cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomics analysis of lungs and peripheral blood of crystalline silica-exposed rats

Minimally invasive approaches to detect/predict target organ toxicity have significant practical applications in occupational toxicology. The potential application of peripheral blood transcriptomics as a practical approach to study the mechanisms of silica-induced pulmonary toxicity was investigated. Rats were exposed by inhalation to crystalline silica (15 mg/m(3), 6 h/day, 5 days) and pulmonary toxicity and global gene expression profiles of lungs and peripheral blood were determined at 32 weeks following termination of exposure. A significant elevation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase activity and moderate histological changes in the lungs, including type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and fibrosis, indicated pulmonary toxicity in the rats. Similarly, significant infiltration of neutrophils and elevated monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in the lungs showed pulmonary inflammation in the rats. Microarray analysis of global gene expression profiles identified significant differential expression [>1.5-fold change and false discovery rate (FDR) p < 0.01] of 520 and 537 genes, respectively, in the lungs and blood of the exposed rats. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated significant similarity in the biological processes, molecular networks, and canonical pathways enriched by silica exposure in the lungs and blood of the rats. Several genes involved in functions relevant to silica-induced pulmonary toxicity such as inflammation, respiratory diseases, cancer, cellular movement, fibrosis, etc, were found significantly differentially expressed in the lungs and blood of the silica-exposed rats. The results of this study suggested the potential application of peripheral blood gene expression profiling as a toxicologically relevant and minimally invasive surrogate approach to study the mechanisms underlying silica-induced pulmonary toxicity.
Soliciting Accounts With Why-Interrogatives in Conversation

This article investigates the action of directly soliciting accounts with why-interrogatives (e.g., Why did you do that?). Using conversation analysis, this article argues that why-interrogatives are Janus-faced. On one hand, as types of questions, they index an epistemic gap between questioners and answerers and thus the possibility that answerers are able to provide accounts that questioners did not previously know about. On the other hand, why-interrogatives claim some epistemic access to the accountable event and communicate a stance that it does not accord with common sense and thus is inappropriate or unwarranted. Why-formatted interrogatives display a challenging stance toward the accountable event and responsible agent(s) and are, thus, frequently coimplicated in complaining, criticizing, and blaming.
In vivo incorporation of a cholesterol-like fluorescent probe into rat brain membranes.

Abstract The incorporation of the fluorescent sterol analog, cholesta-5,7,9-trien-3β-ol, into rat brain P 2 fractions and its feasibility to detect membrane perturbations by polarization analysis were evaluated. This investigation involved the administration (i.c.v.) of the fluorescent compound in sesame oil with subsequent determination of optimal dose and the half-life of this compound within the membrane fraction. The dose giving maximum polarization was found to be 0.65 μmole, and pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the disappearance of this analog followed a two-compartment open model with an elimination half-life from the membrane fraction of 655 hr. Increasing temperature of the membrane preparation showed an increase in polarization, indicating a consequent decrease in mobility of the molecule, while addition of a fluidizing agent like ethanol caused a decrease in polarization, and thus the expected increase in fluidity.
Influence of deformation twinning on static annealing of AZ31 Mg alloy

Abstract The microstructure evolution during isothermal static annealing of magnesium alloy AZ31 was investigated to critically evaluate the contribution of extension and contraction twins to the recrystallized microstructure after room temperature deformation, and to establish the potential of these twins to alter the recrystallized texture. Contraction twins were observed to be potent sites for recrystallized nuclei having many favorable new orientations, while extension twins were not effective nucleation sites for recrystallization. Although recrystallization nucleated preferentially inside the contraction twins, producing a distribution of new orientations (far from the undesirable starting c-axis fiber texture), these new grains did not significantly influence the final texture. This was attributed to four factors: (1) unusually extensive recovery before the onset of recrystallization after c-axis compression in most grains; (2) incomplete recrystallization within grains most closely aligned with the starting fiber texture; (3) sluggish growth of grains nucleated in the compression twins; (4) grain boundaries becoming an active site for recrystallized nuclei with a majority containing orientations from the starting texture.
Mycobacterial Infections in Reptiles

Mycobacteria represent an interesting group of bacteria. These slow-growing, slender, aerobic, acid-fast, Gram-positive rods have a long history in human medicine. Known to cause the devastating diseases associated with tuberculosis and leprosy, affected individuals were once separated from society because of the concerns associated with contagion. Although there has been a great deal of study associated with these pathogens in humans, there has been much less in animals, especially reptiles. Current thought suggests that veterinarians working with exotic animals are much more likely to encounter cases of mycobacteriosis in birds and fish than in reptiles. The differences noted between groups may be attributed to the fact that some of these organisms are better suited to survive in endotherms (eg, humans, birds); however, there are certainly a number of mycobacteria that thrive better in cooler temperatures (Mycobacterium marinum in fish). Because reptiles are ectotherms, but have the potential to achieve body temperatures on par or higher than endotherms through basking, it is possible that their role in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium spp infections may be greater than currently represented. A major shortcoming of measuring the prevalence of mycobacteria in reptiles can be associated with a lack of follow through with postmortem diagnosis and diagnostic testing. Although the author has seen a number of reptile cases over the years presented for diseases of a chronic nature, follow through on these cases with complete antemortem or postmortem examinations has been limited by financial constraints of the client. Is it possible that some of these cases would be confirmed as mycobacteriosis? It may be true; however, this question can be answered only if veterinary clinicians can fully pursue these types of cases with the appropriate diagnostic tests and postmortem evaluations. Ultimately, whether these cases are associated with mycobacteriosis or not, follow through with cases will help to better refine the evidence-based literature on which we depend. The purpose of this article is to review the literature as it relates to mycobacteriosis in reptiles. Knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease can be useful to
Improving the strength of brazed joints to alumina by adding carbon fibres

The addition of short, bare, carbon fibres to a silver-based active brazing alloy (63Ag-34Cu-2Ti-1Sn) resulted in up to 30% improvement in the shear/tensile joint strength of brazed joints between stainless steel and alumina. The optimum fibre volume fraction in the brazing material was 12%. This improvement is attributed to the thinning and microstructural simplification of the alumina/braze reaction product (titanium-rich) layer, the softening of the brazing alloy matrix, the strengthening of the braze and the reduction of the coefficient of thermal expansion. The depth of titanium diffusion into the alumina was decreased by the fibre addition. The first two effects are due to the absorption of titanium by the fibres. This absorption resulted in less titanium in the brazing alloy matrix, a braze/fibre particulate reaction product (titanium-rich) on the fibres and the diffusion of titanium into the fibres. In contrast, the use of an active brazing alloy with a lower titanium content but without carbon fibres gave much weaker joints.
A Discrete Choice Equilibrium Approach to Valuing Large Environmental Changes

Abstract This study develops a discrete choice locational equilibrium model to evaluate the benefits of the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area following the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The discrete choice equilibrium approach accounts for the fact that air quality improvements brought about by the 1990 CAAA will change housing choices and prices. The study also provides new evidence for the distributional welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area. Findings suggest that the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area between 1990 and 2000 provided substantial general equilibrium benefits to households. The analysis reveals noticeable differences between partial and general equilibrium welfare gains, demonstrating that ignoring equilibrium effects will likely misrepresent the benefits of large environmental changes. In addition, we find that the equilibrium welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area varied significantly across income groups.
An integrated planning approach for a nanodeposition manufacturing process

This paper deals with the planning problem in a nanodeposition manufacturing process, in which a toolbit that consists of a multilayer grid of micro/nanofluidic channels is used to deposit nanoscale liquid materials to desired positions on workparts to form solid patterns. The objective is to obtain a planning procedure that achieves efficient throughput for the studied nanodeposition manufacturing systems. We break down the studied problem into several sub-problems as design pattern decomposition, nanopore assignment, liquid material routing in the multilayer grid fluidic network, and toolbit path planning. Efficient algorithms are proposed to solve these sub-problems individually, and then finally integrated into a framework that systematically plans the nanodeposition manufacturing process. A software tool that plans, simulates, and controls the nanodeposition manufacturing process by implementing the proposed algorithms is reported in this paper.
1104 DECREASED INSULIN BINDING AND PRODUCTION: PROBABLE MECHANISM FOR HYPERGLYCEMIA DUE TO THERAPY WITH PREDNISONE (PRED) AND L-ASPARAGINASE (ASP)

1104 DECREASED INSULIN BINDING AND PRODUCTION: PROBABLE MECHANISM FOR HYPERGLYCEMIA DUE TO THERAPY WITH PREDNISONE (PRED) AND L-ASPARAGINASE (ASP)
Challenges designing next-generation middleware systems

This framework promises new classes of service, especially in terms of security, for policy-based development of distributed and collaborative applications.
Cytochrome c release and caspase activation after traumatic brain injury

Experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a rapid and significant necrosis of cortical tissue at the site of injury. In the ensuing hours and days, secondary injury exacerbates the primary damage resulting in significant neurological dysfunction. The identification of cell death pathways that mediate this secondary traumatic injury have not been elucidated, however recent studies have implicated a role for apoptosis in the neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. The present study utilized a controlled cortical impact model of brain injury to assess the involvement of apoptotic pathways: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and the activation of caspase-1- and caspase-3-like proteases in the injured cortex at 6, 12 and 24 h post-injury. Collectively, these results demonstrate cytochrome c release from mitochondria and its redistribution into the cytosol occurs in a time-dependent manner following TBI. The release of cytochrome c is accompanied by a time-dependent increase in caspase-3-like protease activity with no apparent increase in caspase-1-like activity. However, pretreatment with a general caspase inhibitor had no significant effect on the amount of cortical damage observed at 7 days post-injury. Our data suggest that several pro-apoptotic events occur following TBI, however the translocation of cytochrome c itself and/or other events upstream of caspase activation/inhibition may be sufficient to induce neuronal cell death.
Age-related activation of microglia and astrocytes : In vitro studies show persistent phenotypes of aging, increased proliferation, and resistance to down-regulation

Astrocytes and microglia from cerebral cortex of 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old F344 male rat donors showed progressively greater proliferation during primary culture. Microglia from aging donor brains exhibited an amoeboid-like morphology and express antigens characteristic of an activated state (e.g., major histocompatibility complex class II). Moreover, microglia from aging donors were less sensitive to several types of regulators. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor stimulated proliferation in microglia from young, but not aging brains. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 inhibited astrocytic and microglial proliferation in cultures from young, but not aging donors. Similarly, the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production by TGF-beta1 in microglia was impaired in cultures from 12-month (middle-age) brains. Another aging change detected by middle age, increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, also persisted in astrocytes from 12- to 24-month-old brains, as evaluated by increased activity of a 5'-upstream GFAP promoter construct. Thus, both microglia and astrocytes originated from aging cerebral cortex maintain in vitro at least some of the activated phenotypes of aging glia that are observed in vivo. This new in vitro cell model may allow efficient analysis of glial age changes.
Trauma Deserts: Distance From a Trauma Center, Transport Times, and Mortality From Gunshot Wounds in Chicago

Objectives. We examined whether urban patients who suffered gunshot wounds (GSWs) farther from a trauma center would have longer transport times and higher mortality.Methods. We used the Illinois State Trauma Registry (1999–2009). Scene address data for Chicago-area GSWs was geocoded to calculate distance to the nearest trauma center and compare prehospital transport times. We used multivariate regression to calculate the effect on mortality of being shot more than 5 miles from a trauma center.Results. Of 11 744 GSW patients during the study period, 4782 were shot more than 5 miles from a trauma center. Mean transport time and unadjusted mortality were higher for these patients (P < .001 for both). In a multivariate model, suffering a GSW more than 5 miles from a trauma center was associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.47; P = .03).Conclusions. Relative “trauma deserts” with decreased access to immediate care were found in certain areas of Chicago ...
LIMITED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF PERFLUOROCARBON EMULSIONS ON ENCAPSULATED CELLS IN CULTURE: EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING STUDIES

Due to the high solubility of oxygen in perfluorocarbons (PFCs), these compounds have been explored for improved cell and tissue oxygenation. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of a PFC emulsion on cellular growth and function in a tissue engineered construct. A perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) emulsion was co-encapsulated at 10 vol% with mouse βTC-tet insulinoma cells in calcium alginate beads and cultured under normoxic and severely hypoxic conditions. The number of metabolically active cells and the induced insulin secretion rate were measured over time for up to 16 days. Results showed no significant effect of PFTBA relative to the PFTBA-free control. The alginate-PFC-cell system was also modeled mathematically, and simulations tracked the number of viable cells over time under the same conditions used experimentally. Simulations revealed only a small, likely experimentally undetectable difference in cell density between the PFC-containing and PFC-free control beads. It is concluded that PFTBA up to 10 vol% has no significant effect on the growth and function of encapsulated βTC-tet cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Comparative assessment of metabolic enzyme levels in macrophage populations of the F344 rat

The immune system is a direct target for toxic insult by a number of drugs and other chemicals, many of which require activation to toxic metabolites by drug-metabolizing enzymes. We compared the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which are differentially expressed in various macrophage populations following treatment of F344 rats with the inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages and splenic macrophages from TCDD-treated animals expressed elevated levels of inducible CYP1A1 as compared to other macrophage subpopulations or cells from control rats. TCDD treatment also resulted in increased ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and total cytochrome P450 content in tissue-derived macrophages. Immunoreactive protein and mRNA transcripts for CYP1A1 were not detectable in resident peritoneal macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes. Examination of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) levels in macrophage populations suggests that the ability of TCDD to induce metabolic enzymes in specific cell types correlates well with AhR expression. In vivo activation of macrophages, using either Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), caused no significant alteration in the levels of induction of CYP1A1. ALDH-3 induction was similar in all macrophage populations examined. These studies indicate that macrophages, particularly those from portals of entry, may be induced to produce increased levels of specific enzymes, and the induction is dependent upon their maturational stage rather than their activation state. The metabolism of xenobiotics to toxic intermediates by immune cells and its role in immunosuppression are discussed.
Representations of sound that are insensitive to spectral filtering and parametrization procedures

This paper describes representations of time-dependent signals that are invariant under any invertible signal distortion. Such a representation can be created by rescaling the signal in a nonlinear dynamic manner that is determined by recently encountered signal levels. Information that is encoded in such representations will be faithfully communicated in the presence of severe signal distortions, which may originate in the transmitter, receiver, or the channel between them. As in speech communication, the receiver is “blind” and need not characterize the form of the signal distortion, which remains unknown. The method is applied to analytical examples, acoustic waveforms of human speech, and the short-term Fourier spectra of a bird song. The results suggest that the rescaled representation of a sound is insensitive to the way its spectra have been filtered and parametrized, as long as those processes do not obliterate the differences between the various spectra in the sound. Finally, the possible “speaker” independence of these representations is explored in the context of a simple linear prediction model of vocal tracts with a single degree of freedom.
Lake Mussel Distribution as Determined with Scuba

Mussels were surveyed by SCUBA in Long Lake (47° 16½ N, 95° 17½ W), northwestern Minnesota, in 1969 along belt transects paralleling depth contours. Three species (in order of decreasing abundance)–Lampsilis radiata luteola (Lamarck, 1819), Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea, 1834), and Anodonta grandis Say, 1829–were found at maximum depths of 9, 2, and 8 m, respectively. Mussel density descreased with depth from a maximum of 54 mussels/m2 at 1 m to 0.6 mussels/m2 at 9 m. A significant (P=0.05) decrease in shell height with depth was exhibited by Lampsilis radiata luteola and Anodontoides ferussacianus. Mussels occurred in lesser concentrations and at lesser depth (1 m vs. 9 m) on the northeast side of the lake where aquatic plant cover was greater. One species, Lampsilis radiata luteola, was significantly (P = 0.05) larger on the northeast side at 1—m depth. See full-text article at JSTOR
Oxygen-18 study of nonaqueous-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide

Abstract In a study of the mechanisms of atmospheric sulfate formation, oxygen isotope ratios were measured in sulfates and in the SO 2 and water vapors from which they were formed, in the absence of liquid water. In a 3-l glass chamber, SO 2 and water vapor of various 18 O contents were isotopically equilibrated, and then air oxidation of the SO 2 to sulfate was performed by four different methods: high-voltage discharges, NO 2 addition, gamma irradiation and adsorption on activated charcoal. Isotopic equilibration between SO 2 and water vapor proceeded rapidly, resulting in a strong dependence of the δ 18 O of the sulfate on that of the water vapor. Oxidation of SO 2 on dry charcoal occurred through the apparent formation of 9-oxygen, 2-sulfur, chemisorbed molecules which decomposed to sulfate in leach water. The δ 18 O SO 2− 4 vs δ 18 O H 2 O relationships observed for these four nonaqueous-phase oxidations of SO 2 to sulfate, together with those in three previously reported aqueous-phase oxidations ( Fe 3+ -catalyzed air oxidation, charcoal-catalyzed air oxidation and H 2 O 2 oxidation), were compared to sulfate in rain and snow collected at Argonne, IL. The δ 18 O of sulfate in precipitation water was significantly higher than could be accounted for by any of the several oxidation reactions that were investigated as possible pathways in the formation of secondary sulfates in the atmosphere, either singly or in combination.
An examination of tax practitioner decisions: The role of preparer sanctions and framing effects associated with client condition

Abstract Tax practitioners play an important role in the voluntary compliance system. Not only do professionally prepared returns account for a significant percentage of the tax returns filed in the U.S., but empirical evidence suggests that practitioners help taxpayers lower their tax liabilities by taking advantage of ambiguous features of the tax law. This study investigates whether selected factors influence the decisions made by professional tax preparers. The subjects include 107 experienced tax practitioners who are certified public accountants. The results reflect that there is a significantly greater likelihood that the tax practitioners would sign tax returns containing a large deduction associated with an ambiguous tax issue if (1) the signing decision is made in relation to an existing client (a loss decision frame in the context of the study) or (2) tax preparer penalties are communicated with high enforcement intent.
Central Nervous System Infection During Immunosuppression

Suppression of the immune system by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or immunosuppressive therapy following transplantation increases susceptibility to CNS infection. Examination of the level and type of immunosuppression, in addition to the clinical and radiologic findings at the time of diagnosis can aid the clinician in determining the most likely etiology of infection. This article discusses how suppression of the host immune status modifies the presentation and diagnosis of selected CNS infections and the recommended treatment for these infections.
Coexpression of Mutant p53 and p193 Renders Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes Responsive to the Growth-Promoting Activities of Adenoviral E1A

Abstract —Expression of adenoviral E1A in cardiomyocytes results in the activation of DNA synthesis followed by apoptosis. In contrast, expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen induces sustained cardiomyocyte proliferation. Previous studies have shown that T antigen binds to 2 proapoptotic proteins in cardiomyocytes, namely the p53 tumor suppressor and p193 (a new member of the BH3-only proapoptosis subfamily). Structure-function analyses identified a p193 C-terminal truncation mutant that encodes prosurvival activity. This mutant was used to test the role of p193 in E1A-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. E1A induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes derived from differentiating embryonic stem cells. Expression of the prosurvival p193 mutant alone or a mutant p53 alone did not block E1A-induced apoptosis. In contrast, combinatorial expression of mutant p193 and mutant p53 blocked E1A-induced apoptosis, resulting in a proliferative response indistinguishable from that seen with T antigen. These results confirm the hypothesis that there are 2 proapoptotic pathways, encoded by p53 and p193, respectively, which restrict cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity in differentiating embryonic stem cell cultures. Furthermore, these results explain in molecular terms the phenotypic differences of E1A versus T-antigen gene transfer in cardiomyocytes.
Are suppression and deterrence mechanisms enough? Examining the “pulling levers” drug market intervention strategy in Peoria, Illinois, USA

Abstract Background Police agencies across the globe enforce laws that prohibit drug transportation, distribution, and use with varying degrees of effectiveness. Within the United States, law enforcement strategies that rely on partnerships between criminal justice officials, neighbourhood residents, and social service providers (i.e., collaborative implementation) have shown considerable promise for reducing crime and disorder associated with open-air drug markets. The current study examines a comprehensive police enforcement strategy conducted in Peoria, Illinois (USA) designed to reduce patterns of crime and violence associated with an open-air drug market in a specific neighbourhood. Methods Change in neighbourhood crime was assessed using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) interrupted time series analysis. Further, target area residents were surveyed to gauge their awareness of the police intervention as well as perceived changes in local crime patterns. Results Analyses indicate that the intervention did not produce significant changes in neighbourhood crime offense rates between pre- and post-intervention periods. In addition, the majority of surveyed residents within the target area did not demonstrate an awareness of the intervention nor did they report perceived changes in local crime patterns. Conclusions Study findings suggest that police-led approaches in the absence of high levels of community awareness and involvement may have less capacity to generate crime-control when focusing on open-air drug markets. We propose that police agencies adopting this strategy invest considerable resources toward achieving community awareness and participation in order to increase the potential for attaining significant and substantive programmatic impact.
The evolution of the UK’s system for education, training and competence in the waste management industry

This report will examine the development of the education and training regime in the United Kingdom for the waste management industry over the past 100 years and will focus on the delivery of professional education and training and the development of acceptable qualifications obtained at Further and Higher educational establishments. It will give an appraisal of the National Vocational Qualification System in the UK and explain how technical competence relates to that system. It will describe the formation, organization and operation of the Waste Management Industry Training and Advisory Board (WAMITAB). It will also set out how technical competence for the operation of waste management facilities is encompassed in UK legislation. Finally it will discuss how education, training and qualifications can be developed internationally and the role that ISWA might play.
Conductivity studies of quantum-critical dynamics

Abstract We have performed several types of electrical conductivity measurements on a series of highly disordered NbxSii-x alloys. This system undergoes a delocalization transition in which the quantum-critical dynamics of the electrons can be observed in a variety of experiments including measurements the temperature (T>30mK), frequency (ω< 1011s−1), and concentration dependences of the electrical conductivity. Our data for the samples closest to the transition are consistent with quantum-critical scaling.
Eimeria tenella: Vitamin Requirements for Development in Primary Cultures of Chicken Kidney Cells

Development of Eimeria tenella was studied in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells maintained in Medium 199 lacking each of the following: vitamin A, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, Ca pantothenate, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, riboflavin, thiamin, ascorbic acid, calciferol, alpha-tocopherol, and menadione. Data obtained concerning numbers of mature schizonts or total numbers of parasites or both indicated that all of the vitamins are needed for 1st- and 2nd-generation schizogony, and all except calciferol and folic acid are needed for gametogony.
Growth and Longevity of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Populations Subjected to Light Exploitation

Abstract Natural brook trout populations in two Pennsylvania streams which were exploited by angling only slightly were studied to determine the growth rate and longevity of this species. The growth rate of trout from the more fertile environment of Big Spring exceeded that of trout from Larry's Creek even though the standing crop of the population in Big Spring was markedly higher (206 pounds/acre in Big Spring; 39 pounds/acre in Larry's Creek). The longevity and age-composition of the two populations were similar, with few fish living as long as 6 years. Lee's phenomenon was not observed in either population. Since these populations were exploited only to a minor extent, such an observation is consistent with the hypothesis that selective angling mortality of the faster-growing individuals of a population is a reasonable explanation of Lee's phenomenon.
The Magnetic-Drag Tachometer

A discussion of a magnetic-drag-tachometer equipment designed principally for aircraft use. The principle of operation makes possible an indicator which may be read very accurately under extreme conditions of aircraft use and at the same time may be easily adjusted and maintained. Because of the extreme reading accuracy obtainable, low inherent temperature errors and good compensation are essential. A method of obtaining these features is presented.
Reaction-Broadening in a Hydrogen-Oxygen Diffusion Flame

The present paper is a continuation of the study of diffusion flames in a hydrogen-oxygen mixture which began with an investigation of equilibrium-broadening by the writer (1968). In the present model the hydrogen dissociation reaction is assumed to be so slow that it can be neglected. The effect of the remaining reaction rates on flame structure is then investigated by the method of matched asymptotic expansions, which provides information about the orders of magnitude of the various species' concentrations, and identifies simplified sets of equations which govern behaviour in various regions of the flame. The general forms of the solutions are established; attention is confined to analytical questions.
Comparative behavior of dieldrin and carbofuran in the field

To measure the amounts of dieldrin and carbofuran lost to the environment, we incorporated them into soils in small (0.6–1.1 ha) watersheds in separate years. The disappearance of each was monitored by periodically measuring residues in the soil, runoff, maize plants, and overlying air (dieldrin only). Soil residues were nonuniformly distributed. Best estimate for the time for 95% disappearance of dieldrin from the soil was 12.8 years. Carbofuran disappearance conformed to a first-order reaction and gave 95% disappearance times ranging from 145 to 434 days, depending on soil pH, moisture, and temperature. Runoff losses of both pesticides were highest in rainfalls during the first month after application. Over the season, dieldrin losses ranged up to 2.3% of that applied and were concentrated in the solids. Carbofuran losses in runoff occurred largely in the water and comprised up to 1.9% of the application. More than twice as much carbofuran (and metabolites) as dieldrin was accumulated in the maize plants, mainly in the leaves. Volatilization was an important route of dieldrin loss, amounting in the first year to 4.5% of that applied. Volatility of carbofuran, which was only 1/18th that of dieldrin in a laboratory test, was not measured in the field. The data show that use of optimum management practices can substantially reduce the environmental impact of agricultural applications of these pesticides.
The Prevalence and Correlates of Multipartnered Fertility Among Urban U.S. Parents

Recent trends in marriage and fertility have increased the number of adults having children by more than 1 partner a phenomenon that we refer to as multipartnered fertility. This article uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study to examine the prevalence and correlates of multipartnered fertility among urban parents of a recent birth cohort (N = 4300). We find that unmarried parents are much more likely to have had a child by a previous partner than married parents. Also race/ ethnicity is strongly associated with multipartnered fertility as is mothers young age at first birth and fathers history of incarceration. To the extent that childrearing across households diminishes parental resources multipartnered fertility has important consequences for childrens well-being. (authors)
Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes

This study assessed the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 3 doses (15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg) of pioglitazone in 36 adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Blood samples were obtained over a 48-hour interval after the first dose (day 1) and over a 72-hour interval after the last dose (day 15) of pioglitazone and were assayed for pioglitazone and active metabolites (M-III and M-IV). Pioglitazone systemic exposure increased dose dependently but was less than dose proportional during multiple dosing. The median peak pioglitazone concentration occurred at 2 hours. The mean half-life was 8 to 9 hours for pioglitazone and 24 to 32 hours for M-III and M-IV, with similar values at each dose level. During multiple dosing, accumulation for pioglitazone was negligible, but it reached 2.5- to 3.0-fold for M-III and M-IV. The sustained total serum concentration of active compounds during multiple dosing provides the basis for once-daily dose administration of pioglitazone in adolescents.
Driving toward theory in program evaluation: More models to choose from

Abstract The advantages of a theory-based approach to evaluation are numerous despite the relative lack of explicit theorizing about program process typical of contemporary evaluation. To be useful program theory does not have to come in the form of sophisticated structural equation modeling. More differentiated notions of the forms program theory might take and how it might be developed in practical context may help extend the range of applicability of the Chen and Rossi “theory-driven” approach. To this end, four different theory forms are described and analyzed: causal modeling, the “basic two-step,” stage-state theory, and substantive models. In addition, three practical approaches to theory development are discussed: building on prior theory and research, conducting exploratory research, and extracting the implicit program theory from program personnel.
Effect of a patient's psychiatric history on physicians' estimation of probability of disease.

A questionnaire was mailed to 300 Iowa family physicians to determine the influence of a prior psychiatric history on decision making. The response rate was 77%. Respondents were less likely to believe that a patient had serious illness when presenting with a severe headache or abdominal pain if the patient had a prior history of depression (P<.05) or prior history of somatic complaints (P<.05), compared with a patient with no past history. Respondents were less likely to report that they would order testing for a patient with headache or abdominal pain if the patient had a history of depression (P<.05, P=.08, respectively) or somatic complaints (P<.01). Differences in likelihood of ordering tests were not significant after adjusting for differences in estimated probability of disease. We conclude that physicians respond differently to patients with psychiatric illness because of their estimation of pretest probability of disease rather than bias. We conclude that past psychiatric history influences physicians’ estimation of disease presence and willingness to order tests.
Proof of the first order phase transition in the Slater KDP model

The Slater KDP model defined on d-dimensional tetrahedral lattices is proved to have a phase transition for which the entropy and energy are discontinuous functions at a transition temperaturekT c =ɛ/ln2, independent of dimensionality.
Understanding radiation safety of high-intensity light-emitting diodes

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) continue to increase in optical output power. Conventional wisdom that considers them to be safe with respect to radiation hazards to the eye and skin may no longer hold. The governing standards for LED radiation hazard rating, including IEC 62471, may not account for these new high-power LEDs, especially for applications that allow use closer than the typical minimum tested distance of 200 mm, such as pulse oximetry and optical tomography. Because LEDs are small sources with divergent radiation cones, the irradiance increases as the observer approaches the LED and may exceed the levels of safety for both eye and skin. Additionally, the natural aversion response to bright lights may not be present for near-infrared LEDs.
Medicatie bij longcarcinoom

Smit EF. Medicatie bij longcarcinoom. Huisarts Wet 2011;54(9):502-5. Van alle maligniteiten heeft longkanker nog steeds de grootste mortaliteit: ruim tienduizend sterfgevallen in 2010. Wel wordt er de laatste jaren vooruitgang geboekt in de behandeling van het meest voorkomende subtype, het niet-kleincellig longcarcinoom. Men heeft ontdekt dat naast roken – de voornaamste oorzaak – ook een aantal genetische mutaties een niet-kleincellig longcarcinoom kunnen veroorzaken. In Nederland gaat het dan om zo’n duizend nieuwe patienten per jaar (10% van alle longkankerpatienten), vooral niet-rokende vrouwen. Bij het stellen van de diagnose is de ziekte meestal al uitgezaaid en niet meer te genezen. Bij een van deze genetisch bepaalde vormen van longkanker is de epidermale groeifactorreceptor (EGFR) betrokken. De behandeling ervan wijkt sterk af van die van een door roken veroorzaakte longkanker. In plaats van chemotherapie krijgen patienten met een gemuteerd EGFR-gen ‘targeted therapie’ met een EGFR-remmer zoals gefitinib of erlotinib. De prognose is viermaal zo goed als die van patienten zonder EGFR-mutatie (mediane overleving 36 in plaats van 9 maanden). De bijwerkingen, huiduitslag en diarree, zijn milder dan die van klassieke chemotherapie. Inmiddels zijn er ook targeted middelen in ontwikkeling die aangrijpen op andere mutaties, bijvoorbeeld in EML4-ALK. Kennis van deze ontwikkelingen kan de huisarts helpen minder snel te vervallen in therapeutisch nihilisme en adequaat in te spelen op bijwerkingen van de nieuwe middelen.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction is associated with higher frequency of thin-cap fibroatheroma.

Abstract Objective Both coronary microvascular dysfunction and epicardial plaque vulnerability have been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, whether microvascular dysfunction is a predictor of plaque vulnerability is not known. We hypothesized that microvascular dysfunction is associated with greater systemic inflammation and is a predictor of virtual histology–intravascular ultrasound (VH–IVUS)-defined coronary thin-cap fibroatheromas. Methods Invasive physiologic assessment and VH–IVUS were performed and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured in 51 patients with non-obstructive CAD [fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≥ 0.75]. Microvascular dysfunction was defined as coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Results Mean age was 57 ± 12 years and 25% of patients presented with acute coronary syndrome. Despite similar amount of epicardial disease, characterized by lumen area (8.9 ± 3.0 vs. 10.1 ± 3.3 mm 2 , p = 0.3) and FFR (0.90 ± 0.08 vs. 0.92 ± 0.07, p = 0.2), patients with microvascular dysfunction had greater hs-CRP (4.2 [2.3, 7.6] vs. 1.0 [0.4, 4.2] ng/ml, p = 0.006), greater plaque burden (47 ± 10 vs. 36 ± 13%, p = 0.004), and higher frequency of TCFA (17 ± 25 vs. 6 ± 9%, p = 0.02). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, hs-CRP, and plaque burden, coronary microvascular dysfunction was an independent predictor of frequency of TCFA ( β = +0.42, p = 0.033). Conclusion In patients with non-obstructive CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction is associated with higher serum hs-CRP and is an independent predictor of more TCFAs, a marker for increased epicardial plaque vulnerability.
Delay of stimulus presentation after the saccade in visual search

Delay of stimulus onset after each saccade in visual search decreased oculomotor and manual reaction times, with a greater effect occurring for the oculomotor response. The saccadic oculomotor reaction might have been facilitated in three ways: by the facilitation of reaction with a foreperiod warning stimulus, by the attenuation of saccadic suppression effects due to the stimulus onset delay, or by the use of a strategy of preprogramming fixation durations. The results support a model of visual search using preprogrammed control of visual fixation durations.
The Clerical Status of Chaucer's Alchemist

'WHETHER Chaucer's Canon was regular or secular is not clearly stated,' Professor Robinson observes, 'but he manifestly enjoyed considerable freedom." Skeat2 and Professor Manly3 also are in doubt as to the ecclesiastical status of the Alchemist who joined the pilgrims at Boughton, though both incline to the view that he was secular a canon serving a cathedral or a collegiate church, that is, but living abroad in the world (in saeculo), rather than a member of the monastic Order of Canons Regular, and hence living in community. Nevertheless it must have been plain to mediaeval readers that Chaucer's Alchemist was a Black Canon, a Canon Regular of St. Augustine. Certainly, as Robinson notes,4 the second alchemist exposed by the Yeoman, the villain of his story proper, is a regular canon. The Yeoman calls him a 'chanoun of religion' one who has taken the vows of a religious to distinguish him from mere seculars. Similarly, in mediaeval Latin writings the regulars, or Augustinians, are designated as canonici religionis.6 Further, the Yeoman begs pardon of 'worshipful chanons religious' lest they interpret his censure of one of their brethren as slander of the entire Order, or of their particular house; thus he makes it clear that those addressed belong to one of the Regular Orders, and hence reside in a convent:
Mice and men: are they bile-ologically different?

Mutations in the sister of P-glycoprotein (Spgp) or bile salt export pump (BSEP) are associated with Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC2). Spgp is predominantly expressed in the canalicular membranes of liver. Consistent with in vitro evidence demonstrating the involvement of Spgp in bile salt transport, PFIC2 patients secrete less than 1% of biliary bile salts compared to normal infants. The disease rapidly progresses to hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation before adolescence. In this study, we show that the knockout of spgp gene in mice results in intrahepatic cholestasis, but with significantly less severity than PFIC2 in humans. Some unexpected characteristics are observed. Notably, although the secretion of cholic acid in mutant mice is greatly reduced (6% of wild-type), total bile salt output in mutant mice is about 30% of wild-type. Also, secretion of an unexpectedly large amount of tetra-hydroxylated bile acids (not detected in wild-type) is observed. These results suggest that hydroxylation and an alternative canalicular transport mechanism for bile acids compensate for the absence of Spgp function and protect the mutant mice from severe cholestatic damage. In addition, the spgp -/- mice display a significant increase in the secretion of cholesterol and phospholipids into the bile. This latter observation in spgp/bsep -/- mice suggests that intrahepatic, rather than intracanalicular, bile salts are the major driving force for the biliary lipid secretion. The spgp -/- mice thus provide a unique model for gaining new insights into therapeutic intervention for intrahepatic cholestasis and understanding mechanisms associated with lipid homeostasis.
Bambi and the Hunting Ethos

(1996). Bambi and the Hunting Ethos. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 24, Walt Disney, pp. 53-59.
Notes from the underground city of disinformation: A conceptual investigation

Inaccurate information, in the field of library and information science, is often regarded as a problem that needs to be corrected or simply understood as either misinformation or disinformation without further consideration. Misinformation and disinformation, however, may cause significant problems for users in online environments, where they are constantly exposed to an abundance of inaccurate and/or misleading information. This paper aims to establish conceptual groundwork for future empirical research by examining the relationships among information, misinformation, and disinformation. Our analysis extends to a discussion of cues to deception, as means for detecting misinformation and disinformation. We argue that misinformation and disinformation are related yet distinct sub-categories of information. Misinformation is a multifaceted concept, more complex than simply being inaccurate or incomplete, and disinformation does not always entail misinformation. We conclude our discussion by highlighting the significant roles of context and time in defining misinformation and disinformation.
Increased Expression of Membrane Type 3-Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Role of Activated Macrophages and Inflammatory Cytokines

Background— Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to play a prominent role in atherogenesis and destabilization of plaque. Pericellularly localized membrane-type (MT)-MMPs activate secreted MMPs. We investigated the hypothesis that MT3-MMP is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and is regulated by locally produced inflammatory cytokines and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). Methods and Results— Expression and cellular localization of MT3-MMP in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries were examined using specific antibodies. Abundant MT3-MMP expression was noted in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of normal arteries. In atherosclerotic arteries, MT3-MMP expression was observed within complex plaques and colocalized with SMCs and macrophages (Mφ). Cultured human monocyte-derived Mφ constitutively expressed MT3-MMP mRNA and proteolytically active protein, as demonstrated by mRNA analyses, immunoblotting, and gelatin zymography, respectively. Ox-LDL, tumor necrosis factor-α,...