cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shifts in buyer-seller relationships: A retrospective on

Abstract One of the most highly cited papers in the Industrial Marketing Management journal was published 17 years ago, and proposed a strong linkage in the elements of buyer-seller trust, asset specificity, contracts, and supply chain performance. In this paper, explore the question of “what has changed”? We note that the emergence of 1) real-time analytic technologies, 2) new governance models that span multiple parties across organizations in a supply chain network, and 3) new digital innovation requiring partnering with new entities are required to produce end to end analytical capabilities. We offer three new propositions that provide some insights towards future research areas, and we also note that although interpersonal buyer-seller relationships will remain important, digital transformation is changing the nature of how these will unfold. Our propositions provide insights on how the role of technology and other shifts in the supply chain ecosystem is shifting the role of buyers and sellers in the industrial landscape. I offer these insights in the hope that they may provide a basis for future researchers to engage in research in the field of emerging industrial buyer-seller relationships, and devote this paper to the memory of Christian.
Sustainability Impacts of Installing Low-Flow Toilets in a University Residence Hall

This study evaluates the sustainability impact of replacing inefficient toilets with low-flow units in a residence hall at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A graduate student initiated this pro...
Eye Movement-Based Memory Assessment

We introduce here a new indirect (implicit) measure of memory based on eye movement monitoring. Eye movement data collected while participants were viewing images of faces showed that viewers process repeated items differently than novel items. Participants viewed repeated items with fewer eye fixations to fewer regions and more randomness (i.e. less constraint) in their eye movement patterns. We term this effect the “eye movement-based memory effect”. Thus far, it appears that the effects of experience on eye movements generalize across different eyetrackers, types of visual stimuli, and types of prior exposure to the stimuli. Moreover, we show that the effects occur separately from explicit remembering by testing amnesic patients — i.e. patients with a profound impairment in learning and remembering of new declarative memory. Even in these patients who showed impairment learning the faces presented to them, there was evidence of prior processing in the eye movement data in the same direction as normal controls. With this in mind, we argue that certain of these eye movement measures can provide a useful index of procedural memory and that the use of eye movement measures as an indirect (implicit) measure of memory provides direct evidence that previous experience does indeed change the nature of perceptual processing.
Defining and conceptualizing outcomes for de-implementation: key distinctions from implementation outcomes

Increasingly, scholars argue that de-implementation is a distinct concept from implementation; factors contributing to stopping a current practice might be distinct from those that encourage adoption of a new one. One such distinction is related to de-implementation outcomes. We offer preliminary analysis and guidance on de-implementation outcomes, including how they may differ from or overlap with implementation outcomes, how they may be conceptualized and measured, and how they could be measured in different settings such as clinical care vs. community programs. We conceptualize each of the outcomes from Proctor and colleagues’ taxonomy of implementation outcomes for de-implementation research. First, we suggest key considerations for researchers assessing de-implementation outcomes, such as considering how the cultural or historical significance to the practice may impact de-implementation success and, as others have stated, the importance of the patient in driving healthcare overuse. Second, we conceptualize de-implementation outcomes, paying attention to a number of factors such as the importance of measuring outcomes not only of the targeted practice but of the de-implementation process as well. Also, the degree to which a practice should be de-implemented must be distinguished, as well as if there are thresholds that certain outcomes must reach before action is taken. We include a number of examples across all outcomes, both from clinical and community settings, to demonstrate the importance of these considerations. We also discuss how the concepts of health disparities, cultural or community relevance, and altruism impact the assessment of de-implementation outcomes. We conceptualized existing implementation outcomes within the context of de-implementation, noted where there are similarities and differences to implementation research, and recommended a clear distinction between the target for de-implementation and the strategies used to promote de-implementation. This critical analysis can serve as a building block for others working to understand de-implementation processes and de-implement practices in real-world settings.
When beliefs matter most: Examining children's math achievement in the context of parental math anxiety.

Abstract A growing body of research suggests that parents’ beliefs about and attitudes toward math predict their young children’s math skills. However, limited research has examined these factors in conjunction with one another or explored potential mechanisms underlying these associations. In a sample of 114 preschool-aged children and their parents, we examined how parents’ beliefs about math and math anxiety together relate to children’s math achievement and how parents’ practices to support math might explain these associations. We used a range of measures of parental math input, including survey measures of the home numeracy environment as well as observations of number talk. Parents with stronger beliefs about the importance of math tended to have children with more advanced math skills, and parents with math anxiety tended to exacerbate the effects of these beliefs such that children whose math-anxious parents held strong beliefs about math’s importance performed best. Furthermore, we found some evidence that parents’ math practices may relate to this interaction or to children’s math skills, but no single measure of math input mediated the effect of the interaction between parental math anxiety and parental math beliefs on children’s math outcomes. Thus, parents’ math anxiety differentially relates to children’s math performance depending on parents’ beliefs about math, but future research is needed to uncover the specific mechanisms through which these processes operate.
Characterization of Partially Overlapped Inductors for Compact Layout Design in 130nm RFCMOS and 22nm FinFET Processes

Based on the principle of magnetic flux cancellation, partially overlapped spiral inductors can achieve nearly zero magnetic coupling with ultra-compact footprint. This paper presents a study of the characteristics of partially overlapped spiral inductor configurations fabricated in 130nm RFCMOS and 22nm FinFET processes. The viability of the compact inductor layout with controlled very low magnetic coupling is demonstrated by on-wafer measurement and full-wave simulations. Negligible degradation in isolation due to metal fill is observed for both processes, demonstrating the feasibility of the compact layout design methodology even at lower technology nodes with stringent metal density requirements.
Denial of Pain Treatment and the Prohibition Against Torture and Ill-Treatment

Cancer pain, as well as pain due to other illnesses, causes tremendous suffering for patients and their families alike. Millions of people worldwide suffer from severe pain without access to adequate treatment each year. Although morphine and most other strong pain medications are off-patent, inexpensive, safe and highly effective, they are virtually unavailable in more than 150 countries around the world. Furthermore, the regional disparity in treatment availability is enormous. Low and middle income countries account for just 6% of morphine use worldwide, despite having half of all cancer patients and 95% of all new HIV infections. Lack of access to pain treatment is mainly due to overly-restrictive regulations, government neglect, and inadequate training of health professionals. Given the scale and extent of suffering, the failure of governments in many countries to ensure the adequate availability of pain treatment services not only raises questions of whether these countries live up to their obligations under the right to health, but also the obligation to ensure freedom from torture and ill treatment. The Special Rapporteur on Torture explains that the prohibition against torture and ill treatment is indeed triggered in these cases when suffering is severe, the state is or should be aware of the suffering, no appropriate treatment is offered, and the government fails to take reasonable steps to address this. His recent landmark report on torture in health settings thus instructs states to deal with policy gaps and regulatory, educational, and attitudinal obstacles to full access to palliative care.
Daily engagement and productivity: The importance of the speed of engagement.

People often drag their feet getting started at work each morning, with a rather unclear sense of the implications on their daily productivity. Drawing on boundary transitions theory as a conceptual lens, we introduce and investigate the concept of the speed of engagement-the quickness with which an employee becomes focused and energized upon beginning work. We explore the productivity implications of this phenomenon, as well as the psychological processes people use to capitalize on a quick transition to work. Two experience sampling field studies-one of which featured a within-person field experiment testing the efficacy of two interventions we designed for use on employees' smartphones-support our theorizing. Our findings highlight the importance of the speed of engagement-over and above the level of engagement-for daily productivity levels. They also reveal that simple proactive steps to psychologically disengage from home or reattach to work increase the speed of engagement and lead to more productive days at work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
East Germany and Detente: DIE MAUER: 1961

With the measures of 13 August 1961, the borders of the socialist world system were reliably defended against the main forces of world imperialism in Europe and the sovereignty of the GDR was secured. Geschichte der SED (1978) THE WALL On Sunday, 13 August 1961, residents of the city of Berlin awoke to find that a startling event had decisively changed their lives and transformed the character of their already beleaguered city. Early that morning, armed contingents of East German troops, factory militia, and Volkspolizei had assembled on the boundary line dividing East and West Berlin. A ring of tanks was rolled up to the Brandenburg Gate, the symbolic point of entry into East Berlin. Then, under the supervision of Erich Honecker, the man who would one day preside over the East German Communist Party, shock workers erected barbed-wire fences and rough concrete barriers along the city's line of demarcation, effectively cutting off all means of transport and communication. Within a week, these actions culminated in the erection of a more extensive, permanent structure. This was the Berlin Wall. This barrier, or die Mauer, as it is known in West Berlin, supplemented and fortified in following years by steel girders, watchtowers, tank traps, death strips, and sophisticated electronic gadgetry, has since become one of the most famous and infamous symbols of East–West confrontation and conflict.
Inhibition of Bacterial Growth in Homogeneous Fields

The use of magnetic fields as shielding against cosmic radiation during missions in space is presently being investigated. Such active shielding apparently requires magnetic fields stronger than the geomagnetic field. In order to predict the possibility of a biosystem suffering a deleterious effect in constant high magnetic fields, it becomes necessary to study the responses of the system when placed in such fields. Studies of the responses of microorganisms, as the biosystem, to magnetic fields have been carried out at General Dynamics/Fort Worth for the past year.
Implementing Locks in Distributed-Memory Multiprocessors

Synchronization between cooperating processes in a uniprocessor system has been investigated for many years. Processes compete for common system resources, to which exclusive access must be established. To solve this problem, exclusive access in critical sections of a program must be guaranteed, which requires support in the three major system levels (hardware, system software, and program level). See [1] for an introduction.
The Policy Implications Of Portfolio Choice In Underserved Mortgage Markets

Home ownership increases the incentive to maintain property and neighborhood, as well as decreasing the outflow of rents from low-income zones. However, these benefits are not costless to homeowners. With a mortgage comes the possibility of default, the financial demands of maintenance, a reduction in alternate investment opportunities, an increased exposure to fluctuations in local economic conditions, and a drastic reduction in the liquidity of personal wealth. Recently, policy makers have sought to increase mortgage lending in traditionally underserved markets. In this paper we consider the effects of this policy in light of the risk and return of housing and the current tax treatment of the home mortgage deduction. We find housing to be a relatively poor asset class in which to invest the bulk of family wealth. Trends in housing suggest that a large percentage of homeowners who bought and sold within a five year horizon in the United States over the last twenty years lost money on the investment. Lowering the equity required to purchase a home does little to alleviate the problem. We show that the current tax code - if anything - encourages renting over buying and gentrification of low income housing markets. If the government wishes to encourage home ownership among low income families despite the risks, then we argue that government agencies should share information about the risk and return of home ownership with its citizens. In addition, a direct subsidy through a tax credit may be both warranted and necessary to achieve the desired result.
Investigating raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation

Studies of raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation are presented. Drop shape measurements in natural rain using 2-D video disdrometers (2DVDs) are discussed. As a representative exception to vast majority of the cases where the “most probable” shapes conform to the axisymmetric (2,0) oscillation mode, an event with a highly organized line convection embedded within a larger rain system is studied. Measurements using two collocated 2DVD instruments and a C-band polarimetric radar clearly show the occurrence of mixed-mode drop oscillations within the line, which in turn is attributed to sustained drop collisions. Moreover, the fraction of asymmetric drops determined from the 2DVD camera data increases with the calculated collision probability when examined as time series. Recent wind-tunnel experiments of drop collisions are also discussed. They show mixed-mode oscillations, with (2,1) and (2,2) modes dramatically increasing in oscillation amplitudes, in addition to the (2,0) mode, immediately upon collision. The damping time constant of the perturbation caused by the collision is comparable to the inverse of the collision frequency within the line convection. Scattering calculations using an advanced method of moments numerical technique are performed to accurately and efficiently determine the pertinent parameters of electrically large oscillating raindrops with asymmetric shapes needed for radio wave propagation. The simulations show that the scattering matrix and differential reflectivity of drops are dependent on the particular oscillation modes and different time instants within the oscillation cycle. The technique can be utilized in conjunction with 3-D reconstruction of drop shapes from 2DVD data.
Controlling Content Realization with Functional Unification Grammars

Standard Functional Unification Grammars (FUGs) provide a structurally guided top-down control regime for sentence generation. When using FUGs to perform content realization as a whole, including lexical choice, this regime is no longer appropriate for two reasons: (1) the unification of non-lexicalized semantic input with an integrated lexico-grammar requires mapping “floating” semantic elements which can trigger extensive backtracking and (2) lexical choice requires accessing external constraint sources on demand to preserve the modularity between conceptual and linguistic knowledge.
Innovation measurement framework to determine innovativeness of a company: Case of semiconductor industry

Innovation is one of the most important sources of competitive advantage. It helps a company to fuel the growth of new products and services, sustain incumbents, create new markets, transform industries, and promote the global competitiveness of nations. Because of its importance, companies need to manage innovation. It is very important for a company to be able to measure its innovativeness because one cannot effectively manage without measurement. A good measurement model will help a company to understand its current capability and identify areas that need improvement. This paper develops a framework to determine the innovativeness of a company in semiconductor industry by using output indicators. Output indicators are used because they cannot be manipulated. A hierarchical decision model (HDM) was constructed for the framework. Expert judgments were quantified and incorporated into the model. The hierarchy consisted of three levels: innovativeness index, output indicators and sub-factors. According to the experts, the top three sub-factors to measure the innovativeness of a company are revenue from new products, market share of new products, and products that are new to the world.
Four cases of oesophageal obstruction in the horse

The mare was dull and pyrexic. Thoracic auscultation revealed reduced air movement in the left ventral lung field, adventitious ‘squeaks’ and pleural friction sounds. Aspiration pneumonia was suspected but further investigation was prohibited due to financial constraints. Antibiotic therapy was changed to oral enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg q 24h for 10 days) and the horse discharged from the clinic. Two weeks after discharge, the horse was clinically normal on examination and returned to light ridden work.
The Big House in a Small Town: Prisons, Communities, and Economics in Rural America

This paper is about the nuts and bolts of local politics, something not studied enough in our discipline. Studies of politics and prisons at the higher levels of government abound, but very little has been done to understand these entities on the micro level. To just discuss the prison building boom writ large is to forget that these prisons are actually built in towns. Although some large cities may be able to absorb a large facility with very little impact on the community as a whole, this is not the case in a small rural community, where the prison population may equal the population of free citizens. This is a study of two of these new prison towns: Beeville, Texas and Florence Colorado. Both are small rural communities who began the lobbying process in the late 1980's. Beeville had fallen on hard economic times with the decline of the Texas oil boom and Florence, though never an economic hot spot, lost a significant number of jobs and residents with the decline of the mining industry. Both communities worked hard to land a facility, Beeville from the Texas Department of Corrections (now Texas Department of Criminal Justice or TDCJ) and Florence from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and both have since become the site of multiple facilities. They are both examples of the new rural prison towns that have cropped up all over the country over the past 25 years. This paper is a study of the institutional relationships that develop after the prison opens.
A comparison of the effects of linolenic (18:3Ω3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6Ω3) acids on phospholipid bilayers

The class of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids known as omega-3 are believed to be involved in prevention of a number of human afflictions. The mode of action for two of the most common omega-3 fatty acids, linolenic 18:3 delta 9,12,15 and docosahexaenoic 22:6 delta 4,7,10,13,16,19 (DHA), is not known. One suggestion is that they may be incorporated into membranes and there provide some specific function. Here we compare the effects of DHA and its metabolic precursor linolenic acid on the membrane properties of fluidity, fusion and permeability. The fatty acids were investigated as both free fatty acids and mixed chain 18:0, 18:3 and 18:0, 22:6 phosphatidylcholines (PCs). Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and a series of anthracene stearic acid probes indicates 20 mol% incorporation of either fatty acid into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers broadens and depresses the temperature of the phase transition, but has almost no effect on fluidity in the liquid crystalline state. Similar fluidity was also observed in the liquid crystalline bilayers of the mixed chain PCs using the same set of fluorescent fatty acid probes. In contrast, DHA as a free fatty acid or as part of a mixed chain PC, causes a much greater enhancement than linolenic acid of the rates of fusion and permeability as monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and aqueous compartment mixing (fusion) and by lipid vesicle swelling in isotonic erythritol, (permeability). These experiments establish a clear distinction between the effects of linolenic acid and DHA in membranes.
Experimental Evaluation of Simplified IGCC

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants offer the opportunity to burn coal in an environmentally sound manner at a competitive cost of output energy. Advanced simplified IGCC systems have been identified which offer reduced fuel system capital costs and complexity as well as improved thermal efficiency of coal to fuel conversion. These systems, however, must utilize hot gas cleanup devices to remove particulates, alkali metals, and sulfur to permit utilization of the product fuel gas in a gas turbine. Technology and component development are underway to prepare the hot fuel gas cleanup and gas turbine systems for subsequent integration and verification testing at pilot scale.An experimental testing program is underway to address fuel system and gas turbine components technology for a simplified IGCC configuration. Gas turbine nozzle sectors have been adapted for installation in a turbine simulator for development testing. A low-Btu gas combustor installed upstream of the nozzle sectors is utilized to burn a hot coal gas. Modifications have been made to an existing pilot scale coal gasifier to deliver 1000°F low-Btu coal gas to the gas turbine combustor after partial cleanup by a hot cyclone to remove particulate matter carried over from the coal gasifier. The results from this experimental program will resolve technical issues related to corrosion, deposition and erosion phenomena related to fuel quality, turbine inlet temperature, and nozzle metal surface temperature.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Scaling of 85 GHz gyrotron to operate at 94 GHz

This paper describes how a 94 GHz, 70 kV gyrotron operating in the TE13 mode was designed and built. The novel feature of the design is that it was based to a large degree on a previously built gyrotron that operated at a lower frequency. The highest efficiency achieved was 32% at 4 A, which agrees well with theoretical predictions. However, the maximum theoretical efficiency is about 45% at 10 A, but measured efficiency at this value of current was less than 20%. The highest power measured was 135 kW at 12 A.
Selective expression of 15-lipoxygenase activity by cultured human keratinocytes.

Abstract Human keratinocytes isolated from neonatal skin express 15-lipoxygenase activity at a level far greater than that of any of the other pathways for lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid. The 10,000 × g supernatant of sonicates of 10 6 keratinocytes generates 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid from 5 μg/ml of arachidonic acid at a mean maximum rate of 38 ng/30 min at 37°C, that is similar to the activity of the 15-lipoxygenase of human airway epithelial cells and greater than that of endothelial cells and leukocytes. The unique mediators derived from the 15-lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid, that stimulate secretion and exert hyperalgesic effects, may achieve a concentration in skin sufficient to regulate local cellular and neural functions.
An Experimental Evaluation of Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Two Difficult to Machine Alloys

Micro-milling can be difficult to apply to many engineering materials due to a variety of scaling induced factors including: low cutting speeds, high relative tool deflections and runout, and increased material strength at smaller size scales. Additionally, edge burrs which can easily be removed after macro scale milling must be avoided in micro-milling due to the lack of available finishing operations. Laser assisted machining (LAM) involves localized heating of the work material prior to the cutting tool. This localized heating thermally weakens the workpiece resulting in lower cutting forces, improved surface finish, and longer tool life. Applying this concept to micro-milling offers the opportunity for process improvements, especially with materials which are considered difficult to machine. Laser assisted micro-milling (LAMM) was evaluated on Ti-6Al-4V and 316 stainless steel alloys using 100 μm diameter endmills in slotting operations. Micro-scale laser-material interactions were first studied with bulk material absorptivity being determined experimentally through a novel technique utilizing several calibrated melting mediums. A three-dimensional transient finite volume based thermal model was then used to analytically predict appropriate process parameters on the basis of material removal temperatures. A thorough investigation of acoustic emissions (AE) during LAMM was performed. In particular, the effects of depth of cut, tool wear, and material removal temperature on the RMS of AE were studied. Additionally, the effect of LAMM on the machined surface was evaluated quantitatively.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Novel Low-Cost Smart Current Sensor for Utility Conductors

Grid-wide monitoring of utility assets is essential for maintaining a healthy and reliable power grid. Electric current is an important parameter for grid monitoring. Expensive and large current sensors that require field calibration inhibit utilities from implementing an intelligent monitoring infrastructure. This paper introduces a novel technique and algorithm for current sensing using small, low-cost “stick-on” current sensors that do not require clamping around the utility conductor. Thus, the proposed sensor can be used for monitoring many different utility conductors (not just overhead-conductors). The challenge pertaining to error in current measurement due to the presence of other current carrying assets in proximity has been tackled. The new current sensing technique is shown to discriminate far magnetic fields from the near-field of interest; eliminate expensive calibration requirements for the sensor, and provide accurate current measurements in a noisy magnetic field environment. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed concept. The proposed technique for current sensing promises development of low-cost smart sensors that will be an integral part of the future smart grid.
A note on q-Eulerian numbers

Abstract The paper contains a combinatorial interpretation of the q -Eulerian numbers suggested by H. O. Foulkes' combinatorial interpretation of the ordinary Eulerian numbers. Some applications are also given.
Idiotype regulation of self responses, autoantibody V regions and neonatal B cell repertoire

The role of autoantibodies themselves in immune regulation is still unknown. There is evidence that some autoantibody idiotypes (Id) may play a regulatory role in physiologic and possibly pathologic situations of the immune system. Here we present evidence that (1) certain autoantibody Id modulate the immune response to self antigens (regulatory Id), and (2) that the neonatal preimmune repertoire is primarily devoted to self recognition. The humoral and cellular events following immunization with regulatory Id suggest an active participation of T cells in the regulatory events. Based on immunochemical, structural and molecular genetics analysis, it appears that this regulatory Id is of germline origin as it exists within the neonatal preimmune repertoire. B cell hybridomas generated from unstimulated splenocytes of neonatal mice are primarily self-reactive, suggesting that the immune system essentially begins as a self-recognizing system. The findings are discussed with regard to the relationship between germline repertoire, autoantibodies, and regulatory idiotypes.
Noise analysis of MAP - EM algorithms for emission tomography

The ability to theoretically model the propagation of photon noise through PET and SPECT tomographic reconstruction algorithms is crucial in evaluating the reconstructed image quality as a function of parameters of the algorithm. In a previous approach for the important case of the iterative ML-EM (maximum-likelihood-expectation-maximization) algorithm, judicious linearizations were used to model theoretically the propagation of a mean image and a covariance matrix from one iteration to the next. Our analysis extends this approach to the case of MAP (maximum a posteriori)-EM algorithms, where the EM approach incorporates prior terms. We analyse in detail two cases: a MAP-EM algorithm incorporating an independent gamma prior, and a one-step-late (OSL) version of a MAP-EM algorithm incorporating a multivariate Gaussian prior, for which familiar smoothing priors are special cases. To validate our theoretical analyses, we use a Monte Carlo methodology to compare, at each iteration, theoretical estimates of mean and covariance with sample estimates, and show that the theory works well in practical situations where the noise and bias in the reconstructed images do not assume extreme values.
Aggression and open field behavior in male mice.

Male mice from two inbred strains and their crossbred generations were tested for open-field behavior and noncompetitive intrastrain aggression. Both open-field activity and defecation were inherited as additive characters in this cross. The amount of aggression appeared to be a function of both genotype and genetic differences between opponents. The low-defecating, high-active genotype was low-aggressive, while the high-defecating, low-active genotype was high-aggressive. These results contradict findings reported elsewhere and suggest that there is not a necessary relationship between open-field behavior and aggressiveness in mice.
Effects of vibration on steady flow downstream of a stenosis

A physical model was used to test the effects of vibrations on the position of transition to turbulence (zt) downstream of a constriction. Constrictions were inserted in a length of clear plastic (Tygon) tubing and vibrated. Water was the fluid medium and flow was visualized with India ink. The frequency and velocity of vibration were monitored. For a given constriction and flow velocity, there was a band of frequencies which caused zt to move upstream. This band corresponded to frequencies of flow disturbances as measured with a hot-film anemometer without vibration. Both flow-visualization and hot-film frequencies were correlated via a Strouhal number to the Reynolds number and contraction ratio of the flow. Values of zt decreased with increasing vibration amplitude. The critical Reynolds number for turbulence was also decreased by vibration. These results are of importance in the diagnosis of vascular disease and the design of physical models of stenotic flows.
Longitudinal Association Between Diabetes and Cognitive Decline in a Nationally Representative Sample: The National Health and Aging Trends Study

The impact of gender, vascular risk factors, and psychotropic medication use on the association between depression and cognitive functioning appears to increase with increasing age. Other variables may explain more of the association in younger persons. The deviating impact of age and alcohol use on the association between minor depression and cognitive functioning in older persons is curious. It suggests that particularly minor depression (more than major depression) is associated with a phenomenon that also relates to older age, less alcohol drinking and worse cognitive functioning. This phenomenon may be underlying physiological problems.
Dynamic pricing of preemptive service for elastic demand

We consider a service provider that accommodates two classes of users: primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs). SU demand is elastic to price whereas PU demand is inelastic. When a PU arrives to the system and finds all channels busy, it preempts an SU unless there are no SUs in the system. Call durations are exponentially distributed and their means are identical. We study the optimal pricing policy of SUs by using dynamic programming to maximize the total expected discounted profit over finite and infinite horizons, and the average profit. Our main contribution is to show that although the system is modeled as a two-dimensional Markov chain, the optimal pricing policy depends only on the total number of users in the system (PUs and SUs), i.e. the total occupancy. We also demonstrate that optimal prices are increasing with the total occupancy. Finally, we describe applications of these results to the special case of admission control and show that the optimal pricing policy structure of the original system is not preserved for systems with elastic PUs.
Analysis of Pro-opiomelancortin Gene Structure and Function

ABSTRACT Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the protein precursor to several physiologically distinct peptide hormones. The POMC gene is expressed in several distinct cell types and appears to be under...
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Spin-Coupled Iron−Chromium Complexes: μ-Hydroxo−Bis(μ-acetato)-Bridged Iron(2+)−Chromium(3+) and μ-Oxo−Bis(μ-acetato)-Bridged Iron(3+)−Chromium(3+)

We have analyzed Mossbauer spectra of a model complex of known structure with an Fe2+(S1=2)−μOH−Cr3+(S2=3/2) center (A) and of its Fe3+(S1 = 5/2)−μO−Cr3+(S2=3/2) analog (B). These μ-hydroxo and μ-oxo bridged binuclear metal centers display unusual magnetic properties as found in several diiron−oxo proteins. Our results confirm antiferromagnetic spin coupling between Fe and Cr ions which results in Seff = 1/2 and Seff = 1 ground states for A and B, respectively. The isotropic exchange ℋex = JS1·S2 is weaker for the μ-hydroxo (J ≈ 21 cm-1) than for the μ-oxo (J ≈ 275 cm-1) complex. Spectra recorded at 4.2 K, in fields of 0.22−4.7 T, have been analyzed with the effective spin Hamiltonian for the ground state ℋeff = βSeff·geff·H + + I1·P1·I1 − βngnH·I1. For complex B, the zero-field splitting Seff·Deff·Seff is also included in ℋeff. In applied fields, the 4.2 K spectra of Fe2+ in A showed hyperfine splittings which allowed the determination of the following Seff = 1/2 Hamiltonian parameters: 1/3 Tr geff ...
Purification of the membrane-spanning tryptic peptides of the α polypeptide from sodium and potassium ion activated adenosinetriphosphatase labeled with 1-tritiospiro[adamantane-4,3′-diazirine]

Five long, membrane-spanning tryptic peptides from the alpha polypeptide of sodium and potassium ion activated adenosinetriphosphatase [(Na+ + K+)-ATPase] have been purified. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, isolated from canine kidney, was exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of a high concentration of 1-tritiospiro[adamantane-4,3'-diazirine], a carbene precursor that partitions into the bilayer of the membrane. The alpha polypeptide, modified with 1.2 mol of [3H]adamantylidene (mol of polypeptide)-1, was isolated and digested with trypsin. Digestion with trypsin ensures that membrane-spanning sequences remain intact during the digestion, since lysine and arginine, being extremely hydrophilic, rarely appear in the membrane-embedded regions of membrane proteins. This digestion produced radioactive tryptic peptides greater than 25 residues in length. The tryptic digest of the labeled alpha polypeptide was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-60 in ethanol-formic acid, 4:1. The majority of the radioactivity (87%) eluted with distribution coefficients corresponding to peptides longer than melittin (26 residues), whereas 73% of the protein traveled with distribution coefficients corresponding to peptides less than 30 residues in length. Five radioactive peptides were further purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and each peptide displayed a unique, hydrophobic amino-terminal sequence. No other candidates could be found when a search for additional membrane-spanning peptides was conducted. Gel filtration of the tryptic peptides from the alpha polypeptide of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase labeled with 5-[125I]iodo-1-naphthyl azide, a lipophilic nitrene precursor, produced no additional radioactive components. Amino-terminal sequences and amino acid compositions of the five purified peptides are presented.
Biological effects of transferrin on human lymphocytes in vitro

Abstract The initial transformation step of lymphocytes under the influence of PHA was found to be independent of human transferrin; however, the progression of certain cells into DNA synthesis depended upon a transferrin-sensitive step 5–6 h preceding the S period. In the absence of transferrin such cells ultimately die; however, the delayed addition of transferrin to cells synchronized by this event results in a wave of DNA synthesis 5–6 h later in viable and competent cells. A homeostatic role for transferrin for a sub-population of human lymphocytes is suggested.
Simple conditioning in honey bees

Summary Large numbers of unrestrained bees have been rapidly conditioned in a laboratory situation, with later extinguishing and spontaneous recovery possible. Bees can associate either the onset of light, smoke, or, possibly, air flow with an impending reward. These results provide further evidence for plasticity of insect behaviour.
Giant optical nonlinearity of graphene in a magnetic field

Graphene placed in a magnetic field possesses an extremely high mid/far-infared optical nonlinearity originating from its unusual band structure and selection rules for the optical transitions near the Dirac point. Based on quantum-mechanical density-matrix formalism, here we study the linear and nonlinear optical response of graphene in strong magnetic and optical fields. We calculate the power of coherent terahertz radiation generated as a result of four-wave mixing in graphene. We also show that even one monolayer of graphene gives rise to appreciable nonlinear frequency conversion efficiency and Raman gain for modest intensities of incident infared radiation.
Risk factors for major salivary gland carcinoma. A case-comparison study.

The authors conducted a case-comparison chart-review study on 498 patients with histologically confirmed salivary gland carcinoma and 487 randomly selected patients registered at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston from 1960 through 1981. The study was undertaken to identify potential risk factors for salivary gland carcinoma. Univariate analysis of the data indicated a relationship with prior radiation therapy (odds ratio estimate of 6.17 with 95% confidence limits of 3.11-12.22) and with previous primary cancer (odds ratio estimate 4.81 with 95% confidence limits of 2.70-8.55). For agricultural occupations, the odds ratio was 1.62 with confidence limits of 1.05 to 2.49. The excess for previous primary cancer was largely due to previous skin cancer, especially in men, for whom the odds ratio was 13.7 (4.17-44.97). Multivariate analysis of these data, using the logit model, confirmed the association with both previous primary cancer and previous radiation. The rationale for a possible relationship between cutaneous neoplasms and salivary carcinoma is explained in embryologic and histogenetic terms.
Contextualization and the Negotiation of Social Identities in a Geographically Distributed Situated Learning Project

Abstract This article identifies theoretical and analytical tensions between two approaches to situated learning: prescriptive approaches design learning contexts intended to produce improved participation in some “official” practice; critical approaches have begun to focus on how participants use resources from multiple practices to negotiate what it means to participate. The article critically analyzes a situated learning context designed with prescriptive aims. It examines processes of linguistic contextualization to show how participants index both “official” and “unofficial” contexts, and the consequences of tensions between these for their social identities. The article concludes that critical analyses of contextualization are essential in understanding situated learning.
Design Aspects of Computer Control in Discrete Manufacturing

This paper presents a survey of design problems associated with the implementation of computer control of discrete manufacturing processes. The two primary application requirements placed on the digital computers are identified and discussed; namely, the information system function and the equipment control system function. A tutorial survey is then given of three computer structures to implement control of manufacturing operations. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems are discussed, Finally a new structure is presented that uses a multilevel computer concept with satellite computers at the lowest level. A detailed view of the satellite computer, including hardware requirements, software requirements, and timing considerations, is given. Emphasis is placed on a modular design that meets the real-time needs at the most fundamental level of a manufacturing plant. Extensions are then given to computer requirements at upper levels, hardware and software configurations, and real-time versus interrupt capability.
Prostaglandins and the Hemodynamic Course of Endotoxin Shock

Prostaglandins A [9], E [l] and F [2] are increased in endotoxin shock in dogs. Infusions of prostaglandins have improved the hemodynamic events during septic shock [ 15, 10, 131. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, indomethacin) decreases the acute hemodynamic responses in endotoxin shock [3, 10, 84, 71 and enhances the survival [8]. The purposes of this study were to answer the following questions: (1) Are the E and F prostaglandins similarly elevated in lethal endotoxin shock in the baboon? (2) Do the changes in prostaglandins relate to the hemodynamic course? (3) Can aspirin and indomethacin modify the prostaglandin production, alter the effect of these materials, or influence the survival?
Heparin Monitoring and Neutralization during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using a Rapid Plasma Separator and a Fluorometric Assay

Abstract Avoidance of over- or underheparinization during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is crucial in preventing bleeding or clotting. Currently no completely satisfactory method is available for measuring heparin levels—a method that would be rapid, inexpensive, specific, and reproducible. We combined the use of two devices, a rapid plasma separator and a fluorometric heparin assay system, in an attempt to satisfy these requirements in 15 patients having CPB during cardiac surgical procedures. The first instrument separates plasma from whole blood using a pneumatic filtration principle, while the heparin assay system measures the effect of heparin on thrombin conversion of a synthetic fluorogenic substrate. Accurate plasma heparin levels can be generated in less than five minutes, and the assays are inexpensive and easy to perform. Performing heparin assays at critical intervals during CPB allowed desired heparin levels to be maintained and the protamine dose for heparin neutralization to be reduced to a minimum. In addition, studies for heparin rebound revealed negligible rebound up to six hours postoperatively despite the reduced doses of protamine. There were no hemorrhagic or clotting complications in the series.
Intracellular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the bivalve myocardium. II. Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases and microsomal calcium uptake.

The effects of cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-induced phosphorylation, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) on calcium uptake by bivalve heart microsomes were investigated. Cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases were purified from Macrocallista nimbosa ventricles. The cyclic AMP-dependent preparation readily phosphorylates myocardial cell proteins in both the soluble and microsomal fractions. The cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation of microsomal protein augments microsomal calcium uptake; but 5HT and cyclic AMP also induce a similar increase directly. The protein kinase activity indigenous to the microsomal preparation was not increased by cyclic AMP. In many molluscan ventricles, 5HT increases intracellular cyclic AMP and simultaneously enhances muscle contractility by altering the amount of intracellular calcium available for contraction. Therefore, if cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger and mediates the effects of 5HT, the nucleotide should augment, directly or indirectly, the amount of membrane associated calcium. This study suggests that cyclic AMP can mediate 5HT action either by the activation of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, or by a direct modification of the amount of membrane associated calcium.
High-capacity Fibonacci Key Coding in Quantum Communication

We propose a new type of entangled-photon source, as well as a physical mechanism for high capacity quantum key distribution. The source is used to implement a new protocol by randomly encoding the Fibonacci sequence onto entangled OAM states, allowing secure generation of long keys from few photons.
The Logical Structure of Linguistic Commitment III Brandomian Scorekeeping and Incompatibility

Curiously, though he provides in Making It Explicit (MIE) elaborate accounts of various representational idioms, of anaphora and deixis, and of quantification, Robert Brandom nowhere attempts to lay out how his understanding of content and his view of the role of logical idioms combine in even the simplest cases of what he calls paradigmatic logical vocabulary. That is, Brandom has a philosophical account of content as updating potential – as inferential potential understood in the sense of commitment or entitlement preservation – and says that the point of logical vocabulary is to make available the expressive resources to make explicit such semantic structures as arise from discursive scorekeeping practice. Thus, one would expect an account of the updating or inferential potential of sentences involving logical vocabulary, an account which is such as to assign to those sentences the inferential significance necessary for this expressive job. In short, one would expect a semantics of logical vocabulary – &, ν, ∼ → – in terms of the difference an assertion of a sentence involving it makes to the atomic score of a linguistic agent, and a completeness proof for the logic generated by this semantics. Despite this, no such semantics is given in MIE. It is in the current paper.