cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of constraint effects on flaw growth

Experimental results have been presented for the case of a flawed unidirectional lamina constrained by off-axis unflawed plies under static and fatigue loading. Flaw growth in the interior of the laminate, around the embedded flaw, was followed by nondestructive testing methods including video-thermographs and ultrasonic C-scan schemes. Two aspects of the results were distinctive. There was an effort of lamination on damage development which was independent of the presence of the notch, and effects which were directly related to the influence of the notch on the local situation. The results are compared with sectioning studies, surface replication, and stiffness change measurements.
A Prisoner Looks at Writ-Writing

I WAS BORN IN CALIFORNIA forty-four years ago of Danish parents who emigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century to escape the poverty of Europe. The poverty and strong old-country orientation of my youth fostered many conflicts with the revolutionary ideas of America as it plunged into the twentieth century. I allowed my resentments to play out in an antisocial manner. A long police record is all that I gained from my behavior. I was first committed to the custody of the California Department of Corrections in 1953 for second degree burglary. Paroled in 1957, I was returned to jail 75 days later for robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery. While imprisoned I studied law in the prison law library and read every case and textbook I was able to lay my hands on. I used every conceivable remedy to attack my judgments of conviction and tried to redress other infringements of my rights which have occurred since being jailed. Although a number of published and unpublished decisions have been rendered by the courts in disposing of actions I filed, the important question-the validity of my imprisonment-has never been satisfactorily settled.
Kinetic studies of rapid oil shale pyrolysis

Abstract Rapid pyrolysis of Kentucky New Albany shale was conducted in a laminar-flow entrained reactor (LFER) to obtain a fundamental understanding of thermal reactions, which occur during high-heating-rate retorting processes. The reactor configuration was designed to simplify operation and allow accurate modelling. Temperature characterization and flow visualization in the LFER were conducted to provide the data necessary to proceed with a kinetic study on the rapid pyrolysis of oil shale. The reactor with gas preheaters was constructed to achieve high particle heating rates and to feed oil shale fine particles generated from beneficiation. The rapid pyrolysis of raw and beneficiated oil shales was carried out in nitrogen at temperatures between 700 °C and 850 °C, with gas preheat temperatures up to 980 °C. For each temperature, the sampling probe was set at different positions along the length of the reactor tube to obtain different residence times. A pyrolysis kinetic model of LFER has been developed to calculate the particle heat-up rate and residence time under each set of conditions. Comparisons are presented to evaluate the effects of beneficiation, temperature and heating rate as well as residence time. The effects of particle size and gas environment on heat transfer rates and conversion yields were also studied, and the results were used to validate the heat transfer model and to evaluate the impact of devolatilization behaviour on shale combustion in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor.
Local search to improve coordinate-based task mapping

Local search algorithm that improves on task mapping algs for stencil patterns.Algorithm shown to reduce total running time and running time variability.Improvement shown to depend on the allocation algorithm used.Number of swaps made shown to be reasonable in practice. We present a local search strategy to improve the coordinate-based mapping of a parallel job's tasks to the MPI ranks of its parallel allocation in order to reduce network congestion and the job's communication time. The goal is to reduce the number of network hops between communicating pairs of ranks. Our target is applications with a nearest-neighbor stencil communication pattern running on mesh systems with non-contiguous processor allocation, such as Cray XE and XK Systems. Using the miniGhost mini-app, which models the shock physics application CTH, we demonstrate that our strategy reduces application running time while also reducing the runtime variability. We further show that mapping quality can vary based on the selected allocation algorithm, even between allocation algorithms of similar apparent quality.
Energy Management on Handheld Devices: Whatever their origin, all handheld devices share the same Achilles heel: the battery.

Handheld devices are becoming ubiquitous and as their capabilities increase, they are starting to displace laptop computers - much as laptop computers have displaced desktop computers in many roles. Handheld devices are evolving from today’s PDAs, organizers, cellular phones, and game machines into a variety of new forms. Although partially offset by improvements in low-power electronics, this increased functionality carries a corresponding increase in energy consumption. Second, as a consequence of displacing other pieces of equipment, handheld devices are seeing more use between battery charges. Finally, battery technology is not improving at the same pace as the energy requirements of handheld electronics. Therefore, energy management, once in the realm of desired features, has become an important design requirement and one of the greatest challenges in portable computing, and it will remain so for a long time to come.
Toxic neuropathies and myopathies

This review first considers toxic neuropathies of recent interest, including those caused by antineoplastic and antiretroviral drugs, agents that affect methylation reactions, vitamin and herbal preparations, and certain occupational exposures. The discussion points out the interesting phenomenon of "coasting," the strategy of using neurotrophic factors to combat toxic neuropathies, and the inapparent risks in "health foods." Second, it considers toxic myopathy syndromes, including zidovudine myopathy and its differentiation from HIV-associated inflammatory myopathy, cholesterol-lowering agent myopathies, acute myopathy with selective loss of myosin filaments due to neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids, the eosinophilia myalgia syndrome, and colchicine myoneuropathy. Some of these syndromes illustrate important toxicologic principles about recognition of rare disorders, unanticipated temporal relationships with exposure, and risk factor assessment.
Sorption—desorption phenomena of chemicals from polymer (paint) films

Abstract The sorption and later desorption of a toxic chemical from polymers and, more specifically, paint films represent a potential hazard to personnel in proximity to these contaminated surfaces. Such hazards may be due to resultant vapor concentrations or to direct transfer of the chemical to the skin upon touching the surface. Desorption rates are dependent on the properties of the chemical/polymer pair, boundary conditions, partition coefficient, and the initial concentration profile in the material. The initial concentration profile is dependent on the diffusion coefficient and solubility of the chemical in the polymer as well as the duration of the contamination period. An analytical model is developed to predict desorption fluxes on the basis of the contamination scenario, the conditions external to the contaminated material and physical properties as determined by independent tests. The model predicted well the desorption of diethyl malonate, a toxic chemical simulant, from alkyd paint films.
Thinking with the body: Sexual metaphors

The language of sexual metaphors communicates cultural stereotypes which are incorporated into the behaviors of men and women. These influences are especially compelling in the realms of sexual behavior and the formation of intimate bonds. In this manuscript we explore the relation between the sexual metaphors and contemporary gendered behavior, including the possibility of escape from the semantic bonds.
Opportunistic replacement in a deterministic environment

Abstract An opportunistic replacement problem dealing with life-limited parts is analyzed. Because of prohibitively high costs of unscheduled breakdowns, life-limits on system components, e.g. nuclear fusion power systems, may be set so low as to insure performance during allotted life span. If two components with different life-limits are present, each individual scheduled replacement point offers potential opportunity for monetary savings. It is proved that in this deterministic situation only a limited number of the possible replacement points need be considered. An algorithm to generate these points is given and the computational requirements are discussed.
Humor, Philosophy and Education

AbstractThis article begins by examining the bad reputation humor traditionally had in philosophy and education. Two of the main charges against humor—that it is hostile and irresponsible—are linked to the Superiority Theory. That theory is critiqued and two other theories of laughter are presented—the Relief Theory and the Incongruity Theory. In the Relief Theory, laughter is a release of pent-up nervous energy. In the Incongruity Theory, humor is the enjoyment of something that violates ordinary mental patterns and expectations. The development of the Incongruity Theory is traced in thinkers like Aristotle, Kant, Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard, and refinements are suggested to the theory. The Incongruity Theory, it is argued, helps us to appreciate the affinity between philosophy and humor, especially the genre known as stand-up comedy. The article concludes by using Robert Nozick’s analysis of wisdom to show how dramatic comedy embodies practical lessons for living well.
Non respiratory metabolic function and morphology of lung following exposure to polybrominated biphenyls in rats

Exposure to polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) resulted in increased activity of microsomal arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase in rat lung. Clearance of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and angiotensin I by perfused lungs was decreased by PBBs. However, PBBs had no effect on the activity of epoxide hydrolase, monoamine oxidase, or angiotensin‐converting enzyme in lung. The only histopathologic change detected in lungs from PBB‐treated rats was an increase in alveolar type II cell lamellar bodies. Selective accumulation of certain PBB congeners by lung was not observed in this investigation.
Next Exit—African Global Village

Next Exit—African Global Village. Charles Piot. Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xiii. 220 pp.
Interventions complementing surgery as part of multistage treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: one center's experience.

Background Interventional procedures often are used as part of multistage treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of interventions in multistage treatment of HLHS. Methods and Results Between 1999 and 2007, 78 interventions were performed for 58 children with HLHS at different stages of surgical treatment. Group 1, involving 30 interventions for 22 patients with postoperative pulmonary arterial stenosis, showed reduced pulmonary artery pressure and increased vessel diameter. Group 2, involving 15 interventions after the Norwood operation for 12 patients with aortic arch obstruction, showed success for 11 patients. Group 3, involving eight balloon angioplasties of narrowed Glenn anastomosis for seven patients, showed abolition of the pressure gradient between the superior vena cava and the right pulmonary artery. Group 4, involving eight interventional closures of a fenestration for eight patients after a Fontan operation, showed increased oxygen saturation for all eight patients. Group 5, involving seven interventions for six patients in whom venovenous collaterals were closed percutaneously, showed improved oxygen saturation. For Group 6, uncommon miscellaneous interventions were used to stabilize the patients’ condition before the next surgical treatment. Conclusions Interventional procedures play an important role during multistage treatment of HLHS. They allow for a reduction in the number of operations or stabilization of the patients’ condition before the next surgical treatment.
Influence of egg production on zinc, copper and iron metabolism in the turkey hen (Meleagris gallopavo).

Abstract 1. 1. Serum concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, calcium and protein increased significantly with the onset of egg production in turkey hens. 2. 2. Hepatic concentrations of zinc, copper and iron declined significantly with the onset of egg production, whereas the total hepatic content of zinc and copper increased significantly. 3. 3. When plasma from laying and nonlaying hens was subjected to gel-permeation column chromatography, a high molecular weight protein fraction was detected in laying but not in nonlaying plasma which bound significant amounts of zinc, copper and iron and which coeluted with purified vitellogenin. 4. 4. Vitellogenin purified from the plasma of laying hens is a metalloprotein which upon analysis was found to contain 0.54, 0.09 and 0.72 μg of zinc, copper and iron, respectively, per mg of protein.
On the interdependence of language and perception

It is argued that without a connection to the real world via perception, a language system cannot know what it is talking about. Similarly, a perceptual system must have ways of expressing its outputs via a language (spoken, written, gestural or other). The relationship between perception and language is explored, with special attention to the implications of results in language research for our models of vision systems, and viceversa. It is suggested that early language learning is an especially fertile area for this exploration. Within this area, we argue that perceptual data is conceptualized prior to language acquisition according to largely innate strategies, that this conceptualization is in terms of an internal, nonambiguous "language," that language production from its beginnings to adulthood is a projection of the internal language which selects and highlights the most important portions of internal concepts, and that schemata produced in the sensory/motor world are evolved into schemata to describe abstract worlds. Examples are provided which stress the important of "gestalt" (figure-ground) relationships and projection (3-D to 2--1/2 or 2-D, conceptual to linguistic, and linguistic to conceptual); finally mechanisms for an integrated vision-language system are proposed, and some preliminary results are described.
Spontaneous and induced autoantibodies to renal and nonrenal basement membranes in mice.

Abstract (NZB × NZW)F1 hybrid mice ( B W ) with lupus nephritis have, in rare instances, linear deposits of IgG on the renal tubular basement membrane (TBM). We have established that at least in one such unusual case this deposit is anti-TBM autoantibody. These spontaneously formed autoantibodies reacted with iso-, allo-, and xenogeneic TBM, but they were organ specific. Antibasement membrane autoantibodies were induced experimentally with xenogeneic TBM. Male B W , NZB, and random-bred mice immunized with rabbit TBM developed autoantibodies which reacted in vitro with TBM, glomerular basement membrane, lung basement membranes, and the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules. By contrast, in vivo deposition of IgG was seen in kidneys and testes but not in lungs. Despite the early presence of circulating autoantibodies (Day 8), renal tubulointerstitial lesions were not seen until Days 42 to 59 in 40 of 65 mice. The histopathologic involvement ranged from focal mononuclear cell infiltrates in the interstitium to severe disruption of tubules and TBM. Multinucleated giant cells were seen occasionally. IgG deposits were a mixture of complement- and noncomplement-fixing subclasses, but C3 was not readily detectable on GBM or TBM. C5+ and C5− strains developed similar renal lesions. By analogy with other models of autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial diseases, the lesions in mice may be caused by anti-TBM autoantibodies, but other undetermined pathogenetic mechanisms may also play a role.
Is Accounting Research Stagnant

I accepted the invitation to present my thoughts to the American Accounting Association Executive Committee on whether accounting research has become stagnant for several reasons. First, I believe the question is important because the answer has widespread implications, one of which is the extent to which accounting research will remain an important part of the accounting academic profession in the years to come. In order to maintain the current stature of accounting research or to increase its importance, we need to ensure that we produce research that someone cares about. Second, there appears to be a growing sentiment among some accounting researchers that much of the research currently published in the top accounting journals is too similar, with too much emphasis on technique rather than on whether the research addresses an interesting or important question. My final reason was more self-serving. I thought this would provide a good opportunity to reflect on an important issue, and that committing to share my thoughts in a public forum would force me to give the issue the serious consideration it warrants. My comments below describe some conclusions I reached based on what others have written about this issue, discussions with colleagues, and my own reflections.
Prostaglandin-metabolizing enzymes during pregnancy: characterization of NAD(+)-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase, carbonyl reductase, and cytochrome P450-dependent prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase.

AbstractProstaglandins E2 and F2α regulate a number of physiological functions in reproductive tissues, and concentrations of these bioactive modulators increase during pregnancy. Corresponding to the increase in circulating levels of prostaglandins during pregnancy is an increase in enzymes that metabolize these agents. Three prostaglandin-metabolizing enzymes induced during pregnancy are NAD+ -dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase, and cytochrome P450-dependent prostaglandin Ω- or 20-hydroxylase. This review discusses the biochemical properties, regulation, and possible functions of these three enzymes.
Constraints from Infrared Space Observatory Data on the Velocity Law and Clumpiness of WR 136

Observations with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) SWS spectrometer are used to constrain the velocity law and wind clumping of the well-studied Wolf-Rayet (W-R) star WR 136 (HD 192163, WN6). Because the free-free continuum opacity in W-R winds increases steadily with wavelength in the IR, each point in the continuous spectrum may be regarded as forming in a pseudophotosphere of larger radius for longer wavelength. Using this idea in combination with an analysis of the Doppler-broadened widths of several Heii recombination lines, we can derive information about the velocity law and clumpiness of the stellar wind of WR 136. The observed line emission emerges from the region exterior to the radius of optical depth unity in the free-free opacity, corresponding to ve0:3v1 for our shortest-wavelength line. The ISO observations provide the continuum shape, flux level, and seven fairly strong He ii emission profiles. Adopting a � -law distribution for the outflow velocity law, we compute the continuous energy distribution and line profiles. We find that there is a broad range of � -values consistent with the continuum data if we also allow the wind temperature to be a free parameter. Interestingly, the continuum data are found to constrain the wind to have fairly low clumping values for the IR-forming region. By using the continuum results in conjunction with line profile modeling, the observational constraints are best satisfied with a clumping factor of Dc ¼ � 2 hi =� hi 2 of 1–3 and a � -value of 2–3, although higher � -values are not strongly ruled out for a modest wind temperature. The wavelength range of our ISO data allows us to probe only the outer wind acceleration zone, but in combination with radio observations, our finding that the wind clumping is fairly small suggests that the clumping in the wind of WR 136 decreases with increasing radius. Subject headings: line: formation — stars: atmospheres — stars: individual (WR 136) — stars: mass loss — stars: Wolf-Rayet
Transport of receptors.

The axonal transport of neurotransmitter receptors is thought to be a common phenomenon in many neuronal systems. The “machinery” for receptor (protein) “assembly” is found in the cell bodies of neurons and the “manufacture” of receptors takes place there. These receptors are then “shipped” to their ultimate destinations by a transport process. This is an axonal transport mechanism in the case of presynaptic receptors. Some form of transport process may also exist to send receptors out into the dendritic arborizations of neurons, although the latter is more difficult to verify. Axonal transport has been demonstrated, in the peripheral nervous systems, for many different neurotransmitter receptors. In the central nervous system, the results are less clear, but indicate the presence of a transport mechanism for catecholamine, acetylcholine, and opiate sites. One important component then, in the development of receptors, is the transportation to terminal membrane sites where they are ultimately incorporated and available for interaction with neurotransmitters and drugs.
Stability Limits of High-Beta Plasmas in DIII-D

Stability at high beta is an important requirement for a compact, economically attractive fusion reactor. DIII-D experiments have shown that ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory is an accurate predictor of the ultimate stability limits for tokamaks, and the Troyon scaling law has provided a useful approximation of ideal stability limits for discharges with 'conventional' profiles. However, variation of the discharge shape, pressure profile, and current density profile can lead to ideal MHD beta limits that differ significantly from simple Troyon scaling. The need for profiles consistent with steady-state operation places an important additional constraint on plasma stability. Nonideal effects can also be important and must be taken into account. For example, neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), resulting from plasma resistivity and the nonlinear effects of the bootstrap current, can become unstable at beta values well below the ideal MHD limit. DIII-D experiments are now entering a new era of unprecedented control over plasma stability, including suppression of NTMs by localized current drive at the island location, and direct feedback stabilization of kink modes with a resistive wall. The continuing development of physics understanding and control tools holds the potential for stable, steady-state fusion plasmas at high beta.
DELETERIOUS EFFECT OF IMMUNE GLOBULIN IN THE TREATMENT OF H. INFLUENZAE B INFECTION IN INFANT RATS

DELETERIOUS EFFECT OF IMMUNE GLOBULIN IN THE TREATMENT OF H. INFLUENZAE B INFECTION IN INFANT RATS
Site-resolved neutralization of slow singly and multiply charged ions during large-angle backscattering collisions with RbI(1 0 0)

Abstract Preliminary results are reported of projectile neutralization during 120° backscattering from RbI[1 0 0] of singly and multiply charged incident ions in the keV energy range. Scattered charge fractions are reported for 4.4 keV Ne8+ and 4.2 keV F+ normally incident on the ionic crystal. Collisions associated with scattering from a Rb or I site can be clearly distinguished for each scattered final charge state. Significant differences are observed in the intensities of the higher scattered charge states resulting from collisions with Rb and I sites. In contrast, at the target azimuth orientation of the present measurement, only minor differences in F− yield are observed for hard scattering from the two lattice sites.
Segregation of Sister Chromatids in Mammalian Cells

Segregation of sister chromatids in embryonic mouse cells in primary tissue culture is not random. In mitosis those chromatids replicated on a DNA template synthesized during the preceding division cycle are separated from those constructed on a template synthesized two division cycles previously. Segregation in cells of the Chinese hamster follows a similar, but less pronounced, pattern.
The construction of lessons in effective and less effective classrooms

Abstract This study examined relationships among teachers' management effectiveness ratings, student achievement, social and academic participation structures, patterns of instructional sequencing and teachers' contributions to thematic development in classroom lessons. Representative case samples were selected to explore effective and less effective management and instructional practices in four junior high school English classrooms. Patterned differences across classrooms were identified in (a) the demands placed on students to interpret subtle changes in their rights and obligations for participating, and (b) the development of a conceptual framework to guide academic participation and meaning construction processes. Implications are provided as a set of questions to guide instructional planning and reflection.
Influence of excluded volume upon macromolecular structure and associations in ‘crowded” media

Results of experimental studies published since the last major review of excluded volume effects in biopolymer solutions in 1993 add to our appreciation of the scope and magnitude of such effects. Recent theoretical studies have improved incrementally our ability to understand and model excluded volume effects in simple model systems.
Continuous monitoring of analyte concentrations

Abstract We have investigated the application of a modified, heterogeneous, competitive enzyme immunoassay for the continuous measurement of small analytes in a medium stream. The analytical system contains two antibodies that are immobilized an spatially separated areas, one binding the analyte (Ab1) and the other binding the enzyme (Ab2). An analyte-enzyme conjugate serves as signal generator. The analyte-enzyme conjugate functions as a heterobi-functional shuttle that can bind to either antibody. A semipermeable membrane retains the enzyme shuttle in the internal volume of the sensor but permits the passage of small analytes from the medium stream. The amount of enzyme bound to Ab1 is inversely proportional and the amount of enzyme bound to Ab2 is directly proportional to the analyte concentration. We have demonstrated that this analytical system (1) can provide a larger total signal; (2) has a sensitivity comparable with conventional competitive immunoassays; (3) does not require the separation of bound from free antigens; and (4) is therefore suitable for the continuous measurement of analytes in a medium stream. With a model system, an increase from 0 ng ml−1 to 20 ng ml−1 of the steroid hormone progesterone and the subsequent fall to 0 ng ml−1 could be monitored.
Micromagnetics of closed-edge laminations

Previous work has shown that lamination of the film core in a recording head eliminates noisy closure domains but introduces potentially noisy curling-edge walls. As a possible means of avoiding the edge walls, attention is given to minimization of the energy of an infinite strip composed of two laminations connected along their edges. Under the conditions that the spacer thickness is >or approximately=0.2*(magnetic-sublayer thickness) and that the energy is less than that of the closure-domain state, it is predicted that: fully stray-field-free flux closure with now walls occurs if the sum of anisotropy and exchange-stiffness energies within magnetic connections is negative; if this energy sum is positive, then part of the flux leaks through the spacer, forming edge walls whose angle is >
Purification and characterization of the 45,000-Dalton fragment from tryptic digestion of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Tryptic digestion of (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle has previously been shown to cleave the enzyme initially into a 55,000-dalton fragment and a 45,000-dalton fragment. In the present study the two fragments are solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and separated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 45,000-dalton fragment is found to be a relatively nonselective, divalent cation-dependent ionophore when incorporated into an oxidized cholesterol membrane (BLM). Ionophoric activity of this fragment is inhibited by low concentrations of LaCl3, HgCl2, and various reducing agents. There appears to be one or two relatively inaccessible disulfide bonds in the 45,000-dalton fragment that are essential for transport. Addition of reducing agents inhibits the ionophoric activity of the succinylated undigested enzyme and the 45,000-dalton fragment, but has no effect on the 55,000-dalton fragment. These experiments imply that the 45,000-dalton fragment and the 55,000-dalton fragment are in a series arrangement in the membrane.
Electro-optical 2x2 switching in a photonic bandgap waveguided coupler

A new 2D PBG directional coupler switch is proposed and analyzed by the FDTD method. A 1.55-micrometers device is designed in a square lattice of silicon posts in air. The switching mechanism is a change in the conductance of posts located in the waveguide coupling region, Conductance is induced electrically by carrier injection or is induced optically by electron-hole pair generation. Low insertion loss and optical crosstalk below -23 dB in both the cross and bar switching states are predicted.
The role of neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-related proteins, and endogenous antioxidants in the differential temporal vulnerability of neonatal cerebellum to ethanol.

Background: Ethanol produces abnormalities in the developing nervous system, with certain regions being vulnerable during well-defined periods. Neonatal rodent cerebellum is particularly susceptible to ethanol during the early postnatal period [on postnatal days 4-5 (P4-5)], while this region is resistant to ethanol at a slightly later time (P7-9). We assessed basal levels of several substances which may be involved in differential temporal ethanol vulnerability in neonatal cerebellum, and analyzed alterations in these substances after early ethanol exposure. Methods: Assessments were made of neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4; apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bcl-xs, Bad, phosphorylated-Bad, phosphorylated-Akt, and phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase; and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. These analyses quantified basal levels (in controls), and sequential changes following acute ethanol exposure at the vulnerable and resistant cerebellar periods (P4, P7). Results: Comparisons of basal levels of the molecules assessed between P4 and P7 revealed higher levels of total proapoptotic Bad at p4, higher levels of the protective pAkt kinase at P7, and lower levels of proapoptotic pJNK at P7. Other basal levels did not differ. While ethanol-mediated alterations were found at both ages favoring both apoptosis and survival, the apoptosis-promoting changes produced on P4 exceeded those on P7, and most occurred within the first 2 hr after exposure, a critical survival/death period. The number of alterations favoring survival were similar at the two ages, but at P7 most occurred within the first 2 hr after exposure, possibly acting in a protective manner. Conclusions: Differential temporal vulnerability to ethanol in the neonatal cerebellum appears to be paralleled by cellular alterations in neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-regulatory proteins, and/or antioxidant activities which generally favor apoptosis at the most sensitive age and survival at the resistant age.
Top management leadership: Inside the black box

Abstract Based on leadership categorization theory from the cognitive sciences, a partial model of top management leadership is developed. The model looks inside the leadership black box and considers the personal and organizational consequences of matches and mismatches between three levels (superordinate, basic and subordinate) and two dimensions (substantive/content and symbolic/process) of leadership category prototypes and perceived leadership behaviors. The model also considers the impact of environmental, industry, organizational and personal background variables on the leadership category prototypes. The prototype/behavior match notion is explicated in considerable conceptual and empirical detail to encourage future research and the research implications of the model in general are discussed.
A Comparison of Two Optical Methods for Measuring Line Averages of Thermal Exchanges Above Warm Water Surfaces

Abstract Line averages of the vertical transports of sensible and latent heats in the surface boundary layer are determined above a warm water surface by the use of two optical, line-of-sight, remote-sensing techniques. In one method, the amount of atmospherically-induced blurring of images is observed visually with the aid of a small portable astronomical telescope. The other method utilizes unaided observations of the formation of inferior mirages, in particular the heights of distant objects that appear to be partially hidden behind the mirage. In the present application above industrial cooling ponds, lines of sight are within 1 m of the water surface and 0.4 to 1.5 km in length. The evaluation of the heat fluxes also requires estimates of the surface friction velocity and the ratio of the sensible to latent heat fluxes, each of which can be obtained with sufficient accuracy over a warm water surface from relatively simple measurements of temperatures and wind speeds. The direct visual measurements ar...
CD4 Lymphocytes in Women with Invasive and Preinvasive Cervical Neoplasia

Abstract Objective. To assess the relationship between CD4 lymphocyte population and stage of disease in cervical neoplasia. Methods. Study population was 107 women with invasive cervical cancer, 116 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and 32 women without neoplasia diagnosed in 1988–1994. All women under age 50 were seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All women over age 50 with CD4:CD8 ratio below normal were HIV-negative. Stage was defined by FIGO criteria using clinical findings. CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte populations were enumerated by flow cytometry prior to treatment. The normal range of CD4 counts was defined as 537–1571 cells/mm 3 . Results. Distribution of CD4 count was similar in stages I ( n = 40), II ( n = 24), and III ( n = 32), with 31% below normal and 9% above normal (mean CD4 count=881). However, in stage IV ( n = 11), 64% were below normal and 18% above normal (mean CD4=591). The difference in distribution between stages I–III and stage IV was statistically significant. Among 116 CIN patients, 10% had CD4 counts below normal and 3% above normal (mean CD4=910). Among 32 women without cervical neoplasia, 0% had CD4 counts below normal and 3% above normal. The difference between CIN and invasive cancer in the distribution of CD4 counts and CD8 counts was significant ( P Conclusion. Women with invasive cervical cancer have lower CD4 counts and a broader distribution compared to women with preinvasive or no neoplasia. Metastatic cancer at diagnosis was associated with severely depressed CD4 count.
Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells use R-cadherin to target sites of neovascularization in the developing retina

Adult bone marrow contains a population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can give rise to cells capable of targeting sites of neovascularization in the peripheral or retinal vasculature. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism of targeting of these cells to sites of neovascularization. We have analyzed subpopulations of HSCs for the expression of a variety of cell surface adhesion molecules and found that R-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule important for normal retinal endothelial cell guidance, was preferentially expressed by functionally targeting HSCs. Preincubation of HSCs with function-blocking anti-R-cadherin antibodies or novel R-cadherin-specific peptide antagonists effectively prevented targeting of bone marrow-derived cells to the developing retinal vasculature in vivo. Whereas control-injected HSCs targeted to all 3 normal developing retinal vascular layers, blocking R-cadherin-mediated adhesion resulted in mistargeting of the HSCs to the normally avascular outer retina. Our results suggest that vascular targeting of bone marrow-derived HSCs is dependent on mechanisms similar to those used by endogenous retinal vascular endothelial cells. Thus, R-cadherin antagonists may be useful in the treatment of neovascular diseases in which circulating HSCs contribute to abnormal angiogenesis.
An Assessment of the Community College's Influence on the Relative Economic Development of a County

The study investigated the impact of establishing a community college upon a county's relative economic development. Census data from 1940 through 1990 were used in graphical analysis of short-time series, ratio comparisons, and ordinary least square regression analysis. The results indicated that establishing a community college potentially contributed 8% to 11% of a county's economic development. This estimated "catalyst" influence was accounted for by neither payroll, population growth, nor economic advantages that existed prior to establishment of the community colleges.
Vesiculated Hairs: A Mechanism for Salt Tolerance in Atriplex halimus L

The concentration of salts in the vesiculated hairs of Atriplex halimus L. was measured and was remarkably higher than that of the leaf sap and xylem exudate. In spite of their unusually high salt content, these hairs when immersed seemed unable to absorb water, in apparent contradiction to the previously held hypothesis that vesiculated hairs make it possible for such plants to absorb water from the atmosphere. Although growing the plants under saline conditions increased the salt content of the hairs from 2.3 m Na+K to 11.6 m, salt content of the expressed leaf sap from young leaves did not change significantly. This observation indicates that in A. halimus the vesiculated hairs play a significant role in removing salt from the remainder of the leaf and preventing the accumulation of toxic salts in the parenchyma and vascular tissues. Thus, a nearly constant salt content is maintained in leaf cells other than the hairs.
Local semilattices on two generators

The set of idempotents of a pseudo-inverse semigroup (see Nambooripad [11]) is referred to as alocal semilattice in this paper (it was called a “partially associative pseudo-semilattice” by Nambooripad). Local semilattices form a variety and so free local semilattices exist. The free local semilattice F2 on two generators was described and studied by Meakin and Pastijn in [7]. In this paper we describe all local semilattices on two generators as images of F2.
On divisors of binomial coefficients, I

Abstract It is a well-known conjecture that (n2n) is never squarefree if n > 4. It is shown that (n2n) is not squarefree if n > n0.
Nonbilharzial bladder carcinoma complicating pregnancy--treatment with bacille Calmette-Guérin.

Bladder carcinoma in situ is often treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin. Unable to find a report of this therapy in pregnancy, we describe such a case. Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy may be safely administered during the second trimester in an appropriately selected patient.
Actin filaments in the photoreceptor cilium of the rds mutant mouse.

Abstract An actin filament meshwork was recently demonstrated within the ciliary axoneme at the base of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) in rat retina. Individual filaments of a uniform polarity extended from the cilium and entered into the bottom of the OS disc stack where they associated with the plasma membrane in the region of new disc assembly. This and other studies have indicated that an actin-mediated mechanism may regulate OS disc morphogenesis. The homozygous rds mouse exhibits an absence of OS formation, although cilia do develop and opsin is contained within the ciliary plasma membrane. The rds abnormality is believed to result from a defect in OS disc assembly. Immunogold labeling has shown that actin is situated within the distal end of rds photoreceptor cilia, as well as in the distal cilium of normal mice prior to the onset of OS differentiation. However, anti-actin antibodies do not distinguish between monomer and filamentous actin. In the current study, neural retinas from rds and control mice were permeabilized with saponin, incubated with myosin subfragment-1 (S-1), and prepared for electron microscopy. Following this treatment, a meshwork of myosin S-1 decorated actin filaments could be observed within the axoneme in the distal end of each rds photoreceptor cilium. As in normal visual cells, actin filaments exited the axoneme by passing between pairs of microtubule doublets. These filaments had the correct polarity, with all arrowheads pointing toward the axoneme, and they associated with the ciliary plasma membrane in the region where OS disc morphogenesis would normally occur. Additionally, filament-containing membranous structures were observed in close proximity to the distal cilium. Some of these may correspond to the opsin-rich vesicles previously identified in the subretinal space of the rds mouse.
Room Temperature Z-Selective Homocoupling of α Olefins by Tungsten Catalysts.

3,5-Dimethylphenylimido complexes of tungsten can be prepared using procedures analogous to those employed for other tungsten catalysts, as can bispyrrolide species and MonoAryloxide-Pyrrolide (MAP) species. Homocouplings of 1-hexene, 1-octene, and methyl 10-undecenoate are achieved in 45−89% yield and a Z selectivity of >99% with W(NAr′′)(C3H6)(pyr)(OHIPT) as a catalyst. Homocoupling of terminal olefins in the presence of (E)-olefins elsewhere in the molecule also was achieved with excellent selectivity.
Community‐based recruitment and enrollment for a clinical trial on the sensitive issue of fecal incontinence: The Fiber study

The recruitment of community-living participants for clinical trials of sensitive topics, when the population is largely hidden and reluctant to self-identify, and the study protocols and procedures intensive, creates significant challenges to researchers. The Fiber Study is an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial conducted to compare the effectiveness of three dietary fibers with different levels of fermentability for symptom management in community-living adults with fecal incontinence. The researchers developed a staged approach to recruitment using three primary recruitment methods and a three-phase approach to the enrollment process. We have been successful in reaching, recruiting, and enrolling participants in a clinical trial, as well as in effectively managing study resources and staff time.
CONFORMATION CHANGES IN CITRATE-CONDENSING ENZYME.

Abstract The four sulfhydryl groups of citrate-condensing enzyme will not react in aqueous solution with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB). When urea is added to the enzyme the conformation of the protein is changed in a way that permits reaction between DTNB and protein SH. The rate of “unfolding” is first-order and dependent on urea concentration and temperature. The conformation change induced by urea can be slowed by the addition of substrates.
Joint attention through the hands: Investigating the timing of object labeling in dyadic social interaction

Previous studies of joint attention and its' role in language learning have focused on eye-gaze cues. The goal of the present study is to discover fine-grained patterns of joint hand activities in child-parent social interaction that facilitate successful word learning. To this end, we address the following three topics: 1) quantifying joint manual actions between the parent and the child and in particular how the child follows the parent's bid of attention through manual actions; 2) discovering the timings between joint manual actions and object naming events; and 3) linking those timings with language learning results. Multiple high-resolution data streams were examined for episodes involving object-labeling events that either preceded or followed joint attentional focus as established through the hand actions of the dyad. Our findings suggest that the success of word learning through social interaction depends on the specific timing between follow-in joint hand activities and naming events.
Re‐examination of the role of the periplasmic domain of EnvZ in sensing of osmolarity signals in Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli, EnvZ senses changes in the osmotic conditions of the growth environment and controls the phosphorylated state of the regulatory protein, OmpR. OmpR-phosphate regulates the expression of the porin genes, ompF and ompC. To investigate the role of the periplasmic domain of EnvZ in sensing of osmolarity signals, portions of this domain were deleted. Cells containing the EnvZ mutant proteins were able to regulate normally the production of OmpF and OmpC in response to changes in osmolarity. The periplasmic domain of EnvZ was also replaced with the non-homologous periplasmic domain of the histidine kinase PhoR of Bacillus subtilis. Osmoregulation of OmpF and OmpC production in cells containing the PhoR–EnvZ hybrid protein was indistinguishable from that in cells containing wild-type EnvZ. Identical results were obtained with an envZ–pta/ack strain, which could not synthesize acetyl phosphate. Thus, acetyl phosphate was not involved in the regulation of ompF and ompC observed in this study. These results indicate that the periplasmic domain of EnvZ is not essential for sensing of osmolarity signals.
Real-time particle size analysis during inert gas atomization

Abstract Metal powder produced by inert gas atomization was analyzed with a non-intrusive particle sizing instrument. The in situ particle sizer operates on the principle of laser Fraunhofer diffraction and provides a line-of-sight measurement of the particle size distribution and mean size. The instrument has been successfully tested during several obtained powder atomization runs. The results obtained with the particle-sizing apparatus compare favorably with data obtained using a total weight-sieving technique. It is expected that the laser diffraction technique will be a suitable candidate for process feedback and control.