cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field-theory treatment of the pp→dπ+ reaction☆

Abstract A field-theoretic treatment of the pp→d π + reaction is presented. Qualitative agreement with the experimental total cross sections and angular distributions is obtained in a model which uses neither a fundamental cutoff in the π-nucleon interaction, nor a ρ-exchange between nucleons.
Modeling and Prediction of Cutting Noise in the Face-Milling Process

A cutting noise prediction model is developed to relate the cutter-workpiece vibrations to the sound pressure field around the cutter in the high-speed face-milling process. The cutter-workpiece vibration data are obtained from a dynamic mechanistic face-milling force simulation model. The total noise predicted, based on both cutting noise and aerodynamic noise prediction, compares well to the noise observed experimentally in the face-milling process. Using the model, the effects of various machining and cutter geometry parameters are studied. It is shown that cutter geometry, machine dynamics, and cutting speed all play important roles in determining overall noise in face milling.
Light generation in a sonic-scattering layer

Abstract 1. 1. Luminescence at the depth of the sonic-scattering layer in the San Diego Trough has been recorded at various times of day and night with a telerecording bathyphotometer. The mean intensity of the luminescent flashes recorded is remarkably constant at a value near 1·1 × 10 −4 microwatts per square centimetre throughout the diurnal cycle. The mean frequency of flashes varies widely, being least (10 to 24 per minute) at midday, greatest (42 per minute) during the twilight migration of the sonic-scattering layer, and at an intermediate level (32 per minute) during the night. 2. 2. The colour of the luminescence from the sonic-scattering layer has been determined by using interference filters with the photometer. The independence of the light generated at depth from that incident on the sea surface ahs been established by a comparison of colours of the two. The that incident on the sea surface has been established by a comparison of the colours of the two. The luminescence from the scattering layer is blue-green; the emission is maximal near 478 mμ. 3. 3. Laboratory determinations have been made of the intensity and spectral distribution of the luminescence of two species, Euphausia pacifica and Pyrosoma atlantica , present in the water on the night when scattering-layer luminescence was measured. The emission spectra of both forms are bimodal. The primary peak of Euphausia pacifica luminescence is at about 476 mμ, and the secondary is near 520 mμ. The primary peak of Pyrosoma atlantica luminescence is near 482 mμ, and the secondary is near 525 mμ. The intensities of luminescence of both organisms are compatible with the range of intensities encountered in the mesurements of light generated in the sonic-scattering layer. 4. 4. The problems presented to the oceanographer and the biologist by the introduction of bioluminescence records are discussed, and the situation of Euphausia pacifica in particular is considered. The depth distribution of this euphausiid in the San Diego Trough is thought to be photoregulated and associated with the 1 × 10 −4 microwatt per square centimetre isolume. At the same time the animal is apparently stimulating itself at intervals with light of a colour to which it should, by virtue of its photosensitive eye pigment, be most sensitive. The intensity of this intermittent stimulation is ten to one hundred times that of the constant environmental illumination with which Euphausia pacifica is oriented throughout the diurnal cycle.
Neurophysin‐neurohypophyseal hormone interactions: studies using dansylated vasotocin analogue

We have synthesized a neurohypophyseal hormone analogue containing an extrinsic fluorescence probe by linking a dansyl (DNS) group to the epsilon-amino group of the lysine at residue 8 of vasotocin. The fluorescence properties of this analogue have been characterized by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods and compared with those of epsilon-DNS-lysine and the dansylated carboxyl terminal tripeptide Pro-Lys(DNS)-GlyNH2. The binding of this hormone analogue to purified isoforms of bovine neurophysins, the natural carrier proteins of the neurohypophyseal hormones, results in changes in several fluorescence parameters of the dansyl probe. These changes include an increase in intensity and average lifetime, a shift of the emission band to higher energies, and an increase in the emission anisotropy. Anisotropy changes have been used to determine dissociation constants for binding to these neurophysin isoforms. Based on the changes in the fluorescence properties of the dansyl probe, the dansyl group itself interacts with the protein. The degree of the dansyl-neurophysin interaction, however, appears to be different for the full sequence isoform of neurophysin I and the Val89 isoform of neurophysin II.
Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Surface Acoustic Wave Devices in CMOS Technology

Finite element modeling (FEM) and performance analysis of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices that are developed in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is presented. A detailed 3-D model with 18 CMOS layers and a structured FE analysis methodology are laid out to extract the acoustic behavior of the substrate and the piezoelectric material of interest, ZnO. The model represents the 0.5- μm AMIS three-metal, two-poly process that is used to fabricate CMOS-SAW devices. A three-step analysis that encompasses modal, harmonic, and transient simulations is detailed. Experimental characterization results for the fabricated CMOS-SAW devices with operating frequency of 322.7 MHz show close agreement with the FE simulations with 0.8% and 17% deviations for operation frequency and 3-dB bandwidth, respectively. FEM results also show -6% deviations for maximum rejection bandwidth when compared to the SAW equivalent-circuit-based crossed-field model. Displacement, stress, and strain maps for wave propagation, induced voltage distribution, and phase responses are also presented. The results demonstrate that commercial FEM toolsets can provide valuable insight into understanding acoustoelectric interactions and wave characteristics. Moreover, they can readily be used for accurate design parameter extraction and reliable simulation of SAW device performance in general.
The ISPD global routing benchmark suite

This paper describes the ISPD global routing benchmark suite and related contests. Total 16 global routing benchmarks are produced from the ISPD placement contest benchmark suite using a variety of publicly available academic placement tools. The representative characteristics of the ISPD global routing benchmark suite include multiple metal layers with layer assignment requirement, wire and via width/space modeling, and macro porosity modeling. The benchmarks have routable nets from 200 thousand 1.6 million. While primarily intended for global routing, they can be certainly extended for detailed routing or routing congestion estimation. In conjunction with the previous ISPD placement contest benchmark suite, the new global routing benchmarks will present realistic and challenging physical design problems of modern complex IC designs
Glipizide stimulates sympathetic outflow in diabetes-prone mice.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine if the oral hypoglycemic agent glipizide influenced sympathetic outflow in diabetes-prone mice. C57BL/6 (diabetes-prone) and diabetes-resistant (A/J) were treated with saline or glipizide, and sympathetic outflow determined by the fall in organ norepinephrine content after synthesis inhibition with α -methyl-para-tyrosine. Sympathetic outflow to the liver and pancreas were slower in B1/6 mice than in control A/J. Glipizide increased sympathetic outflow to the pancreas in both strains of mice, but did not influence outflow to other organs significantly. The results of this study suggest that glipizide can influence central glucoregulatory mechanisms after peripheral administration.
Missense and nonsense suppressors derived from a glycine tRNA by nucleotide insertion and deletion in vivo

Beginning with a missense suppressor tRNA and a nonsense suppressor tRNA, both in Escherichia coli and each containing an extra nucleotide in the anticodon loop, we generated new suppressors in vivo by spontaneous deletion of specific nucleotides from the anticodon loop. In one experiment, the new suppressor was generated by a double mutational event, base substitution and nucleotide deletion. A novel ochre suppressor is also described. It is very efficient in nonsense suppression but has no ms2i6 modification of the A residue on the 3′ side of the anticodon. The results have important implications for tRNA structure-function relationships, tRNA recognition by tRNA-modifying enzymes, mechanisms of deletion mutation, and tRNA evolution.
Procedures for the production and separation of H and M antigens in histoplasmin: chemical and serological properties of the isolated products.

Two strains of Histoplasma capsulatum were required to prepare maximum yields of H and of M antigen from histoplasmin. The antigens were separated and partially purified by a series of procedures yielding an overall recovery of 70 to 90% of the individual antigens. Stable products suitable for use as reference products were obtained when the final purification step employed DEAE-cellulose with phosphate buffer elution at increasing molarity and decreasing pH. A final step of purification of each antigen with slab acrylamide gel electrophoresis gave products which were highly reactive and specific in a variety of serological tests with sera from persons with proven cases of histoplasmosis and with natural infections of heterologous deep mycoses. These antigens were maximally active at concentrations of 2 to 16 μg protein in the complement fixation, capillary precipitin, microimmunodiffusion, or immunoelectrophoresis tests; 0.5 μg gave a maximum delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in homologously infected animals and caused no appreciable reaction in control animals. Although these antigens appeared to be specific when tested with sera from persons with natural infections, the M and H antigens demonstrated the presence of an additional antigen reacting with sera of rabbits immunized with cell membrane and cell particulate fractions of Blastomyces dermatitidis. After purification by electrophoresis, both the H and M antigens of some preparations showed some decomposition and loss of reactivity after storage at 5 C for more than six months. The overall results suggest that the purified H and M antigens of Heiner (12) have multiple serological reactivity and may function in precipitin reactions, complementfixing reactions, hemagglutination of formalin-fixed goose red blood cells, and as antigens for delayed cutaneous tests.
Preliminary evaluation of a two-interval, two-alternative infant behavioral testing procedure

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of an observer-based, two-interval forced-choice infant psychophysical testing procedure. Ten of 11 infants (7–9 months of age) achieved a criterion of 80%-correct detection of a 50-dB sound pressure level noise band in a single testing session. Fewer trials were needed to reach criterion using the two-interval procedure than previously reported for the single-interval observer-based psychophysical procedure [Olsho, Koch, Halpin, and Carter (1987). Devel. Psychol. 23, 627–640]. These results provide preliminary evidence that the two-interval procedure is feasible and efficient while controlling for observer and listener response bias.
A Two-dimensional crack problem

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the distribution of stress in the neighborhood of a crack in an infinitely long elastic strip. Throughout, we assume that the equations of the classical theory of elasticity hold. Two types of boundary value problems are considered. First, we assume that the edges of the strip are given a uniform displacement e and then we consider the case where the free edges of the strip are pulled by a uniform tension p. By the use of Fourier transforms we reduce the problem to solving a single Fredholm equation of the second kind. Analytical expressions up to the order of δ −6 , where δ denotes the thickness of the strip and is much greater than 1, are derived for the shape of the deformed crack and for the crack energy.
Nonradiative properties of Nd3+-doped fluoride glasses

Abstract Intrinsic nonradiative properties of Nd3+ in six representative fluoride glasses were investigated. Both neodymium concentration quenching and multiphonon decay are dependent on the host matrix. For the fluoride systems studied, however, the concentration quenching behavior did not vary as the host composition changed. The observed quadratic dependence of decay rate on Nd concentration follows the Forster-Dexter model.
A new algorithm for the calculation of transitive dependences

Program slicing can be used to aid in a variety of software maintenance activities including code understanding, code testing, debugging, and program re-engineering. Program slicing (as well as other program analysis functions including ripple analysis) can be efficiently performed on an internal program representation called a system dependence graph (SDG). This paper will describe a new method for calculating transitive dependencies in the presence of recursion. This method requires neither the (explicit) calculation of the GMOD and GREF sets nor the construction of a linkage grammar and the corresponding subordinate characteristic graphs of the linkage grammar's nonterminals. Additionally, a beneficial side effect of this method is that it provides us with a new method for performing interprocedural, flow-sensitive data flow analysis. Finally, this paper will illustrate the versatility of the SDG as an internal program representation by briefly describing a tool that we have developed that permits slicing, dicing, ripple analysis, and other static analysis functions to be performed on programs written in a subset of ANSI C (e.g., C without gotos and pointers).
Hybrid Wavefront Sensor for Strong Turbulence

This research presents results of wave optics simulations that compare the performance of Shack-Hartmann, interferometric, and hybrid wavefront sensors in weak and strong turbulence.
Teachers in Class.

In this article, I argue for a closer read of the daily “class work” of teachers, as posited by Reay, 1998. In developing exploratory class portraits of four teachers who occupy distinctive social positions (two from working-class homes now teaching upper-middle-class children and two from upper-middle-class homes now teaching poor children), I explore the class constraints within which teachers work.
The effect of salyrgan and lanthanum on the calcium-pump in the oyster Crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. 1. Lateral ciliary activity was studied in whole ctenidial preparations in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica . 2. 2. It has been previously demonstrated by the author that the lateral cilia are under the control of axons present in the branchial nerve and that serotonin (5-HT) is the released neurocilioexcitatory neurotransmitter. 3. 3. This study confirms the above findings and in addition demonstrates that perfusates containing salyrgan (calcium-ATPase poison) in the presence of external calcium, in the various test salinities, is cilioinhibitory. The latter effect was reduced in the presence of the calcium chelator, EGTA. 4. 4. The addition of lanthanum to the salyrgan perfusate enhances the cilioinhibitory response of the latter, presumably by binding in an irreversible manner to calcium channels within the lateral ciliated cell membrane. This functions to more effectively stop the calcium-pump. 5. 5. It is postulated that salyrgan brings about an increase in the intracellular calcium pool within the lateral ciliated cell by poisoning the calcium-pump. This is further exacerbated in the presence of lanthanum and in the absence of the neurocilioexcitatory transmitter in the cut branchial nerve preparations. The latter presumably functions as a calcium-pump activator.
Feedback control and the concept of homeostasis

Abstract The maintenance of life requires a steady-state internal environment that must be held relatively constant within carefully prescribed limits. Feedback control mechanisms that provide this type of restraint work through homeostatic regulators that transmit information through a corresponding syntax that is uniquely their own. The language is coded into electromagnetic information that is of a reference nature (genetic, adaptive or conditioned), sensory (informative) or motor (causative), and which is transmitted as action potentials that have a functional dependence on the error signal and a parametric dependence on the disturbing signal. The analysis of homeostasis within the context of feedback control theory reduces seemingly complex, unrelated sequences of physiologic processes into more readily identifiable sets of common denominators that illucidate some basic principles of biologic function. Appropriate interpretation of these biologic principles may help us move closer to success in our efforts to improve the health, comfort and understanding of man. This is because the specific details of complex physiologic processes may be viewed as simply special cases (or different sets of boundary conditions) of a unified guiding theory.
Increase in Sodium Conductance Decreases Firing Rate and Gain in Model Neurons

We studied the effects of increased sodium conductance on firing rate and gain in two populations of conductance-based, single-compartment model neurons. The first population consisted of 1000 model neurons with differing values of seven voltage-dependent conductances. In many of these models, increasing the sodium conductance three-fold unexpectedly reduced the firing rate and divisively scaled the gain at high input current. In the second population, consisting of 1000 simplified model neurons, we found that enhanced sodium conductance changed the frequency-current (FI) curve in two computationally distinct ways, depending on the firing rate. In these models, increased sodium conductance produced a subtractive shift in the FI curve at low firing rates because the additional sodium conductance allowed the neuron to respond more strongly to equivalent input current. In contrast, at high input current, the increase in sodium conductance resulted in a divisive change in the gain because the increased conductance produced a proportionally larger activation of the delayed rectifier potassium conductance. The control and sodium-enhanced FI curves intersect at a point that delimits two regions in which the same biophysical manipulation produces two fundamentally different changes to the model neuron's computational properties. This suggests a potentially difficult problem for homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability.
Understanding "post-AIDS survivor syndrome": a record of personal experiences.

With the introduction of protease inhibitors and combination therapies, and the dramatic health improvements related to these drugs, psychologists expected to see dramatic improvement in HIV-infected persons with regard to their feelings of hopelessness and depression. Several months after the Vancouver conference in 1996, a curious phenomenon was noted. The clinical manifestations included an initial phase of excitement and hope. Then, as patients began to deal with the psychological changes involved in planning a future rather than a funeral, many began (unconsciously or not) to become noncompliant with their medications. In Dallas, physicians validated this phenomenon, some reporting up to 75% noncompliance rates. This article will address the change from a terminally ill person to one that is chronically ill, and the psychological, social, and existential changes that occur during this shift in identity. It will specifically focus on the fears involved with losing support, disability income, having to...
Aberrant expression of the constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in Alzheimer disease.

Neuritic pathology is a major neuroanatomical correlate of dementia in Alzheimer disease (AD). Nitric oxide (NO) is linked to neuritic growth and synaptic plasticity. Expression of one of the enzymes responsible for NO synthesis, the constitutive endothelial NO synthase (ceNOS), was investigated in brains of AD and Down syndrome patients using RNase protection assays,in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. In end-stage AD, ceNOS expression was reduced in cortical neurons, and the enzyme was aberrantly translocated to membranes of proliferated swollen or collapsed neuritic processes. In addition, ceNOS expression was strikingly increased in glial cells characterized mainly as protoplasmic (Type 2) astrocytes, which are responsible for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cell processes in the CNS. In Down syndrome, similar abnormalities emerged by the third decade, preceding the cognitive decline and establishment of CERAD criteria for AD, indicating that aberrant ceNOS expression occurs early in the course of neurodegeneration. The results suggest that aberrant ceNOS translocation and gene regulation may have important roles in the pathogenesis of AD neuritic pathology.
Improved variational wave functions for simple quantum liquids

Abstract We review variational calculations with a Jastrow wave function and show they are inadequate to calculate the zero-temperature equation of state E ( ρ ) for liquid helium. The importance of the Feynman-Cohen backflow around a moving particle is then discussed, and a variational wave function incorporating backflow is proposed. Results with this wave function are discussed for 3 He, 4 He and the v 2 potential model of nuclear matter. In both 4 He and 3 He the new wave function gives an energy and equilibrium density much closer to the experimental values than the Jastrow form. In the v 2 model the addition of the backflow terms to the Jastrow correlation lowers the energy by 2–3 MeV. Spin-isospin correlations can simulate the state dependence of the backflow correlation at small momenta. However, at nuclear-matter densities they can produce only about half of the lowering due to backflow.
Comparison of stationary phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography based upon ionic liquid motifs: a study of cation and anion effects.

A class of stationary phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), referred to as immobilized ionic liquids (IILs), is evaluated with a two-part study: (1) a cation effect study and (2) an anion effect study. The former study compares six different IILs (tripropylphosphonium, tributylphosphonium, methyl-imidazolium, benzyl-imidazolium, triphenylphosphonium, and 4,4′-bipyridyl) on silica gel, evaluating their performance in SFC with all the counter anions as trifluoroacetate (TFA−). In the latter study, the stationary phase consisted of a bonded tributylphosphonium cation and varying counter anions (acetate, TFA−, chloride, NTf2−, and perchlorate). An order of retentivity was established for the cation effect study, and the favorable behavior of phosphonium-based stationary phases is reported for the first time in SFC. It was not possible to always assign a retentivity order for the anion effect study, but wide variations in selectivity are noted for different anions showing the tunable nature of this class of stationary phases.
Extended Golomb codes for binary Markov sources

Summary form only given. Elementary Golomb codes have been widely used for compressing correlated binary sources. We study the theoretical bit-rate performance of two different Golomb coding methods on binary Markov sources: the sequential coding method, and the interleaved coding method. Although the theoretical bit-rate performance for these codes on on i.i.d. sources is known, to the best of our knowledge, theoretical performance results for elementary Golomb codes on correlated Markov sources have not been published.
Toll-like receptors and atherosclerosis: oxidized LDL as an endogenous Toll-like receptor ligand.

The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis suggests that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a prerequisite for LDL atherogenicity. Recent studies demonstrate that upon oxidative modification, LDL becomes enriched with pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by natural (inborn) antibodies and innate immune receptors. This review focuses on recent findings showing that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) – which sense microbial pathogens and initiate immediate inflammatory responses – are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition to the data that bacterial agonists of TLR4 and TLR2 accelerate atherosclerosis, new evidence suggests that minimally oxidized LDL and specific oxidized phospholipids signal via TLRs to induce cytoskeletal changes and inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages and endothelial cells. Identifying the signaling mechanisms by which oxidized LDL induces chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions may lead to novel therapeu...
Maximizing the Natriuretic Peptide System in Experimental Heart Failure Subcutaneous Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Acute Vasopeptidase Inhibition

Background— A hallmark of congestive heart failure (CHF) is the elevation of the cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs), which have natriuretic, renin-inhibiting, vasodilating, and lusitropic propertie...
Unfolding of Titin Immunoglobulin Domains by Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Titin, a 1-microm-long protein found in striated muscle myofibrils, possesses unique elastic and extensibility properties in its I-band region, which is largely composed of a PEVK region (70% proline, glutamic acid, valine, and lysine residue) and seven-strand beta-sandwich immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains. The behavior of titin as a multistage entropic spring has been shown in atomic force microscope and optical tweezer experiments to partially depend on the reversible unfolding of individual Ig domains. We performed steered molecular dynamics simulations to stretch single titin Ig domains in solution with pulling speeds of 0.5 and 1.0 A/ps. Resulting force-extension profiles exhibit a single dominant peak for each Ig domain unfolding, consistent with the experimentally observed sequential, as opposed to concerted, unfolding of Ig domains under external stretching forces. This force peak can be attributed to an initial burst of backbone hydrogen bonds, which takes place between antiparallel beta-strands A and B and between parallel beta-strands A' and G. Additional features of the simulations, including the position of the force peak and relative unfolding resistance of different Ig domains, can be related to experimental observations.
Ordered Families of Distributions

A comparison is made of several definitions of ordered sets of distributions, some of which were introduced earlier by the author [7], [8] and by Rubin [10]. These definitions attempt to make precise the intuitive notion that large values of the parameter which labels the distributions go together with large values of the random variables themselves. Of the various definitions discussed the combination of two, (B) and (C) of Section 2, appears to be statistically most meaningful. In Section 3 it is shown that this ordering implies monotonicity for the power function of sequential probability ratio tests. In Section 4 the results are applied to obtaining tests that give a certain guaranteed power with a minimum number of observations. Finally, in Section 5, certain consequences are derived regarding the comparability of experiments in the sense of Blackwell [1].
Informal Foundations of Constructive Mathematics

The reader of this chapter is presumed to have some familiarity with the practice of constructive mathematics, acquired for example by studying the first half of either Bishop [1967] or Bridges [1979], together with the preceding chapter of this book. He or she will then be in a position to reflect fruitfully on the foundations of the subject. Every approach to the foundations of mathematics begins by analyzing the fundamental notions that occur again and again in the actual mathematics, and in terms of which the mathematics can be understood.
A CCD image sensor frame grabber

A system interface is described for a specific CCD image sensor that digitizes and collects the image from the sensor for storage in a personal computer. The output of the CCD image sensor is fed through an 8-bit flash analog-to-digital convertor and stored in a buffer memory. During the next integration period the image is loaded into the computer and processed. The system allows the imager to utilize the full silicon area and eliminates the need for mechanical shutters normally required to use CCD sensors of this type. >
Interface slip between two half-planes caused by a steadily moving force

A computationally simple problem is devised to study the behavior of steadily moving slip zones. Results are presented graphically.
Efficient Parsing for Transducer Grammars

The tree-transducer grammars that arise in current syntactic machine translation systems are large, flat, and highly lexicalized. We address the problem of parsing efficiently with such grammars in three ways. First, we present a pair of grammar transformations that admit an efficient cubic-time CKY-style parsing algorithm despite leaving most of the grammar in n-ary form. Second, we show how the number of intermediate symbols generated by this transformation can be substantially reduced through binarization choices. Finally, we describe a two-pass coarse-to-fine parsing approach that prunes the search space using predictions from a subset of the original grammar. In all, parsing time reduces by 81%. We also describe a coarse-to-fine pruning scheme for forest-based language model reranking that allows a 100-fold increase in beam size while reducing decoding time. The resulting translations improve by 1.3 BLEU.
Obstetrician/Gynecologist Care Considerations: Practice Changes in Disease Management with an Aging Patient Population:

Demographic changes across the country are leading to an increased proportion of older Americans. This shift will likely lead to changes in the patient population seen by obstetrician/gynecologists, and practices may need to adapt to the needs of older women. This article looks at mental health, sexual health, bone loss, cardiovascular disease and cancer as areas in which obstetrician/gynecologists may experience changes with the increasing age of patients. While this is by no means a comprehensive list of changing areas of practice, it offers a guide for reflecting on the future of obstetrician/gynecologists training, and the importance of considering the needs of older patients in practice.
Detecting Roles and Anomalies in Hospital Access Audit Logs

There is significant risk in denying access to a healthcare provider who seeks to examine a patient's medical record. For this reason, hospital access control systems are generally based on optimistic security in which providers are given broad permissions; accountability through audit then becomes the primary means to detect and react to policy violations. Hospital audit logs are too large to audit manually so models and automation are needed to support accountability. In this talk I will present results of research on balancing access controls with audit in medical record systems and discuss broader implications for other areas. Key goals involve using audit logs to understand roles and workflows to develop reliable anomaly detection and safe access controls. This work is based on collaboration with Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, the Johns Hopkins hospital system, the Illinois Office of Health Information Technology, and others. Topics include experience-based access management, role prediction, role evolution, topic models from machine learning, graph-based models from operations research, and formal models of policy.
Stochastic Reduced Order Modeling of Deterministic Systems

A novel approach to reduced order modeling is given. "Artificial" noise is introduced to reflect uncertainties in the reduced model, and a performance measure is associated to validate the approach. Connections with LQG design are discussed.
Bacillus anthracis Multiplication, Persistence, and Genetic Exchange in the Rhizosphere of Grass Plants

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is known for its rapid proliferation and dissemination in mammalian hosts. In contrast, little information exists regarding the lifestyle of this important pathogen outside of the host. Considering that Bacillus species, including close relatives of B. anthracis, are saprophytic soil organisms, we investigated the capacity of B. anthracis spores to germinate in the rhizosphere and to establish populations of vegetative cells that could support horizontal gene transfer in the soil. Using a simple grass plant-soil model system, we show that B. anthracis strains germinate on and around roots, growing in characteristic long filaments. From 2 to 4 days postinoculation, approximately one-half of the B. anthracis CFU recovered from soil containing grass seedlings arose from heat-sensitive organisms, while B. anthracis CFU retrieved from soil without plants consisted of primarily heat-resistant spores. Coinoculation of the plant-soil system with spores of a fertile B. anthracis strain carrying the tetracycline resistance plasmid pBC16 and a selectable B. anthracis recipient strain resulted in transfer of pBC16 from the donor to the recipient as early as 3 days postinoculation. Our findings demonstrate that B. anthracis can survive as a saprophyte outside of the host. The data suggest that horizontal gene transfer in the rhizosphere of grass plants may play a role in the evolution of the Bacillus cereus group species.
PEP as a synchrotron radiation source: status and review

The electron-positron collider, PEP, is a 15-GeV storage ring built and operated for high-energy physics. Two insertion device beam lines are operational, each illuminated by 2-m-long, 77-mm period undulator magnets. In parasitic operation on high-energy-physics runs, they provide photons above 10 keV, with a peak brightness of 10/sup 16/ photons/(s-mm/sup 2/-mrad/sup 2/) within a 0.1% bandwidth. In tests of a low-emittance mode of operation at 7.1 GeV, horizontal emittances of about 5 mm-rad were measured, which is about the same as that planned for the new third generation X-ray sources. At a current of 15 mA at 7.1 GeV, the present undulators deliver photon beams from 2.7 to 14 keV with a peak brightness of about 10/sup 17/. Higher performance can be achieved with longer insertion devices optimized for these energies. Future operation in both parasitic mode and dedicated low emittance mode is planned. >
Is that Adverse Experience Really Expected? Guidelines for Interpreting and Formatting Adverse Experience Information in the United States

What is an “expected” or “labeled” adverse reaction versus an “unexpected” or “unlabeled” adverse event or experience? Unfortunately, present guidelines that assist with this assessment are not well defined, thus creating ambiguity in their interpretation and application. In an attempt to establish a definitive framework for assessing “expectedness “ or “labeledness, “formalized guidelines for interpreting and formatting safety information have been drafted. Although this article is written from a United States regulatory perspective, many of the guidelines can be applied globally.
Importin-β mediates Cdc7 nuclear import by binding to Kinase Insert II, which can be antagonized by importin-α

4899 The Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase (aka, DDK for Dbf4-dependent kinase) functions as a molecular switch connecting cell cycle engine (Cdks) and the replication machinery, and is essential for the activation of DNA replication throughout S phase. However, excessive levels of Cdc7 can elevate mutation rates or cause abnormal cell-cycle arrest, which may lead to genome instability and, eventually, to tumorigenesis. To be functional, both the catalytic Cdc7 and regulatory Dbf4 subunits must be located in the nucleus. The nuclear import of Dbf4 protein is mediated by the classical importin-α/-β pathway. However, it is currently unknown about how Cdc7 is translocated into the nucleus. Since Cdc7 does not contain any known nuclear localization sequence, it was initially suggested that Cdc7 may be imported into the nucleus by Dbf4. However, we and others subsequently found that Cdc7 is nuclear localized even when Dbf4 is not produced. Here, we report that importin-β directly binds to the Kinase insert II domain of human Cdc7, and promotes its nuclear import. Interestingly, both importin-α and -β can bind to Cdc7 through the Kinase Insert II. However, the binding affinity of Cdc7 for the importin-β is considerably higher than for importin-α at low protein concentrations. Immunodepletion of importin-β, but not importin-α, abrogates Cdc7 nuclear import in digitonin-permeabilized cells. Adding purified recombinant importin-β, but not importin-α, to the importin-depleted cytosol restores Cdc7 nuclear import. Furthermore, transduction of anti-importin-β antibodies, but not -importin-α antibodies, into live cells inhibits Cdc7 nuclear import. Most interestingly, we have found that the importin-β mediated Cdc7 nuclear import is inhibited by competitive binding of Cdc7 by importin-α. This inhibition of Cdc7 nuclear import by importin-α is independent of its ability to bind to importin-β. Thus, the role of importin-α in the Cdc7 nuclear localization regulation is exactly opposite to its role in the classical nuclear import of proteins containing a nuclear localization sequence. This paper, for the first time, reports a mechanism of how importin-α can impede importin-β-mediated protein nuclear import.
Interconnection networks: dimensions in design

The interconnection network is the switching fabric responsible for providing communication between all processors in a parallel computer. Much research has been directed towards developing superior interconnection networks, but there is no general agreement that this problem is solved. The speakers for this panel session were asked to address the following question: for a given range of number of commodity high-performance processors (e.g. 256 to 1024) what interconnection network should be used to build a general purpose MIMD parallel machine.
Membership Crime vs. the Right to Assemble

It is commonly accepted that the World War I era hosted the advent of substantive First Amendment speech rights. Contemporary emerging scholarship on the assembly right, in turn, laments the underdevelopment of that right. This Article contributes to that scholarship by retrieving a First Amendment history of the World War I era that focuses on the assembly right, rather than speech. It shows that, contrary to the accepted view, assembly was just as salient a right in that era as speech was because the major cases involved “membership crime” — criminal conspiracy in federal and state courts, and criminal syndicalism at the state level — whose function and purpose was socio-political control of groups. Membership crime generated the substantive First Amendment speech right, but it should have also generated a robust assembly right.
A high-throughput mass spectrometry assay to simultaneously measure intact insulin and C-peptide.

Abstract Background Measurements of fasting levels of insulin and C-peptide are useful in documenting insulin resistance and may help predict development of diabetes mellitus. However, the specific insulin and C-peptide levels associated with specific degrees of insulin resistance have not been defined, owing to marked variability among immunoassays and lack of standardization. Herein, we describe a multiplexed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay for intact insulin and C-peptide. Methods Insulin and C-peptide were enriched from patient sera using monoclonal antibodies immobilized on magnetic beads and processed on a robotic liquid handler. Eluted peptides were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Bovine insulin and a stable isotopically-labeled (13C/15N) C-peptide were utilized as internal standards. Results The assay had an analytical measurement range of 3 to 320 μIU/ml (18 to 1920 pmol/l) for insulin and 0.11 to 27.2 ng/ml (36 to 9006 pmol/l) for C-peptide. Intra- and inter-day assay variation was less than 11% for both peptides. Of the 5 insulin analogs commonly prescribed to treat diabetes, only the recombinant drug insulin lispro caused significant interference for the determination of endogenous insulin. There were no observed interferences for C-peptide. Conclusion We developed and validated a high-throughput, quantitative, multiplexed LC–MS/MS assay for intact insulin and C-peptide.
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning

Previous studies showed that amygdala lesions or inactivation slow the acquisition rate of cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning, a type of associative motor learning. The current study was designed to determine the behavioral nature of amygdala–cerebellum interactions, to identify the neural pathways underlying amygdala–cerebellum interactions, and to examine how the amygdala influences cerebellar learning mechanisms in rats. Pharmacological inactivation of the central amygdala (CeA) severely impaired acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning, indicating that the amygdala continues to interact with the cerebellum after conditioning is consolidated (Experiment 1). CeA inactivation also substantially reduced stimulus-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity in the cerebellar anterior interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2). A very small proportion of cerebellar neurons responded to the conditioned stimulus (CS) during CeA inactivation. Finally, retrograde and anterograde tracing experiments identified the basilar pontine nucleus at the confluence of outputs from CeA that may support amygdala modulation of CS input to the cerebellum (Experiment 3). Together, these results highlight a role for the CeA in the gating of CS-related input to the cerebellum during motor learning that is maintained even after the conditioned response is well learned. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current study is the first to demonstrate that the amygdala modulates sensory-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity within the cerebellum during acquisition and retention of associative learning. The findings suggest a model of amygdala–cerebellum interactions in which the amygdala gates conditioned stimulus inputs to the cerebellum through a direct projection from the medial central nucleus to the basilar pontine nucleus. Amygdala gating of sensory input to the cerebellum may be an attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala–cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established.
Automated Marker Enzyme Analysis of Density Gradient Fractions Using the Cobas-Bio® Centrifugal Analyzer

An automated method for analytical subcellular fractionation which utilizes routinely available reagents and equipment is described. Tissues are fractionated in Percoll density gradients and marker enzyme analysis of gradient fractions is performed with the Cobas-Bio centrifugal analyzer. Manual assays for cytochrome oxidase and protein were adapted for use with the instrument along with commercially available 5'-nucleotidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase assay kits. Crude liver homogenate fractions containing different levels of enzyme activity were used to examine the linearity of the enzyme assays. The assays were shown to be linear at high and low levels of activity. Within-run precision studies using high and low activity liver homogenate pools were also performed, and a coefficient of variation of less than or equal to 5.5% was obtained for all assays. This method was used to analyze subcellular fractions from a Percoll density gradient separation of mouse liver homogenate material. The method allowed for a complete marker analysis, consisting of 96 separate kinetic assays, within 2 hours. The versatility of this method and the ease with which it can be performed should expand the use of analytical subcellular fractionation in the diagnostic laboratory.
An assessment of techniques to manipulate oxidative stress in animals

Summary Physiological ecologists require techniques for controlled oxidative challenges in live animals to facilitate the study of oxidative stress. Techniques for manipulating oxidative stress include agents that increase generation of pro-oxidants, such as paraquat, diquat, radiation, heavy metals, dietary oxidized lipids, and tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, as well as genetic (RNAi) and chemical (buthionine sulfoximine) knock-downs that target specific antioxidants. We critically assess both currently used and potentially useful methods for inducing systemic oxidative challenge in animals. We provide a resource for biologists to select the most robust methods for oxidative challenge in their study system, to improve interpretation of results within the context of cellular mechanisms and to maximize effectiveness of experiments while minimizing unintended side effects. A Lay Summary is available for this article.
Solution Algorithm For Unstructured Grids Using Quadrilateral Subdivision and Hamiltonian Paths

A new approach for achieving discretiztion in unstructured grids is presented in two dimensions. The method entails sub-dividing triangles into quadrilatera and identifying Hamiltonian paths that pass through each of them. It is shown that distinct, nested Hamiltonian paths can be identified for a variety of mesh systems. Discretization is performed using stencil-based operators on the Hamiltonian paths. Approximate factorization methods are used to construct line-implicit inversion operators. Computational tests performed for a few representative cases shows good trends in predictive ability and solution convergence.
Large-plot field studies to assess impacts of newer insecticides on non-target arthropods in Western U.S. orchards

Abstract The non-target impacts of two reduced risk insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, were evaluated for two years in Oregon pear and California walnut orchards. Experiments were conducted in large replicated plots (approximately 0.25–0.4 ha) to assess the impact of these two insecticides on natural enemies of secondary pests when applied against codling moth, Cydia pomonella . Cumulative insect days (CID) of secondary pests and natural enemies were calculated from leaf samples, plant volatile traps, beat trays or cardboard trunk bands. Ratios of natural enemies and prey were also calculated. Results from these field studies demonstrate that applications of chlorantraniliprole can reduce abundance of predatory Neuroptera and that spinetoram negatively impacts parasitic Hymenoptera. However, these trends did not always occur each year. As a percentage among all trials within a crop, there were more treatment differences for natural enemy/prey ratios (50 and 33% for pears and walnut plots, respectively) than for natural enemy CIDs (25 and 13% for pears and walnut plots, respectively). It is likely that unseasonably cool weather during the two years of this study impacted both pest and natural enemy abundance. The intrinsic value of large-plot field studies is discussed.