cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Live Brine Shrimp Feeder

(1969). Automatic Live Brine Shrimp Feeder. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 532-533.
The social, behavioral, and health effects of phencyclidine (PCP) use

This study examined the perceived social, behavioral, and health effects of phencyclidine (PCP) use among a sample of 200 users in northern California. The study population, generated through snowball sampling techniques, included heavy chronic, light chronic, and recreational users; the vast majority of subjects were not in treatment facilities. Subjects reported that PCP use—particularly long-term, extensive use—resulted in frequent disruption of education and employment, impairment of relationships with parents and with lovers or spouses, involvement with the criminal justice system, and deterioration of physical and mental health. These findings provide systematic documentation of the extent to which problems previously associated with PCP use occurred among this population of users. In addition, the results illustrate the importance of examining the effects of PCP use in light of the psychosocial developmental processes of adolescence and early adulthood.
Plea bargaining: Its pervasiveness on the judicial system

The proposed standards of the American Bar Association and the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals are expressed in an ideal perspective, compared with the reality of plea bargaining use by prosecutors. Fifty-five prosecutors were randomly selected from four countries in two states, and a standardized questionnaire was administered to the subjects. The majority of the sample indicated an essential need for plea bargaining to administratively ensure justice in the criminal courts. The American Bar Association maintains that administrative efficaciousness is a minute consideration in justifying plea bargaining as a legal institution. Standards proposed by the federal Task Force on Courts contend that plea bargaining is an unnecessary adjunct to the formal legal process. Either of the proposed standards would, if adopted, definitely activate participant roles in a formally operated legal environment.
The function of Lady Meed in Piers Plowman

(1980). The function of Lady Meed in Piers Plowman. English Studies: Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 193-205.
Watching the fuel gauge: An international model of automobile fuel economy

Utilizing a new international data set and a non-linear maximum likelihood model, this study analyses the role of fuel prices, income, government taxation and technological change in influencing the consumers' choice of fuel economy. The results of this study imply that the consumers' choice of automobile fuel efficiency is less sensitive to fuel prices and income than previously believed. This inelasticity of the demand for fuel economy is important to consider when evaluating the potential impact of higher fuel economy mandates or higher fuel taxes. This study also found that fuel price differentials and differences in the level of automobile purchase and registration taxes account for most of the difference in automobile fuel economy across countries.
Impact of a combined sewer overflow on the abundance, distribution and community structure of subtidal benthos

Abstract A biological survey of the subtidal fauna near an intertidal combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharging into Puget Sound, Washington, USA, was conducted during April and May, 1977. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the CSO on the surrounding marine invertebrate communities. The shallowest subtidal sites studied (9 m below MLLW) appeared to be more affected by the CSO than deeper sites (13 and 24 m below MLLW). The subtidal area affected, as reflected in the levels of organic material, heavy metals and pesticides in the sediments, as well as the composition of the benthic macrofauna, appeared to be highly localised. The numerically dominant species at sites closest to the CSO was the polychaete Capitella capitata while the abundance of the bivalve Axinopsida serricata increased with distance from the CSO. Burrowing deposit feeders were the numerically dominant polychaete feeding type at sites nearest the CSO. Surface deposit feeders were more abundant at sites farther from the CSO, perhaps due to reduced sedimentation rates. Site-classification analyses indicated that sites adjacent to the CSO were more similar to one another than to sites which were farther away and apparently less affected. The positions of the sites along the first three principal component ordination axes were significantly correlated with depth and volatile organics (traceable to the CSO) in the sediments.
SOME SITUATIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY

This paper is concerned with certain situational factors which appear to influence therapy behavior and outcome of psychoneurotic patients seen in short-term psychiatric clinic treatment. These factors are the patients' expectancies, including their clarity and the extent to which they are congruent with those of the therapists, their suitability for psychotherapy as perceived by independent raters and certain aspects of the therapists' behavior.
THE APPLICATION OF FERRITIN-CONJUGATED ANTIBODY TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN INFECTED CELLS : II. THE INTERIOR OF THE CELL.

Freezing of the chorioallantoic membrane after brief fixation in formalin preserves antigenicity of cellular components and allows penetration of ferritin-conjugated antibody. Dense aggregates of viral antigen, presumed to be of the soluble type, were found in the nuclei of cells infected with influenza virus. Intracytoplasmic antigen, on the other hand, was widely dispersed. The experimental observations are consistent with the hypothesis that soluble antigen diffuses into the cytoplasm through intact nuclear membranes. Nucleoli do not appear to be the sites of antigen synthesis.
Effects of varying Notch1 signal strength on embryogenesis and vasculogenesis in compound mutant heterozygotes.

Identifying developmental processes regulated by Notch1 can be addressed in part by characterizing mice with graded levels of Notch1 signaling strength. Here we examine development in embryos expressing various combinations of Notch1 mutant alleles. Mice homozygous for the hypomorphic Notch112fallele, which removes the single O-fucose glycan in epidermal growth factor-like repeat 12 (EGF12) of the Notch1 ligand binding domain (lbd), exhibit reduced growth after weaning and defective T cell development. Mice homozygous for the inactive Notch1 lbd allele express Notch1 missing an ~20 kDa internal segment including the canonical Notch1 ligand binding domain, and die at embryonic day ~E9.5. The embryonic and vascular phenotypes of compound heterozygous Notch112f/lbdembryos were compared with Notch1+/12f, Notch112f/12f, and Notch1lbd/lbdembryos. Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these embryos were also examined in Notch signaling assays. While Notch1 signaling was stronger in Notch112f/lbdcompound heterozygotes compared to Notch1lbd/lbdembryos and ES cells, Notch1 signaling was even stronger in embryos carrying Notch112fand a null Notch1 allele. Mouse embryos expressing the hypomorphic Notch112fallele, in combination with the inactive Notch1 lbd allele which lacks the Notch1 ligand binding domain, died at ~E11.5-12.5. Notch112f/lbdES cells signaled less well than Notch112f/12fES cells but more strongly than Notch1lbd/lbdES cells. However, vascular defects in Notch112f/lbdyolk sac were severe and similar to Notch1lbd/lbdyolk sac. By contrast, vascular disorganization was milder in Notch112f/lbdcompared to Notch1lbd/lbdembryos. The expression of Notch1 target genes was low in Notch112f/lbdyolk sac and embryo head, whereas Vegf and Vegfr2 transcripts were increased. The severity of the compound heterozygous Notch112f/lbdyolk sac phenotype suggested that the allelic products may functionally interact. By contrast, compound heterozygotes with Notch112fin combination with a Notch1 null allele (Notch1tm1Con) were capable of surviving to birth. Notch1 signaling in Notch112f/lbdcompound heterozygous embryos is more defective than in compound heterozygotes expressing a hypomorphic Notch112fallele and a Notch1 null allele. The data suggest that the gene products Notch1lbd and Notch112f interact to reduce the activity of Notch112f.
Identification and management of the low-risk patient after myocardial infarction

Summary Patients at low risk after myocardial infarction can be identified from simple clinical characteristics that include: treatment with thrombolysis (or primary angioplasty in a patient without thrombolytic exclusions), a stable postreperfusion clinical course with no evidence of heart failure or recurrent ischemia, preserved left ventricular function (ejection fraction >40%) and no clinical contraindications to postinfarct treadmill exercise testing. Such patients can be expected to have a 6-month to 1-year mortality of
Implications of DoD Acquisition Policy for Innovation: The Case of Operationally Responsive Space

This paper uses an innovation theory lens to assess the potential for operationally responsive space to increase the ability of government space acquisition to meet the emerging needs of Joint Combatant Commanders. Two core challenges of generating innovation in national security space are identified: 1) enabling bottom-up initiative in a monopsony market structure; and 2) fostering an entrepreneurial environment for both component and system level concept development within an increasingly risk-averse system. The current military acquisition system addresses these challenges through a two-tiered process which separates technology development from project-based acquisition. However, this method of separation is not a complete solution as: 1) it fails to value the importance of architectural innovation; 2) it creates a disaggregated knowledge base which exacerbates the difficulty of top-down specification and bottom-up integration; and 3) fails to generate an entrepreneurial supply-side spirit. The operationally responsive space paradigm has the potential to resolve parts of this issue by generating a more dynamic acquisition environment; however, it remains to be seen whether the required significant philosophical change can be achieved in practice.
Deformation Behavior of Bimodal Nanostructured 5083 Al Alloys

Cryomilled 5083 Al alloys blended with volume fractions of 15, 30, and 50 pct unmilled 5083 Al were produced by consolidation of a mixture of cryomilled 5083 Al and unmilled 5083 Al powders. A bimodal grain size was achieved in the as-extruded alloys in which nanostructured regions had a grain size of 200 nm and coarse-grained regions had a grain size of 1 µm. Compression loading in the longitudinal direction resulted in elastic-perfectly plastic deformation behavior. An enhanced tensile elongation associated with the occurrence of a Luders band was observed in the bimodal alloys. As the volume fraction of coarse grains was increased, tensile ductility increased and strength decreased. Enhanced tensile ductility was attributed to the occurrence of crack bridging as well as delamination between nanostructured and coarse-grained regions during plastic deformation.
Critical Decisions under Uncertainty: Representation and Structure

How do people make difficult decisions in situations involving substantial risk and uncertainty? In this study, we presented a difficult medical decision to three expert physicians in a combined “thinking aloud” and “cross examination” experiment. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using script analysis to observe the process of constructing and making the decision, and using referring phrase analysis to determine the representation of knowledge of likelihoods. These analyses are compared with a formal decision analysis of the same problem to highlight similarities and differences. The process of making the decision resembles an incremental, sequential-refinement planning algorithm, where a complex decision is broken into a sequence of choices to be made with a simplified description of the alternatives. This strategy results in certain kinds of relevant information being underweighted in the final decision. Knowledge of likelihood appears to be represented as symbolic descriptions capturing categorical and ordinal relations with “landrhark” likelihoods, only some of which are described numerically. Numerical probabilities, capable of being combined and compared arithmetically, were not observed. These observations suggest an explanation for the heuristics and biases in human decision making under uncertainty in terms of the processes that manipulate symbolic descriptions of likelihoods and construct plans of action for situations involving risk and uncertainty.
Continuing kappa-gene rearrangement in a cell line transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus

Abstract A cell line transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus, called PD, is capable of carrying out κ-gene rearrangement while growing in culture. Subclones of PD have diverse κ-gene structures, and some derivatives show evidence of continued joining activity after as many as three subclonings. Analysis of PD sublineages has shown that a rearranged chromosome can undergo secondary κ-gene rearrangements, producing either a new rearrangement or a deletion of C κ . Although the PD line actively rearranges its κ genes, its rearranged heavy-chain genes show little variation, and there is no rearrangement of λ genes. In PD subclones, DNA fragments representing the reciprocal product of κ-gene rearrangement are often evident, and they may undergo either further rearrangement or deletion. The implications of multiple rearrangements on a single chromosome and of the maintenance of reciprocal fragments are considered in the context of a model that postulates that the V κ and J κ segments are not all organized in the DNA in the same transcriptional direction, leading to inversions rather than deletions during joining.
Terror Management Theory: Implications for Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, Intergroup Conflict, and Political Attitudes

Terror management theory posits that to maintain psychological security despite the awareness of personal mortality, humans must maintain faith in cultural worldviews. These worldviews provide ways for humans to believe they are significant enduring beings in a world of meaning rather than mere animals fated only to obliteration upon death. We review basic support for terror management theory and research exploring the implications of terror management theory for understanding prejudice, stereotyping, intergroup conflict, and political attitudes. This research shows that when the psychological need to defend these worldviews is heightened by reminders of death (mortality salience), prejudice, stereotyping, and support for charismatic leaders and aggression against outgroups is increased. Terror management concerns also lead targets of prejudice to disidentify with their ingroup and confirm negative stereotypes of their group. We conclude by considering the implications of terror management theory and research for the alleviation of prejudice and intergroup conflict.
Sonographic Evaluation of Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a thickening of the pylorus muscle, which connects the stomach to the duodenum. The exact etiology of this condition is not known, but some believe it is an acquired condition occurring after birth. Most cases occur in infants three to six weeks old. Diagnostic medical sonography is a highly important tool used in the diagnosis of HPS. It does not involve any radiation exposure, which makes it safer for infants. Many key characteristics of this condition help to make an accurate diagnosis. Some cases are treated with medications, but most patients have surgery to correct this condition, which has a very good prognosis. This case demonstrates the typical sonographic appearance of a 3½-week-old infant with HPS.
Interferometric fringe patterns interrogate entire cell surfaces in fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements of lateral diffusion

Lateral diffusion of cell surface proteins is commonly measured by spot fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) methods where the 1/e2 radius of the interrogated spot is typically 0.5 micrometers . On an 8 micrometers lymphocyte the effective spot area represents only 1/500 of the total surface. An FPR lateral diffusion measurement of a protein expressed as 50,000 copies per cell thus reflects the dynamics of only 100 molecules and this greatly limits the precision and reproducibility of FPR measurements. A new method for interferometric fringe pattern FPR permits simultaneous interrogation of the entire surface of round cells. Fringe patterns are generated interferometrically within the optical path of a conventional microscope FPR system so that spot photobleaching measurements can be performed interchangeably. Methods for interpreting recovery kinetics on round cells and for determining the fraction of mobile protein are presented. Fringe FPR data of the murine MHC Class II antigen I-Ak (wt) expressed on M12.C3.F6 cells showed fluorescence signals improved 100-fold relative to spot FPR, with corresponding improvements in S/N ratios of recovery traces. Diffusion coefficients of 2.07 +/- 0.37 and 1.79 +/- 0.97 X 10-10 cm2sec-1 were obtained by fringe and spot methods, respectively. The corresponding mobile fractions of I-Ak were 66.1 +/- 7.8% and 63.4 +/- 18.0%. Improved reproducibility of fringe over spot results are slightly less than signal improvements predict. There may thus be substantial variation from cell to cell in proteins dynamics and this method may permit the assessment of such variation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adult development of the hippocampal-serotonin system of C57BL/6N mice; analysis of high-affinity uptake of 3H-5HT in slices and synaptosomes

Abstract The saturable and specific high-affinity uptake of [ 3 H]serotonin ([ 3 H]5HT) (5 × 10 −8 M) was studied in slices from the hippocampus, parietal cortex, septum-preoptic area, and hypothalamus of male 2, 6, 12 and 24–32 month old C57BL/6N mice. Hippocampal [ 3 H]5-HT uptake showed a significant biphasic relationship to age, with lower values in the 2 and 24–32 month old mice compared to 6 month old mice. No significant age effects were seen in the other regions, or in [ 3 H]norepinephrine high-affinity uptake in the hippocampus. Studies of the high-affinity uptake mechanism in synaptosomal preparations were made in a subgroup of 12 and 24 month old mice. A micro-assay using a tissue-harvester measured high-affinity uptake on 8–30 μl of the P 2 suspension (crude-synaptosomal preparation). The high-affinity uptake was linear for 4 min at 37°C and inhibited in both the adult and aged tissue by 10 −5 M cold 5-HT (83 and 78% respectively), 10 −5 M fluoxetine (85 and 82% respectively) and 10 −3 M NaCN (57 and 57% respectively). Kinetic analysis of the [ 3 H]5HT high-affinity uptake in the hippocampus (3 min, 37°C) revealed the same apparent K m for serotonin at both ages (6.7 x 10 −8 M), but a 44% decrease in V max in the aged hippocampal synaptosomal high-affinity uptake compared to adults (120 vs 215 pmol of 5-HT/g-tissue/3 min). These results are discussed in relationship to the reported age effects on the intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus.
Specific Structural Alterations of the Chloroplasts of Spinach Leaves by Neutral Salts

Freshly isolated spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplasts were treated with 4 different neutral salt solutions at concentrations of 1 and 2 M for ultrastructural study. Each salt induces a specific pattern of structural disorganization. In KCl, there is principally swelling of the fret-canal and end-granal-compartment loculi. With KI, there is removal of green pigment, loss of some stainability, swelling, and separation of the individual membranes of the granal partition layers. Sodium trichloracetate causes apparent end-to-end fusion of granal stacks and their curvature; and in KSCN there is a great volume increase, related to the separation of the membranes of the partition region and extensive swelling of all the loculi. This work has been rendered possible through a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB 12906).
Effectiveness of integrated HIV prevention interventions among Chinese men who have sex with men: evaluation of a 16-city public health program.

To examine the impacts of a multi-city HIV prevention public health program (China Global Fund Round 5 Project) on condom use and HIV infection, we analyzed four yearly cross-sectional surveys from 2006 through 2009 among 20,843 men who have sex with men (MSM) in 16 Chinese cities. Self-reported condom use at last sex with a male partner increased from 58% in 2006 to 81% in 2009 (trend test, P<0.001). HIV prevalence increased from 2.3% in 2006 to 5.3% in 2009 (P<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that self-reported receipt of interventions was an independent predictor of increased condom use at last sex with a male partner over time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.63 in 2006 to 2.33 in 2009; P<0.001), and lower HIV prevalence (aOR, 1.08 in 2006 to 0.45 in 2009; P<0.001). HIV prevalence increased from 2006–2009 for participants with no self-reported receipt of interventions (2.1% in 2006 to 10.3% in 2009) and less so for those with interventions (2.4% to 4.7%). This Chinese public health program had positive impacts on both behaviors and disease rate among MSM population. Escalation of the coverage and intensity of effective interventions is needed for further increasing condom use and for reversing the rising trend of HIV epidemic.
A sex pheromone in the potato tuberworm moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller): Biological assay and preliminary chemical investigation

A sex pheromone was obtained from extracts of adult virgin female abdomens of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella. A biological assay method was devised to test males for optimal responsiveness to the pheromone under varying conditions. Chemical analyses of pheromone extracts were initiated using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry.
The Rotation Rates of White Dwarfs and Pulsars

We examine the question of why the white dwarfs in dwarf nova systems are found to be rotating much more slowly than expected. We propose a model in which the accreted angular momentum is removed during nova outbursts. We find that the efficiency of transport of angular momentum between the white dwarf and the extended nova envelope is rather low. We show that in using the same efficiency for the core-envelope coupling in giant stars we can explain the initial spins of pulsars.
The Thermal Expansion, Elastic and Fracture Properties of Porous Cordierite at Elevated Temperatures

The properties that determine the thermal shock resistance in materials are reported for porous cordierite, a leading candidate material for the fabrication of diesel particulate filters. Fracture toughness and slow crack growth tests were performed on test specimens obtained from the walls of diesel particulate filter monolithic substrates using the double-torsion test method at temperatures between 20 C and 900 C. The thermal expansion and elastic properties were characterized between 20 C and 1000 C. The role of the microstructure of porous cordierite in determining its unusual thermal expansion and elevated temperature Young's modulus and fracture toughness are discussed.
Geometric and material nonlinearity in tensioned wires of an external fixator

Abstract Objective . To investigate the fundamental characteristics of a tensioned wire in an external fixator. Design . Many factors that may influence the wire performance including the change in wire geometry, material hardening and yielding, loading and unloading, and levels of pre-tension are considered in order to obtain a whole spectrum of the wire characteristics. Background . External fixation is widely used in the treatment of unstable fractures, limb lengthening, and congenital and pathological orthopedic deformities. With the use of tensioned wires, external fixation provides attractive features such as minimal invasiveness, maximum tailorability, and versatility. These seemingly simple wires actually fulfill a very complex duty. To be able to maximize the benefit of these wires, it is necessary to know their fundamental characteristics. Methods . A single wire was isolated from an external Ilizarov ring-frame, and nonlinear elastic and plastic analyses of the wire were performed using the method of finite element analysis. Results . The nonlinear behavior of the wire originates not only from the material hardening and yielding but also from the change in its geometry. Pre-tension reduces wire deflection, delays the onset of full-plastic deformation, and elevates the limiting plastic moment, but at the same time leads to early material hardening and yielding. Conclusions . An entire load–deflection curve is necessary when comes to describe the wire performance. To enhance the wire performance, further efforts should be directed to exploiting the benefit of geometric nonlinearity of the wire. Relevance The findings will lead to refinement of external fixation design and provide engineering information to surgeons regarding the application of pre-tension during surgery.
Background Variables and Outpatient Psychopathology

This study was designed to evaluate the relevance of a number of background variables with regard to psychopathology of outpatients. Some 70 items of personal and social history plus BPRS symptom rating profiles recorded by 2 different professional observers were obtained for a sample of 729 adult psychiatric outpatients. Personal and social characteristics of the patient himself and types of problems encountered by the patient in his social context proved to be the most relevant kinds of information. Items related to the social class of parental family and the type of precipitating event were found to be of lesser relevance. A minimum set of background variables necessary to account for much of the systematic variance in manifest psychopathology in the out. patient population was identified.
Synthesis of 2-Diphenylmethylene-1-acyl-1-alkyl Hydrazines as Potential Psychotropic Agents

A series of 2-diphenylmethylene-1-acyi-1-alkyl hydrazines was synthesized as potential psychotropic agents. The investigation was prompted by evidence of MAO inhibition by hydrazine derivatives in vivo in which alkyl hydrazine metabolites were implicated as the active agents. The synthetic route to the compounds involved the following steps: hydrazonation of benzophenone, hydrazone oxidation to diphenyldiazomethane, alkylation of diphenyldiazomethane with Grignard reagents, and acylations of the anion formed in the course of the Grignard alkylation. A preliminary pharmacological evaluation of the compounds, based on protection against reserpine-induced hypothermia and ptosis, was conducted and the results are presented.
Multidisciplinary Team Building in Radiology Through Use of Shared Governance Principles

Abstract Team building in the radiology setting provides unique circumstances for nurses, technologists, and physicians. Professional roles overlap with potential for territorial friction that may influence patient outcomes and general work environment. Shared Governance (SG) concepts, when used in a multidisciplinary group such as radiology, promote team building, role understanding, autonomy through expertise, and employee retention that ultimately elevate the work environment. Although time consuming, the development of a cohesive team brings benefits to all members of the radiology team and the institution for whom they work. Steps to initiate SG demand forethought and organization to best use the creativity of staff, develop trust and understanding, and realize an active participation and "buy in" that will promote a successful team outcome.
Prediction of High-Intensity Pulverized Coal Combustion

Abstract The overall characteristics of high-intensity pulverized coal combustion have been predicted by a one-dimensional model. The mixing of the primary stream of pulverized coal and transport air with secondary combustion air was estimated by a growth angle of the primary jet. The coal particle burnout was strongly affected by the extent of devolatilization, which varies among coals. The extent of devolatilization as characterized by variation in a devolatilization coefficient was correlated with either proximate volatiles percentage or H/C mass ratio of the virgin coal. The resulting comparisons or predictions with measurements for eight coal types and three different combustors show that observed trends are generally predicted. The data used for these comparisons were obtained from a wide range of high-intensity combustion experiments. The proximate volatile matter in the virgin test coals ranged from 16 to 40 percent while the coal feed rate was varied from 12 to 290 kg/hr. Combustion air temperatu...
Chemical methods to identify the origin of oxidation in the thallium cuprate superconductors

Abstract Creation of mixed valency in the CuO2 sheets of the copper oxide superconductors is a necessary condition to suppress long-range antiferromagnetic order and promote superconductivity. The oxidation/reduction of the (CuO2)2− sheets is generally achieved by suitable ionic substitutions and/or oxygen intercalation/disintercalation. The mechanism for such an oxidation in the thallium cuprate superconductors has, however, not yet been established. We have adopted a simple wet chemical method to obtain the Tl content and a modified iodometric procedure to determine the total oxygen content. Our wet chemical analyses combined with thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate for the first time that oxidation of the CuO2 sheets in Tl2Ba2Can−1CunO2n+4 is primarily due to an overlap of the Tl-6s band with the σ∗ x 2 −y 2 and/or π∗ bands of the CuO2 sheets. Neither Tl vacancies nor excess oxygen in the Tl2O2 blocks is required to render the thallium cuprates superconductive.
Esophagitis in Children with Celiac Disease

Objectives. To our knowledge, the occurrence of esophagitis in children with celiac disease (CD) has never been evaluated. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of esophagitis in children with CD. Patients and Methods. Between 2003 and 2007, children with biopsy confirmed CD were retrospectively identified. Biopsy reports were reviewed for esophageal inflammation. Biopsy reports of 2218 endoscopies performed during the same period were also evaluated for inflammation. Results. Forty-nine children diagnosed with CD (47% boys). Nineteen of 49 (39%) patients with CD had esophagitis (95% CI 0.23–0.5). Thirty percent of boys and 46% of girls with CD had esophagitis (95% CI 0.12–0.40). Overall, 45% of patients who underwent upper endoscopy had esophagitis. The prevalence of esophagitis in CD (39%) compared to the prevalence of esophagitis (45%) in our practice was not significantly different, 𝑃=0.2526. Conclusion. There was no difference in the prevalence of esophagitis between children diagnosed with CD at the time of their diagnostic EGD and the prevalence of esophagitis in children without CD. A prospective study to determine whether the esophagitis should be treated with acid suppression or whether the esophagitis heals with the gluten-free diet is warranted.
Effect of porosity on small-diameter vascular graft healing.

Experimental studies have reported that complete healing of small-diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts occurs only if the porosity of the graft is increased, thereby allowing ingrowth of perigraft capillaries yielding endothelial cells. This study investigates the effects of varied graft porosity on the healing characteristics of 2-mm internal diameter (ID) ePTFE grafts interposed in the rabbit common carotid artery. Four groups were evaluated: Group A (n = 8) standard (30-microm pores) ePTFE grafts; Group B (n = 8) increased porosity (60-microm pores) ePTFE grafts; Group C (n = 8) standard ePTFE; and Group D (n = 8) 60-microm ePTFE external graft surface was externally coated with an impermeable layer of polyurethane. Patency was 100% for all groups at 8 weeks. At explantation, the neointima was composed of primarily modified smooth muscle cells. Endothelial cells were only identified at the perianastomotic region using the endothelial cell-specific antibody CD31. The impermeable external polyurethane coating of ePTFE grafts had no effect on neointima formation, regardless of porosity.
A Project to Strengthen Linkages Between Genetic Centers and Child Welfare Services

Genetic centers are reaching out to underserved populations. One of the most vulnerable underserved populations is children receiving child welfare services. Delivering genetic services to this group is particularly problematic because of multiple barriers. The first step in overcoming barriers is developing linkages between the genetic and adoption service systems with the goal of increasing referrals of child welfare clients to genetic services. This paper presents a model of fostering linkages that was developed under the auspices of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Human Genetics Network with support from the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Genetic Services Branch. Although the project was regional and funded, the model can be applied at the local level.
Episodes of accountability in the teaching of anthropology

In addition to the many new challenges facing the teachers of anthropology, an old one persists: how are we to deal with those of our students who procrastinate, who do not keep up with their reading and writing assignments in a timely manner? This paper suggests assigning multiple, short oral and written assignments as a general solution to this problem, arguing that this procedure can be followed without a substantial increase in the work of professors who normally assign a single paper due at the end of term. Increasing the number of episodes of accountability not only engages the students in their course work—it has the same salutary effect on the professor.
Parental origin of de novo chromosome rearrangements

Nineteen patients with de novo chromosome rearrangements and their parents were studied for parental origin using fluorescent heteromorphisms as heritable markers. Conclusions were possible in all 19. Eighteen of these rearrangements involved at least one acrocentric chromosome, and one involved a chromosome number three. A strong bias toward paternal meiotic errors was evident with those rearrangements which were not Robertsonian in type or which did not involve segregation errors. Of nine such cases eight were paternal in origin. Of the remaining ten rearrangements nine were Robertsonian translocations; four of the nine were paternal in origin. The supernumerary bisatellited 15, which was the result of a non-disjunctive event, was maternal in origin.
An evaluation of child welfare design teams in four states.

Abstract Empowerment-oriented design teams were structured in four states to promote collaborative practices among professionals and former clients. These teams were structured to serve as both learning and training systems, and they identified competencies for collaborative practices. Because these design teams represent a new learning and improvement system for child welfare and related service systems, and because these systems need more effective approaches to learning, training, and improvement, outcomes-oriented evaluations are imperative. The outcomes evaluation reported here relied on two evaluation strategies. First, 48 design team members completed follow-up surveys; these surveys explored individuals' perceptions of their design team involvement. Second, 22 design team members were interviewed directly; they were asked questions about the benefits and accomplishments resulting from their design team experience. These data from both evaluation strategies indicate that design teams promoted famil...
Patterning of α-Sexithiophene Single Crystals with Precisely Controlled Sizes and Shapes

Large arrays of α-sexithiophene (α-6T) crystals with controlled sizes and various shapes such as stripes, squares, hexagons, etc. are successfully demonstrated using an SiO2 surface with patterned Au films as a template. Top-contact field-effect transistors fabricated with α-6T crystals exhibited mobilities as high as 0.1 cm2/(V s).
Rough parameter dependence in climate models and the role of Ruelle-Pollicott resonances

Despite the importance of uncertainties encountered in climate model simulations, the fundamental mechanisms at the origin of sensitive behavior of long-term model statistics remain unclear. Variability of turbulent flows in the atmosphere and oceans exhibits recurrent large-scale patterns. These patterns, while evolving irregularly in time, manifest characteristic frequencies across a large range of time scales, from intraseasonal through interdecadal. Based on modern spectral theory of chaotic and dissipative dynamical systems, the associated low-frequency variability may be formulated in terms of Ruelle-Pollicott (RP) resonances. RP resonances encode information on the nonlinear dynamics of the system, and an approach for estimating them—as filtered through an observable of the system—is proposed. This approach relies on an appropriate Markov representation of the dynamics associated with a given observable. It is shown that, within this representation, the spectral gap—defined as the distance between the subdominant RP resonance and the unit circle—plays a major role in the roughness of parameter dependences. The model statistics are the most sensitive for the smallest spectral gaps; such small gaps turn out to correspond to regimes where the low-frequency variability is more pronounced, whereas autocorrelations decay more slowly. The present approach is applied to analyze the rough parameter dependence encountered in key statistics of an El-Nino–Southern Oscillation model of intermediate complexity. Theoretical arguments, however, strongly suggest that such links between model sensitivity and the decay of correlation properties are not limited to this particular model and could hold much more generally.
Textural evolution of synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz during reequilibration, with applications to tectonic reconstruction

Experimental reequilibration of synthetic 10 wt% NaCl-H2O inclusions in natural quartz reveals that reequilibration textures show distinct differences depending upon the P-T path followed by the inclusion after formation. These differences combined with other geological information may be used to determine whether the sample (rock) followed a dominantly isothermal or isobaricP-T path following entrapment. The intensity and style of inclusion reequilibration features is related to the direction and magnitude of the departure of theP-T path from the original isochore for the inclusion. Thus, fluid inclusion reequilibration textures not only permit inclusionists to determine whether the rocks followed an isothermal or isobaric retrogradeP-T path, but also the magnitude of departure of this path from one that is isochoric.
Repression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but not its receptors during oral cancer progression

TRAIL plays an important role in host immunosurveillance against tumor progression, as it induces apoptosis of tumor cells but not normal cells, and thus has great therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. TRAIL binds to two cell-death-inducing (DR4 and DR5) and two decoy (DcR1, and DcR2) receptors. Here, we compare the expression levels of TRAIL and its receptors in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral premalignancies (OPM), and primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in order to characterize the changes in their expression patterns during OSCC initiation and progression. DNA microarray, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses were used to examine the expression levels of TRAIL and its receptors in oral epithelial cell lines and in archival tissues of NOM, OPM, primary and metastatic OSCC. Apoptotic rates of tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in OSCC specimens were determined by cleaved caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. Normal oral epithelia constitutively expressed TRAIL, but expression was progressively lost in OPM and OSCC. Reduction in DcR2 expression levels was noted frequently in OPM and OSCC compared to respective patient-matched uninvolved oral mucosa. OSCC frequently expressed DR4, DR5 and DcR1 but less frequently DcR2. Expression levels of DR4, DR5 and DcR1 receptors were not significantly altered in OPM, primary OSCC and metastatic OSCC compared to patient-matched normal oral mucosa. Expression of proapoptotic TRAIL-receptors DR4 and DR5 in OSCC seemed to depend, at least in part, on whether or not these receptors were expressed in their parental oral epithelia. High DR5 expression in primary OSCC correlated significantly with larger tumor size. There was no significant association between TRAIL-R expression and OSSC histology grade, nodal status or apoptosis rates of tumor cells and TIL. Loss of TRAIL expression is an early event during oral carcinogenesis and may be involved in dysregulation of apoptosis and contribute to the molecular carcinogenesis of OSCC. Differential expressions of TRAIL receptors in OSCC do not appear to play a crucial role in their apoptotic rate or metastatic progression.
Fatigue issues for life extension and license renewal

Abstract Fatigue has been identified as a technical issue potentially affecting the license renewal of nuclear power plants. The NEI License Renewal Industry Reports (IRs) maintained that the current fatigue licensing basis (CFLB) is adequate to manage the effects of fatigue for both the current and the license renewal term, provided that fatigue-sensitive locations are accounted for and managed appropriately. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has identified fatigue as a Generic Safety Issue 166, Adequacy of Fatigue Life of Metal Components. The concerns identified by the NRC in GSI-166 must be evaluated as part of the license renewal process. The concerns of the NRC staff regarding fatigue for license renewal fall into five categories: (1) adequacy of the fatigue design basis when environmental effects are considered; (2) adequacy of both the number and severity of design-basis transients; (3) adequacy of inservice inspection requirements and procedures to detect fatigue indications; (4) adequacy of the fatigue design basis for Class 1 piping components designed in accordance with ANSI B31.1; and (5) adequacy of actions to be taken when the fatigue design basis is potentially compromised. Results of recent investigations by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) and other organizations are being used to provide technical justification to support development of an industry approach regarding the management of fatigue during the license renewal term. This paper describes industry activities to develop a fatigue position for license renewal.
Wnt and Hedgehog Are Critical Mediators of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Cancer

Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world, and greater than 90% of lung cancers are cigarette smoke-related. Current treatment options are inadequate, because the molecular basis of cigarette-induced lung cancer is poorly understood.
Stereoselective Photodimerization of (E)-Stilbenes in Crystalline gamma-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes.

Solid-state irradiation of the crystalline inclusion complex of (E)-stilbene in γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) yields a single isomer of syn-tetraphenylcyclobutane stereoselectively in high yield. In contrast, the photodimerization of stilbene in solution is very inefficient and unselective, and no photodimer is observed even upon prolonged irradiation of pure crystals. The monosubstituted stilbenes form a pair of photodimers stereoselectively, viz. the syn head-to-head and syn head-to-tail isomers, in comparable yields. The photodimer yields of about 70% and the biphasic decay kinetics of the excited stilbene (as established by picosecond time-resolved diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy) indicate that the stilbene guests are located in at least two distinct sites in the γ-CD crystal lattice, i.e., a dimerization site where excited stilbene is in close reach of another stilbene guest molecule and an isomerization site where excited stilbene does not find a close neighbor for dimerization and thus undergoes trans → c...
Nonlinear dynamics of a beam

Abstract The investigation reported here analyzes the vibration of a uniform beam with hinged ends which are restrained. The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed loading and is released from rest when the load is suddenly removed. The motion is found to be inherently nonlinear, even for small vibrations, and there is dynamic mode-coupling. The frequencies of the modes are functionally related to the initial conditions, particularly the amplitudes of all modes.
Synthesis and characterization of diblock and gel-forming pentablock copolymers of tertiary amine methacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(propylene glycol)

Novel pH-sensitive gel-forming pentablock copolymers based on commercially available Pluronic (poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO) triblock copolymers and cationic diblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME) were synthesized by oxyanionic polymerization. Polymerization of the cationic moiety, poly((diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate), PDEAEM, was initiated by a difunctional potassium alcoholate of the triblock Pluronic copolymer F127 (PEO106−PPO69−PEO106) or PEGME. The difunctionality of the initiation using the triblock macroinitiator, indicating formation of a pentablock copolymer rather than a tetrablock copolymer, was verified by functionalized termination of the living polymer chains. Critical micellization temperatures (cmt) of the synthesized polymers were obtained from differential scanning calorimetry for the pentablock materials. The pentablock copolymers retained the thermoreversible gel-forming properties of Pluronic F12...
Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High Strength Crack-Free Steel

Thermo-mechanical process followed by accelerated cooling and high temperature tempering was applied to investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a high strength crack-free steel. Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique were employed to analyze the complex microstructural characteristics of the steel. The results indicated that the precipitation strengthening effect played an important role in optimizing the tempered strength. According to EBSD results, the average grain size of as-rolled specimens was about 3.2 μm, and it increased slightly with the tempering temperature. Therefore, the grain refinement wasthe major reason for the good mechanical properties of the crack-free steel.
Transistor noise theory in the Middlebrook limit of high injection

Abstract Transistor noise in p - n - p transistors at high injection is calculated for a one-dimensional model for arbitrary values of p 0 ( w B )/ p 0 (0), where p 0 (0) is the hole concentration on the emitter side of the base region and p 0 ( w B ) the hole concentration on the collector side of the base region, and it is found that additional terms occur in the noise expressions. The results are then applied to the low-frequency case. The equivalent circuit of the transistor is calculated for the Middlebrook limit, where p 0 ( w B )/ p 0 (0) attains a limiting value, and it is found that this circuit is greatly simplified in comparison with the case p 0 ( w B )/ p 0 (0) Z cor of the transistor noise is calculated at relatively low frequencies and it is found that the theory cannot explain the large values of Z cor observed by Tong and van der Ziel.