cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypersurfaces in R-D and the Variance of Exit Times for Brownian Motion

Using the first exit time for Brownian motion from a smoothly bounded domain in Euclidean space, we define two natural functionals on the space of embedded, compact, oriented, unparametrized hypersurfaces in Euclidean space. We develop explicit formulas for the first variation of each of the functionals and characterize the critical points.
The Effects of Behavioral Parent Training With Adjunctive Social Skills Training for a Preadolescent Girl With ADHD and Borderline Personality Features

Girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at high risk of a range of social–emotional difficulties, including peer rejection, suicide attempts, and borderline personality disor...
Does Running Out of (Some) Trademarks Matter

Professors Barton Beebe and Jeanne Fromer's empirical tour de force presents a strong challenge to the conventional wisdom that there are infinite potential trademarks. To be sure, the claim that potential trademarks, broadly defined, are inexhaustible is tautologically true: there are infinite combinations of letters and other symbols-including sounds and colors-any of which might serve as a mark. In this sense, the claim that we might run out of trademarks seems as absurd as John Stuart Mill's concern that we might run out of music. But not all marks are created equal. Some combinations of letters are unwieldy or unmemorable; others have negative connotations. Beebe and Fromer argue that the most valuable marks are common words, short and pronounceable neologisms, and common U.S. surnames. The concern about running out of these marks is far from absurd-just as Mill's anxiety about running out of music makes much more sense when confined to three-note melodies such as the trademarked NBC chimes, of which there are only 469 possibilities. In this short space, I wish to laud the remarkable descriptive contribution of "Are We Running Out of Trademarks?" while sounding a note of caution on the normative implications. Beebe and Fromer's data convincingly demonstrates that short, common word marks are becoming depleted and congested, and they present a number of plausible hypotheses about the negative welfare impact of this trend. Their findings suggest that trademark policy has been based on false assumptions and should be closely reexamined. But their data cannot elucidate the actual costs of depletion or congestion-particularly without noting how the market will adapt to reduce these costs-and cannot reveal if there are countervailing benefits. Generating concrete evidence of these costs and benefits seems like a necessary next step before recommending any significant changes to the current trademark system. After offering a laudatory evaluation of the value of Beebe and Fromer's descriptive work, I explore why reforms in reaction to their research should proceed cautiously, and I suggest important avenues for future empirical work to build on these results.
XPathLearner: an on-line self-tuning Markov histogram for XML path selectivity estimation

The extensible mark-up language (XML) is gaining widespread use as a format for data exchange and storage on the World Wide Web. Queries over XML data require accurate selectivity estimation of path expressions to optimize query execution plans. Selectivity estimation of XML path expression is usually done based on summary statistics about the structure of the underlying XML repository. All previous methods require an off-line scan of the XML repository to collect the statistics. In this paper, we propose XPathLearner, a method for estimating selectivity of the most commonly used types of path expressions without looking at the XML data. XPathLearner gathers and refines the statistics using query feedback in an on-line manner and is especially suited to queries in Internet scale applications since the underlying XML repository is either inaccessible or too large to be scanned in its entirety. Besides the on-line property, our method also has two other novel features: (a) XPathLearner is workload-aware in collecting the statistics and thus can be more accurate than the more costly off-line method under tight memory constraints, and (b) XPathLearner automatically adjusts the statistics using query feedback when the underlying XML data change. We show empirically the estimation accuracy of our method using several real data sets.
Robot Path Planning Using Analog Circuit Phase Delay

A robot’s motion planner should find a path from its current location to its goal in an optimum way, where optimality in this paper is the shortest path. This paper proposes a new method of decision making using a phase delay technique. The robot’s workspace is converted into a resistive-capacitive grid network, and the path is found by measuring and comparing the propagation times for a signal from the goal to the robot’s next possible positions. A reconfigurable AVLSI architecture based on floating-gate transistors is proposed and simulation results with analytical complexity analysis equations are presented to describe the algorithm’s performance. Finally, results from a robot hardware-in-the-loop platform are presented.
Association of regional myocardial conduction velocity with the distribution of hypoattenuation on contrast-enhanced perfusion computed tomography in patients with postinfarct ventricular tachycardia

Background Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to be beneficial for identification of the ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate before catheter ablation. Contrast-enhanced perfusion multidetector computed tomography (CEP-MDCT) is more generalizable to clinical practice, and wall thickness and regional hypoenhancement on CEP-MDCT can identify potential substrate sites, albeit with decreased specificity. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between wall thickness and attenuation on CEP-MDCT with local conduction velocity (CV) and electrogram abnormalities in patients with postinfarct VT. Methods Fourteen patients with postinfarct VT underwent preprocedural CEP-MDCT followed by endocardial electroanatomic mapping (EAM) and ablation. Myocardial attenuation and wall thickness were calculated from 3-dimensional MDCT images using ADAS-VT software (Galgo Medical). EAM was registered with 3-dimensional MDCT images using the CartoMERGE module of CARTO3 software (Biosense Webster). Local CV was calculated by averaging the velocity between each point and 5 adjacent points with concordant wavefront direction. Results A total of 3689 points were included. In multivariable regression analysis clustered by patient, local CV was positively associated with myocardial attenuation, bipolar voltage, unipolar voltage, and wall thickness. Each 10-HU drop in full-thickness attenuation correlated to 2.6% decrease in CV (P Conclusion Myocardial attenuation distribution on CEP-MDCT is associated with regional CV and electrogram amplitude. Regions with low CV identified with low attenuation on CEP-MDCT may serve as important VT substrates in postinfarct patients.
Mental Health and the Role of Religious Context among Inmates in State and Federal Prisons: Results from a Multilevel Analysis:

Inmates confined to correctional institutions are exposed to stressors that induce psychological distress. One factor that may be important for inmate mental health is religion. Accordingly, schola...
Evaluation of in ovo vaccination of DNA vaccines for Campylobacter control in broiler chickens

Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis in developed countries. Chicken is a major natural host of Campylobacter. Thus, on-farm control of Campylobacter load in poultry would reduce the risk of human exposure to this pathogen. Vaccination is an attractive intervention measure to mitigate Campylobacter in poultry. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter outer membrane proteins CmeC (a component of multidrug efflux pump) and CfrA (ferric enterobactin receptor) are feasible and promising candidates for vaccine development. In this study, by targeting these two attractive vaccine candidates, we explored and evaluated a new vaccination strategy, which combines the in ovo vaccination route and novel DNA vaccine formulation, for Campylobacter control in broilers. We observed that direct cloning of cfrA or cmeC gene into the eukaryotic expression vector pCAGGS did not lead to sufficient level of production of the target proteins in the eukaryotic HEK-293 cell line. However, introduction of the Kozak consensus sequence (ACCATGG) in the cloned bacterial genes greatly enhanced production of inserted gene in eukaryotic cells, creating desired DNA vaccines. Subsequently, the validated DNA vaccines were prepared and used for two independent in ovo vaccination trials to evaluate their immune response and protective efficacy. However, single in ovo injection of specific DNA vaccine at 18th day of embryonation, regardless using neutral lipid-protected vector or not, failed to trigger significant IgG and IgA immune responses and did not confer protection against C. jejuni colonization in the intestine of chickens. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the Kozak sequence is critically important for construction of the DNA vaccine expressing prokaryotic gene. The optimal regimen for in ovo vaccination of DNA vaccine for Campylobacter control in poultry needs to be determined in future studies.
Volumetric Symmetry after Unilateral Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Reasonable Goal.

With growing concerns about the overuse of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, optimizing unilateral mastectomy reconstruction outcomes becomes a priority. However, there remains a paucity of objective data that describe volumetric symmetry between a natural and autologous-reconstructed breast. Methods We evaluated patients who underwent unilateral mastectomy reconstruction with free-flap abdominal tissue transfer from 04/2006 to 01/2015, and had at least 2 postoperative magnetic resonance images (MRIs; n = 28). Using these MRI data, volumetric measurements of the reconstructed and natural breast were performed at the first postoperative MRI (after all revisions were complete) and the most recent MRI. Relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficients. A symmetry score (SS) was calculated such that values closer to 1.0 reflected volumetric symmetry. Results The mean age (years) and BMI of the patients was 44.8 and 26.8, respectively. The mean interval time between the MRIs was 3.03 years (range 0.43-6.6). After surgical revisions were complete, volumetric symmetry between reconstructed and nonreconstructed breasts was typically achieved (mean SS 0.92). This symmetry was also retained at the end of follow-up (mean SS 0.96), despite a mean change in BMI of 3.9% (range 1.1-7.7). Additionally, the mean number of flap revisions was 0.75 (range 0-2), and 39% of patients had a procedure performed on the natural breast. Conclusion In patients undergoing unilateral abdominal-based breast reconstruction, volumetric symmetry is attainable; however, it can require flap revisions and procedures to natural breast. Interestingly, this study does show that initial symmetry is retained postoperatively, regardless of changes in BMI.
Reversible aggregation of particles with short oligomeric sidechains at the surface studied with Langevin dynamics

Abstract We investigate nanoscopic aggregation of asphaltene nanoaggregates by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. Nanoaggregates that represent clusters of 6–10 asphaltene molecules are modelled as spherical particles with an attractive core consisting of polyaromatic hydrocarbons rings and short aliphatic tails that protrude from the surface, as in a spherical brush. As two such nanoaggregates approach each other, the steric repulsion that arises from interactions between the tails, is modelled using Alexander-de Gennes theory and Derjaguin approximation, while the attraction upon contact between polyaromatic cores, caused by van der Waals and other interactions is modelled as a Morse potential. The aggregation occurs when the steric barrier is overcome and the cores come into contact. Our simulations show that, with shallow interaction potentials, that is, with weak attractions and low barriers, the nanoaggregates form small agglomerates with ramified structure that are in metastable equilibrium with uniform solutions. These agglomerates can be described with a fractal dimensions below 1.5, which may represent soluble asphaltenes. The increase in attraction strength promotes aggregation and destabilizes the systems as in the case of dilution with a flocculant, for which several aggregation regimes are observed. Increasing the well-depth and/or barrier for nanoaggregate interaction leads to classical diffusion limited and reaction limited regimes. We find that with high barrier the clusters formed are less close-packed, and may represent the weak gel state typical for bitumen gel.
A Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training Approach for Enhancing Higher Order Cognitive Functioning Following Sports- and Recreation-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Youth Using Telepractice

Purpose There is currently a large scope of unmet need in addressing persistent cognitive difficulties after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affecting higher order aspects such as reasoning, str...
Bone density of first and second segments of normal and dysmorphic sacra.

Iliosacral screw fixation is safe and effective but can be complicated by loss of fixation, particularly in patients with osteopenic bone. Sacral morphology dictates where iliosacral screws may be placed when stabilizing pelvic ring injuries. In dysmorphic sacra, the safe osseous corridor of the upper sacral segment (S1) is smaller and lacks a transsacral corridor, increasing the need for fixation in the second sacral segment (S2). Previous evidence suggests that S2 is less dense than S1. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to further evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) of the S1 and S2 iliosacral osseous pathways through morphology stratification into normal and dysmorphic sacra. Pelvic computed tomography scans of 50 consecutive trauma patients, aged 18 to 50 years, from a level 1 trauma center were analyzed prospectively. Five radiographic features (upper sacral segment not recessed in the pelvis, mammillary bodies, acute alar slope, residual S1 disk, and misshapen sacral foramen) were used to identify dysmorphic characteristics, and sacra with four or five features were classified as dysmorphic. Hounsfield unit values were used to estimate the regional BMD of S1 and S2. Student’s t-test was utilized to compare the mean values at each segment, with statistical significance being set at p < 0.05. No change in clinical management occurred as a result of inclusion in this study. A statistical difference in BMD was appreciated between S1 and S2 in both normal and dysmorphic sacra (p < 0.0001), with 28.4% lower density in S2 than S1. Further, S1 in dysmorphic sacra tended to be 4% less dense than S1 in normal sacra (p = 0.047). No difference in density was appreciated at S2 based on morphology. Our results would indicate that, based on BMD alone, fixation should be maximized in S1 prior to fixation in S2. In cases where S2 fixation is required, we recommend that transsacral fixation should be strongly considered if possible to bypass the S2 body and achieve fixation in the cortical bone of the ilium and sacrum. Level III.
Isolated Central Hypothyroidism in an Adolescent With Narcolepsy

Isolated central hypothyroidism (ICH) and narcolepsy are conditions rarely seen in the pediatric population which are usually characterized by delayed diagnosis and treatment due to their variable presentation and subclinical onset. We describe an unusual case of an adolescent male diagnosed with narcolepsy and central hypothyroidism. A 15-year-old obese boy presented with the complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and snoring. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was initially suspected as the underlying cause, but the sleep study was negative for OSA. However, the multiple sleep latency test was consistent with narcolepsy without cataplexy. He was then started on modafinil, but his symptoms persisted. Thyroid function tests were performed that were consistent with ICH. Thyroid replacement therapy was initiated with subsequent improvement in symptoms. A theoretical association exists between narcolepsy and ICH due to the involvement of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Nevertheless, clinical association, as seen in our case, is rare. Central hypothyroidism is a known etiology leading to fatigue and sleepiness. Narcolepsy without cataplexy can have overlapping symptoms with hypothyroidism, as seen in our patient. The presence of narcolepsy should prompt screening for hypothyroidism in appropriate clinical settings.
Alterations in gene expression in normal human breast cells in response to diesel particulate extract (SRM1975) detected with DNA microarrays

2082 Diesel particulate extract (DPE) is a complex mixture containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As such it is a major genotoxic environmental pollutant that is detrimental to human health. Alterations in gene expression in normal human mammary epithelial cells (NHMECs) in response to diesel particulate extract (SRM1975) have been investigated using DNA microarrays. The capacity for DPE to induce cytotoxicity was determined over a concentration range of 0.025 - 4 μl/ml using the MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A dose dependent decrease in cell viability was observed with a 50% cell death occurring at a concentration of 1.5μl/ml. Transcriptional response in NHMECs was monitored after a 24h exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations of DPE (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 μl/ml) using DNA oligonucleotide microarrays (U133A, Affymetrix). Of the total 22,000 genes present on the gene array, exposure to DPE altered expression of 117 to 493 genes by at least 2 fold. Several metabolism genes were induced significantly (p ≤ 0.005) in a dose dependent manner (e.g. AKR1C1, INSIG1, NQO1), however, others had increased expression but remained similar for all doses (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, HSD17B2). Further, signal transduction genes (KRTHA4, NCOA1, SPRR2B, HBP17), immune/inflammation response genes (PTGS2, IF144, IL1R2) and apoptosis genes (ALOX15B) were all up regulated significantly compared to solvent control (DMSO). Cell cycle control genes (BIRC5, CDKN3, CTGF) and DNA replication genes (RRM2, CDC6, PFS2) were significantly (p ≤ 0.005) down regulated. These results suggest several genes that may be useful biomarkers of DPE exposure that may be of value for monitoring workers.
Effect of Bending on Skew of Multicore Fibers and Optical Fiber Ribbbons

Skew of MCFs and fiber ribbons are compared. It is found that skew of an MCF can be larger than that of a fiber ribbon if the MCF is bent with a small bending diameter.
Pulmonary pathology of COVID-19: a review of autopsy studies.

Purpose of review COVID-19 lung injury is a common manifestation of severe illness. Lung tissue examination has been largely derived from autopsy - a combination of case reports, small and moderately sized series with international scope. Common and uncommon histopathology provides insight into the progression of severe, fatal disease. Recent findings COVID-19 lung histology is most commonly diffuse alveolar damage as part of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lung injury can be temporally heterogeneous, with patterns of healing alongside new injury. Viral studies, including immunohistochemistry, RNA in-situ hybridization, and tissue-based Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assist in discerning complications of therapy (e.g. ventilator-associated pneumonia) from primary viral-induced injury. Response to viral infection produces systemic effects, and one major manifestation is thrombosis of micro-circulation and larger vessels. Less common patterns include neutrophil-rich inflammation, raising speculation that neutrophil extra-cellular traps may play a role in both viral control and exaggerated immune response. Summary The heterogeneity of fatal cases- persistence of viral infection in lung, clearance of virus but severe lung injury, thrombosis, and exaggerated immune response - suggest that antiviral, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and supportive therapy play a role in treatment, but that the patient-specific cause and timing of the lung injury is important in choosing intervention.
Famine coping strategies in central Mali

Agropastoralists in northern Mali, as elsewhere, feel the effects of seasonal changes. These mixed farmer-herders respond to some changes and pre-empt others. Their economic, social and nutritional structures adapt to changes in climate in order to control its effects on their fields, herds and families. Some decisions are taken individually, others as households and still others as village councils. In February to June 1991, the author interviewed male elders in village councils and groups of women and youth in 24 villages across northern Mali. This paper focuses on five of these villages in the Mourdiah Nara area of north-central Mali where the author travelled in late March, early April 1990. The author explores the strategies to cope with the dry season and proposes those strategies which may be most suitable for development into assistance programmes.
Conjugation of Silver Nanoparticles with De Novo Engineered Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides: An Exploratory Proposal.

Background Cationic antimicrobial peptides have broad antimicrobial activity and provide a novel way of targeting multi drug resistant bacteria in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Current developments show positive prospects for both antimicrobial peptides and silver nanoparticles individually. Objective The primary objective is to propose another method of enhancing antimicrobial activity by conjugating silver nanoparticles with cationic antimicrobial peptides for a subsequent preliminary assessment on studying the minimum inhibitory concentration of multi drug resistant bacteria. The secondary objective would be to evaluate the safety of the conjugated compound to assess viability for in vivo use. Methods The proposition is planned for approximately 3 overarching stages. Firstly, I propose synthesis of wlbu2c, a modified version of antimicrobial peptide wlbu2 with an added cysteine group, using standard Fmoc procedure. This will subsequently be attempted to stably conjugate with silver nanoparticles ideally through photochemical means. Secondly, the conjugate wlbu2c-AgNP will be tested for antimicrobial activity following Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute Manual on standard minimum inhibitory concentration testing. If all of the above is completed the experiment can progress to the assessment of cytotoxicity using cell lysis assays. Results I-TASSER simulation revealed that our modified peptide wlbu2c has similar secondary structure to original wlbu2 peptide. No other results have been obtained at this time other than aforementioned theoretical propositions. Conclusions The addition of silver nanoparticles to already developing de novo engineered antimicrobial peptides provide a second degree of freedom toward the development of potent antimicrobials. Future prospects include emergency last line therapy, treatment for current difficult to eradicate bacterial colonization such as in cystic fibrosis, implantable medical devices, cancer and immunotherapy. This proposal is intended to be provided to the public as I do not anticipate funding at this time.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyomas to the Lungs: An Institutional Case Series and a Review of the Recent Literature

Background Benign metastasizing leiomyomas (BMLs) represent the extrauterine spread of a benign uterine process. Pulmonary BMLs are the most common example of distant spread of uterine leiomyomas and are usually found incidentally in premenopausal women. The rarity of BMLs accounts for the limited literature that currently exists regarding their underlying pathophysiology, disease course, and management. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all BML cases diagnosed and managed at Brigham and Women's Hospital during a 22-year period. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients were compared with a PubMed-derived cohort of BML cases reported since 2006. Results Benign metastasizing leiomyoma tumors were identified in 10 Brigham and Women's Hospital patients, whereas 57 cases were reported in the literature. The average age at diagnosis was 54.1 and 46.7 years, respectively. Mean interval time from a pertinent gynecologic procedure to BML diagnosis was 23 years at Brigham and Women's Hospital. All patients demonstrated positivity for actin, desmin, and estrogen/progesterone receptors, confirming the diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas. Management primarily consisted of diagnostic resection with subsequent observation with or without hormonal suppression for residual pulmonary nodules. Progression of residual BMLs was noticed in 30% and 8.3% of Brigham and Women's Hospital and literature patients, respectively, when follow-up was reported. One patient in our series required further surgical management. Conclusions Benign metastasizing leiomyomas are a rare cause of pulmonary nodules. They likely represent a clonal spread of uterine leiomyomas to the lungs. Management includes pathologic diagnosis with long-term surveillance with or without hormonal manipulation.
Rorty the Reformer

Rorty should be read as a reformer, rather than a revolutionary transformer. While the reformer aims to improve what is already good, the revolutionary transformer seeks to dispense with the merely good in a quest for the absolutely best. For Rorty this choice was a bad choice. In order to make the case that Rorty was a reformer, we explicate Rortyâ€™s views on truth. These views argue that we can obtain consensus about what is worth preserving and improving without reference to either rightness, truth, or objectivity. For after all, there is no way for philosophers to get outside the circle of language within which we debate about what we take to be authoritative and aceptable.
Responsibility for meeting the costs of adaptation

Climate change is no longer a distant possibility. Potentially harmful climatic changes are already underway. If we want to or believe we ought to minimize the harmfulness of eventual climate impacts it will therefore be necessary for us to adapt to our changing climate. As people will be differentially affected by climate impacts depending on when, where, and in what circumstances they live, adaptive measures will have to vary with context. It turns out that those least causally responsible for climate change are predicted to suffer the most from climate impacts. As these are disproportionally the world's poor and their vulnerability is partly due to their poverty, adaptation will often intersect with development. Determining who should be held responsible for meeting the costs of adaptation, the topic of this review, is therefore a difficult task. After reviewing the relevant literature, this review identifies the need for further work on the conceptual and practical issues that arise when thinking about the ethics of adaptation. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 687–700 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.132 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Solutions to problems from previous parts

Chapter 15 dealt with Brownian dynamics for a system of particles in fluid: $$m\frac{{{d^2}{r_i}}}{{d{t^2}}} = F_i^P + F_i^N + F_i^B$$ (17.1) where rZ is the position of particle i, and F i P , F i N , F i B are the interparticle forces, the hydrodynamic forces, and the Brownian forces acting on particle i. The dispersion is a non-Newtonian fluid. Indeed experimental and computational results exhibit the phenomenon of shear thinning, whereby the viscosity decreases with the shear force in a certain range of shear forces applied to the fluid. The standard computational approach is based on simulation of a rather small number of particles in a box, with periodic boundary conditions. Recently, Friedman and Huang [1] developed a different approach whereby the number of particles goes to infinity: They replace the individual particles by a continuous density of particles P(r, t), and (17.1) by a stochastic differential equation. The problem of solving for P(r, t) is reduced to constructing a fundamental solution for a degenerate parabolic equation having some coefficients that depend nonlinearly and nonlocally on P. They proved that this problem has a unique solution for all t > 0, and then computed the viscosity as a function of the shear force, thereby obtaining the same shear thinning curve as computed by the discrete particles method. Their approach is an extension of the method of [2] [3] to the case where Brownian forces are present.
'In the Matter of Comcast Corporation v. FCC,' Amicus Brief of James Speta, Glen Robinson, Barbara Esbin, Others, in the DC Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals

In the Comcast P2P Order, the FCC's assertion of ancillary jurisdiction exceeds previously settled boundaries. Moreover, the FCC's expansive theory of its ancillary authority would grant it completely unlimited regulatory powers over information services. Due to the departure from settled law and the absence of any indication that Congress intended the FCC to regulate Internet services, the Order should be vacated. Two issues with the FCC's justification of its regulatory authority in the Comcast P2P Order: First, the Order dramatically expands the FCC's authority by imposing regulation on a communications service that is not adjunct to any of the services that the Communications Act identifies as within the agency's regulatory powers. In each case in which a court has affirmed the FCC's ancillary jurisdiction, the regulation was over an adjunct to a regulated service, and the FCC regulation of "adjuncts" must still be tied, with the necessary closeness, to its explicit powers over the regulated services. In contrast, there is nothing in the Act which delegates any express authority to the FCC to regulate Internet service. If anything, history indicates Congress's affirmative desire to keep such services unregulated. Second, the theory of ancillary authority put forth in the Order would grant the agency unrestrained regulatory power to decide whether or not to take any step that affects the efficiency, price, or quality of Internet service. Such standardless discretion is contrary to the Act, as well and the foundational principle that agencies only have the authority conferred by Congress, which ensures accountability.
The process of infection with bacteriophage φX174: XXIX. In vivo studies on the synthesis of the single-stranded DNA of progeny φX174 bacteriophage

Double-stranded φXDNA rings, composed of a closed complementary strand and an open viral strand, are found in φX-infected cells during the period of progeny single-stranded DNA formation. The linear viral strand components of these double-stranded circles are nicked between a deoxyguanosine (on the 3′-terminus) and a deoxycytidine (on the 5′-terminus). The 5′-terminus is not phosphorylated. Upon replication, nucleotides are added to the 3′-end of the viral strand. The 5′ end is concomitantly displaced from its complementary strand template and appears, by electron microscopy and by column chromatography, as a single-stranded, non-hydrogen-bonded, tail of a double-stranded circle. While the viral strand grows (to a maximum of twice the length of one φX genome) by addition of nucleotides to the 3′-end, an interesting reaction, of uncertain nature, also takes place at the free 5′-end of the nascent viral strand, the net result of which is that the original terminal deoxycytidine is replaced by a terminal deoxyguanosine. Our experiments indicate that the single-stranded DNA synthesis does not take place at the cell membrane where double-stranded φX DNA is formed but upon “cytoplasmic” RF‡. Viral coat protein can be shown to be associated with the single-strand-producing complexes.
Sustainable Health Risk Management and the Role of Cross-Disciplinary Professionals in Developing Countries: Mexican Experience

The paper argues health risk management in Developing Countries cannot be sustainable unless it is conceived, planned, implemented and maintained by community-led multi-stakeholder groups using an integrated capacity building process with five components: (1) education and awareness raising; (2) strengthening information resources and decision making; (3) strengthening regulations and compliance; (4) improving basic sanitation infrastructure; and (5) stimulating the market for support products and services for health and environment sectors. Occupational and environmental health professionals with cross-disciplinary understanding are uniquely qualified to build much-needed bridges between stakeholders, risk science and policy. They should adopt a cost-effective mentality, adapting models/methods used in developed countries to developing country contexts, negotiating political obstacles and understanding cultural differences in risk sources, exposures and perceptions. Stakeholders – health professionals, community representatives, officials, NGOs/advocacy groups, industries, and providers of products/services – collaborate to detect needs, mobilize resources, design, develop, implement, consolidate and maintain interventions to priority problems. Field experience in Mexico supports the argument. This sustainability process is adaptable to other keystone development sectors like soil and water resources stewardship, biodiversity conservation, agriculture and energy.
Studies on properties of surfaces required for growth of mammalian cells in synthetic medium. I. The HeLa cell.

Abstract 1. 1. The attachment of HeLa cells, strain S-3Y, in a protein free synthetic medium was found to be a function of two physical properties of the glass surface used for cultivation; total negative charge, and amount of sodium in the glass. 2. 2. The amount of charge, and the amount of sodium in the glass, required for a 100 per cent efficiency of attachment of cells in the absence of protein were found to be greater than that characteristic of untreated glass surfaces. 3. 3. A method was developed for treating a soft glass surface to produce a surface with the requisite physical properties. Methods of measuring these properties, and other factors which may be involved are discussed. 4. 4. These treated surfaces have been found to support the attachment and growth of unselected populations of HeLa cell in a synthetic medium. 5. 5. A possible mechanism for the adherence of cells to a glass surface, and the role of Na + in the surface for proton exchange is considered.
further study of limits

The fundamental operations of calculus—differentiation and integration-involve limits of real numbers. In order to give a rigorous definition of these operations one must therefore have a precise formulation of the concept of real number. This in turn requires a re—examination of the concept of number itself.
Current trends in carrier networks - what can Pakistan do?

Summary form only given, as follows. The presentation discussed the issues carriers have been facing in the access and metropolitan networks (the areas where most capital spending is still happening), and how these networks are evolving using next generation technologies and what factors are most important to them. It also discussed the technologies that are being deployed by carriers in emerging markets and how some of them may be applicable to Pakistan.
Speech production skills of nuclear family members of children with phonology disorders.

The speech production skills of 38 school-aged siblings and 94 parents of children with phonology disorders were assessed by administering tasks involving the repetition of multisyllabic real and n...
An mre11 Mutant of Coprinus cinereus Has Defects in Meiotic Chromosome Pairing, Condensation and Synapsis

The rad11 gene of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus is required for the completion of meiosis and for survival after gamma irradiation. We have cloned the rad11 gene and shown that it is a homolog of MRE11, a gene required for meiosis and DNA repair in numerous organisms. The expression of C. cinereus mre11 is induced during prophase I of meiosis and following gamma irradiation. The gene encodes a predicted polypeptide of 731 amino acids, and the mre11-1 (rad11-1) mutation is a single base pair change that results in a stop codon after amino acid 315. The mre11-1 mutant shows enhanced sensitivity to ionizing radiation, but no enhanced sensitivity to UV radiation. It shows a delay in fruitbody formation and a reduction in the number of mushrooms formed per dikaryon. The mre11-1 mutant also has several meiotic defects. Pachytene chromatin condensation is disrupted, and although some meiotic cells appear to achieve metaphase I condensation, no further meiotic progression is observed. The mre11-1 mutant also fails to undergo proper chromosome synapsis; neither axial elements nor mature synaptonemal complexes are complete. Finally, meiotic homolog pairing is reduced in the mre11-1 mutant. Thus, in C. cinereus, Mre11 is required for meiotic DNA metabolism.
Using image processing to teach CS1 and CS2

The use of digital image processing techniques in undergraduate computer science curriculum has advantages in terms of motivating student interest and immediate, visual feedback of executed code. Although the standard Java distribution includes support for basic image processing operations, including the display of images, the complexity of the package renders it unsuitable for inexperienced programmers. This paper presents an extension to the built-in image processing package that is suitable for use in CS1 and CS2 courses and suggests ways that the package can be used to teach topics in these courses.
Avoiding “Jim Crow” Negotiating Separate and Equal on Florida's Railroads and Streetcars and the Progressive Era Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement

The fight against discrimination on public transportation in Florida at the turn of the twentieth century helped to transform black leaders from nineteenth century activists into modern civil rights protesters. Although the movements at the turn of the century and the ones that dominated the South after World War II were not directly connected through a continuum of leadership and institutions, activists in the early twentieth century laid the intellectual and philosophical foundations of the modern civil rights movements. These important protests coincided with increased migration and urbanization of blacks and poor whites in Florida, but also provided that space where the merging of disparate groups of black leaders could communicate and subordinate gender and class demands to race.
INDICATIONS OF A ΔI=1/2 RULE IN THE STRONG COUPLING REGIME

We will attempt to understand the ΔI=1/2 pattern of the nonleptonic weak decays of the kaons. The calculation scheme employed is the Strong Coupling Expansion of lattice QCD. Kogut-Susskind fermions are used in the Hamiltonian formalism. We will describe in detail the methods used to expedite this calculation, all of which was done by computer algebra. The final result is very encouraging. Even though an exact interpretation is clouded by the presence of irrelevant operators, and questions of lattice artifacts, a signal of the ΔI=1/2 rule appears to be observable. With an appropriate choice of the one free parameter, enhancements greater than those observed experimentally can be obtained. We also point out a number of surprising results which we turn up in the course of the calculation.
Technology Circuit Co-Design for High Performance Logic

Achieving maximum logic performance at minimum power consumption in deeply scaled CMOS technologies requires the cooperative design of technology, circuits, and architecture. The objective of this paper is to examine the interaction of technology and circuits in highly synchronous logic, and the factors which influence the size of the functionality window and the circuit-limited-yield across process and over time. Specific circuit topology as well as generic chip responses will be explored and tied back to underlying idiosyncrasies of the field effect transistor.
Muirhead-Rado inequality for compact groups

Muirhead’s majorization inequality was extended by Rado to the case of arbitrary permutation groups. We further generalize this inequality to compact groups and their linear representations over the reals. We characterize saturation of the inequality, and describe the saturation condition in detail for the case of actions on Hermitian operators.
Principal axes of M-DOF structures part I: Static loading

This paper is the first in a two-part series that discusses the principal axes of M-DOF structures subjected to static and dynamic loads. The primary purpose of this series is to understand the magnitude of the dynamic response of structures to enable better design of structures and control modification devices/systems. Under idealized design conditions, the structural responses are obtained by using single direction input ground motions in the direction of the intended control devices/systems, and by assuming that the responses of the structure is decoupleable in three mutually perpendicular directions. This standard practice has been applied to both new and retrofitted structures using various seismic protective systems. Very limited information is available on the effects of neglecting the impact of directional couplings (cross effects - of which torsion is a component) of the dynamic response of structures. In order to quantify such effects, it is necessary to examine the principal axes of structures under both static and dynamic loading. This first paper deals with quantitative definitions of principal axes and “cross effects” of three-dimensional structures under static load by using linear algebra. It shows theoretically that, for three-dimensional structures, such principal axes rarely exist. Under static loading conditions, the cross effect is typically small and negligible from the viewpoint of engineering applications. However, it provides the theoretical base for subsequent quantification of the response couplings under dynamic loads, which is reported in part II of this series.
Roles of hepatocyte and myeloid CXC chemokine receptor‐2 in liver recovery and regeneration after ischemia/reperfusion in mice

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, hemorrhagic shock, and extended liver resection for cancer (1–4). I/R injury is a biphasic response comprised of an acute injury phase resulting from oxidative stress and a later phase resulting from an intense inflammatory response that culminates in the hepatic recruitment of neutrophils and subsequent neutrophil-dependent parenchymal injury (5–10). An emerging interest has been focused on the processes of liver recovery, repair, and regeneration after I/R injury, which are highly relevant to transplantation and shock. Our laboratory has previously characterized the recovery, repair and regenerative responses after liver I/R injury in a murine model. The reparative process spans several days and involves the clearance of dead tissue and the replacement of functional liver mass via hepatocyte proliferation (11–13). Interestingly, we recently discovered that CXC chemokines that contain the amino-terminal ELR motif play an important role in recovery, repair and regeneration of the liver after I/R (12–14). These same chemokines are potent neutrophil chemoattractants and have been shown by us and others to contribute significantly to the inflammatory response induced by liver I/R (15, 16). CXC chemokines bind to the receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which are expressed on a variety of cell types, including myeloid cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes (17, 18). In neutrophils, these receptors are responsible for cell-priming, chemotaxis, and induction of respiratory burst (5, 19, 20). In hepatocytes, we have shown that these receptors can regulate cell proliferation and cell death (12, 13). Our studies with knockout mice for CXCR1 or CXCR2 demonstrate that signaling through CXCR2 is a major regulatory component of the reparative and regenerative response, whereas CXCR1 appears to play a minor counterbalancing role (12, 13). Despite our current understanding of the importance of signaling through CXCR2 during the recovery response to hepatic I/R, the cell-specific roles for CXCR2 in this response are unknown. Therefore, in the current study, we employed bone marrow transplantation to create chimeric mice to allow us to examine the functional roles of hepatocyte versus myeloid expression of CXCR2 in the reparative and regenerative response after I/R injury.
Overall kinetics of hydrogen peroxide formation by direct combination of H2 and O2 in a microreactor

Abstract Direct combination (DC) of hydrogen and oxygen over a heterogeneous catalyst in a microreactor is a novel method of producing hydrogen peroxide with significant economic advantages over the currently dominant anthraquinone autoxidation method. A kinetic rate expression for this reaction is required for design and modeling of a microreactor for the DC process. Since the formation of H 2 O 2 by the DC process involves four simultaneous reactions (synthesis of H 2 O 2 , synthesis of water, reduction of H 2 O 2 by H 2 and decomposition of H 2 O 2 ), the overall rate expression must take into account each of these reactions. In this work, we describe a reactor model that involves the four component reactions as well as mass transfer effects. The model is verified by comparing the predicted reactor performance with experimental data. In addition to providing a tool for reactor design, the model also confirms important assumptions regarding the mechanism of DC reaction.
Genetics of essential hypertension

Blood pressure is a complex quantitative trait that is determined by multiple environmental and genetic factors. Although some simple Mendelian forms of high blood pressure have been described, essential hypertension is characterized by a complex mode of inheritance. Based on recent advances in molecular biology and statistical genetics, it has become feasible to search for chromosome regions that may contain genes contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension in humans. For example, recent linkage and association studies have raised the possibility that a blood pressure regulatory locus may exist in or near the angiotensinogen gene on chromosome 1. Detailed genetic experiments in animal models of hypertension may help to guide further clinical studies and lead to an improved understanding of gene action in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Midwave thermal infrared detection using semiconductor selective absorption

The performance of thermal detectors is derived for devices incorporating materials with non-uniform spectral absorption. A detector designed to have low absorption in the primary thermal emission band at a given temperature will have a background-limited radiation noise well below that of a blackbody absorber, which is the condition typically assessed for ultimate thermal detector performance. Specific examples of mid-wave infrared (λ ∼ 3–5μm) devices are described using lead selenide as a primary absorber with optical cavity layers that maximize coupling. An analysis of all significant noise sources is presented for two example room-temperature devices designed to have detectivities up to 4.37×1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1, which is a factor 3.1 greater than the traditional blackbody limit. An alternative method of fabricating spectrally selective devices by patterning a plasmonic structure in silver is also considered.