cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Regulation of Free Ca2+ Ion Concentration by Metal Chelators

The importance of maintaining adequate control of the calcium ion concentration in biological experiments is clearly emphasized by the number of studies in this volume alone that utilize various calcium chelators. Furthermore, most physiological mechanisms regulated by Ca2+ are fully activated by the contaminating (10−6 M) levels of this ion present in typical test solutions. Thus, one of the uses of divalent metal chelators or ion-exchange resins is to reduce the activity of this ion to levels below that required to affect regulation. If the chelator used to alleviate the problem of contaminating metal has an apparent affinity for Ca2+ about equal to that of the biological system in question, then it will also serve as a divalent metal buffer, enabling an accurate determination of the Ca2+ dependence of that system. This second use of metal chelators is the topic of this chapter. Two metal chelators are compared, and their temperature, pH, and ionic strength dependencies discussed. Finally, methods for calculating the complex equilibria, along with suggestions for solving these calculations by computer, will be presented.
Predictive precharging for bitline leakage energy reduction [microprocessor caches]

As technology scales down into deep-submicron, leakage energy is becoming a dominant source of energy consumption. Leakage energy is generally proportional to the area of a circuit, and caches constitute a large portion of the processor die area. Therefore, there has been much effort to reduce leakage energy in caches. Most techniques have been targeted at cell leakage energy optimization. Bitline leakage energy also is critical. Thus, we propose a predictive precharging scheme to reduce bitline leakage energy. Results show that energy savings are significant with little performance degradation. Also, our predictive precharging is more beneficial in more aggressively scaled technologies.
Influence of Primary Water Chemistry on Oxides Formed on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690

The results of in situ SERS investigations of Alloys’ 600 and 690 surface films were combined with the results of a number of ex situ studies conducted by other researchers who used a variety of experimental techniques. Comparing the results of different investigations revealed the surface films’ composition and microstructure were most sensitive to alloy composition and the concentrations of aqueous metal cations (especially Fe+2).
Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow

The subject of multiphase flows encompasses a vast field, a host of different technological contexts, a wide spectrum of different scales, a broad range of engineering disciplines and a multitude of different analytical approaches. Not surprisingly, the number of books dealing with the subject is voluminous. For the student or researcher in the field of multiphase flow this broad spectrum presents a problem for the experimental or analytical methodologies that might be appropriate for his/her interests can be widely scattered and difficult to find. The aim of the present text is to try to bring much of this fundamental understanding together into one book and to present a unifying approach to the fundamental ideas of multiphase flows. Consequently the book summarizes those fundamental concepts with relevance to a broad spectrum of multiphase flows. It does not pretend to present a comprehensive review of the details of any one multiphase flow or technological context though reference to books providing such reviews is included where appropriate. This book is targeted at graduate students and researchers at the cutting edge of investigations into the fundamental nature of multiphase flows; it is intended as a reference book for the basic methods used in the treatment of multiphase flows.
Mechanism of Action of Guinea Pig Liver Transglutaminase I. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME: IDENTIFICATION OF A FUNCTIONAL CYSTEINE ESSENTIAL FOR ACTIVITY

Abstract Guinea pig liver transglutaminase has been purified 230-fold in high yield by means of diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography of liver homogenate supernatant fluid, precipitation of the enzyme with protamine, selective extraction with ammonium sulfate solution, and rechromatography on the cellulose absorbent. Estimates of molecular weight made by several procedures, 76,900 ± 5,000 (sedimentation and diffusion), 90,000 ± 4,000 (sedimentation equilibrium), and 90,000 ± 10,000 (14C-iodoacetamide incorporation), show some variation. The s25,w0 and D25,w values for transglutaminase were determined as 5.40 x 10-13 and 6.44 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1, respectively. The —SH content, 16 to 17 residues/90,000 g, was determined on native and denatured enzyme by two procedures. The amino acid composition of transglutaminase is reported. The effects of several —SH reagents on enzymatic activity have been investigated. Irreversible inhibition by 14C-iodoacetamide at pH 6.8 occurs only in the presence of the essential cation, Ca++. One mole of 14C-carbamidomethyl is incorporated per mole of enzyme with the complete loss of enzymatic activity. Substrate affords efficient protection against inactivation and 14C-carbamidomethyl incorporation. Analyses of the 14C-iodoacetamide-inactivated enzyme show that inactivation results from alkylation of 1 cysteine residue.
Making Movements Possible: Transportation Workers and Mobility in West Africa

This article concerns the social process of mobility control in four West African countries: Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Ghana. Migration has long been an important aspect of West African social, cultural, and political life. This study explores everyday enforcement of international and internal mobility control, and the ways in which Africans respond to and resist the actions of security agents. I accomplish this using ethnographic evidence gathered when travelling over 10,000 miles in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, and Cote d’Ivoire over a period of nine months. In addition, data were gathered through participant observation while crossing international borders 23 times in a sub-region of West Africa, and participating in 169 security control checkpoints in total. This evidence is supplemented by 29 interviews with transportation workers across the four countries studied. Augmenting the traditional social science literature on migrant networks with an approach proposed by development economists, this article shows that transportation workers play an essential role in mobility control in West Africa. The theoretical insights derived here contribute to a larger project of bringing borders and transportation into the same frame of reference as migration in academic study. This project sees movement through interaction, rather than simply through the systems approach so commonly applied in the literature and shows that in the countries under study there exist unstated, implicit social norms among transportation workers, their clients, and security agents, which constitute a key mechanism for migration. These actors operate in a series of structured relationships, which can be described as institutionalised, and which create a series of important exchanges governing movement in the sub- region.
Recent developments relating to oogenesis and cleavage: a review of mitochondrial DNA and its possible roles in embryonic development.

T H E Q u E s T I o N “How does the undifferentiated cell of the cleaving egg become the specialized cells of heart, liver, nerve, or muscle” is under active investigation today. The sciences of biochemistry, embryology, and genetics are slowly integrating into a discipline termed “biochemical embryology-l in an attempt to provide answers to this question. These three disciplines were almost completely independent in earlier decades. During the 1920’s and 1930’s when the modern chromosomal theory of heredity was developing, few embryologists were interested in genetics and fewer embryologists or geneticists were interested in biochemistry. In the latter years of this period the two subjects began to overlap and merge: embryologists asked “How is the development of a particular embryonic organ modified and controlled by genetic factors?‘; and
Stabilometer performance of educable mentally retarded and normal children.

Abstract Five trials on the stabilometer were administered to 274 EMR children ages 6 to 13 years and 151 normal children ages 6 to 9 years. Older EMR boys and girls had slightly more board movement than younger EMR children whereas there was a tendency for board movement to decrease with age for the normal children. There were no appreciable sex differences between the EMR and the normal age groupings with the exception that board movement of the young EMR boys was significantly less than that of the young and old EMR girls. Normal children had significantly less board movements than EMR children at all age levels. There was some decrease in relative intra-individual variability with increasing age for both EMR and normal children but normal children were more efficient in early learning than EMR children.
Swimming in Fish

Fish swim by a variety of propulsive modes which allow them to operate at different levels of performance. To locomote effectively, fish must be able to reduce drag and maintain stability while efficiently generating thrust. Keywords: swimming; fish; undulation; manoeuvrability; drag
Breast fibroadenomas in adolescents: current perspectives

Fibroadenomas are one of the most common benign tumors of the breast in the adolescent population. They account for 68% of all breast masses and 44%-94% of all biopsied breast lesions. Fibroadenomas can range from asymptomatic masses to painful and rapidly growing tumors that can cause significant esthetic distortions of the breast. Given the prevalence of fibroadenomas in the adolescent population and the psychosocial morbidity of finding a mass in the adolescent breast, it is imperative for physicians treating adolescent patients to be familiar and up to date with this disease process. The goal of this article is to provide a brief review of the classification, etiology, symptoms, initial work-up, and update on the management of breast fibroadenomas in the adolescent population.
When Firms are Potemkin Villages: Formal Organizations and the Benefits of Crowdfunding

Scholars have long been interested in the reasons why firms exist, arguing that they have efficiency and productivity benefits over other approaches to organizing. We examine why entrepreneurs often form firms, since entrepreneurial ventures are not large enough to accrue many of the expected efficiency benefits from formality. Instead, we argue that there are reasons besides efficiency (and regulation) that cause firms to exist. We suggest that an unrecognized implication of new institutional and ecological theory leads entrepreneurs to establish firms as a legitimating agent, and to allow them to act in industries with existing firm populations. We test this theory by examining a unique sample of crowd-funded startup companies, to empirically identify the advantages of formal versus informal organizations with different types of third party entities. We find that adopting the mantle of a formal organization helps entrepreneurs in contexts where they operate with other formal organizations, but not in interactions with other types of resource holders. We also demonstrate that crowdfunding may have substantial benefits for entrepreneurs beyond fundraising.
High current gain of doping-graded GaAsSb/InP DHBTs

It is demonstrated that GaAsSb:C doping grade improves device DC current gain in GaAsSb/InP DHBTs. A beta versus base sheet resistance curve is established to examine the effectiveness of various base grading schemes compared to a uniformly doped baseline. The results indicate a 20 % increase in beta with the doping grade compared to the baseline.
Within-Colony Variation in the Immunocompetency of Managed and Feral Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Different Urban Landscapes

Urbanization has the potential to dramatically affect insect populations worldwide, although its effects on pollinator populations are just beginning to be understood. We compared the immunocompetency of honey bees sampled from feral (wild-living) and managed (beekeeper-owned) honey bee colonies. We sampled foragers from feral and managed colonies in rural, suburban, and urban landscapes in and around Raleigh, NC, USA. We then analyzed adult workers using two standard bioassays for insect immune function (encapsulation response and phenoloxidase activity). We found that there was far more variation within colonies for encapsulation response or phenoloxidase activity than among rural to urban landscapes, and we did not observe any significant difference in immune response between feral and managed bees. These findings suggest that social pollinators, like honey bees, may be sufficiently robust or variable in their immune responses to obscure any subtle effects of urbanization. Additional studies of immune physiology and disease ecology of social and solitary bees in urban, suburban, and natural ecosystems will provide insights into the relative effects of changing urban environments on several important factors that influence pollinator productivity and health.
Temporal effects in long-pulse multi-order stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber

Summary form only given. When sufficiently long optical pulses propagate through low loss optical fiber the temporal effects of linear dispersion can be neglected in modeling the propagation, and the dominant effects are nonlinear processes. This widely used approximation is called the quasi-continuous wave approximation since it eliminates any explicit reference to time in the propagation equations; this model is common in the study of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of long pulses in optical fiber. However, because SRS is intensity dependent, one expects the temporal shape of the pulses to influence the transfer of energy from the pump to the Stokes orders. We show here that the detailed temporal shape of the pulse is especially important at high pump powers where several Stokes orders are generated in the fiber. In particular, to achieve agreement between experiment and theory requires the inclusion of both the overall temporal shape of the pulse pulse envelope and the detailed structure for multi-mode pump pulses. We believe that this is the first detailed comparison of theory and experiment for strongly saturated SRS in optical fibers.
Suicide risk in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with mental health problems in VA care

Suicide rates among U.S. military personnel and veterans are a public health concern, and those with mental health conditions are at particular risk. We examined demographic, military, temporal, and diagnostic associations with suicidality in veterans. We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study of all Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans who screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or depression, received a suicide risk assessment, and endorsed hopelessness about the present or future after their last deployment and between January 1, 2010 and June 29, 2014 (N = 45,741). We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine variables associated with having endorsed suicidal thoughts and a plan. Multiple factors were associated with suicidality outcomes, including longer time from last deployment to screening (proxy for time to seeking VA care), an alcohol use disorder diagnosis, further distance from VA (rurality), and being active duty during military service. Hispanic veterans were at decreased risk of having suicidal ideation and a plan, compared to their white counterparts. In high-risk veterans, some of the strongest associations with suicidality were with modifiable risk factors, including time to VA care and alcohol use disorder diagnoses. Promising avenues for suicide prevention efforts can include early engagement/intervention strategies with a focus on amelioration of high-risk drinking.
Density gradient electrophoresis of mouse spleen lymphocytes: Age-related differences. A critical thymus-dependent event during development in the young adult mouse

Abstract T and B BALB/c mouse spleen lymphocytes have been separated by preparative density gradient electrophoresis from animals of different ages. Significant age-related differences in the frequency of occurrence of cells exhibiting different mobility were observed in the young adult mouse. In the 6.5-week-old animals, the frequency of occurrence of the high (T lymphocytes) and low (B lymphocytes) mobility cells was changed, so that these lymphocytes exhibit an electrophoretic distribution profile different (essentially unimodal) from younger (3.5–5.5 weeks) or older (7.5–17 weeks) animals. In the latter two, bimodal electrophoretic distributions were observed. However, differences were also found in the frequency of occurrence of high and low mobility cells. The mobility distributions, representing individual cell types, were reproducible. Furthermore, the age-related changes were independent of the method of cell preparation and appeared in all mouse strains examined. Lymphocytes from animals thymectomized at the 5th week of age did not exhibit these changes (i.e. unimodal distribution) by the 6th week of age. Their electrophoretic distributions at the 6th week and thereafter were similar to those obtained from younger (3.5–5.5 weeks old) animals. It is concluded that the observed changes in the electrophoretic distributions of mouse spleen lymphocytes during development are thymus dependent and may be related to thymus involution.
Reproductive Biology of Eucelatoria rubentis (Diptera: Tachinidae) Reared on Larvae of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Eucelatoria rubentis (Coquillett) is a tachinid parasitoid of larvae of numerous noctuid species. We studied its reproductive biology as it developed on larvae of the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The mean number of E. rubentis pupae reared from parasitized 0-, 1-, and 2-day-old fourth instars of H. zea did not differ significantly. However, parasitized 0-, 1-, and 2-day-old fifth instars yielded a mean 2.7, 4.9, and 6.1 E. rubentis pupae, respectively, following a single sting (ovipositor probe) by a female fly. One, two, and three stings of individual 0-day-old fifth instars by E. rubentis yielded a mean 2.5, 5.6, and 7.4 pupae, respectively. A single sting of 0-day-old fifth instars held at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C yielded a mean 1.2, 1.4, 0.9, and 0.0 E. rubenbis pupae, respectively; days to pupation averaged 7.1, 5.5, and 4.7, and days averaged 18.5, 14.4, and 12.4 at 20, 26, and 30°C, respectively. Longevity of male and female E. rubentis averaged 13.8 and 20.9 days, respectively, at 27°C. The number of larvae parasitized and the number of progeny produced by E. rubentis females averaged 97.5 and 234, respectively, at 27°C and a 13:11 light:dark photoperiod.
Combustion characteristics of droplets of coal/oil and coal/oil/water mixtures

Abstract The utilization of coal/oil mixtures in furnaces and boilers appears to be a viable short-to-medium range solution to partially alleviate the demand on petroleum supply with minimum combustor modifications. The present investigation first demonstrates that the combustion characteristics of the coal/oil mixture droplets depend intimately on the intensity of internal circulation. Rapid internal motion favors batch-distillation-type vaporization which causes the coal particles to agglomerate. On the other hand, slow internal motion traps the volatile components in the inner core of the rapidly-heated droplet and may eventually lead to internal boiling and subsequently fragmentation of the droplet. Experimental results reveal a mixed behavior, although the degree of agglomeration is significant even at moderate levels of coal loading. It is subsequently shown that the addition of small quantities of water significantly enhances the potential and intensity of droplet explosion. Practical implications of the present results are also discussed.
Phonon-Induced Ion-Ion Coupling in Paramagnetic Salts

The zero-point phonon vibrations in a paramagnetic crystal are shown to give rise to an effective ion-ion coupling. Expressions are derived for ion-energy transitions $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ both greater and less than the phonon-cutoff energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. In the former case, the coupling is short range, falling off as ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}{2\ensuremath{\Delta}})}^{2[{(\frac{{r}_{j{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}{a})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}]}$, where ${r}_{j{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ is the ion-ion separation distance and $a$ the lattice constant. In the latter case, a slowly decreasing oscillatory range dependence is obtained. When the ionic separation is greater than the phonon wavelength appropriate to the transition energy $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ (i.e., when $\ensuremath{\lambda}g\frac{h{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$ is the sound velocity), the coupling due to transverse phonons falls off very slowly, $\ensuremath{\sim}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t}})}^{2}\frac{[cos(\frac{{r}_{j{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t})}]}{{r}_{j{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t}$ is the transverse sound velocity, a result similar to that of McMahon and Silsbee. Finally, in the limit of vanishing $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, our results go over smoothly to a range dependence similar to that found by Sugihara, and Aminov and Kochelaev, $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{{R}^{3}}$. Numerical estimates are made for the strength of the coupling coefficient.
Solution of sparse rectangular systems using LSQR and CRAIG

We examine two iterative methods for solving rectangular systems of linear equations: LSQR for over-determined systemsAx ≈ b, and Craig's method for under-determined systemsAx = b. By including regularization, we extend Craig's method to incompatible systems, and observe that it solves the same damped least-squares problems as LSQR. The methods may therefore be compared on rectangular systems of arbitrary shape. Various methods for symmetric and unsymmetric systems are reviewed to illustrate the parallels. We see that the extension of Craig's method closes a gap in existing theory. However, LSQR is more economical on regularized problems and appears to be more reliable if the residual is not small. In passing, we analyze a scaled “augmented system” associated with regularized problems. A bound on the condition number suggests a promising direct method for sparse equations and least-squares problems, based on indefiniteLDL T factors of the augmented matrix.
Largazole Pharmacokinetics in Rats by LC-MS/MS

A highly sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of largazole thiol, the active species of the marine-derived preclinical histone deacetylase inhibitor, largazole (prodrug), was developed and validated. Largazole thiol was extracted with ethyl acetate from human or rat plasma along with the internal standard, harmine. Samples were separated on an Onyx Monolithic C18 column by a stepwise gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% aqueous formic acid employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 12.5–400 ng/mL with 200 µL of human plasma. The overall intra-day precision was from 3.87% to 12.6%, and the inter-day precision was from 7.12% to 9.8%. The accuracy at low, medium and high concentrations ranged from 101.55% to 105.84%. Plasma protein bindings of largazole thiol in human and rat plasma as determined by an ultrafiltration method were 90.13% and 77.14%, respectively. Plasma drug concentrations were measured by this LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetics of largazole thiol in rats was studied following i.v. administration at 10 mg/kg and found to follow a two-compartment model. Largazole thiol was rapidly eliminated from systemic circulation within 2 h. The established LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the analysis of largazole thiol in human plasma, as well.
Does vacuum-assisted venous drainage increase gaseous microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass?

Abstract Background Vacuum-assisted venous drainage enables adequate drainage through small-diameter cannulas but concerns are that it results in more gaseous microemboli delivered to the patient. Methods Five identical embolus detectors monitored the propagation of entrained air through a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model. The ability of the CPB circuit to remove gaseous microemboli was studied with vacuum-assisted venous drainage and gravity siphon venous drainage using different pump speeds and rates of gaseous microemboli delivery. Results Under all conditions entrained venous air resulted in the detection of gaseous microemboli in the perfusate after the arterial filter. In blood-primed circuits, increased flow rates and higher levels of vacuum-assisted venous drainage were independently associated with increased gaseous microemboli counts in the arterial line. Vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −40 mm Hg did not significantly increase gaseous microemboli activity when compared with gravity siphon venous drainage at 4 L/min flow rate. Conclusions Vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −40 mm Hg does not statistically reduce the ability of the CPB circuit to remove gaseous microemboli at lower pump rates. High levels of vacuum and increased pump flow rates should be avoided. Air should not be introduced into the venous line.
Extension of Sp2/0 hybridoma cell viability through interleukin‐6 supplementation

Sp2/0 hybridoma cells die principally by apoptosis in batch culture. We have found that cultures of the Sp2/0 hybridoma exhibit increased viability in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6) supplementation relative to control cultures during serum shiftdown experiments. When shifted from a medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) to a medium with 1% FBS, IL-6 supplemented cultures displayed viabilities and viable cell densities similar to control cultures containing 10% FBS. The degree of the survival response induced varied in accordance with the severity of the shiftdown, as cells resuspended in a high serum medium showed little observable enhancement in viability. The extension in culture viability was not accompanied by an observable decrease in growth relative to control cultures, indicating that the effect was not a consequence of growth inhibition. These results suggest the existence of serum components with behavior functionally similar to IL-6, with respect to enhancing cell survival, and that under certain experimental conditions IL-6 serves as a survival factor. In contrast to the extended viability displayed by cultures supplemented with IL-6, Sp2/0 cultures transfected with IL-6 cDNA expression vectors displayed a growth inhibitory response relative to control cultures. This inhibitory response was characterized by an extended lag phase following inoculation, and a decrease in batch culture cell yield. The depression in cell yield varied with serum concentration, with the largest depression occurring at high serum concentrations. We conclude that interactions between components in serum, presumably growth factors, and cytokines play an important role in altering the behavior of industrially relevant cell lines in culture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng55: 439–446, 1997.
Matching forms as a function of complexity, type of match, and retention interval.

Summary.-The present experiment tested the hypothesis that nominal processing increases as stimulus complexity increases. Subjects indicated whether two 4- or 12-sided forms, separated by an interval of .5 or 4.0 sec., were the same or different. "Same" responses corresponded to matches for physical or nominal identity. Longer RTs for high complexity than low complexity forms suggest that complexity affects the efficiency of visual processing rather than the occurrence of nominal processing. An interaction between rype of match and interval, due to the longer RTs for matches of nominally identical forms at only the .5-sec. interval, indicates that at this interval, matches for physical and nominal identity are made with visual and nominal representations respecrively. Posner and Mitchell ( 1967 ) , using a matching paradigm demonstrated that the reaction time (RT) for physically identical pairs, e.g., A-A, of letters was 70 to 100 msec. more rapid than for nominally identical pairs, e.g., A-a, when the letters were presented simultaneously. The difference in RTs for nominally and physically identical pairs led to the inference that matches for physical identity were made with visual representations and matches for nominal identity with nominal representations. Posner and Keele ( 1967 ) found that at an interval of 1.5 sec., the difference in RTs for nominally and physically identical pairs was not significant due largely to increased RTs for physically identical pairs. This finding suggests either the decay of che visual representation or a transition from a visual to a nominal representation as a basis for matching physically identical letters. Although most matching experiments have utilized alpha-numeric stimuli, the use of alternate stimulus domains has produced findings qualifying those of Posner and colleagues (e.g., Elias & Kinsbourne, 1972; Klatzky, 1972). For example, Klatzky and Stoy (1974) used picrures of common objects and obtained RT patterns indicating that pictures which were physically similar and nominally identical were matched with visual representations. Such findings point to the need for a more systematic study of stimulus variables in a matching task.
Surface immunoglobulins of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and disseminated lymphosarcoma

Abstract Immunofluorescent staining was used to study the incidence of heavy and light chain determinants on the surface of blood lymphocytes from nine normal individuals, fourteen patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), seven patients with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LSL), and one hairy cell leukemia. In CLL, 46% of the lymphocytes stained for the μ chain component of the IgM immunoglobulin; this finding suggests a clonal lymphocytic population. In contrast, the surface immunoglobulins in LSL showed a preponderance of both γ and μ chains. The concomitant distribution of both heavy chain molecules on the same lymphocyte was further shown by double fluorescent staining. These results support the hypothesis that CLL and LSL are distinct lymphoproliferative disorders and that they arise from two different types of lymphocytes.
Tunes by Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings in Southern United States Shape-Note Tune Books of the Early Nineteenth Century

During the nineteenth century a reform movement arose in church music, culminating in the work of Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings. The chief targets of the reformers were rural shape-note folk hymnody and New England psalmody. Despite the low opinion of folk hymnody held by Mason, Hastings, and their allies, the compilers of shape-note volumes in the southern United States made frequent use of tunes by the reformers themselves. The present article catalogs the works by Mason and Hastings that are found in these collections, noting particularly which books were the first to reprint the pieces, which items were published most often, and how the music was attributed. The sources from which the compilers probably drew the tunes are traced, and the genealogy of several pieces is described in detail to illustrate the different approaches to the music taken by southern compilers. The question of why the shape-note compilers were interested in the reform tunes in the first place is also discussed.
Assessment of wavelet analysis of signal processing for smart structures

Progress as well as future challenges of wavelet analysis of signal processing for Smart Structures will be assessed. Wavelet analysis has provided two major capabilities: noise reduction and data compression. Wavelet phase determination is particularly useful for wavefront sensors based on interferometry: Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, shearing and Fabry-Perot interferometers. This capability will be applied to future Smart Structures applications.
Bounding the performance of tandem queues with finite buffer spaces

We consider a queueing system with three single servers in tandem with two intermediate buffer storages of finite capacity. The processing times are exponentially distributed and the first server has unlimited number of customers in front of it. Using a negative dependence property between the number of customers at the first and second buffer storages we show that a popular form of decomposition approach applied to this model, indeed, provides a lower bound for its performance. The approach used here to establish the bound is new and could be extended to establish bounds for other types of tandem queues with finite buffer spaces.
The Role of Mesoscale Eddies in the General Circulation of the Ocean—Numerical Experiments Using a Wind-Driven Quasi-Geostrophic Model

Abstract Results from a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic, general circulation model of the ocean with fine horizontal resolution are presented. As in Holland and Lin (1975a.b), mesoscale eddies spontaneously arise due to instabilities in the oceanic currents, giving rise to transient oceanic circulations that reach a statistical equilibrium. In these final equilibrium states, the interaction of the eddy field with the mean state is examined, and it is shown that the eddies determine the character of the large-scale mean flow. In particular, the eddies act to limit the amplitude of the mean flow in the upper ocean, are responsible for a downward energy propagation that fills the deep sea with eddy energy, and create a downward momentum flux which is responsible for the creation of deep, time-mean, abyssal gyres that are an important component of the vertically averaged mass transport in the ocean. Three new aspects of the mesoscale eddy problem are discussed. First, the Holland and Lin (1975a,b) results are ex...
Macroscopic model of second‐harmonic generation in a dielectric thin‐film helicoidal bianisotropic medium

The oblique propagation problem in a dielectric thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic medium (TFHBM), which has a reference uniaxial basis and exhibits second-harmonic generation (SHG), is solved. First, the linear constitutive relation is set up, followed by a constitutive relation to describe SHG. Then, a homogeneous 4 × 4 matrix ordinary differential equation is solved for the linear electromagnetic field phasors, and an inhomogeneous 4 × 4 matrix ordinary differential equation is solved for the second-harmonic electromagnetic field phasors. Extension to more general nonlinear HBMs shall follow the same route, provided the angular frequency of the nonlinear field generated is different from the angular frequencies of the linear fields that are needed to generate the nonlinear field. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
University-based Executive Education: Impacts and Implications

University‐based executive education programmes have played a major role in the development of upper‐level managers since the beginning of the Second World War. A summary review of research into their effectiveness is presented, and a challenge issued for further investigation as to their worthiness.
Regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in mouse mammary epithelial cells grown in serum-free collagen gel cultures.

The effect of collagenase dissociation of virgin mouse mammary glands on the level of mammary epithelial cytosolic estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) was assessed. After cell dissociation, ER was present in mammary epithelial cells at concentrations similar to those found in the whole gland. However, PR appeared to be affected by the collagenase treatment. The regulation of ER and PR in mouse mammary epithelial cells isolated by collagenase dissociation and grown within collagen gels was then determined. After 7 days in culture under serum-free conditions inside a collagen gel, PR and, to a lesser extent ER, as characterized by high affinity binding and specificity, were present in the epithelial cells. Although at a low level, the ER were determined to be functional, since estradiol (E2) was able to promote nuclear accumulation of ER and to induce PR. PRL was able to increase cytosolic ER and PR concentrations. The combination of progesterone (P) and PRL was more effective than PRL o...
Pseudallescheria Boydii pneumonia in an immunocompetent host

Background: Pseudallescheria boydii pneumonia is rarely reported among immunocompetent patients.
Who's Afraid of Phenomenological Disputes?

There are general aspects of mental life it is reasonable to believe do not vary even when subjects vary in their first-person judgments about them. Such lack of introspective agreement gives rise to “phenomenological disputes.” These include disputes over how to describe the perspectival character of perception, the phenomenal character of perceptual recognition and conceptual thought, and the relation between consciousness and self-consciousness. Some suppose that when we encounter such disputes we have no choice but to abandon first-person reflection in philosophy of mind in favor of a third-person methodology. Such reaction is unwarranted. A reasoned assessment of phenomenological disputes that relies on first-person reflection is explained, illustrated, and advocated.
Stimulation of the Na+/Ca2 +Exchanger by Phenylephrine, Angiotensin II and Endothelin 1

The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger plays an important role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the heart. Therefore, factors which regulate the exchanger have a significant impact on cardiac function. Previously, we showed that the non-hydrolysable GTP analog, 5'guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], stimulates Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity, implying the involvement of a G protein in exchanger regulation. In this study, we examined the effect of G protein agonists on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity. Isoproterenol, a Gs agonist, had no effect on exchanger activity. Likewise, the Gi agonist, carbachol, did not influence Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity. Since these G proteins couple to the adenylate cyclase system, it would appear that cAMP-linked events do not regulate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. We next examined the influence of Gq-linked agonists on exchanger activity. Phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, increased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity up to 111% with an EC50 of 21 microM. Moreover, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity was enhanced by angiotensin II and endothelin 1, which caused maximal stimulation of exchanger activity up to 125% and 211%, respectively. The selective protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine significantly attenuated the ability of phenylephrine and angiotensin II to stimulate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. In addition, the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, stimulated exchanger activity by 32%, raising the possibility that all three Gq agonists mediate their actions in part through the promotion of phospholipase C activity and the subsequent activation of protein kinase C. The contribution of Na+/Ca2+ exchange to the actions of phenylephrine, angiotensin II, and endothelin 1 is discussed.
Three classes of filaments in cardiac differentiation.

Embryonic chick hearts at representative stages of early development were fixed in phosphate-, cacodylate-, and s -collidine-buffered glutaraldehyde, glutaraldehyde and acrolein, and osmium tetroxide, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate, and examined with an electron microscope. Comparison of en bloc and en coupe staining with aqueous and alcoholic uranyl acetate revealed the superior preservation of membranous and fibrous components with aqueous en bloc staining, but the disruption and removal of glycogen from free cytoplasmic pools, enlarged mitochondria (cf. 4, 5), membrane-bound glycogen vesicles, and myelin-like whorls associated with degenerating yolk platelets. More important, the presence of a heterogeneous class of 85–130 A filaments in precardiac cells and cardiac myoblasts, myocytes, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes was revealed by all procedures. Visual comparisons from micrographs and measurements of filament diameters revealed them to be intermediate in diameter between the thin and thick filament of the sarcomere, but consistently heterogeneous with respect to diameters. Large numbers of the intermediate filaments were observed in the myoblasts prior to myofibril deposition, often in the areas of cortical cytoplasm associated with Z band deposition, initial thin filament appearance, and myofibril formation. Unincorporated thin filaments were observed coursing randomly in the peripheral matrix and subsequently associated with presumptive Z band material. Unincorporated but easily recognized thick filaments were observed free in the cytoplasm and in association with free thin filaments and thin filaments with attached Z material in regions of myofibril deposition. As we demonstrate in the accompanying report ( 106 ), several extractions were devised to remove specific myofibrillar subunits. The intermediate filaments remained after disruption of the thick filaments, thin filaments, and Z bands, demonstrating that the intermediate filaments cannot be equated with adult myofibrillar constituents, unless major modification of the intermediate filaments occurs preceding sarcomere deposition. Alternative explanations are considered, including interconversion with microtubules associated with protoplasmic streaming and cell extension, interconversion with free thin filaments, and permanent deposition as passive supporting structures. However, insufficient data are presently available concerning the newly discovered intermediate filaments to permit conclusive interpretations of structure, composition, or function.
Review: The immunochemical analysis of enzyme from mucopolysaccharidoses patients

The immunochemical analysis of enzyme from mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) patients is aimed at defining the level and nature of the enzymically deficient protein produced by specific gene mutations. Immunochemical techniques allow purification of enzyme, characterization of the composite molecular species, measurement of cellular protein content, investigation of protein biosynthesis, determination of subcellular distribution, as well as information on protein structure and folding. This review focuses on the application of immunochemical techniques to the study of the aberrant protein produced in skin fibroblast cells derived from MPS patients. The analysis of enzyme protein has been applied to phenotype expression within single enzyme deficiency disorders. It is proposed that reliable prediction of MPS patient phenotype may require a combined approach utilizing immunochemical, biochemical, cell biological and gene analysis. However, this review will address the structure and nature of the protein produced in cells from MPS patients, the biological activity of this protein, and the incorporation of the protein into, and location within, subcellular fractions.
Measures of Effectiveness for a University Library.

Two measures of effectiveness for university libraries are constructed. The Primary Measure of Effectiveness, defined over the total population of users, considers the number of material and information items desired by the users, the number of satisfactorily answered inquiries, and the number of users. For the Secondary Measure of Effectiveness, the total population is classified into subsets according to similarity of user needs. A measure is defined for each subset and is a function of the number of individuals in the subset.
Imaging after Urinary Tract Infection in Older Children and Adolescents

Purpose: There are few guidelines and little data on imaging after urinary tract infections in older children. We determined the clinical yield of renal and bladder ultrasound, and voiding cystourethrogram in older children and adolescents after urinary tract infection.Materials and Methods: We analyzed findings on voiding cystourethrogram, and renal and bladder ultrasound as well as the clinical history of patients who underwent the 2 studies on the same day between January 2006 and December 2010. We selected for study patients 5 to 18 years old who underwent imaging for urinary tract infection. Those with prior postnatal genitourinary imaging or prenatal hydronephrosis were excluded from analysis.Results: We identified a cohort of 153 patients, of whom 74% were 5 to 8 years old, 21% were 8 to 12 years old and 5% were 12 to 18 years old. Of the patients 77% were female, 78% had a febrile urinary tract infection history and 55% had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Renal and bladder ultraso...
Comparison of acute subjective and heart rate effects of nicotine intake via tobacco smoking versus nasal spray

Abstract Nicotine is the primary psychoactive constituent of tobacco smoke, but it is not clear whether the reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking can be attributed solely to nicotine intake. In this study, two groups of male and female smokers participated in three sessions involving intermittent exposure to moderate, low, or no nicotine doses via controlled tobacco smoking (“smoke,” n = 20) or measured-dose nasal spray (“spray,” n = 16). Visual analog scales of subjective effects (VAS) and heart rate (HR) were obtained within 5 min of each dosing. Plasma nicotine levels indicated comparable dosing between methods. For both methods, there were significant nicotine dose effects for most subjective measures and HR. More importantly, the pattern of effects across doses was virtually identical between methods, as nicotine intake via smoking or spray significantly increased HR and the VAS scales of Head Rush and Dizzy, decreased Hunger and Desire to Smoke, and had no effect on Comportable, Jittery, or Relaxed. These results suggest that rapid nicotine uptake by novel methods may provide effects very similar to nicotine intake by smoking.
Introducing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at a Veterans Affairs medical facility.

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that advanced age, diabetes, and male gender are associated with higher morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery. Those risk factors are characteristic of patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has become an established treatment modality for morbid obesity. Our objective was to review the initial experience with laparoscopic (RYGB) for morbid obesity at our VA facility. Methods A retrospective review was used. Results Between May of 2002 and April of 2004, 40 patients underwent laparoscopic RYGB. All patients met National Institutes of Health consensus statement guidelines for bariatric surgery. There were 30 (75%) male and 10 (25%) female patients, with an average age of 49.9 ± 8.7 years and an average body mass index (BMI) of 48.1 ± 8.5 kg/m 2 . Preoperative comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (DM) in 59%, hypertension in 79%, and obstructive sleep apnea in 74.4%. The procedure was converted to an open procedure in 3 patients (7.5%). There were no mortalities. Immediate (within 30 days) complications developed in 9 (22.5%) patients, necessitating abdominal re-operation in 3 patients (7.5%). The median length of hospital stay was 3 days. Late complications (>30 days) developed in 8 (20%) patients. Percent excess weight loss at 3, 6, and 12 months was 44% (n = 34), 59% (n = 29), and 70.0% (n = 22), respectively. In 23 patients who were followed-up for more than 3 months, DM resolved in 79% and improved in 21% at a mean follow-up evaluation of 13 months. Conclusions Laparoscopic RYGB can be performed with acceptable morbidity and with good short-term results in a VA hospital setting. Morbid obesity is prevalent in the VA patient population and access to bariatric surgery should be an available alternative.