cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Diversity of Social Capital in English Communities, 1300–1640 (with a Glance at Modern Nigeria)

The Diversity of Social Capital in English Communities, 1300-1640 (with a Glance at Modem Nigeria) Social capital was produced by many types of human interaction in the villages and market centers of later medieval and early modem England. Each of these communities contained at least a few formal organizations that performed legal, economic, religious, and/or charitable functions. Their activities were shaped by locally influential people, mainly men, who possessed no great wealth or status when viewed from the national level but were economically self-sufficient-working from 20 to Ioo acres of land or operating as craftspeople-and respected by their neighbors. The social capital generated by these organizations was of benefit not only to their own members but also externally. It was transportable and convertible, able to be carried from one group or setting to another, and it contributed to the growth of the lateral and vertical ties (both institutional and ideological) that were necessary to the emergence of a national state. Although most of these bodies were not voluntary organizations, they, and the social capital that they created, were similar to the associations studied in most of the other essays in this volume, including their implicit emphasis on men. This resemblance emphasizes that the history of community institutions that produced beneficial social capital must be traced far beyond the emergence of civil society in the eighteenth century and beyond even the Renaissance Italian city-states.1
Artful Developments: Youth, Art, and Livelihood in Western Kenya

Kenya introduced free primary education in 2003 allowing many children to access education who never could before. But what happens to youth once this access ends? This paper explores how youth who have benefitted from the universalization of primary school opportunity navigate their post-primary lives through art and the informal economy. Education for All policies have led to an explosion of opportunity for children to complete primary school all over the world. Though opportunities for secondary and tertiary education have also expanded and economic development has increased opportunities for employment, these have not been proportionate to the number of those completing primary school. Thus, youth find themselves confronting the global economy with a slightly better skill set that has less relative value than ever before. This research draws on the growing body of literature that examines how youth perceive, confront, navigate, and represent this new global context and uses art as the site, lens, and medium. Based on ethnographic field research in Kisumu, I argue Luo art students engage in bricolage in their compositions of themselves as youth as they accept, resist, and transform ideas about youth presented by the state, media, and school.
Merger Means of Payment and Analysts' Bias between Merger Announcement Date and Merger Effective (Withdrawn) Date

We find strong evidence that analysts tend to have upward-biased earnings estimates in a time window between merger announcement date and merger effective date or between merger announcement date and merger withdrawn date. We also find that the increase of valuation ratios of target firms, such as initial target price ratio and market to book ratio, will lead to a decrease of realized forecast error in a time frame stated above. In particular, the impact of initial target price ratio on realized forecast errors is only observable within the first two trade months after merger announcement date. Compared to cash only deals, the magnitude of decrease in realized forecast error associated with increase in market to book ratio is larger for pure stock deals in the above time frame. Finally, we find a significant 1.65% cumulative abnormal return within a three day window around analysts forecast date that is within the stated time frame above. This stock price reaction can be explained by realized forecast errors that result from the merger means of payment and market to book ratio. Those findings suggest that merger and acquisition deal characteristics including merger means of payment and market to book ratios influence analysts’ near term bias with the stated time frame above.
Electron Correlations in Atoms

Theories of electron correlate ns in condensed matter systems with a high degree of density variation and/or electron localization may be tested in many-electron atoms and ions, where nearly exact correlation energies are known.
Memoirs: The Structure of the Golgi Apparatus in the Tissues of Amphibia

The Golgi apparatus has been studied in nearly all tissues of larvae and adults of a number of Amphibia. In every case the apparatus is lamellar in structure. In all epithelia, except the simple squamous and the specialized cells of the liver and peptic glands, the Golgi apparatus approximates the form of a vertical collar, most commonly encircling the distal part of the nucleus and projecting into the distal end of the cell. In leucocytes and flbroblasts the Golgi apparatus takes the form of a horizontal collar near the approximate centre of the main cytoplasmic mass. The Golgi apparatus of smooth muscle-fibres and of myocardium is developed from the condition in leucocytes by elongation of the ring. The apparatus is greatly extended throughout the central region of the cytoplasm in cartilage and bone cells, and in odontoblasts; and in these types there is a condition where the width of the Golgi plates approximates the thickness, resulting in a filamentous structure. In nervecells of the spinal cord and medulla, and in the smaller nervecells of cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia, the Golgi apparatus is in the form of a single complex plate-work. In large cranial ganglionic cells of larvae the apparatus consists of a considerable number of separate platelets. Measurements of the lamellae that are the basis of structure of the Golgi apparatus, in all types of cells of all animals studied, shows that the thickness is very uniform, approximating 0.2 micron, regardless of the shape of the apparatus as a whole. Data on the form of the apparatus, and on the mode of distortion of the lamellar structure when the cell shape is altered by pressure, indicate that the lamellae have the properties of an elastic solid. On the basis of orientation of centrioles and Golgi apparatus all cells of Amphibia that have been studied may be assigned to one of two groups: A, the epithelial, or physiologically polarized type; or B, the leucocyte, or physiologically unpolarized type.
Polynomials with no zeros on a face of the bidisk

Abstract We present a Hilbert space geometric approach to the problem of characterizing the positive bivariate trigonometric polynomials that can be represented as the square of a two variable polynomial possessing a certain stability requirement, namely no zeros on a face of the bidisk. Two different characterizations are given using a Hilbert space structure naturally associated to the trigonometric polynomial; one is in terms of a certain orthogonal decomposition the Hilbert space must possess called the “split-shift orthogonality condition” and another is an operator theoretic or matrix condition closely related to an earlier characterization due to the first two authors. This approach allows several refinements of the characterization and it also allows us to prove a sums of squares decomposition which at once generalizes the Cole–Wermer sums of squares result for two variable stable polynomials as well as a sums of squares result related to the Schur–Cohn method for counting the roots of a univariate polynomial in the unit disk.
Another proof of the Liouville theorem

We provide another proof of the Liouville theorem that conformal mappings in the dimensions at least three are Mobius transformations under the assumption that the mapping is 1-quasiconformal. Our method employs the Ahlfors Cauchy–Riemann operator.
A TIME—DEPENDENT NEARSHORE MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODEL

This paper presents a numerical model for computing time-dependent nearshore hydrographic changes including beach profile responses. The time scale of the model is suitable for storm events to seasonal changes. The model is very stable and is capable of handling complicated topographies including inlets and irregularly-shaped structures such as curved jetties and breakwaters. The basic approach is similar to many previous investigations utilizing a hydrodynamic model to drive a sediment transport model. The hydrodynamic model computes fully interacted current and wave fields based on coupled mild slope wave equation and depth-averaged circulation equations. The sediment transport model is of energetic type treating the rate of sediment as the summation of two energetic mechanisms one due to the mean current and the other due to the wave induced turbulence. The model has been successful comparing with the evolution of beach profiles in large wave tank tests as well as other 2-dimensional numerical models of profile evolution. The model is able to predict the bar formation realistically without introducing constraints such as the bar genesis. At present the model consists of four modulars that apply separately for the situation of beach with no subaerial structure but could include non-reflective bottom structure, beach with shore-connected structures, beach with shore-detached structures and beach-inlet system. Test applications are presented here with some comparisons with field data and 3-D movable bed experiments.
Automobile Self-Congruity Models Reexamined

Research supporting the self-congruity model has been reported by Birdwell [2], Grubb and Hupp [5], and Dolich [3]. However, the model has been rejected as a model of primary demand by Hughes and Naert [6]. Recently, Green, Maheshwari, and Rao [4] questioned its appropriateness to studies of brand demand. The latter stimulated us to question two concepts central to the model-self-image and congruence toward equilibrium. In this study, self-image is questioned on empirical grounds by subjecting to further analysis data collected for the Hughes and Naert study; congruence is challenged on theoretical grounds, and models of buyer behavior are suggested.
Consumer Response to Television Commercials: The Impact of Involvement and Background Music on Brand Attitude Formation:

Past research has examined the effect of level of involvement (high vs. low) on subjects’ reactions to persuasive communications. The authors suggest that high involvement can be differentiated int...
Pre-operative electrodiagnostic testing predicts time to resolution of symptoms after carpal tunnel release.

The purpose of this study was to determine if nerve conduction studies predict time to resolution of symptoms after carpal tunnel release. A total of 56 patients undergoing open carpal tunnel relea...
Documentation of weight management practices for individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

This cross-sectional chart review study included 100 US Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders (SCI/D) who received care at a Veterans Affairs (VA) SCI facility during a 12-month period. Progress notes were examined to extract need for weight management (WM), patient–provider discussions about risk due to overweight/obesity, recommended lifestyle changes and/or follow-up and WM education. To understand what WM services are offered to Veterans with SCI/D within the VA SCI System of Care during comprehensive preventive health evaluations (annual evaluations), inpatient stays and outpatient visits. VA SCI System of Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, United States. Overall, 73% demonstrated a need for WM. Weight was most frequently addressed during the nutrition assessment of annual evaluations, but this assessment was most likely to be skipped. Nutrition histories were missing many key components. Over half received WM education; individuals who were described as overweight/obese by their provider were more likely to receive education. Most of the Veterans who were seen in an inpatient setting were weighed; weight was only discussed with 12%. Less than half of the Veterans with outpatient visits were weighed, and 23% received WM recommendations. Weight was frequently discussed during nutrition assessments, but infrequently addressed during outpatient or inpatient encounters. Few Veterans received specific recommendations on caloric/nutrient requirements and nutrition histories were missing recommended elements. Additional work is needed to help providers to incorporate WM information into care.
Nanotechnology in Auditory Research: Membrane Electromechanics in Hearing

The soft, thin membranes that envelop all living cells are 2D, nanoscale, fluid assemblies of phospholipids, sterols, proteins, and other molecules. Mechanical interactions between these components facilitate membrane function, a key example of which is ion flow mediated by the mechanical opening and closing of channels. Hearing and balance are initiated by the modulation of ion flow through mechanoreceptor channels in stereocilia membranes. Cochlear amplification by the outer hair cell involves modulation of ion movement by the membrane protein prestin. Voltage-gated ion channels shape the receptor potential in hair cells and are responsible for the initiation of action potentials that are at the heart of sensory processing in the brain. All three processes require a membrane and their kinetics are modulated by the mechanical (i.e., material) properties of the membrane. This chapter reviews the methodology for measuring the mechanics of cellular membranes and introduces a method for examining membrane electromechanics. The approach allows examination of electromechanically mediated interactions between the different molecular species in the membrane that contribute to the biology of hearing and balance.
Treatment efficacy of Ampicillin/Sulbactam in comparison to alternative beta-lactams for severe Acinetobacter baumannii infections

Sir,We read with interest a recent report in the present journal suggesting sulbactam as a treatment option for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter calocaceticus-Acinetobacter bau...
Psychological issues in military uniform design

Abstract: Military uniforms are standardized, distinctive forms of dress that distinguish soldiers and sailors from civilians. There are many psychological implications of military uniforms, including the importance of style, appearance and color, as well as insignia, decorations, and so on. These contribute to togetherness, orderliness and discipline, and add to the soldiers’ sense of camaraderie, cohesion, and esprit de corps. Some features contribute to formal patriotic displays. Other important human factors relate to practicality, functionality, utility, comfort, and bodily protection, which may affect soldier performance. This chapter addresses some of these human considerations and shows the importance of employing human systems integration approaches in the design and development of military uniforms.
Complete Measurement and Control of Rydberg Wave Packets

We have used spectrally resolved Hanbury-Brown and Twiss[1] interferometry to measure the phase of atomic Rydberg wave packets [2], allowing us to fully reconstruct the Rydberg wavefunction. The wave packets were created with shaped optical pulses so that the measured wavefunction could be reshaped with feedback to match any predetermined target shape.
The Impact of a Community-based and Privatized Approach to the Provision of Social Services: Findings From the Emerging South

Amid solid advancements in personal income and employment throughout the state, Georgia's former popular Governor, Zell Miller, initiated the politically advantageous policies of privatizing state services and downsizing agencies. With elevated frequencies of infant infirmity, child poverty, teen pregnancy and juvenile crime persisting, however, state social services were targeted for an innovative approach. Agencies would play a partial role as community-based organizations, the private sector.and citizens would all collaborate in administering welfare programs. Under this format, Georgia's novel "Family Connection" was created to improve the quality of life of the state's needy children and families. Findings indicate that, despite the political appeal, decentralized social programs such as the Family Connection failed to improve the health of impoverished children and families. Reorganizing social services by increasing reliance on the private sector and philanthropic organizations led to no significant improvements in infant health, teen birth rates, juvenile crime, family poverty and high school dropout rates in the state.
Bipartite Matching with Linear Edge Weights

Consider a complete weighted bipartite graph G in which each left vertex u has two real numbers intercept and slope, each right vertex v has a real number quality, and the weight of any edge (u, v) is defined as the intercept of u plus the slope of u times the quality of v. Let m (resp., n) denote the number of left (resp., right) vertices, and assume that m geq n. We develop a fast algorithm for computing a maximum weight matching (MWM) of such a graph. Our algorithm begins by computing an MWM of the subgraph induced by the n right vertices and an arbitrary subset of n left vertices; this step is straightforward to perform in O(n log n) time. The remaining m - n left vertices are then inserted into the graph one at a time, in arbitrary order. As each left vertex is inserted, the MWM is updated. It is relatively straightforward to process each such insertion in O(n) time; our main technical contribution is to improve this time bound to O(sqrt{n} log^2 n). This result has an application related to unit-demand auctions. It is well known that the VCG mechanism yields a suitable solution (allocation and prices) for any unit-demand auction. The graph G may be viewed as encoding a special kind of unit-demand auction in which each left vertex u represents a unit-demand bid, each right vertex v represents an item, and the weight of an edge (u, v) represents the offer of bid u on item v. In this context, our fast insertion algorithm immediately provides an O(sqrt{n} log^2 n)-time algorithm for updating a VCG allocation when a new bid is received. We show how to generalize the insertion algorithm to update (an efficient representation of) the VCG prices within the same time bound.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as intravesical therapy for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: A review.

Aims The purpose of this review is to update the current understanding of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and its role in the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods A systematic review was conducted using the PRIMSA checklist to identify published articles involving intravesical DMSO for the treatment of IC. Results Thirteen cohort studies and three randomized-controlled trials were identified. Response rates relying on subjective measurement scores range from 61 to 95%. No increased efficacy was found with “cocktail” DMSO therapy. Great variation existed in diagnostic criteria, DMSO instillation protocols and response measurements. Conclusions The current evidence backing DMSO is a constellation of cohort studies and a single randomized-controlled trial versus placebo. The optimal dose, dwell time, type of IC most likely to respond to DMSO, definitions of success/failure and the number of treatments are not universally agreed upon. Improvements in study design, phenotyping patients based on symptoms, as well as the emergence of reliable biomarkers of the disease may better guide the use of DMSO in the future.
Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Sensitive Technique for the Study of Biological Molecules at Interfaces

The behavior of biological molecules in interfacial environments is critical to understanding a broad range of phenomena, from biocompatibility to the functions of membrane-associated peptides and proteins. Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical vibrational spectroscopic technique with an excellent sensitivity to interfacial molecules and molecular ordering and is well suited to probing biomolecules in a native interfacial environment. Using this technique, one can obtain unique information on the biomolecular orientation and conformation at interfaces. SFG also provides additional measurements that are complementary to other vibrational studies; more complicated protein structures and orientation distributions may be studied in greater detail when SFG is combined with other vibrational techniques.
Bellerophon: Tactical Theorem Proving for Hybrid Systems

Hybrid systems combine discrete and continuous dynamics, which makes them attractive as models for systems that combine computer control with physical motion. Verification is undecidable for hybrid systems and challenging for many models and properties of practical interest. Thus, human interaction and insight are essential for verification. Interactive theorem provers seek to increase user productivity by allowing them to focus on those insights. We present a tactics language and library for hybrid systems verification, named Bellerophon, that provides a way to convey insights by programming hybrid systems proofs.
Role of Electrostatics in Protein–RNA Binding: The Global vs the Local Energy Landscape

U1A protein–stem loop 2 RNA association is a basic step in the assembly of the spliceosomal U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Long-range electrostatic interactions due to the positive charge of U1A are thought to provide high binding affinity for the negatively charged RNA. Short range interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and contacts between RNA bases and protein side chains, favor a specific binding site. Here, we propose that electrostatic interactions are as important as local contacts in biasing the protein–RNA energy landscape toward a specific binding site. We show by using molecular dynamics simulations that deletion of two long-range electrostatic interactions (K22Q and K50Q) leads to mutant-specific alternative RNA bound states. One of these states preserves short-range interactions with aromatic residues in the original binding site, while the other one does not. We test the computational prediction with experimental temperature-jump kinetics using a tryptophan probe in the U1A–RNA binding si...
Role of Thymidylate Synthase Gene Variations in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in women and men in the United States. The current therapeutic options for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy regimens with the addition of irinotecan (CPT-11) or oxaliplatin. It still remains a challenge for oncologists to evaluate the reasons for a wide variation in response and toxicity among patients undergoing systemic 5-FU based chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a useful tool to address the variations by evaluating the interplay between genotype and drug efficacy. Identifying a reliable panel of prognostic and predictive markers is critical in selecting an individualized chemotherapy regimen based on a particular tumor genotype.
Terahertz Waveform Synthesis and Enhanced Narrow-Band Terahertz Generation Using Femtosecond Pulse Shaping

Recently, generation of ultrafast terahertz (THz) radiation using femtosecond lasers has attracted much attention for a variety of potential applications [1–2]. In this contribution, we present a technique for manipulating ultrafast THz electromagnetic waveforms through optical pulse shaping. By using a programmable pulse shaper to design optical excitation pulses, we have demonstrated our ability for controlling the amplitude and phase of THz waveforms, or time-division multiplexing terabit signals at THz frequencies. Meanwhile, we have shown that we can increase the generation efficiency of narrowband THz radiation by overcoming saturation effects through multiple optical pulse excitation. This scheme also allows us to generate high power, tunable narrow-band THz radiation.
Uranium Extraction from Florida Phosphates

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the various processes that have been used and are currently being employed for the recovery of uranium from Florida's phosphate deposits. The objectives of this paper are to describe the phosphate deposits in Florida with respect to approximate uranium content, teach something about the processes for making fertilizer and phosphoric acid from phosphate rock; and describe the processes for recovering uranium from phosphate rock. 15 refs.
Specialized Intercellular Communications via Cytonemes and Nanotubes

In recent years, thin membrane protrusions such as cytonemes and tunneling nanotubes have emerged as a novel mechanism of intercellular communication. Protrusion-based cellular interactions allow for specific communication between participating cells and have a distinct spectrum of advantages compared to secretion- and diffusion-based intercellular communication. Identification of protrusion-based signaling in diverse systems suggests that this mechanism is a ubiquitous and prevailing means of communication employed by many cell types. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that protrusion-based intercellular communication is often involved in pathogenesis, including cancers and infections. Here we review our current understanding of protrusion-based intercellular communication.
The Digital EMS California Academy of Learning: One State's Innovative Approach to EMS Fellow Education.

Introduction Emergency medical services (EMS) fellowships are growing in significance within the United States prehospital health care system. While fellowships represent a cornerstone of EMS subspecialty education, an individual learner's experiences are limited by local resources and practices. California EMS fellowships have developed an innovative method for expanding fellows' educational experiences outside their immediate programs. The innovative education method Each month, fellows, fellowship directors, and local EMS medical directors from throughout the state participate in a video conference. This meeting is divided into four distinct components: book chapter presentation, board-style question review, call review, and an EMS literature review. Chapter review The two-volume text Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight has been categorized into 12 modules, one for each month of the fellowship. Every meeting, one fellow prepares a didactic presentation summarizing the highlights from that month's chapters. Question review Fellows each create five multiple-choice questions and answers, based on the section reading. Questions are assessed by the group, both for informational content and for appropriate formatting. After completion, these questions are submitted for future review for the EMS fellowship in-service examination. Call review Based on that month's module topics, a call is chosen and reviewed. Regional protocol and practice differences from different systems are discussed. The online medical oversight provided and the prehospital provider performance are evaluated by the group. Literature review Fellows not assigned to present a call or didactic segment each choose one paper focusing on a subject relevant to the module or call. Strengths of the study design, analysis, outcomes, and relevance to EMS practice are discussed. Outcomes Fellows and experienced EMS attendings are exposed to different protocol and system approaches in an interactive and accessible format. This partnership expands educational opportunities for fellows and promotes collaboration across EMS systems.
Nitrogen dynamics along a climate gradient on geologically old substrate, Kaua'i, Hawai'i

We evaluated N dynamics on a climate gradient on old (> 4 million year) basaltic substrate on the Island of Kaua’i, Hawai’i, to evaluate the utility of pedogenic thresholds and soil process domains for understanding N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies of nitrogen dynamics on the climate gradient on a younger basaltic substrate (~ 150,000 year) had found a good match between soil process domains and N cycling processes. Here we measured net N mineralization and nitrification by incubation, and δ15N of total soil N, to determine whether the soil process domains on the older gradient were equally useful for interpreting N cycling and thereby to explore the general utility of the approach. Net N mineralization varied from 0 to 1.7 mg kg−1 d−1 across the old Kaua’i gradient, and δ15N varied from + 3 to + 11 ο/οο, both ranges similar to those on the younger substrate. However, while the pattern of variation with climate was similar for δ15N, the highest rates of mineralization on the old gradient occurred where forests were dominated by the native N fixer Acacia koa. This occurred in sites wetter than the process domain associated with high net N mineralization on the gradient on younger substrate. We conclude that soil process domains based on rock-derived nutrients are not always useful for evaluating N dynamics, especially where the distribution of biological N fixers is controlled by factors other than rock-derived nutrients.
Robustness to hydrodynamic instabilities in indirectly driven layered capsule implosions

We report on a high convergence ratio liquid layer capsule implosion performed on the National Ignition Facility and contrast it to two previously reported layered implosions, in order to better understand how the capsule design impacts the hydrodynamic stability properties of implosions. Three implosions were performed with similar convergence ratios, fuel entropy, in-flight aspect ratios, and unablated shell mass; these qualities are important for determining hydrodynamic stability. Nevertheless, while two of these implosions exhibited robustness to asymmetries, including our recent experiment that had abnormally large amplitude long-wavelength capsule asymmetries, and produced more than 80% or the yield predicted by one-dimensional (1D) simulations, which do not account for the impacts of hydrodynamic instabilities, the third implosion produced only 14% of the yield from a 1D simulation. We perform a detailed computational analysis of these three shots, which suggests that the combination of several large asymmetry seeds result in the significantly degraded performance: a large 30 μm fill tube, the presence of a microstructure in the high density carbon ablator, and a higher level of drive asymmetry. This indicates that while it is possible to stabilize a high convergence ratio implosion through various means, the factors that determine stability cannot be considered independently. Furthermore, when these asymmetries are combined in 2D simulations, they can exhibit destructive interference and underpredict the yield degradation compared to experiment and three-dimensional simulations.
The effectiveness of shared clinical teaching in nursing.

Abstract Aim Clinical learning is a critical component of a nursing curriculum. Student satisfaction in clinical environment is crucial to foster a positive learning experience. Faculty shortages have made clinical teaching more challenging; as such, alternate models of clinical teaching must be explored by nursing programs. The purpose of this study was to measure the perception of student satisfaction in regard to the effectiveness of shared clinical teaching in nursing. Methods Utilizing Chan's Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI), this quantitative comparative study examined nursing students' preferred and actual clinical learning environment. The CLEI contains 42 questions in six subscales: Individualization, Innovation, Involvement, Personalization, Task Orientation, and Satisfaction in both the actual and preferred clinical learning environment. The sample consisted of 202 nursing students in two groups: the first group had 91 students who experienced shared clinical teaching with two faculty, whereas the second group had 111 students who experienced the traditional, single faculty model. The results were analyzed using independent sample T-tests. Results The preferred learning environment was rated highest in all six subscales. Scores of the Satisfaction subscale and the Innovation subscale for Actual Learning Environment, and the score of the Innovation subscale for Preferred Learning Environment of students experiencing shared clinical teaching with two faculty were higher than the scores of students experiencing traditional, single faculty model, with statistically significance (P＜0.05). Conclusion The results indicated students preferred the shared clinical teaching model with two faculty over the single faculty model. Nursing programs can utilize this model and apply these results to develop and maintain quality clinical teaching.
Introduction to the Problems of Flow Separation

This chapter provides an overview of the problems of flow separation. The problem of flow separation is, perhaps, one of the most important hydrodynamic problems to be investigated intensively to find its solution satisfactorily. Because of the complexity of the problem, a rigorous definition of flow separation and stall should be made. The classical concept of flow separation is because of viscosity; therefore, it is often expressed as boundary layer flow separation or boundary layer separation. The chapter highlights classical concept of flow separation is outlined and then the generalized definition of flow separation. The problem of flow separation is as old as that of boundary layer theory. Ludwig Prandtl, the father of the boundary layer concept, was concerned about flow separation before he started his work on the boundary layer. The chapter highlights multiple instabilities of the overall flow field and of various subfields. As Reynolds number increases, the resulting unsteady, three-dimensional, and interacting vortical patterns become keys to some of the perplexing experimental observations reported by various investigators.
Studying the Presidency After 9/11: Re-considering Presidential Character in Domestic and International Contexts

Since 2001, journalists, scholars, and average U.S. citizens have considered “presidential character” when selecting candidates and evaluating presidential policy-making. Likewise, international news reports relating to the U.S. presidency post-9/11 consider the presidential self when evaluating both the individual and the nation. This chapter examines this trend toward presidential character to illustrate the ways that Presidential Studies scholars have adjusted their research in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 2001.
3 – Economic Background

Publisher Summary This chapter presents definitions of economics and its relationship with resource allocation and classical mechanics. The mathematical reasoning consists of the development of certain clearly defined propositions from certain equally, clearly defined principles or assumptions. In addition to the meta-axioms and the meta-theorems derived from them, one should note certain principles that mathematicians and scientific theorists have learned from experience. A number of axioms, among them the ones defining the real-number system, are especially rich in consequences. Requirements for an axiomatic mathematics are an important example for any science. There may be consumers whose behavior appears to reflect preferences but whose choices in noncompetitive situations would reveal that they were, in fact, making choices in an inconsistent fashion. Even if a one-to-one relationship between demand behavior and preference optimization had been discovered, the structure of economic problems is such that preference must have some meaning beyond the description of market behavior. There is a striking formal similarity between physical problems and economic ones, and a great deal of the mathematics developed for physics is applicable to economics.
Psychological factor analysis of low comply degree and effect of female sex worker serving in vulgar entertainment place in AIDS behavioral intervention

Objective To analysis the psychological factor of low comply degree of female sex worker serving in vulgar entertainmen place in behavioral intervention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Methods Study was conducted in female sex worker serving in vulgar entertainmen place with self-administered anonymous questionnaire to collect their demographic information, the reason of low comply degree in behavioral intervention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and the effect of the behavioral intervention. Results The rate of sequentiae elementary school (including elementary school) was 67.23%;and accept propaganda and blood test in first time was 8.82%;and deem herself had enough knowledge to prevent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, no necessary to study and test blood was 1.38%.There was significant difference between before and after behavioral intervention in the realize of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the condition of condom using. Conclusion The education degree of these target population is low,and the reason of resist in behavioral intervention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome very few is "don't need",most is some social factors. Key words: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Female sex worker; Behavioral intervention
Self-assembled nitride–metal nanocomposites: recent progress and future prospects

Two-phase nanocomposites have gained significant research interest because of their multifunctionalities, tunable geometries and potential device applications. Different from the previously demonstrated oxide–oxide 2-phase nanocomposites, coupling nitrides with metals shows high potential for building alternative hybrid plasmonic metamaterials towards chemical sensing, tunable plasmonics, and nonlinear optics. Unique advantages, including distinct atomic interface, excellent crystalline quality, large-scale surface coverage and durable solid-state platform, address the high demand for new hybrid metamaterial designs for versatile optical material needs. This review summarizes the recent progress on nitride–metal nanocomposites, specifically targeting bottom-up self-assembled nanocomposite thin films. Various morphologies including vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs), self-organized nanoinclusions, and nanoholes fabricated by additional chemical treatments are introduced. Starting from thin film nucleation and growth, the prerequisites of successful strain coupling and the underlying growth mechanisms are discussed. These findings facilitate a better control of tunable nanostructures and optical functionalities. Future research directions are proposed, including morphological control of the secondary phase to enhance its homogeneity, coupling nitrides with magnetic phase for the magneto-optical effect and growing all-ceramic nanocomposites to extend functionalities and anisotropy.
URANIUM-SERIES GEOCHEMISTRYby B. Bourdon, G. M. Henderson, C. C. Lundstrom, and S. P. Turner (eds.). Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 52, 2003, 656 p. $40($30 for MSA members)

This volume was written to support a two-day short course held in the Spring of 2003 in Paris, France just prior to the joint EGS/AGU/EUG meeting. This book represents a ten-year reunion to update the two editions of “Uranium-series Disequilibrium, Applications to Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences,” edited by M. Ivanovich and R. S. Harmon that were published in 1982 and 1992. It also celebrates the nominal 100 year anniversary of the discovery of the uranium decay series. The goal of the volume is to present an overview of key U-series related research …
Comprehensive antibody profiling of mRNA vaccination in children

With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, fluctuating mask mandates, and school re-openings, increased infections and disease surged among children recently. Thus, there is an urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines for children of all ages. However, whether young children will respond appropriately to mRNA vaccines remains unclear. Here, we deeply profiled the vaccine-induced humoral immune response in 7-11 year old children receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccinated children induced significantly higher antibody titers and functions compared to naturally infected children. Moreover, we observed comparable SARS-CoV-2 titers and neutralizing activity across variants of concern and superior Fc{gamma}-receptor binding and phagocytic antibodies in children compared to vaccinated adults. Our data indicate that mRNA vaccination elicits robust antibody responses and drives superior antibody functionality in children. One-Sentence SummarymRNA vaccination elicits robust humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children 7-11 years of age.
Prediction of Large Change in Lung Tumor Motion During Treatment Course: An Ensemble Learning Method With Enhanced Positive Predictive Values.

Purpose/Objective(s) During lung cancer radiotherapy, tumor motion magnitude may change, resulting in either inadequate margins or non-ideal dose conformality (margins are unnecessarily too big). To predict large motion change using only patient-specific clinical information and the simulation 4DCT images, we proposed an ensemble learning model (ELM) with robust feature selection (FS). For this specific study, we minimized the false negative prediction so that we will not miss patients who might have a subsequent large change in tumor motion. Thus, we employed positive predictive values (PPV) as the evaluation metric instead of commonly used accuracy scores. Materials/Methods Seventeen features were collected including both clinical factors and imaging features. The motion change is defined by motion difference in SI direction between the simulation 4DCT and mid-course repeat 4DCT with the clinical threshold set as 3 mm. The dataset consisted of 140 patients, where 31 showed large tumor motion change. Four hundred seventy-two sets of 4DCT images were analyzed in this study. The ELM adopts 5 conventional predictive models (logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and XGBoost (XGB)) as base predictors. Then, the results are employed as inputs for a two-layer neural network to obtain a final prediction. To enhance the feature sensitivity and to reduce data noise, we developed a robust FS strategy with sequential backward selection. Each criterion score is an average from 5-fold cross-valuation, and the target feature of each round is based on 1000 repeated experiments. The peak of the criterion score after sequential removal of the least sensitive features was used to select the optimal feature set. Results By employing PPV as the criterion function, all the base predictors ranked initial SI tumor motion as the most important feature. ROC curve with selected sensitive features consistently outperformed the one with all features. For ELM, the AUCs (mean std. ± dev.) were 0.63 ± 0.04 when all features were included and increased to 0.72 ± 0.02 for PPV-based selected features only. The prediction comparisons were performed for all base predictors and ELM with 100 repetitions. The PPV results (Table 1) demonstrated the proposed ELM obtained superior performance than each base predictor. Conclusion We proposed an ELM to identify patients with potential large tumor motion change using only information prior to the first treatment. The ELM showed superior performance with PPV-driven metrics. We also developed a feature selection strategy for each base predictor, and the consistent superiority was demonstrated by ROC results. In future work, additional information from on-treatment evaluation CTs may further improve the prediction.
SU‐E‐T‐371: Evaluating the Convolution Algorithm of a Commercially Available Radiosurgery Irradiator Using a Novel Phantom

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and use a novel phantom to evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of the Leskell Gamma Plan convolution-based dose calculation algorithm compared with the current TMR10 algorithm. Methods: A novel phantom was designed to fit the Leskell Gamma Knife G Frame which could accommodate various materials in the form of one inch diameter, cylindrical plugs. The plugs were split axially to allow EBT2 film placement. Film measurements were made during two experiments. The first utilized plans generated on a homogeneous acrylic phantom setup using the TMR10 algorithm, with various materials inserted into the phantom during film irradiation to assess the effect on delivered dose due to unplanned heterogeneities upstream in the beam path. The second experiment utilized plans made on CT scans of different heterogeneous setups, with one plan using the TMR10 dose calculation algorithm and the second using the convolution-based algorithm. Materials used to introduce heterogeneities included air, LDPE, polystyrene, Delrin, Teflon, and aluminum. Results: The data shows that, as would be expected, having heterogeneities in the beam path does induce dose delivery error when using the TMR10 algorithm, with the largest errors being due to the heterogeneities with electron densities most different from that of water, i.e. air, Teflon, and aluminum. Additionally, the Convolution algorithm did account for the heterogeneous material and provided a more accurate predicted dose, in extreme cases up to a 7–12% improvement over the TMR10 algorithm. The convolution algorithm expected dose was accurate to within 3% in all cases. Conclusion: This study proves that the convolution algorithm is an improvement over the TMR10 algorithm when heterogeneities are present. More work is needed to determine what the heterogeneity size/volume limits are where this improvement exists, and in what clinical and/or research cases this would be relevant.
The Calculation of Electronic Energy Bands by the Augmented Plane Wave Method

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes, not so much the computational aspects of the Augmented Plane Wave (APW) method, but the method itself and the results that have been obtained using it. It briefly discusses the energy band method as a one electron model for the electronic properties of solids. This chapter considers the major approximations involved in so-called first principle band calculations and the reduction of the crystal many-body problem to the one-electron form. A discussion of the more formal aspects of the APW method including the construction of the muffin-tin potential and its appropriateness for various materials is given here. It compares the APW method with other band calculation methods in current use. It discusses in some detail the results of some APW calculations and their comparison with experiment. Finally, it discusses some recent, and speculate on some projected future, trends in the application of the APW method to solids.
Crystallization from Solution

Publisher Summary A complex and deep study of crystallization processes is required for growing crystals. Crystal studies are important in physics, biology, particularly in virology. Improvements in contemporary metallurgy and the chemical, ceramic, and other industries depend to a large extent on a thorough knowledge of crystallization processes. A crystal growing from an impure solution is itself much purer than the solution. This affords a practical method of obtaining solid chemicals in a pure form suitable for handling, storing, and marketing. The most important criteria of a crystallization process are product yield and purity. Crystallization is a process or unit operation of producing crystals or crystalline substances. It can occur from melts, solutions, or vapors. Crystalline solids need not be single crystals. Usually they are composed of an aggregate of crystals, which can be distinguished as separate entities under the microscope. Large crystals increase in size by a corresponding amount of solute. This is an important phenomenon in commercial crystallization. Equally important, sharp edges and corners of irregular solute masses also exhibit a tendency to dissolve and redeposit the plane surfaces. Thus, irregular solutes tend to grow into regular shapes or into homogeneous crystals.