cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introducing computer science in an integrated science course

This paper describes our implementation and experience of incorporating computer science concepts into a team-taught, first-year interdisciplinary course for prospective science majors at the University of Richmond. The course integrates essential concepts from each of five STEM disciplines: biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics. Including computer science in this course faces three primary challenges: few of the students have any CS background; the time devoted to CS instruction is reduced compared to a traditional introductory CS course; and the spirit of the course requires the CS material to be highly integrated with the other disciplines. Here we discuss our experience from three-plus years of offering the course and its impact on the major/minor pool of students in our own discipline.
"Race" and the Construction of Human Identity

Race as a mechanism of social stratification and as a form of human identity is a recent concept in human history. Historical records show that neither the idea nor ideologies associated with race existed before the seventeenth century. In the United States, race became the main form of human identity, and it has had a tragic effect on low-status "racial" minorities and on those people who perceive themselves as of "mixed race." We need to research and understand the consequences of race as the premier source of human identity. This paper briefly explores how race became a part of our culture and consciousness and argues that we must disconnect cultural features of identity from biological traits and study how "race" eroded and superseded older forms of human identity. It suggests that "race" ideology is already beginning to disintegrate as a result of twentieth-century changes.
Electrical activation of PAN-Pt artificial muscles

Activated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are known to elongate and contract when immersed in caustic and acidic solutions, respectively. The change in length for these pH activated fibers is greater than 100% and are comparable in strength to human muscle, yet need of strong acids and bases for actuation has limited the use of PAN fibers as linear actuators or artificial muscles. Increasing the conductivity of PAN by depositing platinum within the fibers has allowed for electrical activation of PAN artificial muscles when it is placed in an electrochemical cell. The electrolysis of water in such a cell produces hydrogen ions at a PAN anode, thus locally decreasing the pH and causing the PAN muscle to contract. Reversing the electric field allows the PAN muscle to elongate. A 40% change in PAN muscle length in less than 10 minutes is observed when it is placed as an electrode in a 10 mM NaCl electrolyte solution and connected to a 20 volt power supply. These initial results indicate potential in developing electrically activated PAN muscles and linear actuators, which would be much more applicable than chemically activated PAN.
Dislocation-free zone at the crack tip

Abstract The dislocation-free zone recently observed at the crack tip increases with the difficulty of dislocation emission from the crack tip and with the decreasing of lattice friction for the motion of dislocations. The critical conditions for zone formation are obtained. The results suggest that a dislocation-free zone does not imply purely elastic behavior for crack propagation since dislocations still can be emitted from the crack. However, the results do suggest that in addition to dislocation motion in the lattice, dislocation generation at the crack tip may be a very important parameter affecting the brittleness of the material.
Evidence for membrane association of plasminogen activator activity in mouse macrophages

Production and release of high levels of plasminogen activator, a serine protease often referred to as a secretory product, has been considered as a biochemical index for mouse macrophage “activation”. Although the mechanism for plasminogen activator release is not known, several characteristics of the release process suggest that the enzyme may be shed from the cell surface of activated macrophages rather than secreted. In this paper, we show that plasminogen activator activity in thioglycollate elicited macrophages is predominantly associated with a subcellular fraction consisting mainly of membranes and granules which are pelletable at 100,000 x g. Furthermore, plasminogen activator activity can be solubilized only by detergents and not by treatments which are known to release granule-bound contents as well as loosely associated peripheral membrane proteins. Thus, these results suggest that macrophage plasminogen activator is firmly found to cellular membranes.
Thinking about the Self from a Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

In this paper Kashima et al. develop an interesting model of self that attempts to simulate several psychological processes critical to an amalgamated James-Mead theoretical conceptualization of se...
Merging Hierarchies Using Object Placement

Objects are often organized in a hierarchy to help in managing or browsing them. For example, products in a store can be divided by type (electronics, clothes, books, ...) and then by brand (Sony, Epson, Dockers, ...). Web pages at a site can also be placed in a hierarchy. For instance, a French tourist site may have categories cities, history, hotels, tours; within the cities category we have pages divided by city, and then by events, maps, restaurants. In this paper we study the problem of hierarchy integration, in particular, how to combine two related hierarchies into one, more comprehensive one. The need to integrate arises in many situations where the objects come from different systems. In our product hierarchy examplFrench tourism sitese above, we may want to provide a comparison shopping service that offers products from two stores; in our tourism example, we may want to build a meta- web-site that combines the resources of two or more French tourism sites. To simplify the problem, we study how to merge one hierarchy into a second known base hierarchy, by copying references to objects into the base hierarchy, and perhaps by adding some categories into the base hierarchy.
A human disease indicator for the effects of recent global climate change

Connections between weather and disease are well established, with many diseases occurring during certain seasons or erupting from unseasonable flood or drought conditions. With new concerns about global warming, accompanied by greater climate variability, many recent studies have focused on disease fluctuations related to short-term or interannual climate oscillations (e.g., from weather extremes driven by El Nino). Yet, the nagging question remains as to whether or not there has been any documented change in human disease trends in response to long-term climate change, since warming has already occurred over the last century (1, 2). This study likely represents the first piece of evidence that warming trends over the last century are affecting human disease.
Determinants of the relation between transitory earnings and CEO cash compensation in the USA

Prior research documents that gains from non-recurring transactions flow through to CEOs' compensation, but that losses from non-recurring transactions do not. This paper extends extant literature by exploring the determinants of this phenomenon. We provide evidence that the prior findings of the asymmetric weighting of transitory gains over losses are more prominent for firms where CEOs are also Chairmen of the Board (duality effect). This asymmetry, however, weakens in firms with a high level of external monitoring, such as those in regulated industries (monitoring effect). The compensation weight on transitory gains also increases as earnings predictability declines (uncertainty effect), as CEOs get closer to retirement (retirement effect), and as the absolute magnitude of the non-recurring earnings increases relative to total earnings (magnitude effect). This study has practical implications for regulators, corporations and investors, both in the USA and abroad.
Radiologic Evaluation of Pediatric Blunt Renal Trauma in Patients with Microscopic Hematuria

As a result of the rapid increase in medical costs, the efficacy of diagnostic imaging is under examination, and efforts have been made to identify patients who may safely be spared radiographic imaging. We reviewed the records of children who presented to our institution with suspected blunt renal injuries to determine if radiographic evaluation is necessary in children with microscopic hematuria and blunt renal trauma. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1200 children (ages less than 18 years) who sustained blunt abdominal trauma and who presented to our level I pediatric trauma center between 1995 and 1997. Urinalysis was performed in 299 patients (25%). Urinalysis results were correlated with findings on abdominal computed tomography (CT). All patients had more than three red blood cells per high power field (RBC/ hpf) or gross hematuria. Renal injuries were graded according to the injury scale defined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Sixty-five patients had microscopic hematuria. Thirty-five (54%) were evaluated with an abdominal CT scan. Three patients sustained significant renal injuries (grade II-V), and 32 patients had normal findings or renal contusions. Therefore only 3 of 65 patients (4.6%) sustained a significant renal injury. All three patients had other associated major organ injuries. Of the three patients with gross hematuria evaluated with abdominal CT, one (33%) sustained a significant renal injury and had no associated injuries. The degree of hematuria did not correlate with the grade of renal injury. Pediatric patients with blunt trauma, microscopic hematuria, and no associated injuries do not require radiologic evaluation, as significant renal injuries are unlikely. However, children who present with associated injuries and microscopic hematuria after blunt trauma may have significant renal injuries and should undergo radiologic evaluation.
Lineage Tracing Quantification Reveals Symmetric Stem Cell Division in Drosophila Male Germline Stem Cells

In the homeostatic state, adult stem cells divide either symmetrically to increase the stem cell number to compensate stem cell loss, or asymmetrically to maintain the population while producing differentiated cells. We have investigated the mode of stem cell division in the testes of Drosophila melanogaster by lineage tracing and confirm the presence of symmetric stem cell division in this system. We found that the rate of symmetric division is limited to 1–2% of total germline stem cell divisions, but it increases with expression of a cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, or a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, Moesin, which may modulate adhesiveness of germ cells to the stem cell niche. Our results indicate that the decision regarding asymmetric vs. symmetric division is a dynamically regulated process that contributes to tissue homeostasis, responding to the needs of the tissue.
Group systematic desensitization and implosive therapy for death anxiety

Neither group desensitization nor group implosion was successful in reducing death anxiety of 48 nurses. Implications for future attempts to reduce death anxiety were discussed.
Here, there and everywhere: Emotion and mental state talk in different social contexts predicts empathic helping in toddlers

A growing body of literature suggests that parents socialize early-emerging prosocial behavior across varied contexts and in subtle yet powerful ways. We focus on discourse about emotions and mental states as one potential socialization mechanism given its conceptual relevance to prosocial behavior and its known positive relations with emotion understanding and social-cognitive development, as well as parents' frequent use of such discourse beginning in infancy. Specifically, we ask how parents' emotion and mental state talk (EMST) with their toddlers relates to toddlers' helping and how these associations vary by context. Children aged 18- to 30-months (n = 38) interacted with a parent during book reading and joint play with toys, two everyday contexts that afford parental discussion of emotions and mental states. Children also participated in instrumental and empathic helping tasks. Results revealed that although parents discuss mental states with their children in both contexts, the nature of their talk differs: during book reading parents labeled emotions and mental states significantly more often than during joint play, especially simple affect words (e.g., happy, sad) and explanations or elaborations of emotions; whereas they used more desire talk and mental state words (e.g., think, know) in joint play. Parents' emotion and mental state discourse related to children's empathic, emotion-based helping behavior; however, it did not relate to instrumental, action-based helping. Moreover, relations between parent talk and empathic helping varied by context: children who helped more quickly had parents who labeled emotion and mental states more often during joint play and who elicited this talk more often during book reading. As EMST both varies between contexts and exhibits context-specific associations with empathic prosocial behavior early in development, we conclude that such discourse may be a key form of socialization in emerging prosociality.
Proximity correction for e-beam lithography

As the critical dimensions required for masks and e-beam direct write become ever smaller, the correction of proximity effects becomes more necessary. Furthermore, the problem is beset by the fact that only a positive energy dose can be applied with the e-beam. We discuss here approaches such as chopping and dose shifting which have been proposed to meet the positivity requirement. An alternative approach is to treat proximity correction as an optimization problem. Two such methods, local area dose correction and optimization using a regularizer proportional to the informational entropy of the solution, are compared. A notable feature of the regularized proximity correction is the ability to correct for forward scattering by the generation of a 'firewall' set back from the edge of a feature. As the forward scattering width increases, the firewall is set back further from the feature edge. The regularized optimization algorithm is computationally time consuming using conventional techniques. However, the algorithm lends itself to a microelectronics integrated circuit coprocessor implementation which could perform the optimization much faster than even the fastest work stations. Scaling the circuit to larger number of pixels is best approached with a hybrid serial/parallel digital architecture which would correct for proximity effects over 108 pixels about one hour. This time can be reduced by simply adding additional coprocessors.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Technologies for detecting falsified and substandard drugs in low and middle-income countries.

Falsified and substandard drugs are a global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) that have weak pharmacovigilance and drug regulatory systems. Poor quality medicines have important health consequences, including the potential for treatment failure, development of antimicrobial resistance, and serious adverse drug reactions, increasing healthcare costs and undermining the public's confidence in healthcare systems. This article presents a review of the methods employed for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Technologies for detecting substandard and falsified drugs were identified primarily through literature reviews. Key-informant interviews with experts augmented our methods when warranted. In order to aid comparisons, technologies were assigned a suitability score for use in LMIC ranging from 0–8. Scores measured the need for electricity, need for sample preparation, need for reagents, portability, level of training required, and speed of analysis. Technologies with higher scores were deemed the most feasible in LMICs. We categorized technologies that cost $10,000 USD or less as low cost, $10,000–100,000 USD as medium cost and those greater than $100,000 USD as high cost technologies (all prices are 2013 USD). This search strategy yielded information on 42 unique technologies. Five technologies were deemed both low cost and had feasibility scores between 6–8, and an additional four technologies had medium cost and high feasibility. Twelve technologies were deemed portable and therefore could be used in the field. Many technologies can aid in the detection of substandard and falsified drugs that vary from the simplest of checklists for packaging to the most complex mass spectrometry analyses. Although there is no single technology that can serve all the requirements of detecting falsified and substandard drugs, there is an opportunity to bifurcate the technologies into specific niches to address specific sections within the workflow process of detecting products.
Nine-year experience with insertion of vena cava filters in the intensive care unit.

Background: Vena cava filter insertion (VCF) is traditionally performed in a radiology suite or in the operating room. We reviewed our experience of bedside VCF insertion in the intensive care unit (ICU) performed by general surgeons. Methods: A prospective, observational study of bedside VCF insertion in the ICU was performed by general surgeons between February 1996 and June 2005. Demographic data and procedural complications were recorded. Results: Four hundred three patients underwent bedside VCF insertion. Complications included 1 groin hematoma, 2 misplacements, and a right ventricular perforation from a dilator requiring surgical repair. DVT occurred in 38 patients (8.5%); 14 occurred at the insertion site. There were 2 pulmonary embolisms (<1%) after VCF. Contrast-related renal failure occurred in 2 of the first 35 patients; carbon dioxide gas is now used for contrast in high-risk patients. Conclusions: Bedside insertion of VCF in the ICU by surgeons is safe and effective.
Fast multivoxel two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging at 3 T.

Abstract The utility of multivoxel two-dimensional chemical shift imaging in the clinical environment will ultimately be determined by the imaging time and the metabolite peaks that can be detected. Different k -space sampling schemes can be characterized by their minimum required imaging time. The use of spiral-based readout gradients effectively reduces the minimum scan time required due to simultaneous data acquisition in three k -space dimensions ( k x , k y and k f 2 ). A 3-T spiral-based multivoxel two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging sequence using the PRESS excitation scheme was implemented. Good performance was demonstrated by acquiring preliminary in vivo data for applications, including brain glutamate imaging, metabolite T 2 quantification and high-spatial-resolution prostate spectroscopic imaging. All protocols were designed to acquire data within a 17-min scan time at a field strength of 3 T.
TRITIUM PRODUCTION BY 2.2-BEV PROTONS ON IRON AND ITS RELATION TO COSMIC RADIATION

The cross section for tritium production by 2.2-Bev protons on iron is measured to be 62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 mb. This tritium cross section indicates that (1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ tritons/g sec would be produced in small iron meteorites (a few inches in radius) in space by cosmic rays of the intensity of those striking the earth's polar regions. In 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ years, (6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cc of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ per gram of iron results from this cosmic-ray tritium. Mount Ayliff meteorite contains 11.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cc of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ per gram, indicating its bombardment by a cosmic-ray flux at least as intense as is presently striking the earth. The variation of tritium with target depth is also measured and indicates a decrease less rapid than an attenuation due to geometric cross section.
Unrecognized errors due to analog filtering of the brain-stem auditory evoked response

Analog filtering of the brain-stem auditory evoked response (BAER) and synthetic wave forms using steeply sloped filters are shown to produce significant distortion even when filter cut-off frequencies are well removed from the wave form spectrum. The degree of distortion is such that it may result in erroneous identification of peaks in the BAER. Reversal of the order of peaks may occur with high pass settings at only 1/4 the lowest constituent frequency. Filter effects were identified as a major source of cross-laboratory differences in BAERs recorded from laboratory rats. Filter transfer functions of a typical analog filter set were derived for both gain and phase as a function of frequency. Filtering of synthetic wave forms was used to elucidate and highlight distortion effects. A typical Long-Evans rat BAER wave form was spectrum analyzed and conclusions were drawn with respect to appropriate bandpass frequencies.
Phenylglyoxal suppresses cationic lysine/K+ symport under alkaline conditions in brush border membrane vesicles from larval Manduca sexta midgut.

The arginine-specific reagent, phenylglyoxal, decreases the initial rate of lysine/K+ symport (cotransport) as well as maximum lysine accumulation at pH 9.2, by brush border membrane vesicles obtained from the larval midgut of the lepidopteran, Manduca sexta. The symport of a neutral amino acid, leucine, remained unaffected. Following exposure to phenylglyoxal, the apparent dissociation constant for lysine increased by a factor of 2.5 whereas the maximum uptake rate decreased by a factor of 0.4. More than one arginine residue appears to react with phenylglyoxal. Apparently phenylgyoxal reacts preferentially with arginine residues on a symporter that is specific for positively charged lysine. Phenylglyoxal shows promise as a specific covalent label for the identification of a cationic amino acid symporter. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A SPECTRAL COLLOCATION METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE, NON-SIMILAR BOUNDARY LAYERS

An efficient and highly accurate algorithm based on a spectral collocation method is developed for numerical solution of the compressible, two-dimensional and axisymmetric boundary layer equations. The numerical method incorporates a fifth-order, fully implicit marching scheme in the streamwise (timelike) dimension and a spectral collocation method based on Chebyshev polynomial expansions in the wall-normal (spacelike) dimension. The spectral collocation algorithm is used to derive the nonsimilar mean velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer of a 'fuselage' (cylinder) in a high-speed (Mach 5) flow parallel to its axis. The stability of the flow is shown to be sensitive to the gradual streamwise evolution of the mean flow and it is concluded that the effects of transverse curvature on stability should not be ignored routinely.
Arbutus menziesii (Ericaceae) facilitates regeneration dynamics in mixed evergreen forests by promoting mycorrhizal fungal diversity and host connectivity.

 Premise of study: In the mixed evergreen forests in the western United States, Arbutus menziesii is able to quickly resprout following disturbance and, as such, act as a nurse tree during forest regeneration. The mechanism for this nurse tree effect has frequently been ascribed to mycorrhizal fungi, but no detailed molecular-based studies of the mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with A. menziesii roots have yet been conducted.  Methods: We examined the structure of the mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with A. menziesii in varying forest types and seasons and assessed the potential for common mycelial networks between A. menziesii and Pinaceae hosts, particularly Pseudotsuga menziesii . Study sites were located in the Klamath-Siskyou region in southern Oregon, United States. Molecular approaches were used to identify the mycorrhizal fungi (ITS rDNA) and plant hosts ( trnL cDNA).  Key results: Arbutus menziesii hosts a highly diverse mycorrhizal fungal community with similar composition to communities found on other angiosperm and Pinaceae hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of the mycorrhizal genus Piloderma revealed that host species and geographic location had little effect on fungal taxon relatedness. Multihost fungal taxa were signifi cantly more frequent and abundant than single-host fungal taxa, and there was high potential for the formation of common mycelial networks with P. menziesii .  Conclusions: Our results suggest A. menziesii is a major hub of mycorrhizal fungal diversity and connectivity in mixed evergreen forests and plays an important role in forest regeneration by enhancing belowground resilience to disturbance.
NMR Metabolomics Analysis of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are linked to PD pathogenesis, its etiology and pathology remain to be elucidated. Metabolomics investigates metabolite changes in biofluids, cell lysates, tissues and tumors in order to correlate these metabolomic changes to a disease state. Thus, the application of metabolomics to investigate PD provides a systematic approach to understand the pathology of PD, to identify disease biomarkers, and to complement genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics studies. This review will examine current research into PD mechanisms with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurotoxin-based PD animal models and the rationale for metabolomics studies in PD will also be discussed. The review will also explore the potential of NMR metabolomics to address important issues related to PD treatment and diagnosis.
Intraoperative radiation therapy and Mohs micrographic surgery on an outpatient basis.

backgroundIntraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is used to deliver therapeutic doses of radiation to a surgically exposed tumor or tumor bed while minimizing the radiation dose to adjacent normal tissue. It is traditionally given with the patient under general anesthesia.objectiveTo report a case
Information portal "Our School": a case study of IT introduction into education in Ukraine

This paper describes Ukrainian IRTC activities in Web school portal development and support. At first, the problems of Ukrainian education informatization are considered. Here also is performed an analysis of different education portals types. As a result, the educational portals taxonomy was built. All these became the theoretical base for building Ukrainian school education portal. Finally, in this paper we would like to describe the main purposes we reached by realizing the project.
Isolation and characterization of isonicotinic acid hydrazide-resistant mutants of Nicotiana tabacum

Twenty stable variant lines resistant to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), an inhibitor of the conversion of glycine to serine in the glycolate pathway, were isolated in cell cultures initiated from allodihaploid Nicotiana tabacum. Plants were regenerated from 13 of these lines and explants were tested for resistance. For some lines virtually all of the regenerated plants scored as resistant; for others a mixed population of sensitive and resistant plants were obtained. One or more plants from 5 lines were fertile, presumably as a result of spontaneous diploidization of cells in the plant or culture. Callus initiated from the seed progeny of these plants was resistant to INH confirming the characteristic as a stable mutation. Seedlings from all INH-resistant plants were small and slow-growing, but the slow-growth trait could be separated from resistance in backcrosses of hybrids. In one case (line I21) crosses with sensitive lines show the resistant trait in that line to be dominant.
Measuring bacterial biomass production and growth rates from leucine incorporation in natural aquatic environments

Publisher Summary An estimate of microbial production is used as a general index of microbial activity, and specifically, to calculate growth rates. Biomass production is used to obtain a first-order estimate of rates of several processes mediated by microbes. In the case of heterotrophic bacteria, biomass production is used to estimate use of dissolved organic material (DOM) if coupled with an estimate of the growth efficiency. DOM uptake equals bacterial biomass production divided by the growth efficiency (expressed as a fraction, not a percentage). Biomass production is the increase in biomass per unit time per unit volume or per area and is a function of both biomasses (B), usually expressed as carbon mass per volume—for example, μgC l-1—and the specific growth rate (μ) (e.g.h1). The methods used to examine bacterial production in aquatic environments are either thymidine (TdR) incorporation, or leucine (Leu) incorporation. Both are rapid, easy, and specific for heterotrophic bacteria. This leucine method is discussed, as it is more straightforward than the TdR method for estimating the bacterial production. Two variations of the Leu method are described; however, the basic biochemistry and physiology behind the methods are the same.
Northward propagation of the subseasonal variability over the eastern Pacific warm pool

[1] Previous studies suggest that easterly vertical shear of summer mean flow could be a key factor in the northward propagation of the subseasonal variability (SSV) over the Asian monsoon region (e.g., Jiang et al., 2004). Analysis indicates that this same mechanism may also be dictating propagation features over the eastern Pacific (EPAC). Consistent with the presence of local easterly vertical wind shear, northward propagation of the SSV is also evident over the EPAC with a phase speed of about 0.6 deg day−1. Moreover, similar to its counterpart in the Indian Ocean, the northward propagating SSV over this region is also characterized by positive anomalies of equivalent barotropic vorticity and lower-tropospheric specific humidity, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) convergence, to the north of the convection center. Thus, the present study provides another independent example of the essential role that easterly vertical wind shear may be playing in regulating the meridional migration of the SSV.
The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Psychiatric and neurological disorders have historically provided key insights into the structure-function relationships that subserve human social cognition and behavior, informing the concept of the ‘social brain’. In this review, we take stock of the current status of this concept, retaining a focus on disorders that impact social behavior. We discuss how the social brain, social cognition, and social behavior are interdependent, and emphasize the important role of development and compensation. We suggest that the social brain, and its dysfunction and recovery, must be understood not in terms of specific structures, but rather in terms of their interaction in large-scale networks.
Progress on an ANSI standard for APL

This paper discusses what a programming language standard is and discusses how one is developed. It also reports the progress to date on the planned ANSI standard for APL. Through the process of standardization, many existing differences between APL systems will be resolved, resulting in a benefit to the APL community that will fully justify the effort.
Synthesis and examination of sulfated cyclofructans as a novel class of chiral selectors for CE

Cyclofructans (CFs) are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides with a crown ether skeleton. No enantioseparations have previously been reported using this class of chiral oligosaccharides in chromatography or electrophoresis. CFs and their sulfated derivatives were examined as chiral selectors using CE. The native CFs showed no enantioselectivity toward any tested compounds, while the sulfated CFs showed exceptional selectivity toward many cationic analytes, including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and amino acids. Enantiomeric resolution factors as high as 15.4 were achieved within short analysis times (generally below 10 min). The effect of buffer type, buffer concentration, buffer pH, chiral selector concentration and organic modifier concentration was examined and optimized.
Cops for Cops: An Innovative Use of Communities of Practice in an MBA Program Offered for Police Officers

The value of management education programs to organizations is widely questioned and debated. There is considerable skepticism whether or not management education programs impact organizations or contribute to organizational goals. Management education programs are frequently viewed as necessary for attaining a desired credential, but having little or no relation to the actual practices of the organization (Sherwood, 2004). At the same time, the role of employee learning and knowledge is increasingly viewed as a competitive advantage to most organizations. It is through the collective knowledge and skills of the employees that organizations are positioned to meet the changing needs of their stakeholders and remain competitive. Employee learning and knowledge are frequently viewed as the most valuable assets of organizations. Many organizations are beginning to take a proprietary view on employee knowledge and are seeking opportunities to increase opportunities for employees to share their knowledge throughout their organizations. The ability of a management education program to address learning and knowledgesharing needs of organizations and still provide the traditional academic foundation would be a unique and valuable program distinction (Boyatzis, Cowen, & Kolb, 1995).
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition by Pulsed Liquid Injection Using an Ultrasonic Nozzle: Titanium Dioxide on Sapphire from Titanium(IV) Isopropoxide

A new method for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition has been developed in which a precursor solution is directly injected into a reaction chamber. The vaporization of short pulses of liquid is facilitated by atomization with a piezoelectrically operated nozzle. The system has been used successfully to grow oriented, thin TiO 2 (rutile) films on sapphire substrates with the crystalline relationship (101)[010] R ∥ (1120)[0001] s . A film growth rate of approximately 2.5 monolayers of TiO 2 (rutile) per pulse was achieved at 650°C for a reactant impingement rate of about 250 monolayers of Ti(OPr i ) 4 per pulse.
Handedness and ‘open-earedness’: Strong right-handers are less likely to prefer less popular musical genres:

Research shows that strong right-handedness is associated with decreased cognitive flexibility and decreased tendencies to update beliefs, arising from decreased interhemispheric interaction. In th...
Myosin VI: two distinct roles in endocytosis

Actin is found at the cortex of the cell where endocytosis occurs, but does it play a role in this essential process? Recent studies on the unconventional myosin, myosin VI, an actin-based molecular motor, provide compelling evidence that this myosin and therefore actin is involved in two distinct steps of endocytosis in higher eukaryotes: the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles and the movement of nascent uncoated vesicles from the actin-rich cell periphery to the early endosome. Three distinct adapter proteins--GIPC, Dab2 and SAP97--that associate with the cargo-binding tail domain of myosin VI have been identified. These proteins may recruit myosin VI to its sites of action.
Pediatric bipolar disorder: evidence for prodromal states and early markers

Background Childhood bipolar disorder remains a controversial but increasingly diagnosed disorder that is associated with significant impairment, chronic course and treatment resistance. Therefore, the search for prodromes or early markers of risk for later childhood bipolar disorder may be of great importance for prevention and/or early identification.
Neuroadapted Yellow Fever Virus 17D: Determinants in the Envelope Protein Govern Neuroinvasiveness for SCID Mice

A molecular clone of mouse-neuroadapted yellow fever 17D virus (SPYF-MN) was used to identify critical determinants of viral neuroinvasiveness in a SCID mouse model. Virus derived from this clone differs from nonneuroinvasive YF5.2iv virus at 29 nucleotide positions, encoding 13 predicted amino acid substitutions and 2 substitutions in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). The virulence determinants of SPYF-MN for SCID mice were identified by constructing and characterizing intratypic viruses in which the E protein of SPYF-MN was expressed in the YF5.2iv background (SPYF-E) or the E protein of YF5.2iv was expressed in the SPYF-MN background (YF5.2-E). SPYF-E caused lethal encephalitis in young adult SCID mice after intraperitoneal inoculation, with average survival times and tissue virus burdens resembling those of mice inoculated with the parental SPYF-MN virus. To define which domains of the E protein are involved in neuroinvasiveness, two viruses were tested in which the amino acid substitutions in domains I-II and III were segregated. This revealed that substitutions in domain III (residues 305, 326, and 380) were critical for the neuroinvasive phenotype, based on average survival times and tissue burdens of infectious virus. Comparison of growth properties of the various intratypic viruses in cell culture indicated that no inherent defects in replication efficiency were likely to account for the biological differences observed in these experiments. These findings demonstrate that the E protein is a critical factor for yellow fever virus neuropathogenesis in the SCID mouse model and that the neuroinvasive properties depend principally on functions contributed by domain III of this protein. To assess whether critical determinants for neuroinvasion of normal ICR mice by SPYF virus were also in the E protein, sequences of viruses recovered from brains of ICR mice succumbing to encephalitis with the parental SPYF virus were derived. No differences were found in the E protein; however, two substitutions were present in the 3′ UTR compared to that of SPYF-MN, one of which is predicted to alter RNA secondary structure in this region. These findings suggest that the 3′ UTR may also affect neuroinvasiveness of SPYF virus in the mouse model.
Pathogenesis of HIV Disease: Opportunities for New Prevention Interventions

Current efforts to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, which largely focus on altering human behavior, have had some notable successes yet have failed to halt the spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV disease is providing us with the scientific rationale for additional approaches to prevention. Some of the approaches discussed in this article are available now. For example, we have the means to screen for and treat other sexually transmitted diseases that increase vulnerability to HIV, adult male circumcision is readily available in most properly equipped hospitals, and antiretroviral agents that decrease the viral load help prevent transmission from pregnant women to their infants. Other approaches discussed are under investigation. For instance, numerous topical microbicides are in various stages of development, incremental progress is being made toward creation of an HIV vaccine designed to prevent HIV transmission or slow the course of disease in people who become infected, and studies are under way to evaluate the risks and benefits of prophylactic antiretroviral therapy in individuals at high risk for HIV disease.
Sociological Theories of Intimate Partner Violence

Sociological theories of intimate partner violence seek to explain violent behavior as a function of social structures rather than individual pathology. This review examines the major theories used by sociologists to understand intimate partner violence, categorizing them by their respective views regarding the role of gender in intimate partner violence. Family violence theories (including systems theory, ecological theory, exchange/social control theory, resource theory, and the subculture-of-violence theory) view intimate partner violence as an expression of conflict within the family that can best be understood through examination of social structures contributing to the use of violence. Feminist theory sees intimate partner violence as an expression of gender-based domination of women by men. This review also discusses some integrative theories that seek to bridge the polarized views of the traditional perspectives in relation to gender.
Platforms and testbeds for experimental evaluation of cognitive ad hoc networks

This article reviews, discusses, and classifies the existing experimental platforms and testbeds for experimental evaluation of CR ad hoc networks. The article first describes the internal organization of typical existing software defined radio platforms. Then the existing software frameworks are discussed and classified. Consequently, the challenges involved in integration of these platforms to form multihop networks are discussed, and the major efforts for large-scale testbed implementations described. Finally, limitations of existing platforms and future research challenges toward the design of accurate open testbeds that will enable sound experimental evaluation of CR networks are discussed.
Visual saliency for automatic target detection, boundary detection, and image quality assessment

We present a visual saliency detection method and its applications. The proposed method does not require prior knowledge (learning) or any pre-processing step. Local visual descriptors which measure the likeness of a pixel to its surroundings are computed from an input image. Self-resemblance measured between local features results in a scalar map where each pixel indicates the statistical likelihood of saliency. Promising experimental results are illustrated for three applications: automatic target detection, boundary detection, and image quality assessment.
Nitric oxide production and sequestration in the sinus gland of the green shore crab Carcinus maenas

Molting in decapod crustaceans is regulated by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), a neuropeptide produced in the X-organ (XO)/sinus gland (SG) complex of the eyestalk ganglia (ESG). Pulsatile release of MIH from the SG suppresses ecdysteroidogenesis by the molting gland or Y-organ (YO). The hypothesis is that nitric oxide (NO), a neuromodulator that controls neurotransmitter release at presynaptic membranes, depresses the frequency and/or amount of MIH pulses to induce molting. NO synthase (NOS) mRNA was present in Carcinus maenas ESG and other tissues and NOS protein was present in the SG. A copper based ligand (CuFL), which reacts with NO to form a highly fluorescent product (NO-FL), was used to image NO in the ESG and SG and quantify the effects of NO scavenger (cPTIO), NOS inhibitor (l-NAME), and sodium azide (NaN3) on NO production in the SG. Pre-incubation with cPTIO prior to CuFL loading decreased NO-FL fluorescence ~30%; including l-NAME had no additional effect. Incubating SG with l-NAME during pre-incubation and loading decreased NO-FL fluorescence ~40%, indicating that over half of the NO release was not directly dependent on NOS activity. Azide, which reacts with NO-binding metal groups in proteins, reduced NO-FL fluorescence to near background levels without extensive cell death. Spectral shift analysis showed that azide displaced NO from a soluble protein in SG extract. These data suggest that the SG contains NO-binding protein(s) that sequester NO and releases it over a prolonged period. This NO release may modulate neuropeptide secretion from the axon termini in the SG.
Insights into the reaction of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B: crystal structures for transition state analogs of both catalytic steps.

Catalysis by protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) occurs through a two-step mechanism involving a phosphocysteine intermediate. We have solved crystal structures for the transition state analogs for both steps. Together with previously reported crystal structures of apo-PTP1B, the Michaelis complex of an inactive mutant, the phosphoenzyme intermediate, and the product complex, a full picture of all catalytic steps can now be depicted. The transition state analog for the first catalytic step comprises a ternary complex between the catalytic cysteine of PTP1B, vanadate, and the peptide DADEYL, a fragment of a physiological substrate. The equatorial vanadate oxygen atoms bind to the P-loop, and the apical positions are occupied by the peptide tyrosine oxygen and by the PTP1B cysteine sulfur atom. The vanadate assumes a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in both transition state analog structures, with very similar apical O–O distances, denoting similar transition states for both phosphoryl transfer steps. Detailed interactions between the flanking peptide and the enzyme are discussed.
14-3-3η Amplifies Androgen Receptor Actions in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Androgen receptor abundance and androgen receptor–regulated gene expression in castration-recurrent prostate cancer are indicative of androgen receptor activation in the absence of testicular androgen. Androgen receptor transactivation of target genes in castration-recurrent prostate cancer occurs in part through mitogen signaling that amplifies the actions of androgen receptor and its coregulators. Herein we report on the role of 14-3-3η in androgen receptor action. Experimental Design and Results: Androgen receptor and 14-3-3η colocalized in COS cell nuclei with and without androgen, and 14-3-3η promoted androgen receptor nuclear localization in the absence of androgen. 14-3-3η interacted with androgen receptor in cell-free binding and coimmunoprecipitation assays. In the recurrent human prostate cancer cell line, CWR-R1, native endogenous androgen receptor transcriptional activation was stimulated by 14-3-3η at low dihydrotestosterone concentrations and was increased by epidermal growth factor. Moreover, the dihydrotestosterone- and epidermal growth factor–dependent increase in androgen receptor transactivation was inhibited by a dominant negative 14-3-3η. In the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft model, 14-3-3η expression was increased by androgen, suggesting a feed-forward mechanism that potentiates both 14-3-3η and androgen receptor actions. 14-3-3η mRNA and protein decreased following castration of tumor-bearing mice and increased in tumors of castrate mice after treatment with testosterone. CWR22 tumors that recurred 5 months after castration contained 14-3-3η levels similar to the androgen-stimulated tumors removed before castration. In a human prostate tissue microarray of clinical specimens, 14-3-3η localized with androgen receptor in nuclei, and the similar amounts expressed in castration-recurrent prostate cancer, androgen-stimulated prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia were consistent with androgen receptor activation in recurrent prostate cancer. Conclusion: 14-3-3η enhances androgen- and mitogen-induced androgen receptor transcriptional activity in castration-recurrent prostate cancer. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7571–81)
Bridging the Gap: How Geographic Context Affects Political Knowledge Among Citizen and Non-Citizen Latinos

Previous work has shown that context influences the political participation rates of certain minority groups. However, few have tested exactly what drives this relationship. In this article, we ass...