cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dark Rearing Does Not Prevent Rod Oxidative Stress In Vivo in Pde6brd10 Mice.

Purpose In cyclic light-reared Pde6brd10 mice, rod cell oxidative stress contributes to the degenerative phenotype. Dark rearing Pde6brd10 mice slows but does not prevent atrophy. This suggests that outer retinal oxidative stress occurs in Pde6brd10 mice independent of light exposure, a hypothesis tested in this study. Methods Mouse strains Pde6brd10 and C57Bl/6 (wild type) were dark reared until postnatal day (P) 23 (P23) or P30. In subgroups of dark-reared mice, (1) layer-specific excessive free radical production (i.e., an oxidative stress biomarker) in vivo via QUEnch-assiSTed magnetic resonance imaging (QUEST MRI) was indicated by a significant reduction in the greater-than-normal spin-lattice relaxation rate R1 (1/T1) with methylene blue, (2) superoxide production was measured ex vivo in whole retina (lucigenin), and (3) retinal layer spacing and thickness were assessed in vivo (optical coherence tomography, MRI). Results In P23 male Pde6brd10 mice, only the outer superior retina showed oxidative stress in vivo, as measured by QUEST MRI; a lucigenin assay confirmed supernormal superoxide production. In contrast, at P30, no evidence for retinal oxidative stress was observed. In P23 female Pde6brd10 mice, no retinal oxidative stress was apparent; however, at P30, oxidative stress was observed in superior inner and outer nuclear layers. Male and female Pde6brd10 mice at P23 had normal retinal thicknesses, whereas at P30, modest thinning was noted in inferior and superior retina. Conclusions We confirmed that outer retinal oxidative stress occurs in male and female dark-reared Pde6brd10 mice. Male and female Pde6brd10 mice demonstrated similar degrees of retinal thinning, but with unexpectedly distinct spatial and temporal retinal oxidative stress patterns.
An Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program for Veterans with Chronic Pain: Description and Initial Evaluation of Outcomes

Objective. Chronic pain conditions are prominent among Veterans. To leverage the biopsychosocial model of pain and comprehensively serve Veterans with chronic pain, the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System has implemented the interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program (IPRP). This study aims to (1) understand initial changes in treatment outcomes following IPRP, (2) investigate relationships between psychological factors and pain outcomes, and (3) explore whether changes in psychological factors predict changes in pain outcomes. Methods. A retrospective study evaluated relationships between clinical pain outcomes (pain intensity, pain disability, and opioid use) and psychological factors (depressive symptoms, catastrophizing, and “acceptable” level of pain) and changes in these outcomes following treatment. Multiple regression analysis explored whether changes in psychological variables significantly predicted changes in pain disability. Results. Catastrophizing and depressive symptoms were positively related to pain disability, while “acceptable” level of pain was idiosyncratically related to pain intensity. Pain disability and psychological variables showed significant changes in their expected directions. Regression analysis indicated that only changes in depressive symptoms significantly predicted changes in pain disability. Conclusion. Our results are consistent with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic pain in Veterans. Further investigation of interdisciplinary treatment programs in Veterans is warranted.
Implementing Blended Learning the Right Way: A Review of The Blended Course Design Workbook: A Practical Guide

You may have read the quintessential texts on blended learning, the 'why', the need for disruption, the types of models, etc. However, you've never read a workbook like this. The Blended Course Design Workbook is the most important book any school (or teacher) should own in order to implement blended learning the right way. This book provides steps, checks, and explanations on how to build or improve a blended-learning program. This is not a book of theory or persuasive change, this is a how-to book that needs to be on every shelf of every school.
Immune Cell Distribution, Effects of Stress on*

The appropriate distribution of immune cells within the body is crucial for performance of the surveillance and effector functions of the immune system. Stress can significantly affect baseline leukocyte numbers as well as dynamic leukocyte distribution between different body compartments. Organs that are enriched with immune cells during stress may mount more robust immune responses, whereas those that are depleted may show suppressed immune function. It has been proposed that stress-induced changes in leukocyte trafficking may enhance immunoprotection during surgery, vaccination, or infection but may also exacerbate immunopathology during inflammatory (cardiovascular disease or gingivitis) or autoimmune (psoriasis, arthritis, or multiple sclerosis) diseases.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to Identify Physiomarkers Predicting Severe Sepsis in the PICU.

Objectives:We used artificial intelligence to develop a novel algorithm using physiomarkers to predict the onset of severe sepsis in critically ill children.Design:Observational cohort study.Setting:PICU.Patients:Children age between 6 and 18 years old.Interventions:None.Measurements and Main Result
A rare case of pertussis encephalopathy in an immunocompetent adult (P5.342)

Objective: To describe a case of encephalitis involving the thalamus and cerebral cortex, associated with Bordetella pertussis infection. Background: B. pertussis is a gram-negative bacterium that is usually associated with respiratory illness. Encephalopathy occurs in ≈1% of cases, mostly in infants and children, and is a rare complication in adults. Design/Methods: Case study Results: A 55-year-old African male with a history of hypertension and asthma, suffering from an upper respiratory infection with paroxysm of cough for 3 weeks, was found at home confused and lethargic, having been incontinent of stool and urine. Upon questioning, he became aggressive, and was taken to the emergency department by law enforcement. On admission, though no longer aggressive and exhibiting no focal neurological deficits, he was tachycardic, tachypnic, febrile, and hypertensive. His history was not notable except for recent travel to Africa. Laboratory testing showed high serum lactate without leukocytosis, and initial chest X-Ray and neuroimaging via CT were normal. That night, he experienced a precipitous decline in cognition leading into status epilepticus, with bedside EEG displaying bilateral frontal sharp wave complexes. Seizures were refractory to IV levetiracetam and lorazepam, necessitating the implementation of pentobarbital coma for 24 hours. Repeat neuroimaging via MRI showed hyperintensities on T2 weighted imaging involving the thalamus and posterior cerebral cortex and mild generalized pachymeningeal inflammation of the cerebral convexities. Lumbar puncture was performed, and CSF was positive for pertussis IgA; while inoculated against pertussis, the patient had not received a booster dose. He responded well to IV levetiracetam, vancomycin, and ceftriaxone, and was discharged within 10 days. 3-month follow up exam revealed no focal findings and only minor residual cognitive deficits. Conclusions: Despite its rarity, pertussis should be a considered etiology in cases of encephalopathy that follow lengthy URI even in immunocompetent adults. Disclosure: Dr. Filipowicz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goswami has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mehrizi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hrisomalos has nothing to disclose.
Rick Bayless como vampiro cultural en la teleserie “Mexico: One Plate at a Time”

In Mexico, One Plate at a Time , Rick Bayless presents himself as a tour guide who exports an idealized version of Mexican culture for the U.S. bourgeois seeking an escape from his/her banal work-driven existence. Viewers can see Marx’s “commodity fetishism” and Žižek’s cultural vampirism, since Bayless acts like a “vampire” by sucking Mexico’s cultural heritage up and ripping its gastronomy out of its local context, making the complicated geopolitical relationship between both cultures invisible. To corroborate this, the author juxtaposes the representation of gastronomical products with historical-anthropological sources to trace their trajectory of commercialization.
O2/CO2: Biological Detection to Homeostatic Control

Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are the two gases to be detected and controlled. Of interest might be a query of the evolutionary origin of each. From the cooling of the Big Bang (~13.8 Billion Years Ago [BYA]) came a quark-gluon plasma from which protons and neutrons emerged, producing H, He, Li. As H and He collapsed into the first stars at ~13.3 BYA carbon and monatomic oxygen were generated. Some 3 billion years ago greater amounts of diatomic oxygen (O2) were provided by earth’s photosynthesizing bacteria until earth’s atmosphere had sufficient amounts to sustain the life processes of multicellular animals, and finally higher vertebrates. Origin of CO2 is somewhat unclear, though it probably came from the erupting early volcanoes. Photosynthesis produced sugars with O2 a waste product. Animal life took sugars and O2 needed for life. Clearly, animal detection and control of each was critical. Many chapters involving great heroes describe phases involved in detecting each, both in the CNS and in peripheral detectors. The carotid body (CB) has played a crucial role in the detection of each. What reflex responses the stimulated CB generates, and the mechanisms as to how it does so have been a fascinating story over the last 1.5 centuries, but principally over the last 50 years. Explorations to detect these gases have proceeded from the organismal/system/ organ levels down to the sub-cell and genetic levels.
UNIT 4.1 Aseptic Technique

This unit describes common laboratory procedures that can reduce the risk of culture contamination (sepsis), collectively referred as “aseptic technique.” Two major strategies of aseptic work are described: using a Bunsen burner and a laminar flow hood. Both methods are presented in the form of general protocols applicable to a variety of laboratory tasks such as pipetting and aliquotting, preparation of growth media, inoculation, passaging, and spreading microorganisms on Petri dishes. Keywords: sterile technique; sterile work; Bunsen burner; laminar flow; laminar hood
Prenatal Diagnosis and Successful Palliation of Absent Aortic Valve with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Introduction Congenital absence of the aortic valve leaflets is a rare association with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Case A 37-year-old pregnant woman was referred for fetal evaluation of possible HLHS at 22 weeks of gestation. The fetal echocardiogram (ECHO) was remarkable for a hypoplastic left atrium, nearly atretic mitral valve, small left ventricle, and a hypoplastic aortic valve with severe aortic insufficiency. A female infant was born at term and postnatal ECHO confirmed the above findings. In addition, there was complete absence of the aortic valve leaflets. The patient underwent Norwood's procedure at day 5 of life with atrial septectomy, over-sewing of the aortic valve annulus, and a 4 mm Sano's shunt between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery. She tolerated this surgery well and subsequently underwent a bidirectional Glenn's procedure at 8 months of life. Conclusion Prenatal diagnosis of absent aortic valve should be suspected in the presence of severe aortic insufficiency in the fetal ECHO. Early postnatal intervention is critical as those patients are likely to deteriorate quickly. The over-sewing of the aortic valve may be important to prevent coronary steal and myocardial hypoperfusion which could potentially be detrimental.
A coarse grid projection method for accelerating heat transfer computations

Coarse Grid Projection (CGP) methodology is used to accelerate the computations of sets of decoupled nonlinear evolutionary and linear static equations. In CGP, the linear equations are solved on a coarsened mesh compared to the nonlinear equations, leading to a reduction in central processing unit (CPU) time. The accuracy of the CGP scheme has been assessed for the advection-diffusion equation along with the pressure Poisson equation. Here we add another decoupled equation to this set: the energy equation. In this article, we examine the influence of CGP methodology for the first time on thermal fields. To this purpose, a semi-implicit-time-integration unstructured-triangular-finite-element CGP version is selected. The CGP platform is validated with two different test cases: first, natural convection induced by a hot circular cylinder located in the center of a cold square cylinder, and second, the flow over a circular cylinder with the condition of constant cylinder temperature. Regarding the first test case, the CGP and non-CGP simulations are carried out for different Rayleigh numbers. The velocity and temperature fields as well as the local Nusselt number on the surface of the inner hot cylinder calculated by CGP reveal good agreement with the non-CGP data. Concerning the second test case, the temperature variable is used as the passive scalar. For different Prandtl numbers, we compare the CGP and non-CGP configurations according to the Nusselt number and the spatial structure of the scalar field obtained. The phase lag between the standard and CGP approaches is transmitted from the velocity field into the temperature filed, and thus into the local transient Nusselt number. For one and two levels of coarsening, the numerical predictions by CGP for the unsteady local heat transfer coefficients agree well with available data in the literature.
Shadow Dynamics in Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko

Aphra Behn (1640–1689)—the first woman to write professionally in English—is remembered today primarily for her novel Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave: A True History (1688), which addresses both the abuses of slaves in Surinam and the psychological complexity of enslavement. This essay uses Behn’s portrayal of slavery to examine complementary processes that hold individuation at bay and thus propel the events toward tragedy: men’s shadow projection manifests as brutality, especially against Oroonoko; and present women are objects of anima projection, while absent women symbolize the lack of men’s anima integration. In addition, the narrator’s frequent stress on female characters’ tempering influence on men, which anticipates Jung’s essentialism (his attribution of gender to biological sex), is cultural accretion rather than psychological truth. The novel’s essentialist position, however, deconstructs itself because of Imoinda’s prowess in battle and the narrator’s own unrealized complicity in slavery. Ultimately, by providing a compensatory voice, the novel critiques the culture of slavery that it reflects.
A Recently Discovered Maize Polerovirus Causes Leaf Reddening Symptoms in Several Maize Genotypes and is Transmitted by Both the Corn Leaf Aphid ( Rhopalosiphum maidis) and the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi)

A maize-infecting polerovirus variously named maize yellow dwarf virus RMV2 (MYDV-RMV2) and maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) has been discovered and previously described in East Africa, Asia, and South America. It was identified in virus surveys in these locations instigated by outbreaks of maize lethal necrosis (MLN), known to be caused by coinfections of unrelated maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any of several maize-infecting potyviruses, and was often found in coinfections with MLN viruses. Although sequenced in many locations globally and named for symptoms of related or coinfecting viruses, and with an infectious clone reported that experimentally infects Nicotiana benthamiana, rudimentary biological characterization of MaYMV in maize, including insect vector(s) and symptoms in single infections, has not been reported until now. We report isolation from other viruses and leaf tip reddening symptoms in several maize genotypes, along with transmission by two aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Rhopalosiphum maidis. This is important information distinguishing this virus and demonstrating that in single infections it causes symptoms distinct from those of potyviruses or MCMV in maize, and identification of vectors provides an important framework for determination of potential disease impact and management.
Proton translocation associated with anaerobic transhydrogenation from glycerol 3-phosphate to fumarate in Escherichiacoli

Abstract An Escherichia coli strain, that lacks aerobic glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase, was grown anaerobically on glycerol and fumarate. The addition of fumarate to such cells resulted in the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) suggesting that G3P is oxidized to DHAP while fumarate is reduced to succinate. Associated with the transhydrogenation was an extrusion of protons from the cell into the incubation medium. The stoichiometry of protons extruded to DHAP formed was near 2. Everted membrane vesicles take up protons in the presence of added G3P and fumarate.
From Suffragist Shrine to Reformer’s Home: The Evolving Interpretation of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum & House:

In 1945, a women’s organization—Susan B. Anthony Memorial Incorporated (SBAM)—purchased and restored Susan B. Anthony’s former home in Rochester, New York. Contemporary historic house preservation ...
Global Surface Soil Moisture Drydown Patterns

Understanding the global soil moisture (SM) dynamics and its governing controls beyond Darcy Scale is critical for various hydrologic, meteorological, agricultural, and environmental applications. ...
Responding to campus climate data: developing an action plan to reduce campus sexual misconduct

Hundreds of U.S. institutions of higher education have conducted campus climate surveys recently to assess students’ experiences with sexual misconduct and perceptions of institutions’ related poli...
Exploiting Existing Molecular Scaffolds for Long-Term COVID Treatment

Discovery and development of COVID-19 prophylactics and treatments remains a global imperative. This perspective provides an overview of important molecular pathways involved in the viral life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, the infectious agent of COVID-19. We highlight past and recent findings in essential coronavirus proteins, including RNA polymerase machinery, proteases, and fusion proteins, that offer opportunities for the design of novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection. By discussing the current inventory of viral inhibitors, we identify molecular scaffolds that may be improved by medicinal chemistry efforts for effective therapeutics to treat current and future coronavirus-caused diseases.
Usual Susceptibility Patterns for Systemic Dimorphic Fungi

There are not as many requests made for in vitro susceptibility testing of systemic fungi such as H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis. There is limited data in the literature as well. The inoculum for testing could be the yeast or conidia/mycelial form of each of these fungi. Very few laboratories offer the susceptibility test. There is no standardized method in CLSI for testing of the dimorphic fungi. Below is some of the data found in the literature for in vitro testing of systemic dimorphic fungi when it has been done.
Comment on Failure of a Mexican antivenom on recovery from snakebite-related coagulopathy in French Guiana.

To the Editor, We read the recent article “Failure of a Mexican antivenom on recovery from snakebite-related coagulopathy in French Guiana” with great interest [1]. The authors compared recovery fr...
Abstract P136: Effects Of Sex Hormones On The Hemodynamic And Sympathetic Responses To Centrally Administered Tumor Necrosis Factor-α In Rats

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction and neurohumoral excitation in heart failure and hypertension. Growing evidence has demonstrated significan...
Patterns of Care and Treatment Outcomes in Locoregional Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate.

Abstract Primary squamous cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive disease with historically poor outcomes and no established treatment guidelines. Case reports are limited but describe multiple treatment approaches. Seeking to identify practice patterns and treatment outcomes, we used the US National Cancer Data Base to identify 66 males with locoregional primary squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy between 2004 and 2015. Patients were stratified into treatment groups consisting of local therapy alone (n = 40; 61%), local therapy and chemotherapy (n = 13; 20%), chemotherapy alone (n = 7; 11%), and observation (n = 6; 9%). Patients with clinical stage T3–T4 disease were significantly more likely to receive combined chemotherapy and local therapy on multivariable analysis. Median survival was 20 mo for patients treated with local therapy alone, 37 mo with local therapy and chemotherapy, and 11 mo with chemotherapy alone. Overall survival was not significantly different between treatment groups. Despite limitations in sample size, these data suggest that addition of chemotherapy to local therapy is a reasonable treatment approach for select patients. Patient summary Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate is an extremely rare disease. Our review of patterns of care using data from the National Cancer Data Base shows inconsistent use of combined local and systemic therapy. The small sample size for this rare disease limits any conclusions regarding survival differences, but the data suggest that a combination approach using chemotherapy in addition to surgery or radiation is a reasonable treatment option for disease confined to the prostate.
Human iPSC Modeling Elucidates Mutation-Specific Responses to Gene Therapy in a Genotypically Diverse Dominant Maculopathy

Dominantly inherited disorders are not typically considered therapeutic candidates for gene augmentation (GA). We tested whether GA or genome editing (GE) could serve as a solo therapy for autosomal dominant Best disease (adBD), a macular dystrophy linked to over 100 mutations in the BEST1 gene, which encodes a homo-pentameric calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Since no suitable animal models of adBD exist, we generated RPE from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE) and found that GA restored CaCC activity and improved rhodopsin degradation in a subset of adBD lines. iPSC-RPE harboring adBD mutations in calcium clasp or chloride binding domains of the channel, but not in a putative structural region, were responsive to GA. However, reversal of the iPSC-RPE CaCC deficit was demonstrated in every adBD line following targeted CRISPR-Cas9 GE of the mutant allele. Importantly, 95% of GE events resulted in premature stop codons within the mutant allele, and single cell profiling demonstrated no adverse perturbation of RPE transcriptional programs post-editing. These results show that GA is a viable approach for a subset of adBD patients depending on the functional role of the mutated residue. Further, GA non-responders are candidates for targeted GE of the mutant allele. Similar scenarios likely exist for other genotypically diverse dominant diseases, expanding the therapeutic landscape for affected patients.
OP0099 Mood and stressful events predict daily fluctuations in disease symptoms in juvenile polyarticular arthritis

Background Juvenile arthritis is characterised by periods of flare and relative quiescence. Periods of flare are characterised by increased disease activity and worsening symptoms. While the cause of disease flares is unclear, multiple possible triggers have been proposed including infection, trauma, psychosocial stress, and mood. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of daily mood and daily stressful events to disease symptoms in children with rheumatic disease. Methods Twenty-four school-aged children (15 girls, 9 boys, mean age 12.4 years) with polyarticular arthritis completed a daily booklet over a two-month period, yielding 1355 total observations. The daily booklet included measures of daily symptoms, function, mood, and stressful events. In addition, we obtained biological measures of disease activity, as well as salivary cortisol levels three times daily. Data were analysed using multi-level random effects modelling in order to take into account both sources of variation in the data set, within-person and between-person. In addition, multilevel models use the number of observations or days rather than the number of participants as the unit of analysis, thus increasing the statistical power. Results The models indicated that on a day-to-day basis, worse mood and more stressful events were significantly related to increases in daily pain (p Conclusion Our data show that day to day fluctuations in mood and stressful events are related to the daily symptoms of children with juvenile polyarticular arthritis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease flares. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving mood and stress coping may improve the health status of children with arthritis.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Carbon Nanodots in in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become an increasingly important topic in the field of medical research due to the steadily increasing rates of mortality caused by this disease. With recent advancements in nanotechnology, a push for new, novel treatments for CVD utilizing these new materials has begun. Carbon Nanodots (CNDs), are a new form of nanoparticles that have been coveted due to the green synthesis method, biocompatibility, fluorescent capabilities and potential anti-antioxidant properties. With much research pouring into CNDs being used as bioimaging and drug delivery tools, few studies have been completed on their anti-inflammatory potential, especially in the cardiovascular system. CVD begins initially by endothelial cell inflammation. The cause of this inflammation can come from many sources; one being tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), which can not only trigger inflammation but prolong its existence by causing a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study investigated the ability of CNDs to attenuate TNF-α induced inflammation in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Results show that CNDs at non-cytotoxic concentrations reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, mainly Interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The uptake of CNDs by HMEC-1s was examined. Results from the studies involving channel blockers and endocytosis disruptors suggest that uptake takes place by endocytosis. These findings provide insights on the interaction CNDs and endothelial cells undergoing TNF-α induced cellular inflammation.
Reconstructing Test Labels from Noisy Loss Functions

Machine learning classifiers rely on loss functions for performance evaluation, often on a private (hidden) dataset. In a recent line of research, label inference was introduced as the problem of reconstructing the ground truth labels of this private dataset from just the (possibly perturbed) cross-entropy loss function values evaluated at chosen prediction vectors (without any other access to the hidden dataset). In this paper, we formally study the necessary and sufficient conditions under which label inference is possible from \emph{any} (noisy) loss function value. Using tools from analytical number theory, we show that a broad class of commonly used loss functions, including general Bregman divergence-based losses and multiclass cross-entropy with common activation functions like sigmoid and softmax, it is possible to design label inference attacks that succeed even for arbitrary noise levels and using only a single query from the adversary. We formally study the computational complexity of label inference and show that while in general, designing adversarial prediction vectors for these attacks is co-NP-hard, once we have these vectors, the attacks can also be carried out through a lightweight augmentation to any neural network model, making them look benign and hard to detect. The observations in this paper provide a deeper understanding of the vulnerabilities inherent in modern machine learning and could be used for designing future trustworthy ML.
Multiphonon Infrared Absorption in the Highly Transparent Frequency Regime of Solids

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a review on the considerable activity directed toward the multiphonon infrared absorption (MIRA) problem and discusses the progress in the field. The chapter presents a brief discussion on some of the physics surrounding MIRA, as well as some of the general theoretical considerations. The chapter presents a detailed description of various approaches and the models employed by various investigators, an overview of the results which have been obtained. The application of sum rules to MIRA is described. The experimental picture, regarding both methods and results are addressed. Comparisons of experimental results with theoretical predictions are indicated. The principal conclusions emerging from investigations of MIRA are summarized, and a discussion of the status of the field is presented. Multiphonon absorption of light in solids results both directly from nonlinearities in the electric moment, as well as indirectly from anharmonic interaction of the phonons excited by the light. Conventionally, the term "anharmonicity absorption" (AA) refers to the MIRA in IR-active solids resulting from the excitation and subsequent decay of the IR-active phonon(s). This interaction is mediated by the electric dipole moment, that is, terms in the moment that are linear in lattice displacements.
Let's Get a Second Opinion: International Institutions and American Public Support for War

Recent scholarship on international institutions has begun to explore potentially powerful indirect pathways by which international institutions may influence states’ domestic politics and thereby influence the foreign policy preferences and strategies of state leaders. In this paper, we provide evidence documenting the indirect impact of institutional cues on public support for the use of force through an analysis of individual-level survey data and a survey-based experiment that examines support for a hypothetical American intervention in East Timor. We find that institutional endorsements increase support for the use of force among members of the American public who value the institution making the endorsement and among those who do not have confidence in the president. These individual-level analyses show that international institutions can affect domestic support for military action by serving providing a valuable “second opinion” on the proposed use of force.
The Development of Ethnic Identity Among Chinese Adoptees

ABSTRACT The development of attitudes towards one's own as well as other ethnic groups are childhood precursors of ethnic identity. The current paper examines the formation of ethnic attitudes among 266 school-age children who were born in China and adopted by Americans and, at the time of the study, were attending 254 different elementary schools across the country. We hypothesized that a disposition to associate socially desirable traits with being Chinese would be fostered by a school environment that was itself racially and ethnically diverse. In order to test this hypothesis, we linked attitudinal data from a photo preference task with archival data quantifying the number and distribution of students of different races and ethnicities in each child's school and other relevant data elements from a parents' questionnaire. The results do not support the assumption that diversity at school encourages children adopted from China to associate socially desirable traits with being Chinese. To the contrary, c...
Welcome to the Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

Michael Goodrich and I welcome you to the inaugural issue of the Journal of Human-Robot Interaction (JHRI). Our aim is for this journal to be the leading peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal of human-robot interaction. To further the goal of creating high impact quickly, Michael and I, with the help of the associate editors and advisory board, have adopted a strategy to create special issues containing related HRI papers of high interest and quality. The inaugural issue grew out of a highly successful RSS workshop. Special editors, Leila Takayama and Brian Scassellati, invited members of the workshop and others to submit. All the papers were independently peer reviewed and those that passed initial muster were invited to revise for another round of review. The second special issue will emphasize the global nature of our field. The special editors, Michael Goodrich and Kerstin Severinson Eklundh, announced the issue broadly and invited papers from around the world. Following our process for maintaining quality, all submitted papers have been sent out for independent peer review, revision, and re-review if needed. (And the same process will apply to all issues of the journal.) The third special issue, which I am editing, will contain journal papers based on great papers from HRI-related conferences. The fourth special issue will emphasize systems, addressing a gap across HRI conferences. The special editor, Takayuki Kanda, has been soliciting articles and authors. Chosen articles will be given a special slot for presentations in the HRI 2013 conference. Not all future issues of JHRI will be special issues. Indeed, we have already received unsolicited papers on a variety of HRI topics. If you have a wonderful paper, please do not wait for the announcement of a special issue. We consider the field broadly, to include how people interact with robots and robotic technologies, how to improve these interactions and make new kinds of interaction possible, and the effects of HRI designs on people and society. We also will consider different types of content including video, datasets, reviews of the literature, or teaching materials. We encourage submission of papers from all fields including robotics, computer science, engineering, design, the behavioral and social sciences, and human-computer interaction. Our strategy is to give top preference to readable high quality papers that contribute to the state of the art and general knowledge and that are written to be intelligible to a wide range of audiences.
Substance P in renal afferent perikarya identified by retrograde transport of fluorescent dye

Substance P immunoreactivity in the afferent pathways to the kidney of the cat was investigated by using combined retrograde fluorescent dye labeling and indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Substance P was identified in 24% of dye-labeled renal afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglia from L1 to L3. By comparison, 29% of all cells in the lumbar ganglia were substance P-positive. These data indicate that substance P may be involved in the transmission of afferent input from the kidney to the central nervous system.
Promoting Imports to Appease Trade Partners: Japan's New Trade Policies

Abstract This paper documents and analyzes Japan's various import promotion policies. Appeasing Japan's trade partners, particularly the United States, seems to be a major goal of these policies. The import promotion efforts are best described as lowering the fixed costs of entry into the Japanese market or lowering the switching costs involved in switching from a domestic supplier to a foreign one. Various models of the policies are discussed along with their different predictions as to the effects of the policies. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , September 2001, 15 (3), pp. 253–270. Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, SSB 542, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: F13, F14.
Relay strategies for interference-forwarding

We consider relaying strategies in networks with multiple source-destination pairs and possibly additional outside sources of interference. We study these networks in the discrete, memoryless setup, and focus on relaying strategies based on forwarding the interference. In particular, the relay encodes the interference signal so as to make it easier for the receiver to remove it. The objective is to help receivers with weak interference by making the interference strong enough so that these receivers are able to cancel it completely. Our proposed approach is a combination of ideas from decode-and-forward (DF) and/or estimate-and-forward (EF) but applied to the interfering signal rather than the desired signal. When based only on DF, the relay first decodes (part of) the interfering signal it wants to enhance. It then encodes the interference in such a way as to increase the interference at the assisted receiver. The rate of the relayed interference is not limited by the rate from the relay to the original destination of the forwarded message, thus, interference cancellation is not a by-product of enhancing the desired information at its intended destination, but a goal in itself. We call this method interference-forwarding (IF). IF can also be based on EF where, instead of forwarding the exact interfering signal, the relay simply sends a compressed version of it to the assisted receiver. Rate increase can thus be obtained even if the signal received at the relay is independent of the desired message and consists only of interference and noise.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Ag/bamboo-type TiO2 nanotube composite electrodes for methylene blue degradation

Photocatalysis phenomena in TiO2 have been intensively investigated for its potential application in environmental remediation. The present work reports improved photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution by using bamboo-type TiO2 nanotubes deposited with Ag nanoparticles via electrochemical deposition. The photocatalytic processes are performed on Ag-modified TiO2 bamboo-type nanotube arrays, Ag-modified smooth-walled nanotube arrays, and bare smooth-walled nanotube arrays. Both Ag-modified bamboo-type and smooth-walled nanotube arrays show improved photocatalytic degradation efficiencies (64.4% and 52.6%) compared to smooth-walled TiO2 nanotubes of the same length (44.4%), due to the enhanced electron–hole seperation and more surface area provided by bamboo ridges. The photocatalytic activity and kinetic behavior of Ag-modified bamboo-type nanotube arrays are also optmized by tuning pulse deposition time of Ag nanoparticles. Bamboo-type nanotubes deposited with Ag nanoparticles via pulse deposition time of 0.5 s/1.5 s shows the highest methylene blue degradation efficiency of 78.5%, which represents 21.9% and 76.8% enhancement of efficiency compared to those of bare bamboo-type and smooth-walled nanotubes, respectively, indicating that a proper amount of Ag nanoparticles on TiO2 can maximize the photocatalytic processes. In addition, overly long pulse deposition time will not further increase photocatalytic activity due to agglomeration of Ag paticles. For example, when the pulse deposition time is increased to 2 s/6 s, Ag-modified bamboo-type nanotube array exhibits a lower photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 62.9%.
The aggregate cost of deposit insurance: A multiperiod analysis

Abstract This paper extends the standard single-period model of deposit insurance to a mutliperiod setting. It incorporates a variety of features describing bank and regulator behavior, such as endogenous capital adjustments and regulatory forbearance. Budgetary costs of deposit insurance are found using contingent claims techniques. We show how the market value of a bank′s net worth, a critical input of the model, can be estimated using accounting cash flow data and information from aggregate bank stock prices. Using Call Report data on U.S. commercial banks, we provide empirical estimates of the aggregate cost of deposit insurance under alternative regulatory policies. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G13, G21, G28, H61.
Magnetic resonance imaging of psoriatic arthritis: insight from traditional and three-dimensional analysis.

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are the same and at the same time different from those seen in other inflammatory arthritides. Synovial hypertrophy is seen on MRI in all arthritides. However, the location and extent of bone marrow edema in PsA is different from those seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis. Progression studies in PsA are hard to justify. However, treatment monitoring studies have given insight into the pattern of progression of the MRI findings and information regarding the mechanism of the effect of the drugs used for treatment. Threedimensional image analysis tools provide volumetric information and information regarding the spatial and temporal relationship between different MRI findings. The three-dimensional perfusion image analysis tool, which is used to evaluate the effect of antiangiogenic drugs in cancer treatment, can provide information regarding the disease mechanism when used in disease monitoring studies.
Will Consumers Pay a Premium for Eco-labeled Apples?

Farmers and other producers are responding to consumer concerns about pesticides by creating new marketing opportunities for products grown with environmentally sound practices. The eco-label analyzed in this study is certified by The Food Alliance (TFA), a non-profit third-party certifying organization based in Portland, Oregon. We assess the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for eco-labeled apples using a double-bounded logit model. We conclude that female respondents with children, and strong environmental and food safety concerns are more likely to pay a premium for eco-labeled apples. However, the estimated premium is small (about 5 cents per pound over an initial price of 99 cents), reflecting the overall difficulty with garnering a premium based on "environmentally sound" practices.
Long-Term Performance Assessment for a Proposed High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Site at Yucca Mountain - Explanation of the Shape of Release Curves

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Total-system Performance Assessment (TPA) code is a tool to independently evaluate the long-term performance of the proposed Yucca Mountain (YM) high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository by modeling processes such as the dissolution of the spentnuclear fuel (SNF) and the subsequent transport through unsaturated and saturated highly heterogeneous fractured porous media to a hypothetical release into the biosphere. The release rates of radionuclides into the biosphere corresponding to some of the SNF dissolution models show a sinusoidal trend with an overall decrease in the rate with time; for other models the sinusoidal behavior is nonexistent. This study identifies two key mechanisms contributing to these trends: the spatial discretization of the repository into subareas and radionuclide-specific sorption properties in the saturated zone alluvium. Other mechanisms which might affect the release rates, such as solubility limits, radioactive decay and ingrowth, inventory depletion, and transport properties of the unsaturated zone (UZ), do not significantly contribute to these trends.
Discussion: Economic Policy and Agricultural Development Abroad

ucts have been oriented to consumers. The objective has been to make food available at lowest possible prices. Recently some countries have been formulating programs to assure farmers of minimum prices. The effects of general economic policies on these efforts, as well as the influence of these programs on industrial development, need studying. 2. Foreign private investment. Farm economists in neither the developing nor the developed countries have focused sufficiently on the effect of foreign investments on agricultural development. In this country we take for granted the role of a very viable agribusiness industry. In many of the developing countries the need for agricultural supporting industries is not recognized. Articles by farm economists focusing on these issues are conspicuously scarce. 3. Fiscal policy. A large number of less-developed countries depend heavily on export and import taxes for their government revenue. A long list of countries in which these impediments exist could be compiled. Only recently have some countries, such as Uruguay, Paraguay, India, and Thailand, begun to reduce these duties. The implications of these changes and further adjustments need analysis. There are many other general economic policies which merit our interests and efforts. Our response to these needs could substantially affect the attainment of increased economic growth of the developing countries.
Oropharyngeal cancer: a potential consequence of concomitant HPV and HIV infection.

Purpose of reviewOral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the principal cause of a distinct form of oropharyngeal cancer (OPCA) that has been rising in incidence in the United States since 1973, particularly among young men. The possible contribution of the HIV-epidemic to this increase is uncle
DRELL--HEARN SUM RULE FROM LIGHT-CONE CURRENT COMMUTATORS.

The Drell-Hearn sum rule for the nucleon anomalous magnetic moment is derived by using the light-cone commutator for the + components of the current. The ${q}^{2}=0$ limits of several other sum rules are also derived from the ++ commutator. These other sum rules have been previously derived but only by using a more model-dependent commutator.
Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production.

Abstract The effect of nicotinic acid (niacin) on microbial fermentation was tested in vitro. Microbial protein synthesis was greater with niacin and soybean meal than with niacin and urea. Otherwise, in most instances niacin decreased synthesis with urea. These responses to niacin with soybean meal occurred regardless of roughage type or ratio of roughage to concentrate, except when the substrate contained 50% roughage from alfalfa; then the opposite was true. Adding niacin to urea-containing rations of heifers weighing 375 or 114kg failed to improve the heifers' weight gain or feed efficiency. In one of two lactation studies with cows in midlactation fed urea-containing rations, a slight increase in milk production was attributable to niacin; in the other, a slight improvement in milk protein production was attributable to niacin. In a third lactation study, but with fresh cows, milk production increased in cows receiving niacin and soybean meal but not in those receiving niacin and urea. In a fourth lactation study with fresh cows fed soybean meal, cows receiving niacin gave slightly more milk than did those receiving none. Response to niacin is greater in fresh cows than in those in midlactation and is greater in cows fed natural protein than in those fed urea.
Purification and structural characterisation of human HLA-linked B-cell antigens

The human B cell-specific alloantigen which is closely linked genetically to HLA contains two non-covalently associated, sialogycoprotein subunits of molecular weight (MW) 29,000 (p29), and 34,000 (p34). Although p29 and p34 have different amino-terminal sequences, their tyrosine peptide maps indicate considerable similarity in other portions of their polypeptide chains. Thus the genes for their proteins may have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. Another lymphocyte cell surface protein of MW 16,000 (p16) has also been characterised. Both p16 and p44 (the heavy chain of HLA-A,B antigens) have been compared with p29 and p34.