cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freezing of gait subtypes have different cognitive correlates in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Freezing of gait (FOG) is a major concern for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients because it is a leading cause of falls and is associated with poor quality of life. The pathophysiology is unknown but it is hypothesized that it relates to cognitive abnormalities; particularly executive and visuospatial dysfunction. However, prior results have been discrepant. Pharmacologic subtypes of FOG include those that are responsive and unresponsive to levodopa. Objective To determine whether executive and visuospatial dysfunction are associated specifically with the levodopa unresponsive subtype of FOG. Methods 135 PD subjects completed a single assessment included FOG questionnaire, UPDRS motor scale, comprehensive cognitive battery and measure of hallucinations. Analyses compared unresponsive (n = 16), responsive (n = 20) and no FOG (n = 99) subtypes. Results The unresponsive subtype had a significantly older age of onset of PD than the responsive group (p = .03) and had worse motor scores (p = .003) than the no FOG group. Longer disease duration was associated with the responsive group compared to the no FOG group (p = .002). The unresponsive FOG group had significantly poorer visuospatial ability (p = .001) and executive functioning (p = .02) than both the no and responsive FOG subgroups. These latter groups were not significantly different. The responsive FOG group was associated with the presence of hallucinations. Conclusion Aside from pharmacological differences, unresponsive FOG is associated with executive and visuospatial dysfunction implicating frontostriatal pathways while responsive FOG is associated with hallucinations suggesting involvement of posterior cortical regions. Further study and treatment of FOG should include appropriate subtype classification.
Systems of Consanguinity

IN Sir John Lubbock's vindication of his original charge that I seem to have two theories of the facts in my work on Consanguinity (NATURE, vol. xii. p. 124), he fails to show that the classificatory system was interpreted by me as “arbitrary, artificial, and intentional.” This is one of the theories, and in fact the principal one, which he ascribes to me, and which I repudiate. The other theory, that which I did advocate, is presented both in his address before the Anthropological Institute and in this vindication (stated partially and imperfectly), as something that I “admit.” “Mr. Morgan admits that systems of relationship have undergone a gradual development, following that of the social system.” (Address, p. 4, NATURE, vol. xii. p. 125.)
Randomized controlled trial comparing Merocel and RapidRhino packing in the management of anterior epistaxis.

Objectives: A prospective non-blinded randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of Merocel® and RapidRhino® nasal packs in the treatment of anterior epistaxis. Methods: Fifty-two consecutive participants admitted with anterior epistaxis refractory to digital pressure or nasal cautery were randomized to treatment using one or other of the nasal packs. Patients who required repacking because of continued bleeding, only the first packs were included in the analysis. Haemostatic properties of the packs were measured by grading bleeding during and after removal of the pack (0–4, where four is uncontrollable) and by noting if the nose was re-packed or not. The difficulty of insertion and removal (graded 0–3 by clinician where 3 is the most difficult) and the participant's perception of discomfort (graded 0–10, where 10 is the worst pain) during insertion and removal of the pack were also measured. Results: For bleeding, the mean values for Merocel® and RapidRhino® during packing and after pack removal were not significant (P = 0.38 and 0.82 respectively). The mean values of patient discomfort on insertion were 6.9 and 5.0 (P = 0.01), and for discomfort on removal were 4.6 and 3.4 (P = 0.05) respectively. The mean values of insertion graded by the clinician were 1.7 and 0.9 (P = 0.0003), and for removal were 1.4 and 0.4 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: RapidRhino® and Merocel® are equally effective in the control of anterior epistaxis but RapidRhino® is significantly more comfortable for the patient and easier for the healthcare worker during insertion and removal.
Bringing Galileo to Life

Heilbron's rich biography portrays Galileo's work in the context of the social and cultural world of early modern Italy.
Functional Local Input to Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Visual Cortex

Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex can be differentiated into 3 cell subtypes: 1) short regular spiking (SH), 2) tall regular spiking (TR), and 3) tall burst spiking (TB), based on their morphological and electrophysiological properties. We characterized the functional excitatory local input to these 3 cell subtypes in rat primary visual cortex using laser-scanning photostimulation. Although all cell types received significant input from all cortical layers, SH neurons received stronger input from layer 4 and weaker input from layer 5 than did tall pyramidal cells. However, the laminar input to the 2 populations of tall pyramidal cells was indistinguishable. Simultaneous paired recording were then used to calculate a correlation probability (CP) to infer the proportion of shared input based on the occurrence of simultaneous synaptic potentials. Tall pairs of matched type had significantly higher CPs compared with unmatched pairs, suggesting that subpopulations of layer 4, 5, and 6 neurons preferentially connect to each tall cell type. Hence, this study shows that unconnected but matching pairs of tall pyramidal neurons, but not short pyramidal neurons, receive functional input from different interconnected networks within layers 4, 5, and 6.
Protecting children from environmental risks throughout each stage of their childhood

Children’s susceptibility to environmental contaminants can vary significantly by life stage. The recent adoption by the US Environmental Protection Agency of a standard set of childhood age groups is proving instrumental in improving our ability to protect children by more consistently considering life-stage changes when assessing exposure, dose, and risk.
Multi-phase precipitates in interstitial-free steels

In Ti-stabilized interstitial-free (IF) steels, TiS and Ti[sub 4]C[sub 2]S[sub 2] have been found to dominate the precipitation process in the temperature range 1,300 C to 1,000 C. In this current work, Ti[sub 4]C[sub 2]S[sub 2] and TiS have been found to coexist within the same precipitate, forming a sandwich-like composite particle. This particle has an inner layer of Ti[sub 4]C[sub 2]S[sub 2] and two outer layers of TiS. In addition, the proportion of these layers in any given composite particle has been found to vary with processing condition. A detailed discussion of these observations will be presented in a later publication. The purpose of this paper is to describe a few examples of the internal structure and the orientation relationship found between Ti[sub 4]C[sub 2]S[sub 2] and TiS inside the sandwich-like composite particles.
Staining and mounting helminths.

The following procedure is recommended: Fix ces-todes and trematodes (while held flat between glass slides) 0.5–2.0 hr. in the following mixture: formalin, 15; acetic acid (gl.), 5; glycerol, 10; 95% ethyl alcohol, 24; distilled H2O, 46; all proportions by volume. After freeing them from the slides, wash thoroughly in running water and stain immediately thereafter. Stock staining solution: ferric ammonium alum (violet cryst.), 2 g.; distilled H2O (cold) 100 ml.; after solution, add 2 ml. concentrated H2SO4, bring to a boil; add 1 g. coelestin blue B (Nat. Aniline), boil 3–5 min.; cool and add 10 ml. absolute methyl alcohol and 10 ml. glycerol. Dilute 1 vol. with 3 vol. distilled H20 for use. Stain 5–30 min., depending on size of specimens. Wash with 2 changes 0.5 hr. each of distilled H2O, then 50% isopropyl alcohol 12–16 hr., 50% isopropyl alcohol 2 hr., followed by graded isopropyl alcohol for dehydration. Ether: ethyl alcohol (equal parts), 1 hr., is followed by embedding in celloidin in a sheet just t...
Walt Disney and the creation of emotional environments: interpreting Walt Disney's oeuvre from the Disney studios to Disneyland, CalArts, and the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT)

Walt Disney is arguably the most influential figure in the twentieth-century affair with animation. Although he is known for his innovations in personality animation and the full-length animation film, he is no less famous as the creator of the first theme park, Disneyland. Less well-known are his forays into the creation of educational institutions and urban landscapes. This paper argues that the notion of ‘emotional environments’, culled from contemporary research in the growing field of the history of emotions, might prove the most effective tool for interpreting the overall character of Disney's work or oeuvre. The paper argues that thanks to the influence on him of the Hollywood studio environment that had come into operation in California in the 1920s, Disney's animation experiments were intimately linked with his increasing efforts to fashion an emotional environment that would transfer the emotions associated with animation and motion pictures to three-dimensional realities, providing both childre...
Variable Speed Constant Voltage D-C Generators

Generators for producing essentially constant voltage when operating from a variable speed source have been developed. Two types of variable speed constant potential generators are described that obtain regulation without the use of regulators having moving parts. One type makes use of a thyrite regulator to obtain the desired characteristics. The other type is inherently self-regulating and, therefore, requires no external regulation. These generators are sufficiently flexible to allow a wide variation in their design and operating characteristics.
Before the Countermajoritarian Difficulty: Regime Unity, Loyal Opposition, and Hostilities toward Judicial Authority in Early America

Traditional accounts of presidential hostility toward judicial authority rely on the federal judiciary's structure for explanatory leverage, focusing particularly on the court's potential to reach countermajoritarian rulings. By evaluating executive-judicial relations during the early republic, that is, the years prior to the Civil War, I suggest that anti-court sentiment stemmed not only from antipathy toward unelected judges or the seemingly undemocratic possibilities of judicial review, but also from a civic republican apprehension toward opposition. I show, first, that Jefferson, Jackson, and Van Buren considered open and stable opposition to be a harbinger of civil unrest and strove to preserve unity among the federal branches, and second, that this fear and corresponding aspiration toward unity underlay these presidents' concerns about judicial authority. As such, I argue that the presumption of the judiciary's countermajoritarian difficulty could be understood as a political development rather than a structural anomaly of the Constitution. In making this claim, I highlight the power of entrepreneurial presidents to drive conceptual change. Furthermore, focusing on the politics of opposition as a key element in the development of presidential-judicial relations broadens how we think of civic republicanism as an organizing political principle, defining not only early American political culture and electoral politics, but also influencing matters of governance.
Aerodynamic anomalies - Can CFD prevent or correct them?

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a standard design tool for modern sophisticated aircraft. This paper reviews design methods that were used for some existing jet transport aircraft at a time when theoretical tools had very limited capability. Early designers combined available theory and empirical data with sufficient skill to develop highly successful aircraft. They also overcome serious problems that sometimes arose only after first flight, problems due to aerodynamic phenomena that were not predicted. Some of these problems are discussed in detail in this paper. The questions of whether modern CFD would have warned of these problems and provided necessary solutions is addressed. It is concluded that, in many cases, the answer is negative. Comparisons between two-dimensional CFD airfoil compressibility drag rise, converted to finite wing drag rise using simple sweep theory, and flight test results show good agreement. A rapid method of compressibili ty drag rise prediction based On two-dimensional CFD results is suggested. The method will define the drag that can be expected if wing designers do a proper job, thereby allowing early performance prediction. Actual wing design is a task for three-dimensional wing and body CFD code including viscous and shock wave effects.
Isotropy group description of a phase transition in NaNO3

Predictions of the possible post‐transition symmetries of an R3c zone center continuous phase transition are made using recent extensions of the Landau theory. The Landau theory is summarized and direct group theoretical methods are applied to the R3c phase. General techniques for solving systems of nonlinear polynomial equations are reviewed and these techniques are applied to the minimization of the free energy F for the aforementioned possible symmetries. The results of the direct methods and the minimization procedures are shown to be compatible. It is shown that the transition to R3c in NaNO3 is consistent with the above results as well as with the observed atomic displacements.
Stability of Proteinase Inhibitors in Potato Tubers During Cooking

Three proteinase inhibitors, Inhibitor I (a chymotrypsin inhibitor), Inhibitor II (a chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitor), and Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor were quantified immunologically in extracts of various tissues of Russet Burbank potato tubers and were monitored over various intervals during boiling (30 min), oven baking (80 min, 191°C) and microwave baking (7 min) to assess the effectiveness of cooking in denaturing the potentially toxic proteins. In cooked tubers, Inhibitor II was completely inactivated during all cooking treatments and Inhibitor I was partially inactivated, depending upon the cooking method. The Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor was extraordinarily stable during all of the cooking conditions. Overall, microwave baking was most effective for cumulatively inactivating Inhibitor I and Inhibitor II. The unusual stability of CPI to all types of cooking raises questions concerning the effect of this inhibitor on the total digestibility of cooked potato proteins.
Characterisation of the SOFC material, LaCrO3, using vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract LaCrO3 is reported to undergo a low to high temperature (HT) phase transition from orthorhombic (Pnma) to rhombohedral (R-3c), at ca. 255 °C. The phases involved in the low temperature phase transition of LaCrO3 have been determined using Raman spectroscopy at temperatures from −196 to 300 °C. There are nine Raman bands observed from a total of 24 predicted modes, seven of which are assigned from comparison with the Raman profile and relative band positions observed and calculated for the isostructural compound, YMnO3, as follows: 131(B2g), 150(B3g), 174(Ag), 252(B1g), 279(Ag), 441(Ag) and 590(Ag) cm−1. A phase transformation was observed at ca. 260 °C from the change in the Raman profile. The high temperature rhombohedral phase of LaCrO3 had four bands which are assigned as follows: 58(Eg), 161(Eg), 288(A1g) and 434(Eg, Eg) cm−1, from comparison with the Raman profile and relative band positions observed for the isostructural compound, NdAlO3. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of LaCrO3 showed a total of eight bands discernible at room temperature from 25 predicted modes for the orthorhombic structure. The mode assignments were determined by comparison with the Raman profile and relative band positions observed and calculated for the isostructural compound, SmAlO3, as follows: 138(B2u), 166(B3u), 197(B1u), 240(B3u), 266(B2u), 332(B2u), 357(B2u), 381(B3u), 425(B3u), 446(B1u), 471(B3u), 493(B3u), 573(B1u), 606(B3u) and 670 (B1u) cm−1.
In vivo effects of ApoE and clusterin on amyloid-beta metabolism and neuropathology.

The e4 allele of apolipoprotein E APOE is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and the e2 allele is associated with a decreased risk for AD. There is strong evidence to suggest that a major, if not the main, mechanism underlying the link between apoE and both AD and CAA is related to the ability of apoE to interact with the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and influence its clearance, aggregation, and conformation. In addition to a number of in vitro studies supporting this concept, in vivo studies with amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice indicate that apoE and a related molecule, clusterin (also called apolipoprotein J), have profound effects on the onset of Aβ deposition, as well as the local toxicity associated with Aβ deposits both in the brain parenchyma and in cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, these studies suggest that altering the expression of apoE and clusterin in the brain or the interactions between these molecules and Aβ would alter AD pathogenesis and provide new therapeutic avenues for prevention or treatment of CAA and AD.
Classical Estrogen Receptors and ERα Splice Variants in the Mouse

Estrogens exert a variety of effects in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. With the discovery of ERα splice variants, prior assumptions concerning tissue-specific estrogen signaling need to be re-evaluated. Accordingly, we sought to determine the expression of the classical estrogen receptors and ERα splice variants across reproductive and non-reproductive tissues of male and female mice. Western blotting revealed that the full-length ERα66 was mainly present in female reproductive tissues but was also found in non-reproductive tissues at lower levels. ERα46 was most highly expressed in the heart of both sexes. ERα36 was highly expressed in the kidneys and liver of female mice but not in the kidneys of males. ERβ was most abundant in non-reproductive tissues and in the ovaries. Because the kidney has been reported to be the most estrogenic non-reproductive organ, we sought to elucidate ER renal expression and localization. Immunofluorescence studies revealed ERα66 in the vasculature and the glomerulus. It was also found in the brush border of the proximal tubule and in the cortical collecting duct of female mice. ERα36 was evident in mesangial cells and tubular epithelial cells of both sexes, as well as podocytes of females but not males. ERβ was found primarily in the podocytes in female mice but was also present in the mesangial cells in both sexes. Within the renal cortex, ERα46 and ERα36 were mainly located in the membrane fraction although they were also present in the cytosolic fraction. Given the variability of expression patterns demonstrated herein, identification of the specific estrogen receptors expressed in a tissue is necessary for interpreting estrogenic effects. As this study revealed expression of the ERα splice variants at multiple sites within the kidney, further studies are warranted in order to elucidate the contribution of these receptors to renal estrogen responsiveness.
Quantum inequalities on the energy density in static Robertson-Walker spacetimes

Quantum inequality restrictions on the stress-energy tensor for negative energy are developed for three and four-dimensional static spacetimes. We derive a general inequality in terms of a sum of mode functions which constrains the magnitude and duration of negative energy seen by an observer at rest in a static spacetime. This inequality is evaluated explicitly for a minimally coupled scalar field in three and four-dimensional static Robertson-Walker universes. In the limit of vanishing curvature, the flat spacetime inequalities are recovered. More generally, these inequalities contain the effects of spacetime curvature. In the limit of short sampling times, they take the flat space form plus subdominant curvature-dependent corrections.
Tachyons in an expanding universe

It has been suggested that causality problems associated with tachyons can be eliminated by the existence of a perferred frame of rest in which backward time travel is impossible. Furthermore, cosmology provides a de facto preferred rest frame. However, it is demonstrated here that the observed expansion of the universe raises further problems for the existence of tachyons.
Experimental parameters involved in the separation of colloidal particles by continuous electrophoresis

Abstract The Beckman Continuous Particle Electrophoresis instrument comprises a 0.15-cm thick, 5-cm wide, 50-cm long vertical channel through which electrolyte solution is pumped, entering at the top and exiting at the bottom through 48 horizontal tubes, 1 mm apart. The particle dispersion to be separated is injected as a cylindrical stream near the top of the channel and flows downward between two 30-cm long electrodes. When the voltage gradient is applied, the particle stream is displaced laterally according to the electrophoretic mobilities of the particles. If the distribution of electrophoretic mobilities is sufficiently broad, fractions of different electrophoretic mobility are collected. The fluid flow within the channel is controlled by the parabolic velocity profile in the verticle plane arising from the forced flow and the parabolic velocity profile in the horizontal plane arising from the electroosmotic flow. This instrument, designed for preparative electrophoresis, has been modified for analytical separations by an optical density scanner, which traverses the width of the channel. This analytical capability has been used to compare the experimental resolution of separation with that predicted by a mathematical model of the separation process. The experimental separations have been compared with theoretical predictions as a function of the experimental parameters investigated, especially the electroosmotic flow at the channel wall—liquid interface.
Duplex sonography of lower extremity arteries

Although indirect noninvasive tests continue to play a role in the evaluation of patients with lower extremity arterial disease, the direct approach of duplex scanning provides both anatomic and physiological information directly from the involved arterial sites. Experience has shown that the results of duplex scanning are comparable with those of arteriography. The addition of color Doppler imaging to standard duplex scanning expedites the examination by helping to identify vessels and localize flow disturbances. However, precise classification of disease severity still requires spectral waveform analysis. Initial screening of patients with duplex scanning can determine the severity of arterial occlusive disease, the location of the lesions, and which interventional techniques are most appropriate. Arteriography can then be reserved for those patients who are being considered for therapeutic interventions. Duplex scanning has become the primary diagnostic test for follow-up of patients after radiological or surgical procedures and should be considered as an essential component of care for patients with infrainguinal bypass grafts. It has also proven to be valuable for intraoperative assessment and the initial evaluation of suspected vascular trauma in the extremities. Finally, new applications such as compression therapy for pseudoaneurysms continue to evolve and expand the role of duplex scanning in the management of patients with vascular problems.
Comments on specific categories in flowering plants

The paper offers comments arising from the author's experience as a practising taxonomist on two aspects of what is often called “the species problem”: the reality of species and species as individuals. Three different meanings of “reality” are distinguished and discussed in this context: mental reality, biological reality and evolutionary reality. The author holds the view that, on all three definitions, species must be judged to be real. On the argument concerning species as individuals, the opinions ofHull, Ghiselin and others are carefully presented but rejected by the author, who retains the belief that “species are classes and not individuals”.
Nonpeptidic Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Elastase. 7. Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Activity of a Series of Pyridopyrimidine Trifluoromethyl Ketones†

Using molecular modeling and the information derived from X-ray crystal structures of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) complexed to peptidic ligands, we have developed a new series of nonpeptidic inhibitors of HNE, the pyridopyrimidine trifluoromethyl ketones (TFMKs). These bicyclic inhibitors were designed to extend the concept of the related pyridone trifluoromethyl ketones by incorporating a rigidly positioned carbonyl group to participate in a hydrogen bonding interaction with the backbone NH groups of Gly-218 and Gly-219 of the enzyme. In addition, the pyrimidine ring serves as a scaffold to vector substituents toward the S5−S4 subsites of the enzyme's extended binding pocket. Furthermore, the heteroatoms of the pyrimidine ring generally increase the aqueous solubility of the pyridopyrimidines relative to pyridone TFMKs. Pyridopyrimidine TFMKs containing a 6-phenyl substituent afforded potent inhibitors of elastase, and several inhibitors from this class of compou...
Speed Splasher: an interactive, team-based target costing exercise

Abstract Target costing is an important strategic cost management topic. The competitive business environment requires firms to produce products with the quality and functionality demanded by customers while at the same time selling them for prices largely determined by the market. Conventional cost management and cost plus pricing strategies are not very effective in this new environment. The design-centered and market-driven focus of the target costing process and the inability of firms to trade off quality and functionality to achieve target costs, are concepts not always easy to demonstrate in an accounting exercise. To overcome this problem, the authors have developed an interactive, in-class, team-based target costing exercise. This problem involves students in the dynamic process required to bring a product to market that simultaneously meets customer requirements for quality, functionality, and price-cost, and the firm's target profit requirement. The authors describe and explain this exercise, and provide guidelines for conducting the exercise in class.
Sites and kinetics of donor thrombopoiesis following transplantation of whole bone marrow and progenitor subsets.

Introduction Little is known about the sites and kinetics of thrombopoiesis following bone marrow transplant. The spleen is a site of hematopoiesis in a healthy mouse, and hematopoietic activity increases in response to stress. We hypothesized that the spleen is a major site of early post-transplant thrombopoiesis. Methods We transplanted whole bone marrow (WBM) or lineage depleted progenitor subsets fractionated based on expression of c-kit and Sca-1 from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein into lethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipients. We also transplanted whole bone marrow cells into healthy and splenectomized mice. Post-transplant megakaryopoiesis was assessed by measuring circulating platelet number, percent donor-derived platelets, bone marrow cellularity, splenic weight, megakaryocyte size, and megakaryocyte concentration from hour 3 to day 28 post transplant. Results Following transplant, circulating donor-derived platelets were derived only from c-kit expressing subsets. Donor-derived platelets first appeared on post-transplant day five. Splenectomy reduced the number of these earliest circulating platelets. Splenic megakaryopoiesis increased dramatically from day 7-14 post-transplant. However, splenectomy accelerated platelet engraftment during this time frame. Conclusion Overall, these results demonstrate that the first platelets are produced by c-kit expressing megakaryocyte progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen. After post-transplant day 5, the net effect of the spleen on thrombopoiesis is to slow engraftment due to immune effects or hypersplenism.
Reactor-produced radionuclides at the University of Missouri Research Reactor

A revolution in radiotherapy has been developing in recent years, based on more sophisticated targeting methods including radioactive intra-arterial microspheres, chemically-guided bone agents, labeled monoclonal antibodies, and isotopically-tagged polypeptide receptor-binding agents. The isotopes of choice for these applications are reactor-produced beta emitters such as Sm-153, Re-186, Re-188, Ho-166, Lu-177, and Rh-105. The University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) has been in the forefront of research into means of preparing, handling, and supplying these high specific activity isotopes in quantities appropriate not only for research, but also for patient trials in the U.S. and around the world. Considerable effort has been expended to develop techniques for irradiation, handling, and shipping isotopes worldwide. The MURR has also served as a highly reliable production source for isotopes, with one of the best operating histories of any isotope production reactor in the world.
Extended postpregnancy estrous cycles in fernale lion-tailed macaques.

Past studies of female primate reproduction have focused on regularly cycling females, and thus the reproductive characteristics of females in other reproductive states (e.g., pregnant, or lactating) have rarely been investigated. In this study, data were collected on estrous swellings and sexual and proceptive behavior in six female lion-tailed macaques during recovery from lactational amenorrhea for the first three to five postpregnancy cycles. For these females, the length of the first lactational recovery swelling cycle averaged 81 days, nearly three times the length of cycles exhibited by nonparturient, isosexually housed females Actual swelling durations were also nearly three times the length of those seen in nonlactating females, and occupied a larger proportion of the cycle For most females, cycle duration and sexual and proceptive behavior declined progressively over successive cycles. The alpha female in each group accounted for the majority of copulations in the first three cycles, and this effect was pronounced in the first cycle. Extended postpregnancy cycles in this species may be related to female reproductive competition and /or a tactic to attract extra-group males. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Types of Workplace Social Support in the Prediction of Job Satisfaction

Research on social support and job satisfaction has yielded mixed results, partly because studies have rarely examined different types of workplace social support, such as collegial support, task support, coaching, and career mentoring. This study identified the relative contributions of different types of social support to job satisfaction and explored the relationship between social support and job tenure. Overall, social support accounted for approximately 17% of the variance in job satisfaction and 9% of the variance in job tenure. Career mentoring and task support were the types of social support most predictive of job satisfaction. Coaching and task support were the types of social support most predictive of job tenure.
A sequential technique for half-field pattern visual evoked potential testing.

Abstract A stimulus technique is described where left and right half fields of a video checker-board pattern reverse sequentially at a 245 msec interval. The pattern VEPs are recorded on a 512 msev timebase. This allows VEPs to left and right half-field reversal to be obtained on the same sweep, cutting total stimulus time required for testing in half. Normal values for absolute and relative latency and amplitude are given.
Multiple block structure-preserving reduced order modeling of interconnect circuits

In this paper, we propose a generalized multiple-block structure-preserving reduced order interconnect macromodeling method (BSPRIM). Our approach extends the structure-preserving model order reduction (MOR) method SPRIM [R.W. Freund, SPRIM: structure-preserving reduced-order interconnect macromodeling, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD), 2004, pp. 80-87] into more general block forms. We first show how an SPRIM-like structure-preserving MOR method can be extended to deal with admittance RLC circuit matrices and show that the 2q moments are still matched and symmetry is preserved. Then we present the new BSPRIM method to deal with more circuit partitions for linear dynamic circuits formulated in impedance and admittance forms. The reduced models by BSPRIM will still match the 2q moments and preserve the circuit structure properties like symmetry as SPRIM does. We also show that BSPRIM can build the compact models with similar size and accuracy of that produced by traditional projection based methods but using less computation costs. Experimental results show that BSPRIM outperforms SPRIM in terms of accuracy with more partitions and outperforms PRIMA with less CPU times for generating the same accurate models.
In the nick of time: Despite 2 treatments a cervical ectopic pregnancy continued to advance.

Case notes A 36-year-old nulligravid woman, who had conceived by intrauterine insemination, was referred for a known cervical pregnancy. The ectopic pregnancy was initially diagnosed at 6 weeks 6 days of gestation. Asingle-dose intramuscular injection of systemic methotrexate, 50 mg/m, was administered at 7 weeks’ and again at 9 weeks’ gestation at her local hospital, but these failed to successfully treat the ectopic gestation. The patient subsequently presented to our institution at 11 weeks 1 day for further management. Her human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level at that time was 26,861 IU/L. She denied any vaginal bleeding or pain.
Mmpi Characteristics of Good and Poor Social Problem-Solvers Among Psychiatric Patients

In an attempt to delineate more precisely the relationship between problem-solving cognition in the social sphere and psychopathology, male (N = 83) and female (N = 107) psychiatric patients were divided into groups of good and poor problem-solvers on the Means-Ends Problem-Solving (MEPS) Procedure and contrasted on MMPI scales and indices of psychopathology. Poor problem-solvers among males, but not among females, were found to be (a) more clearly schizophrenic and socially inadequate, with significantly higher scores on the Pd, Sc, and Si scales; (b) more clearly psychotic on the Goldberg Index; and (c) more likely to have elevated F scale raw scores. The present findings explicate those of earlier studies in suggesting that male patients higher in social problem-solving ability are not only likely to be more socially competent, but also are more likely to be less severely impaired in terms of psychopathology. A possible explanation for the sex difference is that problem-solving cognition and psychopathology are not so directly related in females as in males.
Observations on the possible role of central mechanisms in acute digitoxigenin toxicity

The relevance of central mechanisms to the acute toxicity of digitoxigenin was investigated by determining the relative importance of the protective actions of reserpine, tetrabenazine, and syrosingopine against the acute toxicity of digitoxigenin delivered by constant infusion to intact rats and cats and isolated, perfused rat and cat hearts. Digitoxigenin-induced bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, increased blood pressure, and death in cats were markedly antagonized by reserpine and tetrabenazine and to a lesser extent by high doses of syrosingopine. Bradycardia and major cardiac arrhythmias were not observed in the rat; reserpine and tetrabenazine and high doses of syrosingopine delayed the development of toxicity and lethality. Digitoxigenin infusion to isolated cat hearts resulted in cardiac arrest preceded by only moderate alterations in electrical activity. Isolated rat hearts exhibited no alterations in rate and electrical activity before cardiac arrest. Reserpine, tetrabenazine, or syrosingopine pretreatment to donor animals had no effect on digitoxigenin toxicity to cat hearts and appeared to increase the sensitivity of rat hearts to digitoxigenin. In addition, cord transection (C7) had no influence on the development of digitoxigenin toxicity in the rat. These results suggest the predominance of central mechanisms in the toxicity and lethality of digitoxigenin.
A Channel Splitting Strategy for Reducing Handoff Delay in Wireless Mesh Networks

The seamless handoff support is an essential issue to ensure continuous communications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to the existence of multi-hop wireless links, traditional handoff schemes designed for single-hop wireless access networks can hardly guarantee the low handoff latency requirement in WMNs. Existing solutions on reducing the handoff delay in WMNs ignore one important reason for the long handoff delay: the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over the multi-hop wireless mesh backbone network. In this paper, we address the seamless handoff issue in WMNs from a different perspective and propose a channel splitting strategy to reduce the channel access delay of handoff signaling packets over multi-hop wireless links. The handoff procedures of two scenarios when a mobile node has one or two transceivers are designed and three transmission strategies for scheduling the delivery of handoff signaling packets are proposed. Using the proposed strategy, the handoff delay requirement in WMNs can be guaranteed regardless of the background data traffic and the overall channel throughput is improved.
Nuclear Localization of Type II cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase during Limb Cartilage Differentiation Is Associated with a Novel Developmentally Regulated A-Kinase Anchoring Protein

Abstract Differentiation of chicken limb cartilage is accompanied by a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP, an inducer of cartilage-specific gene expression. A basic ∼35-kDa protein, designated p35, is the major nuclear substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) during this process. Here we show that whereas both precartilage and cartilage nuclei contain p35, only precartilage nuclei contain PKA. The phosphorylation of p35 in isolated cell fractions was used as an index of changes in the cellular comparmentalization of components of PKA during chondrogenesis. Both the catalytic subunit and type II regulatory subunit (RII) of PKA were present in the precartilage nuclear fraction, but were undetectable or present in only trace amounts in the cartilage nuclear fraction. Furthermore, a novel ∼150-kDa A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP), which binds to RII, was detected in the nuclear matrix of precartilage nuclei but, like RII, was virtually absent in the nuclei of fully differentiated cartilage cells. In limb mesenchymal cells undergoing chondrogenesis in culture a corresponding set of changes occurred: cartilage differentiation was accompanied by a marked reduction in the amounts of both nuclear RII and nAKAP150. These observations indicate that type II PKA holoenzyme is imported into the mesenchymal cell nucleus prior to chondrogenesis, an event that appears to depend on the the activity of the developmentally regulated nAKAP150.
An arf1Δ Synthetic Lethal Screen Identifies a New Clathrin Heavy Chain Conditional Allele That Perturbs Vacuolar Protein Transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) is a small GTP-binding protein that is thought to regulate the assembly of coat proteins on transport vesicles. To identify factors that functionally interact with ARF, we have performed a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for mutations that exhibit synthetic lethality with an arf1Delta allele and defined seven genes by complementation tests (SWA1-7 for synthetically lethal with arf1Delta). Most of the swa mutants exhibit phenotypes comparable to arf1Delta mutants such as temperature-conditional growth, hypersensitivity to fluoride ions, and partial protein transport and glycosylation defects. Here, we report that swa5-1 is a new temperature-sensitive allele of the clathrin heavy chain gene (chc1-5), which carries a frameshift mutation near the 3' end of the CHC1 open reading frame. This genetic interaction between arf1 and chc1 provides in vivo evidence for a role for ARF in clathrin coat assembly. Surprisingly, strains harboring chc1-5 exhibited a significant defect in transport of carboxypeptidase Y or carboxypeptidase S to the vacuole that was not observed in other chc1 ts mutants. The kinetics of invertase secretion or transport of alkaline phosphatase to the vacuole were not significantly affected in the chc1-5 mutant, further implicating clathrin specifically in the Golgi to vacuole transport pathway for carboxypeptidase Y.
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer : Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Background Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. Methods A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. Results Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. Conclusions Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
Discrimination by Male Dogwood Borer, Synanthedon Scitula (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), Among Traps Baited With Commercially Available Pheromone Lures

The response of male dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), to four commercially available pheromone lures and to pheromone source concentration was evaluated in field trapping studies in commercial apple orchards in Virginia and West Virginia Male peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), and lilac borer, Podosesia syringae (Harris), were also captured in traps baited with all lures tested. Among the lures used, the Scenturion dogwood borer lure was the most attractive to and selective for dogwood borer. Male dogwood borer showed a concentration-dependent response to traps baited with different source concentrations of the pheromone from Scenturion. Chemical analyses revealed that all lures contained principally (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (ODDA) but that a significantly higher percentage of (Z,E) plus (E,Z)-3,13-ODDA was present in the Scenturion lure, compared with the others. Weekly collections of fresh male and female dogwood borer pupal exuviae from April until October in 2002 and 2003 suggested that traps baited with Scenturion lures significantly underestimated the size of populations in commercial apple orchards.
Ionic liquid-based optoelectronic sensor arrays for chemical detection

Development of ionic liquid (IL)-based colorimetric sensor arrays for detection and identification of chemicals in both the aqueous and vapor phases is reported. These facile and inexpensive optoelectronic sensors were fabricated by using ionic liquids (ILs) derived from readily available pH indicator dyes. A series of 12 different chemosensory ILs were synthesized by pairing anionic pH indicator dyes with trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P66614]) cation via an ion exchange reaction. The incorporation of the [P66614] cation imparted hydrophobic characteristics to these ILs, and this induced hydrophobicity led to their desired low solubility in aqueous solutions, as well as eliminated the need for a specialized hydrophobic matrix/substrate for immobilization. In this manuscript, four different matrices, i.e. glass microfiber filter papers, cotton threads, silica thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates, and alumina TLC plates, were employed for fabrication of sensor arrays. These sensor arrays were used to analyze pH values of aqueous solutions as well as for detection of acidic and basic vapors. To further prove the applicability of these IL sensor arrays as tools to sense closely related complex materials, the arrays were applied to successful discrimination of aqueous solutions of smoke from three commercially available cigarettes. The digital data generated from these sensor arrays were used in developing predictive models for accurately identifying various analytes. Two approaches were used for developing the models, and two methods were applied for assessing the predictive accuracy of the models. Use of cotton threads as a matrix led to development of a more flexible, low volume, and lightweight array to estimate pH and detect a variety of vapors. These wearable arrays may possibly be incorporated into bandages, sweatbands, diapers, and similar systems. Overall, these IL-based sensor arrays should provide a new research direction in the development of advanced colorimetric sensor arrays for detection and identification of a range of analytes relevant to many different applications.