cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle entrainment model for industrial flotation cells

Abstract A simple empirical dimensionless model to calculate the mineral gangue recovered per size class (RG,i) by entrainment, in terms of the water recovery (RW), in an industrial flotation cell is presented. For modeling purposes, a dimensionless entrainment factor EFi, corresponding to the ratio (RG,i/RW), was defined for each particle size class. From experimental data measured in an industrial 130 m3 flotation cell, it was found that EFi was well correlated with the dimensionless ratio (dP,i/δ) by E F i = exp ( − 0.693 ( d P , i δ ) Φ ) where dP,i is the particle size class “i”, and δ parameter corresponds to the mean particle size for EFi = 0.5, Φ is a drainage parameter, which depends on the mineral characteristics and cell operating conditions (i.e. cell design and water recovery). The gangue recovery model was evaluated in a large industrial flotation cell, where the entrainment factor was calculated by direct measurement of the bubble load grade for non-selective froths (high water recovery), and by measuring the top of froth grade for selective froths (low water recovery). The model was also successfully tested using two different sets of industrial flotation data, taken from literature (Engelbrecht and Woodburn, 1975; Zheng et al., 2006). The particle entrainment model is a powerful tool for flotation process modeling and simulation, to explore the impact the water recovery has on the final concentrate grade.
A Civil Engineering Curriculum for the Future: The Georgia Tech Case

This paper presents the results of an undergraduate civil engineering curriculum revision at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The process of revision included a variety of important constituencies that provided important input into the adopted curriculum. The curriculum provides emphasis on civil engineering systems, technical communications, sustainability, and computer-based analysis and design. In addition, the paper discusses efforts to encourage students to pursue a masters degree and the use of distance learning technologies as a platform for instruction.
A comparison of multinephron and shunt models of the renal concentrating mechanism

Abstract A multinephron model of the inner medullary urinary concentrating mechanism in the mammalian kidney is described. A procedure to represent the distribution of nephrons with a finite number of different nephron types is introduced. The model is compared with a shunt model. These studies show that, for uniform transport permeabilities: (1) 40 properly weighted nephron types are sufficient to represent the distribution of nephrons; (2) the two models give essentially the same results.
Temperature Dependence of Order, Disorder, and Defects in Laterally Confined Diblock Copolymer Cylinder Monolayers

Monolayer arrays of polystyrene−poly(2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer cylinders with excellent orientational order and a very low density of dislocations are prepared by cooling slowly from above...
Evaluation and Testing of In Vitro Labeled Technetium Tc-99m Red Blood Cells in Two Animal Models for Neonatal RBC Volume Determinations

The present study was designed to evaluate the red blood cell (RBC) radiolabeling technique utilizing the short half-lived radionuclide technetium-99m and to compare the results with the well-recognized standard chromium-51 method. The procedure was evaluated in a canine and a newborn lamb model utilizing dual radionuclide labeling and counting techniques. With the express purpose of providing a significant radiation dose reduction, the procedure presented was adapted for utilization in a neonatal patient population. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the radiolabeling efficiency for the two methods (Cr-51, 86.6%; Tc-99m, 92.4%). Assessment of the in vitro stability for technetium-99m RBCs showed that less than a 4% loss of radiolabel from the RBC was seen in a 4-hr time span in the canine model (15 min, 90.5%; 2 hr, 88.9%; 4 hr, 86.6%) when compared to the 15 min equilibrium sample. Evaluation of newborn lamb RBC volumes showed that the technetium-99m RBC volume did not significantly differ from the chromium-51 labeling technique (Cr-51, 24.0 ml/kg; Tc-99m, 23.2 ml/kg). Summarization of the whole-body radiation dose showed that greater than a 30-fold reduction in absorbed dose was achieved in the newborn (Cr-51, 30.0 mrad; Tc-99m, 0.9 mrad). The modified procedure presented for the radiolabeling of the RBC with the short half-lived radionuclide technetium-99m provides a technique comparable to the utilized standard chromium-51 RBC method, yet with a large reduction in absorbed radiation dose. This procedure is presented as a superior technique for the determination of pediatric RBC volumes.
Family responses to children with diabetes and their influence on self-care

This study describes family responses to school-age children with diabetes and the influence of parents and siblings on self-care. Semistructured interviews of seven families living in a rural area of the Midwest were conducted. Major family responses included reminiscing about the time of diagnosis, changing the diet, scheduling daily routines, coping with and managing the diabetes, and worrying about insulin reactions. Mothers were the primary managers of the diabetes regimen. Blood-testing and self-injections were encouraged during less hurried times, particularly evenings and weekends.
A framework for the design and deployment of a SCADA honeynet

This paper describes a framework for the design and deployment of SCADA Honeynets using the IMUNES network simulator and exposing it to an external network. IMUNES uses FreeBSD-based kernel-level network stack virtualization to instantiate and simulate network nodes. It also has user-friendly facilities such as a GUI and configuration mechanisms that simplify network topology design. In other words, IMUNES is a viable alternative to live experimental testbed networks. SCADA support is then built on top of IMUNES by incorporating into a node image the necessary components to emulate digital controllers communicating over the network. A prototype is presented where a Java-based package has been added to the network nodes to support the emulation of MODBUS/TCP, a protocol widely used by the oil & gas industry. The framework presented here incorporates a number of design elements and tools for attacker control, data capture, and alerting in a fully functional SCADA Honeynet. Benefits of this framework approach, along with challenges to consider when deploying it, are presented.
Thermal behavior of alkyl monolayers on silicon surfaces

Densely-packed alkyl monolayers similar to those previously reported by Linford et al.1,2 are formed by the reaction of 1-alkenes with hydrogen-terminated surfaces of both Si(111) and Si(100). The thermal behavior of these monolayers in vacuum has been studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Both on Si(111) and on Si(100), the monolayers are found to be stable up to about 615 K. Desorption is signaled by a decrease in the intensity of C−H modes, accompanied by the appearance of Si−H modes, which suggests that desorption occurs through β-hydride elimination reactions. Upon further annealing to 785 K, C−H and Si−H modes essentially disappear, and a peak appears at 780 cm-1, which is attributed to a SiC vibrational mode. This behavior indicates that decomposition of the monolayers has taken place.
Dividend clienteles and the information content of dividend changes

Abstract We reason that dividend-yield surprises are perfectly correlated with dividend surprises. If investors with preference for dividends are the marginal investors in high-yield stocks, the price reaction to a dividend change should be larger, the higher the anticipated yield of the stock. An examination of over 8,500 dividend changes shows that price reactions to dividend increases are significantly more positive and to dividend decreases significantly more negative for high-yield stocks. Also, the price reactions to dividend changes are larger and the yield effect is stronger for low-priced and small-firm stocks, perhaps because of greater information content and higher transaction costs.
A configurational interpretation of the axial phosphate spacing in polynucleotide helices and random coils.

The structural implications arising from the observation (set forth in the preceding paper) that the charge density of a single-stranded randomly coiling polynucleotide chain is approximately equal to that of one strand of the familiar double helix are here examined. A computational scheme is described to obtain (using bond lengths, valence bond angles, and internal rotation angles) the mean phosphate–phosphate spacing parameter b along the chain axes of any single-stranded polynucleotide molecule. Attention is then focused upon the computed interphosphate spacing associated with both the theoretical randomly coiling polynucleotide that reproduces the observed experimental unperturbed dimensions and the familiar single-stranded helix. The calculations clearly demonstrate that the parameter b only weakly reflects the spatial configuration of the chain. The approximate equivalence of the b values associated with the single-stranded helix and the unperturbed randomly coiling polynucleotide is not indicative of strong configurational similarities between the two forms. The familiar helix is composed of a sequence of identically conformed compact structural residues while the random coil is characterized by a variety of chain-repeating residues of which a large proportion are extended units.
Differential sensitivity to the meaning and structural attributes of printed words in poor and normal readers

Abstract The present investigation evaluated differential encoding of printed word attributes in poor and normally developing readers. In two separate studies, poor and normal readers, at different grade levels, were presented with forcedchoice tasks which required that they pair two of three printed words on the basis of one of two word attributes. In the first study, words could be paired in accord with similarity in either their meanings or their structural (orthographic/phonological) characteristics. In the second, words could be paired in accord with orthographic or phonological similarity, but meaning was controlled. Results of the first study indicate that poor readers are no less sensitive than normal readers to the meanings of printed words and somewhat less sensitive to their structural attributes. Results of the second study indicate that poor readers are especially insensitive to the phonological attributes of printed words, consistent with phonological coding deficit theories of reading disability.
Ohio: Library and information networks

Imagine a state where a student teacher in a rural elementary school classroom can check the holdings of the school district's high school library, order a video from the regional audiovisual center, reserve books for her students in the local public library, search databases provided by the local community college, show her students how to use the World Wide Web, view artifacts displayed in the state historical society, request that full‐image articles be downloaded for her students to use, and send an e‐mail message to her professor at the state university about a problem she is having in her classroom. All without leaving the classroom. All from one interactive workstation. All without incurring any direct costs.
A Rapid Pad-Plate Microbiologic Assay for Thymine.∗:

SummaryA rapid microbial (S. faecalis) pad-plate assay procedure, specific for thymine and thymidine, is described, in which response to folic acid and its derivatives is prevented by aminopterin. The method is sensitive to thymine in amounts ranging from about 0.4 to 5 μg and to thymidine in amounts of 0.75 to 7.5 μg.
Physically Based Sound Synthesis for Large-Scale Virtual Environments

By offering a natural, intuitive interface with the virtual world, auditory display can enhance a user's experience in a multimodal virtual environment and further improve the user's sense of presence. However, compared to graphical display, sound synthesis has not been well investigated because of the extremely high computational cost for simulating realistic sounds. The state of the art for sound production in virtual environments is to use recorded sound clips that events in the virtual environment trigger, similar to how recorded animation sequences in the earlier days generated all the character motion in the virtual world. In this article, we describe several techniques for accelerating sound simulation, thereby enabling realistic, physically based sound synthesis for large-scale virtual environments
Charlotte Burck, Multilingual living: Explorations of language and subjectivity

Charlotte Burck, Multilingual living: Explorations of language and subjectivity. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, 218. Hb $75.What are the pros and the cons of writing a book outside one's main field of expertise? Multilingual living, a book about bilingualism written by a psychotherapist whose previous work has focused on gender and family therapy, offers interesting answers to this question. Among its advantages are a fresh perspective and the considerable body of expertise in the field of family relationships that Burck brings to the table. She asks intriguing questions about living in more than one language and answers them in engaging and compelling ways. Yet her outsider status also carries its price: Scholars who do not take part in an academic conversation within a field do not always have a clear idea of whether their work is truly novel or whether previous work has already attempted to answer the same questions in similar ways. Rather, they are at the mercy of a body of literature they are able to locate through a time-constrained search, without a clear feeling for which sources can be considered central in the field and which are peripheral, or which debates are still going on and where scholars might have reached a consensus.
A high power microwave triggered RF opening switch

A 4-port S-band waveguide structure was designed and fabricated such that a signal of any amplitude (less than 1 MW) can be switched from a normally closed state, 30 dB IL by initiating plasma in a gas cell situated at the junction of this waveguide and one propagating a megawatt level magnetron pulse. The 90/10 switching time is as low as 20 ns with a delay of ∼30 ns between the onset of the high power microwave pulse and the initial drop of the signal. Two ports of this device are for the high power triggering pulse while the other two ports are for the triggered signal in a Moreno-like coupler configuration. In order to maintain high isolation, these two sets of waveguides are rotated 90° from each other with a TE111 resonator/plasma cell located at the intersection. This manuscript describes the design and optimization of this structure using COMSOL 4.4 at the design frequency of 2.85 GHz, comparison of simulated scattering parameters with measured “cold tests” (testing without plasma), and finally the temporal waveforms of this device being used to successfully switch a low power CW signal from 2 W to <5 mW on a sub-microsecond timescale.
Signal Processing For Staring Infrared Images

AbstractThe signal from a staring infrared imager, initially in the charge domain, is charac-terized by low contrast and nonuniformities. To achieve high performance, the signal pro-cessor should have low noise and operate with background suppression. Fixed pattern noisecompensation must also be available. Low noise multiplexing can be achieved with chargecoupled devices (CCD). With a hybrid focal plane, background suppression at the Si CCDinput can be achieved with charge partitioning, charge skimming, ac- coupling or fill /spillgain reduction. Fixed pattern noises arising from detector variations, CCD input thresholdvariations, charge transfer process and other sources, must be compensated electronicallyusing optical calibration. A performance model of the input circuit taking into accountthe various noise sources will be discussed and compared with experimental data. Data onfocal plane fixed pattern noises will be presented. Various techniques to implement thenonuniformity correction, especially in a tactical system, will also be discussed.IntroductionStaring infrared images, compared to first generation scanned imagers, are made withlarge, two -dimensional arrays of high density, small size detectors. Capable of inte-grating the signal charge generated from incoming photon flux for a longer time, the star-ing imager can achieve a significantly higher sensitivity. Additional advantages of notneeding a mechanical scanner and having fewer bonding leads increase the system reliabil-
Class, Race, and the Incorporation of Latinos/as: Testing the Stratified Ethnoracial Incorporation Approach

This paper analyzes the patterns of incorporation of Latino/a immigrant generations into the American class structure. For that purpose, we use Current Population Survey data to construct a model of the American class structure and analyze the position of different Latino/a generations within that class structure. Our analysis reveals a complex picture that combines some intergenerational improvement and pervasive inequality. We find that the children of immigrants enter a racialized class system that features stable patterns of between- and within-ethnoracial-group inequality. Our study points to the centrality of the racial and class structures for the immigrant experience.
Palpable calcified parathyroid gland in primary chief-cell hyperplasia.

THE patient described below had the unusual finding of an enlarged parathyroid gland that was palpable and showed calcification on plain-film radiographs. Case Report J.W., a 61-year-old man, was admitted to Detroit General Hospital for prostatism. He denied symptoms of hypercalcemia, kidney stones or bone pain. Physical examination disclosed a 1-cm nodule to the left of the trachea near the upper thyroid pole that moved with swallowing. Initial screening showed a serum calcium of over 15, with a mean value of 16.3 mg per 100 ml, and a serum phosphorus of 1.9 mg per 100 ml. Peripheral serum immunoreactive parathyroid . . .
What do adolescents think about teen parenting

Unexpected increases in the teen birth rates have stimulated a renewed focus on the prevention of teen pregnancy. Although many adults believe there are certain costs associated with teen parenting...
The Unpacking Effect in Allocations of Responsibility for Group Tasks

Individuals tend to overestimate their relative contributions to collaborative endeavors. Thus, the sum of group members! estimates of the percentage they each contributed to a joint task typically exceeds the logically allowable 100%. We suggest that this tendency stems partly from individuals! inclination to regard their fellow group members as a collective rather than as individuals, and that leading people to think about their collaborators as individuals should therefore reduce the perceived relative magnitude of their own contributions. Consistent with this thesis, four experiments demonstrate that people!s tendency to claim more than their fair share of the credit for a group task is attenuated when they "unpack" their collaborators, conceptualizing them as separate individuals, rather than as "the rest of the group."
Evaluation of Genital Sites and Sampling Techniques for Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Men

To evaluate methods for detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in men samples were obtained from 3 consecutive groups of 10 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic by use of (1) a salinewetted Dacron swab alone (2) a saline-wetted cytobrush or (3) emery paper (600A-grit Wetordry Tri-M-ite; 3M) abrasion followed by a saline-wetted Dacron swab. By use of a polymerase chain reaction–based assay 45% of emery-paper samples were found to be positive for b-globin compared with 23% of swab-alone and 0% of cytobrush samples. Subsequently emery paper and saline-wetted Dacron swabs were used to obtain penile shaft glans foreskin and scrotum samples from 318 male university students. Urine samples were also obtained. Of 1323 samples tested 1288 (97%) were found to be positive for b-globin. HPV DNA was detected in samples from 104 men (33%): 24% from the penile shaft 16% from the glans 28% from the foreskin 17% from the scrotum and 6% in urine. The HPV prevalence was similar for circumcised and uncircumcised men. Testing multiple sites increased the number of men for whom HPV DNA was detected. (authors)
Developing Visual Displays for Lecture-Based Courses.

The advent of presentation software enables instructors to prepare visual displays for lectures. I review the benefits of using visual displays, provide a taxonomy of visual displays, and propose principles for constructing each type of display.
The Use of Dialogue in Community Organization Practice: Using Theory, Values, and Skills to Guide Group Decision-Making

The ability to engage diverse community participants in group dialogue to resolve differences, establish common ground, identify problems, set goals, and plan actions is an essential part of community organization. However, there are limited resources in the social work literature about how social work skills can best be used to facilitate group dialogue in this context. In this article, the theories and values associated with the use of group dialogue are discussed. The manner in which these skills are applied in community organizing is described. The interpersonal skills needed for facilitating group dialogue in community organization practice are also examined.
Automated detection of heuristics and biases among pathologists in a computer-based system

The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to develop an automated, computer-based method to detect heuristics and biases as pathologists examine virtual slide cases, (2) to measure the frequency and distribution of heuristics and errors across three levels of training, and (3) to examine relationships of heuristics to biases, and biases to diagnostic errors. The authors conducted the study using a computer-based system to view and diagnose virtual slide cases. The software recorded participant responses throughout the diagnostic process, and automatically classified participant actions based on definitions of eight common heuristics and/or biases. The authors measured frequency of heuristic use and bias across three levels of training. Biases studied were detected at varying frequencies, with availability and search satisficing observed most frequently. There were few significant differences by level of training. For representativeness and anchoring, the heuristic was used appropriately as often or more often than it was used in biased judgment. Approximately half of the diagnostic errors were associated with one or more biases. We conclude that heuristic use and biases were observed among physicians at all levels of training using the virtual slide system, although their frequencies varied. The system can be employed to detect heuristic use and to test methods for decreasing diagnostic errors resulting from cognitive biases.
Liberal Civic Education, Religious Commitment, and the Spillover Thesis: What Psychology Can Teach Us

This article addresses an idea central to liberal debates on civic education: the spillover thesis. Both egalitarian liberals and their religious opponents in these debates claim that liberal civic education creates spillover effects into the way individuals assess the meaning of their own lives. Some religious citizens fear that their politically reasonable conceptions of the good life are being undermined by education that emphasizes the practice of autonomous reasoning. Egalitarian liberals usually acknowledge this risk or cost, but deny that religious citizens should be given special dispensation from the burdens of autonomous reasoning. Some may even hope that conservative religious beliefs will be eroded by the practice of liberal civic education. This article disputes the spillover thesis. Given the best evidence available from the field of cognitive psychology, we challenge the notion that critical personal reflection about public matters is bound to spillover into critical reflection about private moral matters. On the contrary, the evidence suggests that human beings are usually well equipped to compartmentalize and are capable of reasoning in different ways depending on the context. Thus, reasonable citizens of faith are not necessarily unduly burdened by programs of civic education; nor are liberal programs of civic education necessarily going to lead us to a more secular society of autonomous thinkers. The article also speaks to a broader civic humanist tradition in political philosophy that includes Plato, Tocqueville, Rousseau, and Marcus Aurelius. For these authors, the success of a political enterprise is seen to crucially depend on the inculcation of a robust and comprehensive system of private virtue. For without private virtue, there is no public virtue. If we are correctly interpreting the available psychological research, private virtue need not be as crucially relevant for the success of common political enterprises. The inculcation of private moral virtue does not so clearly translate into making good leaders, voters, and public servants.
Outcomes and prognostic factors in superficial spreading melanoma

BACKGROUND: Prognostic factors and risk factors for positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy results are important to identify in superficial spreading melanoma (SSM). METHODS: A single-center database and a prospective clinical trial database were reviewed for all patients with diagnoses of SSM. Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox models were used. RESULTS: A total of 1,643 patients with SSM were identified. Independent risk factors for positive SLN biopsy results were Breslow thickness (BT) R2.0 mm, age ,60 years, and presence of ulceration. BT R2.0 mm, ulceration, lymphovascular invasion, and positive SLN and positive non-SLN biopsy results were independent risk factors for worse disease-free survival. Independent overall survival risk factors included BT R2.0 mm, age R60 years, ulceration, nonextremity tumor location, lymphovascular invasion, and positive SLN biopsy results. CONCLUSIONS: BT, ulceration, lymphovascular invasion, and SLN and non-SLN status are important risk factors for SSM.
A tailored approach to catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Background— Because the genesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) is multifactorial and variable, an ablation strategy that involves pulmonary vein isolation and/or a particular set of ablation lines may not be equally effective or efficient in all patients with AF. A tailored strategy that targets initiators and drivers of AF is a possible alternative to a standardized lesion set. Methods and Results— Catheter ablation was performed in 153 consecutive patients (mean age, 56±11 years) with symptomatic paroxysmal AF with the use of an 8-mm tip radiofrequency ablation catheter. The esophagus was visualized with barium. The pulmonary veins and left atrium were mapped during spontaneous or induced AF. Arrhythmogenic pulmonary veins were isolated or encircled. If AF was still present or inducible, complex electrograms in the left atrium, coronary sinus, and superior vena cava were targeted for ablation. The end point of ablation was absence of frequent atrial ectopy and spontaneous AF during isoproterenol infusion a...
Simple Messages Help Set the Record Straight about Scientific Agreement on Human-Caused Climate Change: The Results of Two Experiments

Human-caused climate change is happening; nearly all climate scientists are convinced of this basic fact according to surveys of experts and reviews of the peer-reviewed literature. Yet, among the American public, there is widespread misunderstanding of this scientific consensus. In this paper, we report results from two experiments, conducted with national samples of American adults, that tested messages designed to convey the high level of agreement in the climate science community about human-caused climate change. The first experiment tested hypotheses about providing numeric versus non-numeric assertions concerning the level of scientific agreement. We found that numeric statements resulted in higher estimates of the scientific agreement. The second experiment tested the effect of eliciting respondents’ estimates of scientific agreement prior to presenting them with a statement about the level of scientific agreement. Participants who estimated the level of agreement prior to being shown the corrective statement gave higher estimates of the scientific consensus than respondents who were not asked to estimate in advance, indicating that incorporating an “estimation and reveal” technique into public communication about scientific consensus may be effective. The interaction of messages with political ideology was also tested, and demonstrated that messages were approximately equally effective among liberals and conservatives. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
IgE Antibody Detection and Component Analysis in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background Although IgE antibodies to cow's milk and wheat are common in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), titers are low and responses to diet are not dependent on having IgE antibodies. Objective To better define specific IgE antibody responses to foods, focusing on those foods that appear to play a role in EoE. Methods Adult (n = 46) and pediatric (n = 51) patients with EoE were recruited for skin prick testing and serum measurement (whole and diluted) of IgE antibodies specific for aeroallergens, food extracts, and component allergens by ImmunoCAP. Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip analysis was also used to measure the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules. Results In adults and children, there was a higher prevalence of sensitization to food extracts by ImmunoCAP than by skin prick testing. Using Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip to assess the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules, we found that results for food allergens were mostly negative. In contrast, ImmunoCAP assays for specific milk allergens gave positive IgE antibody results in 31 of 34 sera. The correlations between specific IgE antibody to Bos d 4 or Bos d 5 and milk extract were strong ( R = 0.89 and 0.76, respectively; P Conclusions The IgE responses in cow's milk–sensitized patients with EoE are frequently to whey proteins Bos d 4 and Bos d 5, minor components of the extract. These IgE assays may be able to identify the proteins that are relevant to EoE even though IgE is not the primary mechanism.
On Characterizing and Analyzing Diffusion Tensor Images by Learning their Underlying Manifold Structure

The growing importance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in studying the white matter architecture in normal and pathologic states necessitates the development of tools for comprehensive analysis of diffusion tensor data. Operations such as multivariate statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, interpolation and filtering, must now be performed on tensor data, and must overcome challenges introduced by the non-linearity and high dimensionality of the tensors. In this paper, we present a novel approach to performing these computations by modeling the underlying manifold structure of the tensors, using a combination of two manifold learning techniques, isometric mapping (ISOMAP) and local tangent space alignment (LTSA). While ISOMAP identifies the dimensionality of the manifold of the tensors and embeds the tensors into a linear space, facilitating statistical computations therein, operations like interpolation and filtering, integral to the process of normalization, require the reconstruction of the tensor in the tensor domain. To obtain this reverse mapping from the linear space to the tensor domain, i.e. to the domain of the original tensor data, we use LTSA. The modeling of the underlying manifold structure renders our approach better applicable to tensor data than existing methods that may not always be able to capture the non-linearity present in the tensors under consideration. In various simulations with known ground truth, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework based on ISOMAP and LTSA in performing a comprehensive analysis of DTI data.
Single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are specialized hybrid electric vehicles that have the potential to obtain enough energy for average daily commuting from batteries. These batteries would be charged from the power grid and would thus allow for a reduction in the overall petroleum consumption. To implement the plug-in function, a single phase bidirectional AC-DC converter interfacing with the grid is essential. The implementation of a bidirectional AC-DC converter can allow for battery recharge from the grid, battery energy injection to the AC grid, and battery energy for AC power stabilization. In this paper, the basic requirements and specifications for PHEV bidirectional AC-DC converter designs are presented. Generally, there are two types of topologies used for PHEVs: an independent topology and a combination topology that utilizes the drive motorpsilas inverter. Evaluations of the two converter topologies are analyzed in detail. The combination topology analysis is emphasized because it has more advantages in PHEVs, in respect to savings in cost, volume and weight.
Rates and Trends of Coastal Change in California and the Regional Behavior of the Beach and Cliff System

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed an analysis of shoreline change and cliff retreat along the California coast. This is the first regional, systematic measurement of coastal change conducted for the West Coast. Long-term (∼120 y) and short-term (∼25 y) shoreline change rates were calculated for more than 750 km of coastline, and 70 year cliff-retreat rates were generated for 350 km of coast. Results show that 40% of California's beaches were eroding in the long term. This number increased to 66% in the short term, indicating that many beaches have shifted toward a state of chronic erosion. The statewide average net shoreline change rates for the long and short term were 0.2 m/y and −0.2 m/y, respectively. The long-term accretional signal is likely related to large coastal engineering projects in some parts of the state and to large fluxes of sediment from rivers in other areas. The cliff-retreat assessment yielded a statewide average of −0.3 m/y. It was found that Northern Cali...
R964C Mutation of DNA Polymerase γ Imparts Increased Stavudine Toxicity by Decreasing Nucleoside Analog Discrimination and Impairing Polymerase Activity

The R964C mutation of human DNA polymerase γ was recently linked to stavudine (d4T)-mediated mitochondrial toxicity. We utilized pre-steady-state kinetics to determine the effect of this mutation on incorporation of natural substrate dTTP and the active metabolite of d4T (d4TTP). The R964C polymerase γ holoenzyme demonstrated a 33% decrease in dTTP incorporation efficiency and a threefold-lower d4TTP discrimination relative to that of the wild-type polymerase γ, providing a mechanistic basis for genetic predisposition to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity.
Moment arm and force-generating capacity of the extensor carpi ulnaris after transfer to the extensor carpi radialis brevis * * * * * *

Tendon transfers to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) are often performed to augment wrist extension. This study was conducted to analyze how transfer of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) to the ECRB affects the moment arms, force-generating capacity, and moment-generating capacity of the ECU over a range of wrist flexion-extension. A graphics-based computer model was developed from anatomic measurements of the muscle-tendon paths before and after transfer. This model calculates the lengths and moment arms of the muscles over a range of wrist flexion-extension and represents the muscles' force-generating characteristics from previous measurements of their physiologic cross-sectional areas, fiber lengths, and pennation angles. Analysis of the computer model revealed that the maximum isometric extension moment of the ECU at the neutral wrist position increased from 0.50 N-m to 1.72 N-m after transfer to the ECRB. The deviation moment shifted from 2.72 N-m ulnar deviation to 1.42 N-m radial deviation. The extension moment generated by the ECU varied more with wrist flexion angle after transfer due to its broadened operating range on the muscle force-length relationship. The simulations highlight the need for proper intraoperative tensioning of the ECU to maximize the force-generating potential of the transferred muscle over the functional range of motion.
Differentiation of discrete multidimensional signals

We describe the design of finite-size linear-phase separable kernels for differentiation of discrete multidimensional signals. The problem is formulated as an optimization of the rotation-invariance of the gradient operator, which results in a simultaneous constraint on a set of one-dimensional low-pass prefilter and differentiator filters up to the desired order. We also develop extensions of this formulation to both higher dimensions and higher order directional derivatives. We develop a numerical procedure for optimizing the constraint, and demonstrate its use in constructing a set of example filters. The resulting filters are significantly more accurate than those commonly used in the image and multidimensional signal processing literature.
Scintigraphy of Patient with Hematochezia

Gastrointestinal bleeding can result in significant morbidity. Scintigraphy plays an important role in detecting, localizing, and grading the bleed. Effective scintigraphic evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding can be complicated by its intermittent nature and the patient’s hemodynamic instability. Dynamic evaluation, delayed imaging, and an understanding of the labeling process are necessary tools to help improve detection rate and locali
Pseudo Y-Junction Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Based Ambipolar Transistor Operating at Room Temperature

A nanoscale field-effect transistor (FET) was fabricated based on pseudo Y-junction single-walled carbon nanotubes (Y-SWNTs). The Y-junction transistor was modulated by a metallic branch of the Y-SWNTs, and exhibited ambipolar FET characteristics at room temperature. A subthreshold swing of 700 mV/decade and an on/off ratio of 105 with a low off-state current of ~10-13 A were obtained. Analysis of the electrical transport of pseudo Y-SWNTs is fundamental to the study of transport properties in a carbon nanotube mat (CNT-mat)
Justice in Sierra Leone: Principal Agencies

Sierra Leone has a legal system that is, save for the system of customary justice, largely patterned after the English common law tradition. It is highly organized, well structured, and reflects certain positive attributes and elements of the British model. This chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the authority, functions, and jurisdictions of the general law courts and the customary law courts. It also outlines the main features of the military court system. An overview is also provided of other major components of the justice system, namely the Police, the Office of the Attorney-General and Minister of Justice, the Private Practising Bar, and the Prison System.
Individual, relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport.

Abstract Objectives We examined the association of multiple process, person, and context factors (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) with parents’ involvement (support and pressure) in sport. Specifically, we examined (a) the concordance among self, partner, and child reports of fathers and mothers for key study variables, and (b) prediction of parent support and pressure in youth sport by warmth and conflict in the parent–child relationship, parent positive and negative affect, and mastery and ego dimensions of the coach-created motivational climate. Design Cross-sectional survey. Method Self-reports of study variables were collected from athletes (ages 11–13 years) and parents from participating families (final N = 201). Multitrait-multimethod analysis was used to address the first study aim and multivariate multiple regression analysis for the second aim. Results Values for concordance among reporters were largely significant and in hypothesized directions, yet were of modest magnitude and suggested low reporter agreement (Cohen's κ range = −.07–.35). Multivariate relationships were significant and were of low to moderate magnitude (R d range = .04–.22). Canonical loadings showed that warmth, positive affect, and mastery climate positively associate with support, whereas conflict, negative affect, and ego climate positively associate with pressure from fathers and mothers. Conflict and positive affect positively associated with support and pressure in some functions, suggesting complexity in interpretations of parent involvement. Conclusion Findings support the adaptive role of parent-child warmth, positive parent affect, and coach-created mastery motivational climate in youth sport; however, low concordance of reporter perceptions must be considered when pursuing family-related questions in sport.
Attenuation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been manufactured and used industrially since the early 1930s. The industrial grade Aroclors, sold by Monsanto, consist of mixtures of PCB congeners (Hutzinger et al. 1974). Their thermal stability, chemical stability, e.g., general inertness to oxidation and hydrolysis, and dielectric properties have made them very useful in a variety of industrial applications. They have been used as coolant-insulation fluids in capacitors and transformers; as agents for impregnating cotton and asbestos in braided insulation of electrical wiring; as plasticizers in wire, cable coatings, and vinyl chloride polymer films; as lubricants and gasket sealers; as high-pressure hydraulic fluids; as heat transfer agents; as machine tool cutting oils; as protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; for adhesives; and for carbonless reproducing paper (Gustafson 1970). However, their use has been restricted since the early 1970s.
Psychological Issues and PrEP in Private Practice

ABSTRACTWhen pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was newly marketed towards and available to urban men who have sex with men, a cultural phenomenon with deeply personal psychological implications began. The widespread availability of PrEP resurrected long-dormant conflicts in patients, therapists, and primary care providers about sexual acts between men; about sexual agency and autonomy; and re-traumatization from similar conflicts believed to have been worked through during earlier decades of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Patients often are not aware of the depth of psychological implications. If a therapist is unaware of the momentous cultural event, he or she may over-interpret, missing or distorting important assessments of risk, danger and safety. A therapist´s over-identification with the event may lead to under appreciation and exploration of the depths and multi-determination of intra-psychic meaning and symbolism including the patient´s conscious and unconscious use of the cultural phenomenon to express myr...
Colliding waves on a string in AdS$_3$

This paper is concerned with the classical motion of a string in global AdS3. The initially static string stretches between two antipodal points on the boundary circle. Both endpoints are perturbed which creates cusps at a steady rate. The cusps propagate towards the interior where they collide. The behavior of the string depends on the strength of forcing. Three qualitatively different phases can be distinguished: transparent, gray, and black. The transparent region is analogous to a standing wave. In the black phase, there is a horizon on the worldsheet and cusps never reach the other endpoint. The string keeps folding and its length grows linearly over time. In the gray phase, the string still grows linearly. However, cusps do cross to the other side. The transparent and gray regions are separated by a transition point where a logarithmic accumulation of cusps is numerically observed. A simple model reproduces the qualitative behavior of the string in the three phases.
Oxidation of Cholesterol by Rat Liver Mitochondria: Influence of Ethyl α -p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate

Ethyl α-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) has been shown to inhibit cholesterol synthesis from acetate (1) or mevalonate (2) and to interfere with lipoprotein synthesis and/or release by the liver (3). In an effort to clarify other parameters of its mode of action, we have investigated the effect of CPIB upon the oxidation of cholesterol-26-14C to 14CO2 by suitably fortified mitochondrial preparations from rat livers.
MHCI promotes developmental synapse elimination and aging-related synapse loss at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Synapse elimination at the developing neuromuscular junction (NMJ) sculpts motor circuits, and synapse loss at the aging NMJ drives motor impairments that are a major cause of loss of independence in the elderly. Here we provide evidence that at the NMJ, both developmental synapse elimination and aging-related synapse loss are promoted by specific immune proteins, members of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI). MHCI is expressed at the developing NMJ, and three different methods of reducing MHCI function all disrupt synapse elimination during the second postnatal week, leaving some muscle fibers multiply-innervated, despite otherwise outwardly normal synapse formation and maturation. Conversely, overexpressing MHCI modestly accelerates developmental synapse elimination. MHCI levels at the NMJ rise with aging, and reducing MHCI levels ameliorates muscle denervation in aged mice. These findings identify an unexpected role for MHCI in the elimination of neuromuscular synapses during development, and indicate that reducing MHCI levels can preserve youthful innervation of aging muscle.
[Catheter-based intervention therapies for ischemic heart disease].

Abstract Since the introduction of drug eluting stents (DES), the problem of restenosis, which had been an issue with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) for many years, has been overcome. Now that we understand the advantages and disadvantages of each device, the most important issue is whether or not the long term prognosis is better after PCI than after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Comparing the evidence for PCI and CABG from this perspective has shown that PCI is still inferior with respect to the long term prognosis, emphasizing the importance of secondary prevention (lifestyle modification/drug therapy). By implementing OMT (Optimal Medical Therapy), which combines lifestyle modification with evidence-based and individualized drug therapy, to augment PCI, the long term prognosis may reach equivalence with that after CABG, and this will represent the start of an era in which coronary revascularization can be accomplished by minimally invasive treatment in the true sense. Now that the problem of restenosis has been overcome with the adoption of DES, the emphasis will be on secondary prevention in the future.
Insulin sensitivity is associated with blood pressure response to sodium in older hypertensives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether sodium-resistant hypertensives are more insulin resistant and whether dietary sodium restriction improves insulin sensitivity in older hypertensiv...