cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

In the field of African American history, studies of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP) have been popular for two decades. Possibly as a result of distortions of Black Panther activitie...
Variation in pediatric surgical care

Variation in care and outcomes are common in the management of children with surgical diseases. Differences in the availability of resources, patient and family preferences, ever-increasing fiscal pressure, and lack of high-quality data to guide clinical decision making are just a few factors that contribute to both the over and under-utilization of healthcare resources. Identification of data-driven, value-based "best practices" that are sensitive to differences in resource availability and patient preferences may be an important first step in establishing a practical framework for reducing unwarranted practice variation. The goal of this article is to explore the causes and influence of practice variation using appendicitis as a common condition to illustrate key concepts, and to propose solutions to mitigate unwarranted practice variation while preserving the spirit of innovation necessary to advance the field.
Responses of Hydra Oligactis to Temperature and Feeding Rate

If one is concerned with the mechanisms of adaptation to environmental disturbances on the non-genetic level, hydra are particularly appropriate for several reasons. First, the problem is somewhat simplified since the behavioral repertoire of hydra is severely limited, the morphology at least on a gross and light microscopy level is reasonably simple and a spectrum of responses ranging from the cellular to the behavioral can be recorded on genetically identical individuals. As a consequence of this simplicity it ought to be possible to catalogue the response of hydra to change in such a way that we can distinguish between the rapid and slower responses and get some sense of what the implications of each of these responses might be for the further adaptive capacities of the hydra themselves. The rationale for this type of inquiry is presented in Slobodkin and Rapoport (1974 and papers cited therein.
Multicultural Literacy Starts at Home: Supporting Parental Involvement in Multicultural Education

(2003). Multicultural Literacy Starts at Home: Supporting Parental Involvement in Multicultural Education. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 18-24.
Lagrange polynomials, reproducing kernels and cubature in two dimensions

We obtain by elementary methods necessary and sufficient conditions for a k -dimensional cubature formula to hold for all polynomials of degree up to 2 m - 1 when the nodes of the formula have Lagrange polynomials of degree at most m . The main condition is that the Lagrange polynomial at each node is a scalar multiple of the reproducing kernel of degree m - 1 evaluated at the node plus an orthogonal polynomial of degree m . Stronger conditions are given for the case where the cubature formula holds for all polynomials of degree up to 2 m .This result is applied in one dimension to obtain a quadrature formula where the nodes are the roots of a quasi-orthogonal polynomial of order 2. In two dimensions the result is applied to obtain constructive proofs of cubature formulas of degree 2 m - 1 for the Geronimus and the Morrow-Patterson classes of nodes. A cubature formula of degree 2 m is obtained for a subclass of Morrow-Patterson nodes. Our discussion gives new proofs of previous theorems for the Chebyshev points and the Padua points, which are special cases.
Geochemistry of ultramafic inclusions from Salt Lake Crater, Hawaii, and from Southern African kimberlites

Abstract K, Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba were measured in clinopyroxenes separated from seventeen ultramafic inclusions from Salt Lake Crater, Hawaii, and nine from Southern African kimberlites. In lherzolites and olivine eclogites of Salt Lake Crater, trace elements in the clinopyroxenes vary systematically with respect to whole-rock Mg Fe . In lherzolites, K and Rb decrease (K: 69-22 ppm; Rb: 0.234-0.054 ppm) and Sr increases (71–140 ppm) with increasing Mg Fe . Similarly in olivine eclogites, K, Rb and Cs decrease (K: 59-23; Rb: 0.165-0.014; Cs: 2.9-0.4 ppb) and Sr increases (104–118 ppm) with increasing Mg Fe . Olivine-free eclogites (garnet pyroxenites) show only poor systematics and tend to be depleted in these elements relative to lherzolites and olivine eclogites. The trace element variations in lherzolites and olivine eclogites (especially the increase of Sr with increasing Mg Fe ) suggest that lherzolites and olivine eclogites were either residua or cumulates equilibrated with tholeiitic liquid in the presence of plagioclase and later recrystallized as plagioclase-free assemblages. Participation of plagioclase in the primary equilibrium is supported by the estimated P and T of the lherzolites (10–13 kbar, 950–1050°C) assuming that subsequent recrystallization took place during isobaric cooling. Trace elements in the pyroxenes from olivine-free eclogites appear to be explained by clinopyroxene-alkalic basalt equilibrium based on the partition coefficients of these elements between clinopyroxene and liquid at high pressures. The inclusions in kimberlites appear to be classified into two groups (the sheared and discrete nodules for one group and the granular nodules for the other) in terms of trace-element patterns in the clinopyroxenes. The sheared and discrete nodules would represent the solid residua left after fractional melting. The trace element characteristics of the granular nodule pyroxenes suggest that they may have been altered by secondary reaction with a fluid phase or with carbonate-rich kimberlite magma.
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) brucellosis eradication program in the United States.

Efforts to eradicate brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus in the United States began in 1934 as part of an economic recovery program to reduce the cattle population because of the Great Depression and concurrent severe drought conditions. A number of states saw this as an opportunity to reduce the level of brucellosis, which was the most significant livestock disease problem in the US at the time. In 1934 and 1935, the reactor rate in adult cattle tested was 11.5%. In 1954, the magnitude of the brucellosis problem in the United States in terms of economics to the cattle industry and human health prompted Congress to appropriate funds for a comprehensive national effort to eradicate brucellosis. The brucellosis eradication program was designed as a cooperative effort between the federal government, the states, and livestock producers. As the science and technology of brucellosis has developed over the years through research and experience, the eradication program has been modified many times. As of 31 December 2000, there were no affected cattle herds in the United States. This was the first time in the history of the brucellosis program that the United States had no known brucellosis affected herds. However, brucellosis has a variable, sometimes quite lengthy incubation period, so it is expected that additional affected herds will be disclosed. It is likely that additional affected herds will be disclosed before brucellosis is finally eradicated from cattle. Animal health officials remain prepared to aggressively pursue any newly disclosed affected herds to eliminate the disease as quickly as possible. The State-Federal Brucellosis Eradication Program has made tremendous progress since its inception. In an eradication program, it is critically important to recognize that, despite all the tools that are available to eliminate the disease, an effective surveillance system is the critical first step that must be in place in order to be successful. It is imperative, not only to be able to find the disease and eliminate it, but to find it before it spreads to susceptible herds. When brucellosis can be identified, contained, and eliminated before spread occurs, eradication can be achieved.
19F NMR STUDIES WITH 2'-F-2'-DEOXYARABINOFLAVOPROTEINS

Abstract Apoproteins of several flavoproteins were reconstituted with 2′-F-2′-deoxyarabinoflavins and studied by 19F NMR and absorption spectroscopy. Extensive protein-fluorine interactions were observed by large chemical shift changes on binding to the apoprotein of Old Yellow Enzyme (apoOYE) and apoflavodoxin, whereas binding to apoglucose oxidase and apo D-amino acid oxidase (apoDAAO) resulted in minimal interactions. Modification at the flavin 2′-position in OYE resulted in a substantial decrease in the binding affinity of the flavin, possibly from the disruption of two important hydrogen bonds to Pro-35 and Arg-243. 19F NMR studies of complexes of OYE with testosterone, cyclohexenone, and β-estradiol suggest that phenols and α,β-unsaturated ketones orient differently at the active site on binding. The two separate one-electron potentials for the EFlox/EFlsq and EFlsq/EFlred couples were different for the reconstituted OYE. With native enzyme, there is 15-20% thermodynamic stabilization of the anionic flavin semiquinone, while no detectable amount of semiquinone was observed with modified OYE. This change in potential was further substantiated by blue shifts for the maxima of the modified protein-phenol charge transfer complexes. In accordance with the crystal structure of the OYE-p-OH-benzaldehyde complex (Fox, K.M. & Karplus, P.A. (1994) Structure 2, 1089-1105), 19F NMR studies with the modified OYE-2,4-F2-phenol suggest strong interaction between the para-fluorine of the phenol and Tyr-375.
Interferences from hydride-forming elements on selenium in hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry with a heated quartz tube atomizer

Abstract The interference from antimony(III), arsenic(III) and (V), bismuth(III), tin(IV) and tellurium(IV) on the determination of selenium(IV) in hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG—AAS) was investigated systematically. Two commercially available units, a batch and a flow injection system, were compared. A dual system in which the interferent hydride was generated continuously, whereas the selenium hydride was generated intermittently and mixed with the interferent only shortly before the quartz tube atomizer, was used to further elucidate interference mechanisms. In the batch system, radical deficiency was found to be the main reason for the low tolerance of other hydride-forming elements. In the flow injection system, radical deficiency was not a major problem. The prevailing mechanism was an analyte atom decay interference due to surface alteration caused by deposition of the interferent in the quartz tube atomizer. Bismuth caused, in addition, a transport efficiency interference. Analyte decay interferences could be reduced by increasing the carrier gas flow. In the flow injection system, under optimized conditions, tolerance limits were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than in the batch system. In most cases the big differences in the tolerance limits for hydride-forming elements reported in the literature could be interpreted on the basis of the conditions or the instrumentation used by these authors.
Vascular pathologic changes in the flexor tenosynovium (subsynovial connective tissue) in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome

We used the Verhoeff-van Gieson stain method to identify histopathology and to localize elastin in the subsynovial connective tissue of the tendon sheath (SSCT) of the middle finger flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) within the carpal tunnel in 10 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients and 10 control cadaver specimens. Normal SSCT stained for elastin abundantly around blood vessels and within vessel walls. The typical pathologic findings of CTS patients SSCT included vascular proliferation, vascular hypertrophy, and vascular obstruction with wall thickening. There was a decreased amount of elastin in the blood vessel walls and around the vessels in the CTS patients as well. The changes in the carpal tunnel patients were particularly remarkable in that the patients were younger than the controls, yet showed findings more characteristic of chronic degeneration.
A failure to demonstrate behavioral contrast when the S+ and S− components of a discrimination schedule are separated by about 23 hours

In two operant discrimination learning experiments, pigeons’ keypecks were reinforced in the presence of one stimulus (S+) on certain days and nonreinforced in the presence of another stimulus (S−) on other days. In neither experiment did responding in the presence of S+ reach a higher rate than occurred when only S+ was presented. Hence, behavioral contrast was not demonstrated. Thus, when S+ and S− are temporally separated, the conditions required for contrast seem much more restricted in scope than when no interval separates S+ and S−.
Toluenesulfonate-acyl esters of ethylene glycol and other 1,2-diols as industrial antioxidants with cupric ion

Ethylene glycol esters of soybean oil FA increased in viscosity much more slowly than methyl or glycerol esters when oxidized at 105°C in the presence of flowing air and colloidal copper. This increased stability was caused by a minor constituent of the ethylene glycol esters, which was shown by MS to be a mixed ethanediol fatty acylate p-toluenesulfonate (EFAT). The p-toluenesulfonate group came from the catalyst used in the formation of the ethylene glycol esters. EFAT was quantified by UV spectrometry, HPLC, or GC of the acyl group that it contains. EFAT could be synthesized in good yield by reacting ethylene glycol, a FA, and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) in a 1∶1∶1 molar ratio using a benzene azeotrope to remove water of esterification. EFAT increased the time required for the polymerization of soybean oil by about 27 times but required concentrations of 2–5% by weight. EFAT made with a variety of FA were active in delaying viscosity increase. Ethyl and decyl p-toluenesulfonate were inactive. Replacing ethylene glycol by glycerol and 1,2-propylene glycol but not by 1,3-propylene glycol resulted in active EFAT. TSA itself delayed the polymerization of soybean oil, especially in the presence of free ethylene glycol and FA, but this probably was caused by formation of EFAT during the oxidation test. Colloidal copper could be replaced by cupric ion. EFAT-copper appeared to act as an antioxidant by destroying hydroperoxides without initiation of free radical chains.
An economic perspective on the EPA's Clean Power Plan

In June, the Obama Administration unveiled its proposal for a Clean Power Plan, which it estimates would reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from existing U.S. power plants 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 (see the chart). Power plant emissions have declined substantially since 2005, so the plan is seeking reductions of about 18% from current levels. Electricity generation accounts for about 40% of U.S. CO2 emissions.
Some properties of Cu 2 SnSe 3 , Cu 2 GeSe 3 and other A{ 2 / I }B IV C{ 3 / VI } compounds

Attempts were made to synthesize nine A2 IBIVC3 VIcompounds (AI = Cu,Ag; BIV = Ge,Sn,Pb; CVI = Se,Te) by solidification from stoichiometric melts. Ternary phases were obtained for four of the five combinations involving Cu. Ingots of Cu2SnSe3 and Cu2GeSe3 were essentially single-phase, indicating that these compounds are congruently melting. The Cu2GeTe3 ingot contained a small percentage of GeTe, while the ternary phase made up only about half the Cu2SnTe3. No ternary phase was detected for Cu2PbSe3 or for any of the four combinations involving Ag. The electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient have been measured down to 77 K in Cu2SnSe3 and Cu2GeSe3, and the temperature dependence indicates the presence of two band conduction. Both undoped compounds were p-type with room temperature carrier concentrations greater than 1×1018/cm3. Doping Cu2SnSe3 with I, Sb, In or Zn resulted in hole concentrations greater than 1020/cm3. The optical absorption edge occurs at 0.5 eV for Cu2SnSe3 and at 0.85 eV for Cu2GeSe3.
Controlled equilibrium mounts for aircraft engine isolation

Softer than usual engine mounts for aircraft engine isolation can be used by adding control of the equilibrium position of the mount. The control power comes from bypass air from the engine. This isolation concept is called a controlled equilibrium mount or CEM. A model of the CEM has been developed which includes a front and rear mount with proper loading for each. These mounts possess passive stiffness and damping properties, and they can be pressurized or exhausted through control valves. The thermodynamics of the air is also modeled. A control strategy is proposed that keeps the mounts at their equilibrium positions. The simulation results show that the supply pressure and temperature of the bypass air varied with flight conditions. However, the variations are acceptable, and equilibrium can be maintained with acceptable flow rates from the bypass air for most flight conditions.
An economic preventive maintenance scheduling model with truncated gamma function

Abstract This paper presents a generalized model for determining minimum-cost preventive maintenance schedules for a maintained reliability system (MRS) based on an operational life cycle cost function and truncated Gamma failure distribution. The model is motivated by the hypothesis that an optimal maintenance policy should balance the cost of failure of a system during operation against the cost of planned maintenance.
Radiation damage of lithium ceramics by ion bombardment

Abstract Lithium compounds are being considered as fusion reactor breeder blanket ceramics. The present studies will examine the stability of the Li-compounds to radiation damage effects, and to the formation of non-crystalline phases. Ion bombardment studies have been carried out to determine damage cross-sections of the crystal structures of Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 ZrO 3 to 7 MeV Si ions. Monolayers of fine powders, less than 5 μ particle size, are examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy before and after irradiation. The lithium compounds damage readily becoming largely non-crystalline by 4 ions/nm 2 with damage cross-sections of 0.8 ± 0.1 nm 2 for Li 2 SiO 3 and 0.66 + 0.05 nm 2 for Li 2 ZrO 3 . By contrast, Li 2 O has a fluorite structure and is expected to remain crystalline.
Lung Cancer with Gastrointestinal Metastasis - Review of Theories of Metastasis with Three Rare Case Descriptions

Approximately 1 in 14 men and women during their lifetime will be diagnosed with lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. As of January 1, 2008, there were about 373,500 men and women living with lung cancer in the United States. Fewer than 60,000 of these are estimated to be alive by January 2013, reflecting a poor overall 5-year relative survival rate of under 16 %. With metastatic cancer, the overall 5-year survival is meager 4 %. On the other hand, the overall five-year survival is over 50 % when the cancer is still in the localized stage. However, unfortunately, more than half of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage Howlader et al. (2010). Cancer metastasis, the single most critical prognostic factor, is still poorly understood and a highly complex phenomenon. The most common sites of lung cancer metastasis are the lymph nodes, liver, adrenals, brain and bones. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an exceptionally rare site of metastasis; with only a handful of cases reported in the literature Centeno et al. (Lung Cancer, 18: 101–105, 1997); Hirasaki et al. (World J Gastroenterol, 14: 5481–5483, 2008); Carr and Boulos (Br J Surg, 83: 647, 1996); Otera et al. (Eur Respir Rev, 19: 248–252, 2010); Antler et al. (Cancer, 49: 170–172, 1982); Fujiwara et al. (Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 59: 748–752, 2011); Stinchcombe et al. (J Clin Oncol, 24: 4939–4940, 2006); John et al. (J Postgrad Med, 48: 199–200, 2002); Carroll and Rajesh (Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 19: 719–720, 2001); Brown et al. (Dis Colon Rectum, 23: 343–345, 1980). We report three cases of non-small cell (squamous cell) lung cancer with GI tract metastasis—two in the colon and one in the jejunum. Then we present a review of literature exploring various theories of metastasis, as an attempt to understand the reason of preferential tumor metastasis.
Two-photon excitation of the C̃1B2 state of sulfur dioxide

Abstract The two-photon excitation (TPE) spectrum of sulfur dioxide is reported in the region of the C 1 B 2 ← X 1 A 1 [2b 1 (π ∗ ) ← 1a 2 (π)] transition. The spectrum shows considerable rovibronic structure; the band contours are identified as arising from ΔK−1 = ± 1 transitions and rotational features are assigned by comparison with synthetic spectra generated from known rotational constants. The vibronic structure observed in TPE is quite similar to that observed in the one-photon spectrum: no zero-rank tensor transitions to levels with odd v3 are identified, though they are allowed in the presence of vibronic coupling. The vibronic intensity distribution in the TPE spectrum below the dissociation limit is similar to that in one-photon absorption. However, near the dissociation threshold (5.63–5.67 eV), marked intensity redistribution occurs, from which it is concluded that the lowest energy photo-dissociation process proceeds through asymmetric stretching of the SO bonds.
Personality patterns of white, black, and Mexican-American patrolmen as measured by the sixteen personality factor questionnaire.

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 461 Los Angeles patrolmen to abtain a normative police profile. Multivariate analysis revealed that the average patrolman appeared brighter, more reserved, dominant, and tough-minded (p less than .001) than the average male. Comparisons were made for 29 black, 33 Mexican-American, and 399 white officers. Mexican-American officers emerged as more conservative and relaxed than whites, while black officers appeared more experimental, analytical, and group-oriented. A comparison with an idependent police sample revealed common traits of self-assurance and conservatism. Results were compared with a social workers' profile and discussed in relation to police officers' actual job activities and community needs.
Tonsillar biopsy test for chronic wasting disease: Two sampling approaches in mule deer and white-tailed deer.

Preclinical antemortem testing of deer (Odocoileus spp.) for chronic wasting disease (CWD) can be important for determining prevalence rates and removing infected individuals from wild populations. Because samples with high numbers of tonsillar follicles are likely to provide earlier detection of CWD than samples with fewer follicles, the method of obtaining follicular samples may be critical when investigating disease prevalence. Between January 2003 and January 2005, white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) in southeast and southwest Minnesota and white-tailed and mule deer (O. hemionus) in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, were sampled using dorso-lateral and ventral-medial approaches for collecting tonsillar follicles. We obtained significantly more follicles using a dorso-lateral (median number of follicles=19) rather than a ventral-medial (median number of follicles=5.5) approach. No differences were observed in collection of tonsillar follicles that were related to sex, age class, or species of deer...
Response to Butos & Koppl: Expectations, exogeneity, and evolution

(2001). Response to Butos & Koppl: Expectations, exogeneity, and evolution. Review of Political Economy: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 87-90.
A quantitative electron microscope autoradiographic study on [3H]prostaglandin E1 and F2α internalization in bovine luteal slices

Abstract Very few silver grains were seen on the luteal cell surface and none intracellularly after incubation for 2 h at 4°C with 10 nM [ 3 H]prostaglandin (PG) E 1 or [ 3 H]PGF 2α . However, incubation at 22°C or 38°C for 2 h resulted in association of numerous grains on the luteal cell surface as well as in several intracellular organelles. Qualitatively, the grain distribution was similar at 22°C and 38 °C, but quantitatively there were fewer grains at 22°C than at 38 °C. In addition to luteal cells, the grains were also found on erythrocytes, platelets, fibroblasts and capillary endothelial cells in luteal tissue incubated with [ 3 H]PGE 1 . Grain association with non-luteal cells was never seen with [ 3 H]PGF 2α . Coincubation of [ 3 H]PGE 1 or [ 3 H]PGF 2α with only corresponding excess unlabeled PGs resulted in complete disappearance of silver grains from all the subcellular organelles. In autoradiographs, grains were seen on plasma membranes, nuclei, lysosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Three-step mask analysis, which effectively corrects for radiation spread, revealed that the grains found on mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the case of [ 3 H]PGE 1 , and those found on mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in the case of [ 3 H]PGF 2α , were due to the radiation spread. For both [ 3 H]PGE 1 and [ 3 H]PGF 2α the plasma membrane associated grains progressively decreased, while the intracellular organelle associated grains increased with time at 38 °C. There were no grains in nuclei at 5 min but they appeared at 10 min and increased until 60 or 120 min. The optimized source density following 2 h of incubation at 38 °C with [ 3 H ] PGE 1 was Golgi > plasma membranes > lysosomes = nuclei , and for [ 3 H]PGF 2α , lysosomes > plasma membranes > nuclei. In summary, the present studies demonstrate for the first time that exogenously added [3H]PGE 1 and [ 3 H]PGF 2α internalize in bovine luteal cells in a ligand-specific, time- and temperature-dependent manner. The observations that the internalized [ 3 H]PGE 1 does not associate with rough endoplasmic reticulum and that [ 3 H]PGF 2α does not associate with rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, even though they contain the binding sites, suggest the presence of mechanism(s) to direct the internalized [ 3 H]PGs to only certain intracellular organelles of luteal cells.
Stationary and quasistationary solutions of a guiding-center plasma

A guiding-center plasma has stationary solutions in cartesian and cylindrical geometries. Most of them are unstable and evolve in such a way that most energy concentrates at low wave numbers. This is a consequence of conservation of energy and the square of the vorticity. Explicit solutions of the truncated model are given. Manley-Rowe relations are derived and related to the constraints of the system.
F-box proteins in Arabidopsis

We thank Dietz Bauer and David Somers for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the MLS, OARDC and PMBB at The Ohio State University to J-C.J. Salaries and research support provided by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. Manuscript number HCS00-11.
Streets tree networks and urban growth: Optimal geometry for quickest access between a finite-size volume and one point

Abstract The geometric form of the tree network is deduced from a single mechanism. The discovery that the shape of a heat-generating volume can be optimized to minimize the thermal resistance between the volume and a point heat sink, is used to solve the kinematics problem of minimizing the time of travel between a volume (or area) and one point. The optimal path is constructed by covering the volume with a sequence of volume sizes (building blocks), which starts with the smallest size and continues with stepwise larger sizes (assemblies). Optimized in each building block is the overall shape and the angle between constituents. The speed of travel may vary from one assembly size to the next, however, the lowest speed is used to reach the infinity of points located in the smallest volume elements. The volume-to-point path that results is a tree network. A single design principle – the geometric optimization of volume-to-point access – determines all the features of the tree network.
A study on the effects of machining-induced residual stress on rolling contact fatigue

This study investigates the effects of machining-induced residual stress on rolling contact fatigue of hard machined components. The rolling contact fatigue life predictions demonstrate that the fatigue life is influenced by residual stresses significantly and that tool nose radius can contribute to the optimization of machining parameters to enhance the fatigue performance of hard machined components. The rolling contact fatigue test results show that the prediction accuracy of the fatigue life model can be enhanced significantly by incorporating residual stresses. It is further noted that residual stresses influence the rolling contact fatigue life by more than 40%. The results demonstrate that the rolling contact fatigue performance of hard machined components can be enhanced significantly by optimizing the residual stress distribution below the machined surface.
An overview of the physiology, physics and modeling of the sound source for vowels

The vibration of the vocal folds produces the primary sound source for vowels. This paper first reviews vocal fold anatomy and the kinematics associated with typical vibratory motion. A brief historical background is then presented on the basic physics of vocal fold vibration and various efforts directed at mathematical modeling of the vocal folds. Finally, a low-dimensional model is used to simulate the vocal fold vibration under various conditions of vocal tract loading. In particular, a “no-tract” case is compared to two cases in which the voice source is coupled to vocal tract area functions representing the vowels /i/ and /a/, respectively.
Efficient data race detection for distributed memory parallel programs

In this paper we present a precise data race detection technique for distributed memory parallel programs. Our technique, which we call Active Testing, builds on our previous work on race detection for shared memory Java and C programs and it handles programs written using shared memory approaches as well as bulk communication. Active testing works in two phases: in the first phase, it performs an imprecise dynamic analysis of an execution of the program and finds potential data races that could happen if the program is executed with a different thread schedule. In the second phase, active testing re-executes the program by actively controlling the thread schedule so that the data races reported in the first phase can be confirmed. A key highlight of our technique is that it can scalably handle distributed programs with bulk communication and single- and split-phase barriers. Another key feature of our technique is that it is precise — a data race confirmed by active testing is an actual data race present in the program; however, being a testing approach, our technique can miss actual data races. We implement the framework for the UPC programming language and demonstrate scalability up to a thousand cores for programs with both fine-grained and bulk (MPI style) communication. The tool confirms previously known bugs and uncovers several unknown ones. Our extensions capture constructs proposed in several modern programming languages for High Performance Computing, most notably non-blocking barriers and collectives.
Harnessing innovative technologies to advance children's mental health: Behavioral parent training as an example

Disruptive behaviors of childhood are among the most common reasons for referral of children to mental health professionals. Behavioral parent training (BPT) is the most efficacious intervention for these problem behaviors, yet BPT is substantially underutilized beyond university research and clinic settings. With the aim of addressing this research-to-practice gap, this article highlights the considerable, but largely unrealized, potential for technology to overcome the two most pressing challenges hindering the diffusion of BPT: (1). The dearth of BPT training and supervision opportunities for therapists who work with families of children with disruptive behaviors; and (2). The failure to engage and retain families in BPT services when services are available. To this end, this review presents a theoretical framework to guide technological innovations in BPT and highlights examples of how technology is currently being harnessed to overcome these challenges. This review also discusses recommendations for using technology as a delivery vehicle to further advance the field of BPT and the potential implications of technological innovations in BPT for other areas of children's mental health are discussed.
The Mechanism of Martensite-Austenite Microconstituents Formation During Thermomechanical Controlling Processing in Low Carbon Bainitic Steel

Bainite or the mixture of bainite and martensite is required to reach high strength levels in low carbon high strength steel. However, the bainite reaction rarely goes to completion, resulting in mixed structures of predominately bainitic ferrite and minor amounts of retained austenite, cementite or martensite mainly located at the ferrite grain boundaries. The exact nature of this minor transformation product depends on several factors including bulk composition, segregation and cooling rate. When the minor phase is largely martensite, the non-bainitic microstructure is called martensite-austenite microconstituent or MA. Interestingly, MA is believed to be one of the main factors causing the deterioration of toughness of steels. MA is also often associated with hydrogen-related cracking. In this current study, the formation of martensite-austenite constituents was studied experimentally and the results analyzed theoretically.
Salem numbers and L-functions

Abstract Every Salem number is the exponential of a rational multiple of the derivative at s = 0 of an Artin L -function.
The physical properties and catalytic activity of AlHY zeolites

A series of AlHY zeolites has been prepared in which the original sodium ion was replaced by aluminum and hydrogen ions in varying concentrations. These zeolites show greater initial activity for the disproportionation of toluene than an acidic zeolite prepared from NH4Y zeolite; however, the activity decreases to the level of NH4Y upon the addition of more toluene. It is possible to introduce up to 16 exchangeable aluminum ions per unit cell, which is more than the number found in an ultrastable zeolite. In contrast to the ultrastable zeolite no aluminum is removed from the lattice during the formation of the AlHY zeolites. The AlHY zeolites are unstable to hydrothermal treatment. Infrared studies show that the number of hydroxyl groups with stretching frequencies at 3640 and 3540 cm−1 decreased as the aluminum exchange increased. No band at 3600 cm−1 was observed. The presence of exposed aluminum ions was confirmed by the EPR spectrum of adsorbed NO and O2−.
A stage-structured, Aedes albopictus population model

Aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive animal species in the world from the mid-1980s until the mid-2000s. In areas it infests, it disrupts native mosquito ecology and can potentially vector up to 21 viruses. To better understand the population dynamics of this species, we created a temperature dependent population model. A stage-structured model was chosen to allow each life-stage to have different temperature dependent mortality and development rates, and each stage was modeled with an ordinary differential equation. Model parameters and distributions were based upon literature values. Initially, a basic model was constructed. This model then had parameters that were forced based upon daily average temperatures. Several criteria were used to evaluate the model, including a comparison to field data from Lubbock, TX. In a stochastic version of the model, a 95% confidence limit contained 70.7% of the field data points. Based upon these results, we feel reasonably confident that we have captured the role of temperature in driving the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus.
Cascade of circulations in fluid turbulence

Kelvin's theorem on conservation of circulations is an essential ingredient of Taylor's theory of turbulent energy dissipation by the process of vortex-line stretching. In previous work, we have proposed a nonlinear mechanism for the breakdown of Kelvin's theorem in ideal turbulence at infinite Reynolds number. We develop here a detailed physical theory of this cascade of circulations. Our analysis is based upon an effective equation for large-scale coarse-grained velocity, which contains a turbulent-induced vortex force that can violate Kelvin's theorem. We show that singularities of sufficient strength, which are observed to exist in turbulent flow, can lead to nonvanishing dissipation of circulation for an arbitrarily small coarse-graining length in the effective equations. This result is an analog for circulation of Onsager's theorem on energy dissipation for singular Euler solutions. The physical mechanism of the breakdown of Kelvin's theorem is diffusion of lines of large-scale vorticity out of the advected loop. This phenomenon can be viewed as a classical analog of the Josephson-Anderson phase-slip phenomenon in superfluids due to quantized vortex lines. We show that the circulation cascade is local in scale and use this locality to develop concrete expressions for the turbulent vortex force by a multiscale gradient expansion. We discuss implications for Taylor's theory of turbulent dissipation and we point out some related cascade phenomena, in particular for magnetic flux in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.
Effective Use of Analytical Laboratories for the Diagnosis of Toxicologie Problems in Small Animal Practice

Many veterinary analytical toxicology laboratories have the capability to detect a large number of potentially toxic chemicals in a variety of specimens. However, effective use of this capability relies to a large extent on the submission of appropriate samples for analysis. This article provides a brief overview of the wide range of analyses offered by many toxicology laboratories and information regarding the most effective way for the small animal clinician to use these laboratory services for toxicologic diagnoses.
Development of a microplate ELISA for circulating E‐selectin: assay characterization, comparison with a commercial kit, wand establishment of normal reference values

E-selectin, an adhesion molecule, is detectable in the blood. Serum levels of E-selectin can be a prognostic indicator for various malignancies. We developed a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of circulating E-selectin by coating the microwell with monoclonal anti-E-selectin. We incubated the specimen and the biotinylated detecting antibody simultaneously, and used HPR-conjugated streptavidin to generate a signal for quantification. The assay has a sensitivity of 3.8 ng/mL, and the coefficients of variation (CVs) for both within-day and day-to-day precision were all <10%. Our in-house-made kit also compared well with a commercial kit from RD however, age appeared to have an impact on the normal E-selectin value. We found that normal individuals over 60 years old had higher levels of circulating E-selectin (65.8±19.5 ng/mL, N=111) compared to those under 60 years old (59.5±18.1 ng/mL; P=0.002). Our kit appears to have sufficient sensitivity for detecting elevated circulating E-selectin in various carcinomas. We believe that with the established normal reference value, our in-house-developed ELISA kit is well suited for routine clinical laboratory use. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:97–101, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two armed bandits with change point in one arm

Abstract The problem of allocating N Bernoulli trials to two alternative experiments (arms) is considered. The success probability on Arm1 is fixed at a known value λ. The success probability on Arm2 is θ before a change point and φ after the change, θ
Development of a scale for the comparison of metals in enzyme action

Formation constants (log K1) for 26 ligands with 16 metals of biochemical interest were compared to formation constants for EDTA. A correlation was found for each ligand suggesting a possible means for comparing metals. Experimental and calculated formation constants for phosphate, acetate, and ammonia were used to develop a set of constants to characterize the interaction of metals with these ligands. The constants were designated metal complex (MC) constants. Zn was selected as the reference metal and its value was set to 1.00. Values of the MC constants were in the order: K < Na < Li < Ba < Sr < Mg < Ca < Mn < Fe < Co < Zn < Al < Cd ≤ Ni < Cu < Fe(III), similar to the Irving-Williams series. The MC constants were found to statistically fit formation constants for the other ligands and other properties of metals and metal-ligand complexes. Correlation coefficients were no worse than 0.82 with no p values greater than 0.004. Examples of chemical and enzymatic reactions catalyzed by metals were found to be correlated by the MC scale, particularly well for transition metals. The use of these constants in comparing the activation of enzymes is discussed.
The role of end-effects on measurements of extensional viscosity in filament stretching rheometers

Abstract The transient extensional viscosity function of two semi-dilute polyisobutylene polymer solutions is investigated in a filament stretching rheometer of the type developed by Tirtaatmadja and Sridhar (J. Rheol., 37 (1993) 1081). A velocity compensation algorithm which yields a constant deformation rate at a single point in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid samples is detailed. Good experimental reproducibility is obtained in the device and measurements with a viscous Newtonian oil yield steady-state Trouton ratios of η μ = 3 ± 0.5 . Both viscoelastic fluids show the onset of significant strain-hardening for Hencky strains greater than two, and transient extensional viscosities that increase by three orders of magnitude. Good agreement between the results for the two different fluids is obtained when tests are performed at identical values of the Deborah number. The maximum Hencky strain achievable in the device is ϵ = 5 and steady-state values of the extensional viscosity are never achieved over the range of strain rates attainable. Measurements show that the evolution of the tensile force exerted by the deforming filament is a strong function of the initial aspect ratio of the cylindrical test sample. A lubrication analysis for small sample aspect ratios demonstrates that this variation results from large radial pressure gradients arising from the non-homogeneous shear flow near the rigid disks. This simplified analysis provides a good description of the experimental observations, and tests conducted with the Newtonian oil suggest that only at Hencky strains ϵ > 2 does the extensional deformation of the filament dominate the shearing flow. In the case of viscoelastic fluid filaments, the initial shearing motion near the fixed endplates significantly affects the measured tensile stress in the filament at all later times in the extension. Careful attention is focused on the non-homogeneous deformation induced at the endplates that constrain the fluid sample at each end of the test apparatus. Measurements of the filament profile and surface curvature with a video-imaging system show distinct differences in the evolution of Newtonian and non-Newtonian samples. In both cases, different strain histories are experienced by fluid elements at different axial positions in the filament, and a spatially homogenous deformation is not achieved in the viscoelastic filaments until Hencky strains ϵ > 4 are attained. Observations at larger strains and high Deborah numbers, De > 3, indicate the onset of an elastic instability near the stationary endplate which results in the deforming fluid column partially decohering from the endplate.
A Bayesian Quantitative Precipitation Nowcast Scheme

Abstract Very short-period quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) or nowcast schemes provide deterministic output that fails to convey explicit measures of the uncertainty in the forecast. Presented here is a forecast methodology based upon a Bayesian hierarchical model that produces a QPF product for a 1-h period along with an associated estimated forecast error field. The precipitation forecast quality is comparable to other nowcast schemes and the uncertainty measures increase the utility of the methodology by allowing forecasters to judge the trustworthiness of the products.
Ti n O2n?1 Magnéli phase formation in SrTiO3 dielectrics

Electron diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal that TinO2n−1 Magneli phases, Ti4O7, Ti5O9 and others, exist at the multiple grain junctions in strontium titanate dielectrics. A new type of ledge structure detected at coherent grain boundaries in the Ti4O7 phase is characterized in detail. The SrTiO3 grain and the second phase maintains a particular orientation relationship. Epitaxial growth of Ti4O7 from the silica-rich liquid phase occurs during cooling; the crystal growth geometry of Ti4O7 is related to the directly observed atomically rough interface and atomically smooth interface.
Effect of short- and long-term diabetes on carnitine and myo-inositol in rats

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of short- (2 wk) and long-term (20 wk) streptozotocin diabetes was studied on urine, blood, liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscle, pancreas and kidney concentrations of acid-soluble carnitine and free myo-inositol. 2. 2. Short-term diabetic rats excreted significantly higher concentrations of carnitine as well as myo-inositol than normal rats. Blood carnitine and myo-inositol were not different between normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes caused a decrease in liver, brain and pancreatic carnitine, but not in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney. Myo-inositol concentration was decreased in liver, heart and kidney but not in brain, pancreas and skeletal muscle. 3. 3. Long-term diabetic rats had higher urinary excretions of both carnitine and myo-inositol. Blood carnitine did not change; however, myo-inositol was higher in diabetic than in normal rats. Diabetes caused a significant increase in liver and a decrease in heart, brain, skeletal muscle and pancreatic content of carnitine; no difference in kidney carnitine was noted. Myo-inositol content was elevated only in liver of diabetic rats. 4. 4. We suggest that carnitine and myo-inositol concentrations are influenced both by short- and long-term diabetes through changes in tissue metabolism.
Clinical results with acridine orange using a novel confocal laparoscope

We previously reported on the development of a multi-spectral confocal laparoscope for clinical imaging. In this paper we present current results using the system to image ovaries with a new laparoscope design using the contrast agent acridine orange. This new laparoscope integrates computer controlled systems for focus, depth scans, and localized contrast agent delivery. Precise axial position control is accomplished with tiny stepper motors integrated inside the laparoscope handle. Ergonomic handle controls allow for data acquisition, deliver of contrast agents, and adjustment of imaging depth during procedures by the surgeon. We have approval to use acridine orange in our clinical trials to image ovaries in vivo during oophorectomies. We present in vivo results using both acridine orange and fluorescein as the topically administered contrast agent.