cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of cracks in ductile single crystals—I. Anti-plane shear

Abstract The problem of a stationary mathematically sharp semi-infinite crack in an FCC crystal is considered. We adopt a geometrically rigorous formulation of crystalline plasticity accounting for finite deformations and finite lattice rotations, as well as for the full three-dimensional crystallographic geometry of the crystal. A comparison of results with earlier small-strain solutions reveals some notable differences. These include the expected development of finite deformations and rotations near the crack tip, but also discrepancies such as a considerable spread of the plastic zones. In addition, nearly self-similar, square-root singular fields are obtained within the portion of the plastic zone where the crystal is in a state of high positive hardening. The results suggest that both finite-deformation and lattice rotation effects, as well as the details of the hardening law, strongly influence the structure of the solution.
Pricing and Measurement-based Optimal Resource Allocation in Next Generation Network Services

In this paper, we enhance our previous work regarding optimal resource allocation of next generation network services under a flat pricing scheme and quality of service policies. We present a complete framework that makes our model to dynamically allocate the resources whenever required. In order to do that, we apply an online traffic estimator and we monitor traffic changes using an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average control chart. Hence, the profit maximization of the provider is done efficiently. Finally, the performance of our framework is investigated through various simulation scenarios.
Asymptotic stability of structural systems based on Lyapunov exponents and moment Lyapunov exponents

An asymptotic expansion for the maximal Lyapunov exponent, the exponential growth rate of solutions to a linear stochastic system, and the moment Lyapunov exponent, the asymptotic growth rate of the moments of the response, have been obtained for systems driven by a small intensity real noise process. The systems under consideration are general four-dimensional dynamical systems with two critical modes. Almost-sure and moment stability conditions are obtained provided the natural frequencies of these critical modes are non-commensurable and the infinitesimal generator associated with the noise process has an isolated simple zero eigenvalue. In this paper, the results obtained are applied to a thin rectangular beam under the action of a stochastic follower force and a model of a vehicle traveling over a rough road. The stability regions predicted by the two different criteria are then compared.
Physiology of feeding-preference patterns of female black blowflies (Phormia regina Meigen): Alterations in responsiveness to salts

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings of tarsal and labellar contact chemosensilla in Phormia regina females demonstrate activation of sugar-, cation-, and possibly anion-sensitive cells in response to 10% yeast extract. Yeast extract is a proteinaceous food source that supports full egg development. Though some protein is required for egg maturation in Phormia, a blowfly not normally autogenous, purified proteins alone neither activate the chemosensilla nor promote egg development. In experiments reported here, groups of females were given ad lib access to either 0.2 M sucrose or 0.2 M sucrose and 10% yeast for four days after eclosion. The sucrose diet induced a ‘protein’ preference but no egg development. Potassium and sodium salts were added to 0.2 M sucrose and presented to the flies on day six. The volumes of salt-sucrose mixtures taken were greater than those of 0.2 M sucrose for flies raised on 0.2 M sucrose, though yeast was preferred over all but one salt solution. For sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies, volumes of 0.05 and 0.1 M salt mixtures consumed did not differ from 0.2 M sucrose; however, sucrose alone was favoured over more concentrated salt mixtures. All salt-sucrose mixtures tested were significantly more effective stimuli for sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies than yeast. It is suggested that varying sensitivity in the salt-sensitive contact chemosensilla plays a role in reported food preference shifts associated with reproduction.
Basic research in speech and lateralization of language: Some implications for reading disability

Basic research in speech and the lateralization of language is shown to illuminate the problems of reading and some of its disabilities. First, it is pointed out how speech, or language for the ear, differs markedly from reading, or language for the eye. Though the sounds of speech are a very complex code and the optical shapes of written language are a simple cipher or alphabet on the phonemes, we all perceive speech easily but read only with difficulty. Perceiving speech is easy because, as members of the human race, we all have access to a special physiological apparatus that decodes the complex speech signal and recovers the segmentation of the linguistic message. Reading is hard because the phonemic segmentation, which is automatic and intuitive in the case of speech, must be made fully conscious and explicit. The syllabic method supplemented by phonics (used with certain reservations) is suggested for remediation of segmentation problems. Second, it is posited that since the sounds of speech are processed differently from non-speech sounds, the two should not be diagnosed and remediated interchangeably. Third, it is shown that the relationships among cerebral lateralization for language, handedness and poor reading can now be studied more meaningfully because of the recent development of new techniques. A truism often heard in the opening lecture of graduate classes in education is that we have few answers to the problems that beset us, only questions. In the field of reading, the difficulty may be owing at least in part to our impatient attempts to find immediate solutions for the teacher and the student in the classroom, and our consequent neglect of basic research. I should like to suggest today how knowledge of basic research in related disciplines may lead to clues for improving beginning reading instruction and the lot of the disabled reader—if only by affording us a deeper understanding of the reading process.
VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FRIED POTATO CRUST

A restructured potato model system was fried for 5, 10 or 15 min at 170, 180, or 190C and tested in a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Stress relaxation phenomena was described by a two-element Maxwell model with a parallel spring. The viscoelastic behavior of the crust resulted from its porous structure of open and closed foam cells embedded in oil. Relaxation of stress in the fried crust was a result of slippage of the dispersed oil through the crust and from rearrangements of the air cells. Elastic modulus of the fried crust increased for higher frying times and temperatures and were the most significant elements in distinguishing between samples. Un systeme modele a base d'amidon simulant la pomme de terre est utilise pour etudier les proprietes mecaniques de la croute de la pomme de terre frite pendant 5,10 ou 15 minutes a 170°. La viscoelasticite de la croute provient de sa structure poreuse, et de la presence de l'huile et de l'eau. Le module elastique de la croute frite augmente avec le temps de friture et la temperature.
Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions.

A recent theory (Roseman, 1979,1984) attempts to specify the particular appraisals of events that elicit 16 discrete emotions. This study tested hypotheses from the latest version of the theory and compared them with hypotheses derived from appraisal theories proposed by Arnold (1960) and by Scherer (1988), using procedures designed to address some prior methodological problems. Results provided empirical support for numerous hypotheses linking particular appraisals of situational state (motive-inconsistent/motive-consistent), motivational state (punishment/reward), probability (uncertain/certain), power (weak/strong), legitimacy (negative outcome deserved/positive outcome deserved), and agency (circumstances/other person/self) to particular emotions. Where hypotheses were not supported, new appraisal-emotion relationships that revise the theory were proposed.
Tumor delivery of antisense oligomer using trastuzumab within a streptavidin nanoparticle.

Purpose Trastuzumab (Herceptin™) is often internalized following binding to Her2+ tumor cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether trastuzumab can be used as a specific carrier to deliver antisense oligomers into Her2+ tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Moving distance education research forward

It was with considerable interest that I read Ian Mitchell's article discussing the founding of the journal Distance Education. My immediate response was that much has changed with the field of dis...
Photometric monitoring of hysteresis in solid–solid phase transformations

The addition of a simple solid-state photometer to a standard polarizing microscope permits continuous monitoring of the optical path difference of birefringent crystals undergoing solid–solid phase transformations. This approach permits direct recording of phase transformation hysteresis loops for microscopic crystals. Such data offer advantages over conventional birefringence measurements for studies involving phase transformation dynamics.
Recent Advances with HgI2 X-Ray Detectors

HgI2 x-ray detectors up to 16 mm3 have been made from single crystals grown from the vapor phase. Crystal growth, detector fabrication, and transport properties are described. Resolutions of 850 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV and 4.3 keV FWHM at 122 keV have been measured at 25° C in air.
Vaccine Policy Analyses Can Benefit from Natural History Studies of Human Papillomavirus in Men

With the licensure of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in the United States and many other countries, an understanding of the natural history of HPV infection is imperative for establishment of appropriate policies and guidelines for its use. Although our knowledge of the natural history of HPV infection in
Bepridil therapy: guidelines for patient selection and monitoring of therapy.

Abstract Bepridil is a calcium antagonist with a unique electrophysiologic profile, a long elimination half-life, and demonstrated efficacy as an antianginal agent in the setting of chronic stable angina. It is well tolerated, with relatively mild gastrointestinal and neurologic side effects. A major safety concern with bepridil is the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, especially torsades de pointes associated with QT interval prolongation, particularly in the context of hypokalemia with concomitant diuretic therapy. An appreciation of the electrophysiologic profile of this compound and the setting in which potentially serious proarrhythmic actions occur allows the identification of patients in whom the drug should be avoided. Among the exclusionary criteria are hypokalemia or risk of hypokalemia, baseline corrected QT interval >0.44 sec, history of serious ventricular arrhythmias requiring treatment with major antiarrhythmic compounds, and concomitant use of other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Appropriate use of this effective antianginal agent requires a knowledge of its electrophysiology and adherence to patient selection and monitoring guidelines.
The helix turns at 60: writhing free in chromosomes

Dynamic supercoiling is a steady-state mechanical regulatory mechanism that influences DNA topology, transcription factor binding, gene expression, chromatin structure and long-range chromosome interactions. How genes and nongene regions are organized into supercoiled domains and remodeled by transcriptional activity in human cells has now been analyzed in two large-scale studies at the chromosome and genome levels, providing new insight into the organization and expression of genes within chromosomes.
Synthesis of hydroxy‐terminated, oligomeric poly(silarylene disiloxane)s via rhodium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling and their use in the aminosilane–disilanol polymerization reaction

A series of oligomeric, hydroxy-terminated silarylene–siloxane prepolymers of various lengths were prepared via dehydrogenative coupling between 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene [H(CH3)2SiC6H4Si(CH3)2H] and excess 1,4-bis(hydroxydimethylsilyl)benzene [HO(CH3)2SiC6H4Si(CH3)2OH] in the presence of a catalytic amount of Wilkinson's catalyst [(Ph3P)3RhCl]. Attempts to incorporate the diacetylene units via dehydrogenative coupling polymerization between 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)butadiyne [H(CH3)2SiCCCCSi(CH3)2H] and the hydroxy-terminated prepolymers were unsuccessful. The diacetylene units were incorporated into the polymer main chain via aminosilane–disilanol polycondensation between 1,4-bis(dimethylaminodimethylsilyl)butadiyne [(CH3)2NSi(CH3)2CCCC(CH3)2SiN(CH3)2] and the hydroxy-terminated prepolymers. Linear polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis, and they were thermally crosslinked through the diacetylene units, producing networked polymeric systems. The thermooxidative stability of the networked polymers is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1334–1341, 2002
Bridging the gap: the patrons-in-common of Purcell and Handel

the traditional telling of English music history as a series of pioneering and thus heroic composers and their works the twin peaks of the century following the restoration of King Charles II in 1660 are Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel. Whether examined from a distance or close up, their music is marked by consistent excellence, inventiveness and appeal. In seeking to bridge the perceived gap between the peaks attributable to Purcell's premature death in 1695 and Handel's foreign birth and arrival in 1710 at the age of 25, writers have noted Handel's backward glances such as compositional indebtedness, and his personal acknowledgement of Purcell as a master. The supposed similarity of their careers the royal patronage and intense activity as composers for the public theatres is also used to link them. A much sturdier bridge can be found in the lives and activities of the patrons that the musicians shared, a group that, heretofore, has not received systematic consideration.1
A Verification Theorem and Application to the Linear Quadratic Regulator for Minimax Control Problems

Abstract Sufficient conditions for a function to be an optimal minimax control are given for the general problem. Then attention is turned to the control problem with a minimax quadratic value function [formula] and linear state equation dξ/dτ = A(τ) ξ(τ) + B(τ) ζ(τ), ξ(t) = x ∈ Rn. The Bellman equation for the function V is derived and a lower bound for the value function is given. Finally, the scalar case is completely solved with some numerical results given.
Leptin enhances NMDA-induced spinal excitation in rats: A functional link between adipocytokine and neuropathic pain

Recent studies have shown that leptin (an adipocytokine) played an important role in nociceptive behavior induced by nerve injury, but the cellular mechanism of this action remains unclear. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording from rat's spinal cord slices, we showed that superfusion of leptin onto spinal cord slices dose-dependently enhanced N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated currents in spinal cord lamina II neurons. At the cellular level, the effect of leptin on spinal NMDA-induced currents was mediated through the leptin receptor and the JAK2/STAT3 (but not PI3K or MAPK) pathway, as the leptin effect was abolished in leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and inhibited by a JAK/STAT inhibitor. Moreover, we demonstrated in naive rats that a single intrathecal administration of leptin enhanced spontaneous biting, scratching, and licking behavior induced by intrathecal NMDA and that repeated intrathecal administration of leptin elicited thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, which was attenuated by the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Intrathecal leptin also upregulated the expression of NMDA receptors and pSTAT3 within the rat's spinal cord dorsal horn, and intrathecal MK-801 attenuated this leptin effect as well. Our data demonstrate a relationship between leptin and NMDA receptor-mediated spinal neuronal excitation and its functional role in nociceptive behavior. Since leptin contributes to nociceptive behavior induced by nerve injury, the present findings suggest an important cellular link between the leptin's spinal effect and the NMDA receptor-mediated cellular mechanism of neuropathic pain. A functional link is demonstrated between leptin, an adipocytokine, and the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain via enhancement of function and expression of spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
An experimental analysis of cache recovery in Clark's nutcracker

Abstract Five hypotheses of cache recovery behaviour in Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) were examined experimentally. Most caches were made in soil within 5 cm of conspicuous large objects. Both seed-caching and non-seed-caching nutcrackers were able to locate caches. Seed-caching nutcrackers relocated caches using large objects as remembered visual cues. Soil microtopography and small (
Continuous Throughput Rapid Tissue Processing Revolutionizes Histopathology Workflow

and laboratory automation have ushered in a new age in histopathology. In conventional histopathology laboratories, current practices are essentially unchanged for more than 50 years, and in fact probably for much longer. Routine use of formalin fixation, overnight dehydration and paraffin infiltration, and manual embedding and sectioning have served us well in producing relatively uniform, high-quality tissue sections for histopathologic examination. As we move into the 21st century, however, these methods are seriously deficient in prompt diagnoses and answers to questions clinicians and patients are now asking, particularly with respect to the identification of gene activation and detection of gene products such as messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins. Since 1997, we have been developing a tissue processing system which eliminated the use of formaldehyde and xylene, and used microwave energy to facilitate the diffusion of reagents and denaturation of proteins, as has been previously reported.1 This system has been extensively studied and automated instruments have been developed which allow for continuous throughput, shortening the processing time to about 70 minutes. The method also reduced the volume of other chemicals used in processing. The resulting histologic preparations are at least comparable to traditional hematoxylin and eosin stained slides for older methods (Image 1), and immunohistochemical staining is also comparable (Image 2) and in some cases enhanced (lower concentrations of primary antibodies needed). Other microwave-based tissue processes have recently been described with similar good results.2 Once the method was established and proven to be practical, issues of implementation had to be addressed. Histopathology is a field steeped in tradition (we’ve always done it that way), and overcoming resistance to change represented a major undertaking. I have divided these changes into several categories for consideration: Where we work, 2) How we work, and 3) When we work. The following are observations related to each of these categories.
If You Don’t Find It Often, You Often Don’t Find It: Why Some Cancers Are Missed in Breast Cancer Screening

Mammography is an important tool in the early detection of breast cancer. However, the perceptual task is difficult and a significant proportion of cancers are missed. Visual search experiments show that miss (false negative) errors are elevated when targets are rare (low prevalence) but it is unknown if low prevalence is a significant factor under real world, clinical conditions. Here we show that expert mammographers in a real, low-prevalence, clinical setting, miss a much higher percentage of cancers than are missed when the mammographers search for the same cancers under high prevalence conditions. We inserted 50 positive and 50 negative cases into the normal workflow of the breast cancer screening service of an urban hospital over the course of nine months. This rate was slow enough not to markedly raise disease prevalence in the radiologists’ daily practice. Six radiologists subsequently reviewed all 100 cases in a session where the prevalence of disease was 50%. In the clinical setting, participants missed 30% of the cancers. In the high prevalence setting, participants missed just 12% of the same cancers. Under most circumstances, this low prevalence effect is probably adaptive. It is usually wise to be conservative about reporting events with very low base rates (Was that a flying saucer? Probably not.). However, while this response to low prevalence appears to be strongly engrained in human visual search mechanisms, it may not be as adaptive in socially important, low prevalence tasks like medical screening. While the results of any one study must be interpreted cautiously, these data are consistent with the conclusion that this behavioral response to low prevalence could be a substantial contributor to miss errors in breast cancer screening.
Mapping of INS promoter interactions reveals its role in long-range regulation of SYT8 transcription

Insulin (INS) synthesis and secretion from pancreatic β-cells are tightly regulated; their deregulation causes diabetes. Here we map INS-associated loci in human pancreatic islets by 4C and 3C techniques and show that the INS gene physically interacts with the SYT8 gene, located over 300 kb away. This interaction is elevated by glucose and accompanied by increases in SYT8 expression. Inactivation of the INS promoter by promoter-targeting siRNA reduces SYT8 gene expression. SYT8-INS interaction and SYT8 transcription are attenuated by CTCF depletion. Furthermore, SYT8 knockdown decreases insulin secretion in islets. These results reveal a nonredundant role for SYT8 in insulin secretion and indicate that the INS promoter acts from a distance to stimulate SYT8 transcription. This suggests a function for the INS promoter in coordinating insulin transcription and secretion through long-range regulation of SYT8 expression in human islets.
THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPICAL FELDSPARS AND FLINTS1

The results of particle size analyses of a number of commercial feldspars and flints by the sedimentation method are reported. A comparison of batch and continuous grinding is given as well as a study of the progress of ball mill grinding.
Feeding ecology of North American gopher snakes (Pituophis catenifer, Colubridae)

Studies of food relations are important to our understanding of ecology at the individual, population and community levels. Detailed documentation of the diet of large-bodied, widespread snakes allows us to assess size-dependent and geographical variation in feeding preferences of gape-limited predators. Furthermore, with knowledge of the food habits of sympatric taxa we can explore possible causes of interspecific differences in trophic niches. The feeding ecology of the North American gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer, was studied based on the stomach contents of more than 2600 preserved and free-ranging specimens, and published and unpublished dietary records. Of 1066 items, mammals (797, 74.8%), birds (86, 8.1%), bird eggs (127, 11.9%), and lizards (35, 3.3%) were the most frequently eaten prey. Gopher snakes fed upon subterranean, nocturnal and diurnal prey. The serpents are primarily diurnal, but can also be active at night. Therefore, gopher snakes captured their victims by actively searching underground tunnel systems, retreat places and perching sites during the day, or by pursuing them or seizing them while they rested at night. Gopher snakes of all sizes preyed on mammals, but only individuals larger than 40 and 42 cm in snout–vent length took bird eggs and birds, respectively, possibly due to gape constraints in smaller serpents. Specimens that ate lizards were smaller than those that consumed mammals or birds. Gopher snakes raided nests regularly, as evidenced by the high frequency of nestling mammals and birds and avian eggs eaten. Most (332) P. catenifer contained single prey, but 95 animals contained 2–35 items. Of the 321 items for which direction of ingestion was determined, 284 (88.5%) were swallowed head-first, 35 (10.9%) were ingested tail-first, and two (0.6%) were taken sideways. Heavier gopher snakes took heavier prey, but heavier serpents ingested prey with smaller mass relative to snake mass, evidence that the lower limit of prey mass did not increase with snake mass. Specimens from the California Province and Arid Deserts (i.e. Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts) took the largest proportion of lizards, whereas individuals from the Great Basin Desert consumed a higher percentage of mammals than serpents from other areas, and P. catenifer from the Great Plains ate a greater proportion of bird eggs. Differences in prey availability among biogeographical regions and unusual circumstances of particular gopher snake populations may account for these patterns. Gopher snakes have proportionally longer heads than broadly sympatric Rhinocheilus lecontei (long-nosed snake), Charina bottae (rubber boa) and Lampropeltis zonata (California mountain kingsnake), which perhaps explains why, contrary to the case in P. catenifer, the smaller size classes of those three species do not eat mammals. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 77, 165–183.
A prospective multicenter study of factors associated with hospital admission among adults with acute asthma

Abstract Purpose We sought to determine patient characteristics associated with hospital admission after emergency treatment for asthma, and whether disposition guidelines are followed. Subjects and methods We performed a prospective multicenter cohort study involving 64 emergency departments in the United States and Canada. Consecutive adult patients with asthma exacerbations were interviewed, and their charts were reviewed using standardized protocols. Telephone follow-up at 2 weeks determined relapse. Results Of 1805 patients, 363 (20%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 18% to 22%) were hospitalized. Among patients with severe exacerbations (final peak flow P = 0.39). Conclusion Associations between patient characteristics and disposition were similar across sites. Despite guidelines to the contrary, half of patients with final peak flow
Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown?

Study of interactions between pairs or larger groups of nonindigenous species has been subordinated in the literature to study of interactions between nonindigenous and native species. To the extent that interactions among introduced species are depicted at all, the emphasis has been on negative interactions, primarily resource competition and interference. However, a literature search reveals that introduced species frequently interact with one another and that facilitative interactions are at least as common as detrimental ones. The population significance of these interactions has rarely been determined, but a great variety of types of direct and indirect interactions among individuals of different nonindigenous species is observed, and many are plausibly believed to have consequences at the population level. In particular, mutualisms between plants and the animals that disperse and/or pollinate them and modification of habitat by both animals and plants seem common and often important in facilitating invasions. There is little evidence that interference among introduced species at levels currently observed significantly impedes further invasions, and synergistic interactions among invaders may well lead to accelerated impacts on native ecosystems ‐ an invasional ‘meltdown’ process.
Soybean Sowing Date: The Vegetative, Reproductive, and Agronomic Impacts

The sensitivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] main stem node accrual to ambient temperature has been documented in greenhousegrown plants but not with fi eld-grown plants in the north-central United States. Biweekly V-node and R-stage, stem node number, internode length, and other traits were quantifi ed in an irrigated split-plot, four-replicate, randomized complete block experiment conducted in Lincoln, NE, in 2003–2004. Main plots were early-, mid-, late
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection for the study of ethoxyquin antioxidant and related organic bases.

The Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Detector (CLND) for use with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allows for the low-level detection of nitrogen-containing compounds with simple quantitation. The nitrogen selective detector's equimolar response (i.e., equal response for nitrogen independent of its chemical environment) allows for any nitrogen-containing compound to be quantitated as long as the number of nitrogens are known. The HPLC-CLND provides a new detection method for analytes that are not available in large quantities or have unknown chemical or physical characteristics such as oxidation products, metabolites, or impurities. Ethoxyquin is a primary antioxidant that is used to preserve many food products and animal feeds. HPLC-CLND is used in the study of the oxidation products of ethoxyquin because limited quantities of these compounds are available and subsequent calibration curves are difficult to maintain. HPLC-CLND as a new method of detection has been evaluated for its equimolarity of response, linear range, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation.
Identification of cytosolic factors required for nuclear location sequence-mediated binding to the nuclear envelope

Nuclear protein import can be separated into two distinct steps: binding to the nuclear pore complex followed by translocation to the nuclear interior. A previously identified nuclear location sequence (NLS) receptor and a 97-kD protein purified from bovine erythrocytes reconstitute the binding step in a permeabilized cell assay. Binding to the envelope is specific for a functional SV-40 large T antigen NLS and is not ATP or temperature dependent. Modification of p97 with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) decreases binding to the pore, but interestingly, NEM treatment of the NLS receptor does not. Nuclear envelope binding is inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin suggesting a possible mechanism for the inhibition of transport by the lectin.
Histological criteria for diagnosing the starving condition in early post yolk sac larvae of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard

Abstract The identification of fish larvae that are in starving condition in plankton samples would be a valuable aid in estimating early mortality rates of populations in the sea. Histological criteria are given for determining the degree of starvation-induced emaciation, with an indication of its relevance to mortality, for larvae of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard. Larvae were reared with and without food to age 9 days, i.e. , beyond the point of yolk absorption. Eleven histological characteristics were each graded on scales of poor, intermediate or good, depending variously on texture, shape and fullness of nuclei, cytoplasm, extracellular substance, and cellular products and storage material. Grades varied with food deprivation, so that increasing emaciation may be estimated from histological variables. Distribution of the grades also paralleled trends in survival and length, indicating that degree of emaciation reflects the probability of survival. The histological variables that best classified larvae as severely emaciated, moderately emaciated, or robust in a stepwise discriminant analysis were pancreas condition, trunk muscle fiber separation, intermuscular tissue, and liver cytoplasm. The discriminant analysis suggests that an average of grades for three or four characteristics is sufficient for determining the state of emaciation of a larva.
The Ethics of Cyberweapons in Warfare

The author discusses the ethical issues of using cyberweapons, software that attacks data and other software during warfare. Many people assume these are relatively benign weapons, but we argue that they can create serious harms like any weapon. He defines cyberweapons and describes them in general terms, and survey their status as per the laws of war. He then discusses the unreliability of cyberweapons, the problem of collateral damage, and the associated problems of damage assessment, maintenance of secrecy, and mounting cyber-counterattacks. He examines some possibilities for creating more ethical cyberweapons and discusses the alternative of cyber-blockades. He concludes that cyberattacks should generally be outlawed by international agreement.
Results of 1993 repeat-pass SAR interferometry experiments

Presents the results of a repeat-pass SAR interferometry experiment performed in June 1993 near Portage, Maine, USA. Differential GPS data accurate to /spl plusmn/10 cm were acquired to aid in motion compensation and geolocation of targets in the imagery. The experiment and data analysis are discussed, and results are shown. >
Applying CPR to the teaching of IT ethics

The approaches typical of philosophers teaching introductory ethics are often strikingly different from those commonly used in information technology courses. Instead of teaching methods and topics commonly accepted across the discipline, philosophers typically immediately introduce students to competing theories and approaches. Unfortunately, a pedagogical approach that emphasizes this "essentially contested" [7] nature of philosophical disputes has the risk of bewildering students and occupying much course time. Conversely, using an artificially narrowed and prescribed approach to teaching IT ethics such as professional codes of ethics or historical case studies does not do justice to the topic or to the students. Here the student may end up with a good appreciation of historical codes or cases, but little grounding in philosophical thought to help them in the unknown situations that will arise in their professional careers. In seeking a middle ground, we survey the literature regarding instructional methodologies for teaching ethics in engineering and technology. Following is a discussion of disputes among philosophical ethical theories, especially utilitarian, deontological, and virtue ethics. We then suggest a simplified framework that captures important elements of these theories while still allowing students to use a unitary conceptual framework in ethical decision-making. This approach, conveniently labeled the CPR Framework, includes the three elements of Character, Principles, and Results. It incorporates elements from the different theories into a framework to be used by students, both in class discussions, and hopefully, in their professional careers.
Increased survival and function of SOD1 mice after Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor gene therapy

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by a progressive degeneration of motor neurons. The cause of sporadic ALS is not known, but 1–2% of all cases are familial and caused by mutations in the copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. Transgenic SOD1 mice serve as a transgenic mouse model for these cases. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a potent trophic effect on motor neurons. Clinical trials in which growth factors have been systemically administered to ALS patients have not been effective, owing in part to the short half-life of these factors and their low concentrations at target sites. Gene transfer of therapeutic factors to motor neurons and/or their target cells, such as muscle, may overcome these problems. Previously, we and others have shown that intramuscularly administered adenovirus vector (AVR) results in foreign gene expression not only in muscle cells, but also in relevant motor neurons in the spinal cord, because of retrograde axonal transport. In this study we...
Progress Towards the Millennium Development Goals: A Long Trek for Reproductive Health

With only six years remaining to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, issues pertaining to universal access to reproductive health deserve more emphasis as part of current efforts in international health. The maternal health goal is the Millennium Development Goal with the most disappointing progress. Whereas much has been achieved globally for the utilization of family planning services, there are some geographical areas and subpopulations where progress is lacking. Health systems should be strengthened whilst addressing disparities. The rights and gender aspects of reproductive health have been fully documented, but equitable access and economic aspects should be considered in policy formulation and program implementation. Advocacy is needed for key players to leverage support, whereas efforts for accelerating progress should be sustainable in the long term.
Determinants and Consequences of Proxy Voting By Mutual Funds on Shareholder Proposals

We analyze mutual funds' proxy voting records on shareholder proposals and investigate the following three issues. First, we study the determinants of mutual funds' voting policies across firms. Next, we examine the incentive structure of mutual funds that could act as a motivational force for them to undertake an activist role in their proxy voting behavior. Last, we investigate the trading behavior of mutual funds surrounding proposal meeting date and voting record release date and investigate whether mutual funds engage in "Wall Street Walk," that is, sell off their shares when dissatisfied with firms' management. Our results indicate that mutual funds support shareholder proposals and vote against management for proposals that are likely to increase shareholders' wealth and rights, in firms with weaker external monitoring mechanisms and in firms with entrenched management. The level of insider voting rights and the internal governance mechanism through blockholder ownership also influence funds' voting decisions. Moreover, mutual funds' motivation to take on an activist role does not come from their ownership concentration, but rather from their long-term investment goal. The results further indicate that there is a positive reputational effect for the funds undertaking a monitoring role in their voting strategies. The trading behavior of mutual funds suggests that funds reduce holdings when they disapprove of managements' policy, but before doing so they take on an activist role by supporting shareholder proposals.
Folk Security

One of the most important, and most overlooked, ways that we learn is by "social learning" by hearing stories from our friends. Stories are a valuable and underutilized tool for helping people learn how to make better and more secure decisions.
Our current understanding of adult ADHD.

FUNDING:No funding was provided for the preparation of this article. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES:Dr. Targum has received consultation fees, retainers, or vendor grants from the following pharmaceutical sponsors within the past three years: Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Acumen, Alcobra, Alkermes Inc., AstraZeneca, BioMarin, BrainCells Inc., CeNeRx, Civitas, Eli Lilly and Company, EnVivo (Forum) Pharmaceuticals, Euthymics, Functional Neuromodulation Inc, Intracellular Therapies Inc., Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson PRD, Methylation Sciences Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe, NeoSync, Neurim, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Nupathe, One Carbon Therapeutics, Pfizer Inc., Prana Biotechnology Ltd., ReViva, Roche Labs, Sophiris, Sunovion, Targacept, Theravance, Transcept. Dr. Adler has received, in the last three years, the following: grant/research funds from Sunovian Pharmaceuticals, Purdue Pharmaceuticals, Enzymotec, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Theravance, Department of Veterans Affairs, Eli Lilly and Company, APSARD/Pound, Foundation; has been a consultant to Sunovian Pharmaceuticals, Enzymotec, Alcobra Pharmaceuticals, Theravance, National Football League, Major League Baseball, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Bioventures; and has received Royalty payments (as inventor) from NYU for license of adult ADHD scales and training materials since 2004.
Kaschnitz, Enzensberger, and Sandig: The Ecopoetics of Water Pollution

This ecocritical reading of Marie Luise Kaschnitz’s poetic cycle “Ruckkehr nach Frankfurt” ‘Return to Frankfurt’ (1945/46), Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s epic poem Der Untergang der Titanic ‘The Sinking of the Titanic’ (1978), and a 21st-century poem by Ulrike Almut Sandig analyzes key shifts in poetic representations of water pollution. The essay explores underlying cultural and political attitudes about water that define literary depictions of its pollution. It argues that these texts register a conceptual turn away from aesthetic appreciation of water in terms of its culturally rich, purifying properties and toward scientific understanding that emphasizes the social and legal dimensions of water pollution. Ecocritical interpretation of such works, thus, enables deeper understanding of ongoing transformations in the lyric genre. The concluding interpretation of Sandig’s text points to the increasing presence of unnatural elements in representations of the environment as symptomatic of broader literary changes. It argues that developments in German nature poetry since 1945 have increasingly led poets to experiment with expressive possibilities for lyric poetry that foreground cathartic responses to human and environmental history.
Response of the opsonic and phagocytic system to trauma in adrenalectomized animals.

SummaryAdrenalectomy and sham-adren-alectomy resulted in a significant stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) at the 24 hr postoperative period. This response was primarily reflected in an enhanced vascular clearance of test colloids and an associated hepatic hyperphagocytosis. The physiological factor apparently mediating this response was the presence of a “hyperopsonemia” with an associated alteration of Kupffer cell function mediated at the cellular level in the adrenalectomized animals. Evaluation of the physiologic response of both the opsonic system and RE system to surgical trauma in the bilaterally adrenalectomized rats revealed that the “hypoopsonemia” and RE failure response during the early posttrauma interval (60 min) was not dependent on the presence of the adrenal glands. However, the data does support the concept that the opsonic or humoral deficit is related to the posttrauma RE depression. It is suggested that the hyperfunctional state of the hepatic RE system resulting from...
Quantum Monte Carlo analysis of a charge ordered insulating antiferromagnet: the Ti4O7 Magnéli phase

The Magneli phase Ti4O7 is an important transition metal oxide with a wide range of applications because of its interplay between charge, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom. At low temperatures, it has non-trivial magnetic states very close in energy, driven by electronic exchange and correlation interactions. We have examined three low-lying states, one ferromagnetic and two antiferromagnetic, and calculated their energies as well as Ti spin moment distributions using highly accurate quantum Monte Carlo methods. We compare our results to those obtained from density functional theory-based methods that include approximate corrections for exchange and correlation. Our results confirm the nature of the states and their ordering in energy, as compared with density-functional theory methods. However, the energy differences and spin distributions differ. A detailed analysis suggests that non-local exchange-correlation functionals, in addition to other approximations such as LDA+U to account for correlations, are needed to simultaneously obtain better estimates for spin moments, distributions, energy differences and energy gaps.
Pointing Architecture of SMAP’s Large Spinning Antenna

This paper discusses the general pointing architecture for the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission’s spinning reflector. Pointing requirements (control and knowledge reconstruction) on the 6 meter spinning reflector 6 meter boom are imposed to meet radar/radiometer operability, instrument data quality and observatory science requirements. Overall system architecture limits the availability of sensors and precludes actuators that could be used to actively measure and correct on-orbit pointing errors. This limitation leads to pointing requirements that must be met through careful tailoring of the system’s passive quasi-static and dynamic performance while minimizing Control-StructureInteractions (CSI) with the ACS and antenna’s spin control system. While controlling antenna pointing errors is challenging, the lack of a full sensor suite capable of measuring pointing performance makes the pointing angle reconstruction accuracy requirements the drivers in the pointing system design. Hence, challenging timing, dynamic and quasi-static stability, and alignment specs are imposed on the system, while requiring an on-orbit calibration of the Spacecraft’s pointing command to correct for static misalignments of the spun to de-spun bodies. A general description of the SMAP observatory is followed by a definition of antenna pointing, description of the pointing architecture implemented to meet antenna pointing performance, the role of modeling, major sensitivities, stability considerations, control system interactions, and an on-orbit calibration that uses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to correct the static misalignment between the spun and de-spun bodies in the system.
The influence of metabolic inhibitors and incubation time on aflatoxin release from Aspergillus flavus.

Four metabolic inhibitors were tested for their ability to interfere with aflatoxin release at concentrations which did not inhibit growth of Aspergillus flavus in synthetic media as indicated by mycelial dry weight determinations. The amount of aflatoxin Bi released in cultures incubated with either N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or sodium azide was markedly lower than in control cultures. Toxin release was inhibited to a smaller degree by potassium cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol at the levels tested. Presence of the latter two inhibitors resulted in a delay of time when peak levels of toxin were released into media. Mycelial extracts from cultures incubated in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide contained higher amounts of aflatoxin than did extracts from controls. The results suggest that an energy-dependent transport system is involved in the release of aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus.
The Fringe Effect Civil Society Organizations and the Evolution of Media Discourse about Islam since the September 11th Attacks

Numerous studies indicate that civil society organizations create cultural change by deploying mainstream messages that resonate with prevailing discursive themes. Yet these case studies of highly ...