cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Determination of Grain Boundary Atomic Structure in SrTiO3

An atomic structure model for a 25° [001] symmetric tilt grain boundary in SrTiO3 has been determined directly from experimental data with the use of high-resolution Z-contrast imaging coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The derived model of the grain boundary was refined by bond-valence sum calculations and reveals candidate sites for dopant atoms in the boundary plane. These results show how the combined techniques can be used to deduce the atomic structure of defects and interfaces without recourse to preconceived structural models or image simulations.
The Monte Carlo code CEARCPG for coincidence prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis

Prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) is widely used to determine the elemental composition of bulk samples. The detection sensitivities of PGNAA are often restricted by the inherent poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). There are many sources of noise (background) including the natural background, neutron activation of the detector, gamma-rays associated with the neutron source and prompt gamma-rays from the structural materials of the analyzer. Results of the prompt gamma-ray coincidence technique show that it could greatly improve the SNR by removing almost all of the background interferences. The first specific Monte Carlo code (CEARCPG) for coincidence PGNAA has been developed at the Center for Engineering Application of Radioisotopes (CEAR) to explore the capabilities of this technique. Benchmark bulk sample experiments have been performed with coal, sulfur, and mercury samples and indicate that the code is accurate and will be very useful in the design of coincidence PGNAA devices.
Out-of-hospital medication errors: a 6-year analysis of the national poison data system.

PURPOSE: Previous research and reporting has focused on the incidence and prevention of medication errors in the hospital setting; however, no previous study has reported the frequencies, characteristics and outcomes of out-of-hospital medication (OHME) errors. METHOD: Data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) was collected for 2000-2005 and information regarding out-of-hospital medication errors reported to Poison Control Centers (PCC) was collected by a trained investigator. RESULTS: From 2000-2005 there were 1,166,116 OHME reported to PCC. Of these patients, 88,451 (7.5%) received medical evaluation by a healthcare provided and 229 (0.01%) deaths reported. The most common drug classes involved included cough/cold medications, analgesics, cardiovascular agents, antihistamines, antidepressants and antimicrobial agents. The most common error reported in both children and adults was taking or giving medication twice. CONCLUSIONS: OHME occur frequently and the NPDS may be a useful resource for data collection and evaluation in this previously overlooked population. The majority of OHME reported did not result in any significant morbidity or mortality and were managed at home without need for healthcare referrral. Further study of OHME is needed, and in particular whether healthcare professionals can target educational instruction to patients so as to effectively reduce the frequency of the most common or injurious errors. Language: en
Clumped isotope evidence for diachronous surface cooling of the Altiplano and pulsed surface uplift of the Central Andes

Spatially extensive paleoelevation records of the Altiplano plateau are critical to determining the geodynamic mechanisms that formed and support high elevations over a broad area. Prior stable isotope data reveal a climate history for the northern Bolivian Altiplano that has been interpreted to show rapid surface uplift of 2.5±1.0 km between ∼10 and 6 Ma. This study applies clumped isotope paleothermometry to paleosol carbonates formed at both a low-elevation site and temporally overlapping high-elevation sites in the southern Altiplano/Eastern Cordillera during the middle to late Miocene. Surface paleotemperature decreased by 14 °C in the southern Altiplano/Eastern Cordillera relative to stable low-elevation paleotemperatures, implying surface elevation increase of 1.9±0.7 km between 16 and 13 Ma and an additional 0.7±0.6 km between 13 and 9 Ma. Both the large magnitude of surface temperature decrease and earlier onset (7±4 Myr) in the south as compared to the north suggest rapid elevation increase by piecemeal removal of lower lithosphere beneath the plateau and possible northward lower crustal flow.
Analysis of microdynamic environ flows in an ecological network

Abstract Network environ analysis (NEA), an application of ecological network analysis (ENA), is presented as a mathematical basis for developing insight into ecosystem interconnectivity for ecological engineering design. Two seven-compartment models of nitrogen flow in the Neuse River Estuary (Summer 1988 and Winter 1989) are used in developing quantitative metrics of indirect ecosystem relationships that are not observable based on empirically determined flows of nitrogen alone. Network total system throughflow was mathematically decomposed into microdynamic environ flows, which are presented as the basis for understanding and developing insight into the indirect relationships that develop in ecosystems over network pathways. Mathematical derivations also indicate that empirically determined, intercompartmental flows are constituted by the smaller scale environ flows. Results indicate that 43.5 and 45.9%, respectively, of total system throughflow for the Summer and Winter networks are generated by nitrogen flow over indirect network pathways. Implications of these results are that indirect effects from non-adjacent network relationships are indeed necessary considerations for ecosystem design and management and they can be quantified using ecological network analysis. Mathematical derivations and their significance in ecological design are presented and discussed.
BATTLE of the bandwidth

Whitman College, like all other residential institutions of higher education, has been struggling with taming the bandwidth for the Residence Hall network. It doesn't seem to matter how much bandwidth is provided, or how much packet shaping effort is made -- it only takes a handful of students with a new P2P tool to completely saturate the network, making the entire network unusable for everyone else in the residence hall. This spring, Whitman College Technology Services (WCTS) conducted a proof-of-concept project. WCTS partnered with a local ISP to make "for-fee" higher bandwidth available in the residence hall on the same outlet as the campus ResNet. Students now have choice of using the "free" ResNet provided by the college or higher bandwidth purchased from the local ISP through the same network connection in his/her residence hall room. There are several benefits to this arrangement: (1) students whose life depends on the Net can purchase more bandwidth, as an alternative to complaining about the lack of services, (2) by removing the high-bandwidth users from the ResNet, the rest of the students on ResNet experience better connections, and (3) Whitman College need not react to the demand of a few -- the college can add bandwidth as it sees the need and funds are made available. We report on the result of this proof-of-concept project, discuss the technical aspects of sharing our ResNet with an ISP, and the reaction of our pilot students to the project.
Nucleographic studies of axial spondarthritides. I. Quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy in early HLA-B27-associated sacroiliitis.

Quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy (QSS) was performed on 34 patients suspected of having ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with low back pain and stiffness of recent onset, by utilizing three technical features not previously described: fractional scintigraphy of the sacroiliac (SI) joints, background subtraction, and drug washout. Imaging was performed with a 140-keV, high-resolution collimator, and the data were recorded and processed with an Ohio Nuclear 150 System, 3 hours after administration of 17 mCi of 99m Tc ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) per 70 kg of body weight. The SI index determined by QSS was compared with diagnostic tissue-typing for HLA–B27 and standard radiography of the SI joints to assess the potential of QSS to discriminate inflammatory sacroiliitis from nonspecific low back strain. Twenty-three of the 34 patients were positive for HLA–B27 and they had a mean index by QSS of 2.09. All but 1 had an index exceeding 1.7. Only 5 of these B27-positive patients had early radiographic sacroiliitis. The 11 B27-negative patients had a mean index by QSS of 1.52, and none had radiographic sacroiliitis. The mean values for 46 controls and 10 patients with classic AS, B27 positivity, and complete sclerosis of their SI joints were 1.32 and 1.38, respectively, suggesting that the elevated SI indices found by QSS in the symptomatic B27-positive patients do reflect inflammatory sacroiliitis. Five of the recently symptomatic B27-positive patients with elevated indices had repeat QSS after 3 weeks of therapy with conventional antiin-flammatory drugs and had a reduction in their SI index. QSS appears to be useful in detecting inflammatory sacroiliitis associated with B27 positivity before the development of radiographic disease, and it may be an objective tool in assessing the short-term therapy of inflammatory sacroiliitis.
Continuous postoperative intra-arterial urokinase infusion in the treatment of no reflow following revascularization of the acutely ischemic limb

The loss of distal tissue perfusion sufficient for limb salvage following restoration of inflow to an acutely ischemic extremity has been referred to as the “no-reflow” phenomenon. We hypothesized that patients with no reflow and limb-threat ischemia might benefit from prolonged postoperative intra-arterial infusion of the thrombolytic agent urokinase (UK). Twelve patients with arteriographic and clinical evidence of no reflow following a lower extremity arterial thrombectomy and/or bypass procedure were treated with a continuous intra-arterial UK infusion in the immediate postoperative period. The mean duration of UK infusion was 47 hours (range 15 to 112 hours). The mean rate of infusion was 58,000 units/hr (range 30,000 to 100,000 units/hr). Seven patients required transfusion for bleeding from the treated extremity (mean 3.4 units packed cells) and one required reoperation for a groin hematoma. Plasma fibrinogen levels remained within the normal range in all patients, and no systemic bleeding complications were encountered. The intra-arterial UK infusion resulted in limb salvage in 7 of 12 patients. Six patients have viable, functional extremities at a mean follow-up interval of 24.9 months (range 6.4 to 49.7 months). One patient required below-knee amputation 6 months after treatment for progressive ischemia. The other five patients required below-knee amputation during the same hospitalization after UK failed to restore distal perfusion. The postoperative period is widely considered to be a contraindication to thrombolytic therapy. Our experience indicates that while UK may cause bleeding from the treated extremity, which in some cases requires transfusion, there is no evidence of systemic fibrinolysis or systemic hemorrhage. We conclude that the salvage of otherwise nonviable limbs by prolonged postoperative intra-arterial UK infusion is possible. This observation supports the theory that the no-reflow phenomenon is due, in part, to distal intravascular fibrin deposition.
Effect of monoclonal antibodies on the adherence of Bordetella pertussis to vero cells

An in vitro assay involving the adherence of Bordetella pertussis to Vero cells was used to quantify the inhibitory effects of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) on adherence. McAbs to agglutinogens (fimbriae), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF) and to an X-mode specific outer membrane protein were tested. X-mode cells adhered to the Vero cells to a greater extent than C-mode cells. McAb to agglutinogen 2 inhibited the adherence of B. pertussis bearing homologous agglutinogen. McAbs to LPF, FHA, agglutinogen 3 and X-mode specific outer membrane protein also partially inhibited the adherence of B. pertussis to Vero cells.
Climate anomalies provide opportunities for large-scale mapping of non-native plant abundance in desert grasslands.

Aim Native plant communities are susceptible to climate anomalies, which would favour the invasion of non-native species. However, climate anomalies may also provide opportunities for detecting non-native plants at a regional scale using remote sensing. Based on this mechanism, we propose a direct and effective remote sensing approach to map the abundance of South African Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann lovegrass), a highly invasive, non-native plant in the desert grasslands of southwestern North America. Location The desert grassland of Fort Huachuca Military Reservation (31°34′N, 110°26′W) in southern Arizona, USA. Methods Simple linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between additional (comparing to the normal level) remotely sensed greenness (delta Enhanced Vegetation Index (ΔEVI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)), and field actual (g m−2) and percentage (%) biomass of E. lehmanniana in an abnormal wet, cool period in October 2000. Results There was a strong and positive agreement (P < 0.005) between ΔEVI and field observations (R2 = 0.72 and 0.64 for actual and percentage biomass of E. lehmanniana, respectively). These relationships allowed us to estimate the abundance of E. lehmanniana in the desert grassland. Main conclusions Phenology of native grass communities is quite similar to systems dominated by E. lehmanniana but responses differ when there are substantial amounts of precipitation in cool seasons. Eragrostis lehmanniana can produce significant amount of new tissues and seeds with sufficient cool season moisture, while native grasses are still in senescence or dormancy. Therefore, amplitude of ΔEVI during wet, cool seasons would indicate the abundance of E. lehmanniana. Long-term climate records denote an amplification of cool season precipitation in the southwestern USA. This regional climatic trend should allow us to monitor E. lehmanniana and possibly other non-native species frequently in this vast arid region.
Cloning and expression of a major rat lens membrane protein, MP20.

Abstract The lens contains a major membrane protein with an apparent molecular weight of 18 kDa and which has been referred to as MP18 [Louis et al. (1989). J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19967-73]. We have cloned a rat MP20 cDNA that appears to be identical to this previously described protein based on sequence homology. The predicted protein sequence has characteristics typical of an integral membrane protein and a molecular mass of 19637. The transcripts for MP20 appear to be lens specific as indicated by RNA analysis; Southern blot analysis indicates that MP20 is coded for by a single gene with possibly a single intron in its coding sequence. The expression of transcripts for several lens membrane proteins (MP20, MP26 and α 3 -gap junctions) was compared in 1·5 month bovine fetal and 4-6 month post-natal calf lenses. The transcript levels for these proteins were more abundant in fetal lenses than in calf lenses indicating a possible developmental regulation of the transcripts for these three lens-specific membrane proteins. The MP20 cDNA was expressed in a heterologous mammalian cell culture system in which the majority of the protein was integrated into membranous structures localized near the nucleus; there was little incorporation of MP20 into the cell plasma membrane as detected by immunofluorescence. This system should prove useful for both the isolation and purification of MP20, and will enable study of its properties under defined conditions.
Patterning alginate hydrogels using light-directed release of caged calcium in a microfluidic device

This paper describes a simple reversible hydrogel patterning method for 3D cell culture. Alginate gel is formed in select regions of a microfluidic device through light-triggered release of caged calcium. In the pre-gelled alginate solution, calcium is chelated by DM-nitrophen (DM-n) to prevent cross-linking of alginate. After sufficient UV exposure the caged calcium is released from DM-n causing alginate to cross-link. The effect of using different concentrations of calcium and chelating agents as well as the duration of UV exposure is described. Since the cross-linking is based on calcium concentration, the cross-linked alginate can easily be dissolved by EDTA. We also demonstrate application of this capability to patterned microscale 3D co-culture using endothelial cells and osteoblastic cells in a microchannel.
A study of various normalization procedures for within day electromyographic data.

Normalization of electromyographic (EMG) data has been described in the scientific literature as crucial for comparisons between subjects and between muscles. The reference value used in the normalization equation has, however, varied across reports. Comparison between studies could be facilitated by use of a common value. We propose the best way to select the common value is through a reliability approach. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify which of three EMG normalization values provided the most reproducible data set. The gastrocnemius EMG results from 20 normal persons and 20 individuals with anterior cruciate deficiency who were participating in a larger study were normalized to a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) EMG, peak dynamic EMG, and mean dynamic EMG. Values were then subjected to evaluation using four statistical measures: inter and intrasubject coefficients of variation (CV), variance ratio (VR), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The CV measures, while not being reflective of reliability were included for comprehensive consideration in view of other literature. The intersubject CV which measures group variability and the intrasubject CV which measures precision were lower for the dynamic conditions, however, the VR and ICC suggested reproducibility was best with EMG from the MVIC. Given that other studies have advocated normalizing EMG by taking data from the dynamic event, reconsideration may be warranted if high reproducibility is desired. Interpretations of the findings given the population, muscle and condition studied are discussed.
Salvage of the First Ray with Concomitant Septic and Gouty Arthritis by Use of a Bone Block Joint Distraction Arthrodesis and External Fixation

Gouty arthropathy about the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint with a superimposed deep infection poses a great challenge to the foot and ankle surgeon. The inflammatory nature of gout compromises the soft-tissue envelope and vasculature to the area. Acute gouty arthropathy is usually a contraindication to surgical intervention secondary to wound-healing complications and possible vasospasm leading to tissue necrosis. However, if deep infection is present this must be managed with adequate surgical debridement followed by delayed soft-tissue and osseous reconstruction to prevent amputation. The authors present an exceptional clinical manifestation of gouty arthropathy of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint concomitant with deep abscess and osteomyelitis and the surgical approach taken to afford functional limb salvage.
Intensified Charge Coupled Device-Based Fiber-Optic Monitor for Rapid Remote Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing

This paper describes the development of an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD)-based fiber-optic monitor for remote Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) sensing. Both Raman and SERS data were obtained with the use of a fiber-optic probe design incorporating 20-m optical fibers carrying the Raman signal. Spectra were obtained in 5 milliseconds for Raman and 9 ms for SERS. The proposed system could be used for a highly sensitive portable Raman system for rapid and remote chemical sensing.
The effect of wall conduction on heat transfer to a slug flow

Abstract The problem of heat transfer to a slug flow past a flat plate of finite dimensions is considered. Heat is introduced to the system either by means of a known flux at the outside surface of the plate or by means of a distributed heat source in the plate. Two dimensional conduction occurs in the plate. The temperature distribution in the plate and fluid is found in terms of a series expansion.
Potential of Dopamine A-1 Agonists in the Management of Acute Renal Failure

Many therapeutic approaches have been undertaken both to prevent acute ischemic or nephrotoxic renal injury and, once acute renal failure (ARF) has developed, to improve renal function and reduce mortality. To date, most therapeutic studies have investigated the effects of diuretics (eg, mannitol, furosemide), vasoactive agents (calcium channel blockers, atrial natriuretic peptide), or dopamine (a nonselective dopaminergic agent [DAA]) in one or more phases of ARF. Unfortunately, studies of the use of DAA in ARF are complicated by the existence of at least two different DAA receptors (DA-1 and DA-2), and by the stimulation of alpha- and/or beta-adrenergic receptors by high doses of DAA. The undesirable side effects of high doses of dopamine and the inconclusive results using low doses (ie, "renal doses") of dopamine (a nonselective DAA) have prompted consideration of the use of more selective dopaminergic agonists for the prophylaxis and treatment of ARF. Selective DA-1 agonists exhibit many desirable renal effects that theoretically support their use for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of ARF, including decreases in renal vascular resistance accompanied by increases in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and increases in sodium excretion and urine volume. Even at high doses, some selective DA-1 agonists, such as fenoldopam, do not stimulate DA-2 receptors, or adrenergic alpha- or beta-receptors, and thus are free of unwanted side effects (eg, arrhythmias). Results of several studies in normal and hypertensive humans, and a few studies in animal models, are consistent with the notion that DA-1 agonists may be useful in preventing or treating ARF. Careful randomized prospective clinical trials of DA-1 agonists in human ARF are needed to test this hypothesis.
Significance of Electrochemical Phenomena in Intravascular Thrombosis

IT appears increasingly certain that vascular interfacial phenomena are critically involved in the development of intravascular thrombosis. However, comments on the role of the vessel wall in the maintenance of vascular homoeostasis are conspicuously absent in discussions of the subject. In a recent article by Macfarlane1 it was suggested that foreign surfaces activate Factor XII, triggering the cascade of reactions involved in ‘physiologic clotting’. A series of experiments in this laboratory, including measurement of transmural ion fluxes2, absorption and concentration of various important anions and cations by vessel wall cells and fibres3,4, and measurement of the zeta potential in the electric double layer at the blood-intimal interface as shown by both electro-osmosis5 and streaming potential6 experiments, indicate that charge on the vessel wall is important in vascular homoeostasis.
Electroencephalographic changes with intracarotid megimide and amytal in man.

Abstract 1. 1. An introductory study of the EEG and behavioral effects of intracarotid Amytal and Megimide was carried out in 16 patients, one studied bilaterally. 2. 2. The effects of the drugs were strikingly independent of the underlying pathology. The behavioral responses were predominantly unilateral while the EEG changes were mostly bilateral. 3. 3. Amytal produced EEG high voltage slowing, bilaterally and diffusely. The behavioral changes were contralateral motor, sensory and visual defects without aphasia. 4. 4. Megimide produced motor seizures most marked contralaterally; with universally contralateral onset. The EEG showed diffuse, bilateral spike and spike-wave patterns. 5. 5. The implications of the findings with regard to site of drug action and speculations concerning the value of this method of study are discussed. It is felt that carotid drug studies may help elucidate problems in brain physiology and pharmacology. 6. 6. Judicious use of intracarotid drugs in man is apparently a safe procedure.
Race and Sentence Severity: The Case of American Justice

The fact that race is related to the severity of punishment meted out by the American criminal justice system has been known for some time (see Piliavin and Briar, 1964; Ferdinand and Luchterhand, 1970; Thornberry, 1973; Carroll and Mondrick, 1976; Gibson, 1978; Uhlman, 1979; Petersilia, 1983; Terry, 1967; Black, 1970; Black and Reiss, 1970; Green, 1964; Hagan, 1974; Clarke and Koch, 1976; Hindelang, 1978). For example, although Blacks make up only about 12% of the American population, they make up about 48% of the American prison population (see Petersilia, 1983). However, what has been and still is under some dispute is whether or not race is merely correlated with these results or whether race causes these results. Defenders of the American criminal justice system maintain that the overrepresentation of Blacks in the prison population can be explained solely on the basis of the Black proportion of the arrestee population; Blacks constitute a disproportionate segment of the prison population because they commit a disproportionate number of serious crimes (see Blumstein, 1982). Even if we assume that the number of Black arrestees is strictly proportional to the number of Black criminals, a position very difficult to prove one way or the other, once
Patterns of bovine T cell-mediated immune responses to bovine herpesvirus 1.

Abstract Lymphocyte proliferation was used to evaluate T cell-mediated immune responses to different isolates of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Groups of high, moderate, and low responses were observed when lymphocytes from three breeds of dairy cattle were stimulated with each of the BHV-1 isolates. Proliferation of cells in the low responding group could be augmented by exogenous IL-2. The mechanism of unresponsiveness by cells from one individual whose response was not altered by IL-2 supplementation was further investigated. The patterns of response by limiting dilution frequency analysis eliminated the possibility that this individual lacked responsive cells but suggested the presence of regulatory cell interactions which resulted in the observed low proliferative response. These results show that animals exposed to the same environment can vary greatly in their ability to respond to BHV-1. At least two mechanisms may be responsible for low proliferative responses in vitro : inadequate levels of IL-2 and the presence of suppressor cells.
NSILA (nonsuppressible insulin-like activity): a fetal growth factor?

NSILA is a growth hormone dependent serum peptide closely related to the Somatomedins (SM), whose significance as growth hormones has not yet been clarified in vivo. Factors involved in fetal growth are plentiful, recent data suggesting a possible role of SM. Using a sensitive competitive protein binding assay we have determined NSILA in 23 pregnant women and in 28 paired maternal and cord sera. Mean ± S.E.M. levels (μU/ml) during pregnancy (952 ± 56) were not significantly different from those in 8 non-pregnant women (821 ± 25) and did not change much in the course of pregnancy. NSILA in cord serum (597 ± 38) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in correspondent maternal serum (1039 ± 63). Preliminary data indicate a reverse behaviour of NSILA carrier protein. The finding of cord NSILA levels within the normal childhood range is compatible with a role in fetal growth. NSILA carrier protein possibly controls the rate of diaplacental transfer and/or the half-life of NSILA in the fetus.
The effect of unsaturation on the reaction of aqueous alkyl bromides with brass foil

Brass (a zinc/copper alloy) foil reacts with mixtures of water and alkyl bromides to give dissolution of zinc and copper. The relative rates of leaching depend on the bromide used: saturated bromides favor dissolution of zinc, whereas unsaturated bromides favor dissolution of copper. This difference is attributed to the formation of π-complexes between the unsaturated linkages and the copper atoms.
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Catecholamine Levels in Isolated Porcine Iris-Ciliary Body

In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological action of hydrogen sulfide (H2S, using sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS, and/or sodium sulfide, Na2S as donors) on sympathetic neurotransmission from isolated, superfused porcine iris-ciliary bodies. We also examined the effect of H2S on norepinephrine (NE), dopamine and epinephrine concentrations in isolated porcine anterior uvea. Release of [3H]NE was triggered by electrical field stimulation and basal catecholamine concentrations was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both NaHS and Na2S caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of electrically evoked [3H]NE release from porcine iris-ciliary body without affecting basal [3H]NE efflux. The inhibitory action of H2S donors on NE release was attenuated by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and propargyglycine (PAG), inhibitors of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), respectively. With the exception of dopamine, NaHS caused a concentration-dependent reduction in endogenous NE and epinephrine concentrations in isolated iris-ciliary bodies. We conclude that H2S can inhibit sympathetic neurotransmission from isolated porcine anterior uvea, an effect that is dependent, at least in part, on intramural biosynthesis of this gas. Furthermore, the observed action of H2S donors on sympathetic transmission may be due to a direct action of this gas on neurotransmitter pools.
Labeling of Intestinal and Lymph Cholesterol After Administration of Tracer Doses of Cholesterol-4-C14.

SummarySmall doses of fed cholesterol-4-C14 lead to labeling of cholesterol fractions of mucosa and lymph without increase in level or turnover rate of free cholesterol pool of the mucosa or in amount of cholesterol in lymph. Feeding tracer dose with sodium taurocholate and oleic acid increases the turnover rate of pool which leads to an increased amount of labeled and unlabeled cholesterol in lymph.
The MM3 force field for amides, polypeptides and proteins

The potential functions for simple amides, several peptides and a small protein have been worked out for the MM3 force field. Structures and energies were fit as previously with MM2, but additionally, we fit the vibrational spectra of the simple amides (average rms error over four compounds, 34 cm−1), and examined more carefully electrostatic interactions, including charge-charge and charge-dipole interactions. The parameters were obtained and tested by examining four simple amides, five electrostatic model complexes, two dipeptides, six crystalline cyclic peptides, and the protein Crambin. The average root-mean-square deviation from the X-ray structures for the six cyclic peptide crystals was only 0.10 A for the nonhydrogen atomic positions, and 0.011 A, 1.0°, and 4.9° for bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles, respectively. The parameter set was then further tested by minimizing the high resolution crystal structure of the hydrophobic protein Crambin. The resultant root-mean-square deviations for the non-hydrogen atomic data, in the presence of the crystal lattice, are 0.22 A, 0.023 A, 2.0°, and 6.4° for coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles, respectively.
Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect

Given the potential utility of brand personality for marketers, the present research conceptualizes and investigates the relationships between five brand personality dimensions and brand trust as well as brand affect. This research proposes that some brand personality dimensions relate more to brand trust, whereas other dimensions relate more to brand affect. The results suggest that Sincerity and Ruggedness brand personality dimensions are more likely to influence the level of brand trust than brand affect, whereas the Excitement and Sophistication dimensions relate more to brand affect than to brand trust. The Competence dimension appears to have similar effects on both brand trust and brand affect. The research findings are consistent with marketing and consumer researchers' assertions that brand personality can increase levels of brand trust and evoke brand affect, which in turn builds the level of brand loyalty. Theoretical and practical contributions and implications are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Little Children's Participation in the Work of Adults, a Nascent Prosocial Behavior.

RHEINGOLD, HARRIET L. Little Children's Participation in the Work of Adults, a Nascent Prosocial Behavior. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 114-125. 2 studies explored the possibility that a set of behaviors that could be characterized as helping would be exhibited by young children. In a laboratory setting that simulated a home, parents and other adults were asked to perform some common household chores, and the children's participation was recorded. In the first study, 24-month-old children were studied with their mothers and female adults; in the second, children at 18, 24, and 30 months of age were studied with their mothers or fathers and with male or female persons. In both studies the children spontaneously and promptly assisted the adults in a majority of the tasks they performed. Furthermore, the children accompanied their assistance by relevant verbalizations and by evidence that they knew the goals of the tasks, even adding appropriate behaviors not modeled by the adults. Their efforts were construed as prosocial not only because they contributed to the completion of the tasks but also because the children showed an awareness of themselves as actors working with others to a common end.
Production of microspheres with surface amino groups from blends of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(ε-CBZ-L-lysine) and use for encapsulation

Microspheres were formed from blends of the biodegradable polymer poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) together with poly(epsilon-CBZ-L-lysine) (PCBZL) by a double-emulsification/solvent evaporation technique. The size of the microspheres formed by this method was dependent both on the total concentration of the polymers and on the ratio of PLGA to PCBZL. The use of the microspheres for encapsulation was demonstrated by the inclusion of a solution of Texas Red fluorescent dye. Lysine epsilon-amino groups on the surface of the microspheres were deprotected by acid hydrolysis or lithium/liquid ammonia reduction. Acid hydrolysis damaged the surface of the microspheres as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, whereas deprotection by lithium/ammonia produced less damage and allowed the retention of encapsulated dye solution. The surface lysine groups made available on the surface of the microspheres could be used to covalently link a variety of biologically active molecules to alter their in vivo properties and allow targeting to specific cell types.
Trend detection and estimation with environmental applications

Parametric and non-parametric tests for trend detection in time series data are described. These include Rao's efficient score and Kendall's S-score test statistics.
A miniaturized optical package for wall shear stress measurements in harsh environments

We report the development of a time-resolved direct wall shear stress senor using an optical moire transduction technique for harsh environments. The floating-element sensor is a lateral-position sensor that is micromachined to enable sufficient bandwidth and to minimize spatial aliasing. The optical transduction approach offers several advantages over electrical-based floating element techniques including immunity from electromagnetic interference and the ability to operate in a conductive fluid medium. Packaging for optical sensors presents significant challenges. The bulky nature and size of conventional free-space optics often limit their use to an optical test bench, making them unsuitable for harsh environments. The optical package developed in this research utilizes an array of optical fibers mapped over the moire fringe. The fiber bundle approach results in a robust package that reduces the overall size of the optics, mitigates vibration between the sensor and optoelectronics and enables in situ measurement. The optical package for sampling the amplified moire fringe is evaluated using bench top test setups. An optical test bench is constructed to simulate the movement of the moire fringe on the floating element. High-resolution images of the optical fringe and optical fibers are combined in simulation to model the lateral displacement of the fringe. The performance of several fringe estimation algorithms are studied and evaluated. Based on the optical study, the optical package and post-processing algorithms are implemented on an actual device. Initial device characterization using this approach results in a device sensitivity of 12.4 nm/Pa.
Wireless investor - A Walk on the Wild Side

The primary goal of the "Wireless investor" columns is to help readers achieve financial independence by the time they retire. The core strategy is very simple:1) save 10% or more of income. 2) Save automatically via payroll deduction. 3) Use opportunities to eliminate taxes (e.g., Roth IRAs) or to defer taxes (e.g., regular IRAs, 401(k) plans, and 403(b) plans.). 4) Accept market return; and 5) minimize investment expenses.
The effect of temperature and membrane lipid composition on the rate of β-oxidation by Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli , strain D-1ML, was grown to mid-exponential phase at 14, 30 or 43°C. Membrane fractions were prepared from cells grown at each temperature and analyzed with respect to the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio and the effect of temperature on the rate of catalysis by succinate dichlorophenol reductase and the membrane-bound acyl-CoA synthetase. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased from 0.72 : 1.00 in cells grown at 43°C to 1.46 : 1.00 in cells grown at 14°C. The specific activity of succinate dichlorophenol reductase was increased by greater than two-fold in cells grown at 43°C relative to the specific activity of the reductase from cells grown at 14°C. In addition the activity of succinate dichlorophenol reductase responded to thermal phase transitions that were characteristic of membranes isolated from cells grown at the three different temperatures. In contrast the specific activity of the acyl-CoA synthetase exhibited little or no variation as a function of the fatty acid composition of the membrane and the activity of the synthetase was not subject to thermal phase transitions. Comparison of Arrhenius plots of the oxidation of [U- 14 C]palmitoleate by whole cells and acyl-CoA synthetase activity with palmitoleate as substrate demonstrated that the two exhibited virtually identical Arrhenius activation energies and temperature optima. The Arrhenius plots of other soluble β-oxidation enzymes do not resemble the profile of β-oxidation. These data strongly suggest that the acyl-CoA synthetase which catalyzes the transport of fatty acids into E. coli by a group translocation mechanism is the rate-limiting step in β-oxidation in E. coli .
Nonlinear photorefractive response at high modulation depths

The response of photorefractive materials to sinusoidal intensity patterns of high modulation depths is considered. It is shown that the induced refractive-index response in this regime is highly nonlinear. Concise analytic expressions for the various nonlinear harmonics of the photorefractive response field are developed and compared with exact numerical solutions of the underlying charge-transport equations as well as with the results of previous theoretical models over a broad range of physical parameters. We show that the nonlinear response characteristics are strongly dependent on both the magnitude of applied electric fields and the relative concentrations of charge donor and acceptor sites in the material. For drift dominated recording, in particular, we determine analytically that in the limit of a minimal acceptor/donor ratio, the amplitudes of higher spatial harmonics of the response reach a maximum and eventually decay as functions of increasing applied field, whereas these amplitudes reach a nonzero limit in the case of a near-unity acceptor/donor ratio. Finally, we generalize our results to account for diffusion effects in an appended derivation.
Exact controllability of the Euler-Bernoulli equation with boundary controls for displacement and moment

Abstract We consider the Euler-Bernoulli problem (1.1) in the solution w(t, ·) with boundary controls g1 and g2 acting in the Dirichlet traces for w and Δw, respectively. We show two main exact controllability results both in the spaces of maximal regularity of the solution at t = T (see I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Regularity theory for a class of Euler Bernoulli equations: a cosine operator approach, Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. (7), 3-B (1989) .) and both without geometrical conditions on the open bounded domain Ω (except for smoothness of its boundary Γ): one with g1 ϵ L2(0, T; L2(Γ)) and g2 ϵ [H1(0, T; L2(Γ))]′ for any T > 0 arbitrarily short; and one with g1 ϵ H01(0, T; L2(Γ)) and g2 ϵ L2(0, T; L2(Γ)) for all T > 0 sufficiently large. An interpolation result between these two cases is also presented. A direct approach is given based on two main steps. First, by means of an operator model ( I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Regularity theory for a class of Euler Bernoulli equations: a cosine operator approach, Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. (7), 3-B (1989) .) for problem (1.1) and a functional analytic approach, the question of exact controllability is shown to be equivalent to an a-priori inequality for the corresponding homogeneous problem. Next, this a-priori inequality is proved to hold true by means of multiplier techniques. These are inspired by recent progress on the maximal regularity, exact controllability and uniform stabilization questions for second order hyperbolic equations.
Multi-kiloampere, electron-beam generation using metal photo-cathodes driven by ArF and KrF lasers

An electron-beam-pumped laser operating at ArF (193 nm) or KrF (248 nm) producing 35 MW (3.5 J in 100 ns) has been used to illuminate a micro-machined aluminum cathode. The cathode was pulsed to 2.75 MV at fields of 185 kV/cm (15-cm AK gap) using REX[1,2](a 4-MV, 5-kA,85-ns) pulsed-diode machine. The extracted current versus incident laser power, and therefore, quantum efficiency was measured for KrF at 5x10{sup -5}; ArF was significantly higher at 1x10{sup -3}. Current densities of 100 A/cm{sup 2} and total currents of 2 kA have been achieved, the latter by increasing the cathode area in proportion to the laser power.
Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol

Background: The cholecalciferol inputs required to achieve or maintain any given serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration are not known, particularly within ranges comparable to the probable physiologic supply of the vitamin. Objectives: The objectives were to establish the quantitative relation between steady state cholecalciferol input and the resulting serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration and to estimate the proportion of the daily requirement during winter that is met by cholecalciferol reserves in body tissue stores. Design: Cholecalciferol was administered daily in controlled oral doses labeled at 0, 25, 125, and 250 � g cholecalciferol for � 20 wk during the winter to 67 men living in Omaha (41.2� N latitude). The time course of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was measured at intervals over the course of treatment. Results: From a mean baseline value of 70.3 nmol/L, equilibrium concentrations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol changed during the winter months in direct proportion to the dose, with a slope of � 0.70 nmol/L for each additional 1 � g cholecalciferol input. The calculated oral input required to sustain the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration present before the study (ie, in the autumn) was 12.5 � g (500 IU)/d, whereas the total amount from all sources (supplement, food, tissue stores) needed to sustain the starting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was estimated at � 96 � g( � 3800 IU)/ d. By difference, the tissue stores provided � 78‐82 � g/d. Conclusions: Healthy men seem to use 3000‐5000 IU cholecalciferol/d, apparently meeting > 80% of their winter cholecalciferol need with cutaneously synthesized accumulations from solar sources during the preceding summer months. Current recommended vitamin D inputs are inadequate to maintain serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in the absence of substantial cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:204‐10.
Dacron-Urethane Composite for Reconstructive Surgery

A composite biocompatible material made of polyethyleneterephalate (Dacron) and polyetherurethane was fabricated as an aid to bone grafting for the reconstruction of large bony defects of the craniomaxillofacial regions. Bone graft material is placed within the confines of the Dacron-urethane implant and new bone forms to the shape imposed by the implant. The principle application of this material has been for the reconstruction of defects of the neurocranium and of the mandible [1–5]. A number of other applications have been studied including reconstruction of long bone discontinuity defects [6], reconstruction of an infant’s anterior chest wall [19], the prosthetic replacement of large defects of the cervical trachea [7] and as a potential material for a thrombo-resistant small diameter vascular prosthesis [8].
Reflectance spectroscopy and optical functions for hydrated Fe-sulfates

Visible and near-infrared wavelength (VNIR, λ = 0.35–5 μm) laboratory diffuse reflectance spectra and corresponding optical functions (real and imaginary refractive indices) for several iron sulfates (natural K- and Na-jarosite, szomolnokite, rhomboclase) are presented. On Mars, jarosite has been identified in Meridiani Planum, Mawrth Vallis, Melas Chasma, and Eridania Basin; szomolnokite has been found as distinct layers at Columbus Crater and as outcrops at Juventae Chasma, and rhomboclase has been identified at Gusev Crater. Constraining the mineralogy and chemistry (Fe- vs. Mg-rich) of the sulfates on Mars may contribute to our understanding of the environmental and aqueous conditions present on Mars during their formation. The data presented here will help to constrain the mineralogy, abundance, and distribution of sulfates on the martian surface, which will lead to improvements in understanding the pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions and how active frost, groundwater, and atmospheric processes once were on Mars.
Cost of a Community-Based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program

The prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. has steadily increased over the last few decades (1). Although adults with diabetes are at increased risk for ocular disease and blindness, primarily related to diabetic retinopathy (2), many are not evaluated for retinopathy. Barriers to vision-screening adherence among adults with diabetes include the perception—and often the reality—that examinations are expensive and a poor understanding of the increased risk of vision loss (3). The goal of this study was to determine the costs of a community-based program to screen adults for diabetic retinopathy. In this study, free ocular health screening was offered over a 17-month period at a community health center in a low socio-economic area. Fundus photographs were taken, uploaded to a HIPPA-compliant secure Web site, and reviewed for any clinical pathology and specifically for diabetic retinopathy. We collected information on all costs of the screening program. Costs were assessed …