cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyroclastic deposits of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeast Alaska: eruptions of a stratified magma chamber

Abstract The Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field in southeastern Alaska consists of 5–6 km 3 (DRE) of postglacial pyroclasts that overlie Pleistocene lavas. All eleven pyroclast vents align with the long axis of the field, implying that the pyroclast magma conduits followed a crustal fissure. Most of these vents had previously erupted lavas that are compositionally similar to the pyroclasts, so a persistent magma system (chamber) had likely evolved by the onset of the pyroclastic eruptions. The pyroclastic sequence was deposited in about a millennium and is remarkable for a wide range of upward-increasing silica contents (51–72% SiO 2 ), which is consistent with rise of coexisting magmas at different rates governed by their viscosity. Basaltic and andesitic lava flows have erupted throughout the lifetime of the field. Rhyolite erupted late; we infer that it formed early but was hindered from rising by its high viscosity. Most of the magmas—and all siliceous ones—erupted from vents on the central fissure. Basalt has not erupted from the center of the field during at least the latter part of its lifetime. Thus the field may illustrate basalt underplating: heat and mass flux are concentrated at the center of a stratified magma chamber in which a cap of siliceous melt blocks the rise of basalt. Major-element, strontium isotope, and mineral compositions of unaltered pyroclasts are broadly similar to those of older lavas of similar SiO 2 content. Slightly fewer phenocrysts, inherited grains, and trace amphibole in pyroclastic magmas may be due simply to faster rise and less undercooling and degassing before eruption relative to the lavas. Dacite occurs only in the youngest deposits; the magma formed by mixing of andesitic and rhyolitic magmas erupted shortly before by the dacitic vents.
Synergistic Inhibition of Human α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase V

Human α-1,3-fucosyltransferase V (FucT V), which catalyzes the transfer of l-fucose moiety from guanosine diphosphate β-l-fucose (GDP-Fuc) to an acceptor sugar to form sialyl Lewis x (sLex), was shown to proceed through an ordered, sequential mechanism by product inhibition studies. The designed azatrisaccharide propyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-3-O-(2-(N-(β-l-homofuconojirimycinyl))ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranoside (2), prepared by covalently linking the N-group of β-l-homofuconojirimycin (1) to the 3-OH of LacNAc through an ethylene unit, in the presence of GDP was found to be an effective inhibitor of FucT V. In the presence of 30 μM GDP, the concentration of 2 necessary to cause 50% inhibition was reduced 77-fold to 31 μM. Presumably, the azatrisaccharide and GDP form a complex which mimics the transition state of the enzymatic reaction. Given the low affinity of FucT V for its substrate LacNAc (Km = 35 mM), the designed azatrisaccharide in the presence of GDP represents the most potent s...
Shallow-water bathymetry using combined lidar and passive multispectral scanner data

Abstract This paper describes a method of measuring water depths using a hybrid airborne sensor which incorporates both a lidar system and a passive multispectral scanner system. The methods of processing the data collected by this sensor are described and results are presented for data from two test sites in the Bahama Islands. Errors in the depth measurement are quantified, and an analysis of the probable source of these depth errors is presented
Visualization techniques for studying high angle of attack separated vortical flows

Flow visualization techniques can provide information on high angle of attack separated flows around slender aircraft configurations that may be unobtainable otherwise. At large angles of attack the flow field is dominated by vortical structures originating on the forebody wing extension, wing and forward control surfaces. Several techniques that are suitable for tracking vortices in subsonic wind tunnels are introduced. A discussion of visualization photographs and quantitative data obtained from visualization studies on vortex trajectory and breakdown position on both static and dynamic wind tunnel models is presented.
High tech or high touch (panel session): automation and human mediation in libraries

There are those who now think that traditional library services, such as cataloging and reference, will no longer be needed in the future, or at least will be fully automated. Others are equally adamant that human intervention is not only important but essential. Underlying such positions are a host of assumptions - about the continued existence and place of paper, the role of human intelligence and interpretation, the nature of research, and the significance of the human element. This panel brings together experts in libraries and digital technology to uncover such issues and assumptions and to discuss and debate the place of people and machines in cataloging and reference work.
The United States Senate votes to uphold Roe versus Wade

An analysis is reported of the voting of U.S. Senators in their rejection in 1983 of the proposed Hatch/Eagleton Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. That Amendment, if passed and ratified, would have reversed the 1973 Supreme Court Decision in Roe versus Wade which legalized abortion throughout the United States; the Senate, in effect, thus voted to uphold Roe versus Wade. Analyses are reported on public opinion and public policy, regional differences, characteristics of the states and personal characteristics of the Senators, including some variables of more political relevance and others of more relevance to social scientists. A regression analysis summarizes the results by indicating that, other things being equal, pro-choice votes were likely to be cast by nonCatholic Democratic Senators who were from New England, the Pacific, or Middle Atlantic region, who were from states with a relatively high income, and who had voted against a proposed constitutional amendment allowing prayer in public schools.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Mimicry of Cor Triatriatum

In this report we describe the findings by transesophageal echocardiography of an intra-atrial membrane highly suggestive of cor triatriatum. This linear echo density within the left atrium was found to be a fold within the left atrium at exploratory surgery.
Characterizing growth-rate dispersion of NaNO3 secondary nuclei

Previous work on growth-rate dispersion has shown how to calculate crystal-size distributions when the growth-rate distribution is known and how to calculate the growth rate distribution when the crystal-size distribution is known. There is a significant lack of information, however, on how growth-rate dispersion is affected by changes in system conditions like supersaturation, stirring speed, slurry density, or temperature. In this work, the growth-rate distributions of sodium nitrate secondary nuclei are characterized as a function of the nucleation and growing supersaturations. Growth-rate dispersion is characterized by analyzing the mean, spread, and shape of the growth-rate distribution. This provides a means of determining the factors that cause and control growth-rate dispersion. The analysis of this experimental work provides valuable insight into the relationships among supersaturation conditions, strain, and dislocation density. The average growth rates of secondary nuclei are dislocation controlled at low growing supersaturations and strain controlled at high growing supersaturations, where increasing the nucleation supersaturation causes an increase in both dislocation density and strain. Increasing strain by itself will decrease growth rates, while increasing dislocation density by itself will increase growth rates. This work also suggests that harsh system conditions can affect growth rates adversely.
Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy

This study focused on pre-verbal infants' ability to categorize speech sounds. Vowels were computer synthesized to simulate productions by men, women, and children. They were highly discriminable. The task examined infants' ability to perceive the similarity among these discriminably different but phonetically identical vowels while maintaining the perceptual differentiation between two vowel categories (/a/ and /⊃/). In Experiment I, six-month-old infants were initially trained to discriminate a single /a/ and /⊃/ vowel produced by the computer-simulated male voice. Novel vowels spoken by other talkers were then gradually introduced in a progressive transfer-of-learning task. In Experiment II, infants were initially trained on the same two vowels, but then were immediately tested with all of the novel stimuli. In both experiments, the data show that infants treat discriminably different members of the same vowel category as equivalent, thus suggesting that pre-verbal infants are capable of categorizing speech sounds, a prerequisite for the development of speech perception and speech production.
Studies directed toward the total synthesis of the milbemycins: Synthesis of the C11 to C31 fragment of milbemycin D

Abstract A highly stereocontrolled synthesis of the C11 to C31 fragment of the potent antimicrobial agent milbemycin D has been completed. This approach utilizes a unique hydrolysis-cyclization to construct the spiroketal portion of the molecule.
Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, recruitment in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean, II: relationships to environmental variables and implications for forecasting

Previous studies have shown that Pacific herring populations in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean can be grouped based on similar recruitment time series. The scale of these groups suggests large-scale influence on recruitment fluctuations from the environment. Recruitment time series from 14 populations were analysed to determine links to various environmental variables and to develop recruitment forecasting models using a Ricker-type environmentally dependent spawner–recruit model. The environmental variables used for this investigation included monthly time series of the following: southern oscillation index, North Pacific pressure index, sea surface temperatures, air temperatures, coastal upwelling indices, Bering Sea wind, Bering Sea ice cover, and Bering Sea bottom temperatures. Exploratory correlation analysis was used for focusing the time period examined for each environmental variable. Candidate models for forecasting herring recruitment were selected by the ordinary and recent cross-validation prediction errors. Results indicated that forecasting models using air and sea surface temperature data lagged to the year of spawning generally produced the best forecasting models. Multiple environmental variables showed marked improvements in prediction over single-environmental-variable models.
Method for Determining the Kinetic Parameters in Diffusion-Controlled Free-Radical Homopolymerizations

Free-radical homopolymerizations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) photoinitiated by 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) were studied. A nove...
Inositol lipids and cell stimulation in mammalian salivary gland

Abstract The rat parotid salivary gland shows marked alterations in phospholipid metabolism when stimulated by certain agonists. These agonists are those which cause cellular Ca mobilization by activation of muscarinic, α-adrenergic or peptidergic (substance P) receptors. The phospholipid changes apparently reflect the activation of a phosphoinositide-phosphatidic acid cycle, the precise pathways of which are not known with certainty. The observed effects include (1) an increased labelling by 32PO4 of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid, (2) net synthesis of phosphatidic acid, (3) net breakdown of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. These effects apparently do not require the presence of extracellular Ca or the release of internal Ca and cannot be produced by the artificial introduction of Ca into the cytosol with Ca ionophores. These findings are consistent with the view that a receptor-mediated alteration in phosphoinositide metabolism represents an early step in the stimulus-response pathway in the parotid acinar cell. It has been suggested that phosphatidic acid synthesis might be of central importance in mediating Ca influx and that PIP2 breakdown might play a role in activation of Ca release. Evidence for these latter ideas is for the present largely circumstantial.
Research Trends and Findings From a Decade (1997–2007) of Research on Informal Science Education and Free-Choice Science Learning

ABSTRACT The decade from 1997–2007 was transformative for research into science learning in out-of-school contexts. The field transitioned from being driven by individual programmatic needs into a field with a coherent conceptual framework to guide research. These changes are documented in the research published in International Journal of Science Education, Science Education, and Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 3 major peer-reviewed and social-science-indexed journals. As such they represent opportunities for researchers in the greater science education field to understand our research and our field. This article reviews 85 articles from these 3 journals and explores links among each study's research paradigms, methods of data collection, analysis, and study setting as a way to examine the field over the last decade. In addition to examining the body of research as a whole, the research published in these journals in 1997 and 2007 is also compared and contrasted to illuminate how the field has c...
Depression, perceived family criticism, and functional status among older, primary-care patients.

Objective Relatively little research has examined the role of family factors in later-life depression, particularly in the broad range of depressive conditions seen in primary care. Authors tested the hypotheses that 1) perceived family criticism is independently associated with depression, 2) that family criticism and depressiom are independently associated with functional disability, and 3) that perceived family criticism moderates the association between depression and functional disability. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 379 adults age ≥65 years from primary-care practices. Study measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale, and several measures of functional disability. Multiple regression determined independent associations, and a multiplicative interaction term tested the moderator model of the third hypothesis. Results Perceived family criticism was independently associated with depression diagnosis and depressive symptoms. Depression diagnosis, depressive symptoms, and perceived family criticism were each independently associated with functional status. Perceived family criticism did not moderate the association between depressive symptoms and functional status in the overall study group, although it did moderate the association between depression diagnosis and instrumental activities of daily living when only early-onset depressed patients were included. Conclusions Authors confirmed the first and second hypotheses; however data did not support the third hypothesis. These results provide support for clinicians to attend to quality of primary family relationships and perceived criticism in depressed older adults and for researchers to consider aspects of family functioning as covariates or potential targets for intervention studies.
Long-term colloidal stability and metal leaching of single wall carbon nanotubes: effect of temperature and extracellular polymeric substances.

Long term (90 day) stability, aggregation kinetics in the presence and absence of natural organic materials (NOM), and metal leaching of five commercial single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in waters (e.g. freshwater, seawater, stormwater, wastewater, and groundwater) were studied, as well as the effect of temperature on SWCNT stability and metal leaching. Zeta (ζ) potential of SWCNT decreased in magnitude with increase in temperature. In wastewater, SWCNT sedimented from the water column to below detectable levels after 30 days when kept at 40 °C, but at 20 °C 19% suspension was still observed after the same exposure time. Addition of 0.1 mg-C L(-1) EPS shifted the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of SRNOM-stabilized SWCNT from 15 mM to 54 mM NaCl via additional electrostatic and possibly steric stabilization. Attachment efficiencies (α) of SWCNT in waters ranged from ∼0.001 in DI with 10 mg L(-1) SRNOM to 1 in seawater. However, sedimentation of SWCNT in seawater (and other high ionic strength conditions) was not as fast as expected due to improved buoyancy and/or drag. Purified forms of SWCNTs exhibited better dispersibility and stability in most waters, but as expected, the total metal leached out was higher in the raw variants. Metal leaching from CNT in these studies was controlled by metal and water chemistries, CNT pretreatment, leachable metal fraction, exposure time, and presence of NOM.
Balance of S in a constructed wetland built to treat acid mine drainage, Idaho Springs, Colorado, U.S.A.

The wetland constructed at the Big Five Tunnel in Idaho Springs, Colorado was designed to remove, passively, heavy metals from acid mine drainage. In optimizing the design of such a wetland, an improved understanding of the chemical processes operating there was required, particularly SO42− reduction and sulfide precipitation. For this purpose, field and laboratory data were collected to study the balance of S in the system. Field data collected included water analyses of the mine drainage and wetland effluents and measurements of H2S gas emissions from the wetland. The concentration of sulfide in the wetland effluent ranged from 10−4 to 10−3 mol/l. The average rates of H2S emission from the surface of the substrate were 150 nmol/cm2/d in the summer and 0.17 and 0.35 nmol/cm2/d in the winter. This maximum estimated loss of sulfide was not significant in reducing the amount of sulfide available for precipitation with metals. Sequential extraction experiments for S on wetland substrates showed that acid volatile sulfides (AVS) increased with time in the wetland substrate. A serum bottle experiment was conducted to study the S balance in the Big Five wetland by quantitatively measuring the amount of S in different phases as microbial SO42− reduction progressed. The increase in AVS reasonably balanced the decrease in SO42− concentration in the experiment, suggesting that the decrease in SO42− concentration represented the amount of SO42− reduced and that nearly all of the sulfide produced was precipitated as AVS. Sulfide precipitation was determined to be the primary metal removal process in the wetland system and amorphous FeS is the primary iron sulfide formed in the substrate.
Electron emission from the interaction of multiply charged ions with a Au(110) surface

Abstract We measured electron energy distributions from the interaction of N+q and O+q (q = 5–7) at grazing incidence with a clean Au(110) surface. The acceleration voltage of 10 kV results in velocity components perpendicular to the surface which correspond to impact energies of a few hundred eV. The main source for the electronic particle-surface interaction is therefore the potential energy of the incoming projectile. For the experiment the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ECR source was used, the electron energy spectra were measured using a standard four-grid LEED Auger system. The same system served to control the surface structure and cleanliness. The results show evidence of kinetic electron emission and strong peaks at 250 eV for both N+6 and O+7 projectiles and peaks at 380 eV for N+6 and at 480 eV for O+7. With the lower charge states N5+ and O+6 no peaks are found. The results clearly indicate the important role of the K-shell hole in the interaction. We identify the higher-energy peaks as projectile KLL-like Auger decay from poorly defined upper states. The 250 eV peak is interpreted as Au NVV-like Auger emission, where the hole in the Au N shell is created by an interaction with the projectile K-shell hole.
Analysis of Coronary Sinus Motion and Cross-Sectional Area Using Cine MRI

To quantify periods of low motion of the coronary veins during the cardiac cycle. Coronary magnetic resonance venograms (cMRV) require that images be acquired during periods of low motion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Prioritizing treatment attributes and their impact on selecting an oral triptan: Results from the TRIPSTAR project

Seven oral triptans, which differ on a range of attributes important for treatment selection, are now available for treating migraine. US neurologists were surveyed to assess the relative importance of treatment attributes, prespecified by clinical relevance and availability of controlled study data, for selecting among oral triptans. Using a multiattribute decision model, we combined these data on the importance of treatment attributes with information on the relative performance of the oral triptans derived from a recent meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Sentence boundary detection in conversational speech transcripts using noisily labeled examples

This paper presents a technique for adding sentence boundaries to text obtained by Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) of conversational speech audio. We show that starting with imprecise boundary information, added using only silence information from an ASR system, we can improve boundary detection using Head and Tail phrases. We develop our technique and show its effectiveness on two manually transcribed and one automatically transcribed corpus. The main purpose of adding sentence boundaries to ASR transcripts is to improve linguistic analysis, namely information extraction, for text mining systems that handle huge volumes of textual data and analyze trends and features of the concepts. Hence, we also show how the addition of boundaries improves two basic natural language processing tasks--PoS label assignment and adjective-noun extraction.
Flares at the Cool End of the M Dwarfs: The Case of LHS 2065

LHS 2065 is an M9 very low mass star at a distance of 8.5 pc. It was known to have Hα emission, but no other emission lines had been seen before. We observed it on 1998 December 12 and found a rich emission spectrum (He I, Na D, and Balmer series). Additional spectra were obtained after 1 hr, 2 hr, and 1 day. They showed progressively weaker emission lines. Using our data and a compilation of the literature, we find that, while strong flares in LHS 2065 are rare (their recurrence rate is ≤0.03 hr-1), weak flares may be common (about 0.5 hr-1). Our observations add to the growing evidence that many, if not all, of the coolest M dwarfs have flare activity.
Polaritons at Surfaces

We calculate the reflectivity of light incident upon the exposed face of a semi-infinite crystal, using the point-dipole model. This requires an accurate solution for the polariton modes near the crystal surface. The variation of the Lorentz local field, caused by the surface, is included in the calculations. The boundary conditions for the polariton modes are derived rigorously. This represents the first rigorous microscopic solution of polariton modes near ideal surfaces.
Molecular characterization of Mls-1.

Recently a series of endogenous and exogenous superantigens have been described which have one common feature, namely, they lead to in vivo deletion and in vitro stimulation of T cells expressing particular T cell receptor Vβ genes. The Mls antigens represent the prototypes of these molecules. We have mapped Mls-1 to the endogenous mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Mtv-7, while other SAG have also been associated with various MMTV. The open reading frame gene of the MMTV encodes the SAG. Thus, the new terminology MMTV sag has been proposed for this gene. Transfection experiments suggest that the expression of MMTV sag is tightly controlled, probably by a negative acting factor encoded within the open reading frame. Furthermore, a pronounced IL-4 effect is seen in the functional detection of the transfected Mtv-7 sag. Since this lymphokine does not influence the mRNA level of the endogenous or transfected MMTV genes, it is likely that it exerts its effect by increasing transcription of MHC class II genes, whose p...
Inhibition of adipose differentiation by 9α, 11β-prostaglandin F2α

Abstract Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is a potent adipose differentiation inhibitor for the adipogenic cell line 1246 and for adipocyte precursors in primary culture with an ED50 of 3×10 −8 M. In this paper, we examined the effect of several prostaglandins which have structural similarities with PGF2α on the differentiation of 1246 cells and of adipocyte precursors in primary culture. The results show that only 9α,11β-PGF2α is as potent as PGF2α to inhibit differentiation of adipocyte precursors in primary culture and of the adipogenic cell line 1246. In the presence of 9α,11β-PGF2α, the cells remained fibroblast-like, typical of undifferentiated adipocyte precursors. Triglyceride accumulation and increase of specific activity for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were inhibited. In addition, mRNA expression of early markers of differentiation such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid binding protein (FAB) was decreased. The isomer 9β,11α-PGF2α and other PGF2α derivatives were inactive. These results provide new information on the biological activity of 9α,11β-PGF2α as an inhibitor of adipose differentiation and about the structural characteristics of prostaglandins required for maintenance of a high adipose differentiation inhibitory effect.
A magnetic mechanism for halting inward protoplanet migration: I. Necessary conditions and angular momentum transfer timescales

A magnetic torque associated with the magnetic field linking a giant, gaseous protoplanet to its host pre-main-sequence star can halt inward protoplanet migration. This torque results from a toroidal magnetic field generated from the star’s poloidal (dipole) field by the twisting differential motion between the star’s rotation and the protoplanet’s revolution. Outside the corotation radius, where a protoplanet orbits slower than its host star spins, this torque transfers angular momentum from the star to the protoplanet, halting inward migration. Necessary conditions for angular momentum transfer include the requirement that the Alfven speed vA in the region magnetically linking a protoplanet to its host star exceeds the protoplanet’s orbital speed vK. In addition, the timescale for Ohmic dissipation τD must exceed the protoplanet’s orbital period P to ensure that the protoplanet is magnetically coupled to its host star. For a Jupiter-mass protoplanet orbiting a solar-mass pre-main-sequence star, vA>vK and τD>P only when the migrating protoplanet approaches within about 0.1 AU of its host star, primarily because of the rapid drop in the strength of the magnetic field with increasing distance from the central star. Because of this restricted reach, inwardly migrating gaseous protoplanets can be expected to “pile up” very close to their central stars, as is indeed observed for extrasolar planets. The characteristic timescale required for a magnetic torque to transfer angular momentum outward from a more rapidly spinning central star to a magnetically coupled protoplanet is found to be comparable to planet-forming disk lifetimes and protoplanet migration timescales.
Reconstruction of cracks with unknown transmission condition from boundary data

We examine the problem of identifying both the location and constitutive law governing electrical current flow across a one-dimensional linear crack in a two-dimensional region when the crack only partially blocks the flow of current. We develop a constructive numerical procedure for solving the inverse problem and provide computational examples.
Basal plane orientation of polyacrylonitrile fibers in a commercial polyacrylonitrile-pitch carbon-carbon composite

Abstract The basal plane orientation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers in a commercial three-dimensional high-temperature-treated PAN-pitch carbon-carbon composite has been studied by conventional transmission and high resolution electron microscopy techniques. Thin foils of the composite are prepared by an atom-thinning technique. A basal plane orientation, which differs from other reported type I PAN fibers, is reported. In transverse sections, a turbostatic structure is observed across the whole fiber thickness. In longitudinal sections, the degree of perfection for basal plane alignment to the fiber axis decreases from fiber surface to the core in a gradual fashion. The lack of a well-aligned thin skin or thick sheath structure agrees with Oberlin's model but can be distinguished from the models of Bennett and Johnson and others.
CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN CONDENSED MEDIA—I. TRIPLET STATE QUENCHING AND ELECTRON TRANSFER TO QUINONE IN CELLULOSE ACETATE FILMS*

— Chlorophyll-a was incorporated into cellulose acetate films and the triplet state decay kinetics and electron transfer from triplet to p-benzoquinone in aqueous solution was studied using laser flash photolysis and EPR. The triplet was found to decay by first order kinetics with a rate constant which was independent of Chl concentration. The triplet yield, however, was concentration dependent. These properties are due to quenching which occurs only at the singlet state level. In the presence of quinone, the triplet is quenched and, when the quinone is in an aqueous solution in contact with the film, Chl cation radical (C±) as well as the semiquinone anion radical (Q±) can be observed. The C decays by second order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.5 × 106M-1 s-1. Although triplet conversion to radicals is slightly lower in the films as compared to fluid solutions (˜ 3 times), the lifetimes of the radicals are greatly increased (˜ 103 times).
Horizontal transport and the dehydration of the stratosphere

The coldest tropopause temperatures occur over the equatorial West Pacific during Northern Hemisphere winter. Horizontal transport through this “cold trap” region causes air parcels that reach the tropopause at other longitudes to be dehydrated to the very low saturation mixing ratios characteristic of the cold trap, and hence can explain why observed tropical stratospheric water vapor mixing ratios are often lower than the saturation mixing ratio at the mean tropopause temperature. Horizontal transport of water vapor can also explain how a persistent layer of subvisible cirrus can exist near the tropopause in the cold trap even though observations suggest that there is diabatic cooling and subsidence, rather than diabatic heating and rising through the tropopause in this region. Thus, horizontal transport in the tropical transition layer in the vicinity of the tropopause plays an important role in the water balance of the stratosphere.
A model for flocculation in turbulent flow

Abstract A theoretical analysis was undertaken to predict the time dependence of the flocculation of colloids with polymers under the conditions that flocs were destroyed by hydro-dynamic forces and that floc destruction was partially irreversible. Calculations were based on the heteroflocculation of a mixture of large (3 μ radius) and small (0.1 μ radius) spheres. Irreversibility was introduced by postulating that the areas of the surfaces engaged in contact in a floc could not participate in further bond formation after the floc was broken down by shear forces. This treatment predicts that the fraction of small spheres attached to the large spheres increases with time to a maximum and subsequently falls to zero. Parameters affecting the degree of flocculation at a given time include the rate constants for floc formation and disruption, the particle concentrations, and the magnitude of deactivated area per detached particle.
Self-system Processes as a Mediator of School Connectedness and Depressive Symptomatology in African American and European American Adolescents

School connectedness, or how much an adolescent feels supported and accepted at their school, can protect children negative adolescent mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms. One potential explanatory mechanism for the relationship between school connectedness and depressive symptoms may be organized views of the self, called self-system processes. Self-system processes were conceptualized in this study as a composite of self-esteem, coping efficacy, and perceived competence. The present study tested self-system processes as a mediator of the relationship between school connectedness and depressive symptoms in a sample of 260 African American and European American adolescents aged 13–19 years. Self-system processes partially mediated the relationship between school connectedness and depressive symptoms for African American adolescents and fully mediated this relationship for European American adolescents. These findings underscore the need for a better understanding of how school-related variables differentially impact mental health outcomes for specific racial groups.
Lithium-fusion sample preparation method for radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES): analysis of coal ash specimens

Abstract The use of lithium-fusion sample preparation methods for the analysis of powder-form specimens by radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES) has been evaluated for the test case of coal ash samples. The development of an elemental analysis technique for chemically complex coal ashes presents a challenge in terms of having simple sample preparation, providing accurate results, and minimizing analysis time. The adopted sample preparation procedure for the coal specimens involved a standard lithium fusion methodology. This procedure circumvents many problems associated with the common compaction methods employed for GD analysis of inorganic powders. It was found that coal ashes prepared as glass disks using a mixture of lithium compounds as the host matrix and analyzed by rf-GD-OES provide good plasma stabilization, with analyte optical emission signals stabilizing in ∼1 min and exhibiting ∼2% RSD variations for sputtering times of up to 10 min thereafter. The evaluation of discharge operating parameters and the assessment of approaches to quantitative analysis were also investigated. Discharge parameters of an rf power of 30 W and an Ar discharge gas pressure of 4 Torr yielded rapid signal stabilization and optimized S/B ratios. Sample-to-sample precision of better than 7% RSD was achieved for repetitive samplings (in the same sample locations) for species present at the parts-per-million level in the sample. Limits of quantification could not be adequately evaluated as the levels of the target analytes in the fusion components (i.e. lithium compounds) were above the method detection limit. It is believed that the general methodology holds promise for rf-GD analysis of a range of inorganic solids in powder form.
A New Quadratic Sling for Male Stress Incontinence: Retrograde Leak Point Pressure as a Measure of Urethral Resistance

Purpose: Objective methods are essential for evaluating post-prostatectomy incontinence. While symptom score and pad weight may be the most useful methods to evaluate preoperative vs postoperative continence, neither is useful for guiding intraoperative sling tension. The Virtue quadratic sling (Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) is a new device for treating post-prostatectomy incontinence that combines a transobturator and prepubic surgical approach. We examined urethral resistance by measuring retrograde leak point pressure during key portions of the surgery.Materials and Methods: A total of 22 consecutive men who elected to undergo Virtue sling surgery were evaluated with retrograde leak point pressure before and during the surgery. Retrograde leak point pressure was measured via perfusion sphincterometry at baseline, after transobturator tensioning, after prepubic tensioning, and after transobturator and prepubic arms were secured in place.Results: Mean patient age was 70 years. Mean baseline retrograde l...
Prevalence of magnetic reconnection at small field shear angles in the solar wind

[1] A study of magnetic reconnection exhausts observed at high (3-s) temporal resolution by the plasma and magnetic field experiments on Wind during March 2006 reveals, unexpectedly, that reconnection in the solar wind occurs most frequently at field shear angles <90°. Owing largely to the relatively low reconnection rates associated with small field shear angles, the corresponding exhausts tend to be quite narrow (<4 × 104 km) and typically are convected past the spacecraft by the solar wind flow in <100 s. During March 2006 Wind encountered reconnection exhausts at an average rate of ∼1.5 events/day, a factor of ∼36 greater than has been inferred from previous observations, largely made at considerably lower (∼1-min) temporal resolution.
Gauge Functions and the Divisor Chain Condition

A gauge function on a commutative cancellative monoid M is a map p : M?Z+(the set of nonnegative) integers such that for all a,b e?M, p(ab)≥ p(a)+p(b) and p(a) = 0 if and only if a is a unit. In [3], it is shown by V. Srinivasan and H. Shaing that if the monoid of nonzero elements of an integral domain A in which finitely‐generated ideals are principal admits a gauge function, then A is a principal ideal domain. In this paper I show that M admits a gauge function if and only if for each nonunit a e M there is a positive integer N = N(a) such that α is a product of no more than N(a) irreducibles. An example is given to show that this latter condition is stronger than the divisor chain condition defined in [2, 2.14].
The Paradoxical Association of Regression with a Poor Prognosis in Melanoma Contrasted with a Good Prognosis in Keratoacanthoma

Partial regression in cutaneous malignant melanoma has been reported by a number of observers, albeit not all, to be associated with a relatively poor prognosis; in contrast, a keratoacanthoma, which eventually regresses, does not metastasize. The Hammond effect could explain the possibly poor prognosis of the thin regressing melanoma. Hammond(W.G. Hammond et al., Cancer J., 8: 130-138, 1995) showed that the speed of biological progression to less differentiated phenotypes is directly related to the immunocompetences of the tumor hosts. If partial regression is a sign of an unusually strong immune reaction, then the melanoma that partially regresses might have a relatively poor prognosis because of the greater risk of biological progression among the surviving tumor clones. A Hammond effect is not associated with regression of a keratoacanthoma. I postulate that the growth of this tumor is accelerated, rather than restrained, by the immune reaction and that the ultimate regression of the tumor is the result, not of immune cytotoxicity, but of a rapid terminal differentiation (a reverse Hammond effect); alternatively, very rapid growth might lead to an exhaustion of growth potential before progression to clonal immortality could occur.
Effects of afterload on regional left ventricular torsion.

Objective: To determine if left ventricular torsion, as measured by magnetic resonance tissue tagging, is afterload dependent in a canine isolated heart model in which neurohumoral responses are absent, and preload is constant. p] Methods: In ten isolated, blood perfused, ejecting, canine hearts, three afterloads were studied, while keeping preload constant: low afterload, high afterload (stroke volume reduced by approx. 50% of low afterload), and isovolumic loading (infinite afterload). Results: There were significant effects of afterload on both torsion ( P < 0.05) and circumferential shortening ( P < 0.0005). Between low and high afterloads, at the anterior region of the endocardium only, where torsion was maximal, there was a significant reduction in torsion (15.1 ± 2.2 ° to 7.8 $/±1.8 °, P < 0.05). Between high afterload and isovolumic loading there was no significant change in torsion (7.8 ±1.8 ° to 6.2 ±1.5 °, P = NS). Circumferential shortening at the anterior endocardium was significantly reduced both between low and high afterload (−0.19 ± 0.02 to − 0.11 ± 0.02, P < 0.0005), and also between high afterload and isovolumic loading (− 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.00 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). Plots of strains with respect to end-systolic volume demonstrated a reduction in both torsion and shortening with afterload-induced increases in end-systolic volume. Torsion, but not circumferential shortening, persisted at isovolumic loading. p] Conclusions: Maximal regional torsion of the left ventricle is afterload dependent. The afterload response of torsion appears related to the effects of afterload on end-systolic volume.
Identification of mouse and human macrophages as a site of synthesis of hepatic lipase

Hepatic lipase (HL) is synthesized by the liver and is also present in steroidogenic tissues. As both a lipolytic enzyme and a ligand that facilitates the cellular uptake of lipoproteins, HL plays a major role in lipoprotein metabolism and may modulate atherogenic risk. However, HL has not been directly implicated in lesion development. In the present study we demonstrate that HL is also synthesized by mouse and human macrophages. Northern analysis and real time RT-PCR showed that HL mRNA is present in mouse peritoneal macrophages, RAW-264.7, and IC-21 cells. The levels of HL mRNA in mouse peritoneal macrophages were approximately 10-30% that of mouse liver. HL protein was identified by Western blot analyses in human monocyte-derived macrophages, THP, RAW-264.7, and mouse peritoneal macrophages following fractionation by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography. These combined findings establish that HL is synthesized de novo by macrophages as well as liver, and raises the possibility that HL may have a direct role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Modeling of Workload in MPPs

In this paper we have characterized the inter-arrival time and service time distributions for jobs at a large MPP supercomputing center. Our findings show that the distributions are dispersive and complex enough that they require Hyper Erlang distributions to capture the first three moments of the observed workload. We also present the parameters from the characterization so that they can be easily used for both theoretical studies and the simulations of various scheduling algorithms.
New frontiers in InP based quantum devices

Recent research activities taking place at center for quantum devices (CQD) based on InP material system, especially the exploration and demonstration of the state-of-art high performance quantum cascade lasers (QCL), greatly facilitate the understanding of the underlining physical principles governing the device operation. Thanks to the endless effort putting into the semiconductor epitaxy technologies, including the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD), the world has seen a close approaching to the ultimate ldquoband gap engineeringrdquo. Highly sophisticated manmade heterostructure, which incorporates hundreds of alternating layers of GaInAs/AlInAs with each layer thickness and composition specifically designed, can be created within a single growth. The material quality is evidenced by the atomically abrupt interfaces. The versatility of the ldquoband gap engineeringrdquo is greatly enhanced by the strain-balanced technique, which allows for growing structures with continuously tunable conduction band offset with little defects. As a result, the room temperature continuous wave (cw) wall plug efficiency (WPE) and the maximum achievable output optical power from a single device have been constantly improving. Novel waveguide incorporating the photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) mechanism is also investigated with satisfactory preliminary results.
Evaluation of Dorset, Finnsheep, Romanov, Texel, and Montadale breeds of sheep: II. Reproduction of F1 ewes in fall mating seasons.

Objectives were to estimate effects of sire breed (Dorset, Finnsheep, Romanov, Texel, and Montadale), dam breed [Composite III (CIII) and northwestern whiteface (WF)], mating season (March and May), and their interactions on reproductive traits of mature F1 ewes in spring mating seasons. A total of 1,099 F1 ewes produced 1,754 litters of 2,995 lambs from exposures to Suffolk rams during March and May mating seasons in 1995 through 1999. Fertility rate and ewe longevity were measured. Number born and litter birth weight were recorded, and number and weight at weaning and 20 wk of age were analyzed separately for dam- and nursery-reared litter mates. Total productivity from 4 to 6 yr of age for each ewe entering the breeding flock was calculated as the sum of 20-wk weights for dam-reared lambs and separately for nursery-reared lambs. Interactions of sire breed x mating season, ewe age x mating season, and ewe age x dam breed were often significant. Interactive effects of sire breed and mating season on fertility rate (P < 0.001) were primarily due to differences in magnitude. Fertility rates of sire breeds for March and May matings, respectively, were 92 and 89% for Romanov, 91 and 72% for Finnsheep, 90 and 52% for Texel, 88 and 52% for Montadale, and 83 and 62% for Dorset. Sire breed x mating season also affected number born (P < 0.03); March and May values were 2.12 and 2.05 for Romanov, 2.00 and 1.94 for Finnsheep, 1.39 and 1.41 for Texel, 1.37 and 1.51 for Montadale, and 1.37 and 1.55 for Dorset, respectively. Interaction of sire breed x dam breed on fertility rate (P < 0.01) was due to change in rank as well as magnitude. Romanov- and Dorset-sired ewes out of CIII dams had greater fertility rates than Romanov- and Dorset-sired ewes out of WF dams. The opposite situation existed for ewes by Finnsheep, Texel, and Montadale sires. Differences between dam breeds (CIII and WF) in total productivity of dam-reared lambs were not detected, whereas ewes exposed in March (78 kg) were more productive (P < 0.01) than those exposed in May (68 kg). Means of sire breeds for total productivity of dam-reared lambs were 47, 65, 70, 70, and 111 kg for Texel, Montadale, Dorset, Finnsheep, and Romanov, respectively (P < 0.001). Superior reproduction of Romanov sired ewes was primarily due to greater fertility rate and prolificacy at each mating season and ewe age. Use of Romanov-crossbred ewes would increase fertility during spring mating, an important constraint of the sheep industry.