cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interactive, Graphical Simulator for Teaching Operating Systems

We demonstrate a graphical simulation tool for visually and interactively exploring the processing of a variety of events handled by an operating system when running a program. Our graphical simulator is available for use on the web by both instructors and students for purposes of pedagogy. Instructors can use it for live demonstrations of course concepts in class, while students can use it outside of class to explore the concepts. The graphical simulation tool is implemented using the React library for the fancy UI elements of the Node.js framework and is available as a web application at https://cpudemo.azurewebsites.net. The goals of this demonstration are to showcase the demonstrative capabilities of the tool for instruction, share student experiences in developing the engine underlying the simulation, and to inspire its use by other educators. An article describing this software simulation and demonstrating its pedagogical capabilities is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05160.
Signal Transmission and Transduction in Excitation-Contraction Coupling

For the better understanding of the molecular mechanism of E-C coupling, two key questions remain to be resolved: (a) how the excitation signal elicited in the T-tubule membrane is transmitted to the ryanodine receptor, RyR (signal transmission), and (b) how the signal transmitted from the T-tubule to the RyR is translated into the action of opening the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel to induce Ca2+ release and muscle contraction (signal transduction). Our recent studies on E-C coupling with the use of the isolated triads and synthetic peptides have provided several pieces of new information. It appears that the signal transmission is mediated by the voltage-controlled binding of the Thr671-Leu690 region (Trigger) of the cytoplasmic II-III loop of the dihydropyridine receptor α1 subunit to the putative activator site on the RyR. The transmitted signal is translated to the action of channel opening by mediation of rapid conformational changes occurring in the RyR. Upon T-tubule polarization the Glu724-Pro760 region of the loop (Blocker) replaces the RyR-bound Trigger. This reprimes the RyR to the original conformational state.
Thermal and mechanical quantitative sensory testing values among healthy African American adults

Purpose Only a few studies have reported quantitative sensory testing (QST) reference values for healthy African Americans, and those studies are limited in sample size and age of participants. The study purpose was to characterize QST values in healthy, pain-free African American adults and older adults whose prior pain experiences and psychological status were also measured. We examined the QST values for differences by sex, age, and body test site. Patients and methods A cross-sectional sample of 124 pain-free African American adults (age 18-69 years, 49% female) completed demographic and self-reported pain, fatigue and psychosocial measures. QST was performed to obtain thermal and mechanical responses and associated pain intensity levels. Results We found thermal detection values at the anterior forearm were (29.2 °C±1.6) for cool detection (CD) and (34.5 °C±1.2) for warm detection (WD). At that site the sample had cold pain threshold (CPTh) (26.3 °C±5.0), heat pain threshold (HPTh) (37.8 °C±3.6), and mechanical pain thresholds (MPTH) (16.7±22.2 grams of force, gF). There was a significant between sex difference for WD, with women being more sensitive (q=0.027). Lower body sites were less sensitive than upper body sites across all thermal modalities (q<0.003), but not for the mechanical modality. Conclusion The QST values from this protocol at the anterior forearm indicate that the healthy African American adults had average thermal pain thresholds close to the temperature of adaptation and average MPTh under 20 gF. Differences in responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli for upper verses lower body were consistent with prior research.
Some Correspondence with Paul Samuelson on the History of Economic Thought: An Intimate Memoir

This memoir provides information about Paul A. Samuelson’s ideas on the history of economic thought that is not to be found in published documents. That is done in two ways. First, the memoir presents pertinent extracts from correspondence between Samuelson and me, and from some of the notes I made of our telephone conversations. Samuelson’s communications are of interest because they have analytical content, are enriched by perceptive commentaries and interesting facts, and have a freshness, spontaneity, and frankness of expression that derive from the circumstance that they were created in the intimacy of discourse with a friend. Second, the memoir presents the list of Samuelson’s essays on the history of economic thought that he preferred, circa 2000–2003, to be reprinted in a dedicated volume, and some discussions related to the process of choosing those essays.
Implementation of auricular malformation screenings in the newborn population.

Abstract Background and objective Research has shown that it is important to initiate ear molding early for children with auricular malformations in order to achieve the best results. Currently our institute relies on the traditional primary care physician (PCP) referral system, which does not recognize the time sensitivity of the visit in patients with auricular malformations. The purpose of the current research is to implement a new screening protocol for identifying auricular malformations in the newborn population and thus expedite the clinic visit and necessary intervention. Methods The hearing screen technicians (HSTs) were trained to identify some of the most common auricular malformations. A picture guide of 11 types of auricular malformations were given to the HSTs to use as a reference. At the time of the newborn hearing screen, the HSTs examined the pinnas of each baby. When an auricular malformation was identified, the auricular malformation team was immediately alerted and a bedside consultation with ENT occurred. Results Comparison was made of the referral rate between pre- and post-implementation of the protocol which showed an increased rate of identification (five referrals in the 12-month period pre-implementation versus eighteen referrals in the 15-month period post-implementation). Conclusion We successfully implemented an auricular malformation screening protocol that was linked to newborn hearing screenings. The frequency of identification has increased with the implementation of the new screening protocol and has resulted in earlier initial ENT consultations for ear molding with the goal of improving patient satisfaction and results.
A case-control study on Kashin-Beck disease-related factors in Aba of Sichuan Province

Objective To investigate relevant factors to Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD),and to find out effective countermeasures to the disease.Methods Children aged 7-16 whose right hands X-ray films were positive or negative examined in the year 2009 and 2010 from KBD monitoring stations of Jinchuan and Maerkang Counties were selected.A case-control study was applied; questionnaires were used to investigate the implementing effectiveness of controlling measures,and relevant factors to controlling of KBD were analyzed.Results A total of 64 students were recruited in this research,and both the case and control groups consist of 32 students,respectively.The students staple structure (number of times of weekly consumption of rice,Z =-0.695,P ＞ 0.05),non-staple food structure (Meat:Z =-1.270,P ＞ 0.05; Milk:Z =-0.300,P ＞ 0.05),hair selenium levels [(0.27 ± 0.09),(0.26 ± 0.10)mg/kg,x2 =0.094,P ＞ 0.05] were not significantly different.Where the per capita household income,the difference was not.statistically significant (Z =-1.079,P ＞ 0.05); staple food structure (Rice:x2=1.024,P＞ 0.05; Pasta:x2=1.636,P＞ 0.05) and non-staple food structure(Meet:Z=-1.231,P＞ 0.05; Milk:Z =-0.603,P ＞ 0.05).In bone-end-positive group,the proportion of families who often took homegrown pasta as main foods (84.6％,11/13) was higher than that of control group (59.4％,19/32,x2 =8.477,P ＜ 0.05),however the proportion of families who often took rice as main foods was significantly lower than that of the control group (bone-end-positive group:61.5％,8/13 ; control group:81.3％,26/32,x2 =5.529,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Selenium has failed to show the effect of preventing KBD,thoroughly replacing homegrown-grain may be an effective way of eliminating KBD. Key words: Kaschin-Beck disease; Data collection; Case-control studies; Factor analysis, statistical
Return to Sport Following Open Latarjet Procedure for Recurrent Shoulder Instability

Objectives:Shoulder instability is common within athletic populations, particularly in contact sports. The Latarjet procedure is typically reserved for recurrent instability recalcitrant to soft ti...
Methodology: an optimized, high-yield tomato leaf chloroplast isolation and stroma extraction protocol for proteomics analyses and identification of chloroplast co-localizing proteins

Chloroplasts are critical organelles that perceive and convey metabolic and stress signals to different cellular components, while remaining the seat of photosynthesis and a metabolic factory. The proteomes of intact leaves, chloroplasts, and suborganellar fractions of plastids have been evaluated in the model plant Arabidopsis, however fewer studies have characterized the proteomes of plastids in crops. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important world-wide crop and a model system for the study of wounding, herbivory and fruit ripening. While significant advances have been made in understanding proteome and metabolome changes in fruit ripening, far less is known about the tomato chloroplast proteome or its subcompartments. With the long-term goal of understanding chloroplast proteome dynamics in response to stress, we describe a high-yielding method to isolate intact tomato chloroplasts and stromal proteins for proteomic studies. The parameters that limit tomato chloroplast yields were identified and revised to increase yields. Compared to published data, our optimized method increased chloroplast yields by 6.7- and 4.3-fold relative to published spinach and Arabidopsis leaf protocols, respectively; furthermore, tomato stromal protein yields were up to 79-fold higher than Arabidopsis stromal proteins yields. We provide immunoblot evidence for the purity of the stromal proteome isolated using our enhanced methods. In addition, we leverage our nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC–MS/MS) data to assess the quality of our stromal proteome. Using strict criteria, proteins detected by 1 peptide spectral match, by one peptide, or were sporadically detected were designated as low-level contaminating proteins. A set of 254 proteins that reproducibly co-isolated with the tomato chloroplast stroma were identified. The subcellular localization, frequency of detection, normalized spectral abundance, and functions of the co-isolating proteins are discussed. Our optimized method for chloroplast isolation increased the yields of tomato chloroplasts eightfold enabling the proteomics analysis of the chloroplast stromal proteome. The set of 254 proteins that co-isolate with the chloroplast stroma provides opportunities for developing a better understanding of the extensive and dynamic interactions of chloroplasts with other organelles. These co-isolating proteins also have the potential for expanding our knowledge of proteins that are co-localized in multiple subcellular organelles.
A Compact Optical Thickness Monitor

An optical thickness monitoring device is described which utilizes very simple mechanical construction, electronically chopped light input from an LED, photo-Darlington detector & inteerated electronic circuitry to achieve a system which is very compact, easy to align, reliable and inexpensive. It may be especially useful in production situations where many films of one nature are deposited.
Outcomes after delayed and second autologous stem cell transplant in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma.

We evaluated the outcomes of 168 patients undergoing delayed or second autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) from 2010 to 2019. Overall, 21% (n = 35) patients had received a prior transplant and 69% (n = 116) underwent transplant at first relapse. Overall, 27% patients had high-risk cytogenetics and 15% had ISS stage III disease. Stem cell collection was performed after relapse in 72% and 35% of patients received maintenance therapy. Median PFS from salvage treatment and transplant were 28 and 19 months, respectively. Median OS from salvage treatment and transplant was 69 and 55 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that ASCT in first relapse was associated with superior PFS (HR 0.63, p = 0.03) and OS (HR 0.59, p = 0.04) compared to later lines of therapy. In addition, PFS of ≥36 months with prior therapy was associated with improved PFS (HR 0.62, p = 0.04) and OS (HR 0.41, p = 0.01). Ninety-five patients underwent delayed transplant at first relapse, median PFS and OS from start of therapy was 30 and 69 months, and median OS from diagnosis was 106 months. These data may serve as a guide when counseling patients undergoing ASCT for relapsed MM and provide a benchmark in designing clinical trials of transplantation/comparative treatments for relapsed MM.
Airborne geophysical surveys of the lower Mississippi Valley demonstrate system-scale mapping of subsurface architecture

The Mississippi Alluvial Plain hosts one of the most prolific shallow aquifer systems in the United States but is experiencing chronic groundwater decline. The Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic zone underlie the region and represent an important and poorly understood seismic hazard. Despite its societal and economic importance, the shallow subsurface architecture has not been mapped with the spatial resolution needed for effective management. Here, we present airborne electromagnetic, magnetic, and radiometric observations, measured over more than 43,000 flight-line-kilometers, which collectively provide a system-scale snapshot of the entire region. We develop detailed maps of aquifer connectivity and shallow geologic structure, infer relationships between structure and groundwater age, and identify previously unseen paleochannels and shallow fault structures. This dataset demonstrates how regional-scale airborne geophysics can close a scale gap in Earth observation by providing observational data at suitable scales and resolutions to improve our understanding of subsurface structures. Integration of large-scale airborne geophysical surveys can enable the system-scale assessment of aquifer characteristics and improved mapping of shallow subsurface structures, according to a comprehensive investigation of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
The Evolution of Cognitive Biases in Human Learning

Cognitive biases like underinference, the hard-easy effect, and recurrently non-monotonic confidence are evolutionarily puzzling when viewed as persistent flaws in how people learn from environmental feedback. To explain these empirically robust cognitive biases from an evolutionary perspective, we propose a model of ancestral human learning based on the cultural-evolutionary-theoretic hypothesis that the primary selection pressure acting on ancestral human cognition pertained not to learning individually from environmental feedback, but to socially learning task-specific knowledge. In our model—which is inspired by classical Bayesian models—an ancestral human learner (the student) attempts to learn task-specific knowledge from a role model, with the option of switching between different tasks and role models. Suppose that the student's method of learning from their role model is a priori uncertain—in that it can either be successful imitation learning or de facto innovation learning—and the ecological fitness costs of meaningfully retaining environmental feedback are high. Then, the student's fitness-maximizing strategy does not retain their environmental feedback and—depending on the choice of model parameters—can be characterized by all of the aforementioned cognitive biases. Specifically, in order for the evolutionarily optimal estimate of confidence in this learning environment to be recurrently non-monotonic, it is necessary (as long as the environment's marginal payoff function satisfies a plausible quantitative condition) that a positive proportion of ancestral humans' attempted imitation learning was unknowingly implemented as de facto innovation learning. Moreover, an ecologically rational strategy of selective social learning can plausibly cause the evolutionarily optimal estimate of confidence to be recurrently non-monotonic in the empirically documented way: general increase with an intermediate period of decrease.
Process design and techno-economic analysis of 2′-fucosyllactose enriched distiller’s dried grains with solubles production in dry grind ethanol process using genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) has been linked positively with piglet gut health. Genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing 2′-FL can be used in the dry grind process to enrich Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with 2′-FL and supplement swine diets with 2′-FL. The objectives of our study were to modify dry grind ethanol process for 2′-FL enriched DDGS production and evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of the process. Concentrations of 19.8 g 2′-FL/kg dry DDGS were achieved in the dry grind process using engineered strain without negatively affecting the ethanol yield. Process models for conventional and modified dry grind processes producing 2′-FL enriched DDGS (1150 MT corn/day capacity) were developed using SuperPro Designer. Capital and ethanol production costs for modified dry grind processes were higher than the conventional process. The internal rate of return for the modified processes was higher than the conventional process for $300/MT 2′-FL enriched DDGS selling price.
It's like sending a message in a bottle: A qualitative study of the consequences of one-way communication technologies in hospitals.

OBJECTIVE We examine how physicians and nurses use available communication technologies and identify the implications for communication and patient care based on the theory of workarounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a qualitative study at 4 U.S. hospitals during 2017. Researchers spent 2 weeks at each hospital conducting unit-based observation, shadowing, interviews, and focus groups with nurses and physicians. Using an iterative process, we inductively coded and thematically analyzed data to derive preliminary themes. The theory of workarounds provides an organizational lens on workarounds, consisting of 5 components: antecedents, types, effects, managerial stance, and organizational challenges of workarounds. The first 3 components of the theory helped us to organize and explain our findings. RESULTS Communication technologies consisted of pagers and telephones. Antecedents to workarounds included one-way information flow, differential access related to differences in technology types, and technology mismatch. Types of workarounds included bypassing a variety of obstacles and substituting for unavailable resources. Direct effects of workarounds included pager fatigue, interruptions in patient care, and potential errors. DISCUSSION One-way communication technologies created an environment where workarounds could flourish. By placing results within the context of the theory of workarounds, we extend what we know about why and how workarounds develop, and offer strategies to minimize workarounds' adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Through the theory of workarounds, we see that there is a trajectory to workarounds with potential consequences for clinicians and patients. Two-way communication technologies could minimize workarounds and gaps in information exchange, and reduce unnecessary interruptions and the potential for adverse events.
Identifying key biodiversity areas as marine conservation priorities in the greater Caribbean

Increasing rates of Anthropocene biodiversity extinctions suggest a possible sixth mass extinction event. Conservation planners are seeking effective ways to protect species, hotspots of biodiversity, and dynamic ecosystems to reduce and eventually eliminate the degradation and loss of diversity at the scale of genes, species, and ecosystems. While well-established, adequately enforced protected areas (PAs) increase the likelihood of preserving species and habitats, traditional placement methods are frequently inadequate in protecting biodiversity most at risk. Consequently, the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) Partnership developed a set of science-based criteria and thresholds that iteratively identify sites where biodiversity is most in need of protection. KBA methodology has been rarely applied in the marine realm, where data are often extremely limited. We tested the feasibility of KBA population metrics in the Greater Caribbean marine region using occurrence and population data and threat statuses for 1669 marine vertebrates. These data identified areas where site-specific conservation measures can effectively protect biodiversity. Using KBA criteria pertaining to threatened and irreplaceable biodiversity, we identified 90 geographically unique potential KBAs, 34 outside and 56 within existing PAs. These provide starting points for local conservation managers to verify that KBA thresholds are met and to delineate site boundaries. Significant data gaps, such as population sizes, life history characteristics, and extent of habitats, prevent the full application of the KBA criteria to data-poor marine species. Increasing the rate and scope of marine sampling programs and digital availability of occurrence datasets will improve identification and delineation of KBAs in the marine environment.
Evaluation of Basic Life Support First Responder Naloxone Administration Protocol Adherence.

OBJECTIVES Opioid overdoses have become a significant problem across the United States resulting in respiratory depression and risk of death. Basic Life Support (BLS) first responders have had the option to treat respiratory depression using a bag-valve-mask device, however naloxone, an opioid antagonist, has been shown to quickly restore normal respiration. Since the introduction of naloxone and recent mandates across many states for BLS personnel to carry and administer naloxone, investigation into the adherence of naloxone use standing protocols is warranted. METHODS This preliminary study examined 100 initial cases of BLS first responder administration of naloxone for appropriate indications and protocol adherence. RESULTS This study found that n=22/100 naloxone administrations were inappropriate, often given to patients who were not suffering from respiratory depression (n=11/22). Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) was not administered prior to naloxone in n=56/100 cases, of which n=42/100 had an inadequate respiratory effort documented. For patients with a known history of substance use disorder, there was a significant increase in administration of naloxone prior to PPV (60%; n=33/55) compared to patients without a known history (30%; n=9/30). CONCLUSION Overall these preliminary data suggest that during BLS naloxone administration, the majority of cases did not follow at least one component of the standard protocol for patients with respiratory depression. This study suggests that further education and more research are needed to better understand the decision-making processes of prehospital providers to ensure adherence to standard protocols.
IMPROVING SAFETY IN A HIGH RELIABILITY/LOW COMMITMENT WORK ENVIRONMENT

Over the years several strategies were used to create safe and productive work environments. While all of these methods made an impact on the employees and the work environments, most results were short lived and in some instances created a reverse effect that actually made the employees less productive and less safe. To be successful, it was important for the employees to “buy-in” to these policies and procedures, and to “understand, accept and appreciate” them (Geller, 2001). When this occurred, behaviors would begin to change and in turn, the culture of the work group or organization began to change as well. The measurement of employees’ perceptions regarding the acceptance level of a possible training classification program in previous studies at Purdue University was positive. Based on this historical data a new study was done at a major U.S. air carrier in an effort to gather information regarding employees’ views and opinions on the possible implementation of a system of color coding to identify the job classification of the employees working in an environment requiring high reliability, and with a low commitment to the job, such as part time employees. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that a training classification system based on color coding could be accepted and supported by low commitment, high reliability organizations. The name of the company studied was withheld in this paper due to proprietary considerations, and was identified in this study as Company X.
Gas hydrates in aqueous-organic systems: III. Hydrate formation in polyacrylamide gel*†

Summary The formation of gas hydrates in polyacrylamide gels was attempted using hydrate formers with different solubilities in water. Hydrate crystals of highly water-insoluble trichlorofluoromethane formed only at the gel-hydrate former interface. Hydrate crystals of highly water-soluble ethylene oxide formed abundantly within the gel, and the depth of penetration depended on the equilibration time prior to initiation of crystallization. Equilibration for 166 hrs resulted in the formation of ethylene oxide hydrate throughout a 5-cm column of gel. All ethylene oxide samples were observed to recrystallize following the initial crystallization process. Hydrate crystals of highly watersoluble sulfur dioxide and slightly soluble dichlorofluoromethane also formed within the gel. The sulfur dioxide hydrate crystals were present in quantities similar to those obtained with ethylene oxide, whereas the dichlorofluoromethane hydrate crystals were far less abundant. Several of the experiments were successfully repeated using an agar substrate. In the case of dichlorofluoromethane, the quantity of hydrate crystals in the gel was influenced by the method of formation. This was not true of ethylene oxide hydrate.
Flotation Requirements for Aircraft

Abstract : A need exists for some quantitative measure of an aircraft's support or flotation requirements on the ground. The paper presents limited background on ground-flotation criteria development and some of the concepts on which current criteria are based. It gives an insight into various problem areas in development of the criteria and explains the extent or limits of applicability of flotation criteria presently in use. Emphasis is given to the particular aircraft characteristics that contribute good or high flotation and some discussion is presented of factors, not treated by current criteria, which recent research indicates may have a significant effect on flotation. (Author)
The Nineteenth-Century Birth of Astrophysics

“What astronomy is expected to accomplish,” wrote the Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy around 1840, is at all times the same. It may lay down rules by which the movements of the celestial bodies, as they appear to us upon earth, can be computed. All else which we may learn respecting these bodies, as, for example, their appearance, and the character of their surfaces, is, indeed, not undeserving of attention, but possesses no proper astronomical interest. [1]
We Can't Come Close

was clearly something else. Her stillness went beyond the stillness of the sick, or the admonished, or the sleeping? gravity invaded every cell. She'd never hung so leaden, so undone. Her way of holding up against the quantity of quiddity (is that the deadest language for it?) all was gone. And so her parts?not just the obvious eyes and tail (where men read meaning in a dog) but even lips and chin were leaden dead-weight, downright dirt-bound.
The Complexity of Restricted Variants of the Stable Paths Problem

Interdomain routing on the Internet is performed using route preference policies specified independently and arbitrarily by each autonomous system (AS) in the network. These policies are used in the border gateway protocol (BGP) by each AS when selecting next-hop choices for routes to each destination. Conflicts between policies used by different ASs can lead to routing instabilities that, potentially, cannot be resolved regardless of how long BGP runs. The stable paths problem (SPP) is an abstract graph theoretic model of the problem of selecting next-hop routes for a destination. A solution to this problem is a set of next-hop choices, one for each AS, that is compatible with the policies of each AS. In a stable solution each AS has selected its best next-hop if the next-hop choices of all neighbors are fixed. BGP can be viewed as a distributed algorithm for solving an SPP instance. In this report we consider a family of restricted variants of SPP, which we call f-SPP. We show that several natural variants of f-SPP are NP-complete. This includes a variant in which each AS is restricted to one of only two policies and each of these two policies is based on a monotonic weight aggregation function. Furthermore, we show that for networks with particular topologies and edge weight distributions, there exist efficient centralized algorithms for solving f-SPP.
Surface Heterogeneity and Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer

The concepts of vertical structure of the boundary layer over homogeneous surfaces are discussed, including the roughness sublayer, surface layer (inertial layer) and outer layer. As an interpretive literature survey, the vertical depth of the influence of surface heterogeneity, relative to such vertical structure, is examined in terms of blending height theory, convective boundary-layer scaling and internal boundary-layer theory. These concepts are examined with data over different surface types. The rich variety of types of surface heterogeneity and background flow preclude description of their influence on the boundary layer by one single approach. Nonetheless, new scaling arguments offer promise for convective conditions. Internal boundary layers are found to form only in certain situations and even then may exhibit more diffuse vertical structure compared to the textbook internal boundary layer. New scaling arguments are developed to describe the potential for internal boundary-layer development in flow of warm air over a cooler surface. These arguments explain some aspects of the observations but remain incomplete.
The evolution of cell lineage in nematodes

The invariant development of free-living nematodes combined with the extensive knowledge of Caenorhabditis elegans developmental biology provides an experimental system for an analysis of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. We have collected a number of new nematode species from soil samples. Most are easily cultured and their development can be analyzed at the level of individual cells using techniques standard to Caenorhabditis. So far, we have focused on differences in the development of the vulva among species of the families Rhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae. Preceding vulval development, twelve Pn cells migrate into the ventral cord and divide to produce posterior daughters [Pn.p cells] whose fates vary in a position specific manner [from P1.p anterior to P12.p posterior]. In C. elegans hermaphrodites, P(3-8).p are tripotent and form an equivalence group. These cells can express either of two vulval fates (1 degree or 2 degrees) in response to a signal from the anchor cell of the somatic gonad, or a nonvulval fate (3 degrees), resulting in a 3 degrees-3 degrees-2 degrees-1 degree-2 degrees-3 degrees pattern of cell fates. Evolutionary differences in vulval development include the number of cells in the vulval equivalence group, the number of 1 degree cells, the number of progeny generated by each vulval precursor cell, and the position of VPCs before morphogenesis. Examples of three Rhabditidae genera have a posterior vulva in the position of P9-P11 ectoblasts. In Cruznema tripartitum, P(5-7).p form the vulva as in Caenorhabditis, but they migrate posteriorly before dividing. Induction occurs after the gonad grows posteriorly to the position of P(5-7).p cells. In two other species, Mesorhabditis sp. PS 1179 and Teratorhabditis palmarum, we have found changes in induction and competence with respect to their presumably more C. elegans-like ancestor. In Mesorhabditis, P(5-7).p form the vulva after migrating to a posterior position. However, the gonad is not required to specify the pattern of cell fates 3 degrees-2 degrees-1 degree-2 degrees-3 degrees. Moreover, the Pn.p cells are not equivalent in their potentials to form the vulva. A regulatory constraint in this family thus forces the same set of precursors to generate the vulva, rather than more appropriately positioned Pn.p cells.
Long-term outcome of transvenous bipolar atrial leads implanted in children and young adults with congenital heart disease.

Aims Atrial leads are often implanted in paediatric patients needing a pacemaker (PM). The aim of this study is the evaluation of their outcome in young patients. Methods and results We evaluated transvenous atrial leads outcome in children and young adults from a single centre, with a retrospective analysis. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. Between 1992 and 2008, 110 patients, 75 with congenital heart defects (d-transposition of great arteries status/post, s/p, Mustard 41%, atrioventricular septal defect 11%, tetralogy 9%, ventricular septal defect 8%), aged 13.3 ± 5.3 years, underwent PM implantation with bipolar atrial transvenous leads for sinus node dysfunction (50%), atrioventricular block (38%), cardiomyopathies, and primary ventricular arrhythmias (12%). Leads are steroid-eluting (98%), tined (59%), screw-in (41%), polyurethane-insulated (72%), silicone-insulated (28%), and have been positioned by transcutaneous puncture of subclavian vein into right atrial appendage/remnant (RAA, 50%), right atrial free wall/septum (25%), left atrium (s/p Mustard, 25%). Follow-up duration is 6.4 ± 4.8 (range 0.1–18) years. At multivariate analysis, younger age at implant was a risk factor for lead failure (4 leads, 3.5%) ( P = 0.03); 16 leads (14%) dislodged post-implantation and 12 were successfully repositioned, the others extracted or abandoned. Dislocation occurred more frequently with screw-in leads ( P = 0.03) positioned outside RAA ( P = 0.02). Atrial threshold showed a small but significant increase, 0.002 V/month ( P < 0.001), impedance showed a decrease (0.6 Ω/month, P < 0.001), P-wave showed no significant difference. Conclusions Transvenous bipolar atrial leads have good long-term results in young patients, with a very low rate of lead failure. Older age at implant can further reduce this rate. Lead dislodgement is frequent in the post-operative period.
Surgery of the traumatized spleen

Because of the increased awareness of the risk of over-whelming sepsis following splenectomy, we have attempted splenorrhaphy in trauma victims whenever possible. Among 75 patients with splenic injuries, 44 (58.7%) were treated with splenorrhaphy. These patients were critically ill, and frequently had multiple associated injuries. We found that unless physiologic or anatomic considerations precluded its use, splenorrhaphy could be performed readily with minimal blood loss and no increase in operating time. The majority of patients undergoing repair (63.6%) had simple lacerations which were controlled either with topical hemostatic agents or repaired with absorbable sutures. The early complication and operative mortality rates for splenorrhaphy and splenectomy were similar. One patient undergoing splenorrhaphy required reoperation for bleeding. There were no episodes of delayed hemorrhage or capsular disruption. We conclude that splenorrhaphy is a viable and safe alternative to splenectomy under certain circumstances, and may be beneficial by reducing the risk of subsequent overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis.
Autoshaping of initial feeding and drinking reactions in newly hatched chicks

Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand reinforcers during exposure to an omission-training procedure. The chicks were thus prevented from performing approach and contact responses to the reinforcer at any time in their lives. Nevertheless, the subjects displayed approach and species-specific feeding or drinking reactions directed toward an illuminated key paired with food or water, but not with sand. Illumination of a key either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with food or water did not engender appreciable responding. Feeding and drinking reactions were topographically distinct, determined by the type of reinforcer, but were not elicited by the reinforcer. These findings support a “learned release” view of autoshaping, according to which phylogenetically preorganized behavior patterns are triggered by distal stimuli paired with biologically significant proximal stimulation, and suggest a close relationship between autoshaping and primitive instances of visual object recognition.
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY IN THE GERIATRIC PATIENT

Extensive experience (more than 3,000 cases) with the operative treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency has led to the recognition of definite patterns of extracranial arterial occlusive disease and the development of several concepts basic to the preoperative, operative and postoperative managment of these patients. Four case histories are presented, with detailed illustrations. Although in the geriatric patient there is a high incidence of associated arterial lesions (e.g., aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and peripheral arterial occlusive disease) and of disorders of other organ systems (particularly the heart, lungs and kidneys), careful management of these cases has resulted in a low operative mortality and a high rate of long-term relief of symptoms.
Moments of Impurity Absorption Bands in Solids

It is shown that the contributions to the first three moments of an optical absorption (or emission) band of a point defect in a solid due to uncoupled lattice modes or perturbations are additive. Deviations from simple additivity may be caused by quadratic or higher cross terms in the interaction Hamiltonian or by deviations from adiabaticity. Difficulties and ambiguities in giving a consistent second-order treatment for extracting coupling parameters from observed moments are pointed out. Es wird gezeigt, das die Beitrage zu den ersten drei Momenten einer optischen Absorptions- (oder Emissions-) Bande eines Punktdefektes in einem Festkorper, die von nichtgekoppelte Gitterschwingungsmoden oder Storungen herruhrt, additiv sind. Abweichungen von der einfachen Additivitat konnen durch quadratische oder hohere gemischte Terme im Wechselwirkungs-Hamiltonoperator oder durch Abweichungen vom adiabatischen Verhalten bedingt sein. Es wird auf Schwierigkeiten und Mehrdeutigkeiten bei der Herleitung einer konsistenten Behandlung zweiter Ordnung zur Gewinnung der Kopplungsparameter aus den beobachteten Momente hingewiesen.
MAPPING DECISIONS TO IMPROVE CRISIS RESPONSE

ABSTRACT Judgment and decision making are key components of every response and most current contingency plans fail to acknowledge this fully. Decision Mapping is a concept that provides planners with the tools to identify and analyze key decisions that may present themselves during the event timeline, and it prepares leaders to make quick and informed decisions. It provides an organized method to identify stakeholders, information needs, authorities, and consideration thresholds in a prioritized structure to give leaders the right perspective for balancing competing needs. It is a new way to approach contingency planning that goes beyond the listing of resources and views a response as a dynamic event with many uncertain components.
Can the effective string see higher partial waves

The semiclassical cross sections for arbitrary partial waves of ordinary scalars to fall into certain five-dimensional black holes have a form that seems capable of explanation in terms of the effective string model. The kinematics of these processes is analyzed in detail on the effective string and is shown to reproduce the correct functional form of the semiclassical cross sections. But it is necessary to choose a peculiar value of the effective string tension to obtain the correct scaling properties. Furthermore, the assumptions of locality and statistics combine to forbid the effective string from absorbing more than a finite number of partial waves. The relation of this limitation to cosmic censorship is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Milk and yogurt consumption are linked with higher bone mineral density but not with hip fracture: the Framingham Offspring Study.

Summary Dairy foods are a complex source of essential nutrients. In this study, fluid dairy intake, specifically milk, and yogurt intakes were associated with hip but not spine bone mineral density (BMD), while cream may adversely influence BMD, suggesting that not all dairy products are equally beneficial for the skeleton.
Effects of radial deformity on distal radioulnar joint mechanics

A cadaver experiment was performed to study the effects of radial deformity on the kinematics of the distal radioulnar joint and the anatomic configuration of the triangular fibrocartilage. Radial shortening caused the greatest disturbance in kinematics and the most distortion of the triangular fibrocartilage. Decreased radial inclination and dorsal angulation caused intermediate changes. Dorsal displacement produced minimal changes. Radial deformity did not produce distal radioulnar joint dislocation. These results provide biomechanical evidence of an important relationship between radial malunion and persistent symptoms in the distal radioulnar joint.
Reproductive Ability and Viability of Progeny in Relation to Age of Sires and Dams

Abstract THE proportion of pullets in a flock and the amount of culling necessary are factors that determine the proportion of the flock to be replaced each year. It is important, therefore, to determine the relative merits of pullets and older birds from the standpoint of their reproductive ability and the viability of their progency. If it can be shown that dams giving good results the first year they are bred will also give good results in succeeding years, it is apparent that fewer of the breeding stock need be replaced each year. The existing literature dealing with this problem is confined, for the most part, to the relationship of the age of breeding stock to hatchability. In this paper, however, reproductive ability takes into consideration the fertility of eggs as well as their hatchability. The literature dealing with fertility in relation to the age of sires and dams has already . . .
Myxopapillary ependymoma: cytomorphologic characteristics and differential diagnosis.

Myxopapillary ependymoma (ME) is a rare tumor with a predilection for sacrococcygeal area of adults. We present the cytomorphology of one such case in a 21-yr-old man, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The tumor disclosed biphasic morphology with nests and aggregates of epithelioid malignant cells as well as branching cords of myxohyaline material. Most noticeable was the presence of distinct hyaline globules surrounded by neoplastic cells. The differential diagnosis of ME includes chordoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, and germ cell tumor. An accurate preoperative diagnosis of ME on FNA can be achieved based on its distinctive cytomorphologic features.
Observation of non-chelated bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium-alkyl-alkene complexes is thwarted by competitive arene or amine coordination or by β-hydride elimination

Abstract The reaction of Cp* 2 Zr(CH 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) with [(C 6 H 5 ) 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] in CD 2 Cl 2 at −78 °C proceeds with the unexpected formation of [Cp* 2 Zr(CH 3 )η-C 6 H 5 C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 CH 3 ][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] ( 2 ). Evidence for the coordination of one of the phenyl rings to zirconium comes from 1 H- and 13 C-NMR chemical shifts and from nOe experiments showing spin saturation transfer from the Cp* methyl protons to the protons of the bound phenyl ring. No chemical exchange between the bound and free phenyl rings is observed up to 0 °C, where decomposition to intractable products occurs. Attempts to disfavor coordination of the arene ring by employing a more sterically protective isobutyl substituent in Cp* 2 Zr(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) led to rapid, quantitative β-hydride elimination producing isobutylene and [Cp* 2 Zr(H)η-C 6 H 5 C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 CH 3 ][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] ( 8 ) even at temperatures as low as −135 °C. Addition of propylene to cold solutions of the trityl-coordinated complexes resulted in very rapid formation of polypropylene. This polymerization resulted in no observable changes in the NMR spectra of the zirconium complexes in solution, implying a very rapid rate of propagation following a much slower first monomer insertion.
LTP- and LTD-inducing stimulations cause opposite changes in Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA level in hippocampal area CA1 in vivo

Immediate early genes (IEGs) typically are the first genetic responders to a variety of cellular activations. The IEG that encodes activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (arc/arg3.1) has attracted much interest because its mRNA is transported to and translated near activated synapses. Moreover, arc has been implicated in both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). However, little is known about the time course of altered arc expression during LTP and LTD. Here we characterized arc mRNA levels in area CA1 of the adult rat hippocampus in vivo after LTP- and LTD-inducing stimulations that were identical, except for the temporal patterning of the stimulation pulses. We observed a persistent increase in arc mRNA level during LTP. In contrast, during LTD, arc mRNA level first was decreased and then transiently increased relative to control level. These findings demonstrate that arc mRNA is regulated differently during LTP and LTD, and they provide evidence for stimulation-induced downregulation of mRNA availability during LTD. Findings of abbreviated LTD when transcription was inhibited indicate that the prolonged maintenance of the type of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent LTD studied here requires de novo transcription. Furthermore, lack of evidence for a LTD-associated change in the mRNA level of the IEG zif268 demonstrates that the decrease in arc mRNA during LTD is not a general genetic response. Thus, the regulation of arc expression not only differs between LTP and LTD, but also diverges from that of other IEGs implicated in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
Quantitative Geophysics and Geology

Most college instructors of geophysics are on the lookout for new textbooks. This is especially the case for instructors of survey courses at the upper division or graduate level, where choices are limited and opinions differ as to what ought be included and the level of detail. As one of those instructors, I was eager to review Quantitative Geophysics and Geology. Its title seemed to fit several courses taught at my institution. But upon reading the book, I found it was not useful for most of our courses.The variety of geophysical topics is so vast that an orderly exposition simply is not possible for all. The book's strong point is that a number of chapters provide succinct and readable reviews of traditional topics, which makes it well suited for an introduction or review at the graduate level.