cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early colonic anastomotic edema. Evaluation of stapled vs. hand-sewn anastomoses

Early dysfunction of intestinal anastomoses is sometimes blamed on anastomotic edema. This study compares stapled and hand-sewn anastomoses for the development of early anastomotic edema. After segmental colon resections, one group of dogs was reconstructed with two-layered handsewn anastomoses, and the other group had stapled anastomoses. Controls were untouched small bowel in each operated animal and untouched colon in a separate group of dogs. At 24 hours postoperatively, all animals were given125I albumin and at 28 hours the animals were killed, venous blood was obtained, and the anastomoses were harvested. Tissue levels of125I albumin were measured at 1-mm and 1-cm distances from each anastomosis and compared with controls. This quantitative measure of edema was compared with the histologic appearance of the tissue specimens. The results show significant edema formation in both stapled and handsewn anastomoses compared with control tissues (P<.05 for each animal). Although quantitative and histologic results demonstrate less edema in the stapled group, the difference is not significant by the Wilcoxin rank test. These and similar studies may allow improvement in surgical technique.
Advanced control strategies for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems—An overview: Part I: Hard control

A chronological overview of the advanced control strategies for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR soft-computing or control techniques, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms; and on the fusion or hybrid of hard- and soft-control techniques. Thus, it is to be noted that the terminology “hard” and “soft” computing/control has nothing to do with the “hardware” and “software” that is being generally used. Part I of a two-part series focuses on hard-control strategies, and Part II focuses on soft- and fusion-control in addition to some future directions in HVAC&R research. This overview is not intended to be an exhaustive survey on this topic, and any omission of other works is purely unintentional.
Translesion DNA synthesis polymerases in DNA interstrand crosslink repair.

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are induced by a number of bifunctional antitumor drugs such as cisplatin, mitomycin C, or the nitrogen mustards as well as endogenous agents formed by lipid peroxidation. The repair of ICLs requires the coordinated interplay of a number of genome maintenance pathways, leading to the removal of ICLs through at least two distinct mechanisms. The major pathway of ICL repair is dependent on replication, homologous recombination, and the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, whereas a minor, G0/G1-specific and recombination-independent pathway depends on nucleotide excision repair. A central step in both pathways in vertebrates is translesion synthesis (TLS) and mutants in the TLS polymerases Rev1 and Pol ζ are exquisitely sensitive to crosslinking agents. Here, we review the involvement of Rev1 and Pol ζ as well as additional TLS polymerases, in particular, Pol η, Pol κ, Pol ι, and Pol ν, in ICL repair. Biochemical studies suggest that multiple TLS polymerases have the ability to bypass ICLs and that the extent ofbypass depends upon the structure as well as the extent of endo- or exonucleolytic processing of the ICL. As has been observed for lesions that affect only one strand of DNA, TLS polymerases are recruited by ubiquitinated proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) to repair ICLs in the G0/G1 pathway. By contrast, this data suggest that a different mechanism involving the FA pathway is operative in coordinating TLS in the context of replication-dependent ICL repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neurotensin stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats

Neurotensin (NT) stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs and humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous neurotensin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats. Five Sprague-Dawley male rats were prepared with pancreatic, gastric and duodenal fistulas. Bile was shunted into the duodenum in order to collect pure pancreatic juice. 24 h later, neurotensin (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 nmol/kg) was infused intravenously in a random fashion. Pancreatic juice was collected every 10 min, and the volume was recorded and protein and bicarbonate were measured. Neurotensin stimulated, in a dose-related manner, the pancreatic secretion of water, protein and bicarbonate. Neurotensin may be involved in the physiologic control of pancreatic secretion in rats.
Development of transitory piebald spotted and completely pigmented patterns in the chicken

Abstract At the time of hatching, pigment is restricted to black spots on a white background in the Ancona in comparison to the fully pigmented pattern of the Brown Leghorn, which serves as a standard of reference for feather coloration. During successive molts in the Ancona, the pigmented areas are extended until every feather follicle is producing pigment in the adult. Retarded migration of pigment cells is the simplest hypothesis that accounts for the development of the transitory piebald spotted pattern of the Ancona. That hypothesis was tested in the present investigation. Migration of melanoblasts in Ancona and Brown Leghorn embryos was traced at critical stages from stage 20 to time of hatching by transplanting blocks of tissue from different levels between the neural crest and the tip of the wing bud to White Leghorn host embryos. Results indicated that melanoblasts began to invade the wing buds of Brown Leghorn embryos at stage 21 and that all wing buds had received them by stage 23. Melanoblasts rarely invaded the distal 0.5 mm of the wing bud until after stage 32 in the Brown Leghorn. However, by stage 36 even the most distal primary follicle had received melanoblasts. Results for the Ancona were not as consistent. Although melanoblasts began entering the wing bud in stage 22, some of the wing buds still had not received them even by stage 24. Pigment cells apparently had not advanced beyond primary follicle no. 2 by stage 36 in the Ancona. Differentiated pigment granules and pigment deposits were observed in the skin overlying the mesencephalon of Ancona embryos at stages 20 and 23, respectively. There was no evidence of pigment granules or deposits in the same region of Brown Leghorn embryos at stage 23. Precocious differentiation and retarded proliferation of pigment cells appear to be correlated in the Ancona. At the time of hatching, the down and skin of the wing of the Ancona are pigmented in two spots, one having its center located on the dorsoposterior side near secondary follicle no. 8 and the other located just proximal to the base of digit II. In 8 cases where more than one graft was taken from individual Ancona wing buds, the results indicated that very few primordial melanoblasts migrated into the wing buds, possibly only one to the center of each spot. As a result of this study the following proposals are made. Each pigmented spot in the wing of the Ancona chick represents the settling point of a single primordial melanoblast from which pigment cells are proliferated. The same two settling points or centers may exist in fully pigmented as well as piebald spotted breeds. Early differentiation of melanoblasts may be the cause of slow proliferation and retarded migration of pigment cells from the centers in the Ancona, in comparison to normal differentiation, proliferation, and migration in the Brown Leghorn.
SEXUAL FORMS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM, PRODUCED ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

In recent years a number of aphid species have been successfully reared on chemically defined diets (Dadd & Mittler, 1966; Auclair, 1965; Dadd & Krieger, 1967; Ehrhardt, 1968). The development of such diets has offered an opportunity to study in detail several aspects of the physiology of these insects. In particular, the composition of the artificial diet has been shown to influence the production of winged forms by Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Mittler & Dadd, 1966; Dadd, 1968). In all studies thus far, the aphids have been maintained in the parthenogenetic condition in order to accumulate data concerning the growth and fecundity of females of successive generations. However, it was clearly of interest to determine whether sexual forms could be produced by diet-reared aphids. If so, further information regarding the sexual reproduction of these insects would be forthcoming. Attempts to achieve this using local strains of Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae Scopoli and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) were unsuccessful, presumably because these strains were anholocyclie (Kunkel, unpubl.). A clone of a green strain of A. pisum, previously found to be holocyclic (Sutherland, unpubl.), was then obtained from England and was cultured at 20° C in a photoperiodic regime of 16 hr light: 8 hr dark per day on young bean plants (Vicia faba). The artificial diet on which the experimental aphids were maintained was formulated according to Dadd (1967) and enclosed in sachets of stretched parafilm (Dadd, Krieger & Mittler, 1967). The aphids were provided with fresh sachets every 3–4 days. Adult apterous females taken from the plant culture were caged in groups of five, and exposed to a photoperiodic regime of 10 hr light: 14 hr dark per day at 15°. Successive batches of larvae deposited by these aphids were maintained in this environment until they were adult and had produced offspring for several days. These developed into oviparae and males. Compared to the sexual forms produced on host plants, these diet-reared individuals grew relatively poorly and mortality was high. Nevertheless, the surviving oviparae deposited numerous eggs, but these remained pale green whereas viable, fertilized eggs deposited by plant-reared oviparae rapidly become black. In the case of aphids reared on host plants in a short-day environment the possibility exists that the photoperiod may act indirectly via the plants and not directly on the insects themselves — a doubt which has been raised concerning Megoura viciae Buckton (von Dehn, 1967). However, our results with A. pisum reared on artificial diet demonstrate, as Lees did for M. viciae (Lees, 1960, 1967), that it is unnecessary to implicate the host plant in the determination of males and oviparae. This does not, of course, exclude the possibility that photoperiod-induced changes in a host plant may play a role as well. Nor have we ruled out the possibility that dietary composition may influence the aphids directly or their response to other environmental stimuli leading to the production of sexual forms.
Evaluation of capillary electrophoresis with post-column derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection for the determination of substance P and its metabolites

Abstract A method for the detection of substance P and its metabolites using capillary electrophoresis with post-capillary derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection is described. The post-capillary chemical derivatization system employs naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and β-mercaptoethanol. Two reactor designs were evaluated for the determination of substance P and its metabolites. The fluorescent spectroscopic properties of the derivatives under optimal separation conditions were also examined. The final system was evaluated for the investigation of substance P metabolism in brain following perfusion of the striatum with substance P using microdialysis sampling.
Equivalence of time and aperture domain additive noise in ultrasound coherence

Ultrasonic echoes backscattered from diffuse media, recorded by an array transducer and appropriately focused, demonstrate coherence predicted by the van Cittert–Zernike theorem. Additive noise signals from off-axis scattering, reverberation, phase aberration, and electronic (thermal) noise can all superimpose incoherent or partially coherent signals onto the recorded echoes, altering the measured coherence. An expression is derived to describe the effect of uncorrelated random channel noise in terms of the noise-to-signal ratio. Equivalent descriptions are made in the aperture dimension to describe uncorrelated magnitude and phase apodizations of the array. Binary apodization is specifically described as an example of magnitude apodization and adjustments are presented to minimize the artifacts caused by finite signal length. The effects of additive noise are explored in short-lag spatial coherence imaging, an image formation technique that integrates the calculated coherence curve of acquired signals up to a small fraction of the array length for each lateral and axial location. A derivation of the expected contrast as a function of noise-to-signal ratio is provided and validation is performed in simulation.
Closed-loop engine control: Analog or digital circuits to aid emissions control may be the forerunner of onboard engine “tuning”

To meet current US emission standards for automobiles, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are usually controlled by a catalytic converter in the automobile exhaust. Federal standards for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are met mainly by exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) techniques. However, in 1981, when NOx emissions standards are tightened from the current limit of 2.0 grams per mile to 1.0 gram per mile, these techniques alone may no longer be sufficient. Although many schemes are under investigation for meeting the 1981 emissions standards for all three emissions, one of the most promising employs a three-way catalyst-for HC, CO, and NOx emissions-in conjunction with a closed loop engine-control system. The problems involved in this approach and the engineering designs to solve these problems are addressed in this article.
The ultimate "analytical challenge": what is analytical chemistry?

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with analysis. But what exactly does “analysis” mean? Until well into the nineteenth century the word “analysis” in chemistry was synonymous with decomposition [1–3]. At that time, chemical analysis was the art of decomposing substances in order to learn about the nature and proportions of their constituents [3]. The other method of learning about substances was synthesis. But analytical chemistry has changed since then. Now, with a single pass in front of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer one can instantly detect traces of cocaine adsorbed on a banknote.
Physician weight loss advice and patient weight loss behavior change: a literature review and meta-analysis of survey data

Primary care providers (PCPs) can empower their patients to make health-promoting behavior changes. Many guidelines recommend that PCPs counsel overweight and obese patients about weight loss, yet few studies examine the impact of provider weight loss counseling on actual changes in patient behavior. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies of survey data examining provider weight loss counseling and its association with changes in patient weight loss behavior. We reviewed the published literature using keywords related to weight loss advice. We used meta-analytic techniques to compute and aggregate effect sizes for the meta-analysis. We also tested variables that had the potential to moderate the responses. A total of 32 studies met criteria for the literature review. Of these, 12 were appropriate for the meta-analysis. Most studies demonstrated a positive effect of provider weight loss advice on patient weight loss behavior. In random effects meta-analysis, the overall mean weighted effect size for patient weight loss efforts was odds ratio (OR)=3.85 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.71, 5.49; P<0.01), indicating a statistically significant impact of weight loss advice. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of advice in studies using obese patients alone versus mixed samples (obese alone OR=3.44, 95% CI 2.37, 5.00; mixed sample OR=3.98, 95% CI 2.53, 6.26, P=0.63). PCP advice on weight loss appears to have a significant impact on patient attempts to change behaviors related to their weight. Providers should address weight loss with their overweight and obese patients.
Significant Decrease in Glomerular Filtration Rate at 5 Years Posttransplantation in the Recipients of Live Donor Kidneys 50 Years of Age or Older

Abstract Introduction Age is an established predictor of renal failure among recipients of cadaveric transplants; however, the impact of donor age on recipient glomerular filtration rate (GFR) among living donor kidney (LDK) transplantations is not well established. Methods We retrospectively analyzed recipient posttransplantation GFR at 12, 36, and 60 months among 315 LDK allograft recipients. The impact of donor age was assessed on the recipient estimated GFR (eGFR) using multivariate linear regression stratified according to donor age Results Whites comprised the majority of both donors and recipients (77%). The majority (58.4%) of donors were female. Mean age (± SD) of the donors was 41.0 ± 10.2 years (range, 20–65 years). The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of the recipients were 43.3 ± 12.4 years and 26.0 ± 4.9, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the rejection rate between the 2 groups ( P = .571). Mean eGFR at 12 months in the younger group was 63.3 ± 23.7 compared with 54.8 ± 19.7 in the older group ( P = .015). Similarly, a significant difference was observed at the end of 36 months and 60 months of follow-up (61.5 ± 23.1 vs 49.4 ± 18.9, and 59.4 ± 23.0 vs 45.3 ± 20.8, respectively; both P = .001). Donor age was a statistically significant predictor of eGFR throughout the study period ( P Conclusion Donor age predicts recipient renal function after living kidney transplantation and needs to be evaluated through a larger prospective investigation.
Sterically crowded aryloxide compounds of aluminium—reactivity of coordinated benzaldehyde

Abstract The interaction of aluminium complexes containing the sterically hindered phenoxide ligand 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide (BHT) with benzaldehyde has been investigated. Interaction of benzaldehyde with AlR(BHT)2 leads to the Lewis acid-base adduct AlMe(BHT)2[OC(H)Ph], R = Me. When R = Et, reduction of coordinated benzaldehyde is observed. The addition of benzaldehyde to AlMe2(BHT) leads to the formation of the acetophenone complex, AlMe2(BHT)[OC(Me)Ph]. A mechanism for this unique aldehyde to ketone transformation is proposed. The dimeric compound [AlEt(BHT)(OCH2Ph)]2 is formed from the interaction of AlEt2(BHT) and benzaldehyde.
Smears diagnosed as ASCUS: interobserver variation and follow-up.

The purpose of this study was to apply atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) criteria from the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses (TBS) to the rescreen of cases previously diagnosed as ASCUS, to compare initial and rescreen diagnoses, and to analyze agreement with follow-up (cytology or histology). Two cytotechnologists (S.B. and M.J.M.) and one cytopathology fellow (M.A.) rescreened 632 cervicovaginal specimens diagnosed as ASCUS between June 1, 1992-December 31, 1995. Age and LMP were provided. Rescreen diagnoses were categorized as within normal limits (WNL), ASCUS, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), or carcinoma (CA). Complete agreement was found in 200 specimens (32%): 31 (15%) WNL; 91 (45%) ASCUS; 77 (38.5%) SIL; and one (0.50%) CA. Follow-up revealed no abnormality in 67% of the cases reclassified as WNL, 49% of the cases reclassified as ASCUS, and 48% of the cases reclassified as squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). SIL was found in 29% of cases reclassified as WNL, 29% of specimens rediagnosed as ASCUS, and 34% of cases reclassified as SIL. Partial agreement was found in 391 specimens (62%). In 41 specimens (6%), rescreeners were in complete disagreement, and follow-up revealed 9/41 (22%) SIL or worse; 21/41 (51%) WNL; and 4/41 (10%) inconclusive. Applying established criteria, 14% (91/632) of cases diagnosed as ASCUS resulted in complete agreement, and 30% (190/632) resulted in partial agreement. Follow-up of cases initially diagnosed as ASCUS revealed SIL or CA in 30% of cases. ASCUS is a significant diagnosis warranting careful patient follow-up.
Feeding ecology of thirteen syntopic species of anurans in a seasonal tropical environment.

Thirteen species of anurans belonging to three families forage diurnally for arthropods in the leaf litter of the lowland rainforest at the Rio Llullapichis in Amazonian Peru. This paper investigates the diets and patterns of coexistence in this group of ecologically similar species. All thirteen species use the forest floor habitat without apparent differentiation. Most species take prey in proportions significantly different from those occurring in the leaf litter and comprise two specialist guilds: dendrobatids and bufonids that eat hard-bodied, slow-moving arthropods such as ants and mites; and leptodactylids that eat soft-bodied, mobile arthropods, primarily orthopterans and large spiders. Dendrobates femoralis (Boulenger) is a generalist, taking prey in proportions not significantly different from those in the leaf litter. Within specialist guilds, body sizes of species vary and are correlated with the size of prey taken. Foraging behavior and predator defense also correlate with the type and sizes of prey taken. Ant specialists tend to be poisonous and active searchers, taking many small prey per day. Non-ant specialists are cryptic, sit-and-wait foragers that take few large prey per day. Similarity in diet within guilds tends tobe lowest in the dry season when food is less abundant, suggesting that food is in short supply in the dry season.
Anti-Ramsey numbers of doubly edge-critical graphs

Given a graph H and a positive integer n, Anti-Ramsey number AR(n, H) is the maximum number of colors in an edge-coloring of Kn that contains no polychromatic copy of H. The anti-Ramsey numbers were introduced in the 1970s by Erdos, Simonovits, and Sos, who among other things, determined this function for cliques. In general, few exact values of AR(n, H) are known. Let us call a graph H doubly edge-critical if χ(H-e)≥p+ 1 for each edge e∈E(H) and there exist two edges e1, e2 of H for which χ(H-e1-e2)=p. Here, we obtain the exact value of AR(n, H) for any doubly edge-critical H when ngn0(H) is sufficiently large. A main ingredient of our proof is the stability theorem of Erdos and Simonovits for the Turan problem. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 61: 210–218, 2009
Detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) chromosomal translocation in large B-cell lymphomas other than anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Abstract In general, the large cell lymphomas are a cytogenetically heterogeneous group of diseases, and the cytogenetic findings do not correlate with morphological findings in this group of malignant lymphomas. The CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas, however, are thought to be an exception, with the t(2; 5) reported to correlate with the morphological changes of this disease entity. A subgroup of Hodgkin's disease cases have been reported by some investigators to have the t(2; 5) translocation, leading to speculation that these two diseases are related. In the current study, the authors used a sensitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodology to evaluate the frequency of t(2; 5) in 33 cases of large cell lymphoma, of B lineage, other than anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The authors detected evidence of t(2; 5) in four of the cases (12%), a frequency similar to that of the authors' previous study of cases of CD30 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Three of the positive large B-cell lymphoma cases were CD30 negative and were morphologically indistinguishable from the cases without evidence of t(2; 5). The fourth case had a subpopulation of CD30 positive cells but also did not have morphological features of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. These results would suggest that t(2; 5) is not restricted to cases of malignant lymphomas with anaplastic morphology or to CD30 expression.
Histologic changes in bronchial tubes of cigarette-smoking dogs.

Tracheostomy was performed on ten beagles (nine males and one female) aged 9 to 30 months. The tracheostomy was kept open by a Teflon tube. The dogs smoked morning and afternoon of each day (7 days a week). The number of cigarettes smoked per day was gradually increased to a maximum of 12 per day. Five dogs died during the experiment. Four of these had pulmonary infarction and one died of bronchopneumonia. The remaining five dogs were sacrificed after 421 days of smoking. Ten male Beagle dogs were kept as controls; two of these had tracheostomies kept open by Teflon tube. The tracheobronchial tree was dissected from the lungs and divided into portions (133) similar to those taken from humans. A microscopic slide was made of each portion. Altogether, 2508 histologic sections were obtained from the 20 dogs. The slides were put in random order and were identified only by a serial number. No atypical nuclei were found in any of the nonsmoking dogs and none in the dog that had smoked 24 days. A few were found in every section from the other nine smoking dogs. The proportion of cells with atypical nuclei was considerably greater in five dogs that were sacrificed after 421 days than those that had died on the 229 and 278 days respectively. Three dogs showed lesions which were classified as dyskeratosis.
Organic photovoltaic cells based on functionalized pentacenes

We report a study on solar cells using pentacene derivatives with triisopropylsilylethynyl substitution at the 6,13-position and 1,3-dioxolane substitution to the terminal benzenoid rings of pentacene as the electron donor and C 60 as the electron acceptor. A significant increase in the open circuit voltage (V oc ) was obtained in all the pentacene-derivative based cells with the highest Voc as high as 0.90 V, compared to a 0.24 V value for pentacene. The variation in the Voc of the cells is in qualitative agreement with the larger offset between ionization potential of the electron donor and the electron affinity of C 60 . The power conversion efficiency (η) at 100 mW/cm 2 of EtTP-5/C 60 cells reached 0.74%, which is comparable to that of a pentacene/C 60 cell (0.82%).
Evaluation of a group intervention for children with food allergy and their parents.

Background Children with food allergy and their parents may experience substantial stress related to the risk of serious reactions and the demands of allergy management. Objective To evaluate a group intervention for children with food allergy and their parents designed to increase parent-perceived competence in coping with food allergy and to decrease the parent-perceived burden associated with food allergy. Methods Sixty-one children aged 5 to 7 years with food allergy and their parents attended 1 of 4 half-day workshops, with parent and child groups run concurrently. Parents completed self-report measures of perceived competence in coping with food allergy at 3 time points: preworkshop (within 8 weeks of the intervention), postworkshop (immediately after the intervention), and follow-up (4-8 weeks after the intervention). Parents completed a measure of burden associated with food allergy at preworkshop and follow-up. Parents and children also completed evaluations of the study intervention. Results Parent-perceived competence in coping with food allergy increased significantly from preworkshop to postworkshop and follow-up, and parent-perceived burden associated with food allergy decreased from preworkshop to follow-up. Parent and child evaluations of the workshop were favorable. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness and feasibility of a group intervention for children with food allergy and their parents and suggest the importance of controlled evaluations of group interventions in this population in the future.
Standard atlas of the gross anatomy of the developing inner ear of the chicken

During development, the chicken inner ear undergoes a series of morphological changes which give rise to the various structures found in the adult, including the mature semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, endolymphatic duct and sac, and neurons of the eighth cranial nerve ganglion. Beginning as a hollow epithelial sphere, the inner ear is sculpted into this complex labyrinth of fluid-filled ducts punctuated by their associated sensory end organs. In this report, the three-dimensional complexity of the developing inner ear of the chicken embryo is documented in the form of a standard atlas. The protocol involved fixation, dehydration, and clearing of embryonic heads harvested at daily intervals, followed by injection of an opaque dye (enamel paint suspension) into the fluid ducts of the inner ear. The position of the ear is shown relative to surface landmarks at seven different stages of development, ranging from embryonic day 5 (E5) to E18. Also shown are higher-power photomicrographs of the inner ear in isolation taken at daily intervals at E3-E17 and viewed from two orthogonal positions. Three orthogonal views are shown at 6-hour intervals during the critical stages of semicircular canal formation (E6-E7). Quantitative measurements of the linear dimensions of the inner ear (dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and mediolateral axes) as a function of time indicate a linear increase in the growth of the ear from E3 through E18. This atlas should prove valuable for evaluating mutant phenotypes in inner ear morphogenesis following gene perturbation experiments in the chicken.
Effects of ship wakes on ocean brightness and radiative forcing over ocean

Abstract. Changes in surface albedo represent one of the main forcing agents that can counteract, to some extent, the positive forcing from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we quantify the changes in ocean surface albedo from ship wakes and provide an estimate of radiative forcing over the global oceans. Our analysis is based on airborne radiation measurements over the Pacific Ocean near the California coast, where we determined that a ship wake increases reflected sunlight by more than 100% in some cases. Based on registered ships of 100 000 gross tonnage (GT), and assuming a global distribution of 30 000 ships, we estimated the global radiative forcing of ship wakes to be −0.003 Wm −2 , which is comparable to the forcing of aircraft contrails, but not anticipated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 assessment report. From these results, we conclude that the climate impacts associated with ships will become more significant with growing ship traffic.
Microstructural evolution during complex laminar flow of liquid-liquid dispersions

Abstract This paper presents a general framework for modeling microstructural evolution in liquid–liquid dispersions undergoing complex mixing flows. The method is implemented using the theory of Wetzel and Tucker [J. Fluid Mech. 426 (2001) 199] for dilute dispersions with zero interfacial tension. The local microstructure is represented by a second-order tensor that describes droplet shape and orientation, and the global scheme treats this tensor as a spatial field variable. A coupled finite element solution for the global flow and microstructural field is developed. Sample solutions for an eccentric cylinder mixer reveal the effect of viscosity ratio and flow history on microstructural evolution. For the calculations presented, the coupling between microstructure and rheology has only a small effect on the global velocity and microstructural fields. Some numerical difficulties associated with high strains and specific flows are discussed.
Impact of an electronic medication compliance aid on long-term blood pressure control.

A two-phase study was conducted to assess the effect of an electronic medication compliance aid on hypertension control and pharmaceutical compliance in ambulatory patients. In Phase I (12 weeks), 36 patients were randomly assigned to a medication vial equipped with a cap containing a digital timepiece that displays the last time the cap was removed. The control group included 34 patients randomly assigned to a standard medication vial. Subjects using the timepiece cap showed an average compliance rate of 95.1%, an average decrease in systolic pressure of 7.6 mm Hg (P = .006), and an average decrease in diastolic pressure of 8.8 mm Hg (P < .001). Controls had an average compliance rate of 78% and decreases of 2.8 mm Hg and 0.2 mm Hg in systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively. Phase 11 (12 weeks) combined use of the timepiece cap with other compliance aids: a pocket-size card for recording blood pressure and a blood pressure cuff for self-monitoring. Patients using the timepiece cap and the card had an average compliance rate of 98.7% with mean decreases of 11 mm Hg in systolic pressure (P < .01) and 7.64 Hg mm in diastolic pressure (P = .0001). The combined use of the cap, the card, and the blood pressure cuff resulted in an average 100.2% compliance rate with mean decreases of 15 mm Hg (P = .0006) and 6.60 mm Hg (P = .0006) in systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively. Results of the two-phase study showed statistically significant increases in medication compliance associated with statistically and clinically significant reductions in blood pressure for all patients using the timepiece cap.
Defective mTORC1/4E-BP1 signaling contributes to the age-associated reduction of p85 alpha expression in pancreatic acinar cells

RESULTS: We found that gdT cells home to the pancreas during acute and chronic pancreatitis in both mice and humans coincident with an elevation in intra-pancreatic NKG2D ligands. In mice, adoptive transfer of gdT cells exacerbated pancreatitis whereas depletion using monoclonal antibodies as well as use of Tcrd-/mice (which lack gdT cells) afforded protection. Intrapancreatic gdT cells exhibited a distinct phenotype compared with gdT cells in other compartments, including high expression of adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules, as well as pattern recognition receptors. Compared to gdT cells in other compartments, intra-pancreatic gdT cells produced high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-17A. Co-culture studies revealed that the ability of gdT cells to crosstalk and activate other pro-inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells exacerbated pancreatic inflammation. Finally, correlative analyses of human specimens yielded similar findings.
A Double Dissociation in the Affective Modulation of Startle in Humans: Effects of Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy

In the present study we report a double dissociation between right and left medial temporal lobe damage in the modulation of fear responses to different types of stimuli. We found that right unilateral temporal lobectomy (RTL) patients, in contrast to control subjects and left temporal lobectomy (LTL) patients, failed to show potentiated startle while viewing negative pictures. However, the opposite pattern of impairment was observed during a stimulus that patients had been told signaled the possibility of shock. Control subjects and RTL patients showed potentiated startle while LTL patients failed to show potentiated startle. We hypothesize that the right medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses while viewing emotional pictures, which involves exposure to (emotional) visual information and is consistent with the emotional processing traditionally ascribed to the right hemisphere. In contrast, the left medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses when those responses are the result of a linguistic/cognitive representation acquired through language, which, like other verbally mediated material, generally involves the left hemisphere. Additional evidence from case studies suggests that, within the medial temporal lobe, the amygdala is responsible for this modulation.
Separation of folic acid compounds by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-15 and G-25.

Abstract The separation of folate compounds has been achieved by gel chromatography and the effect of buffer concentration on the elution pattern of folate derivatives was investigated by Sephadex G-15 and G-25 column chromatography. Highly conjugated polyglutamates appear in the effluent considerably sooner when eluted with water than would be expected from their molecular weights. Monoglutamates, except 10-formyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid, are retarded on G-15 and G-25 in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) solvent system; the situation becomes more apparent as the buffer concentration is increased. Chromatography on Sephadex G-25 with 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.2 m 2-mercaptoethanol gives a satisfactory separation of pteroylpolyglutamates containing 2 to 7 glutamic acid residues.
Geologic evidence of hotspot activity on Venus: Predictions for Magellan

A number of distinctive types of geologic features have been identified on Venus that are interpreted to be related to thermal plumes including domal rises, coronae, and major composite shield volcanoes. The basic characteristics of these features as well as their distribution are documented. The three types of features have related morphologies and are interpreted to represent a continuum of features formed by mantle plumes at scales from 100s to over 1000 km. The Artemis structure, located in Aphrodite Terra, is proposed to be a large corona. If crustal spreading processes are operating on Venus, hotspot features should form chains on the surface as seen in terrestrial ocean basins. On the basis of current data on hotspot-related feature distribution on Venus, no clear evidence exists for hotspot chains. The complete distribution of hotspot features in Magellan data will be used to understand better the relationship between interior processes and surface features, as well as to provide a test for the crustal spreading hypothesis.
Preconditioning with soluble guanylate cyclase activation prevents postischemic inflammation and reduces nitrate tolerance in heme oxygenase-1 knockout mice

Previously we have shown that, unlike wild-type mice (WT), heme oxygenase-1 knockout (HO-1−/−) mice developed nitrate tolerance and were not protected from inflammation caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) when preconditioned with a H2S donor. We hypothesized that stimulation (with BAY 41-2272) or activation (with BAY 60-2770) of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) would precondition HO-1−/− mice against an inflammatory effect of I/R and increase arterial nitrate responses. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize leukocyte rolling and adhesion to postcapillary venules of the small intestine in anesthetized mice. Relaxation to ACh and BAY compounds was measured on superior mesenteric arteries isolated after I/R protocols. Preconditioning with either BAY compound 10 min (early phase) or 24 h (late phase) before I/R reduced postischemic leukocyte rolling and adhesion to sham control levels and increased superior mesenteric artery responses to ACh, sodium nitroprusside, and BAY 41-2272 in WT and HO-1−/− mice. Late-phase preconditioning with BAY 60-2770 was maintained in HO-1−/− and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice pretreated with an inhibitor (dl-propargylglycine) of enzymatically produced H2S. Pretreatment with BAY compounds also prevented the I/R increase in small intestinal TNF-α. We speculate that increasing sGC activity and related PKG acts downstream to H2S and disrupts signaling processes triggered by I/R in part by maintaining low cellular Ca2+. In addition, BAY preconditioning did not increase sGC levels, yet increased the response to agents that act on reduced heme-containing sGC. Collectively these actions would contribute to increased nitrate sensitivity and vascular function.
Single-monthly-dose vitamin D supplementation in elderly patients

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the serum levels of calcidiol and calcitriol in 2 men and in 21 postmenopausal, primarily elderly women receiving hormone replacement therapy, orally administered calcium citrate, and an additional supplement of 50,000 IU of vitamin D (1.25 mg of cholecalciferol) once monthly for various periods. Methods We determined plasma calcidiol and calcitriol levels at various times, ranging from –1 to + 60 days after intake of a single dose of 1.25 mg of vitamin D in 10 initial or short-term users (1 to 6 months) and in 13 women who had been using this monthly regimen for several years. The primary concerns were the safety and adequacy of the blood levels achieved with a regimen that encouraged compliance. Results In long-term users of monthly vitamin D regimens, calcidiol levels were usually slightly in excess of the upper limit of normal (that is, > 52 ng/mL [> 130 nmol/L]) at all times throughout the month; in contrast, calcitriol levels exceeded the normal range (8 to 52 pg/mL [19 to 125 pmol/L]) only once in 18 samplings. In short-term users, calcidiol levels exceeded the normal range only once shortly after intake, and no calcitriol level exceeded the normal range. Conclusion Once-a-month dosage of 50,000 IU (1.25 mg) of vitamin D in elderly women receiving hormone replacement therapy plus supplemental calcium and uncontrolled generic multivitamin intake yields calcitriol levels within the normal range, even after years of use of this regimen. Calcidiol levels exceeded the normal range at all times in long-term users but only once in short-term users. Calcidiol concentrations, however, were found to be far below levels (> 150 ng/mL [> 375 nmol/L]) that might produce hypercalciuria or hypercalcemia. (Endocr Pract. 1999;5:229-232).
The ungrounded argument is unfounded: a response to Mumford

Arguing against the claim that every dispositional property is grounded in some property other than itself, Stephen Mumford presents what he calls the ‘Ungrounded Argument’. If successful, the Ungrounded Argument would represent a major victory for anti-Humean metaphysics over its Humean rivals, as it would allow for the existence of primitive modality. Unfortunately, Humeans need not yet be worried, as the Ungrounded Argument is itself lacking in grounding. I indicate where Mumford’s argument falls down, claiming that even the dispositions of the simplest particles can have categorical bases.
Online Auctions: There Can Be Only One

In recent years, the proliferation of the world wide web has lead toan increase in the number of public auctions on the internet. One ofthe characteristics of online auctions is that a successfulimplementation requires a high volume of buyers and sellers at itswebsite. Consequently, auction sites which have a high volume oftraffic have an advantage over those in which the volume is limited.This results in even greater polarization of buyers and sellerstowards a particular site. This is often referred to as the``network effect'' in a variety of web and telecommunicationapplications involving interactions among a large number ofentities. While this effect has qualitatively been known toincrease the value of the overall network, its effect has never beenmodeled or studied rigorously. In this paper, we construct a MarkovModel to analyze the network effect in the case of web auctions. Weshow that the network effect is very powerful for the case of webauctions and can result in a situation in which one auction canquickly overwhelm its competing sites. This results in a situationin which the natural stable equilibrium is that of a single onlineauction seller for a given product and geographical locality. Whilea single player structure is unlikely because of some approximationassumptions in the model, the trend seems to show the likelyexistence of single dominant player in the web auction space.
Downtown People Movers—History and Future in U.S. Cities

In the early 1970s many exciting automated guideway transit technologies and concepts were emerging, and numerous applications were being proposed. One of the initiatives of that era was the U.S. Government Downtown People Mover (DPM) Program in which funding support in the form of grants was provided to demonstrate automated guideway transit as a circulation system in the downtown districts of our cities. These systems were envisioned as important transportation links that would help to reverse urban decay by revitalizing downtowns. Some 38 cities in the United States expressed an interest in the program and submitted grant proposals. Considerable research also was undertaken at that time to develop planning techniques and guidelines for the deployment of urban APMs. Three DPM projects were funded, designed, and built – Miami Metromover (opened in 1986), Detroit People Mover (1987), and the Jacksonville Automated Skyway Express (1989), and all three are still operating today. However these are the only DPM systems that have been built in the United States. This paper will provide a history of the Downtown People Mover (DPM) Program in the United States, information on and current status of the three DPM systems, and lessons from the DPM program and each of the three systems. The paper will also discuss today’s alternatives, such as free bus circulator systems, streetcars, vintage trolleys, and livable communities concepts, for the downtown transportation role that was originally envisioned for DPM systems in U.S. cities. History Some believe that the initial work on automated transit systems began when the auto manufacturers were conducting in-house research on automated highways and other companies were developing systems using driverless vehicles on separate guideways. However the impetus for the development of these systems in the United States was provided by the Reuss-Tydings amendments to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964. These amendments required the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to: “undertake a project to study and prepare a program of research, development, and demonstration of new systems of urban transportation that will carry people and goods within the metropolitan area speedily, safety, without polluting the air, and in a manner that will contribute to sound city planning. The program shall concern itself with all aspects of new
XML-based visual specification of multidisciplinary applications

The advancements in the Internet and Web technologies have fueled a growing interest in developing a Web-based distributed computing environment. We have designed and developed Arcade, a Web-based environment for designing, executing, monitoring and controlling distributed heterogeneous applications, which is easy to use and access, portable, and provides support through all phases of the application development and execution. A major focus of the environment is the specification of heterogeneous multidisciplinary applications. We focus on the visual and script-based specification interface of Arcade. The Web/browser-based visual interface is designed to be intuitive to use and can also be used for visual monitoring during execution. The script specification is based on XML to: make it portable across different frameworks; and make the development of our tools easier by using the existing freely available XML parsers and editors. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the visual and script-based interfaces allowing users to go back and forth between the two. To support this we have developed translators that translate a script-based specification to a visual-based specification and vice-versa. These translators are integrated with our tools and are transparent to users.
Mending Ways: The Canela Indians of Brazil

Mending Ways: The Canela Indians of Brazil. 1999. 52 minutes, color. video by Schecter Films/Smithsonian. For more information contact the Human Studies Film Archives, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560.
Dream Report Pronouns, Local Binding, and Atttitudes De Se

Within contemporary understanding of attitude reports, the possibility of a single proform referencing either counterpart would appear to be simply another manifestation of the de re-de se distinction (Lewis 1979), as well as its attendant linguistic ambiguities. However, as first noted by Percus and Sauerland (2003b), there is a striking asymmetry in the possible counterparts for the pronouns in (1) – a reading where the the bodily counterpart kissing the mental counterpart is unacceptable.