cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N, N-dialkylcarboxy coumarin-NO donor conjugates as potential anticancer agents.

Abstract A series of nitric oxide (NO) donor furoxan conjugates of N, N-dialkylcarboxy coumarins have been synthesized as potential anticancer agents. The synthesized compounds have been tested for their in vitro antiproliferative activities on various cancer and noncancerous cell lines. The candidate derivatives exhibit selectivity towards cancer cells with excellent activities in low nM to µM concentrations. In vitro mechanistic studies indicate that the candidate compounds generate substantial NO, inhibit colony formation, and cause apoptosis in cancer cells. A preliminary in vivo tolerance study of the lead candidate 10 in mice indicates that it is well-tolerated, evidenced by zero mortality and normal body weight gains in treated mice. Further translation of the lead derivative 10 using MDA-MB-231 based tumor xenograft model shows good tumor growth reduction.
Simultaneous Stabilization of Systems with Common Components

Many systems with multiple operating conditions have components such as sensors and actuators that remain invariant to the operating conditions. This paper investigates the simultaneous stabilization of such systems using the stable inverse approach. For common components with poles and zeros in the open left half plane, the results show that the controller order can be reduced. For common components having poles and zeros in the closed right half plane that result in an unstable inverse, an interpolation scheme is proposed to develop a stabilizing control.
An advanced plasma control system for the DIII-D tokamak

An advanced plasma control system is being implemented for the DIII-D tokamak utilizing digital technology. This system will regulate the position and shape of tokamak discharges that range from elongated limiter to single-null divertor and double-null divertor with elongation as high as 2.6. Through use of a control algorithm which can be varied in real time this system is expected to provide more precise control of the DIII-D discharge shape than is possible in the analog control system presently in use. In addition to shape control the system will provide a platform for research on real-time optimization of discharge performance. A relatively simple design has been achieved through the use of a small number of very-high-speed digital processors coupled with high-speed data acquisition hardware. The frequency response is expected to be adequate to control the unstable vertical motion of highly elongated discharge shapes. >
Static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: reported effects on the circadian production of melatonin.

The circadian rhythm of melatonin production (high melatonin levels at night and low during the day) in the mammalian pineal gland is modified by visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., light, and reportedly by extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields as well as by static magnetic field exposure. Both light and non-visible electromagnetic field exposure at night depress the conversion of serotonin (5HT) to melatonin within the pineal gland. Several reports over the last decade showed that the chronic exposure of rats to a 60 Hz electric field, over a range of field strengths, severely attenuated the nighttime rise in pineal melatonin production; however, more recent studies have not confirmed this initial observation. Sinusoidal magnetic field exposure also has been shown to interfere with the nocturnal melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland although the number of studies using these field exposures is small. On the other hand, static magnetic fields have been repeatedly shown to perturb the circadian melatonin rhythm. The field strengths in these studies were almost always in the geomagnetic range (0.2 to 0.7 Gauss or 20 to 70 mu tesla) and most often the experimental animals were subjected either to a partial rotation or to a total inversion of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field. These experiments showed that several parameters in the indole cascade in the pineal gland are modified by these field exposures; thus, pineal cyclic AMP levels, N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity (the rate limiting enzyme in pineal melatonin production), hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity (the melatonin forming enzyme), and pineal and blood melatonin concentrations were depressed in various studies. Likewise, increases in pineal levels of 5HT and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) were also seen in these glands; these increases are consistent with a depressed melatonin synthesis. The mechanisms whereby non-visible electromagnetic fields influence the melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland remain unknown; however, the retinas in particular have been theorized to serve as magnetoreceptors with the altered melatonin cycle being a consequence of a disturbance in the neural biological clock, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which generates the circadian melatonin rhythm. The disturbances in pineal melatonin production induced by either light exposure or non-visible electromagnetic field exposure at night appear to be the same but whether the underlying mechanisms are similar remains unknown.
Viable Mouse Models of Acid β-Glucosidase Deficiency: The Defect in Gaucher Disease

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessively inherited disease caused by mutations at the acid β-glucosidase (GCase) locus (GBA). To develop viable models of Gaucher disease, point mutations (pmuts), encoding N370S, V394L, D409H, or D409V were introduced into the mouse GCase (gba) locus. DNA sequencing verified each unique pmut. Mutant GCase mRNAs were near wild-type (WT) levels. GCase activities were reduced to 2 to 25% of WT in liver, lung, spleen, and cultured fibroblasts from pmut/pmut or pmut/null mice. The corresponding brain GCase activities were ∼25% of WT. N370S homozygosity was lethal in the neonatal period. For the other pmut mice, a few storage cells appeared in the spleen at ≥7 months (D409H or D409V homozygotes) or ≥1 year (V394L homozygotes). V394L/null, D409H/null, or D409V/null mice showed scattered storage cells in spleen at ∼3 to 4 months. Occasional storage cells (sinusoidal cells) were present in liver. In D409V/null mice, large numbers of Mac-3-positive storage cells (ie, macrophages) accumulated in the lung. Glycosphingolipid analyses showed varying rates of progressive glucosylceramide accumulation in visceral organs of pmut/pmut or pmut/null mice, but not in brain. These GCase-deficient mice provide tools for gaining insight into the pathophysiology of Gaucher disease and developing improved therapies.
La microbiota intestinal humana y el metabolismo corporal: Implicaciones con la obesidad y la diabetes

Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are major public health challenges. Recently, interest has surged regarding the possible role of the intesti...
Multiple fluvial processes detected by riverside seismic and infrasound monitoring of a controlled flood in the Grand Canyon

As rivers transport water and sediment across Earth's surface, they radiate elastic and acoustic waves. We use seismic and infrasound observations during a controlled flood experiment (CFE) in the Grand Canyon to show that three types of fluvial processes can be monitored from outside the channel. First, bed-load transport under conditions of evolving bed mobility is identified as the dominant seismic source between 15 and 45 Hz. Two lower-frequency seismic bands also excited by the CFE exhibited greater power increases and are consistent with source processes related to fluid rather than sediment transport. The second fluvial seismic source is inferred to be fluid tractions on the rough riverbed, which drive the maximum seismic power increase at 0.73 Hz, but do not excite infrasound. Waves at the fluid-air interface are suggested as a third source, which generates a common 6–7 Hz peak in seismic and infrasound responses to the CFE.
A critical analysis of hazard resilience measures within sustainability assessment frameworks

Abstract Today, numerous sustainability assessment frameworks (SAFs) exist to guide designers in achieving sustainable performance in the design of structures and communities. SAFs are beneficial in educating users and are useful tools for incorporating sustainability strategies into planning, design, and construction; however, there is currently a substantial gap in the ability of existing SAFs to incorporate hazard resistance and hazard mitigation in the broader context of sustainable design. This paper analyzes the incorporation of hazard resistant design and hazard mitigation strategies within SAFs via a multi-level analysis of eleven SAFs. The SAFs analyzed range in scale of application (i.e. building, site, community). Three levels of analysis are presented: (1) macro-level analysis comparing the number of measures strictly addressing resilience versus sustainability, (2) meso-level analysis of the coverage of types of hazards within SAFs (e.g. flood, fire), and (3) micro-level analysis of SAF measures connected to flood-related hazard resilience. The results demonstrate that hazard resistance and hazard mitigation do not figure prominently in the intent of SAFs and that weaknesses in resilience coverage exist that have the potential to lead to the design of structures and communities that are still highly vulnerable to the impacts of extreme events.
Short-term prediction and a new method of classification of Pc 1 pulsation occurrences

Abstract Because of their known tendency to occur in the interval 2–7 days after the start of a geomagnetic storm, Pc 1 pulsations (0.2–5 Hz) are particularly well suited for a method of occurrence prediction based on the comparison of running means of a geomagnetic activity index. By comparing the running mean of a short interval (∼ 2 days) of activity data with the mean of a longer interval (∼ 5 days), it is possible to isolate the intervals of declining activity that contain a large proportion (if 66%) of Pc 1 pulsation occurrences. Assuming the real time availability of a daily activity index, predictions can be made for 3–10 days ahead of the probability of Pc 1 occurrences. The method of prediction generalizes the previous observations on the relation between Pc 1 pulsations and geomagnetic storms, and one of its important features is its ability to divide Pc 1 pulsation occurrences into a unified system of categories. It is probable that this system can be exploited to provide new information about the pulsations.
Vascular islands during microvascular regression and regrowth in adult networks.

Objective: Angiogenesis is the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels and commonly associated with two modes: capillary sprouting and capillary splitting. Our previous work suggests vascular island incorporation might be another endothelial cell dynamic involved in microvascular remodeling. Vascular islands are defined as endothelial cell segments disconnected from nearby networks, and their origin remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether vascular islands associated with microvascular regression are involved in network regrowth. Methods: Mesenteric tissues were harvested from adult male Wistar rats according to the experimental groups: unstimulated, post stimulation (10 and 70 days), and 70 days post stimulation + restimulation (3 and 10 days). Stimulation was induced by mast cell degranulation via intraperitoneal injections of compound 48/80. Tissues were immunolabeled for PECAM (endothelial cells), NG2 (pericytes), collagen IV (basement membrane), and BrdU (proliferation). Results: Vascular area per tissue area and length density increased by day 10 post stimulation compared to the unstimulated group. At day 70, vascular area and length density were then decreased, indicating vascular regression compared to day 10. The number of vascular islands at day 10 post stimulation was dramatically reduced compared to the unstimulated group. During regression at day 70, the number of islands increased. The disconnected endothelial cells were commonly bridged to surrounding networks by collagen IV labeling. NG2-positive pericytes were observed along both the islands and the collagen IV tracks. At 3 days post restimulation, vascular islands contained BrdU-positive cells. By day 10 post restimulation, the number of vascular islands was dramatically reduced. Conclusion: The results suggest that vascular islands originating during microvascular regression are capable of proliferation and incorporation into nearby networks during regrowth.
Light-induced remodeling of physically crosslinked hydrogels using near-IR wavelengths

Light-induced disintegration of physically crosslinked hydrogel networks has been demonstrated by selective photodeprotection of self-assembled triblock copolymers. Physical crosslinks can be disrupted through light-induced uncaging of coumarin-based blocks using single- and two-photon absorption mechanisms. Photodegradable hydrogels exhibit promising applications as biomedical materials that can be manipulated using light at tissue-transparent wavelengths.
Quality and noise measurements in mobile phone video capture

The quality of videos captured with mobile phones has become increasingly important particularly since resolutions and formats have reached a level that rivals the capabilities available in the digital camcorder market, and since many mobile phones now allow direct playback on large HDTVs. The video quality is determined by the combined quality of the individual parts of the imaging system including the image sensor, the digital color processing, and the video compression, each of which has been studied independently. In this work, we study the combined effect of these elements on the overall video quality. We do this by evaluating the capture under various lighting, color processing, and video compression conditions. First, we measure full reference quality metrics between encoder input and the reconstructed sequence, where the encoder input changes with light and color processing modifications. Second, we introduce a system model which includes all elements that affect video quality, including a low light additive noise model, ISP color processing, as well as the video encoder. Our experiments show that in low light conditions and for certain choices of color processing the system level visual quality may not improve when the encoder becomes more capable or the compression ratio is reduced.
Fundamental Analysis of Helium-Gas Coolant Leakage Rate Through First-Wall Cracks in Tokamak Fusion Reactors*

A fundamental analysis of helium-gas coolant leakage rate through first-wall cracks in Tokamak fusion reactors was made. Criteria for ascertaining the correct flow models were thoroughly investigated. After testing the criteria, it was determined that the correct model is the compressible choked flow for the helium-gas coolant under the normal operating conditions in the Tokamak fusion reactors. The upper bound leakage rates through metallic wall for two crack sizes were calculated. The calculated maximum numbers of allowable cracks through metallic and silicon-carbon composite wall were also reported. The experimental data of specimen S-23 (the small crack size), checked with the predicted or calculated leakage rate. But the experimental data of specimen S-4 (the large crack size, which is only 4.4 times larger than the crack size of specimen S-23) were two orders of magnitude higher than the calculated value. This is probably due to the many through-cracks undetected and therefore, not reported in the experiment, and not due to the difference in crack sizes. It should be noted that since there are only two test data points, it is recommended that more testing or experimental data will be needed. The results of two previous investigations about the calculated leakage values, their equations used, and their flow models employed were also reviewed. It is concluded that the correct model for the analysis is the compressible choked flow, and that helium can be as an effective coolant for fusion power reactors. Several recommendations are also made. Specifically, more experiments for helium, and similar analysis and experiments for lithium and water coolant are needed; and should be encouraged.
Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta adrenergic signal transduction in cultured uterine myocytes

The following studies were undertaken to develop a cultured uterine myocyte model which would allow further clarification of the adrenergic signal transduction mechanisms utilized by these myocytes. After mechanical removal of the endometrium, rabbit uterine myoctes were isolated by an overnight enzymatic disaggregation using collagenase and DNase I. The isolated myocytes were maintained in culture in 75-cm2 flasks containing Waymouth's MB 751/1 medium-10% fetal bovine serum along with 10−8M estradiol, penicillin, streptomycin, and Fungizone. The phase contrast and electron micrographic appearance of these cells was consistent with that previously reported for smooth muscle myocytes in culture. Immunocytochemical studies utilizing monoclonal anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin antibodies confirmed the presence of smooth muscle actin in these cultured myocytes. Western blot studies similarly confirmed the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin in rabbit myometrial tissue and the cultured myocytes, both the primary and F1 generation. After prelabeling the myocytes with [3H]inositol, adrenergic stimulation experiments demonstrated alpha-1 receptor mediated stimulation of inositol phosphates. Beta receptor stimulation experiments confirmed cAMP production in these cultured myocytes, and the ability of clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, to inhibit forskolin stimulated cAMP production confirmed the presence of functional alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in these myocytes. In conclusion, these cultured rabbit uterine myocytes have provided an in vitro model which can be utilized to further clarify the adrenergic receptor signal transduction mechanisms in genital tract smooth muscle.
Mechanical response and thermal coupling of metallic targets to high‐intensity 1.06‐μ laser radiation

Mechanical response and thermal coupling measurements are reported for aluminum and titanium targets exposed to high‐intensity 1.06‐μ laser radiation. Measurements are made in air and vacuum for pulse lengths from 1 to 100 μsec, providing incident fluences of between 106 and 108 W/cm2. Total momentum delivered to the target and time‐resolved pressure developed over the target surface were measured at irradiances spanning the threshold for laser‐supported detonation (LSD) wave ignition. The slope of the impulse/energy ratio shows a marked discontinuity at LSD threshold intensity. Peak target surface pressure is found to increase as the 2/3 power of the beam intensity in agreement with the hydrodynamic model of LSD wave propagation. Thermal coupling coefficients α for Al and Ti drop continuously from ∼0.3 to 0.07 over the intensity range examined. This behavior is consistent with the presence of an optically absorbing plasma at the target surface. The decrease in α is attributed to an increase in the plasma...
Advanced Cardiac Morphogenesis Does Not Require Heart Tube Fusion

The bilateral cardiac mesoderm migrates from the lateral region of the embryo to the ventral midline, where it fuses to form the primitive heart tube. It is generally accepted that migration and fusion are essential for subsequent stages of cardiac morphogenesis. We present evidence that, in Foxp4 mutant embryonic mice, each bilateral heart-forming region is capable of developing into a highly differentiated four-chambered mammalian heart in the absence of midline fusion. These data demonstrate that left-right chamber specification, cardiac looping, septation, cardiac myocyte differentiation, and endocardial cushion formation are preprogrammed in the precardiac mesoderm and do not require midline positional identity or heart tube fusion.
Optical sensing of macromolecules and microparticles distribution in tissues

This paper describe a highly systematic set of experiments demonstrating capability of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technique for depth-resolved, real-time and truly noninvasive analysis of complex diffusion processes of macromolecules in epithelial and vascular tissues as well to image and detect magnetic microparticles (stationary and moving) under the skin with single-particle sensitivity. For example, we demonstrate that the permeation of VLDL, LDL, HDL, and glucose in normal and diseased human carotid endarterectomy tissues could be quantified that supported previous suggestions of an enhanced transport mechanism specific to LDL. Additionally, we investigated sensitivity of OCT to assess magnetic microbead (d=2.8 um) count under the skin, which could the basis for development of continuous glucose sensing platform.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Phosphatase 2A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has long been implicated in cell cycle regulation in many different organisms. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PP2A controls cell cycle progression mainly through modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) at the G2/M transition. However, CDK does not appear to be a direct target of PP2A. PP2A affects CDK activity through its roles in checkpoint controls. Inactivation of PP2A downregulates CDK by activating the morphogenesis checkpoint and, consequently, delays mitotic entry. Defects in PP2A also compromise the spindle checkpoint and predispose the cell to an error-prone mitotic exit. In addition, PP2A is involved in controlling the G1/S transition and cytokinesis. These findings suggest that PP2A functions in many stages of the cell cycle and its effect on cell cycle progression is pleiotropic.
Determinants of music copyright violations on the university campus

The protection of copyrights in the music industry has been of paramount concern as the popularity of digital music players, personal websites, and file-sharing continues to grow, each of which subsequently contributes to the persistence of Internet music piracy. While the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) links file-sharing to copyright piracy, others argue that file-sharing allows maximum exposure of artists’ music which in turn increases its value. While this debate continues, little empirical research has specifically addressed the behavioral aspects of the consumer. In this paper, we use survey data on university students to study how attitudes toward copyright law along with economic and demographic factors affect the extent of music copyright violations. We find that while students are responsive to economic incentives and perceptions of risk, the extent of these incentives has not reversed the overall propensity to engage in file-sharing.
The Value of DNKs

While DNKs (situations in which patients “did not keep” an appointment) obviously represent suboptimal care for the DNKing patients, Dr. Susan Mackie describes the pivotal role that a few extra minutes' time plays in the quality of care.
Evolution of the mouse polyubiquitin-C gene.

The polymeric ubiquitin (poly-u) genes are composed of tandem 228-bp repeats with no spacer sequences between individual monomer units. Ubiquitin is one of the most conserved proteins known to date, and the individual units within a number of poly-u genes are significantly more similar to each other than would be expected if each unit evolved independently. It has been proposed that the rather striking similarity among poly-u monomers in some lineages is caused by a series of homogenization events. Here we report the sequences of the polyubiquitin-C (Ubc) genes in two mouse strains. Analysis of these sequences, as well as those of the previously reported Chinese hamster and rat poly-u genes, supports the assertion that the homogenization of the ubiquitin-C gene in rodents is due to unequal crossing-over events. The sequence divergence of noncoding DNA was used to estimate the frequency of unequal crossing-over events (6.3 × 10−5 events per generation) in the Ubc gene, as well as to provide evidence of apparent selection in the poly-u gene.
Adding reagent to droplets with controlled rupture of encapsulated double emulsions

We present a method to add reagent to microfluidic droplets by enveloping them as a double emulsions in reagent-filled droplets and then rupturing them with an electric field. When the double emulsions rupture, they release their contents into the enveloping droplets, ensuring mixing with reagent while limiting cross-droplet contamination.
Contractility of the in situ hibernating marmot ventricle.

Abstract 1. 1. Records of ventricular force and heart rate recorded chronically in woodchucks during induction, hibernation and arousing from hibernation demonstrated that during hibernation ventricular force generation was only minimally less than during awake periods. 2. 2. Natural hibernation was employed as the anaesthetic for implantation of ventricular contractility gauges. 3. 3. During hibernation induction heart rate and rate of force generation decreased markedly whereas systolic force decreased minimally. In the hibernating state the myocardial force and rate appeared in cyclical bursts, the first beat always having the greatest force. 4. 4. During arousal there was a great augmentation of heart rate, contractile force and rate of force development early in the process; these gradually diminished above 20°C. 5. 5. Although a hibernating animal appears externally to be non-responsive to most stimuli, the cardiovascular system responds rapidly to such stimuli.
Study of legal issues recommended for teacher education programs

Abstract Professional educators are becoming the target of litigation in increasing proportions. With most state legislatures preparing many new laws each year dealing with educational issues, it is essential that teachers become advised of the effect of law on their classrooms and their activities. Research data for this study indicate that (a) most state certification agencies do not require a specific course in educational law as a part of either the undergraduate or graduate teacher preparatory program and (b) many of those teachers surveyed in the state of Louisiana did not perceive that they received specific instruction in the law related to the teaching vocation. A specific course in educational law should be added to the preparation curriculum for undergraduate and graduate educators. In addition, teacher education universities should increase their efforts to plan and deliver professional development workshops on legal issues for educators.
Elite Maya Pottery and Artisans as Social Indicators

Pre-Columbian Maya Classic period (A.D. 250–850) polychrome pottery underwent a metamorphosis during the sixth century A.D. to become a polyvalent pictorial and hieroglyphic narrative phenomenon whose transformation is tied directly to the period's sociopolitical developments. These specialized ceramics, created for and sometimes by members of the ruling stratum, are important indicators of the social and political dynamics of the Late Classic period (A.D. 550–850). This pictorial pottery informs on the heightened sociopolitical role of specialized crafting and also on that of the artists during this dynamic period. The elevated social identities of some of these artisans, in part created by a perceived connection between them and the gods of Creation, lent prestige to their crafted items. This constructed identity increased the social value of these crafted objects in their role as important accouterments of the sociopolitical power structures of the Late Classic period.
Beta end-point-energy measurements with a hyperpure germanium detector

Abstract It is demonstrated that accurate end-point-energy measurements can be made using bare hyperpure-germanium detectors. Linear Fermi plots are observed without corrections. Intensities are distorted by scattering.
Temperature dependence of the oxide ion/ozone reaction in the gas phase

Abstract Rate coefficient and branching fraction data were determined for the gas phase reaction of O − + O 3 over the temperature range 123–500 K using the temperature variable selected ion flow tube technique. The reaction rate coefficient is large and relatively insensitive to temperature; reaction takes place on every collision. In contrast, the product distributions are sensitive to temperature. Charge transfer is the major reactive pathway (≥67%) at all temperatures, and its importance increases with increasing temperature. Atom transfer, forming O 2 − + O 2, constitutes approximately 33% of the products at 123 K. The temperature dependence of the branching fraction explains an apparent discrepancy between product data from room temperature flow tube experiments and low energy beam experiments. A reaction mechanism is proposed to qualitatively explain the product branching fraction temperature dependence.
Quadratic Exercises in Iwasawa Theory

The anticyclotomic main conjecture for CM fields was proven in 2006 under some restrictive conditions. In this paper, we remove the assumption on the conductor of the blanch character, and therefore, the conjecture is now proven to be true under very mild conditions.
Knowledge on Tap: Police Science and Common Knowledge in the Legal Regulation of Drunkenness

Although scholars have devoted considerable attention to the formation, modification, and dissemination of knowledges in and around the legal complex, few systematic inquiries have been made into the sociology of legal knowledges. In this paper, we focus on two areas of law–liquor licensing and drunk driving–and contextualize their development from the perspective of police science. We document the ways in which contemporary police science authorizes a “common knowledge,” which is not to be confused with lay knowledge, or even trade knowledge. Rather, the “common knowledge” that is authorized is what legal authorities believe everyone should know, despite any lay or trade knowledge individuals may have. This analysis demonstrates the need for further work on the ways in which knowledges are formed and authorized within law, with particular emphasis on documenting how a “responsibility to know” comes to be deployed beyond the state.
Photoluminescence of short-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices: A hydrostatic pressure and temperature study

The temperature and pressure dependence of type-I and -II transitions from photoluminescence (PL) spectra in a series of $(\mathrm{GaAs}{)}_{m}/(\mathrm{AlAs}{)}_{m}$ superlattices show that the temperature dependence of energy bands can be described very well with a Bose-Einstein-type equation. From these measurements the parameters that describe the temperature dependence of excitonic transition energies and the corresponding broadening of the PL line are deduced. The pressure dependence of the PL linewidths of the type-I exciton as a function of pressure and temperature yield the intervalley deformation potential. Beyond the type-I--type-II crossover, the PL linewidth increases as a function of both pressure and temperature. The electron-phonon deformation potential for $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ scattering is found to be temperature dependent.
Initial Stages of Silicon Growth on the (100) Surface of Silicon By Localized Laser Cvd

This paper reports initial results of an experimental study of the early stages of silicon thin film growth on well prepared (100) c-Si surfaces by pyrolytic deposition from silane (SiH/sub 4/) during localized laser chemical vapor deposition (LLCVD). The rate of silicon thin film growth during low pressure (<10 Torr) deposition using tightly focussed laser beams (514.5 nm, approx. 2.5 ..mu..m FWHM) is characterized and is shown to be much slower than expected based on the previously measured silane decomposition rate. Hybrid-heating experiments, in which laser heating induces a slight temperature increase on a uniformly heated substrate in the presence of silane gas, shows that growth is inhibited within the laser irradiation region. This result suggests that a nonpyrolytic mechanism contributes to silicon growth in laser CVD. Possible explanations for this nonpyrolytic growth mechanism are discussed. 8 refs., 4 figs.
Efficacy and satisfaction rates of oral PDE5is in the treatment of erectile dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury: A review of literature

AbstractConceptDecreased sexual function is a major concern of men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) through oral pharmacotherapies has been proven to be an effective way to address and treat this concern.ObjectiveTo find an efficacious and satisfactory treatment ED secondary to SCI through the compilation of studies that utilized the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) when testing phosphodiesterase V inhibitors (PDE5i).MethodTen articles, which used the IIEF to study satisfaction and/or efficacy of PDE5is sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil in the treatment of ED were reviewed and analyzed. Through the use of a self-made grading scale the value of each article was determined for this research.ResultsSildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil all have been proven to be effective in treating ED in men with SCI. While sildenafil is the most thoroughly studied ED treatment for patients with SCI, tadalafil has a longer time duration effectiveness, which allows ...
Fundamental Mass Transfer Model for Indoor Air Emissions from Surface Coatings

The paper discusses the work of researchers at the U.S. EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (Indoor Air Branch) who are evaluating mass transfer models based on fundamental principles to determine their effectiveness in predicting emissions from indoor architectural coatings. As a first step, a simple model based on Fick's Law of Diffusion has been developed. In the model, the mass transfer rate is assumed to be controlled by the boundary layer mass transfer coefficient, the saturation vapor pressure of the material being emitted, and the mass of volatile material remaining in the source at any point in time. Both static and dynamic chamber tests were conducted to obtain model validation data. Further validation experiments were conducted in a test house. Results of these tests are presented.
Near Surface Velocity Distributions for Intermittent Separation of Turbulent Boundary Layers

At the location of intermittent turbulent boundary layer separation a finite positive mean surface shear stress still exists. It is demonstrated that viscous coordinates and a mixing length turbulent model may still be used at the location of intermittent separation. The large scale turbulent mixing in the separation region appears to require the universal mixing constant, K, increases with Reynolds number. Once true zero-mean-surface-shear-stress separation occurs, the mixing length model for the turbulent flow near the surface is no longer valid and a constant eddy viscosity is indicated.
Sample Size for Selecting the Better of Two Weibull Populations

Suppose an experimenter wishes to select the better of two Weibull populations. In a life testing situation he may have some time t* for which the device must perform properly and he would consider the better population to be the one with the larger reliability at time t*. It is reasonable for the experimenter to test n items from each of the two populations until there are r(r < n) failures from each and then select as better the population for which the maximum likelihood estimate of the reliability at time t* is the larger. This paper presents the sample sizes needed to achieve a desired level for the probability of correct selection with such a decision rule.
Sparse Spatial Spectral Estimation: A Covariance Fitting Algorithm, Performance and Regularization

In this paper, the sparse spectrum fitting (SpSF) algorithm for the estimation of directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of multiple sources is introduced, and its asymptotic consistency and effective regularization under both asymptotic and finite sample cases are studied. Specifically, through the analysis of the optimality conditions of the method, we prove the asymptotic, in the number of snapshots, consistency of SpSF estimators of the DOAs and the received powers of uncorrelated sources in a sparse spatial spectra model. Along with this result, an explicit formula of the best regularization parameter of SpSF estimator with infinitely many snapshots is obtained. We then build on these results to investigate the problem of selecting an appropriate regularization parameter for SpSF with finite snapshots. An automatic selector of such regularization parameter is presented based on the formulation of an upper bound on the probability of correct support recovery of SpSF, which can be efficiently evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation results illustrating the effectiveness and performance of this selector are provided, and the application of SpSF to direction-finding for correlated sources is discussed.
Renal drainage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Abstract Exit strategy after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an area of continuing innovation to improve postoperative morbidity and operative outcomes for patients. The two important components of an exit strategy after PCNL are hemostasis and renal drainage. We review the different techniques of renal drainage after PCNL—ie, nephrostomy tube, ureteral stents, and totally tubeless strategy with critical discussion of available evidence for and against each of these techniques. We conclude that the optimal renal drainage method depends on patient characteristics and the operative course; hence, it should be individualized. To simplify this, we group patients undergoing PCNL as routine, problematic, and complicated, based on increasing complexity of the procedure and procedural complications. In routine PCNLs, we favor placement of an ureteral stent or a small-bore nephrostomy tube. In problematic and complicated PCNLs, we think the evidence directs toward placement of a nephrostomy tube, small bore...
ABCB1 pharmacogenetics: progress, pitfalls, and promise.

In 1976, Juliano and Ling1 reported expression of a 170 kDa protein in colchicine-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that was absent in drug-sensitive cells. Because this protein altered cellular permeability to colchicine, the authors named it P-glycoprotein (P-gp).1 P-gp overexpression was described in tumor samples and leukemic cells.2 High homology with bacterial transporters suggested that P-gp was an efflux transporter, modulating intracellular xenobiotic concentrations.3 In 1986, the gene encoding P-gp was discovered and designated MDR1 (HUGO name ABCB1).4 Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated P-gp expression in tissues with secretory or excretory functions (liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract) and at blood-tissue barrier sites, such as the blood-brain barrier.5 This pattern of expression indicated that P-gp may influence xenobiotic response and toxicity, either through pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effects.6 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 265–269. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100052
Test techniques for voltage/humidity-induced degradation of thin-film photovoltaic modules

Abstract Thin-film photovoltaic modules, deployed world-wide in various applications, experience considerably different levels of environmental and electrical stresses. Test techniques, combining both accelerated and real-time laboratory and outdoor field tests, have been used to develop a proposed qualification test that rapidly assesses the level of susceptibility of a module to voltage/humidity-induced degradation.
Numerical Simulation of Heavy Particle Dispersion—Scale Ratio and Flow Decay Considerations

Lagrangian statistical quantities related to the dispersion of heavy particles were studied numerically by following particle trajectories in a random flow generate by Fourier modes. An experimental fluid velocity correlation was incorporated into the flow. Numerical simulation was performed with the use of nonlinear drag. The simulation results for glass beads in a nondecaying turbulent air showed a difference between the horizontal dispersion coefficient and vertical dispersion coefficient. This difference was related to the differences of both the velocity scale and the time scale between the two direction. It was shown that for relatively small particles sizes the particle time scale ratio dominates the value of the diffusivity ratio. For large particles, the velocity scale ratio reaches a value of 1/[radical]2 and thus fully determines the diffusivity ratio. Qualitative explanation was provided to support the numerical findings. The dispersion data for heavy particles in grid-generated turbulences were successfully predicted by the simulation when flow decay was considered. As a result of the reduction in effective inertia and the increase in effective drift caused by the flow decay, the particle dispersion coefficient in decaying flow decreases with down-stream location. The particle rms fluctuation velocity has a slower decay rate than themore » fluid rms velocity if the drift parameter is large. It was also found that the drift may substantially reduce the particle rms velocity.« less
Accelerated Electrons as the Source of Auroral Kilometric Radiation

Abstract Data from the Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST) have confirmed that Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) is generated by the accelerated electrons in the auroral density cavity. FAST observations of the electron distribution within the AKR source region show a characteristic horse-shoe distribution expected from the parallel electric field acceleration and magnetic mirroring of the electrons, the precipitating portion of which constitute the auroral electrons. Within the density cavity it is likely that the hot electrons carry most, if not all, of the plasma density. The AKR wave characteristics within the source region show that the lower frequency cut-off is below the cold electron gyro-frequency, and near the cut-off, the wave electric and magnetic field polarization is consistent with perpendicularly propagating X-mode waves. Taken together these observations are consistent with the cyclotron maser instability, but with the inclusion of relativistic effects in the wave dispersion, as well as the resonance condition. This allows the accelerated electrons to generate AKR, and further the replenishment of the distribution by the parallel electric field ensures that AKR can be generated over a large altitude range on auroral zone field lines
Coercive sexual experiences and subsequent human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in adolescent and young adult women

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between coercive sexual experiences and subsequent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and/or squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in adolescent and young adult women, and to determine whether risk behaviors mediate and sociodemographic factors moderate any observed associations. Methods Data were obtained from a longitudinal cohort study of female university students (N = 608). χ 2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to determine associations between history of a coercive sexual experience and subsequent risk behaviors, and between risk behaviors and HPV or SIL. Logistic regression models were used to determine whether a coercive sexual experience was associated with HPV or SIL and whether the association was mediated by risk behaviors and/or moderated by sociodemographic factors. Results Twenty-two percent of participants reported a prior coercive sexual experience. Report of a prior coercive sexual experience was associated with a higher lifetime number of sexual partners ( p p p Conclusions The number of sexual partners is an important mechanism through which adolescent and young adult women who report a coercive sexual experience acquire HPV.
Low Temperature Photolysis And Recombination Kinetics Observed With Biological Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

FTIR spectroscopy of biological macromolecules provides structural information about single vibrating groups and their interactions with nearest neighbors.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estimation of deanol and choline by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Abstract Analytical methods are described which permit the measurement of both deanol and choline in the same sample by gas chromatography mass spectrometry when either compound may be present in large excess (100:1). Deuterium labelling is employed for internal standards, to distinguish endogenous from tracer variants and to distinguish deanol in the sample from deanol formed by derivatization of choline. The limit of detection of both compounds is about 50 pmol.
An efficient algorithm for multiagent plan coordination

The multiagent plan coordination problem arises whenever multiple agents plan to achieve their individual goals independently, but might mutually benefit by coordinating their plans to avoid working at cross purposes or duplicating effort. Although variations of this problem have been studied in the literature, there is as yet no agreement over a general characterization of the problem. In this paper, we describe a general framework that extends the partial-order, causal-link plan representation to the multiagent case, and that treats coordination as a form of iterative repair of plan flaws that cross agents. We show, analytically and empirically, that this algorithmic formulation can scale to the multiagent case better than can a straightforward application of the most advanced single-agent plan coordination technique, highlighting fundamental differences between single-agent and multiagent planning.
Observations of modeling of the Antartic phytoplankton crop in relation to mixing depth

The multi-disciplinary program RACER (Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates) conducted eight surveys of a 69-station grid in a 100 × 250 km area in the southwestern Bransfield Strait from December 1986 to March 1987. Mean phytoplankton crop size in the upper 50 m during December, January, February and March was 291, 176, 58 and 50 mg Chl α m−2, respectively, and was inversely proportional to the increasing mean depth of the upper mixed layer (UML) (15, 17, 26 and 30 m, respectively). Massive mid-summer phytoplankton blooms (> 10 mg Chl α + phaeo m−3) were persistent nearshore where we observed shallow UMLs ( 20 m) with small density gradients (Δσt 0.05–0.20 from 0 to 75 m). Proximity to stabilizing meltwater and protection from intense Antarctic storm activity appear to be essential for the development of persistent massive blooms. A model of Antarctic phytoplankton growth based on mixing depth and pigment-specific light attenuation and in situ photosynthesis-irradiance relationships indicates that the depth of the UML (ZUML) can be used to predict the upper limit of the phytoplankton crop size. Observed phytoplankton biomass for diverse Southern Ocean ecosystems is discussed in relation to the mean light level of the UML, growth and loss rates of Antarctic phytoplankton, and the depth and duration of stratification required before a bloom ensues. Assuming nutrients do not limit the crop size, a best-fit to observations indicates specific loss rates must be approximately 0.3–0.35 day−1 and massive blooms occur only if ZUML <25 m. The grazing component of this predicted loss rate is higher than previously estimated. We conclude that grazing rates are greater than previously reported, or vertical flux rates of nutrients limit massive blooms.