cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Radiating Near-Field Patch Rectenna for Wireless Power Transfer to Medical Implants at 2.4 GHz

A radiating near-field method of recharging and activating medical implants using a 2.4-GHz rectifying patch antenna (rectenna) is designed and tested. Traditional near-field charging uses magnetically coupled coils, but these are highly sensitive to misalignments between the transmitter and receiver. In contrast, the proposed design employs the principles of wireless power transfer using radiating antennas. These antennas provide a misalignment-insensitive power delivery method, even when the receive antenna footprint is small (27.5 mm × 19.75 mm). A misalignment analysis is performed up to 15 cm, showing a maximum loss of 7.5 dB. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a rectenna receiver was fabricated consisting of a patch antenna attached to a radio frequency (RF) rectifier. This integrated rectifier is a voltage quadrupling circuit that provides RF–DC rectification with efficiency of 40% at 0 dBm. For validation, a real-time actuation of a medical drug pump is demonstrated using only wirelessly transmitted power with no additional power storage elements.
Short mobile game development projects for CS1/2

Game development and mobile computing have been successfully used to increase student motivation. However, instructors with no background in mobile computing, computer graphics, and/or game development may find it difficult to develop or adopt course materials on these topics. This tutorial is designed to address these concerns. Using Java Micro Edition, we have developed several project-based course modules focused on mobile game development and designed to study fundamental programming principles (e.g. loops) while also exposing students to more advanced concepts (e.g. databases). Using a mobile phone emulator, participants will test-drive one of our modules and develop a simple game, which can then be transferred to and played on a mobile device. A Windows or Mac laptop is recommended. Today, most college students have mobile phones and spend a considerable amount of time using them for browsing the web, texting, or playing games. Introducing students to mobile application development allows students to better relate to the course material and make a stronger connection to real-world applications they see every day. Mobile game development is by far less complex than traditional game development due to its smaller scale and simpler graphics. Students are always interested in computer game development; the course model presented in this tutorial brings this topic to students very early in the curriculum and serves as a good tool to increase student retention. This tutorial is intended for faculty members teaching college-level and high school Java-based courses in CS who are looking to improve student motivation. All other faculty members interested in integrating game development as a motivational tool in their courses will also benefit from this tutorial. A number of free software packages will be used during the tutorial. These include Java Platform Micro Edition Software Development Kit 3.0, J2SE SDK version 1.6 or later, and Mappy Editor for tiled maps. The tutorial participants will be provided with with handouts describing how this software can be downloaded, installed, and used. Participants will also have access to the source code, data, and relevant course materials for the currently existing mobile game development modules. Tutorial attendees will also be invited to register on the project website that hosts all current versions of the modules, along with a discussion board for instructors interested in or those who have already adopted our course materials.
Diversity of the Heme–Copper Superfamily in Archaea: Insights from Genomics and Structural Modeling

Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have provided unprecedented access into the diversity of the microbial world. Herein we use the comparative genomic analysis of microbial genomes and environmental metagenomes coupled with structural modelling to explore the diversity of aerobic respiration in Archaea. We focus on the heme–copper oxidoreductase superfamily which is responsible for catalyzing the terminal reaction in aerobic respiration—the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Sequence analyses demonstrate that there are at least eight heme–copper oxygen reductase families: A-, B-, C-, D-, E-, F-, G-, and H-families. Interestingly, five of these oxygen reductase families (D-, E-, F-, G-, and H-families) are currently found exclusively in Archaea. We review the structural properties of all eight families focusing on the members found within Archaea. Structural modelling coupled with sequence analysis suggests that many of the oxygen reductases identified from thermophilic Archaea have modified proton channel properties compared to the currently studied mesophilic bacterial oxygen reductases. These structural differences may be due to adaptation to the specific environments in which these enzymes function. We conclude with a brief analysis of the phylogenetic distribution and evolution of Archaeal heme–copper oxygen reductases.
Baseline usability data for a non-electronic approach to accessible voting

The Help America Vote Act mandated that all polling places have an accessible method of voting that provides privacy and independence. Direct Recording Electronic voting machines (DREs) have been assumed to be the solution to providing accessible voting, but there is reason to believe extant systems do not adequately serve this goal (Runyan, 2007). This study is a first step in addressing the lack of existing data on the usability of nonelectronic accessible voting methods and examined the usability of Vote-PAD, a tactile paper ballot. In comparison with sighted users voting on an identical paper ballot, blind users took five times longer to vote. Both blind and sighted voters showed similar error rates and types, and reported similarly high satisfaction with the usability of paper ballots. Blindfolded subjects, representative of newly blind individuals, had reliably lower satisfaction using this interface, and took significantly longer than either blind or sighted subjects. This provides a baseline comparison point for future studies of accessibility solutions, including though not limited to DREs.
Entropy in the Economy

Based on a few simple assumptions, a derivation of the general thermodynamic behavior for an economic system is presented. The concepts of economic temperature and entropy are explained and an expression which is isomorphic with the fundamental equation of thermodynamics is obtained. As a practical application, the Pareto distribution of incomes is shown to be a consequence of assuming that a quasi-equilibrium economic system obeys a particular conservation law.
Carbon Metabolism in Guard Cells

In the past decade stomatal physiology has been the subject of review articles,1–17 two published symposia,18, 19 a multiauthored book,20 and a forthcoming book, 21 all in addition to the older but excellent book of Meidner and Mansfield.22 Two reviews23,24 have been restricted to the topic of carbon metabolism alone. Thus, there are adequate general summaries, and it will not be my purpose to update these articles. Instead, I will presently “inventory” our current knowledge about carbon metabolism in guard cells. I will rely less on the authors’ interpretations than on direct examination of the data and the methods used to obtain the data. With few exceptions (e.g. ref. 25), there were no quantitative studies on guard cell biochemistry prior to 1973. Since then, numerous reports have appeared. It is time to “take stock,” so, to an extent, this is an internal report to stomatal biologists. As a result, I anticipate that readers will spend more time evaluating the tabular data and less time with my narrative. I will retrace the steps leading to our understanding the basic outline of guard cell biochemistry involved in stomatal
Synthetic mRNA expressed Cas13a mitigates RNA virus infections

The emergence of the CRISPR-Cas system as a technology has transformed our ability to modify nucleic acids. Prokaryotes evolved one member of this family, CRISPR-Cas effector, Cas13a, as an RNA-guided ribonuclease that protects them from invading bacteriophages. Here, we demonstrate that Cas13a can be programmed to target eukaryotic viral pathogens, influenza virus A (IVA) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in human cells. We designed synthetic mRNA coding for Cas13a, which when guided by CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) to target influenza virus or hRSV RNA, significantly mitigates these infections both prophylactically, therapeutically, and over time. These data demonstrate a possible new class of synthetic mRNA-powered anti-viral interventions.
Validation of a financial toxicity (FT) grading system.

6615Background: FT is an important adverse event (AE) that should be objectively measured in clinical practice. We previously developed an evidence-based FT grading system based on differences in H...
Beyond Hedonism and Associationism: A Configural View of the Role of Affect in Evaluation, Processing, and Self-Regulation

Most existing models assume that negative moods are more likely than positive moods to (a) induce recall of negatively toned information, (b) lead to less favorable evaluations, (c) induce more systematic but less flexible processing, and (d) arouse a desire to change the mood. A series of studies is discussed in which each of these effects and its opposite are obtained. The consistent pattern of data in these studies supports a configural, as opposed to a simple hedonistic or associationistic, view of mood. From the configural perspective, people do not seek positive moods; they seek positive outcomes. And, in some contexts, these outcomes can be signaled by a negative mood.
Here is a hint! How children integrate reliable recommendations in their memory decisions.

Abstract Children’s own memory is not the only reliable source of information about past events. Others may possess relevant knowledge, and children must learn to appropriately consider it in combination with their own memories. In the current study, we investigated 5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds’ (N = 72) ability to incorporate probabilistically reliable (70% accurate) hints into their memory decisions. Results revealed that children across ages were appropriately sensitive to these cues without following them blindly and indiscriminately. Furthermore, individual differences in metamemory monitoring predicted overall accuracy improvements after receiving cues in 9-year-olds but not in 5- and 7-year-olds, revealing a developmental role of metamemory for discerning when cues are most informative or needed. Although 5-year-olds increased overall confidence in their memory after receiving invalid cues, they still preserved the capacity to monitor their memory in the face of inaccurate information. Overall, children were sensitive to reliable recommendations, but developing metacognitive mechanisms predicted judicious benefits from cues.
Effects of channel members’ customer-centric structures on supplier performance

The authors examine the upstream impact of a firm’s customer-centric organizational structure on its supplier, including both positive effects of greater revenue and negative effects of demanding services that raise the supplier’s costs. These countervailing effects on supplier profit are moderated by characteristics of the firm’s buying center and the firm–supplier relationship, in accordance with the value capture literature. Study 1 examines the proposed firm-level financial effects of the dual processes, using surveys of industrial firms matched with secondary data from their supplier. Study 2 assesses the supplier-level net impact of the dual processes, using publicly available data to shed light on the upstream financial impact of firms’ customer-centric structures across a broad sample of Fortune 500 suppliers. Findings highlight the need for a supplier to proactively assess the structure of each buyer-firm, as a supplier can take steps to mitigate cost effects and enhance revenue effects.
The climatic water balance and topography control spatial patterns of atmospheric demand, soil moisture, and shallow subsurface flow.

Catchment hydrometeorology and the organization of shallow subsurface flow are key drivers of active contributing areas and streamflow generation. However, understanding how the climatic water balance and complex topography contribute to these processes from hillslope to catchment scales remains difficult. We compared time series of vapor pressure deficits and soil moisture to the climatic water balance and topographic variables across six zero‐order catchments in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest (Montana, USA). We then evaluated how local hydrometeorology (volumetric water content and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit) affected the spatial occurrence of shallow subsurface flow. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant, temporally stable (monthly and seasonal average) patterns of hydrometeorology that can be predicted by the topographic wetness index and the dynamic climatic water deficit (CWD = potential evapotranspiration − actual evapotranspiration). Intracatchment patterns were significantly correlated to the topographic wetness index, while intercatchment patterns were correlated to spatiotemporal variance in the CWD during each time period. Spatial patterns of shallow subsurface flow were related to the hydrometeorological conditions of the site. We observed persistent shallow subsurface flow in convergent hillslope positions, except when a catchment was positioned in locations with high CWDs (low elevations and southerly aspects). Alternatively, we observed persistent subsurface flow across all hillslope positions (even 70‐m upslope from the hollow) when catchments were positioned in locations with especially low CWDs (northerly aspects and high elevations). These results highlight the importance of considering the superposition of the catchment‐scale climatic water balance and hillslope‐scale topography when characterizing hydrometeorology and shallow subsurface flow dynamics.
A conceptualization of recreation that contributes to human flourishing.

Recreation and leisure, foundational elements of therapeutic recreation (TR), are nonmaterial, socially constructed entities. While it is difficult, and maybe impossible, to conclusively describe such entities, the task must be tackled because both constructs contribute to human flourishing, a central goal of TR. Concomitantly, a greater in-depth understanding of recreation and leisure, the relationship between the two constructs, and how both connect to flourishing would enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic recreation specialists (TRSs). Since relatively much more philosophical-based inquiry has been devoted to investigating leisure and its relationship to flourishing this article develops and presents a conceptualization of recreation based on a theory authored by Alasdair MacIntyre (1999, 2007). The presented conceptualization of recreation is linked to human flourishing and a correlated view of leisure. The article concludes by discussing four actions TRSs should take to guarantee recreation and leisure function as significant facets of living well. Subscribe to TRJ
Mid-Career Adult Learners in an Online Doctoral Program and the Drivers of Their Academic Self-Regulation: The Importance of Social Support and Parent Education Level

Adult professionals enroll in online graduate programs and rely on social support and on their ability to self-regulate to be successful. The literature on academic self-regulation among emerging adults (traditional college age) is ample, but we do not know how social support interacts with academic self-regulation among adult graduate students at mid-career, particularly among those students who are first generation college goers. This study addressed the following questions: (1) To what degree do parental education level and cohort progression predict academic self-regulation? and (2) What sources of social support – family, friends, loved one (significant other), and classmates – are predictive of academic self-regulation for adult students in an online doctoral program? Findings include evidence that the influence of parental educational level on academic self-regulation persists through midlife. Also, that perceived social support from family, friends, and peers predicts academic self-regulation. We conclude with implications for the design of online programs.
Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension in the Modern Era: Insights from the 6th World Symposium

The past 20 years have seen major advances in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension, a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The 6th World Symposium in Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) took place in February 2018 and attempted to consolidate the current knowledge in the field into practical recommendations to help prioritize an action plan to improve patient outcomes and identify future research directions. In this review, we will summarize the highlights of the 6th WSPH proceedings, including revisions to the hemodynamic definitions and classification of the various types of pulmonary hypertension, genetic advances, approaches to risk stratification, and updated treatment algorithms.
Effect of Patient-Physician Relationship on Withholding Information Behavior: Analysis of Health Information National Trends Survey (2011-2018) Data.

Background: Patients’ withholding information from doctors can undermine medical treatment, create barriers for appropriate diagnoses, and increase systemic cost in health care systems. To date, there is limited literature detailing the association between trends of patients withholding information behavior (WIB) and the patient-physician relationship (PPR). Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence trend of WIB after 2011 and examine the effects of PPR on WIB and its time trend. Methods: A total of 5 iterations of data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (years: 2011-2018; n=11,954) were used to explore curvilinear trends of WIB among the US population. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine curvilinear time trends of WIB, effects of PPR on WIB, and moderation effects of PPR on the WIB time trend. Results: The WIB prevalence has an increasing trend before 2014, which has the highest rate of 13.57%, and then it decreases after 2014 to 8.65%. The trend of WIB is curvilinear as the quadratic term in logistic regression model was statistically significant (P=.04; beta=−.022; SE=0.011; odds ratio [OR] 0.978, 95% CI 0.957-0.999). PPR is reversely associated with WIB (P<.001; beta=−.462; SE=0.097; OR 0.630, 95% CI 0.518-0.766) and has a significant moderation effect on time trends (P=.02; beta=−.06; SE=0.025; OR 0.941, 95% CI 0.896-0.989). In general, poor quality of PPR not only significantly increased the WIB probability but also postponed the change of point for WIB curvilinear trend. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the time trend of WIB between 2011 and 2018 is curvilinear and moderated by the quality of the PPR. Given these results, providers may reduce WIB by improving PPR. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
Meckel Diverticulum Presenting as Abdominal Pain and Subsequent Bowel Perforation

Abstract Background Abdominal pain is a common presenting symptom with a broad array of potential etiologies. Meckel diverticulum (MD), the most common congenital gastrointestinal malformation, classically presents with painless gastrointestinal bleeding. However, it can also lead to diverticulitis, intussusception, or obstruction, manifesting as abdominal pain. Case Report A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting, and loose stools. Abdominal ultrasound findings were consistent with ileitis and ileocolic intussusception, but no such intussusception was seen during fluoroscopic air enema. The patient was admitted for serial abdominal examinations and subsequently developed an acute abdomen. Emergent laparotomy revealed a perforated MD. Small bowel resection and primary anastomosis were performed and no complications developed. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The presence of an MD can lead to diverticulitis, intussusception, or obstruction, putting the patient at risk of bowel perforation. As such, it is important to consider MD in the differential diagnosis of patients with abdominal pain. In cases in which sonographic findings are ambiguous or transient, additional observation or alternative imaging, such as computed tomography, should be strongly considered.
CHAPTER IV – Calculus on a Surface

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calculus on a surface. The chapter presents the definition of a surface in Euclidean 3-space E3, and discusses some standard ways to construct surfaces. Each surface has a differential and integral calculus strictly comparable with the usual calculus on the Euclidean plane E2. The elements of this calculus—functions, vector fields, differential forms, mappings—belong strictly to the surface and not to the Euclidean space E3 in which the surface is located. A surface in E3 is a subset of E3, that is, a certain collection of points of E3. The chapter discusses an exposition of the calculus on a surface M in E3. Surfaces and Euclidean spaces are merely special cases of the general notion of manifold. Every manifold has a differential and integral calculus—expressed in terms of forms—that generalizes the usual elementary calculus on the real line. Thus, forms are fundamental to all the various branches of mathematics and its applications that are based on calculus.
Shifting setting densities and normative evaluations of recreation experiences over time

Abstract In the U.S., population growth and domestic migration is placing increasing pressure on natural landscapes and their provision of ecosystem services. In this investigation, we document residents’ perceptions of shifting use patterns of an aquatic nature-based resource situated in a rapidly growing urban area over an eight-year period from 2008 to 2016. Specifically, we examined the drivers of residents’ perceptions of setting density and the cognitive and behavioral coping strategies they employed to maintain psychological homeostasis. While we saw no statistical mean difference in our measure of crowding from 2008 to 2016, crowding’s normative antecedents (preference for and expectation of encounters) and affective outcome (enjoyment) all varied over time. In 2016, respondents’ preferences and expectations for encounters with others were both more than preferred or expected compared to 2008. Nevertheless, 2016 respondents reported a significantly more enjoyable experience compared to those sampled in 2008. Path modeling revealed that the negative effect of expectation and preference on respondents’ perceptions of crowding and enjoyment was significantly stronger in 2008 resulting in diminished enjoyment when compared to 2016. Findings illustrate that despite substantive change in social and environmental conditions over time, residents have maintained their enjoyment by modifying their normative expectations and preferences. This is despite changes in encounter norm expectations and preference. As urban proximate communities continue to grow in the U.S., tradeoffs will occur in the quality of nature-based recreation opportunities. Managing this transition requires an understanding of the psychological mechanisms people use to navigate change.
The collapse of purchasing power parities during the 1970's

This paper reviews and analyzes the empirical record of exchange rates and prices during the 1970's and the analysis is based on the experience of the Dollar/Pound, the Dollar/French Franc and the Dollar/DM exchange rates. Section 2 presents the evidence on PPP during the 1970's and contrasts it with the evidence from the 1920's -- a period during which the doctrine held up reasonably well. This analysis is relevant for assessing whether the flexible exchange rate system was successful in providing national economies with an added degree of insulation from foreign shocks, and whether it provided policymakers with an added instrument for the conduct of macroeconomic policy. The evidence regarding deviations from purchasing power parities is also relevant for determining whether there is a case for managed float. Section 3 attempts to explain what went wrong with the performance of the doctrine during the 1970's. It examines the hypothesis that the departures from PPP are a U.S. phenomenon, as well as the hypothesis that the departures are due to large changes in inter-sectoral relative price changes within the various economies. Given that the predictions of the simple versions of PPP do not hold up, section 4 proceeds in examining the question of whether national price levels have been independent of each other. Section 5 addresses the question of whether exchange rates and national price levels are comparable and whether in principle one should have expected them to be closely linked to each other. The main point that is being emphasized is that there is an important intrinsic difference between exchange rates and national price levels which stems from the basset market theory' of exchange rate determination. This theory implies that the exchange rate, like the prices of other assets, is much more sensitive to expectations concerning future events than national price levels and as a result, in periods which are dominated by news' which alter expectations, exchange rates are likely to be much more volatile than national price levels and departures from PPP are likely to be the rule rather than the exception. Finally, section 6 concludes the paper with some policy implications.
Does frequent prayer help reduce alcohol use? Heterogeneity in religious contexts and drinking styles

Risky alcohol drinking remains a public health issue in many societies. Evidence has shown that religious coping is often associated with less alcohol consumption. This study examines the relations...
Reemployment Needs and Barriers of Users of Workforce Development Programs: A Mixed-Methods Study:

Background:Employment is an important social determinant of health, and supporting individuals’ return to the workforce is likely to have robust impacts on their health and well-being. The aim of t...
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent TGF-α/VEGF-B Ratio Correlates With Disease Subtype and Prognosis in Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective To evaluate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α)/vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) ratio, which regulates the effects of metabolic, dietary, and microbial factors on acute and chronic CNS inflammation, as a potential marker in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods TGF-α, VEGF-B, and AHR agonistic activity were determined in serum of 252 patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, primary and secondary progressive MS, as well as during active disease (clinically isolated syndrome [CIS] and RRMS relapse). Results The TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were decreased in all MS subgroups with a stable disease course as compared to controls. During active CNS inflammation in CIS and RRMS relapse, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were increased. Conversely, in patients with minimal clinical impairment despite long-standing disease, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were unaltered. Finally, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity correlated with neurologic impairment and time to conversion from CIS to MS. Conclusions The AHR-dependent TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio is altered in a subtype, severity, and disease activity–specific manner and correlates with time to conversion from CIS to MS. It may thus represent a novel marker and serve as additive guideline for immunomodulatory strategies in MS. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that serum levels of AHR, TGF-α, and VEGF-B distinguish subtypes of MS and predict the severity and disease activity of MS.
Changes in older adults' social contact during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To understand changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in weekly contact with non-resident family and friends for US adults ages 70 and older in residential care and community settings. METHODS: Participants in the National Health and Aging Trends Study COVID-19 mail supplement (N=3,098) reported frequency of phone, electronic, video, and in-person contact with non-resident family and friends in a typical week before and during the pandemic. We examined less-than-weekly contact by mode for those in residential care settings and community residents with and without limitations. We estimated multinomial logit models to examine predictors of change to less-than-weekly contact (vs. maintaining weekly-or-more contact) by mode, overall and stratified by setting. RESULTS: Weekly in-person contact fell substantially (from 61% to 39%) and more so in residential care (56% to 22%), where nearly four in ten transitioned to less-than-weekly in-person contact (doubling to 8 out of 10). Weekly-or-more contact was largely stable for electronic and telephone modes across settings. Weekly-or-more video contact increased mainly for community residents without limitations. Compared to community residents without limitations, those in assisted living or nursing homes had more than five times the odds (AOR=5.3; p=.01) of changing to less-than-weekly in-person contact; those in independent living also had higher odds of changing to less-than-weekly in-person (AOR=2.6; p=.01) and video (AOR=3.4; p=.01) contact. DISCUSSION: The pandemic revealed the importance of ensuring that communication technologies to maintain social ties are available to and usable by older adults, particularly for those living in residential care settings.
Effects of Religious Discrimination and Fear for Safety on Life Satisfaction for Muslim Americans

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between two forms of religious discrimination (religious prejudice and environmental discrimination) and life satisfaction among a sample of Muslim Americans. Based on the framework of minority stress theory, we also hypothesized that higher levels of religious prejudice as well as environmental discrimination, would significantly relate to higher fear of safety, and in turn, would relate to lower life satisfaction. Method: A total of 192 Muslim American participants (Age M= 27.87) completed an on-line survey about their experiences as Muslim American. Women made up almost 75% of the sample.Results: Findings revealed that higher religious prejudice as well as environmental discrimination were both significantly related to lower life satisfaction and that fear of safety partially mediated both of these relationships. Conclusions: Findings help illustrate that Muslim Americans are not immune to the social-political climate of Islamophobia and can experience religious discrimination in different ways. In addition, women and younger participants expressed higher fear of safety when compared to men and older participants. Professionals who work with individuals from the Muslim community are encouraged to consider the chronic and on-going impact of stress that Muslim Americans face especially within the context of the United States.
State Cyberspace Operations: Proposing a Cyber Response Framework

Cyberspace is the battleground of the new century – one that is likely to witness increased and diversified forms of aggression with the recent rise of world tension, driven by disputes over trade, territory and the coronavirus pandemic. Yet, increased tensions mean an increased chance of miscalculated intent. States would all benefit from a shared understanding of normal state behaviour in cyberspace. That common understanding must include shared intentions about appropriate responses to cyber incidents, especially in relation to determining which cyber operations are likely to elicit aggressive responses and which are considered part of the cost of doing business in international relations. States are understandably reluctant to reveal their thinking on this issue because they do not wish to encourage cyber misbehaviour below that threshold. In this paper, the author suggests that a framework establishing categories of incidents and possible responses could be helpful in avoiding actions in cyberspace that would unintentionally push states to engage in armed conflict. Further, the tiered response framework proposed mitigates the downside of increased transparency.
Current Status and Perspectives of Antifungal Therapy

The last decade has seen a quickening pace of antifungal drug development, driven in part by the success of imidazole compounds and in part by the increased number of patients with mycoses. There seems to be no signs of slackening in the rising numbers of immunosuppressed patients, driven by the AIDS epidemic and the broadening indications for immunosuppressive therapy. Successful therapy of bacterial, parasitic and viral infections has allowed survival not only of immunosuppressed patients but also other fragile patients, such as very low birth weight neonates, extensively burned patients and those postoperative from complicated abdominal surgery.
Explicit Finite Element Methods for Large Deformation Problems in Solid Mechanics

Explicit finite methods are often the best choice for solving large deformation, high strain rate problems in solids mechanics. They are simple to implement, robust, efficient, and scale well on massively parallel computers. Their commercial applications include simulations of automobile crashes to the more prosaic drop testing of cell phones. This chapter presents an introduction of explicit finite element methods with an emphasis on the topics that distinguish the explicit formulation from the more traditional implicit one, including stable time step size estimation, energy conservation, shock viscosities, zero energy modes, and stress rotations. Keywords: explicit finite element methods; zero energy modes; shock viscosity; energy conservation; time step size estimation
Uncontrolled eating is associated with reduced executive functioning

Summary Accumulating evidence indicates obesity is associated with reduced cognitive functioning, particularly attention and executive function, as well as maladaptive eating behaviour such as uncontrolled eating. The current study examined relationships between eating patterns and attention/executive function test performance in lean and obese individuals. Sixty-two (32 lean, 30 obese) healthy young adults (21.13 ± 2.31 years; 56.5% female) completed the abbreviated Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) to assess eating patterns, including uncontrolled eating, cognitive restraint, and emotional eating. The Go/No-Go (GNG), Running Memory Continuous Performance Test (RCMPT) and Standard Continuous Performance Test from the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics-4 were administered as measures of executive functioning and attention. An independent samples t-test revealed greater report of uncontrolled eating in obese compared with lean participants (t[60] = −2.174, P < 0.05; d = −0.55) but no differences in cognitive restraint or emotional eating. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed cognitive differences between lean and obese groups (F[6, 54] = 3.86, P < 0.005; λ = 0.70; ηp2 = 0.30), which were driven by GNG reaction time (F[1, 59] = 8.36, P < 0.01, d = 0.74). Pearson bivariate correlations revealed a positive correlation between uncontrolled eating and reaction time on GNG (r = 0.343, P < 0.05) and RMCPT (r = 0.267, P < 0.05) in all participants. Relative to lean participants, obese individuals reported higher levels of uncontrolled eating and exhibited slower performance on a task of inhibitory control. In the full sample, greater self-reported dyscontrol in eating behaviour was related to slower inhibitory control and working memory. Results support a link between executive function and control of eating behaviour. Obese individuals may be more vulnerable to difficulties in these domains relative to those who are lean.
'Building Social Justice Leaders in the Aftermath of Proposal 2' - The Evolution of Map: A Case Study About the University of Michigan Law School’s Diversity Program

Colleges and universities have relied on admissions efforts as a leading strategy to realize the educational benefits of diversity. While increasing the number of minority students is important, relying on structural diversity to create an inclusive academic environment is not realistic given the growing popularity of anti-affirmative action ballot initiatives and declining minority enrollment in law schools. To that end, schools and colleges are well advised to consider new programs and strategies to create an inclusive learning environment, beyond admissions efforts. The Michigan Access Program (“MAP”) is an example of a “post admissions,” race neutral, social justice leadership program at the University of Michigan Law School that utilizes social justice curricula, experiential learning models and intergroup dialogue to offer students a resource for living, learning and thriving within a predominately white academic environment. As a result of the program, participants feel empowered to speak up about issues of race and identity in class discussions, gain tools and skills to address identity based conflict, and serve as cross-cultural allies to one another in the classroom.
Developing XML Documents with Guaranteed ``Good'' Properties

Many XML documents are being produced, but there are no agreed-upon standards formally defining what it means for complying XML documents to have "good" properties. In this paper we present a formal definition for a proposed canonical normal form for XML documents called XNF. XNF guarantees that complying XML documents have maximally compact connectivity while simultaneously guaranteeing that the data in complying XML documents cannot be redundant. Further, we present a conceptual-model-based methodology that automatically generates XNF-compliant DTDs and prove that the algorithms, which are part of the methodology, produce DTDs to ensure that all complying XML documents satisfy the properties of XNF.
The Role of Apolipoprotein A-IV in Food Intake Regulation

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a glycoprotein synthesized by the human intestine. In rodents, both the small intestine and the liver secrete apo A-IV; the small intestine, however, is by far the major organ responsible for the circulating apo A-IV. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is markedly stimulated by fat absorption and appears not to be mediated by the uptake or reesterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. Rather, it is the formation of chylomicrons that acts as a signal for the induction of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also enhanced by a factor from the ileum and that factor is probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). The inhibition of food intake by apo A-IV is probably mediated centrally. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV likely plays a role in the short-term regulation of food intake. Other evidence suggests that apo A-IV may also be involved in the long-term regulation of food intake and body weight. Chronic ingestion of a high fat diet blunts the intestinal apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may explain why the chronic ingestion of a high fat diet predisposes both animals and humans to obesity.
Emergence of visual–visual conditional discriminations

We assessed the emergence of visual-visual conditional discriminations following training of vocal tact and intraverbal relations. Ten preschool-age children learned to vocally tact six visual stimuli, A1 through B3. Next, they learned to respond intraverbally to the dictated names of A1, A2, and A3 by vocalizing the names of B1, B2, and B3, respectively. Emergent A-B and B-A relations were tested in a visual-visual match-to-sample (MTS) task. Five of ten participants passed the test, with or without a prompt to tact the sample stimulus. Four of the five failed a reverse intraverbal test that involved responding to dictated names of B stimuli by vocalizing names of A stimuli. The remaining participants failed the MTS test, apparently due to failures to maintain the trained vocal responses throughout testing. Accurate MTS performance in the absence of bidirectional intraverbal relations appears to contradict Horne and Lowe's (1996) analysis of the possible role of intraverbal naming in emergent stimulus control.
Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey

We have studied the cytological and quantitative aspects of axon addition and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. Electron microscopic analysis reveals that during fetal development the number of callosal axons increases from 4 million at embryonic day 65 (E65) to 188 million at birth (E 165). Thus, the number of callosal axons in newborn monkeys exceeds the number present in the adult (an average of 56 million; LaMantia and Rakic, 1990a) by at least 3.5 times. Although there is some variability among the 11 fetal and newborn monkeys examined, there appears to be a progressive increase in the total number of callosal axons from midgestation through birth. The presence and numbers of growth cones from E65 through birth suggests that axon addition occurs exclusively during this period. There is no ultrastructural or quantitative indication of postnatal axon addition. After birth, about 70% of the axons in the callosum are eliminated in 2 phases. During the first phase, which includes the first 3 postnatal weeks, approximately 80 million axons are lost at an estimated rate of 4.4 million/d or 50/sec. During the second phase, which continues for the following 3 months, an additional 50 million axons are eliminated at a rate of 0.5 million/d or 5/sec until the adult value is reached. A discontinuous distribution of different classes of axons along the anterior-posterior axis of the tract reminiscent of the pattern seen in the adult is detectable before the onset of the first phase of axon elimination. Since the basic topography and terminal field patterns of callosal projections are well established before birth in all regions of the monkey cortex examined so far (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1983; Killackey and Chalupa, 1986; Dehay et al., 1988; Schwartz and Goldman-Rakic, 1990), we conclude that the massive postnatal elimination of callosal axons described here is unlikely to play a significant role in the development of discretely patterned callosal projection zones or their columnar terminations. The coincidence of axon elimination and the increase in synaptic density throughout the primate cerebral cortex during the first 6 postnatal months (Rakic et al., 1986), however, suggests that supernumerary axons may be lost during a process that results in the local proliferation of synapses from a subset of initial interhemispheric projections.
Shock-wave Data for Several Minerals and their Implication to Mineral Phases in the Lower Mantle

FROM studies of the density and elastic properties of the mantle, Birch1 showed that the upper mantle is characterized by a zero-pressure density of about 3.3 g cm−3 and (K/ρ)p = 0 about 35 km2 s−2, where K is the bulk modulus. The corresponding values for the lower mantle, however, are about 4 g cm−3 and 55 km2 s−2. Comparing these values with laboratory measurements for a number of materials showed that, while a number of common rock-forming minerals (olivine, pyroxene, garnet, jadeite) have the qualifications of the upper mantle material, none of the familiar silicates have similar properties to the lower mantle. The observation that a few oxides (periclase, corundum, rutile) have densities close to 4 g cm−3 and (K/ρ)p=0 close to 50 km2 s−2 inspired Birch1 to speculate that one of the possible phase changes in the transition zone is for silicates to break down into closely packed oxides. The popularity, and hence the importance, of this speculation is clearly indicated by the work of Al'tshuler et al.2, Ahrens and Syono3 and Anderson4. Al'tshuler et al. attempted to construct the equations of state of the high-pressure phases of forsterite and enstatite from the Hugoniot data for quartz and periclase; the constructed curves were compared with the P-ρ curve for the lower mantle. Anderson, on the other hand, calculated on thermodynamic grounds the temperature and pressure range for the breakdown of spinel polymorph of forsterite to form a mixture of closely packed oxides. The result was correlated with the density increase corresponding to one of the steep rises in the seismic velocity profile in layer c. In the light of shock-wave data, the nature of the phase change is examined here.
Experimental diabetes produced by the administration of glucose.

A persistent increase in the concentration of blood glucose has frequently been considered a factor in the production of damage to the islands of Langerhans. Some of the experimental data suggesting that this may be so is as follows: (a) The experiments of Allen (1922) and Homans (1914) indicate that in subtotally depancreatized dogs or cats a period of hyperglycemia precedes the occurrence of hydropic degeneration of the beta cells, (b) In dogs (Dohan, Fish and Lukens, 1941) or partially depancreatized cats (Lukens and Dohan, 1942) injected with crude anterior pituitary extracts hyperglycemia precedes the hydropic degeneration of the beta cells, (c) The hydropic degeneration produced by anterior pituitary extract may be prevented or reversed by means of diet, insulin or phlorizin (Haist, Campbell and Best, 1940; Lukens and Dohan, 1942; Lukens, Dohan and Wolcott, 1943). All these measures tend to maintain a normal concentration of blood glucose.
PP-99. Relationship between oxygen saturation and umbilical cord pH immediately after birth

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between oxygen saturation (SpO2) by pulse oximetry levels and umbilical cord arterial pH values in healthy newborns during the first 15 minutes of life. Methods: The study was performed with healthy term, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborn infants. The infants were divided in two groups: umbilical cord arterial blood pH value �7.19 (group 1)and>7.19(group2);SpO2levelsduringthefirst15minutesoflifewerecomparedbetweengroups.
Biphase codes with selective autocorrelation sidelobe minimization

Unique sets of biphase codes are found that have Barker-like performance near the center of their aperiodic autocorrelation. Guidance is provided to expedite the search for these codes. Applications for these codes in a pulse-Doppler radar are discussed, and observations made about their performance and characteristics. (4 pages)
Investigation of the Copper Binding Site and the Role of Histidine as a Ligand in Riboflavin Binding Protein

Riboflavin Binding Protein (RBP) binds copper in a 1:1 molar ratio, forming a distinct well-ordered type II site. The nature of this site has been examined using X-ray absorption and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, revealing a four coordinate oxygen/nitrogen rich environment. On the basis of analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database, the average protein bound copper-ligand bond length of 1.96 A, obtained by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), is consistent with four coordinate Cu(I) and Cu(II) models that utilize mixed oxygen and nitrogen ligand distributions. These data suggest a Cu–O3N coordination state for copper bound to RBP. While pulsed EPR studies including hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy and electron nuclear double resonance show clear spectroscopic evidence for a histidine bound to the copper, inclusion of a histidine in the EXAFS simulation did not lead to any significant improvement in the fit.