cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating Gamma Waveforms, AM Patterns and 1/fα Spectra by Means of Mesoscopic Chaotic Neurodynamics

Piecewise linear analysis modeled gamma activity as the output of an adaptive filter with white noise input (Elul 1972). Under this model a point attractor was postulated to govern the dynamics of the olfactory system under noise, which accounted for the broad spectrum of its background activity in the gamma range, the Gaussian amplitude density distribution, and the Rayleigh distribution of the peak amplitudes of the oscillations (Figure 3.13, c, p. 148 in Freeman 1975), but which failed to account for the 1/fα power spectral density and the spatial patterns of phase cones (Figure I in Prologue, Sections B and C). The gamma burst on inhalation was thought to be governed by a Hopf bifurcation to a limit cycle attractor. The amplitude and frequency modulations of bursts were ascribed to the brief time of access during inhalation, which allowed for an approach to the attractor, but with the next bifurcation coming too quickly to allow the state to settle into a stable orbit.
Abstract 13409: Generation of CD8+ Effector Memory T cells by Diet-induced Hypercholesterolemia in apoE-/- Mice

Background: We recently reported that the cholesterol milieu affects T cell phenotype. Increasing evidence indicates a role for CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis, yet the effect of hypercholesterolemia on CD8+ T cell effector phenotype and function remain unclear. To better understand the mechanistic role of CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis, we investigated CD8+ T cell effector response and function in response to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in apoE-/- mice. Methods and Results: Seven week-old apoE-/- mice were fed either normal chow (NC, N=5) or western-type diet (WD, N=5) for 6 weeks and were euthanized at 13 weeks of age. Spleens were collected at euthanasia and stained for flow cytometry or subjected to CD8+ T cell isolation for use in cytolytic assays using oxLDL-primed macrophages as target cells. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly increased in WD compared to NC fed mice (1544±195 vs. 490±107 mg/dL, respectively; P<0.001). CD44(+)CD62L(-) Effector Memory (EM) CD8+ T cells were significan...
Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptation in the Context of Adversity

How do children and adolescents “make it” when their development is threatened by poverty, neglect, maltreatment, war, violence, or exposure to oppression, racism, and discrimination? What protects them when their parents are disabled by substance abuse, mental illness, or serious physical illness? How do we explain the phenomenon of resilience—children succeeding in spite of serious challenges to their development—and put this knowledge to work for the benefit of children and society? The scientific study of resilience emerged around 1970 when a group of pioneering researchers began to notice the phenomenon of positive adaptation among subgroups of children who were considered “at risk” for developing later psychopathology (Masten, 2001, 2012).
The Damnedest Mess: An Empirical Evaluation of the 1966 Georgia Gubernatorial Election*

Objective The 1966 gubernatorial campaign provides an interesting retrospective examination of Georgia politics during a period of seismic change that included the dawn of two-party competition, black enfranchisement, and legislative determination of the chief executive. Method This article provides an empirical evaluation of the 1966 gubernatorial election in Georgia, including action that occurred in the General Assembly following the election. Results Our findings clearly define the various coalitions supporting the three gubernatorial candidates and also explain why the plurality popular winner loses the legislative vote. Conclusion The 1966 election is not only interesting as a case study in its own right, but one that had a major impact on two-party politics and legislative-executive relations in Georgia for decades to come.
Deafness and imbalance associated with inactivation of the secretory Na-K-2Cl co-transporter

Deafness can result from a variety of gene defects1. Some genes involved in the physiology of hearing encode membrane transporters that regulate the ionic composition of the fluid bathing the inner ear. The endolymph is an extracellular fluid with an atypical composition that resembles the intracellular milieu, high in K+ and low in Na+. Recent studies have emphasized the prominent role of K+ channels in endolymph secretion2,3,4 and mechanical transduction5. Coupled electroneutral transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- is mediated by two isoforms of the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter: the absorptive isoform BSC1 (also called NKCC2, encoded by Slc12a1 in mouse) that is exclusively expressed in kidney; and BSC2/NKCC1 (encoded by Slc12a2 in mouse), the secretory isoform which has a wider pattern of expression including epithelia, muscle cells, neurons and red blood cells6,7. These co-transporters share 57% homology at the amino acid level8,9,10,11 and are pharmacologically inhibited by loop diuretics. There is functional12,13,14 and histochemical15,16,17 evidence for the presence of the secretory isoform of the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter in gerbil, rat and rabbit inner ear. We disrupted mouse Slc12a2 and report here that Slc12a2-/- mice are deaf and exhibit classic shaker/waltzer behaviour, indicative of inner-ear defects. We localized the co-transporter to key secreting epithelia of the mouse inner ear and show that absence of functional co-transporter leads to structural damages in the inner ear consistent with a decrease in endolymph secretion.
The effects of continuous 5-HT3 receptor antagonist administration on the subsequent behavioral response to cocaine

Abstract A functional down-regulation of central serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptors represents a partial mechanism of the tolerance to cocaine induced by the continuous administration of cocaine. Blocking this down-regulation by co-administering continuous cocaine and daily injections of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists blocks the development of tolerance. The present experiment evaluated the ability of continuously administered 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, to induce sensitization (reverse tolerance) to the behavioral effects of cocaine, based on the hypothesis that chronic blockade of 5-HT3 receptors should induce an up-regulation of these receptors. In all experiments, rats received a 14 day pretreatment involving the continuous administration of tropisetron (0.0, 1.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg/day) or LY 278,584 (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 mg/kg/day). The rats were withdrawn for 7 days from this pretreatment regimen. On day 7 of withdrawal from the pretreatment regiment, the rats received a 0.0, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg i.p. cocaine challenge. Ambulatory behavior was automatically recorded for 60 min. Both continuous tropisetron and LY 278,584, opposite to the initial hypothesis, induced tolerance, and not sensitization, to the behavioral effects of cocaine. The results clearly indicate that central 5-HT3 receptors are critical for the effects of chronic cocaine administration.
New application of enhanced dynamic wedge for tangent breast irradiation

Dose uniformity within the treatment volume for tangent breast irradiation can be significantly improved through dynamic compensating collimation using all four independent jaws to define a superposition of sequentially reduced Enhanced dynamic wedge fields. The enhanced dynamic wedge angle is determined which optimizes dose uniformity in the central axis transverse plane, then the sequential reduction of the superior and inferior jaws is determined to optimize the sagittal dose uniformity. This technique could be applied under computer control through a record and verify system.
Environmental and energy-related challenges to sustainable tourism in the United States and China

This article examines the relationship between tourism, energy, and environment. This article approaches tourism as a complex adaptive system composed of consumers, transportation providers, travel intermediaries, and destinations composed of multiple tourism-related companies and other stakeholder groups. Environmental and energy-related challenges of components to the system are examined as well as various units – the system as a whole, enterprises and individuals – within the system. A total of 92 peer-reviewed articles were studied that address ‘energy’ and ‘tourism’ published between 1974 and 2011. Also addressed are the impacts of social and cultural differences between the United States and China concerning responses to environmental and energy-related challenges. This article concludes with recommendations for addressing the challenges associated with such challenges, including building system capacity, technology development and adoption, support of individual behavior change, increasing understa...
Design guidelines for system administration tools developed through ethnographic field studies

Information Technology system administrators (sysadmins) perform the crucial and never-ending work of maintaining the technical infrastructure on which our society depends. Computer systems grow more complex every year, however, and the cost of administration is an ever increasing fraction of total system cost - IT systems are growing harder to manage. To better understand this problem, we undertook a series of field studies of system administration work over the past four years, visiting a variety of enterprise and large university sites. One of our most compelling observations was how often the tools used by system administrators were not well aligned with their work practices. We believe that this misalignment was the result of administration tools designed without a complete understanding of the full context of administration work. To promote the design of better tools, this paper describes system administration work in more detail based on examples from our field studies, outlines the dimensions along which enterprise sysadmins differ significantly from other computer users, and provides a set of guidelines for tools to better support how administrators actually work.
Hypothermia reduces calcium entry via the N-methyl-D-aspartate and ryanodine receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons

Hypothermia is a powerful neuroprotective method when induced following cardiac arrest, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. The physiological effects of hypothermia are multifaceted and therefore a better knowledge of its therapeutic targets will be central to developing innovative combination therapies to augment the protective benefits of hypothermia. Altered neuronal calcium dynamics have been implicated following stroke, status epilepticus and traumatic brain injury. This study was therefore initiated to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on various modes of calcium entry into a neuron. Here, we utilized various pharmacological agents to stimulate major routes of calcium entry in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Fluorescent calcium indicator Fura-2AM was used to compare calcium ratio under normothermic (37 °C) and hypothermic (31 °C) conditions. The results of this study indicate that hypothermia preferentially reduces calcium entry through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and ryanodine receptors. Hypothermia, on the other hand, did not have a significant effect on calcium entry through the voltage-dependent calcium channels or the inositol tri-phosphate receptors. The ability of hypothermia to selectively affect both N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and ryanodine receptors-mediated calcium systems makes it an attractive intervention for alleviating calcium elevations that are present following many neurological injuries.
Cadmium‐109 metabolism in mice. II. Organ retention in mice fed a nutritionally deficient diet during successive rounds of gestation and lactation

Organ retention of 109Cd was studied in multiparous and virgin female mice provided trace amounts of 109Cd in drinking water and stable Cd as well as certain nutrient minerals, vitamins, and fat all apportioned in solid diet in amounts appropriate for the itai-itai experience. Breeder females maximally experienced 4 nonconsecutive rounds of gestation/lactation in a total of 5 such 42-d periods. On a round-by-round basis, breeder organ 109Cd content and concentration values were compared with those from their time-matched virgin controls. By the end of round 5, most organ 109Cd content values in breeders were still increasing. Relative to control values at that point, the following increases were observed: whole body (minus gastrointestinal tract), 4.7-fold; mammary tissue, 12.5-fold; liver, 4.7-fold; and kidney, 4.8-fold. Analogous increases in 109Cd concentration values were mammary tissue, 9.8-fold; liver, 2.8-fold; and kidney, 2.9-fold. Through the five rounds, a temporal shift in fractional Cd distribution was noted for breeder tissues where transfer occurred from those of the mammaries and remaining carcass to kidneys. Although by the end of the period 109Cd content in the liver still exceeded that in the kidneys, 109Cd concentration was 4.7-fold greater in renal tissues--an increase not matched by other breeder females consuming nutrient-replete rather than nutrient-deficient (itai-itai) diet. For virgin female mice over the same period, a shift of similar magnitude was observed from remaining carcass to kidneys. Not unlike the breeders, hepatic 109Cd content again exceeded that in renal tissues, while 109Cd concentration was 4.5-fold greater in the kidneys. With respect to renal 109Cd increases, the greater portion of these shifts had occurred by the end of round 3 for both breeder and virgin mice. Comparison of both content and concentration measures for a single, time-matched, virgin male group with those from a virgin female one at the end of round 3 showed only those for mammary tissues to be distinguishable, and by either measure were about fourfold higher in the female group.
A Study on the Improved Performance of Half-LENS-Half-MHO Relays

MHO type directional impedance relay has been widely used in HV and EHV systems for many years, but its misoperation under certain fault conditions has been a major problem. One such instance is that relays on unfaulted phases will misoperate during a close-in S-L-G fault with fault resistance. The other is the misoperation of MHO relay during a reverse fault with fault resistance.
A computational framework to predict post-treatment outcome for gait-related disorders.

Abstract Clinicians often use intuitive models based on clinical experience or regression models based on population studies to plan treatment of gait-related disorders. Because such models are constructed using data collected from previous patients, the predicted clinical outcome for a particular patient may not be reliable. We propose a new approach that uses computational models based on engineering mechanics to predict post-treatment outcome from pre-treatment movement data. The approach utilizes a four-phase optimization process built around a dynamic, patient-specific gait model. The first three phases calibrate the model's joint, inertial, and control parameters, respectively, where the control parameters are weights in an optimization cost function that tracks the patient's pre-treatment gait motion and loads. The last phase predicts the patient's post-treatment gait pattern by performing a tracking optimization with the calibrated model modified to simulate the selected treatment. We demonstrate the approach by simulating how two treatments for knee osteoarthritis (OA) – gait modification and high tibial osteotomy (HTO) surgery – alter the external knee adduction torque for a specific patient. By performing multiple tracking optimizations, we calibrated the model's parameter values to reproduce the patient's knee adduction torque curve for a toe out gait motion. When we performed a tracking optimization with the calibrated model using a modified footpath to simulate an increased stance width, the predicted reduction in both adduction torque peaks matched experimental results to within 4.8% error. When we performed a tracking optimization with the same model using modified leg geometry to simulate HTO surgery, the predicted reductions were consistent with published data. The approach requires further evaluation with a larger number of patients to determine its effectiveness for planning the treatment of gait-related disorders on a patient-specific basis.
Effects of mean stresses on multiaxial fatigue life prediction based on fracture mechanics

A linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis is presented to explore the effects of mean stress on fatigue life prediction under multiaxial loading conditions based on uniaxial fatigue data. Material damage in the form of small cracks is assumed to exist in a material element of interest. The mixed-mode energy release rate or the J integral is used as the primary fatigue damage governing parameter. The uniaxial Goodman relation is generalized to demonstrate the effects of mean stresses on fatigue life under multiaxial loading conditions. The generalization is also applicable for nonlinear constant fatigue life relations in the Haigh diagram.
Coteaching Revisited: Redrawing the Blueprint.

Coteaching involves 2 certified teachers: 1 general educator and 1 special educator. They share responsibility for planning, delivering, and evaluating instruction for a diverse group of students, some of whom are students with disabilities. In this article, the authors review models of coteaching and the research base for coteaching and describe coteaching as it is currently practiced. After arguing that educators have not yet realized the potential of coteaching, the authors propose a new framework for looking at coteaching and a blueprint to guide its implementation differently in different instructional environments.
Characterization of type III TGF-β receptor expression in invasive breast carcinomas: a potential new marker and target for triple negative breast cancer.

Invasive breast carcinomas are heterogeneous and exhibit distinct molecular features and biological behavior. Understanding the underlying molecular events that promote breast cancer progression is necessary to improve treatment and prognostication. TGF-β receptor III (TBR3) is a member of the TGF-β signaling pathway, with functions in cell proliferation and migration in malignancies, including breast cancer. Recent studies propose that TBR3 may function as a tumor suppressor and that its loss may correlate with disease progression. However, there are limited data on the expression of TBR3 in breast cancer in relationship to tumor type, hormonal receptor status and HER-2/neu, and patient outcome. In this study, we investigated the expression of TBR3 in a cohort of 205 primary invasive breast carcinomas in tissue microarrays (TMAs), with comprehensive clinical, pathological and follow- up information. Sections were stained for TBR3 and evaluated for intensity of reactivity based on a 4-tiered scoring system (1 to 4; TBR3 low = scores 1–2; TBR3 high = scores 3–4). Of the 205 invasive carcinomas, 123 were luminal type (95 type A, 28 type B), 8 were HER-2 type, and 62 were triple negative (TN). TBR3 was high in 112 (55 %) and low in 93 (45 %) cases. Low TBR3 was associated with higher histological grade and worse disease free and overall survival, all features of biologically aggressive breast carcinomas. TBR3 was significantly associated with the subtype of breast cancer, as low TBR3 was detected in 95 % of TN compared to 22 % of luminal tumors (p < 0.0001). We discovered a significant association between low TBR3 protein expression, TN breast cancer phenotype, and disease progression. These data suggest that TBR3 loss might be linked to the development of TN breast cancers and pave the way to investigating whether restoring TBR3 function may be a therapeutic strategy against TN breast carcinomas.
Breathing Life Into Organizational Studies

As the title suggestions, this article asks two basic questions of organizational scholars: How do we come alive in how we do our research? What do we look for in organizational contexts to see life? Drawing on personal experience and an extraordinary example of a life-filled unit in a billing department of a community hospital, this essay engages these two questions.
Ultrastructure and biochemistry of sympathetic ganglia in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.

The role of transsynaptic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH, or idiopathic autonomic insufficiency) was examined microsocopically and biochemically in autopsy specimens. Light microscopy of the sympathetic ganglia showed abnormalities in all 4 IOH patients, including focal phagocytosis of neurons, increased numbers of satellite cells, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. Electron microscopy revealed proliferation and hypertrophy of satellite cells and abnormalities in the unmyelinated axons. In constrast, the spinal cord intermediolateral columns, containing the presynaptic neurons, were unremarkable in 1 patient, exhibited only mild gliosis in another, and showed neuron loss and fibrillary gliosis in 2 patients. Postsynaptic dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was decreased at least fourfold (p < 0.02) in sympathetic ganglia of patients with IOH, while tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) was normal. Ganglion choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity, an index of presynaptic function and integrity, was normal in the IOH group. A number of our observations suggest that presynaptic disease is not an absolute requirement for adrenergic abnormalities in IOH. The intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord were histologically normal in 2 of the patients with IOH, and ultrastructural abnormalities in sympathetic ganglia were consistent with primary adrenergic degeneration. In addition, presynaptic ChAc activity was normal in IOH ganglia, whereas postynaptic DBH activity was depressed. Finally, postsynaptic T-OH activity, which is regulated by transsynaptic mechanisms, was normal in IOH ganglia.
Development of serotonin-mediated behavioral inhibition in the hyperthyroid mouse

Abstract Experimental hyperthyroidism was induced in neonatal mice by thyroxine injections at 1–3 days of age. Control and thyroxine-treated mice were subsequently tested daily for locomotor activity following injections of methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, or saline from 10 through 15 days of age. Although thyroxine-treated mice were more active than controls, the ontogeny of methysergide-induced disinhibition of locomotor activity was similar for both thyroxine-treated and control mice. The results suggest that the early maturation of serotonim-mediated inhibition of behavioral arousal is not affected by thyroxine-accelerated development. Results are discussed in terms of the specificity of the pharmacological agent, methysergide.
Survival of Salmonella spp. on surface-inoculated forced-air cooled and hydrocooled intact strawberries, and in strawberry puree

Abstract Fresh-market strawberries are cooled to 1–3 °C before commercial storage and distribution; typically by forced-air cooling. Hydrocooling ensures a faster and more uniform cooling of strawberries, although its effect on reducing microbial contamination on the fruit has not been evaluated. Salmonella has been reported to survive on damaged strawberries, but is unable to multiply, potentially due to the low pH or other intrinsic factors associated with strawberries. This study evaluated Salmonella survival a) on the surface of intact hydrocooled or forced-air cooled strawberries; b) as affected by agitation and density of packing during hydrocooling and c) as affected by pH, temperature and food matrix (strawberry or tomato puree). Intact strawberries inoculated with Salmonella were subjected to forced-air cooling or hydrocooling in water containing 100 or 200 ppm HOCl. Salmonella population was enumerated 0, 7 and 8 days post-treatment. Strawberry and tomato puree (pH 3.7 and 4.6) spiked with Salmonella and incubated at 4, 10 or 25 °C, were evaluated at 0, 1 and 3 days post-inoculation (n = 9). Compared to forced-air cooling, hydrocooling significantly reduced Salmonella survival on inoculated intact strawberries, with levels below the enumerable limit (1.5 log CFU/berry) by day 8. Hydrocooling reduced the initial Salmonella levels by 1.9 log CFU/berry, while the addition of 100 or 200 ppm HOCl reduced levels by 3.5 and 4.4 log CFU/berry, respectively. Initial Salmonella populations (day 0) were significantly lower when the berries were agitated or loosely packed during hydrocooling. Salmonella survival was significantly higher at a higher pH (4.7) compared to lower intrinsic pH (3.6) of strawberry puree. Higher temperature (25 °C) was conducive for Salmonella survival on strawberry puree compared to lower temperatures (4 and 10 °C). The data shows that a lower pH of 3.6 or refrigeration below 10 °C are effective in controlling the survival of Salmonella on damaged strawberries.
The golgi complex in the esophageal mucous glands of the newly hatched chick

The general morphology of the mucous gland cell and the nature of the secretory granule in esophageal glands of the newly hatched chick have been described. Lightly basophilic supporting cells, attached to secretory cells by desmosomes and containing tonofilaments, are located on the basal lamina. Electron microscopic studies showed a morphological polarity of the Golgi complex which suggests that mucous precursors are transported from other sites within the cell to the Golgi complex for further packaging into secretory granules. Finally, acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) were specifically stained using the Thorotrast technique and not detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the transitional elements, or in the lamellae at the forming face of the Golgi complex. Conversely, AMPS are found in the vicinity of the mature face of the Golgi complex, and in the secretory granules. The acquisition of cytochemical reactivity for AMPS within the Golgi complex is discussed.
Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of blood glucose on platelet-dependent thrombosis (PDT). BACKGROUND Elevated blood glucose is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular risk independent of a diagnosis of diabetes, possibly due to adverse effects promoting thrombosis. The effects of blood glucose on PDT have not been characterized. METHODS An ex vivo extracorporeal perfusion protocol was used to measure PDT in 42 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The Badimon chamber was perfused with unanticoagulated venous blood and PDT evaluated using computerized morphometry. Whole blood impedance aggregometry and flow cytometry evaluated platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression, respectively. RESULTS Using a multivariate stepwise regression model, blood glucose was the best independent predictor of PDT (R2= 0.19, p , compared with ≤, the median value of 4.9 mmol/l (159 ± 141 vs. 67 ± 69 μm2/mm, p 126 pmol/l) and blood glucose (>4.9 mmol/l) in modulating PDT (F [1,38] = 8.5, p < 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Blood glucose is an independent predictor of PDT in stable CAD patients. The relationship is evident even in the range of blood glucose levels considered normal, indicating that the risk associated with blood glucose may be continuous and graded. These findings suggest that the increased CAD risk associated with elevated blood glucose may be, in part, related to enhanced platelet-mediated thrombogenesis.
Developmental complexities of simple leaves

Recent papers have explored early events in the development of simple leaves. Functional compartmentalization of the shoot apical meristem correlates with distinct fields of cells connected by plasmodesmata. Molecules important in the initiation of phyllotactic pattern are described and the relationship between dorsoventral patterning and lateral leaf expansion is investigated.
31. INTESTINAL ADAPTATION TO ACUTE STARVATION IN RATS. EFFECTS OF REFEEDING

Acute starvation produces atrophy of intestinal mucosa, but the relation between intestinal adaptation and diet compositon is scarcely known. To evaluate aspects of that relationship we studied 96 female rats, 200 grs weight, who where submitted to 4 days fasting. Groups of 16 rats were refed with: A) Lipids (soya bean oil + ovolecythin), protein (casein) and carbohydrates (glucose, maltose, polysaccharides). B) Lipids, 100% total calories. C)Proteins, 100% of calories. D) Carbohydrates, 100% total calories. Every diet group was divided in two of 8 rats each, receiving either 24 or 48 h of refeeding. Afterwards they were killed. Results were compared to controls who were normally fed or starved for 4 days. Fasting provoked decrease of intestinal lenght (18.2% of normal) at jejunum and ileum, weight (34.3 and 21.8%), mucosa/cm (35.1 and 28.6%), protein/cm (40.4 and 53.4%) DNA/cm (37.4 and 71.8%), height of villi (20.9 and 11.6) and depth of crypt in jejunum and ileum (21.5 and 17.5). Intestinal lenght became normal after refeeding with all diets; lipids and carbohydrates showed opposite effects in the weight improvement of each intestinal segment. Protein and DNA content of the jejunum improved within 24 hours of refeeding. After 48 hrs., with all diets, ileum protein remained deficient (x 2841 vs 4857 ug/cm of normals, p < 0.001) and DNA was normal. Intestinal villi and crypts were recovered after 48 h on diet B, in the jejunum; or D at the ileum. We conclude that refeeding provokes different improvement of intestinal components according to the time and type of diet, in rats who were previously starved.
Perceptions of Subordinates and Requests for Support Are Males and Females Perceived Differently When Seeking Help

This research was concerned with the consequences of organizational members requesting social support from superiors. Specifically, the effects of biological sex and sex role orientation on the sup...
Three-dimensional imaging of the aortic valve and aortic root with computed tomography: new standards in an era of transcatheter valve repair/implantation

Valvular heart disease is a significant, global cause of morbidity and mortality. In the ageing population of industrialized nations, degenerative aortic stenosis has become the most common native valve disorder. Although surgical aortic valve replacement is associated with excellent clinical outcomes, a large number of patients with severe aortic stenosis are not considered surgical candidates. These patients have poor prognosis with continued medical therapy. In this population, catheter-based approaches for valve replacement/insertion show promising initial results. In an era of expanding catheter-based approaches to valve disease, the requirements for peri-operative imaging are evolving. Because of the lack of direct exposure during the procedure, the operator has to rely increasingly on imaging data rather than direct inspection. Novel three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities, including computed tomography, rapidly acquire volumetric data sets and allow subsequent 3D display and reconstruction in unlimited planes. Procedural planning based on 3D imaging has already become routine for other endovascular procedures including aortic stent grafts, but is in its infancy in the context of transcatheter valve insertion.
Field-induced level-crossing and crystal structure of the singlet ground-state system (Ni(C5H5NO)6)(NO3)2

The compound (Ni(C5H5NO)6)(NO3)2 crystallises in the space group R3 with the metal atom at the centre of the unit cell, which imposes a centre of inversion, and a three-fold rotation axis at the metal atom. The NO3- groups are positionally disordered. Susceptibility measurements at 1.60K on oriented single crystals of (Ni(C5H5NO)6)(NO3)2 in applied fields clearly shows a singlet-doublet crossing at H1c=46.2+or-1.5 kOe. Susceptibilities at zero field are also presented. The data analyses yield D/kB approximately=5.69K for the singlet-doublet separation and zJ/kB approximately=-1.45K for the (subcritical) antiferromagnetic interaction.
Membrane-Based Osmotic Heat Engine with Organic Solvent for Enhanced Power Generation from Low-Grade Heat

We present a hybrid osmotic heat engine (OHE) system that uses draw solutions with an organic solvent for enhanced thermal separation efficiency. The hybrid OHE system produces sustainable energy by combining pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) as a power generation stage and membrane distillation (MD) utilizing low-grade heat as a separation stage. While previous OHE systems employed aqueous electrolyte draw solutions, using methanol as a solvent is advantageous because methanol is highly volatile and has a lower heat capacity and enthalpy of vaporization than water. Hence, the thermal separation efficiency of a draw solution with methanol would be higher than that of an aqueous draw solution. In this study, we evaluated the performance of LiCl–methanol as a potential draw solution for a PRO–MD hybrid OHE system. The membrane transport properties as well as performance with LiCl–methanol draw solution were evaluated using thin-film composite (TFC) PRO membranes and compared to the results obtained with a LiC...
HRAS mutations in epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

The molecular profile of epithelial–myoepithelial carcinomas (EMCa) has not been well studied, though a recent association with Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) mutations has been noted. To confirm and validate this, we surveyed fifteen EMCa for HRAS codon 61 mutations and correlated HRAS status with clinicopathologic parameters. There were 11 females and 4 males and mean patient age was 64 (range 49–90). Parotid gland was most commonly involved (n = 10) and the most common histologic appearance was that of a ‘classic’ EMCa (7/15). Four of fifteen (26.7 %) cases demonstrated local recurrence, while 2/15 (13.3 %) demonstrated distant metastases. Other variant morphologies included EMCa arising from pleomorphic adenoma (3/15), and high grade EMCa (2/15). HRAS exon 3, codon 61 mutations, p.Q61R (n = 3) and p.Q61 K (n = 1) were identified in 4 of 15 successfully tested EMCAs (14 patients). Two cases were classic type, while the other cases consisted of one oncocytic variant, and one tumor with myoepithelial overgrowth, the latter of which showed the same mutation in both the primary and recurrence. Of note, the high grade EMCa and EMCa ex pleomorphic adenoma were negative for mutations. Given the small number of cases, there were no significant differences between mutation positive and mutation negative cases in terms of age, gender and outcome.
Adaptive behavior and learning

Preface 1. The evolution, development and modification of behaviour 2. Variation and selection of behaviour 3. Direct orientation and feedback 4. Operant behaviour 5. Reward and punishment 6. Feeding regulation: a model motivational system 7. The optimal allocation of behaviour 8. Choice and decision rules 9. Foraging and behavioural ecology 10. Stimulus control and cognition 11. Stimulus control and performance 12. Memory and temporal control 13. Learning I: the acquisition of knowledge 14. Learning II: the guidance of action References Indexes.
The diffusion coefficient of sodium in barnacle muscle fibres.

In Muskelfasern der Entenmuschel (Balanus nubilus undBalanus aquila) betragt der Natrium Diffusions-Koeffizient 2,2×10−6 cm2/sec.
Numerical Model-Reality Intercomparison Tests Using Small-Sample Statistics

Abstract When a numerical model's representation of a physical field is to be compared with a corresponding real observed field, it is usually the case that the numbers of realizations of model and observed field are relatively small, so that the natural procedure of producing histograms of pertinent statistics of the fields (e.g., means, variances) from the data sets themselves cannot be usually carried out. Also, it is not always safe to adopt assumptions of normality and independence of the data values. This prevents the confident use of classical statistical methods to make significance statements about the success or failure of the model's replication of the data. Here we suggest two techniques of determinable statistical power, in which small samples of spatially extensive physical fields can be made to blossom into workably large samples on which significance decisions can be based. We also introduce some new measures of location, spread and shape of multivariate data sets which may be used in conj...
Federal Family and Medical Leave Legislation: Defeated But Not Dead

As the number of working mothers increases, the problems associated with being an employee and a parent also increase. This has led to a debate concerning the employer’s role/responsibility in helping employees deal with these problems. Congress has seriously considered legislation that would mandate a certain level of “accommodation” by covered employers. And several states have passed laws granting job‐secured leaves. This article presents some of the arguments for and against such legislation, the basics of the proposed federal legislation, and the impact of legislation on employers and employees.
Comparison of lithium-polymer cell performance with unity and nonunity transference numbers

This work compares the performance of lithium batteries with polymer electrolytes with unity (“ionomer”) and nonunity (“polymer electrolyte”) transference numbers. The study is performed with respect to a particular cell chemistry, Li metal∣polymer∣LiV6O13-composite electrode, which is currently a top candidate for use in electric vehicles. Cell performance was modeled to determine the best possible performance of cells containing four different electrolytes: “ideal” polymer membrane and ionomer with properties defined by USABC goals, and the presently best available polymer electrolyte and ionomer. Positive electrode thickness, porosity, and current density were varied to find the cell geometry with the highest combined energy density and peak power performance for cells with each electrolyte, and concentration and potential profiles are examined to determine the limitations of the electrolytes. The results show that at 40°C, the “ideal” polymer electrolyte can provide 104 W h/kg and 99 Wp/kg, the “ideal” ionomer can provide 94 W h/kg and 58 Wp/kg, and the currently available electrolytes can provide about one-fifth of these values.
Gregor's Denudation of the Continents

IN his article, “Denudation of the Continents”, Gregor1 estimated the pre-human global denudation rate at about 90–100×1014 g/yr, and obtained an average rate of about 110×1014 g/yr for the time interval from Carboniferous to Recent. His method, however, produced a value of 400×1014 g/yr for pre-Carboniferous Phanerozoic time—a value he questioned seriously himself. We replotted Gregor's data on semilogarithmic paper, converting them from volumes/yr to g/yr using his density factor of 2.6, and fitted them as simple exponential functions by drawing two straight lines; one for Carboniferous to the present, the other for late Pre-Cambrian to Devonian (Fig. 1). The dashed line, which extrapolates to a value of about 300×1014 g/yr, shows the reason for Gregor's 400×1014 g/yr as the depositional rate for these Palaeozoic and late Pre-Cambrian rocks. Such a rate would have to prevail if the rocks of Devonian and older ages have been decaying with a 120–150 m.y. half-life since their time of deposition. It seems much more likely that the Devonian and older sequence represents an interrupted cycle of deposition and destruction, for which the half-life increased markedly after the beginning of a new cycle initiated during the Carboniferous.
Very sparse random projections

There has been considerable interest in random projections, an approximate algorithm for estimating distances between pairs of points in a high-dimensional vector space. Let A in Rn x D be our n points in D dimensions. The method multiplies A by a random matrix R in RD x k, reducing the D dimensions down to just k for speeding up the computation. R typically consists of entries of standard normal N(0,1). It is well known that random projections preserve pairwise distances (in the expectation). Achlioptas proposed sparse random projections by replacing the N(0,1) entries in R with entries in -1,0,1 with probabilities 1/6, 2/3, 1/6, achieving a threefold speedup in processing time.We recommend using R of entries in -1,0,1 with probabilities 1/2√D, 1-1√D, 1/2√D for achieving a significant √D-fold speedup, with little loss in accuracy.
Violence in the Family Therapist’s Workplace: Preventive Measures

Although available research shows that psychotherapists have been subject to assault by clients, very little research has been conducted on assaults on marriage and family therapists as a specific group. The authors report on a preliminary study of 67 marriage and family therapists who returned surveys as a subset of a larger study. Forty-four percent reported that they had experienced a physical or psychological assault from a client, and 30% reported they had feared their lives were in danger while working with clients. Although this was a preliminary study with a low return rate, the data is used to raise awareness of the potential for violence in the workplaces of therapists. The authors emphasize the importance of training and continuing education in the assessment and management of threatening or violent clients. The authors also describe basic preventive, assessment, management, and coping measures for working with violent clients.
Wing design for spin resistance

Use of a discontinuous outboard wing leading edge to improve stall/spin characteristics has been evaluated through wind-tunnel and flight tests. Addition of such a discontinuous outboard wing leading-edge droop design to three light airplanes having NACA 6-series airfoil sections produced significant improvements in stall characteristics and spin resistance. The increased spin resistance of the modified airplanes has been related to the difference in angle of attack between the outer wing panel stall and the maximum attainable angle of attack.
Cholinesterase activity in the plaques, tangles and angiopathy of Alzheimer's disease does not emanate from amyloid

Previous histochemical observations in our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of butyrylcholinesterase and an enzymatically altered form of acetylcholinesterase activity in the plaques, tangles and amyloid-containing vessels of Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggested possible interactions between amyloid and cholinesterases. In this study we employed a cholinesterase biochemical assay to determine whether the amyloid precursor protein either had cholinesterase activity itself or influenced the enzymatic activity of cholinesterases. None of the three amyloid precursor sequences used (695, 751, 770, up to 16 micrograms/ml) exhibited any acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase activity that could be detected by our method. In addition, none of the amyloid precursor proteins influenced the enzymatic activity of purified acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase in a specific manner. It is therefore quite unlikely that amyloid can, by itself, account for the intense cholinesterase activity associated with the pathological lesions of AD.
Electrochemical and structural characterization of lithium titanate electrodes

Lithium titanate (LTO) materials of different particle size, surface area, and morphology were characterized by constant current cycling and cyclic voltammetry. By examining the particles and electrodes with scanning electron microscopy, we show that particle morphology, in addition to particle size, has important implications for high-rate performance. Large agglomerates, even when porous and made of small crystallites, cannot effectively form homogenous electrodes with the polymer binder and carbon conducting diluents; hence, low power performance results. Another nanostructured LTO of very high surface area was found to have poor electrochemical performance most likely due to its high concentration of structural defects. We recommend further development in nanoparticles of LTO of optimal crystallinity as well as improved electrode homogeneity through the use of more compatible binders and conducting diluents and better electrode processing techniques. Simultaneous realization of these imperatives should facilitate the development of LTO-based high-power batteries for automotive applications.
The Colorful History of Active DNA Demethylation

Patterns of DNA cytosine methylation are subject to mitotic inheritance in both plants and vertebrates. Plants use 5-methylcytosine glycosylases and the base excision repair pathway to remove excess cytosine methylation. In mammals, active demethylation has been proposed to operate via several very different mechanisms. Two recent reports in Nature now claim that the demethylation process is initiated by the same enzymes that establish the methylation mark, the DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B (Kangaspeska et al., 2008; Metivier et al., 2008).
The design of nonlinear disturbance attenuation controller for TCSC robust model of power system

The control problem of the single machine infinite bus system with TCSC is dealt with. Based on the maximization of the external disturbances on the system model, an adaptive nonlinear controller for large disturbance attenuation and a parameter updating law are designed by using the backstepping method. The parameter uncertainty of the transmission line is considered, as well as the influences of large external disturbances to the system output are mainly discussed. The nonlinear controller does not have the sensitivity to the influences of external disturbances, but also has strong robustness for system parameters variation. The simulation results show that the control effect of the large disturbance attenuation controller more advantages by comparing with the control performance of conventional nonlinear robust controller.
Effects of changing hypothalamic temperature on eccrine sweating in the patas monkey

Two male (10-13 kg) patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) were implanted with bilateral thermodes to control hypothalamic temperature. Animals were restrained in primate chairs and instrumented to yield hypothalamic (THYPO), colonic (Tc), and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures, chest sweat rate (mSW), and heart rate (HR). THYPO was monitored using a thermocouple inserted to the tip of a non-perfused thermode; mSW was measured using resistance hygrometry. After the monkey equilibrated to a selected ambient temperature, four thermodes were perfused with water from a temperature-controlled bath. Increasing THYPO from 37 to 41 degrees C increased mSW from 0.05 to 0.30 mg.cm-2.min-1. Reducing Tsk shifted the THYPO:mSW relationship to the right (p less than 0.05) without significantly altering its slope. Activity-induced changes in HR, when THYPO was constant, caused fluctuations in ongoing sweating that closely tracked HR. We conclude that mSW in the patas monkey is controlled by both peripheral and central thermal inputs and nonthermal factors.
Potential for Plant Environment Modification

ABSTRACT Barfield, B.J. and Norman, J.M., 1983. Potential for plant environment modification. Agric. Water Manage. , 7: 73–88. Plants have a remarkable ability to cope with diverse environments. However, the whims of man can lead to plants being so misplaced that environmental modification may be a useful enterprise for improving productivity. Unfortunately, the potential for modifying canopy environments on large scales under drought conditions is limited. The canopy radiation balance can be modified with misting, crop covers or albedo changes, and canopy temperatures modified by area fogging to cool the air or intermittent sprinkling to cool the leaves. Perhaps the most common environmental modification derives from windbreaks, which reduce air movement. The last promising method for large areas is CO 2 enrichment. Comprehensive plant-environment models can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of various environmental modification techniques because of the complexity of plant-environmental relations. Two examples of model applications are: (a) CO 2 enrichment; and (b) retarding spider mite development with irrigation. The results suggest that field CO 2 enrichment is not practical. Retarding spider mite development by 3 to 6 days may be possible.