cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good continuation affects discrimination of visual pattern information in young infants

A familiarization—novelty preference procedure was used to determine whether 3- to 4-month-old and 6- to 7-month-old infants utilize the Gestalt principle of good continuation to organize visual patterns. The study involved presentation of a target item (i.e., a square or diamond) either in-line or off-line with a set of distractor items (i.e., circles). Infants in both age groups responded to a change in the target element in the off-line, but not in the in-line, condition. The results suggest that infants organize visual pattern information in accord with the principle of good continuation. Implications of this finding for models of the ontogenesis and microgenesis of object perception in infants and adults are discussed.
Growth of niobium-niobium carbide (Nb2C) eutectic and hypereutectic composites by zone melting

Growth from the melt of niobium-niobium carbide (Nb-Nb2C) composites at the eutectic and off the eutectic composition by electron beam floating zone melting and freezing was studied. Composite growth has been successfully achieved for the eutectic composition and for compositions up to four atomic percent above the eutectic. The volume fraction of the carbide phase was increased from 26 to 33 pct by growing off the eutectic composition. The alignment and morphology of the carbide phase are influenced primarily by growth rate and composition. The carbide morphology may be either rod-like or plate-like. For a given composition, rod morphology is favored at higher growth rates. For constant growth rate, the plate-like morphology is promoted by increasing carbon content. The transition from plate to rod morphology is gradual. Lamellar and inter-rod spacings vary from 1 to 6 microns for growth rates varying from 5 to 90 microns per second. Variation of lamellar spacing with freezing rate,R, produces a straight line (on a log-log plot) in agreement with a relationship of the form {fx2309-1} = constant, withn = 0.8. For alloys four at. pct above the eutectic, primary Nb2C dendrites nucleate and grow ahead of the still well aligned two phase solid plus liquid interface.
Towards virtualized welding: Visualization and monitoring of remote welding

We present a new hybrid reality system that supports the monitoring and visualizing of a welding system. Our system first uses 3D scanning techniques to create a digital model of objects to be welded. Based on the model, a mock-up is constructed from a set of templates or 3D printed. The welding process is captured by cameras and visualized on the 3D mock-up using projectors. The welder can therefore monitor the welding process as if the welding is on the mock-up with proper spatial and 3D cues. An initial user performance evaluation of the system demonstrated several cognitive and performance benefits of the current implementation and suggests avenues for future research.
The phylogenetic relationships of immunoglobulin allotypes and 7S immunoglobulin isotypes of chickens and other phasianoids (turkey, pheasant, quail)

Pheasants, quail and turkeys from different geographical locations were surveyed for the presence of eight 7S Ig and four IgM chicken allotypes. No IgM and only two 7S Ig allotypes were detected. Chicken 7S Ig allotypic specificity G-1.7 cross-reacted with pheasant and turkey isotypic specificities, and was absent in quail. The other determinant (G-1.9) cross-reacted with an allotype found only in turkeys and golden pheasants. These data suggest that G-1.7 and G-1.9 are probably phylogenetically ancient determinants and that polymorphism of chicken immunoglobulins arose after divergence of chickens from other phasianoid birds. Based on the allotypic and isotypic analysis of the 7S Ig antigenic determinants, turkey 7S Ig was as closely related to chicken 7S Ig as was pheasant 7S Ig. Jungle fowl, the ancestor of chickens, had most of the chicken 7S Ig and IgM allotypes present as polymorphic markers.
Cytomegalovirus infections following renal transplantation.

This collective review of the literature concerns posttransplantation cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. In the author's view, patients without previous CMV infection are most often infected by viruses transmitted with the transplanted kidney, whereas patients with prior infections can be infected either from this source or by reactivation of latent CMV. Many posttransplantation CMV infections are asymptomatic or yield only mild systemic effects. A few patients suffer life-threatening disease. However, CMV infections might adversely affect survival of both graft and patient by contributing to graft rejection, weakening the graft recipient's immunity, or by other, more indirect, means. Currently, there is no effective, specific treatment of these infections. It is predicted that CMV infections will cease to be a problem only when the means are found to specifically block transplantation immunity, thereby eliminating the need for systemic immunosuppression and eliminating low-level host-vs.-graft responses.
Age-related changes in prefrontal white matter volume across adolescence

Past research has suggested that white matter volume increases from childhood to adulthood; however, during adolescence, there is somewhat limited data to support this finding. In the present study, 65 typically developing adolescents underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Using magnetic resonance imaging, prefrontal white matter volumes were examined in relation to adolescent age and sex. Surprisingly, results suggested that prefrontal white matter volume decreased during late adolescence, particularly among the female sex. These findings are inconsistent with past research and suggest that perhaps some developmental processes in late adolescence are not yet fully explained. Possible methodological contributions and implications for the current findings are discussed.
NUCLEON COMPTON SCATTERING. I. DISPERSION RELATIONS

Abstract Nucleon Compton scattering is analyzed assuming the validity of the Mandelstam representation. The six covariant amplitudes which determine the scattering amplitude for this process are chosen in such a way that no kine-matical singularities are introduced. From the analytic properties of the covariant amplitudes implied by the Mandelstam representation, subtracted dispersion relations are written for quantities which are simply related to the elements of the total angular momentum submatrices of the scattering matrix; the subtraction constants are determined from an application of the low-energy Compton scattering theorem. The one-particle intermediate state contributions to the absorptive parts are considered exactly. The two-particle intermediate state contributions to the absorptive parts in Channels I and II are approximated by using the matrix elements of the Chew, Goldberger, Low, and Nambu single pion photoproduction analysis. For the two-particle intermediate state contribution to the absorptive part in Channel III a pole-term approximation is used after the I = 0 amplitude alone is shown to contribute. No higher mass intermediate states in any channels are considered. The numerical evaluation and comparison with experimental data of the derived dispersion relations is considered in a following paper.
Development of Competence for Genetic Transformation of Streptococcus mutans in a Chemically Defined Medium

Streptococcus mutans develops competence for genetic transformation in response to regulatory circuits that sense at least two peptide pheromones. One peptide, known as CSP, is sensed by a two-component signal transduction system through a membrane receptor, ComD. The other, derived from the primary translation product ComS, is thought to be sensed by an intracellular receptor, ComR, after uptake by oligopeptide permease. To allow study of this process in a medium that does not itself contain peptides, development of competence was examined in the chemically defined medium (CDM) described by van de Rijn and Kessler (Infect. Immun. 27:444, 1980). We confirmed a previous report that in this medium comS mutants of strain UA159 respond to a synthetic peptide comprising the seven C-terminal residues of ComS (ComS11-17) by increasing expression of the alternative sigma factor SigX, which in turn allows expression of competence effector genes. This response provided the basis for a bioassay for the ComS pheromone in the 100 to 1,000 nM range. It was further observed that comS+ (but not comS mutant) cultures developed a high level of competence in the late log and transition phases of growth in this CDM without the introduction of any synthetic stimulatory peptide. This endogenous competence development was accompanied by extracellular release of one or more signals that complemented a comS mutation at levels equivalent to 1 μM synthetic ComS11-17.
Multiscale cell-based coarsening for discontinuous problems

Whether tracking the eye of a storm, the leading edge of a wildfire, or the front of a chemical reaction, one finds that significant change occurs at the thin edge of an advancing line. The tracking of such change-fronts comes in myriad forms with a wide variety of applications expressible as PDEs. Expanding on Ami Harten's ideas, we construct an alternative to wavelet-based grid refinement, a multiresolution coarsening method that is capable of capturing sharp gradients across different scales, thus improving PDE-based simulations by concentrating computational resources where the solution varies sharply. We present this alternative grid coarsening method and compare its performance to other multiresolution methods by means of several examples.
Does HIV/AIDS Have a Biological Impact on the Risk of Human Papillomavirus–Related Cancers?

HIV-related immunosuppression is a well-accepted, strong biological risk factor for two virus-associated cancers: Kaposi’s sarcoma, which is associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma – associated herpesvirus, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is associated with Epstein – Barr virus. In fact, recognition of an extraordinarily high rate of Kaposi’s sarcoma among men who have sex with men in New York and California during the early 1980s was one of the first indications of the existence of a human immunodeficiency virus ( 1 – 3 ). Soon thereafter, high rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men who have sex with men were also recognized ( 4 , 5 ), and both Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma became designated as AIDS-defining malignancies in HIV-positive patients ( 6 – 8 ). It was not until the 1990s though that formal linkages between population-based AIDS registries and cancer registries were initiated ( 9 , 10 ). The AIDS – cancer match registry study in the United States ( 11 , 12 ), and similar studies in other countries ( 13 – 15 ), found that the risks for both Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were increased by at least 100-fold in persons who developed AIDS compared with the general population ( 11 , 12 ). Furthermore, there were indications of a biological gradient—one of several criteria used to assess a possible causal relationship. Specifically, the risks for both Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma increased, and with lower CD4 T-cell count at time of AIDS onset ( 16 ) with increasing time after AIDS diagnosis (which is thought to be a surrogate indicator
Determining Value Co-creation Opportunity in B2B Services

In Business to Business (B2B) IT outsourcing contracts service providers have to demonstrate value continuously to retain client loyalty. However, sustained value can only be co-created by both service providers and clients though a collaborative process. This process of jointly creating value is termed value co-creation. In this paper we present a new technique that we have devised to identify the opportunities for value co-creation based on priorities for value drivers in an IT enabled B2B services contract. We illustrate this technique by applying it to the IT Helpdesk service.
Interventional Nephrology: What the Nephrologist Needs to Know about Vascular Access

The nascent field of interventional nephrology has its origins from the mid-1980s when a nephrologist named Gerald Beathard was frustrated by the challenges facing timely and effective care of vascular access in his ESRD patients. He took it upon himself to train and then perform angiograms and
Novel experimental model for repeated forebrain ischemia-reperfusion

Background and Purpose: The lack of reliable rodent model for repeated ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) hampers experimental research on stroke. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop a mouse model for repeated I-R cycles in a single animal on different days. Methods and Results: The right common carotid artery (CCA) was ligated and both vertebral arteries were coagulated. A customized vascular occluder, with its actuating tubing glued to a microport, was cuffed around the isolated left CCA and secured. Inflating of the occluder diaphragm via the microport restricted the blood flow via the left CCA and reduced the cerebral blood flow (CBF) by 75% in both hemispheres, while deflating allowed for the CBF restoration. Two minutes of forebrain ischemia followed by a 24 h reperfusion period was tolerated by animals for 5 cycles. Importantly, repeated 2 min I-R cycles attenuated the infarct volume induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Conclusions: The described model is a reliable method to induce transient I-R events in the forebrain. The model mimics transient ischemic attacks and allows for controlling the ischemic durations, intervals, and numbers of I-R cycles.
Developing the requirements discipline: software vs. systems

The software engineering and systems engineering communities are establishing methods for capturing, specifying, and managing requirements. The cultural differences exist between the two. Requirements work is too important to be pioneered by a mainstream software-centric or -ignorant viewpoint. Each community must continue to learn from the other for our understanding of the requirements engineering discipline to continue to grow.
The Titanium Dioxide Sensitised Photo-Oxidation of Sulphides

Abstract Titanium dioxide has been shown to photosensitise the oxidation of sulphides to give sulphoxides and sulphones. Evidence is presented against the involvement of singlet oxygen and in favour of the sulphide radical cations as being intermediates.
Treatment of refractory hip pain with sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan © ) in a patient with the Marshall-Smith Syndrome: A case report

The Marshall Smith Syndrome (MSS) is a rare congenital disorder, displaying a constellation of unique symptoms, including orofacial dysmorphisms, accelerated osseous maturation and dysplasias, mental retardation, and respiratory maladies. Few individuals with MSS survive past early childhood. In this case report, we describe a unique treatment for a 30 year-old patient with MSS who presented to our pain medicine clinic for management of pain secondary to uncontrolled bilateral hip dysplasias.
Brainstorming, Brainstorming Rules and Decision Making

This study investigated the effect of brainstorming experience on the ability of groups to subsequently select the best ideas for implementation. Participants generated ideas either alone or in interactive groups and with either the regular brainstorming rules or with additional rules designed to further increase the number of ideas generated. All participants subsequently were asked to select their top five ideas in a group evaluation phase. Groups of individuals generating ideas in isolation (nominal groups) generated more ideas and more original ideas and were more likely to select original ideas during the group decision phase than interactive group brainstormers. Additional rules increased idea generation but not idea originality or idea selection.
Economic and Policy Implications of the 160-Acre Limitation in Federal Reclamation Law

Proposals for strict enforcement and, conversely, for relaxation or elimination of acreage limitations in federal irrigation projects have arisen in response to recent court decisions regarding two large California irrigation districts. These proposals are examined against criteria including distributive justice, allocative efficiency, and administrative workability. Empirical evidence is offered which shows that proposed regulations would permit overly generous family incomes in the two areas and brings into question the existence of significant economies associated with larger size farms. An alternative policy instrument, based on control of the water supply, rather than of the land, is proposed so as to reconcile more effectively conflicting policy objectives.
The interactions of midazolam and flumazenil on human memory and cognition.

BackgroundPrevious research has been unable to show unequivocally whether flumazenil can reverse completely, partially, or not at all the memory effects of benzodiazepines. The effects of midazolam on implicit memory are also unknown. The behavioral effects of flumazenil by itself, and the acute rev
The Psychological Experience of Pregnancy

The goal of this investigation was to evaluate objectively the psychological experience of pregnancy. Previous research, using symptoms checklists, interview information, and projective testing strategies has suggested that pregnancy presents a woman with emotional and psychological changes. The goal of this study was to substantiate objectively the assertion that pregnant women have different psychological experiences and emotional needs than nonpregnant women. To assess these needs a group of nineteen women experiencing their first pregnancy was compared to a nonpregnant control group on a variety of objective personality measures. The investigation results indicated that the pregnant women differed from the nonpregnant women on some fundamental dimensions of personality. These differences included a stronger introverted, inward personality orientation, and a lower level of self-acceptance and independence. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Semilinearity Is a Syntactic Invariant: A Reply to Michaelis and Kracht 1997

On the basis of data from Old Georgian (Boeder 1995), Michaelis and Kracht (1997) argue against treating semilinearity as a syntactic invariant. They claim that Suffixaufnahme in Old Georgian noun phrases is responsible for making Old Georgian a non-semilinear-growth language. We show that Michaelis and Kracht (a) draw an incorrect inference from the data presented in Boeder 1995, and (b) do not take into account certain processes of morphological reduction (haplology). Once these two factors are taken into account, the claim that Old Georgian is a non-semilinear-growth language becomes untenable
METASTATIC TESTIS TUMOR PRESENTING AS GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE

A 28-year-old man presented to the emergency room complaining of severe fatigue and several syncopal episodes. The patient noticed dark stools before hospital admission. He denied any other abdominal symptoms. Routine chemistry evaluation revealed hematocrit 9.9% (normal 42% to 52%). Physical examination was significant for a palpable right testicular mass and stool was heme positive. Endoscopy demonstrated bleeding from the third portion of the duodenum, which was subsequently treated with angioembolization (fig. 1). Further gastrointestinal evaluation revealed a low density mass in the retroperitoneum between the aorta and inferior vena cava displacing the duodenum anteriorly (fig. 2, A). Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen confirmed a solid appearing retroperitoneal mass. b-Human chorionic gonadotropin was 156,894 mIU/ml. (normal less than 5.0) and a-fetoprotein was 155 ng./ml. (normal less than 7.5). Computerized tomography guided biopsy of the mass identified elements of choriocarcinoma. Testicular ultrasound showed a solid mass in the right lower pole testis consistent with testicular neoplasm. Chest x-ray was normal. One month before right orchiectomy the patient was treated with chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin. Orchiectomy specimen revealed immature teratoma.
Missed Bronchodilator Medication Treatments in Respiratory Therapy: Frequency and Underlying Causes

BACKGROUND: In the context of increasing attention to medical errors, missed therapies have become a subject of focus both for optimizing clinical care and for assuring appropriate institutional performance during external review by accrediting bodies. Because the issue of missed treatments in respiratory therapy has received little attention to date, we undertook to describe the frequency and causes of missed respiratory therapy bronchodilator medication treatments at the Cleveland Clinic Hospital. METHODS: Between August 2000 and August 2001, using a respiratory therapy management information system, we recorded the number of respiratory therapy bronchodilator medication treatments ordered and delivered (via small-volume nebulizer and metereddose inhaler) and the reason(s) for each missed treatment. RESULTS: Over the 12-month study interval 113,554 bronchodilator medication treatments (74,921 via small-volume nebulizer and 38,633 via metered-dose inhaler) were ordered. Overall, 4,012 medication treatments were missed (3.5% of the total), with variation by month ranging from 2.0% to 5.0%. The commonest reason for failure to administer the ordered bronchodilator treatment was the patient being out of the room at the time of the therapist9s visit, which accounted for nearly one third of missed therapies. Next most common was the patient refusing treatment (24.6%), followed by the patient being unavailable because of ongoing activities or therapy (eg, physical therapy or a medical procedure). The least common reason was the respiratory therapist being called away to administer therapy to another patient (1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the frequency of missed bronchodilator treatments was relatively low in this series. The next steps include developing strategies to lower the frequency of missed treatments, so as to optimize the allocation of respiratory therapy services, and studying the clinical consequences of missed therapies.
Computers In Mental Health: Where Are Me Now?

Previous research and development trends in the application of computers to mental health care are briefly reviewed. The problem of clinician acceptance is noted. Predictions about future developments are stated. Present development is discussed in light of these predictions.
Evaluating the Usefulness and Timing of the Temporal Artery Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis

Methods: This retrospective study examined all temporal artery biopsies done in our institution in the past five years. Variables including demographic information, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and biopsy data including the length and side of the biopsy were recorded. Clinical variables such as the presenting symptoms, timing of symptoms, and treatment with corticosteroids were collected.
Reconfigurable Phase Shifting Transformer for Analog Computation

This paper focuses on the development of a phase shifting transformer model designed for a previously proposed method of analog power flow computation. Prior research in this field has modeled generators, loads and transmission lines. Accurate analog models of power system components are required in order to realize an analog computation engine for power systems. Analog computation is an area of continued interest and has certain advantages over traditional digital computation. Among the advantages are physically realizable solutions and significantly faster computation times. The transformer model proposed here provides a more accurate depiction of the network and captures the behavior of phase shifting transformers. The transformer is modeled in analog form. The model is constructed and verified via software simulation.
Comparing Cosponsorship and Roll-Call Ideal Points

We use bill cosponsorship and roll-call vote data to compare legislators’ revealed preferences in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. We estimate ideal points from bill cosponsorship data using principal-component analysis on an agreement matrix that included information on all bills introduced in the U.S. House (1973–2000) and Argentine Chamber (1983–2002). The ideal-point estimates of legislators’ revealed preferences based on cosponsorship data strongly correlate with similar estimates derived from roll-call vote data. Also, cosponsorship activity in the U.S. House has lower dimensionality than cosponsorship has in the Argentine Chamber. We explain this lower discrimination as a function of individual- and district-level factors in both countries. The comparative analysis of legislative voting behavior has enjoyed a resurgence of interest in the last decade (Carey 2006; Morgenstern 2004; Sieberer 2006). New statistical techniques and the greater availability of data now allow researchers to map legislative coalitions, explore party discipline, and explain political realignments in multiparty systems (see, for examples, Aleman and Saiegh 2007; Amorim Neto, Cox, and McCubbins 2003; Clinton, Jackman, and Rivers 2004; Desposato 2005; Haspel, Remington, and Smith 1998; Hix, Noury, and Roland 2006; Hug and Schulz 2007; Jones and Hwang 2005a; Londregan 2000; Morgenstern 2004; Poole 2005; and Rosenthal and Voeten 2004). Efforts to understand voting behavior in legislatures across Europe and Latin America not only expand our knowledge about lawmaking and legislative parties, but also promise to shed new light on the forces that shape legislators’ preferences within different institutional contexts.
A Two-Dimensional Two-Phase Model of a PEM Fuel Cell

A two-dimensional, two-phase, steady-state, isothermal model was developed for a fuel cell region consisting of the catalyst and gas diffusion layers bonded to a proton exchange membrane (PEM). This model extends the previously published one-dimensional model of the gas diffusion and catalyst layers to two dimensions in order to account for the effects of the shoulder of the gas distributor and the electronic conductivity of the solid phase. The new model was validated with experimental results and then used to investigate the effect of the relative dimensions of the shoulders and channels on the cell performance. The effects of the in-plane liquid water permeability and electronic conductivity of the gas diffusion layer on cell performance were also examined. It was found that more channels, smaller shoulder widths on the gas distributor, and higher in-plane water permeability of the gas diffusion layer can enhance the transport of liquid water and oxygen, leading to better cell performance. The in-plane electronic conductivity of the gas diffusion layer was found to have minimal effect on the cell performance. However, a highly nonuniform distribution of electronic current was formed within the gas diffusion and catalyst layers when the in-plane electronic conductivity was low.
Using interleaved execution to resolve cyclic dependencies in time-based block diagrams

Time-based block diagrams are a convenient formalism for describing dynamic systems such as those found in control system design. The block-diagram model of the control system is used to capture implementation effects such as sample rates and fixed-point data types. One implementation decision concerns the desired software partitioning used in performing simulation and program synthesis. This paper shows how software partitioning may yield undesirable side-effects involving 'false' algebraic loops, which affects model execution and program synthesis. It presents an approach to resolve these pathological cases for a class of block diagram models.
Temperature dependent conductance of one dimensioanal systems

Abstract The eigenstates tunneling theory leads to some unexpected results for the temperature dependence of the conductance G(T). While G(T) sometimes obeys the usual Mott variable range hopping law, it may sometimes be metallic or even non-monotonic. Thus G(T) for a set of quasi-one-dimensional samples connected in parallel should be T independent. The energy dependence of the localization length and of the density of states have unusual effects on G(T) at higher T.
A Spatial Nash Equilibrium Model

The author is a World Bank staff member. The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein which are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affilliated organizaitons. The findings, interpresentations, and conclusions are the results of research supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank. The designations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps used in this document are solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any option whatsoever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries, or national affiliation.
Catalysis by framework zinc in silica-based molecular sieves.

Microporous and mesoporous zincosilicates (e.g., CIT-6, VPI-8, Zn-MFI, and Zn-MCM-41) synthesized in the presence of alkali cations contain two broad types of Zn sites: one that is a dication analog of the monocation ion-exchangeable Al-site in aluminosilicates, while the other resembles isolated Zn sites on amorphous silica. The ratio of these sites varies, depending on the synthesis conditions of the zincosilicate. Post-synthetic strategies based on ion-exchange can alter the site distribution towards either population. Furthermore, post-synthetic introduction of isolated Zn sites of the latter type is possible for materials possessing silanol nests. Both types of sites behave as Lewis acid centers in probe-molecule IR spectroscopy, but have very different catalytic properties. Due to the unusually high adsorption energies of Lewis bases on such materials, Lewis acid catalysis is difficult at low temperatures and in solvents bearing Lewis basic functionality. However, at high temperatures, in hydrocarbon solvents, CIT-6 (Zn-beta) is able to selectively catalyze the Lewis-acid-catalyzed Diels–Alder cycloaddition–dehydration reactions of ethylene with methyl 5-(methoxymethyl)furan-2-carboxylate, a furan that can be derived quantitatively by partial oxidation of biomass-based 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Additionally, zinc in silica-based molecular sieves is shown here to enable chemistries previously not accessible with framework Sn-, Ti- and Zr-based Lewis acid sites, e.g., the direct production of dimethyl terephthalate by Diels–Alder cycloaddition–dehydration reactions of ethylene and the dimethyl ester of furan-2,5-dicarboxilic acid.
Employment Law & Ethics: 7 Things You Need to Know About: Sutton v. United Airlines (Presentation Slides)

These slides cover the important Sutton v. United Airlines case. The issue is whether severe myopia is a disability under the ADA if it can be corrected with lenses or glasses. The other issue is whether the company, United, regarded these woman as having a disability that substantially limited them in the major life activity of working. The Court, in a 7-2 opinion, answered no to both questions and affirmed the ruling for United.
Interleukin-25 Mediated Induction of Angiogenin-4 Is Interleukin-13 Dependent

The intestinal surface is directly exposed to both commensal microorganisms as well as pathogens with a single layer of epithelium separating luminal microorganisms from internal tissues. Antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role in allowing epithelial cells to contain in the lumen beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. The commensal dependent, epithelial produced, Th2 cytokine IL-25 can induce IL-13 and potentially the antimicrobial peptide angiogenin-4. Here we show that IL-13 downstream of IL-25 is required to induce angiogenin-4. IL-25 mediated induction of angiogenin-4 is furthermore not dependent on IL-22 or IL-17.
Development-Violence Pathways

To do a more comprehensive job of identifying the pathways connecting economic development to inter-group relations, it is helpful to view them according to the functions of the policy process and their immediate and long-term impact on groups’ economic roles, their resources and relative power, and their perceptions of threats and opportunities.
Linear Mixed Integer Programming Algorithm for Unit Commitment Based on Dynamic Search

To deal with the large scale unit commitment problems,a new linear mixed integer programming algorithm based on dynamic search technology is proposed.Based on the framework of branch linear mixed integer programming,a new concept,dynamic search,is introduced in this approach.To cut the branches,the constraints concerning time and power are considered separately.For different systems,time of calculations as well as precision of result can be adjusted with appropriate parameters.The result of the test system shows that the presented algorithm is fast,accurate and especially suitable for the unit commitment of large scale power systems.
Getting More out of Your Interview Data: Toward a Framework for Debriefing the Transcriber of Interviews.

In most qualitative research studies involving the creation of interview transcriptions, researchers seldom demonstrate much reflexivity about the transcription process, rarely making mention of transcription processes as part of their reporting of data collection and analysis procedures beyond a simple statement that audio- or videotaped data were transcribed. Disturbingly, although transcription is a part of the qualitative analysis process, transcription as a research method has received scant attention in the qualitative research literature. Thus, the purpose of this article was to provide a framework for debriefing the transcriber. As part of this framework, we have designed questions for the researcher to ask the transcriber to address representation and legitimation and also to facilitate movement into a deeper investigation. Finally, we present three examples of works from the extant literature wherein the transcriber was debriefed.
The influence of native-language tones on lexical access in the second language.

When listening to speech in a second language, bilinguals' perception of acoustic-phonetic properties is often influenced by the features that are important in the native language of the bilingual. Furthermore, changes in the perception of segmental contrasts due to L1 experience can influence L2 lexical access during comprehension. The present study investigates whether the effect of L1 experience on L2 processing seen at the segmental level extends to suprasegmental processing. In an eye-tracking task, Mandarin–English bilinguals heard an auditorily presented English word and selected which of two visually presented Chinese characters represented the correct Mandarin translation. The pitch contour of the spoken word was manipulated to either match or mismatch the lexical tone of the Mandarin translation. Results revealed that bilinguals were significantly faster to correctly identify the target and made earlier eye movements to targets when the suprasegmental information of the word spoken in English matched that of its Mandarin translation. The findings provide compelling evidence for bilinguals' sensitivity to suprasegmental tone information, even when listening to a non-tonal language. These results have important implications for the effect of L1 experience on L2 lexical access and language interaction in bilinguals, and are consistent with a highly interactive account of language processing.
Land Reform: A Key to Change in Agriculture

Recognition of institutional reform as an important variable for economic development has been relatively slow in coming. As with population problems, it has taken many years of debate and publicity to bring this ‘externality’ into proper focus for economists. A significant shift of informed opinion was brought to attention through the conference on land reform held in Washington, D.C., in early June 1970 as a ‘Spring Review’ by the U.S. Agency for International Development.1 An official summarisation of the Review’s results acknowledges that ‘In the past the United States has been notably reluctant to become involved in any aspect of land reform and its attitude has sometimes actually prevented progress’, but now the speaker envisaged United States policy as ‘moving from apathetic neglect to benign interest and a willingness to share in the effort’.2
Emerging Technologies and Potential Paradigmatic Shifts in the Community of Inquiry Framework

Despite extensive Community of Inquiry (CoI) research, dependence on the technological foundations of online learning via the Learning Management System (LMS) remains underresearched. As a blank canvas for course creation, the LMS is a collection of tools and communication devices through which content and activities are developed. Instructional designers follow a linear design pathway where there is little potential for deviation; however, the ease of course development typically outweighs some LMS limitations. Although online learning and the CoI have evolved, advancements in learning technologies offer LMS alternatives. This chapter examines emerging platform and analytic technologies, emphasizing their potential impact on the three CoI presences. Attention is given to technologies that may have positive or negative impacts on collaborative, constructivist interdisciplinary learning models.
From the Sylvia Plath Effect to Social Justice: Moving Forward With Creativity.

The author contrasts an early research passion, creativity and mental illness, with his current interest in creativity and social justice. Kaufman’s initial research revolved around the Sylvia Plath Effect, yet was insensitive to broader implications or concerns. As his thinking about creativity has evolved, he is currently more focused on a more positive use for creativity – namely, how creativity can help issues of fairness and equity.
The Neutralized Money Stock: A Reconstruction

It was established in Chapter 1 that constructed monetary indicators predicated upon a conception of exogeneity that properly reflects the countercylical impact of policy actions have enormous intuitive appeal as optimal gauges. Moreover, the preceding analysis demonstrated that despite inherent lags in their availability, these measures are relevant and viable alternatives under a theoretical apparatus that reasonably approximates the actual behavioral patterns of Federal Reserve officials. Given these observations, the explicit consideration of these variables becomes imperative. Hence, it would seem necessary at first glance to develop consistent series for (1) the neutralized money stock, (2) the monetary full employment interest rate, and (3) the noncyclical indicators Ml* and M2*. Fortunately, this task can be simplified to some degree by the elimination of the interest rate measure. While there is certainly no inherent reason that a market variable cannot be properly purged of the influence of endogenous economic conditions, Hendershott (1971) convincingly and effectively supports the superiority of the neutralized money stock over this alternative policy gauge. The roster of “unbiased” indicators can thus be confined to Ml*, M2*, and the NMS.
The 3' mRNA I-shaped structure of maize necrotic streak virus binds to eukaryotic translation factors for eIF4F-mediated translation initiation.

Unlike the mRNAs of their eukaryotic hosts, many RNAs of viruses lack a 5' m7GpppN cap and the 3' polyadenosine tail, and yet they are translated efficiently. Plant RNA viruses, in particular, have complex structures within their mRNA UTRs that allow them to bypass some cellular translation control steps. In the 3' UTR of maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV), an I-shaped RNA structure (ISS) has been shown to bind eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4F and to mediate viral translation initiation. A 5'-3' RNA "kissing-loop" interaction is required for optimal translation. However, the details of how the 3' ISS mediates translation initiation are not well understood. Here, we studied the binding of the 3' ISS with eIFs. The eIF4A-eIF4B complex was found to increase binding affinity of eIF4F with the 3' ISS by 4-fold (from KD = 173 ± 34 nm to KD = 48 ± 11 nm). Pre-steady-state analysis indicated that the eIF4A-eIF4B complex increased the RNA association rate and decreased the dissociation rate in an ATP-independent manner. Furthermore, our findings suggest that eIF4F could promote binding of the 3' ISS with the MNeSV 5'UTR, enhancing the long-distance kissing-loop interaction. However, the association of the 5'UTR with the 3' ISS-eIF4F complex did not increase 40S ribosomal subunit binding affinity. These quantitative results suggest a stepwise model in which the first committed step is eIF4F binding to the 3' ISS, followed by an interaction with the 5'UTR and subsequent 40S ribosomal subunit binding.
The Rationalization of Industrial Decision Processes

William T. Morris: The Rationalization of Industrial Decision Processes (Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 163). Columbus, USA: Ohio State University, 1957. Pp. iv + 117. $2.
Chromosome Microdissection Using Conventional Methods

Publisher Summary The efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis depends on the probes chosen, which in turn depend on the G-banding result. The recently developed multicolor or spectral karyotyping highly facilitates the identification of complex interchromosomal structural abnormalities. A combination of interchromosomal spectral karyotyping with intrachromosomal spectral banding analysis would be ideal for chromosome analysis in neoplasia. The skills, procedures, and setup involved in micro-FISH are too complicated to be established in the routine clinical cytogenetic laboratory. This is the major limitation to the application of reverse FISH by chromosome microdissection. One needs to make microneedles with the micropipette puller according to the manufacturer's manual and UV treatment overnight to rule out background DNA contamination. Once the specificity of the probe is confirmed, the probe can be hybridized back to normal metaphase spreads to identify the origin of the dissected chromosome segment. One needs to apply FISH analysis with the probe specific for the dissected chromosome/segment to normal metaphase spreads after GTG-banding analysis using the procedure described in the previous section.
Coupling Apoptosis and Cell Division Control in Cancer

The interface between cell proliferation and cell death is thought to function as a pivotal crossroad essential to the preservation of normal homeostasis and to eliminate dangerous cells before they divide. Survivin is a prototype molecule at this crossroad, intercalated in protection against mitochondrial cell death and orchestrating various aspects of cell division. Dramatically exploited in cancer and an unfavorable gene signature for disease outcome, the survivin pathway provides tangible opportunities for targeted, rational cancer therapy.
Re-examining prominent measures of divergent and convergent creativity

Much of creativity research has focused on the constructs of divergent and convergent thinking. In this review, we address key gaps in extant empirical understanding of these constructs and offer suggestions for future research to parse their respective contributions to creative cognition. Furthermore, we consider the construct validity of the psychometric tasks most commonly used to measure these types of thinking: The Alternative Uses Task and the Remote Associates Test. We underscore that, although these tasks frequently are used to assay these constructs separately, they actually involve mixtures of the two constructs together. We conclude that additional measurement development and factor analytic research is necessary to delineate the separability and interdependence of divergent and convergent thinking as components of creativity.
Maritime Strategy and Sea Control: Theory and Practice

This book focuses on the theory and practice of maritime strategy and operations by the weaker powers at sea. Illustrated by examples from naval and military history, the book explains and analyzes the strategies of the weaker side at sea in both peacetime and wartime; in defense versus offense; the main prerequisites for disputing control of the sea; and the conceptual framework of disputing control of the sea. It also explains and analyzes in some detail the main methods of disputing sea control – avoiding/seeking decisive encounters, weakening enemy naval forces over time, counter-containment of enemy naval forces, destroying the enemy’s military-economic potential at sea, attacks on the enemy coast, defense of the coast, defense/capturing important positions/basing areas, and defense/capturing of a choke point. A majority of the world’s navies are currently of small or medium-size. In the case of a war with a much stronger opponent, they would be strategically on the defensive, and their main objective then would be to dispute control of the sea by a stronger side at sea. This book provides a practical guide to such a strategy. This book would be of much interest to students of naval power, maritime security, strategic studies and military/naval history.
Acid-Base Disorders

Diagnosis of acid-base disturbances can be challenging and requires careful clinical evaluation. The initial approach to acid-base disorders requires arterial blood gas analysis. Evaluation of pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate level assists the clinician in determining an acidotic versus alkalotic state and whether respiratory or metabolic etiologies are driving this process. Note that respiratory compensation for primary metabolic disorders occurs rapidly. Conversely, metabolic compensation for primary respiratory disturbances may require 3–5 days for renal adjustment. Metabolic acidosis is a commonly encountered acid-base disturbance in the surgical patient, with reduced end-organ perfusion and ischemia serving as a primary cause. Metabolic acidosis requires determination of anion gap and a differential diagnosis to guide treatment. Lactate levels should also be obtained in these patients. Treatment of acid-base disturbances focuses on correcting the underlying pathophysiology. Special consideration should be given to providing adequate fluid resuscitation and oxygen delivery. Appropriate treatment may include vasopressor support, blood transfusion, renal replacement therapy, ventilator adjustment, and antibiotics when necessary.
Potential for Beneficial Reuse of Oil and Gas–Derived Produced Water in Agriculture: Physiological and Morphological Responses in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Produced water (PW) from oil and gas operations is considered a potential resource for food crop irrigation because of increasing water scarcity in dryland agriculture. However, efforts to employ PW for agriculture have been met with limited success. A greenhouse study was performed to evaluate the effects of PW on physiological and morphological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plants were irrigated with water treatments containing 10 and 50% PW (PW10 and PW50, respectively) and compared to a matching 50% salinity (NaCl50) and 100% tap water controls. Compared to controls, plants watered with PW10 and PW50 exhibited developmental arrest and reductions in aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive growth. Decreases in grain yield ranged from 70 to 100% in plants irrigated with PW compared to the tap water control. Importantly, the PW10 and NaCl50 treatments were comparable for morphophysiological effects, even though NaCl50 contained 5 times the total dissolved solids, suggesting that constituents other than NaCl in PW contributed to plant stress. These findings indicate that despite discharge and reuse requirements focused on total dissolved solids, salinity stress may not be the primary factor affecting crop health. The results of the present study are informative for developing guidelines for the use of PW in agriculture to ensure minimal effects on crop morphology and physiology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1756-1769. © 2019 SETAC.