cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Complexity of Finite Semigroups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses local complexity of finite semigroups. The complexity function c: TS → N, which assigns to every finite transformation semigroup X a nonnegative integer Xc, is the largest function d: TS → N. The meaning of X < Y for machines is that Y is capable of computing whatever X can compute. A machine cannot be less complex than a machine it dominates. Under series composition, the complexity cannot rise faster than the sum of the parts, whereas parallel composition does not increase complexity at all. The chapter also presents conditions under which a function can be called a local complexity function.
Aggregation Kinetics of Diesel Soot Nanoparticles in Wet Environments

Soot produced during incomplete combustion consists mainly of carbonaceous nanoparticles (NPs) with severe adverse environmental and health effects, and its environmental fate and transport are largely controlled by aggregation. In this study, we examined the aggregation behavior for diesel soot NPs under aqueous condition in an effort to elucidate the fundamental processes that govern soot particle–particle interactions in wet environments such as rain droplets or surface aquatic systems. The influence of electrolytes and aqueous pH on colloidal stability of these NPs was investigated by measuring their aggregation kinetics in different aqueous solution chemistries. The results showed that the NPs had negatively charged surfaces and exhibited both reaction- and diffusion-limited aggregation regimes with rates depended upon solution chemistry. The aggregation kinetics data were in good agreement with the classic Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) ...
Nonlinearity from quantum mechanics: Dynamically unstable Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well trap

We study theoretically an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well trap, both quantum-mechanically and classically, under conditions such that in the classical model an unstable equilibrium dissolves into large-scale oscillations of the atoms between the potential wells. Quantum mechanics alone does not exhibit such nonlinear dynamics, but measurements of the atom numbers in the potential wells may nevertheless cause the condensate to behave essentially classically.
Cross-sectional association of exercise, strengthening activities, and cardiorespiratory fitness on generalized anxiety, panic and depressive symptoms

ABSTRACTObjective: Limited research has evaluated the individual and combined associations of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strengthening activities (MSA) on generalized anxiety, panic and depressive symptoms. We evaluated this topic in a representative sample of young (20–39 years) adults, with considerations by sex.Methods: Data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 2088) were used. Generalized anxiety, panic and depressive symptoms were assessed via self-report as well as using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Depressive Disorders modules of the automated version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto 2.1). PA and MSA were assessed via validated self-report questionnaires and CRF was determined via a submaximal treadmill-based test. An index variable was created summing the number (range = 0–3) of these parameters for each participant. For example, those meeting...
How Do Human Resource Practices Influence Organizational Ambidexterity

To cope with environmental uncertainties, today's organizations are required to improve efficiency and explore future opportunities simultaneously. Although the importance of human capacity dealing...
Accessing the hidden available spectrum in cognitive radio networks under GSM-based primary networks

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) system is generally considered to be one of the most successful cellular standards. However, in the cognitive radio (CR) research community, the GSM system is rarely considered as the primary network. Because of the popularity and the significance of GSM, in this paper, we investigate the spectrum access issue in CR networks under GSM-based primary networks. One unique novelty of this paper is that the special features of the GSM system (i.e., frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division multiple access (TDMA)) are simultaneously considered and utilized to further enhance the spectrum access performance of CR networks. By incorporating the location information, a novel dynamic spectrum access scheme is proposed to access the available spectrum vacancies which are usually hidden by traditional schemes. In addition, a queuing model is designed to analyze the network performance as well as to optimize system parameters. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed dynamic spectrum access scheme outperforms the traditional scheme in terms of higher throughput. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that simultaneously utilizes the TDMA and FDD features to enhance the spectrum access performance in CR networks.
In Situ Studies on the Irradiation-Induced Twin Boundary-Defect Interactions in Cu

Polycrystalline Cu films with nanoscale annealing twins are subjected to in situ Kr++ ion irradiation at room temperature inside a transmission electron microscope up to a dose of 1 displacement-per-atom. Radiation induces prominent migration of incoherent twin boundaries. Depending on twin thickness, three types of twin boundary evolutions are observed, including rapid detwinning, gradual detwinning, and self-healing. The mechanism of twin thickness-dependent evolution of microstructures is discussed. This study provides further evidence on twin boundary-defect interactions and may assist the design of radiation-tolerant twinned metallic materials.
Unexpected Change in Thyroglobulin Concentration.

A high thyroglobulin (Tg) result was questioned as a possible laboratory error (Table 1). The sample corresponded to a 66-year-old male with a history of recurrent stage IV papillary thyroid carcinoma status post-thyroidectomy, routinely monitored for recurrence using Tg results and imaging studies. Suspicious findings on neck ultrasonography were followed-up by fine-needle aspiration (FNA)2 of a cervical lymph node. Cytology FNA results showed cancerous thyroid …
Hyperkalemia across the Continuum of Kidney Function.

A 55-year-old man with a history of ESRD due to type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents with a plasma K+ of 5.5 mEq/L 1 month after a deceased donor kidney transplant. Ten years earlier, he developed sepsis-induced AKI complicated by severe hyperkalemia requiring emergent hemodialysis.
Occurrences of valuable trace elements in Iranian coals as potential coal combustion byproducts

In Iran, coal as one of the primary energy resources mainly has just one customer (Iranian Steel Corporation); therefore, coal and production of its combustion have recently attracted much attentio ...
Cytoplasmic dynein function defined by subunit composition

Publisher Summary Cytoplasmic dynein 1 is a large protein complex composed of six subunits, the motor containing heavy chain (HC) and five smaller subunits (base subunits), which make up the base of the complex. Most of the base subunits have been implicated in cargo binding, and vertebrates have at least two genes for each of these subunits. This chapter discusses the functional roles of the different subunits and evaluates the evidence supporting the hypothesis that differential regulation of cytoplasmic dynein is accomplished by utilizing different isoforms of the five base subunits to create functionally distinct cytoplasmic dynein complexes. Starting with two genes for each subunit and assuming the uniform tissue expression of all the subunit isoforms, and that each subunit only forms homodimers, cells have the potential to generate thirty-two distinct dynein complexes. The study illustrates that distinct dynein functions are correlated with dynein complexes containing different isoforms of the intermediate chain (IC), the light-intermediate chain (LIC), or the DYNLT LC. It also suggests that the LIC and DYNLT isoforms are specific for different cellular “housekeeping” dynein functions, while dynein complexes with different IC isoforms are utilized for neuron-specific functions. However, several important data remain to be established, related to specific dynein functions for the isoforms of the DYNLL or DYNLRB LCs, and the number of potential combinations of dynein base subunits that exist and their functional significance remain to be determined.
Free Vibration of Fiber Composite Thin Shells in a Hot Environment

Results are presented of parametric studies to assess the effects of various parameters on the free vibration behavior (natural frequencies) of (plus or minus theta)2, angle-ply fiber composite thin shells in a hot environment. These results were obtained by using a three-dimensional finite element structural analysis computer code. The fiber composite shell is assumed to be cylindrical and made from T-300 graphite fibers embedded in an intermediate-modulus high-strength matrix (IMHS). The residual stresses induced into the laminated structure during curing are taken into account. The following parameters are investigated: the length and the thickness of the shell, the fiber orientations, the fiber volume fraction, the temperature profile through the thickness of the laminate and the different ply thicknesses. Results obtained indicate that: the fiber orientations and the length of the laminated shell had significant effect on the natural frequencies. The fiber volume fraction, the laminate thickness and the temperature profile through the shell thickness had a weak effect on the natural frequencies. Finally, the laminates with different ply thicknesses had insignificant influence on the behavior of the vibrated laminated shell.
On the Relationship between Chapters One and Two of John Stuart Mill’s on Liberty

An important question in free speech theory and in Millian scholarship is the relationship between Chapters One and Two of Mill’s On Liberty. This essay, prepared on the occasion of and as a comment on Vincent Blasi’s Sullivan Lecture at the Capital University Law School, argues that Chapter Two, dealing with the “Liberty of Thought and Discussion,” is best understood as an exception to the general libertarian themes of Chapter One Iand, indeed, the balance of the book), rather than as an instantiation of them. Only by undervaluing Mill’s views about the potential harms of speech, by making Mill less of a utilitarian than he claimed to be, and by slighting the social epistemic claims in Chapter Two can that Chapter be made compatible with Mill’s presentation of the Harm Principle in Chapter One and the rest of the book. But if we take Mill’s epistemic claims seriously (which is decidedly not the same as believing that they are empirically sound), then Chapter One can be understood as largely about actions that do not cause harms to agents other than the actor, and Chapter Two can be seen as an argument for why some other-regarding and harm-producing speech acts may, in the aggregate, produce sufficient social epistemic benefits as to be deserving of a special immunity from state control. It is true, as Blasi argues, that a concern for the character-building nature of both autonomy and confrontation with harmful speech may render Chapters One and Two compatible with each other, but that compatibility requires relegating Mill’s famous epistemic arguments to a secondary role, and requires seeing Mill in less utilitarian and more individualistic terms than he himself professed.
RELATIVE THERMAL STABILITIES OF COPPER (II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE AND BARIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE COMPARED TO THEIR DEUTERIUM OXIDE ANALOGS.

Study of the extant literature on hydrated salts and on the effect of isotopic substitution led to a hypothesis that crystalline hydrates would have thermal stabilities different from their deuterium oxide analogs, and that the hydrates might be either more or less stable than their heavy-water counterparts. Although the general isotope effect and heat of solution data would suggest that the heavy-water solvate should be more stable, the two cases tested did not behave in this manner. Barium chloride dihydrate and copper sulfate pentahydrate are more stable, thermally, than their deuterium oxide analogs.
FIBROUS PROTEINS AND NEURONAL DYNAMICS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents, in historical perspective, the confluence of two major lines of investigation in neurobiology that, apart from helping to solve problems raised by each, adds new insight into the dynamic repertoire of the neuron. It discusses the general characterization of neuronal fibrous proteins. The chapter discusses the general characteristics of neuroplasmic rheology. Intracellular movement—whether of large organelles, such as chromosomes, cilia, flagella, sperm tails, or of particulates, such as pigment granules—occurs in many cell types and in conjunction with the microtubules of varying degrees of structural differentiation. Although the evidence remains circumstantial, the reasonable conclusion is that the two occurrences are causally related. The same situation exists in nerve axons; for example, the microtubules in sympathetic axons, observed with the electron microscope, are the only obvious structural mechanisms for the fast transport of catecholamine storage vesicles. Microtubules are responsible for at least a portion of neuroplasmic transport, most probably for which the velocities are high. The chapter also discusses chemomechanical transduction in neuroplasmic transport.
Disparities in minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer in Florida.

Abstract Background The cost of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) raises potential for racial and social disparities. The aim of this study was to identify the racial, socioeconomic and geographic disparities associated with MIS for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Florida. Methods Using the Florida Inpatient Discharge Dataset, we examined the clinical data of patients who underwent elective resections for CRC during 2013–2015. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify differences in gender, age, race, urbanization, region, insurance and clinical characteristics associated with the surgical approach. Results Of the 10,224 patients identified, 5308 (52%) had open surgery and 4916 (48%) had MIS. Females (p = 0.012), Medicare-insured patients (p = 0.001) and residents of South Florida were more likely to undergo MIS. Patients with Medicaid (p = 0.008), metastasis (p Conclusions Consistent with national studies, MIS for CRC in Florida is associated with insurance status and geographic location. There are patient-level regional differences for racial disparities in MIS for CRC in Florida.
Detection of cavities and tunnels from gravity data using a neural network

High-resolution aeromagnetic surveys were acquired for the Albuquerque basin in the central Rio Grande rift, a basin filled with poorly consolidated sediments. The surveys proved successful in effi...
Can a Green School Building Teach? A Pre- and Post-Occupancy Evaluation of a Teaching Green School Building:

Amid increasing interests in social metrics within green buildings, this work focuses on buildings designed to enhance environmental education, here called “Teaching Green Buildings” (TGBs). This s...
Work-in-Progress: ARTIC: An Adaptive Real-Time Imprecise Computation Pipeline for Audio Analysis

One of the more complex issues facing natural language processing (NLP) is how to deal with overlapped speech, i.e., when two or more speakers interfere with or talk over each other, and the more general case of co-channel speech, i.e., when two or more speakers are present in an audio stream regardless of interference. Frequently, one speaker is selected as a primary speaker for the purpose of analysis with other speakers relegated to the category of interfering speakers. Despite the breadth of research into overlapped speech detection, few endeavors have been made into preserving the speech of so-called interfering speakers. A compelling case can be made for a more comprehensive analysis of co-channel speech in the fields of computational linguistics, accessibility automation, and entertainment, particularly under real-time constraints. Currently available open-source audio libraries, while technically capable of supporting such research endeavors, are cumbersome to work with. To this end, the work introduces the Adaptive Real-Time Imprecise Computation (ARTIC) pipeline for audio analysis, a simple but flexible approach to stream processing that tracks computation times and deadlines for the various pipeline stages and affords the user the ability to specify automatic precision reductions to avoid projected deadline misses as well as automatic precision increases to combat underutilization. A proof of concept is tested with the intent to build upon this groundwork for a more comprehensive project having the goal of multi-speaker interference detection and eventually speaker separation.
Big Data Applications in Healthcare Administration

The healthcare industry has a growing record of using big data-related technologies such as data analytics, internet of things, and machine learning, especially in the clinical areas. However, heal...
Social Capital, Frequency of Media Exposure, and Subject Well-Being: Based on 2015 CGSS Data in China

This study investigates the relationship between social capital, frequency of media exposure, and subject well-being while adequately controlling for other variables in China. This study was based on 2015 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) and the multilevel regression analyses analysis, empirically estimating the impact of social capital and frequency of media exposure on subject well-being (SWB) in China. The results are as follows: (1) Social capital has a significant positive impact on improving subject well-being of the residents, as the more social capital they have, the happier they become; (2) frequency of reading the newspapers and magazines is positively related to social capital; (3) both watching television and listening to the radio are positively associated with subject well-being although there are no positive relations between watching television and listening to the radio with social capital; and (4) the relationship between frequency of using the Internet, using mobile devices to receive information, and social capital with subject well-being shows no significant effect. Limitation and directions for future research are also discussed.
From Systematic Risk to Systemic Risk: Analysis Over Day-Ahead Market Operation Under High Renewable Penetration by CoVaR and Marginal CoVaR

Traditional power market risk studies focus on systematic risk analysis which relies on value-at-risk (VaR) or conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) to measure potential financial losses resulting from renewable generation uncertainties. However, systematic risk only reflects the risk of a single entity and cannot capture the systemic risk which measures the risk contribution from a market participant to the overall market or the risk connection between two different market participants. With the rapid integration of renewable energy resources, it is essentially important to identify which renewable assets contribute a higher risk to market operations. Therefore, we propose two systemic risk measures, Contagious VaR (CoVaR) and marginal CoVaR (ΔCoVaR), to construct the risk connection network of the energy market under high renewable penetrations. Then, based on ΔCoVaR, a new index called normalized ΔCoVaR is built for market operators to evaluate the per MW impact on ΔCoVaR. Further, this paper proposes two approaches to manage the systemic risk in a day-ahead (DA) market, depending on regulation purposes. Finally, the proposed risk measures and management methods are applied to analyze a DA market with over 30% renewable energy penetration in a modified IEEE 118-bus system.
Compendium of Total Ionizing Dose Results and Displacement Damage Results for Candidate Spacecraft Electronics for NASA

Vulnerability of a variety of candidate spacecraft electronics to total ionizing dose and displacement damage is studied. Devices tested include optoelectronics, digital, analog, linear bipolar devices, and hybrid devices.
EEG Alpha Power and Pupil Diameter Reflect Endogenous Auditory Attention Switching and Listening Effort

Auditory attention describes a listeners focus on an acoustic source while they ignore other competing sources that might be present. In an environment with multiple talkers and background noise (i.e. the cocktail party effect), auditory attention can be difficult, requiring the listener to expend measurable cognitive effort. A listener will naturally interrupt sustained attention on a source when switching towards another source during conversation. This change in attention is potentially even more taxing than maintaining sustained attention due to the limits of human working memory, and this additional effort required has not been well studied. In this work, we evaluated an attention decoder algorithm for detecting the change in attention and investigated cognitive effort expended during attentional switching and sustained attention. Two variants of endogenous attention switching were explored: the switches either had in-the-moment decision making or a pre-defined attentional switch time. A least-squares, EEG-based, attention decoding algorithm achieved 64.1% accuracy with a 5-second correlation window and illustrated smooth transitions in the attended talker prediction through switches in sustained attention at approximately half of the analysis window size (2.2 seconds). The expended listening effort, as measured by simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and pupillometry, was also a strong indicator of switching. Specifically, centrotemporal alpha power [F(2, 18) = 7.473, P = 0.00434] and mean pupil diameter [F(2, 18) = 9.159, P = 0.0018] were significantly different for trials that contained a switch in comparison to sustained trials. We also found that relative attended and ignored talker locations modulate the EEG alpha topographic response. This alpha lateralization was found to be impacted by the interaction between experimental condition and whether the measure was computed before or after the switch [F(2,18) = 3.227, P = 0.0634]. These results suggest that expended listening effort is a promising feature that should be pursued in a decoding context, in addition to speech and location-based features.
Lifestyle Research in the Context of Household Economic Behavior

A theory-based approach to lifestyle research is developed in this study. A household production model is introduced which provides the basis for identifying three basic lifestyle traits: (1) income expansion, (2) household production, and (3) adaptive consumption. Measures of these traits are presented which show generally acceptable levels of reliability and validity.
Evaluation of the skin microcirculation by photoplethysmography, laser Doppler velocimetry, and transcutaneous measurements of pO2

Treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) should be directed at the associated dysfunction of the target tissues. In patients with lower limb ischemia, conditions become critical when blood supply no longer meets the metabolic demands, typically of the acral skin.
Organic Catalysis over Crystalline Aluminosilicates

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on organic catalysis over crystalline alumiosilicates. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates composed of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra arranged in various geometric patterns. The chapter discusses reactions over a wide variety of crystalline aluminosilicates and emphasizes on catalysis over X- and Y-type faujasites. Unusual opportunities for organic catalysis were found to exist when these were base exchanged to substantially eliminate their alkali metal content. It is shown that catalytic activity in ion-exchanged faujasites is influenced by cation type, cation location in the lattice, zeolite Si/Al ratio, and the presence of proton donors. The existence of several crystallographically distinct cation locations provides the basis for a potential heterogeneity of sites in catalytic reactions. The Linde workers made calculations for the electrostatic field strengths of surface cations near SII and SIII in an X-type zeolite of Si/Al ratio 1.0 and in a Y-type zeolite of Si/Al ratio 2.0. In both cases, the fields has been significantly larger near SIII than SII at a distance of 2 Ǻ from the center of the cation for the univalent cation-exchanged systems, provided both sites are occupied.
Between Tianxia and Westphalia: China Searches for its Position in the World

This paper traces and analyzes Chinese views about world order. More specifically, it describes the evolution of the Chinese conceptualization and practice regarding political governance and international relations. In contrast to the Westphalia system of nation-states that has dominated the world for the past few centuries, a Chinese traditional view of world order, the idea of tianxia (all under the heaven), was largely practiced in East Asia from the Qin Empire of the 3rd century BCE till the mid-19th century. Today, a visible revival of the idea is seen among a diverse group of Chinese worldviews. Struggling between its tianxia tradition and the prevailing Westphalia world order, the PRC (People’s Republic of China) appears to be now at a major juncture searching for its position in the world.
Enantioselective synthesis of the α,α-dimethyl-β-hydroxy : Acid subunit of the oxazolomycin antibiotics

Abstract Reaction of the Sn(II) enolate, generated by the action of SnCl2-LiAlH4 on oxazolidinone 5, with benzaldehyde or conjugated Z-enal 8 yields respectively oxazinedione 6 or 9 with not less than 97 : 3 diastereoselectivity. Removal of the chiral auxiliary from 9 produces a homochiral model of the C1′-C5′ subunit of the oxazolomycin antibiotics.
50,000 gate ASIC prototyping PLD using four flex 8000 devices and a programmable interconnect

Gate array designs are usually simulated to catch logic errors prior to silicon production. Emulation, or implementation and testing of the custom design in reprogrammable hardware, provides more exhaustive evaluation of design accuracy, but most hardware emulation systems are large and expensive. This paper presents a 50,000-gate programmable logic device (PLD) that has been developed to support medium density gate array emulation inexpensively, and in a small form-factor. >
Treatment of Breakthrough and Refractory Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30-50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. International guidelines recommend the treatment of breakthrough CINV with an agent from a drug class that was not used in the prophylactic antiemetic regimen and recommend using the breakthrough medication continuously rather than using it on an as needed basis. There have been very few studies on the treatment of breakthrough CINV. A recent double-blind, randomized, phase III study suggested that olanzapine may be an effective agent for the treatment of breakthrough CINV. Refractory CINV occurs when patients develop CINV during subsequent cycles of chemotherapy when antiemetic prophylaxis has not been successful in controlling CINV in earlier cycles. Patients who develop refractory CINV should be considered for a change in their prophylactic antiemetic regimen. If significant anxiety exists, a benzodiazepine may be added to the prophylactic regimen. If a refractory patient is receiving HEC, olanzapine may be added to the prophylactic regimen. If the patient is receiving MEC, olanzapine or an NK-1 receptor antagonist may be added to the prophylactic regimen.
Polypoid changes of the middle turbinate as an indicator of atopic disease.

Background High levels of local immunoglobulin E (IgE) have been demonstrated in nasal polypoid tissue; however, an association between nasal polyps and allergy has not been proven. The authors have observed that polypoid edema isolated to the leading edge of the middle turbinate (MT) is highly associated with allergic rhinitis. The objective of this study was to determine if there is an association between isolated MT polyps and inhalant allergy. Methods A single institution prospective study was performed. Twenty-five consecutive patients found to have isolated MT polyps on endoscopic exam were recruited. Nasal and allergy symptoms were documented on the intake form. Allergy testing was recommended to all patients. Results Of the 25 patients found to have isolated MT polypoid edema documented on endoscopic exam, 16 patients underwent skin or in vitro allergy testing. All of the patients tested positive for inhalant allergy. Conclusion This small series provides strong evidence to support an association between isolated MT polypoid edema and allergy. We recommend allergy testing in all patients with isolated MT polyps or polypoid edema.
THE CARDIOTOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES : II. INHIBITION OF CARDIOTOXIC EFFECT BY A SUBSTANCE RELEASED FROM THE FROG'S HEART.

1. The mechanism of sensitization of the isolated frog' heart to a product of the hemolytic streptococcus has been investigated. The sensitization depends upon the release from the isolated heart of a substance which inhibits the action of the cardiotoxin. The inhibitor is released upon the first (sensitizing) administration of cardiotoxin, but not upon the second (contracture-producing) administration. 2. The inhibitor released by the heart neutralizes the lethal factor present in the streptococcal preparation employed. 3. Some of the properties of the inhibitor have been investigated.
Gametogenesis and chromosome number in Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

SUMMARY Gametophytes of the ‘sea palm’, the kelp Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht, produced gametes whether or not chelated iron was supplied in the culture medium, in contrast to the inhibition of gametogenesis seen with the absence of iron in many other kelps. As gametogenesis proceeded, every cell of the gametophytes was converted into a gamete so that the gametophytes did not continue to grow vegetatively. The portion of the life history from spore release through germination, gametophyte growth, gametogenesis, fertilization and growth of the young sporophyte was completed in 9–10 days under laboratory conditions. Chromosome counts showed that sporophytes had a diploid number of 26–34 chromosomes while sporangia and gametophytes had a haploid number of 14–17 chromosomes, indicating a typical haplodiplophasic life history as seen in other Laminariales.
Lance-Adams Syndrome

Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS) is a rare complication of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and is often accompanied by action myoclonus. LAS is seen in patients who have undergone a cardiorespiratory arrest, later regained consciousness, and then developed myoclonus days or weeks after the event. Less than 150 cases of LAS have been reported in the worldwide medical literature. Here, we present a 32-year-old man who suffered from myoclonus after hypoxic brain damage due to hanging himself. This case was diagnosed as Lance-Adams syndrome according to a history of hypoxic brain damage, the clinical features, and the neuroimages such as brain SPECT. Making an early diagnosis and properly managing LAS is positively related to improving the patient's functional outcome. If patients have posthypoxic myoclonus after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, we should consider the diagnosis of LAS and initiate a proper rehabilitation program.
Characterizing and Comparing Landscape Diversity Using GIS and a Contagion Index

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern and changes in forest cover types over the last two decades on three landscape level physiographic provinces of the state of Alabama, USA: (i) The Great Appalachian Valley Province, (ii) The Blue Ridge Talladega Mountain Province, and (iii) The Piedmont Province. Studies of spatial patterns of landscapes are useful to quantify human impact, predict wildlife effects or describe various landscape features. A robust landscape index should quantify two distinct components of landscape diversity: composition and configuration. Composition refers to both the total number of “patch” types (i.e., forest cover types) and their relative proportions in the landscape, whereas configuration refers to the spatial pattern of patches in the landscape. The U.S. Forest Service conducts periodic surveys of forest resources nationwide from plots distributed on a 3 mile by 3 mile (4.8 km by 4.8 km) grid randomly established within each county using forest inventory...
Natural Law, Human Rights and Corporate Reputational Capital in Global Governance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model for systematizing human rights norms to facilitate their integration into global business decision making.Design/methodology/approach – The paper relates a natural law conception of human rights to global corporate governance.Findings – The paper shows that natural law theory gives a basis for integrating human rights into global governance while also making a business case for taking human rights seriously.Originality/value – The paper offers a theoretical framework related to jurisprudence and introduces the concept of reputational capital as an intangible asset that is built up by a firm's proactive advancement of human rights.
The role of adrenal corticosteroids in induction of micronuclei by morphine

It has previously been shown that morphine can increase the frequency of micronucleated splenocytes when administered to mice, but not when cells are exposed to the opiate in vitro. Morphine treatment is also known to increase circulating levels of glucocorticosteroids, which have been reported to produce genetic damage in vivo and in vitro. In order to determine whether adrenal hormones might mediate the genotoxic effects of morphine, adrenalectomized and sham-operated mice were treated with morphine sulfate. In sham-operated animals administration of morphine produced a dose-related increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells, whereas adrenalectomy abolished the effect. When plasma from morphine-treated mice was used to supplement growth medium of untreated splenocytes, the frequency of micronucleated cells increased, an effect partially blocked by the steroid antagonist RU 486. The N-methylmorphine, which does not stimulate the release of corticosterone from adrenal glands, induced micronuclei formation in splenocytes, and administration of metyrapone, an inhibitor of corticosterone biosynthesis, blocked the morphine-induced increase in corticosterone secretion, but had no effect on the frequency of micronuclei formation. These results indicate that basal levels of glucocorticosteroids are required for induction of micronuclei by morphine in murine splenocytes, but activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by morphine does not contribute to the observed response.
Nucleon-nucleon dynamics at medium energies (II). Results for NN phase parameters

Abstract We present predictions for nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering phase parameters based on a unitary, relativistic, one-pion-exchange model, which takes single-pion-production inelasticity into account. The agreement of the high-L phase shifts with data is considerably improved at intermediate energies by inclusion of the NΔ inelastic channel. Our predicted inelasticities are in generally good agreement with the data, but are smaller than the predictions of Green and Sainio. The Argand plots of the 1D2, 3F3, 3P1, and 1G4 all show counterclockwise motion resulting from the onset of inelastic channels.
Introduction of Benzo[h]quinoline and 1,10-Phenanthroline Subunits by Friedländer Methodology.

An improved preparation of 8-amino-7-quinolinecarbaldehyde has been developed. The methyl group of 7-methyl-8-nitroquinoline may be oxidized to an aldehyde by treatment first with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal followed by sodium periodate. Reduction with iron provides the amino aldehyde. An analogous sequence affords 1-amino-2-naphthalenecarbaldehyde. Friedlander condensation of the quinoline derivative with a series of acetylaromatics provides the corresponding 2-aryl-1,10-phenanthrolines. Condensation of either amino aldehyde with 1,3-diacetylbenzene or 2,6-diacetylpyridine provides the expected Friedlander product. Similar chemistry is described for reactions of the amino aldehydes with 1,4-diacetylbenzene, 4,4‘-diacetylbiphenyl, 1,5-diacetylanthracene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine-1,8-dione, and tetracyclo[6.3.0.0.4,1105,9]undecane-2,7-dione (TCU-2,7-dione).
Neutrophil chemotaxis to extracts of grain plant components

Exposure to grain dust has been associated with a neutrophilic bronchitis. In vitro studies suggest several possible mechanisms for recruitment of neutrophils, including direct chemotaxis to aqueous grain dust extracts and release of chemotactic activity by bronchial epithelial cells in response to challenge with grain dust extracts. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predicting OCB Role Definitions: Exchanges with the Organization and Psychological Attachment

Purpose To investigate the relationship between trust in the organization and employees’ exchange beliefs (i.e., exchange ideology) and both psychological attachment and role definitions.
The energy source for gastric H+ secretion.

Acid rate, resistance, short circuit current, P.D., Cl− transport, O2 consumption and redox steady state were determined in frog or Necturus gastric mucosa under a variety of conditions. It was shown that measurements of ΔH/ΔO2 under conditions of stimulation of acid rate by hormones in Necturus, or ion substitution in frog did not allow valid conclusions to be drawn as to acid mechanism. The simplest interpretation of the results of a series of experiments using redox inhibitors and phosphorylative inhibitors and uncouplers is that mitochondrially generated ATP is the obligatory energy source for H+ transport, and that Cl− transport can utilize extramitochondrial sources of energy.
Disturbance and the Dispersal of Fleshy Fruits

Fruits of Prunus serotina, Phytolacca americana, and Vitis vulpina were placed during separate trials in forest sites that varied in the degree to which the forest canopy was disturbed. Removal rates of fruits were consistently faster in the forest edge and light gap sites than in sites under closed canopy. Rapid removal of fruits from species that ripen fruit in summer and early fall is selectively advantageous to the plants because it minimizes the probability that fruits will be destroyed by invertebrates before dispersal. Disturbances probably play an important role in interactions between temperate fruits and birds and in community organization.
Performance of precoding assisted dual-polarized multi-cell MIMO downlink communications

Conventional uni-polarized multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna systems offer the advantages of higher data rate and higher reliability through the use of spatial multiplexing and space-time coding, respectively. However, the cost and space constraints have led to the use of dual-polarized MIMO antenna systems where two spatially separated uni-polarized antennas are replaced by a single antenna element employing orthogonal polarizations, thereby exploiting polarization diversity. The advantages of dual polarized antennas can be further exploited by the use of precoding at the transmitter which leads to reduced complexity at the receiver for downlink communications, when compared to the conventional multi-user detectors. In this paper, we propose a singular value decomposition based precoding-aided dual-polarized MIMO system and compare its performance with the conventional minimum mean square error (MMSE) based approach for mitigating co-channel interference in a multi-cell environment consisting of flat Rayleigh fading channels. Our performance results reveal that the pre-codingaided dual-polarized MIMO system outperforms the conventional MMSE detection scheme and offers appreciable gain in symbol energy-to-noise ratio performance.
A regression-based association test for case-control studies that uses inferred ancestral haplotype similarity.

Summary Association methods based on haplotype similarity (HS) can overcome power and stability issues encountered in standard haplotype analyses. Current HS methods can be generally classified into evolutionary and two-sample approaches. We propose a new regression-based HS association method for case-control studies that incorporates covariate information and combines the advantages of the two classes of approaches by using inferred ancestral haplotypes. We first estimate the ancestral haplotypes of case individuals and then, for each individual, an ancestral-haplotype-based similarity score is computed by comparing that individual's observed genotype with the estimated ancestral haplotypes. Trait values are then regressed on the similarity scores. Covariates can easily be incorporated into this regression framework. To account for the bias in the raw p-values due to the use of case data in constructing ancestral haplotypes, as well as to account for variation in ancestral haplotype estimation, a permutation procedure is adopted to obtain empirical p-values. Compared with the standard haplotype score test and the multilocus T2 test, our method improves power when neither the allele frequency nor linkage disequilibrium between the disease locus and its neighboring SNPs is too low and is comparable in other scenarios. We applied our method to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 simulated SNP data and successfully pinpointed a stretch of SNPs that covers the fine-scale region where the causal locus is located.
Analysis of forming limits using the Hill 1993 yield criterion

Forming limits of thin sheets are investigated using a yield criterion recently proposed by Hill (1993). This criterion utilizes five independent material parameters, which can be determined from uniaxial and balanced biaxial experiments, to describe a wide range of material properties of sheet metals, including the anomalous behavior of aluminum. In the present work, a bifurcation analysis is pursued to predict the onset of localized necking in strain rate insensitive sheet materials. A detailed parametric study is then conducted to evaluate the effect of various material parameters on the positive minor strain side of the forming limit diagram. It is observed that limit strains are strongly dependent on the shape of the yield locus. Forming limits predicted using Hill's 1993 yield criterion are compared with those predicted using Hill's 1948 and 1979 criteria. Results from the bifurcation analysis are also compared with experimental observations, as well as the limit strain predictions based on the M-K analysis.
Comparison of potentiated and unpotentiated twitches as an index of muscle fatigue

Recent data suggest that the potentiated twitch is a more sensitive index of contractile fatigue than is the unpotentiated twitch. We hypothesized that after a potentially fatiguing load, the fall in twitch amplitude of the potentiated twitch would be significantly greater than that of an unpotentiated twitch. We compared the response of the potentiated and unpotentiated twitches to a series of potentially fatiguing loads using magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in 10 healthy subjects. The baseline unpotentiated quadriceps twitch force (TwQu), potentiated quadriceps twitch force (TwQp), and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were 129 plus minus 6 N, 198 plus minus 6 N, and 622 plus minus 25 N, respectively. During a fatigue protocol that was designed to induce a spectrum of fatigue from mild to marked, the percent fall in quadriceps twitch force was significantly greater for the potentiated method than for the unpotentiated method at all levels of fatigue (P <.005). The within-subject within-day coefficient of variation was 7.5 plus minus 0.5% for TwQu and 5.6 plus minus 0.9% for TwQp. Thus, TwQp is reproducible and is superior to TwQu for detecting early muscle fatigue.
Height-diameter models for tropical forests on Hainan Island in southern China

Abstract Measurements on 8352 felled trees from 31 plots in tropical forests on Hainan Island provided information to investigate the relationship between total tree height and diameter at 1.3 m (DBH). Out of 33 model forms either published or derivable from published forms, a modification of the exponential model published by Meyer (Meyer, H.A. A mathematical expression for height curves. J. For. 38 (1940) 415–420) was selected based on low bias and relatively good precision of its predictions on individual plots. Variations from plot-to-plot were significant. Therefore, a parameter prediction method based on predictor variables derived from all DBH values on a plot was developed in order to provide a method to localize the model. In a test with independent data from an additional 36 plots, the localized height-prediction model produced predictions with a pooled mean-squared error of 3.8 m 2 , a pooled R 2 of 0.72, and an average bias of −0.2 m. Even though tremendous variability exists in tropical forests and modeling height–DBH relationships never provides high levels of precision, this model will provide a useful and economical alternative to attempting height measurements during inventories of these forests.
Alternate pre-mRNA processing pathways in the production of membrane IgM heavy chains in holostean fish.

Abstract A single gene encodes two forms of the IgM heavy chain (μ) in vertebrates: one (μs) present in serum as secreted IgM and the other (μm) as the antigen receptor form of IgM present on the B-lymphocyte membrane. The mRNAs encoding μs and μm are derived from a single primary transcript by alternate path-ways of RNA processing. In all vertebrates so far examined, with the exception of teleosts, μm mRNA is produced by splicing the transmembrane (TM) encoding exon 1 into a cryptic donor site near the 3′ end of the Cμ4 exon. In contrast, teleost species splice the TM exon 1 into the regular splice donor site at the 3′ boundary of the Cμ3 exon. We have examined μm mRNAs in two species of primitive bony fish, the holostean bowfin and the longnose gar. These fish utilize both the Cμ3 to TM1 (teleost) pathway and the typical cryptic Cμ4 to TM1 pathway. In addition the bowfin possesses a cryptic splice donor site near the middle of Cμ3. This is used in the production of a third species of μm-encoding mRNA, but does not participate in the production of an alternate form of the μs mRNA. The structure and patterns of expression of their μ genes suggest that the gar and bowfin may be more closely related than implied by the current view of fish evolution.
Cosmopolitanism as a philosophy for life in our time

Educators the world over struggle with contemporary conditions that militate against their vocation. Endless top-down accountability measures, rapid economic turns and inequality in supportive resources, a torrent of consumerist media stimuli that distract educational focus, and other forces require educators to work that much harder to sustain serious educational values. In this article, I put forward a cultural and ethical vision of cosmopolitanism as an orientation that can help educators in their work. This vision pivots around teachers and students learning to fuse reflective openness to new people, ideas, values and practices with reflective loyalty to local commitments and ways of life. This orientation mirrors how the school can become a cosmopolitan canopy. The school can become a place in which all participants develop ethical strength and perspective in order to respond thoughtfully and actively, rather than react passively, to today’s pressures.