cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zygotes of Sphaeroplea tenuis (Chlorophyceae)

Zygotes from the holotype collection of Sphaeroplea tenuis Fritsch have been studied utilizing combined techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence is provided to support Fritsch's contention that these zygotes, found free in his original preserved material, are directly attributable to the alga he described as S. tenuis. Mature zygotes are typically spherical, range from 13–24 μm in diameter (including spines) and are ornamented with long (up to 4 μm or more), flattened, and sharply tapered spines that are closely spaced with their bases usually interconnected and forming an irregular reticulum of raised ridges. The tips of the spines are rarely bifurcate. Additional ridges and/or short papillae may supplement the pattern of ornamentation between spines. Younger zygotes are initially surrounded by a thin, smooth primary membrane, a feature characteristic of all members of the Sphaeropleaceae. Comparisons have been made with Atractomorpha echinata Hoffman which also produces spiny zygot...
THE COST OF ACCIDENTAL DEATH : A CAPITAL MARKET APPROACH

This article analyzes the effect of accidental deaths involving either a firm's workplace or product on the firm's shareholder equity. Significant and sustained losses were found, reaching a peak of over $50 million per fatality during the second week following an accident. The variation in the cumulative percentage loss to the firms due to the accidents is explained by the number of deaths per accident and the riskiness of the product or workplace—the lower the a priori perceived riskiness, the greater the decline in equity.
Effects of drive upon habit strength and resistance to extinction

In Exp. 1 rats were given 5 training trials per day for 8 days in a straight runway under both low and high drive, with the drive state of each subject altered each day. Subjects were subdivided and given 20 extinction trials under either low or high drive. Exp. 2 replicated the training conditions of Exp. 1, but, in addition, lengthened training sessions to 18 days and extinguished each subject under both low and high drive. Combined results showed residual effects of intensity of drive state on the first day of training upon later training trials; however, with additional training the effect dissipated. Data were interpreted as supportive of the position that drive contributes to habit strength.
Simple cylindrical ion mirror with three elements.

A new cylindrical ion mirror has been designed to create an electric field that is non-linear or curved along the flight path axis for general-purpose time-of-flight mass spectrometers. The inclusion of one or two grids is found to improve the radial field homogeneity especially around the aperture. Only three cylindrical electrodes are used in the design. Changing the electrode dimensions and voltages affects the electric field distribution. Once the electrode dimensions are fixed, there are only two adjustable parameters for achieving optimum nonlinear electric field shape. Resolving powers of 7000 and 16 100 have been achieved with kinetic energy variations of 34 and 10.5%, respectively. Simulations show that the electric field homogeneity in the radial direction enables the use of ion beam diameters up to 15 mm with only modest loss of resolving power. Increasing the mirror diameter could further increase the practical ion beam diameter. This article details the electric field distribution within the cylindrical mirror in both axial and radial directions. The voltages of the middle and rear electrodes affect the resolving power and the kinetic energy range over which focus can be achieved. The predicted arrival time spread for a singlem/z value is narrower than that caused by the turn-around time of ions in a gas-phase ion source. In this case, the broad energy range over which good focus is achieved enables the use of higher extraction fields for turn-around time reduction.
Estimation of optical turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer from routine meteorological observations:an artificial neural network approach

The focus of this paper is on the estimation of optical turbulence (commonly characterized by C 2 n ) near the land-surface using routinely measured meteorological variables (e.g., temperature, wind speed). We demonstrate that an artificial neural network-based approach has the potential to be effectively utilized for this purpose. We use an extensive scintillometer-based C 2 n dataset from a recent field experiment in Texas, USA to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed approach.
Measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum of patients by using a technique of passive hemagglutination inhibition.

Abstract A technique of passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHI) which can detect nanogram levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum of patients has been developed. Human O-negative erythrocytes were sensitized with CEA recovered from primary adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum. Sera from patients were then examined for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination of the sensitized erythrocytes in the presence of a predetermined amount of goat anti-CEA serum. Positive sera were defined as those which produced inhibition of agglutination at a dilution of 1:8 or greater. The percentage of positive sera was 82% for primary adenocarcinomas, 55% for all other cancers, 62% for benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, 60% for alcoholic cirrhosis, and 17% for normal healthy controls. Results are presented for 240 patients and attempts have been made to correlate PHI titers with CEA levels determined by radioimmunoassay.
Metabolism of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in albino and pigmented rats.

Abstract The administration of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine to albino and pigmented (hooded) rats at a daily dosage of 40 mg/kg produces a rapid rise in tissue concentrations of the drugs during the first month of medication, but comparatively little further rise when the medications are continued for two additional months. The mean tissue concentration of chloroquine at 1 month is about 100 mg/kg, compared to about 30 mg/kg for hydroxychloroquine. However, rats degrade the latter compound more extensively, so that their total mean tissue content of 4-aminoquinoline bases is greater than 30 mg/kg at that time. The order of increasing tissue concentration for both drugs is almost invariably: muscle, eye, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen. In the pigmented rats, the order is: muscle, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and eye. When medication is discontinued, the concentrations of both drugs in the tissues decrease very rapidly, except in the eyes of the pigmented rats. Long-continued exposure of the eyes of the pigmented rats to high concentrations (approaching 0.1%) of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine and their degradation products does not produce any detectable ocular histopathology.
Efficient catalysis of Nazarov cyclization using a cationic iridium complex possessing adjacent labile coordination sites.

The dicationic Ir(III) complex [IrMe(CO)(dppe)(DIB)](BARF)2 having adjacent labile sites has been found to be a very effective catalyst for promoting the Nazarov cyclization of aryl vinyl and divinyl ketones. Spectroscopic evidence for a substate−catalyst complex before cyclization is presented. The efficiency of the cyclization is attributed to the electrophilicity of the Ir(III) complex and substrate activation via chelation.
Vibrational Analysis of 1H-labelled Propanes In The 11500 to 100 cm-1 Spectral Region

The gas phase infrared spectra of specifically 1H-labelled propanes CHD2CD,CD, and CD3CHDCD3 together with the spectrum of CD3CD2CD3 have been measured between 11500 and 500 cm 1. Assignments of these spectra in the fundamental and overtone regions are proposed. The Raman spectra between 100 and 3000 cm-1 of the same compounds are also reported; they are necessary to give the full view of the vibrational spectrum at the fundamental level. The major spectral features of the overtone spectral region can be explained on the basis of coupling between overtones of C-H stretching vibrations and CHD deformation vibrations. Fermi resonance coupling interactions between the two types of overtones are stronger with increasing overtone number. The present results show that there is an effect on isolated C-H stretching frequencies due to deuterium substitution.
Validation of a Buddhist Coping Measure Among Primarily Non-Asian Buddhists in the United States

Researchers have developed scales to measure religious coping among Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Hindus. However, there is no quantitative measure of religious coping for Buddhists. The present study describes the development and initial validation of a scale of Buddhist coping (BCOPE). Eight hundred sixty participants in the United States completed the BCOPE along with demographic information and scales of adjustment to stress. Construct validity of the BCOPE is demonstrated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which reveals 14 types of Buddhist coping. BCOPE subscales exhibited criterion validity through significant correlations with outcome measures. The BCOPE has incremental validity, predicting adjustment over and above demographic and global religious measures. The research and practical implications of the BCOPE are discussed.
The stroma as a crucial target in rat mammary gland carcinogenesis

A complex network of interactions between the stroma, the extracellular matrix and the epithelium drives mammary gland development and function. Two main assumptions in chemical carcinogenesis of the mammary gland have been that carcinogens induce neoplasia by causing mutations in the DNA of the epithelial cells and that the alterations of tissue architecture observed in neoplasms are a consequence of this primary mutational event. Here, we use a rat mammary tissue recombination model and the chemical carcinogen N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) to determine whether the primary target of the carcinogen is the epithelium, the stroma or both tissue compartments. Mammary epithelial cells were exposed in vitro either to the carcinogen or vehicle before being transplanted into the cleared fat pads of rats exposed to carcinogen or vehicle. We observed that neoplastic transformation of these mammary epithelial cells occurred only when the stroma was exposed in vivo to NMU, regardless of whether or not the epithelial cells were exposed to the carcinogen. Mammary epithelial cells exposed in vitro to the carcinogen formed phenotypically normal ducts when injected into a non-treated stroma. Mutation in the Ha-ras-1 gene did not correlate with initiation of neoplasia. Not only was it often found in both cleared mammary fat pads of vehicle-treated animals and intact mammary glands of untreated animals, but it was also absent in some tumors. Our results suggest that the stroma is a crucial target of the carcinogen and that mutation in the Ha-ras-1 gene is neither necessary nor sufficient for tumor initiation.
Introduction: Natural resource‐dependent communities and persistent rural poverty in the U.S.—Part III

(1994). Introduction: Natural resource‐dependent communities and persistent rural poverty in the U.S.—Part II. Society & Natural Resources: Vol. 7, Natural Resource‐Department Communites and Persistent Rural Poverty in the U.S.—Part II, pp. 201-203.
Writing the American Ineffable, or the Mystery and Practice of Feng Shui in Everyday Life

The ancient practice of feng shui is an interpretive framework used by practitioners to channel positive energies into and through various environments, therefore altering or changing individuals’ fortunes. This article describes a variety of feng shui applications in relation to beliefs about the role of magic, mystery, and order in American life.
Toric residue codes: I

In this paper, we begin exploring the construction of algebraic codes from toric varieties using toric residues. Though algebraic codes have been constructed from toric varieties, they have all been evaluation codes, where one evaluates the sections of a line bundle at a collection of rational points. In the present paper, instead of evaluating sections of a line bundle at rational points, we compute the residues of differential forms at these points. We show that this method produces codes that are close to the dual of those produced by the first technique. We conclude by studying several examples, and also discussing applications of this technique to the construction of quantum stabilizer codes and also to decryption of toric evaluation codes.
Parallel canonical recoding

The author introduces a parallel algorithm for generating the canonical signed-digit expansion of an n-bit number in O(logn) time using O(n) gates. The algorithm is similar to the computation of the carries in a carry look-ahead circuit. It is also proven that if the binary number x + ⌋x/2⌊ is given, then the canonical signed-digit recoding of x can be computed in O(1) time using O(n) gates.
Our Master’s Voice, the Practice of Melancholy, and Minor Sciences

How do scientists and experts in marginal scientific fields think about themselves, their knowledge production, and their practices in relation to dominant sciences? In this article, drawing on fieldwork with a group of Lacanian psychoanalysts, I argue that what motivates much of the training, practice, and thought of some contemporary psychoanalysts is their place as practicing a minor science in relation to dominant forms of psychiatry and neuroscience in the United States. They are exemplary marginalized experts who articulate themselves and their work against mainstream forms of neuroscientific and psychiatric expertise. I adopt the concept of minor sciences from Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, who characterize them by their eminently political nature, their challenging of dominant sciences through intensive uses of language, and their disenfranchisement. Yet Deleuze and Guattari are relatively silent on the experiential qualities of practicing minor sciences. I turn to Sigmund Freud’s distinction of mourning and melancholia in relationship to lost objects, suggesting that one of the constituent components of minor sciences is a persistent state of melancholy related to the minor sciences’ struggling for relevance. Drawing on my fieldwork with a Lacanian community and their interest in who and what belongs to psychoanalytic thought, what threats endanger the status of psychoanalysis, and what is at stake in keeping psychoanalysis alive in the United States, I suggest that the power of melancholia proves vital to keeping minor sciences alive for marginalized experts.
Mathematics Education in the United States: Past to Present

This article presents a historical review of mathematics education since the late 1950s in the United States. Three themes are used to organize the literature reviewed in the article: (a) broad sociopolitical forces, particularly highly publicized educational policy statements; (b) trends in mathematics research; and (c) theories of learning and instruction. At times, these themes coincide, as was the case in the 1990s. In other cases, such as the recent push for educational accountability, these themes conflict. Nonetheless, the themes go a long way to explain the serpentine nature of reform in the United States over the last 45 years. This article also attempts to account for developments in special education as well as general education research, something that does not appear in most historical presentations of mathematics education.
Accuracy of head motion compensation for the HRRT: Comparison of methods

Motion correction in PET has become more important as system resolution has improved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of three motion compensation methods, event-by-event motion compensation with list-mode reconstruction (MOLAR), frame-based motion correction, and post-reconstruction image registration. Motion compensated image reconstructions were carried out with simulated HRRT data, using a range of motion information based on human motion data. ROI analyses in high contrast regions were performed to evaluate the accuracy of all the motion compensation methods, with particular attention to within-frame motion. Our study showed that MOLAR with list-mode based motion correction using accurate motion data can reliably correct for all reasonable head motions. Over all motions, the average ROI count was within 0.1±4.2% and 0.7±0.9% of the reference, no-motion value for two different ROIs. The location of the ROI centroid was found to be within 0.7±0.3mm of that of the reference image for the raphe nucleus. Frame-based motion compensation and post-reconstruction image registration were able to correct for small ( 10mm) motions, the average centroid locations of the raphe nucleus ROI had an offset error of 1.5±1.8mm and 1.8±1.8mm for each of the frame-based methods. For each frame-based method, the decrease in the average ROI intensity was 16.9±4.3% and 20.2±9.9% respectively for the raphe nucleus, and was 5.5±2.2% and 7.4±0.2% for putamen. Based on these data, we conclude that event-by-event based motion correction works accurately for all reasonable motions, whereas frame-based motion correction is accurate only when the within-frame motion is less than 10mm.
Modelling the costs and consequences of treating paediatric faecal impaction in Australia.

ABSTRACTObjective: To compare the costs and consequences of using oral macrogol 3350 plus electrolytes (macrogol 3350; Movicol) compared to enemas/suppositories, manual evacuation and naso-gastric administration of macrogol (NGA‐PEG) lavage solution in treating paediatric faecal impaction in Australia. * Movicol is a registered trade name of Norgine Ltd, Harefield, Middx, UKMethod: A decision model was constructed using published clinical outcomes, utilities and clinician-derived resource utilisation estimates. The model was used to determine the expected Commonwealth and parent costs associated with each treatment over the period of disimpaction and 12 weeks post-disimpaction, in Australian dollars at 2003/2004 prices.Results: 92% of oral macrogol 3350-treated patients are expected to be disimpacted within 6 days following initial treatment, compared with 79% of patients treated with enemas and suppositories who are expected to be disimpacted within 8 days. All patients are expected to be disimpacted wit...
COPPER NECK‐RINGS OF SOUTHERN ALASKA

In the narratives of the early European explorers who visited the Northwest coast of America in the latter half of the eighteenth century, frequent mention is made of objects, implements, and ornaments of copper found in possession of the natives. These were unquestionably of virgin metal and of home manufacture, for while odd pieces might have been carried across the continent during the course of centuries of trade and migration, the very abundance and the typical forms would argue to the contrary. The great copper fields of Alaska and the Northwest Territory, extending from Copper river through the White river district to the vicinity of White Pass were well known to the local inhabitants and furnished one of the principal sources of revenue in their trade with the coast Tlingit, long before the Pacific ocean was exploited by Europeans. The Chilcat, who occupy the head of Lynn Canal, controlled this trade, upon which their wealth and power greatly depended. They traveled inland in large bands two or three times a year, when they met the interior people by appointment, and traded with them on their own terms, for the Athapascan hunter, mild in character, living in patriarchal simplicity and following his food supply throughout the greater portion of the year, was dominated and held in practical vassalage by the more virile and savage Tlingit, and even as late as 1890 he was allowed to visit the coast only under escort, without the privilege of trading with outsiders. The arrogance of the Chilcat is best illustrated in their destruction of the Hudson's Bay Company's post at Fort Selkirk in 1852. They looked upon this interior trade as their exclusive right, and when the rich fur fields of the lower Yukon valley attracted the Company's attention and a factory was there established, a war-party under the leadership of Chartrich, the hereditary chief of the Connahtabee 644
Inflow/Outflow Boundary Conditions with Application to Fun3d

Several boundary conditions that allow subsonic and supersonic flow into and out of the computational domain are discussed. These boundary conditions are demonstrated in the FUN3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code which solves the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured computational meshes. The boundary conditions are enforced through determination of the flux contribution at the boundary to the solution residual. The boundary conditions are implemented in an implicit form where the Jacobian contribution of the boundary condition is included and is exact. All of the flows are governed by the calorically perfect gas thermodynamic equations. Three problems are used to assess these boundary conditions. Solution residual convergence to machine zero precision occurred for all cases. The converged solution boundary state is compared with the requested boundary state for several levels of mesh densities. The boundary values converged to the requested boundary condition with approximately second-order accuracy for all of the cases.
Structure of the VHL-ElonginC-ElonginB complex: implications for VHL tumor suppressor function.

Mutation of the VHL tumor suppressor is associated with the inherited von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) cancer syndrome and the majority of kidney cancers. VHL binds the ElonginC-ElonginB complex and regulates levels of hypoxia-inducible proteins. The structure of the ternary complex at 2.7 angstrom resolution shows two interfaces, one between VHL and ElonginC and another between ElonginC and ElonginB. Tumorigenic mutations frequently occur in a 35-residue domain of VHL responsible for ElonginC binding. A mutational patch on a separate domain of VHL indicates a second macromolecular binding site. The structure extends the similarities to the SCF (Skp1-Cul1–F-box protein) complex that targets proteins for degradation, supporting the hypothesis that VHL may function in an analogous pathway.
A randomized phase I/II study of continuous versus intermittent intravenous interferon gamma in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Thirty patients with documented metastatic melanoma were randomly assigned to receive recombinant DNA-produced gamma-interferon (specific activity approximately, 20 MU/mg) intravenously (IV) over either two or 24 hours at dosages of 3, 30, 300, 1,000, or 3,000 micrograms/m2. Objective toxicity resembled that of alpha-interferon and included fever, chills, myalgias, headache, and fatigue. Neutropenia, elevations in liver enzymes, tachyarrhythmias, and CNS changes also were noted. Dose-limiting toxicity included neutropenia, liver enzyme abnormality, constitutional symptoms, and a change in mental status. The incidence of toxicity was qualitatively similar in both two- and 24-hour treatment arms, but was quantitatively more severe in the 24-hour continuous infusion arm. Maximum tolerated dose was 1,000 micrograms/m2 in both schedules. Pharmacokinetic studies showed a half-life of six to nine hours. One patient had a complete response after two cycles of therapy and an additional patient entered partial remi...
Reconstructing the direction of reactor antineutrinos via electron scattering in Gd-doped water Cherenkov detectors

Abstract The potential of elastic antineutrino-electron scattering in a Gd-doped water Cherenkov detector to determine the direction of a nuclear reactor antineutrino flux was investigated using the recently proposed WATCHMAN antineutrino experiment as a baseline model. The expected scattering rate was determined assuming a 13-km standoff from a 3.758-GWt light water nuclear reactor and the detector response was modeled using a Geant4-based simulation package. Background was estimated via independent simulations and by scaling published measurements from similar detectors. Background contributions were estimated for solar neutrinos, misidentified reactor-based inverse beta decay interactions, cosmogenic radionuclides, water-borne radon, and gamma rays from the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), detector walls, and surrounding rock. We show that with the use of low background PMTs and sufficient fiducialization, water-borne radon and cosmogenic radionuclides pose the largest threats to sensitivity. Directional sensitivity was then analyzed as a function of radon contamination, detector depth, and detector size. The results provide a list of experimental conditions that, if satisfied in practice, would enable antineutrino directional reconstruction at 3 σ significance in large Gd-doped water Cherenkov detectors with greater than 10-km standoff from a nuclear reactor.
Race and Justice System Attitude Formation During the Transition to Adulthood

Although attitudes towards the justice system are directly related to crime commission, few studies have examined how these attitudes develop from adolescence through early adulthood. Further, despite knowledge that minority youth experience disproportionate contact with the justice system, it is unknown how legal socialization differs by racial group. This study investigates how attitudes towards the justice system develop as youth transition into adulthood, examines how personal experiences with the justice system affect legal socialization, and determines whether developmental processes differ for Black, White, and Latino youth. Data were obtained from a 7-year longitudinal study of male offenders (N = 1114). Individual growth curve models were used to examine attitude formation from adolescence into adulthood. Time-varying effects models were used to examine how experiences with the justice system affect legal socialization. Findings indicate that Black youth hold the most negative views of the system during adolescence, followed by Latino youth, and White youth. These racial differences become more pronounced as youth transition into adulthood. Further, although legitimacy and legal cynicism follow similar developmental trajectories, personal contacts with the justice system only affect legitimacy. Legal socialization from adolescence into young adulthood varies by race. The mechanisms that affect Black youth’s attitudes do not affect Latino youths’ attitudes, indicating that aggregating racial groups may mask meaningful differences. Despite engaging in the same amount of offending as White and Latino youth, Black youth are disproportionately contacted by the system. These disproportionate justice system contacts erode their perceptions of its legitimacy.
An Evolutionary Game Theory for Differential Equation Models with Reference to Ecosystem Management

Either through exploitation or conservation, man is constantly tinkering with ecosystems. On the one hand, we cultivate and harvest a selected few species in man-controlled environments, and on the other hand we recognize the importance of preserves, hoping that still other “wild” species will continue to exist in their “natural” environments (Albeit, in most cases the preserves are still subject to direct control and/or harvesting by man). Do we have any idea of the long-term evolutionary consequences of what our exploitation or conservation activities will be? We present here some new results from evolutionary game theory which, when used with appropriate differential equation models, has the capacity to predict the evolutionary response of biological systems subject to human inputs. These inputs include physiographic changes, harvesting, and the introduction or removal of new species. Some previous results are discussed in terms of ecosystem management and a new example is presented to demonstrate potential use of the theory in the treatment of cancer by chemotherapy.
Politics matter: changes in unionisation rates in rich countries, 1960–2010

We use the Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts database to examine the changes in collective bargaining coverage and union density among 21 OECD countries over the past 50 years. The observed patterns suggest that national politics are a more important determinant of recent trends in unionisation than globalisation or technological change.
Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus coeruleus: noradrenergic signaling system.

Aside from its roles in as a classical neurotransmitter involved in regulation of behavior, noradrenaline (NA) has other functions in the CNS. This includes restricting the development of neuroinflammatory activation, providing neurotrophic support to neurons, and providing neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years, it has become evident that disruption of physiological NA levels or signaling is a contributing factor to a variety of neurological diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis. The basis for dysregulation in these diseases is, in many cases, due to damage occurring to noradrenergic neurons present in the locus coeruleus (LC), the major source of NA in the CNS. LC damage is present in AD, multiple sclerosis, and a large number of other diseases and conditions. Studies using animal models have shown that experimentally induced lesion of LC neurons exacerbates neuropathology while treatments to compensate for NA depletion, or to reduce LC neuronal damage, provide benefit. In this review, we will summarize the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of NA, summarize examples of how LC damage worsens disease, and discuss several approaches taken to treat or prevent reductions in NA levels and LC neuronal damage. Further understanding of these events will be of value for the development of treatments for AD, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases and conditions having a neuroinflammatory component. The classical neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) has critical roles in modulating behaviors including those involved in sleep, anxiety, and depression. However, NA can also elicit anti-inflammatory responses in glial cells, can increase neuronal viability by inducing neurotrophic factor expression, and can reduce neuronal damage due to oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. NA is primarily produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), a relatively small brainstem nucleus near the IVth ventricle which sends projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. It has been known for close to 50 years that LC neurons are lost during normal aging, and that loss is exacerbated in neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. LC neuronal damage and glial activation has now been documented in a variety of other neurological conditions and diseases, however, the causes of LC damage and cell loss remain largely unknown. A number of approaches have been developed to address the loss of NA and increased inflammation associated with LC damage, and several methods are being explored to directly minimize the extent of LC neuronal cell loss or function. In this review, we will summarize some of the consequences of LC loss, consider several factors that likely contribute to that loss, and discuss various ways that have been used to increase NA or to reduce LC damage. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
The macrozooplankton community of Kosterfjorden, western Sweden. Abundance, biomass, and preliminary data on the life cycles of dominant species

Abstract The macrozooplankton abundance and biomass in Kosterfjorden (58°52' N, 11°06' E) were heavily dominated by the copepod Calanus finmarchicus/helgolandicus, euphausiid species being only temporarily important during summer. Carnivorous species contributed significantly, mainly in winter and spring. A comparison of zooplankton biomasses from coastal areas in Sweden and Norway indicates a direct relationship between water-column depth and community biomass. The macrozooplankton fauna in Kosterfjorden resembles that of Korsfjorden, western Norway by a similarity in the ranking of the quantitatively most important species. The siphonophore Dimophyes arctica, the polychaete Tomopteris helgolandica, and the crustaceans Chiridius armatus, Thysanoessa raschii, and {iParathemisto abyssorum} are more important in the former area, the crustaceans Calanus hyperboreus and Boreomysis arctica, and the chaetognath Eukrohnia hamata in the latter area. Analyses of the seasonal succession in the size structure and st...
Continuum and stochastic modeling on the role of gel microstructure in zeolite crystallization

Continuum and stochastic mathematical models are introduced describing zeolite nucleation and crystal growth from precursor gels. Model predictions are in agreement with existing experimental results. For example, the maximum in the nucleation rate profile under constant supersaturation is observed well before substantial crystallization occurs. Moreover, simulations indicate a strong influence of the gel microstructure on apparent crystallization kinetics, as well as particle size and morphology.
Adherence to general surgery prophylaxis guidelines at Alder Hey Children's Hospital

Objective The aim of surgical prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of developing surgical site infections. SIGN guidelines 1 suggest that in most cases a single dose of antibiotic with a long enough half-life to achieve activity throughout the procedure prevents surgical site infections, and that antibiotics selected for prophylaxis must cover the expected pathogens and should take into account local resistance patterns. Local guidelines for surgical prophylaxis are essential to ensure that the risks of surgical site infection and the development of antibiotic resistance are minimised. The objective of this audit is to determine adherence with the recently introduced Trust guidelines for prophylaxis in general surgery procedures. 2 Method A prospective study of general surgery procedures was undertaken over an 8-week period. Patient9s case notes, operative sheets and drug charts were reviewed and data collected on whether antibiotics were prescribed, choice of antibiotic, dose, duration, and switch to oral therapy. Data was analysed and tabulated in Microsoft Excel. Results 59 patients were included in the audit. In 24 cases, the patient did not receive prophylaxis. 11 of these cases (46%) should have received prophylaxis according to the Trust9s guideline. Fourty-two (49%) of the prescribed doses of antibiotics were not in accordance with doses recommended in the BNFc or the Trust care pathways, and the majority of these doses were lower doses than recommended. For those patients prescribed antibiotics, duration was documented in 13(62%) case notes and on 5(24%) drug charts. In 8(38%) cases the prescribed duration was in accordance with the Trust9s guideline. None of the 10 cases that lasted >3 h received a second dose of antibiotic during surgery. There was one case with a documented meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) positive status that did not have cefuroxime changed to teicoplanin and gentamicin as per the Trust guideline. Overall adherence with all parts of the Trust guideline was 31%. Conclusions This audit showed that overall adherence with the Trust guideline was low. Problems highlighted were: Prophylaxis was indicated but not prescribed in a number of cases. Duration of antibiotics was often longer than recommended. Antibiotic doses selected were frequently lower than that required. Patients were not re-dosed with antibiotics during prolonged procedures. MRSA positive patient did not receive appropriate prophylactic antibiotics. These problems could increase the risk of surgical site infections and encourage the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms. This audit shows that there is a lack of awareness of the guidelines amongst staff, in particular the General Surgeons and Ward Pharmacists. The findings of this audit will be presented to the General Surgeons to publicise the local guidelines, and to Ward pharmacists to encourage them to be more proactive in ensuring adherence to guidelines.
Absence of Cytotoxic Effect of Selected Pathogens on HLA B27 Positive Fibroblasts

SummaryA sensitive index of in vitro cell damage has been used to investigate the possibility that HLA B27-positive fibroblasts are peculiarly susceptible to those infectious agents incriminated in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. No evidence for differential susceptibility related to the presence or absence of the B27 antigen could be demonstrated.
Clues About Chromoblastomycotic and Other Dematiaceous Fungal Pathogens Based on Wangiella as a Model

Wangiella dermatitidis is an excellent model for discovering biologically and medically relevant information about other dematiaceous agents of mycosis. The major attribute of this phaeohyphomycotic fungus, which allows it to serve as a useful model, is its vegetative polymorphism. This polymorphism is expressed both in vivo and in vitro and programs a number of developmental choices leading to polarized growth by budding and hyphal apical extension or to a type of non-polarized, isotropic growth that produces spherically enlarged cells and multicellular forms. The latter phenotypes are virtually identical to the sclerotic bodies of chromoblastomycotic fungi. Study of the phenotypic switching between the polarized and isotropic growth forms has been possible because Wangiella can be induced to form the multicellular bodies from yeasts or hyphae in vitro by manipulation of culture medium pH, or by the incubation of certain cell-divisioncycle mutants at elevated temperatures. It is evident that this particular type of dimorphism involves considerable rearrangement of cell-wall synthetic and deposition patterns, and results from the inhibition of polarized budding or hyphal apical extension, without the inhibition of isotropic growth, nuclear division or cytokinesis. It is also becoming evident that Ca2+ may have a major regulatory role in the switching, because new results showed that at acidic pH a low, but critical, concentration of Ca2+ was crucial for multicellular-body development, higher concentrations allowed maintenance of polarized growth, and that a Ca2+/proton exchange mechanism might be involved. Support for this important role for Ca2+ has also been provided by other new results with EGTA. At high concentrations and at near neutral pH, this Ca2+ chelator caused a stage-specific, cell-cycle arrest in yeast cells, but at lower concentrations induced increasing numbers of cells to convert to multicellular forms. Parallel studies with the chromoblastomycotic fungi showed that Ca2+ also maintained the polarized growth of hyphae at very acidic pH, and that withholding Ca2+ by low concentrations of EGTA at more neutral pH induced isotropism and the formation of sclerotic bodies. These preliminary results with Ca2+ and the chromoblastomycotic fungi further validate the concept that W. dermatitidis continues to be an important model for dematiaceous pathogens of humans.
Thema und Material

Ein Vergleich der heutigen medizinischen Zeitschriften mit denjenigen aus dem Jahre 1905 ergibt eine ausgesprochene Veranderung in der Art der Aufsatze. Die therapeutischen Aufsatze der Vergangenheit mit auf Lieblingsideen der Verfasser beruhenden Vorschriften treten zuruck gegenuber wissenschaftlichen Beitragen uber therapeutische Methoden, uber Pharmakologie, Pathologie, Atiologie, uber diagnostische Methoden und Prophylaxe. Der Unterschied zwischen der fruheren und heutigen Zeit kann nur von Beobachtern voll erkannt werden, die damals tatig waren oder sich die Muhe nehmen, die Zeitschriften jener Zeit mit den heutigen zu vergleichen.
Analogues of the 3 x + 1 Problem in Polynomial Rings of Characteristic 2

ABSTRACTThe Collatz conjecture (also known as the 3x + 1 problem) concerns the behavior of the discrete dynamical system on the positive integers defined by iteration of the so-called 3x + 1 function. We investigate analogous dynamical systems in rings of functions of algebraic curves over . We prove in this setting a generalized analogue of a theorem of Terras concerning the asymptotic distribution of stopping times. We also present experimental data on the behavior of these dynamical systems.
Mapping Objective-C API to Java

Apple champions the use of Objective-C for iOS development and has prohibited the use of virtual machines in the past. In previous work we have shown how Java can be used as an alternative programming language for iOS applications. We described a byte code-level cross-compiler that translates Java-based applications to portable C code to circumvent this legal restriction. A major challenge not addressed in our previous work pose the significantly growing size of the iOS API, since every Objective-C based API needs to be exposed in Java. So far we required the necessary Java skeletons to be written by hand. Since its introduction in 2007, the iOS API has nearly doubled in size. Considering the size of the iOS API this approach does not scale. In this paper we describe an API mapping tool that can generate the required Java skeletons by parsing Objective-C header files. Emphasis is placed on mapping Objective-C’s dynamically typed API to strongly typed API in Java.
Small Data, Mid Data, and Big Data Versus Algebra, Analysis, and Topology [Perspectives]

Big data has become a hot topic during the last few years. But at times, its meaning has been quite confusing. I hope that through sharing my thoughts in this article, we can have a better understanding of what big data is.
A Generalized Multidimensional Evaluation Framework for Player Goal Recognition

Recent years have seen a growing interest in player modeling, which supports the creation of player-adaptive digital games. A central problem of player modeling is goal recognition, which aims to recognize players’ intentions from observable gameplay behaviors. Player goal recognition offers the promise of enabling games to dynamically adjust challenge levels, perform procedural content generation, and create believable NPC interactions. A growing body of work is investigating a wide range of machine learning-based goal recognition models. In this paper, we introduce GOALIE, a multidimensional framework for evaluating player goal recognition models. The framework integrates multiple metrics for player goal recognition models, including two novel metrics, n-early convergence rate and standardized convergence point . We demonstrate the application of the GOALIE framework with the evaluation of several player goal recognition models, including Markov logic network-based, deep feedforward neural network-based, and long short-term memory network-based goal recognizers on two different educational games. The results suggest that GOALIE effectively captures goal recognition behaviors that are key to next-generation player modeling.
Poor prognostic features in angiosarcoma: A single institution retrospective study of 324 patients.

10580 Background: Angiosarcoma (AS) is a rare, malignant endothelial cell tumor of vascular origin with a five year overall survival (OS) of approximately 35%. It is a heterogenous disease whose na...
On the Symmetry Reduction of Information Inequalities

Information inequalities can be used to derive the fundamental limits of information systems. Many information inequalities and problem-specific constraints are linear equalities or inequalities of joint entropies, and thus, outer bounding the fundamental limits can be viewed as and in principle computed through linear programming. However, for many practical engineering problems, the resultant linear program (LP) is very large, rendering such a computational approach almost completely inapplicable in practice. It was shown recently that symmetry can be used to effectively reduce the scale of the LP; however, the precise amount of reduction was not well understood. In this paper, we provide a method to pinpoint this reduction by counting the number of orbits induced by the symmetry on the set of the LP variables and the LP constraints, respectively. The Polya counting theorem is a powerful tool for such counting task, which requires identifying the cycle index function. We propose a generic three-layer decomposition of the group structures for the quantities in typical information systems to facilitate such a calculation. Three problems are studied using this approach: extremal pairwise cyclically symmetric entropy inequalities, the regenerating code problem, and the caching problem, for which explicit formulas are provided for the cycle indices of the induced permutations.
Educational Learning Theory

This discussion is organized around three general perspectives that have developed in educational research, which we refer to as empiricist, rationalist,and pragmatist–sociohistoric. Current manifestations of these three perspectives are the behavioristperspective, the cognitive perspective, and the situativeperspective. While each perspective is valuable, they frame theoretical and practical issues in distinctive and complementary ways, somewhat in the way that physics, chemistry, and biology frame issues surrounding genetic replication in different ways. We address three different issues from each of these perspectives: (a) the nature of knowing, (b) the nature of learning and transfer, and (c) the nature of motivation and engagement, with an emphasis on learning and transfer.
NATIONAL TRENDS AND OUTCOMES FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare cardiac malformation associated with abnormalities of the tricuspid valve (TV) and right ventricle. Operative correction may reduce heart failure symptoms. Existing series are limited by small sample sizes and varied results. We sought to define the nationwide utilization
Augmented Th17 Differentiation Leads to Cutaneous and Synovio-Entheseal Inflammation in a Novel Model of Psoriatic Arthritis.

Objective To introduce a novel preclinical animal model of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in R26Stat3Cstopfl/fl CD4Cre mice, and to investigate the role of Th17 cytokines in the disease pathogenesis. Methods We characterized a novel murine model of Th17-driven cutaneous and synovio-entheseal disease directed by T cell-specific expression of a hyperactive Stat3 allele. By crossing R26Stat3Cstopfl/fl CD4Cre mice onto an interleukin-22 (IL-22)-knockout background or treating the mice with a neutralizing antibody against IL-17, we interrogated how these Th17 cytokines could contribute to the pathogenesis of PsA. Results R26Stat3Cstopfl/fl CD4Cre mice developed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and parakeratosis of the skin, as well as enthesitis/tendinitis and periarticular bone erosion in different joints, accompanied by osteopenia. T cell-specific expression of a hyperactive Stat3C allele was found to drive the augmented Th17 response in these animals. Careful characterization of the mouse bone marrow revealed an increase in osteoclast progenitor (OCP) and RANKL-producing cells, which contributed to the osteopenia phenotype observed in the mutant animals. Abrogation of the Th17 cytokines IL-17 or IL-22 improved both the skin and bone phenotype in R26Stat3Cstopfl/fl CD4Cre mice, revealing a central role of Th17 cells in the regulation of OCP and RANKL expression on stromal cells. Conclusion Perturbation of the IL-23/Th17 axis instigates Th17-mediated inflammation in R26Stat3Cstopfl/fl CD4Cre mice, leading to cutaneous and synovio-entheseal inflammation and bone pathologic features highly reminiscent of human PsA. Both IL-17A and IL-22 produced by Th17 cells appear to play critical roles in promoting the cutaneous and musculoskeletal inflammation that characterizes PsA.
Fast Monte Carlo Photon Transport Simulations for Heterogeneous Computing Systems

We develop a high performance Monte Carlo (MC) photon transport simulation package using the OpenCL framework for heterogeneous computing systems. The scalable and portable performance over a wide range of modern computing devices are characterized.