cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the synchronization point on boundary layer stabilization using porous coating

The role of the synchronization point on stabilization of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer using a porous coating is investigated in current paper by a combination of theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The study is motivated by Fedorov et al.’s experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of an ultrasonically absorptive coating on hypersonic boundary-layer stability [1] and our previous numerical simulations on hypersonic boundary-layer receptivity [2] . The steady base flow is firstly simulated by solving compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a combination of a fifth-order shock-fitting method and a second-order total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. The stability characteristics of the hypersonic boundary layer is analyzed by linear stability theory (LST). In receptivity simulations, periodic wall blowing-suction disturbance is introduced near the leading edge to excite boundary-layer waves. Then porous coating is used near the synchronization point to stabilize boundary-layer waves. The numerical results show that at the frequency of 100 kHz, porous coating destabilizes boundary-layer waves when it is located upstream of the synchronization point and stabilizes boundary-layer waves when it is located downstream of the synchronization point. These results indicate that the synchronization point plays an important role on the stabilization of the hypersonic boundary layer using porous coating. The most efficient way to stabilize boundary layer is to put porous coating downstream of the synchronization point. At the frequency of 150 kHz, the behavior of pressure perturbation is hard to interpret. The complex behavior of pressure perturbation may be caused by the coexistence of mode S, mode F, and continuous modes in the boundary layer, because the synchronization point is quite near to the blowing-suction actuator.
Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) infrared observations of atmospheric dust and water ice cloud optical depth

[1] The Mars Odyssey spacecraft entered into Martian orbit in October 2001 and after successful aerobraking, began mapping in February 2002. Thermal infrared images taken by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on board the Odyssey spacecraft allow for the quantitative retrieval of atmospheric dust and water ice aerosol optical depth. Data collected so far cover late northern winter, spring, and summer (Ls = 330°–160°). During this period, THEMIS observed the decay of a regional dust storm, a number of local dust storms along the edge of the retreating north polar cap, and the growth of the low-latitude aphelion water ice cloud belt. Data from THEMIS complements the concurrent Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data by sampling a later local time (∼1400 LT for TES versus ∼1600–1730 LT for THEMIS) and by observing at much higher spatial resolution. Comparison of water ice optical depth in the aphelion cloud belt from THEMIS and TES shows a significantly higher optical depth in the late afternoon (THEMIS) than in the early afternoon (TES).
Packetized voice transmission using RT-MAC, a wireless real-time medium access control protocol

RT-MAC is a simple, elegant, and robust medium access control (MAC) protocol for use in transmitting real-time data in point-to-point ad hoc wireless local area networks (WLANs). Our enhancement of IEEE 802.11, real-time MAC (RT-MAC), dramatically reduces missed deadlines and packet collisions while increasing throughput by selectively discarding packets and sharing station state information. For example, RT-MAC is able to successfully transmit 40 2-way voice conversations in addition to a normalized offered load of 80%. IEEE 802.11 is only able to transmit 10 2-way conversations under the same conditions. In another instance, RT-MAC reduced packet collisions from 50% to less than 15% while increasing throughput by more than 50%. Herein we extend our previous performance analysis of RT-MAC to include integrated voice-data transmission. Stations using RT-MAC are interoperable with stations using IEEE 802.11 and show a significant performance improvement even when a minority of stations in the network employ RT-MAC.
Radiative angular distributions from cc-bar states directly produced by pp-bar annihilation

We present formulas, based on the helicity formalism, for the angular distributions of the radiative decay products involving eta/sub c//sup '/, psi, chi/sub J/, and /sup 1/P/sub 1/ cc-bar states formed in pp-bar collisions. Normalized joint angular observables are expressed in terms of allowed multipole transitions and the ratio of pp-bar production helicity amplitudes.
Monte-Carlo simulation of submicrometer Si n-MOSFETs at 77 and 300 K

Monte Carlo simulation results for small silicon n-MOSFETs at 77 and 300 K are presented. A complete description of the silicon band structure including consistent scattering rates, electron-electron scattering, and plasma effects is included in the calculation for the first time. The dependence of transconductance on channel length is in excellent agreement with the experiments of G.A. Sai-Halasz et al. (see ibid., vol.EDL-8, p.463-6, Oct. 1987 and ibid., vol.EDL-9, p.464-6, Sep. 1988) and serves to support the expectation of significant velocity overshoot in these devices. For extremely short channels ( >
CI Potentials for the X 2Σ and a 2Π states of Ar+ + He

Configuration interaction (CI) potentials have been calculated for the ground X 2Σ and A 2Π molecular states of Ar+ + He. Both potentials are found to be weakly bound with the potential well characteristics for the X 2Σ state, Re = 4.71 a0 and De = 55.0 meV, and for the A 2Π state, Re = 5.65 a0 and De = 26.2 meV.
A survey on visual adult image recognition

We provide an overview of state-of-the-art approaches to visual adult image recognition which is a special case of one-class image classification. We present a representative selection of methods which we coarsely divide into three main groups. First we discuss color-based approaches which rely on the intuitive assumption that adult images usually feature skin-colored regions. Different ways of defining skin colors are described and example classification frameworks built on skin color models are presented. Another main group of approaches to adult image recognition is based on shape information which usually also exploit color information to find skin-colored regions of interest. Color and texture features are often used to augment such shape features. Finally we introduce approaches based on local feature descriptors.
Metamorphic CO2 degassing from orogenic belts

Abstract Kerrick and Caldeira (1993, 1994a) concluded that metamorphic CO 2 degassing in collisional orogens, and especially the Himalayan orogenic belt, could have been an important factor in enhancing paleoatmospheric CO 2 levels and contributing to early Cenozoic global greenhouse warming [Kerrick, D.M., Caldeira, K., 1993. Paleoatmospheric consequences of CO 2 released during early Cenozoic regional metamorphism in the Tethyan orogen. In: Touret, J.L.R., Thompson, A.B. (Guest-Eds.), Fluid–Rock Interaction in the Deeper Continental Lithosphere. Chem. Geol. 108, 201–230.] [Kerrick, D.M., Caldeira, K., 1994a. Metamorphic CO 2 degassing and early Cenozoic paleoclimate. GSA (Geol. Soc. Am.) Today 4, 57–65.]. However, our revised CO 2 mass loss computations for regional metamorphism in the Himalaya–Karakoram belt incorporating recent geochronologic data and revised estimates of the proportion of carbonate source rocks indicate that metamorphic CO 2 degassing from this orogen cannot explain Early Eocene warmth. Widespread pluton-induced hydrothermal flow occurred during the Eocene in the Cordilleran belt of western North America. Synmetamorphic intrusions, which are common in metamorphic belts, may cause significant regional fluid flow. To obtain a representative CO 2 flux from such environments, we computed a CO 2 flux of 1.5×10 12 mol km −2 Ma −1 from petrologic and geochemical studies of the Paleozoic plutonic–metamorphic belt in New England (northeastern United States). For the 2×10 6 km 2 area of Eocene metamorphism in the North American Cordillera, the CO 2 fluxes derived from the New England metamorphic belt yield an area-integrated flux of ∼3×10 18 mol Ma −1 . If a significant fraction of this CO 2 entered the atmosphere, this degassing flux would alone account for Eocene greenhouse global warming. For the Ominica belt within the Cordilleran orogen, a volumetric estimate of the mass of carbonate veins indicates that the consumption of CO 2 by precipitation of carbonate veins may not significantly decrease the amount of CO 2 in fluids that convect to near-surface crustal levels. Compared to other Eocene metamorphic belts, the widespread hydrothermal activity in the North American Cordillera may have been the largest, and most climatically significant, source of metamorphic CO 2 to the Eocene atmosphere. CO 2 degassing by active metamorphism is most significant in extensional regimes of high heat flow. Extensional tectonism and hydrothermal activity in metamorphic belts may have substantially contributed to atmospheric CO 2 content throughout the Phanerozoic. Examples include the Mesozoic circum-Pacific metamorphic belt, and Oligocene–Miocene regional metamorphism in the Himalayan orogen.
Collisional behavior of HgX (B 2Σ—X 2Σ) formation involving CO+ and CO+2 ions and HgX2 (X = Cl, Br) molecules

Abstract Collisional behavior of HgX (B state) (X = Cl, Br) has been studied during collisions of CO + and CO + 2 ions with HgX 2 (X = Cl,Br) molecules in the kinetic energy range of 100–1000 eV (laboratory frame). By using the integrated intensity of the most intense band of the (B 2 Σ, v ′ = 0−X 2 Σ, v ″ = 22) transitions in HgCl and HgBr at 558 and 502 nm, respectively, emission cross sections were measured at various kinetic energies of the projectile ions.
Total thyroidectomy versus lobectomy as initial operation for small unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Consensus guidelines have recommended total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) > 1 cm. However, the optimal surgical approach for small and unilateral (≤1 cm) PTC remains controversial. Methods A meta-analysis was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify all studies investigating at thyroid surgery options, total thyroidectomy (TT) versus thyroid lobectomy (TL), for PTC ≤ 1 cm. The primary endpoints were locoregional recurrence and mortality rates. Results The initial literature search identified 305 publications (1980–2014). Six studies met the inclusion criteria comprising 2939 patients (2002–2013). Among these patients, 2134 (72.6%) underwent TT and 805 (27.4%) underwent TL. Mean follow-up was 10.9 ± 3.4 years (range, 1 month to 54 years). Overall, the recurrence rate was 5.4%: 4.4% in the TT group and 8.3% in the TL group (p Conclusion TT was associated with lower recurrence rates, possibly due to a more complete nodal dissection of the central neck compartment at the time of initial surgery. Based on these data, it is unclear to establish a definitive correlation between the extent of thyroid resection and long-term survival rates due to the small number of mortality events. However, there is a trend toward lower mortality rates in the TT group. Other factors need to be taken into consideration while planning thyr oid resection for small PTC, such as multifocality, locoregional involvement, mode of presentation and age at diagnosis. Refinement of current guidelines for the optimal surgical management of PTC
Unisexual versus bisexual mating in Cryptococcus neoformans: Consequences and biological impacts.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and can undergo both bisexual and unisexual mating. Despite the fact that one mating type is dispensable for unisexual mating, the two sexual cycles share surprisingly similar features. Both mating cycles are affected by similar environmental factors and regulated by the same pheromone response pathway. Recombination takes place during unisexual reproduction in a fashion similar to bisexual reproduction and can both admix pre-existing genetic diversity and also generate diversity de novo just like bisexual reproduction. These common features may allow the unisexual life cycle to provide phenotypic and genotypic plasticity for the natural Cryptococcus population, which is predominantly α mating type, and to avoid Muller’s ratchet. The morphological transition from yeast to hyphal growth during both bisexual and unisexual mating may provide increased opportunities for outcrossing and the ability to forage for nutrients at a distance. The unisexual life cycle is a key evolutionary factor for Cryptococcus as a highly successful global fungal pathogen.
Slow muscle myoblasts differentiating in vitro synthesize both slow and fast myosin light chains.

Abstract Whether fast and slow skeletal muscles of the embryo develop from cells of a common origin or from two separate cellular origins is not known. Recent evidence suggests that prior to innervation all muscles of the embryo are of one type, the fast type, i.e., all synthesize fast but not slow myosin light chains. Innervation has been thought to play the central role in the shift of a fast to a slow muscle. Experiments reported here demonstrate that myoblasts from slow muscle regions of the embryo when isolated in tissue culture differentiate into myotubes which synthesize both fast and slow myosin light chains, and that innervation is not required to initiate slow myosin light-chain synthesis.
Estimated effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of federally funded prevention efforts on gonorrhea rates in the United States, 1971-2003, under various assumptions about the impact of prevention funding.

Background: Reported gonorrhea incidence rates in the United States declined by 75% from 1975 to 2003 after implementation of a federally funded gonorrhea control program in the mid-1970s. The purpose of this study was to (1) estimate national gonorrhea rates that might have occurred from 1971 to 2003 had there been no federally funded sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention activities and (2) calculate crude estimates of the cost-effectiveness of these prevention activities. Methods: Hypothetical gonorrhea rates had there been no federally funded prevention efforts from 1971 to 2003 were estimated based on (1) the amount of federal funding allocated to state and local health departments for STD prevention and (2) a published estimate of the impact of funding on STD rates in the United States. Standard methods of cost-effectiveness analysis were used to calculate the cost per case of gonorrhea prevented. Results: Under base case assumptions about the impact of prevention funding on gonorrhea rates drawn from a published study, prevention efforts were cost saving, meaning that the program costs were less than the averted costs of treating gonorrhea and its associated sequelae. Over the 33-year period, an estimated 32 million cases of gonorrhea were averted by prevention efforts. Conclusion: STD prevention efforts appeared to be cost saving when considering only the benefits of gonorrhea prevention. If other benefits were considered (such as the prevention of other STDs), the estimated effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STD prevention in the United States would be even greater.
Rules of Procedure as a Cause of Legislative Paralysis: The Case of Costa Rica, 2002–2012

Research on executive-legislative relations in Latin America has focused on the impact of minority presidents and multiparty legislatures on legislative productivity. But an additional deadlock scenario, the blocking of a majority president by a minority through filibustering, has been understudied. This article analyzes filibustering in Costa Rica and explains the legislative paralysis in the wake of the nation's transition to a multiparty system in 2002. Legislative paralysis is seen as a product of the interaction between increased legislative fragmentation and polarization and the legislature's preexisting rules of procedure, which enable legislators easily to block bills they oppose, even when those bills are supported by supermajorities. This argument is tested through a comparison of major economic reforms in the 2000s to the reforms tackled in the 1990s. The role of filibustering, well acknowledged in U.S. politics, should also be studied in comparative politics.
Effects of deep impurities on n + p junction reverse-biased small-signal capacitance

Abstract The a.c. small signal capacitance of a reverse-biased n+p junction containing deep impurities is analyzed. Expressions are obtained that govern the frequency and temperature dependence of the capacitance. The capacitance decreases considerably above a certain frequency if the deep level in the lightly doped side is incompletely compensated, but the frequency dependence is relatively small when the shallow level density exceeds the deep level density. The break point on a log C vs. log frequency plot depends strongly on trap depth, trap density, temperature, majority carrier lifetime, and reverse bias. Measurements on indium-doped silicon n+π-junctions near 77°K agree satisfactorily with theory.
Boycott Basics: Moral Guidelines for Corporate Decision Making

When one addresses boycotts, the efforts of the Montgomery bus boycotts to end segregation likely come to mind. However, the moral merits of a boycott are not always so clearly determined and how a company reacts to a boycott can have long lasting repercussions for its public image. In this article, I will examine a number of boycotts including boycotts by the American Family Association of both Ford and Proctor & Gamble based on their advertising venue choices. In a politically and morally charged atmosphere, it can be difficult for companies to determine where their moral obligations lie while at the same time being mindful of the bottom line. I␣suggest a number of guidelines to aid in corporate moral decision making when faced with a boycott.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum major surface protein-2 (Msp2) forms multimeric complexes in the bacterial membrane.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum 44-kDa major surface protein-2 (Msp2) mediates partial neutrophil adhesion and interactions. Since A. phagocytophilum 44-kDa monoclonal antibodies also react with 160- and 100-kDa bands, a putative adhesin complex was studied. After separate excision/immunoprecipitation of these three bands, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) resolved each into three bands again with increased 44-kDa protein under reducing conditions suggesting oligomerization of Msp2 44-kDa monomers. With 9 M urea, each separately excised band was resolved only into 44-kDa monomers with three different pIs. With protein cross-linking, immunoblots showed four additional bands and increased high molecular mass band intensity, suggesting homo- and hetero-polymerization with other A. phagocytophilum proteins. Recognition of Msp2 complexes facilitates understanding of A. phagocytophilum-neutrophil adhesion.
Atomic data from the Iron Project - XXXIX. Photoionization cross sections and oscillator strengths for Ni II

We present calculations of energy levels, pho- toionization cross sections and dipole allowed transition probabilities for singly ionized nickel. The computations were carried out in the close coupling approximation using the R-matrix method including 49 LS terms with multi- plicity (2S + 1) = 1, 3, and 5 of the target ion Ni III. We calculated 836 LS states, 561 of which are bound, with principal quantum number n 10 and angular mo- mentum L 7. The results also include dipole oscillator strengths for 23 738 LS transitions, and photoionization cross sections with detailed resonance structures for all bound states. The f -values and radiative lifetimes agree well with available experimental measurements. However, the present f -values disagree considerably from previous computations by Kurucz and coworkers which are cur- rently used in Ni II abundance determination of the ISM. In particular, the Kurucz f -values for transitions from the Ni II ground state seem to be overestimated by factors of two to three thus, nickel may be less depleted in ISM than previously estimated. The photoionization cross section for the 3d 92 D ground state of Ni II exhibits near thresh- old packs of resonances that rise over the background cross section by several orders of magnitude.
Structural and Litter Pests

Abstract Rodents and litter beetles are recognized as important structural pests in poultry houses. Most important are the house mouse, Mus musculus L., and the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). These pests are destructive to the fiberglass and polystyrene insulation in structural walls, causing serious losses. Rodent poisoning with brodifacoum, bromodiolone, and difenacoum is the most effective means of controlling even anticoagulant-resistant rodents. Late instar lesser mealworm larvae enter the insulation seeking a protected place to pupate. Later, the adults move into the insulation, expanding the holes and greatly increasing the damage. Increase of manure moisture is an important factor causing increased dispersion and migration into the insulation. The beetle larvae are more able to crawl up vertical pit walls constructed of wood than cinder block walls, thus allowing easier access to the insulation and causing greater damage. The insecticides chlorpyrophos, permethrin, stirofos, and carbaryl are toxic to both larvae and adults. Several new formulations of styrofoam insulation and two common types of paint applied to standard insulation were more resistant to beetle damage than untreated standard polystyrene insulation.
Electrophilic Additions to η2-Thiophene Complexes: Synthesis of Novel Thiophenium and Thiafulvenium Species

A series of complexes of the form [Os(NH3)5(η2-L)](OTf)2 (where L = thiophene and OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate, i.e., triflate) are synthesized and characterized and their reactivities with electrophilic reagents are examined. Depending on the electrophile and the substitution pattern of the coordinated thiophene, direct electrophilic addition occurs at either the sulfur, C2, or C3, affording thiophenium complexes. Some elementary transformations of selected thiophene complexes are exploited to prepare novel 1- and 2-thiafulvenium salts.
Phase-history data collection for synthetic-scene-modeling applications

Development of phase history calibration techniques is important for improving Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scene modeling capabilities. Image data of complex scene settings is used for clutter database construction, and the resulting databases are used in conjunction with synthetic radar predictions of complex targets to predict synthetic SAR imagery. The current method of trihedral calibration is typically performed after image formation, using a ratiometric technique, which is highly dependent on calibration target position and orientation and ground truth accuracy. As part of a recent SAR research data collection, measurements were made on a calibration-grade, 6-meter diameter top hat in both a homogeneous scene and with controlled obscuration and layover conditions. This paper will discuss phase-history calibration target design and scenario design to support obscuration and layover studies.
Preventing cardiac remodeling: The combination of cell-based therapy and cardiac support therapy preserves left ventricular function in rodent model of myocardial ischemia

Objective Cellular and mechanical treatment to prevent heart failure each holds therapeutic promise but together have not been reported yet. The goal of the present study was to determine whether combining a cardiac support device with cell-based therapy could prevent adverse left ventricular remodeling, more than either therapy alone. Methods The present study was completed in 2 parts. In the first part, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rodent femurs and seeded on a collagen-based scaffold. In the second part, myocardial infarction was induced in 60 rats. The 24 survivors were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control, stem cell therapy, cardiac support device, and a combination of stem cell therapy and cardiac support device. Left ventricular function was measured with biweekly echocardiography, followed by end-of-life histopathologic analysis at 6 weeks. Results After myocardial infarction and treatment intervention, the ejection fraction remained preserved (74.9-80.2%) in the combination group at an early point (2 weeks) compared with the control group (66.2-82.8%). By 6 weeks, the combination therapy group had a significantly greater fractional area of change compared with the control group (69.2% ± 6.7% and 49.5% ± 6.1% respectively, P = .03). Also, at 6 weeks, the left ventricular wall thickness was greater in the combination group than in the stem cell therapy alone group (1.79 ± 0.11 and 1.33 ± 0.13, respectively, P = .02). Conclusions Combining a cardiac support device with stem cell therapy preserves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction, more than either therapy alone. Furthermore, stem cell delivery using a cardiac support device is a novel delivery approach for cell-based therapies.
Decerebrate posturing with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Decerebrate and/or decorticate posturing have not yet been described as possible features of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Cerebral edema and loss of brain electrolytes are contributing factors resulting in altered excitability of the neural membrane. We describe a patient who, on the eighth day after a head injury, presented with decerebrate posturing, which coincided with the development of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and which rapidly reversed with the correction of the hyponatremia. We believe that the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone should be included in the differential diagnosis of abnormal posturing in the head-injured patient.
Bathymetric system performance prediction

Equipment selection for bathymetric and sub-bottom profiling applications requires a performance prediction for alternative system configurations. Performance prediction uses the standard sonar equation modified for bathymetric system configurations. The term of the prediction equation that has caused considerable discussion is the transmission loss. A discussion of two transmission loss models is presented. Parametric analyses of the equivalence of the two models are made for bottom slope, transducer beam pattern, and pulse length.
Base Specificity in the Interaction of Polynucleotides with Antibiotic Drugs

Echinomycin, daunomycin, ethidium bromide, nogalamycin, chromomycin, mithramycin, and olivomycin inhibit RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase by interacting with the DNA template. Chromomycin and olivomycin form complexes with DNA, preferably in the helical form, but not with RNA. These complexes require guanine in DNA and the addition of a stoichiometric amount of bivalent cation. None of the other antibiotics requires the presence of any single base in the template for its action.
TRANSFORMED ROOTS OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA EXHIBIT AN UNUSUAL PATTERN OF BORDER CELL RELEASE

Border cells from Artemisia annua were examined from hairy roots grown in shake flasks, culture plates, a bubble column reactor, and a nutrient mist (aeroponic) reactor. When well-hydrated roots were subjected to shear, border cells were first released as an agglomerate and did not disperse for several hours. Staining with neutral red and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) showed that both agglomerates and dispersed cells were alive. It was determined that FDA is cleaved by pectin methylesterase (PME) and that PME may not be particularly active in the released agglomerates until the border cells disperse. Untransformed roots isolated from A. annua plants showed no border cell agglomerate formation and border cells readily dispersed. These results suggest that our hairy root clone is deficient in border cell release perhaps resulting from the transformation process.
What is the future of conservation

A RECENT MOVEMENT SEEKS to refocus the field of conservation biology and the practical work of conservation organizations by de-emphasizing the goal of protecting nature for its intrinsic values in favor of protecting the environment for its benefits to humans. This “new conservation science” (NCS) has inspired debate among academics and conservationists and motivated fundamental changes in the world’s largest conservation groups. Despite claims that NCS approaches are supported by the biological and social sciences, we argue NCS has limited support from either. Rather, the shift in motivations and goals associated with NCS appear to arise largely from a belief system holding that the needs and wants of humans must be prioritized over any intrinsic rights and values of nature.
Growth of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Resistant and Susceptible Corn

Growth of larvae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was evaluated in a laboratory bioassay on diets containing lyophilized leaf tissue of resistant and susceptible inbred lines of corn, Zea mays L. Diets were prepared by adding lyophilized tissue of each of six inbred lines alone and in pairs to distilled water, agar, gentamicin sulfate, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid. Larvae were fed the test diets for 10 d and then weighed. Larvae that were fed the diets containing leaf tissue of the resistant plants weighed 52% less than those fed diets containing only susceptible plant tissue. Growth of larvae on diets containing mixtures of leaf tissue from different inbred lines revealed that the variation among diets was accounted for by the average performance of different lines.
Effect of position-dependent deactivation on the design of a composite cracking catalyst

Abstract The optimum location of zeolite in a composite (zeolite/silica-alumina) catalyst used in hydrocarbon cracking reactions is obtained for maximum selectivity. The optimum location depends upon the deactivation level of the catalyst and the relative dependence of catalyst properties (rate constants, effective diffusivities) upon position during deactivation.
Engineering software-math and graphics

New software graphics and mathematical packages that are bringing superior power to engineering applications are discussed. The most successful of these programs are aimed at broad technical and educational markets, and their usefulness to an engineer is linked, in part, to the extensive applications software that comes bundled with them. Using these programs, an engineer may model electric or mechanical systems, filter data, solve differential equations, evaluate integrals, or complete a host of other mathematical tasks. A number of packages are described. >
The expression of a high level of morphine antinociceptive tolerance in mice involves both PKC and PKA.

We have previously reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of either a PKC or PKA inhibitor completely reversed the expression of 5- to 8-fold morphine antinociceptive tolerance. We developed a model of 45-fold morphine tolerance that included a 75-mg morphine pellet and twice daily morphine injections. PKC inhibitor doses of bisindolylmaleimide I and Go-7874 that completely reversed 8-fold tolerance only partly reversed the 45-fold level of antinociceptive tolerance. A component of tolerance was resistant to PKC inhibition, since even higher inhibitor doses failed to further reverse the high level of morphine tolerance. In addition, the 45-fold tolerance was only partly reversed by the PKA inhibitor KT-5720 at a dose previously cited by others to reverse 5-fold tolerance. Another PKA inhibitor 4-cyano-3-methylisoquinoline only partly reversed the morphine tolerance as well. In other experiments PKC and PKA inhibitors were co-administered together to determine their effectiveness for completely reversing the 45-fold level of morphine tolerance. Co-administering either bisindolylmaleimide I with KT-5720, or Go-7874 with KT-5720, completely reversed the high level of tolerance. The high level of morphine tolerance was also completely reversed by co-administering Go-7874 with 4-cyano-3-methylisoquinoline. Thus, high levels of morphine tolerance may reflect increases in protein phosphorylation by the terminal kinases of both the adenylyl cyclase and phosphatidylinositol cascades in brain and spinal cord areas critical to the expression of antinociception.
The influence of rapid air cooling and carbon dioxided cooling and subsequent storage in air and carbon dioxide on shell egg quality.

Abstract This study examined the effect of rapid cooling with air and CO2 on shell egg quality over 14 wk. The 240 fresh eggs were initially heated to 47 C for 24 h in an incubator, cooled using rapid air cooling or CO2 cooling, and then stored in air or CO2 in 250-mL jars for 14 wk. The CO2 levels were recorded of the jar atmosphere, of the egg air cell, and of the egg albumen. The Haugh units of each egg, pH, and of albumen from five eggs per group were also recorded. Haugh units are a logarithmic, empirical relationship between albumen height and egg weight (Stadelman, 1995). Haugh units for the control eggs averaged 70.8 over 10 wk of the study. The control eggs were of such poor quality that they could not be sampled after 10 wk. The air-cooled and CO2-stored eggs averaged 70.3 Haugh units over the 14-wk storage period; however, the egg quality significantly deteriorated after 10 wk. The CO2-cooled and CO2-stored eggs averaged 75.9 Haugh units over the 14 wk study, with no observable decrease in quality. Rapid air-cooling produces a lower quality egg than rapid cooling with CO2. Subsequent storage of rapidly air-cooled eggs in CO2 may increase shelf life, but Haugh units were not statistically different from rapid air-cooled eggs. CO2-cooling and subsequent storage in CO2 increased Haugh units. The shelf life of shell eggs could be extended to greater than 14 wk when the eggs were CO2-cooled and CO2-stored.
Military fathers' perspectives on involvement.

Military fathers endure repeated separations from their children. In this qualitative study we describe military fathers' range of involvement with their children, paying special attention to the implications of deployment separation and reintegration. We discuss father involvement using three overlapping major domains of functioning: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Additionally, we consider how types of father involvement differ vis-a-vis child age. Data were gathered via focus groups conducted with 71 fathers at 14 U.S. military installations. Descriptions of involvement were rich and varied. Involvement with children was a major concern for fathers, despite or perhaps because of the challenges of military careers. We discuss factors that help explain variations in involvement and offer insights about the conceptualization of father involvement for occupations requiring prolonged absences from home.
Land use legacies of the Ohio River Basin: Using a spatially explicit land use change model to assess past and future impacts on aquatic resources

Abstract Land uses and their legacies are a major driver of human impacts on the environment. Decision makers have recognized that the legacies of land-use activities continue to influence ecosystems, particularly aquatic ones, for decades or centuries. The main objectives of this paper are to develop land use legacy maps to (1) assess historical and future (predicted) shifts in dominant land use classes (urban, agriculture, forest) in the Ohio River Basin (ORB), and (2) determine the past and future location of catchments in the ORB exceeding critical land use thresholds (10% and 38% urban and agricultural use of catchment respectively) for water quality and other aquatic resources. Our land use legacy simulations show that approximately 80% of the ORB has remained as agriculture (∼37%), forest (∼34%), urban (∼7%) and other classes (∼2%) from 1930 to 1990. Within the remainder of landscape, agriculture to forest (∼16%) and agriculture to urban (∼1.5%) transitions were the most common land use changes between 1930 and 1990. Our forecast model shows that approximately 94% of the ORB will remain as forest (∼47.46%), agriculture (∼35.77%), urban (∼8.84%) and other classes (∼2.07%) between 2000 and 2050. 1.44% and 1.37% of the ORB is predicted to transition from forest to urban and agriculture to urban between 2000 and 2050, respectively. Our results also demonstrate that 13% and 74% of the catchments in the ORB already exceeded critical urban and agricultural land use thresholds in 1930, respectively. We predict that 37% of catchments in the ORB will have exceeded critical urban land use thresholds by 2050, whereas the proportion of catchments to exceed critical agricultural use will decrease to 45%.
The Significance of Shils

Edward Shils was a widely recognized but misunderstood thinker. The original contexts of his thought are not well understood and greatly distorted by associating him with the concerns of Parsons. Shils provides a fully comparable alternative to the thought of Habermas and Foucault, with essentially similar roots: practice theory, the dissolution of Marxism in the twenties, and Carl Schmitt. Though Shils was indebted to the American sociological tradition, with respect to these issues his sources were outside it: in Hendrik de Man, T. S. Eliot, and Michael Polanyi. It is shown how Shils responded to Schmitt's argument about the inherent conflict between democracy and liberalism in terms of an account of civility and tradition, and how this argument results in a critique of Foucault, Habermas, and collectivistic liberalism.
Phase Synchronization Approach to Cerebral Hemodynamics Assessment by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

We show phase synchronization between oxy and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations in the prefrontal cortex of a human subject at rest. This method has potential for studying cerebral connectivity and brain auto regulation in real time.
Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Increases Pulmonary Blood Flow in Fetal Sheep. † 1602

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator. We studied the hemodynamic effects of exogenously administered CGRP on pulmonary blood flow in 7 near-term fetal sheep. Catheters were inserted into the left pulmonary artery (LPA) to administer drugs, and into the main pulmonary and carotid arteries, as well as the left atrium, to measure pressures. An ultrasonic flow transducer was placed around the LPA to measure flow continuously. In addition, LPA resistance was calculated. In each examination, we first studied the hemodynamic effects of a single injection of CGRP into the LPA, compared with those produced by acetylcholine; then we studied the effects of 4 additional sequentially repeated injections of the same dose of CGRP, each injection separated by 5 min. The first injection of CGRP (1.36± 0.13 μg/kg [mean ± SD]) increased LPA blood flow significantly, from 17 ± 10 to 120 ± 21 mL/min, and decreased main pulmonary and carotid arterial pressures, from 58 ± 5 to 48± 6 mm Hg and from 56 ± 3 to 46 ± 5 mm Hg, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in LPA resistance from 1.57 to 0.24 mm Hg · mL· min-1. These changes were restored to baseline within 5 min, and were quite similar to those with acetylcholine (0.55 ± 0.06 μg/kg). With repeated injections of CGRP, LPA blood flow increased significantly in a stepwise fashion with concomitant decreases in LPA resistance. Heart rate(from pressure signal) also increased in a stepwise fashion, while pulmonary and carotid arterial pressures showed no significant decrease. We conclude that exogenously administered CGRP has a pulmonary vasodilatory effect in fetal sheep and increases fetal pulmonary blood flow, and that this effect is cumulative with repeated injections. We also suggest that repeated injections of this peptide probably increase fetal heart rate through a direct positive chronotropic effect, and not through a secondary response following a decrease in systemic blood pressure. These findings suggest a role for endogenous CGRP in the remarkable decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the transition from fetal to neonatal life.
Student Protests in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This article addresses the question whether educational institutions will in the future become the arenas of social struggle in the African countries as other avenues of dissent become progressively closed. The paper first provides a brief outline of the social and economic context in the African countries in order to cast student political activism in the wider picture of the rapidly deteriorating conditions. Such an outline is deemed necessary to understand the genesis of student protests, and in particular, how school-based concerns (e.g., about declining educational standards) can escalate, providing the embryonic elements for the articulation of more widely-based social and economic questions which have no other avenue of expression in increasingly closed and repressive political regimes. The vicious circle of student action and predictable government reaction (e.g., repeated closures of educational institutions) which further contributes to the decline in the quality of education is then discussed. Finally, the paper touches on the problems of rising violence in student demonstrations, the solidarity which seems to be emerging between students and other social groups in some countries, and the potential implications for the struggles for democracy and political pluralism in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Role of Procalcitonin in Respiratory Infections

Accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and decisions about the need for and optimal duration of antibiotic therapy are cornerstones of the management of patients with respiratory infections. A growing body of evidence supports the use of procalcitonin, a marker of bacterial infection, in addition to conventional clinical parameters to improve diagnostic and prognostic assessment in patients with suspicion of respiratory infections. In addition, several randomized controlled trials indicate that procalcitonin may be used for clinical decision making about initiation and optimal duration of antibiotic therapy. For patients with respiratory infections, procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy resulted in less antibiotic use without any apparent adverse patient outcome. For other infections outcome studies are currently lacking. This review summarizes the results of recent investigations of procalcitonin in respiratory infections to provide physicians an overview of the utility and limitations of procalcitonin when used for bedside decision making.
Recent advances in the synthesis of new energetic materials

Abstract Highly energetic combinations of fuel ions with oxidizing counterions are well known for oxygen based oxidizers. Typical examples are NH 4 ClO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 or N(CH 3 ) 4 O 3 . However, combinations of fuel ions with strongly oxidizing, complex fluoro ions had previously been essentially unknown. The possibilities of combining strongly oxidizing fluoro ions, such as ClF 4 - , BrF 4 - or NF 4 + , with fuel ions such as NH 4 + , N(CH 3 ) 4 + or BH 4 - have been studied in our laboratory. In spice of many violent failures, several stable combinations were found and characterized. A brief subjective analysis of major discoveries during the past decades will be given, and its implications for our ability to predict trends for the 21st century will be discussed.
Flash photolysis-electron spin resonance studies of Photosystem I. A fast reduction component of P-700+

Abstract A 300 μs decay component of ESR Signal I ( P -700 + ) in chloroplasts is observed following a 10 μs actinic xenon flash. This transient is inhibited by treatments which block electron transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I (e.g. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU), 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl- p -benzoquinone (DBMIB), KCN and HgCl 2 ). The fast transient reduction of P -700 + can be restored in the case of DCMU or DBMIB inhibition by addition of an electron donor couple (2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (Cl 2 Ind)/ascorbate) which supplies electrons to cytochrome f . However, this donor couple is inefficient in restoring electron transport in chloroplasts which have been inhibited with the plastocyanin inactivators, KCN and HgCl 2 . Oxidation-reduction measurements reveal that the fast P -700 + reduction component reflects electron transfer from a component with E m = 375±10 mV (pH = 7.5). These data suggest the assignment of the 300-μs decay kinetics to electron transfer from cytochrome f (Fe 2+ ) to P -700 + , thus confirming the recent observations of Haehnel et al. (Z. Naturforsch. 26b, 1171–1174 (1971)).
The Advantages of a Precision-engineered Securement Device for Fixation of Arterial Pressure-monitoring Catheters

Abstract A prospective, sequential, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical and cost consequences of securing arterial catheters with a precision-engineered securement device compared with tape and transparent membrane dressing (TMD). Tape and TMD securement resulted in an unscheduled catheter restart rate of 25%; the study device resulted in an unscheduled catheter restart rate of 12.8%. The difference was highly significant (P
Perceptual Learning and Dynamic Changes in Primary Visual Cortex

Perceptual learning is the improved performance that follows practice in a perceptual task. In this issue of Neuron , Yotsumoto et al. use fMRI to show that stimuli presented at the location used in training initially evoke greater activation in primary visual cortex than stimuli presented elsewhere, but this difference disappears once learning asymptotes.
Patient-Rated Importance and Receipt of Information for Colorectal Cancer Screening

Background: Physician recommendation is one of the most important determinants of obtaining colorectal cancer (CRC) screening; however, little is known about the degree to which CRC screening discussions include information that patients report as important to guide screening decisions. This study examines and compares both patient rated importance and physician communication of key information elements about CRC screening during annual physical examinations. Methods: Design: Cross-sectional cohort. Setting: 26 ambulatory clinics of an integrated delivery system in the Midwest. Participants: 64 primary care physicians and 415 patients aged 50 to 80 due for CRC screening. Patients completed a previsit survey to assess importance of specific information when making a preventive screening decision. Visits were audio recorded to assess the content of screening discussions. Results: Most patients rated test accuracy (85%), testing alternatives (83%), the pros and cons of testing (86%), and the testing process (78%) very important when making preventive screening decisions. Ninety-one percent of visits included a CRC screening discussion; however, CRC screening talk rarely included information that patients rated as important. Physicians infrequently asked whether patients had questions pertaining to CRC screening (5%); however, 49% of patients asked a CRC screening question, with the vast majority pertaining to screening logistics. Conclusions: Audio recordings confirm that discussions of CRC screening are often lacking information that patients indicate is very important when making preventive health decisions and patient questions during the visit are not eliciting information to fill the gap. Impact: These findings provide actionable information to improve CRC screening discussions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2168–73. ©2011 AACR .