cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of wing-bud-derived muscles in normal and wingless chick embryos: a computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction study of muscle pattern formation in the absence of skeletal elements.

The mechanisms whereby the normal pattern of muscles within the developing chick limb bud is generated are largely unexplored. It has been proposed that the muscle pattern is established independently of the pattern for the limb skeletal elements to which the muscles normally attach (Shellswell and Wolpert: “The Pattern of Muscle and Tendon Development in the Chick Wing.” In: Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 71–86, 1977). To further examine this possibility we studied the formation of the proximal wing muscles in normal and wingless chick embryos. The muscles of the shoulder region (including the pectoralis) arise as part of the dorsal and ventral premuscle masses of the developing limb bud. These secondarily migrate out of the limb to take origin from the pectoral girdle while inserting onto the humerus (Sullivan: Aust. J. Zool., 10:458–516, 1962). With rare exceptions, wingless embryos have complete absence of wing skeletal elements, but they may possess more than 40% of the normal volume of wing-bud-derived muscles. The muscles that remain in wingless embryos are primarily shoulder muscles, and to a varying extent, the pectoralis. The question we sought to answer was whether in wingless embryos the proximal wing muscles could form a normal pattern in the absence of the humerus and distal wing skeletal elements. By examining three-dimensional reconstructions of the proximal wing region in normal and wingless embryos, we found that the initial subdivision of the dorsal and ventral premuscle masses proceeded normally in the absence of the wing skeleton. This resulted in a grossly normal pattern of proximal wing muscles despite the absence of wing skeletal elements. However, some subsequent cleavages of individual muscles within premuscle mass divisions did not occur in wingless embryos. This suggests that the skeleton may be required for this step in muscle morphogenesis to occur. We also observed that the wing-budderived muscles in wingless embryos were nearly always anchored to the pectoral girdle at both ends. Sometimes this resulted in muscles making abnormal tendonous fusions with other muscles derived from the opposite (i.e., dorsal or ventral) premuscle mass. Therefore, attachment to the skeleton may be important for some facet of muscle development. Finally, the supracoracoideus muscle was absent in all but one wingless embryo we examined in the present study. In that one, it was substantially reduced in volume compared to normal. Despite the absence of this muscle, the space normally occupied by the supracoracoideus was maintained beneath the pectoralis. This observation suggests that the form, or shape, of a muscle may be established within the connective tissue in the absence of the muscle itself.
Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/starch blends with dioctyl maleate

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/starch blends were prepared blending with dioctyl maleate (DOM). DOM acted as a compatibilizer at low concentrations (below 5%), and markedly improved tensile strength of the blend. However, DOM functioned as a plasticizer at concentrations over 5%, significantly enhancing elongation. Compatibilization and plasticization took place simultaneously according to the analysis of, for example, mechanical properties and thermal behavior. With DOM as a polymeric plasticizer, thermal loss in the blends was not significant. Water absorption of PLA/starch blends increased with DOM concentration. DOM leaching in an aqueous environment was inhibited. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1697–1704, 2004
Watersheds as the Basic Ecosystem: this Conceptual Framework Provides a Basis for a Natural Classification System

: A scheme is outlined to classify watersheds as ecosystems, based on their natural attributes. Two physical factors of the environment, climate and geology, are selected as state factors. Climate is the master factor that supplies energy and water to all ecosystems; geologic structure supplies the materal from which the forces of climate carve landforms to establish ecosystems. At the next lower level, soil and vegetation interact in a succession of transactions to produce a mosaic of tesseras within each watershed. It is these interacting tesseras that moderate climate and store energy within the ecosystem that influences the embedded stream. At the bottom of the scale is the stream with its passive role and inability to interact with the higher factors of the ecosystem. Thus, we have a controlling force consisting of two elements (climate and geology), a reacting force (soil and vegetation) that responds by circular conditioning to controlling forces, and at the lowest level, the stream which responds to all factors of the living system within its watershed.
High acceptance rate of anal pap screening despite limited knowledge about anal dysplasia among HIV+ MSM

Background Anal cancer in the general population is more prevalent in women, but in most HIV populations, MSM have the highest risk. Data suggest that screening can prevent invasive carcinoma. Use of routine cervical pap smears resulted in an 80% reduction in cervical cancer rates. The current study examines the effectiveness of a clinical intervention designed to increase anal dysplasia education, screening, and treatment for HIV+ MSM.
Temperature dependence of inductively coupled plasma assisted growth of TiN thin films

Abstract The use of low pressure high density plasmas to assist the synthesis of ceramic thin film materials is in its infancy. Using an inductively coupled plasma assisted magnetron sputtering system, we examine the dependence of plasma-assisted growth of TiN thin films on growth temperature at different ratios of ion flux to neutral atom flux. Our results indicate that a temperature independent densification of TiN films occurs above a certain ion to neutral atom flux ratio. As an example of this temperature independent densification, we demonstrate the formation of dense B1 TiN crystalline thin films at growth temperatures down to ∼100 K.
The activity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, an androgenic ligand, in ovarian cancer cell invasion.

Objectives: An epithelial ovarian cancer cell line constitutively expressing the androgen receptor was created to evaluate the mechanism and effects of androgen receptor activation on epithelial ovarian cancer cell invasion. Methods: Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses confirmed androgen receptor expression. Boyden chamber invasion assays were performed using cells treated with the androgen receptor ligands medroxyprogesterone acetate or dihydrotestosterone. The matrix metalloproteinases associated with invasion were investigated using zymographic assays. Results: Androgen receptor- mediated invasion is ligand dependent. While both medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone signal through androgen receptor, medroxyprogesterone acetate is more effective at stimulating invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Unlike the wild-type epithelial ovarian cancer cells, this increase in invasion in androgen receptor+ epithelial ovarian cancer cells does not seem to be dependent on matrix metalloproteinase 2 or 9 activation. Conclusion: Although classified as a progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate has significant androgenic activity unique from the pure androgen dihydrotestosterone. Our studies suggest that pharmacologic doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate may actually increase the invasive potential of epithelial ovarian cancer cells.
Impurity polarization effects at the commensurate-incommensurate phase boundary of a spin-density-wave system

Abstract The polarization of magnetic impurities by the spin-density-wave (SDW) of an itinerant electron antiferromagnet has been shown to result in a discontinuity in the SDW wave vector at the boundary between the commensurate and incommensurate phases. Using an expression for SDW amplitude, which self-consistently includes the impurity polarization, equations have been obtained for the phase transition temperatures for the paramagnetic phase into both the commensurate-SDW (CSDW) and incommensurate-SDW (ISDW) phases. Calculations have been made to obtain the impurity concentration dependence of the Neel temperature and the discontinuity in the wave vector at the critical point. The wave vector discontinuity is found to increase with impurity concentration.
Condom usage by a population of delinquent southern male adolescents

Abstract Of sexually active delinquent male adolescents admitted to a detention facility over a 6-month period from 1987 to 1988, 69% reported condom usage. Review of the medical records of a similar group of detainees from the same facility in 1984 revealed a 44% reported condom usage rate, suggesting a marked increase in utilization. Stated reasons for condom use in 1987–1988 included prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (63%) and pregnancy (33%). More than one reason was given by 20%.
A GaN HEMT Class F Amplifier at 2 GHz with > 80 % PAE

A Class F amplifier has been designed, fabricated, and tested using a GaN HEMT transistor and hybrid printed circuit board (PCB) packaging. The amplifier has a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 85% with an output power of 16.5 W. A gate-connected field-plated and a source-connected field-plated device of the same size and layout were measured in this topology. An output power and drain efficiency tradeoff, dependant on the drain impedance at the fundamental frequency due to the on-state resistance, is explored. A comparison between Class F and Inverse F, given particular operating conditions for this device, is made.
Effects of somatosensory thalamic and cortical lesions on roughness discrimination in the albino rat

Abstract Rats were tested in a T-maze for acquisition of a tactile discrimination between the rough and smooth surfaces of a moderately fine grade of sandpaper. Animals with electrolytic lesions centered in the lemniscal projection to the ventral nuclear complex of the thalamus and animals with aspirative ablations centered in the forepaw somatosensory 1 area of the cortex exhibited poorer group mean performance than did control animals, but the experimental groups did not differ from each other. A second, more difficult discrimination task between two fine grades of sandpaper yielded the same result. Experimental animals were, on the average, deficient on all but one of a battery of neurological tests. Thalamic lesioned animals exhibited a more severe deficient on some tests than did cortical lesioned animals. Neither lesion size nor lesion locus could account for the substantial variation between the performance of individual animals within each experimental group.
HIV-Negative Seroconcordant Gay Male Couples' Attitudes, Intentions, and Perceived Behavioral Control for Planned Condom Use Within and Outside of Their Relationships

ABSTRACT Despite high HIV rates among gay male couples, limited research exists about their attitudes, intentions, social norms, and perceived behavioral control for planned condom use within and outside of their relationships. Our cross-sectional study used multilevel modeling with dyadic data from 142 HIV-negative gay male couples to examine and identify which factors were statistically associated with planned condom use within and outside the relationship. Several differences for planned condom use were also noted based on the sample's prior history of unprotected anal intercourse and relationship type. Findings suggest additional prevention tools are needed for some HIV-negative gay male couples who are at risk for HIV.
The effect of the 2003 Consensus Reporting Standards on publications describing patients with vestibular schwannoma treated with stereotactic radiosurgery

In an effort to promote a uniform standard for reporting clinical results, the Consensus Meeting on Systems for Reporting Results in Acoustic Neuroma was convened in 2001, and the results of this meeting have been summarized by Kanzaki et al. in 2003. We describe publication compliance to these reporting parameters in a systematic analysis of publications obtained through a comprehensive literature search on patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Each publication was scored based on whether it had properly reported each of eight elements described in the Consensus Meeting Reporting Guidelines (Guidelines). We compared the proportions of studies and cases that included each of the eight items prior to, and after, publication of the Guidelines. A significantly greater proportion of studies appropriately reported the size of the tumor after the release of the Guidelines (98% compared to 85%, p = 0.04). A significantly greater number of cases were reported properly adhering to the Guidelines in seven of the eight elements, with the exception of the cystic nature of the tumor. Report of post-treatment neurologic symptoms and complications saw the greatest degree of increase from before to after the publication of the Guidelines (47% to 68% of cases published, p < 0.001). Our findings suggest a potentially significant impact of the Guidelines on the quality of the information included in studies.
A Look beyond Cognitive Predictors of Academic Success: Understanding the Relationship between Academic Self-Beliefs and Outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between academic self-beliefs (i.e., self-efficacy and degree aspirations) with various academic outcomes. Based on previous findings, it was hypothesized that students with more positive academic self-beliefs would perform better in school. The results supported prior research as students with higher academic self-beliefs also had higher SAT scores, grades, and second-year retention rates. Students with more negative writing and math self-efficacy beliefs were more likely to state that they would desire help with improving those skills. Suggestions for those in college counseling positions to intervene and provide assistance are discussed.
A 400 GeV shower counter

Abstract Specifications and test data are given for a lead-scintillator electromagnetic shower counter used to detect beam photons at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The response is independent of beam position to ±1.4% rms over a 25 cm × 25 cm area. Shower penetration losses reach 4.1% at 250 GeV but are easily calculable. The resolution is limited almost entirely by fluctuations in the number of shower tracks sampled: The full-width-at-half-maximum is approximately 43%/E 1 2 , where E is the incident energy in GeV.
Regulation in grafts of partially dissociated and reaggregated portions of Fundulus embryonic shields

Portions of Fundulus embryonic shields, usually posterior or anterior halves, were partially dissociated into cell clumps and separate cells by exposure to salt solution lacking magnesium and calcium ions; the dissociates were reaggregated in salt solution containing these ions, then immediately grafted to extraembryonic regions of host gastrulae. Technical difficulties prevented complete dissociation of the shield portions and complete retrieval of the dissociates, but a number of hosts bearing secondary complexes differentiated in association with the grafts developed successfully to late stages. Complexes associated with grafts derived from posterior shield portions frequently formed tails, and differentiated, with few exceptions, the same range of structures described earlier as having differentiated when either unfragmented or mechanically minced shield portions were grafted. In the parts of the new graft complexes remaining attached to the yolksac epithelium, the secondary structures formed were often in topographic disarray, but in the free tails that grew out from these complexes, the axial structures frequently attained normal topographic relationships. Complexes associated with grafts derived from anterior shield portions frequently formed, among other structures, highly differentiated eyes, often with normal retinal stratification, sometimes accompanied by lens, cornea, iris, or optic nerve. The high degree of organization of tails developing in association with grafts of posterior origin, and of eyes in association with grafts of anterior origin, is possibly explicable not by cellular self-sorting and self-assembly, but rather by embryonic field phenomena.
Immunization Predictors in Rural Adults Under 65 Years of Age

The specific study goal was to identify predictors of influenza and pneumonia immunizations in rural adults 18 to 64 years of age in Appalachia. The survey data used were collected from 931 adults from eight rural counties as part of a larger study. Information collected included influenza and pneumonia vaccination status, demographic and insurance coverage information, and immunization-related knowledge and beliefs. Immunization rates were 41.3 percent for influenza and 19.9 percent for pneumonia. Logistic regression analysis indicated that perceived disease susceptibility, perceived benefit, perceived harm, and insurance coverage for immunizations were significant predictors of both types of immunization, with insurance coverage being the strongest predictor. The findings can be used in development of promotional campaigns for increasing immunizations in this underserved rural population.
Integrability and virasoro symmetry of the noncritical baxter/ising model

Abstract The properties of a noncritical c = 1 lattice Virasoro algebra for the exactly solvable Baxter eight-vertex model are studied in the decoupling limit in which the Baxter model is equivalent to a staggered pair of Ising models. The Virasoro operator L 0 is given by the first moment of the XY spin chain density which is proportional to the logarithm of the corner transfer matrix (CTM). The eigenmodes of L 0 are explicitly constructed in terms of lattice fermion operators. They are related to the eigenmodes of the XY hamiltonian by harmonic analysis on the spectral (rapidity) torus, which arises as the CTM group manifold. At the critical point, the results reduce to a momentum space formulation of space-time conformal symmetry. Two related Virasoro algebras are constructed from the fermionic eigenmode operators of L 0 . One is a generalization of the T = T c conformal algebra away from the critical point. The other represents diffeomorphisms of the real rapidity circle, which is compact due to the presence of the space-time lattice. Both are spectrum generating algebras of the corner transfer matrix. In the scaling limit, the Virasoro operators are expressed in terms of a massive, free Dirac field. For n ⩾ −1, the L n 's are given by integrals of local densities. We discuss the relation between these densities and the integrals of motion and higher spectral flows that characterize the integrability of the system.
The Racial Logic of Grey’s Anatomy Shonda Rhimes and Her “Post-Civil Rights, Post-Feminist” Series

Shonda Rhimes is one of the most successful and celebrated black female American television producers. With such hits as ABC’s Grey’s Anatomy, Private Practice, and Scandal, Rhimes has established ...
Dicarboxylic Aciduria: Deficient [1-14C]Octanoate Oxidation and Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase in Fibroblasts

Dicarboxylic aciduria, an inborn error of metabolism in man, is thought to be caused by defective beta-oxidation of six-carbon to ten-carbon fatty acids. Oxidation of [1-14C]octanoate was impaired in intact fibroblasts from three unrelated patients with dicarboxylic aciduria (19 percent of control), as was the activity of medium-chain (octanoyl-)acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the supernatants of sonicated fibroblast mitochondria (5 percent of control). These data confirm that dicarboxylic aciduria is caused by an enzyme defect in the beta-oxidation cycle.
Noncollinear-Beam Second-Harmonic Generation in CuCl

Second-harmonic generation from noncollinear fundamental beams has been observed in CuCl in the region of the first exciton resonance at 3.2 eV. Using phase-matching properties and a varying angle of inclination between the fundamental beams, the upper branch of the polariton dispersion curve of the first exciton resonance has been determined. The results are in good agreement with similar two-photon-absorption measurements and demonstrate the complementarity of the effects. Additional inclined-beam experiments have been done to determine the second-harmonic output as a function of the positon of the beam overlap inside a CuCl platelet. For large phase mismatch and no absorption, second-harmonic light is observed only for overlap occurring at a surface of the sample. Using this effect, a method of determining the absorption constant of noncentrosymmetric crystals is demonstrated where the usual surface problems, such as reflectivity, are avoided.
Total emissivity of hot water vapor—II. semi-empirical charts deduced from long-path spectral data☆

Abstract Recently measured band-model parameters for water vapor at high temperatures are used, together with other theoretical and experimental spectroscopic data, to develop the total emissivity of hot water vapor at various conditions for temperatures between 600° and 2500°K. The results are presented in chart form. At low temperatures, emissivities obtained from these charts agree satisfactorily with those obtained from Hottel's charts. At higher temperatures, where Hottel's charts rely heavily on graphical extrapolations, significant disagreement is found, and the new emissivities are in better agreement with theoretical predictions. Agreement of the new emissivities with the data upon which Hottel based his correlation is satisfactory for conditions where Hottel places high confidence in the data.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR OBTAINING MONITORED PHOSPHORUS LOADINGS

ABSTRACT A method for computing phosphorus loadings from continuous stream discharge records and discrete water samples is presented. Because of the highly variable relationship between phosphorus concentrations and runoff discharges, loadings for runoff events with incomplete or no concentration data become difficult to compute. However, concentrations can be predicted from instantaneous discharge data using simple linear regression after separating the phosphorus data into the dissolved and particulate components. Dissolved phosphorus is stratified according to season when the ground is either frozen or not. Particulate phosphorus, because of its strong correlation to suspended sediment, is stratified according to the “event intensity” as determined by rainfall intensity and rate of rise of the stream hydrograph. The particulate data can be further stratified according to whether the sample was taken on the rise or fall (including peak) of the hydrograph. Field sampling recommendations are made based on...
The NHERF2 Dependent Dynamic Ca2+/LPA Regulation of NHE3 Mobility and Interaction At the Epithelial Brush Border

Na+/H+ exchange 3 (NHE3) plays an essential role in NaCl absorption intestine and kidney. NHE3 rapidly cycles between the plasma membrane and recycling endosomal compartment under basal conditions. Those regulations require PDZ domain containing NHERF proteins. Especially NHERF2 is required both in Ca2+ inhibitory and LPA stimulatory regulations in NHE3 activity. In this study, using the FRET technique, the dynamic binding between NHERF2 and NHE3 at the brush border was investigated in the presence of Ca2+ or LPA. Zeiss 510 Meta confocal microscopy was used to perform FRET (acceptor photobleaching) between NHE3-YFP and CFP-NHERF2 on the apical brush border in polarized epithelial kidney OK cells.We observed that NHERF2 and NHE3 exhibited 10-20% FRET signaling at the microvilli and not at the juxtanuclear region under basal conditions. As a negative control, there was no FRET signaling between CFP-NHERF2 and YFP-GPI. With treatment of Ca2+ ionophore, A23187(0.5μM) or LPA(100μM), FRET signaling was transiently abolished within one minute for A23187 and within 30min for LPA and recovered at 1 hr later.The dynamic interactions between NHE3 and NHERF2 by LPA and Ca2+ in OK cell microvilli were quantified by FRET. We conclude that the dissociation of NHEFR2 from NHE3 at the microvillus leads to NHE3 activity inhibition by A23187 by increasing the NHE3 endocytosis and leads to stimulation of NHE3 activity by LPA by increasing NHE3 translocation to the brush border.
Visible and far-infrared spectral studies of tetrahedral and octahedral complexes in non-aqueous solvent systems—VI..far infrared and ultraviolet spectra of four, five and six coordinate chloro and bromo bismuthate(III) anions in benzene solutions

Abstract The far-infrared spectra (413-33 cm−1) have been recorded for BiX4−, BiX5·- and Bi2X9⋯- (where X = Cl− or Br−), ion-paired to long-chain, high molecular weight tertiary and quaternary ammonium cations in benzene solution. Spectra consistent with tetrahedral anions of C3v or lower symmetry were observed for BiX4−. Solutions containing BiX5·- anions exhibited infrared spectra consistent with a square pyramidal arrangement of halides having C4v symmetry about the metal atom. Bi2X9⋯- anions were found to form only with quaternary cations and to exhibit spectra very similar to analogous compounds which were prepared and examined as crystalline solids. No probable symmetry point group could be assigned but these anions exhibited complex spectra probably indicating symmetry lower than D3h, the highest possible for a M2X9⋯- anion. The species formed were found to depend on the relative concentrations of amine halide and bismuth trihalide and on the nature of the cation. No differences in the degree of distortion could be observed on changing from a tertiary to a quaternary cation. The proposed symmetries of all of the anions could be rationalized in terms of stereochemical activity of the “lone pair” of s-electrons on the bismuth(III) ion. No evidence of a monomeric six-coordinate complex of bismuth(III) was observed. The ultraviolet spectra of these complex species in benzene solutions exhibited maxima consistent with literature values for the proposed anion structures.
Hemoglobin A1c and postpartum abnormal glucose tolerance among women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis with postpartum abnormal glucose in a cohort of women with GDM. METHODS Women with singleton pregnancies treated for GDM at a large diabetes and pregnancy program located in Charlotte, North Carolina, who completed a postpartum 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective cohort study. Clinical information, including maternal HbA1c at diagnosis, was abstracted from medical records. A parametric survival model was used to assess the association of HbA1c at GDM diagnosis with postpartum maternal abnormal glucose including impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and any postpartum abnormal glucose. RESULTS Of the 277 postpartum women with GDM, 75 (32%) had impaired fasting glucose, 61 (28%) had impaired glucose tolerance, and 15 (9%) were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus after delivery. After adjustment for clinic, maternal age, parity, prepregnancy body mass index 25 or higher, nonwhite race or ethnicity, and gestational week at first HbA1c, we detected a trend of increased risk for impaired fasting glucose (P=.01), impaired glucose tolerance (P=.002), and any glucose abnormality (P<.001) associated with increased quartile of HbA1c at GDM diagnosis. CONCLUSION Hemoglobin A1c measured at GDM diagnosis may be a useful tool for identifying patients with GDM at highest risk of developing postpartum abnormal glucose.
Immunosuppressive effects of dietary wortmannin on rats and mice

In order to assess the effects of the fungal toxin wortmannin on the immune system, rats and mice were fed wortmannin-containing cultures of Fusarium oxysporum for 1 or 2 weeks. Wortmannin caused significant decreases in thymic weight, thymic lymphocyte numbers, serum IgG and IgM levels, the primary humoral response to T-dependent and T-independent antigens and the proliferative response of spleen cells to pokeweed mitogen. In vitro administration of wortmannin did not produce evidence of cytotoxicity to spleen or thymus cells. The data indicate that wortmannin inhibits immune function in rats and mice and suggest that metabolic modification of the toxin is necessary for toxicity.
Isolated dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery

Abstract We report two cases of an unusual cause of the acute onset of hypertension, a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm localized to the renal artery. Also reviewed are 16 reported cases from the literature. The mean age of the 18 patients was 52 years. The majority of these patients were males (78 per cent). Hypertension was a presenting sign in 14 (78 per cent), but was not usually a preexisting feature. Loin pain, often severe, occurred in eleven patients (61 per cent), whereas gross hematuria was recorded only in two (11 per cent). The right renal artery was involved in ten cases (55 per cent), the left in three (17 per cent), and both in five cases (28 per cent). Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries and the aorta was absent in 69 per cent, and mild in 23 per cent. There has been no report of renal artery rupture; however, vascular occlusion occurs frequently. Medical and surgical approaches to the management of this phenomenon have been reported and are reviewed.
How to reduce turnover intentions in the family business: Managing centripetal and centrifugal forces

Abstract Turnover intentions refer to the anticipation of leaving one's job. If realized, turnover intentions may result in loss of human talent and leakage of firm know-how to competitors. This article analyzes the causes and intensity of turnover intentions by contrasting two divergent forces. The first force is centripetal; it draws employees into an organization and makes alternatives less attractive. The second force is centrifugal; it makes the existing job less attractive compared to alternatives. This article argues that various combinations of centripetal and centrifugal forces can be observed in four distinct areas: the time-bomb, ineptitude, tug-of-war, and best-of-both-worlds ‘turnover zones.’ Respectively, the emergence and intensity of turnover intentions in each turnover zone is distinct. Thus, an interesting question to examine is: How do centripetal and centrifugal forces play out in the family business? Applying this analysis to a family firm operating in the western part of the United States helps explain the reasons family employees may or may not form turnover intentions, as well as such intentions’ relative intensity. This article argues that person-job fit and family embeddedness, which are observed when an employee shares the founder's vision and the integrated values of the family and family business, help reduce turnover intentions. To succeed, however, family firms must also urge inept employees to form turnover intentions.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel obstruction complicated by in utero acute intestinal perforation.

A 33 year old primigravid woman attended the Fetal Unit of our hospital at 21 weeks of gestation for prenatal examination. An ultrasound scan showed a single anechoic cystic mass measuring 3 cm in diameter (3 3 cm) in the abdomen of the fetus, with no dilatation of other parts of the intestine. At 25 weeks, an ultrasound scan showed distended bowel loops with decrease in size of the fluidfilled lesion seen on the first scan. At 32 weeks of gestation, the cystic mass could not be seen but the bowel distension had increased. Magnetic resonance imaging showed dilated fluid-filled intestinal loops (Fig. 1) and the site of intestinal atresia. The colon and the small intestine beyond the atresia were normal. At 35 weeks of gestation, an ultrasound scan showed a decrease in size of the dilated loops, moderate fetal ascites, absence of peristalsis and echogenic material outside the bowel. All these findings suggested intrauterine intestinal perforation. An elective caesarean section was performed at 35 weeks of gestation. A baby boy was born weighing 2800 g. He had abdominal distension and moderate scrotal swelling. The infant underwent a transverse laparotomy immediately after delivery. An ileal perforation was seen proximal to an atretic segment of bowel (ileal atresia type II) (Fig. 2). Meconium peritonitis was confirmed. The bowel walls showed mild inflammation without ischaemic changes consistent with a recent intestinal perforation. A primary ileostomy was performed with resection of 5 cm of distended ileum. His post-operative course was uneventful and intestinal continuity was restored by end-to-end anastomosis 14 days after the first surgical procedure. The baby started oral feeds seven days after the second operation. During this period, he received total parenteral nutrition. The boy is now 15 months old and has no problems.
Inkjet Printing of Cyanoacrylate Adhesive

In this study, we have demonstrated the use of piezoelectric inkjet printing to fabricate microscale patterns of Vetbond® n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. Optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation, and a cell viability assay were used to examine the structural, mechanical, and biological properties of microscale cyanoacrylate patterns. The ability to rapidly fabricate microscale patterns of medical and veterinary adhesives will enable reduced bond lines between tissues, improved tissue integrity, and reduced toxicity. We envision that piezoelectric inkjet deposition of cyanoacrylates and other medical adhesives may be used to enhance wound repair in microvascular surgery.
Comparative embryology of the carotid body

Vertebrate carotid bodies and related structures (branchial arch oxygen chemoreceptors in fishes, carotid labyrinth in amphibians, chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid and its branches in birds) develop in embryos when neural crest cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers from sympathetic and cranial nerve ganglia invade mesenchymal primordia in the wall of the 3rd branchial arch. This review focuses on literature published since the 1970s investigating similarities and differences in the embryological development of 3rd arch oxygen chemoreceptors, especially between mammals and birds, but also considering reptiles, amphibians and fishes.
The formation of American exceptional identities: A three-tier model of the “standard of civilization” in US foreign policy

The dominant structuralist/materialist schema in International Relations accords little importance to the domestic ideational base of the state in its concern to explain the pattern of foreign poli...
Polarized orbital methods

Abstract The basic approximations involved in polarized orbital methods are discussed, and points of difference between common variants are described. Differing methods are evaluated in regard to the calculation of phase shifts for elastic scattering of electrons by hydrogen and helium at energies below the lowest excitation threshold.
Modeling the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: Kinetics, pathway, and equivalent toxicity

Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) involves 256 reactions linking 76 congeners with highly variable toxicities, so it is challenging to assess the overall effect of this process on the environmental impact of PCDD contamination. This study describes a quantitative solution to this problem that allows calculation of the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of the mixture of PCDD congeners predicted by a linear free-energy relationship (LFER) that relates rate constants of dechlorination to calculated reduction potentials. The reduction potentials were derived from Gibbs free energies, calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and vapor pressures and solubilities for individual congeners. The LFER was calibrated with rate constants that we recently reported for PCDD dechlorination by nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI). Simulation done with this model predicts that more than 100 years would be required for complete dechlorination of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) to dib...
Allele‐specific associated polymorphism analysis: Novel modification of SSCP for mutation detection in heterozygous alleles using the paradigm of resistance to thyroid hormone

Allele-specific polymorphism (ASAP) analysis is a modification of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) mutation screening under optimized temperature conditions in a minigel format withethidium bromide detection. ASAP analysis was used to screen for and identify mutations within thehuman thryoid hormone receptor-s (hTR-s) gene. These mutations are the underlying cause ofresistance to thyroid hormone (RTH). Eleven dissimilar known hTR-s mutations and six previouslyuncharacterized mutations were accurately identified. ASAP screening extends to unique ASAP-DNAfingerprinting as an identifying signature for each novel hTR-s mutation detected thus far. Gel-plugsfrom the SSCP gels containing polymorphic single-stranded DNA alleles were used without elution toprepare solid-phase sequencing templates for mutant allele PCR and sequencing (MAPS). The couplingof ASAP analysis with MAPS has eliminated many of the interpretative and technical problemsassociated with the sequencing of heterozygous alleles. Together, this convenient screening and sequencing methodology offers accuracy, reproducibility, speed, and the potential elimination of allradioactivity, providing a general strategy for future automated detection and characterization of genetic mutations. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Cultures for Use in Adoptive Transfer Therapy for Melanoma Patients

The generation of T lymphocytes with specific reactivity against tumor antigens is a prerequisite for effective adoptive transfer therapies. Melanoma-specific lymphocyte cultures can be established from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by in vitro culture in high levels of IL-2. We have optimized methods for generating melanoma-reactive TIL cultures from small resected tumor specimens. We report a retrospective analysis of 860 attempted TIL cultures from 90 sequential melanoma biopsy specimens from 62 HLA-A2+ patients. Multiple independent TIL derived from a single tumor often exhibited substantial functional and phenotypic variation. Tumor specific activity was detected in TIL from 29 (81%) of 36 patients screened. TIL cultures selected for high activity were generally capable of large numerical expansion using a single round of a rapid expansion protocol. Limited clonal T-cell populations in an oligoclonal TIL culture could confer specific tumor recognition in these highly selected, highly expanded TIL cultures. These methods were efficient at generating TILs suitable for adoptive transfer therapy.
Physiological and molecular changes during opening and senescence of Nicotiana mutabilis flowers

Abstract As the flowers of Nicotiana mutabilis open and senesce, their petals show a striking color change from white through pink to red. This was associated with an increase in chalcone synthase ( CHS ) gene expression and a substantial rise in petal anthocyanin content. It was also accompanied by up-regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ( ACO ) transcripts and elevated rates of ethylene production at the onset of petal wilting. Emission of the fragrant monoterpenoid volatiles 1,8-cineole, linalool, and terpineol also increased as petals developed pink coloration. The increase in volatile emission was preceded by a rise in monoterpene synthase ( MTS ) gene expression. Transcripts of a homologue of SAG12 , a senescence-associated gene encoding a cysteine protease, began to accumulate in petals 3 days prior to visible wilting. Exposure of newly opened white flowers to 1 μL L −1 ethylene accelerated petal coloration, wilting, and induction of SAG12 expression by ca. 1 day while treatment with 500 nL L −1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, retarded these processes. The numerous genetic and experimental tools available for tobacco can readily be applied to this close relative, which therefore provides an interesting new model for studying ethylene-mediated flower senescence.
Calculation of the hyperfine constants for the low-lying excited S 2 states of the lithium atom

Hylleraas-type calculations of the hyperfine constants for the four lowest excited $3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S$, $4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S$, $5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S$, and $6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S$ states of the lithium atom are reported. Hyperfine constants are determined for the stable isotopes $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and for the unstable isotopes $^{8}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Li}$, and $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ for each state. Finite-nuclear-mass, lowest-order relativistic, quantum electrodynamic, Bohr-Weisskopf, Breit-Rosenthal, and Sushkov corrections are incorporated.
Surface wrinkles and local bifurcations in elastomeric components: seals and gaskets. Part I. Theory

Abstract This two-part paper develops schemes to handle the analysis of elastomeric components (seals, gaskets), undergoing large deformations leading to potential surface folding-wrinkling-stretching, as well as localized bifurcations. Since significant element degeneracies occur in the vicinity of such behavior, specialized procedures are developed to define the ensuing deformation morphology. For instance, this includes the modelling of the complex mechanical fields in the apex region of the folding collapse zone along with the associated self contact. The checks monitor local-global system stability, solution conditioning, as well as kinematic motion leading to self-contact in wrinkle zones. These initiate the concomitant remesh cycle. To generalize the results, the eigenvalue properties of the tangent stiffness are formally investigated. Here the main emphasis is to define the occurrence of shifts in definiteness leading to bifurcations on the element, regional and global levels. Part II will benchmark the scheme.
A newsboy problem with reactive production

Abstract This paper extends the classic newsboy problem by introducing reactive production . Production occurs in two stages, a anticipatory stage and a reactive stage . In the anticipatory stage, one determines a production level that anticipates the demand, all of which occurs in the reactive stage. There production takes place with full knowledge of the actual demand and, thus, can react to it. The reactive stage contains multiple sources of capacitated production. Demand is continuous and stochastic, and production, holding, and shortage costs are proportional. There are no fixed costs. Shortages are lost. Our model reduces to a single-period model with piecewise-linear convex costs. We obtain an analogue of the well-known critical fractile formula of the classic newsboy model. We also undertake a numerical study that compares our model with (i) the classic newsboy model, and (ii) a model which employs reactive production but uses classic newsboy formulas. Extensive computational experiments with normal demand problems suggest that the costs under our model can be substantially less than the costs under (i) and (ii). Scope and purpose Consider a seasonal product with a long-selling season and a highly volatile stochastic demand. The classic newsboy formulation of this problem assumes that all unsold goods be salvaged at a price that is often far below the production cost. This could lead to unacceptably low service levels since it tends to discourage high stock levels. On the other hand, were management to raise the service level to an acceptable level, the cost of the safety stock might be too great because of the highly volatile demand. To address this difficulty, we modify the classic newsboy problem by allowing management to schedule production in reaction to the demand during the selling period. Such production is possible when the selling period encompasses a long time interval. Our results indicate that this modification can significantly improve both costs and service levels.
The Role of Temporal Comparison, Social Comparison, and Direct Appraisal in the Elderly's Self-Evaluations of Health

Elderly persons (n= 91) were interviewed about self- perceptions of physical health and the contribution of social comparison, temporal comparison, and direct appraisal to these judgments. Consistent with previous studies, self-assessments tended to be mainly positive (67% reported their health as “good” or “excellent”), though tempered somewhat by the individual's objective physical condition (i.e., number of chronic diseases or disabilities). Independent of objective health, respondents' ratings were more negative if they mentioned thinking about past or anticipated health. Respondents were more concerned about their health if they thought about their past or anticipated health or mentioned comparing with a specific other person. Direct feedback had no effect on health ratings. Among those who reported social comparison, ratings were more positive when worse-off others were mentioned. Temporal comparisons may be associated with more negative ratings because the elderly's past health is likely to have been better and their future (anticipated) health can be expected to become worse. If using temporal and social comparison information is associated with more negative assessments then what accounts for the generally positive self-assessments? We propose that the elderly compare themselves with a cognitively constructed stereotypical standard of the frail elderly rather than with a specific other. Because few elderly actually “fit” this stereotype, most elderly feel they are doing well.
Effects of Microneedle Design Parameters on Hydraulic Resistance

Microneedles have been an expanding medical technology in recent years due to their ability to penetrate tissue and deliver therapy with minimal invasiveness and patient discomfort. Variations in design have allowed for enhanced fluid delivery, biopsy collection, and the measurement of electric potentials. Our novel microneedle design attempts to combine many of these functions into a single length of silica tubing capable of both light and fluid delivery terminating in a sharp tip of less than 100 microns in diameter. This manuscript focuses on the fluid flow aspects of the design, characterizing the contributions to hydraulic resistance from the geometric parameters of the microneedles. Experiments consisted of measuring the volumetric flow rate of de-ionized water at set pressures (ranging from 69-621 kPa) through a relevant range of tubing lengths, needle lengths, and needle tip diameters. Data analysis showed that the silica tubing (~150 micron bore diameter) adhered to within ±5% of the theoretical prediction by Poiseuille’s Law describing laminar internal pipe flow at Reynolds numbers less than 700. High hydraulic resistance within the microneedles correlated with decreasing tip diameter. The hydraulic resistance offered by the silica tubing preceding the microneedle taper was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude less per unit length, but remained the dominating resistance in most experiments as the tubing length was >30 mm. These findings will be incorporated into future design permutations to produce a microneedle capable of both efficient fluid transfer and light delivery.
Physiochemical properties of condensed phosphoric acid mixtures

Abstract The condensational growth of phosphorus acid is measured as a function of relative humidity and aging time.