cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A survey of equivariant stable homotopy theory

EQUIVARIANT stable homotopy theory was invented by G. B. Segal in the early 1970s [45]. He was motivated by his work with Atiyah [9] on equivariant K-theory, generalizing an earlier theorem of Atiyah’s on the K-theory of classifying spaces of finite groups to compact Lie groups, and by his work on configuration space and discrete models for iterated loop spaces. His work also suggested to him the “Segal conjecture” (see 4.3), which asserts that the zero-dimensional stable cohomotopy group of the classifying space of a finite group is isomorphic to the completed Burnside ring of the group. The statement is a non-equivariant one, but the methods involved in the eventual proof of the conjecture require heavy use of the equivariant theory. In addition, J. P. May and his collaborators have pointed out that an equivariant version of spectra is the natural device for making spectrum level versions of space level constructions, such as the quadratic or p-adic construction used in defining Steenrod operations. A first attempt to construct an equivariant stable homotopy theory would define the set of stable G-maps (G is finite) from X to Y to be the direct limit l& [Z”X, x” YJG, where the G-actions on Z”X and Z”_Y are obtained by directly suspending the actions on X and Y, and c-1 1’ denotes G-homotopy classes of G-maps. Unfortunately, the theory one obtains this way does not allow for many of the familiar constructions one associates with stable homotopy theory, such as S-duality and transfer. To obtain these, one must allow the group G to act on the “suspension coordinate’*. Precisely, for any representation Vof the group G, one can form the one point compactification S” of V, which becomes a based G-space. S” is a dim( Q-sphere. The stable G-maps from X to Y are now defined to be the direct limit l$ [S’ A X, Sy A ylG, where the actions on Sy A X and S” A Y are diagonal actions, and the direct limit is taken over a certain ordering on the representations, so that V 5 W= V is a summand of IV, This construction permits S-duality and transfer. Other topologists quickly began to study the properties of this theory, notably tom Deck [21]. It gradually became clear that this theory was the natural way to stabilize G-homotopy theory; in this setting, it is possible to construct transfers and S-duality, and to prove an equivariant version of Thorn’s transversality theorem. More naive forms of stabilization do not permit these constructions. Some comments about Frank Adams’ contributions to this subject are in order. He became interested in Segal’s conjecture at an early stage, and in [l] he pointed out the central role played by the spectrum RP ?,” in the study of the conjecture for G = Z/22.
A pilot study of epratuzumab and rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND. In this pilot study, the authors assessed the feasibility of combination epratuzumab and rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (ER-CHOP) in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS. Patients received chemotherapy on the following schedule: epratuzumab 360 mg/m2, rituximab 375 mg/m2, and standard-dose CHOP every 3 weeks for 6 to 8 cycles. The primary endpoint was the incidence of grade 4 neutropenia and grade 3 or 4 antibody infusional toxicity. Secondary endpoints were the complete response (CR) rate, the overall response rate (ORR), and progression-free survival (PFS). Weekly blood counts were obtained to monitor hematologic toxicity. Fifteen patients were enrolled and treated. Baseline patient characteristics included a median age of 63 years (range, 42–78 years), 60% of patients had stage III or IV disease, 7 patients had a low-risk International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (0 or 1), 7 patients had an intermediate-risk IPI score (2 or 3), and 1 patient was high risk. RESULTS. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was observed in 14 patients (93%) or in 28 of 92 treatment cycles (30%). Three patients developed grade ≥3 infection or fever. Eleven patients (73%) required dose reductions. No grade 3 antibody infusion-related toxicity was reported. Thirteen of 15 patients responded (ORR, 87%,), including 10 CRs (67%), 3 partial responses (20%), 1 patient with stable disease, and 1 patient with disease progression. At a median follow-up of 30 months, 13 of 15 patients remained alive. The 1-year PFS and OS rates were 93% and 100%, respectively; and the 2-year PFS and OS rates were 86% and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. ER-CHOP every 21 days was feasible as treatment for newly diagnosed patients with DLBCL. A Phase II multicenter study is underway. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The organization of pyramidal and non-pyramidal cell dendrites in relation to thalamic afferent terminations in the monkey somatic sensory cortex

Golgi-stained neurons of the monkey first somatic sensory cortex (areas 3b and 1–2) and the adjacent area 5 were examined in thionin-counterstained preparations and their dendritic fields related to the position of the major thalamic afferent plexuses (in layers IV and IIIB in area 3b, in layer IIIB only in the other areas and in a subsidiary plexus at the border of layers V and VI). Many types of pyramidal cells of layers IIIB, V and VI have dendrites that consistently branch within the laminae of the thalamic axon terminations: Many of the non-pyramidal cell types have somata and dendrites among the thalamic afferent plexus. The small spiny (type 7) cells have their somata confined to layer IV of all areas but have an ascending dendritic tuft which is relatively short in area 3b, often barely reaching the upper border of layer IV, but is considerably longer in areas 1–2 and 5, reaching the layer IIIB/IIIA border. Several classes of small aspiny non-pyramidal cells have their somata in layers IIIB and IV of areas 3b and 1–2 but only in layer IIIB of area 5. Large, multipolar neurons (basket or type 1 cells) with somata in layers IIIB to VI of each area have dendrites that branch extensively either in layers IIIB and IV or at the layer V/VI border. It is concluded that virtually all pyramidal cells in layers IIIB, V and VI have substantial dendritic ramifications among the terminations of thalamic afferents. The dendrites of many pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells change their dendritic branching patterns and in some cases the positions of their somata, in a manner that conforms to the change in position of the thalamic afferent plexus from area to area. These observations suggest a close relationship between thalamic terminations and cell form, and may imply that all cells with dendrites among the thalamic terminations in monkey somatic sensory and parietal cortex receive significant numbers of thalamic synapses.
Concept of Equivalence Relations and Conservation of Liquid in Preschool Children

Summary.-The acquisition of logic involved in the concept of equivalence, and its relationship to attainment of conservation of liquid were studied. Equivalence was operationalized according to set theory model-as relationships characterized by three logical properties of reflexivity (R), symmetry (S), and transitivity (T) . Each property was assessed by two procedures. Twenty-eight children (age range 4-0 to 5-5) were administered: (1) Pretest for relational terms, (2) Equivalence Battery, (3) Liquid Conservation Task, (4) Liquid Conservation Task-Reduced saliency condition. The three logical properties (each assessed two ways) do not develop in an invariant drdinal sequence (R S T); however, a "psychometric" order of increasing task difficulty did emerge. For all three abilities, one assessment procedure was consistently easier than the other. A significant positive relationship between age and degree of mastery of equivalence logic was found. In this study, complete mastery of equivalence was a necessary condition for attainment of conservation. The data support the proposition that saliency of perceptual change in a conservation task may be a roadblock to attainment of conservation in some preschool children, indirectly suggesting that mastery of equivalence logic probably is not a sufficient condition for conservation.
The you Gene Encodes an EGF-CUB Protein Essential for Hedgehog Signaling in Zebrafish

Hedgehog signaling is required for many aspects of development in vertebrates and invertebrates. Misregulation of the Hedgehog pathway causes developmental abnormalities and has been implicated in certain types of cancer. Large-scale genetic screens in zebrafish have identified a group of mutations, termed you-class mutations, that share common defects in somite shape and in most cases disrupt Hedgehog signaling. These mutant embryos exhibit U-shaped somites characteristic of defects in slow muscle development. In addition, Hedgehog pathway mutations disrupt spinal cord patterning. We report the positional cloning of you, one of the original you-class mutations, and show that it is required for Hedgehog signaling in the development of slow muscle and in the specification of ventral fates in the spinal cord. The you gene encodes a novel protein with conserved EGF and CUB domains and a secretory pathway signal sequence. Epistasis experiments support an extracellular role for You upstream of the Hedgehog response mechanism. Analysis of chimeras indicates that you mutant cells can appropriately respond to Hedgehog signaling in a wild-type environment. Additional chimera analysis indicates that wild-type you gene function is not required in axial Hedgehog-producing cells, suggesting that You is essential for transport or stability of Hedgehog signals in the extracellular environment. Our positional cloning and functional studies demonstrate that You is a novel extracellular component of the Hedgehog pathway in vertebrates.
Strain Energy Release from the 2011 9.0 Mw Tōhoku Earthquake, Japan

The purpose of this paper is to compare the strain energy released due to elastic rebound of the crust from the tragic 2011 9.0 MwTōhoku earthquake in Japan with the observed radiated seismic energy. The strain energy was calculated by analyzing coseismic displacements of 1024 GPS stations of the Japanese GEONET network. The value of energy released from the analysis is 1.75 × 1017J, which is of the same order of magnitude as the USGS-observed radiated seismic energy of 1.9 × 1017Nm (J). The strain energy method is independent of seismic methods for determining the energy released during a large earthquake. The analysis shows that although the energy release is concentrated in the epicentral region, about 12% of the total energy was released throughout the Japanese islands at distances greater than 500 km west of the epicenter. Our results also show that outside the epicentral region, the strainenergy was concentrated along known tectonic zones throughout Japan.
Effects Of Turbulence On Imaging Through The Atmosphere

The degradation in performance of imaging or beam projection systems, due to turbulence in the atmosphere, can be evaluated or predicted in terms of a path-position weighted value of Cn2, the optical turbulence structure constant. The degradation also depends on the wavelength and range. At visible wavelewth, for paths of a few km, serious degradation occurs for Cn2 of the order of 10-14 m-2/3. Such turbulence is not uncommon for paths over the ocean and occurs frequently over land. The appropriately weighted value of Cn2 can be measured experimentally for a given path, with a slit scanning telescope, imaging a point source at the far end of the range. A portable system will be described that is capable of these measurements. This is coupled directly to an on-line data processing minicomputer to predict the performance of a given system, using Fourier and Abel transform techniques applied to models by Lutomirski and Fried. The results can be presented in a variety of forms, including immediate hard copy plots of the MTF of the atmoshpere, of the overall system being tested, or plots of predicted radial distribution of intensity on target. For non-uniform turbulence, the proper weighting of Cn2 as a function of path-position is crucial. For example, Cn2, obtained from scintillation, weights path-position differently and yields results of marginal value to determination of image resolution or spot size.
Patterns of Lipid Storage in Post-Metamorphic Marine Invertebrates

Lipids are a prominent biochemical class in marine invertebrates, characteristic of wella-fed organisms, and are utilized when the animals are starved. There has been little demonstration of such usage in the field, however, and little consideration of the relationship between the amount of lipid stores and the characteristic life styles of benthic macroinvertebrates. The amount of lipids stored by zooplankton and pelagic invertebrates has been interpreted primarily in terms of availability and variation of food supply and in involvement in buoyancy. Lipid stores in marine invertebrates may serve a variety of roles in the same organism; a primary goal of future work should be to identify and discriminate among them.
Inhibition by chlorpromazine of lymphokine‐specific mRNA expression in human thymocytes

This study was designed to determine the effect of the phenothiazine chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the activation of human thymocytes. We provide evidence that CPZ inhibits the accumulation of mRNA specific for the lymphokines, interleukin 2, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and the proto-oncogene c-myc; by contrast, the accumulation of mRNA specific for the alpha chain of the interleukin 2 receptor and the subsequent early expression of Tac antigen on the cell surface is not inhibited by CPZ. The inhibition of the expression of lymphokine-specific mRNA results in a decrease in interferon-gamma synthesis and in inhibition of thymocyte proliferation as determined by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. In addition, we show that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in human thymocytes by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) causes the phosphorylation of a protein of a molecular mass of approximately 75 kDa. The function of this protein is as yet not defined, but it is possible that it plays a role in the transduction of the signals to the nucleus which in turn elicit the expression of the genes coding for c-myc and for the lymphokines required for thymocyte activation. We also demonstrate that CPZ, like the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A does not inhibit the phosphorylation of the 75-kDa protein which is induced by the activation of PKC by TPA and does not affect phosphoinositide breakdown, indicating that it exerts its effect at a site distal to the activation of PKC. These observations demonstrate that CPZ has an immunoregulatory function in addition to its psychotropic activity.
Singular cores in the three-body problem. III. Unique equations

Three-particle scattering theory is reexamined for interactions which contain singular cores in a finite number of two-body partial waves. It is shown that the Faddeev equations do not possess a unique solution for the corresponding $t$ matrix, and hence, cannot be used directly to examine "realistic" singular core models of the $N\ensuremath{-}N$ interaction. For the special case of a pure boundary condition model, alternative one-dimensional equations are derived based on the Schr\"odinger and Faddeev representations. These are shown to be completely equivalent, and to uniquely specify the three-body observables. The Faddeev version is shown to be a special case of the author's boundary condition formalism. Equations suitable for realistic models which include potential tails are presented.
Establishment and characterization of a maize Hi-II endosperm culture

An in vitro continuous endosperm callus culture derived from developing endosperm of transformation-amenable maize Hi-II genotype was obtained. The endosperm callus was composed of cells that differentiated into aleurone-like and starchy endosperm-like cell types. This callus has been maintained for 4 yr. Endosperm callus cells transcribe and produce zein proteins at a level similar to developing endosperm tissue. Starchy endosperm cells of the endosperm callus displayed active starch biosynthetic activity. The dual cell physiology of this culture limited the utility of the cell line for promoter analysis and transient assays of gene expression in the current culture conditions. However, because such cell line can be readily initiated and easily maintained for a long period of time, it provides an alternative tool for analysis of transgene expression in endosperm callus derived from transgenic maize lines in Hi-II background.
Far infrared spatial probe of heteroepitaxial indium arsenide

Abstract Far infrared (16–320 cm −1 ) reflection and transmission data for approximately 15 μm thick epitaxial InAs on high resistivity GaAs are analyzed for surface and interface effects. The results show the presence of a front surface high concentration (about 3×10 17 carriers cm −3 ) accumulation layer, a thin (about 0.7 μm) interface layer of In x Ga 1- x As and a damaged back surface in addition to the epitaxial and substrate regions. The layer parameters derived from the analysis are in reasonable agreement with independent determinations.
Gemfibrozil-induced peroxisome proliferation and hepatomegaly in male F344 rats

Abstract Gemfibrozil is a widely used hypolipidemic drug in humans that causes peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. The induction of hepatomegaly and hepatic peroxisome proliferation (measured as peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase activity), was determined and compared to another peroxisome proliferator, WY-14,643 (0.1% in the diet) in male F344 rats. In a 21-day study, dietary no-observable-effect and lowest-observable-effect levels of gemfibrozil for both hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation were 0.002% and 0.005%, respectively. In a 42-day study, dietary concentrations of 0.9–2.0% gemfibrozil induced a similar magnitude of hepatomegaly to WY-14,643 (2.3-fold) but a higher level of peroxisome proliferation (16–18-fold) than the maximum induction for WY-14,643 (13-fold). The plateau in magnitude of gemfibrozil-induced peroxisome proliferation across the 0.9–2.0% dietary concentrations was associated with a plateau in serum concentration of gemfibrozil (20 μg/ml), similar to concentrations reported in human subjects receiving oral gemfibrozil. These results indicate that maximal induction of peroxisome proliferation by gemfibrozil can exceed that of a more potent compound such as WY-14,643, and further suggest that maximal induction of peroxisome proliferation can be limited by steady-state serum concentrations. Moreover, the reported lack of hepatic responses to gemfibrozil in humans is unlikely to be the result of inefficacy or unavailability of this drug, compared to other peroxisome proliferators, in rodents.
Regional transient osteoporosis of the foot and vitamin C deficiency

We describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic tests of a patient with regional transient osteoporosis (RTO) of the foot. This patient presented with a 4-month history of left-foot pain, nonpitting edema, and brownish discolorations of both feet. He had a history of tobacco abuse, alcohol abuse, and malnutrition. Radiological studies revealed severe osteopenia in the feet, and a MRI revealed bone marrow edema. The bone biopsy was consistent with RTO. This patient also had vitamin C deficiency. This case suggests a link between vitamin C deficiency and RTO, a hypothesis supported by our review of relevant literature on osteoporosis and vitamin C.
The ins and outs of gene expression control.

Temperature-sensitive mutant inteins inserted within two transcription factors provide a new tool for controlling gene expression in yeast and flies.
The effects of lipase on spinach and Chlamydomonas chloroplasts

Abstract Light-induced fluorescence yield changes and low-temperature changes were measured in spinach and Chlamydomonas reinhardi chloroplasts before and after treatment with pancreatic lipase. Lipase treatment destroyed the C-550 absorption band and eliminated the fluorescence of variable yield. In spinach chloroplasts the invariant fluorescence yield, after lipase treatment, was low whereas in Chlamydomonas chloroplasts it was high. Lipase treatment modified the cytochrome b559 in spinach chloroplasts so that it was no longer ascorbate reducible but was dithionite reducible. In Chlamydomonas chloroplasts some of the cytochrome b559 was destroyed by lipase treatment. After lipase treatment, cytochrome b559 could be reduced by Photosystem I activity if ascorbate was present as an electron donor and benzyl viologen present as an electron acceptor for Photosystem I. Lipase also eliminated the EPR Signal II.
Designing to Split Attention in a Mixed Reality Game

We design and study a mixed reality game, PhotoNav, to investigate wearable computing display modalities in which players need to split attention. PhotoNav requires that the player split attention between the physical world and display by using geotagged photographs as hints for navigation. Even though the head-mounted display requires a shorter shift in visual attention, we find players prefer the separation of the handheld. This research contributes ways in which mixed reality game UIs can focus players on the physical environment, leveraging its unique affordances.
Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Secretion in Human Recipients of Pancreas Transplantation

To ascertain the consequences of pancreas transplantation with systemic venous drainage on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion, glucose and insulin responses to intravenous glucose were compared in 10 recipients and 15 normal control subjects. There were no differences in fasting glucose levels or intravenous glucose disappearance rates. However, basal insulin levels and acute insulin responses to glucose were threefold greater in the recipients. It is not clear whether this consequence of hyperinsulinemia in the recipients is due to the abnormal circulatory drainage, the lack of autonomic input, or concurrent immunosuppressive drug therapy.
The Kervaire invariant one element and the double transfer

Abstract The Kervaire invariant one element θj ϵ πs2j + 1 − 2(S0) is shown not to factor through the double transfer unless j ≦ 4. In particular, θ5 of Barratt-Jones-Mahowald does not factor through the double transfer.
Culture and Comprehension: A Mixed Methods Study of Children's Responses to a Fictional Story About Interracial Conflict

This article explores the relationship between early adolescents' understanding of social issues and their comprehension of a fictional story about interracial conflict. It combines qualitative and quantitative analyses to examine the ways in which social awareness and reading comprehension skills may be interrelated when children and adolescents read texts that deal with social issues. Results suggest that adolescents use their social awareness skills to comprehend fictional texts, but reading skill moderates the effect. Poor readers who demonstrate a capacity for high levels of social awareness comprehend the story as well as their better reading peers. The authors discuss implications for educational practice and the need for an integration of research in social development with language and literacy.
Quantum dots: applications in technology and in quantum physics

The description of a quantum dot can be applied to a great variety of structures, and their application has become important in a wide range of technical fields, for both optical and electronics applications. One of the earliest gate-defined lateral quantum dots was fabricated on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction, in which a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas is formed on the GaAs side of the hetero-interface. We now know that these open dots remain quantum objects, a result that is useful if they are to be incorporated in any new type of information processing, such as has been suggested for quantum computation. Indeed, it is clear that a few robust states exist in these open dots, and that these states will lead to a signature of each dot through a set of reproducible “fluctuations” as the gate voltage, or a magnetic field is varied. These robust states provide a set of discrete pointer states, which govern the quantum to classical transition, and they are uncoupled from dots nearby in energy through the decoherence process.
Activation and repolarization patterns are governed by different structural characteristics of ventricular myocardium: experimental study with voltage-sensitive dyes and numerical simulations.

Activation and Repolarization Patterns. Introduction: Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of transmural activation across ventricular muscle through studies of excitation patterns and potential distributions. In contrast, repolarization sequences are poorly understood because of experimental difficulties in mapping action potential durations (APDs) using extracellular electrodes. Methods and Results: Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts and isolated coronaryperfused left ventricular sheet preparations were stained with the voltage-sensitive dye RH-421 and optical APs were recorded with a photodiode array. Epicardial maps were constructed using a triangulation method applied to matrices of activation and repolarization times determined from (dF/dt)max and (d2F/dt2)max′ respectively. Numerical simulations were carried out based on: (1) a modified Luo-Rudy model; (2) the three-dimensional architecture of ventricular fibers; and (3) the intrinsic spatial distribution of APDs. In ventricular sheets, epicardial stimulation elicited elliptical activation patterns with the major axis aligned with the longitudinal axis of epicardial fibers. When the pacing electrode was progressively inserted from epicardium to endocardium, the major axes rotated gradually, clockwise by 45°, and the eccentricity decreased from 2 to 1.14. Repolarization showed a relatively uniform pattern, independent of pacing site, beginning at the apex and spreading to the base. Conclusion: In experiments and simulations, the helical rotation of epicardial excitation isochrones caused by pacing at increasing depth in the myocardium correlated with the helical three-dimensional architecture of ventricular fibers. In contrast, repolarization was independent of the activation sequence and was mainly guided by spatial differences in APDs between apex and base.
Dorsal cortical comminution as a predictor of redisplacement of distal radius fractures in children

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various factors, which could contribute towards redisplacement of distal radius fractures, including comminution of the dorsal cortex of the distal radius, treated in our department. Methods In this retrospective study, we evaluated the risk of redisplacement of distal radius fractures in our department and also looked at the probable factors predisposing to this risk. A total of 134 fractures (129 children) were included in the study after exclusions. The variables that were assessed as possible causes of redisplacement were age, gender, fracture pattern (apex), degree of initial displacement, presence/absence of comminution, presence/absence of ulnar fracture, grade of surgeon, quality of initial reduction and Cast index. Results After excluding the fractures without a known outcome, 124 fractures (120 children) were available for analysis. The average age of children was 10.6 years (range 2–16 years) with more boys (89) than girls (31). Redisplacement after an initial reduction occurred in 30 children (24%). Six of these children (4.8% of the entire study group) required further intervention. The factors associated with an increased risk of redisplacement were complete initial displacement of fracture (p = 0.02), dorsal bayonet fracture pattern (p = 0.007), presence of comminution (p = 0.001) and the quality of the initial reduction (p = 0.002). Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed comminution at the fracture site to be the most significant factor associated with redisplacement, increasing the odds of redisplacement by 5.82 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08–16.22, p = 0.001). There seemed to be a trend towards a reduced risk of redisplacement when K-wiring was done in the presence of comminution (p = 0.12). Conclusion The presence of dorsal cortical comminution at the fracture site on initial radiographs should alert the treating surgeon to a significantly higher risk of redisplacement and supplemental K-wiring should be considered in this situation.
PROTEAN: A tool for automated protocol analysis

A program which performs an automated analysis of a protocol specification is discussed. The input is a protocol specified formally using the systems of communicating machines (SCMs) model and the output is a system and/or global reachability graph, together with any protocol errors which were discovered. The program, called PROTEAN analyzes the protocol for errors such as deadlock and nonexecutable transitions. The SCM model uses a combination of finite state machines and variables, which may be local to a single machine or shared by two or more machines. The current implementation of the model is limited to two-machine protocols. An analysis of a simple data link protocol is included to illustrate the use of the SCM automated model. >
Lithium Dendrite Growth Control Using Local Temperature Variation

We have quantified lithium dendrite growth in an optically accessible symmetric Li-metal cell, charged under imposed temperatures on the electrode surface. We have found that the dendrite length measure is reduced up to 43% upon increasing anodic temperature of about 50°C. We have deduced that imposing higher temperature on the electrode surface will augment the reduction rate relative to dendritic peaks and therefore lithium holes can draw near with the sharp deposited tips. We have addressed this mechanism via fundamentals of electrochemical transport.
Validation of MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales in Criterion Group Neuropsychological Samples

This study utilized multiple criterion group neuropsychological samples to evaluate the "over-reporting" and "under-reporting" MMPI-2-RF validity scales. The five criterion groups included in this study were (1) litigating traumatic brain injury patients who failed Slick et al. criteria for probable malingering, (2) litigating traumatic brain injury patients who passed Slick et al. criteria, (3) mixed neuropsychological outpatients who passed SVTs and were diagnosed with primary neurological conditions, (4) mixed neuropsychological outpatients who passed SVTs and were diagnosed with primary psychiatric conditions, and (5) epileptic seizure disorder inpatients who were diagnosed via video-EEG. Using the data from these groups, cumulative percentages for all possible T-scores and sensitivity and specificity rates for optimal cutoff scores were determined. When specificity rates were set at 90% across all non-malingering neurological condition groups, sensitivity rates ranged from 48% (FBS-r) to 10% (K-r).
2,4‐Diphenyl‐1,3,2,4‐diselenadiphosphetane 2,4‐Diselenide

[122039-27-4] C12H10P2Se4 (MW 532.00) InChI = 1S/C12H10P2Se4/c15-13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)17-14(16,18-13)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H InChIKey = GKYFQRQKPYPLGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the respective preparation of selenoamides2, 3 and selenocarboxylates4 from amides and carboxylic acids) Alternate Name: Woollins's reagent. Physical Data: mp 206–210 °C. Formed Supplied in: red solid, commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: FTIR spectrum.4, 5 Preparative Methods: reaction of pentaphenylcyclopentaphosphine6 with selenium powder in refluxing toluene.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent can be stored at room temperature for weeks without decomposition. Woollins's reagent should be treated as potentially toxic and should be handled with gloves in a fume hood.
Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence

Until recently, the Waorani of eastern Ecuador engaged in a vicious cycle of revenge killing in which men responded to the death of kin by attacking their enemies. Yet their language, Wao tededo, lacks a label for the concept of "revenge killing."Apparently, a social pattern of revenge killing is not dependent on the recognition of "revenge" as an abstract category— revenge need not be an overt cultural construction to be acted upon. This article explores this and other aspects of Wao ethnopsychology as they relate to the perpetuation and cessation of coalitional violence. It interprets Wao ethnopsychology in the light of Frank's (1988) account of emotions as honest signals of human commitment to social contracts. We argue that emotional displays of rage and the threat of retaliatory violence may deter an initial assault, but serve to lock antagonists into an endless cycle of violence once it has started. In order to end the cycle of violence, one needs a means to convey a message contrary to the enraged emotional one—an honest signal of one's commitment to end feuding. In the Waorani case, conversion to Christianity helped play this role.
Spherical reconstruction: a method for structure determination of membrane proteins from cryo-EM images

We propose a new method for single-particle reconstruction, which should be generally applicable to structure determination for membrane proteins. After reconstitution into a small spherical vesicle, a membrane protein takes a particular orientation relative to the membrane normal, and its position in the projected image of the vesicle directly defines two of its three Euler angles of orientation. The spherical constraint imposed by the vesicle effectively reduces the dimensionality of the alignment search from 5 to 3 and simplifies the detection of the particle. Projection images of particles in vesicles collectively take all possible orientations and therefore cover the whole Fourier space. Analysis of images of vesicles in ice showed that the vesicle density is well described by a simple model for membrane electron scattering density. In fitting this model we found that osmotically swollen vesicles remain nearly spherical through the freezing process. These results satisfy the basic experimental requirements for spherical reconstruction. A computer simulation of particles in vesicles showed that this method provides good estimates of the two Euler angles and thus may improve single-particle reconstruction and extend it to smaller membrane proteins.
Actin Filament Tracking Based on Particle Filters and Stretching Open Active Contour Models

We introduce a novel algorithm for actin filament tracking and elongation measurement. Particle Filters (PF) and Stretching Open Active Contours (SOAC) work cooperatively to simplify the modeling of PF in a one-dimensional state space while naturally integrating filament body constraints to tip estimation. Our algorithm reduces the PF state spaces to one-dimensional spaces by tracking filament bodies using SOAC and probabilistically estimating tip locations along the curve length of SOACs. Experimental evaluation on TIRFM image sequences with very low SNRs demonstrates the accuracy and robustness of this approach.
Ultrasound-modulated laser speckle imaging of biological tissues

Ultrasound-modulated optical imaging was studied using laser speckle contrast. By measuring the speckle contrast under ultrasonic modulation, images of biological-tissue objects buried in biological-tissue samples were obtained with resolution determined by the ultrasound.
MARINE BLACK SHALES: Depositional Mechanisms and Environments of Ancient Deposits

Organic-carbon-rich strata or "black shales," including dark gray to black, laminated, carbonaceous mudrocks characterized by impoverished benthonic faunas, or devoid of metazoan life, have long intrigued geol­ ogists, both because of their widespread distribution at certain times in the past and their early recognition as potential hydrocarbon source rocks. One of the major obsessions of many early workers, to the mid1900s, was the application of uniformitarian principles to depositional models for black shales. Thus, although it was recognized that some black shale units were unusually widespread, many early workers sought less extensive, modern analogues for environments of formation of dark-colored, rela-
Empirical validation of availability models for the RISC System/6000 workstation using survey and measurement data

We show an empirically driven process to validate the availability models of RISC System/6000 workstations. The empirical data is obtained by tracking RISC System/6000 workstations in the field. The tracking data is obtained by using customer surveys and by using an availability measurement tool installed on selected running systems. We model several types of RISC System/6000 workstations using the SAVE tool. Care is taken to include all classes of systems. The workstations modeled include representatives from the desktop, deskside, and rack families. We explain the key principle of the "representative field model." For each type of workstation modeled, availability data for validation is extracted from the customer survey database or the availability measurement database. The validation data is used to identify and eliminate model errors. The identification and elimination of modeling errors involves sensitivity analysis. The validation of the availability measures of several RISC System/6000 workstations using both survey and measurement data confirms the accuracy of our modeling process and gives us the confidence to utilize the availability models in our development and marketing processes. Also, this enables us to generate accurate availability measures in our future availability modeling efforts.
Synthesis of feedback controllers for multiple aerial robots with geometric constraints

We address the problem of developing feedback controllers for a group of robots with second-order dynamics in an obstacle-filled, D-dimensional environment. Our control algorithm takes into account communication constraints, obstacle avoidance, and inter-robot collision avoidance, by synthesizing a piecewise smooth vector field for safe navigation. First, the feasible free joint configuration space is tessellated into polytopes that account for the desired constraints. We search the graph of these polytopes to find a discrete path to the goal polytope. We then use a novel navigation function-based feedback controller that drives the system from one polytope to the next and eventually to the goal. The controller exploits the fact that two adjoining polytopes in the planned discrete path together form a star-shaped object that is obstacle free; this enables the design of navigation function-based controller for kinematic and dynamic fully actuated robots without spurious minima. We sequentially compose these controllers to drive the state to the goal. For a polygonal space, the algorithm we propose is complete. We present successful simulation results of the algorithm on a group of ground vehicles and quadrotors performing a cooperative navigation task in constrained environments.
Maximum likelihood parameter estimation of superimposed signals by dynamic programming

The problem of fitting a model composed of a number of superimposed signals to noisy data using the maximum likelihood criterion is considered. It is shown, using the Cramer-Rao bound for the estimation accuracy, that in many instances, useful models for the composite signal can be restricted without loss of generality to component signals that directly interact only with one or two of their closest neighbors in parameter space. It is shown that for such models, the global extremum of the criterion can be found efficiently by dynamic programming. The computation requirements are linear in the number of signals, rather than exponential as in the case of exhaustive search. The technique applies for arbitrary sampling of the signals. The dynamic programming method is easily adapted to determining the number of signals as well, as is demonstrated using the minimum description length principle. Computer simulation results are given for several examples. >
EVALUATION OF BONE-CONDUCTION HEADSETS FOR USE IN MULTITALKER COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENTS

Standard audio headphones are useful in many applications, but they cover the ears of the listener and thus may impair the perception of ambient sounds. Bone-conduction headphones offer a possible alternative, but traditionally their use has been limited to monaural applications due to the high propagation speed of sound in the human skull. Here we show that stereo bone-conduction headsets can be used to provide a limited amount of interaural isolation in a dichotic speech perception task. The results suggest that reliable spatial separation is possible with bone-conduction headsets, but that they probably cannot be used to lateralize signals to extreme left or right apparent locations.
Filtration of RBC units:effect of storage time and temperature on filter performance.

BACKGROUND The influence of time, temperature, and rate of filtration on the efficacy of WBC reduction of RBC units was studied in a controlled, paired-donor format. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Ten donors underwent whole-blood phlebotomy on two to four occasions each. Units were filtered (RCXL-1, Pall Biomedical) under laboratory conditions and gravity flow as follows: 1) after 0 to 2 hours of storage at 22 degrees C, 2) after 7 to 8 hours at 22 degrees C, 3) after 14 days of storage at 4 degrees C, and 4) under mock bedside conditions after 14 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Prefiltration and postfiltration cell counts and prefiltration WBC CD11a expression were assessed on Days 0 and 14. RESULTS WBC content before filtration was 2.20 and 2.34 x 10(9) (p>0.05) for units stored for 2 and 8 hours (Groups 1 and 2) and declined to 52.8 and 7. 57 x 10(4) (p 0.05]). Filtration under bedside conditions was associated with a greater degree of variation in residual WBC counts than laboratory filtration. WBC reduction by filtration was significantly greater in units stored for at least 8 hours (Groups 2, 3, and 4) than in those stored for less than 2 hours (4.59 log vs. 3.83 log reduction in WBC content, p<0.05). Surface expression of leukocyte function antigen 1 as measured by CD11a was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION WBC reduction of RBC units by filtration was least effective when performed within 2 hours of collection. Efficacy of WBC reduction increased significantly after the units were stored for 8 hours to 14 days, without significant differences between these storage intervals. Laboratory filtration yielded more consistent results than did mock bedside filtration. Temperature and filtration rate had no effect on the efficacy of WBC reduction by filtration.
Adding fear to conflict: A general purpose cognitive control network is modulated by trait anxiety

Studies of cognitive control show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are involved in the detection and resolution of cognitive conflict. However, the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying emotional interference effects are less consistent. We used fMRI during emotional and nonemotional versions of a facial Stroop task to investigate the effects of emotional stimuli on cognitive control. In the full group there was limited evidence that different prefrontal circuits manage conflict arising from emotional and nonemotional distractors. However, individual differences in trait anxiety affected both behavioral performance and neural activity during the emotional task. Relative to low-anxiety (LA) subjects, high-anxiety (HA) subjects showed greater amygdala activity to task-relevant emotional information and impaired performance and greater conflict-related activity in the dACC when emotional content was task-irrelevant. Only LA subjects activated rostral ACC during the emotional task. This is consistent with cognitive models of individual differences that hypothesize deficient control of task-irrelevant emotional information in HA subjects. Additional behavioral and fMRI results from this study may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental.
Prosecutors’ Discretionary Use of the Grand Jury to Initiate or to Reinitiate Prosecution

This study examines the exercise of prosecutorial discretion in two areas: the decision to initiate prosecution by indictment (in lieu of a preliminary hearing) and the decision to reinitiate prosecution by indictment after preliminary hearing discharge. To explore concerns about prosecutors’ use of the grand jury to pursue prosecution in cases with insufficient evidence to convict at trial, the author studied prosecutors’ practices in murder cases in Cook County, Illinois. To gather the information the author collected disposition data for prosecutions initiated by grand jury and by preliminary hearing, interviewed prosecutors, and examined prosecutors’ case documents indicating reasons for declining or pursuing prosecution of discharged cases. The data show similar conviction rates for prosecutions initiated by grand jury and those by preliminary hearing but a significantly lower rate for prosecutions reinitiated after discharge. Three reasons for the latter finding are discussed: special evidentiary characteristics of reinitiated cases, seriousness of the offense studied, and prosecutors’ special motivations and practices in serious cases. The author suggests that although prosecutors typically are constrained by practical, organizational, professional, and ethical concerns, they may in extraordinary situations reinitiate prosecution of weak cases. In light of the study's findings, the author assesses several proposals to eliminate or restrain prosecutors’ power to reinitiate.
The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia, by John L. Cotter, Daniel G. Roberts, and Michael Parrington. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1992

Having been involved in both contract and academic archaeology in recent years, I have heard (and sympathized with) a pervasive lament. It seems increasingly common that even the best contract archaeology is rarely published, but compiled into reports that disappear into state repositories and contract firm offices, never again to be thought of except (maybe) when it comes time to write the next report. There is an increasing body of both gray literature and gray excavation: work that is done in compliance with state and federal laws but which never reaches an audience of more than a dozen or so readers. Given this discouraging trend, the compendious The Buried Past is a welcomed synthesis of several generations of aca­demic and CRM investigations into the historical archaeology of the Greater Philadelphia region.