cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atrial automatic ectopic tachycardia successfully treated with encainide in a 4-week-old infant after Senning procedure

ly 310 ms, the flap reached the anterior wall of the ascending aorta and the murmur almost disappeared coincidentally. The flap remained in this position until the following systole (Fig. 2). Color Doppler flow imaging revealed that the aortic regurgitant jet extended along the anterior mitral leaflet only during early diastole (Fig. 3). It was also demonstrated that the intimal flap obstructed the aortic root during late diastole, resulting in interruption of regurgitation. Cardiac surgery, after 1 month, disclosed a small entry of dissection at the aortic arch. There was no entry just above the aortic valve. The ascending aorta was replaced by a graft, and. the aorttc valve was resuspended and refixed. Aortic regurgitation is one of the major complications of dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta.’ In our case, it was significant that the aortic regurgitant murmur disappeared abruptly at early diastole. The mechanism of interruption of aortic regurgitation was the aortic root obstruction by the intimal flap. Inasmuch as the entry located at the aortic arch and the false lumen had a blind end above the aortic valve, the blood through the entry bulged the false lumen fully from mid to late diastole in the ascending aorta, resulting in interruption of aortic regurgitation. This led to a time lag between the aortic valve closure and the upward motion of the intimal flap. Thus, regurgitant volume was minimal, and the patient’s condition seemed to remain stable until surgical repair. Sraow et al2 reported one case of intimal flap prolapse from the aortic root into the left ventricle causing aortic regurgitation with proper coaptation. To our knowledge, the present case is the first one of intimal flap reduction of aortic regurgitation. This unique pathophysiology could be demonstrated by echoDoppler examinations. Among echo-Doppler examinations, color Doppler flow imaging can demonstrate intracardiac structures and blood flows simultaneously in real-time imaging and is, therefore, of great value in diagnosis of this particular aortic regurgitation.
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) ADENOVIRUS TREATED WITH ORAL RIBAVIRIN IN SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID). 53

JH presented at 5 months of age with FTT, and respiratory distress due to parainfluenza virus type III (PFIII). Our evaluation led to a diagnosis of SCID. Respiratory symptoms improved with long-term nebulized Ribavirin and supportive care, but GI tract adenovirus (AV) resulted in continuing management problems (cramps, diarrhea, FTT). For definitive therapy JH received a maternal-donor, T-cell-depleted bone marrow stem cell transplant(no pre-conditioning chemotherapy). T lymphocyte function reconstituted during the subsequent 3-4 months, with elimination of the PFIII. GVHD affecting the bone marrow developed, with ensuing life-threatening pancytopenia. Worsening GI symptoms and increase in stool AV were noted with anti-GVHD therapy(corticosteroids and cyclosporin A). We hypothesized that exacerbation of the AV infection was in part due to the immunosupressive treatment and, additionally, that the immune response generated against the AV was resulting in simultaneous activation of maternal T lymphocytes capable of causing and/or worsening the GVHD. Cognizance that systemic AV infections can be catastrophic in immunocompromised patients prompted us to escalate therapy. Recent studies indicating successful and less toxic usage of oral Ribavirin for the treatment of various viruses led us to consider this over parenteral therapy. Low dose therapy, 20 mg/kg/day was initiated, with equivocal results. One week later, dosing of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in immediate clinical improvement (reduction in vomiting, loose stools, abdominal cramping, and improved feeding). Stool AV was quantified by enumerating viral particles via electron microscopy. Post-treatment viral load was decreased to 20% of that of immediate pre-treatment levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of oral Ribavirin therapy for GI tract AV infection. While long-term effects of Ribavirin remain unknown, clinical improvement in JH demonstrated that oral Ribavirin can be of benefit as anti-viral therapy in immunodeficient patients.
High-precision optical systems with inexpensive hardware: a unified alignment and structural design approach

High-precision opto-mechanical structures have historically been plagued by high costs for both hardware and the associated alignment and assembly process. This problem is especially true for space applications where only a few production units are produced. A methodology for optical alignment and optical structure design is presented which shifts the mechanism of maintaining precision from tightly toleranced, machined flight hardware to reusable, modular tooling. Using the proposed methodology, optical alignment error sources are reduced by the direct alignment of optics through their surface retroreflections (pips) as seen through a theodolite. Optical alignment adjustments are actualized through motorized, sub-micron precision actuators in 5 degrees of freedom. Optical structure hardware costs are reduced through the use of simple shapes (tubes, plates) and repeated components. This approach produces significantly cheaper hardware and more efficient assembly without sacrificing alignment precision or optical structure stability. The design, alignment plan and assembly of a 4" aperture, carbon fiber composite, Schmidt-Cassegrain concept telescope is presented.
Isotope Effect in Collision Between Helium Atom and Hydrogen Molecule

Rotationally inelastic He-H2, D2, T2 collision was studied quantum-mechanically. Converged cross sections were calculated by using the close coupling method for relative kinetic energies of 0.01 to 0.54 eV. Born-Oppenheimer approximation was employed to determine the potential surface of He-D2, He-T2, and He-H2. Careful comparison between the cross sections of the isotopically substituted systems was carried out, and the regular changes of the total cross sections of the isotopically substituted He-H2 colliding systems were obtained.
Electrical membrane properties of rat substantia nigra compacta neurons in an in vitro slice preparation

Abstract The electrical membrane properties of rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) neurons were studied in an in vitro slice preparation. Some of the recorded neurons were intracellularly labeled with HRP and were found to have morphological characteristics resembling the presumed SNC dopaminergic neurons, as reported by others. The input resistance of SNC neurons at resting membrane potential ranged between 70 and 250 MΩ. The membrane resistance showed strong anomalous rectification when the membrane was hyperpolarized by current injection. The anomalous rectification was decreased by the addition of tetraethylammonium bromide (TEA) to the bathing Ringer solution. Injection of depolarizing current or termination of hyperpolarizing current induced slow depolarizing potentials. Their amplitude was dependent on the membrane potential and the current intensity. In neurons treated with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TEA, slow action potentials were triggered from the slow depolarizing potentials. Both the slow depolarizing potential and slow action potential were TTX resistant and abolished by superfusion of Ca 2+ -free medium. Long duration hyperpolarizations were observed following the injection of depolarizing current pulses. The hyperpolarization was abolished by the superfusion of Ca 2+ -free medium or decreased by addition of TEA to the Ringer solution indicating an involvement of a Ca 2+ -dependent K + -conductance in generation of the hyperpolarization. The long duration hyperpolarizationwas also observed following action potentials. The spike after hyperpolarization consisted of an initial short duration fast component and a long lasting component. The amplitude of both components seems to be reduced but not abolished by TEA (up to 10 mM). When hyperpolarizing current pulses were applied to neurons that were held either continuously depolarized or were superfused with Ca 2+ -free medium, the pattern of the membrane potential after the offset of current pulses consisted of an initial fast and a later slow ramp-shaped phase. The latter was associated with a membrane conductance increase and interpreted to be due to an early K + current. This early K + current was relatively resistant to TEA. Injections of strong depolarizing currents triggered action potentials with multiple inflections on their rising phase. The amplitudes of action potentials changed abruptly during current application. These data indicate that SNC neurons have multiple generation sites for action potential.
Stimulatory effects of glycine, L-serine, folic acid and related compounds on growth of cell cultures.

SummaryGrowth of the majority of a wide variety of primary and stable line cultures was stimulated significantly by inclusion of glycine or L-serine in the medium. Folinic acid or high levels (5-20 μg/ml) of folic acid also accomplished this effect for most cultures, although generally not to the same extent as did amino acids. The requirement of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 and of primary green monkey kidney cells for folic acid was fulfilled by glycine, thymidine, and adenine or several related compounds. L-serine could not replace glycine under similar conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of primers and surface bonding characteristics on the adhesion of polyurethane to two commonly used silicone elastomers.

Purpose: When restoring facial defects, maxillofacial prosthodontists and anaplastologists are often limited by material deficiencies. Silicone elastomers bonded to a polyurethane liner best satisfy the functional and esthetic requirements necessary for facial prostheses; however, patients using silicone prostheses with polyurethane liners often experience varying degrees of debonding at the polyurethane–silicone interfaces. This may result in failure of such prostheses. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of five primers on bonding between polyurethane and two commonly used silicone elastomers. Material and Methods: Six bonding regimens were used to join polyurethane and silicone materials. Each treatment group consisted of 12 specimens. Bonding regimens included (1) a 40:60 mixture of MDX4-4210 and Silastic Medical Adhesive Type A, in conjunction with Dow Corning 1205 primer (Udagama's technique); (2) silicone A-2000 with Dow Corning 1205 primer; (3) silicone A-2000 with A-330-G primer; (4) silicone A-2000 with Mucopren primer; (5) silicone A-2000 with Sofreliner T primer; and (6) silicone A-2000 with Sofreliner MS primer. Following fabrication, specimens were attached to a universal testing machine and separated in tension at a crosshead speed of 25.4 mm/min. One examiner performed the assessment of T-peel strength (N/mm), peak load (N), and peel distance (mm) for all specimens. Mean data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's protected significant difference multiple comparison of the means (α= 0.05). Results: A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in T-peel strength was found among specimen groups. Post hoc analysis indicated that Sofreliner MS primer (1.32 ± 0.13 N/mm) and Sofreliner T primer (1.25 ± 0.11 N/mm) increased the bond strengths significantly compared to A-330-G primer (0.91 ± 0.10 N/mm) and Udagama's technique (0.13 ± 0.02 N/mm). Cohesive failure between silicone A-2000 and polyurethane liner was observed when Sofreliner MS primer and Sofreliner T were used. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the use of Sofreliner MS primer and Sofreliner T primer produced significant increases in the bond strength of silicone elastomer to polyurethane liner material. Based on T-peel strength, peel distance, and peak load data, the combination of silicone A-2000 and Sofreliner MS primer resulted in the greatest mean bond strength for silicone-to-polyurethane applications.
Sex-Stereotyping of Children's Success in Mathematics and Reading

Fifth and sixth graders' evaluations of the social attractiveness of boys and girls who were described as highly successful in either mathematics or reading were explored. A rating scale was employed to determine the extent to which subjects thought that a boy, girl, good friend, and teacher liked a fictitious boy or girl who was labeled either the best mathematics or reading student in the class. Perceived likeability was significantly influenced by the interaction of academic area and sex of the character described as successful. Both sexes generally gave higher ratings to the boy who did well in mathematics and the girl who did well in reading. The acquisition and application of sex-related labels associated with mathematics and reading and the interpersonal consequences of such labeling are discussed as possible determinants of sex differences in achievement in these areas.
Abstract 320: New metastatic murine prostate cancer cell lines and preclinical model of human prostate cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Defining oncogene-specific molecular pathways required for the induction and maintenance of prostate cancer is essential for the rational design of new therapies. Identifying molecular predictors of prostate cancer patient survival is important for patient therapeutic substratification. We generated murine prostate cancer cell lines via selective transduction with a single oncogene (c-Myc, Ha-Ras, NeuT, and v-Src). These cell lines demonstrate contact-independent growth characteristics in soft agar, and have the substantial growth advantage over primary prostate epithelial cells. Each of the prostate lines grew tumor in immune competent mice after subcutaneous injection, and develop lung metastasis in c-Myc, Ha-Ras, and v-Src cell line groups. RNA samples were prepared from the these cell lines, Microarray analysis identified a total of 2635 out of 22115 genes that were significantly altered in expression (at least two-fold change) in oncogene over-expressing cell lines when compared with prostate epithelial cell control samples. The distinct oncogene expression signature was compared to gene signatures obtained from other published databases to identify similarities to human prostate cancer phenotypes. Comparisons were performed against gene signatures representative of differential expression in advanced state vs. early stage prostate cancer, high grade vs low grade prostate cancer, recurrent vs. nonrecurrent, the results indicate a significant degree of similarity between the prostate oncogene expression signature and high-grade disease; between the oncogene expression signature and the advanced stage disease phenotype. Interrogation of two distinct cohorts of Prostate cancer patient samples using the oncogene signature demonstrated an ability to distinguish tumor from normal prostate with a predictive value for prostate cancer of 98 - 99%. The signature provided in blinded study independent substratification of reduced recurrence free survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The generation of new oncogene-specific prostate cancer cell lines that recapitulate human prostate cancer gene expression, that metastasize in immune-competent mice, are a valuable new resource for testing targeted therapy. The molecular signatures identified herein provide further value over current markers of prediction and outcome. Citation Format: Xiaoming Ju, Richard G. Pestell. New metastatic murine prostate cancer cell lines and preclinical model of human prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 320. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-320
A freeze-fracture study of hormone-induced branching in the fungus Achlya.

Abstract The induction of the male sexual organ primordia (antheridial hyphae) by the steroid hormone antheridiol in the water mold Achlya ambisexualis Raper requires the production and secretion of the enzyme cellulase. It is postulated that a localized secretion of cellulase produces a limited area of wall hvdrolysis that is blown out into a lateral bleb by turgor pressure. Freeze-etch preparations show membrane profiles similar to those seen in other systems where exocytosis is occurring. Such a mechanism would provide the required localized secretion of cellulase. Water stress, imposed by polyethylene glycol, prevents the formation of antheridial hyphae, the secretion of cellulase and the expected membrane profiles. After a period of recovery from water stress antheridial hyphae are formed, cellulase secretion occurs and the expected membrane profiles are restored.
Sodium-calcium exchange influences the response to endothelin-1 in lens epithelium.

Abstract Studies were conducted to examine the possible involvement of Na+–Ca2+ exchanger in determining the magnitude of the endothelin-1 (ET-1)-receptor-mediated calcium signal in porcine lens epithelial cells. Cytoplasmic calcium concentration was measured in primary cultured cells loaded with Fura-2. ET-1 (100 nM) caused cytoplasmic calcium to increase transiently to ∼250 nM from a baseline of ∼65 nM. The calcium increase decayed to a sustained plateau 35–45 nM above the baseline. Both the peak and plateau component of the ET-1 calcium response were abolished by PD145065, an ET receptor antagonist, and by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (10 μM). In calcium-free bathing solution, only the plateau was abolished. In the presence of ouabain, low-sodium bathing solution or bepridil, a sodium–calcium exchange inhibitor, peak height more than doubled. Bepridil also increased the peak height of the calcium response to ATP. The half-time for decay of the ET-1 and ATP calcium peak was increased several folds by bepridil, ouabain and low-sodium conditions. Measurements of ionomycin-releasable calcium suggested calcium store size was not increased in bepridil-treated cells. Taken together findings suggest inhibition of sodium–calcium exchange increases the magnitude of the receptor-initiated store-release phase of the ET-1 calcium signaling response as the result of impaired calcium clearance from the cytoplasm.
A comparison of instruction formats for administering a computerized behavioral test

Shaping and fading techniques were employed to replace written instructions used in computerized behavioral tests. Apple Macintosh computers and HyperCard with Pascal extensions were chosen as the development environment to implement the new techniques. Initial Findings demonstrate the effectiveness and relative efficiency of shaping techniques to teach correct performance on the Symbol-Digit Test.
Program Evaluation and System Change: Some Issues and Considerations.

Abstract This paper explores some of the issues concerning the acceptance or rejection of positive program evaluation data by the system in which the program is embedded. System acceptance and diffusion rates are considered as functions of first- or second-order change factors. Several approaches to enhancing the probability of second-order change are presented and discussed.
A quality systems approach for identifying and controlling sources of error with point of care testing devices

Historically, due to the size and nature of the instrumentation, highly skilled laboratory professionals performed clinical testing in centralized laboratories. Today’s clinicians demand realtime test data at the point of care. This has led to a new generation of compact, portable instruments permitting ”laboratory” testing to be performed at or near the patient’s bedside by nonlaboratory workers who are unfamiliar with testing practices. Poorly controlled testing processes leading to poor quality test results are an insidious problem facing point of care testing today. Manufacturers are addressing this issue through instrument design. Providers of clinical test results, regardless of location, working with manufacturers and regulators must create and manage complete test systems that eliminate or minimize sources of error. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) in its EP18 guideline, ”Quality management for unit-use testing,” has developed a quality management system approach specifically for test devices used for point of care testing (POCT). Simply stated, EP18 utilizes a ”sources of error” matrix to identify and address potential errors that can impact the test result. The key is the quality systems approach where all stakeholders – professionals, manufacturers and regulators – collaboratively seek ways to manage errors and ensure quality. We illustrate the use of one quality systems approach, EP18, as a means to advance the quality of test results at point of care.
Study of transient characteristics of XLPE cable winding under lightning impulse voltage

The transient voltage distribution on the core wire and outer semiconductor layer of the XLPE cable winding which is under lightning surge is discussed. The transient voltage with certain amplitude on the outer semiconductor layer of the cable winding would be measured because of the special characteristics of the cable winding structure, which is very different with transient characteristics of the traditional transformer winding under invasion of lightning wave The transient characteristic of the XLPE cable winding is analyzed by measuring transient voltage on the core wire and outer semiconducting layer, which can provide a basis for design and lightning protection technologies for the new type transformer.
Application of an external beam PIXE method for determining the distribution of trace metals in degraded and nondegraded crude oils

External beam proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis was used for the direct determination of the distributions and abundances of trace metals in crude oils. The accuracy and reproducibility was found to compare favorably with wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Trace metal analysis of degraded and nondegraded Colombian oils of similar origin revealed that, while the degraded oils were enriched in the trace metals Ni and V, the ratio Ni/V was relatively unaffected by degradation processes. The Ni/V ratio of the asphaltene fractions were very similar to the Ni/V ratios for the respective whole oils. The aromatic and NSO fractions, however, had higher Ni/V values than their respective whole oils. The distributions of other metals such as Fe and Zn in the oils and their respective fractions were found to be less reliable for correlation purposes.
Rethinking science education: Beyond piagetian constructivism toward a sociocultural model of teaching and learning†

In the first part of the article I present an epistemological critique of forms of pedagogy founded on Piagetian constructivism. Despite the appeal of the notion that learners construct their understanding, I argue that constructivism is problematic because it ignores the subjectivity of the learner and the socially and historically situated nature of knowing; it denies the essentially collaborative and social nature of meaning making; and it privileges only one form of knowledge, namely, the technical rational. I then present a critique of active learning and student-centered forms of pedagogy. I argue that in our models of teaching we rely on too many unexamined assumptions from developmental psychology and we take for granted the problematic notion that children learn by doing. My central thesis is that constructivism is flawed because of its inability to come to grips with the essential issues of culture, power, and discourse in the classroom. In the concluding section of the article I present a preliminary account of a sociocultural approach to teaching and learning that takes seriously the notion that learning is situated in contexts, that students bring their own subjectivities and cultural perspectives to bear in constructing understanding, that issues of power exist in the classroom that need to be addressed, and that education into scientific ways of knowing requires understanding modes of classroom discourse and enabling students to negotiate these modes effectively so that they may master and critique scientific ways of knowing without, in the process, sacrificing their own personally and culturally constructed ways of knowing.
Development of OPLS-AA Force Field Parameters for 68 Unique Ionic Liquids.

OPLS-AA force field parameters have been developed and validated for use in the simulation of 68 unique combinations of room temperature ionic liquids featuring 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium [RMIM] (R = Me, Et, Bu, Hex, Oct), N-alkylpyridinium [RPyr], and choline cations, along with Cl−, PF6−, BF4−, NO3−, AlCl4−, Al2Cl7−, TfO−, saccharinate, and acesulfamate anions. The new parameters were fit to conformational profiles from gas-phase ab initio calculations at the LMP2/cc-pVTZ(-f)//HF/6−31G(d) theory level and compared to experimental condensed-phase structural and thermodynamic data. Monte Carlo simulations of the ionic liquids gave relative deviations from experimental densities of ca. 1−3% at 25 °C for most combinations and also yielded close agreement over a temperature range of 5 to 90 °C. Predicted heats of vaporization compared well with available experimental data and estimates. Transferability of the new parameters to multiple alkyl side-chain lengths for [RMIM] and [RPyr] was determined to give ex...
Diminished self-chaperoning activity of the ΔF508 mutant of CFTR results in protein misfolding

The absence of a functional ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) protein called the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) from apical membranes of epithelial cells is responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF). Over 90% of CF patients carry at least one mutant allele with deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 located in the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD1). Biochemical and cell biological studies show that the ΔF508 mutant exhibits inefficient biosynthetic maturation and susceptibility to degradation probably due to misfolding of NBD1 and the resultant misassembly of other domains. However, little is known about the direct effect of the Phe508 deletion on the NBD1 folding, which is essential for rational design strategies of cystic fibrosis treatment. Here we show that the deletion of Phe508 alters the folding dynamics and kinetics of NBD1, thus possibly affecting the assembly of the complete CFTR. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we find that meta-stable intermediate states appearing on wild type and mutant folding pathways are populated differently and that their kinetic accessibilities are distinct. The structural basis of the increased misfolding propensity of the ΔF508 NBD1 mutant is the perturbation of interactions in residue pairs Q493/P574 and F575/F578 found in loop S7-H6. As a proof-of-principle that the S7-H6 loop conformation can modulate the folding kinetics of NBD1, we virtually design rescue mutations in the identified critical interactions to force the S7-H6 loop into the wild type conformation. Two redesigned NBD1-ΔF508 variants exhibited significantly higher folding probabilities than the original NBD1-ΔF508, thereby partially rescuing folding ability of the NBD1-ΔF508 mutant. We propose that these observed defects in folding kinetics of mutant NBD1 may also be modulated by structures separate from the 508 site. The identified structural determinants of increased misfolding propensity of NBD1-ΔF508 are essential information in correcting this pathogenic mutant.
THE CLINICAL ASSAYING OF INSULIN AND THE INSULIN REQUIREMENT

In a publication which appeared in the Insulin number of the Journal of Metabolic Research, I, with Boothby and others, proposed a clinical method for assaying insulin. Properly selected patients were placed on a standardized maintenance diet high enough in carbohydrate to cause slight glycosuria, and a value for the tolerance under these conditions was reached by subtracting the average daily glucose excretion from the glucose value of the foodstuffs metabolizing. The diet was then increased to a glucose value of 100 to 120 gm., and insulin (Eli Lilly Company) was administered in amounts such that glycosuria continued in about the same degree. The extra grams of glucose metabolized under these conditions divided by the number of units of insulin gave a glucose equivalent for different allotments with an average value of 1.5 gm. and extreme variations of 0.9 to 3.1 gm. While these considerable fluctuations were noted with different lots of insulin,
Walking the talk: Value importance, value enactment, and well-being

Prior research on intrinsic versus extrinsic values has focused on the comparative importance subjects assign to the two types of values, showing that relative intrinsic versus extrinsic value orientation (RIEVO) predicts higher or increased well-being. In two studies, we show that rated action taken regarding the two types of values is just as essential to study. Support was found for four hypotheses: (1) there was a significant behavior/importance gap, such that participants “walked” (acted on values) less than they “talked” (endorsed those values); (2) this was especially true for intrinsic values, an interaction suggesting that the intrinsic ideals of personal growth, community, and connection often receive only lip service; (3) the “walk” (behavior ratings) measure of RIEVO subsumed the “talk” (importance ratings) RIEVO measure’s effects on well-being outcomes, suggesting that researchers interested in predicting well-being from values should perhaps focus on rated value enactment, not value importance; and (4) participants with higher meaning in life, lower search for meaning, more self-concordance at work, and greater chronological age evidenced more consistency between their talking and their walking.
The Anthropological Study of Law1

IT IS my belief that we are just now on the growing edge of an anthropological understanding of law in its various manifestations. Despite the fact that many of our pioneering ancestors were lawyers by training (Morgan, Maine, Bachofen, McLennen, and more lately Redfield), interest in the anthropology of law has, until recently, had a gradual growth. Between the classic monographs of the nineteenth century (Maine 1861, 1871; and Fustel de Coulanges 1864) and the next milestones in the anthropological study of law (Barton 1919; Gutmann 1926; Malinowski 1926; Hogbin 1934; Schapera 1938) several decades elapsed during which the majority of works on law in preliterate societies were written by colonial administrators, missionaries, and the like rather than by anthropologists (see Nader, Koch, and Cox 1964). Studies of primitive law developed from collections of normative rules ('laws') to observations on the actual application of such rules; in the 1940's, Richardson (1940), Hoebel (1940), and Llewellyn and Hoebel (1941) (whose work provides the only examples of substantial results from joint research by a law professor and an anthropologist to date) began to publish on the 'trouble case.' Since 1954 a series of monographs have been published (Howell 1954, Smith and Roberts 1954, Hoebel 1954, Gluckman 1955a, Bohannan 1957, Pospisil 1958a, Berndt 1962, Gulliver 1963. It was this intellectual productivity which led Bohannan to say: "The literature in legal anthropology is small and almost all good-neither claim can be made for very many other branches of the subject" (1964:199). For the most part, the studies mentioned above utilized the case method and were essentially descriptive. Furthermore, it must be confessed that the anthropological study of law has not to date affected, in any grand way at least, the theory and methodology of the anthropological discipline, in the way that studies of kinship and language have, for example. Witness in this connection the scant mention of law studies in the volumes of Anthropology Today, Current Anthropology, and the biennial reviews of Anthropology. Although why this should be so is not the subject matter of this essay, Riesman's analysis (1954) of the anthropological study of law is relevant for those interested in the broader picture of intellectual developments in anthropology. What follows is, first, a thumbnail sketch of the main themes and questions about law that have concerned anthropologists;2 second, a description of relevant studies in two related fields-the sociology of law and anthropological conflict studies; and finally, a discussion of present trends and new directions in anthropological studies of law.
Underwater sound generation using carbon nanotube projectors.

The application of solid-state fabricated carbon nanotube sheets as thermoacoustic projectors is extended from air to underwater applications, thereby providing surprising results. While the acoustic generation efficiency of a liquid immersed nanotube sheet is profoundly degraded by nanotube wetting, the hydrophobicity of the nanotube sheets in water results in an air envelope about the nanotubes that increases pressure generation efficiency a hundred-fold over that obtained by immersion in wetting alcohols. Due to nonresonant sound generation, the emission spectrum of a liquid-immersed nanotube sheet varies smoothly over a wide frequency range, 1−105 Hz. The sound projection efficiency of nanotube sheets substantially exceeds that of much heavier and thicker ferroelectric acoustic projectors in the important region below about 4 kHz, and this performance advantage increases with decreasing frequency. While increasing thickness by stacking sheets eventually degrades performance due to decreased ability to...
Does Inflammation Have a Role in the Pathogenesis of Venous Ulcers?: A Critical Review of the Evidence

Chronic venous disease, a disorder involving venous return from the legs, is a growing epidemic in the developed world. Numerous studies have been conducted in the past two decades in an attempt to elucidate its underlying pathophysiology. Many theories have been proposed to address the profound inflammatory dysregulation, with the majority focusing on fibrin trap, inflammatory trap, cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Although many of these theories have obtained great momentum, much of the data are contradictory. Moreover, many treatments built on these theories have claimed overwhelming success despite insufficient evidence. At the same time, there are few reviews that critically analyze and evaluate these data. Therefore, in this paper, we will provide summaries of the background data and evolution of these theories and examine their supporting evidence.
Coamendments to Modify Phosphorus Extractability and Nitrogen/Phosphorus Ratio in Feedlot Manure and Composted Manure

A narrow nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (NIP) exists in animal manure, resulting in P high loading and pollution risks when land applications are made to meet N demands of a crop. Nonhazardous mineral by-products potentially widen the effective NIP ratio in manure. We determined the effects of alum, caliche, and Class C fly ash on extractable P concentrations in stockpiled and composted cattle (Bos taurus) manure at rates of 0, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 kg kg -1 manure. The mixtures were also added to Amarillo fine sandy loam (Aridic Paleustalf) and Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustoll) at the rate of 22 Mg ha -1 . Caliche, alum, and fly ash reduced water-extractable P (WP) in stockpiled manure by 21, 60, and 85% and by 50, 83, and 93% in composted manure at the 0.1kg kg -1 rate. Alum and fly ash also significantly reduced Bray-I P (BP) concentrations by 75 and 90% in stockpiled and composted manure, respectively, and >90% at higher rates. Fly ash also decreased Mehlich III-P (MP) concentrations, ranging from 50 to 98%. Mixing these amendments with feedlot manure widened the effective manure NIP ratio by a factor ranging from 1.5 to 18. Applying fly ash-treated stockpiled or composted manure reduced all extractable P fractions from amended soils. Alum and caliche consistently reduced the WP fraction only. Coapplications of mineral and animal by-products stabilized manure P where uncovered storage is unavoidable or widened its effective NIP ratio, allowing land application rates needed to fulfill plant N requirements without causing water quality impairments.
Introduction of a New Technology Into a Laboratory Program

In an academic environment, the use of current technology is crucial to the effectiveness of the curriculum. In a laboratory course, this means that equipment, components, and experiments must be periodically updated to use new technology and facilities. The updating procedure requires careful planning in order to avoid potential problems. This paper outlines the steps required to introduce a new technology into a laboratory course. The problems likely to be encountered at each step and their avoidance are also explained. As a case study, the introduction of programmable logic devices (PLD's) into the digital design curriculum at the University of California, Santa Barbara, is presented.
(Na+,K+)-ATPase and noradrenergic function: effects of chronic ethanol.

Abstract The experiments in this paper examined interactions between ethanol and repeated noradrenergic stimulation in vivo on regulation of (Na + , K + )-ATPase. The increase in ouabain binding and K + -phosphatase activity associated with (Na + , K + )-ATPase in rats treated with repeated yohimbine injecjions was prevented by chronic ethanol. Ethanol did not affect the yohimbine-induced alterations in noradrenergic receptor binding or in content of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, showing that prevention of noradrenergic stimulation of (Na + , K + )- ATPase was not caused by a decrease in availability of norepinephrine. In addition, norepinephrine depletion with the neurotoxin DSP4 did not prevent the increases in (Na + , K + )-ATPase indices during chronic ethanol treatment, showing that they did not result from increased norepinephrine exposure. These results suggest that chronic ethanol reduces sensitivity of (Na + , K + )-ATPase to norepinephrine in vivo, possibly as a consequence of membrane effects of ethanol tolerance.
Distributed Power Balancing for the FREEDM System

Abstract-The FREEDM microgrid is a test bed for a smart grid integrated with Distributed Grid Intelligence (DGI) to efficiently manage the distribution and storage of renewable energy. Within the FREEDM system, DGI applies distributed algorithms in a unique way to achieve economically feasible utilization and storage of alternative energy sources in a distributed fashion. The FREEDM microgrid consists of residential or industrial nodes with each node running a portion of the DGI process called Intelligent Energy Management (IEM). Such IEM nodes within FREEDM coordinate among themselves to efficiently and economically manage their power generation, utility and storage. Among a variety of services offered by the DGI, the Power Balancing scheme optimizes the distribution of power generation and storage among the IEMs. This paper presents the key aspects in implementing such a scheme and outlines the preliminary results obtained by integrating the proposed methodology with a functional SST model of FREEDM. The results demonstrate the potential benefits of adopting advanced 'smart' technology on a local grid.
Establishment and characterization of a bovine mammary myoepithelial cell line

The thermolabile large T-antigen, encoded by the simian virus 40 early region mutant tsA58, was used to establish clonal cell lines (BMM-UV) from primary bovine myoepithelial cells. The BMM-UV cells have undergone more than 300 population doublings without any signs of senescence, and they contain the intranuclear large T antigen. At low confluency, they grow in a spindlelike manner and develop very long projections that most likely allow for communication of cells at a distance from each other. Establishment results in a decrease in the number of cells that contract in response to oxytocin compared with the parental nontransfected cells (20% versus 45%). Oxytocin responsiveness of BMM-UV cells increases when the cells are cultured in a medium supplemented with staphylococcal proteases. Proliferation of BMM-UV cells increases when they are cultured in the presence of epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) or insulinlike growth factor I (50 ng/ml). The BMM-UV cells may become a useful model to study growth properties, cell-to-cell communication, and the function of bovine mammary myoepithelial cells.
The neck in the XO and XX/XO mosaic Turner's syndrome

An attempt to document both the clinical appearance of the neck and the roentgenographic findings of the cervical vertebrae in 15 cytogenetically diagnosed cases of the Turner syndrome rcvealed the following findings: 11 had webbed necks, 13 patients had short necks, and of those, 10 had a short and webbed neck. Fourteen patients had a low hairline, of those, three had a short neck and a low hairline. Ten patients had a webbed and a short neck with a low hairline. Twelve patients had hypoplastic cervical vertebrae, of whom eight showed hypoplasia of all the cervical vertebrae and four showed hypoplasia of one or more cervical vertebrae.
Characterising Context for Mobile User Interfaces in Health Care Applications

Mobile technology has been piloted in a variety of domains. We investigate the use of smart phones in the hospital environment, as they can play an important role in the recording and exchanging of information. This paper examines how context can be characterised for developing context sensitive user interfaces for smart phone application in a hospital environment. We introduce a new characterisation of the notion of context, based on the principle of separation of the concerns that are relevant to the application domain. We coin the term context descriptor, which captures the notion of context at the end-user level, while the characterisation of the context incorporates the user model via the user stereotype. We use a sub-domain of health care, nursing services, the tasks of the nurses serving as a living example to illustrate the ideas presented.
High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun: Hard X-Ray Balloon-Borne Telescope

Set to fly in the Fall of 2013 from Ft. Sumner, NM, the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) mission is a collaborative effort between the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the Goddard Space Flight Center to upgrade an existing payload, the High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) balloon-borne telescope, to make unique scientific measurements of the Sun and astrophysical targets during the same flight. The HEROES science payload consists of 8 mirror modules, housing a total of 109 grazing-incidence optics. These modules are mounted on a carbon-fiber - and Aluminum optical bench 6 m from a matching array of high pressure xenon gas scintillation proportional counters, which serve as the focal-plane detectors. The HERO gondola utilizes a differential GPS system (backed by a magnetometer) for coarse pointing in the azimuth and a shaft angle encoder plus inclinometer provides the coarse elevation. The HEROES payload will incorporate a new solar aspect system to supplement the existing star camera, for fine pointing during both the day and night. A mechanical shutter will be added to the star camera to protect it during solar observations. HEROES will also implement two novel alignment monitoring system that will measure the alignment between the optical bench and the star camera and between the optics and detectors for improved pointing and post-flight data reconstruction. The overall payload will also be discussed. This mission is funded by the NASA HOPE (Hands On Project Experience) Training Opportunity awarded by the NASA Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership, in partnership with NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Office of the Chief Engineer and Office of the Chief Technologist.
The role of glacio-eustasy in sequence formation: Mid-Atlantic Continental Margin, USA

Abstract Previous studies of the Mid-Atlantic Continental Margin had shown the lack of correlation between Pleistocene glacio-eustatic oscillations and sequence boundaries. This study documents late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoenvironments within a seismic stratigraphic sequence in order to characterize sequence formation and the development of unconformities in response to glacio-eustatic oscillations. The data, high-resolution CHIRP subbottom profiling and 28 vibracores, were collected in water depths of 38 m to 145 m as part of the R/V Endeavor cruise 370 survey to the Mid-Atlantic Continental Margin. Sediment sources, sedimentary and seismic facies associated with the last major glaciation, and oxygen isotope stages OIS 5 to OIS 1 were examined and a chronology was constructed from mollusk assemblages of intertidal origin that allowed tracking the paleoshoreline from 19 to 6 ka BP. The maximum extent of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) paleoshoreline at 17 ka BP was documented near the 120 m modern isobath. The shoreline was marked by sediment mounds up to 5 m high and troughs 15 m deep and 1 km wide (interpreted as shoreface and tidal inlet or lagoons) formed from 17 to 15 ka BP. Five kilometers seaward from the LGM shoreline and the head of the Hudson Canyon is a wedge-shaped feature interpreted as a lowstand delta. Sediments older than the last glacial, possibly OIS 3 or OIS 5, onlap a basal unconformity. We correlate this unconformity to a previously identified sequence boundary. Approximately 20 m to 30 m of sediment accumulated on the outer shelf NE of the Hudson Canyon during the last glacial and little deposition has occurred since ~ 11 ka BP. The modern outershelf is covered by ~ 1 m of mollusk-rich glauconitic sand deposited from latest Pleistocene to early Holocene, 15 to 11 ka BP. These results showed a close correspondence between depositional environments and glacio-eustasy but sequence development and sequence boundary formation appeared to be influenced by the incomplete filling of accommodation space due to poor preservation during OIS 2 and low accumulation during the Holocene.
On-chip starter circuit for switched-inductor DC-DC harvester systems

Because wireless microsystems can only incorporate tiny batteries, they typically exhaust stored on-board energy quickly. Fortunately, harvesting ambient energy is a viable means of extending their operational lifetimes, except starting and re-starting miniaturized microwatt harvesters from nocharge conditions is difficult. The challenge is drawing usable energy from millivolt signals under micro-scale constraints. This paper proposes a nonlinear on-chip starter that borrows the harvester's steady-state inductor to start the system from nocharge conditions. Simulations show that the starter draws power from 250-500 mV to charge 100 pF to 3 V in 48 μs. The 100-pF temporary supply then powers the harvester's 1-V, 4-μA controller to charge 100 nF by 100 mV in 65-μs cycles until the 100-nF battery charges enough to supply the system.