cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT

The temperature increase due to shock compression is measured for three metals: 1100 aluminum, commercially pure copper, and Armco iron. Spherical shock waves are generated by the impact of projectiles (with identical target material) at velocities from 2700 to 5000 feet per second. The thermocouple response to these shock induced temperatures generally occur in less than three microseconds. The measured temperature increase is predicted with fair accuracy by the progressive wave similarity method. The pressure effect and charge effect on thermocouple are discussed.
Clinical and Immunologic Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Persisting Seven or More Years after Diagnosis

Background Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT). Median duration of systemic immunosuppression (IS) for cGVHD is approximately 2 years; however, 15% of patients still require IS 7 years after SCT. Previous studies identified factors that were associated with longer duration of IS or cGVHD. Our aim was to identify clinical and immunologic factors associated with cGVHD that is persistent ≥7 years after cGVHD diagnosis. Methods Patients were drawn from a prospective cross-sectional study of the natural history of cGVHD at the National Institutes of Health (NCT00092235). A cohort of patients who enrolled on the study ≥7 years from the time of cGVHD diagnosis, and thus had persistent cGVHD (pcGVHD), was compared to those who enrolled p -values p Results There were 38 patients with pcGVHD and 83 control patients Conclusions Although cGVHD is often self-limited, late forms requiring long duration of IS exist, and the predictive factors or underlying pathogenesis are unknown. Our analysis of cGVHD patients who enrolled on a clinical trial ≥7 years after diagnosis showed more lung and sclerotic skin involvement, less inflammatory signs, and higher B cells, immunoglobulins, and autoantibodies. These new findings suggest that pcGVHD may reflect irreversible damage rather than an active immune process; however, standardly accepted measures of disease severity were not associated with pcGVHD, suggesting that further tools are needed to differentiate accumulated damage from active disease. Distance from transplant center, which may contribute to access to care, was not associated, although increasing IS was recommended more frequently for pcGVHD patients. Factors that were previously identified as associated with longer duration of IS were not different or conflicted with our findings, suggesting that further study is needed. To further elucidate potential immune dysfunction in patients with pcGVHD, our ongoing studies are measuring BAFF, cytokine, and chemokine levels. Our results contribute to further hypotheses in the pathogenesis and contributing factors in patients who have pcGVHD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Editorial Commentary: Core Muscle Injuries or Athletic Pubalgia—Finally the Real Sausage, Not Just the Same Ole Baloney

In their paper "Prevalence of Surgical Repair for Athletic Pubalgia and Impact on Performance in Football Athletes Participating in the National Football League Combine," Knapik et al. cut through the baloney in the literature on "sports hernia" and apply new eyes to the impact of the results of core muscle surgery on young elite athletes trying out for the National Football League (NFL). They found that the players who had surgery did just as well as all the others in and following NFL Combines. Even the players with presumptively residual, MRI findings did well. The paper is superb and identifies, in subtle ways, the importance of magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the role of experience in diagnosing and handling these injuries. The paper is a case control series that extracts tremendous beneficial information for sports physicians, athletic trainers, management, agents, players, and all of us Sunday afternoon, TV-watching football experts.
Comparison of intraoral and extraoral scanners on the accuracy of digital model articulation.

Digital dental technology is increasingly becoming an integral part of the modern orthodontic practice. The accuracy of digitally articulated models is critical when developing orthodontic treatmen...
Study at Home After Study Abroad

International education administrators in the American community spend a great deal of time discussing the study abroad experience, but the question of how the experience abroad should be integrated with the campus experience after the student’s return is usually located only in generalised extracurricular zones. The subject is examined primarily in terms of how returning students can be actors in helping others develop global interests (Kepets, 1995). The most frequent topic is the psychological difficulties faced by students on re-entry to their home society and, usually with less specificity, to their home institution (Sussman, 1986, p. 241). Tools are invoked that can assist the process of re-entry: workshops are organised, peer advising programmes established, and international career days are sponsored (Sussman, 1986; Thebodo & Marx, 2005). These are all useful and sensible things to consider, but a more fundamental issue is rarely addressed, and it is this matter that this paper will address: if study abroad has educational outcomes for the student – if the student returns to campus with a different perspective, or different knowledge, or different skill sets – then should not the post-return academic experience of this student somehow recognise this? Can we assume that students can simply apply capabilities and perspectives they have acquired to whatever courses they take once they are back on campus, and that the transformation that they have gone through will allow them to experience these courses differently, and to exercise and continue to develop their new capacities? Should study abroad be placed in the same category as other life experience – broadening for the student, but not something to be considered by the faculty when designing courses or curricula? The conversation surrounding this question is certainly happening at some institutions in the United States, but
Lean Crowdsourcing: Combining Humans and Machines in an Online System

We introduce a method to greatly reduce the amount of redundant annotations required when crowdsourcing annotations such as bounding boxes, parts, and class labels. For example, if two Mechanical Turkers happen to click on the same pixel location when annotating a part in a given image&#x2013;an event that is very unlikely to occur by random chance&#x2013;, it is a strong indication that the location is correct. A similar type of confidence can be obtained if a single Turker happened to agree with a computer vision estimate. We thus incrementally collect a variable number of worker annotations per image based on online estimates of confidence. This is done using a sequential estimation of risk over a probabilistic model that combines worker skill, image difficulty, and an incrementally trained computer vision model. We develop specialized models and algorithms for binary annotation, part keypoint annotation, and sets of bounding box annotations. We show that our method can reduce annotation time by a factor of 4-11 for binary filtering of websearch results, 2-4 for annotation of boxes of pedestrians in images, while in many cases also reducing annotation error. We will make an end-to-end version of our system publicly available.
Recent progress in translational cystic fibrosis research using precision medicine strategies

Significant progress has been achieved in developing precision therapies for cystic fibrosis; however, highly effective treatments that target the ion channel, CFTR, are not yet available for many patients. As numerous CFTR therapeutics are currently in the clinical pipeline, reliable screening tools capable of predicting drug efficacy to support individualized treatment plans and translational research are essential. The utilization of bronchial, nasal, and rectal tissues from individual cystic fibrosis patients for drug testing using in vitro assays such as electrophysiological measurements of CFTR activity and evaluation of fluid movement in spheroid cultures, has advanced the prediction of patient-specific responses. However, for precise prediction of drug effects, in vitro models of CFTR rescue should incorporate the inflamed cystic fibrosis airway environment and mimic the complex tissue structures of airway epithelia. Furthermore, novel assays that monitor other aspects of successful CFTR rescue such as restoration of mucus characteristics, which is important for predicting mucociliary clearance, will allow for better prognoses of successful therapies in vivo. Additional cystic fibrosis treatment strategies are being intensively explored, such as development of drugs that target other ion channels, and novel technologies including pluripotent stem cells, gene therapy, and gene editing. The multiple therapeutic approaches available to treat the basic defect in cystic fibrosis combined with relevant precision medicine models provide a framework for identifying optimal and sustained treatments that will benefit all cystic fibrosis patients.
(2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-Pentadecatrienal as a Male-Produced Aggregation-Sex Pheromone of the Cerambycid Beetle Elaphidion mucronatum

An increasing body of evidence suggests that the volatile pheromones of cerambycid beetles are much more diverse in structure than previously hypothesized. Here, we describe the identification, synthesis, and field testing of (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal as a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of the cerambycid Elaphidion mucronatum (Say) (subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Elaphidiini). This novel structure is unlike any previously described cerambycid pheromone, and in field bioassays attracted only this species. Males produced about 9 μg of pheromone per 24 h period, and, in field trials, lures loaded with 10, 25, and 100 mg of synthetic pheromone attracted beetles of both sexes, whereas lures loaded with 1 mg of pheromone or less were not significantly attractive. Other typical cerambycine pheromones such as 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, syn-2,3-hexanediol, and anti-2,3-hexanediol were not attractive to E. mucronatum, and when combined with (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal, the former two compounds appeared to inhibit attraction. Unexpectedly, adults of the cerambycine Xylotrechus colonus (F.) were attracted in significant numbers to a blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (2E,6Z,9Z)-2,6,9-pentadecatrienal, even though there is no evidence that this species produces the latter compound. From timed pheromone trap catches, adults of E. mucronatum were determined to be active from dusk until shortly after midnight.
Enzymes as Immunotherapeutics

Enzymes are attractive as immunotherapeutics because they can catalyze shifts in the local availability of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive signals. Clinical success of enzyme immunotherapeutics frequently hinges upon achieving sustained biocatalysis over relevant time scales. The time scale and location of biocatalysis are often dictated by the location of the substrate. For example, therapeutic enzymes that convert substrates distributed systemically are typically designed to have a long half-life in circulation, whereas enzymes that convert substrates localized to a specific tissue or cell population can be more effective when designed to accumulate at the target site. This Topical Review surveys approaches to improve enzyme immunotherapeutic efficacy via chemical modification, encapsulation, and immobilization that increases enzyme accumulation at target sites or extends enzyme half-life in circulation. Examples provided illustrate “replacement therapies” to restore deficient enzyme function, a...
Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer: A Focus on HER2/neu and Antiangiogenic Therapy

Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the USA and is the main cause of death in women aged 45–55 years. Despite advances in both diagnosis and treatment, an estimated 182,460 new cases (26% of all cancers) and 40,480 deaths are expected in 2008. One area of rapid evolution is the treatment of patients with HER2/neu overexpressing breast tumors, who comprise 25–30% of all breast cancers in the early stage setting. In conjunction with chemotherapy, trastuzumab has shown efficacy in both adjuvant and metastatic settings with improved response rate, time to progression, and overall survival. Lapatinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for trastuzumab-resistant disease in combination with capecitabine; multiple studies are evaluating lapatinib in combination with other chemotherapy agents as well as targeted biologic therapy. Additional anti-HER2/neu-targeted agents under study include immunotoxins, alternate antibodies, new TKIs, and new targeted therapies such as heat shock protein inhibitors. Antiangiogenic therapy is a second successful targeted biologic therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Bevacizumab is now approved in combination with paclitaxel to treat advanced disease, and ongoing trials are investigating bevacizumab alone or in combination in both the early- and late-stage settings. Multiple other antiangiogenic agents are in clinical trials. This chapter will review current clinical data on HER2 and antiangiogenic biologic therapies in the treatment of breast cancer.
Product Design, Pricing, and Capacity Investment in a Congested Production System

We investigate a firm’s product positioning and capacity investment problem for a product that is vertically differentiated according to its design quality level. Customers arrive according to a Poisson process and are heterogeneous in the marginal valuation of the product’s quality level, making product choices to maximize a linear utility function of price and quality level. Resulting product demands are met through capacity investments in a production process, which is modeled as a queuing system. Capacity investment and variable production costs are functions of the processed product’s quality. We develop an integrated marketing-operations model that provides insights into the factors determining the right positioning of the product in terms of quality and pricing, the resulting market coverage, and the effects on production costs and congestion levels of the production process.
The Comparative Pathology of Non-Viral Bullous Skin Diseases in Domestic Animals:

In a review of non-viral bullous skin diseases of domestic animals and a 4-year study of cases presented to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, we found 15 diseases: pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, bullous pemphigoid, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis herpetiformis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug eruption, epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolysis bullosa simplex, familial acantholysis, bovine congenital porphyria, impetigo and subcorneal pustular dermatosis. The 15 diseases were placed in five categories: autoimmune, immune-mediated, hereditary, bacterial and idiopathic. A histologic classification of these disorders based on the site of blister formation and other important clinicopathologic, histologic and immunopathologic findings was developed.
PanoromiX: a time-course network medicine platform integrating molecular assays and pathophenotypic data

Network medicine aims to map molecular perturbations of any given diseases onto complex networks with functional interdependencies that underlie a pathological phenotype. Furthermore, investigating the time dimension of disease progression from a network perspective is key to gaining key insights to the disease process and to identify diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Existing platforms are ineffective to modularize the large complex systems into subgroups and consolidate heterogeneous data to web-based interactive animation. We have developed PanoromiX platform, a data-agnostic dynamic interactive visualization web application, enables the visualization of outputs from genome based molecular assays onto modular and interactive networks that are correlated with any pathophenotypic data (MRI, Xray, behavioral, etc.) over a time course all in one pane. As a result, PanoromiX reveals the complex organizing principles that orchestrate a disease-pathology from a gene regulatory network (nodes, edges, hubs, etc.) perspective instead of snap shots of assays. Without extensive programming experience, users can design, share, and interpret their dynamic networks through the PanoromiX platform with rich built-in functionalities. This emergent tool of network medicine is the first to visualize the interconnectedness of tailored genome assays to pathological networks and phenotypes for cells or organisms in a data-agnostic manner. As an advanced network medicine tool, PanoromiX allows monitoring of panel of biomarker perturbations over the progression of diseases, disease classification based on changing network modules that corresponds to specific patho-phenotype as opposed to clinical symptoms, systematic exploration of complex molecular interactions and distinct disease states via regulatory network changes, and the discovery of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Retrospective Review of the Complication Profile Associated with 71 Subcranial and Transcranial Midface Distraction Procedures at a Single Institution.

Background/Purpose: Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis and midface hypoplasia often undergo midface advancement to improve respiratory function, orbital relationships, and facial appearance. This study characterizes the perioperative morbidity of a large cohort of subjects who underwent transcranial or subcranial midface distraction. Methods: Demographic and perioperative data were compared between those who underwent transcranial or subcranial midface DO between July 1999 and December 2017. Univariate analysis was conducted using chi-square and Fisher exact tests for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression modeling. Complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: Sixty-four subjects (34 female, 30 male) underwent a total of 71 midface distraction procedures. There was a total of 28 (39%) complications. The transcranial cohort had a significantly higher frequency of complications (58%) compared to the subcranial cohort (29%, p=0.017), with a significantly greater proportion of infection-related complications in the transcranial cohort (80% vs 54%, p=0.028). Transcranial complications included cranial contamination, whereas most subcranial cohort infections were superficial or limited facial abscesses. The only significant predictor variable for complications in a multivariate analysis was whether the osteotomy approach was transcranial as opposed to subcranial, with an odds ratio of 5.80 (p=0.013). Conclusion: Complication rates in midface distraction remain high, with transcranial procedures having significantly higher complication rates, infection-related complications, and notably greater severity of complications. While the goals of surgery often dictate choice of osteotomy, thorough understanding of the risks associated with transcranial procedures must be understood by surgeon and patient alike.
Sexual Dimorphism of Pain Control: Analgesic Effects of Pioglitazone and Azithromycin in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Central neuropathic pain develops in greater than 75% of individuals suffering a spinal cord injury (SCI). Increasingly, sex is recognized as an important biological variable in the develo...
Outcome after Mastectomy for Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence after Breast Conserving Surgery

Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) is a risk after breast conserving surgery, and is traditionally treated with mastectomy. Given the limited literature on outcome after mastectomy for IBTR, we evaluated our long-term data for this group. A retrospective review was conducted using a database of 2101 breast cancer patients at a single institution. Fifty-nine patients underwent breast conserving surgery and experienced an IBTR. Exclusion criteria included repeat lumpectomy or metastatic disease before mastectomy. Patients presented with invasive ductal (58%), invasive lobular (7%), other invasive (11%), or ductal carcinoma in situ (24%). Initial tumors were Tis (24%), T1 (42%), T2 (20%), T3 (2%), or not recorded (12%). IBTR lesions were Tis (20%), T1 (46%), T2 (25%), or T3 (9%). Median follow-up after mastectomy was 4.6 years. Thirteen patients (22%) had postmastectomy recurrence (PMR), which decreased overall survival (P = 0.002). PMR was more common with larger IBTR tumors (P = 0.03), specifically IBTR > or = T2 (P = 0.003). Eighty-five per cent of PMR occurred within 2 years of mastectomy. Mastectomy for IBTR remains effective treatment for most patients, but the risk of PMR remains. Patients with IBTR tumors >2 cm have an increased risk of PMR. Strict follow-up should be routine, especially during the first 24 months.
Kidney Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review

Immunologic control of malignancy has long been recognized as an important determinant of disease progression. Recent advances in immunology have led to the focus on several mechanisms that can be targeted to achieve tumor suppression. In particular, checkpoint inhibition has evolved in less than a decade to become one of the most important strategies in cancer therapy, with a meaningful improvement in patient survival. Six agents have been approved for clinical use to date and many more are in the industry pipeline. The spectrum of malignancies responsive to immunotherapy ranges from advanced melanoma, for which the first immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab was approved, to Hodgkin lymphoma, non–small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and others. Notwithstanding its clinical benefits, checkpoint inhibition carries a risk for significant off-target toxicity stemming from the immune system activation. In this review, we discuss general principles of checkpoint inhibition, mechanisms of toxicity, and kidney complications of the treatment and propose diagnostic and treatment strategies when kidney injury occurs.
Testing and Modeling of a SAR ADC for Cryogenic Applications

In this paper, we investigate and model the effects of extreme low temperature on a commercial mixed-signal device. The measured results are used to develop a black-box temperature-sensitive model of the device under test (DUT) capable of incorporating non-ideal effects on the input signal including noise via SNR and distortion via THD. The blackbox model consists of the integral non-linearity (INL) function which expresses deviation in converter decision points from their ideal location, characterized across output code and temperature. In addition, a Simulink R model of a SAR ADC is described. Results indicate additional effects beyond those caused by INL modification may be present in the output. While prior work has examined this model approach for commercial devices, it has never been used for devices operating in extreme temperatures well outside their designed operating ranges. This aspect presented some challenges during testing that had to be overcome to continue to gather useful data.
Bone secreted factors induce cellular quiescence in prostate cancer cells

Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) undergo a dormant state in the distant metastatic site(s) before becoming overt metastatic diseases. In prostate cancer (PCa), bone metastasis can occur years after prostatectomy, suggesting that bone may provide dormancy-inducing factors. To search for these factors, we prepared conditioned media (CM) from calvariae. Using live-cell imaging, we found that Calvarial-CM treatment increased cellular quiescence in C4-2B4 PCa cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of Calvarial-CM identified 132 secreted factors. Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the presence of several factors, including DKK3, BMP1, neogenin and vasorin in the Calvarial-CM. qRT-PCR analysis of total calvariae versus isolated osteoblasts showed that DKK3, BMP1, vasorin and neogenin are mainly expressed by osteoblasts, while MIA, LECT1, NGAL and PEDF are expressed by other calvarial cells. Recombinant human DKK3, BMP1, vasorin, neogenin, MIA and NGAL treatment increased cellular quiescence in both C4-2b and C4-2B4 PCa cells. Mechanistically, DKK3, vasorin and neogenin, but not BMP1, increased dormancy through activating the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Consistently, DKK3, vasorin and neogenin failed to induce dormancy in cells expressing dominant-negative p38αMAPK while BMP1 remained active, suggesting that BMP1 uses an alternative dormancy signaling pathway. Thus, bone secretes multiple dormancy-inducing factors that employ distinct signaling pathways to induce DTC dormancy in bone.
MicroRNAs: At the Interface of Metabolic Pathways and Inflammatory Responses by Macrophages

Macrophages are key cells of the innate immune system with functional roles in both homeostatic maintenance of self-tissues and inflammatory responses to external stimuli, including infectious agents. Recent advances in metabolic research have revealed that macrophage functions rely upon coordinated metabolic programs to regulate gene expression, inflammation, and other important cellular processes. Polarized macrophages adjust their use of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids to meet their changing metabolic needs, and this in turn supports the functions of the activated macrophage. Metabolic and inflammatory processes have been widely studied, and a crucial role for their regulation at the post-transcriptional level by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been identified. miRNAs govern many facets of macrophage biology, including direct targeting of metabolic regulators and inflammatory pathways. This review will integrate emerging data that support an interplay between miRNAs and metabolism during macrophage inflammatory responses, highlighting critical miRNAs and miRNA families. Additionally, we will address the implications of these networks for human disease and discuss emerging areas of research in this field.
Novel and Investigational Therapies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is classified into four broad categories in the revised World Health Organization classification for myeloid neoplasms; AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities, AML with myelodysplasia-related changes, therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, and AML not otherwise specified. With better understanding of the disease biology, many novel agents have been developed and are now incorporated in the treatment paradigm for AML. We summarize in this chapter the molecular landscape of AML, novel therapies that have received regulatory approval, as well as selected investigational agents that are in early stages of development (first-in human trials) and focus on those in later stages of development. Each section will emphasize selected investigational agents based on their mechanism of action or targeted pathway.
Associations of intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and ageat start of smoking, with thyroid cancer in Chinese males: Ahospital-based case–control study in Zhejiang Province

Introduction There has been considerable research on the association between smoking status and thyroid cancer risk in males, yet the findings are inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the associations of intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and age at start of smoking, with thyroid cancer in Chinese males. Methods From a 1:1 matched case-control study conducted between 2015 and 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China, 676 pairs of male subjects were included in the analysis. The associations between smoking characteristics and thyroid cancer were evaluated in logistic regression models by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Compared with never smokers, the former smokers were 0.096 times (95% CI: 0.012-0.778) less likely to have thyroid cancer. The significant inverse association was not observed in current smokers (OR=0.333; 95% CI: 0.084-1.322). Among both former and current smokers, higher smoking intensity (>10 cigarettes/day), duration (>15 years), and cumulative dose of smoking (>10 packyears) were significantly associated with reduced occurrence of thyroid cancer. Conclusions Our findings indicate that former smoking is inversely associated with thyroid cancer occurrence in Chinese males. The reduction in the occurrence of thyroid cancer was also confirmed for both former and current smokers with higher smoking intensity, duration, and cumulative dose.
Humanity as an object of attachment

In Why Worry about Future Generations?, Samuel Scheffler argues that we typically love humanity, and that this attachment gives us reasons to care about future generations. The paper explores this ...
The University of West Florida campus ecosystem study: the college/university campus as a unit for study of the ecology of longleaf pine

College and university campuses comprise a unique urban interface. Property used to establish the University of West Florida (UWF) in Pensacola, Florida, contained numerous ecological features, including natural areas with remnant longleaf pine stands that had undergone recovery from extensive regional logging. The two most prominent of these were studied to quantify the effects of chronic fire exclusion on longleaf pine stands. We addressed these questions: (1) how does composition and structure vary between areas? (2) how do soil characteristics vary between areas and change under fire exclusion? (3) what is the size structure of longleaf pine on the UWF campus? (4) how does the status of longleaf pine at the UWF campus compare to campuses of other colleges/universities within the nature range of longleaf pine? Fifteen 0.04 ha circular plots were established in each area to assess composition and structure and sample mineral soil. All live stems ≥2.5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in each plot were identified to species and measured for DBH to the nearest 0.1 cm. Mineral soil was taken to a 5-cm depth, air dried, and analyzed for pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, extractable macro- and micronutrients, and extractable aluminum. Basal area and density were closely similar between the natural areas, as was canopy dominance (live oak and longleaf pine), but with contrasting sub-dominant species. Soil analyses revealed no significant differences between natural areas, but suggested that fire exclusion decreased soil organic matter and fertility with establishment of hardwood species. Diameter structure of longleaf pine contrasted sharply between natural areas and with the main campus, suggesting different land-use history. The wide array of approaches to longleaf pine ecology by colleges/universities within its natural range indicates the importance of establishing a longleaf pine consortium to coordinate information.
Reproductive health in an inpatient psychiatric unit: A retrospective chart review.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree to which reproductive health issues are discussed with women of child-bearing age on an inpatient psychiatric unit. We hypothesized that preconception care is limited, and that contraceptive status of patients is rarely elicited. For this sub-analysis, we focused on counseling related to potential impacts of psychotropic medications on pregnancy, and on contraceptive status, especially when prescribed teratogenic medications. Methods A retrospective search was conducted for women between the ages of 18 to 49 years at the time of admission, over a 6-month period. One hundred and forty-eight unique encounters were identified, and electronic charts were reviewed for information regarding: discharge medications, medication counseling, contraceptive use, pregnancy and relationship status, pregnancy history, nature of obstetrics and gynecology consults, substance use, and diagnoses. Results Almost a fifth (n = 29) of encounters included discharge on at least one potentially teratogenic medication and more than 50% had recent substance use. However, less than 10% of all encounters had documentation of contraceptive status and only one case had documented discussion of reproductive effects of medication; this despite the fact that roughly one third (33.8%) had at least one documented prior pregnancy and two patients were pregnant at the time of admission. Conclusion Few women of reproductive age admitted to the inpatient psychiatric unit had chart-documented counseling on reproductive health, including known side effects of teratogenic medications. This indicates an urgent need for inclusion of reproductive health, including counseling on the risks and benefits of taking psychotropics during the peripartum period, into inpatient mental health care.
Surviving Software Dependencies: Software reuse is finally here but comes with risks.

Software reuse is finally here, and its benefits should not be understated, but we’ve accepted this transformation without completely thinking through the potential consequences. The Copay and Equifax attacks are clear warnings of real problems in the way software dependencies are consumed today. There’s a lot of good software out there. Let’s work together to find out how to reuse it safely.
Evaluation of spin in the abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on cataract therapies.

Purpose “Spin,” a slang term meaning the misrepresentation of study findings such that the beneficial effects of an intervention are magnified beyond what the results actually show, is a reporting practice that has been shown to influence perceptions of treatment efficacy and clinical decision making. The extent of spin and its complications were evaluated in the abstracts of systematic reviews of cataract surgery. The issue of whether particular study attributes were associated with spin was also evaluated. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods MEDLINE and Embase were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses relating to cataract treatment. From these search records, eligible studies were screened in duplicate. A previously developed classification system for spin was used to assess the systematic reviews that met eligibility criteria for the occurrence of the 9 most severe forms of spin. Evaluation of spin, extracted study characteristics, and appraisal of the methodological quality of each study were performed using the 16-question A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR-2) scale in duplicate. Results Searches retrieved 2,059 studies, of which 110 were eligible for data extraction. At least 1 form of spin was found in 30.0% of included systematic reviews (33 of 110). Six of the 9 types of spin were identified in the study sample, the most common being type 3 in 18.2% (20 of 110) of abstracts. No significant associations were found among spin in abstracts, AMSTAR-2 appraisal, and any of the extracted study characteristics. Results Searches retrieved 2,059 studies, of which 110 were eligible for data extraction. At least 1 form of spin was found in 30.0% of the included systematic reviews (33 of 110). Six of the 9 types of spin were identified in the sample, the most common being type 3 in 18.2% (20 of 110) of abstracts. No significant associations were found among spin in abstracts, AMSTAR-2 appraisals, and any of the extracted study characteristics. Conclusions Spin was evident in approximately one-third of the abstracts of evaluated systematic reviews and meta-analyses of cataract surgery and associated complications.
Correctional and Sentencing Law Commentary: Compassionate Release, the First Step Act, and COVID-19

The COVID-19 outbreak exacerbated all of the risks faced by elderly and sick people in prison. People who are older and those with chronic conditions, like many people in prison, are at higher risk from complications if they contract COVID-19, and less likely to receive adequate healthcare. Moreover, the main ways that people can protect themselves from contracting the virus—physical distancing, wearing masks, and frequent handwashing or hand-sanitizing—are far more difficult in a prison setting. As a result, there have been numerous reports of people who have tested positive for COVID-19 receiving inadequate or “virtually no” care; tens of thousands of people in jails and prisons have been infected with the virus and thousands have died. For these reasons, compassionate release is more important than ever, as a release mechanism that can protect the health and lives of people in prison. After briefly reviewing the history of compassionate release in the federal system and explaining the changes made by the First Step Act of 2018, this commentary examines how the Bureau of Prisons and federal courts have used compassionate release to alleviate the risks to sick and elderly people in prison during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Citrobacter rodentium infection at the gut–brain axis interface

The gut-brain axis plays a critical role in the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract homeostasis. Several enteric pathogens have developed strategies to sense neurochemical molecules to regulate their virulence in the gut. Additionally, there is growing evidence that gut dysbiosis can strongly affect host brain responses. Here we review different mechanisms that have been proposed to mediate gut-brain axis communication using Citrobacter rodentium, a natural murine enteric pathogen and one of the most widely used small animal models for studying host-microbe interactions. We highlight studies that have identified-specific pathways used by C. rodentium to sense host neurochemicals during colonization as well as behavioral responses and brain pathologies affected by pathogen colonization of the gut.
Monolithic X-band heterojunction bipolar transistor power amplifiers

Compact, single-stage HBT power amplifiers with on-chip impedance matching and bias circuits were fabricated on MOCVD-grown wafers in two circuit designs. The first design produced 1.0-W CW output power at 9 GHz with 5.8-dB gain and 40% power-added efficiency. The size of this monolithic chip was 1.9 mm*0.7 mm. The second (larger) amplifier design produced 2.5-W CW output power at 8 GHz with 6.1-dB gain and 39% power-added efficiency. The size of this amplifier chip was 1.9 mm*1.7 mm. Each amplifier had about 10% gain bandwidth. An output power of 5.3 W CW was obtained by parallel connection of two monolithic chips with 4.3-dB gain and 33% power-added efficiency. The high power density (>2.0 W/mm of emitter length) of HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors), together with the monolithic implementation of lumped element matching circuits, resulted in significant reduction of amplifier chip size in both designs. >
Instrumental Variables Estimation in Political Science: A Readers’ Guide

The use of instrumental variables regression in political science has evolved from an obscure technique to a staple of the political science tool kit. Yet the surge of interest in the instrumental variables method has led to implementation of uneven quality. After providing a brief overview of the method and the assumptions on which it rests, we chart the ways in which these assumptions are invoked in practice in political science. We review more than 100 articles published in the American Journal of Political Science, the American Political Science Review, and World Politics over a 24-year span. We discuss in detail two noteworthy applications of instrumental variables regression, calling attention to the statistical assumptions that each invokes. The concluding section proposes reporting standards and provides a checklist for readers to consider as they evaluate applications of this method. P olitical scientists frequently seek to gauge the effects of independent variables that are measured with error or are systematically related to unobserveddeterminantsofthedependentvariable.Recognizingthatordinaryleastsquaresregressionperformspoorly in these situations, an increasing number of political scientists since the 1970s have turned to instrumental variables (IV) regression. IV regression in effect replaces the problematic independent variable with a proxy variable that is uncontaminated by error or unobserved factors that affect the outcome. Instrumental variables regression is designed to relax some of the rigid assumptions of OLS regression, but IV introduces assumptions of its own.WhetherIVisinfactanimprovementoverOLSdepends on the tenability of those assumptions in specific applications (Bartels 1991). In order to help readers judge the tenability of IV assumptions, researchers must provide pertinent evidence and argumentation. Readers must have access to certain basic statistics that shed light on the susceptibility of the IV estimator to bias. Readers also need a description of thecausalparametertobeestimatedandanargumentexplaining why the proposed instrumental variable satisfies
THz time-domain differentiator

Summary form only given. The development of the THz frequency band has opened up new opportunities for signal processing at ultrahigh speed using THz pulses. Recently we have demonstrated an optoelectronic modulator device operating at 3 THz. In this contribution, we report on the analog differentiation of THz pulses in time domain. Time-resolved THz experiments show that grating couplers can be designed to have a transmitted signal that is the time derivative of the incident THz pulses. The experimental results are compared to both classical and quantum mechanical calculations of the transmission function.
Does federally subsidized rental housing depress neighborhood property values

Few communities welcome federally subsidized rental housing, with one of the most commonly voiced fears being reductions in property values. Yet there is little empirical evidence that subsidized housing depresses neighborhood property values. This paper estimates and compares the neighborhood impacts of a broad range of federally subsidized rental housing programs, using rich data for New York City and a difference-in-difference specification of a hedonic regression model. We find that federally subsidized developments have not typically led to reductions in property values and have, in fact, led to increases in some cases. Impacts are highly sensitive to scale, though patterns vary across programs. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Open-source environment for interactive finite element modeling of optimal ICD electrode placement

Placement of Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) leads in children and some adults is challenging due to anatomical factors. As a result, novel ad hoc non-transvenous implant techniques have been employed clinically. We describe an open-source subject-specific, image-based finite element modeling software environment whose long term goal is determining optimal electrode placement in special populations of adults and children Segmented image-based finite element models of two children and one adult were created from CT scans and appropriate tissue conductivities were assigned. The environment incorporates an interactive electrode placement system with a library of clinically-based, user-configurable electrodes. Finite element models are created from the electrode poses within the torsos and the resulting electric fields, current, and voltages computed and visualized.
A DEFENSE OF OLD ORIGINALISM

"We are all originalists now" has been a claim made with some frequency over the last ten years, and even though articles like Mitchell Berman's recent Originalism is Bunk! make it obvious that the claim is false, what does seem true is that originalism, as Berman himself asserts, "is now the prevailing approach to consti­ tutional interpretation."2 This state of affairs is unfortunate since most of the arguments in support of what is now called originalism are false. Indeed, they are not only false; they are not even really originalist, and thus they are false in precisely the same way that non-originalist arguments are. What I will try to show in this short essay is that the most influential arguments for and against original­ ism today are mistaken, and that they are mistaken for the same reason-they imagine an ideal of textual interpretation that can be formulated through an appeal to something other than or more than authorial intention. In fact, however, you can't do textual in­ terpretation without some appeal to authorial intention and, per­ haps more controversially, you can't (coherently and non­ arbitrarily) think of yourself as still doing textual interpretation as soon as you appeal to something beyond authorial intention-for example, the original public meaning or evolving principles of justice.3
Thermal fronts in heated water discharges

Large scale, periodic motions known as thermal fronts, which are observed in surface, heated water discharges were investigated in a laboratory model. Characteristic length scales corresponding to various regions of flow in a heated water discharge are evolved from the kinematic mass, momentum, and buoyancy fluxes and the ambient velocity considerations. A one-dimensional, wave type model, describing the velocity of propagation of fully-developed thermal fronts, is developed. Experiments show that thermal fronts become fully developed in the far field region of the discharge mixing zone where the horizontal motions due to the discharge buoyancy and to the ambient water velocity dominate the discharge behavior. The mean behavior of the heated discharges with thermal fronts is found to be similar to heated discharges without thermal fronts. The measured velocities are in good agreement with the one-dimensional, wave model predictions. Criteria for the discharge densimetric Froude number and discharge-ambient velocity ratio are developed for the occurrence of thermal fronts.
Additional evidence that rosacea pathogenesis may involve demodex: new information from the topical efficacy of ivermectin and praziquantel

Additional evidence that Demodex folliculorum may contribute to the pathogenesis of papulopustular rosacea are new studies of two topical antiparasitic agents. Ivermectin and praziquantel have recently been shown to be effective in decreasing the severity of papulopustular rosacea. These two agents significantly differ in molecular structure, but yield similar antiparasitic mechanisms of action. Higher numbers of Demodex mites are found in the skin of patients with rosacea than in people with normal skin. If Demodex play a role in pathogenesis, then hypersensitivity to the mites, their flora, or their products could explain the observed efficacy of antidemodectic therapy.
Environment pressures, managerial industrial relations ideologies and unionization in Chinese enterprises

Based on extensive field research in China during 2005–2010, this article aims to explore the determinants of unionization in the Chinese context. We find that managerial strategies toward union organizing and functioning have been critical in determining unionization outcomes in Chinese enterprises. While various environment pressures may impose critical constraints on these strategies, managerial industrial relations ideologies are central in shaping these strategies when environment pressures barely exist or are bearable by management. Our study makes the first effort in exploring industrial relations ideologies in China and contributes to better understanding of unionization in the Chinese workplace.