cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated Micropropulsion Systems With Nanoenergetic Propellants

Abstract Recent developments in the design of integrated microthrusters and thruster arrays with nanoenergetic propellants present new promising directions. The nanostructured energetic composites based on bismuth hydroxide and aluminum nanoparticles generate adequate thrust, heat, pressure, and gas flow. Nanothermites can be successfully used as solid fuel propellants in microthrusters. Low-fidelity experimental validation and characterization of fabricated 3D-printed microthrusters and thruster arrays with hydroxide nanoenergetic propellants are reported. 3D printing allows integration of compliant thruster components and functional modules. We outline further developments to guarantee robustness, stability, thermal control, and self-assembly of advanced-technology nanoenergetic materials for aerial systems, as well as advanced sensing. The reported solutions are examined and experimental results are documented.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Hemorrhoidal Disease and the Complications of Hemorrhoidal Procedures

The acute care surgeon is occasionally called to assess and treat the thrombosed external hemorrhoid or the bleeding, prolapsing, or incarcerated internal hemorrhoid. Less commonly the acute care surgeon may be consulted to evaluate a patient with complications from office-based or operative procedures. Here, we provide a brief overview of evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and treatment of hemorrhoid disease and the complications of those treatments.
Landscape and organismal factors affecting sagebrush-seedling transplant survival after megafire restoration

Larger and more frequent disturbances are motivating efforts to accelerate recovery of foundational perennial species by focusing efforts into establishing island patches to sustain keystone species and facilitate recovery of the surrounding plant community. Evaluating the variability in abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to differences in survival and establishment can provide useful insight into the relative importance of these factors. In the western United States, severe degradation of the sagebrush steppe has motivated substantial efforts to restore native perennial cover, but success has been mixed. In this study, we evaluated survival of more than 3,000 sagebrush seedlings transplanted on 12 patches totaling 650 ha within a 113,000 ha burn area, and related the survival to organismal and subtaxonomic traits, and to landscape variables. Big sagebrush has high intraspecific diversity attributed to subspecies and cytotypes identifiable through ultraviolet (UV)‐induced fluorescence, length:width of leaves, or genome size (ploidy). Of these organismal traits, survival was related only to UV fluorescence, and then only so when landscape variables were excluded from analyses. The most significant landscape variable affecting survival was soil taxonomic subgroup, with much lower survival where buried restrictive layers reduce deep water infiltration. Survival also decreased with greater slope steepness, exotic annual grass cover, and burn severity. Survival was optimal where perennial bunchgrasses comprised 8–14% of total cover. These soil, topographic, and community condition factors revealed through monitoring of landscape‐level treatments can be used to explain the success of plantings and to strategically plan future restoration projects.
Van Gogh’s Eyes

Vincent van Gogh is surely the most sacred painter of the late modern world, and his impact has been truly universal, thereby establishing Van Gogh as a truly unique artist, but also, and inescapably for us, a unique saint. While sanctity can rarely be recognized in the true artist, it would appear to be undeniable in Van Gogh, perhaps the most humble of modern artists, yet also the most fiercely independent. Passion dominated Van Gogh, even to the point of madness, self-mutilation, and suicide, for it is the deeply passionate Van Gogh who gave us our greatest self-portraits since Rembrandt, and no other artist has revealed so much about himself in his work. Perhaps his eyes are here most self-revealing, and even as he could affirm that he preferred painting eyes to cathedrals, the eyes of his greatest self-portraits unveil a truly new cathedral, a cathedral of a new world, a new totality uniting the sacred and the profane, or eternity and the here and now, or flesh and Spirit. Although Van Gogh is the deepest of modern Calvinists, he is also a truly new Catholic artist, yet here the “natural” and the “supernatural,” or nature and grace, are simply indistinguishable, as he called forth not only a truly new nature, but a truly new grace, and a truly embodied grace, one embodied in the depths of body itself. These are the depths which are most openly embodied in Van Gogh’s eyes, eyes revealing the deepest abyss, but an abyss which is finally a transfiguring abyss, one here not only deeply envisioned, but deeply embodied as well.
Advancing Simulation Experimentation Capabilities with Runtime Interventions

Experimentation is a critical capability of simulations that allows one to test different scenarios safely and cost-effectively. In particular, agent-based simulations have been used in experimenting with different policy options to aid decision makers. Highly utilized experimentation methods such as parameter sweeping aim to explore the relationship between the initial parameter values (i.e., input) and simulation results (i.e., outputs). Experimentation, which involves changes of simulation states on-the-fly, is often conducted ad-hoc and entails manual code adjustments which are time consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we present a framework that facilitates intervening in a running simulation to change simulation states in a semi-automated manner so that a simulation user can explore alternative worlds. In our framework, such an intervention is implemented using an injection mechanism. The framework allows the user to weigh different policy options rapidly with minimal effort. We illustrate its use in an urban agent-based model.
Caregivers’ Experiences Regarding Training and Support in the Post-Acute Home Health-Care Setting:

Background:Post-acute home health-care (HHC) services provide a unique opportunity to train and support family caregivers of older adults returning home after a hospitalization. To enhance family-f...
Using Virtual Reality to Examine the Neural and Physiological Anxiety-Related Responses to Balance-Demanding Target-Reaching Leaning Tasks

We examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) based experimental setup to monitor and modify the neural and physiological anxiety-related responses to balance-demanding target-reaching whole body leaning tasks. In our system, electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (EKG) signals are used to analyze the subjects' real-time neural and cardiac activities, respectively, while subjects perform accuracy-constrained whole body movements as quickly and as accurately as possible in high fall-risk VR conditions. Salient features of neural and cardiac responses are analyzed to monitor anxiety-related changes in subjects during the performance of balance-demanding tasks. Validation of the proposed framework, integrating VR and sensor-based monitoring, may pave the way to smart and intuitive human-robot or brain-computer interface systems that can detect anxiety in human users during the performance of demanding motor tasks. The application of linear and radial basis function support vector machine classifiers suggest good performance in detecting anxiety using power of the alpha band from F3 and F4 channels of the EEG head cap. Our results suggest that frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) may be used as bio-marker for quantifying both trait and state anxiety, and further conclude that state anxiety is correlated with motor task performance.
Representative Applications of Carbon Dots

Carbon dots as a new carbon nanomaterials platform have been pursued extensively for a variety of potential applications, with many conceptually innovative demonstrations already in the literature. Highlighted here are some representative examples for the relevant application concepts and topics, though hardly comprehensive. The purpose is to limit the presentation to include only those application-related studies based on dot samples prepared primarily with pre-existing carbon nanoparticles, so as not to increase or create more confusions related to the growing concerns in the research community on dot samples contaminated substantially or even predominantly with dye-like species/mixtures produced in some carbonization syntheses.
Epitopes with similar physicochemical properties contribute to cross reactivity between peanut and tree nuts

Many individuals with peanut (PN) allergy have severe reactions to tree nuts (TN) such as walnuts or cashews. Although allergenic proteins in TN and PN have overall low identity, they share discrete sequences similar in physicochemical properties (PCP) to known IgE epitopes. Here, PCP-consensus peptides (cp, 13 aa and 31 aa) were identified from an alignment of epitope rich regions of walnut vicilin, Jug r 2, leader sequence (J2LS) and cross-reactive epitopes in the 2S albumins of peanut and synthesized. A peptide similarity search in the Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP) revealed a network of peptides similar (low property distance, PD) to the 13 aa cp (13cp) in many different plant allergens. Peptides similar to the 13cp in PN and TN allergens bound IgE from sera of patients allergic to PN and TN in peptide microarray analysis. The 13cp was used to produce a rabbit consensus peptide antibody (cpAB) that detected proteins containing repeats similar to the 13cp in western blots of various nut extracts, in which reactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The cpAB bound more specifically to allergens and nut extracts containing multiple repeats similar to the 13 cp, such as almond (Pru du 6), peanut (Ara h 2) and walnut (Jug r 2). IgE binding to various nut extracts is inhibited by recombinant J2LS sequence and synthetic 31cp. Thus, several repeated sequences similar to the 13cp are bound by IgE. Multiple similar repeats in several allergens could account for reaction severity and clinically relevant cross-reactivity to PN and TN. These findings may help improve detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools.
Enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy prescribing: A validation study of ChemoPalRx.

e19161Background: ChemoPalRx is a free iOS mobile application developed for chemotherapy referencing and prescribing. Providers can readily download and use ChemoPalRx to generate and print chemoth...
Accelerated mechanical low cycle fatigue in isothermal solder interconnects

Abstract Properly assessing the underlying physics of failure is critical in predicting the long term reliability of electronic packages in their intended field applications, yet traditional reliability demonstration methods are complicated by time and cost considerations as well as deterministic inadequacies when considering thermomechanical failures. In this work, an alternative reliability testing apparatus and associated protocol were utilized to provide clarity and insight to solder fatigue mechanisms at the device scale; targeting rapid testing times with minimal cost while preserving fatigue life prediction accuracy. A test stand was developed to allow for bi-directional application of shear stress at elevated steady-state temperatures. Utilizing the mechanical force of springs to apply shear loads to solder interconnects within the devices, the reliability of a given device to withstand repeated cycling was studied using in situ resistance monitoring techniques to detect the number of cycles-to-failure (CTF) based on a 30% resistance increase criterion. A mathematical method for quantifying the plastic work density (amount of damage) sustained by the solder interconnects prior to failure was developed relying on the relationship between Hooke's Law for springs and damage deflection to accurately assess the mechanical strength of tested devices.
On the Dividend Initiation Decisions of Newly Public Firms

In this article, we report results on the determinants of: (i) the decision to initiate dividends, (ii) the level of dividends at initiation, and (iii) the timing of the dividend-initiation decision. In order to compare dividend-initiating firms with non-dividend-initiating firms, we track the dividend payment behavior of a sample of 5,875 firms that went public during the period 1979-1998. We consider determinants suggested by the major theories of dividends, namely, residual, tax, transactions costs, clientele, agency, signaling, and catering. Our analysis indicates that most of these theories, in different degrees, explain various aspects of the dividend initiation decision. Notably, we find support for the assumptions and predictions of the John and Williams (1985) and Allen, Bernardo, and Welch (2000) dividend signaling models.
A Queer Decolonial Feminist Approach to Teaching Intersectionality

Drawing on testimonio as both a method and methodology, in this piece we interrogate our experiences as decolonial feminist faculty teaching intersectionality within four disciplines or fields (Ethnic Studies, Indigenous Studies, Social Work and Women’s and Gender Studies). Teaching across multiple institutions and within two modalities, our critical reflections capture the complexities of teaching intersectionality in an era of great political power struggle and public health uncertainty, as COVID-19 transforms the global economic, social, educational, and political landscape. By detailing three distinct ways that students learn about intersectionality in academic spaces this chapter considers what it means to teach intersectionality and how a queer decolonial feminist framework allows us to prioritize relationality and a relational reflexivity that interrogates power and uncovers collective pedagogical approaches to intersectionality. The potential of an emerging post-COVID educational reordering moves us to address how the polemics of teaching intersectionality, more than ever, provides a valuable lens toward understanding power and privilege.
Animal Visitation Programs in Colleges and Universities: An Efficient Model for Reducing Student Stress

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of animal visitation programs (AVPs) in colleges and universities, with particular attention to the use of as an efficient method for delivering services to the enormous number of students in need. AVPs are used to help students who suffer from high rates of stress, psychological problems, and suicidal ideation. The promise of AVPs is to mitigate these problems on a large scale. By our count there are already at least 925 AVPs in the United States. However, we emphasize that the relevance of the strengths of AVPs for dissemination depends on the effectiveness of AVPs for reducing stress and improving mental health for students.
Simulation, Orchestration and Logical Clocks

A language in which discrete event simulations can be coded needs to support the features (1) to describe behavior of a single physical process, (2) to describe concurrent ctivities of multiple physical processes, including communication, synchronization and interruption, (3) to account for passage of time, and (4) to record system state at appropriate points and create statistical summaries. Orc, a recent language for orchestration of distributed services, combines these features so that complex simulations can be expressed very succinctly. This talk describes the relevant features of Orc for simulation and illustrates them using a number of realistic examples. Additionally, we show that certain combinatorial problems, such as shortest paths in graphs and many problems in computational geometry, can be cast as simulation problems, and solved very simply in Orc.
Antagonism of central vasopressin receptors blocks hypoglycemic stress induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone release in male rhesus macaques.

The first objective of this study was to investigate whether the inhibitory effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was the same in unrestrained adult male rhesus macaques as has been previously reported in restrained female macaques. Since IIH did inhibit pulsatile LH secretion in adult male macaques, and some previous studies have implicated arginine vasopressin (AVP) as a central mediator of this inhibition, the second objective was to investigate whether antagonism of AVP action could reverse the IIH-induced inhibition of LH release in males. Ten adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were studied during 15-h periods (07.00-22.00 h), with blood samples collected every 15-min. There were three experimental groups; controls (n=5), IIH (n=6) and IIH plus vasopressin antagonist (AVPa; n=6). During the hypoglycemia studies, the first 5 h served as a control for that occasion and an insulin bolus of 1 U/kg was administered intravenously at 12.00 h. During the IIH plus AVPa, the vasopressin antagonist was infused intravenously from 12.00 h to 17.00 h. LH and testosterone decreased progressively after the insulin bolus in the IIH group reaching a minimum value at 4 h after the infusion. However, compared to the preinfusion levels, secretion of LH and testosterone was not suppressed by hypoglycemia in the group treated with the AVP antagonist. The present study shows that in male macaques not subjected to the psychological stress of restraint, IIH suppresses LH and testosterone secretion. This inhibition of LH release can be blocked in some animals by antagonism of central vasopressin receptors, suggesting that vasopressin is involved in the suppression of gonadotropin releasing hormone/LH release induced by hypoglycemia.
Regulatory substances produced by lymphocytes--VII. IDS (inhibitor of DNA synthesis) inhibits stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by activation of membrane adenylate cyclase at a restriction point in late G1.

Abstract IDS was prepared from supernatants of concanavalin A-stimulated rat LNC cultures in serumfree medium and partially purified as in earlier studies. Its action in inhibiting 3 H-thymidine incorporation by LNC stimulated with PHA was markedly enhanced in the presence of isobutyl-methylxanthine, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and diminished by imidazole. a phosphodiesterase activator, both used in physiologically active concentrations. IDS acted on homogenates or partially purified membranes of PHA-stimulated LNC to stimulate synthesis of cAMP in the presence of ATP and a suitable regenerating system. This effect was observed with preparations from cells harvested 20 hr but not 3 hr after PHA stimulation. Added exogenous cAMP was not destroyed al an increased rate by 20-hr homogenates. This evidence, together with the earlier demonstration that IDS acts only in G 1 , that it produces a rise in cAMP only at this phase of the cell cycle in stimulated lymphocytes or other types of cells, and that IDS action is mimicked by elevation of cAMP, led to the conclusion that IDS action is mediated by activation of cell membrane adenylate cyclase and elevation of intracellular cAMP, in the absence of an effect on phosphodiesterase.
Detecting Steganographic Content on the Internet

Steganography is used to hide the occurrence of communication. Recent suggestions in US newspapers indicate that terrorists use steganography to communicate in secret with their accomplices. In particular, images on the Internet were mentioned as the communication medium. While the newspaper articles sounded very dire, none substantiated these rumors. To determine whether there is steganographic content on the Internet, this paper presents a detection framework that includes tools to retrieve images from the world wide web and automatically detect whether they might contain steganographic content. To ascertain that hidden messages exist in images, the detection framework includes a distributed computing framework for launching dictionary attacks hosted on a cluster of loosely coupled workstations. We have analyzed two million images downloaded from eBay auctions and one million images obtained from a USENET archive but have not been able to find a single hidden message.
Role of recipient epithelium in promoting survival of orthotopic corneal allografts in mice.

Purpose To determine whether epithelium-deprived corneal allografts covered with syngeneic epithelium display immune privilege in orthotopic transplantation and whether syngeneic epithelium containing antigen-presenting cells nullifies this effect. Methods Epithelium-deprived allogeneic corneas (C57BL/6) and epithelium-deprived allogeneic corneas reconstituted with syngeneic (BALB/c) epithelium (containing or deprived of Langerhans' cells) were transplanted orthotopically into normal eyes of BALB/c mice. Graft survival was assessed clinically and evaluated histologically. Results Epithelium-deprived corneal grafts survived in syngeneic recipients but were swiftly rejected in allogeneic recipients. These allografts incited intense stromal inflammation and neovascularization. Epithelium-deprived allografts that were resurfaced in vivo by syngeneic epithelium derived from immune-incompetent SCID mice also underwent intense acute rejection when placed in normal eyes of BALB/c mice. The epithelium of in vivo resurfaced grafts was replete with Langerhans' cells. By contrast, most of the epithelium-deprived allografts reconstituted in vitro with fresh, normal BALB/c corneal epithelium survived indefinitely when placed in eyes of BALB/c mice. Similar grafts reconstituted with BALB/c epithelium containing Langerhans' cells were swiftly rejected. Conclusions Replacement of donor epithelium with Langerhans' cell-deficient syngeneic epithelium protects orthotopic allogeneic cornea grafts (stroma plus endothelium) from immune-mediated rejection. The presence of an intact, histocompatible layer of corneal epithelium has two important effects on orthotopic corneal allografts: It suppresses nonspecific inflammation and neovascularization within the graft, and it blunts the alloimmunogenicity of the histoincompatible stroma and endothelium.
Reliability Theory and Research Decision in Selection of a Criterion Score

Abstract The problem of selecting a criterion measure when several trials are available was considered in the light of pertinent principles of reliability analysis. Based upon reliability theory, it was shown that if no trend in trials was present the correct criterion measure was the mean of all available trials. When a trend was present, denoting systematic trial-to-trial error variance, several alternatives were available. The recommended procedure when a trend was present was to search for a measurement schedule free of systematic measurement error variance. In the event a search for a reliable measurement schedule was impossible, a logical and theoretically defensible procedure for selection of high or low score as a criterion measure was described along with necessary cautions.
Bridges over contested terrain: Exploring the radical account of the employment relationship

Abstract Richard Edwards' account of the transformation of the employment relationship in the twentieth century is used as a vehicle for integrating the radical analysis into the more conventional treatment. Most non-radical analyses rely on idiosyncratic skills to explain the existence of job security and other features of the modern employment relationship. Here an alternative explanation is proposed and some of its implications are explored.
Shielding design options for the TF magnets of ITER

Optimization studies performed to design an efficient shield to protect the toroidal-field (TF) magnets of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are described. Several options for the shield design were examined and many shielding materials have been evaluated. The pure stainless steel/H/sub 2/O shield does not satisfy the magnet radiation limits. When boron carbide, lead, or boron steel is incorporated in the shield, all design limits are met. The midplane of the inner legs and the top and bottom parts of the magnets suffer the greatest damage because of the limited space for the shield. The safety factors associated with the different magnet responses were quantified. These factors account for the increase in damage due to the presence of the assembly gaps between the shield modules and the uncertainties in data, codes, and modeling. >
Streptococcus mutans Dextransucrase: A Review

Publisher Summary Two factors contribute to the cariogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutuns). These factors include its ability to produce high yields of lactic acid from a variety of carbon sources and its ability to adhere to hard surfaces by the action of its extracellular polysaccharides. S. mutans produces both a water-soluble and a “sticky” water-insoluble dextran. The extracellular plysaccharides of S. mutuns are synthesized by dextransucrase. This enzyme polymerizes the glucose moiety of sucrose into water-soluble and water-insoluble polyglucans with the liberation of fructose. Experiments show that phosphoglycerides stimulate dextransucrase activity by binding at a distinct site on the enzyme. This supports the fact that the conformational state of the enzyme may be an important determinant of its activity. A study of regulation of dextransucrase produced by an oral streptococcus using S. sunguis shows that in batch culture in complex media, enzyme activity increased with a linear differential rate of synthesis during the logarithmic phase of growth.
Cholecystokinin-Stimulated Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathways

Cholecystokinin stimulates a variety of physiological effects throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including exocrine pancreatic secretion, contraction of gallbladder and smooth muscle throughout the gastrointestinal tract, relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi and inhibition of gastric emptying. To initiate these responses cholecystokinin must first interact with receptors on the plasma membrane of either pancreatic acinar or smooth muscle cells. Following receptor occupation the receptor is coupled to generation of intracellular messengers, such as ions, cyclic nucleotides or derivatives of phospholipid hydrolysis. These intracellular messengers activate effectors, the systems that cause a biological response. This paper uses the exocrine pancreas as a model for cholecystokinin stimulated signal transduction and examines cholecystokinin stimulated mobilization of calcium and the activation of protein kinase C. Calcium and protein kinase C act differently to mediate either the initial or sustained phases of amylase secretion from the pancreas. The activation of protein kinase C and the rise of intracellular free calcium is necessary for the initial phase of secretion, but unimportant for the sustained phase of secretion. Calcium from extracellular sources is necessary for the sustained phase of secretion. The cholecystokinin-stimulated intracellular signaling outlined for the exocrine pancreas also occurs in other tissues for transmitting the signal from the cholecystokinin receptor to the inside of the cell.
Dynamics of Insecticide Movement in the Animal Body

It is known that insecticidal compounds do not keep accumulating when continuous doses are given to an animal. That is, in chronic administration studies it has been observed that the levels of insecticides in various tissues rise to certain heights and then generally show some decline, even though the same daily doses are still maintained (e.g., Hayes, 1965 ; Robinson, 1969, 1970; Ludwig et al., 1964; Kaul et al., 1970; Korte, 1970). One such example is shown in Fig. 7-1.
Influence of malonyl-CoA and palmitate concentration on rate of palmitate oxidation in rat muscle

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) is taken up by perfused skeletal muscle and phosphorylated to form 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuraosyl-5′-monophosphate (an...
Protestant Church Charity: History, Trends, and Implications

This paper explores the history and current trends of the Protestant church as a provider of social services. It describes how Protestantism has historically provided temporary assistance in a manner that supports Christian witness and conversion while maintaining social order. Using an historical overview as a backdrop, current trends in providing assistance are examined. Implications for social work policy, practice and research are discussed.
Trends in Medicaid Reimbursements for Insulin From 1991 Through 2014

Importance Insulin is a vital medicine for patients with diabetes mellitus. Newer, more expensive insulin products and the lack of generic insulins in the United States have increased costs for patients and insurers. Objective To examine Medicaid payment trends for insulin products. Cost information is available for all 50 states and has been recorded since the 1990s. Design, Setting, and Participants A time-series analysis comparing reimbursements and prices. Using state- and national-level Medicaid data from 1991 to 2014, we identified all patients who used 1 or more of the 16 insulin products that were continuously available in the United States between 2006 and 2014. Insulin products were classified into rapid-acting and long-acting analogs, short-acting, intermediate, and premixed insulins based on American Diabetes Association Guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures Inflation-adjusted payments made to pharmacies by Medicaid per 1 mL (100 IU) of insulin in 2014 US dollars. Results Since 1991, Medicaid reimbursement per unit (1 mL) of insulin dispensed has risen steadily. In the 1990s, Medicaid reimbursed pharmacies between $2.36 and $4.43 per unit. By 2014, reimbursement for short-acting insulins increased to $9.64 per unit; intermediate, $9.22; premixed, $14.79; and long-acting, $19.78. Medicaid reimbursement for rapid-acting insulin analogs rose to $19.81 per unit. The rate of increase in reimbursement was higher for insulins with patent protection ($0.20 per quarter) than without ($0.05 per quarter) ( P Conclusions and Relevance Between 1991 and 2014, there was a near-exponential upward trend in Medicaid payments on a per-unit basis for a wide variety of insulin products regardless of formulation, duration of action, and whether the product was patented. Although reimbursements for newer, patent-protected insulin analogs increased at a faster rate than reimbursements for older insulins, payments increased for all products we examined. Our findings suggest a lack of price competition in the United States for this class of medications.
Effects of Maternal Caloric Restriction and Exercise during Lactation

In affluent populations, breast-feeding women often wish to return to their prepregnancy weight as soon as possible postpartum and may restrict energy intake or increase exercise to achieve this goal. Gradual weight loss ( 1 kg/wk and does not adversely affect lactation. Exercise enhances maintenance of lean body mass and is therefore a recommended component of any weight loss program. Maternal plasma prolactin concentration generally increases under conditions of negative energy balance, which may serve to protect lactation. Further research is required on the longer-term effect of energy restriction and on the effects of energy balance in lactating women with low fat reserves.
Maternal anthropometric status and lactation performance in a low-income Honduran population: evidence for the role of infants.

In San Pedro Sual Honduras 141 breast feeding mother-infant pairs were randomly allocated to exclusively breast feed for 6 months or to provide solid foods beginning at 4 months to complement breast milk so researchers could compare breast milk volume and composition at 4 5 and 6 months. They also wanted to determine whether birth weight and the infants ability to self-regulate breast milk intake mediate the relationship between maternal anthropometric status and lactation performance. The mothers body weight body mass index and body fat were positively associated with infant birth weight. Infant birth weight was in turn significantly associated with breast milk volume (regression coefficient = 78.7 at 4 months 91.3 at 5 months and 56.2 at 6 months; p < 0.01 0.001 and 0.05 respectively) and breast milk energy intake (222.5 253.4 and 157.7 respectively; p < 0.001 at 4 and 5 months p < 0.05 at 6 months). When the researchers controlled for birth weight maternal anthropometric status was not significantly associated with milk volume suggesting that milk volume is affected by maternal anthropometric status before birth not after delivery. Maternal body fat at 5 and 6 months had a positive association with milk energy density (r = 0.28-0.33; p < 0.001). The inverse relationship between milk energy density and milk volume (r = -0.11 to -0.18; p < 0.001) diminishes the relationship between maternal body fat and milk energy density somewhat. This indicates that the baby can self-regulate his/her intake based on the energy content of the breast milk. These findings suggest that birth weight and the ability to self-regulate breast milk intake in response to milk energy density mediate the relationship between maternal anthropometric status and lactation performance.
Recruitment of Athletes

(1953). Recruitment of Athletes. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 25-27.
Plastic deformation, energy dissipation, and initiation of crystalline explosives

This is an effort to understand plastic deformation and energy dissipation in crystalline solids during shock or impact. It builds on recent atomic force microscope observations that plastic flow creates localized distortions in the lattice and molecules of at least some classes of molecular crystals. A distorted lattice potential is developed through which the dislocations responsible for plastic flow move by quantum tunneling. Plastic strain and energy dissipation rates are determined and related to crystal size and damage. These account for plastic flow in crystalline solids and the initiation of chemical reactions in crystalline explosives subjected to shock or impact. The predictions are compared with experiments.
The Teacher's Corner: On the Logarithmic Series Distribution

(1968). The Teacher's Corner: On the Logarithmic Series Distribution. The American Statistician: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 37-37.
Modeling Low Rates of Seabird Bycatch in the U.S. Atlantic Longline Fishery

Abstract. Total annual seabird bycatch in the U.S. Atlantic pelagic longline fishery was estimated from observer data by means of alternative methods to address the low frequency and uneven distribution of bird bycatch observations. Models used for estimation included generalized additive models (GAM), generalized linear models (GLM) and GLM with spatial or spatio-temporally auto correlated bycatch observations (s-GLM). Models were fitted separately to the probability of non-zero seabird capture (presence/absence) and to the numbers of seabirds per non-zero capture (positive bycatch); final estimates were obtained as the product of the two. Best-fitting models included latitude, longitude and quarter of year as covariates for presence/absence, and numbers of hooks per set for positive bycatch. Among the models compared, GLM gave the most consistent predictions of annual total seabird captures. For 2008, the most recent year modeled, GLM predicted 81 seabirds caught in 8,862 sets. The number is small on an...
A central role for C1q/TNF-related protein 13 (CTRP13) in modulating food intake and body weight.

C1q/TNF-related protein 13 (CTRP13), a hormone secreted by adipose tissue (adipokines), helps regulate glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. We previously reported that CTRP13 expression is increased in obese and hyperphagic leptin-deficient mice, suggesting that it may modulate food intake and body weight. CTRP13 is also expressed in the brain, although its role in modulating whole-body energy balance remains unknown. Here, we show that CTRP13 is a novel anorexigenic factor in the mouse brain. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that food restriction downregulates Ctrp13 expression in mouse hypothalamus, while high-fat feeding upregulates expression. Central administration of recombinant CTRP13 suppressed food intake and reduced body weight in mice. Further, CTRP13 and the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein (AgRP) reciprocally regulate each other’s expression in the hypothalamus: central delivery of CTRP13 suppressed Agrp expression, while delivery of AgRP increased Ctrp13 expression. Food restriction alone reduced Ctrp13 and increased orexigenic neuropeptide gene (Npy and Agrp) expression in the hypothalamus; in contrast, when food restriction was coupled to enhanced physical activity in an activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model, hypothalamic expression of both Ctrp13 and Agrp were upregulated. Taken together, these results suggest that CTRP13 and AgRP form a hypothalamic feedback loop to modulate food intake and that this neural circuit may be disrupted in an anorexic-like condition.
Effect of Inflow Conditions on the Velocity and Momentum Decay Characteristics of a Submerged Viscoplastic Jet

Velocity and momentum decay characteristics of a submerged viscoplastic non-Newtonian jet were studied within the steady laminar flow regime. The governing mass and momentum conservation equations along with the Bingham rheological model were solved numerically using a staggered, variable grid-size, finite-differences scheme. A parametric study was performed to reveal the influence of initial velocity profile, flow inertia, and yield stress presence on the local and global flow field characteristics. Two initial velocity profiles were considered, a top-hat jet, simulating a smooth nozzle contraction, and a fully developed pipe jet. The centerline velocity decay was more rapid for the pipe jet than the top-hat one when the fluid is Newtonian while the opposite trend was observed for yield stress Bingham fluids. The decay in the momentum flux of the pipe jet was always less than that of the top-hat jet. The presence of yield stress significantly reduces momentum and velocity penetration depths of submerged top-hat and pipe jets.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Towards the mitigation of correlation effects in anomaly detection for hyperspectral imagery

This research involves simulating remote sensing conditions using previously collected hyperspectral imagery (HSI) data. The Reed–Xiaoli (RX) anomaly detector is well-known for its unsupervised ability to detect anomalies in hyperspectral images. However, the RX detector assumes uncorrelated and homogeneous data, both of which are not inherent in HSI data. To address this difficulty, we propose a new method termed linear RX (LRX). Whereas RX places a test pixel at the center of a moving window, LRX employs a line of pixels above and below the test pixel. In this paper, we contrast the performance of LRX, a variant of LRX called iterative linear RX (ILRX), the recently introduced iterative RX (IRX) algorithm, and the support vector data description (SVDD) algorithm, a promising new HSI anomaly detector. Through experimentation, the line of pixels used by ILRX shows an advantage over RX and IRX in that it appears to mitigate the deleterious effects of correlation due to the spatial proximity of the pixels; ...
Review: High-dose oral vitamin D supplements and active vitamin D prevent falls in older persons

Source Citation Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 200...
The enzyme stability of dehydro-enkephalins.

Abstract Dehydro-enkephalins [ΔAla 2 ]-, [ΔAla 3 ]-, [ΔPhe 4 ]-, and [ΔLeu 5 ]enkephalins, were examined for their stability to enzymatic hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase Y [EC 3.4.16.1]. The successively liberated amino acids were determined quantitatively by amino acid analyses. The saturated leucine-enkephalin was rapidly hydrolyzed from the COOH-terminus. However, peptide linkages with α,β-dehydroamino acid residues placed in the enkephalin molecule were strongly resistant to the enzyme at the carboxyl side and completely resistant at the amino side of the dehydro residue.
Tabulation of irreducible representations of the crystallographic space groups and their superspace extensions.

New tables of irreducible representations (IRs) are introduced for the 230 crystallographic space groups (SGs) in three-dimensional space, at both special and non-special k vectors, and for their extensions to (3 + d)-dimensional superspace (`superspace-extended SGs' or SSESGs). Neither a tabulation of SG IR matrices for non-special k vectors nor a tabulation of SSESG IR matrices for d > 1 have been previously published. These tabulations are made possible by a new form in which the IR matrices of SGs are separated as a product of a translation part T and a point-operation part P, and where the IR matrices of SSESGs are separated as a product of a phase-shift part Q and a point-operation part Ps. Both T and Q have a simple prescribed form that does not need to be tabulated. Also, the new IR matrices are in a convenient block form which allows one to see by inspection which parts of the matrices and the associated order parameters belong to which arm of the star of k. In addition to complex IR matrices, real physically irreducible representation (PIR) matrices are tabulated. The new IR and PIR tables are available on the ISO-IR website (http://stokes.byu.edu/iso/irtables.php) in both convenient human-readable and computer-readable forms.
Quantum physics: Majorana modes materialize

Elusive theoretical fantasies known as Majorana modes have been observed in a hybrid semiconductor–superconductor system. These emergent exotica open up promising prospects for quantum computation.
The genetic association between Cathepsin D and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The aspartyl protease Cathepsin D has previously been suggested to play a role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) process because of its ability to cleave the β-amyloid precursor protein and the possibility that it may be one of the ‘secretase’ enzymes. A functional C⇒T polymorphism in the Cathepsin D gene (CATD) has been reported to be associated with increased risk for AD in Caucasian case-control studies; specifically, the T-carrying genotypes confer increased risk. We have examined this association in our own Caucasian dataset of 210 AD cases and 120 controls, and in an additional Hispanic dataset comprising 79 AD cases and 112 controls. In Hispanics we find a modest interaction between CATD genotype and age of onset on risk for AD, such that the non-T-carrying genotype confers increased risk. In our Caucasian dataset we find no evidence for association between the CATD polymorphism and AD, although we do observe a small tendency towards an increase in the T-carrying genotypes in the case group, consistent with previous studies. We conducted an aggregate analysis of the published Caucasian datasets and found evidence that this CATD polymorphism (or another locus in linkage disequilibrium) does contribute significant, but small (
Changes in the Hydrophobicity and Functionality of Whey during the Processing of Whey Protein Concentrates

Cheddar cheese whey was ultrafiltered to yield whey protein concentrates (80% WPC). The retentates were heated at 64 or 72°C for 1.5 set or received no heat treatment. Changes in composition and hydrophobicity during processing were related to WPC functionality. Heating at 72°C decreased retentate hydrophobic@ and had a detrimental affect of WPC functionality, while heating at 64°C did not. Day to day variation in the milk supply and processing conditions did not affect hydrophobicity; but the unit operations did have an effect. Ultrafiltration increased the alkane binding values of the retentate compared to the whey. Spray drying the retentate increased surface hydrophobicity and decreased alkane binding values of the WPC.
Public Library Patrons and Selected Social Issues

From 1971 to 1986 the proportion of adult library users grew from 24% to 40%. Users today are better educated and more homogenous in income than in 1971. Much of the growth in user population is due to the new buildings, programs and media made available since 1971. The need for microcomputer support services can be seen to be growing rapidly. Although users are better informed than nonusers, they are fairly alike in their attitudes toward such issues as capital punishment and the effect of alcohol on driv- ing. Some attitudes may indicate need for more information that might be provided by public libraries.
Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Musketry Revolution and the Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658

Boosted by superior firearms and competent riverine transportation, Cossack explorers of the Muscovite empire encountered little resistance in their eastward expansion across Siberia until they reached the Amur frontiers. The Cossacks arrived in 1643 and gained notoriety as Buddhist demons (luocha 羅剎) for plundering the Mongol-Tungusic tribes of the region during the latter half of the seventeenth century. There ensued an effective military counterthrust by continental East Asians, including the Manchus, a new rising power in North China; Amurian natives such as the Daurs, Juchers, and Nanais; and Korean musketeers hailing from the Chosŏn dynasty. During the battles of 1654 and 1658, disciplined Korean musketeers known as Big Heads (taeduin 大頭人) outgunned the Russians and helped repulse their incursions into the inner reaches of the Amur region. These marksmen were products of the Korean Musketry Revolution during the seventeenth century, which revamped the Chosŏn army around en masse infantry tactics and firearms units. These tactical changes sparked broader institutional changes within and beyond the Korean military apparatus, triggering a drastic growth in army size and challenging existing practices of commerce, conscription, census taking, and taxation. These reforms, though decelerated around the mid-eighteenth century, attest to the capabilities of seventeenth-century Chosŏn to successfully adapt to the challenges of early modern warfare, which increasingly harnessed the power of firearms and disciplined soldiers. This narrative of the Big Heads and Buddhist Demons explores new ground in understanding transcultural trends of musket-based warfare and joins Korea to the burgeoning field of global military history.