cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is a volume of 3.6 mL better than 1.8 mL for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the success of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block using either 3.6 mL or 1.8 mL 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Methods As part of 7 previously published studies, 319 emergency patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis received either a 1.8-mL volume or 3.6-mL volume of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in an IAN block. One hundred ninety patients received a 1.8-mL volume, and 129 received a 3.6-mL volume. Endodontic emergency treatment was completed on each subject. Success was defined as the ability to access and instrument the tooth without pain (visual analog scale score of 0) or mild pain (VAS rating ≤54 mm). Results Success of the 1.8-mL volume was 28%, and for the 3.6-mL volume it was 39%. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 volumes. Conclusions In conclusion, for patients presenting with irreversible pulpitis, success was not significantly different between a 3.6-mL volume and a 1.8-mL volume of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The success rates (28%–39%) with either volume were not high enough to ensure complete pulpal anesthesia.
Microwave and low-frequency vibrational spectra of bullvalene

Abstract The microwave spectrum of bullvalene has been investigated in the region 18–40 GHz. In addition to transitions in the ground vibrational state, transitions arising from five excited vibrational states below 600 cm −1 have also been observed. A combination of microwave intensity measurements and infrared and Raman data has been utilized to assign these vibrations. Three of the vibrations are E -type modes at 241, 355, and 588 cm −1 . One is an A 1 -type mode at 445 cm −1 , and another is an A 2 -type at 266 cm −1 . The microwave spectrum indicates the presence of a first-order Coriolis interaction for the E modes at 241 and 588 cm −1 . The first-order Coriolis coupling constant q = 0.557 MHz for the 241 cm −1 vibration. The spectral results are consistent with C 3 v symmetry for bullvalene.
A field test of the quotient Method for predicting risk to Microtus canicaudus in grasslands

We used gray-tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus, as an experimental model species to field test a prediction of the Quotient Method (QM) for risk to small mammals of an insecticide in grasslands. In May 1997, we placed voles into 12 0.2-ha enclosures planted with a mixture of pasture grasses. In late July, we applied 1.55 kg/ha of the insecticide Guthion® 2S (azinphos-methyl) in three treatments: a control (all habitat sprayed with water), full spray (all of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S), and half-spray (one-half of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S and one half with water). Five replicates were used for the half-spray and control, and two replicates for the full-spray. The Guthion 2S treatment did not depress population size, growth rate, or survival of voles in half-spray or full-spray enclosures. Our results were inconsistent with the QM prediction for use of Guthion 2S in grass habitats. These results also differed from our previous studies in alfalfa habitats in which measurable responses were detected at the same application rate. The differences probably are due to the different types of vegetation between current and previous studies. The grass habitat in our enclosures was an average of 60 cm high and was very thick from ground level to about 40 cm. Much of the residue likely accumulated in the upper strata of vegetation and did not reach ground level at this application rate. Under the conditions of this study, voles were less affected in grassland habitat than they were in alfalfa habitat.
An injection efficiency model to characterize the injection capability and turn-off speed for >10kV 4H-SiC IGBTs

Abstract This work analytically formulates the relationship among the followings for characterization purpose: (i) γ E (injection efficiency), (ii) excess charge stored during on-state and (iii) charge extraction rate and voltage ramp before punch-through during the turn-off. Injection efficiency is expressed in terms of J R (reference current density), J b (buffer layer reference current), and J T (terminal current). Both J R and J b are lumped parameters and can be extracted without any knowledge of parameters in the emitter and buffer layer. While γ E is simply the ratio of minority to total current, injection capacity is defined mathematically in this work as an index of the tendency of the excess carriers being injected from emitter and then stored in the drift region. 4H-SiC p- and n-IGBT will be discussed side-by-side throughout the discussion. The adaptability of this injection efficiency model will be examined under different emitter conditions and buffer layer lifetimes. This work is also applicable to silicon devices.
American public address as a humane study

This paper discusses four methods of teaching the history and criticism of American public address. In teaching the subject as a humane or liberal study, this author prefers the case method which he uses in his course at Louisiana, State. University.
Single Chain Fragment Variable Recombinant Antibody Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for a Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Immunoassay

Abstract In this report, the peptide linker connecting scFv V H and V L domains were genetically modified to contain different amino acids (i.e. cysteine (scFv-cys) or histidines (scFv-his)) to enable the scFv to adsorb or self-assemble onto the gold nanoparticles (NPs). The scFv-cys stabilized gold NPs were used to develop a highly sensitive colorimetric immunosensor. The scFv-cys stabilized gold NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and FTIR. After adding the antigen rabbit IgG, the solution of scFv-cys stabilized gold NPs shows obvious visible color change from deep red to light purple due to the aggregation of the gold nanoparticles. Based on the colorimetric aggregation of scFv-cys stabilized gold NPs, the immunosensor exhibits high sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.7 nM and good specificity. The good properties of the colorimetric aggregation immunosensor can be attributed to the small size of scFv and the covalent link between the scFv and gold NPs that improve the better orientation and enhance the probe density. With the advantages of speed, simplicity and specificity, the colorimetric immunoassay based on the functionalized scFv stabilized gold NPs represents a promising approach for protein analysis and clinical diagnostics.
Preferential alignment of birefringent tissue measured with polarization sensitive techniques

Assessing collagen alignment is of interest when evaluating a therapeutic strategy and evaluating its outcome in scar management. In this work we introduce a theoretical and experimental methodology for the quantification of collagen and birefringent media alignment based on polarized light transport. The technique relies on the fact that these materials exhibit directional anisotropy. A polarized Monte Carlo model and a spectro-polarimetric imaging system were devised to predict and measure the impact of birefringence on an impinging polarized light beam. Experiments conducted on birefringent phantoms, and biological samples consisting of highly packed parallel birefringent fibers, showed a good agreement with the analytical results.
Ms-Zα calculation of the energy-level structure of XeF6

Abstract The ionization and total statistical energies of XeF 6 are calculated at the experimental bond distance, along with the statistical energy and ionicities for the separated ions, using the multiple-scattering-Xα model. The ionization energies are in better agreement with experiment than ab initio results.
Spot test reaction for sulfhydryl groups

Abstract 2,2'-Dihydroxy-6,6'-dinaphthyldisulfide (DDD) forms a violet product with Fast Blue RR, which precipitates on standing. In presence of sulfhydryl compounds, DDD is reduced and when a monoazo coupling reagent is added, a green fluorescent product is obtained. Amino acids, amino acid derivatives, peptides, weak reducing agents, and water-soluble carbohydrates can be tolerated, but strongly oxidizing reagents or sulfhydryl-blocking reagents interfere. Strongly reducing inorganic compounds give a positive test even in the absence of sulfhydryls. The limit of detection is 5 μg of cysteine or 12 μg of glutathione.
COHEN TO THE RESCUE

Cohen seeks to rescue the concept of justice from those, among whom he includes Rawls, who think that correct fundamental moral principles are fact-sensitive. Cohen argues instead that any fundamental principles of justice, and fundamental moral principles generally, are fact-insensitive and that any fact-sensitive principles can be traced back to fact-insensitive ones. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of Cohen's argument, and the kind of fact-insensitivity he has in mind. In particular, it distinguishes between internal and external fact-sensitivity – that is, whether facts are referenced in the content of the principle, or must otherwise be the case in order for the principle to apply at all. Cohen himself seems likely to endorse internally fact-sensitive fundamental principles. This leads to a discussion of Cohen's Platonism about moral principles and the extent to which his arguments cover all its rivals.1
Dominant negative inhibition by mutant thyroid hormone receptors is thyroid hormone response element and receptor isoform specific.

The heterogeneity of tissue-specific manifestations of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH) could result from differential interactions between the mutant thyroid hormone (T3) receptor-beta (TR beta) on T3 response elements (TREs) in different T3-responsive genes. To explore this hypothesis, the mutant TR beta associated with kindred A, P448H; a TR beta mutant, P448L; and a comparable TR alpha mutant (P398H) were tested for intrinsic function and for inhibition of wild-type TR alpha- and -beta-induced expression from four structurally distinct TREs, the rGH ABC*, the rGH palindrome (PAL), the rat malic enzyme (ME), and the chicken lysozyme silencer F2 (F2). The relative function of the mutants was similarly reduced on the four TREs studied and was T3 concentration dependent. The TR alpha mutant retained the intrinsically greater potency characteristic of this isoform, but remained impaired with respect to wild-type TR alpha even at 500 nM T3. In general, dominant negative inhibition of wild-ty...
Adaptive LL(*) parsing: the power of dynamic analysis

Despite the advances made by modern parsing strategies such as PEG, LL(*), GLR, and GLL, parsing is not a solved problem. Existing approaches suffer from a number of weaknesses, including difficulties supporting side-effecting embedded actions, slow and/or unpredictable performance, and counter-intuitive matching strategies. This paper introduces the ALL(*) parsing strategy that combines the simplicity, efficiency, and predictability of conventional top-down LL(k) parsers with the power of a GLR-like mechanism to make parsing decisions. The critical innovation is to move grammar analysis to parse-time, which lets ALL(*) handle any non-left-recursive context-free grammar. ALL(*) is O(n4) in theory but consistently performs linearly on grammars used in practice, outperforming general strategies such as GLL and GLR by orders of magnitude. ANTLR 4 generates ALL(*) parsers and supports direct left-recursion through grammar rewriting. Widespread ANTLR 4 use (5000 downloads/month in 2013) provides evidence that ALL(*) is effective for a wide variety of applications.
A Multiple Objective Optimization-Based Approach to Choicemaking

An approach for choicemaking under certainty, based in part upon multiple objectve optimizatin is presented in this paper. With this approach dearly inferior alternatives are eliminated and subsets of alternatives are determined whih are guaranteed to contain the most preferred alternatives through use of an induced partial order on the set of alternatives. Use of such a relation to order the alternative set partially is reminicent of multiobjective optimization theory (MOOT). Our MOOT based approach is believed behaviorally relevant in that it is interactive and can accommodate a variety of cogitive styles and levels of on-line decisionmaker preference feedback. It does not requir elicitation of all criterion or attribute weights as does the multiple attribute utility theory (MAUT) approch. MAUT is compatible with and can be used to complement and potentially enhance the effectiveness of the approach for value elicitation for choicemaking. Applicadon of the MOOT based approach is illustrated by several examples.
Cuticular hydrocarbons of four species of social wasps in the subfamily vespinae: Vespa crabro L., Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Vespula squamosa (Drury), and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson)

1. 1. Cuticular hydrocarbon compositions were determined for queens and workers of: Vespa crabro L., Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Vespula squamosa (Drury), and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson). 2. 2. The major cuticular hydrocarbons of Vespa crabro workers were pentacosene (52%), and n-pentacosane (16%). 3. 3. The major hydrocarbons of Dolichovespula maculata workers were n-heptacosane (28%), 3-methylheptacosane (12%), and 3,13-dimethylheptacosane (11%). 4. 4. The cuticular hydrocarbon compositions of Vespula squamosa and V. maculifrons workers were very similar. n-Heptacosane was the major hydrocarbon (14%) of V. squamosa and 13-methylnonacosane was the major hydrocarbon (19%) of V. maculifrons. 5. 5. For each wasp species, the hydrocarbon composition of the queens was distinct from that of the workers.
UK space policy — a problem of culture

Abstract According to the UK government, the announcement in July 1987 of a freeze on the British National Space Centre's (BNSC) budget was based solely on lack of money and the belief that private industry, rather than the state, should fund space activities. In challenging the validity of this view, the author suggests that it has also been used to conceal internal bureaucratic competition and a myopic, market-driven mind-set.
An analysis of interference in recognition memory

A stimulus-sampling model of recognition memory is presented that predicts both proactive and retroactive interference. To test the predictions of the model, a recognition memory experiment was carried out using a standard proactive-retroactive design with a forced-choice task. Both accuracy and latency were measured. The data showed, as predicted, equal proactive and retroactive effects on accuracy, providing solid support for the model. The interference effects are interpreted in terms of the model as arising from an increase in indirect marking, the marking of shared stimulus elements in words other than the study word. The model has two parameters representing the rate of indirect marking for high-frequency and low-frequency words and two parameters reflecting the efficiency of direct marking. The latency results completely paralleled the accuracy findings, showing proactive and retroactive effects. A possible extension of the model to handle latencies is considered.
Multiscale Design of Nanostructured Thermoelectric Coolers: Effects of Contact Resistances

Our objective is to develop a multiscale simulator for thermoelectric cooler devices, in which the material parameters are obtained atomistically using a combination of molecular dynamics and tight-binding simulations and then used in the system level design. After benchmarking the simulator against a recent experimental work, we carry out a detailed numerical investigation of the performance of Bi2Te3 nanowire-based thermoelectric devices for hot-spot cooling. The results suggest that active hotspot cooling of as much as 23°C with a high heat flux is achievable using such low-dimensionality structures. However, it has been observed that thermal and electrical contact resistances, which are quite large in nanostructures, play a critical role in determining the cooling range and lead to significant performance degradation that must be addressed before these devices can be deployed in such applications.
The Bohemian Curriculum: Expanding Consciousness, Evolving Culture

Through an exploration of bohemian character and ideology, I examine the relationship between the construction of individual identity and an individual’s membership in multiple cultural groups. In particular, I examine a theory of cultural association that positions the individual within nested and overlapping cultures, where identity and self-narrative are defined in relation to cultural normativities. I assert that it is this position amongst various cultures that enables individuals to critically examine and broker juxtaposing normativities, a process with the potential to push individuals to rewrite their self-narratives and expand consciousness. But bohemians go further––they outwardly express their opposition of mainstream culture and publicize their self-narratives. By engaging in a community of creative minds, these ‘outsiders’ contribute in unique ways to the evolution of culture by challenging social affordances and pushing social limitations. Drawing upon the lessons learned from bohemianism, the paper concludes with an explicit link to education. Specifically, the bohemian curriculum calls for a pedagogy that allows for the brokering of normativities within a safe and compassionate learning space that embraces unique learning at both individual and collective levels.
Interference-aware multicast for wireless multihop networks

In this paper, we revisit the problem of optimal tree-based routing structures for multicast in wireless multihop networks, but accounting for the impact of interference. Our analysis is based on the most accurate known interference model, namely the SINR-based physical interference model. We first study the problem in a low-intensity multicast scenario where we derive optimal node selection strategies for different subtree structures. We then extend these analyses to account for interference between consecutive packets in higher-rate multicast scenarios. Based on these analyses, we propose and evaluate two new multicast routing structures: the interference-aware Steiner tree (IAST) algorithm, which requires global knowledge of node locations, and the fixed-distance tree merging (FTM) algorithm, which does not require global knowledge. We show that our proposed algorithms provide up to 57% reduction in schedule length and up to 41% increase in goodput over existing tree-based routing structures.
Bicultural Straddling Among Immigrant Adolescents: A Concept Analysis.

Background: Increasing population diversity in the United States creates challenges for providing culturally responsive health care to immigrant adolescents. Nursing providers have few effective concepts to guide their understanding of how culturally diverse adolescents handle different cultural influences (between family and society) and how straddling two cultures may influence adolescents’ decision making about health. Aim:Bicultural straddling is defined as an ongoing process of adaptation resulting from living within two different cultural influences. A concept analysis of bicultural straddling is important to nursing professionals in caring for culturally diverse adolescents. Method: Walker and Avant’s methodology was used to guide our understanding about how immigrant adolescents straddle cultural influences between their homes and society. Results: Straddling two different cultures influences adolescents’ health-related beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors as they navigate everyday strug...
Observational evidence of a wind direction signal in SSM/I passive microwave data

Recent experiments have demonstrated that a wind direction signal is apparent in passive microwave brightness temperature measurements of the sea surface. Extensive matches of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures from several Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, with wind direction measurements from both moored buoys and spaceborne scatterometers clearly show directional signals at 19, 37, and 85 GHz for both horizontal and vertical polarization. The wind direction signal obtained from the mooring matches is noisy due to the limited number of matches but varies little from satellite to satellite. The greater number of matches with the scatterometers results in a clearer directional signal and enables detailed studies of the dependence of the directional signal on environmental conditions. The amplitude of the mean directional signal increases with wind speed. The up/downwind asymmetry most prominent at vertical polarization varies mainly with wind speed, while the crosswind differences also vary with sea state and sea surface temperature. The variability about the mean directional signal is equal to or greater than the amplitude of the mean signal and increases with increasing water vapor content. Because of the large variability, large numbers of SSM/I observations under similar environmental conditions must be averaged before the directional signal is apparent. Comparisons between the observed directional signals and existing model predictions will lend insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for the signal.
Video arrays for real-time tracking of person, head, and face in an intelligent room

Real-time three-dimensional tracking of people is an important requirement for a growing number of applications. In this paper we describe two trackers; both of them use a network of video cameras for person tracking. These trackers are called a rectilinear video array tracker (R-VAT) and an omnidirectional video array tracker (O-VAT), indicating the two different ways of video capture. The specific objectives of this paper are twofold: (i) to present a systematic comparison of these two trackers using an extensive series of experiments conducted in an 'intelligent' room; (ii) to develop a real-time system for tracking the head and face of a person, as an extension of the O-VAT approach. The comparative research indicates that O-VAT is more robust to the number of people, less complex and runs faster, needs manual camera calibration, and the integrated omnidirectional video network has better reconfigurability. The person head and face tracker study shows that such a system can serve as a most effective input stage for face recognition and facial expression analysis modules.
ALDOSTERONE AND ITS METABOLISM IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (SHR)

The development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was blocked by adrenalectomy and restored with aldosterone treatment. The blood pressures of normotensive strains of rat were not affected by aldosterone. Infusions of 10 micrograms aldosterone/day into adrenalectomized (ADX)--SHR, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats completely suppressed plasma renin activity in all strains and lowered plasma potassium levels to below normal in WKY and SD rats; aldosterone treated SHR were normokalemic. In acute studies, SHR responded normally to the antinatriuretic actions of aldosterone but gave a shallower kaliuretic response compared with WKY and SD rats. The urine of ADX-SHR injected with 3H-aldosterone contained a larger proportion of polar neutral metabolites of aldosterone than WKY urine but smaller amounts of acidic and sulfate metabolites. HPLC of the neutral metabolites showed that several polar compounds were present in larger amounts in SHR urine but that unmetabolized aldosterone was less than in WKY urine.
Government Policies and the Industrialization of Russia

If we were to reconstruct a blueprint of the Russian government's goals and priorities for industrial development in the late nineteenth century, it would include the following: (1) development of a network of internal transportation, (2) stabilization of the ruble in foreign exchanges through convertibility and the buildingup of an export surplus as a prerequisite for enabling the Russian government to borrow abroad, and (3) stimulation of the development of new industries in Russia and their protection in their “infancy.” Given the relative success of Russia's industrialization during the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries and the important role that the government played in this effort, there is no justification for outright rejection or condemnation of Russian government economic policies. There were, however, serious shortcomings in particular government policies, and the presumed effects that they had upon the industrialization process were not always desirable. This essay is a modest attempt to reexamine Russian government policies on the assumption that the industrialization of Russia was a continuing goal of the state policies beginning with the 1880's and one of relatively high priority. The implication of the analysis is that if some of the defects of the state's policies had been avoided, the process of industrialization in Russia would have proceeded at least at as fast a pace and the economic costs to Russian society would probably have been smaller.
The Effect of Two Nursing Interventions on Families of ICU Patients

Although much research has addressed family needs of ICU patients, only a few studies have examined interventions aimed at meeting these family needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two interventions, a family information pamphlet and a family group session, on 60 family members of ICU patients. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the family member groups on Critical Care Family Needs Inventory scores (p = .45), which assessed important needs, or State Trait Anxiety scores (p = .61). Consistent with previous research on families' needs, the majority of the needs identified as most important by all family members related to receiving information. Small sample sizes may have contributed to nonsignificant differences between family member groups, and study replication with larger sample sizes is recommended.
Dynamics of Surfactant Self‐Assembleys: Micelles, Microemulsions, Vesicles and Lyotropic Phases, by Raoul Zana

The research in the area of amphiphilic association structures has expanded in the most pronounced manner in the last three decennia and the number of publications has increased by more than one ma...
Diel Feeding by Adult Red-Spotted Newts in the Presence and Absence of Sunfish

Abstract The feeding behavior of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque) was observed in a divided pond having sections with and without fish. Newt feeding periodicity patterns over three 24-hour periods, in three consecutive years, did not show any influence of fish. The highest number of food items per newt was observed between 0400 and 0600 hours. Declines in numbers of food items in newt gut contents from these maxima were similar to that seen when newts were held without food.
Experiences with IFS: a distributed image filing system

The authors have designed and implemented a distributed image filing system. Users sitting at workstations can scan, store and retrieve images stored on optical disk at an image server. The system is built as a set of client and server processes performing specialized tasks. The system is network independent, in the sense that it runs on any of the local networks currently available on the market, and location transparent, as any mapping between processes and machines is allowed, including the extreme case of a standalone system where all processes run on the same machine. It is believed that the system is interesting from the perspective of designing a network independent distributed system, and also from a software engineering point of view, as its modular design permits simpler development, debugging and testing, as well as future extensibility. >
Anxiety-Mood Spectrum Syndromes: Anxiety, Panic, Phobias, ASD, PTSD, Borderline Syndrome, Dependent and Avoidant Personalities, Social Phobia, Bipolarity and Mania, Depression – Neurotic and Syndromic, Adjustment Disorders

Anxiety is ubiquitous and is a natural function of the brain structure, conserved and evolved over time in animals to be aware of danger situations. The limbic system, particularly the amygdala, hippocampus, and the cingulate gyrus, is involved in anxiety and depression. Sad expression and withdrawal behavior in depression draw attention and support from others and thus may confer survival value. Repeated and unabated activation of the anxiety–fear circuit, contributed by both early stress causing epigenetic vulnerability and continuing memetic stress eventually result in depression. Phobias represent severe anxiety and fear associated with memes and memetic stimuli. Panic syndrome represents a severe and episodic dysregulation of the fear–anxiety apparatus, probably determined by an unstable regulatory mechanism. Memetic stimulus such as being in an unfamiliar place might provide the initial ignition of anxiety that results in a full blown panic attack. PTSD and ASD represent the effects of overwhelming stress on the brain, i.e., overwhelming infusion or activation of stress memes that take over the function of the brain. The stress reaction involves the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and massive production of glucocorticoids which are neurotoxic to the hippocampus and may result in a smaller volume and difficulty in processing memory. Borderline syndrome overlaps considerably with the symptoms and neurophysiology of PTSD and depression and may indeed represent the sequelae of childhood traumas interacting with genetic vulnerability. Contradictory selfplexes may alternate or shift unpredictably instigated by otherwise insignificant stress memes.
Suboptimal intelligent control: agile aircraft application

Near-optimal control of an aircraft using artificial neural networks is discussed with the optimal control problem solved off-line for numerous initial and final conditions using standard techniques. The obtained trajectories are then used to train a neural network controller. The concept is applied to minimum-time control and quadratic-performance optimal control of the longitudinal motion of a super-agile aircraft. Full nonlinear dynamics with control (magnitude and rate) constraints as well as state constraints are considered. Suboptimal feedback synthesized by a neural network is tested on a simulated rapid manoeuvre with extremely large changes in pitch angle and angle of attack.
Physical Insights Into The Navy Standard Low Frequency Bottom Loss (LFBL) Data Base

Acoustic bottom properties are described in terms of bottom loss versus grazing angle using the Navy standard sediment thickness data base and the ten parameter low frequency bottom loss (LmL) geoacoustic data base. Physical insight into the characteristics of these bottom loss curves is discussed in this paper. horizontal range is summed together to calculate the bottom loss. This bottom loss is assigned to the grazing angle associated with the water-sediment reflected path for that range. In the January 1992 version off the model the horizontal range is dependent on the water depth. The water-sediment reflection coefficient for a stratified media as derived by Tolstay and Clay (5) is used because of the presence of the thin layer. When the thin layer density is equal to the sediment density, the presence of the thin layer is effectively removed. In the absence of the thin layer the reflection coefficient reduces to the familiar Rayleigh reflection coefficient.
Enhancing patient autonomy with risk assessment and invasive diagnosis: an ethical solution to a clinical challenge

The purpose of this study was to describe a clinically based, ethically justified informed consent process for risk assessment and invasive genetic diagnosis that enhances patient autonomy. Appealing to the ethical principle of respect for the autonomy of pregnant women, we show that patients can exercise their autonomy meaningfully in the informed consent process in response to the offer of risk assessment (RA) and invasive diagnosis (ID) and in response to the results of risk assessment. All pregnant patients in the first trimester should be offered both RA and ID. Women will sort themselves, in response, into 4 groups; those who refuse both RA and ID, those who are uncertain about RA, those who accept RA, and those who accept ID. Women who proceed to RA will sort themselves, in response to its results, into 3 groups: women for whom the risk of aneuploidy is acceptable or unacceptable and women who are not certain whether such risk is acceptable. For this last group only, the informed consent process should present information about current controversies of first-trimester and second-trimester further testing to better assess risk. Clinical strategies are identified for the implementation of the varied responses of pregnant women to the offer of RA and ID. Autonomy-enhancing strategies for the evaluation of pregnancy provide the basis for solving the ethical challenge that is presented by the wide variety of evaluation techniques.
Managing distributed collections: evaluating Web page changes, movement, and replacement

Distributed collections of Web materials are common. Bookmark lists, paths, and catalogs such as Yahoo! Directories require human maintenance to keep up to date with changes to the underlying documents. The Walden's paths path manager is a tool to support the maintenance of distributed collections. Earlier efforts focused on recognizing the type and degree of change within Web pages and identifying pages no longer accessible. We now extend this work with algorithms for evaluating drastic changes to page content based on context. Additionally, we expand on previous work to locate moved pages and apply the modified approach to suggesting page replacements when the original page cannot be found. Based on these results we are redesigning the path manager to better support the range of assessments necessary to manage distributed collections.
The material impulse response for broadband pulses in lossy media

Effects of loss are most often handled in the frequency domain. An example of this approach is the material transfer function, MTF, a closed form causal function describing absorption, dispersion and delay as a function of frequency and increasing distance z. For power law absorption, /spl alpha/=/spl alpha//sub 0/f/sup y/ this function can be written in terms of a parameter a=/sup y//spl radic//spl alpha//sub 0/z, MTF(f)=M(af). The material impulse response function, mirf, is the inverse Fourier transform of this function, mirf(t)=m(t/a)/a. In time, loss can be seen as a decay of amplitude according to 1/a and a broadening of the response by a time stretching factor of 1/a with increasing distance z. This function encodes all absorption, dispersion and delay effects into a compact time domain expression. Properties of the material impulse response include delta function like behavior at z=0 and similarity in shape with distance. This real time function convolved with an input waveform at z=0 describes the changes of pulse shape for propagation in a lossy medium. Application of this approach to broadband pulse echoes from a scanning acoustic microscope are presented. The mirf can be combined with the spatial impulse response for fast computation of combined diffraction and absorption effects.
Attributions for Job Termination and Psychological Distress

The nature of job termination and causal attribution for termination were examined for their association with psychological distress among a sample of working-class men in San Antonio, Texas who had recently become unemployed. Laid-off workers were found to experience significantly lower levels of distress than fired workers, largely because the former overwhelmingly defined job loss as a function of the economy. The fired typically attributed job loss to unfair treatment by employers, and they, like the laid off who made similar attributions, indicated significant distress. Psychological reactivity was by far the highest among fired and laid-off workers who reported having been unjustly terminated because of personal shortcomings or deficiencies. Contrary to conventional thought, job loss self-blame was not found to be associated with high levels of distress.
Tunability and monitoring of chromatic dispersion and PMD in optical networks

High-bit-rate (/spl ges/10 Gb/s/channel) transmission systems are highly susceptible to deleterious optical-fiber-based effects, such as chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), and nonlinearities. Systems are designed such that these degrading effects are either minimized or compensated. This paper deals with the need in /spl ges/40 Gb/s/channel optical networks for: (i) tunable dispersion compensation, and (ii) dynamic monitoring of the signal degrading effects.
The influence of sagittal spinal deformity on anteversion of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty

The interaction between the lumbosacral spine and the pelvis is dynamically related to positional change, and may be complicated by co-existing pathology. This review summarises the current literature examining the effect of sagittal spinal deformity on pelvic and acetabular orientation during total hip arthroplasty (THA) and provides recommendations to aid in placement of the acetabular component for patients with co-existing spinal pathology or long spinal fusions. Pre-operatively, patients can be divided into four categories based on the flexibility and sagittal balance of the spine. Using this information as a guide, placement of the acetabular component can be optimal based on the type and significance of co-existing spinal deformity.
A Low Shunt Impedance 53 MHz RF System for RF Stacking in the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator

In the Fermilab antiproton Accumulator Ring, injected antiprotons are to be adiabatically captured and rf stacked at the edge of the stochastic cooling stack tail. Also large antiproton bunches which have been removed from the cooled core by low-frequency rf unstacking are to be pre-bunched at 52.813 MHz prior to bunch-to-bucket transfer to the main Ring at 8 GeV. A 100 kV 53 MHz rf system for accomplishing these two tasks is described. Because of the low momentum spread beam to be stored in the ring, a shunt impedance limitation must be imposed on all devices in the ring to prevent microwave instability. Also vacuum pressure in the range 10-10 T must be maintained. This report will describe how a normally high Q rf structure has been modified to meet these requirements.
Dynamic Marketing and Retention Decisions for Cow-Calf Producers

Optimal calf retention and marketing activities for cow-calf producers are examined using a expected utility-maximizing discrete stochastic programming model. Steer, heifer, and corn prices are modeled as stochastic variables. The mathematical model is used to consider retention at weaning and yearling stages and marketing alternatives of cash, hedging, and options. Results show how calf retention decisions depend upon current profit, expected future profit distributions, pricing alternatives available, and the cow-calf producer's aversion to risk.
Advocacy to Action: Addressing Coordinated School Health Program Issues with School Boards.

As the need for Coordinated School Health Programs (CSHP) increases, so does recognition of the importance for advocating with local school boards for their support. Identifying the diversified make up of school board members and implementing effective strategies to advocate for coordinated school health can help facilitate the successful inclusion of such a program. With increasing emphasis placed on standardized testing and the "basic" curriculum, school board members need to become aware of specific benefits a CSHP can provide their district. With the relationship between health status and academic achievement confirmed in scientific research, school boards may begin paying more attention to providing high-quality health services and health instruction for students. This article presents items to consider and steps to take before, during, and after addressing a local school board for their support in implementing a CSHP.
“They Went as High as They Choose:” What an Isolated Skull Can Tell Us about the Biogeography of High-altitude Bison

ABSTRACT In 2003 a partial bison skull was recovered by Ashley National Forest archaeologists from an elevation of 3840 m (12,600 ft) above mean sea level on Gilbert Peak in the Uinta Mountains of Utah. The skull consists of a portion of the frontal, occipital region, and horn cores including horn sheaths. Through the analysis of the individual cones of the horn sheath, a record of the animal's dietary and migration patterns were obtained. While high-altitude bison remains have been discussed in the scientific literature periodically, they have not gone beyond the descriptive. In addition to descriptive and metric analysis of the skull, radiometric assay and stable isotope analyses were applied. The radiocarbon age of the specimen is 150 ± 40 yr BP (cal. a.d. 1725–1778). Metric analysis of the skull indicates it was an older adult male, which compares well with Bison bison athabascae (wood bison) in size and is larger than either Bison bison bison (plains bison) specimens or other high-altitude bison. How...
The 3D-CAM provides a brief, easy to use, sensitive and specific delirium assessment tool for older hospitalised patients, both with and without dementia.

ABSTRACT FROM: Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M et al. 3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:554–61. Delirium is a frequent occurrence in hospitalised patients and leads to increased morbidity, mortality and cost.1 Multiple delirium assessment tools have been developed for clinical use. The confusion assessment method (CAM) was developed in 1990, but it is time consuming for clinical staff to administer on a routine basis. The derivation and validation of the simplified 3D-CAM (three-dimensional confusion assessment method) operationalises the CAM as a clinical delirium assessment tool that allows caregivers at the bedside to easily screen for delirium. The 3D-CAM was developed using a data set of 4598 delirium assessments collected during a multicenter delirium-abatement programme.2 Items from the delirium assessments were mapped to the four CAM diagnostic features (acute change or fluctuating course, inattention, disorganised thinking, altered level …
From Autonomy to Cooperative Traded Control of Humanoid Manipulation Tasks with Unreliable Communication

In this paper, we present our system design, operational procedure, testing process, field results, and lessons learned for the valve-turning task of the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC). We present a software framework for cooperative traded control that enables a team of operators to control a remote humanoid robot over an unreliable communication link. Our system, composed of software modules running on-board the robot and on a remote workstation, allows the operators to specify the manipulation task in a straightforward manner. In addition, we have defined an operational procedure for the operators to manage the teleoperation task, designed to improve situation awareness and expedite task completion. Our testing process, consisting of hands-on intensive testing, remote testing, and remote practice runs , demonstrates that our framework is able to perform reliably and is resilient to unreliable network conditions. We analyze our approach, field tests, and experience at the DRC Trials and discuss lessons learned which may be useful for others when designing similar systems.
SILICON-SAPPHIRE INTERFACE: A HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY.

The structure of the silicon-sapphire interface of CVD silicon on a $(1\bar 102)$ sapphire substrate has been studied in cross section by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Multibeam images of the interface region have been obtained where both the silicon and sapphire lattices are directly resolved. The interface is observed to be planar and abrupt to the instrument resolution limit of 3 A. No interfacial phase is evident. Defects are inhomogeneously distributed at the interface: relatively defect-free regions are observed in the silicon layer in addition to regions with high concentration of defects.
Natural History of Rasmussen’s Syndrome

Seizure frequency, degree of hemiparesis and cerebral hemiatrophy are analysed in 13 patients with histopathologically proven Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) examined at the University of Bonn, Germany.
Head Circumference in Autism, Asperger Syndrome and ADHD

Occipitofrontal circumference (OFC), measured at birth and after 16 months of age, was compared in 50 consecutive patients with Asperger syndrome, 50 diagnosed with autistic disorder, and 50 with ADHD and followed at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Goteborg University, Sweden.
Power, everyday control, and emerging resistance in Sri Lanka's plantations

As the continued health of the plantation sector in Sri Lanka remains a vital part of the Sri Lankan economy, so too must the continued well-being of the people working and living in the estates remain an important concern. The tea industry must confront several challenges in the near future, some which have remained unaddressed for several decades and others that are only now becoming apparent. This paper analyses the current challenges and opportunities facing the people involved in the plantation economy in Sri Lanka – most specifically, the Up-country Tamils, who comprise most of the labour force. Arguably, the plantation system is an unethical economic scheme engendering a parallel political structure to reinforce the plantation economy. Despite some changes to the system during the nearly 200-year existence of plantation economics in Sri Lanka, transformative structural reform remains elusive, with the plantation sector dependent on a resident labour force that exercises limited power over both the ...
Comments on “ Capability Failure and Industrial Policy to Move beyond the Middle-Income Trap: From Trade-based to Technology-based Specialization”

This paper looks at the question of economic development from the perspective of countries seeking to transition from middle to high income. The so-called middle-income country trap (that is, countries succeeding in growing to middle-income level but not being able to sustain that growth to become high income) provides the background and motivation to the paper.