cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notch-Induced E2A Degradation Requires CHIP and Hsc70 as Novel Facilitators of Ubiquitination

E2A transcription factors, E12 and E47, are important regulators of lymphocyte development. Notch signaling pathways have been shown to regulate E2A function by accelerating the degradation of E2A proteins through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and ubiquitin-mediated pathway. To further understand the mechanism underlying E2A ubiquitination and degradation, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) as an E47 binding protein. Here, we show that CHIP associates with E2A proteins in vivo and that overexpression of CHIP induces E47 degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Conversely, knocking down CHIP with small interfering RNA alleviates Notch-induced E47 degradation. CHIP binds E47 through the E protein homology domains 2 and 3 (EHD2 and EHD3). This interaction between CHIP and E47 is independent of the U-box domain with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity but requires the chaperone binding tetratricopeptide repeats domain. The ability of CHIP to induce E47 ubiquitination and degradation correlates with its ability to bind E47. We propose that CHIP, together with its partner Hsc70, forms a preubiquitination complex (PUC) with E47 and Skp2, thus facilitating the interaction between E47 and Skp2. CHIP also associates with Cul1, which introduces PUC to the SCF E3 ligase complex, responsible for E47 ubiquitination. Therefore, CHIP plays a crucial role in the ubiquitination and degradation of E2A proteins.
Anomalous refractivity changes of Gramicidin A in ethanol solutions

Studies of the refractive properties of Gramicidin A in absolute ethanol and in ethanol water mixtures showed that this peptide in solution undergoes a conformational transition resulting in species with different refractivity. Accordingly, the folded form of this peptide shows a lower specific refractive index increment than the unfolded form. In addition, the occurrence of a strong pressure dependence of the transition is documented.
A La-related protein modulates 7SK snRNP integrity to suppress P-TEFb-dependent transcriptional elongation and tumorigenesis

The general transcription factor P-TEFb stimulates RNA polymerase II elongation and cotranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA. Contributing to a functional equilibrium important for growth control, a reservoir of P-TEFb is maintained in an inactive snRNP where 7SK snRNA is a central scaffold. Here, we identify PIP7S as a La-related protein stably associated with and required for 7SK snRNP integrity. PIP7S binds and stabilizes nearly all the nuclear 7SK via 3' -UUU-OH, leading to the sequestration and inactivation of P-TEFb. This function requires its La domain and intact C terminus. The latter is frequently deleted in human tumors due to microsatellite instability-associated mutations. Consistent with the tumor suppressor role of a Drosophila homolog of PIP7S, loss of PIP7S function shifts the P-TEFb equilibrium toward the active state, disrupts epithelial differentiation, and causes P-TEFb-dependent malignant transformation. Through PIP7S modulation of P-TEFb, our data thus link a general elongation factor to growth control and tumorigenesis.
Transient photoconductivity in EuSe

Abstract Transient photoconductivity measurements in EuSe have been made in order to distinguish between mobility and lifetime effects in steady state photoconductivity. The results show that in the paramagnetic region the decay time is constant while the mobility is thermally activated. The data are explained by a magnetic impurity state model including both charged and neutral defects. In this model both hopping and quasi-thermally activated band conduction may occur.
α7β1 Integrin Does Not Alleviate Disease in a Mouse Model of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2F

Transgenic expression of the α7β1 integrin in the dystrophic mdx/utr−/− mouse decreases development of muscular dystrophy and enhances longevity. To explore the possibility that elevating α7β1 integrin expression could also ameliorate different forms of muscular dystrophy, we used transgenic technology to enhance integrin expression in mice lacking δ-sarcoglycan (δ sgc), a mouse model for human limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F. Unlike α7 transgenic mdx/utr−/− mice, enhanced α7β1 integrin expression in the δ sgc-null mouse did not alleviate muscular dystrophy in these animals. Expression of the transgene in the δ sgc-null did not alleviate dystrophic histopathology, nor did it decrease cardiomyopathy or restore exercise tolerance. One hallmark of integrin-mediated alleviation of muscular dystrophy in the mdx/utr−/− background is the restoration of myotendinous junction integrity. As assessed by atomic force microscopy, myotendinous junctions from normal and δ sgc-null mice were indistinguishable, thus suggesting the important influence of myotendinous junction integrity on the severity of muscular dystrophy and providing a possible explanation for the inability of enhanced integrin expression to alleviate dystrophy in the δ sgc-null mouse. These results suggest that distinct mechanisms underlie the development of the diseases that arise from deficiencies in dystrophin and sarcoglycan.
Synthesis of systems with periodic solutions satisfying Upsilon (X) = 0

A number of papers in the last decade dealt with synthesizing a set of n coupled differential equations \dot{x} = f(x) which have particular globally stable desired solutions, usually periodic. The methods for deriving these differential equations and verifying the properties of the solution have been, at best, ad hoc. This paper investigates the generic and stable synthesis of such systems which have the common property that the desired particular solutions satisfy m constraint equations \Upsilon (x) = 0 . The stability and generic properties are inherent and easily derived from basic properties of the function \Upsilon . First, Lyapunov techniques are used to guarantee that solutions satisfy the constraints. Next, well-known properties of manifolds are used to show that satisfying the constraint equations is a natural way to guarantee that solutions have particular useful properties. Further, these properties are generic in that almost all such possible \Upsilon have them. The synthesis properties are reapplied to the problems of the earlier papers. The resulting systems \dot{x} = f(x) are more general and/or simpler to implement than those originally devised.
A method for isolating respiring mitochondria from epiphyseal cartilage

Abstract Enzymic and ultrasonic methods for isolating a respiring mitochondrial fraction from chick epiphyseal cartilage were evaluated. It was found that sonication was the method of choice. Utilizing the “Polytron,” a fraction with elevated cytochrome oxidase activity was obtained. The effects of ADP, DNP, and oligomycin on oxygen consumption indicated that mitochondria in this fraction were biochemically intact and were performing coupled oxidative phosphorylation.
A study of machine architectures for specialized information retrieval computers

This paper is the result of an effort to support and supplement the development of a specialized information retrieval computer, EUREKA, presently being built at the University of Illinois, Urbana. We begin by defining a basic machine architecture from which many text retrieval systems can be configured. This architecture includes two features that are designed to increase the efficiency and performance of these systems. First, a special processor is used to merge and coordinate postings lists obtained from an inverted file. Second, there are facilities for parallel data transfer which will allow the postings lists to be moved rapidly through the memory hierarchy. Our next step is to identify the design variables that exist within this basic architecture. These are the parameters that can be varied to configure specific retrieval machines. Finally, simulation results are, studied to evaluate the effect the design variables have on each other as well as on the architecture as a whole. From these results we will develop an understanding of how to construct a retrieval machine using information on the various speeds and capacities of its components.
Increased transcriptional activity of the CYP3A4*1B promoter variant

Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the human genome, yet the functional significance of most is unknown. CYP3A4 is a key enzyme in the metabolism of numerous compounds. An A-->G substitution 290 bp upstream of the CYP3A4 transcription start site (CYP3A4*1B) has been associated with cancer phenotypes, but its phenotypic effects are unclear. To investigate the functional significance of CYP3A4*1B, we generated two luciferase reporter constructs: 1-kb (denoted L, long) and 0.5-kb (denoted S, short) promoter fragments containing either the variant (V(L),V(S)) or the wild-type (W(L), W(S)) sequences. We evaluated the effect of the variant sequence in the HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, and in primary human hepatocytes from three donors. Reporter constructs with the variant sequence had 1.2- to 1.9-fold higher luciferase activity than constructs with wild-type sequence in the cell lines (P < 0.0001) and hepatocytes (P = 0.021, P = 0.027, P = 0.061). The ratio of transcriptional activity for V(S):W(S) was similar to the V(L):W(L) ratio in HepG2 cells, but the V(S):W(S) ratio was consistently less than the V(L):W(L) ratio in MCF-7 cells. This suggests that CYP3A4 expression is higher from the variant promoter and that a repressor sequence may exist in the longer constructs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated specific binding of a component of HepG2 nuclear extract to both wild-type and variant promoters with consistently higher binding affinities to the wild-type sequence. This suggests the existence of a transcriptional repressor responsible for the lower CYP3A4*1A activity. Therefore, the phenotypic effects of the variant CYP3A4*1B may be associated with enhanced CYP3A4 expression due to reduced binding of a transcriptional repressor.
SUXAMETHONIUM ASSOCIATED HYPERTONICITY AND CARDIAC ARREST IN UNSUSPECTED PSEUDOHYPERTROPHIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

We report a case that showed many of the features of the malignant hyperpyrexia syndrome following suxamethonium administration, in an unsuspected case of pseudohypertrophic (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy
Quartz Content--Grain Size Relationships and Location of Source Terrane: ABSTRACT

With other factors held constant, quartz content is a positive function of grain size. Examination of changes in this relationship among degradational processes associated with longer transport. In general, sediments become more quartzose in the silt and sand sizes as these processes proceed. This approach has discriminated between the bordering Appalachian and Ouachita fold belts as sources of the Upper Carboniferous detritus of the Black Warrior basin of Alabama. If an Appalachian source is postulated, all samples taken proximally to the folded zone should be quite similar, being at the same time less quartzose for their grain size than samples collected farther to the west. Conversely, a southern, Ouachita source would yield increasing quartz contents from south to north. Experimental studies indicate the latter condition, with no perceptible Appalachian contribution. These results form a basis for predicting the character of these rocks beneath the mantling sediments of the Mississippi embayment, as well as clarifying the order of tectonic events of the southeastern United States. End_of_Article - Last_Page 339------------
Frieda Hennock: FCC activist and the campaign for educational television, 1948–1951

(1998). Frieda Hennock: FCC activist and the campaign for educational television, 1948–1951. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 411-429.
Inflation Pressures and Monetary Policy Options in Emerging and Developing Countries - A Cross Regional Perspective

This paper analyzes the monetary policy response to rising inflation in emerging and developing countries associated with the food and oil price shocks in 2007 and the first half of 2008. It reviews inflation developments in a sample of countries covering all regions and a broad range of monetary and exchange rate policy regimes; discusses the underlying causes of inflation; provides a synthesis of policy responses taken against the background of the conflicting objectives and trade-offs, the uncertainties regarding the nature of the shocks, and the additional challenges brought on by the global financial turmoil; and presents considerations for policy.
Relationship between news media coverage of medical research and academic medical centers and people volunteering for clinical trials

Abstract In academic medical centers an untested assumption is that positive media attention aids recruitment of patients into a medical study while negative news reporting is damaging. In this study we examine associations between the amount of newspaper coverage concerning medical research and the number of people who volunteer, and the positive or negative content of the reporting. We find evidence that a positive relationship, though not statistically significant, exists between the volume of media coverage and volunteerism; a positive relationship exists between positive media coverage and volunteerism; and no existence of an inverse relationship between negative news coverage and volunteerism. These results lay a foundation for more in-depth exploration into the role news media play in this type of volunteerism.
Axonal maturation in development—II. Immunofluorescence study of rat spinal cord and cerebellum with axon-specific neurofilament antibodies

Abstract Neurofilament monoclonal antibodies derived from mice immunized with chicken brain antigen or purified bovine NF 150K and NF 200K either stained only axons or they stained neuronal perikarya, dendrites and axons. Antibodies in the second group were called conventional because they decorated tissue sections like the neurofibrillary methods of traditional histology. Axon-specific anti-bodies either reacted with phosphorylated epitopes or they were phosphate/phosphatase insensitive thus suggesting reactivity with post-translational modifications other than phosphorylation. Another possibility was reactivity with phosphorylated epitopes inaccessible to exogenous phosphatases. Conventional neurofilament antibodies stained motor and sensory neurons in day 12 and day 13 rat embryos, respectively, as previously reported with neurofilament antisera. Immunoreactivity with axon-specific antibodies first appeared in motor and sensory axons at different times in development: day 13–14 (3 monoclonals); day 17 (6 monoclonals); day 21 (1 monoclonal); postnatal day 2(1 monoclonal). There were no major differences between conventional and axon-specific antibodies as to the time of appearance of Purkinje cell baskets in postnatal rat cerebellum. With two exceptions all monoclonals first stained thin baskets on day 11. Immunoreactivity of Purkinje cell baskets with two monoclonals reacting with phosphorylated NF 200K first appeared on days 14 and 20. It is suggested that post-translational modifications may stabilize the neurofilaments, thus accounting for their late appearance by electron microscopy in development.
Estimating the exponential reliability function for a system in series with type II censored data

The problem of estimating the one parameter exponential reliability function for a system composed of l componentes in series is considered. Under the type II censoring scheme, the Bayes nature of the minimum variance unbiased estimator is demonstrated and the admissibility of related generalized Bayes estimators is established. For the one component case, the best unbiased estimator is admissible.
A neural network approach to multiple-objective cutting parameter optimization based on fuzzy preference information

Abstract This paper presents a neural network approach to multiple-objective cutting parameter optimization for planning turning operations. Productivity, operation cost, and cutting quality are considered as criteria for optimizing machining operations. A feedforward neural network and a dynamic training procedure are proposed for modeling manufacturers' preferences using sampled fuzzy preferential data. Optimum cutting parameters are determined based on neural network representations of manufacturers' fuzzy preference structures.
A critical period of transcription required for differentiation of the action potential of spinal neurons

Abstract The early development of excitability of amphibian spinal neurons is characterized by a change from a long Ca Ca2+ -dependent action potential to a brief Na + -dependent impulse. The delayed rectifier K + current plays a major role in this cell autonomous differentiation. Here we show that the maturation of the delayed rectifier current, and hence the action potential, involves a critical period of m RNA synthesis. it is blocked by inhibition of transcription during an early period of development in culture and fails to develop following removal of the inhibitor and resumption of RNA synthesis. However, the development of an inactivating K + A-current recovers in these neurons, indicating that some programs of neuronal development are affected during this critical period, while others are spared.
Novel effects in deep inelastic scattering from spin-one hadrons

Abstract Deep inelastic scattering from a polarized spin-one target yields qualitatively new information which is not available in the spin-half case. Among several new structure functions, one, b 1 ( x ), is leading twist in QCD. It can be measured with an unpolarized beam. b 1 ( x ) is small and calculable for a weakly bound collection of nucleons, and therefore its measurement would provide a clear signature for exotic components in a spin-one nucleus.
Elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity promotes skin tumorigenesis by stimulating the recruitment of bulge stem cells but not via toxic polyamine catabolic metabolites

Elevated expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the regulatory enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, targeted to the epidermis is sufficient to promote skin tumor development following a single subthreshold dose of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Since skin tumor promotion involves recruitment of hair follicle bulge stem cells harboring genetic lesions, we assessed the effect of increased epidermal ODC on recruitment of bulge stem cells in ODC-ER transgenic mice in which ODC activity is induced de novo in adult skin with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT). Bromodeoxyuridine-pulse labeling and use of K15.CrePR1;R26R;ODC-ER triple transgenic mice demonstrated that induction of ODC activity is sufficient to recruit bulge stem cells in quiescent skin. Because increased ODC activity not only stimulates proliferation but also increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via subsequent induction of polyamine catabolic oxidases, we used an inhibitor of polyamine catabolic oxidase activity, MDL72527, to investigate whether ROS generation by polyamine catabolic oxidases contributes to skin tumorigenesis in DMBA-initiated ODC-ER transgenic skin. Newborn ODC-ER transgenic mice and their normal littermates were initiated with a single topical dose of DMBA. To assess tumor development originating from dormant bulge stem cells that possess DMBA-initiated mutations, epidermal ODC activity was induced in ODC-ER mice with 4OHT 5 weeks after DMBA initiation followed by MDL72527 treatment. MDL72527 treatment resulted in a shorter tumor latency time, increased tumor burden, increased conversion to carcinomas, and lower tumor levels of p53. Thus, elevated epidermal ODC activity promotes tumorigenesis by stimulating the recruitment of bulge stem cells but not via ROS generation by polyamine catabolic oxidases.
Child Development Research and the Poor Children of America: A Call for a Developmental Contextual Approach to Research and Outreach

The number of American children living under persistent and pervasive poverty increases each year. For example, poverty rates are greater among African American and Latino children than among European American children. Yet most studies of child developmentfocus on European American, middle-class samples and do not consider the actual ecology of children's development. Such studies have limited applicability for developing, delivering, or sustaining policies or programs pertinent to the diverse groups comprising America's poor children. Accordingly, we present a developmental contextual model of child development thatfocuses on diversity and context; that suggests means to synthesize research with policy and program design, delivery, and evaluation; and that promotes both multiprofessional collaboration and research-outreach partnerships with communities. Finally, to change the developmental trajectories of America's poor children, we call for scientific focus on the issue of how to develop and sustain successful policies and programs.
Green Governance: Boards of Directors’ Composition and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility:

This study contributes to the work on board composition and firm corporate social responsibility by extending it to the environmental domain. It evaluates the relationship between boards of directors’ composition and environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) by integrating literatures on board composition, firm corporate social responsibility, and individual differences in attitudes toward and information about environmental issues. Using disclosed company data and the natural environment ratings data from Kinder Lydenberg Domini (KLD) Inc. for 78 Fortune 1000 companies, the study finds that a higher proportion of outside board directors is associated with more favorable ECSR and higher KLD strengths scores. Firms with boards composed of three or more female directors received higher KLD strengths scores. And, boards whose directors average closer to 56 years in age and those with a higher proportion of Western European directors are more likely to implement environmental governance structures ...
Optical manifestations of the Aharonov-Bohm effect by ion interferometry

Abstract The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is manifested in ion interferometry not only by particle or current measurements, but also through spontaneous emission from selected excited states. It is possible, in fact, for the AB phase shift to appear in the optical quantum beat signal but not in the particle counts.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Chromium Boratabenzene Complexes

In contrast to the reactivity observed with the isoelectronic cyclopentadienyl salts, the reaction of CrCl3(THF)3 with boratabenzene anions results in the formation of Cr(II) complexes. Thus, addition of Li(C5H5B−Me) to CrCl3(THF)3 in THF gives (C5H5B−Me)2Cr (3). Similarly, Li(C5H5B−NMe2) and CrCl3(THF)3 yield (C5H5B−NMe2)2Cr (4), while Li(C5H5B−Ph) and CrCl3(THF)3 provide (C5H5B−Ph)2Cr (5). Compounds 3−5 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, and all possess typical sandwich structures. The reaction of borabenzene−ligand adducts with suitable Cr(III) starting materials provides boratabenzene−Cr(III) complexes. Addition of C5H5B−PMe3 (Bb-PMe3) to MeCrCl2(THF)3 in benzene gives (C5H5B−Me)CrCl2(PMe3) (6) in low yield. Treatment of MeCrCl2(THF)3 with the pyridine adduct of borabenzene, C5H5B−NC5H5 (Bb-Py), does not work effectively. The composition of one of the products from this reaction, the binuclear dimer [(C5H5B−Me)CrClMe]2 (7), indicates Me/Cl redistribution processes. Treatme...
The Personal Is Political: The Cuban Ethnic Electoral Policy Cycle

This article documents a U.S. Cuban foreign policy cycle that operated in tandem with the presidential electoral cycle between 1992 and 2004. During these post–Cold War years, when Cuba posed no threat to U.S. national security, influential, well-organized Cuban Americans leveraged political contributions and votes to tighten the embargo on travel and trade, especially at the personal level. U.S. presidential candidates, most notably incumbent presidents seeking re-election, responded to their demands with discretionary powers of office. When presidential candidates supported policies that made good electoral sense but conflicted with concerns of state, they subsequently reversed or left unimplemented Cuba initiatives. After describing the logic behind an ethnic electoral policy cycle and U.S. personal embargo policy between 1992 and 2004, this article examines Cuban American voter participation, political and policy preferences, lobbying, political contributions, and the relationship between the ethnic policy and presidential election cycles.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The interactions between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and Ras/MAPK kinase pathways have been the subject of considerable interest. In the current studies, we find that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) lead to rapid phosphorylation of Shc (maximum at 1–2 min), whereas insulin-mediated Shc phosphorylation is relatively delayed (maximum at 5–10 min), suggesting that an intermediary step may be necessary for insulin stimulation of Shc phosphorylation. The Src homology-2 (SH2) domain of Shc is necessary for PDGF- and EGF-mediated Shc phosphorylation, whereas the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain is critical for the actions of insulin. Because the Shc PTB domain can interact with phospholipids, we postulated that PI 3-kinase might be a necessary intermediary step facilitating insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Shc. In support of this, we found that the PI 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, blocked insulin-stimulated but not EGF- or PDGF-stimulated Shc phosphorylation. Furthermore, overexpression of a dominant negative PI 3-kinase construct (p85N-SH2) blocked insulin, but not EGF- or PDGF-induced Shc phosphorylation. All three growth factors cause localization of Shc to the plasma membrane, but only the effect of insulin was inhibited by wortmannin, supporting the view that PI 3-kinase-generated phospholipids mediate insulin-stimulated Shc phosphorylation. Consistent with this, expression of a constitutively active PI 3-kinase (p110CAAX) increased membrane localization of Shc, and this was completely blocked by wortmannin. A mutant Shc with a disrupted PTB domain (Shc S154) did not localize to the membrane in p110CAAX-expressing cells or after insulin stimulation and was not phosphorylated by insulin. In summary, 1) PI 3-kinase is a necessary early step in insulin-stimulated Shc phosphorylation, whereas the effects of EGF and PDGF on Shc phosphorylation are independent of PI 3-kinase. 2) PI 3-kinase-stimulated generation of membrane phospholipids can localize Shc to the plasma membrane through the Shc PTB domain facilitating phosphorylation by the insulin receptor.
A comparison between spline-based and phase-domain time-delay estimators

We previously presented a novel time-delay estimator that uses cubic splines to estimate continuous time delays from sampled data. Previous simulation results showed that the spline-based algorithm yields superior performance when compared to the normalized correlation and the sum squared differences (SSD) algorithms implementing a variety of subsample interpolators. In this short communication, we present additional simulation results that compare the spline-based time-delay estimator to well-known phase-domain estimators. Under comparable conditions, spline-based methods exhibit biases approximately one tenth and standard deviation only one hundredth of those observed for the phase-based approaches
Venous Doppler in the prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses with elevated placental blood flow resistance

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to test which venous Doppler parameter offers the best prediction of acid-base status at birth in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) caused by placental dysfunction. Study design A prospective cross-sectional Doppler study of IUGR fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler and birth weight less than the 10th percentile. Absence of atrial systolic forward velocities in the ductus venosus (DV) (DV-RAV) and umbilical vein (UV) pulsations were noted and multiple venous indices were calculated for the inferior vena cava (IVC) and DV (IVC and DV preload index, peak velocity index [PVIV] and pulsatility index [PIV] and the DV S/a ratio). Doppler indices, UV pulsations, and DV- RAV were related to an umbilical artery cord pH Results In 122 fetuses all venous Doppler indices were equally predictive of a pH Conclusion IVC, DV, and UV Doppler parameters correctly predict acid-base status in a significant proportion of IUGR neonates. Combination, rather than single vessel assessment provides the best predictive accuracy. While the choice of Doppler index can be guided by operator preference, familiarity with the examination technique of all 3 vessels is encouraged to offer the highest flexibility in clinical practice.
Exploring the TPQ as a possible predictor of antidepressant response to nefazodone in a large multi-site study

Abstract Subjects in the midst of a major depressive episode completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) prior to beginning an open trial of nefazodone. A multiple regression analysis was used to further examine the finding of Joyce et al. (1994; Temperament predicts clomipramine and desipramine response in major depression, J. Affect. Disord. 30 (1994) 35–46) that a model involving TPQ Reward Dependence and Harm Avoidance scores, and their interaction, significantly predicted treatment response. The model was found to have significant predictive value ( R 2 =0.011, P =0.0053), but to account for a trivial 1.1% of the variance. Individuals with high Reward Dependence scores had a significantly lower response rate when response was defined as a 60% reduction from baseline HAM-D score. Although the clinical utility of the present findings is uncertain, this line of investigation attempting to link temperament to pharmacological response represents a potentially useful future strategy.
Thermal imaging of hot-mix asphalt paving projects in Connecticut

Results of a study on thermal segregation of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) during pavement construction are presented. The significance of thermal segregation to pavement performance should not be overvalued, because it is not only possible but probable that other factors play more significant roles. For example, the idea is presented that density achieved is more dependent on HMA temperature (T) than temperature differentials (ΔT). It is surmised that thermal segregation has a negligible effect until cold-area temperatures drop below certain threshold values. This reasoning is based on results of a 5-year pavement condition survey that demonstrated little, if any, relationship between temperature differentials located with an infrared camera during HMA construction and subsequent damage to a pavement's surface. Although 5 years may be too short a period for some distresses to develop, extensive reflective cracking was observed at some locations; this demonstrates reflective cracking played a more prominent role ...
Supply‐side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests

To test the hypothesis that variation in soil respiration is related to plant production across a diverse forested landscape, we compared annual soil respiration rates with net primary production and the subsequent allocation of carbon to various ecosystem pools, including leaves, fine roots, forests floor, and mineral soil for 36 independent plots arranged as three replicates of four age classes in three climatically distinct forest types. Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (R2=0.06, P>0.1) but it was moderately correlated with belowground net primary production (R2=0.46, P<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit live fine root biomass, with about 5 g of carbon respired each year per 1 g of fine root carbon (R2=0.45, P<0.001). Annual soil respiration was only weakly correlated with dead carbon pools such as forest floor and mineral soil carbon (R2=0.14 and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within forest type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross-site trends. These results are consistent with a growing appreciation that soil respiration is strongly influenced by the supply of carbohydrates to roots and the rhizosphere, and that some regional patterns of soil respiration may depend more on belowground carbon allocation than the abiotic constraints imposed on subsequent metabolism.
Relationship of Adolescent Self-Concept to Perceptions of Parents in Single and Two-Parent Families:

This study investigated the relationship of adolescent self-concept to perceptions of parents in single and two-parent families. The sample consisted of 558 children, 19% from single-parent homes. Examination of the data indicated that children from single parent families have lower self concepts. There was also a significant relationship between self concept and the adolescents' perceptions of their parents. In addition, perceived love was found to be the best predictor of self concept in adolescents. Language: en
A Linear Stochastic Model of a GCM’s Midlatitude Storm Tracks

A linear stochastic model is used to simulate the midlatitude storm tracks produced by an atmospheric GCM. A series of six perpetual insolation/SST GCM experiments are first performed for each month. These experiments capture the ‘‘midwinter suppression’’ of the Pacific storm track in a particularly clean way. The stochastic model is constructed by linearizing the GCM about its January climatology and finding damping and stirring parameters that best reproduce that model’s eddy statistics. The model is tested by examining its ability to simulate other GCM integrations when the basic state is changed to the mean flow of those models, while keeping the stirring and damping unchanged. The stochastic model shows an impressive ability to simulate a variety of eddy statistics. It captures the midwinter suppression of the Pacific storm track qualitatively and is also capable of simulating storm track .
The Structure of the Anuran Amphibian Notochord and a Re‐evaluation of its Presumed Role in Early Embryogenesis

For almost a century the amphibian notochord has been analyzed from either the structural or functional point of view. Relatively complete data have been collected concerning several aspects of its structure. Some of that data will be reviewed in this report. The functional role of the notochord has also occasionally been analyzed. Only recently, however, have extensive data begun to emerge which deal directly with cause-effect relationships which may or may not exist between the notochord and surrounding tissues of the embryonic axial structure system. This report will re-evaluate the role of the notochord in amphibian embryogenesis, and provide a review of the historical perspective in which recent discoveries should be interpreted.
The Role of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Types I and II and Tumor Necrosis Factor–α in Malaria during Pregnancy

In a prospective study of rhesus monkeys inoculated with Plasmodium coatneyi or saline on an infection/gestational timeline, we determined the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (sTNFR-I), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNFR-II) in peripheral blood throughout primigravid pregnancy, malaria infection, and a combination of the two. Our goal was to determine the association between levels of TNF-alpha and of its 2 soluble receptors and the course of pregnancy and/or malaria and infant outcome. We found that any detectable level of TNF-alpha was always associated with fetal death and that the sTNFRs may be important for fetal protection, possibly through neutralizing the toxic effects of TNF-alpha. Our findings also showed that increased levels of sTNFR-II were associated specifically with malaria and not with normal pregnancy or even pregnancy with low birth weight due to other causes. In contrast, increases in sTNFR-I levels during the later half of normal pregnancies indicate that sTNFR-I may be important in regulating TNF-alpha levels in preparation for normal labor and delivery.
Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability

Tight junctions create a regulated paracellular barrier to the movement of water, solutes, and immune cells between both epithelial and endothelial cells. Recent progress has been made in identifying the proteins that create this barrier. The transmembrane protein occludin is an excellent candidate for the sealing protein and is bound on the cytoplasmic membrane surface to the proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2. Functions for ZO-1 and ZO-2 are suggested by their invertebrate homologues, one of which is a tumor suppressor and another is required in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Multiple cellular signaling pathways affect assembly and sealing of junctions. Dynamic regulation of perijunctional actin has emerged as a unifying hypothesis for controlling paracellular permeability. Understanding and manipulating permeability will require a more detailed molecular characterization of tight junction proteins and in particular a characterization of how cell signaling regulates their attachment to the perijunctional cytoskeleton.
Using Qualitative Processes in Computer Technology Research on Online Learning: Lessons in Change from "Teaching as Intentional Learning"

The use of computer mediated interaction systems worldwide has created not only a culture of usage, but also an entirely new mode of social interaction and thought. We argue that computer mediated interaction should be understood as neither oral nor written language, but rather as a post literate technological change of language itself. Following SHANK's (1993) notion of the multilogue as a form of communication, and ONG's (1982) pioneering work on examining orality and literacy in light of emerging understandings toward communication in these more technologically sophisticated times, we propose that systems of computer mediated interactions, especially those used for educational purposes, can only be understood using the combination of the logic and tools of qualitative research along with a semiotic understanding of the process itself. To explore these claims, the article examines computer mediated interaction within an educational online environment known as Teaching as Intentional Learning, or TIL (MOSS, 1998). Extensive use of patterns of data from TIL demonstrates that fundamental qualitative procedures are required to capture critical changes in teacher beliefs over time. These procedures align with notions of post literate communication, and the realization that both the modes of communication and the qualitative procedures used to capture them, are required to understand computer mediated learning and to build better modes for such interactions in the future.
Oxidative Stress Induces Premature Senescence by Stimulating Caveolin-1 Gene Transcription through p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Sp1–Mediated Activation of Two GC-Rich Promoter Elements

Cellular senescence is believed to represent a natural tumor suppressor mechanism. We have previously shown that up-regulation of caveolin-1 was required for oxidative stress-induced premature senescence in fibroblasts. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying caveolin-1 up-regulation in senescent cells remain unknown. Here, we show that subcytotoxic oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide application promotes premature senescence and stimulates the activity of a (-1,296) caveolin-1 promoter reporter gene construct in fibroblasts. Functional deletion analysis mapped the oxidative stress response elements of the mouse caveolin-1 promoter to the sequences -244/-222 and -124/-101. The hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of both Cav-1 (-244/-222) and Cav-1 (-124/-101) was prevented by the antioxidant quercetin. Combination of electrophoretic mobility shift studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, Sp1 overexpression experiments, as well as promoter mutagenesis identifies enhanced Sp1 binding to two GC-boxes at -238/-231 and -118/-106 as the core mechanism of oxidative stress-triggered caveolin-1 transactivation. In addition, signaling studies show p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as the upstream regulator of Sp1-mediated activation of the caveolin-1 promoter following oxidative stress. Inhibition of p38 MAPK prevents the oxidant-induced Sp1-mediated up-regulation of caveolin-1 protein expression and development of premature senescence. Finally, we show that oxidative stress induces p38-mediated up-regulation of caveolin-1 and premature senescence in normal human mammary epithelial cells but not in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which do not express caveolin-1 and undergo apoptosis. This study delineates for the first time the molecular mechanisms that modulate caveolin-1 gene transcription upon oxidative stress and brings new insights into the redox control of cellular senescence in both normal and cancer cells.
Rainfall Additaments to Subsurface Water in a Young Pine Plantation

: Effective rainfall is virtually equal to throughfall under most forest canopies. Average throughfall (as measured in trough gauges for a series of rainfall events) increased systematically with distance from tree stems in a young pine plantation. Empirical data suggest that the increase is proportional to the fourth root of distance, but any physical meaning of the relationship is obscure.
Born series forward modelling of seismic primary and multiple reflections: an inverse scattering shortcut

SUMMARY Forward modelling of any data event in a reflection seismic experiment with the Born series requires the calculation of a large number of terms, if the perturbation is large and spatially extended. Various partial series summations, the De Wolf approximation for instance, can be devised to separately model primary reflections. One such scheme has recently been used to derive direct inverse techniques for reflection seismic data. In this paper we extend this scheme to accommodate media with arbitrary 3-D heterogeneity, and point out that once any partial summation for primary reflections has been completed—however it is done—further arduous calculation for the similarly non-linear forward modelling of multiples can be avoided by using the de-multiple algorithms of inverse scattering. One by-product of these developments is a forward modelling expression for direct transmitted wave data, which may be of use for cross-well geophysical applications. Extension to absorptive media is straightforward.
Evidence-based librarianship: Utilizing data from all available sources to make judicious print cancellation decisions

As the cost of periodicals continues to rise, libraries must consider the value of titles currently acquired or subscribed to. At Yale University's Cushing/Whitney Medical Library (CWML), staff employed an evidence-based librarianship (EBL) approach that combined use data from several disparate sources to make the best decisions regarding the cancellation of specific journals' print format. These best-evidence sources include the following: a 3-month usage study of 1249 current unbound print journals; statistics about 3465 MEDLINE-indexed electronic journals accessed via ExLibris' linking tool SFX; statistics from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and the American Association of Health Sciences Libraries; and various traditional library statistics.
The unwalled garden: growth of the OpenCourseWare Consortium, 2001–2008

This article traces the development of the OpenCourseWare movement, including the origin of the concept at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the implementation of the MIT OpenCourseWare project, and the idea’s spread into the global educational community, ultimately resulting in the formation of the OpenCourseWare Consortium. The growth and maturation of the OpenCourseWare Consortium is reviewed and the article considers briefly some possible directions for the future of open education.
gender, power, and legal pluralism: Rajasthan, India

Villagers in rural northeastern Rajasthan, India, most frequently take their disputes to either the local village councils or the state courts. But the councils and courts are manipulated by powerful men; women and low-status men cannot find their justice in these forums. Stretching the boundaries of the law to include the work of a Muslim spiritual teacher and healer, or maulavi, can help us understand the victims of the central legal systems. Both men and women may seek remedies to social and physical problems by visiting a maulavi, and for women, a trip to the healer may become a form of resistance to male ideological hegemony. Attention to spirit possession, stress-related illnesses, and traditional healers lends us new insight into cultural conceptions of justice, resistance, and the role of gender in legal pluralism. [legal pluralism, healers, India, Islam, women and resistance]
Contrived Symmetry through the International Atomic Energy Agency

International organizations are sometimes designed to contrive symmetry, sacrificing policy effectiveness for the sake of preserving a balance of bargaining leverage among member states. When cooperation requires unequal investments in relationship-specific or complementary goods, states will design international organizations with exemptions for some members and limits on the depth of cooperation, even when these reduce the overall value of cooperation to all members, because such limits are the only way to make cooperation mutually-agreeable in the first place. At the height of its post-WWII predominance the U.S. sought an international system to regulate the spread of nuclear technology, a goal widely shared by allies and adversaries alike, but its initial proposals for a strong supranational authority were rejected. Instead, the limits and exemptions structured into the 1957 agreement creating the International Atomic Energy Agency represented substantial compromises from key U.S. goals.