cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of High-Speed Passenger Rail Deployment in Megaregion Corridors: Current Experiences and Future Opportunities

Deployment of high-speed passenger rail services has occurred around the world in densely-populated corridors, often with the effect of either creating or enhancing a unified economic “megaregion” agglomeration. This paper will review the technical characteristics of a variety of megaregion corridors, including Japan (Tokyo-Osaka), France (Paris-Lyon), and Germany (Frankfurt-Cologne), and their economic impacts. There are many lessons to be drawn from the deployment and ongoing operation of high-speed passenger rail service in these corridors for other countries now considering similar projects, such as the US and parts of the European Union. First, we will review three international cases, describing the physical development of each corridor as well as its measured impacts on economic development. In each case, the travel time reductions of the high-speed service transformed the economic boundaries of the urban agglomerations, integrating labor and consumer markets, while often simultaneously raising concerns about the balance of growth within the region. Moreover, high-speed travel within the regions has had important implications for the modes and patterns of travel beyond the region, particularly with respect to long-distance air travel. An example is the code-shared rail-air service between DeutscheBahn and Lufthansa in the Frankfurt-Cologne corridor. Next, we will examine the implications of these international experiences for high-speed rail deployment elsewhere in the world, particularly the US and Portugal, one of the EU countries investing in high-speed rail. Issues considered include the suitability of high-speed passenger rail service in existing megaregions as well as the potential for formation of megaregions in other corridors. By understanding the impact of high-speed passenger service on economic growth, labor markets, urban form, and the regional distribution of economic activity, planners can better anticipate and prepare countermeasures for any negative effects of high-speed rail. Examples of countermeasures include complementary investments in urban and regional transit connections and cooperation with airlines and other transportation service operators. High-speed passenger rail represents a substantial investment whose implementation and ultimate success depends on a wide range of factors. Among them is the ability of planners and decision-makers to make a strong case for the sharing of benefits across a broad geography, both within and beyond the megaregion (and potential megaregion) corridors where service is most likely to be provided. This paper provides some useful lessons based on international experiences.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Endobronchial Polymyxin B: Experimental Observations in Chronic Bronchitis

Observations in three patients have shown that endobronchial administration of polymyxin B in 10 ml of saline through a transtracheal catheter achieves a wide bronchopulmonary distribution. The antibiotic was well tolerated when administered three times daily in doses of 300 μg to 1.0 mg. Concentrations of the antimicrobial reaching levels of 1.8 to 3.1 μg ml of expectorated sputum were achieved without adverse effects in a patient continuously for seven weeks with 1 mg of polymyxin B. Therapeutic concentrations of the drug in the sputum were maintained as long as 12 hours after endobronchial administration. The effectiveness of this technique in suppressing a chronic life-threatening bronchial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is documented. The endobronchial approach in the treatment of chronic bronchitis is discussed.
ATP-Dependent Mobilization of the Glucocorticoid Receptor during Chromatin Remodeling

Chromatin remodeling by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is associated with activation of transcription at the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. We reconstituted this nucleoprotein transition with chromatin assembled on MMTV DNA. The remodeling event was ATP dependent and required either a nuclear extract from HeLa cells or purified human Swi/Snf. Through the use of a direct interaction assay (magnetic bead pull-down), we demonstrated recruitment of human Swi/Snf to MMTV chromatin by GR. Unexpectedly, we found that GR is actively displaced from the chromatin template during the remodeling process. ATP-dependent GR displacement was reversed by the addition of apyrase and was specific to chromatin templates. The disengagement reaction could also be induced with purified human Swi/Snf. Although GR apparently dissociated during chromatin remodeling by Swi/Snf, it participated in binding of the secondary transcription factor, nuclear factor 1. These results are paralleled by a recent discovery that the hormone-occupied receptor undergoes rapid exchange between chromatin and the nucleoplasmic compartment in living cells. Both the in vitro and in vivo results are consistent with a dynamic model (hit and run) in which GR first binds to chromatin after ligand activation, recruits a remodeling activity, facilitates transcription factor binding, and is simultaneously lost from the template.
Latinalo Communication Studies: Theorizing Performance, by Bernadette Marie Calafell

Bernadette Marie Calafell, Latinalo Communication Studies: Theorizing Performance (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2007), x+155 pp. $29.95 (paper). Bernadette Marie Calafell asks us to consider th...
Implementing a computer system for psychiatric training : the electric resident.

The Electric Resident System is an experimental arrangement of software for the personal computer. It is designed to help residents in the educational cycle of patient interview, literature review, write-up, attending review, and patient treatment. The authors emphasize the system's immediate utility and ease of operation, using a graphical interface. Within a year of operation this system was in daily use on a consultation service with minimal formal instruction. Usage data show a positive correlation between the number of patients seen per month and the number of computer-assisted MEDLINE literature searches performed. Residents' comments indicate not only acceptance of the system but increased interest in computer applications in medical care. The Electric Resident System is meant to be the first step toward a computer-aided residency.
Two-Meter Temperature and Precipitation from Atmospheric Reanalysis Evaluated for Alaska

AbstractAlaska is experiencing effects of global climate change that are due, in large part, to the positive feedback mechanisms associated with polar amplification. The major risk factors include loss of sea ice and glaciers, thawing permafrost, increased wildfires, and ocean acidification. Reanalyses, integral to understanding mechanisms of Alaska’s past climate and to helping to calibrate modeling efforts, are based on the output of weather forecast models that assimilate observations. This study evaluates temperature and precipitation from five reanalyses at monthly and daily time scales for the period 1979–2009. Monthly data are evaluated spatially at grid points and for six climate zones in Alaska. In addition, daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation from reanalyses are compared with meteorological-station data at six locations. The reanalyses evaluated in this study include the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (R1), North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), Climate Forecast System Re...
Effect of Simulation Role on Clinical Decision-Making Accuracy

Abstract Background Clinical simulation affords valuable practice with the process of clinical decision-making. Participation in the simulation experience often includes various roles (e.g., primary nurse; observer) as well as familiar and unfamiliar situations. Method This study used a quantitative, mixed factorial design. Results Role did not impact clinical decision-making accuracy on the familiar situation. On the unfamiliar situation, observers outperformed other roles, whereas family members were markedly less accurate. Conclusion These results emphasize the need for students to rotate through various roles and for educators to consider the nature and goal of the scenario when deciding what types of roles to assign.
Optimization and parallelization of the DSMC method on unstructured grids

This paper describes the optimization and parallelization of the LasVegas package initially developed at the Space Systems Institute of the University of Stuttgart. Optimization aspects for the DSMC method on unstructured grids in 2 spatial dimensions are described with respect to superscalar cache-based RISC architectures and the exploitation of FORTRAN90 features. The parallelization approach described here is based on domain decomposition and the message passing programming paradigm using the MPI standard.
Abstract B65: Coordinated care model to reduce rural disparities in breast cancer mortality

To identify underlying causes of excess breast cancer mortality in the Bootheel region of Missouri we conducted a needs assessment across 10 counties. An urban/rural disparity compounds the effects of racial disparity on breast cancer screening, incidence, and mortality rates in Missouri. The Bootheel region is the second most populous region ranked according to proportion of the population living below poverty level and has breast cancer mortality higher than other regions in the state. We used GIS data to map county level data on breast cancer rates, poverty distribution, and geographic location of relevant specialty physicians/services such as mammography, surgeons, and medical oncologists. Overlay of poverty distribution and Show Me Healthy Women provider maps reflects accessibility of statewide assistance for breast cancer screening/diagnostic services in relation to areas of need. Provider-by-type maps represent the physical distance women would need to travel in order to receive breast health screening and/or services. We conducted interviews with regional stakeholders including county health departments, hospitals, federallyqualified health centers & rural health clinics, private providers/offices, social service organizations, physicians, survivors, and age-eligible women. Needs assessment included on site interviews with over 50 individuals associated with breast cancer prevention and/or treatment in the region. Informants are diverse and representative of the region and their county. Barriers to access to breast health services included financial constraints, geographic and cultural limitations, lack of funding for the breast and cervical cancer-screening program. This region exceeds state averages for the proportion of women over 40 who have never had a mammogram. Breast health services along the continuum from early detection to access to treatment all need improvements. Research and service priorities include improved assistance for uninsured to access screening; improved understanding of physiologic social and environmental factors affecting breast health; implementation of sustainable programs to improve adherence to breast screening and risk factor reduction; improved patient navigation and communication between providers along the continuum of care; and increase awareness among community leaders of the magnitude of excess breast cancer burden in the Bootheel. The effectiveness of and strategies for effective navigation in a rural isolate population setting must be evaluated. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B65.
AB1021 Sonographic Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of the Shoulder Synovitis in Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Mimicking Pmr

Background Through the clinical experience of the ultrasound examination of the shoulder lesions in untreated patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis mimicking PMR (polymyalgic-EORA), we noted that there seems to be differences not in the kind or the frequency but in the degree of synovial inflammation between the two diseases. Objectives To compare the severity of the shoulder syonvitis between PMR and polymyalgic-EORA using semi-quantitative ultrasound evaluation. Methods We analyzed consecutive records of 14 PMR patients and 14 polymyalgic-EORA patients in our hospital between 2010 and 2012, in whom adequate grey-scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound images of both shoulders before treatment-start were available. The severity of tenosynovitis of the long-head of the biceps (LHB), bursitis of shoulder including subdeltoid, subacrominal and subcoracoid bursitis, and joint synovitis of grenohumeral joint (GHJ) were subjectively graded and scored for GS and PD on a four-point scale: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate or 3 = severe. Results There was a tendency that shoulder synovitis in PMR was milder than that in polymyalgic-EORA. There were statistically significant differences in the PD-grade of LHB, GS-grade of bursitis and GS-grade of GHJ by chi-square test. There was also a significant difference in GS-score of bursitis (1.18±1.28 vs 0.36±0.56, p=0.004), PD-score of bursitis (1.00±1.22 vs 0.36±0.73, p=0.021) and the sum of the 3 GS- and 3 PD-scores (6.43±5.45 vs 4.29±2.51, p=0.046) (mean ± SD, polymyalgic-EORA vs PMR) by Welch's t -test. ![Figure][1] Conclusions Sonographic semi-quantitative assessment revealed that shoulder synovitis in PMR tends to be milder than that in elderly-onset RA mimicking PMR. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1419 [1]: pending:yes
Shear modulus of heavy oils: Measuring at Low Frequencies

Summary An alternative method used to measure the shear modulus of heavy oils at low frequencies is the rheometer. Typical rheometers are oscillating plate devises commonly used to ascertain rapidly the shear properties of liquids and polymers. However, many question how comparable are these measurements to what has been traditionally done at ultrasonic or with stress/strain measurements at intermediate frequencies. Until now no one had directly compared results done by the three techniques under similar conditions. We performed ultrasonic, stress/strain and rheometer measurements on a heavy oil sample. Through proper calibration, the shear modulus of the heavy oil from the three techniques was matched using the ColeCole model. The experiments covered a frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 0.8 MHz. These experiments are the first evidence of consistency between the three techniques to measure the modulus of heavy oils at different frequencies. This work unveils many aspects to consider while doing rheometer experiments to ensure results are meaningful for rock physics applications.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MICROBIAL POPULATIONS AND RATES OF NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN A HANFORD SOIL

ABSTRACT Transformations of nitrogen in soil and atmosphere take place under both biotic and abiotic influences, through a complicated intermeshing of mechanisms. Even simple mathematical models must take into account organisms (their growth, numbers and activities), the soil (its texture, structure and chemical composition) and the soil atmosphere. Such studies are complicated by the hydrologic cycle, the production and movements of gases, and flux of energy in the system. The models presented herein place special emphasis on enzyme and microbial kinetics in soil, particularly in the presence of moving fluids and changing water contents. Attention is given to the growth i.e., multiplication of the nitrifiers and denitrifiers, the chemical transformations which they engender, the mass balance relationships of both single and consecutive reactions during leaching, and the influence of readily available organic matter upon the rates of disappearance of nitrate. Field studies under young barley and Sudan-grass growing on Hanford sandy loam have suggested a strong influence of plant exudates upon denitrification.
The Language of Spiritual Literature in a Post-Religious Era

McGregor asserts that the language writers once used to talk about God or metaphysics is often viewed as old-fashioned in today’s secular world, representative of an outmoded, patriarchal and prejudiced institution. Quoting from writers such as Marilynne Robinson, Annie Dillard and Robert Lax who have expressed spiritual concerns in original ways, he argues for a more open approach to the possibilities in words and images by writers of faith. He calls for a more inclusive attitude toward spiritual writing in our national literary discourse. McGregor concludes with the hope that we might experience a renaissance in our literature, a reinjecting of spiritual matters, not in a dogmatic or overly redemptive way, but in ways that reflect real life, with questions and doubts and new language.
Research Works: Editor: Vicki Ebbeck

Physical educators create their programs based on a preselected set of expectations for student achievement. But what expectations do students have of their physical education classes? Zhu (2013) c...
Sovereignty, the State and its Competitors in the Arab World: A Think-Piece that Might Someday be an Article

The tensions developing at the global level in the Westphalian sovereignty-based international system manifest themselves in the Middle East on two levels, the global and the regional. At the global level, the region is seeing an increasing propensity for great powers to intervene directly to reorder the domestic political systems of local states and, in a more limited way, the offering of incentives to local states to renounce historically “sovereign” rights to gain admittance to supranational institutions or benefits from the great powers. These tensions are not unique to the region, though the American interventionist impulse is particularly strong there since September 11. At the regional level, both sub-state and trans-state (based on common identities of Arabism and Islam) identities have challenged the state system bequeathed to the region by European colonialism. While such challenges have been powerful forces in regional politics, they have all failed. The state in the region has proven remarkably resilient, in part because it has developed its capacities to fend off such trans-state competitors. The tension between stronger, even fiercer states and the appeal of transnational ideological challenges to them continues to define part of the security agenda in the region. The question remains whether that trend in increased state capacity, which has allowed the state to fend off these challenges, is now being reversed.
Green Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Colorectal Tumorigenesis in Azoxymethane-Treated F344 Rats

ABSTRACTIn studying the cancer-preventive activities of green tea polyphenols, we previously demonstrated that dietary administration of polyphenon E (PPE) inhibited the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon of azoxymethane (AOM)-treated F344 rats. Herein, we reported cancer-preventive activity of PPE using colorectal cancer as an end point. F344 rats were given two weekly injections of AOM, and then maintained on a 20% high-fat diet with or without 0.24% PPE for 34 wk. In the control group, 83% of rats developed colorectal tumors. Dietary PPE treatment significantly increased the plasma and colonic levels of tea polyphenols, and decreased tumor multiplicity and tumor size. Histological analysis indicated that PPE significantly decreased the incidence of adenocarcinoma, and the multiplicity of adenocarcinoma as well as the multiplicity of adenoma. PPE treatment significantly decreased plasma levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4. It also decreased β-cate...
The Season Begins

I walked down the stairs from the street into the Dartmouth High School gym with Curry. We were playing Dartmouth. I’d grown up there. In fact, I’d grown up and played with every player on the Dartmouth team. It would be 10 white kids playing against each other the whole game. We had beaten them ten games in a row, and most of the games were not even close.
FastDetict: A Data Mining Engine for predecting and preventing DDoS attacks

One imperative mission of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is to prevent, combat, and mitigate extensive and sophisticated Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in early stages. The problem with DDoS attacks is that they can cripple even the most established and largest organizations through generating a huge amount of traffic that will cause the network to crash. A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is considered to be one of the cyber attacks where the perpetrator seeks to make a single machine or network resources unavailable to its legitimate users. On the other hand, DDos attacks are launched from multiple connected devices that are distributed across the Internet. Unlike single-source DoS attacks, DDoS assaults tend to target the network infrastructure in an attempt to saturate the system with huge volumes of traffic. Over time, attackers have shown creativity and ingenuity in ways to perform DDoS attacks ranging from - attacks using Rapid Scanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) which is a layer2 attack, attacks using Internet Protocol (IP) on layer3 or using TCP/UDP on layer4 and scripting attacks on layer7 using the most basics of JavaScript. To prevent DDoS attack, we proposed a data mining engine framework to control the dynamic priority assignment of communication processes and automatically downgrade or upgrade open connection processes according to their resource usage history and the dynamism in the whole system. All remote communication requests will be clustered based on their history of resource usage such as CPU time, memory size, and network bandwidth.
Does Education Empower Women? The Regulated Empowerment of Parhi Likhi Women in Pakistan

Through employing ethnographic data collected with female teachers from rural and low-income communities in Pakistan, this paper examines how parhi likhi (educated) women's access to valuable opportunities in public domains is contingent upon them becoming subject to new regulations, especially regarding their sexuality. This gendered process of regulated empowerment challenges the discourse of women's education as universally empowering and highlights the complex and multidimensional impact of education in different sociocultural contexts.
The role of surgeon modified fenestrated stent grafts in the treatment of aneurysms involving the branched visceral aorta.

Abstract Acceptance of endovascular technology has followed a predictable pattern in the treatment of aortic aneurysm disease. Initially, endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was used to treat infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) only in patients deemed medically unsuitable for open surgical repair (OSR). With improvement in device design, increased operative experience and favorable mortality benefits in randomized control trials, EVAR is now the preferred method for treatment of AAA worldwide. As the results with OSR are even worse as one ascends the aorta into the visceral segment and above, it stands to reason that EVAR technology to accommodate the aortic branches should have a similar adoption in treatment of proximal AAA and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) disease. The first devices trialed and approved for treatment of the visceral aorta are custom manufactured and have had excellent results in complex pathology. However, there are several temporal, engineering and anatomic limitations to custom, manufactured branched and fenestrated endografts. Surgeon modified endovascular aneurysm repair (SM-EVAR) is able to overcome many of these constraints and expands this technology to more patients with excellent short term results in select centers.
Connectivity, not region-intrinsic properties, predicts regional vulnerability to progressive tau pathology in mouse models of disease.

Spatiotemporal tau pathology progression is regarded as highly stereotyped within each type of degenerative condition. For instance, AD has a progression of tau pathology consistently beginning in the entorhinal cortex, the locus coeruleus, and other nearby noradrenergic brainstem nuclei, before spreading to the rest of the limbic system as well as the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. Proposed explanations for the consistent spatial patterns of tau pathology progression, as well as for why certain regions are selectively vulnerable to exhibiting pathology over the course of disease generally focus on transsynaptic spread proceeding via the brain’s anatomic connectivity network in a cell-independent manner or on cell-intrinsic properties that might render some cell populations or regions uniquely vulnerable. We test connectivity based explanations of spatiotemporal tau pathology progression and regional vulnerability against cell-intrinsic explanation, using regional gene expression profiles as a proxy. We find that across both exogenously seeded and non-seeded tauopathic mouse models, the connectivity network provides a better explanation than regional gene expression profiles, even when such profiles are limited to specific sets of tau risk-related genes only. Our results suggest that, regardless of the location of pathology initiation, tau pathology progression is well characterized by a model positing entirely cell-type and molecular environment independent transsynaptic spread via the mouse brain’s connectivity network. These results further suggest that regional vulnerability to tau pathology is mainly governed by connectivity with regions already exhibiting pathology, rather than by cell-intrinsic factors.
Physician Body Mass Index and Bias Toward Obesity Documentation Patterns.

Background: Many healthcare professionals consider obese individuals to be unmotivated and to lack the willpower to follow through with weight-loss plans. This attitude may result in less effort put into diagnosing, documenting, and treating obesity. Our aim was to assess documentation patterns of obesity and hypertension overall, by primary care specialty, and in relation to provider body mass index (BMI). Methods: Twenty-two physicians from one outpatient community practice were included: 10 internal medicine and 12 family practice practitioners. We conducted a retrospective review of medical records from a 1-year period to determine provider documentation of obesity and hypertension. Results: A total of 3,275 obese patients were under the care of 6 physicians with normal BMI, yielding an obesity documentation rate of 23.2%. The 10 overweight physicians had 6,218 obese patients and a documentation rate of 33.5%. The 6 obese physicians had 4,014 patients with obesity and a documentation rate of 21.7%. Ob...
Immune Training Unlocks Innate Potential

Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory with distinct features from classical adaptive immune memory. In the current issues of Cell and Cell Host & Microbe, five studies from the International Trained Immunity Consortium shed light on mechanisms and functional consequences of this phenomenon on cellular and whole-organism levels.
Measurement of Internal pH in Helicobacter pylori by Using Green Fluorescent Protein Fluorimetry

Helicobacter pylori is an organism known to colonize the normal human stomach. Previous studies have shown that the bacterium does this by elevating its periplasmic pH via the hydrolysis of urea. However, the value of the periplasmic pH was calculated indirectly from the proton motive force equation. To measure the periplasmic pH directly in H. pylori, we fused enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to the predicted twin-arginine signal peptides of HydA and KapA from H. pylori and TorA from Escherichia coli The fusion proteins were expressed in the H. pylori genome under the control of the cagA promoter. Confocal microscopic and cell fractionation/immunoblotting analyses detected TorA-EGFP in the periplasm and KapA-EGFP in both the periplasm and cytoplasm, while the mature form of HydA-EGFP was seen at low levels in the periplasm, with major cytoplasmic retention of the precursor form. With H. pylori expressing TorA-EGFP, we established a system to directly measure periplasmic pH based on the pH-sensitive fluorimetry of EGFP. These measurements demonstrated that the addition of 5 mM urea has little effect on the periplasmic pH at a medium pH higher than pH 6.5 but rapidly increases the periplasmic pH to pH 6.1 at an acidic medium pH (pH 5.0), corresponding to the opening of the proton-gated channel, UreI, and confirming the basis of gastric colonization. Measurements of the periplasmic pH in an HP0244 (FlgS)-deficient mutant of H. pylori expressing TorA-EGFP revealed a significant loss of the urea-dependent increase in the periplasmic pH at an acidic medium pH, providing additional evidence that FlgS is responsible for recruitment of urease to the inner membrane in association with UreI.IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylori has been identified as the major cause of chronic superficial gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. In addition, persistent infection with H. pylori, which, if untreated, lasts for the lifetime of an infected individual, predisposes one to gastric malignancies, such as adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. A unique feature of the neutralophilic bacterium H. pylori is its ability to survive in the extremely acidic environment of the stomach through its acid acclimation mechanism. The presented results on measurements of periplasmic pH in H. pylori based on fluorimetry of fully active green fluorescent protein fusion proteins exported with the twin-arginine translocase system provide a reliable and rapid tool for the investigation of acid acclimation in H. pylori.
Topology of Knots

This is meant to be a gentle introduction to the theory of knots, aimed specifically at physicists who want some background to Freedman and He’s work (1991) relating asymptotic crossing number of knots to estimates of the energy in a knotted divergence-free flow.
Lumpers and Splitters: The Debate Continues

To the Editor: In a 2009 Q&A, Glenn Braunstein said that in the field of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), “… there are ‘lumpers’ and ‘splitters.’ Lumpers want a single test that measures all of the hCG-related molecular variants, ideally in equimolar quantities. This would be the only test they would use to diagnose and monitor pregnancy, gestational and nongestational trophoblastic disease, and hCG (or variant)-producing nontrophoblastic tumors. As the tumor grows, the markers rise, as it shrinks, the markers fall. The splitters want to have separate assays that are highly specific for the different variants because the type of variant or the ratios of some the variants to each other may provide some additional diagnostic information, such as the differentiation of benign or malignant trophoblastic disease” (1). I was reminded of this quote when I read …
Lymph Node Dissection Versus No Lymph Node Dissection for Parathyroid Cancer

Surgery is the primary treatment for parathyroid carcinoma, but no consensus statement exists regarding the optimal extent of the initial resection. Given the rare nature of the disease, the literature is almost entirely limited to retrospective reviews, but was used in an attempt to determine the impact a routine central neck dissection has on recurrence, survival, and complications in patients being treated for parathyroid carcinoma. Nodal metastases do seem to predict recurrence but not worse survival. However, no clear difference was observed in recurrence or survival based on whether or not a lymph node dissection was performed indicating that there is minimal value in a nodal dissection as a routine procedure in all patients. While the addition of a central neck dissection does not increase rates of vocal cord palsies or hematomas, it does carry a significant risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Therefore, because there is no definitive benefit in patients with parathyroid carcinoma, the added risk of a routine central node dissection is not justified for all patients.
Governing Global Science

The human condition is not improved by single facts of science. In their collection into a body of knowledge, joined to its careful application and validation, that we can stretch the boundaries of justice still larger. This chapter discusses the policy implications, governance rules, and measures applicable to the emerging global system of science.
N – *A General Theory of Anisotropic Membranes†

The theory of composite membranes with one “active” layer whose permeability varies with solute concentration is developed. The case of exponential dependence of permeability on concentration is treated in detail, but the case of a general dependence follows the same pattern and leads to the treatment of multi-layered membranes.
Ultra-short bowel syndrome during infancy: improving outcomes and novel therapies.

Purpose of reviewUltra-short bowel syndrome is relatively rare and has not yet been extensively reported. In ultra-short bowel syndrome, poor absorption of nutrients and dysmotility, interfere with fluid, energy, electrolyte and micronutrient balance. Patients with this disorder are managed through
Nanoparticle Diffusion within Dilute and Semidilute Xanthan Solutions.

We measured the translation diffusion coefficient (D) of nanoparticles within dilute and semidilute solutions of a semiflexible polymer, xanthan. Our results showed that for particle diameters (d) ...
A novel small-molecule antagonizes PRMT5-mediated KLF4 methylation for targeted therapy.

Abstract Background Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have a poor prognosis and are not amenable to endocrine- or HER2-targeted therapies. The malignant and invasive feature of TNBCs is correlated with its high cancer stem cell population. Recent results from us and others have unveiled an oncogenic role for the PRMT5-KLF4 axis in regulating tumor progression by orchestrating the stemness in mammary tumor cell as well as genome stability. Methylation of KLF4 by PRMT5 leads to KLF4 stabilization, resulting in promoting mitogenesis. Methods We have developed a small molecule inhibitor, WX2–43, that specifically intercepts the interaction between PRMT5 and KLF4, thereby enhancing KLF4 degradation. Findings Results from our characterization demonstrate that WX2–43 binds to the region between amino acids L400-M500 on PRMT5. Degradation of KLF4 down-regulates KLF4-mediated genes transcription. We have characterized the potent effect for WX2–43 in inhibiting PRMT5-KLF4 binding that, in turns, suppresses tumor progression and induces tumor cell death in both TNBC cultured-cell and animal models. Interpretation WX2–43-mediated inhibition of KLF4 methylation by PRMT5 could be a potential strategy for anti-TNBC treatment. Fund This work was supported, in whole or in part, by National Institutes of Health grants CA202963 and CA202948 (Wan), R21HL109654 (Xie), P30DA035778 (Xie and Bahar) and P41GM103712 (Bahar).
Genome-wide nucleotide patterns and potential mechanisms of genome divergence following domestication in maize and soybean

Plant domestication provides a unique model to study genome evolution. Many studies have been conducted to examine genes, genetic diversity, genome structure, and epigenome changes associated with domestication. Interestingly, domesticated accessions have significantly higher [A] and [T] values across genome-wide polymorphic sites than accessions sampled from the corresponding progenitor species. However, the relative contributions of different genomic regions to this genome divergence pattern and underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we investigate the genome-wide base-composition patterns by analyzing millions of SNPs segregating among 100 accessions from a teosinte-maize comparison set and among 302 accessions from a wild-domesticated soybean comparison set. We show that non-genic part of the genome has a greater contribution than genic SNPs to the [AT]-increase observed between wild and domesticated accessions in maize and soybean. The separation between wild and domesticated accessions in [AT] values is significantly enlarged in non-genic and pericentromeric regions. Motif frequency and sequence context analyses show the motifs (PyCG) related to solar-UV signature are enriched in these regions, particularly when they are methylated. Additional analysis using population-private SNPs also implicates the role of these motifs in relatively recent mutations. With base-composition across polymorphic sites as a genome phenotype, genome scans identify a set of putative candidate genes involved in UV damage repair pathways. The [AT]-increase is more pronounced in genomic regions that are non-genic, pericentromeric, transposable elements; methylated; and with low recombination. Our findings establish important links among UV radiation, mutation, DNA repair, methylation, and genome evolution.
Reasoning about Student Written Work through Self-Comparison: How Pre-Service Secondary Teachers Use Their Own Solutions to Analyze Student Work.

ABSTRACTAnalyzing and interpreting student thinking through written work is a key, often challenging, practice of teaching. It entails noticing students’ mathematical thinking and drawing on mathem...
Making a Difference With Participatory Democracy: An Alternative Vision of Taking Qualitative Research to the Public Realm:

From many disciplines come the calls for academic researchers and specialists to seek a greater participation in the public sphere. In a mass mediated age, these calls imply a greater participation...
Daily Eclosion Patterns in Nymphalid Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation

Eclosion, the molt from pupae to adult stage, occurs at specific times of the day in many holometabolous insects. In this study, we explored the daily pattern of eclosion and the extent to which it varies both within and among six species of nymphalid butterflies. Our broad goal was not only to document the variation in eclosion times, but also to evaluate, through comparative analysis, predictions from several potential adaptive explanations for when during the day eclosions occur. For all species, we reared individuals to pupation, and, at the beginning of the pupal stage, placed the pupae in a greenhouse and recorded their eclosions with a video camera. From these recordings, we obtained for each pupa the time of day at which eclosion occurred. All six species exhibited eclosion distributions that were significantly clustered in the hours around and immediately after sunrise. Only females of the Monarch butterfly showed a non-clustered pattern of eclosion times. There were no sexual differences in eclosion times for any species. The data on interspecific differences in the daily pattern of eclosion do not fit predictions from the known interspecific differences in the daily timing of mating. The data do not fit the prediction that elevated avian predation in the morning will favor eclosion at other times during the day.
Self-derived chemical cues support home refuge recognition in the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus (Amblypygi: Phrynidae)

Whip spiders (Class Arachnida: Order Amblypygi) are hypothesized to use multimodal sensory inputs to navigate back to their diurnal shelter after a night of activity, and chemical cues are thought to be involved. In two experiments, we investigated whether self-deposited chemical cues on a substrate could be used for shelter recognition by Phrynus marginemaculatus C.L. Koch, 1840. When given a choice, individual P. marginemaculatus spent more time in a shelter that contained filter paper it had previously contacted compared to a shelter with filter paper never contacted. In the second experiment, subjects showed no significant preference for a shelter that contained filter paper they had contacted compared to a shelter with filter paper that had been contacted by a conspecific. The data support the hypothesis that during the last stage of nightly navigation to their refuge, detection of self-deposited chemical cues, likely mediated by contact chemoreceptors, may facilitate home refuge recognition by P. marginemaculatus.
The Economic and Social Roots of Populist Rebellion: Support for Donald Trump in 2016

This paper critically analyzes voting patterns in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Using survey data from the American National Election Survey and aggregate data on Congressional districts, it assesses the roles that economic and social factors played in Donald J. Trump’s “Populist” candidacy. It shows the hollowness of claims that economic issues played little or no role in the campaign and that social factors such as race or gender suffice to explain the outcome. While agreeing that racial resentment and sexism were important influences, the paper shows how various economic considerations helped Trump win the Republican primary and then led significant blocs of voters to shift from supporting Democrats or abstaining in 2012 to vote for him. It also presents striking evidence of the importance of political money and Senators’ “reverse coattails” in the dramatic final result.
A Qualitative Analysis of Gendered Experiences of Schizophrenia in an Outpatient Psychiatric Hospital in Mexico

Individuals living with a major mental illness experience socioemotional impairments, including difficulties achieving gendered social role expectations. In Mexico, though gender roles are dynamic,...
Phase Transition and Raman Evolution in Pressurized Antiferromagnetism van der Waals Topological Insulator

We investigate the antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi 4 Te 7 using Raman and powder XRD under high pressure. Raman peaks are red-shifted from 0 to 8.28 GPa. No structural phase transition is observed below 10.4GPa.
Localized tachyons in Bbb C3/Bbb ZN

We study the condensation of localized closed string tachyons in 3/N nonsupersymmetric noncompact orbifold singularities via renormalization group flows that preserve supersymmetry in the worldsheet conformal field theory and their interrelations with the toric geometry of these orbifolds. We show that for worldsheet supersymmetric tachyons, the endpoint of tachyon condensation generically includes ``geometric'' terminal singularities (orbifolds that do not have any marginal or relevant K?hler blowup modes) as well as singularities in codimension two. Some of the various possible distinct geometric resolutions are related by flip transitions. For type-II theories, we show that the residual singularities that arise under tachyon condensation in various classes of type-II theories also admit a type-II GSO projection. We further show that type-II orbifolds entirely devoid of marginal or relevant blowup modes (K?hler or otherwise) cannot exist, which thus implies that the endpoints of tachyon condensation in type-II theories are always smooth spaces.
Directed and focused light emission from high-contrast GaN quantum-well metasurfaces

This Conference Presentation, “Directed and focused light emission from high-contrast GaN quantum-well metasurfaces,” was recorded for the Photonics West 2021 Digital Forum.
Case of Outflow Graft Obstruction from Extrinsic Compression in HM III LVAD

Introduction Pump thrombosis is an important adverse outcome to be aware of in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). While Heart Mate III (HMIII) has significantly lower rates of pump thrombosis, outflow graft obstruction remains a possibility. We present a case of outflow graft obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression at the site of the bend relief in a HMIII. Case Report A 36-year-old male with a history of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy status post HMIII as a bridge to transplant, with history of two LVAD pump exchanges due to pump thrombosis, presented with dyspnea and low flow alarms. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest demonstrated luminal narrowing with near obstruction of the outflow graft, concerning for thrombus. Urgent right heart catheterization demonstrated cardiogenic shock with elevated biventricular filling pressures. He was placed on Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation support and his listing status was upgraded to Status 1 for heart transplant. He was started on intravenous heparin for suspected pump thrombosis, and ultimately went on to transplant. With removal of the LVAD intra-operatively, proteinaceous material was noted between the bend relief collar and the outflow graft, leading to extrinsic compression of the graft, with no evidence of thrombus. Summary When evaluating patients with suspected outflow graft obstruction, it is important to consider not only pump thrombosis, but also the possibility of extrinsic compression of the outflow graft leading to obstruction. Distinguishing these etiologies is important as management may greatly vary.
Wind Turbine Drivetrain Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Using Information Fusion on Vibration and Current Signals

To improve the reliability of the conventional vibration-based wind turbine drivetrain gearbox fault diagnosis system, this article proposes a novel fault diagnosis method by fusing the information from gearbox vibration and generator current signals. First, the fault features contained in the gearbox vibration signals and the generator current signals are analyzed, respectively. Second, a multiclass support vector machine (SVM) model with probabilistic output is proposed to design two classifiers which output the probabilities of different gearbox fault types according to the input fault features extracted from the vibration signals and the current signals separately. Then, a nontrainable combiner and a trainable combiner are designed based on the Dempster–Shafer theory and the softmax regression technique, respectively, to fuse the information from the vibration and current SVM classifiers at decision level. The output of each combiner is the final diagnosis result. The proposed method is validated by experimental results obtained from a test gearbox with different types of faults. The validation results show that the proposed method can increase the fault diagnostic accuracy and is more robust than the conventional fault diagnosis systems that only use one type of signals.
Reinforcement Learning and Adaptive Optimal Control of Congestion Pricing

Abstract The increasing road traffic congestion has urged researchers to look for solutions to tackle the problem. Many different interventions reduce traffic jams including, optimizing traffic-lights, using video surveillance to monitor road conditions, strategic road network resilience, and congestion pricing. This paper uses a nonlinear model for dynamic congestion pricing, considering manual-toll and automatic toll lanes using wireless communication technologies. The model can adjust the traveling demand and improve traffic flow performance by charging more for entering express lanes. We linearize the model about the equilibrium states and propose a reinforcement learning-based adaptive optimal control approach to learn the optimal control gain of the linearized model. Further, we rigorously show that the developed optimal controller can ensure the stability of the original nonlinear closed-loop system by making its output asymptotically converge to zero. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by numerical simulations.