cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation in the Hindu‐Kush Karakoram Himalaya: Observations and future scenarios

We study the properties of precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya (HKKH) region using currently available data sets. We consider satellite rainfall estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), reanalyses (ERA-Interim), gridded in situ rain gauge data (Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources, Climate Research Unit, and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre), and a merged satellite and rain gauge climatology (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The data are compared with simulation results from the global climate model EC-Earth. All data sets, despite having different resolutions, coherently reproduce the mean annual cycle of precipitation in the western and eastern stretches of the HKKH. While for the Himalaya only a strong summer precipitation signal is present, associated with the monsoon, the data indicate that the Hindu-Kush Karakoram, which is exposed to midlatitude qwestern weather patternsq, receives water inputs in winter. Time series of seasonal precipitation confirm that the various data sets provide a consistent measurement of interannual variability for the HKKH. The longest observational data sets indicate a statistically significant decreasing trend in Himalaya during summer. None of the data sets gives statistically significant precipitation trends in Hindu-Kush Karakoram during winter. Precipitation data from EC-Earth are in good agreement with the climatology of the observations (rainfall distribution and seasonality). The evolution of precipitation under two different future scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) reveals an increasing trend over the Himalaya during summer, associated with an increase in wet extremes and daily intensity and a decrease in the number of rainy days. Unlike the observations, the model shows an increasing precipitation trend also in the period 1950-2009, possibly as a result of the poor representation of aerosols in this type of GCMs. Citation: Palazzi, E., J. von Hardenberg, and A. Provenzale (2013), Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: Observations and future scenarios, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 85-100, doi: 10.1029/2012JD018697.
Hacia una interpretación psicosociológica -como fenómenos de poder- del bilingüismo y la diglosia

Se pretende, a traves de dos procesos, el de atribucion de causalidad y el de diferenciacion categorial, explicar psicosocialmente el bilinguismo y la diglosia como terminos que se refieren a realidades psicosociologicas distintas, aunque no sean fenomenos incompatibles. El lenguaje lo utiliza tanto el poder establecido como el poder de las minorias en sus funciones de orden cultural e ideologico. Este analisis interpretativo se divide en los siguientes apartados: 1. Introduccion. 2. Del bilinguismo individual al bilinguismo social. Reversibilidad del fenomeno. 3. Diglosia. Su definicion y oposiciones. 4. Una aproximacion a los fenomenos de bilinguismo y diglosia a traves de la psicosociaologia. 5. Atribucion de causalidad y diferenciacion categorial.
The impact of tumor size on the association of the extent of lymph node resection and survival in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Introduction Lymph node evaluation for node-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with long-term survival but it is not clear if smaller tumors require as extensive a pathologic nodal assessment as larger tumors. This study evaluated the relationship of tumor size and optimal extent of lymph node resection using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Materials and methods The incremental survival benefit of each additional lymph node that was evaluated for patients in the NCDB who underwent lobectomy for clinical Stage I NSCLC from 2003 to 2006 was evaluated using Cox multivariable proportional hazards regression modeling. The impact of tumor size was assessed by repeating the Cox analysis with patients stratified by tumor size ≥2 cm vs Results A median of 7 [interquartile range: 4,11] lymph nodes were examined in 13,827 patients who met study criteria. Following adjustment, the evaluation of each additional lymph node demonstrated a significant survival benefit through 11 lymph nodes. After grouping patients by tumor size, patients with tumors Conclusion Pathologic lymph node evaluation is associated with improved survival for clinically node-negative NSCLC, but the extent of the necessary evaluation varies by tumor size. These results have implications for guidelines for lymph node assessment as well as the choice of surgery vs other ablative techniques for clinical stage I NSCLC.
Quarter- and sub-quarter-micron optical lithography

Will optical lithography finally have reached its ultimate limit at a quarter micrometer minimum feature size? The author shows the obstacles in the projection and the resist systems that prevent optical lithography from performing at its theoretical limit as well as means to further extend the theoretical limit. The requirements on the mask, the projection optics, the resist, and the alignment system to support quarter-and sub-quarter-micrometer optical lithography are covered. >
NMR and Crystallographic Characterization of Adventitious Borate Binding by Trypsin

Recent 11B NMR studies of the formation of ternary complexes of trypsin, borate, and S1-binding alcohols revealed evidence for an additional binding interaction external to the enzyme active site. We have explored this binding interaction as a prototypical interaction of borate and boronate ligands with residues on the protein surface. NMR studies of trypsin in which the active site is blocked with leupeptin or with the irreversible inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) indicate the existence of a low-affinity borate binding site with an apparent dissociation constant of 97 mM, measured at pH 8.0. Observation of a field-dependent dynamic frequency shift of the 11B resonance indicates that it corresponds to a complex for which ωτ ≫ 1. The 0.12 ppm shift difference of the borate resonances measured at 11.75 and 7.05 T, corresponds to a quadrupole coupling constant of 260 kHz. A much larger 2.0 ppm shift is observed in the 11B NMR spectra of trypsin complexed with benzene ...
Particle and solution phase depth distributions of transuranics and 55Fe in the North Pacific

In situ large volume filtration and chemisorption techniques were used to collect samples from the North Pacific for radiochemical analyses of fallout transuranics and 55Fe in filterable and filtered phases. The data cover several locations for surface collections and a detailed depth profile north of Hawaii at 30°N. The observed partition of these nuclides between suspended particulate and filtered phases is directly linked to the rates at which they are moved downward through the water column in association with sinking particles. Particulate phases in open ocean surface waters contain higher Pu (12–35%) than subsurface particulates (which average about 6%). 241Am was found to exhibit much stronger particle association—typically close to 50% in both surface and subsurface waters—in accord with its known greater particle reactivity. In the high Pu deep water layer, particle associated Pu dropped to close to 1% of total Pu concentration. Together with a correlated increase in the proportion of oxidized Pu in this layer close to the sediment-water interface, this is taken as clear evidence of remobilization Pu from particles at, or near to, the interface. 55Fe distributions on filtered particulates indicate a much deeper depth distribution relative to the transuranics. This may reflect both a higher particle association reactivity in respect to scavenging and a longer exposure history to scavenging (especially relative to 241Am—produced by in situ decay).
Treatment of anisotropic damage development within a scalar damage formulation

This paper is concerned with describing a damage mechanics formulation which provides for non-isotropic effects using a scalar damage variable. An investigation has been in progress for establishing the constitutive behavior of rock salt at long times and low to moderate confining pressures in relation to the possible use of excavated rooms in rock salt formations as repositories for nuclear waste. An important consideration is the effect of damage manifested principally by the formation of shear induced wing cracks which have a stress dependent orientation. The analytical formulation utilizes a scalar damage parameter, but is capable of indicating the non-isotropic dependence of inelastic straining on the stress state and the confining pressure. Also, the equations indicate the possibility of volumetric expansions leading to the onset of tertiary creep and eventually rupture if the damage variable reaches a critical value.
Microwave detection of corrosion under paint and composite laminate coatings

Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive methods using open-ended sensors have shown great potential for detecting minute thickness variations in laminate structures, in particular those backed by a conducting plate. Similarly, slight variations in the composition of dielectric materials may also be detected using a set of optimal parameters which include the standoff distance and the frequency of operation. In this paper the potential of using an open- ended rectangular waveguide for detecting the presence of rust under common paint and composite laminate coatings will be demonstrated. An experimental scanned image of a steel specimen with an area of induced corrosion will also be shown.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toward a Research Agenda on the Informal Economy

Executive Overview Informal firms operate in a shadowy zone where they produce legal goods and services but do not follow legal requirements to register with government authorities. The collective economic activity involving informal firms, their suppliers, and their customers constitutes the informal economy. Although the informal economy accounts for a significant percentage of total commerce in many countries, there has been little management research about it. We outline some key issues and questions involving the informal economy that management researchers could help to answer, forming a potential research agenda in the process.
Spatial variation of ground motion due to lateral heterogeneity

Abstract To examine the effect of propagation on coherency of ground motion, a study of data from seismic arrays on hard rock has been carried out. In addition coherency results using finite difference seismograms for a layer over a half-space with heterogeneities are presented. The hard rock sites are three arrays in Fennoscandia; maximum array spacings are 1500–3000 m. The data analysed are S-waves from quarry blasts at ranges of 240–350 km. Analyses at 2, 4 and 6 Hz show high coherency as a function of separation compared to sites with alluvium or soil layers. Tentatively, we conclude that the decay of coherency with separation at each site follows a single relation for all frequencies if the separation is scaled by the wavelength. The two-dimensional finite difference results indicate that even with no heterogeneities the mixing of reflected P and S phases in a surface layer can substantially reduce the coherency for the vertical component if the source is below the layer. For the horizontal (radial) component, the effect of velocity heterogeneity is to reduce the coherency while layering and irregular layer interfaces have less effect, at least for sources below the layer.
Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of PTSD and Its Concomitants in Survivors of Interpersonal Assault

This study compares a sample of PTSD-positive, female survivors of interpersonal assault (n = 162) to a sample of similarly traumatized male counterparts (n = 45) on a number of variables, including PTSD-symptom severity, depressive symptoms, anger, guilt, and health-related concerns. Results indicate that male and female interpersonal assault survivors presented similarly with respect to PTSD and depressive symptomatology and reported comparable levels of guilt and that women reported significantly more health-related complaints than men did. With respect to the experience of anger, men report significant elevations on the state anger subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory compared to women.
Solution thermodynamics of first-row transition elements. 4. Apparent molal volumes of aqueous ZnSO4 and CuSO4 solutions from 15 to 55°C

The apparent molal volumes of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 have been determined from density data over the temperature range 15–55°C and concentration range 0–15 molal. The volume data have been fitted to the Pitzer formalism over the entire temperature and concentration range. The volume changes for the formation of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 ion pairs have been estimated over the temperature range covered and the partial molal volumes of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 ion pairs have been derived. The results were used to explain the hydration structure of the ion pair. UV spectral effects accompanying a change of temperature in the 15–65°C range in CuSO4 solution indicate direct coordination of sulfate anion to the cupric cation. The process is favored by an increase in temperature.
Does compassion mediate the intrinsic religion-health relationship?

Background: Religiosity has been related to positive health outcomes. Although this relationship is primarily based on studies of church attendance and health, more recent work has focused on the potential mechanisms that may mediate the religion-health findings. One principle that is taught by all of the world’s major religions is compassion.Purpose: It was hypothesized that one pathway through which religiosity may exert its positive influence on health is through encouraging compassionate attitudes and behaviors toward others.Methods: Two separate studies were conducted examining the relationships among intrinsic religiosity (IR), compassionate attitudes and behaviors, and measures of psychosocial health. Measures of psychosocial health included depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and social support.Results: IR was related to positive psychosocial outcomes in both studies, and compassionate attitudes and behaviors mediated these relationships. Compassionate attitudes showed significant relationships with psychosocial outcome measures (depressive symptoms, r = −.46, p < .0001; perceived stress, r = −.45, p < .0001; satisfaction with social support, r = .54, p < .0001; marital adjustment, r = .44) and accounted for most of the mediating effect. Although social support was also related to the variables of interest, its effect was smaller than that of compassionate attitude, and controlling for social support did not significantly add to the mediating effect of compassionate attitude.Conclusions: This study found compassionate attitude to be an important factor in the religion-health relationship and related to positive psychosocial outcomes, including reduced depressive symptoms and reduced perceived stress. Future research on religiosity and health may benefit from exploring the concept of a “;compassionate personality”; (i.e., a way of being in the world where others are treated with love and respect).
Stimulus control and resistance to extinction in attention-maintained SIB.

A functional analysis of the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of a young man diagnosed with severe mental retardation demonstrated that SIB was sensitive to social attention as reinforcement. In addition, lower but consistent rates of SIB occurred in sessions where a person was present (Demand and Toy Play), and a gradual decrease in SIB was observed across sessions where a person was not present (Alone). Evaluation of the within-session trends of SIB during the functional analysis demonstrated that SIB maintained throughout each Social Attention session and declined within and across Alone sessions. This pattern of responding suggested that the presence of a person may have differentially affected rates of SIB independent of the programmed consequences for SIB. In a subsequent analysis, SIB was reduced to near-zero levels in the absence of a person, but maintained in the presence of a person even when attention was withheld, suggesting that the response was highly resistant to extinction. The results of these assessments then were used to develop a treatment to reduce the client's SIB. During treatment, a person was present and delivered attention only when the client appropriately communicated. SIB resulted in the removal of the antecedent stimulus that exerted control over the response (i.e., the person left the room). The findings of this investigation are discussed in terms of the differential effects of stimuli on interpretation of functional analysis results and the subsequent development of treatment.
Classifying by dimensions and reading: a comparison of the auditory and visual modalities.

Abstract Children have difficulty learning to read alphabetic writing systems, in part, because they have difficulty segmenting spoken language into phonemes. Young children also have difficulty attending to the individual dimensions of visual objects. Thus, children's early difficulty in reading may be one sign of a general inability to selectively attend to the parts of any perceptual wholes. To explore this notion, children in kindergarten through fourth grade (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) and adults (Experiment 2) classified triads of spoken syllables and triads of visual objects. Classifying speech by common parts was positively related to reading and spelling ability (Experiments 1 and 4), but usually not to classifying visual stimuli by common parts under free classification instructions (Experiments 1 through 3). However, classification was more consistent across the visual and auditory modalities when the children were told to classify based on a shared constituent (Experiment 4). Regardless of instructions, performance on the visual tasks did not usually relate to reading and spelling skill. The ability to attend selectively to phonemes seems to be a “special” skill—one which may require specific experiences with language, such as those involved in learning to read an alphabetic writing system.
An UNDEX response validation methodology

Abstract The assessment of the response of naval vessels to underwater shock creates a need for tools that can analyze and design such systems to withstand underwater explosions (UNDEX). This paper describes a preliminary attempt to develop a methodology for the assessment of structural systems to UNDEX effects. A methodology is proposed by which the response of a simplified structural component to UNDEX can be validated through the use of precision impact testing and numerical simulations. An iterative process was used where an UNDEX response, determined through previous results, preliminary UNDEX simulations, and impact simulations, provided the parameters necessary for a precision impact test that generates an equivalent response. Precision impact tests were performed, and the results correlated with the impact simulated data. The results from an UNDEX test were compared with the predictions from the validated numerical code. The structural component in both the tests and simulations was simplified to a flat rectangular panel. The numerical simulations were solved explicitly, and included either the impact loading environment—a hybrid impactor with an initial velocity—or the UNDEX loading environment—a plane shock wave applied to the surface of the target structure. Since close-in and early time UNDEX-related phenomena, such as gas bubble effects, are localized and very complicated, they were ignored in this preliminary phase of the study. Although the proposed methodology could require multiple iterations, the limited scope of this study only included one set of precision-impact tests on each type of material, one UNDEX test against an aluminum panel, and two UNDEX tests against composite panels. Once the methodology using precision shock testing and numerical simulations to validate the UNDEX response had been developed, it was used to develop a “design-for-shock” procedure.
SUNY Global Health Institute: A cross-campus global health initiative

fall within the academic sector. The remaining 34% work for government, NGOs, private groups, and in other capacities. Going Forward: Ongoing challenges: 1) Differentiated learning for very diverse student body 2) Adding additional elective opportunities 3) Adapting curriculum to a rapidly changing field Unmet goals: None Future changes: Creation of tracks or optional lengthening of the program for students wanting or needing additional training. Funding: Initial funding for the program came partially from the University of California, San Francisco. We have received some scholarship funding from private foundations since that time. Abstract #: 02ETC005
Theory-Guided Data Science for Climate Change

To adequately address climate change, we need novel data-science methods that account for the spatiotemporal and physical nature of climate phenomena. Only then will we be able to move from statistical analysis to scientific insights.
Model of confinement for gauge theories.

It is shown that if the Lagrangian density for a gauge field is taken as an appropriate nonlinear function of the usual Lagrangian density, there results a simple classical model of confinement that has nothing to do with the non-Abelian character of the gauge group. Plane-wave solutions are suppressed, suggesting confinement of the gauge quanta as well.
Ultra High Speed Relay for EHV/UHV Transmission Lines -- Installation-Staged Fault Tests and Operational Experience

A new protective relay that solves many of the problems associated with the protection of EHV systems has been developed by ASEA, Sweden. Based on a traveling wave approach the relay system operates at ultra-high speed and can detect and determine the direction to a fault within a few milliseconds. The first relay system was installed in Wonneville Power Administration's (BPA) 500 kV system in April 1976. It represents a substantial contribution to BPA's present effort to shorten fault clearance times. The relay's setting procedure is described. The outcome of staged fault tests and one year's operational experience is presented and has confirmed the validity of the relay concept showing an ultra-high speed performance consistent with earlier laboratory results, with operating times of two to six milliseconds.
Efficient application of the Schauder-Tychonoff theorem to systems of functional differential equations

Abstract This paper offers an alternative to the standard method of applying the Schauder-Tychonoff theorem to establish the existence of solutions to mixed initial and final value problems for a system x ′ = Fx ( t > t 0 ) of functional differential equations. The main result reduces the application of the Schauder-Tychonoff theorem to merely verifying that the functional F satisfies four conditions, three of which are trivially verifiable in most instances. The fourth condition has to do with integrability properties of F , and is considerably less stringent than the requirements usually imposed, since it allows conditional convergence of some or all of the improper integrals that occur. The conclusions are also sharper than those usually obtained.
Desktop computer-based image analysis of cell surface fluorescence patterning from a photographic source.

Summary We report the use of standard computer-based image analysis technology to analyze, from a photographic source, individual cell surface receptor site patterns using fluorochrome labeling. The model used in this study was a Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin embryo labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA) (0.5 mg/ml for 5 min at 15°C incubated with fertilization membrane free embryos). Image capture was performed using desktop-type digital scanning, and the images were imported into Adobe Photoshop for study. All images analyzed were derived from a single photographic negative: 1) the actual micrograph printed from the negative and scanned into a Macintosh IIx computer; 2) the scanned negative itself; and, 3) a high resolution scanning process used with a Kodak Photo CD. Patterns were analyzed using the densitometry feature of Photoshop, and were similar enough from all 3 scanned images to indicate that any of the 3 scanning processes can be used for fluorescence patterning analysis. Adobe Photoshop was also used to highlight, for closer analysis, the fluorescence patterns by producing 3-D effects, border mapping and transition area detailing. The desktop image analysis procedures described here to study fluorescence patterning require no expensive scientific hardware or software.
APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF MULTI-MODULE FLOATING STRUCTURES

Abstract Two-dimensional and three-dimensional approximate hydroelasticity theories are used to predict the dynamic response of 5- and 16-module very large floating structures in regular waves. For the two-dimensional approach, strip theory is combined with a beam model of the structure to determine the dynamic response. However, the fluid forces from strip theory are augmented with ‘surge’ forces calculated from Morison's equation. For the three-dimensional approach, a rigid module, flexible connector structural model is used with fluid loading obtained with the three-dimensional double composite source distribution technique. Fluid-structure interaction effects are studied and connector moments are obtained. These approximate methods of hydroelastic analysis offer alternatives to the more computationally demanding, fully three-dimensional flexible module, flexible connector model in which linear potential theory is used.
Publication Bias: The Antagonist of Meta-Analytic Reviews and Effective Policymaking

This article offers three contributions for conducting meta-analytic reviews in education research. First, we review publication bias and the challenges it presents for meta-analytic researchers. Second, we review the most recent and optimal techniques for evaluating the presence and influence of publication bias in meta-analyses. We then re-analyze two sets of meta-analytic data from the literacy literature that have been published in different journals. The analyses serve as case examples of the techniques reviewed, and the results demonstrate a range of findings from noticeable instances of publication bias to minimal or no bias. The conclusions have important implications for research, policymaking, and practice. Finally, we discuss recommendations for future research.
Recent developments in applying smart structural materials

Smart structures and materials are those that can sense external stimuli, via internal sensing and/or actuation, and then respond with active control to those stimuli in real or near-real time. Smart systems respond and adapt to changes in condition or environment by integrating the functions of sense, logic, action, and control, usually in a repetitive manner. This broad and strongly interdisciplinary field is still emerging. Current application areas include transport, civil engineering, medical hardware, and manufacturing technology. The interest is in applying capabilities to both existing and new structures. Current activities in the fi eld range from the design, fabrication, and test of fully integrated structural systems to enabling research in individual discipline areas such as materials, sensing and actuation techniques, control algorithms and architectures, and signal processing. Defense, energy, and electronics businesses are prime developers and markets for smart technology throughout the world. In the United States, large, recent efforts have been funded by various initiatives such as the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory’s Intelligent Engine, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Smart Power Turbine, and the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA’s) Smart Materials and Structures Demonstration and Multifunctional Materials Programs. The value of applying smart materials in systems and structures greatly exceeds the cost of development and manufacture, as the articles in this issue will demonstrate. The diversity of material structures is immense: piezoelectric pressure transducers, shape-memoryalloy actuators, photochromic windows, and tunable electromagnetic absorbers. A typical approach to creating smart Recent Developments in Applying Smart Structural Materials
It's all in the details: Physician variability in disclosing a dementia diagnosis

This study explored physician opinion about how to disclose a dementia diagnosis. Qualitative analysis was used to examine group and individual variability regarding the philosophy about and pragmatics of disclosure in a sample of physicians experienced with dementia. While all clinicians believed they should disclose a dementia diagnosis, there was wide variability in what 'disclosure' meant to them. Even individual physicians said their disclosure strategy differs from patient to patient depending on the specifics of each case. Variability was seen in attitudes about when and to whom they disclose a dementia diagnosis, who should deliver the news, what language is used, and what topics are covered. Each physician seemed to apply an idiosyncratic and complex algorithm to make decisions about these process features of the conversation. They weigh shifting perceptions of the utility of disclosure in conjunction with a desire to facilitate care planning, an awareness of family dynamics, a responsibility to acknowledge preferences, and an obligation to communicate clear information, all within the time constraints of a medical consultation. Further empirical research is needed to establish best practices that promote psychological adjustment and successful disease management in patients and caregivers who receive a dementia diagnosis.
Tu1908 Differential Expression and Tumorigenic Function of Neurotensin Receptor 1 in Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells

Neurotensin (NTS), localized predominantly to the small bowel, stimulates the growth of a variety of cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), mainly through its interaction with the high-affinity NTS receptor 1 (NTSR1). Here, we observed increased expression of NTSR1 in almost all tested clinical NET samples, but not in normal tissues. Through RT-PCR analysis, we found that the expression of NTSR1 and NTSR2 was either variable (NTSR1) or absent (NTSR2) in human NET cell lines. In contrast, NTSR3 and NTS were expressed in all NET cells. Treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, a demethylating agent, increased levels of NTSR1 and NTSR2 suggesting that DNA methylation contributes to NTSR1/2 expression patterns, which was confirmed by methylation analyses. In addition, we found that knockdown of NTSR1 decreased proliferation, expression levels of growth-related proteins, and anchorage-independent growth of BON human carcinoid cells. Moreover, stable silencing of NTSR1 suppressed BON cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion. Our results show that high expression of NTSR1 is found in clinical NETs and that promoter methylation is an important mechanism controlling the differential expression of NTSR1 and silencing of NTSR2 in NET cells. Furthermore, knockdown of NTSR1 in BON cells suppressed oncogenic functions suggesting that NTSR1 contributes to NET tumorigenesis.
Phosphogypsum as a component of flowable fill

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid, a key ingredient in the manufacture of fertilizers. Large amounts of PG have been stockpiled in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, as well as other parts of the world. The means of using and disposing of this by-product with minimal environmental impact have been developed in research spanning almost 20 years. A study was conducted to investigate PG as a potential component of flowable fill materials along with Class C fly ash. Both Class F and Class C fly ashes have been used successfully to provide flowability and strength characteristics to flowable fill. A number of mix proportions of PG and fly ash were tested for flowability, time of setting, and unconfined compressive strength in a preliminary test series. Using the results of these preliminary tests, three final design mixtures were developed. These mixtures were then subjected to different physical and engineering property tests, including flowability, time of setting, unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength, dimensional stability, and permeability. Tests were also conducted to evaluate the environmental effects of the individual mixtures. These tests included the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and radon emission testing. The results of this study indicated that PG can be used successfully as a component of flowable fill.
Polyimides: Effect of molecular structure and cure on thermomechanical behavior

The thermomechanical spectra (∼0.5 1 cps) of systematically related polyimides synthesized from four aromatic dianhydrides and eleven aromatic diamines are discussed with respect to structure-property relationships and cure. In displaying two main transitions, Tg and Tβ, most of the polymers behave as amorphous materials such as polymethylmethacrylate. A different mechanism for the relaxations is invoked which involves more intermolecular interaction for those polymers (from pyromellitic dianhydride) which give more complex behavior. Difficulties in obtaining structure-property relationships in the field of high temperature rigid polymers are discussed in terms of defects in molecular structure, the effect of vitrification in freezing out reactions during cure, different chemical reactivities of the reactive precursor polyamic acids, and the effects of thermal reactions which occur in the vicinity of the glass transition regions.
The utility of electronic mail follow-ups for library research

This article compares the use of electronic mail (e-mail) and postal mail in the follow-up stage of a library research project using a mailed questionnaire. Results from the Internet-Related Technologies: Occupational Impacts for Government Documents Librarians survey show that e-mail as a follow-up method is as effective as postal mail in terms of both the speed and size of the survey response. Additional benefits and drawbacks of using e-mail during the follow-up stage are then discussed to illuminate the contexts in which each method may be most appropriate.
Enhancement of superthermal ultracold neutron production by trapping cold neutrons

Abstract In the production of ultracold neutrons (UCN) by scattering cold neutrons in superfluid 4He or cold solid D2 (“superthermal” processes), the UCN production rate is proportional to the spatial density of cold neutrons in the material. For a superthermal source fed from a cold neutron guide, we show that the rate of UCN production can be increased by up to a factor of about 2.3 for realistic substances by enclosing the source in a cavity made of a material with a high cold neutron albedo.
Simulation of intraoperative visualization of cardiac structures and study of dynamic surgical anatomy with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract Most prior efforts of 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of echocardiographic images have focused on quantitation of ventricular size and function. The resulting images have been displayed in the wire mesh format. Recently, a method for 3-D transesophageal echocardiography using a computer-controlled probe that acquires parallel tomographic slices has been described. This technique provides dynamic 3-D volume-rendered images of the heart. This study was designed to determine if surgical visualization of intracardiac anatomy could be simulated using this imaging system. Data acquired from 8 patients with congenital and acquired heart disease were analyzed. Real-time 3-D images of the cardiac chambers and valves were obtained. Images of the cardiac pathology including fibrocalcific nodules on the aortic valve, mitral valve endocarditis, rheumatic mitral stenosis, and an ostium secundum atrial septal defect were displayed in 3 dimensions that simulated surgical exposure of these structures. These 3-D representations of cardiac anatomy were in some ways superior to standard intraoperative visualization in that they demonstrated the heart as a dynamic structure, as opposed to the empty, non-beating heart observed while on cardiopulmonary bypass. In conclusion, 3-D images of cardiac structures as seen by the surgeon intraoperatively can be provided using a computer-driven tomographic transesophageal echocardiographic probe. This imaging system can be potentially useful in the planning and evaluation of cardiac surgery. Technical improvements such as 3-D representation of flow jets, the ability to manipulate images to simulate cardiac surgery, and on-line reconstruction can make this a Dowerful tool in the future.
The role of cellular discontinuities in reentry of cardiac excitation

A computer model of a ring-shaped cardiac fiber was used to examine responses of propagation to premature stimuli under different degrees of cell-to-cell coupling. Nonsustained and sustained reentry were induced by a properly timed single premature stimulus. The likelihood of inducing reentry is proportional to the degree of cellular uncoupling. Modified kinetics of slow channels bring about shortening of action potential duration and alternations in action potential shape (alternans). The authors conclude that the discrete cellular structure may play an important role in the genesis of reentrant arrhythmias. >
The roles of the Na,K-ATPase beta 1 subunit in pump sorting and epithelial integrity.

In epithelial MDCK cells, the Na,K-ATPase is co-localized with adherens junctions in all stages of monolayer formation starting from initiation of cell–cell contact. The Na,K-ATPase and adherens junction proteins stay partially co-localized even after internalization due to disruption of intercellular contacts by Ca2+ deprivation. Similar to adherens junction proteins, the Na,K-ATPase is resistant to extraction with non-ionic detergent, suggesting pump association with the cytoskeleton. In contrast, the heterodimer formed by expressed unglycosylated Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit and the endogenous α1 subunit is easily dissociated from the adherens junctions and cytoskeleton by detergent extraction. The MDCK cells in which half of the endogenous β1 subunits in the lateral membrane are substituted by unglycosylated β1 subunits display a slower rate of cell-to-cell contact formation and decreased ability to both spread over the surface and migrate. The lack of N-glycans in the Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit results in an impairment of mature cell–cell junctions as detected by an increase in the paracellular permeability of the MDCK cell monolayers and by a decrease in resistance of adherens junction proteins to extraction by a non-ionic detergent. Therefore the N-glycans of the Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit are important for retention of the pump at the sites of cell–cell contact. Moreover, they are important for the integrity and stability of cell–cell junctions in mature epithelia. In addition, N-glycans contribute to the formation of cell–cell contacts between surface-attached dispersed cells by mediating lamellipodia formation and stabilizing the newly formed adherens junctions.
Surface and interfacial fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies of latexes. XIV. Surface phase separation in polystyrene/poly‐n‐butyl acrylate latex films

This study focuses on the behavior of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) in 50/50 w/w % polystyrene/poly(butyl acrylate) (p-Sty/p-BA) latex films. Specifically, mobility and orientation are examined in the context of the film formation by the use of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. While for the homopolymer blends of p-Sty and p-BA, two T g values resulting from a phase separation of p-Sty and p-BA phases are observed, only a single T g is detected for a copolymer of the same mixture, indicating a single phase within the film. ATR FTIR spectroscopic data indicate that the phase separation of p-Sty and p-BA blends does not occur uniformly across the film. After coalescence, p-Sty particles produce a significant degree of stratification at approximately 1.6 μm from the film surface. At this depth, the polystyrene rings assume preferentially parallel orientation to the film surface. At the same time, the hydrophilic groups of SDOSS surfactant (SO 3 - Na + ) are oriented preferentiallyparallel to the surface. Under high relative humidity conditions, water is able to diffuse into the film and swells the surface layers, thus causing them to expand. As a result, the top, predominately poly-n-BA surface becomes thicker, and p-Sty phase appears to be near 2.3 μm from the surface. The polystyrene rings maintain their preferential parallel orientation to the surface, but the hydrophilic groups of SDOSS are able to diffuse into the film with the water uptake and are thus not present at the film-air interface.
Aging Childless Individuals and Couples: Suggestions for New Directions in Research

A review of the literature regarding childless individuals and couples is presented. Suggestions for areas of research focus are provided for the readers’ consideration.
Time Contraction and Psychomotor Performance produced by ‘Psilocybin’

IT is particularly rewarding to investigate the experience of chronosystole, or time contraction during sympathetic excitation, as this state, which is connected with an increase in metabolic rate, can be elicited at will through psychotomimetic, pyretogenic drugs such as mescaline, marihuana, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ‘Psilocybin’1,2. We may define time contraction in terms of an alteration in the signal per noise ratio of the sensor, or in an adaptation of Stroud's3 terminology, an increase in data content. In short, if more events are happening within a chronological time unit, the phenomenon of time contraction is experienced. Hofmann's self-observation, in what may be called the first description of time contraction after a dose of 0.25 mg of LSD (ref. 4), relates “the impression of being unable to move from the spot” on his way horne from the laboratory on a bicycle. Delay's5 systematic description of the psychic effects elicited by ‘Psilocybin’ also refers to experiences which may be considered phenomena of time contraction: “J'ai l'impression que le temps passe plus lentement, qu'il a plus de densite”. “Tout est d'une longuer indefinissable.”
An examination of differences between two studies of highly cited old papers

Reported differences in summary data between two studies dealing with the citation of old papers are examined. No statistically significant differences were discovered using a t test of means and a liberal type I error level. The practical versus the statistical significance of examining extremely small differences between the two means of the two studies is discussed and an estimator of the size of effect being tested for is computed.
Validating Common Carotid Artery Stenosis by Duplex Ultrasound With Carotid Angiogram or Computed Tomographic Angiography Scan

Objectives: Endovascular aortic repair has revolutionized the management of blunt aortic trauma. However, debate continues about the extent of injury requiring endovascular repair, particularly with regard to minimal aortic injury. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective observational analysis of our experience with these patients. Methods: Weretrospectively reviewedall blunt traumatic aortic injuries at an academic Level I trauma center over a tenyear period (2001-2010). Images were reviewed by a radiologist and graded according to SVS guidelines (Grade I-IV). Demographics, injury severity, and outcomes were recorded. Results: We identified214patientswithblunt injuries to the thoracic or abdominal aorta. 115 were deemed operative injuries at presentation and were excluded from analysis. The remaining 99 were observed. On presentation, 54 had minimal (Grade I or II) injury. Of these, 43 had follow-up imaging at a mean of 102 days postinjury and constitute our study cohort. Mean age was 39 years and mean length of stay was 16 days. Forty-one patients (95%) had Grade I injury (intimal flap) and two patients had Grade II injury (medial hematoma). Forty (93%) were thoracic aortic injuries and the remaining were abdominal. On follow-up imaging, 23 of 43 (54%) had complete resolution of injury, 18 (42%) had no change in aortic injury, and two (5%) had progression (enlargement) of injury. Of the 2 patients with progression, one progressed fromGrade I to Grade II and one progressed from Grade I to Grade III (pseudoaneurysm). Mean time to progression was 16 days. Neither of the patients with injury progression required operative intervention. No patients were operated on or died from a grade I or II aortic injury. Conclusions: Injury progression in Grade I-II blunt aortic injury is rare (w5%) and did not cause death in our study cohort. Since progression to Grade III injury is possible, follow-up with repeat aortic imaging is reasonable.
Parvalbumin gene delivery improves diastolic function in the aged myocardium in vivo

Abnormal relaxation of the heart, termed diastolic dysfunction, is a significant and growing problem that is a major cause of heart failure in the aged population. The potential of gene transfer of parvalbumin (Parv), a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, to improve diastolic function in the aged myocardium in vivo was evaluated. Despite evidence for an early developmental influence on the efficiency of Ad5 striated muscle transduction, results show that Ad5 gene transfer efficiency to adult cardiac myocytes in vitro is identical in young and old rats, suggesting that the basic processes of adenovirus binding and internalization are unaffected by aging. In contrast, Ad5-mediated Parv gene transfer to the myocardium in vivo is reduced in old rats compared to young rats. Nonetheless, Parv gene transfer and expression in vivo were sufficient to improve τ, a load-independent indicator of diastolic function, assessed using catheter-based micromanometry in the aged myocardium. These results suggest that expression of the calcium buffer Parv may represent an effective approach to functional correction of the failing heart in the aging.
Sex and haemodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Female sex is a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), yet females have better survival than males. We sought to determine if sex was associated with baseline haemodynamics in subjects with PAH, and whether age modified these relationships. We conducted a pooled analysis from 11 randomised trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration. The study sample included 1211 subjects with idiopathic PAH, 25% of whom were males, and 489 subjects with connective tissue disease-associated PAH, 13% of whom were males. After multivariable adjustment, right atrial pressure was 1.36 mmHg higher (95% CI 0.44-2.27, p=0.004), cardiac index was -0.14 L · min(-1) · m(-2) lower (95% CI -0.23-0.04, p=0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance was 1.23 Wood units higher (95% CI 0.18-2.27, p=0.02) in males compared with females. Younger males had 5.43 mmHg (95% CI 2.20-8.66, p=0.001) higher mean pulmonary arterial pressures than younger females, but these relationships were attenuated after age 45 years. In the subgroup of connective tissue disease-associated PAH, males may have had higher right atrial pressure. These findings implicate age as a modifier and provide further evidence of sexual dimorphism in PAH.
Credit slips (but should not fall)

Recent calls for ‘cashlessness’ – for abolishing paper money as a medium of exchange – draw attention to the operations of payment, the act of value transfer through electronic and other infrastructures. Exploring payment infrastructures and their multiplication through new networks, especially but not limited to mobile telecommunications, this paper argues that the attempt to eliminate cash from the palette of payment ‘choices’ throws into relief the role of the state as arbiter of value, and the credibility of institutions, persons, and networks subtending value.