cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leukemia cutis treated with total skin irradiation

An infant with acute monoblastic leukemia who presented with an extramedullary mass and involvement of the bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, and skin is described. After achieving remission, she later developed a relapse that was isolated in the skin. Superficial electron beam irradiation to the total skin surface was administered as therapy for the relapse. She remains in remission 12 months following this treatment. The isolated nature of the skin relapse, in addition to the fact that the relapse did not involve a previously irradiated field, suggests that the skin may have harbored the leukemic cells since the time of diagnosis. Cytogenetic data is presented that lends further support to this hypothesis.
Deorthogonalization of atomic originals in the CNDO approach

The procedure for deorthogonalization (D) of atomic orbitals in the semiempirical CNDO approach is reviewed. For comparative studies, CNDO/2, CNDO/2D, and STO-3G calculations of molecular dipole moments and Mulliken populations are carried out on 35 prototype molecules containing H, C, N, O, and F atoms. The calculated values are assessed on the basis of how well they agree with experimental trends, chemical bonding theories, and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) values. Results of analyses indicate that the CNDO/2D values for dipole moments are in reasonable agreement with experimental values, and those for net atomic charges and electron populations bear greater resemblance to the ab initio (STO-3G and 6-31G**) values than the original CNDO/2 values. These findings, together with those of previous investigators, demonstrate unequivocally the advantages of incorporating deorthogonalization into routine CNDO/2 or INDO calculations as a means to obtain reasonable estimates of charge distributions.
Minnesota nurses' study: Perceptions of violence and the work environment

Work-related violence is an important problem worldwide, and nurses are at increased risk. This study identified rates of violence against nurses in Minnesota, USA, and their perceptions of the work environment. A sample of 6,300 randomly selected nurses described their experience with work-related violence in the previous year. Differences in perceptions of the work environment and work culture were assessed, based on a nested case-control study, comparing nurses who experienced assault to non-assaulted nurses. Annual rates of physical and non-physical assault, per 100 nurses, were 13.2 (95% CI: 12.2-14.3), and 38.8 (95% CI: 37.4-40.4). Cases were more likely than controls to report: higher levels of work stress; that assault was an expected part of the job; witnessing all types of patient-perpetrated violence in the previous month; and taking corrective measures against work-related assault. Controls versus cases were more likely to perceive higher levels of morale, respect and trust among personnel, and that administrators took action against assault. Nurses frequently experienced work-related violence, and perceptions of the work environment differed between nurses who had experienced physical assault, and those who had not. Employee safety, morale, and retention are particularly important in light of the nursing shortage, and knowledge of nurses' perceptions will assist in tailoring interventions aimed at reducing the substantial risk of physical assault in health care settings.
The molecular mechanism and potential dependence of the Na+/glucose cotransporter

Activity of the Na+/glucose cotransporter endogenously expressed in LLC-PK1 cells was measured using whole cell recording techniques under three different sodium concentration conditions: 1) externally saturating, zero trans; 2) 40 mM external, zero trans; and 3) externally saturating, 50 mM trans. Activity of the transporter with increasing concentrations of sugar was measured for each set of conditions, from which the maximal current for saturating sugar, Im, was determined. The Im measured shows substantial potential dependence for each set of conditions. The absolute Im and the relative potential dependence of Im compared among the various solute conditions were used to identify which loci in the transport cycle are responsible for potential-dependent changes in function. The experimental data were compared with the predicted Im values calculated from an eight-state, sequential, reversible model of a transport reaction kinetic scheme. Predictions derived from assignment of rate limitation and/or potential dependence to each of the 16 transitions in the transport pathway were derived and compared with the measured data. Most putative models were dismissed because of lack of agreement with the measured data, indicating that several steps along the transport pathway are not rate limiting and/or not potential dependent. Only two models were found that can completely account for the measured data. In one case, translocation of the free carrier must be rate limiting, and both extracellular sodium-binding events as well as translocation of both free and fully loaded carrier forms must be potential-dependent transitions. In the second case, translocation of the free carrier and dissociation of the first sodium to be released intracellularly must be equivalently rate limiting. In this case only the two translocation events are required to be potential dependent. The two external sodium-binding events might still be potential dependent, but this is not required to fit the data. Previous reports suggest that the first model is correct; however, no direct experimental data compel us to dismiss the second option as a feasible model.
Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma

The variation in the levels of intraocu­ lar pressure required to produce charac­ teristic visual field defects in susceptible individuals means that susceptibility rather than pressure is primary. Whether that susceptibility factor has to do with ischemia of a vascular origin or other factors associated with the circulation to the optic disk region is unknown. An important observation offered by those who favor the mechanical concept of vis­ ual loss in glaucoma is that, even in cases of soft, or low-tension, glaucoma, the in­ traocular pressure is invariably increased at some time, however infrequently. This observation simply means that the tissues of patients with low pressures as compared to tissues of patients with high­ er pressures reflect a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference. Again, it is the susceptibility of the tissue that re­ quires further study. Circulatory physiology of the optic nerve—Gafner and Goldmann defined visual loss in the glaucomatous eye. They theorized that certain areas of the vascular system within the anterior portion of the optic nerve would be subject to a decrease in blood flow as the result of even small increases in ocular pressure. The GafnerGoldmann theory explains why an in­ crease of only a few millimeters of mer-
Green's function theory of multiphoton ionization

Abstract The semiclassical (dressed) one-particle Green's function method developed for electron scattering in the presence of a radiation field is applied to single- and multi-photon ionization of atoms. In this case, a semiclassical (dressed) one-particle Green's function ( G ω ion ) is defined with respect to an ionic core state. We propose a systematic way to solve for G ω ion perturbatively. When G ω ion is obtained by this method in terms of the usual one-particle Green's function G ion , the effective dipole moments for single- and multi-photon processes ( r ω n eff ) which include virtual single- and multi-photon core excitation (or core polarization) effects are naturally and systematically derived.
State High School Exit Examinations and NAEP Long-Term Trends in Reading and Mathematics, 1971-2004:

In 23 states, members of the high school class of 2008 were required to pass a state high school exit examination (HSEE) to earn regular high school diplomas. Proponents of these policies claim that they improve student academic achievement, although critics argue that they reduce the quality of instruction without raising academic achievement. Using nationally representative data collected to facilitate the analysis of temporal achievement trends, the effects of minimum competency and more difficult state HSEEs on student achievement in mathematics and reading between 1971 and 2004 are evaluated. The potential disparate impacts of state HSEEs on the achievement of students by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and prior academic achievement are examined in this study. No evidence is found for any effects of state HSEEs on achievement in either reading or mathematics at the mean or at the 10th, 20th, 80th, or 90th percentiles of the achievement distribution.
Multidisciplinary care of hepatocellular carcinoma

objectives: Multidisciplinary care of cancer patients in varied settings is well described in the literature, but there is little specifically describing the multidisciplinary care of the patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this article is to describe HCC and the multidisciplinary approach at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center (PVAMC). materials and methods: HCC is one of the most common solid tumors in the world, but it is rare in North America. It is associated with environmental carcinogens identified in animal studies, hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis of any etiology, and various metabolic diseases. No reliable therapy has been established for HCC. Surgical resection is the best treatment, but it is possible only in the patient with adequate hepatic reserve and limited-stage cancer. From January 1995 to May 1998, 22 patients at PVAMC received a diagnosis of primary HCC. One patient was a candidate for surgery, two patients received radiation therapy, and one patient underwent chemoembolization. Eighteen patients presented with an advanced-stage disease and comorbidities. results: Therapy goals in these 18 patients were limited to supportive care and enhancement of quality of life. A multidisciplinary team provided care to this challenging patient population. The multidisciplinary team treating HCC at PVAMC consisted of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and a chaplain. Most care occurred in the outpatient setting. Supportive therapy included the controlling of ascites and abdominal discomfort, hepatic encephalopathy, and pruritus. Opioids relieved abdominal pain. Psychiatric support and counseling helped patients and families cope with the poor prognosis. conclusions: A multidisciplinary team approach helped provide care for this challenging population. Through anecdotal reports, patients and family expressed satisfaction with their care. Research is needed to systematically test interventions designed to enhance quality of life in patients with HCC.
Planning to use work teams effectively

Few studies have definitively established a clear connection between teaming and higher performance, and even fewer have quantitatively assessed the impact of teaming on corporate performance. If using work teams is not a guarantee of greater effectiveness, then the challenge becomes one of creating an environment that increases the likelihood that teams will be successful. This article presents a work team planning guide that identifies the critical issues and topics that organizations should consider when planning to use work teams effectively. Primary research, training and development experience, and an integration of team‐based literature all contribute to the ideas presented here.
Biologic Characteristics of Asbestos-Induced Malignant Mesothelioma in Rats

Our results indicate that antigens related to a neuroendocrine differentiation state of SCLC tend to disappear during the course of disease, since these antigens are less frequently expressed in recurrent disease than in newly diagnosed cases (Fable 1). It is especially notable that the neuroendocnne-related antigens defined by MOC 21, MOC 32, and MOC 51 are often absent in recurrent disease specimens. A similar trend also can be noticed with respect to tumor response to chemotherapy, since neuroendocrine differentiation-related antigens are less strongly expressed in the nonresponder group when compared to the CR and PR
The assessment of continued threat to the community in a mentally ill offender program

Community based outpatient treatment for Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders and those found not guility by reason of insanity are based on controversial empirical grounds. The present research examines how mental health evaluators determine when an offender is or is not a threat to the community for purposes of program continuance. Of 13 variables identified by the staff of the offenders' program or from the literature as important in making this prediction, three were found to be related to the evaluation decision: initial psychiatric diagnosis, the presence of supportive relationships in the community, and improvement in therapy. These findings are discussed in terms of the empirical and philosophical literature on psychiatric detention and treatment.
Induced V moments in Fe/V(100), (211), and (110) superlattices studied using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism

Element-specific magnetic moments in Fe/V superlattices are studied using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Superlattices are simultaneously deposited with the epitaxial orientations (100), (211), and (110), to explore the orientation dependence of these moments. The layer-averaged vanadium moments are antiparallel to those of the Fe and are larger than those observed in alloys with similar composition. The V moments decay monotonically and relatively slowly with distance from the Fe interface (exponential decay length: ) in qualitative agreement with recent calculations. In contrast to calculations, the magnitudes of the V moments fall on a universal curve for the three orientations.
Overweight status, self-perception, and suicidal behaviors among adolescents

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents in the USA. The suicide rate for individuals 15-19 years of age, while having declined since the early 1990s, has recently shown signs of an increasing trend. The prevalence of being overweight has also steadily risen among adolescents, and has tripled since 1960. This study utilizes data from the Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System (1999-2007) to explore the relationship between the perception of being overweight and suicidal behaviors. Studies have shown a high degree of correlation between overweight status, depressive disorders, and suicidal behaviors. This study analyzes these indicators in conjunction with individuals' perception of their weight. The empirical methodology is based on simultaneous-equations models and stratified samples to gauge whether the link between overweight indicators and suicide is causal or whether it is driven by other factors. Results indicate that body dissatisfaction, as measured by the perception of being overweight, has a strong impact on all suicidal behaviors for girls. It raises the risk of suicide ideation by 6.1 percentage points, suicide attempt by 3.6 percentage points, and a serious suicide attempt by 0.5 percentage points. Results are generally insignificant for males. Conditional on overweight perception, actual weight does not generally have an independent effect on suicidal behaviors. Policies aimed at reducing the prevalence of overweight among adolescents may further reduce suicidal behaviors by limiting overweight perception, especially among girls. However, the independent role of perception also highlights the importance of educating youths and fostering healthy attitudes regarding body image.
Optically tunable silicon photonic crystal microcavities

We demonstrate the use of silicon photonic crystal based microcavity structures to perform light modulation at potentially giga-Hertz speeds through the use of optically induced plasma dispersion. The cavity configurations considered have the potential to operate at low pump power when the Q of the cavity involved is maximized.
The potential effects of welfare reform on states' financing of child welfare services

Abstract Welfare reform and related changes have the potential to significantly affect states' financing of child welfare services both directly and indirectly. While the actual effects of these changes are not yet known, there have been no baseline data on states financing practices upon which to measure change. This article seeks to fill this data gap, reporting the results of a survey that collected information from state child welfare administrators on the amount states spend on child welfare services, the sources of these funds, and the amount expended on different types of services. Total spending in State Fiscal Year 1996 exceeded $14.4 billion. The majority of both federal and state child welfare funds supported children in out-of-home care. States relied heavily on federal Medicaid, Emergency Assistance, and Social Services Block Grant funds to pay for child welfare services though states were found to vary significantly in their financing practices. Implications of these findings for welfare reform implementation are discussed.
Enzymatic cyclization of neryl pyrophosphate to α-terpineol by cell-free extracts from peppermint

A cell-free system prepared from peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) shoot tips catalyzed the cyclization of neryl pyrophosphate to α-terpineol. Cyclization could be demonstrated in the absence of added cofactors, but addition of NaF inhibited competing phosphatase/pyrophosphatase activity, resulting in much higher levels of α-terpineol formation. Under certain conditions cyclization was stimulated by Mg++. Similar enzyme preparations were obtained from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves and carrot (Daucus carota L.) storage organ. The cyclization of neryl pyrophosphate to α-terpineol appears to be a key reaction in the biosynthesis of cyclohexanoid monoterpenes.
Real-time restoration of white-light confocal microscope optical sections

Confocal microscopes (CM) are routinely used for building 3-D images of microscopic structures. Nonideal imaging conditions in a white-light CM introduce additive noise and blur. The optical section images need to be restored prior to quantitative analysis. We present an adaptive noise filtering technique using Karhunen–Loeve expansion (KLE) by the method of snapshots and a ringing metric to quantify the ringing artifacts introduced in the images restored at various iterations of iterative Lucy–Richardson deconvolution algorithm. The KLE provides a set of basis functions that comprise the optimal linear basis for an ensemble of empirical observations. We show that most of the noise in the scene can be removed by reconstructing the images using the KLE basis vector with the largest eigenvalue. The prefiltering scheme presented is faster and does not require prior knowledge about image noise. Optical sections processed using the KLE prefilter can be restored using a simple inverse restoration algorithm; thus, the methodology is suitable for real-time image restoration applications. The KLE image prefilter outperforms the temporal-average prefilter in restoring CM optical sections. The ringing metric developed uses simple binary morphological operations to quantify the ringing artifacts and confirms with the visual observation of ringing artifacts in the restored images.
Inelastic Electron Scattering from Protons

A large body of data is presented on inelastic electron scattering at energies up to 1.1 GeV. Only the scattered electrons were detected. Part of the measurements were made at fixed momentum transfer and fixed scattered electron energy over a region of energy loss concentrating on the first pion-nucleon resonance. The other measurements were made at fixed momentum transfer and fixed equivalent photon energy in the region of the first resonance, varying the scattered electron energy. The transverse part ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}$ is found to be dominant, but the longitudinal part ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ is nonzero at the first resonance. The results suggest that the proton and first resonance share a common magnetic form factor.
An ontological identification of relationships between anti-patterns and code smells

Ensuring quality in software development is a challenging process. The concepts of anti-patterns and code smells utilize the knowledge of known problems to improve the quality of current and future software development. However, the knowledge and understanding of these indicators of low quality software is still insufficient to resolve many of the problems they represent. The identification and definition of anti-patterns is a heuristic process. Additionally, minimal research exists addressing the relationships between or among code smells and anti-patterns. Software quality issues such as understandability and maintainability can be improved by identifying and resolving anti-patterns associated with code smells as well as preventing code smells before coding begins. We present an ontological representation of the relationships between anti-patterns and code smells to enhance the understanding of these concepts with the goal of improving software quality.
Dietary restriction, polyamines and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension

Dietary restriction (DR), i.e. reduction of total caloric intake, has been shown to result in protection against monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Restriction of the diet to 8 g/rat/day instead of the usual intake (18 g/rat/day), inhibits the progression of cardiopulmonary changes and prolongs survival after a single dose of MCT. We have shown previously that the development of MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension is associated with inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in the lungs of MCT-treated rats. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that DR provides protection against the development of chronic PH in the rat by limiting increases in polyamine and DNA synthesis. We randomly divided animals into four groups each (MCT, MCT + DR, control, and control + DR). We injected rats with a single dose of MCT (60 mg/kg, s.c.) and a corresponding number of control rats with vehicle. Animals in all groups were given free access to food and water prior to administration of MCT. Immediately following injection of MCT both the MCT and control groups were given free access to food and water, while the other groups (MCT + DR and control + DR) we given the restricted diet (8 g/rat/day). Daily measurements were made of body weight and of water and food intake. Animals were killed in each group at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days post MCT to determine right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), lung wet weight, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, and polyamine and DNA contents. We measured DNA synthesis 7 days after MCT by determining [3H]thymidine incorporation into the whole lung DNA. We found that 7 days after MCT treatment DNA synthesis increased compared to control. However, DR (MCT + DR) treatmen prevented the increase in DNA synthesis following MCT. Right ventricular hypertrophy, lung wet weight, ODC activity and lung polyamine levels were increased following MCT. Treatment with DR (MCT + DR) prevented increases in RVH, lung wet weight, ODC activity and lung polyamine levels. We conclude that DR to 8 g/day/rat protects against MCT-induced PH and is associated with an inhibition of increased lung polyamine and DNA synthesis that occur in the lung during the development of MCT-induced PH. These results are consistent with a recent report which suggests that increased lung polyamine biosynthesis is required for the development of MCT-induced PH. The data are also consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis influences the development of MCT-induced PH in part by regulating DNA synthesis in key lung cells.
Erratum to Comparative genomic sequence analysis and isolation of human and mouse alternative EGFR transcripts encoding truncated receptor isoforms [Genomics, 71, (2001), 1-20]

Corrigendum to “Comparative genomic sequence analysis and isolation of human and mouse alternative EGFR transcripts encoding truncated receptor isoforms” [Genomics 71 (2001) 1–20] Jill L. Reiter , David W. Threadgill , Greg D. Eley , Karen E. Strunk , Andrew J. Danielsen , Colleen Schehl Sinclair , R. Scott Pearsall , Patricia J. Green , Della Yee , Andrea L. Lampland , Swarna Balasubramaniam , Tonia D. Crossley , Terry R. Magnuson , C. David James , Nita J. Maihle a,⁎,1
Offset of actions of angiotensin II, angiotensin III, and their analogue antagonists in renal and femoral vascular beds: further evidence for different vascular angiotensin receptors.

Abstract Half-time of the offset of antagonist action was used to assess the possibility that factors which determine the duration of action of angiotensin antagonists were responsible for regional differences in their effectiveness: thus, for example, enhanced degradation of angiotensin III analogues in the limb circulation would reduce their effectiveness there despite an angiotensin receptor identical to that in the kidney. In the anesthetized dog blood flow in the renal and femoral vascular beds was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter; the octapeptide analogue saralasin (1-Sar, 8-Ala AII) and a heptapeptide analogue (des-Asp, 8-Ile AII) were infused intravenously (1 μg/kg/min) for 10 minutes and, after stopping the infusion, the effectiveness of their blockade of angiotensin II was assessed over time. The half-time of offset of the antagonist action was determined from semilogarithmic plots of percent inhibition during recovery. Offset of heptapeptide-induced inhibition in the hindlimb would have been more rapid if increased rate of degradation was the explanation for its reduced effectiveness and such was not the case: Indeed offset was more rapid in the renal (5.8 ± 1.1 min) than the femoral vascular bed (11.7 ± 2.1 min) (p > 0.05). Saralasin showed identical offsets in the two beds (renal 17.2 ± 1.5 min; femoral 15.1 ± 2.9 min) (p > 0.5). Consistent with these observations, the offset of the agonist action of angiotensin III was shorter in the kidney (0.69 ± 0.06 min) than in the limb (1.46 ± 0.13 min; p
Preprocessing of Holter ECGs for analysis of the dynamic interrelations between heart rate and ventricular repolarization duration variabilities

The use of approved commercial digital Holter systems as equipment for data acquisition in cardiologic research presents several potential advantages. In fact, it may provide a standard data acquisition procedure that allows the scientists to concentrate on the data processing phase. As a consequence, it may contribute to the comparability of results among different laboratories. In general, some steps of preprocessing are needed before performing the final analysis on the data. In case of study on the variabilities of the heart rate and the duration of repolarization, preprocessing consists of beat-by-beat measurement time intervals in the 24-hour electrocardiograms. Further preprocessing steps may be required, depending on the particular analysis technique that will be applied to the data. In particular, the present study introduces an operator-free method of preprocessing Holter electrocardiograms for time series analysis of signals related to heart rate variability and variability in the duration of ventricular repolarization.
First-principles calculation of mechanical properties of Si⟨001⟩ nanowires and comparison to nanomechanical theory

We report the results of first-principles density functional theory calculations of the Young's modulus and other mechanical properties of hydrogen-passivated Si {l_angle}001{r_angle} nanowires. The nanowires are taken to have predominantly {l_brace}100{r_brace}surfaces, with small {l_brace}110{r_brace} facets according to the Wulff shape. The Young's modulus, the equilibrium length and the constrained residual stress of a series of prismatic beams of differing sizes are found to have size dependences that scale like the surface area to volume ratio for all but the smallest beam. The results are compared with a continuum model and the results of classical atomistic calculations based on an empirical potential. We attribute the size dependence to specific physical structures and interactions. In particular, the hydrogen interactions on the surface and the charge density variations within the beam are quantified and used both to parameterize the continuum model and to account for the discrepancies between the two models and the first-principles results.
The Relationship between Low-order and High-order Goals

A problem in motivation research is the tradeoff between meaningfulness and manageability: conditions that make work more meaningful tend to make work less manageable, and conditions that make work...
Physical and chemical factors that influence the anaerobic degradation of methyl parathion in sediment systems

The kinetics of disappearance of methyl parathion (0,0-dimethyl-0-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) were studied in anaerobic sediment samples in the laboratory as a function of methyl parathion concentration, pH and Eh. The disappearance of methyl parathion is described by first-order kinetics and amino methyl parathion (0,0-dimethyl-0-p-aminophenyl phosphorothioate) was identified as a reduction product. In the strongly reducing sediments, the half-lives were on the order of a few minutes. In water isolated from the sediment, no reaction could be detected over the period of a week. Also, there is no apparent correlation between the first-order disappearance rate constants and the pH of the sediment samples. In heat-sterilized sediments, the disappearance rate constants are retarded about two orders of magnitude relative to nonsterile sediments. In chemically treated sediments, first-order disappearance rate constants are comparable to those in the nonsterile system.
Characterization of moments and autocorrelation in MAPs

Markovian Arrival Processes (MAPs) [9] are a general class of point processes which admits, hyper-exponential, Erlang, and Markov Modulated Poisson Processes (MMPPs) as special cases. MAPs can be easily integrated within queueing models. This makes MAPs useful for evaluating the impact of non-Poisson workloads in networking and for quantifying the performance of multi-tiered e-commerce applications and disk drives [8, 10].
Effect of transmembrane helix packing on tryptophan and tyrosine environments in detergent-solubilized bacterio-opsin

Bacterio-opsin (bO) is folded in a nearly native conformation in mixed micelles of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimehtylamonio]-1-propane sulfonic acid (CHAPS), but bO is partially unfolded in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). UV difference spectroscopy was used to study the changes in environment of bO aromatic amino acid side chains that occur upon partial unfolding. The UV difference spectra of peptides in CHAPS/DMPC minus peptides in SDS were measured for bO and the following subfragments of bO: C1 (residues 72-248), C2 (1-71), V1 (1-166), V2 (167-248), CB7 (119-145), CB9 (164-209), and CB10 (72-118). The spectra show that, in partially unfolded bO in SDS, the Tyr and Trp absorbance is blue-shifted. The difference spectra were compared to solvent perturbation difference spectra of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide. The exposure change calculated from the difference spectra was found to correlate with the change in the number of van der Waals contacting atoms upon partial unfolding, and also with the number of transmembrane helical segments. This result suggests a simple experimental method of testing helix packing arrangements derived from hydropathy plots and model building.
Prevention of spinal cord injury after repair of the thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta

Spinal cord injury occurring as the result of surgical repair of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease remains a devastating complication. The incidence of postoperative neurologic deficits varies from 4% to 38%. Factors associated with a greater risk for injury include the presence of dissection or extensive thoracoabdominal disease, and a prolonged cross-clamp time. Spinal cord ischemia initiates a deleterious cascade of biochemical events that ultimately result in an increased intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium-activated proteases, lipases, and nucleases mediate the processes that cause cell injury. The accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals and the occurrence of hyperemia during reperfusion are also contributing causes of spinal cord injury. Increasing the spinal cord blood flow with shunts, oxygenated bypass circuits, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, the intrathecal administration of vasodilators, and the reattachment of intercostal arteries has been tried in an effort to increase spinal cord perfusion. Pharmacologically based measures to prevent spinal cord injury have been pursued, and these have consisted of hypothermia, anesthetic agents, calcium channel blockers, free radical scavengers, and immune system modulation. However, no single technique has proved to be consistently effective in preventing ischemia-induced spinal cord injury.
Quantum jumps and the single trapped barium ion: Determination of collisional quenching rates for the 5d2D5/2 level.

A single ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ atom was confined in a radio-frequency ion trap and cooled by near-resonant laser light. Quantum jumps into and out of the metastable 5d $^{2}D_{5/2}$ level were observed that followed the expected exponential distribution in dark periods to good agreement. Measurement of quantum-jump distributions together with careful measurements of the absolute partial pressures of all residual gas species enabled accurate measurements of the quenched 5d $^{2}D_{5/2}$ lifetime as a function of quenching gas pressure. Measurements of quenching were observed at pressures where the mean collision rate was on the order of 1 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The results yielded quenching rate constants for the metastable level for a series of gases that typically make up the residual gas environment of ultra-high-vacuum systems (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, He, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, CO, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, Ar, and ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$) together with an improved value of the ${5}^{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{5/2}$ radiative lifetime of ${t}_{0}$=34.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5 s. The above quenching rate constants were then compared with classical ion-molecule collision theory. It was found that the quenching rates for molecular gases were comparable to the classical collision rates, while the rates for atomic gases were considerably lower.
Subjectivity, Power, and the IRB

A substantial literature in social sciences, including law and society, examines the intersections of research ethics and institutional review board (IRB) frameworks. Although geographers have engaged this literature, we argue that further involvement in ethical and regulatory discussions will advance opportunities for better understanding and negotiating the complex subjectivities produced in the IRB structure. Drawing on illustrative experiences of researchers, we focus specifically on the institutions convening IRBs, the researchers, and the human “subjects” produced in the IRB process. We conclude with a call for greater open discussion of the power dynamics, subjectivities, and challenges of formal ethical research structures.
Empirically grounding grounded cognition: the case of color.

Abstract Grounded cognition theories hold that the neural states involved in experiencing objects play a direct functional role in representing and accessing object knowledge from memory. However, extant data marshaled to support this view are also consistent with an opposing view that perceptuo-motor activations occur only following access to knowledge from amodal memory systems. We provide novel discriminating evidence for the functional involvement of visuo-perceptual states specifically in accessing knowledge about an object's color. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) while manipulating the visual contrast of monochromatic words (“lime”) in a semantic decision task: responses were made for valid colors (“green”) and locations (“kitchen”) and withheld for invalid colors and locations. Low contrast delayed perceptual processing for both color and location. Critically, low contrast slowed access to color knowledge only. This finding reveals that the visual system plays a functional role in accessing object knowledge and uniquely supports grounded views of cognition.
Studies on the substrate specificity of the phosphatide methylating system of microsomes

Abstract Bremer and Greenberg (1961) observed that the in vitro addition of d,l-(N,N-dimethyl) distearoyl-α-cephalin enhanced the incorporation of C14-methyl into choline by the microsome methylating system, while commercial dipalmitoyl-α-cephalin was inactive. Gibson, Wilson and Udenfriend (1961) similarly observed a lack of C14-methyl incorporation with brain phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidyl serine. In this report evidence is presented to show that the same enzyme system will methylate monomethyl 1-(α)-distearoyl cephalin, but not 1-(α)-distearoyl cephalin. +
Comprehensive geriatric assessment: making the most of the aging years.

The elderly population is the most rapidly growing segment of our population. This group utilizes the highest proportion of medical care of any age group. Comprehensive geriatric assessment involves the evaluation of the physical, psychosocial and environmental factors that impact on the well-being
Towards a near-field concentrated solar thermophotovoltaic microsystem: Part I – Modeling

Abstract Modeling of a near-field concentrated solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) microsystem is carried out to investigate the use of STPV-based solid-state energy conversion as high power density MEMS power generator. Near-field radiation can be realized between two closely separated surfaces (order of radiation characteristic wavelength), resulting in the enhancement of the heat radiation flux orders of magnitudes higher than the blackbody limit, consequently increasing cell output power density. The near-field STPV model incorporates a photonic crystal absorber which transfers absorbed concentrated solar radiation to a tungsten emitter. Thermal radiation from the emitter illuminates an In 0.18 Ga 0.82 Sb photovoltaic (PV) cell generating electrical power; waste heat is rejected from the backside of the PV cell via a microcooler. Based on the model, the near-field STPV performance is estimated for different emitter-to-PV cell separation distances d c , emitter temperatures T e , and emitter/absorber area ratios A R . Results from the numerical study showed significant enhancement of the heat fluxes due to tunneling of the near-field radiation, resulting in power densities as high as 60 W / cm 2 which is 30 times higher than the equivalent far-field power density for d c = 20 nm, T e = 2000 K and solar concentration of × 4350 . For a emitter/absorber area ratio of A R = 1 , the emitter/absorber thermal efficiency and the overall solar to electrical conversion efficiency were 73% and 15.5%, respectively. Higher power densities are achievable (up to 50 times that of far-field values) however cooling requirements and solar concentration could be a concern.
A General Framework for Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

Gene co-expression networks are increasingly used to explore the system-level functionality of genes. The network construction is conceptually straightforward: nodes represent genes and nodes are connected if the corresponding genes are significantly co-expressed across appropriately chosen tissue samples. In reality, it is tricky to define the connections between the nodes in such networks. An important question is whether it is biologically meaningful to encode gene co-expression using binary information (connected=1, unconnected=0). We describe a general framework for ;soft' thresholding that assigns a connection weight to each gene pair. This leads us to define the notion of a weighted gene co-expression network. For soft thresholding we propose several adjacency functions that convert the co-expression measure to a connection weight. For determining the parameters of the adjacency function, we propose a biologically motivated criterion (referred to as the scale-free topology criterion). We generalize the following important network concepts to the case of weighted networks. First, we introduce several node connectivity measures and provide empirical evidence that they can be important for predicting the biological significance of a gene. Second, we provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the ;weighted' topological overlap measure (used to define gene modules) leads to more cohesive modules than its ;unweighted' counterpart. Third, we generalize the clustering coefficient to weighted networks. Unlike the unweighted clustering coefficient, the weighted clustering coefficient is not inversely related to the connectivity. We provide a model that shows how an inverse relationship between clustering coefficient and connectivity arises from hard thresholding. We apply our methods to simulated data, a cancer microarray data set, and a yeast microarray data set.
Abstract 3046: Cathepsin B and uPAR downregulation sensitizes glioma initiating cells to radiation induced cell cycle arrest

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Ionizing radiation is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemoresistance have been attributed to a small population of cells known as glioma stem cells (GSCs) or glioma initiating cells (GICs). In the present study, we studied the effect of ionizing radiation on the progression of cell cycle of glioma initiating cells, non glioma initiating cells (non-GICs), and the respective parental cell lines (U251 and U87). Initial experiments showed that GICs were resistant to lower doses of radiation (3 and 5 Gy) as compared to parental and non-GICs. Radiation dosage of 10 Gy induced significant G2/M arrest as early as 12 and 24 hours in non-GICs (U251 and U87) and parental cell lines (U251 and U87), respectively and a low percentage of GICs were observed in the G2/M phase 48 hours after radiation. Apart from cathepsin B and uPAR, expression levels of cyclin B1, pcdc2, pchk2 and pERK were also elevated when cells were exposed to radiation. shRNA-mediated simultaneous knockdown of cathepsin B and uPAR (pCU) decreased radiation-induced expression of cyclin B1, pcdc2, pchk2 and pERK and induced apoptosis. Further, immunoblot analysis indicated that cathepsin B and uPAR downregulation reduced the expression of neural stem cell markers, such as CD133, Sox-2 and Bmi-1. Activation of pERK played an important role in inducing the G2/M arrest of GICs of both cell lines as its inhibition induced cell differentiation and sensitized the cells to radiation. Irradiation induced aggressive tumors in vivo and the knockdown of uPAR and cathepsin B significantly decreased radiation-induced tumor growth. Thus, these results indicate that uPAR and cathepsin B downregulation sensitized GICs to ionizing radiation and targeting these proteins could be an efficient approach to eradicate tumors, particularly GICs in the tumor bulk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3046. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3046
Nanotechnology and metamaterials: Conceptualization and intersection for new opportunities

Although the worldwide nanotechnology market is currently estimated to be 2 trillion dollars, its continuing growth presents both opportunities and challenges. The opportunities are concentrated in the reliable and inexpensive fabrication of nanomaterials, integrated electronics and optoelectronics, bionanotechnology and nanomedicine, and nanometrology. The health impacts of proliferating nanotechnology continue to cause concerns; the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognition science could lead to reduced individual liberties; and the specter of a "nanodivide" between the rich and the poor still looms.
A Hybrid Measure-Correlate-Predict Method for Wind Resource Assessment

This paper develops a hybrid Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP) strategy to predict the long term wind resource variations at a farm site. The hybrid MCP method uses the recorded data of multiple reference stations to estimate the long term wind condition at the target farm site. The weight of each reference station in the hybrid strategy is determined based on: (i) the distance and (ii) the elevation difference between the target farm site and each reference station. The applicability of the proposed hybrid strategy is investigated using four different MCP methods: (i) linear regression; (ii) variance ratio; (iii) Weibull scale; and (iv) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). To implement this method, we use the hourly averaged wind data recorded at six stations in North Dakota between the year 2008 and 2010. The station Pillsbury is selected as the target farm site. The recorded data at the other five stations (Dazey, Galesbury, Hillsboro, Mayville and Prosper) is used as reference station data. Three sets of performance metrics are used to evaluate the hybrid MCP method. The first set of metrics analyze the statistical performance, including the mean wind speed, the wind speed variance, the root mean squared error, and the maximum absolute error. The second set of metrics evaluate the distribution of long term wind speed; to this end, the Weibull distribution and the Multivariate and Multimodal Wind Distribution (MMWD) models are adopted in this paper. The third set of metrics analyze the energy production capacity and the efficiency of the wind farm. The results illustrate that the many-to-one correlation in such a hybrid approach can provide more reliable prediction of the long term onsite wind variations, compared to one-to-one correlations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Do not share!: invisible light beacons for signaling preferences to privacy-respecting cameras

The ubiquity of cameras in today's world has played a key role in the growth of sensing technology and mobile computing. However, on the other hand, it has also raised serious concerns about privacy of people who are photographed, intentionally or unintentionally. The popularity of publishing pictures in social networks adds to the concern that the photographed user has the least control over his/her picture. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of "invisible light beacons" where privacy preferences of photographed users are communicated to photographing cameras. Particularly, we explore a design where the beacon transmitters are worn by users on their eye-wear and transmit a privacy code through ON-OFF patterns of light beams from IR LEDs. The beacons are received and decoded by a camera and mapped to different privacy preferences corresponding to that code. Based on the experimental evaluation of thousands of data points using our prototype implementation we show that the detection accuracy of a known privacy code is greater than 98%, and error rate of communicating a random stream of bits over an indoor IR-camera channel is within 7% at packet level and of the order of 10-3 at bit level.