cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sintering and Properties of Mixed Lanthanide Chromites

A variety of strontium-doped lanthanide chromite compositions were synthesized from a mixed lanthanide (Ln) precursor predominantly consisting of La, Nd, Ce, and Pr. Samples were initially analyzed to assess their sintering characteristics. The most promising sintering behavior was observed for samples of the general formula Ln 0.85 Sr 0 15Cr1 z M z O 3 , where M=transition metal elements Co, Cu, Ni, and V, and 0.02 ≤ z ≤ 0.1. For most compositions >90% theoretical density was attained at 1450°C, though a 5 mol % Cu-doped compound could be sintered to high density as low as 1250°C. High density samples were subsequently analyzed with respect to phase stability, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity in air and reducing atmospheres, and dilation at low oxygen partial pressures. Virtually all samples indicated an orthorhombic- to rhombohedral-phase transformation between 750 and 850°C, and nonlinear Arrhenius electrical conductivity behavior with a positive inflection around 650°C indicative of increased carrier concentrations. Both phenomena are related to the influence of the additional A site cations (in particular Ce in the case of increased conductivity at elevated temperatures). Ln 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 0.95 Cu 0.05 O 3 was the only sample that exhibited linear conductivity behavior and no discernible structure transformation, thought to be related to the precipitation of a Ce 0.5 Nd 0.5 O 1.75 second phase.
Barron County, Wisconsin, Multiple Tornadoes and Hailstorms of 11 September 1990

Abstract Four tornadoes, of F1–F2 intensity, occurred over Barron County, Wisconsin, on the evening of 11 September 1990. The tornadoes were associated with a slow-moving thunderstorm cluster that developed along a warm front, and all occurred within 17 km of Rice Lake over a 2-hour and 15-minute period. National Weather Service radar data indicate that the tornadoes probably were associated with mesocyclones. Hail up to 7 cm in diameter and damaging winds also were reported over Barron County and three adjoining counties. Forecasting of slow-moving thunderstorms within an environment capable of producing mesocyclones and tornadoes remains an important forecast problem. Analysis of features that produced quasi-stationary thunderstorms and a vertical wind profile sufficient to generate mesocyclones hopefully will improve recognition and forecasting of similar events in the future.
Modulation classification using wavelet transform

The wavelet transform has found applications in singularity classification/detection of signal waveforms. In this research, we apply the Morlet wavelet to detect the phase changes, and use the phase change rate as a feature for the classification of PSK modulation schemes. The likelihood function of the alphabet size with respect to the number of symbol change, which corresponds to the phase change of PSK signals, is derived by assuming that the transmitted symbol sequence is i.i.d. and equally likely distributed in an alphabet set. The classification problem can then be formulated as a likelihood ratio test by using the hypothesis testing technique. We show the performance of BPSK/QPSK and CW/BPSK classifiers in numerical experiments.
Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscope using thin film structures

Abstract Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) has been used extensively in the study of adsorbates and thin layers on metal surfaces, but little work has been performed on non-metals due to the low sensitivity which results when these materials are used. In this work, thin film structures consisting of a thin layer of a semiconductor (silicon) on a metal (copper) surface are used to increase the sensitivity of the technique for examining layers of poly(methylmethacrylate).
Role of Arginine 293 and Glutamine 288 in Communication between Catalytic and Allosteric Sites in Yeast Ribonucleotide Reductase

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductases (RRs) catalyze the rate-limiting step of de novo deoxynucleotide (dNTP) synthesis. Eukaryotic RRs consist of two proteins, RR1 (α) that contains the catalytic site and RR2 (β) that houses a diferric-tyrosyl radical essential for ribonucleoside diphosphate reduction. Biochemical analysis has been combined with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), X-ray crystallography and yeast genetics to elucidate the roles of two loop 2 mutations R293A and Q288A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae RR1 (ScRR1). These mutations, R293A and Q288A, cause lethality and severe S phase defects, respectively, in cells that use ScRR1 as the sole source of RR1 activity. Compared to the wild-type enzyme activity, R293A and Q288A mutants show 4% and 15%, respectively, for ADP reduction, whereas they are 20% and 23%, respectively, for CDP reduction. ITC data showed that R293A ScRR1 is unable to bind ADP and binds CDP with 2-fold lower affinity compared to wild-type ScRR1. With the Q288A ScRR1 mutant, there is a 6-fold loss of affinity for ADP binding and a 2-fold loss of affinity for CDP compared to the wild type. X-ray structures of R293A ScRR1 complexed with dGTP and AMPPNP–CDP [AMPPNP, adenosine 5-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate tetralithium salt] reveal that ADP is not bound at the catalytic site, and CDP binds farther from the catalytic site compared to wild type. Our in vivo functional analyses demonstrated that R293A cannot support mitotic growth, whereas Q288A can, albeit with a severe S phase defect. Taken together, our structure, activity, ITC and in vivo data reveal that the arginine 293 and glutamine 288 residues of ScRR1 are crucial in facilitating ADP and CDP substrate selection.
Complete basis set and gaussian computational study of bond dissociation energies, enthalpy of formation and rearrangement barriers for the XNO nitric oxide derivatives

Abstract Systematic computational studies of the XNO (X=H, F, Cl, and OH) molecular systems with complete basis set and gaussian ab initio methods were used for accurate evaluations of their enthalpies of formation, bond dissociation energies, relative energies, and activation barriers of rotation and isomerization. It was demonstrated that experimentally determined enthalpies of formation for nitrogen oxide derivatives are 2–3 kcal/mol higher than they should be. Better heats of formation, as well as bond dissociation energies for these molecular systems are offered.
A Circadian Rhythm in Photosensitivity as the Basis for the Testicular Response of Japanese Quail to Intermittent Light

In order to examine the relationship between the circadian rhythm in photosensitivity and intermittent light in stimulating testicular development, Japanese quail were exposed to intermittent light providing a single dark period interruption varying from .5 to 10 hr in duration. The treatment lasted for 3 weeks. Changes in the cloacal gland size were monitored throughout the test and testis weights were taken at the end of the test (7 and 11 weeks of age). The results indicated that quail have a circadian rhythm in photosensitivity occurring approximately 12 hr after the onset of light (dark-light interface) which lasts for 4 to 6 hr. Testicular stimulation occurred only when light was given within the photosensitive phase. However, this rhythm is subject to phase shifting by night interrupting light flashes. This resulted in variable testicular responses depending upon the relationship between the position of the new photosensitive phase and the available light. Photostimulation of the testes was proportional to the duration of light within the photosensitive phase up to a maximum of 4 hr of light. Intermittent light may be as effective as a single, long photoperiod in stimulating testes development providing that an adequate amount of light is given during the photosensitive phase.
Diffuse large cell lymphoma with discordant bone marrow histology. Clinical features and biological implications.

In patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma (LCL), bone marrow involvement at the time of diagnosis is a poor prognostic sign. Since 1980, the authors have encountered 13 patients with LCL who had simultaneous bone marrow involvement by small cleaved cell lymphoma (11 cases) or mixed small and LCL (two cases), a phenomenon known as “discordant” or “divergent” bone marrow histology. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 85 years (median, 61 years) and presented most commonly with Stage III or IV disease, independent of bone marrow involvement. Seventy-seven percent achieved complete remission (CR) with combination chemotherapy; 50% of these eventually relapsed and died of their disease. One patient died of unrelated causes. No recurrences of low-grade lymphoma were observed, as judged either by clinical behavior or rebiopsy. The survival of the patients with discordant bone marrow histology was compared with that of patients with LCL with or without bone marrow involvement by LCL. Of the 11 patients with discordant marrow histology followed for a minimum of 2 years, four (36%) are long-term survivors; this is comparable to the 2-year survival of patients with LCL without bone marrow involvement (45%). In contrast, 89% of patients with bone marrow biopsy specimens positive for LCL died within 18 months from the time of diagnosis (mean survival, 5.7 months). All diffuse LCL tested were of B-lineage. The authors attempted to determine whether the presence of discordant bone marrow histologic types indicated an underlying low-grade B-cell lymphoma in these patients by evaluating the peripheral blood of the long-term survivors for the presence of clonal excess. Of the three surviving evaluable patients tested, one had evidence of clonal excess in the peripheral blood. For patients with LCL who have a simultaneous bone marrow biopsy positive for low-grade lymphoma (discordant marrow histology), survival is no different from that of patients with negative marrows, and markedly better than that for patients with marrows positive for diffuse LCL. The biological significance of discordant bone marrow histology is not clear at this time.
Clustering without a metric

A methodology for clustering data in which a distance metric or similarity function is not used is described. Instead, clusterings are optimized based on their intended function: the accurate prediction of properties of the data. The resulting clustering methodology is applicable, without further ad hoc assumptions or transformations of the data, (1) when features are heterogeneous (both discrete and continuous) and not combinable, (2) where some data points have missing feature values, and (3) where some features are irrelevant, i.e. have large variance but little correlation with other features. Further, it provides an integral measure of the quality of the resulting clustering. A clustering program, RIFFLE, has been implemented in line with this approach, and experiments with synthetic and real data show that the clustering is, in many respects, superior to traditional methods. >
Higher education for the elderly: Continuing in the mainstream of American life

Do persons over age 62 enroll in universities to maintain their social interaction and stay in life's mainstream? This question was researched through a university pilot project which let older persons enroll virtually free, eliminating cost from their decision to attend. Survey responses from 65 older students in the program were compared with those of 320 randomly selected students ranging in age from 18 to 30. Older students were found to have a more positive attitude toward school, were more appreciative, and generally had less difficulty than their younger counterparts. Although older students take fewer courses and are more likely to be graduate students, they return to school primarily for self-fulfillment and social interaction.
Embracing the Bitter “Truth”: Negative Self-Concepts and Marital Commitment

We propose that because self-concepts allow people to predict (and thus control) the responses of others, people want to find support for their self-concepts. They accordingly gravitate toward relationship partners who see them as they see themselves. For people with negative self-views, this means embracing relationship partners who derogate them. Our findings confirmed this reasoning. Just as persons with positive self-concepts were more committed to spouses who thought well of them than to spouses who thought poorly of them, persons with negative self-concepts were more committed to spouses who thought poorly of them than to spouses who thought well of them.
Factors Influencing Adult Emergence from Diapausing Sorghum Midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) diapause was terminated in the laboratory, and factors affecting adult emergence from diapausing larvae were investigated. Temperatures in the range from 20 to 30°C were optimum for diapause termination and adult emergence. Diapausing larvae exposed to moist conditions at 30°C began to emerge as adults after 12 days of incubation. Based on adult emergence rates per day, an emergence threshold temperature was estimated to be 14.8°C. Exposure to 12 to 13 days of continuous moisture at 30°C was essential for diapause termination and adult emergence. Moisture acted to initiate diapause termination, but diapausing larvae were unable to accumulate shorter periods of moisture toward the 12- to 13-day requirement. Photoperiod had no significant effect on the termination of larval diapause.
The power age and modern civilization

Although the moving powers of heat and electricity have raised man's physical existence to Olympian heights, they have not worked similar miracles in his spiritual life. Engineers and scientists are called upon to banish fear and hatred from the human heart by application of that greatest power of all — the power of love.
High frequency needle dissection rhytidectomy

Fifty consecutive rhytidectomies were performed utilizing high frequency needle dissection on one side and standard sharp dissection on the other for all incisions and flap elevation. The efficacy of this technique in hemostasis, prevention of hematoma, and wound healing is compared to the conventional technique of rhytidectomy. The advantages and disadvantages of the modality are discussed.
CO, C I, and C II Observations of NGC 7023

We present new data on the photodissociation regions associated with the reflection nebula NGC 7023, particularly the three bright rims to the north, south, and east of the illuminating star HD 200775.13CO (3-2) emission, mapped at 20'' resolution at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), delineates a molecular cloud containing a cavity largely devoid of molecular gas around this star. Neutral carbon is closely associated with the 13CO emission while ionized carbon is found inside and at the edges of the cavity. The ionized carbon appears to be, at least in part, associated with H I. We have mapped the northern and southern rims in 12CO (6-5) emission and found a good association with the H2 rovibrational emission, although the warm CO gas permeates a larger fraction of the molecular cloud than the vibrationally excited H2. The column density contrast between the bright rims and the diffuse region inside and in front of the cavity is about 10. Despite the fact that the edges of the cavity are viewed edge-on, the carbon emission extends much farther into the molecular gas than does the photodissociation region, as defined by the H2 emission region. Geometrically, NGC 7023 consists of a sheet of dense molecular gas in which the star was born, subsequently blowing away much of the surrounding gas. The three bright rims are located at the edges of the remaining molecular cloud and are viewed approximately edge-on. The results are compared to photon-dominated region (PDR) models, invoking direct illumination from the star, which are largely successful, except in explaining the presence of neutral carbon deep in the molecular cloud. We suggest that, in the particular case of NGC 7023, a second PDR has been created at the surface of the molecular cloud by the scattered radiation from HD 200775. This second PDR produces a layer of atomic carbon at the surface of the sheet, which increases the predicted [C]/[CO] abundance ratio to 10%, close to the observed value. Further tests for the applicability of PDR models in such regions are suggested.
Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Shigellosis: Failure of Cefamandole Compared with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Ampicillin

Intravenously administered ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and cefamandole (CEF) were evaluated in 30 children with shigellosis: 11 children received AMP, 10 TMP-SMX, and 9 CEF for a maximum of five days. Discharge criteria included: afebrile greater than 12 hrs, less than 9 stools/day, absence of seizures, and adequate oral intake. AMP or TMP-SMX patients required significantly fewer median days to meet discharge criteria than those who received CEF. AMP and TMP-SMX patients had fewer median days with fever (one day each) compared with CEF (five days). On day five, 7 of 8 CEF, 3 of 10 AMP and 2 of 9 TMP-SMX treated patients remained culture positive. Inhibitory concentrations against all Shigella isolates from CEF patients all were ≤0.4 μg CEF/ml. Intravenous TMP-SMX was equivalent to AMP in treatment of children with shigellosis, while CEF was ineffective despite in vitro activity. Clinical and bacteriologic responses were achieved with AMP and TMP-SMX in the majority of patients with <5 days of intravenous therapy.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM WINE POMACE

There is considerable interest in utilization of natural pigment as food colorants, particularly from raw materials in adequate supply, such as wine grape pomace. The rate and degree of extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace depends upon a number of factors; this research concerned two: solvent (ethanol, methanol, water), and acid (HCl, citric, tartaric, formic, acetic, propionic). Methanol was the best extractant being 20% more effective than ethanol and 73% more effective than water. HCl was most effective with ethanol, but is also very corrosive. Of the organic acids, citric was most effective with methanol and acetic acid with water.
An improved synthesis of 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine. I

Treatment of 1,3-diaminoguanidine monohydrochloride (1) with 2,4-pentanedione (2) in alcohols under carefully controlled conditions gave 3,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine monohydrochloride (3) in 45-50% yields along with 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (4) and its hydrochloride 5. Oxidation of 3 with sodium perborate produced 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (6) in quantitative yield.
Application of a Mixed Variational Approach to Aeroelastic Stability Analysis of a Nonuniform Blade

ABSTRACT A mixed variational approach is used to investigate the coupled flap-lag-torsional aeroelastic stability of a nonuniform helicopter blade. This approach is particularly suited to treating rotating blades with sharp variations or discontinuous changes in their properties or cross-sectional dimensions. Numerical results by this approach are presented in hovering conditions, for both uniform and nonuniform blades with low torsional stiffness, and compared with the results by the usual Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is shown that the present approach has good convergence properties for both static equilibrium position and critical collective pitch angles.
Signatures of gamma ray bursts in neutrino telescopes.

We show that the detection of neutrinos from a typical {gamma} ray burst requires a kilometer-scale detector. We argue that large bursts should be visible with the neutrino telescopes under construction. We emphasize the three techniques by which neutrino telescopes can perform this search: by triggering on (i) bursts of muons from muon neutrinos, (ii) muons from air cascades initiated by high energy {gamma} rays and (iii) showers made by relatively low energy ({approx_equal}100 MeV) electron neutrinos. The timing of neutrino-photon coincidences may yield a measurement of the neutrino mass to order 10{sup {minus}4}{endash}10{sup {minus}5} eV. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Intradialytic Protein Supplementation Reduces Inflammation and Improves Physical Function in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Objective Protein malnutrition is both a cause and consequence of inflammation and related comorbidities for maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study sought to determine if oral supplementation with soy or whey protein during dialysis treatment reduces inflammation and improves physical function and body composition in MHD patients. Design The design used in the study was randomized controlled trial, and the setting used was hemodialysis clinics in Champaign and Chicago, Illinois. Subjects Patients who received treatment ≥3 days/week, were ages ≥30 years did not have congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and were receiving dialysis treatment for ≥3 months were eligible for inclusion. Intervention Patients were randomized to oral supplementation with a whey protein, soy protein, or placebo beverage. Patients (WHEY, n = 11; SOY, n = 12; CON, n = 15) consumed their assigned beverage before every dialysis session for 6 months. Main Outcome Measures Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, physical function by gait speed and shuttle walk test, and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6) using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits before and after the 6-month intervention. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls. Results Six months of whey or soy supplementation significantly reduced predialysis interleukin 6 levels ( P P = .062). Gait speed and shuttle walk test performance also significantly improved in the protein groups ( P Conclusions Intradialytic protein supplementation during a 6-month intervention reduced inflammation and improved physical function and represents an affordable intervention to improve the health of MHD patients.
A 33 angstrom laboratory X-ray laser

Abstract A new laboratory X-ray laser is proposed which lases between single electron holes involving several 3s 1 2 → 3p 3 2 transitions near 33 A in nickel-like dysprosium and which is photo-pumped by a 2p 3 2 →1s 1 2 emission line in hydrogen-like silicon. The bar over the 3s and 3p states represents a single electron hole in an otherwise closed M shell configuration. The lasing occurs on these inner shell electrons. Calculations of the gain of these transitions in steady-state equilibrium plasmas are presented.
Collaboration and Article Quality in the Literature of Academic Librarianship

Studies suggest that co-authorship results in a higher quality article. This study looks for evidence of this in the literature of academic librarianship. Using citation counts to articles from two important journals over a ten-year period, no evidence is found to support the superiority of co-authored articles.
Ultrasound angioscopy: real-time, two-dimensional, intraluminal ultrasound imaging of blood vessels.

The assessment of the presence and severity of disease in the peripheral and coronary arteries currently requires contrast angiography. Although computed tomography, noninvasive ultrasound imaging and fiberoptic angioscopy may allow visualization of certain portions of the arteries, these techniques have limitations.1–3 Contrast angiography, which yields only long-axis images of the blood vessel lumen, continues to be the major diagnostic modality for assessing vascular anatomy. In this report we describe the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ultrasound angioscopy, a new technique capable of providing dynamic, circumferential images of blood vessels.
Recent advances in systemic acquired resistance research: a review

Little is known about the signal transduction events that lead to the establishment of the broad-spectrum, inducible plant immunity called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Salicylic acid (SA) accumulation has been shown to be essential for the expression of SAR and plays a key role in SAR signaling. Hydrogen peroxide has been proposed to serve as a second messenger of SA. However, our results do not support such a role in the establishment of SAR. Further elucidation of SAR signal transduction has been facilitated by the identification and characterization of mutants. The lesions simulating disease (lsd). resistance response mutant class exhibits spontaneous lesions similar to those that occur during the hypersensitive response. Interestingly, some lsd mutants lose their lesioned phenotype when SA accumulation is prevented by expression of the nahG gene (encoding salicylate hydroxylase), thereby providing evidence for a feedback loop in SAR signal transduction. Characterization of a mutant non-responsive to SAR activator treatments has provided additional evidence for common signaling components between SAR and gene-for-gene resistance.
Scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves on a plane with hemispherical bosses

We apply multiple scattering equations to study the scattering of electromagnetic waves on a perfectly conducting plane surface with a random dense distribution of hemispherical bosses. We derive a multipole solution up to third order to analyze close range interactions between nearby bosses. Results show significant improvement of accuracy compared with the traditional dipole approximation solution. Absorption on a lossy embossed surface is obtained from the field solution for the perfectly conducting surface. The surface current and absorption enhancement factor are further computed numerically. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2681–2686, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22855
Determination of the major proteins and mucoproteins in the duodenal fluids of cystic fibrosis and control subjects

Abstract Methods were developed for the microfractionation and analysis of the proteins of duodenal fluid. After separation by paper electrophoresis, the major proteins and mucoproteins were determined by chromogen development and scan photometry. Fifteen different proteins and mucoproteins were recognized in the duodenal fluids of 19 subjects. Nine of the most prominent of these, 5 proteins and 4 mucoproteins, were estimated quantitatively. Marked differences were observed between cystic fibrosis and control subjects in regard to the content of some of these substances in their duodenal fluids.
Thyroid follicular adenocarcinoma in a ferret

A 5-year-old male castrated ferret was presented to the Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of progressive hair loss and a large, rapidly growing ventral neck mass. The patient had been diagnosed previously with an insulinoma, which was managed medically. Fine-needle aspirates of the neck mass were performed. The cytologic results were most consistent with epithelial neoplasia, likely a carcinoma; thyroid origin was considered likely based on tumor location and cell morphology. The tumor grew rapidly, and the owners elected euthanasia 1 week after examination. At necropsy, a circumscribed, ovoid mass disrupted the right cervical musculature next to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Histopathologic evaluation revealed an infiltrative mass consisting of cuboidal cells arranged in solid sheets and irregular follicles enclosing colloid. The cells were large, with prominent nucleoli, and had a high mitotic rate. The histopathologic diagnosis was consistent with thyroid follicular adenocarcinoma. Immunochemical findings confirmed thyroglobulin production by neoplastic cells, but to a lesser extent than in normal ferret thyroid tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first case of thyroid follicular adenocarcinoma to be reported in a ferret, with only 1 other case of thyroid carcinoma, a C-cell carcinoma, described previously.
Structural characterization of dissolved organic matter: a review of current techniques for isolation and analysis

Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic systems plays many environmental roles: providing building blocks and energy for aquatic biota, acting as a sunscreen in surface water, and interacting with anthropogenic compounds to affect their ultimate fate in the environment. Such interactions are a function of DOM composition, which is difficult to ascertain due to its heterogeneity and the co-occurring matrix effects in most aquatic samples. This review focuses on current approaches to the chemical structural characterization of DOM, ranging from those applicable to bulk samples and in situ analyses (UV-visible spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy) through the concentration/isolation of DOM followed by the application of one or more analytical techniques, to the detailed separation and analysis of individual compounds or compound classes. Also provided is a brief overview of the main techniques used to characterize isolated DOM: mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Dielectric relaxation modes in bismuth-doped SrTiO 3 : The relaxor behavior

The ferroelectric relaxor behavior in Bi-doped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ was studied in the temperature range 1.5--300 K and up to 400 MHz. Some interesting results are shown: (1) Typical ferroelectric relaxor behavior develops out of the other impurity relaxation modes. The ferroelectric relaxor peaks occur on the quantum-paraelectric background. The polarization irreversibility effect observed after field cooling or zero-field cooling, and the data of remanent polarization ${P}_{r},$ show that the ferroelectric relaxor behavior is a nonequilibrium phenomenon. (2) The coexistence of the ferroelectric relaxor peak with other impurity modes indicates that there are several kinds of polar clusters which are responsible for different dielectric anomalies in different temperature ranges. This confirms a multicluster state characteristic in ferroelectric relaxors. (3) Near 400 MHz, an additional relaxation process appears, which indicates the possible existence of two polarization processes in a ferroelectric relaxor.
Thermally isolated Luttinger liquids with noisy Hamiltonians

We study the dynamics of a quantum-coherent thermally isolated Luttinger liquid with noisy Luttinger parameter. To characterize the fluctuations of the absorbed energy in generic noise-driven systems, we first identify two types of energy moments, which can help tease apart the effects of classical (sample-to-sample) and quantum sources of fluctuations. One type of moment captures the total fluctuations due to both sources, while the other one captures the effect of the classical source only. We then demonstrate that, in the Luttinger liquid case, the two types of moments agree in the thermodynamic limit, indicating that the classical source dominates. In contrast to equilibrium thermodynamics, in this driven system the relative fluctuations of energy do not decay with the system size. Additionally, we study the deviations of equal-time correlation functions from their ground-state value, and find a simple scaling behavior.
Biochemical and Genetic Evidence for a New Class of Emetine-Resistant Chinese Hamster Cells with Alterations in the Protein Biosynthetic Machinery

We have isolated a number of emetine-resistant mutants from several different clones of CHO and CHL cells. Protein synthesis in extracts derived from each of the mutants is much more resistant to emetine than in the parental, emetine-sensitive cell lines, indicating the lesions affect the protein synthetic machinery directly. However, hybrid cell lines, derived from fusing either of two different emetine-resistant CHO mutants with either one of two different emetine-resistant CHL cells, are much more sensitive to growth inhibition by emetine than either parent. In addition, the incorporation of [3H]amino acids into protein in vivo and protein synthesis in vitro in extracts derived from these hybrids is much more sensitive to emetine inhibition than in either emetine-resistant parent. In contrast, no complementation was observed in hybrids derived from fusing two emetine-resistant CHO mutants or in hybrids derived from fusing two emetine-resistant CHL cell lines. These results indicate the CHO emetine-resistant mutants belong to one complementation group and the CHL emetineresistant mutants belong to another. The genetic loci represented by these two complementation groups must both encode for gene products involved in protein synthesis.
Mnemonic Techniques Used by College Students in Paired-Associate Learning

9 categories of mnemonic techniques college students would employ in paired-associate learning were delineated. No significant differences were found between men and women by category of memory aids, and the 9 categories of memory aids were divided into two major classifications. The primary aids accounted for 59% of the memory aids reported and were evenly distributed (about 15%) among first letter, imagery, phonetic clustering, and simple repetition. The remaining 41% were evenly distributed (about 8%) among the secondary aids of semantic clustering, other, descriptive story, personal experience, and mediation. There was a significant difference in total percentages of memory aids between the primary and secondary classifications but not within the classifications.
Molecular Mechanism of an Oncogenic Mutation That Alters Membrane Targeting: Glu17Lys Modifies the PIP Lipid Specificity of the AKT1 PH Domain

The protein kinase AKT1 regulates multiple signaling pathways essential for cell function. Its N-terminal PH domain (AKT1 PH) binds the rare signaling phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P(3)], resulting in plasma membrane targeting and phosphoactivation of AKT1 by a membrane-bound kinase. Recently, it was discovered that the Glu17Lys mutation in the AKT1 PH domain is associated with multiple human cancers. This mutation constitutively targets the AKT1 PH domain to the plasma membrane by an unknown mechanism, thereby promoting constitutive AKT1 activation and oncogenesis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying constitutive plasma membrane targeting, this work compares the membrane docking reactions of the isolated wild-type and E17K AKT1 PH domains. In vitro studies reveal that the E17K mutation dramatically increases the affinity for the constitutive plasma membrane lipid PI(4,5)P(2). The resulting PI(4,5)P(2) equilibrium affinity is indistinguishable from that of the standard PI(4,5)P(2) sensor, PLCdelta1 PH domain. Kinetic studies indicate that the effects of E17K on PIP lipid binding arise largely from electrostatic modulation of the dissociation rate. Membrane targeting analysis in live cells confirms that the constitutive targeting of E17K AKT1 PH to plasma membrane, like PLCdelta1 PH, stems from PI(4,5)P(2) binding. Overall, the evidence indicates that the molecular mechanism underlying E17K oncogenesis is a broadened target lipid selectivity that allows high-affinity binding to PI(4,5)P(2). Moreover, the findings strongly implicate the native Glu17 side chain as a key element of PIP lipid specificity in the wild-type AKT1 PH domain. Other PH domains may employ an analogous anionic residue to control PIP specificity.
Children's conceptions of color

An examination of children's notions about light and visual phenomena shows the existence of mental models, that is to say, ways of thinking that are consistent and pervasive. These naive conceptual schemes, used by different children to explain similar phenomena, determine the kinds of responses given by the children in problem-solving situations. In this article we study children's ideas about colored objects and colored shadows, with special attention to the ways in which these ideas are organized into mental models. The elucidation of these models provides valuable instructional tools that serve to assess and to confront students' naive conceptions. This work was carried out in a science museum at the site of interactive exhibits that show unexpected effects. Children who visited the museum were engaged in problem-solving situations that involved predictions, explanations, and manipulations of the exhibit.
Clickable bifunctional radiometal chelates for peptide labeling

Novel synthetic methods for producing an array of chelates for use in “click”-radiolabeling of peptides are described, and their reactivity with regards to subsequent conjugation and radiolabeling is discussed.
Holding on to Steel: Pittsburgh Culture in the Age of Globalization

AbstractIn the first half of the twentieth century, Pittsburgh stood at the crossroads of relentless work, immense industrial output, and immigrant culture. The city became notorious for immense steel output. Gone are the days of Pittsburgh as ‘hell with the lid taken off’, as the downfall of the steel industry made way for a post-industrial region now largely defined by the service sector. Many factors combined to bring about the decline of heavy industry in and around Pittsburgh, one of which was the process of globalization, found in increased competition abroad and the demand for technological improvements in steel manufacturing. Economic transformation and social dislocation resulted. Globalization triggered a drastic economic episode, which had lasting effects on Pittsburgh culture. The decline of industry in Pittsburgh in the 1980s altered the commercial makeup of the region, which spurred greater attention to industrial cultural markers. This paper argues that the downfall of industry eroded the f...
Developing Student Achievement with Verbal Feedback

Teachers can help students learn by providing affirmative and corrective verbal feedback immediately after a student response. This feedback not only corrects inappropriate responses, but also reinforces correct ones.
Primary closure for postoperative mediastinitis in children.

Abstract Objectives Mediastinitis affects approximately 1% of children undergoing median sternotomy. Conventional therapy involves debridement followed by open wound care with delayed closure, days to weeks of closed suction or antimicrobial irrigation, and vacuum-assisted closure or muscle flap closure. We hypothesized that primary closure without prolonged suction or irrigation is an effective, less traumatic treatment for mediastinitis in children. Methods From January 1986 to July 2002, 6705 procedures involving median sternotomy were performed at the C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, resulting in 57 cases of mediastinitis (0.85%). Cases were divided into 2 groups, with 42 cases treated with primary closure and 15 cases treated with delayed or muscle flap closure. The 42 cases of primary closure comprised the primary study group of this institutional review board-approved, retrospective analysis. Patient demographics, surgical variables, mediastinitis-related parameters, and outcomes were evaluated. Results One patient had recurrent mediastinitis for an overall infection eradication rate of 97% (40/41). Three patients (7%) required re-exploration for suspected ongoing infection. Of these re-explorations, 1 patient had evidence of continued mediastinitis. The remaining 2 patients with sepsis of unclear cause had no clinical or culture evidence of recurrent infection. One of these patients ultimately died of sepsis without active mediastinitis for a hospital survival of 97% (41/42). No significant differences could be detected between the treatment successes and failures in this small cohort of patients. Conclusions Simple primary closure is an effective means to treat selected cases of postoperative mediastinitis in children. The results compare favorably with other more lengthy or debilitating treatments.
Exploring the Relevance of Burnout to Mexican Blue Collar Women

Abstract The present study tested the hypothesis that both the antecedents and the experience of burnout are different in blue collar workers and in human service professionals. The sample consisted of 241 Mexican women employed in electronics (120) and garment (121) assembly plants. Burnout was measured using a Spanish modified Burnout Measure. Comparison samples of American teachers, police officers, nurses, and counselors and of nine samples of working and non-working women in and out of Mexico were also used. Results suggest that the Mexican blue collar women experience burnout differently and for different reasons than the American human service professionals. The blue collar women experienced burnout when work did not enable them to escape conditions of poverty while the white collar human service professionals experienced burnout when they felt unable to have significant impact on people′s lives. These findings raise questions about the relevance of the burnout construct to this group of blue collar Mexican women. Further research on the applicability of burnout in different social groups and occupations will help develop a comprehensive theory of burnout.
Some Case Studies on Air Venting Analysis of Semiconductor Packages using Moldflow TM

As the functionality of power module package increases, the number of components in the module packages also increases. The design and molding of such large package becomes more challenging. At Fairchild Korea, Moldflow simulation aids in saving time and money during the development stage. Fairchild needs venting analysis in order to get more reliable result in the packages. The venting analysis is to calculate the pressure drop of the air (or other gases) that passes through the vent and include the effects of air pressure on the flow during microchip encapsulation process. The accurate analysis of venting is important for realistic prediction of voids that may occur during chip encapsulation. The void is causing many problems in the package. In this study, some results of venting analysis will be shown. The simulation results will be compared with experimental data.
Human chitotriosidase polymorphisms G354R and A442V associated with reduced enzyme activity.

A common polymorphism in the chitotriosidase gene (CHIT1) exists in which a 24 bp duplication in exon 10 results in aberrant splicing and deletion of 87 nucleotides. In this study the gene frequency was found to be 0.56 (n=2054) in subjects of Asian ancestry, 0.17 (n=984) in subjects of European ancestry and 0.07 (n=536) in subjects of African ancestry. Notably, the median enzyme activity in wildtype subjects (TT) was much higher in subjects of European ancestry (2.69 mU/ml, n=202 subjects), than subjects of African (2.57 mU/ml, n=230 subjects) (P <0.0001) and Asian ancestry (0.86 mU/ml, n=114 subjects) (P<0.0001). The question of why chitotriosidase deficiency exists at such a high frequency is a challenging one. We postulated that if there were a selective advantage for chitotriosidase deficiency then there would be polymorphisms that would be associated with reduced enzyme activity independent of the 24 bp duplication. We found that the G102S and the A442G polymorphisms found occurring in subjects of all ancestries were not significantly associated with a reduction of enzyme activity. In contrast, the G354R (P<0.0001) and the A442V (P=0.0013) polymorphisms occurring predominantly in subjects of African ancestry were significantly associated with reduced chitotriosidase activity. We also investigated the possibility that chitotriosidase deficiency was associated with tuberculosis or with atopy, including allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, food or drug allergies and asthma.
Potential impact on patient residence to hospital travel distance and access to care under a policy of preferential referral to high‐volume knee replacement hospitals

Objective To examine the potential impact of a policy of selective referral to high-volume knee replacement hospitals on patients' travel distance to hospitals and access to care for patients seeking total knee replacement (TKR) in urban and rural settings. Methods The travel distance required for patients to reach their hospital of service and the additional travel distance required to reach the nearest high-volume hospital were analyzed using a 100% sample of Medicare fee-for-service patients undergoing TKR in 2001. Results Of the 183,174 TKRs performed in the US during 2001, 95% of the patients selected underwent TKR at a hospital that was located within 50 miles of their residence. There were 11,550 patients who had their TKR performed at a low-volume hospital (LVH) where there was no nearer high-volume hospital. The impact of a policy that would direct patients to high-volume hospitals varied by region. In urban areas, the nearest high-volume hospital was a median of 3.8 miles further than the LVH of service. The patient factors race and poverty were associated with selection of LVHs in urban areas. In rural areas and urban clusters, 1,506 patients would have had to travel >50 miles and 259 patients would have had to travel >100 miles to reach a high-volume hospital. Conclusion A policy to direct patients away from LVHs could increase patients' travel time to hospitals in rural areas and restrict access for minority and low-income patients in urban areas. Any implementation of selective referral to high-volume centers should address access to hospitals for rural patients and urban minority and low-income patients.
348: Dissecting the intragraft cytokine networks of chronic inflammation: PDGF stimulates MCP-1 production by intragraft fibroblasts and accordingly recruits tissue macrophages in cardiac allografts developing chronic rejection

Purpose: PDGF is a pro-inflammatory protein produced abundantly in allografts during chronic rejection. PDGF has been found to play important role in the recruitment of intragraft fibroblasts (IF). This study further investigated the act of PDGF on MCP-1 production by IF and its downstream effect on monocyte/macrophages. Methods and Materials: Intragraft fibroblasts derived from heart allografts undergoing chronic rejection were examined for production of a penal of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including MCP-1. The effect of PDGF on production of MCP-1 by IF, and consequential macrophage activation were studied using a fibroblast-macrophage co-culture system and a siRNA technology. Results: Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that fibroblasts from chronically rejecting allografts significantly increased expression of MCP-1 by 12 folds when compared with that from non-rejecting grafts (p 0.01). In serum-free condition cultures, PDGF significantly up-regulated expression of MCP-1 and PDGF receptor-beta by intragraft fibroblasts as well as by a fibroblast progenitor cell line Ap8c3. In transwell co-cultures, intragraft fibroblasts activated macrophage cell line J774, as demonstrated by a significant increase in expression of MCP-1 receptor CCR2, and promoted proliferation of the macrophages. MCP-1 siRNA treatment of IF resulted in significant decrease in MCP-1 production and suppression of CCR2 expression by J774 cells in co-cultures. MCP-1 siRNA treatment of IF consequently inhibited J774 proliferation. (p 0.01). Conclusions: Intragraft fibroblasts and macrophages are regulated by a complex network of pro-fibrogenic/inflammatory cytokines. This mechanistic study suggests that a pathway involving PDGF, MCP-1 and their receptors play an important role in the recruitment of macrophages into allografts during chronic rejection.