cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nineteenth-Century Coastal Slave Trading and the British Abolition Campaign in Sierra Leone

The Sierra Leone Colony was Britain's main base in its campaign to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. Yet, throughout the nineteenth century, slavers supplied external and internal demand by trafficking people along the coast near to and even within the Colony. Although some officials strove to eradicate slaving, others feared that aggressive actions could threaten the Colony's economic and political interests. Administrators debated what constituted trafficking and applied different policies in different treaty zones. Moreover, the expanding commercial system encouraged slave trading, and slavers had the means to evade patrols. Ultimately, officials ended slaving by stopping war and raiding, interdicting traffic and punishing slavers, but enslaved people also contributed by escaping from bondage.
The Dilemma Between Cost‐Effectiveness and Quality of Care in Transfusion Medicine: The Fiduciary Responsibility of the Physician to the Patient With Regard to Blood Transfusion and Transfusion Alternatives

SUMMARY Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) figures prominently in medical decision-making and, therefore, must be easily applicable and correctly used. Unfortunately, CEA has the potential to be misleading and in many analyses, including those of transfusion safety initiatives, inappropriate benchmarks have been utilized. Consequently, many transfusion safety initiatives have been incorrectly deemed not cost-effective and subsequently underutilized, allowing cost to dictate practice. This trend in transfusion medicine creates a dilemma for transfusion medicine professionals, who are torn between their roles as patient advocates and providers of quality patient care and as cost-conscious laboratory administrators. Given patient demand always for the safest, most effective transfusion therapy regardless of cost and the current medical climate dictated by CEA, who should choose which transfusion safety initiative should be implemented or which transfusion product or alternative should be available? We believe that transfusion medicine professionals must first and foremost uphold their fiduciary responsibility to patients by delivering the safest, most effective therapy.
Gauge Models and Neutral Current Interactions

A general analysis of the gauge group SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U\ensuremath{'}(1) is carried out and models are constructed that admit positive result for parity nonconservation in electron-deuteron scattering while giving small parity nonconservation in bismuth.
Disproportionality and malapportionment: Measuring electoral inequity

Abstract Political and social scientists often wish to measure inequity—the deviation of some actual distribution from a comparative standard distribution based on merit, need, or some other expectation. Measurements of income inequality have the longest history, but others can be identified, including two of direct interest in electoral studies: measures of disproportionality and malapportionment. While many economists agree that inequality measures must meet certain statistical axioms, there has been no recognition of these requirements for the wider case of inequity. This article presents a method for developing simple and easily interpreted measures of inequity that meet the desired axioms. Disproportionality and malapportionment applications are illustrated and contrasting results obtained with alternative indices highlighted.
Vestibulo‐oculomotor connections in an elasmobranch fish, the atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina

In elasmobranch fishes, including the Atlantic stingray, the medial rectus muscle is innervated by the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. This is different from most vertebrates, in which the medial rectus is innervated by the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus. This observation led to the prediction that the excitatory vestibulo-extraocular motoneuron projections connecting each semicircular canal to the appropriate muscle should use a contralateral projection from the vestibular nuclei to the motoneurons. This hypothesis was examined in the Atlantic stingray by injecting horseradish peroxidase unilaterally into the oculomotor nucleus. It was found that vestibulo-oculomotor projections arise from the ipsilateral anterior octaval nucleus and the contralateral descending octaval nucleus. The same pattern was observed when the trochlear nucleus was involved in the injection. There were no cells labeled in the region of the abducens nucleus, and no candidate for a nucleus prepositus hypoglossus was identified. The presence of compensatory eye movements, the directional sensitivity of the semicircular canals, the location of the motoneurons innervating each eye muscle, and our results indicate that the excitatory input to the extraocular motoneurons is derived from the contralateral descending octaval nucleus, and the inhibitory input is derived from the ipsilateral anterior octaval nucleus. The absence of both abducens internuclear interneurons and a nucleus prepositus hypoglossus suggests that eye movements, particularly those in the horizontal plane, are controlled differently in elasmobranchs than in other vertebrates examined to date.
Metabolizable Energy Content of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke]

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) content of ground pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke]. On a dry matter basis, 40% ground pearl millet was substituted for an equivalent amount of glucose monohydrate (reference substance) to determine MEn using male broiler chicks. Food and excreta samples were analyzed for nitrogen, gross energy, chromic oxide, and dry matter. On a dry matter basis, the MEn content of the ground pearl millet ranged from 2.891 to 3.204 kcal/g, depending upon the pearl millet cultivar used. These results suggest that previously reported MEn values for pearl millet may be underestimated by up to 21%.
The digital ceraunoscope: synthetic thunder and lightning. 2

For pt.1 see ibid., March/April (2000). Previously, the author discussed his design for a digital ceraunoscope: an ancient machine designed to simulate thunder and lightning. He talked about how cloud-to-ground lightning formed and how to write a program to generate synthetic lightning strokes that matches real data gathered for the Apollo space program. The article focuses on making thunder an integral part of the simulation. Using a combined lightning and thunder model, we can create coordinated, unified lightning and thunder, starting from either phenomenon to produce the other. It will look and sound as we wish, start and end as we wish, and basically become another digital tool for us to direct freely: a digital ceraunoscope.
Systems requirements for organizational learning

To produce organizational memory, knowledge management systems must transform individual knowledge into organizational knowledge, sometimes grudgingly.
Economic Research and Education for Commercial Agriculture

IRST, I want to lay before you the limitations of my competence. For almost 20 years I labored, and I am biased enough to believe productively, in the vineyard of teaching and research in Agricultural Marketing. However, for almost 10 years now I have been in academic administration-six of which have been as Dean of Agriculture at Purdue. Contrary to some faculty opinion I have found the job of being Dean to be one which requires my full energies. Therefore, I admit freely to being only observationally acquainted with much of the research and extension developments in Agricultural Economics in recent years. Rather than go through a superficial literature research effort to look highly informed, I will present my opinions and observations as they are. You will have to assess their value and validity. I would mention, however, that my recent employment gives me some perspective of research and extension problems, and I believe these are to some degree shared by other Deans of Agriculture, and Directors of Experiment Stations and Extension Services.
Restructuring, Race, and Real Estate: Changing Home Values and the New California Metropolis, 1989-2010

The wake of the foreclosure crisis warrants renewed attention to geographies of race and real estate. This case study of the San Francisco Bay Area shows that outlying exurban communities on the metropolitan fringe, which saw major in-migrations of communities of color over the past three decades, were hard hit by the real estate crash, after having seen substantial housing price increases during the tail end of the boom. The potential impact on wealth and asset accumulation for these communities is significant. Rather than traditional forms of segregation, this new geography of crisis suggests a form of peripheralization, where minority communities in particular were lured out to the far suburbs under structural conditions of neoliberalism, far different from the federally supported suburbanization of two generations ago. This new reality is reminiscent of the urban roots of the foreclosure crisis, and of the need to view the crisis at a metropolitan scale.
Chemistry of Hand-Pump Waters in Ghana, Mali, and Niger, West Africa: Potential Health Effects

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate drinking water quality from hand-pumps in Ghana, Mali, and Niger, to provide an overview of potential health effects, and to evaluate evidence of health effects in the population. Concentrations of 22 parameters in 3,337 groundwater samples were analysed and compared to World Health Organization drinking water guidelines. In general, F, Mn, and Al had relatively larger and more common rates of occurrence, though there is some variation according to the country. For F, there were reports of skeletal fluorosis in Niger and dental fluorosis in Ghana. For Mn and Al it was difficult to assess health effects due to scarce information.
A HREELS investigation of ethylene on Pt model catalysts

Abstract The adsorption of C2H4 on supported Pt model catalysts is investigated with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy for the cases of Pt vapor deposited on an oxidized Al foil and a single crystal of TiO2. At 160 K the HREELS spectra show evidence of the di-σ bonded ethylene species present on the supported Pt clusters, but upon warming to 325 K, only the TiO2 supported model catalyst shows evidence of forming the ethylidyne species commonly seen on Pt(111) single crystals. The oxidized Al supported species begins to decompose by 250 K, and no spectra characteristic of ethylidyne has been seen. In the case of the TiO2 supported model catalyst, we believe this is the first HREELS observation of ethylidyne on supported metal clusters.
710-3 Stent Placement is Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Older (>4 Years) Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions

Conventional balloon angioplasty (PTCA) in older (g4 years) saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) is associated with reduced procedural success and less favorable late clinical outcomes. To determine if stent (S) implantation neutralizes the adverse effects of SVG age on clinical events, we analyzed the early and late results of 617 consecutive pts from the Palmaz-Schatz SVG S registry. In 69 pts (13.3%), SVG age was ≤4 (mean 2.1 ± 1.3) years and in 448 pts (86.7%), SVG age was g4 (mean 9.9 ± 3.5) years. There were no significant differences in pt demographics and lesion characteristics between the 2 groups. Procedural success was defined as successful S deployment with l50% residual stenosis without major complications (death/Q-wave MI/CABG). Follow-up angiograms were obtained in 63% of pts with SVG ≤ 4 years and in 60% of pts with SVG g 4 years. MLD = minimal lumen diameter. SVG Age ≤ 4 years SVG Age g4 years Angiographic Findings: Final MLD (mm) [% stenosis] 3.3 ± 0.7 [7 ± 12] 3.4 ± 0.6 [6 ± 10] Follow-up MLD [% stenosis] 2.1 ± 1.3 [42 ± 36] 2.3 ± 1.3 [33 ± 36] Restenosis (g50% stenosis) 35.6 28.7 Clinical Results: 1%) Procedural success 97.1 97.0 In hospital death/O-wave MI/CABG 14/0/14 1.7/04/09 Follow-up target lesion CABG/PICA 57/143 54/9.5 12·month event free survival 73.0 77.0 All comparisons between the 2 groups were not statistically significant. In Conclusion After S placement, irrespective of SVG age, 1) acute and late angiographic results and restenosis rates were similar and 2) clinical results (i.e. procedural success, major complications, target lesion revascularization and 12-months event free survival) were comparable. Thus, unlike PTCA, in appropriate SVG lesions, the favorable early and 12-month clinical outcomes after S therapy are not diminished by advanced SVG age.
Prior infections are associated with increased mortality from subsequent blood-stream infections among patients with hematological malignancies.

Many patients who are evaluated and treated for sepsis have histories of recent infections. The prognostic implications of surviving an infectious process are not well understood. We undertook this study to determine the clinical impact of prior infections among patients with hematological malignancies, a population at high risk for developing and dying from sepsis. The medical records of 203 patients with hematological malignancies and blood-stream infections admitted over a 3-year period to an urban teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The 30-day mortality after blood-stream infection in these high-risk patients was 24 %. There were 46 patients (23 %) who had inpatient infections in the 90 days prior to the index blood-stream infection. History of recent infection portended worse prognosis from blood-stream infection under multivariable analysis [odds ratio (OR) 2.60, p = 0.04, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.04–6.47]. There were 86 patients (42 %) who had subsequent infections in the first 90 days after the index blood-stream infection. Patients with subsequent infections had greater mortality during days 91–365 than patients without subsequent infections [hazard ratio (HR) 1.97, p = 0.02, 95 % CI 1.13–3.44]. Recent infections prognosticate worse outcomes from subsequent blood-stream infections for this high-risk population. Further research into the clinical and biochemical reasons for this observation may lead to targets for intervention, and, ultimately, improvements in long-term mortality from sepsis.
The effect of a hospital-wide urine culture screening intervention on the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species.

Objective. Optimal strategies for limiting the transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp (ESBL-EK) in the hospital setting remain unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a urine culture screening strategy on the incidence of ESBL-EK.Design. Prospective quasi-experimental study.Setting. Two intervention hospitals and one control hospital within a university health system from 2005 to 2009.Patients and Intervention. All clinical urine cultures with E. coli or Klebsiella spp were screened for ESBL-EK. Patients determined to be colonized or infected with ESBL-EK were placed in a private room with contact precautions. The primary outcome of interest was nosocomial ESBL-EK incidence in nonurinary clinical cultures (cases occurring more than 48 hours after admission). Changes in monthly ESBL-EK incidence rates were evaluated with mixed-effects Poisson regression models, with adjustment for institution-level characteristics (eg, total ad...
Asian Americans and Racism: When Bad Things Happen to "Model Minorities"

Due to the limited psychological research on Asian Americans' experiences with racism, in the current study the authors examined the relationships between racial socialization, racial identity, and perceptions of racism, with a college-aged sample (N = 254) consisting primarily of Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans. With the use of multiple regression analyses, the results indicated that racial socialization, particularly discussions about race and racism, was positively related to one's perceptions of racism. Moreover, the study also showed that the relationship between racial socialization and perceptions of racism was partially mediated by racial identity schemas. To understand how Asian Americans regard racism, it is useful to have an understanding of racial identity theory and the manner in which Asian Americans are socialized to perceive racism.
Working and Nonworking Women: Onset of Homelessness Within the Context of Their Lives

This article reports on qualitative interviews with 25 women who were former residents of an emergency shelter. The interviews used a personal narrative approach to place the onset of homelessness ...
Technical Notes: Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging of Channel Catfish

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, manufactured by BioSonics, were implanted into adult channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to determine the suitability of the tag as a method to identify individual fish held in a hatchery. The 10.0 × 2.1-mm tags were injected by syringe into 92 male and 135 female catfish during the 1988 and 1989 spawning seasons. Tags were injected into three areas: (1) base of dorsal fin, (2) anterior base of adipose fin, and (3) posterior base of adipose fin. Examination of tagged fish in 1989 and 1990 revealed 97% tag retention. There was no evidence of tissue rejection, and all tags were easily read with a hand-held wand. The PIT tags appear to be a viable method of marking and identifying channel catfish for hatchery brood stock purposes.
Changing The “Culture” Of Welfare Offices: From Vision to the Front Lines

This article examines whether the 1996 welfare reform has led to the culture change in welfare offices advocated by welfare leaders and administrators. Examining a sample of state and local welfare systems, it asks whether and how welfare organizations are seeking to change their culture or, if not their culture, at least some of the structures and processes of their welfare systems. After unpacking the concept of culture in the context of welfare reform, the research finds that welfare leaders and administrators interpret the concept of culture change more broadly than do scholars of organizational culture.Welfare practitioners consider changes in structure and process as culture change, whereas scholars of organizational culture see these changes as only changes in artifacts. Scholars would consider these practitioners'interpretations to be superficial and would argue that they underestimate what it actually takes to effect changes in beliefs, perceptions, and feelings that are sufficiently deep to be c...
SO(3) Symmetry Breaking Mechanism for Orientation and Spatial Frequency Tuning in the Visual Cortex

A dynamical model of orientation and spatial frequency tuning in a cortical hypercolumn is presented. The network topology is taken to be a sphere whose poles correspond to orientation pinwheels associated with high and low spatial frequency domains, respectively. Recurrent interactions within the sphere generate a tuned response via an SO(3) symmetry breaking mechanism.
Gain Error Correction for CMOS Image Sensor Using Delta-Sigma Modulation

A delta-sigma modulation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has many benefits over the use of a pipeline ADC in a CMOS image sensor. This includes lower power, noise reduction, ease of maximizing the input range, and simpler signal routing for large arrays. Multiple delta-sigma modulation ADC is required in a CMOS image sensor, one for each pixel column. Any voltage threshold mismatch between ADCs will introduce gain and offset error in its transfer function, which will lead to fix pattern noise. Correcting these gain and offset error for every ADCs in the image sensor will require a complex digital signal processor. Therefore, a technique to minimize the effects of gain error in a delta-sigma modulation ADC for CMOS image sensor is discussed.
Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic filling in children with systemic hypertension.

Abstract To assess left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with systemic hypertension, 11 patients with hypertension (mean blood pressure 99 mm Hg) and 7 normal patients (mean blood pressure 78 mm Hg) underwent M-mode echocardiography and pulsed Doppler examination of the LV inflow. From a digitized trace of the LV endocardium and a simultaneous phonocardiogram, echocardiographic diastolic time intervals, peak rate of increase in LV dimension ( dD dt ), and dD dt normalized for LV end-diastolic dimension ( dD dt ) were measured. Doppler diastolic time intervals, peak velocities at rapid filling (E velocity) and atrial contraction (A velocity), and the ratio of E and A velocities were measured. The following areas under the Doppler curve and their percent of the total area were determined: first 33% of diastole (0.33 area), first 50% of diastole, triangle under the A velocity (A area), and the triangle under the E velocity (E area). The A velocity (patients with hypertension = 0.68 ± 0.11 m/s, normal subjects = 0.49 ± 0.08 m/s), the 0.33 area/total area (patients with hypertension = 0.49 ± 0.09, normal subjects = 0.58 ± 0.08), the A area (patients with hypertension = 0.17 ± 0.05, normal subjects = 0.12 ± 0.03), and the A area/total area (patients with hypertension = 0.30 ± 0.11, normal subjects = 0.20 ± 0.07) were significantly different between groups (p dt D , E velocity, and the remaining Doppler areas were not significantly different between groups. The normal subjects and patients with hypertension did not differ significantly in echocardiographic LV size and thickness or in percent shortening fraction. This study shows that abnormal patterns of LV diastolic filling occur in children with mild systemic hypertension. These diastolic abnormalities are detectable by mitral valve Doppler ultrasound examination when standard M-mode echocardiographic indexes of diastolic function are still normal and before the development of systolic function abnormalities or LV hypertrophy on the M-mode echocardiogram.
Probability-based periodic spectrum sensing during secondary communication

Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) typically assumes that the primary user appears only at the beginning of the sensing block. In this paper, we first establish a probability model regarding the appearance of the primary user at any sample of a CR user frame by utilizing the statistical characteristics of the licensed channel occupancy. While conventional spectrum sensing schemes allocate the same weight to each sample, we vary the weight for each sample based on the probability of the presence of the primary user at the corresponding sample and show that such a probability-based spectrum sensing scheme has nearly optimal performance. Based on the assumption that the idle duration of the licensed channel is exponentially distributed, we further investigate how the probability model on the primary user appearance varies from frame to frame in periodic spectrum sensing and show that both the conventional fixed weight and the probability-based dynamic weight energy detection schemes converge to their respective stable detection probability.
Approximate ad-hoc query engine for simulation data

In this paper, we describe AQSim, an ongoing effort to design and impl ement a system to manage terabytes of scientific simulation data. The goal of this project is to reduce data storage requirements and access times while permitting ad-hoc queries using statistical and mathematical models of the data. In order to facilitate data exchange between models based on different representations, we are evaluating using the ASCI common data model that is comprised of several layers of increasing semantic complexity. To support queries over the spatial-temporal mesh structured data we are in the process of defining and implementing a grammar for MeshSQL
Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying strains of hens

Discoveries in behavior and welfare science have improved the health and well-being of egg laying flocks of chickens. The objectives of this review are to highlight research findings in genetics, health, environment, molting, morphological alterations, euthanasia, handling during depopulation, transportation, and harvesting to improve poultry welfare and to provide examples of additional opportunities to continue this progress. Although selection for disease resistance has improved the welfare of birds, use of genetic marker technologies may eventually advance the selection of healthier birds with fewer metabolic disease and cannibalistic tendencies. Animal health and welfare have been improved through development of vaccines, establishment of stringent biosecurity measures, and training of animal caretakers. Industry is currently making adjustments in bird space allocations to allow for less crowded conditions. Continued research in molting shows promise to avoid feed withdrawal regimens for laying hens. Beak trimming by trained personnel improves livability, reduces cannibalism, and should be used when nonaggressive strains are unavailable and when light intensity cannot be controlled. Extension specialists and veterinarians provide information on proper procedures for euthanasia. New systems for euthanasia of spent hens are being implemented by egg producers. New opportunities exist for use of enrichments in production facilities to offer environmental complexity. Further research on how sound and odors affect birds could provide new avenues for improving production systems.
The analysis of online social networking: how technology is changing e-commerce purchasing decision

A widely used social networking technology enables end-users to participate in social networks and distribute personal contents online. Online networks also serve as new channels that empower consumers discovering products, sharing products preference, and exerting their feedback that influence other members' purchasing decisions. This paper proposes a conceptual model of social networking effects on online purchasing behaviour based on relevant social network theory and agency theory.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers

The fatigue lifetime of an acrylic sample was found to be expressible by the equation: L = a v ", where v is frequency, a is a function of stroke, and n is 0.72. The parameter a was found to decrease with an increase in stroke. The results are interpretable in terms of an elementary, molecular fatigue process. It is postulated that fatigue rupture occurs when a critical level of extension is reached.A study of the residual mechanical properties of a viscose sample fatigued at various lengths was inconclusive with respect to whether fatigue failure results from the aggravation of weak spots or from over-all deterioration of the fiber substance.Fatiguing the acrylic sample at different frequencies and for various periods of time was found to produce only insignificant differences in residual rupture properties among the fatigued fibers. The properties of these as a group, however, were found to be appreciably different from those of unfatigued fibers.Microscopic examination of viscose fibers broken as a res...
InAs/InP quantum dot photonic crystal microcavities — A scalable route to single and entangled pair sources

We propose a scalable route to single and entangled photon pair sources at telecoms wavelengths based on single InAs/InP quantum dots embedded within photonic crystal microcavities. The electrostatic gating of such dots is discussed.
Acid‐Based Etching of Silicon Wafers: Mass‐Transfer and Kinetic Effects

Polished silicon wafers are prepared through various mechanical and chemical processes. First, the silicon single-crystal ingot is sliced into circular disks (wafers) by slicing followed by a flattening process called lapping that involves scrubbing the wafers using an abrasive slurry. 1 The mechanical damage induced during the previous shaping processes is removed by etching which is the focus of this paper. Etching is followed by various unit operations such as polishing and cleaning before it is ready for device fabrication. Chemical etching of silicon wafers is accomplished by dipping the wafers in an etchant which is traditionally an acidic mixture of HNO 3 1 HF and a diluent or a caustic solution of KOH. Various studies in caustic crystallographic etching are reported. 2-4 However, this paper focuses on the transport and kinetic effects only on acidbased etches. Acid etching in HNO 3 1 HF mixture is reported to proceed with following global reactions 1 Si 1 4HNO 3 r SiO 2 1 4NO 2 1 2H 2 O [1]
Fatigue life and frequency response of braided pneumatic actuators

Although braided pneumatic actuators are capable of producing remarkable forces compared to their weight, they have seen little mainstream use. One of the reasons is their relatively short fatigue lives at high pressure. By improving the manufacturing techniques, the actuator lifetime was extended by nearly an order of magnitude. Another concern is that their response times may be too long for the control of legged robots. However, the frequency response of these actuators was found to be similar to that of human muscle.
Optimal scheduling of soft handoffs in DS/CDMA communication systems

Considers the problem of optimal scheduling of soft handoffs as applicable to DS/CDMA based cellular networks. The authors have formulated the phenomenon of soft handoffs as a reward/cost stochastic optimization problem wherein the reward is a function of some measurable characteristics of the received signal, and cost can be associated with different factors such as multiple simultaneous active connections, connection set-up and termination overheads. Using dynamic programming, a maximum net reward policy that specifies the optimal base stations the mobile should be associated with during each time slot, is determined. The authors also extend their results to the case when there are more than two base stations. Furthermore, the decisions are taken in a decentralized online manner. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms offer considerable improvement over the policy proposed in the IS-95 standard.
Adding full text indexing to the operating system

Many challenges must be faced when incorporating full text retrieval into the operating system. The search engine must be a nearly invisible, natural extension to the operating system, just like the file system and the network. The search engine must meet user expectations of an operating system, specifically in areas such as performance, fault tolerance, and security. It must handle a very heterogeneous collection of documents, in many formats, many languages and many styles. The search engine must scale with the operating system, from small laptop computers to large multiprocessor servers. The paper is an overview of the challenges faced when incorporating full text indexing into the Microsoft Windows NT/sup TM/ operating system. Specific solutions used by the Microsoft 'Tripoli' search engine, are offered.
Sympathetic nervous system alterations with HER2+ antagonism: an early marker of cardiac dysfunction with breast cancer treatment?

Background: HER2 antagonists (anti-HER2; e.g., trastuzumab and lapatinib) are effective in treating an aggressive form of breast cancer (BC), but can cause cardiotoxicity due to the disruption in neuregulin (NRG)/HER2+ ligand receptor signalling. The recent data show that NRG-HER2 receptors located in the medulla oblongata are important regulators of vasomotor tone. Disrupting the NRG-HER2 signalling in mouse medulla results in increased sympathetic nerve output and blood pressure. We hypothesized that anti-HER2 agents would cause increased sympathetic tone with changes in plasma catecholamines and NRG. Methods: In 15 newly diagnosed HER2+ BC patients receiving anti-HER2 agents, vital signs were measured along with supine plasma epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and NRG at baseline and three months. Serial echocardiography was performed. Results: With three months of anti-HER2 treatment, NE increased (2.334 ± 1.294 nmol/L vs. 3.262 ± 2.103 nmol/L; p = 0.004) and NRG decreased (12.7±15.7 ng/ml vs. 10.9 ± 13.3 ng/ml; p = 0.036) with a corresponding increase in systolic blood pressure (110 ± 10 mmHg vs. 120 ± 16 mmHg, p = 0.049) and diastolic blood pressure (67 ± 14 vs. 77 ± 10, p = 0.009). There was no change, however, in EPI (0.183 ± 0.151 nmol/L vs. 0.159 ± 0.174 nmol/L; p = 0.519) or heart rate (73 ± 12 bpm vs. 77 ± 10 bpm, p = 0.146). Left ventricular ejection function declined over the follow-up period (baseline 63 ± 6% vs. follow-up 56 ± 5%).
Putting Brands in Their Place: How a Lack of Control Keeps Brands Contained

Abstract New brand extensions can push a brand outside its typical boundaries. In this article, the authors argue that people's acceptance of such extensions depends on their feelings of control. Across several studies, the authors demonstrate that when feelings of personal control are low, consumers and managers seek greater structure in brands and thus reject brand extensions that do not seem to fit well with the parent brand. The authors also identify important boundary conditions that illustrate when consumers are most likely to punish a brand for poor-fitting brand extensions and how the effect can be mitigated.
The Ste5 Scaffold Allosterically Modulates Signaling Output of the Yeast Mating Pathway

Scaffold proteins organize signaling proteins into pathways and are often viewed as passive assembly platforms. We found that the Ste5 scaffold has a more active role in the yeast mating pathway: A fragment of Ste5 allosterically activated autophosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Fus3. The resulting form of Fus3 is partially active-it is phosphorylated on only one of two key residues in the activation loop. Unexpectedly, at a systems level, autoactivated Fus3 appears to have a negative regulatory role, promoting Ste5 phosphorylation and a decrease in pathway transcriptional output. Thus, scaffolds not only direct basic pathway connectivity but can precisely tune quantitative pathway input-output properties.
Interventions for Children and Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims and Empty Promises. Part I : Intervention and Treatment Option Review

This article discusses intervention and treatment options being used with the population of children and youth who have autism spectrum disorders. The discussion includes interventions based on relationship formation, skill-based treatments, physiologically oriented interventions, and comprehensive educational and treatment programs. In a follow-up article, court decisions related to intervention options for students with autism are discussed, along with recommendations for choosing interventions and treatments that have the best chance of producing desired outcomes.
Antenna Applications and Subwavelength Focusing Using NegativeRefractiveIndex Transmission Line Structures

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Planar Transmission Line Media with Negative Refractive Index Zero-Degree Phase-Shifting Lines and Applications Backward Leaky-Wave Antenna Radiating in Its Fundamental Spatial Harmonic Superresolving NRI Transmission Line Lens Detailed Dispersion of Planar NRI-TL Media Acknowledgments References
Of Boundaries and Banlieues: Mobility and Citizenship in Early Twentieth-Century Urban Senegal

The first decades of the twentieth century saw a series of court cases and legislation regarding the contested citizenship status of Senegal’s originaires, the inhabitants of the “four communes” of Dakar, Goree, Rufisque, and Saint-Louis. Yet such attempts to resolve long-running debates about the political and civil rights exercised by the originaires were challenged, in often unpredictable ways, by the rapidly-changing urban spaces of the communes themselves. The populations and boundaries of the communes in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century changed dramatically and repeatedly, fueled by constant movement – both voluntary and forced, of both subjects and citizens – in and out of the communes. Such movement increasingly made the granting of citizenship status to those individuals and their descendants born within the legal boundaries of the communes, and not to those in adjacent urban areas (banlieues), hard to justify and even harder to enforce. In this paper, I examine the tensions between the colonial administration’s efforts to maintain control of its urban spaces and urban populations and the ways that Senegalese men and women moving in and out of the communes used the ambiguities of the communes’ boundaries and banlieues to reinforce or reimagine their status as subjects or citizens.
The Lucas Exemption: How Takings Can Prevent the Erosion of the Public Trust Due to the Reclamation of Submerged Lands

Two fundamental principles of property law - the public trust doctrine and the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment = are coming to a clash due to climate change. While it has long been accepted that states possess title to most tidal lands and waters below the mean high-tide line through the public trust doctrine, the public trust has, in essence, been eroded through the reclamation of submerged lands.This paper argues that the reclamation of submerged lands erodes the public trust. Moreover, it posits that the takings clause is an adequate remedy to restore the public trust without resorting to compensation. Such argument is based on the premise that “takings” of reclaimed submerged lands falls under one of the exceptions established by the Supreme Court in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council - that of background principles of property and common law. The paper focuses on the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico case of San Geronimo Caribe Project, Inc. v. Puerto Rico as an example of how takings could have avoided the erosion of the public trust through the reclamation of submerged lands.
Multi-Objective Optimization to Minimize Battery Degradation and Electricity Cost for Demand Response in Datacenters

This paper presents a Lithium-ion battery control framework to achieve minimum health degradation and electricity cost when batteries are used for datacenter demand response (DR). Demand response in datacenters refers to the adjustment of demand for grid electricity to minimize electricity cost. Utilizing batteries for demand response will reduce the electricity cost but might accelerate health degradation. This tradeoff makes battery control for demand response a multi-objective optimization problem. Current research focuses only on minimizing the cost of demand response and does not capture battery transient and degradation dynamics. We address this multi-objective optimization problem using a second-order equivalent circuit model and an empirical capacity fade model of Lithium-ion batteries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use a nonlinear Lithium-ion battery and health degradation model for health-aware optimal control in the context of datacenters. The optimization problem is solved using a differential evolution (DE) algorithm and repeated for different battery pack sizes. Simulation results furnish a Pareto front that makes it possible to examine tradeoffs between the two optimization objectives and size the battery pack accordingly.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Preface to Harnessing Globalization: A Review of East Asian Case Histories

At a time of robust worldwide debates on globalization, this compact volume shows • how successful each of the East Asian economies have been in harnessing globalization by appropriate and alternative means to catch up with the advanced economies and• what implications can be drawn to assess Chinese economic growth in context.The essays in this book include supporting notes to review effectively the highlights of the development of East Asia, over the six decades after World War II:• why the region has performed so well economically relative to the rest of the developing world; • which are the most challenging limitations to be addressed; and• several sensational controversies in the development economics literature to be sensibly resolved.
A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Cell Biosensor: Detecting Nocodazole Dependent Microtubule Disruption Dynamics In Living Cells

A Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) was used to create a biosensor utilizing living adherent endothelial cells (ECs) as the biological sensing element. This EC QCM biosensor detected the effect of varying concentrations of nocodazole, a microtubule binding and disrupting drug, on the adherent cells as they altered the underlying QCM device state frequency, Δf, and motional Resistance, ΔR, shift values. Over the dose range 0.11-15 μM nocodazole, the Δf shift values decreased significantly in magnitude in a dose dependent fashion over a 5-6 hr incubation period following drug addition to a limiting value, with a 900 nM midpoint. This effect is consistent with nocodazole’s known dose dependent effect on the disruption of microtubules. At all drug concentrations, the relative Δf decrease with time was found to be very similar and well fit by a single exponential decay equation. For all nocodazole doses, t0.5 was invariant, averaging t0.5 = 0.83 ± 0.14 hr. These data demonstrate that a single dynamic sensing system within the cell, the microtubules, responds to the addition of nocodazole and its response can be quantified by the biosensor. These results indicate that the EC QCM biosensor can be used to detect EC cytoskeletal alterations and dynamics and may be a valuable screening method for all classes of biologically active drugs or biological macromolecules that affect cytoskeleton perturbations or cellular attachment.
Investigation of an Acrylate Lynchpin Approach toward the Synthesis of Stolonidiol

An acrylate lynchpin approach toward the synthesis of stolonidiol has been investigated. To access the key macrocyclization precursor we adapted the silylcupration reaction of alkynes, facilitating attack of the intermediate vinylcuprate on a trisubstituted epoxide. With all of the required carbons of stolonidiol in place, macrocyclization reactions to provide the 11-membered ring were attempted using either a nickel-mediated cyclization of a bromo aldehyde, intercepting methyl acrylate, or an intramolecular Baylis–Hillman cyclization.
Tumor control with PD-1 inhibition in a patient with concurrent metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma

Blockade of the immunological checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) using monoclonal antibodies has shown robust anti-tumor activity across a broad range of solid and hematological malignancies including melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Characteristic markers such as the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, PD-L1 status, and mutational load may be equally or even more important in predicting clinical benefit from PD-1 pathway blockade than tumor histology. This case of a patient with concurrent metastatic melanoma and metastatic RCC, both of which were controlled for more than a year after a single dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab, illustrates the potential to simultaneously treat distinct immunogenic tumors with anti-PD-1 agents.
Analysis on Laboratory Status of Yaan CDC System

Objective To understand the laboratory capacity and equipment of Yaan CDC system.Method The comprehensive investigation was made in 9 laboratories of different levels(city 1,county 7,district 1) and questionnaire was used for laboratory staff.Result There were a total of 39 laboratory personnel in 9 CDC.Eight laboratories had been built and used expect Hanyuan CDC.The physical and chemical detection equipment was more lack than microbial detection equipment(all the 9 laboratories had microbial detection equipment).There were five laboratories had AAS or GC,and two laboratories had AFS.Three laboratories had got CMA or occupational health qualification.Conclusion From the investigation of nine laboratories,some scientific base have been found for laboratory capacity construction of Yaan CDC system.
Research on information product design method based on the man-machine coupling

The paper analyzes the importance of user-centered design thought in the information product design,discussed the coupling relationship between users cognitive perspective and information interface which exist in the excellent information product.The paper puts forward the man-machine coupling theory from the perspective of users cognitive.In the cognitive process,there are mapping relationship between the user implicate knowledge and the explicate knowledge that expressed by the information product.We can achieve better man-machine interaction through realizing the man-machine coupling of information product encoding design by considering the mapping relationship.Finally,the paper proved the usability of information product design method which guided by the thought of man-machine coupling through the case and the experimental verification.
Newer Operations for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease

Four options are currently available to surgeons for the management of ulcerative colitis: the Brooke ileostomy, ileorectostomy, Kock pouch, and ileal pouch–sanal anastomosis. The latter comes closest to the ideal operation, as it is curative and physiological and restorative of quality of life. It is the authors’ preferred alternative in most patients. Obstructive Crohn’s disease of the small intestine can be ameliorated without loss of bowel by stricture plasty.
Microstructural Issues Concerning the Critical Current Properties of High Temperature Superconductors

Principal tasks in the development of a reliable HTS magnet technology are the control or elimination of weak links, the increase of the flux pinning strength so that high critical current density is possible without significant flux creep and the engineering of these attributes into an appropriate conductor form. These developments require microstructural understanding and control at both the nanometer and the much larger, macrostructural scale. The state of knowledge of HTS macro- and micro-structures is discussed, partly from the perspective of Nb-Ti, since its optimization offers useful lessons for HTS conductor development.
TU‐FG‐BRC‐04: Opportunities for Medical Physics Contributions to Radiation Immunotherapy

There is substantial current interest in the potential of radiation therapy for synergizing with novel immunotherapies to transform irradiated tumor into an immunogenic hub with capacity to ignite a powerful and adaptive longterm anti-cancer response. Interest stems from new insights into fundamental mechanisms underlying interactions between cancer, radiation and the immune system. Radically new immunotherapy approaches have been proposed, which target the immune system, rather than the cancer itself. Promising preliminary results on subsets of patients have led to a surge in research and clinical trials investigating the potential for combining new immunomodulatory agents with radiation therapy. In this symposia, we undertake a basic review of key topics and questions relating to the potential for combining radiation therapy and new immunotherapy approaches, including a focus on opportunities for medical physicists. Learning Objectives: 1.Gain insight into approaches to combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy. 2.Review latest clinical trial data investigating radiation and immunotherapy. 3.Consider how radiation therapy can better stimulate immunogenicity. 4.Explore opportunities for medical physicists in radiation and immunotherapy M Oldham has funding support from Immunolioght Llc