cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Finding Frequency-Modulated and Amplitude-Modulated Electromagnetic Emanations in Computer Systems

This paper presents an algorithm for finding carriers of frequency-modulated (FM) and amplitude-modulated (AM) electromagnetic (EM) emanations from computer systems. Computer systems create EM emanations across the RF spectrum making it difficult, error-prone, and time consuming to find the relatively few emanations that expose sensitive information. One of the most common and simplest mechanisms for information leakage occurs when an amplitude or a frequency of an existing strong signal (e.g., a processor or memory clock) is amplitude or frequency modulated by a system activity. If the system activity can be linked to sensitive information, this results in information leakage. We present an algorithm for automatically finding these AM and FM signals, demonstrate the algorithm's performance on several different types of processors and systems (desktop, laptop, and smartphone), and compare the results to an exhaustive manual search. We also verify that all signals identified by the algorithm can be traced to plausible unintentional modulation mechanisms to illustrate that these signals can potentially cause information leakage. This algorithm can be an important tool for system designers to quickly identify circuits that are leaking sensitive information.
Regional polarimetric quantitative precipitation estimation over South Carolina

Quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) continues to be one of the principal objectives for weather researchers and forecasters. The purpose of this research is to present the development of a regional dual polarization QPE process known as the RAdar Multi-Sensor QPE (RAMS QPE). This scheme applies the dual polarization radar rain rate estimation algorithms developed at Colorado State University into an adaptable QPE system. The methodologies used to combine individual radar scans, and then merge them into a mosaic are described. The implementation and evaluation is performed over a domain that covers South Carolina for a severe rainfall event occurring October 2, 2015 through October 4, 2015. The QPE precipitation fields evaluated in this analysis will stem from the dual polarization radar data obtained from the local NWS WSR-88DP.
An unusual case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with nodular morphology

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is one of the most common mature B-cell neoplasms in adults.[1,2] Lymphoid tissue involved by CLL/SLL typically exhibits diffuse ar...
Emergence of Novel Pathogenic Streptomyces Species by Site-Specific Accretion and cis-Mobilization of Pathogenicity Islands

The main pathogenicity factor of Streptomyces species associated with the potato common scab disease is a nitrated diketopiperazine called thaxtomin A (ThxA). In Streptomyces scabiei (syn. S. scabies), which is thought to be the most ancient pathogenic Streptomyces species, the ThxA biosynthetic cluster is located within a mobile genomic island called the toxicogenic region (TR). Three attachment (att) sites further separate TR into two subregions (TR1 and TR2). TR1 contains the ThxA biosynthetic cluster and is conserved among several pathogenic Streptomyces species. However, TR2, an integrative and conjugative element, is missing in most pathogenic species. In our previous study, we demonstrated the mobilization of the whole TR element or TR2 alone between S. scabiei and nonpathogenic Streptomyces species. TR1 alone did not mobilize in these experiments. These data suggest that TR2 is required for the mobilization of TR1. Here, we show that TR2 can self mobilize to pathogenic Streptomyces species harboring only TR1 and integrate into the att site of TR1, leading to the tandem accretion of resident TR1 and incoming TR2. The incoming TR2 can further mobilize resident TR1 in cis and transfer to a new recipient cell. Our study demonstrated that TR1 is a nonautonomous cis-mobilizable element and that it can hijack TR2 recombination and conjugation machinery to excise, transfer, and integrate, leading to the dissemination of pathogenicity genes and emergence of novel pathogenic species. Additionally, comparative genomic analysis of 23 pathogenic Streptomyces isolates from ten species revealed that the composite pathogenicity island (PAI) formed by TR1 and TR2 is dynamic and various compositions of the island exist within the population of newly emerged pathogenic species, indicating the structural instability of this composite PAI.
Erythroblastosis Fœtalis or Hæmolytic Disease of the Newborn

Recent and more widespread interest in erythroblastosis fœtalis or haemolytic disease of the newborn has led to the erroneous impression that this is a new condition of recent origin. Actually it was well described, in the English literature, before 1900, being then recognized in the form of fœtal hydrops. Between 1900 and 1910, there were numerous articles, published in this country, dealing with familial icterus gravis, another manifestation of the same disease, and even the severe anaemia and erythroblastaemia were recorded as important features. Next, interest shifted to the pathology, studied and fully described by German investigators, between 1910 and 1920. Finally, the anaemia developing unexplainably in newborn infants was considered a new entity, shortly after 1920.
Drug Susceptibility Evaluation of an Influenza A(H7N9) Virus by Analyzing Recombinant Neuraminidase Proteins.

Background Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the recommended antiviral medications for influenza treatment. However, their therapeutic efficacy can be compromised by NA changes that emerge naturally and/or following antiviral treatment. Knowledge of which molecular changes confer drug resistance of influenza A(H7N9) viruses (group 2NA) remains sparse. Methods Fourteen amino acid substitutions were introduced into the NA of A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9). Recombinant N9 (recN9) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system in insect cells and tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standardized NA inhibition (NI) assay with oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir. The wild-type N9 crystal structure was determined in complex with oseltamivir, zanamivir, or sialic acid, and structural analysis was performed. Results All substitutions conferred either reduced or highly reduced inhibition by at least 1 NA inhibitor; half of them caused reduced inhibition or highly reduced inhibition by all NA inhibitors. R292K conferred the highest increase in oseltamivir half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and E119D conferred the highest zanamivir IC50. Unlike N2 (another group 2NA), H274Y conferred highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. Additionally, R152K, a naturally occurring variation at the NA catalytic residue of A(H7N9) viruses, conferred reduced inhibition by laninamivir. Conclusions The recNA method is a valuable tool for assessing the effect of NA changes on drug susceptibility of emerging influenza viruses.
Effectiveness of tip rotation in fibreoptic bronchoscopy under different experimental conditions: an in vitro crossover study.

Abstract Background Proper manipulation of fibreoptic bronchoscopes is essential for successful tracheal intubation or diagnostic bronchoscopy. Failure of proper navigation and rotation of the fibrescope may lead to difficulties in advancing the fibrescope and might also be responsible for (unnecessary) difficulties and delays in fibreoptic tracheal intubation, with subsequent hypoxaemia. The present study, therefore, aimed to assess the effectiveness of tip rotation in flexible bronchoscopes in different experimental conditions. Methods Five differently sized pairs of fibrescopes (outer diameters of 2.2, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2, and 5.2 mm) were inserted into paediatric airway manikins via an appropriately sized laryngeal mask and were turned clockwise or anticlockwise at the fibrescope body or cord to 45, 90, and 180°, with the cord held either straight or bent. The primary outcome measure was the ratio of rotation measured at the tip over the rotation performed with the fibrescope body or cord. Results Overall, the ‘body' turn was significantly less effective when a bent cord was present (mean difference ranging from 29.8% (95% confidence interval 8.8–50.9) to 117.4% (93.6–141.2). This difference was diminished when the ‘cord' turn was performed. Smaller fibrescopes, with outer diameters of 2.2 and 2.4 mm, were inferior with respect to the transmission of ‘body' rotation to the tip. Conclusions ‘Cord' turning of the fibrescope appears to be more effective in rotating the tip than a turn of the fibrescope ‘body' only. Straightening the fibrescope cord and combined ‘body' and ‘cord' turning are recommended.
Exhaustive community enumeration on a cluster

A parallelization based on MPI and OpenMP of an algorithm that evaluates and counts all the possible communities of a graph is presented. Performance results of the parallelization of the algorithm obtained on a cluster of workstations are reported. Load balancing was used to improve the speedups obtained on the cluster. Two different kinds of load balancing approaches were used: One that involved only MPI and a second one in which MPI and OpenMP were combined. The reason for the load imbalance is described.
Influence of matrix cracking and hybrid fiber reinforcement on the corrosion initiation and propagation behaviors of reinforced concrete

Abstract While fiber-reinforced concrete has been proposed for corrosion damage control of reinforced concrete, long-term behavior of these composites remains largely uninvestigated. In this study, reinforced concrete and reinforced hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HyFRC) were subjected to a chloride environment for 2.2 years. Samples were mechanically loaded prior to chloride exposure to induce varied matrix cracking characteristics. When precracked, the time to corrosion initiation is correlated to flexural stiffness degradation. After corrosion initiation, fiber reinforcement restricts corrosion-induced cracking, causes more extensive diffusion of corrosion products into the cementitious matrix, and lowers overall mass loss of steel reinforcing bars. The mechanical responses of corroded samples are also reported.
The metaphysics of replacement in photoplay novels of immigration

The photoplay novels were a medium of the silent film era that blended stills from films distributed by the major film studios with the novels issued by publishers of reprint editions. Photoplay novels established new protocols for seeing, reading and experiences of the self for mainstream audiences. The photoplays based on Anzia Yezierska’s autobiographical stories made into films, Hungry Hearts (1922) and Salome of the Tenements (1927), are immigrant narratives of relocation, the making of an American self, and a version of the New Woman. Their reading as replacement narratives reveals irreconcilable geographies of the new and the old world and the presentations of a gendered immigrant self that paralleled Yezierska’s own condition of incomplete ‘replacement’.
Update on Emerging Infections: News from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Tetanus Among Injecting-Drug Users—California, 1997

Abstract Editors' note: This article is part of a regular series on emerging infections from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the EMERGEncy ID NET, an ED-based and CDC-collaborative surveillance network. Important public health information on infectious disease with relevance to emergency physicians is reported. The goal of this series is to advance knowledge about communicable diseases in emergency medicine, and foster cooperation between the front line of clinical medicine and public health agencies. [Talan DA, Moran GJ: Tetanus among injecting-drug users—California, 1997. Ann Emerg Med September 1998;32:385-386.]
Identification of in-vivo Phosphorylation Sites with Mass Spectrometry

Protein phosphorylation, principally on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues, is one of the most common cellular regulatory mechanisms [1–3] . Phosphorylation can modulate enzyme activity, alter affinity to other proteins, and transmit signals through kinase cascades that often are branched and interactive. To understand the molecular basis of these regulatory mechanisms, it is necessary to determine the sites that are phosphorylated in vivo. Mass spectrometry is becoming the method of choice for the identification of protein phosphorylation sites. This mass spectrometric approach offers at least three major advantages over the conventional biochemical and genetic approaches. First, it is accurate. There is no ambiguity once the phosphorylation site is identified through mass spectrometric sequencing of the phosphopeptide. Second, it is fast. The cycle of identifying phosphorylation sites is a few days. Third, it does not require 32P labeling. Many improvements in this mass spectrometry-based methodology have been in the area of improving sensitivity, selectivity and sample handling [4–13] .
Timing of Hemorrhagic Transformation of Cardioembolic Stroke Cerebral Embolism Study Group

Sixty-two patients with cardiogenic brain embolism and secondary hemorrhagic transformation by CT were retrospectively studied to determine the timing of hemorrhagic transformation. Thirty-four patients were receiving anticoagulants and 28 were not. In nonanticoagulated patients, hemorrhagic transformation usually occurred on CT done more than 6–18 hours after stroke. No patient with hemorrhagic transformation was known to have a nonhemorrhagic CT at 48 hours.
Hemoglobin oxygen saturation targets in the neonatal intensive care unit: Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? 1 .

The optimal oxygenation target needed to prevent the extremes of hypoxia and oxygen toxicity in premature and sick newborns has been the subject of much research and debate. The advent of the pulse...
Dancing the rainbow nation as it bleeds: the Surialanga Dance Company in post-apartheid South Africa

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the work of the Surialanga Dance Company of Durban, South Africa, which debuted at Nelson Mandela's inauguration in 1994. Inspired by Mandela's vision of intercultural...
Incidental finding of pulmonary artery aneurysm revealing a congenital heart defect.

A middle-aged former smoker with a medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) was transferred to our facility for management of a pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) found on CT scan of the chest. The patient was diagnosed with
Interpreting the Maritime and Overland Trade Regulations of 1882 between Chosŏn and the Qing: How logics of appropriateness shaped Sino–Korean relations

Prior research on Qing China’s relationship towards Chosŏn Korea in the late 19th century suggested that China’s influence over Korea was a continuation of the tribute system. However, the Qing’s a...
Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinase inE. coli

In bacteria, signaling phosphorylation is thought to occur primarily on His and Asp residues. However, phosphoproteomic surveys in phylogenetically diverse bacteria over the past decade have identified numerous proteins that are phosphorylated on Ser and/or Thr residues. Consistently, genes encoding Ser/Thr kinases are present in many bacterial genomes such as E. coli, which encodes at least three Ser/Thr kinases. Here we identify a previously uncharacterized ORF, yegI, and demonstrate that it encodes a novel Ser/Thr kinase. YegI lacks several conserved residues including those important for Mg2+ binding seen in other bacterial Ser/Thr kinases, suggesting that the consensus may be too stringent. We further find that YegI is a two-pass membrane protein with both N- and C-termini located intracellularly.
Multi-channel Non-negative Matrix Factorization Initialized with Full-rank and Rank-1 Spatial Correlation Matrix for Speech Recognition

Multi-channel non-negative matrix factorization (MNMF) is one of the most effective blind source separation techniques. This paper proposes a stable initialization method of MNMF by accurately estimating a full-rank spatial correlation matrix. Alternative initialization can be a rank-1 spatial correlation matrix to be obtained as an outer product of a steering vector, which is an eigenvector that corresponds to the maximum eigenvalue of a spatial correlation matrix. This paper compares full-rank and rank-1 types of initialization. On the other hand, independent low-rank matrix analysis (ILRMA) accelerates the matrix factorization by using a rank-1 demixing matrix instead of a spatial correlation matrix. The above-mentioned initialization method can be applied to ILRMA. The drawback of ILRMA is an overdetermined situation where the number of observations is greater than that of sources. In such cases, special treatments are necessary for ILRMA to match the number of observations to the number of sources, whereas MNMF can deal with such cases naturally. Experiments on a noisy speech recognition task showed the effectiveness of the proposed initialization method both for MNMF and ILRMA. For determined cases, ILRMA was faster and better than MNMF, but for overdetermined cases, even with special treatments, ILRMA was inferior to MNMF.
Hospital-Physician Integration and Hospital Ownership

Employment of physicians by hospitals – typically referred to as vertical integration – has increased significantly. Received theories fail to explain a key fact: The extent of vertical integration in not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals is substantially higher than in for-profit (FP) hospitals. We develop a model in which vertical externalities in the joint provision of complementary health care services by independent hospitals and physicians cause total prices and cost to be higher, and quantity, quality and profits to be lower, relative to a vertically integrated organization. This establishes an incentive for hospitals to integrate. We show that these externalities impact NFP hospitals more than they do FPs, so that NFPs have stronger incentives to integrate. Using data on US hospitals from 2000-2015 and with controls for other covariates including state-level “corporate-practice-of-medicine” regulations, we find support for our predictions. Our model not only explains patterns of vertical integration observed in the US hospital industry, but also has surprising implications for the effects of such integration on hospital and physician prices, and hence, for antitrust policy and empirical studies of pricing.
Baseline Postural Control and Lower Extremity Injury Incidence Among Those With a History of Concussion

Context Lower extremity musculoskeletal (LEMSK) injury may be more prevalent among those with a history of sport-related concussion (SRC). Objective To investigate the relationship between baseline...
Sagittal plane slab fractures of the third carpal bone in 45 racing Thoroughbred horses

Background Sagittal plane slab fractures of the third carpal bone are a recognised injury in the racehorse. Currently no published data exist for the UK Thoroughbred racehorse population. Objectives To document return to racing following sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone in a UK-based racehorse population, and to compare conservative and surgical management. Study design Single centre retrospective study. Methods Computerised medical and racing records were searched over a 15-year period for Thoroughbred racehorses with a simple sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone. Horses with comminuted fractures and short incomplete linear lucencies were excluded. Time from intervention to next race was recorded. Success rates were compared by Fisher's Exact Test and Mann-Whitney U Test. Results Forty-seven horses, with 49 fractures met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 27 horses raced following injury (60%). Median time to first start was 251 days (115-600, IQR 109). Fifteen horses with 16 fractures were managed conservatively. Seven horses (47%) raced, 115-508 days following injury (median 240 days, IQR 306). Thirty horses underwent surgery; this involved placement of a single 3.5-mm lag screw under arthroscopic guidance. Twenty horses (67%) raced again 145-600 days following surgery (median 264 days, IQR 102). A higher proportion of horses managed surgically improved their Racing Post Rating (RPR) following injury (14/20), compared with those managed conservatively (1/7, P = .02). Main limitations The numbers of horses are small, particularly for those managed conservatively. Treatment was not randomly allocated, and as such several horses which underwent conservative management were subsequently retired for breeding. Conclusions This case series indicates that both arthroscopic repair and conservative management of sagittal slab fractures of the third carpal bone allows horses to successfully return to training and racing.
Quantifying Liver Size in Larval Zebrafish Using Brightfield Microscopy

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval liver size in zebrafish HCC models provides a means to rapidly assess the effects of drugs and other manipulations on an oncogene-related phenotype. Here we show how to fix zebrafish larvae, dissect the tissues surrounding the liver, photograph livers using bright-field microscopy, measure liver area, and analyze results. This protocol enables rapid, precise quantification of liver size. As this method involves measuring liver area, it may underestimate differences in liver volume, and complementary methodologies are required to differentiate between changes in cell size and changes in cell number. The dissection technique described herein is an excellent tool to visualize the liver, gut, and pancreas in their natural positions for myriad downstream applications including immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization. The described strategy for quantifying larval liver size is applicable to many aspects of liver development and regeneration.
Hollandites’ crystal chemistry, properties, and processing: a review

This review provides a broad overview of the structural characteristics, compositional flexibility, and structure–property relationships of hollandite materials. Hollandites have a general formula ...
Safety Guidelines for Continuous Processing

This chapter gives safety guidelines for continuous chemistry experimental work in the laboratory. It also applies to continuous manufacturing of small-volume products using laboratory fume hoods. Pressure relief devices are needed on the discharge of positive displacement pumps. They are needed immediately downstream from back pressure regulators, at the inlet and outlet of plug flow reactors (PFRs), and on all pressure vessels that are not always open to an atmospheric pressure vent. Venting should be sufficient so vessels do not pressure up when filling, with vent paths free of block valves. Vent knockout vessels should be present and appropriately sized to catch process materials in case vessels overfill and also catch bubbler liquid in case of suck back. Plugging and fouling can be minimized by using a large enough tubing size, monitored with pressure transmitters, and managed with strategically placed valves and tees. Inerting is a primary line of defense against fire. Grounding and bonding is used when flowing from one vessel to another to prevent static charge buildup and sparking. Nonconductive liquid flowing through nonconductive tubing at high velocities should be avoided. Heat exchange rate should be sufficient for exotherm removal and chemical reaction safety, and chemical reaction safety analysis should be done, including calorimetry and thermal stability. Secondary containment should be provided, as well as sensors, to detect leaks and hazardous concentrations. Materials of construction must be compatible with the chemistry under reaction conditions. Automated alarms, interlocks, and/or auto-shutoffs should be included based on temperatures, pressures, and fill levels. Emergency stops should be installed. Reactant accumulation or total mass accumulation; overfilling product collection vessels; undesired phase changes; backflow into feed vessels, vents, or utilities; and static electricity buildup should all be prevented.
The Effectiveness of Ketamine in Pediatric Acute Deafferentation Pain after Spinal Cord Injury.

Deafferentation pain and allodynia commonly occur after spinal cord trauma, but its treatment is often challenging. The literature on effective therapies for pediatric deafferentation pain, especially in the setting of spinal cord injury, is scarce. We report the case of a 12-year-old patient with acute allodynia after a gunshot injury to the spine. The pain was refractory to multiple analgesics, but resolved with ketamine, which also improved the patient’s physical function and quality of life, a trend that continued many months after the injury. We suggest that early initiation of ketamine may be effective for acute pediatric deafferentation pain secondary to spinal cord injury, as well as preventing chronic pain states in that population.
The effects of cannabidiol and analgesic expectancies on experimental pain reactivity in healthy adults: A balanced placebo design trial.

Despite its frequent use for pain relief, no experimental pain research has tested the analgesic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans. The goal of this study was to experimentally test the effects of CBD and expectancies for receiving CBD on human pain reactivity. Using a crossover, 2 × 2 factorial balanced placebo design, drug administration (given inactive substance or given active CBD) and verbal instruction sets (told inactive substance or told active CBD) were experimentally manipulated. Fifteen healthy adults each completed four separate experimental sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to different counterbalanced manipulation conditions at each session: control (told inactive-given inactive); expectancy (told active CBD-given inactive); drug (told inactive-given active CBD); and expectancy + drug (told active CBD-given active CBD). Primary outcomes were pain threshold, tolerance, intensity, unpleasantness, conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and offset analgesia (OA). There was a significant main effect of instructions on OA, such that the OA response was significantly larger when participants were told that they received CBD, regardless of drug content. Pain unpleasantness was significantly reduced in the drug, expectancy, and expectancy + drug conditions, relative to the control condition. The drug and expectancy conditions separately improved CPM, whereas the expectancy + drug and control conditions produced the lowest CPM change scores. We did not detect significant effects for pain threshold, tolerance, or intensity. Our results indicated that separate pain outcomes can be differentially affected by CBD and/or expectancies for receiving CBD. Future investigations of the psychological and pharmacological mechanisms underlying CBD analgesia are warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Determination of Cell Volume as an Integral Part of Metabolomics

Cells regulate their cell volume, but cell volumes may change in response to metabolic and other perturbations. Many metabolomics experiments use cultured cells to measure changes in metabolites in...
Pathogenicity and Host Range of the Falcon Herpesvirus

The falcon herpesvirus (FHV) is a pathogen of birds of the family Falconidae in which it causes inclusion body disease of falcons (IBDF), an invariably fatal disease. The virus has been isolated from natural cases of IBDF in the prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus) the peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) and the red-headed falcon (F. chicquera). The disease has also been diagnosed on the basis of its characteristic le-sions in the gyrfalcon (F. rusticolis). Experi-mental inoculation with FHV resulted in fatal IBDF in a prairie falcon and two other falcon species, the American kestrel (F. sparverius) and the merlin (F. columbarius). A fatal disease clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from IBDF resulted from FHV inoculation of the following species representing 7 families; Swain-son’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperi) sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus) great horned owl (Bubo virgianus) screech owl (Otus asio) snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca) American coot (Fulica americana) green heron (Butorides virescens) budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) Amazon parrot (Amazona ocrocephala) ring-necked dove (Streptopelia risoria) and baby muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). Representatives of 15 avian species and 5 mammalian species were shown to be refractory to FHV.
The Demographic Distribution of Delinquency and ADM Problems

There is a substantial literature on the relationship between criminal behavior and age, sex, race or ethnicity, social class or status, and place of residence. The earliest examples of this literature may be found in the work of the French cartographers Guerry and Quetelet (see Vold & Bernard, 1986, pp 131–132), and contemporary examples abound. Although it is not as extensive, a similar literature exists on the relationships of alcohol and drug use with these same demographic variables; most of it (like the popularity of the drugs with which it is concerned) developed since World War II (see, e.g., Kandel, 1980). Only the literature on alcohol use and its associated problems is substantially older. The available literature on demographic correlates of adolescent mental health problems is much less extensive, rarely involves representative national samples, and often focuses on a single mental health problem such as depression (e.g., Kandel & Davies, 1982).
The development of a RTD temperature sensor for exhaust applications

A RTD (resistive temperature device) high temperature sensor was developed for exhaust gas temperature measurement. Extensive modeling and optimization was used to supplement testing in development. The sensor was developed to be capable of withstanding harsh environments (-40° to 1000°C), typical of engine applications, including poisons, while maintaining high accuracy (< 0.5% drift after 500 hrs of aging at 950°C). The following sensor characteristics are presented: resistance-temperature curve, accuracy, response time, and long-term durability. In addition, a system error analysis program was developed with representative results.
Exploring high school biology students' engagement with more and less epistemologically considerate texts

Texts play an integral role in science research and science classrooms yet biology textbooks have traditionally failed to reflect the epistemic elements of the discipline such as justification of claims and visual representations of empirical data. This study investigates high school biology students' reading experiences when engaging more and less epistemologically considerate (EC) texts. Using a think aloud and interview protocol of 24 high school biology students who represent a range of prior achievement in English/language arts and science, this study explores students' perceived comprehension of, interest in, and trust in more and less EC biology texts and their accompanying visual representations. Results indicate that components unique to the EC texts greatly influenced students' reading experiences. Students' higher levels of interest and trust in the validity of the EC texts resulted from epistemic elements that are highly valued in science, namely, the empirical data embedded in charts and graphs. Furthermore, students most frequently cited the texts' epistemic components as helpful to their perceived comprehension. The data suggest that when compared to traditional textbook accounts, more EC texts can serve as levers in high school biology classrooms for improving students' confidence in comprehending texts, for increasing interest in science content, and for better aligning students' justification of trusting a particular source with what is considered a more sophisticated scientific epistemological stance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 1232–1257, 2013
In CD4+ T-Cell-Induced Diabetes, Macrophages Are the Final Effector Cells that Mediate Islet β-Cell Killing : Studies from an Acute Model

To understand better how diabetogenic CD4+ T cells induce islet β-cell death and cause diabetes, a transfer model of acute diabetes using the diabetogenic CD4+ BDC2.5 T-cell clone was established. Transfer of activated BDC T cells into NOD.scid mice resulted in diabetes within a week, characterized by strong inflammatory reaction. Electron micrographs of pancreas depicted macrophages in close contact with β cells that exhibited signs of apoptosis. Transfer into irradiated recipients inhibited inflammation and the development of diabetes, demonstrating an obligatory role for leukocytes. Selective depletion of neutrophils or natural killer cells had no effect on diabetes induced by BDC2.5 T cells. In contrast, in vivo depletion of phagocytic cells by injection of liposomes containing clodronate abolished diabetes, although inflammation remained present and was characterized mainly by neutrophil infiltration. Treatment with clodronate-liposomes did not affect the antigen-presenting cells within the pancreas. Last, activated macrophages isolated from infiltrated pancreas exhibited cytolytic activity toward primary islet β cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that activated macrophages are the key cells mediating islet β-cell death induced by activated CD4+ T cells.
The Alabama Drug Discovery Alliance: A Collaborative Partnership to Facilitate Academic Drug Discovery

The Alabama Drug Discovery Alliance is a collaboration between the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Southern Research Institute that aims to support the discovery and development of therapeutic molecules that address an unmet medical need. The alliance builds on the expertise present at both institutions and has the dedicated commitment of their respective technology transfer and intellectual property offices to guide any commercial opportunities that may arise from the supported efforts. Although most projects involve high throughput screening, projects at any stage in the drug discovery and development pathway are eligible for support. Irrespective of the target and stage of any project, well-functioning interdisciplinary teams are crucial to a project’s progress. These teams consist of investigators with a wide variety of expertise from both institutions to contribute to the program’s success.
Early warnings of regime shifts: evaluation of spatial indicators from a whole-ecosystem experiment

Critical transitions between alternate ecosystem states are often preceded by increased variance and autocorrelation in time series of ecosystem properties. Analogous changes may occur in spatial statistics as ecosystems approach thresholds for critical transitions. Changes in spatial statistics near thresholds have been described using models, laboratory experiments, and remotely sensed data, but there have been no tests using deliberate manipulations of whole ecosystems in the field. We previously documented a whole-lake manipulation resulting in a transition to predator dominance, a type of critical transition. The food web of an experimental lake was forced via cascading trophic interactions from a stable state characterized by abundant prey fish, small zooplankton, and high chlorophyll concentrations to an alternative state dominated by predatory fish, large zooplankton and low chlorophyll concentrations. Time series of zooplankton and chlorophyll concentrations provided early warning of the regime shift. Here we test if similar early warning signals were present in space by applying spatial variance and the discrete Fourier transform to spatially distributed prey fish catch data from this regime shift. Prey fish spatial distributions were monitored daily using minnow traps deployed around the lake perimeter. Added predators reduced prey fish populations and altered their spatial distributions. Increases in spatial variance and shifts to low frequency spatial variance were observed up to a year in advance of the shift. There was no response in an adjacent reference lake. Our results demonstrate that spatial signals of approaching thresholds can be detected at the ecosystem scale.
Genetic Privacy in Sports: Clearing the Hurdles

As genomic medicine continues to advance and inform clinical care, knowledge gained is likely to influence sports medicine and training practices. Susceptibility to injury, sudden cardiac failure, and other serious conditions may one day be tackled on a subclinical level through genetic testing programs. In addition, athletes may increasingly consider using genetic testing services to maximize their performance potential. This paper assesses the role of privacy and genetic discrimination laws that would apply to athletes who engage in genetic testing and the limits of these protections.
The neurosteroids DHEA and DHEAS may influence cognitive performance by altering affective state.

The effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) on performance in various cognitive and affective tasks were investigated. Ovariectomized rats (n = 48) received 0.0, 3.0, or 7.5 mg/kg s.c. of DHEA or DHEAS suspended in 10% ethanol/sesame oil v/v. For the cognitive tasks (water maze, Y-maze, passive avoidance, and object recognition), subjects were injected after training trials. For the affective tasks (tail flick, open field, and elevated plus-maze), subjects were injected 1 or 24 h prior to testing. DHEA deceased latencies and trials to criterion in the water maze, and decreased motor activity in the open field at 24 h postinjection. DHEAS decreased latencies to the goal arm in the Y-maze and reduced motoricity and the number of entries into the center of a brightly lit open field, both 1 and 24 h after injection. These findings suggest that DHEA and DHEAS may alter performance on cognitive tasks due to motor or anxiety effects.
Monolithic Integration Of Optical Sources And Detectors

A review is given of recent progress in the development of integrated optical circuits involving the GaAs/A/GaAs double heterostructure system. Various devices utilizing period-ic corrugations or gratings are described briefly, whereas alternate attempts to fabricate optical circuits by chemical etching are discussed in more detail. The current trend to explore other III-V compounds is considered, with emphasis on the quaternary system InGaAsP. Recent advances in processing techniques suitable for optical integration, such as reactive-ion etching, laser and electron-beam processing, and the formation of ring lasers, are described, as well as the trend towards integration of optical and electronic devices.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laser Scanning Techniques For Automatic Inspection Of Heat-Sealed Film Packages

Many products in the food and drug industry are sold in heat-sealed translucent film packages. Automatic inspection of these packages before shipment to the customer is an important step in assuring quality. This paper describes a laser scanner and associated electro-optical and electronic system for inspecting blister packages which also serve as reaction vessels, identifying and classifying defects for process control in an on-line situation. This system is a practical application of a coherent light scanner which utilizes spatial filtering and a transform plane array of optical sensors for performing some of the signal processing necessary for defect detection and classification. Automatic registration in 2 dimensions is incorporated, thus relaxing the positional accuracy requirements of the product handling system.
Prism coupling to on-chip silicon based bragg cladding waveguide

We developed a silicon based asymmetric Bragg cladding waveguide, which is composed of high index contrast Si and Si3N4 clad layers and has omnidirectional reflectivity. Prism coupling was used to demonstrate the guiding mechanism by Bragg reflection. The effective index of the propagation mode was measured directly. The measured effective mode index is less than either the Si or Si3N4 cladding layers, which is a clear demonstration of the Bragg waveguiding principle. Low loss of the Si Bragg cladding waveguide around 0.5dB∕cm for both TE and TM polarizations is achieved. Potential applications include high power transmission, low dispersion, thin cladding thickness, and nonlinear properties engineering on silicon chip.
Applied physics: Materials scientists take control.

The discovery of a new way of controlling a class of complex-oxide materials, known as the Ruddlesden–Popper series of structures, may lead the way to making electronically tunable microwave devices. See Letter p.532 Tunable dielectric materials are valuable components for complex microwave circuitry, yet such materials tend to suffer losses when operated at microwave frequencies owing to intrinsic defects in their structures. Che-Hui Lee and colleagues have selected a family of dielectrics known to exhibit exceptionally low loss, and now show how these materials can be engineered to boost their tunability and attain levels of performance that rival all known tunable microwave dielectrics.
Physiological and glucocorticoid response to treadmill exercise of Holstein heifers.

Effect of exercise for 8 wk prepartum on heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum glucocorticoid concentration was determined for nine Holstein heifers. Exercise was on a treadmill 30 min daily, 5 d/wk, for approximately 8 wk. Physiological measures were taken at rest and immediately postexercise; blood samples were taken via jugular vein cannulas at 2-h intervals 26 h preexercise, at 10-min intervals during exercise and 21.5 h postexercise, all at initiation of the experiment and again near the end of pregnancy. The three physiological measures increased during exercise at both the initiation and termination of the 8-wk exercise period. Mean serum glucocorticoids of heifers increased from 5.4 to 21.3 ng/ml during initial exercise but increased from 4.4 to 5.2 ng/ml following approximately 8 wk exercise. These glucocorticoid data mimic trends found in other species, i.e., physically fit subjects or animals trained to chronic exercise have lower glucocorticoids than sedentary or untrained subjects during intense or exhaustive exercise.
Solvent Texturing of Polyester Yarn Part I: Sequential Texturing

Solvent texturing experiments are described using partially oriented polyester yarn treated in sequential steps of twisting, solvent setting, and untwisting. Effects of several parameters such as solvent treatment time, pre-immersion solvent, and drawing on the shrinkage values are discussed. Pre-immersion in the solvent before twisting allows faster diffusion into the yarn but "sets" the structure prematurely. Drawing of the twisted, solvent-set structure dilutes the twist and disrupts the structure, reducing the crimp. The potential energy saving over heat-texturing is calculated. This study is intended as a precursor for continuous solvent texturing.
Ligand Displacement and Oxidation Reactions of Methyl(oxo)rhenium(V) Complexes

Compounds that contain the anion [MeReO(edt)(SPh)]- (3-) were synthesized with the countercations 2-picolinium (PicH+3-) and 2,6-lutidinium (LutH+3-), where edt is 1,2-ethanedithiolate. Both PicH+3- and MeReO(edt)(tetramethylthiourea) (4) were crystallographically characterized. The rhenium atom in each of these compounds exists in a five-coordinate distorted square pyramid. In the solid state, PicH+3- contains an anion with a short (dSH = 232 pm) and nearly linear hydrogen-bonded (N−H···S) interaction to the cation. Ligand substitution reactions were studied in chloroform. Displacement of PhSH by PPh3 follows second-order kinetics, d[MeReO(edt)(PPh3)]/dt = k[PicH+3-][PPh3], whereas with pyridines an unusual form was found, d[MeReO(edt)(Py)]/dt = k[PyH+3-][Py]2, in which the conversion of PicH+3- to PyH+3- has been incorporated. Further, added Py accelerates the formation of [MeReO(edt)(PPh3)], v = k·[PicH+3-]·[PPh3]·[Py]. Compound 4, on the other hand, reacts with both PPh3 and pyridines, L, at a rate gi...
A composite target concept for multi-pulse radiography

Multi-pulse radiographic accelerators, such as the DARHT-II facility under construction at Los Alamos National Laboratory, generate X-rays by striking a solid, high-Z “bremsstrahlung converter target” with a tightly focused, high-current, relativistic electron beam. In the process, the converter target is heated to a plasma state and significant thermal expansion can occur during the interval between pulses, depleting the beam focus region of target material and reducing the X-ray output. Beam scatter and various other technical constraints prevent using thicker targets, moving the electron beam to a fresh target region, or moving fresh target material into a fixed beam location. The remaining possibility is to optimize the choice of target material to maximize the effective heat capacity while maintaining dose and minimizing scatter. A kinematic model of a “composite target” of high-Z material in a low-Z matrix is presented here as a candidate for such an optimized target. The thermal destruction of the target cannot be avoided but can be slowed sufficiently to maintain the necessary output dose. Methods of manufacturing such targets, and their radiographic performance, are being tested at the ETA-II accelerator facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Survey of reactions of protonated acetate esters induced on low-energy collisions with helium and nitrogen

Abstract The major fragmentations induced by collisions of 30-eV (laboratory coordinate) protonated acetate esters with helium and nitrogen are the rearrangements observed in earlier high-energy collisional activation studies, except for the diagnostic loss of alkane observed in the high-energy process, which is missing. The kinetic energy dependence of fragmentation is reflected in peak intensities at 30 eV. As proposed earlier, helium collisions are useful for categorization of the compounds, and nitrogen for their identification.
A view from the periphery

Abstract The author describes his background and relationship to the behavioral geography revolution at Clark. Key events included the independent invention of ‘turf maps’, the Place Perception Project of Blaut, Stea and McCleary, and the synergy of an exceptional cluster of faculty and students. The influence of the revolution on the author's own research has resulted in a radical redirection of effort toward applied research on children's environmental behavior, geographic learning, and participatory design methods in particular.
Ocular manifestations of patients with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.

• Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are seen in patients with systemic vasculitides, especially Wegener's granulomatosis. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are helpful laboratory markers for these diseases. We report on the ocular findings of six patients with systemic vasculitis who had antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Four patients had systemic Wegener's granulomatosis, one had microscopic polyarteritis, and in one a specific histopathologic diagnosis could not be made. Two patients were first evaluated for systemic vasculitis because of their ocular manifestations. Ocular findings included ptosis, bilateral lacrimal gland masses, proptosis, choroidal folds, episcleritis, phlebitis, retinal and vitreous hemorrhage, keratitis sicca, and bilateral central scotomas. It was difficult to make a systemic diagnosis in all cases. If systemic vasculitis is in the differential diagnosis of a patient with suggestive ocular findings, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing should be considered. A prospective study of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing should be considered in patients with ocular findings that suggest the possibility of vasculitis.