cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amplified Arctic climate change: What does surface albedo feedback have to do with it?

[2] Polar amplification of CO2 forced warming is a common feature of climate change simulations. In transient simulations, southern hemisphere warming is retarded by the large heat uptake of the Southern Ocean, leaving the Arctic as the global location with the largest warming. This aspect of the global warming pattern has often been linked to surface albedo feedback (SAF) – the extra absorption of shortwave radiation as ice melts and the surface becomes less reflective. It is the goal of this paper to place the SAF in the context of other feedbacks and forcings that affect Arctic amplification. [3] Important work on this topic was done by Hall [2004] who showed, by disabling SAF in the GFDL climate model, that it accounts for part but not all of the polar amplification. Vavrus [2004] performed similar experiments with the GENESIS2 climate model to evaluate the role of cloud changes under doubled CO2. He found that the cloud fraction changes enhanced the warming at all latitudes but by a fractionally greater amount in the Arctic, therefore enhancing Arctic amplification. The high-latitude response to increased CO2 was found to be quite variable amongst the group of 15 CMIP climate models studied by Holland and Bitz [2003]. Using correlations, they identified a number of processes that contributed to the variation of Arctic amplification amongst the models. They found that models with larger increases in ocean heat transport, larger increases in cloud cover, and thinner control climate sea ice tended to have larger Arctic amplification. They proposed that thinner sea ice would lead to an increased ice-albedo feedback. However, Flato and CMIP Modelling Groups [2004] found that in the Southern Hemisphere, thinner ice was associated with reduced warming in the CMIP models. In the Southern Hemisphere, Flato and CMIP Modelling Groups [2004] found some tendency for models with more extensive ice to produce greater warming while in the Northern Hemisphere there was a tendency toward the opposite relationship. These studies emphasize the complexity of Arctic amplification and the multiplicity of processes that contribute to it. [4] In this paper the conventional energy balance method of global climate sensitivity analysis is applied to both global and Arctic regions. Two forcings and three feedbacks are diagnosed in each region. A comparison is then made of the impact of differences in the forcings and feedbacks between the two regions on the Arctic amplification. The simulations analyzed come from the archive of climate model results made for the IPCC fourth assessment report (AR4). The twelve AR4 models used here were chosen because they supplied the necessary data to calculate the SAF using a method developed by Winton [2005b]. Details on the twelve models and the SAF analysis method are given by Winton [2005a].
Evidence for Plasticity in White-Matter Tracts of Patients with Chronic Broca's Aphasia Undergoing Intense Intonation-based Speech Therapy

Recovery from aphasia can be achieved through recruitment of either perilesional brain regions in the affected hemisphere or homologous language regions in the nonlesional hemisphere. For patients with large left-hemisphere lesions, recovery through the right hemisphere may be the only possible path. The right-hemisphere regions most likely to play a role in this recovery process are the superior temporal lobe (important for auditory feedback control), premotor regions/posterior inferior frontal gyrus (important for planning and sequencing of motor actions and for auditory-motor mapping), and the primary motor cortex (important for execution of vocal motor actions). These regions are connected reciprocally via a major fiber tract called the arcuate fasciculus (AF), however, this tract is not as well developed in the right hemisphere as it is in the dominant left. We tested whether an intonation-based speech therapy (i.e., melodic intonation therapy [MIT]), which is typically administered in an intense fashion with 75–80 daily therapy sessions, would lead to changes in white-matter tracts, particularly the AF. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we found a significant increase in the number of AF fibers and AF volume comparing post- with pretreatment assessments in six patients that could not be attributed to scan-to-scan variability. This suggests that intense, long-term MIT leads to remodeling of the right AF and may provide an explanation for the sustained therapy effects that were seen in these six patients.
Measuring the shape and volume of an above-knee stump:

A set of design criteria for sensing the shape of an above-knee (AK) stump is presented and used as the basis for evaluating various shape sensing technologies. A mechanical probe type shape sensing system is described and its use in quantifying the external shape of the AK stump is discussed as it relates to generating a grid for finite element analysis in CAD/CAM studies and comparing the segmental volumes of the loaded and unloaded stump. This study also discusses a method that uses circumferential measurements to compute total and incremental volumes of the stump.
Effects of Infection by Arsenophonus and Rickettsia Bacteria on the Locomotive Ability of the Ticks Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of vertically transmitted Arsenophonus and Rickettsia bacteria on locomotive ability of larvae of three eastern North American tick species: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. We conducted two different experiments on flat or inclined surfaces to measure tick motility. In each experiment, a moderately heated surface was used and placed at a selected incline. The individual's path across the surface was traced for a period of 2 min, or until the larval tick had moved off the surface. Following the microbial identification of Arsenophonus and Rickettsia, a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that clutch microbial infection status had a significant effect on tick motility with Rickettsia increasing and Arsenophonus decreasing motility averaged over tick species and inclines. There was also a significant difference in motility among tick species and a highly significant effect of the Species*Incline interaction where Dermacentor had higher motility than Ixodes on the flat surface.
Temperature Dependence of the Formation of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Peroxide in Electron-Irradiated Crystalline Water Ice

We conducted a systematic study of the irradiation of crystalline water ice in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10 ! 10 torr. Crystalline water ices of 115 " 30 nm thickness were irradiated with energetic electronsat12,40,60,and90Ktosimulateenergeticparticleinteractionwithsolarsystemandinterstellarwaterices. The production rates of molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decrease as the temperature rises from 12 to 90 K. These findings strongly indicate a thermal, possibly diffusion-controlled component of the reaction mechanism, which could facilitate the back-reaction of the primarily formed irradiation productssuch as therecombination ofatomichydrogen (H) withthe hydroxylradical(OH) to‘‘recycle’’water.This studyunderlinesthenecessitytoprovidetemperature-dependentrateconstantsontheformationofmoleculesinplanetary and interstellar ices and to include nonequilibrium as well as thermal chemistry in reaction models simulating the chemical processing of extraterrestrial ices. We estimate the concentrations of newly formed H2O2 molecules in the irradiated water ice at 90 K to be in the same order of magnitude as the concentration of H2O2 observed on the Galilean satellites. Subject headingg: astrobiology — astrochemistry — comets: general — cosmic rays — infrared: ISM — ISM: clouds — ISM: molecules — methods: laboratory — molecular processes
Thermochemical non-equilibrium effects on passive control of hypersonic boundary-layer transition using regular porous coating

In the past decade, passive control of hypersonic boundary-layer transition using porous coatings has been studied by theoretical analyses, experiments, and numerical simulations. It was found that porous coating stabilizes Mack’s second mode and destabilizes Mack’s first mode. However, there is only quite limited studies on the stabilization efficiency of porous coating. And no work has been reported about the thermochemical non-equilibrium effects of hypersonic flows on the stabilization efficiency. In this paper, we conduct numerical simulations on the passive control of hypersonic boundary-layer transition using regular porous coating. The stabilization of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer is first studied for perfect gas flow. The results show that, at approximately the same porosity, regular coating is weaker in first-mode destabilization and second-mode stabilization than felt-metal coating. The porosity decrease of regular coating leads to even weaker first-mode destabilization and second-mode stabilization. The results also show that the first-mode destabilization weakens as the phase angle of admittance decreases and the thermochemical nonequilibrium of hypersonic flows may affect the stabilization efficiency of regular coating. Therefore, numerical simulations based on perfect gas flow may not be enough. The effects of thermochemical non-equilibrium flow including internal energy excitations, translation-vibration energy relaxation, and chemical reactions among different species need to be considered. We have developed a new high-order shock-fitting solver for non-equilibrium flow simulations based on the 5-species air chemistry and recently thermal non-equilibrium models. The code package has been tested and is being applied to numerical simulation of a Mach 12.56 boundary layer over a blunted wedge of a half angle 20 degree. Thermochemical non-equilibrium effects of hypersonic flows on the steady base flow is investigated by comparing numerical results of perfect gas flows and thermochemical nonequilibrium flow. Unsteady simulations on the passive control of hypersonic non-equilibrium boundary-layer transition using regular porous coating are currently ongoing.
Area preserving nontwist maps: periodic orbits and transition to chaos

Abstract Area preserving nontwist maps, i.e. maps that violate the twist condition, are considered. A representative example, the standard nontwist map that violates the twist condition along a curve called the shearless curve, is studied in detail. Using symmetry lines and involutions, periodic orbits are computed and two bifurcations analyzed: periodic orbit collisions and separatrix reconnection. The transition to chaos due to the destruction of the shearless curve is studied. This problem is outside the applicability of the standard KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theory. Using the residue criterion we compute the critical parameter values for the destruction of the shearless curve with rotation number equal to the inverse golden mean. The results indicate that the destruction of this curve is fundamentally different from the destruction of the inverse golden mean curve in twist maps. It is shown that the residues converge to a six-cycle at criticality.
Processing of Bulk Metallic Glass

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) formers are multicomponent alloys that vitrify with remarkable ease during solidification. Technological interest in these materials has been generated by their unique properties, which often surpass those of conventional structural materials. The metastable nature of BMGs, however, has imposed a barrier to broad commercial adoption, particularly where the processing requirements of these alloys conflict with conventional metal processing methods. Research on the crystallization of BMG formers has uncovered novel thermoplastic forming (TPF)-based processing opportunities. Unique among metal processing methods, TPF utilizes the dramatic softening exhibited by a BMG as it approaches its glass-transition temperature and decouples the rapid cooling required to form a glass from the forming step. This article reviews crystallization processes in BMG former and summarizes and compares TPF-based processing methods. Finally, an assessment of scientific and technological advancements required for broader commercial utilization of BMGs will be made.
Capacity equalities in 1-dimensional (d,k)-constrained systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining when the capacities of distinct 1-dimensional (d,k)-constrained systems can be equal. If we let C(d,k) denote the capacity of a (d, k)-constrained system, then it is known that C(d,2d)=C(d+1,3d+1), and C(d,2d+1)=C(d+1,/spl infin/). Repeated application of these two identities also yields the chain of equalities C(1,2)=C(2,4)=C(3,7)=C(4,/spl infin/). We show that these are the only equalities possible among the capacities of (d,k)-constrained systems.
New taxa of Anthurium and Philodendron (Araceae) from western Amazonia

Abstract Croat, T. B., Yates, E. D. & Hayworth, A.: New taxa of Anthurium and Philodendron (Araceae) from western Amazonia. — Willdenowia 35: 345–358. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2005 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.35.35217 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Five new species of Anthurium and Philodendron (Araceae), including two new subspecies, are described from Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. New taxa include: Anthurium effusilobum subsp. effusilobum, A. effusilobum subsp. pallidispadix, A. fornicifolium, A. macdanielii, Philodendron parvilobum and P. pedunculum.
Optical clock and ultracold collisions with trapped strontium atoms

With microkelvin neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice, we have achieved a fractional resolution of better than 5 x 10−15 on the1 S o −3 P o doubly forbidden 87Sr clock transition at 698 nm. Measurements of the clock line shifts as a function of experimental parameters indicate that the fractional uncertainties due to systematic shifts could be reduced below 10−15. The ultrahigh spectral resolution permitted resolving the nuclear spin states of the clock transition at small magnetic fields, leading to measurements of the 3 P o magnetic moment and metastable lifetime. In addition, photoassociation spectroscopy was performed on the narrow 1 S o −3 P 1 transition of 88Sr, revealing the least-bound state, and showing promise for efficient optical tuning of the ground state scattering length and production of cold molecules.
Class decomposition via clustering: a new framework for low-variance classifiers

We propose a preprocessing step to classification that applies a clustering algorithm to the training set to discover local patterns in the attribute or input space. We demonstrate how this knowledge can be exploited to enhance the predictive accuracy of simple classifiers. Our focus is mainly on classifiers characterized by high bias but low variance (e.g., linear classifiers); these classifiers experience difficulty in delineating class boundaries over the input space when a class distributes in complex ways. Decomposing classes into clusters makes the new class distribution easier to approximate and provides a viable way to reduce bias while limiting the growth in variance. Experimental results on real-world domains show an advantage in predictive accuracy when clustering is used as a preprocessing step to classification.
The IL-4Rα pathway in macrophages and its potential role in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Crystalline silica exposure can result in pulmonary fibrosis, where the pulmonary macrophage is key as a result of its ability to react to silica particles. In the mouse silicosis model, there is initial Th1-type inflammation, characterized by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Previous studies determined that Th2 mediators (i.e., IL-13) are vital to development of pulmonary fibrosis. The present study, using in vivo and in vitro techniques, compares silica exposures between Balb/c and Th2-deficient mice in an effort to determine the link between Th2 immunity and silicosis. In long-term experiments, a significant increase in fibrosis and activated interstitial macrophages was observed in Balb/c but not IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice. Additionally, a significant increase in Ym1 mRNA levels, a promoter of Th2 immunity, was determined in the interstitial leukocyte population of silica-exposed Balb/c mice. To elucidate the effects of silica on macrophage function, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMdM) were exposed to particles and assayed for T cell (TC) stimulation activity. As a control, Ym1 mRNA expression in Balb/c BMdM was determined using IL-4 stimulation. In the in vitro assay, a significant increase in TC activation, as defined by surface markers and cytokines, was observed in the cultures containing the silica-exposed macrophages in wild-type and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice, with one exception: IL-4Ralpha(-/-) BMdM were unable to induce an increase in IL-13. These results suggest that crystalline silica alters cellular functions of macrophages, including activation of TC, and that the increase in Th2 immunity associated with silicosis is via the IL-4Ralpha-Ym1 pathway.
Vaccination of pregnant dams with intimin(O157) protects suckling piglets from Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection.

Cattle are important reservoirs of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 that cause disease in humans. Both dairy and beef cattle are asymptomatically and sporadically infected with EHEC. Our long-term goal is to develop an effective vaccine to prevent cattle from becoming infected and transmitting EHEC O157:H7 to humans. We used passive immunization of neonatal piglets (as a surrogate model) to determine if antibodies against EHEC O157 adhesin (intiminO157) inhibit EHEC colonization. Pregnant swine (dams) with serum anti-intimin titers of <100 were vaccinated twice with purified intiminO157 or shamvaccinated with sterile buffer. IntiminO157-specific antibody titers in colostrum and serum of dams were increased after parenteral vaccination with intiminO157. Neonatal piglets were allowed to suckle vaccinated or sham-vaccinated dams for up to 8 h before they were inoculated with 10 6 CFU of a Shiga toxin-negative (for humane reasons) strain of EHEC O157:H7. Piglets were necropsied at 2 to 10 days after inoculation, and intestinal samples were collected for determination of bacteriological counts and histopathological analysis. Piglets that ingested colostrum containing intiminO157-specific antibodies from vaccinated dams, but not those nursing sham-vaccinated dams, were protected from EHEC O157:H7 colonization and intestinal damage. These results establish intiminO157 as a viable candidate for an EHEC O157:H7 antitransmission vaccine.
Effects of Agitation of Donor Blood on Neonatal Exchange Transfusions

Neonatal exchange transfusions have been simulated with a mechanical apparatus and mathematically. Both approaches show that the donor blood should always be well agitated during exchange transfusions to avoid undesired fluctuations in the baby's hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.
How weak are the signals? International price indices and multinational enterprises

International price indices (IPIs) provide the most timely and comprehensive market information available to international business. How do multinational enterprises (MNEs) affect the validity of IPIs? We review the earlier debate over methods for calculating IPIs, which concluded that unit values were inferior to specification prices, although most governments produce only unit value indexes. We explore three ways in which MNEs can affect the validity of IPIs: determining the ‘representative’ transfer price, excluding intrafirm transactions from the index, and choosing the ‘right’ transfer price along the transportation chain. We argue that MNE activities strengthen the case for specification prices; although still uncommon, they are the stronger signal of international markets. Our empirical analysis supports this hypothesis, finding that a 10% increase in the intrafirm trade share of US imports widens the gap between specification price and unit value by 1.3%, with transfer price manipulation further increasing the gap.
Union is Strength: A Consumer's View of Meta-Analysis

Meta-analyses are a textbook author's delight. They can alert authors to the existence of a literature, quantitatively synthesize results, and mitigate overemphasis on vivid but misleading studies. For these benefits text authors pay a price: The need to simplify impedes scrutiny of individual studies and draws attention away from moderating variables and toward the statistical bottom line-the mean effect size.
Analyzing rotating machinery by network Theory — II

WHEN NETWORK THEORY is used, the analysis of the commutating machine differs from that of the noncommutating machine in that a new transient is initiated as the commutator segments enter or leave the brush contact area. In establishing the equations of operation, each interval of time during which no switching occurs is considered. As in the analysis of the noncommutating machine, the first step is that of establishing a connection diagram of the machine for the interval of time under consideration. When the general condition of q 1 and q 2 coils in each commutating zone is considered, the connection diagram is applicable to all intervals. The inductances are determined as a function of time from a second diagram showing the physical orientation of the elements as a function of rotor position.
Lesional REM sleep behavior disorder localizes to the dorsomedial pons.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by dream enactment behaviors (DEB) and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). A key structure in REM sleep muscle tone regulation in the rodent model is the sublateral dorsal (SLD) tegmental nucleus in the dorsomedial pons.1 Lesions of an analogous structure, the subceruleus (SC) nucleus are thought to mediate RSWA in humans, enabling DEB.1,2 However, in vivo human studies of discrete dorsomedial pontine lesions causing RBD in isolation have been limited.2–4 We report such a case of lesional RBD due to vasculitis. The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board approved this study. Acknowledgment: The authors thank Lori Lynn Reinstrom, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, for assistance with copyediting and manuscript submission.
Auxin receptors and plant development: a new signaling paradigm.

The plant hormone auxin, in particular indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is a key regulator of virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. Auxin regulates transcription by rapidly modulating levels of Aux/IAA proteins throughout development. Recent studies demonstrate that auxin perception occurs through a novel mechanism. Auxin binds to TIR1, the F-box subunit of the ubiquitin ligase complex SCF TIR1 , and stabilizes the interaction between TIR1 and Aux/IAA substrates. This interaction results in Aux/IAA ubiquitination and subsequent degrada- tion. Regulation of the Aux/IAA protein family by TIR1 and TIR1-like auxin receptors (AFBs) links auxin action to transcriptional regulation and provides a model by which the vast array of auxin influences on de- velopment may be understood. Moreover, auxin receptor function is the first example of small-molecule regulation of an SCF ubiquitin ligase and may have important implications for studies of regulated protein degradation in other species, including animals.
Estimating a probability using finite memory

Let \{X_{i}\}_{i=1}^{\infty} be a sequence of independent Bernoulli random variables with probability p that X_{i} = 1 and probability q=1-p that X_{i} = 0 for all i \geq 1 . Time-invariant finite-memory (i.e., finite-state) estimation procedures for the parameter p are considered which take X_{1}, \cdots as an input sequence. In particular, an n-state deterministic estimation procedure is described which can estimate p with mean-square error O(\log n/n) and an n -state probabilistic estimation procedure which can estimate p with mean-square error O(1/n) . It is proved that the O(1/n) bound is optimal to within a constant factor. In addition, it is shown that linear estimation procedures are just as powerful (up to the measure of mean-square error) as arbitrary estimation procedures. The proofs are based on an analog of the well-known matrix tree theorem that is called the Markov chain tree theorem.
Trap-driven memory simulation with Tapeworm II

Trap-driven simulation is a new approach for analyzing the performance of memory-system components such as caches and translation-lookaside buffers (TLBs). Unlike the more traditional trace-driven approach to simulating memory systems, trap-driven simulation uses the hardware of a host machine to drive simulations with operating-system kernel traps instead of with address traces. As a workload runs, a trap-driven simulator dynamically modifies access to memory in such a way as to make memory traps correspond exactly to misses in a simulated cache structure. Because traps are handled inside the kernel of the host operating system, a trap-driven simulator can monitor all components of multitask workloads including the operating system itself. Compared to trace-driven simulators, a trap-driven simulator causes relatively little slowdown to the host system because traps occur only in the infrequent case of simulated cache misses. Unfortunately, because they require special forms of hardware support to cause memory-access traps, trap-driven simulators are difficult to port, and they are not as flexible as trace-driven simulators in the types of memory configurations that they can model. Several researchers have recently begun to use trap-driven techniques in their studies of memory-system design tradeoffs, but little is known about how the speed and accuracy of the technique varies with the type of simulations conducted, or about the nature of its drawbacks with respect to portability and flexibility. In this article, we use a prototype trap-driven simulator, named Tapeworm II, to explore these issues. We expose both the strengths and the weaknesses of trap-driven simulation with respect to speed, accuracy, completeness, portability, flexibility, ease-of-use, and memory overhead. Although the results are drawn from a specific implementation of trap-driven simulation, we believe that many of our results from Tapeworm hold true for trap-driven simulation in general.
Reengineering team processes in quality-focused software development environments

Most software development improvement programs to date have emphasized process and/or technology and not people. In many organizations people and team management practices are not addressed in a systematic and structured manner. In addition, most managers are untrained or inadequately trained in implementing corrective solutions once people and team problems have been identified. The paper examines people and team issues in relation to the implementation of software process improvement initiatives within organizations.
Relative contribution of chloride channels and transporters to regulatory volume decrease in human glioma cells

Primary brain tumors (gliomas) often present with peritumoral edema. Their ability to thrive in this osmotically altered environment prompted us to examine volume regulation in human glioma cells, ...
Designing for selectivity: weak interactions and the competition for reactive sites on gold catalysts

A major challenge in heterogeneous catalysis is controlling reaction selectivity, especially in complex environments. When more than one species is present in the gas mixture, the competition for binding sites on the surface of a catalyst is an important factor in determining reaction selectivity and activity. We establish an experimental hierarchy for the binding of a series of reaction intermediates on Au(111) and demonstrate that this hierarchy accounts for reaction selectivity on both the single crystal surface and under operating catalytic conditions at atmospheric pressure using a nanoporous Au catalyst. A partial set of measurements of relative binding has been measured by others on other catalyst materials, including Ag, Pd and metal oxide surfaces; a comparison demonstrates the generality of this concept and identifies differences in the trends. Theoretical calculations for a subset of reactants on Au(111) show that weak van der Waals interactions are key to predicting the hierarchy of binding strengths for alkoxides bound to Au(111). This hierarchy is key to the control of the selectivity for partial oxidation of alcohols to esters on both Au surfaces and under working catalytic conditions using nanoporous gold. The selectivity depends on the competition for active sites among key intermediates. New results probing the effect of fluorine substitution are also presented to extend the relation of reaction selectivity to the hierarchy of binding. Motivated by an interest in synthetic manipulation of fluorinated organics, we specifically investigated the influence of the –CF3 group on alcohol reactivity and selectivity. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol couples on O-covered Au(111) to yield CF3CH2O–C(O)(CF3), but in the presence of methanol or ethanol it preferentially forms the respective 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-esters. The ester is not the dominant product in any of these cases, though, indicating that the rate of β-H elimination from adsorbed trifluoroethoxy is slower than that for either adsorbed methoxy or ethoxy, consistent with their relative estimated β-C–H bond strengths. The measured equilibrium constants for the competition for binding to the surface are 2.9 and 0.38 for ethanol and methanol, respectively, vs. 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, indicating that the binding strength of 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy is weaker than ethoxy, but stronger than methoxy. These results are consistent with weakening of the interactions between the surface and the alkyl group due to Pauli repulsion of the electron-rich CF3 group from the surface, which offsets the van der Waals attraction. These experiments provide guiding principles for understanding the effect of fluorination on heterogeneous synthesis and further demonstrate the key role of molecular structure in determining reaction selectivity.
The Classroom as Policy Laboratory: Using a Classroom Simulation to Experience Macroeconomic Policy

This paper describes a classroom simulation of a simple economy. The simulation is similar in structure to classroom experiments, but it is carried out regularly throughout the term. This repetition allows for a less deterministic simulation and also lets students become comfortable in the active learning environment and experience multiple roles. The basic setup includes three markets: labor, food and non-food. Students run the entire economy, from hiring their classmates to producing goods and buying them. Students also elect a class congress, which allows them to experience government intervention in the economy. As simulation progresses, additional economic concepts and measurements are incorporated, including but not limited to GDP (real and nominal) unemployment, poverty, inequality, economic growth, investment, money supply and inflation.
Dusting Stations and Cable Backrubbers as Self-Applicatory Devices for Control of the Face Fly

Tests for control of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De-Geer, on beef cattle were conducted during the summer of 1903 in Oconec County, South Carolina. The effectiveness of various insecticides applied with either cable backrubbers or dusting bags was compared. Six backrubber formulations and 14 wettable powder or dust formulations were tested. In most cases the dusting stations gave good to excellent control. Dimetilan 2% dust, toxaphene-DDT 14%_7% dust, Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4 H ) -ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) 25% wettable powder, coumaphos 25% wettable powder, and fenthion 25% wettable powder and 3% dust applied with dusting bags gave excellent control. Of the backrubber formulations, Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) and fenthion were the most effective.
LAW RESEARCH ON MARKETIZATION OF THE CENTRAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM A WATERSHED

Marketization of central treatment of wastewater from a watershed is a demand of socialist market economy and water environment protection for a river basin.It is also necessary for the sustainable development of the plant dealing with the central treatment.How to carry out such marketization is a new problem that we must face.After providing the jurisdictional basis of such marketization,the author reviews the management system,the investment mode,the charge mode and the operation mode for the central treatment of wastewater from watersheds in market system countries like Japan,France,USA,south Korea,U K and Germany,and argues for the adoption of a unified management system,a multimode investment and charge arrangement,and an operation mode of gradual advance in accordance with the practical conditions of our nation.
Collision tumor of the stomach. Report of two cases.

Two patients with collision tumor of the stomach are presented. Of particular interest was the fact that preoperative gastric cytology demonstrated both tumors in the patient on whom that procedure was performed. The differential criteria between this entity and multiple simulataneous gastric neoplasms and carcinosarcoma is emphasized. The tumors in both patients were in close juxtaposition of each other with very little intermingling. Previous reports of gastric collision tumor are listed. Suggestions in regard to diagnosis and therapy are given.
Use of office-based smoking cessation activities in family practices.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Recommendations for increasing physician effectiveness in smoking cessation through the use of office-based activities have been disseminated, but the extent of implementation is unknown. We describe the degree to which selected family practices in Nebraska have implemented 15 specific office-based activities. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional integrated multimethod design. A research nurse observed a target physician and his or her staff during a 1-day visit in a random sample of 89 family practices. Data collection consisted of focused observation of the practice environment, key informant interviews, medical record reviews, and in-depth interviews with the physicians. RESULTS: The majority of the practices sampled had an office environment that restricted smoking, but few used visual cessation messages or information in the waiting room offering help and encouraging patients to quit. Most had educational materials that were supplied by pharmaceutical companies for promoting nicotine replacement systems. These materials were easily accessible in more than half of the practices. Smoking cessation activities were initiated and carried out by physicians with minimal use of their staff. Smoking status was documented in 51% of the medical records reviewed but seldom in a place readily accessible to the physician. All physicians were very aware of the importance of smoking cessation counseling, and most felt confident in their skills. CONCLUSIONS: Despite identification of patient smoking as a problem, most practices were not using office-based activities to enhance and support physician counseling. New perspectives for helping practices with this task need to be explored.
A study of experimental, staphylococcal endocarditis in dogs. I. Production of the disease, its natural history, and tissue bacteriology.

Abstract Acute staphylococcal endocarditis has been produced in dogs following operative perforation of the aortic valve and subsequent inoculation of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus . Ventricular fibrillation occasionally caused trouble at the operating table, and sometimes postoperative infections and aortic rupture occurred. However, the operative technique is a satisfactory one, and the incidence of endocarditis following a single inoculation of approximately 10 7 staphylococcal cells was high. The course of dogs with acute staphylococcal endocarditis resembled that seen in human beings and was rapidly fatal within a few days to 2 weeks. Histologic study of the infected valves showed huge masses of staphylococci usually enmeshed in fibrin with varying degrees of polymorphonuclear reaction. Quantitative cultures of the valves yielded 10 9 to 10 11 staphylococci per gram of tissue, as contrasted with 10 3 to 10 6 or 10 7 in other tissues.
Quasi-phase-matching in organic waveguides using periodic poling and periodic bleaching

The search for a compact coherent blue light source has created significant interest in efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) in waveguides in the past few years. While high conversion efficiencies have only been demonstrated yet in waveguides made of inorganic crystals, there is a growing interest in SHG in organic waveguides. Polymers are easy to process and exhibit very high nonlinearities after poling. Quasi-phase-matching (QPM) is a phase-matching technique, that involves a periodic modulation of the nonlinear coefficient.1,2
Lessons learned from nurses' requests for ethics consultation: Why did they call and what did they value?

Background:An ongoing challenge for clinical ethics consultation is learning how colleagues in other healthcare professions understand, make use of, and evaluate clinical ethics consultation services.Aim:In pursuing such knowledge as part of clinical ethics consultation service quality assessment, clinical ethics consultation services can learn important information about the issues and concerns that prompt colleagues to request ethics consultation. Such knowledge allows for greater outreach, education, and responsiveness by clinical ethics consultation services to the concerns of clinician colleagues.Design:This quality assessment project explores consultation requests and follow-up questionnaire responses voluntarily submitted from nurses who requested clinical ethics consultation. We present qualitative data analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison methods to identify key concerns that prompted requests as well as common themes among nurse requestors’ evaluations of what was most importa...
Model-based verification of PLC programs using Simulink design

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have been widely applied in safety-critical industrial processes. Automated verification of PLC programs is a challenging task for control system engineers. A method of mutation-based verification of Simulink design models for verifying PLCs programs is proposed. In this work, PLC programs coded in the Structured Text (ST) language are assumed to be automatically generated from Simulink models using the tool Simulink PLC Coder from Mathworks. We utilize Simulink diagrams as system design models. Simulink is a powerful design tool for developing complex event-driven applications. To formally verify the functional properties of the design models, a verifying model compiler called Gene-auto is applied to automatically translate Simulink models to C code. The properties to be checked are also translated as C assertions, which are inserted into the translated C code. Then, the generated C code instrumented with assertions is formally verified with a bounded model checking tool for C program called CBMC. The approach is experimentally assessed on a water control system case study. Compared with the previous approach of translating a PLC program to a timed automata and verifying by the use of a model-checking tool, our approach is significantly more scalable to verify non-timing related functional properties.
Cancers du sein : évolution des grands concepts thérapeutiques

The natural history of breast diseases has changed overtime and successive therapeutic strategies have been adapted accordingly. Recently, biological findings on geno- and phenotypic characteristics of tumor cells offer new basis for the development of treatments that target homogenous and various subtypes of breast cancer. Unfortunately, traditional clinical research tools are not in phase with rapid changes in both biological knowledge of the disease and new targeted agents. New methodological approaches are urgently needed to validate such changes and improvements in prognosis.
THE IMPACT EJECTA ENVIRONMENT OF NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS

Impact ejecta production is a ubiquitous process that occurs on all airless bodies throughout the solar system. Unlike the Moon, which retains a large fraction of its ejecta, asteroids primarily shed their ejecta into the interplanetary dust population. These grains carry valuable information about the chemical compositions of their parent bodies that can be measured via in situ dust detection. Here, we use recent Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer/Lunar Dust Experiment measurements of the lunar dust cloud to calculate the dust ejecta distribution for any airless body near 1 au. We expect this dust distribution to be highly asymmetric, due to non-isotropic impacting fluxes. We predict that flybys near these asteroids would collect many times more dust impacts by transiting the apex side of the body compared to its anti-apex side. While these results are valid for bodies at 1 au, they can be used to qualitatively infer the ejecta environment for all solar-orbiting airless bodies.
On the Minimum Distortion of Quantizers with Heterogeneous Reproduction Points

In quantization theory, one typically works with a unique distortion function (e.g. the squared-error distortion function) that quantifies the cost of quantizing a given source sample to any given reproduction point of the quantizer. Many applications, however, induce quantization problems where different distortion functions should be associated with different reproduction points. In this paper, we consider the case where the distortion of a given reproduction point is the squared distance to the source sample weighted by a factor that varies from one reproduction point to another. For a uniform distribution of source samples, we determine the corresponding optimal scalar quantizers and their distortions. We also find upper and lower bounds on the distortion of optimal vector quantizers. For non-uniform distributions, we provide a high resolution analysis of the minimum possible distortion. As a byproduct of our analysis, we show that for certain distributions of weights, a tessellation of non-congruent quantization cells can outperform tessellations of congruent polytopes. This suggests that Gersho's conjecture cannot be extended to the case of squared-error distortion functions with weighted reproduction points.
Connected activism: Indigenous uses of social media for shaping political change

Prior studies describe digital tactics as specific strategies actors apply within broader repertoires of contention, specifically in social and political contexts. A comparison of EZLN, Idle No More, and the ongoing Rio Yaqui water rights movement reveals the kinds of community knowledge work that has to happen prior to and around activating digital tactics in Indigenous rights movements, including choices in messaging and discourses of Indigeneity, targeting of movement opponents, and selection of digital tools and techniques. Activists harness these communicative affordances to practice a politics of visibility, cultivate solidarity, diffuse an Indigenous consciousness, enforce dominant governments’ trust and treaty responsibilities, and remind many of the irrevocable injustice of colonialism. Designing methodologies that account for specific Indigenous social and political contexts as well as the affordances of various digital environments is part of the future work of Indigenous media theorists.
Bayesian estimation of scaled mutation rate under the coalescent: a sequential Monte Carlo approach

Samples of molecular sequence data of a locus obtained from random individuals in a population are often related by an unknown genealogy. More importantly, population genetics parameters, for instance, the scaled population mutation rate Θ=4N e μ for diploids or Θ=2N e μ for haploids (where N e is the effective population size and μ is the mutation rate per site per generation), which explains some of the evolutionary history and past qualities of the population that the samples are obtained from, is of significant interest. In this paper, we present the evolution of sequence data in a Bayesian framework and the approximation of the posterior distributions of the unknown parameters of the model, which include Θ via the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) samplers for static models. Specifically, we approximate the posterior distributions of the unknown parameters with a set of weighted samples i.e., the set of highly probable genealogies out of the infinite set of possible genealogies that describe the sampled sequences. The proposed SMC algorithm is evaluated on simulated DNA sequence datasets under different mutational models and real biological sequences. In terms of the accuracy of the estimates, the proposed SMC method shows a comparable and sometimes, better performance than the state-of-the-art MCMC algorithms. We showed that the SMC algorithm for static model is a promising alternative to the state-of-the-art approach for simulating from the posterior distributions of population genetics parameters.
Machine intelligence through 3D waferscale integration

Bringing computing systems to the stage of Machine Intelligence will require a massive scaling in processing, memory, and interconnectivity, and thus a major change in how electronic systems are designed. Long overlooked because of its unsuitability for the exacting demands of enterprise computing, 3D waferscale integration offers a promising scaling path, due in large part to the fault-tolerant nature of many cognitive algorithms. This work explores this scaling path in greater detail, invoking a simple model of brain connectivity to examine the potential for 3D waferscale integration to meet the demanding interconnectivity requirements of Machine Intelligence.
Bladder debris on ultrasound in the emergency department: correlation with urinalysis

To evaluate the correlation between the presence of bladder debris on ultrasound and urinalysis results in the emergency department setting. Adult patients presenting to the emergency department with an ultrasound of the bladder and a urinalysis performed within 24 h of the ultrasound were included in this retrospective study. Two radiologists in consensus evaluated for the presence or absence of debris within the bladder. Urinalysis results were recorded including continuous variables (specific gravity and pH) and categorical variables (presence of occult blood, bilirubin, ketones, glucose, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, white blood cells, and red blood cells). The presence and absence of white and red blood cells were defined as > 5 cells/high-powered field. To control the experimentwise type I error rate at 0.05, a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of 0.0042 was used to determine significant associations. The presence of bladder debris was associated with the presence of urobilinogen, nitrite, and white blood cells (p = < 0.0001, 0.0005, and 0.0004, respectively). Bladder debris in the emergency department setting correlates with urinalysis laboratory values suggesting a urinary tract infection. Therefore, the presence of bladder debris should elicit the recommendation of a urinalysis in such a setting.