cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1339 FAILURE FOR CATCH-UP GROWTH AT 3 YEARS IN PRETERM INFANTS ≤ 1500 GM

Growth charts based on data from normal children are commonly used to assess the growth of children who were premature. We examined the growth of 62 infants (EGA 30±2 wks and birthweight 1205±198 gm) who were born in 1975-77, followed prospectively for 3 years and who had normal developmental histories, physical exams and no apparent sequelae of prematurity at age 3 years: Number in parentheses= National Center for Health Statistics percentile of mean. We concluded that growth charts prepared from data from normal children are not appropriate for children who had birthweights ≤ 1500 gm (except perhaps for head circum.) and that little catch-up growth occurs between one and 3 years in such infants. What factors are operative and whether this pattern is significant or whether there will be later catch-up growth is unknown.
Radioisotopic assay for erythrocyte adenosine 5'-monophosphate deaminase

Adenosine-5'-monophosphate deaminase is a critical enzyme in the regulation of adenine nucleotide levels in the erythrocyte. The routine examination of this enzyme in crude hemolysates is difficult with the commonly used assay which monitors ammonia generated by the deamination reaction. This report details a radioisotopic assay for AMP deaminase which allows separation of the [14C]inosine 5'-monophosphate product from the [14C]adenosine 5'-monophosphate substrate by ion-exchange chromatography at pH 2.2. The radioisotopic assay is linear with respect to time and enzyme concentration over a considerable range and thereby significantly simplifies the monitoring of crude or dilute enzyme preparations.
Some Remarks on Projection Operators and Theories of Dissociative Attachment

A difficulty recently pointed out in O'Malley's theory for dissociative attachment can be removed by employing the truncated diagonalization method.
Development of the health-promotion activities of older adults measure

The purpose of this research was to develop an instrument to measure participation in health promotion that was specific to the unique needs of the aging population. Development of instruments that are psychometrically sound and have been used with older adults represents a critical step in the design and implementation of health promotion strategies specific to the aged. The Health-Promotion Activities of Older Adults Measure is a 44-item instrument composed of five subscales: Collaborative Health Management/Injury Prevention, Stress Reduction/Rest and Relaxation, Exercise, Substance Abuse Prevention, and Nutrition. This instrument was developed and tested with two distinct populations of older adults; evidence supportive of validity, and very acceptable reliabilities, were found. Further use and examination of this instrument are indicated.
Opportunities in Marine Environmental History

rlhe ocean may be the next frontier for environmental historians. People have depended o:n the ocean for centuries and quietly reshaped it. Recently the tragic impact of overfishing, habitat destruction, and biological invasions has become apparent. Yet the history of human interactions with marine environments remains largely uninvestigated,, inl part because of the enduring assumption that the ocean exists (or existed) outside of history. Historians should take seriously the challenge to historicize the ocean. That will include investigating its changing nature and peoples' historically specific assumptions about using and regulating it. Arguing that marine environmental history can complement on-going research in historical marine ecology, this essay invokes recent scientific work while staking out distinct terrain for historians. FOR MILLENNIA THE bountiful sea provided a larder, a living, and the possibility clf riches for intrepid fishermen. Its scale in time and space, however, even for .!xperienced mariners, appeared all out of proportion to that of familiar worlds ashore; and seafarers and landlubbers alike could not help but regard the sea as irnscrutable, threatening, and eternal. Suddenly, in the blink of a twentieth-century eye, the tables were turned: The sea appeared fragile and vulnerable in the face of h-uman arrogance. Overfishing, destruction of marine habitats, and shipborne biological invasions cast the time-honored phrase "men against the sea" in a new light. Following publication in the journal Nature of an essay estimating that large predatory fish had declined worldwide by go percent, Newsweek's cover story onJuly 14, 2003, asked, "Are the oceans dying?"' That question, unimaginable not long ago, seemed all the more ominous for its lack of historical precedent. The recent crisis in the ocean has been regarded rightfully as an ecological and political problem, but rarely understood in light of history-as if nature and science were somehow realms separate from the study of the past. During the W Jeffrey Bolster, "Opportunities in Marine Environmental History," Environmental History 11 (July 2C06): 567-597. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.77 on Tue, 17 May 2016 04:56:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 568 I ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY 11 (JULY 2006) l990S the Black Sea ecosystem collapsed, literally starved to death by a bloom of invasive jellyfish that indiscriminately devoured zooplankton, phytoplankton, and larval fish, leavingvirtually nothing for the rest of the food chain. For creatures in and people around the nearly landlocked Black Sea, the horror unleashed by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was immediate and vivid; but ships have been carrying invasive marine hitchhikers from one sea to another for centuries, quietly reshaping the oceans of the world. The Black Sea catastrophe was different because of its scale and the presence of
Cyclosporine elimination in the presence of TOR inhibitors: effects on renal function, acute rejection, and safety.

Abstract Sirolimus in combination with cyclosporine reduces the incidence of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients when administered in double- or triple-therapy immunosuppressive regimens. Sirolimus administered as primary therapy has a beneficial effect on renal function, and the frequency of rejection episodes is similar to that of primary immunosuppression with cyclosporine. A strategy that may result in a more benign immunologic course with a substantially beneficial effect on renal function is to administer sirolimus and a calcineurin inhibitor early after transplantation, thereby promoting immunologic adaptation, and then to withdraw the calcineurin inhibitor at some point after transplantation to prevent nephrotoxicity. This article examines the results of this approach in recent studies that evaluated the effect of cyclosporine withdrawal on renal function, acute rejection, and safety in patients treated with sirolimus. Two open-label randomized trials of cyclosporine withdrawal were conducted in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. In one of the studies, graft survival, patient survival, and the incidence of acute rejection at 6 months posttransplantation were not statistically significantly different between the patients receiving cyclosporine and the group that had undergone cyclosporine withdrawal. Furthermore, significantly better renal function was observed in the patients who underwent cyclosporine withdrawal compared with patients who continued to receive full-dose cyclosporine. These studies indicate that cyclosporine withdrawal has a beneficial effect on renal function without a significant increase in the incidence of acute rejection episodes. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
The Vaccine Safety Datalink project.

The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is a collaborative project between the National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and several large health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the United States. The project began in 1990 with the primary purpose of rigorously evaluating concerns about the safety of vaccines. Computerized data on vaccination, medical outcome (e.g. hospital discharge, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and deaths), and covariate data (e.g. birth certificates and census) are prospectively collected at multiple HMOs (initially four) and linked under joint protocol for analyses. Approximately 6 million people (2% of the US population) are members of HMOs participating in the VSD. The VSD has proven to be a valuable resource that has provided important information on a number of vaccine safety issues. The databases and infrastructure created for the VSD have also provided opportunities to address other immunization questions including vaccination coverage and cost-effectiveness. In a recent investigation of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, the VSD methodology was expanded to include 10 managed care organizations. A cohort study was conducted that allowed estimation of incidence rates of intussusception and attributable risks associated with rotavirus vaccine. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tritiated Carbohydrate Tracers Currently Used in the Research of the Skeletal-Dental System

Employing autoradiographic techniques, several 3H-carbohydrates have been used to study the uptake, utilization, distribution, and turnover of simple sugars by the tissues of the oral cavity in the aging mouse model system. The effects of age and the changes concomitant with aging are central to these and other ongoing studies. To date it has been concluded that all dental tissues utilize simple sugars extensively throughout their lifespan. Some sugars are utilized more extensively than others by different tissues, revealing varying patterns and levels of utilization. With increasing age, carbohydrate utilization is diminished; some carbohydrates more than others. Both chronological and biological changes are evident with increasing time.
LOCALIZATION OF THE SITE OF FIXATION OF THE INDUCER, PENICILLIN, IN BACILLUS CEREUS.

Abstract 1. 1. The rupture of [ 35 S]penicillin treated Bacillus cereus in a pressure cell solubilized the majority of the specifically bound radioactivity. Upon conversion of [ 35 S]penicillin treated cells to protoplasts approx. 95% of the label was found in the lysozyme digest supernatant and not associated with the protoplasts. In either case the bound label was still associated with a large molecular weight component. 2. 2. The bound label was not found to be associated with the ribosomes, messenger RNA, purified cell wall, or purified cytoplasmic membrane. Localization of the bound penicillin to a component closely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane-cell wall area is strengthened by the finding that a combination of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) caused a major portion of the bound radioactivity to become dialyzable. This latter result indicates that the cell structure to which penicillin binds is a lipoprotein. 3. 3. The release of the penicillin-receptor complex during protoplast formation explains the results that protoplasts do not fix [ 35 S]penicillin similar to whole cells and that protoplasts cannot be induced to a higher rate of penicillinase (penicillin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) formation by addition of penicillin. A 30 to 60 min induction of the inducible strain with penicillin is required for the subsequently formed protoplasts to synthesize penicillinase at comparable rates to induced whole cells.
Ultra-Violet Resonance Raman Spectra of Live Cyanobacteria with 222.5-251.0 nm Pulsed Laser Excitation

The use of resonance Raman spectroscopy for the identification of microorganisms began with the selective detection of carotenoids in chromobacteria. In that work, it was shown that the carotenoid spectra excited at 488 nm were markedly different for different organisms. Somewhat later a more detailed study showed that major differences in peak heights and peak height ratios allow identification on the species level. Most information is contained in the 900–1600 cm−1 region. All chromobacteria exhibited two very intense bands associated with carbon-carbon single-bond and double-bond stretching vibrations of the conjugated carotenoid chains at around 1150 cm−1 and 1500 cm−1, respectively.
Extravascular lung water following hemorrhagic shock in the baboon: comparison between resuscitation with Ringer's lactate and plasmanate

Baboons were subjected to deep hemorrhagic shock by using a membrane potential of -65 mv as an endpoint. They were then resuscitated with either Plasmanate plus their shed blood or Ringer's lactate plus their shed blood. As compared with their own preshock values, the Plasmanate-resuscitated animals accumulated more extravascular lung water than the Ringer's lactate-resuscitated animals. Another group of baboons resuscitated from deep shock demonstrated significant extravasation of albumin on postmortem analysis of lung composition. This increased tendency for extravasation of albumin after shock partially explains why resuscitation with Plasmanate gave no protection against the formation of pulmonary edema. The authors believe that Plasmanate, and probably other colloidal solutions, should be used sparingly in the initial treatment of deep hemorrhagic shock.
RANS simulations of a simplified tractor/trailer geometry.

Steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are presented for the three-dimensional flow over a simplified tractor-trailer geometry at zero degrees yaw angle. The simulations are conducted using the SACCARA multi-block, structured CFD code. Two turbulence closure models are employed: the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model and the two-equation k-ω model of Menter. The discretization error is estimated by employing two grid levels: a fine mesh of approximately 20 million grid points and a coarse mesh of approximately 2.5 million grid points. Simulation results are compared to the experimental data obtained at the NASA-Ames 7×10 ft wind tunnel. Quantities compared include: surface pressures on the tractor/trailer, vehicle drag, and time-averaged velocities in the base region behind the trailer. The results indicate that both turbulence models are able to accurately capture the surface pressure on the vehicle, with the exception of the base region. The Menter k-ω model does a reasonable job of matching the experimental data for base pressure and velocities in the near wake, and thus gives an accurate prediction of the drag. The Spalart-Allmaras model significantly underpredicted the base pressure, thereby overpredicting the vehicle drag.
The effect of incompletion cost on line balancing with multiple manning of work stations

Abstract This paper presents an heuristic procedure for designing production lines with stochastic task times and multiple manning of work stations. The procedure is aimed at minimizing the total cost of the line; composed of facility layout costs, in-process inventory costs, labour cost and task incompletion cost.
Activities of enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in nervous system tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea.

The activities of three enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) were measured in frozen samples of rat cerebral cortex and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the rat nervous system. Results show that in most tumors, adequate amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and transketolase (TK) were present so as not to be ratelimiting for utilization of the HMP. When enzyme activities were expressed on the basis of fresh weight, TK was increased in most tumors as compared with cerebral cortex; G6PDH and 6PGDH were more variable, showing either higher or lower activities in tumors as compared to control. Tumors in general had a lower protein content than cerebral cortex. When activities were expressed in terms of this protein content, mean values for the dehydrogenases in all groups of tumors were higher than the average value in cortex, indicating that G6PDH and 6PGDH were spared in tumors relative to other proteins. TK activities in tumors, expressed in terms of cytosol protein were lower than or in the same range as cortex. Increased activities of HMP enzymes in some tumors indicated that the potential activity of the HMP in some (but not all) tumors of the nervous system is greater than that of cerebral cortex.
A Thermodynamic Discrimination of Efficacy of GPCR Ligands using Absolute Binding Free Energy Calculations

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play fundamental roles in most physiological processes by modulating diverse signaling pathways and thus have become one of the most important drug targets. Based on the fact that a variety of the extracellular signals are mediated in a ligand-specific manner such as inverse agonist, neutral antagonist and agonist, quantitative characterization of the ligand efficacy is essential for rational design of selective modulators for GPCR targets. As experimental methods used for this purpose are time-, cost- and labor-intensive, computational tools, if they were systematically able to predict the efficacy of GPCR ligands, would make a big impact on GPCR drug design. To tackle this issue, in this study we apply free energy perturbation molecular dynamics (FEP/MD) simulations to calculating absolute ligand binding free energy for β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR)/ligand systems. Based on the characterization of binding free energy change with respect to simulation time and free energy decomposition, we present that computationally measured thermodynamic properties can be used as promising descriptors for discriminating the efficacy of GPCR ligands. In addition, the simulation results also provide further insights into β2AR activation dynamics and ligand binding affinity.
Reversibly texturing active surfaces with spatial and temporal control

Textured surfaces, formed through wrinkling and folding, are observed abundantly in nature. We are especially motivated by the unique capabilities of some species of cuttlefish that camouflage themselves by rapidly switching from smooth to textured skin by expressing protuberances called papillae. Inspired by this, we developed a shape memory alloy–elastomer composite as a platform for reversible surface texture. A shape memory alloy wire embedded in an elastomer is forced to shrink due to Ohmic heating. This shrinkage is used to drive the reversible buckling of a thin stiff film attached to the elastomer surface. The platform is scalable, produces wrinkling patterns in the flip of a switch, operates at voltages under 10 V, and can be operated reversibly over multiple cycles. The amplitude and kinetics of the surface wrinkling are experimentally characterized. The wrinkle patterns appear and disappear in timescales ranging from tens of seconds to as little as a second depending on the voltage actuating th...
Symmetry and the Karhunen–Loève Decomposition

Publisher Summary This chapter presents different ways of using symmetry to cut down the cost of computing the Karhunen–Loe`ve (KL) decomposition of different data sets. Several cases are considered in the chapter that required different approaches. The chapter also investigates large data sets and develops an algorithm of exploiting symmetry of the data set in the direct KL decomposition. The relatively small data sets in high-dimensional vector spaces are also discussed and the symmetry of the data is used to improve the efficiency of computations in the snapshot method. Examples for the different cases include data sets of images, numerical solutions to a Lorenz-type ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, and numerical solutions to different partial differential equation (PDEs). The chapter also presents the various applications that illustrate the different cases of exploiting symmetry in data when performing the KL decompositions. The applications include small data sets in high-dimensional vector spaces acted on by finite groups, large data sets acted on by finite groups, small data sets acted on by compact Lie groups, and manifolds of data acted on by compact Lie Groups.
Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: Double-blind study and long-term follow-up

A double-blind crossover study of the effects of baclofen was conducted on 10 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia. Baclofen significantly decreased the number of painful paroxysms in 7 of the 10 patients. An open trial in another 50 patients with trigeminal neuralgia refractory to or unable to tolerate carbamazepine showed that 37 (74%) were relieved of their attacks by baclofen, either alone (12 patients) or in combination with previously ineffective doses of carbamazepine or phenytoin (25). On long-term follow-up of one to five years (mean, 3.0 years), 18 of the 60 patients (30%) continued pain free while receiving baclofen; 10 (17%) went into remission after 3 to 6 months; 13 (22%) became refractory to baclofen after 1 to 18 months; and 2 (3%) elected operation despite a good response to baclofen. The results indicate that baclofen is a useful drug in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Genetic diversity and endemism in North American Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae)

Factors leading to endemism, and the evolutionary implications of endemism, can be explored by studying closely related taxa with variously restricted distributions. Such a model is provided by Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae); Carex cryptolepis, Carex sp. nov., and C. lutea are North American endemics with broad, restricted, and highly restricted distributions, respectively. The prediction that levels of genetic diversity are a consequence of distribution size was tested within a phylogenetic context using population level genetic variation at 18 allozyme loci. In contrast to expectations, mean proportion of loci polymorphic, number of alleles per polymorphic locus, and expected heterozygosity were significantly greater in C. lutea than either C. cryptolepis or Carex sp. nov. Although the possibility of a shift in breeding system, past introgression, or progenitor-derivative relationships could explain the relatively high levels of variation observed in C. lutea, these were dismissed on the basis of allozyme and nuclear ribosomal sequence data. We conclude that C. lutea maintains levels of genetic diversity typical of caespitose carices despite its narrow endemism and that the low levels of genetic variation in C. cryptolepis and Carex sp. nov. are likely the result of population fluctuations during Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles.
E1 initiator DNA binding specificity is unmasked by selective inhibition of non‐specific DNA binding

Initiator proteins are critical components of the DNA replication machinery and mark the site of initiation. This activity probably requires highly selective DNA binding; however, many initiators display modest specificity in vitro. We demonstrate that low specificity of the papillomavirus E1 initiator results from the presence of a non-specific DNA-binding activity, involved in melting, which masks the specificity intrinsic to the E1 DNA-binding domain. The viral factor E2 restores specificity through a physical interaction with E1 that suppresses non-specific binding. We propose that this arrangement, where one DNA-binding activity tethers the initiator to ori while another alters DNA structure, is a characteristic of other viral and cellular initiator proteins. This arrangement would provide an explanation for the low selectivity observed for DNA binding by initiator proteins.
Descent Into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History

'Critical theory is no substitute for historical materialism; language is not life'. With this statement, Bryan Palmer enters the debate that is now transforming and disrupting a number of academic disciplines, including political science, women's studies, and history. Focusing on the ways in which literary or critical theory is being promoted within the field of social history, he argues forcefully that the current reliance on poststructuralism with its reification of discourse and avoidance of the structures of oppression and struggles of resistance obscures the origins, meanings, and consequences of historical events and processes. Palmer is concerned with the emergence of 'language' as a central focus of intellectual work in the twentieth century. He locates the implosion of theory that moved structuralism in the direction of poststructuralism and deconstruction in what he calls the descent into discourse. Few historians who champion poststructuralist thought, according to Palmer, appreciate historical materialism's capacity to address discourse meaningfully. Nor do many of the advocates of language within the field of social history have an adequate grounding in the theoretical making of the project they champion so ardently. Palmer roots his polemical challenge in an effort to 'introduce historians more fully to the theoretical writing that many are alluding to and drawing from rather cavalierly'. Acknowledging that critical theory can contribute to an understanding of some aspects of the past, Palmer nevertheless argues for the centrality of materialism to the project of history. In specific discussions of how critical theory is constructing histories of politics, class, and gender, he traces the development of the descent into discourse within social history, mapping the limitations of recent revisionist texts. Much of this writing, he contends, is undertheorized and represents a problematic retreat from prior histories that attempted to address such material forces as economic structures, political power, and class struggle. "Descent into Discourse" counters current intellectual fashion with an eloquent argument for the necessity to analyze and appreciate lived experience and the structures of subordination and power in any quest for historical meaning. Bryan D. Palmer is Professor of History at Queen's University, Ontario.
Catheter-directed thrombolysis following vena cava filtration for severe deep venous thrombosis

Massive deep venous thrombosis with marked venous outflow obstruction can result in limb loss or end-organ injury. Systemically administered drugs may not reach thrombi in therapeutic concentrations and surgical and thrombolytic strategies carry a small but real risk of pulmonary embolus--similar to the risks with anticoagulation alone. We therefore developed a strategy in which catheter-directed thrombolysis was used to deliver high concentrations of a plasminogen activator directly to the thrombus combined with placement of a downstream Greenfield filter to protect patients from pulmonary embolus. From 1984 to 1993 six patients were treated with this regimen. All had severe symptoms of less than 4 days' duration. On radiologic evaluation four patients had large iliofemoral and/or inferior vena cava thrombosis, one had subclavian/innominate vein thrombosis, and one had transplant renal vein/iliofemoral/inferior vena cava thrombosis. A Greenfield filter was first placed downstream prior to imbedding an infusion catheter in the greatest mass of thrombus for subsequent infusion of urokinase (n = 4) or streptokinase (n = 2). In four patients the catheter traversed the Greenfield filter. All patients were given bolus lytic therapy followed by maintenance infusions ranging in duration from 24 hours to 12 days. Five patients remained on heparin simultaneously. Clot lysis was achieved in all patients with hemodynamic, symptomatic, and arteriographic improvement. There were no deaths, pulmonary emboli, or complications of filter placement. One patient had minor bleeding at the puncture site and another had catheter-related infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance

Whru a dilt~lhSC is replicated at, many sites2 maintaining mutual consistrnry among t,he sites iu the fac:e of updat,es is a signitirant problem. This paper descrikrs several randomized algorit,hms for dist,rihut.ing updates and driving t,he replicas toward consist,c>nc,y. The algorit Inns are very simple and require few guarant,ees from the underlying conllllunicat.ioll system, yc+ they rnsutc t.hat. the off(~c~t, of (‘very update is evcnt,uwlly rf+irt-ted in a11 rq1ica.s. The cost, and parformancc of t,hr algorithms arc tuned I>? c%oosing appropriat,c dist,rilMions in t,hc randoinizat,ioii step. TIN> idgoritlmls ilr(’ c*los~*ly analogoIls t,o epidemics, and t,he epidcWliolog)litc\ratiirc, ilitlh iii Illld~~rsti4lldill~ tlicir bc*liavior. One of tlW i$,oritlims 11&S brc>n implrmcWrd in the Clraringhousr sprv(brs of thr Xerox C’orporat~c~ Iiitcrnc4, solviiig long-standing prol>lf~lns of high traffic and tlatirl>ilsr inconsistcllcp.
Complete repair of Taussig-Bing abnormality.

he congenital cardiac abnormality described by Taussig and Bing in 1949 is a variant of transposition of the great vessels [61. T In this anomaly, the aorta arises from the right ventricle; the pulmonary artery arises anteriorly and straddles a large ventricular septal defect. Thus, the pulmonary artery arises from both ventricles but is anterior to the aorta. Lev [3] lists four types of Taussig-Bing abnormalities; he notes that the pulmonary trunk may arise completely or mostly from the right ventricle, equally from both ventricles, or mostly from the left ventricle. In the abnormality described by Taussig and Bing, a muscle ridge extends from the anterior aspect of the large ventricular defect to the anterior ventricular wall between the aortic and pulmonary valve annuli. I wish to describe a complete repair of such an abnormality in a 16-year-old child.
Required and nonessential functions of nuclear factor-kappa B in bone cells

Abstract Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a set of five polypeptide transcription factors, called p50, p52, p65 (also called Rel A), Rel B, and c-Rel, which regulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. They were originally named because they were considered essential regulators of B cell kappa light chain expression. More recent studies indicate that NF-κB proteins are involved in the regulation of a variety of other cell functions, including cell proliferation, responses to stress, and apoptosis. NF-κB heterodimers reside in the cytoplasm of cells bound to inhibitory proteins, the two commonest of which are IκBα and IκBβ, which prevent NF-κB from entering the nucleus. When cells are stimulated, IκB is phosphorylated by specific IκB kinases and subsequently is ubiquitinated and degraded in proteosomes. This allows NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus to regulate the expression of a growing list of genes, including the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor. IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor in turn also regulate the expression of NF-κB. Thus, once activated, NF-κB may be involved in upregulatory loops, which can amplify the effects of the initiating stimulus. Because these proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of estrogen deficiency and inflammation-related bone loss, it is likely that NF-κB has a significant role in the increased generation and function of osteoclasts in these circumstances. However, an unexpected and essential role of NF-κB in the formation of osteoclasts during development was discovered recently after the generation of knockout mice, which lack the expression of the p50 and p52 subunits. This paper will describe recent studies that reveal an essential role for NF-κB signaling in the generation of osteoclasts and that suggest that NF-κB may also play a key central role in the activation and survival of osteoclasts in conditions in which osteoclastogenesis is upregulated.
Thorium-uranium fission radiography

Results are described for studies designed to develop routine methods for in-situ measurement of the abundance of Th and U on a microscale in heterogeneous samples, especially rocks, using the secondary high-energy neutron flux developed when the 650 MeV proton beam of an accelerator is stopped in a 42 x 42 cm diam Cu cylinder. Irradiations were performed at three different locations in a rabbit tube in the beam stop area, and thick metal foils of Bi, Th, and natural U as well as polished silicate glasses of known U and Th contents were used as targets and were placed in contact with mica which served as a fission track detector. In many cases both bare and Cd-covered detectors were exposed. The exposed mica samples were etched in 48% HF and the fission tracks counted by conventional transmitted light microscopy. Relative fission cross sections are examined, along with absolute Th track production rates, interaction tracks, and a comparison of measured and calculated fission rates. The practicality of fast neutron radiography revealed by experiments to data is discussed primarily for Th/U measurements, and mixtures of other fissionable nuclei are briefly considered.
Mini workshop — Introducing the Manufacturing and Engineering Technologies Education Clearinghouse (METEC)

By attending this session, engineering technology educators will become aware of, understand the benefits of, and be able to use the Manufacturing and Engineering Technologies Education Clearinghouse (METEC) at www.meteconline.org, a National Science Foundation funded electronic resource center of peer reviewed exemplary materials for classroom use and pedagogical improvement. While METEC serves technology educators at all levels, this session may be of particular use to new educators trying to avoid reinventing the wheel.
Effects of accumulated tissue cholesterol on bile acid metabolism in hypophysectomized rats and hamsters

Abstract The effects of accumulated tissue cholesterol concentrations on bile acid half-lives, pool sizes and excretion rates were studied in normal and hypophysectomized rats, and hamsters. High tissue cholesterol concentrations caused decreased bile acid half-lives in both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Total bile acid pool sizes remained static in both types of rats. In normal rats, there was a decrease in the cholic acid and a compensating increase in the chenodeoxycholic acid pool size. No change was observed in hypophysectomized rat pool spectra. Bile acid synthesis rates increased in both hypophysectomized and normal rats in response to elevated tissue cholesterol. Hamster bile acid net synthesis was unchanged by accumulated cholesterol, because an increase in the cholic acid half-life was compensated for by an increase in cholic acid pool size, and the chenodeoxycholic half-life and pool size were static. The relationship of these findings to comparative rates of tissue cholesterol accumulation in the three animals fed diets supplemented with cholesterol is discussed.
Thinking for Speaking about Motion: L1 and L2 Speech and Gesture.

It has been claimed that speakers of Spanish and English have different patterns of thinking for speaking about motion both linguistically and gesturally (Stam 1998; McNeill and Duncan 2000; McNeill 2000; Kellerman and van Hoof 2003; Neguerela et al. 2004). For example, Spanish speakers' path gestures tend to occur with path verbs, while English speakers tend to occur with satellites (adverbs or prepositions) and verbs + satellites. What happens when Spanish speakers learn English, where do their gestures occur? Also, what do their gestures tell us that their speech alone does not? To investigate these questions, this study examines the use of 'path' gestures in motion event narrations of a group of native Spanish speakers, a group of native English speakers, and two groups of Spanish learners of English (intermediate and advanced). L2 learners' gestures revealed L1 thinking for speaking patterns with grammatically correct and fluent L2 speech.
Suppression of the Josephson critical current by quantum electrodynamic Nyquist noise

Abstract A weak link between two bulk superconductors is considered in models with a linear passive shunt impedance. The quantum electrodynamic Nyquist voltage noise in the shunt impedance acts to strongly suppress the critical current in the ultra-low temperature limit.
Microstructural Analysis and Nanoindentation Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Parts From Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

In this study, the microstructure analysis and nanoindentation characterization from electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) were experimentally investigated. Specimens with different build heights of an EBAM built part were tested for microstructure observations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The correspondent Young’s modulus and hardness were measured by nanoindentation. Columnar prior β structure is found along the build direction from the X-plane, while the Z-plane is characterized by equiaxed grains and fine Widmanstatten (α+β) structure. The microstructure varies along the build height: the top layers present finer columnar prior β grains and inside Widmanstatten (α+β) structure, while the bottom layers show bigger percentage of α′ martensitic phase owing to the very high cooling rate. Nanoindentation tests identify the highest Young’s modulus of 127.9 GPa and hardness of 6.5 GPa from the top layers of Z-plane. The Young’s modulus and hardness of the middle layers are lower because of the repeated heating. The Z-plane shows higher mechanical properties compared to that of the X-plane. The enhancement of modulus and hardness of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy could be attributed to the strengthening phase of α′ and fine microstructure.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Pitzer model for the speciation of lead chloride and carbonate complexes in natural waters

Abstract The speciation of lead in the environment is extremely important in determining its behavior and fate in natural waters. Speciation calculations rely on accurate formation constants, which are often scarce. The constants for Lead Chloride complexes are fairly well known in a wide variety of media, but lead carbonate values are rare and somewhat uncertain. We determined the stoichiometric formation constant (β PbCO3 ) of lead carbonate in NaCl solutions from 0.05 to 3.0 m at 25 °C. The thermodynamic formation constant (K PbCO3 ) was obtained using a Pitzer model (logK PbCO3 = 6.87 ± 0.09). The known thermodynamic and stoichiometric formation constants of PbCl n 2-n in HCl, NaCl, NaClO 4 , MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 , published PbCO 3 values in NaClO 4 , and our new PbCO 3 values in NaCl are fit to a Pitzer model to determine the Pitzer coefficients for PbCl + , PbCl 2 , PbCl 3 - , and PbCO 3 . Using this model the speciation of lead can be determined in a wide variety of media relevant to natural waters, including brines and seawater. Calculations of seawater speciation show general agreement with previously published estimates.
Sexual behavior in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, and comparative notes on sexual behavior of other scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The majority of pairs of Popillia japonica follow the same sequence of sexual behaviors: The male approaches the female, mounts her, intromits, withdraws his genitalia, and remains mounted on her. “Mounted courtship,” that is, courtship exhibited while a male is mounted on the female, also occurs in this beetle. The mean duration of copulation was 132.5 sec for 33 pairs. The leg positions of P. japonica males mounted on females were generally consistent among individuals but varied considerably from those of other scarabs. Males remained mounted on females for up to 2 hr after copulation. Popillia japonica is polygamous in the laboratory and exhibits homosexual behavior. Males comprised 60% of field-collected adults. Sexual and related behaviors, sex ratios, and mating systems are variable in the Scarabaeidae.
Fiber optic probe for primary zone fuel distribution measurements in actual liquid-fueled gas turbine combustors

A laser induced fluorescence (LIF)-based optical fiber probe has been developed for spatially and temporally resolved measurements of the equivalence ratio in actual gas turbine combustors. By using the probe to simultaneously detect laser induced fluorescence and Mie-scattering, its applicability has been extended to liquid-fueled combustors. The probe has been tested in a simple flow system consisting of a four-inch diameter flow tube with a spray nozzle at the center and Jet-A as the fuel. PDPA measurements are made to correlate the Mie-scattering signal with the number density of liquid droplets. The results indicate that the probe can be used for qualitative characterization of liquid fuel vaporization, and that quantitative measurement of fuel vapor concentration in liquid-fueled gas turbine combustion is possible with calibration of the temperature dependence of the fluorescence.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Suppression of microtubule dynamic instability by the +TIP protein EB1 and its modulation by the CAP-Gly domain of p150glued.

The EB1+TIP protein family and its binding partners track growing plus ends of microtubules in cells and are thought to regulate their dynamics. Here we determined the effects of EB1 and the N-terminal CAP-Gly domain (p150n) of one of its major binding partners, p150Glued, both separately and together, on the dynamic instability parameters at plus ends of purified steady-state microtubules. With EB1 alone, the shortening rate, the extent of shortening, and the catastrophe frequency were suppressed in the absence of significant effects on the growth rate or rescue frequency. The effects of EB1 on dynamics were significantly different when p150n was added together with EB1. The rate and extent of shortening and the catastrophe frequency were suppressed 3−4 times more strongly than with EB1 alone. In addition, the EB1−p150n complex increased the rescue frequency and the mean length the microtubules grew, parameters that were not significantly affected by EB1 alone. Similarly, deletion of EB1's C-terminal tai...
User modeling for individuals with disabilities: a pilot study of word prediction

We are developing user models that predict how a word prediction system affects performance on a text entry task for individuals with disabilities. In this paper we describe the instrumentation, test-bed software and analytic methods that we are using to collect pilot data.
Leader Authenticity: Key to Organizational Climate, Health and Perceived Leader Effectiveness

A revised Leader Authenticity Scale was designed for use in determining the authenticity of both educational leaders and leaders outside of educational settings. The initial Leader Authenticity Scale had focused on ascertaining a school principal's authenticity as perceived by the school's faculty and staff. A Staff Authenticity Scale, derived from a Teacher Authenticity Scale and designed for use in educational and non-educational organizations, was also developed and tested. Leader and staff authenticity were related as predicted to organizational health, organizational climate, and leader effectiveness. A causal model predicting organizational health and organizational climate from leader authenticity and staff authenticity was constructed.
Sensitivity calculations in PDF modelling of turbulent flames

Abstract In modelling turbulent combustion, it is desirable to know the sensitivities of the predictions to certain parameters. Recently, a method for calculating particle-level sensitivities in PDF modelling of turbulent combustion has been described by Ren and Pope [1]. In this work, we develop a methodology for the efficient calculation of these particle-level sensitivities using in situ adaptive tabulation. In addition, PDF calculations with sensitivities of the Cabra H2/N2 jet flame are performed to investigate the sensitivities of the predictions to certain important parameters. The accuracy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by comparing its prediction of sensitivities with those obtained by divided difference. For the Cabra flame, the sensitivities confirm that the predictions are extremely sensitive to the coflow temperature: the sensitivities to coflow temperature are about 10 times larger than those to chemistry, and about 100 times larger than those to the mixing model constant. The particle-level sensitivities show that, at the flame base, strong chemical reactions start at in very fuel-lean region, which indicates that this region is important to the stabilization of the flame. The sensitivities also indicate the physical regions where the effects of different parameters are significant. Further insights are obtained by investigating the compositions and the sensitivity vectors in the composition space. The most sensitive particles are found to lie close to a saddle-shaped two-dimensional manifold, and the sensitivity vectors are generally tangential to the manifold. The singular value decomposition of the sensitivity matrices reveals that there is only one significant singular value and hence there is a dominant direction of the response to a change in the sensitivity parameters considered. Similarities in particle sensitivities are also illustrated. Similar PDF calculations (with sensitivities) of the Barlow and Frank flame F are reported in the Supplementary material .
Thermal analysis and crystallinity study of cellulose nanofibril-filled polypropylene composites

The isothermal and non-isothermal decompositions of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)-filled polypropylene (PP) composites were evaluated and compared with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-filled composites by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TG). X-ray diffraction was employed to evaluate crystallinity of the composites. The degree of maximum thermal degradation (ultimate DTG peak value) increased and thermal degradation onset temperature decreased as the cellulose content increased because the thermal stability of cellulose fillers is lower than that of neat PP, but the thermal degradation of the composite was hindered at higher temperature conditions because of the increased residual mass content of the cellulose nanofibril fillers compared to the matrix polymer. The isothermal residual mass of the cellulose nanofibril-filled PP composites under melt blending and injection molding temperatures was decreased marginally by incorporation of the cellulose reinforcement but still exhibited considerable isothermal stability. The raw materials and composites examined in this study were not affected by the manufacturing process temperatures utilized to produce the composites. The MCC decreased the composite crystallinity while the nano-sized cellulose (CNF and MFC) did not appear to have an effect on crystallinity.
Horizontal Transfer of a Plant Transposon

The majority of well-documented cases of horizontal transfer between higher eukaryotes involve the movement of transposable elements between animals. Surprisingly, although plant genomes often contain vast numbers of these mobile genetic elements, no evidence of horizontal transfer of a nuclear-encoded transposon between plant species has been detected to date. The most mutagenic known plant transposable element system is the Mutator system in maize. Mu-like elements (MULEs) are widespread among plants, and previous analysis has suggested that the distribution of various subgroups of MULEs is patchy, consistent with horizontal transfer. We have sequenced portions of MULE transposons from a number of species of the genus Setaria and compared them to each other and to publicly available databases. A subset of these elements is remarkably similar to a small family of MULEs in rice. A comparison of noncoding and synonymous sequences revealed that the observed similarity is not due to selection at the amino acid level. Given the amount of time separating Setaria and rice, the degree of similarity between these elements excludes the possibility of simple vertical transmission of this class of MULEs. This is the first well-documented example of horizontal transfer of any nuclear-encoded genes between higher plants.