cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catastrophizing and Pain-Coping in Young Adults: Associations With Depressive Symptoms and Headache Pain

Abstract Cognitive and behavioral pain-coping strategies, particularly catastrophizing, are important determinants of the pain experience. Most studies of pain-coping are performed in samples of treatment-seeking patients with longstanding pain complaints. Individual differences in pain-coping styles may also significantly affect day-to-day pain and quality of life in nonclinical samples, though this has rarely been investigated. In particular, headache pain is common in the general population, and little is known about how pain-related coping affects pain and quality of life among headache sufferers from a nonclinical setting. In this study, 202 generally healthy subjects were divided into 2 groups, those who reported problem headaches and pain-free control subjects. Reports of pain-related catastrophizing and the use of active pain-coping strategies did not differ between the groups, but differential associations between pain-coping strategies and emotional functioning were observed. Specifically, within the headache group only, those reporting higher levels of pain catastrophizing and lower levels of active pain-coping showed the highest level of depressive symptoms. Further, higher catastrophizing was associated with greater headache pain and pain-related interference. These findings suggest that catastrophizing has little influence on emotional functioning in those without ongoing pain complaints and highlight the importance of coping in modulating the consequences of pain on day-to-day functioning, even in samples from nonclinical settings. Moreover, these findings indirectly suggest that interventions that increase adaptive coping and decrease catastrophizing may help to buffer some of the deleterious functional consequences of headache pain. Perspective This study adds to a growing literature that conceptualizes catastrophizing as a diathesis, or risk factor, for deleterious pain-related consequences. These data suggest that catastrophizing may require the presence of a pain condition before its detrimental effects are exerted.
Charge assignments in multiple-U(1) gauge theories

We discuss the choice of gauge field basis in multiple-U(1) gauge theories. We find that there is a preferred basis, specified by the charge orthogonality condition, in which the U(1) gauge fields do not mix under one-loop renormalization group running. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Evaluation of a clinical nutrition elective course for second-year medical students

Abstract This study evaluated an 18-hour clinical nutrition elective for second-year medical students which was developed to reflect the students' interests and needs. The treatment group ( n = 20) attended a 12-week elective nutrition course (18 hours total). The control group was made up of classmates who chose not to participate, but who volunteered as pretest/posttest controls ( n = 16). We found that the posttest nutrition knowledge scores of the treatment group were significantly higher than the posttest nutrition knowledge scores of the control group. Before the treatment, we found no significant differences between the two groups in nutrition knowledge, National Board of Medical Examiners Scores, or nutrition attitudes. In their course evaluation, the medical students suggested that nutrition courses should present a working knowledge of nutrition as it relates to specific diseases and to the practical aspects of the nutritional management of patients.
Operant conditioning of single-unit response patterns in visual cortex

Unit responses to photic stimuli were studied in cat visual cortex. After the baseline response pattern of a cell was determined, conditioning trials were given during which reinforcement was contingent upon increased firing during a selected segment of the poststimulus interval. Density of reinforcement increased substantially in about half the cells studied; significant increases in firing occurred within, but not outside, the criterion segment.
Multidimensional comparison of project-based learning programs

In response to the nation-wide call for reform in STEM education, a number of universities are introducing non-traditional experiences in their engineering curricula as early as the freshman year. Although many of these experiences can be characterized as "project-based," they vary widely in their implementation. These variations hamper meaningful research on the relative impact these pedagogies have on student learning outcomes. In this paper, we will describe a tool that allows a multidimensional comparison of disparate non-traditional pedagogies. The tool will be used to first characterize and then quantitatively compare and contrast five different freshman-level engineering classes. This tool could provide a common basis for discourse regarding the relative effectiveness of other non-traditional STEM pedagogies regardless of the "labels" that might be affixed to them.
Modified Pechini synthesis of hexaferrite Co2Z with high permeability

Abstract Magnetic ceramic hexagonal ferrites with strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy are considered for application in high frequency antennas. In particular, Ba 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (Co 2 Z) is expected to exhibit a high permeability and low loss at frequencies > 1 GHz. In this paper, we report the fabrication of Co 2 Z material starting from precursor powders made by a modified-Pechini route. The precursor powders are compacted by dry pressing, followed by sintering to achieve a relative density of 90.3%. The morphology, crystal structure and high frequency magnetic permeability of thus formed materials are presented. The highest initial permeability, μ ′ = 11.9, was achieved for the samples calcined/sintered at 1300/1330 °C. It is expected that further improvement can be achieved by optimization of the sintered micro-structures.
Claudin-3 and claudin-4 expression in serous papillary, clear-cell, and endometrioid endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective Tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin-3 and claudin-4 may be differentially expressed in uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC), a rare form of endometrial cancer characterized by a particularly poor prognosis. Our aim was to determine the expression pattern and prognostic relevance of claudin-3 and claudin-4 in a large cohort of endometrial cancer patients of diverse histological type and stage. Methods Claudin-3 and claudin-4 expression was studied in a cohort of 287 patients with endometrial cancer including 137 cases of USPC or clear-cell histology using immunohistochemistry. Patients were completely surgically staged. Outcome data is available on all 287 patients. Results The rate of claudin-3 and claudin-4 expression was significantly higher in USPC and clear-cell endometrial cancer compared to endometrioid endometrial cancer (claudin-3: 78% and 61% versus 38%, p p p =.0087, OS RR 1.62, p =.0247; claudin-4, DFS RR 2.66, p p p p Conclusion These clinical observations confirm the hypothesis based on preclinical evidence that increased expression of claudin-3 and claudin-4 may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of endometrial cancer of serous papillary or clear-cell histology and suggest their potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers and possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
Niridazole: Evidence for promutagenic events involving guanine‐cytosine and adenine‐thymine base pairs

Niridazole, a widely used antiprotozoan agent, is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains that contain guanine-cytosine as well as adenine-thymine base pairs at their mutational sites. The mutagenic activity for both types of targets depends upon nitroreduction.
Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without dexmedetomidine following spine surgery in children.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine. Design Retrospective comparison. Setting University-affiliated children's hospital. Measurements The medical charts of 131 children with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and NMS who had major spine surgery were reviewed. Out of 131, postoperatively 94 children received PCA with morphine alone (PCA group) and the remaining 37 children received PCA morphine and dexmedetomidine infusion at 0.4 mcg/kg/hour for 24 hours (PCA + Dex group). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative morphine use data were collected. Main Results Intraoperative use of morphine was similar in children with IS and NMS. However, patients with IS used more morphine than patients with NMS on the first, second and third postoperative days in both groups. In children with IS, use of morphine on the second postoperative day was significantly higher in the PCA + Dex group (73 mg [50.5, 110.5]) than the PCA alone group (54 mg [36, 69], P = 0.03). The overall frequency of all perioperative complications was more in the PCA alone group (40% vs. 32%) than the PCA + Dex group. Conclusion Postoperative 24-hour dexmedetomidine infusion as an adjunct to PCA with opioids might have a morphine-sparing effect as evidenced by the increase in morphine use on postoperative day 2 after the dexmedetomidine infusion was stopped.
Early and late outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection with intramural hematoma

Introduction Controversy remains regarding management of acute type A dissection with intramural hematoma (IMH). Our purpose was to analyze our experience and report outcomes after repair of acute type A aortic dissection with IMH. Methods We analyzed all patients from a single center who underwent open repair for acute type A aortic dissection with IMH. Results Between 2000 and 2013, we performed 418 repairs for acute type A aortic dissection. These were divided into 2 groups of patients: 64 patients (15%) with type A IMH and 354 patients (85%) with typical dissection. Those with IMH were older (62.4 ± 13.9 years vs 56.7 ± 14.7 years; P P P P P = .4276). A lower incidence of postoperative dialysis in the IMH group approached significance: 6 out of 63 patients (9.5%) versus 64 out of 347 patients (18.4%; P = .0820). When adjusted for age and renal function, late survival was improved with IMH ( P Conclusions Repair of acute type A aortic dissection with IMH is associated with significant early morbidity and mortality, differing minimally from typical aortic dissection. Although expectant repair within 3 days may be applied, the purposeful delay imparted little advantage. Improved late outcomes may be seen with IMH, but continued long-term surveillance is required for verification.
Analysis of plant measurements through input-training neural networks

Abstract This paper presents methods and examples of analysis of plant measurements using the new neural network architecture of Input-Training Networks (IT-nets). These networks are a non-linear alternative to the linear technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Starting from a large set of original variables (plant measurements), an IT-net is trained to determine a smaller set of latent variables and a (neural-network based) model for reproducing the original variables from the latent ones. IT-nets achieve this task through input training, in which each input pattern (containing values of the latent variables) is not fixed but adjusted along with internal network parameters to reproduce its corresponding output pattern (the values of the original variables). Once trained, the network can be used to determine the latent variables (as trained inputs) for any new pattern of measured variables. This type of dimensionality reduction with IT-nets is useful in a variety of plant-measurement analysis tasks. Here, we demonstrate IT-nets in comparison to PCA for reduction of data dimensionality and replacement of missing measurements and gross error detection. The representation of the process measurements in the lower-dimensional form of latent variables can be a prelude to other process engineering activities relying on process measurements.
Quantitative trait loci for electrical seizure threshold mapped in C57BLKS/J and C57BL/10SnJ mice

We mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contribute to the robust difference in maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) between C57BLKS/J (BKS) and C57BL10S/J (B10S) mice. BKS, B10S, BKS × B10S F1 and BKS × B10S F2 intercross mice were tested for MEST at 8–9 weeks of age. Results of F2 testing showed that, in this cross, MEST is a continuously distributed trait determined by polygenic inheritance. Mice from the extremes of the trait distribution were genotyped using microarray technology. MEST correlated significantly with body weight and sex; however, because of the high correlation between these factors, the QTL mapping was conditioned on sex alone. A sequential series of statistical analyses was used to map QTLs including single-point, multipoint and multilocus methods. Two QTLs reached genome-wide levels of significance based upon an empirically determined permutation threshold: chromosome 6 (LOD = 6.0 at ∼69 cM) and chromosome 8 (LOD = 5.7 at ∼27 cM). Two additional QTLs were retained in a multilocus regression model: chromosome 3 (LOD = 2.1 at ∼68 cM) and chromosome 5 (LOD = 2.7 at ∼73 cM). Together the four QTLs explain one third of the total phenotypic variance in the mapping population. Lack of overlap between the major MEST QTLs mapped here in BKS and B10S mice and those mapped previously in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice (strains that are closely related to BKS and B10S) suggest that BKS and B10S represent a new polygenic mouse model for investigating susceptibility to seizures.
Predicting and Improving the Membrane Permeability of Peptidic Small Molecules

We evaluate experimentally and computationally the membrane permeability of matched sets of peptidic small molecules bearing natural or bioisosteric unnatural amino acids. We find that the intentional introduction of hydrogen bond acceptor–donor pairs in such molecules can improve membrane permeability while retaining or improving other favorable drug-like properties. We employ an all-atom force field based method to calculate changes in free energy associated with the transfer of the peptidic molecules from water to membrane. This computational method correctly predicts rank order experimental permeability trends within congeneric series and is much more predictive than calculations (e.g., clogP) that do not consider three-dimensional conformation.
THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF 1954U89, 1, 3‐DIAMINO‐7‐(1‐ETHYLPROPYL)‐8‐METHYL‐7H‐PYRROLO‐(3, 2‐f )QUINAZOLINE, IN DOGS AND RATS AFTER INTRAVENOUS AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION

1954U89, 1, 3-diamino-7-(1-ethylpropyl)-8-methyl-7H-pyrrolo-(3, 2-f )quinazoline, is a potent, lipid-soluble inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1954U89 were examined in male beagle dogs and male CD rats. Dogs received single intravenous (2·5 mg kg−1) and oral (5·0 mg kg−1) doses of 1954U89 with and without successive administration of calcium leucovorin. Single intravenous (5·0 mg kg−1) and oral (10 mg kg−1) doses of [1,3-14C2]1954U89 were administered to rats. Plasma concentrations of total radiocarbon were determined by scintillation counting, and intact 1954U89 was measured by HPLC. The mean plasma half-life was 3·2 ± 0·62 and 4·2 ± 0·68 h after intravenous and oral administration, respectively, to dogs. The pooled plasma half-life after intravenous administration to rats averaged 1·2 h; a reliable plasma half-life value after oral administration could not be determined. Mean total-body clearance was 2·4 ± 0·39 and 4·5 ± 1·1 L h−1 kg−1 after intravenous and oral administration, respectively, to dogs, and averaged 12 and 77 L h−1 kg−1 after intravenous and oral administration, respectively, to rats. Neither clearance nor bioavailability of 1954U89 in dogs was affected significantly by administration of calcium leucovorin. Absolute bioavailability was 54 ± 12% in dogs and 16% in rats. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of inhaled chlorotrifluoroethylene and hexafluoropropene on the rat kidney.

Abstract Male Fischer-344 rats were subjected to 4.0 hr inhalation exposure to chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) concentrations ranging from 100 to 540 ppm, or hexafluoropropene (HFP) concentrations ranging from 380 to 1200 ppm. Within 2 days following exposure, the rats exhibited dose-related proximal tubular necrosis, diuresis, increases in urinary fluoride, urinary lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, serum creatinine, and BUN. The toxicities of CTFE and HFP were similar except that (1) CTFE was the more potent renal toxin and (2) HFP produced necrosis of the pars recta and pars convoluta portions of the proximal tubule, while CTFE produced necrosis of only the pars recta. At the lowest exposure concentrations, diuresis was the most sensitive index of toxicity manifesting 50% increases in water intake and 25% decreases in urine osmolality. Increases in urinary LDH activity correlated with the degree of proximal renal tubular necrosis, with greater than 100-fold increases at the highest concentrations of CTFE and HFP. At 100 ppm, CTFE induced renal dysfunction (mild diuresis), but no significant increase in urinary LDH nor necrosis were apparent. All concentrations of HFP studied produced necrosis within 24 hr postexposure, with tubular cell regeneration apparent within 4 days.
Painless osteoid osteoma of the rib in an adult: A case report and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND An asymptomatic rib lesion was discovered by means of a bone scan obtained during the clinical evaluation of an adult man with biopsy proven prostate adenocarcinoma. Clinically and radiologically considered to be a metastatic focus, on resection it proved to be an osteoid osteoma (OO). METHODS A review of the English medical literature on OO was conducted with emphasis on the occurrence in older patients, costal location, and the absence of pain. RESULTS OO in patients older than age 50 years is rare (1%–2% of cases). Only 18 cases of painless OO were found. Of these, 8 (44%) occurred in the phalanges, and 3 (17%) in the cranial-facial bones, both uncommon sites for OO; only 7 (39%) arose in the long bones, the most common site for conventional OO. A disproportionate number of these patients (44%) were younger than age five years, a rarity for OO. Fourteen reported examples of costal OO were found, all of which were associated with pain. The possible mechanisms involved in the production of pain, including analysis of the effect of its site of origin and the presence of nerve fibers, is reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Costal OO is distinguished from osteoblastoma and from what has been described as painless fibro-osseous lesion of the rib. The infrequency of metastases as a cause of solitary rib lesion is emphasized. Cancer 1996; 77:1442-9.
Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models

Assessing overall fit is a topic of keen interest to structural equation modelers, yet measuring goodness of fit has been hampered by several factors. First, the assumptions that underlie the chi-square tests of model fit often are violated. Second, many fit measures (e.g., Bentler and Bonett's [1980] normed fit index) have unknown statistical distributions so that hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, or comparisons of significant differences in these fit indices are not possible. Finally, modelers have little knowledge about the distribution and behavior of the fit measures for misspecified models or for nonnested models. Given this situation, bootstrapping techniques would appear to be an ideal means to tackle these problems. Indeed, Bentler's (1989) EQS 3.0 and Joreskog and Sorbom's (forthcoming) LISREL 8 have bootstrap resampling options to bootstrap fit indices. In this article the authors (a) demonstrate that the usual bootstrapping methods will fail when applied to the original data, (b) expla...
Thiols in oxidative phosphorylation: Thiols in the F0 of ATP synthase essential for ATPase activity

Abstract It was shown previously that the ATP synthase complex of bovine heart mitochondria contains an essential set of thiols or dithiols in its membrane sector (F 0 ), whose modification by various reagents results in uncoupling [Yagi, T., and Hatefi, Y. (1984) Biochemistry 23 , 2449–2455]. The sensitivity to modifiers was increased by membrane energization, and the uncoupling was reversed by membrane-permeable thiol compounds when modifiers other than alkylating agents were used to uncouple. The present paper demonstrates that there exists in the F 0 of bovine ATP synthase another set of essential thiols, whose modification results in reversible inhibition of ATPase activity. These thiols are most susceptible to modification by mercurials ( p -chloromercuribenzoate > p -chloromercuribenzene sulfonate) and do not appear to be modified by N -ethylmaleimide. The reversible modification of these thiols by mercurials protects the ATP synthase against irreversible inhibition in F 0 by N,N′ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The possible location of these two sets of thiols in the F 0 of bovine ATP synthase is discussed.
Extending the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko Filter: Application to Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Meteorological Trends

Abstract Tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) are pollutants of great concern to air quality managers. Federal standards for these pollutants have been promulgated in recent years because of the known adverse effects of the pollutants on human health, the environment, and visibility. Local meteorological conditions exert a strong influence over day‐to‐day variations in pollutant concentrations; therefore, the meteorological signal must be removed in order for air quality planners and managers to examine underlying emissions-related trends and make better air quality management decisions for the future. Although the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter has been widely used for this type of trend separation in O3 studies in the eastern United States, this article aims to extend the method in three key ways. First, whereas the KZ filter is known as a useful tool for O3 analysis, this study also evaluates its effectiveness when applied to PM. Second, the method was applied to Tucson, AZ, a city in t...
On the synthesis of unsymmetrical bis(macrocyclic) ligands

Abstract The syntheses of novel three and four carbon-bridged unsymmetrical bis(macrocyclic) ligands have been investigated. Suitable functionalization of a selectively protected 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycle allows for the coupling of this well-studied ligand to either 1,4-diazacyclononane or 4,7-diaza-1-oxacyclononane.
Evaluation of a combined macrophyte–epiphyte bioassay for assessing nutrient enrichment in the Portneuf River, Idaho, USA

We describe and evaluate a laboratory bioassay that uses Lemna minor L. and attached epiphytes to characterize the status of ambient and nutrient-enriched water from the Portneuf River, Idaho. Specifically, we measured morphological (number of fronds, longest surface axis, and root length) and population-level (number of plants and dry mass) responses of L. minor and community-level (ash-free dry mass [AFDM] and chlorophyll a [Chl a]) responses of epiphytes to nutrient enrichment. Overall, measures of macrophyte biomass and abundance increased with increasing concentrations of dissolved phosphorus (P) and responded more predictably to nutrient enrichment than morphological measures. Epiphyte AFDM and Chl a were also greatest in P-enriched water; enrichments of N alone produced no measurable epiphytic response. The epiphyte biomass response did not directly mirror macrophyte biomass responses, illustrating the value of a combined macrophyte–epiphyte assay to more fully evaluate nutrient management strategies. Finally, the most P-enriched waters not only supported greater standing stocks of macrophyte and epiphytes but also had significantly higher water column dissolved oxygen and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and a lower pH. Advantages of this macrophyte–epiphyte bioassay over more traditional single-species assays include the use of a more realistic level of biological organization, a relatively short assay schedule (~10 days), and the inclusion of multiple biological response and water-quality measures.
Creep crack growth in fiber reinforced composites with rate-dependent bridging - Role of a viscous fiber matrix interface

Abstract A model is developed for creep crack growth in continuous fiber reinforced composites wherein a growing matrix crack is subjected to rate-dependent bridging by unbroken fibers. The rate-dependence in this model arises as a result of the presence of a viscous fiber/matrix interfacial layer. Under load this layer undergoes shear flow causing time-dependent pull-out of bridging fibers from the crack surfaces. The mechanics of time-dependent bridging is combined with a failure criterion based on secondary failure in a crack-tip creep process zone. The dependence of the matrix creep crack growth rates on flaw size and crack wake parameters as well as on composite microstructure is derived. It is shown that the crack wake plays a predominant role in influencing not only the magnitude of creep crack growth rates but also the relationship of growth rates to the crack sizes. A closed form expression is derived for the dependence of crack growth rates on loading, creep and bridging parameters in the regime wherein crack growth rates are independent of crack size.
Acute endotoxin tolerance downregulates superoxide anion release by the perfused liver and isolated hepatic nonparenchymal cells

This work is based on the hypothesis that low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppresses the stimulatory and priming effects of a subsequent high-dose endotoxin on the formation of toxic oxygen-derived radicals by the perfused liver and isolated hepatic nonparenchymal cells. Such effects may in turn contribute to hyposensitivity to the lethal effect of large doses of endotoxin. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a nonlethal ("low-dose") intravenous injection of Escherichia coli LPS (0.5 mg/kg body weight) 12 to 120 hours before they were challenged by a "large dose" of endotoxin (10 mg/kg). Three hours after LPS challenge, the livers were perfused, and superoxide release was determined. Nonparenchymal cells were also isolated for the determination of superoxide anion formation in vitro. There was a low rate (0.14 +/- 0.1 nmol/min/g liver weight) of superoxide generated by the perfused livers from rats that received the low-dose LPS 1 to 5 days previously. Control livers generated less than 0.08 nmol superoxide. A high rate (1.3 +/- 0.1 nmol/min/g) of superoxide release was measured in the perfused liver 4 hours after treatment of previously untreated control rats with large-dose LPS. This was attenuated to 0.7 +/- 0.04 nmol/min/g by an injection of low-dose LPS before challenge. This attenuation was time dependent; it failed to manifest at 12, 24, or 120 hours after low-dose LPS. Isolated endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and sequestered hepatic neutrophils from rats given a high-dose LPS also generated significant amounts of superoxide both in the presence or absence of agonists, i.e., phorbol myristate acetate or opsonized zymosan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of Flyback Converter with Voltage Driven Synchronous Rectifier

In low output voltage dc-dc converters, power losses is significant, due to the conduction of rectifying device. Using synchronous rectifiers instead of the conventional fast recovery diodes is an effective solution to this problem in most topologies. However, for synchronous rectifier to perform effectively, it requires an external gate drive with proper sensing and timing control circuits. This can increase the complexity and cost in converter hardware implementation. Design of Flyback Converter with Voltage Driven Synchronous Rectifiers is proposed. The proposed SR is the voltage driven synchronous rectifier (VDSR), which operates depending on the voltage drop across the drain and source of the MOSFET. Experimental results for the 85W (12V/7.1A) proposed converter are shown.
Mechanics of damage initiation and growth in a TBC/superalloy system

Creep analysis was used to estimate stresses in different layers especially in bond coat and the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer to determine the role of creep on damage initiation in the TBC system. Microcracks were observed to initiate near the bond coat/TGO interface after only a few thermal cycles. The origin of these microcracks can be attributed to the buildup of thermal stresses that may magnify due to asperity of the TGO layer and the bond coat. The TGO/bond coat interface was modeled as a rough periodic surface. Finite element calculations were conducted to determine the magnitude of stresses at the bond coat/oxide interface (modeled as a sine wave). It was found that large normal interface stresses arise at the peaks, while large shear stresses arise at the mean line of the rough interface. These residual stresses can exceed the interfacial tensile or shear strength of TGO. Effect of oxide layer growth between bond coat and Thermal barrier coating (TBC) was modeled as volume increase and subsequently as an induced pressure across the interface inside the crack. Mixed-mode fracture analysis of a thin circular delamination in an axisymmetric multi-layer circular plate was developed to assess growth.
How general across inventories is a general factor of personality

Abstract Two recent analyses addressing the generality of a general factor of personality (GFP) across different personality inventories came to markedly different conclusions. By applying the methods used by the one that found a GFP to the data used by the one that did not, it was shown that a substantial GFP could be obtained in the latter case. It was also shown that similar GFPs could be derived from sets of more broadly or more narrowly defined questionnaire scales, or from self- and others’ reports on a given inventory. Finally, it was shown that a GFP defined from eight personality inventories showed a modest degree of correlation with criterion variables such as ratings by others and act-frequency clusters.
Fanconi anemia pathway defects in neoplasia: cause or effect?

Commentary to:Functional Screen of the Fanconi Anemia Pathway in Cancer Cells by Fancd2 ImmunoblotMichiel S. Van der Heijden, Jonathan R. Brody, and Scott E. Kern
Electromyographic analysis of the thumb: A study of isometric forces in pinch and grasp

An electromyographic study of thumb muscles was performed on eight subjects by means of integrated polyelectromyography and simultaneous recordings of isometric flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and prehensile pinch and grasp of the thumb. The integrated electromyographic signal proved to be an excellent index of thumb muscle activity, with a linear relationship found at low to middle levels of muscle strength. To facilitate understanding of thumb function, thumb muscles can be classified as primary or secondary on the basis of electrical potential activity. In isometric flexion, the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) was primary, whereas in extension, the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) and abductor pollicis longus were primary. In adduction, the adductor pollicis and EPL were primary and the FPL was secondary. In abduction, the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis were primary. The adductor pollicis, opponens pollicis, and FPL were nearly equal during pinch and grasp, with significant electrical activity increasing with greater force requirements. The first dorsal interosseous and EPL contributed secondarily in both pinch and grasp. When surgeons consider tendon transfers for nonfunctioning thumb muscles, the primary muscles should be replaced first to best restore pinch and grasp strength.
Vairimorpha necatrix: Infectivity for and development in a lepidopteran cell line

Abstract Vairimorpha necatrix infected and replicated in the Heliothis zea cell line HZBCIRLAM1. Spores were purified from caterpillars by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. After priming with 0.01 n KOH in 0.17 m KCl, the spores were mixed with H. zea cells suspended in Tris-HCl ( p H 8) containing 0.17 m KCl, and EDTA as a chelator. Infected cells were cultured at 28°C in L-15B medium with 5% serum. Sporoplasms and early stages were noted in cells stained with Giemsa's solution within the first 24 hr post-infection (pi). The sporoplasms developed into bipolar meronts but did not divide during this time. Using 5 to 10 spores per cell, we initially infected 23.64 ± 4.27% of the cells in three duplicate studies. Three-fourths of the infected cells harbored a single sporoplasm, and the remainder were infected with two to four parasites each. The proportion of infected cells rose to 36.03 ± 7.02% during the first 2 to 4 days, and after 1 week, meronts were rarely seen. Between day 1 and 3 pi V. necatrix multiplied with a doubling time of 8 to 12 hr. Three to 4 days pi, V. necatrix sporonts were seen and by 6 days pi mature spores developed. Within the first 4 days of culture, large multinucleated syncytia formed by cell fusion. The number of host cell nuclei in syncytia correlated with the number of V. necatrix; those with 3 to 5 H. zea nuclei and 20 to 40 V. necatrix were most common. There was considerable asynchrony in parasite development and variability in the number of V. necatrix per host cell.
Studies on hydrolases in various house fly strains and their role in malathion resistance

Abstract Aliesterase, carboxylesterase, and phosphorotriester hydrolase activities in six house fly strains were studied in relation to malathion resistance. Selection of two susceptible strains with malathion for three generations resulted in an increase in both carboxylesterase activity and LD50 of malathion, indicating that the increased detoxication by the enzyme was the major mechanism selected for malathion resistance. With the highly resistant strains, however, the carboxylesterase activity alone was not sufficient to explain the resistance level, and the involvement of additional mechanisms, including phosphorotriester hydrolase activity, was suggested. The E1 strain, which had high phosphorotriester hydrolase activity but normal or low carboxylesterase activity, showed a moderate level, i.e., sevenfold resistance. Upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography, two or three esterase peaks were resolved from susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant strains. The substrate specificity, the sensitivity to paraoxon inhibition, and the α β ratio of malathion hydrolysis were studied for each esterase peak from the different strains. The results suggested the existence of multiple forms of esterases with overlapping substrate specificity in the house fly.
In-situ infrared spectroscopy of buried organic monolayers: influence of the substrate on titanium reactivity with a Langmuir-Blodgett film.

The reactivity of metals vapor deposited onto organic monolayers has historically been correlated to the metal/terminal organic group chemistry. Here we demonstrate that the chemical composition of the substrate unexpectedly plays a significant role as well. In particular, the reactivity of evaporated titanium toward a cadmium stearate Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) film was found to depend on the substrate upon which the LB film was deposited. Infrared spectra taken in a modified ATR (Kretschmann) geometry with a thin Au substrate showed large changes in peak shape, peak position, and peak width in the C−H stretching region, indicating titanium penetration into the LB film and decomposition of the original well-packed monolayer structure. LB monolayers formed on a platinum oxide (PtOx) surface showed remarkably small changes after Ti deposition, indicating only a slight increase in disorder and no significant metal penetration into the film. Films on SiO2 substrates showed reactivity between that of Au and PtOx....
The ultrastructure of Phycopeltis (Chroolepidaceae : Chlorophyta). I. Sporopollenin in the cell walls

Electron microscope observations on Phycopeltis epiphyton, a subaerial green alga found growing on the leaves of vascular plants and bryophytes, revealed the presence of a densely staining material within the inner and outer zones of the cell walls. This material resists acetolysis, is degraded by chromic acid, is unaffected by ethanolamine and exhibits secondary fluorescence when stained with the fluorochrome Primuline. These characteristics, together with infrared absorption spectra indicate that, on the basis of currently accepted criteria, the densely staining material is a sporopollenin and that it is a major component of the cell wall. Tests for cellulose, chitin, and lignin were negative, and little if any silica is present. It is suggested that negative results in tests for cellulose may be due to a masking effect by the sporopollenin. Comparison of the fine structure of the cell walls of P. epiphyton, pollen grains, and algal cells (known to contain sporopollenin) supports the suggestion that sporopollenin deposition on "unit membranes" is universal. Morphological similarity among sporopollenin lamellae in P. epiphyton, pollen grains, spores of land plants, and the trilaminar sporopollenin sheath in Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Pediastrum indicates that the structures may be analogous. As in pollen grains, sporopollenin may provide protection against desiccation and parasitism. It may also be involved in the adhesion of Phycopeltis to host plants and in the adhesion between adjacent filaments of the thallus.
Weather, Ocean, and Social Aspects Associated with Rip Current Deaths in the United States

ABSTRACT Paxton, C.H. and Collins, J.M., 2014. Weather, ocean, and social aspects associated with rip current deaths in the United States. The purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of the physical and social aspects of rip currents in ocean areas that will lead to better forecasts, better governmental policies in beach areas, and ultimately to save lives. The primary factors associated with rip current formation on beaches are variations in the local beach bathymetry, wind-generated waves of significant wave height typically 1 m or higher, and lower tidal stages. The methodology followed for this study included a review of demographics from over 500 rip current drowning reports along the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. This research indicated that tourists are often the victims and rescuers often become the victims. For each state or sub-state area where rip current drownings are prevalent, an analysis of social aspects and associated o...
Validation of Software for Bayesian Models Using Posterior Quantiles

This article presents a simulation-based method designed to establish the computational correctness of software developed to fit a specific Bayesian model, capitalizing on properties of Bayesian posterior distributions. We illustrate the validation technique with two examples. The validation method is shown to find errors in software when they exist and, moreover, the validation output can be informative about the nature and location of such errors. We also compare our method with that of an earlier approach.
SIDEBAND-DIFFERENCE MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA) LIGHTWAVE NETWORK

A sideband-difference multiple access (SDMA) lightwave network is proposed. An external modulation unit is designed to perform an optical double-sideband suppressed-carrier microwave frequency translation. The address and data information are encoded in the spacing between these two frequencies. Using this approach, the usual problems caused by laser sources in conventional frequency-division multiple access systems are avoided. The performance of this system is analysed.
Quantitation of Wheezing in Acute Asthma

Pulmonary sounds were recorded before and after bronchodilator treatment in 20 patients with acute attacks of asthma. Analysis of the sounds showed that improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second was associated with the following two changes in the sound signal: (1) the proportion of the respiratory cycle occupied by wheeze (Tw/Ttot ratio) was reduced from 86 percent to 31 percent on average; and (2) the sound frequency of the highest pitched wheeze was also reduced, from a mean of 440 Hz to 298 Hz.
Mechanisms mediating canine renal vasoconstriction induced by nicotine infusion.

Abstract We investigated the respective contributions of the reninangiotensin and alpha-adrenergic systems to nicotine-induced, canine, renal vasoconstriction by using saralasin (4 μg/kg/min) and phentolamine (25 μg/kg/min) blockade respectively. Nicotine infusion (0.024 mg/kg/min) increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) (114 ± 3.0 to 219 ± 8.0 mmHg) and decreased total renal blood flow (TRBF) (3.12 ± 0.34 to 1.60 ± 0.37 ml/min/g). Nicotine infusion produced a significantly lesser blood flow in outer cortex (OC), inner cortex (IC), and outer medulla (OM) compared to control dogs. The intrarenalartery infusion of saralasin or phentolamine had no effect on the nicotine-induced MABP changes. Phentolamine infusion prior to nicotine resulted in a significantly greater TRBF (P
Experimental Evaluation of a Structure-Based Connectionist Network for Fault Diagnosis of Helicopter Gearboxes

This paper presents the experimental evaluation of the Structure-Based Connectionist Network (SBCN) fault diagnostic system introduced in the preceding article. For this vibration data from two different helicopter gearboxes: OH-58A and S-61, are used. A salient feature of SBCN is its reliance on the knowledge of the gearbox structure and the type of features obtained from processed vibration signals as a substitute to training. To formulate this knowledge, approximate vibration transfer models are developed for the two gearboxes and utilized to derive the connection weights representing the influence of component faults on vibration features. The validity of the structural influences is evaluated by comparing them with those obtained from experimental RMS values. These influences are also evaluated ba comparing them with the weights of a connectionist network trained though supervised learning. The results indicate general agreement between the modeled and experimentally obtained influences. The vibration data from the two gearboxes are also used to evaluate the performance of SBCN in fault diagnosis. The diagnostic results indicate that the SBCN is effective in directing the presence of faults and isolating them within gearbox subsystems based on structural influences, but its performance is not as good in isolating faulty components, mainly due to lack of appropriate vibration features.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of Dendrimer-Encapsulated Palladium Nanoparticles

Here we report on the synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and stability of Pd nanoparticles encapsulated within poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. Specifically, amine- and hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimers ranging in generation from 4 to 8 were studied. Under appropriate conditions, addition of K2PdCl4 results in covalent attachment of the PdCl3- hydrolysis product of this complex to tertiary amines within the dendrimers. Reduction with NaBH4 results in conversion of dendrimer-encapsulated PdCl3- to nearly size monodisperse, encapsulated, zerovalent Pd nanoparticles. Details regarding the Pd species present in solution and within the dendrimer prior to reduction are reported, as is the maximum Pd2+ loading of the dendrimers. Dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles undergo oxidation in air, but this process is slowed significantly when coordinating ions are removed from solution. In the absence of O2, dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles are stable indefinitely. The oxidation product is no...
Effect of ligand donors on the catalytic properties of metal complexes. Copper(II) complexes as catalysts for the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol

Abstract Copper(II) complexes 1–5 with the tetracentate ligand L 1 = N , N -bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-aminoethane (pzmhe) and 6–10 with the analogous N 3 O benzimidazole ligand L 2 = N , N -bis(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-aminoethane (bbmhe) were prepared. The five-coordinate complexes [Cu(L)X]Y 1.2 (with 1, 6 : X = H 2 O, Y = BF 4 ; 2, 7 : X = NO 3 , Y = NO 3 ; 3, 8 : X = Br, Y = Br; 4, 9 : X = Cl, Y = Cl; 5, 10 : X = N 3 , Y = BF 4 ) were characterized by chemical analysis, absorption and EPR spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. The data show the complexes have square pyramidal geometry. All display chemically reversible one-electron redox behavior in acetonitrile. The E ° t values are more positive with L 1 than with L 2 by 144–234 mV. Oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone by these complexes was studied. The reaction rate depends on the nature of the heterocyclic donor, its basicity, steric effects, reduction potentials, and the type of exogenous donor present. Large rate variations were observed with the most effective catalysts those with pzmhe; the [Cu(pzmhe)N 3 ]BF 4 complex was most active with [Cu(bbmhe)Br]Br and [Cu(bbmhe)Cl]Cl complexes relatively inactive. Electrochemical data showed a non-linear relationship between their ability to oxidize catechols and their reduction potentials. The results point to the bulky ligand environment provided by the benzimidazoles as being responsible for the diminution of their rates of catalysis compared to the pyrazole complexes.
Efficacy of novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, AR42, in a mouse model of, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 adult T cell lymphoma

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a variety of forms of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a refractory CD4+/CD25+ T-cell malignancy. Novel approaches to treat ATL patients are required due to the resistance of ATL to conventional chemotherapies. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), which induce histone hyperacetylation leading to chromatin remodeling and reactivation of transcriptionally repressed genes have shown efficacy against a variety of cancers. Herein, we tested if valproic acid and the novel orally bioavailable HDACi, AR-42 reduced the proliferation of ATL cell lines by promoting apoptosis and histone hyperacetylation. Both compounds were cytotoxic and elicited a dose dependent increase in cytochrome C and cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) indicating the induction of cell death by apoptosis and promoted acetylation of histone H3 in both MT-2 and C8166 cell lines. We then evaluated the effects of AR-42, for survival in an ATL NOD/SCID mouse model. A dietary formulation of AR-42 prolonged survival of ATL engrafted mice compared to controls. Our data provide new directions for the treatment of ATL and support the further development of AR-42 against HTLV-1-associated lymphoid malignancies.
Elevated intraocular pressure and myopic shift linked to topiramate use.

Purpose. The purpose of this report is to describe acute myopia as an ocular adverse reaction to topiramate (Topamax, Ortho-McNeil, Raritan, NJ) and discuss the importance of recognizing this syndrome. Methods. Retrospective case report and brief review of the literature. Results. A 27-year-old female patient developed decreased vision in both eyes due to acute myopia 2 weeks of after initiating therapy with topiramate. Emergency department evaluation revealed visual acuities of 20/400 right eye and 20/200 left eye. Intraocular pressures were 33 mm Hg right eye and 26 mm Hg left eye. The anterior chambers were shallow. Retinal striae were present in the maculae. The patient stated no previous need for optical correction. However, after initiating treatment with topiramate, she refracted to approximately −5.00 D bilaterally. Ultrasound testing revealed that the patient had suprachoroidal effusions in both eyes. The symptoms and clinical findings resolved completely with discontinuation of topiramate, administration of topical atropine 1% and prednisolone acetate 1%. Conclusions. An acute myopic shift may be the presenting sign of an idiosyncratic drug reaction that can include secondary bilateral angle closure glaucoma. This condition can occur in patients who do not have a history of anterior chamber abnormalities. Recognizing this condition and discontinuing the use of the causative drug may prevent angle closure and associated vision loss.