cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A demonstration-based approach to support live transformations in a model editor

Complex model editing activities are frequently performed to realize various model evolution tasks (e.g., model scalability, weaving aspects into models, and model refactoring). In order to automate and reuse patterns of model editing, an editing process can be regarded as an endogenous model transformation and specified as transformation rules. However, the use of traditional model transformation languages often presents a steep learning curve. Other challenges in using model transformations to automate editing tasks include insufficient support for sharing the transformations that perform the editing tasks, and a lack of automated guidance on how to use a specific transformation in some other modeling context. This paper presents a live model transformation approach that can enhance and assist model editing activities. By extending the Model Transformation By Demonstration (MTBD) approach, LiveMTBD offers users flexibility in specifying the transformation, a centralized repository to assist with transformation sharing, and a live model transformation matching engine to suggest applicable transformations during model-edit time.
Absorption Enhancement in inGaAsP/InGaP Quantum Well Solar Cells

InGaAsP/lnGaP quantum well (QW) structure is a potential candidate for subcells in next-generation multijunction solar cells because of its tunable bandgap (1.5-1.8 eV). However, the insufficient light absorption in the QWs has previously limited the sub-bandgap quantum efficiency (QE) to less than 25%. We report on the development of InGaAsP/InGaP superlattice solar cell with improved sub-bandgap QE exceeding 75% and bandgap-voltage offset of 0.40 V. The enhancements were accomplished by reducing the background doping in the QW region, monitoring the stress evolution during growth, modifying the QW design to grow thicker wells and processing the devices with optical reflector to enhance light absorption.
Thenar Muscle Oxygen Saturation Levels: A Surrogate for Central Venous Oxygen Saturation?:

Purpose. Shock is associated with increased tissue oxygen extraction. Near-infrared spectroscopy–derived thenar muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2) levels can provide an estimate of the oxygen supply-demand balance at the tissue level. We hypothesized that thenar StO2 levels would correlate with central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) levels, the gold standard for global tissue oxygen extraction in the body. Methods. We prospectively enrolled 60 pediatric subjects admitted to pediatric intensive care unit or who underwent cardiac catheterization from September 2015 to March 2018. Thenar StO2 levels were measured using the InSpectra StO2 probe. Concurrent measurements of ScvO2 and peripheral tissue oxygenation (StO2) were achieved through simultaneous testing. For ScvO2, a central line placed in the superior vena cava was utilized for serum specimen collection, while the InSpectra probe recorded StO2 measurements from the thenar eminence of the patient’s right hand. Results. Sixty observations of thenar StO2...
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics: A Selected Overview

The field of nonlinear optics has continued to expand and become richer in phenomena since its inception in the 1960s. Furthermore, new materials and new ways of using old materials have continuously become available, reducing the power levels necessary for efficient interactions. Provided here has been a brief and incomplete overview, as an introduction to the more detailed chapters that follow in this book.
Egg temperature affects chicks’ clumsiness

![Graphic][1] The temperature of reptile eggs affects offspring sex, size and running speed. Warmer temperatures usually make for faster reptiles. However, reptiles are ectotherms and cannot produce heat on their own: if it's cold when their running speed is tested, they might just be slower
Membrane mediated motor kinetics in microtubule gliding assays

Motor-based transport mechanisms are critical for a wide range of eukaryotic cell functions, including the transport of vesicle cargos over long distances. Our understanding of the factors that control and regulate motors when bound to a lipid substrate is however incomplete. We used microtubule gliding assays on a lipid bilayer substrate to investigate the role of membrane diffusion in kinesin-1 on/off binding kinetics and thereby transport velocity. Fluorescence imaging experiments demonstrate motor clustering on single microtubules due to membrane diffusion in the absence of ATP, followed by rapid ATP-induced dissociation during gliding. Our experimental data combined with analytical modeling show that the on/off binding kinetics of the motors are impacted by diffusion and, as a consequence, both the effective binding and unbinding rates for motors are much lower than the expected bare rates. Our results suggest that motor diffusion in the membrane can play a significant role in transport by impacting motor kinetics and can therefore function as a regulator of intracellular transport dynamics.
Wellposedness and regularity of a variable-order space-time fractional diffusion equation

We prove wellposedness of a variable-order linear space-time fractional diffusion equation in multiple space dimensions. In addition we prove that the regularity of its solutions depends on the beh...
The Role of Nutrition in Individualized Alzheimer's Risk Reduction.

Decades of research suggests nutritional interventions can be an effective tool for reducing risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), especially as part of an individualized clinical management plan. This review aims to emphasize new findings examining how specific dietary changes may delay or possibly prevent AD onset, and highlight how interventions can be adopted in clinical practice based on emerging principles of precision medicine. Specific dietary patterns and varied nutrient combinations can have a protective effect on brain health, promote cognitive function, and mediate the comorbidity of chronic conditions associated with increased AD risk. Individuals at risk for AD may see a greater impact of evidence-based dietary changes when initiated earlier in the AD spectrum. Depending on individual clinical profiles, incorporation of nutrition strategies is an essential component of an AD risk reduction plan in clinical practice.
Alcohol: Clinical Aspects

Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, and alcohol dependence is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. One of the most widely recognized alcohol-related disorders is liver disease. While there are many risk factors for becoming dependent on alcohol, such as the age of onset of drinking behavior, ethnicity, gender, place of residence, and religion, it is the clinical picture of the individual that most decidedly points to the progression of excessive drinking to alcohol dependence. The pathophysiology of alcohol presents as particular signs and symptoms. Systems affected by alcohol use include the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, immune, hematologic, integumentary, central nervous, and peripheral nervous systems. The clinical picture of alcohol dependence also takes into account nutritional status, the risk of cancer, and the impact of alcohol use on fetal development. The psychological and psychiatric complications of alcohol dependence can be divided into acute and chronic effects, with the acute effects depending on the blood alcohol concentration of the individual and the chronic effects potentially being decreased by changes in drinking behavior.
Buspirone blocks motion sickness and xylazine-induced emesis in the cat.

The ability of buspirone to prevent motion sickness and the mechanism of the buspirone action were tested in cats pretreated (s.c. injection) by buspirone 30 min before being subjected to motion stimulus (in a device described by Crampton and Lucot, 1985) or to an injection of an emetic drug xylazine (using only cats susceptible to motion sickness or to xylazine, respectively). Buspirone treatment was found to block motion sickness with an effective dose-50 of 0.46 mg/kg. Buspirone pretreatment (with 4.0 mg/kg) has also significantly blocked vomiting in cats later injected with 0.66 mg/kg xylazine. The results indicate that buspirone is acting at the vomiting center, the point of convergence for the separate mechanisms subserving chemically-induced emesis and motion sickness.
Risk factors associated with critical COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation

Background: Mechanical ventilation of patients with COVID-19 is associated with high mortality Understanding risk factors for developing mechanical ventilation may allow for more targeted monitoring and therapeutics that may improve outcomes Methods: We performed a retrospective case series of all patients admitted within thirty days of a positive Sars CoV-2 test to an integrated health system near Chicago, Illinois between March 12 and May 31, 2020 Covariates evaluated included demographics, symptoms on admission, vital signs, medications, comorbidities, census tract data and social history Univariable analysis was performed and variables with an alpha of 0 05 or less were included in multivariable regression modeling to identify factors associated with mechanical ventilation The area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess performance of the model Results: Of 990 patients admitted with COVID-19 12 6% (125) were mechanically ventilated The median age was 68 (interquartile range 55-82), 48 4% (479) were female and 49 6% (491) were Caucasian Independent factors associated with mechanical ventilation included female sex (Adjusted OR [AOR] 0 621, Confidence Interval [CI] 0 427-0 903;p=0 0363), body mass index (BMI) (AOR 1 035, CI 1 011-1 060;p=0 0175), percent of english speaking population within patient's census tract (AOR 0 989, CI 0 979-0 998;p=0 0454), respiratory rate (AOR 1 054, CI 1 027-1 083;p=0 0011), oxygen saturation (AOR 0 922, CI 0 901-0 943;p< 0 0001), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (AOR 0 176, CI 0 051-0 605;p=0 0207) and hematologic malignancy (AOR 3 668, CI 1 403-9 590;p=0 0261) AUC of the model was 0 8 (0 75-0 84) Conclusion: Risk factors associated with mechanical ventilation included male gender, elevated BMI, census tract with lower percentage of english speakers, increased respiratory rate, low oxygen saturation, hematologic malignancy and not having a CVA We suspect that history of CVA may have been associated with overall patient debility in which aggressive measures such as intubation were not deemed appropriate Identifying patients with risk factors associated with mechanical ventilation may allow for early and targeted interventions to improve outcomes (Table Presented)
Against the World: The Collapse of Empire and the Deglobalization of Interwar Austria

In Joseph Roth's novel Die Kapuzinergruft, a Polish count bemoans the fate of a chestnut seller. “He is only a chestnut roaster, but he is quite symbolic. Symbolic for the old Monarchy. This gentleman once sold his chestnuts everywhere, through half of Europe one might say. And everywhere where his roasted chestnuts were eaten was Austria, and the Emperor Franz Joseph reigned. Now there is no chestnut without a visa.”
Single-Center Review of Appropriateness and Utilization of Upper Endoscopy in Dyspepsia in the United States.

Background We compared real-world practice of dyspepsia management to the new American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)/Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) guidelines 2017. Methods We conducted a retrospective, observational study using administrative data to include patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for dyspepsia. Results Out of 122 EGDs, only 30 (24.5%) were deemed appropriate per guidelines. Only 13 (14.1%) patients had undergone both Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) test and treat and adequate proton pump inhibitor (PPI) before undergoing endoscopy. Nineteen (15.5%) patients had alarm symptoms (weight loss, melena and early satiety). Positivity rate of H. pylori was 36.3%, but only half completed treatment. Twenty-six patients (21.3%) had abnormalities on endoscopy, most commonly gastritis. There were no cases of gastric/esophageal cancer. Conclusions The rate of inappropriate upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is higher than the existing literature, likely because of the stricter use of EGD in patients < 60 years. Only one in eight patients underwent the recommended workup before undergoing endoscopy.
Epidemiology of Salmonella Fecal Shedding in Naturally Infected Ohio Dairy Herds

Salmonella is a common bovine pathogen that is known to cause severe enteritis and septicemia in cattle of all ages, often resulting in serious economic losses through increased disease or reduced production. The gastrointestinal tract of food animals is also considered to be a major source of food-borne Salmonella infections in humans. However, little is known about the transmission patterns and cycles of infection that allow this bacteria to persist in populations of dairy cattle. The goal of this project was to characterize the population dynamics of Salmonella infection and fecal shedding in naturally infected dairy herds.
Microrobots in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Micro-/nanorobots that can autonomously propel in liquid media have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique properties stemming from mobility. By controlling the motion of functionalized microrobots, applications like environmental remediation, in vivo imaging, and drug delivery can be realized with high efficiency. In this chapter, the applications of microrobots in gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is summarized and discussed. Based on the acidic environment, potential propulsion mechanisms in GI tract are demonstrated, followed by typical examples of microrobots propelling in GI tract. After entering and propelling in GI tract, with multiple imaging methods, the location of microrobots is monitored, which is crucial for following microrobot-based cargo delivery and therapy in both the stomach and intestines. Then biocompatibility and biodegradability of microrobots for in vivo applications are discussed. Finally, the challenges before practical application are summarized and offered some perspectives on possible solutions. This chapter is expected to help understand the development of microrobots in GI tract and spark new ideas that may promote large-scale in vivo application of microrobots.
PROJECT MANAGER COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES IN IT PROJECTS

Meeting performance targets for IT projects is difficult, and skilled project managers have been identified as a key factor in maximizing the possibilities of success. Our goal in this study was to identify critical behavioural competencies for IT project managers, including competencies necessary for entry-level positions and competencies that distinguish superior performance in IT project management. Two categories of competence, team leadership and concern for order, were associated with higher levels of IT project performance outcomes. The behaviours within these two categories provide a useful focus for organisations seeking to improve their project management performance. Some of these behaviours – for example, detailed planning and managing meetings – are entry-level behaviours that should be the target of basic training for novice project managers. Other behaviours – for example, accurate estimation and problem solving strategies – were observed in fewer respondents and could be the focus of more advanced training for incumbent project managers. Additionally, two valuable but infrequently observed behaviours – creating a compelling vision and ensuring alignment with business strategic goals – were correlated with performance related to supporting longer term business benefits from IT projects, suggesting that developing project manager competence in these behaviours would be particularly beneficial for achieving long-term success from IT projects.
The Global Burden of Pediatric Cryptosporidium Infections

Cryptosporidiosis has been identified as a leading cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Infection results in significant short-term morbidity as well as long-term sequelae. Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics used in large multicenter prospective studies have led to the discovery that burden of Cryptosporidium disease is higher than previously recognized; however, the implications of this discovery are not fully understood. Epidemiologic studies suggest infection impacts long-term growth; however, the mechanisms driving this vicious cycle have yet to be elucidated, and it remains to be seen why malnutrition renders such high susceptibility to Cryptosporidium. Whole-genome sequencing has refined classification of anthroponotic and zoonotic strains and may shed light on novel modes of transmission and species -specific pathogenicity. As Cryptosporidium has been recognized as a significant pathogen with implications on child health it challenges us to determine the mechanisms of pathogenesis for this difficult to study parasite and also enforces the need to continue advancing innovative technologies in resource-limited settings to curb the impact of this neglected tropical disease.
Umbilical cord coiling in adolescent and multiples pregnancies: associations with iron status (636.4)

Abnormal umbilical cord coiling has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. The etiology remains controversial. Perturbations in maternal and neonatal iron (Fe) homeostasis have been associ...
Metabolism of pyruvate and L-lactate by rat adipose tissue.

Abstract The metabolism of l-lactate and pyruvate, labeled uniformly with 14C, by epididymal fat pad tissue of fasted and fasted-refed rats was studied. In tissue of fasted-refed rats, pyruvate and l-lactate were utilized at equal rates. l-Lactate was nearly all converted into CO2 and fatty acids, and pyruvate into CO2, fatty acids, and l-lactate. The incorporation of 14C into glycerol was very low. l-Lactate was a better precursor of fatty acids than pyruvate. In tissue of fasted rats, pyruvate utilization was depressed, but still proceeded at an appreciable rate, and pyruvate carbon was incorporated into fatty acids and glycerol. The utilization of l-lactate by tissue of fasted rats was very low, and there was insignificant incorporation into lipids. Addition of unlabeled pyruvate or glucose to tissue of fasted rats metabolizing uniformly labeled l-lactate-14C increased 14C incorporation into CO2 and very markedly into lipid, but there was no net uptake of l-lactate. The 14C yields reflect exchange between labeled l-lactate and unlabeled pyruvate. Addition of malate, aspartate, α-ketoglutarate, and glutamate did not increase the utilization of uniformly labeled l-lactate-14C by tissue of fasted rats, but aspartate and α-ketoglutarate when added together stimulated l-lactate uptake, and incorporation of 14C into CO2 and lipids. Addition of oxalacetate and propionate increased to some extent 14C incorporation into CO2 and lipid, without appreciably stimulating l-lactate uptake. Addition of α-ketobutyrate or acetoacetate stimulated incorporation of l-lactate carbon into CO2 and lipids and net utilization of l-lactate by tissue of fasted rats. There was accumulation of α-hydroxybutyrate but not of β-hydroxybutyrate. Addition of acetate or β-hydroxybutyric acid was without effect. We conclude that in adipose tissue of rats there is no transfer of hydrogen equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondria. When lipogenesis is pronounced, cytoplasmic hydrogen equivalents are all used in reductive biosynthesis; in the fasted state DPNH accumulates in the absence of lipogenesis, hydrogen equivalents from l-lactate oxidation cannot be utilized, and no l-lactate oxidation to pyruvate can occur.
Surgery in the Patient with Liver Disease

Surgery is performed in patients with liver disease more frequently now than in the past, in part because of the long-term survival of patients with cirrhosis. Recent work has focused on estimating perioperative risk in patients with liver disease. Hemodynamic instability in the perioperative period can worsen liver function in patients with liver disease. Operative risk correlates with the severity of the underlying liver disease and the nature of the surgical procedure. Thorough preoperative evaluation is necessary prior to elective surgery. Surgery is contraindicated in patients with certain conditions, such as acute hepatitis, acute liver failure, and alcoholic hepatitis. Estimation of perioperative mortality is inexact because of the retrospective nature of and biased patient selection in available clinical studies. The Child-Pugh classification (Child-Turcotte-Pugh score) and particulary the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score provide reasonable estimations of perioperative mortality but do not replace the need for careful preoperative preparation and postoperative monitoring, as early detection of complications is essential for improving outcomes. Medical therapy for specific manifestations of hepatic disease, including ascites, encephalopathy, and renal dysfunction, should be optimized preoperatively or, if necessary, administered in the postoperative period.
Predictive full circuit ESD simulation and analysis using extended ESD compact models: Methodology and tool implementation

We present a new ESD compact modeling methodology using Verilog-A to enable predictive full circuit ESD simulation along with supporting hardware and failure analysis results. We also present a new ESD tool (ESTEEM) to automate the ESD design simulation and optimization flow for circuit designers. Test results show excellent simulation to hardware data correlation.
Characterization of Aquaporin-2 Containing Vesicle Trafficking in mpkCCD Cells

Vasopressin triggers the trafficking of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) from cytoplasm to apical membrane in the principal cells of collecting duct. To gain insight into the trafficking process of AQP2, the pro...
Utility of multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance compared to deuterium dilution for assessment of total body water

Aim Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) may provide a quick, cost-efficient method of total body water (TBW) assessment. We compared TBW estimates from the Biospace InBody 520, 720, and S10 MF-BIA devices to TBW estimates from isotopic deuterium dilution (D2O). Methods TBW was measured in 25 men and 25 women, 18–49 years, 73.6 ± 15.4 kg on each of the three devices and from D2O analysis. Results All MF-BIA devices significantly overestimated TBW compared to D2O TBW for men (4.7–5.4 kg, 10.8–12.4%; P < 0.01) and women (3.7–4.3 kg, 12.3–14.3%; P < 0.01). Regression analyses in men revealed R2 (0.86–0.90) and SEE (1.7–2.0 kg), and in women revealed R2 (0.82–0.86) and SEE (1.5–1.6 kg). Bland and Altman analyses revealed similar limits of agreement for men (3.5–3.9 kg) and women (3.4–3.7 kg). Conclusions The Biospace InBody devices significantly overestimate TBW in men and women. The consistent bias for men and the increasing bias with increasing TBW for women may indicate that these devices are suitable for group TBW estimates in men only.
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis of a 6- to 11-cM subregion of the Fah-Hbb interval of mouse chromosome 7: Completed testing of 4557 gametes and deletion mapping and complementation analysis of 31 mutations.

An interval of mouse chromosome (Chr) 7 surrounding the albino (Tyr; c) locus, and corresponding to a long 6- to 11-cM Tyr deletion, has been the target of a large-scale mutagenesis screen with the chemical supermutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). A segment of Chr 7, from a mutagenized genome bred from ENU-treated males, was made hemizygous opposite the long deletion for recognition and recovery of new recessive mutations that map within the albino deletion complex. Over 6000 pedigrees were analyzed, and 4557 of these were completely tested for mutations specifying both lethal and gross visible phenotypes. Thirty-one nonclustered mutations were identified and assigned to 10 complementation groups by pairwise trans-complementation crosses. Deletion-mapping analyses, using the extensive series of radiation-induced Tyr deletions, placed the loci defined by each of these complementation groups into defined intervals of the Tyr-region deletion map, which facilitates the identification of each locus on physical and transcription maps of the region. These mutations identified seven new loci and provided new ENU-induced alleles at three previously defined loci. Interestingly, no mutations were recovered that recapitulated three phenotypes defined by analysis of homozygous or partially complementing albino deletions. On the basis of our experience with this screen, we discuss a number of issues (e.g., locus mutability, failure to saturate, number of gametes to screen, allelic series) of concern when application of chemical mutagenesis screens to megabase regions of the mouse genome is considered.
A perturbation model of radiometric manifestations of oceanic currents

[1] Extracting quantitative oceanographic information from microwave images of the ocean surface requires a physical understanding and an efficient mathematical model of surface wave interaction with currents. In this paper, we consider “weak” currents (with velocities up to a few tens of centimeters per second) and discuss a perturbation approach that leads to numerically efficient models of surface roughness modulation by the current fields with arbitrary dependence on horizontal coordinates and time. With the wave-atmosphere interaction being described within the relaxation approximation, closed-form analytic expressions are obtained for surface roughness modulation. The hydrodynamic theory is combined with an electromagnetic model based on the small-slope approximation to simulate microwave emission from the ocean surface. Analysis of the theoretical results demonstrates that the physics of surface wave interaction with time-dependent currents, which are inhomogeneous in two spatial dimensions, is more rich and complex than is suggested by the one-dimensional models considered theoretically in the past. Of particular interest for remote sensing is the finding that realistic two-dimensionally inhomogeneous currents, unlike their one-dimensional models, can produce perturbations in microwave brightness temperature that extend well beyond the current field itself. Our model suggests that microwave brightness temperature measurements should be a sensitive tool of observing and quantitatively evaluating surface currents in the ocean.
A Comparison of H/spl infin/ with Kalman Filtering in Vehicle State and Parameter Identification

The Kalman and Hinfin filters, which aim to minimize separate criteria, are optimal only in ideal circumstances. A question that arises in practice is how to determine which filter performs better using a posterior common criterion pertinent to the application. To address this issue, the authors use the mean squared error as a measure of performance while ensuring that the filters' tuning parameters are also comparable. Analysis of combined state variable and parameter estimation, in the area of vehicle dynamics, has shown that the Hinfin filter has the ability to outperform the Kalman filter as long as the respective Riccati equations start from the same initial condition
Autologous biological response modification of the gonadotropin receptor.

It is generally held with respect to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptors that binding of ligand stabilizes a conformation of receptor that activates adenylyl cyclase. It is not formally appreciated if, in the case of G-protein-coupled receptors with large extracellular domains (ECDs), ECDs directly participate in the activation process. The large ECD of the glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs) is 350 amino acids in length, composed of seven leucine-rich repeat domains, and necessary and sufficient for high affinity binding of the glycoprotein hormones. Peptide challenge experiments to identify regions in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) ECD that could bind its cognate ligand identified only a single synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 221–252, which replicated a leucine-rich repeat domain of the FSHR ECD and which had intrinsic activity. This peptide inhibited human FSH binding to the human FSHR (hFSHR) and also inhibited human FSH-induced signal transduction in Y-1 cells expressing recombinant hFSHR. The hFSHR-(221–252) domain was not accessible to anti-peptide antibody probes, suggesting that this domain resides at an interface between the hFSHR ECD and transmembrane domains. CD spectroscopy of the peptide in dodecyl phosphocholine micelles showed an increase in the ordered structure of the peptide. CD and NMR spectroscopies of the peptide in trifluoroethanol confirmed that hFSHR-(221–252) has the propensity to form ordered secondary structure. Importantly and consistent with the foregoing results, dodecyl phosphocholine induced a significant increase in the ordered secondary structure of the purified hFSHR ECD as well. These data provide biophysical evidence of the influence of environment on GPHR ECD subdomain secondary structure and identify a specific activation domain that can autologously modify GPHR activity.
Universal Nucleation Length for Slip-Weakening Rupture Instability Under Nonuniform Fault Loading

[1] We consider the nucleation of instability on a slip-weakening fault subjected to a heterogeneous, locally peaked “loading” stress. That stress is assumed not only to gradually increase due to tectonic loading but also to retain its peaked character. The case of a linear stress versus slip law is considered in the framework of two-dimensional quasi-static elasticity for a planar fault. Slip initiates when the peak of the loading stress first reaches the strength level of the fault to start slip weakening. Then the size of the slipping region grows under increased loading stress until finally a critical nucleation length is reached, at which no further quasi-static solution exists for additional increase of the loading. That marks the onset of a dynamically controlled instability. We prove that the nucleation length is independent of the shape of the loading stress distribution. Its universal value is proportional to an elastic modulus and inversely proportional to the slip-weakening rate, and it is given by the solution to an eigenvalue problem. That is the same eigenvalue problem introduced by Campillo, Ionescu, and collaborators for dynamic slip nucleation under spatially uniform prestress on a fault segment of fixed length; the critical length that we derive is the same as in their case. To illustrate the nucleation process, and its universal feature, in specific examples, we consider cases for which the loading stress is peaked symmetrically or nonsymmetrically, and we employ a numerical approach based on a Chebyshev polynomial representation. Laboratory-derived and earthquake-inferred data are used to evaluate the nucleation size.
Radiobiology of radioimmunotherapy: targeting CD20 B-cell antigen in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The radiobiology of radioimmunotherapy is an important determinant of both the toxicity and the efficacy associated with the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. The properties of the target, CD20, and the mechanisms of action of both the monoclonal antibodies and the associated exponentially decreasing low-dose-rate radiotherapy are described. The radiation dose and dose-rate effects are discussed and related to both the tumor responses and normal organ toxicity. Finally, the use of either unlabeled or radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies as a component of combined modality therapy (including the sequential or concurrent use of sensitizers) and future directions of the field are discussed.
Redox polymer covalently modified multiwalled carbon nanotube based sensors for sensitive acetaminophen and ascorbic acid detection

Abstract A sensitive electrochemical detection method was developed involving multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) covalently modified with osmium-based redox polymer. The polycationic redox polymer, poly[4-vinylpyridine Os(bipyridine) 2 Cl]-co-ethylamine (POs-EA), was first synthesized and covalently attached to MWCNTs. The redox polymer modified MWCNTs were then trapped in a hydrogel formed from polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) using 1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propanone as a photoinitiator. Upon exposure to aqueous media, the gel swelled to allow movement of analytes in and out of the gel without having any effect on the redox polymer modified nanotube signal. Cyclic voltammetry showed reversible pairs of oxidation–reduction peaks at 0.35 V ( vs Ag/AgCl) corresponding to the Os II /Os III . This assembly was able to catalytically oxidize both acetaminophen and ascorbic acid (AA). Amperometric data showed a linearity between 0 and 100 μM ( R 2 of 0.999, n = 10) 0.5 mV vs Ag/AgCl (sensitivity 0.003 μA/μM) for ascorbic acid, while for acetaminophen the linearity was between 0 and 1.5 μM ( R 2 of 0.9999, n = 8) with a sensitivity of 65 μA/μM. This sensing system was found to exhibit remarkable stability over several weeks with excellent reproducibility.
Up-regulation of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in nephrotic syndrome.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and relative down-regulation of cholesterol 7-hydroxy- ous cell membranes. In addition, by modulating intracellase (Ch-7), which represent the rate-limiting steps in choles- lular free cholesterol concentration, ACAT plays an imterol biosynthesis and catabolism. Expression of HMG-CoA portant role in regulation of the cellular cholesterol reductase is inhibited and Ch-7 is augmented by intracellular signaling pathways [2, 3]. ACAT also plays a major role free cholesterol, which is avidly esterified by acyl-CoA:cholestin regulation of intestinal transport of cholesterol that erol acyltransferase (ACAT). Therefore, we hypothesized that NS may result in up-regulation of hepatic ACAT.
The Onsager reciprocal relations in transformed coordinates: application to transmembrane flow.

Abstract Restrictions must be placed upon linear transformations of thermodynamic force and flux variables If the matrix of phenomenological coefficients relating the transformed forces and fluxes is to obey the Onsager reciprocal relations. These restrictions are derived without the assumption that the components of either the forces or the fluxes are 1inearly independent. Transformations among forces and fluxes which describe transmembrane low serve as examples of the way in which the restrictions are applied.
VALUE OF PREDICTORS OF UNCONTROLLED FACTORS IN RESPONSE FUNCTIONS

A method is developed for assessing the monetary value of additional information in the framework of a response process which involves interaction between controlled and uncontrolled factors. The method is illustrated through an analysis of the value of a rainfall predictor in determining optimal applications of nitrogen to wheat in an environment with variable rainfall. The analysis defines the conditions under which the predictor is most valuable and suggests types of predictors which may be of greater value.
Cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with cultivars: genetic model evaluation and seed trait analyses

Seed from upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., provides a desirable and important nutrition profile. In this study, several seed traits (protein content, oil content, seed hull fiber content, seed index, seed volume, embryo percentage) for F(3) hybrids of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with five elite cultivars over four environments were evaluated. Oil and protein were expressed both as percentage of total seed weight and as an index which is the grams of product/100 seeds. An additive and dominance (AD) genetic model with cytoplasmic effects was designed, assessed by simulations, and employed to analyze these seed traits. Simulated results showed that this model was sufficient for analyzing the data structure with F(3) and parents in multiple environments without replications. Significant cytoplasmic effects were detected for seed oil content, oil index, seed index, seed volume, and seed embryo percentage. Additive effects were significant for protein content, fiber content, protein index, oil index, fiber index, seed index, seed volume, and embryo percentage. Dominance effects were significant for oil content, oil index, seed index, and seed volume. Cytoplasmic and additive effects for parents and dominance effects in homozygous and heterozygous forms were predicted. Favorable genetic effects were predicted in this study and the results provided evidence that these seed traits can be genetically improved. In addition, chromosome associations with AD effects were detected and discussed in this study.
System and algorithms for an autonomous observatory assisting the search for the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker

Ornithologists, conservationists, and millions of birdwatchers consider the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker (IBWO) the dasiaHoly Grail of Birds.psila There have been hundreds of reports of sightings of this magnificent bird but no conclusive photo has been recorded since 1948. Under our broader research effort to develop networked autonomous ldquoobservatoriesrdquo for natural environments, we have been working with the Cornell University researchers who have led a massive search initiated by eyewitness reports and low resolution video captured in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge of Arkansas. In this paper we describe the two-camera autonomous observatory system we designed and installed in Arkansas that continuously scans the sky, recording high resolution video of candidate birds. We report on hardware, software, and algorithms based on 15 months of field experiments. Our image processing algorithm combines size filtering, nonparametric motion filtering, and temporal difference filtering to detect flying birds. Initial results suggest that we have met our four design goals: sensitivity, data reduction, accuracy, and robustness. Video segments with several bird species have been conclusively identified, video data has been consistently reduced by 99.9953%, the system is able to capture birds flying at a speed of up to 60km per hour with low false negative rates, and the system has held up to harsh field conditions. For latest updates and samples of video, please see http://www.c-o-n-e.org/acone/.
MO-D-BRB-04: Incorporating a Spatial-Temporal Compressed Sensing Technique into 4D IMRT Inverse Planning

Purpose: Current IMRT planning for moving targets involves treatment margin expansion, gating, and tracking targets. However, treatment time is significantly increased when using gating and tracking in treatments, and substantially more dose is delivered using the target margin expansion method. In this study, we suggest a 4D IMRT inverse planning method using a spatial‐temporal compressed sensing (CS) technique, which aims to overcome limitations of the previous methods. This proposed method intends to provide a significant benefit in treatment time and target dose uniformity. Method and Materials: A 3D CS IMRT inverse planning technique was extended to 4D by including a spatial‐temporal total‐variation (TV) constraint. It utilizes a piecewise‐constant condition of the beamlet intensity maps to reduce the map complexity and includes a temporal constraint for penalizing multi‐leaf collimator motion. To demonstrate the proposed algorithm, we used a digital phantom with 7 phases, and a simulated lungmalignancy case with 2 different target positions. To compare to 4D treatment planning, a 3D optimization of each individual phase employed a TV algorithm and combined all phases on the reference phase. All algorithms included field‐specific numbers of segment for a clinical feasibility test. Results and Discussion: The dose volume histogram and the dose distribution maps on the reference phase image were obtained from the study. Significant improvement of uniformity in target dose and sparing of the organ at risk was demonstrated by the 4D IMRT planning, indicating the benefits of including temporal information. Enhancing the piecewise‐constant condition using a spatial‐temporal constraint maintains the uniformity of the dose distribution and reduces the complexity of the fluence maps, making plans deliverable in clinics. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the feasibility of 4D IMRT inverse planning using the CS technique. This technique provides clinically applicable / deliverable plans.
Convex solids whose point-source shadow-boundaries lie in hyperplanes

Extending Burton’s characterization of n-dimensional ellipsoids, we describe all n-dimensional closed convex sets in \({\mathbb{R}^n}\), possibly unbounded, whose shadow-boundaries with respect to point-source illumination lie in hyperplanes.
Evaluation of Noise Attenuation and Verbal Communication Capabilities Using Three Ear Insert Hearing Protection Systems Among Airport Maintenance Personnel

The goal of this project was to determine whether one type of earplug would allow a user to hear communication in a noisy environment better than two other types of earplugs. The three types of earplugs studied are newly available on the market. Sonomax SonoCustoms are custom fitted to the user. E-A-R Push-Ins are the newest form of foam earplugs, and Howard Leight SmartFits have an adaptable shape. One of the earplug manufacturers claimed to have improved verbal communications due to the design of the earplug. We hypothesized that the type of earplug providing better communication properties would have lower attenuation around the communication frequencies compared with the other types. To test this hypothesis, we used speech intelligibility and attenuation tests in the laboratory on 26 subjects, and real-time video exposure monitoring in the field (airport maintenance personnel) for visual communication cues. ANCOVA was used to analyze the data from the laboratory study. The type of earplug worn was not...
Failure of DHEA to modulate ovariectomy induced osteopenia in rats

As a result of reports indicating that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has bone anabolic properties, studies were carried out to determine whether DHEA will prevent osteopenia due to ovarian hormone deficiency. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: Group 1 rats were ovariectomized; Group 2 rats were sham-operated upon; and Group 3 rats were ovariectomized and given subcutaneous injections of DHEA five times per week. Groups 1 and 2 rats were injected similar volume of solvent vehicle, and Group 4 rats were killed at the beginning of the study to serve as baseline controls. Six months after ovariectomy, Groups 1, 2 and 3 rats were bled, killed and their femurs dissected out.
Assimilation and fractionation in adjacent parts of the same magme chamber: Vandfaldsdalen macrodike, East Greenland

The Vandfaldsdalen macrodike, which lies in the Skaergaard region of East Greenland, is a remarkably zoned fossil magma chamber, with a granophyric cap overlying cumulate gabboros. The intrusion is distinctly bimodal, with a large compositional discontinuity at the contact between the gabbro and granophyre. Although the exposed part of the macrodike is in contact with Tertiary basalts and sediments, the granophyre originated by assimilation of xenoliths derived from the underlying Archean basement. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios throughout the cumulate sequence are remarkably similar, indicating insignificant contamination of the gabbro by the granophyre. Modelling of the compositional effects of cooling and crystallization indicate that the cumulate pile resulted from fractional crystallization, with the complicating effects of trapped liquid and post-cumulus fractionation. The uppermost rocks in the mafic part, of the chamber (SiO2=62%; FeO*=12.4%) resulted from about 85% fractional crystallization. A transgressive sill of strongly fractionated magma (SiO2=67%; FeO*=8.8%) formed from extracted intercumulus liquid that was the result of 90% fractional crystallization of the original magma. Mass-balance indicates that typical granophyre is made up of about 75% dissolved xenoliths, by weight, and 25% mantle-derived basaltic magma. The magmas were not measurably affected by material exchange across the interface between the gabbro and granophyre. This magma chamber evolved by both assimilation and fractional crystallization, but the residual liquids formed by fractional crystallization were unaffected by assimilation. Heat exchange between were unaffected by assimilation. Heat exchange between the two parts of the chamber was obviously important, but there was insignificant material exchange. The inability of fractional crystallization and assimilation to affect the same liquid is related to the dynamic behavior of this particular magma chamber, particularly the buoyancy of granophyre relative to evolving tholeiitic magma.
The Use of Demineralized Bone Matrix for Grafting During Le Fort I and Chin Osteotomies: Techniques and Complications

Purpose To examine the use of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in maxillary and chin orthognathic surgery. The use of DBM in orthognathic surgery has not been reported in the literature. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of the orthognathic surgeries performed in 1 university was conducted. Medical records were assessed to determine the materials used, complications, and details of re-operations required. Results There were 113 suitable patients identified. The DBM group (88 patients) consisted of 61 Le Fort I osteotomies and 46 genioplasties; the non-DBM group (25 patients) consisted of 25 Le Fort I osteotomies and 4 genioplasties. The mean follow-up period was 5.9 months for the DBM group and 6 months for the non-DBM group. There was only 1 technique of applying DBM to genioplasties, but a variety of different graft material combinations was used in the Le Fort I osteotomies. The only significant Le Fort I complication was maxillary sinusitis; its incidence was 3.3% (2 out of 61) for the DBM group, versus 8% (2 out of 25) in the non-DBM group. All the genioplasties had no complications. There were 4 cases of Le Fort I osteotomies which were re-entered (2 cases for suspected infection and 2 cases for re-osteotomies due to occlusal malalignment) and they showed good bony healing. Conclusion The use of DBM does not significantly increase complications and is suitable to be used in both the maxilla and chin during orthognathic surgery.
Fresh plasma transfusions in the treatment of acute thrombocytopenic purpura

Seventeen patients who were treated with fresh plasma transfusions for idiopathicor postinfectious thrombocytopenia are presented. The total dosage in each was 30 ml. per kilogram. All patients now are clinically free of disease, although one patient required two courses of plasma transfusions and another was given corticosteroids after failure of one course of fresh plasma. The rise in platelets generally occurred within 12 to 48 hours. This early rise may minimize the problem of early intracranial hemorrhage from thrombocytopenia.
The Japan connection: a summary of the keynote address at CCMS/10

Mr. E. Floyd Kvamme, Executive Vice-President of Apple Computer, offered some very interesting insights on the Japanese and United States computing industries in the first plenary session of CCMS/10. Mr. Kvamme visited Japan about 50 times in the last 15 years and feels that much of what has been written about the Japanese is incorrect. He began his presentation with a quick history of the development of semi-conductor technology and computing in the United States and in Japan. He followed with an elaboration on what he sees as essential elements of the Japanese plan:1. Competition breeds success.2. Creativity, not efficiency, brings productivity.3. Quality is directly related to the tools available to employees.