cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double differential neutron scattering cross sections of materials for ultra high temperature reactors

Abstract The five materials with the highest melting point are hafnium, tantalum, niobium and zirconium (ZrC) carbides and graphite (that sublimes). Graphite is the material of choice for very high temperature reactors (VHTR); ultra high temperature reactors (UHTR), like the thermal nuclear propulsion reactor NERVA use a dispersion of ZrC and UC in graphite as the material in the reactor core. Presently there are neither inelastic nor elastic double differential scattering data available that describe the thermalization process in ZrC. We therefore, calculated coherent elastic and incoherent inelastic cross sections for the ZrC crystal which has a face centered cubic (fcc) lattice. The phonon spectrum for the ZrC lattice was calculated with the computer code PHONON using the Hellman–Feynman forces computed with ab-initio methods [Jochyn, P.T., Parlinski, K., 2000. Ab initio lattice dynamics and elastic constants of ZrC. Eur. Phys. J. B 15, 265–268]. This phonon spectrum was then used to compute the S ( α , β , T ) matrices for the inelastic scattering cross sections for C and Zr in the ZrC lattice using modified versions of the computer codes GASKET, HEXSCAT and NJOY. The results were applied to calculate, with the proper S ( α , β , T ), criticality and reactivity coefficients of temperate of reactor systems containing ZrC and UC. For comparisons, these parameters were also calculated with approximations of S ( α , β , T ), i.e. the gas or the graphite scattering kernels. Depending on the degree of thermalization, k eff is underestimated between 0.6% and 1%, and the values and the shape of the reactivity coefficients as a function of temperature change by substantial amounts.
Interstellar Shock Waves

The structure of interstellar shocks driven by supernova remnants and by expanding H II regions around early-type stars is discussed. Jump conditions are examined, along with shock fronts, post-shock relaxation layers, collisional shocks, collisionless shocks, nonradiative shocks, radiative atomic shocks, and shock models of observed nebulae. Effects of shock waves on interstellar molecules are examined, with reference to the chemistry behind shock fronts, infrared and vibrational-rotational cooling by molecules, and observations of shocked molecules. Some current problems and applications of the study of interstellar shocks are summarized, including the initiation of star formation by radiative shock waves, interstellar masers, the stability of shocks, particle acceleration in shocks, and shocks in galactic nuclei.
Factors Influencing the Viscosity of Sweetened Condensed Milk

Summary Acidity within reasonable limits, contained air, and the salts of copper have no significant influence on the increase of viscosity of sweetened milk. Cane sugar increases the initial viscosity slightly, but affects the increase in viscosity only as it inhibits the growth of bacteria. The increase in viscosity is more, rapid at higher storage temperatures, but this increase is not in direct relation to the temperature. The effect of the temperature is very slight at 20°C. (68° F.) or lower, but is marked at 30°C. (86° F.) or higher. The tendency to thicken on standing increases with, but not in direct relation to, the concentration of solids not fat. The casein is the constituent principally concerned in the production of the viscosity. The albumen is a factor when the forewarming temperature is much above its coagulating point. The phosphates, probably through their combination with the casein, may have influence on the change in the viscosity. An increase in the total phosphates of the raw milk by as much as 7 per cent will cause a distinct acceleration in the progressive increase in viscosity. The tendency of the milk to thicken is greatly increased by the high temperature ordinarily used in the forewarming. Satisfactory results from a bacteriological standpoint may be obtained to about 63°C. (145.4° F.) for twenty to thirty minutes. The viscosity of the product made in this way is low, and the tendency for the viscosity to increase in storage is much reduced. When the viscosity is very low in condensed milk made with low forewarming temperature, there is a tendency for the fat to separate. It is not probable that this condition would occur in large batches of milk made under commercial conditions.
Minkowski vacuum stress tensor fluctuations

We study the fluctuations of the stress tensor for a massless scalar field in two- and four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime in the vacuum state. Covariant expressions for the stress tensor correlation function are obtained as sums of derivatives of a scalar function. These expressions allow one to express spacetime averages of the correlation function as finite integrals. We also study the correlation between measurements of the energy density along a world line. We find that these measurements may be either positively correlated or anticorrelated. The anticorrelated measurements can be interpreted as telling us that, if one measurement yields one sign for the averaged energy density, a successive measurement with a suitable time delay is likely to yield a result with the opposite sign.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Ethnocentrism in China, India, and Taiwan

This research focuses on the popular measure of ethnocentrism, CETSCALE and attempts to validate the multi-item scale in China, India, and Taiwan. LISREL is utilized to test the unidimensionality of the scale and multiple tests are used to analyze the internal consistency reliability of the scale in these countries. Further, given the cultural differences between China, India, and Taiwan, this research hypothesizes and tests for differences in ethnocentrism among consumers of these countries. The results provide useful insights for academic researchers as well as managers of multinational companies who are involved in these countries or have plans to enter them.
Some evidence on the electric dissociation of the negative hydrogen ion near 2.4 MeV/cm☆

Abstract The dissociation of the negative hydrogen ion (H−) by electric ν × B stripping in a magnetic field has been measured for electric fields near 2.4 MeV/cm. The ions were obtained from the UCLA sector-focussed cyclotron and were stripped by the 24.86 kG hill field at energies up to 48 MeV. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of Khuri, Khoe, Darewych and Neamtam, Hiskes and are found to favor strongly the values predicted by Hiskes. Other observations of ν × B stripping are compared with the present data.
Fluid simulation with the geometric cluster Monte Carlo algorithm

Building on earlier approaches, the geometric cluster algorithm permits the efficient simulation of cases in which conventional simulation methods fail, such as mixtures of different-sized particles. Starting from the celebrated Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm, the author describes the development of cluster methods for magnetic systems and their connection with the geometric cluster algorithm
Early stages of facial nerve regeneration through silicone chambers in the rabbit.

The early stages of rabbit peripheral facial nerve regeneration [N = 16], over a 10-mm transectional gap, were analyzed at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of buccal nerve entubation in silicone chambers prefilled with saline. Normal nerve pooled data were obtained in nine nerves. Chronologic morphologic and morphometic light and electron microscopic computer-captured data reveal that the regeneration process can be subdivided into four stages: 1. The establishment of an acellular intergap matrix; 2. the ingrowth of mesodermally derived cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, etc.) to form an intergap scaffolding; 3. the ingrowth of ectodermally derived cells (neurons, Schwann's cells, etc.) to reconstitute the transected peripheral nerve; and 4. neural maturation by progressive axonal enlargement, myelination, and compartmentalization. The first two stages occur during the first week, the third stage during the third week, and the fourth stage from the fifth week onwards of neural entubation. Morphometic analyses indicate that total neuroregenerates increase in number from 303 +/- 286 to 2693 +/- 1334 (+/- values are standard deviations) and myelination of axons increases from 12% to 48% during the third to fifth week of entubation. The thickness of the myelin (g-ratio) increases from 0.89 +/- .01 to 0.74 +/- .06 (SD) during the same period of time. At the end of the fifth week of entubation, the midchambers contain, on the average, 1279 +/- 980 myelinated axons (30% of normal counts) and 483 (+/- 11.2%) axons cross the chambers to innervate the distal transected neural stump (12.5%). Specific target-organ (quadratus labii superioris muscle) activity can be recaptured with a smaller number (12.5%) of regenerating myelinated axons from the buccal division of the facial nerve during the fifth week of entubation.
The β-decay of 47V

Abstract The γ-rays emitted following the β-decay of 47V have been studied with a 65 cm3 Ge(Li) detector. Direct β-branches were observed to the following levels in 47Ti (log ft values in parentheses): ground state (4.9); 1550 keV (6.0); 1794 keV (5.1); 2163 keV (5.3); 2167 keV (6.2); 2526 keV (5.4); 2549 keV (5.7); 2793 keV (5.0). The branches to the last four levels have not been reported previously. In addition, a newγ-decay branch, 2163 → 160 keV, was observed. These results, together with information from reaction studies, permit the assignment of spin and parity 3 2 − to the 2163 keV level, and 5 2 − to the 2167 keV level. The half-life of the 47V decay was measured to be 32.6±0.3 min.
The Role of Exercise in Reducing Childhood and Adolescent PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression

The authors review the role of physical exercise in reducing childhood and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. A good deal of the existing research on the influence of exercise in reducing negative emotional states and enhancing perceptions of self-efficacy has been conducted with adult samples. Comparatively few empirical studies that target children and adolescents have been done; however, those that have been conducted support the efficacy of exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, in reducing negative emotional states. The authors review a number of explanations for these beneficial effects. Although no explanatory position has received universal support, the psychological benefits of exercise appear to be compelling. The use of exercise programs in schools can be beneficial to children's physical health and valuable to emotional health.
The Depression Index: an objective measure of the severity of pectus excavatum based on vertebral diameter, a morphometric correlate to patient size

Abstract Background/Purpose In patients with Pectus Excavatum (PEX), the proposed Depression Index (DI) is derived from the absolute measurement of sternal depression using the transverse vertebral body diameter as a surrogate for height. The previously described objective and useful Pectus Index (PI) and Correction Index (CI), utilize thoracic diameters and do not always reflect the severity of the deformity as observed by clinicians. Methods Data for age, weight, height and vertebral diameter of T9, 10 and 11 were collected on 60 patients, with normal skeletons, undergoing CT scanning. The DI, PI and CI were calculated from CT scans on 76 patients with PEX. Indices were also compared to subjective rankings of the deformity from visual inspection of photographs by 5 clinicians. Results All parameters of age, weight and height correlated with the vertebral diameter. The DI correlated with the severity of the PEX deformity as also measured by the PI and the CI. There was a better correlation of the observed deformity severity to the DI than the PI or CI. Conclusion There is a strong correlation between transverse vertebral size and patient height. The DI is an objective measurement of the severity of a PEX deformity that is independent of the thoracic diameters.
Domain specific aspects of locus of control: Implications for modifying locus of control orientation

An examination was made to see if locus of control orientation with respect to intellectual achievement could be changed and to determine whether the change generalized to other types of situations. Goal-setting conferences were employed to improve LOC orientation for academic achievement situations among junior high school students. Significant differences were observed between the goal-setting conference group, the conference only group, and the control group on three measures of LOC orientation pertaining to academic situations: IAR+ and IAR- scores from the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire, plus the IA subscale of LOCITAD. No significant differences were recorded on the SA (LOC orientation for social achievement situations) and the PA (LOC orientation for physical achievement situations) of LOCITAD. High correlations were observed between Intellectual Achievement Responsibility scores and scores on the IA subscale of LOCITAD. More moderate correlations were observed between IAR scores and the other LOCITAD subscales. Results were interpreted as supporting domain-specific aspects of LOC. Results implied that educators can design programs to modify LOC orientation with less fear that a more internal orientation for academic situations will lead to maladaptive responses in other types of situations. Results also support the development of more precise measures of LOC.
Effects of Bereavement/Loss and Pre-Event Status on Subsequent Physical Health in Older Adults:

Males and females aged fifty-five and older were interviewed before and after three types of bereavement/loss: attachment bereavement (child, spouse, parent), nonattachment bereavement (sibling, grandchild, close friend), and other losses (nonbereavements). Five measures of health were used. Before pre-event health was accounted for on self-report measures of health status and medical conditions, pre-event measures of environmental factors and impact measures of bereavement/loss events had significant but modest effects on post-event health. However, after pre-event health was taken into account, the effects of bereavement and other losses were pale in comparison. Bereavement/loss events were not related to subsequent deaths, health events, or the use of medical services. Environmental factors were modestly predictive of nonattachment bereavements and other losses. An unexpected finding was that other losses had stronger effects on health than bereavements. Trend analysis over eighteen months showed a mod...
Bore holes and the vanishing of guinea worm disease in Ghana's upper region.

Abstract Ghana's Upper Region provides an excellent example of the beneficial effects of improved water security provided by hand-pump tube wells. Following a Ghana-Canada bilateral development project that installed some 2500 pumps, protection rates against guinea worm disease may be estimated as 88% in the west, and 96% in the east. Survey comparisons between ca 1960 and 1990 show that dracunculiasis declined in 32 of a total of 38 areas. The shadow of guinea worm has been lifted from the land and, in many areas, a true “vanishing” has occurred. The few areas of disease increase are characterized by the lowest population densities, pioneer settlement for cotton farming, and an absence of bore holes. Vagaries of development have inadvertently produced disease transformations or “metamorphoses” from dracunculiasis to elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis) in one area, and to red water disease ( schistosomiasis hematobium ) in other areas. Correlative associations between pump densities and guinea worm disease are weakened by the large size of areas for which disease is reported in 1990. One preliminary finding is that geographical distance to the pump is a stronger influence than demographic pressure on pumps, regarding dracunculiasis. Diminishing returns on higher pump densities in many areas support the idea of making fuller, safer use of supplementary non-pump water. Despite crises of fee payment and pump maintenance, the rural bore hole project has struck a mortal blow against guinea worm, and permanently raised the quality of life in the Upper Region.
The Cincinnati "School" of Paleontology

The Cincinnati "School" of Paleontology flourished until near the close of the 19th Century. It was made up mainly of publishing amateurs whose works were viewed with little enthusiasm by the "eastern establishment." Many of the basic descriptions of the local Ordovician fossils first appeared in these works, most of which were privately printed. S. A. Miller, a local lawyer, was the most notable of these amateurs; his great compendia of American fossils were among the most useful publications of the era, and his privately printed descriptions and those in the Journal of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History compare well with the professional productions of the era. Several of the amateurs eventually became distinguished university professors and leaders in the state and federal geological agencies and institutions. Charles Schuchert, Edward O. Ulrich, John M. Nickles, and Ray S. Bassler are a few of the local fossil-hunters who went on to higher endeavors and achieved notable success in paleontology.
Preoperative echocardiographic evaluation of patients referred for lung volume reduction surgery

Background The most efficient preoperative assessment for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in patients with advanced emphysema is undefined. This study analyzed the preoperative assessment of patients by surface echocardiography (without and with dobutamine infusion), the results of which were used to exclude patients with significant pre-existing cardiac disease, a contraindication to LVRS, from the surgery. Setting A university-based, tertiary care referral center. Methods Patients with emphysema who met initial LVRS screening criteria underwent resting and stress surface echocardiography with Doppler imaging. Patients were evaluated prospectively for perioperative cardiac complications. Results Between July 1994 and December 1996, 503 candidates for LVRS were evaluated. Of these, 207 patients (81.8%) who had echocardiography performed at our institution formed the primary study group. Images were adequate for the analysis of chamber sizes and function in 206 patients (99.5%) undergoing resting echocardiography, and the images were adequate for wall motion analysis in 172 of 174 patients (98.9%) undergoing functional testing. Right heart abnormalities were common (40.1%). Significant pulmonary hypertension (> 35 mm Hg) was uncommon (5 patients, 5.4%) among the 92 patients who subsequently underwent right heart catheterization. Occult ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction, and valvular abnormalities also were uncommon. Thus, although Doppler imaging estimates of right ventricular systolic pressure were imperfect, echocardiographic findings of normal right heart anatomy and function excluded significant pulmonary hypertension. Ninety patients (43%) eventually underwent LVRS (70 bilateral and 20 unilateral). A total of 13 perioperative cardiac events occurred in 10 patients, 6 of whom had undergone preoperative echocardiography. No patient suffered acute myocardial infarction or cardiac death. Conclusions: Despite potential limitations due to severe obstructive lung disease, surface echocardiographic imaging is a feasible, noninvasive tool in this patient population to identify patients with evidence of cor pulmonale that suggests pulmonary hypertension. The routine use of surface resting and stress echocardiography for preoperative screening obviates the need for invasive right heart catheterization in many patients and results in a low incidence of significant perioperative cardiac complications.
Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the macaque monkey.

Abstract The reciprocal connections between the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and the prefrontal cortex participate in a circuit that is essential to a number of higher cognitive processes. Projections from the dopamine-containing cells of the ventral mesencephalon to the prefrontal cortex are also critical for these cognitive abilities. It is unclear, however, whether dopamine axons innervate the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in primates. In order to address this question, we examined the distribution of dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of macaque monkeys. Labeled axons were distributed quite heterogeneously in this nucleus, and did not strictly follow cytoarchitectonic subdivision boundaries. The ventral and lateral portions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, which include parts of the parvicellular and multiform subdivisions, had the highest density of dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons. In contrast, the dorsomedial portion, which included primarily the magnocellular subdivision, had the lowest density of labeled axons. In both lightly and densely innervated portions of the nucleus, small, dense clusters of dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons were present. Axons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase were distributed in a pattern very similar to that of dopamine transporter-labeled axons. In contrast, noradrenergic axons, as revealed by dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity, were present in higher density and were more evenly distributed throughout the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. This dopamine innervation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus reveals another possible anatomical substrate through which dopamine may influence the cognitive functions mediated by thalamo-prefrontal circuitry.
Dynamics of false-vacuum bubbles

The possibility of localized inflation is investigated by calculating the dynamics of a spherically symmetric region of false vacuum which is separated by a domain wall from an infinite region of true vacuum. For a range of initial conditions, the false-vacuum region will undergo inflation. An observer in the exterior true-vacuum region will describe the system as a black hole, while an observer in the interior will describe a closed universe which completely disconnects from the original spacetime. We suggest that this mechanism is likely to lead to an instability of Minkowski space: a region of space might undergo a quantum fluctuation into the false-vacuum state, evolving into an isolated closed universe; the black hole which remains in the original space would disappear by quantum evaporation. The formation of these isolated closed universes may also be relevant to the question of information loss in black-hole formation.
Dynamic channel assignment with cumulative co-channel interference

This paper studies the problem of centralized dynamic channel assignment (DCA) in wireless cellular systems under space and time-varying channel demand. The objective is to minimize the number of channels required to satisfy demand while also satisfying co-channel interference constraints. Cumulative co-channel interference constraints govern channel reuse, via a threshold decision criterion based on the carrier-to-interference ratio. The paper makes two contributions. First, it provides an empirical bound on the difference between the minimal number of channels required based only on geographic reuse distance versus the cumulative interference case in the context of linearly increasing demand. The bound is characterized using only the reuse distance. It is obtained with an Integer Programming (IP) based strategy that uses channel assignments for one demand state to assign channels for the next state. Geographic locality constraints are applied to limit reassignments. The impact of cumulative interference constraints is observed to be small for small geographic localities. Second, the paper presents a new, fast DCA heuristic that is based on the characteristic channel reuse patterns used by the IP-based strategy. The heuristic and IP-based method yield similar results for the zero blocking condition. The DCA heuristic is applied to the problem of estimating the blocking probabilities of call arrivals modeled by a two state discrete-time Markov chain and uniformly distributed holding times. The blocking performance for an ensemble of spatial load imbalance distributions is uniquely characterized using the heuristic and IP solutions.
Nonlinear programming for multiperiod capacity planning in a manufacturing system

Abstract In this paper, we present nonlinear programming methods for capacity planning in a manufacturing system that consists of a set of machines or work stations producing multiple products. We model the facility as an open network of queues where capacity at each work station in the system may be changed in each of a finite number of time periods. To determine the timing and size of capacity changes, we present two nonlinear programming models and methods for solving the resulting problems. One model involves minimizing total capacity costs such that plant congestion is controlled via upper limits on work-in-process. The other model involves minimizing a weighted sum of product lead times subject to budget constraints on capacity costs. We present solution methods for continuous and discrete capacity options and convex and nonconvex (e.g., economies of scale) capacity cost functions. We use branch and bound and outer approximation techniques to determine globally optimal solutions to the nonconvex problems. Computational testing of the algorithms is reported.
'Competition' among employers offering health insurance.

Most employees contribute towards the cost of employer-sponsored insurance, despite tax laws that favor zero contributions. Contribution levels vary markedly across firms, and the average contribution (as a percentage of the premium) has increased over time. We offer a novel explanation for these facts: employers raise contribution levels to encourage their employees to obtain coverage from their spouses' employer. We develop a model to show how the employee contribution required by a given firm depends on characteristics of the firm and its work force, and find empirical support for many of the model's predictions.
Impact of an online alcohol education course on behavior and harm for incoming first-year college students: short-term evaluation of a randomized trial

Abstract. Objective: The authors assessed short-term effectiveness of a Web-based alcohol education program on entering freshmen. Participants: 3,216 incoming first-year students were randomized to a control or intervention group. Methods: Controls completed a survey and knowledge test the summer before college; 4 to 6 weeks after arrival on campus, they completed a follow-up survey of behaviors and harms followed by an invitation to complete the online course. Intervention students completed the precourse survey and test, the online course, and final exam prior to coming to campus. This was followed by a survey 4 to 6 weeks after arrival on campus. Results: Although the intervention group showed significantly higher alcohol-related postcourse knowledge compared to the control group, protective behavior, risk-related behavior, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related harm did not favor the intervention group, with the sole exception of playing drinking games. Conclusions: Alcohol knowledge alone was insuff...
Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey

A proportionate mortality study of police and firefighters in New Jersey was conducted using the records of a comprehensive retirement system. Three reference populations were used: U.S. general population, New Jersey general population, and police as a reference group for the firefighters. Overall neither group differed from the New Jersey male population in the cause of death. Analyses by latency showed an increase in skin cancer and cirrhosis in firefighters and cirrhosis in police. With increased time from first employment, an inverse association was found between heart disease and time of first exposure. This was reflected in statistically significant increased proportionate mortality rates (PMR) for arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) (ICD 410-414) for both working police (PMR = 1.15) and firefighters (PMR = 1.2). Retired police and firefighters had PMRs of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. Firefighters had a significant increase in nonmalignant respiratory disease (PMR = 1.98) and leukemia (PMR = 2.76) when the police were used as a reference group. Potential causes of the above findings are discussed.
Chronic Smoking and Emotionality1

Self-report data were gathered on the chronic emotionality of smokers and nonsmokers in a number of samples. The results were discussed relative to the literature on sociopathy and recent studies that found smokers to be more emotional than nonsmokers. It was argued that an S's own emotional feelings must be distinguished from the behavioral observations of others, and that the smoking habit might well lead to a generally lowered level of felt emotionality.
Interval methods for semi-infinite programs

A new approach for the numerical solution of smooth, nonlinear semi-infinite programs whose feasible set contains a nonempty interior is presented. Interval analysis methods are used to construct finite nonlinear, or mixed-integer nonlinear, reformulations of the original semi-infinite program under relatively mild assumptions on the problem structure. In certain cases the finite reformulation is exact and can be solved directly for the global minimum of the semi-infinite program (SIP). In the general case, this reformulation is over-constrained relative to the SIP, such that solving it yields a guaranteed feasible upper bound to the SIP solution. This upper bound can then be refined using a subdivision procedure which is shown to converge to the true SIP solution with finite e-optimality. In particular, the method is shown to converge for SIPs which do not satisfy regularity assumptions required by reduction-based methods, and for which certain points in the feasible set are subject to an infinite number of active constraints. Numerical results are presented for a number of problems in the SIP literature. The solutions obtained are compared to those identified by reduction-based methods, the relative performances of the nonlinear and mixed-integer nonlinear formulations are studied, and the use of different inclusion functions in the finite reformulation is investigated.
Operative treatment of colorectal cancer

Principles of radical surgery for curative treatment of colon and rectal cancer are based on 5-year survival and 2-year local recurrence rates. Depth of invasion, cellular differentiation, vascular invasion, and the location and number of lymph node metastasis influence the 5-year survival rate. Age, type of resection, obstruction or perforation of the primary tumor, and the surgeon's technique influence the 2-year local recurrence rate
Saccharification of cassava starch in an ultrafiltration reactor

Abstract Extruded cassava starch was continuously hydrolysed with glucoamylase in an ultrafiltration (UF) reactor. With a residence time of 2.5 h, the optimum enzyme concentration was 1200 Novo AG units 100 g −1 substrate solids. This resulted in low glucose rejections by the Amicon YM-5 membrane and essentially pure glucose in the reactor permeate solids. Starch conversions were 64% at 22°C and 97% at 55°C. Productivity of the UF reactor (glucose produced per unit enzyme) was 10–11 times better than a batch reactor over a 24-h operating period.
Depressive Symptomatology and Interaction Behaviors of Mothers Having a Child with Disabilities

Previous research has indicated that parents who raise children having disabilities report greater emotional distress than other parents. To investigate the association between symptoms of depression and maternal behaviors, interactions between 48 mothers and children having disabilities were rated. Measures of maternal depression and child functioning were also administered. Analyses indicated that mothers reported a relatively large number of symptoms often associated with depression. However, reports of depressive symptomatology were not meaningfully related to the children's developmental status or parent-child interaction behaviors.
Nuclear Reprogramming Strategy Modulates Differentiation Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Bioengineered by ectopic expression of stemness factors, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells demonstrate embryonic stem cell-like properties and offer a unique platform for derivation of autologous pluripotent cells from somatic tissue sources. In the process of nuclear reprogramming, somatic tissues are converted to a pluripotent ground state, thus unlocking an unlimited potential to expand progenitor pools. Molecular dissection of nuclear reprogramming suggests that a residual memory derived from the original parental source, along with the remnants of the reprogramming process itself, leads to a biased potential of the bioengineered progeny to differentiate into target tissues such as cardiac cytotypes. In this way, iPS cells that fulfill pluripotency criteria may display heterogeneous profiles for lineage specification. Small molecule-based strategies have been identified that modulate the epigenetic state of reprogrammed cells and are optimized to erase the residual memory and homogenize the differentiation potential of iPS cells derived from distinct backgrounds. Here, we describe the salient components of the reprogramming process and their effect on the downstream differentiation capacity of the iPS populations in the context of cardiovascular regenerative applications.
AN AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT COMPLEX IN INDIANA

ABSTRACT A complete inventory of the entire complex of agricultural settlement features in a north central Indiana township is the first step toward development of a standard vocabulary, classification system, and typology of settlement types. The farm buildings reflect an increase in farm size and a shift from general farming to a concentration on crops since World War II.
SU-FF-J-13: Cumulated Fraction Effects On the Interplay Between MLC and Respiration-Induced Intra-Fraction Motion During Step-And-Shoot IMRT and Dynamic Arc Delivery

Purpose: To investigate the cumulative MLC and respiration-induced tumor motion interplay effects over a multi-fraction treatment regimen for step-and-shoot IMRT and dynamic arc delivery. Method and Materials: Seven-field IMRT and nine-arc dynamic plans were used to test the interplay effects between the MLC and respiration-induced motion. Respiration-induced motion was simulated with a motion model consisting of a slide-table with a platform placed on top of the slide table. Phantoms were placed on top of the platform and ten film measurements were performed for sinusoidal motion in the superior-inferior direction and the medial-lateral directions with a motion amplitude of 1 and 2 cm and period of 4 s. Each of the films was obtained by initiating the treatment at a random starting motion phase, and marked with fiducials that were later used to register and add the films from successive fractions. The cumulated average following each fraction was subtracted from the 10-film average, which represented a previously validated approximation to the ensemble average accounting for all possibilities of starting motion phase, field loading time, and inter-beam setup time. Results: Marked differences in the shape of the isodose lines are observed between different fractions. A histogram distribution of the difference between the average 2D film dose distribution from 10 films and the cumulated average from successive fractions (1–9) showed progressive narrowing. The greatest change in the distribution occurred between fractions 1–3. The standard deviation of the distribution decreased to < 1 cGy after 6 fractions for motion in the M-L and S-I directions for step-and-shoot IMRT delivery and 7 fractions for dynamic arc delivery. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the interplay effects between the MLC and periodic tumor motion markedly diminish after 6–7 fractions for both step-and-shoot IMRT and dynamic arc delivery.
Using life history trade-offs to understand core-transient structuring of a small mammal community

An emerging conceptual framework suggests that communities are composed of two main groups of species through time: core species that are temporally persistent, and transient species that are temporally intermittent. Core and transient species have been shown to differ in spatiotemporal turnover, diversity patterns, and importantly, survival strategies targeted at local versus regional habitat use. While the core-transient framework has typically been a site-specific designation for species, we suggest that if core and transient species have local versus regional survival strategies across sites, and consistently differ in population-level spatial structure and gene flow, they may also typically exhibit different life-history strategies. Specifically, core species should display relatively low movement rates, low reproductive effort, high ecological specialization and high survival rates compared to transient species, which may display a wider range of traits given that transience may result from source-s...
INFORMATION DIFFUSION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATION PROCESS

The present study proposes a theoretical model depicting information diffusion within work organizations. Express concern is with this diffusion as it relates to organizational innovation. This model conceptualizes information flow as having two important dimensions: origin of the information, viewed as having three foci (organizational, interpersonal, and personal); and organizational emphasis on innovation, viewed as having two levels (general organizational emphasis on innovation and specific organizational emphasis on a given innovation). This multilevel model was tested with a random sample of 2083 work supervisors in 96 different organizations. The dependent variable employed was the supervisor's compliance in transmitting information about the innovation to subordinates. Multivariate analysis illustrates the importance of three factors upon this transmission: the degree of specific innovation emphasis, the number of modalities used to transmit this information, and the degree to which the superviso...
Determination of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Normoxic and Hypoxic Mice A Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study

Background—Noninvasive cardiac evaluation is of great importance in transgenic mice. Transthoracic echocardiography can visualize the left ventricle well but has not been as successful for the right ventricle (RV). We developed a method of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to evaluate murine RV size and function. Methods and Results—Normoxic and chronically hypoxic mice (Fio2=0.11, 3 weeks) and agarose RV casts were scanned with a rotating 3.5F/30-MHz intravascular ultrasound probe. In vivo, the probe was inserted in the mouse esophagus and withdrawn to obtain contiguous horizontal planes at 1-mm intervals. In vitro, the probe was withdrawn along the left ventricular posterior wall of excised hearts. The borders of the RV were traced on each plane, allowing calculation of diastolic and systolic volumes, RV mass, RV ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output. RV wall thickness was measured. Echo volumes obtained in vitro were compared with cast volumes. Echo-derived cardiac output was compar...
Vision-Aided Navigation for Small UAVs in GPS-Challenged Environments

As UAVs become smaller, their flight space will expand to include flying within urban canyons and eventually inside buildings. Flying within these environments is very challenging from a navigation perspective, as GPS is largely denied or degraded by dropouts and multi-path eects. Traditional navigation approaches based on filtering GPS and lowcost inertial sensors produce unacceptably high drift during extended GPS outages. A promising remedy is to augment navigation with an onboard vision sensor that tracks visual landmarks to infer vehicle motion. We propose a vision-aided navigation system that can replace GPS when it is temporarily denied. The system uses a single camera as the vision sensor, because many UAVs already carry a camera as part of their limited payload. The system detects, tracks, and geo-locates 3D landmarks observed in the stream of camera images. We consider several options for initializing the range to landmarks in the navigation filter, including motion stereo. The system geo-locates a set of landmarks while GPS provides accurate navigation. Once GPS is lost, the system combines estimated landmark locations with new observations of these landmarks to both navigate and geolocate new landmarks in a process called boot-strapping. Tests of the system in simulated and on flight data collected with a small UAV show that vision-aided navigation drift is significantly lower than under inertial-only navigation.
Realistic modeling of bird flight animations

In this paper we describe a physics-based method for synthesis of bird flight animations. Our method computes a realistic set of wingbeats that enables a bird to follow the specified trajectory. We model the bird as an articulated skeleton with elastically deformable feathers. The bird motion is created by applying joint torques and aerodynamic forces over time in a forward dynamics simulation. We solve for each wingbeat motion separately by optimizing for wingbeat parameters that create the most natural motion. The final animation is constructed by concatenating a series of optimal wingbeats. This detailed bird flight model enables us to produce flight motions of different birds performing a variety of maneuvers including taking off, cruising, rapidly descending, turning, and landing.
Calling Behavior of the Cerambycid Beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.)

Males of the cerambycid beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.) assume a body posture, never displayed by females, that appears to be associated with release of an aggregation pheromone: they periodically stop walking and fully extend their front legs, elevating their head and thorax above the substrate. In this article, we demonstrate that this body posture, the “pushup stance,” coincides with release of pheromone and that it serves to elevate pheromone glands above the substrate. We also use a pheromone proxy system (sublimation of naphthalene) to demonstrate that the pushup stance increases rates of pheromone dissemination. The pushup stance provides a convenient indictor for studying the role of pheromones in reproductive behavior and facilitating collection of pheromone in the laboratory.
An Adenosine Triphosphatase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Cell-free extracts from the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens contained an enzyme(s) capable of cleaving nucleoside triphosphates, showing highest specific activity toward adenosine triphosphate. Differences are indicated between the adenosine triphosphate phospbohydrolase described hero and other microbial adenosine triphosphatases previously reported. The adenosine trit)hosphatasc activity was stimulated by Mg2+ and Mn2+ and inhibited by other divalent cations. Enzymatic activity was inhibited 100% by mercuric chloride, 38% by p-chloromercuribenzoate, 22% by potassium fluoride, 12% by sodium azide, and 10% by iodoacetic acid, all at a final concentration of 10−2 M. The enzyme (s) had an optimal PH range of 7.8 to 8.0, and an optimal temperature for hydrolysis at 40deg;C.
Approaching early grammatical intervention from a sentence-focused framework.

Purpose In this response to Kamhi (2014), a sentence-focused framework is presented to help clinicians select treatment targets as part of a comprehensive approach to early grammatical intervention. Method The literature on the relationship between lexical verbs, sentence structure, and tense/agreement morphemes is reviewed, and developmental expectations are summarized for each. Conclusion Given that the sentence is the basic unit of grammar, the author concludes that early grammatical intervention should promote sentence development for young children at risk for language disorders. Recommendations for selecting and facilitating grammatical objectives in early childhood are provided.
Bulge Testing Transparent Thin Films with Moiré Deflectometry

The problem that is addressed here is the measurement of the mechanical properties of very thin, transparent films using bulge tests. All existing techniques make use of reflection from the film surface, but they can be difficult or impossible to apply to very thin, transparent films. Consequently, a novel approach based on the formation of a lens structure and using transmitted light is developed. In this technique, the focal length of the lens structure formed by the bulged film and the pressurizing medium is determined by moire deflectometry with a corrected governing equation. The resulting curvature of the bulge film is used in the stress analysis of the bulge-test. By combining circular and rectangular configurations, the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a 3 μm PET film were 4.65 ± 0.11 GPa and 0.34 ± 0.01, respectively. Consistent residual stresses were obtained from both configurations.
Energy window optimization in simultaneous technetium-99m TCT and thallium-201 SPECT data acquisition

In simultaneous Tc-99m TCT and Tl-201 SPECT data acquisition, the emission images are degraded by not only scatter from the emission source, but also cross-contamination from the transmission photons. Also, the transmission images are degraded by scatter from the transmission source and cross-contamination from the emission photons. In this work, a criterion based on maximizing a figure-of-merit (FOM) was used to reduce image degradations by optimizing the position and width of the energy windows used in the data acquisition in a triple-camera fan-beam SPECT system. The FOM determines a compromise between increased detection efficiency of primary photons and reduction of scatter and cross-contamination photons. Scatter in the projection data was modeled using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods. Experimental studies were performed to verify the simulations and to estimate the amount of Pb X-rays and scatter in the collimator which were not modeled in the MC program. Results suggest that cross-contamination degrades the emission and transmission data. However, the contamination does not significantly alter the optimal energy window settings, which should be centered at /spl sim/77 keV with a window width of /spl sim/34% for detecting the Ti emission photons, and centered at 140 keV with a window width of /spl sim/20% for detecting the Tc transmission photons. >
Mechanisms of triglyceride accumulation in activated macrophages

LPS treatment of macrophages induces TG accumulation, which is accentuated by TG-rich lipoproteins or FFA. We defined pathways altered during macrophage activation that contribute to TG accumulation. Glucose uptake increased with activation, accompanied by increased GLUT1. Oxidation of glucose markedly decreased, whereas incorporation of glucose-derived carbon into FA and sterols increased. Macrophage activation also increased uptake of FFA, associated with an increase in CD36. Oxidation of FA was markedly reduced, whereas the incorporation of FA into TGs increased, associated with increased GPAT3 and DGAT2. Additionally, macrophage activation decreased TG lipolysis; however, expression of ATGL or HSL was not altered. Macrophage activation altered gene expression similarly when incubated with exogenous FA or AcLDL. Whereas activation with ligands of TLR2 (zymosan), TLR3 (poly I:C), or TLR4 (LPS) induced alterations in macrophage gene expression, leading to TG accumulation, treatment of macrophages with cytokines had minimal effects. Thus, activation of TLRs leads to accumulation of TG in macrophages by multiple pathways that may have beneficial effects in host defense but could contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic infections and inflammatory diseases.