cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young African American children constructing academic and disciplinary identities in an urban science classroom

In this paper, I offer a framework for exploring the academic and disciplinary identities young African American children construct in urban science classrooms. Using interviews, fieldnotes, and videotapes of classroom lessons, I juxtapose the ways in which two children tell about their experiences in school and science with their performances of self in the midst of complex, spontaneous classroom engagements with their peers and teacher. I found that the children's performances of self in the classroom were consistent with the ways they spoke about themselves in the interviews. I also found that the academic identities they constructed were different from their disciplinary identities, and these differing identities were consistent across analytic contexts. Moreover, the identities the children constructed in the interviews nuanced my understandings of what I observed in the classroom in significant ways. I argue that juxtaposing narrated and performed analytical contexts offers affordances for understanding academic and disciplinary identities constructions in school and science. Moreover, it is important both to listen to children's stories about their experiences in addition to observing their ways of being in the classroom to fully understand their experiences of school and science. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:457–487, 2012
Brugada-Type Electrocardiographic Pattern Induced by Cocaine

Right bundle branch block with coved ST-segment elevation in leads VI through V 3 is the electrocardiographic (ECG) marker of the Brugada syndrome. We describe a healthy young man with a normal baseline ECG in whom a transient Brugada pattern was observed repeatedly after recreational cocaine use. Intravenous administration of procainamide and subsequent intravenous propranolol followed by noradrenaline failed to reproduce the Brugada sign. An electrophysiologic study performed in the presence of the Brugada ECG pattern showed no inducible arrhythmias. This case illustrates that, in susceptible individuals, cocaine may provoke the Brugada sign. The clinical importance of this cocaine-induced ECG abnormality is currently unknown.
Delayed diagnosis of a laryngotracheoesophageal cleft

Laryngotracheoesophageal (LTE) clefts are rare anomalies of the airway. Surgical correction has been performed in all cases reported in the literature for clefts diagnosed during life. Posterior laryngeal clefts (PLC) are defined as minor (type I) to severe (type IV), with types III and IV being further described as LTE clefts. Type I clefts have been observed with an increased frequency of up to 6% of all pediatric direct laryngoscopies performed at a tertiary pediatric referral hospital. These can be managed medically and seldom require surgical correction. A case is presented of a boy whose initial diagnosis of LTE cleft (PLC type III) was made at age 7 years. His presenting complaints were chronic airway symptoms without airway distress. He developed only two episodes of pneumonia. Surgical correction was not performed. This young athlete has been followed for more than 6 years without significant problems. This appears to be the only case found in the literature of the successful management of a LTE cleft that has not required surgical correction. Photographic documentation and suggestions on endoscopic diagnosis are presented.
47 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF CEREBRO-VASCULAR CO2-REACTIVITY IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Studies in animals and human adults have shown that ischemic brain lesions are associated with dysregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and loss of pCO2-reactivity. We measured CBF by means of the iv Xe-133 method in 60 premature babies at days 1, 3 and 7, and asked whether (i) changes in arterial pCO2 might influence CBF, and (ii) whether periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) might impair CO2-reactivity. Patients: birthweight 1072 ± 156 g, gestational age 29.1± 2.1 wk. US was normal in 17 (28%), 14 (23%) had subependymal (SEH), and 11 (18%) intraventricular (IVH) hemorrhage; 10 (17%) had increased parenchymal echodensities (IPE), and 8 (13%) cystic PVL. In normal babies and those with SEH/IVH only, a positive correlation between pCO2 and CBF was found on day 3 (r = 0. 49, p<0.01, n=29); multiple regression showed that the influence of pCO2 was significant and independent of Hkt, MABP and [HbF] at all days. The CO2-reactivity (Δ %CBF/ΔmmHg pCO2) was measured in 12 infants of this US-group. Mean: +3.47%/mmHg. In infants with IPE/PVL, CBF was not correlated with pCO2 and mean CO2-reactivity significantly reduced to -0.85% (p < 0.0001). Thus, normal babies and those with SEH/IVH only, have a CO2-reactivity comparable to normal adults. Infants with IPE/PVL show dysregulation of CBF with loss of CO2-reactivity before brain lesions can be visualized by means of US, Supp: NF 3.894.
Damage Caused by the Rogue Trustee

Fifty-nine community college presidents and chancellors in 16 states report on the damage caused by rogue trustees. While the damage to presidents, other trustees, and faculty and staff is alarming, the damage these trustees cause the college suggests that the rogue trustee may be the single most destructive force ever to plague an educational institution. Individuals can resign or retire from an institution, but the college remains in the community where the damage of a rogue trustee is insidious and long-range. Some readers will find these accounts of damage disturbing; in the next article, the participating presidents offer a number of creative strategies for addressing the problems created by rogue trustees.
Template Copying: Passing lanes for polymerases?

A recent experiment shows that a replication fork can pass an RNA polymerase molecule moving along the same DNA strand in the same direction without displacing it from the template it is copying.
Asymmetries of cortical shape: Effects of handedness, sex and schizophrenia

Some evidence suggests that sex, handedness and disease processes associated with schizophrenia affect the magnitude and/or direction of structural brain asymmetries. There are mixed findings, however, on how these factors influence cerebral torque, when torque is assessed with linear or volumetric measurements. We obtained MRI data from 67 healthy (30 males, 10 non-dextrals) and 84 schizophrenia subjects (60 males; 16 non-dextrals) and applied cortical pattern matching to spatially relate and compare differences in the surface morphology of the two cerebral hemispheres at high spatial resolution. Asymmetry indices, computed at thousands of matched hemispheric locations, were used to examine effects of sex, handedness and schizophrenia on hemispheric shape asymmetries while controlling for age and the other factors. Highly significant and discriminative right-frontal and left parietal–occipital surface expansions and protrusions (petalias) were mapped within groups. Although hemispheric shape asymmetries appeared less pronounced within female non-dextrals, asymmetry indices were not shown to differ significantly across sex, hand preference or diagnosis, or to reveal interactions of handedness with sex or diagnosis. Our 3D maps of spatially detailed anterior and posterior hemispheric shape asymmetries reflect subtle geometric distortions in hemispheric surface morphology that cannot be characterized with 2D or volumetric methods. Inter-individual variations in hemispheric torque appear minimally influenced by sex, dextrality or disease status. Biological factors driving language dominance or other lateralized brain functions dissociable from handedness, may more closely relate to hemispheric shape asymmetries, while the lateralization of other discrete brain regions may be more influenced by sexually dimorphic factors or by schizophrenia pathophysiology.
Evaluating the training of Filipino American community health advisors to disseminate colorectal cancer screening.

Community health advisor-led interventions are associated with improved health promotion behaviors, such as cancer screening, but the process of training community health advisors is rarely described and evaluated. We trained 91 Filipino Americans from 19 organizations to conduct small-group sessions with members of their organizations to promote colorectal cancer screening. Community health advisors completed brief pre- and post-training surveys that included knowledge of colorectal cancer screening guidelines (four items), perceived self-efficacy of performing specific tasks (15-item scale, Cronbach’s alpha > 0.90) and satisfaction with the training itself (five items). Community health advisors had high levels of knowledge and self-efficacy at pre-training, but levels increased significantly immediately after the 6-h training (percent of knowledge items answered correctly: 63–94 %; self-efficacy: 8.2–8.9 on a 10 point scale, both p < 0.001). Correlates of self-efficacy at pre- and post-test were high educational attainment, health care background, high level of participation in the organization, being perceived by others as a leader, and frequent participation in research activities in the past. Consistent evaluation measuring similar constructs across studies may help to standardize the quality of the training, and may improve the implementation of community health advisor-led programs.
Relaxation Phenomena in Lithium‐Ion‐Insertion Cells

Relaxation phenomena in lithium-ion-insertion cells are modeled. Simulation results are presented for a dual lithium-ion-insertion cell and for a cell using a lithium-foil negative electrode. A period of relaxation after a charge or discharge can cause appreciable changes in the distribution of material in the insertion electrodes. Local concentration cells in the solution phase and an open-circuit potential that depends on state of charge for the solid phase drive the redistribution of material. Concentration profiles in solid and solution phases during relaxation are analyzed, and the consequences for cell performance are discussed. The model predicts the effects of relaxation time on multiple charge-discharge cycles and on peak power. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic charging are simulated; the results are compared to experimental data for a commercial battery.
Investment fund vehicles for pan-European real estate: a technical and commercial review

The aim of this paper is to provide a technical and commercial review of pan-European real estate investment fund vehicles, including a summary of their evolution to date, who their promoters and managers are, where the capital comes from and what type of real estate are they investing in. It goes on to provide detailed guidance on commercial aspects relevant in deciding on which type of investment vehicle to choose, the key attributes of the various vehicles and the specific regulatory and tax issues for major investor groups. The paper concludes by offering a view on progress towards future vehicles such as the ‘EuroREIT’. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
AC inductance measurements of high temperature superconductors

Abstract AC inductance measurements are frequently used to determine the properties of superconductive materials. Both the real and the imaginary (absorptive) components of the sample susceptibility can be measured by these techniques. For high temperature superconductors the absorptive component typically shows one or more peaks versus temperature, with the peak temperature depending upon the AC frequency and AC field strength and whether a DC field is present. The dependence of this peak temperature upon DC magnetic field is called the irreversibility line IL. The IL is different for different materials and for different forms of the same material; it is considered to represent a critical magnetic field line which separates magnetically reversible regions above the line from irreversible regions below the line. This behavior has been discussed in terms of magnetic glass transitions, flux lattice melting, and thermally activated flux flow theories. The IL is important because theory suggests that a critical current JC cannot exist in the reversible region, so that this line defines the magnetic field temperature conditions in which a JC can exist. In this work data will be presented determining the IL for bulk and particularly for thin film HTSC materials as a function of AC frequency, magnetic field strength, and temperature. Some correlations will be made with critical currents calculated from hysteresis measurements and the critical state model.
Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen in proteins.

Biological macromolecules expand with increasing temperature and this dynamic expansion is associated with the onset of function. The expansion is typically characterized by the mean square vibrational displacement (MSD), of specific constituents such as hydrogen within the macromolecules. The increases with increasing temperature and the slope of versus temperature can increase significantly at a temperature T{D} identified as a dynamical transition. We illustrate that the observed expansion and change in slope of with temperature at T{D} can be reproduced within a simple model of the vibration, an atom in an anharmonic potential, V(u). Given V(u), only the temperature is varied in the model. A simple Gaussian potential or a potential containing a hard wall is particularly effective is reproducing the observed change in the slope of with temperature around T{D}.
Adaptive road-following preview control using radius of curvature data

We consider a tracking problem for a car moving at a constant speed on a piecewise-circular road with known radius-of-curvature. Retrospective-cost-based adaptive control is applied under various off-nominal conditions, including unknown bank and inclination angles. A preview estimate of the time-to-departure, based on radius-of-curvature information, is used to define a performance variable.
Synthesis and characterization of high-quality ZnS, ZnS:Mn2+, and ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS (core/shell) luminescent nanocrystals.

High-quality ZnS, ZnS:Mn2+, and ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS (core/shell) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized via a high-boiling solvent process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The monodisperse ZnS NCs (size = 8 nm), which self-assembled into several micrometer-sized domains, were achieved by adopting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the reaction process (without using a size-selection process). The obtained ZnS:Mn2+ and ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS core/shell NCs are highly crystalline and quasimonodisperse with an average particle size of 6.1 and 8.4 nm, respectively. All of the as-formed NCs can be well dispersed in hexane to form stable and clear colloidal solutions, which show strong visible emission (blue for ZnS and red-orange for ZnS:Mn2+ and ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS) under UV excitation. The growth of a ZnS shell on ZnS:Mn2+ NCs, that is, the formation of ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS core/sh...
Inverse design of axisymmetric flow passages using compressible viscous flow theory

A study reported by Yang and Hudson (1971) was extended by Nelson (1971), who presented a method of inverse design for axisymmetric diffusers. The diffusers obtained with the aid of this method were found to function well under certain conditions, while, for other cases, a modification of the analytical design procedure was required. An outline is provided of the method of inverse solution in simple axisymmetric internal flow passages. Attention is given to governing equations, the method of solution, and examples which illustrate the feasibility of the design procedure. The discussed method, which is based on viscous compressible flow theory, has some limitations. However, it is expected to yield good designs in many practical cases in which the existing design must be modified.
Privacy preserving Back-propagation neural network learning over arbitrarily partitioned data

Neural networks have been an active research area for decades. However, privacy bothers many when the training dataset for the neural networks is distributed between two parties, which is quite common nowadays. Existing cryptographic approaches such as secure scalar product protocol provide a secure way for neural network learning when the training dataset is vertically partitioned. In this paper, we present a privacy preserving algorithm for the neural network learning when the dataset is arbitrarily partitioned between the two parties. We show that our algorithm is very secure and leaks no knowledge (except the final weights learned by both parties) about other party’s data. We demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm by experiments on real world data.
Sonic method of checking quality of insulating refractories

The sonic method of checking the quality of insulating refractories is being introduced at the Snigirev Refractories Plant. This method accelerates the certifying of the products 12–15 times, improves the reliability of the checking process, and also improves working conditions. The method can be used in factories manufacturing insulating refractories.
Introduction to the LACA III Feature Issue of Applied Optics.

This is the introduction to the Applied Optics feature issue on Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis III. The issue is an outgrowth of the Topical Meeting on Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis III that was held in January 1992.
Using what we know about couples in the context of chronic pain to push for continued progress: Commentary on vivekanantham and colleagues

The existent literature on the experience of chronic pain suggests that it is a complex phenomenon. Studies highlight the importance of social factors, notably relationships with close others, as an important factor in the experience of pain and pain outcomes [1]. The paper by Vivekanantham and colleagues in this issue presents a unique way to examine how both members of a couple can impact relationship satisfaction in the context of chronic pain. The findings from this work suggest that spouses of patients with chronic pain who have symptoms of depression experience significantly lower satisfaction with some aspects of marital relationship. Additionally, the findings suggest that for spouses who are not depressed, increases in patient pain severity may serve as a “bonding agent” as measured by consensus in the relationship. This paper provides an interesting addition to the literature and offers a chance to reflect on what has been learned in terms of couples relationships and pain. It may also help provide insight for both clinicians and researchers as to how to continue to progress forward in this important area of study. One of the …
Introducing Micronesian stick charts as models of visual technical communication

“Stick charts” once used to familiarize indigenous sailors with the currents and swells encountered during voyages through the lagoons of the Marshall Islands are excellent examples of the visual communication of complex information. Discussion of and exercises with these “stick charts” within a technical communication class promote understanding of many aspects of visual rhetoric.
Contextualism, psychological science, and the question of ontology

Abstract There has recently been a renewed interest in philosophy among some psychologists, particularly those working within the modern behavior analytic framework known as contextual behavioral science. Functional contextualism (FC) has emerged as an alternative to the dominant mechanistic view – generally associated with epistemological realism—within psychology. The most controversial feature of FC has been its so-called “a-ontological” stance, in which it is argued that any statements about even the mere existence of a reality independent of human sensation are meaningless. We argue that FC in fact requires the assumption of the existence of such a “reality,” which we term an “independent, textured substratum,” if it is to serve as an orienting function for psychological science. Moreover, wholesale rejection of any reference to any ontological dimension is itself incommensurate with the analytic goals of FC in that it unnecessarily alienates scientists who might otherwise find value in the sensitivities of FC.
Inter-rater reliability in child sexual abuse diagnosis among expert reviewers

OBJECTIVES: To determine how well experts agree when assessing child sexual abuse cases. METHODS: A total of twelve physician subjects were recruited and voluntarily enrolled from an existing peer review network. Experts from the network had been chosen for their experience in the field and their affiliation with children's advocacy centers. Each expert submitted three cases of prepubertal female genital examinations clearly demonstrable of the case findings. Submitted cases included demographics, history, physical and genital exam findings, photodocumentation, and diagnosis. Experts reviewed each submitted case and labeled the case negative for physical finding(s), positive for physical finding(s), or indeterminate. Cases were analyzed to determine the level of agreement. RESULTS: Thirty-six cases were submitted for use in this study; one case was excluded prior to starting the review process. After all experts completed their reviews the authors reviewed the cases and results. Two additional cases were excluded, one due to poor quality photodocumentation and one for not meeting the study criteria. Thirty-three cases were used for data analysis. All 12 expert reviewers agreed in 15 of the cases. Overall, in 22 of 33 (67%) cases at least 11 of the 12 reviewers agreed with the original diagnosis. Six of 33 (18%) cases had variable agreement (8-10 reviewers agreed with original diagnosis) among reviewers; 5 of 33 (15%) cases had poor or mixed agreement (7 or less reviewers agreed with original diagnosis). CONCLUSIONS: Experts exhibit consensus in cases where the findings clearly are normal and abnormal, but demonstrate much more variability in cases where the diagnostic decisions are less obvious. Most of the diagnostic variability is due to interpretation of the findings as normal, abnormal or indeterminate, not on the perception of the examination findings themselves. More research should be done to develop a national consensus on the accurate interpretation of anogenital examination findings. Photographic image quality plays an important role in this quality review process and universally needs to be improved. Language: en
Does exposure to heterospecific males affect sexual preferences of female buntings (Passerina)

Abstract Abstract. Indigo buntings, Passerina cyanea , and lazuli buntings, P. amoena , form hybrid pairs during the breeding season, although the frequency of hybrid pairs is less than expected if mating is at random. The antecedent conditions leading to hybrid pairing are unknown. In the experiment reported here, adult female indigo and lazuli buntings from allopatric populations were photostimulated and implanted with oestradiol to attain reproductive condition in the presence of heterospecific males. Females were exposed for 25 days to vocal and visual displays of heterospecific males while developing reproductive physiology and behaviour. Females were then tested for their preferences, as indicated by copulation solicitation displays, for conspecific versus heterospecific males and their vocalizations. Additionally, songs of several males were recorded before and after exposure to females and subsequently examined for structural modifications that may have been caused by the exposure to heterospecific females. Females of both species preferred conspecific males and their vocalizations in tests following the heterospecific exposure treatments. Comparisons with previous experiments on female buntings suggested that the 25-day stimulation from heterospecific males was unable to alter female preference for conspecific males. Nor were male songs structurally altered as a consequence of exposure to heterospecific females.
The Shu'ûbîyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran

“In a state of rude nature”, wrote Edmund Burke, “there is no such thing as a people… The idea of a people is the idea of a corporation. It is wholly artificial; and made, like all other legal fictions, by common agreement. What the particular nature of that agreement was, is collected from the form into which the particular society has been cast”. Whether the Iranians in the early Islamic period — that is, the period from the seventh to the twelfth century — were in Burke's sense a “people” is a question that the cautious scholar would be eager to disregard and loath to handle. After all, those specialists on early Islamic Iran who have, directly or indirectly, expressed opinions on this subject have all too often projected events from the life of their own nation and times back to these earlier centuries. In no case is this projection more obvious than in the many essays written in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which see this question only as a question of “national liberation”: did the Iranians hate the Arabs, and did they hope to regain their empire by destroying, or profoundly reshaping, the empire of the Muslim caliphs?
Farey series, hierarchy structure, and scaling theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect.

In this paper, we present a unique procedure, with physical justification, for the hierarchical construction of quantum Hall states (QHS). We have connected the hierarchy structure of the filling fractions of QHS constructed using our rule with the Farey-number hierarchy structure. This connection reveals that our hierarchy structure is self-similar. Based on this hierarchy structure, we propose a renormalization-group (RG) flow diagram for the scaling behavior of transitions between Hall plateaus. We discuss and compare our results with Jain's hierarchy theory and other previous scaling theories of the quantum Hall effect. The difference can be examined by future experiments.
4577 Physician resource utilization for endoscopic ultrasound vs. ercp.

INTRODUCTION: EUS and ERCP each represent hybrids of endoscopy and radiology that require special expertise and equipment. Despite these similarities, reimbursement for EUS is less than for ERCP. HYPOTHESIS: Physician resource utilization for EUS and ERCP as determined by procedure length is similar. AIM: Compare EUS and ERCP procedure lengths from a large multicenter database. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the CORI (Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative) database of all EUS (recorded 2/4/98 - 6/30/99) and ERCPs (recorded 6/30/97 - 6/30/99). Data were analyzed as to demographics and procedure length (minutes) of upper EUS vs ERCP, with subset analysis of EUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) vs. therapeutic ERCP (ERCP with at least one therapeutic procedure: sphincterotomy, stent placement/replacement, stone removal, dilation). Statistical analysis was performed using the JMP module of SAS software. P-values were calculated using Student's T-test. RESULTS: 1452 upper EUS exams (65% male & 35% female) and 2110 ERCPs (57% male & 43% female) were recorded during the periods specified. EUS was performed by 42 endoscopists (60% University based, 40% VA based) at 19 sites (50% University, 50% VA). ERCP was performed by 103 endoscopists (60% University based, 28% VA based, 12% private practice) at 28 sites (69% University, 23% VA, 8% private practice). The mean age of patients undergoing upper EUS vs. ERCP was 61.0±13.6 yrs vs. 55.3 ± 17.5 yrs (mean ± SD, p
ToxR (RegA)-mediated in vitro transcription of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxA.

Abstract Exotoxin A (ETA) has been described as a major virulence factor produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The transcription of the ETA structural gene (toxA) has been shown to be positively regulated by the product of the toxR gene (also called regA). However, the mechanism by which ToxR regulates toxA transcription is still under investigation. We have expressed toxR in Escherichia coli under the control of the T7 promoter and purified the wild-type ToxR protein. We have also produced ToxR as a fusion protein consisting of the first 12 amino acids of the T7 capsid protein attached to the N terminus of the intact ToxR protein. In the present study we have developed and used an in vitro transcription assay in order to investigate the mechanism of ToxR-mediated transcriptional regulation of toxA. Under the conditions of this in vitro assay toxA transcription requires the toxR product in addition to P. aeruginosa RNA polymerase (RNAP). Both the native and the T7::ToxR fusion proteins facilitate initiation of toxA transcription in vitro in the presence of Pseudomonas RNAP. Additional studies using (i) specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) indirect immunoprecipitation; and (iii) gel-filtration chromatography, indicate that ToxR binds to the purified Pseudomonas RNAP and strengthens the possibility that ToxR may be an alternative sigma factor. Furthermore, the ToxR-mediated transcription toxA is increased approx. threefold in the presence of crude cytoplasmic extracts from P. aeruginosa ToxR + or ToxR − RegB − strains, indicating that additional factors play a role in the efficient and optimal transcription of toxA.
Multiphysics model of thermomechanical and helium-induced damage of tungsten during plasma heat transients

Abstract A combination of transient heating and bombardment by helium and hydrogen atoms has been experimentally proven to lead to severe surface and sub-surface damage. We developed a computational model to determine the relationship between the thermomechanical loading conditions and the onset of damage and failure of tungsten surfaces. The model is based on a thermoelasticity fracture damage approach that was developed using the phase field method. The model simulates the distribution of helium bubbles inside the grains and on grain boundaries using space-dependent rate theory. In addition, the model is coupled with a transient heat conduction analysis for temperature distributions inside the material. The results show the effects of helium bubbles on reducing tungsten surface energy. Further, a temperature gradient in the material equals to 10 K/μm, resulted in deep cracks propagating from the tungsten surface.
T-regulatory cells in lymph nodes: correlation with sex and HIV status.

Because T-regulatory cells (Tregs) can harmfully impair HIV-specific responses or beneficially limit immune activation, we compared the number of Tregs in lymph nodes from 48 HIV+ patients and 106 HIV– subjects. By using a microscope counting grid, we found that the mean ± SD number of Tregs in lymph nodes was 3 times greater in HIV+ males than HIV+ females (23.5 ± 20.7 vs 7.8 ± 7.7; P = .0006) and almost twice as great in HIV+ males than HIV– males (23.5 ± 20.7 vs 13.5 ± 15.5; P = .04). There were fewer Tregs in HIV+ females than in HIV– females (mean ± SD, 7.8 ± 7.7 vs 13.4 ± 13.3; P = .04). HIV+ males compared with HIV+ females had higher viral loads (VLs) and lower peripheral blood (PB) CD4 cell counts (mean ± SD, 239,841 ± 307,494 vs 73,038 ± 146,763 copies/mL and 262 ± 207 vs 466 ± 278/mm 3 ; P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). Our data show that Tregs in lymph nodes from HIV+ patients are positively correlated with VL and negatively correlated with PB CD4 counts. These findings suggest that Tregs might impair an HIV-specific immune response, which could be modified by sex, or, alternatively, an increased VL causes increased Tregs.
Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst For Conservation

Noted historian Robin W. Winks offers an in-depth look at the life and accomplishments of Laurance Rockefeller. This deftly argued and gracefully written volume explains and explores Rockefeller's role in shaping the transition from traditional land conservation to a more inclusive environmentalism. Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for Conservation provides a broad interpretation of the history of environmental protection through the work of one of this country's most visionary conservationists.
Congenital Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Coarctation of the Aorta A Spectrum that Includes Parachute Deformity of the Mitral Valve

Fifty-three specimens in which the primary diagnosis in life was coarctation of the aorta were examined; only nine had a mitral valve of normal size and configuration. Ten specimens had a normally formed valve mechanism which was small in comparison to both tricuspid valve and left ventricle. Three other specimens had a normally formed but small valve which exhibited a short free margin of the anterior leaflet. The remaining 31 specimens demonstrated various anomalies which included some forms of parachute mitral valve. The spectrum of malformations may be divided into three basic types: some showed fused or closely apposed chordae tendineae, due to nondevelopment of the intervening space; in others the space between the papillary muscles and the ventricular wall was underdeveloped, which prevented the papillary muscles from moving independently of the ventricular wall. The third type was found in a case of parachute mitral valve, where the chordae tendineae were attached solely to the anterolateral papil...
HIV Prevention Interventions to Reduce Sexual Risk for African Americans: The Influence of Community-Level Stigma and Psychological Processes

Interventions to improve public health may benefit from consideration of how environmental contexts can facilitate or hinder their success. We examined the extent to which efficacy of interventions to improve African Americans' condom use practices was moderated by two indicators of structural stigma-Whites' attitudes toward African Americans and residential segregation in the communities where interventions occurred. A previously published meta-analytic database was re-analyzed to examine the interplay of community-level stigma with the psychological processes implied by intervention content in influencing intervention efficacy. All studies were conducted in the United States and included samples that were at least 50% African American. Whites' attitudes were drawn from the American National Election Studies, which collects data from nationally representative samples. Residential segregation was drawn from published reports. Results showed independent effects of Whites' attitudes and residential segregation on condom use effect sizes. Interventions were most successful when Whites' attitudes were more positive or when residential segregation was low. These two structural factors interacted: Interventions improved condom use only when communities had both relatively positive attitudes toward African Americans and lower levels of segregation. The effect of Whites' attitudes was more pronounced at longer follow-up intervals and for younger samples and those samples with more African Americans. Tailoring content to participants' values and needs, which may reduce African Americans' mistrust of intervention providers, buffered against the negative influence of Whites' attitudes on condom use. The structural factors uniquely accounted for variance in condom use effect sizes over and above intervention-level features and community-level education and poverty. Results highlight the interplay of social identity and environment in perpetuating intergroup disparities. Potential mechanisms for these effects are discussed along with public health implications.
Selective metal ion recognition using a fluorescent 1,8-diquinolylnaphthalene-derived sensor in aqueous solution

Abstract The use of anti -1,8-bis(2,2′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diquinolyl)naphthalene, 1 , for metal ion-selective fluorescence recognition has been investigated. Employing CuCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , FeCl 2 , and FeCl 3 in fluorescence titration experiments of 1 revealed formation of a bluegreen light emitting bimetallic complex. A dramatic red-shift of the fluorescence maximum of 1 and metal ion-selective quenching was observed in the presence of Cu(II), Fe(II), and Fe(III)chlorides in acetonitrile. By contrast, addition of ZnCl 2 was found to result in fluorescence enhancement, whereas Cu(I) did not induce any significant fluorescence change of 1 . The sensor was found to undergo highly ion-selective fluorescence quenching in aqueous solution. Screening of main group and transition metal ions showed excellent selectivity for FeCl 3 even in the presence of competing metal ions.
County-level correlation between adult obesity rates and prevalence of dentists

ABSTRACT Background Investigators of previous studies regarding the correlation between area-level health care resources and obesity have not examined the association between the prevalence of dentists and rates of adult obesity. The authors conducted a study to address that knowledge gap. Methods Using data compiled in the Robert Wood Johnson County Health Rankings and Roadmaps database, the authors conducted multivariable analyses of the relationship between the prevalence of dentists (from the 2011 Health Resources and Services Administration Area Resource File) and rates of obesity within counties. The authors controlled for prevalence of primary care providers, measures of the built environment (for example, number of recreational facilities per 10,000 population, the percentage of restaurants serving fast food) and county-level sociodemographic and economic factors. Results When the authors conducted a multivariable analysis adjusted for state-level fixed effects, they found that having one additional dentist per 10,000 population was associated significantly with a 1- percentage point reduction in the rate of obesity ( P P ≤ .009). Conclusions The association between the prevalence of dentists and obesity, even after adjusting for primary care resources and sociodemographic factors, was evident. Although these data could not be used to assess causality, given the strength of the ecological, cross-sectional association, additional research involving person-level, longitudinal data is warranted. Practical Implications The correlation between the prevalence of dentists and obesity rates highlights the potential for dental professionals, as well as other primary care providers, to provide meaningful health education and support for improved nutritional behaviors, although the increased obesity rates in counties with fewer dentists per capita present challenges.
Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology

Systems biology has emerged as a critical concept for biological and medical research. Its growing recognition stems from the reality that organisms exist as systems, and the better we understand the interactions in these complex biological networks, the more readily we can develop effective prevention or treatment strategies that comprehensively address health problems. The field of systems biology therefore offers us a unique perspective in both theory and practice. At its core, systems biology emphasizes the interactions between biological mechanisms and how these signaling networks yield emergent properties of the system as a whole. In research, the implementation of this concept warrants the integration of systemwide experimental techniques to gather a complete bank of data on the numerous processes within a system. With today’s cutting-edge ‘omics’ technologies – including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics – we are capable of not just analyzing components of interest, but also constructing quantitative, verifiable models of biological systems to see how altering those components may affect a system overall. As the power of systems biology evolves, we must utilize its principles in the study of nutrigenomics as well as in translating the results into clinical applications. From a biological standpoint, nutrigenomics is actually an important domain of systems biology, from its research concept to its practical application. Nutrigenomics mainly deals with the interactions between nutrients and genes. On a larger scale, nutrigenomics reflects the interaction between an environmental factor (nutrients) and our biological systems (genes). Before we can evaluate the nutrient-gene interactions, we must also take into account the systemic factors that affect the bioavailability and tissue concentration of the nutrients of interest, including digestion, absorption, and transportation. At the molecular level, the evaluation of nutrigenomic effects requires a thorough examination of at least three interconnected systems: nutrient-nutrient, nutrient-gene, and gene-gene interactions. In terms of nutrient-nutrient interactions, one type of nutrient can significantly affect the metabolism and biological function of another nutrient. For example, omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are both essential fatty acids, but they compete with each other for metabolic Published online: February 9, 2013
Radio Transmission at VHF by Scattering and Other Processes in the Lower Ionosphere

The results of a program extending over the last four and one-half years to investigate the nature and characteristics of high-loss regular VHF propagation by means of the lower ionosphere are presented. For the most part continuous-wave transmissions are employed, with the result that the effects of the different elements in the propagation are superposed. Three different ionizing agents operating in the lower ionosphere can be distinguished by means of their differing effects on the behavior of the signal, after the exclusion of behavior associated with sporadic-E propagation. They are solar radiation, corpuscular radiation presumably of solar origin, and meteors. The part played by each of these is discussed in the account and interpretation of the principal results obtained. Both short- and long-term characteristics of the observed composite signals are described, as well as the results of experiments with spaced and other antenna arrangements. The intensity and nature of the signals are discussed as a function of time of day, season, geographical position of the transmission path, and level of solar activity. The dependence of the strength of the signals on path length, on frequency, and on scattering angle has been studied. In the latter connection, pulse experiments were performed with equipment permitting fairly direct height determinations, which are found to be in satisfactory agreement with earlier less direct height determinations. Attempts to compare the observations with various existing theories designed to account for the propagation as a scattering process have been made. The results are not entirely satisfactory.
A simple model for the spatially-variable coastal response to hurricanes

Abstract The vulnerability of a beach to extreme coastal change during a hurricane can be estimated by comparing the relative elevations of storm-induced water levels to those of the dune or berm. A simple model that defines the coastal response based on these elevations was used to hindcast the potential impact regime along a 50-km stretch of the North Carolina coast to the landfalls of Hurricane Bonnie on August 27, 1998, and Hurricane Floyd on September 16, 1999. Maximum total water levels at the shoreline were calculated as the sum of modeled storm surge, astronomical tide, and wave runup, estimated from offshore wave conditions and the local beach slope using an empirical parameterization. Storm surge and wave runup each accounted for ∼ 48% of the signal (the remaining 4% is attributed to astronomical tides), indicating that wave-driven process are a significant contributor to hurricane-induced water levels. Expected water levels and lidar-derived measures of pre-storm dune and berm elevation were used to predict the spatially-varying storm-impact regime: swash , collision , or overwash . Predictions were compared to the observed response quantified using a lidar topography survey collected following hurricane landfall. The storm-averaged mean accuracy of the model in predicting the observed impact regime was 55.4%, a significant improvement over the 33.3% accuracy associated with random chance. Model sensitivity varied between regimes and was highest within the overwash regime where the accuracies were 84.2% and 89.7% for Hurricanes Bonnie and Floyd, respectively. The model not only allows for prediction of the general coastal response to storms, but also provides a framework for examining the longshore-variable magnitudes of observed coastal change. For Hurricane Bonnie, shoreline and beach volume changes within locations that experienced overwash or dune erosion were two times greater than locations where wave runup was confined to the foreshore (swash regime). During Hurricane Floyd, this pattern became more pronounced as magnitudes of change were four times greater within the overwash regime than in the swash regime. Comparisons of pre-storm topography to a calm weather survey collected one year after Hurricane Floyd's landfall show long-term beach volume loss at overwash locations. Here, the volume of sand eroded from the beach was balanced by the volume of overwash deposits, indicating that the majority of the sand removed from the beach was transported landward across the island rather than being transported offshore. In overwash locations, sand was removed from the nearshore system and unavailable for later beach recovery, resulting in a more permanent response than observed within the other regimes. These results support the predictive capabilities of the storm scaling model and illustrate that the impact regimes provide a framework for explaining the longshore-variable coastal response to hurricanes.
Towards a Theory of Information Preservation

Digital preservation is a pressing challenge to the library community. In this paper, we describe the initial results of our efforts towards understanding digital (as well as traditional) preservation problems from first principles. Our approach is to use the language of mathematics to formalize the concepts that are relevant to preservation. Our theory of preservation spaces draws upon ideas from logic and programming language semantics to describe the relationship between concrete objects and their information contents. We also draw on game theory to show how objects change over time as a result of uncontrollable environment effects and directed preservation actions. In the second half of this paper, we show how to use the mathematics of universal algebra as a language for objects whose information content depends on many components. We use this language to describe both migration and emulation strategies for digital preservation.
Differential Host Response, Rather Than Early Viral Replication Efficiency, Correlates with Pathogenicity Caused by Influenza Viruses

Influenza viruses exhibit large, strain-dependent differences in pathogenicity in mammalian hosts. Although the characteristics of severe disease, including uncontrolled viral replication, infection of the lower airway, and highly inflammatory cytokine responses have been extensively documented, the specific virulence mechanisms that distinguish highly pathogenic strains remain elusive. In this study, we focused on the early events in influenza infection, measuring the growth rate of three strains of varying pathogenicity in the mouse airway epithelium and simultaneously examining the global host transcriptional response over the first 24 hours. Although all strains replicated equally rapidly over the first viral life-cycle, their growth rates in both lung and tracheal tissue strongly diverged at later times, resulting in nearly 10-fold differences in viral load by 24 hours following infection. We identified separate networks of genes in both the lung and tracheal tissues whose rapid up-regulation at early time points by specific strains correlated with a reduced viral replication rate of those strains. The set of early-induced genes in the lung that led to viral growth restriction is enriched for both NF-κB binding site motifs and members of the TREM1 and IL-17 signaling pathways, suggesting that rapid, NF-κB –mediated activation of these pathways may contribute to control of viral replication. Because influenza infection extending into the lung generally results in severe disease, early activation of these pathways may be one factor distinguishing high- and low-pathogenicity strains.