cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals: Euler to Cartan

Leonhard Euler first developed the notion of a double integral in 1769 [7]. As part of his discussion of the meaning of a double integral and his calculations of such an integral, he posed the obvious question: what happens to a double integral if we change variables? In other words, what happens to ffAf(x, Y) dx dy if we let x = x(t, v) and y =y(t, v) and attempt to integrate with respect to t and v? The answer is provided by the change-of-variable theorem, which states that
Supersonic Delta Qualification by Analysis Program for the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System

The Mars Science Laboratory Mission (MSL) plans to deploy NASA’s largest, highest Mach number, and highest payload extra-terrestrial aerodynamic decelerator to the surface of Mars in 2010. The 21.5-m Viking-scaled Disk-Gap-Band (DGB) parachute will deploy at up to Mach 2.2 and 750 Pa, the upper deployment condition range demonstrated by the Viking Balloon Launched Decelerator Test (BLDT) program. All previous Mars parachute systems have derived their supersonic qualification from Viking heritage. MSL differs from the previous Mars programs in that it is 33% larger than the Viking parachute and will spend up to seven seconds above Mach 1.5, a flight regime known to induce the canopy area oscillations, characterized by variations in drag and collapses in the band region of the parachute. To reduce risk to the mission, MSL has embarked on a multi-phase delta qualification by analysis and subscale supersonic wind tunnel test program to address the fundamental physics of the supersonic operation of DGB parachutes. The program explores the cause of the area oscillation phenomena and the performance of the parachute system as a function of Mach number, Re number, parachute to capsule size and proximity. With a physical understanding of the parachute flow field and parachute response to it, the existing Viking BLDT heritage qualification data can be leveraged to the larger scale of MSL, enabling a heritage-based supersonic qualification. To achieve this, MSL will determine by fluid dynamics simulation validated by subscale supersonic wind tunnel tests, that the supersonic flight characteristics of the Viking scale/material DGB and MSL scale/material DGB are aerodynamically similar. The first phase is computational fluid dynamics of a 2% scale rigid parachute canopy and capsule validated by a 2% scale wind tunnel test of the rigid configuration in the NASA AMES 9x7 ft unitary tunnel. Results from this program indicate excellent qualitative and quantitative validation of the capsule wake velocity predictions and fundamental physics of the aerodynamic drivers of the supersonic instability. Phase two is fluid structure interaction analysis of a flexible canopy with capsule validated by 4% scale wind tunnel tests in the GRC 10x10 ft unitary tunnel. The final phase is the application of the validated FSI tools to the prediction of the full scale parachute performance in Mars type deployment conditions, providing predictions of supersonic drag performance, stability and canopy loading. The methodology and results of the analysis and test program as well as validation results to date will be presented.
Impact Upon the Socio-Economic Fronts by Climate Change

Climate change is one of the most important global environmental challenges facing humanity with implications for food production, natural ecosystems, freshwater supply, health, etc. The general objective of this research is to expand understanding of agricultural farmer’s experience of climate variability and responses made to overcome impacts of the socio-economic fronts by climate change in Tamilnadu. Specific objectives of the present study are:1. To collect data on the socio-economic structure and activities of the agricultural farmers of Tamilnadu. 2. To understand the agricultural farmers awareness towards climate variability. 3. To know the health problems of climate change4. To find out the major impacts of changing climate in farmers view. The study was conducted in various Districts of Tamilnadu viz, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli and Chennai. This study is compiled with the help of the primary data covered only three months period (2012). The primary data was collected with the help of specially prepared interview schedule. In this research, total of 400 interviewees were selected in Tamilnadu. This is purely a descriptive study. Secondary data was collected through journals, articles, thesis, reports, publications, web sites. Percentage analysis, averages, t tests, standard deviation, chi-square tests, Cramer’s V and probability analysis were used.
A radioassay for serum folate: use of a two-phase sequential-incubation, ligand-binding system.

Abstract A folate binding-protein partially purified from milk was used as the binding ligand for a radioassay for serum folate. The procedure has a sensitivity of approximately 10 to 15 pg of N5-m...
How Jews and Christians Interpret Their Sacred Texts: A Study in Transvaluation

Charles Isbell's How Jews and Christians Interpret Their Sacred Texts: A Study in Transvaluation presents an introductory, comparative textual analysis of Jewish and Christian interpretations of th...
The clinical course of coronary disease.

(1947). The Clinical Course of Coronary Disease. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 345-351.
A study on abdominal wagging in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, with speculation on its meaning.

Social vertebrates have a rich repertoire of communication signals and modalities. Recent work on the social insects has uncovered a diverse set of communication modalities including chemical, tactile, visual, and auditory signals to communicate a wide variety of information on the location of distant food sites, distress, and aggression. Here, we investigated abdominal wagging in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. We found that the abdominal “wagging” that occurred inside the fire ant nests differed significantly from the abdominal “flagging” that is known to occur outside the fire ant nests. Neither sounds nor venom was emitted during abdominal wagging inside the fire ant nests. Moreover, the incidence and duration of abdominal wagging was greater when workers were tending brood or ingesting food than when engaged in non-brood related tasks or in donating food. Lastly, inside the nests, abdominal wagging neither attracted nor repelled nearby workers. Thus, we speculate that wagging is an expression of pleasure while tending brood or ingesting food that falls along the continuum between the aggressive nature of abdominal flagging and the distress call of abdominal stridulation.
Advanced endoscopic imaging for biliary strictures: Review of current technologies

Abstract Conventional diagnostic techniques for indeterminate biliary strictures using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy based ductal brushings and biopsy alone remains insensitive with inconsistent yields. There are multiple technologies, both established and novel, including peroral cholangioscopy, endoscopic and intraductal ultrasound, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy, and volumetric laser endomicroscopy with evolving data to support their use in the workup of indeterminate biliary strictures. Implementation of such technologies remains hindered by steep operator learning curves, device cost, and a dirth of comparative literature to support evidence based practice using one device over the other or adjunctively with the current gold standard of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy. In this review, we focus on the aforementioned modalities, their technical specifications and operator considerations, and the available literature for use in evaluating indeterminate biliary strictures.
Employing and Exploiting the Presumptions of Communication in Argumentation: An Application of Normative Pragmatics

Argumentation occurs through and as communicative activity. Communication (and therefore argumentation) is organized by pragmatic principles of expression and interpretation. Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature provides a model for how people use rational principles to manage the ways in which they reason to representations of arguments, and not just reason from those representations. These principles are systematic biases that make possible reasonable decision-making and intersubjective understandings in the first place; but they also make possible all manner of errors and abuses. Much of what is problematic in argumentation involves the ways in which the pragmatic principles of communication are exploited and the difficulties audiences and interlocutors have detecting and managing these abuses.
Laparotomy during endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms increases mortality.

Objective Subset analyses from small case series suggest patients requiring laparotomy during endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (REVAR) have worse survival than those undergoing REVAR without laparotomy. Most concomitant laparotomies are performed for abdominal compartment syndrome. This study used data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to determine whether the need for laparotomy during REVAR is associated with increased mortality. Methods Data were obtained from the 2005 to 2013 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant user files based on Current Procedural Terminology (American Medical Association, Chicago, Ill) and International Classification of Diseases-9 Edition coding. Patient and procedure-related characteristics and 30-day postoperative outcomes were compared using Pearson χ 2 tests for categoric variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables. A backward-stepwise multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify patient- and procedure-related factors associated with increased death after REVAR. Results We identified 1241 patients who underwent REVAR, and 91 (7.3%) required concomitant laparotomy. The 30-day mortality was 60% in the laparotomy group and 21% in the standard REVAR group ( P P P Conclusions Laparotomy during REVAR is a commonly used technique for the management of elevated intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal compartment syndrome development. The results of this study strongly confirm findings from smaller studies that the need for laparotomy during REVAR is associated with significantly worse 30-day survival.
Adapting NIEM input for automated privacy policy reasoning

The government information sharing community faces many challenges facilitating compliant information sharing and usage across domains, including complex legislation that is difficult for non-specialists to interpret and verify by hand. We have demonstrated the utility of AIR (Accountability in RDF), an automated policy reasoning system, in the past to encode such rules in computer-readable format and reason over them using facts represented in RDF. However, RDF is not widely adopted as a serialization mechanism for the types of data that an AIR-based system would take as input. The RDFIFY conversion layer, which we constructed as part of this work, produces an RDF representation of data presented in NIEM (National Information Exchange Model) format, an XML-based serialization used in the government community. When incorporated into an AIR-based system, RDFIFY permits an unmodified AIR reasoner with appropriate rules to consume and reason meaningfully over data presented in this format, allowing the AIR technology to be applied to existing government information exchange environments. In performing this work, we also encountered a limitation of the NIEM format in comparison to native RDF, namely a lack of standardized references to objects defined in external sources, which is of particular relevance in the context of information sharing in a distributed environment, but can be readily resolved with minor adjustments to the NIEM standard.
Non uniform linear arrays for improved identifiability in cumulant based DOA Estimation

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods based on arbitrary even order (2q, q ≥ 2) cumulants of the received data are known to be capable of identifying many more non Gaussian sources (O(Nq)) than the physical number (N) of sensors. However, in this paper, it is shown that the identifiability of 2qth order cumulant based DOA estimation can be significantly higher than this. This is due to the fundamental connection of the 2qth order cumulants with the concept of a 2qth order difference co-array, which is a virtual array determined solely by the physical array geometry. Depending on the sensor orientations, the 2qth order difference co-array can contain as many as O(N2q) elements. In order to find a class of linear physical arrays which achieves this, a new generic class of non uniform linear arrays, namely the 2qth order nested array, is proposed, whose 2qth order difference co-array is proved to contain an uniform linear array (ULA) segment with O(N2q) sensors. Also, to exploit these increased degrees of freedom of the co-array, a new algorithm for DOA estimation is developed, which starts from the same 2qth order cumulant matrix as the earlier methods and can yet identify O(N2q) sources. 1
Survival and Efficacy of Decitabine in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), Analysis of the 5-Day IV Dosing Regimen.

An optimized dosing regimen for decitabine, an epigenetic therapy approved for the treatment of MDS, has been described recently based on the results of a single center, Phase II three arm adaptive randomization study (Kantarjian et al,Cancer2007;109:265–273). The results of this trial have been described in the context of a pooled data set from all three treatment arms; only a limited set of data specific to the 5-day IV dosing arm has been presented. Here, we provide an in-depth update of important efficacy and toxicity endpoints specific to the 93 patients treated within this trial with the 5-day schedule. 39/93 patients were not categorized (N/C) by IPSS due to exclusion from IPSS (extensive prior therapy, secondary MDS). Distribution by IPSS in the 54 categorized patients was: Intermediate-1 (INT-1) 26%, Intermediate-2 (INT-2) 50%, and High risk (HR) 24%. The median age was 65 years (range 37–83). Abnormal chromosomes were observed in 62%, 47% had >10% bone marrow blasts; 96% had various degrees of cytopenias. Secondary MDS was documented in 28 patients (30%). The median duration of MDS was 2.5 months. Prior therapy for MDS was given to 52 pts (56%): growth factors only in 34; chemotherapy ± growth factors 18. Overall 36 pts (39%) pts achieved CR, and 75 (81%) had a response by IWG criteria. The response rates by IWG criteria with IPSS subsets were: INT-1 71% (9 CR, 1 marrow CR); INT-2 70% (9 CR, 6 hematologic improvement [HI], 4 marrow CR); HR 62% (4 CR, 3 HI, 1 marrow CR); and N/C 72% (14 CR, 1 PR, 6 HI, 7 marrow CR). The median number of cycles was 8+. The median time to response was 2.3 months. The median duration of CR was 14 months (range 3 to 16+ months). The median time to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation or death was 15 months. The median time to AML (censoring for death without AML) was 30 months. The median survival was 20 months, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 61% and 41%, respectively. The side effect profile for the 5-day IV regimen was consistent with what has been previously reported, with Grade 3–4 drug-related extramedullary side effects being uncommon. The encouraging survival and response rates of the 5-day dosing regimen of decitabine in this poor-prognosis population, coupled with its manageable side effect profile, provide a beneficial therapeutic option and a foundation for further advances for patients with MDS.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an acute response of articular chondrocytes to mechanical injury.

Mitochondrial (MT) dysfunction is known to occur in chondrocytes isolated from end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) patients, but the role of MT dysfunction in the initiation and early pathogenesis of post-traumatic OA (PTOA) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate chondrocyte MT function immediately following mechanical injury in cartilage, and to determine if the response to injury differed between a weight bearing region (medial femoral condyle; MFC) and a non-weight bearing region (distal patellofemoral groove; PFG) of the same joint. Cartilage was harvested from the MFC and PFG of 10 neonatal bovids, and subjected to injurious compression at varying magnitudes (5-17 MPa, 5-34 GPa/s) using a rapid single-impact model. Chondrocyte MT respiratory function, MT membrane polarity, chondrocyte viability, and cell membrane damage were assessed in situ. Cartilage impact resulted in MT depolarization and impaired MT respiratory function within 2 h of injury. Cartilage from a non-weight bearing region of the joint (PFG) was more sensitive to impact-induced MT dysfunction and chondrocyte death than cartilage from a weight-bearing surface (MFC). Our findings suggest that MT dysfunction is an acute response of chondrocytes to cartilage injury, and that MT may play a key mechanobiological role in the initiation and early pathogenesis of PTOA. Clinical significance Direct therapeutic targeting of MT function in the early post-injury time frame may provide a strategy to block perpetuation of tissue damage and prevent the development of PTOA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:739-750, 2018.
Choosing Skilled Foreign‐Born Workers: Evaluating Alternative Methods for Allocating H‐1B Work Permits

The Hâ€ 1B program allows highly educated foreignâ€ born labor to temporarily work in the United States. Quotas restrict the number of Hâ€ 1B recipients. In many years, all available work permits were allocated by random lottery. This paper argues that an alternative distribution method based upon ability would increase output, output per worker, and wages paid to lessâ€ educated workers. Baseline estimates suggest that a change in allocation policy could result in a $26.5 billion gain for the economy over a 6â€ year period. This estimate grows when Hâ€ 1B demand rises.
Review of Race Scholarship and the War on Terror

The 9/11 terrorist attacks and heavy-handed state and popular response to them stimulated increased scholarship on American Muslims. In the social sciences, this work has focused mainly on Arabs an...
Considerations Regarding a Canadian Patent Collective

In its 2018 budget, the Government of Canada pledged CDN$85.3 million over five years to support an ambitious new intellectual property (IP) strategy, including CDN$30 million for the formation of a Canadian “Patent Collective.” This paper explores the possible structure and goals of such a collective, as well as potential risks and challenges of each. It concludes that appreciable technology development by Canadian firms is not likely to be achieved through the proposed patent collective, but that such a collective could assist Canadian firms by facilitating their participation in existing international defensive patent networks. The paper recommends that the proposed Canadian patent collective avoid the acquisition and aggregation of patents, and instead focus its limited resources on three supportive functions for Canadian industry: assisting Canadian firms, through subsidies or other resource commitments, to participate in existing international defensive patent networks; encouraging Canadian universities and research institutions to focus on commercially relevant “translational” research; and assessing the potential benefits of facilitating patent sharing or pooling arrangements in select Canadian industries, and offering administrative and infrastructural support for such efforts.
Makhokhoba and the Surrounding Areas as the Remarkable Centres of Liberation Struggle in Zimbabwe: A Case of Zhii Protests

Makhokhoba and Mzilikazi are two of the oldest suburbs in Zimbabwe and Bulawayo respectively. The people in these areas played a pivotal role in dismantling the yoke of colonialism in Zimbabwe. They also suffered a lot during this period as they were treated as second-class citizens; as evidenced by their type of dwellingsâ€”mainly hostels and one- room houses. These were meant for accommodating a man only, as women were not allowed in these areas because they were supposed to stay in rural areas while only the men worked in the city of Bulawayo. This mistreatment, poor working conditions and other ills they suffered in the hands of colonialists led to Zhii protests (Zhii is an Ndebele word for Ndebele war cry). The Zhii protests were mainly volatile skirmishes against the colonial power in the 1950s concerning poor working conditions. These skirmishes are vividly captured in records of oral history interviews found at the National Archives of Zimbabwe. It is therefore, the aim of this article to delve more into these protests by studying the life stories of selected individuals in order to understand the socio-political and economic factors behind them. The life story approach will be interrogated as the best way of collecting oral testimonies. Oral history sources and published literature have been used as sources of information
Flow cytometry measurements of the DNA content of corneal epithelial cells during wound healing.

This study presents the first application of flow cytometry (FCM) techniques to the assessment of cell cycle dynamics in the corneal epithelium after experimental wounding. Anterior keratectomies 6 mm in diameter were created in the central corneas of albino rabbits. The authors sampled the epithelial tissue obtained outside the wound at 12-hr intervals until wound closure at 72 hr. Regenerated epithelium from the surface of the wounded area was collected at 78 hr. The percentages of nuclei in the G0/G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2/M (tetraploid/mitosis) phases were determined by FCM. An increase in the percentage of nuclei in the G2/M phase at 36 hr was seen, compared with cell populations in samples from unwounded control corneas. The authors found an increase in mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium during the period of cell migration before wound closure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:433436, 1991 Flow cytometry (FCM) measures the DNA content of individual cells, which provides an accurate indication of cell cycle stage. During the S (synthetic) phase of the cell cycle, the amount of DNA increases and is doubled in the G2 (tetraploid) and M (mitotic) phases of the cell cycle.' Recently, cell nuclei, rather than whole cells, have been used in FCM studies because DNA staining in isolated nuclei is more reliable. 2 - 3 FCM provides a more accurate assessment of cell cycle stage than has been available with thymidine uptake methods. 3 Burns et al 4 used pepsin to liberate nuclei from acetic acid-treated tissue to determine the cell cycle kinetics in the normal mouse cornea by FCM. We used FCM to evaluate the mitotic status of cell nuclei from the rabbit corneal epithelium after experimental wounding. Our goal was to determine whether mitotic activity increased after wounding. We examined the changes in the percentages of nuclei at various stages of the cell cycle in the epithelial cells that surrounded the wound. We also studied the distribution of DNA content in the regenerated epithelium that covered the wound surface after wound closure. We found a significant increase in the number of cells in G2/M phase at 36 hr. This finding indicated an increase in mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium during the period of cell migration before wound closure. Materials and Methods. These procedures were consistent with the ARVO Resolution on the Use of Animals in Research. Albino rabbits, 5 weeks of age and 2-3 kg in weight, were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (1.5 mg/kg body weight). Each rabbit's eyes were wounded in an identical manner. As in a previous study, 5 the eye was proptosed through a sterile rubber
Patterns of Tumor Progression Following BNCT of Glioblastoma Multiforme

The recurrence patterns after conventional adjuvant treatment of glioblastoma multiforme has been analyzed in the past. The most consistent pattern seen in these studies is the predominance of local recurrence.1,2,3 Hochberg and Pruitt were the first investigators to discover that the gross and microscopic tumors were within 2 cm of the contrast-enhancing tumor margin on pre-terminal CT scans in 83% of the patients.3 This became the basis for target volume definition in radiotherapy. In the first several BNCT protocols, this target definition was adopted. However, there has been considerable consternation over the significance of peritumoral edema when planning radiation fields. Biopsy and autopsy studies from the Mayo Clinic and Duke University have shown infiltrating cells in edematous regions.1,2 If so, peritumoral hypodense regions may be at risk for tumor recurrence and should be included in the treatment volume. However, this observation is still in dispute because the malignant nature of the infiltrating cells has not been proven. In the studies by Wallner et al. from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, no tendency for tumor recurrence in edematous areas was shown.4 The present paper reports on the recurrence patterns seen on our BNCT trial, in particular, with relation to regions of peritumoral edema.
Memes and the exploitation of imagination

The general issue to be addressed in a Mandel Lecture is how (or whether) art promotes human evolution or development. I shall understand the term "art" in its broadest connotations--perhaps broader than the American Society for Aesthetics would normally recognize: I shall understand art to include all artifice, all human invention. What I shall say will a fortiori include art in the narrower sense, but I don't intend to draw particular attention to the way my thesis applies to it.
Development of an open source motion capture system

Motion capture (MoCap) has been one of the leading and most useful tools within the field of animation to capture fluid and detailed motion. However, it can be quite expensive for animators, game developers and educators on a tight budgets. By using Raspberry Pi Zeros, with NoIR cameras and IR LED light rings, the cost of a four-camera system can potentially be reduced to less than 1000 USD. The research described should lead to an effective and useful system, able to detect multiple markers, record their coordinates, and keep track of them as they move. With a setup of three or more cameras, one would be able to triangulate the data on a low-cost host computer. All software and hardware designs will be disseminated open source, providing anyone who is interested in MoCap, whether it be for hobbyist, semi-professional, or educational purposes, a system for a fraction of the typical cost.
Depression following a traumatic brain injury: uncovering cytokine dysregulation as a pathogenic mechanism

A substantial number of individuals have long-lasting adverse effects from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depression is one of these long-term complications that influences many aspects of life. Depression can limit the ability to return to work, and even worsen cognitive function and contribute to dementia. The mechanistic cause for the increased depression risk associated with a TBI remains to be defined. As TBI results in chronic neuroinflammation, and priming of glia to a secondary challenge, the inflammatory theory of depression provides a promising framework for investigating the cause of depression following a TBI. Increases in cytokines similar to those seen in depression in the general population are also increased following a TBI. Biomarker levels of cytokines peak within hours-to-days after the injury, yet pro-inflammatory cytokines may still be elevated above physiological levels months-to-years following TBI, which is the time frame in which post-TBI depression can persist. As tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 can signal directly at the neuronal synapse, pathophysiological levels of these cytokines can detrimentally alter neuronal synaptic physiology. The purpose of this review is to outline the current evidence for the inflammatory hypothesis of depression specifically as it relates to depression following a TBI. Moreover, we will illustrate the potential synaptic mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 could contribute to depression. The association of inflammation with the development of depression is compelling; however, in the context of post-TBI depression, the role of inflammation is understudied. This review attempts to highlight the need to understand and treat the psychological complications of a TBI, potentially by neuroimmune modulation, as the neuropsychiatric disabilities can have a great impact on the rehabilitation from the injury, and overall quality of life.
What Science Is and Is Not

Participants in the education process want to give their practices a scientific justification based on objective, evidence-based criteria. But, many of their “data-driven” education policies and reforms resemble what is called “pseudoscience” more than real science. Distinguishing real scientific claims from pseudoscientific ones can be difficult because it is the basis for the claims being made that needs to be evaluated, not the plausibility of the claims themselves. What makes knowledge “scientific” is the process by which it was obtained. This process has identifiable elements, some or most of which are missing in pseudoscientific works. These essential elements of science—relevant, falsifiable questions, systematic and consistent data collection, causal explanations, simplified understanding of natural processes, avoidance of over-fitting, reproducibility, predictability, and control—must be present in any study claiming to be scientific. Yet much of the real science on education and human development is ignored in favor of “evidence-based” reports and “data-driven” practices that are missing at least one, or in many cases several, of these essential elements.
A Practice in Maturation: Current Perspectives on the Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care for Young Adults with Diabetes

This review of available literature and resources highlights the challenges in transition from pediatric to adult care for young adults with diabetes, summarizes practical recommendations for facilitating the process, and identifies areas for improvement in current transition practice. Observational studies highlight suboptimal transition preparation counseling, gaps between pediatric and adult care, and increased post-transition hemoglobin A1c and acute care utilization. Studies showing improved outcomes with later age at transition allows for an extended focus on transition preparation with an eye toward developmental maturity. Interventional studies suggest varying benefits of transition coordinators and support programs. The period of transition from pediatric to adult care is a time of in which patients are at high risk for adverse outcomes and loss to follow-up; however, careful attention to planning the process and tracking patient readiness along with skilled care coordination can contribute to transition success. The durability of interventional models, as well as generalizability to varied clinical settings, must be further tested.
A Multi-Level Contextualized View of Phishing Susceptibility

With billions of dollars in annual IT security-related damages, organizations are well aware of the critical need for protection from phishing attacks with IT security policies and best practices. However, after decades of academic research and industry interventions, phishing remains one of the top cybersecurity threats to organizations. This significant effort to combat phishing by both practitioners and academics has largely focused on three factors: 1) individual characteristics, 2) message characteristics, and 3) interventions. We advocate for moving beyond this predominant focus to encompass a context-driven understanding of phishing susceptibility. We develop a phishing susceptibility model that includes how contextual factors, including workgroup characteristics and an individual’s position in organizational social networks, can be used to predict susceptibility to phishing messages. We show the utility of this approach through a field study of the ability to detect deception email communication using a multi-wave phishing simulation in the finance division of a large university in the US. Our findings extend the understanding of phishing susceptibility through a model that incorporates variation in the workgroup and network-based factors. In addition, this research generates practical insights regarding how organizations may identify and support employees that are likely to be susceptible to phishing attacks.
Defending the Profession: U.S. Journalists’ Role Understanding in the Era of Fake News

Using theories of journalists’ role perception, we analyzed how U.S. mainstream journalists defined “fake news,” and signaled to audiences the difference between their own news stories and “fake ne...
Adopting cover crops and buffer strips to reduce nonpoint source pollution: Understanding farmers’ perspectives in the US Northern Great Plains

Agricultural nonpoint source pollution has been identified as a major cause of water quality impairments. Utilizing survey data from the Northern Great Plains, this paper provides a better understanding of farmers’ perceptions on water quality issues in their local areas. Excessive algal bloom and aquatic plants were among producers’ top water quality concerns in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Fertilizers/pesticides were perceived as either not a problem (28.7%) or a slight problem (43.7%) when it comes to the water pollution sources. While only 17.2% of the respondents indicated agreement upon paying taxes to help protect the local water quality, 43.5% agreed to implement conservation practices (CPs) at some cost, and 70.1% agreed to implement CPs at no direct cost to farmers to improve water quality. This paper examined the factors associated with the adoption of cover crops and buffer strips. We found that producers’ adoption decisions of cover crops largely hinged on farm characteristics and management variables, such as land ownership, farm size, livestock ownership, and adoption status of other farm management practices, while water quality information and producer perceptions affected the adoption decisions of both cover crops and buffer strips. To further promote CP adoption and reduce water pollution, our results highlighted the importance of both monetary incentives and outreach efforts that disseminate information on water pollution status and pollution sources, as well as technical support on CPs suitable for the farm.
Tumor Control and Survival Outcomes Based on Maximum Standardized Uptake Value on FDG-PET/CT in T1-2 NSCLC Treated With SBRT.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is standard of care in medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Assessment of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on FDG-PET/CT before and after SBRT may stratify tumor control and survival outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS Retrospective chart review identified patients with T1-2N0M0 NSCLC who were only treated with SBRT between 2012 and 2019. Pretreatment SUVmax and percent change in SUVmax at 3 and 6 months following SBRT were assessed as independent predictors of local control (LC), regional failure-free survival (RFFS), distant failure-free survival (DFFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis yielded optimal cut points for comparison. Survival analyses were performed with Kaplan-Meier estimates with log rank testing, and Cox proportional hazards models including age, sex, T stage, histology, and performance status. RESULTS 71 (43.6%) out of 163 patients underwent repeat PET/CT within 6 months of SBRT completion. Median follow-up was 19 months (range 1 - 94 months). For the whole cohort, 1-year and 2-year LC, PFS, and OS were 95.0% and 80.3%, 75.9% and 47.7%, and 87.1% and 67.0%, respectively. For DFFS, pretreatment SUVmax greater than 4 had an aHR of 3.33 (95% CI 1.42 - 7.84, P = 0.006). Pre-SBRT SUVmax over 12.3 had an aHR of 2.80 (95% CI 1.3 - 6.2, P = 0.011) for PFS, and a cut point of 12.6 had an aHR of 3.00 (95% CI 1.6 - 5.8, P = 0.003) for OS. Pretreatment SUVmax did not significantly predict LC or RFFS. At 3 months following SBRT, an SUVmax decrease of at least 45% was associated with improved LC (aHR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.91, P = 0.018). A 6-month SUVmax decrease of more than 53% was associated with better LC (P = 0.038), and a decrease over 11% was associated with improved RFFS (aHR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.96, P = 0.046). Change in SUVmax was not significantly associated with DFFS, PFS, or OS at either time point. No factors other than performance status for PFS and OS were significant. CONCLUSION At 3 and 6 months following SBRT, cut points for percentage change in SUVmax can stratify risk of local recurrence and possibly regional recurrence. Pretreatment SUVmax cutoffs can predict distant failure, progression-free survival, and overall survival in early-stage NSCLC.
A chemorepellent inhibits local Ras activation to inhibit pseudopod formation to bias cell movement away from the chemorepellent.

The ability of cells to sense chemical gradients is essential during development, morphogenesis, and immune responses. Although much is known about chemoattraction, chemorepulsion remains poorly understood. Proliferating Dictyostelium cells secrete a chemorepellent protein called AprA. AprA prevents pseudopod formation at the region of the cell closest to the source of AprA, causing the random movement of cells to be biased away from the AprA. Activation of Ras proteins in a localized sector of a cell cortex helps to induce pseudopod formation, and Ras proteins are needed for AprA chemorepulsion. Here we show that AprA locally inhibits Ras cortical activation through the G protein-coupled receptor GrlH, the G protein subunits Gβ and Gα8, Ras protein RasG, protein kinase B, the p-21 activated kinase PakD, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase Erk1. Diffusion calculations and experiments indicate that in a colony of cells, high extracellular concentrations of AprA in the center can globally inhibit Ras activation, while a gradient of AprA that naturally forms at the edge of the colony allow cells to activate Ras at sectors of the cell other than the sector of the cell closest to the center of the colony, effectively inducing both repulsion from the colony and cell differentiation. Together, these results suggest that a pathway that inhibits local Ras activation can mediate chemorepulsion. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
Vitamin D: myeloid differentiation and proliferation.

The active metabolite of vitamin D (l, 25(OH) 2 D3) is a major physiologic regulator of mineral metabolism in humans. The l, 25(OH) 2 D3 facilitates calcium absorption from the intestine, acts to mobilize calcium from bone, and possibly stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium. In contrast to the current progress achieved in elucidating the role of 1, 25(OH)2 D 3 in mineral metabolism, the mechanism of action and biologic significance of vitamin D metabolites in the hematopoietic system are just beginning to be studied.
Risk sharing in the adjustable-rate loan market: Are existing contracts efficient?

Abstract A previous paper [Arvan and Brueckner (1986)] showed that in an optimal loan contract, interest rate risk should be shared between lender and borrower, with the slope of the loan-rate function (which relates the loan interest rate to the lender's uncertain cost-of-funds) lying between zero and one. Existing adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) contracts violate this rule since they require complete risk absorption by the borrower when interest rate caps are not binding. The present paper shows that when the earlier model is modified by adding a second type of borrower, efficient loan contracts look more like existing ARMs.
Regulation of psychostimulant-induced signaling and gene expression in the striatum

Amphetamine (AMPH) and cocaine are indirect dopamine agonists that activate multiple signaling cascades in the striatum. Each cascade has a different subcellular location and duration of action that depend on the strength of the drug stimulus. In addition to activating D1 dopamine-Gs-coupled-protein kinase A signaling, acute psychostimulant administration activates extracellular-regulated kinase transiently in striatal cells; conversely, inhibition of extracellular-regulated kinase phosphorylation decreases the ability of psychostimulants to elevate locomotor behavior and opioid peptide gene expression. Moreover, a drug challenge in rats with a drug history augments and prolongs striatal extracellular-regulated kinase phosphorylation, possibly contributing to behavioral sensitization. In contrast, AMPH activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase substrates, like protein kinase B/Akt, only in the nuclei of striatal cells but this transient increase induced by AMPH is followed by a delayed decrease in protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation whether or not the rats have a drug history, suggesting that the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway is not essential for AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization. Chronic AMPH or cocaine also alters the regulation of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors in the striatum, as evident by a prolonged decrease in the level of regulator of G protein signaling 4 after non-contingent or contingent (self-administered) drug exposure. This decrease is exacerbated in behaviorally sensitized rats and reversed by re-exposure to a cocaine-paired environment. A decrease in regulator of G protein signaling 4 levels may weaken its interactions with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, Galphaq, and phospholipase C beta that may enhance drug-induced signaling. Alteration of these protein-protein interactions suggests that the striatum responds to psychostimulants with a complex molecular repertoire that both modulates psychomotor effects and leads to long-term neuroadaptations.
The Evolution of Free-Lance Music Composition, 1650–1900

Using qualitative histories and coded data on 645 composers born between 1650and 1849, this article traces the evolution of free-lance activity by musiccomposers over the course of two centuries. Contrary to widely advancedsuppositions, many composers were pursuing free-lance composition as the 17thcentury ended, although more for opera than instrumental music writing. Fromthat time on, free-lance composition expanded steadily, replacing employmentby the church and the nobility. A growing number of composers also acted asimpresarios in organizing their own opera or concert performances. Composersearned their bread in many other ways too. There were clear rising trends intheir employment as private orchestra directors and conservatory professors.
Contextual modeling and applications

There have been increasingly growing interests in computational modeling of contextual knowledge representation and context-based problem solving. Different approaches have been developed to exploring the concept and computational mechanism of context, including various formal and empirical methods and systems based on different interpretations and applications of the notion. This paper discusses two basic interpretations of context and presents an operational definition of context from a computational perspective. Two paradigms for context-based problem solving are formulated. A goal-directed modeling framework for context-based problem solving is reported. In this framework, a context is defined in terms of an object and its relationships with other objects. Every context is centered at such an object, and cannot exist without it. A problem-solving task (e.g. find an object) with this framework can thus be defined as a process of determining a context or a sequence of contexts in which a solution path (e.g. steps for finding the object) can be decided. A set of operations is specified for context manipulation. Some application examples are described.
The Effect of Team-Based Learning on Student Attitudes and Satisfaction

We examined student attitudes toward a team-based learning method known as the readiness assurance process encompassing team exams to model how student satisfaction is initially shaped and subsequently changed over time as a function of scholastic performance and perceived development of professional skills (PS). We found that students were generally positively disposed toward the learning method and recognized its benefits in terms of developing teamwork skills. A regression analysis of student responses to an instrument distributed directly after each of four quizzes given over the course of a semester leads to the inferences that satisfaction with the method depends minimally upon the immediate feedback provided by student performance on a quiz and more critically upon student perceptions of how it has enhanced their PS. There is also shown to be a strong carryover effect in satisfaction with the method in successive uses. The results suggest that student attitudes are shaped by multiple, high-level goals, and not just scholastic performance. The study also evidences the need to study learning interventions over multiple uses rather than through a one-shot design.
Carotid baroreflex function during prolonged exercise

The present investigation was designed to uncouple the hemodynamic physiological effects of thermoregulation from the effects of a progressively increasing central command activation during prolong...
Management of Nematode Problems on Soybean in the United States of America

Nematode management may be nematicidal, resistance, cultural, or biological. Before the 19705 the prices received for soybeans was too low to justify the use of nematicides. During the 1970s and 19805 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and ethylene dibromide were effective and were used to some extent on soybean. Both are banned from use in the USA now. Resistance is an effective and economical method of nematode management. However, resistance is not available for many of the nematodes discussed here. In addition, growers tend to overuse resistance when it is available and often the resistance becomes ineffective because of shiftsin the nematode population. The life of a resistant cultivar can be extended by proper management such as use in rotations. Cultural practices that can be effective in managing nematode population levels include rotation, subsoiling, modification of planting date, proper fertilization, and irrigation. Care must be taken to use the proper tactic at the right time. The right time may be determined by the nematode involved or environmental conditions. For example a nematode such as Pratylenchus penetrans, with a broad host range may be difficult to manage with rotations because nonhosts may be difficult to find. If one is found it may not be profitable for growers. Biological management occurs naturally in manysoils. Research aimed at utilization of these natural enemies has been ongoing for many years. The types of nematodes discussed here are the more difficult ones to manage biologically. Because they constantly move from one place to another they must be trapped before a fungus can infect them. Fungi with trapping mechanisms occur in the soil but so far they cannot be applied in such a way as to be effective in reducing population levels of plant parasitic nematodes enough to prevent yield suppression.