cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SSL splitting: securely serving data from untrusted caches

A popular technique for reducing the bandwidth load on Web servers is to serve the content from proxies. Typically these hosts are trusted by the clients and server not to modify the data that they proxy. SSL splitting is a new technique for guaranteeing the integrity of data served from proxies without requiring changes to Web clients. Instead of relaying an insecure HTTP connection, an SSL splitting proxy simulates a normal Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection with the client by merging authentication records from the server with data records from a cache. This technique reduces the bandwidth load on the server, while allowing an unmodified Web browser to verify that the data served from proxies is endorsed by the originating server.SSL splitting is implemented as a patch to the industry-standard OpenSSL library, with which the server is linked. In experiments replaying two-hour access.log traces taken from LCS Web sites over an ADSL link, SSL splitting reduces bandwidth consumption of the server by between 25% and 90% depending on the warmth of the cache and the redundancy of the trace. Uncached requests forwarded through the proxy exhibit latencies within approximately 5% of those of an unmodified SSL server.
Saturated Compton Cooling Model of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

We revisit the saturated Compton cooling model of gamma-ray burst pulse decay in the context of cosmological scenarios. We find that for pulse duration of ~1 s, this model is consistent with Gpc distance if the Compton cooling plasma is a relativistically expanding thin shell of bulk Lorentz factor ≥102, radius ~1015 cm, thickness ≤1011-1012 cm, comoving lepton density ≥1013 cm-3 and is dominated by a thermal population of keV comoving temperature, with less than a few percent nonthermal population.
‘Governed’ trade: global value chains, firms, and the heterogeneity of trade in an era of fragmented production

ABSTRACTOver the past several decades, firms have de-verticalized and internationalized increasingly complex manufacturing and service functions, a phenomenon studied across the social sciences. However, the disciplines disagree over whether the fragmentation of production is substantively novel, requiring amendments to trade theory, or is simply a secular deepening of the international division of labor. Some economists view it as ‘just trade,’ driven by well-known actor-less determinants, such as factor endowments, technology, and returns to scale, while more recent firm heterogeneity trade theories consider firm behavior. By contrast, other heterodox social science approaches differ by focusing on the strategic actions of firms and sector-specific governance as independent drivers which ‘govern’ trade and determine the division of value between countries. This paper develops novel measurements by utilizing unique transactional trade data – the raw firm-level trade transactions that comprise standard in...
The role of the computer in humanistic scholarship

Within the past dozen years or so, the computer has made itself felt in every aspect of our society. One hundred years ago, it was the Industrial Revolution which wrought profound changes in the economic and social fabric of the western world. Today there is an upheaval of comparable force and significance in the so-called Computer Revolution. Indeed, Isaac Auerbach has characterized the invention of the computer as being comparable to that of the steam engine in its effects upon mankind. He predicted that the computer and its application to information processing "will have a far greater constructive impact on mankind during the remainder of the 20th Century than any other technological development of the past two decades."
Optimal-Path Precision Terrain-Following System

A new approach to the informational processing in a terrain-following control system uses a cubic-spline curve to provide a very smooth reference path for the aircraft to follow. The spline is optimally computed to lie as close as possible to the terrain and yet to satisfy the practical constraints. Since the computed optimal path is smoother than those of other systems, the path and its derivatives can be used in a simple tracking system to provide precise control over the aircraft path. The scheme has onboard potential for advanced terrain-following systems, since splines allow consideration of fewer computational data points.
SOLUTIONS OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL FIELD THEORIES VIA M-THEORY

N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions are studied by formulating them as the quantum field theories derived from configurations of fourbranes, fivebranes, and sixbranes in Type IIA superstrings, and then reinterpreting those configurations in M-theory. This approach leads to explicit solutions for the Coulomb branch of a large family of four-dimensional N = 2 field theories with zero or negative beta function.
Strategy-Level Separations in Organic Synthesis: From Planning to Practice

A dirty word in synthesis: separation! The normally unavoidable separation at the end of each reaction finds no friends among synthetic chemists and is often regarded as a technical procedure. However, the need to quickly and cheaply produce pure products is driving the development of new separation and purification techniques. Astonishingly, the modern concepts and techniques for coupling synthesis and separation are rooted in workup procedures that are as old as the art of synthesis itself.
The size - virial radius relation of galaxies

I use the abundance matching ansatz, which has proven to be successful in reproducing galaxy clustering and other statistics, to derive estimates of the virial radius, R 200, for galaxies of different morphological types and a wide range of stellar masses. I show that over eight orders of magnitude in stellar mass galaxies of all morphological types follow an approximately linear relation between half-mass radius of their stellar distribution, r 1/2, and virial radius, r 1/2 0.015 R 200, with scatter of 0.2 dex. Such scaling is in remarkable agreement with the expectation of models that assume that galaxy sizes are controlled by halo angular momentum, r 1/2λR 200, where λ is the spin of galaxy parent halo. The scatter about the relation is comparable with the scatter expected from the distribution of λ. Moreover, I show that when the stellar and gas surface density profiles of galaxies of different morphological types are rescaled by the radius rn = 0.015 R 200, the rescaled profiles follow approximately universal exponential (for late types) and de Vaucouleurs (for early types) form with scatter of only 30%-50% at R 1-3rn . Remarkably, both late- and early-type galaxies have similar mean stellar surface density profiles at R 1rn . The main difference between their stellar distributions is thus at R < rn . The results of this study imply that galaxy sizes and radial distribution of baryons are shaped primarily by properties of their parent halos and that the sizes of both late-type disks and early-type spheroids are controlled by halo angular momentum.
A diagnostic technique used to obtain cross-range radiation centers from antenna patterns

A diagnostic technique for obtaining cross-range radiation centers based on antenna radiation patterns is presented. The method is similar to the synthetic aperture processing of scattered fields normally associated with radar applications; however, in this case it is applied to evaluate antenna radiation pattern performance. Coherence processing of the radiated fields is used to determine the various radiation centers associated with the far-zone pattern of an antenna for a given radiation direction. The technique can be used to identify an unexpected radiation center that creates an undesired effect in a pattern. It can also be used to improve a numerical simulation of the pattern by identifying other significant mechanisms. Cross-range results for two 8-ft-diameter reflector antennas are presented to illustrate as well as validate this technique. >
Synthesis of Li(x)Na(2−x)Mn2S3 and LiNaMnS2 through redox-induced ion exchange reactions

Abstract Na2Mn2S3 was oxidatively deintercalated using iodine in acetonitrile to yield Na1.3Mn2S3, with lattice constants nearly identical to that of the reactant. Lithium was then reductively intercalated into the oxidized product to yield Li0.7Na1.3Mn2S3. When heated, this metastable compound decomposed to form a new crystalline compound, LiNaMnS2, along with MnS and residual Na2Mn2S3. Single crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis of LiNaMnS2 revealed that this compound crystallizes in P-3m1 with cell parameters a=4.0479(6) A, c=6.7759(14) A, V=96.15(3) A3 (Z=1, wR2=0.0367) in the NaLiCdS2 structure-type.
A MODEL FOR THE ESCAPE OF SOLAR-FLARE-ACCELERATED PARTICLES

We address the problem of how particles are accelerated by solar flares can escape into the heliosphere on timescales of an hour or less. Impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) bursts are generally observed in association with so-called eruptive flares consisting of a coronal mass ejection (CME) and a flare. These fast SEPs are believed to be accelerated directly by the flare, rather than by the CME shock. However, the precise mechanism by which the particles are accelerated remains controversial. Regardless of the origin of the acceleration, the particles should remain trapped in the closed magnetic fields of the coronal flare loops and the ejected flux rope, given the magnetic geometry of the standard eruptive-flare model. In this case, the particles would reach the Earth only after a delay of many hours to a few days (coincident with the bulk ejecta arriving at Earth). We propose that the external magnetic reconnection intrinsic to the breakout model for CME initiation can naturally account for the prompt escape of flare-accelerated energetic particles onto open interplanetary magnetic flux tubes. We present detailed 2.5-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a breakout CME/flare event with a background isothermal solar wind. Our calculations demonstrate that if the event occurs sufficiently near a coronal-hole boundary, interchange reconnection between open and closed fields can occur. This process allows particles from deep inside the ejected flux rope to access solar wind field lines soon after eruption. We compare these results to standard observations of impulsive SEPs and discuss the implications of the model on further observations and calculations.
Magnetic Properties of Iron-Cobalt Single Crystals

Single crystals of Fe-Co alloys were obtained from recrystallized pure ingots and their components of magnetization parallel to magnetic forces applied along axes of symmetry were measured by a pendulum magnetometer. It was found that the direction for easiest magnetization changes from $〈100〉$ to $〈111〉$ as the amount of cobalt in the alloy increases. This transition occurs at about 42 percent Co. This result contradicts Fowler and Powell's view concerning the dependence of direction of magnetization upon crystal structure. Some magnetic properties of polycrystalline alloys are explained. Akulov's theory for the magnetization curve of a single crystal was applied to a specimen with 70 percent Co. The agreement between theory and experiment is good in this case.
Photoplastic effect on ice.

This paper examines the effect of ultraviolet illumination on the plastic deformation of ice single crystals. The study of ice plasticity is essential for both fundamental and applied reasons. For instance, plastic deformation of ice is a major factor in the flow of the giant ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland and of mountain glaciers. Snow densification, sintering, and ice friction are also phenomena in which plastic deformation has a role. Since ice has a very unusual atomic structure, in which oxygen atoms are ordered but protons are disordered, the motion of dislocations through ice cannot occur in the same way as in ordinary crystals. This is the intriguing subject of the research here.
Properties of charmonium in lattice QCD with 2 + 1 flavors of improved staggered sea quarks

We use the dynamical gluon configurations provided by the MILC collaboration in a study of the charmonium spectrum and {psi} leptonic width. We examine sea quark effects on mass splitting and on the leptonic decay matrix element for light masses as low as m{sub s}/5, while keeping the strange quark mass fixed and the lattice spacing nearly constant.
Evidence for an Outer Disk in the Prototype “Compact Elliptical” Galaxy M32

M32 is the prototype for the relatively rare class of galaxies referred to as compact ellipticals. It has been suggested that M32 may be a tidally disturbed r1/4 elliptical galaxy or the remnant bulge of a disk-stripped early-type spiral galaxy. This Letter reveals that the surface brightness profile, the velocity dispersion measurements, and the estimated supermassive black hole mass in M32 are inconsistent with the galaxy having, and probably ever having had, an r1/4 light profile. Instead, the radial surface brightness distribution of M32 resembles an almost perfect (bulge+exponential disk) profile; this is accompanied by a marked increase in the ellipticity profile and an associated change in the position angle profile where the "disk" starts to dominate. Compelling evidence that this bulge/disk interpretation is accurate comes from the best-fitting r1/n bulge model, which has a Sersic index of n = 1.5, in agreement with the recently discovered relation between a bulge's Sersic index and the mass of a bulge's supermassive black hole. An index of n ≥ 4 would also be inconsistent with the stellar velocity dispersion of M32. The bulge-to-disk size ratio re/h equals 0.20, and the logarithm of the bulge-to-disk luminosity ratio log(B/D) equals 0.22, typical of S galaxies. The effective radius of the bulge is 27'' (~100 pc), while the scale length of the disk is less well determined: owing to possible tidal stripping of the outer profile beyond 220''-250'', the scale length may be as large as 1.3 kpc. M32 is a relatively face-on, nucleated dwarf galaxy with a low surface brightness disk and a high surface brightness bulge. This finding brings into question the very existence of the compact elliptical class of galaxies.
Semi-empirical estimates of gravitational wave generation by stellar collapse

The problems of the generation and detection of gravitational waves and the difficulty of detecting the burst of gravitational radiation produced by a stellar collapse in our Galaxy, or in neighbouring clusters of galaxies where such collapses are expected to occur frequently, have been reviewed elsewhere1–3. As stellar collapses, explosions, or supernovae are poorly understood, the values of the strength of these sources depend on uncertain assumptions. However, it is possible to make some independent estimates on semi-empirical grounds, using observed facts concerning the remnants of stellar evolution. These estimates, reported here, have serious weaknesses. They must involve oversimplified models and very crude standard calculations of the collapse and radiation processes. Also, because they are based on observed properties of stellar remnants, they say nothing about collapses which do not produce observable remnants. Although this selection may introduce a strong bias, these estimates deserve consideration because they are tied to real data.
HOPF PLUMBING, ARBORESCENT SEIFERT SURFACES, BASKETS, ESPALIERS, AND HOMOGENEOUS BRAIDS

Abstract Four constructions of Seifert surfaces—Hopf and arborescent plumbing, basketry, and T -bandword handle decomposition—are described, and some interrelationships expounded, e.g., arborescent Seifert surfaces are baskets; Hopf-plumbed baskets are precisely homogeneous T -bandword surfaces.
Variational formulas for the Green function

The Green function has a complex dependence upon its underlying domain and differential operator.We briefly review Hadamard’s formula for the first variation of the Green function due to a perturbation of the domain.We then take a different avenue and approximate the change in the Green function when the Laplacian is perturbed into a number of different operators: Helmholtz, Schrodinger and Laplace–Beltrami.
Metathesis cascade strategies (ROM-RCM-CM): a DOS approach to skeletally diverse sultams

The development of a ring-opening metathesis/ring-closing metathesis/cross metathesis (ROM-RCM-CM) cascade strategy to the synthesis of a diverse collection of bi- and tricyclic sultams is reported. In this study, functionalized sultam scaffolds derived from intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reactions undergo metathesis cascades to yield a collection tricyclic sultams. Additional appendage based diversity was achieved by utilizing a variety of CM partners.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Alder Ene Type Reactions. A Formal Synthesis of Alternaric Acid

Alternaric acid, a nanomolar fungal germination inhibitor, is typified by a 1,4-diene, consisting of a terminal methylene and an (E)-1,2-disubstituted alkene. A new strategy for the synthesis of natural products containing such functionality stems from the development of a ruthenium-catalyzed addition of terminal alkenes with terminal alkynes. The alkyne substrate, 4-pentynoic acid, is commercially available or can be prepared in two steps by alkylation of tert-butyl acetate. The alkene substrate is prepared from commercially available (S)-2-methyl-1-butanol. This synthesis involves formation of a geometically defined trisubstituted alkene by involving Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling and asymmetric dihydroxylation. The ruthenium-catalyzed coupling proceeds best in the absence of alcohol protecting groups to maximize regioselectivity. The examples of this addition illustrated herein help elucidate some of the important factors controlling regioselectivity. They also illustrate the excellent chemoselectivity. T...
Rotation distance is fixed-parameter tractable

Rotation distance between trees measures the number of simple operations it takes to transform one tree into another. There are no known polynomial-time algorithms for computing rotation distance. In the case of ordered rooted trees, we show that the rotation distance between two ordered trees is fixed-parameter tractable, in the parameter, k, the rotation distance. The proof relies on the kernelization of the initial trees to trees with size bounded by 5k.
Platinum-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of unactivated olefins with secondary alkylamines.

Reaction of benzyl-2,2-diphenyl-4-pentenylamine with a catalytic 1:2 mixture of [PtCl2(H2CCH2)]2 (2.5 mol %) and PPh3 in dioxane at 120 °C for 16 h led to isolation of 1-benzyl-2-methyl-4,4-diphenylpyrrolidine in 75% yield. A number of γ- and δ-amino olefins underwent intramolecular hydroamination to form the corresponding pyrrolidine derivatives in moderate to good yield. The reaction displayed excellent functional group compatibility and low moisture sensitivity.
Proving SAT does not have small circuits with an application to the two queries problem

We show that if SAT does not have small circuits, then there must exist a small number of satisfiable formulas such that every small circuit fails to compute satisfiability correctly on at least one of these formulas. We use this result to show that if P^N^P^[^1^]=P^N^P^[^2^], then the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses to S"2^p@?@S"2^p@?@P"2^p. Even showing that the hierarchy collapsed to @S"2^p remained open prior to this paper.
Does Random Dispersion Help Survival

Many species live in colonies that prosper for a while and then collapse. After the collapse the colony survivors disperse randomly and found new colonies that may or may not make it depending on the new environment they find. We use birth and death chains in random environments to model such a population and to argue that random dispersion is a superior strategy for survival.
The reaction of 6‐halopurines with phenyl metal complexes

The reaction of N-alkyl-6-halopurines and phenyl lithium in the presence of various transition metal catalysts was investigated. The 6-chloro compounds were found to react at C-8 to give both addition and substitution products. The C-8 substitution reaction was found to be photo stimulated, and it is likely that it procedes by an electron transfer mechanism. A 6-iodopurine was found to react with lithium diphenyl cuprate to give 6-phenylpurine in good yield.
Probabilistic Extensions of the Erdős–Ko–Rado Property

The classical Erdýos-Ko-Rado (EKR) Theorem states that if we choose a family of subsets, each of size k, from a fixed set of size n (n > 2k), then the largest possible pairwise intersecting family has size t = n 1 k 1 � . We consider the probability that a randomly selected family of size t = tn has the EKR property (pairwise nonempty intersection) as n and k = kn tend to infinity, the latter at a specific rate. As t gets large, the EKR property is less likely to occur, while as t gets smaller, the EKR property is satisfied with high probability. We derive the threshold value for t using Janson’s inequality. Using the Stein-Chen method we show that the distribution of X0, defined
Gold-catalyzed Intermolecular [4C + 3C] Cycloaddition Reactions.

In the presence of the N-heterocyclic carbene gold catalyst (NHC-AuIPr, 7), propargyl esters 1a–f and 13 undergo a [4C+3C] cycloaddition reaction with cyclopentadiene and furan under mild conditions. The evidence suggests that the formation of the seven-membered ring occurs by a direct cycloaddition process, rather than a stepwise cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement sequence.
A model for solar constant secular changes

In this paper, contrast models for solar active region and global photospheric features are used to reproduce the observed Active Cavity Radiometer and Earth Radiation Budget secular trends in reasonably good fashion. A prediction for the next decade of solar constant variations is made using the model. Secular trends in the solar constant obtained from the present model support the view that the Maunder Minimum may be related to the Little Ice Age of the 17th century.
VEGF-D Expression Predicts Biochemical Outcome in Localized Prostate Cancer Treated with External Radiation: A Ten Year Cohort Analysis

9660 Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) promotes both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. It plays a role in solid tumor growth and metastatic dissemination as it is required...
Navier-Stokes Predictions of Dynamic Stability Derivatives: Evaluation of Steady-State Methods

Abstract : The prediction of the dynamic stability derivatives-roll-damping, Magnus, and pitch-damping moments-were evaluated for three spin-stabilized projectiles using steady-state computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculations. Roll-damping CFD predictions were found to be very good across the Mach number range investigated. Magnus moment predictions were very good in the supersonic flight regime; however, the accuracy varied in the subsonic and transonic flight regime. The best Magnus moment prediction in the subsonic flight regime was for the square-base projectile that did not exhibit highly nonlinear Magnus moments. A primary contribution of this report is the demonstration that the pitch-damping moment can be adequately predicted via steady-state methods rather than resorting to unsteady techniques. The predicted pitch-damping moment compared very well to experimental data for the three projectiles investigated. For one configuration, the pitch-damping moment was predicted by several CFD codes, two different steady-state methods, and a time-accurate planar pitching motion method. All methods compared very well to each other and to the experimental data.
Infinite Time Turing Machines With Only One Tape

Infinite time Turing machines with only one tape are in many respects fully as powerful as their multi-tape cousins. In particular, the two models of machine give rise to the same class of decidable sets, the same degree structure and, at least for partial functions f : ℝ ℕ, the same class of computable functions. Nevertheless, there are infinite time computable functions f : ℝ ℝ that are not one-tape computable, and so the two models of infinitary computation are not equivalent. Surprisingly, the class of one-tape computable functions is not closed under composition; but closing it under composition yields the full class of all infinite time computable functions. Finally, every ordinal that is clockable by an infinite time Turing machine is clockable by a one-tape machine, except certain isolated ordinals that end gaps in the clockable ordinals.
Relaxations and fluctuations in myoglobin.

Abstract One major goal of biological physics is the discovery and understanding of the concepts and laws that govern biomolecules, in particular proteins. Since there exist at least 10 5 different proteins, the choice of a suitable prototype is necessary. Myoglobin (Mb) has for many years played the role of such a prototype. It appears to be simple enough so that many of its properties can be understood, yet it is complex enough to display many of the fascinating characteristics of biomolecules. One major achievement in the study of any protein would be the establishment of convincing connections among structure, kinetics, energy landscape, dynamics, and function. We believe that this goal has not yet been reached in any protein, but the present knowledge of Mb gives some hope that the end is near in this case. Here, we sketch some of the results that have been obtained in the past 50 or more years in the research on Mb, obtained by an army of investigators.
Notice of Retraction Numerical Simulation of Optimal Transport Paths

Transport networks with branching structures are observable not only in nature as in trees, blood vessels, etc. but also in efficiently designed transport systems such as used in railway configurations and postage delivery networks. Mathematically, such a branching transport network is modeled by an optimal transport path between two probability measures (representing the source and the target). An essential feature of such a transport path is to favor group transportation in a large amount. This article provides numerical simulation of optimal transport paths. We first construct an initial transport path, and then modify the path as much as possible by using both local and global minimization algorithms.
Ca substituted tetragonal 123 superconductor with Tc above 85 K synthesized in 1–15 atm oxygen overpressure

Abstract We report studies on Ca substitution in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system at elevated oxygen pressure. We find that elevated P (O 2 ) increases the solubility range of Ca, and that Ca stabilizes the 123 phase over 247 or 124 in which the oxygen content is less variable. In the 123 phase [Ca x Y( 1− x )Ba 2 Cu 3 O y ], the orthorhombic distortion decreases systematically as Ca increases , and a , b and c /3 become equal at x ≈0.25, as measured by X-ray diffraction. Then the structure remains tetragonal (CaT-123) throughout the extended range of Ca solubility beyond x ≈0.25. The synthesis of CaT-123 has been achieved in oxygen overpressure as small as 1 bar. Doping by Ca is compensated by a corresponding reduction in oxygen content, and T c remains consistently high in CaT-123 (80–86 K), comparable to orthorhombic 123, and in striking contrast to the well-known oxygen deficient tetragonal 123. This work establishes that the controlling factor in determining T c in this class of superconductors is the optimum oxidation (or formal average copper valency), and not any specific oxygen content, ordering into chains, or orthorhombic distortion.
Monte Carlo simulation of pair creation using petawatt lasers

Irradiating high-Z targets such as gold with ultra-intense lasers creates electron-positron pairs. In particular, the positron density in the plasma created by this procedure is higher than that obtained via other laboratory-based methods, with theoretical maximum densities exceeding 1018 cm−3. All of the significantly contributing processes are well-known and hence we can study this phenomenon using Monte Carlo simulation. We focus on the latter part of this procedure, the passage of high-energy electrons through the target creating pairs. In particular, we discuss the usefulness of CERN’s GEANT4 Monte Carlo code in simulating this process. Once this code is successfully calibrated, we will use it to perform parameter studies, and design future targets to optimize the positron yield.
HCN and HCO+ Observations of the Galactic Circumnuclear Disk

We present high spatial resolution (51 × 27) Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) millimeter array observations of HCN (J = 1-0) and HCO+ (J = 1-0) emission in the inner 3 pc of the Galaxy (0.04 pc ~ 1''). The HCN and HCO+ emission of the circumnuclear disk (CND) is distributed in a well-defined ring with a peak at a radius of 1.6 pc. The observed radial velocities are generally consistent with rotation at ~110 km s-1 (except along the western edge of the CND). The HCO+/HCN emission ratio is typically ~0.4 but with significant variations. The variations in the HCO+/HCN emission and absorption ratios can be attributed to greater abundances of HCO+ in lower density regions both within the CND and along the line of sight. The HCN emission is well correlated with the H2 emission at 2.12 μm both in the main emission lobes of the CND and also in four H2 and HCN filaments. Multiple areas of interaction between the ionized gas and the CND are also seen; the western arm of the minispiral is spatially and kinematically consistent with being the ionized inner edge of the CND, and the northern arm may be connected to the CND northeastern extension. With the enhanced spatial resolution of the HCN maps, we resolve numerous dense molecular gas cores within the CND with characteristic diameter ~7'' (0.25 pc). For 26 of the more isolated cores, we have measured sizes, velocity widths, and integrated fluxes. From these properties we estimated three masses for each core: a virial mass assuming the cores are gravitationally bound, an optically thick mass from observed column densities of HCN, and a lower limit mass assuming the HCN emission is optically thin and shock excitation is negligible. The virial and optically thick masses are in good agreement with a typical mass of (2-3) × 104 M☉ and a total CND gas mass of 106 M☉. The internal densities implied by these core masses (assuming a uniform density distribution for each core) are on average (3-4) × 107 cm-3. The core densities are high enough to be stable against tidal disruption from Sgr A* and the central stellar concentration. This tidal stability suggests a longer lifetime for the CND. The high densities and masses within the cores might support star formation either in the CND itself or within a core infalling toward the inner parsec, thus providing a mechanism for the formation of the young stellar population observed in the inner arcseconds of the Galaxy.
Mixed Convection Flow About Slender Bodies of Revolution

Heat transfer from a thin needle or a slender body of revolution has been studied by many investigators for the case of either forced convection or free convection. The problem of heat transfer by combined free and forced convection from vertical thin needles with the surfaces maintained at a uniform temperature or uniform heat flux has been analyzed by Narian and Uberoi. This paper deals with the subject of combined convection heat transfer in laminar axial boundary-layer flows about vertical slender bodies of revolution with variable surface temperature or variable surface heat flux. The analysis is directed toward the aspect of similarity flow of the subject problem. It has been found that similarity solutions exist when (1) the surface temperature varies as x{sup (2m{minus}1)}, and (2) the surface heat flux varies as x{sup (5m{minus}3)}/2, where x is the axial coordinate measured from the front stagnation of the body and m is an arbitrary constant. Similarity velocity and temperature profiles as well as local skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number have been obtained for various shapes and sizes of the body and presented in graphic forms.
Regular Elliptic Boundary-Value Problems in the Extended Sobolev Scale

We investigate an arbitrary regular elliptic boundary-value problem given in a bounded Euclidean C ∞- domain. It is shown that the operator of the problem is bounded and Fredholm in appropriate pairs of Hormander inner-product spaces. They are parametrized with the help of an arbitrary radial function RO-varying at ∞ and form the extended Sobolev scale. We establish a priori estimates for the solutions of the problem and study their local regularity on this scale. New sufficient conditions for the generalized partial derivatives of the solutions to be continuous are obtained.
The public sector impact of international resource transfers

Abstract This paper examines the effects of foreign aid on public sector budgets of developing countries. We carefully model the degree of policy leverage which is exercised; this leverage varies considerably among donors. The sources of aid include: the international development banks, the IMF, and bilateral aid agencies. It is found that the form of aid is crucial to an accurate determination of the impact of aid. We find that soft loan aid is quite stimulative, but that the IMF has the greatest impact on recipients. These findings are consistent with theories concerning federal-to-state aid in the U.S.
Towards a lattice calculation of the coefficients of the QCD chiral Lagrangian

Abstract We discuss a general strategy to compute the coefficients of QCD chiral Lagrangian by using the lattice regularization of QCD with Wilson fermions. This procedure requires the introduction of an effective Lagrangian for lattice QCD as an intermediate step in the calculation. The continuum QCD chiral Lagrangian can be then obtained by expanding the lattice effective Lagrangian in increasing powers of the external momenta. A suitable renormalization procedure is required to account for the chiral symmetry breaking introduced by the Wilson term in the lattice action. In anticipation of a numerical simulation, the lattice effective Lagrangian is computed analytically and investigated in the strong coupling and large N limit.
A Study of Compact Radio Sources in Nearby Face-on Spiral Galaxies. I. Long-Term Evolution of M83

We present analyses of deep radio observations of M83 taken with the Very Large Array spanning 15 yr, including never-before-published observations from 1990 and 1998. We report on the evolution of 55 individual point sources, which include four of the six known historical supernovae in this galaxy. A total of 10 sources have X-ray counterparts from a Chandra survey. Each of these sources show nonthermal spectral indices, and most appear to be X-ray supernova remnants. Comparing the radio source list to surveys in the optical and X-ray, we identify three optical/X-ray supernova remnants. Nearly half of the detected radio sources in these observations are coincident with known H II regions lying in the spiral arm structures of the galaxy. We also report on changes in emission from the complex nuclear region, which has shown variability at 20 cm wavelengths. We confirm that the peak radio emission from the nucleus is not coincident with the known optical center. One lesser nuclear peak is consistent with the optical/IR nucleus. Previous dynamical studies of a dark nuclear mass indicate a possible match to other radio nuclear emission regions in M83.
Stray light shielding for formation flying x-ray telescopes

Recent studies and planning for a variety of x-ray astronomy missions (Constellation-X, XEUS, Generation-X) have driven astronomers to explore grazing incidence telescopes with focal lengths of 50 m or greater. One approach to implementing such long focal lengths is to employ formation flying: separate optic and detector spacecraft travel in formation. Formation flying removes the "telescope tube" which was an integral part of shielding the telescope from straylight. We consider the implications of formation flying with respect to straylight, and discuss some design guidelines for baffling the straylight. The Constellation-X mission is used as an example.
Zwitterionic oligonucleotides with 2′-O-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]-RNA modification: synthesis and properties

Abstract A novel 2′-modification, 2′-O-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl] or 2′-O-DMAP, has been incorporated into oligonucleotides and compared to the known 2′-O-(3-aminopropyl) or 2′-O-AP modification for antisense properties. The 2′-O-DMAP modified oligonucleotides exhibit very high nuclease resistance like the 2′-O-AP modification due to the ‘charge effect’ and maintain high binding affinity to target RNA relative to known modifications when a few 2′-O-DMAP residues are dispersed throughout the oligonucleotide.
Exchange Rate Uncertainty and the Law of One Price

This paper develops a framework for analyzing the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on the Law of One Price. Using the prices of very disaggregated, homogeneous products in a very open economy, Chile, where no institutions exist for hedging exchange risk, it then tests the model in a bivariate GARCH in mean context. Little evidence is found that short-run exchange rate uncertainty consititutes a barrier to goods arbitrage.
AL modified sepiolite as catalyst or catalyst support

Abstract Fibrous mineral sepiolite is formed of staggered talc sheets. The discontinuous octahedral layers provide for infinite channels along the fiber axis with cross-section ~(10 × 4) A2. During crystal growth, a second set of irregularly shaped pores with a diameter around 100 A is created within the fiber. Zeolitic water fills the narrow and regular channels and is eliminated by outgassing at 100 ° C. At that stage, the specific surface area is ~300 m 2 g . Upon activation at increasing temperature, the structure folds, and ultimately collapses (~500°C), leaving a surface area ~150 m 2 g . The natural mineral lattice is almost neutral, having a cation-exchange capacity (CEC) in the order of 0.07 meq.g−1. It is shown that mild treatment with NaAlO2 results in partial Si-by-Al substitution in the tetrahedral layer. The CEC is almost tripled, and the residual surface area after calcination is about the same as in the original material. The alumination process generated Lewis sites evidenced by pyridine adsorption study. The mechanism of alumination, as well as the structural modifications upon calcination, are discussed on the basis of 27Al and 29Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy. Possible uses of the Al modified sepiolite as catalyst and catalyst support are proposed.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Report of 4 cases.

Four new cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix are reported and analyzed together with the 6 acceptable previously reported cases. Available data indicate that a typical patient is likely to be an elderly multigravid Negro woman. The prognosis associated with this lesion is apparently poor. Only one patient is known to have survived 3 years without recurrence. When cribriform areas are not present in a biopsy, the diagnosis may readily be missed.
Insights from the animal kingdom

Just as we have learned a great deal in consumer psychology by focusing on understanding how different sub-groups of humans think, this paper suggests that we can also learn from examining how different types of animals think. To that end, this manuscript offers a review of literature on topics in animal cognition that have also been investigated by consumer researchers. It first reviews research that has identified ways in which animals and humans are similar and then reviews research that has identified ways in which animals differ from humans, with a focus on ways in which some animals have been shown to outperform humans. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of opportunities for future research.
Particle composition and clustering in hadron-hadron collisions

Particle composition in hadron-hadron collisions is discussed in connection with clustering production of hadrons. The effective Lagrangians for the decay processes of theCɛ-andCω-type clusters are introduced. The particle composition is calculated by using the flavorSU(3) symmetry. The calculated results for particle composition as well as averaged transverse momenta are in agreement with ISR, SPS and Tevatron data.
Precision and Radiosonde Validation of Satellite Gridpoint Temperature Anomalies. Part I: MSU Channel 2

Abstract In Part I of this study, monthly 2.5° gridpoint anomalies in the TIROS-N satellite series Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 2 brightness temperatures during 1979–88 are evaluated with multiple satellites and radiosonde data for their climate temperature monitoring capability. The MSU anomalies are computed about a 10-year mean annual cycle at each grid point, with the MSUs intercalibrated to a common arbitrary level. The intercalibrations remove relative biases between instruments of up to several tenths of a degree celsius. The monthly gridpoint anomaly agreement between concurrently operating satellites reveals single-satellite precision generally better than 0.07°C in the tropics and better than 0.15°C at higher latitudes. Monthly anomalies in radiosonde channel 2 brightness temperatures computed with the radiative transfer equation compare very closely to the MSU measured anomalies in all climate zones, with correlations generally from 0.94 to 0.98 and standard errors of 0.15°C in the tro...
Feature structures, unification and finite-state transducers

We present a new framework for describing morphological models which combines several types of descriptions in a single unified declarative language: simple morphological rules relate strings to feature structures; rules can be grouped into inheritance hierarchies of paradigms; rules can be composed for describing simple agglutinative morphology; they can also be combined to describe more complex morphotactic structures. Rules are compiled as extended finite-state transducers where left projections are characters and right projections are feature structures: unification is used instead of concatenation to compute the output of a transduction.
Molecular imaging in pancreatic cancer - A roadmap for therapeutic decisions

Pancreatic ductaladeno carcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer characterized by multiple molecular alterations, the presence of an intense stroma, poor perfusion, and resistance to therapy. In addition to standard imaging techniques, experimental imaging strategies, such as those utilizing molecular probes, nanoparticle-based agents, and tagged antibodies are actively being explored experimentally. It is hoped that advances in these technologies will allow for detecting PDAC at an early stage, and could serve to validate experimental therapies, rapidly identify non-responders, and assist in the design of novel therapeutic strategies tailored to the patient's molecular profile.
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of polyhydroxyazepanes

Abstract Galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9, GAO) is an extracellular copper-containing enzyme that utilizes molecular oxygen to convert the C6-primary hydroxyl moiety of d -galactopyranosides to hydrated aldehydes. Subsequent dehydratative coupling with hydroxylamines produces oximes ( 3a – f ), which, when subjected to conditions of hydrogenolysis, give rise to polyhydroxyazepanes ( 11 – 17 ).
Carbon nanotubes as piezoresistive microelectromechanical sensors: Theory and experiment

Carbon-nanotube (CNT) -based strain sensors have the potential to overcome some of the limitations in small-scale force/displacement sensing technologies due to their small size and high sensitivity to strain. A better understanding of the dominant and limiting causes of high strain sensitivity is needed to enable the design and manufacture of high-performance sensor systems. This paper presents the theoretical framework that makes it possible to predict the strain sensitivity of a carbon nanotube based on it chiral indices $(n,m)$. This framework is extended to capture the behavior of sensors composed of multiple CNTs in a parallel resistor network. This framework has been used to predict that a parallel resistor network of more than 100 randomly selected CNTs should have a gauge factor of approximately $78.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$. This is within the experimental error of the measured gauge factor of $75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ for such CNT resistor networks.
Surface groups are frequently faithful

We show that the set of faithful representations of a closed orientable hyperbolic surface group is dense in both irreducible components of the PSL2(K) representation variety, where K=C or R, answering a question of W. M. Goldman. We also prove the existence of faithful representations into PU(2,1) with certain nonintegral Toledo invariants.
Derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation for Rotating Bose Gases

We prove that the Gross-Pitaevskii equation correctly describes the ground state energy and corresponding one-particle density matrix of rotating, dilute, trapped Bose gases with repulsive two-body interactions. We also show that there is 100% Bose-Einstein condensation. While a proof that the GP equation correctly describes non-rotating or slowly rotating gases was known for some time, the rapidly rotating case was unclear because the Bose (i.e., symmetric) ground state is not the lowest eigenstate of the Hamiltonian in this case. We have been able to overcome this difficulty with the aid of coherent states. Our proof also conceptually simplifies the previous proof for the slowly rotating case. In the case of axially symmetric traps, our results show that the appearance of quantized vortices causes spontaneous symmetry breaking in the ground state.
Exploratory Design Studies of Actively Controlled Wings Using Integrated Multidisciplinary Synthesis

Analysis and synthesis techniques used in a newly developed, multidisciplinary, control augmented, structural wing optimization capability are reviewed. Structural, aerodynamic, and control system mathematical models that are suitable for the preliminary design of real airplanes are used in an integrated manner to synthesize improved designs of wings and their active control systems. Optimization techniques developed for structural synthesis are adapted to the integrated multidisciplinary wing synthesis problem, in which constraints from several disciplines are taken into account simultaneously and the design space is opened up to include structural and control system design variables. The effectiveness and efficiency of the new capability are studied using a mathematical model of a remotely piloted vehicle.
Lunar Mare Domes: Classification and Modes of Origin

In this paper, lunar mare domes (LMDs) are classified according to morphologic and morphometric (primarily diameter) characteristics, and consideration is given to their origin and role in lunar surface processes. In general, they occur either as low, flat, circular structures with convex shapes, slopes less than about 5 deg, and display summit craters, or as irregular structures often adjacent to highland regions and rarely containing summit craters. It is found that LMDs originate through extrusion of lavas through vents to produce low lava shields, or through flooding and draping of preexisting topography to produce kipukas and irregular domes. Smooth, vent-related mare domes range from about 3-17 km in diameter and up to several hundred meters in elevation; they are similar in morphology to small terrestrial lava shields.