cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Reactivity of 10-Vertex arachno-Platinacarboranes

Reaction of [Pt3(CNR)6] with arachno-4-R′-4-CB8H13 in THF (tetrahydrofuran) gives the platinamonocarborane species [9,9-(CNR)2-6-R′-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H11] (R = But, R′ = H (1); R = Xyl (C6H3Me2-2,6), R′ = H (2); R = But, R′ = Ph (3)). The related compound [9,9-(PMe2Ph)2-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H12] (5) can be synthesized by treating arachno-4-CB8H14 with [PtMe2(PMe2Ph)2] in CH2Cl2. Compounds 1–3 and 5 are all formed in high yields (>80%), enabling reactivity studies to be carried out. A single isocyanide ligand in 1 can be easily exchanged for a phosphine, as is the case with [9-CNBut-9-PPh3-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H12] (6), or, by using bidentate dppe (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2), both isocyanide groups are replaced, giving [9,9-dppe-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H12] (7). Treatment with [NEt4][CN] allows the isocyanides in 1 to be replaced by cyanide ligands, giving the dianionic complex [NEt4]2[9,9-(CN)2-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H12] (8) or the monoanionic species [NEt4][9-CNBut-9-CN-arachno-9,6-PtCB8H12] (9) depending on the stoichiometry of the re...
Four-year survival of transfusion recipients identified by hepatitis C lookback.

BACKGROUND : Information on the probability of survival of transfused patients is needed for policy making, but there is a paucity of empirical research into this question. A Swedish population-based study reported that the 40-month posttransfusion probability of survival was 51 percent in all patients and 41 percent in recipients of more than 10 units of blood and blood components. These figures were 20 percent lower than the figures reported previously from Olmsted County, Minnesota. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Information was collected on the 4-year survival of 695 patients transfused at the New York University Medical Center between 1988 and 1996. These patients had been identified previously by hepatitis C lookback. RESULTS : Seventy-five percent of patients survived at 1 month after transfusion, 66 percent at 3 months, 60 percent at 6 months, 54 percent at 1 year, 50 percent at 2 years, 45 percent at 3 years, and 41 percent at 4 years. Seventy-eight percent of patients included in the study had received more than 10 units of blood and blood components. The 4-year survival of patients receiving 1 to 3, 4 to 10, or more than 10 units was 62 percent, 48 percent, and 38 percent, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION S: When transfusion dose is taken into account, the probability of survival of patients transfused at the New York University Medical Center in 1988 to 1996 and identified by lookback is similar to that reported for Swedish county residents transfused in 1993. Based on both the Swedish data and the information presented here and in the absence of any recent results from population-based studies, the survival of U.S. patients transfused in the 1990s appears to be 20 percent lower than that of Olmsted County residents transfused in 1981.
sSgo1, a Guardian of Centriole Cohesion

Sgo1 plays a key role in protecting sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Wang et al. describe a shorter splice variant of Sgo1 (sSgo1) that functions specifically in centriole cohesion. sSgo1 may be the "glue" that holds paired centrioles together in an engaged state before their disengagement in late mitosis.
Moving Forward with the Affordable Care Act: Trends in Self-sustained Obstetric Institution

The economic burden of obstetric care is multifold and mordantly case-specific. Obstetrics is a huge cost to the U.S. healthcare system. Maternal-infant care represents the largest single category of hospital expenditures for most commercial health plans and state Medicaid programs. Reducing these costs provides a major opportunity to reduce insurance premiums for employers and to make Medicaid coverage more affordable. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2012) encourages the State contracts with Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) by transforming traditional fee-for-service contracts into bundled contracts paying providers and facilities in a single fee. It is then the role of the physician, hospital, or institution to develop strategies to cut costs, improve outcomes, collect, tabulate and report results, and to be competitive within the new reality of the ACO. An attempt is made to develop a theoretical model to assist institutions in moving forward with the Affordable Care Act, by introducing strategies for a self-sustaining obstetric ACO in the following clusters: (1) cost containment, (2) combating stereotype, (3) medical recording, and (4) revenue enhancement. We conclude, that trends in relatively low costs care by both providers and patients are potent with hidden or adverse expenses and remedies. Self-sustained ACO in obstetrics are feasible when stemmed of well-developed patient-centered policies and screening protocols that balance the input–output ratio favoring the patient. Marketing and defense tactics are discussed.
Echographic Characteristics of Ocular Toxocariasis

Ocular toxocariasis most commonly presents as one of three distinct clinical syndromes: endophthalmitis, localized posterior granuloma, or peripheral granuloma. Using standardized echography, the authors studied 11 toxocariasis patients presenting with one of these syndromes. Common echographic findings were noted in ten of these patients, and included: (1) a solid, high-reflective peripheral mass, (2) a vitreous band or membranes extending between the posterior pole and the mass, and (3) a traction retinal detachment or fold from the posterior pole to the mass. These findings were present in patients presenting with leukocoria or endophthalmitis, as well as in patients in whom the peripheral nematode lesion could be visualized clinically. In combination with the history, clinical examination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), standardized echography may be useful in establishing the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis in cases of leukocoria in which nematode endophthalmitis is suspected.
Structural balance and clustering in bushmen kinship relations

This paper presents some cross-cultural data bearing on the theory of structural balance, or more generally clustering, in social relations at the level of the group. The theory is used to predict the culturally defined ideal combinations of negative avoidance relations and positive joking relations in the G/wi Bushmen kinship system. The analysis also shows the limits of the tendency toward clustering in this system and relates these limits to intergenerational and interband system and suprasystem requirements. Further applications as well as limitations of the clustering model in the analysis of anthropological data are discussed.
A Comparative Study of the Assimilation of the Chinese in New York City and Lima, Peru

A comparative study of assimilation like the present one has shown that the structural or environmental factors in the larger society are principally responsible for the differential rates of assimilation. Historically, the United States has been racist in its treatment of nearly all immigrants. Eastern and Southern Europeans were judged inferior along ethnic/racist lines (Gordon 1964), let alone those with more pronounced physical characteristics such as blacks, Latins or Asians. The legal structure erected in the United States, which includes the historical anti-ethnic legisla- tion, discriminatory immigration policies and racist miscegenation laws, reflects the attitudes and perceptions of the host society. The long years of unfair policies and discriminatory practices implemented against the Chinese produced feelings of rejection among them. In Lima, by contrast, the Hispanic cultural tradition does not emphasize racial differences. Although therere is a subtle racism in Lima, there is no miscegenation law, and children born of marriages between Chinese and Peruvians become important factors in the assimilation of the Chinese.
Processing and Sensory Evaluation of Scrambled Eggs Containing Defatted Yolk Solids

Egg yolk solids defatted with hexane were incorporated into frozen and spray-dried scrambled egg products. Part of the egg oil removed was replaced with nonfat oil replacers. Both products were evaluated by sensory panels. The frozen product was compared with frozen whole egg and a nonyolk, commercial frozen product. The spray-dried product was compared with a nonyolk, commercial dried product. In the frozen products, the whole egg was preferred over both the defatted frozen product and nonyolk, commercial frozen product, with the defatted and nonyolk products being equally acceptable. In the dried products, the spray-dried scrambled eggs were preferred over the nonyolk, commercial dried product. The products formulated from defatted yolk solids contained 84% less lipid and 79% less cholesterol than products made from fresh whole eggs.
First principles modeling of the temperature dependent ternary phase diagram for the Cu–Pd–S system

As an aid to the development of hydrogen separation membranes, we predict the temperature dependent phase diagrams using first principles calculations combined with thermodynamic principles. Our method models the phase diagram without empirical fitting parameters. By applying thermodynamic principles and solid solution models, temperature-dependent features of the Cu–Pd–S system can be explained, specifically solubility ranges for substitutions in select crystalline phases. Electronic densities of states calculations explain the relative favorability of certain chemical substitutions. In addition, we calculate sulfidization thresholds for the Pd–S2 system and activities for the Cu–Pd binary in temperature regimes where the phase diagram contains multiple solid phases.
Smaller Olea europaea fruits have more potential dispersers: implications for olive invasiveness in California.

Abstract Olea europaea (European olive) is invasive in Australia and widely planted in California. Vertebrates, particularly birds, mediate Olea seed dispersal. Fruits are large, but their sizes range widely. We measured fruit widths from 12 study stands in California and constructed esophageal probes in diameters spanning the resulting size range. We then obtained whole-bird frugivorous bird carcasses and used the probes to determine the fruit sizes that each bird species would be anatomically capable of swallowing. This allowed us to develop lists of potential dispersers for each study stand. Even stands with the largest measured fruits had several potential disperser species, but the list of species expanded greatly as fruit sizes decreased. Feral Olea stands with remarkably small fruits have been observed in California and Australia. An increase in the incidence of such stands might augment the regional spread rate for the species.
Application of the time-independent wave packet reactant-product decoupling method to the (J = 0) Li + HF reaction

The time-independent wave packet reactant−product decoupling (TIW−RPD) method is a new method for calculating state-to-state reaction probabilities, which we recently developed by extending the original reactant−product decoupling method of Peng and Zhang (Peng, T.; Zharg, J. Z. H. J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 105, 6072; Zhu, W.; Peng, T.; Zhang, J. Z. H. J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 106, 1742). In the TIW−RPD method, the nuclear dynamics Schroedinger equation is partitioned into a set of completely decoupled equations, each of which describes the nuclear dynamics in either the reactant channel, one of the product channels, or the strong-interaction region. In this paper we apply the TIW−RPD method to the (three-dimensional) Li + HF → LiF + H (J = 0) reaction. We also describe an improvement to the reactant channel part of the method. The state-to-state reaction probabilities for Li + HF converge very well with respect to the size of the strong-interaction region, demonstrating that the TIW−RPD method is robust enough to...
THE NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDS OIL SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAM

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the development of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Oil Spill Program and addresses three specific elements of this program, including equipment acquisition, contingency planning, and personnel training.
The involvement of two distinct regions of 23 S ribosomal RNA in tRNA selection.

The role of ribosomal RNA in maintaining the accuracy of translation has been investigated genetically by selecting for rRNA mutations that promoted frameshifting at a specific site in a reporter gene inEscherichia coli. Mutations were recovered in two different regions of 23 S rRNA and each promoted readthrough of stop codons as well as increasing the levels of frameshifting. The first group of mutations was in a small stem loop (the 1916 loop) in domain IV of 23 S rRNA. This stem-loop has been mapped to the subunit interface of the ribosome, close to the decoding center on the 30 S subunit. The second group of mutations was in helix 89, one of the helices emerging from the central loop of domain V. Helix 89 has been implicated in subunit-subunit interactions and peptidyltransferase activity, and it is proposed that mutations in helix 89 influence the accuracy of decoding by affecting the interaction of the CCA end of the tRNA with the peptidyltransferase center.
PLANAR BORON HETEROCYCLES WITH NUCLEIC ACID-LIKE HYDROGEN-BONDING MOTIFS

To promote the development of boron-containing purine analogues that exist in planar, non-zwitterionic dominant structural form in aqueous solution, rigorous solution and solid state structural analyses of 1-hydroxy-1H-2,3,1-benzoxazaborine (1), 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,3,1-benzodiazaborine (2), and related 2,3,1-benzodiheteraborines were undertaken. With the aid of isotope-enriched compounds, a multisolvent 1H, 13C, 11B, and 15N NMR spectroscopic analysis of 1 and 2 was conducted, providing structurally-diagnostic chemical shift data for all non-oxygen atoms that constitute their heterocyclic peripheries. In addition, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of 1 and 2 were performed. In stark contrast to their 2,4,1 isomeric counterparts, the 2,3,1-benzoxaza- and benzodiazaborines exist in planar structural form in protic solution and in the solid state and display proton dissociative and associative tendencies reflective of the predominant Bronsted, yet still Lewis acidic-capable character of the B-OH ...
Conservation of Stream Fishes: Patterns of Diversity, Rarity, and Risk

The rivers and lakes of North America are inhabited by a rich assemblage of fishes. Approximately 700 species regularly spend all or significant portions of their life histories in the fresh waters of the United States and Canada (Lee et al. 1980); the diversity exceeds that of the birds of the same region (Robbins, Bruun, & Zim 1966). The distinctive Mexican fauna (Miller 1966; Miller & Smith 1986), with numerous endemics and an infusion of neotropical taxa, adds many more. Although the diversity of fishses in the United States does not approach that of the great tropical rivers of South America, Africa, and Asia, it far exceeds that of European fresh waters (Lowe-McConnell 1969, 1975).
Bycatch rates and initial mortality of paddlefish in a commercial gillnet fishery

Abstract Tennessee is one of seven states in the U.S. that allows commercial fishing for paddlefish, Polyodon spathula . Although there is a small market for the flesh, most fishers target paddlefish for their valuable roe, which currently brings as much as US$143/kg wholesale. We deployed experimental monofilament and multifilament gillnets in Kentucky Lake, Tennessee-Kentucky, and accompanied commercial gillnet fishers during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 commercial fishing seasons (November 15 to April 23) to estimate the bycatch of sublegal ( P ≥ 0.098) predictors of initial mortality. The probability of initial mortality was significantly ( P ≤ 0.004) and directly related to soak time and water temperature and fish were more likely to be dead in monofilament nets than multifilament nets. The results of this research prompted the state regulatory authority to end the commercial season 8 days sooner (on April 15 each year) to avoid warm water temperatures; however, a proposed ban on monofilament netting met with stiff opposition from commercial fishing interests and the ban was not enacted.
High resolution electron spectrometers for characterizing the contrast of isolated 25 as pulses

Abstract We quantify the effects of the energy resolution of a magnetic bottle electron spectrometer in an attosecond streak camera on the accuracy of measuring the relative amplitudes of satellite pulses around the main attosecond pulse. Our numerical simulations show that the spectral resolution can be significantly improved by restricting the acceptance angle using a pinhole located near the source of the photoelectrons. The intensity of the pre- and post-pulses which are 1% and 10% of a main 25 as pulse can potentially be measured with less than 10% error by two practical time-of-flight spectrometer designs.
Factors associated with maternal cell contamination in amniocentesis samples as evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Objective: To determine which patient- and procedure-related factors contribute to maternal cell contamination in uncultured amniocentesis fluid. Methods: One hundred thirty amniotic fluid (AF) samples were obtained by three operator groups: maternal-fetal medicine faculty (n = 50), general obstetrician gynecologists (n = 50), and obstetrics and gynecology residents supervised by maternal-fetal medicine faculty (n = 30). These groups were designated “most,” “intermediate,” and “least experience,” respectively. Study variables were recorded at the time of the procedure. Amniotic fluid cells from male fetuses underwent fluorescent in situ hybridization. Maternal cell contamination was calculated by analyzing 100 cells and determining the number of XX and XY cells. A control system was created to validate the methods used for AF processing and cell counting. Results: Median maternal cell contamination was 2.0%. Maternal cell contamination did not vary with body mass index (r = −.13, P = .14), gestational age (r = .08, P = .35), or placental location (P = .55). Maternal cell contamination was significantly elevated with placental penetration (6.0% compared with 1.0%, P < .001), two passes (27.5% compared with 2.0%, P = .002), blood-tinged fluid color (14.0% compared with 2.0%, P < .001), and operator inexperience (“intermediate experience” compared with “most experience,” 4.5% compared with 1.0%, P = .026). Maternal cell contamination did not differ between the “most experience” and “least experience” groups (1.0% compared with 2.0%, not significant). Concordance between detected and actual maternal cell contamination in the control system was extremely high (concordance coefficient = 0.98, P = .008), confirming the validity of the techniques used. Conclusion: Our techniques of cell counting and maternal cell contamination calculation are accurate. Maternal cell contamination is increased with placental penetration, two passes, and operator inexperience. However, with expert supervision, inexperienced physicians can perform amniocentesis without an increase in maternal cell contamination.
Comparison of Surveillance Sample Demographics Over Two Cycles of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Project, Houston, Texas

We examined differences in sample demographics across cycles of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance project, that examines HIV risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDU), and heterosexuals living in areas of high HIV prevalence (HET). MSM were recruited through venue-based sampling, and IDU and HET through respondent driven sampling (RDS). RDS data were weighted to account for sampling bias. We compared crude prevalence estimates from MSM1 (2004) to those from MSM2 (2008) for demographic factors known to influence risky sexual and drug-use behaviors. We compared crude and adjusted prevalence estimates for IDU1 (2005) and IDU2 (2009) and HET1 (2006) and HET2 (2010). In the MSM cycle, we found differences in age, and the proportions seeking medical care and reporting a recent arrest. There were no differences in the comparison of crude and weighted estimates for the RDS collected samples, nor were there differences comparing HET1 and HET2 weighted estimates. IDU2 recruited a larger proportion of males, and had a higher percent who graduated from high school and who reported recent medical care and a previous HIV test. Differences across MSM cycles may be related to differences in venues identified for each cycle. Differences in the IDU cycles may be due to an effort on our part to increase the racial/ethnic and drug-use diversity of the sample in IDU2. Our findings show the importance of formative work for both venue-based and RDS samples to increase understanding of the dimensions that affect social networks and the dynamics of populations in space and time. With familiarity of the target population, we believe that both venue-based and RDS recruitment approaches for NHBS work well and can be used to evaluate changes in risky sexual and drug use behaviors and in HIV testing behaviors.
Fleet size of multi-robot systems for exploration of structured environments

The fleet size of a multi-robot system is an important parameter to be considered for real robotics applications since it will determine the cost and the time of execution of any given task. Unfortunately, it is a topic that has received little attention in the robotics literature. The study of the fleet size will allow for the design and implementation of more effective techniques and coordination methods for multi-robot systems. In this paper we study the effects of the fleet size on the time of exploration of a structured environment. We present an analysis that allows us to specify the maximum fleet size that provides the maximum reduction on the exploration time when the structured environment is modeled as a tree. The analysis is applied to the Multi-Robot Depth First Search (MR-DFS) algorithm that allows for maximum parallelism when an exploration process starts from a single point. The analysis provides an expression for the average time of exploration of a tree and for the maximum number of robots that produces a significant reduction on the exploration time.
Towards full-structure determination of bimetallic nanoparticles with an aberration-corrected electron microscope

To fully understand the properties of functional nanostructures such as catalytic nanoclusters, it is necessary to know the positions of all the atoms in the nanostructure. The catalytic properties of metal nanoclusters can often be improved by the addition of a second metal, but little is known about the role of the different metals in these bimetallic catalysts, or about their interactions with each other and the support material. Here we show that aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy of supported rhodium-iridium clusters, combined with dynamic multislice image simulations, can identify individual atoms, map the full structure, and determine changes in the positions of metal atoms in sequential images. This approach could help in the development of new and improved catalysts and other functional nanostructures.
Perceptions of emotion expressiveness: gender differences among senior executives

Purpose – Folk theory and empirical studies generally indicate that women tend to be somewhat more expressive than men. The present study seeks to determine whether there are gender‐related emotion‐expressiveness differences among senior executives and to explore the extent to which there are emotion expressiveness differences by organizational position.Design/methodology/approach – The levels of self‐reported expressiveness among senior organizational leaders (781 males, 669 females) were examined. Differences by gender and position were explored using ANOVAs.Findings – In several key positions, including CEOs, males reported themselves to be significantly more expressive than females. However, differences between male and female expressiveness were not observed for certain executive positions. Further, both males and females reported statistically significant low levels of expressiveness.Research limitations/implications – Professionals charged with addressing conflict within organizations may find them...
Effects of Fishing on the Atlantic Menhaden Stock: 1955–1969

Abstract To determine the effect of purse-seine fishing on the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) population, we analyzed data from 1955–69 on fishing activity and catches. Changes in fishing efficiency necessitated establishment of an abstract effort unit, the 1965 vessel-week. Catch per unit of effective effort in 1965 was one-fifth that of 1955. Our instantaneous natural mortality rate (M) estimate was 0.37. At the current recruitment age, 1.5 years, reducing F, instantaneous fishing mortality, to about 0.8 would slightly decrease the yield per recruit, but would increase the spawning stock and ultimately allow annual catches of 400,000–500,000 metric tons, the maximum sustained yield.
An animal virus-derived peptide switches membrane morphology: possible relevance to nodaviral transfection processes.

The N-terminal domain of the capsid protein cleavage product of the flock house virus (FHV) consists of 21 residues and forms an amphipathic α-helix, which is thought to play a crucial role in permeabilizing biological membranes for RNA translocation in the host cell. We have found that the Met → Nle variant of this domain (denoted here as γ1) efficiently induces the formation of the interdigitated gel phase (LβI) of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. In situ scanning force microscopy of solid supported bilayers and fluorescence spectroscopy of peptide-treated DPPC vesicles provide evidence for the formation of acyl chain interdigitated lipid domains. It could be shown by fluorescence spectroscopy that the peptide inserts in the DPPC matrix above the main transition temperature of the lipid, while the formation of domains with decreased thickness occurs after the sample is cooled to 25 °C. The orientation and secondary structure of the peptide in lipid bilayers were investig...
Performance of four yield models for predicting stand dynamics of a 30-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing study

Abstract Observations in a 30-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) spacing study indicate that closer planting densities support greater basal areas and volumes per unit area early in the life of a plantation, but lose that advantage to wider spacings over time. In comparisons between observed stand behavior at four spacings and that predicted by four growth and yield models, only one of the models predicted the observed behavior. Workers who wish to project growth of loblolly pine plantations should be aware of this stand behavior and include this criterion in evaluating candidate models.
Effect of potassium cyanate on carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia‐induced lethality

Pretreatment of mice with potassium cyanate for 15 days resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity (decrease in P 50 ) and a significant protection against hypoxic hypoxia‐induced lethality. However, cyanate pretreatment had no significant effect on carbon monoxide‐induced lethality. Oxygen consumption in cyanate‐treated mice was significantly lower than in controls in room air but not different in hypoxic environments. Whether the protective effect of cyanate on hypoxic hypoxia‐induced lethality is due to the increase in hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity or attributable to a non‐hemoglobin‐related action of cyanate remains unresolved. Regardless, the need exists to reevaluate the current concept that changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen correlate with susceptibility to hypoxemic states. In addition, data presented together with previous findings support the concept that carbon monoxide lethality is not solely attributable to a carboxyhemoglobin‐induced hypoxemia.
Harnessing the power of fireflies and mice for assessing cancer mechanisms

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a conceptually and technically simple modality for noninvasive imaging of small animals. By allowing quantification of tumor cells in any tissue of a mouse, BLI can facilitate the creation of mouse cancer models that might more closely approximate human tumors. Development of reporter cells and mice allow for dynamic interrogation of molecular pathways in vivo. Thus, potential applications for BLI in cancer biology and drug discovery are broad, and include both cellular and molecular imaging.
War, Inflation, and the Kondratieff Long Wave

Addressing Kondratieff's argument (1979) that long waves of economic activity are responsible for major wars, this study develops and tests three hypotheses relating war to long price waves. Focusing on the experiences of Great Britain and the United States between 1750 and 1977, we find that wars, especially global wars, do not initiate the upswings of Kondratieff's long price waves, but their termination does coincide fairly consistently with the initiation of price downswings. Equally important, global wars tend to reinforce and exaggerate the height of the price upswing to such an extent that the Kondratieff price waves would be difficult to discern in the absence of war and war-induced inflation. Using Box-Tiao impact assessment models, it is also possible to estimate the general effect of the intervention of war on price levels. Global wars, as opposed to interstate wars, are found to have an abrupt and temporary impact on prices. Nevertheless, the impact persists for a number of years beyond the ac...
Further studies of dopamine metabolism and function in Tetrahymena.

The large amounts of dopamine accumulated by cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT-1 and secreted into their growth medium were found to depend primarily upon an extracellular, non-enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); L-DOPA was then rapidly taken into the ceils and transformed into dopamine enzymatically. Efforts to find physiologically significant dopamine binding sites on the cell surface or dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity were unsuccessful, suggesting that the catecholamine does not function in Tetrahymena as it does in higher animals.
Cloud particle size measurements in Arctic clouds using lidar and radar data

The ratio of the lidar and radar scattering cross section is sensitive to cloud particle size. High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) provides robustly calibrated scattering cross sections without the uncertainties introduced when conventional lidar data are corrected for attenuation. This paper explores the use of HSRL data and 35 GHz radar data for measuring particle size, particle phase, number density and the water content of Arctic clouds.
Family Law and the Genomic Revolution

The Genomic Revolution, gene patent law, and genetic alternation will have profound effects on the family and family law. Increasingly, the possibility exists of precisely genotyping offspring (or even gametes). The effects of this may be benign or they may be destructively negative. Either way, this technology has already begun to arrive, thereby stirring controversy. The availability or unavailability of human gene patents (and related patents, such as those claiming methods of medical diagnosis or treatment) could help determine whether the rate of genetic discovery and development increases or decreases. Finally, the potential to “repair,” or even enhance, the genetic complement of human beings at early stages of their lives could lead to parents hoping to cure their children or to a runaway genomic arms races wherein parents attempt to provide their children with affirmative advantages over their peers. Rapid advances in genetic technologies, such as the $1000 genome, gene diagnostic tests, personalized genomics, and gene therapy, coupled with the flux in the law of gene patents (and patents on related inventions), will ensure the substantial transformation of the legal milieu in which parents make reproductive choices. Family law will be transformed.
Development of the outer plexiform layer in albino rats

The development of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) at the posterior pole was studied in albino rats, ages 1 to 18 days. Light microscopic observations were consistent with previous reports that within the first postnatal week neuro-epithelial cells migrate into outer and inner nuclear layers with formation of the intervening OPL. The relation of neural and glial cells was consistent with the suggestion of others that guidance by glial cells influences the radial organization of the developing neural retina. The new observations presented in this paper raise the possibility that the horizontal orientation of neural processes in the outer plexiform layer depends upon guidance of glial cells.
Phytoplankton assemblages across the marine to low-salinity transition zone in a blackwater dominated estuary

Along the salinity gradient between the freshwater reach of the Suwannee River and the marine waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the spatial and temporal composition and abundance of phytoplankton was examined in relation to physical and chemical water-column variables (i.e. salinity, nutrient and light availability and temperature). The goal of this study was to explore the applicability of the concepts of ecotone and ecocline to the distribution of phytoplankton. This was undertaken in a relatively open estuary dominated by a tannin-colored river, the Suwannee River, along the central northwest coast of Florida, USA. Hierarchical cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to define biologically distinct regions within the estuary based on the composition of phytoplankton. Variations in phytoplankton assemblages in relation to environmental variables were investigated using a canonical correspondence analysis. The results indicate that in addition to the alignment of phytoplankton composition along a salinity gradient, several key environmental factors influence phytoplankton assemblages within hydrologically distinct regions of the estuary supporting an ecocline view. However, the distribution of dinoflagellate assemblages were in contrast to the more temporally fluid spatial distributions of cyanobacteria and diatoms in the Suwannee River estuary. The spatially defined nature of the dinoflagellate assemblages was more characteristic of an ecotone rather than an ecocline.
Efficient Speaker Detection via Target Dependent Data Reduction

Systems designed to extract time-critical information from large volumes of unstructured data must include the ability, both from an architectural and algorithmic point of view, to filter out unimportant data that might otherwise overwhelm the available resources. This paper presents an approach for data filtering to reduce computation in the context of a distributed speech processing architecture designed to detect or identify speakers. Here, filtering means either dropping and ignoring data or passing it on for further processing. The goal of the paper is to show that when the filter is designed to select and pass on a subset of the input data that best preserves the ability to recognize a specific desired speaker, or group of speakers, a large percentage of the data can be ignored while being able to preserve most of the accuracy.
Measurement and Prediction Errors in Body Composition Assessment and the Search for the Perfect Prediction Equation

Abstract James S. Skinner and Thomas M. McLellan begin this section with a discussion of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Discrepancies are identified in activities being defined as anaerobic and the relative importance and meaning of lactate concentration in the blood. Skinner and McLellan propose a hypothetical model to more accurately explain anaerobic activities. The second article, by Frank Katch and Victor Katch, contains a review of sources of error in body composition assessment by laboratory and field methods. Katch and Katch describe problems occurring in the use of hydrostatic weighing, residual air volume, skinfolds, and circumferences. In addition, the importance of statistical considerations is stressed, with an emphasis on the proper use of multiple regression techniques in conducting studies of the measurement of body composition.
Gravity currents and related phenomena

This paper presents a broad investigation into the properties of steady gravity currents, in so far as they can be represented by perfect-fluid theory and simple extensions of it (like the classical theory of hydraulic jumps) that give a rudimentary account of dissipation. As usually understood, a gravity current consists of a wedge of heavy fluid (e.g. salt water, cold air) intruding into an expanse of lighter fluid (fresh water, warm air); but it is pointed out in Q 1 that, if the effects of viscosity and mixing of the fluids at the interface are ignored, the hydrodynamical problem is formally the same as that for an empty cavity advancing along the upper boundary of a liquid. Being simplest in detail, the latter problem is treated as a prototype for the class of physical problems under study: most of the analysis is related to it specifically, but the results thus obtained are immediately applicable to gravity currents by scaling the gravitational constant according to a simple rule. In Q 2 the possible states of steady flow in the present category between fixed horizontal boundaries are examined on the assumption that the interface becomes horizontal far downstream. A certain range of flows appears to be possible when energy is dissipated; but in the absence of dissipation only one flow is possible, in which the asymptotic level of the interface is midway between the plane boundaries. The corresponding flow in a tube of circular cross-section is found in $3, and the theory is shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of recent experiments by Zukoski. A discussion of the effects of surface tension is included in 0 3. The two-dimensional energy-conserving flow is investigated further in Q 4, and finally a close approximation to the shape of the interface is obtained. In Q 5 the discussion turns to the question whether flows characterized by periodic wavetrains are realizable, and it appears that none is possible without a large loss of energy occurring. In $6 the case of infinite total depth is considered, relating to deeply submerged gravity currents. It is shown that the flow must always feature a breaking ‘head wave’, and various properties of the resulting wake are demonstrated. Reasonable agreement is established with experimental results obtained by Keulegan and others.
Sleep Disturbances in School-age Children with Chronic Pain

Objectives To examine associations between pain, functional outcomes, and sleep disturbances in children with chronic pain, specifically juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), sickle cell disease (SCD), and headache (HA). Sleep disturbances were tested as a risk factor for increased functional disability and decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Methods One hundred children (JIA n = 30, SCD n = 26, HA n = 44; 8-12 years; 56% female) and their caregivers participated. Children completed questionnaires regarding pain, depression, and functional disability. Caregivers completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographics, child sleep habits, functional disability, and HRQOL. Results Levels of overall sleep disturbances were above the clinical cutoff for 53% of children with chronic pain. Sleep disturbances predicted lower physical HRQOL and higher functional disability, according to parent report. Conclusions Sleep disturbances are common and associated with daytime functioning in school-age children with chronic pain, suggesting that assessment and treatment of sleep problems is clinically relevant.
Resistance under the black light : Exploring the use of music in two exotic dance clubs

This article examines how exotic dancers strategically use music in two exotic dance clubs in the New England area. Music functioned as a form of resistance for dancers in three ways: as a direct form of protest against owners, as a covert strategy of reappropriation, and as an overt expression of discontent in their interactions with regular customers. I also analyze the ways in which “buying against” gender inequality, through the use of music, falls short as a form of protest. For example, dancers often unwittingly fetishized the racial politics undergirding the genre of music. This research is informed by four years of ethnographic research in the New England area.
A Polynomial Algorithm for the k-cut Problem for Fixed k

The k-cut problem is to find a partition of an edge weighted graph into k nonempty components, such that the total edge weight between components is minimum. This problem is NP-complete for an arbitrary k and its version involving fixing a vertex in each component is NP-hard even for k = 3. We present a polynomial algorithm for k fixed, that runs in Onki¾²/2-3k/2+4Tn, m steps, where Tn, m is the running time required to find the minimum s, t-cut on a graph with n vertices and m edges.
Dynamic Programming and the Reliability of Multicomponent Devices

In this paper it is shown how the functional equation technique of dynamic programming may be used to treat a class of problems that arise in the construction of multicomponent devices. We are interested in determining the types of components and the quantities that should be used in order to construct the most reliable device possible subject to given cost and weight constraints. A numerical example is given
Mixed Layer Moisture structure

Abstract Radiosonde data from the National Hail Research Experiment and the Wangara experiment are examined to study vertical gradients of moisture in heated boundary layers which are well-mixed in virtual potential temperature. The frequent occurrence of a significant decrease of moisture with height in the mixed layer over the high plains region of the United States seems to be related in part to rapid growth of the mixed layer into very dry air aloft and/or height variations of horizontal advection of moisture. However, the exact cause cannot be unambiguously determined from the data.
Joint reliability and energy management for real-time embedded systems

The Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) technique is the basis of numerous state-of-the-art energy management schemes proposed for real-time embedded systems. However, recent research has illustrated the alarmingly negative impact of DVS on system reliability, in terms of increased vulnerability to transient faults, leading to soft errors. The main theme of this dissertation is to investigate several open problems and trade-off opportunities in energy, reliability, and timeliness dimensions. This dissertation, first, investigates the problem of maximizing the overall reliability of real-time embedded applications while meeting the deadlines and a given energy budget constraint. Optimal static solutions and effective dynamic (online) solutions are developed. Second, the dissertation proposes a new approach, called the shared recovery (SHR) technique, to minimize the system-level energy consumption while still mitigating the reliability loss induced by DVS. The main idea of the SHR technique is to avoid the off-line allocation of separate recovery tasks to the scaled tasks by assigning a global/shared recovery block that can be used by any task at run-time. Specifically, an array of reliability-aware energy management algorithms are presented for both independent and dependent tasks. Third, the dissertation presents the foundations of a general reliability-oriented energy management framework, where the objective is to achieve any reliability level with minimum energy consumption and timeliness guarantees. For periodic real-time tasks, the framework is extended to address multiple reliability objectives that can be set by the designer and vary from task to task. Finally, this dissertation considers the problem of minimizing the expected energy consumption for a real-time embedded application. This part of the research integrates optimally DVS and Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can put some system components to sleep states when they are not in use for the case where the workload is known only probabilistically.
A Comparison of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System to A Standard Statistical Method for Defect Detection

The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System is a diagnosis and forecasting method for multivariate data. Mahalanobis distance is a measure based on correlations between the variables and different patterns that can be identified and analyzed with respect to a base or reference group. This paper presents a comparison of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System and a standard statistical technique for defect detection by identifying abnormalities. The objective of this research is to provide a method for defect detection with acceptable alpha (probability of type I) and beta (probability of type II) errors.
Legal Briefs: Failure to Diagnose Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation

A 26-3/7-weeks’ gestation, 800-g female infant was born to a 28-year-old woman whose prenatal course was complicated by an incompetent cervix and marginal placenta previa. The mother received tocolytics and antenatal corticosteroids when contractions started. Use of tocolytics was discontinued, and labor was allowed to progress when chorioamnionitis was suspected. The loss of fetal heart tones necessitated an emergency cesarean section. At delivery, the infant was in the breech position. Arterial cord blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.21. Apgar scores were 2 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant was intubated in the delivery room and given surfactant replacement therapy. The physical examination findings were normal except for bruising and immaturity. The complete blood cell (CBC) count was normal except for a minimally low hematocrit of 39% (0.39), a finding explained by the bruising. The infant did not receive any further surfactant replacement therapy and continued to receive ventilatory support on low ventilator settings. The physician ordered antibiotics and low-dose indomethacin for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) prophylaxis. On day 1, the physician ordered phototherapy because of a bilirubin level of 4.5 mg/dL (77.0 μmol/L) and increased fluids to 150 mL/kg daily. By day 2, the weight was down 9% from birth weight. Antibiotic use was discontinued. On day 4, umbilical catheters were removed. On day 5, the weight was 23% lower than birth weight. Feeds of 1 mL every 8 hours were initiated. Cranial ultrasonography revealed bilateral grade 2 IVHs. On day 8, the feeds were increased to 2 mL every 8 hours, and the weight was down 30%. On day 9, the weight was down 32%, and feeds were increased to 2 mL every 4 hours. On day 10, the feeds were increased to 2 mL every 3 hours. On day 11, the feeds were increased to …