cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling defect production in silica glass due to energetic recoils using molecular dynamics simulations

Silica is one of the candidate materials for final focusing mirrors in inertial fusion reactors. These materials will be exposed to high irradiation fluxes during operation. Radiation damage results in point defects that can lead to obscuration, that is, degradation of the optical properties of these materials. A basic understanding of defect production and migration in these materials is, however, limited. In this paper we present molecular dynamics simulations of defect production in silica glass due to energetic recoils. We compute the oxygen deficient centers generated during irradiation at energies between 1 and 5 keV and identify the mechanisms for production and recombination at short time scales.
Clocks and oscillators in space

Clocks and oscillators have traditionally played an important role in space navigation and communication, as well as in space science and in tests of fundamental physical laws. Microwave clocks currently in use in space will be replaced by laser cooled clocks capable of significantly improved performance. Beyond this, lasers will play an important role as oscillators used for their spectral purity in interferometry based experiments, and will likely be used as the local oscillators for future optical clocks. In this paper a short review of the role of clocks and oscillators in space is presented, together with some future projections for laser based systems.
Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction: Which Test Is Best?

To the Editor. —In their letter, "Optimal Use of Blood Tests for Assessment of Thyroid Function," Becker et al1reassert the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines2,3that the principal diagnostic tests for thyroid dysfunction should be estimation of free thyroxine (FT4) and a sensitive thyrotropin assay (sTSH). However, published studies do not justify the conclusion that the sTSH is the bestinitialtest in all clinical situations. Most studies were conducted in the referral clinic setting, where patients with clinically obvious thyroid disease and patients with misleading thyroxine test results are concentrated. Others merely report the results of all assays performed by a hospital-based referral laboratory, with very little information about the clinical setting in which the tests were ordered. Still others compare the performance of the sTSH in patients who have conditions that are known to decrease the accuracy of other tests. The design of these
Congenital cataract causing mutants of αA-crystallin/sHSP form aggregates and aggresomes degraded through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Background Mutations of human αA-crystallin cause congenital cataract by protein aggregation. How mutations of αA-crystallin cause disease pathogenesis through protein aggregation is not well understood. To better understand the cellular events leading to protein aggregation, we transfected cataract causing mutants, R12C, R21L, R21W, R49C, R54C, R116C and R116H, of human αA-crystallin in HeLa cells and examined the formation of intracellular protein aggregates and aggresomes by confocal microscopy. Methodology/Principal Findings YFP-tagged human αA-wild-type (αA-wt) was sub-cloned and the mutants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The αA-wt and the mutants were individually transfected or co-transfected with CFP-tagged αA-wt or αB-wild-type (αB-wt) in HeLa cells. Overexpression of these mutants forms multiple small dispersed cytoplasmic aggregates as well as aggresomes. Co-expression of αB-wt with these mutants significantly inhibited protein aggregates where as co-expression with αA-wt enhanced protein aggregates which seems to be due to co-aggregation of the mutants with αA-wt. Aggresomes were validated by double immunofluorescence by co-localization of γ-tubulin, a centrosome marker protein with αA-crystallin. Furthermore, increased ubiquitination was detected in R21W, R116C and R116H as assessed by western blot analyses. Immunostaining with an ubiquitin antibody revealed that ubiquitin inclusions in the perinuclear regions were evident only in R116C transfected cells. Pulse chase assay, after cycloheximide treatment, suggested that R116C degraded faster than the wild-type control. Conclusions/Significance Mutants of αA-crystallin form aggregates and aggresomes. Co-expression of αA-wt with the mutants increased aggregates and co-expression of αB-wt with the mutants significantly decreased the aggregates. The mutant, R116C protein degraded faster than wild-type control and increased ubiquitination was evident in R116C expressing cells.
A subcutaneous polymeric opioid delivery system for the treatment of cancer pain

Abstract The optimal control of pain related to cancer requires the use of potent opioid analgesics. Despite significant efforts by the World Health Organization and other international agencies, oral morphine and other opioids remain largely unavailable to 80% of the world’s population. As more cancer cases are being diagnosed in the developing world than elsewhere, large numbers of patients worldwide suffer from cancer-related pain without reasonable therapeutic options. This manuscript describes a polymeric opioid delivery system designed to provide opioids subcutaneously at a continuous rate for 1–3 months alleviating concerns regarding compliance, misuse, diversion and costs. This approach to opioid administration could substantially impact the global treatment of patients with cancer pain.
The human drama behind the study of people as potato bugs : The curious marriage of Robert E. Park and Clara Cahill Park

Robert E. Park played a central part in defining sociology as a natural science. He imagined sociologists as unbiased and unaffected by the human behavior they studied. He particularly criticized t...
Knowledge base influences on judgments of frequency of occurrence

Abstract Chi and others have shown that a subject's knowledge base can have dramatic effects on cognitive tasks, sometimes reversing typical developmental differences. On the other hand, judgments of frequency-of-occurrence information have been shown to be immune to factors that typically affect memory. Kindergartners and adults judged frequency of well-known or unknown stimuli. Children were better able to judge frequency of occurrence of classmates than of famous adults (Experiment 1) or unknown children (Experiment 2). Similarly, adults were better able to judge frequency of occurrence of known adult faces than of unknown children (Experiment 1) or unknown adults (Experiment 3). The experiments reported here indicated that even an elementary process like frequency estimation is influenced by domain-specific knowledge of the stimuli.
Sensor spacing affects the tissue impedance spectra of rabbit ventricular epicardium

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a complex composite impedance spectra develops when stimulation and recording of cardiac muscle with sufficiently fine spatial resolution in a four-electrode configuration is used. With traditional (millimeter scale) separations, the ratio between the recorded interstitial central potential difference and total supplied interstitial current is constant at all frequencies. This occurs because the fraction of supplied current that redistributes to the intracellular compartment depends on effective membrane resistance between electrodes, which is low, to a much greater extent than effective membrane capacitance. The spectra should therefore change with finer separations at which effective membrane resistance increases, as supplied current will remain primarily interstitial at lower frequencies and redistribute between compartments at higher frequencies. To test this hypothesis, we built arrays with sensors separated (d) by 804 μm, 452 μm, and 252 μm; positioned those arrays across myocyte axes on rabbit ventricular epicardium; and resolved spectra in terms of resistivity (ρt) and reactivity (χt) over the 10 Hz to 4,000 Hz range. With all separations, we measured comparable spectra with predictions from passive membrane simulations that used a three-dimensional structural framework in which intracellular, interstitial, and membrane properties were prescribed based on the limited data available from the literature. At the finest separation, we found mean ρt at 100 Hz and 4,000 Hz that lowered from 395 Ω-cm to 236 Ω-cm, respectively, with maximal mean χt of 160 Ω-cm. This experimental confirmation of spectra development in whole heart experiments is important because such development is central to achieve measurements of intracellular and interstitial passive electrical properties in cardiac electrophysiological experiments using only interstitial access.
A New Perspective for Strengthening Teaching Skills: Pre‐Teacher Assessment

The Pre-Teacher Assessment Project assesses a sophomore education major on thirteen skill dimensions important for teaching. Students have opportunities to exhibit these dimensions during four simulation activities. Trained assessors conduct the simulations and evaluate these exercises. Follow-up modules are provided for students to remediate weak areas. The process is currently being validated. Pre-Teacher Assessment has the potential to benefit education majors, inservice teachers, and university faculty.
Thin films of a binary polymer mixture: calculations of the concentration profile for asymmetric walls

Abstract A numerical method for studying equilibrium behavior of thin films between symmetric and asymmetric walls using mean field theory is described. Calculated critical lengths for phase separation between symmetric walls increase as the effective wall composition deviates from the average concentration. Concentration profiles between asymmetric walls are presented.
Mutant Mos1 mariner transposons are hyperactive in Aedes aegypti.

Abstract The development of genetic strategies to control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases through the use of class II transposons has been hampered by suboptimal rates of transformation and the absence of post-integration mobility for all transposons evaluated to date. Two Mos1 mariner transposase mutants were produced by the site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids, E137 and E264, to K and R, respectively. The effects of these mutations on the transpositional activities of Mos1 -derived transposon constructs were evaluated by interplasmid transposition assays in Escherichia coli and Aedes aegypti . The transpositional activities of two Mos1 transposons, one with imperfect wild type inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and another that contained two perfectly matched 3′ ITRs, were increased when the mutant transposases were supplied in trans in E. coli . The use of the perfect repeat transposon with wild type transposase did not result in an increase in transposition frequency in Ae. aegypti . However, an improvement in the integrity of the transposition process did occur, as evidenced by a lower rate of recombination events in which the transgene was transferred. An increase in the transpositional activity of the perfect repeat transposon was observed in the mosquito in the presence of either mutant transposase, and in the case of the E264R transposase, the observed increase in transposition frequency was also accompanied by a further improvement in the integrity of transposition. We discuss the possible contributions of these mutant residues to the transposition of the perfect repeat Mos1 transposon, the implications of these results with respect to the molecular evolution of Mos1 , and the potential uses of the perfect repeat transposon and mutant transposases for the improvement of Mos1 mediated germ line transformation of Ae. aegypti .
Bioinformatics and digital libraries

The goal of this tutorial is to provide a basic introduction to bioinformatics and electronic biological data resources for the digital library community.
Stereotactic radiosurgery: adjacent tissue injury and response after high-dose single fraction radiation: Part I--Histology, imaging, and molecular events

Radiosurgery is now the preferred treatment modality for many intracranial disease processes. Although almost 50 years have passed since it was introduced as a tool to treat neurological disease, investigations into its effects on normal tissues of the central nervous system are still ongoing. The need for these continuing studies must be underscored. A fundamental understanding of the brain parenchymal response to radiosurgery would permit development of strategies that would enhance and potentiate the radiosurgical treatment effects on diseased tissue while mitigating injury to normal structures. To date, most studies on the response of the central nervous system to radiosurgery have been performed on brain tissue in the absence of pathological lesions, such as benign tumors or metastases. Although instructive, these investigations fail to emulate the majority of clinical scenarios that involve radiosurgical treatment of specific lesions surrounded by normal brain parenchyma. This article is the first in a two-part series that addresses the brain parenchyma's response to radiosurgery. This first article analyzes the histological, radiographic, and molecular data gathered regarding the brain parenchymal response to radiosurgery and aims to suggest future studies that could enhance our understanding of the topic. The second article in the series begins by discussing strategies for radiosurgical therapeutic enhancement. It concludes by focusing on strategies for mitigation and repair of radiation-induced brain injury.
Ectopic atrial rhythm with pre-excitation.

The patient was a 58-year-old man admitted to the West Side Veterans Administration Hospital in March, 1975, with a six-month history of congestive heart failure. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization revealed findings consistent with congestive cardiomyopathy. An electrocardiogram taken the day of admission (Fig 1) revealed sinus tachycardia (115 beats/min), a normal P-R interval (0.16 sec), narrow QRS
Inhibition of Lipid Signaling Enzyme Diacylglycerol Kinase ϵ Attenuates Mutant Huntingtin Toxicity

Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein huntingtin (Htt). Striatal and cortical neuronal loss are prominent features of this disease. No disease-modifying treatments have been discovered for HD. To identify new therapeutic targets in HD, we screened a kinase inhibitor library for molecules that block mutant Htt cellular toxicity in a mouse HD striatal cell model, Hdh111Q/111Q cells. We found that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor II (R59949) decreased caspase-3/7 activity after serum withdrawal in striatal Hdh111Q/111Q cells. In addition, R59949 decreased the accumulation of a 513-amino acid N-terminal Htt fragment processed by caspase-3 and blocked alterations in lipid metabolism during serum withdrawal. To identify the diacylglycerol kinase mediating this effect, we knocked down all four DGK isoforms expressed in the brain (β, γ, ϵ, and ζ) using siRNA. Only the knockdown of the family member, DGKϵ, blocked striatal Hdh111Q/111Q-mediated toxicity. We also investigated the significance of these findings in vivo. First, we found that reduced function of the Drosophila DGKϵ homolog significantly improves Htt-induced motor dysfunction in a fly model of HD. In addition, we find that the levels of DGKϵ are increased in the striatum of R6/2 HD transgenic mice when compared with littermate controls. Together, these findings indicate that increased levels of kinase DGKϵ contribute to HD pathogenesis and suggest that reducing its levels or activity is a potential therapy for HD.
Telomerase regulation in HTLV-I infection.

In this issue of Blood , Bellon and Nicot describe an elegant mechanism used by HTLV-I to up-regulate telomerase gene expression and function in the absence of the viral tax oncoprotein. Adult T-cell leukemia was first reported as an entity in Blood in 1977.[1][1] Three years later, Gallo et al
Efficient image partition algorithm based on edge information

The iterative algorithm presented in this paper partitions an image into piecewise-constant regions. Each iteration consists of three steps. The first step extracts edges from the image. The extracted edges, which must exhibit high connectivity, are computed using a Laplacian- like morphological edge detector in the first iteration and a simple gradient thresholding in subsequent iterations. After the first iteration, the edge detector operates on a piecewise- constant image for which the edge detection problem is well defined and well posed. In the second step, a fast one-pass averaging of connected pixels within closed boundaries defines the regions in the image. Finally, edge pixels (both true and spurious edge pixels) are each assigned to an underlying region. The advantages of this algorithm are: (1) both local and region-based information are incorporated, (2) convergence occurs in a few iterations, and (3) the component operations are relatively simple.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the interaction operator in the optical spectroscopies

The appropriate form for the interaction operator used to formulate electric‐dipole spectroscopies of any order is discussed within the gauge‐invariant formulation previously developed by K‐H. Yang [Ann. Phys. (NY) 101, 62 (1976)]. Both ‘‘active’’ (absorptive and emissive) and ‘‘passive’’ (coherent wave‐mixing) spectroscopies are examined. Though formally it is the ‘‘position’’ operator which is the correct one when describing radiation‐matter interaction in terms of the ‘‘dark’’ eigenstates of material, it is found that under certain limiting constraints the ‘‘momentum’’ operator leads to equivalent results. The demonstration proceeds without recourse to the commutation relation normally used to relate the position and momentum expressions for the spectroscopic parameters, and it applies to both active and passive spectroscopies at any order. However, for any of the multiply resonant (active or passive) spectroscopies, or for detailed line shape considerations in the active spectroscopies, damping effects must be introduced through the density matrix formalism. It appears that as long as damping is important, there are no circumstances under which the momentum operator expressions can match the correct, gauge‐invariant, position operator expressions for coupling the dark eigenstates. Finally, if the Hamiltonian defining the dark eigenstates is an approximate one, containing a nonlocal potential (such as a Hartree–Fock Hamiltonian), the momentum form of the interaction operator must be modified to include additional (well‐defined) terms before the equivalency with the position operator is established.
Research on Algorithms of Critical Path Searching and Time Optimization in Construction Projects

Because other consequential damages brought about by the construction delay can not be estimated, so the guarantee period or even ahead of schedule becomes particularly important. The critical path usually determines the progress of the construction. However, because of its own deficiencies, the traditional critical path algorithm cannot accurately describe the overlap between activity and interaction. So, in the paper, matrix method for critical path (CPMM) is designed for CP, and its rules and calculating process are described in detail. Through experiments, the effectiveness of CPMM is proved.
Fabrication and characterization of high-performance graphene-on-diamond devices

Owing to the extremely high intrinsic thermal conductivity of graphene, the thermal bottleneck in graphene devices, which are usually fabricated on Si/SiO 2 substrates, is the thermally resistive SiO 2 layer. In order to increase the breakdown current density and device reliability one can consider replacing SiO 2 with another dielectric, which has smaller thermal resistance at elevated temperatures. Here we report characteristics of the top-gate graphene field-effect transistors (G-FETs) fabricated on the ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) layers grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Si. We found that the graphene-on-diamond devices have increased breakdown current density by ∼50% compared to the reference devices fabricated on Si/SiO 2 and to the values reported in literature. Although UNCD/Si substrates are more thermally resistive at room temperature than Si wafers, they start to outperform Si at elevated temperatures close to the thermal breakdown point.
Vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of oxygen in liquid and crystalline argon and nitrogen

Low temperature ultraviolet absorption spectra of oxygen in liquid and solid media - argon and nitrogen
Uniqueness of the {Weinberg-Salam} Gauge Model

For SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) gauge theory, starting with an arbitrary left- and right-handed structure for quarks and leptons, as well as an arbitrary Higgs sector, we have shown that the various data on neutrino scattering off hadrons and leptons and the universality of charged-current interactions strongly suggest the uniqueness of the minimal Weinberg-Salam model. An extension of the analysis to the left-right-symmetric $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{L}(2)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{R}(2)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge theory is also presented.
Felt Obligation to Help Others as a Protective Factor Against Losses in Psychological Well-being Following Functional Decline in Middle and Later Life

This study examined felt obligation to help others in two domains (close others and society) as protective factors against losses in psychological well-being following functional decline. Lagged-dependent regression models were estimated using data from 849 respondents aged 35-74 years and without any functional limitations at baseline in the 1995-2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States. Greater felt obligation to help close others protected against declining self-acceptance in the face of more severe functional decline, and greater felt obligation to help society protected against declining personal growth and self-acceptance. Greater felt obligation to help close others and society protected against increasing depressive symptoms at younger ages in adulthood. Findings suggest the importance for additional research on how aspects of altruism can promote psychological adaptation to declining functional health in middle and later life.
Early trauma and inflammation: role of familial factors in a study of twins.

Objective Although early trauma (trauma in childhood) has been linked to adult inflammation and adult disease of inflammatory origin, it remains unknown whether this relationship is due to long-term consequences of early life stress or other familial factors. Methods We examined 482 male middle-aged twins (241 pairs) born between 1946 and 1956 from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Childhood traumatic experiences, before the age of 18 years, were measured retrospectively with the Early Trauma Inventory and included physical, sexual, emotional abuse and general trauma. Lifetime major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease were also assessed. Plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 were measured to determine levels of inflammation. Mixed-effects regression models with a random intercept for pair were used to separate between- and within-twin pair effects. Results When twins were analyzed as individuals, increasing levels of early trauma were positively related to C-reactive protein (p = .03) but not to interleukin 6 (p = .12). When estimating within- and between-pair effects, only the between-pair association of early trauma with the inflammatory markers remained significant. Conclusions The link between early trauma and inflammation is largely explained by familial factors shared by the twins because levels of inflammation were highest when both twins were exposed to trauma. Exposure to early trauma may be a marker for an unhealthy familial environment. Clarification of familial factors associated with early stress and adult inflammation will be important to uncover correlates of stress and disease.
Challenges to Monetary Policy from Financial Globalization: The Case of India

The question of how India should adapt monetary policy to ongoing financial globalization has gained prominence with the recent surge in capital inflows. This paper documents the degree to which India has become financially globalized, both in absolute terms and relative to emerging and developed countries. We find that despite a relatively low degree of openness, India's domestic monetary conditions are highly influenced by global factors. We then review the experiences of countries that have adapted to financial globalization, drawing lessons for India. While we find no strong relationship between the degree of stability in monetary conditions and the broad monetary policy regime, our findings suggest that improvements in monetary operations and communication - sometimes prompted by a shift to an IT regime - have helped stabilize broader monetary conditions. In addition, the experience of countries which used non-standard instruments suggests that room to regulate capital flows effectively through capital controls diminishes as financial integration increases.
Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of a case with an analysis of seventy-three reported cases.

Abstract A case of left and right coronary artery-right ventricle fistula is presented. The literature is reviewed and brought up to date on this subject. These fistulae are classified according to the heart chamber into which they empty. They usually originate from one coronary artery, but not infrequently they originate from both. The latter situation is most likely to occur when the fistula empties into either the right ventricle or the pulmonary artery. Of the 65 patients studied, 22 had congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula associated with some other congenital cardiovascular defect. These were classified into six groups. Particularly striking was the association of coronary arteriovenous fistula and pulmonary valvular atresia (10 cases); patent ductus arteriosus was an associated lesion in 7 of these, and ventricular septal defect in 3. Patent ductus arteriosus was associated with congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula in 10 of the 65 cases. Of 23 patients who have been operated upon and reported upon to date, 1 patient died and 1 was not improved; 4 suffered major operative or postoperative complications. Yet 20 of the 23 recovered and were improved.
Single-Entry Bookkeeping of 1875 Still Useful

Abstract “Single-entry bookkeeping could be highly recommended for personal record-keeping.”
Participation patterns of Korean adolescents in school-based career exploration activities

Variations in the school-based career exploration activities of Korean high school students were examined. Data represented 5,227 Korean adolescents in Grade 11 contained in the Korean Education Longitudinal Study of 2005, a nationally representative longitudinal database administered by the Korean Educational Development Institute. Latent class analysis identified four classes or approaches reflecting some combination of school availability and student use of career-related activities, including minimal-, limited-, moderate-, and high-activity groups. Multiple-group analysis revealed that curriculum track (i.e., vocational or academic emphasis) was an important determinant in classification.
Behavioral Characteristics Associated with the Development of Humor in Young Children

Summary This study was designed to identify behavioral characteristics conducive to increased development of preschool children's sense of humor. The Ss were 60 38- to 75-month-old children from a university child development center. The frequency of laughter and both behavioral and verbal attempts to initiate humor were observed during spontaneous free play sessions. Additional behavior categories were chosen for observation on the basis of previous evidence regarding behavioral antecedents of humor development. A stepwise multiple regression of the latter behaviors upon sense of humor scores indicated that the amount of time spent in social play accounted for the greatest amount of variance in the amount of laughter and humor initiation shown. This finding supports other evidence documenting the importance of social factors for humor. Limited support was obtained for the view that humor provides a means of rechanneling aggressive behavior tendencies into more socially acceptable forms of behavior.
Isotypic and antigenic restriction of the blocking antibody response to ryegrass pollen: Correlation of rye group I antigen-specific IgG1 with clinical response

Abstract To investigate the role of blocking antibodies in allergen immunotherapy (IT), we analyzed IgE, IgG, and IgG subclass 1 to 4 antibody responses to ryegrass group I antigen (RGGI) in a prospective double-blind, heterologous allergen, allergen-controlled trial of grass-pollen IT in 18 adults with seasonal rhinitis and asthma. Serum was assayed preseasonally before starting IT and again in midseason at time of documented highest natural exposure. Antibodies were measured by ELISA, and immunogenic specificities of ryegrass extract were examined by Western immunoblots. Nine subjects receiving grass-pollen IT and nine control subjects had similar clinical and immunologic status before IT. RGGI-specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) did not change from pretreatment levels in actively treated subjects but increased in control subjects ( p p p p s = −0.62. p
High performance rf front end circuits using SiGe:C BiCMOS+copper technologies

Using a first generation standard silicon germanium (SiGe):C HBT BiCMOS process, a personal digital cellular (PDC) LNA noice factor (NF) of 1.0 dB at 850 MHz and 1.2 dB at 1.5 GHz has been achieved. The LNA NF can be further reduced by using the second generation enhanced SiGe:C HBT BiCMOS process. The mixer performance is equally impressive. The NF of the downconversion mixer at 1.5 GHz is just 6.2 dB with a conversion gain of 12 dB. The mixer IIP3 is +9.9 dBm at a current drain of 5.6 mA. Design techniques are given on how to achieve high linearity with minimal current drain resulting in a 881 MHz LNA with an IIP3 of +12.4 dBm with just 6 mA of current and a NF of 1.4 dB using the first generation SiGe:C HBT BiCMOS process. The second generation enhanced SiGe:C HBT BiCMOS process should further reduce the noise figure.
SELLING ONLINE VERSUS LIVE

A seller choosing between auctioning online and live faces a tradeoff: lower transaction costs online against more rents left with the bidders. We model this tradeoff, and apply the theory to auctions of art. The crucial parameter for whether the seller does better online than live is not the expected price but the valuation uncertainty.
Merging Fieldwork and Survey Research in the Study of a Minority Community

This paper directs its attention to a study of interminority hostility by joining two competing methodological traditions — fieldwork and survey research. I examine the following contributions of fieldwork to survey research in the study of black anti-Semitism: (a) selecting a suitable research site and sampling strategy, (b) generating theoretical clues, (c) garnering clues for data collection, and (d) analysis of data. In so doing, I am calling for a new style of research where both methods become the common mode of study.
Numerical modelling of microwave detectors at high signal level

The relationship between microwave power absorbed by a detector diode and the resulting detected voltage at high signal level is investigated. Experimental data is obtained from a zero-biased diode mounted in a rectangular waveguide system operating at 9.5 GHz. The Alpa Industries Inc. 4561, 6724 and 6725 Schottky diodes and the M/A-COM 1N23 Point Contact diode with 1 kω and 106 kω loads are examined. The P–V relationships are analysed by solving a system of non-linear differential equations based on a lumped parameter model of the microwave system and diode.
Effect of Excessive Dietary Vitamin E on the Chick

Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a broiler ration for five weeks to which was added one of the following levels of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 0; 2,000; 4,000; 8,000; 16,000; 32,000, and 64,000 I.U./kg. The chicks fed diets containing 4,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E showed decreased pigmentation in their beaks, feet and shanks, and liver as a percent of body weight was significantly increased. Feeding at least 8,000 I.U./kg of the vitamin significantly reduced chick body weight and resulted in waxy appearing feathers. Dietary inclusion of 16,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E significantly increased feather, spleen, liver, and plasma vitamin E content.
Prostatic cancer with bone marrow involvement and long-term survival: association with intravenous chemotherapy.

Prostatic cancer with metastatic disease generally is associated with a short survival. A 68-year-old man has survived 10 years following total prostatectomy for a clinical Stage B lesion. Repeatedly positive bone marrow aspirates reverted to normal following a short course of intravenous nitrogen mustard and diethylstilbestrol disphosphate chemotherapy. To date there is no objective evidence of tumor recurrence, either locally or distant. Chemotherapy to eradicate micrometastatic disease may be an important adjunct to removal of the local lesion of prostatic carcinoma in selected patients.
Ryk: Another Heretical Wnt Receptor Defies the Canon

The number of proteins that serve as Wnt receptors is growing, and Ryk is one of the newest members of this group. Understanding how extracellular Wnt ligands interact with transmembrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling cascades is of broad importance to biology and to human disease because of the roles for Wnt in embryogenesis, cancer, and neural development and plasticity. The functions and properties of Ryk, a receptor tyrosine kinase–like protein, in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling are beginning to be uncovered. Biochemical and genetic studies reveal that the extracellular regions of Ryk and Fz can form a mutual ligand-binding domain. It remains to be seen whether Ryk can form similar complexes with other Wnt-binding proteins. If divergent transmembrane proteins can combine interchangeably to form heteromeric Wnt receptor complexes, then a stunning diversity of signaling responses might be mediated through differential expression and localization of these proteins in target cells.
Candidacidal activities of proteins partially purified from rat epidermis.

Abstract Proteins with approximate molecular weights of greater than 300,000 (EP greater than 300K) and 49,000 (EP 49K) were partially purified from terminally differentiated cells of 2-day-old rat epidermis. They were extracted in 0.34 M sucrose containing 0.01 M citric acid and purified by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography followed by reverse-phase column chromatography. The major constituents of EP greater than 300K and EP 49K were focused around pH 10 to 11 by sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing. Both proteins were effective at inhibiting colony formation of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis, but neither inhibited the growth of C. parapsilosis. The effect was maximum below pH 5.0 and reduced considerably above pH 5.0. The activity of EP greater than 300K on C. albicans TIMM 1623 (group A) was much stronger than that of EP 49K, whereas both proteins similarly inhibited C. albicans TIMM 1604 (group B). Their effects against C. albicans TIMM 1623 were dose dependent and were activated after a longer preincubation time, and NaCl concentration influenced their potency. At a low salt concentration and a 60-min preincubation at pH 4.5, the 50% effective dose for EP greater than 300K was calculated to be 1.7 x 10(-9) M, whereas that for EP 49K was 1.8 x 10(-7) M.
Internal waves in the earth's core

Summary. This paper investigates possible long-period oscillations of the earth’s fluid outer core. Equations describing free oscillations in a stratified, self-gravitating, rotating fluid sphere are developed using a regular perturbation on the equations of hydrodynamics. The resulting system is reduced to a finite set of ordinary differential equations by ignoring the local horizontal component of the earth’s angular velocity vector, S2, and retaining only the vertical component. The angular dependence of the eigensolutions is described by Hough functions, which are solutions to Laplace’s tidal equation. The model considered here consists of a uniform solid elastic mantle and inner core surrounding a stratified, rotating, inviscid fluid outer core. The quantity which describes the core’s stratification is the Brunt-Vaigla frequency N, and for particular distributions of this parameter, analytical solutions are presented. The interaction of buoyancy, and rotation results in two types of wave motion, the amplitudes of which are confined predominantly to the outer core: (1) internal gravity waves which exist when N2 > 0, and (2) inertial oscillations which exist when N2 < 4Q2. For a model with a stable density stratification similar to that proposed by Higgins & Kennedy (1971), the resulting internal gravity wave eigenperiods are all at least 8 hr, and the fundamental modes have periods of at least 13 hr. A model with an unstable density stratification admits no internal gravity waves but does admit inertial oscillations whose eigenperiods have a lower bound of 12 hr.
In vivo endothelial gene regulation in diabetes

An authentic survey of the transcript-level response of the diabetic endothelium in vivo is key to understanding diabetic cardiovascular complications such as accelerated atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. We used streptozotocin to induce a model of type I diabetes in transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein under the control of an endothelial-specific promoter (Tie2-GFP) allowing rapid isolation of aortic endothelium. Three weeks after treatment, endothelial cells were isolated from animals with blood glucose > 350 mg/dl. Aortae from the root to the renal bifurcation were rapidly processed by mincing and proteolytic digestion followed by fluorescent activated cell sorting to yield endothelial cell populations of >95% purity. RNA was isolated from >50,000 endothelial cells and subjected to oligo dT amplification prior to transcriptional analysis on microarrays displaying long oligonucleotides representing 32,000 murine transcripts. Five regulated transcripts were selected for analysis by real-time PCR. Within replicate microarray experiments, 19 transcripts were apparently dysregulated by at least 70% within diabetic mice. Up-regulation of glycam1, slc36a2, ces3, adipsin and adiponectin was confirmed by real-time PCR. By comprehensively examining cellular gene responses in vivo in a whole animal model of type I diabetes, we have identified novel regulation of key endothelial transcripts that likely contribute to the metabolic and pro-inflammatory responses that accompany diabetes.
Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions

Summary Background Prospective and retrospective studies have shown that empiric use of fibrinolytic agents in sudden cardiac arrest is safe and may improve outcomes in sudden cardiac arrest. Use of fibrinolytic agents for this indication is increasing in response to these data. Methods A prospective multicenter observational trial was performed in three emergency departments (EDs) to determine the proportion of patients that respond to empiric fibrinolysis with tenecteplase (TNK) after failing to respond to Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) measures. Cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to ACLS, who were given TNK by their treating physician, were enrolled in an outcome registry. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival, complications, and neurological outcomes were recorded. Results Fifty patients received TNK after a mean of 30 min of cardiac arrest and eight doses of ACLS medications. One hundred and thirteen concurrent control patients received standard ACLS measures. ROSC occurred in 26% of TNK patients (95% confidence interval (CI) 16–40%) compared to 12.4% (95% CI 6.9–20%) among ACLS controls (p = .04); 12% (4.5–24%) of TNK patients survived to admission compared to none in the control group (p = .0007); 4% (0.5–14%) survived to 24 h (p = NS); and 4% (0.5–14%) survived to hospital discharge (p = NS). All survivors had a good neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) 1–2). One intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) occurred. No other significant bleeding complications were observed. Conclusions Empiric fibrinolysis with TNK in cardiac arrest is associated with increased ROSC and short term survival, and with survival to hospital discharge with good neurological function in patients who fail to respond to ACLS. Results may improve with earlier administration. Prospective controlled interventional trials are indicated to evaluate this promising new therapy.
Laptop requirement usage and impact in graduate ILS education

A new requirement for personal laptop computer ownership was implemented for graduate information and library science (ILS) students. This study evaluates the impact and usage of laptop computers, and the real and envisioned benefits of laptop ownership during the first six months of the requirement's implementation. Online and email surveys were used for data gathering, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Student perspectives were emphasized, and institutional background were examined. It was found that students' reaction to the requirement and their usage of laptops was influenced by their previous experiences with computers, their computer skills, and their expectations of the academic program. Understanding of Institutional context of laptop implementation was found to be important for the success of the program.
Membrane antigens characteristic of human lymphoid cells in established cultures.

Antisera specific for human lymphoid cells in tissue culture were prepared. Rabbits were immunized with a lymphoid cell membrane fraction solubilized by papain and purified by physicochemical means. After appropriate absorption (with peripheral blood leukocytes of the same HL—A type) the antisera reacted with all established lymphoid cell cultures tested, but not with peripheral blood leukocytes. The antigen(s) reacting with these antisera seem to be unique for cells in culture and appear at the time the cell becomes an established cell line. The antigens were not detectable in normal PBL, non-lymphoid human cell lines in tissue culture or in normal human serum or fetal calf serum, but were present in several leukemic cell samples.
The Effect of Confucian Values on Succession in Family Business

This article examines Confucian values and their effect on family business succession. Several implications are drawn. One of these is that Confucianism places family business in a social context in which the interpersonal relationships inside and outside the business family are subject to a variety of environmental influences. Examining family firms in their social context provides more complete understanding of the dynamics underlying choices and activities in family firms.
Tarnishing Studies on Contact Materials

This paper presents some further results of the IBM Electrical Contacts Field Program, introduced previously. The degradation of contact materials over a period of time at six field sites is described as a function of atmospheric pollutants. The results of short-term laboratory exposures of some of these metals in tarnishing environments are compared and contrasted with the field results. Methods that have been found to significantly reduce the extent of tarnish formation on electric contact materials or to reduce the effect of such tarnish products on contact behavior are discussed.
Juvenile Offenders and the Death Penalty How Far Have Standards of Decency Evolved

In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that because they are less culpable and less able to deliberate about their behaviors, the execution of mentally retarded offenders exceeded the prevailing standards of decency (Atkins v. Virginia). Based on this rationale, and with increasing concerns over wrongful convictions and the execution of innocent defendants, some questioned whether the Court’s decision could also apply to juvenile offenders. In March 2005, the majority of the justices determined that executing adolescent offenders violated the Eighth Amendment (Roper v. Simmons). This article reviews (a) recent court decisions on the death penalty, (b) citizen and student opinions on juvenile executions, and (c) comparative policies on juvenile executions. The authors also discuss the politics of the death penalty and the consequences of Roper on juvenile justice policy.
Stress and alcohol.

Alcohol's role in the relief of stress is reviewed. Limitations are observed in recent studies of alcohol and stress. Where stress has been viewed as synonymous with anxiety or tension, many potential stressors and stress responses have been unaccounted for or ignored. Stress is distinguished from tension and anxiety, and a "stress reduction hypothesis" of alcohol abuse is suggested in place of the recently prominent "tension reduction hypothesis." Alcohol has been found to be a frequent contributor to increased stress. Stress-relief drinking is concluded to be one of several prominent factors in the etiology of alcohol abuse and dependency. Suggestions are made for research and treatment.
A Numerical Optimization Search Strategy for Exploring Morphological Charts

We present a numerical optimization search strategy for exploring design concepts from morphological charts. An initial pool of creatively produced design concepts are decomposed in a general manner, based on function, form, or aesthetics. Feature options that solve a common function are grouped into rows of the morphological chart. Traditionally, designers manually select promising combinations of features to form alternative concepts. The numerical search operations presented here are dened to automatically generate new concepts by recombining interchangeable features and descriptive traits. Genetic algorithms are used to computationally combine features from the morphological chart and nd the best performing concepts according to calculated objective values. The level of resolution in the results is determined by the level to which the concepts are decomposed by the designer and performance is described by the objective’s equations. The strategy couples the speed of computational searches with creativity and insight of human designers. It is demonstrated with a simple product example to generate new, well suited concepts that designers may not have otherwise discovered. A nal set of non-dominated designs is presented to the designer with the quantitative objective values and simplied visual representations of the concepts to aid in the qualitative evaluation of the designs. The proposed framework brings the ability to quickly generate numerous, optimally performing solutions across a wide solution space, in an ecient and human-centered way, and does so in the early stages of design.
MRI-guided procedures for the management of chronic pain

Percutaneous procedures for the treatment of pain, such as injection of pharmacological agents, radiofrequency ablations, and implantation of catheters or electrodes, are typically performed under fluoroscopic guidance, taking advantage of reliable osseous landmarks. The use of open MR imaging for guidance of regional pain management procedures has been shown to be feasible but remains limited by the cost of the equipment and infra-structural complexities.