cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of frog virus 3 defective in DNA replication.

We have characterized the defect of a temperature-sensitive (ts) DNA− mutant (ts 6642) of frog virus 3 (FV 3). At the nonpermissive temperature (30°) ts 6642 synthesized <3% of the viral DNA that was synthesized at the permissive temperature (23°). When ts 6642-infected cells were incubated at 30° for 4.0 hr and then shifted to permissive temperature, viral DNA synthesis started immediately even when protein synthesis was inhibited at the time of shiftdown. This result implies that at 30°, ts 6642 synthesized all the proteins required for viral DNA replication but that one of these was nonfunctional at the nonpermissive temperature. Further characterization revealed that ts 6642 was probably defective in the initiation of DNA replication. This conclusion was based on the following data: When ts 6642-infected cells incubated at 23° for 4.0 hr were shifted to 30°, there was a gradual decrease in viral DNA synthesis. By 1 to 1.5 hr after the shiftup, viral DNA synthesis was completely inhibited. Analysis of the density of the DNA synthesized after a shiftup in the presence of BUdR and FUdR suggested that residual viral DNA synthesis represented chain elongation, and not initiation of new rounds of DNA replication. The defective protein was therefore involved in the initiation process. Both wild-type FV 3 (FV 3+) and ts 6642 induced the synthesis of thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase at 30°. Therefore, neither of these enzymes was involved in the DNA replication defect of ts 6642. At the nonpermissive temperature, ts 6642 synthesized all the viral proteins that were detectable at the permissive temperature. However, synthesis of late proteins was delayed, and never reached wild-type levels. Furthermore, the rate of synthesis of late proteins at 30° became dependent upon the multiplicity of infection. These results reinforce our previous conclusion (R. Goorha and A. Granoff, 1974, Virology60, 237–250) that in FV3+-infected cells late proteins (and by implication late mRNAs) were synthesized in the absence of viral DNA replication.
Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature

Malignant eccrine spiradenoma is a rare skin tumor of sweat gland origin. We present the first reported case of this tumor in the female genitalia. Due to the rarity of this tumor, there has yet to be an established standard of care. The present case is that of a 41-year-old woman with malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the periclitoral region. She had an 18-month history of a recurrent, painful mass adjacent to the clitoris. Her diagnosis was made after excision of the cystic tumor. The patient then underwent a partial radical vulvectomy with bilateral sentinel lymph node sampling. As malignant eccrine spiradenoma is a rare tumor, no standard care exists for treatment and postoperative management. Based on our review of the literature, wide local excision appears to be the preferred initial treatment. Furthermore, adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation does not seem to improve survival in patients with advanced or recurrent cancer. Although lymph node sampling and/or lymphadenectomy is frequently reported in the treatment of this tumor, hematogenous metastasis can also occur. Therefore, these patients require close postoperative follow-up for recurrent disease.
A practical and flexible flow analysis for higher-order languages

A flow analysis framework for higher-order, mostly-functional languages is given. The framework unifies and extends previous work on flow analyses for this class of programming languages. The analysis is based on abstract interpretation and is parameterized over the abstraction of literals, two polyvariance operators, and a projection operator. The polyvariance operators regulate the accuracy of the analysis while the projection operator regulates the speed. A preliminary implementation of the analysis is incorporated and used in a production-quality Scheme compiler. The analysis can process any legal Scheme program without modification. While it has been demonstrated that analyses at least as accurate as OCFA are useful for justifying program transformations, an instantiation of this analysis less precise than OCFA is used to facilitate loop recognition, eliminate the construction of closures, and optimize procedure calls. This demonstrates that relatively inaccurate analyses can still be useful for justifying transformations.
DNA replication and pattern regulation in the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila

Abstract Imaginal disc cells of Drosophila undergo pattern regulation when part of a disc is removed by microsurgery. I have analyzed DNA replication in imaginal disc cells during pattern regulation using both pulse and chronic labeling with tritiated thymidine. Both types of experiments have shown a local increase in the fraction of labeled cells associated with pattern regulation. In addition I have found that when pattern regulation takes place during chronic thymidine labeling approximately 15% of the cells in a “regenerated” region are unlabeled. Thus DNA replication may not be required for respecification of “positional values” in imaginal disc cells. These results are consistent with patterning information being important in controlling cell growth during normal development.
Conditioned suppression in rats responding for hypothalamic brain stimulation

Rats were trained to press one lever on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to produce a second lever. Each response on the’ second lever produced a single burst of hypothalamic electrical stimulation, and following a fixed number of bursts the second lever was retracted. After stabilization of responding, fear conditioning was superimposed on the leverpressing situation. All of the rats developed complete suppression of responding within a few trials. The schedule of reinforcement then was systematically manipulated to increase either the density or the intensity of reinforcement by increasing the frequency with which the second lever was made available, increasing the number of reinforced responses allowed on the second lever, or increasing the intensity of the brain stimulation. Following each such manipulation, there was a temporary attenuation of suppression followed by the reappearance of suppression.
The Correlates of Religiosity Among Black and White Americans

This paper explores the correlates of religiosity among blacks and whites, asking two questions: (1) Is the relationship between SES and religious attendance the same for both races? (2) What facto...
James H. McVicker and his theatre

(1960). James H. McVicker and his theatre. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 14-25.
Spectral operators generated by damped hyperbolic equations

We announce a series of results on the spectral analysis for a class of nonselfadjoint opeators, which are the dynamics generators for the systems governed by hyperbolic equations containing dissipative terms. Two such equations are considered: the equation of nonhomogeneous damped string and the 3-dimensional damped wave equation with spacially nonhomogeneous spherically symmetric coefficients. Nonselfadjoint boundary conditions are imposed at the ends of a finite interval or on a sphere centered at the origin respectively. Our main result is the fact the aforementioned operators are spectral in the sense of N. Dunford. The result follows from the fact that the systems of root vectors of the above operators form Riesz bases in the corresponding energy spaces. We also give asymptotics of the spectra and state the Riesz basis property results for the nonselfadjoint operator pencils associated with these operators.
The Pre-1914 Anarchist “Lone Wolf” Terrorist and Governmental Responses

After discussing the extent to which the period from 1878–1934, with its frequent incidents of anarchist assassinations and bombings, can be considered the classic age of “lone wolf” or leaderless terrorism, this article focuses on four acts of anarchist violence and police and government responses to this violence. The four cases are the 1896 bombing of a Corpus Christi procession in Barcelona, the 1901 assassination of President McKinley, a 1902 bombing in Livorno (Leghorn) Italy, and the 1912 attempted assassination of Italian King Victor Emmanuel III. Confronted by these violent acts, the authorities resorted to two basic policies that might be referred to as “micro” and “macro” approaches. The macro approach was to launch massive crackdowns, arrest hundreds if not thousands of suspects (in some cases torturing them), and pass repressive legislation limiting freedom of the press, freedom of association, and freedom of assembly in order to discover the guilty terrorists and to squelch anarchist propaga...
Effects of the collision integral, thermal diffusion, and the Prater number on maximum temperature in macroporous catalysts with exothermic chemical reaction in the diffusion-controlled regime

Abstract The classic Prater equation is useful to estimate intrapellet temperatures in packed catalytic tubular reactors when the dimensionless Prater number β is relatively small (i.e., the magnitude of β ⩽ 0.3 ). However, for strongly exothermic chemical reactions, both thermal diffusion and the temperature dependence of important physicochemical properties of reactive gas mixtures should be included in the analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer within macroporous catalytic pellets. In the diffusion-limited regime, intrapellet temperature increases could be much greater than those predicted by the Prater equation. The analysis of thermal diffusion in pseudo-binary Lennard-Jones gases with temperature-dependent physicochemical properties reveals that steady-state predictions for exothermic reactions might not be possible when the Prater number is on the order of unity, because core temperatures are more than one order of magnitude larger than temperatures on the external catalytic surface. For reference, the Prater equation predicts that the maximum intrapellet temperature is two-fold larger than that on the external catalytic surface when β = 1 , which severely underestimates realistic temperature increases by a factor of 5 or 6 (i.e., when β = 1 ) for the synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The largest increases in intrapellet temperature occur when all of the following conditions are satisfied; (i) chemical reactions are strongly exothermic, (ii) physicochemical properties of the reactive gas mixture exhibit temperature dependence, (iii) the Prater number approaches unity, and (iv) Soret diffusion enhances the molar flux of C ≡ O (i.e., MW CO MW “ B ” in pseudo-binary mixtures) into the central core of macroporous catalysts as a consequence of negative thermal diffusion coefficients.
Semantic discovery from web comparison queries

Users frequently pose comparison queries (e.g., ibm vs apple) on web search engines. However, little research has been done on understanding these queries. To fill in this gap, this paper describes a first solution to discovering and mining comparison queries. We present a novel snowballing algorithm that "crawls" comparison queries from search engines via their query autocompletion services. We propose a novel modeling approach that represents comparison queries in a comparison graph and develop a novel algorithm that mines closely related concepts from comparison graphs via spectral clustering. Initial experiments indicate that our approach can reveal the inherent semantic relationship among the concepts and discover different senses of a concept, e.g., "toyota" as a car brand or a company name.
Double-crystal X-ray topography of freestanding HVPE grown n-type GaN

Abstract High-resolution X-ray topography (HRXT) and rocking curve measurements were performed on unintentionally doped, freestanding HVPE grown n-type Gallium Nitride (GaN). Based on the rocking curve widths, the dislocation density is estimated to be in the range of 10 5 –10 7 /cm 2 , and the lower limit of average crystallite sizes to be 340–500 nm normal to the surface of the film. The lateral dimensions of crystallites and cavities were obtained from HRXT images, and are estimated to be in 200–500 nm, and 0.5–400 μm ranges, respectively. Although the GaN films are freestanding, they are warped with a radius of curvature of about 0.5 m, as determined from topographic measurements. The warpage is attributed to thermal mismatch between GaN and the substrate during growth.
PHOTOTROPISM OF SELAGINELLA: THE ROLE OF THE SMALL DORSAL LEAVES AND AUXIN

The creeping dorsiventral stem of Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun has two rows of small leaves on the dorsal surface, two rows of large leaves laterally inserted and no leaves on the ventral surface. When the ventral surface of the stem is illuminated from below the stem bends 147° below the horizon toward the light. Development ofthis positive phototropic response requires mature dorsal leaves at the stem tip but not the apical bud or the large lateral leaves. When the small dorsal leaves are replaced with lanolin containing the auxins, indoleacetic or naphthalene acetic acid, stem curvature occurs in the light and dark. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are unable to replace the small dorsal leaves. Auxin paste applied to the ventral illuminated surface of the stem will cause a negative phototropic curvature away from light. Illumination of the ventral surface of stem does not alter the amount of radioactive indoleacetic acid entering the stem from treated dorsal leaves but does increase the asymmetry in the distribution of radioactivity in the stem. Treatment ofthe small dorsal leaves with the auxin transport inhibitor, triiodobenzoic acid, inhibits the positive phototropic stem curvature. PHOTOTROPISM iS a fundamental physiological response for several species of Selaginella within the section Heterophyllum. These plants have plagiotropic dorsiventral shoots with two rows of small dorsal leaves and two rows of large leaves laterally inserted along the stems. When the dorsal surface is illuminated the stem tip bends 20° below the horizon and away from light. Curvature below the horizon increases to 50-67° when stem tips are cultured in complete darkness. However, a strong phototropic curvature of 123-158° below the horizon does develop when the ventral surface of the stem is illuminated. In fact, the stem bends to such an extent that the dorsal leaves at the tip are reoriented toward the light (Bilderback, 1984). This differential response of the stem when the dorsal or ventral surfaces are exposed to light ensures that the plants maintain their dorsiventral orientation in their environment. Since the initial observations of Darwin (1880), growth regulators have been implicated in the development of phototropic responses by higher plants; however the role of hormotles in the phototropism of lower vascular plants such as Selaginella has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun was maintained in a greenhouse. The preparation and culture t Received for publication 21 October 1983; revision accepted 11 September 1984. This investigation was supported by a grant from the
Recognition of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in asymptomatic siblings of children dying of sudden infant death or Reye-like syndromes

The medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency of mitochondrial beta oxidation has been identified in two asymptomatic siblings in a family in which two previous deaths had been recorded, one attributed to sudden infant death syndrome and the other to Reye syndrome. Recognition of this disorder in one of the deceased and in the surviving siblings was accomplished by detection of a diagnostic metabolite, octanoylcarnitine, using a new mass spectrometric technique. This resulted in early treatment with l -carnitine supplement in the survivors, which should prevent metabolic deterioration. Further studies suggest that breast-feeding may be protective for infants with MCAD deficiency. Families with children who have had Reye syndrome or in which sudden infant death has occurred are at risk for MCAD deficiency. We suggest that survivors and asymptomatic siblings should be tested for this treatable disorder.
The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. I. Iontophoretic studies.

Abstract The cellular responses to iontophoretic application of norepinephrine (NE) and related compounds were tested in the hippocampus of the rat. The majority of cells tested were inhibited during and shortly after application of NE. NJ-1999, a beta adrenergic antagonist, blocked this response to NE while DMI, an agent which inhibits uptake by adrenergic fibers potentiated the response. Cells in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats fired faster than those in normal rats and were more sensitive to NE. Cyclic AMP and its dibutyryl derivative produced NE-like inhibitions. The response to NE was partially blocked during concurrent iontophoresis of prostaglandins of the E series, and enhanced during concurrent application of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, papaverine. It is suggested that NE is a neurotransmitter candidate in the hippocampus and that it may act via the cyclic AMP system.
Sybil attack detection in a hierarchical sensor network

The Sybil attack is a particularly harmful threat to sensor networks where a single sensor node illegitimately claims multiple identities. A malicious node may generate an arbitrary number of additional node identities using only one physical device. The Sybil attack can disrupt normal functioning of the sensor network, such as the multipath routing, used to explore the multiple disjoint paths between source-destination pairs. But the Sybil attack can disrupt it when a single adversary presents multiple identities, which appear on the multiple paths. Digital certificates are a way to prove identities, but they are not suitable for the sensor network because of the large computational overheads. Researchers have proposed a light-weight identity certificate method to defeat Sybil attacks, but it is not suitable for a large scale sensor network because of the huge memory usage required at each node. In this paper, we propose a light-weight Sybil attack detection method based on a hierarchical architecture in sensor networks. The proposed method can be used in a large scale sensor network, and it only uses the symmetric cryptography avoiding the use of the public key cryptography. Simulation results show that the proposed method only needs a small memory (below 140 KB) for each node (even in a large scale sensor network). In addition, the energy consumption by new identity generations within each group is low (below 60 mJ), which is much lower than the available energy at each sensor node.
Diurnal Activity of Hermatypic Gorgonians

THE natural food of gorgonians, or any other soft corals, inhabiting coral reefs is unknown, but net photosynthesis to respiration ratios from 2 to 5 have been reported for isolated colonies of five species of Caribbean reef gorgonians in laboratory experiments1,2. This photosynthesis is attributed to the dinoflagellate symbionts living in the gastrodermal cells of these and other so-called hermatypic corals. There is also evidence that members of the gorgonian family Xeniidae in the Red Sea draw most of their nutrition from this photosynthesis3. Observations reported here suggest that gorgonians from Caribbean reefs may also depend for nutrition on their algal symbionts.
A quantitative analysis of the effects of three environmental gases on the appearance of mesosomes in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Several researchers have proposed that bacterial mesosomes are artifacts resulting from cellular reactions to fixatives, embedding media or other environmental changes (Neidhart, 1963). Results from this study suggest that the appearance and formation of the mesosome are in part dependent upon the conditions of the external gaseous environment of the cell.
The transcriptional regulator Id3 is expressed in cranial sensory placodes during early avian embryonic development.

The chick homologue of the helix–loop–helix gene Id3 was isolated, and its expression pattern was analyzed during early stages of chick development. Chick Id3 is dynamically expressed in the olfactory, lens, and otic placodes. It is also observed in the epiphysis, nephric primordium, stomodeum, dermomyotome, distal branchial arches, dorsolateral hindbrain, foregut endoderm, dorsal spinal cord, and somites.
Alternating temperature breaks dormancy in leafy spurge seeds and impacts signaling networks associated with HY5

Non-after-ripened seeds of the herbaceous perennial weed leafy spurge do not germinate when imbibed at a constant temperature (C), but transfer to an alternating temperature (A) induced germination. Changes in the transcriptome of seeds during 1 and 3 days of alternating temperature and germinated seeds were compared with seeds incubated at constant temperature. Statistical analysis revealed that 597, 1,491, and 1,329 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) for the comparisons of 21-day C vs. 21-day C + 1-day A, 21-day C vs. 21-day C + 3-day A, and 21-day C vs. 21-day C + Germ (germination), respectively. Functional classifications based on gene set and sub-network enrichment analysis were performed to identify pathways and gene sub-networks that underlie transcriptome changes in the seeds as they germinate. Sugars, plant hormones, photomorphogenesis, and reactive oxygen species were overrepresented at 21-day C + 1-day A. At 21-day C + 3-day A, an increase in cellular activities was observed as the number of overrepresented pathways greatly increased. Many of the metabolic pathways were involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, macromolecules, and energy and carbon skeleton production for subsequent germination. The 21-day C + 3-day A and 21-day C + Germ pathways and sub-networks were similar and included an overrepresentation of the amino acid biosynthetic pathways; however, 21-day C + Germ seeds have an even wider array of cellular activities such as translation-related pathways, which are most likely for seedling growth. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the up- and down-regulation of HISTONE H3, GASA2, DREBIII-1, CHS, AOS, PIF3, PLD α1, and LEA may be germination-related since their expression was dramatically changed only in the 21-day C + Germ seeds. Finally, both short-term alternating temperature and short-term light exposure up-regulated the expression targets of the central hub HY5 in leafy spurge and Arabidopsis, respectively, indicating that a signaling network involving HY5 is important for germination.
Quantitative assessment of bone mineral by photon scattering: accuracy and precision considerations.

A method to determine the bone mineral density of the calcaneum has been reported earlier by our laboratory. In this method, the calcaneum is irradiated by a 60‐keV photon beam from 2 4 1Am source and both the coherent and Compton scatteredphotons are detected by a high‐purity Gedetector. The bone mineral density is determined by measuring the ratio of coherent‐to‐Compton scatteredphotons. The accuracy and the precision (i n v i t r o) of the method are reported in this paper. The accuracy was determined to be 5%. This was obtained by comparing the bone mineral density values of cadaver calcanea measured directly by Archimedes’ volume displacement method with the values measured by the scattering method. The precision was determined to be 3% by measuring the bone mineral density of a calibration phantom intermittently over a ten‐month period by the scattering method.
An optimized procedure for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) isolation of autonomic neural progenitors from visceral organs of fetal mice.

During development neural crest (NC)-derived neuronal progenitors migrate away from the neural tube to form autonomic ganglia in visceral organs like the intestine and lower urinary tract. Both during development and in mature tissues these cells are often widely dispersed throughout tissues so that isolation of discrete populations using methods like laser capture micro-dissection is difficult. They can however be directly visualized by expression of fluorescent reporters driven from regulatory regions of neuron-specific genes like Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We describe a method optimized for high yields of viable TH+ neuronal progenitors from fetal mouse visceral tissues, including intestine and lower urogenital tract (LUT), based on dissociation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The Th gene encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for production of catecholamines. Enteric neuronal progenitors begin to express TH during their migration in the fetal intestine1 and TH is also present in a subset of adult pelvic ganglia neurons2-4 . The first appearance of this lineage and the distribution of these neurons in other aspects of the LUT, and their isolation has not been described. Neuronal progenitors expressing TH can be readily visualized by expression of EGFP in mice carrying the transgene construct Tg(Th-EGFP)DJ76Gsat/Mmnc1. We imaged expression of this transgene in fetal mice to document the distribution of TH+ cells in the developing LUT at 15.5 days post coitus (dpc), designating the morning of plug detection as 0.5 dpc, and observed that a subset of neuronal progenitors in the coalescing pelvic ganglia express EGFP. To isolate LUT TH+ neuronal progenitors, we optimized methods that were initially used to purify neural crest stem cells from fetal mouse intestine2-6. Prior efforts to isolate NC-derived populations relied upon digestion with a cocktail of collagenase and trypsin to obtain cell suspensions for flow cytometry. In our hands these methods produced cell suspensions from the LUT with relatively low viability. Given the already low incidence of neuronal progenitors in fetal LUT tissues, we set out to optimize dissociation methods such that cell survival in the final dissociates would be increased. We determined that gentle dissociation in Accumax (Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc), manual filtering, and flow sorting at low pressures allowed us to achieve consistently greater survival (>70% of total cells) with subsequent yields of neuronal progenitors sufficient for downstream analysis. The method we describe can be broadly applied to isolate a variety of neuronal populations from either fetal or adult murine tissues.
Unified coronagraph and wavefront control design

Numerous coronagraph designs for high-contrast imaging in space have been proposed, differentiated by various performance metrics, such as throughput, inner working angle, bandwidth, ease of implementation (a surrogate for cost), sensitivity, and robustness. In all cases, the performance of the coronagraph is limited by wavefront aberrations in the system, necessitating a deformable mirror (DM) wavefront control system. Traditionally, coronagraphs are designed to achieve the targeted contrast assuming perfect optics, then combined with the controller to correct aberrations in a small dark hole reachable by the DMs. This paper shows how all coronagraphs adjust amplitude and are thus limited by amplitude errors. We propose a unified design approach where the coronagraph is only designed to achieve contrast to the level determined by the amplitude error and in a dark hole consistent with the wavefront controller. The deformable mirrors are then used with the already existing algorithms to generate the remainder of the dark hole. We show new shaped pupil designs with much increased throughput and smaller inner working angles consistent with this approach. These new designs can also be used with on-axis and segmented telescopes.
Semi-Vectorial Response of Three-Dimensional Reflecting Structures via Iterative Solution of the Helmholtz Equation

Waveguiding structures that generate reflections are currently modeled by a number of different methods, most of which are of very limited generality. Of these methods, only the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method1 has been shown to be useful over a wide class of structures. Unfortunately, this technique is very costly in terms of computer resources, thus limiting its utility. In order to address this need, we recently reported a new modeling technique2 that involves the iterative solution of the scalar Helmholtz Equation using the ADI (alternating direction implicit) method. That technique was limited by two major restrictions: (1) Proper convergence of the iteration required an appropriate absorbing layer around the problem region periphery, and (2) The method as stated was only valid for 2D problems, although it was pointed out that an extension to three dimensions seemed feasible. In this paper we remove both restrictions and model three-dimensional structures by iterative solution of the scalar Helmholtz Equation with normalized coordinates.
Erythrosin B phosphorescence as a probe of oxygen diffusion in amorphous gelatin films

Abstract Gelatin, a multifunctional food protein with an extended fibrous structure, was labeled at lysine residues with the triplet probe erythrosin-5-isothiocyanate. Measurements of erythrosin phosphorescence in gelatin films cast below the melting temperature of the triple helix provided information about both oxygen diffusion and molecular mobility on the sub-millisecond time scale within the amorphous, triple-helically cross-linked gelatin matrix. A decrease in the phosphorescence lifetime in air compared with nitrogen indicated that diffusion of oxygen through the gelatin matrix was detectable only in intermediate and high moisture environments at 23 °C. Diffusion coefficients (D) and permeabilities (P) of oxygen in hydrated gelatin films were determined from measurements of the decrease in phosphorescence quenching (increase in intensity) with outgassing of oxygen. Values were on the order of 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 and 10 −13 mol (cm s atm) −1 for D and P , respectively, and increased with relative humidity from 58% RH to 84% RH. Oxygen diffusion in films equilibrated at RH>84% could not be adequately described by a uniform diffusion model with a single diffusion coefficient; this complex diffusive behavior correlated with a dramatic increase in the mobility of the protein matrix as revealed by a decrease in the erythrosin lifetime under nitrogen at high humidity.
A coupling of mixed and discontinuous Galerkin finite-element methods for poroelasticity

In this paper, we formulate a finite-element procedure for approximating the coupled fluid and mechanics in Biot’s consolidation model of poroelasticity. We approximate the flow variables by a mixed finite-element space and the displacement by a family of discontinuous Galerkin methods. Theoretical convergence error estimates are derived and, in particular, are shown to be independent of the constrained specific storage coefficient, c o . This suggests that our proposed algorithm is a potentially effective way to combat locking, or the nonphysical pressure oscillations, which sometimes arise in numerical algorithms for poroelasticity.
Quiescent prominence spectrophotometry - Sodium D1,2, helium D3, and calcium /plus/ lambda 8498

The reported observations were carried out by means of a 25 cm coronagraph/coude spectrograph with a Si vidicon Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) detector. The results of the investigation are presented in a number of tables, and the main conclusions concerning the studies are discussed. The relative behavior of prominence Na D line emission shows that the employed observing techniques yield reliable measures of prominence line strengths, not degraded to any substantial extent, in particular, by possible slit-filling effects. This conclusion is limited principally by the assumption that systematic vertical velocity fields in the prominences are not greater than 1.5 km/s. The Na D line profiles are well fitted by a one-component (i.e., homogeneous) line-forming region, thus reinforcing previous conclusions regarding the source of the enhanced wing emission.
Relation of pH to preservative effectiveness I. Acid media

Tripticase soy broth adjusted to pH 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 with McIlvane buffer was used as media for this study. Microorganisms for the inoculum were obtained from a soil sample which contained Gram-positive and Gram-negative rods, cocci, yeast, and fungi. Some of the preservative materials have been previously investigated on a limited scale and the p-hydroxybenzoates were used as a basis for comparison. The preservative materials were used in three concentrations spanning their theoretical effective range. A record was made of visible growth, bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect at each concentration and pH value and these were compared to control tubes. Effectiveness of some of the better known preservatives was confirmed while some of the newer materials fell into the effective class and others seeming to be ineffective.
Expert System for Traffic Control in Work Zones

The development of a prototype knowledge‐based expert system (KBES) for selecting appropriate traffic control strategies and management techniques around highway work zones is described. The knowledge base of this KBES is derived from a literature survey on existing techniques and approaches for handling traffic around highway work zones and from interviews with selected experts in charge of the planning and design of traffic control strategies for work zones in Virginia. The developmental process includes steps in formulating the problem and developing an expert system: identification, conceptualization, implementation, and testing. The resulting EXSYS prototype system, TRANZ, is described. TRANZ knowledge base consists of 141 rules. A decision tree is developed to provide an aid to resolve erroneous recommendations by the system. This model shows the range of control options and associated condition variables that intersect to produce control requirements. This EXSYS prototype system is the initial stag...
Analysis of high temperature fatigue crack growth behavior

Abstract High temperature fatigue crack growth has been examined in the light of the new concepts developed by the authors. We observe that the high temperature crack growth behavior can be explained using the two intrinsic parameters ΔK and Kmax, without invoking crack closure concepts. The two-parameter requirement implies that two driving forces are required simultaneously to cause fatigue cracks to grow. This results in two thresholds that must be exceeded to initiate the growth. Of the two, the cyclic threshold part Δ K ∗ th is related to the cyclic plasticity, while the static threshold K ∗ max is related to the breaking of the crack tip bonds. It is experimentally observed that the latter is relatively more sensitive to temperature, crack tip environment and slip mode. With increasing test temperature, the cycle-dependent damage process becomes more time-dependent, with the effect that crack growth is dominated by Kmax. Thus, in all such fracture processes, whether it is an overload fracture or subcritical crack growth involving stress corrosion, sustained load, creep, fatigue or combinations thereof, Kmax (or an equivalent non-linear parameter such as Jmax) remains as one essential driving force contributing to the final material separation. Under fatigue conditions, cyclic amplitude ΔK (or an equivalent non-linear parameter like ΔJ) becomes the second necessary driving force needed to induce the characteristic cyclic damage for crack growth. Cyclic damage then reduces the role of Kmax required for crack growth at the expense of ΔK.
Differences in surface properties of amorphous and crystalline metal sulfides may explain their toxicological potency

Abstract Crystalline NiS and CoS particles have considerably greater toxic and cell transforming activity than amorphous NiS and CoS particles. These differences in biological activities were attributable to the active phagocytosis of crystalline metal sulfides particles compared with low uptake of amorphous particles. An examination of the surface of crystalline and amorphous metal sulfide particles revealed that cry-stalline NiS and CoS have a net negative surface charge while the surface charge of the amorphous derivatives appears to be positive. Additionally, chemical reduction of NiS particles with LiAlH 4 enhanced their entry into cells. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of amorphous and crystalline NiS showed that the outermost surface of the two compounds (1–4 nanometers) differed with respect to the Ni/S ratio and the sulfur oxidation state.
Effects of chargeout on user/manager attitutes

The relationship of internal pricing systems for computer services (chargeout systems) and user management attitudes about their computer-based information systems is investigated. Evidence is provided that the relationship conforms to a general pattern that would be expected from the hypothesis of the four stages of EDP growth [15]. The results also indicate that the chargeout systems characteristic of advanced EDP stage environments are associated with relatively high levels of positive user attitudes and marked increases in EDP training for users. Both factors are important to the user/manager involvement necessary for effective control of computer-based systems. Development and maintenance of computer-based systems is asserted to be a category of organizational change. A “felt need” for the change on the part of the user/manager is pre-requisite to any change taking place. The research methods of behavioral science are applied to investigate the user/manager environment and the effects of charge-out.
Auteurs de jeunesse franco-maghrébins: un modèle d’intégration ?

This article examines how Deleuze and Guattari’s postmodernist theory, used to study Beur texts in the 1980s, does not apply to children’s literature written by authors born of parents who immigrated from the Maghreb. In their books, which span age categories and genres (picture books, detective stories, etc.), authors such as Azouz Begag, Jeanne Benameur, Hubert Ben Kemoun, and Karim Ressouni-Demigneux, among others, do not challenge a Franco-French hegemony. These authors defy classifications; they blur limits and ignore limitations. They make Homi Bhabha’s « third space » and Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of « lines of flight » and « becoming-imperceptible » irrelevant. These writers belong to the « first space, » the only space for French children’s literature.
Antarctic Ocean and Sea Ice Response to Ozone Depletion: A Two-Time-Scale Problem

TheresponseoftheSouthernOceantoarepeatingseasonalcycleofozonelossisstudiedintwocoupledclimate models and is found to comprise both fast and slow processes. The fast response is similar to the interannual signature of the southern annular mode (SAM) on sea surface temperature (SST), onto which the ozone hole forcing projects in the summer. It comprises enhanced northward Ekman drift, inducing negative summertime SST anomalies around Antarctica, earlier sea ice freeze-up the following winter, and northward expansion of the sea ice edge year-round. The enhanced northward Ekman drift, however, results in upwelling of warm waters from below the mixed layer in the region of seasonal sea ice. With sustained bursts of westerly winds induced by ozone hole depletion, this warming from below eventually dominates over the cooling from anomalous Ekman drift. The resulting slow time-scale response (years to decades) leads to warming of SSTs around Antarctica and ultimately a reduction in sea ice cover year-round. This two-time-scale behavior—rapid cooling followed by slow but persistent warming—is found in the two coupled models analyzed: one with an idealized geometry and the other with a complex global climate model with realistic geometry. Processes that control the time scale of the transition from cooling to warming and their uncertainties are described. Finally the implications of these results are discussed for rationalizing previous studies of the effect of the ozone hole on SST and sea ice extent.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists' Practices in Assisting Their Adolescent Patients Who Smoke to Quit Smoking.

ABSTRACT Objective This national study examined the practices and perceptions of smoking cessation activities among child and adolescent psychiatrists. Method A random sample of child and adolescent psychiatrists was identified from the membership list of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and was mailed a valid and reliable 34-item questionnaire. Results A total of 184 responses (47%) were received. A plurality (48%) of psychiatrists reported being self-taught in smoking cessation techniques. A majority (67%) of psychiatrists were in the maintenance stage for asking about smoking status. However, only 19% consistently made attempts to assess willingness to quit, and 30% consistently gave messages urging the smoker to quit. The perceived number of barriers for addressing smoking was negatively correlated with psychiatrists' levels of confidence ( r = −0.35, p r = −0.39, p Conclusion: Considering the perceived high rate of patient smoking and the lack of formal training in smoking cessation, more postgraduate education is needed to adequately prepare child and adolescent psychiatrists for addressing tobacco cessation. J. Am. Acad. Adolesc. Child Psychiatry , 2007;46(1):60-67.
Priority setting amid the rubble: Organisational approaches to post-disaster reconstruction in Haiti

Abstract This paper examines organisational priority setting with respect to post-disaster reconstruction through a case study of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Interviews were conducted with 52 organisations, across seven categories, working in Port-au-Prince. Results show that these organisations can be grouped as specialists or generalists in terms of priority setting. Specialists are more likely to be funders or well-resourced organisations. Generalists are smaller organisations that are typically beneficiaries of funding, including small international NGOs and Haitian NGOs. International funders acted on a relatively standard repertoire of global priorities, while the priorities of generalist organisations were more readily modified and were influenced by a need to secure resources from funders. These outcomes are those predicted by a population ecology understanding of organisations. The difference in priority setting approaches has important implications since specialist organisational types frequently rely on generalists to implement their projects. This may account for some of the tensions reported between international funders and local organisations in Haiti. The paper proposes avenues to address the priority setting mismatch observed around post-disaster reconstruction in Haiti.
Neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a prominent feature in Alzheimer’s pathology and a potential target for therapy aimed at treatment and prevention of disease. This review provides a synopsis of current information about cellular and molecular mediators involved in Alzheimer’s neuroinflammation as well as interactions between these mediators that influence pathology. Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are considered from experimental and clinical perspectives and potential mechanisms underlying their apparent benefits are discussed. Finally, possible protective effects of the inflammatory response in Alzheimer’s are described. Taken all together, evidence presented in this review suggests a scheme for Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, with neuroinflammation playing a crucial role influencing and linking β-amyloid deposition to neuronal damage and clinical disease.
Dual Effect of Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin on Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells.

Aim The effects of heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on the growth of cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells(hASMCs) was studied in this article. Methods The thirth-passage hASMCs were planted onto 24-well plate. After incubated for 24 h in media supplemented with 10%human serum(HS) and 10%fetal calf serum(FCS), media were changed into low concentration serum(0.5% HS, 0.5%FCS)and continued to incubate for 24 h and cultured by DMEM containing 10%HS either old or fresh, 10%FCS and different concentration of heparin or LMWH (heparin and LMWH were presented as hexuronic acid) together with corresponding control groups (without heparin or LMWH) for 24 h, hASMCs growth was estimated both morphologically and by 3 H-TdR incorporation. Results Both heparin and LMWH inhibited the proliferation of well-growth hASMCs, the inhibition rates were 66%, 69%, 69%, and 60%, 68%, 67%, respectively, with no concentration dependent relationship. hASMCs of control (with old HS stored at 4℃ for 2 years) shrank and showed poor-growth pattern while those in groups of different concentrations of LMWH or heparin became well-spread and well-growth pattern. Both heparin and LMWH promoted the proliferation of poor-growth hASMCs, the stimulation rates were 149%, 140%, 180%, and 207%, 246%, 309%, respectively. Conclusions Heparin and LMWH have a dual regulative role (inhibition and promotion) in hASMCs growth. It indicate that they may play an important role in controlling the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and maintaining the integrity of vascular structure.
Highly localized tracks of specific transcripts within interphase nuclei visualized by in situ hybridization

Use of in situ hybridization optimized for fluorescent detection of nuclear RNA has revealed a striking localization of specific viral RNAs within nuclei of cells latently infected with EBV. Several hundred kb of specific transcripts is sharply restricted to a small region of the nucleus, frequently in a curvilinear "track". Detection of nuclear RNA was evidenced by hybridization without denaturation, sensitivity to RNAase, inhibition by actinomycin D, and specificity of transcribed sequences. Results indicate that RNA "tracks" extend from an internal genome into the nuclear periphery, and that RNA transport may be coupled to transcription. Localized nRNA is apparent for other viral sequences, different lymphoblastoid cell lines, nuclei prepared by two different methods, and an abundant, nonviral transfected sequence. Implications for understanding nuclear organization and the investigation of gene expression are discussed.
Modelling potential β-carotene intake and cyanide exposure from consumption of biofortified cassava

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency causes disability and mortality. Cassava can be crossbred to improve its β-carotene (BC) content; typical white cassava contains negligible amounts of BC. However, cassava contains cyanide and its continued consumption may lead to chronic disability. Our objective was to estimate the risk–benefit of consuming BC-enhanced cassava to increase VA intake. A total of ten American women were fed white and BC-enhanced cassava. BC and cyanide data from the feeding study were combined with African cassava consumption data to model the potential daily BC, VA and cyanide intakes of African women. If BC-enhanced cassava replaced white cassava in the diets, it could theoretically meet recommended VA intakes for the following percentages of individuals from six African countries that consume cassava as a staple crop: Angola (95 %), Central African Republic (95 %), Congo (about 100 %), Ghana (99 %), Mozambique (99 %) and Nigeria (92 %). Cyanide intake after minimal preparation of cassava could be thirteen to thirty-two times the reference dose (RfD), a toxicological exposure reference, but could be completely removed by extensive soaking. This study demonstrates that consumption of BC-enhanced cassava, processed to maintain BC and remove cyanide, theoretically increases VA intakes for African populations and other areas of the world where cassava is a staple crop.