cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current observed from satellite altimetry

Sea level measurements by the Seasat altimeter were used to study the temporal variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current between July and October 1978. Large-scale zonal coherence in the cross-stream sea level difference was observed, indicating a general increase in the surface geostrophic velocity of the current around the Southern Ocean. The result demonstrates the power of satellite altimetry to monitor the variability of large-scale ocean currents.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXIV. Was There a Prescott-Rorschach Association?

The report of an association between Daniel A. Prescott and Hermann Rorschach is examined for its veracity. Prescott's contemporaries report contexts of his association with Rorschach that are difficult to confirm in the historical documentation available. From this it might be concluded that Prescott's association with Rorschach never happened. One could also speculate that it happened at a time for which we do not yet have documentation or it was a case of mistaken identity, with Prescott believing that someone who purported to be Rorschach was Rorschach.
Diagnosis of varicoceles in men undergoing vasectomy may lead to earlier detection of hypogonadism.

Objective To determine the temporal relationship between vasectomy, varicocele, and hypogonadism diagnosis. Many young men undergo their first thorough genitourinary examination in their adult lives at the time of vasectomy consultation, providing a unique opportunity for diagnosis of asymptomatic varicoceles. Varicoceles have recently been implicated as a possible reversible contributor to hypogonadism. Hypogonadism may be associated with significant adverse effect, including decreased libido, impaired cognitive function, and increased cardiovascular events. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism may prevent these adverse sequelae. Methods Data were collected from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan database, a large outpatient claims database. We reviewed records between 2003 and 2010 for male patients between the ages of 25 and 50 years with International Classification of Diseases , Ninth Revision codes for hypogonadism, vasectomy, and varicocele, and queried dates of first claim. Results A total of 15,679 men undergoing vasectomies were matched with 156,790 men with nonvasectomy claims in the same year. Vasectomy patients were diagnosed with varicocele at an earlier age (40.9 vs 42.5 years; P = .009). We identified 224,817 men between the ages of 25 and 50 years with a claim of hypogonadism, of which 5883 (2.6%) also had a claim of varicocele. Men with hypogonadism alone were older at presentation compared with men with an accompanying varicocele (41.3 [standard deviation ± 6.5] vs 34.9 [standard deviation ± 6.1]; P Conclusion Men undergoing vasectomies are diagnosed with varicoceles at a younger age than age-matched controls. Men with varicoceles present with hypogonadism earlier than men without varicoceles. Earlier diagnosis of varicocele at the time of vasectomy allows for earlier detection of hypogonadism.
SU-E-T-513: Clinical Implementation of a GPU Accelerated Pencil Beam Dose Calculation Algorithm.

Purpose: This work reports a clinical implementation of a GPU accelerated pencil beam dose calculation algorithm (GPU‐PB). Methods: Model parameters were determined using in‐house scripts written in MATLAB. Dose distributions in a water phantom were calculated using a Pinnacle TPS for various open field sizes. Lateral profiles at 2‐mm incremental depths were used to calculate PB kernel parameters. Weighted sum of squares were used for least‐squares parameter fitting utilizing a Levenberg‐marquardt algorithm. Weightings were adjusted based on goodness of fitting and in accordance with field size to suppress deviations due to horn effects. The scale factor was fitted iteratively. The calculated doses for two patient cases were analyzed with a 3D gamma method (3%/3mm). Results: Excellent agreement between Pinnacle calculation and GPU‐PB calculation was achieved regarding PDD, profiles and output factor. For a head‐neck 10‐field step‐and‐shoot IMRT case, gamma passing rate was over 99% and maximum absolute dose value is 75.6 Gy vs. 73.9 Gy, differing by 2.3%. Similar results were obtained for a SBRTlung case. Gamma passing rate is a function of PB kernel cut‐off distance and beamlet resolution. It appears that if the highest accuracy is desired, a resolution of 10 mm or better in the direction parallel to MLC travel and a cutoff distance of 10 cm or better should be used. The calculation time increases with both cut‐off distance and beamlet resolution. For example, GPU calculation time is 1.36 seconds for 5 cm cut‐off distance, and increases to 4.84 s for 15 cm cut‐off distance. Conclusions: A GPU accelerated PB dose calculation algorithm has been implemented using clinical measurement data. Excellent agreement with Pinnacle TPS has been achieved. Beamlet size and PB cut‐off distance should be chosen according to desired dose calculation accuracy and speed.
The polymerization of actin: its role in the generation of the acrosomal process of certain echinoderm sperm.

When Asterias or Thyone sperm come in contact with egg jelly, a long process which in Thyone measures up to 90 µm in length is formed from the acrosomal region. This process can be generated in less than 30 s. Within this process is a bundle of microfilaments. Water extracts prepared from acetone powders of Asterias sperm contain a protein which binds rabbit skeletal muscle myosin forming a complex whose viscosity is reduced by ATP. Within this extract is a protein with the same molecular weight as muscle actin. It can be purified either by collecting the pellet produced after the addition of Mg++ or by reextracting an acetone powder of actomyosin prepared by the addition of highly purified muscle myosin to the extract. The sperm actin can be polymerized and by electron microscopy the polymer is indistinguishable from muscle F-actin. The sperm actin was shown to be localized in the microfilaments in the acrosomal processes by: (a) heavy meromyosin binding in situ, (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis of the isolated acrosomal processes and a comparison to gels of flagella which contain no band corresponding to the molecular weight of actin, and (c) SDS gel electrophoresis of the extract from isolated acrosomal caps. Since the precursor for the microfilaments in the unreacted sperm appears amorphous, we suspected that the force for the generation of the acrosomal process is brought about by the polymerization of the sperm actin. This supposition was confirmed, for when unreacted sperm were lysed with the detergent Triton X-100 and the state of the actin in the sperm extract was analyzed by centrifugation, we determined that at least 80% of the actin in the unreacted sperm was in the monomeric state.
Inverse problems in random media: a kinetic approach

We consider the validity and accuracy of kinetic equations to model the propagation of high frequency waves in highly heterogeneous media. The kinetic models are used to infer the macroscopic properties of the heterogeneous media from wave energy measurements or field-field correlation measurements. We illustrate the theory by considering the imaging of buried inclusions and present reconstructions based on numerical simulations and experimental data.
Further discussion of the cyclotron instability

The cyclotron instability is examined for arbitrary ratios of hot- to cold-plasma densities, resonant velocities, and wave frequencies. We find that the cyclotron linear growth rate has a maximum when the resonant velocity is near the thermal velocity of the plasma distribution. A criterion for increasing the growth rate by increasing the cold-plasma density is derived.
Poverty and Violence

What is the relation between poverty and violence? This is difficult to ascertain because violence is a multidetermined behavior and poverty is just one of the factors that help determine whether a person will respond with violence in a given situation. Many of these contributory factors are biological, many are psychological, social, economic and/or political. No one factor by itself can explain the cause of violence. It is only when there is a convergence of many of these factors that violence occurs. Poverty by itself does not explain much of the variance in violent behavior. However, each of the accompaniments of poverty probably contributes its own effect—homelessness, overcrowding, lack of opportunity, economic deprivation. And these then interact with the biological and psychological factors, e.g. low birth weight, neurological trauma, learning disorders, bad socialization practices of parents, etc.
The Developmental Trajectory of Leaflet Morphology in Wild Tomato Species

Leaves between species vary in their size, serration, complexity, and shape. However, phylogeny is not the only predictor of leaf morphology. The shape of a leaf is the result of intricate developmental processes, including heteroblastic progression (changes in leaf size and shape at different nodes) and the developmental stage of an organ. The leaflets that arise from complex leaves are additionally modified by their positioning along the proximal-distal axis of a leaf and whether they fall on the left or right side of leaves. Even further, leaves are environmentally responsive, and their final shape is influenced by environmental inputs. Here, we comprehensively describe differences in leaflet shape between wild tomato (Solanum section Lycopersicon) species using a principal component analysis on elliptical Fourier descriptors arising from >11,000 sampled leaflets. We leverage differences in developmental rate to approximate a developmental series, which allows us to resolve the confounding differences in intrinsic leaflet form and developmental stage along positions of the heteroblastic leaf series and proximal-distal axis of leaves. We find that the resulting developmental trajectory of organs at different positions along these axes are useful for describing the changes in leaflet shape that occur during the shade avoidance response in tomato. We argue that it is the developmental trajectory, the changes in shape that occur over developmental time in organs reiterated at multiple positions, that is the relevant phenotype for discerning differences between populations and species, and to understand the underlying developmental processes that change during evolution.
Optimum Conditions for Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase Extraction from Betula Leaves

This report deals with total extraction and activation of soluble indoleacetic acid oxidase from Betula alleghaniensis leaves as affected by different buffers, varying pH, phenol binder, detergent, plus volume and time parameters. For all buffers and pH levels tested, only tris pH 8 gave a high activity. This result was not a pH effect, since a wide-range, citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 8 gave a very low activity. Addition of a neutral detergent, Triton X-100, to all buffers gave considerable activity in every case. Most activity with Triton X-100 occurred at pH 6 and least at pH 8 regardless of buffer composition. A phenol binder, polyvinylpyrollidone, increased activity also, but less than the detergent Triton X-100. Both of these compounds in combination gave an additive effect and the highest measure of enzyme activity. Further increases in measurable indoleacetic acid oxidase activity were obtained by using the best combination of these factors to determine the optium tissue: buffer ratio and optimum soaking time. Increases in activity of 70 and 60%, respectively, were achieved.
Titanothere Remains the Sespe of California.

Until very recently, all occurrences of American titanotheres have been known from either Eocene or lower Oligocene horizons of the Rocky Mountains and western Great Plains. Absence of any trace of these mammals in Tertiary deposits located in the region to the west of the Cordilleran Province lends considerable interest to the presence of titanotheres in one of the Sespe horizons of southern California.
The cultural ecology of dietary change accompanying changing activity patterns among the shipibo

Shipibo Indians, who formed a village to establish a school and health clinic, are gradually depleting local fish and game resources. Men, recently adopting rice as a cash crop, tend to fish and hunt less than other men working only their subsistence gardens. Sale of fish and game in the village is becoming common, and pigs, once raised exclusively for sale to non-Shipibo, are now more regularly eaten and used for attracting agricultural labor. Other research has indicated that cash cropping often competes for workers' time in subsistence and so dietary change usually accompanies changing activity patterns. This paper explores the latter possibility by examining the relationship between cash cropping, wild meat procurement, and diet among the Shipibo. Time allocation and food consumption data are analyzed statistically to test a mathematical theory and model which relates indigenous work patterns to diet.
Deactivation of metal exchanged zeolite catalysts during exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons under oxidizing conditions

Abstract Deactivation of modified cation exchanged zeolite catalysts was studied during complete oxidation of methylene chloride, trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride over a temperature range of 175 to 400°C. Coking was found to be the cause of deactivation. However, the catalysts could be completely regenerated by oxidation in air at 450°C. Two different formulations of modified cobalt exchanged Y zeolite catalysts were tested to determine the coking and deactivation rates. Increased cation content increased deactivation and coking over a period of about 1000 hours. Changing the type of zeolite from larger pore Y to medium pore mordenite increased deactivation. The type of chlorinated feed also affected coking and deactivation with the rate of deactivation increasing in the order of trichloroethylene > methylene chloride > carbon tetrachloride. Both coking and deactivation increased with decreasing temperature. Higher space velocity produced more deactivation for trichloroethylene oxidation at 275°C. Based on these results a mechanism for coking is proposed with CO as the possible reaction intermediate that leads to the formation of coke.
Characteristics of a population based analysis concerning ventricular volume regulation

Volumetric characteristics of the ventricle in hearts covering a broad pathophysiological range are available from our own investigations, supplemented with data from the literature. The aim of this study is to formulate a unifying description for cardiac volume pump function employing a meta-analysis. Previously, we documented that end-systolic volume (ESV) versus end-diastolic volume (EDV) yields a high linear population based correlation coefficient. Now we describe a universal relationship between both regression coefficients. This notion is derived from a pooled study implying 5,849 patients documented in 258 data sets. We conclude that there exists a significant inverse relationship between the pooled regression slopes and intercepts of the ESV versus EDV representation.
Impaired immune responses in the lungs of aged mice following influenza infection

Background Each year, influenza virus infection causes severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in the most susceptible groups including children, the elderly (>65 years-old) and people with chronic respiratory diseases. Among the several factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility in elderly populations are the higher prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes) and the senescence of the immune system.
Overview of the TFTR D&D program

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) operated for 15 years, from 1982 to 1997. From November 1993 to April 1997 a mixture of deuterium-tritium (D-T) was used to fuel experiments, leaving the reactor system in an activated and contaminated state. In this condition, the removal of the TFTR and its subsystems is greatly complicated. In 1999, PPPL commenced the TFTR Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) Project. The objectives of the D&D projects are to completely remove the TFTR in a safe, efficient and cost effective manner. To date all diagnostics, structural components and ancillary systems have been removed, and the tokamak is in the process of being sectioned into smaller pieces. This paper will describe the criteria, the methods employed and the successes of the D&D Project.
Visual servoing via navigation functions

This paper presents a framework for visual servoing that guarantees convergence to a visible goal from almost every initially visible configurations while maintaining full view of all the feature points along the way. The method applies to first- and second-order fully actuated plant models. The solution entails three components: a model for the "occlusion-free" configurations; a change of coordinates from image to model coordinates; and a navigation function for the model space. We present three example applications of the framework, along with experimental validation of its practical efficacy.
Synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene) macromonomers and multiblock copolymers

Rigid-rod poly(4′-methyl-2,5-benzophenone) macromonomers were synthesized by Ni(0) catalytic coupling of 2,5-dichloro-4′-methylbenzophenone and end-capping agent 4-chloro-4′-fluorobenzophenone. The macromonomers produced were labile to nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The molecular weight of poly(4′-methyl-2,5-benzophenone) was controlled by varying the amount of the end-capping agent in the reaction mixture. Glass-transition temperatures of the macromonomers increased with increasing molecular weight and ranged from 117 to 213 °C. Substitution of the macromonomer end groups was determined to be nearly quantitative by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The polymerization of a poly(4′-methyl-2,5-benzophenone) macromonomer [number-average molecular weight (Mn) = 1.90 × 103 g/mol; polydispersity (Mw)/Mn = 2.04] with hydroxy end-capped bisphenol A polyaryletherketone (Mn = 4.50 × 103 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 1.92) afforded an alternating multiblock copolymer (Mn = 1.95 × 104 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 6.02) that formed flexible, transparent films that could be creased without cracking. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3505–3512, 2001
Absolute and Convective Instability of the African Easterly Jet

The stabilityofthe Africaneasterlyjet (AEJ) is examinedusing idealizednumericalsimulations. It is found that a zonally homogeneous representation of the AEJ can support absolute instability in the form of African easterly waves (AEWs). This finding is verified through a local energy budget, which demonstrates the presenceof bothupstream anddownstreamenergyfluxes.These energyfluxes allowunstablewavepacketsto spread upstream and downstream relative to their initial point of excitation. This finding is further verified by showing that the ground-relative group velocity of these wave packets has both eastward and westward components. In contrast with normal-mode instability theory, which emphasizes wave growth through energy extraction from the basic state, the life cycle of the simulated AEWs is strongly governed by energy fluxes. Convergentfluxes at the beginning of the AEW storm track generate new AEWs, whereas divergentfluxes at the end of the stormtrack lead to theirdecay.It is argued that, evenwith smallnormal-modegrowthrates and a short region of instability, the presence of absolute instability allows AEWs to develop through the mixed baroclinic‐barotropic instability mechanism, because upstream energy fluxes allow energy extracted through baroclinic and barotropic conversion to be recycled between successive AEWs.
Cavitation formation and modelling for fluid film bearings: A review

AbstractEven though the list of references associated with this review is rather extensive, in no way does it exhaust the vast literature dedicated to the study of cavitation. The intent was to summarize (i) advances in analytical and numerical modelling, (ii) draw attention to the thermodynamic aspects of cavitation, and (iii) do so while reflecting on physical or experimental observations.
Why Radiography Should No Longer Be Considered a Surrogate Outcome Measure for Longitudinal Assessment of Cartilage in Knee Osteoarthritis

Imaging of cartilage has traditionally been achieved indirectly with conventional radiography. Loss of joint space width, or 'joint space narrowing', is considered a surrogate marker for cartilage thinning. However, radiography is severely limited by its inability to visualize cartilage, the difficulty of ascertaining the optimum and reproducible positioning of the joint in serial assessments, and the difficulty of grading joint space narrowing visually. With the availability of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, new pulse sequences, and imaging techniques, direct visualization of cartilage has become possible. MRI enables visualization not only of cartilage but also of other important features of osteoarthritis simultaneously. 'Pre-radiographic' cartilage changes depicted by MRI can be measured reliably by a semiquantitative or quantitative approach. MRI enables accurate measurement of longitudinal changes in quantitative cartilage morphology in knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, compositional MRI allows imaging of 'pre-morphologic' changes (that is, visualization of subtle intrasubstance matrix changes before any obvious morphologic alterations occur). Detection of joint space narrowing on radiography seems outdated now that it is possible to directly visualize morphologic and pre-morphologic changes of cartilage by using conventional as well as complex MRI techniques.
Large cardinal structures below ℵ ω

The theory of large cardinals in the absence of the axiom of choice (AC) has been examined extensively by set theorists. A particular motivation has been the study of large cardinals and their interrelationships with the axiom of determinacy (AD). Many important and beautiful theorems have been proven in this area, especially by Woodin, who has shown how to obtain, from hypermeasurability, models for the theories “ZF + DC + ∀ α 1 (ℵ 1 → (ℵ 1 ) α )” and . Thus, consequences of AD whose consistency strength appeared to be beyond that of the more standard large cardinal hypotheses were shown to have suprisingly weak consistency strength. In this paper, we continue the study of large cardinals in the absence of AC and their interrelationships with AD by examining what large cardinal structures are possible on cardinals below ℵ ω in the absence of AC. Specifically, we prove the following theorems. Theorem 1. Con(ZFC + κ 1 κ 2 are supercompact cardinals ) ⇒ Con(ZF + DC + The club filter on ℵ 1 is a normal measure + ℵ 1 and ℵ 2 are supercompact cardinals ). Theorem 2. Con(ZF + AD) ⇒ Con(ZF + ℵ 1 , ℵ 2 and ℵ 3 are measurable cardinals which carry normal measures + μ ω is not a measure on any of these cardinals ).
Cytokine-mediated regulation of ovarian function: Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits gonadotropin-supported progesterone accumulation by differentiating and luteinized murine granulosa cells

Summary Current views favor the notion that resident ovarian macrophages play an in situ role in the regulation of ovarian function through the local secretion of regulatory molecule(s) (i.e., cytokines). Herein we report on the potential ovarian relevance of one such macrophage product, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) &#x0026;#x0026;#x003B1;, a polypeptide capable of oncolytic as well as pleiotropic noncytotoxic biologic activities. Our findings suggest that the ability of TNFα to diminish the gonadotropin-supported accumulation of progesterone by granulosa/luteal cells is largely due to attenuation of key biosynthetic steps leading to progesterone production. These findings are in keeping with the notion that TNFα, possibly of intraovarian (e.g., macrophage or granulosa cell) origin, may comprose the centerpiece of a regulatory loop designed to attenuate gonadotropin hormonal action. Acting at or adjacent to its site of synthesis, TNFα may thus partake in the modulation of ovarian progestin economy, possibly in connection with the death of the corpus luteum. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:889-99.)
6‐Methoxyquinoline‐N‐oxide

[6563-13-9] C10H9NO2 (MW 175.19) InChI = 1S/C10H9NO2/c1-13-9-4-5-10-8(7-9)3-2-6-11(10)12/h2-7H,1H3 InChIKey = BWEGRKPOJXNZSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (heteroaryl-N-oxide amenable to functionalization at the 2-position) Alternate Names: 6-methoxyquinolin N-oxide; 6-methoxyquinoline 1-oxide; 6-methoxyquinoline-N-oxide; 6-methoxyquinoline N-oxide. Physical Data: mp 102–104 °C;2 88–89 °C3 (dihydrate). Solubility: soluble in most polar solvents. Form Supplied in: tan powder, available from many sources. Purification: recrystallization from ethanol, water. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable to storage at room temperature, irritant.
HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF TICKS PARASITIZING RODENTS AT BORRELIA BURGDORFERI ENZOOTIC SITES IN SOUTH CAROLINA

A total of 237 rodents was collected in 4 regions of South Carolina from July 1994 through December 1995. Eight species were collected, including cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, eastern harvest mouse, golden mouse, and black rat. Of the 1,514 ticks recovered from these hosts, Ixodes minor Neumann, including larvae, nymphs, and adults, was the most abundant species, representing 54% of the total. Only immature stages of other tick species were found, including larvae and nymphs of Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Amblyomma maculatum Koch, Ixodes affinis Neumann, and Ixodes scapularis Say. All 5 tick species parasitized cotton mice, cotton rats, and woodrats, which were the most important small mammal hosts for ticks at the localities studied. Rice rats were hosts of A. maculatum, D. variabilis, and I. minor. Amblyomma maculatum was more strongly associated with cotton rats than other rodent species. Ixodes scapularis was most strongly associated with cotto...
A STRESS PROCESS MODEL OF CHRONIC ILLNESS: UNDERSTANDING THE WELL-BEING AND DECISION-MAKING INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA

The literature on illness experience burgeoned in the past decades with prominent sociologists articulating the experiences of living with various chronic illnesses. Recently, this literature expanded to the topic of living with dementia and other cognitive impairments. This dissertation melds general literatures on illness experience, stress research, and the experience of dementia, and proposes the sociologically based Stress Process Model of Chronic Illness. Background variables, illness-related variables, role and intrapsychic strains related to the illness, and social support and religiosity mediators are considered as predictors of well-being and decision-making involvement. This model is broad in scope and potentially applicable to various chronic illnesses. The proposed model was tested with data from 211 individuals with dementia (IWDs). Findings support this model as an appropriate conceptualization for considering how background-and-context, primary stressor, secondary strain, and mediator variables influence outcomes. The model predicting quality of life (QoL) indicates that individuals with higher QoL scores are White, have a spousal caregiver, have fewer months since their diagnosis, exhibit more memory problems, have fewer depressive symptoms, have fewer negative and more positive interactions with their caregiver, and place more importance on autonomy / self-identity. Results indicate that IWDs more involved in decision making are female, have more education, have a non-spousal caregiver, have fewer months since their diagnosis, have fewer depressive symptoms and ADL problems, and place more importance on autonomy/ self-identity. The model predicting depression indicates that individuals with more depressive symptomatology have more health conditions, more negative interactions with their caregiver, and feel that their caregiver does not agree with their daily care wishes. This dissertation expands our knowledge about illness experience by proposing and testing a model that is applicable to populations with chronic illness. The research is sociological in scope as it expands and links illness experience and stress research. Linkages between model components serve as potential points of intervention to assist IWDs and their caregivers. Older adults are the most likely to suffer from chronic illnesses, and Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs) can use this model as a guide for determining resources for these individuals.
INTEGRATING I-DEAS WITH REMANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLABILITY ASSESSMENTS

A growing concern about the environment, and especially about waste and landfill, has motivated research into environmentally conscious design and manufacturing approaches. This has placed new burdens on designers. In order to aid designers in their new tasks, one of our objectives is to minimize the gathering of information and maximize the utility of existing design information. In the research discussed in this paper, the specific objective is to enable the quantification and enhancement of product remanufacturability. Guidelines for integrating some of the commercially available CAD packages (like I-DEAS, Pro/ENGINEER, CATIA) to remanufacturing assessments, and ways to use the input information to these assessments for making other assessments (like assemblability) are developed. A number of case studies are given to illustrate the approach. Our long term goal is to identify the minimum amount of information needed to do effective design for the life-cycle. NOMENCLATURE #Ideal - Total number of ideal parts #Parts - Total number of parts #Ideal Insp - Total number of ideal inspections #Repl - Total number of parts replaced #Tests - Total number of tests conducted before reassembly #Key Parts - Total number of key parts #Key Repl - Total number of key parts replaced #Refurbished - Total number of refurbished parts
Arthropods and Multispecies Habitat Conservation Plans: Are We Missing Something?

Arthropods constitute well over one-half of the species of higher life on the planet and are the dominant ter- restrial life form on the planet. Unfortunately, very little is known about most arthropod species. There are an estimated 163,487 species of insects in North America, of which only 66% are taxonomically known. Similarly, there are an esti- mated 35,514 species of North American arachnids, of which only 9316 are described; over 73% have yet to be discovered and described. Without the basic taxonomic and life history knowledge for most of the terrestrial species (i.e., arthropods) of North American ecosystems, land managers are faced with the challenge of developing, selecting, and managing biotic reserves and habitat conservation plans for which they know very little about the majority of organisms found within such reserves or covered by such plans. With respect to arthro- pods, this challenge includes taking into account poorly de- scribed species being used as political tools to stop develop- ment (as opposed to actually protecting a truly endangered species), thus confounding the habitat conservation planning process and ensuring that "surprises" in the form of new list- ings will occur within any multispecies habitat plan. Finally, using various scenarios and assumptions, estimates of the true number of endangered insects and arachnids are pro- vided to illustrate the fact that the suspected number of threatened, endangered, and extinct species is probably low by at least an order of magnitude.
Mass gathering medicine: event factors predicting patient presentation rates.

This study was conducted to identify the event characteristics of mass gatherings that predict patient presentation rates held in a southeastern US university community. We conducted a retrospective review of all event-based emergency medical services (EMS) records from mass gathering patient presentations over an approximate 23 month period, from October 24, 2009 to August 27, 2011. All patrons seen by EMS were included. Event characteristics included: crowd size, venue percentage filled seating, venue location (inside/outside), venue boundaries (bounded/unbounded), presence of free water (i.e., without cost), presence of alcohol, average heat index, presence of climate control (i.e., air conditioning), and event category (football, concerts, public exhibitions, non-football athletic events). We identified 79 mass gathering events, for a total of 670 patient presentations. The cumulative patron attendance was 917,307 persons. The patient presentation rate (PPR) for each event was calculated as the number of patient presentations per 10,000 patrons in attendance. Overdispersed Poisson regression was used to relate this rate to the event characteristics while controlling for crowd size. In univariate analyses, increased rates of patient presentations were strongly associated with outside venues [rate ratio (RR) = 3.002, p < 0.001], unbounded venues (RR = 2.839, p = 0.001), absence of free water (RR = 1.708, p = 0.036), absence of climate control (RR = 3.028, p < 0.001), and a higher heat index (RR = 1.211 per 10-unit heat index increase, p = 0.003). The presence of alcohol was not significantly associated with the PPR. Football events had the highest PPR, followed sequentially by public exhibitions, concerts, and non-football athletic events. In multivariate models, the strong predictors from the univariate analyses retained their predictive significance for the PPR, together with heat index and percent seating. In the setting of mass event medical care, we note that several factors are strongly associated with an increased patient census, including outside (external) or unbounded venues, the absence of fee water (i.e., without cost), no climate control, percent (occupied) seating, and increasing heat index. Although the presence of alcohol is noted to increase patient needs, it does not do so significantly. Regarding event type, collegiate football games have the highest patient census among the range of other events studied. These findings should be considered during the process of EMS resource planning for mass gatherings.
Abstract P3-06-25: PTEN mRNA positivity usingin situmeasurements is associated with better outcome in Tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients.

Background: Aberrant phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway signaling occurs in a high proportion of human breast cancers and is involved in carcinogenesis, tumor progression and resistance to targeted therapies. Reduced levels of the tumor suppressor PTEN has been associated with PI3K pathway activation and is observed in ∼40% of breast carcinomas. PTEN levels have traditionally been determined in breast tumors by qualitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its prognostic and/or predictive value has not been clearly established. We used a novel method of quantitative in situ measurements of PTEN mRNA and protein to determine their possible prognostic and predictive value in breast cancer. Materials and methods: PTEN mRNA and protein were measured on formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cell lines and tumor samples on tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing a retrospective cohort of 404 breast cancer cases collected from the Yale Pathology archives between 1975 and 2005. The RNAscope paired-primer method was used for PTEN mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), with Ubiquitin C and DapB ISH probes used as positive and negative controls for each run. PTEN protein measurements were performed with monoclonal antibody 138G6 (Cell Signaling Technology). Both mRNA and protein were measured using the AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence. Results: Both PTEN mRNA ISH signal and protein were highly reproducible in FFPE tissues and cell lines. PTEN mRNA levels were lower in cell lines with known PTEN downregulation. In breast carcinoma samples, PTEN mRNA scores showed a positive non-linear association with protein levels. Neither PTEN mRNA nor protein showed prognostic value. However, high PTEN mRNA expression using a visually defined cutoff was associated with better outcome in a subset of Tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Initial data suggests that PTEN mRNA expression may be predictive of favorable response to endocrine therapy in breast carcinomas. However, validation in larger independent cohorts is required. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-25.
Concentric necklace nanolenses for optical near-field focusing and enhancement.

In this paper, we design and analyze concentric necklace nanolenses (CNNLs) which consist of metal nanoparticle dimers placed in the center of one or more concentric rings of plasmonic necklaces. We use three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, electron-beam lithography fabrication, dark-field scattering analysis, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements to investigate the far-field scattering and near-field light localization properties of CNNLs. Using these methods, we show that CNNLs display far-field scattering properties that arise from coupling between the dimer and surrounding necklace(s), leading to two pronounced peaks in single-necklace CNNLs and three pronounced peaks in double-necklace CNNLs. In our near-field analysis, we find that the number of particles in the surrounding necklace is an important degree of freedom in the optimization of near-field intensity within the dimer hot-spot region. By using CNNLs where the necklace diameters have a diameter equal...
Effect of two-dimensional cavities on boundary layers in adverse pressure gradients

The present investigation evaluated one aspect of the feasibility of the use of multiple cavities as an airfoil high-lift device. The effects of cavities on the boundary layer characteristics in several pressure gradients were determined experimentally and computationally. Experimentally, it was found that up to four cavities could be deployed with only a small change to the boundary layer profiles downstream of the cavities and without significantly modifying the resultant streamwise pressure distribution. From the computational results for both of the wind tunnel test section lengths used in the experimental investigation, it was found that a grid which provided a converged solution in less man a few hundred iterations was needed before a reasonable comparison with experimental data could obtained. It was also found for these converged solutions that the appropriate grid clustering and density as well as the cell size required for a satisfactory solution was not always apparent before comparing computational results with experimental data. Overall, the investigation results show that a multiple cavity high-lift concept may be feasible.
Abstract A105: Genetic variations in sonic pathway genes as predictors of bladder cancer risk

A105 BACKGROUND The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in normal embryonic development. However, abnormal activation of the pathway later in life has been demonstrated in a variety of human diseases, including bladder cancer. METHODS We genotyped 171 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and tagging SNPs among seven Sonic Hedgehog pathway-related genes in a case-control study including 803 Caucasian bladder cancer patients and 803 matched controls. RESULTS The homozygous variant genotype of a SNP located in the Intron of Gli2 (rs4848123) was associated with a significantly increased bladder cancer risk [odds ratios (OR), 4.21; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.15-15.44]. Likewise, the homozygous variant genotype of a 3’ UTR SNP (rs3823720) and a SNP in the Intron (rs10951671) of GLI3 was associated with a significantly increased bladder cancer risk (OR, 1.58, 95% CI, 1.10-2.26; and OR, 1.87, 95% CI, 1.14-3.06; respectively). To assess the cumulative effects, we performed a combined unfavorable genotype analysis that included all SNPs showing at least a borderline statistical significance. We found that, compared with the low-risk reference group with less than two unfavorable genotypes, the medium-risk group with two unfavorable genotypes exhibited a 1.29-fold (0.92-1.81) increased risk and the high-risk group with more than two unfavorable genotypes exhibited a 1.92-fold (1.36-2.71) increased risk (P(trend) CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic study showing that sonic pathway-related genetic variants may affect bladder cancer risk individually and jointly. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A105.
PATHOGENICITY OF SPECIFIC GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIGEN IN FARMER'S LUNG.

SummarySix patients with Farmers Lung and 10 controls were challenged with an antigen extracted from moldy hay by aerosol inhalation. Precipitin reactions in agar gel im-munodiffusion were strongly positive in 4 patients, weakly reactive in one, and not present in one. Clinical, hematologic and physiologic data are presented on the 6 patients challenged in an identical manner and on the 10 control subjects. Responses to this challenge in the patient group were qualitatively identical to the reaction each patient experienced when exposed to moldy hay in the barn or silo. These moldy hay antigens are, thus, concluded to be the etiologic agents responsible for the disease, Farmers Lung.
Renewable Energy Potential and Renewable Portfolio Standard Adoption

Thirty states have adopted renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) that set targets for renewable energy generation by mandating electric power utilities obtain a minimum percentage of their power from renewable sources. To date, there have been a number of studies that have consistently found that political and economic factors impact RPS adoption. There have also been studies that examine the impact of the amount of renewable energy potential in a state on the probability of RPS adoption, but results have largely been statistically weak and inconclusive. After controlling for political and economic factors, we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in wind potential is associated with an approximately 5.4-6.4 percentage point increase in the probability of having an RPS, and a one standard deviation increase in solar potential is associated with a 6.1-6.8 percentage point increase in the probability of having an RPS.
Low-Scaling Quantum Chemistry Approach to Excited-State Properties via an ab Initio Exciton Model: Application to Excitation Energy Transfer in a Self-Assembled Nanotube

We introduce a charge-embedding scheme for an excited-state quantum chemistry method aimed at weakly interacting molecular aggregates. The Hamiltonian matrix for the aggregate is constructed in a basis of direct products of configuration-state functions for the monomers, and diagonalization of this matrix affords excitation energies within ∼0.2 eV of the corresponding supersystem calculation. Both the basis states and the coupling matrix elements can be computed in a distributed way, resulting in an algorithm whose time-to-solution is independent of the number of chromophores, and we report calculations on systems with almost 55 000 basis functions using fewer than 450 processors. In a semiconducting organic nanotube, we find evidence of ultrafast, coherent dynamics followed by energy localization driven by static disorder. Truncation of the model system has a qualitative effect on the energy-transfer dynamics, demonstrating the importance of simulating an extended portion of the nanotube, which is not fe...
Helistroke: neurointerventionalist helicopter transport for interventional stroke treatment: proof of concept and rationale

Background and purpose It is increasingly recognized that time is one of the key determinants in acute stroke outcome when interventional stroke therapy is applied. With increasing device efficacy and understanding of imaging triage options, reducing pre-treatment time loss may be a critical component of improving interventional stroke outcomes for the population at large. Time sensitive procedures such as organ harvest have transported physicians to the patient site to improve time to procedure. Applying this same principle to interventional stroke management may be a valid paradigm. Methods Previous logistical deliberation with hospital and Medevac companies was carried out to provide the rationale and funding for helicopter transfer of a neurointerventionalist to an in-network hospital with an on-site angiographic suite. An appropriate patient with large vessel occlusion and an NIH Stroke Scale score >8 was identified. MRI was performed, then the Medevac transport system was activated and the intervention was carried out. Times were collected during the case and assessed for time efficiency. Results The proof of concept case was identified and Medevac was consulted at 12:13 after verifying that no in-house emergencies would prevent physician departure. Weather clearance was obtained and stroke intervention confirmed as a go at 12:24. Groin puncture occurred at 13:07 and the intervention was completed at 13:41. The total time from decision-to-treat to groin puncture was 43 min and groin closure was completed at 77 min from decision-to-treat. Conclusions This proof of concept case is presented for logistical, financial and use-case analysis. As it is a first case, times can likely be improved. We assert that this model may be another option in the spoke-and-hub design of stroke systems of care.
Spinal Cord Diseases

Diseases of the spinal cord can be devastating and cause considerable disability. The spinal cord anatomy is highly organized and is directly associated with the diverse clinical presentations associated with its pathology. Recent major breakthroughs in understanding the pathophysiology underlying spinal cord syndromes have led to improved diagnosis and highly effective and disease-specific treatments.
Improving Endoscopic Detection of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where Do We Stand?

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involving the colon are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Surveillance colonoscopy to detect dysplasia and early colorectal cancer is therefore one of the key elements of health care maintenance in IBD patients. In general, patients with left-sided or extensive colitis should have surveillance exams every 1–2 years starting 8 years after diagnosis. Dysplasia surveillance has typically involved taking four-quadrant random biopsies throughout the colon. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that targeted examination using chromoendoscopy (CE) increases the detection of dysplastic lesions compared to standard-definition white-light colonoscopy and is recommended by the SCENIC international consensus statement. CE is an enhanced visualization technique that involves spraying the colon with a contrast dye, typically methylene blue or indigo carmine. It remains to be definitively determined if CE is better than high-definition white-light colonoscopy and if removing lesions detected by CE leads to meaningful changes in long-term management and colorectal cancer risk.
Feminist Twitter and Gender Attitudes: Opportunities and Limitations to Using Twitter in the Study of Public Opinion:

In this study, the author tests whether one form of big data, tweets about feminism, provides a useful measure of public opinion about gender. Through qualitative and naive Bayes sentiment analysis...
White-Crowned Sparrow

Studies of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys, have been instrumental in advancing the understanding of song learning and the hormonal control of reproduction in birds. This article focuses on issues related to song learning and its consequences. Marler’s classic experiments on song learning in this species demonstrated that exposure to adult models is necessary for normal vocal development to occur. They also raised the possibility that song learning, and culturally inherited song dialects, may restrict gene flow among dialects and possibly influence the speciation process. Several controversial aspects of these results are discussed.