cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell surface properties of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola wild-type and hrp mutants

The cell surface hydrophobicity and charge as well as surface polysaccharides of eight independent prototrophic hrp::-Tn5 mutants (Lindgrenet al., J. Bacteriol. 168, 512–522, 1986) were compared to the wild-type parent strain NPS3121 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. No significant differences were found in cell surface charge, but mutant strain NPS4005 exhibited significantly lower cell surface hydrophobicity than the wild-type and the other mutant strains. The mutant strains all retained the ability to produce the exopolysaccharides (EPS) levan, a neutral fructan, and alginate, an acidic polymer. Relative amounts of EPS produced in vitro was dependent on culture conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemotypes were similar for all nine strains. Chemical as well as 13C-NMR analyses of the O-antigens from four wild-type strains of P. s. pv. phaseolicola representing two physiological races as well as the O-antigens of two strains of P. s. pv. syringae which belong to the same serogroup as P. s. pv. phaseolicola indicated that all of the O-antigens were very similar if not identical. LPS of three strains of P. s. pv. phaseolicola produced in vitro or in planta were also compared and no significant differences were detected. The altered phenotype of the Tn5 mutants of P. s. pv. phaseolicola does not appear to be due to changes in the ability to produce exopolysaccharides or to an altered composition of cell surface polysaccharides (LPS and EPS). However, a change in an unidentified cell surface component(s) leading to lowered cell surface hydrophobicity of mutant strain NPS4005 may be important.
Long and medium chain triglycerides increase plasma concentrations of ketone bodies in suckling rats

The potential of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) as sources of plasma ketones was investigated in suckling rats. Initially high concentrations of plasma ketones in 6-, 10-, and 17-day-old rats increased 2- to 3-fold after acute feeding of MCT. This feeding had the same effect in fed or fasted adult rats. Corn oil (as a source of LCT) induced a large increase in the plasma ketone concentration of suckling rats and a relatively small but significant increase in fasted adult rats. The LCT treatment did not affect plasma ketone levels in fed adult rats. The results show clearly that feeding either LCT or MCT will enhance hyperketonemia in suckling rats. In the livers of all animals, regardless of age, the capacity for incorporation of [1-14C] octanoate into CO2 and acetoacetate far exceeded that for [1-14C] palmitate. The hyperketonemic action of LCT in suckling rats was accompanied by an increased activity of carnitine palmityltransferase and increased level of carnitine.
Antigen-specific accumulation of naïve, memory and effector CD4 T cells during anterior uveitis monitored by intravital microscopy

Abstract Uveitis is an immune-mediated ocular disease and a leading cause of blindness. We characterized a novel model of uveitis with intravital microscopy. Transfer of ovalbumin-specific T cells from DO11.10 spleen to BALB/c recipients and subsequent challenge with ovalbumin in the anterior chamber of the eye resulted in anterior uveitis. Antigen-specificity was verified by injection of irrelevant antigen and transfer of T cells with a different specificity. Subsets of CD4 T cells, including naive (DO11.10 RAG −/− ) and in vitro-activated Th2 effector CD4 T cells, infiltrated anterior segment tissues early in the inflammation. Memory-like CD44 high CD4 T cells from unprimed transgenic mice and in vitro-activated Th1 effector CD4 T cells accumulated to larger numbers than naive or Th2 effector cells at 48 and 72 h. Of these, the α 2 -integrin + CD4 unprimed T cells entered the eye more efficiently, and antibody to α 2 -integrin markedly inhibited the inflammatory response. Intravital microscopy revealed the early arrival and antigen-specific accumulation of CD4 T cells in inflamed tissue and should be helpful in understanding T cell migration to other organs.
Prison Inmates’ Views of Whether Reporting Rape Is the Same as Snitching An Exploratory Study and Research Agenda

Although the prevalence of sexual assault in U.S. prisons is debated, it is known that the consequences for victims can be quite severe. The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) requires prison officials to keep track of incidents of sexual assault, but accurate figures will be generated only to the extent that inmates regularly report these acts. Male rape itself is a highly underreported phenomenon and even less reported in prisons due to inmate cultural norms that frown upon forwarding inmate information to correctional authorities. This article examines whether prison inmates believe that reporting prison rape is equivalent to snitching and analyzes possible explanations for the inmates’ responses. Results indicate that inmates are less likely to view the reporting of prison rape as snitching earlier in their current commitment periods, and White inmates are more likely than Black inmates to think reporting rape is snitching. As this topic is extremely under studied, a number of suggestions for future r...
Myopic Biases in Strategic Social Prediction: Why Deadlines Put Everyone Under More Pressure Than Everyone Else

Five experiments document biases in the way people predict the outcomes of interdependent social situations. Participants predicted that situational constraints would restrain their own behavior more than it would the behavior of others, even in situations where everyone faced identical constraints. When anticipating the effects of deadlines on outcomes of negotiations, participants predicted that deadlines would hinder their performance more than it would hinder the performance of others. The results shed light on the psychological processes by which people predict the outcomes of and select strategies in strategic social interaction. They extend prior findings, such as people believing themselves to be below average on difficult tasks, to highly interdependent situations. Furthermore, the article shows both how focusing can account for these effects and also how perspective taking can reduce their biasing influence.
General One-pot, Two-Step Protocol Accessing a Range of Novel Polycyclic Heterocycles with High Skeletal Diversity

An Ugi one-pot three-component four-center reaction was coupled with a subsequent acid mediated cyclodehydration step to furnish a multitude of unique scaffolds having in common an embedded or attached benzimidazole and often a ring system formed through lactamization. Using combinations of tethered Ugi inputs typically via tethered acid-ketone inputs and supporting reagents containing masked internal nucleophiles, such scaffolds were produced in good to excellent yields in an operationally friendly manner.
The Centrifugal Delayed Resonator as a Tunable Torsional Vibration Absorber for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The centrifugal delayed resonator (CDR) is a novel active vibration absorption technique for elim inating undesired torsional oscillations in rotating mechanical structures. The key idea is to reco...
Tube fenestrations in Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant surgery: 1-year results compared with standard implant surgery.

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of tube fenestrations in eyes undergoing polyglactin suture-ligated Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant surgery.Patients and MethodsThe authors performed a retrospective nonrandomized comparative interventional study of consecutive cases of 111 eyes of 111 patients
Durability Of the Medical Management Of Cystinuria

ABSTRACTPurpose: Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder of dibasic amino acid transport in the kidney that leads to an abundance of cystine in the urine. This molecule is poorly soluble in urine and it is prone to crystallization and stone formation at concentrations above 300 mg./l. Medical treatment in these patients has incorporated increasing urine volumes, alkalinization and thiol medications that decrease the availability of free cystine in urine. Despite a reasonable prognosis for reduced stone formation we and others have noted difficulties in patients complying with medical management recommendations. Therefore, we evaluated the durability of treatment success in our patients with cystinuria.Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in all patients with cystinuria referred to the comprehensive kidney stone center at our institution for an 8-year period. Medical therapy, stone recurrence rates, compliance with medications and scheduled followup, and the results of me...
Rapid method of analyzing phenolic compounds in Pinus elliotti using high-performance liquid chromatography

Most published analyses of Pinus constituents have involved separations by paper chromatography (PC)14 or thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-; in one instance, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to investigate extracts from needles of Pimu jefieyz =I. In all these investigations, the tissue extracted has been from mature trees (needles 5.7, bark’, pollen4, heart wood or sapwood’*2*3*6). The present work was undertaken to develop a rapid and reliable method for analyzing the phenolic content in hypocotyl sections of young (5-21 days) rapidly developing pine seedlings. HPLC has been shown to be an effective method for separating standard solutions of phenolic compoundsg*“, and it has been successfully applied to several plant systems 11-14_ This paper reports a method in which HPEC is used to separate and quantitate benzoic acids, cinnamic acids and flavonoids extracted from pine seedlings. It is rapid, reproducible, requires no derivatization and can be applied to small quantities of tissue.
The Consumer's World: Place as Context

Abstract The mass-produced products we consume embody elements from the realms of nature, meaning, and social relations. These realms are difficult to integrate on a theoretical plane, but as consumers of these products, we draw these elements together in everyday life and transform them to create places as contexts. These places, which are the basis of our built environments, are also loci for constituting modern—and some would say post-modern—paradoxes and contradictions. They become foils to social theory. Through our actions as consumers and through the language of consumption, modern paradoxes and modern places become inextricably interwined. I will examine these processes through the rhetoric of advertisements in general and in the structure of real geographical “places of consumption” and places consumed “en masse.” This analysis will assist us in understanding the qualities of modern place, the characteristics of modern theory, and how our everyday acts as consumers mediate between them.
Cardiorespiratory effects of temperature in the turtle, Pseudemys florida na

Abstract Weight specific V O 2 of resting Pseudemys floridana at body temperatures (BT) between 12 to 38 C was studied in relationship to v e , v tt , f , pulmonary and systemic blood flow, and blood P O 2 , p co 2 , pH and O 2 content. The slope of the curve for V O 2 against body mass was similar to that for mammals and differed from that of lizards. ve increased with BT while ve V o 2 fell, resulting in an elevation of arterial P CO 2 and a decline in arterial pH of 0.013 unity C [HCO,] and total CO 3 remained constant. Increments in ve were achieved by decreasing apneic time and increasing vt up to vt of 18 ml-kg 1 when further rise in ve was exclusively on account of breathing frequency. Mean pulmonary and arterial blood flows were incremented in direct proportion to Vp, and no net intracardiac shunt was demonstrable. Ventilation-perfusion ratio fell with BT while Eg increased. Arterial hemoglobin saturation varied inversely with BT while the arteriovenous 0 difference remained constant. e o 2 was found to be highly dependent on the constant blood convection requirement as ve o 2 fell. At similar BT, ve/vq was similar to that for man while Q pu1 V O2 was in inverse proportion to maximum 0 capacity of the blood for the two species.
An Intermediate pH Unfolding Transition Abrogates the Ability of IgE to Interact with Its High Affinity Receptor FcϵRIα

The interaction between IgE-Fc (Fcepsilon) and its high affinity receptor FcepsilonRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils is a key event in allergen-induced allergic inflammation. Recently, several therapeutic strategies have been developed based on this interaction, and some include Fcepsilon-containing moieties. Unlike well characterized IgG therapeutics, the stability and folding properties of IgE are not well understood. Here, we present comparative biophysical analyses of the pH stability and thermostability of Fcepsilon and IgG1-Fc (Fcgamma). Fcepsilon was found to be significantly less stable than Fcgamma under all pH and NaCl conditions tested. Additionally, the Cepsilon3Cepsilon4 domains of Fcepsilon were shown to become intrinsically unfolded at pH values below 5.0. The interaction between Fcepsilon and an Fcgamma-FcepsilonRIalpha fusion protein was studied between pH 4.5 and 7.4 using circular dichroism and a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal titration calorimetry. Under neutral pH conditions, the apparent affinity of Fcepsilon for the dimeric fusion protein was extremely high compared with published values for the monomeric receptor (KD < 10(-12) m). Titration to pH 6.0 did not significantly change the binding affinity, and titration to pH 5.5 only modestly attenuated affinity. At pH values below 5.0, the receptor binding domains of Fcepsilon unfolded, and interaction of Fcepsilon with the Fcgamma-FcepsilonRIalpha fusion protein was abrogated. The unusual pH sensitivity of Fcepsilon may play a role in antigen-dependent regulation of receptor-bound, non-circulating IgE.
Parliamentarization and the Question of German Exceptionalism: 1867–1918

In a contribution to this journal, Volker Berghahn regretted the fragmentation and lack of focus in the recent research on the German Empire. While he may have overstated his case, his criticism certainly applies to the historiography of Germany's parliamentarization. The dearth of research, especially of recent vintage, has left the debate about the exceptionalism of Germany's governing institutions indeed “fragmented and decentered.” Since Manfred Rauh's two volumes in the 1970s, little has been published. His thesis about Germany's silent parliamentarization has been attacked, it seems, more for the haughtiness of its footnotes than the substance of its argument. As a result, Rauh's provocative interpretation coexists far too quietly with other accounts, and thereby preempts the sort of dialogue and scholarly integration Berghahn so misses. In her response to Berghahn, Margaret Anderson points out that such a dialogue can be found in, without being confined to, the new work of Germany's electoral politics, that looked anew and more skeptically at the exceptional political development of Imperial Germany. Its findings indirectly raise questions about why the development of Germany's governing institutions — the Reichstag, the Bundersat, and the chancellor — continue to be interpreted in much more exceptionalist terms than the evolution of electoral politics.
Solutions of Two Problems in the Theory of Gravitational Radiation

The evolution of an elongated rotating configuration by gravitational radiation and the possibility of a secular instability being induced by it are considered in the context of the classical homogeneous figures of Maclaurin and Jacobi. The triaxial Jacobian ellipsoid evolves in the direction of increasing angular velocity and approaches (exponentially) the point of bifurcation where it ceases to radiate. Further, radiation reaction does not make the Maclaurin spheroid secularly unstable past the point of bifurcation.
Improved F/N graph presentation and criteria

Abstract The hazards attending a process from which hazardous materials could be released can be assessed in terms of frequency of casualty-causing incidents and the number of casualties in each such incident. Historical data for accidents can be graphed in the form of frequency versus number of casualties ( F/N ) curves, for use in assessing public exposures to various types of accident, including transportation and industrial incidents. Similar curves can be constructed for industrial exposure of employees. These can be used to determine the need for process improvement and in assigning priorities for recommendations. The resulting ‘two-dimensional’ graphical presentation can be used to show ‘existing’ and ‘upgraded’ process performance and overcomes some statistical problems of ‘one-dimensional’ safety assessments and criteria. Appropriate criteria for public exposures would be the historical F/N curve for acts of God or acts of nature, with a suitable safety margin. The curves can be normalized to account for differing numbers of potentially-exposed members of the public or employees, allowing comparison of the hazards encountered in different industries, environments or countries. The development of F/N curves, particularly in Europe, and their probable application in evaluating the effectiveness of process safety management are presented.
Decision Problems with Expected Utility Critera, I: Upper and Lower Convergent Utility

A countable stage, countable state, finite action decision problem is considered where the objective is the maximization of the expectation of an arbitrary utility function defined on the sequence of states. Basic concepts are formulated, generalizing the standard notions of the optimality equations, conserving and unimprovable strategies, and strategy and value iteration. Analogues of positive, negative and convergent dynamic programming are analyzed.
Processing of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics at high pressures

Abstract Lead zinc niobate (PZN) with 1 mole% of BaTiO3 (BT) and pure PZN, both of pyrochlore structure were synthesized by solid state and sol-gel routes respectively. The pyrochlore ceramics were subjected to high pressures (20–35 Kbars) to convert them to perovskite phases. About 80% perovskite resulted from conventionally processed PZN with 1 mole% BaTiO3 additive at 20 Kbar, 2 hr. A maximum dielectric constant value of 11200 was obtained at 1 kHz for the PZN ceramics processed with 20 Kbar pressure.
Rice Bran Stabilization by Extrusion Cooking for Extraction of Edible Oil

An extrusion cooking procedure was developed which produces stabie rice bran which shows no significant increase in free fatty acid content for at least 30–60 days. In the optimum process, 500 kg/hr of 12 - 13% moisture bran was extruded at 130°C and held 3 min at 97 - 99°C before cooling. Stabilized bran contained 6 - 7% moisture and was in the form of small flakes with 88% larger than 0.7 mm (25 mesh). Energy required to extrude the bran was 0.07 - 0.08 kW-hr/lcg bran, and wear on the extrusion surface indicated a life of 500 hr for the cone and 1000 - 2000 hr for other wearing parts.
Bearing current remediation options

The vast majority of bearing failures in electric motors and electric motor-driven equipment are due to mechanical and thermal causes. Bearing current in induction motor can result in premature bearing failure. Proper remediation methods depend upon a thorough understanding of the potential current paths in a given installation. Diagrams of current flow paths were presented here to illustrate potential issues. Proper grounding is a key to shunting currents away from paths that flow through motor or driven equipment bearings.
Blood Flow to the Kidney via the Gonadal-Renal Capsular Artery

The gonadal artery is an important collateral pathway of blood flow to the kidney. Collateral routes may be from the gonadal artery to the inferior capsular artery (gonadal-renal capsular artery) or to the periureteric arteries. These pathways develop in cases of renal artery stenosis, or when a vascular renal tumor increases the kidneys need for blood. We present five cases in which the gonadal artery served as a source of blood supply to the kidney.
The effect of salts and chain length on the critical concentrations of colloidal electrolytes

Abstract It is shown that the effect of salts upon the critical concentration for the formation of micelles in solutions of long-chain electrolytes can be treated by considering the mass law as applied to the equilibrium between the unassociated long-chain ions, counter-ions and the aggregate. From the experimental observations, it is possible in this manner to calculate the ratio of long-chain ions and counter-ions which enter into the micelle. Similar considerations lead to the development of an equation which describes the variation in critical concentration with paraffin chain length for long-chain paraffin salts processing the same polar head-group.
Experience with the CSPAD during dedicated detector runs at LCLS

In-house developed cameras and other commercial detectors are typically tested with x-ray tubes and at synchrotron beamlines before being deployed and used for science experiments. In a prototyping phase, this is needed to understand and characterize the behavior of the detector. In a more advanced development phase, measurements with x-rays are required to characterize and calibrate the camera. Tests at synchrotron beamlines in actual experimental conditions are indeed a valuable source for detector developers. However, when all photons arrive at once, as for FELs, the response of the detector can be very different from that obtained with a synchrotron beam which behaves more like a CW (continuous) source. This behavior was already observed during users runs at LCLS and recently investigated during dedicated detector beamtime. The linearity of the response of the Cornell-SLAC Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD) was investigated. Results are presented and discussed.
Reykjanes ridge crest: A detailed geophysical study

A geophysical survey employing satellite navigation was carried out over the Reykjanes submarine ridge southwest of Iceland. Water depth, sediment thickness, and the gravity and magnetic fields were continuously measured. In addition, bottom cores and measurements of sediment and water temperatures were obtained at stations. Expendable radio sonobuoys were used to make seismic refraction measurements. This paper combines these various geophysical data to obtain information about phenomena in the water layer, about details of crustal structure, and about mechanisms operating at the ridge axis. The satellite navigation results and water temperature data are used to deduce current directions and magnitude over the ridge. These currents play a role in the observed distribution of sediment. Variations in these currents are inferred from sediment temperature measurements. Magnetic profiles parallel to the ridge crest are used to demonstrate the presence of a thin, highly magnetized layer (termed layer 2A, since it constitutes the top of layer 2 of refraction seismology), as well as to directly infer the presence of normally and reversely magnetized rocks in bands on the ridge. Seismic refraction measurements reveal: (1) a 6.5-km/sec layer under the ridge; (2) a flankward increase in seismic velocity in the crust; and (3) evidence for a surface layer of relatively low velocity (about 3 km/sec) corresponding to layer 2A. Geothermal measurements revealed two zones of low heat flow, one within 10 km of the ridge axis and the other about 75 km from the axis. The maximum values of heat flow were observed in a zone from 15 to 50 km. The over-all average of heat flow over the ridge is not significantly different from that observed in the adjacent oceanic basins. Free-air gravity anomalies over the Reykjanes ridge range from +25 to +60 mgal. Compared to the mid-Atlantic ridge, the Bouguer anomalies over the Reykjanes ridge are about 60 mgal less, but the gradients are nearly the same. The narrow axial magnetic anomaly can be traced with minor offsets to the Reykjanes Peninsula. On Iceland, positive magnetic anomalies occur over much wider areas, implying that the active zone is much wider in Iceland than over the Reykjanes ridge.
Solution luminescence from chloro(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)platinum(II) chloride in micelles

Abstract Previously characterized as being non-luminescent in room-temperature fluid solution, the coordination compound chloro(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)platinum(II) chloride can display two types of luminescence in certain microenvironments. In aqueous solutions of anionic and neutral surfactants having concentrations near or above their critical micelle concentration, [Pt(terpy)Cl]Cl (10–50 μM) displays broad emission centered at ∼610 nm that is characterized as metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence (3MLCT). In high concentration (10–100 mM) solutions having no surfactant, [Pt(terpy)Cl]Cl aggregates form. Excitation in the 470–540 nm region results in a long-wavelength emission centered at ∼720 nm that is characterized as metal–metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence (3MMLCT). This emission can also be detected in lower concentration solutions (10–50 μM) with surfactant concentration below its critical micelle concentration. Enhancement of 3MLCT luminescence is also found for the related phenylacetylide complex cation [Pt(terpy)(C CPh)]+ in micelles of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Comparison of Milo and Barley for Lactating Cows. II. Effects of Roughage Intake and Season

The feeding value was determined for two ratios of milo and barley (1:3 and 3:1), two levels of roughage intake (40 and 60% of ration by weight), and two seasons of the year (summer and winter) for lactating dairy cows. The milo-barley mixtures, along with molasses and cottonseed meal, were fed in pelleted form, while the roughage was good-quality alfalfa hay. All rations were fed individually to each animal, so that total feed consumption equalled 110% of Morrison's feeding standard for maintenance and production. Production and gross composition of milk, component fatty acids of the milk fat, feed conversions, and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. The following conclusions were drawn: a) No differences were noted in the ability of milo or barley to support milk production, b) The pelleted milo and barley were equally palatable, c) High environmental temperature caused greater variability of all factors studied than did the lower temperatures, d) Per cent milk fat was depressed during the summer, e) While per cent fat appeared to be depressed by high concentrate, the depression was not statistically significant, f) Low roughage caused increased propionate and decreased acetate levels in the rumen during summer, g) High concentrate–high barley resulted in increased body weight gains, h) Barley caused increases in feed conversion, i) High evironmental temperatures caused a depression of the short-chain fatty acids of the milk fat.
Incorporation of the spin trap DMPO into cultured fetal mouse liver cells.

— The incorporation of four different spin traps into cultured fetal mouse liver cells was investigated using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The cells were incubated in saline solutions of the traps, washed, and then irradiated in a saline solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The presence of a reproducible ESR signal was taken as evidence of spin trap incorporation. The spin trap DMPO was found to be incorporated, while PBN and 4-POBN were not. MNP was toxic to the cells.
Unfold high-dimensional clouds for exhaustive gating of flow cytometry data

Flow cytometry is able to measure the expressions of multiple proteins simultaneously at the single-cell level. A flow cytometry experiment on one biological sample provides measurements of several protein markers on or inside a large number of individual cells in that sample. Analysis of such data often aims to identify subpopulations of cells with distinct phenotypes. Currently, the most widely used analytical approach in the flow cytometry community is manual gating on a sequence of nested biaxial plots, which is highly subjective, labor intensive, and not exhaustive. To address those issues, a number of methods have been developed to automate the gating analysis by clustering algorithms. However, completely removing the subjectivity can be quite challenging. This paper describes an alternative approach. Instead of automating the analysis, we develop novel visualizations to facilitate manual gating. The proposed method views single-cell data of one biological sample as a high-dimensional point cloud of cells, derives the skeleton of the cloud, and unfolds the skeleton to generate 2D visualizations. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed visualization using real data, and provide quantitative comparison to visualizations generated from principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling.
An analysis of neuroblastoma at a single institution

Between 1949 and 1978, 119 children with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma were treated at the Washington University Medical Center. Of these, 50 (41%) were alive and disease-free 3 or more years after diagnosis. Important prognostic variables included stage of tumor (Evans staging), histology, age at diagnosis, and site of primary tumor. A stepwise logistic regression analysis of these data has shown that, in order of significance, stage, histology and age at diagnosis are independent prognostic variables. Sex of the patient and nodal status at diagnosis (where known) were not significant prognostic variables. No effects of individual treatment modalities could be detected. This study confirms the overwhelming influence of factors unrelated to treatment in determining the prognosis of neuroblastoma.
THE DIETS OF MODERN AND HISTORIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN POPULATIONS REFLECTED THROUGH STABLE ISOTOPES

The δ13C and δ15N compositions of teeth used in combination with existing data provide dietary information for different populations of western North Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The dental isotopic signatures of bottlenose dolphins collected during the 1980s significantly differ for coastal and offshore ecotypes and are consistent with reports that coastal forms feed primarily on fish whereas offshore individuals consume more squid. In a second study, the isotopic compositions of teeth from bottlenose dolphins that span a 100-yr period and data from published stomach content analyses as well as field observations made during the past 100 yr provide evidence that coastal bottlenose dolphins from the 1880s, 1920s, and 1980s had similar diets.
A new solid-phase linker for Suzuki coupling with concomitant macrocyclization: synthesis of β-turn mimics

Abstract The boronic acid linker 12 was prepared and used to produce the β-turn mimics 1 via a solid-phase Suzuki coupling/macrocyclization/resin-release strategy.
Modeling Moisture Loss during Vacuum Belt Drying of Low-Fat Tortilla Chips

A continuous vacuum drying method was used to develop low-fat tortilla chips with good sensory properties. To better understand the process, drying models were developed to determine the effects of drying thickness and temperature on drying rate. Drying rates were determined at three conduction plate temperatures (80, 90, and 100°C) and three product thicknesses (0.8, 1.5, and 2.3 mm). An effective diffusion model and semi-empirical models were used to fit the data. In addition, a model was developed from the drying rate curves that incorporated a drying coefficient [k(t)] that varied with time and could be described by a two-term Lorentzian model. All models had good agreement between experimental data and predicted data, with R 2 > 0.98. With consideration of other goodness-of-fit indicators (sum of squared errors [SSE] and χ2), the Page and variable coefficient models provided the best fit. The average effective moisture diffusivity was calculated using nonlinear regression and ranged from D eff = 1.19...
Expression of gastrin releasing Peptide receptor in renal cell carcinomas: a potential function for the regulation of neoangiogenesis and microvascular perfusion.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is a growth factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and it has vasoactive properties. Blockade of GRP receptor inhibits the growth of GRP receptor positive and negative tumors in nude mice, suggesting GRP effects other than those related to tumor epithelium. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the effects of GRP receptor blockade on neoangiogenesis in RCC.Materials and Methods:: GRP receptor expression was determined in human RCC and corresponding normal tissue by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Multicellular spheroids of the A498 RCC line were implanted into dorsal skin fold chambers of athymic nude mice. Neoangiogenesis was measured by intravital microscopy after blockade of GRP receptors by the GRP antagonist RC-3095. The influence of GRP on vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in A498 cells was studied in vitro.Results:: GRP receptor expression was immunoloca...
Developing a Story of Theory and Practice: Multigenre Writing in English Teacher Education.

This article presents a study exploring preservice teachers' experiences with multigenre writing in a secondary English methods course. In multigenre writing (Romano, 2000), students write about their research in a variety of genres as an alternative to the traditional research paper, presenting exposition in narrative forms. Preservice teachers in this study were assigned to write multigenre reflections that connected theory and practice from course readings. Their writing was supported through classroom workshops and discussion. Data collection included samples of preservice teachers' writing, transcripts of focus group interviews, and notes taken from class discussions about multigenre writing. Analysis of these data indicate that the participants in this study worked through their initial anxiety related to the unique expectations of multigenre writing; their written products demonstrate their willingness to push the boundaries of their own and instructor expectations and to craft increasingly sophist...
Eco-transactional behavioral research

Over the past few years, developmental and community theorists have begun speculating about and researching transactional and ecological processes. Rather than just focus on individual-unit phenomena, the transactional theorists point to reciprocal effects of different systems such that people are influenced and influence others over long periods of time. Ecological theorists have identified interrelationships between different systems or ecologies. Although behavioral investigators frequently study more attribute-type phenomena, methods invented to capture behavior change could be used to analyze transactional and ecological processes. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain the behavioral methodologies that could be used to help investigators better understand transactions and ecological processes.
Political alienation in Libya: assessing citizens' political attitude and behaviour

Political alienation in Libya: assessing citizens' political attitude and behaviour, by Mabroka al-Werfalli, Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2011, 240 pp., £60.00 (hardback), IBSN 978-0-86372-372-8 In P...
Morphine analgesia after intrathecal administration of a narcotic agonist, chloroxymorphamine and antagonist, chlornaltrexamine.

Abstract The spinal effects of two opiate compounds with nonequilibrium properties, chloroxymorphamine (COA) and chlornaltrexamine (CNA), were studied in the rat. Permanent indwelling cannulas to the spinal subarachnoid space allowed repeated injections of drugs to be made into a circumscribed receptor population. At various times after injection of the alkylating agents, the analgesic efficacy of morphine was measured. A single intrathecal injection of the antagonist, CNA, was found to dramatically inhibit the analgesic effect of intrathecally administered morphine challenges from 2 to 13 days. Pretreatment with CNA also reduced the analgesic effect of subcutaneously administered morphine, but only mildly compared to the potent inhibition of intrathecally administered morphine. In contrast to CNA, pretreatment with naltrexone intrathecally did not significantly inhibit the analgesic effect of intrathecal morphine challenges. Unlike the pure antagonistic effect of CNA, a single intrathecal injection of COA produced an immediate dose-related analgesia. Subsequently, the analgesic effect was absent, and replaced by a potent and long-term antagonism of morphine analgesia, which was still present as long as 21 days after COA. As was found with CNA, the inhibition by COA of the analgesic effect of morphine administered intrathecally was much more potent than that of subcutaneously administered morphine. The intrathecal injection of chlorambucil, a non-specific alkylating agent, produced no analgesia and did not affect the analgesic efficacy of subsequent treatment with morphine. The non-opioid analgesic effect of serotonin injected intrathecally was not affected by pretreatment with COA, and only slightly inhibited by the previous spinal injection of CNA. Using this test system, our results indicate that COA and CNA possess a much greater potency and longer duration of inhibition of narcotic receptors than previously demonstrated.
Uniqueness for the harmonic map flow in two dimensions

LetM be a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold with smooth (possibly empty) boundary. Ifu andv are weak solutions of the harmonic map flow inH1(M×[0,T]; SN) whose energy is non-increasing in time and having the same initial data u0 e H1(M,SN) (and same boundary values γ eH3/2(∂M; SN) if ∂M; SN ≠O) thenu=v.
A Review of Packaged Snack Foods

REGULAR SNACKING IS a common feature for many dialysis patients. The restrictions of the renal diet coupled with the hemodialysis schedule can affect food intake rates of patients. Patients may spend 3.5 hours or more undergoing dialysis 3 days per week. Add to that travel and wait time, and some patients may be away from home for several hours on treatment days. Even when patients are able to rearrange meal times to accommodate their treatment schedule, some may choose to snack before, during, or after their hemodialysis treatments. Patients on peritoneal dialysis may also rely on snacking to fulfill their daily calorie needs owing to the early satiety experienced by some patients on this therapy. Many dialysis patients choose packaged snack foods on a regular basis. Many cite taste preference and convenience as the primary reasons for choosing packaged snack foods. Although a healthyoptionmay be for patients to consume a protein bar or nutrition supplement as a snack or eat a balanced meal at home before and/or after treatment, some packaged snack foods can be worked into the renal diet for patients who choose these foods. Table 1 provides nutrition information for some convenient, packaged snacks thatmay be appropriate for some patients. The Keebler 100 calorie packs (aside from the Grasshopper, which provides 79 mg potassium per serving) allow patients to enjoy cookies, even cookies with chocolate flavors such as Fudge Graham and Chips Deluxe, with less than 40 mg potassium and 40 mg phosphorus
Dating with HIV: A Content Analysis of Gay Male HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Personal Advertisements

One hundred personal advertisements from homosexual men who disclosed their HIV-status were analyzed for content. Results supported the hypotheses that HIV-negative men would be more likely to specify positive characteristics for their partners, prescribe a seriousness for the relationship, be older and write longer ads. HIV-positive men were more likely to discuss health issues in their ads. Results are interpreted in light of case study and survey research on HIV-positive gay men. The use of personal advertisements as an alternative ecological methodology is also discussed.
Numerical simulation of the gas-liquid flow in a rotary gas separator

The presence of free gas at pump intake adversely affects the performance of an electrical submersible pump (ESP) system, often resulting in low efficiency and causing operational problems. One method of reducing the amount of free gas that the pump has to process is to install a rotary gas separator. The gas-liquid flow associated with the downhole installation of a rotary separator has been investigated to address its overall phase segregation performance. A mathematical model was developed to investigate factors contributing to gas-liquid separation and to determine the efficiency of the separator. The drift-flux approach was used to formulate this complex two-phase flow problem. The turbulent diffusivity was modeled by a two-layer mixing-length model and the relative velocity between phases was formulated based on published correlations for flows with similar characteristics. The well-known numerical procedure of Patankar-Spalding for single-phase flow computations was extended to this two-phase flow situation. Special discretization and techniques were developed to obtain consistent results. Special under-relaxation procedures were also developed to keep the gas void fraction in the interval. Predicted mixture velocity vectors and gas void fraction distribution for the two-phase flow inside the centrifuge are presented. The model`s predictions are compared to data gathered onmore » a field scale experimental facility to support its invaluable capabilities as a design tool for ESP installations.« less
N488I Mutation of the γ2-Subunit Results in Bidirectional Changes in AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activity

Mutations in the human gene encoding the nucleotide-binding region in the γ-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cause cardiomyopathy with preexcitation syndrome. Mutant AMPK showed reduced binding affinity to nucleotides in vitro raising the possibility that altered regulation of AMPK activity by AMP/ATP could contribute to the disease phenotype. In this study, we determined the sensitivity of AMPK activity to AMP/ATP in the beating hearts using transgenic mice expressing a mutant (N488I, γ2-mutant) or wild-type γ2-subunit (γ2-TG). The [ATP] and [AMP] were unaltered in all hearts but the AMPK activity was increased by 2.5-fold in γ2-mutant hearts freeze-clamped at normal AMP/ATP compared with nontransgenic (WT) or γ2-TG. The increased basal AMPK activity was caused by increased Thr-172 phosphorylation of the α-subunit (p-AMPK, by 4-fold) at normal [ATP] and was not changed by reducing glycogen content by 60% in the γ2-mutant hearts. A reversal of AMP/ATP, caused by ATP degradation, increased p-AMPK by 7-fold in WT but caused no change in γ2-mutant hearts. These results demonstrate that the mutation renders AMPK insensitive to the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the regulatory nucleotides ATP and AMP, respectively, suggesting that the pathogenesis of the human disease may not be attributable to a simple loss- or gain-of-function.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of antivirals in neonates.

Introduction: Neonatal patients, because of the inability of their immune system to properly respond to microbial challenge, are highly susceptible to viral infections. Immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibody and antiviral drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases in neonates. Neonates and, especially, preterm infants differ in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion from adults and older children.Areas covered: This review will evaluate deficiencies of neonatal immune responses to microbial challenge that predispose newborns to viral infections, clinical manifestations and the treatment of viral diseases in neonates. We focus on published studies describing antiviral drug pharmacokinetics in neonates and make recommendations on the dosing of these drugs, allowing achievement of maximal clinical benefits in neonates.Expert opinion: While some efforts were undertaken to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiviral drugs, much more needs to be done. Current data...
Handling of cysteine S-conjugates of methylmercury in MDCK cells expressing human OAT1.

Handling of cysteine S -conjugates of methylmercury in MDCK cells expressing human OAT1. Background The activity of the organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) has been implicated recently in the basolateral uptake of thiol conjugates of inorganic mercury in renal proximal tubular cells. However, very little is known about the role of OAT1 in the renal epithelial transport of organic forms of mercury, such as methylmercury (CH 3 Hg + ), especially when it is in the form of the cysteine (Cys) S -conjugate of methylmercury (CH 3 Hg-Cys), which is believed to be a biologically relevant form of mercury. Methods Accordingly, the present study, was designed to characterize the transport of CH 3 Hg-Cys in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells transfected stably with the human isoform of OAT1 (hOAT1) and in proximal tubular-derived NRK-52E cells. Results Data on saturation kinetics, time dependency, substrate specificity, and temperature dependency demonstrate that CH 3 Hg-Cys is transported by hOAT1. Substrate-specificity data from the control cells also show that CH 3 Hg-Cys is a substrate of one or more transporter(s) that is/are not hOAT1. Additional findings indicate that at least one amino acid transport system is involved in the uptake of CH 3 Hg-Cys in MDCK cells. Furthermore, in the presence of cytotoxic concentrations of CH 3 Hg-Cys, rates of survival were lower in hOAT1-transfected cells than in wild-type control cells. Conclusion The present data demonstrate clearly that CH 3 Hg-Cys is indeed a transportable substrate of OAT1. Moreover, the collective findings from the MDCK cells and NRK-52E cells infer that CH 3 Hg-Cys is a likely transportable mercuric species in proximal tubular epithelial cells that is taken up in vivo by both OAT1 and amino acid transporters.
On the selection of measurements in least-squares estimation

The problem of selecting measurements to enhance the performance of a Kalman estimator is considered. It is assumed that all the states of the random process model used by the estimator are accessible so that any linear combinations of them can be formed and used as measurements, but that their number is to be limited. Solutions are provided for two situations: when the measurement noise is zero, and when the noise covariance matrix is positive definite. The solutions are optimal in the sense that the measurements at any particular time instant minimize the trace of the a posteriori error covariance matrix at the same instant. An example of application of the above solutions to a speech coding scheme is given. Some of the limitations of the solutions are point out. >
Open-source SCA-based core framework and rapid development tools enable software-defined radio education and research

This article describes the Open Source SCA Implementation::Embedded project, an open source software development kit designed for rapid prototyping of software defined radios consistent with the software communications architecture. The SCA is a product of the American military's SDR acquisition program and has played a large role in SDR development in the military and in the wireless industry. OSSIE was designed for use in wireless communications curricula and research efforts, so it is easy to learn and illustrative of software engineering, programming, and communications engineering concepts important in industrial practice today. OSSIE includes a core framework (i.e., common services enumerated in the SCA). It also includes graphical user interface-oriented tools that are easily learned and free to download and use. The tools auto-generate SCA-specific component source code and supporting files, leaving the developer to provide signal processing functionality. In addition, visualization tools for debugging and a growing library of SDR software components are available. Discussed herein are examples of SDRs designed using OSSIE, including embedded applications. OSSIE enables easy transition from concepts to practice in SDR design for communications engineers who may not have a strong software background.