for each case. The sets consist of 12 and 16 circuits respectively. The circuits are canonic, that is, they require the minimum number of active and passive components. For each circuit, the single frequency set requires one OA, two capacitors and four resistors, while the variable frequency set needs one OA, two capacitors and five resistors. Both sets are shown to be complete in that generation of any additional canonic circuit is not possible. Variable frequency oscillators are all single resistor controlled. They are classified into four groups according to the nature of their dependence on the variable resistor. All the circuits are laboratory tested. Experimental results agree closely with the theoretical analysis. Representative test results are included.
Humans and climate

Children of the Ice Age. by Steven M. Stanley Harmony: 1996. Pp. 278. $24.95.Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. by Elisabeth S. Vrba, George H. Denton, Timothy C. Partridge and Lloyd H. Burckle Yale University Press: 1995. Pp. 547. $85, £60.
The subscapularis-sparing approach in humeral head replacement.

Background This report represents a prospective case series evaluating an open deltopectoral approach, both radiologically and clinically, without tenotomy or complete takedown of the subscapularis tendon insertion. We hypothesized that this novel technical approach would allow preservation of the upper tendon border, thus decreasing subscapularis repair failures and fatty infiltration while simultaneously allowing accelerated rehabilitation. Methods Fifty patients underwent humeral head replacement surgery through a subscapularis-sparing approach. In this approach, we take down only the inferior 30% to 50% of the subscapularis tendon, leaving the critical superior aspect of the tendon attached to the lesser tuberosity. Forty-three patients were included in the postoperative results (7 were lost to follow-up). Nineteen patients had a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging study, and 24 patients had ultrasound evaluation. Physical examination included belly-press and lift-off tests; follow-up included visual analog scale, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant, modified UCLA, Rowe, and Short Form 12 scores. Results All patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up. All patients had subscapularis strength equal to the opposite side as measured by lift-off, belly-press, and bear hug tests. Average postoperative scores all showed statistically significant improvement except for general health. All had an intact subscapularis tendon attachment as evaluated by either magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound imaging. None had atrophy in the muscle belly. Conclusions The subscapularis-sparing, minimally invasive approach to the glenohumeral joint provides adequate exposure to allow humeral head replacement. When the upper border of the subscapularis insertion is left intact, there is a decreased risk of postoperative failure (rupture or atrophy) of the subscapularis tendon.
Molecular dynamics simulations of alkylsilane stationary-phase order and disorder. 2. Effects of temperature and chain length.

In an effort to elucidate the molecular-level structural features that control shape-selective separations, we have investigated the molecular dynamics of chromatographic models that represent both monomeric and polymeric stationary phases with alkylsilane length and temperature conditions analogous to actual materials of low to high shape selectivity. The structural characterization of these models is consistent with previous experimental observations of alkyl chain order and disorder: alkyl chain order increases both with alkyl chain length and with reduced temperature. Models that represent shape-selective reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) phases possess a significant region of distal end chain order with primarily trans dihedral angle conformations; the extension of these ordered regions into the phase increases with an increase in chain length. Models with extended chain length (C30) possess a higher degree of conformational order and are relatively insensitive to changes in surface covera...
Geomorphic effectiveness, sandur development, and the pattern of landscape response during jökulhlaups: Skeiðarársandur, southeastern Iceland

By contrast with other historical outburst floods on SkeiTararsandur, the 1996 jokulhlaup was unprecedented in its magnitude and duration, attaining a peak discharge of f53,000 m 3 /s in <17 h. Using a combination of field sampling and remote sensing techniques (Landsat TM, SAR interferometry, airphotos, and laser altimetry), we document the sandur-wide geomorphic impacts of this event. These impacts varied widely across the SkeiTararsandur and cannot be singularly attributed to jokulhlaup magnitude because pre-jokulhlaup glacial dynamics and the extant setting largely conditioned the spatial pattern, type, and magnitude of these impacts. Topographic lowering and asymmetric retreat of the ice front during the late twentieth century has decoupled the ice sheet from the moraine/sandur complex along the central and western sandur. This glacial control, in combination with the convex topography of the proximal sandur, promoted a shift from a primarily diffuse-source braided outwash system to a more point-sourced, channelized discharge of water and sediment. Deposition dominated within the proglacial depression, with approximately 3.8*10 7 m 3 of sediment, and along channel systems that remained connected to subglacial sediment supplies. This shift to a laterally dissimilar, channelized routing system creates a more varied depositional pattern that is not explicitly controlled by the concave longitudinal profile down-sandur. Laterally contiguous units, therefore, may vary greatly in age and sediment character, suggesting that current facies models inadequately characterize sediment transfers when the ice front is decoupled from its sandur. Water was routed onto the sandur in a highly organized fashion; and this jokulhlaup generated major geomorphic changes, including sandur incision in normally aggradational distal settings and eradication of proximal glacial landforms dating to fA.D. 1892. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Changes in the structure of the cell surface carbohydrates of the chinchilla tubotympanum following Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced otitis media.

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) are among the most frequently isolated pathogens in acute otitis media (AOM) and in otitis media with effusion (OME). Recently, the specific receptor for Spn has been identified as the trisaccharide unit Galβ1–4 GlcNAcβ1–3 Galβ with GlcNAcβ1–3 Galβ as the principal binding site. During the colonization of mucosal surfaces, pneumococci produce a variety of enzymes. This study was conducted to identify any resulting changes in the cell surface carbohydrate structure due to the action of these enzymes during pneumococcal otitis media (OM) in chinchillas. Using a lectin histochemical method with seven different lectins (SNA, LFA, WGA, Succ WGA, BSL II, PNA, ECL), the labeling pattern revealed not only the removal of the terminal sialic acid, but also the exposure of N-acetyl-glucosamine. These results suggested that Spn-produced enzymes uncover part of their own receptor structure and thus may facilitate adherence and subsequent infection.
Traveling ionospheric disturbances observed through use of a Thomson scatter technique employing Faraday rotation at 140 MHz

Abstract The Thomson scatter technique has been combined with Faraday rotation in order to deduce electron densities over the Naval Research Laboratory's Randle Cliff Radar facility. The Randle Cliff Radar frequency of ∼140 MHz has been shown to be approximately ideal for use of this hybrid technique at mid-latitudes. Electron density measurements made between ∼180 and ∼500 km during the daytime from November 1969 to May 1970 show both long (68 min) and short (20 min) period traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID); the average amplitude associated with the TID was found to be ∼4 per cent. It is suggested that the longer period TID may be useful in deducing certain atmospheric parameters such as neutral scale height or temperature.
Ruthenium carbenes as catalysts in stereoselective ene–yne metathesis/Diels–Alder and ene–yne metathesis/Diels–Alder/cross coupling multicomponent reactions

Abstract An ene–yne cross metathesis of silyl substituted alkynes and alkenes followed by a Diels–Alder reaction of the metathesis product 2-silyl-1,3-dienes has been developed. The dienes thus prepared in situ were shown to participate in highly diastereoselective Diels–Alder reactions. In one case the silicon substituted Diels–Alder cycloadduct was subsequently used without isolation and purification in a Hiyama cross coupling reaction. The cross coupling reactions enable these silicon dienes to be used as synthons for a variety of other dienes.
Specific integration of REV proviruses in avian bursal lymphomas

The most common naturally occurring cancer of chickens associated with retrovirus infection is lymphoid leukosis (LL), a bursa (B) cell lymphoma. The primary causative agents are avian lymphoid leukosis viruses (LLVs), which do not necessarily have an oncogene. Recent evidence of Hayward et al.1 suggests that LLV infection promotes the expression of a cellular gene, c-myc (homologous to the oncogene of acute leukaemia virus, MC-29) thereby triggering the transformation process. In the majority of the tumours induced by LLV, the pro virus is integrated next to the c-myc gene (refs 1,3,18,19). To examine further the specific involvement of c-myc in lymphocytic transformation, we exploited our previous findings that replication-competent or non-defective reticuloendotheliosis virus (nd REV), genetically unrelated to LLV, are also capable of inducing lymphoma in chickens, with similar latent period and pathology to LL5. We have characterized the structure of the nd REV proviruses in the induced tumours and report here that proviral DNA is integrated next to c-myc in over 90% of the tumours analysed. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that the c-myc and its adjacent sequences are important in B-lymphocyte transformation. We also obtained evidence that amplification and structural alteration of the chromosomal region encompassing the REV provirus and c-myc gene have occurred during tumorigenesis in some of the tumours.
Abstract 3125: Fisetin inhibits p90RSK/YB-1 signaling and downregulates chemoresistance associated P-glycoprotein in A375 melanoma cells

Malignant melanoma is notoriously difficult to treat due to lack of targeted systemic therapies and emergence of resistance to BRAF inhibitors, currently the treatment of choice for metastatic melanoma. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), an important effector of RAF/ERK signaling promotes melanoma growth and contributes to melanoma chemoresistance by altering response to chemotherapeutic agents. Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is an oncogenic transcription/translation factor involved in multiple cellular functions including proliferation, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent studies show that RSK1/2 can activate YB-1 through phosphorylation at its Ser102 residue. We found YB-1 expression to be significantly upregulated in metastatic melanoma cell lines when compared to normal human melanocytes. Treatment of A375 human melanoma cells with the dietary flavonoid fisetin (20-60µM) resulted in inhibition of phosphorylation of YB-1 at Ser102, with subsequent decrease in nuclear translocation and activation. We further studied the effect of fisetin on YB-1 signaling in a 3-D melanoma skin equivalent model, comprising of A375 melanoma cells, cultured with epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts that closely simulates the human skin. Studies in the 3-D model showed that fisetin treatment resulted in reduction in melanocytic lesions and tumor progression (p Citation Format: Deeba N. Syed, Rahul K. Lall, Mohammad Imran Khan, Maria Shabbir, Hasan Mukhtar. Fisetin inhibits p90RSK/YB-1 signaling and downregulates chemoresistance associated P-glycoprotein in A375 melanoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3125
THE PURIFICATION AND ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF TERT-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE FOR FUEL INSTABILITY STUDIES

ABSTRACT The most reactive oxygen compounds present in any fuel are the various alkyl and aromatic hydroperoxides that form by chemical reactions from dissolved molecular oxygen. When peroxide species are added as dopants in fuel oxidation studies, anhydrous peroxides are usually required. Anhydrous peroxide species are sensitive to trace quantities of metals, metal ions, and mineral acids. Thus, any peroxide compound should be handled carefully with anhydrous peroxides being especially dangerous. We describe our methods for purifying and analytically determining purity of low molecular weight alkyl hydroperoxides.
Neon isotope variations in Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts

Abstract The isotopic composition of neon was measured for seventeen samples of submarine basalt glass from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 54° and 73°N. They include the Reykjanes, Kolbeinsey, and Mohns Ridge segments. Neon isotopic anomalies, relative to the atmospheric ratios, exist in both20Ne/22Ne and21Ne/22Ne. A maximum excess20Ne of 7% was measured in two samples from the Reykjanes Ridge. Samples with lower20Ne excesses (six samples with δ20Ne between 2 and 4%) from all three ridge segments, appear to result from mixing of a mantle component with a δ20Ne of 7% and atmospheric neon.21Ne/22Ne ratios are up to 8% above the atmospheric value, with no apparent correlation with the20Ne excesses. The anomalies in20Ne/22Ne are difficult to explain by mass fractionation of an atmospheric reservoir since several of the samples have δ20Ne values greater than could be produced by single-stage fractionation. Most likely, the excess21Ne results from nuclear reactions in the mantle source, although there is no definite correlation between the δ21Ne or the excess21Ne (cm3 STP/g) and the uranium concentration. Large variations in the observed4He/20Ne ratio (40–12,000) remain unexplained at this time.
Majoranolide: A δ-lactone from Persea major

Abstract From the ethanol extract of the bark of Persea major , an additional new bioactive δ-lactone, majoranolide, has been isolated and characterized. The absolute stereochemistries of majoranolide and two previously isolated δ-lactones, majorynolide and majorenolide, have been determined by Horeau's method and CD spectra. Brine shrimp lethality was used to guide the fractionation, and the new lactone is moderately cytotoxic and inhibits crown gall tumours on potato discs.
B and not L in supersymmetry: New U ( 1 ) gauge symmetry and dark matter

To enforce the conservation of baryon number $B$ and not lepton number $L$ in supersymmetry, a new $U(1{)}_{X}$ gauge symmetry is recommended. An example is offered with new particles interacting under $U(1{)}_{X}$ which are good candidates for the dark matter of the Universe.
1233 INCREASING MALFORMATION RATES IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM) DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN MORTALITY IN A CLOSELY SUPERVISED POPULATION

1233 INCREASING MALFORMATION RATES IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM) DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN MORTALITY IN A CLOSELY SUPERVISED POPULATION
Spliced Leader RNA‐Mediated trans‐Splicing in a Dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis

Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is a form of mRNA processing originally described in parasitic kinetoplastids. During this reaction, a short RNA sequence is transferred from the 5'-end of an SL transcript to a splice acceptor site on pre-mRNA molecules. Here we report numerous mRNAs from a dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, which contain an identical leader sequence at their 5'-terminal end. Furthermore, we have isolated a gene from K. brevis encoding a putative SL RNA containing the conserved splice donor site immediately following the leader sequence. A 1,742-bp DNA fragment encoding a K. brevis 5S gene repeat was found to encode the SL RNA gene, as well as a U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene, and binding sites for the core components of the splicesome (Sm proteins) involved in RNA splicing. Therefore the K. brevis SL RNA appears to be in a genomic arrangement typical of SL genes in a number of species known to mature their mRNAs by trans-splicing. Additionally, we show that the SL gene exists as a stable snRNA and has a predicted secondary structure typical of SL RNAs. The data presented here support the hypothesis that an SL RNA is present in K. brevis and that maturation of a percentage of mRNAs in K. brevis occurs via a trans-splicing process in which a common SL sequence is added to the 5'-end of mature mRNAs. The occurrence of SL trans-splicing in a dinoflagellate extends the known phylogenetic range of this process.
Effect of photoperiod on estrous cycle length in the rat.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either 12, 14, or 16 hr of light/24 hr beginning at 60 days of age. After 2 weeks vaginal smears were begun and continued for 2–5 weeks. Rats in 12 hr of light were predominantly 4-day cyclers (70%), with 10% being 5-day cyclers and 20% being irregular and shifting from 1 cycle length to the other. In 14 hr of light, 41 % were 4-day animals, 28 % were 5-day animals and 31% irregular. In 16 hr of light, only 21% were 4-day cyclers, 46% were 5-day cyclers and 33% were irregular. The possibility is discussed that a longer daily photoperiod raises the threshold at which steroid secretion triggers the ovulatory luteinizing hormone release. (Endocrinology 83: 1355, 1968)
Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy

Abstract High-resolution fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in concentrated and unconcentrated water samples from a wide variety of freshwater, coastal and marine environments. Several types of fluorescent signals were observed, including humic-like, tyrosine-like, and tryptophan-like. Humic-like fluorescence consisted of two peaks, one stimulated by UV excitation (peak A) and one by visible excitation (peak C). For all samples, the positions of both excitation and emission maxima for peak C were dependent upon wavelength of observation, with a shift towards longer wavelength emission maximum at longer excitation wavelength and longer wavelength excitation maximum at longer emission wavelength. A trend was observed in the position of wavelength-independent maximum fluorescence ( Ex max Em max ) for peak C, with maximum at shorter excitation and emission wavelengths for marine samples than for freshwater samples. Mean positions of these maxima were: rivers Ex max Em max = 340 448 nm; coastal water Ex max Em max = 342 442 nm; marine shallow transitional Ex max Em max = 310 423 nm; marine shallow eutrophic Ex max Em max = 299 389 nm; and marine deep Ex max Em max = 340 438 nm. Differences suggest that the humic material in marine surface waters is chemically different from humic material in the other environments sampled. These results explain previous conflicting reports regarding fluorescence properties of DOM from natural waters and also provide a means of distinguishing between water mass sources in the ocean.
Palmitoylation of the EGFR Ligand Spitz by Rasp Increases Spitz Activity by Restricting Its Diffusion

Lipid modifications such as palmitoylation or myristoylation target intracellular proteins to cell membranes. Secreted ligands of the Hedgehog and Wnt families are also palmitoylated; this modification, which requires the related transmembrane acyltransferases Rasp and Porcupine, can enhance their secretion, transport, or activity. We show here that rasp is also essential for the developmental functions of Spitz, a ligand for the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In cultured cells, Rasp promotes palmitate addition to the N-terminal cysteine residue of Spitz, and this cysteine is required for Spitz activity in vivo. Palmitoylation reduces Spitz secretion and enhances its plasma membrane association, but does not alter its ability to activate the EGFR in vitro. In vivo, overexpressed unpalmitoylated Spitz has an increased range of action but reduced activity. These data suggest a role for palmitoylation in restricting Spitz diffusion, allowing its local concentration to reach the threshold required for biological function.
Simultaneous Bilateral Real-Time 3-D Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging at 1 MHz Through Poor Acoustic Windows

Ultrasound imaging has been proposed as a rapid, portable alternative imaging modality to examine stroke patients in pre-hospital or emergency room settings. However, in performing transcranial ultrasound examinations, 8%–29% of patients in a general population may present with window failure, in which case it is not possible to acquire clinically useful sonographic information through the temporal bone acoustic window. In this work, we describe the technical considerations, design and fabrication of low-frequency (1.2 MHz), large aperture (25.3 mm) sparse matrix array transducers for 3-D imaging in the event of window failure. These transducers are integrated into a system for real-time 3-D bilateral transcranial imaging—the ultrasound brain helmet—and color flow imaging capabilities at 1.2 MHz are directly compared with arrays operating at 1.8 MHz in a flow phantom with attenuation comparable to the in vivo case. Contrast-enhanced imaging allowed visualization of arteries of the Circle of Willis in 5 of 5 subjects and 8 of 10 sides of the head despite probe placement outside of the acoustic window. Results suggest that this type of transducer may allow acquisition of useful images either in individuals with poor windows or outside of the temporal acoustic window in the field.
Real-time frequency-domain terahertz sensing and imaging of isopropyl alcohol–water mixtures on a microfluidic chip

Abstract We have developed a real-time chemical sensing methodology that integrates transmission terahertz frequency-domain spectroscopy (THz-FDS) with a quartz-based microuidic subsystem. The initial examination of isopropyl alcohol–water (IPA/water) mixtures at frequencies from 0.570 to 0.630 THz exhibited well-behaved transmission performance, showing the potential to reveal detailed spectral information that is usually absent in THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Linear least-squares regression plots at three selected THz frequencies, i.e. 0.580, 0.590 and 0.625 THz, suggested excellent linear signal responses over the entire IPA concentration range with detection responsivities greater than 4.6712 μV/% with R2 > 0.953. The system can potentially achieve a high detection sensitivity owning to the low THz detector noise. The real-time monitoring of sequentially injected IPA/water mixtures displayed fast response potentially approaching ~10 ns which is suitable for studying ultrafast in situ dynamic chemical and biological phenomena. The THz mapping capability of two-stream laminar flow was also demonstrated. The THz microfluidic sensing strategy represents a versatile approach to enable broadband, high spectral and spatial resolution, as well as fast responses for a wide range of chemical and biological applications including real-time, label-free monitoring, sensing and imaging.
The stability bias and adjustment to climatic variability: the case of the rising level of the Great Salt Lake

Abstract The recent rapid rise in the level of Utah's Great Salt Lake is discussed as a case of societal adjustment to climatic variability. The adjustment and decision-making process is discussed in the context of how variability in the lake has been perceived. This paper argues that important decisions have been and continue to be based on a misconception that the lake is stable. This stability bias favours short-term structural adjustments, rather than more flexible long-term strategies for adapting to lake-level variability. The costs of these rigid short-term adjustments are discussed in the context of increasing societal vulnerability to lake-level and climatic variability.
A surface generated acoustic wave liquid microsensor

The properties of the acoustic waves in a fluid overlay on a piezoelectric substrate are investigated. Acoustic wave properties such as velocity and attenuation are obtained as a function of the thickness and physical properties of the fluid layer. It is shown that subtle changes in fluid properties modify the acoustic wave properties, which can then be used as the sensing element in a fluid microprocessor. Various liquids containing different concentrations of solutes were studied. Both the velocity and the attenuation of the acoustic mode varied in a predictable fashion as the fluid properties changed. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity to minute variations in solute concentrations. The sensor response was not extremely sensitive to geometric factors such as the parallelism of the two solids. This type of acoustic sensor may have applications in such diverse areas as water pollution control, chemical sensors, and biosensors. >
Evaporation rate and skin blood flow in full term infants nursed in a warm environment before and after feeding cold water

Evaporation rate and skin blood flow in fullterm infants nursed in a warm environment, before and after feeding cold water
The use of Morycz's desire-to-institutionalize scale across three racial/ethnic groups.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the dimensionality and reliability of a frequently used scale for predicting the desire to institutionalize among White, African American, and Hispanic caregivers of persons with dementia. Method: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability analyses were performed on a slightly modified version of Morycz’s (1985) Desire to Institutionalize (DTI) scale separately for each racial group using data from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) II study (Belle et al., 2006). Results: The EFA revealed a one-factor structure that was equivalent across all racial groups. The scale demonstrated moderate reliability with KR-20 alpha of .694 for Whites, .742 for African Americans, and .767 for Hispanics. Discussion: Findings suggest that Morycz’s DTI scale is a consistently reliable measure for assessing the desire to institutionalize across White, African American, and Hispanic dementia caregivers.
CD38 expression levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are associated with activation marker expression and differential responses to interferon stimulation

CD38 expression levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are associated with activation marker expression and differential responses to interferon stimulation
REGIONAL VARIATION IN ARTERIAL RESPONSE TO NOREPINEPHRINE DURING FETAL (F) AND NEWBORN (N) LIFE

REGIONAL VARIATION IN ARTERIAL RESPONSE TO NOREPINEPHRINE DURING FETAL (F) AND NEWBORN (N) LIFE
Interphase boundary precipitation in a Ti-1.7 at. pct Er alloy

Microstructures in a Ti-1.7 at. pct Er alloy were studied in the arc-cast, rapidly solidified, and annealed conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the rapidly solidified materials revealed 3- to 20-nm-diameter precipitates that were distributed in regularly spaced, approximately planar sheets throughout equiaxed α Ti grains. The precipitate sheet morphology is similar to the interphase boundary carbide sheets that have been documented in many alloy steels. In addition, precipitate fibers with cross sections of approximately 5 nm and up to 500 nm in length were often found adjacent to particle sheets. Electron diffraction experiments showed that the structure and lattice spacings of the sheet and fibrous particles are consistent with elemental erbium. Subsequent annealing treatments resulted in the formation of a face-centered cubic allotrope of Er2O3. The present work describes the precipitate morphologies and crystallography and discusses the applicability of current ledge growth models of interphase boundary precipitation to titanium-erbium alloys.
Seasonal Variation in Thyroxine Secretion Rates in Two Strains of New Hampshire Chickens

Abstract STUDY of the thyroxine secretion rate of dairy cattle in Missouri has indicated considerable variation in rate due to seasonal change in environmental temperature. During the summer months, the mean secretion rate was only 1/3 that of the winter rate (Premachandra et al., 1958a). In fowls, the thyroxine secretion rate of two strains of New Hampshire chickens selected for high and low response to thiouracil during the winter months has been reported (Premachandra et al., 1958b). It was noted that the strain showing a marked response to thiouracil (high line) secreted a mean of 1.01 μg./100 g. body weight, whereas the strain showing low response secreted an average of 2.97 μg./100 g. body weight. Comparable data showing mean and range in thyroxine secretion rate of these two strains during the summer months are reported. EXPERIMENTAL The description of the two strains of New Hampshire chickens used in this study has …
Cloning and sequencing of the para-type sodium channel gene from susceptible and kdr-resistant German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) and house fly (Musca domestica)

Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), the DNA sequence for the main membrane-spanning region (IS3 through IVS6) of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the para sodium channel of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, has been determined. The overall structure of the open reading frame region of this B. germanica gene is very similar to that of the para gene of Drosophila melanogaster, and that of the partially sequenced para gene of Musca domestica. On the other hand, it is distinctly different from that of the DSC gene (Drosophila sodium channel). As a result of a side-by-side comparison of the para gene sequences of the susceptible CSMA strain and the kdr resistant VT strain of B. germanica, on mutation (TTG to TTC) at the approximate center of the IIS6 membrane-spanning segment was found to result in an amino acid change from L to F. While the functional meaning of this mutation for the operation of the para sodium channel remains to be studied, this region is very highly conserved among all sodium channels identified so far, and is one of the most hydrophobic areas of the entire α-subunit. For comparison, we have studied the same region of the para sodium channel of both kdr and susceptible SBO strain of the housefly, Musca domestica. We found the homologous type of mutation, CTT to TTT, resulting in the same amino acid alteration (L to F) at this site. However, in the case of houseflies both kdr and susceptible strains contained both L and F versions of the protein. The ratio of TTT to CTT was significantly higher in the kdr strain of M. domestica than in the three susceptible strains examined.
The stereochemical resolution of the enantiomers of aspartame on an immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin HPLC chiral stationary phase: the effect of mobile-phase composition and enzyme activity.

The enantioselective and diastereoselective resolutions of the stereoisomers of N alpha-aspartyl-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester (APME) have been accomplished on an HPLC chiral stationary phase based upon alpha-chymotrypsin (the ACHT-CSP) with observed enantioselectivities (alpha 1) for the DL-/LD-enantiomer of as high as 29.17 and for the DD-/LL-enantiomers of as high as 28.97. In addition, the effect on the chromatographic retention of the APME stereoisomers of the activity of the ACHT and the composition of the mobile phase--structure of the anionic component, molarity, and pH--have been studied. The results of this study suggest that the aspartyl moiety and/or the aspartyl-phenylalanine amide linkage play key roles in the observed enantioselectivity; the APME stereoisomers containing L-phenylalanine, i.e., DL- and LL-APME, bind at a different site in the ACHT molecule (the L-Phe site) than the APME stereoisomers containing D-phenylalanine (the D-Phe site); and the observed enantioselectivity is a measure of the difference in the binding affinities at the two sites rather than the consequence of differential affinities at a single site.
Causes of fetal and neonatal death with special reference to pulmonary and inflammatory lesions.

Summary Intraventricular hemorrhage was responsible for the deaths of eleven liveborn premature infants; it was the single leading cause of death of previable premature live-born infants. The source of the bleeding was not always demonstrable. In some infants the hemorrhage appeared to arise from the engorged vessels of the choroid plexuses; more frequently it appeared to result from the rupture of one or more subependymal hemorrhages into the ventricular cavity. The stria terminalis thalami was a frequent site of such subependymal hemorrhages. It seems probable that intraventricular hemorrhages cannot be attributed to any single cause but that anoxia, trauma, and the socalled “suction effect” all play a role in their pathogenesis. Prematurity, however, is the one feature common to the vast majority of intraventricular hemorrhages and is certainly the most important factor predisposing to the development of this lesion.
The regulation of the ilvADGE operon: Evidence for positive control by threonine deaminase☆

We isolated a strain (PS187) containing a mutation in the ilvA structural gene (threonine deaminase) affecting the regulation of the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes. We studied the effect of the mutation, ilvA538, on the ability of the ilvADGE operon to respond to limitations of branched chain amino acids. We found that this regulatory mutation prevents a derepression response to limitations of branched chain amino acids. The mutation is epistatic to constitutive mutations which are deficient in co-repressor synthesis. In addition, the ilvA+ allele is dominant to ilvA538 in trans, while a cis regulatory mutation, vlr-2005, is dominant in cis. We suggest a positive regulatory role for the ilvA gene product and present evidence that the apo-dimer form of threonine deaminase is the molecular species essential for an efficient depression response of the ilvADGE operon.
Measurements of phosphorus uptake by macrophytes and epiphytes from the LaPlatte River (VT) using 32P in stream microcosms

1. Phosphorus (P) uptake by macrophytes and epiphytes from the LaPlatte River (VT) was examined in the laboratory by adding 32PO4-P to recirculating stream microcosms. 2. Water, plugs of sediment and plants were removed from the river and placed into the microcosms. 32PO4-P was then added either to the water or the sediment, and its incorporation into plants and epiphytes was monitored over 3 days. Uptake was examined at both ambient (5 μg L–1) and increased (50 μg L–1) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations. A computer program was developed to fit curves to the radiotracer data and calculate rate constants for the simultaneous transfer of 32P among compartments. 3. Both macrophytes and epiphytes removed P from the water, but epiphyte uptake of P was more rapid. Phosphate enrichment stimulated P uptake by both macrophytes and epiphytes. Macrophytes also obtained P from the sediment. The relative contribution of P to macrophytes from the water vs. that from the sediment appeared to vary with SRP in the overlying water. Accurate estimates of rates of P uptake from sediments by macrophytes were difficult to obtain however, due to very low and highly variable unit rate constants for P uptake and uncertainty about the magnitude of the phosphate pool available for uptake. 4. SRP concentrations were greater in the overlying water than in the sediment pore water of stream microcosms in the present study. Numerous reports in the literature have suggested that this condition favours uptake by macrophyte stems and leaves rather than by roots. 5. Phosphate uptake from the water by macrophytes in shallow streams may be more common than for macrophytes in lakes.
A tool-supported approach to inter-tabular verification

Abstract The use of decision tables to verify knowledge based systems (KBS) has been advocated several times in the validation and verification (V&V) literature. However, one of the main drawbacks of these systems is that they fail to detect anomalies that occur over rule chains. In a decision table based context this means that anomalies that occur due to interactions between tables are neglected. These anomalies are called inter-tabular anomalies. In this paper we investigate an approach that deals with inter-tabular anomalies. One of the prerequisites for the approach was that it could be used by the knowledge engineer during the development of the KBS. This requires that the anomaly check can be performed on-line. As a result, the approach partly uses heuristics where exhaustive checks would be too inefficient. All detection facilities that will be described have been implemented in a table-based development tool called prologa . The use of this tool will be briefly illustrated. In addition, some experiences in verifying large knowledge bases are discussed.
Airborne particulates and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease: a quantitative review of the evidence.

This is a quantitative review of studies characterizing the relationship between exposure to airborne particulates and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease. A MEDLINE search and a review of reference lists were conducted to identify time-series studies that considered particles less than 10 microm or 2.5 microm in diameter (PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively) and their association with day-to-day variation in cardiovascular admissions. The results of these studies were standardized to give estimates of the percentage increase in hospital admissions associated with an increase in ingestion of ambient particles of 10 microg/m3. The results were grouped and compared on the basis of the specific outcomes and exposure measures. When studies that considered the association between PM(10) exposure and specific cardiovascular outcomes were pooled (after exclusion of outliers), a 10-microg/m(3) increase in PM(10) was associated with increases in admission rates of 0.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5, 1.2%) for congestive heart failure, 0.7% (95% CI: 0.4, 1.0%) for ischemic heart disease, and 0.2% (95% CI: -0.2, 0.6%) for cerebrovascular accidents. These effects tended to diminish substantially when gaseous co-pollutants were considered. The extent to which these effects are due to fine particles is unclear. The available studies indicate that exposure to airborne particles is associated with hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease; but the magnitude of this effect depends strongly on the specific disease category being considered, the time lag used in the analysis, and the type and amount of co-pollutants. Future studies should include careful consideration of the role of co-pollutants in this association, the interaction of particles with temperature, the impact of particle size on this effect, and the extent to which the observed effect involves short-term "harvesting."
Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Using Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN)

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic pain syndrome, which involves glial activation and central sensitization in the central nervous system. Here, we describe positive outcomes of two CRPS patients, after they were treated with low-dose naltrexone (a glial attenuator), in combination with other CRPS therapies. Prominent CRPS symptoms remitted in these two patients, including dystonic spasms and fixed dystonia (respectively), following treatment with low-dose naltrexone (LDN). LDN, which is known to antagonize the Toll-like Receptor 4 pathway and attenuate activated microglia, was utilized in these patients after conventional CRPS pharmacotherapy failed to suppress their recalcitrant CRPS symptoms.