cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor in colon disease

Surveillance colonoscopy and biopsy are inaccurate methods of predicting the likelihood of ulcerative colitis patients to develop colon carcinoma. We examined uPA and PAI-1 as potential markers for assessing these patients and those with familial polyposis who are at risk of developing colon cancer. For comparison, biopsies of normal colon and Crohn's disease were evaluated. We examined 77 colonic mucosa specimens taken from patients undergoing elective resection for benign and malignant colonic disease. uPA and PAI-1 were measured using a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA kit (American Diagnostica, Greenwich, CT) and expressed as ng/mg extract protein. Intra- and interassay controls of uPA gave CV = 3-4% and CV = 8-9%, respectively, while those for PAI-1 were 6-7% and 10-11%, respectively. The Mann-Whitney test showed that both uPA and PAI-1 expression were significantly higher in colon cancer, chronic ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease than in normal colon. uPA in familial polyposis samples was similar to that of normal colon, while PAI-1 was much lower than in normal colon. Neither patient age nor sex appeared to influence the expression of these potential markers in any tissue. The pattern of uPA and PAI-1 expression in normal, benign and malignant colon suggests these proteins deserve further consideration as markers for assessing colon carcinoma risk.
Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of n-heptane with hexane isomers

Abstract Molar excess enthalpies, measured in a flow microcalorimeter, are reported for binary mixtures of n -heptane with the five isomeric hexanes. For equimolar mixtures at 298.15 K, deviations from ideality range from 0.46 J·mol −1 for n -hexane to 23.16 J·mol −1 for 2,2-dimethylbutane.
“Vapoconductivity”. Sorption of Organic Vapors Causes Large Increases in the Conductivity of a Dendrimer

Dendrimers peripherally modified with oligothiophene cation radicals were prepared. The electrical conductivity of thin films showed rapid, dramatic (up to 800×), and reversible increases in conductivity when exposed to certain organic vapors.
Modelling seasonality and viral mutation to predict the course of an influenza pandemic

As the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic (H1N1) has shown, public health decision-makers may have to predict the subsequent course and severity of a pandemic. We developed an agent-based simulation model and used data from the state of Georgia to explore the influence of viral mutation and seasonal effects on the course of an influenza pandemic. We showed that when a pandemic begins in April certain conditions can lead to a second wave in autumn (e.g. the degree of seasonality exceeding 0·30, or the daily rate of immunity loss exceeding 1% per day). Moreover, certain combinations of seasonality and mutation variables reproduced three-wave epidemic curves. Our results may offer insights to public health officials on how to predict the subsequent course of an epidemic or pandemic based on early and emerging viral and epidemic characteristics and what data may be important to gather.
Using error information to improve software quality

Problem Definition: To help ensure high-quality software artifacts, researchers and practitioners have developed various techniques for identifying and repairing problems early in the software lifecycle (e.g., requirements and design documents). Most of these techniques are fault-based, and have been empirically validated. However, results show that even when developers faithfully apply these techniques, they are not able to identify all types of problems and that 40-50% of effort is spent on fixing these early problems later in the development process. The studies have revealed the inadequacy of fault-based approaches, which treats the symptoms of software defects, not their underlying causes. Prior research that only analyzed a sample of faults to determine their causes and suggest process improvements (e.g., RCA, ODC) overlooked many errors due to a lack of underlying cognitive theory. Proposed Solution: Our solution applies results from human error research to address the defects made during development. Human error research focuses on the psychological processes that produce errors in human behavior. The process of applying human error research to software development begins by collecting data about errors, finding common failures, and interpreting those errors in light of human information processing limitations and known error patterns. A taxonomy of errors can be used to make developers more effective during the software inspection process to catch costly mistakes early.
On nuclear dependence of direct photon production

We have calculated the impact on theA dependence of direct photon production at large transverse momenta (pT) of models that were used successfully to explain the EMC effect. We find that, for energies andpT's typical of present direct photon measurements, the change in the photon yield due to nuclear modification of parton distributions can be expected to be about 15–20% on Fe. The effect is quite sensitive to the gluon distribution. In particular, for the models used in our calculations, theA dependence is affected more by the gluon distribution than by the quark distributions.
The elementary-school functioning of children with maltreatment histories and mild cognitive or behavioral disabilities: A mixed methods inquiry

This mixed methods inquiry examined the school functioning of elementary school-aged children with maltreatment histories and mild cognitive or behavioral disabilities. Quantitative analyses of linked social service and education administrative data bases of 10,394 children in Minnesota with maltreatment histories indicated that 32% were eligible for special education services. Of those children with maltreatment histories and identified disabilities, 73% had mild cognitive or behavioral disabilities. The most frequent primary disabilities categories were specific learning disabilities (33%) and emotional/behavioral disabilities (27%). Children with maltreatment histories and mild cognitive or behavioral disabilities scored significantly below children with maltreatment histories and no identified disabilities on standardized assessments of math and reading, and this gap increased with grade level for math. Qualitative interviews with 22 child welfare professionals and 15 educators suggested why some children with maltreatment histories, especially those with mild cognitive or behavioral disabilities, struggle in school. Risks to school functioning included children's and families' multiple unmet basic and mental health needs which can mask or overshadow children's mild disabilities; poor cross systems collaboration between child welfare, education and mental health systems; and inadequate funding, especially for mental health services. Protective factors included child engagement in school, parent engagement with child welfare services and a professional culture of cross-systems collaboration. Implications are discussed for holistic child, family and system-level interventions.
Protein Kinase C δ Stimulates Apoptosis by Initiating G1 Phase Cell Cycle Progression and S Phase Arrest

Overexpression of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) stimulates apoptosis in a wide variety of cell types through a mechanism that is incompletely understood. PKCδ-deficient cells are impaired in their response to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PKCδ is required to mount an appropriate apoptotic response under conditions of stress. The mechanism through which it does so remains elusive. In addition to effects on cell survival, PKCδ elicits pleiotropic effects on cellular proliferation. We now provide the first evidence that the ability of PKCδ to stimulate apoptosis is intimately linked to its ability to stimulate G1 phase cell cycle progression. Using an adenoviral-based expression system to express PKCα,-δ, and -ϵ in epithelial cells, we demonstrate that a modest increase in PKCδ activity selectively stimulates quiescent cells to initiate G1 phase cell cycle progression. Rather than completing the cell cycle, PKCδ-infected cells arrest in S phase, an event that triggers caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis was preceded by the activation of cell cycle checkpoints, culminating in the phosphorylation of Chk-1 and p53. Strikingly, blockade of S phase entry using the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 prevented checkpoint activation and apoptosis. In contrast, inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades failed to prevent apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the biological effects of PKCδ can be extended to include positive regulation of G1 phase cell cycle progression. Importantly, they reveal the existence of a novel, cell cycle-dependent mechanism through which PKCδ stimulates cell death.
Time of flowering in spring: Its regulation in temperate zone woody plants

Certain cultivars ofMalus growing at Geneva, New York, USA, begin growth and bloom 2 –3 weeks later than commercial cultivars of apple. Our research suggests that these late bloomers bloom late because they have a very high chilling requirement for bud burst. The chilling requirement interacts with the heat requirement for bud burst in such a way as to result in delayed bud burst and bloom. Abscisic acid (ABA) decreases in the terminal buds of both early and late bloomers during the chilling period, but it decreases more rapidly in the early bloomers. It has not been determined if ABA plays a role in controlling bloom date.
The vascular vise causing TAPVR Type I to radiographically mimic TAPVR Type III

A subtype of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) consists of the vertical vein passing between the left pulmonary artery and the left mainstem bronchus resulting in relative obstruction to pulmonary venous return. This has been termed the vascular vise. In this situation, the supracardiac type of TAPVR (Type I) may mimic radiographically the infradiaphragmatic type (Type 3).
A Quasilinear Hierarchical Size-Structured Model:Well-Posedness and Approximation

A finite difference approximation to a hierarchical size-structured model with nonlinear growth, mortality and reproduction rates is developed. Existence-uniqueness of the weak solution to the model is established and convergence of the finite-difference approximation is proved. Simulations indicate that the monotonicity assumption on the growth rate is crucial for the global existence of weak solutions. Numerical results testing the efficiency of this method in approximating the long-time behavior of the model are presented.
Interannual Climate Variability and Snowpack in the Western United States

Abstract An important part of the water supply in the western United States is derived from runoff fed by mountain snowmelt Snow accumulation responds to both precipitation and temperature variations, and forms an interesting climatic index, since it integrates these influences over the entire late fall-spring period. Here, effects of cool season climate variability upon snow water equivalent (SWE) over the western part of the conterminous United States are examined. The focus is on measurements on/and 1 April, when snow accumulation is typically greatest. The primary data, from a network of mountainous snow courses, provides a good description of interannual fluctuations in snow accumulations, since many snow courses have records of five decades or more. For any given year, the spring SWE anomaly at a particular snow course is likely to be 25%–60% of its long-term average. Five separate regions of anomalous SWE variability are distinguished, using a rotated principal components analysis. Although effects...
COULOMB ENERGY SHIFTS OF THE GROUND STATES OF A = 18 AND A = 42 NUCLEI*

Abstract This work evaluates the theory of Coulomb displacement energies of the ground states of 18Ne18O and 42Ti42Ca, with a view to making bounds on the possible violation of charge symmetry in the strong interaction. The theoretical uncertainties are found to be of ∼8%, and the discrepancies between theory and experiment are much larger than the possible charge-violating potential being sought.
ACTIVATION OF TESTICULAR ADRENAL REST TISSUE BY PROLONGED EXCESSIVE ACTH PRODUCTION.

The concept that continuous excessive ACTH production can cause tumorous hyperplasia of “adrenal rest” cells within the testis is supported by studies in the patient reported here, who appears to represent the first reported instance of a cortisol4-producing testicular tumor in recurrent Cushing's disease. A 14-year-old boy who had had a subtotal adrenalectomy and subtotal resection of a pituitary tumor presented with signs of recurrent glucocorticoid excess associated with the development of a testicular tumor. Urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxysteroids and plasma ACTH levels were elevated. ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression suggested an autonomous steroidproducing tumor. Removal of the testicular tumor produced symptomatic improvement, with a reversion to normal of the urinary steroids in spite of persistence of pigmentation. Histologically, the tumor was reported to be either an interstitial tumor of testicular origin or an adrenal rest tumor. Incubation studies of the tumor with C14-label...
Determination of stereochemistry in the fatty acid hydroperoxide products of lipoxygenase catalysis.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography has been found to be an effective method for the determination of absolute configuration in the products of the lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Methyl esters of fatty acid hydroperoxides that had been reduced to the corresponding alcohols were converted into (+)-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid esters. Enantiomeric alcohols were converted into diastereomeric esters that were readily resolved by normal-phase HPLC. The instrumental requirements for the technique are an isocratic HPLC and a uv absorbance monitor. The method was found to be effective in the determination of stereochemistry in the products derived from the action of plant lipoxygenases on linoleic acid. In addition, the chromatography of the derivatives obtained from lipoxygenase catalysis on arachidonic acid was found to be effective for the assignment of stereochemistry in those products. A comparison of the chromatography of these derivatives with that for the corresponding menthyloxycarbonyl derivatives demonstrated the superiority of this approach for the resolution of the diastereomeric pairs. The technique was applied to the determination of stereochemistry in the products derived from soybean lipoxygenase isoenzymes under a variety of experimental conditions.
Cross-sections for the production of high mass muon pairs from 800-GeV proton bombardment of H-2

Absolute cross sections as functions of kinematic variables are presented for the production of muon pairs from 800 GeV proton bombardment of [sup 2]H. Drell-Yan (continuum) dimuons were recorded in the mass regions 4.5[le][ital M][sub [mu]][sup +][mu][sup [minus]][le]9 GeV and [ital M][sub [mu]][sup +][mu][sup [minus]][ge]11 GeV, with an [ital x]-Feynman range [minus]0.1[le][ital x][sub [ital F]][le]0.75. This range corresponds to smaller masses and larger values of [ital x][sub [ital F]] than previous 800 GeV Drell-Yan data. Cross sections for the [Upsilon](1[ital S]) resonance are also given versus the transverse momentum and [ital x][sub [ital F]].
Pathology and treatment of ganglion

Abstract 1. 1. A study of ganglia is presented with the review of 50 personally treated cases. We are inclined to the belief that trauma is a definite etiologic agent. 2. 2. From a pathological study we have been able to confirm King's idea that these masses appear first as a solid tumor mass with later formation of small cysts which progress to the formation of larger cysts by the disappearance of the intercystic septa. 3. 3. Various staining methods have led us to believe that the contents of ganglia are myxoid rather than mucinous and therefore the process is one of degeneration of collagen fibres rather than a secretion of connective tissue cells as suggested by King. Analysis of Cases Age in Years Male Female Total 11–20 7 8 15 21–30 8 13 21 31–40 3 3 6 41–50 2 2 4 51–60 0 1 1 61–70 2 1 3 22 28 50 4. 4. Recurrence of ganglion following rupture or excision probably takes place due to a continuation of the degenerative process in tissues adjacent to the original ganglion. 5. 5. By simple rupture and dispersion, a permanent cure can be expected in about 50 per cent of cases. By excision a cure can be expected in about 85 per cent of cases. Best results are obtained by a fairly wide excision of the tissues surrounding the ganglion in order to be sure that all the tissue undergoing myxoid degeneration be removed.
On the Measure of a Random Set

The following is perhaps the simplest non-trivial example of the type of problem to be considered in this paper. On the real number axis let N points \({x_i}(i = 1,2, \cdots ,N)\) be chosen independently and by the same random process, so that the probability that xi shall lie to the left of any point x is a given function of x,
Use of Molecular Markers for Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules to Optimize Surgical Management

The management of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology has traditionally been diagnostic thyroidectomy. However most nodules are benign, and for nodules that demonstrate histologic malignancy, two-stage thyroidectomy may be necessary. Molecular markers have emerged as an adjunct to preoperative FNAB cytology evaluation that can improve diagnostic accuracy. In this review, we discuss the latest methodologies and review diagnostic performance parameters of recent molecular marker techniques.
Analysis of an ADA Based Version of Glassman's General N Point Fast Fourier Transform

An Ada based version of Ferguson's FORTRAN program to compute the general N point fast Fourier transform is provided. Source codes for the two programs are compared and it is demonstrated that the execution time of the Ada program is comparable to that of the corresponding FORTRAN program.
Fluxoid Quantization in a Multiply-Connected Superconductor

The transition temperatures of thin-walled superconducting hollow cylinders of very small diameters (approximately $1\ensuremath{\mu}$) were measured as a function of the applied magnetic field in the axial direction. Oscillations with a period of $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ in the magnetic flux through the cylinder were observed in the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$. This is a consequence of "fluxoid" quantization which was originally predicted by Fritz London. The basic unit of magnetic flux $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ is explained in terms of London's original arguments and the result from the BCS theory that the charge carriers in a superconductor are pairs of electrons. Measurements were made on Sn, In, Pb, Al, and Sn-In alloys. A periodicity in the magnetic flux of $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ was observed in all of the samples. The amplitude of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}$ varied from approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and depended upon the temperature, the radius, and the mean free path of the cylindrical sample.
Family history of melanoma and Parkinson disease risk.

Background: Co-occurrence of Parkinson disease (PD) and melanoma has been reported in numerous studies. If this was due to common genetic mechanisms, a positive family history of melanoma would be associated with an excessive PD risk, independent of environmental risk factors for PD. Methods: We prospectively examined associations between a family history of melanoma and PD among 157,036 men and women free of PD at baseline (1990 for men and 1982 for women) who participated in 2 ongoing US cohorts: the Health Professional Follow-up Study and the Nurses9 Health Study. Information on family history of melanoma in parents or siblings was assessed via questionnaire. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and pooled using a fixed-effects model. Results: During 14–20 years follow-up, we identified 616 incident PD cases. A family history of melanoma in a first-degree relative was associated with a higher risk of PD (multivariate relative risk = 1.85; 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.8; p = 0.004), after adjusting for smoking, ethnicity, caffeine intake, and other covariates. In contrast, we did not observe significant associations between a family history of colorectal, lung, prostate, or breast cancer and PD risk. Interactions between melanoma family history and age, smoking, or caffeine intake were not significant and subgroup analyses according to these factors generated similar results. Conclusions: Our findings support the notion that melanoma and Parkinson disease (PD) share common genetic components. The genetic determinants of melanoma could therefore be explored as susceptibility candidate genes for PD.
Adventitious juice vesicle initiation in lemon (Citrus limon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) fruit explants

Adventitious juice vesicles have been obtained from lemon, mandarin and navel and sour orange juice vesicle explants cultured for prolonged periods on a nutrient medium containing 3.0% sucrose in vitro.
Distance Statistics and Interpretation of Southern States Regional Soybean Tests

The failure of genotypes to respond similarly to different environmental conditions, genotype environment (GXE) interaction, is an important aspect of genotypic stability. The objectives of this paper were to develop distances based on concepts of genotypic stability and to interpret regional soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] tests based on these distances. Distances increased in relation to differential responses among sites for two genotypes or among genotypes for two sites. They were designed to evaluate the importance of region of origin in determining genotypic responses, the similarity of selections arising from different breeding programs, and the comparability of sites in regional testing. Seed yields for the Uniform Soybean Trials, Southern States, Maturity Groups V and VI, 1981-1991, were evaluated [...]
Fine mapping of a seizure susceptibility locus on mouse Chromosome 1: nomination of Kcnj10 as a causative gene

Previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies document that the distal region of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 1 contains a gene(s) that is in large part responsible for the difference in seizure susceptibility between C57BL/6 (B6) (relatively seizure-resistant) and DBA/2 (D2) (relatively seizure-sensitive) mice. We now confirm this seizure-related QTL (Szs1) using reciprocal, interval-specific congenic strains and map it to a 6.6-Mb segment between Pbx1 and D1Mit150. Haplotype conservation between strains within this segment suggests that Szs1 may be localized more precisely to a 4.1-Mb critical interval between Fcgr3 and D1Mit150. We compared the coding region sequences of candidate genes between B6 and D2 mice using RT-PCR, amplification from genomic DNA, and database searching and discovered 12 brain-expressed genes with SNPs that predict a protein amino acid variation. Of these, the most compelling seizure susceptibility candidate is Kcnj10. A survey of the Kcnj10 SNP among other inbred mouse strains revealed a significant effect on seizure sensitivity such that most strains possessing a haplotype containing the B6 variant of Kcnj10 have higher seizure thresholds than those strains possessing the D2 variant. The unique role of inward-rectifying potassium ion channels in membrane physiology coupled with previous strong association between ion channel gene mutations and seizure phenotypes puts even greater focus on Kcnj10 in the present model. In summary, we confirmed a seizure-related QTL of large effect on mouse Chr 1 and mapped it to a finely delimited region. The critical interval contains several candidate genes, one of which, Kcnj10, exhibits a potentially important polymorphism with regard to fundamental aspects of seizure susceptibility.
Exponence and morphosyntactically triggered phonological processes in the Russian verbal complex

This paper examines a non-canonical morphophonological vowel alternation in the roots of Russian verbs that is conditioned by aspectual information (derived imperfectivization). This aspectual morpheme is usually expressed as a suffix, but in the forms of interest appears as a vocalic nucleus in the root (whereas there is no vocalic nucleus in the perfective form). In a manner broadly compatible with Distributed Morphology (DM), I argue that this alternation is part of a more general phonological process – yer realization – special only in that it is triggered by morphosyntactic, rather than phonological, information. I propose an analysis of this pattern in which autosegmental representations – in this case, a mora – can be the exponents of morphosyntactic features. This approach obviates the need for DM readjustment rules, which have been criticized on empirical and theoretical grounds (Siddiqi 2006, 2009; Bye & Svenonius 2012; Haugen & Siddiqi 2013). I demonstrate that the required allomorphic interaction between the root and the derived imperfective morpheme is local, despite surface appearances: the intervening vowel is a theme vowel, inserted post-syntactically. This approach makes sense of broader patterns involving this theme vowel, and vindicates theories of allomorphic interaction that impose strict locality conditions (e.g., structural and/or linear adjacency).
Measurement of magnetization of Ga 1-x Mn x As by ferromagnetic resonance

Abstract In this paper, we extend ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) studies of thin layers of the ferromagnetic semiconductor Ga1−xMnxAs to the analysis of the integrated intensity of the resonance in order to obtain information on the total spin in the sample directly involved in ferromagnetically-ordered magnetization. A theoretical model is proposed for the dependences of the FMR integrated intensity and linewidth on the orientation of the applied magnetic field as the field direction is varied from in-plane to normal-to-the-plane of the Ga1−xMnxAs layer. The strain-induced magnetic anisotropy of Ga1−xMnxAs presents a significant challenge to conventional FMR linewidth and integrated intensity models. The new model predicts that the integrated FMR intensity is proportional to the saturation magnetization MS of the sample, with the constant of proportionality varying as a function of the polar and azimuthal angles of the applied magnetic field. The angular and temperature behaviors of the integrated intensity and linewidth of the FMR predicted by the proposed model are in good qualitative agreement with measurements.
Melt migration in a silicate liquid-olivine system: An experimental test of compaction theory

An experimentally derived melt migration profile is compared with those obtained from compaction theory. A couple is prepared in which a source-for-melt (a disk composed of a silicate glass and olivine) was placed in contact with a sink-for-melt (a disk of polycrystalline olivine) in order to induce melt migration under laboratory conditions. It is noted that melt infiltrates into the sink disk along triple junctions driven by capillary forces. In order to analyze the melt migration profile in terms of compaction theory, the equations developed by McKenzie (1984) to describe porous flow of a liquid in a deformable matrix were modified. The bouyancy force term is replaced with a capillary force term and governing equations are then solved numerically with the initial boundary conditions specified by the experimental design. Also, it is determined that compaction theory provides a good description of the experimental results provided that the permeability of these solid-liquid materials increases linearly with increasing liquid fraction.
Relationships between the Gesell School Readiness Test and Standardized Achievement and Intelligence Measures

The relationships between the Gesell School Readiness Test and standardized achievement and intelligence measures were examined. The scores of 152 children on the Gesell Screening Test administered before kindergarten, and the full Gesell School Readiness Test administered at the end of kindergarten, and again at the end of first grade were correlated with each other, as well as with the scores from the Stanford Achievement Test and the Otis Lennon Mental Ability Test. These correlations were generally low; further study of the Gesell School Readiness Test, its reliability, and validity for predicting future school success is recommended.
Micro-macro crack interaction in composites

Abstract The interaction of a macro-crack and a micro-crack is the subject of this study. The cracks considered are: matrix micro-crack (straight and kinked at 45°) interacting with matrix macro-cracks of different lengths, and a matrix micro-crack (straight and kinked at 45°) interacting with delamination macro-cracks of different lengths. A two-dimensional (2D) stress and crack analysis is carried out, using finite element method. Twenty-noded quarter-point solid elements are used as singular elements at the crack front to accurately determine the stress distribution. The J -integral is used as the crack characterization parameter. Results show that the presence of the micro-crack reduces the available energy for the propagation of the macro-crack.
Discrimination of intermittent noise by macaques following lesions of the temporal lobe

Abstract The effects of cortical ablations in the temporal lobe of monkeys were assessed on a test involving discrimination of intermittent from steady white noise and on several control tests. Lesions which removed inferotemporal areas produced no losses, whereas ablation of primary auditory cortex produced severe and lasting impairment. The lesions had to be complete within the auditory “focal zone” for permanent losses to occur. Cell counts in the medial geniculate bodies confirmed the known projection of the auditory pathway in monkey, but correlated only in a general way with the severity of behavioral impairment.
Double-Lung Transplantation Can Be Safely Performed Using Donors With Heavy Smoking History

Background Lung transplantation using grafts from donors with a history of heavy smoking (>20 pack-years) is thought to confer worse prognosis. We attempt to determine if adult, double-lung transplantation can be safely performed with lungs from heavy-smoking donors (HSD). Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was examined for adult, double-lung transplants from 2005 to 2011. Results Of 5,900 double-lung transplants, 766 (13.0%) were from HSDs. The two groups were similar in recipient age (49.8 vs 50.5 years, p = 0.15), male sex (56.9% vs 56.5%, p = 0.87), and lung allocation score (45.8 vs 44.9, p = 0.18). Recipients of lungs from HSDs had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ; 34.3 vs 36.1% predicted, p = 0.04), longer ischemic time (5.75 vs 5.58 hours, p = 0.01), less human leukocyte antigen mismatch (4.51 vs 4.62, p = 0.01), and lower class I plasma reactive antigens (2.64 vs 3.69%, p = 0.001). HSDs were older (40.9 vs 32.6 years, p p p p = 0.09), decrement in FEV 1 ( p = 0.12), peak FEV 1 (79.8% vs 79.0%, p = 0.51), and median survival (2,043 vs 1,928 days, p = 0.69) were not different. On multivariate analysis, HSD lungs were not associated with death (hazard ratio, 1.003; 95% confidence interval, 0.867 to 1.161, p = 0.96). Death was associated with donor age, ischemic time, race mismatch, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membranous oxygenation before transplantation. Conclusions Double-lung transplantation can be safely performed with lungs from donors with a heavy smoking history.
Synergistic effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins CryIAa and CryIAc on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar

The insecticidal activity of toxins CryIAa, CryIAb, and CryIAc against Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) and Bombyx mori (silkworm) was examined by force-feeding bioassays. Toxin CryIAa exhibited higher toxicity than toxins CryIAb and CryIAc for L. dispar and B. mori. To evaluate possible synergism among these toxins, bioassays were performed with mixtures of CryIAa and CryIAb, CryIAb and CryIAc, and CryIAa and CryIAc. Expected toxicity was calculated from the activity of each individual toxin and its proportion in the mixture by using the equation described by Tabashnik (B. E. Tabashnik, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3343-3346, 1992). Observed 50% growth-inhibitory doses were calculated from mixing experiments by probit analysis. In L. dispar bioassays, synergism was observed with a mixture of CryIAa and CryIAc while a mixture of CryIAa and CryIAb exhibited an antagonistic effect. No synergistic effect on B. mori was observed with any toxin combination. Voltage clamping assays of isolated L. dispar midguts also demonstrated that the mixture of CryIAa and CryIAc induced a greater slope of inhibition of short circuit current than did other toxin combinations.
Early Schooling and Academic Achievement of African American Males

African American males challenge schools in many ways.Perhaps the single most important challenge that has garnered recent attention in research reports, policy documents, and public commentary has been the increasing disparity in the educational achievement of African American males relative to their peers.Although other issues, such as the need to develop programs that promote school readiness, improving teacher education, and providing resources to meet increasing academic standards, are important, the implications for achievement differentials are even more far-reaching.The negative consequences of the achievement gap are more acute for African American males who are victimized by chronic, systemic levels of poor performance and behavior problems in school.In short, the potential loss of resources—intellectual, cultural, and economic—resulting from lower achievement reduces the capacity of African American males to be productive, integral, and contributing members of their communities.
Efficient regular data structures and algorithms for location and proximity problems

Investigates data structures obtained by a recursive partitioning of the input domain into regions of equal size. One of the most well-known examples of such a structure is the quadtree, which is used in this paper as a basis for more complex data structures; we also provide multidimensional versions of the stratified tree of P. van Emde Boas (1997). We show that, under the assumption that the input points have limited precision (i.e. are drawn from an integer grid of size u), these data structures yield efficient solutions to many important problems. In particular, they allow us to achieve O(log log u) time per operation for finding the dynamic approximate nearest neighbor (under insertions and deletions) and the exact online closest pair (under insertions only) in any constant dimension. They allow O(log log u) point location in a given planar shape or in its expansion (dilation by a ball of a given radius). Finally, we provide a linear-time (optimal) algorithm for computing the expansion of a shape represented by a quadtree. This result shows that the spatial order imposed by this regular data structure is sufficient to optimize the dilation by a ball operation.
Social Support Opinions

This research introduces the Social Support Opinion Survey (SSOS), the first measure of social support from the provider's perspective. Studies 1–3 developed the SSOS and confirmed that support opinions can be reliably characterized as directive (attempting to govern how others cope) and nondirective (facilitating without governing how others cope). Studies 4–6 showed that social support opinions relate to more basic cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal styles. Directive opinions were related to cognitive rigidity (need for structure, need for certainty, and just-world beliefs) and to an exchange orientation. Nondirective opinions, in contrast, were related to emotional differentiation, use of emotions as information, empathy, and a communal orientation. Thus, people may reveal who they are by how they help.
Contribution of postprandial lipemia to the dietary fat-mediated changes in endogenous lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in humans

Background: Dietary fats alter LDL and HDL cholesterol while serving as precursors of postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Objective: We hypothesized that the saturated fatty acid (SFA)– mediated increase and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)–mediated decrease in endogenous lipoprotein cholesterol are promoted by postprandial TRLs. Design: We performed a 16-d crossover diet study to examine the effect of PUFA-rich [ratio of PUFAs to SFAs (P:S) 2.0] and SFA-rich(P:S0.25)dietsonfastingandpostprandialplasmalipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in 16 normolipidemic subjects. Results: Fasting plasma cholesterol decreased significantly after a PUFA-rich diet because of a decrease in LDL (12.3%; P 0.05) and HDL (3.8%; NS), but did not change after an SFA-rich diet. The appearance of postprandial TRLs in plasma at 4 h was linked to asignificantloweringofbothLDL(7.4%)andHDL(4.8%)after a PUFA-rich diet; no such effect was observed after the SFA-rich diet. At 7 h, LDL and HDL cholesterol returned to near fasting concentrations without postprandial TRL accumulation after a PUFA-rich diet but with a significant postprandial TRL accumulation after an SFA-rich diet. Thus, the in vivo postprandial clearance ofcholesterolinLDLHDLwasgreaterafteraPUFA-richdietthan after an SFA-rich diet. The appearance of postprandial TRLs in plasma increased the cholesteryl ester transfer protein–mediated transferofcholesterylesterfromLDLHDLtoTRLsinvitrowithout a significant influence from dietary fat. Conclusion: Dietary fat–mediated alterations in the rate of hepatic removal of postprandial TRLs, which carry cholesterol accepted from LDLHDL via cholesteryl ester transfer protein in vivo, may contribute to the dietary fat–mediated change in endogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1145–58.
Translational research in lung cancer.

Translational research has become an important initiative emphasized by the National Institute of Health (NIH) in recent years, with goals of bringing benchtop research to the bedside through clinical trials, and translating clinical trials to the recommended care in clinical practice. Much progress has been made in the translational research of lung cancer. Molecular predictive tumor markers, such as mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), markers of DNA repair (excision repair cross-complementing group 1 gene product [ERCC1]; regulator subunit of ribonucleotide reductase [RRM1]; human MutS homologue 2 [hMSH2], human MutL homologue 1 [hMLH1]), and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) have been identified to predict response to molecular targeting agents for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Serum proteomic profiling was found to predict response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment of NSCLC. Serum markers such as chromogranin A (CgA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and pro-gastric-releasing peptide (ProGRP) may aid diagnosis, detection of disease progression or recurrence, and monitoring therapy for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We present two clinical trial designs that are based on preclinical investigations that offer the rationale and hypotheses for taxane-based chemoradiation treatment to maximize chest tumor control and to target distant micrometastasis for stage III NSCLC. While stage III NSCLC in general is associated with >50% chest failure and a median survival of 14–17 months after chemoradiation treatments, the outcome of this translational approach has yielded a 97% in-field tumor control in study U1597, and 32 months overall survival in study U1500.
Diffusional/Thermal Coupling and Intrinsic Instability of Solid Propellant Combustion

Abstract Intrinsic instability in the steady, planar deflagration of a homogeneous solid propellant is considered through an asymptotic analysis for large values of nondimensional overall activation energies for the surface pyrolysis and gas-phase combustion processes. It is shown that the previously known pulsating instability is essentially connected with condensed-phase pyrolysis, and that new instability phenomena, which are associated with intrinsic gas-flame instability and which are sensitive to the value of the gas-phase Lewis number and to the distance of the gas flame from the propellant surface, arise. These results are obtained by relaxing the usual assumptions of quasi-steadiness and quasi-planarity for the gas phase, so that the coupling of intrinsic diffusional/thermal instabilities in the gas and solid phases becomes an integral feature of the model. The steady, planar deflagration thus may be unstable not only to pulsating disturbances, but also to (time-independent, nonplanar) cellular p...
TIME RELATIONS OF GROWTH I. GENETIC GROWTH CONSTANTS OF ANIMALS.

This paper is the first in a series proposing to evaluate growth constants from the viewpoint of and by the methods of the physical chemist. After discussing the physicochemical conception of growth, tentative numerical values of two growth constants are given for several species of animals including man, and the methods of computation are discussed in detail.
Ocular dominance columns and local projections of layer 6 pyramidal neurons in macaque primary visual cortex.

To study the relationship between ocular dominance columns (ODCs) and axonal projections of individual layer 6 pyramidal neurons in the primary visual cortex, neurons were intracellularly labeled with biocytin in live slices prepared from macaque monkeys that had received an intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The TTX injection indirectly causes a decrease in cytochrome oxidase (CO) expression in the cortical ODCs corresponding to the treated eye (Wong-Riley & Carroll, 1984). Sections from slices with labeled layer 6 neurons were double stained for biocytin and CO, to allow visualization of neuronal processes as well as ODCs. Twenty-seven layer 6 pyramidal neurons in ODC-labeled slices were analyzed. These neurons were classified according to the criteria of Wiser and Callaway (1996). Eight of these are class I neurons, which have dense axonal projections to the monocular layer 4C. The remaining 19 are class II neurons which project primarily to the binocular layers outside 4C. Among class I neurons, two have dense axonal arbors in layer 4Cα (type Iα), one in layer 4Cβ (type Iβ), and two throughout the depth of layer 4C (type IC). None of these neurons have ODC-specific axonal arbors. The remaining three class I neurons have focused axonal projections in layers 4Cβ and 4A (type IβA). All three appear to have axonal arbors predominantly within their home ODC in layer 4C. The axonal arbors of class II neurons do not appear to relate to ODCs in any specific fashion.
Contrast Sensitivity Differences Between Proficient and Disabled Readers Using Colored Lenses

Colored overlays or lenses (e.g., Irlen lenses) have been used in attempts to remediate reading difficulties. The present study included four middle-socioeconomic status (SES) adults and four middle-SES children with reading disabilities as well as an equal number of nondisabled readers of the same age groups and SES. Examined were (a) the relationship of wavelength (lens color) to visual grating performance, (b) the effect of reading disability on performance with each lens-color/luminosity-grating combination, (c) group performances on a visual detection task with the clear and chromatic lenses, and (d) peripheral retinal brightness thresholds. The spatial frequency of the gratings (and not the lens color) permitted subjects with reading disabilities to be differentiated from the proficient readers. Subjects with reading disabilities displayed significantly lower contrast sensitivity when tested with sine-wave gratings, as well as displaying higher brightness thresholds in the peripheral retina.
Analysis of Enhanced Diffusion in Taylor Dispersion via a Model Problem

We consider a simple model of the evolution of the concentration of a tracer, subject to a background shear flow by a fluid with viscosity ν ≪ 1 in an infinite channel. Taylor observed in the 1950s that, in such a setting, the tracer diffuses at a rate proportional to 1∕ν, rather than the expected rate proportional to ν. We provide a mathematical explanation for this enhanced diffusion using a combination of Fourier analysis and center manifold theory. More precisely, we show that, while the high modes of the concentration decay exponentially, the low modes decay algebraically, but at an enhanced rate. Moreover, the behavior of the low modes is governed by finite-dimensional dynamics on an appropriate center manifold, which corresponds exactly to diffusion by a fluid with viscosity proportional to 1∕ν.
Scenarios as an aid to planning

In many complex domains full scale detailed solutions to problems — plans and ways to implement them — are not possible or practical. Rather than attempt to produce such detailed solutions, we propose an alternative of using scenarios: a set of "snapshots" of the future that outline possible courses of action, actions of foreign processes, and their consequences. In this paper, we present the scenario idea and discuss its use as an aid to tactical planning. We discuss an implementation of these ideas in a Tactical Assistant to aid planning in the errand running and conflict simulation game domains and present an example illustrative of its capabilities.
Accurate and precise measurement of blood flow using ultrasound time domain correlation

The goal of this research is to produce an ultrasonic device to assist in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis in humans. The ultrasound time-domain correlation technique can accurately and precisely estimate the volumetric fluid flow through a circular vessel without prior knowledge of the vessel diameter, flow velocity profile, or transducer measurement angle. This technique estimates the change in arrival time (instead of frequency) of ultrasound reflected from scatterers. A system based on this technique has been constructed and the technique has been verified in a blood-flow phantom system with both a blood-mimicking substance and porcine blood. Under in vitro conditions, the measurement angle has been determined within 5%, and continuous and pulsatile volumetric flow has been measured to 150 beats/min with an accuracy better than 18%. >
Automated nonlinear Macromodelling of output buffers for high-speed digital applications

We present applications of a recently developed automated nonlinear macromodelling approach to the important problem of macro-modelling high-speed output buffers/drivers. Good nonlinear macro-models of such drivers are essential for fast signal-integrity and timing analysis in high-speed digital design. Unlike traditional black-box modelling techniques, our approach extracts nonlinear macromodels of digital drivers automatically from SPICE-level descriptions. Thus it can naturally capture transistor-level nonlinearities in the macromodels, resulting in far more accurate signal integrity analysis, while retaining significant speedups. We demonstrate the technique by automatically extracting macromodels for two typical digital drivers. Using the macromodel, we obtain about 8x speedup in average with excellent accuracy in capturing different loading effects, crosstalk, simultaneous switching noise (SSN), etc.