cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENCE OF FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION IN THIN-FILM SUPERCONDUCTORS.

We have measured the absorption of far-infrared radiation in a cavity by superconducting lead films as a function of magnetic field up to the critical field. The experiments were conducted over a frequency range of 8 to 60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ on films approximately 100 \AA{} thick in a magnetic field nearly parallel to the film plane. Even for fields well below the critical value, we observed substantial absorption below the gap frequency and apparently extending down to very low frequencies. This low-frequency absorption is much stronger than we can account for in terms of a spatially uniform order parameter being depressed by the field. Rather, we postulate that vortices with normal cores resulting from the unavoidable, though small, perpendicular-field component play an essential role. In this way we can qualitatively interpret our data, but at present no available theory is capable of giving a quantitative account of them.
The vertical structure of the Jovian atmosphere

Abstract An inhomogeneous atmospheric model, which includes both polarizing aerosols and methane gas, has been developed for the equatorial and tropical regions of Jupiter consistent with the Pioneer polarimetry and photometry data as well as the methane-band data of West (1979a, Icarus 38, 12–33). A two-cloud model with an overlying stratospheric haze has been used to explain the relative strengths of weak and strong methane bands. The upper cloud, assumed to be composed primarily of ammonia crystals, is denser in the zones (5–8 optical depths) than the belts (3–4 optical depths) when viewed in red light. There is also a compositional difference; an increase in the concentration of the unknown chromophore lowers the blue albedo in the belts. Otherwise, belts and zones are remarkably similar. The cloudtops are found between 200 and 230 mbar and the cloud extends down to the saturated vapor pressure of ammonia at 700 mbar; a haze of 0.3 ± 0.1 optical depths overlies all regions. For all the regions studied, the polarization measurements are best fit with a negatively polarizing ammonia cloud (−20%) beneath a positively polarizing haze (40–50%). Unlike the nearby features, the Equatorial Region and the Great Red Spot have a negative polarization at 80° phase angle implying less gas above the clouds in these regions, a conclusion supported by the increased brightness at 8900 A. Tables are presented giving the preferred model parameters for each region studied.
DIAGONALIZATION MODULO NORM IDEALS AND HAUSDORFF DIMENSIONALITY

Kuroda's version of the Weyl-von Neumann theorem asserts that, given any norm ideal not contained in the trace class , every self-adjoint operator A admits the decomposition A=D+K, where D is a self-adjoint diagonal operator and . We extend this theorem to the setting of multiplication operators on compact metric spaces (X, d). We show that if μ is a regular Borel measure on X which has a σ-finite one-dimensional Hausdorff measure, then the family {Mf:f∈Lip(X)} of multiplication operators on T2(X, μ) can be simultaneously diagonalized modulo any . Because the condition in general cannot be dropped (Kato-Rosenblum theorem), this establishes a special relation between and the one-dimensional Hausdorff measure. The main result of the paper is that such a relation breaks down in Hausdorff dimensions p>1.
Substance abuse in heart transplant recipients: a 10-year follow-up study.

Context—Active substance abuse is widely accepted as a contraindication for heart transplantation because of the theory that relapse would occur after transplantation and result in compromise of gr...
Reciprocal Regulation of Adipogenesis by Myc and C/EBPα

3T3-L1 adipoblasts that express large amounts of c-Myc cannot terminally differentiate, raising the possibility that Myc inhibits the expression of genes that promote adipogenesis. The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP alpha) is induced during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis when cells commit to the differentiation pathway. Transfection of 3T3-L1 adipoblasts with the gene that encodes C/EBP alpha caused overt expression of the adipocyte morphology. Expression of Myc prohibited the normal induction of C/EBP alpha and prevented adipogenesis. Enforced expression of C/EBP alpha overcame the Myc-induced block to differentiation. These results provide a molecular basis for the regulation of adipogenesis and implicate Myc and C/EBP alpha as pivotal controlling elements.
Cell fate specification in the Drosophila salivary gland: the integration of homeotic gene function with the DPP signaling cascade.

Abstract Salivary gland formation in theDrosophilaembryo is linked to the expression of the homeotic geneSex combs reduced(Scr). WhenScrfunction is missing, salivary glands do not form, and when SCR is expressed everywhere, salivary glands form in new places. However, not every cell that expressesScris recruited to a salivary gland fate. Along the anterior–posterior axis, the posteriorly expressed proteins encoded by theteashirt(tsh) andAbdominal-B(Abd-B) genes block SCR activation of salivary gland genes, and along the dorsal–ventral axis, the secreted signaling molecule encoded bydecapentaplegic(dpp) prevents activation of salivary gland genes by SCR in dorsal regions of parasegment 2 . We have identified five downstream components in the DPP signaling cascade required to block salivary gland gene activation. These components include two known receptors, the type I receptor encoded by thethick veins(tkv) gene and the type II receptor encoded by thepunt(put) gene; two of the four knownDrosophilamembers of the Smad family of proteins which transduce signals from the receptors to the nucleus,Mothers against dpp(Mad) andMedea(Med); and, finally, a large zinc-finger transcription factor encoded by theschnurri(shn) gene. These results reveal how anterior–posterior and dorsal–ventral patterning information is integrated at the level of organ-specific gene expression.
Quantifying the intensity of vehicle impacts using vehicle tracking devices during live training exercises

Abstract The operation of off-road vehicles during military training exercises can affect the environmental conditions of training lands by removing or disturbing vegetation. To quantify the impact of vehicle based military training, global positioning system (GPS)-based vehicle tracking systems were used to characterize the movement of vehicles during live training exercises. Methods were developed to spatially estimate the tracking intensity (number of vehicle passes per area) resulting from the training exercises. This method was then combined with previous developed methods that identified off-road trail formation and vehicle dynamic properties to quantify the overall training mission impacts of specific training events on installation resources. This approach to characterizing training impacts results in mission impact profiles that more accurately quantify live training mission impacts. Search radius and output grid size are important parameters of the proposed traffic intensity approximation method. Traffic intensities estimated using a variety of search radii and grid sizes were compared. Results indicated that a 10 m search radius and a 10-by-10 m output grid size worked the best for the study dataset. Approximately, 89% accuracy was found for traffic intensity (number of passes) estimation when using a 10 m search radius and a 10-by-10 m output grid size.
Resolving beam transport problems in electrostatic accelerators

A review is given of problem areas in beam transmission which are frequently encountered during the design, operation and upgrading of electrostatic accelerators. Examples are provided of analytic procedures that clarify accelerator ion optics and lead to more effective beam transport. Suggestions are made for evaluating accelerator design with the goal of improved performance.
Serum concentrations of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene across consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate therapy in anovulatory infertile women

Abstract Objective: To determine the serum concentrations of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene across consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate treatment in anovulatory infertile women. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Tertiary institutional infertility clinic. Patient(s): Fourteen consenting anovulatory infertile women receiving standardized, cyclic, incremental treatment with clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction. Intervention(s): Clomiphene citrate treatment (50–150 mg/d, cycle days 5–9), titrated to the minimum effective ovulation-inducing dose, was administered for three to six total cycles. Blood samples were obtained on cycle days 3 and 10 in each treatment cycle. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum concentrations of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene. Result(s): Cycle day 3 zuclomiphene levels were below assay limits in all initial cycles, increased progressively across three consecutive cycles, and thereafter plateaued. Cycle day 3 enclomiphene concentrations were uniformly undetectable. Cycle day 10 enclomiphene levels increased with dose administered, but these observations were not statistically significant. Conclusion(s): Clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation results in an isomer-specific systemic accumulation of zuclomiphene across consecutive cycles of treatment. The combined maximum concentration of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene attained in practice approximates 100 nmol/L and is generally well below levels previously demonstrated to have adverse effects in vitro.
Evaluating matrix elements relevant to some Lorentz violating operators

Carlson, Carone, and Lebed have derived the Feynman rules for a consistent formulation of noncommutative QCD. The results they obtained were used to constrain the noncommutativity parameter in Lorentz violating noncommutative field theories. However, their constraint depended upon an estimate of the matrix element of the quark level operator $(p/\ensuremath{-}m)$ in a nucleon. In this paper we calculate the matrix element of $(p/\ensuremath{-}m),$ using a variety of confinement potential models. Our results are within an order of magnitude agreement with the estimate made by Carlson et al. The constraints placed on the noncommutativity parameter were very strong, and are still quite severe even if weakened by an order of magnitude.
Assessing the software process maturity of software engineering courses

Since its introduction by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in 1987, the SEI Software Process Maturity Model has gained wide visibility and acceptance by industry. Its overall goal is to enable an organization to assess its software process maturity in order that it might be able to improve its software development process. Inspired by the success of the SEI model, this paper describes an attempt to develop an analogous, but highly simplified and unvalidated process maturity framework applicable to software engineering project courses. Our goal is to enable an instructor of a software engineering project course to assess the software development processes utilized in the course and to improve these processes leading to better managed and more successful projects.
The National Library of Medicine and Drug Information. Part 2: An Evolving Future*:

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) began in 1836 as a small collection of books in the office of the Army Surgeon General. Today, the NLM is the world’s largest medical library, providing access to its vast collection of seven million items onsite and through the World Wide Web. Historical interest in drug information dates to 1967, when Congress provided funds for a Drug Literature Program at the NLM. Drug information is now dispersed among a number of NLM bibliographic and factual databases that offer an array of clinical, research, and toxicological drug data. Target audiences for drug information include consumers, patients, healthcare practitioners, clinical researchers, and scientists. Drug development and medical publishing have both accelerated to such an extent that it is virtually impossible for healthcare practitioners and researchers to keep apprised of current information. Due to wide utilization for posting medically-related data, the Internet is discussed in terms of its impact on medical library responsibilities, drug information and efforts to evaluate Web-based health information, and how resultant imperatives indicate a need to create new drug-related databases including an Internet portal to drug information.
The Third Spectrum of Nickel (Ni iii)

A nearly complete analysis of the third spectrum of nickel is given, based on 800 measured lines extending from 600 A to 3000 A. A partial term list was published in “Atomic Energy States,” National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 467, 1952. The 168 levels now given include all but 1S from 3d8, and all but the higher 1D from 3d7 4s. The discovery of the higher 3D is noteworthy. High even levels allow the calculation of an I.P.=36.16 volts. The group of odd levels due to 3d7 4p lacks only a few of low J and some members of 3d6 4s 4p are present. The important term 3d6 4s2 5D has not been found. Intensities are very irregular, especially where terms from different families are involved.
Mixing patterns in a global influenza a virus network using whole genome comparisons

Approximating ‘real’ disease transmission networks through genomic sequence comparisons among pathogenic isolates is increasingly feasible with the current growth in genomic sequence data. Here, we derive a network from over 4,200 globally distributed influenza A virus isolates based on alignment-free sequence comparisons. We then employ network mixing pattern analysis to examine transmission probabilities between isolates from different global regions, host types, subtypes and collection years. While we can not use our results to describe the complete global network of influenza A virus, we present a novel analytical process. In addition, we describe some of the characteristics of this subset of currently available data. Most notable results are the high levels of inter regional links and the important role that avian species seem to play in non human global transmission.
The effects of mycorrhizal roots on litter decomposition, soil biota, and nutrients in a spodosolic soil

We studied the effects of mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) roots on litter decomposition, microbial biomass, nematode abundance and inorganic nutrients in the E horizon material of a spodosolic soil, using field microcosms created in a regenerating pitch pine stand in the New Jersey Pinelands. Pine roots stimulated litter decomposition by 18.7% by the end of the 29 month study. Both mass loss and N and P release from the litter were always higher in the presence of roots than in their absence. Nutrient concentrations in decomposing litter were similar, however, in the presence and absence of roots, which suggests that the roots present in the with-root treatment did not withdraw nutrients directly from the litter. The soil was slightly drier in the presence of roots, but there was no discernible effect on soil microbial biomass. The effects of roots on soil extractable inorganic nutrients were inconsistent. Roots, however, were consistently associated with higher numbers of soil nematodes. These results suggest that, in soils with low total C and N contents, roots stimulate greater activity of the soil biota, which contribute, in turn, to faster litter decomposition and nutrient release.
Distribution of Hylobius pales and Pissodes nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) within Christmas tree plantations with procerum root disease

Procerum root disease caused by Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingfield is the most serious disease problem facing Virginia Christmas tree growers producing eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Studies have shown an association between procerum root disease-affected trees and insect infestations, and L. procerum has been recovered from field-collected insects. To determine the species and spatial distribution within Christmas tree plantations, potential insect vectors were collected weekly, April-September 1988–1991, from plots containing baited pitfall traps. Plots were located in plantations with procerum root disease, plantations without procerum root disease, in forested areas outside both types of plantations, and in an urban setting. Trees within the plots were inspected for development of procerum root disease. Insects recovered included two weevil species, Hylobius pales (Herbst) and Pissodes nemorensis Germar, and bark beetles from the genera Ips De Geer, Pityophthorus Eichoff, Pityogenes Bedel, Orthotomicus Ferrari, and Xyleborus Eichoff. In plantations with procerum root disease, there were Significantly more (P ≤ 0.05) H. pales than P. nemorensis , and Significantly more H. pales were contaminated with L. procerum. In plantations where procerum root disease was absent, there was no significant difference between the numbers of either weevil species or proportions contaminated with the fungus. Within the plots with procerum root disease, 27% of the trees developed symptoms of the disease during 3 yr of observation, but no trees developed disease symptoms in the asymptomatic plots.
New local anesthetics: Are they worth the cost?

Epidural analgesia that uses dilute concentrations of bupivacaine with fentanyl or sufentanil provides excellent analgesia, good sensory-motor discrimination, and minimal toxicity and is inexpensive. The new local anesthetic agents, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, offer potential improvements in the risk of toxicity when administered in large doses but probably no important clinical difference when used in dilute concentrations for labor analgesia. After accounting for the potency difference, ropivacaine offers little or no motor-sparing advantage over bupivacaine. Currently, epidural anesthesia with concentrated bupivacaine is rarely used for cesarean section, so there is little indication for the newer anesthetic agents in this setting either. The authors believe that large difference in cost cannot be justified on the basis of currently available data.
Effect of Prior Embolization on Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Radiosurgery Outcomes: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND Embolization before stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) has been shown to negatively affect obliteration rates, but its impact on the risks of radiosurgery-induced complications and latency period hemorrhage is poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To determine, in a case-control study, the effect of prior embolization on AVM SRS outcomes. METHODS We evaluated a database of AVM patients who underwent SRS. Propensity score analysis was used to match the case (embolized nidi) and control (nonembolized nidi) cohorts. AVM angioarchitectural complexity was defined as the sum of the number of major feeding arteries and draining veins to the nidus. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed on the overall study population to determine independent predictors of obliteration and radiation-induced changes. RESULTS The matching process yielded 242 patients in each cohort. The actuarial obliteration rates were significantly lower in the embolized (31%, 49% at 5, 10 years, respectively) compared with the nonembolized (48%, 64% at 5, 10 years, respectively) cohort (P = .003). In the multivariate analysis for obliteration, lower angioarchitectural complexity (P < .001) and radiologically evident radiation-induced changes (P = .016) were independent predictors, but embolization was not significant (P = .744). In the multivariate analysis for radiologic radiation-induced changes, lack of prior embolization (P = .009) and fewer draining veins (P = .011) were independent predictors. CONCLUSION The effect of prior embolization on AVM obliteration after SRS may be significantly confounded by nidus angioarchitectural complexity. Additionally, embolization could reduce the risk of radiation-induced changes. Thus, combined embolization and SRS may be warranted for appropriately selected nidi.
Methods for on-line oscillographic display of spike frequency data

Abstract A device is described which adds or integrates the output of a Schmitt-trigger and permits the direct visualization of pulse rates up to 1000 per sec using a mechanical oscillograph run at relatively slow paper speeds. Techniques are described for monitoring the number of pulses emitted during predetermined epochs, and for making exact comparisons of moment-to-moment changes in pulse rate with respect to other variables.
Design versus research in BME accreditation [ABET requirements and why research cannot substitute for design]

Is there a difference between design and research? At what point does research become design or design become research? Addressing these questions is much like examining a fine work of art. Examine a painting by a master artist. Look at J the white of a lily such as those found in the painting by Sargent [1]. Can you truly find anything that is just black or white? The fact is there are many colors in the blacks and whites and that the beauty is truly in the eye of the beholder. As with art, the definition of design is often in the eye of the engineering professional. If the difference were black or white, the job of an engineering faculty member would be easy. A student understands design or doesn't. There would be no measuring the degrees of understanding. However, as professionals, we have learned that judging a student's ability to design is far more like judging shades of gray. This article explores many of the shades of gray with respect to the differences between design and research and proposes questions that can aid in differentiating between a major design experience and an academic research project.
Electroconvulsive therapy and the illusion of treatment.

The moral and ethical considerations surrounding the practice of electroconvulsive therapy have virtually been ignored. Most research has been devoted to noting this treatment's efficacy but conclusive empirical evidence in favor of it does not, as such, exist. The argument that psychiatrists use electroconvulsive therapy solely to prevent harm to the patient is examined and rejected. The illusion of treatment implies that psychiatrists may have ulterior motives in turning to this mode of therapy. If these ulterior motives influence a psychiatrist's choice of treatment, the treatment may be considered morally wrong.
Gain-maximizing control in redox processes

This paper describes the study of gain-maximizing (GMAX) control in redox processes. A redox process is characterized by the sigmoid curve that relates the redox potential to the oxidizing- or a reducing-agent injection rate, and the inflection point (IP) of the sigmoid corresponds to the equivalence point. Since the gain of the redox potential with respect to the agent-injection rate becomes maximum at the IP, controlling the redox potential by the GMAX method can optimize the process conditions where just enough of agent is supplied. Experiments were performed in a reaction process in which CIO– in tap water is reduced by S2O32–. The response of the redox potential to the agent-injection rate exhibited high-order dynamic behavior which is well described by a dead-time-plus-first-order (DPF) model. Accordingly, a GMAX algorithm based on the DPF model has been developed. Control experiments show that the GMAX method can satisfactorily control the redox reaction. Its application to other processes is also discussed.
A MANET multicast routing protocol for stable trees based on the inverse of Link Expiration Times

This paper proposes a stability-based multicast routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) and it can simultaneously determine long-living multicast trees that also have close to minimum hop count per source-receiver paths. The proposed protocol is referred to as the MILET protocol, and is based on the inverse of the predicted Link Expiration Times (LET) values. The protocol launches an on-demand source-initiated request-reply broadcast tree construction process and the receiver nodes of the multicast group choose the path with the lowest sum of the link weights to join the multicast tree. By including a ‘1’ in the link weight comprising of the inverse of the LET values, MILET manages to form multicast trees with long-living stable source-receiver paths that also have a lower hop count. Ns-2 based simulation analysis illustrates that MILET forms multicast trees that have at least 50% relatively longer lifetime compared to the other well-known multicast tree routing protocols and the hop count per source-receiver path is at most 7% larger than the minimum.
Reduced wood stiffness and strength, and altered stem form, in young antisense 4CL transgenic poplars with reduced lignin contents

• Reduced lignin content in perennial crops has been sought as a means to improve biomass processability for paper and biofuels production, but it is unclear how this could affect wood properties and tree form. • Here, we studied a nontransgenic control and 14 transgenic events containing an antisense 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) to discern the consequences of lignin reduction in poplar (Populus sp.). During the second year of growth, trees were grown either free-standing in a field trial or affixed to stakes in a glasshouse. • Reductions in lignin of up to 40% gave comparable losses in wood strength and stiffness. This occurred despite the fact that low-lignin trees had a similar wood density and up to three-fold more tension wood. In free-standing and staked trees, the control line had twice the height for a given diameter as did low-lignin trees. Staked trees had twice the height for a given diameter as free-standing trees in the field, but did not differ in wood stiffness. • Variation in tree morphogenesis appears to be governed by lignin x environment interactions mediated by stresses exerted on developing cells. Therefore our results underline the importance of field studies for assessing the performance of transgenic trees with modified wood properties.
Melting of a Semitransparent Bed of Particles by Convection and Radiation

A theoretical model has been developed to study heating and melting of porous media comprised of semitransparent particles. The heating and melting phases are treated by two different models. Heat transfer by conduction and radiation in the bed of particles is approximated using the effective thermal conductivity concept. The melt is assumed to accumulate at the top of the unmelted bed and not to run off after the melting has started. Radiative transfer in the one-dimensional melt layer is treated rigorously, and the spectral nature of radiation is accounted for. The convective and radiative heating of the bed and the melt layer are treated parametrically. The results of calculations for different bed thicknesses are reported, and sensitivity studies involving the heat transfer coefficient, surroundings temperature, porosity, and particle diameter are presented and discussed.
Conditional random fields for morphological analysis of wireless ECG signals

Thanks to advances in mobile sensing technologies, it has recently become practical to deploy wireless electrocardiograph sensors for continuous recording of ECG signals. This capability has diverse applications in the study of human health and behavior, but to realize its full potential, new computational tools are required to effectively deal with the uncertainty that results from the noisy and highly non-stationary signals collected using these devices. In this work, we present a novel approach to the problem of extracting the morphological structure of ECG signals based on the use of dynamically structured conditional random field (CRF) models. We apply this framework to the problem of extracting morphological structure from wireless ECG sensor data collected in a lab-based study of habituated cocaine users. Our results show that the proposed CRF-based approach significantly out-performs independent prediction models using the same features, as well as a widely cited open source toolkit.
Quantitative intravital two-photon excitation microscopy reveals absence of pulmonary vaso-occlusion in unchallenged Sickle Cell Disease mice

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that leads to red blood cell (RBC) sickling, hemolysis and the upregulation of adhesion molecules on sickle RBCs. Chronic hemolysis in SCD results in a hyper-inflammatory state characterized by activation of circulating leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells even in the absence of a crisis. A crisis in SCD is often triggered by an inflammatory stimulus and can lead to the acute chest syndrome (ACS), which is a type of lung injury and a leading cause of mortality among SCD patients. Although it is believed that pulmonary vaso-occlusion could be the phenomenon contributing to the development of ACS, the role of vaso-occlusion in ACS remains elusive. Intravital imaging of the cremaster microcirculation in SCD mice has been instrumental in establishing the role of neutrophil-RBC-endothelium interactions in systemic vaso-occlusion; however, such studies, although warranted, have never been done in the pulmonary microcirculation of SCD mice. Here, we show that two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy can be used to perform quantitative analysis of neutrophil and RBC trafficking in the pulmonary microcirculation of SCD mice. We provide the experimental approach that enables microscopic observations under physiological conditions and use it to show that RBC and neutrophil trafficking is comparable in SCD and control mice in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus. The intravital imaging scheme proposed in this study can be useful in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanism of pulmonary vaso-occlusion in SCD mice following an inflammatory stimulus.
Current Capabilities and Future Goals in X-Ray Spectroscopy

After examining the main factors which govern the potential applications of X-ray fluorescent analysis, the author outlines the principal discoveries in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. Results are presented of the 10-yr Naval Research Laboratory Programme (1965–1975) which had been established for data acquisition and interpretation based on the expected advances in computer capabilities. Some of the factors which may influence X-ray analysis in the future are also considered.
Novelty responding and behavioral development in young, developmentally delayed children

Abstract This study examined whether or not a measure of information processing ability based on the discrimination of novel and familiar stimuli was related to behavioral development among developmentally-delayed infants. Two samples of handicapped infants were administered multiple measures of visual novelty discrimination and a battery of assessments which were representative of available measures of development in infancy. The results indicated that, as a group, the developmentally delayed infants were capable of discriminating novel and familiar stimuli. Also, correlational analyses indicated that responding to novelty was related to developmental accessment performance in both samples. This finding is consistent with previous data which indicates that novelty response measures are associated with important individual differences in young children.
Silicon abundances in meteoritic chondrules

Abstract Silicon abundances have been determined in some 275 chondrules (masses ranging from 0.1 to 70 mg) from nineteen different chondrites from most chondritic groups by instrumental, 14-MeV neutron activation analysis, using the nuclear reaction Si28(n, p)Al28. Average Si abundances at about 20 % in chondrules from Type II carbonaceous chondrites agreed well with a forsterite composition for these chondrules. In general, ca. 25 % more Si is present in chondrules than in the bulk chondrites. Very low Si abundances (0.6 to 2.5 %) have been observed in some Al Rais, Renazzo, and Tennasilm chondrules. This hiatus in Si abundances of ≈2% and ≈20% suggests that meteoritic chondrules may have originated from two different sources in the solar nebula or formed from the same nebular source but under changing temperature-pressure conditions.
Proofs as programs

The significant intellectual cost of programming is for problem solving and explaining, not for coding. Yet programming systems offer mechanical assistance for the coding process exclusively. We illustrate the use of an implemented program development system, called PRL ("pearl"), that provides automated assistance with the difficult part. The problem and its explained solution are seen as formal objects in a constructive logic of the data domains. These formal explanations can be executed at various stages of completion. The most incomplete explanations resemble applicative programs, the most complete are formal proofs.
Primary Ureteral Lymphoma Presenting with Acute Flank Pain

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) represents 4% of newly diagnosed cancer in 2013 with a 59-82% 5-year survival depending on the tumor location. Primary presentation of lymphoma consists of lymphadenopathy or swelling of the lymph nodes and non-specific systemic symptoms such as fevers, night sweats, and weight loss. Less commonly, NHL arises from non-lymphoid tissue. We report a unique case of NHL arising from the ureteral wall which was visualized via non-contrast CT and direct vision through ureteroscopy.
Superior calcium bioavailability of effervescent potassium calcium citrate over tablet formulation of calcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Calcium supplementation is commonly recommended for patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to avert bone loss. To test the hypothesis that effervescent (liquid) potassium-calcium-citrate (PCC) might be more bioavailable than a tablet formulation of calcium citrate (Citracal Petite), the present study compared a single dose response of the 2 compounds. The present study was conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas. Methods A total of 15 patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included in a 2-phase, crossover, randomized study comparing the single-dose bioavailability of PCC versus Citracal Petite. After following a restricted diet for 1 week, the participants ingested either a single dose of 400 mg elemental calcium as PCC or Citracal Petite. Sequential serum and urine samples were collected for a 6-hour period after the dose and analyzed for calcium, parathyroid hormone, and acid-base parameters. Results Compared with citracal petite, PCC significantly increased the serum calcium concentrations at 2, 3, and 4 hours after the oral load. The peak to baseline variation and increment in serum calcium (area under the curve) were significantly greater after PCC (P = .015 and P = .002, respectively). Concurrently, the baseline to nadir variation and decrement in serum parathyroid hormone (area over the curve) were significantly greater after PCC (P = .004 and P = .005, respectively). Moreover, compared with Citracal Petite, PCC caused a significantly greater increment in urinary citrate (P Conclusion In patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, PCC was superior to Citracal Petite in conferring bioavailable calcium and suppressing parathyroid hormone secretion. PCC also provided an alkali load.
A Diffusion-Generated Approach to Multiphase Motion

In this article, we present a diffusion-generated approach for evolving multiple junctions. This work generalizes an earlier method by Merriman, Bence, and Osher which alternately diffuses and sharpens characteristic functions for each phase region to produce pure mean curvature flow. Specifically, our new method produces a normal velocity which depends on a positive multiple of the curvature of the interface plus the difference in bulk energy densities for prescribed junction angles. This simple method naturally treats topological mergings and breakings, produces no overlapping regions or vacuums, and can be made very fast. Numerical studies are provided which show that our method agrees with front tracking and a recent variational approach for a variety of examples. Asymptotic expansions are also carried out near junctions to justify our algorithms.
New lines in the XUV spectrum of heliumlike fluorine

Abstract The beam-foil method has been used to study the spectra of highly ionized fluorine in the wavelength region ∼ 70–230A. Two new lines, assigned to the transitions 21,3Po-31,3S in FVIII, are reported.
Multiphoton Microscopy of Entire Intact Mouse Organs

Three-dimensional datasets from tissue biopsies may provide critical morphological information that is not readily obtained from traditional approaches to histology using thin physical sections of tissue. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) provides optical sectioning with penetration into highly scattering materials, ready excitation of intrinsic tissue fluorescence, and access to nonlinear signals such as second harmonic generation (SHG). However, the penetration depth of MPM is typical limited to ∼200 microns in many tissues. We present MPM of entire intact, fixed and optically cleared mouse organs. Clearing of tissue is typically incomplete for large tissue samples, however, MPM has sufficient tolerance to scattering to image entire mouse organs. Using macro lenses with 5x magnification and 0.5 numerical aperture enables the generation of high resolution, large field-of-view datasets with imaging depths of several millimeters, sufficient to generate 3D image sets of mouse intestine, heart, lung, brain and other organs.
In situ conductivity studies of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

Abstract In this paper, we report the first in situ conductivity measurements of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which was grown laterally on large gap lateral growth electrodes (gap distance 200 μm) to give relatively thick films (3.3–22.5 μm) with maximum in situ conductivities of 0.2–13.0 S/cm depending on growth conditions. It was demonstrated that PEDOT can be fully switched from its non-conductive state at −0.6 V to its fully conductive state at +0.1 V versus Ag Ag + . A negligible effect of solvent (PC, THF, and H 2 O) and electrolyte (Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , and TBAP) used during both electropolymerization and redox switching on the in situ conductivity of PEDOT demonstrates the versatility of using PEDOT as a conducting material under a wide variety of conditions.
Chromosome breakage: a possible mechanism for diverse genetic events in outbred populations.

Evidence is summarised to support the hypothesis that genetic characteristics frequently assayed in natural populations, including mutator activity, sterility, male recombination, and distortion of segregation, may often be expressions of the same general event—chromosome breakage in outbred populations.
The effects of executive turnover on top management team's environmental scanning behavior after an environmental change ☆

Abstract This study explores how the scope of managerial environmental scanning changes after an environmental shift. Using the context of deregulation in airline industry, I examined both within- and across-sector scanning embodied in the presidents' letters in the annual reports between 1973 and 1986. The results indicate that: 1) top management teams (TMTs) who experienced large turnover in membership tended to have broader scope of environmental scanning, both within and across different sectors; 2) TMT demographic heterogeneity positively moderated such linkage between executive turnover and environmental scanning; and 3) output-orientation in top team members' functional background had a positive main effect on the scope of environmental scanning. The results of this study offer a new insight on the effects of executive turnover and the subsequent changes in TMT composition on environmental scanning.
Wind induced damage observations and their implications for design practice

Abstract A synopsis of wind induced damage observations is presented, along with a commentary on damage documentation experiences and remarks on design implications. The paper concludes with a discussion on problem areas concerning wind effects and the performance of buildings in windstorms.
Ophiuchus 1622–2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary

We present an analysis of the mass and age of the young low-mass binary Oph 1622-2405. Using resolved optical spectroscopy of the binary, we measure spectral types of M7.25 ± 0.25 and M8.75 ± 0.25 for the A and B components, respectively. We show that our spectra are inconsistent with the spectral types of M9 and M9.5-L0 from Jayawardhana & Ivanov and M9 ± 0.5 and M9.5 ± 0.5 from Close and coworkers. Based on our spectral types and the theoretical evolutionary models of Chabrier and Baraffe, we estimate masses of ~0.055 and ~0.019 M_⊙ for Oph 1622-2405A and B, which are significantly higher than the values of 0.013 and 0.007 M_⊙ derived by Jayawardhana & Ivanov and above the range of masses observed for extrasolar planets (M ≾ 0.015 M_⊙). Planet-like mass estimates are further contradicted by our demonstration that Oph 1622-2405A is only slightly later (by 0.5 subclass) than the composite of the young eclipsing binary brown dwarf 2M 0535-0546, whose components have dynamical masses of 0.034 and 0.054 M_⊙. To constrain the age of Oph 1622-2405, we compare the strengths of gravity-sensitive absorption lines in optical and near-infrared spectra of the primary to lines in field dwarfs (τ > 1 Gyr) and members of Taurus (τ ~ 1 Myr) and Upper Scorpius (τ ~ 5 Myr). The line strengths for Oph 1622-2405A are inconsistent with membership in Ophiuchus (τ < 1 Myr) and instead indicate an age similar to that of Upper Sco, which is in agreement with a similar analysis performed by Close and coworkers. We conclude that Oph 1622-2405 is part of an older population in Sco-Cen, perhaps Upper Sco itself.
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of some anesthetics in the decerebrate rat

Abstract The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of pentobarbital, ketamine, chloralose and urethane were studied in decerebrate rats. All the reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Pentobarbital, chloralose and ketomine, but not urethane, reduced respiratory rate. None of these agents had a significant effect on tidal volume. All these anesthetics significantly attenuated the carotid occlusion, tilt and sodium cyanide chemoreceptor. response. These results suggest that the decebrate rat may be a more suitable preparation, compared to the anesthetized one, for studying cardiovascular and respiratory responses in this species.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ATTACHED ESTUARINE DIATOMS1

EFfects of light intensity, exposure to desiccation, salinity, and heated water on the vertical distribution and growth of populations of attached estuarine diatoms were studied in a laboratory model ecosystem. Of the 35 most abundant diatom taxa found in 36 samples from the laboratory system, all but 8 were also abundant in s‘amples obtained from Yaquina Bay and estuary. Vertical distribution of diatoms was more closely related to light intensity and period of exposure to desiccation in the summer experiments than in the winter experiments. A sudden, unseasonable decre,ase in salinity or increase in water temperature had a much greater effect on diatom assemblages exposed to 12,270 lux than on those that developed at either 1,030 or 4,710 lux; the most noticeable changes in community structure included a decrease in species diversity and a rapid growth of a population of Mebosiru nummuloides, a filamentous species. Primary productivity in diatom assemblages exposed to periods of desiccation was less under winter conditions than under corresponding conditions in summer. Prim,ary productivity in assemblages not exposed to desiccation was strongly affected by light intensity during both summer and winter experiments, and the ratio primary productivity : chlorophyll a was greater during winter than summer.
Smad Proteins Physically Interact with Calmodulin

The Smad family of intracellular proteins mediates signals generated by activin and other transforming growth factor β-related proteins via specific heteromeric complexes of transmembrane receptor serine kinases (1, 2). xSmad2 has been implicated as an activin signal mediator that may participate in transcriptional regulation (3, 4). We have employed an interaction cloning strategy to identify xSmad2-binding proteins and found that calmodulin directly associated with Smads. xSmad2, generated either byin vitro translation or by overexpression in COS cells, specifically bound to calmodulin-agarose; the association was calcium-dependent and required xSmad2 N-terminal residues. In the same assay, xSmad1 and hSmads 2, 3, and 4 also bound to calmodulin-agarose. Furthermore, a calmodulin antagonist, W13, increased expression of the activin-inducible transcriptional reporter, 3TP-Lux, whereas overexpression of calmodulin suppressed this reporter. These observations demonstrate that Smad proteins interact with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent way through conserved N-terminal amino acids and suggest a role for calmodulin in regulating Smad function.
Orderly Endings: Do Men Know When They Will Retire?

In order to describe the subjective (as opposed to the statistical) predictability of the retirement event, this study examined the timing of men's retirement relative to their own expectations. On-time and off-time retirements were assessed in a panel of older workers, participants in the VA Normative Aging Study, who were surveyed about work and retirement in 1978, 1981, and 1984. Over spans of two years, 66 percent of workers accurately predicted their eventual date of retirement (+/- 1 year), and 40 percent were exact to within three months. However, approximately one-third of workers did not accurately foresee their date of retirement, having either unfulfilled plans or unanticipated retirements. From a life course perspective, we interpret retirement as an orderly event when two-thirds of a sample can retire as planned. From a practical perspective (e.g., an interest in program development or research design), retirement is not orderly enough when one-third of exits are unscheduled.
Nude thymic rudiment lacking functional foxn1 resembles respiratory epithelium

The epithelial compartment of the thymus arises from endoderm of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch. As it moves from a cervical to a mediastinal position during development, this epithelium becomes populated by lymphoid progenitor cells from the blood and begins to support their differentiation along the T cell lineage. Productive differentiation of thymic epithelium is strictly dependent on the foxn1 transcription factor, as evidenced by the lack of functional thymic tissue in nude mice that carry a spontaneous loss-of-function mutation of foxn1. Evaluation of the thymic rudiment epithelium from nude mice revealed phenotypic properties and tissue organization that was strongly reminiscent of respiratory epithelium. These data suggest that foxn1 may be involved in directing lineage choices of multi-potential progenitor epithelial cells rather than simply affecting the terminal differentiation program of epithelial cells specified to a thymic fate.
Structure and Functional Role of Dynein’s Microtubule-Binding Domain

Dynein motors move various cargos along microtubules within the cytoplasm and power the beating of cilia and flagella. An unusual feature of dynein is that its microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) is separated from its ring-shaped AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain by a 15-nanometer coiled-coil stalk. We report the crystal structure of the mouse cytoplasmic dynein MTBD and a portion of the coiled coil, which supports a mechanism by which the ATPase domain and MTBD may communicate through a shift in the heptad registry of the coiled coil. Surprisingly, functional data suggest that the MTBD, and not the ATPase domain, is the main determinant of the direction of dynein motility.