cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1,4-Dioxobenzene compounds of aluminium

The aluminium aryloxide polymer, [{(tBu)2Al}2(μ-OC6H4O)]n (1) is synthesized by the addition of Al(tBu)3 to hydroquinone in a non-coordinating solvent, and reacts with Lewis bases, via both a solution and a solid/vapor reaction, to yield [(tBu)2Al(L)]2(μ-OC6H4O) [L = py (2), 3,5-Me2py (3) and THF (4)] via cleavage of the Al2O2 dimeric core. Thermolysis of 2–4 results in decomposition without clean formation of compound 1. However, if compound 2 is formed by the exposure of 1 to pyridine vapors, subsequent thermolysis allows for the clean solid state interconversion of compounds 1 and 2. The room temperature solid state reaction of [{(tBu)2Al}2(μ-OC6H4O)]n (1) with pyrazine (pz), 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bipy) or 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-bz) results in a rapid color change and the formation of [{(tBu)2Al}2(μ-OC6H4O)(μ-L)]n, where L = pz (5), 4,4′-bipy (6) and 1,4-bz (7).
Rethinking mental health nursing education in Australia: A case for direct entry

: Desperate times call for creative solutions. The mental health workforce shortage has created an opportunity to rethink current and future education and training needs in order to prepare competent and compassionate practitioners to meet the changing demands of consumers and their carers requiring mental heath treatment and support. This article urges consideration of an undergraduate direct entry mental health programme similar to that of midwifery or the nursing foundation/mental health branch programmes of the UK.
Quantification of the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins on short-circuit current in the midgut of Bombyx mori

We examined the abilities of two Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins, CryIAa and CryIAc, prepared from Escherichia coli-cloned gene products, to inhibit short-circuit current in midgut epithelia of Bombyx mori. Voltage-clamp studies were conducted on isolated midguts, measuring the inhibition of short-circuit current (ISC) by trypsin-activated toxins. Three bathing solutions were compared and the medium of Chamberlin [(1990) J. exp. Biol. 150, 467–471] was found to maintain the highest ISC for the longest time. For CryIAa, a concentration range between 0.33 and 8.0 ng/ml resulted in inhibition of ISC at the rates of −0.91 μA/min (lag time, 9 min) and −7.13 μA/min (lag time, 4 min) respectively, showing a correlation between toxin concentration and inhibitory response. Concentrations greater than 1.6 ng/ml showed diminishing additional effects on the ISC response, indicating an approach to saturation. The lag times decreased with increasing concentration of toxin applied. For CryIAc, the lowest concentration that gave a response was 3.2 ng/ml (slope, −0.31 μA/min; lag time, 2 min). There also was a linear correlation between toxin concentration and response for CryIAc, but effective concentrations of CryIAc were approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of CryIAa.
Stance controlled knee flexion improves stimulation driven walking after spinal cord injury

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) restores walking function after paralysis from spinal cord injury via electrical activation of muscles in a coordinated fashion. Combining FNS with a controllable orthosis to create a hybrid neuroprosthesis (HNP) has the potential to extend walking distance and time by mechanically locking the knee joint during stance to allow knee extensor muscle to rest with stimulation turned off. Recent efforts have focused on creating advanced HNPs which couple joint motion (e.g., hip and knee or knee and ankle) to improve joint coordination during swing phase while maintaining a stiff-leg during stance phase. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of incorporating stance controlled knee flexion during loading response and pre-swing phases on restored gait. Knee control in the HNP was achieved by a specially designed variable impedance knee mechanism (VIKM). One subject with a T7 level spinal cord injury was enrolled and served as his own control in examining two techniques to restore level over-ground walking: FNS-only (which retained a stiff knee during stance) and VIKM-HNP (which allowed controlled knee motion during stance). The stimulation pattern driving the walking motion remained the same for both techniques; the only difference was that knee extensor stimulation was constant during stance with FNS-only and modulated together with the VIKM to control knee motion during stance with VIKM-HNP. Stance phase knee angle was more natural during VIKM-HNP gait while knee hyperextension persisted during stiff-legged FNS-only walking. During loading response phase, vertical ground reaction force was less impulsive and instantaneous gait speed was increased with VIKM-HNP, suggesting that knee flexion assisted in weight transfer to the leading limb. Enhanced knee flexion during pre-swing phase also aided flexion during swing, especially when response to stimulation was compromised. These results show the potential advantages of incorporating stance controlled knee flexion into a hybrid neuroprosthesis for walking. The addition of such control to FNS driven walking could also enable non-level walking tasks such as uneven terrain, slope navigation and stair descent where controlled knee flexion during weight bearing is critical.
The education of public librarians to serve leisure readers in the United States, Canada and Europe

Purpose – To provide a comparative review of the teaching of Readers' Advisory Services in schools of library and information science in selected schools in the USA, Canada and Europe.Design/methodology/approach – After reviewing the literature, schools are selected based on their known activity in providing readers' advisory service courses or on their national ranking (in the case of US schools) to provide a snapshot of current level of readers' advisory instruction.Findings – Instruction in readers' advisory services is a very small part of the total curriculum in schools examined. Librarians who wish to gain more insight to readers' advisory services must depend on continuing education opportunities, such as workshops and conference programs, not on courses in the curriculum of schools of library and information science.Originality/value – This paper raises questions as to the relationship between library and information science curricula and the needs of practicing librarians to provide services to l...
Automated adaptive analysis of the biphasic equations for soft tissue mechanics using a posteriori error indicators

Hydrated soft tissues of the human musculoskeletal system, such as articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints or the annulus fibrosis of the inter vertebral disk, are accurately represented by a biphasic continuum model consisting of an incompressible solid phase (collagen and proteoglycan) and incompressible, inviscid fluid (interstitial fluid) and derive from the continuum theory of mixtures. These tissues exhibit a viscoelastic-type response which is caused by the diffusive drag of the fluid phase as it flows past the solid phase. In this study an automated, adaptive, finite element solution of the governing biphasic equations is presented. The finite element formulation is based on a mixed-penalty approach in which the penalty form of the continuity equation for the mixture is included in the weak form. Pressure, solid and fluid velocities are interpolated independently, and the coefficients of the C−1 pressure field are eliminated at the element level. The resulting matrix form is a system of first order differential equations which is solved via standard finite difference methods. Mesh generation and updating, including both refinement and coarsening, for the two-dimensional examples examined in this study are performed using Finite Quadtree. The adaptive analysis is based on an error indicator which is the L2 norm of the difference between the finite element solution and a projected finite element solution. Total stress, calculated as the sum of the solid and fluid phase stresses, is used in the error indicator. Rezoning is accomplished by transferring the finite element solution for the primary variables onto the locally updated mesh using a projected field. These projected values allow the finite difference algorithm to proceed in time using the updated mesh. The accuracy and effectiveness of this adaptive finite element analysis is demonstrated using two-dimensional axisymmetric problems corresponding to the uncomined compression of a cylindrical disk of soft tissue and the indentation of a thin sheet of soft tissue. The method is shown to effectively capture the steep gradients in both problems and to produce solutions in good agreement with independent, converged, numerical solutions.
Three theories for reconciling the linearity of egocentric distance perception with distortion of shape on the ground plane

The focus here is on the paradoxical finding that whereas visually perceived egocentric distance is proportional to physical distance out to at least 20 m under full-cue viewing, there are large distortions of shape within the same range, reflecting a large anisotropy of depth and frontal extents on the ground plane. Three theories of visual space perception are presented, theories that are relevant to understanding this paradoxical result. The theory by Foley, Ribeiro-Filho, and Da Silva is based on the idea that when the visual system computes the length of a visible extent, the effective visual angle is a non-linear increasing function of the actual visual angle. The theory of Durgin and Li is based on the idea that two angular measures, optical slant and angular declination, are over-perceived. The theory of Ooi and He is based on both a default perceptual representation of the ground surface in the absence of visual cues and the “sequential surface integration process” whereby an internal representation of the visible ground surface is constructed starting from beneath the observer’s feet and extending outward. Keywords: visual space perception, vision, depth perception.
Carrier Trapping in Ge(Li) Detectors

The results of previously published studies relating to the trapping of charge carriers in semiconductor nuclear radiation detectors, including theoretical models and experimental data, have been used to construct a more realistic operational model which can be used to describe the trapping process. Specifically, the model has been developed for the situation most commonly reported in the literature, that of electron trapping in planar Ge(Li) detectors. The success of the present model has been judged on its ability to predict the variation of the peak shape resulting from ?-irradiation of a planar Ge(Li) detector as a function of applied bias. Full-energy ?-ray peaks have been calculated with digital computation techniques by incorporating the variation of peak amplitude as a function of charge collection efficiency as well as the variation of carrier lifetime with applied field into a previously published model.
Phonetic measures of reduced tongue movement correlate with negative symptom severity in hospitalized patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Background Aprosody, or flattened speech intonation, is a recognized negative symptom of schizophrenia, though it has rarely been studied from a linguistic/phonological perspective. To bring the latest advances in computational linguistics to the phenomenology of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, a clinical first-episode psychosis research team joined with a phonetics/computational linguistics team to conduct a preliminary, proof-of-concept study.
Physical Education's Role in Public Health: Steps Forward and Backward over 20 Years and HOPE for the Future.

The 1991 paper, “Physical Education's Role in Public Health” described the importance of physical education in addressing public health problems. On its 20th anniversary, this article reviews accomplishments in improving the health impact of physical education and identifies areas lacking progress. Major accomplishments include development of evidence-based programs, documentation of health and academic benefits of physical education, and acceptance of physical education as a public health resource. Additional work is needed to evaluate the uptake of evidence-based programs, improve national surveillance of physical education quantity and quality, establish stronger policies supporting active physical education, and achieve wide acceptance of public health goals within the physical education field. These opportunities constitute an agenda for actualizing the promise of Health-Optimizing Physical Education before the next 20-year anniversary.
METABOLISM OF BRAIN DURING SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS

Abstract— The levels in brain of lactate, pyruvate, creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP and AMP were examined in sleeping and waking adult rats. The animals were monitored electrophysiologically and the biochemical measurements were made after approx. 25 min of sleep or wakefulness. The previous treatment of the animals had a marked effect on the levels of brain metabolites during sleep. In animals not acclimatized to the observation chamber, brain levels of lactate and pyruvate rose during sleep above those in the waking state: creatine phosphate and ATP were depressed somewhat. When the animals were acclimatized by being placed in the observation chamber for at least 2 h on four or more consecutive days prior to the experiment, sleep was accompanied by a depression of brain levels of lactate and pyruvate and slight elevations of brain levels of creatine phosphate and ATP. No significant differences in the EEG recordings were noted between the sleeping rats of the acclimatized and non-acclimatized groups. These observations on the effect of acclimatization on brain metabolism during sleep may have clinical relevance in man.
Methanethiosulfonate-modification alters local anesthetic block in rNav1.4 cysteine-substituted mutants S1276C and L1280C.

We previously showed that lysine substitutions at two residues in segment 6 of domain 3 in voltage-gated Na(+) channel rNav1.4 (S1276K, L1280K) reduced steady-state inactivated local anesthetic block. Here we studied cysteine substitutions at the same residues (S1276C, L1280C). We used whole-cell recordings to determine local anesthetic block (100 microM bupivacaine) before and after cysteine modification with 1.5 mM 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA). Compared with rNav1.4, steady-state resting bupivacaine block at -180 mV was increased in S1276C, while inactivated block at -50 mV was not different in the mutants. After application of MTSEA at -160 mV, rNav1.4 showed enhanced bupivacaine block and a negative shift in V(1/2) of the bupivacaine affinity curve, while L1280C and S1276C showed a decrease in inactivated bupivacaine block after MTSEA. Application of MTSEA at 0 mV produced similar results in rNav1.4 and L1280C, but an opposite effect in S1276C, i.e., enhancement of bupivacaine block, with a large negative shift in V(1/2) of the bupivacaine affinity curve similar to that found in rNav1.4. We conclude that 1) MTSEA modification of 1276C or 1280C decreases inactivated bupivacaine block similar to that found in L1280K and S1276K, 2) residue 1276C is only accessible to MTS-modification in the resting state, and 3) MTSEA may modify a native cysteine in rNav1.4 that produces an allosteric, indirect effect on bupivacaine affinity.
What Lies Beneath

The importance of good harbors to nineteenth-century cities cannot be overestimated. Many cities would not exist in their current forms—and might not exist at all—without access to the calm anchorage and deep ship channels embedded in their harbors. Yet urban and environmental historians have yet to study how the efforts to manage these complex natural systems shaped urban development. This article explores how a particular scientific theory used by nineteenth-century Bostonians to explain Boston Harbor's hydraulics influenced decisions about where to make new land along the city's coast. Subsequent shifts in scientific thought would show that the theory was wrong. But its legacy remains visible in Boston's very shape today, demonstrating that natural systems and our scientific understandings of them have played a central role in the construction of the urban environment.
Potentiation of postganglionic responses to stimulating agents following repetitive preganglionic stimulation

Summary Postganglionic discharges from the superior cervical ganglia of cats evoked by acetylcholine, carbachol, or tetramethylammonium ion were enhanced markedly by the prior conditioning of the ganglia with repetitive preganglionic volleys. The development of the enhanced responses was not affected by pretreatment of the ganglia with large doses of hexamethonium. However, the blockade of transmission by procaine prevented the changes induced by the conditioning volleys. These findings are considered compatible with the concept of a presynaptic locus of action for the stimulating agents.
Backbone Dipoles Generate Positive Potentials in all Proteins: Origins and Implications of the Effect☆

Abstract Asymmetry in packing the peptide amide dipole results in larger positive than negative regions in proteins of all folding motifs. The average side chain potential in 305 proteins is 109±30mV (2.5±0.7kcal/mol/e). Because the backbone has zero net charge, the non-zero potential is unexpected. The larger oxygen at the negative and smaller proton at the positive end of the amide dipole yield positive potentials because: 1) at allowed phi and psi angles residues come off the backbone into the positive end of their own amide dipole, avoiding the large oxygen; and 2) amide dipoles with their carbonyl oxygen surface exposed and amine proton buried make the protein interior more positive. Twice as many amides have their oxygens exposed than their amine protons. The distribution of acidic and basic residues shows the importance of the bias toward positive backbone potentials. Thirty percent of the Asp, Glu, Lys, and Arg are buried. Sixty percent of buried residues are acids, only 40% bases. The positive backbone potential stabilizes ionization of 20% of the acids by >3 pH units (−4.1kcal/mol). Only 6.5% of the bases are equivalently stabilized by negative regions. The backbone stabilizes bound anions such as phosphates and rarely stabilizes bound cations.
Evolutionary trends within bivalve prey of chesapeake group naticid gastropods

Five genera of Miocene bivalves evolved antipredatory adaptations in response to predation by drilling naticid gastropods. I examined the evolution of two traits affecting predator‐prey interaction, prey shell thickness (TH) and internal volume (IV). Thickness controls predation costs by determining drilling time, and internal volume influences the benefit derived by the predator. Internal volume showed no consistent pattern of temporal change among the taxa studied. IV fluctuated nondirectionally during the history of most genera, though both increasing and decreasing trends occurred within species ofAstarte. In contrast, all five genera exhibited significant thickness increases (from 8–157%) during the three‐million‐year interval. Both gradual intraspecific and interspecific directional changes occurred. Taxa with the greatest predation intensities displayed the most change, suggesting that predation selected for the thickness increases. Increased thickness apparently reduced predation; a significant ne...
Pre-fusion events of sperm-oocyte interaction in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis

Abstract The non-motile sperm of Sicyonia ingentis, mixed with eggs by a spawning female, undergo a primary binding to the vitelline envelope (VE) of the oocyte. Once bound to the VE, sperm undergo exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle, penetrate the VE, and secondarily bind to a surface coat that is closely associated with the oolemma. Unreacted sperm preincubated with solubilized VE components exhibit diminished binding to VEs in a concentration dependent manner. The ligand responsible for this binding is a carbohydrate moiety in the VE. The ligand preferentially binds to the anterior tip of unreacted sperm, as demonstrated with anti-VE polyclonal antibodies. Acrosome intact sperm will not bind to surface coats; however, acrosome reacted sperm do bind to surface coats via an externalized acrosomal granule.
DELINEATION OF CEREBRO-OCULO-FACIAL-SKELETAL (COFS) SYNDROME. † 478

Though initially reported as early as 1971, the Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal (COFS) syndrome was initially delineated by Pena and Shokeir in 1974 as a progressive autosomal recessive brain and eye disorder leading to brain atrophy, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, hypotonia, severe mental retardation, cataracts, microcornia, optic atrophy, and progressive joint contractures with postnatal growth deficiency. Even with the earliest reports, there appeared to a severe perinatal lethal form, forms similar to Cockayne syndrome, type 2, and milder forms compatible with survival through childhood. These milder conditions appear to be non-progressive and include Martsolf syndrome, CAHMR syndrome, and MICRO syndrome. Thus far, none of these entities have been associated with specific biochemical, chromosomal, or molecular defects, despite intensive investigations in many of the reported cases, and recurrence in a number of consanguineous families. We report 2 pairs of siblings who presented with classic features of COFS/MICRO syndrome, and compare them with previously reported cases and one unreported deceased case of COFS syndrome, in an effort to delineate the unique features of this phenotypic community of syndromes. This group of syndromes may represent one condition with variable interfamilial severity. Now that cellular analyses are available to test for Cockayne syndrome, we recommend that this be done in such patients. Once the genetic bases for each of these syndromes has been established, more definitive delineation may be possible.
Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino acid derivatives by Michael addition to chiral 2-aminomethylacrylates

Abstract The addition of lithium enolates to chiral aminomethylacrylates 7 and 8 proceeded with excellent diastereodifferentiation (up to 98% de) and provided an expeditious synthesis of homochiral β-aminomethylglutarates 9 and 10 , on a scale of up to 500g. The acrylates 7 and 8 , and their antipodes, should be useful synthons for the synthesis of β-amino acid derivatives.
Molecular Dynamics Study of a Model SN1 Dissociation Reaction at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: Effect of Liquid Polarity

The ionic dissociation step of the nucleophilic substitution reaction: t-BuCl t-Bu+ + Cl− is studied at the water/dichloroethane (DCE) interface using molecular dynamics computer simulations. The t-BuCl is modeled using an empirical valence bond method where two diabatic states, covalent and ionic, are coupled in the electronically adiabatic limit. Umbrella sampling is used to determine the potential of mean force (PMF) along the reaction coordinate R (defined as the t-Bu to Cl distance) in several interfacial regions of varying distances from the Gibbs dividing surface. The results at the water/DCE interface are compared to previous molecular dynamics calculations of t-BuCl at the water liquid/vapor and water/carbon tetrachloride interfaces. As in the other systems, the transition state shifts to larger R values, and the activation barrier and ΔGrxn increase with decreasing solvent polarity. In contrast with the water/carbon tetrachloride interface, a well-defined transition state exists at the water/DCE interface and persists even as the solute is moved 3 to 6 A into the DCE phase. Dynamical flux correlation calculations reveal larger deviation of the rate from TST than in bulk water due to slower vibrational relaxation of the product ions. However, the increased density at the water/DCE interface increases the rate of dissociation relative to the water liquid/vapor interface. The transmission coefficient at the water/DCE interface was found to be 25% of the TST rate prediction, or about twice the rate at the water liquid/vapor interface.
Evaluation of specific binding affinity and biochemical properties of fish eye-lens reagents from seven teleost species

Abstract 1. 1. Eye-lens proteins from seven teleost species were extracted and processed to produce modifications conferring specific binding affinity for selected molecules or cellular antigens. Specifically active reagents were obtained from two of the species utilized. 2. 2. Eye-lens preparations contained several positively charged subunits, with the predominant subunit having a mol. wt of approx. 20,000. 3. 3. Of a number of assay methods evaluated the passive hemagglutination test best assessed specific binding properties of eye-lens reagents. 4. 4. The best specific binding activity was demonstrated for soluble protein molecules (e.g. rabbit IgG), with weak or no binding activity demonstrated for polysaccharide or cell-associated structures.
Cognitive processes in scientific visualization

What makes a graphic image a good visualization. Why is one visualization better than another. Why are 3D visualizations better than 2D visualizations in some cases but not others. How does the size of the display, color, contrast level, brightness or frame rate affect the usability of the visualization, and how do these 'physical' quantities affect the type and amount of information that can be extracted from the visualization by the user. These are just a few of the questions that a multi-disciplinary effort at the NRL are trying to answer. By combining visualization experts, physicist and cognitive scientists, awe are trying to understand the cognitive processes carried out in the minds of scientists at the time they perform a visual analysis of their data. The results from this project are being used for the design of visualization methodologies and basic cognitive work. In this paper, we present a general description of our project and a brief discussion of the results obtained trying to understand why 3D visualizations are sometimes better than 2D, as most of the attempts at studying this problem have resulted in theories that are either to vague or under-specified, or not informative across different contexts.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multispectral optical tweezers for molecular diagnostics of single biological cells

Optical trapping of single biological cells has become an established technique for controlling and studying fundamental behavior of single cells with their environment without having "many-body" interference. The development of such an instrument for optical diagnostics (including Raman and fluorescence for molecular diagnostics) via laser spectroscopy with either the "trapping" beam or secondary beams is still in progress. This paper shows the development of modular multi-spectral imaging optical tweezers combining Raman and Fluorescence diagnostics of biological cells.
Ambiguity of government and the chain condition

In this paper, I examine the Chain Condition (Chomsky 1981, 1986a) and show that the requirement that the head of an A-Chain be its unique Case position cannot be maintained when a range of data from different languages is examined. In its place, I propose the Revised Chain Condition (RCC), which allows A-Chains to contain more than one Case-marked position as long as each position within the Chain is uniquely Case-marked. Unlike the Chain Condition, which resists successful deduction from independent postulates, the RCC can be derived in its entirety from plausible primitives of the grammar. I test the predictions of the RCC with respect to a variety of theoretical constructs, showing them to be confirmed. The implications of RCC for the conception of Chains and movement in the minimalist approach (Chomsky 1992, 1994, Chomsky and Lasnik 1991, and Lasnik 1993) are discussed. It is argued that a careful reading of the minimalist literature turns out to support the RCC.
Isolation of an acute phase alpha-2-glycoprotein from rat inflammatory serum.

A procedure for the fractionation and isolation of an acute inflammatory phase protein (α2-glycoprotein) and normal α1-macroglobulin from croton oil-inflamed rat serum is described. Serum from croton oil-treated rats is diluted with 0.15 M saline and treated with 1.75 M ammonium sulphate. The resultant precipitate is redissolved and subjected to gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-200. The first peak eluted from the column, consisting primarily of α2-glycoprotein and α1-macroglobulin, is then subjected to preparative starch block electrophoresis to separate the two macroglobulins. Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses showed that the α2-glycoprotein preparation obtained by this method was homogeneous and free from contaminating serum proteins.
A Fast Sequential Load-Pull Algorithm Implemented to Find Maximum Output Power

In power amplifier design, it is often desired to determine the maximum output power of a transistor through a small number of measurements or simulations. A sequential search algorithm has been implemented in MATLAB to conduct a search for the load reflection coefficient providing maximum output power, performing a sequence of simulations in Agilent advanced design system (ADS). This paper describes the results and features of the co-simulation with ADS and MATLAB. It is found that excellent agreement is obtained with traditional load-pull simulations; however, the sequential search uses only a small number of simulated points to find the optimum reflection coefficient.
Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal pituitary-adrenal activity: pup age and stage of lactation effects.

Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal corticosterone responsiveness were investigated. Patterns of maternal corticosterone change were found to depend on pup treatment: shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than pups that had been handled. In addition, both the age of the stimulus pups and the stage of lactation when the mother was tested affected the pattern and magnitude of maternal pituitary-adrenal activity.
Electron States in Ferromagnetic Iron. I. Band Properties

A new band-structure calculation is reported for the ferromagnetic state of iron, in which the exchange interaction is given particularly careful treatment. A variational procedure was used with the wave functions expanded in terms of tight-binding functions and orthogonalized plane waves. Hybridization and spin polarization of the wave functions were allowed. Correlation corrections were incorporated. The energy bands are somewhat wider than those previously published; comparison is made with photoemission and optical reflection and x-ray emission data. The calculation leads self-consistently to the observed magnetic moment. The roles of intra-atomic exchange and itinerancy in the origin of iron's ferromagnetism are discussed.
An empirical analysis of financial services processes with a front‐office or back‐office orientation

Abstract In a departure from most other empirical studies of service organizations, this study employs a lower-level unit of analysis and explores service processes with front-office or back-office orientations. Moreover, unlike past studies, no front-office process has a corresponding back-office process in our sample. The analysis of unrelated front-office and back-office processes offers a more rigorous examination of the customer contact model. The findings by and large support the premise of this model for breaking up the activities involved in a service delivery process. Our most surprising finding relates to the levers for achieving outstanding performance. The best performers among the processes with a front-office orientation emphasize capital investment, while the best performers among those with a back-office orientation embrace higher degrees of labor intensity. It appears that in order to achieve its superior performance, each process type adopts an additional design characteristic commonly attributed to the opposite process type.
Cluster Precursors of Uncapped CdS Quantum Dots via Electroporation of Synthetic Liposomes. Experiments and Theory

Subnanometer size cluster precursors of uncapped CdS quantum dots were produced via the electroporation of synthetic dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) unilamellar bilayer vesicles of mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh = 175 nm. During electroporation, Cd2+ ions are ejected from the interior compartments of the vesicles into the bulk solution where they react with S(2-) ions to form CdS monomers. The monomers adsorb on the exterior surface of the vesicles, where their spontaneous self-aggregation to (CdS)n clusters occurs on the hour and day time scale. The stepwise growth of the clusters was monitored through the time evolution of the UV absorption spectrum of the solution. The process is characterized by initial stepwise blue shifts of the absorption maxima: 285 nm --> 269 nm --> 245/275 nm --> 240 nm --> 236 nm, followed by a red shift to 494 nm. Nonlocal density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the optimized geometry and HOMO-LUMO gap of (CdS)n particles with n = 1-6 were carried out. The optimized structures are characterized by strong Cd-Cd bonds, with the S atoms bridging those bonds or capping the faces of the Cd polyhedra. The structure of such clusters bears no resemblance to fragments of the bulk crystal. The trend of the calculated HOMO-LUMO gaps facilitates the attribution of aggregation numbers (n) to particular clusters responsible for the observed absorption bands: n = 1 (285 nm), n = 2 (269 nm), n = 4 (245/275 nm --> 240 nm), n = 5 (236 nm), and larger quantum dots absorbing around 494 nm. The multiple bands assigned to the tetramer reflect the existence of its two distinct structures with similar stability.
Computer Applications in the Humanities: A Bibliography of American Fiction 1901–1925

For a library planning to add to a collection and develop a bibliography in a given area, the computer database can be a key factor in terms of efficiency of the process and the comprehensiveness of the end result. The Ohio State University Libraries (OSUL) in Columbus, Ohio house the outstanding William Charvat Collection of American Fiction, named in honor of a distinguished professor of American authorship at Ohio State University. For works published in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Charvat Collection compares favorably with collections at Yale University, the Henry E. Huntington Library, and the American Antiquarian Society. The Charvat collection is particularly strong for the period 1876–1900. Among 20th‐century titles, its holdings for the period 1901–1925 are rivalled only by the Library of Congress. Efforts have begun to develop holdings in American fiction from 1926 through the present.
ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION OF IRON METEORITES

Six iron meteorites were electrolyzed and the resulting corrosion was studied by a potentiostatic technique. It was found that both iron and nickel in the kamacite phase dissolve, and that neither iron nor nickel dissolve from taenite. The rate of corrosion was shown to be inversely proportional to the nickel content. However, structure, as well as nickel content, plays an important part in the electrolytic process. The Coya Norte, Chile meteorite dissolved more rapidly and more easily (at a lower potential) than did pure iron even though the Coya Norte meteorite contains 5.5% nickel.
Bordetella filamentous hemagglutinin plays a critical role in immunomodulation, suggesting a mechanism for host specificity

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the acute childhood respiratory disease whooping cough, is a human-adapted variant of Bordetella bronchiseptica, which displays a broad host range and typically causes chronic, asymptomatic infections. These pathogens express a similar but not identical surface-exposed and secreted protein called filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) that has been proposed to function as both a primary adhesin and an immunomodulator. To test the hypothesis that FHA plays an important role in determining host specificity and/or the propensity to cause acute versus chronic disease, we constructed a B. bronchiseptica strain expressing FHA from B. pertussis (FHABp) and compared it with wild-type B. bronchiseptica in several natural-host infection models. FHABp was able to substitute for FHA from B. bronchiseptica (FHABb) with regard to its ability to mediate adherence to several epithelial and macrophage-like cell lines in vitro, but it was unable to substitute for FHABb in vivo. Specifically, FHABb, but not FHABp, allowed B. bronchiseptica to colonize the lower respiratory tracts of rats, to modulate the inflammatory response in the lungs of immunocompetent mice, resulting in decreased lung damage and increased bacterial persistence, to induce a robust anti-Bordetella antibody response in these immunocompetent mice, and to overcome innate immunity and cause a lethal infection in immunodeficient mice. These results indicate a critical role for FHA in B. bronchiseptica-mediated immunomodulation, and they suggest a role for FHA in host specificity.
The consequences of juvenile detention reform for mental health and sexually transmitted infection screening among detained youth.

Abstract Purpose To understand how diversion of low-risk youth from juvenile detention affected screening practices for detained youth. Methods In a 22-month cross-sectional study of 2,532 detainees (age, 13–18 years), mental health and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening data were compared before and after the beginning of diversion efforts through implementation of a Risk Assessment Instrument (RAI). Results Detention diversion resulted in a 30% census reduction. In a logistic regression, younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10 for a 1-year increase; confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.17), Hispanic versus white race/ethnicity (OR = .53; CI: .35, .82), and less severe crime (OR = .90 per 1 point; CI: .89, .91) predicted reduced likelihood of detention. Mental health and STI screening increased significantly after implementation of the RAI. Additionally, the rate of positive STI tests increased among detained males (9% pre-RAI to 14% after implementation of the RAI, p = .01). However, implementation of the RAI did not result in a significant increase in the number of positive mental health screens. Conclusions Universal mental health and STI screening are increasingly common public health practices in detention centers. The results of this study indicate that juvenile justice diversion programming affects public health screening rates among detained youth in our population. Future study of the possible unintended consequences of criminal justice initiatives on public health outcomes is recommended.
Modulation of pulmonary eicosanoid metabolism following exposure to sulfuric acid

Abstract Eicosanoids (arachidonic acid metabolites) are potent biological mediators. Modulation of their metabolism by air pollutants may be a possible factor in the pathogenesis of environmentally related lung disease. Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) aerosols are components of ambient air in many areas. Rabbits were exposed to H 2 SO 4 (0.3 μm) at 250, 500, or 1000 μg/m 3 for 1 hr/day for 5 days. They were then euthanized, the lungs lavaged, and eicosanoid analyses performed by radioimmunoassay of acellular lavage fluid. An exposure-concentration-dependent decrease in levels of prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α and thromboxane B 2 was found; no change in leukotriene B 4 was observed. Tracheal explants exposed to acidic environments in vitro also showed reduced production of PGE 2 , PGF 2α , and TxB 2 . Incubation with sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) showed no effect of the sulfate ion (SO 4 2− ). This study, the first to examine eicosanoid production after in vivo exposure to pure H 2 SO 4 droplets, indicates that such exposure can modulate arachidonic acid metabolism, and that this is likely due to the deposition of hydrogen ion (H + ) on target tissue.
A spectral-based clustering algorithm for categorical data using data summaries

We present a novel spectral-based algorithm for clustering categorical data that combines attribute relationship and dimension reduction techniques found in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). The new algorithm uses data summaries that consist of attribute occurrence and co-occurrence frequencies to create a set of vectors each of which represents a cluster. We refer to these vectors as "candidate cluster representatives." The algorithm also uses spectral decomposition of the data summaries matrix to project and cluster the data objects in a reduced space. We refer to the algorithm as SCCADDS (Spectral-based Clustering algorithm for CAtegorical Data using Data Summaries). SCCADDS differs from other spectral clustering algorithms in several key respects. First, the algorithm uses the attribute categories similarity matrix instead of the data object similarity matrix (as is the case with most spectral algorithms that find the normalized cut of a graph of nodes of data objects). SCCADDS scales well for large datasets since in most categorical clustering applications the number of attribute categories is small relative to the number of data objects. Second, non-recursive spectral-based clustering algorithms typically require K-means or some other iterative clustering method after the data objects have been projected into a reduced space. SCCADDS clusters the data objects directly by comparing them to candidate cluster representatives without the need for an iterative clustering method. Third, unlike standard spectral-based algorithms, the complexity of SCCADDS is linear in terms of the number of data objects. Results on datasets widely used to test categorical clustering algorithms show that SCCADDS produces clusters that are consistent with those produced by existing algorithms, while avoiding the computation of the spectra of large matrices and problems inherent in methods that employ the K-means type algorithms.
Location and time do matter: A long tail study of website requests

There has been a tremendous growth in the amount and range of information available on the Internet. The users' requests for online information can be captured by a long tail model. A few popular websites enjoy a high number of visitations while the majority of the rest are less frequently requested. In this study we use real world data to investigate this phenomenon and show that both users' physical location and time of access affect the heterogeneity of website requests. The effect can partially be explained by differences in demographic characteristics at locations and diverse user browsing behavior in weekdays and weekends. These results can be used to design better online marketing strategies, affiliate advertising models, and Internet caching algorithms with sensitivities to user location and time of access differences.
The structure of gascardic acid from an x-ray diffraction study

Abstract The complete structure of the unique tricyclic sesterterpene gascardic acid is proposed based on a single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis of the dicyclohexylammonium salt.
The cubic splitting of acceptor bound excitons in Si

The cubic splittings of the J = 2 states for bound excitons in Si:B, Si:Al, and Si:Ga are computed in the ground state configuration for the first time. We find our calculations are in good agreement with experiments. Our results support the current hole-hole coupling model for interpreting the experimental spectra.
A ppavethric model for edge detection

A theory is proposed for the structure of edges in a two dimensional visual field. This theory consists of models of ideal edges, and of distortion criteria for the evaluation of the accuracy with which a visual field fits this model. In this formulation the edge is specified by a curve described by a pair of parametric equations, and the line or edge detection problem is solved by minimizing a cost function over the set of curves. The substance of the paper consists of mathema tical transformations of the above problem which lead to efficient algorithms and novel edge detection operators.
Design, Fabrication, and Application of a Dynamic Chamber for Measuring Gas Emissions from Soil

Dynamic or flow-through flux chambers are convenient tools for field measurements of gas fluxes from soils to the atmosphere. In this study, a dynamic flux chamber is designed and fabricated on the basis of aerodynamic considerations so that the conditions assumed for the flux model are closely satisfied. The chamber consists of an inlet transition zone, a square main body, and an outlet transition zone. Six equally-spaced air channels are installed in both inlet and outlet transition zones to conduct and spread the flowing air uniformly across the soil surface, which help to produce a simple, horizontal, and uniform airstream above the covered soil surface. Aerodynamic tests in the laboratory show that the air sweeps over the entire covered soil surface with a relatively constant velocity at a given air flow rate, and no stagnant air zones are present. The chamber is used in a field fumigation experiment to measure methyl bromide emission at the soil surface. The emission results obtained from the chamber are consistent with those obtained from micrometeorological methods used in the same experiment.
La aplicación de la teoría de metapoblaciones para la conservación de plantas raras: el caso de Polygonella basiramia en el Matorral de Florida, Estados Unidos

Desde su concepcion hace treinta anos, la teoria de metapoblaciones ha madurado hasta el punto de que los biologos pueden aplicarla para evaluar problemas como la persistencia de las especies. Comparados con los modelos poblacionales de matrices tradicionalmente usados en los analisis de viabilidad, los modelos de metapoblaciones son mas espacialmente explicitos y requieren de informacion menos detallada sobre la biologia de las especies para su construccion. La aplicacion de estos modelos es mas adecuada para especies que aparecen como poblaciones efimeras en redes de parches de habitat bien definido donde los procesos a nivel de poblaciones tienen un impacto mayor sobre la persistencia que los procesos demograficos. Recientemente utilice la teoria de poblaciones para estudiar a Polygonella basiramia, una hierba endemica del Matorral de Florida. Consistente con las predicciones de la teoria de metapoblaciones, su probabilidad de extincion se incremento en los parches de habitat mas pequenos y su probabilidad de colonizacion disminuyo en los parches mas aislados. Resultados similares en estudios con otras especies sugieren que la aplicacion de la teoria de metapoblaciones seguira contribuyendo a nuestro entendimiento de como las especies raras persisten en paisajes fragmentados y orientara nuestros esfuerzos para conservarlas.