cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of pathogenic periodontal microflora in healthy young adult smokers.

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor in periodontitis, although the mechanisms of its effects are not well understood. The overall goal of this clinical study was to determine if smoking enhances the colonization of the oral cavity by pathogenic bacteria in a periodontitis-free population. The prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola was investigated in 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers by using DNA probes. Methods: The subjects were 21 to 35 years of age with a healthy periodontium or slight gingivitis and were systemically healthy. The test group included subjects who had a minimum of a 1.5 pack-year history of smoking, while the control subjects never smoked. Subgingival plaque samples were taken by paper point following the assessment of multiple clinical parameters. Results: This investigation showed: 1) no statistically signi...
A note on the scattering from a slightly rough surface

A Fourier transform approach is used to derive the bistatic radar scattering cross section of a slightly rough perfectly conducting infinite surface. A perturbation expansion is used to apply the boundary conditions, and the scattered fields are asympotically evaluated by means of the method of stationary phase. The resultant expression for the radar cross section \sigma^{0} is shown to agree with that obtained using the method as outlined by Rice.
Rapid Decrease in Unintegrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA after the Initiation of Nucleoside Therapy

Better markers for determining therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs are needed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The amounts of unintegrated HIV DNA (uDNA) were sequentially determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 20 HIV-infected patients starting nucleoside therapy. HIV copy number was determined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Before therapy, 19 of 20 patients had detectable HIV uDNA. The average percentage of uDNA was 42%. After 1, 4, and 8 weeks of nucleoside therapy the average decreased to 23% (P < .001), 7%, and 3%, respectively. The amount of HIV uDNA decreased in all 19 patients during the first week and was undetectable in 14 by 8 weeks. Thus, measurement of HIV uDNA has many characteristics needed for a good marker of therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs, including detectability in a high proportion of patients, large and rapid response to initiation of therapy, and a biologically plausible mechanism.
Finite Difference Calculations for Hydrodynamic Flows Containing Discontinuities

Abstract In this paper it is shown how to calculate the steady hypersonic inviscid flow, including a detached shock, around a blunt body. The steady flow is obtained as the limit for large time of time-dependent flow, starting with plane flow impinging on the body. The transient flow is the solution of a mixed initial-boundary-value problem for the partial differential equations of inviscid fluids which is solved by a difference scheme proposed by Lax and Wendroff. Our calculations show that by itself this difference scheme tends to be unstable and does not converge to the steady flow; by adding an artificial viscosity term we have succeeded in stabilizing the calculation. Section 4 is a fairly convincing theoretical explanation of this stabilizing effect and a new stability condition is derived. Both plane and cylindrical symmetries are considered; in the cylindrical case a variant of Richtmyer's [4] two-step version of the Lax-Wendroff difference scheme is used. This method, as does Richtmyer's, requires much fewer arithmetic operations as compared with the one-step method.
Phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive quantitative imaging of scattered ultrasound using a two-dimensional pseudo-array

A two-dimensional receiving array was used to measure both phase-insensitively and phase-sensitively the average power and power spectrum of a backscattered (160 degrees ) ultrasonic field. The effects of introducing phase-distorting media in front of the receiving array on the phase-insensitively and phase-sensitively derived quantitative energy measurements were investigated under conditions of planar, spherical, and correlation focusing. A transmitting transducer was found at the surface of a glass-bead phantom and a two-dimensional pseudoarray receiver was achieved by translating an apodized planar transducer in a 13*13 grid pattern. Phase-insensitive determination of average power exhibited a maximum 0.9-dB variation for measurements made with all combinations of phase-distorting media and focusing schemes, whereas the corresponding phase-sensitively derived values varied by as much as 9.4 dB. >
Prolonged antigen presentation by immune complex–binding dendritic cells programs the proliferative capacity of memory CD8 T cells

The commitment of naive CD8 T cells to effector or memory cell fates can occur after a single day of antigenic stimulation even though virus-derived antigens (Ags) are still presented by DCs long after acute infection is resolved. However, the effects of extended Ag presentation on CD8 T cells are undefined and the mechanisms that regulate prolonged Ag presentation are unknown. We showed that the sustained presentation of two different epitopes from influenza virus by DCs prevented the premature contraction of the primary virus-specific CD8 T cell response. Although prolonged Ag presentation did not alter the number of memory CD8 T cells that developed, it was essential for programming the capacity of these cells to proliferate, produce cytokines, and protect the host after secondary challenge. Importantly, prolonged Ag presentation by DCs was dependent on virus-specific, isotype-switched antibodies (Abs) that facilitated the capture and cross-presentation of viral Ags by FcγR-expressing DCs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that B cells and Abs can regulate the quality and functionality of a subset of antiviral CD8 T cell memory responses and do so by promoting sustained Ag presentation by DCs during the contraction phase of the primary T cell response.
Full Employment as a Permanent Policy Response to Poverty

Rising inequality and concomitant economic insecurity and poverty is a continuing problem in the United States today. Enacting full employment policies would resolve this problem and would serve as a viable poverty reduction strategy. Using a more accurate measure of unemployment such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics U-6 measure would reveal the true unemployment rate. This article provides different strategies, historical and more recent, for enacting full employment with a living wage, particularly the enactment of a permanent national public service employment program administered by the states through the TANF Emergency Fund. Public sector employment expansion in the green or clean economy would benefit the urban unemployed the most. To achieve these ends, social workers, unions and community activists will need to collaborate. Finally, the Federal Reserve should review the history of the relationship between unemployment and inflation rates and develop a more accurate formula for attaining full empl...
Subcellular mechanisms of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin activation of area postrema neurons

Angiotensin II (ANG II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) act on area postrema (AP) neurons to modulate the baroreflex. Because activation of AP neurons by either ANG II or AVP increases intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), the goal of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the [Ca2+]i responses to ANG II and AVP. Neurons were recovered from 14- to 16-day old rats and studied after 8-14 days in culture by use of the microscopic digital image analysis for fura 2-loaded cells. The effects of ANG II (100 nM) and AVP (100 nM) on [Ca2+]i were determined in normal (2 mM) and low (< 10 nM) extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In 143 of 240 neurons, ANG II increased [Ca2+]i 4.65-fold after 20 s, and a similar response was observed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ (3.65-fold after 20 s). After 60 s of observation, steady-state levels of increased [Ca2+]i were still present under both conditions. Pretreatment with AT1 antagonist or pertussis toxin abolished the response to ANG II. AVP also increased [Ca2+]i (3.6-fold at peak, 20 s) in normal and low extracellular Ca2+. Pretreatment with AVP V1 antagonist or pertussis toxin abolished the response to AVP. This study indicates that ANG II-induced increases in [Ca2+]i are independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and involve the activation of AT1 receptors and a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Although AVP affects a fewer number of AP neurons, the mechanisms of activation are also independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration and are mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Nickel-Cobalt Double Hydroxide Decorated Carbon Nanotubes via Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition towards Catalytic Glucose Detection

In this work, we present a facile technique based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to produce transition metal hydroxide decorated carbon nanotubes (CNT) for electrochemical applications. We specifically explore the performance of nickel-cobalt hydroxides given their high activity, conductivity and stability as compared to the individual hydroxides. We exploit the high local pH at the negative electrodes during water-based EPD to form nanoparticles of nickel-cobalt hydroxides in situ on the CNT surface. We focus our work here on obtaining functional and conductive deposits on CNTs. The hydrophilic binderless deposits of Ni-Co double hydroxide decorated CNTs obtained here are used for non-enzymatic glucose detection. XPS data and electrochemical testing reveal difference in the deposited double hydroxide based on chronology of charging salt addition even at the same ratio. When cobalt and nickel salts are sequentially added at a ratio of 1:1, the deposited double hydroxides show excellent glucose sensitivity of ~3300μA/mM.cm2 at applied potential of 0.55V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
Algorithm and Turbulence Model Requirements for Simulating Vortical Flows

Navier-Stokes computational results using a 3 rd order spatial upwind flux algorithm and two 5 th order spatial WENO algorithms are compared for a wing tip vortex configuration and for a forebody at angle-of-attack. Rotational and curvature corrections and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) variations of the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) and Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence models are also investigated. The results for these two test cases demonstrate that higher order fluxes improve the prediction of the vortex significantly as it is convected downstream from the body. The rotationally corrected SA model reduced the eddy viscosity in the vortex core region and provided a much improved solution of the vortex over the baseline SA model. The SST DES model solution was also more accurate in the vortex core region than the baseline SST model.
CA SUAL GAME PLAYING FOR THE RELIEF OF LEARNING ANXIETY IN STUDENTS

While much research focuses on people’s preference of the types of technology games, there is little reported on the relationship between learning and emotional development as a result of playing different types of computer and video games. Most theory and research in this area has evolved in Western countries. The present study seeks to determine how casual game participation among students in Taiwan impacts learner anxiety. It is anticipated that the findings will help to decrease learning anxiety. This research provides a greater understanding of the relationship between, technology learning, casual games and strategy games. The results of this study provide initial evidence that casual game play does not relieve learning anxiety, as has been reported, however, this study provides initial EDA data in support of the development of game learning that engages student learning because when students have high EDA data, it also means they have been engaged in the environment more. The findings show that casual games embedded in the learning content caused less stress in students than strategy games.
Low Temperature Formation of Ferroelectric thin Films

Two novel processes have been developed to lower the transformation temperature of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with high Zr/Ti ratio. One process makes use of high pressure and the other process uses seeding to encourage the transformation. A previous study has shown that nucleation is the rate-limiting step for the perovskite formation. Therefore, any process that enhances the kinetics of the nucleation will likely decrease the transformation temperature. In this process, a very thin seeding layer, which has a low effective activation energy for perovskite formation, is used to provide nucleation sites needed for the low temperature perovskite formation. In this study, the pyrochlore to perovskite phase transformation temperature of PbZr x Ti 1−x O 3 3 films of high Zr/Ti ratio (e.g. x = 53/47) can be lowered by as much as 100°C.
Between Seminole Rock and a Hard Place: A New Approach to Agency Deference

In Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co. the United States Supreme Court held that federal courts must defer to an administrative agency’s interpretation of its own regulation unless the interpretation “is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Astoundingly, despite its doctrinal significance and practical importance to our administrative state, the Seminole Rock deference doctrine has gone largely unexamined both by the legal community and by the Supreme Court, particularly when compared to the landmark deference doctrines announced in Skidmore v. Swift & Co. and Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. This Article explores the genesis of this deference regime and analyzes the Supreme Court’s articulation, application, and interpretation of the Seminole Rock doctrine from its inception in 1945 to the present day. The Article then proposes a new approach to the Seminole Rock doctrine. Under this new approach, courts would apply a two-step test to determine whether to defer to an agency’s interpretation of its regulation. By relying upon objective factors, thereby limiting the subjective inquiry, this new approach falls comfortably between Chevron’s controlling deference and Skidmore’s less deferential treatment that courts currently apply when reviewing an agency’s interpretation of a statutory provision. Such an approach would refine the deference regime to achieve better workability, greater fairness, transparency, and increased public participation. It would also balance the competing regulatory and separation of powers concerns inherent in this critical deference question.
Control strategy and optimization for large CFB power units

In view of the difficulties in the control large CFB power units,such as multi-variable coupling,non-linear,time-lagged and overturn beds etc.,based on the commissioning of 300 MW CFB units in Datang International Honghe Power Plant and Qinhuangdao Power Plant,the control strategies applicable for large CFB units were developed.This included an improved DEB,right-and-left balanced coal feeding and primary air control with bed pressure correcting loop.The application of such control strategies has made significant effect and solved several problems in large CFB units,such as overturn beds and AGC,taking great reference for the design and commissioning of similar systems in future.
John Chalmers DaCosta (1863–1933): Restoration of the Old Operating Table:

John Chalmers DaCosta was an influential chairman and the first Samuel D. Gross Professor of Surgery at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. He was well known throughout the field as a skille...
Sepsis and septic shock.

SUMMARY Sepsis and septic shock remain all too frequent syndromes in modern medicine with unacceptably high mortality rates. Physicians must be aware of the many ways in which sepsis and septic shock may present and the multiple differential diagnoses. Early recognition and prompt institution of empiric therapy are of utmost importance. Our current limited understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock significantly limits our ability to treat this syndrome effectively and thus substantively alter mortality. New developments in immunology and metabolism seem promising in furthering our understanding and improving our therapy of this complex multisystem disorder.
A follow-up comparison of patient satisfaction among prepaid and fee-for-service patients.

This study reports the results of a follow-up patient satisfaction survey that sampled patients enrolled in a capitation program and compared their satisfaction levels with otherwise similar patients in a fee-for-service program two years after the programs began. On a scale of 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied), the mean general satisfaction level for 158 prepaid patients was 3.17 +/- 0.70, and 3.42 +/- 0.61 for 87 fee-for-service patients (P less than .05). This finding contrasts with no differences seen in a previous study of the same populations at six months after the programs began (mean general satisfaction levels of 3.26 and 3.36 for the prepaid and fee-for-service patients, respectively). A statistically significant difference also existed in the subdimension "technical aspects of quality of care": 3.38 +/- 0.65 for prepaid patients, and 3.61 +/- 0.53 for fee-for-service service patients (P less than .05). Levels of satisfaction within other individual constructs were similar for both groups and tended to remain the same over two years, although satisfaction with access to care decreased among prepaid patients, and satisfaction with continuity of care increased among fee-for-service patients. These data support the hypothesis that overall satisfaction levels and certain aspects of patient satisfaction may be compromised by a capitation program.
Oncogenes: Clinical Relevance

The last 10 years have seen something of a revolution in experimental carcinogenesis, sparked by the discovery of oncogenes [1–3]. The first such gene and most of the ones that followed [1] have been isolated as part of the genome of a tumor-inducing retrovirus. Mostly obtained from birds and mice, these viral oncogenes are nearly identical to genes present in normal cells and, because of their high degree of evolutionary conservation, could be used directly to isolate their human counterparts.
Oxidation of olefins and alkanes with various peroxides, catalyzed by triamine containing Manganese faujasites

Adsorption of cyclic triamines such as 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN) or its methylated analog TMTACN on Mn zeolites results in a new class of redox-active zeolites. These materials were investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of alkenes and alkanes with different peroxides. Under appropriate reaction conditions, a Mn-TMTACN faujasite is an excellent catalyst for olefin epoxidation with H 2 O 2 . From styrene and cyclohexene, the epoxides are obtained with over 95% selectivity. This Mn-TMTACN-NaY material also catalyses the selective epoxidation of styrene with tert -butylhydroperoxide (tBuOOH). In some of the tBuOOH oxidations, allylic oxidation becomes a competitive reaction, e.g. , with cyclohexene. The more radical-like character of the active site in the tBuOOH reactions was confirmed in reactions with alkanes. With both tBuOOH and H 2 O 2 , far better epoxide selectivities are obtained with the methylated ligand than with the unmethylated ligand. Differences in the catalytic reactions with the two peroxides can be related to ESR spectroscopic observations.
The Picture of Madness–Visual Narratives of Female Mental Illness in Contemporary Children’s Literature

This article analyses a selection of contemporary children’s visual texts (for economy and specificity ‘contemporary’ is taken to mean the current century), covering a cross-section of age demographics to better understand how the texts depict female characters suffering with mental illness. It examines these primary texts not only to see how such characters are represented but also to see whether they either bolster or challenge the idea of the female being viewed as the male's ‘Other’. A brief historical and cultural contextualisation of the relationship between mentally ill females and the male-centric profession of modern psychiatry is followed by a close analysis of four primary texts, analysing visual narratives of mentally ill female characters in two picture books, an illustrated book and a graphic novel, noting how contemporary visual depictions contrast with early ideas and images supporting the nineteenth-century feminisation of madness. The conclusion is that, from the limited selection of texts analysed, contemporary children’s visual texts represent a clear contrast to the historical image of the frail and winsome madwoman. The findings are that they do not uphold the image of the female madwoman as Other.
Generalized binary noise stimulation enables time-efficient identification of input-output brain network dynamics

Identification of input-output (IO) dynamics of brain networks in response to electrical stimulation is essential for devising closed-loop therapies for neurological disorders such as major depression. A critical component for accurate IO identification is the stimulation input design. The time available for open-loop stimulation to perform system identification is typically limited. While our prior design of a binary noise (BN) modulated input pattern satisfies the requirements for optimal identification and clinical safety, it does not incorporate any prior information about the underlying network. When the identification time is constrained, BN identification performance may be improved by incorporating such information. Here we design a generalized binary noise (GBN) modulated stimulation pattern that achieves time-efficient identification of IO dynamics by utilizing the time-constant information of the network. To test GBN's performance, we implemented a closed-loop controller within a clinical stimulation system. We used our closed-loop system to control mood symptoms in depression using simulated neural activity under linear network dynamics. With a short identification time (20 mins), the controller derived from GBN identification performed as well as an ideal controller that had full knowledge of the network model, and better than a controller derived from BN identification. Our results have important implications for optimal system identification and closed-loop control of brain network dynamics.
Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of heart failure.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Heart failure (HF) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Despite the availability of drugs that reduce mortality and afford good symptom relief, HF continues to exact a considerable clinical and economic burden. Current HF therapies elicit benefit by reducing cardiac workload by lowering heart rate and loading conditions, thereby reducing myocardial energy demands.Areas covered: Recent recognition that the failing heart is ‘energy deprived’ and its primary energy source, the mitochondria, is dysfunctional, has focused attention on mitochondria as a worthy therapeutic target. In HF, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and excessive formation of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), a combination the failing heart can ill afford.Expert commentary: Correcting mitochondrial dysfunction can help forge a new therapeutic approach based on readily available energy that can meet increasing cardiac demands. This paradigm shift, once impleme...
Present status and future trends in the production of magnesium

The current status of the several successful thermal reduction and electrolytic methods are reviewed. The economies of thermal and electrolytic plants built and operated by the US government during World War II are compared. At that time economics was in favor of the electrolytic processes, and in view of the present preponderance of electrolytic facilities, it can be so assessed today. Changing aspects of raw materials for the electrolytic processes are considered. Magnesium markets in the United States and other countries are surveyed.
Tamil “Translation,” French Orientalism, and Indian Dramatic Traditions in Louis Jacolliot’s La Devadassi (1868)

In the nineteenth century, some French translators and playwrights adapted materials that depicted India in terms of exoticism and fantasy. Louis Jacolliot’s “translation” of a Tamil play titled La Devadassi (1868) presents a more typically British Orientalist view that positions Indian literature as “ethnography” for the purposes of colonial administration. Jacolliot’s concerns about colonial knowledge of local practices and ultimately his expressed anxieties surrounding the colonial administration of justice show a broader range in the reception of Indian culture among French metropolitan audiences. In other words, Jacolliot’s work demonstrates that French reception of Indian culture was more broad based than the exoticism and fantasy that were characteristic of nineteenth-century French Orientalism.
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Physical Activity: Validation Study.

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may elicit physical activity (PA) estimates that are less prone to bias than traditional self-report measures while providing context. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the convergent validity of EMA-assessed PA compared with accelerometry. Methods: The participants self-reported their PA using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and wore an accelerometer while completing daily EMAs (delivered through the mobile phone) for 7 days. Weekly summary estimates included sedentary time and moderate-, vigorous-, and moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Spearman coefficients and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients (LCC) examined the linear association and agreement for EMA and the questionnaires as compared with accelerometry. Results: Participants were aged 43.3 (SD 13.1) years, 51.7% (123/238) were African American, 74.8% (178/238) were overweight or obese, and 63.0% (150/238) were low income. The linear associations of EMA and traditional self-reports with accelerometer estimates were statistically significant (P<.05) for sedentary time (EMA: ρ=.16), moderate-intensity PA (EMA: ρ=.29; BRFSS: ρ=.17; IPAQ: ρ=.24), and MVPA (EMA: ρ=.31; BRFSS: ρ=.17; IPAQ: ρ=.20). Only EMA estimates of PA were statistically significant compared with accelerometer for agreement. Conclusions: The mobile EMA showed better correlation and agreement to accelerometer estimates than traditional self-report methods. These findings suggest that mobile EMA may be a practical alternative to accelerometers to assess PA in free-living settings.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocomposites

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-Al2O3 composite materials produced by a novel electrodeposition technique is presented. The composites were produced by electrodeposition from a nickel sulfamate electrolyte resulting in a nickel matrix embedded with 300nm diameter Al2O3 particles. Deposition conditions such as current density and alumina concentration in the electrolyte were observed to have a significant effect on the microstructure of the composites. Low load indentation techniques were used to investigate the mechanical properties of these materials and the presence of the alumina particles was shown to have a significant dispersion hardening effect.
Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs) from Diesel Engines and Vehicles

Diesel engine emissions are rich in PAHs and NPAHs, and vehicular emissions are a major source of PAHs and NPAHs in urban air. Specific NPAHs, including 1-nitropyrene, are enriched in diesel exhaust relative to other sources and have been used as source-specific tracers for diesel exhaust. However, changes in diesel engines and emission control technology driven by air quality regulations has led to substantial reductions in PAH and NPAH emissions from modern diesel engines and changes in the PAH/NPAH composition of these emissions. This chapter examines the contribution of diesel engine emissions to ambient PAH and NPAH concentrations and personal exposures and the effect of changing engine and exhaust treatment technologies on the PAHs and NPAHs emitted from diesel engines.
Chorotopical art: mediating the atmospheres of cultural sites to create a new spatial logic

A new post-conceptual spatial practice is defined in relation to culture heritage as architectural context. A study on artistic interventions at Canterbury Cathedral and St Pancras Church in London examines the role of cultural heritage sites in terms of their topological complexity. The interventions are explored against the concepts of site-specificity and virtuality, and filtered through poststructuralist theories of space with a particular focus on the philosophies of Brian Massumi and Gilles Deleuze. The spatial recalibration approaches culturally and historically defined places to highlight topologies of receptive atmospheres that create affects. The investigation aims to contribute to current debates on the aesthetics of architectural and artistic environments and to establish a spatial logic responding to the digitally and technologically mediated world of sensations in space.
Defect Structure of WC Deformed at Room and High Temperatures

Single crystals of WC, deformed by micro-indentation at room temperature and at 1000°C, are examined by transmission electron microscopy in order to determine the mechanism of slip. The plastic deformation induced by indentation occurs by the motion of partial dislocations with Burgers vectors 1/6 \( \left\langle {11\bar 23} \right\rangle \). These partial dislocations combine in pairs to form extended dislocations with Burgers vectors 1/3 \( \left\langle {11\bar 23} \right\rangle \). Deformation in samples indented at 1000°C takes place by the same mechanism.
Teaching and Learning in the Classroom

The classroom is an active place in which many things occur simultaneously. Cognitive, social, cultural, affective, emotional, motivational, and curricular factors assert their influence in ways that often are not obvious. The common image of a teacher standing in front of 20–25 students disseminating information fails to capture important characteristics of even traditional classrooms. In fact, it is impossible for a teacher to present a lesson in such a way that only cognitive information is acquired. What transpires in a classroom is far more complex than the simple exchange of knowledge. Furthermore, activities that occur in a classroom represent particular beliefs and assumptions about, for instance, the nature of student learning, the role of sociocultural factors, and the influence of linguistic interactions. Often, these beliefs are implicit, which can create difficulties when discussing different learning environments. Various characteristics of classroom environments, as well as various theoretical perspectives and models of classroom teaching and learning, are discussed in this article. These models range from traditional didactic models of ‘teaching by telling’ to contemporary constructivist and sociocultural models that involve active participation by students in authentic tasks.
An Update on Mycobacterial Taxonomy, 2016-2017

This minireview provides an update on recent taxonomic changes for the genus Mycobacterium with an emphasis on newly identified species isolated from humans or associated with human disease.
Digital bundling

Increasingly, we see that firms offer many items on information-intensive channels and the Internet. Especially with low-marginal-cost digital goods, bundling may be a beneficial strategy. Different bundles may help customers become more discriminating and maximize profits. However, the marketplace evidence provides mixed observation of bundling rigorously pursued. In this study, we provide a general framework to analyze when and how bundling may be beneficial. We compare and contrast the firm and customer characteristics on bundling strategy. We analyze when individual sales can be beneficial. We find that when costs do not increase relative to the bundle valuation, firms find it beneficial to limit the number of bundles offered in the market. A low (zero) marginal cost firm benefits from offering just one big bundle. Such a firm obtains a higher profit compared to a firm that offers many bundles. With high marginal costs, the number of bundles increases with increasing customer valuation and/or heterogeneity. When a firm offers all the bundles, prices and profit increase as customer heterogeneity and valuation increase. When the number of offered items is high, individual sale (unbundling) may be preferred over bundling and bundling becomes an inferior strategy. Interestingly, a firm may benefit from unbundling the items when customers have higher valuations.
(247) Studying Pain Neural Circuits with Viral Vector rAAV2-Retro in the Brain

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity could modulate amygdala function and alter cognitive performance or the emotional-affective dimension of pain. The PFC-thalamic circuitry could be also altered by locus coeruleus (LC) activity as a modulatory mechanism for pain. A serotype of rAAV has been recently described that is capable of selectively transfecting projection neurons in a retrograde fashion, termed rAAV2-Retro, however this property has not been documented for many circuits in rat brain. We hypothesize that the variant rAAV2-Retro could be used to target distant projections between brain regions using Cre and Flex technology in a circuit-specific manner. We evaluated prefrontal cortex projections of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basomedial amygdala (BLA), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and locus coeruleus (LC). First, we administered rAAV2-Retro-CAG-GFP (1.8 × 1012 viral particles) in the prefrontal cortex and collected brain region tissues 4 or 8 weeks after injection to conduct immunohistochemistry and determine retrograde transduction efficiency. We observed robust GFP expression in ACC, BLA, and VTA in all treated rats (n=6) 4 weeks after viral injection using GFP fluorescence and anti-GFP antibodies (with a neuronal marker, NeuN) and in the LC 8 weeks after viral injection. Second, we injected rAAV2-retro-CAG-Cre in prefrontal cortex and rAAV8-FLEX-CAG-tdTomato in the BLA. We collected BLA tissues 4 weeks after injection for immunohistochemistry to determine gene induction efficiency. We confirmed Cre expression in BLA 4 weeks after viral injection in the prefrontal cortex (rAAV2-retro-CAG-Cre) using an anti-Cre antibody (with NeuN). We observed that tdTomato was robustly expressed in BLA (tdTomato fluorescence and anti-DSred antibody) when rAAV2-retro-CAG-Cre was injected in prefrontal cortex and rAAV8-FLEX-CAG-tdTomato in the BLA, but not in control groups (rAAV8-FLEX-CAG-tdTomato in BLA only). We conclude that rAAV2-Retro could be efficiently used to target brain projections to the prefrontal cortex using Cre-Flex approaches for circuit-specific modulation. Acknowledgements: NIGMS grant GM113852.
Ryan Skinnell, ed. Faking the News: What Rhetoric Can Teach Us About Donald J. Trump. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, 2018. 193 pages. $29.90 paperback.

There is little to nothing rhetoric can teach us about Donald J. Trump. That’s fake news. Don’t get me wrong. Rhetoric has a lot to teach us about many things. Indeed, I am a teacher of rhetoric my...
Cerclage Location and Gestational Age at Delivery.

Objective Multiple authors have suggested cerclage position is a determinant of “success.” We assessed the interaction between cervical length (CL), cerclage height (cerH), proximal residual length (PRL), gestational age at delivery, and rate of delivery ≤ 34 weeks, in this study. Study Design Present study is a retrospective cohort study of all cerclages placed at Maimonides Medical Center from 2006 to 2016. Outcomes: gestational age at delivery and delivery before 34 weeks; predictors: PRL, cerH, CL; and indications for cerclage: history (Hx), physical exam (PE), and ultrasound (US) indicated cerclage. A general linear model was used to predict power-transformed age at delivery from cerH, CL, and indication for cerclage. Subanalyses by indication were conducted. Logistic regression was used for delivery ≤ 34 weeks. Results The cerH by indication did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.090). When stratified by indications, the effect of cerH on age at delivery was apparent for Hx (adjusted R 2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and PE (adjusted R 2 = 0.43, p = 0.004) cerclages but not for US cerclages (adjusted R 2 = 0.08, p = 0.206). Logistic regression predicting delivery ≤ 34 weeks (n = 29) produced similar results. Conclusions For Hx and PE indicated cerclages, the location of the stitch may influence the timing of delivery. Specifically, the higher the cerclage, the more advanced the gestational age at delivery.
Analysis of a Synthetic Resistance Control System for a Back-Driven Three-Phase Vibration Harvester With a Finite Bus Voltage

We consider the use of a three-phase machine, to harvest Watt-scale power from dynamically excited civil infrastructures. Specifically, we consider a harvesting technology comprised of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine, coupled to the linear vibratory motion via a back-driven ballscrew mechanism. A synthetic resistance (SR) control system is proposed in which, using only voltage feedback, the harvesting electronics is made to emulate a linear star-connected resistor bank, at the three-phase outputs of the machine. Although the methodology is conceptually simple, the practicalities associated with its implementation are made more complicated due to the finite magnitude of the harvesting power bus voltage. This is because, due to the wide range of velocities experienced by the harvester, the magnitude of the back electromotive force for the machine can be comparable to or even exceed this bus voltage. This paper presents novel theoretical and experimental analysis aimed at understanding the manner in which the finite bus voltage affects the implementation of SRs for these harvesters. Specifically, we show that there is a theoretical limit on the magnitude of the SR that can be applied, which depends on the bus voltage as well as the device velocity, and that this resistance approaches a finite value as the velocity becomes arbitrarily large. The basic operation of the SR method is verified experimentally, and the limitations and practical implementation of the electronics when using the SR control system are discussed.
The Body of/in Proof: An Embodied Analysis of Mathematical Reasoning

Mathematics is, in part, a search for structure and certainty, and the primary practice of mathematicians toward that end consists of creating and communicating mathematical proofs. The purpose of this chapter is to examine mathematical proof and logical reasoning from the perspective of embodied cognition (Clark 1998; Gibbs 2005; Johnson 1987, 2012; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Shapiro 2010, 2014; Varela et al. 1991). Although there are multiple theoretical and methodological approaches to embodiment, Varela (1999: 11–12) characterized its essential aspects as follows:
To Conserve Nature in the Anthropocene, Half Earth Is Not Nearly Enough

To conserve the bulk of Earth’s ecological heritage across the Anthropocene, setting aside half of Earth’s land is just a start. To conserve biodiversity over the long term across an increasingly human planet, conservation must become as integral to the human enterprise around the world as are social and economic development.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and cancer

Aging is a major risk factor for developing cancer, suggesting that these two events may represent two sides of the same coin. It is becoming clear that some mechanisms involved in the aging process are shared with tumorigenesis, through convergent or divergent pathways. Increasing evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in promoting aging and in supporting tumorigenesis and cancer progression to a metastatic phenotype. Here, a summary of the current knowledge of three aspects of mitochondrial biology that link mitochondria to aging and cancer is presented. In particular, the focus is on mutations and changes in content of the mitochondrial genome, activation of mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling and the newly discovered mitochondria-telomere communication.
Chapter 72 – Diapause

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses diapause, which is a form of developmental arrest in insects that is much like hibernation in higher animals. It enables insects and related arthropods to circumvent adverse seasons. Winter is most commonly avoided in temperate zones, but diapause is also used to avoid hot, dry summers and periods of food shortage in the tropics. Diapause is a developmental response that is expressed only during a specific developmental stage, which depends on the species of insect. For example, the commercial silkworm (Bombyx mori) always diapauses as an early embryo, the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) as a fifth instar, the cecropia moth ( Hyalophora cecropia) as a pupa, and the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as an adult. A few species are capable of entering diapause several times, but this usually occurs only in species living at high latitudes for which several years may be required for the completion of development. Diapause represents a syndrome of developmental, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral attributes that together serve to enhance survival during seasons of environmental adversity.
Obstructed Defecation Syndrome

Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is a broad term, and it is usually associated with “difficulty in evacuation”, but frequently also with defecatory dysfunction and/or constipation. These disorders are frequently encountered in clinical practice and it is estimated to affect about 20% of the population. ODS is frequently associated with one or several conditions, including pelvic dyssynergia (nonrelaxing puborectalis), rectocele, rectal procidentia (internal or external rectal prolapse), enterocele, and pelvic organ prolapse. Various conservative treatments have been applied to improve the physiology of ODS, but sometimes surgical intervention can be needed to improve patients’ symptoms. Surgical treatment of ODS however remains challenging. Different surgical approaches exist to treat patients with ODS, however, all techniques have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore each surgery should be individualized to the particular patient with a focus on multidisciplinary approach.
Abstract P381: Diabetes Prevention Program Football Club: A 6-month Intervention Among Latino Men

Purpose: One third of the U.S. adult population is estimated to have prediabetes. Hispanics have a 50% higher type 2 diabetes (T2DM) death rate compared to non-Hispanic whites, yet low participatio...
Directional recurrence for infinite measure preserving actions

We define directional recurrence for infinite measure preserving set. We construct an example of a recurrent action with no recurrent directions, answering a question posed in a 2007 paper of Daniel J. Rudolph. We also show by example that it is possible for a recurrent action to not be recurrent in an irrational direction even if all its sub-actions are recurrent.
[enter Paper Title]Measuring Liquidity Risk Effects on Carry Trades across Currencies and Regimes

We study the effects of FX liquidity risk on carry trade returns using a novel low-frequency market-wide liquidity measure. We show conclusively that the vast majority of variation in carry trade returns can be explained by two risk factors (liquidity risk and market risk). Our results are further corroborated when the mimicking liquidity risk factor is replaced with a non-tradable innovations risk factor. Safe-haven currencies (SHC) provide insurance against crash risk by having negative liquidity betas, across all time periods. SHCs provide the highest levels of protection during periods of extreme volatility. We find that liquidity risk is priced in the cross-section of carry trade returns, and estimate the liquidity risk premium in the FX market to be around 412 basis points per annum.
Postscript: Meghan Markle and Motherhood

It was a pleasure to read this group of essays, and I want to thank the authors and editors for inviting me to reflect on their work. These articles gave me much to ponder as we continue life under...
Increasing Women's Persistence in Computer Science by Decreasing Gendered Self-Assessments of Computing Ability

Gender stereotypes about women's computing ability contribute to the dearth of women in computing by causing women to experience gender bias. These gender stereotypes are doubly disadvantaging to women because they create gender differences in self-assessments of computing ability, decreasing the likelihood that women will persist in Computer Science (CS). This is because students need to believe they have sufficient ability in a field in order to pursue it as a career. Building on decades of Sociological theory, we hypothesized that increasing top-performing women's self-assessments of computing ability would increase those women's intentions to persist in computing. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a field experiment in a CS1 class in which the top 50% of students were given additional performance feedback from their instructor via email. The intervention increased these women's and men's self-assessed CS ability but only increased the women's CS persistence intentions. In sum, sending a single email increased top-performing women's intentions to persist in CS by 18%. A mediation analysis found evidence for the proposed causal path; namely, that the intervention increased the women's self-assessments of computing ability, which then increased their intentions to persist in computing. This research furthers our knowledge of the processes around self-assessments of ability and career choice that contribute to the dearth of women in CS. It also provides evidence for a lightweight intervention that may increase the number of women in computing, as prior research finds that intentions to persist are highly predictive of actual persistence in STEM fields.
Associative Diffusion and the Pitfalls of Structural Reductionism

In their insightful comment, DellaPosta and Davoodi argue that our finding (Goldberg and Stein 2018) that segmented networks inhibit cultural differentiation does not generalize to large networks. ...