cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen faceting of rhodium (210) and (100) surfaces

Abstract Low energy electron diffraction studies show that the Rh (210) surface, which is stable in good vacuum up to temperatures of at least 1300°C, facets in the presence of chemisorbed oxygen at 350°C. As little as a monolayer of chemisorbed oxygen is sufficient to cause the entire surface to break up into (731) facets. At a pressure of ~10−6 torr of oxygen and again at 350°C the (210) surface forms (100) and (110) facets, the (100) facets displaying a characteristic chemisorbed oxygen structure. The conditions for the stability of the (731) facets involve a lower surface concentration of oxygen than for the (100) and (110) facets. A Rh (100) surface cut ~2° off axis, partially facets at 450°C in an oxygen ambient to form (911) facets. These facets appear to be due to the ordering of steps on the crystal surface which arise from the fact that the crystal was cut slightly off axis. Evidence is presented which indicates that the steps on the (100) surface act as nucleation sites for ordered chemisorbed oxygen structures. The faceting observed on the Rh (210) and (100) surfaces occurs in the absence of evaporation, but in a temperature range where surface diffusion, perhaps assisted by chemisorbed oxygen, can readily occur.
Metastatic Invasive Breast Cancer Recurrence Following Curative-Intent Therapy for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Background The development of an invasive breast cancer recurrence outside of the breast parenchyma following curative-intent therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is rare. We describe the patient and tumor characteristics associated with such recurrences. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 621 patients who were treated for DCIS between 2004 and 2009. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics were utilized for data summary and data were compared using χ 2 , where appropriate. Results Of 621 patients who underwent curative-intent therapy for DCIS, 12 (1.9%) developed an invasive metastatic recurrence. Primary local therapy at the time of the initial DCIS diagnosis included 11 patients who underwent mastectomy and one who had lumpectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. The metastatic recurrences were in chest wall and/or ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes only ( n = 6) or distant sites with or without ipsilateral axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes ( n = 6). Of the 12 patients with invasive recurrence, eight had high grade DCIS with comedo necrosis at initial diagnosis. The biomarker profiles of the invasive recurrences included 55% estrogen receptor positivity, 45% progesterone receptor positivity, and 73% Her2/neu amplification. Patient age, tumor grade, presence of comedo necrosis, biomarker profile, and surgical treatment were not predictive of recurrence. Conclusion Invasive metastatic recurrence following adequate local therapy for DCIS is uncommon and likely represents progression of unidentified invasive disease at the time of diagnosis. The majority of invasive recurrences were Her2/neu amplified. Further studies are necessary to determine if such a unique biomarker profile correlates with metastatic recurrence.
Fabrication of 2-μm wide poly-crystalline diamond channels using silicon molds for micro-fluidic applications

Abstract The deposition of poly-crystalline diamond (poly-C) in narrow silicon channels has been accomplished, resulting in narrow freestanding diamond channels. The channels were seeded using a combination of ultrasonic stirring and electrophoresis in a diamond/isopropanol solution. These channels have openings with thicknesses as low as ∼2 μm. The use of such diamond channels for picoliter chemical transfer or storage is proposed. Narrow micro-fluidic channels made completely of poly-C have been fabricated for the first time.
Using video modeling on an iPad to teach generalized matching on a sorting mail task to adolescents with autism

Abstract Two multiple probe designs across three and four participants evaluated the effects of video modeling to teach a matching response (sorting mail) to seven adolescents with autism. Participants were instructed on one set of responses (five mail pieces) using video modeling, while concurrently monitoring two other sets for generalization effects. Results indicated that three participants learned their target set and generalized to the untrained sets, and two participants required an error correction procedure to achieve or approach mastery on their target set. Two participants did not acquire target sets with video based instruction. Data on setting generalization and maintenance are also provided for the participants who reached mastery. Participant variables that may relate to responding, limitations to the study, and directions for future research on video based instruction are discussed.
Safety of arthrocentesis and joint injection in patients receiving anticoagulation at therapeutic levels.

Abstract Background Arthrocentesis and joint injections are commonly performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic indications. Because of safety concerns, there is often reluctance to perform these procedures in patients who are receiving anticoagulation at therapeutic levels. This study was undertaken to determine the safety of arthrocentesis and joint injection performed by physicians from different disciplines in patients who are anticoagulated. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 640 arthrocentesis and joint injection procedures performed in 514 anticoagulated patients between 2001 and 2009. We assessed the incidence of early and late clinically significant bleeding in or around a joint, infection, and procedure-related pain. We further compared the incidence of these complications in 456 procedures performed in patients with an international normalized ratio 2.0 or greater and 184 procedures performed in patients with an international normalized ratio less than 2.0. Results Only 1 procedure (0.2%) resulted in early, significant, clinical bleeding in the fully anticoagulated group. There was no statistically significant difference in early and late complications between patients who had procedures performed with an international normalized ratio 2.0 or greater and those whose anticoagulation was adjusted to an international normalized ratio less than 2.0. Conclusion Arthrocentesis and joint injections in patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy with therapeutic international normalized ratio are safe procedures. There does not seem to be a need for reducing the level of anticoagulation before procedures in these patients.
A nonlinear three-point boundary value problem

We consider the differential equation −(py′)′ + qy + λay + μby + f(x, y, y′) = 0, x ϵ (α, γ) subject to the boundary conditions cos(α1) y(α) − sin(α1) y′(α) = 0cos(β1) y(β) − sin(β1) y′(β) = 0 β ϵ (α, γ)cos(γ1) y(γ) − sin(γ1) y′(γ) = 0. The functions p, g, a, b, and f are well-behaved functions of x; f is smooth and of “higher order” in y and y′; the scalars λ and μ are eigenparameters. With mild restrictions on a and b it is known that the linearized problem, f ≡ 0, has eigensolutions, (λ∗, μ∗, ψ∗). In this paper we use an Implicit Function Theorem argument to establish the existence of a local branch of solutions, bifurcating from (λ∗, μ∗, 0), to the above nonlinear two-parameter eigenvalue problem.
Effects of inhibitors on ion fluxes, trans-gill potential and pH regulation in freshwater blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun)

1. The effects of externally applied amiloride and thiocyanate, and injected acetazolamide on trans-gill potential, blood pH, branchial ion fluxes, and rates of compensation of hypercapnic acidosis were studied in a freshwater population of the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus. 2. Amiloride inhibited Na+ fluxes without affecting Cl− fluxes, and SCN− blocked Cl− fluxes with only a slight effect upon Na+ fluxes at high SCN− concentration. 3. There was no significant effect of Na-free water on Cl− fluxes, nor Cl-free water on Na+ fluxes. 4. Injected acetazolamide inhibited both influx and efflux of Na+, but stimulated Cl− efflux. 5. Neither external SCN−, external amiloride, nor injected acetazolamide affected blood pH or trans-gill potential in crabs resting in normally aerated water. 6. External SCN− increased the rate at which external hypercapnia was compensated for by increased HCO3− in the blood, but amiloride had no effect. The net rate of whole animal base excretion was about 38 μEq·100 g−1·h−1 whether in natural freshwater, artificial Cl-free medium, freshwater plus SCN−, or freshwater plus amiloride. 7. The majority of Na+ and Cl− fluxes appear to be independent, with a large self-exchange component. Some of the results support the presence of Na+/H+ (NH4+) and Cl−/HCO3− components, but these exchanges may be only a very small part of the balance of Na+ and Cl− fluxes.
Pediatric pain assessment by drawn faces scales: a review

Pediatric pain assessment is a significant issue yet the topic is understudied. Unique challenges, namely reporting biases, are present when assessing pain in children. The aim of this review of the literature is to increase awareness of biases when assessing pain in children, suggest changes in practice, and state priorities for future research. Five computerized databases were searched to identify original research pertaining to the use of drawn faces scales for pediatric pain assessment. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines provided a framework for this review. Relevant articles were identified and data were extracted from the studies. Content analyses were then used to synthesize the findings. The age of a child being assessed contributed to biases in pain assessment. Drawn faces scales may provide inaccurate pain assessment results if a child has difficulty separating the feelings of pain and mood. Smiling faces on pain assessment scales may lead to overestimation of pain intensity. Nurses should consider biases when selecting and implementing a drawn faces pain assessment tool and when planning pain management interventions. An increase in the use of technology in pediatric pain assessment practices may provide opportunities to implement individualized pain assessment in practice. Further research is needed to determine the most reliable methods for pediatric pain assessment including the use of technology. Evidence would assist nurses in determining the best tool to assess each child based on cognitive abilities and developmental level.
Self-recognition in infants*

Sixty infants (12–26 months) viewed a TV image of self or other before and after application of a mark to the nose and while objects appeared on the TV in three different spatial locations (front, above, behind). A variety of reactions to the images of self and other were recorded including attention, smiling, outer-directed and mark-directed behavior, search for objects, verbal labeling, manipulation of the TV image, and imitation. In the self condition, infants 18 months or older displayed mark-directed directed behavior and were more likely to look for an object that was behind than in front or above them. Other reactions to the self-image occurred with approximately equal frequency at all ages. In the other condition, mark-directed behavior was infrequent at all ages and looking in the locations of the objects was unrelated to the presence of the object on the TV. Although infants smiled more frequently to self than other, most of the reactions occurred with similar frequency to self and other. The results suggest that mark-directed behavior may be the clearest indication of self-recognition, although the difference between the self and other conditions may have been due to the type of feedback (contingent vs. non-contingent) provided by the two images.
Navigating the worldwide community of photos

The last decade has seen an explosion in the number of photographs available on the Internet. The sheer volume of interesting photos makes it a challenge to explore this space. Various Web and social media sites, along with search and indexing techniques, have been developed in response. One natural way to navigate these images in a 3D geo-located context. In this article, we reflect on our work in this area, with a focus on techniques that build partial 3D scene models to help find and navigate interesting photographs in an interactive, immersive 3D setting. We also discuss how finding such relationships among photographs opens up exciting new possibilities for multimedia authoring, visualization, and editing.
Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales.

The study developed 2 measures of belongingness based on H. Kohut's (1984) self psychology theory. The Social Connectedness Scale and the Social Assurance Scale were constructed with a split-sample procedure on 626 college students. Internal reliability estimates for the 2 scales were.91 and.82, respectively. Test-retest correlations revealed good test stability over a 2-week period (rs = .96 and .84, respectively). Cross-validation for the 2 measures was achieved with confirmatory factor analysis with an incremental fit index greater than .90. Scale functions are described and results are discussed in light of current research and theory
A climatological factor influencing the determination of phenylalanine in blood of newborn infants in North Carolina

Abstract Data obtained from screening newborn babies for elevated blood phenylalanine levels by the widely used technique of using punched discs from blood-soaked filter paper coupled with an automated fluorometric procedure revealed a seasonal variation in “apparent” blood phenylalanine concentrations. The variation was shown to be related to variations in relative humidity. The more humid the surrounding atmosphere the more the blood spreads through the filter paper and the less will be contained in a punched disc. The need in certain instances for a more precise means of quantification is discussed.
Sirtuin1 and autophagy protect cells from fluoride-induced cell stress

Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylase functioning in the regulation of metabolism, cell survival and organismal lifespan. Active SIRT1 regulates autophagy during cell stress, including calorie restriction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Previously, we reported that fluoride induces ER-stress in ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation, suggesting that ER-stress plays a role in dental fluorosis. However, the molecular mechanism of how cells respond to fluoride-induced cell stress is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that fluoride activates SIRT1 and initiates autophagy to protect cells from fluoride exposure. Fluoride treatment of ameloblast-derived cells (LS8) significantly increased Sirt1 expression and induced SIRT1 phosphorylation resulting in the augmentation of SIRT1 deacetylase activity. To demonstrate that fluoride exposure initiates autophagy, we characterized the expression of autophagy related genes (Atg); Atg5, Atg7 and Atg8/LC3 and showed that both their transcript and protein levels were significantly increased following fluoride treatment. To confirm that SIRT1 plays a protective role in fluoride toxicity, we used resveratrol (RES) to augment SIRT1 activity in fluoride treated LS8 cells. RES increased autophagy, inhibited apoptosis, and decreased fluoride cytotoxicity. Rats treated with fluoride (0, 50, 100 and 125ppm) in drinking water for 6weeks had significantly elevated expression levels of Sirt1, Atg5, Atg7 and Atg8/LC3 in their maturation stage enamel organs. Increased protein levels of p-SIRT1, ATG5 and ATG8/LC3 were present in fluoride-treated rat maturation stage ameloblasts. Therefore, the SIRT1/autophagy pathway may play a critical role as a protective response to help prevent dental fluorosis.
How Attributional Ambiguity Shapes Physiological and Emotional Responses to Social Rejection and Acceptance

The authors examined White and Black participants’ emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses to same-race or different-race evaluators, following rejecting social feedback or accepting social feedback. As expected, in ingroup interactions, the authors observed deleterious responses to social rejection and benign responses to social acceptance. Deleterious responses included cardiovascular (CV) reactivity consistent with threat states and poorer performance, whereas benign responses included CV reactivity consistent with challenge states and better performance. In intergroup interactions, however, a more complex pattern of responses emerged. Social rejection from different-race evaluators engendered more anger and activational responses, regardless of participants’ race. In contrast, social acceptance produced an asymmetrical race pattern—White participants responded more positively than did Black participants. The latter appeared vigilant and exhibited threat responses. Discussion centers on implications for attributional ambiguity theory and potential pathways from discrimination to health outcomes.
Increased caloric intake on a fat-rich diet: role of ovarian steroids and galanin in the medial preoptic and paraventricular nuclei and anterior pituitary of female rats.

Previous studies in male rats have demonstrated that the orexigenic peptide galanin (GAL), in neurones of the anterior parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus (aPVN) projecting to the median eminence (ME), is stimulated by consumption of a high-fat diet and may have a role in the hyperphagia induced by fat. In addition to confirming this relationship in female rats and distinguishing the aPVN-ME from other hypothalamic areas, the present study identified two additional extra-hypothalamic sites where GAL is stimulated by dietary fat in females but not males. These sites were the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), located immediately rostral to the aPVN, and the anterior pituitary (AP). The involvement of ovarian steroids, oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (PROG), in this phenomenon was suggested by an observed increase in circulating levels of these hormones and GAL in MPN and AP with fat consumption and an attenuation of this effect on GAL in ovariectomised (OVX) rats. Furthermore, in the same four areas affected by dietary fat, levels of GAL mRNA and peptide immunoreactivity were stimulated by E2 and further by PROG replacement in E2-primed OVX rats and were higher in females compared to males. Because both GAL and PROG stimulate feeding, their increase on a fat-rich diet may have functional consequences in females, possibly contributing to the increased caloric intake induced by dietary fat. This is supported by the findings that PROG administration in E2-primed OVX rats reverses the inhibitory effect of E2 on total caloric intake while increasing voluntary fat ingestion, and that female rats with higher GAL exhibit increased preference for fat compared to males. Thus, ovarian steroids may function together with GAL in a neurocircuit, involving the MPN, aPVN, ME and AP, which coordinate feeding behaviour with reproductive function to promote consumption of a fat-rich diet at times of increased energy demand.
Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies

Hereditary succession, the conventional method for preserving monarchies, has also been used to perpetuate republic-style dictatorships. With an original data set of 258 post–World War II nonmonarchical autocrats, the author tests Gordon Tullock's hypothesis that hereditary succession appeals to the ruler and to nonfamilial elites wary of a leadership struggle. The full data and close comparisons of succession outcomes are consistent with Tullock's account. In the absence of prior experience selecting a ruler through a party, regime elites accepted filial heirs apparent; when the incumbent had arisen from a party, his successor predominantly emerged from that organization. Among twenty-two cases of potential hereditary succession, variations in institutional history account for 77 percent of succession outcomes. Where the ruler preceded the party, five rulers in seven cases groomed sons and all five sons took office. In contrast, where the party predated the ruler, incumbents successfully installed sons in only three of fifteen cases.
Unusual course of left internal thoracic artery.

FIGURE 1. Unusual proximal course of the LITA (arrow) along the medial parietal pleura. The internal thoracic artery (ITA) arises from the anteroinferior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery in most people, although it can originate elsewhere. The ITA passes inferomedially and enters the thorax behind the cartilage of the first rib, runs along the chest wall, and usually terminates at the level of the sixth intercostal space by dividing into its 2 terminal branches, the musculophrenic and the superior epigastric arteries. We recently performed a coronary artery bypass grafting in which we encountered an unusual course of the left ITA (LITA) during ITA harvesting. Instead of its usual course along the chest wall after entering the thorax, the LITA followed a downward course, descending straight down along the pleura medially, approached close to the phrenic nerve along the pericardium, and then took an upward course along the pleura to run back to the chest wall (Figure 1). This unusual course made it susceptible to injury during the LITA harvesting, especially during the opening of the pleura, because it could have been easily confused with a pleural branch. The anomalous course was identified early during the LITA harvesting, thus avoiding any surgical damage to it. Although rare,
A novel framework for quality-aware resource management in phased array radar systems

This paper addresses the problem of operating parameter assignment to multiple real-time tasks in a phased array radar system. The objective is to maximize the resulting system utility while ensuring the schedulability of all tasks with the assigned operating parameters. For this, we propose a novel framework by integrating the existing resource management framework called QRAM (QoS-based resource allocation model) with the notion of schedulability envelope. The schedulability envelope designed offline hides the complex details of phased array antenna scheduling and provides a linear formula as its quantitative abstraction. This abstraction allows QRAM to find the optimal resource assignment without concerning the details of complex scheduling. Our experimental results show that the proposed framework can achieve significantly improved system utility compared to the existing techniques.
A Novel Low Area Overhead Body Bias FPGA Architecture for Low Power Applications

As technology scales, leakage power shares a dominant part in the total power dissipation of the chip and reaches up to 50% or even higher at elevated temperatures in 45 nm technology. Leakage power dissipation is especially problematic for FPGAs due to their reconfigurable nature and large number of inactive resources. Body biasing is an efficient technique to reduce leakage current which has been widely adopted in 45nm technology low power architectures.FPGAs with coarse grained body bias control only incurred about 10% of the area overhead while increasing the granularity to the finest level dramatically increases the area overhead over 100%. However, the coarse grained body bias control FPGA may not result in satisfactory leakage power reduction since all the paths passing a resource must have enough slacks. To overcome the assignment limitation, we propose a novel FPGA architecture which uses body biasing technique and clock skew scheduling at a coarse grained architecture level. Clock skew scheduling technique only incurs 3.35% of additional area overhead in order to distribute slack to the resource instead of increasing the minimum body-bias granularity. Further, we propose a body bias assignment algorithm to leverage the proposed architecture. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieved an average leakage reduction of about 76% as compared to 61% of coarse grained architecture.
Causal attributions for fatigue by older adults with advanced cancer.

Abstract Context Fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating, and often disruptive symptom for cancer patients. Yet, it remains inadequately understood and managed, especially among late middle-aged and older patients with advanced disease. Few studies have explored fatigue qualitatively, and almost none have focused on patients' attributions for this subjective and multidimensional symptom. Objectives Our objectives were to 1) examine the attributions patients aged 55 years or older with advanced cancer made for their fatigue and how they arrived at these attributions and 2) understand how patients' attributions affect how they contend with fatigue, including communication with health care providers. Methods We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 35 patients aged 55 years or older on their experiences with fatigue. Patients had a variety of cancers and were at stages IV or late III of the disease. Interviews were thematically coded and analyzed. Results Two main themes emerged: 1) Cancer-related treatment was the master and often the sole attribution patients made for their fatigue. Patients making this attribution expressed certainty about its accuracy and seemed less distressed about the symptom. 2) Multiple causes of fatigue, typically a combination of cancer, treatment, and nonthreatening causes (e.g., older age, overexertion, or anemia), also were offered by some. Patients seemed to resist identifying disease severity as a cause and appeared motivated to normalize and minimize the symptom, thus decreasing its threatening impact. Conclusion Patients' causal attributions for fatigue had a profound effect on their physical and psychological well-being, their communication with providers, and their integration of the symptom into their lives.
Going global in physical therapist education: International Service-Learning in US-based programmes.

Background and Purpose. Internationalization is expanding its presence in higher education in the United States. Reflecting this trend that includes incorporating global perspectives in the curricula, physical therapist education programmes increasingly offer international opportunities such as International Service-Learning (ISL) to their students. Service-learning, a teaching strategy that integrates community service with structured learning activities, has gained broad acceptance in health professions education including physical therapy, and is therefore the focus of this paper. The specific purposes of this paper were to identify and analyse the commonalities that existed among established ISL programmes within physical therapist education programmes in terms of structures and processes, and to consider its broader implications for physical therapist education. Methods. A descriptive, exploratory study was performed using grounded theory. Snowball and purposive, theoretical sampling yielded 14 faculty members with experience in international service, international learning or ISL in physical therapist education programmes. Faculty were interviewed by phone. Interview transcriptions and course documents were analysed applying grounded theory methodology. Data from eight programmes which met the operational definition of established ISL were used to address the purposes of this paper. Results. Five phases of establishing an ISL programme were identified: development, design, implementation, evaluation, and enhancement. Although no single model exists for ISL in physical therapist education; commonalities in structures and processes were identified in each phase. However, attention to service objectives and outcomes is lacking. Conclusions. While analysis revealed that each programme shared commonalities and demonstrated differences in structures and processes compared with the other programmes, the study demonstrated a general lack of focus on formal community outcomes which raises ethical concerns. Future research and dialogue is warranted to explore ethics and good practice in ISL and other global health initiatives in physical therapy. This study may facilitate reflections and creative solutions by individual faculty and the profession. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histology and Immunohistochemistry of Seven Ferret Vaccination-site Fibrosarcomas

The anatomical location, histology, and immunohistochemistry of 10 ferret dermal and subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were examined. Seven of the 10 tumors were from locations used for vaccination. All fibrosarcomas contained spindle-shaped cells surrounded by variable quantities of connective tissue stroma. However, vaccination-site fibrosarcomas (VSFs) subjectively contained a higher degree of cellular pleomorphism. Multinucleated cells were present in three of seven VSFs but not in any of the nonvaccination- site fibrosarcomas (NVSFs). Large histiocytic cells, interpreted as macrophages, containing intracytoplasmic basophilic granular material were observed in two VSFs but not in any of the NVSFs. Five VSFs contained peripheral lymphoplasmacytic aggregates. Immunohistochemically, three VSFs stained with anti– smooth muscle actin antibodies and one stained with antibodies against desmin. No expression of muscle cytoskeletal filaments was observed in any NVSF. Filaments interpreted as actin were visible in bot...
Calibrating a narrowband 18-kHz sonar

Quantifying sonar backscatter generally requires a calibrated system. The principles of active sonar calibration by standard target are reviewed for the case of a narrowband echo sounder. This is illustrated for a particular system, the Simrad EK500/18-kHz scientific echo sounder. The principal dependence of target strength on medium sound speed for the design sphere of pure electrolytic copper with diameter 64 mm is described.
Structural and thermodynamic analysis of the binding of solvent at internal sites in T4 lysozyme.

To investigate the structural and thermodynamic basis of the binding of solvent at internal sites within proteins a number of mutations were constructed in T4 lysozyme. Some of these were designed to introduce new solvent-binding sites. Others were intended to displace solvent from preexisting sites. In one case Val-149 was replaced with alanine, serine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, and glycine. Crystallographic analysis shows that, with the exception of isoleucine, each of these substitutions results in the binding of solvent at a polar site that is sterically blocked in the wild-type enzyme. Mutations designed to perturb or displace a solvent molecule present in the native enzyme included the replacement of Thr-152 with alanine, serine, cysteine, valine, and isoleucine. Although the solvent molecule was moved in some cases by up to 1.7Å, in no case was it completely removed from the folded protein. The results suggest that hydrogen bonds from the protein to bound solvent are energy neutral. The binding of solvent to internal sites within proteins also appears to be energy neutral except insofar as the bound solvent may prevent a loss of energy due to potential hydrogen bonding groups that would otherwise be unsatisfied. The introduction of a solvent-binding site appears to require not only a cavity to accommodate the water molecule but also the presence of polar groups to help satisfy its hydrogen-bonding potential. It may be easier to design a site to accommodate two or more water molecules rather than one as the solvent molecules can then hydrogen-bond to each other. For similar reasons it is often difficult to design a point mutation that will displace a single solvent molecule from the core of a protein.
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor and recombinant murine interleukin-1 alter the binding of Escherichia coli to intestine, mucin glycoprotein, and the HT29-C1 intestinal cell line

Little is known about the effects of cytokines at the intestinal mucosal surface on the adherence of bacteria. We examined the effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) on the adherence of various strains of Escherichia coli to intestinal mucosa in vivo and in in vitro models. We studied the effects of TNF or IL-1 injected intraperitoneally on the ability of a rabbit enteric pathogen (RDEC-1) and a nonpathogenic E. coli (1392-) to colonize rabbit small bowel and found that there was a trend increased colonization by the RDEC-1 organisms in the TNF-treated rabbits, and a significant increase in colonization by the RDEC-1 organisms in the IL-1-treated animals (P < 0.01). Both TNF and IL-1 altered the density and the level of glycosylation of the small bowel mucus glycoprotein purified from the treated and untreated rabbits, and TNF treatment significantly increased the number of bacteria bound by this purified mucin (P < 0.01 for all strains). HT29-C1 intestinal cells in tissue culture were also grown in media with TNF or IL-1 and used in bacterial binding assays. The cells provided with media with 50 pg/mL of either cytokine bound significantly more of the three bacterial strains than cells in untreated media (P < 0.01) for all strains). The cytokines TNF and IL-1 have the potential to alter bacterial adherence to intestinal mucosa in vivo and in vitro; additional studies to clarify the role that these alterations in adherence may play in the clinical syndromes characterized by increased levels of intestinal cytokines are warranted.
Automatic synthesis of both the topology and numerical parameters for complex structures using genetic programming

This chapter demonstrates that genetic programming can automatically create complex structures from a high-level statement of the structure’s purpose. The chapter presents results produced by genetic programming that are from problem areas where there is no known general mathematical technique for automatically creating a satisfactory structure. The results include automatically synthesising (designing) both the topology (graphical arrangement of components) and sizing (component values) for two illustrative analog electrical circuits and automatically synthesising both the topology and tuning (component values) for a controller. Genetic programming not only succeeds in producing the required structure, but the structure is competitive with that produced by creative human designers. The claim that genetic programming has produced human-competitive results is supported by the fact that the automatically created results infringe on previously issued patents, improve on previously patented inventions, or duplicate the functionality of previously patented inventions.
Electrospray ionization of large multiply charged species proceeds via Dole’s charged residue mechanism

Abstract The maximum charge zmax on a variety of electrospray ions of globular proteins retaining their native structure, as well as naturally compact starburst dendrimers is compared to the Rayleigh charge zR (based on a water sphere with the ion mass). For most published data examined, zmax is between 65% and 110% of zR, providing strong support in favor of Dole’s charged residue mechanism, at least for masses from 3.3 kD up to 1.4 MD. Other large but less compact ions from proteins and linear chains of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) have zmax values considerably larger than zR, apparently implying that they also form as charged residues, though from non-spherical drops held together by the polymer backbone.
Multiple Clutching in Southern Spotted Turtles, Clemmys guttata

We examined the reproductive output of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) from a population in South Carolina. We used radio telemetry, palpation, and x-rays to monitor the reproductive condition of females over two field seasons. We present the first evidence for multiple clutching in a wild population of spotted turtles. Of 12 females with radio transmitters that became gravid, five produced second clutches, and one produced a third clutch. Average annual clutch frequency was 1.2 per female. Clutch frequency was independent of body size. We compared reproductive output among three populations: Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina. Individual clutch sizes varied with latitude. Clutch size was largest in the north (mean = 5.3 eggs), midsized in the central population (3.9), and smallest in the south (2.9). We suggest that this pattern is related to seasonality differences, which result in different selective pressures on body size of females. Total annual egg production (the sum of all clutches within a reproductive season) by gravid females did not differ between the Ontario (5.3 eggs) and South Carolina populations (4.6). These data indicate that, although individual clutch sizes differ between northern and southern spotted turtles, total annual reproductive output is consistent in these widely separated populations.
La naturaleza del metodo del hijo previo

El metodo del hijo previo (MHP) consiste en preguntar a las mujeres proximas a dar a luz sobre la sobrevivencia de los hijos anteriores. La proporcion de hijos previos fallecidos da un indice de mortalidad infantil temprana. Desde el punto de vista matematico, si se utilizan ciertos modelos de la fecundidad y mortalidad o si se simula una recopilacion de datos a aplicar el metodo a historias de nacimientos, se demuestra que la mortalidad infantil temprana es equivalente a la probabilidad de morir entre el nacimiento y una edad I*, que es aproximadamente 4/5 del intervalo intergenesico medio, I. El momento cronologico de las estimaciones del metodo del hijo previo es de alrededor de 2/3xI antes de la recopilacion de informacion.
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis

The careful selection of imaging tests, taking into account the clinical presentation, physical appearance and the results of appropriate lab tests, can lead to prompt recognition of the infection and institution of therapy. In selected cases, advanced imaging techniques can be cost-effective and aid treatment.
Pyrene Fluorescence as a Molecular Probe of Miscibility in Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites Suitable for Microelectronic Applications

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study the miscibility of methyl silsesquioxane (MSSQ)/poly(methyl methacrylate-co-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) [P(MMA-co-DMAEMA)] hybrid nanocomposites, which are useful in fabricating the next generation of spin-on, ultra-low dielectric constant materials in the microelectronic industries. In this work, we have attached the pyrene group into the PMMA side chains. MSSQ with different amount of initial -SiOH (silanol) endgroups are used to study the effect of endgroup functionality on the phase separation behavior of the hybrid nanocomposites. Pyrene excimer fluorescence results reveal that MSSQ is miscible with P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) only up to 6 wt% P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) loading level, thus establishing an upper limit on local miscibility with MSSQ. As the P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) loading level increases, the excimer to monomer ratios also increase, suggesting that the MSSQ/P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) hybrid nanocomposites move toward greater immiscibility. This ratio approaches that of the neat polymer for domain sizes > 5 nm (SAXS, SANS). The fluorescence results also show that, the lower the amount of initial silanol groups in MSSQ, the greater the immiscibility of the MSSQ and porogen, which ultimately translates into larger pores upon porogen burnout.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Feeding and Oviposition Behavior in the Polyphagous Leafminer Liriomyza sativae

In the absence of cultural transmission of behavior, behavioral evolution must be the result of the same population genetic factors that produce evolutionary change in morphological and physiological traits: mutation, selection and random genetic drift. Over the past five decades, theoretical efforts in population and quantitative genetics have established that the evolutionary trajectory of any character is a function of the magnitude of its genetic variation, the pattern of its genetic correlations with other characters, and the selection intensity on each character (Hazel 1943, Dickerson 1955, Fisher 1958, Wright 1968, Antonovics 1976, Lande 1979, 1982).
Does plant trait diversity reduce the ability of herbivores to defend against predators? The plant variability–gut acclimation hypothesis

Variability in plant chemistry has long been believed to suppress populations of insect herbivores by constraining herbivore resource selection behavior in ways that make herbivores more vulnerable to predation. The focus on behavior, however, overlooks the pervasive physiological effects of plant variability on herbivores. Here we propose the plant variability-gut acclimation hypothesis, which posits that plant chemical variability constrains herbivore anti-predator defenses by frequently requiring herbivores to acclimate their guts to changing plant defenses and nutrients. Gut acclimation, including changes to morphology and detoxification enzymes, requires time and nutrients, and we argue these costs will constrain how and when herbivores can mount anti-predator defenses. A consequence of this hypothesis is stronger top-down control of herbivores in heterogeneous plant populations.
Square gnosis, beat eros: Alan Watts and the occultism of Aquarian religion

Alan Watts’ influence on religious discourse is beginning to be mapped by twenty-first-century scholars, but emphasis is mostly placed on his role as an interpreter of Eastern religion for the West. The present article considers Watts as a contributor of Western hermetic and occult tradition to contemporary American Paganism. Drawing on historical perceptions of occultism, Watts’ works and their use by subsequent Pagans, I locate Watts as a source for both gnostic realization and erotic transmutation through cosmic hierogamy. Drawing on Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic theory, I contend that Watts’ commitment to gnostic and erotic themes enframed a ‘historically-effected consciousness’ undergirding the modern Aquarian movement in general and American Paganism in particular.
Potent antitumor effects of intra-arterial injection of fibroblasts genetically engineered to express IL-12 in liver metastasis model of rat: no additional benefit of using retroviral producer cell.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) mediates significant antitumor effects in animal models but associated with dose-dependent toxicity in human. To achieve local expression of IL-12 at the tumor site without systemic toxicity, we performed intra-arterial administration of fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce IL-12 protein with or without retrovirus (CRIP-IL-12 or 3T3-IL-12) in liver metastasis model. Rat breast cancer cells (MADB-106) were injected into the portal vein of syngeneic Fisher rats on day 0, and fibroblasts were injected into the hepatic artery on day 7. On day 21, liver weight and number of liver tumors were examined. As controls, CRIP cells expressing retrovirus carrying lacZ marker gene (CRIP-lacZ) or saline (Hanks balanced salt solution, HBSS) were injected. Administration of CRIP-IL-12 significantly reduced tumor metastasis in liver measured by number of foci (CRIP-IL-12: 45.2±36.7, CRIP-lacZ: >250, HBSS: >250, P<.05) and by liver weight (CRIP-IL-12: 13.0±2.5 g, CRIP-lacZ: 30.4±8.5 g, HBSS: 26.0±7.6 g, P<.05). 3T3-IL-12, which produced only IL-12 protein but not IL-12 retrovirus, also had significant antitumor effects equivalent to CRIP-IL-12. Intra-arterial injection of IL-12–producing fibroblasts into the liver may be an effective therapy for liver tumors reducing systemic toxicity, and could be developed for clinical application. Cancer Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 17–22
Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis on Second-Year Loblolly Pine Cones

The persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on second-year loblolly pine cones was determined with laboratory bioassays using second-stage Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) larvae. The LC50 and LC90 values were 1.3 × 102 and 1.5 × 104 IU/ml of spray immediately after B. thuringiensis application. Activity loss occurred through day 14; however, based on changes in LC50, values, 81, 47, and 14% of original activity remained 4, 7, and 14 days after application, respectively. These values indicated substantial activity loss; however, when mortality produced by the greatest B. thuringiensis rate (7.7 × 104 IU/ml) was examined, little reduction in mortality was detected during the first 7 days. A possible explanation for greater B. thuringiensis persistence on pine cones than previously reported on foliage of other plants may be related to cone structure and site of initial larval feeding.
Laser-Induced Surface Ripples: What is Understood and What is Not

The most predominant ripple properties can be explained by existing perturbative theories. We present experimental results on novel types of ripples, which suggest that theory has to go beyond first-order perturbation and that the material’s response is not well understood.
Behavior Patterns of Chickens to Ten Weeks of Age

Abstract ALTHOUGH research involving young chickens is voluminous, only meager information is available concerning their behavior prior to the age of peck-order formation. The social organization in flocks of chickens was first described by Schjelderup-Ebbe (1922) and reviews of social and individual behavior patterns were published by Guhl (1953, 1962) and WoodGush (1955). The development of behavior involves the ontogeny of various systems in an individual. Kuo (1932) observed embryonic behavior while Guhl (1958), Kruijt (1963, 1964), and Ratner (1966) showed a sequence in the appearance of post-hatching behavior patterns. The experiment reported here was designed to study the development of behavior from hatching to 70 days of age in flocks where sexes were intermingled or maintained separately. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chickens consisted of progeny from matings of F2 generation White Rocks which had been selected for high body weight (HW) and low body weight (LW) at eight weeks of …
Determination of total volatile organic compounds by thermal desorption-gas chromatography in indoor air

Objective:To the code for indoor environmental pollution control of civil building engineering-GB50325-2001.A method have developed for determination of the total volatile organic compounds in indoor air by thermal desorption/gas chromatography-hydrogen flame ionixation detector.Methods:The total volatile organic compounds in indoor air or mixed standard solutions were adsorbed by Tenax-TA thermal desorption tubes,then desorbed by thermal desortpion and detected by gas chromatography.Results:The experimental results indicated that the linear range were wide,the precise were high,The detection limits were 0.2 ng～0.3 ng,and the relative standard deviations(RSD) were 0.31%～2.6%,the minimum detection concentration were 0.0002 mg/m3～0.0003 mg/m3(the air volume=5.0 L).Conclusion:It is a quick,accurate,sensentive method to detect the total volatile organic compounds in indoor air by thermal desorption/gas chromatography-hydrogen flame ionixation detector.Even most of the unknown compounds in indoor air can be recongnized by 54 volatile organic compounds.