cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution and current state of global research on paediatric resuscitation: a systematic scientometric analysis

Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximal lifetime reduction. Notably, several nations experience high infant mortality rates even today. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research, detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary. Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900 and 2019 were searched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and analyzed based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors’ gender. Similar to adult resuscitation, research performance on paediatric resuscitation grew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1106/1896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2226), and per GDP (2.3E-04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female. Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remain underrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.
Inability to Predict Sexual and Aggressive Behaviors by Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Luteinizing Hormone in Hereford Bulls

The relationships between sexual and aggressive behaviors and levels of plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were examined in Hereford bulls at 18 and 24 mo of age. Concentrations of hormones in bulls during periods of sexual rest (13 blood samples collected from each animal during a 24-h period) were compared with individual differences in sexual and aggressive behaviors when exposed to restrained females, either individually or in groups. Nearly all correlation coefficients were low and nonsignificant. It was concluded that individual differences in sexual performance and aggressive behavior cannot be predicted based on circulating levels of testosterone and LH in bulls during periods of sexual rest. Language: en
Pediatrician Electronic Health Record Time Use for Outpatient Encounters.

BACKGROUND: The time providers spend using their electronic health records (EHRs) delivering care and its potential impact on patient care are of concern for the health care system. In studies to date, researchers have focused on providers who primarily care for adults. Scant information exists for pediatricians. Given this gap, it is important to quantify EHR activity for this group. METHODS: We studied pediatricians practicing in US-based ambulatory practices using the Cerner Millennium EHR by extracting data from software log files in the Lights On Network for the calendar year 2018 and summarizing the time spent on each of 13 clinically-focused EHR functions according to clinical specialty. RESULTS: Our data included >20 million encounters by almost 30 thousand physicians from 417 health systems. Pediatric physicians spent an average of 16 minutes per encounter using their EHR. Chart review (31%), documentation (31%), and ordering (13%) functions accounted for most of the time. The distribution of time spent by providers using their EHR is highly variable within subspecialty but is similar across specialties. Because of data limitations, we were unable to examine geographic or health system–specific variation. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians, like physicians who care for adults, spend a large portion of their day using their EHR. Additionally, although chart review and documentation accounted for 62% of the activity, as in previously published studies, in our study, we found that chart review accounted for half of that time. Wide variation suggests opportunities to optimize both the processes of entering information and searching for patient data within the EHR.
Diffusion and Perfusion MRI Predicts Response Preceding and Shortly After Radiosurgery to Brain Metastases: A Pilot Study

Background and purpose To determine the ability of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to predict long-term response of brain metastases prior to and within 72 hours of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods In this prospective pilot study, multiple b-value DWI and T1-weighted DCE-MRI were performed in patients with brain metastases before and within 72 hours following SRS. Diffusion-weighted images were analyzed using the monoexponential and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models. DCE-MRI data were analyzed using the extended Tofts pharmacokinetic model. The parameters obtained with these methods were correlated with brain metastasis outcomes according to modified Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases criteria. Results We included 25 lesions from 16 patients; 16 patients underwent pre-SRS MRI and 12 of 16 patients underwent both pre- and early (within 72 hours) post-SRS MRI. The perfusion fraction (f) derived from IVIM early post-SRS was higher in lesions demonstrating progressive disease than in lesions demonstrating stable disease, partial response, or complete response (q = .041). Pre-SRS extracellular extravascular volume fraction, ve , and volume transfer coefficient, Ktrans , derived from DCE-MRI were higher in nonresponders versus responders (q = .041). Conclusions Quantitative DWI and DCE-MRI are feasible imaging methods in the pre- and early (within 72 hours) post-SRS evaluation of brain metastases. DWI- and DCE-MRI-derived parameters demonstrated physiologic changes (tumor cellularity and vascularity) and offer potentially useful biomarkers that can predict treatment response. This allows for initiation of alternate therapies within an effective time window that may help prevent disease progression.
Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying and Online Harassment: The Role of Expectancy Violations

The present study extends expectancy violations theory to investigate bystander behavior during cyberbullying and online harassment incidents. Adult participants ( N = 368) recalled a recent incident of cyberbullying or online harassment that they observed as a witness and assessed the expectedness and valence of the incidents. Results suggest that incidents were largely seen as negative and as violations of the participants’ expectations. Furthermore, the negative valence of the incident moderated the effects of unexpectedness on bystander behavior. Specifically, the more participants saw incidents as unexpected and negative, the less likely they were to passively stand by and observe the incident or join in with the perpetrators. Theoretical and practical implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
Loeffler's Endocarditis Treated with Total Artificial Heart as Bridge to Transplant

Introduction We report a case of end-stage Loeffler's endocarditis treated with a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplant. Case Report A 34 year old man presented with abdominal distention and weight gain. Multimodality imaging showed near obliteration of the left ventricular cavity in systole with a dilated atria, severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and right ventricular dysfunction (Figure A-C). These findings led to the diagnosis of Loeffler's endocarditis (eosinophilic myocarditis) in the setting of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). He was treated with diuretics and remained stable for two years before presenting with recurrent weight gain and acute kidney injury with congestive hepatopathy. There was no serologic evidence of autoimmune flare and recent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging showed minimal evidence of active inflammation in the heart. Right heart catheterization revealed elevated right sided filling pressures and severely reduced cardiac output. Given the restrictive nature of his disease, use of diuretics resulted in worsening cardiac output and there was a marginal response to inotropes such that his liver and renal function could not be normalized. Endomyocardial resection and direct transplantation were not options given ongoing liver and renal dysfunction, which put him at prohibitive risk of post-operative fulminant end-organ failure. The patient underwent successful placement of a total artificial heart (TAH; SynCardia Systems, LLC) as a bridge to transplantation. Gross pathology revealed severe endomyocardial fibrosis (D-E). His liver and renal function have normalized and the patient is awaiting heart transplant. Summary End-stage Loeffler's endocarditis is a disease with high annual mortality for which medical therapy is insufficient and use of a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplant is a viable option as life-saving therapy.
Suppression of Helium Induced Cracking in Laser Repair Welding of Highly Irradiated Stainless Steels

Abstract Welding repair of irradiated nuclear reactor materials such as austenitic stainless steels used for the reactor internals has been challenging due to irradiation generated helium in the material matrix over an extended period of time. In this study, improved laser welding techniques, including the novel Auxiliary Beam Stress Improved (ABSI) technique that proactively manages the stresses during laser repair welding is investigated to substantially reduce or avoid the occurrence of intergranular helium-induced cracking (HeIC). Laser weld cladding, with and without ABSI technique, was applied to deposit weld metal on irradiated stainless steel (Type 304 L) blocks with various helium concentrations up to approximately 20 atomic parts per million (appm). Welded samples were cross-sectioned and analyzed using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that, with the improved laser welding techniques, no macroscopic (millimeter-sized) cracks were observed in any of the samples. Microscopic (less than 50 μm) cracks were present in the heat affected zone. Statistical analysis on the sample with the highest helium concentration (~20 appm) reveals that the ABSI technique could effectively reduce the size and amounts of microscopic cracks.
Risk-based Classical Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) of Microgrid Cyber-physical Energy Systems.

Modern microgrids are networked systems comprising physical and cyber components for networking, computation, and monitoring. These cyber components make microgrids more reliable but increase the system complexity. Therefore, risk assessment methods are an imperative technology for cyber-physical systems to ensure safe and secure operations. The authors propose a reliability approach that utilizes the failure modes of power and cyber network key components to perform the risk analysis in microgrids. In this work, the authors have used the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) approach for risk assessment of microgrid systems and determine the influence of various failure modes on their performance. FMEA is one of the most effective methods to assess the risk involving the cyber components. It is the method of examining components, modules, and subsystems to determine failure modes in a system and their causes and consequences. A novel approach is proposed to calculate risk priority numbers based on factors like severity, occurrence, and detection. A risk matrix is calculated from the proposed FMEA worksheet, which acts as a graphical representation for evaluating components risk based on risk priority number or criticality metrics.
Chronic Underfit of the Small Firm’s HRM Function: When Low Functional Elaboration Interacts with Contingencies

We address qualitative functional elaboration of human resource management (HRM) in small firms where HRM is typically simple and informal. After describing qualitative functional elaboration in terms of structuration, managerial process, and effects on HRM, we discuss relevant contingencies that can render small-firm HRM’s degree of elaboration insufficient relative to firm needs and goals. We then discuss implications of chronic underfit of HRM in small firms, drawing on theory of asymmetric effects of misfit. Finally, we discuss implications for future research, practice, and entrepreneurship education.
Hemodynamic Adaptation to Hypoxia in Neonatal Critical Care

Hypoxia is a condition that is not only observed in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU): Approximately 140 million people live in a high altitude environment and face chronic hypoxia [1], and every human being has experienced extreme hypoxic conditions in utero. The fetus can survive and grow under these conditions because of decreased metabolic demands and altered cardiovascular circulation. Naturally, if oxygen delivery (DO2) does not meet oxygen consumption (VO2), the fetus will suffer and will eventually require critical care. For this condition, the term dysoxia is appropriate, as it describes the condition in which the need for oxygen to sustain cellular respiration (mitochondrial oxygen requirement for fueling oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP needed for the energy requirements of cells to live and function) exceeds that being supplied by the microcirculation [2].
Love in an Envelope: A Courtship in the American West

Review of: "Love in an Envelope: A Courtship in the American West," edited by Daniel Tyler and Betty Henshaw.
Agent-localized conditions for formation maintenance

We study the problem of maintaining a formation of vehicles within close bounds of a desired configuration in the case where there is no central controller for the formation, and under the assumption that information that a vehicle has about its neighbors' states is generally delayed. The information flow between the vehicles of a formation is assumed to occur in discrete time. This necessitates the study of the overall formation (including information flow) to also be in discrete time. Thus the overall problem of maintaining the formation is characterized by an interaction between the continuous time dynamics of the agents and the discrete time nature of the information flow.
The Importance of Understanding Military Culture

Social workers can make a significant contribution to military service members and their families, but first it is essential that the worldview, the mindset, and the historical perspective of life in the military are understood. Unless we understand how the unique characteristics of the military impact the service members and their families, we cannot work effectively with them. In addition, unless we understand their language, their structure, why they join, their commitment to the mission, and the role of honor and sacrifice in military service, we will not be able to adequately intervene and offer care to these families.
INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN (IVIG) FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTIONS: STUDIES IN THE OWL MONKEY

INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN (IVIG) FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTIONS: STUDIES IN THE OWL MONKEY
Noncontact temperature measurements of hot steel bodies using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)

A noncontacting sensor system for measuring the average internal temperature of hot steel objects has been developed. The system uses a pulsed ruby laser for the generation of the acoustic wave and a pulsed Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) as the receiver in a through-transmission technique. The pulsed EMAT design has been successfully tested to 1300° Celsius on a nine-inch-long stainless steel sample. The system measures the time-of-flight of the acoustic wave, which is coupled with the part dimension to determine the average acoustic velocity. From a calibrated relationship between velocity and temperature, the average sample temperature is determined.
Identification of Peroxisome Membrane Proteins (PMPs) in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cotyledons and Influence of Light on the PMP Developmental Pattern

Boundary membranes were recovered from glyoxysomes, transition peroxisomes, and leaf-type peroxisomes purified from cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at three stages of postgerminative growth. After membranes were washed in 100 mM Na2CO3 (pH 11.5), integral peroxisome membrane proteins (PMPs) were solubilized in buffered aminocaproic acid/dodecyl maltoside (0.63 M/1.5%) and analyzed by nondenaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six prominent nondenatured PMP complexes and 10 prominent SDS-denatured polypeptides were identified in the membranes of the three types of peroxisomes. A nondenatured complex of approximately 140 kD, composed mainly of 24.5-kD polypeptides, decreased temporally, independently of seedling exposure to white, blue, or red light; only far-red light seemed to prevent its decrease. PMP complexes of approximately 120 and 70 kD, in contrast, were present at all stages and changed in polypeptide content. It remains to be determined whether these data reflect changes within in vivo complexes or within complexes formed following/during detergent solubilization. Conversion of glyoxysomes to leaf-type peroxisomes in white or red light after a 2-d dark period was accompanied by the appearance of three SDS-denatured PMPs: 27.5, 28, and 47 kD. The former two became part of the PMP120 and 70 complexes, as well as part of a new PMP130 complex that also possessed the PMP47. Growth of seedlings in blue or far-red light did not promote the appearance of PMPs 27.5 or 28. Blue light promoted the appearance of PMP47, and far-red light seemed to prevent its appearance. Chlorophyll likely is not the photoreceptor involved in accumulation of PMPs because the PMP composition is distinctly different in seedlings irradiated with red or blue light of comparable fluence rates. Several lines of evidence indicate that the synthesis and acquisition of membrane and all matrix proteins are not coupled. The data provide evidence for a change in PMP composition when sunflower or any other oilseed glyoxysomes are converted to leaf-type peroxisomes and suggest that the change is regulated by both photobiological and temporal mechanisms.
Low temperature CMOS VLSI technologies

The author presents results from compute simulations describing the general characteristics of silicon semiconductor devices in the temperature range from 80 K to 330 K. On the basis of a 0.5- mu m-channel low-temperature CMOS process model, the current-voltage characteristics of n- and p-FET transistors are presented. The performance of n- and p-FETs, a 2-WAY-NAND, a 2-WAY-NOR, and an 8K-memory array are calculated as a function of temperature. The performance improvement of CMOS circuits operating at 80 K over operation at 330 K was found to be a factor of two. >
The workstation as a waystation:-integrating mobility into computing environments

With mobile computers, and increasingly mobile users, a new paradigm for integrated execution must be developed. An environment in which users may move freely among machines and may move machines freely from place to place, is described. In such an environment, a workstation is essentially a computer that temporarily provides windows and processing power to a user. The specific implications of mobility, i.e., window systems, process management, internet user naming, network software, and server reconfiguration are discussed. >
ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (ARPES) OF Na0.7CoO2

Detailed study of the electronic structure of the layered Na0.7CoO2, doped Mott insulator with triangular Co lattice is performed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). At low temperature Fermi surface is a centered hole pocket of hexagonal character shape in agreement with LDA. A broad valence band satellite at higher energies showing resonant enhancement at the 2p, 3p→3d excitations indicates large on-site Hubbard-U~5 eV. A momentum dependent quasiparticle band near Fermi level that is flat and vanished at energies already above 70 meV or 80 meV gives a value of the single particle hopping t<10 meV. This band is defined only in the region of non - Fermi liquid transport with linear growth of resistivity up to 120 K.
Paradigmas em estudos organizacionais: uma introdução à série

frequente com as consequencias negativas das deficien-cias de formacao conceitual basica em teoria organiza-cional no Brasil. Como professor em cursos de mestradoe doutorado, nao foram poucas as ocasioes em que mechoquei ao ver alunos em situacoes quase absurdas, porpura falta de acesso a algumas referencias basicas. Mui-tos desses alunos estudavam temas fundamentados emteorias das quais nunca haviam lido os principais expo-entes, a nao ser por meio de
Subtype-specific antibodies for muscarinic cholinergic receptors. II. Studies with reconstituted chick heart receptors and the GTP-binding protein G(o).

The antibodies described in the accompanying paper were used to probe the interactions of the chick heart muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) with the GTP-binding protein G(o). The anti-m4b antibodies, which were made against a peptide from the amino-terminal portion of the third cytoplasmic loop of the m4 mAChR subtype, were tested for their abilities to affect the coupling of the chick heart mAChR to the GTP-binding protein G(o). The purified chick heart mAChRs were reconstituted with purified G(o) in phospholipid vesicles, and their interactions were monitored in the presence or absence of the antibodies. The anti-m4b antibodies completely inhibited the ability of G(o) to promote high affinity agonist binding to the purified receptors. The anti-m4b antibodies also completely inhibited the agonist-stimulated binding of guanosine-59-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) to G(o) and the receptor-stimulated GTPase activity of G(o). These findings indicate that the amino-terminal portion of the third cytoplasmic loop is an important determinant for G(o) to promote high affinity agonist binding to the chick heart mAChR and also for the agonist-stimulated GTP gamma S binding and GTPase activity. The anti-m4a, anti-m2, and anti-m1a antibodies, which were made against centrally located peptides of the third cytoplasmic loop of the m4, m2, and m1 mAChR subtypes, respectively, were also tested for their effects in the reconstituted receptor/G(o) system. The anti-m2 and anti-m4a antibodies also significantly reduced agonist-stimulated GTP gamma S binding, as well as GTPase activity, but did not completely abolish these functions, as was the case with anti-m4b antibodies. However, the anti-m4a and anti-m2 antibodies shared with anti-m4b antibodies the ability to markedly inhibit the ability of G(o) to promote high affinity agonist binding to the purified and reconstituted receptors. In contrast to the results obtained with the anti-m2 and anti-m4 antibodies, the anti-m1a antibodies had smaller effects on the receptor/G(o) interactions. These results suggested that central portions of the loop can also influence mAChR/G(o) interactions. Studies were als performed to test the effects of the peptides that were used as antigens on receptor-mediated GTP gamma S binding to G(o). Each of the peptides caused significant inhibition of this function, but the greatest inhibition was observed with the m4b peptide. In sum, the results suggest that multiple domains in the third cytoplasmic loop of chick heart mAChR can modulate interactions with G(o).
Influence of mold coverage upon the notch strength of R25 sheet molding compounds

The influence of a processing variable, mold coverage, upon two 25% by weight randomly oriented 2.54-cm-long glass fiber reinforced sheet molding compounds (R25 SMCs) was examined. Artificially created flaws, in the form of machined circular notches, were utilized to determine the effect of mold coverage upon the naturally occurring tensile flaw sites in these materials. The critical hole size (that size circular notch through which all specimens fail) was found to be 9.53 mm. Variations in mold coverage from 97.5 to 25% were observed to have virtually no effect upon this critical hole size. Thus, the most severe tensile critical flaw sites in R25 SMC appear to be unrelated to mold coverage. A comparison of the two R25 SMC's indicates that a rubber toughening agent reduces slightly the notch sensitivity of isophthalic polyester resin matrix sheet mold compounds. Within experimental error, the two-parameter notch strength model of Whitney-Nuismer was found to accurately describe the notch sensitivity of R25 SMC.
Micro Sun sensor

A prototype micro Sun sensor has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. It consists of a thin piece of silicon coated with a layer of chrome and a layer of gold with hundreds of small pinholes, placed on top of an Active Pixel Sensor (APS) image detector at a distance of 900 microns. Images of the Sun are formed on the APS image detector when the Sun illuminates the mask. Sun angles are derived by determining the precise location of the Sun images on the detector-just like a sundial. The packaged micro sun sensor has a mass of 11 grams, a volume of 4.2 cm/sup 3/ and a power consumption of 30 mW. The accuracy of the micro sun sensor is better than 1 arcminute and the maximum field of view is 160/spl deg/.
Posttetanic potentiation at the crayfish neuromuscular junction is dependent on both intracellular calcium and sodium ion accumulation

The fluorescent indicator fura-2 was used to measure cytoplasmic calcium in presynaptic terminals in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii under conditions that raise intracellular sodium to examine whether sodium can elevate intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) or prolong its efflux and thus influence the magnitude and duration of posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Sodium was elevated in presynaptic terminals at rest by either (1) injection of sodium into the excitatory axon, (2) application of veratridine to open sodium channels, or (3) addition of ouabain to block Na/K exchange, with [Ca2+]i increasing by either 430, 400, or 180 nM, respectively. Intracellular calcium concentration increased only when external calcium was present, indicating that calcium influx occurred through Na/Ca exchange. Additionally, ouabain enhanced excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) eightfold. Elevation of sodium using a high-frequency stimulation in zero-calcium Ringer's did not elevate [Ca2+]i during the train or immediately afterward when calcium-containing Ringer's was re- introduced. This indicates that a physiological sodium load does not release calcium from internal stores or reverse Na/Ca exchange to levels where [Ca2+]i accumulation is detectable. We examined the ability of sodium to interfere with calcium efflux from presynaptic terminals by loading boutons with both sodium and calcium or calcium alone using high-potassium depolarization. Elevation of internal sodium slowed calcium efflux from the terminal (12.3 min) compared to calcium removal without a sodium load (4.0 min). When sodium loading was increased during a tetanus by application of ouabain, the time constants for decay of EJP potentiation, 17.3 min, and for [Ca2+]i, 35 min, were longer than control values, 4.4 min and 5.8 min, respectively. In addition, using lithium to inhibit the efflux of calcium by Na/Ca exchange following a PTP-inducing train also lengthened the decay of [Ca2+]i to 15.7 min. Intracellular sodium accumulation in presynaptic terminals slows the efflux of calcium through Na/Ca exchange, and may therefore augment and prolong PTP.
The identification of nonpeptide neurotensin receptor partial agonists from the potent antagonist SR48692 using a calcium mobilization assay

In a search for nonpeptide agonists for the neurotensin receptor (NTR1), we replaced the adamantyl amino acid moiety found in the antagonist SR48692 (1a) with leucine and related α-alkylamino acids found in peptide agonists. When tested in a calcium mobilization assay, we found that both d- and l-leucine confer partial agonist activity to the pyrazole scaffold with the l-enantiomer (3a) providing a significantly greater response. A brief SAR survey demonstrated that the observed agonist activity was resilient to changes made to the dimethoxyaryl ring in 3a. The resulting compounds were less potent relative to 3a but showed greater agonist responses. The partial agonist activity was extinguished when the chloroquinoline ring was replaced with naphthalene. Thus, while l-leucine appears to possess a powerful agonist directing affect for the NTR1 receptor, its presence alone in the molecular architecture is not sufficient to insure agonist behavior.
Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the stability of Ag/Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ tape conductors

As the properties of high-T/sub c/ superconducting tapes improve, practical design considerations require more detailed analysis. Here we report investigations of the stability of high-T/sub c/ superconducting tapes. As a result of the broad range of temperature during a transition and the strong temperature dependence and anisotropy of the material properties, the finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the three-dimensional heat conduction equation. The heat source is determined using the operating current, the resistivity of the materials and the critical current density of Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (BSCCO). The minimum quench energy for several sources is determined for both infinitely long and planar uniform sources in the BSCCO and the two cases are compared.
Multimode squeeze operators and squeezed states.

Multimode squeeze and rotation operators are defined such that they have extremely similar algebraic properties as those of their single-mode counterparts. It is shown that the introduction of {ital N}-mode squeeze operators provides a convenient set of parameters to describe the variances of the quadrature amplitudes in multimode Gaussian squeezed states. Some important properties of these {ital N}-mode unitary operators are investigated. It is also shown that the time-evolution operator for a general {ital N}-mode quadratic Hamiltonian can be conveniently expressed as an operator product containing an {ital N}-mode squeeze operator, an {ital N}-mode rotation operator, and an {ital N}-mode displacement operator.
Optimal rotation of peanuts and cotton to manage soil-borne organisms

Abstract Damage from the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) and Southern blight (white mold) fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii) are principal yield-limiting factors in the production of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) in the USA. Both are widespread in the southeastern USA and yield losses caused by them can be severe. Both organisms can be suppressed by pesticides, but both can also be suppressed by rotation with cotton and certain other crops. This article presents a stochastic dynamic programming model that maximizes the expected present value of profit over a multi-year planning horizon with production of peanuts and cotton, accounting for: (1) the stochastic population dynamics of the peanut root-knot nematode, Southern blight fungus, and beneficial microbivorous nematodes; (2) the stochastic market prices for cotton and peanuts; and (3) land use in each of the previous 2 years. Expected profit from this seven-state variable dynamic programming model is compared to expected profit for monoculture peanuts, monoculture cotton, three fixed rotations, and a myopic, but flexible, rotation. Comparison of expected returns for these decision models indicates that an information-based strategy—the optimal dynamic strategy or the myopic strategy—is better than any of the fixed rotations. The myopic strategy results in expected profits almost as high as the optimal strategy for this particular problem. Since a myopic strategy is much more easily computed and more easily explained to producers, it has much more promise for adoption than difficult-to-understand results from a stochastic dynamic programming model.
A generalized film technique for the verification of vertex fields used in the treatment of brain tumors

With the availability of commercial three-dimensional (3D)-treatment planning systems, more and more treatment plans call for the use of noncoplanar conformal beams for the treatment of brain tumors. However, techniques for the verification of many noncoplaner beams, such as vertex fields which involve any combination of gantry, collimator, and table angles, do not exist. The purpose of this work is to report on the results of an algorithm and a technique that have been developed for the verification of noncoplanar vertex fields used in the treatment of brain tumors. This technique is applicable to any geometric orientation of the beam, i.e., a beam orientation that consists of any combination of gantry, table, and collimator rotations. The method consists of superimposing a central plane image of a correctly magnified vertex field on a lateral or oblique field port film. To achieve this, the 3D coordinates of the projection of the isocenter onto the film for lateral (or oblique) as well as the vertex fields are determined and then appropriately matched. Coordinate transformation equations have been developed that enable this matching precisely. A film holder has been designed such that a film cassette can be secured rigidly along the side rails of the treatment table. The technique for taking a patient treatment setup verification film consists of two steps. In the first step, the gantry, table, and collimator angles for the lateral (or oblique) field are set and the usual double exposures are made; the first exposure corresponds to that of the treatment portal with the isocenter clearly identified and the second one a larger radiation field so that the peripheral anatomy is visible on the film. In the next step, the gantry, table, and collimator angles are positioned for the vertex field and the table is moved laterally and vertically and the film longitudinally to a position that will enable precise matching of the isocenter on the film. A third exposure is then taken with the vertex portal. What is seen on the film is a superposition of a central plane image of the vertex field onto the image of the lateral or oblique field. This technique has been used on 60 patients treated with noncoplanar fields for brain tumors. In all of these cases, the coincidence of the projection of the isocenter for the lateral (or oblique) and the vertex fields was found to be within 3 mm.
Synthesis and characterization of methanol tolerant Pt/TiOx/C nanocomposites for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel Cells

Abstract Pt/TiOx/C nanocomposites have been synthesized by depositing hydrated titanium oxide on carbon-supported Pt (Pt/C), reducing H2PtCl6 with sodium formate on carbon-supported hydrated titanium oxide (TiO2/C), and simultaneously depositing hydrated titanium oxide and reducing H2PtCl6 with formate on carbon support, followed by heat treatment at 500 and 900 °C in 90% Ar–10% H2 mixture. The catalytic activity for oxygen reduction was evaluated in half cells with sulfuric acid electrolyte and in single direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Tolerance to methanol was studied with half cells containing sulfuric acid mixed with methanol. Charge transfer resistance and electrochemical active surface area of the Pt/TiOx/C catalysts were studied with impedance and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Both the synthesis methods and heat treatments influence the catalytic activity, and some of the Pt/TiOx/C composites exhibit higher catalytic activity than Pt/C. The Pt/TiOx/C catalysts also exhibit better methanol tolerance than Pt/C. The mechanism for the enhanced catalytic activity of Pt/TiOx/C is discussed.
Interest Rates, Irreversibility, and Backward-Bending Investment

This paper studies the effect of interest rates on investment in an environment where firms make irreversible investments with uncertain pay-offs. In this setting, changes in the interest rate affect both the cost of capital and the cost of delaying investment to acquire information. These two forces combine to generate an aggregate investment demand curve that is a backward-bending function of the interest rate. At low rates, increasing the interest rate raises investment by increasing the cost of delay. How does an increase in interest rates affect capital investment by firms? The answer to this question has important implications for monetary and fiscal policies. The neoclassical theory of investment gives a simple answer: increasing the interest rate reduces investment by raising the cost of capital (Haavelmo, 1960; Jorgenson, 1963). This paper shows that the answer to this question is different when firms make irreversible investments with uncertain pay-offs. In this environment, investment is a backward-bending function of the interest rate. To see the intuition, consider a pharmaceutical company deciding how quickly to proceed with investments in operations to produce new drugs. The firm is uncertain about drugs that will be successful and can acquire further information via RD Bertola and Caballero, 1994; Dixit and Pindyck, 1994; Abel and Eberly, 1996). In the model analysed here, expected profits grow at a rate g > 0 when firms delay investment because the information acquired by delay reduces the probability of investing in an unsuccessful venture. Profits earned in subsequent periods are discounted at the interest rate, r . Therefore, firms invest immediately only if the expected profit from investment is positive and the expected growth in profits from delaying (g) is less than the interest rate. The backward-bending shape of the aggregate investment demand curve, I (r ), arises from this optimality condition. If r is low, g is likely to exceed r, compelling many firms to delay investment rather than investing
Low power salient integration mode image sensor with a low voltage mixed-signal readout architecture

CMOS image sensors are very suitable for battery-operated camera systems due to their low power nature. In this research work, a salient integration mode CMOS image sensor pixel design which requires only 1 or 2 transistors per pixel and a low power readout architecture was developed in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. High fill factor and small pixel size are achieved at the same time for the 2T pixel design. The readout architecture includes a low voltage low power multi-stage analog data buffer which works as a differential to single-ended conversion mechanism for a new correlated double sampling method. Total data bandwidth and switching power are also greatly reduced. The architecture was developed to be scalable to 0.18 /spl mu/m technology with 1.2 V supply voltage, and lower. An experimental chip in an array size of 256/spl times/256 with a pixel size of 63 /spl mu/m/spl times/6.3 /spl mu/m was fabricated in HP's 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Promising experimental results strongly indicate that the new pixel design and readout architecture are suitable for low voltage CMOS camera chips in future generations of CMOS technology.
Immunohistochemical stains in dermatopathology

From University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Reprint requests: American Academy of Dermatology, PO Box 4014, Schaumburg, IL 60168-4014. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1094-100. Copyright © 2000 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. 0190-9622/2000/$12.00 + 0 16/1/109273 doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109273 V arious techniques beyond routine hematoxylin and eosin staining are used by dermatopathologists in the diagnosis and classification of skin disease. This periodic synopsis includes a review of some recent developments in immunohistochemical stains related to dermatopathology. Articles were selected via a MEDLINE literature search and were included in this synopsis based on their importance and utility for practicing dermatologists and dermatopathologists. Generally, the goal of immunohistochemistry is to identify the line of differentiation of a cell or tissue type in a sample. In lymphocytic infiltrates, immunohistochemistry can help identify clonality, which is often a marker of malignancy. Immunohistochemical technique seeks to identify a specific antigen (or antigens) of interest in a tissue sample. In the most commonly employed technique, the primary antibodies applied to tissue are either monoclonal or polyclonal. A secondary antibody recognizing the primary antibody is linked with an imaging system, often a peroxidase, and is subsequently applied. The antigen-antibody-antibody-enzyme complex is amplified and incubated with a chromagen. When the antigen of interest is present, this process yields a visible reaction observable by simple microscopy. In most cases, a panel of immunohistochemical stains is applied to a tissue. This panel is selected through the dermatopathologist’s differential diagnosis. The results of the staining can help narrow the differential diagnosis or help arrive at a final diagnosis. GENERAL REFERENCES Elenitsas R, Van Belle P, Elder D, et al. Immunohistopathology of the skin. 8th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1990. p. 55-60. Wallace ML, Smoller BR. Immunohistochemistry and diagnostic dermatopathology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:163-83. Both references clearly review methodology, commonly used immunohistochemical reagents, and techniques that help in determining the behavior of atypical lymphoid infiltrates.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR A LIQUID - GAS PHASE TRANSITION IN NUCLEAR SYSTEMS

At certain combinations of temperature and density, nuclear matter may exist as a liquid-gas mixture exhibiting phase instabilities, a characteristic signature of which may be found in the emission of intermediate-mass fragments in nuclear collisions. The present analysis of fragment distributions from proton- and heavy-ion-induced reactions, in the framework of a theory of condensation, is suggestive of the occurrence of such phase transitions with a critical exponent $k\ensuremath{\sim}1.7$ and a critical temperature ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}12$ MeV.
Finite Deformations and Internal Forces in Elastic-Plastic Crystals: Interpretations From Nonlinear Elasticity and Anharmonic Lattice Statics

Abstract : Large deformation kinematics and internal forces arising from defects in crystalline solids are addressed by a nonlinear kinematic description and multiscale averaging concepts. An element of crystalline material with spatially uniform properties and containing defects such as dislocation lines and loops is considered. The average deformation gradient for this element is decomposed multiplicatively into terms accounting for effects of dislocation flux, recoverable elastic stretch and rotation, and residual elastic deformation associated with self-equilibrating internal forces induced by defects. Two methods are considered for quantifying average residual elastic deformation: continuum elasticity and discrete lattice statics. Average residual elastic strains and corresponding average residual elastic volume changes are negligible in the context of linear elasticity or harmonic force potentials but are not necessarily inconsequential in the more general case of nonlinear elasticity or anharmonic interactions.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an emerging therapeutic target.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) is a polar sphingolipid metabolite that has received increasing attention as both an extracellular mediator and an intracellular second messenger. SPP is the ligand of a family of specific cell surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), known as the endothelial differentiation gene-1 (EDG-1) family. These receptors, which include EDG-1, -3, -5, -6 and -8, regulate diverse processes including cell migration, angiogenesis, vascular maturation, heart development, neurite retraction and soma rounding. In addition, abundant evidence indicates that SPP also acts as an intracellular lipid messenger, regulating calcium mobilisation, cell growth and survival. The relative intracellular level of SPP and ceramide, another sphingolipid metabolite associated with cell death and cell growth arrest, is an important factor in determining cell fate. Changes in SPP and ceramide have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions in which apoptosis plays an important role, including ca...
Prevalence and effects of child sexual abuse in a poor, rural community in El Salvador: a retrospective study of women after 12 years of civil war.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the epidemiology of child sexual abuse (CSA) among women in a poor, rural community in El Salvador, which was recovering from a 12-year civil war. Methods: A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey was administered to 83 women. The LA Times Sexual Abuse Survey was used to determine the prevalence of CSA. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HCL) was used to measure long-term psychological sequelae of abuse (somatization, anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive traits). Information also was obtained about participation and number of relatives killed in the country’s 12-year civil war. Results: Of the 83 women interviewed, 14 (17%) reported a total of 21 experiences of CSA. The median age of abuse was 14 years. The majority of perpetrators (90.4%) were strangers, friends, or neighbors. None was a parent. The only significant difference between abused and non-abused women was on the depression measure, where abused women showed more pathology. After controlling for the number of relatives killed in the war, however, that difference failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Differences in the epidemiology of CSA from that of other countries may be secondary to a different social structure in the rural Salvadoran community and non-disclosure by the women surveyed. The lack of difference in psychological symptoms between abused and non-abused women may be related to the different characteristics of the abuse and perpetrators. It also may be secondary to adverse social conditions such as poverty and war, which could obscure the long-term effects of CSA.
A Bayesian framework for knowledge driven regression model in micro-array data analysis

This paper addresses the sparse data problem in the linear regression model, namely the number of variables is significantly larger than the number of the data points for regression. We assume that in addition to the measured data points, the prior knowledge about the input variables may be provided in the form of pair wise similarity. We presented a full Bayesian framework to effectively exploit the similarity information of the input variables for linear regression. Empirical studies with gene expression data show that the regression errors can be reduced significantly by incorporating the similarity information derived from gene ontology.
Intrauterine growth restriction impacts tolerance to total parenteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Impacts Tolerance to Total Parenteral Nutrition in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants