cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law: Punishment of International Crimes in International Criminal Tribunals

Contemporary international criminal tribunals – such as the ICTR, ICTY, and ICC – have inherited little penological guidance from their watershed predecessors, the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals. Assuredly, Nuremberg and Tokyo were momentous occasions in terms of the prosecution of extraordinary international crimes, the establishment of liability theories, and the discrediting of certain defenses. These two international tribunals, however, were far from groundbreaking in terms of conceptualizing a sentencing policy. Although retribution and deterrence played an important role, these goals were not operationalized in a sentencing heuristic. Article 27 of the Nuremberg Charter gave judges “the right to impose … on conviction … death or such other punishment as shall be determined … to be just.” The sentencing provision of the Charter of the Tokyo Tribunal read the same. Accordingly, judges had nearly absolute discretion in the sentencing process. Jurisprudentially, the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals did not elucidate sentencing guidelines; discussion of sentencing issues and rationales largely was perfunctory, especially in comparison to the thorough discussion of questions of legal liability. Neither tribunal had a veritable sentencing phase (either distinct or joined to the proceedings). The perception of sentence as an afterthought, instead of a vivid situs of analysis, permeated even the most thoughtful compilers of World War II atrocity prosecutions at the international and national levels. For example, in approximately two hundred pages of thorough summary that constitutes the final volume of the Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals , only three pages are devoted to punishment.
The South Asian Paleolithic Record and Its Potential for Transitions Studies

The Indian subcontinent contains a rich and continuous behavioral record of hominin occupation since at least the early Middle Pleistocene. All lithic assemblages demonstrate the presence of Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic features and variable patterns of blank reduction, being in general congruence with other parts of the Old World. However, empirical lacunae continue to persist, such as the lack of absolute dates for many important sites and well-excavated spatial information. As a result, it has been challenging to assess the timings and nature of these technological transitions and compare that data with other regions. Although broad ages have been assigned to most assemblages on the basis of lithic typology, stratigraphy, and biochronology, they are inadequate when discussing the precise causes of the behavioral shifts and resulting adaptive strategies. Accumulated data, to date, reflect diverse techniques of raw material acquisition, transport, and reduction. The few stratified sites that have yielded evidence of technological phases include both open-air and rock-shelter/cave contexts. Both the Lower to Middle and Middle to Upper Paleolithic transitions vary at an interregional level, particularly in peninsular India. This probably reflects the collective impact of a suite of factors: demography, raw material type, topographical prominence, water resources, cognitive capabilities, mobility and settlement patterns, and subsequent hominin dispersals from peripheral regions. This paper discusses the dynamic character of the archaeological record in Pleistocene South Asia and attempts to highlight key behavioral changes. From a broader comparative perspective, the general contextual, technological, and chronological attributes are also discussed for the best-known sites.
Effect of Temperature and Density Profiles on the Stopping Power of Heavy Ions in IFE Targets

A simplified model for the calculation of heavy ion ranges on IFE target materials with temperature and density gradients is presented. Such model allows for the calculation of rough estimates of the range for a variety of ablator states. The model assumes ion populations in thermal equilibrium, equilibrium charge state, and neglects any recombination effects. Dependence of all relevant parameters with temperature is determined, and a shortening of the range is observed as target temperature is increased.
The recent fur trade in Northwestern Saskatchewan

Archaeological survey in northwestern Saskatchewan identified sites ascribable to three resident ethnic/cultural groups: Chipewyan Indians, Cree/Metis Cree Indians and Euro-Canadians. Emphasis was placed on recording 19th and early 20th century sites, which are under-reported in the archaeological literature for the area. Archaeology, informant testimony and on-site interpretation of features, and ethnoarchaeological research on contemporary communities were combined to study ecological adaptations of the three populations and to define archaeological site formation processes. Each population adapted to the fur trade and to the other populations by filling specialized roles or occupations within the new mercantile system. Evidence for these different adaptations is discussed.
Investigación anfibia: La investigación-acción en un mundo multimedia (Amphibious Research: Action Research in a Multimedia World)

The English version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2836168Spanish Abstract: La investigacion-accion combina el estudio academico, laparticipacion en el debate publico, la incidencia en politicaspublicas y la construccion de instituciones (como centros de pensamiento y ONG). Este libro, en su version en ingles y en su version en espanol, analiza las ventajas y dificultades de este tipo de trabajo. La interaccion cercana con audiencias diversas tiende a darle a la investigacion-accion mayor precision empirica y relevancia, y servir de fuente de motivacion para quienes la practican. Sin embargo, tambien crea riesgos constantes de dispersion, ausencia de distancia analitica y agotamiento.Para aprovechar las ventajas y enfrentar las dificultades, el libro propone un enfoque — la “investigacion anfibia” — , basado en aproximaciones metodologicas y estilos de escritura hibridos, cuyos productos recojan aportes de diferentes campos de conocimiento y circulen en formatos multimedia.English Abstract: Action research combines academic studies, participation in public debates, public policy advocacy, and the strengthening of institutions (for example, think tanks and nongovernmental organizations).This book explores the advantages and challenges of this type of work. Closely interacting with diverse audiences tends to give the action researcher greater empirical accuracy and relevance, and also serves as a source of motivation. Nevertheless, it can also lead to the risk of dispersion, lack of analytical distance, and burnout.To help researchers capitalize on these advantages and overcome the difficulties, this book proposes a new technique — “amphibious research.” This technique, which is based on methodological approaches and hybrid styles of writing, allows action researchers to gather contributions from different fields and to circulate their results in multimedia formats.
Adult Consequences of Self-Limited Delayed Puberty

Delayed puberty is a common condition defined as the lack of sexual maturation by an age ≥2 SD above the population mean. In the absence of an identified underlying cause, the condition is usually self-limited. Although self-limited delayed puberty is largely believed to be a benign developmental variant with no long-term consequences, several studies have suggested that delayed puberty may in fact have both harmful and protective effects on various adult health outcomes. In particular, height and bone mineral density have been shown to be compromised in some studies of adults with a history of delayed puberty. Delayed puberty may also negatively affect adult psychosocial functioning and educational achievement, and individuals with a history of delayed puberty carry a higher risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. In contrast, a history of delayed puberty appears to be protective for breast and endometrial cancer in women and for testicular cancer in men. Most studies on adult outcomes of self-limited delayed puberty have been in small series with significant variability in outcome measures and study criteria. In this article, we review potential medical and psychosocial issues for adults with a history of self-limited delayed puberty, discuss potential mechanisms underlying these issues, and identify gaps in knowledge and directions for future research.
Examination of the Mechanism of the Yield of N2O from Nitroxyl (HNO) in the Solution Phase by Theoretical Calculations.

The dimerization of HNO and subsequent yield of N2O in aqueous solution are studied based on the theoretical calculations and kinetic simulations. The initial dimerization reactions were computed at various levels of theory, and large divergence was observed in the predictions of the gas-phase free energies. The T1 diagnostics at CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ suggests multireference characteristics of the HNO dimers and the transition states. The solution-phase free energies were obtained using the wB97XD method and the SMD solvation model. The pKa values of the (HNO)2 tautomers and their first protonated and deprotonated products were estimated using the cluster-continuum approach. The theoretical results confirmed the original conclusion that the favored cis-pathway is comprised of several rapid proton transfer steps leading to either cis-HONNOH or cis-HONNO¯ before decomposition. Several new water-catalyzed and H3O+/water catalyzed reactions are presented to explain the fast kinetics observed in the experiments....
Is beer a source of prebiotics

Author(s): Kanyer, AJ; Bornhorst, GM; Marco, ML; Bamforth, CW | Abstract: Beer contains low-molecular-weight β-linked oligosaccharides that originate from the degradation of β-glucan in the barley cell wall during malting and mashing. Over 90% of these oligosaccharides contain three or four glucosyl units. They remain intact through a static oral, gastric and small intestinal in vitro human digestive system model, indicating that they should be available to beneficial organisms known to be present in the human large intestine. Several intestine-associated Lactobacillus strains were shown to be capable of growth on these β-linked oligosaccharides, thereby leading us to tentatively propose that these compounds may represent prebiotics. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing a Distilling.
A Quality Improvement Initiative to Increase Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening: Collaboration between a Primary Care Clinic and Research Team.

Background Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that mailed fecal testing programs are effective in increasing colorectal cancer screening participation. However, few healthcare organization in the US have Implemented such programs. Methods Stakeholders from one clinic in an integrated healthcare system in Washington State initiated collaboration with researchers with expertise in CRC screening, aiming to increase screening rates at their clinic. Age-eligible individuals who were overdue for CRC screening and had previously completed a fecal test were randomized to receive mailed fecal immunochemical test kits (FIT) at the start of the project (Early) or 6 months later (Late). Outcomes included comparing FIT completion at 6 months by randomization group, and overall CRC screening rates at 12 months. We also assessed implementation facilitators and challenges. Results Overall 2,421 FIT tests were mailed at a cost of $10,739. At 6 months, FIT completion was significantly higher among the Early compared to the Late group (62% vs.47%, p <0.001). By 12 months, after both groups had received mailings, 71% in each group had completed a FIT. The clinic's overall CRC screening rate was 75.1% at baseline and 78.0% 12 months later. Key constructs associated with successful program implementation included strong stakeholder involvement, use of evidence-based strategies, simplicity, and low cost. Challenges included lack of a plan for maintaining the program. Discussion Collaboration between clinic stakeholders and researchers led to a successful project that rapidly increased CRC screening rates. However, institutional normalization of the program would be required to maintain it.
The Influence of Parents on Undergraduate and Graduate Students' Entering the STEM Disciplines and STEM Careers.

ABSTRACTThis research examines the influence of parents on students’ studying the STEM disciplines and entering STEM careers. Cases of two graduate students (one female, one male) and one undergraduate student (male) are featured. The first two students in the convenience sample are biology and physics majors in a STEM teacher education programme; the third is enrolled in computer science. The narrative inquiry research method is used to elucidate the students’ academic trajectories. Incidents of circumstantial and planned parent curriculum making surfaced when the data was serially interpreted. Other themes included: (1) relationships between (student) learners and (teacher) parents, (2) invitations to inquiry, (3) modes of inquiry, (4) the improbability of certainty, and (5) changed narratives = changed lives. While policy briefs provide sweeping statements about parents’ positive effects on their children, narrative inquiries such as this one illuminate parents’ inquiry moves within home environments. ...
Reducing bias through indirect social contact: assessing the impact of student involvement with faculty-led research on unauthorized immigration

AbstractThis paper explores how working on a faculty-led research project influenced the views of Master of Social Work students concerning unauthorized immigrants. Five graduate assistants worked for one year with two faculty members and one doctoral student to code data from interviews with social workers at immigrant-serving organizations in South Carolina. The master’s students then reflected on what they learned from participating in data analysis tasks, indicating that the experience had further sensitized them to the social justice concerns confronting unauthorized immigrants. Drawing on social contact theory, we argue that student participation in faculty-led research can provide a form of indirect social exposure to other groups, which reduce bias, and suggest that such experiences be included in how educators conceptualize the implicit curriculum in schools of social work.
Contrasting Incoming Medical Students' Attitudes Dual Degree vs Traditional Tracks.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AMS) recently implemented a novel dual degree MD-ScM program in primary care and population medicine (PC-PM) that enrolls up to 24 of its nearly 144 yearly matriculants. The overarching goal of this track is to train medical students to become physician leaders who focus on issues in population medicine within primary care. METHODS We conducted a baseline assessment of the students enrolled in this parallel track in comparison to our traditional students to identify characteristics of and group differences between students in the PC-PM program and traditional students. Data was collected from first-year students matriculating in the 2015 and 2016 academic years (N=277) using portions of nine validated surveys with an emphasis on caring for the underserved and cultural competence, professionalism, working in interprofessional teams, tolerance of ambiguity, empathy, patient-provider interactions, and patient safety/quality improvement. RESULTS We identified slightly higher significant baseline differences on three scales in which the PC-PM students (n=38) were higher than those in the traditional track students (n=239). These measured cultural competency (t[275]=-3.05, P=.003), professionalism (t[273]=-3.10, P=.002), and attitudes toward working with underserved populations (t[267]=2.31, P=.02). CONCLUSIONS The higher differences for these three elements may be important to the success of the PC-PM program. We plan to track the growth of the PC-PM students as well as our traditional students through their 4 years of medical school to investigate growth and development throughout the academic career.
Love, Understanding & Justice

The great legal realist Llewellyn, then, thinks we should read and re-read a comic book because of what it can teach us about the significance of love and understanding to the administration of justice. It is a thought (a thought, that is, about love, understanding, and justice, not their exposition in comic books) that does seem to have occurred to at least a few judges and legal scholars. Or at least a few have mentioned it.
Large deviations for the {\hbox {Sine}}_\beta and \hbox {Sch}_\tau processes

The \({\hbox {Sine}}_\beta \) process is the bulk point process limit of the Gaussian \(\beta \)-ensemble. For \(\beta = 1, 2\) and 4 this process gives the limit of the GOE, GUE and GSE random matrix models. The \(\hbox {Sch}_\tau \) process is obtained similarly as the bulk scaling limit of the spectrum of certain discrete one-dimensional random Schrodinger operators. Both point processes have asymptotically constant average density, in our chosen normalization one expects close to \(\tfrac{1}{2\pi } \lambda \) points in a large interval of length \(\lambda \). We prove large deviation principles for the average densities of the processes, identifying the rate function in both cases. Our approach is based on the representation of the counting functions using coupled systems of stochastic differential equations. Our techniques work for the full range of parameter values. The results are novel even in the classical \(\beta = 1, 2\) and 4 cases for the \({\hbox {Sine}}_\beta \) process. They are consistent with the existing rigorous results on large gap probabilities and confirm the physical predictions made using log-gas arguments.
Computer-Aided Technical Publications

All phases of the engineering design and manufacturing processing have been either monitored by or produced on a computer for over twenty years. However the last phase of production, technical manuals, has remained a manual process until recently. Portions of the technical manual process were automated some time ago. Several vendors have produced systems which attempt to integrate the automated portions as well as provide enhancements. A true understanding of the technical manuals production cycle has not been developed by the vendors. Herein lies the crux of the problem with developing a superb system.
A Sub-Picosecond Hybrid DLL for Large-Scale Phased Array Synchronization

A large-scale timing synchronization scheme for scalable phased arrays is presented. This approach utilizes a DLL co-designed with a subsequent 2.5GHz PLL. The DLL employs a low noise, fine/coarse delay tuning to reduce the in-band rms jitter to 323fs, an order of magnitude improvement over previous works at similar frequencies. The DLL was fabricated in a 65nm bulk CMOS process and was characterized from 27MHz to 270MHz. It consumes up to 3.3mW from a 1V power supply and has a small footprint of 0.036mm2.
Persistent behavior deficits, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in a rat model of acute organophosphate intoxication.

Current medical countermeasures for organophosphate (OP)-induced status epilepticus (SE) are not effective in preventing long-term morbidity and there is an urgent need for improved therapies. Rat models of acute intoxication with the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), are increasingly being used to evaluate therapeutic candidates for efficacy in mitigating the long-term neurologic effects associated with OP-induced SE. Many of these therapeutic candidates target neuroinflammation and oxidative stress because of their implication in the pathogenesis of persistent neurologic deficits associated with OP-induced SE. Critical to these efforts is the rigorous characterization of the rat DFP model with respect to outcomes associated with acute OP intoxication in humans, which include long-term electroencephalographic, neurobehavioral, and neuropathologic effects, and their temporal relationship to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. To address these needs, we examined a range of outcomes at later times post-exposure than have previously been reported for this model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg, im) 30 min prior to administration of DFP (4 mg/kg, sc), which was immediately followed by atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, im) and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, im). This exposure paradigm triggered robust electroencephalographic and behavioral seizures that rapidly progressed to SE lasting several hours in 90% of exposed animals. Animals that survived DFP-induced SE (~70%) exhibited spontaneous recurrent seizures and hyperreactive responses to tactile stimuli over the first 2 months post-exposure. Performance in the elevated plus maze, open field, and Pavlovian fear conditioning tests indicated that acute DFP intoxication reduced anxiety-like behavior and impaired learning and memory at 1 and 2 months post-exposure in the absence of effects on general locomotor behavior. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed significantly increased expression of biomarkers of reactive astrogliosis, microglial activation and oxidative stress in multiple brain regions at 1 and 2 months post-DFP, although there was significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity across these endpoints. Collectively, these data largely support the relevance of the rat model of acute DFP intoxication as a model for acute OP intoxication in the human, and support the hypothesis that neuroinflammation and/or oxidative stress represent potential therapeutic targets for mitigating the long-term neurologic sequelae of acute OP intoxication.
Abstract 2018: Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist JWH-015 inhibits growth and metastasis of triple negative breast cancers through regulation of autophagy mechanism

Metastasis to distant organs is the major cause of mortality associated with breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype has been shown to be associated with worst patient survival due to high metastasis rate and lack of targeted therapies. Therefore, there is an utmost need to develop novel therapeutic strategies against TNBC growth and metastasis. Cannabinoids are known to possess anti-cancer activity. However, the associated psychotropic activity limits the therapeutic use of Cannabinoids in breast cancer patients. Here, we used synthetic cannabinoid JWH-015 which activates cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and is devoid of psychotropic activity. In vitro molecular analysis revealed that JWH-015 induces TNBC cell death by activating autophagy associated apoptosis. In addition, we have further shown using in vivo tumor models, that JWH-015 potentially inhibits TNBC growth and metastasis through activation of autophagy mechanisms. Further analysis showed that JWH-015 treated tumors recruited the reduced number of macrophages compared to vehicle control treated tumors. In addition, there were more anti-tumor M1-type macrophages present in JWH-015 treated tumors. Conversely, vehicle control treated tumors possessed a higher number of pro-tumor M2-type macrophages. These observations have established the anti-metastatic potential of JWH-015 in different TNBC pre-clinical mouse models. The mechanistic studies have elaborated the role of JWH-015-induced autophagy in promoting tumor cell death to inhibit TNBC growth and metastasis. Citation Format: Nabanita Chatterjee, Subhadip Das, Dinesh K. Ahirwar, Sanjay Mishra, Ramesh Ganju. Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist JWH-015 inhibits growth and metastasis of triple negative breast cancers through regulation of autophagy mechanism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2018.
Electric Cars in California: Policy and Behavior Perspectives

This chapter is divided into two parts: in the first part we illustrate the evolution of PEV regulation and technology in California, which has both led and influenced PEV policy globally. In the second part we present selected results of recent research conducted at UC Davis, particularly looking at the profiles of current PEV adopters in California and how these have evolved in recent years, the impact of financial and non-financial incentives on adoption of PEVs, charging behavior as a function of dwelling and home charger type, travel patterns, electricity price and PEV range.
Reliability Enhancement via Integration of Extreme Weather Forecast in Power System Operation

According to US Department of Energy, extreme weather is the leading cause of power outages in the United States. Although all the system operators have access to weather forecast data, no existing automated tool can take advantage of this data to guide preventive operation. This paper presents a framework to close this gap. The framework first forecasts weather with accuracy and resolution required for grid operation. The weather forecast data is, then, passed to a structural analysis module, where the failure likelihood of power system elements is estimated. Finally, the failure probabilities are integrated within a day-ahead stochastic unit commitment model to guide preventive operation. A scenario reduction technique is developed and employed alongside an enhanced formulation to achieve computational tractability. The simulation results on a 2000-bus Texas system suggest that the developed model is effective in reducing power outages, with minor additional dispatch cost. The results also suggest that the developed framework is tractable for large-scale systems.
Emergence of Parechovirus A3 as the Leading Cause of Central Nervous System Infection, Surpassing Any Single Enterovirus Type, in Children in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, from 2007 to 2016.

ABSTRACT Picornaviruses, including Enterovirus species A to D (EV) and Parechovirus species A (PeV-A), are the leading reported causes of pediatric central nervous system infections in the United States. We investigated the molecular epidemiology of EV and PeV-A over 10 years in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from children seen at Children’s Mercy-Kansas City (CMKC) from 2007 through 2016. The overall prevalence for EV was 16% (862/5,362) and 7% (271/4,016) for PeV. Among all picornavirus CSF detections, EV was 76%, and PeV-A was 24%. Multiple EV types cocirculated each year, with a total of 31 EV types detected in the 10-year period; the majority belonged to EV-B species (96%). Two PeV-A types were detected; PeV-A3 was the dominant PeV-A type (95%). The top five picornaviruses (PeV-A3, 26%; E30, 11%; E6, 10%; E18, 9%; E9, 7%) in the CSF of infants accounted for two-thirds of all detections, and PeV-A3 was the leading picornavirus detected. Routine testing and reporting of PeV-A in addition to EV, especially in children under 6 months old with acute febrile illnesses, could reduce hospital stays and antibiotic usage.
Visual Ethnographic Evaluation of Construction Programs at Public Universities: Who is Valued in Construction Education?

AbstractThe US construction management profession has failed to recruit and retain women and underrepresented racial-ethnic minorities (URMs) in the workforce, despite growing industry demand for c...
Yeast Fermentate-Mediated Reduction of Salmonella Reading and Typhimurium in an in vitro Turkey Cecal Culture Model.

Salmonella Reading is an ongoing public health issue in the turkey industry, leading to significant morbidity in humans in the United States. Pre-harvest intervention strategies that contribute to the reduction of foodborne pathogens in food animals, such as the yeast fermentation metabolites of Original XPCTM (XPC), may become the key to multi-hurdle farm to fork strategies. Therefore, we developed an anaerobic in vitro turkey cecal model to assess the effects of XPC on the ceca of commercial finisher tom turkeys fed diets void of XPC and antibiotics. Using the in vitro turkey cecal culture method, ceca were tested with and without XPC for their anti-Salmonella Reading and the previously defined anti-Typhimurium (ST97) effects. Ultimately, the anti-Salmonella effects were independent of serovar (P > 0.05). At 0 h post inoculation (hpi), Salmonella levels were equivalent between treatments at 7.3 Log10 CFU/mL, and at 24 hpi, counts in XPC were reduced by 5 Log10 CFU/mL, which was 2.1 Log10 lower than the control (P 0.05), with a 92% reduction in Salmonella positive XPC-treated ceca cultures by 48 hpi (P < 0.05). To evaluate changes to the microbiota independent of the immune response, the 16S rDNA was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data indicated a profound effect of time and treatment for the reduction of Salmonella irrespective of serovar. XPC sustained diversity metrics compared to the control, demonstrating a reduction in diversity over time (Q < 0.05).
Novel Somatostatin Receptor-4 Agonist SM-I-26 Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Microglia.

Somatostatin receptor subtype 4 (SSTR4) is expressed in BV2 microglia, suggesting that SSTR4 agonists may impact microglia function. This study assessed the high-affinity SSTR4 agonist SM-I-26 (SMI) (0 nM, 10 nM, 1000 nM) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation (0, 10 or 100 ng/ml) over 6 or 24 h in BV2 microglia. Cell viability, nitrite output and mRNA expression changes of genes associated with our target (Sstr4), inflammation (Tnf-α, Il-6, Il-1β, inos), anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions (Il-10, Catalase), and mediators of Aβ binding/phagocytosis (Msr1, Cd33, Trem1, Trem2) were measured. At 6 h SMI showed no effect across all conditions. At 24 h SMI (10 and 1000 nM) upregulated Sstr4 expression under inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. At 24 h SMI downregulated expression of the inflammatory cytokines Tnf-α (1000 nM within all LPS concentrations) and Il-6 (10 nM within 0 and 10 ng/ml LPS). At 24 h 10 nM SMI upregulated Il-10, while 1000 nM upregulated Catalase under inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. At 24 h Msr1 and Cd33 were upregulated by 1000 nM SMI under non-inflammatory conditions, while Trem1 was downregulated by 10 and 1000 nM SMI under mildly inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. These results show that SMI had concentration and time-dependent effects on mRNA expression of genes associated with different states of microglial activation. The SMI reduced Tnf-α and Il-6 inflammatory gene expression, and increased Il-10 anti-inflammatory gene expression, identifies anti-inflammatory actions of SSTR4 agonists extend to microglia.
CT Angiography In Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (P3.097)

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the utility of CTA in management of Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (SICH). BACKGROUND SICH is intra-parenchymal bleeding with or without intra-ventricular extension. Based on traditional criteria it has been thought CTA does not change management in patients with a history of hypertension and SICH in the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem or cerebellum. However, only about two-thirds of SICH occurs in these locations and other underlying etiologies may remain unidentified if CTA is not performed. We hypothesize that CTA is a useful test even in hypertensive, sub-cortical SICH and the risk of adverse reactions such as Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) is minimal. DESIGN/ METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients admitted from 2004-2014 was performed. We excluded patients with antecedent history of trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hemorrhagic conversion, or brain tumors. RESULTS From 1062 patients with SIH, 34[percnt] (357) underwent CTA. Of these, 96[percnt] were negative. In this group, mean age was 63 and 82[percnt] had hypertension. About fifty percent of the SICH were located in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Four percent (14) had a CTA demonstrating an underlying vascular abnormality. In this group, mean age was 56 and 69[percnt] had hypertension. 2.5[percnt] of patients with SICH in classically described hypertensive locations had an underlying vascular anomaly. Patients with lobar bleeds had higher (6[percnt]) incidence of vascular anomaly on CTA, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.11). Of the 357 that underwent CTA, few exhibited CIN. While 19[percnt] met the criteria for kidney injury, 23[percnt] of those who did not undergo CTA met the same criteria. CONCLUSIONS CTA is a useful test for identifying other underlying etiologies in classically hypertensive SICH. It can uncover other causes of SICH and alter management. Moreover, CTA is not associated with an increased risk of CIN. Disclosure: Dr. Rajagopalan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cifrese has nothing to disclose. Dr. Azizi has nothing to disclose.
American Orientalism in Korea

People express and exercise power as much through words as through actions. Yet scholars never have examined systematically how officials and others in the United States actually talked and wrote about Korea, both north and south, during the momentous interwar period. This article unearths crude depictions of the Korean people common in American writings from the 1940s and 1950s, arguing that this rhetoric created and reinforced an unequal power relationship between the United States and Korea. These negative discourses about Koreans, as expressions of American Orientalism, had important implications for u.s.policy in Korea and for the post-war trajectory of developments on the entire Korean peninsula. They also have left a perceptible imprint on English-language scholarship engaging in assessments of Korea ever since.
Impact of next-generation sequencing on the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cysts

Background and Aims The value of next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pancreatic cyst fluid relative to the clinical and imaging impression has not been well-studied. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of NGS on the clinical diagnosis from imaging and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and thus the management of pancreatic cysts. Methods Ninety-two pancreatic cyst fluids from 86 patients were analyzed by cytology, CEA, and targeted NGS. Cysts were classified by imaging as nonmucinous, mucinous, or not specified. NGS results were compared with the imaging impression stratified by CEA and cytology. Results NGS impacted the clinical diagnosis by defining a cyst as mucinous in 48% of cysts without elevated CEA levels. The VHL gene in 2 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) supported a serous cystadenoma. Twenty percent of cysts that were nonmucinous by imaging were mucinous by NGS. Of the 14 not-specific cysts, CEA levels were not elevated in 12 (86%), and NGS established a mucinous etiology in 3 (25%). A KRAS or GNAS mutation supported an IPMN with nonmucinous CEA in 71%. A KRAS mutation reclassified 19% of nonneoplastic cysts with nonmucinous CEA as mucinous. Seven cyst fluids (8%) had either a TP53 mutation or loss of CDKN2A or SMAD4 in addition to KRAS and/or GNAS mutations; 5 of 7 (71%) were clinically malignant, and high-grade cytology was detected in all 5. Overall, CEA was more specific for a mucinous etiology (100%), but NGS was more sensitive (86% vs 57%). Conclusions NGS of pancreatic cyst fluid impacts clinical diagnosis and patient management by defining, supporting, or changing the clinical diagnosis based on imaging and CEA. NGS was most valuable in identifying mucinous cysts with nonmucinous CEA. An added benefit is the potential to detect mutations late in the progression to malignancy that may increase the risk classification of the cyst based on imaging and cytology.
Lysine Suppressor in Escherichia coli

Head amber mutant of phage T4D was used to determine the efficiency of suppression and the amino acid inserted by Escherichia coli CA273 (sup-273 formerly Su+β). The level of suppression determined was 8%, and the amino acid inserted was shown to be lysine.
A Review of “Higher Education and the Public Good: Imagining the University”

The debate concerning what does and does not constitute a public good is omnipresent in today's political landscape. As the world economy becomes increasingly unpredictable and federal and state fu...
Ultraviolet Population Synthesis of Starburst Galaxies Observed with HST

Starburst galaxies are ideal laboratories to study both the physics of massive stars and processes important in galaxy formation and evolution. Observations of starburst galaxies at UV wavelengths are crucial because only in this spectral regime can we directly observe the spectroscopic signatures of the hot, massive stars that power the emission at other wavebands. UV signatures from massive stars are mainly broad spectral features (e.g. P Cygni profiles of SiIVλ1400, and CIVλ1550) formed in the stellar winds.
The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies

Preface to the Paperback Edition Prufrock Avoided xiii Acknowledgments The Continuous Life xix Prologue How Diversity Trumps Ability Fun at Caltech xxv Introduction Unpacking Our Differences 1 PART ONE: UNPACKING THE TOOLBOX CHAPTER 1: Diverse Perspectives How We See Things 23 CHAPTER 2: Heuristics Do the Opposite 52 CHAPTER 3: Interpretations Our Own Private Flatland 73 CHAPTER 4: Predictive Models Judging Books by Their Covers 90 CHAPTER 5: Measuring Sticks and Toolboxes Calipers for the Brain 103 PART TWO: DIVERSITY'S BENEFITS: BUILDING FROM TOOLS CHAPTER 6: Diversity and Problem Solving Darwin's Brass Tacks 131 CHAPTER 7: Models of Information Aggregation Mindless Signals 175 CHAPTER 8: Diversity and Prediction The Crowd of Models 197 PART THREE: DIVERSE VALUES: A CONFLICT OF INTERESTS (OR IS IT)? CHAPTER 9: Diverse Preferences Why Tapas 239 CHAPTER 10: Preference Aggregation Four (Not So) Depressing Results 255 CHAPTER 11: Interacting Toolboxes and Preferences Go Ask Alice 285 PART FOUR: THE PUDDING: DOES DIVERSITY GENERATE BENEFITS? CHAPTER 12: The Causes of Cognitive Diversity Family Vacations, College, or Identity? 299 CHAPTER 13: The Empirical Evidence The Pudding 313 PART FIVE: GOING ON THE OFFENSIVE CHAPTER 14: A Fertile Logic Putting Ideas to Work 339 Epilogue: The Ketchup Questions 371 Notes 377 Index 411
Biotin-streptavidin-induced aggregation of gold nanorods: Tuning rod-rod orientation

We report herein biotin-streptavidin-mediated aggregation studies of long gold nanorods. We have previously demonstrated end-to-end linkages of gold nanorods driven by the biotin-streptavidin interaction (Caswell et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13914). In that report, the specific binding of biotin disulfide to the gold nanorod edges was achieved due to the preferred binding of thiol molecules to the Au[111] surface (gold nanorod ends) as opposed to the gold nanorod side faces. This led to the end-end linkage of gold nanorods upon subsequent addition of streptavidin. In this report we demonstrate a simple procedure to biotinylate the entire gold nanorod surface and subsequently form a 3-D assembly by addition of streptavidin. Gold nanorods were synthesized by the three-step seeding protocol documented in our previous articles. The surface of gold nanorods was further modified by a layer of a weak polyelectrolyte, poly(acrylic acid), PAA. A biotin molecule which has an amine group at one end (biotin-PEO-amine) was anchored to the carboxylic acid group of the polyelectrolyte using the well-known carbodiimide chemistry. This process biotinylates the entire gold nanorod surface. Addition of streptavidin further leads to aggregation of gold nanorods. A closer look at the aggregates reveals a preferential side-to-side assembly of gold nanorods. The gold nanorods were characterized at each stage by UV-vis spectroscopy, light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements.
Kairos and kerygma: The rhetoric of Christian proclamation

(1995). Kairos and kerygma: The rhetoric of Christian proclamation. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 25, No. 1-4, pp. 164-178.
An improved method for detection of urea hydrolysis by fungi.

The ability of certain microorganisms to hydrolyze urea enzymatically was first recognized by Louis Pasteur in 1860, who observed the liberation of ammonia from urea by a living microorganism which he named Torula ammoniacale.1 Other investigators subsequently discovered that numerous other species of bacteria and fungi shared the ability of dissimilating urea, and this characteristic assumed considerable tax-
Renal arterial injury associated with percutaneous nephrostomy

A case of pseudoaneurysm and subcapsular hematoma as a complication of a percutaneous nephrostomy with unusual clinical findings is presented. Bleeding following a closed nephrostomy must be kept in mind as a potential hazard. Computerized tomography (CT) examination should be performed in such cases using intravenous radiographic contrast material whenever possible to identify the potential bleeding site rapidly.
Making statistics a full partner in mathematical sciences programs

We have developed an introductory course that exposes mathematical sciences majors to a full range of issues that most practicing statisticians may face including data acquisition, design of experiments, use of theory, and formal writing.This new course developed for mathematics majors not only requires the use of the computer in and out of the classroom for demonstrations and assignments, but also has a two hour computer laboratory once a week.In this paper, we provide a summary of the labs, and share student perspectives on the course. This laboratory-based course can easily be transported to other locations.
Diachronically Unified Consciousness in Augustine and Aquinas

Abstract Medieval accounts of diachronically unified consciousness have been overlooked by contemporary readers, because medieval thinkers have a unique and unexpected way of setting up the problem. This paper examines the approach to diachronically unified consciousness that is found in Augustine’s and Aquinas’s treatments of memory. For Augustine, although the mind is “distended” by time, it remains resilient, stretching across disparate moments to unify past, present, and future in a single personal present. Despite deceptively different phrasing, Aquinas develops a remarkably similar view when, in order to accommodate Aristotle’s view of memory to Augustine’s, he insists that an implicit self-awareness “time-stamps” all intellectual acts. According to their shared approach, diachronic unified consciousness is the result of the curious way in which the mind is both drawn into and transcends the temporal succession of its own acts.
Developing social and emotional aspects of learning: the American experience

Developments in American policy, research and professional development to promote social and emotional learning in schools have drawn on work carried out by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), encouraged by the popular and political catalyst of Daniel Goleman’s work on emotional intelligence. Based on CASEL’s exploration and articulation of the implications of emotional intelligence for schools, this article defines ‘social and emotional learning’ as part of character development and draws on empirical studies of successful implementation to outline principles of effective intervention. In a context where, despite political rhetoric about a flourishing and progressive education system, a seemingly intractable achievement gap affects particular social and ethnic groups, the article evaluates key influences and ongoing barriers to successful realisation of the goals of social and emotional learning in American schools.
Effects of mGST A4 transfection on 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated apoptosis and differentiation of K562 human erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract Cellular levels of downstream products of membrane lipid oxidation appear to regulate differentiation in K562 human erythroleukemia cells. 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a diffusible and relatively stable product of peroxidation of arachidonic and linoleic acids, cellular levels of which are regulated through metabolism to glutathione (GSH) conjugate by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). A group of immunologically related α-class mammalian GSTs expressed in mice (mGST A4-4), rat (rGST A4-4), human (hGST A5.8), and other species, as well as the more distantly related human hGST A4-4, preferentially utilize 4-HNE as a substrate and are suggested to be major determinants of intracellular levels of 4-HNE. Present studies were designed to examine the effects of 4-HNE on K562 cells and to study the effect of transfection of mGSTA4-4 in these cells. Exposure of K562 cells to 20 μM 4-HNE for 2 h resulted in a rapid erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, as well as apoptosis evidenced by characteristic DNA laddering. Stable transfection of cells with mGST A4-4 resulted in a fivefold increase in GST-specific activity toward 4-HNE compared with wild-type or vector-only transfected cells. The mGST A4-4-transfected cells were resistant to the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and differentiating effects of 4-HNE. The mGST A4 transfection also conferred resistance to direct oxidative stress (IC50 of H2O2 22, 23, and 35 μM for wild-type, vector-transfected, and mGST A4-transfected cells, respectively). mGST A4-4-transfected cells also showed a higher rate of proliferation compared with wild-type or vector-transfected K562 cells (doubling time 22.1 ± 0.7, 31 ± 1.2, and 29 ± 0.6 h, respectively). Cellular 4-HNE levels determined by mass spectrometry were lower in mGST A4-4-transfected cells compared to cells transfected with vector alone (5.9 pmol/5 × 107 cells and 62.9 pmol/5 × 107 cells, respectively). Our studies show that 4-HNE can induce erythroid differentiation in K562 cells and that overexpression of mGST A4 suppresses 4-HNE levels and inhibits erythroid differentiation and apoptosis.
Preparation of N-succinimidyl 3-[*I]iodobenzoate: an agent for the indirect radioiodination of proteins.

A procedure for the synthesis of N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate labeled with any iodine isotope ([*I]SIB), which is an agent used in the radioiodination of proteins and peptides, from its tin precursor N-succinimidyl 3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate (STB) is described. Also included are protocols for the synthesis of an unlabeled standard of SIB and the tin precursor. Radioiododestannylation of STB using tert-butylhydroperoxide as the oxidant gives [*I]SIB in 80% radiochemical yields. The total time for the synthesis of [*I]SIB from STB is ∼95 min. Use of [*I]SIB yields radioiodinated proteins that are considerably more stable in vivo than those radioiodinated by the direct electrophilic method.
Rational choice models in sociology

Sociologists' interest in rational choice theory stems from the effort to link macro- and microlevel data. Implicit forms of rational choice theory underlie most analyses of the social and economic problems spawned by sweeping change in the ways men and women make a living, yet the discipline lacks a general microlevel theory, a bridge between levels and a macrolevel theory. Rational choice theories need to be supplemented by assumptions about the rewards and constraints that people face
Can we pay for what we get in 3G data access

Data-plan subscribers are charged based on the used traffic volume in 3G/4G cellular networks. This usage-based charging system has been operational and received general success. In this work, we conduct experiments to critically assess both this usage-based accounting architecture and application-specific charging policies by operators. Our evaluation compares the network-recorded volume with the delivered traffic at the end device. We have found that, both generally work in common scenarios but may go wrong in the extreme cases: We are charged for what we never get, and we can get what we want for free. In one extreme case, we are charged for at least three hours and 450MB or more data despite receiving no single bit. In another extreme case, we are able to transfer 200MB or any amount we specify for free. The root causes lie in lack of both coordination between the charging system and the end device, and prudent policy enforcement by certain operators. We propose immediate fixes and discuss possible future directions.