cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forebrain and brain stem neural circuits contribute to altered sympathetic responses to heating in senescent rats.

Acute heating in young rats increases visceral sympathetic nerve discharge (SND); however, renal and splanchnic SND responses to hyperthermia are attenuated in senescent compared with young Fischer 344 (F344) rats (Kenney MJ and Fels RJ. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R513-R520, 2002). Central mechanisms by which aging alters visceral SND responses to heating are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that forebrain neural circuits are involved in suppressing sympathoexcitatory responses to heating in chloralose-anesthetized, senescent F344 rats. Renal and splanchnic SND responses to increased (38°C-41°C) internal temperature were determined in midbrain-transected (MT) and sham-MT young (3-mo-old), mature (12-mo-old), and senescent (24-mo-old) F344 rats and in cervical-transected (CT) and sham-CT senescent rats. Renal SND remained unchanged during heating in MT and sham-MT senescent rats but was increased in CT senescent rats. Splanchnic SND responses to heating were higher in MT vs. sham-MT senescent rats and in CT vs. MT senescent rats. SND responses to heating were similar in MT and sham-MT young and mature rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was increased during heating in MT but not in sham-MT senescent rats, whereas heating-induced increases in MAP were higher in sham-MT vs. MT young rats. These data suggest that in senescent rats suppression of splanchnic SND to heating involves forebrain and brain stem neural circuits, whereas renal suppression is mediated solely by brain stem neural circuits. These results support the concept that aging alters the functional organization of pathways regulating SND and arterial blood pressure responses to acute heating.
Effective Behavior of Heterogeneous Media

A widespread problem of science and technology is that of determining the macroscopic or large scale behavior of a medium which exhibits microscopic or small scale heterogeneity. Expressing the continuum or macroscopic description of matter in terms of its molecular constituents is a basic problem of this type. Another is the problem of determining the gross behavior of a solid which is composed of small randomly oriented crystallites. A third is the technological problem of describing the overall behavior of composite materials, which are composed of macroscopic layers or fibers of one material imbedded in another material. A fourth example is that of analyzing a nuclear reactor which contains rods of one material regularly arranged in a matrix composed of a second material. A fifth example is the problem of describing the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a fluid in turbulent motion. Elliott Montroll has contributed significantly to the solution of such problems by using the methods of statistical mechanics, as well as other methods.
Road finding for road-network extraction

Automatic extraction of roads from aerial photos has been demonstrated in a number of systems, but the systems which display the better capabilities usually rely on manual selection of road starting points. This interaction with a human operator is eliminated by integrating a road-finding module into a road network extraction system. The road finder combines a greedy, edge-based, road-center linker with a smoothness checking program and a post linking process. It is used both for determining where the tracking process is to begin, and for restarting when tracking fails. Results from the fully implemented system are presented. >
Refining a living and learning community for first year engineering students: the ASU perspective

Providing a supportive freshmen environment for just one academic year is both a challenge and an opportunity. The Office of Student Affairs in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, in partnership with the departments of Residential Life and Student Development, provides a strong university, college, and residence hall support system. Enhancements to the residence life program initiated this year include: a new Assistant Director of Academic Support in Residence Life, a new Action Plan for the Resident Assistants in the residence hall, mandatory bi-weekly floor meetings, the Pizza with a Professor program, and notification of each department about students with midterm deficiencies. The enhancements are described and evaluated. In a continuing quality improvement process, over 120 of the 250 Fall 2001 students were surveyed. Their profile is analyzed. Major improvements and challenges still remaining in this living and learning community are discussed.
Copper(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate

(Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate) [149-11-1] C16H30CuO4 (MW 349.95) InChI = 1S/2C8H16O2.Cu/c2*1-3-5-6-7(4-2)8(9)10;/h2*7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = SEKCXMNFUDONGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L (this reagent has been used as a Lewis acid, as an oxidant, as a catalyst/promoter of alkene amination reactions, and as an organic soluble copper(II) carboxylate in reaction kinetics) Physical Data: mp 252 °C (dec.). Solubility: soluble in H2O, alcohols, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: blue/green powder, available at many chemical providers. Preparative Method: copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate has been prepared on a multigram scale from copper(II) acetate monohydrate and sodium 2-ethylhexanoate.1 It can also be prepared via the electrochemical oxidation of copper in the presence of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.2 Copper(II) carboxylates are generally made on a preparative scale from copper(II) acetate3 or copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate4-6 and the sodium salt of the desired carboxylic acid. Purification: copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate can be used as received from the supplier without purification; however, the solid can be recrystallized from MeOH/H2O1 or Et2O/acetone.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: solid copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate is hygroscopic, but otherwise stable when stored in a cool, dry place away from strong oxidizing agents. The powder is an irritant to the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Avoid contact with skin and eyes, and avoid dust inhalation.
Transient electromagnetic analysis and model complexity reduction using the partial element equivalent circuit formulation

Nonlinear electromagnetic field simulation is becoming essential for mixed signal (RF/microwave and digital) circuit design applications. So far, direct analysis of such nonlinear electromagnetic circuits has been demonstrated successfully only within the context of the the FDTD and the TLM method. In this paper, it is shown that time-domain integral equation techniques can be used also for nonlinear electromagnetic circuit analysis. In particular, the application of the so-called Partial Element Equivalent Circuit formulation of the time-domain electric field integral equation leads to a very convenient SPICE-compatible approximation of the electromagnetic problem. Furthermore, it has the important attribute of lending itself to a very systematic and physical model complexity reduction on the basis of the electrical size of the various portions of the system under study. Numerical experiments are used to demonstrate these special attributes of this formulation.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature on nicotine dependence, nicotine pharmacology, health consequences associated with the use of nicotine, and nicotine replacement therapies used to aid smokers who are nicotine dependent.DATA SOURCES:A review of articles, book bibliographies, and published studies identified by a search of the MEDLINE database from 1982 to 1996 on nicotine dependence, nicotine addiction, nicotine withdrawal, smoking, smoking cessation, smoking intervention, nicotine pharmacology, nicotine pharmacokinetics, nicotine pharmacodynamics, and nicotine replacement therapies.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Inclusion criteria were published randomized, double-blind trials of at least 12 weeks' duration, meta-analyses, and panel consensus guidelines.DATA SYNTHESIS:Cigarette smoking and tobacco use have met the surgeon general's primary criteria as well as additional criteria for drug dependence. Drug dependence requires that the drug produce psychoactive effects. Nicotine has been identified as...
Innate immune response during Yersinia infection: critical modulation of cell death mechanisms through phagocyte activation

Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, is one of the most deadly pathogens on our planet. This organism shares important attributes with its ancestral progenitor, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including a 70-kb virulence plasmid, lymphotropism during growth in the mammalian host, and killing of host macrophages. Infections with both organisms are biphasic, where bacterial replication occurs initially with little inflammation, followed by phagocyte influx, inflammatory cytokine production, and tissue necrosis. During infection, plasmid-encoded attributes facilitate bacterial-induced macrophage death, which results from two distinct processes and corresponds to the inflammatory crescendo observed in vivo: Naive cells die by apoptosis (noninflammatory), and later in infection, activated macrophages die by pyroptosis (inflammatory). The significance of this redirected cell death for the host is underscored by the importance of phagocyte activation for immunity to Yersinia and the protective role of pyroptosis during host responses to anthrax lethal toxin and infections with Francisella, Legionella, Pseudomonas, and Salmonella. The similarities of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis, including conserved, plasmid-encoded functions inducing at least two distinct mechanisms of cell death, indicate that comparative studies are revealing about their critical pathogenic mechanism(s) and host innate immune responses during infection. Validation of this idea and evidence of similar interactions with the host immune system are provided by Y. pseudotuberculosis-priming, cross-protective immunity against Y. pestis. Despite these insights, additional studies indicate much remains to be understood concerning effective host responses against Yersinia, including chromosomally encoded attributes that also contribute to bacterial evasion and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Is diagnosability an indicator of speciation? Response to "Why one century of phenetics is enough".

Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences, Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship, 7th European Community Framework Programme.
A dynamic approach of test data generation

The author presents a dynamic approach to test data generation, in which the path selection stage is eliminated. In this approach, test data are derived on the basis of the actual execution of the program under test, of dynamic data flow analysis, and of function minimization methods. The approach starts by executing a program for an arbitrary program input. During program execution for each executed branch, a search procedure decides whether the execution should continue the current branch or whether an alternative branch should be taken. If an undesirable execution flow is observed at the current branch, then a real-valued function is associated with this branch, and function minimization search algorithms are used to automatically locate values of input variables which will change the flow of execution at this branch. In addition, dynamic data flow analysis is used to determine input variables which are responsible for the undesirable program behavior, leading to speedup of the search process. >
Supporting Workflow Management Systems with traceability

Workflow Management Systems need to support organizations adapt their workflows to meet changing environments and business processes. We propose a traceability based knowledge management approach to support such a capability in WFMS. We present a framework for representing traceability knowledge to capture the context in which workflows are specified and evolved. We discuss the functionalities of a knowledge management system that can support dynamic reconfiguration of workflows in the context of changing business processes as well as for maintaining their integrity.
The structure of the distant geomagnetic tail during long periods of northward IMF

We have used a newly developed, parallelized, global MHD magnetosphere - ionosphere simulation model with a 400 R(sub E) long tail to study the evolution, structure, and dynamics of the distant magnetotail during extended periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We find that the tail evolves to a nearly time stationary structure about one solar wind transit time after the IMF turns northward. Four regions of different magnetic topology can be distinguished which extend at least to the end of the simulation box at 400 R(sub E). Besides lobe field lines and open solar wind field lines tailward of an X-line, there is a broad boundary layer of closed field lines which we call the tail flank boundary layer (TFBL). Just inside the TFBL there is a region of closed field loops. Besides the X-line we find two O-lines which are enclosed by the closed field loops and are roughly aligned with the tail axis. Together they form a U shaped separator between the northward and the southward plasma sheet fields.
Toward an Analysis of the Basic Value System

Sociology and cultural anthropology have shown signs of drawing closer together, and so now do anthropology and philosophy, though the latter meeting is attended by fewer enthusiasts and receives less attention. It has been noted that the sciences return to philosophy precisely in the chronological order in which they left it; the physicists whose field is at the lower end of the integrative levels, were writing volumes of interpretation in philosophical terms while the psychologists and sociologists were still proclaiming their independence. Cultural anthropology never made the mistake, so common among social studies having scientific aspirations, of allowing radical empiricism to lead it into subjective interpretations. It has its inter-group relations, its institutions, and, above all, its artifacts, to save it. Thus it has recognized the existence of objective cultural structures which are available for analysis.
Natural Occurrence of Campylobacter Species, Salmonella Serovars, and Other Bacteria in Unabsorbed Yolks of Market-Age Commercial Broilers

SUMMARY In the developing avian embryo, the main energy source is the yolk. Toward the end of the incubation period, the remaining yolk sac is internalized into the abdominal cavity. At hatch, the remaining yolk comprises 20% of the chick’s BW and provides the nutrients needed for maintenance. Posthatch, chicks rapidly initiate the transition from yolk dependence to the utilization of exogenous feed. However, at present, it is not known what types of bacteria are found to be associated with unabsorbed yolk sacs from market-age broilers. For Experiment 1, one hundred 6-wk-old defeathered broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing facility during each of 3 visits. In the second experiment, one hundred 8-wk-old defeathered broiler carcasses were obtained from a different commercial processing plant on 4 separate occasions. For both experiments, each carcass was aseptically opened and inspected for the presence of an unabsorbed yolk sac. Three to 5 carcasses containing a free-floating yolk sac (within the abdominal cavity) and the yolk stalk (without a yolk sac) and 3 to 5 carcasses containing an attached yolk and yolk stalk from each repetition were randomly selected and analyzed for levels and types of total aerobic bacteria (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (ENT), and for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars. The APC ranged from log 3.3 to >log 6.0, and the ENT ranged from log 2.8 to >log 6.0. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the predominant organisms in APC, whereas Escherichia coli and Hafnia alvei were found to comprise the ENT. Campylobacter spp. was found in 29% of the yolk stalks, 32% of the attached yolk sacs, and 13% of the free-floating yolk sacs. All Campylobacter isolates were determined to be Campylobacter jejuni, except for 1 attached yolk and yolk stalk, which was Campylobacter coli. Salmonella serovars were found in 26% of the yolk stalks, 48% of the attached yolk sacs, and 23% of the free-floating yolk sacs, and the majority of Salmonella isolates were Salmonella Typhimurium. The significance of these bacterial reservoirs and carcass contamination during processing is yet to be determined.
Molecular basis of group A streptococcal virulence

The group A streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is among the most common and versatile of human pathogens. It is responsible for a wide spectrum of human diseases, ranging from trivial to lethal. The advent of modern techniques of molecular biology has taught much about the organism's virulence, and the genomes of several GAS types have now been deciphered. Surface structures of GAS including a family of M proteins, the hyaluronic acid capsule, and fibronectin-binding proteins, allow the organism to adhere to, colonise, and invade human skin and mucus membranes under varying environmental conditions. M protein binds to complement control factors and other host proteins to prevent activation of the alternate complement pathway and thus evade phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Extracellular toxins, including superantigenic streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, contribute to tissue invasion and initiate the cytokine storm felt responsible for illnesses such as necrotising fasciitis and the highly lethal streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever but less is understood about its basic pathogenesis. The improved understanding of GAS genetic regulation, structure, and function has opened exciting possibilities for developing safe and effective GAS vaccines. Studies directed towards achieving this long-sought goal are being aggressively pursued.
Constraint-based scheduling

Constraint-based scheduling has become the dominant form of modeling and solving scheduling problems. Recently, due to ever more powerful embedded processors, it has become possible to embed and run constraint-based schedulers on-line even for fast processes such as product assembly sequencing. This makes constraint-based scheduling interesting to the control community as a new tool for system control, distributed and reconfigurable control, and the integration of various planning, scheduling, and control tasks. This tutorial gives a brief introduction to constraint-based scheduling, generic constraint programming techniques for modeling and solving scheduling problems, and a concrete real-time application example.
Neuronal Signaling through Endocytosis

The distinctive morphology of neurons, with complex dendritic arbors and extensive axons, presents spatial challenges for intracellular signal transduction. The endosomal system provides mechanisms that enable signaling molecules initiated by extracellular cues to be trafficked throughout the expanse of the neuron, allowing intracellular signals to be sustained over long distances. Therefore endosomes are critical for many aspects of neuronal signaling that regulate cell survival, axonal growth and guidance, dendritic branching, and cell migration. An intriguing characteristic of neuronal signal transduction is that endosomal trafficking enables physiological responses that vary based on the subcellular location of signal initiation. In this review, we will discuss the specialized mechanisms and the functional significance of endosomal signaling in neurons, both during normal development and in disease.
Graduate education and employee performance: evidence from military personnel

Few studies have examined the relationship between on-the-job productivity and graduate education using single-firm data. This paper studies the effect of graduate education on job performance using a unique micro-database consisting of military officers. Supervisor ratings and promotion probabilities are examined for professional and technical officers in the US Navy, a hierarchical organization with an internal labor market and up-or-out promotion policies. Singlestage estimates indicate that, among those eligible to be considered for promotion to grade 4, the up-or-out point, those with any graduate degree are more likely to be promoted. The effect is especially pronounced for those who receive a degree via the Navy’s sponsored, full-time program. However, when instruments that are uncorrelated with promotion are used to predict graduate degree status, the results suggest that a sizeable portion of the relationship between graduate education and promotion is due to unobserved attributes that lead some people to attend (or to be selected for) graduate school and to be more promotable. The selection-corrected estimates of the promotion effect of graduate education are reduced by between 40 and 50%. [JEL I21, J24] © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
How May Teacher Learning Be Promoted for Educational Renewal with IT

This chapter takes an instrumental perspective with the goal of empowering teachers and other leaders with an understanding of the ecology of educational renewal with IT. The diversity of factors that impact a teacher’s adoption of IT are envisioned in layers that frame perspectives of the classroom as nested within the school, local area, region, and the global biosphere of education. Theoretical models are used to explain the multi-staged processes and illustrated with research. For example, models of the adoption of IT in a classroom emphasize each teacher’s ownership of the innovation process. In addition, simultaneous renewal of teacher education and K-12 schools involves overlapping ecologies in multiple organizations, leading to additional challenges for teacher learning with IT in preservice teacher education. The chapter concludes with a recommendation to incorporate ecological perspectives in the design and reporting of research in this area.
Automatic Topic Model Adaptation for Sentiment Analysis in Structured Domains

We present a novel topic modeling approach to sentiment analysis for documents organized into hierarchical categories. In our approach, positive, negative, and subject matter topics are learned and used to infer document labels. A Markov chain Monte Carlo model procedure adapts the number and structure of topics based on a minimum description length objective function. We apply our approach to Yelp.com business reviews and Amazon.com book reviews and demonstrate that 1) the model adaptation procedure selects a high quality model from the space of alternatives, and 2) the resulting model performs well relative to state of the art regression and topic modeling approaches.
SDN Research Challenges and Opportunities

The National Science Foundation has made investments in Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for many years, in both the research and infrastructure areas. SDN and NFV enable systems to become more open to transformative research, with implications for revolutionary new applications and services. Additionally, the emerging concept of Software-Defined Exchanges will enable large-scale interconnection of Software Defined infrastructures, owned and operated by many different organizations, to provide logically isolated 'on demand' global scale infrastructure on an end-to-end basis, with enhanced flexibility and security for new applications. This talk will examine past NSF investments and successes in SDN/NFV, identify new research opportunities available to the community and present challenges that need to be overcome to make SDN/NFV a reality in operational cyberinfrastructure.
Flexible Thin-Film InGaAs Photodiode Focal Plane Array

Natural imaging systems such as the retina and the compound eye employ a conformal architecture that provides an aberration-free image with wide field of view (FOV) and very low f/number. However, most artificial imagers such as conventional cameras are limited to a planar architecture demanded by the use of brittle semiconductor focal plane arrays (FPAs). High-resolution image formation on this flat field requires multiple bulky optical elements. Here we demonstrate a general approach to fabricating complex circuits and in particular FPAs on flexible and/or conformable substrates that can be shaped to overcome these fundamental limitations. An 8 × 100, lightweight, thin-film In0.53Ga0.47As p-i-n photodiode FPA with sensitivity to wavelengths as long as λ = 1650 nm is fabricated on a thin flexible plastic foil following transfer by adhesive-free bonding of the epitaxial layers that are subsequently lifted off from the parent InP substrate. The array is shaped into either a convex cylindrically curved imag...
DELIVERY PLANNING IN HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME WITH INTACT OR HIGHLY RESTRICTIVE ATRIAL SEPTUM

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum (RS) is a rare and potentially lethal diagnosis that comprises 5-10% of all cases of HLHS. Immediate postnatal creation of an atrial communication is often necessary to decompress the left atrium (LA) and relieve
The 80 Percent Pension Funding Target, High Assumed Returns, and Generational Inequity

Generational inequity in pension funding is highly sensitive to the lax policies of 80-percent funding targets and high assumed returns to investment. I develop a simple, powerful relationship between steady-state (SS) inequity in contributions – the percent of extra contributions to fund prior cohorts – and the SS unfunded ratio. I then show how the SS unfunded ratio is governed by x-percent funding targets and the gap between assumed and true returns. The SS degree of inequity is over 60 percent under an 80 percent funding target and over 50 percent with a one point gap between assumed and true returns.
Out of sight, out of mind? How and when cognitive role transition episodes influence employee performance:

A widely-cited proposition in boundary theory states that it is difficult for individuals to transition between roles, especially when these roles are highly segmented. Surprisingly, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. We provide an empirical test of these propositions and draw from the self-regulation literature to expand boundary theory in exploring how episodes of cognitive role transitions impact job performance. We propose that cognitive role transitioning is cognitively demanding, which consumes the limited executive control resources that facilitate effective job performance. In a multilevel study of 619 employees providing 4371 episodes, we observed that work-to-family cognitive role transitioning was negatively related to job performance, and this effect was mediated by self-regulatory depletion. Although individuals with greater role integration were somewhat more likely to experience cognitive role transitions than those with segmented roles, these individuals were also buffered from ...
Monitoring the Air Quality of Laboratory

Objective To analyze the conditions and the source of air pollution in the laboratory .Methods The concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total bacterial count, oxide of nitrogen in the indoor air were measured in different laboratories of a college. The teachers who worked in the laboratory were surveyed by questionnaire. Results there was no significant difference on concentrations of CO(P 0.05). The average concentrations of CO2,NOx in the chemistry laboratories showed significant difference from other laboratories (P0.05). Conclusion The results showed that the contents of NOx exceeded the standard. The poisonous gas coming from volatilization of the reagents laid in the laboratory and the gas produced during the experiments were the main sources of pollutants.
Promoting motivation and self-regulated learning skills through social interactions in agent-based learning environments

We have developed computer environments that support learning by teaching and the use of self regulated learning (SRL) skills through interactions with virtual agents. More specifically, students teach a computer agent, Betty, and can monitor her progress by asking her questions and getting her to take quizzes. The system provides SRL support via dialog-embedded prompts by Betty, the teachable agent, and Mr. Davis, the mentor agent. Our primary goals have been to support learning in complex science domains and facilitate development of metacognitive skills. More recently, we have also employed sequence analysis schemes and hidden Markov model (HMM) methods for assigning context to and deriving aggregated student behavior sequences from activity data. These techniques allow us to go beyond analyses of individual behaviors, instead examining how these behaviors cohere in larger patterns. We discuss the information derived from these models, and draw inferences on students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies.
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities

Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) are broadly defined as geographical locations that individuals either remain in or move to when they retire. They exist in various forms and locations, including neighborhoods of apartments, condominiums, and single-family houses. Although they vary widely, NORCs have features that make living in such locations attractive to older adults. Aging service programs have also naturally emerged within NORCs to help people remain in their homes and communities as they age. The social activities, volunteer and formal health services, and overall accessibility and walkability of successful NORCs have made these communities desirable places for active older adults to live. Keywords: home- and community-based care; long-term services and supports; social services
Biocomposites: Long Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biopolymers

So far, aerospace technology, the area of origin for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), has been the field in which these polymers have mainly been applied. However, these construction materials are now also being used for numerous technical applications, especially where a high strength and stiffness is required at a low weight. Classic FRPs, however, often pose considerable problems in terms of being able to reuse or recycle at the end of their lifetimes. This is mainly due to the compound of miscellaneous and usually very stable fibers and matrices. An interesting option may be provided by the use of construction materials made of renewable resources that consist of natural fibers embedded in biopolymers (so-called biocomposites) and which also would involve economically and ecologically acceptable manufacturing technologies.
Dilemmas in Transition to Top Management

In the following section, we shall study the occupation and educational backgrounds of the couples, how they experience their work and to what extent they accept their respective levels of compromise in building their personal and professional identities. We shall analyse the complex relationships involved in reconciling and integrating personal and working life. We shall attempt to determine to what extent these discrepancies lie at the root of the relationship breakdowns which, as we have seen, are relatively frequent. We shall also attempt to verify some of our initial hypotheses in our more in-depth study dealing with the following: A belief exists that the greater the financial or professional success, the worse the emotional life (divorce), which could be a professional restriction. It is not that women are less ambitious than men — they have simply lowered their expectations in an effort to seek conciliation.
Visible Light Therapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

In 1877 General Augustus J. Pleasonton proposed, in a remarkable address to the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, that blue light would cure certain diseases and increase the yield of crops and the fecundity of domestic beasts. His proposals were buttressed with the results of his own research—an endeavor permitted the educated amateur in those days. He published his work in a book, tastefully bound and printed in blue (Fig. 1). Within a year a preposterous craze for blue light spread across the country which lasted for over a decade. Interest in blue light (sunlight filtered through blue glass) gradually waned, and for the next 70 or more years the medicinal virtues of light (except heliotherapy for the treatment of tuberculosis) were accepted only by cultists and quacks. Perhaps because of this unfortunate, almost ludicrous history, American physicians rejected any Fig. 1. “Phototherapy” 100 years ago. The first American treatise on the uses of blue light. thought of light as a mode of medical treatment and ignored its use in the management of jaundice in the newborn infant, a condition which, if unchecked, can be crippling to a severe degree.
Oncolytic HSV as a Vector in Cancer Immunotherapy

It is well documented that immunotherapy has a great potential for cancer treatment. The ideal cancer immunotherapeutic strategies should be relatively simple, but able to trick the host's immune system to elicit a robust immune response to the tumor target. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) has been engineered for the purpose of oncolysis. These so-called oncolytic HSVs can selectively replicate within tumor cells, resulting in their destruction and in the production of progeny virions that can spread to adjacent tumor cells. In addition to their direct oncolytic effect, tumor lysis by oncolytic viruses releases tumor antigens in their native form and configuration in an individualized way. Immune responses thus generated would be more likely to recognize the original tumor than would tumor vaccines produced by other methods, most of which require extensive in vitro modification and manipulation. Several recently published studies have shown that HSV-elicited antitumor immune responses are an essential part of the overall antitumor effect produced by oncolytic HSVs, not only for controlling primary tumor growth, but also for preventing long distance metastases. In this chapter several key methods will be illustrated to monitor the immune response elicited by oncolytic HSVs.
Identifying biomarkers of dementia prevalent among amnestic mild cognitively impaired ethnic female patients

There is a need to investigate biomarkers that are indicative of the progression of dementia in ethnic patient populations. The disparity of information in these populations has been the focus of many clinical and academic centers, including ours, to contribute to a higher success rate in clinical trials. In this study, we have investigated plasma biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) female patient cohorts in the context of ethnicity and cognitive status. A panel of 12 biomarkers involved in the progression of brain pathology, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders were investigated in female cohorts of African American, Hispanic, and White aMCI patients. Both biochemical and algorithmic analyses were applied to correlate biomarker levels measured during the early stages of the disease for each ethnicity. We report elevated plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, YKL-40, and cystatin C levels in the Hispanic cohort at early aMCI status. In addition, elevated plasma Aβ40 levels were associated with the aMCI status in both White and African American patient cohorts by the decision tree algorithm. Eotaxin-1 levels, as determined by the decision tree algorithm and biochemically measured total tau levels, were associated with the aMCI status in the African American cohort. Overall, our data displayed novel differences in the plasma biomarkers of the aMCI female cohorts where the plasma levels of several biomarkers distinguished between each ethnicity at an early aMCI stage. Identification of these plasma biomarkers encourages new areas of investigation among aMCI ethnic populations, including larger patient cohorts and longitudinal study designs.
Joining Aluminum to Stainless Steel

In the construction of transport dewars for liquefied gases, numerous joints are required between the aluminum-alloy walls or shells and exterior metallic tubing of stainless steel. Such bi-metallic transition units combine the selected physical properties of both metals if properly utilized.
An Exploration of the Sport Club President's Experience:

Extensive research has shown that sport club participation enhances student development, but little research has examined how specific officer roles in sport clubs may shape the experience. The purpose of this case study was to explore how sport club presidents at a midsized, public, four year institution in the Mid-Atlantic region described their involvement in an on-campus leadership opportunity. Eleven sport club presidents participated in the study, and shared their experiences through reflective journaling, and 30-min semistructured interviews. The researchers conducted document analysis for further review of the sport club program and president experience. Findings suggest that participation in the presidential role within the campus recreation sport club program at this institution provides an impactful developmental experience for students by enhancing specific skills that prepare students for careers beyond college more candidly than classroom education. Recommendations for sport club professiona...
Improving Clinical Decision Support in Pharmacy: Toward the Perfect DUR Alert.

The cornerstone of every health care profession is decision making. Historically, the decisions made by pharmacists have focused on ensuring the accuracy and physical integrity of the pharmaceutical product delivered to the patient in strict compliance with the prescriber’s order. As the role of the pharmacist evolved over the past half century, the focus of decision making progressively shifted from a product-centric orientation to optimizing the interaction that occurs between the pharmaceutical product and the patient. Toward that end, prospective drug utilization review (pro-DUR) represents, perhaps, the quintessential expression of the pharmacist’s contemporary clinical role. Fueled by evolving practice standards, innovations in information technology, and legal mandates such as The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, computer-assisted pro-DUR systems have become a ubiquitous component of pharmacy practice. While these data-driven clinical decision support systems have clearly demonstrated the...
The Brainstem in Emotion: A Review.

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal, autonomic function, motor control and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles in each of these networks, but prior studies of the neuroanatomic basis of emotion, particularly in the human neuropsychological literature, have mostly focused on the contributions of cortical rather than subcortical structures. Given the size and complexity of brainstem circuits, elucidating their structural and functional properties involves technical challenges. However, recent advances in neuroimaging have begun to accelerate research into the brainstem’s role in emotion. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework for neuroscience, psychology and behavioral science researchers to study brainstem involvement in human emotions. The “emotional brainstem” is comprised of three major networks – Ascending, Descending and Modulatory. The Ascending network is composed chiefly of the spinothalamic tracts and their projections to brainstem nuclei, which transmit sensory information from the body to rostral structures. The Descending motor network is subdivided into medial projections from the reticular formation that modulate the gain of inputs impacting emotional salience, and lateral projections from the periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus and amygdala that activate characteristic emotional behaviors. Finally, the brainstem is home to a group of modulatory neurotransmitter pathways, such as those arising from the raphe nuclei (serotonergic), ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic) and locus coeruleus (noradrenergic), which form a Modulatory network that coordinates interactions between the Ascending and Descending networks. Integration of signaling within these three networks occurs at all levels of the brainstem, with progressively more complex forms of integration occurring in the hypothalamus and thalamus. These intermediary structures, in turn, provide input for the most complex integrations, which occur in the frontal, insular, cingulate and other regions of the cerebral cortex. Phylogenetically older brainstem networks inform the functioning of evolutionarily newer rostral regions, which in turn regulate and modulate the older structures. Via these bidirectional interactions, the human brainstem contributes to the evaluation of sensory information and triggers fixed-action pattern responses that together constitute the finely-differentiated spectrum of possible emotions.
Novel mutation identified in severe early-onset tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome: a case report.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS) is the second most common heritable autoinflammatory disease, typically presenting in pre-school aged children with fever episodes lasting 1–3 weeks. Systemic symptoms can include rash, myalgia, ocular inflammation, and serositis. Here we report an unusual presentation of TRAPS in a 7 month old girl who presented with only persistent fever. She was initially diagnosed with incomplete Kawasaki Disease and received IVIG and infliximab; however, her fevers quickly recurred. Subsequent testing revealed a urinary tract infection, but she did not improve despite appropriate therapy. As fever continued, she developed significant abdominal distension with imaging concerning for appendicitis, followed by hyperthermia and hemodynamic instability. Given her protracted clinical course and maternal history of a poorly defined inflammatory condition, an autoinflammatory disease was considered. Therapy with anakinra was initiated, resulting in rapid resolution of fever and normalization of inflammatory markers. She was found to have a previously unreported mutation, Thr90Pro, in the TNFRSF1A gene associated with TRAPS. This novel mutation was also confirmed in the patient’s mother and maternal uncle. This report reviews a severe case of TRAPS in infancy associated with a novel mutation, Thr90Pro, in the TNFRSF1A gene, and emphasizes that autoinflammatory disease should be considered in the differential of infants with fever of unknown origin.
Advancing the Study of Adolescent Substance Use Through the Use of Integrative Data Analysis.

A wealth of information is currently known about the epidemiology, etiology, and evaluation of drug and alcohol use across the life span. Despite this corpus of knowledge, much has yet to be learne...
Catastrophizing research: Avoiding conceptual errors and maintaining a balanced perspective

This Commentary addresses some common conceptual errors and methodological issues raised by the Focus article by Geisser, Robinson, and Riley. One conceptual error, the problem of confounding coping with outcome, is evident in their assertion that catastrophizing is not a form of coping, but rather a maladaptive pain belief. Catastrophizing clearly fits current definitions of coping, even though it may be associated with negative outcomes. A second conceptual error is the tendency to oversimplify the coping process that is evident in the tendency to divide coping strategies into dichotomous categories (eg, active vs passive, adaptive vs maladaptive). Methodological issues raised by this article include: (1) the need to recognize the strengths of existing pain coping instruments (eg, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire), and (2) the utility of new and alternative coping measures. This Commentary concludes with a discussion of important directions for future research on pain coping.
Atteindre l’excellence dans les plans de recherche grâce à la quête de la perfection : vers un étalonnage théorique fort

RESUMELa recherche concernant la chaine d’approvisionnement est de plus en plus basee sur la theorie, les plans de recherche sont de plus en plus rigoureux et les methodes d’analyse se sont approfondies et elargies. Compte tenu de cette progression importante et positive, nous pensons qu’il est temps pour les chercheurs d’abandonner la methode de collecte des donnees classique, a savoir les enquetes mono-source, en raison de ses limitations inherentes. Dans le passe, les enquetes mono-source ont permis de realiser des avancees significatives dans le developpement des connaissances, mais ce domaine a tellement progresse que des plans plus solides sont desormais necessaires. Au lieu d’attaquer les precedents travaux de recherche realises au moyen d’enquetes mono-source (y compris les notres), et au lieu de donner des conseils « rustines » (par ex. obtenir plus de repondants), nous proposons de suivre une trajectoire plus constructive, selon laquelle les chercheurs devraient laisser leur theorie conduire leu...
A Comprehensive Review of Oxidative Stress as the Underlying Mechanism in Atherosclerosis and the Inefficiency of Antioxidants to Revert this Process

Background Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest mortality rate in the United States. The major underlying mechanism driving the onset and maintenance of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease affecting large and medium-size arteries; it proceeds through four main stages along different decades of life, beginning at birth. Atherosclerosis is a consequence of oxidative stress, where homeostasis between endogenous antioxidants and reactive oxygen species is disrupted. Failure of intrinsic antioxidants and prophylactic antioxidant supplements to prevent atherosclerosis formation is an ongoing area of research in the race to avert, manage and cure atherosclerosis. Methods The purpose of this work was to elucidate the actions of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress on the formation of atherosclerosis as well as the different stages of atherosclerosis and the different mechanisms to prevent it. Through an extensive review of scientific literature, this paper correlates cell damage caused by oxidative stress to atheromatous plaque formation, as well as an in-depth analysis of high-density lipoproteins and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant role on atherosclerosis prevention. The antioxidant mechanism is overwhelmed by atherosclerotic processes and fails to be the ideal treatment of atherosclerosis. There is no scientific data that correlates prophylactic and non-prophylactic antioxidant treatment to a decrease in mortality or comorbidities pertaining to atherosclerosis. This is thought to be due to lack of consensus of optimal therapeutic doses, lack of reliable markers indicating which patient is to benefit from therapy and the chemical complexity of antioxidants in vivo. Current treatments for atherosclerosis include HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors which directly target low-density lipoproteins to tackle atherosclerotic plaque formation. Conclusion HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are not enough for the treatment of atherosclerosis given the complexity of the disease which has immune, musculoskeletal, genetic and hematologic aspects besides the involvement of lipids and lipoproteins. Therefore, other pharmacologic targets such as the PCSK9 enzyme and NFK- β should be researched in depth as possible treatments for atherosclerosis.