cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Smallpox and Influenza

The subject which I have chosen for my talk this morning must, I am sure, have for many of you a strange ring, since on the surface, the problems posed by smallpox and influenza appear to have little in common. I bring them together because both diseases have been for me a major interest over a considerable period of years and because both illustrate how not to accomplish disease control or eradication. The first, smallpox, should have been eradicated long ago, since the necessary tools were in hand, and the feasibility of not only control but outright eradication had been demonstrated in several continental areas. The second, influenza, presents a problem of a very different nature but, as we will see later, many of the factors which have contributed to our relatively ineffectual efforts against this disease are similar in nature to those which have pervaded the effort directed against smallpox. My introduction to smallpox came in 1960 through Dr. Henry Kempe who, before that time, along with Dr. Allan Downie of Liverpool and Dr. Rao of Madras, had established a research laboratory under WHO auspices in Madras which was then one of the highly endemic areas in India. I returned to that laboratory again in 1963, spent a sabbatical year with the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program in Geneva in 1968 when efforts were focused heavily on Africa, spent a summer in Sumatra in 1970, and I will shortly return to India where a major effort is now in progress to
Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites

A growth in cultural ideologies concerned with men and masculinities in contemporary American society has recently emerged. Men’s rights activist (MRA) groups embody a movement emphasizing the crisis of masculinity. Despite men’s privileged societal status, MRAs seek to establish resources for men to utilize in elevating their perceived subordinated position in society in relation to women and social minorities. Little research has systematically investigated MRAs on the Internet, which is rapidly becoming a primary source of information and social connectedness for people. Through a content analysis of the 12 most prominent MRA websites, we explore the various strategies used by contemporary men’s groups designed to provide support for men in their pursuit of social legitimacy and power. Two primary categories of MRAs with distinctive ideological strategies emerged from this analysis: Cyber Lads in Search of Masculinity and Virtual Victims in Search of Equality. Though both groups promoted men’s entitlement to social power, Cyber Lads utilized themes of explicit aggression towards and devaluation of women, while Virtual Victims adopted political and social movement rhetoric to address men’s issues. The implications of these websites are discussed in terms of gender equality and their potential effects on individual men and women.
Comparison of transbrachial and transfemoral approach in patients with negative Allen's test result during coronary angiography

Objective To explore advantages and disadvantages of transrbrachial approach and transfemoral approach in patients with negative Allen's test during coronary angiography.Methods A total of 60 cases who would receive coronary angiography and had negative Allen's test result in our hospital from January 2011 to Oct 2011 were randomly divided into brachial group(n=30) and femoral group(n=30).The artery puncture success rate,coronary angiography success rate,operation time,fluoroscopy time and incidence of post-operation complications were compared respectively and analyzed statistically.Results There was significant statistic difference in brachial group for shorter compression time(P0.01) and no need for patients stay in bed.However,there were no statistically significant difference between two groups in artery puncture success rate,coronary angiography success rate and opration time(P0.05).Conclusion For patient with negative Allen's test result,both for spasm or occlusion in radial artery,transbrachial artery access approach is a safe and reliable substitute to avoid long time stay in bed.
Late Development of Renal Carcinoma in Allograft Kidney

AbstractThe Cincinnati Transplant Tumor Registry recorded 169 cases of renal carcinoma developing in transplant recipients. The great majority of these cases were of primary renal cell carcinoma developing in the recipient native kidneys. Renal carcinoma developing de novo in the renal allograft occurred 17 times, with a maximal interval to clinical development of 85 months after transplantation. The development of multicentric renal cell carcinoma in an allograft 156 months after transplantation is described. The 24-year-old white male recipient with Alport’s syndrome received a cadaver renal allograft from a healthy 27-year-old black man who had died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1977. At 13 years after transplantation the recipient had upper abdominal pain. Ultrasound revealed 2 incidental renal masses and a renal cyst in the allograft. Partial nephrectomy confirmed the presence of multicentric renal carcinoma. The graft was left in situ and immunosuppression was maintained. The recipient continued to do...
Internationalization and Differentiation Strategies: The Case of American and European Business Schools

The field of management has been understudied in terms of qualitative research studies exploring the internationalization and differentiation strategies of business schools (actors). This study addresses these relevant and urgent knowledge gaps due to major changes in the management education landscape, such as global turmoil, consolidation, and a deep legitimacy crisis, exacerbated by the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. The case study method was used to examine field dynamics and the behavior of six actors in three countries between 2012 and 2015 via interviews and field observations, facilitated in my dual capacity of international programs director and part-time faculty at several American (U.S.) and European business schools. The study is based on two levels of analysis: meso (between macro and micro) to understand the community of business schools and micro (to understand actor strategies). It is designed to answer this main research question: what are the strategies underlying the internationalization and the differentiation of business schools? I combined neo-institutionalism, international business, and strategic management theoretical frameworks to gain a deep understanding of the literature and the practice in relation to this main research question.Whereas this thesis is the product of my individual research (four papers) as an embedded researcher, it has been supervised by two rigorous co-authors since 2012. Therefore, my writing style alternates between “I” and “we” in respect of co-authorship. Our main findings indicate that the Uppsala internationalization model should be extended to address these tensions: internationalization vs. globalization, dimensions of audiences, and the risks associated with internationalization pathways. We also found that trust- and reputation-building mechanisms (rankings and accreditations) have become insufficient differentiators due to global mimicry. We contribute to higher education management approaches with a new differentiation strategy beyond rankings and accreditations to show scholars and practitioners that authenticity is a way to regain credibility and legitimacy with stakeholders. Due to the inherent limitations of the case study method, our findings are not generalizable. However, we believe that they are applicable to knowledge-intensive firms and professional service firms.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der intravasalen Gerinnung für die Pathogenese der Schoekniere

Nach uberwiegend vertretener, wenn auch nicht unbestrittener Anschauung, ist der initiale pathogenetische Schritt zumindest der vorwiegend zirkulatorisch bedingten Formen des akuten Nierenversagens (ANV) eine ischamisch-hypoxische Nierenschadigung. Der Mechanismus dieser hypoxischen Schadigung ist unklar. Die bekannten hamodynamischen Veranderungen im Schock konnen nicht die alleinige Ursache sein [1, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18]. Als zusatzlicher pathogenetischer Faktor wurde wiederholt das Auftreten einer intravasalen Gerinnung mit Ausbildung von Mikrothromben im Bereich der Nierenzirkulation vermutet [2, 6, 8, 14, 19]. Zur Uberprufung dieser Hypothese wurde in eigenen Experimenten der Einflus der Gerinnungsveranderungen im Schock auf die Nierenfunktion nach Behebung des Schocks untersucht.
Abstract LB-316: Social isolation alters abdominal and mammary adipocytes to potentially increase mammary tumorigenesis in mice

Social isolation, characterized as withdrawal from interactions with others, is an equally powerful predictor of early all-cause mortality as smoking and high cholesterol. Social isolation has been consistently linked to increased breast cancer risk and mortality in animal studies and humans. Recent animal studies in our laboratory show that social isolation potentiates the effects of high fat (HF) diet on carcinogen- induced mammary cancer. Social isolation coupled with HF diet also magnified adverse metabolic effects associated with obesity, including insulin resistance. To investigate how these metabolic effects manifest, we measured and compared metabolic endpoints in abdominal and mammary gland adipose cells in 7- and 23-week-old female mice kept in social isolation for 4 or 20 weeks, respectively. Four groups of C56BL/6 mice were studied: control diet fed group housed mice (C-G), HF diet fed group housed mice (HF-G), control diet fed socially isolated mice (C-ISO) and HF diet fed socially isolated mice (HF-ISO). At 7 weeks of age, abdominal adipocytes of HF diet fed HF-G mice were significantly larger than in C-G control mice (C-G) (p = 0.012), indicating adipocyte hypertrophy, a hallmark of obesity. Adipocytes in HF-ISO were also enlarged, but not significantly. At 23 weeks of age, however, mammary adipocytes of HF-ISO mice were significantly reduced compared with C-G controls (p = 0.046) and HF-G group (p = 0.009). Abdominal adipocytes were reduced both in C-ISO (p Citation Format: Madisa Macon, Allison Sumis, Wei Yu, Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. Social isolation alters abdominal and mammary adipocytes to potentially increase mammary tumorigenesis in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-316.
Predictors of Academic Self-Concept for African American College Students:

This study explored the roles of demographic variables, grade point average, centrality (an aspect of racial identity), and student-professor interactions in predicting academic self-concept. A con...
Chapter 2: The Right to Wear a Hat—and Other Afterthoughts

A further qualification is needed to understand the legitimacy of decisions recognizing privacy rights. Cases that recognize such are the product of countermajoritarian decision-making. That is, unlike the bank authorization issue, which provides the template for thinking about the Madisonian framework of interpretive supplementation, rights claims that rely on interpretive supplementation reject conclusions reached by majoritarian institutions. This chapter introduces an extended Madisonian framework of interpretive supplementation to justify judicial decisions that override decisions reached by majoritarian institutions (i.e., the legislature and the executive branch). In doing so, it pays careful attention to Justice Scalia’s comments in favor of interpretive supplementation of the First Amendment speech and press clauses. The text provides no support for non-verbal expressive conduct—for performing music, for instance, or for burning the American flag—yet Scalia consistently voted to protect such conduct in the face of efforts to stifle it. Analysis of Scalia’s decisions concerning these matters establishes the extent to which the extended Madisonian framework of interpretive supplementation is embedded in American constitutional law.
Microwave-Inactivation of Bacterial Pathogens in Various Controlled Frozen Food Compositions and in a Commercially Available Frozen Food Product.

An assessment was made of the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by microwave energy in frozen foods using various time-temperature configurations, controlled carbohydrate, lipid, protein, moisture, or food mass levels, and on a commercially prepared product. Species of Salmonella cubana , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , and Clostridium perfringens were separately inoculated into mashed potatoes or one of its controlled variations, giving a concentration range of 105 to 107 cells per gram of food. After freezing, the food was cooked by microwave oven for 3 to 9 min, depending on test conditions. Samples were withdrawn for pathogens and vertical food core temperatures recorded. Survival percentages were calculated and averaged. All species survived the cooking cycle that was least detrimental to the food's palatability. Increased moisture generally enhanced survival. Higher protein or lipid ratios tended to increase the survival of C. perfringens although higher internal temperatures were produced. Sporeforming organisms were generally less susceptible under all test conditions. Addition of whole peas to the mashed potatoes resulted in higher temperatures, but significantly reduced microbial destruction, perhaps by allowing formation of micropockets of cooler food matrices.
The Golden State's 'High' Expectations: Will California Realize the Fiscal Benefits of Cannabis Legalization?

The federal government has been taking an increasingly relaxed approach to enforcing marijuana laws. Consequently, this allows states that have legalized to realize the tax benefits of lawful marijuana. Now, California is seeking to realize those same benefits. In 2016, California voters legalized recreational marijuana with the passing of Proposition 64 (Prop. 64), also known as the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA). With the country’s highest population and largest economy, California’s impact on the marijuana industry is expected to be massive. Some are predicting that California’s marijuana market will generate $1 billion in tax revenue alone. Nonetheless, successfully generating revenue from the recreational market largely depends on several unknowable and unpredictable variables. For example, high prices when legal sales begin could polarize consumers toward the illicit market and stall industry growth. On the other hand, low prices could undercut a state’s revenue goals. In addition, even with the general success of the recreational markets in Colorado and Washington, the unique circumstance’s present in California make revenue projections unpredictable. Complicating matters more, marijuana’s illegal status under federal law also has the potential to slow down market growth and decrease revenue. Accordingly, a sound cannabis tax scheme must take these and other uncertainties into account. This Article focuses on how a tax regime that strives for short term gains will be more susceptible to the unstable conditions of the market. It explores how California is able to minimize financial risk in the recreational market while facilitating its growth. This Article argues that California should adopt several mechanisms for adjusting the marijuana tax rate, as recommended in the Rand report because the current tax scheme is too aspiring and will result in slower market growth over time. For instance, by scheduling future tax rate increases and exploiting untapped tax bases, California can cash in long-term without overburdening the market in its infancy. Indeed, a tax scheme that focuses on a short rate of return rather than long term gain will fail to optimize cannabis tax revenue. The marijuana industry will continue to develop in unpredictable ways, making flexibility to change important to the overall success of any marijuana tax regime. By minimizing risk and facilitating market growth, California can seek to become the golden standard of the cannabis industry.
Nonuniform ocean acidification and attenuation of the ocean carbon sink.

Surface ocean carbon chemistry is changing rapidly. Partial pressures of carbon dioxide gas (pCO2) are rising, pH levels are declining, and the ocean's buffer capacity is eroding. Regional differences in short-term pH trends primarily have been attributed to physical and biological processes; however, heterogeneous seawater carbonate chemistry may also be playing an important role. Here we use Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) Version 4 data to develop 12-month gridded climatologies of carbonate system variables and explore the coherent spatial patterns of ocean acidification and attenuation in the ocean carbon sink caused by rising atmospheric pCO2. High-latitude regions exhibit the highest pH and buffer capacity sensitivities to pCO2 increases, while the equatorial Pacific is uniquely insensitive due to a newly defined aqueous CO2 concentration effect. Importantly, dissimilar regional pH trends do not necessarily equate to dissimilar acidity ([H+]) trends, indicating that [H+] is a more useful metric of acidification.
Lousy advice to the lovelorn

The 37% rule is rarely applicable in real-world situations. It is certainly entirely wrong-headed as advice for getting married.
Polymers, Percolation, Renormalization

This chapter contains an assortment of facts and tools needed in the analysis of vortex equilibria in three space dimensions.
Presence of pain on three or more days of the week is associated with worse patient reported outcomes in adults with sickle cell disease

While acute episodic pain is the hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD), transition to chronic pain is a major cause of morbidity and impaired quality of life. One of the core diagnostic criteria used by Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy (AAPT) to define chronic SCD pain is the presence of pain on a "majority of days" in the past 6 months in one or more locations. The frequency characteristic of "majority of days" is adapted from the criteria of 15 days or more per month, used to define chronic migraine, but there are inadequate data to support this cutoff in SCD. Using an existing dataset of adults with SCD who completed patient-reported outcomes of pain interference, physical functioning, anxiety, depression, and fatigue using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) patient-reported outcomes measures information system (PROMIS) short-form instruments, we examined the association of the presence of pain on 3 or more days per week with patient-reported outcomes of functioning. In unadjusted analyses, presence of pain on 3 or more days a week was associated with higher median PROMIS scores of pain interference, anxiety, and depression. Median PROMIS scores of fatigue and physical function were worse in women compared with men in unadjusted analyses. We did not find any difference in median PROMIS pain scores between adults aged ≤35 years compared with those aged ≥35 years. In linear regression models, after adjustment for age and sex, the presence of pain on 3 or more days a week was found to be associated with worse pain interference and anxiety. These data support the clinical relevance of the frequency characteristic of pain on a "majority of days" in the definition of chronic SCD pain, and provide the rationale for prospective studies to validate the clinical definition of chronic pain in SCD.
The complete mitochondrial genomes of five lichenized fungi in the genus Usnea (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae).

Known colloquially as ‘Old Man’s Beard’, Usnea is a genus of lichenized Ascomycete fungi characterized by having a fruticose growth form and cartilaginous central axis. The complete mitochondrial g...
Photon Diffusion and Internal Reflectivity

The particle diffusion model is widely used to describe the propagation of waves in multiply scattering random media [1–3]. It has been used to calculate the functional form of key aspects of electromagnetic propagation such as surface intensity profiles [2], which determine the shape of the coherent backscattering cone [4,5], angular correlation functions [6,7] the thickness dependence [8] and temporal distribution of reflection [9], and transmission [10], spatial [11–15], spectral [8, 11–16], and temporal [17] correlation functions. Though qualitative agreement is obtained between experiment and theory, these observations do not give quantitative values for spatial transport parameters such as the transport mean free path Q, the distance in which the direction of propagation is randomized inside the medium, or for the coherent penetration depth z p [3], the distance from the surface at which the placement of a source of diffusive flux faithfully mimics the randomization of the coherent incident beam. Recently it has been realized that in order to achieve good agreement between theory and experiment and to extract microscopic scattering parameters from measurements, it is necessary to include reflection at the boundaries in the analysis of the experiment [18–21]. In the present study we perform experiments which critically test the photon diffusion theory. We show, that with proper choice of boundary conditions, diffusion theory is in excellent agreement with measurements of the microwave intensity distribution inside the sample and of the optical intensity profile on the surface of the sample. We also show that internal reflection can dramatically change long-range spatial and spectral intensity-intensity correlation functions.
Poly- and autoreactivity of HIV-1 bNAbs: implications for vaccine design

A central puzzle in HIV-1 research is the inability of vaccination or even infection to reliably elicit humoral responses against broadly neutralizing epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope protein. In infected individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) do arise in a substantial minority, but only after 2 or more years of chronic infection. All known bNAbs possess at least one of three traits: a high frequency of somatic hypermutation, a long third complementarity determining region in the antibody heavy chain (HCDR3), or significant poly- or autoreactivity. Collectively, these observations suggest a plausible explanation for the rarity of many types of bNAbs: namely, that their generation is blocked by immunological tolerance or immune response checkpoints, thereby mandating that B cells take a tortuous path of somatic evolution over several years to achieve broadly neutralizing activity. In this brief review, we discuss the evidence for this tolerance hypothesis, its implications for HIV-1 vaccine design, and potential ways to access normally forbidden compartments of the antibody repertoire by modulating or circumventing tolerance controls.
A novel missense mutation in BEST1 associated with an autosomal-dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC) phenotype.

ABSTRACTBackground: To report a 68-year-old female with an autosomal-dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC) phenotype associated with a subretinal hemorrhage (SRH) and novel BEST1 pathogenic v...
Gout and healthcare utilization and complications after hip arthroplasty: a cohort study using the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS)

Little is known about the effect of gout on in-hospital complications and healthcare utilization after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We used the 1998-2014 U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to examine this question using cohort study design. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses included age, race, gender, underlying diagnosis, Deyo-Romano comorbidity index, insurance payer, and income. In adjusted analyses, we found that gout was associated with 9-20% higher healthcare utilization and 6% higher hazard of transfusion after primary THA. These findings can inform surgeons and patients of gout-associated complications post-THA.
Leveraging Evidence-Centered Design to Develop Assessments of Computational Thinking Practices

Computational thinking is a core skill in computer science that has become a focus of instruction in primary and secondary education worldwide. Since 2010, researchers have leveraged Evidence-Cente...
Transplantation of fetal brain tissue

Fetal brain tissue transplanted to the brain of an adult mammalian host is known to develop within this environment. The grafted tissue also forms connections with the host brain and can produce recovery from behavioral deficits associated with destruction of parts of the host brain. The ability of grafts of fetal brain tissue to both develop in and form electrophysiologically viable connections with brains previously exposed to neurotoxins is discussed in this review. Restoration of neurotoxin-induced behavioral dysfunction by fetal brain grafts is also discussed. Finally, several uses for neural transplantation in neurotoxicological research are suggested. These uses include restoration of behavioral function, identification of the particular structures responsible for observed behavioral deficits, from among several structures damaged by an environmental neurotoxin, and identification of mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity.
Conjuring Majorana with synthetic magnetism.

Majorana zero modes — useful for quantum computing — are revealed in carbon nanotubes by utilizing a synthetic spin–orbit interaction.
Separate control of number density and size of ErAs nanoparticles by a modified diffusion length process using two flux conditions during molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have developed a two-step process for growth of ErAs nanoparticles (NPs) on GaAs-(001) surfaces which enables independent control of the NP size and number density (ND). A key feature is the extension of the Er-atom diffusion length between the steps. We use a short duration high Er flux to produce a low diffusion length (LDL) deposition step, aimed at controlling the NP nuclei density. This is followed by a long duration low Er flux to produce a high diffusion length (HDL) deposition step chosen such that the Er-atom diffusion length prevents additional nucleation, and only allows growth of pre-existing NP nuclei. We observed that deposition under the HDL condition alone causes surface roughening, which is prevented when combined with the LDL condition. This indicates that pre-existing nuclei are sinks to Er adatoms deposited under HDL conditions. Although in the present study the diffusion length was controlled by flux change alone, many other factors such as substrate temperature, surfactants, flux-ratios, should also be equally effective. This two-step approach is of general applicability, providing a means for separate control of NP size and ND in many other materials involving composite nanostructures.
Sphingolipids and the link between alcohol and cancer.

Abstract Epidemiological evidence underscores alcohol consumption as a strong risk factor for multiple cancer types, with liver cancer being most commonly associated with alcohol intake. While mechanisms linking alcohol consumption to malignant tumor development are not fully understood, the likely players in ethanol-induced carcinogenesis are genotoxic stress caused by formation of acetaldehyde, increased oxidative stress, and altered nutrient metabolism, including the impairment of methyl transfer reactions. Alterations of sphingolipid metabolism and associated signaling pathways are another potential link between ethanol and cancer development. In particular, ceramides are involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis and are known to function as important regulators of malignant transformation as well as tumor progression. However, to date, the cross-talk between ceramides and alcohol in cancer disease is largely an open question and only limited data are available on this subject. Most studies linking ceramide to cancer considered liver steatosis as the underlying mechanism, which is not surprising taking into consideration that ceramide pathways are an integral part of the overall lipid metabolism. This review summarizes the latest studies pointing to ceramide as an important mediator of cancer-promoting effects of chronic alcohol consumption and underscores the necessity of understanding the role of sphingolipids and lipid signaling in response to alcohol in order to prevent and/or successfully manage diseases caused by alcohol.
Who Really Benefits from a Resource Boom? Evidence from the Marcellus and Utica Shale Plays

We analyze the impact of the recent energy boom in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations on local labor markets in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Unique to our analysis is the use of origin-destination files (LODES) from the U.S. Census Bureau which provide employment statistics at the census block level based on where jobs are located and where workers live who hold those jobs. The richness of this data enables us to identify cross border mobility of workers as labor demand increases due to greater resource extraction. We find that increases in the value of new oil and gas production significantly increases local workplace employment and average earnings in the county, but that job gains go mostly to workers who reside outside of the county. Specifi cally, a one standard deviation increase in the value of new oil and gas production per capita in a county-year increases workplace employment by 283 jobs, decreases the fraction of jobs held locally, and increases the flow of workers from counties 25-200 miles away. Furthermore, we find some positive employment spillovers across industries but these new jobs appear to go to non-local residents as well. We do find evidence that the earnings distribution shifts to the right for both local residents and workers who reside outside the county.
Absence of CCR2 reduces spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc Min /+ mouse model.

The biological activities of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) are mediated via C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2). Increased CCL2 level is associated with metastasis of many cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the development of spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis using the ApcMin/+ mouse model. Ablation of CCR2 in ApcMin/+ mice significantly increased the overall survival and reduced intestinal tumor burden. Immune cell analysis showed that CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ mice exhibited significant reduction in the myeloid cell population and increased IFNγ producing T cells both in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) compared to ApcMin/+ mice. The CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ tumors showed significantly reduced levels of IL-17 and IL-23 and increased IFNγ and Granzyme B compared to ApcMin/+ tumors. Transfer of CCR2+/+ ApcMin/+ CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice led to development of colitis phenotype with increased CD4+ T cells hyper proliferation and IL-17 production. In contrast, adoptive transfer of CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice failed to enhance colonic inflammation or IL-17 production. These results a suggest novel additional role for CCR2, where it regulates migration of IL-17 producing cells mediating tumor-promoting inflammation in addition to its role in migration of tumor associated macrophages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Designing for Independence for People with Visual Impairments

The notion of "independence'' is frequently used to motivate technology design in the HCI sub-field of accessible and assistive technology for people with disabilities. Despite the term's pervasive use, the literature lacks a recent articulation of its meaning in the context of assistive technology. What does independence really mean? Scoping the study to people with visual impairments (PVI), we posed this question to 10 individuals from diverse backgrounds through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Our findings reveal that PVI have internal experiences of independence and social experiences of independence, with surprising insights into the roles that people and technology play in supporting independence. We also discuss new ways to design for independence.
Combining assumptions and graphical network into gene expression data analysis

Analyzing gene expression data rigorously requires taking assumptions into consideration but also relies on using information about network relations that exist among genes. Combining these different elements cannot only improve statistical power, but also provide a better framework through which gene expression can be properly analyzed. We propose a novel statistical model that combines assumptions and gene network information into the analysis. Assumptions are important since every test statistic is valid only when required assumptions hold. So, we propose hybrid p-values and show that, under the null hypothesis of primary interest, these p-values are uniformly distributed. These proposed hybrid p-values take assumptions into consideration. We incorporate gene network information into the analysis because neighboring genes share biological functions. This correlation factor is taken into account via similar prior probabilities for neighboring genes. With a series of simulations our approach is compared with other approaches. Area Under the ROC Curves (AUCs) are constructed to compare the different methodologies; the AUC based on our methodology is larger than others. For regression analysis, AUC from our proposed method contains AUCs of Spearman test and of Pearson test. In addition, true negative rates (TNRs) also known as specificities are higher with our approach than with the other approaches. For two group comparison analysis, for instance, with a sample size of n=10, specificity corresponding to our proposed methodology is 0.716146 and specificities for t-test and rank sum are 0.689223 and 0.69797, respectively. Our method that combines assumptions and network information into the analysis is shown to be more powerful. These proposed procedures are introduced as a general class of methods that can incorporate procedure-selection, account for multiple-testing, and incorporate graphical network information into the analysis. We obtain very good performance in simulations, and in real data analysis.
Cardiopulmonale cerebrale Reanimation

Die Erfolgsraten nach einer „Herz-Lungen-Wiederbelebung“(HLW) sind trotz wesentlicher Verbesserungen der Notfallmedizin im organisatorischen Bereich noch immer masig. Auch der enorme Aufwand der „HLW-Aktionen“ (= Ausbildung von Laien in Herz-LungenWiederbelebung) hat die klinische und epidemiologische Situation nicht wesentlich andern konnen [1, 2]. Der limitierende Faktor ist nach wie vor die Vulnerabilitat des Zentralnervensystems. Deshalb wurde 1970 der Begriff der „Cardio-Pulmonalen-Reanimation“(CPR) auf „Cardio-Pulmonale-Cerebrale-Reanimation“(CPCR) erweitert [1].
Neural Network Control of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems

BACKGROUND ON NEURAL NETWORKS NN Topologies and Recall Properties of NN NN Weight Selection and Training NN Learning and Control Architectures References Problems BACKGROUND AND DISCRETE-TIME ADAPTIVE CONTROL Dynamical Systems Mathematical Background Properties of Dynamical Systems Nonlinear Stability Analysis and Controls Design Robust Implicit STR References Problems Appendix 2.A NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS AND FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION NN Control with Discrete-Time Tuning Feedback Linearization NN Feedback Linearization Multilayer NN for Feedback Linearization Passivity Properties of the NN Conclusions References Problems NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL OF UNCERTAIN NONLINEAR DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS WITH ACTUATOR NONLINEARITIES Background on Actuator Nonlinearities Reinforcement NN Learning Control with Saturation Uncertain Nonlinear System with Unknown Deadzone and Saturation Nonlinearities Adaptive NN Control of Nonlinear System with Unknown Backlash Conclusions References Problems Appendix 4.A Appendix 4.B Appendix 4.C Appendix 4.D OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROL OF STRICT FEEDBACK NONLINEAR MIMO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS Class of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems Output Feedback Controller Design Weight Updates for Guaranteed Performance Conclusions References Problems Appendix 5.A Appendix 5.B NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL OF NONSTRICT FEEDBACK NONLINEAR SYSTEMS Introduction Adaptive NN Control Design Using State Measurements Output Feedback NN Controller Design Conclusions References Problems Appendix 6.A Appendix 6.B SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING DISCRETE-TIME NEURAL NETWORKS Identification of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Identifier Dynamics for MIMO Systems NN Identifier Design Passivity Properties of the NN Conclusions References Problems DISCRETE-TIME MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL Dynamics of an mnth-Order Multi-Input and Multi-Output System NN Controller Design Projection Algorithm Conclusions References Problems NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL IN DISCRETE-TIME USING HAMILTON-JACOBI-BELLMAN FORMULATION Optimal Control and Generalized HJB Equation in Discrete-Time NN Least-Squares Approach Numerical Examples Conclusions References Problems NEURAL NETWORK OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER DESIGN AND EMBEDDED HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION Embedded Hardware-PC Real-Time Digital Control System SI Engine Test Bed Lean Engine Controller Design and Implementation EGR Engine Controller Design and Implementation Conclusions References Problems Appendix 10.A Appendix 10.B INDEX
Amplifying a Relational Ethic: A Contribution to PRME Praxis

Western economically driven instrumental ethics fuel the dominant institutional logic in many business schools and are associated with the negative social and environmental situation widely linked to the mode of global development. Other ethical framings have been subordinated, marginalized, or denied. Through the explicit commitment of prominent international certifying bodies of management education, educators, researchers, and practitioners will be encouraged to give increasing effect to the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME). The PRME is a United Nations-led, institution-level mechanism for reorienting the direction of business schools and for increasing both educator and student capacities to contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable mode of development globally. We propose greater emphasis be given to various forms of relational ethics from which to guide the functional aspirations of institutions. We explore the creative opportunity for institutional change by contrasting the prevailing Western economically driven instrumental institutional logic with indigenous ethical framings. We draw upon Seo and Creed's conceptual framework of institutional change to discuss two films—Mann v. Ford and Waste = Food—to bring greater attention to the generative potential of indigenous perspectives in institutional praxis. Our examples could equally invite an application of other systems of relational ethics that have been overshadowed by the current domination of economic instrumentalism in almost all realms of decision making. We conclude by providing some teaching resources that can be used or adapted for geographical- or disciplinary-specific attention to the issues we raise.
Multiple Image Matching in an Automatic Aerotriangulation System

A crucial part of the aerotriangulation process is the identification and precise measurement of well-distributed points over areas with multiple image overlap. The selected point positions should be determined with sub-pixel accuracy on all the overlapping images. In this paper we describe an algorithm which combines gray-scale matching with geometrical constraints. The least squares method works in object space which is derived from the overlap and sensor geometry approximations. The model is based on the simultaneous use of multiple images which is fundamentally different from the traditional pairwise approach. Some practical data highlight the object-space-constrained, affine-transformation-based, gray-scale, least squares matching method.
Pleading in the Information Age

The Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal have rejected notice pleading and have embraced instead a “plausibility” standard for pleading, which requires a plaintiff’s complaint to present facts suggestive of liability. A recurring criticism of the plausibility standard is that it will weed out many meritorious cases in which the plaintiff was unable to gain access to information relevant to liability prior to the commencement of the lawsuit. This Note argues that these criticisms have largely ignored historical and technological changes in how information is regulated and accessed – changes that mitigate the impact of the plausibility standard. Information asymmetries between plaintiffs and defendants are, for the broad run of cases, less severe today than they were seventy years ago when notice pleading was created. Search costs for information are now lower because of new technologies like the Internet. Laws forcing or facilitating the disclosure of information to the public have also proliferated in recent decades, making building a case easier for plaintiffs. While serious information asymmetries remain in certain types of cases, this Note argues that the best strategy for dealing with such cases is not to return wholesale to notice pleading but to create a “safety valve” mechanism modeled on Rule 56(f) to test whether plaintiffs had access to significant amounts of information concerning the defendant’s conduct.
Network approach to internet bandwidth distributions

This study examines the communications networks formed by direct international Internet links, weighted by bandwidth capacity, each year over the 2002–2011 period. Specifically, we analyze changes in bandwidth distributions at country, regional, and continental levels during the period and identify network communities at these different levels. We apply an urn-based model developed with country-level data to bandwidth distributions at regional and continental levels. While the 2011 global Internet network closely resembles that of 2002, the network has become more tightly interconnected over time, and the high international bandwidth regions of Northern Europe, Northern America, and Western Europe have seen a modest decline in their share of total global bandwidth. As a consequence, international bandwidth concentration is showing a slow decline. Relative connectedness as measured by percentage of bandwidth staying within UN geographic regions is decreasing, whereas the percentage remaining within the continent has been fairly constant during the analysis period. All of this must be understood in the context of enormous total international bandwidth growth between 2002 and 2011 at all levels of analysis.
Advances in astronomical UV image sensors and associated technologies

Large-format ultraviolet image sensors have been and are actively being developed for a variety of space-borne astronomy missions. The detector is historically one of the most problematic parts of any astronomical spacecraft and it plays a critical role in the overall capability of the instrument. There are numerous detector systems with one being ideal for all applications. This paper focuses on the physical processes responsible for the inherent strengths and weaknesses of a few important UV image sensors as well as the recent technological progress that has been mae to improve performance of these devices.
Anomalous Greying Effect in Mice with Higher Doses of X-rays

Exposure of mouse hair follicles to 1200, 1300, and 1400 r of x-rays results in delay of hair growth, precocious melanogenesis, and disruption of melanocyte distribution. The diversity of greying responses obtained with 1100 to 1700 r appears to be due to inactivation of radiosensitive follicles rather than to tissue replacement or to displacement of external sheath melanocytes into the hair bulb.
Sorption of Perfluorochemicals to Granular Activated Carbon in the Presence of Ultrasound

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are emerging pollutants of increasing public health and environmental concern due to their worldwide distribution, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation potential. Activated carbon adsorption is an effective method to remove PFCs from water. Herein, we report on the sorption of four PFCs: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), from deionized water (MQ) and landfill groundwater (GW) by granular activated carbon (GAC) in the absence and presence of 20 kHz ultrasound. In all cases, the adsorption kinetics were found to be well-represented by a pseudosecond-order model, with maximum monolayer sorption capacity and initial sorption rate values following the orders q_(e)^(PFOS) > q_(e)^(PFOA) > q_(e)^(PFBS) > q_(e)^(PFBA) and v_(0)^(PFOS) > v_(0)^(PFBS) > v_(0)^(PFOA) > v_(0)^(PFBA), respectively. The equilibrium adsorption was quantified by the BET multilayer absorption isotherm, and the monolayer sorption capacity increased with increasing PFC chain length: q_(m)^(PFOS) > q_(m)^(PFOA) > q_(m)^(PFBS) > q_(m)^(PFBA). The equilibrium PFC sorption constants, q_e and q_m, and the sorption kinetic constants, v_0 and k_2, were greater in Milli-Q water than in landfill groundwater with or without pretreatment, indicating competition for sorption sites by natural and cocontaminant groundwater organics. Ultrasonic irradiation significantly increased the PFC−GAC sorption kinetics, 250−900%, and slightly increased the extent of PFC equilibrium adsorption, 5−50%. The ultrasonic PFC−GAC sorption kinetics enhancement increased with increasing PFC chain length, suggesting ultrasound acts to increase the PFC diffusion rate into GAC nanopores.
The Niemann-Pick C1 protein in feline fibroblasts.

Abstract Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, progressive neurodegeneration, and storage of lipids such as cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in most tissues. The current study was conducted to characterize the Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) protein in feline fibroblasts. This was accomplished by generating rabbit polyclonal antibodies against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 1256–1275 of the feline NPC1 protein. The results obtained using immunoblot analysis identified two major proteins that migrated at approximately 140 and 180 kDa. These two proteins were absent when immunoblots were incubated in the presence of feline NPC1 antibody and immunizing peptide, or preimmune serum. Fluorescence microscopy of feline fibroblasts incubated with the feline NPC1 antibody revealed granular staining within the perinuclear region of the cell. This granular staining was diminished when feline fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of feline NPC1 antibody and immunizing peptide, or was completely absent when feline fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of preimmune serum. Additional studies using double-labeled fluorescence microscopy indicated that feline NPC1 partially colocalized with markers for late endosomes/lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and microtubules, but not the trans -Golgi network. In summary, the results presented in this report demonstrate that the NPC1 protein in feline fibroblasts has a similar distribution as that previously described for human and murine fibroblasts.