cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarized Imaging Nephelometer for in situ airborne measurements of aerosol light scattering

Global satellite remote sensing of aerosols requires in situ measurements to enable the calibration and validation of algorithms. In order to improve our understanding of light scattering by aerosol particles, and to enable routine in situ airborne measurements of aerosol light scattering, we have developed an instrument, called the Polarized Imaging Nephelometer (PI-Neph). We designed and built the PI-Neph at the Laboratory for Aerosols, Clouds and Optics (LACO) of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). This portable instrument directly measures the ambient scattering coefficient and phase matrix elements of aerosols, in the field or onboard an aircraft. The measured phase matrix elements are the P11, phase function, and P12. Lasers illuminate the sampled ambient air and aerosol, and a wide field of view camera detects scattered light in a scattering angle range of 3° to 176°. The PI-Neph measures an ensemble of particles, supplying the relevant quantity for satellite remote sensing, as opposed to particle-by-particle measurements that have other applications. Comparisons with remote sensing measurements will have to consider aircraft inlet effects. The PI-Neph first measured at a laser wavelength of 532nm, and was first deployed successfully in 2011 aboard the B200 aircraft of NASA Langley during the Development and Evaluation of satellite ValidatiOn Tools by Experimenters (DEVOTE) project. In 2013, we upgraded the PI-Neph to measure at 473nm, 532nm, and 671nm nearly simultaneously. LACO has deployed the PI-Neph on a number of airborne field campaigns aboard three different NASA aircraft. This paper describes the PI-Neph measurement approach and validation by comparing measurements of artificial spherical aerosols with Mie theory. We provide estimates of calibration uncertainties, which show agreement with the small residuals between measurements of P11 and –P12/P11 and Mie theory. We demonstrate the capability of the PI-Neph to measure ambient aerosol with two data sets from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign, from flights over Colorado in June 2012.
Effect of water-soluble tobacco smoke extracts from filter and non-filter cigarettes on seed germination of onion and tomato

Abstract Water-soluble extracts of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC), prepared from University of Kentucky reference cigarette (1R1, non-filter), two commercial brands, one having a two cm long cellulose acetate filter and another having a two-part filter consisting of one section of 1 cm cellulose acetate followed by a 1 cm activated charcoal, were itilised in the present investigation. TSC from these cigarettes was tested on seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and onion (Allium cepa). The extracts from filter cigarettes were as effective as from non-filter cigarettes in inhibiting the seed germination. With increasing concentrations there was a progressive decline in seed germination. After the termination of the experiment, TSC-treated seeds were thoroughly washed with distilled water four times and allowed to germinate on moist filter paper. The percentage of germination was as high as in the control, thus clearly demonstrating that the inhibition induced by TSC was not permanent.
Inhibition of skiA and skiB gene expression ventralizes zebrafish embryos.

Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Biol Sci Ctr 250, St Paul, MN 55108 USA; Univ Minnesota, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Ctr TRansposon Res, St Paul, MN 55108 USA; Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan, Peoples R China; Discovery Genom Inc, St Paul, MN USA
Memoirs and journals as maps of intrapersonal communication

This paper explores the use of memoirs and journals as means of understanding two characteristics of intrapersonal communication: the process of selective memory which contributes to personal myth, and the pattern of habitual thinking which confirms self‐identify.
Margaret Cavendish's Epistemology

This paper provides a systematic reconstruction of Cavendish's general epistemology and a characterization of the fundamental role of that theory in her natural philosophy. After reviewing the outlines of her natural philosophy, I describe her treatment of ‘exterior knowledge’, i.e. of perception in general and of sense perception in particular. I then describe her treatment of ‘interior knowledge’, i.e. of self-knowledge and ‘conception’. I conclude by drawing out some implications of this reconstruction for our developing understanding of Cavendish's natural philosophy.
Choosing and modeling your mixed linear model

The literature has recently seen much debate as to what is the most appropriate way to specify the mixed linear model. Three different models are currently in wide use. Two of the models are formulated in terms of constants and random variables while the third specifies the mean and variance-covariance structure of the data as the model. This paper will relate the models for a general design. The mean and variance-covariance formulation will be used to unify the models, incorporate randomization restrictions, motivate when a factor should be called fixed or random, incorporate the inference space into the analysis of the problem and incorporate confounding factors into the design. The most common mixed model discussed in design texts will be shown to have some limitations in the model formulation stage of an analysis.
Systematic analysis, comparison, and integration of disease based human genetic association data and mouse genetic phenotypic information

The genetic contributions to human common disorders and mouse genetic models of disease are complex and often overlapping. In common human diseases, unlike classical Mendelian disorders, genetic factors generally have small effect sizes, are multifactorial, and are highly pleiotropic. Likewise, mouse genetic models of disease often have pleiotropic and overlapping phenotypes. Moreover, phenotypic descriptions in the literature in both human and mouse are often poorly characterized and difficult to compare directly. In this report, human genetic association results from the literature are summarized with regard to replication, disease phenotype, and gene specific results; and organized in the context of a systematic disease ontology. Similarly summarized mouse genetic disease models are organized within the Mammalian Phenotype ontology. Human and mouse disease and phenotype based gene sets are identified. These disease gene sets are then compared individually and in large groups through dendrogram analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Human disease and mouse phenotype gene sets are shown to group into disease and phenotypically relevant groups at both a coarse and fine level based on gene sharing. This analysis provides a systematic and global perspective on the genetics of common human disease as compared to itself and in the context of mouse genetic models of disease.
The relationship of organizational culture, stress, satisfaction, and burnout with physician-reported error and suboptimal patient care: results from the MEMO study.

Background A report by the Institute of Medicine suggests that changing the culture of health care organizations may improve patient safety. Research in this area, however, is modest and inconclusive. Because culture powerfully affects providers, and providers are a key determinant of care quality, the MEMO study (Minimizing Error, Maximizing Outcome) introduces a new model explaining how physician work attitudes may mediate the relationship between culture and patient safety. Research questions (1) Which cultural conditions affect physician stress, dissatisfaction, and burnout? and (2) Do stressed, dissatisfied, and burned out physicians deliver poorer quality care? Methods A conceptual model incorporating the research questions was analyzed via structural equation modeling using a sample of 426 primary care physicians participating in MEMO. Findings Culture, overall, played a lesser role than hypothesized. However, a cultural emphasis on quality played a key role in both quality outcomes. Further, we found that stressed, burned out, and dissatisfied physicians do report a greater likelihood of making errors and more frequent instance of suboptimal patient care. Practice implications Creating and sustaining a cultural emphasis on quality is not an easy task, but is worthwhile for patients, physicians, and health care organizations. Further, having clinicians who are satisfied and not burned out or stressed contributes substantially to the delivery of quality care.
Approximate Semantic Transference: A Computational Theory of Metaphors and Analogies

In this paper we start from the assumption that in a metaphor, or an onology. same terms belonging to one domain (source domain) are used to refer to obiects other than their conventional referents belonging to a possibly different domain (target domain). We describe a formalism, which is bosed on the First Order Predicate Calculus, for representing the knowledge structure associated with a domain and then develop a theory of Constrained Semantic Transference [CST] which allows the terms and the structural relationships of the source domain to be transferred coherently across to the target domain. We show how metaphors and onalogies can be characterized in CST in such a way that many of their cognitive properties con be explained. We then propose a theory of Approximate Semantic Transference [AST] which is a computational version of CST and is derived from it by replacing the coherency requirement with approximate coherency. We show how AST can be used OS a bosis for designing models of cognitive processes involved in comprehending metaphors and analogies.
Humoral and cellular immune functions are not compromised by the anticarcinogenic Bowman-Birk inhibitor.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the soybean‐derived Bowman‐Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) is effective as a cancer chemopreventive agent in several animal model systems. Proteases represent a key component of several aspects of immune function; therefore the immune system is a primary target for potential toxicity. The present investigation examines the effect of dietary and intraperitoneally administered BBI on antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and delayed‐type hypersensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene. Primary antibody response was not altered by BBI treatment; however, an elevated secondary response was observed in animals receiving dietary BBI at two weeks of age. This effect was not observed at later time points. No change in delayed‐type hypersensitivity response was observed in any of the treatment groups.
Studies on the mechanism of action of calciferol. IV. Interaction of the polyene antibiotic, filipin, with intestinal mucosal membranes from vitamin D-treated and vitamin D-deficient chicks

Abstract 1. 1. The polyene antibiotic, filipin, has been shown to be a specific tool with which to probe the biochemical function of vitamin D (calciferol)-stimulated calcium translocation, in vitro, in the chick intestinal ileum. Filipin treatment, in vitro (concentration about 2·10-5 M of ileal segments obtained from vitamin D-deficient chicks increased the calcium flux, J ms (flux in the mucosal-to-serosal direction), by 150–250%. Filipin treatment, in vitro, of ileal segments from vitamin D-treated chicks had no effect on calcium flux, J ms . The effect of filipin on calcium was shown to exist only when the antibiotic was administered to the mucosal surface of an ileum. The filipin effect was specific for calcium translocation; little or no effect of filipin was noted on the flux, J ms , of phosphate, sulfate, serine or rubidium. Also the magnitude of the filipin-mediated increase in calcium flux was inversely proportional to the time after vitamin D administration, in vivo, to rachitic chicks, so that 60 h after vitamin D there was no filipin effect. 2. 2. Studies carried out on thiourea and water flux, J ms , in response to filipin treatment showed that the increase in specific calcium transport in ileal segments from vitamin D-deficient chicks is not mediated by a general increase in permeability. 3. 3. Filipin was shown to bind to a greater extent and a faster rate of ileal segments obtained from rachitic chicks than those from vitamin D-treated chicks. 4. 4. Electron micrographic studies showed that after prolonged exposure (80 min) to filipin on the mucosal side, in vitro, gross morphological changes could be detected in the microvillar region of the ileal segments obtained from vitamin D-deficient chicks but not in the segment obtained from vitamin D-treated chicks. There were no major morphological changes apparent in either system when ileal segments were exposed to filipin, in vitro, for periods equivalent to those used in studying the transport activities (20–40 min). 5. 5. Examination of the time-course of events noted after administration of filipin, in vitro, to ileal segments from vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-treated chicks, supports the hypothesis that a fundamental difference exists in some structural aspect of the intestinal microvillar membranes of these two systems.
A unifying probability density function

Abstract This paper presents a new unifying continuous probability density function. It is shown that the continuous distributions Weibull-, gamma-, Erlang-, χ 2 and exponential distributions can be derived from the proposed density function.
Preoperative vein mapping for coronary artery bypass operations

High-resolution, real-time ultrasonographic imaging of the greater saphenous veins was performed preoperatively in 100 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Vein diameters were measured by ultrasound at four locations in the leg, and the course of the vein in the leg was marked on the overlying skin. Veins removed at operation were measured at the same locations at initial dissection and after vein preparation. The mapped and in situ vein diameters correlated closely, whereas the distended vein diameter was approximately 1.5 mm larger. When greater saphenous veins were absent or diseased,lesser saphenous veins were mapped. No differences in measurements were demonstrated for a variety of patient and operator variables. Major branches or duplications were predicted correctly in 11 patients and venous disease in 13 patients. Mapping influenced the surgeon's choice of the venectomy site in 13 patients. Vein mapping is a simple, accurate, and noninvasive method of imaging the saphenous vein preoperatively. It is useful in demonstrating areas of venous anomalies and disease, and predicts the course of the vein in the leg.
Upper-Air Temperature Trends over the Globe, 1958–1989

Abstract New time series of the hemispheric and global mean temperature anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere are presented for the period May 1958 through December 1989. The statistics are based on objective monthly analyses of all available daily soundings from the global rawinsonde network (∼700–800 stations). The results are compared with Angell's earlier statistics based on a subset of 63 stations. Excellent agreement is found with these earlier results as well as with an 11-year set of satellite-derived microwave sounding unit data. These detailed comparisons support the conclusion that the rawinsonde network can provide reliable estimates of the actual interseasonal hemispheric-scale temperature changes that have occurred between the earth's surface and about 20 km (50 mb) height since the 1950s.
Age and origin of anorthosites, charnockites, and granulites in the Central Virginia Blue Ridge: Nd and Sr isotopic evidence

Rb-Sr isotopic data for anorthosites, charnockites, ferrodioritic to quartz monzonitic plutons, and high-grade gneisses of the Blue Ridge of central Virginia show evidence of post-emplacement metamorphism, but in some cases retain Grenville ages. The Pedlar River Charnockite Suite yields an isochron age of 1021 +/-36 Ma, (initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7047 +/-6), which agrees with published U-Pb zircon ages. Five samples of that unit which contain Paleozoic mylonitic fabrics define a regression line of 683 Ma, interpreted as a mixing line with no age significance. Samples of the Roseland Anorthosite Complex show excessive scatter on a Rb-Sr evolution diagram probably due to Paleozoic (475 m.y.) metamorphism. Data from the ferrodioritic to quartz monzonitic plutons of the area yield an age of 1009 +/-26 Ma (inital ratio=0.7058 +/-4), which is in the range of the U-Pb zircon ages of 1000–1100 Ma. The Stage Road Layered Gneiss yields an age of 1147 +/-34 Ma (initial ratio of 0.7047 +/- 5). Sm-Nd data for the Pedlar River Charnockite Suite reflect a pre-Grenville age of 1489 +/-118 Ma (ɛ Nd=+6.7 +/-1.2). Data for the Roseland Anorthosite Complex and the ferrodioritic to quartz monzonitic plutons yield Grenville isochron ages of 1045 +/44 Ma (ɛ Nd=+1.0 +/-0.3) and 1027 +/-101 Ma (ɛ Nd=+1.4 +/-1.0), respectively. Two Roseland Anorthosite samples plot far above the isochron, demonstrating the effects of post-emplacement disturbance of Sm-Nd systematics, while mylonitized Pedlar River Charnockite Suite samples show no evidence of Sm-Nd redistribution. The disparity of the Sm-Nd age and other isotopic ages for the Pedlar River Charnockite Suite probably reflects a Sm-Nd “source” age, suggesting the presence of an older crust within this portion of the ca. 1 Ga old basement.
Contraception by Ushercell (cellulose sulfate) in formulation: duration of effect and dose effectiveness.

Abstract This study evaluated contraception by formulated Ushercell™, a uniquely high-molecular-weight form of cellulose sulfate, in the rabbit. Variables included (1) dose effectiveness, (2) duration of effectiveness, and (3) formulation excipients. Vaginally applied carboxymethyl-cellulose-based Ushercell™ gel is contraceptive. A 6% gel is active for at least 18 h; partial activity is observed for at least 24 h. With an application–insemination interval of 0.5 h, Ushercell™ as low as 0.1% is contraceptive. Contraception is incomplete with 2% Ushercell™ and an application–insemination interval of 24 h. Ushercell™ formulations containing a relatively high concentration of Carbopol are ineffective contraceptives, whether the gel is applied before insemination or is premixed with spermatozoa before insemination. Contraceptive activity is restored in Ushercell™ formulations with lower Carbopol content. This study shows that formulated Ushercell™ is an effective, long-lasting contraceptive and, hence, is bioavailable when vaginally applied. Activity is dependent on the type and relative concentration of formulation excipients. These data support a projected successful outcome of further clinical trials.
Actigraph assessment of rest–activity disturbances in psychiatric disorders

Abstract Subjective symptoms of the patients are often focused in psychiatric disorders. However, psychiatric disorders are also characterized by an array of clinical signs. In the diagnoses of psychiatry, increasing attention has been paid to the alteration of motoric activity and behaviour. Here we show that the objective measurements of activity by using non-invasive actigraphs may enhance the assessment of psychiatric signs and facilitate the evaluation of psychiatric disorders.
The cochleovestibular system/ototoxicity/clinical issues.

: It is recommended that the experiences of basic science with ototoxicity be applied to the development of specific clinical strategies for the treatment of the cochleovestibular complaints of hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and ear blockage. The treatment goals are to maintain/improve function, namely, hearing and balance, as well as to control aberrant auditory and vestibular phenomena, for example, tinnitus and vertigo originating within the peripheral and/or central cochleovestibular system. It is hypothesized that a “common” neurochemical basis for “toxicity” exists, whatever the primary toxic etiology. It is also recommended that the neurochemical mechanisms of neuroprotection and apoptosis be considered for investigations of ototoxicity. Furthermore, it is suggested that ototoxicities are reflected in clinical manifestations of sensory cochleovestibular complaints of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo, and affect complaints of stress, pain, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Achieving coherent capacity of correlated MIMO channels in the low-power regime with non-flashy signaling schemes

Existing works on MIMO channel capacity assume that the channel power scales quadratically with antenna dimensions. In a recent work, we introduced a framework for sub-quadratic channel power scaling to model physical MIMO channels, and studied a family of channels with different spatial distributions of channel power. In particular, we introduced the notion of a beamforming channel, realizable in practice via the use of reconfigurable antenna arrays, that yields the highest capacity and maximal spectral efficiency in the low SNR regime. In this paper, we show that the MIMO beamforming channel requires a significantly smaller coherence requirement to achieve the wideband capacity limit at finite bandwidth than has been known in the literature. Contrasting the recent claims that training-based signaling schemes are strictly sub-optimal over communication schemes that do not perform explicit training, we show that training offers significant advantages in achieving wideband capacity. The price of explicitly training the channel over a non-explicit training scheme is a bandwidth penalty, albeit at a significantly less stringent coherence requirement on the channel
Synthesis and electrochemistry of C5H5Mn(CNR)3 compounds

The complexes Mn(C5H5)(CNR)3 (R = CH3, C6H5,p-ClC6H4, C6Cl5) are formed from Mn(C5H5)(CO)3 and excess isocyanide using ultraviolet irradiation. Cyclic voltammetry shows that these complexes undergo two sequential one-electron oxidations.
Destruction of quantum coherence in a micromaser by finite detection efficiency

Abstract We discuss the relative effects of selective and nonselective atomic measurements on the “quantum purity” of a single mode field. This is a model for non-unit detection efficiency in a micromaser. We show that the quantum mixing associated with non- selective measurements imposes strong limitations on the detection efficiency that can be tolerated if quantum coherences are to be generated and detected.
The cardiolipin-binding domain of Bid affects mitochondrial respiration and enhances cytochrome c release

Bid is cleaved by caspase 8 during apoptosis and the truncated Bid (tBid) translocates to mitochondria by targeting cardiolipin. Amino acids 103-162 of Bid were reported as the cardiolipin-binding domain (CBD). The EGFP-CBD fusion protein targets to mitochondria and induces apoptosis. Using [(3)H]cardiolipin, we proved that recombinant CBD binds cardiolipin similar to tBid and tBid(G94E), a mutant with a defective BH3 domain. CBD could induce cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria, but much less potent than tBid. Free cardiolipin inhibited the CBD-induced cytochrome c release, suggesting that it may be mediated by interfering with mitochondrial cardiolipin, especially with the interaction between cytochrome c and cardiolipin. This is consistent with the findings that CBD induced cytochrome c release in Bax-deficient cells, and that CBD suppressed mitochondrial respiration through directly interfering with cardiolipin, a critical lipid involved in oxidative phosphorylation. These results indicate the functional importance of CBD in tBid-induced apoptosis.
Coherent nonlinear coupling between a long-wavelength mode and small-scale turbulence in the TEXT tokamak

Bispectral analysis of Langmuir probe data indicates that coherent nonlinear coupling, in addition to the noncoherent turbulent interactions, exists in the edge plasma of the tokamak TEXT. Not all the modes involved reside within the spectral region of the usual broadband turbulence. At a major resonant surface the small-scale turbulent activity interacts [ital coherently] with a localized long-wavelength mode; a signature of regular or coherent structure. By the observed coupling to the transport related turbulence, the long-wavelength mode can influence plasma confinement indirectly. These observations signify the influence of low-order resonant surfaces on the edge turbulence in tokamaks.
ATTITUDES TOWARD ELECTIVE ABORTION: PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY FOR THE PERSONAL BELIEFS SCALE '

If the Personal Beliefs Scale (Embree and Embree) is a valid measure of individual differences in mind-body beliefs responses to its scales should correlate with positions on induced abortion. This correlation was investigated in a convenience sample of 100 US students (72 men and 28 women) attending a small Midwestern university in 1997. Overall 28 students were classified as neutral 56 as second-order psychosomaticism and 16 as "other" mind-body types (e.g. reductionistic materialism nonreductionistic materialism vitalism first-order psychosomaticism). 63.9% of the 83 students who identified themselves as Christians were in the second-order psychosomaticism mind-body group compared with 17.6% of those who did not consider themselves Christian. Of all the mind-body beliefs second-order psychosomaticism--with its focus on mind-body unity and personal immortality--would seem to pose the greatest difficulty in terms of accommodating elective abortion. Students were presented with a hypothetical scenario in which a woman has decided to terminate a pregnancy upon receiving a diagnosis of abnormal fetal development and asked their feelings about her decision. 17% of students were anti-choice and 83% were pro-choice in the context of abnormal fetal development. In the pro-choice group 30.1% were classified as neutral 19.3% as other and 50.6% as second-order mind-body types. In contrast 82.4% of the anti-choice students fell into the second-order mind-body category and 17.6% were classified as neutral. Both attitudes toward abortion and whether abortion was perceived as murder or not murder were highly correlated with personal belief type but empathy for the unborn (low moderate or high) was not. These findings suggest the importance of the role of contextual effects in the moral decision process. Students holding second-order psychosomaticism beliefs appeared to strike a compromise between the logical implications of their mind-body belief and their understanding of the personhood of the pregnant woman.
Visual hemispheric asymmetries depend on which spatial frequencies are task relevant

Observers classified sine-wave and square-wave gratings on the basis of fundamental frequency (Are the bars wide or narrow?) or on the basis of higher harmonic frequencies (Are the bars sharp or fuzzy?). Stimuli were presented in either the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual field. When the classification was made on the basis of the fundamental frequencies (1 or 3 c/deg), there was a LVF/right hemisphere advantage. However, when the classification was on the basis of a sharp/fuzzy distinction which involved searching for the higher harmonic frequencies, then a RVF/left hemisphere advantage was found.
SEARCH FOR EXCLUSIVE J / psi PRODUCTION

We have searched for exclusive hadronic J-italic/psi production by looking for narrow resonances in the e-italic/sup +/e/sup -/ mass spectrum of the reaction ..pi../sup -/p..-->..e/sup +/e/sup -/n. No events were observed in the region around 3.1 GeV/c-italic/sup 2/. The cross section for the reaction ..pi../sup -/p..-->..J/psi n at 13 GeV/c-italic is no more than 103 pb at the 90% confidence level.
Nonequilibrium quantum field theories

Abstract Combining the Feynman-Vernon influence functional formalism with the real-time formulation of finite-temperature quantum field theories we present a general approach to relativistic quantum field theories out of thermal equilibrium. We clarify the physical meaning of the additional fields encountered in the real-time formulation of quantum statistics and outline diagrammatic rules for perturbative nonequilibrium computations. We derive a generalization of Boltzmann's equation which gives a complete characterization of relativistic nonequilibrium phenomena.
Neuronal growth cones: An extended view

This commentary reviews some experiments in NG108-15 cells and their implications for the study of neurite outgrowth in primary neurons
Engaging Non-Traditional Students in Computer Science through Socially-Inspired Learning and Sustained Mentoring

This paper describes a new program for attracting non-traditional students into computer science and retaining them through sustained peer and faculty mentoring. The program is centered on socially-inspired learning, - learning in and for a community. It consists of a STEM Incubator course, hands-on projects with real-world applications, a sandbox lab, and a mentoring system that begins in the STEM Incubator course and continues with students who choose to remain involved in projects and courses. Our program is in its second year. Data collected on enrollment and retention and results of student questionnaires show promise for the success and sustainability of the program.
Neuroperceptual Differences in Consonant and Vowel Discrimination: As Revealed by Direct Cortical Electrical Interference

Abstract The effects of direct cortical electrical interference on consonant and vowel discrimination were investigated in five patients with implanted subdural electrode arrays. Without electrical interference, patients' performance discriminating consonants and vowels was intact. With electrical interference, consonant discrimination was impaired at one electrode site in each patient on the superior temporal gyrus of the lateral left perisylvian cortex. Conversely, vowel and tone discrimination remained relatively intact when tested with electrical interference at the same site. Analysis of patients' consonant discrimination errors revealed that neither differences in acoustic temporal structure nor syllable position fully account for the consonantvowel perceptual dissociations elicited. Our data suggest that at the cortical level consonant and vowel perception are intrinsically distinct perceptual phenomena. The selective impairment of consonant, but not vowel, discrimination further suggests that consonant and vowel perception are distinguished by differences in relative dependence on the functional - perhaps integrative - resources of the left lateral superior temporal gyrus.
A perspective on AIDS vaccines.

To many people it is unfathomable that after more than 10 years of research, there is no human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine ready for large-scale efficacy trials. A complex web of scientific, political, and social issues remains to be untangled. Barry Bloom (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA) takes a hard look at the fundamental questions that must be answered before a vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes a reality.
Leakage Current Characteristic of Vertical GaN -Based Light Emitting Diodes with Passivation Structures

We investigated the influence of passivation structure on reverse leakage current characteristic of vertical GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs). Proper passivation structure is important for high-performance vertical LEDs because large external or residual stress arising during device fabrication and operation can deteriorate electrical properties such as leakage current and current-voltage behavior. Unpassivated and SiO 2 -passivated vertical LEDs showed relatively large leakage currents in reverse bias. In contrast, photoresist-passivated vertical LEDs showed a very low leakage current of ∼4 nA for a reverse bias of -5 V, and lower forward operation voltage of 3.22-3.24 V at 20 mA compared to lateral LEDs.
Sensing strategies to reduce power consumption of recursive-leastsquares parameter identification of autonomous microsystems

Autonomous microsystems often operate under both strict power and energy constraints and substantial environmental variation. To improve sensing and control performance, parameter identification techniques can be useful if they may be implemented within an appropriate power budget. While it is well known that identification algorithm performance depends on sampling rate, for energy minimization sensor power models and rates of parameter adaptation can also significantly influence optimal sensor usage. In this paper, an empirical, simulation-generated model is found for parameter error of recursive least square identification of a prototypical second-order linear continuous system as a function of sampling rate, number of samples, and sensor noise density. This model is coupled with representative power models of certain common sensing circuits used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to recommend optimal sensing schemes for low-power parameter identification. A case study of a walking micro-robot is presented.
Association of Personal Distress With Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Compassion Satisfaction Among Clinical Social Workers

ABSTRACT Studies of empathy and empathy-related responding show that while some people respond to observing the suffering of another with a prosocial concern and urge to help the suffering person, others have an aversive, avoidant response that is primarily self-focused and aimed toward relieving their own distress rather than helping the other person. This self-focused response, labeled personal distress, is associated with various social and psychological problems. This article discusses the concept of personal distress and describes a study of licensed clinical social workers (n = 171) that examines the relationship of personal distress and three other aspects of the empathy construct with compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Results of ordinary least squares multiple regression analyses indicate that the model of empathy components and control variables explain 20% to 23% of the variance in the dependent variables. Personal distress is the only component of the empathy construct w...
Aerosol Synthesis of Hollow Spherical Morphology Boron Nitride Particles

An aerosol-based synthesis is described that uses N,N-dimethylformamide solutions of boric acid as the aerosol feedstock and NH3 as a nitriding atmosphere for the preparation of hollow spherical morphology BN particles in the size range 1−5 μm. These particles display unusually high surface areas (500−1400 m2/g) and microporosity.
Frontotemporal Dementia-Parkinsonism

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Major symptoms include behavioral disturbances and language impairment. Diagnosis relies upon clinical examination and brain imaging, showing evidence of frontotemporal involvement. Pathologically, there is frontotemporal atrophy, neuronal loss, and gliosis. FTLD carries a poor prognosis, with a median 3-year survival from diagnosis.
Thermoelectric power of amorphous compound semiconductors

Abstract Thermoelectric power measurements as a function of temperature have been made on four V–VI amorphous chalcogenides, ten IV–VI amorphous chalcogenides of the Ge x Te 1− x system, and five amorphous IV–V materials. In the IV–V and the intermediate composition IV–VI materials, the charge transport cannot be described on the basis of conduction at only one energy level. The former exhibit characteristics of conduction both in extended states and in localized states at the Fermi level. Transport in the V–VI materials can be formally described in terms of conduction at one level in either the chaotic band or the small polaron models, but the use of a two-channel model with transport simultaneously in both p-type extended and localized states seems the most promising.
Bone remodeling in old age: Longitudinal monitoring in Arizona.

Beginning in October, 1982, annual monitoring of the density of the radius has been conducted on a population of affluent elderly citizens of Sun City, Arizona. In the summer of 1983, a second component of the project was added, drawing on residents of subsidized retirement residences in Tucson, Arizona. The study, now in its eighth year, has followed the procedure of collecting data on 225 individuals in each city each year, adding new subjects to compensate for attrition as needed. Total sample size in this mixed-longitudinal study presently stands at 1209. In order to develop normative standards for all age groups and allow construction of sex-specific bone density profiles for the two populations, additional subjects were recruited from the University community and from health monitoring projects in progress in the College of Medicine. The total sample is presently slightly over 2,000 individuals, approximately 1,500 of whom are women. In addition to bone mineral density data, collected with a Lunar SP-2 photon absorptiometer at a site located one-third of the distance from the distal end of the radius, comprehensive questionnaire data concerning medical history, current medications, exercise habits, and nutritional intakes were collected in the Sun City and Tucson longitudinal studies. One of the most significant findings of this study to date has been the sharp difference between the remodeling patterns observed in men as opposed to women. In addition, longitudinal observations show that bone loss follows a pattern that is more episodic than steady in both sexes.
Magneto microwave absorption observation of surface vortex lattice melting in single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the microwave absorption due to flux motion has been measured from zero to one tesla at several temperatures in single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x. For the magnetic field, B, parallel to the c-axis, the absorption i s linearly dependent on B 1 2 consistent with the dependence of the surface resistance on ϱ 1 2 , where ϱ is the bulk resis tivity and with models of the dependence of ϱ on B for flux creep and flow. The dependence of the absorption on B 1 2 shows two linear regions having different slopes. The magnetic field at which the slope changes is temperature dependent and is associated with the transition from the vortex solid to the vortex fluid in the surface layers of the crystal. The transition field is measured at several temperatures allowing a determination of the H-T irreversibility line.
Arachidonic acid protects neonatal rat cardiac myocytes from ischaemic injury through ϵ protein kinase C

Objectives: Arachidonic acid is a second messenger which activates protein kinase C (PKC) and is released from the heart during ischaemic preconditioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of arachidonic acid on activation of PKC in cardiac myocytes and the cellular consequences. Methods: Neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were isolated and maintained in culture. Arachidonic acid-induced activation of PKC was examined by cell fractionation and western blot analysis. Contraction frequency was measured by visual inspection under a microscope. Ischaemia was simulated by subjecting cells to an atmosphere of lower than 0.5% oxygen in the absence of glucose and cell damage determined by release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase or direct cell viability assay. Results: Arachidonic acid resulted in translocation of δ and ϵPKC but not α, βII, η or ζPKC isozymes, indicating activation of only δ and ϵPKC. Arachidonic acid induced a dose-dependent decrease in spontaneous contraction rate of cardiac myocytes which was blocked by a selective peptide translocation inhibitor of ϵPKC. Pretreatment with arachidonic acid partially protected cardiac myocytes against ischaemia. Down-regulation of PKC with 24 h 4β-phorbol,12-myristate,13-acetate treatment, inhibition of PKC by chelerythrine and selective inhibition of ϵPKC translocation all decreased the protective effect of arachidonic acid. Pretreatment with eicosapentaenoic acid or oleic acid also protected cardiac myocytes against ischaemia. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that arachidonic acid selectively activates δ and ϵPKC in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, leading to protection from ischaemia. We suggest this is a potential mechanism of PKC activation during PC. In addition, our results suggest that different classes of free fatty acid directly exert cardioprotection from ischaemic injury in cardiac myocytes.
Managing IT Resources Using Web Services: A Tutorial on the WSDM Standards From The Ground Up

Summary form only given. Industry has been wrestling with the complexity of managing business systems for years. The challenge stems from the variety of application and IT resource providers that enterprises use to build their business systems. A range of management systems co-exist to manage the breadth of resources. The management industry and customers have an opportunity to take advantage of the industry trend towards using Web services for business integration and moving to service oriented architectures for business. It is now possible to garner these same advantages seen in business for management. Building manageable resources and management systems on a Web services foundation is going to cause a profound shift in how enterprises and vendors manage their IT resources in the future. Embracing this shift is going to create more flexible IT infrastructures, better integration of business and IT objectives, and greater end to end management of both IT infrastructures and business processes. This presentation provides a bottoms-up tutorial of Web services distributed management (WSDM), the new OASIS Standard that provides the first step in solving this classic management integration problem. The session will begin with an overview of the SOA based management architecture and WSDM's place in that architecture relative to other industry standards and initiatives. The technical tutorial will begin with an introduction on WSDL and WS-addressing, specifications on which WSDM depends. The presenters will build on this with an overview of the Web services for resource framework (WSRF) and Web services notification (WSN) OASIS specifications and discuss how they are used by WSDM. Finally, the session will explore WSDM components, management using WS (MUWS) and WSDM management of Web services (MOWS). MUWS defines how to represent and access the manageability interfaces of any IT resource as Web services. MOWS defines how to manage Web services as resources and how to describe and access that manageability using MUWS. Concrete customer issues solved by WSDM will also be highlighted as well as how CIM modeled resources can be accessed using WSDM. Apache MUSE and IBM Developerworks Toolkits will be used to illustrate the programming techniques
Synthesis of 14C‐ and 35S‐labelled 2‐mercaptobenzimidazoles

14C- and 35S-labelled 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and 1-methyl-2-mercaptobenzimidazole were synthesized from 14C-carbon disulfide, 35S-thiourea, 14C-methyl iodide and 35S-thiourea, respectively, for use in studies on the mechanism of action of antithyroid drugs. The products were purified by chromatography on silica and isolated with radiochemical purities of greater than 98%, yields of 45-77% and specific activities of 2.1-5.3 mCi/mmole.
Ellipsometry for the Characterization of Optical Coatings.

Ellipsometry provides the means for both in-situ and ex-situ nondestructive characterization of optical coatings based on the change of polarization that accompanies light reflection at oblique incidence. For optical coatings deposited on transparent substrates, reflection and transmission ellipsometry can be performed simultaneously to increase the information throughput of the optical monitor. In-situ monitoring with fast ellipsometers is suited for process control. The refractive indices of deposited layers, layer thicknesses, and void fractions in a coating can be determined. This paper briefly reviews the principles, instrumentation, and some applications of ellipsometry.
Evaluating Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Community-Acquired Infections

disability, that are associated with an increased risk of infection; therefore, an elevated risk of infection in persons with DM could be a reflection of the higher prevalence of comorbid factors in that population. The primary challenges in assessing
ENDANGERED LIGHT‐FOOTED CLAPPER RAIL AFFECTS PARASITE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN COASTAL WETLANDS

An extinction necessarily affects community members that have obligate relationships with the extinct species. Indirect or cascading effects can lead to even broader changes at the community or ecosystem level. However, it is not clear whether generalist parasites should be affected by the extinction of one of their hosts. We tested the prediction that loss of a host species could affect the structure of a generalist parasite community by investigating the role of endangered Light-footed Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris levipes )i n structuring trematode communities in four tidal wetlands in southern California, USA (Carpinteria Salt Marsh, Mugu Lagoon) and Mexico (Estero de Punta Banda, Bahia Falsa- San Quintin). We used larval trematode parasites in first intermediate host snails (Cerithidea californica) as windows into the adult trematodes that parasitize Clapper Rails. Within and among wetlands, we found positive associations between Clapper Rails and four trematode species, particularly in the vegetated marsh habitat where Clapper Rails typically occur. This suggests that further loss of Clapper Rails is likely to affect the abundance of several competitively dominant trematode species in wetlands with California horn snails, with possible indirect effects on the trematode community and changes in the impacts of these parasites on fishes and invertebrates.
The Radial Process for Confidence Sets

Suppose that the sample x n has distribution P θ,n, where θ∈Θ is unknown and may be either finite or infinite dimensional. Of interest is the value τ = T(θ), where T is a given function. This paper treats the problem of constructing a good confidence set C n for τ.
Zoonotic and Human Parasites of Inhabitants of Cueva de Los Muertos Chiquitos, Rio Zape Valley, Durango, Mexico

Abstract: We present the first reconstruction of the parasitoses among the people of the Loma San Gabriel culture, as represented by 36 coprolites excavated from the Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos in Durango, Mexico. The coprolites date to approximately 1,400-yr-ago. Species identified based on eggs recovered include the trematode Echinostoma sp., the tapeworms Hymenolepis sp. and Dipylidium caninum, and the nematodes Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius vermicularis, and Trichuris trichiura. After rehydration and screening, 2 methods were used to recover eggs from these samples including spontaneous sedimentation and flotation. Samples were analyzed by 3 different laboratories for independent verification and comparison of methods. Spontaneous sedimentation resulted in the discovery of hymenolepidid eggs that were not found with flotation. Sedimentation was a more-sensitive indicator of prevalence as well. The modified method of flotation permitted estimation of egg concentration and resulted in the detecti...
Shaping gains using non-equiprobable signaling

The method presented by A.R. Calderbank and L.H. Ozarow (IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.36, p.726-40, July 1990) is extended to provide shape gains without resorting to high-dimensional constellations. The extended method accomplishes this by dividing the constellation into unequal sized constellations and then selecting these constellations on an equiprobable basis. This approach yields higher shaping gains than the method of Calderbank and Ozarow, with lower increase in peak-to-average power ratios. A design example which demonstrates the simplicity and power of the approach is provided. It is shown that, for very little complexity, shaping gains of 1 dB can be achieved. >