cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Block-based Simulation Tool for the Enhancement of TCP/UDP Protocols

In this work, we have developed a functional block-based simulation model for TCP/UDP protocols, with which we can easily add, modify, and remove various parts of the functional blocks to design a new TCP based transport protocol for multimedia services. In initial experiments, several modifications on TCP, UDP, and FDDI protocols are made, and their performances, such as end-to-end delay and packet loss probability, are measured for a multimedia multiparty conferencing environment.
Initial and residual toxicity of soil-applied thiram on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

The effect of the non-systemic fungicide thiram on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis and on Leucaena leucocephala was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. In the uninoculated soil treated with P at a level optimal for mycorrhizal activity, mycorrhizal colonization of roots was low, and did not change as the concentration of thiram in the soil increased with the from 0 to 1000 mg/kg. When this soil was inoculated VAM fungus Glomus aggregatum, with VAM colonization was enhanced significantly, but decreased increase in thiram concentration until it coincided with the level observed in the uninoculated soil. Similarly, symbiotic effectiveness was reduced, its expression delayed or completely eliminated with increase in the concentration of thiram. Amending soil to a P level sufficient for non-mycorrhizal host growth fully compensated for thiram-induced loss of VAM activity if the thiram levels did not exceed 125 mg/kg. In soil treated with 50 mg thiram/kg, the toxicity of the fungicide dissipated within 66 days of application. At higher concentrations, the toxicity of the chemical on the mycorrhizal symbiosis appeared to be enhanced.
EFFECTS OF THE CHILD'S DEFICIENCY ON THE MOTHER: A STUDY OF MOTHERS OF MENTALLY RETARDED, CHRONICALLY ILL AND NEUROTIC CHILDREN

Comparison of selected personality features of four groups of mothers supported the common clinical observation that having a child who is deficient in health or adaptive competence is a psychologically stressful experience for the mother. The mothers of the mentally retarded children appeared to experience greater psychological stress than the mothers of the chronically ill children.
1,2‐dinitrile polymers. III. Number‐average molecular weight by pulsed NMR technique

In studies of various polymers in the solid state by pulsed and wide-line NMR, a relationship between the spin-lattice relaxation time and the fraction of mobile protons in the polymer sample was observed. This effect has been used to determine the degree of polymerization of a series of fumaronitrile homopolymers. The technique should have wide applicability in the direct determination of the number-average molecular weight Mn, especially for polymers that may be insoluble and/or infusible though not crosslinked.
Inhibitory effect of papaverine on RNA and protein synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract Papaverine, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase, reduced yields of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus in HEp-2 cells approximately 100-fold if added to cultures at a concentration of 30 μM before and after virus infection. The extent of papaverine-induced suppression of viral growth was dependent on drug dose and treatment regimen. Cells progressively recovered their viral permissive state after removal of drug. The cyclic nucleotide, cGMP, nullified the inhibitory effect of papaverine if added to cells during drug treatment. Pulse labeling experiments with [35S]methionine showed that papaverine compromises production of all virus-specific proteins in infected cells without adversely affecting host cell protein synthesis. Treatment of cells with papaverine strongly inhibited the production of viral RNA and both cellular RNA and DNA. It was found that VSV causes an immediate but transient stimulation of DNA synthesis in HEp-2 cells which is prevented by papaverine treatment. This drug also selectively blocked primary transcription of VSV in vivo and to a lesser extent in vitro RNA polymerase activity of the virion-bound transcriptase. The finding that papaverine has a strong inhibitory effect on viral biosynthesis including early transcription suggests that VSV replication may depend on host factors that regulate intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP.
Anti-glycosyl antibodies: preparation and characterization of rabbit anti-galactose and anti-lactose antibodies.

Abstract Anti-galactose and anti-lactose antibodies have been isolated from the antisera of rabbits immunized with non-viable cells of Streptococcus faecalis , strain N containing an antigenic diheteroglycan of glucose and galactose in the cell wall. The anti-galactose antibodies are specific for the galactosyl moiety while the anti-lactose antibodies are specific for the lactosyl moiety of the diheteroglycan. Hapten inhibitions with galactose and lactose, the sedimentation constant, the immunoglobulin type, the carbohydrate content, the electrophoretic mobility and the amino acid composition have been determined for the two new types of anti-glycosyl antibodies.
Towards a model of user perception of computer systems response time

The foundational structure of a new model of user perception of computer system response time is proposed. It is suggested that the development of such a model is now of central importance to the computer system configuration design effort. The new model is seen to explain the success of an earlier measure, designed for the non-interactive environment, in predicting user estimates of response time for interactive systems. The results of new empirical studies, designed to delineate specific components of the model, are also discussed.
The role of lower peripheral visual cues in the visuomotor coordination of locomotion and prehension

It has been previously suggested that coupled upper and limb movements need visuomotor coordination to be achieved. Previous studies have not investigated the role that visual cues may play in the coordination of locomotion and prehension. The aim of this study was to investigate if lower peripheral visual cues provide online control of the coordination of locomotion and prehension as they have been showed to do during adaptive gait and level walking. Twelve subjects reached a semi-empty or a full glass with their dominant or non-dominant hand at gait termination. Two binocular visual conditions were investigated: normal vision and lower visual occlusion. Outcome measures were determined using 3D motion capture techniques. Results showed that although the subjects were able to successfully complete the task without spilling the water from the glass under lower visual occlusion, they increased the margin of safety between final foot placements and glass. These findings suggest that lower visual cues are mainly used online to fine tune the trajectory of the upper and lower limbs moving toward the target.
Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy in the U.S. States

Environmental regulation is frequently implemented through a system that allows states to choose whether to assume primary authority, or ‘‘primacy,’’ for implementation and enforcement. This study looks at what causes states to assume this authority in two important areas of environmental policy: air and water pollution. It finds that in each policy area, primacy assumption is unrelated to the ‘‘greenness’’ of state environmental policy generally and negatively related to indicators of policy innovation within that area. Rather than being driven by commitment to the environment, primacy assumption appears to be driven predominately by other factors, which differ substantially across the air and water policy arenas. These findings call into question the widely held view that primacy assumption is an indicator of state environmentalism and indicate that a more nuanced view of what causes states to assume primacy is necessary to fully understand the dynamics of intergovernmental policy implementation. Several major federal environmental laws passed in the 1970s allow states to assume primary authority for their implementation and enforcement. In the time since this legislation was enacted, some states have assumed this authority—termed ‘‘primacy’’— while others have not done so. To date, the conventional wisdom has held that a state’s assumption of primacy is driven by its commitment to the environment. In fact, two major independent rankings of state environmental policy build primacy assumption into their measures of state ‘‘greenness,’’ implicitly asserting that primacy assumption is an indicator of state environmentalism. These indicators, in turn, have been used widely in studies of state environmental policy. This study evaluates this conventional wisdom by looking at the extent of primacy assumption in two important areas of environmental policy: air and water pollution. Factor analysis of widely used composite indices of environmental program strength indicates that primacy assumption is orthogonal to the other indicators employed, suggesting that primacy assumption is not necessarily indicative of the ‘‘greenness’’ of state environmental policy. In addition, multivariate analyses indicate that primacy assumption is unrelated to the ‘‘greenness’’ of state environmental policy generally and
Jihad as rite of passage: Tahar Djaout’s The Last Summer of Reason and Slimane Benaïssa’s The Last Night of a Damned Soul

Two recent novels by Algerians (Tahar Djaout’s The Last Summer of Reason, and Slimane Benaissa’s The Last Night of a Damned Soul) offer critiques of Islamic totalitarianism in two settings: local Arab states like the one fictionalized by Djaout, and the cosmopolitan community of diasporic Muslims recruited to the ranks of suicide bombers in the name of self‐ and social purification. Djaout, assassinated by fundamentalists outside his home in Algeria for writing against them, and Benaissa, charting the psychological path towards violence taken by one westernized Muslim in the United States, instantiate the ongoing debate within Islam.
Automatic web search query generation to create minority language corpora

The Web is a valuable source of language specific resources but collecting, organizing and utilizing this information is difficult. We describe CorpusBuilder, an approach for automatically generating Web-search queries to collect documents in a minority language. It differs from pseudo-relevance feedback in that retrieved documents are labeled by an automatic language classifier as relevant or irrelevant and a subset of documents is used to generate new queries. We experiment with various query-generation methods and query-lengths to find inclusion/exclusion terms that are helpful for finding documents in the target language and find that using odds-ratio scores calculated over the documents acquired so far was one of the most consistently accurate query-generation methods. We also describe experiments using a handful of words elicited from a user instead of initial documents and show that the methods perform similarly. Applying the same approach to multiple languages show that our system generalizes to a variety of languages.
Fantasies, coping behavior, and psychopathology

This study assessed whether consistent relationships exist between the content of self-reported coping behaviors, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams. A second goal was the identification of coping behaviors associated with psychopathology and an exploration of connections between coping behaviors, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology. College students (N = 119) completed the Tanck and Robbins Coping Behaviors Scale, the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire, and 12 Imaginal Processes Inventory scales. Pearson correlations indicated strong support for similar content between coping behaviors and the two types of fantasy. Previously reported relationships between coping behaviors and psychopathology were replicated. Significant intercorrelations were found between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviors that, separately, were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology.
NOR and AND logic gates based on supramolecular porphyrin-fullerene conjugates.

Supramolecular porphyrin−fullerene conjugates are employed to build NOR and AND logic gates. A crown ether appended zinc porphyrin and an imidazole or an alkyl ammonium functionalized fullerene are...
Electrophoretic mobility of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles — Analytical model includes amino acid residues of A + P + N domain of Ca2 +-ATPase and charged lipids

Abstract This work is an experimental and theoretical study of electrostatic and hydrodynamic properties of the surface of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane using particle electrophoresis. The essential structural components of SR membrane include a lipid matrix and a dense layer of Ca2 +-ATPases embedded in the matrix. The Ca2 +-ATPase layer both drives and impedes vesicle mobility. To analyze the experimental mobility data, obtained at pH 4.0, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 in 0.1 M monovalent (1:1) electrolyte, an analytical solution for the vesicle mobility and electroosmotic flow velocity distribution was obtained by solving the Poisson–Boltzmann and the Navier–Stokes–Brinkman equations. The electrophoretic mobility model includes two sets of charges that represent: (a) charged lipids of the lipid matrix of the vesicle core, and (b) charged amino acid residues of APN domains of Ca2 +-ATPases. APN domains are assumed to form a charged plane displaced from the surface of lipid matrix. The charged plane is embedded in a frictional layer that represents the surface layer of calcium pumps. Electrophoretic mobility is driven by the charged APN domain and by lipid matrix while the surface layer provides hydrodynamic friction. The charge of APN domain is determined by ionized amino acid residues obtained from the amino acid composition of SERCA1a Ca2 +-ATPase. Agreement between the measured and the predicted mobility is evaluated by the weighted sum of mobility deviation squared. This model reproduces the experimental dependence of mobility on pH and predicts that APN domains are located in the upper half of the SR vesicle surface layer.
SU-E-T-387: A Biologically Effective Dose Volume Histogram for Optimizing Eye Plaque Brachytherapy

Purpose: Clinical optimization of eye plaque brachytherapy is currently limited to tumor coverage, standardized prescription dosage, and dose calculations to ocular structures. The biologically effective dose (BED) of brachytherapy treatments is a function of implant duration and chosen radionuclide. A novel method would propose to evaluate eye plaque brachytherapy implants based on BED delivered to the tumor volume and surrounding normal ocular structures.Methods: Using the equation introduced by Dale for temporary low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy implants, 16 mm COMS‐eye plaque patient DVH data were converted to biologically‐effective dose volume histograms (BEDVH). These data were calculated for Pd‐103, I‐125, and Cs‐131 for different implant durations. Therapeutic ratios were derived from comparing BED results as a function of implant duration for tumors and normal ocular structures (lens, lacrimal gland, and optic nerve). Isobiologically‐effective physical doses were created for different implant durations and radionuclides. Results: The BEDVH curves were dependent on implant duration and less sensitive to radionuclide choice. In comparison to a 7‐day implant, maximum BED for a 1‐day implant increased by a factor of 2–3 for normal ocular structures; for the tumor, maximum BED increased by a factor of 4.5. These factors decreased with increasing implant duration, and were not significantly radionuclide‐dependent. Conclusions: A method was introduced to evaluate and further optimize eye plaque dosimetry through analysis of BED delivered to the tumor and adjacent normal tissue volumes. This method is readily adaptable to other temporary or permanent brachytherapy implants in a variety of clinical situations.
Characterization of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide by Imaging Ellipsometry

The dispersion functions for the refractive index and the extinction coefficient of single- and multiple-layer graphene oxide samples were measured by imaging spectroscopic ellipsometry in the wavelength range of 350−1000 nm and were compared to previously reported results measured by confocal microscopy. The dispersion functions for thin platelets were also compared to those obtained by standard spectroscopic ellipsometry on a deposit consisting of many overlapping graphene oxide layers. Changes were observed in both the thickness of the deposits and the values of the dispersion parameters following heating. A model is proposed to explain these observations, based on the removal of water between the graphene-oxide layers upon thermal treatment.
Theoretical calculation of electrical resistivity in liquid sodium and potassium

Abstract As a direct numerical test of Ziman formula for the static resistivity of monovalent liquid metals, constant pressure resistivities of liquid potassium at 338 K and 408 K and liquid sodium at 373 K and 473 K have been calculated using a recently proposed form factor and a liquid structure factor obtained from Monte Carlo calculations. The procedure is fundamental in that no parameters have been adjusted to fit experimental values at any stage. The resistivity results are in good agreement with experiment at the above mentioned temperatures, but it appears that the formula may become less accurate at higher temperatures.
Sharing H5N1 Viruses to Stop a Global Influenza Pandemic

Although the threat of pandemic influenza, spawned by continuing avian influenza A (H5N1) epidemics, has dropped off the front pages, concern among experts continues to grow. At the end of 2005, only 17 countries had H5N1 outbreaks in chickens, ducks, or humans [1]. As of September 2007, the virus has circulated in 60 countries [1], mutations have been reported (for example, in a patient in Turkey [2] and another in Thailand [3]), and virologists and public health officials nervously watch clusters of probable human-to-human spread of the virus, such as in Thailand in 2004 and Indonesia in 2006 [4]. For reasons not fully understood, most human cases and clusters of probable human-to-human transmission of H5N1 since January 2006 have occurred in Indonesia [5,6]. Recent studies have begun to characterize the mutations in H5N1 that may be a prerequisite for efficient human-to-human transmission [7,8]. The world needs to monitor each new influenza virus in order to check for such mutations, which could transform H5N1 into a dangerous pathogen easily spread between people. How devastating might such a transformation be? In an age of globalization and commercial air travel, estimating how great a toll a lethal human-to-human influenza virus could inflict is difficult. Estimates of deaths from the last great bird-to-human flu pandemic of 1918 range from 50 to 100 million [9], which provides a glimpse of the global damage that could be caused by a pandemic influenza accelerated by 21st century globalization.
Composite Pulse Excitation Schemes for MQMAS NMR of Half-Integer Quadrupolar Spins

Abstract It has been recently shown that 2D multiple-quantum (MQ) spectroscopy in combination with conventional magic-angle spinning can provide high resolution NMR spectra from half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in powdered samples. In an effort to optimize signal-to-noise in this type of experiments, a systematic investigation on the relative efficiencies that single- and two-pulse excitation schemes exhibit toward the generation of MQ coherences was carried out. Numerical simulations on spin- 3 2 powders revealed thatx–ycomposite pulse excitations with nutation angles θy≈ 2 θxmaximize the excitation of triple-quantum coherences, yielding about 30% larger signals than those available from single-pulse experiments. This behavior was corroborated experimentally, and its origin elucidated with the aid of analytical derivations. Composite pulse schemes also yielded a superior excitation of MQ coherences in the presence of large shielding offsets, although a simple recipe for optimizing such experiments was not apparent.
Mobility, Residential Location and the American Dream: The Intrametropolitan Geography of Minority Homeownership

This article applies data from Washington, DC, Chicago and Los Angeles to estimate three-level nested multinomial logit models of household mobility, residential location and homeownership tenure choice. Model simulation indicates that shocks to income can significantly elevate the homeownership attainment of minority households; however, their urban settlement and homeownership patterns remain substantially more concentrated than those of whites. Simulated equilibration of black economic status with that of whites results in an approximate doubling of homeownership rates among black movers to central city areas. In contrast, homeownership rates among black movers to suburban and outlying areas lag far behind those of whites.
FREE I-GROUPS AND VECTOR LATTICES

The purpose of this paper is to present three somewhat disparate results on free objects in three different classes of λ-groups. The first is that no proper ideal of a finitely generated free vector lattice can itself be a free vector lattice. Second, each free abelian l group is characteristically simple. The third result is that each disjoint subset of a free (non-abelian) l group is countable.
An optimising compiler for a modern functional language

One of the factors hindering the use of functional languages has been their relatively poor performance in comparison to more traditional languages such as C and Pascal. During the last decade tremendous progress has been made in building implementations of functional languages but the approaches adopted have employed specialist hardware andlor compiler optimisations that have been developed specifically for functional languages. Building specialist hardware may be the best long-term solution but in the short run it is possible to increase the use and acceptance of functional languages by exploiting the performance of commercially available machines. The goal of the project described in this paper has been to design an optimising compiler that produces fast code for functional languages on conventional sequential and parallel machines.
Stroke and orgasmic cephalgia.

SYNOPSIS A 24-year-old man suffered a stroke in association with orgasmic cephalgia, without evidence of intracranial hemorrhagic disease. It is postulated that this is an example of complicated migraine coincident with sexual climax and that benign orgasmic cephalgia is a migraine variant.
Helping Students with Learning Disabilities Make Sense of Word Problems

The mathematics education of students with learning disabilities has emphasized computation skills at the expense of problem-solving skills. Fortunately, instructional practices exist that assist s...
Cryogenic ultrahigh strain rate deformation induced hybrid nanotwinned microstructure for high strength and high ductility

Nanocrystalline metallic materials prepared by severe plastic deformation often possess high strength but low ductility due to the low dislocation accumulation capacity of the nanograins. Here, we report a unique process, namely, cryogenic laser shock peening (CLSP), to generate gradient nanotwinned microstructure that leads to high strength while preserving the ductility. It was observed that gradient structure was generated in copper. Near the top surface, nanocrystalline with high dense nanotwins have been observed; with the depth increasing, the fraction of the twin boundaries reduces and more heavily dislocated subgrains are observed. It has been demonstrated that CLSP can significantly improve material strength while preserving the ductility. The mechanism of the formation of gradient microstructure and high dense nanotwins near the surface was discussed. The reason behind the improvement in strength and ductility was investigated.
Evaluation of mussel immune responses as indicators of contamination in San Francisco Bay.

Several immune parameters were evaluated in two species of mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus) as bioindicators of contaminant effects. The mussels were deployed in San Francisco Bay Estuary and a control site at Bodega Marine Laboratory. Assays for phagocytosis and phagocytic index (average number of particles engulfed per hemocyte) were conducted with hemocytes in their own hemolymph—the ‘‘Serum’’ method. The responses were compared with contaminant concentrations in those mussels. For both species, the contaminated South Bay Dumbarton Bridge and Redwood Creek sites had elevated phagocytosis relative to the Bodega control site, indicating contaminant stress. The results also showed that M. californianus had higher percentages of phagocytosis (74%) and a higher phagocytic index (4.6 particles per cell) than those of M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus (60% phagocytosis and 3.5 particles per cell). As there is a difference in immune response to contaminants, it is suggested that future San Francisco Estuary monitoring should be conducted with endemic M. galloprovincialis/M. trossulus rather than with the currently utilized M. californianus, which is not found in the estuary. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparision of expectations of the extreme of sums and the sum of extremes from gamma distributions

This paper considers the expectations of the extremes from gamma distributions.An approximation to these expectations based on the limiting extreme value distribution is shown to give very good results.These results are applied to the problem of comparing the expected value of the maximum of a sum to the sum of the expected value of the maximums.That is, suppose a random variable is composed of a sum of r independent gamma variables.For a random sample of size n, how does the expected value of the maximum of the sum compare to the sum of the expected values of the maximums, based on samples of n, from the individual gamma variables? Similar results are provided for comparing the sum of minimums to the minimum of a sum, for random samples of size n.The problem was motivated by considering the most efficient way to purchase electrical power when the rates for different meters were based on peak loads.
Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections.

Objective: Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) infections are rarely encountered and their management is not well standardised. We reviewed our experience with the management of this condition in order to evaluate the role of surgery in the management of the SCJ infection and to provide an algorithm for its treatment. Methods: It is a multicentre study in which we retrospectively reviewed the data files of the patients who were referred to us for surgical management of SCI infection. Results: From March 2003 to June 2009, 14 patients (12 men and two women) were treated surgically for infected SCJ. No patients were found in the paediatric age group. Mean age was 49.8 years with a range between 26 and 77 years. All patients were symptomatic. The prevalent symptom was either anterior chest wall swelling (21%) or pain (29%); while 50% of them presented with both swelling and pain. Associated risk factors were elicited in 12 patients (86%) while it could not be identified in two patients (14%). These risk factors were in the form of drug addiction in three patients, diabetes mellitus (DM) in four, chronic renal failure (CRF) in three patients and two patients had both DM and CRF. Surgical management was performed in all patients in the form of either incision and drainage in two patients (14%); or SCJ curettage in three patients (21%), while resection of the SCJ was done in nine patients (62%). Mean postoperative hospitalstayperiod(PHS)was8.1days(range:5—30days).Allofthemarealiveandfreeofsymptomsinfollow-up.Conclusion:Surgerywasfound to be curative with good results for those patients with SCJ infection that did not respond to a full course of intravenous antibiotic therapy. Surgical options include incision and drainage, curettage or SCJ resection. The type of surgical procedure depends on the radiological findings, presentation, severity of the infection and intra-operative findings. In our experience, complex muscle flap reconstruction was not necessary following SCJ resection. # 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
An interpolatory spectral element method using curl-conforming vector basis functions on tetrahedra

The Nedelec basis functions are commonly used in the finite element solution of electromagnetic field problems. Higher-order Nedelec-type of basis functions are constructed to be either hierarchical or interpolatory. Due to a lack of an explicit expression for interpolation functions through an arbitrary set of nodes on a tetrahedron, equispaced nodes, for which explicit expressions do exist, are commonly used in the finite element formulation. The poor interpolation properties of those functions make the finite element matrices poorly conditioned for higher orders. Here we use the Vandermonde matrix to express the interpolatory vector basis on an arbitrary set of nodes in terms of a hierarchical basis utilizing orthonormal polynomials on a tetrahedron. In an effort to increase efficiency, integration and differentiation operations are developed using matrix-matrix multiplications. Numerical results are given which verify the efficacy of the approach.
In vitro shear bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements to zirconia.

Abstract Statement of problem Although the use of anatomic-contour zirconia restorations has expanded in the recent past, disagreement still exists as to reliable cementation techniques and materials. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the immediate and artificially aged shear bond strength of 2 commercially available self-adhesive resin cements to zirconia: one with silica coating and silanation as a zirconia surface treatment and the other contained a phosphate monomer, which eliminated the need for a separate primer. Material and methods Sixty composite resin rods (2.5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in length) were fabricated from a nano-optimized composite resin by using a polypropylene mold, then light polymerized with a light-emitting diode. zirconia plates (10×10×4mm) were sectioned from an yttrium-stabilized zirconia puck, sintered, and then mounted in autopolymerizing acrylic resin custom tray material. Composite resin rods were cemented to the zirconia plates with 2 different cements. The surface treatment of zirconia followed the manufacturers' instructions for each cement. The specimens were tested for shear bond strength at 3 aging conditions: immediate, after 24 hours of moist storage, and after 30 days of moist storage with 10000 thermocycles. Specimens were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine, and the data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA (α=.05). Weibull parameters (modulus and characteristic strength) also were calculated for each group. Results Two-way ANOVA revealed that only the aging condition significantly affected the bond strength to zirconia. The cement and the interaction of the cement and aging did not significantly affect the shear bond strength to zirconia. The highest bond strength for both cements was achieved at 24 hours, whereas the lowest bond strength values were recorded in the immediate groups. Conclusions No significant differences in bond strength to zirconia were observed between a cement with a silane priming step and an methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate-containing cement without a separate primer. Aging had a significant effect on the shear bond strength of the 2 self-adhesive resin cements to zirconia.
THE BUILDING OF A REPUBLICAN REGIONAL BASE IN THE SOUTH THE ELEPHANT CROSSES THE MASON-DIXON LINE

Changes in party identification are examined from 1952 to 1988, with a special emphasis on the findings from the 1988 CPS Super Tuesday Study. It is found that in 1988 Republicans clearly outnumbered Democrats among southern whites for the first time ever. Demographic patterns of partisanship in 1988 are compared to those from the 1950s. Most important is the relationship which now exists between age and party identification. Republicans now have a 29 percent lead over the Democrats among southern whites under 30 years of age. While firm black support of the Democratic party should prevent the South from becoming as solidly Republican as it once was Democratic, there is good reason to expect further Republican gains in the South throughout the remainder of the twentieth century. The 1988 election of George Bush marked the second time in a row that the South voted 4 percent above the national average for the Republican presidential ticket. Just as the Democrats started every presidential campaign during the New Deal with the head start of having the South locked up, it now appears that the Republicans enjoy the strategic benefits of having a strong regional base. If the Republicans can count on winning most of the South's electoral votes, as well as those of the Mountain West (see Galderisi et al. 1987), they need only concentrate on winning a few of the largest states to win a presidential election. Documenting how the Democratic South became the Republican South is therefore crucial to understanding how the Republicans, once accustomed to losing presidential elections, have now become the steady favorite. MARTIN P. WATTENBERG iS professor of political science at the University of California, Irvine. The data presented in this article are from the American National Election Studies, 1952-88, and were provided by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and
Specific Retention of an Inhibitor of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Enzyme-Containing Tissues of the Rat

The distribution of a tightly bound, radioactive competitive inhibitor (17β- hydroxy-4,4′-17α-trimethylandrost-5-en-[2,3d]- 2-uC-isoxazole) of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ5–4,3-ketosteroid isomerase has been studied in the rat. Twenty-four hr after a single dose, label is present in the adrenals, ovaries and liver. Beyond 48 hr, label is retained only by the adrenals and ovaries, where it remains for at least 13 weeks. Inhibition of enzymatic activity in vivo is directly correlated with uptake of label. Label extracted from adrenal homogenates has mobility identical with that of standard isoxazole on silica gel in 3 chromatographic systems, and has inhibitory capacity similar to the standard in a bacterial 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay system. Return of enzymatic activity correlates with loss of label, and the degree of enzymatic inhibition and amount of label in both glands attain constant low values after about 1 month. These observations provide evidence for the specificity of action o...
Ventrolateral medullary respiratory network and a model of cough motor pattern generation.

The primary hypothesis of this study was that the cough motor pattern is produced, at least in part, by the medullary respiratory neuronal network in response to inputs from “cough” and pulmonary s...
Modeling the phase behavior of H2S+n-alkane binary mixtures using the SAFT-VR+D approach.

A statistical associating fluid theory for potential of variable range has been recently developed to model dipolar fluids (SAFT-VR+D) [Zhao and McCabe, J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 104504]. The SAFT-VR+D equation explicitly accounts for dipolar interactions and their effect on the thermodynamics and structure of a fluid by using the generalized mean spherical approximation (GMSA) to describe a reference fluid of dipolar square-well segments. In this work, we apply the SAFT-VR+D approach to real mixtures of dipolar fluids. In particular, we examine the high-pressure phase diagram of hydrogen sulfide + n-alkane binary mixtures. Hydrogen sulfide is modeled as an associating spherical molecule with four off-center sites to mimic hydrogen bonding and an embedded dipole moment (μ) to describe the polarity of H2S. The n-alkane molecules are modeled as spherical segments tangentially bonded together to form chains of length m, as in the original SAFT-VR approach. By using simple Lorentz−Berthelot combining rules, t...
TADA Is Still Unfair.

In their essay Kapottos and Youngner (2015) offer an apologia of sorts for TADA after considering a number of criticisms that have been lodged against it and conclude that it is “an innovative and ...
Hamiltonian Systems in Phase Space

The equations of Lagrange, which we have derived in Chapter 1, may be transformed into a system of first-order differential equations when the generalized force possesses a potential function. The transformation is known as the Legendre transformation and the resulting first-order system is known as the Hamiltonian system. In this chapter we develop the theory of Hamiltonian systems from the standpoint of a flow problem and in the context of a certain first-order partial differential equation known as the Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
Analysis of epidemic of influenza B virus and mutation of hemagglutinin HA1 in 2008 in Shaoguan

Objective:To understand the epidemic of influenza B virus and the mutation of hemagglutinin HA1 in Shaoguan in 2008.Methods:Analyze the data of influenza surveillance and outbreaks in Shaoguan,choose influenza B virus strain from outbreaks,extract virion RNA and RT-PCR which were purified and tested for nucleic acid sequences.Then compare and analyze the sequences using DNA Start MegAlign software.Results:39 Influenza B Virus were isolated in 2008,isolated rate was 7.39%(39/528);50% of influenza outbreaks correlated with Influenza B Virus(7/14),4 were Influenza B Virus only,3 were Influenza A and B Virus;March appeared as the epidemic peak time.Comparing B/SG/y010/2008 with B/Shanghai/361/2002 and B/SG/173/1999,3 and 4 amino acid replacements were discovered in antigenic determinant respectively,one glycosylation raised at 196.Conclusion:The predominant influenza virus is influenza B virus in 2008.Comparing B/SG/y010/2008 with B/Shanghai/361/2002,the mutation of influenza B virus had occurred,and antigenic drift occurred between B/SG/y010/2008 and B/SG/173/1999.
Archival Intellectual Control in the Digital Age

AbstractThis article discusses how the concept and practices of archival intellectual control have evolved in the new technology environment. Although traditionally aggregate control dominated archival description, today item-level description is affordable in many scenarios. Meanwhile, the methods and tools for aggregate control have been diversified. In addition, the intellectual control of digital records reaches below the item level and includes the description of item-components and individual variables of datasets, as well as the annotation of textual content.
Diagnostic and Interventional Endoscopy

In endoscopic management of patients with esophageal malignancy, the most common aim is to diagnose and treat mucosal-based neoplasia. Esophagectomy is a curative therapy, but despite technical advances in surgical procedures, it is still associated with considerable perioperative risks, especially for the elderly. The increased perioperative risk can be partially explained by the existence of comorbidities in an aging population, notably obesity and ongoing tobacco and alcohol consumption. Most endoscopic therapy has been focused on high-grade dysplasia (HGD), primarily because of the risk of progression to cancer. HGD represents a threshold for intervention, whereas low-grade dysplasia (LGD) often just requires frequent endoscopic surveillance following society guidelines [1–4]. Endoscopic therapy has been applied to early-stage cancer since the publication of more favorable outcome data on mucosal resection and ablation therapy for mucosal esophageal cancer [5–7].
The Violence of Paternalism

Children inhabit a world of violence — oft times casual, occasionally horrific. In the United States, we often think of these experiences as moments of pain inflicted by others in “safe” places — home, school, neighborhood — although we seldom acknowledge the violence enacted by those enforcing public or private authority. The violence of everyday justice is pervasive in obvious displays of state power through criminal sanctioning or in acquiescence to the commands of civil authority. In even subtler ways, however, violence also undergirds the very actions the state takes to protect children. It is not the threatened loss of custody experienced by parents that is the focus of this essay (although that is a very real exercise of state violence), but the pain and loss experienced by children who are removed from their homes, schools, and communities under the guise of paternalism. Illuminating the violence of paternalism is crucial to ending its practice.
Protest in Hitler's “National Community”: Popular Unrest and the Nazi Response: Stoltzfus, Nathan, and Maier-Katkin, Birgit, eds., New York: Berghahn Books 288 pp., $120.00, ISBN 978-1-78238-824-1 Publication Date: December 2015

Protest in Hitler's “National Community”: Popular Unrest and the Nazi Response exposes some fundamental misconceptions about the extent of protest in the Third Reich and the state's response. The n...
After Auto, after Bio: Posthumanism and Life Writing

Critical posthumanism, as distinguished from popular posthumanism (see Simon), troubles virtually every tenet of autobiographical practice and criticism—the autonomous self, the pact between author...
Recent advances in microfluidic sample preparation and separation techniques for molecular biomarker analysis: A critical review

Microfluidics is a vibrant and expanding field that has the potential for solving many analytical challenges. Microfluidics show promise to provide rapid, inexpensive, efficient, and portable diagnostic solutions that can be used in resource-limited settings. Researchers have recently reported various microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis applications. Sample preparation processes like purification, preconcentration and labeling have been characterized on-chip. Additionally, improvements in microfluidic separation techniques have been reported for molecular biomarkers. This review critically evaluates microfluidic sample preparation platforms and separation methods for biomarker analysis reported in the last two years. Key advances in device operation and ability to process different sample matrices in a variety of device materials are highlighted. Finally, current needs and potential future directions for microfluidic device development to realize its full diagnostic potential are discussed.
Induction of Type I Interferon through a Noncanonical Toll-Like Receptor 7 Pathway during Yersinia pestis Infection

Yersinia pestis causes bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague, diseases that are rapidly lethal to most mammals, including humans. Plague develops as a consequence of bacterial neutralization of the host's innate immune response, which permits uncontrolled growth and causes the systemic hyperactivation of the inflammatory response. We previously found that host type I interferon (IFN) signaling is induced during Y. pestis infection and contributes to neutrophil depletion and disease. In this work, we show that type I IFN expression is derived from the recognition of intracellular Y. pestis by host Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Type I IFN expression proceeded independent of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is the only known signaling adaptor for TLR7, suggesting that a noncanonical mechanism occurs in Y. pestis-infected macrophages. In the murine plague model, TLR7 was a significant contributor to the expression of serum IFN-β, whereas MyD88 was not. Furthermore, like the type I IFN response, TLR7 contributed to the lethality of septicemic plague and was associated with the suppression of neutrophilic inflammation. In contrast, TLR7 was important for defense against disease in the lungs. Together, these data demonstrate that an atypical TLR7 signaling pathway contributes to type I IFN expression during Y. pestis infection and suggest that the TLR7-driven type I IFN response plays an important role in determining the outcome of plague.
Stress Analyses of Bones and Simulation of Mechanically Induced Cortical Remodeling

This paper reviews our work in the study of the mechanical adaptation of mature cortical bone. Three topic areas are addressed: the development and analysis of three-dimensional models of the mandible; the application of the RFEM3D (Remodeling Finite Element Method—3-Dimensional) computer program with an in vivo animal experiment performed by Lanyon, Goodship, Pye and McFie [1]; and the review of some ideas for more mechanistic models of net bone remodeling.
Multimetallic Ni- and Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling To Form Highly Substituted 1,3-Dienes.

The synthesis of highly substituted 1,3-dienes from the coupling of vinyl bromides with vinyl triflates is reported for the first time. The coupling is catalyzed by a combination of (5,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine)NiBr2 and (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)PdCl2 in the presence of a zinc reductant. This method affords tetra- and penta-substituted 1,3-dienes that would otherwise be difficult to access and tolerates electron-rich and -poor substituents, heterocycles, an aryl bromide, and a pinacol boronate ester. Mechanistically, the reaction appears to proceed by an unusual zinc-mediated transfer of a vinyl group between the nickel and palladium centers.
Matrix-effect-free determination of BTEX in variable soil compositions using room temperature ionic liquid co-solvents in static headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Abstract Concerns about the environmental impact of shale energy exploration (i.e., hydraulic fracturing and other well stimulation techniques) have risen due to its rapid expansion in the United States and other countries. Soils in shale basins engaged in unconventional oil and gas development can become contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) through mishandling of chemical additives, products, and/or waste fluids. In this study, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were evaluated as solvents in an effort to increase sensitivity and to reduce and normalize matrix effects associated with varying soil compositions during analysis. Headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) experiments demonstrated that hydrophilic RTILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [EMIM][ESO4], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate [EMIM][DEP], and tris(2-hydroxyethyl) methylammonium methylsulfate [MTEOA][MeOSO3] normalized the response for BTEX compounds between 2 different soils, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Furthermore, the optimization of the HS equilibration time to 30 min resulted in the reduction of matrix effects in certified reference soils of sand, clay, and loam textures. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the sub- to mid- pg g−1 level in soil. For determination at 1 g of certified BTEX reference soil, the relative standard deviation was within 10% and percent recoveries were above 80% for toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. This method reduces the need to characterize and matrix-match soil texture for calibration purposes. It also reduces the analysis time and increases precision and accuracy for the quantification of BTEX in variable soil matrices relative to standard methods.
Cave Minerals of Romania

The chapter presents an updated list of all minerals occurring under various settings in caves from Romania.