cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic and sedimentary characteristics of rivers

Rivers may be distinguished from one another by their hydraulic and sedimentary characteristics. These characterizing elements are so interwoven that it is extremely difficult if not impossible to describe them independently. Suffice it to say that if the bed of an open channel is movable simply by virtue of the energy of the water flowing through the channel, the flow-conditions are much more complex than if the channel is fixed in position. Furthermore, a variation in rate of flow through this channel and consequent variation in transporting capacity results in a continual change in the condition of equilibrium of forces set up between the flowing water and its channel.
AMMONIA EXCRETION IN OCTOPUS DOFLEINI.

Abstract 1. 1. Simultaneous measurements have been made of the ammonia content and pH of the blood, pericardial fluid and kidney sac urine of Octopus dofleini. 2. 2. Although the concentration of total ammonia (ammonia molecules+ ammonium ions) is much greater in the acid urine than in the neural blood the concentration of molecular ammonia is always higher in the blood. It is concluded that ammonia enters the urine by diffusion as ammonia molecules and is trapped as the ammonium ion. 3. 3. The pericardial fluid is slightly alkaline and contains a lower concentration of total ammonia than the blood. Significant synthesis of ammonia occurs within the kidney. 4. 4. The renal appendages have a considerable glutaminase activity and there is a net loss of glutamine and amino acids from the blood on passage through the kidney. The total concentration of ammonia in the blood usually increases on passage through the kidney. 5. 5. Measurements of the ammonia concentration of the blood show that significant loss of ammonia takes place from the ctenidia.
Speech and Swallowing in the Elderly

Normal speech and swallow depend on the integrity of the oral motor system and the underlying processes of respiration, phonation, sensation, resonance and articulation. A variety of age-related changes occur in the oral peripheral mechanism, some of which affect speech and swallow. Nonpathologic changes in the thoracic and laryngeal structures that serve to reduce the vital capacity of the lungs and produce perturbations in the acoustic signal alter the quality of the aging voice. As one ages, the oral mucosa reportedly thins, salivary flow may be decreased, and the sensory and motor integrity of the tongue musculature is altered. The effect of such changes on speech articulation and voice production in the elderly is discussed. Although not dependent on one another, speech and swallowing use many of the same oral structures and underlying physiologic mechanisms. The anatomic and physiologic changes in the aging pharvngeal area and oral tract that can affect swallowing are reviewd and studies of these changes are discussed. Viewing the oral area and vocal tract has required invasive, cumbersome or dangerous radiographic procedures, thereby limiting the quantity of research in this field. Recent work on the use of real-time ultrasound imaging to view the oral soft tissues and dynamic lingual gestures in vivo during speech and swallow are reviewed and ongoing studies of speech and swallowing performance in normal aging persons using this technique are presented.
Avian bioassay method for parathyroid hormone.

A new simple bioassay method for parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been developed. It is based on the rapid and sensitive hypercalcemic response of immature birds. Japanese quail, aged 2–3 weeks and weighing 35–55 g, are injected with standard or unknown doses of PTH (1, 3 and 9 U.S.P. units/ml) using at least 6 birds per group. Preparations are dissolved in 51 mM CaCl2 and injected into a wing vein (0.1 ml/10 g bw). The birds are bled by cardiac puncture 60 min after injection and the plasma calcium determined. Sixty quail can be injected and bled within a period of 2 hr. Parathyroid Injection, U.S.P. (Lilly), is used as a standard. An average index of precision, λ, of 0.20 has been obtained in six assays under these conditions. Purified PTH gives a dose—response slope which is parallel with that of the standard preparation over the dose range tested (3–12 U.S.P. units/ml). The assay is relatively specific; no significant hypercalcemic response was seen with 10 units/ml of inactivated PTH, 100 MRC m units/ml...
A State Variable Assignment Method for Asynchronous Sequential Switching Circuits

A b.~tract. This paper describes a method of state variable assignment for asynchronous sequential switching circuits. The method yields state variable assignments with a view towards minimizing the number of state variables and maximizing the operating speed of the circuit. A systematic procedure is presented. An upper bound on the number of state variables for a general r-state circuit is included. The advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.
No‐till liming effects on soil‐pH, corn grain yield and earleaf nutrient content

Abstract Surface liming will prevent the formation of an ‘acid roof’ on the surface of soil cropped in no‐till corn (Zea mays L.). A study was begun in 1985 to determine the effectiveness of unincorporated liming in raising pH in no‐till soil which had developed significant acidity throughout the upper 15 cm. Lime was applied at 0, 3.36, 6.72 and 10.08 Mg ha‐1. All lime was applied on 26 April 1985 and was not incorporated. The pre‐liming pH at 0‐5 cm below the surface was 4.5; after two months the pH was raised to 5.6, 5.8, and 6.0 by 3.36, 6.72 and 10.08 Mg ha‐1 of lime, respectively. After 19 months soil‐pH was raised to 6.0, 6.4 and 6.6 by liming at 3.36, 6.72 and 10.08 Mg ha‐1 respectively. Soil‐pH below 5 cm was not affected by any rate of lime during the first 19 months after liming. Tissue analysis of corn ear leaves indicated that calcium uptake was increased significantly by lime in 1985, while manganese uptake was significantly reduced. In 1986, increases in calcium were greater than in 1985 an...
Probabilistic integrative modeling of genome-scale metabolic and regulatory networks in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Prediction of metabolic changes that result from genetic or environmental perturbations has several important applications, including diagnosing metabolic disorders and discovering novel drug targets. A cardinal challenge in obtaining accurate predictions is the integration of transcriptional regulatory networks with the corresponding metabolic network. We propose a method called probabilistic regulation of metabolism (PROM) that achieves this synthesis and enables straightforward, automated, and quantitative integration of high-throughput data into constraint-based modeling, making it an ideal tool for constructing genome-scale regulatory-metabolic network models for less-studied organisms. PROM introduces probabilities to represent gene states and gene–transcription factor interactions. By using PROM, we constructed an integrated regulatory-metabolic network for the model organism, Escherichia coli, and demonstrated that our method based on automated inference is more accurate and comprehensive than the current state of the art, which is based on manual curation of literature. After validating the approach, we used PROM to build a genome-scale integrated metabolic-regulatory model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a critically important human pathogen. This study incorporated data from more than 1,300 microarrays, 2,000 transcription factor–target interactions regulating 3,300 metabolic reactions, and 1,905 KO phenotypes for E. coli and M. tuberculosis. PROM identified KO phenotypes with accuracies as high as 95%, and predicted growth rates quantitatively with correlation of 0.95. Importantly, PROM represents the successful integration of a top-down reconstructed, statistically inferred regulatory network with a bottom-up reconstructed, biochemically detailed metabolic network, bridging two important classes of systems biology models that are rarely combined quantitatively.
DMSO Increases Radioiodination Yield of Radiopharmaceuticals

A high-yield radioiodination method for various types of molecules is described. The approach employs DMSO as precursor solvent, a reaction ratio of 2-5 precursor molecules per iodine atom, 5-10 microg oxidant, and a 10-25 microl reaction volume. The solution is vortexed at room temperature for 1-5 min and progress of the reaction is assessed by HPLC. Radioiodinated products are obtained in > or = 95% yield and meet the requirements for radiotracer imaging, biodistribution studies, and molecular and cellular biology research.
Mastoparan inhibits rat renal NaK-ATPase activity.

Abstract Rat renal NAK-ATPase was inhibited by mastoparan in a dose dependent fashion. This inhibition reached completion within 30 seconds. Due to mastoparan's rapid effects on NAK-ATPase activity, this inhibition does not appear to involve either a decrease in the rate of synthesis or an increase in their degradation of NAK-ATPase since these processes require a latency period of at least several minutes. In addition, the phosphoenzyme intermediate formed in the presence of mastoparan was greater than that formed in its absence further indicating that inhibition of NAK-ATPase by mastoparan is not due to a decrease in the number of NAK-ATPase. A possible mechanism for the inhibition is that mastoparan stabilizes the phosphoenzyme intermediate and reduces the Vmax of the enzyme by decreasing the rate of turnover of existing enzyme sites. Neomycin, an inhibitor of inositol phospholipid metabolism, was also found to attenuate the inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by mastoparan, suggesting that the mechanism of this inhibition may involve degradation of the phosphatidylinositol “pool”.
Apparent Slip of Newtonian Fluids Past Adsorbed Polymer Layers

We show unexpected drag reduction as solvent flows past polymer-coated surfaces in solution. Adsorbed polymer layers of two types, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) homopolymers in deionized water and poly(vinylpyridine)−polybutadiene diblock copolymers (PVP−PB) in tetradecane, were placed at variable spacings larger than twice the layer thickness within a modified surface forces apparatus, and the hydrodynamic forces owing to flow of solvent past these layers were measured as a function of surface spacing, pumping frequency, and pumping velocity (product of frequency and amplitude). When the flow rate was below a critical level, which depended on the system, the findings agreed with a simple hydrodynamic picture in which the solvent appeared to flow past surfaces of defined spacing, the solid−solid spacing less twice the “hydrodyamic radius” (RH). The value of RH was not always constant, however. In the PVA system it tripled as frequency was raised from 1 to 50 Hz though it was frequency-independent in the PVP−P...
Inhibition of thyroid cathepsin D activity by pepstatin

Abstract The lysosomal acid protease, cathepsin D, is considered to be the primary enzyme within the thyroid which is responsible for the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin and release of active thyroid hormones. Pepstatin has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cathepsin D in various organs. Therefore, pepstatin may play a therapeutic role in certain disease states. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of pepstatin on the release of cathepsin D from incubated slices of thyroid tissue. This thyroid tissue was also measured for cyclic AMP concentration. When thyrotropin (TSH) and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methylxanthine (MIX), were added to the medium of incubated thyroid tissue, 819 ± 77 U/g cathepsin D was found in the medium compared to 47 ± 7 U/g when no additional agents were added. The addition of 1.43 m M pepstatin to the medium prior to incubation resulted in 100% inhibition of cathepsin D. Pepstatin did not, however, inhibit another thyroid lysosomal enzyme, β-glucuronidase. TSH + MIX-Stimulated thyroid tissue also showed an elevation in tissue cyclic AMP concentrations after incubation as compared to nonstimulated tissue (6.43 ± 0.58 pmol/whole thyroid vs 1.18 ± 0.23 pmol/whole thyroid). When pepstatin was added to the TSH + MIX-stimulated tissue, there was a slight reduction in cyclic AMP concentration (3.6 ± 0.67 pmol/whole thyroid). However, this concentration was still significantly greater than in nonstimulated tissue. The effect of chlorpromazine was also studied. This agent inhibited the increase in cyclic AMP in TSH + MIX-stimulated tissue, but had no appreciable effect on cathepsin D or β-glucuronidase release. This study showed that pepstatin specifically inhibits thyroid cathepsin D during incubation of thyroid tissue. However, pepstatin does not inhibit β-glucuronidase or TSH + MIX-stimulated tissue cyclic AMP elevations. Further studies with pepstatin using an in vivo model are warranted.
Neuroprotective actions of Selegiline in inhibiting 1-methyl, 4-phenyl, pyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis in SK-N-SH neurons.

We have examined mitochondrial membranes and molecular hallmarks of apoptosis in response to increasing concentrations of 1-Methyl, 4-phenyl, Pyridinium ion (MPP+) in SK-N-SH neurons and have evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Selegiline with a primary objective to explore its mechanism(s) of neuroprotection. MPP+-induced apoptosis was characterized by spherical appearance, suppressed neuritogenesis, phosphatidyl serine externalization, plasma membrane perforations, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) collapse, mitochondrial aggregation, and nuclear DNA fragmentation and condensation. At lower concentrations, MPP+ (10–100 μM) produced mitochondrial swelling and loss of cristae, and at higher concentrations (300–500 μM), degeneration and aggregation of mitochondrial membranes in the peri-nuclear region, which were attenuated by Selegiline (10–50 μM) pre-treatment. At still higher concentrations, MPP+ (>500 μM) produced necrotic changes represented by mitochondrial and plasma membrane ballooning and perforations. Selegiline provided partial neuroprotection at higher concentrations of MPP+. MPP+-induced increases in reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome-C release, necrosis factor kappa-B (NF-kappa-B) activation, 8-hydroxy, 2 deoxy guanosine synthesis, α-synuclein indices, and reductions in glutathione, ATP, and superoxide dismutase were attenuated by Selegiline. Selegiline also attenuated MPP+-induced transcriptional activation of c-fos, c-jun, GAPDH, and caspase-3, suggesting that it may provide neuroprotection by preserving mitochondrial membranes, by attenuating molecular markers of apoptosis, by scavenging free radicals, and by regulating immediate early genes involved in neurodegeneration.
Resilience rather than recovery: a contextual framework on adaptation following bereavement.

Using a contextual resilience framework, the authors examine the processes whereby bereaved persons change over time. Rather than the concept recovery, the authors propose that the concept adaptation best captures the process of change following bereavement and that the desired outcome of such adaptation is denoted by the term resilience. Adaptation occurs over time and is shaped by environmental and individual level risk and protective factors. By use of a “contextual resilience” framework, the authors emphasize the central role that person–environment transactions play versus the heavy emphasis on intrapersonal processes in some other approaches to resilience.
Assessing Community Violence: The Children's Report of Exposure to Violence

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the development and initial psychometric features of a brief self-report instrument for assessing exposure to community violence, the Children's Report of Exposure to Violence (CREV). Method The CREV was administered to 228 schoolchildren between the ages of 9 and 15 years. A subset ( n = 42) was retested 2 weeks later. Results The CREV has good test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Analyses performed by race and gender revealed no differences in frequency of exposure to community violence as assessed by the CREV. Conclusion This initial report suggests that the CREV has promise as a self-report questionnaire, and its construction represents a significant advance in the development of psychometrically sound instruments for use in community violence research.
STATISTICS, DATA ANALYSIS AND PSYCHOMETRIKA: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS

Approximately 15% of all papers appearing inPsychometrika during the period 1960–1984 have been statistical or data analytic in nature. While these papers cover a very wide range of issues and are technically quite similar to those appearing in other major statistical journals, collectively they possess features which make them identifiablyPsychometrika.
Physicochemical Properties and Yields of Sunflower Protein Enzymatic Hydrolysates As Affected by Enzyme and Defatted Sunflower Meal

The effect of sunflower meals [industrial defatted sunflower meal (IDSM) and laboratory defatted sunflower meals (LDSM)] and enzymes (fungal protease, trypsin, and papain) on the yield and physicochemical properties of sunflower protein hydrolysates was investigated. The hydrolysate was prepared from the soluble portion of a sunflower meal−enzyme slurry after hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis solubilized a substantial portion of total protein content in all defatted sunflower meals, leading to a great increase in protein content of the hydrolysate. The type of enzyme significantly (p < 0.05) affected the product yield and protein recovery from IDSM. Papain gave the lowest product yield (47.4%) and protein recovery (83.8%) from IDSM substrate. More proteins were recovered from IDSM than LDSM with fungal protease. Higher protein recovery (96.4%) and protein content (80.4%) were obtained from 1% fat LDSM hydrolyzed with papain than from 18% fat LDSM or 1% fat IDSM. Fungal protease hydrolysates possessed signi...
Bisphenol A and reproductive health: Update of experimental and human evidence, 2007-2013

Background: In 2007, an expert panel reviewed associations between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and reproductive health outcomes. Since then, new studies have been conducted on the impact of BPA on r...
Mirror-image reversal discrimination in kindergarten and first-grade children.

Abstract Spontaneous discrimination and discrimination after instruction of mirror-image reversal triangles were assessed in 144 kindergarten and 72 first-grade Ss. A dyad method and two triad methods with and without correction were compared. It was found that first graders discriminate more spontaneously than do the kindergarteners indicating that first graders are more apt to regard orientation as a critical dimension of difference. After instruction, first graders discriminate mirror-image reversals with more proficiency than the kindergarteners. The dyad and triad methods were found to have important differences. The dyad method without correction resulted in very poor discrimination. With correction the dyad method is similar to the triad methods, which do not differ from each other.
Use of trajectory analysis to study stability of colloidal dispersions in flow fields

Trajectories have been computed for two equal sized spherical particles in simple laminar shearing and in uniaxial extensional flows. Effects of interparticle attraction, electrostatic repulsion, and hydrodynamics were included. The results are pertinent to questions of colloidal stability under various conditions of flow. Particulate dispersions can react in several different ways as the intensity of shearing is increased from zero: the dispersion can remain stable; it can be redispersed, if it had been initially flocculated into a weak secondary minimum in the interparticle potential curve; it can be flocculated into a strong primary minimum in the potential curve; or, in extreme cases, it can be redispersed from the primary minimum. Results are presented which illustrate criteria for flocculation or stability to both laminar shearing and extensional flow. It is shown that hydrodynamic effects can significantly alter the criteria developed for stability of dispersions to Brownian coagulation.
Experimental proof of using an angled fiber-optic probe for depth-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy of turbid media

An angled fiber-optic probe enabling depth-sensitive fluorescence measurements was developed for enhancing epithelial pre-cancer detection. The probe was tested on solid, two-layered phantoms, and has been proven to be effective in selectively detecting fluorescence from different layers. Monte Carlo simulation data reveal the underlying basis of the findings.
Student Action Research: Reaping the Benefits for Students and School Leaders.

Recent years have seen a proliferation of student action research both nationally and internationally. Going by various names—participatory research, action research, participatory evaluation—student action research is research that (a) is conducted by youth, within or outside of schools and classrooms, with the goal of informing and a fecting school, community, and/or global problems and issues and (b) contributes to the positive development of a variety of academic, social, and civic skills in youth. This article reviews research and writing on student action research, describing di ferent types of student action research initiatives, the benefits of this powerful practice, and how principals can manage implementation challenges.
Prevalence of androgenic alopecia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and characterization of associated clinical and biochemical features.

Objective To describe the prevalence of androgenic alopecia (AGA) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to characterize associated clinical and biochemical features. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Multidisciplinary PCOS clinic at a tertiary academic center. Patient(s) A total of 254 women with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria were systematically examined from 2007 to 2012 by a reproductive endocrinologist, a dermatologist, and a psychologist. Intervention(s) Comprehensive dermatologic exams, ultrasonic imaging, serum testing, and Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI-FS). Main Outcome Measures Presence of AGA, acne, hirsutism, biochemical hyperandrogenemia, metabolic dysfunction, and clinical depression. Result(s) Fifty-six of 254 patients with PCOS (22.0%) had AGA. Subjects with PCOS and AGA were more likely to have acne or hirsutism than those without AGA (96.3% vs. 70.6%). Subjects with AGA were more likely to report concern with hair loss (70.4% vs. 37.7%); however, their BDI-FS scores were no different from subjects without AGA. There were no differences between subjects with and without AGA in biochemical hyperandrogenism or metabolic parameters. Conclusion(s) AGA is prevalent in 22% of subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for PCOS. AGA is associated with other manifestations of clinical hyperandrogenism, but not with greater risk of biochemical hyperandrogenemia or metabolic dysfunction than with PCOS alone.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment

SUMMARY A preliminary study of the effect of exposing infected meningomyelocele to humidified pure oxygen under a pressure of 22 mm. Hg./l -03 atmospheres absolute, at a flow-rate of 1 to 4 litres per minute, indicates that leakage of cerebrospinal fluid is stopped, bacterial growth is inhibited and granulation and epithelium formation are stimulated. When this procedure is applied to infected and leaking meningomycelocele in the newborn it facilitates the preparation of the infant for primary surgery. RESUME Traitement du meningomyelocele par oxygene hyperbare Une etude preliminaire des effets de l' exposition du meningomyelocele infectea de l' oxygenne pur humidifie sous une pression de 22 mm. de mercure (pression absolue de 1,03 atmosphere) a raison de 1 a 4 litres par minute montre que la fuite du LCR est arretee, que la croissance bacterienne est inhibee, que la granulation et la formation epitheliale sont stimulees. Quand cette technique est appliquee a un meningomyelocele infecte et perdant du liquide, chez le nouveau-ne, elle facilite la preparation a une chirurgie rapide. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Behandlung der Meningomyelocele mit Sauerstoff im Uberdruck Eine vorlaufige Studie uber den Einflus von angefeuchtetem reinen Sauerstoff unter einem Druck von 22 mm. Hg./l,03 absolute Atmospharen bei einer FluBgeschwindigkeit von 1 bis 4 Litem pro Minute auf infizierte Meningomyelocelen zeigt, das der Austritt der cerebrospinalen Fluestoppt, das Bakterienwachstum verhindert und die Granulation und die Epithelisierung gefordert werden. Wenn dieses Vorgehen bei infizierten und offenen Meningomyelocelen des Neugeborenen angewandt wird, erleichtert es die Vorbereitung des Kindes auf die primare Operation. RESUMEN Tratamiento del Mielomeningocele con oxigeno hiperbaro Un estudio preliminar del efecto conseguido con la exposition del mielomeningocele infectado a oxigeno humidificado a 22 mm. Hg./1,03 atmosferas absolutas de presion y a razon de 1–4 litros por minuto, indica que se detiene la perdida de l.c.r., se inhibe el creci-miento bacteriano y se estimula la formacion de tejido de granulacion y epitelio. Su aplicacion en el meningocele infectado y con perdida de l.c.r. del recien nacido, facilita la preparation del nino para el acto quinirgico.
In Situ Characterization of Mn(II) Oxidation by Spores of the Marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1

Abstract Microbial oxidation of Mn(II) and subsequent precipitation of insoluble, reactive Mn(IV) oxides are primary sources of these solid phases in the environment and key controls on Mn cycling in natural waters. We have performed in situ x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopic measurements of Mn(II) oxidation by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1 to characterize the intermediates and products of the oxidation reactions. Mn(IV)-oxides resembling δ-MnO2 were observed to form at a rapid rate (within 14 min of reaction onset). Mn(III) intermediates did not occur above detection limit (5 to 10% of total Mn), even though Mn(III)/(II,III) oxides (MnOOH or Mn3O4) should have been more stable than MnO2 under the conditions of the experiments. These results suggest that Mn(IV) is the primary product of bacterial Mn(II) oxidation by Bacillus strain SG-1. Given that SG-1 is a good model for Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria, these findings help to explain the predominance of Mn(IV)-oxides in aquatic environments.
An Exemplar of the Use of NNN Language in Developing Evidence‐Based Practice Guidelines

PURPOSE. To explore the use of standardized language, NNN, in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). DATA SOURCES. Published research and texts on family interventions, nursing diagnoses (NANDA-I), nursing interventions (NIC), and nursing outcomes (NOC). DATA ANALYSIS. Research literature was summarized and synthesized to determine levels of evidence for the NIC intervention Family Integrity Promotion. CONCLUSIONS. The authors advocate that a “standards of practice” category of levels of evidence be adopted for interventions not amenable to randomized controlled trials or for which a body of research has not been developed. Priorities for nursing family intervention research are identified. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. The use of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes (NNN language) as research frameworks will facilitate the development of EBP guidelines and the use of appropriate outcome measures.
Liver regeneration in rats treated with the antiandrogen flutamide.

Previous studies have shown that male rat liver undergoes demasculinization during hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy. In the present study the effect of the antiandrogen flutamide on liver regeneration was assessed. Adult male Wistar rats were treated with flutamide (2 mglratl day or 5 mglratlday subcutaneously) or vehicle for 3 days prior to and daily after partial hepatectomy. Rates of DNA and poly amine synthesis were assessed by measuring thymidine kinase and ornithine decarboxylase activities, respectively. The rate of liver growth after partial hepatectomy in the three groups was similar at all time points examined. The increases in thymidine kinase activity and ornithine decarboxylase activity after partial hepatectomy were comparable throughout the study. Thus, administration of flutamide did not influence the regenerative response after partial hepatectomy
The Sundt Clip Graft

Background The Sundt clip graft is a vessel-encircling clip that can be used to repair a significant dehiscence or tear in an intracerebral vessel wall during urgent situations. Objective This article analyzes the use of the Sundt clip in a variety of acute intraoperative situations. Methods Under institutional review board (IRB) approval, a retrospective review of surgical records from 1988 to 2008 was conducted to identify patients in whom the clip graft was used. These patients' medical records and radiographic imaging studies were reviewed and analyzed. Results Seventeen patients were identified. A variety of vascular wall dehiscences were treated, including 9 with carotid aneurysm blisters. Other vessels repaired included the anterior choroidal artery (ACA), posterior communicating artery (PCA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Most were repaired with a 5-to 6-mm clip graft in varying lengths. Postoperative angiography was performed in 16 patients. In 14 patients, the vessel was preserved with a patency of 80% or greater. One patient had a 50% stenosis, and in another the vessel was occluded. The neurologic outcome was related to the underlying pathology and clinical presentation. Overall, 13 patients recovered with a Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) of 5. Three patients did poorly, with a GOS of 3, and 1 patient died related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) vasospasm. Conclusion Neurosurgeons should remember that the Sundt clip graft may be used in emergent situations in which a vascular tear or blister is encountered and the vessel cannot be repaired with suturing or other techniques, including standard encircling aneurysm clips.
Direct and indirect antagonism between Paryphostomum segregatum and Echinostoma paraensei in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata.

Antagonism between the Brazilian parasites Paryphostomum segregatum Dietz and Echinostoma paraensei Lie and Basch was studied in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). Snails harbouring E. paraensei were easily super-infected with P. segregatum. Developing P. segregatum rediae killed and ate E. paraensei larvae, eventually clearing the snails of the second parasite except for metacercariae formed in the viscera. The indirect antagonism exerted by E. paraensei upon the invading P. segregatum larvae delayed their development. Double infections were readily obtained by simultaneous exposure of the snails to both parasites, but E. paraensei larvae developed in the ventricle for a limited period only. When E. paraensei were superimposed upon P. segregatum, double infections developed only in snails whose second exposure was within 8 days and E. paraensei larvae then developed in the heart for a limited period only.
Comparative Mapping of Distal Murine Chromosome 11 and Human 17q21.3 in a Region Containing a Modifying Locus for Murine Plasma von Willebrand Factor Level

Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inherited disorder characterized by mild to moderate bleeding and reduced levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF). An animal model for human type 1 VWD, the RIIIS/J mouse strain, exhibits a prolonged bleeding time and reduced plasma VWF levels. We have previously mapped the defect in RIIIS/J to distal mouse Chr 11, distinct from the Vwf locus on Chr 6. This locus, Mvwf, was localized to an approximately 0.5-cM interval, tightly linked to Gip, distal to Ngfr, and proximal to Hoxb. We have now used these genetic markers to construct a contig of yeast and bacterial artificial chromosomes and bacteriophage P1 clones spanning the approximately 300-kb Mvwf nonrecombinant interval. In a comparative mapping approach, mouse homologues of mapped human expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were localized relative to the candidate interval. Twenty-one sequence-tagged sites and ESTs from the corresponding human syntenic region 17q21.3 were ordered using the high-resolution Stanford TNG3 radiation hybrid panel. Based on the resulting radiation hybrid map and our mouse genetic and physical maps, the order of human and mouse genes in a >0.7-cM region appears to be conserved. Six genes localized to the Mvwf nonrecombinant interval by comparative mapping included orthologs of GNGT2, ATP6N1, and a nuclear domain protein. Seven other genes or ESTs were excluded from the candidate interval, including orthologs of PHB, PDK2, a speckle-type protein, and a UDP-galactose transporter. Using exon trapping, 10 additional putative expressed sequences were identified within the Mvwf nonrecombinant interval, including a previously cloned murine glycosyltransferase as well as exons showing sequence similarity to genes for Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae predicted proteins, an Arabidopsis thaliana ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and a Gallus gallus mRNA zipcode-binding protein. Further characterization of these putative genes could identify the dominant mutation responsible for low plasma VWF levels in RIIIS/J mice. These data may also aid in the localization of other disease loci mapped to this region, including the gene for tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and a murine locus for susceptibility to ozone-induced acute lung injury.
Using high-probability request sequences to increase social interactions in young children with autism.

We investigated the effects of an intervention using high-probability request sequences with embedded peer modeling to increase social interactions of children with autism in a classroom. The effects of the intervention on compliant responding to social requests and social behaviors were monitored using a single-subject multiple baseline design across children. Additionally, social validity regarding the intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes was measured by relevant consumers. The results of this study indicate that all three children's compliant responding to low-probability requests and social behaviors increased with the intervention and were maintained. Furthermore, the target children's social behaviors generalized to untrained peers and nontraining settings. The social validity results indicated a high level of consumer acceptability and usability among relevant consumers.
A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time

We confirm that the latency of the P300 component of the human event-related potential is determined by processes involved in stimulus evaluation and categorization and is relatively independent of response selection and execution. Stimulus discriminability and stimulus-response compatibility were manipulated independently in an "additive-factors" design. Choice reaction time and P300 latency were obtained simultaneously for each trial. Although reaction time was affected by both discriminability and stimulus-response compatibility, P300 latency was affected only by stimulus discriminability.
Effect of Temperature on Permeation of Low Density Lipoprotein Particles through Human Carotid Artery Tissues

Quantification of the diffusion of small molecules and large lipid transporting lipoproteins across arterial tissues could be useful in elucidating the mechanism(s) of atherosclerosis. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was used to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of glucose and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in human carotid endarterectomy tissue in vitro. The permeability rate for glucose was calculated to be (3.51 ± 0.27) ×10−5 cm/sec (n=13) at 20°C, and (3.70 ± 0.44) ×10−5 cm/sec (n=5) at 37°C; for LDL the rate was (2.42 ± 0.33) ×10−5 cm/sec (n=5) at 20°C and (4.77 ± 0.48) ×10−5 cm/sec (n=7) at 37°C, where n is the number of samples. These results demonstrate that temperature does not significantly influence permeation of small molecules (e.g. glucose), however, raising the temperature does significantly increase the permeation of LDL. These results provide new information about the capacity of an atherogenic lipoprotein to traverse the intimal layer of the artery. These results also demonstrate the potential of OCT for elucidating the dynamics of lipoprotein perfusion across the arterial wall. Sample OCT Signal Slope graph recorded during a glucose diffusion experiment at 37°C Ghosn et. al.: Using OCT to quantify effect of temperature on permeation through arterial tissues
Evolution of Wear in a Two-Dimensional Bushing

A model for the evolution of wear for the shaft and bushing for a simple two-dimensional bushing system was developed under the assumptions of uniform contact pressure and constant applied load. A simple laboratory apparatus was constructed to test the model. Two experiments were run; one showed wear on the shaft only and the other showed wear on the bushing only. The results showed the predicted linear progression of wear.
Role of Prolyl Hydroxylation in Oncogenically Stabilized Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α

Stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) protein is essential for its role as a regulator of gene expression under low oxygen conditions. Here, employing a novel hydroxylation-specific antibody, we directly show that proline 564 of HIF-1α and proline 531 of HIF-2α are hydroxylated under normoxia. Importantly, HIF-1α Pro-564 and HIF-2α Pro-531 hydroxylation is diminished with the treatment of hypoxia, cobalt chloride, desferrioxamine, or dimethyloxalyglycine, regardless of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Furthermore, in VHL-deficient cells, HIF-1α Pro-564 and HIF-2α Pro-531 had detectable amounts of hydroxylation following transition to hypoxia, indicating that the post-translational modification is not reversible. The introduction of v-Src or RasV12 oncogenes resulted in the stabilization of normoxic HIF-1α and the loss of hydroxylated Pro-564, demonstrating that oncogene-induced stabilization of HIF-1α is signaled through the inhibition of prolyl hydroxylation. Conversely, a constitutively active Akt oncogene stabilized HIF-1α under normoxia independently of prolyl hydroxylation, suggesting an alternative mechanism for HIF-1α stabilization. Thus, these results indicate distinct pathways for HIF-1α stabilization by different oncogenes. More importantly, these findings link oncogenesis with normoxic HIF-1α expression through prolyl hydroxylation.
Effects of Changes in the Zooplankton Assemblage on Growth of Bloater and Implications for Recruitment Success

Abstract Historical variation in the abundance of bloater Coregonus hoyi in Lake Michigan may have involved a link between growth rates of juvenile bloaters and the species and size distributions of zooplankton. These distributions have varied dramatically in response to fluctuations in abundance of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Bloater recruitment was poor from the mid1960s to the mid-1970s. If bloater growth rates were reduced when large zooplankton were rare, as in the mid-1960s, juvenile bloaters would have been exposed to size-dependent mortality sources longer and, hence, would have experienced poor survival. Two sets of experiments were used to test this hypothesis. First, we investigated changes in prey size selectivity during the ontogeny of bloater. Our experiments showed that the size of prey that elicited significant positive selectivities increased from 0.3 mm in 20-mm bloaters to 2.3 mm in 100-mm bloaters. These results were then used to predict the outcome of 30-d growth experiments involvi...
Satellite repositioned to monitor South American region

The NOAA geostationary operational environmental satellite GOES-10 has been repositioned to provide coverage of atmospheric conditions in South America, the agency announced on 10 April. In its new position, the satellite will provide coverage of the region around South America nearly to the South Pole, imaging it once every 15 minutes. Further, coverage will no longer be interrupted during hurricanes and other severe weather events in the United States. Continual satellite coverage of the region should provide better advanced warning of natural disasters, such as storms, cyclones, mudslides, and flooding. Shifting the satellite was part of the U.S. contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS),a global monitoring network.
Regulation of obese (ob) mRNA and Plasma Leptin Levels in Rhesus Monkeys EFFECTS OF INSULIN, BODY WEIGHT, AND NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS

We have cloned the rhesus monkey obese cDNA and have analyzed its expression in monkeys with a wide range of body weights (lean to very obese) and with or without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to examine the relationship of ob gene expression to obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The sequence of monkey ob protein, excluding the signal peptide, showed 91% identity with the human protein. We observed a significant correlation between the level of ob mRNA and body weight. We also found a significant relationship between ob mRNA and fasting plasma insulin concentration; however, insulin stimulation during a 100-140-min euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp did not result in any changes in ob mRNA levels. Circulating levels of the ob gene product leptin were also significantly correlated with body weight. These results show that ob gene expression is related to body weight and is not acutely regulated by insulin.
An Integrated System for Conducting Radiological Surveys of Contaminated Sites

This paper describes an integrated detection system that has been developed to conduct radiological surveys of sites suspected of contamination of materials such as depleted uranium. This system utilizes cerium activated lanthanum bromide and thallium activated sodium iodide gamma detectors and can be easily adapted to include units for detecting neutrons. The detection system includes software controlling the collection of radiological spectra and GPS data. Two different platforms are described for conducting surveys, a modified zero turn radius (ZTR) mower and a three-wheeled cart that is manually pushed. The detection system software controlling data collection has components that facilitate completing a gridless survey on user specified spacings. Another package confirms that all data quality activities (calibrations, etc.) are conducted prior to beginning the survey and also reviews data to identify areas that have been missed for which data quality falls below user designated parameters. Advanced digital signal processing algorithms are used to enhance the interpretation of spectra for conducting background subtractions and for mapping. Data from radiation detection instruments and GPS antennae are merged and made compatible with mapping using Geosoft Oasis montaj software. A summary of system performance during field-testing is included in the paper. This includes survey rate, detection limits, duty cycle, supporting ancillary equipment/material, and manpower requirements. The rate of false positives and false negatives is discussed with the benefits of surveys conducted using synergetic detection systems such as electromagnetic induction imaging.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Dynamic Temperature Profiles for a Uniformly Illuminated Planar Surface

Electromagnetic heating of an infinite half space is analyzed to determine temperature distributions for constant conductivity. Both steady state and transient profiles are presented.
Explosion dust particle size measurements.

In situ measurements of the sizes and concentrations of dust particles generated by the detonation of high explosives in clay soil near Leesville, La., sandy clay soil near Huntsville, Ala., and sandy soils near Orogrande, N.M. are reported. Measurements were generally made within 1 m of the surface (in one case 10 m) at distances ranging from 10 to ~50 m from the detonation point with a combination of Knollenberg light-scattering counters (for particles with equivalent radius in the submicron to 15-μm range) and a Knollenberg optical array probe (for particles of 10–150 μm). Measurements were made for periods of several tens of seconds following detonation. All dust size distributions, irrespective of soil or explosive type, exhibit a bimodal character with mass mean radii of ~7 and 70 μm. Peak aerosol mass loadings inferred from the distributions have values ranging from 0.05 to 10 g gm−3 with the larger mode of particles contributing most to the mass loading. Predictions of dust extinction coefficients at visible (0.55-μm) and IR (10.4-μm) wavelengths were made using the measured size distributions together with estimates of dust refractive indices. These predictions suggest that extinction should be nearly neutral (wavelength independent) in agreement with transmission measurements made during some of the tests. Predicted mass extinction coefficients, under the assumption of dust material density of 2.5 g cm−3, are of the order of 0.05 m2 g−1 at both visible and IR wavelengths. This value is also in good agreement with a test-averaged measured value of 0.03 m3 g−1 (at λ = 10.6 μm) obtained using a short path transmissometer and hi-vol sampler.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the guinea pig cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger.

Abstract The cDNA of the guinea pig cardiac Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger was cloned from a λZAP cDNA library. The deduced sequence of the protein corresponds to 970 amino acids and is 98% identical to the canine cardiac exchanger. The leader peptide region shows substantial variation among species. The cloned cDNA can induce Na + -Ca 2+ exchange activity when in vitro transcribed cRNA is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Planar Quasi-Optical Circuit Technology

Recent advances in planar integrated circuit configurations implementing the quasi-optical concepts and functions accompanied by several groups in the U. S. are summarized. As the frequency of operation is increased toward millimeter-waves and beyond, new circuit configurations are needed to meet a specific challenge. After a brief historical review of quasi-optical mixers, more recent efforts in developing the active quasi-optical planar integrated circuits and components are described. This circuit configuration can exploit the maximum capability of active devices which exhibits ever decreasing performance as the frequency is increased. Simplicity of the circuit and greater flexibility of design can make this technology attractive also at lower microwave frequencies where cost effectiveness is often more emphasized rather than overall performance. Examples include quasi-optical oscillators, power combiners and second harmonic generators.
The response to phytohemagglutinin or to concanavalin A as a probe for subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Subtotal killing of human peripheral blood lymphocytes responsive to PHA leaves a residual population which will respond ten times as vigorously to Con A as to PHA. By contrast, after subtotal killing of Con A-responsive cells, there is no relative enhancement of the response to PHA. This is interpreted as being suggestive of two populations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: one responsive to either PHA or Con A, and the other principally responsive to Con A alone.
Multiple Myeloma Presenting in the Lacrimal Sac

Purpose To report an unusual case of multiple myeloma presenting with bilateral tearing secondary to lacrimal sac involvement. Design Observational single case report. Methods An 83-year-old woman presented with bilateral tearing secondary to infiltrative lesions of the lacrimal sacs. A biopsy was performed; findings confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Results The lacrimal sac fossa lesions responded to chemotherapy and local radiation. The patient subsequently developed multiple systemic recurrences, ultimately leading to her death. Conclusions Multiple myeloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of lacrimal sac lesions.