cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism Design for Crowdsourcing: An Optimal 1-1/e Competitive Budget-Feasible Mechanism for Large Markets

In this paper we consider a mechanism design problem in the context of large-scale crowdsourcing markets such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk mturk, ClickWorker clickworker, CrowdFlower crowdflower. In these markets, there is a requester who wants to hire workers to accomplish some tasks. Each worker is assumed to give some utility to the requester on getting hired. Moreover each worker has a minimum cost that he wants to get paid for getting hired. This minimum cost is assumed to be private information of the workers. The question then is -- if the requester has a limited budget, how to design a direct revelation mechanism that picks the right set of workers to hire in order to maximize the requester's utility? We note that although the previous work (Singer (2010) chen et al. (2011)) has studied this problem, a crucial difference in which we deviate from earlier work is the notion of large-scale markets that we introduce in our model. Without the large market assumption, it is known that no mechanism can achieve a competitive ratio better than 0.414 and 0.5 for deterministic and randomized mechanisms respectively (while the best known deterministic and randomized mechanisms achieve an approximation ratio of 0.292 and 0.33 respectively). In this paper, we design a budget-feasible mechanism for large markets that achieves a competitive ratio of 1 -- 1/e = 0.63. Our mechanism can be seen as a generalization of an alternate way to look at the proportional share mechanism, which is used in all the previous works so far on this problem. Interestingly, we can also show that our mechanism is optimal by showing that no truthful mechanism can achieve a factor better than 1 -- 1/e, thus, fully resolving this setting. Finally we consider the more general case of submodular utility functions and give new and improved mechanisms for the case when the market is large.
New method for the preparation of o-aryloxyphenols: Pummerer-type rearrangement of an o-hydroxyaryl sulfoxide

Abstract A facile two-step preparation of o-aryloxyphenols is described in which the key step is the intramolecular trapping of an α-keto sulfonium salt prepared by Pummerer rearrangement of a symmetrical o-hydroxyaryl sulfoxide to give an orthoquinone mono(monothioketal).
A Minimal Lamination of the Interior of a Positive Cone with Quadratic Curvature Blowup

In this note we construct a minimal lamination of the interior of a positive cone with quadratic curvature blowup.
Ovarian preservation and staging in reproductive-age endometrial cancer patients

Abstract Objectives The goal of this case review was to evaluate the influence of complete surgical versus clinical staging, including the impact of ovarian preservation, on the outcome of young patients with endometrial carcinoma. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with endometrial cancer diagnosed at age 45 or younger from 1960 until 2006 who were treated at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH). Clinical, epidemiological and histological data were extracted. Histological slides were reviewed by the gynecologic pathologist. Statistical analysis was performed, and p Results More than half of the patients underwent surgical staging. A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) was part of the surgery in most cases. Less than 5% of patients were diagnosed with recurrence. In patients with grade 1 disease, surgically staged patients had a significantly longer overall survival (p = 0.003). Patients who underwent a BSO had a trend towards longer disease-free survival. Stage I disease patients who underwent BSO had significantly longer disease-free survival (p = 0.013). Conclusions BSO seems to lead to better disease-free survival in young endometrial cancer patients, especially with stage I disease, but not to improved overall survival. In the absence of risk factors, a more conservative approach to surgical staging may be possible in young women with early stage low grade endometrial cancer but BSO should be strongly considered as part of the surgical treatment.
Broadband Adaptively-Controlled Polarization-Separation Network

A broadband adaptively-controlled frequency-reuse system has been developed and demonstrated. The system is designed to operate at 11 GHz and above, where polarization deorthogonalization due to rain effects is a problem. Direct analog control is used to continually correct for varying cross polarization conditions. Two cancellation networks are presented; an electro-mechanical RF waveguide network, and an all-electronic IF network; each adaptively controlled using pilot signals, detecting the amount of cross polarized pilot in each channel, and nulling the signal. Cancellations of cross polarization to greater than 35 dB below the copolarized signal are demonstrated.
The repton model of gel electrophoresis

Abstract We discuss the repton model of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. We review previous results, both analytic and numerical, as well as presenting a new numerical algorithm for the efficient simulation of the model, and suggesting a new approach to the model's analytic solution.
Potential for Integrating Entry Guidance into the Multi-Disciplinary Entry Vehicle Optimization Environment

The state-of-the-art in vehicle design decouples flight feasible trajectory generation from the optimization process of an entry spacecraft shape. The disadvantage to this decoupled process is seen when a particular aeroshell does not meet in-flight requirements when integrated into Guidance, Navigation, and Control simulations. It is postulated that the integration of a guidance algorithm into the design process will provide a real-time, rapid trajectory generation technique to enhance the robustness of vehicle design solutions. The potential benefit of this integration is a reduction in design cycles (possible cost savings) and increased accuracy in the aerothermal environment (possible mass savings). This work examines two aspects: 1) the performance of a reference tracking guidance algorithm for five different geometries with the same reference trajectory and 2) the potential of mass savings from improved aerothermal predictions. An Apollo Derived Guidance (ADG) algorithm is used in this study. The baseline geometry and five test case geometries were flown using the same baseline trajectory. The guided trajectory results are compared to separate trajectories determined in a vehicle optimization study conducted for NASA's Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing System Analysis. This study revealed several aspects regarding the potential gains and required developments for integrating a guidance algorithm into the vehicle optimization environment. First, the generation of flight feasible trajectories is only as good as the robustness of the guidance algorithm. The set of dispersed geometries modelled aerodynamic dispersions that ranged from +/-1% to +/-17% and a single extreme case was modelled where the aerodynamics were approximately 80% less than the baseline geometry. The ADG, as expected, was able to guide the vehicle into the aeroshell separation box at the target location for dispersions up to 17%, but failed for the 80% dispersion cases. Finally, the results revealed that including flight feasible trajectories for a set of dispersed geometries has the potential to save mass up to 430 kg.
Helicopter use by rural emergency departments to transfer trauma victims: A study of time-to-request intervals

Abstract To assess how soon rural emergency departments (EDs) call for helicopters to transport seriously injured patients, the records of all trauma victims (excluding isolated CNS trauma) transported by an emergency helicopter service from referring hospitals to a trauma center over an 18-month period were studied. Admission time to the referring ED was compared with the exact time a call for the helicopter was received and a time-to-request interval (TTR) was calculated. A total of 64 cases were studied. Fifty (78%) of the patients had blunt trauma; 14 (22%) had penetrating trauma. The average TTR for the helicopter was 69.8 minutes, with a range from 17 minutes before arrival at the referring ED to 337 minutes after arrival. Children (aged ≤16 years) had an average TTR of 34.1 minutes compared with 76.4 minutes for adults (aged > 16 years). Of the variables examined, patient age was the only factor significantly associated with TTR. These observations suggest that, except in children, there frequently is a lengthy time interval between the time trauma patients arrive at EDs in rural eastern North Carolina and the time an emergency helicopter service is called to transport them to a trauma center.
Surgical adjuvant therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer

Results of several studies by the Lung Cancer Study Group have shown that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy enhances survival following surgery for lung cancer. The 18-month disease-free survival almost doubled in one study using cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin (CAP) chemotherapy postoperatively. The recurrence rate remained significant, however. Patients with more advanced resectable disease seem to benefit most from postoperative chemotherapy. Results also suggest that CAP delays recurrences more effectively in patients with nonsquamous vs. squamous lung carcinoma. There has been considerable interest in the use of preoperative adjuvant therapy as well. Findings from studies of preoperative or induction therapy--either chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiation therapy--have shown high response rates and that patients with unresectable disease can be converted to technically resectable. Although preoperative therapy can cause difficulties with surgical dissection, surgical morbidity is acceptable. Preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgical resection clearly eliminates local recurrence. Systemic recurrences remain a significant problem. The evidence, as yet, does not indicate that preoperative adjuvant therapy prolongs survival.
Constraining dark energy from the abundance of weak gravitational lenses

We examine the prospect of using the observed abundance of weak gravitational lenses to constrain the equation-of-state parameter w = p /p of dark energy. Dark energy modifies the distance-redshift relation, the amplitude of the matter power spectrum, and the rate of structure growth. As a result, it affects the efficiency with which dark-matter concentrations produce detectable weak-lensing signals. Here we solve the spherical-collapse model with dark energy, clarifying some ambiguities found in the literature. We also provide fitting formulae for the non-linear overdensity at virialization and the linear-theory overdensity at collapse. We then compute the variation in the predicted weak-lens abundance with w. We find that the predicted redshift distribution and number count of weak lenses are highly degenerate in w and the present matter density Ω 0 . If we fix Ω 0 the number count of weak lenses for w = -2/3 is a factor of ∼2smaller than for the A cold dark matter (CDM) model w = -1. However, if we allow Ω 0 to vary with w such that the amplitude of the matter power spectrum as measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) matches that obtained from the X-ray cluster abundance, the decrease in the predicted lens abundance is less than 25 per cent for -1 < w < - 0.4. We show that a more promising method for constraining dark energy - one that is largely unaffected by the Ω o -w degeneracy as well as uncertainties in observational noise -is to compare the relative abundance of virialized X-ray lensing clusters with the abundance of non-virialized, X-ray underluminous, lensing haloes. For aperture sizes of ∼15 arcmin, the predicted ratio of the non-virialized to virialized lenses is greater than 40 per cent and varies by ∼20 per cent between w =-1and -0.6. Overall, we find that, if all other weak-lensing parameters are fixed, a survey must cover at least ∼40 deg 2 in order for the weak-lens number count to differentiate a ACDM cosmology from a dark-energy model with w = -0.9 at the 3σ level. If, on the other hand, we take into account uncertainties in the lensing parameters, then the non-virialized lens fraction provides the most robust constraint on ω, requiring ∼50 deg 2 of sky coverage in order to differentiate a ACDM model from a w = -0.6 model to 3a.
The impact of internet-based services on credit unions: a propensity score matching approach

Credit unions focus their profit management on providing benefits to their members and augmenting their institutional well-being through capital accumulation. In this study, we investigate the changes in benefits to borrowing and saving members around the adoptions of transactional websites by credit unions for the period of 2000–2009. Using the propensity score matching method, we show that credit union adopters offered borrowing members a better interest rate than non-adopters immediately after the recession of 2001–2002 and a similar rate when economy rebounded. Our results indicate that transactional websites offer credit union members more convenient services with no negative impact on the interest rate on deposits. The results are robust to different definitions of internet-based services non-adopters and different models used to estimate adoption probabilities.
Abelian Localization for Cyclotomic Cherednik Algebras

In this paper we prove the abelian localization theorem for modules over cyclotomic Rational Cherednik algebras.
Almost-Objective Uncertainty

Every subjective state space with Euclidean structure contains almost-objective events which arbitrarily closely approximate the properties of objectively uncertain events for all individuals with event-smooth betting preferences - whether or not they are expected utility, state-independent, or probabilistically sophisticated. These properties include unanimously agreed-upon revealed likelihoods, statistical independence from other subjective events, probabilistic sophistication over almost-objective bets, and linearity of state-independent and state-dependent expected utility in almost-objective likelihoods and mixtures. Most physical randomization devices are based on events of this form. Even in the presence of state-dependence, ambiguity, and ambiguity aversion, an individual’s betting preferences over almost-objective events are based solely on their attitudes toward objective risk, and can fully predict (or be predicted from) their behavior in an idealized casino.
Copper-Mediated Radical Trifluoromethylation of Unsaturated Potassium Organotrifluoroborates

Copper-mediated trifluoromethylation of unsaturated organotrifluoroborates with the Langlois reagent (NaSO2CF3) and TBHP allows the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into a variety of organic substructures. The reactions are easy to set up, the conditions are mild and general, and the process provides access to trifluoromethylated alkynes, alkenes, arenes, and heteroarenes in fair to good yields.
Carbon Nanotube P-N Diodes

The author demonstrates the formation of p-n junction diodes along individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The paper shows that the carbon nanotube p-n diode can provide a comprehensive probe of the optical and electronic transitions in SWNTs.
Blood intake by Aedes aegypti not regulated by insemination

A chemical method of determining the amount of blood ingested by mosquitoes was used to test the claim of Adlakha and Pillai (1976) that insemination is involved in the regulation of blood meal size. Inseminated and uninseminated Aedes aegypti do not differ in the amount of blood ingested. The data show that if excretion before, during, and after feeding, is not accounted for, unacceptable errors are introduced in blood meal size determinations.
Synthesis of Medium-Ring Nitrogen Heterocycles via Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroannulation of 1,2-Dienes.

Seven-, eight-, and nine-membered-ring nitrogen heterocycles are readily prepared by the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of a variety of 1,2-dienes by a range of tosylamide- and amine-containing aryl and vinylic halides. The ease of ring formation is seven > eight > nine, and better results are obtained using aryl halides, rather than vinylic halides, and tosylamide functionality, rather than amine functionality. The reaction is suggested to proceed by the formation and addition of an aryl or vinylic palladium compound to the allene to generate a π-allylpalladium intermediate, which subsequently undergoes nucleophilic displacement of palladium at the less hindered end of the π-allyl system.
Zoamides A-D: New marine zoanthoxanthin class alkaloids from an encrusting Philippine Parazoanthus sp.

Abstract Four 4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-zoanthoxanthin amides, zoamides A-D ( 1 – 4 ), have been isolated from an undescribed Philippine Parazoanthus sp. The structures of the zoamides were assigned primarily by 2-D NMR methods.
Resonant-energy-transfer-based biosensor for detection of multivalent proteins

We have developed a new fluorescence-based biosensor for sensitive detection of species involved in a multivalent interaction. The biosensor system utilizes specific interactions between proteins and cell surface receptors, which trigger a receptor aggregation process. Distance- dependent fluorescence self-quenching and resonant fluorescence energy transfer mechanisms were coupled with a multivalent interaction to probe the receptor aggregation process, providing a sensitive and specific signal transduction method for such a binding event. The fluorescence change induced by the aggregation process can be monitored by different instrument platforms, e.g. fluorimetry and flow cytometry. In this article, a sensitive detection of pentavalent cholera toxin which recognizes ganglioside GMI has been demonstrated through the resonant energy transfer scheme, which can achieve a double color change simultaneously. A detection sensitivity as high as 10 pM has been achieved within a few minutes (c.a. 5 minutes). The simultaneous double color change (an increase of acceptor fluorescence and a decrease of donor fluorescence intensity) of two similar fluorescent probes provides particularly high detection reliability owing to the fact that they act as each other's internal reference. Any external perturbation such as environmental temperature change causes no significant change in signal generation. Besides the application for biological sensing, the method also provides a useful tool for investigation of kinetics and thermodynamics of a multivalent interaction.
Understanding the VIX

Financial news services now routinely report the level of the Chicago Board Option Exchange9s Market Volatility Index, or VIX. This practice may be healthy in the sense that investors are seeking more information with which to assess the state of the economic environment, but investors need to understand exactly what the index means in order to fully appreciate its usefulness and to avoid misunderstandings and misconceptions. The author explains the VIX, its history and purpose, and explains its place within the array of indices that help describe where the economy stands relative to recent historical points of reference.
Thermal Instability and Secondary Breakdown in Power Transistors

An analytic solution is obtained for the three-dimensional heat diffusion equation applied to a model for a multifinger power transistor. It predicts that the thermal instability takes place based on localized heating and positive feedback. The condition of thermal stability found by Navon and Miller [1] differs from that encountered in this paper.
The Value of Imperfect ENSO Forecast Information: Discussion

predicting sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric pressure anomalies in the eastern Pacific, culminating in the early, widely publicized forecast of the 1997-98 ENSO event. Now ENSOmania has swept the globe. Agricultural and resource economists have a special interest in ICF because these sectors are especially affected by climatic fluctuations. In commenting on the three papers in this session, I make five interrelated points about the economics of climate forecasting. First, El Nifio is heavily overhyped because forecast skill with respect to ENSO phase is not the same as the ability to forecast ENSO's impacts on variables of direct interest to decision makers. The papers by Mjelde, Hill, and Griffiths (MHG) and by Podbury, Sheales, Hussain, and Fisher (PSHF) explore different dimensions of this point. Forecasts have value only if they alter decision makers' subjective probability distributions over stochastic variables that influence choice. Few people care directly about SSTs or atmospheric pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific (i.e., ENSO events). Even among Peruvian fishermen, interest in ENSO is indirect in its imperfectly understood effects on the spatial and temporal distribution of fish populations. For most people, ENSO forecasts are mediated by predicted climate teleconnections, the relationship between local climate and distant ocean temperature and pressure anomalies. Such links are statistically strong in relatively few places and only at coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, few choices are based directly on climate. Rather, climate has indirect effects on decisions through its relation to crop yields, livestock productivity, food prices, stream flow, and so on. Because ENSO forecast information is only of indirect interest to decision makers, its value is conditioned by the robustness of the mediating inferences, with forecast errors compounding in a complex fashion to the point where they might not change subjective probability distributions.
Corrosion mechanisms of iron in concentrated acidic zinc chloride media

Abstract A mechanism for the anodic dissolution of iron in concentrated zinc chloride media is proposed as an ECE mechanism. The rate determining step is the formation of a Fe-Cl reaction intermediate. This mechanism was found to be suitable for interpretation of kinetic electrochemical parameters obtained in these solutions. Radiotracer studies showed that the iron interface is saturated with Cl − at low concentrations which is responsible for the change in the iron dissolution mechanism. The phenomenon of the region of non-polarizability is interpreted in terms of the electrochemical desorption of the Cl − ion at high dissolution rates. The hydrogen evolution reaction was found to be inhibited due to the underpotential deposition of zinc. The effect of decreasing water activity in solutions of high ionic strength is found to significantly decrease i o,Fe , i o,H - and i corr values.
Synthesis of nucleoside epoxyphosphonates

Abstract Reaction of two regioisomeric uridine derivatives, 1-[3-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-5-O-trityl-β-D-xylofuranosyl]uracil ( 4 ) and 1-[2-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-5-O-trityl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl]uracil ( 13 ), with triflyl chloride and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (4-PDP) results in formation of the corresponding nucleoside epoxyphosphonates. This transformation is immediately useful for confirming the trans relationship of the 2′- and 3′-hydroxyl groups in the geminal hydroxyphosphonates 3 and 12 , and provides access to two new families of nucleoside derivatives that may be of interest for their synthetic utility and biological properties.
Noble Metals on the Nanoscale: Optical and Photothermal Properties and Some Applications in Imaging, Sensing, Biology, and Medicine

Noble metal nanostructures attract much interest because of their unique properties, including large optical field enhancements resulting in the strong scattering and absorption of light. The enhancement in the optical and photothermal properties of noble metal nanoparticles arises from resonant oscillation of their free electrons in the presence of light, also known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The plasmon resonance can either radiate light (Mie scattering), a process that finds great utility in optical and imaging fields, or be rapidly converted to heat (absorption); the latter mechanism of dissipation has opened up applications in several new areas. The ability to integrate metal nanoparticles into biological systems has had greatest impact in biology and biomedicine. In this Account, we discuss the plasmonic properties of gold and silver nanostructures and present examples of how they are being utilized for biodiagnostics, biophysical studies, and medical therapy. For instance, takin...
Analysis of Problems in Dynamics by Electronic Circuits

This paper describes a method for obtaining an engineering solution for integrodifferential equations of physical systems using an electronic system. The components consist of standard plug-in feed-back amplifier units. As the interconnections are wires, resistors, and capacitors, no complicated mechanical layout problem is involved and a generally flexible analyzer need not be set up, for it is a simple matter to assemble the particular circuit for any system of equations for which solutions are desired. The system should, therefore, be of interest to those involved in a study of the dynamics of physical systems.
A novel precipitating auxiliary approach to the purification of Baylis–Hillman adducts

Diaryl alkene alcohol 1 is a ‘precipiton’, a precipitating auxiliary that is used to aid the isolation of Baylis–Hillman adducts.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (E)-δ-Silyl-anti-homoallylic Alcohols via an Enantiodivergent Hydroboration-Crotylboration Reaction of a Racemic Allenylsilane

The enantioselective hydroboration of racemic allenylsilane (±)-4 with (dIpc)2BH proceeds via enantiodivergent pathways to give vinylborane 11 and crotylborane intermediate (S)-E-5. Subsequent crotylboration of aldehyde substrates with (S)-E-5 at −78 °C provides (E)-δ-silyl-anti-homoallylic alcohols in 71–89% yield and with 93–96% ee.
Wage and price control policies in transition economies

Abstract This paper studies the structural impact of wage and price control policies in transition economies using a two-sector three-factor small open economy model. It illustrates the results quantitatively via simulation exercises. At the earlier stage of the transition when labor is immobile, a strict control on the price of the nontradables and the wage rate minimizes the fall in employment and output. Also, a more severe control on the price of the nontradables than on the wage rate alleviates the fall in the real wage at negligible costs in lost employment and output. At the later stage of the transition when labor becomes mobile, the liberalization of the price of the nontradables can proceed faster than that of the wage rate. This policy combination increases employment and output and reduces the shortage for the nontradables, but lowers the real wage.
Conservation laws for multidimensional systems and related linear algebra problems

We consider multidimensional systems of PDEs of generalized evolution form with $t$-derivatives of arbitrary order on the left-hand side and with the right-hand side dependent on lower order $t$-derivatives and arbitrary space derivatives. For such systems we find an explicit necessary condition for existence of higher conservation laws in terms of the system's symbol. For systems that violate this condition we give an effective upper bound on the order of conservation laws. Using this result, we completely describe conservation laws for viscous transonic equations, for the Brusselator model, and the Belousov-Zhabotinskii system. To achieve this, we determine the conditions for a quadratic matrix $A$ with entries from an arbitrary field to be similar (conjugate) to its transpose $A^t$ or to the matrix $-A^t$, which is of independent interest.
A modified Monte Carlo procedure.

Histogram construction via algebraic Monte Carlo method, determining simultaneous effect of several input statistical variables on output variable
Closed-Loop Control of a Constrained, Resonant-Flapping Micro Air Vehicle

Interest in flapping-wing micro air vehicles has grown in recent years. Considerable research has been invested in the areas of unsteady and low-Reynolds-number aerodynamics as well as techniques to fabricate small-scale prototypes. Control of these vehicles has been less studied, and most control techniques proposed have only been implemented within simulations. In this work, power efficiency versus flapping frequency is studied and shown to be maximized while flapping at the piezo-driven system’s resonance. Then, a resonant flapping control scheme, biharmonic amplitude and bias modulation, was used with prototype hardware to demonstrate closed-loop control of two different constrained configurations. This work is important in the development and understanding of eventual nonconstrained flight-capable flapping-wing micro air vehicles.
Heavy-light and light-light weak matrix elements on the lattice

I review recent developments in lattice weak matrix element calculations. I focus on on fB (both with propagating quarks and in the static limit for the b quark), semi-leptonic form factors for D meson decay, form factors for B→K∗γ, and BK.
Global Assessment of High-Altitude Wind Power

The available wind power resource worldwide at altitudes between 500 and 12,000 m above ground is assessed for the first time. Twenty-eight years of wind data from the reanalyses by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Department of Energy are analyzed and interpolated to study geographical distributions and persistency of winds at all altitudes. Furthermore, intermittency issues and global climate effects of large-scale extraction of energy from high-altitude winds are investigated.
Phase-resolved Studies of the High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Crab, Geminga, and Vela Pulsars

Using the first 3.5 years of observations from the Energetic Gamma Ray Telescope (EGRET) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, phase-resolved analyses are performed on the emission from the three brightest high-energy γ-ray pulsars: Crab, Geminga, and Vela. For each pulsar, it is found that there is detectable high-energy γ-ray emission above the galactic diffuse background throughout much of the pulsar rotation cycle. A hardness ratio is introduced to characterize the evolution of the spectral index as a function of pulsar phase. While the hardest emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars comes from the bridge region between the two γ-ray peaks, the hardest emission from Geminga corresponds to the second γ-ray peak. For all three pulsars, phase-resolved spectra of the pulse profile components reveal that although there is a large variation in the spectral index over the pulsar phase interval, the high-energy spectral turnover, if any, occurs at roughly the same energy in each component. The high-energy γ-ray emission from the Crab complex appears to include an unpulsed ultrasoft component of spectral index ~-4.3, which dominates the total emission below 100 MeV. This component is consistent with the expected emission from the tail end of the Crab Nebula synchrotron emission.
QCDF90 : LATTICE QCD WITH FORTRAN 90

Abstract We have used Fortran 90 to implement lattice QCD. We have designed a set of machine-independent modules that define fields (gauge, fermions, scalars, etc.) and overloaded operators for all possible operations between fields, matrices and numbers. With these modules it is very simple to write high-level efficient programs for QCD simulations. To increase performance our modules also implements assignments that do not require temporaries, and a machine-independent precision definition. We have also created a useful compression procedure for storing the lattice configurations, and a parallel implementation of the random generators. We have widely tested our program and modules on several parallel and single processor supercomputers obtaining excellent performance.
International evidence on bond risk premia

Abstract This paper revisits the study of time-varying excess bond returns in international bond markets. Using newly available yield curve data from 10 different countries with independent monetary policy, I test the robustness of Cochrane and Piazzesi (2005) . For most countries in my sample, I find more modest predictive power for forward rates than originally found by Cochrane and Piazzesi (2005) for the US. Their single-factor model captures well the predictability in international data, and this factor also tends to have a tent-shape in most countries of my sample. CP factors are more idiosyncratic across countries than yields or forward rates. Finally, I show that the recent financial crisis has significantly affected the predictability of excess bond returns.
Exact solutions for some N = 2 supersymmetric SO(N) gauge theories with vectors and spinors

We find exact solutions for N = 2 supersymmetric SO(N), N = 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 gauge theories with matter in the fundamental and spinor representation. These theories, with specific numbers of vectors and spinors, arise naturally in the compactification of type IIA string theory on suitably chosen Calabi-Yau threefolds. Exact solutions are obtained by using mirror symmetry to find the corresponding type IIB compactification. We propose generalizations of these results to cases with arbitrary numbers of massive vectors and spinors.
Three-dimensional semantic object tracking in video sequences

One of the difficulties in semantic object tracking is to trace the object precisely as time going on. In this paper, a system for 3D semantic object motion tracking is proposed. Different form other approaches which have used regular shapes as tracked region, our system starts with a specially designed Color Image Segmentation Editor (CISE) to devise shapes that more accurately describe the region of interest (ROI) to be tracked. CISE is an integration of edge and region detection, which is based on edge-linking, split-and- merge and the energy minimization for active contour detection. An ROI is further segmented into single motion blobs by considering the constancy of the motion parameters in each blob. The tracking of each blob is based on an extended Kalman filter derived form linearization of a constraint equation satisfied by the pinhole model of a camera. The Kalman filter allows the tracker to project the uncertainties associated with the blob feature points to the next frame. Feature points extraction is done by similarity test based on optimized semantic search region. Extracted feature points serially update motion parameters. Experimental results show the different stages of the system.
THE CULLER-SHALEN SEMINORMS OF THE (-2, 3, n) PRETZEL KNOT

We show that the ${\rm SL}_2 (\mathbb C)$-character variety of the (-2, 3, n) pretzel knot consists of two (respectively three) algebraic curves when 3 ∤ n (respectively 3 | n) and given an explicit calculation of the Culler-Shalem seminorms of these curves. Using this calculation, we describe the fundamental polygon and Newton polygon for these knots and give a list of Dehn surgerise yielding a manifold with finite or cyclic fundamental group. This constitutes a new proof of property P for these knots.
Self MHC class I–licensed NK cells enhance adaptive CD8 T-cell viral immunity

MHC class I (MHC I) is essential to NK- and T-cell effector and surveillance functions. However, it is unknown whether MHC I polymorphism influences adaptive immunity through NK cells. Previously, we found that MHC I Dk, a cognate ligand for the Ly49G2 inhibitory receptor, was essential to NK control of murine (M)CMV infection. Here we assessed the significance of NK inhibitory receptor recognition of MCMV on CD8 T cells in genetically defined MHC I Dk disparate mice. We observed that Dk-licensed Ly49G2+ NK cells stabilized and then enhanced conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) recovery after infection. Furthermore, licensed NK support of cDC recovery was essential to enhance the tempo, magnitude, and effector activity of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Minimal cDC and CD8 T-cell number differences after low-dose MCMV in Dk disparate animals further implied that licensed NK recognition of MCMV imparted qualitative cDC changes to enhance CD8 T-cell priming.
Laumon spaces and the Calogero-Sutherland integrable system

This paper contains a proof of a conjecture of Braverman concerning Laumon quasiflag spaces. We consider the generating function Z(m), whose coefficients are the integrals of the equivariant Chern polynomial (with variable m) of the tangent bundles of the Laumon spaces. We prove Braverman’s conjecture, which states that Z(m) coincides with the eigenfunction of the Calogero-Sutherland hamiltonian, up to a simple factor which we specify. This conjecture was inspired by the work of Nekrasov in the affine \(\widehat{ {\mathfrak {sl}}}_{n}\) setting, where a similar conjecture is still open.
Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. I. Stochastic Heating of Small Grains

We present a method for calculating the infrared emission from a population of dust grains heated by starlight, including very small grains for which stochastic heating by starlight photons results in high- temperature transients. Because state-to-state transition rates are generally unavailable for complex mol ecules, we consider model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), graphitic, and silicate grains with realistic vibrational mode spectra and realistic radiative properties. The vibrational density of states is used in a statistical-mechanical description of the emission process. Unlike previous treatments, our approach fully incorporates multiphoton heating effects, important for large grains or strong radiation fields. We discuss how the "temperature" of the grain is related to its vibrational energy. By comparing with an "exact" statistical calculation of the emission process, we determine the conditions under which the "thermal" and the "continuous cooling" approximations can be used to calculate the emission spec trum. We present results for the infrared emission spectra of PAH grains of various sizes heated by star light. We show how the relative strengths of the 6.2, 7.7, and 11.3 μm features depend on grain size, starlight spectrum and intensity, and grain charging conditions. We show results for grains in the "cold neutral medium" and "warm ionized medium" and representative conditions in photodissociation regions. Our model results are compared to observed ratios of emission features for the Milky Way and other galaxies and for the M17 and NGC 7023 photodissociation regions.
Parsimonious Topic Models with Salient Word Discovery

We propose a parsimonious topic model for text corpora. In related models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), all words are modeled topic-specifically, even though many words occur with similar frequencies across different topics. Our modeling determines salient words for each topic, which have topic-specific probabilities, with the rest explained by a universal shared model. Further, in LDA all topics are in principle present in every document. By contrast, our model gives sparse topic representation, determining the (small) subset of relevant topics for each document. We derive a Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), balancing model complexity and goodness of fit. Here, interestingly, we identify an effective sample size and corresponding penalty specific to each parameter type in our model. We minimize BIC to jointly determine our entire model—the topic-specific words, document-specific topics, all model parameter values, and the total number of topics—in a wholly unsupervised fashion. Results on three text corpora and an image dataset show that our model achieves higher test set likelihood and better agreement with ground-truth class labels, compared to LDA and to a model designed to incorporate sparsity.
Asymptotic Homological Conjectures in Mixed Characteristic

In this final chapter, we discuss some of the homological conjectures. Although now theorems in equal characteristic, many remain conjectures in mixed characteristic. Whereas there may be no consensus as to which conjectures count as ‘homological’, an extensive list of them together with their interconnections, can be found in Hochster’s authoritative treatise [43].
Dynamical lowering of site symmetry by Jahn-Teller effects in resonant Raman scattering

Abstract We present theoretical results for the temperature dependent breakdown of the Raman scattering selection rules induced by a dynamical lowering of the site symmetry in systems that exhibit the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the excited electronic states.
Receiver-based flow control for networks in overload

We consider utility maximization in networks where the sources do not employ flow control and may consequently overload the network. In the absence of flow control at the sources, some packets will inevitably have to be dropped when the network is in overload. To that end, we first develop a distributed, threshold-based packet-dropping policy that maximizes the weighted sum throughput. Next, we consider utility maximization and develop a receiver-based flow control scheme that, when combined with threshold-based packet dropping, achieves the optimal utility. The flow control scheme creates virtual queues at the receivers as a push-back mechanism to optimize the amount of data delivered to the destinations via back-pressure routing. A new feature of our scheme is that a utility function can be assigned to a collection of flows, generalizing the traditional approach of optimizing per-flow utilities. Our control policies use finite-buffer queues and are independent of arrival statistics. Their near-optimal performance is proved and further supported by simulation results.
Ironies of Crime, Control, and Criminology

Irony is a kind of communication in which shared knowledge about a particular context is formed as a counter-intuitive statement with hidden meaning. Irony is important because it branches the tree of knowledge and balances morality. This paper reviews the definition and value of irony; examines ironic works on crime and control; proposes an irony of criminology: it can be studied with science and thereby improved; draws on this idea to provide a method-based theory of theory and findings; and concludes by discussing implications for future work in reflexive criminology.
A mild, convenient, and inexpensive method for converting imines into amines: Tin-catalyzed reduction with polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS)

Abstract We have developed a mild, convenient, and inexpensive protocol for reducing imines to amines. Thus, treatment of any of a wide array of imines with catalytic n -butyltris(2-ethylhexanoate)tin and stoichioimetric polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in ethanol at room temperature cleanly affords the desired secondary amine product. Alkyl bromides, alkynes, epoxides, esters, nitriles, and olefins are inert toward these reduction conditions, whereas aldehydes, ketones, and nitro compounds are not.
Synthesis of sulfated trisaccharide ligands for the selectins

Abstract In a directed effort to elucidate the molecular factors responsible for selectin-mediated cell adhesion events as a basis for the generation of potent and specific inhibitors of these processes, we have synthesized a variety of sulfated analogs of the trisaccharide recognition epitopes Lewis a [Le a : Galβ1→3(Fucα1→4)GlcNAc] and Lewis x [Le x : Galβ1→4(Fucα1→3)GlcNAc]. Our divergent synthetic route allows for the synthesis of gram quantities of these sulfated trisaccharides from common intermediates in 10–20% overall yields and in no more than 15 linear steps. In addition, we have anchored the reducing end of the Le a and Le x trisaccharide precursors with a β-allyl aglycone, providing a single anomer of each final product and allowing for further modification into multivalent derivatives.
Nitrogen cycling in Arctic lakes and ponds

Nitrogen cycle studies were carried out on two distinct systems in arctic Alaska. Research on the first, a series of small tundra thaw ponds near Barrow, was carried out as part of the International Biological Program Tundra Biome program. Research on the contrasting system, Toolik Lake, was done during the year following completion of the Barrow pond research. Toolik Lake is located on the north flank of the Brooks Range, approximately 130 km south of the Beaufort Sea coast.
BIMAXIMAL MIXING IN AN SO(10) MINIMAL HIGGS MODEL

Abstract An SO (10) SUSY GUT model was previously presented based on a minimal set of Higgs fields. The quark and lepton mass matrices derived fitted the data extremely well and led to large ν μ − ν τ mixing in agreement with the atmospheric neutrino data and to the small-angle MSW solution for the solar neutrinos. Here we show how a slight modification leading to a non-zero up quark mass can result in bimaximal mixing for the atmospheric and solar neutrinos. The “just-so” vacuum solution is slightly favored over the large-angle MSW solution on the basis of the hierarchy required for the right-handed Majorana matrix and the more nearly-maximal mixing angles obtained.
How Useful Are Screening Tests

Recently,bioethicistEzekielEmanuel, MD, PhD, MSc, of the University of Pennsylvania, stirred up some controversybysuggesting in theNewYorkTimes that yearly checkups are a waste of time (http://nyti.ms/193cv6J). As part of his argument, he cited a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review that concluded that general health checkups do not reducemortality.Given that thesevisits cancostbillionsof dollars a year, he argued that they were an unnecessary extravagance (http://bit.ly /1DRmyXw). Many have countered in recent weeks, though, that mortality is a poor choice for outcomes in such an evaluation. After all, many good things can come out of checkups beyond a decrease inmortality. Helping patients avoid death is not the only thing physic ians try to do when they see patients. Moreover, the way our health care system is set up, yearly examinations are often where screening occurs. There are relatively few other opportunities to check healthypeople fordiseasesordisorders that could affect them.Many of these screening opportunities are recommended by the UnitedStatesPreventiveServicesTaskForce (USPSFT).
Hydrologic effects of climate change in the Yukon River Basin

A monthly water balance (WB) model was developed for the Yukon River Basin (YRB). The WB model was calibrated using mean monthly values of precipitation and temperature derived from the Precipitation-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data set and by comparing estimated mean monthly runoff with runoff measured at Pilot Station, Alaska. The calibration procedure used the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search. Potential hydrologic effects of climate change were assessed for the YRB by imposing changes in precipitation and temperature derived from selected Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) climate simulations. Scenarios from five general circulation model (GCM) simulations were used to provide a range of potential changes. Results from the scenarios indicate an increase in annual runoff in the twenty-first century for the YRB with simulated increases in precipitation having the greatest effect on increases in runoff. Simulated increases in temperature were found to alter the timing of snow accumulation and melt.