cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Roles of the Stroma

The renal stroma is a broad term describing all non-epithelial or endothelial cells in the kidney. Stromal cells arise from a mesenchymal progenitor population distinct from the nephron progenitor cells and differentiate into a variety of cell types including pericytes and interstitial fibroblasts. During development, the stroma is patterned on the cortico–medullary axis with progenitor stromal cells on the cortical edge of the kidney in the nephrogenic zone. Over the past several years, it has been determined that signals from the stroma affect the branching of the ureteric bud, the balance between nephron progenitor differentiation and renewal, the integrity of the vasculature, and the gross patterning of the entire organ, and it is likely that there are additional, undiscovered roles for this underappreciated cell type. This chapter will summarize the known roles and speculate on further roles for the stroma in kidney development.
Influence of carbon‐nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability

[1] Nutrient cycling affects carbon uptake by the terrestrial biosphere and imposes controls on carbon cycle response to variation in temperature and precipitation, but nutrient cycling is ignored in most global coupled models of the carbon cycle and climate system. We demonstrate here that the inclusion of nutrient cycle dynamics, specifically the close coupling between carbon and nitrogen cycles, in a terrestrial biogeochemistry component of a global coupled climate system model leads to fundamentally altered behavior for several of the most critical feedback mechanisms operating between the land biosphere and the global climate system. Carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling reduces the simulated global terrestrial carbon uptake response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration by 74%, relative to a carbon-only counterpart model. Global integrated responses of net land carbon exchange to variation in temperature and precipitation are significantly damped by carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling. The carbon cycle responses to temperature and precipitation variation are reduced in magnitude as atmospheric CO2 concentration rises for the coupled carbon-nitrogen model, but increase in magnitude for the carbon-only counterpart. Our results suggest that previous carbon-only treatments of climate-carbon cycle coupling likely overestimate the terrestrial biosphere's capacity to ameliorate atmospheric CO2 increases through direct fertilization. The next generation of coupled climate-biogeochemistry model projections for future atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change should include explicit, prognostic treatment of terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling.
A surface chemistry kinetic model of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement

Recently, Pasco and Ficalora advanced a simple model relating Stage II crack growth rates to adsorption kinetics. That model is based on the fact that the kinetics of crack growth processes in Stage II are controlled by the kinetics of the adsorption process. In the model the crack growth rates are proportional to the adsorption rate at some critical coverage of atomically adsorbed H/sup -/. The application of this model to explain the temperature and pressure effects on Stage II crack growth rates for maraging steels of two different strength levels gave very good results. That model, however, did not incorporate the exact pressure dependence for the rate of formation of the embrittling species H/sup -/. When that dependence is incorporated, the model's ability to calculate experimental results becomes extraordinary.
Ionospheric electron density irregularities observed by satellite-to-satellite, dual-frequency, low-low Doppler tracking link

A low-low, satellite-to-satellite, dual-frequency, Doppler tracking experiment was performed. The data are analyzed here for irregularities in electron density at the altitude of 212 km. The differential Doppler data with the relative motion term removed are integrated to obtain a representation of the electron density variation along the satellite path. Well-known large-scale features such as the equatorial geomagnetic anomaly and day/night ionization level differences are clearly observed in the integrated data. The larger crest of the morning geomagnetic anomaly is seen to occur in the southern (winter) hemisphere in agreement with previous observations. In addition, a sharp peak in the electron density at the day-to-night transition point is observed in two consecutive revolutions. This effect may be due to the previously postulated atmospheric shock wave generated by supersonic motion of the terminator.
Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model

Results of a three-dimensional numerical model are analysed in a study of turbulence and entrainment within mixed layers containing stratocumulus with or without parameterized cloud-top radiative cooling. The model eliminates most of the assumptions invoked in theories of cloud-capped mixed layers, but suffers disadvantages which include poor resolution and large truncation errors in and above the capping inversion. For relatively thick mixed layers with relatively thick capping inversions, the cloud-top radiative cooling is found to be lodged mostly within the capping inversion when the cooling is confined locally to the upper 50 m or less of the cloud. It does not then contribute substantially towards increased buoyancy flux and turbulence within the well mixed layer just below. The optimal means of correlating the entrainment rate, or mixed-layer growth rate, for mixed layers of variable amounts of stratocumulus is found to be through functional dependence upon an overall jump Richardson number, utilizing as scaling velocity the standard deviation of vertical velocity existing at the top of the mixed layer (near the center of the capping inversion). This velocity is found to be a fraction of the generalized convective velocity for the mixed layer as a whole which is greater for cloud-capped mixed layers than for clear mixed layers.
The starting of polyphase squirrel-cage motors

In view of the large size of modern power houses we should change our views regarding the need of starters. The different methods of starting polyphase induction motors are briefly reviewed and the speed torque curves obtained with various types are considered. The effect of starting current upon line voltages, upon the motor and upon connected apparatus is taken up. It is shown that the performance of the compensator is poorer than ordinarily assumed and that the effect upon the line voltage is less with a resistance starter than with a compensator. It is also shown that the heating of the motor is least when thrown directly on the line. The energy required with the various methods is also considered. In large installations it is shown that the considerations involved are radically different. In Appendix A, proof is given that the effect upon the line voltage, is less with a resistance starter than with a compensator. In Appendix B the detailed computations involved in deriving some of the curves are given in full.
Characterization of Lipooligosaccharides from Haemophilus ducreyi Containing Polylactosamine Repeats

Haemophilus ducreyi, a gram-negative human mucosal pathogen, is one of the principal causes of genital ulcer disease. The lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of these bacteria are considered to be a major virulence factor and have been implicated in the adherence and invasion of H. ducreyi to several human cell types. An isogenic heptosyltransferase-III knockout strain (waaQ) was recently constructed from H. ducreyi 35000 wild-type strain and immunochemical and molecular weight data of the isolated LOS suggested the presence of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) (Filiatrault et al., Infect. Immun.2000, 68, 3352–3361). In this present study, the structures of these novel LOS-glycoforms were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in combination with exoglycosidase digestion. Detailed structural information was obtained for the oligosaccharide (OS) portions of these LOS showing between one to five linear LacNAc repeats on the non-reducing terminus of the main oligosaccharide branch. When grown on solid media, the organism produced LacNAc repeats that were further modified by the addition of sialic acid. Enzymatic digestion with β-galactosidase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, and neuraminidase type VI-A yielded truncated glycoforms consistent with a polyLacNAc structure capped at various end points with sialic acid. ESI-MS/MS mass spectrometry on a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument was particularly effective in obtaining detailed structural information on the least abundant, high-mass glycoforms. Although LOS containing terminal di-LacNAc have been reported, this is the first time to our knowledge that a linear polyLacNAc structure has been characterized in bacteria.
GdN (1 1 1) heteroepitaxy on GaN (0 0 0 1) by N2 plasma and NH3 molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We report on the heteroepitaxial growth of thin films of rocksalt GdN on c-plane (0 0 0 1) wurtzite GaN by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using either an N2 plasma or NH3 as the nitrogen source. In both cases, epitaxial films with fully oriented GdN (1 1 1)∥GaN (0 0 0 1) were deposited as demonstrated by θ–2θ X-ray diffraction. φ scans of GdN peaks demonstrate 6-fold symmetry along the growth axis implying the presence of two 3-fold-symmetric GdN (1 1 1) crystal variants in-plane. Electrical transport and magnetometry measurements on films grown using N2 plasma show that these GdN films are ferromagnetic below TC=70 K and degenerately doped or metallic from 10 to 300 K with magnetotransport signatures associated with TC.
The Relationship Between Fatalism, Dissociation, and Trauma Symptoms in Latinos

Numerous studies have documented an overrepresentation of posttraumatic stress disorder in the Latino population. However, the contributing factors to trauma symptomatology among Latinos are not fully understood. The present study examined 112 low-income, Latino outpatients in a mental health clinic to identify culturally relevant variables that predict trauma symptomatology. Fatalism, peritraumatic dissociation, acculturation, and demographic variables were analyzed. Peritraumatic dissociation was found to account for a significant percentage of the variance in trauma symptoms (21%) as measured by the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire–Modified and the Trauma Symptom Inventory. Fatalism measured by the Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs was not found to be significantly associated with symptom severity. Also, acculturation variables did not predict peritraumatic dissociation. Implications of the findings for trauma research and practice are discussed.
Asynchronous Atrioventricular Valve Opening as it Relates to Right to Left Interatrial Shunting in the Normal Newborn

Abstract The opening of the tricuspid valve and the onset of right ventricular filling precede the opening of the mitral valve and the onset of flow in the normal adult. Sixty-five studies of atrioventricular flow with range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography, performed on 32 normal neonates, consistently demonstrated the reverse sequence. Further investigation showed that at the time of mitral valve opening, while the tricuspid valve was still closed, the valve of the foramen ovale began to bow posteriorly into the left atrium and remained posteriorly bowed for most of diastole. The magnitude of posterior bowing varied among the neonates but, concomitant with the more prominent grades of posterior bowing, right to left shunting across the foramen ovale was demonstrated on color flow mapping. Ultrasound studies in the normal fetus also revealed earlier opening of the mitral valve, bowing of the valve of the foramen ovale into the left atrium and right to left shunting across the foramen ovale. These findings indicate that in the normal immature heart isovolumic ventricular relaxation is completed earlier on the left than on the right side and that left ventricular compliance appears to be greater than right ventricular compliance. The relation of left and right ventricular compliance in the adult is different from that in the normal immature heart. Whereas systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure levels change rapidly in the newborn period, ventricular compliance matures over a longer period of time. As a result of the differential maturity, for a variable period of time in the normal neonate, a left to right ductal shunt coexists with a right to left atrial shunt.
Ideology as determinant of views on the insanity defense

This research explores the hypothesis that an individual's position on the insanity defense is a function of his/her underlying ideology. Fifty-seven clinical psychologists and fifty-five psychiatrists in the United States responded to a questionnaire that measured their beliefs about personal vs. social responsibility for crime, the frequency of their own experience as expert witnesses in insanity cases, and their attitudes toward the insanity defense. As predicted, locus of responsibility for crime was found to have a highly significant curvilinear relationship to attitude toward the insanity defense, with very liberal and very conservative subjects being most anti-insanity defense. Psychiatrists, and those with more expert witness experience, were also significantly more favorable toward the insanity defense.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CXCIX Contrasting fragmentations of singly‐ and doubly‐charged o‐, m‐ and p‐hydroxyalkylphenones and their trimethylsilyl ethers

High resolution mass spectrometry, metastable defocusing and deuterium labeling of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers have been used to study the electron-impact induced fragmentations of o-, m- and p-hydroxyalkylphenones and their TMS ether derivatives. These derivatives have proven useful in contrasting the fragmentation patterns of singly- and doubly-charged ions because of the competing fragmentations: α-cleavage and a McLafferty rearrangement from the ketone moiety and methyl cleavage from the TMS group. A proximity effect was responsible for a markedly increased methyl radical loss from the o-TMS ether. This fragmentation was minor with the m- and p-isomers. Significantly intense doubly-charged ions were formed from ketonic cleavage and by the loss of a TMS methyl radical. The sequence of fragmentation depended on the size of the alkyl group attached to the ketone carbonyl. There was no evidence found for a McLafferty rearrangement occurring from the doubly-charged molecular ion of the TMS ethers of the hydroxyalkylphenones but the rearrangement occurred from the doubly-charge molecular ion of bis-3-(1-oxopentyl)-4-hydroxy-phenyl-methane and, of course, from the singly charged [M]+. The bis-p-hydroxyphenylmethane derivatives were studied in an effort to increase the intensity of the doubly-charged ions as it was expected that the charges would be separated by a longer distance.
Novel aspects of vitamin A metabolism in the dog: distribution of lipoprotein retinyl esters in vitamin A-deprived and cholesterol-fed animals

Abstract Retinyl ester concentrations in plasma from fasting humans, rabbits and rats are usually negligible. In contrast, plasma from fasting dogs contains appreciable amounts of retinyl esters, associated almost entirely with the low-density lipoproteins. This study was undertaken to gather additional information about the nature and origin of canine retinyl ester-containing lipoproteins. We examined the metabolism of endogenous lipoprotein retinyl esters in adult mongrel dogs with moderate vitamin A deficiency. Four animals were fed a diet of oatmeal and tunafish that provided only 4% of the vitamin A contained in their control rations (15 vs. 367% of the canine recommended daily intake). There was an initial rapid decline in plasma retinyl esters. However, measurable concentrations persisted in plasma for up to 1 year of restricted vitamin A intake. Total plasma retinyl ester concentrations after 6 months of vitamin A deprivation, extrapolated from best-fit monoexponential decay curves for each animal, ranged from 11 to 89% of control, suggesting that there was sustained secretion of retinyl esters from endogenous stores. Density gradient ultracentrifugation of plasma from fasting vitamin A-deprived dogs showed retinyl esters in the very-low- and low-density lipoproteins. After fat and vitamin A feeding retinyl esters appeared among the very-low-, intermediate- and low-density lipoproteins, consistent with the suggestion that chylomicron retinyl esters are first taken up by the liver, and then resecreted as density
Transient response of a modulated microwave subcarrier generated using optical injection

The transient response of a directly modulated injection-locked semiconductor laser operated in the period-one state is analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. The results illustrate the limits and stability properties of the modulated microwave subcarrier frequency.
Ovine fetal cardiorespiratory response to nicardipine

Abstract Nicardipine, a calcium antagonist associated with decreased uterine blood flow in near-term pregnant rabbits and fetal asphyxia after maternal administration in the rhesus monkey and sheep, was infused directly to the fetus in six chronically prepared pregnant ewes at 128 days' gestation. Changes in fetal mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure levels at 2 and 30 minutes after bolus injection of 50 N,g were minimal; by 60 minutes these values had returned to preinfusion levels. No significant changes were observed after infusion of 100 wg of nicardipine. Fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood gas values, and maternal cardiovascular variables did not change at either dose. Fetal plasma concentrations of nicardipine were 78 ± 28 ng/ml and 114 ± 48 ng/ml at 30 minutes after infusion of 50 wg and 100 Wg, respectively, well within the range previously reported to be associated with fetal asphyxia. These data suggest that the previously reported fetal acidosis from maternal infusion of nicardipine may be primarily due to a decrease in maternal uterine blood flow rather than a direct fetal effect of the drug.
Mechanism of fillet lifting in Sn-Bi alloys

The probability of fillet lifting in through-hole solder joints was determined for a series of seven binary Sn-Bi solders with Bi mass contents between 26% and 65%. A 20-pin ceramic dual inline package was soldered to printed wiring boards with three board thicknesses and two pad sizes. A laboratory scale drag soldering process designed to simulate wave soldering was employed. Composition has the largest effect on failure with a peak in lift-off probability near 8%Bi. The presence of intermetallic needles of Cu6Sn5 attached to the pad side of the separation surface, but pulled from the solder side, indicates that fillet lifting occurs during solidification. This conclusion is further supported by real time observation of fillet lifting. The solidification of these alloys is analyzed using a Scheil analysis and the tendency for fillet lifting is related to a hot tearing criterion originally developed for castings.
THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY VALUES IN MODERN CLASSICAL LIBERAL ECONOMIC THOUGHT

Social frameworks are more than simply products of the autonomous actions of many homo economicuses pursuing their self-interest and individuals in society are more than simply the product of their social context. Individuals and society are coevolving entities. This coevolution is reflected in changing social values: communities try to inculcate extant values into individuals, individuals act on community values based on experience to the given community. This conception of being has advantages over those proposed by Gary Becker or Robert Frank, and it is equally plausible if one accepts the sociobiological premise with which Becker and Frank begin. Copyright 1992 by Scottish Economic Society.
Computational and Experimental Studies of (2,2)-Bis(indol-1-yl-methyl)acetate Suggest the Importance of the Hydrophobic Effect in Aromatic Stacking Interactions

To understand the driving forces of aromatic stacking interactions in water, we have performed conformational searches, molecular dynamics simulations, potential of mean force (PMF) and free energy...
Comparative effect of ACTH, cortisone and DCA on renal function, electrolyte excretion and water exchange in normal dogs.

The inadequacies of our knowledge of the role of adrenocortical hormones in the regulation of electrolyte and water metabolism are becoming increasingly apparent (Gaunt, et al., 1949; Ingle, 1950; Sayers, 1950). Extensive and numerous observations on the action of DCA have been reported (Ragan, et al., 1940; Ferrebee, et al., 1941; Mulinos, et al., 1941; Zierler and Lilienthal, 1948; Gaudino and Levitt, 1949; Davis, et al., 1951; Luft and Sjogren, 1952; Sjogren, 1952), but data on the effect of 11,17-oxysteroid hormones in the dog are meager (Thorn, et al., 1941; Davis, et al., 1951; Roberts and Pitts, 1952). The latter studies were with cortisone and observations with ACTH are necessary before adequate evaluation of the relation of the ACTH-adrenocortical system to salt metabolism can be made. An important consideration which has been neglected in most studies with ACTH and cortisone in the dog
Language and the thalamus: object naming and recall during and after thalamic stimulation.

Performance on a standard test of object naming, mental arithmetic and recall from short term memory was determined during stimulation of ventrolateral thalamus (VL) at the time of stereotaxic thalamotomy, and two days after that operation. Object naming was altered during stimulation of left, but not right thalamus. Within left thalamus, repetition of the same wrong word was evoked from anteriolateral VL, while perseveration and anomia were evoked from more medial central portions of VL. Evoked changes in recall were also restricted to left VL. Fewer recall errors were seen after stimulation during input to memory, than on control trials without stimulation. More errors occurred with stimulation of the same sites at the same currents but at the time of recall. Two days after left thalamotomy, a significant anomia was identified. But naming of objects with stimulation at operation was significantly more accurate than naming of objects without stimulation at operation. These data were interpreted as suggesting that left thalamic stimulation evokes a “specific alerting response” that directs attention to information in the external environment while simultaneously blocking retrieval from memory. Both parts of this specific alerting response seem to affect both short and long term memory and are highly correlated with the degree of postoperative anomia. This specific alerting response may be the left thalamic role in language processes. Based on evoked changes in number reading right thalamus was postulated to play a role in the processing of letters and numerals.
Growth in very preterm children: a longitudinal study.

The knowledge about the long-term growth of very preterm children in relation to gestational age at birth is incomplete. Therefore, a retrospective study of longitudinal growth from birth to 7 y of age in 52 of 56 surviving children who were born at a gestational age of <29 wk between 1988 and 1991 to mothers resident in the city of Goteborg, Sweden, was performed. A majority of the children had an initial decrease in weight during the first months of life, followed by an increase, with a maximum weight gain occurring at 36-40 wk postmenstrual age. After a period of decreased weight and length velocity, a second increase in weight velocity was demonstrated from 6 mo to 2 y of corrected age. A corresponding increase in length velocity was found from 2 to 12 mo of corrected age. A later catch-up growth period was found at 4-5 y of age. At 7 y of age, all but two had reached the normal height range of the population. This long-term catch-up in height was established later in those who were born at an earlier gestational age. We conclude that all preterm infants had an initial period of poor growth, which rendered them growth retarded during the first years of life. It took approximately 4-7 y to overcome what the very preterm child lost in growth during the first months of life. However, as a group, they did reach normal height, weight, and weight for height before puberty.
Empathy and Reactive Depression

Empathy and reactive depression were investigated with 53 women, from 21 to 53 years of age, who worked or planned to work as nurses, counselors, or social workers. Empathy was measured using the Mehrabian and Epstein Questionnaire Measure of Empathic Tendency. The adapted Zung Self-rating Depression Scale was used to measure Depressive Symptomatology, and Paykel's Scale for Life Events was used to identify stressful events. A narrative questionnaire elicited additional information to assess stressful events and to screen clinically for endogenous depression. Reactive Depression scores were obtained using a best fit line to correct Depressive Symptomatology for severity of Life Events. A significant modest positive correlation of 39 was found between scores on Empathy and Reactive Depression.
Growth hormone-releasing factor desensitization in rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro.

Preincubation of rat pituitary cells in primary culture with rat GH-releasing factor (rGRF) resulted in substantial desensitization to subsequent GRF stimulation. rGRF-directed GH release and intracellular cAMP accumulation decreased in the desensitized cells. Whereas prior treatment of rat pituitary cells caused partial depletion of intracellular GH levels, diminished cellular reserves could not entirely account for the decreased GH release. Cells that had been preexposed to 10 nM rGRF for 4 h demonstrated a 30-50% depletion of intracellular GH; subsequent stimulation of those cells with 10 nM rGRF elicited GH release which was only 5% of that seen in cells that were not desensitized [control, 112 ± 3.2 ng/well (±SEM); GRFstimulated, 435 ± 32 ng/well; GRF-pretreated, control, 63 ± 3 ng/well, GRF-pretreated, GRF-stimulated, 73 ± 3.4 ng/well]. Despite the marked depletion of cellular GH-stores and the greatly diminished rGRF-stimulated GH release in cells that had been preexposed to rGRF, both forskolin an...
Anthropological Contributions to AIDS Research

ore than 115,000 cases of AIDS have been reported to the Centers for Disease, Control, and by 1991 300,000 cases are expected to occur in this country alone. Professionals representing a wide range of disciplines are examining the biological, epidemiological, and sociocultural aspects of the disease and there is unanimous agreement in the scientific and professional community today that, in the absence of a vaccine or a cure, reduction of risk behavior remains the strongest deterrent against further spread of the disease. Anthropologists have the opportunity to make a unique contribution to these preventive efforts. Our theoretical training and methodological skills provide us with interpretive frames and analytical tools for careful observation and examination of human behavior in natural settings. Ethnographic, meaning-centered studies can facilitate a deeper understanding of risky and preventive behavior in the context of human relationships. Anthropologists, however, have been somewhat slow to respond to the AIDS crisis, and publications concerning AIDS in the anthropological literature remain limited. In a 1986 issue of the old series of the Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Michael Gorman introduced six brief commentaries by AIDS investigators, many of them programmatic statements. Concurrently, Douglas Feldman and Thomas M. Johnson (1986) edited a collection of 15 papers in their volume, The Social Dimension of AIDS. Last year Medical Anthropology published a special issue entitled The AIDS Pandemic: A Global Emergency, and additional articles have appeared recently in other anthropological publications (e.g., Feldman 1985; Herdt 1987; Parker 1987). Anthropologists have also begun contributing to epidemiological research on HIV (e.g., Feldman, Friedman, and Des Jarlais 1987; Gorman 1986; Stall, Coates, and Hoff 1988; Stall et al. 1986), and a growing number (e.g., Bolognone and Johnson 1986; Clatts and Mutchler 1989; Farmer and Kleinman 1988; McCombie 1986) have joined other social scientists and humanists exploring the cultural construction of AIDS and its metaphors. The general reluctance of anthropologists to participate actively in the national and international dialogue surrounding the AIDS epidemic appears to be
Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking and the Occurrence of Breast Cancer

Using a case-control design, the authors studied female residents of five Massachusetts towns between 1983 and 1986. The objective was to measure the associations between breast cancer occurrence and exposure to active and passive cigarette smoke. Until recently, exposure to tobacco smoke has not been thought to cause breast cancer. Novel perspectives on measuring the association of tobacco smoke with the occurrence of breast cancer and studies of genetically susceptible populations argue for further investigation. In this study, the authors found that ever-active smokers had an odds ratio of 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval (CI) 1.1-3.6) when compared with never-active, never-passive smokers. Women who smoked only before their first pregnancy (odds ratio = 5.6, 95 percent CI 1.5-21) and women who quit smoking 5-15 years before their index year (odds ratio = 3.9, 95 percent CI 1.4-10) were at the highest risk. Passive-only smokers had an odds ratio of 2.0 (95 percent CI 1.1-3.7) when compared with never-active, never-passive smokers. Among those women who were exposed to passive smoke before age 12 years, the odds ratios were 4.5 (95 percent CI 1.2-16) for passive-only smokers and 7.5 (95 percent CI 1.6-36) for ever-active smokers. Women who were first exposed to passive smoke after age 12 years had lower, although still elevated, odds ratios. The pattern of associations between exposure to cigarette smoke and the occurrence of breast cancer comports with a model of breast carcinogenesis.
Intrasubband plasma modes of a semi-infinite superlattice: A new type of surface wave

Dispersion relations are derived for the bulk and surface plasma modes of a model semi-infinite superlattice. The model consists of a periodic array of two-dimensional electron layers embedded in a material of dielectric constant ϵs terminating at the interface with a homogeneous medium of dielectric constant ϵ0. The bulk modes form a continuum, and the surface mode, which exists only for wavelengths shorter than a critical value, can occur either above or below the bulk continuum depending on the ratio of ϵs to ϵ0.
A novel ion trap based tandem mass spectrometer for the spectroscopic study of cold gas phase polyatomic ions

Abstract A novel tandem mass spectrometry based instrument for the spectroscopic interrogation of cold gas phase polyatomic ions has been constructed. The instrument consists of a dual linear ion trap (LIT) based triple quadrupole axis intersecting a spectroscopic axis containing a 22-pole ion trap cooled to 5 K. The triple quadrupole axis intersects the spectroscopy axis between the second and third quadrupoles, which are separated by an ion deflector that is used to direct ion injection into the cold ion trap from the second quadrupole and subsequently to direct ions ejected from the cold ion trap into the third quadrupole. Both the second and third quadrupoles can be operated as LITs capable of dipolar excitation across opposing quadrupole rods. Broad-band or single-frequency waveforms can be used to effect mass selection or mass analysis, respectively. The dual ion trapping capability allows for ion accumulation to occur in parallel with ion spectroscopy and mass analysis, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the experiment. Extensive use of homebuilt equipment has allowed for maximum flexibility, with capabilities for using ion/ion reactions in the ion generation step, and IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy during ion interrogation.
Energy-efficient hybrid coded modulations enabling terabit optical ethernet

Future Internet technologies will be affected not only by limited bandwidth of information infrastructure, but also by its energy consumption. In order to solve both problems simultaneously, in this invited paper, we describe several energy-efficient (EE) hybrid coded-modulation (CM) schemes enabling Terabit optical Ethernet: EE 4D CM, EE generalized- OFDM, and EE spatial-domain-based CM. A common property of these is employment of EE modulations, various degrees of freedom and rate-adaptive coding. These EE schemes are called hybrid as all available degrees of freedom are used for transmission over optical fibers including amplitude, phase, polarization and OAM. Since the channel capacity is a linear function in number of dimensions, by increasing the number of basis functions, we can dramatically improve overall capacity. The EE problem is solved by properly designing multi-dimensional signal constellations such that transinformation is maximized, while taking the energy constraint into account.
Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting

Abstract Background. Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of an interactive expert system intervention for smoking cessation for a general population. The intervention provides individualized feedback that guides participants through the stages of change for cessation. Enhancing the expert system by adding proactive telephone counseling or a stimulus control computer designed to produce nicotine fading could produce preventive programs with greater population impacts. Methods. Four interventions were compared: (a) the interactive expert system intervention; (b) the expert system intervention plus counselor calls; (c) the expert system intervention plus the stimulus control computer; and (d) an assessment only condition. A 4 (intervention) × 4 (occasions) (0,6,12, and 18 months) design was used. Smokers were contacted at home via telephone or mail. The initial subject pool was the 24,178 members of a managed care company. Screening was completed for 19,236 members (79.6%), of whom 4,653 were smokers; 85.3% of the smokers were enrolled. Results. Thirty-eight percent were in the precontemplation stage, 45% in the contemplation stage, and only 17% in the preparation stage. At 18 months, the expert system resulted in 23.2% point prevalence abstinence, which was 33% greater than that of assessment only. The counselor enhancement produced increased cessation at 12 months but not at 18 months. The stimulus control computer produced no improvement, resulting in 20% worse cessation rates than the assessment only condition. Conclusions. The enhanced conditions failed to outperform the expert system alone. The study also demonstrated the ability of the interactive expert system to produce significantly greater cessation in a population of smokers than assessment alone.
β‐Lumicolchicine Interacts with the Benzodiazepine Binding Site to Potentiate GABAA Receptor‐Mediated Currents

An analogue of colchicine, beta-lumicolchicine, does not bind tubulin or disrupt microtubules. However, this compound is not pharmacologically completely inactive. beta-Lumicolchicine was found to competitively inhibit [3H]flunitrazepam binding and to enhance muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake in mouse cerebral cortical microsacs. It also markedly potentiated GABA responses in Xenopus oocytes expressing human alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2S, but not alpha 1 beta 2, GABAA receptor subunits; this potentiation was reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. These results strongly suggest a direct effect of beta-lumicolchicine on the GABAA receptor/chloride channel complex and caution that it possesses pharmacological effects, despite its inability to disrupt microtubules. Furthermore, beta-lumicolchicine is structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines or quinolines and may provide a novel approach to the synthesis of ligands for this receptor.
Storage Duration of Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Clostridium difficile Infection: A Within Person Comparison

OBJECTIVE Randomized controlled trials demonstrated that red blood cell (RBC) transfusion elevates the risk of infection, and trials are underway to evaluate whether RBC storage affects outcomes. We previously reported that transfusion predicts Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and, therefore, planned an investigation to examine this further using a more robust design. DESIGN Within-person case-crossover study. Hospitalizations in which CDI developed (n = 406) were compared to hospitalizations for the same individuals in which CDI did not occur (n = 949). Transfusion volume and storage duration were assessed prior to the onset of CDI. SETTING University of Michigan Health System. PATIENTS Participants were individuals with a diagnosis of CDI from July 2009 through June 2012. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During the hospitalizations when CDI occurred, 34.7% of the patients received allogeneic RBC transfusions (mean volume, 688 ml) compared to 19.0% of patients in hospitalizations without CDI (mean volume, 180 ml). The odds of healthcare-associated CDI increased by 76% (95% CI 1.39-2.23) for every liter of RBCs transfused and was elevated in both nonsurgical (OR = 1.90) and surgical (OR = 1.86) hospitalizations. In patients who received RBC transfusions, the odds of developing CDI increased by 6% for every additional day of RBC stored and by 53% for every week of additional storage (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations in which a patient received a greater volume of RBC transfusions were more likely to be associated with the development of CDI. RBC units stored for a longer duration were associated with the development of healthcare-associated CDI after adjustment for RBC volume.
High-throughput examination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-detected metal-ion response in mammalian cells.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded metal-ion sensors are important tools for studying metal-ion dynamics in live cells. We present a time-resolved microfluidic flow cytometer capable of characterizing the FRET-based dynamic response of metal-ion sensors in mammalian cells at a throughput of 15 cells/s with a time window encompassing a few milliseconds to a few seconds after mixing of cells with exogenous ligands. We have used the instrument to examine the cellular heterogeneity of Zn2+ and Ca2+ sensor FRET response amplitudes and demonstrated that the cluster maps of the Zn2+ sensor FRET changes resolve multiple subpopulations. We have also measured the in vivo sensor response kinetics induced by changes in Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations. We observed an ∼30 fold difference between the extracellular and intracellular sensors.
A DSC study of the phase transitions in (CH3)3NH[CdCl3]

Abstract Three phase transitions are seen at 333, 365 and 408 K when (CH 3 ) 3 NH[CdCl 3 ] is heated in DSC. Only the transition at 333 K is reversible, although it shows considerable thermal hysteresis. That transition appears to have a Δ H value of 150 J mol −1 and a Δ S value of 0.45 J mol −1 K −1 . The transitions at 365 K and 408 K have Δ H values of 420 J mol −1 and 35 J mol −1 respectively, which give rise to Δ S values of 1.15 J mol −1 K −1 and 0.086 J mol −1 K −1 respectively.
Non-Gaussian Isocurvature Perturbations From Goldstone Modes Generated During Inflation

We investigate non-Gaussian isocurvature perturbations generated by the evolution of Goldstone modes during inflation. If a global symmetry is broken before inflation, the resulting Goldstone modes are disordered during inflation in a precise and predictable way. After inflation these Goldstone modes order themselves in a selfsimilar way, much as Goldstone modes in field ordering scenarios based on the Kibble mechanism. For (H 2 inf /M 2 pl ) ∼ 10 −6 , through their gravitational interaction these Goldstone modes generate density perturbations of approximately the right magnitude to explain the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy and seed the structure seen in the universe today. We point out that for the pattern of symmetry breaking in which a global U(1) is completely broken, the inflationary evolution of the Goldstone field may be treated as that of a massless scalar field. Unlike the more commonly discussed case in which a global U(1) is completely broken in a cosmological phase transition, in the inflationary case the production of defects can be made exponentially small, so that Goldstone field evolution is completely linear. In such a model non-Gaussian perturbations result because to lowest order density perturbations are sourced by products of Gaussian fields. Consequently, in this non-Gaussian model N-point correlations may be calculated by evaluating Feynman diagrams. We explore the issue of phase dispersion and conclude that this non-Gaussian model predicts Doppler peaks in the CMB anisotropy.
Spatial relationship between intrahepatic artery and portal vein based on the fusion image of CT-arterial portography (CTAP) and CT-angiography (CTA): new classification for hepatic artery at hepatic hilum and the segmentation of right anterior section of the liver.

Abstract Purpose To clarify the variations of the intrahepatic artery and portal vein and to verify the proper segmentation for the right anterior section of the liver. Materials and methods CT during arterial portography and CT angiography were performed on 64-slice multi detector row CT in 147 patients. All images were transferred to a workstation for analysis using multi-image-fusion mode. We investigated the spatial relationship between hepatic artery and portal vein in the right hemiliver and the segmentation of the right anterior hepatic artery and portal vein. Results The spatial anatomy of right hepatic arteries and portal vein was (1) anterior and posterior hepatic artery run superior and inferior to anterior portal vein, respectively (47.6%), (2) one anterior hepatic artery runs superior to and another one runs inferior to anterior portal vein (15%), (3) anterior and posterior hepatic arteries run superior to anterior portal vein (11.6%), (4) anterior and posterior hepatic arteries run inferior to anterior portal vein (7.5%), and (5) one posterior hepatic artery runs superior to and another one runs inferior to anterior portal vein (6.8%). The combined anatomy of right anterior artery and portal vein with regard to segmentation was classified as (1) dorso-ventral (26.5%), (2) dorso-ventral and inferior (10.9%), (3) multiple (18.4%), and (4) superior and inferior segments (1.4%). Conclusion There are various types of spatial anatomy of intrahepatic artery and portal vein. The hepatic arteries as well as portal veins of right anterior section of the liver could be divided into dorsal and ventral, not superior and inferior.
A finite difference, frequency-domain numerical scheme for the solution of the gust response problem

Abstract A numerical method is developed for solving subsonic flows with convected, three-dimensional vortical waves around lifting airfoils. The first-order method that is presented fully accounts for the distortion effects of the nonuniform mean flow on the convected vorticity. The unsteady velocity is split into a vortical component which is a known function of the upstream flow conditions and the Lagrangian coordinates of the mean flow, and an irrotational field whose potential satisfies a nonconstant-coefficient, inhomogeneous, convective wave equation. Using an elliptic coordinate transformation, the unsteady boundary value problem is solved in the frequency domain on grids which are determined as a function of the Mach number and reduced frequency. Extensive comparisons are made with known solutions to unsteady vortical flow problems, and it is seen that the agreement is in general very good for reduced frequencies ranging from zero to four.
Comparison of prosthetic graft materials as intracardiac right atrial patches.

Abstract An experimental animal model was developed to study the fate of prosthetic graft materials within the heart. Autologous pericardium, bovine pericardium, polytetrafluoroethylene, woven Dacron, and autologous right atrium (control) patches were implanted into the wall at three sites on the right atrium in each of 10 dogs (six patches for each graft material). The atria were harvested 90–100 days later and histologic examination and quantitation of calcium were performed. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis were found in 29 of 30 grafts. Cartilage formed in 26 of 30 sites and was found both in the center and around the edges of the grafts. In addition to cartilage, bone including marrow elements formed in the two autologous materials at 4 of the 12 sites and in 1 of the Dacron graft sites. Calcium content was greater in the control and the bovine pericardial grafts than in the other graft materials ( P = NS). The incidence and degree of inflammation, fibrosis, calcification and cartilage, and bone formation were similar in all materials. We conclude that the healing process of these intracardiac graft materials is a generalized phenomenon independent of the inherent properties of a specific graft material.
On the performance of source separation with constant modulus signals

Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) are developed for narrow band source separation, when the sources are constrained to have constant modulus (CM). The bounds are appropriate for multi path CM sources, in blind, semi-blind, or fully known cases. Source separation bounds are contrasted for calibrated and uncalibrated arrays. It is shown that, from the CRB perspective, calibration adds no additional information. Closed-form CRBs are given for a single source, and two-source examples are also presented. Optimality of the analytical constant modulus algorithm (ACMA) for blind CM-source separation is demonstrated, achieving the appropriate constrained CRBs over a wide SNR range in challenging multipath scenarios.