cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical analysis Of survey data about comprehension Of collaboration

Statement of Problem: Collaboration a Means to Chaos Likert Type Survey Instrument: Collaborating with other students on academic assignments without having permission from your professor. A large Southwest university examines five years of data about the distinction that may contribute to ethical misconduct in the classroom and misguided actions as a future professional. The classroom models the evolution of technological shifts, which requires broader interaction across disciplines to manage projects. The encouragement to build teamwork skills through class assignments benefits preparation to enter the market economy to lead in e-commerce, social media, information Systems, and Business Analytics. The survey data indicates that collaboration with or without professorial approval is acceptable.
Budget-Smoothed Analysis for Submodular Maximization

The greedy algorithm for submodular function maximization subject to cardinality constraint is guaranteed to approximate the optimal solution to within a $1-1/e$ factor. For worst-case instances, it is well known that this guarantee is essentially tight -- for greedy and in fact any efficient algorithm. Motivated by the question of why greedy performs better in practice, we introduce a new notion of budget smoothed analysis. Our framework requires larger perturbations of budgets than traditional smoothed analysis for e.g. linear programming. Nevertheless, we show that under realistic budget distributions, greedy and related algorithms enjoy provably better approximation guarantees, that hold even for worst-case submodular functions.
Clinical microbiology in bovine practice

Integration of the clinical microbiology laboratory into bovine practice encourages the veterinarian to establish disease control programs. Through education, the veterinarian can teach the cattleman to allow the veterinarian to select drugs for major problems on the basis of susceptibility testing. This method of drug selection should reduce drug costs since many older less expensive drugs will be found effective once "shot-gun" therapy is reduced. A record system, which tabulates according to organ system, results of previous susceptibility testing will indicate the best drug to begin therapy before susceptibility testing is complete on the case at hand. For these reasons it is important to do culture and susceptibility testing early in disease outbreaks and to keep tabulation of susceptibility results.
Genome-wide DNA methylation and multi-omics study of human chondrocyte ontogeny and an epigenetic clock analysis of adult chondrocytes

Articular chondrocytes undergo functional changes and their regenerative potential declines with age. Although the molecular mechanisms guiding articular cartilage aging is poorly understood, DNA methylation is known to play a mechanistic role in aging. However, our understanding of DNA methylation in chondrocyte development across human ontogeny is limited. To better understand DNA methylome changes, methylation profiling was performed in human chondrocytes. This study reveals association between methylation of specific CpG sites and chondrocyte age. We also determined the putative binding targets of STAT3, a key age-patterned transcription factor in fetal chondrocytes and genetic ablation of STAT3 induced a global genomic hypermethylation. Moreover, an epigenetic clock built for adult human chondrocytes revealed that exposure of aged adult human chondrocytes to STAT3 agonist, decreased epigenetic age. Taken together, this work will serve as a foundation to understand development and aging of chondrocytes with a new perspective for development of rejuvenation agents for synovial joints.
“Something Scarcely Tangible”; Or, James Hogg’s Confessions

The final chapter reads James Hogg’s Confessions of a Justified Sinner as an epigenetic text quite different from its predecessors in that its epigenetic stance is portrayed through a vehement anti-preformationism. The anti-preformationism of Confessions manifests itself in the novel’s critique of the Calvinist doctrine of double-predestination, which almost completely eradicates the identity of its protagonist. The novel’s obsession with the protagonist’s identity, foregrounded as it is in the confused and confusing relationship between Robert Colwan and Gil-Martin, creates the narrative’s complexity, a complexity of form that leads to a text that circles back onto itself eternally, demonstrating the unending search for origins that creates the endless narration that is characteristic of epigenetic literature.
Considerations in the Design and Analysis of Chronic Aquatic Tests of Toxicity

Some considerations in the planning of toxicity tests and in the reporting of results are discussed. The need for using standardized stocks of fish and standardized data recording and data reporting procedures is argued. Standardized sheets for reporting hatchability data are presented as an example of a number of standardized data reporting sheets developed by the authors. We consider aspects of the statistical analysis of data arising from aquatic toxicity tests. The discussion emphasizes analyses and data displays for the interpretation of qualitative mortality and abnormality data, but the ideas pertain also to other types of data. The techniques discussed include preliminary graphical displays, tests for homogeneity among tanks within treatment groups, adjustments to account for tank-to-tank heterogeneity within groups, outlier detection procedures, overall tests for treatment effects, multiple comparisons and pairwise confidence intervals of treatment groups with the control group, and dose-response curve fitting with associated estimates of "safe concentrations."
Investigating the impact of surprise rewards on consumer responses

Abstract Adopting an experimental approach, this research compared surprise rewards with membership discount rewards in terms of their impact on customer responses of delight, frustration and satisfaction. In addition, this research examined the circumstances under which surprise rewards should be offered in order to yield maximum benefits for hospitality firms. In particular, the study examined how the customer's cumulative satisfaction (high vs. low) influences the effectiveness of surprise rewards (vs. membership discount rewards) in increasing customer delight and satisfaction and decreasing customer frustration. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, results show that surprise rewards are more effective than membership discount rewards for enhancing customer delight and satisfaction and attenuating customer frustration, particularly when the customer's cumulative satisfaction is low. These findings have important implications for the hospitality industry. Hospitality managers and marketers could use this information to design effective loyalty reward programs.
Cutaneous Small Vessel Vasculitis including Urticarial Vasculitis

Publisher Summary Vasculitis refers to inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels, whether they are arteries, veins or both. It can be local or systemic, and may be primary or secondary to another disease process. The classic cutaneous manifestation of vasculitis is palpable purpura; however, the clinical manifestation greatly depends on the size of the vessel affected. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a pathological description used to describe inflammation of post-capillary venules and is clinically more correctly termed “cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV).” CSVV occurs equally in both sexes and at all ages. It is estimated that 10% of affected patients are children. The histopathologic pattern is that of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis—angiocentric, segmental inflammation with nuclear dust, endothelial-cell swelling, and fibrinoid necrosis. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has proposed criteria for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity vasculitis, which corresponds to CSVV.
Learnability of bipartite ranking functions

The problem of ranking, in which the goal is to learn a real-valued ranking function that induces a ranking or ordering over an instance space, has recently gained attention in machine learning. We define a model of learnability for ranking functions in a particular setting of the ranking problem known as the bipartite ranking problem, and derive a number of results in this model. Our first main result provides a sufficient condition for the learnability of a class of ranking functions ${\mathcal F}$: we show that ${\mathcal F}$ is learnable if its bipartite rank-shatter coefficients, which measure the richness of a ranking function class in the same way as do the standard VC-dimension related shatter coefficients (growth function) for classes of classification functions, do not grow too quickly. Our second main result gives a necessary condition for learnability: we define a new combinatorial parameter for a class of ranking functions ${\mathcal F}$ that we term the rank dimension of ${\mathcal F}$, and show that ${\mathcal F}$ is learnable only if its rank dimension is finite. Finally, we investigate questions of the computational complexity of learning ranking functions.
The fertilization antigen (FA-1): applications in immunocontraception and infertility in humans

Fertilization antigen (FA-1) the ideal antigen for the development of an antisperm contraceptive vaccine should be involved in the fertilization process rather than embryonic development. FA-1 has been obtained through the use of a sperm-specific but species-cross reactive monoclonal antibody (MA-24) raised against human spermatozoa. Female rabbits were chosen to study the effects of active immunization because the monoclonal antibody to FA-1 (MA-24) reacted with rabbit sperm and caused reduction in fertilization in female rabbits in passive immunization experiments. A significant reduction in fertility occurred after immunization with FA-1. The data indicate that the active immunization with FA-1 results in a tissue-specific immune response that causes a reduction of fertility in rabbits by a mechanism(s) involving an inhibition of the fertilization process. FA-1 appears at this time to be promising for the development of an antisperm contraceptive vaccine and for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in humans mediated through antisperm antibodies.
Radiative heat flux for an optically thin gas.

Approximate expression for temperature dependent radiative heat flux in optically thin gas, considering reentry body hypersonic flight
Race-specific geography of prostate cancer incidence.

This study evaluated geographic distribution of race-specific prostate cancer incidence in Connecticut and Massachusetts. This cross-sectional analysis of census and cancer registry data included records of 29,040 Whites and 1,647 African Americans diagnosed with incident prostate cancer between 1994 and 1998. A spatial scan statistic was used to detect and test significance of the geographic variation in race-specific incidence rates within the two-state area. Significant geographic variation in age-adjusted incidence rates among both White and African American men was observed, with little overlap noted between distributions. Identified locations reflected patterns of residential segregation and socio-economic conditions. Among Whites, places with higher than expected incidence had higher socioeconomic status than places with lower than expected incidence. No discernable relationship between social indicators and rate variation among African Americans was evident. Differences in race-specific geographic distribution of prostate cancer incidence do not suggest a shared environmental etiology. Furtherstudyof genetic, behavioral and health carefactors affecting the occurrence and/or reporting of the disease is warranted. This study highlights the need for race- and geographic-specific interventions to better control disease within at-risk communities and for on-going analysis into social and contextual factors that contribute to observed disparities between African Americans and Whites in the occurrence of cancer.
RQ 20 Years of MARS

A listing is presented of publications pertaining to the Machine-Assisted Reference Section, including books, monographs, ERIC documents, RASD occasional papers, articles in RQ and articles in RASD Update
Assessment of Proteasome Impairment and Accumulation/Aggregation of Ubiquitinated Proteins in Neuronal Cultures

The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway (UPP) is the major proteolytic quality control system in cells and involves tightly regulated removal of unwanted proteins and retention of those that are essential. In addition to its function in normal protein degradation, the UPP plays a critical role in the quality control process by degrading mutated or abnormally folded proteins. The proteolytic component of the UPP is a multiprotein complex known as the proteasome. Many factors, including the aging process, can cause proteasome impairment leading to formation of abnormal ubiquitin-protein aggregates that are found in most progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this chapter, we describe protocols to measure proteasome activity, evaluate its state of assembly, and assess the accumulation and aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in two types of neuronal cultures: human neuroblastoma cells and rat primary cortical cultures. These protocols can be used with different types of neuronal cultures to estimate proteasome activity and the levels and aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, they can be used to identify compounds potentially capable of preventing a decline in proteasome activity and formation of ubiquitin-protein aggregates associated with neurodegeneration.
Development of revised quality control limits for disk diffusion susceptibility tests of selected cephem antibiotics with Haemophilus influenzae and description of a new control strain

Inconsistent quality control results in disk diffusion testing of cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, and cefuroxime with Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 and Haemophilus test medium (HTM) prompted a search for an alternative control strain that would provide more reliable results. A five-laboratory study was conducted to evaluate two candidate H. influenzae strains as possible alternatives to the aforementioned strain. Repetitive testing of the candidate strains and H. influenzae ATCC 49247 over several days with a total of six different lots of HTM documented consistent performance of the two candidate strains and confirmed inconsistent results for some of the antibiotics with H. influenzae ATCC 49247. In particular, certain lots of HTM failed to yield cefaclor and cefamandole zone sizes within the quality control range advocated by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Because of the greater consistency offered by the new strains, one was selected (now designated H. influenzae ATCC 49766) to be recommended for routine quality control testing of cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefuroxime, and the related carbacephem loracarbef. The new control strain and zone size ranges proposed here have been approved by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards in place of the previously recommended strain and zone size limits for testing of these five cephem antibiotics.
A relation merging technique for relational databases

A merging technique for relational schemas consisting of relation-schemes, key dependencies, referential integrity constraints, and null constraints is presented. The author examines the conditions required for using this technique with relational database management systems that provide different mechanisms for maintaining null and referential integrity constraints. For relational schemas developed using an extended entity-relationship (EER) oriented design methodology, it is shown that a relation-scheme can be used for representing multiple object-sets not only for the standard binary many-to-one relationship-set structure, but for more complex structures as well. >
Comparison of computations and experimental data for leading edge vortices - Effects of yaw and vortex flaps

Computations are presented using the conical Euler equations for swept delta wings with leading edge vortices. All the wings have sharp leading edges swept at 75 degrees to the freestream. In addition to an idealized flat plate model, geometrical features also included are thickness, centerbody, and two vortex flaps. Freestream Mach numbers of 1.7 to 2.8, angles of attack of 10 and 12 degrees, and angles of yaw of 0 and 8 degrees are considered. The computations are compared with pitot pressure traverses for one case. Other calculations are compared with pitot pressure traverses for one case. Other calculations are compared with surface pressure data and vapor screen pictures recently obtained at NASA Langley Research Center. The comparisons indicate that the dominant features of these flows are adequately modeled by the Euler equations, but viscous models are needed for the surface boundary layer and secondary separations.
Volcanic Substructure Inferred from Dredge Samples and Ocean-Bottom Photographs, Hawaii

Ocean-bottom photographs from 18 stations and dredge hauls from 35 stations adjacent to the Island of Hawaii indicate that basaltic pillow lava and pillow fragments are the dominant rock type on the crest and flanks of the submarine rift zone ridges, whereas glassy basalt sand and scoria are the dominant type on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes directly downslope from land. These relations indicate that three major rock units comprise different levels of the volcanoes depending on the site of eruption: (1) pillow lavas and pillow fragments are dominant below sea level and are erupted from deep-water vents; (2) hyaloclastite rocks (vitric explosion debris, littoral cone ash, and flow-foot breccias) mantle the pillowed base of the volcano, and are erupted from shallow-water vents, subaerial vents in water-soaked ground, or are produced where subaerial lava flows cross the shoreline; and (3) thin subaerial lava flows make up the visible, subaerial shield volcano, are built atop the clastic layer, and are erupted from subaerial vents. This three-fold structure is similar to the table mountains of Iceland that are built by eruption beneath glacial ice. Large-scale slumping in the clastic layer may modify the submarine slopes of the volcanoes as well as produce faulting and downslope movement of parts of the overlying shield volcano. The slope change produced where the gentler shield meets the steeper pillowed pile can be recognized beneath sea level in the older volcanoes, where it has been submerged by regional subsidence.
The legal minimum drinking age in texas: Effects of an increase from 18 to 19

Effects on motor vehicle crash involvement of raising the legal drinking age in Texas from 18 to 19 were examined, using an interrupted time-series design. Rates of single-vehicle-nighttime (SVN) and non-SVN crashes per 100,000 licensed drivers from 1978 through 1984 were examined for three levels of crash severity (serious injury, minor injury, property damage only) and four age groups (16-17, 18, 19-20, 21 and over). Resul’s revealed significant reductions in SVN crashes for the 18-year-old target population across all levels of crash severity: serious injury, down 10.8 % ; minor injury, down 14.3% ; and property damage only, down 12.8%. In comparison, no significant changes in S/N crashes among drivers age 21 and over were found. When the effects of macroeconomic conditions on crash rates were controlled statistically, no change in the estimated effect of the legal age law was seen. It is clear that the l-year increase in legal age in Texas had a significant effect on youth crash involvement.
Bio-olefins via condensation metathesis chemistry

Amino acid based polymers are of interest for a variety of biomaterial applications including drug delivery, proteomics, and tissue engineering. A new class of polymers bearing amino acids and dipeptides has been prepared using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) to create copolymers of polyethylene with linear amino alcohol, branched amino acid, or branched peptide substituents termed bio-olefins. Monomers with the amino acid/dipeptide functionality attached through both the N and C-terminus have been prepared, and a discussion on the synthesis of the monomers and a comparison of the thermal properties of the resulting polymers are discussed. The resulting highly functionalized polymers are strong, film-forming materials with moduli in the range of LDPE with molecular weights typical of polycondensation polymers, i.e. Nylon and PET.
Multi-state power management of communication links

The continuing speed increases of communication links at all levels from intra-server interconnects all the way to WAN results an increasing amount of network power consumption. Thus an effective, multi-level and multi-scale power management of communication links is increasingly important. In this paper we propose algorithms that can reduce link power consumption by exploiting three key attributes: (a) available non-operational low power (or sleep) states, (b) link width modulation, and (c) link speed modulation. Although shutting down inactive links at coarse time scales is well known, our emphasis is primarily on finer-time granularities and can be used in addition to coarse grain methods. The paper explores considerations in designing such algorithms and provides some specific algorithms and their parameterization. We show that the link width modulation is the most attractive alternative when available, but other controls are also useful. The techniques explored can be applied to a wide variety of links in modern systems.
Abstract 5556: Role of the aberrant intracellular iron metabolism in rat liver carcinogenesis

Intracellular iron homeostasis in normal cells is tightly regulated by the coordination of several proteins that are responsible for the uptake, intracellular storage, and removal of iron from cells. Cancer cells, including liver cancer cells, are characterized by profound abberations in intracellular iron metabolism. Dysregulated iron homeostasis has been found not only in rodent and human hepatocellular carcinomas, but also in several preneoplastic pathological states associated with liver cancer development; however, the precise mechanistic role of iron metabolic disturbances in the initiation and early progression of liver carcinogenesis has remained unexplored. In the present study, using an in vivo model of rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene, we found extensive alterations in cellular iron metabolism at preneoplastic stages of liver carcinogenesis characterized by a substantial decrease in the levels of cytoplasmic non-heme iron in initiated hepatocytes and altered expression of the major genes responsible for the proper maintenance of accurate intracellular homeostasis. Specifically, analysis of the gene expression patterns revealed prominent up-regulation of the ferroportin (Fpn) gene and down-regulation of the hepcidin (Hamp) gene in the preneoplastic livers. This indicates that the decreased intracellular levels of non-heme iron in preneoplastic foci may be attributed to increased iron export from the cells driven by the loss of an inhibitory effect of hepcidin on Fpn. This suggestion is supported by a substantial up-regulation of Fpn (3-fold) compared to transferrin receptor (Tfrc) gene, (1.6 fold), the latter of which is responsible for the iron intake into cell. These data indicate that in preneoplastic livers there is a disruption in the balance of regulatory networks controlling cellular iron uptake and export. Interestingly, we detected similar gene expression changes in initiated preneoplastic liver cells that were transformed by culturing of non-tumorigenic TRL-1215 rat liver cells in the presence of iron. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the significance of altered intracellular iron metabolism in the progression of liver carcinogenesis and suggest that correction of these alterations may affect liver cancer development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5556. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5556
Depressive Disorders: Toward a Unified Hypothesis

Our scientific understanding of psychiatric syndromes, including the phenomena of depression, has been hampered because of: (i) the use of metapsychological concepts that are difficult to test; (ii) methodological and linguistic barriers that prevent communication among psychoanalysts, behaviorists, experimental psychologists, and psychiatrists; and (iii) the reluctance of psychiatrists to accept animal models as possible approximations of certain aspects of human psychopathology. We have attempted to demonstrate that the animal models simulate some of the central features of clinical depression (for example, helplessness and object loss), thereby allowing one to rigorously investigate them from developmental, behavioral, and biochemical perspectives. The object loss model, as a concrete version of a metapsychological-psychoanalytic concept, has enabled primatologists to study the disruption of an attachment bond. The behavioral model accommodates this concept to a broader generalization: loss of reinforcement or loss of control over reinforcement. We have reviewed the evidence that these processes involve the diencephalic centers of reward or reinforcement, thereby permitting integration of the psychoanalytical and behavioral formulations with the biochemical hypotheses. Also, we have presented data strongly suggesting that the breaking of an attachment bond in the primate represents significant loss of reinforcement that induces helplessness and disrupts motivated behavior. Finally, we have argued that the depressive syndrome could be caused by interactions of genetic, chemical, developmental, and interpersonal factors, all of which impinge on the diencephalic centers of reinforcement.
The Spectrum of Mild X-Linked Recessive Muscular Dystrophy

• We present 19 patients from 12 families with mild (Becker) X-linked recessive dystrophy and compare them with previously described cases. Features in common in the majority of patients include onset after the age of 7 years, walking beyond the age of 20 to 30 years, mild hypertrophy of the calves, mild joint contractures, and high arched feet. Psychometric tests, EEGs, and ECGs were usually normal. Muscle biopsy specimens showed a combination of features, some more characteristic of severe (Duchenne) X-linked dystrophy and others more commonly seen in limb girdle dystrophy. Although there was some variation in the severity between different families, within any one kindred, the clinical picture was quite similar.
Formation Flight of Birds

Formation flight of birds improves aerodynamic efficiency. Theoretically, 25 birds could have a range increase of about 70 percent as compared with a lone bird, the advantage being more pronounced when there is a tail wind. A vee formation is required to equally distribute the drag saving, and, contrary to other statements, the lead bird does not necessarily have the most strenuous position. The angle of the predicted vee compares with that observed in nature; stability mechanisms are described which make it easy and natural for the bird to sense optimal formations.
Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Medical Illness Among Adults with Anxiety Disorders

Objective Anxiety is linked to a number of medical conditions, yet few studies have examined how symptom severity relates to medical comorbidity.
THE EFFECT OF GENES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIZE AND FORM

Summary. 1. Genetics has concerned itself almost entirely with an analysis of the hereditary constitution of organisms in terms of genes. For a complete understanding of hereditary differences, however, it is important to determine how genes control the processes of development so that specific characters are produced. Traits of size and form lend themselves most readily to studies of this sort, and in a few instances direct evidence of changes in development brought about by specific genes has been obtained from both animals and plants. This evidence is briefly reviewed. 2. The influence of genes in determining size has been clearly demonstrated. Instances are described in which these genes produce their effects by a control of cell size and of cell number, and also, as is perhaps more generally the case, by determining in early stages a developmental schedule in which these two elements of growth are co-ordinated in a specific fashion. 3. The size of parts seems often to be genically determined independently of body size, but in the few cases which have been critically analysed local size differences are found to be due to general effects upon growth occurring at such a stage of development that a particular part is more affected than the rest of the organism. 4. Characters of shape and form, either of the body as a whole or of its parts, have been shown in a number of cases to be determined by genes, which evidently operate through a control of the relative rates of growth in specific directions or dimensions. 5. The underlying mechanisms by which genic control of the development of size and form is brought about are as yet unknown. In a search for them, however, it is important to recognise two general concepts which developmental genetics has established: (1) Genic balance, or the dependence of a given character upon the interaction of all the genes rather than upon a single one, each gene producing its effect not alone but by virtue of its activity as a part of the whole genic complement. (2) Correlation of growth rates in development, by which the rates of specific processes, known in many cases to be genically controlled, are so interrelated in a definite schedule or pattern that development becomes a unified and orderly process. 6. The necessity is pointed out of obtaining a much broader basis of the facts of development in genetically analysed material before generalisations of importance can be made.
On baroclinic instability in filtered and non‐filtered numerical prediction models

The criterion for baroclinic instability in a two level model of the large-scale motion in the atmosphere is computed and compared for the following cases: (1) A quasigeostrophic model with constant static stability. (2) A quasi-geostrophic model with a horizontal variation of static stability. (3) A primitive equation model with constant static stability. (4) A primitive equation model with horizontal variation of static stability. It is found that the models containing a horizontal varistion of the static stability have a maximum instability at shorter wavelengths than the models with constant static stability; that only small differences are observed in the amplification rate of baroclinic disturbances in models with the same variation of static stability but with different basic equations as long as the variation of the meteorological parameters are in the observed range; but that large differences in the amplification rate occur when the Richardson number is small, i.e. for small mean static stabilities and/or large vertical wind shears. The structure of the baroclinically unstable disturbances are computed and compared for the four models mentioned above. The variation of the ageostrophic wind and the static stability through the wave is of special importance. It turns out that the maximum ageostrophic wind at the upper level is about 15 % of the maximum wind, while the corresponding number at the lower level is 20%. The distribution of the ageostrophic wind at the upper level is such that the wind is supergeostrophic around the ridge in the geopotential with a maximum close to the maximum geopotential and subgeostrophic around the trough in the geopotential. The distribution of static stability in the developing baroclinic wave is such that the air becomes more stable than the average between the ridge and trough (looking downstream), but more unstable between the trough and the ridge. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01358.x
Polymorphic rewriting conserves algebraic strong normalization

Abstract We study combinations of many-sorted algebraic term rewriting systems and polymorphic lambda term rewriting. Algebraic and lambda terms are mixed by adding the symbols of the algebraic signature to the polymorphic lambda calculus, as higher-order constants. We show that if a many-sorted algebraic rewrite system R is strongly normalizing (terminating, noetherian), then R + β + η + type-β + type-η rewriting of mixed terms is also strongly normalizing. The result is obtained using a technique which generalizes Girard's “candidats de reductibilite”, introduced in the original proof of strong normalization for the polymorphic lambda calculus.
A surrogate and Lagrangian approach to constrained network problems

This paper presents the use of surrogate constraints and Lagrange multipliers to generate advanced starting solutions to constrained network problems. The surrogate constraint approach is used to generate a singly constrained network problem which is solved using the algorithm of Glover, Karney, Klingman and Russell [13]. In addition, we test the use of the Lagrangian function to generate advanced starting solutions. In the Lagrangian approach, the subproblems are capacitated network problems which can be solved using very efficient algorithms. The surrogate constraint approach is implemented using the multiplier update procedure of Held, Wolfe and Crowder [16]. The procedure is modified to include a search in a single direction to prevent periodic regression of the solution. We also introduce a reoptimization procedure which allows the solution from thekth subproblem to be used as the starting point for the next surrogate problem for which it is infeasible once the new surrogate constraint is adjoined. The algorithms are tested under a variety of conditions including: large-scale problems, number and structure of the non-network constraints, and the density of the non-network constraint coefficients. The testing clearly demonstrates that both the surrogate constraint and Langrange multipliers generate advanced starting solutions which greatly improve the computational effort required to generate an optimal solution to the constrained network problem. The testing demonstrates that the extra effort required to solve the singly constrained network subproblems of the surrogate constraints approach yields an improved advanced starting point as compared to the Lagrangian approach. It is further demonstrated that both of the relaxation approaches are much more computationally efficient than solving the problem from the beginning with a linear programming algorithm.
Uncovering the Hidden Decisions that Shape Curricula

Developing explanatory models is a central practice to scientific inquiry. When students create and test explanatory models for scientific phenomenon, they develop content knowledge, knowledge of the nature of science, and creative thinking skills. Unfortunately, such instruction rarely occurs in K‐12 science. This is, in part, because teachers do not have the opportunity to develop sophisticated understandings of the process of modeling, but also because teaching in this way requires teachers to make real‐time instructional decisions that are responsive to students’ ideas. This is challenging for teachers, especially because this decision process is often invisible. In this talk, I will highlight the importance of providing opportunities for sophisticated science thinking for our youngest learners and consider how uncovering the decisions that shape physics courses for teachers may benefit their future students.
The impact of outgroup choice and missing data on major seed plant phylogenetics using genome-wide EST data.

Background Genome level analyses have enhanced our view of phylogenetics in many areas of the tree of life. With the production of whole genome DNA sequences of hundreds of organisms and large-scale EST databases a large number of candidate genes for inclusion into phylogenetic analysis have become available. In this work, we exploit the burgeoning genomic data being generated for plant genomes to address one of the more important plant phylogenetic questions concerning the hierarchical relationships of the several major seed plant lineages (angiosperms, Cycadales, Gingkoales, Gnetales, and Coniferales), which continues to be a work in progress, despite numerous studies using single, few or several genes and morphology datasets. Although most recent studies support the notion that gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic and sister groups, they differ on the topological arrangements within each major group. Methodology We exploited the EST database to construct a supermatrix of DNA sequences (over 1,200 concatenated orthologous gene partitions for 17 taxa) to examine non-flowering seed plant relationships. This analysis employed programs that offer rapid and robust orthology determination of novel, short sequences from plant ESTs based on reference seed plant genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis retrieved an unbiased (with respect to gene choice), well-resolved and highly supported phylogenetic hypothesis that was robust to various outgroup combinations. Conclusions We evaluated character support and the relative contribution of numerous variables (e.g. gene number, missing data, partitioning schemes, taxon sampling and outgroup choice) on tree topology, stability and support metrics. Our results indicate that while missing characters and order of addition of genes to an analysis do not influence branch support, inadequate taxon sampling and limited choice of outgroup(s) can lead to spurious inference of phylogeny when dealing with phylogenomic scale data sets. As expected, support and resolution increases significantly as more informative characters are added, until reaching a threshold, beyond which support metrics stabilize, and the effect of adding conflicting characters is minimized.
Application of air quality models to public health analysis

Although measurements of individual exposure remain the “gold standard” for evaluating health risks associated with air pollution, atmospheric models have become important tools for understanding the links between energy use, air pollution, and public health. The spatial and temporal coverage of model data typically far exceeds that of measurement data; the cost of simulating air pollution concentrations with a model is low compared with the equipment and personnel costs to operate a network of measurement stations; and models permit analysis of future projections and implications of air quality management policy. Still, important limitations remain. No model is perfect, and data quality is limited by model accuracy, meteorological input, and quantification of emissions. Exploiting the strengths of models in public health analysis, while appropriately dealing with model uncertainty, poses challenges that span public health and atmospheric science disciplines. Here we review past studies in which models have been employed in air pollution health analyses, and we discuss new directions in public health that capitalize on atmospheric model strengths.
Abstract 2924: IGF-IR inibition induces MAPK signaling in prostate carcinoma cells

Prostate carcinoma, the most common malignancy in men, metastasizes primarily to bone. Multiple factors, including integrins, chemokines, and growth factors are implicated in the regulation of this process. In our laboratory, we are interested in the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of proteins in the regulation of tumor metastasis to bone. Metastatic prostate carcinoma cells express the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) and are responsive to IGF ligands. Therefore, it has been suggested that inhibitors against the IGF-IR may be effective against prostate carcinoma bone metastasis. Our hypothesis is that IGF-IR inhibitors will prevent prostate carcinoma growth and survival signaling. PC-3, LNCaP, and bone-adapted C42B prostate carcinoma cells were plated in a 96-well growth assay and treated with/without IGF-I and/or neutralizing antibody against the IGF-IR. Predictably, IGF-I treatment leads to an increase in cell number over a period of 4 d; however, inhibition of the IGF-IR enhances, rather than diminishes, this effect on growth. To further understand this paradoxical finding, Western immunoblotting was performed to analyze the effect of IGF-IR inhibition on IGF-IR expression and signaling. PC-3 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of a neutralizing antibody against the IGF-IR. With increasing concentrations of the neutralizing antibody, IGF-IR and Akt expression levels remain unchanged. In contrast, p44/p42 MAPK expression and activation increases with increasing concentrations of the IGF-IR neutralizing antibody. These data suggest that IGF-IR inhibition induces an upregulation of the p44/p42 MAPK pathway in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells. The data collected indicate that our original hypothesis was incorrect. Our current hypothesis is that treatment of prostate carcinoma cells with the IGF-IR neutralizing antibody induces receptor internalization supporting prolonged signaling rather than lysosomal degradation. We are currently investigating this hypothesis using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.This work was supported by NIH/NCRR 2 P20 RR016472-09 (INBRE) and the Children9s Neuroblastoma Cancer Foundation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2924. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2924
Momentum flux budget analysis of wind-driven air-water interfaces

[1] Accurate knowledge of the air-sea momentum flux plays a critical role in ocean-atmosphere modeling. In this study we investigate the momentum flux budget at an air-water interface in the presence of wind-driven gravity-capillary waves. At the air-sea interface the total momentum flux (wind stress) partitions into viscous and wave-induced stress; the latter transfers momentum into surface waves. We estimate the wave growth rate (momentum transfer rate into waves) to close the momentum flux budget, using previous laboratory measurements of total and viscous stress, as well as surface wave spectra. The wave-induced stress is computed via a parameterized wave growth rate, which is proportional to the turbulent stress divided by the wave-phase speed squared. The constant of proportionality is then determined under two different assumptions. The first assumption (nonsheltering assumption) is that the turbulent stress is equal to the total wind stress. In the second assumption (sheltering assumption) the wave growth rate is determined by the local turbulent stress, which is a reduced turbulent stress due to the presence of longer waves. Both assumptions yield simple closed form expressions for the stress-partitioning ratio (ratio between the total stress and the viscous stress). With the sheltering assumption the growth rate agrees with previous theoretical and empirical estimates. Without sheltering, the growth rate is significantly lower than previous estimates. Therefore our results indicate that the growth rate of surface waves is determined by the local, reduced turbulent stress rather than the total wind stress.
The self‐consistent field for crystals

Exchange in isolated atoms and ions is investigated, to throw light on the approximate exchange to be used in crystals. An intercomparison, carried out by the author, J. B. Mann, J. H. Wood, and T. M. Wilson, for the case of Cu+ is described in detail. Here five different values of exchange are used: VXHF, the Hartree-Fock value; VXS, a free-electron exchange suggested by Kohn, Sham, and Gaspar, in which the exchange correct for a free-electron gas at the Fermi energy is assumed; VXLSW, a modification of an exchange recently suggested by Liberman, proposed by the writer and Wood, in which we use an energy-dependent exchange suggested by the free-electron gas theory; and VXa, in which the exchange VXS is multiplied by such a factor α that the total energy of the atom is minimized. Of these, VXLSW and VXα both give orbitals which are good approximations to the Hartree-Fock and VXLSW also gives eigenvalues agreeing well with the Hartree-Fock. The VXα method, however, gives eigenvalues numerically smaller than the Hartree-Fock, by amounts which increase as we go to the inner electrons. In spite of this, the eigenvalues of the VXα method empirically prove to form very good one-electron energies to use in the energy-band problem. The reason for this is then examined. A method for studying atoms with partially filled shells, such as the 3d transition atoms, is described. We call it the Hyper-Hartree-Fock method, since it deals with an average energy over many electronic states, rather than a single state as in the HF method. The criterion for minimum energy is shown to be the equality of one-electron energies E'i of two shells such as 3d and 4s, which can interchange electrons, where E'i differs from the ordinary eigenvalue of the Hartree-Fock method. The latter represents the energy difference between an atom and an ion lacking an electron; the modified energy E'i is the derivative of the energy with respect to the occupation number. It is shown that these E'i's are the energies which should be used in an energy-band calculation, not the ordinary HF energies. The two sets of energies differ by a considerable amount in the transition elements, but the quantities E'i agree well with the eigenvalues of the method using the exchange VXα. This appears to explain the success of the latter method for energy-band calculations, and suggests that it is better than a Hartree-Fock calculation, even if the latter could be carried out. It is pointed out that the quantities E'i are closely related to the electronegativities used by the chemists, and also to one-particle energies met in the theory of the Fermi liquid.
Comparison of cobalt and chromium binding to blood elements.

Abstract Macromolecular binding of metals is thought to be a prerequisite for induction of metal sensitivity. In this study, the binding of cobalt(II) to blood componenets was investigated. Incubation of 60 Co with blood yielded a mean erythrocyte binding of 10.3 × 10 7 Co atoms/cell. Incubation of the metal with serum resulted in binding of 8.3 × 10 −9 mol Co/mg protein. A comparison was made with analogous binding of chromium(III), a metal recognized for its sensitizing potency. Binding of chromium to proteins and blood cells was 20-fold higher than that obtained with cobalt. With both metals, binding to serum proteins was non-specific. The greater binding by chromium, when compared with cobalt, is consistent with the greater sensitizing ability of this metal.
Changes in nutritional composition of Russet Burbank potatoes by different processing methods

Russet Burbank potatoes from the same storage lot, were processed by commercial technology and prepared for consumption as done institutionally and in the home. Products were chosen to include most of the processing or preparation steps that will influence nutrient losses, namely, boiling, baking, frying, and drying. Products were evaluated on an as-served-basis for potato solids, starch, total and reducing sugar, total and protein nitrogen, free amino acid, vitamin, and mineral contents. Comparisons of the quantity of these nutritional components in different prepared potato products were made and discussed.