cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes

A new two-moment cloud microphysics scheme predicting the mixing ratios and number concentrations of five species (i.e., cloud droplets, cloud ice, snow, rain, and graupel) has been implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). This scheme is used to investigate the formation and evolution of trailing stratiform precipitation in an idealized two-dimensional squall line. Results are compared to those using a one-moment version of the scheme that predicts only the mixing ratios of the species, and diagnoses the number concentrations from the specified size distribution intercept parameter and predicted mixing ratio. The overall structure of the storm is similar using either the one- or two-moment schemes, although there are notable differences. The two-moment (2-M) scheme produces a widespread region of trailing stratiform precipitation within several hours of the storm formation. In contrast, there is negligible trailing stratiform precipitation using the one-moment (1-M) scheme. The primary reason for this difference are reduced rain evaporation rates in 2-M compared to 1-M in the trailing stratiform region, leading directly to greater rain mixing ratios and surface rainfall rates. Second, increased rain evaporation rates in 2-M compared to 1-M in the convective region at midlevels result in weaker convective updraft cells and increased midlevel detrainment and flux of positively buoyant air from the convective into the stratiform region. This flux is in turn associated with a stronger mesoscale updraft in the stratiform region and enhanced ice growth rates. The reduced (increased) rates of rain evaporation in the stratiform (convective) regions in 2-M are associated with differences in the predicted rain size distribution intercept parameter (which was specified as a constant in 1-M) between the two regions. This variability is consistent with surface disdrometer measurements in previous studies that show a rapid decrease of the rain intercept parameter during the transition from convective to stratiform rainfall.
Source-filter models for time-scale pitch-scale modification of speech

This paper presents two time-scale pitch-scale modification techniques to be used in speech synthesis systems. They have been applied to Microsoft's Whistler system, which is based on concatenative synthesis. Both methods are based on a source-filter model, one of them using LPC parameters and the other one using cepstral parameters. The proposed methods achieve high quality prosody modification, retain the characteristics of the donor speaker, allow for spectral manipulation (to reduce spectral discontinuities at unit boundaries), yield compact acoustic inventories and improved voiced fricatives.
Seal Blood, Inuit Blood, and Diet: A Biocultural Model of Physiology and Cultural Identity

Inuit models of nutrition constitute an integral part of Inuit cultural identity and influence diet selection. Interviews were conducted among five elders, the adults of three extended families (illagiit), and two other individuals to develop a model of food ingestion and health. The focus of the model is the special relationship between seals and Inuit. The cultural model has four linked components which provide an explanation of why Inuit select the foods they do. Inuit nutritional knowledge, as expressed in the cultural model, complements current scientific nutritional knowledge and can be shown to influence individual behavior under certain circumstances. Cultural models are shown to be useful for articulating the relationship between culture and individual health behaviors, such as diet selection.
Genotype-based association mapping of complex diseases: gene-environment interactions with multiple genetic markers and measurement error in environmental exposures

With the advent of dense single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, population-based association studies have become the major tools for identifying human disease genes and for fine gene mapping of complex traits. We develop a genotype-based approach for association analysis of case-control studies of gene-environment interactions in the case when environmental factors are measured with error and genotype data are available on multiple genetic markers. To directly use the observed genotype data, we propose two genotype-based models: genotype effect and additive effect models. Our approach offers several advantages. First, the proposed risk functions can directly incorporate the observed genotype data while modeling the linkage disequilibrium information in the regression coefficients, thus eliminating the need to infer haplotype phase. Compared with the haplotype-based approach, an estimating procedure based on the proposed methods can be much simpler and significantly faster. In addition, there is no potential risk due to haplotype phase estimation. Further, by fitting the proposed models, it is possible to analyze the risk alleles/variants of complex diseases, including their dominant or additive effects. To model measurement error, we adopt the pseudo-likelihood method by Lobach et al. [2008]. Performance of the proposed method is examined using simulation experiments. An application of our method is illustrated using a population-based case-control study of association between calcium intake with the risk of colorectal adenoma development.
Donor/recipient enhancement of memory in rat hippocampus

The critical role of the mammalian hippocampus in the formation, translation and retrieval of memory has been documented over many decades. There are many theories of how the hippocampus operates to encode events and a precise mechanism was recently identified in rats performing a short-term memory task which demonstrated that successful information encoding was promoted via specific patterns of activity generated within ensembles of hippocampal neurons. In the study presented here, these “representations” were extracted via a customized non-linear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) mathematical model which allowed prediction of successful performance on specific trials within the testing session. A unique feature of this characterization was demonstrated when successful information encoding patterns were derived online from well-trained “donor” animals during difficult long-delay trials and delivered via online electrical stimulation to synchronously tested naive “recipient” animals never before exposed to the delay feature of the task. By transferring such model-derived trained (donor) animal hippocampal firing patterns via stimulation to coupled naive recipient animals, their task performance was facilitated in a direct “donor-recipient” manner. This provides the basis for utilizing extracted appropriate neural information from one brain to induce, recover, or enhance memory related processing in the brain of another subject.
The Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Is Essential for the Action of Cardiac Glycosides

The widely accepted model to explain the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides invokes altered Na + -Ca 2+ exchange activity secondary to Na + pump inhibition. However, proof of this model is lacking and alternative mechanisms have been proposed. We directly tested the role of the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger in the action of the glycoside ouabain using Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger knockout mice. Ablation of the exchanger is embryonic lethal, but contractility can be studied in embryonic heart tubes at day 9.5 postcoitum. Heart tubes isolated from homozygous Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger knockout mice (NCX −/− ) display surprisingly normal Ca 2+ transients. Removal of extracellular Na + induces Ca 2+ overload in wild-type heart tubes but does not alter the Ca 2+ transients of NCX −/− heart tubes. Similarly, ouabain, at levels causing Ca 2+ overload in wild-type heart tubes, has no effect on NCX −/− heart tubes. We conclude that in embryonic mouse myocytes the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger is absolutely required for the effect of cardiac glycosides on Ca 2+ i .
Stiffness and Damping in Postural Control Increase With Age

Upright balance is believed to be maintained through active and passive mechanisms, both of which have been shown to be impacted by aging. A compensatory balance response often observed in older adults is increased co-contraction, which is generally assumed to enhance stability by increasing joint stiffness. We investigated the effect of aging on standing balance by fitting body sway data to a previously developed postural control model that includes active and passive stiffness and damping parameters. Ten young (24 ± 3 years) and seven older (75 ± 5 years) adults were exposed during eyes-closed stance to perturbations consisting of lateral pseudorandom floor tilts. A least-square fit of the measured body sway data to the postural control model found significantly larger active stiffness and damping model parameters in the older adults. These differences remained significant even after normalizing to account for different body sizes between the young and older adult groups. An age effect was also found for the normalized passive stiffness, but not for the normalized passive damping parameter. This concurrent increase in active stiffness and damping was shown to be more stabilizing than an increase in stiffness alone, as assessed by oscillations in the postural control model impulse response.
Epidemic Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, specifically, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity, was described in the 1960s and 1970s.1,2 However, these studies did not emphasize possible etiologies for this clustering phenomenon. In the 1987 Banting lecture, Reaven3 described clustering of cardiovascular risk factors as syndrome X and suggested that insulin resistance may be the cause. Specifically, Dr Reaven argued that this syndrome might occur even in individuals who are not obese. Pouliot et al4 emphasized visceral obesity as a possible cause of the metabolic syndrome. Using factor analysis (a multivariate statistical technique that reduces a large number of intercorrelated variables to a smaller number of underlying independent variables), Meigs et al5 showed in the Framingham Study that hypertension constitutes a separate factor from hyperinsulinemia. Using a direct measure of insulin resistance, the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) came to a similar conclusion.6 These 2 reports5,6 suggest that insulin resistance may be the underlying cause of many, but perhaps not all, clusters of cardiovascular risk factors initially described in the 1960s and 1970s. Insulin resistance is a common feature of both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Because the prevalence of diabetes and obesity has risen dramatically between 1990 and 2000,7 the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors is likely to increase as well. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome are multifactorial diseases of considerable heterogeneity.8 However, whereas diagnostic criteria for obesity and for type 2 diabetes are clear cut, this is not the case for the metabolic syndrome. There have been a number of attempts to develop standardized criteria for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed a definition in 1998 that stated that individuals need to show evidence of insulin resistance and at least 2 of 4 …
Second Harmonic Generation from Alkali Thin Films on AG(110)

The sensitivity of second harmonic generation at interfaces has been utilized to probe the spatial and frequency dependence of the local field generated near the surface of a nearly free electron metal by an externally imposed electromagnetic field. The longitudinal screening field was found to oscillate with a wavelength on the order of 10A and to propagate into the bulk several layers deep.
Multicore acceleration of priority-based schedulers for concurrency bug detection

Testing multithreaded programs is difficult as threads can interleave in a nondeterministic fashion. Untested interleavings can cause failures, but testing all interleavings is infeasible. Many interleaving exploration strategies for bug detection have been proposed, but their relative effectiveness and performance remains unclear as they often lack publicly available implementations and have not been evaluated using common benchmarks. We describe NeedlePoint, an open-source framework that allows selection and comparison of a wide range of interleaving exploration policies for bug detection proposed by prior work.Our experience with NeedlePoint indicates that priority-based probabilistic concurrency testing (the PCT algorithm) finds bugs quickly, but it runs only one thread at a time, which destroys parallelism by serializing executions. To address this problem we propose a parallel version of the PCT algorithm~(PPCT). We show that the new algorithm outperforms the original by a factor of 5x when testing parallel programs on an eight-core machine. We formally prove that parallel PCT provides the same probabilistic coverage guarantees as PCT. Moreover, PPCT is the first algorithm that runs multiple threads while providing coverage guarantees.
Aging of the reproductive system in the male hamster: behavioral and endocrine patterns.

The present experiments were designed to characterize changes in reproductive function, both behavioral and hormonal, in the aging male golden hamster, and to determine whether or not pinealectomy or exercise would alter any reproductive parameters in aging hamsters. In the first experiment males were decapitated at 4, 11, 24 and 31 months of age and the weights of the testes and sex accessory glands recorded. Trunk blood was collected for determination of serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Although the weights of the single seminal vesicles and epididymis were significantly lower at 31 than at 24 months, they were not less than those of postpubertal males at 4 months. Furthermore, these lower values for the 2 measures at 31 months were not accompanied by similar reductions in body weight, ventral prostate or paired testis weight. No age dependent declines in serum LH, FSH or testosterone were observed. Pinealectomy at 14 months of age did not alter any variable measured at 24 or 31 months of age. In the second experiment males were given 11 1 5-mm tests for copulatory behavior with receptive females. Males were tested monthly between 12 and 24 months of age, except for Months 13 and 23. The frequency of mounts and intromissions, the latency to intromit and ejaculate, and the length of the postejaculatory interval were recorded. Body weight and testis width were recorded monthly and serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels were determined via cardiac puncture at 12, 18 and 24 months. Half of the animals had access to a running wheel, but no effect of the wheel on any reproductive variable was observed. The percentage of males ejaculating remained above 80% for males at all ages. There were no age dependent changes in the number of intromissions, latency to intromit or the length of the postejaculatory interval. The latency to ejaculate increased gradually but significantly after the males were 20 months old. There were no significant changes in testis width, serum testosterone, LH or FSH levels with age. The results clearly show that no serious decrements in reproductive function occur, either in behavior or in endocrine milieu, with age in the male golden hamster. Although the latency to ejaculate increased gradually with age, even the oldest males exhibited the entire copulatory sequence of behaviors when paired with receptive females.
Impact of weekday social contact patterns on the modeling of influenza transmission, and determination of the influenza latent period

Human social contact patterns show marked day-of-week variations, with a higher frequency of contacts occurring during weekdays when children are in school, and adults are in contact with co-workers, than typically occur on weekends. Using epidemic modeling, we show that using the average of social contacts during the week in the model yields virtually identical predictions of epidemic final size and the timing of the epidemic incidence peak as a model that incorporates weekday social contact patterns. This is true of models with a constant weekly average contact rate throughout the year, and also of models that assume seasonality of transmission. Our modeling studies reveal, however, that weekday social contact patterns can produce substantial weekday variations in an influenza incidence curve, and the pattern of variation is sensitive to the influenza latent period. The possible observability of weekday patterns in daily influenza incidence data opens up an interesting avenue of further inquiry that can shed light on the latent period of pandemic influenza. The duration of the latent period must be known with precision in order to design effective disease intervention strategies, such as use of antivirals. For a hypothetical influenza pandemic, we thus perform a simulation study to determine the number of cases needed to observe the weekday variation pattern in influenza epidemic incidence data. Our studies suggest that these patterns should be observable at 95% confidence in daily influenza hospitalization data from large cities over 75% of the time. Using 2009 A(H1N1) daily case data recorded by a large hospital in Santiago, Chile, we show that significant weekday incidence patterns are evident. From these weekday incidence patterns, we estimate the latent period of influenza to be [0.04, 0.60] days (95% CI). This method for determination of the influenza latent period in a community setting is novel, and unique in its approach.
The Use of Volatile Fatty Acids for the Control of Microorganisms in Pine Sawdust Litter

Abstract Volatile fatty acids (60% acetic and 40% propionic) were mixed into fresh pine sawdust at 1% and 3% (w./w.) levels. Unsexed day-old broiler chicks were placed on the litter at a density of 0.06 m.2 per bird and reared to 8 weeks of age. There was no significant effect among treatments on the mean body weight, feed conversion efficiency or mortality. The bacterial count was retarded for at least a week. The mold count was slightly decreased at the 3% treatment level for the first 2 weeks. The pH of the litter was reduced significantly (P
Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat

Anterograde labeling techniques were used to define the terminal distributions in the thalamus of afferents arising in the deep cerebellar nuclei, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. Anterograde and retrograde labeling methods were then used to determine the extent of the cortical projections of the cerebellar relay nuclei. The cerebellar projection to the contralateral ventral nuclei of the thalamus terminates in a zone which is separate from that receiving pallido- and nigrothalamic fibers. None of the zones of termination of these fiber systems corresponds to commonly recognized cytoarchitectonic divisions. Instead, they include parts of the ventroanterior (VA), ventrolateral (VL) and principal ventromedial (VMp) nuclei. Some cells within the zone of termination of cerebellar afferents project to parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7). A further, distinct group of cells in this zone projects to motor cortex (area 4). But projections to area 4 also arise from small groups of cells: (a) in the zone receiving nigro- and pallidothalamic fibers; (b) in the part of VL, distinct from the cerebellar terminal zone, in which spinothalamic fibers terminate. Cerebellar, nigral, and entopeduncular fibers also terminate in the intralaminar nuclei. These projections are far greater in extent than those arising in the spinal cord. Some parts of the intralaminar nuclei are dominated by a particular afferent system, while others show substantial overlap of the terminal zone of several afferent systems.
Cystatin C– and Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Vascular Disease, and Mortality in Persons With Diabetes in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE Serum cystatin C is an alternative to serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR), since cystatin C is less influenced by age and muscle mass. Among persons with diabetes, we compared the performance of GFR estimated using cystatin C (eGFRcys) with that using creatinine (eGFRcr) for the identification of reduced kidney function and its association with diabetes complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from adult participants from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with available cystatin C (N = 4,457). Kidney function was dichotomized as preserved (eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) or reduced (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) using the 2012 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) cystatin C and the 2009 CKD-EPI creatinine equations. RESULTS Among 778 persons with diabetes, the prevalence of reduced kidney function was 16.5% using eGFRcr and 22.0% using eGFRcys. More persons with diabetes were reclassified from preserved kidney function by eGFRcr to reduced kidney function by eGFRcys than persons without diabetes (odds ratio 3.1 [95% CI 1.9-4.9], P < 0.001). The associations between lower eGFR and higher prevalence of albuminuria, retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery disease were robust regardless of filtration marker. Similarly, the risk of all-cause mortality increased with lower eGFRcr and eGFRcys. Only lower eGFRcys was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS More persons with diabetes had reduced kidney function by eGFRcys than by eGFRcr, and lower eGFRcys was strongly associated with diabetes complications. Whether eGFRcys is superior to eGFRcr in approximating true kidney function in a diabetic population requires additional study.
RhoB Is Dispensable for Mouse Development, but It Modifies Susceptibility to Tumor Formation as Well as Cell Adhesion and Growth Factor Signaling in Transformed Cells

RhoB is an endosomal small GTPase that is implicated in the response to growth factors, genotoxic stress, and farnesyltransferase inhibitors. To gain insight into its physiological functions we examined the consequences of homozygous gene deletion in the mouse. Loss of RhoB did not adversely affect mouse development, fertility, or wound healing. However, embryo fibroblasts cultured in vitro exhibited a defect in motility, suggesting that RhoB has a role in this process that is conditional on cell stress. Neoplastic transformation by adenovirus E1A and mutant Ras yielded differences in cell attachment and spreading that were not apparent in primary cells. In addition, transformed −/− cells displayed altered actin and proliferative responses to transforming growth factor β. A negative modifier role in transformation was suggested by the increased susceptibility of −/− mice to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced skin carcinogenesis and by the increased efficiency of intraperitoneal tumor formation by −/− cells. Our findings suggest that RhoB is a negative regulator of integrin and growth factor signals that are involved in neoplastic transformation and possibly other stress or disease states.
Abstract 423: Associations Between Improved Fitness and a Marker of Hypertension Associated Neuro Degenerative Disease S 00B

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s have recently been linked to hypertension (HTN). S100B is a marker of cerebral injury and the progression of neuro-degeneration. Serum levels of S100B are known to be increased after acute brain trauma, with the progression of chronic neuro-degenerative diseases, and even in the presence of HTN. Optimization of aerobic fitness has long been implicated in the treatment and prevention of HTN. However, no study has investigated whether aerobic exercise training (AEXT) has an effect on the prevention of hypertension associated neurodegenerative disease markers such as S100B. METHODS: 18 participants ages 40-62 were assessed. To be considered for inclusion participants had to be free of any cardiovascular disease, non-smoking and sedentary. After inclusion participants underwent blood draws, blood pressure (BP) measurements, flow mediated dilation (FMD) analysis using Doppler ultrasound and aerobic exercise testing by measuring VO2max. Participants then followed AEXT (3days/week, 65% of VO2max, 40 minutes/day) for 6 months. S100B serum levels were assessed using an ELISA Assay (Milipore, USA). Results: AEXT did not significantly change serum S100B levels or BP. However, VO2max fitness levels (24.55 ± 1.01 vs. 27.52 ± 1.59 mL/kg/min) and FMD percentage (6.47 ± 0.9 vs. 9.75 ± 1.09 %) increased significantly (p≤0.008 and p≤0.048 respectively). Although there were no significant correlations between S100B and the above variables before and after AEXT, S100B levels were inversely correlated with VO2max after the six months of AEXT (r = -.594, p≤0.009). Also, participants who improved their VO2max level by at least 3ml/kg/min (N=10) had significantly (p≤0.008) lower S100B levels (45.43 ± 11.9 vs. 64.19 ± 14.16 pg/mL) after the completion of AEXT than participants who did not (N=8). Conclusion: Although AEXT did not lower BP, it did improve endothelial function. Also, people who responded to AEXT, had significantly better S100B levels. Additionally, the fact that S100B was inversely correlated to VO2max, as was the case after AEXT, implicates a potential role for the improvement of aerobic fitness in the prevention of HTN-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract 363: Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation Promotes Efficient Nuclear Reprogramming and Endothelial Differentiation

Introduction: Stem cell therapy for vascular regeneration has been investigated using embryonic stem cells. We recently generated endothelial cells (ECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and investigated their potential to promote the perfusion of ischemic tissue in a murine model of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, to utilize iPSCs therapeutically, the cells should be generated via non-integrating approaches to avoid integration of foreign DNA into the genome. Objective: The present study highlights underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and investigates the role of novel pathways in enhancing nuclear reprogramming for potential clinical application. Results: Since the initial discovery, different non-integrating approaches have been developed to generate iPSCs. One such approach is to deliver the pluripotent factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc) as cell-permeant proteins (CPPs). However, human cells have not been reprogrammed using purified CPPs. In seeking to develop this approach, we discovered a striking difference in the pattern of gene expression induced by viral versus protein-based delivery of the reprogramming factors. This suggested that a signaling pathway required for efficient nuclear reprogramming was activated by the retroviral, but not CPP approach. In both gain- and loss-of function studies, we find that activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a role in the efficient reprogramming of human cells using viral approaches. Stimulation of TLR3 causes rapid changes in the expression of epigenetic modifiers, with chromatin remodeling and changes in gene expression that favors induction of pluripotency. Importantly, knowing that this pathway is critical, we were able to generate human iPSCs using CPPs by adding a TLR3 agonist (Poly IC) to the reprogramming protocol. Conclusion: Recognition of the role of innate immunity signaling in reprogramming may advance the therapeutic application of iPSCs. We intend to develop an efficient protein-based system to generate EC and determine their therapeutic potential in animal models of PAD. Furthermore, we have discovered an important signaling pathway in reprogramming, which may have implications in cancer biology and regenerative medicine.
Adaptive shaping of cortical response selectivity in the vibrissa pathway

One embodiment of context-dependent sensory processing is bottom-up adaptation, where persistent stimuli decrease neuronal firing rate over hundreds of milliseconds. Adaptation is not, however, simply the fatigue of the sensory pathway, but shapes the information flow and selectivity to stimulus features. Adaptation enhances spatial discriminability (distinguishing stimulus location) while degrading detectability (reporting presence of the stimulus), for both the ideal observer of the cortex and awake, behaving animals. However, how the dynamics of the adaptation shape the cortical response and this detection and discrimination tradeoff is unknown, as is to what degree this phenomenon occurs on a continuum as opposed to a switching of processing modes. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging in anesthetized rats to capture the temporal and spatial characteristics of the cortical response to tactile inputs, we showed that the suppression of the cortical response, in both magnitude and spatial spread, is continuously modulated by the increasing amount of energy in the adapting stimulus, which is nonuniquely determined by its frequency and velocity. Single-trial ideal observer analysis demonstrated a tradeoff between detectability and spatial discriminability up to a moderate amount of adaptation, which corresponds to the frequency range in natural whisking. This was accompanied by a decrease in both detectability and discriminability with high-energy adaptation, which indicates a more complex coupling between detection and discrimination than a simple switching of modes. Taken together, the results suggest that adaptation operates on a continuum and modulates the tradeoff between detectability and discriminability that has implications for information processing in ethological contexts.
A multi-stakeholder market oriented approach to destination marketing

Abstract In this conceptual paper, the market-orientation construct is considered in the context of destination marketing. Based on a review of the contemporary theoretical perspectives regarding the scope of marketing thought, this paper asserts that certain conceptual and operational issues render the extant conceptualizations of a market orientation incompatible with the unique structure of destination marketing. To reconcile the long-standing market-orientation paradigm to the distinctive conditions of the destination marketing environment, a multi-stakeholder market orientation (MSMO) construct is proposed. This construct is developed to reflect the unique stakeholder structure of the organizations that market destinations. The theoretical and practical implications of such a construct are considered.
ESTIMATION OF THE CHANGE POINT OF A NORMAL PROCESS MEAN WITH A LINEAR TREND DISTURBANCE

AbstractKnowing when a process changed would simplify the search and identification of the special cause. In this paper, we compare the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the process change point designed for linear trends to the MLE of the process change point designed for step changes when a linear trend disturbance is present. As expected, our conclusions show that the MLE of the process change point designed for linear trends outperforms the MLE designed for step changes when the change type is a linear trend. We also present an approach based on the likelihood function for estimating a confidence set for the process change point. We study the performance of this estimator when it is used with a Shewhart x control chart and make direct performance comparisons with the estimated confidence sets obtained from the MLE for step changes. As expected, results show that better confidence can be obtained using the MLE for linear trends when a linear trend disturbance is present.
Maclaurin's Second Formula and its Generalization

(1963). Maclaurin's Second Formula and its Generalization. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 44-52.
Photonic Sintering of Aerosol Jet Printed Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Thick Films

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is a commonly used piezoelectric material due to its high piezoelectric response. We demonstrate a new method of printing and sintering micro-scale PZT films with low substrate temperature increase. Self-prepared PZT ink was Aerosol-Jet printed on stainless steel substrates. After drying for 2 h in vacuum at 200°C, the printed PZT films were divided into two groups. The first group was traditionally sintered, using a thermal process at 1000°C for 1 h in an Argon environment. The second group was photonically sintered using repetitive sub-msec pulses of high intensity broad spectrum light in an atmospheric environment. The highest measured substrate temperature during photonic sintering was 170.7°C, enabling processing on low melting point substrates. Ferroelectric measurements were performed with a low-frequency sinusoidal signal. The remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) for thermally sintered PZT film were 17.1 μC/cm2 and 6.3 kV/cm, respectively. The photonically sintered film had 32.4 μC/cm2 Pr and 6.7 kV/cm Ec. After poling the samples with 20 kV/cm electric field for 2 h at 150°C, the piezoelectric voltage constant (g33) was measured for the two film groups yielding −16.9 × 10−3 (V·m)·N−1 (thermally sintered) and −17.9 × 10−3 (V·m)·N−1 (photonically sintered). Both factors indicate the PZT films were successfully sintered using both methods, with the photonically sintered material exhibiting superior electrical properties. To further validate photonic sintering of PZT on low melting point substrates, the process and measurements were repeated using a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The measured Pr and Ec were 23.1 μC/cm2 and 5.1 kV/cm, respectively. The g33 was −17.3 × 10−3 (V·m)·N−1. Photonic sintering of thick film PZT directly on low melting point substrates eliminates the need for complex layer transfer processes often associated with flexible PZT transducers.
Investigation of injury among fishermen and discussion of its intervention measure in Shengsi County,Zhoushan city

Objective To investigate the injuries among fishermen and provide scientific basis for its control and prevention. Methods The related data was collected by questionnaire method with face-to-face interview. Results 1336 of fishermen were investigated and 110 cases of injury occurred in one year with occurrence rate of 8.52%. mainly occurred in March to May and November. Occurrence rate of injury was in groups of 30-40 years old and 20-30 years old. Top three of the occurrence rate of injury were among fishermen with illiteracy, primary school, junior high school education background,which were 13.70%, 6.96% and 9.05% respectively. The top three injury type were muscle injury, cutting injury and fracture. The top three injury position were hands, feet and wrists. The main places of injuries occurred are in ship and wharf most happened during casting and pulling nets. The occurrence rate of injury among non-locals was higher than local fishermen, they are 9.94% and 8.05% respectively. Conclusion Injury among fishermen in Shengsi county has epidemiological characteristic and could be reduced by technique improvement and training.
Introduction to the molecular biology of cancer: translation to the clinic.

Publisher Summary Advances in molecular biology over the past several decades are steadily applied to the understanding of the molecular biology of cancer, and these advances in knowledge are translated into the clinical practice of oncology. Many examples can be cited to demonstrate it. Some of them are listed in this chapter. In the second chapter, a detailed understanding of the target's structure and function is necessary to identify a targeted drug's mechanism of action and the mechanisms of resistance development to the drug. In addition, the use of cytotoxic drugs in combination with targeted drugs will most likely continue to be the most efficacious approach to treating cancer. All successful approaches to new cancer treatment depend on the adaptation of molecular findings into the clinic, so-called translational research. Chapter 3 describes how it is done; chapter 4 discusses the recent discovery of gene fusions in solid cancers, such as prostate, breast, and lung cancers; and chapter 5 discusses the technique to isolate cancer cells from the blood of cancer patients and how the monitoring of serial changes in circulatory breast cancer cells can be used as an index of cancer progression in both murine xenograft models of human breast cancer and in patients with breast cancer. This current chapter also presents what is discussed in the rest of the chapters of the book, Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science , Volume 95.
Identification of seizure onset zone using automatically detected spike and high-frequency oscillation in human intracranial EEG

High frequency oscillations (HFOs) have been considered as reliable biomarkers for seizure onset zone (SOZ) that may potentially benefit the presurgical evaluation in epilepsy surgery. By applying an automatic technique, we explored the spatial characteristics of ripples (80–250 Hz), fast ripples (250–500 Hz) and spikes using human iEEG data recorded in 5 patients with refractory temporal epilepsy, and related our results to clinician-identified SOZ. Fast ripples, which generally appeared within the spiking regions, reached 100% of specificity when used for SOZ approximation, whereas spikes showed highest sensitivity of 92%. Our results indicate that the information of HFOs and spikes can be fused together to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease. Automatic detectors can be used efficiently to identify different types of neural activities, and thus facilitate the accurate delineation of SOZ.
The Boundary Commission, 1925

The first Labour government lasted ten months. When the end came it had nothing to do with Ireland or the inordinate amount of time MacDonald and his colleagues had spent on the outstanding issue of the Anglo-Irish Treaty — the establishment of the Boundary Commission. In July 1924, J. R. Campbell, editor of the communist Worker’s Weekly, published an article urging British soldiers not to fire on their fellow workers, either during a strike or at any other time. Both the content of the article and its distribution were viewed as seditious and, in August, Campbell was arrested. However, under intense pressure from left-wingers inside his own party, the Attorney-General, Sir Patrick Hastings, dropped the charges. Hastings, who had undoubtedly been so successful in his harrying of the Conservative government the year before on the issue of the Irish deportations, thus handed a clear-cut political opportunity to the opposition parties at Westminster. Both the Tories and the Liberals decided to make this an issue of confidence in the Labour government and combined in the subsequent censure motion on 8 October to defeat the Labour government by a substantial majority. A general election was held on 29 October, and Labour was replaced by a Conservative government elected with its largest majority since 1832.
Going Beyond Gluten-Free

* Abbreviations: CD — : celiac disease tTG-IgA — : tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A antibody Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune, small intestinal enteropathy caused by a permanent sensitivity to gluten from wheat, rye, and barley in genetically susceptible individuals. Affecting ∼1% of children,1 CD is more common than sickle cell disease or type 1 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of CD continues to increase, partially due to increasing clinical and public awareness.2 Even so, it is believed that a large majority of patients remain undiagnosed. Young children often present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and failure to thrive, whereas older children and adolescents are more likely to present with poor growth and extraintestinal symptoms such as anemia and delayed puberty.3 Once diagnosed, treatment requires lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet and failure to do so places patients at risk of multiple health concerns, including suboptimal growth, progressive osteoporosis, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, and shortened life expectancy.3,4 Thus, timely diagnosis and treatment, with regular follow-up to ensure compliance, are essential for the long-term health and well-being of all who have CD. Current guidelines for … Address correspondence to Tracy R. Ediger, MD, PhD, 700 Children’s Dr, Columbus, OH 43205. E-mail: tracy.ediger{at}nationwidechildrens.org
Selective Permeability of Truncated Aquaporin 1 in Silico.

Aquaporin (AQP) proteins function as highly efficient water transport channels that support homeostasis in many types of living cells. Their structure–function relationships have been characterized extensively in fundamental and applied research, primarily via structural analysis, mutational studies, and computational approaches. The present study evaluates the effects of progressive truncations on the permeability and ionic conductivity of AQP-1 (bovine). The use of truncations to determine critical features has not been considered previously, as physical truncation of AQP is likely not technically feasible due to the ornate arrangement of six interwoven alpha helices in a single pore structure. However, structures not obtainable through protein assembly can be realized via synthetic chemistry approaches and studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Here, we apply the MD method to characterize the permeability of AQP variants truncated along the pore axis from both cytoplasmic and extracellular ...
Tungsten thermionic emitter surfaces improved by chemical vapor deposition

Surfaces can be produced with a high degree of preferred crystal orientation. Observation indicates that emission is uniform.
The development, evidence, and current use of ATX-101 for the treatment of submental fat.

ummary ATX-101 (deoxycholic acid) is the first pharmaceutical therapy approved by the FDA for the reduction in submental fat. Deoxycholic acid is an endogenous secondary bile acid that normally solubilizes dietary fat, contributing to its breakdown and absorption within the gut. This article reviews the identification of deoxycholic acid as a lipolytic agent, and the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ATX-101. In addition to phase I/II trials, four Phase III clinical trials have evaluated safety and efficacy of ATX-101. These studies helped establish the appropriate dosage, administration techniques, warnings, and side effects of ATX-101. ATX-101 is effective in treating submental fat. Adverse events, although common, are mild and transient.
On a criterion of incipient motion and entrainment into suspension of a particle from cuttings bed in shear flow of non-Newtonian fluid

Solids transport is a major issue in high angle wells. Bed-load forms by sediment while transport and accompanied by intermittent contact with stream-bed by rolling, sliding and bouncing. The study presents the results of a numerical simulation of a laminar steady-state flow around a particle at rest and in free motion in a shear flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluid. The simulation was performed using the OpenFOAM open-source CFD package. A criterion for particle incipient motion and entrainment into suspension from cuttings bed (Shields criteria) based on forces and torques balance is discussed. Deflection of the fluid parameters from the ones of Newtonian fluid leads to decreasing of the drag and lift forces and the hydrodynamic moment. Thus, the critical shear stress (Shields parameter) for the considered non-Newtonian fluid must be greater than the one for a Newtonian fluid.
On-Site Soil Systems, Nitrogen Removal

The problems resulting from uncontrolled discharge of nitrogen-rich wastewater range from eutrophication in receiving waters to methemoglobinemia and interference with the cardiac function in humans (1). These and other effects have been evaluated and documented by a number of workers (2, 3). In the design of on-site wastewater treatment facilities, one is therefore responsible for the control of nitrogen release in order to protect ground and surface water resources. A biological nitrogen removal technique which is passive, energy free and requires no more maintenance than a conventional septic tank system would be useful for areas where nitrate pollution from septic tank systems may be a potential problem.
Determinants and Outcomes of Hospice Utilization Among Patients with Advance-Staged Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Veteran Affairs Population.

Hospice provides integrative palliative care for advance-staged hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but hospice utilization in HCC patients in the USA is not clearly understood. We examined hospice use and subsequent clinical course in advance-staged HCC patients. We conducted a retrospective study on a national, Veterans Affairs cohort with stage C or D HCC. We evaluated demographics, clinical factors, treatment, and clinical course in relation to hospice use. We identified 814 patients with advanced HCC, of whom 597 (73.3%) used hospice. Oncologist management consistently predicted hospice use, irrespective of HCC treatment [no treatment: OR 2.25 (1.18–4.3), treatment: OR 1.80 (1.10–2.95)]. Among patients who received HCC treatment, hospice users were less likely to have insurance beyond VA benefits (47.2 vs. 60.0%, p = 0.01). Among patients without HCC treatment, hospice users were older (62.2 [17.2] vs. 60.2 [14.0] years, p = 0.05), white (62.1 vs. 52.9%, p = 0.01), resided in the Southern USA (39.5 vs. 31.8%, p = 0.05), and had a performance score ≥ 3 (41.9 vs. 31.8%, p = 0.01). The median time from hospice entry to death or end of study was 1.05 [2.96] months for stage C and 0.53 [1.18] months for stage D patients. 26.7% advance-staged HCC patients never entered hospice, representing potential missed opportunities for improving end-of-life care. Age, race, location, performance, insurance, and managing specialty can predict hospice use. Differences in managing specialty and short-term hospice use suggest that interventions to optimize early palliative care are necessary.
Do It KWIC (Better)

This chapter expands upon the previous chapter in order to build an interactive and reusable Key Word in Context (KWIC) application that allows for quick and intuitive KWIC list building. Readers are introduced to interactive R functions including readline and functions for data type conversion.
Critical Incidents in the Scale-Up of State Multitiered Systems of Supports:

State and national educational leaders encourage the use of an integrated multitiered system of supports (MTSS) to improve services to students with academic and social behavior problems. Implement...
Vasopressin Receptor Antagonism in PKD

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited renal disease and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Improvements of imaging techniques over the years have facilitated the observation of its structural progression and the understanding of its natural history. Intracellular levels of cAMP have been found to be increased in many animal models of PKD and found to play an important role in its pathogenesis. Vasopressin acting on V2 receptors is the most powerful agonist for cAMP generation in the kidney. The almost exclusive localization of the V2 receptor on collecting ducts and distal nephron, the main sites of cystogenesis, provides opportunities for treatment with relative safety. Several experimental studies have shown that vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists slow the rate of cyst development and kidney growth in models for cystic kidney disease and have laid the foundation for clinical trials in patients with ADPKD. The largest clinical study to date conducted in patients with ADPKD, the Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of ADPKD and its Outcomes (TEMPO) 3:4, has shown that tolvaptan, when given over a period of 3 years, slows the increase in total kidney volume and the decline in kidney function in patients with ADPKD. Based on these results, tolvaptan has been approved in Japan, Canada, and Europe as a therapy to slow the progression in ADPKD.