cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spectrophotometric study of Am(III) complexation with nitrate in aqueous solution at elevated temperatures

The complexation of americium(III) with nitrate was studied at temperatures from 10 to 85 °C in 1 M HNO3–HClO4 by spectrophotometry. The 1 : 1 complex species, AmNO32+, was identified and the stability constants were calculated from the absorption spectra recorded for titrations at several temperatures. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) was used for ionic strength corrections to obtain the stability constants of AmNO32+ at infinite dilution and variable temperatures. The absorption spectra of Am(III) in diluted HClO4 were also reviewed, and the molar absorptivity of Am(III) at around 503 nm and 813 nm was re-calibrated by titrations with standardized DTPA solutions to determine the concentration of Am(III).
Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair using a modified Z-stent prosthesis

The purpose of this article is to review the technique and 5-year experience of endovascular stent-grafting of the thoracic aorta. From 1992 through 1997, 118 patients (83 male, 35 female) underwent stent-graft treatment for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. The stent-grafts were constructed from Z-stents and covered with woven polyester. The devices were deployed using a 20F to 24F sheath introduced through a femoral arteriotomy or retroperitoneal exposure of the distal abdominal aorta. The average aneurysm diameter was 6.2 cm (range: 4–11 cm) and mean stent-graft dimension was 3.4 cm (range: 2.4–4.5 cm) in diameter and 10.6 cm (range: 4.0–22 cm) in length. Stent-graft deployment was technically successful in 99% (n = 117). Ten patients died in the perioperative period (8.4%). Paraplegia occurred in four patients (3.4%) but there were no complications of distal embolization or stent-graft infection. Overall rate of aneurysm thrombosis was 96% (n = 113) after endovascular stent-graft placement. This preliminary experience shows that stent-grafting in the thoracic aorta is technically feasible and can be used safely to treat highly selected cases of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Long-term follow-up is necessary to assess its efficacy in preventing subsequent aneurysm rupture.
Isolation of isoprenoid acids from a California petroleum

Abstract By sequences involving fractional distillation, thiourea adduction, gas chromatography and crystallization of solid derivatives, there have been isolated from the naphthenic acids of a California petroleum four acyclic acids of isoprenoid structure: 2,6,10-trimethylhendecanoic acid, 3,7,11-trimethyldodecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid. Structures were deduced by interpretation of spectra and confirmed by comparison with samples of the synthetic acids. Starting material for synthesis of the C 14 acid was farnesol, while phytol was starting material for synthesis of the C 19 and C 20 acids. No optical rotation could be observed for the acids isolated from petroleum. In mass spectrometry of amides of these acids, in addition to the set of fragments containing the amido grouping, there was also observed a complete set of irons containing the nitrile grouping.
Influence of acid‐treated Ag3Sn on the tensile strength and fracture of dental amalgam

A dilute HCl wash of Ag3Sn powder results in a dental amalgam exhibiting 20% higher tensile strength. It was found that the fracture propagation paths in treated and untreated specimens were different. The support of the National Institute of Dental Research under Grant No. DE-30233 and Program Project DE-02111 is gratefully acknowledged.
Oxygen dependent and independent steps in luciferase-FMNH2 oxidation.

Abstract Upon reaction of luciferase-FMNH2 with oxygen a complex series of absorbance changes occur, leading to the formation of a stable ( t 1 2 about 35 min at 2°) dihydroflavin peroxyluciferase intermediate. Observed at 380, 445, or 600 nm, there is first a rapid absorbance increase which is oxygen-concentration dependent (k ⋍ 106 M−1s−1. Following this there are two oxygen independent steps, first a slow absorbance decrease (k = 4.3 s−1) and then an even slower increase (k = 0.55 s−1). The dihydroflavin peroxide is not expected to have absorption at 600 nm and is thus postulated to be in equilibrium with some flavin species which does absorb in the red.
Transmission spectrum of Doppler-broadened two-level atoms in a cavity in the strong-coupling regime

We present the theory of “normal mode splitting” sometimes also called, in the low-intensity limit, “vacuum Rabi splitting” for a Doppler-broadened two-level medium in an optical cavity, and illustrate it with experimental results. We note that, in the extreme Doppler limit, the absorptive and dispersive properties of the medium are due to almost completely different groups of atoms, and hence it is possible, in principle, to partially saturate the absorbing atoms without changing the dispersion very much; as a result of this, for a sufficiently high probe intensity, transmission peaks well within the Doppler absorption profile are visible, even though the medium is optically dense. Some interesting features exhibited by this system in various regimes are transmission peaks that are unrelated to the “zero-phase” condition, and three-peaked transmission spectra for high atomic density and high cavity input power.
Properties of single- and double-barreled Cl channels of shark rectal gland in planar bilayers.

Chloride channels from the apical plasma membrane fraction of rectal gland of Squalus acanthias were characterized by incorporation into planar bilayers in the presence of cAMPPK/ATP. In a total of 80 bilayer preparations, 21 Cl-selective channels were observed as single channels and 13 as pairs. This was a significantly greater number of double Cl channels than expected from a binomial distribution. The double Cl channels were divided into two groups based on kinetic and voltage-dependent behavior. One group had properties identical to the single channels (gb1) while the other was consistent with a doublebarreled channel (gb2) with coordinated activity between protochannels. The single-channel slope conductances of gb1 and gb2 from -60 to +20 mV with a 250/70 mm KCl gradient were 41 and 75 pS, respectively. With symmetrical 250 mm KCl, the I-V relation of gb1 showed outward rectification with 47.8 ± 6.6 pS at cis negative potentials and 68.9±6.1 pS at cis positive potentials. gb1 was open from 70 to 95% at all electrochemical potentials from -80 to +40 mV. gb2 was steeply voltage dependent between -80 and -20 mV. Both gb1 and gb2 were insensitive to Ca (from 100 nm to 1 μm), blocked by 0.1 mm DIDS and highy selective for chloride. These data suggest that double-barreled Cl channels are related to the family of small, outwardly rectifying Cl channels of epithelial membranes.
Lumbar trabecular bone mineral density distribution in patients with and without vertebral fractures: a case–control study

The proportion of load transmitted through the lumbar neural arch increases with aging, spinal degeneration, and lordosis, effectively shielding the lumbar vertebral bodies from load. This stress shielding may contribute to bone loss in the vertebral body, leading to increased fracture risk. To test his hypothesis, we performed a study to determine if vertebral body fractures were associated with a higher neural arch/vertebral body volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) ratio. Trabecular vBMD was calculated by quantitative CT in the L3 vertebral body and neural arch (pars interarticularis) of 36 women with vertebral compression fractures and 39 controls. Neural arch/vertebral body vBMD ratio was calculated, and its relationship to fracture status was determined using linear regression models adjusted for age and body mass index. Vertebral body trabecular vBMD was lower in fracture cases as compared to controls (mean ± SD, 49.0 ± 36.0 vs. 87.5 ± 36.8 mg/cm3, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas trabecular vBMD of the neural arch was similar (96.1 ± 57.6 in cases vs. 118.2 ± 57.4 mg/cm3 in controls; P = 0.182). The neural arch/vertebral body vBMD ratio was significantly greater in the fracture group than in controls (2.31 ± 1.07 vs. 1.44 ± 0.57, respectively; P < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that stress shielding is a contributor to vertebral body bone loss and may increase fracture risk. Although further studies are needed, there may be a role for interventions that can shift vertebral loading in the spine to help prevent fracture.
Aging workers and the experience of job loss

Abstract Aging workers experience the longest unemployment spells of any segment of the labor force and are much more likely than their younger counterparts to drop out of employment entirely. Yet, we still know little about aging workers’ struggles to regain employment following job loss. Do they see themselves as structurally disadvantaged? And, what are the consequences for self-perceptions, notions of fairness, and even mental health? We fill this gap by drawing on 52 semi-structured qualitative interviews with workers aged 40–65 who lost jobs during the Great Recession and have been attempting to find work since. Notable is their keen awareness of both age-specific labor market disadvantages and processes complicating re-employment for all unemployed workers during this period. Respondents articulate sophisticated analyses of how employer biases, credentialism, the job search process, and changes in the economy present very real barriers to reemployment. These perceptions and experiences, our materials suggest, have far-reaching social-psychological consequences, including loss of belief in meritocracy within major institutions; questioning of self-worth; and feelings of isolation, hopelessness and depression—consequences to which stratification scholars should devote more attention, especially since many aging workers become discouraged and eventually drop out of the labor force.
Effects of vitamin E, ascorbic acid and mannitol on alloxan-induced lipid peroxidation in rats☆

Abstract ω6- and ω3-unsaturated lipid hydroperoxides decompose to yield pentane and ethane, respectively. Alloxan toxicity was studied in rats in relation to pentane and ethane produced during lipid peroxidation induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg of alloxan/100 g body wt. Fifteen minutes after injection, vitamin E-deficient rats exhaled 102- and 11.2-fold more pentane and ethane, respectively, than prior to injection. Injection of 75 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body wt 30 min prior to alloxan treatment prolonged the time over which peroxidation occurred and all vitamin E-deficient rats died before 4 h. Vitamin E-deficient rats injected with 100 mg of the radical scavenger mannitol/ 100 g body wt 30 min prior to alloxan treatment were completely protected against lipid peroxidation, and none of the rats died by 4 h. Rats fed 40 iu dl -α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet or injected with 100 mg dl -α-tocopherol/100 g body wt were either totally protected against alloxan and alloxan-ascorbic acid-induced peroxidation or were only slightly affected as shown by very low-level pentane and ethane production. Thiobarbituric acid reactants in plasma, liver and pancreas 4 h after alloxan treatment reflected the prooxidant nature of ascorbic acid and alloxan, the vitamin E status of the rats and the protective effect of mannitol. Plasma glucose levels 4 h after alloxan injection were lowest in vitamin E-injected rats and highest in vitamin E-deficient rats. Only in vitamin E-deficient rats were both lipid peroxidation and significantly elevated plasma glucose levels observed by 4 h post-alloxan treatment.
Marginal leakage of contemporary cementing agents

T he evolution of the cast restoration has involved improvements in impression materials, waxing and investing techniques, and alloys. Despite these advancements, castings cannot be made to adapt perfectly to the margins of prepared teeth. For this reason we must still depend on the integrity of the cement to maintain the marginal seal. Accordingly, the cement must be as stable and insoluble as possible. Studies of cement solubility and disintegration have produced varying results.‘.’ In general, the zinc silicophosphate and glass-ionomer cements have been the least soluble, followed by the zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cements. The most soluble cements are ethyl cyanoacrylate cements and EBA zinc oxideeugenol cements. Studies of marginal leakage have also produced varying results.8-1o The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the marginal leakage of four commonly used cementing agents. The degree of marginal leakage was measured by the use of 45Ca.
Novel Pentablock Copolymers for Selective Gene Delivery to Cancer Cells

Purpose In this study, the novel poly(diethylaminoethylmethacrylate) (PDEAEM)/Pluronic F127 pentablock copolymers were found to be able to mediate high-efficiency transfection of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3) cell line while showing significantly lower efficacy in human epithelial retinal (ARPE-19) cell line and Swiss Mouse Fibroblast (3T3) cell line.
Probabilistic system-on-a-chip architectures

Parameter variations, noise susceptibility, and increasing energy dissipation of cmos devices have been recognized as major challenges in circuit and microarchitecture design in the nanometer regime. Among these, parameter variations and noise susceptibility are increasingly causing cmos devices to behave in an “unreliable” or “probabilistic” manner. To address these challenges, a shift in design paradigm from current-day deterministic designs to “statistical” or “probabilistic” designs is deemed inevitable. To respond to this need, in this article, we introduce and study an entirely novel family of probabilistic architectures: the probabilistic system-on-a-chip (psoc). psoc architectures are based on cmos devices rendered probabilistic due to noise, referred to as probabilistic CMOS or PCMOS devices. We demonstrate that in addition to harnessing the probabilistic behavior of pcmos devices, psoc architectures yield significant improvements, both in energy consumed as well as performance in the context of probabilistic or randomized applications with broad utility. All of our application and architectural savings are quantified using the product of the energy and performance, denoted (energy × performance): The pcmos-based gains are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of over 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient cmos-based realization. Our architectural design is application specific and involves navigating design space spanning the algorithm (application), its architecture (psoc), and the probabilistic technology (pcmos).
Energy reserves and chemical changes in denervated anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken

Abstract Postdenervation changes in most muscles, whether experimentally produced in animals or resulting from disease or injury in man, are characterized by a largely irreversible atrophy. One notable exception is the prolonged hypertrophy exhibited by the denervated anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle of the chicken. We have determined the concentrations of several chemical compounds and nitrogen fractions in the innervated and denervated latissimus dorsi muscles of the young chicken at various intervals after denervation. The posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD), a fast muscle, has significantly decreased ATP, phosphocreatine (PC), and total creatine (TC) concentrations 1 week after denervation. It also has less noncollagen nitrogen (NCN), as well as sarcoplasmic and fibrillar nitrogen; however, collagen nitrogen is increased and the muscle weighs 15% less than its contralateral control. The slow ALD, on the other hand, has not yet decreased its level of energy stores (ATP or PC) or TC at 3 weeks after denervation; nor are there any changes in NCN or any individual nitrogen fraction at 1 week. The hypertrophy of the denervated ALD reaches its maximum by the end of the first week, when it is 43% heavier than the control muscle. The weight gain in both innervated and denervated ALD are similar after that with the denervated muscle still 41% heavier at 3 weeks.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets

In this paper, a simplified mathematical model is proposed to describe the mechanisms leading to modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets. The model includes key system parameters such as number of planets, planet position angles, and planet phasing relationships defined by the position angles and the number of teeth of the gears. The model is used to simulate a wide range of gear sets to show that they can be classified in five distinct groups based on their sideband behavior in terms of their frequencies and amplitudes. A special experimental planetary gear set-up is developed and planetary gear sets from of three of these five groups are procured. A methodology is developed to demonstrate modulation sidebands from the ring (internal) gear radial acceleration measurements. For each case, sets of ring gear acceleration measurements at various speed and torque conditions are presented to demonstrate rich sideband activity that agrees well with the model predictions. At the end, based on results of the parametric studies and experiments, general rules on modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets are proposed.
Common cognitive representation of program code across tasks and languages

Plans are underlying cognitive structures used by programmers to represent code. In two studies we examined the content of plan-based representations and sought to show that common representations are used for programs that instantiate the same plans, even when they perform different tasks and are written in different languages (Pascal or FORTRAN). Our results support plan-based models and show that the organizing structures for chunks of code are abstract programming goals. The same abstract structures are formed for programs that perform different tasks using the same plans and for programs written in different languages but using the same plans. While plans were the primary organizing structures for code representations, other task-related information also played a role suggesting that programmers really utilize multiple representations. We advocate viewing code comprehension more like a plan recognition process and less like a text comprehension process.
Effect of temperature on nitrogen-limited growth rate and chemical composition of Ulva curvata (Ulvales: Chlorophyta)

Ulva curvata (Kutz.) de Toni growing in shallow estuaries experiences a highly variable supply of dissolved inorganic N, which can limit growth rates. The effects of N supply variability and annual temperature and light variation on growth rates and chemical composition were assessed in plants grown in outdoor tanks supplied with running seawater and either pulsed or continuous N additions for 8 d. Environmental variables were measured every 12 h, growth rates every 2 d, and plant nitrogenous constituents every 4 d. The experiment was repeated 7 times over the course of a year. The slopes of growth rate-tissue N and growth rate-N supply plots increased with temperature and varied at periods at least as short as 2 d. Temperature explained 44% of variation in growth rate, and temperature, light, and N supply together explained 53% of variation in growth rate. N-limitation occurred only above 20°C, the approximate temperature for the maximum growth rate. Growth rate and tissue N were not affected by N supply frequency. Tissue N, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase activity, and chlorophyll contents were correlated with each other and with environmental variables but not with growth rate. U. curvata thus does not maintain balanced growth in the strict sense, but rather stores nutrients supplied as pulses for use when they become growth-limiting. Since the relative importance of any single growth-limiting factor is highly dynamic, assessing the importance of multiple limiting factors requires longterm, high-frequency sampling of principal limiting factors and seaweed growth rates.
Trends in Mercury Concentrations in New York State Fish

Atmospheric emissions of mercury in the US are being reduced, but worldwide mercury emissions remain high. Mercury is also being removed from many consumer items. Changes over time in mercury concentrations in fish remain important to resource managers and the general public. There is hope that mercury concentrations in fish will decline, and the number of fish consumption advisories due to mercury will decrease. We compared mercury concentrations in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from a group of Adirondack lakes with data collected 12-17 years earlier and found variable responses among lakes. We observed an average decline of 14% in yellow perch mercury concentrations over the past 15 years.
Nitric Oxide Increases Lysine 48-Linked Ubiquitination Following Arterial Injury

Background Proteins are targeted for degradation by the addition of a polyubiquitin chain. Chains of ubiquitin linked via lysine 48 (K48) are associated with protein degradation while chains linked via lysine 63 (K63) are associated with intracellular signaling. We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in association with increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of UbcH10. The aim of this study is to characterize the effect of arterial injury and NO on K48- or K63-linked ubiquitination of cellular proteins. Methods The rat carotid artery balloon injury model was performed. Treatment groups included uninjured, injury alone, injury + proline NONOate (PROLI/NO), and PROLI/NO alone. Arteries were harvested at designated time points and sectioned for immunohistochemical analysis of K48- and K63-linked ubiquitination or homogenized for protein analysis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) harvested from rat aortae were exposed to the NO donor diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA/NO). Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis, or immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Results Arterial injury increased K48-linked ubiquitination in vivo . The addition of PROLI/NO following injury caused a further increase in K48-linked ubiquitination at 1 and 3 d, however, levels returned to that of injury alone by 2 wk. Interestingly, treatment with PROLI/NO alone increased K48-linked ubiquitination in vivo to levels similar to injury alone. There were lesser or opposite changes in K63-linked ubiquitination in all three treatment groups. DETA/NO increased K48-linked ubiquitination in VSMC in vitro but had minimal effects on K63-linked ubiquitination. Low doses of DETA/NO decreased K48-linked ubiquitination of cyclin A and B, while high doses of DETA/NO increased K48-linked ubiquitination of cyclin A and B. Minimal changes were seen in K63-linked ubiquitination of cyclin A and B in vitro . Conclusions Arterial injury and NO increased K48-linked ubiquitination in vivo and in vitro . Remarkably, minimal changes were seen in K63-linked ubiquitination. These novel findings provide important insights into the vascular biology of arterial injury and suggest that one mechanism by which NO may prevent neointimal hyperplasia is through regulation of protein ubiquitination.
Development of a ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Glycine and Application to Solvent Effect and Tautomerization

Tautomerization of amino acids between the neutral form (NF) and the zwitterionic form (ZW) in water has been extensively studied, often using glycine as a model to understand this fundamental process. In spite of many advanced studies, the tautomerization reaction remains poorly understood because of the intrinsic complexities of the system, including multiple accessible reaction pathways, charge transfer, and variations of solvation structure. To establish an accurate model that can be used for molecular dynamics simulations, a ReaxFF reactive force field has been developed for glycine. A training set for the ReaxFF hydrocarbon potential was augmented with several glycine conformers and glycine−water complexes. The force field parameters were optimized to reproduce the quantum mechanically derived energies of the species in the training set. The optimized potential could accurately describe the properties of gas-phase glycine. It was applied to investigate the effect of solvation on the conformational d...
Multiparameter image visualization by projection pursuit (Proceedings Only)

This paper addresses the display of multi-parameter medical image data, such as arises in MRI or multimodality image fusion. MRI or multi modality studies produce several different images of a given cross-section of the body, each providing different levels of contrast sensitivity between different tissues. The question then arises as to how to present this wealth of data to the diagnostician. While each of the different images may be misleading (as illustrated later by an example), in combination they may contain the correct information. Unfortunately, a human observer is not likely to be able to extract this information when presented with a parallel display of the distinct images. Given the sequential nature of detailed visual examination of a picture, a human observer is quite ineffective at integrating complex visual data from parallel sources. The development of a display technology that overcomes this difficulty by synthesizing a display method matched to the capabilities of the human observer is the subject of this paper. The ultimate goal of diagnostic imaging is the detection, localization, and quantification of abnormality. An intermediate goal, which is the one we address, is to present the diagnostician with an image that will maximize his changes to classify correctly different regions in the image as belonging to different tissue types. Our premise is that the diagnostician is able to bring to bear all his knowledge and experience, which are difficult to capture in a computer program, on the final analysis process. This is often key to the detection of subtle and otherwise elusive features in the image. We therefore rule out the generation of an automatically segmented image, which not only fails to include this knowledge, but also would deprive the diagnostician of the opportunity to exercise it, by presenting him with a hard-labeled segmentation. Instead we concentrate on the fusion of the multiple images of the same cross-section into a single most informative grey-scale image.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Network Coding Performance for Reliable Multicast

The capacity gain of network coding has been extensively studied in wired and wireless networks. Recently, it has been shown that network coding improves network reliability by reducing the number of packet retransmissions in lossy networks. However, the extent of the reliability benefit of network coding is not known. This paper quantifies the reliability gain of network coding for reliable multicasting in a wireless network where network coding is the most promising. We define the expected number of transmissions per packet as the performance metric for reliability and derive analytical expressions characterizing the performance of network coding. For a tree-based multicast, we derive expressions for the expected number of transmissions at the source of the multicast and inside the multicast tree. We also analyze the performance of error control mechanisms based on rateless codes and automatic repeat request (ARQ). We then use the analytical expressions to study the impact of multicast group size on the performance of different error control schemes. Our numerical results show that network coding significantly reduces the number of retransmissions in lossy networks compared to end-to-end ARQ scheme, however, rateless coding and link-by-link ARQ are able to achieve performance results comparable to that of network coding. Interestingly, link-by-link ARQ can outperform rateless coding depending on the network size and loss probability. We conjecture that network coding achieves a logarithmic reliability gain with respect to multicast group size compared to a simple ARQ scheme.
Methodology for Applying GIS to Evaluate Hydrodynamic Model Performance in Predicting Coastal Inundation

ABSTRACT Reid, S.K.; Tissot, P.E., and Williams, D.D., 2014. Methodology for applying GIS to evaluate hydrodynamic model performance in predicting coastal inundation. Accurate inundation predictions are critical to habitat conservation, littoral boundary definition, and coastal planning. Validating a hydrodynamic model against field observations is essential for evaluating model performance. The output of a typical hydrodynamic model provides georeferenced predictions that can be used to delineate a wet/dry boundary. This paper presents two geospatial methods that complement in-situ point-based validation. The methods utilize the Coastal Modeling System (CMS) hydrodynamic model and ArcMap software. In general, the techniques are applicable to other calibrated hydrodynamic models and may be applied independently or in conjunction. Each method was validated with an extensive data set available for tidal flats located along Packery Channel, Texas. Method 1 compared model predictions to the observed condition...
Application of a Discrete Mesoscopic Finite Element Approach to Investigate the Bending and Folding of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials during the Manufacturing Process

During the manufacturing of fabric-reinforced composite parts using a matched-die compression molding process or liquid composite molding, the fabric may experience local in-plane compressive loads that cause out-of-plane deformations. The waves that result from this outofplane motion can lead to the formation of resin rich pockets (during the infusion stage of a dry fabric) or they may be forced down into a fold by the tooling. Defects such as resin-rich pockets and folds compromise the structural integrity of the formed composite part. Therefore, it is valuable to have a simulation tool that can accurately capture the fabric bending properties and predict the locations where waves or folds are likely to occur as a result of the manufacturing process. The tool can then be used to investigate changes in the forming parameters such that the development of such defects can be mitigated. A hybrid finite element model used with a discrete mesoscopic approach captures the behavior of continuous fiber-reinforced fabrics where the fabric yarn is represented by beam elements and the shear behavior is implemented in shell elements. User-defined material subroutines describe the mechanical behavior of the beams and shells for their respective contributions to the overall fabric behavior. Simulations are used to demonstrate the ability of the modeling approach to predict the amplitude and curvature of out-of-plane waves. The simulation results are compared with experimental data to show the accuracy of the modeling. Additional models are presented to demonstrate the capability of the simulation tool to capture fabric folding.
Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the adult

A review of the management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the adult is presented. The various modes of therapy are classified according to their effects on bladder contractility and outlet resistance, providing a logical framework for discussion.
EERI Annual Student Paper Award Confinement of Rectangular Bridge Columns in Moderate Seismic Areas

Abstract The work presented in this paper examines the ductility and behavior of rectangular reinforced concrete bridge columns with moderate confinement. Four half‐scaled rectangular columns were built and tested. The transverse reinforcement ratios provided in the strong direction of the column specimens corresponded to 46 percent and 60 percent of the minimum lateral reinforcement required by AASHTO for seismic detailing. Each specimen was tested under constant axial load while subjected to quasi‐static cyclic lateral loading in the column strong direction. The axial load indexes were 10 percent and 25 percent. The specimens exhibited displacement ductilities ranging between 5 and 7. Based on analytical and experimental results, a simple design equation relating the amount of confinement steel to attainable displacement ductility was developed.
Antijam Spread Spectrum Receiver using LMS Adaptive Filtering Techniques

Analytical results have shown that least-mean-squared (LMS) adaptive filtering techniques are useful for narrowband jammer suppression in a direct sequence spread spectrum receiver. Recently, a Widrow-Hoff LMS adaptive filter has been implemented in digital form using a burst processing technique to provide a simplified hardware structure. This paper presents experimental results obtained using this digital LMS adaptive filter as a jammer suppressor for a 7-chip pseudo-noise (PN) spread spectrum system. Actual probability of error results are presented and compared to results obtained earlier on an analog version of the same type of adaptive processor. In addition, a new two stage adaptive processor comprised of a jammer estimator followed by an adaptive filter is introduced and discussed. This new system will provide improved probability of error performance by increasing the jammer cancellation while reducing the code distortion.
On the phase manifold geometry of the two-dimensional Burgers equations

Abstract A two space dimensional Burgers hierarchy is constructed and analyzed in terms of an invariant, Nijenhuis mixed tensor field on the phase manifold. The analysis extends to Burgers equations in higher dimension as well.
The effect of bcr-abl antisense oligonucleotide on DNA synthesis and apoptosis in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells.

Mutations in oncogenes have traditionally been viewed as inducing malignancy by causing excessive cell division. However, an additional possible tumorigenic mechanism is inhibition of normally occurring apoptosis. We have studied the mechanism of action of bcr-abl in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by inhibiting its expression using antisense oligonucleotides. K562 cells, derived initially from a patient with CML, were incubated with 16 microM 3',5'-capped bcr-abl antisense phosphodiester 18mer targeting the bcr-abl junctional sequence. Antisense reduced cell number by day 5 by 44% +/- 2.5% S.E. compared to nonsense or no-oligomer controls. Compared to nonsense oligomer, antisense oligomer reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation by only 13% +/- 1%. By the more reliable bromodeoxyuridine incorporation method, antisense had no inhibiting effect on DNA synthesis. In contrast to its minimal effect on DNA synthesis, antisense had a large effect on apoptosis. At day 4, after 3 days of oligomer treatment, antisense increased the proportion of cells with less than 2 N DNA 2.5 +/- 0.3-fold compared to nonsense, as revealed by analysis of DNA distribution following propidium iodide-staining. After 3 days of oligomer treatment and 24 h of serum deprivation, antisense increased the proportion of cells with less than 2 N DNA even more, over 3.1 +/- 1.1-fold compared to nonsense. Because CML cells are resistant to the induction of apoptosis (as judged by DNA laddering on electrophoresis, which requires double-stranded breaks), we also assayed the binding of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), which requires only single-stranded DNA breaks. Antisense treatment for 3 days increased TdT binding at day 4 by 16.4 +/- 8.7-fold. We conclude that, in CML, bcr-abl may lead to the accumulation of myeloid cells to a greater extent by inhibiting apoptosis than by increasing cell division. This bcr-abl induced inhibition of apoptosis may thwart chemotherapy and foster the accumulation of further mutations leading to the development of the blastic phase of the disease.
Luminescent Quantum Dots for High Temperature Sensing

High temperature photoluminescence sensing is demonstrated by embedding colloidal CdSe(ZnS) quantum dots into a high temperature dielectric. Temperature-dependent modes were investigated from 293-540 K. The sensor sensitivity is 0.11 nm/C.
Threatened retaliation as an inhibitor of human aggression: Mediating effects of the instrumental value of aggression

Sixty male undergraduates participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypothesis that threatened retaliation from the victim would be highly effective in inhibiting subsequent aggression under conditions where the instrumental value of such behavior was low, but would be relatively ineffective in this regard under conditions where the instrumental value of such actions was high. Support was obtained for both of these predictions. Findings were discussed in terms of their implications with respect to the usefulness of threatened punishment as a means of preventing or controlling human violence.
Interaction of FKBP12-FK506 with Calcineurin A at the B Subunit-binding Domain

Calcineurin is a calcium-dependent protein phosphatase that plays a pivotal role in antigen-stimulated T cell activation. The complexes formed between the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK506 and their respective intracellular binding proteins (immunophilins) block T cell activation by binding to calcineurin. Recent studies have shown that the immunophilin-immunosuppressant complexes interact with the latch region of the calcineurin B subunit (Milan, D., Griffith, J., Su, M., Price, E. R., and McKeon, F.(1994) Cell 79, 437-447). Mutations in the B subunit-binding domain of the calcineurin A subunit result in a reduction of calcineurin activity that correlates with B binding affinity. Calcineurin A subunit mutants D348A, F350A, W352A, S353A, and E359A lost greater than 90% of their activity to activate the transcription factor NFκB in Jurkat T cells. Furthermore, calcineurin A subunit mutants of residues Thr351, Leu354, and Lys360 showed NFκB transactivation activity and phosphatase activity with increased resistance to FKBP12-FK506 but displayed no or minimal increase in resistance for cyclosporin A inhibition. Together, these results strongly suggest that the B subunit-binding domain is required for calcineurin activity intracellularly and interacts with the FKBP12-FK506 complex.
Response of monkey glabrous skin mechanoreceptors to random noise sequences: II. Dynamic stimulus state analysis.

The responses of monkey glabrous skin slowly adapting (SAI, Merkel cell), rapidly adapting (RA, Meissner) and Pacinian corpuscle (PC) mechanoreceptors were analyzed as a function of the instantaneous position, velocity, and acceleration of a dynamic stimulus. For these experiments, a vibrotactile punctate stimulator was driven by a non-repeating-noise sequence. The resulting data (sampled stimulus waveform, windowed impulse) were processed in several ways. Initially, input-output correlation analysis was implemented to generate spike-aligned averages of the stimulus waveform preceding and following impulse initiation. From this analysis, it was determined that dual-responding RA and PC afferents—that is, those afferents that responded to both indenting and extracting stimulus movements—universally responded in a nearly perfectly symmetrical manner to the stimulus. Subsequently, two-dimensional (position, velocity) state histograms were generated and used to assess mechanoreceptor dynamic stimulus sensitiv...
N-demethylation of morphine in rat brain is localised in sites with high opiate receptor content

N-DEMETHYLATION of morphine, a principal biotransformation of this opiate alkaloid, has been demonstrated in several species including man1–4. The primary site of the reaction is the liver5,6 but its existence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been inferred from experiments both in vitro with rat brain slices7, and in vivo with hepatectomised rats8. The enzymatic N-demethylation of morphine and other biologically active tertiary amines has been studied extensively and both Axelrod5,6 and Beckett et al.9 have proposed that N-demethylation of narcotics is intimately involved in the mechanism of analgesia and the development of tolerance to and dependence on these agents. Subsequently, other investigators have questioned the validity of these hypotheses10,11 and critical reviews of the experimental support of these theories have been published12,13. Belleau and Morgan14 have revived interest in the biological significance of the N-demethylation of narcotics by proposing a provocative concept of clastic binding to opiate receptors in which the process of N-demethylation participates in conjunction with the opiate receptor in the mechanism of opiate action. This concept requires that the location of the sites of N-demethylation within the CNS is proximal to or coincident with that of the opiate receptors. Previous reports7,8,15 have described the N-demethylation of morphine by the whole brain, and our study was initiated to locate the reaction at specific sites. To do this in vivo, we used a new, highly sensitive assay. A mixture of 6-3H-morphine16, and N–14CH3-morphine (Amersham/Searle), of known isotope ratio, was injected into each rat and, after killing, the isotope ratio of selected tissues was determined accurately by combustion in a tissue oxidiser. N-demethylation of this mixture generates 14C-containing fragments originating from the N-methyl group, but the N-demethylated products of the reaction contain only 3H. The former are dissipated from the site of reaction much more rapidly than the latter, so that an increase in the ratio of 3H to 14C in a specific tissue would serve to indicate the presence, and also the extent, of any in situ N-demethylation.
Routine Adrenalectomy in Patients with Locally Advanced Renal Cell Cancer Does Not Offer Oncologic Benefit and Places a Significant Portion of Patients at Risk for an Asynchronous Metastasis in a Solitary Adrenal Gland

Abstract Background The indications for the removal of the ipsilateral adrenal gland in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the long-term outcomes have not been well studied. Objective We evaluated the risk of synchronous and asynchronous adrenal involvement in patients with RCC and the effect of adrenalectomy on recurrence and survival in a large, single-institution cohort. Design, setting, and participants From 1970 to 2006, 4018 consecutive patients with RCC treated by surgical extirpation (radical nephrectomy [RN]: 3107; partial nephrectomy [PN]: 911) from Mayo Clinic were studied for adrenal involvement. Risk of asynchronous adrenal metastasis and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were also compared between those who underwent concomitant ipsilateral adrenalectomy ( n =1541) and those who did not ( n =2477) using multivariate Cox models. Intervention Surgical removal of the adrenal gland at the time of kidney tumor resection. Measurements Primary outcome is cancer specific survival; secondary outcomes are incidence of synchronous and asynchronous adrenal metastases. Results and limitations Median postoperative follow-up among those still alive was 8.2 yr (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.3–13.6). Synchronous ipsilateral adrenal involvement was rare ( n =88; 2.2%). Ipsilateral adrenalectomy at the time of nephrectomy did not lower the risk of subsequent adrenal metastasis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64–1.42) or improve CSS (HR: 1.08; 95% CI, 0.95–1.22). The development of asynchronous adrenal metastasis occurred in 147 patients (3.7%) at a median of 3.7 yr (IQR: 1.2–7.7) after initial surgery. The risk of developing an ipsilateral versus a contralateral asynchronous adrenal metastasis was equivalent at 10 yr in those who did not undergo adrenalectomy at initial surgery. This study is limited by its single-institution, nonrandomized nature. Conclusions Routine ipsilateral adrenalectomy in patients with high-risk features does not appear to offer any oncologic benefit while placing a significant portion of patients at risk for metastasis in a solitary adrenal gland. Therefore, adrenalectomy should only be performed with radiographic or intraoperative evidence of adrenal involvement.
MICROSECOND TIMESCALE SURFACE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN MICRO-PULSED PLASMA THRUSTERS

A time-resolved surface temperature diagnostic for ablation-controlled arcs is in development at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB. The diagnostic draws on heritage from the experimental dynamic crack propagation community which has used photovoltaic infrared detectors to measure temperature rise in materials in the process of fracture. The microsecond time-scales involved in the fracture process suggest that such detectors may be applicable to the ablation-controlled discharges in pulsed plasma thrusters as a direct measurement of surface temperature during and after the arc. HgCdTe detectors are evaluated for use on the surface of an AFRL micro-pulsed plasma thruster. Evaluation of the diagnostic focuses on development of valid calibration methodology and application of the detector in the presence of a plasma. Current calibration techniques are reviewed with physical limitations discussed. An estimate for the wavelength dependent emissivity of Teflon is determined and measurements are performed in real-time on the surface of a thruster. Teflon vapor pressure is calculated for post-pulse temperature measurements.
Ady4p and Spo74p are components of the meiotic spindle pole body that promote growth of the prospore membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Spore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs via the de novo synthesis of the prospore membrane during the second meiotic division. Prospore membrane formation is triggered by assembly of a membrane-organizing center, the meiotic outer plaque (MOP), on the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole body (SPB) during meiosis. We report here the identification of two new components of the MOP, Ady4p and Spo74p. Ady4p and Spo74p interact with known proteins of the MOP and are localized to the outer plaque of the SPB during meiosis II. MOP assembly and prospore membrane formation are abolished in spo74Δ/spo74Δ cells and occur aberrantly in ady4Δ/ady4Δ cells. Spo74p and the MOP component Mpc70p are mutually dependent for recruitment to SPBs during meiosis. In contrast, both Ady4p and Spo74p are present at SPBs, albeit at reduced levels, in cells that lack the MOP component Mpc54p. Our findings suggest a model for the assembled MOP in which Mpc54p, Mpc70p, and Spo74p make up a core structural unit of the scaffold that initiates synthesis of the prospore membrane, and Ady4p is an auxiliary component that stabilizes the plaque.
Basal metabolic energy requirements of polarized and depolarized arrest in rat heart.

Basal energy requirements of polarized [tetrodotoxin (TTX), 25 microns] and depolarized [potassium (K), 20 mM] arrested hearts were studied by continuously measuring myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) during 60 min of normothermic arrest in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. TTX, a fast sodium channel blocker, was used to produce polarized arrest because of its specificity and reversibility. MVO2 was significantly lower in the polarized (TTX) group at all time points, a typical difference occurring 30 min after arrest (0.070 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.109 +/- 0.006 ml O2.min-1.g dry wt-1, P less than 0.001). Coronary flow was lower in the polarized group (14.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 28.4 +/- 2.2 ml.min-1.g dry wt-1, P less than 0.001, data at 30 min of arrest), but flow-restricted studies showed basal MVO2 to be independent of variation in coronary flow within this range. Recovery of function was similar in both groups. Ventricular pressure during cardiac arrest was lower in the polarized group (5.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.3 mmHg, P less than 0.01, data at 30 min of arrest), implying reduced myocardial wall tension and a lower intracellular calcium concentration. These results suggest that polarized arrest can decrease myocardial metabolic demands below that of depolarized arrest. A plausible mechanism is a reduction in myocardial wall tension caused by decreased calcium influx mediated by the Na-Ca exchanger.