cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory Safety for Safety Critical Java

Memory is a key resource in computer systems. Safety-critical systems often must operate for long periods of time with limited available memory. Programmers must therefore take great care to use memory sparingly and avoid programming errors. This chapter introduces the memory management API of the Safety Critical Java specification and presents a static technique for ensuring memory safety.
Two-Photon Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies to Determine the Mechanism of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Uptake by Sweetpotato Roots during Postharvest Treatment.

The interaction of engineered nanoparticles with plant tissues is still not well understood. There is a lack of information about the effects of curing (postharvest treatment) and lignin content on copper uptake by sweetpotato roots exposed to copper-based nanopesticides. In this study, Beauregard-14 (lower lignin) and Covington (higher lignin) varieties were exposed to CuO nanoparticles (nCuO), bulk CuO (bCuO), and CuCl2 at 0, 25, 75, and 125 mg/L. Cured and uncured roots were submerged into copper suspensions/solutions for 30 min. Subsequently, root segments were sliced for imaging with a 2-photon microscope, while other root portions were severed into periderm, cortex, perimedulla, and medulla. They were individually digested and analyzed for Cu content by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Microscopy images showed higher fluorescence in periderm and cortex of roots exposed to nCuO, compared with bCuO. At 25 mg/L, only bCuO showed higher Cu concentration in the periderm and corte...
Transpersonal Transformative Experiences: Spiritual and Secular

Transpersonal experiences transcend oneâ€™s usual self-identity, and may transform a personâ€™s life. In this study, 25 on-line interviews were conducted with Filipinos who responded positively when asked if they had ever had a â€œlife-changing experience.â€ The Casto Spirituality Scoring System was used to determine which of these could be considered â€œspiritualâ€ in nature and which could be considered â€œsecular.â€ The results provide a means of determining which reported transpersonal transformative experiences would fall into each category. From this perspective, â€œtranspersonalâ€ and â€œspiritualâ€ are not synonyms, as someone can report a transpersonal experience that has little or no spiritual content.
Implementation of a targeted HPV educational program in a population with HIV.

Abstract Patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are at higher risk of developing human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies. This prospective, longitudinal study evaluated the baseline knowledge of PLWH regarding HPV infection and its association with head neck cancer, and it aimed to determine whether a focused educational session could promote both short- and long-term knowledge acquisition in this population. Twenty-seven subjects participated in an interactive educational session and completed pre-test and immediate and delayed (4-month) post-test questionnaires. When compared to their pre-test answers, subjects demonstrated significant improvements in all 28 questions immediately following education. Knowledge preservation was demonstrated 4 months after initial evaluation, with subjects performing significantly better than their pre-test scores in 24 of the original 28 questions. These results suggest that short, focused, educational programs for PLWH may promote a better understanding of HPV's association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HPV risk factors, methods of transmission, and prevention.
Inflammatory markers at baseline (C1) and cycle 3 (C3) and their association with clinical outcomes in urothelial cancer patients (pts) treated with immunotherapy (IO).

390Background: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been explored as biomarkers for response to IO. We investigated ...
Cardiac Muscle Membrane Stabilization in Myocardial Reperfusion Injury

Highlights •In myocardial ischemia, the integrity of the cardiac sarcolemma is severely stressed in the critical earliest moments upon reperfusion. Bolstering sarcolemma integrity improves myocyte survival. •This review focuses on cardiac sarcolemma stability and its role as a therapeutic target in ischemia-reperfusion injury. •Synthetic block copolymers have been shown to interface with the muscle membrane to confer membrane stabilization during stress. •Integrated multidisciplinary research teams, spanning cardiology, physiology, chemistry, and chemical engineering are essential to guide future mechanistic and translational studies of novel chemical-based membrane stabilizers for preserving viable heart muscle during ischemia-reperfusion injury in human patients.
Head, Proportional, or Progressive Taxation: An Evaluation Based on Jewish and Christian Ethics

Following a theoretical prologue that seeks to define and critically understand the moral logics that support head, proportionate and progressive taxation, I examine the presence of each of these taxing options in Jewish and Christian thinking. Beginning with the Hebrew Bible this examination proceeds to the texts and practices of classical (Talmudic) Judaism, the Christian New Testament, and the later Jewish, Roman Catholic, and Protestant teachings that derive from these key textual resources. I conclude that while there are significant differences within and between these traditions, and while each type of taxation has a presence, the advocacy of progressive taxation as a means of serving the least-off members of society and promoting social equality and opportunity is a leitmotif of the biblically informed religious traditions.
A Skin-Mountable Bacteria-Powered Battery System for Self-Powered Medical Devices

Biochemical energy harvesting from human sweat is arguably the most underdeveloped because of immature technologies. Nonetheless, excitement is building for scavenging power from sweat, as it is the most suitable energy source for skin-contacting wearable devices. Despite the vast potential and promise of sweat-driven power generation, the technique is limited to unstable and inefficient enzymatic catalysis, which requires fundamental breakthroughs to enable self-sustaining, long-lived power generation. Here, we for the first time demonstrate the ability to generate an innovative, practical, and longstanding power from human sweat by using the metabolisms of human skin-inhabiting bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Our sweat-powered battery was based on microbial fuel cells (MFCs), exploiting the sweat-eating bacteria as a biocatalyst to transform the chemical energy of sweat into electrical power through bacterial metabolism. A DC/DC booster circuit was connected to the stacked devices to increase the operational voltage (∼500 mV) to a maximum output of >3 V for powering a thermometer.
Chapter Nine – Multiprocessor Virtualization

Publisher Summary This chapter examines various ways in which large multiprocessor servers can be adapted to provide multiple virtual multiprocessor platforms to various users. It shows how different forms of virtualization handle the task of isolating virtual machines from each other while still providing the benefits of sharing resources. Some of these solutions, such as physical partitioning, are superior at isolating virtual machines from hardware failures, while others, especially the codesigned hardware-software approaches, excel in the degree of flexibility they provide in the allocation of resources to the virtual machines. The biggest impediment to the adoption of new instruction set architectures is the existence of large bodies of application programs in binary form for the existing ISAs. Large multiprocessor systems of today are usually homogeneous—they incorporate processors that all execute the same ISA in their native mode. For most organizations, consolidating to a large multiprocessing system with one ISA will still leave a significant number of important applications in platforms of other ISAs that need to be supported, at least until they are ported to the native ISA. Hence, virtualization of these other platforms will remain an important subject, at least until a more widespread adoption of platform-independent languages, such as Java, and platform-independent operating systems, such as Linux. It has been witnessed that efficiently emulating applications of one ISA on another, while already difficult for uniprocessor platforms, is quite daunting in the case of multiprocessor systems, especially when there are incompatibilities in the memory consistency model. It is likely that new techniques will be developed, particularly exploiting thread-level parallelism, to improve the performance of emulating one ISA on another.
First Report of the Special Rapporteur on Crimes against Humanity

In the field of international law, three core crimes generally make up the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals: war crimes; genocide; and crimes against humanity. Only two of these crimes (war crimes and genocide) are the subject of a global treaty that requires States to prevent and punish such conduct and to cooperate among themselves toward those ends. By contrast, there is no such treaty dedicated to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity.Yet crimes against humanity may be more prevalent than either genocide or war crimes. Such crimes may occur in situations not involving armed conflict and do not require the special intent that is necessary for establishing genocide. Moreover, treaties focused on prevention, punishment, and inter-State cooperation exist for many far less egregious offences, such as corruption, bribery, or organized crime. While some treaties address offenses that under certain conditions might also constitute crimes against humanity, such as State-sponsored torture or enforced disappearance of persons, those treaties do not address crimes against humanity as such.At its sixty-sixth session in 2014, the U.N. International Law Commission decided to place the topic “crimes against humanity” on its program of work and to appoint a Special Rapporteur. The purpose of this First Report of the Special Rapporteur is to address the potential benefits of developing draft articles that might serve as the basis of an international convention on crimes against humanity. Further, this report provides general background with respect to the emergence of the concept of crimes against humanity as an aspect of international law, its application by international courts and tribunals, and its incorporation in the national laws of some States. Ultimately, this report proposes two initial draft articles for such a convention: one on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity and the other on the definition of such crimes.
Blockade of the Short Form of Prolactin Receptor Induces FOXO3a/EIF-4EBP1-Mediated Cell Death in Uterine Cancer.

Abnormal activity of human prolactin (PRL) and its membrane-associated receptor (PRLR) contribute to the progression of uterine carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood, and current means of targeting the PRL/PRLR axis in uterine cancer are limited. Our integrated analyses using TCGA and GTEx databases demonstrated that a short form of PRLR (PRLR_SF) is the isoform predominantly expressed in human uterine cancers; expression of this PRLR_SF was elevated in uterine cancers in comparison to cancer-free uterine tissues. We hypothesized that the overexpression of PRLR_SF in uterine cancer cells contributes, in part, to the oncogenic activity of the PRL/PRLR axis. Next, we employed G129R, an antagonist of human PRL, to block the PRL/PRLR axis in both PTENwt and PTENmut orthotopic mouse models of uterine cancer. In comparison with control groups, treatment with G129R as monotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel resulted in a significant reduction of growth and progression of orthotopic uterine tumors. Results from protein profiling of uterine cancer cells and in vivo tumors revealed a set of new downstream targets for G129R. Besides, our results showed that G129R induced G0/G1 arrest, decreased nascent protein synthesis, and initiated FOXO3a/EIF-4EBP1-mediated cell death in both PTENwt and PTENmut uterine cancer cells. Collectively, our results show a unique pattern of PRLR_SF expression predominantly in uterine cancer. Moreover, FOXO3a and EIF-4EBP1 are important mediators of cell death following G129R treatment in uterine cancer models.
The effects of bilingual Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) on exercise in bilingual international university students

Abstract Promoting physical activity is a crucial public health priority. Interventions that use applied behavior analytic procedures (ABA) such as contingency management and self-management have shown promise for facilitating physical activity. However, additional research is needed to advance innovation, particularly with respect to interventions that work through indirect-acting contingencies. Among these innovative models of behavior intervention, Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) has received increased attention and empirical support. Previous research has provided evidence that ACT can increase exercise but previous ACT studies have generally used group designs, which makes it difficult to carefully consider the effects of the intervention at the level of the individual participant, the level at which ACT trainers and therapists work. The present study evaluated a bilingual, five-week, one-on-one ACT-based coaching program for increasing exercise in bilingual international university students. After receiving the ACT intervention, all four participants increased their average daily steps, gym visits, and gym duration significantly and gains maintained after intervention was terminated. The results of this study suggest that an ACT-based bilingual coaching program of moderate duration can be effective for increasing exercise in bilingual university students.
46 Year Old Female with Multiple Slightly Eroded Reddish Papules on Her Arm

A 46-year-old female presented with a growth on the superior right arm that had been present for 9 months. The patient had a history of a cholecystectomy and tubal ligation. A lipoma was noted on a past physical exam, but was not removed. She was in prison 5 years ago where she contracted tuberculosis, but failed to complete course of antibiotics prescribed.
Modifying the Surface Chemistry and Nanostructure of Carbon Nanotubes Facilitates the Detection of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Gases

The benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) compounds currently utilized in many building materials and paints have been linked to deleterious health effects, and thus, monitoring the presence of these ...
Head injury and neuropsychiatric sequelae in asylum seekers

Objective Asylum seekers experience a high burden of physical and psychological trauma, yet there is a scarcity of literature regarding the epidemiology and sequelae of head injury (HI) in asylum seekers. We examined HI prevalence and association with neuropsychiatric comorbidities in asylum seekers. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed through review of 139 medical affidavits from an affidavit database. Affidavits written from 2010 to 2018 were included. Demographic and case-related data were collected and classified based on the presence of HI. For neuropsychiatric sequelae, the primary study outcome was headache and the secondary outcomes were depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between HI and neuropsychiatric sequelae, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 139 medical affidavits of asylum seekers were included. The mean age was 27.4 ± 12.1 years, 56.8% were female, and 38.8% were Conclusions We observed a high prevalence of HI in asylum seekers. Comprehensive screening for HI and neuropsychiatric comorbidities is encouraged when evaluating asylum seekers.
AI Solution for Metrology Recipe Automation

The proposed paper presents the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a solution to perform wafer map sampling and measurement points’ coordinates extraction for Metrology recipe automation in a wafer fab. This solution greatly improves fab operation efficiency and reliability by reducing engineering time while also providing systematic data for downstream analyses. In this paper we use AI solution to solve the
The embodied precarity of year-round agricultural work: health and safety risks among Latino/a immigrant dairy farmworkers in New York

This paper analyzes how industrial agricultural production and an exclusionary immigration regime produce an embodied form of precarity among an undocumented immigrant labor force in the New York dairy industry, a much-celebrated engine of rural economic growth. In this industry, immigrant workers settle for years at a time, forming ethnic enclaves from which employers source workers for low-wage, exhausting, dangerous, year-round jobs. While much of the literature on migrant worker precarity has focused on temporary, insecure, flexible, and informal workers, this paper adds to this literature by analyzing how the permanence and regularity of dairy farming shape the embodied dimensions of worker precarity. The analysis shows how ‘everyday deportability’ (De Genova in Migrant “illegality” and deportability in everyday life. Annu Rev Anthropol 31(1):419–447, 2002), a weak regulatory structure, and the particularities of the production process combine to shape severe forms of physical risk to immigrant working bodies in the dairy industry. Findings are based on a qualitative study with current and former Latino/a dairy farmworkers between 2011 and 2015. This paper contributes to theorizing worker precarity in agricultural workplaces under the ongoing neoliberal restructuring of the global agri-food system.
ROAMM: A customizable and interactive smartwatch platform for patient-generated health data

Older citizens experience a large number of falls and hospitalizations per year throughout the world. These intervening health events (IHEs) such as falls/injuries, illnesses, hospitalizations, are strong precipitants of disability in older adults. They are episodic in nature, extremely difficult to study, and require continuous and long-term monitoring. Wearable technologies with remote capabilities are an ideal solution for capturing information before and after such events. This work presents the ROAMM campaign platform for harnessing sensor and interface capabilities on smart wearables to provide customizable, affordable, and versatile health monitoring that leads to practical remote-based interventions. The platform is flexible, efficient, and scalable for concurrently running multiple studies, each of which consists of patient-reported outcomes, ecological momentary assessments and mental health-related patient responses. Additionally, the system is able to capture and derive ecological, momentary assessments of pain with concurrent mobility tracking that allows life-space mobility ascertainment. The platform supports multiple watches, and we show implementations on both the Samsung Galaxy and Apple series of smartwatches.
Regulation of G-protein Activation in Retinal Rods by Phosducin

G-proteins shuttle signaling information between a vast array of seven transmembrane helical receptors to intracellular effectors (1). Effectors determine the concentration of important second messenger molecules in the cell such as cyclic nucleotides, inositol phosphates and Ca2+. It is the concentration of these second messengers that determines the ultimate response of the cell to a stimulus, whether it be cell growth, differentiation or death, neuronal signaling, the rate of heart muscle contraction, or a number of other responses.
The Transient Temperature Distribution in a Wing Flying at Supersonic Speeds

The motion of a vehicle a t high supersonic speeds results in a large nonuniform temperature rise within the vehicle. Several new problems, such as the magnitudes of the thermal stresses and of the aerodynamic deflections caused by this nonuniform temperature distribution, must be solved by the designer. These problems depend, in turn, on accurate prediction of this transient temperature distribution. The calculation of the transient temperature distribution is illustrated for the case of a thin wedge-shaped wing or airfoil subjected to constant acceleration from Mach Numbers of 1.4 to 6. The calculation depends strongly on the state of the ar t relative to heat transfer at supersonic speeds; as a result, the calculations may be systematically in error because of the lack of data in this art. A long and laborious numerical method of solution of the differential equation for heat flow in two dimensions with boundary conditions dependent on time is presented, and the resultant temperature distributions in the wing are given in chart form. In this solution the spanwise heat flow is assumed to be negligible. The results indicated that the heat-flow problem could be reduced to one-dimensional heat flow in the direction normal to the chord without sacrifice of accuracy for a wing with a maximum thickness ratio of less than 10 per cent. A shorter numerical method of solution of the differential equation for heat flow in one dimension—normal to the chord—is presented. I t is shown that this method yields temperature distributions that are in excellent agreement with those calculated by the method for two-dimensional heat flow. This shorter method was used to investigate the effects of changes in the coefficients of heat transfer and in the values of the acceleration. I t is shown that this shorter numerical method of solution is applicable to the general case of a thin airfoil, provided the variation of the local coefficient of heat transfer with time is available.
Feeding injury of the azalea lace bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae).

Azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), feeding rates were investigated in controlled laboratory bioassays. Individual newly-eclosed nymphs were transferred to cut stems of ‘Girard's Rose’ azaleas and maintained at either 20°C for 26°C for the duration of their lifetimes. Feeding rates, determined using computer assisted image area analysis, were calculated for both nymphs and adults. In both trials, females caused significantly more feeding injury per day than males. However, the overall amount of injury inflicted during lace bug lifetimes was similar for males and females at both temperatures. During adulthood, feeding injury by individual lace bugs resulted in a mean (±SD) of 6.35 ± 4.61 cm2 leaf area injury at 20°C and 3.93 ± 2.06 cm2 leaf area injury at 26°C. Nymphal feeding was a small fraction of the injury inflicted by the adults and averaged 0.43 ±0.15 cm2 at 20°C and 0.30 ±0.10 cm2 at 26°C. The determination of azalea lace bug feeding-injury potential is critical to the development of de...
Transport systems for galactose and galactosides in Escherichia coli: I. Genetic determination and regulation of the methyl-galactoside permease

Four transport systems for galactose and galactosides in Escherichia coli are known. The results presented here show that the gene, P-MG , determining one of these, the methyl-galactoside permease, is linked to the His marker on the bacterial chromosome. In addition, evidence for a regulator gene controlling the inducibility of this sytem is given. This regulator gene, R-MG , is distinct from regulator genes of both the Lac and Gal operons. It can be co-transduced with Gal by the phage λ.
Homologous, Orthologous and Paralogous Genes

Orthology and paralogy are two different types of homology, depending on whether the genes in question derive from a duplication event or a speciation event. Keywords: common ancestry; gene duplication; speciation
Collaborative Resilience to Episodic Shocks and Surprises: A Very Long-Term Case Study of Zanjera Irrigation in the Philippines 1979–2010

This thirty-year case study uses surveys, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis to examine the adaptive capacity of Zanjera San Marcelino, an indigenous irrigation management system in the northern Philippines. This common pool resource (CPR) system exists within a turbulent social-ecological system (SES) characterized by episodic shocks such as large typhoons as well as novel surprises, such as national political regime change and the construction of large dams. The Zanjera nimbly responded to these challenges, although sometimes in ways that left its structure and function substantially altered. While a partial integration with the Philippine National Irrigation Agency was critical to the Zanjera's success, this relationship required on-going improvisation and renegotiation. Over time, the Zanjera showed an increasing capacity to learn and adapt. A core contribution of this analysis is the integration of a CPR study within an SES framework to examine resilience, made possible the occurrence of a wide range of challenges to the Zanjera's function and survival over the long period of study. Long-term analyses like this one, however rare, are particularly useful for understanding the adaptive and transformative dimensions of resilience.
A neural network for classifying clicks of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon Densirostris)

Beaked whales are difficult to detect visually, and researchers have thus proposed using acoustic detection and classification. Because of the large data volumes often involved in acoustic detection and classification, automatic methods are often used. Here a neural network classification method is investigated. Using backpropagation, a feedforward neural network with one hidden layer was trained to classify clicks of Blainville's beaked whales and other odontocetes recorded in the Bahamas. Training and testing data consisted of approximately 1600 Blainville's beaked whale clicks and 3100 clicks from other odontocetes. Networks with 2-10 hidden units were trained and tested, with performance curves (ROC curves) calculated at several levels of signal-to-noise ratio. Results for most networks were quite good when compared with previous classification efforts, with less than 3% errors in both the wrong-classification and missed-call categories. Future work includes testing the network on sounds recorded in different noise backgrounds and from other populations of Blainville's beaked whales, and combining it with a detector and evaluating the joint performance.
The genome of poliovirus is an exceptional eukaryotic mRNA.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that the mRNA of poliovirus, when isolated from polyribosomes of infected HeLa cells, is not “capped’ with m 7 G(5')ppp(5')Np. Implications of this finding are discussed. Evidence is presented suggesting that poliogenome RNA, but not polio mRNA, is covalently linked to a small protein. The chapter discusses that the primary structure of a species of mRNA determines its unique function in translation. Structural features common to mRNAs indicate functions shared by mRNAs. Such a common structure is the “capping group” [m 7 G( 5')ppp(5')Np], which has been found at the 5' end of most eukaryotic mRNAs and has been implicated in protein chain initiation and the genome and mRNA of poliovirus. The RNA in poliovirus is a plus-strand and it serves as mRNA immediately after infection. One of several proteins synthesized in the infected cell is a virus-specific RNA polymerase that, together with the incoming genome RNA, forms a replication complex. It also reviews that newly synthesized progeny RNA serves as template in replication, or as mRNA in translation, or may enter the pool of RNA, which is encapsidated.
Optimal and efficient stochastic motion planning in partially-known environments

A framework capable of computing optimal control policies for a continuous system in the presence of both action and environment uncertainty is presented in this work. The framework decomposes the planning problem into two stages: an offline phase that reasons only over action uncertainty and an online phase that quickly reacts to the uncertain environment. Offline, a bounded-parameter Markov decision process (BMDP) is employed to model the evolution of the stochastic system over a discretization of the environment. Online, an optimal control policy over the BMDP is computed. Upon the discovery of an unknown environment feature during policy execution, the BMDP is updated and the optimal control policy is efficiently recomputed. Depending on the desired quality of the control policy, a suite of methods is presented to incorporate new information into the BMDP with varying degrees of detail online. Experiments confirm that the framework recomputes high-quality policies in seconds and is orders of magnitude faster than existing methods.
Overconfidence in ignorant experts

When asked true-false questions that were too difficult to be answered correctly at better than a chance frequency, subjects often guessed in preference to admitting ignorance and often expressed certainty in the correctness of their answers. These tendencies were strongly correlated with the degree of expertise the subject believed himself to have in the area in which the question was asked. Under certain presumably ego-threatening conditions, subjects contradicted by answering “false” appreciably more often than they agreed by answering “true, ” although half the questions were, in fact, true and half were false.
Pedagogical Rules and Their Relationship to Frequency in the Input: Observational and Empirical Data from L2 French.

Corpus-based research has shown that the frequency of use of particular grammatical structures and lexis in English is not always congruent with the content or ordering of explicit rules in pedagogical materials. The present study provides an additional example from French, focusing on word-order rules related to adjective position and the (in)congruity of those rules with classroom input and texts written for and by native French speakers. In addition, it demonstrates how this (in)congruity leads to a particular, and particularly nonnativelike, performance on the part of even highly proficient L1 English-speaking learners in their evaluation of the acceptability of contextualized French sentences. This state of affairs leads us to re-examine the debate surrounding native speaker usage as both the basis of pedagogical norms and the goal of foreign language instruction.
Upper-ocean water mass characteristics of the California current, Summer 1993

Abstract Two large, high-resolution upper-ocean surveys of the California Current region were conducted in the summer of 1993. Temperature and salinity were measured from a Seasoar vehicle, and velocity was measured by a ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler. Both surveys extended from the continental margin to 128°W, and consisted of zonal sections 28 km apart. The first survey (7–28 June) extended from 39.5°N to 36.25°N, and the second (16 August to 1 September) extended from 39.0°N to 37.0°N. The current field was fairly simple in June, showing an equatorward surface jet with only one gentle meander, a nearly continuous poleward California Undercurrent near the continental margin, and two anticyclonic subsurface eddies offshore of the jet. By August meanders in the surface jet had strengthened, and eddies dominated the flow field. Large-scale trends in the water-mass characteristics (“spiciness”) along three isopycnal surfaces (26.4, 26.0 and 25.6 kg m -3 ) show that temperature and salinity tend to increase towards the equator and towards shore, consistent with poleward advection along the continental margin. Local minima in spiciness tend to coincide with the equatorward surface jet. Local maxima in spiciness are associated with subsurface anticyclonic eddies which have a core depth of about 150 m, and seem to originate in the California Undercurrent over the continental slope at local latitudes. We identified several different anticyclonic eddies, each with different water-mass characteristics; all of the eddies we observed had diameters larger than the baroclinic radius of deformation. Water-mass characteristics and migration rates are consistent with formation over the continental margin within the preceding 6–8 months.
Local knowledge and rural mental health reform.

Rural mental health care reform has failed to recognize that service utilization and access is guided by the meaning and explanations that rural dwellers ascribe to symptoms and treatments for mental illness. These meanings and explanations are described here as local knowledge. It is argued that planning for reform in rural mental health service delivery must take into account the local knowledge and explanations for mental illness and its treatment in order to improve rural metnal health.
Programmable Optoelectronic Multiprocessors And Their Comparison With Symbolic Substitution For Digital Optical Computing

This paper introduces programmable arrays of optically inter-connected electronic processors and compares them with conventional symbolic substitution (SS) systems. The comparison is made on the basis of computational efficiency, speed, size, energy utilization, programmability, and fault tolerance. The small grain size and space-invariant connections of SS lead to poor computational efficiency, difficult programming, and difficult incorporation of fault tolerance. Reliance on optical gates as its fundamental building elements is shown to give poor energy utilization. Programmable optoelectronic multiprocessor (POEM) systems, on the other hand, provide the architectural flexibility for good computational efficiency, use an energy-efficient combination of technologies, and support traditional programming methodologies and fault tolerance. Although the inherent clock speed of POEM systems is slower than that of SS systems, for most problems they will provide greater computational throughput. This comparison does not take into account the recent addition of crossover interconnect and space-variant masks to the SS architecture.
Prices, Devices, People, or Rules: The Relative Effectiveness of Policy Instruments in Water Conservation1

Water conservation policy is a natural laboratory for addressing general issues of relevance to policy analysis and public administration, particularly the relative effectiveness of policies in changing human behavior. Using multivariate regression analysis of a dataset comprised of more than 200,000 monthly observations of more than 19,000 household accounts over six years, this paper makes three main contributions. First, it contributes to the substantive area of water conservation policy by analyzing what works. Second, it contributes to our understanding of generic policy instruments. Third, it raises an important issue regarding standard assumptions about selection bias. The results support earlier work warning that offsetting behavior can negate engineering solutions to policy problems, but further indicate that adding communication to engineering solutions can create cooperation that overcomes offsetting behavior. They also provide evidence that appropriate regulation can be effective, and that pricing can be effective even when price elasticities of demand are low.
Yield and some morphological properties of newly introduced Italian rice varieties grown in Macedonia

This paper presents the results of investigation of three newly introduced Italian rice varieties Brio, Ellebi and Opale , in comparison with two standards P rima riska and R-76/6 . The field experiment (randomised block system) was conducted during 2010 and 2011 under the agro-ecological conditions of Kocani region. The paddy rice yield, stem height, panicle length and number of productive tillers per m 2 were analysed. In both years of investigation, the paddy rice yield of the standard variety R-76/6 as well as the introduced Brio , Ellebi and Opale varieties was significantly lower compared with standard P rima riska variety. Тhe stem height of the Italian rice varieties was significantly shorter in comparison with standard varieties, in both years of testing. In general, according to the results obtained in this investigation, the newly introduced varieties: Brio , Ellebi and Opale could be included in the rice breeding programmes, especially for breeding short stem rice varieties.
Least squares with non-normal data: estimating experimental variance functions

Contrary to popular belief, the method of least squares (LS) does not require that the data have normally distributed (Gaussian) error for its validity. One practically important application of LS fitting that does not involve normal data is the estimation of data variance functions (VFE) from replicate statistics. If the raw data are normal, sampling estimates s2 of the variance σ2 are χ2 distributed. For small degrees of freedom, the χ2 distribution is strongly asymmetrical – exponential in the case of three replicates, for example. Monte Carlo computations for linear variance functions demonstrate that with proper weighting, the LS variance-function parameters remain unbiased, minimum-variance estimates of the true quantities. However, the parameters are strongly non-normal – almost exponential for some parameters estimated from s2 values derived from three replicates, for example. Similar LS estimates of standard deviation functions from estimated s values have a predictable and correctable bias stemming from the bias inherent in s as an estimator of σ. Because s2 and s have uncertainties proportional to their magnitudes, the VFE and SDFE fits require weighting as s−4 and s−2, respectively. However, these weights must be evaluated on the calculated functions rather than directly from the sampling estimates. The computation is thus iterative but usually converges in a few cycles, with remaining ‘weighting’ bias sufficiently small as to be of no practical consequence.
HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with limited therapeutic options, a high recurrence rate and mortality. Standard therapy is maximal surgical resection and radiotherapy (RT). Recent data suggest combining temozolomide with RT is better than RT alone. Adjuvant chemotherapy has a modest impact on survival. For relapsed patients there is no standard therapy, but options include chemotherapeutic agents or new agents in development. One approach to improve outcome is using targeted agents that interfere with cell-surface receptors or intracellular signaling pathways. Between 40% and 50% of GBM tumors show HER1/EGFR dysregulation, and almost half co-express the constitutively active mutant receptor subtype EGFRvIII, which may contribute to the aggressive and refractory course of GBM. Numerous studies show a relationship between aberrant HER1/EGFR biology and tumorigenicity in GBM cells. Two available HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are gefitinib (Iressa®) and erlotinib (Tarceva™); both show antitumor and radiosensitization effects in vitro and in animal models of GBM. Clinical trials in patients with GBM and other gliomas are ongoing. Preliminary and published results from trials of gefitinib in recurrent GBM show no increased time to progression or overall survival (OS) compared with historical controls. Studies with erlotinib show greater antitumor activity in patients with GBM than with gefitinib, although the impact of both agents on OS remains unclear. GBM treatment with HER1/EGFR TKIs alone or combined with other targeted therapies and conventional modalities deserve further investigation and refinement, as does our understanding of their mechanisms of action and the role of genetics.
Growth and fermentation model for alginate-entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A model of growth and fermentation for alginate-entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The model is based on Peringer's rate equations (Peringer, P.; et al. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp.1973, 4, 27–42), developed for glucose-repressed cultures of suspended cells at varying dissolved oxygen concentrations, and was fitted to estimates of growth and fermentation rates for immobilized cells obtained through a combination of experimental measurements and reaction-diffusion analysis. Immobilized cell fermentation data with alginate beads in suspension compared well with simulations of reaction and diffusion in a similar system incorporating the proposed growth-fermentation model. In view of these findings, the model was further applied to the simulation of transient and steady-state operation of a packed-bed immobilized cell biore-actor. Results about the effect of operating parameters on bioreactor performance are presented, and implications regarding system design and operation for optimal overall performance are discussed.
Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy

Researchers are currently seeking antecedents of psychopathy among children and adolescents. Instruments developed for this purpose are likely to be used in the future in ways that may have serious implications for youths in delinquency and criminal cases. In this regard, and because the concept and measurement of psychopathy have been developed in reference to adults, there is reason to be concerned about potential developmental sources of false positives when measuring psychopathic traits in juvenile offenders. We provide the basis for our concern, as well as standards regarding the types of research evidence that should be provided before psychopathy measures are accepted for use in juvenile forensic assessments.
Effect of tyramine on myocardial catecholamine release in coronary heart disease.

Abstract The influence of tyramine on myocardial catecholamine release and on coronary blood flow has not previously been determined in man. Therefore, the effect of tyramine was measured on coronary and systemic hemodynamics and on norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine levels in blood from the aorta and coronary sinus in 9 patients with coronary artery disease. Tyramine produced a striking increase in coronary sinus NE, from a baseline of 344 ± 56 to a peak level of 1416 ± 310 pg/ml (p p
The ethical implications of the deconstruction of gender

This article explores the utility of current feminist scholarship for rethinking the ethical subject and its prospects for moral agency. Specifically it employs and appropriates Judith Butler's early insights on the deconstruction of gender wherein she makes explicit connections between gender binarism and subject formation. I make the case that by deconstructing the social institution of gender we can also dismantle the epistemological power of the binary paradigm. My goal is to find some moral possibilities in the midst of highly abstract theory about subject formation. In a rather unorthodox reading of Butler, I suggest that we can combine the potential of a poststructural analysis of subject formation with a feminist preference for egalitarianism. The result is a modified moral subject that finds both its constraints and its agency in the material world. This compromised moral agent can serve as a starting point for rethinking ethics in a postmoral context.
Plasmonic nanopillar arrays for optical trapping, biosensing, and spectroscopy

In this work, we propose a unique plasmonic substrate that combine the strength of localized and extended surface plasmons for optical trapping, spectroscopy and biosensing, all in the same platform. The system is based on periodic arrays of gold nanopillars fabricated on a thin gold sheet. The proposed periodic structure exhibits high refractive index sensitivities, as large as 675 nm/RIU which is highly desirable for biosensing applications. The spectrally sharp resonances, we determine a figure of merit, as large as 112.5. The nanopillar array also supports easily accessible high near-field enhancements, as large as 10.000 times, for surface enhanced spectroscopy. The plasmonic hot spots with high intensity enhancement lead to large gradient forces, 350 pN/W/μm 2 , needed for optical trapping applications.
Determination of pyrimidine dimers in DNA by high-performance liquid chromatography/gas chromatography and electron capture detection.

Exposure of DNA to uv radiation results in the formation of a number of photoproducts including the cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers. At low uv fluences the concentrations of these dimeric compounds are only a small fraction of the corresponding DNA pyrimidine concentration (e.g., as low as 0.02% or less of the total thymine content). Sensitive methods of analysis are therefore required for accurate determinations. Analytical methodology based upon HPLC fractionation and electrophore labeling followed by GC/electron capture detection (ECD) has been developed to quantitate these species. Separation of thymine-thymine, thymine-uracil, and uracil-uracil from the monomeric bases and from other constituents present in acid-hydrolyzed DNA is achieved by reversed-phase HPLC. Isolation of the dimeric fractions is followed by off-line derivatization to form pentafluorobenzyl products for analysis by GC/ECD. All active hydrogens are alkylated, yielding products with high response factors and detection limits in the low femtomole range. The overall analytical scheme for the determination of pyrimidine dimers in DNA is presented.
Household density among undocumented Mexican immigrants in New York City.

Background High household density increases exposure to communicable diseases, psychological distress in adults, and poor long-term health in children. High residential density, which may be a mediator of poor health, is common among immigrants. Methods We used data from a pilot survey among Mexican immigrants in New York City. Respondents were recruited through venue-based sampling in neighborhoods with large Mexican populations. Results Among respondents that reported being undocumented (N = 404), the mean number of people per room (PPR) of residence was 2.2. In multivariate analyses, living in conditions of >2 PPR was positively associated with living with one’s children (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.4–3.9), having experienced food insecurity in the past 6 months (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.6), and language discrimination (OR = 2.3 compared to other forms of discrimination, 95% CI = 1.2–4.4). Conclusions Undocumented Mexican immigrants, particularly those who are linguistically marginalized and experience food insufficiency, live in conditions of marked household density in NYC.
A theoretical model of Aquifex pyrophilus flagellin: implications for its thermostability

Aquifex pyrophilus is a flagellated hyperthermophilic eubacterial species that grows optimally at 85°C. The thermostable A. pyrophilus flagellar filament is primarily composed of a single protein called flagellin (FlaA). The N- and C-terminal sequence regions of FlaA are important for self-assembly and share high sequence similarity with mesophilic bacterial flagellins. We have developed a predictive 3D-structure of FlaA, using the published structure of mesophilic Salmonella typhimurium flagellin (FliC) as a template and analyzed it with respect to possible determinants of thermostability. A sequence comparison of FlaA and FliC revealed a +7.0% increase in FlaA hydrophobic residues, a +0.6% increase in charged residues and a corresponding decrease of −6.0% in polar residues. The FlaA N- and C-termini also have higher proportions of hydrophobic and charged residues at the expense of polar residues and higher non-polar surface areas. Thus, a predominant stabilizing factor in FlaA appears to be increased hydrophobicity, which often confers greater rigidity to proteins. Fewer intramolecular ion pairs were observed in FlaA than FliC, although an increase in the positive charge potential of the FlaA D0 and D1 domains was also observed; increased intermolecular salt bridges may also contribute to the thermal stability of the oligomeric flagellar fiber.