cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Social Capital: New Evidence on Religion, Diversity and Structural Change

Americans not only bowl less today than they did fifty years ago, but also some bowl more than others. This is one of the major and simple messages of Robert Putnam's influential study of social capital in America. Using a variety of data sources, Putnam documents a significant variation in the states' levels of social capital, while arguing for specific general causes of the decline of social capital across the United States. Here, we evaluate the power of Putnam's theory in explaining state-level variation of stocks of social capital. We find that the strongest determinants of social capital levels are basic social and economic differences between states, such as education, church membership, farming and unemployment. Controlling for these determinants, we also find no evidence for a much-debated link between diversity and social capital.Since the publication of Putnam's book, a growing quantitative literature on social capital has contributed to a much more nuanced and theoretically precise understanding of the link between social capital and the quality of American democracy. Pamela Paxton, as well as Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn, have re-examined Putnam's finding of the aggregate decline in social capital in the United States since the 1960s. Putnam's claim that higher levels of social capital improve the functioning of democracy on the state level has been examined systematically by, among others, Stephen Knack and Tom W. Rice. On a methodological level, Eric M. Uslaner has argued for a need to disaggregate different concepts of trust, and focus on generalized social trust and its effect on making democracy more effective.
Open-Label Milnacipran for Patients With Persistent Knee Pain 1 Year or Longer After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Study

Objective: The current study investigates whether milnacipran is effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with persistent pain ≥ 1 year after total knee arthroplasty. Method: This was a 12-week open-label study of flexibly dosed milnacipran in patients (N = 5) experiencing chronic persistent knee pain ≥ 1 year following total knee arthroplasty in the absence of new injury, infection, or implant failure. Subjects were identified from October 2010 to August 2011 through the Duke University Medical Center orthopedic clinic (Durham, North Carolina), typically during 1-year postoperative follow-up visits, and were referred by their orthopedic surgeon. Results: Milnacipran treatment was associated with reduction in pain according to the primary outcome measure of the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain (effect size of 1.15) and secondary outcome measures of Knee Society Score (KSS) evaluation subscale score (effect size of 1.37) and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) bodily pain subscale (effect size of 1.16) at week 12. Secondary outcome measures of functional change were mixed in such that, at week 12, the SF-36 physical functioning subscale showed improvement (effect size of 1.16), but the KSS function subscale score was just below the threshold for meaningful effect size (0.98). Conclusions: Open-label milnacipran demonstrated reduced pain and some evidence of functional improvement in this small sample of patients with chronic persistent pain 1 year or more after total knee arthroplasty such that well-powered studies are warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01780389","term_id":"NCT01780389"}}NCT01780389
Assessing children's psychosocial environments: Issues, methods, and some data from five contemporary instruments

Abstract The rationales, the development, and some data concerning the behavioral relevance of five different measures of dimensions of children's environments are presented. Each of those techniques is examined relative to a number of psychometric and conceptual issues that must be considered when attempting to identify and measure aspects of environments that are thought to elicit or stimulate socially or clinically important behaviors of children. Regardless of one's theoretical orientation concerning the nature and the relevance of environmental factors in determining children's behavior, the construct validity and the questions of direction of effect and genetic confounding must be dealt with. Although all of these issues are not adequately resolved by the currently available measures of children's environments, the state of the art is encouraging and practicing clinicians as well as research investigators can now make use of a variety of techniques for assessing children's environments.
The effects of microstructure on the fatigue of Co, Cr, Ni-TaC eutectic alloys

Abstract High-cycle fatigue tests were performed on aligned CoTaC (Co, 10Cr, 10Ni-15TaC) at room temperature. In addition, tests were performed on related alloys in order to determine the effect of various metallurgical variables on fatigue life: non-alignment of the structure, elimination of the fiber reinforcement and prior fiber fragmentation all resulted in decreased fatigue resistance, while increasing growth rate and the precipitation of matrix carbides resulted in significant improvements. Crack initiation was observed in several samples using optical replicas. Fractographs revealed that fatigue crack growth in the aligned materials proceeded in a stage I mode. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation of CoTaC revealed no buildup of dislocation substructures during fatigue. Precipitate size and distribution for the heat treated materials also was investigated with TEM.
Capitalizing on admixture in genome-wide association studies: a two-stage testing procedure and application to height in African-Americans.

As genome-wide association studies expand beyond populations of European ancestry, the role of admixture will become increasingly important in the continued discovery and fine-mapping of variation influencing complex traits. Although admixture is commonly viewed as a confounding influence in association studies, approaches such as admixture mapping have demonstrated its ability to highlight disease susceptibility regions of the genome. In this study, we illustrate a powerful two-stage testing strategy designed to uncover trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in the presence of ancestral allele frequency differentiation. In the first stage, we conduct an association scan by using predicted genotypic values based on regional admixture estimates. We then select a subset of promising markers for inclusion in a second-stage analysis, where association is tested between the observed genotype and the phenotype conditional on the predicted genotype. We prove that, under the null hypothesis, the test statistics used in each stage are orthogonal and asymptotically independent. Using simulated data designed to mimic African-American populations in the case of a quantitative trait, we show that our two-stage procedure maintains appropriate control of the family-wise error rate and has higher power under realistic effect sizes than the one-stage testing procedure in which all markers are tested for association simultaneously with control of admixture. We apply the proposed procedure to a study of height in 201 African Americans genotyped at 108 ancestry informative markers. The two-stage procedure identified two statistically significant markers rs1985080 (PTHB1/BBS9) and rs952718 (ABCA12). PTHB1/BBS9 is downregulated by parathyroid hormone in osteoblastic cells and may be involved in parathyroid hormone action in bones and may play a role in height. ABCA12 is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters; its involvement in height is unclear.
Development of a 6DOF robotic motion phantom for radiation therapy.

Purpose: The use of medical technology capable of tracking patient motion or positioning patients along 6 degree-of-freedom (6DOF) has steadily increased in the field of radiation therapy. However, due to the complex nature of tracking and performing 6DOF motion, it is critical that such technology is properly verified to be operating within specifications in order to ensure patient safety. In this study, a robotic motion phantom is presented that can be programmed to perform highly accurate motion along any X (left–right), Y (superior–inferior), Z (anterior–posterior), pitch (around X), roll (around Y), and yaw (around Z) axes. In addition, highly synchronized motion along all axes can be performed in order to simulate the dynamic motion of a tumor in 6D. The accuracy and reproducibility of this 6D motion were characterized. Methods: An in-house designed and built 6D robotic motion phantom was constructed following the Stewart–Gough parallel kinematics platform archetype. The device was controlled using an inverse kinematics formulation, and precise movements in all 6 degrees-of-freedom (X, Y, Z, pitch, roll, and yaw) were performed, both simultaneously and separately for each degree-of-freedom. Additionally, previously recorded 6D cranial and prostate motions were effectively executed. The robotic phantom movements were verified using a 15 fps 6D infrared marker tracking system and the measured trajectories were compared quantitatively to the intended input trajectories. The workspace, maximum 6D velocity, backlash, and weight load capabilities of the system were also established. Results: Evaluation of the 6D platform demonstrated translational root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.14, 0.22, and 0.08 mm over 20 mm in X and Y and 10 mm in Z, respectively, and rotational RMSE values of 0.16°, 0.06°, and 0.08° over 10° of pitch, roll, and yaw, respectively. The robotic stage also effectively performed controlled 6D motions, as well as reproduced cranial trajectories over 15 min, with a maximal RMSE of 0.04 mm translationally and 0.04° rotationally, and a prostate trajectory over 2 min, with a maximal RMSE of 0.06 mm translationally and 0.04° rotationally. Conclusions: This 6D robotic phantom has proven to be accurate under clinical standards and capable of reproducing tumor motion in 6D. Such functionality makes the robotic phantom usable for either quality assurance or research purposes.
On thermodynamics of crystal plasticity

Abstract It is argued in this paper that there are three distinctive physical situations in which the continuum descriptions of crystal plasticity are conceptually different. They are determined by the properties of the random field of dislocation density. One of the cases corresponds to conventional plasticity theory. In this case the system energy possesses the energy density, and a formula for energy density of the dislocation microstructure is derived. The phenomenology of the energy of microstructure is briefly discussed.
Soft optical phonon in ferroelastic BiVO4

Abstract We report the observation of an underdamped q∼O soft optical phonon in the Raman spectra of the paraelastic and ferroelastic phases of BiVO4. This mode has the same symmetry as the ferroelastic strain. The temperature dependence of the soft optical phonon energy indicates that the ferroelastic transition is continuous and that the order parameter has a Landau-type behavior over a wide temperature range.
Synthesis of 2- and 3-Indolylpyrroles via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Muenchnones and Nitroalkenes.

2-Nitrovinylindoles (I) react smoothly with symmetrical muenchnones, generated in situ, to afford the pyrrole products (III) in very good yields.
Development and use of time-intensity methodology for sensory evaluation: A review

Abstract Time-intensity (TI) evaluation has been a developing sensory methodology for some 40 years. During this time, the technology has evolved from the use of a simple paper/pen to computerized data collection. Concomitant with this development has been the refinement of average curve calculation and interpretation. This paper summarizes these developments, cross-references alternate nomenclature, and compiles and reviews the research applications.
Modeling Earthquake Rate Changes in Oklahoma and Arkansas: Possible Signatures of Induced Seismicity

The rate of M L≥3 earthquakes in the central and eastern United States increased beginning in 2009, particularly in Oklahoma and central Arkansas, where fluid injection has occurred. We find evidence that suggests these rate increases are man‐made by examining the rate changes in a catalog of M L≥3 earthquakes in Oklahoma, which had a low background seismicity rate before 2009, as well as rate changes in a catalog of M L≥2.2 earthquakes in central Arkansas, which had a history of earthquake swarms prior to the start of injection in 2009. In both cases, stochastic epidemic‐type aftershock sequence models and statistical tests demonstrate that the earthquake rate change is statistically significant, and both the background rate of independent earthquakes and the aftershock productivity must increase in 2009 to explain the observed increase in seismicity. This suggests that a significant change in the underlying triggering process occurred. Both parameters vary, even when comparing natural to potentially induced swarms in Arkansas, which suggests that changes in both the background rate and the aftershock productivity may provide a way to distinguish man‐made from natural earthquake rate changes. In Arkansas we also compare earthquake and injection well locations, finding that earthquakes within 6 km of an active injection well tend to occur closer together than those that occur before, after, or far from active injection. Thus, like a change in productivity, a change in interevent distance distribution may also be an indicator of induced seismicity.
Impurity distribution in Al2O3 formed on an FeCrAl alloy

Abstract Analytical electron microscopy and Auger spectroscopy were used to study the amount and distribution of Fe, Cr and S impurities in the Al2O3 scale grown on an FeCrAl alloy. Segregations of Fe on grain boundaries and S on internal void surfaces were found, and a mechanism of intragranular void formation in Al2O3 is proposed.
Grade level differences in school satisfaction.

Despite evidence that children and adolescents are much more dissatisfied with the student role than adults are with the worker role, sociologists and psychologists have devoted much more effort to examining adult age differences in job satisfaction than grade level differences in school satisfaction. In this study, scores from a 3-item school satisfaction measure were analyzed via a 12 (Grade Level) by 5 (Ethnicity) by 2 (Gender) ANOVA. Twenty-five percent of the 431 330 public school students surveyed in the state of Arizona endorsed none of the school satisfaction items. Grade level was nonlinearly related to school satisfaction. School satisfaction decreased over grades 1–8 and did not vary across grades 9–12. Ethnicity and gender did not moderate the grade level-school satisfaction relation.
Local News Outlets and Political Participation

We investigate how access to local government information affects turnout in municipal elections. We hypothesize that the availability of news focused on local public affairs in an individual’s municipality affects her political participation.We anticipate that turnout will be depressed by restricted access to local government news. We test this expectation using survey data from the Los Angeles (California) Designated Market Area (DMA) collected by the Public Policy Institute of California, and the availability of weekly and daily newspapers in municipalities surrounding Los Angeles. We find that absent local news, voters are less likely to turnout. We examine reasons for this and discuss future research to investigate the influence of local news on voting.
Interethnic Interactions: Expectancies, Emotions, and Behavioral Intentions

Two studies examine Hispanic and non-Hispanic White people’s responses to interethnic interactions. Consistent with previous fi ndings regarding White/Black interactions, participants who had negative expectations about intergroup interactions reported more anger and anxiety about interethnic interactions. These negative emotional responses, in turn, were associated with negative behavioral intentions such as the desire to avoid interethnic interactions and the externalization of blame if an interethnic interaction did not go well. Across the studies, White participants who were angry about interethnic interactions wanted to avoid these interactions, whereas anxiety was the key predictor of avoidance for the Hispanic participants. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for developing models of intergroup interactions and designing approaches to improve these interactions.
Ethical ideology and ethical judgment regarding ethical issues in business

Differences in ethical ideology are thought to influence individuals' reasoning about moral issues (Forsyth and Nye, 1990; Forsyth, 1992). To date, relatively little research has addressed this proposition in terms of business-related ethical issues. In the present study, four groups, representing four distinct ethical ideologies, were created based on the two dimensions of the Ethical Position Questionnaire (idealism and relativism), as posited by Forsyth (1980). The ethical judgments of individuals regarding several business-related issues varied, depending upon their ethical ideology.
Microtubule/MAP-affinity regulating kinase (MARK) is activated by phenylarsine oxide in situ and phosphorylates tau within its microtubule-binding domain.

Abstract: Tau is a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that is functionally modulated by phosphorylation and that is hyperphosphorylated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Because phosphorylation regulates both normal and pathological tau functioning, it is of interest to identify the signaling pathways and enzymes capable of modulating tau phosphorylation in vivo. Previously, it was demonstrated that in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and rat primary cortical cultures tau is phosphorylated at Ser262/356, within its microtubule-binding domain, by a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase in response to the vicinal thiol-directed agent phenylarsine oxide. The current study demonstrates the presence of a 100-kDa protein kinase activity in SH-SY5Y cells that associates with microtubules, phosphorylates tau at Ser262/356, is activated by phenylarsine oxide, and is inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Isolation of individual protein bands from a polyacrylamide gel revealed two closely spaced proteins containing Ser262/356-directed protein kinase activity. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that these protein bands correspond to the 100-kDa microtubule/MAP-affinity regulating kinase (MARK), which has been shown previously to phosphorylate tau within its microtubule-binding domain. Immunoblot analysis of the protein kinase bands confirmed this finding, providing the first demonstration that activation of endogenous MARK results in increased tau phosphorylation within its microtubule-binding domain in situ.
Does an Additional Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow Alter Outcome After a Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Shunt

Background The bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt has become an important intermediate step in the treatment of pediatric patients with single ventricle physiology who are ultimately destined for palliative surgery. We wanted to know whether there would be risks or benefits if an additional source of pulmonary blood flow was left after a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed the medical and surgical records of all patients who underwent a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt at the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin between January 1991 and December 1993. A total of 43 patients were identified. Anatomic diagnoses included double inlet left ventricle (14 patients), tricuspid atresia (8 patients), pulmonary atresia with intact septum (6 patients), single right ventricle (5 patients), hypoplastic left heart (3 patients), unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (3 patients), and other complex lesions (4 patients). We then divided the patients into two groups for purpos...
Early Cretaceous shelf-edge deltas of the Baltimore Canyon Trough: Principal sources for sediment gravity deposits of the northern Hatteras Basin

We present evidence that the principal sources for Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian) gravity-flow deposits of the northern Hatteras Basin were three large shelf-edge deltas located along the outer margin of the Baltimore Canyon Trough, ∼ 100 km southeast of Cape Charles, Virginia, Ocean City, Maryland, and Long Branch, New Jersey. Sedimentary detritus from the central Appalachian highlands and the Maryland-Virginia coastal plain was transported across the Early Cretaceous continental shelf to form the Cape Charles and Ocean City deltas, whereas deposits of the Long Branch delta came chiefly from the Adirondack and New England highlands. Each delta supplied sediment gravity flows to large slope aprons and submarine-fan complexes on the Early Cretaceous continental slope and rise. The most conspicuous distributary of sediment on the Early Cretaceous continental rise extends 500 km basinward from the Ocean City delta, where its distal deposits were cored at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 603.
Subset-equational programming in intelligent decision systems

Abstract Subset-equational programming is a paradigm of programming with subset and equality assertions. The underlying computational model is based on innermost reduction of expressions and restricted associative-commutative (a-c) matching for iteration over set-valued terms, where ∪ is the a-c constructor. Subset assertions incorporate a “collect-all” capability, so that the different subset assertions matching a goal expression and the different a-c matches with each subset assertion are all considered in defining the resulting set of the goal expression. We provide several examples to illustrate the paradigm, and also describe extensions to improve programming convenience: negation by failure, relative sets and quantities. We also discuss the use of subset-equational programming for intelligent decision systems: the rule-based notation is well-suited for expressing domain knowledge and rules; subset assertions are especially appropriate in backchaining systems like MYCIN, which performs an exhaustive depth-first consideration of subproblems before arriving at some decision; and restricted a-c matching is very convenient for querying attributes of objects in such systems, by relieving the concern for the next ordering of attributes.
Job involvement, internal motivation, and employees' integration into networks of work relationships.

Abstract In the study reported here, hypotheses regarding social determinants of internal motivation and job involvement are generated and tested against data gathered from 522 employees of an assembly and packaging plant. Specifically, it is hypothesized that integration into networks of work-based relationships will be positively associated with internal motivation and negatively associated with job involvement. It is also hypothesized that the strength of these relationships will vary with the employees' orientation toward growth and development. Consistent with the hypotheses, it is found that integration is associated with internal motivation; however, isolates who are growth oriented are more internally motivated than isolates who are not growth oriented. There is no main effect of integration on job involvement; however, isolates who are not growth oriented are more involved in their jobs than are isolates who are growth oriented. It is concluded that internal motivation and job involvement can be alternative sources of meaning and identity, particularly for people who are isolated from work relationships and therefore are unlikely to be highly involved with the organization.
Cytomegalovirus reactivation and tumour necrosis factor

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) stimulates cytomegalovirus (CMV) activity in a transfected human monocytic cell line. We assessed whether this finding is relevant in vivo by evaluating the frequency of active CMV infection in patients with diseases that enhance plasma TNF. In septic disease, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of almost all patients studied were positive for CMV. Furthermore, CMV antigenaemia and enhanced plasma TNF occurred in many patients with liver cirrhosis, common variable immunodeficiency, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Thus, TNF may have a central role in CMV reactivation.
Measuring teaching behaviors, lesson context, and physical activity in school physical education programs: Comparing the SOFIT and the C-SOFIT instruments

As the focus on health-related physical education increases, promoting physical activity leading to the development of physical fitness becomes an important component of school physical education programs. To determine the status and effect of teaching processes related to physical activity and fitness in physical education, it is necessary to have instrumentation that produces reliable, valid, and usable scores for the population in which they are used. The purpose of this study is to compare the data produced by the previously validated and often used System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) instrument (McKenzie, Sallis, & Nader, 1991) with a computerized instrument, the Computer-SOFIT (C-SOFIT). The categories of the C-SOFIT instrument are exactly the same as those of the interval coding system, the SOFIT instrument. C-SOFIT is a duration coding instrument that was written in the C computer language and pilot tested in a number of classes with different coders to make it usable in physical...
Child and parent characteristics as predictors of change in girls' body mass index

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed predictors of change in girls' body mass index (BMI) between ages 5 and 7 y and familial aggregation of risk factors associated with childhood overweight. METHOD: Participants included 197 5-y-old girls and their parents, of whom 192 were reassessed when girls were 7-y-old. Three classes of predictors of girls' change in BMI were assessed including girls' and parents' weight status, dietary intake and physical activity. Girls' and parents' BMI and change in BMI were calculated based on height and weight measurements. Girls' dietary intake was assessed using three 24 h recalls; parents' intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Girls and mothers provided reports of girls' physical activity; parents' frequency and enjoyment of activity were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The most effective model predicting girls' change in BMI between ages 5 and 7 included both child and parent characteristics, specifically girls' BMI at age 5, mothers' change in BMI, fathers' energy intake, fathers' enjoyment of activity, and girls' percentage of energy from fat. In addition, results showed substantial intra-familial associations in weight status and dietary intake and to a lesser extent physical activity, and the presence of multiple risk factors within families. Associations were also noted between girls' and parents' change in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study highlight the centrality of the family in the etiology of childhood overweight and the necessity of incorporating parents in the treatment of childhood overweight.
Preliminary performance estimates for the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite

The Far UV Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite will make high spectral resolving power measurements of astrophysical objects in the 905-1187 angstrom wavelength region from low- earth orbit. Its high effective area and low background will permit observations of solar system, galactic, and extragalactic targets that have been too faint for previous instruments at this high resolution. Integration and test of the FUSE instrument is currently underway in preparation for launch in late 1998. We describe the current status of the FUSE satellite, including details of the optical and mechanical measurements made during component and subsystem- level testing. In addition, we make an estimate of instrument on-orbit performance from data obtained during instrument integration and test.
Geometry of singularities for the steady Boussinesq equations

Analysis and computations are presented for singularities in the solution of the steady Boussinesq equations for two-dimensional, stratified flow. The results show that for codimension 1 singularities, there are two generic singularity types for general solutions, and only one generic singularity type if there is a certain symmetry present. The analysis depends on a special choice of coordinates, which greatly simplifies the equations, showing that the type is exactly that of one dimensional Legendrian singularities, generalized so that the velocity can be infinite at the singularity. The solution is viewed as a surface in an appropriate compactified jet space. Smoothness of the solution surface is proved using the Cauchy-Kowalewski Theorem, which also shows that these singularity types are realizable. Numerical results from a special, highly accurate numerical method demonstrate the validity of this geometric analysis. A new analysis of general Legendrian singularities with blowup, i.e., at which the derivative may be infinite, is also presented, using projective coordinates.
A network of management support systems

Abstract Based on the decision-making process that actually happens in most organizations, a management support system (MSS) or an integrated decision support systems (DSS) is defined as a network of subsystem interfaces, as opposed to management information system (MIS) being a network of information flows. Three modes for subsystem interfaces are discussed. To help the operationalization of the (computerized) support system, we also propose a design architecture which consists of the continuum of conceptual constructs, operational constructs and implementational constructs.
Discriminating Paleoindian point types from Florida using landmark geometric morphometrics

Abstract Traditional artifact typologies are typically poorly defined. While several attributes usually help define a “type,” shape is invariably the most important. Here I report on a study that uses landmark-based geometric morphometrics to better define three Paleoindian point types from Florida: Suwannees, Simpsons, and Transitional Side Notched. Bilaterally symmetric specimens were created from the original artifacts to capture the presumed ideational forms of the points. The shapes of the bases and the entire points were tested to determine whether the types could be discriminated, and if so which shape was best at discriminating the types. The results show that the base configurations were best at discriminating the groups in two different jackknife allocation tests. The entire point shape was less robust due to the variability in blade shape. The study demonstrates that the three point types can be rigorously defined in ways that are usable in daily archaeological practice, and that base shape, rather than the entire shape, is a better discriminator. Further, the study demonstrates the utility of using several freeware programs for processing and analyzing shape data.
Digital Phase-Locked Loop-Stabilized Four-Mode Phase-Sensitive Parametric Multicasting

Digital phase-locked loop was implemented for stabilization of dual-pump driven, four-mode phase-sensitive multicasting. A stable operation of more than 20-copy-count multicast with a 12-dB conversion efficiency improvement over the phase-insensitive case is demonstrated for the first time.
The Paradoxical Modernity of Civil Society: The Weimar Republic, Democracy, and Social Homogeneity

Civil society theory has rarely been applied to the demise of the Weimar Republic. Emphasizing either the absence of intermediary organizations or the negative nature of Germany’s associational life, current civil society research does not integrate historical analysis with civil society theory. This essay roots civil society in modernity and individualism, thus, linking its fading during the 1920s to the inability of civil society theory to provide solutions to the complex problems of Weimar society. Paradoxically, individualism and modernity, the precondition for a liberal civil society, also paved the path to the homogenizing ideologies of the twentieth century.
Universal solutions for fiber-reinforced incompressible isotropic elastic materials

Universal solutions for fiber-reinforced compressible isotropic elastic materials under large elastic deformations are obtained, by using inverse methods.
A yeast and a human CCAAT-binding protein have heterologous subunits that are functionally interchangeable

Abstract The S. cerevisiae HAP2 and HAP3 gene products have been shown to recognize CCAAT-containing transcription elements as a HAP2/HAP3 multisubunit heterologous complex, or heteromer. Recently, we have demonstrated that the human sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, CPi, also recognizes CCAAT-containing transcription elements as a heteromer. Mammalian cells contain at least three distinct CCAAT-binding proteins, all of which appear to be multisubunit complexes composed of heterologous subunits. One of these proteins, CP1, has DNA-binding properties that are virtually identical to the yeast HAP2/HAP3 complex. These two proteins bind to the same target sequences, make the same DNA contacts, and are affected in a similar manner by mutations in the CCAAT element. Most surprisingly, the subunits of CP1 and HAP2/HAP3 are functionally interchangeable. That is, the yeast/human hybrid complexes that are formed retain the ability to specifically recognize CCAAT elements.
EFFECTS OF INTERPARTICLE INTERACTIONS ON STABILITY, AGGREGATION AND SEDIMENTATION IN COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS

Relations between interparticle effective interactions, structure formation, stability and sedimentation for a colloidal system are presented in this paper. For a binary mixture of large and small particles, the potential of the mean forces between large particles is obtained from the Ornstein-Zernike equation. We incorporated the small particles in our numerical simulations by using this potential of the mean force as the interparticle effective interaction. Our numerical results reveal the phenomenon of strong particle aggregation due to the attractive depletion force exerted by small particles. In the absence of the effect of gravity, this aggregation can result in flocculation and the formation of particle clusters thereby forming “void” structures, while under the influence of gravity, the aggregation can greatly affect the sedimentation rates. An analytical expression relating the aggregation number to the sedimentation velocity is presented. Our sedimentation experiments with a bidisperse latex sus...
Polarizing Patriots Divergent Responses to Patriotic Imagery in News Coverage of Terrorism

We demonstrate that the use of patriotic imagery in news reporting may increase rather than decrease public polarization regarding foreign policy issues. Specifically, we examine the impact of patr...
Sodium regulation in the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus

Abstract 1. 1. Body fluid water and sodium regulation in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus were studied over a range of external sodium concentrations extending from 0.26 to 1.45 M. 2. 2. Body water content was constant at 87.5% of body weight. 3. 3. Body sodium content increased from 0.2 to 4.0/miol/mg dry weight with salinity, however, the increase was not as rapid as would be predicted if the internal Na were in equilibrium with external Na. 4. 4. Calculated mean internal Na concentration as well as upper and lower limits of extracellular Na concentrations were below the line of conformity with external medium. 5. 5. Silver staining techniques revealed possible ventral sites of Na transport which did not stain in ouabain, 2,4-dinitrophenol nor Na-free medium. 6. 6. The results are consistent with hypoionic regulation via active sodium transport over the salinity range observed.
Accurate predictive modeling of response variables under dynamic condition without the use of past response data

One promising attribute of the dynamic predictive modeling method introduced by Rollins et al. [D.K. Rollins, J. Liang, P. Smith, Accurate simplistic predictive modeling of nonlinear dynamic processes, ISA Transactions 37(4) (1998) 193-203] is its ability to accurately predict output response without the use of online output data. The proposed method only needs online input data to accurately predict output behavior once the semi-empirical model has been identified using offline data. This ability is critical to chemical processes because many output variables (such as chemical composition) are often measured infrequently, inaccurately, or not at all. In addition, in the presence of extremely high measurement noise of the output variable, this work will demonstrate very accurate predictive performance. Finally, this article will show that the method of Rollins et al. can predict better without the use of output data than with the use of output data in the case of large measurement variance. Thus, the proposed method is being recommended for its accuracy, especially in situations where online output response data is limited or inaccurate.
Mechanical behavior of crystalline solids at elevated temperature

Monograph on mechanical behavior of crystalline solids at elevated temperatures, discussing creep properties of metals, solid solutions and two phase alloys
Molecular phylogeny of North American long-eared bats (Vespertilionidae: Corynorhinus); inter- and intraspecific relationships inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.

Abstract The taxonomy of the North American big-eared bats, genus Corynorhinus, was revised by Handley [Handley, C.O., 1959. A revision of the American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 110, 95–246] using a morphological systematics approach. Handley employed 17 morphological characters and identified only four characters that reliably differentiated the three species he recognized, C. townsendii, C. rafinesquii, and C. mexicanus. All three species have been shown to lead relatively sedentary lives and have a wing morphology that limits long-distance dispersal. Further, populations of two species, C. townsendii and C. rafinesquii, are considered to be declining. Handley [Handley, C.O., 1959. A revision of the American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 110, 95–246] recognized five subspecies of C. townsendii (C. t. australis, C. t. ingens, C. t. pallescens, C. t. townsendii, and C. t. virginianus) and two of C. rafinesquii (C. r. rafinesquii and C. r. macrotis). Two C. townsendii subspecies, C. t. ingens and C. t. virginianus, are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. These facts and the lack of a thorough molecular systematic examination of this genus were the impetus for this study. Using mitochondrial and nuclear intron DNA sequences, a molecular phylogeny was inferred. The combined DNA phylogeny supports Handley’s [Handley, C.O., 1959. A revision of the American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 110, 95–246] designation of three species. Further the endangered subspecies, C. t. ingens and C. t. virginianus are corroborated, as were the monophyly of the other subspecies. However, the geographical ranges of two of these subspecies, C. t. pallescens and C. t. townsendii, are revised based on biogeographic distributions as understood from our results. Estimates of timing of divergences indicate that the three species, C. townsendii, C. rafinesquii, and C. mexicanus may have diverged before Pleistocene climatic oscillations began, and therefore their cladogenesis was not the result of those processes. However, subspecific divergences within C. townsendii appear to have occurred during and been driven largely by the climatic processes of the Pleistocene Epoch. We propose new hypotheses of dispersal scenarios that may have led to the current biogeography of these lineages.
On falling in love in conformance with the romantic ideal

Eighty-five subjects (single, married, and divorced) completed an anonymous questionnaire describing their attitudes toward, and experiences with, romantic love. Included in the questionnaire was a description of the romantic “ideal,” and subjects were asked to rate how closely their most and least intense experiences of love conformed to this paradigm case. Approximately equal numbers of subjects indicated that their most intense experience either did (N=34) or did not (N=33) conform closely to the romantic ideal. The conformity did not vary as a function of age, sex, or marital status. There was a small but significant (.31) correlation between favorable attitudes toward the romantic ideal and having an experience that conformed to that ideal. The circumstances most frequently mentioned as conducive to falling romantically in love were the appearance of the loved one and a chance meeting. The results are discussed in terms of the social role of romantic love.
Use of ultrasound for renal allograft biopsy

Biopsy of the transplanted kidney may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information [1], Several biopsy methods have been developed to minimize the risk of damaging the solitary functioning renal allograft. Each method has inherent advantages and disadvantages.
A note on the manning formula

The classic Manning formula is one of the foundation stones of the modern open-channel hydraulics. Owing to its simplicity in form and satisfactory results it lends to practical applications, this formula becomes the most widely used one of all other formulas for open channel computations. This is true particularly in the United States. Despite its popularity, however, the fact is often ignored that the present appearance of the formula is not in the form which the distinguish Irish engineer [Manning, 1891] first proposed in a paper which was read on December 4, 1889 at a meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. A summary of the derivation and background of various velocity formulas, including Manning's is given in Calculation of Flow in Open Channels, Tech. Rep. pt. 4, Miami Conservancy District, 1916.
Equations for predicting growth or dissolution rates of spherical particles

Abstract Approximate analytical solutions to the transport equations describing the heat or mass transfer-controlled growth or dissolution of an isolated sphere are discussed and critically evaluated. The predictions of these equations are compared with finite-difference and similarity solutions. Recommendations are presented for using particular analytical expressions to evaluate the radius-time behavior of the spherical particle for various ranges of the two dimensionless groups of the problem.
Acoustically evoked potentials in midbrain auditory structures in sea lions (Pinnipedia)

Twelve sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and one harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) were examined by recording evoked potentials in response to sound from the inferior colliculus and adjacent structures, under barbiturate or after implanting and coming out of anesthesia. Results were similar in air and under water. The averaged response evoked by a sharply rising tone consists of early, brief peaks and later, slow waves (Fig. 1). The latency of the earliest deflection is 3.5 to 4.8 ms from the moment of arrival of a sound pip at the ear. The potential increases in size with sound intensity approximately as a power function, over a dynamic range of 60–70 db (Fig. 2). Masking is qualitatively similar to that in common laboratory species. The properties of the midbrain response are strikingly different from those in porpoises, reported elsewhere. The pinniped is not so specialized for extremely short duration, fast rise time, sounds or for rapid recovery or ultrasonic frequencies (Figs. 3, 4, 7, 8). Evoked potentials fail to show response above 30–35 kHz at 100 db SPL; best frequency is about 4–6 kHz (Figs. 5, 6). Threshold by this method is about 20 db SPL in air. Frequency modulated tones are markedly more effective in some loci but less so than in porpoises under water. The receptive field is essentially total and directionality weak, in contrast with porpoises. Physiological results cannot settle the question whether echolocation is employed but they can indicate lack of high specialization for the types of sounds bats and porpoises use.
Protein-Mediated Layer-by-Layer Syntheses of Freestanding Microscale Titania Structures with Biologically Assembled 3-D Morphologies

A simple protein-mediated approach for preparing freestanding (silica free) microscale titania structures with morphologies inherited from complex-shaped, three-dimensional (3-D) biosilica templates (diatom frustules) is demonstrated. The silica diatom frustules were exposed in a repetitive alternating fashion to a silica-binding, titania-forming protein (protamine) and then to an aqueous titania precursor to build up a conformal titania-bearing coating. After organic pyrolysis at 500 °C, the conformal, continuous nature of the resulting crystalline anatase titania coating was confirmed by (i) demonstrating that a titania-coated frustule acted as a sensitive electrochemical hydrogen detector and (ii) selectively removing the silica templates to yield freestanding titania structures that retained the 3-D diatom frustule shape.
Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production

Background Epidemiologic studies provide evidence of differential virulence of rhinovirus species (RV). We recently reported that RV-A and RV-C induced more severe illnesses than RV-B, which suggests that the biology of RV-B might be different from RV-A or RV-C. Objective To test the hypothesis that RV-B has lower replication and induces lesser cytokine responses than RV-A or RV-C. Methods We cloned full-length cDNA of RV-A16, A36, B52, B72, C2, C15, and C41 from clinical samples and grew clinical isolates of RV-A7 and RV-B6 in cultured cells. Sinus epithelial cells were differentiated at the air-liquid interface. We tested for differences in viral replication in epithelial cells after infection with purified viruses (10 8 RNA copies) and measured virus load by quantitative RT-PCR. We measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration as a marker of cellular cytotoxicity, and cytokine and/or chemokine secretion by multiplex ELISA. Results At 24 hours after infection, the virus load of RV-B (RV-B52, RV-B72, or RV-B6) in adherent cells was lower than that of RV-A or RV-C. The growth kinetics of infection indicated that RV-B types replicate more slowly. Furthermore, RV-B released less LDH than RV-A or RV-C, and induced lower levels of cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL10, even after correction for viral replication. RV-B replicates to lower levels also in primary bronchial epithelial cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that RV-B types have lower and slower replication, and lower cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine and/or chemokine production compared with RV-A or RV-C. These characteristics may contribute to reduced severity of illnesses that has been observed with RV-B infections.
A Microprocessor-Minicomputer Combination for Simpler, More Flexible Instruments

Although microprocessors have been considered for a variety of applications in recent years, their primary practical use has been related to large quantity production runs. For few-of-a-kind instrument development programs the microprocessor has been a very expensive, time-consuming option employed gainfully only where very tight constraints such as physical size or power dissipation were involved. On the other hand, minicomputers have become commonplace in the industry, with most engineers familiar with their interfacing and use. We describe the parallel interface of a microprocessor to a common minicomputer. This approach uses existing minicomputer expertise and hardware to open up many new low-quantity micro applications.