cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultivation and interseeding for weed control in transplanted cabbage

Multiple means of overcoming interspecific competition between transplanted cabbage and interseeded cover crops were studied in field trials conducted from 1995 to 2001. Cover crop species and time of seeding (1995 and 1996), use of supplemental nitrogen (1997 and 1998), and herbicide regulation (1999 and 2001) were evaluated with the objective of integrating soil-improving cover crops into cabbage production while facilitating weed suppression with minimal use of herbicides. Cabbage was cultivated at 10, 10 + 20, or 10 + 20 + 30 d after transplanting (DAT) with or without cover crops (hairy vetch, lana vetch, or oats) sown at the time of the last cultivation. Early interseeding (10 DAT) of all species significantly reduced cabbage yields. Both vetches could be sown 20 or 30 DAT without a yield penalty. However, weed suppression was not consistently greater than cultivation without cover crops. Spring oats were unacceptably competitive, even when sown 30 DAT in some years. With additional nitrogen, cabbag...
INSECT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY FROM HANDLIRSCH TO HENNIG, AND BEYOND

Significant investigators and aspects in the past century of insect paleontology are briefly reviewed. Despite the pervasive influence of the paleoentomologist Willi Hennig in systematic biology, the study of fossil insects remains more descriptive than most other paleontological areas. Hypotheses are reviewed on relationships and chronologies of early divergences in insects (Paleozoic, Lower Mesozoic), particularly living and extinct orders of the lower pterygotes and putative monophyly of the Paleoptera (Odonata + Ephemeroptera). The Dictyoptera (Mantodea, Isoptera, Blattaria) illustrate relationships and discrepencies between stratigraphic record and phylogenetic relationships. Future directions in the field are suggested.
Processing of Textured Ceramics by Templated Grain Growth

Over the last twenty years, the processing community has concentrated on preparing finegrained, equiaxed ceramic microstructures. For many systems, it is now routine to accomplish this objective and the related microstructure-property goals. More recently, it is apparent that there is a potentially large number of interesting microstructure-property relationships that remain to be explored. These microstructures, like Si3N4, are based on anisotropic grain growth which results in a self-reinforced ceramic.
Bankruptcy Court Jurisdiction and Agency Action: Resolving the NextWave of Conflict

This Comment criticizes a pair of decisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, FCC v. NextWave Personal Communications, Inc. (In re NextWave Personal Communications, Inc.) and In re FCC, which held that a bankruptcy court lacks jurisdiction to determine whether the Federal Communications Commission is stayed from revoking a debtor's licenses. The Comment argues that the Second Circuit interpreted the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction too narrowly because it failed to distinguish properly between an agency's action as a creditor and as a regulator. It concludes that bankruptcy courts and courts of appeals have concurrent jurisdiction to make automatic stay determinations regarding FCC licenses and that, for reasons of institutional competence, courts of appeals should defer to this exercise of jurisdiction by bankruptcy courts.
GPER activation ameliorates aortic remodeling induced by salt-sensitive hypertension.

The mRen2 female rat is an estrogen- and salt-sensitive model of hypertension that reflects the higher pressure and salt sensitivity associated with menopause. We previously showed that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogenic effects in this model. The current study hypothesized that GPER protects against vascular injury during salt loading. Intact mRen2 female rats were fed a normal (NS; 0.5% Na(+)) or high-salt diet (HS; 4% Na(+)) for 10 wk, which significantly increased systolic blood pressure (149 ± 5 vs. 224 ± 8 mmHg;P 0.05) or ex vivo vascular responses to angiotensin II or phenylephrine (P> 0.05). However, G-1 significantly attenuated salt-induced aortic remodeling assessed by media-to-lumen ratio (NS: 0.43; HS+veh: 0.89; HS+G-1: 0.61;P< 0.05). Aortic thickening was not accompanied by changes in collagen, elastin, or medial proliferation. However, HS induced increases in medial layer glycosaminoglycans (0.07 vs. 0.42 mm(2);P< 0.001) and lipid peroxidation (0.11 vs. 0.51 mm(2);P< 0.01), both of which were reduced by G-1 (0.20 mm(2)and 0.23 mm(2); both P< 0.05). We conclude that GPER's beneficial actions in the aorta of salt-loaded mRen2 females occur independently of changes in blood pressure and vasoreactivity. GPER-induced attenuation of aortic remodeling was associated with a reduction in oxidative stress and decreased accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Endogenous activation of GPER may protect females from salt- and pressure-induced vascular damage.
Optimal Taxation with Incomplete Markets

This paper characterizes tax and debt dynamics in Ramsey plans for incomplete markets economies that generalize an Aiyagari et al. (2002) economy by allowing a single asset traded by the government to be risky. Long run debt and tax dynamics can be attracted not only to the rst-best continuation allocations discovered by Aiyagari et al. for quasi-linear preferences, but instead to a continuation allocation associated with a level of (marginal-utility-scaled) government debt that would prevail in a Lucas-Stokey economy that starts from a particular initial level of government debt. The paper formulates, analyzes, and numerically solves Bellman equations for two value functions for a Ramsey planner, one for t 1, the other for t = 0.
Adherence to Asthma Guidelines in Children, Tweens, and Adults in Primary Care Settings: A Practice-Based Network Assessment.

Abstract Objective To assess primary care adherence to 2007 US asthma guidelines. Patients and Methods Patients with persistent asthma aged 5 to 65 years from 22 primary care participating practices provided the data for this analysis of baseline information from the pragmatic randomized clinical trial the Asthma Tools Study. Using a combination of abstracted medical record data and patient-reported demographic information, we assessed the medical record documentation for elements of the 2007 US asthma guidelines. Elements assessed included documentation of (1) assessment of control, (2) factors that affect control (medication adherence evaluation, inhaler technique education, and evaluation for triggers), (3) self-management support (action plan), and (4) asthma medications prescribed (short-acting β-agonists and daily maintenance therapy). The baseline data was collected from March 16, 2009, to May 1, 2014. Results In 1176 patients (285 children, 211 tweens, and 680 adults) from 16 family medicine and 6 pediatric practices across the United States, documented guideline adherence was highest for prescription of medications (88.0% for short-acting β-agonists and 70.4% for maintenance medications) and lowest for an asthma action plan (3.1%). Documentation of control (15.0%) and factors that affect control (inhaler technique education, 7.6%; medication adherence assessment, 32.5%; and allergy evaluation, 32.5%) was not common and even less common for adults compared with children. A total of 22.2% of the enrolled patients had no asthma-related visit in the year before enrollment. Adherence to the nonmedication elements were higher in practices located in cities of more than 250,000 people and cities that used electronic medical records. Older patient age was negatively associated with guideline adherence. Conclusion and Relevance Adherence to asthma guidelines is poor in primary care practices, leaving many opportunities for improvement.
Thiocyanate formation by extracts of Escherichia coli and of liver.

SummaryThe properties of enzyme systems of E. coli and of rat liver, which degrade β-mercaptopyruvate, have been compared. The bacterial system was much more stable to heat and less susceptible to oxidation. These characteristics have been related to lack of dependence upon sulfhydryl group. At the pH optimum for pyruvate formation, the enzyme activity may be characterized as a transsulfurase rather than a desulfurase. When cyanide is the sulfur acceptor, thiocyanate formation occurs. The pH optimum for E. coli system is 9.6 and for rat liver system 9.1.
Indonesia, modernity and some problems of religious adaptation

This article discusses the challenges of adaptation for Indonesian religion. It describes the ways that the major Indonesian religions have changed to fit the requirements of being recognized religions, and focuses as an example on the ways that Balinese Hinduism has changed to become Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia. It also examines the traditional theological problem of “faith and works” in the Indonesian context, and the concerns used to balance modernization and religious freedom.
Hume and the Politics of Enlightenment

Thomas W. Merrill begins his award-winning book (the Delba Winthrop Prize for Best Recent Work in Political Philosophy) with Cicero's famous quote from the Tusculan Disputations that “Socrates was ...
Context Understanding from Query-Based Streaming Video

Context understanding is established from the content, analysis, and guidance from query-based coordination between users and machines. In this chapter, a live video computing (LVC) structure is presented for access of a database management of information for context assessment. Context assessment includes multimedia fusion of query-based text, images, and exploited tracks which can be utilized for content-based image retrieval (CBIR). In this chapter, we explore the developments in database systems to enable context to be utilized in user-based queries (e.g., Level 5 fusion) for information fusion content extraction. Using a common video dataset, we demonstrate time savings in the analysis from user queries to provide a context, privacy, and semantic-aware information fusion.
Anticonvulsant use in the treatment of manic syndromes in patients with HIV-1 infection

A retrospective chart review identified 11 patients with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented to an HIV/AIDS psychiatric service with an acute manic episode. Demographic data, neurodiagnostic studies, and treatment results are discussed. Abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging significantly predicted poor tolerance of lithium and neuroleptics. Anticonvulsants were an effective alternative.
Rac2 GTPase Activation Is Necessary for Development of p190-BCR-ABL-Induced B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract The fusion gene BCR-ABL, resulting from t(9;22) reciprocal chromosomal translocations, encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. Two different isoforms of BCR-ABL, p190 and p210, are associated to two completely different diseases. In the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) era, while p210-BCR-ABL-induced CML is highly responsive to TKI, p190-BCR-ABL still induces a poor prognosis B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The only difference between these two forms of BCR-ABL is the existence of a DH/Cdc24/PH domain in p210-BCR-ABL, which acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) able to activate Rho GTPases. Rac is a subfamily of Rho GTPases with regulatory activity on hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor (HSC/P) functions. We have previously shown that Rac2 and further the combination of Rac1 and Rac2 mediate downstream signals in p210 BCR-ABL-induced myeloproliferation (Thomas EK, et al., Cancer Cell, 2007). Interestingly, despite the absence of a GEF domain in p190-BCR-ABL, Rac is activated, suggesting the activation of other GEF(s). Here we have analyzed whether Vav and Rac family members are involved in p190-BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL. We have used a combination of in vitro (Ba/F3 pro-B cells transduced with p190 or p210 BCR-ABL) and in vivo (murine transduction-transplantation model of p190 BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL) approaches. In Ba/F3 cells, both p190 BCR-ABL and p210 BCR-ABL activated Rac and the Rac effector p21 activated kinase (PAK), and their proliferation and survival appeared severely decreased in response to the Rac activation inhibitor NSC23766. Stat3, Stat5 and Jnk, but not ERK, p38 or NF-kB, were constitutively hyperactivated in p190 BCRABL-expressing Ba/F3 cells and primary murine B-ALL cells. Intracellular flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that Stat5 was specifically activated in the pro/pre-B leukemic cell population, compared to normal B cells. In the murine model of B-ALL, loss of Rac2, but not Rac3, prolonged survival and impaired leukemia development. Like in Ba/F3 cells, primary B-CFU and outgrowth in Witte-Whitlock assays of leukemic primary cells from mice was severely decreased by the addition of NSC23766 to the culture. Although Vav was activated by both p190- and p210-BCR-ABL, since NSC23766 does not block the activation by Vav1, we hypothesized that other GEFs were involved. Indeed, the loss of Vav1 or even combined loss of Vav1 and Vav2 did not impair BCR-ABL-mediated lymphoid leukemogenesis in vivo. Vav3, another member in the Vav family which uses a different mechanism of activation of Rac GTPases was a likely candidate. In fact, loss of Vav3 alone was able to significantly prolong the survival and attenuate development of p190 BCR-ABL-driven B-ALL. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that Rac activation is necessary for the development of B-ALL induced by p190-BCR-ABL in vitro and in vivo, and validate a new signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL.
Drying and decontamination of raw pistachios with sequential infrared drying, tempering and hot air drying

Abstract Pistachio nuts have been associated with outbreaks of foodborne disease and the industry has been impacted by numerous product recalls due to contamination with Salmonella enterica. The current hot air drying of pistachios has low energy efficiency and drying rates, and also does not guarantee the microbial safety of products. In the study described herein, dehulled and water-sorted pistachios with a moisture content (MC) of 38.14% (wet basis) were dried in a sequential infrared and hot air (SIRHA) drier to
Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Increase Aqueous-Phase Production of Imidazoles in Methylglyoxal/Amine Mixtures: Quantifying a Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Mechanism

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are commonly found in cloud droplets because of reversible partitioning and hydration reactions. An SOA formation pathway was recently identified in which these common aldehydes are irreversibly incorporated into imidazole derivatives formed by reaction with dicarbonyl species and ammonium salts or amine species. Here we use ultraviolet–visible and nuclear magnetic resonance kinetic measurements to determine the influence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on aqueous methylglyoxal chemistry. The presence of formaldehyde increases imidazole product formation rates by factors of 2 and ≥5 in reactions with ammonium sulfate and amines, respectively, and increases imidazole product yields in methylglyoxal + amine reactions by more than an order of magnitude. Acetaldehyde is less likely to be incorporated into imidazole products and increases formation rates and yields only in reactions involving amines. We estimate that aqueous formation of imidazoles could generate as much as 1.05 ...
Similarity law and critical properties in ionic systems.

Abstract Using molecular simulations, we determine the locus of ideal compressibility, or Zeno line, for a series of ionic compounds. We find that the shape of this thermodynamic contour follows a linear law, leading to the determination of the Boyle parameters. We also show that a similarity law, based on the Boyle parameters, yields accurate critical data when compared to the experiment. Furthermore, we show that the Boyle density scales linearly with the size-asymmetry, providing a direct route to establish a correspondence between the thermodynamic properties of different ionic compounds.
Season, Hour of Release and Holding Time as Determinants of Persistence of Mass Reared, Sterilized Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) at a Release Site

Persistence of mass-reared, radiosterilized Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), released at a target site was measured by trap-back. Released flies persisted in greater numbers during th...
PD-L1 is an activation-independent marker of brown adipocytes

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on a number of immune and cancer cells, where it can downregulate antitumor immune responses. Its expression has been linked to metabolic changes in these cells. Here we develop a radiolabeled camelid single-domain antibody (anti-PD-L1 VHH) to track PD-L1 expression by immuno-positron emission tomography (PET). PET-CT imaging shows a robust and specific PD-L1 signal in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We confirm expression of PD-L1 on brown adipocytes and demonstrate that signal intensity does not change in response to cold exposure or β-adrenergic activation. This is the first robust method of visualizing murine brown fat independent of its activation state. Current approaches to visualise brown adipose tissue (BAT) rely primarily on markers that reflect its metabolic activity. Here, the authors show that PD-L1 is expressed on brown adipocytes, does not change upon BAT activation, and that BAT volume in mice can be measured by PET-CT with a radiolabeled anti-PD-L1 antibody.
Positive Electrodes in Other Aqueous Systems

This chapter will discuss three topics relating to positive electrodes in aqueous electrolyte battery systems, the manganese dioxide electrode, the “nickel” electrode, and the so-called memory effect that is found in batteries that have “nickel” positive electrodes.
Effect of Light Duty Vehicle Performance on a Driving Style Metric

Eco-driving involves alterations to driving style to improve energy efficiency. The observed driving style reflects the combined effects of roadway, traffic, driver, and vehicle performance. Althou...
Studies on Neuroendocrine Control of Prolactin and Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones

My entry into endocrinology was accidental. While still an undergraduate at the University of Missouri, I became a part-time technician in the laboratory of the late Professor C. W. Turner, and after a year became one of his graduate students. Turner received his training in genetics but also developed an early interest in endocrinology while at the University of Wisconsin. In the 1920s he went to the Dairy Science Department at the University of Missouri, where he soon became immersed in work on endocrine regulation of mammary growth and lactation. His research attracted many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Turner not only was an enthusiastic and dedicated investigator but also was a kind and generous man, and a good spirit of camaraderie prevailed in the laboratory. The atmosphere was stimulating, and there was a general belief in hard work and long hours. Everyone had a maximum of freedom to pursue his own ideas, and Turner always was prepared to give good advice and encouragement. Over the years he developed some pet theories which he held onto tenaciously even when challenged by his students and others, but he never took offense and conceded the right of everyone to their opinions. He retained his scholarly interests to the end of his life in 1975, and probably contributed more than anyone else to the foundations of modern lactational physiology.
Grape Seeds: Agro-Industrial Waste with Vast Functional Food Potential

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruits for their delicacy and nutrition. All the more fame stems from their fermentation products wines. The by-product pomace comprising of skin and seeds often ends up as wastes. Lately, the seeds have been discovered to contain an ample amount of diverse bioactive compounds. Polyphenols are found in abundance in the seeds, proanthocyanidin being the most prominent class. The seed extracts are increasingly being recognized as human food supplement for disease prevention and overall health promotion. Their uses have ramified to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, osteoprotectant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Now that nutrient recovery from food by-products and residues as well as fortification has emerged as thrust areas, the relevance of grape seed extract deserves exploration. This chapter presents a complete account of the current state of knowledge and future directions.
Modeling of Enzyme Cascades

It is now recognized that many of the metabolic pathways in mammals involve cascades of enzymatic reactions. In this chapter we shall discuss attempts to model such processes. After a presentation of some physiological-biochemical motivation and brief comments on modeling attempts by others, we shall turn to a discussion based on recent investigations [20–22,144] by this author and R. Miech of the Division of Bio-Medical Sciences, Brown University.
Editorial Commentary: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament Is a Dynamic Structure

Abstract The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a dynamic structure composed of distinct bundles that function synergistically to facilitate normal knee kinematics in concert with bony morphology. Characterized by individual uniqueness, the ACL is inherently subject to both anatomic and morphological variations as well as physiologic aging. No locus on the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch is truly isometric through full range of motion, suggesting the ACL is a dynamic structure. Future studies should explore dynamic ACL behavior in vivo.
Closing Thoughts: On the Power of Youth and System Change

Change is happening in the Cooperative Extension System as the organization focuses its efforts on the overall goal of creating a culture of health in the United States. Well Connected Communities is a Cooperative Extension and National 4-H Council initiative supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation that involves modeling a systems-level approach to community efforts versus an individual prevention model. The initiative also engages the power of youth to catalyze progress for communities to achieve their best health and well-being.
Thermophysical property and electrical conductivity of titanium isopropoxide – polysiloxane derived ceramics

Abstract In this study, high temperature resistant Si-O-C-Ti has been successfully prepared based on the pyrolysis of polysiloxane (PSO) and titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) at 1200–1400 °C. PSO can homogeneously mix with TTIP to enhance its conversion to TiC. The carbothermal reactions between TiO2 (product of thermal decomposition of TTIP) and carbon result in the formation of TiC. All the Si-O-C-Ti composites pyrolyzed at 1200–1300 °C are stable up to 1000 °C in an oxidizing air atmosphere. TiC leads to high electrical conductivity at elevated temperatures; the maximum conductivity is 1176.55 S/m at 950 °C, which is the first reported value of >1000 S/m conductivity for Si-O-C-Ti ceramics. However, too high a pyrolysis temperature, such as 1400 °C, can potentially ‘destabilize’ the Si-O-C-Ti system by consuming the free carbon and result in lower conductivities.
Sarcasm Detection using Hybrid Neural Network.

Sarcasm Detection has enjoyed great interest from the research community, however the task of predicting sarcasm in a text remains an elusive problem for machines. Past studies mostly make use of twitter datasets collected using hashtag based supervision but such datasets are noisy in terms of labels and language. To overcome these shortcoming, we introduce a new dataset which contains news headlines from a sarcastic news website and a real news website. Next, we propose a hybrid Neural Network architecture with attention mechanism which provides insights about what actually makes sentences sarcastic. Through experiments, we show that the proposed model improves upon the baseline by ~ 5% in terms of classification accuracy.
Acceptor substrate determines donor specificity of an aromatic prenyltransferase: expanding the biocatalytic potential of NphB

Aromatic prenyltransferases are known for their extensive promiscuity toward aromatic acceptor substrates and their ability to form various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Of particular interest among the prenyltransferases is NphB, whose ability to geranylate cannabinoid precursors has been utilized in several in vivo and in vitro systems. It has therefore been established that prenyltransferases can be utilized as biocatalysts for the generation of useful compounds. However, recent observations of non-native alkyl-donor promiscuity among prenyltransferases indicate the role of NphB in biocatalysis could be expanded beyond geranylation reactions. Therefore, the goal of this study was to elucidate the donor promiscuity of NphB using different acceptor substrates. Herein, we report distinct donor profiles between NphB-catalyzed reactions involving the known substrate 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and an FDA-approved drug molecule sulfabenzamide. Furthermore, we report the first instance of regiospecific, NphB-catalyzed N-alkylation of sulfabenzamide using a library of non-native alkyl-donors, indicating the biocatalytic potential of NphB as a late-stage diversification tool. KEY POINTS: • NphB can utilize the antibacterial drug sulfabenzamide as an acceptor. • The donor profile of NphB changes dramatically with the choice of acceptor. • NphB performs a previously unknown regiospecific N-alkylation on sulfabenzamide. • Prenyltransferases like NphB can be utilized as drug-alkylating biocatalysts.
Patch size and vegetation structure drive changes to mixed-species flock diversity and composition across a gradient of fragment sizes in the Western Andes of Colombia

Forest fragmentation is a leading driver of biodiversity loss, yet its effects on positive species interactions remain poorly known. We examined the effects of fragmentation on mixed-species bird flocks in the Western Andes of Colombia. Using 500-m transect surveys (n = 14 transects), we sampled flocks in 8 fragments (range: 10–173 ha) and an unfragmented reference site within the same altitudinal band (1,900–2,200 m.a.s.l.) and matrix type (cattle pasture). We evaluated the relative contributions of 9 predictor variables, including patch size, distance from edge, and selective aspects of vegetation structure on the composition, size, species richness, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of flocks. We found effects of both patch size and vegetation structure on flock species richness, size, and functional diversity, but no support for edge effects. Generally, flock richness and size responded differently to fragmentation than did functional and phylogenetic diversity metrics. Both flock size and richness increased with patch size, but this variable had no effect on functional and phylogenetic diversity. Flock richness and size increased in high-canopy forests with greater foliage height diversity, whereas unlogged, old-growth primary forests with large-diameter trees had lower flock richness and size, but significantly greater functional diversity. Phylogenetic diversity was not affected by patch size, edge effects, or vegetation structure. We found differences in flock composition in response to fragmentation. Richness of Furnariidae in flocks increased with increasing distance from edge and foliage height diversity, whereas that of Thraupidae and boreal migrant species increased in early successional and forest edge flocks, respectively. All flock diversity metrics differed significantly seasonally, with smaller, less diverse flocks observed in January–March than in June–August. Flocking behavior persisted in 10-ha fragments, likely because Andean flocks are ″open membership” in nature, but there was extensive species turnover as forest edge and generalist species replaced forest-interior species in smaller fragments.
Chapter 10 – Temporal Detail

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on measuring the interactivity of an application and how to make it more interactive. It commences with a discussion of methods for characterizing the interactivity or temporal performance of a system, including frame rate as well as other measures such as system latency or lag. It examines techniques for increasing application interactivity, including level of detail (LOD), parallelization, prediction, and rendering optimization. The primary reason developers concern themselves with temporal detail is its strong relationship to user performance and satisfaction. This chapter reviews the few studies that directly examine the visual/temporal tradeoff. It concludes by summarizing the implications for developers working in applied settings. LOD researchers focus on achieving precise visual control. Users of LOD technology are generally left with two options: guaranteeing visual accuracy and leaving interactivity uncertain or guaranteeing interactivity and leaving visual error unconstrained. Most commercial interactive applications emphasize interactivity or temporal detail, with visual quality reduced as needed to guarantee frame rates of 60 Hz or more. This chapter concludes by summarizing the implications for developers working in applied settings..
The United States Law on Stock Market Insider Trading and Tipping

This article is based on a lecture at Nihon College of Law in Tokyo and draws on William K.S. Wang & Marc I. Steinberg, Insider Trading (Oxford University Press 3d ed. 2010); and William K.S. Wang, Stock Market Insider Trading: Victims, Violators, and Remedies–Including an Analogy to Fraud in the Sale of a Used Car with a Generic Defect, 45 Villanova Law Review 27 (2000).The article briefly discusses Rule 14e-3, the Rule 10b-5 classical relationship theory, the Rule 10b-5 misappropriation doctrine, the Rule 10b-5 liability of tippers and tippees, Rule 10b5-1, Rule 10b5-2, and Regulation FD.
Extended Møller-Plesset perturbation theory for dynamical and static correlations.

We present a novel method that appropriately handles both dynamical and static electron correlations in a balanced manner, using a perturbation theory on a spin-extended Hartree-Fock (EHF) wave function reference. While EHF is a suitable candidate for degenerate systems where static correlation is ubiquitous, it is known that most of dynamical correlation is neglected in EHF. In this work, we derive a perturbative correction to a fully spin-projected self-consistent wave function based on second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). The proposed method efficiently captures the ability of EHF to describe static correlation in degeneracy, combined with MP2's ability to treat dynamical correlation effects. We demonstrate drastic improvements on molecular ground state and excited state potential energy curves and singlet-triplet splitting energies over both EHF and MP2 with similar computational effort to the latter.
A Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna using an Open Stub Coupled-Line Phase Shifter

The design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of a proximity-fed circularly polarized microstrip antenna is presented. The two major design components are (1) a stepped impedance open stub (SIOS) coupled-line 90° phase shifter, and (2) a dual-probe proximity-fed circular patch. The 90° phase shifter consists of two microstrip lines: one with an SIOS and coupled-line, and a second that serves as a reference. The antenna is a 64.4 mm diameter circular patch printed on top of a $140\ \text{mm} \times 140\ \text{mm}\times 0.8\ \text{mm}$ FR4 substrate. The antenna feed network is on a separate FR4 substrate and consists of a cascaded Wilkinson power divider and phase shifter. Connecting the feed network and patch antenna substrates are T-shaped probes that extend from the two outputs of the phase shifter to the bottom of the antenna substrate through a 16.7 mm air layer. A prototype was fabricated, and measurement results show a gain of 6.8 dBic at 2.0 GHz and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 38% from 1.66 GHz to 2.44 GHz with more than 10-dB of return loss over this band.
Association of proton pump inhibitors with survival in Veterans with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy.

e18729Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can disrupt the gut microbiome and thereby modulate response to immunotherapy in cancer patients. In a recently published post-hoc analysis of 757 non...
The Business-Model 'Flag': Mapping the Arithmetic of Value Creation

Product and Business Model Innovation tends to be iterative and interdisciplinary. This usually requires frameworks with effective visualizations that map not only the decisions, but also their previewed consequences for the business. This paper offers a mapping to complement existing qualitative models. It does so by displaying the quantitative consequences of strategies in a coherent visual framework, aiming to discipline the pitching process. This, by making the basic arithmetic of real or guesstimated profits more transparent to team members and financiers. It brings back the basic Managerial Accounting (i.e. Cost-Volume-Profit analysis) blended with Economics into a convenient Figure for project discussion. Rectangle areas represent sales as well as fixed and variable costs, leaving profits as a residual income. Among various advantages, the framework intuitively visualizes breakeven and demand elasticities. It also helps analyzing different growth strategies. Importantly, the model allows for a visual sensitivity analysis – without derivatives - of how changes in assumptions impact profitability. Beyond the basic static analysis, the paper discusses additional applications. For example, to new ventures focusing on customer equity or other dynamic analysis. It even applies to innovations in marketing and non-profits.
The inverting effect of curvature in winter terrain park jump takeoffs

Epidemiological studies of injuries at ski resorts have found that terrain parks, and jumps especially, pose a significantly greater head/neck injury risk to resort patrons than normal skiing activities. One especially hazardous situation is when the jumper lands in an inverted position which can lead to catastrophic injury or death from spinal cord trauma. Whereas jumpers can execute inverted maneuvers intentionally, curvature in the takeoff can lead to involuntary inversion. In this work we lay out the basic physics of this phenomenon assuming a rigid body model which simulates a stiff-legged jumper. Included is an estimate of the partially compensating (forward) rotation caused by the ground reaction force. I apply the results to an actual jump having a curved takeoff. For a jump trajectory with a landing just past the "knuckle," the resulting net angle of inverting rotation is found to be about 60°, sufficiently large to pose a potential injury risk. A mitigating takeoff design criterion adopted by the U.S. Terrain Park Council based on human response times is also discussed and compared to the FIS standard for Nordic jumps. KEYWORDS: terrain park jump, ski/snowboard safety, inversion risk Language: en
The Orchestral Revolution: Haydn and the Technologies of Timbre

The Orchestral Revolution explores the changing listening culture of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Delving into Enlightenment philosophy, the nature of instruments, compositional practices and reception history, this book describes the birth of a new form of attention to sonority and uncovers the intimate relationship between the development of modern musical aesthetics and the emergence of orchestration. By focusing upon Joseph Haydn's innovative strategies of orchestration and tracing their reception and influence, Emily Dolan shows that the consolidation of the modern orchestra radically altered how people listened to and thought about the expressive capacity of instruments. The orchestra transformed from a mere gathering of instruments into an ideal community full of diverse, nuanced and expressive characters. In addressing this key moment in the history of music, Dolan demonstrates the importance of the materiality of sound in the formation of the modern musical artwork.
Computations and Mechanisms in the Early Processing of Visual Information

A central notion in contemporary cognitive science is that mental processes involve computations defined over internal representations. This general view suggests a distinction between the study of representation and computations performed by our cognitive systems, on the one hand, and the physical brain mechanisms supporting these computations, on the other. The two studies proceed along different paths, and neither is completely reducible to the other. It is the hope of cognitive science, however, that the studies of function and mechanism can complement each other, and that theories can be developed for various cognitive subsystems that will describe and explain their computational aspects, their underlying mechanisms, and the interactions between the two.
Caring Too Much: Misapplying the False Claims Act to Target Overtreatment

As the costs of health care administration and delivery continue to grow, health care fraud enforcement actions have increased in number and severity, and, with the recently upheld Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act adding more than $350 million over the next ten years to fight health care fraud, they will likely continue to do so. Continuing a strategy it has used for decades, the federal government is relying mainly on the False Claims Act (FCA), an age-old statute with blunt penalties, to levy remarkable fines against providers in an ever-expanding net of enforcement. But recent examples indicate that the government is applying the FCA to scenarios in which its application seems unwarranted. Namely, the government is now increasingly wielding the FCA against “overtreatment” — defined as cases in which a provider has allegedly provided “too much” care in an inefficient, overly expensive, or unnecessary way — presumably to address the looming fiscal crisis. Exemplified by the Department of Justice’s ongoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator investigation, the federal government is seeking to regulate overtreatment through application of its powerful anti-fraud statute.Even though health care waste and abuse undeniably plague American health care, this Article argues that the government’s solution of applying the FCA against providers who engage in overtreatment is doctrinally unsatisfying and practically destructive. The overreliance on “data mining,” a desire to freeze vague and developing practice standards, and the FCA’s overwhelming penalties that precipitate immediate settlement make up the key components of this overtreatment enforcement model. This results in cascading settlements, allowing the government to unilaterally change developing medical practice standards with little clinical input or judicial review in what can be called “backdoor rationing.” Further, these anti-fraud initiatives often impact the wrong providers and can stifle innovation. This analysis provides an in-depth critique of this new development in health care fraud enforcement in an effort to decouple conventional health care fraud cases from overtreatment investigations. Ideally, this piece will start the conversation toward an improved and more legitimate enforcement framework. At bottom, it illustrates the doctrinal and practical problems that will likely continue to exist at the complex intersection of medical necessity, health care financing, and fraud — even as the administration of America’s health care undergoes radical change.
Research note: First report of the Japanese species Grateloupia lanceolata (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from California, USA

SUMMARY The Japanese red algaGrateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi was discovered in southern California at Santa Catalina Island in spring 2003 and April 2008 and in central California at the mouth of the Elkhorn Slough in Moss Landing in May, June and July of 2008. The morphology of thalli from both localities agrees with published figures. Sequences from therbcL gene and the nuclear marker, internal transcribed spacer-1 from CalifornianG. lanceolatawere identical to those from two specimens ofG. lanceolataintroduced to the Thau Lagoon, Mediterranean France and a specimen from Japan. It is likely that the import of oysters for mariculture played a role in its introduction into California.
Amides as ligands—X: Complexes of γ-butyrolactam with lanthanide nitrates

Abstract The syntheses and physical properties of the crystalline compounds [Ln(BuL)8](NO3)3 (Ln  La, Nd, Gd) (BuL = γ-butyrolactam), and [Ln(BuL)3(NO3)3] (Ln  Dy, Er, Yb) are reported. Infra-red spectra of these complexes indicate that in the solid state the La, Nd, and Gd complexes contain ionic nitrate, while the Dy, Er, and Yb complexes contain covalent nitrato groups. Both molecular weight and conductance data indicate that the complexes containing ionic nitrate dissociate in solution. Both analyses and spectral studies indicate that the larger lanthanide ions have coordination numbers of eight, while the smaller lanthanides are seven coordinated.
Systems Biology: Properties of Reconstructed Networks

Genome sequences are now available that enable us to determine the biological components that make up a cell or an organism. The discipline of systems biology examines how these components interact and form networks, and how the networks generate whole cell functions corresponding to observable phenotypes. This textbook, devoted to systems biology, describes how to model networks, how to determine their properties, and how to relate these to phenotypic functions. The prerequisites are some knowledge of linear algebra and biochemistry. Though the links between the mathematical ideas and biological processes are made clear, the book reflects the irreversible trend of increasing mathematical content in biology education. Therefore to assist both teacher and student, in an associated website Palsson provides problem sets, projects and Powerpoint slides, and keeps the presentation in the book concrete with illustrative material and experimental results.
Applying affinity coelectrophoresis to the study of non-specific, DNA binding peptides

Publisher Summary Spectroscopic methods, such as NMR, fluorescence, or circular dichroism spectroscopy can be used to measure binding constants for nucleic acid binding peptides; however, they are often complicated by a non-linear dependence of the measured spectral parameter on the extent of binding. This chapter describes the applications and advantages of affinity coelectrophoresis (ACE) to characterize the non-specific, DNA binding activity of several small peptides. ACE can also be used to measure the salt dependence of peptide-DNA binding. Affinity coeiectrophoresis (ACE) is applied to study the non-specific binding properties of a peptide (TPPI) from the replication arrest protein, Tus, a zinc finger peptide, Xfin-31, in the oxidized and zinc complex forms, and a protamine, clupeine Z, using different DNA sequences. The chapter suggests that affinity coelectrophoresis (ACE) can be utilized to study non-specific, peptide-DNA binding. It is a simple, gel electrophoresis technique, which measures equilibrium binding of small ligands whose rapid dissociation kinetics may preclude the use of other DNA binding assays. Thus, it is a valuable supplement to other techniques used to measure DNA binding.
Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands

Introduction, J. B. Zedler The Scope of This Book The Shortcomings of Restoration Ecology Theory The Lack of Predictability of Restoration Outcomes New Understanding Adaptive Restoration Restoration in Coastal Wetlands Summary and Conclusion Developing a Framework for Restoration, G. Vivian-Smith Introduction Restoration Goals Current Site Characteristics Heterogeneity in Coastal Wetland Restoration Models Constraints Posed by Human Use Stepwise Planning of Restoration Hydrology and Substrate, J.C. Callaway Background and Introduction Hydrology Substrate Planning Considerations Restoration Solutions Summary Establishing Vegetation on Restored and Created Coastal Wetlands, G. Sullivan Introduction Developing a Vegetation Strategy Plant Acquisition, Propagation, and Maintenance Planting Methods Genetic Considerations Summary Restoring Assemblages of Invertebrates and Fishes Overview Environmental Parameters Estuarine Habitat Assemblages, Functions, and Restoration Summary Restoring Assemblages of Invertebrates and Fishes, G.D. Williams and J.S. Desmond Overview Environmental Parameters Estuarine Habitat Assemblages, Functions, and Restoration Summary Assessment and Monitoring, J.C. Callaway, G. Sullivan, J.S. Desmond, G.D. Williams, J.B. Zedler Introduction Hydrology and Topography Water Quality Soils: Substrate Qualities, Nutrient Dynamics Elevation, Global Positioning Systems, and Geographic Information Systems Vegetation Invertebrates Fishes Recommendations for Minimum Monitoring Sustaining Restored Wetlands: Identifying and Solving Management Problems, J.C. Callaway and G. Sullivan Introduction Irrigation Replanting Herbivory Macroalgal Blooms Sediment Issues Exotic Plant Invasions Exotic Animal Species Human Activities Summary Conclusions and Future Directions, J.B. Zelder Overview Conclusions Appendices
Submerged macrophytes mitigate direct and indirect insecticide effects in freshwater communities

Understanding how ecological interactions mitigate the impacts of perturbations such as pesticides in biological communities is an important basic and applied question for ecologists. In aquatic ecosystems, new evidence from microcosm experiments suggests that submerged macrophytes can buffer cladocerans from pulse exposures to the widely used insecticide malathion, and that mitigation increases with macrophyte density. However, whether these results scale up to more complex aquatic communities where ecological interactions such as competition can alter toxicity is unknown. Further, macrophyte abilities to mitigate different insecticide exposure scenarios (i.e. single versus repeated pulses) have never been tested. To address these gaps, we performed a factorial mesocosm experiment examining the influence of four macrophyte treatments (0, 10, 50, or 100 Elodea Canadensis shoots planted per mesocosm) crossed with three malathion exposure scenarios (no insecticide, single pulse, repeated pulses) on aquatic communities containing zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, two snail species, and larval amphibians. In the absence of macrophytes, single malathion pulses caused short-term declines in cladoceran abundance followed by their rapid recovery, which precluded any indirect effects (i.e. trophic cascades). However, repeated malathion pulses caused cladoceran extinctions, resulting in persistent phytoplankton blooms and reduced abundance of one snail species. In contrast, with macrophytes present, even at low density, malathion had no effect on any taxa. We also discovered novel effects of macrophytes on the benthic food web. In the two highest macrophyte treatments, we observed trends of reduced periphyton biomass, decreased abundance of one snail species, and decreased amphibian time to and mass at metamorphosis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of negative submerged macrophyte effects on amphibians, a taxa of global conservation concern. Our findings suggest that facilitating macrophytes could be an important strategy for buffering freshwater communities from insecticides, though consideration of their impacts on animal species is necessary.
Colored partitions of a convex polygon by noncrossing diagonals

For any positive integers a and b , we enumerate all colored partitions made by noncrossing diagonals of a convex polygon into polygons whose number of sides is congruent to b modulo a . For the number of such partitions made by a fixed number of diagonals, we give both a recurrence relation and an explicit representation in terms of partial Bell polynomials. We use basic properties of these polynomials to efficiently incorporate restrictions on the type of polygons allowed in the partitions.