cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Necessity of Thyroid Function Tests in Neonates and Infants With Congenital Hypothyroidism

Objective . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends frequent thyroid function tests in infants and children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Data supporting the recommended frequency are lacking. This review was conducted to assess the validity of these recommendations. Methods . The thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 50 neonates diagnosed between 1988 to 1993 were reviewed to assess the length of time on a specific dose of levothyroxine. Results . 1) Changes in the dose of levothyroxine occurred 35 times during the first year of life for the 39 children treated with .025 mg/day, five times during the first year of life for the 9 children treated with .0375 mg/day, and three times during the first year of life for the 2 children treated with .050 mg/day. 2) These dose changes occurred at varying time intervals. 3) The T4 and TSH levels obtained at visits requiring dose changes were statistically different from the T4 and TSH levels obtained at the previous two visits. The T4 and TSH levels at the two visits before the change in dosage did not differ statistically. Conclusions . 1) An initial levothyroxine dose of .0375 mg/day requires fewer dose changes than a dose of .025 mg/day. 2) A lack of statistical change in T4 or TSH levels obtained at visits before the change-in-dose visit and the variable time span between dose changes necessitate frequent monitoring regardless of the dose of levothyroxine, the previous T4 or TSH levels, or the length of time at a specific dose. 3) These data support the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding the frequency of thyroid function studies during the first 2 years of life.
1-G human factors for Optimal Processing and Operability of Ground Systems up to CxP GOP PDR

During the mid stages of design development, up to Constellation Program (CxP) Preliminary Design Review (PDR), the requirements for leveraging 1-G human factors for optimizing ground processing of Flight Hardware were mature for levels - 2, 3, 4, and 5.1 2 This paper gives an overview of the accomplishments achieved during that time. The main focus of this paper will be on the CxP Ground Operations Project human factors engineering analysis process using a Human Factors Engineering Analysis Tool (HFEAT) for developing the level- 5 requirements effecting the design development of the subsystems for Ground Support System (GSS), and Ground Support Equipment (GSE).
Grid-Enabled Software Environment for Enhanced Dynamic Data-Driven Visualization and Navigation During Image-Guided Neurosurgery

In this paper we present our experience with an Image Guided Neurosurgery Grid-enabled Software Environment (IGNS-GSE) which integrates real-time acquisition of intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (IMRI) with the preoperative MRI, fMRI, and DT-MRI data. We describe our distributed implementation of a non-rigid image registration method which can be executed over the Grid. Previously, non-rigid registration algorithms which use landmark tracking across the entire brain volume were considered not practical because of the high computational demands. The IGNS-GSE, for the first time ever in clinical practice, alleviated this restriction. We show that we can compute and present enhanced MR images to neurosurgeons during the tumor resection within minutes after IMRI acquisition. For the last 12 months this software system is used routinely (on average once a month) for clinical studies at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA. Based on the analysis of the registration results, we also present future directions which will take advantage of the vast resources of the Grid to improve the accuracy of the method in places of the brain where precision is critical for the neurosurgeons.
Body mass index, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among hispanic/latino adults: Hispanic community health study/study of latinos

Background All major Hispanic/Latino groups in the United States have a high prevalence of obesity, which is often severe. Little is known about cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among those at very high levels of body mass index (BMI). Methods and Results Among US Hispanic men (N=6547) and women (N=9797), we described gradients across the range of BMI and age in CVD risk factors including hypertension, serum lipids, diabetes, and C-reactive protein. Sex differences in CVD risk factor prevalences were determined at each level of BMI, after adjustment for age and other demographic and socioeconomic variables. Among those with class II or III obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2, 18% women and 12% men), prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and high C-reactive protein level approached or exceeded 40% during the fourth decade of life. While women had a higher prevalence of class III obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) than did men (7% and 4%, respectively), within this highest BMI category there was a >50% greater relative prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in men versus women, while sex differences in prevalence of these CVD risk factors were ≈20% or less at other BMI levels. Conclusions Elevated BMI is common in Hispanic/Latino adults and is associated with a considerable excess of CVD risk factors. At the highest BMI levels, CVD risk factors often emerge in the earliest decades of adulthood and they affect men more often than women.
A Model for Promoting Research in Education

Following on J. Handelsman et al. 's observations on reforming science education (“Scientific teaching,” Policy Forum, 23 April, p. [521][1]), our recent experience with drawing students into research at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories suggests a model that seems to work. We've established research apprenticeship team training for about 50 undergraduates annually, funded largely by private and foundation sources, but we've had to work around some unexpected obstacles to do it, and there may be some lessons to be learned from identification of these obstacles. Each team consists of faculty and graduate student mentors and five to eight undergraduates (any level, almost any background), all, including faculty, selected competitively from a national pool of applicants. Each team is immersed in research for a full academic quarter, living and working in a closely supportive team environment, without distractions. Students uniformly report the experience to be the highlight of their undergraduate career and a potent motivator for graduate work and professional commitment to research. The distinctive features of the model are a supportive team environment and the full-time focus on research. The surprises have been the points of resistance. Some university leaders did not support the idea initially, perhaps because of perceived academic “turf” issues. Further, the formula (teams, focus, few distractions) does not match exactly the traditional National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) model, in which individual students work part-time with faculty in traditional research lab settings. NSF has repeatedly declined support of this new team-based model. The good news is that the program is alive and well, and there are now are now over 200 alums. Further, there are several foundations with vision (notably the Washington Research Foundation, the Mary Gates Endowment, Achievement Rewards for College Scientists, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute) that recognize the problem and are flexibly focused on fixing it. We'd be happy to work with others interested in setting up similar programs at other institutions nationally. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1096022
Education, administrative development and democracy in Spain

Abstract The Spanish transition from an authoritarian regime to a pacific and stable democracy without producing major national convulsions is an accomplishment in a world where many such attempts have been made and most have failed. Within the context of government reform, this study identifies and examines the strengths and weaknesses of the regionalization and decentralization processes in the field of education 10 years after the changes began. The study identifies the special characteristics of the Spanish ‘regional problem,’ the creation of 17 regional, decentralized governments intended to resolve that problem, and the complexities of national-regional cooperative action in the organization and management of education. Data were gathered over an eight month period in Spain using a field study methodology. Interviews were conducted with educators from the classroom to the top levels of the Ministry of Education, as well as with constitutional lawyers, senior politicians, distinguished writers, and regional officials.
Nutritional and protective properties of thiocystine.

AbstractSome biological properties of thiocystine(bis[2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]tri-sulfide), a persulfide analog of cystine (l), have been investigated. Thiocystine replaced cystine in supporting growth of young rats fed a low-fat, low-methionine diet. When injected intravenously into adult rats, thiocystine protected against two to three times an LD50 dose of intraperitoneal sodium cyanide. Thiocystine exhibited marginal activity for protecting mice against lethal X-ray irradiation. The biological properties of thiocystine can be attributed to its conversion in vivo to cystine and a persulfide sulfur moiety.
The Development of an EDSS: Lessons Learned and Implications for DSS Research

The Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project is focused on providing renewable energy (RE) planning resources to the public. Examples include wind, solar, and hydro assessments. SWERA DSS consists of three major components. First, SWERA 'Product Archive' provides for a discovery DSS upon which users can find and access renewable energy data and supporting models. Second, the 'Renewable Resource EXplorer' (RREX) component serves as a web-based, GIS analysis tool for viewing RE resource data available through the SWERA Product Archive. Third, the SWERA web service provides computational access to the data available in the SWERA spatial database through a location based query, and is also utilized in the RREX component. We provide a discussion of various design decisions used in the construction of this EDSS, followed by project experiences and implications for EDSS and broader DSS research.
Isolation and Identification of a Component of the Female Sex Pheromone Gland Attractive to Male Xylomyges curialis

(Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH) was isolated from extract of the sex pheromone gland of female Xylomyges curialis Grote (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and identified by gas chromatographic and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the parent compound, the acetate derivative, and the ozonolysis product of the acetate derivative. No other unsaturated alcohols, acetates, or aldehydes could be detected in the extract. In field tests, traps baited with synthetic Z11-16:OH effectively captured males.
Using Media-Based Data in Studies of Politics

Political scientists have made broad use of data that are drawn from media sources. These data tend to be of two kinds: measures of the volume of media attention to an issue, or counts of events reported in the media for which there is no other systematic data source. With increasing access to full-text data archives, there will be many more opportunities for scholars to create media-based data. This paper reviews a number of issues having to do with potential bias and error in such data. Some practical solutions are described, and a media-based data series having to do with monetary policy is used to illustrate how to probe for the validity of a media-based events count. olitical scientists have often used media reports-usually print media-as the basis for data on important aspects of politics and the policy process. Many scholars drawing on data sets for measures of coups, riots, demonstrations, elections, and other political events (e.g., Polity III and the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators) are utilizing data originally drawn from newspaper accounts. We rely extensively on "media-based event counts." With the growing availability of computerized text retrieval systems, one can anticipate even more use of such indicators in the future. It is a propitious moment to review the issues raised by these data. We use media-based counts extensively, and we probably should do so more often, especially in studies of public policy. For example, many conceptions of the policy process suggest that changing beliefs, expectations, or information of critical actors may be associated with changes in policy outcomes and outputs. Mobilizing support often depends on generating favorable media attention. Media accounts provide information on these variables over time and over political jurisdictions. I examine problems scholars confront when using media-based event counts. Scholars may easily go astray exploiting these opportunities, and using online sources does not appear to be a panacea. Many problems do not have a simple and direct solution; for others, additional empirical research may help. Here I draw broadly on research dealing with media data (see also Franzosi 1987 and Kaufman, Dykers, and Caldwell 1993). Although scholars in foreign policy and comparative politics have often examined the problems of media-based event counts, few scholars in American politics and public policy refer to that work. I shall also analyze a data series involving U.S. monetary policy, showing with a real example how scholars can probe the validity of media-based data.
39 INTERACTION OF DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE WITH WARFARIN CAUSING PERSISTENT, SEVERE ELEVATION OF INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO.

To report interaction of Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride) with warfarin leading to persistent, severe elevation of an INR. A 44 year old woman, homozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation, receiving warfarin (10 mg/day) for 1 year after an ischemic stroke, with a stable INR (2.17 ± 0.51) for the year, was evaluated by us 30 days after development of petechiae-purpura (day 94, Fig. 1). Serial measures were taken for INR and liver function tests (LFTs), and plasma warfarin was measured on day 85. Measures were taken on day 94 for fibrinogen, vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, and with repeat measures of factors II and X on day 98 (Fig. 1). No drugs taken daily over the previous year were changed (warfarin, atorvastatin, lamotrigine, topiramate, clorazepam, albuterol); however, Cymbalta (30 mg/day), a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI), was added by the psychiatrist at day 0 and was continued until day 94. Having unexpectedly high INR (5.0) on day 55, warfarin was stopped, but Cymbalta was continued. Despite cessation (documented by pill count) of warfarin, INR continued to rise to > 19 on day 85, when plasma warfarin level was 5.3 μg/mL (therapeutic range 2-8 μg/mL), 30 days after the last warfarin dose. INR was briefly reduced to 2.7 only by vitamin K (IV) on day 85. On day 94, with INR 6.4, 39 days after stopping warfarin, factors II, VII, and X had low values; LFTs and fibrinogen remained normal. On day 94, duloxetine was stopped, and by day 98, INR had fallen to 1.2, with factor II increasing to 48% and factor X to 54%. On day 105, INR was 0.9. The metabolism of warfarin involves several CY P450 isoenzymes (CY P 1A2, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4). Duloxetine inhibits CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 and could potentially interact with warfarin. Duloxetine is also highly protein bound in plasma (> 90%) and when given with warfarin, another highly protein-bound drug, could displace warfarin, possibly resulting in a toxic effect. Our case emphasizes the need to closely monitor for the toxic drug interactions between the 2 drugs.
Determinants of Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis.

The epidemiology of chronic gastritis was studied before recognition of Helicobacter pylori as its major cause. This case-control study was conducted in an attempt to elucidate causal associations for H. pylori infection and chronic gastritis. A questionnaire emphasizing diet and lifestyle was administered before gastroscopy to patients attending the gastroenterology clinic of Charity Hospital of New Orleans. H. pylori status and histopathology were evaluated independently to classify patients as cases or controls. A positive association was found between H. pylori infection and African American ethnicity as well as smoking. A strong interaction between race and smoking was found. Adequate intake of antioxidant micronutrients, especially vitamin C, was negatively associated with infection prevalence. H. pylori infection was strongly associated with an increased risk of atrophy (odds ratio (O.R.) = 6.4) and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa (O.R. = 4.7). Both gastric conditions increased in prevalence with age. Intake of antioxidant micronutrients was negatively associated with the risk of atrophy after adjustment for H. pylori infection.
Activation of protein kinase Cdelta in human myeloid leukemia cells treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine

Treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) is associated with induction of protein kinase activity and early-response gene expression. The present studies in ara-C-treated U-937 cells extend these findings by demonstrating activation of a protein kinase that phosphorylates myelin basic protein (MBP). Purification by sequential ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration supports the detection of a 40-kD MBP kinase. Substrate and inhibitor studies further support a pattern similar to that of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Results of N-terminal amino acid sequencing and immunoblot analysis demonstrate detection of a 40-kD catalytic fragment of PKCdelta. The results also demonstrate the activation and cleavage of PKCdelta (1) is inhibited by expression of antiapoptotic proteins, and (2) is induced by camptothecin (CAM) and mitomycin C (MMC). These findings support proteolytic activation of PKCdelta in the cellular response to ara-C and other DNA-damaging agents.
Food composition tables for the 70’s1

In the foreseeable future, we can anticipate from the USDA both a Nutrient Data Bank and a revision of Agriculture Handbook No. 8. The authors discuss the problems involved in - compiling the data for these new releases.
A Comparative Analysis of Moral Authority Measures between Division III College Athletes and Non-Athletes

Previous research has suggested that athletes differ on measures of moral maturity and reasoning from nonathletes. Previous research on morality has not investigated the sources of influence on moral decisions. This study utilized the Moral Authority Scale-Revised (MAS-R), to determine to what degree athletes and nonathletes attribute influence to outside sources and to determine if measures of moral authority differ between athletes and nonathletes. This study utilized a convenience sample design. While the mean score of athletes was higher on all of the MAS-R subscales than non-athletes, significance was reached only on the mean scores of the Family Source and Educators Source subscales. This indicates that athletes attribute more influence to teachers and parents for moral decisions than non-athletes. Future research is needed to determine if this extends to coaches as well, as this group has also been demonstrated to exert influence over athletes
Reconstructing the Principle of Double Effect

This chapter re-evaluates the Principle of Double Effect as it often manifests itself in health care decisions (typically involving the withdrawal of nutrition and hydration to the seriously ill) and suggests a way to improve its application as a construct for humane decisionmaking. Rather than ascertaining, under the Principle, when conduct is ethical—with undue emphasis being placed on the intent of an actor to pursue a course of action to achieve a good end—my proposal evaluates treatment/non-treatment decisions, for example, by using only a cost/benefit analysis of the proposed action. The appropriateness of terminal sedation as medical therapy is determined by analyzing whether the sedation is proportionate to the severity of suffering being reduced.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials and Graphite.

ConspectusCarbon materials are tremendously important as electrode materials in both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. Recently, significant attention has been given not only to traditional carbon materials, but also to carbon nanomaterials for various electrochemical applications in energy conversion and storage as well as sensing. Importantly, many of these applications require fast electron-transfer (ET) reactions between a carbon surface and a redox-active molecule in solution. It, however, has not been well understood how heterogeneous ET kinetics at a carbon/solution interface is affected by the electronic structure, defect, and contamination of the carbon surface. Problematically, it is highly challenging to measure the intrinsic electrochemical reactivity of a carbon surface, which is readily passivated by adventitious organic contaminants.This Account summarizes our recent studies of carbon nanomaterials and graphite by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) not only to reveal the fas...
A Framework for Constructing Transfers Linking Periodic Libration Point Orbits in the Spatial Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem

The Earth–Moon libration points are of interest for future missions and have been proposed for both storage of propellant and supplies for lunar missions and as locations to establish space-based facilities for human missions. Thus, further development of an available transport network in the vicinity of the Moon is valuable. In this investigation, a methodology to search for transfers between periodic lunar libration point orbits is developed, and a catalog of these transfers is established, assuming the dynamics associated with the Earth–Moon circular restricted three-body problem. Maneuver-free transfers, i.e. heteroclinic and homoclinic connections, are considered, as well as transfers that require relatively small levels of Δv. Considering the evolution of Earth–Moon transfers as the mass parameter is reduced, a relationship emerges between the available transfers in the Earth–Moon system and maneuver-free transfers that exist within the Hill three-body problem. The correlation between transfers in these systems is examined and offers insight into the existence of solutions within the catalog. To demonstrate the persistence of the catalog transfers in a higher-fidelity model, several solutions are transitioned to a Sun–Earth–Moon ephemeris model with the inclusion of solar radiation pressure and lunar gravity harmonics. The defining characteristics are preserved in the high-fidelity model, validating both the techniques employed for this investigation and the solutions computed within the catalog.
Telescope: Fine-Tuned Discovery of Interactive Web UI Feature Implementation

Professional websites contain rich interactive features that developers can learn from, yet understanding their implementation remains a challenge due to the nature of unfamiliar code. Existing tools provide affordances to analyze source code, but feature-rich websites reveal tens of thousands of lines of code and can easily overwhelm the user. We thus present Telescope, a platform for discovering how JavaScript and HTML support a website interaction. Telescope helps users understand unfamiliar website code through a composite view they control by adjusting JavaScript detail, scoping the runtime timeline, and triggering relational links between JS, HTML, and website components. To support these affordances on the open web, Telescope instruments the JavaScript in a website without request intercepts using a novel sleight-of-hand technique, then watches for traces emitted from the website. In a case study across seven popular websites, Telescope helped identify less than 150 lines of front-end code out of tens of thousands that accurately describe the desired interaction in six of the sites. In an exploratory user study, we observed users identifying difficult programming concepts by developing strategies to analyze relatively small amounts of unfamiliar website source code with Telescope.
Engineering High Affinity Protein–Protein Interactions Using a High-Throughput Microcapillary Array Platform

Affinity maturation of protein–protein interactions requires iterative rounds of protein library generation and high-throughput screening to identify variants that bind with increased affinity to a target of interest. We recently developed a multipurpose protein engineering platform, termed μSCALE (Microcapillary Single Cell Analysis and Laser Extraction). This technology enables high-throughput screening of libraries of millions of cell-expressing protein variants based on their binding properties or functional activity. Here, we demonstrate the first use of the μSCALE platform for affinity maturation of a protein–protein binding interaction. In this proof-of-concept study, we engineered an extracellular domain of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase to bind tighter to its ligand Gas6. Within 2 weeks, two iterative rounds of library generation and screening resulted in engineered Axl variants with a 50-fold decrease in kinetic dissociation rate, highlighting the use of μSCALE as a new tool for directed evolu...
Trends in generalist and specialty advanced dental education and practice, 2005-06 to 2015-16 and beyond

This article reviews the data on advanced dental education for the past decade and explores what advanced dental education might look like in the years leading up to 2040, including how its graduates will address the oral health needs of the population. The authors based these projections on published data about advanced dental education collected by the American Dental Association and other organizations. Nevertheless, a certain degree of speculation was involved. The article presents current data and trends in advanced dental education, environmental factors impacting advanced dental education, and lessons drawn from other areas of health care that support the potential scenarios that are described. This article was written as part of the project "Advancing Dental Education in the 21st Century."
Multiscale design of nanofibrous carbon aerogels: Synthesis, properties and comparisons with other low-density carbon materials

Abstract By leveraging decades of research on the catalytic synthesis of carbon nanofibers and combining it with unique processing methodology, low density monolithic carbon can be created. The process is simple, scalable and controllable. Analysis of deposition kinetics reveals that the final density of centimeter-scale carbon monoliths can be determined through basic process parameters, and the synthesis can be performed with a single step in as little as 1 h. In general, this material can be created over a large range of density (20–700 mg/cc), possesses high surface area (∼215 m 2 /g), is comprised of a mixture of straight and twisted carbon nanofibers (∼150–500 nm in diameter) with low crystallinity, which results in low electrical conductivity (1.32–2.83 S/m) and low thermal conductivity (∼0.03 W/mK), even at the highest densities. The materials are mechanically robust, with density-dependent elasticity values of 60–600 kPa. The methods and properties are discussed in context with other low-density carbon materials. The principal advantages of the process used in this work include the simplicity, direct control of density, and most notably, the ability to create this material with specific bulk geometry.
Obtaining informed consent for research with psychiatric patients. The controversy continues.

Over the past decade the subject of informed consent has become increasingly important for general and forensic psychiatry. Viewed by many as the preeminent means by which psychiatric and other medical patients can secure their rights to full participation in treatment decisionmaking in therapeutic settings, informed consent has also gained general acceptance as an ethical and legal requirement for enrolling patients in human experimentation. The authors explore the many facets of this controversial issue.
Bariatric Operations in Veterans Affairs and Selected University Medical Centers: Results of the Patient Safety in Surgery Study

Background The objectives of this study were to evaluate outcomes and predictors of morbidity in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) during the Patient Safety in Surgery (PSS) Study. Study Design National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data on PSS patients undergoing RYGB were analyzed for unadjusted and adjusted outcomes. Gender groups acted differently and were analyzed separately. Multivariable regression modeling was used to analyze hospital type as a predictor of risk. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to determine patient factors predictive of postoperative morbidity. Results A total of 2,438 patients (2,064 private sector [PS], 374 Veterans Affairs [VA]) were identified for analysis. Adjusted odds ratio for postoperative morbidity for VA versus PS female patients was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.63−2.05), and for male patients 2.29 (95% CI, 1.28−4.10). Stepwise logistic regression showed that independent risk factors predictive of morbidity were open procedure, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, higher body mass index, diabetes, alcohol consumption, leukocytosis, SGOT > 40 U/L, smoking history, and older age. Importantly, male gender was not significant (p = 0.13) in the regression analysis. Subsequent and unrelated to this study, the VA has restructured its bariatric surgical program, including regionalization of centers, with a substantial lowering of associated mortality and morbidity. Conclusions The VA male subset showed higher risk-adjusted postoperative morbidity compared with the PS male subset. The VA and PS female subsets had equivalent risk-adjusted postoperative morbidity. A systematic approach to quality-improvement processes resulted in improved bariatric surgical outcomes in the VA. Male gender might not be an independent risk factor in RYGB patients.
Transchelation of 114mIn from IgG-DTPA to Abscess-Related Proteins

Human, polyclonal, nonspecific IgG labeled with 111In has shown clinical utility for inflammation detection1, but the process by which 111In localizes in an abscess is little understood. While breakdown in the endothelial barrier may explain the initial localization process, it cannot explain the retention over 24 or 48 hr of the clinical time frame. We have suggested that factors at the abscess site, e.g., high concentrations of Lactoferrin (LF) or Ferritin (FE) and low molecular weight mediators e.g., ATP, permit 67Ga to be translocated to these proteins and aid in the continual accumulation of radionuclide2,3. This general model can be applied to the localization of 111In-IgG and is shown in Figure 1. In this study we have examined the details of the transfer of 114mln from IgG-DTPA to LF and transferrin (TF).
POSSIBLE COSMIC RAY SUPERHEAVY EVENT

This paper contains new results for a unique cosmic ray event observed in an array of Lexan and nuclear emulsions, and originally interpreted as a magnetic monopole. We have made machine measurements of many ultraheavy (Z ≥ 30) events in the two available 10 μm emulsions, and have completed a detailed analysis of visual observations for all ultraheavy events in the 200 μm emulsions from this experiment as well as an earlier one. In addition, the Lexan track detectors have been calibrated with many Fe tracks. The combined measurements are incompatible with any known nucleus. An antinucleus with |Z| ≳ 80 could fit the data, but might be difficult to reconcile with existing stringent limits on less massive antinuclei in the cosmic rays. An ultrarelativistic (β ≳ 0.99) superheavy element with Z = 109−114 can also account for the data and is not in conflict with any negative searches. We now consider the monopole interpretation to be untenable.
Is It Coincidence or Consequence for a Case with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Overlapping SLE to Develop an Immune Complex Nephropathy Followed by a Nonimmune Complex Podocytopathy

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) may occur in a primary form or in association with SLE and seldom presents with nephrotic syndrome (NS). We present a case with APS who developed recurrent NS 6 years apart. The first episode of NS occurred with biopsy findings consistent with lupus nephritis (LN) class V (membranous) with no clear evidence of SLE, and responded to a remission with steroids and MMF. On the 2nd episode, the biopsy revealed negative immunofluorescent (IF) study for immune complexes and EM findings of complete effacement of foot processes and acellular debris in thickened capillary walls, compatible with healed previous episode of membranous LN and minimal change disease (MCD), a nonimmune complex podocytopathy. The 2nd episode responded to a partial remission, primarily with a short-term steroid therapy, and subsequently developed serologic evidence of SLE. Now there is growing evidence that a subset of SLE patients with NS are found to have MCD, likely due to podocyte injury caused by nonimmune complex pathway, called lupus podocytopathy. In LN, serial kidney biopsies often show transformation from one to another class of immune complex-induced glomerular lesions; however there are rare reports describing transformation of an immune complex to a nonimmune complex LN. Since the pathogenic mechanism of lupus podocytopathy is not delineated, and so far there are no reports on transformation of membranous LN, an immune complex nephropathy, to a nonimmune complex lupus podocytopathy, it still remains as a question whether our case with APS overlapping SLE had a concomitant membranous LN and lupus podocytopathy, or consequential membranous LN and lupus podocytopathy 6 years apart.
Single-particle cryo-EM structure of a voltage-activated potassium channel in lipid nanodiscs.

Voltage-activated potassium (Kv) channels open to conduct K+ ions in response to membrane depolarization, and subsequently enter non-conducting states through distinct mechanisms of inactivation. X-ray structures of detergent-solubilized Kv channels appear to have captured an open state even though a non-conducting C-type inactivated state would predominate in membranes in the absence of a transmembrane voltage. However, structures for a voltage-activated ion channel in a lipid bilayer environment have not yet been reported. Here we report the structure of the Kv1.2-2.1 paddle chimera channel reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. At a resolution of ~3 A for the cytosolic domain and ~4 A for the transmembrane domain, the structure determined in nanodiscs is similar to the previously determined X-ray structure. Our findings show that large differences in structure between detergent and lipid bilayer environments are unlikely, and enable us to propose possible structural mechanisms for C-type inactivation.
Probing for MACHOs of mass 10(**-15)-solar-mass - 10**-7-solar-mass with gamma-ray burst parallax spacecraft

Two spacecraft separated by approximately 1 AU and equipped with gamma-ray burst (GRB) detectors could detect or rule out a cosmological density of massive compact halo objects (MACHOs) in the mass range 10−15 M☉ M 10−7 M☉, provided that GRBs prove to be cosmological. Previously devised methods for detecting MACHOs have spanned the mass range 10−16 M☉ M 107 M☉, but with a gap of several orders of magnitude near 10−9 M☉. For MACHOs and sources both at a cosmological distance, the Einstein radius is approximately 1 AU(M/10−7 M☉)1/2. Hence, if a GRB lies within the Einstein ring of a MACHO of mass M 10−7 M☉ as seen by one detector, it will not lie in the Einstein ring as seen by a second detector approximately 1 AU away. This implies that if GRBs are measured to have significantly different fluxes by the two detectors, this would signal the presence of a MACHO 10−7 M☉. By the same token, if the two detectors measured similar fluxes for several hundred events, a cosmological abundance of such low-mass MACHOs would be ruled out. The lower limit is set by the time resolution tres of the detectors: M 10−15 M☉ corresponds to tres 10-2 s. If low-mass MACHOs are detected, there are tests that can discriminate among events generated by MACHOs in the three mass ranges M 10−12 M☉, 10−12 M☉ M 10−7 M☉, and M 10−7 M☉. Further experiments would then be required to make more accurate mass measurements.
Relationship of physical function to outcomes in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

116Background: Physical function is an important consideration for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) but it is often judged subjectively rather than tested. This study ...
The relationship between self-reported viral load suppression and quality of life among people living with HIV in South Carolina.

Ensuring the wellbeing of people living with HIV (PLWH) has become a significant public health concern in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. This study was to assess the quality of li...
Mechanisms of Thermal Atomic Layer Etching

ConspectusAtomic layer control of semiconductor processing is needed as critical dimensions are progressively reduced below the 10 nm scale. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods are meeting this challenge and produce conformal thin film growth on high aspect ratio features. Atomic layer etching (ALE) techniques are also required that can remove material with atomic layer precision. ALE processes are defined using sequential, self-limiting reactions based on surface modification and volatile release. Plasma ALE methods employ energetic ion or neutral species to release the modified material anisotropically using sputtering. In contrast, thermal ALE processes utilize gas species to release the modified material isotropically using thermal reactions. Thermal ALE can be viewed as the "reverse of ALD".There are a number of mechanisms for thermal ALE that have developed over the last five years. This Account will first examine the fluorination and ligand-exchange mechanism for thermal ALE. This mechanism is applicable for many metal oxide and metal nitride materials. Subsequently, the "conversion etch" mechanisms will be explored that are derived from the conversion of the surface of the substrate to a new material. The "conversion etch" mechanisms are needed when the initial material does not have a viable etching pathway via fluorination and ligand-exchange or when the material has a volatile fluoride. The thermal ALE mechanisms founded on either oxidation or halogenation of the initial substrate will then be examined with an emphasis on metal thermal ALE. Lastly, thermal ALE mechanisms will be considered that are based on self-limiting surface ligands or temperature modulation mechanisms. These various mechanisms offer a wide range of pathways to remove material isotropically with atomic layer control.Thermal ALE will be required to fabricate advanced semiconductor devices. This fabrication will increasingly occur beyond the limits of lithography and will extend into the third dimension. The situation is like Manhattan during the advent of skyscrapers. When there was no more room on the ground, building started to move to the third dimension. Three-dimensional devices require a sequential series of deposition and etching steps to build the skyscraper structures. Some etching needs to be vertical and anisotropic to make the elevator shafts. Other etching needs to be horizontal and isotropic to form the hallways. The mechanisms of thermal ALE will be critical for the definition of isotropic ALE processes.Reaching beyond the limits of lithography will also increase the need for maskless processing. The mechanisms of thermal ALE lead to strategies for selective etching of one material in the presence of many materials. In addition, area-selective deposition can benefit from the ability of thermal ALE to enhance deposition on the desired growth surfaces by removing deposition from other surrounding surfaces. Looking ahead, thermal ALE will continue to provide unique capabilities and will grow in importance as a nanofabrication processing technique.
Phospho BAD decreases breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting c-jun activation of the CRE in cyclin D1

5417 Previously we had shown that BAD plays a critical role in apoptosis of MCF-7 breast CA cells (MBC, 15:3266,2004). Recently we have observed that BAD is a regulator of cell proliferation in the MCF-7 cell line (AACR 2004 Abs# 4824). App 20% of endogenous BAD is localized in the nucleus. Phosphorylated (p) BAD (S136) can also be observed in the nucleus where as both S136 and S112 pBAD is localized in the nuclear fraction upon over expression of wild type (wt) BAD. Over expressed wtBAD inhibited E2 induced proliferation fraction (PF) but dual phosphorylation site mutant (S136A/S112A (dmBAD)) did not. Removal of endogenous BAD by specific siRNA appeared to increase PF following E2 treatment. Endogenous cyclin D1 (CD1) was also increased by siRNA for BAD. WtBAD but not dmBAD inhibited serum or E2 stimulated CD1 synthesis. Using CRE and AP-1 mutants of the CD1 reporter we found that BAD inhibits expression of CD1 mainly through the CRE element, whereas dmBAD was ineffective. This inhibition appears to be mediated by the ability of wtBAD but not dmBAD to interact with c-jun. BAD appears to inhibit phospho c-jun formation by inhibiting Erk as well as JNK. Thus we demonstrate a novel role for BAD in cell cycle regulation which is dependent on phosphorylation of S112/136 residues but not on BAD/BCL2 interaction. (supported by NIH)
Associations of PCBS, dioxins and furans with follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in postmenopausal women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002.

Abstract Background The general population is exposed to the group of endocrine disrupting chemicals persistent organic pollutants (POPs), that includes polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Objectives The aim of this research was to evaluate the associations of serum levels of PCB, PCDD, and PCDF congeners with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in postmenopausal women not taking exogenous hormones. We hypothesized that associations of POPs with these gonadotropins could be modified by factors affecting endogenous hormones. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on data from 89 postmenopausal women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). POPs were summarized based on classification schemes thought to reflect toxicological properties. Associations of POPs and gonadotropin hormones were modeled with multivariable regression models. When evidence of interaction was found, conditional effects were estimated. Results We found inverse associations of LH, but not FSH, with exposure to anti-estrogenic and/or dioxin-like POPs, but not with non dioxin-like PCBs. A doubling of dioxin-like toxic equivalents (TEQs) was associated with a decrease in LH of 11.9% (95% CI = −21.3%, −1.4%, p = 0.03). Inverse associations were enhanced by potential effect modifiers related to both direct and indirect estrogenicity, including obesity and the obesity-related condition inflammation. Conclusions These investigations support a pattern of endocrine-disrupting effects by dioxin-like POPs among postmenopausal women, especially those with conditions related to peripheral estrogenicity.
Bidirectional AC/DC Converter using GaN HEMT based Non-Isolated DAB for Battery Emulation

Battery Emulators (i.e. controllable power supplies with non-linear output) are ubiquitous test equipment in grid-to-vehicle AC/DC (for onboard charger), electric motor drives DC/AC, renewable energy (such as two stage solar DC/AC) nowadays. The topology choice is usually not optimized in commercial off-the-shelf battery emulators. In this work, using the ‘fractional power conversion’ architecture a GaN based non-isolated (isolation is lost due to architecture) Dual active-bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter is chosen to emulate the battery terminal voltage and current. To allow bidirectional power flow, the converter is interfaced with a GaN based PFC totem-pole AC/DC converter to allow both battery charging and discharging behaviors to be emulated. Both input side PFC AC/DC and output side DC/DC converters are designed using CoolGaN devices. In fractional power architecture, the main focus is usually reducing the footprint of the converter. In this work, attention is reducing control effort for a given power demand therefore the modifications introduced by the bus bars that connect the input port to the output port to create the fractional power conversion architecture as well as modulation scheme choice that allows better utilization of the semiconductor has been studied.
Friends of the Emir: Non-Muslim State Officials in Premodern Islamic Thought

Studies that look at the history and development of Muslim societies, especially the ways in which they engaged non-Muslim communities within them, frequently consider the presence of non-Muslim st...
The Origins of the Spanish Banking System

This chapter provides an overview of the origins of the Spanish banking system prior to the twentieth century. It shows the role of the state in the development of the Spanish banking system, and how financial mismanagement contributed to the decline of the country prior to the twentieth century. It describes the ‘bank bargains’ that took place during that era, which ultimately led to the development of a fragile banking system and recurrent banking crises.
Auditory Sensory Gating of Speech and Nonspeech Stimuli.

Purpose Auditory sensory gating is a neural measure of inhibition and is typically measured with a click or tonal stimulus. This electrophysiological study examined if stimulus characteristics and ...
The profunda artery perforator flap: A versatile option for head and neck reconstruction

BACKGROUND Although the profunda artery perforator flap has gained popularity in breast reconstruction, it has not been well described for reconstruction of head and neck defects. The authors report their experience with free profunda artery perforator flaps in postoncologic head and neck reconstruction. METHODS A retrospective review of all free profunda artery perforator flaps used for head and neck reconstruction from 2016 to 2019 was performed. RESULTS Overall, 61 profunda artery perforator flap reconstructions were performed: 45 single independent flaps, 12 in conjunction with a second free flap, and four in combination with two other free flaps. The profunda artery perforator flaps were most commonly used for reconstruction of the tongue (n = 19), cheek (n = 11), parotid (n = 10), and maxilla (n = 6). The profunda artery perforator flaps averaged 7.1 × 12.1 × 1.9 cm, with a mean pedicle length of 11.5 cm. The A, B, and C perforators were located at mean distances of 7.4 cm (range, 4 to 11.5 cm), 11.7 cm (range, 8 to 18 cm), and 16.1 cm (range, 14 to 20.5 cm) from the pubic tubercle along the axis of the adductor longus muscle and 7.9 cm (range, 7 to 11cm), 7.6 cm (range, 7 to 15.5 cm), and 7.2 cm (range, 6 to 16 cm) posterior and perpendicular to the axis. There were three partial flap losses. Eight patients (13 percent) had recipient-site complications necessitating operative intervention: four for vascular compromise of the profunda artery perforator flap, two for hematoma evacuation, and two for infection. Donor-site complications were noted in seven patients (11 percent), two of whom required operative intervention. CONCLUSIONS The profunda artery perforator flap is a versatile and reliable flap with consistent anatomy and a low complication rate. The profunda artery perforator flap seems to be a reasonable alternative for reconstruction of head and neck defects. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.