cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing and Integrating Exposome Data: Maps, Models, Computation, and Systems Biology

Exposome-related data will come from a myriad of sources. The huge amounts of data must be organized in some manner that allows appropriate interpretations and associations to be drawn. Models and maps are often used to provide organization to complex data sets. Maps are quite appropriate for exposome research as the location of the sources and exposures is a critical component, and spatial statistics could play a major role in exposome data organization. The complex types of data will undoubtedly require mathematical approaches, including bioinformatics, computational, and systems biology-based techniques. This chapter reviews some of the possible strategies that can be used to keep track of the diverse and massive data sets that will result from exposome research.
Design-by-desense: A multi-fidelity approach to interference-free design for electronic devices

A multi-fidelity simulation-based workflow is presented as an efficient means of achieving interference-free design for electronic devices. By using desensitization, or “desense”, as the primary figure of merit, this work flow is achieved in three stages: 1) Identification of high-risk sources of radiation from the printed circuit board (PCB) using signal integrity (SI) simulation models that already exist in the design flow, 2) physical modeling of 3D structure including the PCB, antennas and device structure, and 3) RF system & circuit simulations to predict radio desensitization. By separating the workflow into these three complimentary stages, it is shown that the simulation drives very little additional engineering work with the promise of significantly reduced cost and development time, speeding time to market. Furthermore, by effectively leveraging common practices by design discipline, we demonstrate that it is not only possible, but advantageous, to mix methodologies between different design disciplines in the pursuit of a common goal – minimizing radio frequency interference (RFI) very early in the design stage.
μ, δ AND κ OPIATE RECEPTORS: INTERCONVERTIBLE FORMS OF THE SAME RECEPTOR

The binding of a radiolabeled “μ receptor” prototype opiate, dihydromorphine (DHM), a “δ receptor” prototype, D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (D-ENK), and a “κ receptor” prototype, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), to slide-mounted rat brain sections was characterized biochemically and visualized by autoradiography. Under optimal conditions for each ligand, structure-activity studies reveal the presence of distinct μ, δ, and κ binding sites. However, autoradiography shows that all three sites show the identical discrete (Type 1) distribution pattern throughout rat brain, e.g., “patches” in the striatum and a streak under the corpus callosum1. Our interpretation of these data is that the μ, δ, and κ opiate receptors of striatal patches are different conformations of a single allosteric opiate receptor complex which can assume various ligand selectivity patterns.
Tracking the Trade in Ornamental Coral Reef Organisms: The Importance of CITES and its Limitations

The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (‘live rock’) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement.
WebQual and Its Relevance to Users with Visual Disabilities

The number of people with vision-related disabilities is on the rise. Since a significant portion of the population is "Web-reliant" already, understanding how visual impairments effect website usage and evaluation is important from both a business and societal perspective. This research tests the relevance of the website quality measure, WebQual, in low vision populations. Specifically, the website evaluation, using WebQual, of “sighted” users is compared to those with low to no vision. Preliminary results show that WebQual remains a highly valuable website quality measure in both populations.
Outcomes of 47 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated for breast cancer: A 20-year experience.

1071 Background: Patients (pts) with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are living longer and non-AIDS defining malignancies have been increasingly reported in these patients. Methods: Retrospectiv...
Growing Up in Cincinnati: The Neuroimaging Effects of Ubiquitous Environmental Exposures

Introduction and BackgroundResearchers in Cincinnati have a long history of studying environmental cohorts. The Cincinnati Lead Study (CLS), a birth cohort initiated in 1979, recruited pregnant wom...
Photoelastic coatings on flat rotating axisymmetrical parts

Body forces generated in photoelastic coatings bonded to rotating metallic parts affect the deformation in the parts. This effect becomes considerable when the coating thickness approaches that of the part. As a result, the observed photoelastic strain pattern is not truly indicative of the strains that would be present in an uncoated part. This interaction is considered analytically and experimentally for the case of a flat circular disk with a central hole when the coating covers the entire disk area and (a) coatings of equal thickness are bonded to both sides of the test part, and (b) the coating is bonded to only one side of the test part. Correction factors are derived which are applicable to problems where the strain field is axisymmetrical. The applicability of the derived correction factors in the vicinity of stress concentrations in the rotating part is considered.
The Making of an Addiction: Examining Psychological Determinants of Prescription Stimulant Abuse among College Students

Diagnoses of attention-deficit-disorders and stimulant prescriptions to treat these disorders (e.g., Adderall) are on the rise. The non-medical use of such stimulants (NUPS) as ‘study drugs’ has in...
Vietnam since 1945

In 1940, during the early days of WW II, Japan began demanding the cooperation of French colonial authorities in Vietnam as part of the Japanese war effort against China. By the summer of 1941, Japanese military forces had occupied all of Vietnam. Although this led directly to the imposition of Allied sanctions against Japan and the outbreak of a wider war in the Pacific, within Vietnam itself the collaborationist Vichy French regime that was in place by that time did not resist. Despite Japanese occupation, routine French colonial administration of Vietnam continued throughout most of WW II, until March 1945, when the Japanese finally seized power directly and disarmed and interned the French. The following day, the Japanese named the last Nguyen Dynasty ruler, Bao Dai (1913–1997; emperor, 1926–1945; head of state, 1949–1955), emperor of a nominally independent Vietnam, within the Japanese-controlled Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Meanwhile, the Japanese occupation of Vietnam during WW II had created an opportunity for the Vietnamese communists to call for a united front of all patriotic Vietnamese to resist Japan. After spending thirty years in exile, some time in late 1940 or early 1941 the communist leader Nguyen Sinh Cung returned to Vietnam (where he finally actually assumed his most famous alias, “Ho Chi Minh”). There, at a meeting near the Chinese border in May 1941, a front organization (deliberately intended to downplay the communist leadership role) was formed – called the League for the Independence of Vietnam, but commonly known as the Viet Minh – and it began to conduct guerrilla warfare against the Japanese. The French Withdrawal, and America's War The Japanese surrender at the end of WW II, in August 1945, left Vietnam in chaos. Northern Vietnam at the time of surrender was only just beginning to recover from a catastrophic famine that had claimed the lives of one or two million people earlier that spring. Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh appeared to be virtually the only forces on the ground that were opposing the Japanese and attempting to deal with the famine – by, for example, leading attacks on warehouses where rice had been diverted and stored for Japanese use.
Testicular function in boys with 47,XYY and relationship to phenotype.

An additional Y chromosome occurs in ~1 in 1,000 males, resulting in the karyotype 47,XYY. The phenotype includes tall stature, hypotonia, neuropsychiatric comorbidities, and an increased risk of infertility in adulthood. Little is known about testicular function in childhood and adolescence in 47,XYY. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess testicular function serum biomarkers, including total testosterone, inhibin B, and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), in 82 boys with XYY (11.3 ± 3.8 years) compared with 66 male controls (11.6 ± 3.8 years). The association of testicular hormones with physical features, neuropsychological phenotype, and magnetoencephalography (MEG) was assessed with multiple linear regression models. Results indicate males with XYY have significantly lower inhibin B (median 84 pg/ml vs. 109 pg/ml, p = .004) and higher AMH (median 41 ng/ml vs. 29 ng/ml, p = .011); however, testosterone, testicular volume, and stretched penile length were not different from controls. In the exploratory analysis of relationships between hormone concentrations and phenotypic assessments, higher inhibin B concentrations were positively correlated with lower BMI and better cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes in the XYY group. Testosterone concentrations were positively associated with better behavioral outcomes in boys with XYY. Higher testosterone and inhibin B concentrations were also associated with shorter auditory latencies measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in XYY. With a few exceptions, testicular hormones were not associated with phenotypic outcomes in controls. In conclusion, there is evidence of subtle impaired testicular function in boys with XYY and a newly described relationship between measures of testicular function and some aspects of the XYY phenotype.
Impact of the Support, Educate, Empower Personalized Glaucoma Coaching Program Pilot Study on Eye Drop Instillation Technique and Self-Efficacy.

Purpose To assess the Support, Educate, Empower (SEE) personalized glaucoma coaching program impact on (1) eye drop instillation technique and (2) eye drop instillation self-efficacy. Design Prospective pre–post pilot study. Participants Patients with a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension taking ≥1 glaucoma medication, ≥40 years old, spoke English, self-administered their eye drops, and ≤80% adherent to their glaucoma medication by electronic monitoring. Methods Eye drop administration was video recorded before the first SEE in-person coaching session, which included teaching eye drop instillation techniques using a motivational interviewing-based approach. At the third and final in-person counseling session 6 months later, eye drop administration was video recorded. Participants’ self-efficacy was assessed using the validated Eye Drop Technique Self-Efficacy Scale (EDTSES) survey at baseline and 1 month after completion of the program. Before and after intervention videos were assessed by an observer masked to time point. Before versus after intervention comparisons were made using McNemar’s and paired t tests. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome was change in participants’ eye drop instillation technique as measured by (1) accuracy of an eye drop landing on the eye, (2) ability to instill an eye drop on the first attempt, and (3) contaminating the bottle by contact with ocular surface, eyelashes, and skin. The secondary outcome measure was before versus after change in the EDTSES score (6 items, each assessed on a 3-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating better self-efficacy). Results Thirty-nine participants completed the SEE intervention, 38 with before and after EDTSES scores and 31 with video recordings. Six of 31 participants instilling drops outside the eye before intervention improved their technique after intervention, whereas 2 participants worsened (P = 0.157). From before to after intervention, participants demonstrated significant improvement in not touching the ocular surface (P = 0.046), the eyelashes (P = 0.020), or the skin (P = 0.025) with the bottle tip. A significant increase was found in eye drop instillation self-efficacy from an average score of 2.6 (standard deviation [SD], 0.3) to 2.8 (SD, 0.2) on the EDTSES score (P = 0.007). Conclusions The SEE program significantly decreased eye drop bottle contamination, increased eye drop instillation self-efficacy, and demonstrated an insignificant increase in ability to instill drops successfully and accurately.
Potential Failure Mode Analysis

Identification, description, and evaluation of site-specific potential failure modes (PFMs) are the most important steps towards a risk analysis. Potential failure mode analysis (PFMA) is a standard and state-of-the-practice technique in dam engineering and forms the basis for risk evaluations and event tree development. Figure 27.1 illustrates the key steps of a PFMA. It should be noted that it is purely qualitative. This chapter presents both the qualitative and quantitative failure metrics for a variety of concrete dams.
A phthalocyanine-grafted MA–VA framework polymer as a high performance anode material for lithium/sodium-ion batteries

A porous MA–VA–PcNi polymer was prepared by grafting nickel phthalocyanine (PcNi) onto the main chain of a maleic anhydride–vinyl acetate (MA–VA) polymer, and an MA–VA–PcNi electrode is prepared by electrospinning technology to inhibit the agglomeration of the active powder effectively, which produces spherical particles with a diameter of 100–300 nm. The synthesized MA–VA–PcNi polymer is used as the anode for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting excellent energy storage behaviors. The MA–VA–PcNi/Li battery displays a high capacity of 610 mA h g−1 and can still remain at 507 mA h g−1 with a retention rate of 83.1% after 400 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1. Even at a high current density of 2 A g−1, the specific capacity can remain at 195 mA h g−1. In addition, the MA–VA–PcNi/Na battery displays a high capacity of 336 mA h g−1 and can still remain at 278 mA h g−1 with a retention rate of 82.7% after 400 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. A high specific capacity of 164 mA h g−1 can also be achieved at a high current density of 1 A g−1. After nickel phthalocyanine (PcNi) was grafted onto the MA–VA polymer, aggregation between phthalocyanine rings was effectively prevented, and this exposes more active sites. At the same time, the spherical particles obtained by electrospinning technology further improve the dispersion and increase the number of active sites of the active materials. Finally, the electrode materials show excellent energy storage behavior for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, which provides a new idea for designing high-performance energy storage materials for organic electrodes.
The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism

John Calvin developed arresting new teachings on rights and liberties, church and state, and religion and politics that shaped the law of Protestant lands. Calvin's original teachings were periodically challenged by major crises - the French Wars of Religion, Dutch Revolt, the English Civil War, American colonization, and American Revolution. In each such crisis moment, a major Calvinist figure emerged - Theodore Beza, Johannes Althusius, John Milton, John Winthrop, John Adams, and others - who modernized Calvin's teachings and translated them into dramatic new legal and political reforms. This rendered early modern Calvinism one of the driving engines of Western constitutionalism. A number of basic Western laws on religious and political rights, social and confessional pluralism, federalism and constitutionalism, and more owe a great deal to this religious movement. This book is essential reading for scholars and students of history, law, religion, politics, ethics, human rights, and the Protestant Reformation.
Further Evidence of Cross-Bridge Motions in Limulus Thick Myofilament Suspensions

The contraction of striated muscle is known to be caused by an active relative sliding of the thick and thin myofilaments.1,2 In addition, there is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that active sliding between protein filaments occurs not only between the thin actin-containing filaments and the thick myosin-containing filaments, involved in the motility of a wide variety of cells,3 but also in the cilia motion involving dynein and tubulin rather than myosin and actin.4 The most widely held view for the molecular mechanism of the sliding process in striated muscle is that the cross-bridges which are projected outward from the thick myofilament moves cyclically upon activation. The cross-bridge motions in turn pull the thin myofilament. So far, this scheme has been supported only by indirect evidence.5,6
Collision-Induced Molecular Absorption in Stellar Atmospheres

Collision-induced absorption (CIA) arises in small complexes of inert atoms or molecules due to dipole moments temporarily induced during intermolecular interactions. It is well known that CIA is the major source of the infrared opacity of dense planetary atmospheres, which are composed of nonpolar molecules. However, CIA also plays a significant role in the opacity of cool stars(having low free electron densities) composed of hydrogen and helium gas. Model atmospheres of the cool, high-gravity stars, such as white dwarfs, M (red) dwarfs, brown dwarfs, and the (hypothetical) “population III” stars show that at low enough temperatures and/or at high enough densities CIA may be the dominant source of opacity in the infrared region below 15,000 cm-1. A review is given of all types of stars whose atmospheric opacity may be strongly affected by CIA. Moreover, existing needs, related to CIA and model atmospheres, are indicated.
He 3 Isotopic Abundance

The isotopic abundance of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in one sample each of "well" helium and "atmospheric" helium has been measured by detecting the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}(n,p){\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ disintegrations induced by thermal neutrons. The helium gas was put into a proportional counter, the disintegration rate compared to that with nitrogen in the counter, and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ content deduced from the known ratio of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and N disintegration cross sections.
A Review of “Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD”

While clinicians may view the relational treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with fraught due to its complexity, Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD eases that anxiety by providin...
Discrete Trial Instruction vs. Mand Training for Teaching Children With Autism to Make Requests

The present study compared the effects of discrete trial instruction (DTI) and mand training on the acquisition of independent requests in 6 children with autism. Two multiple-probe designs across participants were conducted with 3 participants receiving mand training followed by DTI and the other 3 receiving DTI followed by mand training. Eye contact and challenging behaviors were also assessed across conditions. Results indicate that 5 of 6 participants made more independent requests and acquired requesting faster in the mand training condition, had slightly better eye contact in the DTI condition, and fewer challenging behaviors in the mand training condition. Overall, the results indicate that mand training is a more efficient method for teaching children with autism to make requests.
The Internet of Things: A Survey from the Data-Centric Perspective

Advances in sensor data collection technology, such as pervasive and embedded devices, and RFID Technology have lead to a large number of smart devices which are connected to the net and continuously transmit their data over time. It has been estimated that the number of internet connected devices has overtaken the number of humans on the planet, since 2008. The collection and processing of such data leads to unprecedented challenges in mining and processing such data. Such data needs to be processed in real-time and the processing may be highly distributed in nature. Even in cases, where the data is stored offline, the size of the data is often so large and distributed, that it requires the use of big data analytical tools for processing. In addition, such data is often sensitive, and brings a number of privacy challenges associated
Internalizing and Externalizing

Empirical evidence clearly shows that comorbidity between disorders is the rule in mental disorders, rather than the exception. The regularity and frequency of certain patterns of comorbidity suggests that comorbidity arises for substantive reasons, such as shared etiology between disorders. Two latent liability factors have been proposed to account for patterns of comorbidity between common mental disorders: internalizing and externalizing. Internalizing psychopathology encompasses phenomena such as depression, anxiety, and phobias, while externalizing psychopathology encompasses phenomena such as substance use problems and impulsive, antisocial behavior. Keywords: externalizing; internalizing; psychopathology; statistical methods in psychology; assessment
Model checking LTL over controllable linear systems is decidable

The use of algorithmic verification and synthesis tools for hybrid systems is currently limited to systems exhibiting simple continuous dynamics such as timed automata or rectangular hybrid systems. In this paper we enlarge the class of systems amenable to algorithmic analysis and synthesis by showing decidability of model checking Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas over discrete time, controllable, linear systems. This result follows from the construction of a language equivalent, finite abstraction of a control system based on a set of finite observations which correspond to the atomic propositions appearing in a given LTL formula. Furthermore, the size of this abstraction is shown to be polynomial in the dimension of the control system and the number of observations. These results open the doors for verification and synthesis of continuous and hybrid control systems from LTL specifications.
Familial and Institutional Factors: Job Satisfaction for Female Counselor Educators

Job satisfaction based on familial and institutional factors was explored for 157 female counselor educators. Results indicate that female associate professors had lower levels of intrinsic rewards domain after controlling for institutional type. Parental responsibility and partnership status were equivocal, with significant interaction effects after controlling for Carnegie Classification.
The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) - The Most Interesting Development in Contract Law Since the Code Civil and the BGB

The paper introduces the DCFR, which is essentially the draft of a future EU Code of Obligations and works a bit like the UCC in the USA, as a model commercial code. After a brief historic justification of the draft, there is a presentation of what the DCFR can and cannot do at the present time. Finally, the potential effect of the DCFR if chosen by the parties of an international sales transaction is explained via a hypothetical.
Analysis Patterns: A Taxonomy and its Implications

Abstract With the accumulation of problem-solving experience, practitioners document recurring problems and standard solutions in what are commonly referred to as patterns. This study develops a six-cell taxonomy of analysis patterns used for specifying system requirements, based on the dimensions of granularity and abstraction. A categorization of analysis patterns currently used in practice yields some managerial guidelines about lifetime pattern benefits, analyst training, and the allocation of resources for pattern harvesting.
Calculations on the orientation on the fragment in Co3(CO)9(μ3-CH): Implications for metal surfaces

Abstract A series of molecular orbital calculations using the Fenske-Hall method have been carried out on Co 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -CH), in which the orientation of the CH fragment is varied with respect to the triangular plane of the three Co atoms. The calculations show that the energy differences between the orbitals that are predominantly CH in character are affected very little by the orientation of the CH fragment. These calculated differences are Δ (2 σ −1 σ )≅7 eV and Δ (1 π −1 σ )≅ 10.5 eV. The calculated splitting of the degenerate 1π orbitals for geometries with tilted CH fragments never amounted to more than 0.46 eV. Mixing of CH orbitals into the predominantly Co 3d manifold was extensive in all of the calculations. These calculations provide no support for the interpretation of energy loss and photoemission electron spectroscopy experiments in terms of CH fragments that are tilted with respect to the metal surface, but such an interpretation cannot be eliminated due to the diffuse nature of the spectral bands in the photoemission experiments.
ACQUIRED AGRANULOCYTOSIS SECONDARY TO A SERUM INHIBITOR

A 3 year old female presented with perioral and perineal ulcerating skin lesions and 104°F temperature. The peripheral white blood cell count (P.B.) was 3200/mm3 with 0% neutrophils, 11% monocytes, 0% eosinophils, 89% lymphocytes (20% atypical) and 0% basophils. Hb. was 7gm/dl and Hct. 21.9%. Platelet count was 644,500/mm3. Bone marrow (B.M. ) smears revealed normal numbers of nucleated red blood cells and megakaryocytes. No myeloid precursor ceils were discernible with either Wright - Giemsa or myeloperoxidase staining techniques. In vitro soft agar culture of P.B. nucleated cells and B.M. cells revealed normal P.B. and slightly dec. numbers of B.M. myeloid colony forming cells (CFC). Patient P.B. nucleated cells supported colony growth from control B.M. cells normally indicating normal colony stimulating activity (CSA). Serum (0.3cc) mixed with ice of normal B.M. cells plated at 105 cells/cc (in quadruplicate) markedly inhibited CFC (mean CFC of 2.5 col/105 cells plated compared to 19.5 col/105 cells plated without serum added). Maturation within the colonies to mature neutrophils and/or monocytes was noted in all situations. The patient clinically improved and had return of normal P.B. white cell count within 2 weeks. When studied 10 months later with normal blood counts and B.M., her serum showed stimulation of normal marrow CFC. These studies suggest that the patients agranulocytosis was secondary to a serum inhibitor directed against the myeloid stem cell.
Who Benefits from Religion

Many studies have documented the benefits of religious involvement. Indeed, highly religious people tend to be healthier, live longer, and have higher levels of subjective well-being. While religious involvement offers clear benefits to many, in this paper we explore whether it may also be detrimental to some. Specifically, we examine in detail the relation between religious involvement and subjective well-being. We first replicate prior findings showing a positive relation between religiosity and subjective well-being. However, our results also suggest that this relation may be more complex than previously thought. While fervent believers benefit from their involvement, those with weaker beliefs are actually less happy than those who do not ascribe to any religion—atheists and agnostics. These results may help explain why—in spite of the well-documented benefits of religion—an increasing number of people are abandoning their faith. As commitment wanes, religious involvement may become detrimental to well-being, and individuals may be better off seeking new affiliations.
Activism and creating a translational archaeology of homelessness

Abstract Archaeologists can provide useful perspectives on contemporary social problems if they are willing to engage in ‘politics’ and translate their findings into information useful for developing social policy, and if they are willing to become activists. To do this they need to emphasize the acquisition, use and distribution of material culture and work collaboratively with communities. This paper provides a brief example of how translational archaeology might work, describing an attempt to develop an archaeology of homelessness in St. Paul, Minnesota, and Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Bounds on functions biorthogonal to sets of complex exponentials; control of damped elastic systems☆

Abstract In this article, we obtain explicit bounds on the norms of biorthogonal functions to sets of complex exponentials {exp(− λ k t )}, where the { λ k } belong to a sector of the positive real axis. The bounds obtained are uniform within a class of sequences which exhibit similar growth and separation properties. The dependence of the bounds upon the growth and separation parameters is carefully examined. The main theorem then leads to some results regarding the solvability of moment problems of the form ∝ 0 T f ( t )exp(− λ k t ) dt = c k , which arise in control problems associated with damped or dissipative systems. As an application, we establish an exact null controllability result for boundary control of a rectangular structurally damped plate.
Electrical resistivity of cortical bone: Micromechanical modeling and experimental verification

Abstract Electrical resistivity of bone tissue is largely determined by its microstructure. The latter comprises a large number of pores filled with electrically conductive material – blood, lymph, nerve tissue, etc. The present paper analyzes a connection between morphology of the osteonal cortical bone and its overall anisotropic electrical resistivity. Bone’s microstructure is modeled using available micrographs. The calculated anisotropic electric resistivity is in agreement with available experimental data and with our measurements. The influence of each of the pore types on the overall electric properties is examined.
On the change in radar cross-section of a spherical satellite caused by a plasma sheath

Abstract A uniform neutral dilute ionized gas is assumed to be perturbed by a sphere moving through it. The radar return from the disturbed region is obtained by integrating the Compton scattering from the electrons, taking phase into account, but ignoring secondary scattering and attenuation. The electron density distribution for this computation is obtained by integration of the zeroth order velocity distribution function for neutral particles obtained by Wang Chang(6) as a solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. Numerical results are obtained for the perturbation of the electron distribution by a sphere travelling at 8 km sec and an altitude of 500 km and for the radar cross-section of this perturbed region when viewed broadside ∗
Separation and identification of monosaccharides from biological materials by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Thin-layer chromatographic methods are described for the separation of the following monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and neuraminic acids. Neutral solvent systems and unaltered silica gel G plates were used. The monosaccharides are separated sharply, which allows these methods to be used for the determination of these compounds. The preparation and use is discussed of seven facile spray reagents that afford further specificity for detection and evaluation of the sugars at the microgram level. The feasibility of these procedures was demonstrated with a hydrolyzate of human erythrocyte globoside.
Nutrient retention in preterm infants fed standard infant formulas.

Our purpose was to compare nitrogen, mineral, and zinc balance in preterm infants fed standard infant formulas, Similac With Iron and Similac With Whey+Iron. Nitrogen and magnesium balances were similar during both feeds, and met estimated fetal requirements. Infants absorbed and retained (milligrams per kilogram per day) more calcium, phosphorus, and zinc when fed Similac With Iron. However, retention of calcium, phosphorus (both formulas), and zinc (Similac With Whey+Iron) was inadequate to meet estimated fetal requirements. These findings are important in the rapidly growing preterm infant, who is already at risk for the development of rickets and zinc deficiency and may be fed either formula on discharge from the newborn nursery.
Growth Hormone Synthesis and Release in Vitro: Effects of Partially Purified Ovine Hypothalamic Extract

The influence of a partially purified extract of sheep hypothalami with in vivo growth hormone (GH) releasing activity was examined with respect to growth hormone synthesis and release in vitro. Rat anterior pituitaries were preincubated in the presence of 14C-leucine and then incubated in the presence of 3H-leucine and the hypothalamic extract. Effects on GH synthesis and on the release of both newly synthesized and stored GH were determined using radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation techniques. The hypothalamic extract increased release of newly synthesized GH while not affecting release of older, stored GH. This effect was distinguished from the simultaneous release of newly synthesized and stored GH caused by NH4+ and K+. Inhibition of GH synthesis occurred at high extract concentrations, but could be attributed to the toxic effects of the vehicle containing the extract. The consistent effects observed on the release of 14C- and 3H-labeled GH were not paralleled by those on immunoassayable GH rele...
AMPK regulation of the growth of cultured human keratinocytes

AMP kinase (AMPK) is a fuel sensing enzyme that responds to cellular energy depletion by increasing processes that generate ATP and inhibiting others that require ATP but are not acutely necessary for survival. In the present study, we examined the relationship between AMPK activation and the growth (proliferation) of cultured human keratinocytes and assessed whether the inhibition of keratinocyte growth by vitamin D involves AMPK activation. In addition, we explored whether the inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation as they approach confluence could be AMPK-related. Keratinocytes were incubated for 12 h with the AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-{beta}-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). At concentrations of 10{sup -4} and 10{sup -3} M, AICAR inhibited keratinocyte growth by 50% and 95%, respectively, based on measurements of thymidine incorporation into DNA. It also increased AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (P-AMPK and P-ACC) and decreased the concentration of malonyl CoA confirming that AMPK activation had occurred. Incubation with the thiazolidinedione, troglitazone (10{sup -6} M) caused similar alterations in P-AMPK, P-ACC, and cell growth. In contrast, the well known inhibition of keratinocyte growth by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} (10{sup -7} and 10{sup -6} M) was not associated with changes in P-AMPK or P-ACC. Like most cells, the growth of keratinocytes diminished asmore » they approached confluence. Thus, it was of note that we found a progressive increase in P-AMPK (1.5- to 2-fold, p < 0.05) as keratinocytes grown in control medium went from 25% to 100% confluence. In conclusion, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of AMPK acts as a signal to diminish the proliferation of cultured keratinocytes as they approach confluence. They also suggest that AMPK activators, such as AICAR and troglitazone, inhibit keratinocyte growth and that the inhibition of cell growth by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} is AMPK-independent.« less
Volatile Contents of Mafic Magmas From Cinder Cones in the Central Oregon High Cascades: Implications for Magma Formation and Mantle Conditions in a Hot Arc

Abstract The Cascades arc is a warm-slab subduction zone characterized by the slow (3.5 cm/a) subduction of young ( Melt inclusion compositions are evolved (Fo82–84 host olivines, 5.0–7.2 wt.% MgO) and fractionated from primitive parental magmas by ~ 16% crystallization of predominantly olivine before being trapped as inclusions. Calc-alkaline basaltic and Sr-rich basaltic melts can be generated by 9–11% partial melting of spinel lherzolite. H2O-rich basaltic andesite melts are highly depleted in incompatible elements and are probably generated from a more depleted mantle source by 12–16% melting. Subarc mantle temperatures inferred from H2O and trace elements are similar to or slightly warmer than temperatures in other arcs. Additionally, compositional proxies for slab surface temperatures in Central Oregon are at the high end of the global arc spectrum, corresponding to temperatures of 850–950 °C, and are consistent with a young, hot incoming plate.
Critical theory and electronic media

The revolution in the method of production in industry and agriculture, likewise necessitated a revolution in the general conditions of the social process of production, that is to say in the means of communication and transport. In a society whose pivots ... were, first, small-scale agriculture, with its subsidiary home industries, and, secondly, urban handicraft, the means of communication and transport were utterly inadequate to the requirements of the manufacturing period, with its extended division of social labor, its concentration of the means of labor and of the workers, and its colonial markets; communications and transport, therefore had to be revolutionized, and were in fact revolutionized. Karl Marx, (Everyman, 1972), 106.
Anaerobic transformations and bioremediation of chlorinated solvents

Chlorinated aliphatic compounds, notably the chlorinated solvents, are common contaminants in soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites. While these compounds are often recalcitrant, under favorable conditions they can be transformed and degraded through microbially mediated processes. There is great interest in understanding the transformations that are observed at contaminated sites and in manipulating these systems to achieve remediation. An important class of transformations occurs in anaerobic environments. Many of the transformations are reductive, and many yield useful energy to specific anaerobic bacteria. They include reductive dechlorination, dehydrochlorination and dichloroelemination. Of these, reductive dechlorination is often a growth-supporting reaction, while the others may be abiological or catalyzed by biological molecules. The reactions may result in chlorinated products, but there are often reaction sequences leading to completely dechlorinated products. The behavior of carbon tetrachloride (CT), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) and the chloroethenes, perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), illustrate the range of anaerobic transformations that are possible, as well as the limited transformation that often is seen in the environment. CT undergoes reductive and substitutive reactions that are catalyzed by biological molecules but do not support bacterial growth. The anaerobic degradation of TeCA, which is a major contaminant at a site near Tacoma, WA, USA, provides examples of each type of transformation, and the products formed are consistent with the chlorinated compounds that are found in groundwater extraction wells. A laboratory study, using anaerobic sludge that had been fed chlorinated compounds, a cell-free extract from the sludge, and killed controls, showed that TeCA was transformed to four products and that these were further transformed, suggesting that it might be possible to degrade TeCA to innocuous products. Reductive dechlorination of PCE and TCE has been studied in many laboratories. Studies with mixed anaerobic consortia and with several dehalogenating bacteria, including strain 195 (. Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethane to ethane. Science 276, 1568-1571) that transforms PCE to ethene, have demonstrated that reductive dechlorination supports growth of the novel bacteria that carry out the reactions. Hydrogen has been shown to be an electron donor for the bacterial dehalogenation reactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic considerations indicate that dehalogenators can compete in some, but not all, anaerobic environments, pointing to applications of in situ bioremediation and to its limitations. Selected field studies of anaerobic transformations help delineate the applications of this type of bioremediation.
Experimental basis for use of peptides as substrates for parenteral nutrition: A review☆☆☆

Revue des avantages d'une nutrition parenterale a base de peptides: volume utilise, solution stable, utilisation du systeme veineux peripherique
Exploiting Interlimb Coupling to Improve Paretic Arm Reaching Performance in People With Chronic Stroke

Abstract Harris-Love ML, McCombe Waller S, Whitall J. Exploiting interlimb coupling to improve paretic arm reaching performance in people with chronic stroke. Objective To determine whether paretic arm reaching performance is improved in bilateral compared with unilateral conditions. Design Cohort study. Setting University human performance laboratory. Participants Thirty-two subjects with chronic stroke (57±14y; on Fugl-Meyer Assessment arm score, 37±14). Intervention Unilateral and bilateral reaching. Bilateral tasks included varying levels of weight on the nonparetic hand. Main Outcome Measures An electromagnetic tracking system recorded hand peak acceleration, velocity, and movement time. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were used to analyze the results (α=.05). Results Paretic differed significantly from nonparetic peak acceleration and velocity in unilateral reaching but not bilateral reaching. Within limbs, the paretic arm attained a higher peak acceleration ( P P =.03) in the bilateral compared with the unilateral task, but movement time was unchanged between tasks. Nonparetic peak acceleration was higher ( P =.015), velocity was unchanged, and movement time increased ( P =.005) in the bilateral compared with the unilateral task. The addition of a weight to the nonparetic arm during bilateral reaching did not result in further improvement in paretic arm performance. Conclusions Interlimb coupling effects during bilateral reaching are retained even after chronic stroke and can be used to produce an immediate improvement in paretic arm reaching performance.
Failure of four bovine pericardial mitral prostheses.

The bovine pericardial valve has a long history of excellent performance in both the aortic and mitral positions, with low rates of both short-term and long-term valverelated events. In two large studies spanning 12 and 15 years, there were no reported occurrences of intraoperative structural failure. Although there are some reports in the literature of early postoperative failure, there are few reported cases of intraoperative failure of bovine pericardial valves. We present 4 instances in 3 patients from two separate institutions of intraoperative structural failure of bovine pericardial mitral bioprostheses.
Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-β. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 °C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.
The lived experience of power and powerlessness in psychiatric nursing: A Heideggerian hermeneutical analysis

The purpose of this study was to discover some of the meanings inherent in psychiatric nursing practice. The specific question was, "What is the meaning of power and powerlessness as it occurs in the lived experience of practicing psychiatric nurses." The therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is a primary concern for psychiatric nursing. Therefore, issues of power and powerlessness become salient as they affect clients in the mental health system and the clinicians who work with them. If power and powerlessness are important aspects in a conceptualization of mental illness and its treatment, then they will affect clinicians and the relationships that they have with their clients. This study focused on the lived experience of 10 psychiatric registered nurses. Semistructured interviews with these nurses were audiotaped and transcribed into text. They were then analyzed hermeneutically using the philosophical grounding of Heideggerian phenomenology and the hermeneutical methods that are based on that philosophy. One constitutive pattern revealed was "The Power of Knowing." Three relational themes were "Power as Connectedness in Relationships," "Being Tested by Fire," and "Power as Having a Voice." The results of this study enable nurses to understand their practice better and lead to strategies for empowerment of both nurses and the people that they care for. In addition, the use of a hermeneutical data analysis approach has further shown the relevance of this method for knowledge generation in psychiatric nursing.