cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MORAL COMPETITION AND THE THRILL OF THE SPECTACULAR RECOUNTING CATASTROPHE IN COLONIAL BOMBAY

At 10:15 on the night of 31 May 1903, the D–block of the recently completed Sita Ram Building in Bombay suddenly came down with a crash. Most of the building was unoccupied, but on the ground floor was a saloon bar, which over the past months had done a brisk trade with British soldiers and sailors. The customers of this bar comprised most of the dead and injured when the building collapsed.Since the bar stood across the road from the tomb of a Muslim saint, rumours spread that the disaster was the direct result of the insult to the holy man and implicitly of the transgression of Muslim space by the combined efforts of the Hindu bar–owner and his bibulous patrons. This short essay explores the moral tensions that found expression with the collapse of the Sita Ram Building through a comparison of its reportage in an English–language newspaper and an Urdu hagiography of the offended saint. At the same time, it draws attention to the neglected importance of colonial Bombay as a prime location of the early Mu...
Joint Low Density Parity-Check Coding and Linear Precoding for Rayleigh Fading Channels

We introduce a serially concatenated scheme consisting of outer low density parity-check (LDPC) coding and inner complex field linear precoding (LP) for reliable communications over wireless fading channels. We compare the ergodic capacities of the uncorrelated Rayleigh flat fading channel with and without LP, and show that for constellation-constrained inputs LP can bring considerable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains even with precoders of size as small as 2 or 4. We further derive both optimal and low-complexity sub-optimal iterative decoding algorithms and employ extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts to approximately evaluate threshold values of their performance. Simulations reveal that when BPSK is used, the novel LDPC-LP scheme results in up to 1.3 dB (1.0 dB) gain at rate frac12for regular (irregular) codes with a medium block size.
Control of Keratella populations by interference competition from Daphnia1

The cladocerans Daphnia galeata mendotae and Daphnia rosea inhibit population growth of the rotifer Keratella cochlearis even when shared food is abundant. Keratella swept into the branchial chamber of Daphnia may be immediately killed, mortally wounded, or lose attached eggs before or while being rejected. The chance of a Keratella being injured decreases with its age and increases with its retention time in the chamber. Such mechanical interference competition, described for the first time among zooplankton, may be very important in controlling natural populations of some rotifers.
Impact of toll-like receptor 4 on the severity of acute pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury in mice

Background and Aims: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease involving acinar cell injury, and the rapid production and release of inflammatory cytokines, which play a dominant role in local pancreatic inflammation and systemic complications. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates a complex signalling pathway when it interacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which ultimately results in a proinflammatory response. We hypothesised that TLR4 is important in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis, independently of LPS. Using two different models of acute pancreatitis, we investigated how genetic deletion of TLR4 or its co-receptor CD14 effects its progression and severity. Methods: We induced acute pancreatitis by administering either caerulein or l-arginine to wild-type, TLR4 −/− , and CD14 −/− mice. Control mice received normal saline injections. The severity of acute pancreatitis was determined by measuring serum amylase activity, quantifying myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the pancreatic tissue, and histologically assessing acinar cell injury. Results: It was found that administering caerulein and l-arginine to wild-type mice resulted in acute pancreatitis (as assessed by hyperamylasaemia, oedema, increased pancreatic MPO activity, and pancreatic necrosis) and associated lung injury. The same treatment to TLR4 −/− or CD14 −/− mice resulted in significantly less severe acute pancreatitis, and reduced lung injury. We found no evidence of either bacteria or LPS in the blood or in pancreatic tissue. Conclusions: The severity of acute pancreatitis is ameliorated in mice that lack either TLR4 or CD14 receptors. Furthermore, these results indicate that TLR4 plays a significant pro-inflammatory role independently of LPS in the progression of acute pancreatitis.
Identifying and Predicting Classes of Response to Explicit Phonological Spelling Instruction During Independent Composing

After explicit spelling instruction, low achieving second grade spellers increased the number of correctly spelled words during composing but differed in response trajectories. Class 1 (low initial and slow growth) had the lowest initial performance and improved at a relatively slow rate. Class 2 (high initial and fast growth) started higher than Class 1 but below Class 3 and improved at the fastest rate. Class 3 (highest initial but slow growth) had the highest initial performance but improved at a rate similar to Class 1. Class 3 differed from Classes 1 and 2 on orthographic coding. Classes 1, 2, and 3 differed on rapid automatic naming (RAN letters). Spelling instruction plus supplementary activities to improve orthographic coding in working memory and rapid, automatic coordination of phonological and orthographic codes may facilitate transfer of spelling learned during instruction to applying that spelling knowledge during independent composing.
Modulation of Allergic Airway Inflammation by the Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis

Accumulating evidence suggests that bacteria associated with periodontal disease may exert systemic immunomodulatory effects. Although the improvement in oral hygiene practices in recent decades correlates with the increased incidence of asthma in developed nations, it is not known whether diseases of the respiratory system might be influenced by the presence of oral pathogens. The present study sought to determine whether subcutaneous infection with the anaerobic oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis exerts a regulatory effect on allergic airway inflammation. BALB/c mice sensitized and subsequently challenged with ovalbumin exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine aerosol and increased airway inflammatory cell influx and Th2 cytokine (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-5, and IL-13) content relative to those in nonallergic controls. Airway inflammatory cell and cytokine contents were significantly reduced by establishment of a subcutaneous infection with P. gingivalis prior to allergen sensitization, whereas serum levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE and airway responsiveness were not altered. Conversely, subcutaneous infection initiated after allergen sensitization did not alter inflammatory end points but did reduce airway responsiveness in spite of increased serum IgE levels. These data provide the first direct evidence of a regulatory effect of an oral pathogen on allergic airway inflammation and responsiveness. Furthermore, a temporal importance of the establishment of infection relative to allergen sensitization is demonstrated for allergic outcomes.
Improved type-based detection of analog signals

When applied to continuous-time observations, type-based detection strategies are limited by the necessity to crudely quantize each sample. To alleviate this problem, we smooth the types for both the training and observation data with a linear filter. This post-processing improves the detector performance significantly (error probabilities decrease by over a factor of three) without incurring a significant computational penalty. However this improvement depends on the amplitude distribution and on the quantizer's characteristics.
Opportunities, Obstacles, and Options: First-Generation College Graduates and Social Cognitive Career Theory

First-generation college (FGC) students often encounter a campus environment and set of norms that are substantially different from those they previously experienced. Although the literature exploring the challenges facing these students is growing, less attention has been given to their experiences as they graduate and transition from college to work. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) has been suggested as a useful framework for helping individuals during the early stages of their careers by exploring the individual’s self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals. In addition, SCCT considers the influence of contextual supports and barriers, which may be influencing the ongoing career development of FGC students after they graduate. This article explores the ways SCCT may prove particularly helpful when working with FGC graduates. Several case studies highlighting key challenges facing FGC graduates are also presented.
1C-2 An All-Ultrasound System for Sonication and Real-Time Monitoring of Temperature and Ablation

Over the past years, researchers have investigated the potential of focused ultrasound surgery for non-invasive or minimally invasive modalities for cancer treatment. Focus ultrasound (FUS) transducer induces a high acoustic intensity at the localized focus for a short time period while the temperature at the focus rises significantly and reaches a thermal dose that causes local irreversible cell damage (coagulation necrosis). The key limitations of FUS surgery are the difficulty of monitoring temperature and tissue mechanical properties as well as potential requirement of interrupting the FUS exposure during surgery. Amplitude-Modulated Harmonic Motion Imaging (AM-HMI) technique for simultaneous monitoring and generation of ultrasound surgery using a single-element FUS transducer was formerly introduced [Maleke, C, et al., 2006]. The uniqueness of this technique is that the focused transducer is driven by a low AM wave with high modulation index. This produces a stable harmonic radiation force oscillating at a low modulation frequency (25 Hz). This paper presents the effect of thermal ablation using the AM-HMI technique in in vitro bovine liver. The temperature and RF echoes were recorded during FUS ablation. The tissue displacement was estimated using a speckle tracking technique based on the one-dimensional cross-correlation to estimate the resulting axial tissue displacement. The temperature elevation at the focal zone throughout sonication was over 50degC that produced tissue damage. During FUS ablation, the temperature rose significantly while the tissue stiffness decreased resulting in higher tissue displacements. The results show a linear relationship between the temperature and tissue displacements during lesion formation (<53degC). The AM-HMI technique was able to accurately detect the protein-denatured lesion according to variation in the tissue displacement. In this conclusion, the technique could be potentially used for realtime monitoring of the temperature and mechanical properties of tissues during FUS surgery
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Mitigates Hyperphosphatemia but Accentuates Calcitriol Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease

Hyperphosphatemia, calcitriol deficiency, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are common complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is a novel phosphaturic hormone that also inhibits renal 1-hydroxylase activity and thus may be involved in the pathogenesis of SHPT. Several hypotheses were tested: that FGF-23 increases as renal function declines; is linearly associated with serum phosphate levels; is associated with increased phosphaturia independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH); and is associated with decreased calcitriol levels independent of renal function, hyperphosphatemia, and vitamin D stores. FGF-23, PTH, 25(OH)D3, calcitriol, calcium, phosphate, and urinary fractional excretion of phosphate (FePO4) were measured in 80 CKD patients. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. FGF-23 and PTH were inversely associated with estimated GFR (eGFR), whereas calcitriol levels were linearly associated with eGFR. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia were present in only 12 and 6% of patients, respectively, all of whose eGFR was <30. Increased FePO4 was associated with decreased eGFR, and both increased FGF-23 and PTH were independently associated with increased FePO4. Increased FGF-23 and decreased 25(OH)D3 were independent predictors of decreased calcitriol, but the effects on calcitriol levels of renal function itself and hyperphosphatemia were completely extinguished by adjusting for FGF-23. It is concluded that FGF-23 levels increase early in CKD before the development of serum mineral abnormalities and are independently associated with serum phosphate, FePO4, and calcitriol deficiency. Increased FGF-23 may contribute to maintaining normal serum phosphate levels in the face of advancing CKD but may worsen calcitriol deficiency and thus may be a central factor in the early pathogenesis of SHPT.
Improving Beginning Teacher Induction Programs through Distance Education

Teachers are faced with many barriers during their first few years of teaching, and they desire support to help them through this challenging time. Unfortunately, many beginning teachers rarely receive this assistance. Lack of support can create barriers that grow into to overall job dissatisfaction and lead to the failure of teacher retention. In the past, state departments of education and school administrators have focused on the use of mentoring programs to help address these concerns. However, much inconsistency exists among these programs’ duration, structure, and intensity, with many beginning teachers changing schools or leaving the profession all together. The purposes of this paper are to discuss key problems and concerns faced by beginning educators, to explore current professional development practices created for assisting beginning teachers, and to examine new ways to support beginning teachers through the use of educational technologies. Specifically, this article proposes principles to guide the design and improvement of beginning teacher induction programs through the incorporation of distance education technologies
Incorporating the Standard of Review into Your Appellate Argument

This article discusses how best to state and incorporate the standard of review in an appellate argument.
Effect of Insulin on Glucose Uptake in Near-Term Fetal Lambs

Glucose clamp experiments were performed in 27 chronically catheterized, late-gestation fetal lambs in order to measure the effect of fetal insulin concentration on fetal glucose uptake at a constant glucose concentration. Fetal arterial blood glucose concentration was measured over a 30-min control period and then maintained at the control value by a variable glucose infusion into the fetus while insulin was infused at a constant rate into the fetus. Plasma insulin concentration increased from 21 +/- 10 (SD) to 294 +/- 179 (SD) microU X ml-1. The exogenous glucose infusion rate necessary to maintain constant glycemia during the plateau hyperinsulinemia averaged 4.3 +/- 1.6 (SD) mg X min-1 X kg-1. In a subset of 13 animals, total fetal exogenous glucose uptake (FGU; sum of glucose uptake from the placenta via the umbilical circulation plus the steady-state exogenous glucose infusion rate) was measured during the control and hyperinsulinemia period. FGU was directly related to insulin concentration (y = 4.24 + 0.07x) at insulin levels less than 100 microU/ml and increased 132% above control at insulin levels above 100 microU/ml. Hyperinsulinemia did not affect fetal glucose uptake from the placenta via the umbilical circulation. These studies demonstrate that insulin concentration is a major factor controlling glucose uptake in the near-term fetal lamb, and that an increase of fetal insulin does not affect the transport of glucose to the fetus from the placenta.
GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS

As the AIDS epidemic continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important that physicians are aware of the gastrointestinal and abdominal diseases specific to this group of patients. Most AIDS patients exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms at some time during the course of their disease. Clinical AIDS is often determined by identifying an opportunistic infection or neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Radiology often plays a key role in helping to determine the diagnosis as well as in directing the management.
A Bayesian model to correct underestimated 3-D wind speeds from sonic anemometers increases turbulent components of the surface energy balance

Abstract. Sonic anemometers are the principal instruments in micrometeorological studies of turbulence and ecosystem fluxes. Common designs underestimate vertical wind measurements because they lack a correction for transducer shadowing, with no consensus on a suitable correction. We reanalyze a subset of data collected during field experiments in 2011 and 2013 featuring two or four CSAT3 sonic anemometers. We introduce a Bayesian analysis to resolve the three-dimensional correction by optimizing differences between anemometers mounted both vertically and horizontally. A grid of 512 points (∼ ±5° resolution in wind location) is defined on a sphere around the sonic anemometer, from which the shadow correction for each transducer pair is derived from a set of 138 unique state variables describing the quadrants and borders. Using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, the Bayesian model proposes new values for each state variable, recalculates the fast-response data set, summarizes the 5 min wind statistics, and accepts the proposed new values based on the probability that they make measurements from vertical and horizontal anemometers more equivalent. MCMC chains were constructed for three different prior distributions describing the state variables: no shadow correction, the Kaimal correction for transducer shadowing, and double the Kaimal correction, all initialized with 10 % uncertainty. The final posterior correction did not depend on the prior distribution and revealed both self- and cross-shadowing effects from all transducers. After correction, the vertical wind velocity and sensible heat flux increased ∼ 10 % with ∼ 2 % uncertainty, which was significantly higher than the Kaimal correction. We applied the posterior correction to eddy-covariance data from various sites across North America and found that the turbulent components of the energy balance (sensible plus latent heat flux) increased on average between 8 and 12 %, with an average 95 % credible interval between 6 and 14 %. Considering this is the most common sonic anemometer in the AmeriFlux network and is found widely within FLUXNET, these results provide a mechanistic explanation for much of the energy imbalance at these sites where all terrestrial/atmospheric fluxes of mass and energy are likely underestimated.
Single-Shot Quantitative Phase and Amplitude Retrieval Using Color-Multiplexed Differential Phase Contrast Microscopy

We propose a single-shot technique for phase and amplitude recovery using color-multiplexed incoherent illumination. Our method is derived from Differential Phase Contrast, but requires only a single Bayer image and a color patterned light source.
Sub-5 nm multiple-thickness gate oxide technology using oxygen implantation

A novel and simple method of growing oxides of multiple thicknesses using oxygen implant in sub-5 nm gate oxide technologies is presented. Results show that multiple thicknesses on the same wafer can be achieved with good interface and bulk properties of the oxide. Oxygen implant produces oxides with better Q/sub BD/ characteristics than the nitrogen-implanted oxides.
Preparation of BaTiO3 glass-ceramic in the system BaTiBO. II

Abstract One glass composition in the system Ba-Ti-B-O was selected to develop a glass-ceramic that had BaTiO 3 as the only crystalline phase. The novel technique that was developed in this study involved crystallization on an isostructural substrate. A model explaining this process was provided on the basis of Raman microprobe, SEM and XRD data.
Recording Intimacy, Reviewing Spectacle: The Emergence of Video in the American Home:

This article traces the discourses surrounding home video-recording technologies, from their emergence in the mid-1960s to their popularity in the mid-1990s. Through an analysis of newspapers, magazines, and advertisements, this article contends that video’s history has been shaped by two seemingly opposed visions of the medium: one which embraced it as a tool for intimacy, and another that condemned it as a harbinger of spectacle. Ultimately, I argue that these two seemingly contradictory views actually share similar convictions and emerge in response to crises and conditions of American capitalism. In their attempt to grapple with video, they condemn commercial television, defend a nostalgic vision of home and family, and in so doing reveal the instability of intimacy and persistence of spectacle at the heart of American domestic life.
A Soft Gripper with Rigidity Tunable Elastomer Strips as Ligaments.

Abstract Like their natural counterparts, soft bioinspired robots capable of actively tuning their mechanical rigidity can rapidly transition between a broad range of motor tasks—from lifting heavy loads to dexterous manipulation of delicate objects. Reversible rigidity tuning also enables soft robot actuators to reroute their internal loading and alter their mode of deformation in response to intrinsic activation. In this study, we demonstrate this principle with a three-fingered pneumatic gripper that contains “programmable” ligaments that change stiffness when activated with electrical current. The ligaments are composed of a conductive, thermoplastic elastomer composite that reversibly softens under resistive heating. Depending on which ligaments are activated, the gripper will bend inward to pick up an object, bend laterally to twist it, and bend outward to release it. All of the gripper motions are generated with a single pneumatic source of pressure. An activation–deactivation cycle can be complete...
3-colouring for dually chordal graphs and generalisations

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the Colourability problem for dually chordal graphs and some of its generalisations. We show that the problem remains NP-complete if limited to four colours. For the case of three colours, we present a simple linear time algorithm for dismantlable graphs (which include dually chordal graphs) and present an O ( n 3 m ) time algorithm for graphs with tree-breadth 1. Additionally, we show that a dually chordal graph is 3-colourable if and only if it is perfect and has no clique of size four.
Irrigation and Debridement with Component Retention for Acute Infection After Hip Arthroplasty: Improved Results with Contemporary Management.

Background:There are conflicting data on the results of irrigation and debridement with component retention in patients with acute periprosthetic hip infections. The goals of this study were to examine contemporary results of irrigation and debridement with component retention for acute infection af
Neurophysiological Biomarkers Informing the Clinical Neuroscience of Schizophrenia: Mismatch Negativity and Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

With the growing recognition of the heterogeneity of major brain disorders, and particularly the schizophrenias (SZ), biomarkers are being sought that parse patient groups in ways that can be used to predict treatment response, prognosis, and pathophysiology. A primary focus to date has been to identify biomarkers that predict damage or dysfunction within brain systems in SZ patients, that could then serve as targets for interventions designed to "undo" the causative pathology. After almost 50 years as the predominant strategy for developing SZ therapeutics, evidence supporting the value of this "find what's broke and fix it" approach is lacking. Here, we suggest an alternative strategy of using biomarkers to identify evidence of spared neural and cognitive function in SZ patients, and matching these residual neural assets with therapies toward which they can be applied. We describe ways to extract and interpret evidence of "spared function," using neurocognitive, and neurophysiological measures, and, suggest that further evidence of available neuroplasticity might be gleaned from studies in which the response to drug challenges and "practice effects" are measured. Finally, we discuss examples in which "better" (more normal) performance in specific neurophysiological measures predict a positive response to a neurocognitive task or therapeutic intervention. We believe that our field stands to gain tremendous therapeutic leverage by focusing less on what is "wrong" with our patients, and instead, focusing more on what is "right".
A simple optical clearing method for investigating molecular distribution in intact embryonic tissues (Conference Presentation)

Optical clearing is an effective tool for investigating spatial distribution of molecules in embryonic tissue. Unfortunately, it has not been broadly adapted in the field of development biology. One reason is that most current optical clearing methods involve complicated procedures that are more difficult compared to common lab procedures. To address this problem, we developed an easy and convenient optical clearing method, termed lipid-preserving index matching for prolonged imaging depth (LIMPID), that involves only one major step in the entire procedure. Since all LIMPID ingredient are water-soluble, it can directly diffuse into the fixed tissue and match the refractive index. Because no dehydration, organic solvent exchange or lipid extraction is required, LIMPID also well preserves fluorescent signal and tissue morphology while maintaining high clearing capability. In addition, LIMPID clearing solution has low viscosity that allows fast diffusion of the chemicals into the tissue. We have tested LIMPID using embryonic quail tissue at various developmental stages. By simply immersing the fixed and stained tissue in excess LIMPID solution, it is capable of clearing whole-mount stage 20 quail embryos in 10 minutes, stage 36 quail hearts overnight, and stage 36 quail brains in 24 hours. Verified by confocal microscopy, fluorescent signals from eYFP, DAPI, LysoTracker and several Alexa Fluor tagged primary antibodies were all well preserved. Imaging depth of LIMPID is only limited by the working distance of the optical system, up to multiple millimeters. Many small embryo tissues can be imaged all the way through using common confocal setups.
Perspective: Engineering noise in biological systems towards predictive stochastic design

Significant progress has been made towards engineering both single-cell and multi-cellular systems through a combination of synthetic and systems biology, nanobiotechnology, pharmaceutical science, and computational approaches. However, our ability to engineer systems that begin to approach the complexity of natural pathways is severely limited by important challenges, e.g. due to noise, or the fluctuations in gene expression and molecular species at multiple scales (e.g. both intra- and inter-cellular fluctuations). This barrier to engineering requires that biological noise be recognized as a design element with fundamentals that can be actively controlled. Here we highlight studies of an emerging discipline that collectively strives to engineer noise towards predictive stochastic design using interdisciplinary approaches at multiple-scales in diverse living systems.
Alienation: Psychosociological Tradition

A brief history of the idea of alienation viewed from a psychosocial perspective is presented and distinguished from the more structural approach. Six varieties of alienation are defined and their classical sources (e.g., in Marx, Durkheim, and others) are identified: (a) powerlessness, (b) normlessness, (c) social isolation, (d) self-estrangement, (e) cultural disengagement, and (f) meaninglessness. The utility of these concepts in empirical work in a wide range of institutional domains—such as health, political institutions, social movements, and occupational life—is documented, and discriminable measures of the varieties of alienation are illustrated. The parallel of the several alienations to related concepts currently employed in the social and psychological sciences is outlined—the concepts of agency, mastery, anomie, network supports, internal–external control, and efficacy. Recent secular trends in alienation are identified and the developing research on associated physiological concomitants of alienation is sketched.
Policy Issues in Science Education: The Importance of Science Teacher Education, Equity, and Social Justice

Science teacher educators face more pressure to bridge the gap between preservice science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and students’ learning outcomes with the increase in diversity among middle and high school student populations. The purpose of this chapter is to review science teacher education policy in conjunction with standards to which teachers teach. Moreover, this chapter sets forth a new policy agenda to improve science teacher practices and science performance among low-income rural and urban students of color by redefining the policy problem in science teacher education.
Pediatric Difficult Airway Management: Principles and Approach in the Critical Care Environment

Airway management in the child with anatomic features that preclude effective airway management using standard techniques requires an approach tailored to the individual child’s anatomy and physiology. Optimal management necessitates careful planning, effective communication, additional equipment, qualified personnel, and appropriate medications. Therefore, training of personnel, implementation of decision algorithms, and acquisition of appropriate equipment are institutional elements that are essential in facilitating the optimal care of these children. This chapter discusses the salient principles in developing an effective approach to difficult airway management in the pediatric intensive care setting. In addition, a selection of devices useful in pediatric difficult airway management is presented. Finally, institutional systems-based considerations for difficult airway management in the critically ill child are discussed. Pediatric difficult airway management in the intensive care environment presents a wide range of challenges. Children in whom airway management is expected to be difficult are often unable to cooperate with awake airway management techniques that are often the primary approach in adult patients. The availability of a variety of indirect laryngoscopes has significantly increased the intensivist’s ability to safely manage many of these children in the ICU. Successful airway management in these children requires careful planning, preparation, and often multidisciplinary cooperation.
Medical Care Expenditures Attributable to Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of morbidity and prema­ture mortality in the United States; however, approximately 48 million persons aged greater than or equal to 18 years are smokers (1) ), and approximately 24 billion packages of cigarettes are purchased annually (2). Each year, approximately 400,000 deaths in the United States are attributed to cigarette smoking (3) and costs associated with morbidity attributable to smoking are substantial (4). To provide estimates for 1993 of smoking-attributable costs for selected categories of direct medical-care expenditures (i.e., prescription drugs, hospitaliza­tions, physician care, home-health care, and nursing-home care), the University of California and CDC analyzed data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES-2) and from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). This report summarizes the results of the analysis.
Alcohol-Endocrine Interrelationships

The effects of alcohol and alcoholism on endocrine function have received intensive study only in recent years. As regards most of the endocrine organs, relatively little data are available. A cursory survey of recent texts of endocrinology and neuroendocrinology, all published within the past 10 years, revealed essentially no references to the effects of alcohol on endocrine function. In addition, several recent international symposia in the fields of alcoholism and endocrinology have had little or no discussion of the possible endocrine effects of alcohol. Perhaps this is a reflection of the long recognition in clinical medicine that endocrine dysfunction does occur in chronic alcoholism and the propensity of clinicians and researchers alike to ascribe these clinical endocrinopathies (hypomenorrhea, hypogonadism) to the nutritional and physiologic debility of the alcoholic. Further, alcoholics can be difficult persons to work with in a setting of demanding clinical research.
A Continuum Model for Cities Based on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram: a Semi-Lagrangian Solution Method

Abstract This paper presents a formulation of the reactive dynamic user equilibrium problem in continuum form using a network-level Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). Compared to existing continuum models for cities – all based in Hughes’ pedestrian model in 2002 – the proposed formulation (i) is consistent with reservoir-type models of the MFD literature, shedding some light into the connection between these two modeling approaches, (ii) can have destinations continuously distributed on the region, and (iii) can incorporate multi-commodity flows without additional numerical error. The proposed multi-reservoir numerical solution method treats the multi-commodity component of the model in Lagrangian coordinates, which is the natural representation to propagate origin-destination information (and any vehicle-specific characteristic) through the traffic stream. Fluxes between reservoir boundaries are computed in the Eulerian representation, and are used to calculate the speed of vehicles crossing the boundary. Simple examples are included that show the convergence of the model and its agreements with the available analytical solutions. We find that (i) when origins and destinations are uniformly distributed in a region, the distribution of the travel times can be approximated analytically, (ii) the magnitude of the detours from the optimal free-flow route due to congestion increase linearly with the inflow and decreases with the square of the speed, and (iii) the total delay of vehicles in the network converges to the analytical approximation when the size of reservoirs tends to zero.
Value to the Grid From Managed Charging Based on California's High Renewables Study

Managed charging of electric vehicle (EV) loads has the potential to use renewable energy more effectively, shave peak demand, and fill demand valleys while serving transportation needs. However, the potential value to the grid from managed charging has not been fully quantified. This paper adopts the tools used in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's California Low Carbon Grid Study to quantify value to the grid from managed charging by using three levels of managed loads for 13 TW·h of annual load from three million EVs in a 2030 California grid scenario. Simulation results show that management of the EV fleet's aggregate load from unmanaged to 100% managed results in savings between $210 million and $660 million annually in generation system costs, depending on grid conditions. The simulation results also suggest that targeted EV supply equipment (EVSE) deployments at workplaces and other mid-day parking locations will be needed to support managed charging in a high-renewables California and enable the identified value to the grid. Although the value of generation to the grid from managed EV load paired with high renewables seems substantial, we estimate that the installed cost of an EVSE must be between $1000 and $3000 for a ten-year life to be cost neutral, depending on grid conditions.
Segregation of Stellar-Mass Black Holes at the Galactic Center

We simulate the star cluster near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Using the Fokker Planck approach we consider the time evolution of the density profile of stars and stellar mass black holes (BHs) for various initial profiles. BHs sink toward the center of the galaxy where they are swallowed by SgrA*. We show that the mass loss increases the mass of SgrA* by up to 20 % for shallow initial radial profile with a power-law slope $\gamma = 0.8$, and BH mass of $40 M_{\odot}$. We model the consumption rate analytically and compare it with the results from simulation. Stars make the main contribution in increasing the mass of SgrA*.
Indigenous empowerment and diversity in higher education

In this chapter, the author talks about the Australian higher education context as it currently stands and discusses various initiatives that are being implemented across Australian universities in the space of Indigenous equity. She discusses opportunities, issues and challenges that present themselves in her Australian context toward achieving diversity that is needed in higher education globally. Gender equity initiatives within higher education rarely identify specific groups of women within such targets. Without specific targets ensuring Indigenous equity within gender equity policies, gendered racial oppression will continue within higher education, with such actions continuing the privileging of white women and subjugation of women of colour. Teaching and leadership, research, and leadership and governance. In order to undermine the privilege and disadvantage that are pervasive in the academy, university leaders must look carefully at institutions to identify the specific causes of power imbalance and privilege.
Healthy People, Healthy Community: Evaluation of a train-the-trainers programme for community health workers on water, sanitation and hygiene in rural Haiti:

Objective:This evaluation examined the effectiveness and cultural compatibility of a community health worker (CHW) training programme on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Haiti.Design:Mixed-m...
Despite High Prevalence Pulmonary Hypertension is Infrequently Coded in EHR

Introduction Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a highly morbid condition most commonly secondary to co-morbid heart failure or hypoxic lung disease. The finding of PH has been associated with increased mortality, hospitalizations and financial burden. While PH is commonly diagnosed by echocardiogram (ECHO), further testing and referral to specialists has been reported to be infrequent. It is unknown if early identification and management by specialists improves outcomes. Despite advances in electronic health records (EHR), prevalence studies of PH remain limited. Using EHR data, we hope to set up a program for early identification of patients with PH to determine if these patients would benefit from additional therapies. With access to a large health system's EHR database, we have the ability to make this determination. As a first step, we need to learn how frequently PH is coded and by whom. Hypothesis Despite cardiac testing indicating the presence of PH, the outpatient diagnosis of PH is infrequently used as a billing diagnosis. Methods Retrospective analysis using EHR was performed to identify all patients from Jan 2, 2016 to Dec 31, 2016 at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center who met any of the following criteria for a diagnosis of PH: ECHO with pulmonary artery systolic pressure) greater than 36 mmHg, RHC with mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mmHg, or ICD-10 coding for PH. Demographic data from this cohort was obtained including gender, age, and past medical history as documented in EHR. Outcomes including hospitalizations and mortality were obtained. Results There were 11,369 patients seen at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from Jan 2, 2016 to Dec 31, 2016 who met criteria for a diagnosis of PH. PH was diagnosed by ECHO in 9,684 patients (85%), RHC in 394 patients (3%), and ICD codes in 1,291 patients (11%). The population had mean average age of 71 years and was 56% female and 44% male. PH was documented in 14% of patients. Past medical history showed coronary artery disease (27%), heart failure (28%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17%), and pulmonary embolism (6%). Two-year outcomes demonstrated that 64% of patients had been hospitalized and mortality was high (Table 1). Discussion PH is frequently identified but rarely coded in the EHR. PH identification is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography seems to be the primary modality for diagnosis. This descriptive analysis provides the foundation for future observations on the impact of identification of PH and early referral to subspecialists.
Adaptive Nonlinear Equalization for Digital Array Receivers

As low-cost fully digital array technology becomes more commercialized, techniques need to be developed to be able to deal with many of the inherent problems of these systems. This article focuses on mitigating the intermodulation distortion (IMD) caused by the low-input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of the low-noise amplifier (LNA) in a digital array element’s channel. The performance of solid-state electronics also varies with the temperature of the device, thus changing the device’s nonlinear characteristics. This article proposes an adaptive solution for nonlinear equalization (NLEQ) with the use of the least mean-square (LMS) algorithm. Data from a modern digital array channel are corrected using the proposed method; the channel nonlinearities are also characterized for further simulations. A simulation using these nonlinear coefficients shows that NLEQ can effectively mitigate the IMD of two strong interferers that had previously distorted the weak signal of interest. Finally, a nine-element fully digital array is simulated, showing the correlation of IMD with specific, predictable directions, and the decorrelation of these spurs after NLEQ is applied to each element of the array.
Impact of Body Mass Index on the Association of Ankle-Brachial Index With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Objective To assess the influence of body-mass index (BMI) on the association of ankle-brachial index (ABI) with mortality. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants enrolled from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2002 with BMI and ABI data available. ABI categories were 1.3 (high). BMI categories were Results In total, 4614 subjects were included, with mean age 56±12 years and BMI 28±6 kg/m2. Median follow-up was 10.3 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 9.3 to 11.4 years). Low and high ABI were present in 7% and 8%, respectively. After adjustment, low ABI was associated with increased all-cause and CV mortality in nonobese (hazard ratio [HR] 1.5, 95% CI, 1.1-2.1 for all-cause and 3.0 [1.8-5.1] for CV mortality) and obese individuals (1.8 [1.2-2.7] and 2.5 [1.2-5.6], respectively) compared with reference. High ABI was associated with increased CV mortality in nonobese (2.2 [1.1-4.5]) but not obese patients; it was not associated with all-cause mortality overall or when stratified by BMI. Conclusion In a US cohort, weight influenced the prognostic significance of high ABI. This may be related to technical factors reducing compressibility of the calf arteries in obese persons compared with those who are nonobese.
23 Evolutionary Social Psychology

An evolutionary perspective provides a powerful overarching framework with which to understand a broad range of social psychological and behavioral processes. From interacting with family, friends, and romantic partners, to navigating status hierarchies, to protecting oneself from sources of violence, most social processes can be understood through the lens of evolutionary thinking. According to evolutionary social psychology, many social behaviors reflect the presence of adaptations – mechanisms that have been passed down through thousands of generations of human evolution, and that have been designed through natural and sexual selection to serve specific functions ultimately related to reproductive success. This chapter begins by describing some of the fundamental assumptions and conceptual tools of an evolutionary approach. The chapter then reviews a range of both classic and emerging research that has applied an evolutionary perspective to understand complex social behaviors. This review is organized around a number of distinct social domains, including coalition formation (e.g., social affiliation, cooperation, and rejection), social status hierarchies (e.g., power and dominance), self-protection from threat (e.g., avoiding forms of physical harm and disease), mating (e.g., romantic attraction and the maintenance of long-term committed relationships), and parental care. The chapter concludes by discussing some of the current trends in contemporary social psychology, including research that integrates evolution and culture, and research that ties evolved psychological mechanisms to the specific biological processes that underlie them. Keywords: evolution; social psychology; relationships; cognition
INACTIVATION OF NADPH-CYTOCHROME P-450 () REDUCTASE BY 2,3-BUTANEDIONE AND PHENYLGLYOXAL. EVIDENCE FOR AN ESSENTIAL ARGININE

Hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 ( c ) reductase (NADPH: ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC l.6.2.4) is inactivated by incubation with 2,3-butanedione or phenylglyoxal, both of which have been used extensively to modify arginine residues in proteins. The extent of inactivation is dependent upon the time of incubation and the concentration of the reagent. NADPH, NADP + and 2′-AMP but not 5′-AMP protect the reductase from inactivation by 2,3-butanedione and phenylglyoxal. The reductase can be inactivated by these reagents whether it exists in its native environment of the microsomal membrane or has been purified following detergent solubilization. These data suggest that an arginine residue is present at the active site of the reductase which may function in the binding of NADPH by way of the 2′-phosphate moiety.
434 Correlation of endometrial tumor DNA mismatch repair status and MELF-pattern invasion

Introduction Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Between 10–30% of endometrial adenocarcinomas exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI), a type of genetic hypermutability that results from impaired DNA mismatch repair (MMR). On pathologic review, MSI can be indirectly identified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for deficient MMR protein expression. Another component of pathologic review is to assess for microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) pattern of invasion, characterized by a fibromyxoid stromal reaction and the formation of microcysts. To date, there are no studies assessing the correlation of MMR status and MELF-pattern invasion in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Methods We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective review of medical records and pathology slides of surgical cases of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma between January 2016 and January 2020. Results Our results did not demonstrate a correlation between MMR mutation status and the presence of MELF-pattern invasion. The presence of MMR mutation was associated with age, stage of disease, and a history of stroke. The presence of MELF-pattern invasion was not associated with various clinical factors or comorbidities. Conclusions Our study did not demonstrate a relationship between MMR status and presence of MELF pattern invasion. We also did not re-demonstrate prior findings that MELF-pattern invasion is associated with higher rates of lymph node metastases or lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI). Future directions include investigation into the relationship among MMR and age, stage of disease, and history of stroke, as this could potentially impact treatment planning.
Designing an online graduate community for research practice: Going beyond single purpose design

Providing library research support for graduate students during a thesis/dissertation or capstone project is a scaffolded and long-term process. Librarians meet with students several times as they ...