cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JOSEPHSON AC AND STEP STRUCTURE IN THE SUPERCURRENT TUNNELING CHARACTERISTIC

Superconductive tunneling junctions exhibiting the Josephson effect will carry appreciable currents (\ensuremath{\sim}50 mA) with no voltage drop in the absence of any magnetic field. In applied fields of a few gauss the current-voltage characteristic becomes steplike, with appreciable currents now being carried in constant-voltage steps at regularly spaced voltages. It is shown that these steps are associated with resonant electro-magnetic modes of the junction, which acts as an open-ended cavity. The lowest frequency mode in junctions made so far occurs at \ensuremath{\sim}5 kMc/sec, and is set by the junction dimensions. The highest mode occurs near the half-energy gap of the superconductor used for the junctions---for tin, about 250 kMc/sec.
Structure of hydrogen-rich transverse jets in a vitiated turbulent flow

Abstract This paper reports the results of a joint experimental and numerical study of the flow characteristics and flame structure of a hydrogen rich jet injected normal to a turbulent, vitiated crossflow of lean methane combustion products. Simultaneous high-speed stereoscopic PIV and OH PLIF measurements were obtained and analyzed alongside three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of inert and reacting JICF with detailed H 2 / CO chemistry. Both the experiment and the simulation reveal that, contrary to most previous studies of reacting JICF stabilized in low-to-moderate temperature air crossflow, the present conditions lead to a burner-attached flame that initiates uniformly around the burner edge. Significant asymmetry is observed, however, between the reaction zones located on the windward and leeward sides of the jet, due to the substantially different scalar dissipation rates. The windward reaction zone is much thinner in the near field, while also exhibiting significantly higher local and global heat release than the much broader reaction zone found on the leeward side of the jet. The unsteady dynamics of the windward shear layer, which largely control the important jet/crossflow mixing processes in that region, are explored in order to elucidate the important flow stability implications arising in the inert and reacting JICF. The paper concludes with an analysis of the ignition, flame characteristics, and global structure of the burner-attached flame. Chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) shows that the entire windward shear layer, and a large region on the leeward side of the jet, are highly explosive prior to ignition and are dominated by non-premixed flame structures after ignition. The predominantly mixing limited nature of the flow after ignition is examined by computing the Takeno flame index, which shows that ∼70% of the heat release occurs in non-premixed regions.
Developmental Plasticity in the Thermal Tolerance of Zebrafish Danio rerio

To evaluate developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance of zebrafish Danio rerio, common-stock zebrafish were reared from fertilization to adult in the five thermal regimes (two stable, two with constant diel cycles and one stochastic diel cycle) and their thermal tolerance at three acclimation temperatures compared. The energetic cost of developing in the five regimes was assessed by measuring body size over time. While acclimation accounted for most of the variability in thermal tolerance, there were also significant differences among fish reared in the different regimes, regardless of acclimation. Fish reared in more variable environments (as much as ±6° C diel cycle) had a greater tolerance than those from non-variable environments at the same mean temperature. Fish from the more variable environments were also significantly smaller than those from non-variable environments. These results indicate that the thermal history of individual zebrafish induces irreversible changes to the thermal tolerance of adults.
Dynamics of xenon, krypton, and methane monolayers in registry with graphite.

The self-consistent phonon (SCP) theory is used to study the dynamics of monolayers of xenon, krypton, and methane adsorbed on graphite. Only the \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 solid phase is considered. It is shown that the phonon energies of the Xe monolayers are very similar to those of their floating counterparts, while the interaction of the Kr and ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ monolayers with the graphite significantly affects the phonon dispersion curves. The gap in the phonon dispersion curves at the center of the Brillouin zone is computed as a function of temperature. At a critical temperature, the gap goes spontaneously to zero and a transition from a locked-in commensurate phase to a floating phase takes place. This transition appears to describe the commensurate to floating transition in ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ well. A simple model of the floating transition is compared to the full SCP calculations. The one-phonon dynamic form factor, including the cubic anharmonic term, and phonon lifetimes are also evaluated for Kr and ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$.
The Economic Role of Commodity Storage

One of the earliest, and most successful, exainples of economic policy is the oftquoted Biblical account of Joseph's interpretation of the Pharoah's dream. Joseph foretold that seven years of abundant harvests would precede seven years of drought, and recommended that the Pharoah accumulate grain during the good years. Since that time the central role of storage in stabilising the economy in the face of exogenous disturbances has been obvious, but our understanding of the nature of that role has not greatly advanced. Without divine assistance in forecasting stochastic production, the storage decision is considerably more complex than the one Joseph faced, and the role of storage quite different. In fact, several commonly held impressions about the role of storage of commodities such as grains are incorrect. Rather than stabilising production, storage actually accentuates its variability. Rather than causing a mean-price-preserving decrease or a mean-output-preserving decrease in the dispersion of price, storage generally causes a more complex modification of the distribution of price. Rather than being most effective at eliminating short-falls in consumption, storage actually is more effective at eliminating the incidence of exceedingly high consumption. In this paper we explore the role of storage in a model where production is stochastic and both production and storage are performed by competitive profitmaximisers who form rational expectations about the returns to their activities. We derive the subtle but very important interactions among production, price expectations, and storage, which simpler models cannot capture. Finally, we make a comparative statics assessment of the distributional implications of storage. These results, while confirming the importance of the specification of the demand function and the supply elasticity identified in recent analytical studies (e.g. Wright (I979) and Newbery and Stiglitz (I979)), are surprisingly favourable to consumers, considering the asymmetric nature of the effects of storage on consumption and price. Storage is simply a productive activity, one that transfers a commodity from one period to the next. Like other forms of production, it is costly. The total cost of storing an amount St from period t to period t + i is as of period t + i
A Cobb-Douglas Production Function with Variable Returns to Scale

T HE OBJECTIVE of this paper is to present a production function with variable returns to scale over the range of the function. A modified form of the Cobb-Douglas function is developed for this purpose. Data from a sample of farms are used to estimate the parameters of the modified function utilizing single-stage least-squares estimation. The empirical results are presented and some implications of the estimated elasticities of production are discussed. Many attempts have been made in the past to find algebraic forms that are theoretically appropriate and empirically useful for describing and estimating the functional relationships between inputs and outputs [7]. Each alternative functional form has advantages, but each usually imposes certain limitations on the input-output relationship. The conventional Cobb-Douglas function, for example, assumes unitary elasticity of factor substitution and partial and total production elasticities that do not vary over ,the range of the function. Recent efforts to develop more general forms of production functions have focused almost exclusively on the elasticity of factor substitution. Examples of such efforts include the constant elasticity of substitution function [1], the class of homothetic isoquant production functions [2], transcendental production functions [5], and the variable elasticity of substitution production function [6]. These new functional forms elevate the elas-
A Desktop Virtual Reality-Based Interactive Tunnel Boring Machine Simulation System

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a VRML multi-user layer, which is introduced in the virtual reality platform. A novel 3D simulation system supporting tunnel boring machine (TBM) design is developed. The virtual environment (VE) of the TBM is established by VRML based on virtual reality technology, the 3D assembling model is built by Solidworks software and changed into the virtual environment by VRML format. The optimal method is put forward by three steps optimization data to realize transmission of network. The motion simulation and virtual assembly program for TBM are made by VRML/Java language with the movement simulation control function to realize motion simulation. It has the advantages of free installation, authenticity, interactivity, low-cost, portability, and low requiring for the clients and so on.
Search for fission tracks from superheavy elements in Allende

This paper presents results of a fission track investigation of the minor mineral phase chromite in the Allende meteorite. Although this mineral is a possible carrier of much of the meteorite's isotopically anomalous xenon, there are at least two orders of magnitude fewer fission tracks present in the chromite than would be expected if the reported anomalous xenon were due to in-situ fission (perhaps of a superheavy element). Three possible explanations of this negative result are: (1) the fission occurred prior to the latest track erasure event (probably very early in the meteorite's history); (2) the anomalous xenon is not, in fact, sited in the chromites, or (3) the anomalous xenon was not produced by in-situ fission.
Cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients

Few well-controlled studies have examined psychomotor and cognitive performance in methadone maintenance patients (MMP). In the present study, performance of 18 opioid-dependent MMP was evaluated relative to that of 21 control participants without substance abuse histories. The MMP and control groups were balanced with respect to gender, race, age, years of education, current employment status, current reading level, and estimated IQ score. Recent drug abstinence was verified by urine testing. Participants with a urine screen positive for benzodiazepines or a breathalyzer test positive for alcohol prior to performance testing were excluded. To avoid testing under conditions of acute heroin or cocaine intoxication, but without testing under conditions of acute withdrawal, participants with current use of heroin or cocaine were only required to abstain for 24 h prior to performance testing. MMP exhibited impairment relative to controls in psychomotor speed (digit symbol substitution and trail-making tests), working memory (two-back task), decision making (gambling task), and metamemory (confidence ratings on a recognition memory test); results also suggested possible impairment in inhibitory mechanisms (Stroop color-word paradigm). MMP did not exhibit impairment in time estimation, conceptual flexibility or long-term memory. The wide range of impaired functions is striking, and may have important implications for daily functioning in MMP. Further research is necessary to determine the clinical significance of the impairments in laboratory-based tests for daily performance in the natural environment, as well as to differentiate impairments due to acute methadone dosing, chronic methadone maintenance, chronic poly-drug abuse, and other factors.
Making Sense of Supervisory Bullying: Perceived Powerlessness, Empowered Possibilities

Workplace aggression harms targeted workers, witnessing bystanders, and organizations. An emerging area of interest for organizational communication scholars is workplace bullying, a persistent harmful type of aggression. The current study examined supervisory bullying (the most common type of bullying in U.S. workplaces), specifically how targeted employees (targets) made sense of why it happened. We explored sensemaking in the face of supervisory bullying and the framing vocabularies that inform sensemaking to determine if these partially constituted the widespread perceptions of powerlessness associated with the phenomenon. Targets most often believed that bullying occurred because perpetrators (actors) were mentally ill, evil, and power-hungry. Nearly as frequently, they pointed to upper management's failure to intervene. Sensemaking drew heavily on individualism and the belief in all-knowing, all-powerful upper management. Other explanations implicated targets, coworkers, and society. These suggested...
Non-isothermal finite diffusion-controlled growth in ternary systems

A mathematical model has been developed for diffusion controlled phase growth in ternary systems. Local equilibrium at phase boundaries and one dimensional diffusion controlled growth is assumed. The model includes a method of determining phase growth velocity and interface compositions consistent with the diffusion rate of both solute elements. This method also accounts for the effects of overlapping diffusion fields and nonisothermal growth. Initial conditions can be any curvilinear composition gradients and boundary conditions can be fixed or vary with time and/or temperature. The Crank-Nicolson finite difference equations are used to provide numerical stability and flexibility. Other capabilities of the model include treatment of finite systems, of nonisothermal phase growth and of off-diagonal ternary coefficients (D 21 3,D 12 3). Several sample simulations of the constant cooling of a 2.1 wt pct P, 4.1 wt pct Ni, 93.8 wt pct Fe alloy are presented. Three cooling rates are used: 5×10−3, 5×l0−4, and 5×l0−5 °C/s. An Fe-Ni-P alloy of this same composition was cooled in the laboratory for five days at 5×lo−4 °C/s from 900 to 685°C. Excellent agreement was found for the predicted and measured composition gradients and precipitate sizes.
A material system for reliable low voltage anodic electrowetting

Abstract Electrowetting on dielectric is demonstrated with a thin spin-coated fluoropolymer over an aluminum electrode. Previous efforts to use thin spin-coated dielectric layers for electrowetting have shown limited success due to defects in the layers. However, when used with a citric acid electrolyte and anodic voltages, repeatable droplet actuation is achieved for 5000 cycles with an actuation of just 10 V. This offers the potential for low voltage electrowetting systems that can be manufactured with a simple low-cost process.
Single photon emission computed tomography SPECT-CT improves sentinel node detection and localization in cervical and uterine malignancy.

Abstract Objectives. Planar lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) is frequently performed for the assessment of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in gynecologic malignancies. Planar imaging helps to localize hot nodes but lacks accuracy of the anatomic location of those nodes. In this study, we compared SPECT-CT to planar LSG in endometrial and cervical cancer to assess its ability to localize SLN. Methods. We conducted a prospective nonrandomized study of SLN mapping in women with endometrial and cervical cancer. Forty patients with endometrial cancer and 10 with cervical cancer underwent pre-operative LSG with 1 or 4 mCi of 99m Tc sulfur colloid administered as injections into the cervix. All patients were scanned immediately with planar LSG obtained in the anterior and lateral views. SPECT-CT imaging was obtained following the planar imaging. Results. Planar LSG alone localized SLN in 30/40 (75%) endometrial cancer patients while SPECT-CT localized SLN in all 40 patients (100%). In the 10 cases where SLN was not identified with planar imaging, SPECT-CT localized nodes in the external iliac, internal iliac, common iliac and obturator groups. In cervical cancer, planar LSG alone localized sentinel lymph nodes in 8/10 patients (80%) as compared to SPECT-CT, which localized nodes in all 10 patients (100%). SPECT-CT imaging was especially useful in delineating external iliac versus internal iliac or obturator nodes, and the parametrial nodal uptake. Conclusions. SPECT-CT appears to improve sentinel lymph node detection and anatomic localization as compared to planar imaging in cervical and uterine cancer.
Imaging spectrometry for remote sensing of ecosystem processes

Abstract Broad-band reflectance measurements of vegetation have had wide application in the form of indices based on the unique differential between chlorophyll absorption in the red wavelengths and structure-induced reflectance in the near infrared. However, background and atmospheric effects are irretrievably convolved in the measured signal and only partially removed through ratioing of wavebands. The numerous high resolution, contiguous spectral bands acquired by imaging spectrometers enhance the spectral separation of scene components such as shade, vegetation and soil. Further, absorption feature characteristics can be quantified through definition of inflection points, band depth, etc. Alterations in the chlorophyll absorption feature are indicative of phenological and stress-induced changes in chlorophyll activity. Research suggests that other canopy biochemical constituents, such as cellulose and lignin, influence reflectance in the shortwave infrared and can potentially be quantified using imaging spectrometry. Capability to estimate biochemical properties in terrestrial ecosystems would aid in the assessment of carbon fixation/allocation patterns, metabolic processes and nutrient availability altered by a changing environment.
Agile Bayesian filtering

A novel nonlinear filtering approach, the agile Bayesian filter, is presented in this paper. Its design is directly based on the Bayesian filtering paradigm, a framework particularly useful for development of nonlinear filters. Compared to some existing filters, the agile Bayesian filter is less reliant on the Gaussian distribution approximations, the use of which is common in nonlinear filtering studies but indeed difficult to be justified. The agile Bayesian filtering formulae involve several Gaussian weighted integrals that need to be evaluated for implementation. They are numerically solved by the Monte Carlo integration method and the obtained filter is named the Monte Carlo agile Bayesian filter. The proposed filter is investigated through a simulation based study. Future improvements to this filter can be performed by using more accurate numeric integration rules.
Some Properties of the Shift and Penetration Factors in Nuclear Reactions

The shift and penetration factors are shown to have certain monotonic properties in the variables $\ensuremath{\rho}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and $l$ for both positive and negative energies. The behavior of the shift factor in the neighborhood of zero energy (threshold) is discussed.
Analysis of Oblique Path Meteor-Propagation Data from the Communications Viewpoint

The characteristics of signals reflected from meteor trails have been extensively measured and analyzed to determine their usefulness in communications. The random nature of meteor sizes, radiants, velocities, time of striking the upper atmosphere, showers, etc., make precise determination of the various desirable propagation parameters difficult; however, gross characteristics such as duration, interval between usable signals, antenna direction effects, diurnal rate and duty cycle, and rate of signal decay are presented in a form usable to the design of communications circuits.
The problem of moments and the Majda model for scalar intermittency

Abstract An enormous and important theoretical effort has been directed at studying the origin of broad-tailed probability distribution functions observed for numerous physical quantities measured in fluid turbulence. Despite the amount of attention this problem has received, there are still few rigorous results. One model which has been amenable to rigorous analysis is the Majda model for the diffusion of a passive scalar in the presence of a random, rapidly fluctuating linear shear layer, an anisotropic analog of the Kraichnan model. Previous work, by Majda, lead to explicit formulas for the moments of the distribution of the scalar. We examine this model, and construct the explicit large moment number asymptotics. Using properties of entire functions of finite order, we calculate the rigorous tail of the limiting probability distribution function for normalized scalar fluctuations. Through this process, we obtain an explicit relation between the limiting tail of the scalar probability distribution function and that of the scalar gradient. We additionally apply the method to moments derived asymptotically by Son, and those derived phenomenologically by She and Orszag.
813 CONTROLLED STUDY OF TREATMENT FOR DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC) IN THE NEWBORN

DIC was diagnosed in 31 newborns by the following laboratory criteria: platelet count 90 sec (nl 1.5 (n1=1.0), and fibrinogen <150 mg/dl. Primary underlying diseases were identified and treated. Infants were assigned randomly to one of 3 treatment regimens: I. Exchange transfusion with CPD whole blood q 12 hr until coagulation improvement. II. Fresh frozen plasma (15 ml/kg) and platelets (1 unit) q 12 hr until coagulation improvement. III. No coagulation therapy. The 3 groups were similar for birthweight, gestational age, Apgar scores, underlying disease processes, and degree of abnormality of initial coagulation studies. Data indicate mean ± SD. There were no differences in rates of improvement in coagulation studies or survival in the 3 groups. Outcome was more dependent on success of treatment of underlying pathologic processes than on treatment specifically directed at the coagulopathy.
Assembly of Trp1 in a signaling complex associated with caveolin-scaffolding lipid raft domains.

Trp1 has been proposed as a component of the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOC) channel. However, neither the molecular mechanism of SOC nor the role of Trp in this process is yet understood. We have examined possible molecular interactions involved in the regulation of SOC and Trp1 and report here for the first time that Trp1 is assembled in signaling complex associated with caveolin-scaffolding lipid raft domains. Endogenous hTrp1 and caveolin-1 were present in low density fractions of Triton X-100-extracted human submandibular gland cell membranes. Depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol increased Triton X-100 solubility of Trp1 and inhibited carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ signaling. Importantly, thapsigargin stimulated Ca2+ influx, but not internal Ca2+ release, and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-stimulated I soc were also attenuated. Furthermore, both anti-Trp1 and anti-caveolin-1 antibodies co-immunoprecipitated hTrp1, caveolin-1, Gαq/11, and IP3 receptor-type 3 (IP3R3). These results demonstrate that caveolar microdomains provide a scaffold for (i) assembly of key Ca2+ signaling proteins into a complex and (ii) coordination of the molecular interactions leading to the activation of SOC. Importantly, we have shown that Trp1 is also localized in this microdomain where it interacts with one or more components of this complex, including IP3R3. This finding is potentially important in elucidating the physiological function of Trp.
Stereotype Threat and Differential Expected Consequences: Explaining Group Differences in Mental Ability Test Scores

Abstract Why do some groups of students score lower than do others on standardized tests? Stereotype threat theory proposes that added pressure from the threat of confirming a negative stereotype impairs test performance. A related theory of differential expected consequences proposes that low-status test takers also expect negative consequences from doing too well on the test. Two laboratory studies investigated whether stereotype threat, differential expected consequences, or both impair test performance on standard mental ability tests. Stereotype threat and differential expected consequences were both found to impair scores on a standard test of mental ability, the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices. Moreover, both theories explain how the test scores of the best students may be the most severely affected by negative stereotypes.
Continuous dependence results for inhomogeneous ill-posed problems in Banach space

Abstract We apply semigroup theory and other operator-theoretic methods to prove Holder-continuous dependence on modeling for the inhomogeneous ill-posed Cauchy problem in Banach space. The inhomogeneous ill-posed Cauchy problem is given by d u d t = A u ( t ) + h ( t ) , u ( 0 ) = χ , 0 ⩽ t T ; where −A is the infinitesimal generator of a holomorphic semigroup on a Banach space X, χ ∈ X , and h : [ 0 , T ) → X . For a suitable function f, the approximate problem is given by d v d t = f ( A ) v ( t ) + h ( t ) , v ( 0 ) = χ . Under certain stabilizing conditions, we prove that ‖ u ( t ) − v ( t ) ‖ ⩽ C ˜ β 1 − ω ( t ) M ω ( t ) for a related norm, where C ˜ and M are computable constants independent of β, 0 β 1 , and ω ( t ) is a harmonic function. These results extend earlier work of Ames and Hughes on the homogeneous ill-posed problem.
Rayleigh scattering and weak localization: Effects of polarization

The scattering of light from a disordered medium is considered. The effects of polarization and the transverse nature of the light on the coherent backscattering arising from weak localization phenomena are calculated. The angular line shape of the scattered light in an infinite medium and the reflected light from a half-space and a slab is found. The scattered light contains several components and the line shape is different from that found for scalar waves. The results are in qualitative agreement with recent experiments.
Temperature-Dependent Survival of Hepatitis A Virus during Storage of Contaminated Onions

ABSTRACT Pre- or postharvest contamination of green onions by hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been linked to large numbers of food-borne illnesses. Understanding HAV survival in onions would assist in projecting the risk of the disease associated with their consumption. This study defined HAV inactivation rates in contaminated green onions contained in air-permeable, moisture-retaining high-density polyethylene packages that were stored at 3, 10, 14, 20, 21, 22, and 23°C. A protocol was established to recover HAV from whole green onions, with 31% as the average recovery by infectivity assay. Viruses in eluates were primarily analyzed by a 6-well plaque assay on FRhK-4 cells. Eight storage trials, including two trials at 3°C, were conducted, with 3 to 7 onion samples per sampling and 4 to 7 samplings per trial. Linear regression correlation (r2 = 0.80 to 0.98) was observed between HAV survival and storage time for each of the 8 trials, held at specific temperatures. Increases in the storage temperature resulted in greater HAV inactivation rates, e.g., a reduction of 0.033 log PFU/day at 3.4 ± 0.3°C versus 0.185 log PFU/day at 23.4 ± 0.7°C. Thus, decimal reduction time (D) values of 30, 14, 11, and 5 days, respectively, were obtained for HAV in onions stored at 3, 10, 14, and 23°C. Further regression analysis determined that 1 degree Celsius increase would increase inactivation of HAV by 0.007 log PFU/day in onions (r2 = 0.97). The data suggest that natural degradation of HAV in contaminated fresh produce is minimal and that a preventive strategy is critical to produce safety. The results are useful in predicting the risks associated with HAV contamination in fresh produce.
Policy Design and Regional Cooperation under the Workforce Investment Act

Coop?ration among agencies that implement policy can result in bet ter program outcomes. Coopera tion has the potential to reduce redundancy and costs while providing more comprehen sive service for clients. Regional cooperation in transportation policy, for example, has resulted in effective transportation systems across metropolitan areas and the construc tion of a coherent interstate highway system. Regional cooperation, however, has been used only sparingly in the implementation of em ployment and training legislation. The Com prehensive Employment Act of 1973, which authorized financial incentives to encourage the formation of consortia is one example. Under this act, consortia, which are jurisdic tions that voluntarily work together to plan and deliver services across juridical lines, be gan to spring up. By 1975, one-third of the 402 primary sponsors were consortia (Mireng offandRindlerl976).1 Outcomes under the Job Training Partner ship Act of 1982 provided additional momen tum for considering regional cooperation. During this period, poor coordination with employers was "leading the government to train people for jobs that were in short sup ply or unavailable" (Congressional Quarterly 2002, 573). In response, the Workforce In vestment Act of 1998 (WIA), the most re cent employment and training legislation, provided provisions to promote a regional approach to implementing the policy.2 The WIA encourages states and agencies to coop erate when they share a stake in the perfor mance of economic regions that cut across their borders as well as within their borders.3
The role of plausibility in influencing environmental attributions

Abstract The aim of the study was to examine how plausibility influences attributions about the cause of perceived arousal. Subjects watched one of three arousing (humorous, sexual, aggressive) or a nonarousing televised program under conditions of appropriate or inappropriate interpersonal spacing. The subjects then completed a questionnaire indicating how crowded they felt and rating the movie on a number of dimensions. The results indicated that under close interpersonal distances, subjects felt less crowded while watching the arousing movies than while viewing the nonarousing movie. There were no differences in the experience of crowding between the movie conditions under the far interpersonal distance conditions. In addition, subjects rated the arousing movies as more arousing under close as opposed to far interpersonal distance conditions. Further, the humorous movie was viewed as more funny, and the violent movie was rated more violent under the close as opposed to the far conditions. Finally, there was a tendency to enjoy the arousing movies more under the close conditions, while the reverse effect was found for the nonarousing movie. It was argued that the arousing movies reduced the experience of crowding under close interpersonal conditions because subjects attributed their arousal to the movies rather than to the spatial restrictions. It was further suggested that the results showed that individuals will attribute their arousal to salient stimuli in their environment that could plausibly be sources of arousal. The results not only offer support for an attribution model of crowding, but they also show that depending on the individual's attribution, spatial conditions that can give rise to crowding may increase enjoyment of events in the environment.
Physiological effects of methyl 2-[4(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate on oat, wild oat, and wheat

Abstract Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate (dichlofop-methyl) is a selective herbicide for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Dichlofop-methyl inhibited IAA-stimulated elongation of oat and wheat coleoptile segments by 51 and 13%, respectively, at 10 μM concentrations. Dichlofop-methyl alone had no auxin activity at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM. The inhibitory effect of dichlofop-methyl was overcome partially by increasing the IAA concentration or by application of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), a herbicide with weak auxin activity. The de-esterified free acid metabolite, 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propionic acid (dichlofop), at 10 μM inhibited auxin-stimulated oat coleoptile elongation by 23%, but it did not affect wheat coleoptile elongation at the same concentration. Both dichlofop-methyl and dichlofop inhibited root growth in excised shoots and seedlings of wild oat but had no effect on wheat. Dichlofop was a more effective inhibitor of root growth than dichlofop-methyl. The results suggest that dichlofop-methyl functions as a strong auxin antagonist, while the metabolite, dichlofop, inhibits root growth and development by another mechanism. The herbicidal effect of dichlofop-methyl may be the net effect of two biologically active forms of the compound each with a different mode of action acting at different sites within a susceptible plant.
INCREASING VERBAL INTERACTION AMONG ELDERLY SOCIALLY ISOLATED MENTALLY RETARDED ADULTS: A GROUP LANGUAGE TRAINING PROCEDURE

The present study examined the effectiveness of a group language training procedure for directly increasing and generalizing the rate of verbal interaction among four elderly, socially isolated, moderately mentally retarded men. A withdrawal of treatment design was used to examine the effect of the procedure that used verbal prompts. behavioral rehearsal, and contingent social praise. Changes in behavior were examined in two generalization settings, one similar to the training environment (Generalization I) and the other arranged as part of the subjects' daily routine (Generalization II). Baseline data indicated no verbal interaction among the subjects. During treatment the training procedure increased the rate of subjects' verbal interactions not only in the training situation, but also in the two generalization settings. An analysis of the data obtained during the Generalization II situation indicated that subjects' verbal interaction increased not only among themselves, but with nonsubject peers present in this setting. Follow-up data showed that increases in rates of verbal interaction were maintained four months after the cessation of training. The implications of the results for program generalization and work with the language deficient individual is discussed.
After the Credits Roll The Long-Term Effects of Educational Television on Public Knowledge and Attitudes

Television has replaced the newspaper as the major source of news for most people, and thus has the potential to inform the public and influence attitudes. A growing literature has demonstrated the immediate effects of television viewing, but the ability of a particular program to have lasting effects is less clear. In this article, we report on two field experiments that provide a test of the durability of media effects by examining whether two television broadcasts had a lasting influence on viewers' knowledge and attitudes. Both television programs were designed to raise awareness about particular policy issues and to persuade. We find that one of the television programs affected viewer attitudes, even weeks after it aired, while the second television program did not. We consider why particular types of television programs and particular formats are better able to have a lasting impact on the public. Our findings suggest that message repetition is a crucial mechanism for influencing attitudes over the ...
MRP4 and CFTR in the regulation of cAMP and β-adrenergic contraction in cardiac myocytes

Spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP in cardiac myocytes is integral to regulating the diverse functions downstream of β-adrenergic stimulation. The activities of cAMP phosphodiesterases modulate critical and well-studied cellular processes. Recently, in epithelial and smooth muscle cells, it was found that the multi-drug resistant protein 4 (MRP4) acts as a cAMP efflux pump to regulate intracellular cAMP levels and alter effector function, including activation of the cAMP-stimulated Cl(-) channel, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). In the current study we investigated the potential role of MRP4 in regulating intracellular cAMP and β-adrenergic stimulated contraction rate in cardiac myocytes. Cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes were used for all experiments. In addition to wildtype mice, β(1)-, β(2)-, and β(1)/β(2)-adrenoceptor, and CFTR knockout mice were used. MRP4 expression was probed via Western blot, intracellular cAMP was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, while the functional role of MRP4 was assayed via monitoring of isoproterenol-stimulated contraction rate. We found that MRP4 is expressed in mouse neonatal ventricular myocytes. A pharmacological inhibitor of MRP4, MK571, potentiated submaximal isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation and cardiomyocyte contraction rate via β(1)-adrenoceptors. CFTR expression was critical for submaximal isoproterenol-stimulated contraction rate. Interestingly, MRP4-dependent changes in contraction rate were CFTR-dependent, however, PDE4-dependent potentiation of contraction rate was CFTR-independent. We have shown, for the first time, a role for MRP4 in the regulation of cAMP in cardiac myocytes and involvement of CFTR in β-adrenergic stimulated contraction. Together with phosphodiesterases, MRP4 must be considered when examining cAMP regulation in cardiac myocytes.
The evolution of robotic bariatric surgery

The growth of bariatric surgery has resulted in varying types of procedures with increasing complexity. Robotic digital platforms are employed in bariatric surgery to address this increasing complexity in the high-risk obese patient population with difficult anatomy. This review explores the literature and examines the reported outcomes and complications in using robotics for bariatric surgery. Robotic approaches to adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch are examined. Revisional cases, learning curves, and cost effectiveness are reviewed, with an eye toward the future of bariatric surgery as the use of robotics is adopted. Digital platforms are showing great promise as enabling technology which advance bariatric outcomes. With increasingly complex bariatric cases being performed and revised, the insertion of digital information between the surgeon and the patient leads to better operations for the patient and the surgeon.
Isolation and Characterization of Microcystins, Cyclic Heptapeptide Hepatotoxins from a Lake Erie Strain of Microcystis aeruginosa

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa were detected in phytoplankton samples collected from several sites in the western basin of Lake Erie during the summer of 1996 and one site in 1995. Toxin content of the samples was measured using ELISA and found to be equivalent to as much as 1 μg microcystin/L. Microcystins are potent liver toxins and tumor promoters produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. The Lake Erie M. aeruginosa colony strain (LE-3) was isolated and cultured to characterize chemically the specific microcystins (MCYSTs) present. Structures were assigned based on analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention times, amino acid analyses, and mass spectrometric data, revealing the leucine-arginine analog, microcystin-LR as the predominant product.
Mutation of melanosome protein RAB38 in chocolate mice

Mutations of genes needed for melanocyte function can result in oculocutaneous albinism. Examination of similarities in human gene expression patterns by using microarray analysis reveals that RAB38, a small GTP binding protein, demonstrates a similar expression profile to melanocytic genes. Comparative genomic analysis localizes human RAB38 to the mouse chocolate (cht) locus. A G146T mutation occurs in the conserved GTP binding domain of RAB38 in cht mice. Rab38cht/Rab38cht mice exhibit a brown coat similar in color to mice with a mutation in tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1), a mouse model for oculocutaneous albinism. The targeting of TYRP1 protein to the melanosome is impaired in Rab38cht/Rab38cht melanocytes. These observations, and the fact that green fluorescent protein-tagged RAB38 colocalizes with end-stage melanosomes in wild-type melanocytes, suggest that RAB38 plays a role in the sorting of TYRP1. This study demonstrates the utility of expression profile analysis to identify mammalian disease genes.
Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: a longitudinal community study.

Objective: To examine the association between alcohol use and cognitive decline in a longitudinal study of a representative elderly community sample free of dementia at baseline. Methods: Cognitive functions and self-reported drinking habits were assessed at 2-year intervals over an average of 7 years of follow-up. Cognitive measures, grouped into composites, were examined in association with alcohol consumption. Trajectory analyses identified latent homogeneous groups with respect to alcohol use frequency over time, and their association with average decline over the same period in each cognitive domain. Models controlled for age, sex, education, depression, smoking, general mental status (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), performance on the given test at baseline, and subsequent new-onset dementia during follow-up. Results: The authors found three homogeneous trajectories that they characterized as no drinking, minimal drinking, and moderate drinking. Few heavy drinkers were identified in this elderly cohort. Compared to no drinking, both minimal and moderate drinking were associated with lesser decline on the MMSE and Trailmaking tests. Minimal drinking was also associated with lesser decline on tests of learning and naming. These associations were more pronounced when comparing current drinkers to former drinkers (quitters) than to lifelong abstainers. Conclusion: In a representative elderly cohort over an average of 7 years, a pattern of mild-to-moderate drinking, compared to not drinking, was associated with lesser average decline in cognitive domains over the same period.
Sibling Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Because the existence of siblings is in itself an almost unavoidable part of family life, some sort of relationship between siblings also exists. Just how universally particular aspects of sibling relationships are found is an important question, however, in view of the great variety in cultural practices around the world. Examining sibling relationships across many cultures leads to an appreciation of the importance of siblings to human family life. Siblings’ lives are closely intertwined throughout life in many nonindustrialized societies, with carefully defined duties and responsibilities. In contrast, more aspects of sibling relationships in industrialized societies are voluntary, yet sibling relationships remain of significance throughout life for most individuals.
SEIZING COMPETITIVE INITIATIVE

To be successful, a company has to capture the initiative in an industry from its competitors. The author offers a detailed prescription for getting and keeping the strategic initiative in the face of countermoves by your opponent.
Relationship of Coping Styles With Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms in Older Heart Failure Patients

This study examines the relationship between coping styles, quality of life, and depressive symptoms in older heart failure patients. Eighty heart failure patients seeking treatment in an outpatient heart failure or family practice clinic participated in a study examining depression, disability, and heart failure. Patients completed a clinical interview and questionnaires about mood, functional impairment, comorbid illness, quality of life, and coping. Heart failure severity and maladaptive coping styles, including denial, self-distraction, and self-blame, negatively affected quality of life and depressive symptoms. The use of maladaptive coping strategies involves efforts that divert attention from the illness and suggests the need to provide heart failure patients the skills to directly address the stress associated with their illness. Interventions that target these coping strategies may help patients take a more active role in their heart failure management and may improve psychological and cardiac outcomes.
Postnatal expression of myosin isoforms in the genioglossus and diaphragm muscles.

We studied the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and native myosin isoforms in the genioglossus (GG) and costal diaphragm (DIA) muscles of the rat during postnatal development using both denaturing and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. Primary myotubes in both fast and slow muscles homogeneously express slow as well as embryonic myosin. Since the adult GG is comprised primarily of fast MHC isoforms, whereas the adult DIA is characterized by a mixture of MHC slow and fast isoforms, we hypothesized that the GG and DIA would be subject to different temporal patterns of MHC isoform expression during postnatal development. Native myosin and MHC gels demonstrated a persistence of neonatal MHC (MHC neo) on day 25 in the GG, whereas this isoform was not detected beyond day 21 in the DIA. The MHC phenotype in GG of the adult demonstrated a predominance of MHC 2× (35% ± 8) and MHC 28 (45% ± 10) with a smaller proportion of MHC 2A (19% ± 5). In contrast, the MHC phenotype in adult DIA was characterized by approximately equal proportions of MHC slow (25% ± 3), MHC 2A (34% ± 10), and MHC 2× (31% ± 12) with a small percentage of MHC 2B (9% ± 7). These data suggest that postnatal regulation of MHC expression in the GG and DIA is muscle specific. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
APNOEA ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE IN OBSTETRICS

The intrathecal administration of hyperbaric morphine 1 mg for pain relief during labour was followed, 7 h after injection, and 1 h after delivery, by respiratory depression. Pulseoximetry was helpful in alerting the medical personnel. After an initial 1 mg of naloxone i.v. in increments of 0.1–0.2 mg, a continuous infusion of naloxone 0.4 mg h−1 i. v. was used to prevent a recurrence of the respiratory depression. The total dose of naloxone over an 8-h period was 3.6 mg.
Interference microscopy of crystalline high polymers. Determinations of the thickness of single crystals

Abstract : The quantitative analysis of single crystals of polyethylene with the two beam interference microscope has been described. The thickness of single crystals formed at 87 C is 101 angstroms. The variation thickness is equal or less than 6 angstroms. A general pattern of growth is discussed. (Author)
On hierarchical tracking for the real world

Several information processing configurations for hierarchical tracking and their performances are described in a concise manner, and the selection of one of them is discussed. It is shown that the performance of the "track-to-track fusion without memory" configuration, which, while suboptimal, is simple from the point of view of both computation and communication requirements, is remarkably close to the optimum
Energy Planning in the Oil Importing Developing Countries

Energy crises in the 1970s made energy planning one of the priority areas of national economic planning in the oil importing developing countries (OIDCs). Methodologies applied in national energy demand forecasting ranged from simple constant energy-GNP elasticity models to sophisticated bottoms-up models. Energy supply forecasting methodologies were also diverse. More detailed energy study and training is necessary to strengthen energy planning activities in the OIDCs.