cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight smoothing to improve network generalization

A weight smoothing algorithm is proposed in this paper to improve a neural network's generalization capability. The algorithm can be used when the data patterns to be classified are presented on an n-dimensional grid (n/spl ges/1) and there exists some correlations among neighboring data points within a pattern. For a fully-interconnected feedforward net, no such correlation information is embedded into the architecture. Consequently, the correlations can only be extracted through sufficient amount of network training. With the proposed algorithm, a smoothing constraint is incorporated into the objective function of backpropagation to reflect the neighborhood correlations and to seek those solutions that have smooth connection weights. Experiments were performed on problems of waveform classification, multifont alphanumeric character recognition, and handwritten numeral recognition. The results indicate that (1) networks trained with the algorithm do have smooth connection weights, and (2) they generalize better. >
Implications of Polyploidy in the Host Plant of a Dipteran Seed Parasite

Abstract Although polyploidy can alter host plants in important ways (e.g., size, phenology, resource use, and ecological range), little is known about the effects of polyploidy-associated changes on plant-insect interactions. The presence of Campiglossa footeorum Novak (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its effect on its host plant Arnica cordifolia Hook. (Asteraceae) were monitored throughout Colorado, where triploids and tetraploids of the host plant occur. Campiglossa footeorum is more abundant in sites with more tetraploids and attacks tetraploids more than triploids. Polyploidy could be an important force shaping the current evolutionary trajectory of the plants and insects in this system. Campiglossa footeorum is intimately linked to A. cordifolia, and polyploidy should be included in any assessment of the insect's population dynamics.
Using scenarios in deficiency-driven requirements engineering

A process is described for generating and validating specifications, together with an automated tool which supports this approach. The input to the process is a set of client objectives, expressed as transitions between states. These transitions fall into two classes: those which should be supported, and those which should be prevented. The output is a specification of a target artifact, expressed as a set of capabilities. A valid specification is a set of artifact capabilities that can be used to achieve all desired transitions but cannot be used to achieve any undesirable transitions. An automated system is used for reasoning about scenarios (sequences of actions) to generate and evaluate specifications. Scenarios are employed to identify missing capabilities that would enable artifact users to achieve their goals, and to determine whether a particular capability set will allow prohibited transitions. >
Genome engineering of Drosophila with the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease

We have adapted a bacterial CRISPR RNA/Cas9 system to precisely engineer the Drosophila genome and report that Cas9-mediated genomic modifications are efficiently transmitted through the germline. This RNA-guided Cas9 system can be rapidly programmed to generate targeted alleles for probing gene function in Drosophila.
Twist-1 is a PPARδ-inducible, negative-feedback regulator of PGC-1α in brown fat metabolism.

Brown fat is specialized for energy expenditure, a process that is principally controlled by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha. Here, we describe a molecular network important for PGC-1alpha function and brown fat metabolism. We find that twist-1 is selectively expressed in adipose tissue, interacts with PGC-1alpha, and is recruited to the promoters of PGC-1alpha's target genes to suppress mitochondrial metabolism and uncoupling. In vivo, transgenic mice expressing twist-1 in the adipose tissue are prone to high-fat-diet-induced obesity, whereas twist-1 heterozygous knockout mice are obesity resistant. These phenotypes are attributed to their altered mitochondrial metabolism in the brown fat. Interestingly, the nuclear receptor PPARdelta not only mediates the actions of PGC-1alpha but also regulates twist-1 expression, suggesting a negative-feedback regulatory mechanism. These findings reveal an unexpected physiological role for twist-1 in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and have important implications for understanding metabolic control and metabolic diseases.
Classifying Bad Chips and Ordering Test Sets

This paper shows data related to choosing a pair of test sets for Digital IC production test. This data demonstrates that the choice of the second set of the pair should take into account the test metric used for the first test set. An approach for making this choice by taking defect coverage and total test length into account is presented.
Addressing feasibility of cognitive radios

In this article we present a feasibility study of spectrum-sensing techniques using a research testbed platform for exploration and demonstration of cognitive radio systems. Our cognitive radio testbed is particularly suited for the development of physical and network layer functionalities and their experimental characterization in realistic wireless scenarios. Advanced testbed capabilities include real-time high-speed signal processing and protocol implementation, and support for multiple networks interaction and multiple antennas operation. This testbed is used for an experimental study of a set of prominent candidate techniques proposed in the literature for implementation of spectrum sensing functionality. We first consider three physical layer signal processing approaches based on energy, pilot, and feature detection. Our experimental results show that theoretical performance of these approaches for spectrum sensing cannot be achieved for the detection of very weak signals using a practical sensing receiver implementation. Also, we explain why these limitations exist by identifying sources of errors and provide basis for the design of robust spectrum sensing techniques. Next, we consider spectrum sensing techniques that use multiple measurements to improve sensing reliability. Our experimental study demonstrates practically achievable gains by exploiting multipath channel diversity through multiple antenna processing, and spatial diversity using user cooperation in a typical indoor environment.
Principal components, analysis of variance and data structure

The relation between principal components and analysis of variance is examined. It is shown that the model underlying the extended analysis of variance developed by GOLLOB and MANDEL is useful also as a model for principal component analysis. The elucidation of structure of two-factor data using the new analysis of variance model is illustrated by an example taken from thermodynamics. It has been may good fortune to have spent a full year in close association with Professor HAMAKER at the Technological University of Eindhoven. That year was among the most pleasant and most rewarding of my career. I feel honored to be able to join with Professor HAMAKER'S many friends and colleagues in dedicating this issue of Statistica Neerlandica to him. The method of principal components goes back to ideas proposed by PEARSON as early as 1901 (12) and developed systematically by HOTELLING in 1933 [4]. Since then the method has been applied to numerous sets of data, more particularly in the field of psychology, but also in numerous other areas of research, including the physical sciences [e.g. 1,2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, IS, 16). In 1968 and 1969 respectively, GOLLOB (3) and MANDEL (8) proposed, independently of each other, an extension of the analysis of variance approach, which GOLLOB called "Fanova", because it combined features of analysis of variance and of factor analysis. This method, too, had been anticipated by some earlier authors [13, 17). It is immediately apparent that this extension of the analysis of variance involves the same matrix calculations as the method of principal components. The question then arises whether a deeper conceptual relationship exists between the two methods. In this paper this question is examined. The result is not only a positive answer to this question but also a clarification of the method of principal components. The author believes, as a result of this work, that interpretations of principal component analyses found in the literature are sometimes incorrect. We will attempt to show that such misinterpretations are due, in no small measure, to a particular terminology that has acquired common usage in inferences drawn from principal component analysis.
Wind power bidding based on chance-constrained optimization

Wind power bidding is critical for wind power producers operations in an electricity market. Due to the uncertainly and variability of wind power output, some markets impose a penalty on the deviation between the wind power bids in the day-ahead market and the real wind power output in the realtime market. The objective of a wind power producers bidding problem is to maximize the producers profit while minimizing the penalty and ensuring the output from its wind farms can be utilized to the largest extent. In this paper, we present a wind power bidding strategy based on chance-constrained optimization. The chance constraint is used to define the probability that certain amount of wind power bid into the market can be accepted. We formulate the problem as a chance-constrained two-stage (CCTS) stochastic optimization program. The second stage represents the many possible realizations of wind power output by scenarios. We also consider pumped-storage hydro power plants as storage to accommodate the fluctuation of wind power. Sample Average Approximation (SAA) is used to solve the problem. Numerical examples are also provided.
Peripubertal Vitamin D3 Deficiency Delays Puberty and Disrupts the Estrous Cycle in Adult Female Mice

The mechanism(s) by which vitamin D3 regulates female reproduction is minimally understood. We tested the hypothesis that peripubertal vitamin D3 deficiency disrupts hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian physiology. To test this hypothesis, we used wild-type mice and Cyp27b1 (the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) null mice to study the effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on puberty and reproductive physiology. At the time of weaning, mice were randomized to a vitamin D3-replete or -deficient diet supplemented with calcium. We assessed the age of vaginal opening and first estrus (puberty markers), gonadotropin levels, ovarian histology, ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins, and estrous cyclicity. Peripubertal vitamin D3 deficiency significantly delayed vaginal opening without affecting the number of GnRH-immunopositive neurons or estradiol-negative feedback on gonadotropin levels during diestrus. Young adult females maintained on a vitamin D3-deficient diet after puberty had arrested follicular development and prolonged estrous cycles characterized by extended periods of diestrus. Ovaries of vitamin D3-deficient Cyp27b1 null mice responded to exogenous gonadotropins and deposited significantly more oocytes into the oviducts than mice maintained on a vitamin D3-replete diet. Estrous cycles were restored when vitamin D3-deficient Cyp27b1 null young adult females were transferred to a vitamin D3-replete diet. This study is the first to demonstrate that peripubertal vitamin D3 sufficiency is important for an appropriately timed pubertal transition and maintenance of normal female reproductive physiology. These data suggest vitamin D3 is a key regulator of neuroendocrine and ovarian physiology.
Synergy of IL-21 and IL-15 in regulating CD8+ T cell expansion and function.

Interleukin (IL)-21 is the most recently recognized of the cytokines that share the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. We now report that IL-21 synergistically acts with IL-15 to potently promote the proliferation of both memory (CD44high) and naive (CD44low) phenotype CD8+ T cells and augment interferon-γ production in vitro. IL-21 also cooperated, albeit more weakly, with IL-7, but not with IL-2. Correspondingly, the expansion and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells were impaired in IL-21R−/− mice. Moreover, in vivo administration of IL-21 in combination with IL-15 boosted antigen-specific CD8+ T cell numbers and resulted in a cooperative effect on tumor regression, with apparent cures of large, established B16 melanomas. Thus, our studies reveal that IL-21 potently regulates CD8+ T cell expansion and effector function, primarily in a synergistic context with IL-15.
The Design and Production of Learner-Controlled Courseware for the TICCIT System: A Progress Report.

The magnitude of the task of courseware development in the TICCIT project has required the development of well-defined and manageable techniques for courseware preparation. This paper reviews the problems involved and the team production techniques developed to overcome them.
Microhabitat use by southern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a headwater North Carolina stream

Brook trout are the one of the only Salvelinus species native to eastern North America and range from Canada to Georgia. Very little is known, however, about the ecology of the southern form of this species. We quantified microhabitat use of southern brook trout in Ball Creek NC, a third-order stream, during six seasonal samples (summer 2010, autumn 2010, spring 2011, summer 2011, autumn 2011 and spring 2012). In general, trout preferentially occupied deeper microhabitats with lower mean velocities and higher amounts of erosional substrata than were randomly available. Older trout (1+ and 2+) occupied deeper microhabitats with lower mean velocities than yearling trout. These microhabitats typically represent ‘plunge pools’. Southern brook trout also occupied focal point velocities that were statistically indistinguishable from optimal velocities calculated for rainbow trout in the same system and thus may chose microhabitats that maximise net energy gain. Southern brook trout are found in isolated populations, and management strategies should focus on the preservation of plunge pool habitat for conservation of this subspecies.
Genetic variation in the dietary sucrose modulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetic variation in the modulating effect of dietary sucrose was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster by examining 27 chromosome substitution lines coisogenic for the X and second chromosomes and possessing different third isogenic chromosomes derived from natural populations. An increase in the concentration of sucrose from 0·1% to 5% in modified Sang's medium C significantly altered the activities of 11 of 15 enzyme activities in third instar larvae, indicating that dietary sucrose modulates many, but not all, of the enzymes of D. melanogaster . A high sucrose diet promoted high activities of enzymes associated with lipid and glycogen synthesis and low activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways, reflecting the physiological requirements of the animal. Analyses of variance revealed significant genetic variation in the degrees to which sucrose modulated several enzyme activities. Analysis of correlations revealed some relationships between enzymes in the genetic effects on the modulation process. These observations suggest that adaptive evolutionary change may depend in part on the selection of enzyme activity modifiers that are distributed throughout the genome.
Circular Plate with Supported Edge-Beam

The flexure of a circular plate with an edge-beam is presented. The edge-beam is either simply supported or constrained against rotation, and the plate is subjected to a point load. Exact solutions are presented. The stiffening effect produced by the edge-beam is assessed.
Electron Injection Dynamics of RuII(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)2cis(NCS)2 Adsorbed on MoS2 Nanoclusters

The electron injection dynamics of RuII(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)2cis(NCS)2 (N3 dye) adsorbed on MoS2 nanoclusters have been studied using static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. Static spectroscopy and the comparison with RuII(2,2‘-bipyridine)2cis(NCS)2 indicate that the N3 is bound to the MoS2 nanoclusters and that the binding occurs through the carboxylates. The static absorption spectrum of adsorbed N3/MoS2 is red shifted about 1.2 nm compared to N3 in an equivalent acetonitrile/hexanol/tridodecylmethylammonium iodide solution. The extent of the spectral shift indicates that the coupling is comparable to that in the N3/TiO2 case. The time-resolved results indicate that about 35% of the adsorbed dyes inject electrons into the MoS2 conduction band on the 250 ps time scale, and about 65% do not inject. These results indicate that electron injection is comparatively slow in these systems (250 ps compared to <100 fs in N3/TiO2) because of the low density of conduction band states in these quan...
State Commitments to International Organizations: The European Court of Human Rights as a Test Case of Legalization Theory

This paper assesses government compliance to European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) decisions and the fulfillment of ECHR member-state criminal justice obligations. Judgments of the ECHR can involve either a monetary award given by the state to the claimant, individual measures or general measures. Monetary award judgments cover pecuniary damage and expenses. Individual measures are judgments by the ECHR which are considered necessary to prevent the further erosion of the claimant's rights. Finally, the ECHR may impose general measures which require a state to enact criminal justice reforms to prevent future violations. We examine under what circumstances governements comply with ECHR decisions.
High Out-of-Pocket Medical Spending among the Poor and Elderly in Nine Developed Countries

Objective The design of health insurance, and the role out-of-pocket (OOP) payments play in it, is a key policy issue as rising health costs have encouraged greater cost-sharing measures. This paper compares the percentage of Americans spending large amounts OOP to meet their health needs with percentages in eight other developed countries. By disaggregating by age and income, the paper focuses on the poor and elderly populations within each. Data Source The study uses nationally representative household survey data made available through the Luxembourg Income Study. It includes nations with high, medium, and low levels of OOP spending. Study Design Households have high medical spending when their OOP expenditures exceed a threshold share of income. I calculate the share of each nation's population, as well as subpopulations within it, with high OOP expenditures. Principal Findings The United States is not alone in exposing large numbers of citizens to high OOP expenses. In six of the other eight countries, one-quarter or more of low-income citizens devoted at least 5 percent of their income to OOP expenses, and in all but two countries, more than 1 in 10 elderly citizens had high medical expenses. Conclusions For some populations in the sample nations, health insurance does not provide adequate financial protection and likely contributes to inequities in health care delivery and outcomes.
Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to selected spices

Ten spices were added separately to tryptose broth which was then inoculated to contain, per ml, 105 or 107 Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A or V7, respectively, and held at 4°C for 7 d. Strain Scott A appeared to be more sensitive to effects of spices than was strain V7. The population of strain Scott A was decreased to <10/ml in 1 d by 1% sage, in 4 d by 1% allspice, and in 7 d by 1% cumin, garlic powder, paprika, and red pepper. Black pepper and mace at 1% reduced but did not completely inactivate the population of strain Scott A, whereas 1% white pepper enhanced its growth. At 1%, only sage reduced the population of strain V7 to <10, but 7 d rather than 1 d of storage were required. At 3 and 5%, some activity against strain V7 was exhibited by allspice, mace, and nutmeg. Generally, the antilisterial effect of spices increased as the concentration in the medium increased from 1 to 3 to 5% .
Metalloprotein Crystallography: More than a Structure.

ConspectusMetal ions and metallocofactors play important roles in a broad range of biochemical reactions. Accordingly, it has been estimated that as much as 25–50% of the proteome uses transition metal ions to carry out a variety of essential functions. The metal ions incorporated within metalloproteins fulfill functional roles based on chemical properties, the diversity of which arises as transition metals can adopt different redox states and geometries, dictated by the identity of the metal and the protein environment. The coupling of a metal ion with an organic framework in metallocofactors, such as heme and cobalamin, further expands the chemical functionality of metals in biology. The three-dimensional visualization of metal ions and complex metallocofactors within a protein scaffold is often a starting point for enzymology, highlighting the importance of structural characterization of metalloproteins. Metalloprotein crystallography, however, presents a number of implicit challenges including correct...
Teaching aerospace propulsion concepts to future teachers

A new science course under development at The University of Alabama seeks t o address the problem of scientific illiteracy in our nation. The course is offered by the Department of Aerospace Engineering to undergraduate education majors. In addition to the aerospace content, an important component of the course is its pedagogical approach. This paper presents an overview of the course and its innovative teaching techniques through a description of how propulsion topics are covered.
Extended Airspace Encounter Models for Unmanned Aircraft Sense and Avoid Safety Evaluation

Encounter models represent the distribution of aircraft encounter situations where an unmanned aircraft sense and avoid system would act. Therefore, encounter models are central to the Monte Carlo simulation safety evaluation of sense and avoid self separation and collision avoidance. Previous encounter models were intended to evaluate collision avoidance and were never demonstrated to be sufficient for evaluating self separation. This paper describes how the original models were extended and validated to enable self separation evaluation. The paper also compares the model against observed encounters where the model is shown to accurately reflect observed encounters.
Detection of Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery by PET/CT

An aberrant right subclavian artery can be diagnosed by PET/CT, as demonstrated in this case of a 70-y-old man undergoing PET/CT for staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the right lung. It is important to report this finding during the evaluation of oncologic patients, to prevent severe complications that may arise from various oncologic interventions.
RESEARCH ON CHARACTER AND MECHACISM OF NONLINEAR SEEPAGE IN POST-PEAK MARBLE

For the excavation damage zone(EDZ) in underground construction,seepage is greatly influenced by the stress in the surrounding rock and the water pressure in cracks.For example,seepage velocity will increase with the water head pressure gradient increasing,and then the seepage becomes nonlinear instead of Darcy flow.So the properties of nonlinear seepage in cracked marble under different hydrostatic pressures and water pressures are focused on.Firstly,the seepage tests are performed using the self-developed temperature-stress-hydraulic coupling test system.According to the test results,the evolutionary law of seepage under different water head pressure gradients can be divided into three stages,namely,steady Darcy seepage,transition from Darcy seepage to nonlinear seepage and nonlinear seepage;and a complete quadratic polynomial is proposed to describe the relationship between water head pressure gradient and seepage velocity.Secondly,the relationship between critical water head pressure gradient and lateral deformation of rock specimen is described by a linear equation based on the deformation data;and then an empirical function is proposed for crack hydraulic aperture and the lateral deformation of specimen.Finally,the evolution of crack hydraulic aperture is studied,which is responsible for the variations of the critical water head pressure gradient,inherent permeability and quadratic term coefficient.Two conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) with the hydrostatic pressure increases,the crack hydraulic aperture reduces,which leads to reduction of the inherent permeability while augments of the critical water head pressure gradient and the quadratic term coefficient;and(2) with the water pressure increases,the crack hydraulic aperture increases,accordingly,the inherent permeability increases,but the critical water head pressure gradient and the quadratic term coefficient reduce.
Phase Coherence and Spin Dynamics

The recent advances in manipulating electronic spins in semiconductors provide a strong incentive for understanding the dynamics and transport properties of spin-based semiconducting electronics [1, 2, 3]. There has been a great deal of effort pursuing spin injection in high mobility but low dimensionality systems where spin transport is expected to be enhanced. However, most of the studies on spin transport and spin precession has been based on spin diffusive transport [4, 5]. For submicrons devices, where electronic mean free paths can easily exceed the length of the device, transport is in the ballistic regime. Furthermore, in the case of narrow conductors, only a few channels are involved in the spin transport and interchannel scattering becomes inconsequential and the electron can propagate phase coherently. It is at present unclear how the spatial part of the wavefunction can affect its spin counterpart. Indeed the quantum equation of motion for a spin in a magnetic field B is $$ \partial _t S + \partial _x J = g\mu _B S \times B, $$ (1) where S and J are the spin density and spin-current density operators respectively and g, μ B are the gyromagnetic factor and Bohr magneton. In absence of spin flip scattering, the previous equation remains valid in a semiclassical sense where the operators are replaced by their expectation values. This raises the question, “Does phase coherence affect spin dynamics?” In this paper, we investigate this question and answer by the affirmative. Using a scattering approach, we study spin dynamics in a double barrier system. The continuous transition from fully coherent to fully incoherent propagation is described by a conceptually simple approach presented by Buttiker [6, 7]. In this model, incoherent propagation is achieved by inserting localized phase randomizing scatterers between elastic scatterers. Our results, which describe spin transport in the partially coherent regime, illustrate the importance of quantum effects. We show that quantum interference between multiples partial waves shifts the semiclassical spin resonance. Moreover, we demonstrate that spin and charge can mix, a phenomena with no classical analog.
Accessory Organs of Digestion

Congenital and acquired disorders of the accessory organs of digestion are encountered relatively commonly when imaging infants and young children. This chapter reviews the relevant embryology, anatomy and imaging findings of the spectrum of pathology affecting these organs.
Hashing-based large-scale medical image retrieval for computer-aided diagnosis

Abstract With the ever-increasing amount of annotated medical data, large-scale, data-driven methods provide the promise of bridging the semantic gap between images and diagnoses. Our goal is to increase the scale at which interactive systems can be effective for knowledge discovery in potentially massive databases of medical images. In particular, we investigate large-scale medical image retrieval techniques, with histopathological images as the use case. In this chapter, we present hashing methods to bridge the semantic gap. With a small amount of supervised information, our method can compress a high-dimensional image feature vector into tens of bits with informative signatures preserved, and these binary codes are indexed into a hash table for real-time retrieval. We validate the hashing-based image retrieval framework on several thousands of images of breast microscopic tissues for both image classification and retrieval. Our framework achieves high search accuracy and promising computational efficiency, comparing favorably with other commonly used methods.
Memory and Common Ground Processes in Language Use.

During communication, we form assumptions about what our communication partners know and believe. Information that is mutually known between the discourse partners—their common ground—serves as a backdrop for successful communication. Here we present an introduction to the focus of this topic, which is the role of memory in common ground and language use. Two types of questions emerge as central to understanding the relationship between memory and common ground, specifically questions having to do with the representation of common ground in memory, and the use of common ground during language processing.
Chemical Composition of Thalassinoides Boxwork Across the Marine K–PG Boundary of Central New Jersey, U.S.A.

Thalassinoides isp. burrow networks filled with green to dark bluish-gray glauconite pellets occur in the Cretaceous to Paleogene Hornerstown Formation and in the uppermost 1–2 m of the underlying Upper Cretaceous Navesink and New Egypt Formations at many central New Jersey Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary sections. Near the base of the Hornerstown Formation is a renowned bonebed, the Main Fossiliferous Layer (MFL), which contains isolated to articulated Cretaceous marine reptiles, turtles, birds, and crocodiles interpreted as a thanatocoenosis. We investigated the bulk chemical composition of the burrow fill and surrounding matrix in the largely unconsolidated sections of the K–Pg interval at two sites, Inversand and Walnridge (Meirs) Farm, New Jersey, using a Niton XL3t XRF analyzer to place them in proper stratigraphic context. Bulk matrix Zr and Ti concentrations decrease up section as a result of transgression, deepening, and increased distance from source areas. In contrast, an increase in K is attributed to greater amounts and maturity of the glauconite, due to decreasing sedimentation rates. Zr and Ti concentrations in burrow fills below the MFL are virtually the same as in overlying sediments above the MFL and much less than in the surrounding matrix. This suggests that burrows in the Cretaceous strata were passively filled with Paleogene sediments. K concentrations of burrow fills are generally intermediate between the high values encountered in the Paleogene matrix and the lower values of the Cretaceous matrix. Although this may have resulted from removal of glauconite during bioturbation and burrow filling, it is more likely that immature glauconite was sequestered in the burrow fills below the depth of glauconitization before it could attain full maturity. Therefore, burrows originating above the formational contact at or above the MFL penetrate as much as two meters into underlying Cretaceous sediments, and are passively filled with Paleogene sediment. Burrows originating above the MFL may translocate diagnostic Danian microfossils, shocked quartz, and Ir, effectively diffusing the K–Pg boundary. This research demonstrates that care must be taken in sampling pervasively bioturbated strata to avoid incorporating stratigraphically younger burrow-fill sediments.
Interstage Weight Gain Is Associated With Survival After First-Stage Single-Ventricle Palliation

Background Low birth and operative weight have been identified as risk factors for death after first-stage single-ventricle palliation. We hypothesize that weight gain after the first-stage operation is associated with transplant-free interstage survival to admission for the second-stage operation. Methods We used historical data from the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative database to conduct a longitudinal study to assess the association between weight gain and transplant-free interstage survival. The primary predictor was weight gain. The primary outcome was transplant-free survival. We constructed a repeated-measures logistic regression model using the general estimating equation method to examine the association between weight gain and transplant-free interstage survival. Results The study population included 1,501 infants who were discharged alive from the first-stage single-ventricle palliation between June 2008 and January 2015. Patients who underwent a hybrid operation (n = 132) or were lost to follow-up (n = 11) were excluded. Transplant-free interstage survival was 90% (1,228 of 1,358). The mean weight gain was 2.5 (SD, 1.0) kg. Adjusted for age at the time of each measurement, the number of measurements, age at discharge from the first-stage operation, sex, diagnosis, postoperative arrhythmia, postoperative complications, and discharge antibiotic therapy, each 100-g increase in weight was associated with an odds ratio of transplant-free interstage survival of 1.03 (95% confidence limit, 1.01, 1.05). Conclusions After first-stage single-ventricle palliation, interstage weight gain is significantly associated with transplant-free interstage survival.
Simultaneous Qualification Testing of Multiple Components and the Influence of Closely Spaced Vibration Modes

Vibration and shock qualification testing of components can be an expensive and time-consuming process. If the component is small, often two or more units can be mounted on a fixture and tested simultaneously to reduce test time. There is an inherent danger in simultaneously testing two or more identical components as the fundamental natural frequencies and mode shapes of the individual components will be nearly identical with some slight variation due to manufacturing variability. Testing in this manner can create a situation where closely spaced vibration modes produce unwanted interference between the two units under test. This phenomenon could result in a case where one unit is over-tested while the other is under-tested. This paper presents some experimental results from simultaneously testing pairs of components which show distinct interference between the units. Some analysis will also be presented showing how variations in the components can alter the intended test response, potentially impacting component qualification.
The number of boolean functions with multiplicative complexity 2

Multiplicative complexity is a complexity measure defined as the minimum number of AND gates required to implement a given primitive by a circuit over the basis (AND, XOR, NOT). Implementations of cyphers with a small number of AND gates are preferred in protocols for fully homomorphic encryption, multiparty computation and zero-knowledge proofs. Fischer and Peralta (2002) computed the number of n-variable Boolean functions with multiplicative complexity 1. In this paper, we study Boolean functions that can be constructed with two AND gates. By characterising the structure of these functions in terms of affine equivalence relations, we provide a closed-form formula for the number of Boolean functions with multiplicative complexity 2.
Science Denial Across the Political Divide

We tested whether conservatives and liberals are similarly or differentially likely to deny scientific claims that conflict with their preferred conclusions. Participants were randomly assigned to read about a study with correct results that were either consistent or inconsistent with their attitude about one of several issues (e.g., carbon emissions). Participants were asked to interpret numerical results and decide what the study concluded. After being informed of the correct interpretation, participants rated how much they agreed with, found knowledgeable, and trusted the researchers’ correct interpretation. Both liberals and conservatives engaged in motivated interpretation of study results and denied the correct interpretation of those results when that interpretation conflicted with their attitudes. Our study suggests that the same motivational processes underlie differences in the political priorities of those on the left and the right.
Intensive Supervision Programs and Recidivism: How Michigan Successfully Targets High-Risk Offenders:

The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In response to calls for reform, several jurisdictions have implemented programs that provide intensive...
NIST Big Data Reference Architecture for Analytics and Beyond

Big Data is the term used to describe the deluge of data in our networked, digitized, sensor-laden, information driven world. There is a broad agreement among commercial, academic, and government leaders about the remarkable potential of "Big Data" to spark innovation, fuel commerce, and drive progress. The availability of vast data resources carries the potential to answer questions previously out of reach. However, there is also broad agreement on the ability of Big Data to overwhelm traditional approaches. Big Data architectures come in many shapes and forms ranging from academic research settings to product-oriented workflows. With massive-scale dynamic data being generate from social media, Internet of Things, Smart Cities, and others, it is critical to analyze these data in real-time and provide proactive decision. With the advancement of computer architecture in multi-cores and GPUs, and fast communication between CPUs and GPUs, parallel processing utilizes these platforms could optimize resources at a reduced time. This presentation will provide the past, current, and future activities of the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) and how the NIST Reference Architecture may address the rate at which data volumes, speeds, and complexity are growing requires new forms of computing infrastructure to enable Big Data analytics interoperability such that analytics tools can be re-usable, deployable, and operational. The focus of NBD-PWG is to form a community of interest from industry, academia, and government, with the goal of developing consensus definitions, taxonomies, secure reference architectures, and standards roadmap which would create vendor-neutral, technology and infrastructure agnostic framework. The aim is to enable Big Data stakeholders to pick-and-choose best analytics tools for their processing under the most suitable computing platforms and clusters while allowing value-additions from Big Data service providers and flow of data between the stakeholders in a cohesive and secure manner.
A Multidisciplinary, Model-Driven, Distributed Science Data System Architecture

The twenty-first century has transformed the world of science by breaking the physical boundaries of distributed organizations and interconnecting them into virtual science environments, allowing for systems and systems of systems to seamlessly access and share information and resources across highly geographically distributed areas. This e-science transformation is enabling new scientific discoveries by allowing for greater collaboration as well as by enabling systems to combine and correlate disparate data sets. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, we have been developing science data systems for highly distributed communities in physical and life sciences that require extensive sharing of distributed services and common information models based on common architectures. The common architecture contributes a set of atomic functions, interfaces, and information models that support sharing and distributed processing. Additionally, the architecture provides a blueprint for a software product line known as the Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) framework. OODT has enabled reuse of software for science data generation, capture and management, and delivery across highly distributed organizations for planetary science, earth science, and cancer research. Our experience to date shows that a well-defined architecture and set of accompanied software vastly improves our ability to develop road maps for and to construct virtual science environments.
The Visible and the Invisible: T. S. Eliot’s Little Gidding and Edmund Husserl’s Expression and Meaning

T. S. Eliot’s Fourth Quartet, Little Gidding, is set in a rich and fine network of themes and relationships which converge into the unified objects of the rose and the fire. The meaning of the poem, which is interwoven with images of metamorphosis, has to do with the historical importance of a little chapel and the everlastingness of human purpose.
Thyroid Gland, Salivary Gland, and Thymus

Papillary carcinomas are the most common thyroid malignancies. If the encapsulated follicular variant is left out as a distinct entity (precursor or borderline) as they show molecular and immunochemical features between follicular adenomas and papillary carcinomas, it is safe to say that vast majority of papillary carcinomas lack a capsule (exception: the rare macrofollicular variant) which is the trademark of follicular adenomas and carcinomas [1, 2]. Instead, they have infiltrative borders. The characteristic morphological of papillary carcinomas is papillae admixed with a variable portion of follicular structures. The neoplastic papillary structures are characterized by a branching structure composed of a delicate fibrovascular core lined by a one layer of atypical cells. The cliche “not all papillary carcinomas have a papillary growth pattern and not all papillary patterned thyroid lesions are papillary carcinoma” serves as a useful reminder for surgical pathologist but has led to the de-emphasis of the evaluation of the papillary structures in thyroid pathology. Actually the papillary structures in papillary carcinoma are more branching and contain more fibrovascular tissue than the simpler nonbranching papillae present in benign thyroid lesions such as nodular goiters and follicular adenomas [3]. The lining cells of the former are arranged in a nonpolar, haphazard pattern while the latter contains cells with basally located nuclei [3].
Reassessing the Fiscal Gap: The Role of Tax-Deferred Saving

Several recent studies show that the United States faces a large fiscal gap. Boskin (2003) suggests that revenues from tax-deferred saving accounts are omitted from these figures and are large relative to the fiscal gap. We find that Boskin's projections have a tiny impact on the fiscal outlook because almost all of the relevant revenue is already incorporated into the projections that generate sizable fiscal gaps. Also, although the primary focus of Boskin's analysis is the overall effect on the budget from retirement accounts - not how much is already included in the budget projections - we also find that his estimated overall budgetary effect is substantially overstated.
Placing race: On the resonance of place with black geographies:

A range of conceptual terms and diverse theoretical traditions have been used to study geographies of race. Black geographical scholarship has persuasively articulated the need to better understand...
Twenty‐five years of research about adipogenic adenoviruses: A systematic review

Infectious etiology is implicated in chronic diseases such as gastric ulcer or atherosclerosis. However, "infection" is a recent term in the field of obesity. Since the first report in 1982 of obesity due to infection, several microbes have been linked to obesity. Among the adipogenic microbes, avian adenovirus SMAM-1 and human adenovirus Ad36 have been studied most extensively for the past 25 years. Here, we present a systematic review of literature about SMAM-1 and Ad36. Reports from North America, Europe, and Asia reveal strong evidence that Ad36 causes obesity in animals and paradoxically improves glycemic control, and in vitro data provides mechanistic explanation. Considering that experimental Ad36 infection of humans is unlikely, its causative role in human obesity or glycemic control has not been demonstrated unequivocally. Nonetheless, most, but not all, observational studies in children and adults link Ad36 infection to obesity and improvement in glycemic control. The E4orf1 gene of Ad36 was identified as responsible for better glycemic control. Overall, 25 years have considerably advanced knowledge about the role of infection in obesity. Potential translational benefits include the development of vaccines to prevent Ad36-induced obesity and drug development based on the E4orf1 protein to improve glycemic control.
Understanding the Business of Entertainment: The Legal and Business Essentials All Filmmakers Should Know

This revised edition of Understanding the Business of Media Entertainment is an indispensable guide to the business aspects of the entertainment industry, providing the information you need to break in and to succeed. Written in a clear and engaging tone, the second edition of this book covers the essential topics in a thorough but reader-friendly manner and includes plenty of real-world examples that bring business and legal concepts to life, such as the growing clout of digital companies and the rise of streaming providers like Netflix and Amazon, the transformation of independent film development and distribution, and changes to the media ownership landscape. Award-winning screenwriter and entertainment attorney Gregory Bernstein gives an insider's look at the filmmaking business, from copyright law and government media regulation to development, distribution, revenue, the role of agents, managers, and unions, entertainment contracts, and more. Other topics covered include: Hollywood's growth and the current conglomerates that own most of the traditional media. How specific entertainment companies operate, including facts about particular studios and employee tasks. How studios develop projects and engage in marketing and distribution. The kinds of revenues studios earn and how they account for these revenues.
Quadratic Growth Hypothesis, Classification of Cumulus Based On Rate of Growth, Concept of Reaction Time and Cumulus Motion Speed

This paper is a new attempt to evaluate hail storm severity and hail suppression effects. In this paper a new concept of Quadratic Growth Hypothesis (QGH) has been proposed and examined in the prediction of hailstorm. Another new concept of Reaction Time (RT) has been presented which is useful for effective seeding in hail mitigation campaigns. Given complex nature of cumulus growth, rate of growth of cumulus (r) have been broadly categorized as Slow (r ≤ 0.2 dBZ/min), Moderate (0.2 < r < 0.8 dBZ/min) and Fast (r≥ 0.8 dBZ/min). Often cumulus shows reverse growth too. It is found that QGH based predictions are 100% correct for Slow growing cumulus and 62.5% accurate for Moderate. However, QGH predictions are incorrect when the cumulus growth reverses or when it is Fast. Empirically a “QGH-Rectangle” has been identified wherein QGH is precisely valid. Prediction skill scores [= (Correct prediction/Total Predictions made)] of 0.79, 0.79 and 0.75 are obtained from scan intervals of 10, 12 and 19 minutes data, respectively. Amongst the three data sets, 10 minutes scan interval is operationally safer for RT computation during hail mitigation campaigns. In most of the cases RT may range from 17.3 to 29.6 minutes. Maximum RT of 43 minutes is also noted for slow growing cumulus. Linear Extrapolation (LE) has been used to predict the cumulus motion speed which has been observed from 5 m/s to as high as 19.3 m/s. It is noted that larger scan interval of DWR data would exhibit more consistent and reliable speed prediction by LE method.