cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presidents, Congress, and the Use of Force

Scholars have long debated the relative influence of domestic and international factors on the presidential use of force. On one matter, however, consensus reigns: the U.S. Congress is presumed irrelevant. This presumption, we demonstrate, does not hold up to empirical scrutiny. Using a variety of measures and models, we show a clear connection between the partisan composition of Congress and the quarterly frequency of major uses of force between 1945 and 2000; we do not find any congressional influence, however, on minor uses of force. We recommend that the quantitative use-of-force literature in international relations begin to take seriously theories of domestic political institutions, partisanship, and interbranch relations that have been developed within American politics.We thank the Center for American Political Studies, the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation for financial support; and Doug Kriner, Matthew Scherbarth, and Kevin Warnke for research assistance. David Canon, Matt Dickinson, Ben Fordham, David Lewis, and Alastair Smith provided helpful feedback. We also benefited from seminars at the University of Iowa, Princeton University, Harvard University, Ohio State University, and Emory University. Two anonymous reviewers provided excellent feedback. Standard disclaimers apply.
An integrated mobility and traffic model for resource allocation in wireless networks

In a wireless communications network, the movement of mobile users presents significant technical challenges to providing efficient access to the wired broadband network. In this paper, we construct a new analytical/numerical model that characterizes mobile user behavior and the resultant traffic patterns. The model is based on a semi-Markov process representation of mobile user behavior in a general state-space. Using a new algorithm for parameter estimation of a general Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HSMM), we develop an efficient procedure for dynamically tracking the parameters of the model from incomplete data. We then apply our integrated model to obtain estimates of the computational and bandwidth resources required at the wireless/wired network interface to provide high performance wireless Internet access and quality-of-service to mobile users. Finally, we develop a threshold-based admission control scheme in the wireless network based on the velocity information that can be extracted from our model.
Pre- and postweaning calf performances in crossbred cattle from Hereford, Braford, and Bonsmara sires and Angus and Brangus dams11Contribution 2013-268-9399 from the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Baton Rouge

Growth traits were evaluated on 560 calves (288 male and 272 female calves) to determine the source and extent of tropical adaptation affecting calf preweaning and postweaning growth performances. Calves with Brangus dams were sired by Braford (BFBN; n = 115; 38% Brahman), Hereford (HEBN; n = 92; 19% Brahman), and Bonsmara (BOBN; n = 139; 19% Brahman and 31% Africander) sires. Calves with Angus (AN) dams were sired by Hereford (HEAN; n = 95) and Bonsmara (BOAN, n = 119; 31% Africander) sires. Growth performances of BFBN and HEBN calves were similar (P > 0.15) for an array of growth traits. However, BFBN and HEBN either tended to (P < 0.10) or had (P < 0.05) greater adjusted birth BW, postweaning ADG, and adjusted 452-d BW when compared with BOBN. Calves with AN dams and Bonsmara sires had greater preweaning ADG (P < 0.05), adjusted 205-d BW (P < 0.01), and adjusted 452-d BW (P < 0.01) than HEAN calves. Among calves with Brangus dams, extent (BFBN vs. HEBN) of tropical adaptation was not important in terms of growth, but source (BFBN vs. BOBN and HEBN vs. BOBN) of tropical adaptation did not favor those calves with Africander breeding. However, for calves with AN dams, the use of Bonsmara sires (BOAN) imparted a growth advantage relative to the HE sires (HEAN). It is important that tropical adaptation, in terms of Brahman and Africander breeding, be imparted to the calf directly but more importantly, that Brahman breeding is imparted maternally.
The Magna Carta and the Contemporary Rule of Law Problem

This Article seizes upon the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta to draw attention to important problems associated with the contemporary rule of law. In particular, the Article discusses the rule of law as a systematically undersupplied public good. The Article then notes the insufficiency of standard incentive-based responses to rule of law problems. The Article considers finally the idea of ‘faithfulness’ in the law, and the role of civic and personal virtues in appropriately sustaining the rule of law.
Testing Controversial Alignments in Amblystegium and Related Genera (Amblystegiaceae: Bryopsida). Evidence from rDNA ITS Sequences

The Amblystegiaceae include pleurocarpous mosses typical of moist, wet, or aquatic habitats. Sporophytes are uniform, and genera are distinguished by the habit, arrangement, and anatomy of leaves, leaf cell shape, and costal structure. Generic limits are controversial. Species have been shifted from genus to genus, sometimes in or out of other related families. Nucleotide sequences from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat from 39 accessions were analyzed to test monophyly of the genera Amblystegium, Campylium, and Drepanocladus. Reconstructions constrained to support monophyly of each genus were significantly less parsimonious and less likely than from unconstrained searches. ITS se- quences support previous suggestions based on morphology that Campylophyllum halleri is not closely related to Campylium stellatum or Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus. Our results also support previous treatments that divide Drepanocladus into two or more segregate genera. Leptodictyum riparium appears more closely related to Campylium stellatum and Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus than to Amblystegium species. Some, but not all, populations of A. humile, Hygroamblystegium tenax, H. fluviatile, and H. varium form a strongly supported clade.
Alternative Power: Political Economy of Cultural Property

Legal and financial developments, and the ramifications for security, expand the significance of the political economy of cultural property. Specifically, the politics of cultural property and economics of the art market indicate a complement to hard and soft power in foreign relations. The source of the power is not the artworks and cultural heritage sites per se but the emotional appeal of art and the role of culture in identity. Antiquities, masterworks, and monuments are one aspect of art, and art is one aspect of culture. As such, markets for artworks and laws for protection of cultural heritage serve as indicators with which to track, and potentially anticipate, the political economy of cultural property in the twenty-first century.
Understanding Quality Measures in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

As health care reimbursements based on pay-for-performance models become more common, there is an unprecedented demand for ways to measure health care quality and demonstrate value. Performance measures, a type of quality measure, are unique tools in a health care delivery system that allow objective monitoring of adherence to specific goals and tracking of outcomes. We sought to provide information on the development of quality measures in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, as well as the goals of performance measurement at a national level and for our specialty. The historical development, various types, and approach to creating effective performance measures are discussed. The primary methods of developing performance measures (using clinical practice guidelines, clinical registries, and alternative methods) are also discussed. Performance measures are an important tool that can aid otolaryngologists in achieving effective, efficient, equitable, timely, safe, and patient-centered care as outlined by the Institute of Medicine.
Effects of hypoxia and elevated ammonia concentration on the viability of red snapper embryos and early larvae

Abstract The effects of hypoxic conditions and elevated ammonia concentrations on the viability of embryos and newly hatched larvae of the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were investigated. In all experiments, tested levels of hypoxia or ammonia concentrations were applied to embryos and unfed newly hatched larvae from three different spawns. Exposures began at 1 h post fertilization (pf) and lasted until all individuals in a group had expired. Survival rates were monitored daily in duplicates for each spawn in each treatment. Fertilized eggs exposed to 2 mg L− 1 dissolved oxygen (29% saturation) showed complete mortality before hatch while 81% of embryos in control groups (> 85% saturation) hatched and subsequently maintained high survival until 5 days pf. Exposure to a moderate hypoxia (target 3 mg L− 1, 43% saturation) reduced significantly the hatch rate and subsequent survival rates; the magnitude of the difference in survival rate between control and exposed groups increased from 10% at hatch to 45% at 5 days pf. When oxygen concentration was maintained high (83% saturation) until 36 h pf and then progressively reduced to reach 3 mg L− 1 at 2 days pf, the survival of exposed embryos and larvae did not differ significantly from those recorded in control groups, although potential delayed or cumulative effects of the treatment after 4 days pf could not be evaluated in this experiment. Embryos exposed to 10 mg L− 1 total ammonia (TA-N), which corresponded to unionized ammonia (UIA-N) concentrations ranging between 0.307 and 0.468 mg L− 1 in the conditions of the experiment, exhibited significantly reduced hatch rates and complete mortality between 3 and 4 days pf; the latter period corresponds to the onset of exogenous feeding of red snapper. In contrast, control groups (TA-N Statement of relevance Achieving a reliable supply of high quality eggs and larvae is one of the main challenges of the developing marine aquaculture industry. Most studies to date have focused on maternal determinants of egg quality but the viability of embryos and newly hatched larvae can be impacted after fertilization if environmental conditions become unfavorable due to intensive hatchery conditions; this topic is poorly documented in marine fishes to date. This study provides data on the effects of two major stressors acting under high density culture (hypoxia and elevated ammonia concentration) on embryos and newly hatched larvae of the red snapper; the results highlight the importance to consider variations among spawns/parents when determining safe levels for hatchery production and also the high sensitivity of red snapper to these stresses, suggesting that this topic should be investigated in other marine offshore species. Relevance of the research to commercial aquaculture. The research contributes to control egg quality.
Dimensions of Political Integration and the Experience of the European Community

One of the most successful experiments in voluntary international integration since 1945 has taken place in Westem Europe among the six member states of the European Community. Although full political federation, the ambition of the early 1950s, has not been achieved, a number of outstanding advances toward the integration of the member states have been made during the past twenty years. A number of others, especially in the integration of fiscal and monetary policies, appear to be relatively close at hand. The excitement of the European experiment along with the onset of integration experiments in many other regions of the world has prompted the development of a rich body of literature on the subject of interstate integration in the international system. In an attempt to uncover determinants of integration, analysis has gone through several phases. It has increasingly and belatedly come to focus on the concept of integration itself. One of the central questions raised by recent research is whether integration is a unidimensional phenomenon or whether it consists instead of several empirically distinct
Integration of Movement/Posture: A Dynamic Adaptive Process Model

Structural Integration (SI) is a process of manual therapy and sensorimotor education that aims to facilitate sustainable improvement in whole-body biomechanical functioning and a sense of ease and coherence in normal movement/posture. Traditional and currently widespread explanations for the physiological mechanisms underlying SI theory and practice have focused on notions of fascial tissue change and postural alignment, while recent challenges to these explanations advocate a shift away from these interests toward a neurocentric model that emphasizes movement, pain, and biopsychosocial factors. SI seeks to professionalize and become an auxiliary to healthcare, so it must embrace scientific standards while maintaining its nature as a whole-body somatic education practice. Since the phenomena with which SI is concerned are complex and multifactorial, any explanatory model that focuses on a single physiological mechanism or system is insufficient. This paper attempts to define key terms and proposes an explanatory model that portrays the integration of movement/posture as a dynamic adaptive process consisting of complex interactions between various physiological systems at multiple levels of scale, and each aspect of the model is examined in terms of scientific evidence. INTEGRATION OF MOVEMENT/POSTURE 3 Integration of Movement/Posture: A Dynamic Adaptive Process Model “It has been the object of myself and also of my teachers to direct and be guided by the compass that points to nothing but demonstrative truth. ... Give me anything but a theory that you cannot demonstrate” (Still, 1908/2000).
Endovascular Repair of Concomitant Celiac and Splenic Artery Aneurysms Using a Combination of Coil Embolization and Aortic Cuff Stent Graft

Large celiac artery aneurysms are associated with a high rupture and mortality risk. Traditionally, open surgical repair has been the mainstay of treatment. Endovascular alternatives have been increasingly described, ranging from coil embolization to exclusion with covered stent grafts. Certain features such as a short wide neck, small vessel diameters, and severe vessel tortuosity can limit these two options. We describe a 75-year-old man with a splenic and celiac trunk aneurysm that was treated using a combination of coil embolization to occlude the outflow artery and aneurysm sac, followed by an aortic stent graft cuff to block the inflow. This resulted in successful exclusion of the splenic and celiac artery aneurysms while preserving flow to both the spleen and liver through collateral pathways.
Extracting instruction semantics via symbolic execution of code generators

Binary analysis and instrumentation form the basis of many tools and frameworks for software debugging, security hardening, and monitoring. Accurate modeling of instruction semantics is paramount in this regard, as errors can lead to program crashes, or worse, bypassing of security checks. Semantic modeling is a daunting task for modern processors such as x86 and ARM that support over a thousand instructions, many of them with complex semantics. This paper describes a new approach to automate this semantic modeling task. Our approach leverages instruction semantics knowledge that is already encoded into today's production compilers such as GCC and LLVM. Such an approach can greatly reduce manual effort, and more importantly, avoid errors introduced by manual modeling. Furthermore, it is applicable to any of the numerous architectures already supported by the compiler. In this paper, we develop a new symbolic execution technique to extract instruction semantics from a compiler's source code. Unlike previous applications of symbolic execution that were focused on identifying a single program path that violates a property, our approach addresses the all paths problem, extracting the entire input/output behavior of the code generator. We have applied it successfully to the 120K lines of C-code used in GCC's code generator to extract x86 instruction semantics. To demonstrate architecture-neutrality, we have also applied it to AVR, a processor used in the popular Arduino platform.
Anxiety, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Perceived Stress as Predictors of Recent Drinking, Alcohol Craving, and Social Stress Response in Heavy Drinkers.

Background Stress and anxiety are widely considered to be causally related to alcohol craving and consumption, as well as development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, numerous preclinical and human studies examining effects of stress or anxiety on alcohol use and alcohol-related problems have been equivocal. This study examined relationships between scores on self-report anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and stress measures and frequency and intensity of recent drinking, alcohol craving during early withdrawal, as well as laboratory measures of alcohol craving and stress reactivity among heavy drinkers with AUD. Methods Media-recruited, heavy drinkers with AUD (N = 87) were assessed for recent alcohol consumption. Anxiety and stress levels were characterized using paper-and-pencil measures, including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Eligible subjects (N = 30) underwent alcohol abstinence on the Clinical Research Unit; twice daily measures of alcohol craving were collected. On day 4, subjects participated in the Trier Social Stress Test; measures of cortisol and alcohol craving were collected. Results In multivariate analyses, higher BAI scores were associated with lower drinking frequency and reduced drinks/drinking day; in contrast, higher ASI-3 scores were associated with higher drinking frequency. BAI anxiety symptom and ASI-3 scores also were positively related to Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test total scores and AUD symptom and problem subscale measures. Higher BAI and ASI-3 scores but not PSS scores were related to greater self-reported alcohol craving during early alcohol abstinence. Finally, BAI scores were positively related to laboratory stress-induced cortisol and alcohol craving. In contrast, the PSS showed no relationship with most measures of alcohol craving or stress reactivity. Conclusions Overall, clinically oriented measures of anxiety compared with perceived stress were more strongly associated with a variety of alcohol-related measures in current heavy drinkers with AUD.
Dielectrophoretic particle trap to characterize the properties of single particle

A parallel dielectrophoretic single particle trap lab-on-a-chip system has been constructed and utilized to characterize the physical, electrical, and biological properties of single particle. We show proof-of-concept for the array of dielectrophoretic single particle trap that captures individual micro-/nano-particles in each trap.
Poor peripheral blood stem cell mobilization affects long-term outcomes in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation.

Background Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization is routinely undertaken prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). A number of studies have identified risk factors for poor PBSC mobilization, however, little data exists to correlate mobilization with disease-specific outcomes in this patient population. Prospective work in MM has demonstrated similar outcomes in a homogenous patient population. Methods In this single institution analysis, we retrospectively studied the impact of poor PBSC mobilization on progression free survival (PFS) and OS in MM patients undergoing PBSC mobilization. Poor mobilizers are defined as patients that collected < 4 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg over maximum of 5 apheresis days, or those that required ≥2 mobilization cycles to achieve this target. Results We confirm that poor PBSC mobilization is significantly associated with a shortened PFS (P = .0012) and OS (P = .0005) compared with good mobilizers. Our univariate analysis also shows that independent risk factors for poor mobilization include male gender, higher ideal body weight, and a greater median number of lines of chemotherapy prior to PBSC mobilization. However, by multivariate analysis, only number of prior lines of chemotherapy remains significantly predictive of poor mobilization (Odds ratio 1.857, P = .0095). The use of high-dose G-CSF (> 10 mcg/kg/day) and/or plerixafor can significantly improve mobilization and ASCT chances in this population. Discussion These data indicate that poor mobilization can be predictable and is associated with more aggressive disease biology and worse outcomes, warranting intensive post-ASCT management.
Ablation of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia in the clinical setting affecting nearly 6 million people in United States and the numbers are only expected to rise as the population continues to age. Broadly it is classified into paroxysmal, persistent and longstanding persistent AF. Electrical, structural and autonomic remodeling are some of the diverse pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the persistence of AF. Our review article emphasizes particularly on long standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) aspect of the disease which poses a great challenge for electrophysiologists. While pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been established as a successful ablation strategy for paroxysmal AF, same cannot be said for LSPAF owing to its long duration, complexity of mechanisms, multiple triggers and substrate sites that are responsible for its perpetuation. The article explains different approaches currently being adopted to achieve freedom from atrial arrhythmias. These mainly include ablation techniques chiefly targeting complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE), rotors, linear lesions, scars and even considering hybrid approaches in a few cases while exploring the role of delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (deMRI) in the pre-procedural planning to improve the overall short and long term outcomes of catheter ablation.
Rehabilitation Strategies in Older Adult Oncology Patients: a Focus on Occupational and Physical Therapy

Older adults with cancer experience several functional implications from cancer and its treatment. The challenges these individuals experience throughout the cancer trajectory can be addressed by rehabilitation specialists, such as occupational and physical therapies. This paper provides a review of occupational and physical therapy rehabilitative strategies in older adults with cancer from 2014 to 2017. Both occupational and physical therapies are well supported within the literature to address functional deficits for older adults with cancer via numerous rehabilitative approaches by [1, 2•, 3]. Occupational and physical therapies provide a crucial element to comprehensive cancer care. Despite barriers to rehabilitation service provision, we must continue to push forward in making occupational and physical therapy the norm for older adults with cancer.
Historical Perspective of Electrodiagnosis

The history of electrodiagnostic medicine is reviewed with a view to its adaptation for use in children. The chapter begins with a description of how the Greeks and Romans used electrical stimulation from torpedo fish as a treatment for a wide range of ailments. The theories of Descartes, Willis and Newton are described as early explanations for the function of peripheral nerves and muscles. The work of Galvani, Duchenne and Erb are reviewed, illustrating our growing understanding of nerve physiology. In the modern era, the contributions of Lambert, Dyck, Buchtal, Gamstorp and Jones are discussed.
Parallel Doctrinal Bars: The Unexplained Relationship Between Facial Overbreadth and 'Scrutiny' Analysis in the Law of Freedom of Speech

In resolving a First Amendment issue when no special rules govern, when should a court employ the facial overbreadth doctrine, and when should it employ “scrutiny” analysis (i.e., strict or intermediate scrutiny)? What relationship do these two modes of analysis have to each other? To this author’s knowledge, no satisfactory answers to these questions have ever been provided by the United States Supreme Court. The result, predictably, is confusion, which manifests itself in three ways: in the choice of analysis, the redundant use of the two modes of analysis within a single opinion, and the blending of the language of the two approaches within a single decision. This Article demonstrates the existence of this doctrinal confusion, explains why it matters, and calls for judicial clarification of these rules.
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in U.S. Agriculture and Forestry

Greenhouse gas mitigation possibilities in the agricultural and forest sector represent a complex system of interlinked strategies. To assess their true economic implementation potential, major mitigation strategies are simultaneously examined with a U.S. agricultural sector model over a large range of hypothetical carbon prices. Soil carbon sequestration through reduced tillage appears most attractive for relatively low carbon prices. Afforestation and biofuel generation, however, dominate at higher price levels. For politically feasible prices, the competitive economic contribution of all major strategies is greatly below their technical potential. However, positive environmental and social coeffects may increase the importance of agricultural mitigation policies.
An analysis of the effects of using Zolpidem and an innovative multimodal interdisciplinary team approach in prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC).

Zolpidem has been used with mixed effects in patients presenting with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness (PDOC). This single case report describes an interdisciplinary team (IDT) protocol combine...
A Picture Is Not Worth 1,000 Words: Mitigating Treatment Recall Bias in Survey Experiments

Information systems research routinely uses survey experiments as a research design. Treatment variables in survey experiments involve exposing one or more groups to new information, misinformation, or vignettes. We identify a problem of treatment recall bias that affects the magnitude and significance of a treatment’s observed effect. Respondents need to recall the salient features of the treatment in order for it to have an effect. When salient treatment details are not recalled, respondents are likely to answer survey questions in a way that is statistically indistinguishable from the control group. The treatment might still have an effect on the outcome in question, but the results could be masked by respondents who do not retain salient features of the treatment. Using new survey data, we highlight how the nature of the treatment itself – text over images – significantly affects the retention of treatment details. We also show how temporal factors such as survey duration, time on treatment, engagement with treatment, and a treatment to survey duration ratio affect treatment retention. Our findings suggest that the best results from survey experiments should employ text-based treatments and calibrate time on treatment and duration based upon the best practices presented below.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Binding to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Varies with Shear Stress in Flow-Adapted Cells

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), an important regulator of angiogenesis, binds to endothelial cell (EC) surface FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). FGF2 binding kinetics have been predominantly studied in static culture; however, the endothelium is constantly exposed to flow which may affect FGF2 binding. We therefore used experimental and computational techniques to study how EC FGF2 binding changes in flow. ECs adapted to 24 h of flow demonstrated biphasic FGF2-HSPG binding, with FGF2-HSPG complexes increasing up to 20 dynes/cm2 shear stress and then decreasing at higher shear stresses. To understand how adaptive EC surface remodeling in response to shear stress may affect FGF2 binding to FGFR and HSPG, we implemented a computational model to predict the relative effects of flow-induced surface receptor changes. We then fit the computational model to the experimental data using relationships between HSPG availability and FGF2-HSPG dissociation and flow that were developed from a basement membrane study, as well as including HSPG production. These studies suggest that FGF2 binding kinetics are altered in flow-adapted ECs due to changes in cell surface receptor quantity, availability, and binding kinetics, which may affect cell growth factor response.
Padre Matria (Meu inimigo, o ícone)

El texto aborda, por la optica de los estudios decoloniales, la transformacion, por el arte, del icono linguistico "madre patria" – que se refiere a Espana en relacion a los paises colonizados por los espanoles. Considerando que el lenguaje siempre sirve al colonizador, el texto muestra que ese termino disimula la situacion politica de sumision del colonizado, al resaltar un aspecto positivo, es decir, un lugar acogedor para donde siempre se puede retornar. En "Padre Matria", en un juego de palabras, el icono "madre patria" es desconstruido, desnudando la metafora original y eliminando la hipocresia de la benevolencia del colonizador. El texto refleja sobre la transformacion de un icono en unidad cultural: ?que hace un objeto ser arte? Afirma que el consumo acritico de iconos y memes pasivos es una puerta abierta a los procesos de colonizacion. Al contrario, como en "Padre Matria", estrategias de sincretismo, cambios de contextos, atribucion de nuevos significados y la interactividad con memorias contemporaneos son algunos de los pasos que forman parte de la historia de la resistencia anticolonial. Y eso debe estar en la educacion artistica en las escuelas.
Effective Design Rationale: Understanding the Barriers

One goal of design rationale systems is to support designers by providing a means to record and communicate the argumentation and reasoning behind the design process. However, there are several inherent limitations to developing systems that effectively capture and utilize design rationale. The dynamic and contextual nature of design and our inability to exhaustively analyze all possible design issues results in cognitive, capture, retrieval, and usage limitations. In this chapter we analyze these issues in terms of current perspectives in design theory, and describe the implications to design research. We discuss the barriers to effective design rationale in terms of three major goals: reflection, communication, and analysis of design processes. We then suggest alternate means to achieve these goals that can be used with or instead of design rationale systems.
Abstract P341: Development of Predictive Models for Cardiovascular Health to Support Its Use in Real-world Data

Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) is a new index of cardiovascular health (CVH). LS7 is comprised of 7 metrics, including 3 health factors (blood pressure [BP]...
Extract active fluctuations from total fluctuations of a confined active Brownian particle

Thermophoresis is a phenomenon of drift motion of colloidal particles in a temperature gradient. There has been a growing interest in exploiting its potential applications in sorting, concentrating, and separation of particles and macromolecules. However, the success of such applications has been uneven because the phenomenon is difficult hard to predict quantitatively. Thermophoresis is known to be attributed by many competing for thermally driven effects, including the electroosmosis in the electric double layer, a concentration gradient of ionic species in the solvent, dispersion forces, depletion forces, and hydrogen bonding. Because the different attributes have different temporal responses, measuring their time dependence could be used to distinguish these completion attributes. This research sets out to identify different attributes by investigating the frequency dependence of the particle's drift motion in a harmonically driven temperature gradient. Measured by phoretic force spectroscopy, the results of the frequency-dependent magnitude and phase delay of the drift motion of an optically trapped particle in the harmonic temperature gradient are will be reported in this paper.
Proportional Relative Hazards Model for Competing Risks Data

In this article, we propose a Proportional Relative Hazards (PRH) model to differentiate subjects according to their risk for a primary event relative to competing events. The model estimates effects on the baseline ratio of the hazard for a primary event, or set of primary events, relative to the hazard for a competing event, or set of competing events ({omega}+ ratio). An analogous model is presented to estimate effects on the baseline ratio of the hazard for a primary event (or set of events) relative to the hazard for all events ({omega} ratio). A weighted regression method is introduced, along with practical presentation of risk-stratification using the PRH model in breast and head and neck cancer data sets.
Localization and Lateralization of Sound

Localization of sounds in the horizontal plane depends on interaural differences established by the sound source location, environment, and anatomy of the listener. Important interaural differences are the interaural level difference (ILD) and the interaural time difference (ITD). All the anatomical effects responsible for the interaural differences in humans are captured, with varying accuracy, by the spherical-head model. The cones of confusion of the spherical-head model approximately apply to real-world human sound localization, and they are best represented by the lateral-polar system of angular coordinates which can be related to the spherical-polar system. The sensitivity of human listeners to interaural differences can be studied directly using headphone presentation or practically using spatially distributed real sound sources. The difference between these two experimental modes corresponds to the perceptual difference between lateralization (heard within the head) and localization (heard as external). Both lateralization and localization experiments indicate that the effective ITD representation is the ITD itself and not the interaural phase difference. According to the duplex model, ITDs are the dominant cues for localization of low-frequency sounds, whereas ILDs are dominant for high. ITDs themselves appear to be encoded according to a place process (Jeffress model) at the high end of the ITD frequency range and by an opponency process at the low end, although this distinction is an area of current research. Models such as the position variable model attempt to account for the combined effects of the ITD and ILD. The central nervous system preferentially weights interaural differences according to arrival time. The precedence effect is an important example of this preferential weighting.
The Ionization Processes Occurring in the Work Area of the Inverse Magnetron Vacuum Gauge Converter to Study the Density and Composition of Upper Atmosphere

This article helps to build a mathematical model of a combined sensor to study the density and the composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The relevance and importance of creating tools for direct experimental studies of the density and composition of upper atmospheric layers which is suitable for installation on micro- and nanosatellites were shown, also the main problems standing in the way of their creation were considered. The solution for these problems has been proposed by development of a combined sensor of the density and the composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere based on the upgrading of an inverse-magnetron-type industrial vacuum gauge converter and an approximate design of the upgraded converter is described. The velocity and energy of the drift, the radius and frequency of the cyclotron rotation of electrons and ions in the crossed electric and magnetic fields of the working zone of the converter were calculated. Also, the processes of ionization of neutral atoms and air molecules in the working area of a modernized vacuum sensor are considered, the results of experimental studies of a prototype model of a converter in a vacuum chamber are presented, which made it possible to quantify its characteristics.
Black Patients With Cirrhosis Have Higher Mortality and Lower Transplant Rates: Results From a Metropolitan Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Estimates of racial disparity in cirrhosis have been limited by lack of large-scale, longitudinal data, which track patients from diagnosis to death and/or transplant. APPROACH AND RESULTS We analyzed a large, metropolitan, population-based electronic health record data set from seven large health systems linked to the state death registry and the national transplant database. Multivariate competing risk analyses, adjusted for sex, age, insurance status, Elixhauser score, etiology of cirrhosis, HCC, portal hypertensive complication, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium (MELD-Na), examined the relationship between race, transplant, and cause of death as defined by blinded death certificate review. During the study period, 11,277 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 2,498 (22.2%) identified as Black. Compared to White patients, Black patients had similar age, sex, MELD-Na, and proportion of alcohol-associated liver disease, but higher comorbidity burden, lower rates of private insurance, and lower rates of portal hypertensive complications. Compared to White patients, Black patients had the highest rate all-cause mortality and non-liver-related death and were less likely to be listed or transplanted (P < 0.001 for all). In multivariate competing risk analysis, Black patients had a 26% increased hazard of liver-related death (subdistribution HR, 1.26; 95% CI, [1.15-1.38]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Black patients with cirrhosis have discordant outcomes. Further research is needed to determine how to address these real disparities in the field of hepatology.
The Attack on the Tympanic Membrane

Fluid in the ear, glue ear, and conductive hearing loss have replaced the "infected, large, or hypertrophied tonsils" and "enlarged adenoids" as a major concern of primary physicians caring for children and the special domain of ear, nose, and throat physicians. Having myringotomy tubes put into the ears has become a favorite topic of discussion for parents marveling at the positive effects. Indeed, these devices must be something of a fashion or status symbol, because it is estimated that tubes of various configurations and materials are placed into the tympanic membrane of at least 1 million children per year in this country.
12/spl times/622 Mb/s optical receiver array module for parallel digital datalinks

Parallel digital optical datalinks are desirable for high throughput interconnects in advanced switching and computing systems. Optical ribbon-fiber is the logical medium for such interconnections due to its low interchannel skew, low loss, and compactness. We report a de-coupled 12-channel registered synchronous optical receiver array module for a parallel digital datalink at 622 Mb/s/channel.
Cross-cultural issues in caring for patients with cancer.

In 1994, the parents of a fifteen-year-old were ordered by a California court to have their daughter undergo chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer. The director of the County Social Services Department stated that they asked for the court order “because clearly there was a medical neglect issue. If there is a medicine that will cure a child, and the parents do not want to use that medical treatment or medicine, then its viewed a medical neglect case.”1
Cellular models of macrophage tumoricidal effector mechanisms in vitro. Characterization of cytolytic responses to tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide pathways in vitro.

The recently described L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide (NO) pathway has been proposed to interact synergistically with the TNF pathway in murine macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. We have employed an experimental construct in which these two pathways were independently expressed by two different effector cell populations. The TNF-dependent pathway was committed by murine 3T3 cells transfected with the cDNA encoding human pro-TNF. The NO pathway was executed by the murine EMT-6 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line treated with murine rIFN-gamma and LPS. Controls for the TNF pathway committed by the transfectant included lysis of the TNF-sensitive murine L929 cell in coculture, secretion of TNF, and absence of nitrite synthesis. For the NO pathway controls included lysis of the murine P815 mastocytoma cocultured with activated EMT-6 cells that had been pretreated with murine rIFN-gamma and LPS, production of nitrite by this activated effector cell, and an absence of TNF secretion. The target cell panel included L929, EMT-6, P815, and murine B16 melanoma and TU-5 sarcoma cell lines. All targets on this panel were susceptible to lysis by LPS-triggered murine bacillus Calmette-Guerin-activated macrophages. The 3T3 transfectant caused significant lysis of cocultured L929 and TU-5 targets. The EMT-6 effector cell only caused significant lysis of the P815 target. When both effector cells were cocultured with these target cells, lysis of the P815 target was observed to be additive or superadditive; however, for all the other targets, cytotoxicity was comparable with or subadditive compared with that seen with the 3T3 transfectant effector cell alone. Thus, these two pathways do not appear to account for the broad, potent tumoricidal activity observed for activated macrophages in vitro.
Effects of organic and aqueous solvents on the electronic absorption and fluorescence of chloroaluminum (III) tetrasulphonated naphthalocyanine.

Abstract The effects of various solvents on the ground and excited states of chloroaluminum (III) tetrasulphonated naphthalocyanine (AlNcS 4 ) were studied. Both the absorbance and fluorescence spectra were found to be influenced by the hydrogen bond donating ability of various solvents. As the hydrogen bond donating ability of the solvent increased, hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra were observed in protic and aprotic solvents respectively. Plots of the absorbance and fluorescence maxima versus the E T (30) solvent parameter showed linear relationships in binary mixtures of protic–protic (methanol–H 2 O) and aprotic–protic (DMSO–H 2 O) solvents. Aggregation was indicated by a broad band in the ground state absorption spectra and a low quantum efficiency 0.04 relative to the efficiency observed in organic solvents. A face-to-face conformation of the monomeric subunits of the dimer is suggested due to the red-shifted absorbance band. The acid-base properties of the dye were studied and were indicative of a multi-step process. In acidic conditions (pH 1), protonation of the bridging nitrogen atoms was identified by a broad band appearing red-shifted to those obtained at higher pH values. Under slightly acidic conditions a p K a value of 6.7 was determined for one of the meso -nitrogen. In alkaline conditions a p K a of 11.5 was determined for another meso -nitrogen and a second fluorescence band emerged at 804 nm, red-shifted to the emission maxima.
The application of a quasichemical solid solution model to carbon austenite

The recent extensive data for the variation with temperature and composition of the activity of carbon in austenite has been analyzed using a quasichemical model for interstitial solid solutions. The most important parameter in the theoretical activity equation is the pairwise binding energy Δe between two nearest-neighbor solute atoms. A computer fitting method has shown that the new activity data for austenite, which spans a temperature range from 900° to 1400°C and compositions ranging from very dilute up to the limiting composition of the phase boundary, are compatible with the theoretical model with a Δe-value of -2 kcals per mole which is independent of both temperature and composition.
Using Translated Instruments In Research

International and cross cultural research in the global community often requires translations of instruments. This paper reviews the development of a translation protocol for instruments written in English for a Western culture and used for a different language and culture.
Traumatic renal vein pseudoaneurysm

Traumatic renal injury is infrequent, occurring in ∼1% to 3% of trauma cases, with major renal vein injury an even more rare traumatic entity. Conservative, operative, and endovascular management strategies have been infrequently reported in the literature. We report a patient with traumatic renal vein injury with pseudoaneurysm formation that was successfully treated with endovascular stenting.
The Influence of Military Service on Social Consciousness and Protest Behavior A Study of Peruvian Mine Workers

Cross-national analysis of aggregate data has found a relationship between the military participation ratio and national economic growth rates and distributional inequality. This article examines one aspect of this macro-micro linkage by investigating the relationship between acculturation in the military and the attitudes and behavior of the most strategic sector of the Peruvian labor force. Military service retards the development of social consciousness among the working class, reduces their protest participation, and eases their integration into the hierarchy and discipline of the industrial work place. These findings suggest that military socialization may indeed affect growth rate by reducing worker-management and worker-state conflict. On the other hand, it would seem equally likely that the conservative effect of military acculturation contributes to increased inequality of income.
Sharp linear and block shrinkage wavelet estimation

Abstract The results of Hall et al. (1998, Ann. Statist. 26, 922–943) together with Efromovich (2000, Bernoulli) imply that a data-driven block shrinkage wavelet estimator, which mimics a sharp minimax linear oracle, is rate optimal over spatially inhomogeneous function spaces. This result does not contradict to known theoretical results about the rate deficiency of linear estimates; instead, it tells us that adaptive estimates that mimic an optimal linear oracle may be possible alternatives to threshold-adaptive wavelet estimates. New results on sharp minimax linear estimation over Besov spaces and data-driven block shrinkage estimation for small sample sizes are presented that further develop the “linear” branch of the wavelet estimation theory.
Exploring the Relations between “Soul” and “Role”: Learning from the Courage to Lead

In this article, the authors consider how participants in a year-long, transformative professional development program for public school leaders took up and/or ignored insights when they left the sanctity of the retreats and returned to work. The program, called the Courage to Lead, aims to help school leaders to reconnect their “soul” (an essential, inner self) with their “role” so that they can live and work with integrity. Drawing on insights from social practice theory and critical psychology, the authors present two case studies that show why ideas from the retreats were held tentatively in one case and embraced more fully in another. Based on the analysis of interviews with focal participants and participant observation during the professional development program, the authors found that to transfer core principles from the retreat to work, the participants needed their own personal motivations to do so as well as institutional roles that lent themselves to acting on their insights. This research con...
Opportunities and challenges in carbon dioxide capture

Abstract Various technologies for the capture of CO 2 from fossil fuel fired power plants are available. Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages and are at different stages of development. This review provides a critical analysis of the major technologies for CO 2 capture from fossil fuel fired power plants so that the appropriate technology can be selected for a particular process. The different capture methods described in this review are: post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy-combustion, and chemical looping combustion.