cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active salt deformation and rapid, transient incision along the Colorado River near Moab, Utah

In certain settings, erosion is driven by and balanced with tectonic uplift, but the evolution of many landscapes is dominated by other factors such as geologic substrate, drainage history, and transient incision. The Colorado Plateau is an example where these controls are debated and where salt deformation is hypothesized to be locally active and driven by differential unloading, although this is unconfirmed and unquantified in most places. We use luminescence-dated Colorado River terraces upstream of Moab, Utah, to quantify rates of salt-driven subsidence and uplift at the local scale. Active deformation in the study area is also supported by patterns of concavity along tributary drainages crossing salt structures. Subsidence in Professor Valley at a time-averaged rate of ~500 m/Myr (meters/million years) is superimposed upon rapid bedrock incision rates that increase from ~600 to ~900 m/Myr upstream through the study area. Such high rates are unexpected given the absence of sources of regional tectonic uplift here. Instead, the incision rate pattern across the greater area is consistent with a transient signal, perhaps still from ancient drainage integration through Grand Canyon far downstream, and then amplified by unloading at both the broad regional scale and at the local canyon scale.
A Chick Bioassay Approach for Determining the Bioavailable Choline Concentration in Normal and Overheated Soybean Meal, Canola Meal and Peanut Meal

Our objectives were to use a soy protein isolate (SPI) diet containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, an inhibitor of choline biosynthesis, to determine the bioavailable choline content of normal and overheated soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) and peanut meal (PM). In the first four experiments, it was determined that weight gain of chicks fed the basal diet would respond linearly (P 0.05) in bioavailable choline concentrations occurred between normal and overheated SBM, CM or PM, and the bioavailable choline concentration of normal SBM, CM and PM was 2002, 1464 and 1320 mg/kg, respectively. Average bioavailable choline levels were 83, 24 and 76% of analytically determined choline levels in SBM, CM and PM, respectively. Canola meal, although three times as rich in total choline as SBM, has less bioavailable choline than SBM. A substantial portion of choline in SBM, CM and PM is unavailable, and overheating does not appear to decrease the bioavailability of choline in these products.
Self-collected vaginal swabs for the detection of multiple sexually transmitted infections in adolescent girls.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use of self-collected vaginal swabs to test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis , and Trichomonas vaginalis , and to describe the acceptability of this technique to adolescents. Design: Comparison of a new protocol for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing with the current standard of care, using the same subjects. Survey of attitudes regarding the self-collection technique. Setting: A juvenile correctional facility in western Pennsylvania. Participants: Convenience sample of 133 detainees, 12–17 years of age. Intervention: Girls were invited to undergo STI screening using a self-collected vaginal swab. Polymerase chain reaction was used to test this specimen for each of the above three infections. Pelvic exams and endocervical testing were performed at the discretion of the physician performing the intake physical, independent of the study. Main Outcome Measures: The number of infections diagnosed using the self-testing protocol, compared to the number diagnosed using standard practices; acceptability of the self-collection technique. Results: Twenty-four percent of sexually active subjects had one or more infections diagnosed by self-testing: 11.3% had C. trachomatis , 8.5% had N. gonorrhoeae , and 11.7% had T. vaginalis . Only 30% of subjects with infections had pelvic exams while detained; therefore 70% of girls with infections would have been missed in the absence of the self-testing option. The self-collection technique was acceptable to 95% of subjects. Conclusions: STI testing using self-collected vaginal specimens is highly acceptable to adolescent girls, and can dramatically increase the detection rate for these three treatable infections when pelvic exams are not performed.
A realistic evaluation of the factor of safety of a bolted bracket

Abstract A bolted bracket is analyzed when it is subjected to a pure bending moment of sufficient intensity to induce first an elastic, then an elastic-plastic, and finally a fully plastic stress distribution within the supporting set of bolts. It is shown that when the bracket is held in place by three equally spaced bolts, it can resist at least 28 per cent more load than a conventional elastic analysis of the problem indicates. This percentage is even larger when more bolts are used. In view of the widely differing results that are obtained by analyzing the problem from the conventional and the proposed points of view, it is suggested that the factor of safety be defined as the ratio of the load-carrying capacity of the unit, computed by including the effect of plastic flow, to the maximum specified external load.
The Clock Paradox

In Minkowski space, a coordinate system can always be chosen so that the straight line (geodesic) joining two events (not on a null line) is either parallel to the time axis or parallel to the space axis. In either case the geodesic has maximum length (time dilatation and Lorentz contraction).
Evidence for immunologic mechanisms in human vitiligo: Patients' sera induce damage to human melanocytes in vitro by complement-mediated damage and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Human vitiligo is a common depigmenting disorder that is often associated with polyendocrinopathies. The etiology of vitiligo is unknown although there is indirect evidence of a strong association between antimelanocyte antibodies in animal and human vitiligo. We report direct evidence that vitiligo patients' sera containing antimelanocyte antibodies can lyse cultured human melanocytes by both complement activation and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Melanocyte cytotoxicity was measured using an ethidium bromide/acridine orange viability assay, after 4 and 16 h incubation with sera from vitiligo patients and from normal controls. Significant melanocyte cytotoxicity was seen with vitiligo patients' sera as an antibody source with both complement-mediated cytotoxicity (p less than 0.01) and ADCC (p less than 0.05) as effector mechanisms. Nine of 11 vitiligo patients' sera produced cytotoxicity by complement-mediated lysis or ADCC. No cytotoxicity was seen using fibroblast targets and vitiligo patients' sera. The lysis of human melanocytes by vitiligo patients' sera by two different effector mechanisms provides direct support for the autoimmune hypothesis of human vitiligo.
Reactions of electrons generated in photolysis of pyrene on silica gel surface

Abstract Photoirradiation of degassed pyrene (Py)/silica gel samples at −196°C induces electron transfer showing Py + . Existence of photogenerated electrons (e tr -− ) is confirmed by the ensuing reactions. Warming the sample initiates a recombination of e tr − with Py + showing thermoluminescence, and introduction of O 2 into the photoirradiated sample leads to the formation of O 2 −. , observed by EPR. The time-resolved studies show short-lived Py + , indicating that most Py + , after initial generation, recombine with e tr − .
Living in a medically underserved county is an independent risk factor for major limb amputation

Objective Despite an increase in the incidence of hospital admissions for comorbid conditions, such as diabetes, the incidence of major limb amputation in North Carolina has decreased. The decline in amputation rate has not been uniformly realized across the state. The objective of this study was to determine the association between major vascular limb amputation and living in an underserved county in North Carolina. Methods We analyzed discharges aged 18 to 100 years old with a peripheral arterial disease (PAD)-related admission from the North Carolina Inpatient Discharge Database from 2006 to 2009. Medically underserved counties are defined by the United States Health Resources and Services Administration as having too few primary care providers, high infant mortality, high poverty, or high elderly population. The association between major amputation prevalence and medically underserved counties was calculated using a binomial regression model adjusted for sex, age, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, PAD, and critical limb ischemia. Each confounder was assessed using backward elimination modeling. Results Among the 222,920 discharges with a PAD-related hospital admission from 2006 to 2009, 8601 (3.9%) were from medically underserved counties. There were 7328 major amputations. The adjusted prevalence odds ratio of the association between underserved counties and major vascular limb amputation is 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.44). None of the confounders significantly affected the association between underserved counties and number of amputations. Conclusions Living in an underserved county in North Carolina is associated with a 29% increase in the odds of undergoing major limb amputation. Gender, age, and comorbidities, including diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and PAD, do not significantly affect the relationship.
Wave optics theory and 3-D deconvolution for the light field microscope

Light field microscopy is a new technique for high-speed volumetric imaging of weakly scattering or fluorescent specimens. It employs an array of microlenses to trade off spatial resolution against angular resolution, thereby allowing a 4-D light field to be captured using a single photographic exposure without the need for scanning. The recorded light field can then be used to computationally reconstruct a full volume. In this paper, we present an optical model for light field microscopy based on wave optics, instead of previously reported ray optics models. We also present a 3-D deconvolution method for light field microscopy that is able to reconstruct volumes at higher spatial resolution, and with better optical sectioning, than previously reported. To accomplish this, we take advantage of the dense spatio-angular sampling provided by a microlens array at axial positions away from the native object plane. This dense sampling permits us to decode aliasing present in the light field to reconstruct high-frequency information. We formulate our method as an inverse problem for reconstructing the 3-D volume, which we solve using a GPU-accelerated iterative algorithm. Theoretical limits on the depth-dependent lateral resolution of the reconstructed volumes are derived. We show that these limits are in good agreement with experimental results on a standard USAF 1951 resolution target. Finally, we present 3-D reconstructions of pollen grains that demonstrate the improvements in fidelity made possible by our method.
Characterization of Bandwidth-Aware Meta-Schedulers for Co-Allocating Jobs Across Multiple Clusters

In this paper, we present a bandwidth-centric job communication model that captures the interaction and impact of simultaneously co-allocating jobs across multiple clusters. We compare our dynamic model with previous research that utilizes a fixed execution time penalty for co-allocated jobs. We explore the interaction of simultaneously co-allocated jobs and the contention they often create in the network infrastructure of a dedicated computational multi-cluster. We also present several bandwidth-aware co-allocating meta-schedulers. These schedulers take inter-cluster network utilization into account as a means by which to mitigate degraded job run-time performance. We make use of a bandwidth-centric parallel job communication model that captures the time-varying utilization of shared inter-cluster network resources. By doing so, we are able to evaluate the performance of multi-cluster scheduling algorithms that focus not only on node resource allocation, but also on shared inter-cluster network bandwidth.
The artificial heart: pursuit of a noninvasive method for determining atrial pressures.

: The use of conventional open-port catheters in total artificial heart (TAH) research shortens the survival time of recipients owing to sepsis and embolism caused from the catheters. Valuable data are lost when an open-port catheter clots off, and transducer position must be keyed to the level of the atria for accuracy. The need for an accurate, easily obtainable, noninvasive method for measuring atrial pressure is of obvious value. Such a method has been developed in vitro using a device that measures the stroke volume of a pneumatic ventricle. The stroke volume is obtained by quantifying the amount of air exiting a pneumatic TAH in diastole. Using this information ventricular filling rates can be calculated by the stroke volume measurement device, and these rates are correlated to measured atrial pressures. There is no need to continually adjust transducer levels in relation to the atria with this system. The data show an average percentage error of 2.4 of full scale (25 mm Hg) or 0.6 mm Hg. The method of measurement is accurate, without limitations on driving parameters. The information is available without any additional prosthetic fabrication or surgical intervention than that already needed for basic TAH implantation. This method of measuring atrial pressures now needs to be proved effective in vivo.
Influence of hippocampectomy on habituation, exploratory behavior, and spatial memory in rats

Two frequently cited functions of the hippocampus are mediation of spatial memories and habituation. The present investigation employed head-shake response (HSR) as the habituated behavior in intact and bilaterally hippocampectomized rats. This HSR appears to be minimally influenced by spatial cues. These rats were further tested on two behavioral paradigms that make use of spatial cues, namely open field object exploration, and the Morris water maze. The results indicate that hippocampectomized rats revealed habituation of the HSR, but not to objects within the open field. In agreement with previous reports, hippocampectomized rats were severely impaired both in acquiring and recalling the location of the submerged platform in the Morris water maze task. In a separate experiment independent groups of rats were trained on one of these three paradigms, and tissues were collected from hippocampal, prefrontal, and piriform cortices for the measurement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as markers of neural plasticity. There were significant MMP-9 elevations in the prefrontal and piriform cortices of rats tested using the object exploration task, in the prefrontal and hippocampal cortices of rats that solved the Morris water maze task, but minimal MMP changes in any tissues taken from HSR habituated rats. These results question the hypothesis that habituation is solely mediated by the hippocampus in favor of a process that utilizes different brain structures and degrees of neural plasticity dependent upon task requirements.
Biomorphic networks: approach to invariant feature extraction and segmentation for ATR

Invariant features in two dimensional binary images are extracted in a single layer network of locally coupled spiking (pulsating) model neurons with prescribed synapto-dendritic response. The feature vector for an image is represented as invariant structure in the aggregate histogram of interspike intervals obtained by computing time intervals between successive spikes produced from each neuron over a given period of time and combining such intervals from all neurons in the network into a histogram. Simulation results show that the feature vectors are more pattern-specific and invariant under translation, rotation, and change in scale or intensity than achieved in earlier work. We also describe an application of such networks to segmentation of line (edge-enhanced or silhouette) images. The biomorphic spiking network's capabilities in segmentation and invariant feature extraction may prove to be, when they are combined, valuable in Automated Target Recognition (ATR) and other automated object recognition systems.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. A new approach to the management of hypercholesterolemia.

Efforts to identify and treat individuals with elevated blood cholesterol levels have increased dramatically in recent years. The bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol) and nicotinic acid have been the mainstays of pharmacologic therapy for patients with phenotype(s) IIA and IIB hyperlipoproteinemia, but produce symptomatic side effects in a high percentage of patients. Clinical trials with a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have consistently demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of up to 30% and 40%, respectively. Symptomatic side effects requiring withdrawal of treatment have been uncommon, but the incidences of opacification of the ocular lens and hepatoxicity remain to be defined. Lovastatin is the first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor commercially available in the United States. Its efficacy alone, and in combination with the bile acid sequestrants, is reviewed in this report.
Ulnar neuropathy following surgery: does res ipsa loquitur apply?

Ms. S, a 47-year-old female who was notably thin, required bilateral total hip arthroplasty surgery. She was admitted to University Medical Center on September 20, 1990, for a scheduled right total hip arthroplasty surgery on September 21, 1990, and a left total hip arthroplasty surgery to be performed on September 27, 1990. Dr. W was the anesthesiologist assigned to the September 21, 1990 case. Ms. S was brought to the surgical suite and placed onto the operating table. Dr. W was responsible for all of Ms. S’s anesthesia care. Dr. W arranged Ms. S on the operating table by placing her on her left side, with her left and right arms outward from her body and away from the area that was required for the surgeons to access the operative site. According to the medical record, Dr. W’s placement of the patient was as follows:
Mechanical design of a magnetic fusion production reactor

The mechanical aspects of tandem mirror and tokamak concepts for the tritium production mission are compared and a proposed breeding blanket configuration for each type of reactor is presented in detail, along with a design outline of the complete fusion reactor system. In both cases, the reactor design is developed sufficiently to permit preliminary cost estimates of all components. A qualitative comparison is drawn between both concepts from the view of mechanical design and serviceability, and suggestions are made for technology proof tests on unique mechanical features. Detailed cost breakdowns indicate less than 10% difference in the overall costs of the two reactors.
Cognition and social adaptation.

Piaget's demonstration interview technique was used to test the level of development of the thinking capacities of socially dissonant children in a disadvantaged area. His theory of groups and groupings were taken as a frame of reference in interpreting the results, which showed a severe developmental lag in these children. The findings are discussed in terms of effects of cognitive patterns on social adaptation in urban areas.
Microstructural Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors

For hybrid-electric vehicle applications, supercapacitors show promise for providing low cost per unit power, high-efficiency energy storage, substantially temperature-invariant operation, and high cycle life (potentiallyequating to one supercapacitor pack per vehicle lifetime). Here we provide a microstructural and mathematical analysis for the characterization of a relatively high specific energy supercapacitor. The governing equations and the boundary conditions are generalized so that the cell can be modeled using a current, potential, or power excitation source. An Appendix clarifies the role of binary-electrolyte diffusion. The overall analysis allows one to determine the optimal target operating voltage for hybrid vehicle operation, calculate the available energy vs. available power for the system, and clarify the electrode utilization through the examination of the stored charge as a function of position.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF DIFFUSION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MATERIAL.

A simple diffusion apparatus has been described in which a layer of solution is allowed to diffuse upward into a layer of solvent. Accurate sampling is performed at various heights and the concentration of the samples is determined. The method has been illustrated with a determination of the diffusion constant of crystalline catalase, which was found to be 3.1 x 10–7 cm.2/sec. at 4°C. The method should be especially suited to the study of biological substances endowed with specific activity and which cannot be obtained in pure solution.
Polyätherester‐Block‐Copolymere – Eine Gruppe neuartiger thermoplastischer Elastomerer

Hochschmelzende Polyatherester lassen sich durch Esteraustausch aus leicht zuganglichen Ausgangsmaterialien wie Dimethylterephthalat, Polyalkylenatherglykolen und linearen, kurzkettigen Diolen herstellen. Die auf diese Weise erhaltlichen Block-Copolymeren besitzen eine Zweiphasenstruktur, die aus kontinuierlichen Bereichen von amorphen Polyatherester-Weichsegmenten und kristallinen, kurzkettigen Polyester-Hartsegmenten besteht. Durch Variation der relativen Konzentration der Polyather- und Polyesterberiche konnen sowohl verhaltnismasig weiche Elastomere als auch schlagfeste Elastoplaste erhalten werden. Die Herstellung, Morphologie und die physikalische Charakterisierung der Polyatherester sowie der Einflus der Struktur des Weich- und Hartsegments aud das Eigenschaftabild der Polykondensate werden beschrieben. Polyatherester auf Polytetramethylenterephthalat (4GT)-Basis eignen sich besonders als hochwertige thermoplastische Elastomere, die eine ausergewohnliche Kombination von physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften wie hohe Abrieb und Einreisfestigkeit, ausgezeichnete Losungsmittelbestandigkeit sowie gute Tiefund Hochtemperatureigenschaften aufweisen. Auf Grund ihrer guten Stabilitat im Schmelzflus, niedrigen Schmelzviskositat und hohen Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit lassen sich diese Polymeren innerhalb eines breiten Temperaturebereichs durch alle in der Kunststoffindustrie herkommlichen Methoden verarbeiten. High melting polyether esters can be prepared by ester interchange from readily available starting materials such as dimethyl terephthalate, polyalkylene ether glycols and linear short chain diols. The resulting block copolymers exhibit a continuous two-phase domain structure consisting of amorphous polyether ester soft segments and crystalline short chain polyester hard segments. By proper selection of the relative amounts of polyether and polyester segments, polymers ranging from fairly soft elastomers to impact resistant elastoplastics may be obtained. The preparation, morphology and physical characterization of polyether esters as well as the effect of the structures of the soft and hard segments on polymer properties are described. Polytetramethylene terephthalate based on polyether esters are particularly suited as thermoprocessable high performance elastomers offering an unusual combination of physical and chemical properties characterized by high abrasion, tear and solvent resistance as well as excellent low and high temperature properties. Because of their good melt stability, low melt viscosity and high crystallization rates, these polymers can be processed within a wide temperature range by all methods commonly used in the plastics industry.
Response Characteristics and Mathematical Modeling for a Nitric Oxide Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor

A novel fiber-optic sensor for nitric oxide is constructed by holding a small amount of an internal reagent solution at the tip of a fiber-optic bundle with a piece of gas-permeable membrane. Nitric oxide diffuses across the membrane into this internal solution, where a chemiluminescent reaction between nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and luminol takes place. The resulting light intensity is related to the concentration of nitric oxide in the sample. Results are presented from experiments to optimize the magnitude and rate of the sensor response. The resulting sensor possesses a limit of detection of 1.3 μM, a response time of 8-17 s, and a dynamic range from 5 to 40 μM. A mathematical model is derived to explain the sensor response as a function of time. Oxidation of nitric oxide by ambient oxygen and mass transport of nitric oxide through the gas-permeable membrane are considered in this model. The excellent agreement between experimental data and model predictions indicates that the oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen is a major factor in this measurement, regardless of transducer element The model further indicates a reaction rate constant for the oxygen oxidation of nitric oxide of 9.5(±0.5) x 10 6 M -2 s -1 and a diffusion coefficient for nitric oxide in the silicone membrane of 5.0(±0.2) x 10 -11 m 2 s -1 at 30 °C.
Theory and Design of Phononic Crystals for Unreleased CMOS-MEMS Resonant Body Transistors

Resonant body transistors (RBTs) are solid state, actively sensed microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators that can be implemented in commercial CMOS technologies. With small footprint, high- $Q$ , and scalability to gigahertz frequencies, they form basic building blocks for radio frequency (RF) front-ends and timing applications. Toward the goal of seamless CMOS integration, this paper presents the design and implementation of phononic crystals (PnCs) in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) of commercial CMOS technologies with bandgaps in the gigahertz frequencies to be used for enhanced acoustical confinement in CMOS-RBTs. Lithographically defined PnC dimensions allow for bandgap engineering, providing flexibility in resonator design, and allowing for multiple frequencies on a single chip. The theoretical basis for analyzing generic PnCs is presented, with focus on the special case of implementing PnCs in CMOS BEOL layers. The effect of CMOS process variations on the performance of such PnCs is also considered. The analysis presented in this paper establishes a methodology for assessing different CMOS technologies for the integration of unreleased CMOS-MEMS resonators. This paper also discusses the importance of uniformity of the acoustical cavity in the nonresonant dimension and its effect on overall resonator performance. A PnC implementation in IBM 32-nm silicon on insulator (SOI) BEOL layers is demonstrated to achieve 85% fractional-bandgap $\sim 4.5$ -GHz frequency. With better energy confinement, the proposed CMOS-RBTs achieve a quality factor $Q$ of 252, which corresponds to $8\times $ improvement over the previous generation RBTs, which did not include PnCs. The presented devices have a footprint of 5 $\mu \text{m}~\times7\mu \text{m}$ . This paper concludes with a discussion of the properties required of a CMOS technology for high performance RBT implementation. [2014-0364]
Hurricane Katrina: Experiences of Psychologists and Implications for Future Disaster Response

The landfall of Hurricane Katrina marked not only one of the most significant and destructive natural disasters for the United States in recent history, but also a new benchmark in challenges faced by psychologists providing services. The authors explain their roles following the hurricane, describing not only local activities for recovery but efforts conducted in the Gulf Coast as well. Experiences and perceptions of the first author, who was deployed to the Gulf Coast on numerous occasions, are highlighted. In addition, psychological assessments were carried out with a small number of displaced Katrina survivors who were relocated to the authors’ local community. The authors document many of the challenges faced by psychologists and other mental health workers during relief efforts in the Gulf Coast, concluding with a set of recommendations for future disaster-relief initiatives regarding such issues as ways in which psychologists can participate in disaster-relief efforts, challenges faced when implementing interventions, cultural competency, community preparedness, and scientific research.
A dynamic reduced order model for simulating entrained flow gasifiers. Part II: Model validation and sensitivity analysis

Abstract Part I of this series describes a dynamic reduced order model (ROM) that has been developed in Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) for a range of entrained flow gasifiers (EFGs) [1] . The ROM incorporates submodels for multiple feedstocks, mixing and recirculation, particle properties, drying and devolatilization, chemical kinetics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, pollutant formation, slag behavior and syngas cooling. This paper describes ROM validation for steady-state simulation of four entrained flow gasifiers for which experimental data is available, and sensitivity analysis for the GE gasifier design. The throughputs of these gasifiers range from 0.1 to 1000 metric tonnes per day (tpd) (3 kW th –240 MW th ). Gasifier designs vary widely and simulations encompass the following configurations: dry and slurry feed, oxygen and air blowing, up and down flow, one and two stages, membrane and refractory lining, and quench and radiant cooling. Available experimental data consists of axial profiles for temperature, gas composition and carbon conversion, as well as exit values for temperature, composition, carbon conversion, char flow rate, syngas heating value and cold gas efficiency. Results show satisfactory ROM accuracy for all four gasifier designs simulated, which increases with knowledge of design, operating conditions and experimental data. In cases, where more detailed models that incorporate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used for gasifier simulation, the ROM exhibits comparable accuracy. In sensitivity analysis, important input parameters are identified and varied 10% around their base case (validation) values. The resulting changes in ROM-predicted gasifier performance revealed that the most important parameters are those that determine reactor network model (RNM) geometry (reactor sizes and mass flow rates), particle physical (porosity, surface area, density, etc.) and kinetic properties, and slagging. In addition, the ROM takes about 1 min to run on a desktop PC, while CFD-based models can take multiple days on multiple processors.
Nonparabolicity corrections to the valence band energy levels of Si/GexSi1-x quantum wells

In earlier work, subband energies of Si/GexSi1-x quantum wells were obtained neglecting valence band nonparabolicity. Here we present an algorithm for solving for the energies and wavefunctions of the mixed light-hole and split-off subbands under stress, which incorporates the energy dependence of the effective mass exactly. We show that this gives corrections to the energies that are of the order of tens of meV, and results in small nonorthogonality corrections to the envelope wavefunctions. These corrections are discussed for several cases of physical interest and are compared to the results obtained assuming a constant bandedge effective mass.
Design, construction, characterization, and application of a hyperspectral microarray scanner.

We describe the design, construction, and operation of a hyperspectral microarray scanner for functional genomic research. The hyperspectral instrument operates with spatial resolutions ranging from 3 to 30 μm and records the emission spectrum between 490 and 900 nm with a spectral resolution of 3 nm for each pixel of the microarray. This spectral information, when coupled with multivariate data analysis techniques, allows for identification and elimination of unwanted artifacts and greatly improves the accuracy of microarray experiments. Microarray results presented in this study clearly demonstrate the separation of fluorescent label emission from the spectrally overlapping emission due to the underlying glass substrate. We also demonstrate separation of the emission due to green fluorescent protein expressed by yeast cells from the spectrally overlapping autofluorescence of the yeast cells and the growth media.
The arrangement of servers in an ordered-entry system

We consider a service system whose servers may work at different rates systems with "heterogeneous servers". Jobs arriving at the system access the servers in accordance with an "entry order" that relates to the arrangement of the servers. When all servers are occupied, arriving jobs are blocked and lost. This model has applications in the study of conveyors and other circulation systems. In this paper we wish to compare various server arrangements in such systems. We represent the arrangement of servers by a permutation vector of their service rates, and develop a partial order on these vectors. By moving in the direction pointed out by this partial order, one can reduce blocked traffic, thereby improving system performance. Our results may help system designers compare directly the performance of different server arrangements.
Integrated open service node for active networks and services

The changing business scenario for telecommunication services requires higher levels of openness compared to current technologies. The realization of a programmable and open network intelligence fosters the transition toward an open telecom market. This extended openness is requested to allow flexible component-based service integration; extended control/management capabilities are needed for new electronic business infrastructure, more service personalization and programmability, and integration and management of heterogeneous networks (Internet/B-ISDN/mobile, etc.). We present an integrated architecture for active and programmable networks and services based on the concept of an integrated service node. We study the business point of view, the B-ISDN/ATM point of view, and the Internet point of view. Each of these technologies is supported by an adapted and adaptive service node to introduce advanced service composition, control, and management capabilities. We present a possible implementation infrastructure, and discuss related issues.
The orderly output constraint is not wearing any clothes

The orderly output constraint (OOC) is extraneous. Talkers “speak in lines” in its absence. Further, there is no perceptual motivation for an OOC; perceivers ignore the linearity between F2 at consonant-vowel onset and F2 in the vowel. In any case, the analogy with bat and barn owl localization systems underlying the theory is extreme, Sussman et al.'s comments to the contrary notwithstanding.
Adopting a Life-Span Perspective on the First School Transition

This article discusses the implications of life-span developmental theory for the design and implementation of an intervention into the first school transition, beginning with organized prekindergarten and ending with fifth grade. Orville Gilbert Brim's contributions to the life-span perspective are highlighted with regard to his own scholarship and his generative contributions to the field as a foundation leader. These include his formative writings about socialization after the childhood years and on the life course as shaped by continuity and change. His development of the life-span intervention cube as a framework for conceptualizing policy-inspired efforts to alter life trajectories sets the stage for a discussion of the first school transition. The example of the School Reform and Beyond project is then described as a strategy that embeds and extends the themes highlighted by Brim's work on socialization, change and continuity, and intervention.
Direct Approach for Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Glycoproteins Using Tandem Mass Tags and an LTQ Orbitrap XL Electron Transfer Dissociation Hybrid Mass Spectrometer

The application of multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and an LTQ Orbitrap XL ETD (electron transfer dissociation) hybrid mass spectrometer as a direct approach for qualitative and quantitative characterization of glycoproteins is reported. Bovine fetuin was used as a model glycoprotein in this study. For online liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis, high-resolution, mass accurate full scan MS spectra were acquired in the Orbitrap mass analyzer followed by data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with alternating collision-induced dissociation (CID), ETD, and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) scans. An additional in-source dissociation scan was used as a highly sensitive and selective detection method for eluting glycosylated peptides. By alternatively using three different dissociation methods, 23 glycoforms from all 5 corresponding glycopeptides were identified from a trypsin digest of bovine fetuin. With ETD, labile glycans were retained without any ...
Paragangliomas of the sellar region: Report of two cases

Two cases of paraganglioma arising from the parasellar region are presented. Both occurred in middle-aged women who sought treatment of headaches but who had no endocrinological dysfunction; one case was associated with ophthalmoplegia from cavernous sinus involvement. Diagnosis in both cases was confirmed by typical histological appearance and cytochemical demonstration of immunoreactive chromogranin in tumor cells. The pathological features and possible pathogenesis of parasellar paragangliomas are discussed.
Structural Studies of the Transmembrane C-Terminal Domain of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP): Does APP Function as a Cholesterol Sensor?,

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is subject to alternative pathways of proteolytic processing, leading either to production of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides or to non-amyloidogenic fragments. Here, we report the first structural study of C99, the 99-residue transmembrane C-terminal domain of APP liberated by beta-secretase cleavage. We also show that cholesterol, an agent that promotes the amyloidogenic pathway, specifically binds to this protein. C99 was purified into model membranes where it was observed to homodimerize. NMR data show that the transmembrane domain of C99 is an alpha-helix that is flanked on both sides by mostly disordered extramembrane domains, with two exceptions. First, there is a short extracellular surface-associated helix located just after the site of alpha-secretase cleavage that helps to organize the connecting loop to the transmembrane domain, which is known to be essential for Abeta production. Second, there is a surface-associated helix located at the cytosolic C-terminus, adjacent to the YENPTY motif that plays critical roles in APP trafficking and protein-protein interactions. Cholesterol was seen to participate in saturable interactions with C99 that are centered at the critical loop connecting the extracellular helix to the transmembrane domain. Binding of cholesterol to C99 and, most likely, to APP may be critical for the trafficking of these proteins to cholesterol-rich membrane domains, which leads to cleavage by beta- and gamma-secretase and resulting amyloid-beta production. It is proposed that APP may serve as a cellular cholesterol sensor that is linked to mechanisms for suppressing cellular cholesterol uptake.
How αβ T-cell receptors ‘see’ peptide/MHC complexes

Abstract Recent results have added new information to our understanding of αβ T-cell receptor mediated recognition. In particular, we find that the V(D)J junction or ‘CDR3' portion of TCRα and β seem most important in contacting peptides bound to MHC molecules, consistent with previous predictions. Surprisingly, these same CDR3-peptide contacts also appear to have a major influence on the TCR-MHC molecule interactions as well.
1st Annual Haifa Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR 2007): a message from the organizers

On October 29--30, 2007, the 1st Annual Haifa Systems and Storage Conference took place at Haifa, Israel. The conference, affectionately known as SYSTOR 2007, was hosted by IBM's Haifa Labs and the Technion---Israel Institute of Technology. It was the first high-quality refereed systems and storage conference organized by IBM Haifa Labs, drawing upon the successful foundation of previous systems and storage seminars. The purpose of this conference was to forge and nourish research and working relations within the academic and industrial community in Israel and in the world, targeting researchers and practitioners alike.
Population Dynamics and Biological Control of the Woolly Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Citrus

The population dynamics of the woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), and its parasites on citrus were studied in an interior valley citricultural region of California. The development of populations was followed by leaf sampling and field observation from the initial pest colonization of the study site through 3 consecutive yr. The two major natural enemies found were Cales noacki Howard and Eretmocerus sp. Early in the study, C. noacki displaced Eretmocerus sp. as the dominant parasite present. Parasitism by C. noacki was responsible for substantial reductions in the whitefly population. High summer temperatures appeared to have a disruptive effect on biological control of the woolly whitefly by inhibiting the increase of parasite populations while pest population growth continued. However, C. noacki populations recovered during cooler weather and apparently were able to effect rapid suppression of the whitefly outbreak.
On some queue length controlled stochastic processes

The authors study the input, output and queueing processes in a general controlled single-server bulk queueing system. It is supposed that inter-arrival time, service time, batch size of arriving units and the capacity of the server depend on the queue length.
Enteroclysis and computed tomography enteroclysis

Of the three conventional methods of radiographically examining the small intestine with barium contrast, enteroclysis (or, small bowel enema) is acknowledged to be the most diagnostically comprehensive means of studying this portion of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Unlike the small bowel followthrough (SBFT) and the stand-alone per oral small bowel series (SBS)—sometimes referred to as the small bowel meal—the enteroclysis is the most, if not the only, proactive method of examining the entire mesenteric small bowel. Though both of the other methods of small bowel study are predicated on the passive presentation of contrast to the stomach and its subsequent autonomous passage through small bowel, the enteroclysis is at all times a provocational procedure under the control of the examining radiologist. Although not as widely known or utilized as either the SBS or SBFT, the enteroclysis has historical roots that extend well into the early twentieth century. In 1929, Pesquera [1] was the first to describe a method of examining the small bowel with contrast delivery directly into the intestinal lumen through a duodenal tube. In 1939 Gershon-Cohen [2] and Schatzki in 1943 [3] published their methods of the small bowel enema that strongly resembled more current enteroclysis techniques. The modern era of enteroclysis was ushered in by the work of Johan Sellink in the 1970s [4]. Whether historic or modern, the elemental components of all enteroclysis examinations are: catheter intubation, contrast opacification, and luminal distention for optimized enteric visualization. Compared with the passive transit studies of the small bowel, the enteroclysis must be viewed as an aggressive, moderately invasive procedure that presents variable degrees of technical difficulty to the radiologist, as well as discomfort to the patient. Yet, its greater and more graphically convincing diagnostic yield frequently
Comparison of growth and yield parameters of Russet Burbank for a two-year period

The effect of three planting dates on stem, stolon, tuber number and size were compared throughout the 1979 and 1980 growing seasons. A relatively warm April and early May and a relatively cool late May and June in 1980 resulted in significantly higher stem and stolon numbers and a tuber population over double that of 1979. The highest average commercial yields ever recorded in the Columbia Basin were obtained with yields in some fields of 100 tons per ha on 48 hectare irrigation circles. On experimental plots tuber numbers increased from the latter part of May with successive sampling dates until late June and early July when a peak in number was reached after which a significant decline in number occurred. The decrease in tuber number was attributed to the phenomenon of reabsorption which was much greater with later planted potatoes. It occurred only in tubers of approximately 10 g size or smaller. Average tuber size in 1980 was one-half that of 1979 although total yield was 25 tons per ha higher because of significantly larger tuber numbers.
Transport phenomena in nuclear fuels under severe temperature gradients

Abstract The fundamental concepts involved in atomic transport phenomena in the presence of temperature gradients are reviewed in the context of irreversible thermodynamics. The basic theory for the bodily migration of macroscopic particles and pores is then developed. These theoretical concepts are applied to various phenomena of importance in nuclear fuels, including lenticular void motion and central void formation, fission-gas swelling and gas release, solid fission product redistribution and the redistribution of fuel constituent species. In some cases there is good quantitative agreement, as in lenticular void motion. In other cases, as in fuel constituent and solid fission-product redistribution, the basic processes seem qualitatively in hand but uncertainties in the values of key parameters preclude quantitative comparisons. In the area of fission-gas swelling and gas release, considerable controversy remains as to the importance of the motion of small bubbles at low and intermediate temperature. At the higher temperatures of the equiaxed grain-growth regime, and within the columnar grains, evidence for significant bubble migration along the thermal gradient seems incontrovertible. For the latter situation, semi-quantitative agreement between theory and bubble migration velocities has been obtained but some disagreement remains as to the relative importance of this phenomenon in determining the magnitudes of swelling and gas release.
Model of particle‐vapor codeposition with application to ceramic materials synthesis

The simultaneous deposition of particles and material from the vapor phase gives rise to surface deposits having characteristic structure. A mathematical model of the particle-vapor codeposition process is developed that predicts the structure and properties of these deposits as well as their growth rate over a wide range of conditions. A random sphere formulation is developed that provides the framework for a unified treatment of both subprocesses: ballistic particle deposition and porous media densification through vapor deposition. The model is applied to particleenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes for the production of ceramic materials. In PECVD, particles are introduced into a CVD process, either in the form of an aerosol created in situ by a controlled amount of gas-to-particle conversion or in the form of independently charged powder. The model identifies PECVD conditions that produce deposition rates substantially higher than those achievable by conventional CVD.