cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamically induced noise of a lift-offset coaxial rotor with pitch attitude in high-speed forward flight

Abstract This paper investigates both acoustics and performance of a lift-offset coaxial rotor based on a first-principles and high-fidelity CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and CSD (Computational Structural Dynamics) loose coupling approach in high-speed forward flight at different vehicle pitch attitudes. The pitch attitudes selected for this research are − 5 ∘ , 0∘, and 5∘. Detailed aerodynamic analyses are performed at two flight speeds: 150 (278 km hr − 1 ) and 200 knots (370 km hr − 1 ). A total of six major unsteady aerodynamic interactions are identified: 1) hub-wake interaction, 2) self-BVI (blade-vortex interaction), 3) parallel rotor-to-rotor BVI, 4) blade-crossover events, 5) root-induced BVI, and 6) reversed-flow-edge-vortex interactions. The strength of these interactions is found to be dependent on vehicle pitch attitude. The cases with a negative pitch attitude show significantly stronger impulsive pressure pulses, which is found to be induced by parallel rotor-to-rotor BVIs of the lower rotor. It is shown that the positive and zero pitch attitude cases tend to dominate the acoustic region on the starboard side of the coaxial rotor, whereas the negative pitch attitude case shows higher acoustic pressure peaks on the port side. Overall, the high-speed case with a positive pitch attitude shows significant improvement in rotor aerodynamic efficiency, rotor acoustics, and vehicle power performance at high speed. The hemispherical acoustic simulation results also show that the noise is less likely to propagate in the forward direction at a positive pitch attitude in high-speed forward flight.
Loch Prospector: Metadata Visualization for Lakes of Open Data

Data lakes are an emerging storage paradigm that promotes data availability over integration. A prime example are repositories of Open Data which show great promise for transparent data science. Due to the lack of proper integration, Data Lakes may not have a common consistent schema and traditional data management techniques fall short with these repositories. Much recent research has tried to address the new challenges associated with these data lakes. Researchers in this area are mainly interested in the structural proper-ties of the data for developing new algorithms, yet typical Open Data portals offer limited functionality in that respect and instead focus on data semantics. We propose Loch Prospector, a visualization to assist data management researchers in exploring and understanding the most crucial structural aspects of Open Data — in particular, metadata attributes — and the associated task abstraction for their work. Our visualization enables researchers to navigate the contents of data lakes effectively and easily accomplish what were previously laborious tasks. A copy of this paper with all supplemental material is available at osf.io/zkxv9
Signed and unsigned reward prediction errors dynamically enhance learning and memory

Memory helps guide behavior, but which experiences from the past are prioritized? Classic models of learning posit that events associated with unpredictable outcomes as well as, paradoxically, predictable outcomes, deploy more attention and learning for those events. Here, we test reinforcement learning and subsequent memory for those events, and treat signed and unsigned reward prediction errors (RPEs), experienced at the reward-predictive cue or reward outcome, as drivers of these two seemingly contradictory signals. By fitting reinforcement learning models to behavior, we find that both RPEs contribute to learning by modulating a dynamically changing learning rate. We further characterize the effects of these RPE signals on memory and show that both signed and unsigned RPEs enhance memory, in line with midbrain dopamine and locus-coeruleus modulation of hippocampal plasticity, thereby reconciling separate findings in the literature.
Marine Actinomycetes, New Sources of Biotechnological Products

The Actinomycetales order is one of great genetic and functional diversity, including diversity in the production of secondary metabolites which have uses in medical, environmental rehabilitation, and industrial applications. Secondary metabolites produced by actinomycete species are an abundant source of antibiotics, antitumor agents, anthelmintics, and antifungals. These actinomycete-derived medicines are in circulation as current treatments, but actinomycetes are also being explored as potential sources of new compounds to combat multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes as a potential to solve environmental concerns is another area of recent investigation, particularly their utility in the bioremediation of pesticides, toxic metals, radioactive wastes, and biofouling. Other applications include biofuels, detergents, and food preservatives/additives. Exploring other unique properties of actinomycetes will allow for a deeper understanding of this interesting taxonomic group. Combined with genetic engineering, microbial experimental evolution, and other enhancement techniques, it is reasonable to assume that the use of marine actinomycetes will continue to increase. Novel products will begin to be developed for diverse applied research purposes, including zymology and enology. This paper outlines the current knowledge of actinomycete usage in applied research, focusing on marine isolates and providing direction for future research.
COVID-19 Communication Ecologies: Using Interpersonal, Organizational, and Mediated Communication Resources to Cope With a Pandemic

Information and communication resources are needed for individuals to cope with a public health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic. These resources include interpersonal, organizational, and mediated communication, which collectively constitute a communication ecology. This interdisciplinary special issue of American Behavioral Scientist focuses on applications of a communication ecology perspective to the COVID-19 pandemic. Each article in this issue examines one or more specific aspect of COVID-19 communication ecologies to expand understanding of how a variety of communication resources can foster individual and collective coping with a global public health crisis. Insights from this issue can inform ongoing response to COVID-19 and planning for future public health crises.
Complex Adaptive Systems

Living systems, we all know, are alive, but what essentially is it about them that makes them so? What is the nature of living systems that distinguishes them from nonliving objects? How did they come into being? What properties do they possess that permit them to persist in a universe in which order is consistently replaced with disorder? In this final chapter, we will describe a few models whose objective is to examine the fundamental characteristics of living systems that address these basic questions.
Amt-200s Motor Glider Parameter and Performance Estimation

Parameter and performance estimation of an instrumented motor glider was conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center in order to provide the necessary information to create a simulation of the aircraft. An output-error technique was employed to generate estimates from doublet maneuvers, and performance estimates were compared with results from a well-known flight-test evaluation of the aircraft in order to provide a complete set of data. Aircraft specifications are given along with information concerning instrumentation, flight-test maneuvers flown, and the output-error technique. Discussion of Cramer-Rao bounds based on both white noise and colored noise assumptions is given. Results include aerodynamic parameter and performance estimates for a range of angles of attack.
Method of characteristics – A review with applications to science and nuclear engineering computation

Abstract This paper provides the basics of the Method of Characteristics (MOC) in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) to the problems of interests to science and nuclear engineering. The PDEs are widely used in science and engineering to model physical systems and processes. Such equations are often complex, difficult and/or highly impractical to solve analytically. Although several methods exist to approximate solutions for PDEs, employing an approach that is both computationally – resourceful and reliable is crucial in particular to engineering fields of importance to creating reliable and safe designs of the systems involved. This paper introduces and expounds upon the MOC, a method by which PDE solutions are converged quickly and accurately as compared to alternative methods. The MOC theory is described with a few study cases in showing a step-by-step solution for each. Its detailed application to neutron transport, thermal hydraulics and conductivity imaging are presented.
A Complex-Systems Perspective on the "Computation vs. Dynamics" Debate in Cognitive Science

I review the purported opposition between computational and dynamical approaches in cognitive science. I argue that both computation and dynamical notions will be necessary for a full explanatory account of cognition, and give a perspective on how recent research in complex systems can lead to a much needed rapprochement between computational and dynamical styles of explanation.
Black Skin, White Masks Revisited: Contemporary Post-Colonial Dilemmas in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium

Several problems beset the immigrant communities and academic scholarship in Bel- gium, France, and the Netherlands. The current politicization of higher education—who gets tenure or governmental financial support for what kind of social science research—results in timid criticism of existing public policies. The greatly differential integration models used in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France have resulted in different ways of collecting data and analyz- ing the 'other.' This article addresses how divergent discourses about the 'other' have been con- structed over time: according to the French assimilationist model, ethnic minorities do not (officially) 'exist'; the Netherlands, until recently, embraced a 'tolerant' multi-cultural model that conceptualized ethnic minorities as 'units' that could be measured and classified according to gradual progress and development; meanwhile Belgium, due to its linguistic divisions, has cre- ated another hybrid. This article, in dialogue with Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks, argues that the social sciences and existing paradigms in these three countries will need to be de-colonized in order to facilitate de-colonization and anti-racist practices in everyday life.
Introduction to Symposium on Dynamic Contracts and Mechanism Design

Abstract The Introduction to the Symposium Issue on “Dynamic Contracts and Mechanism Design” of the Journal of Economic Theory provides an overview of the dynamic mechanism design literature. We then introduce the papers that are contained in the Symposium issue and finally conclude by discussing avenues for future research. Several of the papers contained in the Symposium issue were presented at the Economic Theory Workshop of the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics at Yale University in June 2013.
Direct experimental evidence for a dominant hole trapping center in SIMOX oxides

Experimental evidence is presented that indicates that E' centers or E'-like centers play an important role in hole trapping in SIMOX (separation by implantation of oxygen) oxides. The E' center is a silicon atom back-bonded to three oxygen atoms; in thermally grown SiO/sub 2/ films on silicon it is the dominant deep hole trap and is almost certainly a hole trapped in an oxygen vacancy. The SIMOX samples used had buried oxides approximately 4000 AA thick. The trapping was explored using a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and vacuum ultraviolet (hc/ lambda =10.2 eV) and ultraviolet (hc/ lambda =5 eV) irradiation sequences. >
Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans

Background Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation, and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men. Design Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40% of energy as fat. After consuming the diet for 1 wk, subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position (10 mg/kg body wt). The fatty acids fed in random order were laurate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, elaidate (the trans isomer of oleate), linoleate, and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal. Breath samples were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2) in breath. Results Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41% of the dose for laurate to a low of 13% of the dose for stearate. Of the 18-carbon fatty acids, linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved. (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30% less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids. Conclusions In summary, lauric acid is highly oxidized, whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized. Oxidation of the long-chain, saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number.
U4 snRNA variants of Bombyx mori

It is known that the spliceosome's catalytic core is composed of U2, U6 and U5 small nuclear (sn)RNAs. U6 is chaperoned and held inactive by intermolecular base-pair interactions by the U4 snRNA molecule until its incorporation into the spliceosomal complex. In previous studies, a number of variant forms of U1, U2 and U6 were detected in the silk moth Bombyx mori. Considering U4's unique role as a modulator of U6's activity, the aim of the present study was to determine if the multiplicity of U6 variants observed in B. mori is complemented in U4. Five U4 variants were identified in the B. mori Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) database and were used to design internal U4 snRNA primers. These oligonucleotides were subsequently used to create four U4 reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) libraries with RNA extracted from the silk gland of B. mori. Two major U4 variants were identified from these libraries. The majority of the variation among genomic and transcript-derived U4 variant sequences is located in stem-loop II and III as well as at the 3'-end. No differences between the isoforms are located in the critical U4/U6 intermolecular binding regions. Sequence comparison analyses based on U4 intraspecific and interspecific variability delineate several evolutionarily conserved regions.
Bringing together psychology and theology: reflections on ministry to the bereaved.

A “clinical” approach to the understanding of persons and their experience is basic to effective pastoral work. A comprehensive “clinical” approach needs to include analysis of the interactions of ...
Detecting and Segregating Black Tip-Damaged Wheat Kernels Using Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Detection of individual wheat kernels with black tip symptom (BTS) and black tip damage (BTD) was demonstrated with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and silicon light-emitting-diode (LED) based instruments. The two instruments tested, a single-kernel NIRS instrument (SKNIRS) and a silicon LED-based single-kernel high-speed sorter (SiLED-SKS) were both developed by the Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service. BTD was classified into four levels for the study ranging from sound, symptomatic (BTS) at two levels, and damaged (BTD). Discriminant analysis models for the SKNIRS instrument could distinguish sound undamaged kernels well, correctly classifying kernels 80% of the time. Damaged kernels were classified with 67% accuracy and symptomatic kernels at about 44%. Higher classification accuracy (81–87%) was obtained by creating only two groupings: 1) combined sound and lightly symptomatic kernels and 2) ...
Farm Family Response to a Negative Income Tax: Discussion

The income maintenance experiments have been unique in terms of public policy development. Prior to the development of new legislation on income-conditioned transfers, Congress was willing to fund an experimental version of such a program, including the analysis of behavioral changes induced by the experiment. The primary reason is the divergence of opinion about the impact on hours of work and earned income of household members covered by such a plan. The inclusion of a rural experiment in the group of income maintenance experiments has meant that poor rural people have not been forgotten in the planning of new welfare legislation. Also, it has provided an opportunity to develop administrative procedures for handling problems that are somewhat unique to rural areas-a large proportion of selfemployed persons and rather thin asset markets. These problems seem manageable. Given that the primary objective of the experiment was to determine the effect on hours of work, I am puzzled about the small amount of resources that were allocated to obtaining data on the hours of farm work by farm family members. Weekly hours of farm work over a year by farm operators, by their wives, and by other farm household members have a relatively large variance compared with weekly hours by wage workers. Part of this variation is seasonal, but much of it is intraseasonal. Drawing upon experimental design theory, one quickly recognizes that the estimate of mean weekly hours for a quarter based upon a sample size of one has a large sampling error. Thus, one need not fall back on defects of the respondents, as Primus does in suggesting a Hawthorne-type effect, to be skeptical of levels and differences in reported hours of farm work by farm household members.1 Th se measurement-error problems with reported hours have undermined much of the empirical analysis that was oriented toward the primary objective of the experiment, including the research reported by Primus and Kerachsky.2 The research methodology employed in the three empirical papers troubles me as an economist and an empirical researcher. As scholars, we must carefully blend economic theory and econometric techniques in our data analysis in order to advance knowledge and understanding of systematic social behavior, but the path to this end is not always well marked. I have three major concerns. First, some empirical relationships reported have weak foundations in economic theory. It may be an interesting question as to how experimental and control farm households differ in their crop and livestock inventory holding (sales) patterns, debt-to-asset ratios, sources of credit, etc., but I see no convincing reasoning behind the so-called control variables included in
Structural Change in the Demand for Meat

Economists have long thought that shocks in the economy sometimes lead to permanent changes in behavioral relationships. Hence, supply or demand elasticities estimated from econometric models may change over time. The source of such structural change may be technological adoption, a shift in consumer preferences, or an institutional change. One way to handle this problem in linear models is to allow the parameters to change as the situation changes so that the model provides a local approximation of the behavioral relationship. This approach is an attractive way to deal with structural change problems. Econometricians have extended the classical
Proception: An important fertility behavior

Social and behavioral scientists have constructed a number of distinct models of fertility and its antecedents. Davis and Blake (1956) originally identified a set of 11 variables that they described as intermediate between a society's culture and social structure, on the one hand, and its fertility, on the other. They included three union variables, three sexual intercourse variables, three conception variables, and two gestation variables. Although these intermediate variables subsequently underwent some modification and redefinition (Bongaarts 1978, 1982), they continue to provide an important basis for theorizing and model building on the part of sociologists and demographers. Economists have also developed models of the antecedents of fertility. For example, the formulation of Easterlin (1978) postulates that fertility depends on both the relative demand for children and fertility regulation. The former is a balance between the household's demand for children, called desired family size, and the potential supply of children, the number of surviving children the household would have if it did not regulate fertility. Fertility regulation is the limitation of fertility through the practice of abstinence, contraception, and abortion. Psychologists have contributed a variety of formulations, many being variations on the notion of subjective expected utility (Adler 1979). For example, Jaccard and Davidson (1976), building on the theoretical work of Fishbein (1972), proposed that fertility was a function of fertility intentions, which were a function of an attitudinal factor and a normative factor. Beckman et al. (1983) elaborated a psychological-level model that specifically includes both husband and wife variables. They postulated that fertility is determined by contraceptive use, which is determined by husband's intentions, wife's intentions, and their joint decision. Recently an interdisciplinary panel of the National Academy of Sciences proposed an analytic framework for studying the determinants of fertility in developing countries (Bulatao and Lee 1983). It incorporates biological, psychological, economic, and social factors in an effort to promote understanding at the individual, household, community, societal, and cultural levels. It draws heavily on each of the types of models already mentioned, fitting them into a single, comprehensive, yet flexible framework. What is missing in all of these formulations is a full analysis of the different types of individual behavior that lead directly to conception. In particular, none of these formulations discusses or considers what in many post-fertility-transition nations may be the most important determinant of conception, namely the attempt to achieve conception, what I have called proception (Miller 1973, 1980; Miller and Godwin 1977). This article is devoted to a discussion of the concept of proception and the presentation of some empirical findings regarding patterns of proceptive behavior among married women, the relative importance of proception for marital conceptions, and the psychological antecedents of marital proception.
γδ T Cells Recognize a Microbial Encoded B Cell Antigen to Initiate a Rapid Antigen-Specific Interleukin-17 Response

γδ T cells contribute uniquely to immune competence. Nevertheless, how they function remains an enigma. It is unclear what most γδ T cells recognize, what is required for them to mount an immune response, and how the γδ T cell response is integrated into host immune defense. Here, we report that a noted B cell antigen, the algae protein phycoerythrin (PE), is a murine and human γδ T cell antigen. Employing this specificity, we demonstrated that antigen recognition activated naive γδ T cells to make interleukin-17 and respond to cytokine signals that perpetuate the response. High frequencies of antigen-specific γδ T cells in naive animals and their ability to mount effector response without extensive clonal expansion allow γδ T cells to initiate a swift, substantial response. These results underscore the adaptability of lymphocyte antigen receptors and suggest an antigen-driven rapid response in protective immunity prior to the maturation of classical adaptive immunity.
Viability, Morbidity, and Resource Use Among Newborns of 501-to 800-g Birth Weight

Objectives. —To assess risk factors affecting viability and analyze the effects of mechanical ventilation (MV) on neonatal outcome and resource use among extremely premature infants. Design. —Inception cohort study. Setting. —Neonatal intensive care units of the 12-center National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Participants. —A total of 1126 infants with a birth weight of 501 to 800 g born in network centers between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995. Main Outcome Measures. —Observed survival; maximum estimated survival (assuming the same survival among infants who died without MV as among infants in the same risk category who received MV); observed and maximum estimated survival without severe brain injury (either interventricular echodensity with ventricular dilation or parenchymal echodensity); hospital stay; resource investment. Results. —Overall mortality was 43%; mortality in infants without MV was 93%. A total of 15% of all the infants died without MV. Females, small-for-gestational-age infants, and infants whose mothers received antenatal steroids had an advantage in survival with MV equivalent to an increase in birth weight of 90 g, 57 g, and 67 g, respectively. The corresponding advantage of these infants in survival without severe brain injury was 107 g, 97 g, and 64 g, respectively. Females in the lowest birth-weight group were more likely to die without MV than were larger males with a similar estimated likelihood of survival with MV. Mean hospital stay was 115 days for the survivors, values much greater than the 17.9-day standard for 501- to 800-g survivors under the diagnosis related group system. Resource investment was considerable (127 hospital days per survivor and 148 days per survivor without severe brain injury), but, like outcome, varied markedly between risk categories. Had MV been used for all infants who died, we estimate a substantial increase in resource use and a maximum of 8 additional survivors (no more than 6 without severe brain injury per 100 infants with a birth weight of 501 to 800 g. Conclusions. —Although recommendations to initiate or forgo MV for extremely premature infants have often focused on 1 factor (birth weight or gestational age), multiple factors should be considered. Other factors being equal, our analyses support use of MV for females at a minimum birth weight approximately 100 g lower than that for males. The current diagnosis related group reimbursement system can be expected to compromise resources for 501- to 800-g infants who would benefit from MV. Such care entails considerable resource use, although the cost per lifeyear gained is likely to be considerably less than that for many adults given intensive care. Our findings can be used to facilitate more appropriate treatment decisions, determine adequate resources, and better inform the debate about the benefits and burdens of intensive care for extremely premature newborns.
Electron beam generated plasma decomposition of 1,1,1-trichloroethane

Dilute concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) in air were decomposed in an electron beam generated plasma reactor. The energy required for high levels of TCA decomposition (greater than 90%) was determined as a function of inlet concentration. For 99%, decomposition of TCA, ez300 eV/molecule at 250 ppm inlet concentration, and e¨~100 eV/molecule at 3000 ppm. A radical reaction mechanism is proposed which accounts for the formation of the major reaction products: 1,1-dichloroethylene, HCl, chloroacetylchloride, CO2, and COCl2. A model is derived based on first-order inhibited kinetics; a fit of the data to the model shows that at high decomposition fractions, radical scavenging by reaction products is a significant inhibitor of TCA decomposition.
Systemic administration of MPTP induces thalamic neuronal degeneration in mice.

Abstract 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a known neurotoxicant primarily selective for catecholaminergic neurons, including those of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, thereby mimicking the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, serial transbrain sectioning, followed by staining with a newly developed fluorochrome (Fluoro-Jade) specific for degenerating neurons, was used to detect additional sites of MPTP-induced neuronal degeneration in mice. Male CD-1 mice received a single 50 mg/kg dose of MPTP intraperitoneally at room temperature or at a reduced temperature (6°C), which has been shown to potentiate striatal dopamine depletion. Neuronal degeneration was observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrorubral field (RRF) of only animals dosed in the low temperature environment. Neuronal degeneration was also observed in other catecholaminergic nuclei in both treatment groups. In addition, degenerating cell bodies and fibers were detected in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of all dosed animals, regardless of the dosing environment. Pharmacological manipulations which prevented nigral degeneration (deprenyl and nomifensine pretreatment) also prevented the degeneration of thalamic neurons. MK-801 pretreatment, however, resulted in a disproportionate protection of the thalamic neurons. These findings confirm and extend our previous observations regarding the protective effect of hyperthermia in CD-1 mice and also suggest that regions of the thalamus may be relevant to the pathophysiology of PD.
Gonadal steroids reduce the density of axospinous synapses in the developing rat arcuate nucleus: an electron microscopy analysis.

The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to gonadal steroid hormones, which permanently differentiate the neural substrate during a critical developmental period. One of the more striking sexual dimorphisms in the adult rat brain is synaptic patterning in the arcuate nucleus (ARC); females have twice the number of axospinous synapses as males (Matsumoto and Arai [1980] Brain Res. 190:238-242). Previously, we have demonstrated that a similar dimorphism in spine densities on ARC dendrites is present as early as early as postnatal day 2 (PN2) in Golgi-impregnated rat brains (Mong et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:1464-1472). Males have 37% fewer dendritic spines than females. Moreover, these spine densities are sensitive to changes in the hormonal milieu such that males castrated on the day of birth have a significant increase in spine density, whereas females masculinized at birth by gonadal steroid exposure have a decreased dendritic spine density. One of the limitations of the Golgi technique is the inability to confirm the presence of synapses. The current study used quantitative electron microscopy and demonstrated that testosterone exposure dramatically reduced axospinous synapses in the ARC by PN 2. Males had 54% fewer and masculinized females had 77% fewer axospinous synapses than females (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We previously reported that gonadal steroids induce coincident changes in neuronal and astrocyte morphology in the neonatal ARC (Mong et al., 1999), and here confirm that these changes include an altered synaptic pattern that is strikingly similar to that observed in the adult (Matsumoto and Arai, 1980).
Alterations in Cerebral Blood Flow and Phosphorylated Metabolites in Piglets during and after Partial Ischemia

Ventilated piglets were studied before, during (15 min), and after (90 min) hemorrhagic hypotension to correlate a 60% reduction in cerebral blood flow with cerebral energy state using radiolabeled microspheres (n = 12) and in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n = 11). Cerebral blood flow (ml.min-1.100 g-1) decreased during hypotension (98 +/- 28 to 41 +/- 28, p less than 0.05), increased at 5 min postreperfusion (131 +/- 53, p less than 0.05), and returned to control values by 90 min postreperfusion. Cerebral O2 uptake was reduced during partial ischemia, remained depressed 5 min postreperfusion, and increased to within 20% of control values at 90 min postreperfusion. Relative to control, hypotension was associated with decreased (p less than 0.05) phosphocreatine (62 +/- 11%), phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio (41 +/- 10%), and nucleoside triphosphate (82 +/- 12%) while inorganic phosphate increased (155 +/- 32%, p less than 0.05). During ischemia intracellular pH dropped from 7.06 +/- 0.07 to 6.59 +/- 0.31 (p less than 0.05) and the cerebral arteriovenous difference of glucose increased. Phosphorylated metabolites returned to within 10% of control 15 min after blood reinfusion and remained constant thereafter. Based on calculations of ATP synthesis and utilization rates during control and hypotension, we speculate that the rate of energy utilization of the brain during ischemia is reduced 18-49% relative to the control utilization rate.
Is En-Bloc Resection of Locally Recurrent Rectal Carcinoma Involving the Urinary Tract Indicated?

This study investigated morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival after multimodality management of locally recurrent rectal carcinoma involving the urinary tract. A total of 82 patients (63 males) were identified during 1987 to 2000. Data sources were a prospectively collected database of intraoperative radiotherapy, institutional tumor registry, and chart review. The median follow-up was 3.3 years and lasted until death or for at least 2 years on all patients. A total of 20 (24%) of 82 patients had resection of urogenital tract structures without reconstruction. Sixty-two patients (76%) underwent reconstruction with ileal conduit (43%), ureteroneocystostomy (15%), or miscellaneous (18%). The mean number of fixation sites was 2.8 (SD, 1.5), and the mean number of organs at least partially resected was 2.6 (SD, 1.3). Eighty percent of patients underwent intraoperative radiotherapy among adjuvant treatments. Postoperative mortality was 2% (2 of 82), and morbidity was 39% (32 of 82), most frequently consisting of neuropathy and urinary leak (6% each). The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 82%, 45%, and 19%, respectively. The median survival was 2.6 years. The number of sites involved was the only survival predictor at multivariate analysis (P < .001). A multimodality approach for locally recurrent rectal carcinoma involving the urinary tract carries acceptable morbidity, mortality, and potential for long-term survival. The number of fixation sites correlates with a poorer prognosis.
Critical Exponents for Long-Range Interactions

Critical exponents for a $d$-dimensional system with an isotropic $n$-component order parameter and long-range attractive interactions decaying as $\frac{1}{{r}^{d+\ensuremath{\sigma}}} (\ensuremath{\sigma}g0)$ are derived, using the renormalization group approach, as power series in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=2\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{-}dg0$ ($\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\ne}2$, fixed) or $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}dg0$ ($d$ fixed) and, separately, to order $\frac{1}{n}$ for all $d$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\ne}2$. For $\ensuremath{\epsilon}l0$ the exponents have fixed ("classical") values; when $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}=0$ fractional powers of $\mathrm{ln}(\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}{{T}_{c}})$ appear; when $\ensuremath{\sigma}g2$ the exponents assume their short-range values.
A comparative study of the effects of NaCl salinity on respiration, photosynthesis, and leaf extension growth in Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet)

Abstract. Three parameters influencing the capacity for carbon accumulation, i.e. photosynthesis, respiration, and leaf extension growth, were studied in Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet) cultured in nutrient solution containing 0.5 to 500 mol m−3 NaCl. Leaf extension growth was the parameter most sensitive to salinity: the initial rate of leaf extension and final leaf length each declined linearly with increase in external NaCl concentration. Photosynthetic O2 evolution of thin leaf slices did not decline until salinity levels reached 350 to 500 mol m−3 NaCl, while respiratory O2 consumption was not affected by salinity throughout the range. The results suggest that the influence of salinity on the capacity for carbon accumulation in B. vulgaris occurs primarily through reduction in the area of photosynthetic surface.
Efficacy of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion for extremity-confined recurrent melanoma

Background: Recurrent melanoma of the extremity has been treated by local excision, systemic chemotherapy, amputation, or a combination of these approaches. Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) provides a method of limb preservation through isolation, allowing the administration of chemotherapy in higher doses than is possible through systemic treatment.
The theory of dispersion of chemically active solutes in a rectilinear flow field

We report a procedure for the construction of the dispersion coefficients which define the dispersion approximation to the transverse average of the solution of the scalar convective diffusion equation; the procedure enjoys a generalization to the vector convective diffusion equation. We exhibit the full time dependence of the dispersion coefficients in any transverse average and identify a mathematically preferred transverse average for the dispersion of chemically active solute.
The thermophysical properties of binary mixtures of molten alkali fluoride salts. Part I: Prediction of thermodynamic properties through use of the Soft-Sphere Equation of State☆

Abstract A Soft-Sphere Equation of State for the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of molten fluoride salts and fluoride salt mixtures is presented. The molten salt mixtures considered contained lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), and potassium fluoride (KF). The parameters of the equation of state were determined by multi-property non-linear regression between experimental data and values calculated from the equation. A mixing rule was developed to represent the thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of these three compounds. The correlations are valid in the liquid phase for temperatures ranging from 765 K to about 1,550 K, depending on the salt. Comparison of the experimental data to values calculated from the correlations indicates that densities can be calculated to within ±1%, enthalpies within ±5%, and sound speeds within ±4%.
In vivo regulation of central nervous system progesterone receptors: cocaine induces steroid-dependent behavior through dopamine transporter modulation of D5 receptors in rats.

To characterize the membrane pathway by which the cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT) modulates progesterone receptor activation, steroid-dependent behavior lordosis was used in estrogen-primed ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats with stereotaxic implanted third ventricle cannulas. Lordosis in response to solicitous males was observed in females after intercerebral ventricular administration of DAT antagonists WIN35,428 (80 ng) and cocaine (0.016-1.6 micrograms). Significantly, antisense oligonucleotides (AS) to DAT mRNA also induced reproductive behavior. In contrast, the D1-D2 receptor membrane-repopulation inhibitor N-ethoxycarbonyl-2 ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline and the D1-like antagonist SCH23390 blocked cocaine-inducible behavior. Further, facilitation of behavior by AS to the DAT was suppressed by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2 ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. Behavior was not dependent on D2 receptors, since animals pretreated with the D2 antagonist sulpride displayed lordosis after cocaine challenge. Anti...
Color change and other unusual spectroscopic features predicted by the model of hole superconductivity

Abstract The model of hole superconductivity postulates that the mobility of a hole carrier increases with the hole concentration in the system. From this single assumption follows the existence of superconductivity in the system in the regime of low hole concentration, and a number of unusual spectroscopic features: (1) Spectral weight in the frequency-dependent conductivity should be transfered from high to low frequencies in the normal state as the system is doped; (2) A similar spectral weight transfer in the frequency-dependent conductivity should occur for fixed carrier concentration as the temperature is lowered and the system becomes superconducting; (3) In the single-particle density of states, spectral weight transfer between positive and negative energies should occur when the system is cooled below T c , leading to an asymmetry in tunneling and photoemission experiments: an enhanced spectral weight in photoemission and a corresponding decreased spectral weight in inverse photoemission, and a larger tunneling current in a negatively compared to a positively biased sample, should be seen; (4) In angle resolved photoemission the sharpest peaks in the normal and superconducting states should occur for different k-values, and in a range of k-values the peak should move towards the Fermi energy in the superconducting state while it is moving away from it in the normal state.
Transscleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone.

• Transscleral iontophoresis has been suggested to be a potentially useful noninvasive technique in intravitreal introduction of ionizable drugs, such as cefazolin sodium, ticarcillin disodium, and gentamicin sulfate. To investigate the usefulness of this technique in the administration of corticosteroids, we performed transscleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (300 mg/mL, 20 mmol/L edetic acid [EDTA]) into rabbits at a current of 1.6 mA for 25 minutes. Eyes were enucleated at different time intervals and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen vitreous bodies and adherent sensory retina were collected and sonicated, and dexamethasone levels were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. In addition, to study the facilitation of drug transport by cryotherapy, a second group of rabbits were given a single application of cryotherapy (—78°C, 45 seconds) 3, 7, and 14 days before iontophoresis in the same region. Without cryotherapy, the initial level of dexamethasone in the vitreous body—sensory retina after iontophoresis was 139.3 ± 51.5 mg/L (mean ± SE) (n = 6) with a half-life of less than 2 hours. In the cryotreated group, the levels of dexamethasone immediately after iontophoresis 3, 7, and 14 days after cryotherapy were 61.5 ± 31.7 (n = 6), 88.4 ± 55.1 (n = 6), and 112.2 ± 32.5 (n = 6) mg/L, respectively, indicating that levels were lower compared with the group without cryotherapy. Our results suggest that a high dose of dexamethasone can be delivered by using this noninvasive technique and that cryotherapy before iontophoresis does not increase drug levels in the vitreous body.
Long-term follow-up of a mandibular costochondral graft

The long-term follow-up of a patient with unilateral mandibular condylar dysplasia and facial asymmetry, treated with a costochondral graft, is presented. The etiology of the deformity and the surgical treatment are discussed. A detailed review of the literature is included to introduce the reader to the biology and rationale for the use of costochondral grafts in growing patients.
Cardiomyocytes and non-muscle cells in cardiac hypertrophy: a molecular perspective

Abstract Myocardial hypertrophy may occur as an inherited cardiac abnormality (primary) or in response to increased cardiac work (secondary). While familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is genetically considered a heterogeneous disorder, acquired hypertrophy develops as a compensatory mechanism to chronic increase in cardiac work. Although the latter is an adaptive process, it represents an early phase in a continuum leading to heart failure and may contribute to subsequent morbidity and mortality. Cardiac hypertrophy involves not only growth of individual myocytes but also hyperplasia of the non-myocyte elements that actually comprise two-thirds of the cardiac cells. These include fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Studies suggest that a delicate interaction between cardiac myocytes and non-myocyte cells, or an interaction between cardiac cells and extracellular matrix, exists during the development of hypertrophy. At the molecular level, the myocardial process is characterized by immediate activation of protein kinase cascade and transient expression of proto-oncogenes, such as c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and Egr-1, followed by transcriptional changes in genes coding for contractile proteins and membrane ion transport proteins. In the pressure overloaded heart, collagen fibres accumulate in the interstitium and lead to increased chamber stiffness and diastolic dysfunction. The signal for hypertrophy is a combination of mechanical stretch, neurohumoral factors and endogenous growth factors, such as endothelin, angiotensin II or TGFβ. Unraveling the pathways by which these signals orchestrate into defined response, with activation of specific subsets of cardiac muscle genes leading to altered phenotypes, is a major future challenge. This information holds the key to understanding the pathogenesis and mechanisms of compensatory hypertrophy progressing to heart failure. Such knowledge could lead to identification of new therapeutic targets and new innovations in management.
Single-molecule kinetics of nanoparticle catalysis

Owing to their structural dispersion, the catalytic properties of nanoparticles are challenging to characterize in ensemble-averaged measurements. The single-molecule approach enables studying the catalysis of nanoparticles at the single-particle level with real-time single-turnover resolution. This article reviews our single-molecule fl uorescence studies of single Au-nanoparticle catalysis, focusing on the theoretical formulations for extracting quantitative reaction kinetics from the single-turnover resolution catalysis trajectories. We discuss the single-molecule kinetic formulism of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for heterogeneous catalysis, as well as of the two-pathway model for product dissociation reactions. This formulism enables the quantitative evaluation of the heterogeneous reactivity and the differential selectivity of individual nanoparticles that are usually hidden in ensemble measurements. Extension of this formulism to single-molecule catalytic kinetics of oligomeric enzymes is also discussed. Open image in new window
The fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in seawater

A total of 28 vertical profiles of seawater fluorescence was measured in the Sargasso Sea, the Straits of Florida, the Southern California Borderlands, and the central Pacific Ocean. In all cases, surface seawater fluorescence was low as a result of photochemical bleaching which occurs on the timescale of hours. Fluorescence of deep water was 2–2.5 times higher than that of surface waters, and was constant, implying a long residence time for fluorescent organic matter, possibly of the order of thousands of years. Fluorescence correlates well with nutrients (NO3−, PO43−) in mid-depth waters (100–1000 m) in the Sargasso Sea and the central North Pacific, consistent with results in the central Pacific and the coastal seas of Japan. This suggests that regeneration or formation of fluorescent materials accompanies the oxidation and remineralization of settling organic particles. The various sources and sinks of fluorescent organic matter in the global oceans are assessed. The major sources are particles and in situ formation; rivers, rain, diffusion from sediments, and release from organisms are minor sources. The major sink is photochemical bleaching.