cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and real-time probing of both coherent and thermal lattice motions

Abstract We report direct measurement of laser-induced ultrafast structural dynamics on the atomic time and length scales in a 20-nm Al film by taking real-time snapshots of transmission electron diffraction patterns. The damped single-mode breathing motion of the Al film along the surface normal was recorded as coherent and in-phase oscillations of all the Bragg peak positions, which had a period of 6.4 ps. The concurrent lattice heating with a time constant of 630 fs was measured by tracking the associated Bragg peak intensity attenuation. These results suggest a direct approach to identify the mechanisms of laser-induced ultrafast solid–liquid phase transition, as well as thermal or non-thermal melting, via probing the temporal evolution of their diffraction patterns.
Theoretical total-energy study of the transformation of graphite into hexagonal diamond

Variations in the structural energy of solid carbon along a transformation path from a graphitic structure with . . .(AA) . . . stacking to hexagonal diamond are calculated using the first-principles pseudopotential local-orbital total-energy method. The transformation path is that defined in an earlier study of the transformation of rhombohedral graphite into cubic diamond. The energy barrier along the transformation path is found to be only slightly higher than that of the corresponding path in the earlier study. Thus the major features of the energetics of the transformation are found to be relatively insensitive to the stacking of the graphite. However, it is found that in the region of metastability of graphite, the . . .(AA). . . stacking never has lower energy than the rhombohedral stacking, and so we do not expect a transition from rhombohedral to . . .(AA). . . stacking under static pressure. While the energy of hexagonal diamond is higher than that of cubic diamond in their final formation, nevertheless, as the sp/sup 3/ bonds are forming during the transition from graphite, it is found that the hexagonal diamond has approximately the same energy as cubic diamond. The implications of these results for themore » synthesis of diamond from graphite are discussed.« less
Item-level psychometrics and predictors of performance for Spanish/English bilingual speakers on an object and action naming battery.

Purpose There is a pressing need for psychometrically sound naming materials for Spanish/English bilingual adults. To address this need, in this study the authors examined the psychometric properti...
Pediatric resident perceptions of public health education: learner-based insights into curriculum design and implementation.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this research was to evaluate a public health curriculum for pediatric residents from the learners' perspective, exploring resident attitudes, insights, and recommendations as to the most effective and learner-centric approaches to curriculum design and implementation in the context of graduate medical education. Methods Forty-five of 59 Children's Hospital of The Kings' Daughters (CHKD) residents participated in focus groups and individual interviews. All sessions took place between June and July 2012 and were audiorecorded, transcribed, and coded for major themes using NVivo software. Results The 5 major themes identified by this study included: 1) perceptions of public health relevance and impact, 2) time and competing priorities, 3) speaker–audience harmonization, 4) the need for practical solutions, and 5) individual tailoring. Study results paint a distinctive picture of residents' ideal public health curriculum—a less structured, more individualized educational opportunity that prioritizes small group discussions, maximizes speaker–audience interactions, and details a wide array of specific community-based programs and resources available to pediatricians and their patients. Conclusions The learner needs identified through this research suggest that effective public health training for residents would include protected time for public health instruction, faculty development workshops, linkages with appropriate local organizations, and opportunities for each resident to pursue his or her own projects. Residencies that wish to address learner preferences in the development and realization of public health training would benefit from considering these characteristics in designing their curriculum.
Glucose kinetics in dogs following a lethal dose of endotoxin

The effects of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the glucose kinetics and cardiovascular responses of conscious dogs were studied. The plasma glucose level fell steadily after endotoxin administration to severely hypoglycemic levels preterminally. The fall in plasma glucose appeared to be due primarily to an increased tissue uptake in the early phase, whereas decreased hepatic glucose output also contributed in the later, preterminal phases.
The effect of anisotonic media upon cellular ultra-structure in fresh and fixed rat brain.

When tissue slices or small blocks of unfixed rat cerebrum are incubated in various anisotonic physiological media, distinctive morphological changes are induced in glial cells, neurons, and endothelial cells. The variation in observed cellular swelling and shrinkage may be related to differences in ionic content of the cytoplasm of these cells. When HAA, glutal, and osmium tetroxide fixed tissue is incubated in this manner, only the cerebrum fixed in HAA responds to osmotic inequilibrium in a manner similar to unfixed tissue. Although HAA does not “fix“ tissues very well, the permeability of plasma membranes in the brain appears to be less altered by HAA than by glutal or osmium tetroxide. The relationship of these findings to a demonstration of the extracellular space in HAA fixed tissues is discussed.
Free-charge carrier profile of iso- and aniso-type Si homojunctions determined by terahertz and mid-infrared ellipsometry

article i nfo We present an optical, non-destructive, non-contact method of determining the silicon homojunction epilayer free-charge carrier concentration profile and thickness by means of combined terahertz (0.2-1 THz) and mid-infrared (10-50 THz) spectroscopic ellipsometry investigation. A dual homojunction iso- and aniso- type silicon sample is investigated. Application of analytical models for iso-type and aniso-type homojunctions results in an excellent match between calculated and experimental data. Best-match model calculated parameters are found to be consistent with electrical spreading resistance epilayer thickness and resistivity values.
Whiteness Revisited: Reply to Commentary

In reply to Altman's discussion, the author explores in more depth the topic of whiteness, both her South African and American whiteness. She situates American whiteness in the history of slavery, Jim Crow, and the ongoing racial discrimination of the present. When Altman points to the author's unconscious submission to the regulatory power of the larger society, she postulates that her submission is to American whiteness. She notes that, in finding a new home, that which she wished to discard—a white racist identity synonymous with the oppressor—has reappeared, to be confronted once again.
Factoring the human equation into electrical testing

Many accidents are actually “built into” test equipment through failure to take the human element into consideration. Methods are presented for the elimination of a large percentage of these accidents.
On ignorance and being wrong: Reply to Gordon

Robert Gordon is right [1]: the main target of the argument from error [2] is any version of Simulation Theory (ST) that does not allow a sufficient role for the observer's beliefs about how the mind works. The contents of other minds are not detected by passively resonating observers, but are actively reconstructed according to the observer's theory, and the consequence is occasional systematic error. Gordon disagrees, and defends ST by providing an alternative interpretation of one such error.
Highly ordered macroporous woody biochar with ultra-high carbon content as supercapacitor electrodes

Abstract Woody biochar monolith with ultra-high carbon content and highly ordered macropores has been prepared via one-pot pyrolysis and carbonization of red cedar wood at 750 °C without the need of post-treatment. Energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies show that the original biochar has a carbon content of 98 wt% with oxygen as the only detectable impurity and highly ordered macroporous texture characterized by alternating regular macroporous regions and narrow porous regions. Moreover, the hierarchically porous biochar monolith has a high BET specific surface area of approximately 400 m 2 g −1 . We have studied the monolith material as supercapacitor electrodes under acidic environment using electrochemical and surface characterization techniques. Electrochemical measurements show that the original biochar electrodes have a potential window of about 1.3 V and exhibit typical rectangular-shape voltammetric responses and fast charging–discharging behavior with a gravimetric capacitance of about 14 F g −1 . Simple activation of biochar in diluted nitric acid at room temperature leads to 7 times increase in the capacitance (115 F g −1 ). Because the HNO 3 -activation slightly decreases rather than increases the BET surface area of the biochar, an increase in the coverage of surface oxygen groups is the most likely origin of the substantial capacitance improvement. This is supported by EDX, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman measurements. Preliminary life-time studies show that biochar supercapacitors using the original and HNO 3 -activated electrodes are stable over 5000 cycles without performance decays. These facts indicate that the use of woody biochar is promising for its low cost and it can be a good performance electrode with low environmental impacts for supercapacitor applications.
Varshni parameters for InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice infrared photodetectors

The temperature-dependent behaviour of the bandgap of mid- and long-wavelength as well as dual-colour (mid-/long-wavelength) infrared detectors based on InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattices (SLSs) with p-i-n and nBn designs has been investigated with temperature-dependent absorption, photoluminescence and spectral response techniques. Values of Varshni parameters, zero temperature bandgap E0 and empirical coefficient α, were extracted and tabulated. The MWIR and LWIR superlattice detectors showed a temperature change of 0.325 meV K−1 and 0.282 meV K−1, respectively. These values are a factor of two lower than that of HgCdTe and InSb, making them attractive for higher operating temperatures.
Effects of Teriparatide Treatment and Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Women and Eugonadal Men with Osteoporosis

Context: In postmenopausal women, bone mineral density (BMD) declines after teriparatide therapy is stopped. The pattern of BMD loss after teriparatide therapy is stopped in men is less clear. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether the pattern of teriparatide-induced bone accrual and post-teriparatide bone loss differs between postmenopausal women and eugonadal men. Design: We conducted a prospective cohort substudy. Patients: The study included 14 postmenopausal women and 17 eugonadal men, ages 46–85 yr, with lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD T-scores below −2. Intervention: Teriparatide (37 μg sc daily) was administered for 24 months, followed by 12 months off therapy. Main Outcome Measures: We measured BMD at various anatomic sites by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, trabecular spine BMD by quantitative computed tomography, and bone turnover markers during the treatment and observation periods. The response to teriparatide administration and discontinuation was compared between female...
Representations of Critical Media Literacy in the Film Pump Up the Volume

One of the main aspects of critical media literacy is taking as objects of critique both the mass media (television, film, music) and the commodities they produce. The purpose of engaging students in this activity is to develop within them an awareness of the social, political, and economic messages emanating from popular fiction, music, movies, and so on. Along with critically examining media systems and popular culture texts, two other main aspects of critical media literacy involve producing media texts and taking up (using, consuming) media texts for critical purposes. An excellent text about the production and use of media texts for critical purposes is the school film Pump Up the Volume, which is the focus of this article.
Exploring a Domestic Violence Intervention Curriculum for Immigrant Mexican Women in a Group Setting: A Pilot Study

In 2011–2012, a qualitative exploratory pilot study was conducted to examine the experiences of immigrant Mexican women using a culturally specific domestic violence intervention model curriculum in a Midwestern state. Using a psychoeducational group format, 20 immigrant Mexican women participated in two 11-week groups over a 9-month period at a community-based health clinic. Findings indicated immigrant Mexican women examined current relationships, dating, and domestic violence dynamics in group settings and reported changes in self-esteem within their own culture. Implications for social workers include learning how they can use culturally competent curriculums and programs in group formats.
Self-tests for freeness over commutative artinian rings

Abstract We prove that the Auslander–Reiten conjecture holds for commutative standard graded artinian algebras, in two situations: the first is under the assumption that the modules considered are graded and generated in a single degree. The second is under the assumption that the algebra is generic Gorenstein of socle degree 3.
Induced terminal differentiation and tumorigenic suppression in murine keratinocyte somatic-cell hybrids

The development of malignancy has been associated with both the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Whereas recent data implicate tumor suppressor genes as cell-cycle check-points, the nature and timing of tumor suppressor gene inactivation during multistage carcinogenesis is still largely uncharacterized. To address this issue, we used a syngeneic mouse epidermal model system. By creating somatic-cell hybrids between nontumorigenic x benign (291 x 291.09RAT), nontumorigenic x malignant (291 x 291.05RAT and 291 x 291.03RAT), benign x malignant (291.09RAT x 291.03RAT) and malignant x malignant (291.03RAT x 291.05RAT) clones, multiple tumor suppressor activities were detected. Most importantly, we demonstrated the first example of the complete suppression of benign papillomas in vivo, thus implicating tumor suppressor gene activity loss an early event in skin carcinogenesis. In addition, the carcinoma phenotype was suppressed in vivo by nontumorigenic, benign, and heterologous malignant keratinocytes. The somatic-cell hybrids expressed the differentiation-specific keratins, K1 and K10, in response to high extracellular calcium concentrations (1.4 mM) in vitro. All of the hybrids had fewer local metastases than did the parental lines, and when tumor formation was not suppressed, the resulting tumors were highly differentiated. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the neomycin-resistance gene at nontumorigenic injection sites indicated an absence of injected hybrids, and subsequent analyses failed to detect nontumorigenic 291 cells 1 wk after transplantation. These data demonstrate that distinct tumor suppressor gene activities are lost at discrete stages during multistage carcinogenesis and are consistent with the hypothesis that tumor suppression can occur through induction of terminal differentiation.
Energy System Optimization Models

Consider the simple Reference Energy System depicted on Figure 9.1. The end use demands shown on the right, D1, D2, and D3, are assumed given (from a demand forecasting model); as in our previous discussion of Reference Energy Systems (RES) in Chapter 3, the system is demand driven. Recall that in the RES, intermediate fuel and supply variables are defined by the series of matrix transitions discussed in Section 3.2. However, the coefficients of those transition matrices, which represent the market shares of each fuel meeting end use demand categories, or the electric generation mix, require exogenous specification by the analyst — which translates, in practice, to a great deal of judgement on the part of the analyst in an attempt to bring supply and demand into balance. Indeed, in many early developing country energy assessments, such supply-demand balances were derived manually even for future years.
The impact of emergency department structure and care processes in delivering care for non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Background We sought to assess the influence of emergency department (ED) structure and care processes on adherence to practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Methods We surveyed emergency physicians and nurses from 316 hospitals participating in the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative and used multivariable modeling to correlate ED-specific characteristics with guidelines adherence. Results Factors that were significantly associated with improved guidelines adherence included collaboration between emergency physicians and hospital administration, northeast region, adequate nursing support, use of locum tenens physicians, an independent ED (not a division of another clinical department), and use of a care algorithm for acute coronary syndromes. Conclusions Quality improvement strategies that have the full support of hospital administration, focus on increasing collaboration between emergency physicians and other health care providers, and specified protocol-driven management algorithm may be the most successful methods for improving the care and outcomes of patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.
A phylogenetic view of low-level CAM in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is common in several plant families and is often associated with succulence. Few studies have examined the occurrence of CAM from a phylogenetic perspective. The genus Pelargonium is promising for such a study because members are characterized by dramatic variation in growth form (including geophytes, shrubs, and stem succulents) and because growth form diversity is expressed to the greatest extent in a monophyletic group comprising 80% of Pelargonium species. This clade, predominantly from the winter rainfall region of southern Africa, likely proliferated in response to Miocene or Pliocene aridification. We present a survey for CAM across Pelargonium, emphasizing the winter rainfall clade. Dawn/dusk fluctuations in titratable acidity were examined in 41 species, with detailed measurements of carbon uptake and stomatal conductance under progressive water stress in four species. No species exhibited obligate CAM. When well-watered, most species exhibited stomatal conductances and acid fluctuations characteristic of C(3) photosynthesis, though some exhibited more pronounced increases in nocturnal acidity, suggesting CAM cycling. In four species examined during dry-down, water stress led to increased nighttime acid levels and decreased daytime stomatal conductance. Ultimately, stomata closed and external carbon uptake ceased, consistent with CAM idling. These results are discussed from the perspective of the evolution of CAM flexibility.
The absorption of fat by intestine of golden hamster in vitro.

Everted sacs of intestine from golden hamsters were incubated at 37°C for at least 1 hour in vitro with emulsified lipid after removal of both pancreatic lipase and bile salts. The fine structure of intestinal epithelium is well preserved under these conditions. Absorption of fat by the intestinal mucosa in vitro closely resembles lipid absorption in vivo, as observed by both light and electron microscopy. The physiological significance of these observations is discussed. Tubular elements of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum are often strikingly abundant in the apical cytoplasm of intestinal absorptive cells. These have a role in the intracellular transport of fat since they frequently contain droplets of lipid derived from the incubation medium. The rate of fat accumulation in the epithelium appears to be proportional to the concentration in the medium.
Environmentalism and Contraceptive Use: How people in less developed settings approach environmental issues

The rise in environmental concerns around the globe has prompted increasing research on the links between such concerns and behavior. However, most studies have focused on pro-environmental behaviors in affluent western societies, such as willingness to pay for environmental protection, pro-environmental political actions, and consumption patterns. Using multiple data sets from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, this paper examines the impact of environmental perceptions on contraceptive use in a rural agricultural setting. The results of our analyses show that perceptions about certain aspects of the environment are related to individuals' subsequent use of contraceptives. Specifically, those individuals who think that their environment—agricultural productivity—has deteriorated are more likely to use contraceptives than those who think that their environment has improved or has remained about the same. This study thus provides a first step in our understanding of the relationships between environmental perceptions and fertility behavior in a less developed setting.
Transurethral prostatectomy--new trends.

Abstract Treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy has changed drastically within the past 3 years. Two new procedures—visual laser ablation of the prostate and transurethral electrovaporization prostatectomy, as well as improvements in the transurethral prostatectomy—have resulted in decreased recovery time and early discharge. Postoperative nursing observations for the visual laser ablation of the prostate and transurethral electrovaporization prostatectomy are quite different than for the transurethral prostatectomy. Discharge teaching has become extremely important because patients are now being discharged within 24 hours and most often with a Foley catheter. Patient response to the new procedures has been positive even though there are some disadvantages.
The two-component system BfrAB regulates expression of ABC transporters in Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis

The putative two-component system BfrAB is involved in Streptococcus gordonii biofilm development. Here, we provide evidence that BfrAB regulates the expression of bfrCD and bfrEFG, which encode two ABC transporters, and bfrH, which encodes a CAAX amino-terminal protease family protein. BfrC and BfrE are ATP-binding proteins and BfrD, BfrF and BfrG are homologous membrane- spanning polypeptides. Similarly, BfrABss, the BfrAB homologous system in S. sanguinis controls the expression of two bfrCD-homologous operons (bfrCDss and bfrXYss), a bfrH-homologous gene (bfrH1ss) and another CAAX amino- terminal protease family protein gene (bfrH2ss). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the purified BfrA DNA-binding domain from S. gordonii binds to the promoter regions of bfrCD, bfrEFG, bfrH, bfrCDss, bfrXYss, and bfrH1ss in vitro. Finally, we show that the BfrA DNA-binding domain recognizes a conserved DNA motif with a consensuses sequence of TTTCTTTAGAAATATTTTAGAATT. These data suggest, therefore, that S. gordonii BfrAB could control biofilm formation by regulating multiple ABC-transporter systems.
Overweight in Children: The Perspectives of 9-13 Year Olds.

Abstract Children and adolescents in the United States are increasingly overweight at younger ages. Many studies have investigated the issue from the perspective of professionals and other adults. This study assessed early adolescents' perceptions regarding the magnitude of, effects of, causes of, solutions for, and learning preferences related to overweight. Data were obtained from 1,168 students, grades four to eight, who visited nine health education centers. Data were collected anonymously via electronic keypads. Analyses were based on multivariate and nominal logistic regressions. The majority of students believed childhood overweight is a problem (52%), and thought overweight is primarily caused by (55%) and can be addressed through (68%) nutrition and exercise. Most preferred to learn through doing (joining an active group or cooking demos, 43%) instead of listening (school lessons, 8%). Further, most (60%) perceived that overweight children and adolescents have a more difficult time making friends...
Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters

A~~aet~alculation of chemical equilibria in 351 hot springs and surface waters from selected geothermal areas in the western United States indicate that the solubility of the mineral fluorite, CaF,, provides an equilibrium control on dissolved fluoride activity. Waters that are undersaturated have undergone dilution by non-thermal waters as shown by decreased conductivity and temperature values, and only 2% of the samples are supersaturated by more than the expected error. Calculations also demonstrate that simultaneous chemical equilibria between the thermal waters and calcite as well as fluorite minerals exist under a variety of conditions. Testing for fluorite solubility required a critical review of the thermodynamic data for fluorite. By applying multiple regression of a mathematical model to selected published data we have obtained revised estimates of the pK (10,96), AGY (- 280.08 kcal/mole), AN? (-292.59 kcal/mole), S’ (16.39 cal/deg/mole) and CF (16.16 cal/deg/mole) for CaF, at 25°C and 1 atm. Association constants and reaction enthalpies for fluoride complexes with boron, calcium and iron are included in this review. The excellent agreement between the computer-based activity products and the revised pK suggests that the chemistry of geothermal waters mav also be a guide to evaluating mineral solubility data where major discrepancies are evident.
Research Highlights from the Purdue-UAB Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases.

The Purdue-UAB Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Disease uses multidisciplinary and innovative technologies to investigate the bioavailability of bioactive polyphenolic constituents from botanicals and their relationship to human health. Many age-related diseases are associated with oxidative stress and tissue damage. One of the research goals of the Purdue-UAB Center is to investigate the bioavailability of bioactive natural compounds from a complex botanical mixture to the organ affected by the disease, determine the uptake and metabolism of these compounds, and relate these data to a protective mechanism. Equally important is to screen commercially available botanicals for their safety and efficacy. The central aims of the Center include the investigation of botanicals and their relationship to bone antiresorptive capacity, cognitive function, vascular effects, and cancer prevention.
Variations on a theme: role of media in motivating computing education

The SIGCSE community has been exploring the role of multimedia to enhance computing education since the earliest algorithm visualization systems and studies [1]. Media Computation is a shift in focus [2]. Where algorithm visualization presents information to the student to facilitate their understanding, media computation is about having students manipulate media as the data for their programming, i.e., as the focus of the course activities. Students in media computation produce new images, sounds, and video. We aim to show that computer science is about more than numbers and strings. Computer science is also about creative expression. The original media computation work focused on using media to motivate non-computing majors [2]. The role of media in motivating student learning for computing education has broadened. Inventive teachers are using media computation for lots of different kinds of students, at different kinds of institutions, with a range of languages and toolkits. This special session is a mixture of "Five Minute Madness," science fair, and art gallery. Each participant will present how he or she is using media to motivate student learning, and some student work will be available for audience inspection
Analgesia Induced by Brain Stimulation in Man

Since the report by Reynolds48 that analgesia can be produced in the rat by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), several investigators have demonstrated that potent analgesic effects can be produced in the cat14,31,39,44,46 and the monkey,15 as well as the rat,37,38 by electrical stimulation of discrete areas of the medial diencephalon and brainstem. In humans, it has been reported by Hosobuchi et al.21 and by Richardson and Akil49 that not only normal pain perception, but also intractable clinical pain states, can be blocked by electrical stimulation of the PAG and periventricular gray. This relief from pain can be totally reversed by the specific opiate antagonist naloxone,1,21 which suggests that the production of analgesia by electrical stimulation is partly mediated by the same neuronal system involved in the analgesic expression of opiates.
THE FORMATION OF THE DAYTIME PEAK OF THE IONOSPHERIC F2 LAYER

Abstract : The physical processes occurring in the F2 layer of the ionosphere are discussed. A simplified model, in which the loss region for the ionization has a sharp upper boundary, is shown to give a layer, having a defined maximum, due to production and diffusive transport alone. The complete continuity equation for ionization is an isothermal atmosphere, nearly transparent to the ionizing radiation, is solved explicitly in terms of Lommel functions. Comparison of the complete solution with the simplified model mentioned above, indicates that the simplified model gives sufficiently accurate results for heights at and above the layer maximum. (Author)
Normal-state properties and Josephson effects in HTS weak links produced by electron beam

A description is given of the fabrication method and Josephson properties of high temperature superconducting junctions produced by focused electron beam writing. The nature of a weak link, I-V characteristics, transition to flux flow, and magnetic field modulation are discussed in some detail. The materials aspects such as the mechanism of e-beam damage to HTS, threshold energy, junction stability, and some technological issues such as reproducibility and uniformity are also addressed. >
Protein Kinase C Signaling Mediates a Program of Cell Cycle Withdrawal in the Intestinal Epithelium

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of signal transduction molecules have been widely implicated in regulation of cell growth and differentiation, although the underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. Using combined in vitro and in vivo intestinal epithelial model systems, we demonstrate that PKC signaling can trigger a coordinated program of molecular events leading to cell cycle withdrawal into G0. PKC activation in the IEC-18 intestinal crypt cell line resulted in rapid downregulation of D-type cyclins and differential induction of p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, thus targeting all of the major G1/S cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. These events were associated with coordinated alterations in expression and phosphorylation of the pocket proteins p107, pRb, and p130 that drive cells to exit the cell cycle into G0 as indicated by concomitant downregulation of the DNA licensing factor cdc6. Manipulation of PKC isozyme levels in IEC-18 cells demonstrated that PKCα alone can trigger hallmark events of cell cycle withdrawal in intestinal epithelial cells. Notably, analysis of the developmental control of cell cycle regulatory molecules along the crypt–villus axis revealed that PKCα activation is appropriately positioned within intestinal crypts to trigger this program of cell cycle exit–specific events in situ. Together, these data point to PKCα as a key regulator of cell cycle withdrawal in the intestinal epithelium.
Comprehensive mutant enzyme and viral variant assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase resistance to nonnucleoside inhibitors

Abstract The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors comprise a class of structurally diverse compounds that are functionally related and specific for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT. Viral variants resistant to these compounds arise readily in cell culture and in treated, infected human. Therefore, the eventual clinical usefulness of the nonnucleoside inhibitors will rely on a thorough understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases for resistance. A study was performed to assess the effects of substitutions at each RT amino acid residue that influences the enzyme's susceptibility to the various nonnucleoside compounds. Single substitutions were introduced into both purified enzyme and virus. The resulting patterns of resistance were markedly distinct for each of the tested inhibitors. For instance, a > 50-fold loss of enzyme susceptibility to BI-RG-587 was engendered by any of four individual substitutions, while the same level of relative resistance to the pyridinone derivatives was mediated only by substitution at residue 181. Similarly, substitution at residue 181. Similarly, substitution at residue 106 had a noted effect on virus resistance to BI-RG-587 but not to the pyridinones. The opposite effect was mediated by a substitution at residue 179. Such knowledge of nonucleoside inhibitor resistance profiles may help in understanding the basis for resistant virus selection during clinical studies of these compounds.
Simultaneous particle size and concentration measurements using a back-lighted particle imaging system

Abstract A back-lighted particle imaging system (BLPIS) is developed to simultaneously measure particle size distribution and volume concentration of suspended particles in water. Based upon optical principles, a modified in-focus parameter, incorporating optical conditions, particle shape, overlapping, and depth-of-field variations due to particle size, is developed to identify particles. BLPIS is calibrated with a precise graticule with an accuracy of particle sizes within the measurement uncertainty of image pixel size resolution. For volume concentration, BLPIS employs an adaptive sampling volume methodology that varies with each particle size based upon a critical in-focus parameter value. Experiments show that under lower volume concentration, measured and actual particle size distributions are in good agreement. For higher volume concentration, measured particle concentration is corrected using a Poisson-based distribution to account for overlapping. Overall the volumetric concentration measurement is reliable and accurate with a relative error of approximate 10%. Finally BLPIS is applied to accurately measure both size and concentration of flowing particles near the bottom boundary with resuspension and sedimentation processes.
Weighted Batch Means for Confidence Intervals in Steady-State Simulations

We propose a new procedure for providing confidence-interval estimators of the mean of a covariance-stationary process. The procedure, a modification of the method of batch means, is an improvement over existing methods when the process displays strong correlation and a comparatively small number of observations is available. We assign weights to the observations within a batch. The weights are determined by the order of the time-series model fit to the process and by its estimated parameters. For a given model and its parameters, the weights minimize the variance of the weighted point estimator of the mean; the point and variance estimators formed when these optimal weights are applied are unbiased. The time-series identification procedure and estimation of the parameters and weights bring in bias. Formulas for optimal weights are given for ARp and MA1 processes. Experiments were conducted on AR1, AR2, and MA2 processes as well as on the M/M/1 queue delay process and a periodic inventory system cost process. Results show that for processes with strong correlation over many lags, as is typical in queue-delay processes and inventory processes, the achieved coverage of the constructed interval is closer to nominal levels than for the unweighted-batch-means method. The coverage and average half-length is not as greatly affected by the number of batches, and nonnormality of the weighted batch means is not as severe.
Plasma human growth hormone in the puerperium

Human growth hormone and prolactin share many characteristics. Plasma HGH levels were measured during the first 5 postpartum days in women who were nursing, in women who were not nursing and received androgen-estrogen medication for suppression of lactation, and in women who were not nursing and received no such medication. No difference in plasma HGH levels was detected among these three groups.
Patents and Human Rights: The Paradox Reexamined

The Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights recently released two reports tackling the difficult task of reconciling the provision in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizing that “Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author” with the right “to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.” The Copyright Report, which issued first, maintains that the harder question is reconciling moral rights with public access interests because material interests can be satisfied in ways that do not require copyright protection. In contrast, moral rights pose a difficult question because authorial interests in the integrity of the work clash with society’s interest in commenting, parodying, and transforming the work to other needs. In the new report, the Rapporteur sees the patent problem as much simpler: the Patent Report flat out denies there is a human right to patent protection. In this paper, I suggest that the Rapporteur is right to see minimal moral rights in the scientific realm. Because there is less of the inventor in the work, the public’s interest in interacting with existing works is easily accommodated. In this context, however, material interests are more problematic than the Rapporteur acknowledges. Society is crucially concerned with the development of future technologies; inventions that can tackle such issues as terrifying diseases, drastic climate changes, and threats of terrorism. Patent rights are not the only way – or even a sufficient way – to promote these developments. But science is expensive. Because the material interests protected by patents furnish significant support to innovations that improve social welfare, an argument can be made that patents 4do have human rights dimensions. In that case, thought must be given to ways to promote the right to share in scientific advancement within a globally coordinated patent system.
Building the Student Culture

The importance of student culture to the law school is often overlooked; yet our students are more significant to the long-term health of our schools than any other group or constituency. This is often difficult for we deans to comprehend. After all, we have spent most of our academic careers as faculty members, and we tend to believe that faculty and the scholarship they produce are the most important factors in determining the long-term success of the law school. But deans and faculty members come and go. In contrast, once a student enters an institution, he or she is connected to that law school for better or worse for the rest of his or her life. In many cases this connection will last for half a century. As a result students and alumni will be our representatives to the profession and the rest of the world and will have a significant impact on our reputation and standing. Schools over the long-term are recognized and valued by the work and success of their graduates.
Effects of Na+ replacement and amiloride on ursodeoxycholic acid-stimulated choleresis and biliary bicarbonate secretion

In these studies, we have tested the hypothesis that bile acid-dependent bile formation is attributable, in part, to the stimulation of active bicarbonate secretion and have further explored the cellular mechanism(s) possibly involved in this process using the isolated perfused rat liver. Under control conditions, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) infusion (3 mumol/min X 20 min) produced a 3.7-fold increase in bile flow and a 7.4-fold increase in HCO3- output. Amiloride (an inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange) decreased UDCA-stimulated bile flow by 20.6% and decreased biliary HCO3- output by 24.9% but increased biliary UDCA output by 42.9%. Thus amiloride decreased UDCA choleretic efficiency (microliter UDCA-stimulated bile/mumol UDCA output) by 45% and UDCA-stimulated increase in HCO3- output per unit UDCA secreted by 48%. Substitution of Li+ for Na+ in perfusate virtually abolished (greater than 95% decrease) both the UDCA choleresis and increase in biliary HCO3- output but modestly decreased (39.6%) biliary bile acid output. Li+ substitution thus decreased UDCA choleretic efficiency by 98% and the UDCA-stimulated increase in HCO3- output by 96%. Amiloride had no effect and Li+ substitution produced a modest decrease in basal bile flow (26.0%) and HCO-3 output (33.5%). Neither amiloride nor Li+ substitution significantly affected UDCA uptake by cultured hepatocytes or by perfused liver. Amiloride (1 mM) also decreased taurocholate (TC)-stimulated choleresis by 48.5%, biliary TC output by 7.2%, and the choleretic efficiency of TC by 45%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Toronto blessing : Charisma, institutionalization, and revival

Since January 20, 1994, the Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship, a church located near the Pearson International Airport, has become the center of a global revival. Although similar revival fires are underway at other centers (in various parts of North America as well as on other continents), TACF is an important institutional source for the dissemination of the experience, ideology, and structural form of this religious social movement. Using a Weberian theoretical framework based on Thomas O'Dea's institutional dilemmas, this descriptive account of the Toronto Blessing provides a first-hand portrayal of the process through which charisma becomes routinized. Each of O'Dea's five dilemmas is discussed, noting the balance between charismatic manifestations and institutional features set into place by TACF leadership. The dynamic interplay between charisma and institutions is illustrated through teachings, testimonies, and observations made during 22 months of field research.
Long term disease-free survival in elderly patients following concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized esophageal cancer

experience a typical post-operative pattern of decreasing symptom distress over the 6-month period following thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cancer surgery regardless of presence or absence of adjuvant treatment. The findings also suggest that some older adults are at risk for increased symptom distress beginning in the post-operative period and extending through 6 months. Those at risk for increased symptom distress include individuals diagnosed with thoracic or digestive cancers. At 6 months after surgery, individuals aged 75 and over also may be at risk for greater symptom distress than their younger counterparts. Clinical implications include increasing the frequency of symptom assessment to anticipate and prevent complications for individuals 75 and over or individuals with thoracic or colorectal cancers. This abstract will be presented at 2012 Council for Advancement of Nursing Science State of the Science Meeting.
The Effect of Aggregated Nesting on Red-Winged Blackbird Nest Success and Brood Parasitism by Brown-Headed Cowbirds

We examined temporal and spatial nesting aggregations in a prairie-nesting population of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). In particular, we were interested in the effects of aggregated nesting on blackbird nest success and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Most cowbird parasitism occurred early in the breeding season during the peak in Red-winged Blackbird nesting. As a result, more parasitized nests were active simultaneously with other nests than were unparasitized nests, even when we controlled statistically for the effects of nest initiation date. The probability of parasitism across the entire study site did not decrease on days when many nests were initiated, suggesting no swamping effect of aggregated nesting on cowbirds. However, individual parasitized nests were less synchronous with their nearest neighbors and farther from the nearest simultaneously active nest than were unparasitized nests. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds may select for aggregated nesting in Red-winged Blackbirds as a result of greater parasitism pressure on isolated nests. Nests that succeeded in producing at least one fledgling were initiated significantly earlier in the breeding season than were nests that failed. Nest aggregation had no effect on nest success; successful nests were no different from failed nests in the number simultaneously active nests, their distance to nearest simultaneously active nests, the laying interval with their nearest neighbors, and the distance to their nearest neighbors. These data suggest that nest predation (the primary cause of nest failure), in contrast to nest parasitism, does not necessarily select for aggregated nesting, or that predation and nest aggregation are related only at high nest-densities.
A system-of-systems approach for assessing the resilience of reconfigurable command and control networks

Increasing complexity and connectivity of military systems has created a need to investigate novel Command and Control (C2) approaches. In addition to being effective, C2 approaches must also be resilient to handle operating conditions characterized by uncertainty and mission volatility. This paper proposes an SoS approach to assessing C2 resilience, focusing on C2 architectures defined by information sharing and decision authority networks. Network reconfiguration based on random rewiring is used to improve the resilience of C2 architectures. C2 capability is measured by information entropy-based battlespace awareness and used as the primary metric for evaluating the resilience of C2 architectures. Awareness results are supplemented by complex network metrics to provide additional insights into the behavior of C2 architectures. An agent-based simulation of a network-centric unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance mission is used to simulate C2 architecture performance. Results show that random rewiring improves the resilience of C2 architectures to random and targeted node removal. Network largest component size is shown to accurately predict the awareness of a C2 architecture, indicating that C2 resilience can be achieved by maintaining network connectivity. Algebraic connectivity and inverse average path length also show similar trends to awareness. These results suggest the use of connectivity and path length network metrics to design reconfiguration strategies for C2 resilience.
Application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with capillary electrophoresis for biochemical investigations.

10 0 by adjacent charge states are now very close in mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and therefore less well resolved. This problem becomes less acute as the number of charges is reduced. For example, the peak labelled with 68 charges in Fig. 4 (m/z 1957.6) is separated by only 28.4 Da from the peak with 69 charges (m/z 1929.2). On the other hand, the peak with 50 charges (m/z 2662.0) is separated by 52.2 Da from the peak with 51 charges (m/z 2609.8). A I50