cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"If business and the Country will be run right:" The business challenge to the liberal consensus, 1945-1964

“‘If Business and the Country Will Be Run Right:’ The Business Challenge to the Liberal Consensus, 1945–1964,” by Kim Phillips-Fein, looks at the mobilization of conservative businessmen against the liberal political economy that emerged from the New Deal and the Second World War. These businessmen were sharply critical of the expanded federal government and strong labor unions throughout the postwar period. They sought to challenge the liberal economic order by helping to build think tanks critical of liberalism, by fighting labor unions, and ultimately by participating in political activities like the right-to-work campaigns of 1958, the gubernatorial bid of William F. Knowland in California that same year, and the presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. By demonstrating the development of a network of conservative businessmen during this period, the article challenges the idea that “consensus” is the appropriate framework for thinking about postwar political economy. It also suggests the centrality of issues of political economy in the rise of conservatism in the postwar United States.
Self-consistent calculation of temperature profiles in proton-implanted top-surface-emitting diode lasers

A new self-consistent thermal electrical model of proton-implanted top-surface-emitting lasers is applied to study thermal properties of GaAs/AlGaAs/AlAs devices with the active-region diameter of 35 micrometers . The results show that intense heating occurs at pumping currents exceeding 4 times threshold. Minimization of electrical series resistance is shown to be very important for improving the device performance. However, due to p-side up mounting, calculated thermal resistance remains relatively large even when electrical series resistance is very small.
Sinuous instability of a planar air jet: propagation parameters and acoustic excitation

The sinuous instability wave of a planar air jet is excited by localized acoustic flow across the nozzle. Phase velocity and the growth exponent are found from synchronous hot-wire measurements made beyond the excited region, where the profile is approximately sech-squared. In the observed range of scaled radian frequency, 0.02-1.33 (the stability limit), results agree with real-frequency (spatially growing) analysis but not with complex-frequency (temporally growing) analysis. The latter predicts smaller phase velocity at low frequencies and has been questioned in edgetone analysis. In further tests, the acoustic driving signal is made independent of downstream distance, as in an organ pipe. The jet deflection is then the sum of acoustic convection and of the instability wave, summing to zero at the nozzle, as proposed by Fletcher, Elder, and others. The instability-wave theory applies to linear behavior in the inviscid limit and therefore to a hypothetical nonspreading jet. The local velocity profile width must be considered in relating to a physical jet. In a flue organ pipe oscillating at equilibrium amplitude the stability-wave theory is not applicable near the lip, where the laminar flow assumed in the theory disappears and the jet deflection exceeds the range of linear behavior. Direct sound generation by the jet is investigated briefly.
The metabolism of [14C] cymoxanil in the rat

A rat, given a single oral dose of [14C] cymoxanil, 1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyimino-[2-14C]-acetyl)-3-ethylurea, eliminated 91% of the radioactivity within 72 h. The urine contained 71%, the faeces 11%, and the expired air about 7% of the radiolabel; no 14C residue was found in the internal organs. Greater than 70% of the radioactivity in the urine was identified. The major metabolite was characterised as glycine, both free and conjugated, as hippuric acid and phenylaceturic acid [N-(phenylacetyl)-glycine], and probably in the form of polypeptides of low molecular weight. The other metabolites identified included 2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetic acid, 2-cyano-2-hydroxyiminoacetic acid and 1-ethylimidazolidine-2, 4, 5-trione. The minor metabolites included succinic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid which indicated reincorporation of metabolic 14C. Cymoxanil, as such, was not detected in the urine.
A qualitative and quantitative light microscopic study of the inferior olivary complex of normal, reeler, and weaver mutant mice

In the normal mouse (+/+; +/rl) cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are aligned in a monolayer and provide the main targets for incoming olivocerebellar climbing fibers (CF). In the neurological mutants, homozygous reeler (rl/rl), homozygous weaver (wv/wv) and heterozygous weaver (wv/+), cerebellar abnormalities exist in which many PCs are either missing or displaced. Therefore, it is of interest of determine if the inferior olivary complex (IO) in these mutants is also abnormal. This report concerns results obtained from a light microscopic study of the inferior olivary complex. Counts of IO cells revealed apparent differences in the IO in homozygous reeler when compared to normal littermates. Whereas in the normal mouse there are approximately 37,000 IO cells and clearly defined olivary subdivisions, the IO of the homozygous reeler has a 22.6% reduction in IO cells (mean = 28,770) and indistinct borders between the major olivary subdivisions. With regard to the heterozygous and homozygous weaver, surprisingly the IO morphology and cell numbers are similar to that of the wildtype mouse even though the animals have only 86% (wv/+, mean = 158,155) and 72% (wv/wv, mean = 131,882), respectively, of the normal numbers of PCs (+/+, mean = 183,857). Purkinje cell counts revealed that the midline vermal region is the most affected area in the cerebellum in wv/+ and wv/wv whereas counts in the lateral hemisphere are near normal. The PC/IO ratio in the homozygous weaver is approximately 3:1 as compared to 5:1 in the wildtype mouse. Recent electrophysiological findings in wv/wv indicate that PCs are multiply innervated by CFs. Since a transient phase of multiple innervation is normal in the immature rat, the situation in the adult homozygous weaver may represent a retention of this immature state. A factor which may play a role in this is the loss of parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses resulting from massive postnatal granule cell death. An hypothesis suggesting an intrinsic PC time-dependent mutant gene effect is presented to account for the differences in the loss of Purkinje cells between wv/wv and wv/+ and between different regions of the cerebellum.
CH3O(X̄ 2E) production from 266 nm photolysis of methyl nitrite and reaction with NO

Abstract The CH3O( X 2E) radical produced by the 266 nm photolysis of CH3ONO is characterized by laser-induced fluorescence. Using a flowing gas cell the reaction rate of CH3O( X 2E) with NO is measured to be (2.08 ± 0.12) × 10−11 cm3 s−1 molecule−1 based upon disappearance of CH3O and appearance of HNO detected by laser induced fluorescence. Upper limits for CH3O reactions with CH4, CO, N2O, NH3, CH3OH, (CH3)3CH and CH2CHCH2CH3 are reported. These reactions are all too slow to measure under our experimental conditions.
Evaluation of plasma polymers of silanes as adhesion promoters for organic paint

Abstract Plasma-polymerized coatings were prepared in a bell-jar-type reactor equipped with a magnetron system behind parallel aluminum electrodes using an a.c. source of frequency 10 kHz. Tetramethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane and hexamethyldisilane were used as monomers. Alkyd paint was coated on titanium plates onto which plasma polymer films had been deposited, to investigate the characteristics of the plasma-deposited films as adhesion promoters. The relationship between the adhesion strength for the paint and the conditions for the plasma polymerization was studied. The properties of the plasma polymers are dependent on the conditions of plasma polymerization manifested by two domains, namely the energy-deficient and the monomer-deficient regions. In the energy-deficient region, the differences due to the monomer structure can be clearly observed; however, in this region the adhesion of the plasma polymer film to the substrate metal is poor, and the plasma polymer does not serve as a good primer for the paint. In the monomer-deficient region (for this study a power input per unit mass of starting material of W/FM ⩾ 1.7 × 109 J kg-1) improved adhesion of the paint is obtained; however, in this region the difference due to the monomer structure is found to be minimal.
Stress as a Possible Cause of Heart Disease

I am treating here a fashionable subject; the journalists would call it one of the "hottest" subjects in the field of medicine. Certainly we need to be able to properly evaluate what we do know for a fact, what is probably true in the light of what we do know, and what is purely speculative and about which we need further information and some hard facts. It will not be easy to do this since this is, even for those of us who are investigators and observers of the general cardiac scene, a highly charged subject emotionally. One thing, at least, we can accept as certain is that emotional factors will determine the comfort, or lack of it, in a patient with established heart disease, especially angina pectoris and hypertension. The presence or absence of emotional disturbances will often determine the nature and extent of the patient's complaints. From the time Heberden called the attention of the world to the influence of anger on angina pectoris in his original monograph, we have been able to confirm his observations millions of times. Let us therefore quickly leave this aspect of the question behind. Let us take it·for granted that stress-whatever that is-will a1Ject the course of a patient who already has something wrong with his heart. Let us narrow our field of inquiry a bit. Is it true that "stress" can initiate heart disease and is it an important etiological agent? Narrowing the discussion still further, let us focus on coronary disease, first because this is a subdivision of heart disease with which I am better acquainted than any other and secondly, because anything concerned with coronary disease is really "hot," especially since atheroma is the leading killer in the United States today. On a recent occasion one of my colleagues has said: "Certainly emotional stress is one of the main factors in the development of atherosclerosis, particularly coronary atherosclerosis . .." If we accept the theory-as I
On the relation between onset of bubble nucleation and gas supersaturation concentration

Abstract The time taken for gas bubbles to start forming on an electrode operating in a stagnant aqueous solution is driven by the dissolved gas mass-transfer near the electrode. This is the result of two processes that compete with one another. One adds dissolved gas molecules from the chemical reactions at the electrode surface and the other diffuses these molecules towards the bulk. Using this mechanism, a model is proposed that can predict the dissolved gas supersaturation concentration up to the onset of bubble nucleation at the electrodes (heterogeneous nucleation). Experimental measurement of the bubble onset nucleation time is incorporated within this model to calculate the critical supersaturation concentration for dissolved hydrogen and oxygen gas. The results show a strong link between the applied current density and the supersaturation concentration at the electrode surface. A relation was obtained that predict the onset of bubble nucleation showing an excellent agreement with the measurement.
Variational formulation of three‐dimensional viscous free‐surface flows: Natural imposition of surface tension boundary conditions

We present a new surface-intrinsic linear form for the treatment of normal and tangential surface tension boundary conditions in C0-geometry variational discretizations of viscous incompressible free-surface flows in three space dimensions. The new approach is illustrated by a finite (spectral) element unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis of the stability of a falling liquid film.
Ambivalent Attachments: The Hegemonic Politics of American Nationhood

Nationhood has always been characterized by ambivalence in terms of the content and contours of who belongs and how. As countries throughout the world confront the vagaries of globalization, political leaders and the public are struggling to negotiate a sense of belonging that reconciles the reality of global interconnectedness with the rhetoric of national particularism. For the US, this challenge is intensified by the need to reconcile a long-standing rhetoric of civic nationhood with the persistent (albeit malleable) reality of ethno-cultural exclusion. Resulting contradictions are particularly evident in the post-9/11 policies and rhetoric of political leaders and ethnic groups. This article uses these discourses to analyze contemporary nation-shaping politics in the US. Ambivalence is pervasive on the part of government officials and marginalized ethnic groups, but in a manner that ultimately confirms rather than rejects or transcends the hegemony of nationhood as a form of belonging. We're supportin...
Science Teacher Beliefs and Intentions Regarding the Use of Cooperative Learning

The use of cooperative learning is a recurring theme in recommendations for science education, and numerous studies have documented its effectiveness in the classroom. However, teachers' beliefs about using cooperative learning may play an important role in its ultimate implementation. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing K-12 teachers' intentions to use cooperative learning in their science instruction. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used in this study to assess the potential influence of three belief-based constructs: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control. Salient beliefs about cooperative learning were first identified, scales were developed to measure the theory constructs, and a random sample of K-12 teachers responded to the scales. Two constructs, attitude and perceived behavioral control, were found to be significant influences and accounted for 62% of the variance in the teachers' intent to use cooperative learning in their own science instruction. Specific suggestions for addressing beliefs about cooperative learning and professional development strategies are offered.
Property Modeling Across Transition Temperatures in Polymers: Application to Filled and Unfilled Polybutadiene

A new model was recently established describing the stiffness of polymers as a function of temperature. This polymer stiffness-temperature model was proven to be applicable to thermoplastics for the entire temperature range from the glassy state to the flow of the material. The present paper focuses on the potential application of the statistical stiffness-temperature model to an elastomer system. A new set of cryogenic DMA data for filled and unfilled Polybutadiene was established. The effects of molecular weight and carbon black content on the mechanical response of the elastomer were carefully studied. The polymer stiffness-temperature model was applied to the polybutadiene system and the effect of the various microstructures on the model inputs was investigated. Finally, conclusions were drawn on the applicability of the stiffness-temperature model to elastomer systems.
Adaptation of Actin Cytoskeleton during Suspended Animation

Confronted with limited oxygen, numerous organisms demonstrate evolutionarily conserved responses, arresting fundamental biological processes to achieve a physiological state termed suspended animation. An example of direct relevance to human biology and disease is the vertebrate zebrafish, Danio rerio. Physiologically active embryos with heartbeat, circulation, and a functional central nervous system arrest all of these dynamic processes, enter a state of suspended animation during anoxic exposure and then recover with normal developmental program upon return to normoxia. The same response occurs with inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation, indicating that inhibition of the mitochondrial production of ATP, rather than absence of molecular oxygen, is the proximate signal inducing suspended animation. Although this unique defense strategy has been extensively studied for more than a century, the biophysical mechanisms remain largely unknown. Our proteomic analysis during the first hour of anoxia implicated rapid regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.We have now discovered a rapid and reversible adaptation of actin cytoskeleton during anoxia. Using fluorescent labels that target monomeric and filamentous actin, we have quantified changes in the distribution of muscle fibers in somites, an increase in the abundance of monomeric actin in pronephric duct, and thickening of filamentous actin bundles at the cortex of keratinocytes. Consistent with these observations, we observe rapid arrest in growth of muscle fibers during anoxia and rapid recovery during normoxia. The time course of these events suggests that suspended animation requires rapid and dynamic adaptation of the existing cytoskeleton and our data suggest that this process may be critical to tissue preservation and survival.
Modeling transport of tau in an axon after a photobleaching experiment

Abstract The goal of this paper is to apply Laplace transform method to solving the problem of recovery of concentration of tau protein in an axon after a photobleaching experiment that is described in S. Konzack, E. Thies, A. Marx, E. Mandelkow, E. Mandelkow, Swimming against the tide: Mobility of the microtubule-associated protein tau in neurons, Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (2007) 9916-9927. The model accounts for two populations of tau molecules: those that are suspended in the cytoplasm, free to diffuse in the axon, and those that are bound to microtubules (MTs). The exchange of tau molecules between these two populations is modeled by first-order reactions. It is shown that governing equations for this model can be solved by Laplace transform method, although the last step of the solution, finding the inverse Laplace transform, has to be done numerically, which leads to a hybrid analytical and numerical solution technique. The numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is performed utilizing a method based on Fourier series expansion of the inverse transform.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Facilitates Staurosporine- and Heat Shock-induced Apoptosis PROTECTION BY LITHIUM

The potential role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in modulating apoptosis was examined in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Staurosporine treatment caused time- and concentration-dependent increases in the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 but not caspase-1, increased proteolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and induced morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta to levels 3.5 times that in control cells did not alter basal indices of apoptosis but potentiated staurosporine-induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, proteolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and morphological changes indicative of apoptosis. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by lithium attenuated the enhanced staurosporine-induced activation of caspase-3 in cells overexpressing glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. In cells subjected to heat shock, caspase-3 activity was more than three times greater in glycogen synthase kinase-3beta-transfected than control cells, and this potentiated response was inhibited by lithium treatment. Thus, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta facilitated apoptosis induced by two experimental paradigms. These findings indicate that glycogen synthase kinase-3beta may contribute to pro-apoptotic-signaling activity, that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta can contribute to anti-apoptotic-signaling mechanisms, and that the neuroprotective actions of lithium may be due in part to its inhibitory modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta.
Neural activity in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex during encoding is associated with the durability of episodic memory

Studies examining medial temporal lobe (MTL) involvement in memory formation typically assess memory performance after a single, short delay. Thus, the relationship between MTL encoding activity and memory durability over time remains poorly characterized. To explore this relationship, we scanned participants using high-resolution functional imaging of the MTL as they encoded object pairs; using the remember/know paradigm, we then assessed memory performance for studied items both 10 min and 1 week later. Encoding trials were classified as either subsequently recollected across both delays, transiently recollected (i.e., recollected at 10 min but not after 1 week), consistently familiar, or consistently forgotten. Activity in perirhinal cortex (PRC) and a hippocampal subfield comprising the dentate gyrus and CA fields 2 and 3 reflected successful encoding only when items were recollected consistently across both delays. Furthermore, in PRC, encoding activity for items that later were consistently recollected was significantly greater than that for transiently recollected and consistently familiar items. Parahippocampal cortex, in contrast, showed a subsequent memory effect during encoding of items that were recollected after 10 min, regardless of whether they also were recollected after 1 week. These data suggest that MTL subfields contribute uniquely to the formation of memories that endure over time, and highlight a role for PRC in supporting subsequent durable episodic recollection.
Ungulate relative abundance in hunted and non-hunted sites in Calakmul Forest (Southern Mexico)

The relative abundance of an ungulate community in hunted and non-hunted areas was studied in Calakmul, a tropical forest in southern Mexico that includes a 723,815 ha Biosphere Reserve where no hunting is allowed and communal lands where hunting activity does take place. Tapir, white-lipped peccary (WLP), collared peccary, two species of brocket deer and white-tailed deer were the focal species. Relative abundance of ungulates was obtained by counting tracks along transects in three hunted sites and in the southern core area of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, a enforced part of the protected area of 350,000 ha where no hunting has been-permitted since 1989. A total of 1708 ungulates tracks were obtained along 206.1 km (n = 90 transects) divided among the four sites. Relative abundance of the species was estimated from the track encounter rate (TER) calculated as the number of tracks per species encountered per km of transect. No significant differences in brocket deer and collared peccary TER was found among hunted and non-hunted areas. TER for WLP was significant higher in the non-hunted area, while TER for white-tailed deer and tapir was significant higher in hunted sites. Hunting activity affected the ungulate species in Calakmul differently. Brocket deer, white-tailed deer and collared peccary are more resistant species toward the hunting pressure than the WLP, who needs an immediate protection plan throughout Calakmul. Hunting areas are important habitat refuges for tapir populations and they should be protected in these areas.
Borders of disorder: in turbulent channel flow

A quantitative theory of the average features of turbulent flow in a channel is described without the introduction of empirical parameters. The qualitative problem consists of maximizing the dissipation rate of the mean flow subject to the Rayleigh condition that the mean flow has no inflections. The quantitative features result from a boundary stability study which determines a smallest scale of motion in the transport of momentum. The velocity fields satisfying these conditions, the averaged equations and the boundary conditions uniquely determine an entire mean velocity profile at all Reynolds numbers within ten per cent of the data. The maximizing condition for the reproducibility of averages emerges from the Navier-Stokes equations as a consequence of a novel definition of nonlinear instability. The smallest scale of motion results from a theory for a time-dependent re-stabilization of the boundary layer following a disruptive instability. Computer reassessment of the several asymptotic estimates of the critical boundary eigenstructure can establish the limits of validity of the quantitative results
The Occurrence of Nitrate Reductase in Leaves of Prunus Species

Nitrate reductase was found in leaves of apricot Prunus armeniaca, sour cherry P. cerasus, sweet cherry P. avium, and plum P. domestica, but not in peach P. persica, from trees grown in sand culture receiving a nitrate containing nutrient solution. Nitrate was found in the leaves of all species. Nitrate and nitrate reductase were found in leaves of field-grown apricot, sour cherry, and plum trees. The enzyme-extracting medium contained insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone, and including dithiothreitol or mercaptobenzothiazole did not improve enzyme recovery. Inclusion of cherry leaf extract diminished, and peach leaf extract abolished, recovery of nitrate reductase from oat tissue. Low molecular weight phenols liberated during extraction were probably responsible for inactivation of the enzyme. The enzyme from apricot was two to three times as active as from the other species. Both nicotine adenine diphosphopyridine nucleotide and flavin mononucleotide were effective electron donors. The enzyme was readily induced in apricot leaves by 10 mm nitrate supplied through the leaf petiole.
Localization of a Mg2+- or Ca2+-activated ("basic") ATPase in skeletal muscle.

Abstract A chicken pectoralis muscle membrane fraction enriched in a Mg2+- or Ca2+-activated (‘basic’) ATPase was obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Enzymatic properties of the ‘basic’ ATPase were determined and used to localize its enzymatic activity in situ by ultrastructural cytochemistry. The enzyme was activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+ but not by Sr2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Ni2+ or Pb2+. It was present in a membranous fraction with a buoyant density of 1.10-1.12 (24–27.5% ( w w ) sucrose). ‘Basic’ ATPase activity had a sedimentation pattern similar to the putative plasma membrane enzymes, 5′-nucleotidase and leucyl β-naphthylamidase, but different from that of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase. Also unlike sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, ‘basic’ ATPase was resistant to N-ethylmaleimide and aldehyde fixatives, was active in a medium containing a high Ca2+ concentration (3 mM), and was lost when exposed to Triton X-100 or deoxycholate. In cytochemical studies, a low Pb2+ concentration was used to capture the enzymatically released phosphate ions. Under conditions which eliminated interfering (Na+ + K+) ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase activities, electron-dense lead precipitates were present at the plasmalemma and T-system membranes. These studies suggest that ‘basic’ ATPase activity is associated with plasmalemma and T-system membranes of skeletal muscle.
Communication and behavior on a small psychiatric unit.

Summary Psychiatric institutions are social units and, as such, are subject to all of the interpersonal disturbances of other social systems. Whatever immunity to conflict and misunderstanding might be conferred by psychological sophistication is eroded by the uncertainty and anxiety resulting from work with psychiatric patients. Administrators of larger institutions have established safeguards which tend to prevent the build-up of tension. Well-trained, experienced supervisors participate in all aspects of the larger hospital's operations. They sense the beginnings of difficulty among staff members or between staff and patients. They act to abort the development of serious problems. The small private psychiatric unit has neither the medical nor the nursing supervisory staff to fulfill this function. When explosions do occur on a small unit, they are less spectacular because fewer patients and nurses are involved. For this very reason, less attention is paid to them and they can easily result in the development of an anti-therapeutic attitude and low staff morale. In this report, one area of nursing communications, namely the report to the succeeding shift, was shown to be one in which unfavorable attitudes are likely to be transmitted and prejudices created. A circular communications pattern enhances the danger of intensification of these attitudes. It is incumbent on the private psychiatrist who has patients in the small private psychiatric unit to consider the relationship of each shift of nurses to himself and to his patient. Further, he must give the members of each shift of nurses the opportunity to inform him of their special problems in dealing with his patients and, in turn, to tell them of his own problems in treating his patients and of his therapeutic program and its rationale.
Statins and Breast Cancer: Future Directions in Chemoprevention.

Given the high incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer, developing effective chemopreventive strategies is crucial. Clinicians must carefully identify both populations at risk who would benefit from chemoprevention, and interventions that are effective and safe. Tamoxifen and raloxifene, the 2 agents approved for breast cancer chemoprevention, and third generation aromatase inhibitors reduce only the incidence of hormone receptor-positive tumors. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) inhibitors, or statins, are well tolerated and approved for prevention of cardiovascular disease. In preclinical breast cancer models, statins carry potent anti-neoplastic activity. Results from epidemiological and clinical studies, however, are conflicting and have not identified a strong relationship between statin use and reduced breast cancer incidence. These studies have several limitations and were not designed to detect modest effects in high-risk populations. Additional focused epidemiological and translational studies in high-risk populations are needed to justify and guide definitive large prospective trials.
Effects of codon usage versus putative 5′-mRNA structure on the expression of Fusarium solani cutinase in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm

Matching the codon usage of recombinant genes to that of the expression host is a common strategy for increasing the expression of heterologous proteins in bacteria. However, while developing a cytoplasmic expression system for Fusarium solani cutinase in Escherichia coli, we found that altering codons to those preferred by E. coli led to significantly lower expression compared to the wild-type fungal gene, despite the presence of several rare E. coli codons in the fungal sequence. On the other hand, expression in the E. coli periplasm using a bacterial PhoA leader sequence resulted in high levels of expression for both the E. coli optimized and wild-type constructs. Sequence swapping experiments as well as calculations of predicted mRNA secondary structure provided support for the hypothesis that differential cytoplasmic expression of the E. coli optimized versus wild-type cutinase genes is due to differences in 5′ mRNA secondary structures. In particular, our results indicate that increased stability of 5′ mRNA secondary structures in the E. coli optimized transcript prevents efficient translation initiation in the absence of the phoA leader sequence. These results underscore the idea that potential 5′ mRNA secondary structures should be considered along with codon usage when designing a synthetic gene for high level expression in E. coli.
“Now Why do you Want to Know about That?” Heteronormativity, Sexism, and Racism in the Sexual (Mis)education of Latina Youth

Research has revealed that sex education policies are informed by national and local struggles over the meanings and consequences of gender, race, sexuality, and class categories. However, few studies have considered how policies are enacted in the classroom production of sex education to support or challenge gender, racial, sexual, and class hierarchies. This article draws on data obtained through semistructured in-depth interviews with 40 Latina youth (20 Mexican origin, 20 Puerto Rican) to explore how heteronormativity, sexism, and racism operate together to structure the content and delivery of school-based sex education. Findings suggest that some Latina youth encounter racialized heterogendered constructions and experiences that limit their access to sex-education-related information and reinforce existing inequalities.
Ability of Egr1 to Activate Tyrosine Hydroxylase Transcription in PC12 Cells: Cross-talk with AP-1 Factors

We have recently identified an Egr1 motif that overlaps with the Sp1 element in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter. Here we examine whether this motif has a functional role in the regulation of TH transcription in PC12 cells. In nuclear extracts from control PC12 cells, an oligonucleotide containing the TH Sp1/Egr1 motif binds Sp1-containing complexes. Treatment of PC12 cells with phorbol ester (2 micrometer 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)) gives rise to a new Egr1-containing complex. TPA treatment reduces the steady-state levels of the Sp1 protein and leads to the appearance of immunoreactive Egr1 protein within 30-60 min. Expression of the Egr1 protein in PC12 cells stimulates the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene placed under the control of the first 272 nucleotides of the rat TH promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of either the Sp1/Egr1 motif or of an upstream AP-1 motif or both abolishes the Egr1-mediated induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. An oligonucleotide encompassing the AP-1/E-box sequence of the rat TH promoter competes in electrophoretic mobility shift assays for binding of nuclear extracts from control and TPA-treated cells to an oligonucleotide containing the Sp1/Egr1 element, indicating that these two enhancers may interact. The results show that Egr1 can activate TH transcription and reveals cross-talk between Sp1/Egr1 and AP-1 factors.
Increase of Persistence and Toxicity of Parathion and Diazinon in Soils with Detergents

Addition of the detergents ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate) and LAS (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate) to insec-ticide-treated soils, increased the persistence of organo-phosphorous insecticidal residues. Parathion and diazinon were especially affected by these soil treatments. Two months after the insecticidal and detergent applications to a silt loam, 13 times more parathion and 5 times more diazinon residues were recovered from these soils as compared with those which had only been treated with the insecticides and were free of detergents. Treatment of soils with commercial formulations of parathion or diazinon, to which LAS had been added, also resulted in an increased persistence of these insecticides in a loam soil. Populations of microorganisms in soils increased due to the presence of ABS or LAS. Soils not treated with detergents showed an average count of 4.33 million bacteria per gram of dry soil, but in the presence of ABS or LAS the soils contained 56.7 million and 228 million, respectively. LAS applied topically to house flies, Musca domestica L., with parathion, diazinon, and dieldrin in a 1: 1 or 10:1 ratio did not affect the toxicity of these insecticides. How-ever, when LAS was mixed into soil treated with parathion or diazinon a synergistic effect on both insecticides was noticed. Increasing concentrations of LAS caused in creased toxicities to Drosophila melanogaster Meigen until an optimum was reached, when the insecticides and detergents were used in a 1:1 ratio. This was followed by a decrease in the toxicity of the insecticides as the LAS con-centration increased, resulting finally in a masking effect of the insecticidal activity through the presence of LAS at a concentration of 4600 ppm. With parathion and diazino, the optimum synergistic effects were achieved with LAS at 23 ppm. At this point the toxicities of parathion and diazinon were significantly increased by factors of 2.39 and 1.64, respectively.
Spin pumping efficiency in room temperature CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots

To understand and optimize optical spin initialization in room-temperature CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots (NCQDs), we studied the dependence of the time-resolved Faraday rotation signal on pump energy (Ep) in different sizes of NCQDs. The resulting spin-pumping efficiency (SPE) spectrum differs significantly from the absorption spectrum. In larger NCQDs, we observe two peaks in the SPE spectrum, whereas in smaller NCQDs, there is only one peak before a low, broad plateau. On the basis of our effective mass calculations, the Ep dependence of SPE arises from the competition between the heavy hole (hh), light hole (lh), and split-off (s.o.) band contributions to the optical transitions. At lower Ep, hh transitions dominate and give rise to the low-energy peaks. Because of the increasing contributions from the lh and s.o. bands which produce spin polarization in the opposite direction, SPE is reduced at higher Ep. The different number of peaks in larger and smaller NCQDs is attributed to size-dependence of the...
Sports gambling as consumption: Evidence from demand for sports lottery

Although the fact that sports lottery has become a prevalent phenomenon, it remains an under-researched area in sport management literature. Based on Conlisk's (1993) theory on the utility of gambling, an econometric model of demand for sports lottery gambling was constructed. The model assumes an experiential utility associated with sports lottery gambling, and proposes that rational consumers are mainly motivated by product attributes and marketing variables. The model is empirically examined by using a set of draw-to-draw sales data of a sports lottery in China. Time series analyses were conducted to analyze the determinants of sports lottery demand. This study revealed that ticket composition had considerable impact on the demand after partialling out information through the inclusion of an ex-post Prediction Difficulty Coefficient in the regression model. Eight percent of variance in the demand for sports lottery was found to be associated with ticket composition variables. The results provide additional evidence to the existing literature on sports gambling as consumption. The notion that nonmonetary activities associated with sports lottery gaming have a consumption value has considerable implications in terms of designing lottery products and delivering value to its consumers.
The calculation of carbonate ion concentration from total CO2 and titration alkalinity

Abstract A direct method involving a single iteration (a quadratic equation solved twice) is given for the calculation of carbonate ion concentration from total CO 2 and titration alkalinity. The simplified calculation should allow wider use of existing total CO 2 and titration alkalinity data.
Sampling and the politics of representation in US Census 2000

Counting of people in official censuses and other social surveys produces representations that are arguably of far greater political importance than the representations produced by voting. The recent controversy around the use of sampling methods in US Census 2000 illustrates some important political-geographical dimensions of our decisions regarding whether and how to be counted in surveys. The argument is intended both to illuminate political features of this very important source of geographical data and to encourage a more self-consciously political engagement with the statisitical surveys through which modern citizens more or less consciously contribute to the shaping of our own lives.
Comparison of trunk and spine deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background Cobb measurement of standing radiographs is the standard for clinical assessment of coronal spinal deformity. Angle of trunk inclination (ATI) is an accepted clinical measurement of trunk asymmetry, and has variable reported correlations with Cobb angles. Transverse plane spine deformity is most accurately measured using axial computed tomography. Aaro and Dahlbourn’s technique for quantifying apical vertebral rotation with respect to the sagittal plane (RAsag) is commonly reported in the literature. To our knowledge no study has correlated ATI with RAsag. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between commonly used measures of trunk and spine deformity.
Predictors of Contraceptive Use by Adolescent Mothers

This study examines the differences between adolescents who do versus those who do not use contraceptives after the birth of their first child. The sample consists of 89 low-income mothers in the state of Indiana. A discriminant function analysis is used to determine if the adolescents' home environment, financial resources, self-esteem, or future orientation discriminates between contracepting and noncontracepting adolescents. If the adolescent is not receiving financial support from a romantic partner, intends to have another child within the next year, and expects to be a single parent in one year, she is less likely to be using contraceptives.
The velocity of second sound near Tλ

Abstract The results of second sound velocity measurements made very near the lambda point with a new type of transducer are in substantial agreement with the hydrodynamic value.
Early and late outcomes of multiple coronary endarterectomy.

Abstract Objectives: Coronary endarterectomy has been shown to be an effective adjunctive technique of revascularization for diffuse coronary artery disease. However, outcomes of multiple coronary endarterectomy (MCE) have not been well investigated. We sought to examine early and late results of this technique. Methods: Between January 1992 and June 2006, 58 consecutive patients underwent coronary endarterectomy in more than one coronary artery territories, representing 6.5% of total coronary endarterectomy during the same period. Early and late outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The mean age was 64 years. Forty-one patients (70.7%) had coronary endarterectomy in the left anterior descending artery and right coronary artery territories; five (8.6%) in the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery territories; eight (13.8%) in the circumflex artery and right coronary artery territories; and four (6.9%) in the left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery, and right coronary artery territories. Operative mortality was 12.1% (7/58). The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 25.9% (15/58). The median length of hospital stay was seven days. Actuarial five- and 10-year survivals were 64% and 36%, respectively. Conclusions: MCE may be a reasonable option for revascularization of multiple diffuse coronary artery disease. However, early and late outcomes are relatively poor and the indication should be carefully considered.
Cloning, Sequencing, and Transcriptional Analysis of the Coenzyme F420-dependent Methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin Dehydrogenase Gene from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Strain Marburg and Functional Expression in Escherichia coli

Two methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenases have been purified from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain Marburg: one (MTD) is coenzyme F420-dependent and oxygen-stable (Mukhopadhyay, B., and Daniels, L.(1989) Can. J. Microbiol. 35, 499-507), and the other (MTH) is coenzyme F420-independent (or hydrogenase-type) and oxygen-sensitive (Zirngibl, C., Hedderich, R., and Thauer, R. K.(1990) FEBS Lett. 261, 112-116). Based on the NH 2-terminal sequence of MTD, a 36-mer oligonucleotide was designed and used to identify and clone a 6.1-kilobase pair EcoRI fragment of M. thermoautotrophicum DNA. Sequencing of this fragment revealed an 825-base pair (bp) MTD encoding gene (mtd), which was expressed in Escherichia coli yielding an enzyme that, like the native enzyme, was oxygen-stable, strictly dependent on coenzyme F420, thermostable, thermophilic, and exhibited maximum activity at an acidic pH. The amino acid sequence predicts that MTD is a hydrophobic and acidic protein with no identifiable homology to MTH (von Bunau, R., Zirngibl, C., Thauer, R. K., and Klein, A.(1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 1205-1208), but comparisons with coenzyme F420 utilizing enzymes revealed a conserved region at the NH2 terminus of MTD that could correspond to the ability to interact with coenzyme F420. The mtd transcript was ∼900 nucleotides long and initiated 8 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon and 22 bp downstream from an archaeal promoter sequence. The mtd coding sequence was followed by several poly(dT) sequences and an inverted repeat that could be transcription termination signals.
Hereditary normality versus countable tightness in countably compact spaces

Abstract A space X is said to be countably tight if, for each A ⊂ X and each point x in the closure of A , there is a countable subset B of A such that x is in the closure of B . We show that the statement, “every separable, compact, hereditarily normal space is countably tight” is independent of the usual axioms of set theory, and show that it is equivalent to “no version of γ N is hereditarily normal”, where γ N is a familiar type of space due to Franklin and Rajagopalan, and a number of other statements. We derive some consequences from the fact that PFA implies this statement, including the consistency of “every countably compact, hereditarily normal space is sequentially compact”.
Segmentation of moving observer frame sequences

This note presents a technique for the segmentation of dynamic scenes obtained using a moving camera. Using the motion of the observer the frame sequence is transformed into a polar frame sequence. It is shown that segmentation and extraction of motion information becomes computationally simpler in the Ego-Motion Polar (EMP) frame sequence.
Cooperativity in transcription factor binding to the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). The mixed lineage leukemia protein (MLL) activation domain binds to an allosteric site on the KIX domain.

The interactions between cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and gene-specific transcription factors play an important role in activation of transcription from numerous genes. Cooperative interactions between CBP and multiple transcriptional activators may provide a mechanism for synergistic increases in transcriptional activation. Here we report the characterization of ternary complexes formed by the KIX domain of CBP and the transactivation domain of the trithorax group protein mixed lineage leukemia protein (MLL), together with either the phosphorylated kinase-inducible domain (pKID) of CREB or the activation domain from c-Myb. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments show that KIX in complex with the MLL activation domain binds the c-Myb activation domain and pKID domain with 2-fold higher affinity than does the KIX domain alone. Thus, the activation domains of Myb and MLL or of pKID and MLL bind cooperatively to KIX. The thermodynamics of these interactions imply different mechanisms of binding cooperativity for the two ternary complexes; the KIX.MLL.pKID complex is stabilized by entropy increases, whereas the enhancement of Myb binding in the presence of the MLL activation domain is due to more favorable enthalpy. NMR experiments show that the MLL-binding site on KIX is distinct from the surface that binds the pKID and c-Myb activation domains. Our data indicate that KIX can directly mediate cooperative interactions between pairs of transcriptional regulatory proteins. In the case of MLL and c-Myb, both proteins are involved in proliferation of hematopoietic cells and leukemogenesis, and synergistic interactions mediated by CBP may play a functional role.