cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ionic strength, particle size, flow rate, and vegetation type on colloid transport through a dense vegetation saturated soil system: Experiments and modeling

Summary Colloids are widely distributed in agricultural runoff, especially from croplands with manure applications. Dense vegetation has been suggested to be effective to reduce surface runoff contaminants, including colloidal particles. In this work, small scale laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of physical and chemical factors (i.e. solution ionic strength, particle size, surface flow rate, and vegetation type) on the surface transport and removal of colloids in a dense vegetation system without drainage. Conservative tracer studies of bromide were conducted as a control to quantify the deposition of colloids onto grass surfaces and the mass exchange of colloids between the overland flow and soil underneath under various experimental conditions. The deposition of colloids enhanced with increases in solution ionic strength and particle size, and with decreases in flow rate. We also found vegetation type played an important role on colloid transport with more deposition onto Ryegrass than onto Bahia grass under the same experimental conditions. A mathematical model combining overland flow, convection–dispersion equations and exchange layer theory was developed to simulate the transport of colloids in overland flow through the dense vegetation. Simulations of the model fitted the experimental data well and helped to understand the effect of ionic strength, particle size, flow rate, and vegetation type on colloid transport and removal in dense vegetation. Although additional investigations are still needed, findings from this study can inform the installation and maintenance of dense vegetation systems, such as vegetative filter strips, to reduce the loading of colloids in surface runoff.
On the stability of coagulation--fragmentation population balances

Abstract When coagulation and fragmentation both occur in a system, the competition between these processes may lead to a steady-state size distribution. We consider some specific moment solutions to a generalized coagulation-fragmentation population balance equation (in which multiple breakup is allowed) in order to determine when it is may be possible for such steady states to exist. Steady states occur for systems with homogeneous rate kernels of order β (fragmentation) and λ (coagulation) that satisfy β − λ + 1 > 0. Finally, we discuss the applicability of scaling to this generalized coagulation-fragmentation population balance.
Supervisory Responses to Critical Teaching Incidents During Speech-Language Therapy

Abstract Supervisors of student speech-language clinicians face dilemmas in deciding how to resolve problems when proteges experience difficulties during therapy sessions with clients. Decisions must consider appropriate levels of supervisor intrusiveness and the extent to which intrusions negatively affect client therapy and proteges' professional development. Using a writing prompt directed to speech-language supervisors of three different types (on-campus university supervisors, off-campus university supervisors, and cooperating clinicians), the current investigation found that five supervisory behaviors of six previously observed during critical teaching incidents in public school settings are used in speech-language contexts. Each is discussed; implications and recommendations follow.
The Biology of Desmanthus Illinoensis

Desmnanth its illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan is an herbaceous or suffrutescent perennial legume of wide hut sparse distribution throughout the midwestern and southeastern U. S. It occurs rather comnlronly along roadside ditches, at the margins of cultivated fields, in upland swales and on low, open ground. Leaves are twice pinnate and consist of many small, linear leaflets. The numerous dense heads of small, white flowers are borne on axillary peduncles. Flowering begins in late May and early June and may continue into the summer, with both flower buds and bundles of mature, strongly curving capsules occurring on the same plant. This study of Desmanthus illinoensis was undertaken to describe some of the autecological and biological aspects of the species, which has been little investigated from any other than a taxonomic viewpoint. In addition, it is a prairie fork apparently favored by livestock in grazing and thus merits study on the basis of its potential economic value. Data were assembled during the spring and summer of 1957 and 1958 from material observed within a 10 mile radius of Tulsa, Okla. Some of the data was compiled during the spring and fall of 1958 from laboratory plantings at the Agriculttural Experiment Station at the Univ. of Cal., Los Angeles.
Assessment of isotropic calcium using 0.5-mm reconstructions from 320-row CT data sets identifies more patients with non-zero Agatston score and more subclinical atherosclerosis than standard 3.0-mm coronary artery calcium scan and CT angiography.

Abstract Background The presence of calcified plaque in coronary arteries can be quantified by using 0.5-mm isotropic reconstructions from 320-row CT without increased radiation dose. Little is known about reclassification of patients with non-zero Agatston scores and quantitative measures of calcified plaque using 0.5-mm reconstructions. Objective The aim was to compare proportions of zero vs non-zero Agatston scores (subclinical atherosclerosis) in 0.5-mm isotropic reconstructions vs standard 3.0-mm and CT angiography (CTA) scans on 320-row CT. Methods Prospectively, we quantified calcified plaque in coronary arteries in 104 patients by using non–contrast-enhanced scans with 0.5 and 3.0 mm. Coronary calcium assessment was determined by 2 observers. Clinically indicated CTA was also performed; coronary calcium assessment findings were compared with CTA. Ranked Wilcoxon test and χ 2 test were performed for comparison. Reproducibility for proportion of zero vs non-zero was assessed by κ statistics. Results Median Agatston score (41.9 [interquartile range (IQR), 3.7–213.6] vs 5.2 [IQR, 0.0–128.5]), calcium volume (53.6 mm 3 [IQR, 8.1–202.3] vs 5.1 mm 3 [IQR, 0.0–96.8],), and lesion number (10.0 [IQR, 3.5–18.5] vs 1.0 [IQR, 0.0–6.0]) were significantly higher on 0.5-mm reconstruction ( P P Conclusion Isotropic 0.5-mm reconstruction detected 23.1% and 22.1% more patients with subclinical atherosclerosis than standard 3.0-mm scans and CTA, which may be more sensitive for the detection of subclinical atherosclerosis; its potential clinical utility needs to be validated in large, prospective studies.
Ephecting excitatory synapse development

Alterations in synapse number and morphology are associated with devastating psychiatric and neurologic disorders. In this issue of Cell, Margolis et al. (2010) show that the RhoA-guanine exchange factor (GEF) Ephexin5 limits the numbers of excitatory synapses that neurons receive, thus identifying a new mechanism controlling synaptogenesis.
Automated identification of spinal cord and vertebras on sagittal MRI

We are developing an automated method for the identification of the spinal cord and the vertebras on spinal MR images, which is an essential step for computerized analysis of bone marrow diseases. The spinal cord segment was first enhanced by a newly developed hierarchical multiscale tubular (HMT) filter that utilizes the complementary hyper- and hypo- intensities in the T1-weighted (T1W) and STIR MRI sequences. An Expectation-Maximization (EM) analysis method was then applied to the enhanced tubular structures to extract candidates of the spinal cord. The spinal cord was finally identified by a maximum-likelihood registration method by analysis of the features extracted from the candidate objects in the two MRI sequences. Using the identified spinal cord as a reference, the vertebras were localized based on the intervertebral disc locations extracted by another HMT filter applied to the T1W images. In this study, 5 and 30 MRI scans from 35 patients who were diagnosed with multiple myeloma disease were collected retrospectively with IRB approval as training and test set, respectively. The vertebras manually outlined by a radiologist were used as reference standard. A total of 422 vertebras were marked in the 30 test cases. For the 30 test cases, 100% (30/30) of the spinal cords were correctly segmented with 4 false positives (FPs) mistakenly identified on the back muscles in 4 scans. A sensitivity of 95.0% (401/422) was achieved for the identification of vertebras, and 5 FPs were marked in 4 scans with an average FP rate of 0.17 FPs/scan.
A comparative study of short range order in Fe-Cr and Fe-V alloys around equiatomic composition

Configurational energies have been calculated for equiatomic Fe-Cr and Fe-V alloys possessing the high temperature bcc crystalline structure, within a first principles electronic band structure approach. In agreement with experimental facts, a tendency towards order, with a B2 ordered structure of CsCl type, is found for FeV whereas phase separation characterized FeCr. These results suggest that the nature of short range order in the high temperature bcc solid solution is not the primary driving force for describing the structural transformation from bcc to sigma which takes place in both alloys upon decreasing temperature. 15 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Interaction of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides with DMPC-d54 and DMPG-d54 monolayers studied by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) was used to analyze the adsorption of the cationic surfactants n-dodecyl-, n-tetradecyl-, and n-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB, TTAB and CTAB) at the air-water interface and to study their interaction with 1,2-dimyristoyl-d(54)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC-d(54)) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-d(54)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG-d(54)) Langmuir monolayers. From the Gibbs adsorption isotherms of the pure surfactants on 0.1M NaCl as subphase the value of surface excess concentration Gamma and the standard free energy of adsorption DeltaG(0) was determined as a function of the interface coverage Theta. The conformational and orientational changes of the surfactant alkyl chains were followed by analyzing the frequencies of the antisymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching vibrational bands nu(CH(2)) during adsorption at the air-water interface. The interaction of the surfactants with lipid monolayers was also followed by IRRAS. Deuterated lipids were used to distinguish between hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants and the phospholipids. Thus, information on the conformational changes of the lipid molecules during incorporation of surfactant molecules into the lipid monolayer could be obtained. The absorbance values of the antisymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching vibrational bands (nu(CD(2)) and nu(CH(2))) were used for the direct calculation of the surface partition coefficients P of the surfactants. The influence of the surfactant headgroup charge and its alkyl chain length on the incorporation into lipid monolayers is discussed.
Fitting a multiple regression function

Abstract Consider the p-dimensional unit cube [0,1]p, p≥1. Partition [0, 1]p into n regions, R1,n,…,Rn,n such that the volume Δ(Rj,n) is of order n −1,j=1,…,n. Select and fix a point in each of these regions so that we have x(n)1,…,x(n)n. Suppose that associated with the j-th predictor vector x(n)j there is an observable variable Y (n)j, j=1,…,n, satisfying the multiple regression model Y (n) j =g( x (n) j )+e (n) j , where g is an unknown function defined on [0, 1]pand {e(n)j} are independent identically distributed random variables with Ee(n)1=0 and Var e(n)1=σ2 g n ( x )=a -p n Σ n j=1 Y (n) j ∫ R j,n k[( x − u )⧸a n ]d u as an estimator of g(x), where k(u) is a known p-dimensional bounded density and {an} is a sequence of reals converging to 0 asn→∞. Weak and strong consistency of gn(x) and rates of convergence are obtained. Asymptoticnormality of the estimator is established. Also proposed is σ 2 n =n −1 Σ n j=1 (Y (n) j −g n ( x (n) j )) 2 as a consistent estimate of σ2.
Constrained Turbo Decoding with Bit Based Early Detection

In this paper, we propose a symbol based early detection method and a constrained turbo decoding algorithm to reduce the turbo decoding complexity, but without performance degradation. By incorporating a trend watch on the extrinsic values of individual bits with a threshold detection, some correctly decoded bits can be observed early. This information is further exploited to constrain the decoding along the trellis so that the decoding of other bits can be improved with reduced complexity. Simulation demonstrates the promising performance of this algorithm. An interesting result is that the trend watch plays a more important role in determining those early decoded bits. Therefore, the complexity in determining the optimal thresholds can be avoided and the load of detection process is very small.
Synthesis of alkylindans

1. Reaction between indan and olefins, namely propene and 1-butene, in presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride proceeds with formation of high yields of the corresponding monoand di-alkylmdans substituted in the aromatic nucleus. Under the same conditions isopropylindan and propene give triisopropylindan. 2. Reaction between indan and 2-methyl-2-butene under the same conditions proceeds with much greater difficulty. The yield of the alkylindan is much lower. Higher alkylation products are not formed. Reaction between these hydrocarbons in presence of BF3.H3PO4 as catalyst proceeds analogously. 3. Isopropyl-, diisopropyl-, triisopropyl, sec-butyl-, di-sec-butyl-, and amyl-indans, each having their substituents in the aromatic nucleus, were prepared. With the exception of isopropylindan, all these hydrocarbons were prepared for the first time.
Porous silicon-based biosensor for pathogen detection.

Abstract A porous silicon-based biosensor for rapid detection of bacteria was fabricated. Silicon (0.01 ohm cm, p-type) was anodized electrochemically in an electrochemical Teflon cell containing ethanoic hydrofluoric acid solution to produce sponge-like porous layer of silicon. Anodizing conditions of 5 mA/cm 2 for 85 min proved best for biosensor fabrication. A single-tube chemiluminescence-based assay, previously developed, was adapted to the biosensor for detection of Escherichia coli . Porous silicon chips were functionalized with a dioxetane–Polymyxin B (cell wall permeabilizer) mixture by diffusion and adsorption on to the porous surface. The reaction of β-galactosidase enzyme from E. coli with the dioxetane substrate generated light at 530 nm. Light emission for the porous silicon biosensor chip with E. coli was significantly greater than that of the control and planar silicon chip with E. coli ( P 1 –10 2 colony forming units (CFU) of E. coli . The porous silicon-based biosensor was fabricated and functionalized to successfully detect E. coli and has potential applications in food and environmental testing.
CO2 and gadopentetate dimeglumine as alternative contrast agents for malfunctioning dialysis grafts and fistulas

CO 2 and gadopentetate dimeglumine as alternative contrast agents for malfunctioning dialysis grafts and fistulas. Background Hemodialysis grafts and native fistulas are frequently evaluated angiographically utilizing iodinated contrast material to determine the cause of malfunction. Occasionally, patients are not able to receive iodinated contrast material due to a history of previous severe allergic reaction or concern that iodinated contrast material could worsen renal function requiring premature initiation of permanent dialysis. We set out to test the feasibility of gadopentetate dimeglumine as an alternative contrast agent in conjunction with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) angiography in the evaluation and treatment of hemodialysis grafts and native fistulas in patients who have a contraindication to iodinated contrast material. Methods Six patients with a malfunctioning hemodialysis graft and native fistula were evaluated. Four patients were successfully evaluated using carbon dioxide and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Two additional patients underwent balloon angioplasty using gadopentetate dimeglumine alone as the alternative contrast agent. Results All six patients successfully were evaluated and treated using gadopentetate dimeglumine either alone or as a supplement to CO 2 angiography. Five of these patients had lesions successfully treated using gadopentetate dimeglumine alone or in combination with CO 2 as the angiographic contrast agents. One patient underwent a successful diagnostic angiogram using gadopentetate dimeglumine and CO 2 as alternative contrast agents and was subsequently treated with surgical revision. The gadopentetate dimeglumine angiograms identified the arterial anastomosis and more clearly identified stenotic lesions and venous outflow anatomy compared to carbon dioxide angiograms. Conclusion Gadopentetate dimeglumine is useful as an alternative contrast agent in conjunction with CO 2 in patients with malfunctioning hemodialysis grafts and fistulas, who have a contraindication to the administration of iodinated contrast material.
Persistent infection of mice by lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: effects of immunosuppression on virus replication and antiviral immune responses

Maximum plasma titers (10(9)-10(10) ID50/ml) of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) in mice are observed one day after infection, but then decrease 4-5 log during the next 5 weeks to attain a persistent steady-state level for the remainder of the life of the animal. The decrease in plasma LDV level during the first 5 weeks after infection and long-term viremia were not affected by lethal X-irradiation of the mice, daily injections of cyclosporin A or depletion of the mice of T cells by treatment with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, or anti-Thy1.2 monoclonal antibodies, although these treatments inhibited the formation of anti-LDV antibodies. LDV viremia was also the same in nu/nu and nu/+ Swiss mice, though the former did not mount an anti-LDV immune response, while the latter did. The appearance of anti-LDV neutralizing antibodies in infected mice 1-2 months after infection or the injection of infected mice with high doses of anti-LDV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies also did not affect the level of LDV viremia. Repeated treatments of infected mice with either cyclophosphamide or dexamethasone caused 1-2 log increases in plasma LDV titers. Although cyclophosphamide treatment prevented the formation of anti-LDV antibodies, dexamethasone caused an increase in plasma LDV levels without affecting anti-LDV antibody formation. We conclude that an anti-LDV immune response does not play a significant role in controlling LDV replication in mice. The data support the view that within 1 day after infection of a mouse, all LDV-permissive macrophages, which appear to be the only cells supporting LDV replication in the mouse, are destroyed as a result of a cytocidal infection by LDV. Subsequently, LDV replication is limited by the rate of generation of new permissive macrophages. The steady-state viremia attained about 5 weeks after infection reflects a balance between LDV replication in permissive macrophages as they arise and LDV inactivation and clearance.
Serum concentrations of retinol, d-α-tocopherol and β-carotene: effects of storage at —70°C for five years

To investigate the effects of prolonged storage of serum samples at −70°C on concentrations of micronutrients, we measured concentrations of retinol, d-α-tocopherol, and β-carotene in serum samples drawn in 1986. We compared values we measured in 1991 to values we obtained in 1986, using the same analytical methods. The relative concentrations obtained in 1991 (mean ± S.D.) were: retinol 99.7 ± 12.6% (n = 23), d-α-tocopherol 100.7 ± 6.4% (n = 19), and β-carotene 103.4 ± 13.7% (n = 28). Using these techniques of sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, we found that the effects of storage of serum at −70°C for five years appear insignificant in a small population of patients. However, we did identify clinically important changes in concentration (>20% difference) in several individual subjects.
Photolysis rates based on Schumann‐Runge band approximations and irradiance measurements

The photolysis rate (J3) for CF2Cl2(F-12) in the stratosphere has been computed for three altitudes using measured solar fluxes from a balloon borne spectrometer. The rate is compared with that obtained by computing the attenuated flux using effective cross sections appropriate for the Schumann-Runge bands (J1) (Allen and Frederick, 1982). The result shows that the error in the F-12 photolysis rate caused by using the Allen and Frederick approximation is about 10 percent (J1 less than J3) for altitudes between 32 and 38 km with solar zenith angles less than about 62 degrees. For species other than O2, this implies that the discrepancy in photolysis rates associated with the Schumann-Runge band approximations are not likely to be important. Within the Schumann-Runge band region the computed errors for F-12 photolysis are about 10.5 percent at 38.13 km and increase with decreasing altitude. If this error applies to O2 photolysis, there may be the possibility of an incorrect calculation of net odd oxygen production in photochemical models.
Plenary Lecture: Orientation of the Eyes to Gravitoinertial Acceleration

Orientation of the eyes to gravitoinertial acceleration, i.e., to the sum of gravity and the linear accelerations acting on the head and body, is a basic property of the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex to support vision. Present in a wide range of species from the lateral-eyed rabbit to frontal-eyed monkeys and humans, the eyes deviate in pitch, roll and yaw in response to pitch, roll and yaw head movements. The eyes also converge in response to naso-occipital linear acceleration. This paper provides examples of ocular orientation generated by static tilt and off-vertical axis rotation in three dimensions and demonstrates specifically how vergence would support vision in the rabbit.
Concentration and Analysis of Dilute Colloidal Samples by Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract An on-channel concentration procedure is described in which large volumes of dilute colloidal materials can be concentrated at the head of an FFF channel in preparation for separation and analysis. The theory of the procedure is described, with particular focus on expected perturbations in retention and plate height due to the finite initial zone length. Two sizes (0.357 and 0.481 μm) of polystyrene latex beads diluted in volumes of up to 50 ml are used as model colloids. Separation of the two bead sizes is demonstrated. The beads are then subjected to careful retention and plate height measurements and the results compared to theoretical expectations. Certain anomalies are noted which may relate to the reversible adhesion of the particles to the channel wall. Possible extensions and ramifications of the technique are noted.
A Visualization for Software Project Awareness and Evolution

Real-time awareness of other developers' activities is a powerful tool to assist in coordination of developer activities. Thus far, this type of awareness has focused only on individual developers, with information regarding individual artifacts provided in a contextualized visualization. Here, we build upon our prior work, but take a broader perspective: visualization and exploration of workspace activity and evolution on a project- wide basis. We believe this visualization helps project managers who now have a comprehensive view of all project activities, allowing them to intelligently steer development and adjust task assignments. Developers can also benefit from this high level view by understanding how their work relates with each other and to the project as a whole. Another interesting aspect of our work is that we can visualize the evolution of workspaces-and the emergent project evolution-either live or postmortem: since our tool stores all the workspaces' events, we can replay, stop, rewind, and visually inspect the effort at any given point in time to find trends, problems, and other patterns of interest.
The Design of Evaluations for Continuous Quality Improvement

Many health care organizations are modeling continuous quality improvement activities after designs used in business and industry. This has resulted in a somewhat standardized and possibly limited approach to conducting quality improvement activities. In contrast, the evaluation paradigm provides a broader approach because the design of an evaluation may be based on the questions to be examined, or the design may emerge during the process of conducting the evaluation. This article examines the design of evaluations usedforcontinuous quality improvement activities in health care and human service organizations. Through a case example, the benefits of using alternative evaluation designs are explored. In particular; use of alternative approaches to gather and evaluate information about restrictive treatment interventions in a mental health setting are presented.
BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF NEONATAL MOUSE CEREBRAL CORTEX DURING GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN TISSUE CULTURE.

Abstract Electrophysiologic studies with extracellular microelectrodes demonstrate the development of characteristic bioelectric activity in cultured fragments of mouse cerebral neocortex during their growth and differentiation in vitro. Within the first 2–3 days after explantation, only simple spike potentials can be evoked by electric stimuli. By 4 days, responses of much greater complexity and duration begin to appear in the cultures. Facilitation effects at long test intervals can now be demonstrated and can also be augmented by strychnine. During the following week in culture, bioelectric responses increase in amplitude, complexity and regularity. Barrages of spikes and slow waves occur sporadically as well as in response to electric stimuli. d-Tubocurarine and strychnine may greatly enhance these activities, whereas procaine blocks them at levels which still permit simple spike responses. Simultaneous records of evoked-potential patterns from various regions of the explants suggest maintenance of laminar organization of neural elements parallel to the original surface of the cerebral cortex. This degree of functional integrity may be retained for more than 2 months in vitro. In many respects, the bioelectric properties of cultured cerebral explants are remarkably similar to those of chronic, neuronally isolated slabs of neonatal cerebral cortex in situ. Application of this method to problems of cerebral function at the cellular level are discussed.
Use of Construction Stages to Review a Bridge Finite-Element Model

AbstractThe Veterans’ Glass City Skyway (VGCS) is a posttensioned concrete segmental cable-stayed bridge in Toledo, Ohio. The baseline analytical model of the bridge was reviewed using the measured response to construction loads during two intermediate stages of construction. The boundary conditions and geometry of the model were updated during the various stages of construction and the properties of the structural elements were updated across all the stages so that the model accurately captured the response of the bridge at each stage. The behavior of the model during construction was verified using construction loads. Static and low-speed truck load tests were performed when the bridge was completed to verify the performance of the final model. These tests were conducted just before the bridge opened and again after two years of service. The measured response to these load tests correlated very closely with model response, thus confirming the efficacy of using construction loads to develop the bridge mo...
Verbal redundancy aids memory for filmed entertainment dialogue

Three studies investigated the effects of presentation modality and redundancy of verbal content on recognition memory for entertainment film dialogue. U.S. participants watched two brief movie clips and afterward answered multiple-choice questions about information from the dialogue. Experiment 1 compared recognition memory for spoken dialogue in the native language (English) with subtitles in English, French, or no subtitles. Experiment 2 compared memory for material in English subtitles with spoken dialogue in English, French, or no sound. Experiment 3 examined three control conditions with no spoken or captioned material in the native language. All participants watched the same video clips and answered the same questions. Performance was consistently good whenever English dialogue appeared in either the subtitles or sound, and best of all when it appeared in both, supporting the facilitation of verbal redundancy. Performance was also better when English was only in the subtitles than when it was only spoken. Unexpectedly, sound or subtitles in an unfamiliar language (French) modestly improved performance, as long as there was also a familiar channel. Results extend multimedia research on verbal redundancy for expository material to verbal information in entertainment media.
Peripherally administered somatostatin reduces feeding by a vagal mediated mechanism

Somatostatin (SS) is considered to be an important regulator of nutrient homeostasis. As such, we felt it would be of use to study in detail its effects on feeding. Intraperitoneal administration of SS (10 μg/kg) reduces spontaneous nocturnal feeding (3.6±0.6 g/2 hr vs 1.6±0.5 g/2 hr p < 0.025). In a separate study we found that SS also reduced spontaneous feeding in sham operated animals, but not in vagotomized animals (1.2±0.7 g/2 hr vs 3.8±0.3 g/2 hr, p < 0.05). SS inhibited stress (tail-pinch) induced eating at 10 and 1, but not 0.1 μg/kg and also inhibited insulin (10 U/kg) induced feeding over a 3 hour period at the 10 μg/kg dose. SS failed to inhibit feeding induced by either the intracerebroventricular administration of norepinephrine, the GABA agonist muscimol, or the endogenous opioid, dynorphin. SS (10 μg/kg) failed to suppress water intake or ingestion of a 2% sucrose solution suggesting that somatostatin does not suppress feeding by a generalized disruption of behavior or due to the aversiveness of SS. However, food intake also was not suppressed following food deprivation, suggesting a possible aversive effect of SS. We conclude that somatostatin may play a role as one of the physiological signals involved in short-term appetite regulation. Like CCK, the effects of SS would appear to be mediated through the vagus.
Two neuronal populations in the head ganglia of Aplysia californiaa with egg-laying hormone-like immunoreactivity

Abstract The egg-laying hormone (ELH) is a polypeptide of known structure, which is synthesized and released by the neurosecretory bag cells in the abdominal ganglion of the mollusc, Aplysia californica . We have used immunohistochemical procedures to reveal organized groups of specific cells and fiber tracts within the pleural and cerebral ganglia in adult Aplysia which are immunopositive when reacted with antibodies generated against ELH. These antibodies are highly specific in that they only stain the bag cells within the abdominal ganglion. The ELH+ systems in the head ganglia persisted in two animals 43 days and 67 days after surgical removal of their abdominal ganglia and pleurovisceral connectives. It is therefore likely that these immunoreactive neurons and their processes are independent of the bag cell system. The pleural ganglia neurons, with ELH-like immunoreactivity, bear a striking resemblance to bag cells in somal and nuclear dimensions, neuritic morphology and association with the pleurovisceral connectives. This suggests that both populations of cells may have descended from a common precursor pool during embryogenesis. In the cerebral ganglion, a pair of bilateral clusters of 6–10 small immunopositive neurons are located on the dorsal surface in the vicinity of the C clusters, and send their processes into the neuropil. Intensely stained tracts of ELH+ fibers are prominent at all levels of section in the cerebral neuropil; stained fibers can also be traced into most of the nerves emanating from the cerebral ganglion. Although the functions of these systems, as well as the specific nature of the immunoreactive molecule(s) they contain, remain unknown, 5 ELH-like genes of Aplysia have now been cloned and 3 of these have been sequenced 26,27 . Our results suggest that the immunoreactive molecules in the pleural and cerebral neurons are due to peptides controlled by one or more of these genes. ELH is known to markedly change the electrical activity of neurons in the head ganglia in vitro. This demonstration of the presence and distribution of ELH-like molecules endogenous to the head ganglia raises the possibility that ELH target neurons in the head ganglia may be activated by local sources of ELH-like neuroactive peptides in vivo.
Abstract 1436: TNF-alpha-dependent tumor reprogramming and promotion by microenvironment: Potential involvement of endothelial cells.

Interactions of tumor clones with the host microenvironment have profound effects on tumor growth, response to radio/chemotherapy and formation of metastases. TNFα is a potent factor driving and orchestrating such interactions. We used mice with disrupted TNFα receptor I/II signaling to investigate phenotypic and genomic changes induced in tumors by TNFα-deficient or wild type (WT) host microenvironment. At the basal level, disruption of host stromal TNFα signaling resulted in the over-expression of tumor genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Phenotypically, these tumors exhibited a reduced vascular density, which induced the expression of oxidative stress signaling pathways and increased levels of tissue hypoxia and necrosis. These alterations were paralleled by the suppression of genes involved in chromosomal stability and key effectors of the ATM-dependent/ non-homologous end-joining pathways, which resulted in greater DNA double-strand breaks and caspase 3 activation following IR treatment. We further investigated tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAEC) obtained from tumors grown in WT and TNFα RI/II-/- animals. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily represented TNFα/Type I IFN-signaling. These genes significantly separated cohorts of patients with chronic inflammation (RA, IBD and liver cirrhosis) from normal samples. We trained these genes in human cancer datasets and defined a six-gene inflammatory signature that predicted significantly reduced overall survival in breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and glioma. Consistent with these findings, conditioned culture media from human endothelial cells stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerated the growth of human colon and breast tumors in immunodeficient mice as compared with conditioned media from untreated endothelial cells. Based on these studies we came to two important conclusions. First, the host stroma may determine phenotypic and transcriptomic properties of tumor cells, and TNFα might be an important component of such microenvironment-dependent tumor reprogramming (MDTR). Second, endothelial cells may be an important cellular component of MDTR and tumor promotion. Citation Format: Nikolai N. Khodarev, Sean P. Pitroda, Ralph R. Weichselbaum. TNF-alpha-dependent tumor reprogramming and promotion by microenvironment: Potential involvement of endothelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1436. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1436
An Investigation of the Values of Modern Foreign Language Study in College

T HE purpose of this investigation was primarily to determine the value of modern foreign language study in college in the opinion of college graduates. Many other things concerning language study were also ascertained. Questionnaires were sent to 500 alumni of Lafayette College who had received either the A.B. or B.S. degree. The alumni were placed in four groups at four-year intervals. Group 1 consisted of the classes of 1908-09-10; Group 2, classes of 1914-15-16; Group 3, classes of 1920-21-22; Group 4, classes of 1926-27-28. After 216 replies (43 per cent) had been received in response to the original invitation to participate in the investigation, a second letter was sent to those not responding. To this request 57 graduates (12 per cent) replied, bringing the total number of usable questionnaires to 273 (55 per cent). Since there were no essential differences between the results
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INCIDENTALLY DETECTED TUMORS

Purpose: We determined the prognostic significance of incidentally discovered renal cell carcinoma in the era of increased incidental detection.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 633 consecutive patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma at our institution between 1987 and 1998. Patients were divided into those who were asymptomatic and tumor was diagnosed incidentally and those diagnosed after presenting with any of the classic symptoms of renal cell carcinoma or subsequent metastasis. All renal cell carcinoma lesions were assigned a stage and grade according to 1997 TNM criteria. All patients were followed postoperatively to assess survival rates, and monitor recurrence and metastasis.Results: Of the 633 patients 95 (15%) were treated for incidentally discovered renal cell carcinoma and 538 (85%) presented with symptoms secondary to renal cell carcinoma at diagnosis. Patient age and sex distribution were similar in the 2 groups. Stage I lesions were obs...
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Act Synergistically to Support Migration of Blood-Borne Monocytes into the Injured Spinal Cord

The infiltration of monocytes into the lesioned site is a key event in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that the molecular events governing the infiltration of monocytes into the injured cord involve cooperativity between the upregulation of the chemoattractant stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 in the injured cord and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B), expressed by infiltrating monocytes. SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 mRNAs were upregulated in the injured cord, while macrophages immunoexpressed CXCR4. When mice, transplanted with bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, were subjected to SCI, GFP+ monocytes infiltrated the cord and displayed gelatinolytic activity. In vitro studies confirmed that SDF-1α, acting through CXCR4, expressed on bone marrow-derived macrophages, upregulated MMP-9 and stimulated MMP-9-dependent transmigration across endothelial cell monolayers by 2.6-fold. There was a reduction in F4/80+ macrophages in spinal cord-injured MMP-9 knock-out mice (by 36%) or wild-type mice, treated with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 (by 30%). Mice were adoptively transferred with myeloid cells and treated with the MMP-9/-2 inhibitor SB-3CT, the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, or a combination of both drugs. While either drug resulted in a 28-30% reduction of infiltrated myeloid cells, the combined treatment resulted in a 45% reduction, suggesting that SDF-1 and MMP-9 function independently to promote the trafficking of myeloid cells into the injured cord. Collectively, these observations suggest a synergistic partnership between MMP-9 and SDF-1 in facilitating transmigration of monocytes into the injured spinal cord.
Framing Asthma: A Content Analysis in US Newspapers

Little is known about the portrayal of asthma in US newspapers. The purpose of the present study was to analyze 7 representative US newspapers to determine the frequency of substantive asthma artic...
Selective and locally controlled transport of privileges

Introduction et etude d'un mecanisme appele emetteur-recepteur, pour le transport de «privileges» (dans un systeme base sur l'autorisation, l'aptitude d'un sujet pour fonctionner sur un systeme est une fonction des «privileges» qu'il possede). Ce mecanisme de transport propose permet l'imposition d'une limite superieure locale sur la puissance de chaque sujet donne
Application of stability theory to laminar flow control

The paper summarizes the state-of-the-art for application of stability theory to laminar flow control using suction, wall temperature and/or favorable pressure gradient ('natural laminar flow'). Discussions include current LFC problem areas requiring stability analyses, methods of relating stability theory to transition with results from data and theory comparisons available thus far, and a summary of low disturbance data available for theory calibration on swept wings. Critical issues highlighted are problems peculiar to suction LFC on high performance transonic wings and application of the e-to-the-n-power method to both low and high speed flight data.
Beta test performance of the Leica LWM 250 UV CD measurement tool

This paper contains data and conclusions reached during a beta test of the Leica 250 UV CD measurement tool conducted in early 1999 at DuPont Photomasks' Reticle Technology Center. The tool was evaluated primarily for final CD measurement focusing specifically on tool accuracy and precision in the measurement of a variety of feature types in both I-line and broadband transmitted light. Tool resolution, screen linearity, induced systematic error, and measurement speed were also given some consideration. Comments on the general usability of the tool are also provided.
Stressed and Compressed Molecular Bonds Revealed in Footprints of Rolling Neutrophils using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Neutrophil recruitment to the sites of inflammation involves selectin-mediated rolling followed by chemokine-induced activation and beta2 integrin-mediated arrest. PSGL-1, a ligand for endothelial P-selectin is presented on the tips of neutrophil microvilli. It has been predicted that P-selectin-PSGL-1 bonds form when the microvillus tip approaches the P-selectin expressing substrate to within 70 nm, but this prediction has not been tested experimentally. A PDMS based microfluidic device with a glass substrate coated with P-selectin/ICAM-1 was perfused with blood from an anesthetized mouse expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in neutrophils. Rolling interactions were studied at wall shear stress of 6-8 dynes/cm2 using TIRF microscopy which provides high resolution in z-direction. The contact zones of rolling neutrophils were revealed as footprints which were 3-6 μm in diameter, about twice as large as what would be expected for spherical cells. Following bond formation, microvilli in the footprint undergo compression, approaching the substrate to within 25 nm near the center of the cell. At the trailing edge, the P-selectin-PSGL-1 bonds stretch to a length of 125-150 nm before they dissociate. Adding the chemokine CXCL1 to the substrate induced neutrophil arrest and formation of single, long, branched tethers that stretch for up to 10 μm behind the arrested cells. The closest contact between the arrested neutrophil and the substrate is always found in front of the cell center and covers 1-3 μm2. Its distance from the substrate (44 nm) corresponds to the length of the ICAM-1-LFA-1 bond. These results identify the molecular and cellular dimensions of rolling neutrophils and provide a framework for the biomechanical analysis of this fundamental process. This work was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship 09POST2230093 from American Heart Association (P.S) and NIH EB 02185 (K.L).
GIS and Field-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis for Evaluation of Paleo–Ice Sheet Simulations*

Reconstructing paleo–ice sheets is significant for paleoclimate reconstructions and evaluations of sea level low stands. Accurate reconstructions of paleo–ice sheet dimensions and dynamics necessitate the combination of field evidence and process modeling. In this study, a GIS-based technique was developed to quantitatively assess model output against geomorphic data. However, implementation of this technique is not straightforward and requires consideration of time-space relationships, data representation, resolution, and analytical design. Combined use of two software tools holds considerable promise for the use, application, and interpretation of refined ice sheet models.
The texture lexicon: Understanding the categorization of visual texture terms and their relationship to texture images

Abstract In this paper we present the results of two experiments. The first is on the categorization of texture words in the English language. The goal was to determine whether there is a common basis for subjects' groupings of words related to visual texture, and if so, to identify the underlying dimensions used to categorize those words. Eleven major clusters were identified through hierarchical cluster analysis, ranging from ‘random’ to ‘repetitive’. These clusters remained intact in a multidimensional scaling solution. The stress for a three-dimensional solution obtained through multidimensional scaling was 0.18, meaning that 82% of the variance in the data is explained through the use of three dimensions. It appears that the major dimensions of texture descriptors are repetitive versus nonrepetitive; linearly oriented versus circularly oriented; and simple versus complex. In the second experiment we measured the strength of association between texture words and texture images. The goal was to determine whether there is any systematic correspondence between the domains of texture words and texture images. Pearson's coefficient of contingency, a measure of the strength of association, was found to be 0.63 for words corresponding to given images and 0.56 for images corresponding to given words. Thus the texture categories in the verbal space and those in the visual space are strongly tied. In sum, our two experiments show (a) that despite the tremendous variety in the words we have to describe textures, there is an underlying structure to the lexical space which can be derived from the experimental data; and (b) that the association between a category of words and a category of images was strongest when both categories represent the same underlying property. This suggests that subjects' organizations of texture terms are systematically tied to their organization of texture images.
The Lived Experience of Heart Failure at the End of Life: A Systematic Literature Review

The growing number of older adults with heart failure (HF) suggests the need for more information about how people with this condition experience their illness and strategies for coping with this condition. To address this need, the authors conducted a systematic review of the literature and an in-depth, thematic analysis of qualitative first-person accounts on the lived experience of HF. Results suggest that people with HF face many challenges, including those associated with the formal health care system, life disruption, social isolation, symptoms, and uncertainty about prognosis and symptoms. Coping strategies include HF management, dealing with the dying process, and social support. Social workers, who encounter people with HF in a variety of practice settings, can play a key role by focusing on the needs of people with HF, addressing and strengthening their ability to manage their condition, facilitating social support, and helping them to cope with the dying process. Greater attention to these issues in the social work literature is needed, with a particular focus on the role of racial and ethnic diversity as they pertain to people with HF facing end-of-life issues.