cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Pulsed Microwave Plasma Ignition for Use in SI-Engines

Ignition of the fuel-air mixture through compression and spark ignition are the two basic methods for igniting combustion mixtures in modern internal combustion (IC) engines. A significant environmental and economic benefit could be obtained if spark ignited (SI) engines were to be made more efficient. Higher thermal efficiencies could be obtained through operation with leaner fuel-air mixtures and through operations at higher power densities and pressures. These types of mixtures are often more difficult to ignite with traditional spark plugs. In pursuit of better ignition sources, this paper investigates a microwave plasma alternative to the traditional spark plug. Additionally, measurements of a novel pulsed microwave induced plasma ignition concept are presented. Measurements at atmospheric pressures show promising results with respect to energy and plasma formation delay. With some refinement, it is possible to produce sufficiently energetic microwave discharges, in a short enough time frame to make them feasible for ignition of SI engines in an automotive setting. These results justify further investigation to quantify the advantages such an ignition source may have to offer.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An auditory localization model based on high-frequency spectral cues.

We present in this paper a connectionist model that extracts interaural intensity differences (IID) from head-related transfer functions (HRTF) in the form of spectral cues to localize broadband high-frequency auditory stimuli, in both azimuth and elevation. A novel discriminative matching measure (DMM) is defined and optimized to characterize matching this IID spectrum. The optimal DMM approach and a novel backpropagation-based fuzzy model of localization are shown to be capable of localizing sources in azimuth, using only spectral IID cues. The fuzzy neural network model is extended to include localization in elevation. The use of training data with additive noise provides robustness to input errors. Outputs are modeled as two-dimensional Gaussians that act as membership functions for the fuzzy sets of sound locations. Error back-propagation is used to train the network to correlate input patterns and the desired output patterns. The fuzzy outputs are used to estimate the location of the source by detecting Gaussians using the max-energy paradigm. The proposed model shows that HRTF-based spectral IID patterns can provide sufficient information for extracting localization cues using a connectionist paradigm. Successful recognition in the presence of additive noise in the inputs indicates that the computational framework of this model is robust to errors made in estimating the IID patterns. The localization errors for such noisy patterns at various elevations and azimuths are compared and found to be within limits of localization blurs observed in humans.
Axonal transport of glycoproteins in regenerating olfactory nerve: enhanced glycopeptide concanavalin A-binding

Abstract The size and concanavalin A-binding characteristics of glycopeptides derived from axonally transported glycoproteins were studied in regenerating garfish olfactory nerve. A regeneration related increase was observed in the proportion of total glycopeptide radioactivity associated with the lower molecular weight, dialyzable fraction. There was also a 3–5-fold increase in the axonal transport of low molecular weight concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides in regenerating nerve. These results suggest a shift to an enhanced synthesis and axonal transport of glycoproteins containing low molecular weight, concanavalin A-binding carbohydrate chains in regenerating nerve.
Hall conductivity and current fluctuations

Abstract A previous expression for the axial Hall conductivity in bulk matter, using purely thermodynamic reasoning, is here derived from Kubo current fluctuations.
Long-term neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relations between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and several neurologic outcomes 6 months or more after TBI. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. DESIGN: Systematic review of the published, peer-reviewed literature. PRIMARY MEASURES: Not applicable. RESULTS: We identified 75 studies that examined the relations between TBI and neurologic outcomes. Unprovoked seizures are causally related to penetrating TBI as well as to moderate and severe TBI. There was only limited evidence of an association between seizures and mild TBI. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) was associated with moderate and severe TBI, but not with mild TBI unless there was loss of consciousness (LOC); the evidence for the latter was limited. Parkinsonism was associated with moderate and severe TBI, but there was only modest evidence of a link with mild TBI without LOC. Dementia pugilistica was associated with professional boxing. There was insufficient evidence to support an association between TBI and both multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. TBI appeared to produce a host of postconcussive symptoms (eg, memory problems, dizziness, and irritability). Moderate and severe TBI were associated with endocrine problems such as hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency and possibly with diabetes insipidus. There was only limited evidence of an association between mild TBI and the development of ocular/visual motor deterioration. CONCLUSION: TBI is strongly associated with several neurologic disorders 6 months or more after injury. Clinicians caring for TBI patients should monitor them closely for the development of these disorders. While some of these disorders can be treated after they arise (eg, seizures), a greater public health benefit would be achieved by preventing them before they develop. Research efforts to develop therapies aimed at secondary prevention are currently underway. Language: en
Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes who are fasting for laboratory blood tests: the Cape Girardeau Hypoglycemia En Route Prevention Program.

AbstractObjective: Patients with diabetes are routinely asked to fast for laboratory tests. If not properly prepared, they may be at risk for hypoglycemia, which may result in traffic accidents while driving en route to and from laboratory facilities. We undertook this study to evaluate the magnitude of this overlooked problem, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a prevention program implemented in our clinic. Methods: A retrospective study consisting of chart reviews and telephone interviews of consecutive hypoglycemic events (blood glucose level < 70 mg/dL). The study cohorts, A and B, were extracted from our central laboratory database. Cohort A (from January 2008–September 2009) consisted of patients prior to–and cohort B (from October 2009–June 2011) subsequent to–the implementation of a prevention program involving blood glucose monitoring and adjustment of antidiabetic medications. Duration of each cohort was 21 months. For the purpose of this article, we use the acronym FEEHD (fasting–evoked en–r...
Temperamental Resistance to Control Increases the Association Between Sleep Problems and Externalizing Behavior Development

This study examined the moderating effects of temperamental resistance to control on the link between development of sleep problems and development of externalizing behaviors over a 5-year period. Resistance to control was assessed with mothers' retrospective reports of temperament in infancy, provided when children were 5 years of age. Sleep problems were assessed with mother reports on an annual basis from age 5 to age 9. Externalizing behaviors were assessed with teacher reports on an annual basis from age 5 to age 9. A cross-domain latent growth curve model indicated that sleep problem trajectories were positively associated with externalizing behavior trajectories only for children high in resistance to control. In addition, resistance to control was positively associated with initial (age 5) sleep problems and initial (age 5) externalizing behaviors. The authors speculate that the development of sleep problems promotes the development of behavior problems for resistant children, whose self-regulatory abilities are especially tenuous. Implications for prevention and treatment of conduct problems are considered.
Construction risk assessment by linguistics: authors' reply to comments by J.M. Gleason

In replying to J.M. Gleason's comments (see ibid., vol.38, no.2 p.177-8, 1991) the authors admit that an initial error in calculation of the example that affected subsequent calculations was made in the original paper (see ibid., vol.36, no.2, May 1989). The corrected equations are presented. Taking into account the corrections, it is concluded that among the three predefined fuzzy sets, the set 'high' has the closest Euclidean distance to the fuzzy set (S). Therefore the total risk of this project is 'high'. >
Universal framework for unmanned system penetration testing

Multiple industries, from defense to medical, are increasing their use of unmanned systems. Today, many of these systems are rapidly designed, tested, and deployed without adequate security testing. To aid the quick turnaround, commercially available subsystems and embedded components are often used. These components may introduce security vulnerabilities particularly if the designers do not fully understand their functionality and limitations. There is a need for thorough testing of unmanned systems for security vulnerabilities, which includes all subsystems. Using a penetration testing framework would help find these vulnerabilities across different unmanned systems applications. The framework should encompass all of the commonly implemented subsystems including, but not limited to, wireless networks, CAN buses, passive and active sensors, positioning receivers, and data storage devices. Potential attacks and vulnerabilities can be identified by looking at the unique characteristics of these subsystems. The framework will clearly outline the attack vectors as they relate to each subsystem. If any vulnerabilities exist, a mitigation plan can be developed prior to the completion of the design phase. Additionally, if the vulnerabilities are known in advance of deployment, monitoring can be added to the design to alert operators of any attempted or successful attacks. This proposed framework will help evaluate security risks quickly and consistently to ensure new unmanned systems are ready for deployment. Verifying that a new unmanned system has passed a comprehensive security evaluation will ensure greater confidence in its operational effectiveness.
Salvage Spiral Sling Techniques: Alternatives to Manage Disabling Recurrent Urinary Incontinence in Females

Purpose: Females with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after anti-incontinence surgery represent a therapeutic challenge. In our experience and that of others standard sling procedures have occasionally failed to correct these problems. We determined the effectiveness of various spiral sling techniques used in these cases to manage pipe stem urethras in which conventional slings had failed.Materials and Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2008 we evaluated 30 female patients with persistent stress urinary incontinence after multiple failed anti-incontinence procedures. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation consisted of history, physical examination, number of pads, Stamey score and quality of life questionnaires.Results: We followed 28 patients a minimum of 15 months (range 15 to 18). Mean patient age was 60 years (range 36 to 84). At presentation patients had undergone a mean of 3.5 prior vaginal procedures (range 1 to 6) and used a mean of 7 pads daily (range 3 to 12). Of the patients 21 rec...
Supervisory Session with Discussion

Dr. caligor: Can I have your attention please, colleagues and guests. Welcome to the 165th scientific meeting of the William Alanson White Psychoanalytic Society. The focus of our 1980–1981 scientific meetings, as we all know, is on the supervisory process.
Crystalline α-Sm2S3 nanowires: Structure and optical properties of an unusual intrinsically degenerate semiconductor

Abstract The lanthanide sulfides have long been a promising class of semiconductors because of their infrared-to-visible range band gaps and excellent thermoelectric properties. However, their applications have been limited due to their time consuming conventional synthetic processes and the lack of sufficient understanding of their electronic properties. To address these shortcomings, here we report a rapid, chemical vapor deposition route which results in thin films of crystalline α-phase samarium sesquisulfide (α-Sm 2 S 3 ) nanowires within a few hours, rather than the typical 4–7 days required in previous synthetic processes. In addition, density functional theory was, for the first time, utilized to calculate the electronic band structure of α-Sm 2 S 3 in order to shed insight into the interpretation of their UV–Vis absorption spectrum. We found that the theoretical direct gap in the band states of α-Sm 2 S 3 is 1.7 eV. Computation results suggest that this gap can be tuned to a solar optimal ∼1.3 eV via systematic sulfur vacancy sites engineered into the crystal structure. Most significantly, the degenerate semiconductor-like behavior long observed in lanthanide sulfide samples have been shown to be present even in the ideal α-Sm 2 S 3 structure, suggesting that the observed heavily p -type behavior is an unusual intrinsic property of the material resulting from the Fermi level being located significantly below the optically active 1.7 eV band edge.
Reducing Barriers for Implementation of Bystander-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association for Healthcare Providers, Policymakers, and Community Leaders Regarding the Effectiveness of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death in the United States and Canada. In the United States, each year ≈330 000 people die of coronary heart disease out of the hospital or in emergency departments. Of these, >150 000 SCAs occur out of the hospital.1,2 Despite the development of electrical defibrillation and the more recent implementation of lay rescuer defibrillation programs, the vast majority of these victims do not leave the hospital alive. In studies over the past 15 years, only 1.4% of patients with out-of-hospital arrest in Los Angeles, Calif, survived to hospital discharge3; in Chicago, Ill, the number was 2%,4 and in Detroit, Mich, it was <1%.5 Conversely, a few municipalities such as Seattle, Wash, report much higher survival rates from SCA—more than 15% in 1 study6—which suggests that survival rates need not remain so low. Recent work in Europe and elsewhere has confirmed that a higher survival-to-hospital discharge rate is indeed a realistic goal, with survival rates as high as 9% reported in Amsterdam7 and 21% in Maribor, Slovenia.8 The American Heart Association (AHA) uses 4 links in the “chain of survival” to illustrate the time-sensitive actions required for victims of SCA: (1) early recognition of the emergency and activation of emergency medical services (EMS), (2) early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), (3) early delivery of shock(s) from a defibrillator if indicated, and (4) early advanced life support and postresuscitation care. Immediate bystander recognition of the emergency and EMS activation are critical. In many communities, however, these actions may be followed by significant delays, because the time interval from activation of EMS to arrival of these medical personnel may be 7 to 8 minutes or longer.4 Therefore, initial care in the first critical minutes after …
Optically concatenated 4-fold 40-Gbit/s multicasting, 4-Fold 40-to-160-Gbit/s multiplexing, and 160-to-40-Gbit/s demultiplexing using highly nonlinear fibers

We experimentally demonstrate concatenated 4-fold 40-Gbit/s signal multicasting, 4-fold 40-to-160-Gbit/s multiplexing and subsequent 160-to-40-Gbit/s demultiplexing based on supercontinuum generation and cross-phase modulation in highly nonlinear fibers. 5–9 dB penalty at 10−9 BER was observed after the nonlinear processes.
Corresponding states correlation of saturated and metastable properties

A corresponding states correlation is developed for the p - v - T properties of saturated liquids. It is similar in form to a previous correlation; however it is more accurate in the low pressure, low Pitzer factor range, owing to the incorporation of new information about low Pitzer factor behavior. The problem of creating corresponding states correlations of the spinodal lines and the metastable states is also discussed in the light of new equation of state information. A partial preliminary correlation works particularly well for non-polar molecules in the range of fairly small positive Pitzer factors.
Behavioral Research as a Transactional Process

The behavioral scientist performing research in an organization or institution interacts in a complex sociotechnical system. Inputs into this system are (1) the researcher's needs and perceptions, the needs and perceptions of those he refers to as subjects, the preresearch relationship, and (2) the technical demands of the research design, which are in turn influenced by the researcher's as a specific methodologies and hypotheses. Outputs from the system include (1) the ongoing researcher/subject relationship and (2) a systematized body of data which are called the research results.
Cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain and heavy chain are dependent upon each other for microtubule end localization in Aspergillus nidulans.

Summary The multisubunit microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein, targets to various subcellular locations in eukaryotic cells for various functions. The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (HC) contains the microtubule binding and ATP binding sites for motor function, whereas the intermediate chain (IC) is implicated in the in vivo targeting of the HC. Concerning any targeting event, it is not known whether the IC has to form a complex with the HC for targeting or whether the IC can target to a site independently of the HC. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the dynein HC is localized to the ends of microtubules near the hyphal tip. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly identified dynein IC in A. nidulans is also localized to microtubule ends and is required for HC’s localization to microtubule ends in living cells. With the combination of two reagents, an HC loss-of function mutant and the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused IC that retains its function, we show that the IC’s localization to microtubule ends also requires HC, suggesting that cytoplasmic dynein HC–IC complex formation is important for microtubule end targeting. In addition, we show that the HC localization is not apparently altered in the deletion mutant of NUDF, a LIS1-like protein that interacts directly with the ATP-binding domain of the HC. Our study suggests that, although HC–IC association is important for the targeting of dynein to microtubule ends, other essential components, such as NUDF, may interact with the targeted dynein complex to produce full motor activities in vivo.
Privacy-Preserving Belief Propagation and Sampling

We provide provably privacy-preserving versions of belief propagation, Gibbs sampling, and other local algorithms — distributed multiparty protocols in which each party or vertex learns only its final local value, and absolutely nothing else.
INDUCED VS. CONSTITUTIVE RESISTANCE AND THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECT HERBIVORES AMONG PLANTS

Because herbivores can move away from plants of low quality, induced resistance should affect the spatial distribution of herbivore damage (or herbivores) within or among plants. We used a spatially explicit simulation model and data from a field experiment to examine the effect of induced resistance on the distribution of herbivores and their damage among plants within a population. The model is appropriate only for rapid (as opposed to delayed) induced resistance, assumes that resistance affects herbivore behavior but not performance, and assumes no interplant communication. It is also appro- priate only for induced resistance that decays in the absence of herbivore damage. The simulation tracks herbivores on a linear array of plants or plant parts with reflecting bound- aries and allows manipulation of the timing of induced resistance and the initial distribution of herbivores. Our model suggests that increasing lags and thresholds for the production of induced resistance causes increasing aggregation of herbivores and their damage, but in the absence of either a lag or a threshold, induced resistance can lead to an even distribution of herbivores. The formation of even or aggregated distributions of herbivores depends not on initial distributions, but on the characteristics of the induced resistance. In the field experiment, we measured the degree of aggregation of Mexican bean beetle larvae among plants within experimental soybean populations consisting of soybean varieties that had no resistance (low constitutive, low inducible resistance), induced resistance (and low con- stitutive resistance), or constitutive resistance (and low inducible resistance). In general agreement with qualitative predictions of the model, we found that larvae on soybean varieties with induced resistance remained significantly more aggregated than larvae on varieties with no or high constitutive resistance.
Speaker recognition using least squares IOHMMs

The purpose of the speaker recognition is to determine a speaker's identity from his/her speech utterances. Every speaker has his/her own physiological as well as behavioral characteristics embedded in his/her speech utterances. These characteristics can be extracted from utterances and statistically modeled. Through pattern recognition of unseen test speech with statistically trained models, a speaker identity can be recognized. In this paper, we present a discriminative classification based approach for speaker recognition. The system makes use of regularized least squares regression (RLSR) based input output hidden Markov models (IOHMM) as classifier for closed set, text independent speaker identification. The IOHMM allows us to map input sequences to output sequences, using the same processing style as recurrent neural networks. The RLSR allows the IOHMM to be trained in a more discriminative style. The use of hidden Markov models (HMM) and support vector machines (SVM) has also been studied. The performance of the system is assessed using a set of male and female speakers drawn from the TIMIT corpus.
Triple Positive Solutions for Multipoint Conjugate Boundary Value Problems

For the nth order nonlinear differential equation y(n)(t)=f(y(t)), t ∈ [0,1], satisfying the multipoint conjugate boundary conditions, y(j)(ai) = 0,1 ≤ i ≤ k, 0 ≤ j ≤ n i - 1, 0 =a1 < a2 < ⋯ < a k = 1, and ∑ i=1 k n i =n, where f:ℝ→ [0, ∞) is continuous, growth condtions are imposed on f which yield the existence of at least three solutions that belong to a cone.
The Revision of Obi; or, Three‐Finger'd Jack and the Jacobin Repudiation of Sentimentality

Two versions of Obi; or, Three‐Finger'd Jack appeared on the British stage in the course of the English national debate over slavery. “Jack” first appeared at the London Haymarket in 1800, in a pan...
Characterization of highly absorbing black appliqués in the infrared.

Angular and polarimetric directional hemispherical reflectance (DHR) measurements of three highly absorbing appliques in the 2.5–14.3-µm IR spectral region are presented. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are presented to probe the surface morphology of these appliques. DHR measurements of Energy Science Laboratory, Incorporated (ESLI), Rippey, and Rodel appliques were obtained at incidence angles of 8°, 30°, and 50° and as a function of S, P, and unpolarized incident light. The ESLI applique exhibited the lowest DHR for all angles and incident polarization states. SEM images revealed a fibrous structure for the ESLI applique with fiber diameters of the order of 7–8 µm, whereas the Rippey and the Rodel appliques showed spongelike surfaces with pore diameters of 40–50 and 30–40 µm, respectively. All the appliques use cavities or fibers in conjunction with carbon compounds to absorb IR radiation. The optical system designed to perform these measurements, a method for correcting off-normal DHR measurements in center-mount integrating spheres, and sources of measurement error are also discussed.
Gate-length biasing for runtime-leakage control

Leakage power has become one of the most critical design concerns for the system level chip designer. While lowered supplies (and consequently, lowered threshold voltage) and aggressive clock gating can achieve dynamic power reduction, these techniques increase the leakage power and, therefore, causes its share of total power to increase. Manufacturers face the additional challenge of leakage variability: Recent data indicate that the leakage of microprocessor chips from a single 180-nm wafer can vary by as much as 20/spl times/. Previously proposed techniques for leakage-power reduction include the use of multiple supply and gate threshold voltages, and the assignment of input values to inactive gates, such that leakage is minimized. The additional design space afforded by the biasing of device gate lengths to reduce chip leakage power and its variability is studied. It is well known that leakage power decreases exponentially and delay increases linearly with increasing gate length. Thus, it is possible to increase gate length only marginally to take advantage of the exponential leakage reduction, while impairing performance only linearly. From a design-flow standpoint, the use of only slight increases in gate length preserves both pin and layout compatibility; therefore, the authors' technique can be applied as a postlayout enhancement step. The authors apply gate-length biasing only to those devices that do not appear in critical paths, thus assuring zero or negligible degradation in chip performance. To highlight the value of the technique, the multithreshold voltage technique, which is widely used for leakage reduction, is first applied and then gate-length biasing is used to show further reduction in leakage. Experimental results show that gate-length biasing reduces leakage by 24%-38% for the most commonly used cells, while incurring delay penalties of under 10%. Selective gate-length biasing at the circuit level reduces circuit leakage by up to 30% with no delay penalty. Leakage variability is reduced significantly by up to 41%, which may lead to substantial improvements in the manufacturing yield and the product cost. The use of gate-length biasing for leakage optimization of cell instances is also assessed, in which: 1) not all timing arcs are timing critical and/or 2) the rise and fall transitions are not both timing critical at the same time.
Viruses and Interferons

The interferon system is the first line of defense against viral infection in mammals. This system is designed to block the spread of virus infection in the body, sometimes at the expense of accelerating the death of the infected cells. As expected of potent cytokines, in addition to their antiviral effects, interferons have profound effects on many aspects of cell physiology. All these actions of interferons are mediated by hundreds of interferon-induced proteins that are usually not synthesized in resting cells. Interferons induce their synthesis by activating the Jak-STAT pathways, a paradigm of cell signaling used by many cytokines and growth factors. Surprisingly, some of the same genes can also be induced directly by viruses and double-stranded RNA, a common viral by-product. Some of the interferon-induced proteins have novel biochemical properties and some are inactive as such but can be activated by double-stranded RNA produced during virus infection. Finally, almost all viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the interferon system by partially blocking interferon synthesis or interferon action. Thus, in nature interferons and viruses maintain an equilibrium that allows regulated viral replication.
The Current Interest in Orthomodular Lattices

All published work on orthomodular lattice theory has appeared within the last fifteen years; no more than thirty people have ever worked on it; no more than fifty papers dealing explicitly with it have ever appeared: Orthomodular lattice theory is therefore a newly uncovered very small corner of mathematics.
The metabolism of histone fractions: I. Synthesis of histone fractions during the life cycle of mammalian cells

Abstract The histone fractions f1, f2a1, f2a2, f2b, and f3 have been isolated from suspension tissue cultures of Chinese hamster cells. Amino acid analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that these Chinese hamster histone fractions are similar to calf thymus histone fractions obtained by the same method. Using the doublethymidine blockade method, Chinese hamster cultures were synchronized in their life cycle. The synthesis of all five histone fractions was clearly demonstrated to occur mainly in the S phase, each histone fraction being synthesized concomitantly with the other four fractions and accumulating in chromatin concomitantly with the increase in mass of DNA. A significant synthesis of all five histone fractions was also observed when DNA synthesis was inhibited in synchronized cultures by thymidine, suggesting the possibility that histones turn over in chromatin during thymidine block.
New high-strength low-alloy steels with improved mechanical properties and processability using materials by design:

New materials are traditionally developed using costly and time-consuming trial and error experimental efforts. This is followed by an even lengthier material-certification process. Consequently, i...
Eric Jan Sluijter, Rembrandt’s rivals: history painting in Amsterdam, 1630–1650

How does one write a history of Dutch art in the seventeenth century? Even the briefest of surveys of writings over the past decade or two reveals the difficulty of this proposition. During this pe...
Alveolar dimensions and number: developmental and hormonal regulation.

We used three-dimensional reconstruction 1) to determine the effect of treating rats with dexamethasone, from age 4 to 13 days, on alveolar volume (v) and number (Na) and 2) to determine if v, Na, ...
An Illustration of Inverse Probability Weighting to Estimate Policy-Relevant Causal Effects.

Traditional epidemiologic approaches allow us to compare counterfactual outcomes under 2 exposure distributions, usually 100% exposed and 100% unexposed. However, to estimate the population health effect of a proposed intervention, one may wish to compare factual outcomes under the observed exposure distribution to counterfactual outcomes under the exposure distribution produced by an intervention. Here, we used inverse probability weights to compare the 5-year mortality risk under observed antiretroviral therapy treatment plans to the 5-year mortality risk that would had been observed under an intervention in which all patients initiated therapy immediately upon entry into care among patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus in the US Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems multisite cohort study between 1998 and 2013. Therapy-naive patients (n = 14,700) were followed from entry into care until death, loss to follow-up, or censoring at 5 years or on December 31, 2013. The 5-year cumulative incidence of mortality was 11.65% under observed treatment plans and 10.10% under the intervention, yielding a risk difference of -1.57% (95% confidence interval: -3.08, -0.06). Comparing outcomes under the intervention with outcomes under observed treatment plans provides meaningful information about the potential consequences of new US guidelines to treat all patients with human immunodeficiency virus regardless of CD4 cell count under actual clinical conditions.
Illustrations of First Passage in Simple Geometries

First Passage in Real Systems The first-passage properties of the finite and the semi-infinite interval are relevant to understanding the kinetics of a surprisingly wide variety of physical systems. In many such examples, the key to solving the kinetics is to recognize the existence of such an underlying first-passage process. Once this connection is established, it is often quite simple to obtain the dynamical properties of the system in terms of well-known first-passage properties This chapter begins with the presentation of several illustrations in this spirit. Our first example concerns the dynamics of integrate-and-fire neurons. This is an extensively investigated problem and a representative sample of past work includes that of Gerstein and Mandelbrot (1964), Fienberg (1974), Tuckwell (1989), Bulsara, Lowen, & Rees (1994), and Bulsara et al. (1996). In many of these models, the firing of neurons is closely related to first passage in the semi-infinite interval. Hence many of the results from the previous chapter can be applied immediately. Then a selection of self-organized critical models [Bak, Tang, & Wiesenfeld (1987) and Bak (1996)] in which the dynamics is driven by extremal events is presented. These include the Bak–Sneppen (BS) model for evolution [Bak & Sneppen (1993), Flyvbjerg, Sneppen, & Bak (1993), de Boer et al. (1994), and de Boer, Jackson, & Wetting (1995)] directed sandpile models [Dhar & Ramaswamy (1989)], traffic jam models [Nagel & Paczuski (1995)], and models for surface evolution [Maslov & Zhang (1995)]. All of these systems turn out to be controlled by an underlying first-passage process in one dimension that leads to the ubiquitous appearance of the exponent −3/2 in the description of avalanche dynamics.
De Novo and Recurrence of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis After Liver Transplantation

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developing countries. Approximately 25% of patients with NAFLD develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH-related cirrhosis is now a leading listing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Although posttransplant survival for NASH-related cirrhosis is comparable with that of other liver diseases, many patients have features of metabolic syndrome, which can contribute to a recurrence of NAFLD or NASH. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of de novo and recurrence of NASH after liver transplantation.
O direito a olhar

Este ensaio foi publicado como previa do meu livro “The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality”. Ele foi escrito primeiramente como apresentacao para a Conferencia sobre Cultura Visual na Universidade de Westminster, organizada por Marq Smith e Jo Morra em 2010. Em “O direito a olhar”, desenvolvi um quadro decolonial comparativo para os estudos de cultura visual. Considerando a modernidade como uma competicao em curso entre visualidade e contravisualidade (“O direito a olhar”), apresento como a visualidade conecta autoridade e poder, naturalizando a referida conexao. A visualidade, conceito do inicio do seculo XIX, refere-se a visualizacao da historia, e tem sido fundamental para a legitimacao da hegemonia ocidental. Neste texto, identifico tres “complexos de visualidade”: 1. a escravidao nas plantations; 2. o imperialismo; e 3. o atual complexo militar-industrial. Explico como em cada um desses complexos o poder e tornado auto-evidente gracas a tecnicas de classificacao, separacao e estetizacao. Ao mesmo tempo, apresento como cada complexo de visualidade tem sido combatido: pelos escravizados, pelos colonizados, e pelos oponentes da guerra, os quais proclamam sua autonomia da autoridade, reivindicando o direito a olhar.
The Illusion of a Future

Gad Horowitz, Repression: Basic and Surplus Repression in Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud, Reich and Marcuse , Buffalo and Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1977.
Incorporating anal dysplasia screening and management into a surgical practice

Abstract Screening practices for anal dysplasia with the use of anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) has become a topic of increased interest to colon and rectal surgeons. However, screening continues to be practiced by a minority of clinicians. One major hurdle is how to incorporate anal cytology screening programs into busy colorectal surgical practices. In this article, I highlight my early experience treating anal dysplasia and review my current approach and practice pattern for treating anal dysplasia. I also suggest a few paradigms for implementing screening into various clinical settings, and offer surveillance algorithms for individual patients with anal dysplasia based on risk factors.
Parcels versus pixels: modeling agricultural land use across broad geographic regions using parcel-based field boundaries

ABSTRACTLand use and land cover (LULC) change occurs at a local level within contiguous ownership and management units (parcels), yet LULC models primarily use pixel-based spatial frameworks. The few parcel-based models being used overwhelmingly focus on small geographic areas, limiting the ability to assess LULC change impacts at regional to national scales. We developed a modified version of the Forecasting Scenarios of land use change model to project parcel-based agricultural change across a large region in the United States Great Plains. A scenario representing an agricultural biofuel scenario was modeled from 2012 to 2030, using real parcel boundaries based on contiguous ownership and land management units. The resulting LULC projection provides a vastly improved representation of landscape pattern over existing pixel-based models, while simultaneously providing an unprecedented combination of thematic detail and broad geographic extent. The conceptual approach is practical and scalable, with potent...
Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and paleoclimate at the late Miocene Coffee Ranch fossil site in the Texas Panhandle

Abstract The late Miocene Coffee Ranch fossil assemblage contains some of the earliest evidence of C4 herbivory in North America. However, little is known regarding the environmental setting associated with the fauna, and a general lack of detailed paleoclimate data exists for the late Miocene from the North American continental interior. In this study, the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoclimate are interpreted for a series of outcrops of the late Miocene Ogallala Formation in the Texas Panhandle that includes the Coffee Ranch locality. Updated magnetostratigraphy coupled with previously published geochronology indicates that all exposed strata were deposited over a ~ 277 kyr interval within chron C3An.2n from ~ 6.42–6.70 Ma. Depositional environments include fluvial channels, floodplain ponds, floodplain paleosols, eolian paleosols, riverine tufa, and reworked volcanic ash. Trunk and tributary fluvial channels are differentiated using channel dimensions, sedimentary structures, and bounding surface architecture, and indicate seasonally-variable discharge. Paleosols from nine pedofacies are described and preserve a spectrum of weakly developed Entisols and weakly to moderately mature Inceptisols and Vertisols. Constitutive mass-balance calculations reveal that mature paleosols formed along distinct pedogenic pathways. Calcic Vertisols accumulated pedogenic carbonate and exhibited either net volumetric dilation or collapse as a result of mineral weathering. In contrast, non-calcic Vertisols show patterns of decalcification and variable degrees of volumetric dilation and collapse. The presence of the paleosols described in this study requires paleoprecipitation between of 900–1150 mm/yr—approximately double modern values—and a westward shift of the continental udic-ustic soil moisture boundary by ~ 400 km during the late Miocene. This finding suggests that climates in the southern midcontinent were not sufficiently arid to select for C4 photosynthetic pathways over C3 photosynthesis in the late Miocene.
Measuring the thickness of ultra-thin film layers using terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP)

We present experimental results from the application of our new terahertz full-polarimetry instrument, to measuring the thickness of ultra-thin films in a multi-layer coating system. While the standard time-of-flight measurement is limited by the bandwidth of the THz pulse in the minimum thickness resolution of the film that can be resolved using a time-domain system, the new terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP) instrument can extend this limit to a few micrometers. This unique ability to measure the thickness of ultra-thin films (approximately λ/1000) is due to the accuracy of THz-TDP to resolve the polarization direction of the THz field within 1 degrees.
Aristotle on Religion

Aristotle is a severe critic of traditional religion, believing it to be false, yet he also holds that traditional religion and its institutions are necessary if any city, including the ideal city he describes in the Politics, is to exist and flourish. This book provides, for the first time, a coherent account of the socio-political role which Aristotle attributes to traditional religion despite his rejection of its content. Mor Segev argues that Aristotle thinks traditional religion is politically necessary because it prepares the ground for what he considers the pinnacle of human endeavor: attaining the knowledge of ﬁrst philosophy, whose objects are real beings worthy of being called gods. Developing this interpretation, Segev goes on to analyze Aristotle's references to the myths of traditional Greek religion, and to assess his influence on medieval Jewish and Christian theology and philosophy of religion.
Effect of immunomagnetic bead size on recovery of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) as a culture-free enrichment sample preparation technique has gained increasing popularity in the development of rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens. While the use of magnetic nanoparticles in IMS is on the rise due to substantially larger surface area compared to conventional magnetic microparticles, the effects of immunomagnetic bead (IMB) size on pathogen cell recovery are not fully understood. In this study we used IMBs of different sizes (100, 500, and 1000nm diameters) to capture Salmonella Enteritidis, a common foodborne pathogen, from buffer solutions as well as food matrices (chicken carcass rinse and liquid egg white). The IMS recovery and non-specific binding rate were compared. The recoveries of Salmonella cells in buffers was highest using the 100nm IMBs (88-96%), followed by the 500nm (31-89%) and 1000nm (4.1-61%) IMBs, demonstrating a significant size effect. The non-specific binding rates of E. coli also increased as IMB size decreased. A 2-72% reduction in Salmonella recovery was observed in chicken carcass rinse and liquid egg white samples compared to in buffers, and this reduction was more significant using 500 and 1000nm IMBs. However, lower IMS recoveries (10-56%) was found in 100nm IMBs two months after preparation. Overall, magnetic nanoparticles yielded superior IMS efficiency to micrometer size IMBs and were less subjective to interference from food matrices. Nevertheless, their long term stability remains an obstacle towards successful use in IMS.
Sensory evaluation and glycaemic index of a food developed with flour from whole (pulp and peel) overripe banana (Musa cavendishii) discards

Abstract This study evaluated the use of flour from overripe whole bananas (OWBF), which are generally discarded, as an ingredient of muffins. Products with OWBF in 400 and 500 g/kg of total flour were highly acceptable, obtaining an average rating of 5.6 points for odour, 5.7 points for colour, 5.2 points for taste, and 5.6 points for mouth texture, in a 7 points hedonic evaluation (1: dislike so much, to 7: like so much) done by non-trained panelists. Though OWBF has a high levels of dietary fibre (181.9 g/kg) and resistant starch (35 g/kg), a low total starch content (57 g/kg) and high simple sugars content were observed (714.2 g/kg of carbohydrates were glucose plus fructose). The evaluation of the glycaemic response to the consumption of a muffin made with OWBF showed no differences with white bread (reference food), with a glycaemic index of 84 ± 38 for the muffin. The glycaemic load (GL) of 50 g portion of muffin with OWBF was 15, which classified the product as intermediate GL. Then, the use of OWBF in muffins is possible and acceptable, and the consumption of OWFB does not affect adversely the glycaemic response in overweight people.
Determining the optimal time for radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Objective To determine whether the recovery window (RW) between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC) affects 90-day postoperative morbidity and incidence of lymph node metastasis. Patients and methods We reviewed patients treated with NAC and RC from 1995 to 2013 for ≤cT4 N0 M0 bladder cancer. The association of the RW with 90-day perioperative morbidity and lymph node metastasis was determined. Generalised linear models were used to determine predictors of each endpoint. Patients were stratified into four RWs by 21-day intervals (18-42; 43-63; 64-84; and ≥85 days) from last day of NAC to RC. Results We evaluated 306 patients with RW information during the study period. The median (range) RW was 46 (18-199) days. There was no difference in overall morbidity, re-admission, or major complication rates amongst the four RWs. In the multivariable analysis extravesical disease was an independent predictor of overall morbidity (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-3.26; P = 0.011). Age (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.09; P = 0.004), and surgical duration ≥7 h (OR 2.87, 95% CI: 1.52-5.42; P = 0.001) were independent predictors of major complications. Only surgical duration ≥7 h was a predictor of re-admission (OR 2.24; 95% CI: 1.26-3.98; P = 0.006). A RW of ≥85 days had the highest incidence of node-positive disease (pN+; 40%). In a separate multivariable model that included clinical predictors for pN+, a RW of ≥85 days was an independent predictor of nodal metastasis (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.20-7.09; P = 0.018). Conclusion Patients treated with NAC for bladder cancer can undergo RC between 18 and 84 days (2.5-12 weeks) after NAC with no difference in the risk of perioperative morbidity. Delaying surgery beyond 12 weeks was associated with a significant risk of lymph node metastasis.
The Structure of Student Teaching Can Change the Focus to Students’ Mathematical Thinking

This paper describes our efforts to change the focus of our student teaching experience by altering the structure of that experience. We provide evidence that the restructuring accomplished its purposes and, in so doing, addressed a number of problems with the traditional structure it replaced. In particular, we achieved less focus on issues of classroom management and student behavior, more focus on students’ mathematics, and substantial opportunity to grapple with the elicitation, interpretation and use of student mathematical thinking during class discussion. Although there is still room for improvement, our model provides an existence proof that the focus of the student teaching experience can indeed be altered and improved.
On the collisional cooling of co-trapped atomic and molecular ions by ultracold atoms: Ca+ + Na and Na2+(v*,J* ) + Na.

Calculated potentials for collisions of one-electron Ca+ ions with co-trapped Na atoms suggest the excited (triplet sigma +) state of (NaCa)+ is metastable with respect to charge transfer. Measurements of the elastic cross sections for cooling of Ca+ and of internally hot Na molecular ions by ultracold Na are planned.
Cooperative Theory of Bargaining I: Classical

In these notes we deal with the so called “bargaining problem” (Nash, 1950). Our approach is axiomatic. We search for solutions satisfying some desirable properties (axioms).