cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing Our Story: An Analysis of Black Student Protests at Denison University

Dr. Ibram H. Rogers recent book, The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstruction of Higher Education, 1965 – 1972, provides a national study of the Black Campus Movement to advance our understanding of how Black student activism and protests evolved, what issues were at the core of the movement, and who were the main participants. Rogers (2012) states that the Black Campus Movement initiated a transformation of American higher education by expanding the programs and courses offered at universities as well as increasing the presence of African American faculty, students, and staff in academia. This research contributes to Rogers (2012) work by documenting Black student protests at Denison University through the creation of, Writing Our Story: An Analysis of Black Student Protests at Denison University (Writing Our Story), a digital archive including 30 in-depth personal narratives from students, staff, and faculty and digitized secondary documents from the Denison University archive. The materials housed within Writing Our Story traces the origins and evolution of black student activism, the Center for Black Studies, and the Black Student Union (BSU) at Denison University to enable people to understand the historical nature of Black student protests and the variability of racial dynamics at Denison University. This paper utilizes materials housed in Writing Our Story to analyze the black student activism and the efforts of the BSU as a case study to evaluate the validity of Rogers’ (2012) Black Campus Movement. The results reveal that black student activism at Denison University support Rogers’ (2012) Black Campus Movement.
Back-Face Strain for Monitoring Stable Crack Extension in Precracked Flexure Specimens

Calibrations relating back-face strain to crack length in precracked flexure specimens were developed for different strain gage sizes. The functions were verified via experimental compliance measurements of notched and precracked ceramic beams. Good agreement between the functions and experiments occurred, and fracture toughness was calculated via several operational methods: maximum test load and optically measured precrack length; load at 2 percent crack extension and optical precrack length; maximum load and back-face strain crack length. All the methods gave vary comparable results. The initiation toughness, K(sub Ii) , was also estimated from the initial compliance and load.The results demonstrate that stability of precracked ceramics specimens tested in four-point flexure is a common occurrence, and that methods such as remotely-monitored load-point displacement are only adequate for detecting stable extension of relatively deep cracks.
Public Sector Productivity and Collective Bargaining

Collective bargaining on the issue of productivity appears at times to be an effort to reconcile the irreconcilable. The employer seeks to implement methods that reduce costs, increase efficiency, and raise the quantity of goods and services, while the union strives to project job security, retain work rules and benefits previously attained, insulate those with greater seniority from displacement, and gain new benefits and economic improvements (Kochan, 1980, p. 428).
On the performance gains of TCP with ECN

We study the effect of explicit congestion notification (ECN) on TCP performance for large file transfers and compare it with other congestion avoidance mechanisms, namely drop tail and RED. In contrast to previous work, we focus on situations in which all nodes in the network operate uniformly under the same mechanism (DT or RED or ECN). We observe no significant improvement in TCP goodput when ECN is supported. On the other hand, our results show that with ECN, TCP flows benefit from lower overhead for unsuccessful transmissions, and lockouts are largely avoided.
Impact of Professional Student Mentored Research Fellowship on Medical Education and Academic Medicine Career Path.

Context This study explores the long-term impact of the Professional Student Mentored Research Fellowship (PSMRF) program at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UKCOM) on medical students’ research productivity and career paths. Methods Demographic characteristics, academic profiles, number of publications and residency placements from 2007 to 2012 were used to assess 119 PSMRF graduates against a comparison cohort of 898 UKCOM (non-PSMRF) students. Results PSMRF students had higher MCAT scores at admission (31.5 ± 0.6 vs. 30.6 ± 0.2, p = 0.007) and achieved higher USMLE Step 1 scores (228 ± 4.2 vs. 223 ± 1.5, p = 0.03) than comparison group. PSMRF students were more likely to publish PubMed-indexed papers (36.7% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.0001), achieve AOA status (19.3% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.0002) and match to top 25 US News and World Report residency programs (23.4% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.008). A greater proportion of PSMRF fellows matched to top tier competitive specialties (23% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.07), however this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The PSMRF program shows a significant increase in enrollment, as well as positive associations with indicators of success in medical school and subsequent quality of residency program.
Enhanced laser emission in opposite handedness using a cholesteric polymer film stack.

We demonstrate an enhanced circularly polarized laser emission whose handedness is opposite to the cholesteric helix by the stacked cholesteric polymeric films. The dye-doped right-handed cholesteric polymer film is sandwiched between a mirror and a cholesteric polymer reflector. Due to the stimulated amplification and light recycling effects, the original laser emission from the middle active layer is not only dramatically enhanced but also converted to a left-handed circularly polarized emission with high purity. Moreover, a single 15 μm dye-doped cholesteric film is found to lase more efficiently when the top side faces the pump source than when the bottom side does. This phenomenon is attributed to the band gap broadening of the bottom side.
Fighting Redlining and Gentrification in Washington, D.C. The Adams-Morgan Organization and Tenant Right to Purchase

In the mid-1970s, the Adams-Morgan neighborhood in Washington, D.C., faced both redlining and gentrification. In response to developer-led gentrification and its accompanying displacement, the Adam...
Enzyme-catalysis breathes new life into polyester condensation polymerizations

Traditional chemical catalysts for polyester synthesis have enabled the generation of important commercial products. Undesirable characteristics of chemically catalyzed condensation polymerizations include the need to conduct reactions at high temperatures (150-280 degrees C) with metal catalysts that are toxic and lack selectivity. The latter is limiting when aspiring towards synthesis of increasingly complex and well-defined polyesters. This review describes an exciting technology that makes use of immobilized enzyme-catalysts for condensation polyester synthesis. Unlike chemical catalysts, enzymes function under mild conditions (< or =100 degrees C), which enables structure retention when polymerizing unstable monomers, circumvents the introduction of metals, and also provides selectivity that avoids protection-deprotection steps and presents unique options for structural control. Examples are provided that describe the progress made in enzyme-catalyzed polymerizations, as well as current limitations and future prospects for developing more efficient enzyme-catalysts for industrial processes.
Computational algorithm for reconstructing the profile of 2D rough surfaces

The presented reconstruction algorithm is based on merging the fast multipole method (FMM) for the forward solver with the rapidly convergent descent method for the cost function minimization algorithm (by Fletcher and Powell 1964 and 1970). Parametric results are presented showing the potential of the proposed computational algorithm.
Mass Measurements with a Magnetic Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

A new mass spectrometer has been used to measure the time of flight of ions for a number of complete revolutions in a magnetic field. This spectrometer is especially suitable for heavy masses; the following results have been obtained so far: The precision as tabulated is estimated from the consistency between independent runs. The "probable error" is about three times smaller.
Alternative Models of Cooling Flows

Two cooling flow models that differ from the standard models in clusters of galaxies are examined. The goal is to find a model in which the observations are reproduced without appealing to an unusual initial mass function for star formation. In one model, drag heating by galaxies reheats the cluster gas and also suppresses thermal instabilities in certain temperature regimes. In another model, the gas cools and begins to form stars, which lead to supernovae that reheat the cooled gas to the ambient cluster tmeperature. This model is viable only if high-mass stars are formed and if the supernovae are subluminous.
A tungsten-trioxide/prussian blue complementary electrochromic cell with a polymer electrolyte

Optically variable windows (smart windows), which control the transmission of light into buildings and vehicles, are of interest both for the control of solar heat load and for privacy applications. Such windows are likely to utilize electrochromic technology to achieve optical control. An electrochromic device consisting of a cathodically colouring tungsten trioxide (WO3) film, an anodically colouring Prussian blue (PB) film, and a polymer electrolyte was made. The polymer electrolyte was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol doped with H3PO4 and KH2PO4 to accommodate the conduction of both H+ and K+ ions. The electrochromic WO3 and PB films functioned in a complementary way such that the device was coloured or bleached by the application of −0.5 V or +0.5 V (WO3 films vs PB film), respectively. The spectral characteristics of the coloured device confirmed the complementary colouration of WO3 and PB in the device.
Momentum and zonal kinetic energy balance of the atmosphere from five years of hemispheric data

The angular momentum balance for the northern hemisphere is investigated from daily observations taken at about 800 sounding stations for a period of 5 years. A number of objective and other schemes of analysis are used in order to show possible differences arising from this source. The results are shown in many meridional cross sections through the atmosphere, for both the 60-month mean conditions and for four composite seasons of 15 months each. Profiles of vertical integrals of various quantities are also included. Some preliminary results concerning kinetic energy conversions are included, as an application of the momentum measurements. The results mainly agree with previous findings, although it is increasingly clear that vertical eddy flux processes contribute a vital part to the zonal kinetic energy balance through an added negative viscous effect. A new view of general circulation mechanics is threfore beginning to reveal itself. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00494.x
Discursive reflexivity in the ethnography of communication: Cultural Discourse Analysis

This article is a creative reconstruction of reflexivity as it operates for some practitioners of the ethnography of communication. Our central concern is conceptualized as “discursive reflexivity”; with that concept, we foreground communication both as primary data and as our primary theoretical concern. As a result, we treat reflexivity as a process of metacommunication, that is, as a reflexive process of using discourse at one level to discuss discourse on another. Following current and past research, we explore how dimensions of discursive reflexivity differently configure into five types of ethnographic practice, these being theoretical, descriptive, interpretive, comparative, and critical inquiry. Each is discussed as analytically distinct from the others, yet all coalesce experientially or, in other words, all coexist in one’s experience as an ethnographer. Relationships are discussed between discursive reflexivity and self-reflexivity, including various modes of ethnographic reporting and future d...
Ultrastructure of Müller cells in the developing human retina.

The posterior retina of human embryos from 4 to 200 mm of crown-rump length was studied by electron microscopy. At 20 mm dense inner Muller-cell processes near ganglion cells contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, small matrix particles, and some intermediate filaments. These processes soon had smooth endoplasmic reticulum. By 71 mm many of these inner processes were lucent and contained many intermediate filaments and glycogen particles. Muller-cell nuclei and outer processes were observed between differentiating cone cells at 66 mm, and these outer radial-cell processes soon contained many dense matrix particles and glycogen particles. As neurons in the inner nuclear layer differentiated by 100 mm, Muller- cell cytoplasm in the mid-retina was identified by its intermediate filaments and glycogen particles. Muller cells have composite glial features that appear in the horizontal retinal layers concomitant with neuronal differentiation and maturation in each layer.
Tourism education: a model program.

It was discovered that as of December 1981, unlike other states, no junior college or community college in the state of California offered a course of study in Travel‐Tourism Administration enabling a junior or community college graduate to continue a four year program in Travel‐Tourism Administration. In order to arrive at a suitable course of study, it was determined to research educational institutions in various geographic locations, thus a two year institution in Kenya, two three year institutions in the Netherlands and Germany, two graduate schools, one in Switzerland and one in Canada and two community colleges in California were selected for an in‐depth study of their curricula. This was accomplished by means of personal visits and interviews with students and faculty of five institutions. Due to time and travel limitations, curriculum and educational topics were discussed with the principals of the Kenyan and Canadian institutions. At the same time, the literature of several countries, including those of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and France, was thoroughly reviewed to create a foundation of data on which a model program could be designed.
Suggestibility and humor evaluation.

In a study wherein low- and high-manifest anxiety Ss evaluated the humor content of 30 "Peanuts" cartoon strips, male HA Ss appreciated the cartoons relatively less than did male LA Ss or female Ss (Hammes & Wiggins, 1962). This finding was interpreted in terms of identificuiion on the part of HA male Ss with the worry, depression, or anxiety portrayed by principal male cartoon characters. The present study investigated the possibility of suggestibility influencing cartoon evaluation, in that S may attempt to rate cartoon humor in the direction "expected" of him. The previous study (Hammes & Wiggins, 1962) was replicated, with the added condition of using rating sheets with carroons randomly marked and equally divided as high or low in humor, supposedly by a "peer" group. S was told he could follow or ignore these ratings in his own judgments. The analysis of variance was based on a Lindquist type 111 design (Lindquist, 1953). The main effects of Suggestibility and Sex were significant (P P > .02, respectively), the Anxiety by Sex interaction approached significance (.20 > P > .lo), as did the Suggesdbility by Anxiety by Sex interaction (.20 > P > .lo), but neither interaction warranted further analysis. The spontaneous identification mechanism appearing in the previous study (Hammes & Wiggins, 1962) was apparently overshadowed in the present one by the effect of a structured suggestibility condition, based on a theoretical peer evaluation. A definite sex difference also emerged, in that female Ss in both low- and high-anxious groups, judged the cartoons relatively more humorous than did male Ss in both anxiety groups, even those cartoons suggested to be rated low in humor. Appreciation of light humor material appears, therefore, to be a function not only of manifest anxiety and sex, but also of suggestibility, structured in chis study in terms of a theoretical peer evaluation.
Effects of simulated fire on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in pinyon-juniper woodland soil

Effects of fire on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were tested using microcosms constructed from soil, litter, and duff collected beneath canopies of pinyon pine, Utah juniper, and in the open space (interspace). Burning was conducted over wet and dry soils. Soil temperatures were monitored continuously throughout the microcosms during burning. Plants grown in soils burned when dry had a lower VAM colonization than soils burned when wet. Juniper soils demonstrated the greatest reduction, over 95%, compared to their respective controls. Plants grown in interspace soils burned when wet were least affected. There was a positive correlation (r2=0.90) between the decrease in VAM colonization and the soil temperature as a result of the fire. Temperature effects, and associated reductions in VAM, were related to amount of litter burned in each microcosm and the moisture content of the soils.
Cost-effectiveness in Preventive Cardiology.

Cardiovascular disease remains a serious medical problem, which can be associated with death and disability on one hand, and considerable resource utilization on the other. The primary driver for choice of therapy must remain clinical efficacy. Once efficacy is established, cost-effectiveness analysis has an important role. Resources are limited, and responsible choices must be made. The methods involved in costeffectiveness analysis are complicated and data for the analysis are generally not fully optimal. Nonetheless, cost-effectiveness analysis offers the best method for helping society make rational medical decisions. Effective interventions, when reasonably priced, for the prevention of cardiovascular disease have generally proven to be cost-effective.
Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Unusual IgM Lambda Lymphoplasmacytic Tumor of the Lacrimal Gland

A 72-year-old man developed a slowly enlarging mass involving the left lacrimal gland. Excisional biopsy disclosed a lymphoplasmacytoid tumor which was found by immunohistochemistry techniques to be a monoclonal proliferation, expressing cytoplasmic IgM lambda. However, serum protein Immunoelectrophoresis disclosed a monoclonal spike in the gamma-globulin region with IgG lambda. The patient was still systemically well with no evidence of lymphoma almost ten years after the initial recognition of the lacrimal gland mass. This unusual case demonstrated the difficulty of classifying orbital lymphoid tumors and the problems of accurately predicting the clinical course and prognosis in affected patients.
Reactive Power Compensation and Optimization Strategy for Grid-Interactive Cascaded Photovoltaic Systems

Cascaded multilevel converter structure can be appealing for high-power solar photovoltaic (PV) systems thanks to its modularity, scalability, and distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT). However, the power mismatch from cascaded individual PV converter modules can bring in voltage and system operation issues. This paper addresses these issues, explores the effects of reactive power compensation and optimization on system reliability and power quality, and proposes coordinated active and reactive power distribution to mitigate this issue. A vector method is first developed to illustrate the principle of power distribution. Accordingly, the relationship between power and voltage is analyzed with a wide operation range. Then, an optimized reactive power compensation algorithm (RPCA) is proposed to improve the system operation stability and reliability, and facilitate MPPT implementation for each converter module simultaneously. Furthermore, a comprehensive control system with the RPCA is designed to achieve effective power distribution and dynamic voltage regulation. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed reactive power compensation approach in grid-interactive cascaded PV systems.
Lessons learned from the Philadelphia Collaborative Preterm Prevention Project: the prevalence of risk factors and program participation rates among women in the intervention group.

Women who deliver preterm infants are at a much greater risk for repeating a preterm birth (PTB), compared to women without a history of PTB. However, little is known about the prevalence of the risk factors which account for this markedly increased risk. Moreover, little or nothing is known about the feasibility of providing treatments and services to these women, outside of the context of prenatal care, during the inter-conception period, which provides the best opportunity for successful risk-reduction interventions. The Philadelphia Collaborative Preterm Prevention Project (PCPPP), a large randomized control trial designed to identify and reduce six major risk factors for a repeat preterm birth among women immediately following the delivering of a preterm infant. For the women assigned to the PCPPP treatment group, we calculated the prevalence of the six risk factors in question, the percentages of women who agreed to receive high quality risk-appropriate treatments or services, and the of rates of participation among those who were offered and eligible for these treatments or services. Urogenital tract infections were identified in 57% of the women, while 59% were found to have periodontal disease. More than 39% were active smokers, and 17% were assessed with clinical depression. Low literacy, and housing instability were identified in, 22 and 83% of the study sample, respectively. Among women eligible for intervention, the percentages who accepted and at least minimally participated in treatment ranged from a low of 28% for smoking, to a high of 85% for urogenital tract infection. Most PCPPP enrollees (57%) had three or more major risk factors. Participation rates associated with the PCPPP treatments or services varied markedly, and were quite low in some cases, despite considerable efforts to reduce the barriers to receiving care. The efficacy of individual level risk-reduction efforts designed to prevent preterm/repeat preterm in the pre- or inter-conception period may be limited if participation rates associated with interventions to reduce major risk factors for PTB are low. Achieving adequate participation may require identifying, better understanding, and eliminating barriers to access, beyond those associated with cost, transportation, childcare, and service location or hours of operation. ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01117922 )
Machine vision system for online inspection of freshly slaughtered chickens

A machine vision system was developed and evaluated for the automation of online inspection to differentiate freshly slaughtered wholesome chickens from systemically diseased chickens. The system consisted of an electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera used with an imaging spectrograph and controlled by a computer to obtain line-scan images quickly on a chicken processing line of a commercial poultry plant. The system scanned chicken carcasses on an eviscerating line operating at a speed of 140 chickens per minute. An algorithm was implemented in the system to automatically recognize individual carcasses entering and exiting the field of view, to locate the region of interest (ROI) of each chicken, to extract useful spectra from the ROI as inputs to the differentiation method, and to determine the condition for each carcass as being wholesome or systemically diseased. The system can acquire either hyperspectral or multispectral images without any cross-system calibration. The essential spectral features were selected from hyperspectral images of chicken samples. The differentiation of chickens on the processing line was then carried out using multispectral imaging. The high accuracy obtained from the evaluation results showed that the machine vision system can be applied successfully to automatic online inspection for chicken processing.
6-Chloro-d,l-tryptophan, 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate and dexamethasone attenuate quinolinic acid accumulation in brain and blood following systemic immune activation

Accumulations of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) occur in the brain and blood following immune activation and are attributed to increased metabolism of L-tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. Systemic administration of 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate (an inhibitor of 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase), 6-chloro-D,L-tryptophan (a substrate of the kynurenine pathway) and dexamethasone (an anti-inflammatory agent) attenuated the accumulation of QUIN in the brain and blood following systemic pokeweed mitogen administration to mice. 6-Chloro-D,L-tryptophan and dexamethasone also attenuated the increases in brain and lung indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity and elevations in plasma L-kynurenine levels. We conclude that QUIN formation can be modified by drugs which act at different levels of the cascade of events that link immune stimulation to increased kynurenine pathway metabolism.
Nuclear Targeting of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Reveals Essential Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Localization and Cyclin E in Vitamin D-Mediated Growth Inhibition

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)), inhibits proliferation of a variety of cell types including adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We have previously shown that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increases the stability of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(KIP1), decreases cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity, and promotes G(1) phase accumulation in human prostate cancer cells. These effects correlate with cytoplasmic relocalization of CDK2. In this study, we investigated the role of CDK2 cytoplasmic relocalization in the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). CDK2 was found to be necessary for prostate cancer cell proliferation. Although induced by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(KIP1) was dispensable for 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition. Reduction in CDK2 activity by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was associated with decreased T160 phosphorylation, a residue whose phosphorylation in the nucleus is essential for CDK2 activity. Ectopic expression of cyclin E was sufficient to overcome 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated cytoplasmic mislocalization of CDK2 and all antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), yet endogenous levels of cyclin E or binding to CDK2 were not affected by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). Similarly, knockdown of the CDK2 substrate retinoblastoma, which causes cyclin E up-regulation, resulted in resistance to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition. Human prostate cancer cells resistant to growth inhibition by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) but retaining fully functional vitamin D receptors were developed. These cells did not exhibit 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated cytoplasmic relocalization of CDK2. Targeting CDK2 to the nucleus of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-sensitive cancer cells blocked G(1) accumulation and growth inhibition by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). These data establish central roles for CDK2 nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and cyclin E in the mechanism of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells.
Understanding the Physiology and Pharmacology of Epidural and Intrathecal Opioids

Epidural and intrathecal opioid administration has become an important part of contemporary medical practice in a variety of clinical settings. It has been widely assumed that any opioid placed in the epidural or intrathecal spaces will produce highly selective spinally mediated analgesia that is superior to that produced by other analgesic techniques. Unfortunately, this is simply not true. In fact, multiple opioids are currently employed for spinal use despite the fact that clinical evidence has shown that spinal administration does not produce analgesia with a selective spinal mechanism or that the analgesia produced is not superior to that produced by intravenous administration. This chapter presents the basic science and clinical data available to assist clinicians in identifying which opioids are appropriate for spinal use and which are not.
The Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism Needs Better Categories: Clearing up the Confusions that Result from Blurring Analytic and Lay Concepts

It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’ in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not.
A numerical model study of the structure and similarity scaling of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL)

A one-dimensional numerical model based on the equations of mean motion and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), with Delage's (1974) mixing-length parameterization has been used to simulate the mean and turbulent structure of the evolving stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer (NBL). The model also includes a predictive equation for the surface temperature and longwave radiational cooling effects.
Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis

Abstract 18 O 16 O and 13 C 12 C ratios of Miocene benthic foraminifera from a number of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean DSDP sites (71, 77B, 206, 208, 238, 279, 289, 296, 329, 357 and 366A) have been compiled. These provide a rather detailed history of Miocene deep water especially in the Pacific Ocean. Bottom-water temperatures rose during the early Miocene and then declined rapidly during the middle Miocene. This decline was accompanied by an increase in Antarctic glaciation. Late Miocene bottom temperatures and Antarctic ice volumes are inferred to be similar to today's, but exhibited some fluctuation. The early Miocene ocean was less thermally stratified at intermediate and abyssal depths while the late Miocene deep ocean had a thermal structure generally similar to the modern ocean. Foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios at most of the sites varied quasi-sympathetically throughout the Miocene. These variations must reflect comparable variations in the mean 13 C 12 C of marine HCO 3 − . However, the causes of such variations are not yet clear.
Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis synthesized 226 effect sizes reflecting the relation between self-focused attention and negative affect (depression, anxiety, negative mood). The results demonstrate the multifaceted nature of self-focused attention and elucidate major controversies in the field. Overall, self-focus was associated with negative affect. Several moderators qualified this relationship. Self-focus and negative affect were more strongly related in clinical and female-dominated samples. Rumination yielded stronger effect sizes than nonruminative self-focus. Self-focus on positive self-aspects and following a positive event were related to lower negative affect. Most important, an interaction between foci of self-attention and form of negative affect was found: Private self-focus was more strongly associated with depression and generalized anxiety, whereas public self-focus was more strongly associated with social anxiety.
A fixed-point fast Fourier transform error analysis

This paper contains an analysis of the fixed-point accuracy of the power of two, fast Fourier transform algorithm. This analysis leads to approximate upper and lower bounds on the root-mean-square error. Also included are the results of some accuracy experiments on a simulated fixed-point machine and their comparison with the error upper bound.
Evidence for the usefulness of nomograms.

In the October 2005 issue ofNature Clinical Practice Urology, Stapleton and Pinnock raised concerns regarding the use of nomograms in clinical practice. In this Viewpoint, the authors provide further discussion of these concerns, and present an argument advocating the use of nomograms.
Pneumonia in Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Study

This is a retrospective study of 378 consecutive stroke patients who were referred between June 1994 and June 1997 for videofluorographic study of oropharyngeal swallow. Patients who had radiation therapy, brain tumor, brain surgery, head and/or spinal cord trauma, oral-pharyngeal disease or surgery, or other neurologic diseases in addition to the stroke were excluded from the study. Patients were assigned to two groups: one with pneumonia and one without pneumonia. One hundred one patients were included in the pneumonia group, and 277 patients were included in the nonpneumonia group. Within the pneumonia group, patients were assigned to an acute pneumonia group (pneumonia within 6 months poststroke) and a chronic pneumonia group (pneumonia more than 6 months poststroke). Variables examined in the study included patients' medical history and the findings from the videofluorographic studies. Pearson chi-square analysis was used to identify those variables that were significantly different between the pneumonia and nonpneumonia patient groups and between the acute and chronic pneumonia groups. Results showed that stroke patients who developed pneumonia had a significantly higher incidence of multiple-location and unspecified lesion strokes, chronic airway disease in their medical history, and aspiration during the videofluorographic studies when compared with patients who did not develop pneumonia. Within the pneumonia group, the acute pneumonia group was found to have a significantly higher incidence of hypertension and diabetes in their medical history and a significantly higher incidence of aspiration and reduced laryngeal elevation during the videofluorographic studies. Between 48% and 55% of all stroke patients in the study aspirated. Patients who suffered multiple strokes, brainstem stroke, or subcortical stroke had the greatest frequency of aspiration.
Facile purification of fibrinogen fragments using a computer-based model with general applicability to the generation of salt gradients.

Abstract We and others have recently shown that specific fragments of cross-linked fibrin affect cell behavior. In order to develop a facile method for the preparative scale purification of fibrin fragment D dimer, a simple gradient generating system for conventional chromatography was developed and validated, and methods of fibrin fragment D dimer purification were compared. The experimentally measured salt concentration/time relationship fell directly on the model-predicted line. Model-predicted changes in the reservoir volume and/or salt concentration in the limit buffer affected both the initial slope and the shape of the concentration/time relationship. This gradient generation method was used to separate the D domains of fibrin(ogen) from the amino terminal region E domain using anion-exchange chromatography. While the predicted salt gradient was achieved, a salt-dependent separation was found to be less optimal than that of a pH-dependent separation, as validated by Coomassie-stained SDS–PAGE and by immunoblotting. In conclusion, a facile, user-friendly, computer-based method to predict and generate salt gradients was written and validated by direct experimentation. While fibrinogen fragment purification was acceptable using this system, both separation and yields of fibrinogen and fibrin fragments were superior using a pH-based separation technique.
Creativity enhancement through flotation isolation

Abstract Research over the last 25 years on the contribution of aloneness to creativity enhancement has had mixed results. Early studies of sensory deprivation generally found negative effects while more recent research on flotation isolation has reported positive influence. Sports performance, for example, has been improved by means of directed imagery and flotation aloneness. However, there has been only one study which has attempted to enhance creativity through the flotation method and while this study reported positive results, it lacked several control features and was based on a very small sample of highly selected subjects. The present study was designed to evaluate directly the potential contribution of floating to creativity enhancement as measured by the Guilford fluency test and other measures. Subjects were male and female university students, half of whom spent one hour in a float environment and the other half in a darkened room. Each was tested before and after experimental trial on the Guilford and other creativity measures and on two personality/affect scales. Float subjects showed significant increases on the Guilford test from the pre- to post-float and meaningful increases on other thinking measures as compared to non-floating control subjects. Floating was associated with a decrease in anxiety/tension, depression, hostility, and fatigue, but with an increase in vigor and a maintenance of curiosity scores, and it is speculated that the creativity benefits may be a result of these state changes.
Life Stressors and Substance Abuse in African American Adolescents Residing in a Public Housing Community

An investigation of adolescent life stressors and substance abuse was conducted. Several variables have been linked to the onset of illicit drug-taking behaviors. Current propositions conclude that peer pressure, curiosity, drug availability, sociability, boredom, frustration, and low socioeconomic status are culprits in substance abuse. However, little-to-no attention was given to adolescent life stressors as a contributing factor to the onset of substance abuse. Thus, an exploratory investigation of the variables linking life stressors to the onset of substance abuse was conducted using the “grounded theory” qualitative research approach.
Cholinergic effects on spinal dorsal horn neurons in vitro: an intracellular study.

Abstract The cholinoceptive properties of dorsal horn neurons (lamina III–V) were investigated by means of intracellular recordings from the rat isolated spinal cord slice preparation. In half of the neurons investigated, acetycholine (ACh) evoked a dose-dependent slow depolarization and increase in excitability; hyperpolarization was observed in 10% of neurons. Acetyl-β-methylcholine (MCh) similarly depolarized 39% and hyperpolarized 25% of neurons tested; depolarization was also observed following bethanechol. Responses to the muscarinic agonists were abolished by atropine (10 −5 M). Nicotine depolarized 84% of tested neurons; dihydro-β-erythroidine (5 × 10 −5 M) and (+)-tubocurarine (10 −6 M) antagonized this depolarization. ACh-, MCh- and nicotine-induced depolarizations, associated with changes in input resistance, were maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin (10 −6 M). Substance P, as well as repetitive electrical stimulation of the dorsal root, also evoked depolarization in ACh-sensitive neurons. Atropine, but not (+)-tubocurarine, diminished responses to both substance P and dorsal root stimulation. These results indicate that dorsal horn neurons are ACh-sensitive and possess both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. In addition, the parallel sensitivity of neurons to muscarinic agonists, substance P and dorsal root stimulation, as well as the parallel antagonistic effect of atropine, are supportive of a common ionic mechanism underlying the activation of muscarinic and substance P receptors.
Controlled release of naltrexone pamoate from linear poly(ortho esters)

Abstract Linear poly(ortho esters) prepared by the reaction between 3,9-bis(ethylidene 2,4,8,10 tetraoxaspiro [5,5] undecane) and various ratios of trans- cyclohexanedimethanol (t-itCDM) and 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HD), were investigated as bioerodible matrices for the controlled release of naltrexone, a narcotic antagonist. Because naltrexone is a basic compound and poly (ortho esters) are stable in base, the neutral naltrexone pamoate was used in these studies. Since a therapeutically effective device requires a daily release of at least 4 mg/day, devices with a drug loading of at least 50 wt. % had to be used. In order to achieve such a high loading, a very soft polymer based on 100 wt. % 1,6-hexanediol was found to be optimal. As found in previous studies, polymer erosion and drug release was found to depend on the nature and concentration of the incorporated acidic excipient used to catalyze polymer erosion. With naltrexone pamoate, excellent control could be achieved by the use of 1 wt.% suberic acid and 25×4×1.25 mm polymer slabs that released naltrexone pamoate for 21 days at a constant 3 mg/day were prepared.
Medical School Dean as a Turnaround Agent

Taking on the role as a new medical school Dean in a new city after Hurricane Katrina posed many challenges. To facilitate turnaround, 3 principles were applied: hit the ground running, promote community involvement, and gain a common vision for the future. This article describes Tulane University's process for implementing change and expands on its vision for the future.
Extraction of water regions from radar imagery using a discrete biorthogonal wavelet transform

A discrete biorthogonal wavelet transform is used to extract water regions from radar imagery. A family of discrete scaling vectors and wavelets are formulated by direct construction and used to create a multiresolution image pyramid from an input radar image. The scaling vectors and wavelets each have eight nonzero elements. A second set of vectors is used to perform the inverse transform and obtain an image. Various sections of the pyramid are used to reconstruct images which resemble the original image except at reduced resolution. In this way a small image `cube' is built up. Feature vectors are formed from the image cube such that the dimension of each feature vector is equal to the number of images in the cube. These feature vectors serve as input data to two standard clustering routines. The clustering routines are the minimax and the K-means. These clustering routines are used to place each pixel of the original image into one of two classes: water or land. Finally a simple routine is performed to try and correct any obviously misclassified pixels. This technique was applied to synthetic aperture radar images. It was found that when the image cube was calculated from sections of the wavelet transform high up in the pyramid the shadow regions on land blended in with the rest of the terrain but large water bodies could still be extracted intact. The results of applying this procedure to two synthetic aperture radar images are shown.
Extension of the neuroprotective time window for thiazolidinediones in ischemic stroke is dependent on time of reperfusion

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability but has limited therapeutic options. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), agonists for the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, reduce infarct volume and improve neurologic function following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Translation of these findings into clinical therapy will require careful assessment of dosing paradigms and effective time windows for treatment. Understanding the mechanisms by which TZDs protect the brain provides insight into how time windows for neuroprotection might be extended. We find that two TZDs, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, significantly reduce infarct volume at doses similar to those used clinically (1 mg/kg for pioglitazone and 0.1 mg/kg for rosiglitazone). We also find that pioglitazone reduces infarction volume in a transient, but not a permanent MCAO model suggesting that reperfusion plays an important role in TZD mediated neuroprotection. Since PPARγ agonists reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are exacerbated by reperfusion, we hypothesized that TZDs would be most effective if administered prior to reperfusion. We administered TZDs 3 h after MCAO and found that infarction volume and neurologic function are significantly improved in animals reperfused at 3 h and 15 min (after TZD treatment), but not in animals reperfused at 2 h (before TZD treatment) when assessed either 24 h or 3 weeks after MCAO. While TZDs reduce intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) expression to a similar extent regardless of the time of reperfusion, leukocyte entry into brain parenchyma is more dramatically reduced when reperfusion is delayed until after drug treatment. The finding that delaying reperfusion until after TZD treatment is beneficial despite a longer period of ischemia, is dramatic given the widely held view that duration of ischemia is the most important determinate of injury.
1115 LIPID CLEARING IN PRETERM INFANTS: RELATIONSHIP OF LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY TO GESTATIONAL AGE AND LIPID LOAD

To determine the development of the lipid clearing mechanism, we have measured serum postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in 18 preterm infants, gestational age (G.A.) 25-32 wks, aged 16±1.5 days. Intralipid (I), 0.5 g/kg, was infused without or (after 1-4 days) with heparin (H), 10 U/kg for 4 h and blood was collected at 0, 10, 30, 120 and 240 min of infusion. PHLA (1 unit (U)=1 μmol FFA released from tri-3H olein/ml/h), TG and FFA were measured in all serum specimens. The data show: 1. TG clearing develops at 27-28 wks G.A.: PHLA is low 29 wks. 2. A single bolus of H has only a transient effect on I clearance. 3. PHLA may be depleted by prolonged I infusion-correlation between PHLA and cumulative I infused was r=-0.53, p<0.02 (n=18). We conclude that infants <28 wks G.A. are most susceptible to hepatic and pulmonary complications following prolonged I infusion. (Support NIH grant HL-19056)
Expressiveness of the operation set of a data abstraction

In a strongly typed system supporting user defined data abstractions, the designer of a data abstraction ought to be careful in choosing the operations for the abstraction. If the operation set chosen is not expressive enough, it might be impossible or inconvenient to implement certain useful functions on the values of the data abstraction. In this paper, we characterize the expressive power of the operation set by defining two properties for data abstractions - expressive completeness and expressive richness. The operation set of an expressively complete data abstraction is adequate enough to implement all computable functions on its values. An expressively rich data abstraction is expressively complete with an operation set that is rich enough to conveniently extract from a value, all relevant information required to reconstruct the value from scratch. Practical applications of the properties of expressiveness introduced are also discussed.