cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RF Plasma source for a Heavy Ion Fusion injector

Abstract We are developing high-current ion sources for Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) applications. Our proposed RF plasma source starts with an array of high current density mini-beamlets (of a few milliampere each at ∼100 mA/cm 2 ) that are kept separated from each other within a set of acceleration grids. After they have gained sufficient kinetic energy (>1.2 MeV), the mini-beamlets are allowed to merge together to form a high current beam (about 0.5 A) with low emittance. Simulations have been done to maximize the beam brightness within the physical constraints of the source. We have performed a series of experiments on an RF plasma source. A 80-kV 20-μs source has produced up to 5 mA of Ar + in a single beamlet and we measured the emittance of a beamlet, its energy spread, and the fraction of ions in higher charge states. We have also tested a 50-kV 61-hole multi-beamlet array. Two upcoming experiments are being prepared: the first experiment will test full-gradient extraction and transport of 61 beamlets through the first four electrodes, and the second experiment will converge 119 beamlets into an ESQ channel at one-quarter scaled voltage of a 1.6 MV HIF injector.
Evaluation of fault analysis tool under power swing and out-of-step conditions

Several major blackouts were caused by distance relay mis-operation. Distance relay mis-operation may occur following a large disturbance in the system causing power swing and out-of-step conditions. If an on-line fault analysis tool is able to detect power swing or out-of-step conditions and indicate mis-operation of relays, the operator may be notified to switch back the healthy transmission lines tripped due to relay mis- operation. A new automated fault analysis tool comprising fault detection, classification and location has been developed and its performance under various power swing and out-of-step conditions is reported. The test results indicate that the fault analysis tool performs better than distance relay under power swing and out of-step conditions and can be used as a tool to verify distance relay operation in practical circumstances. The simulations have been performed using IEEE118 bus test system modeled in ATP software.
Effects of extracellular cations and energy substrates on the acrosome reaction of precapacitated guinea pig spermatozoa

It is well established that extracellular Ca2+ and an alkaline pH are essential for the acrosome reaction of precapacitated guinea pig spermatozoa. In the present study, we investigated how other extracellular cations (Na+, K+, and Mg2+) and energy substrates (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) affect the acrosome reaction of these spermatozoa. The effect of osmolality of the medium on the reaction was also examined. It was found that precapacitated spermatozoa could undergo the acrosome reaction in a medium with an osmolality of as low as 160 mOsmol or as high as 500 mOsmol. However, the osmolality range within which large proportions of spermatozoa underwent the acrosome reaction while retaining strong motility was 220 to 380 mOsmol. Extracellular Na+ was essential for the reaction to occur. A few spermatozoa could acrosome react in a medium with a very low concentration of Na+ (5 mM or less), but a higher concentration of Na+ (more than 60 mM) was needed to ensure the acrosome reaction in the majority of spermatozoa. High concentrations of extracellular K+ were not essential for the reaction, but the presence of K+ at physiological level ensures that the reaction will occur consistently at a high rate. Extracellular Mg2+ was not required for the acrosome reaction. The high concentrations of Mg2+ (up to 20 mM) and K+ (up to 60 mM) that were tested did not affect the incidence of the acrosome reaction. Exogenous substrates were not essential for the reaction. Although the majority of precapacitated spermatozoa could acrosome react in substrate-free medium, the presence of substrates in the medium, particularly that of pyruvate, seemed to be beneficial to the reaction.
Synthesis of α-SiAlON seed crystals

Single-phase seed crystals of Ca- and Y-α-SiAlONs have been synthesized for tailoring microstructure of α-SiAlON ceramics. The influence of composition, sintering temperature, and nitrogen pressure on the size and morphology of seeds has been explored. Guidelines for α-SiAlON seed preparation and morphology control are provided.
Dopamine and temperature regulation in the primate: Effects of apomorphine and pimozide

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a specific dopamine-receptor agonist (apomorphine) and antagonist (pimozide) on temperature regulation in the primate. Using 4 rhesus monkeys and 2 patas monkeys as subjects, increasing doses of apomorphine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously produced a dose-dependent hypothermia associated with sharp elevations in tail-skin and ear pinna temperatures. Apomorphine also produced dose-related behavioral responses including salivation, hypermotility, hypersensitivity, pupil dilation and erection, suggesting a central site of action. Pre-treatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg, SC) blocked the apomorphine-induced hypothermia, but the subcutaneous injection of pimozide alone had no effect on body temperatures. In the patas monkey, the decline in colonic temperature following the injection of apomorphine (0.4 mg/kg) was not associated with a change in metabolic rate or heart rate. In 2 animals, mean colonic temperature fell 1.7, 0.67, and 0.3 degrees C following the injection of apomorphine ((0.4 mg/kg) in 15, 25, and 35 degrees C environments, respectively. These data suggest that the apomorphine-induced hypothermia was mediated by an increase in heat dissipation rather than a decline in heat production. The site of this drug remains to be elucidated.
Disclosing HIV status and sexual orientation to employers

Seropositive gay and bisexual men who reveal their sexual orientation or HIV/AIDS status to their employer risk discriminatory reprisals. However, non-disclosure may limit potential social, emotional, and tangible support. Among our sample of 389 seropositive gay and bisexual men employed in the US, 52% were 'out' to their employer and 35% had disclosed their serostatus to him or her. Among gay men, employer awareness of their sexual orientation was related to their being European American (vs Latino or African American), being HIV-seropositive for more than 4 years, and having a gay or bisexual employer. Disclosure of HIV infection in the total sample was related to being European American, HIV-seropositive for more than 4 years, symptomatic (vs asymptomatic), 'out' at work, and having a gay or bisexual employer. Men who had informed their employers of their HIV status reported consequences that were substantially more positive than those anticipated by men who had not disclosed. Policy and research implications for improving the work environment for gay and bisexual men living with HIV are considered.
Markets or Government? Balancing Imperfect and Complementary Alternatives

The political-economic question of this century, in my opinion, is: What is the appropriate balance between government and markets in achieving desired economic objectives? This question is the underlying theme from which many historical transformations have unfolded, especially during the past two decades. Interestingly, those recent transformations-all sharing a common trend from centralized authority to decentralized decision making, from government-based to marketbased decision making-have occurred without conquering armies and without colonial power interventions. Instead, this transformation is largely attributed to the power of, and demand for, "individual choice," in both political and economic arenas, in determining the direction of economic development. This phenomenon has been almost universal. Though Cuba and North Korea stand as notable exceptions, the Soviet Union has disintegrated, elections were held in South Africa, and we now stand poised to observe free-market Hong Kong reunited with the conditionally free-market China. While the drive for more market oriented economic systems has reached its fullest manifestation during the late twentieth century, this trend clearly does not present a new economic question in world history (nor in the history of economic thought). In 600 B.C., Anacharsis of Scythia defined a market as a "place set apart where men may deceive one another." In nineteenth century England, the Corn Laws were established to protect farmers from market forces associated with the industrial revolution. Since the end of World War II, the question of the relative virtues of markets and governments has been at the core of the debates of Milton Friedman's popular Free to Choose and John K. Galbraith's Age of Uncertainty. And with the shutdown of the U.S. government in December 1995, and again in January of th s year, a current example of this central question was dramatically played out in our own political arena.
Beyond brand loyalty: Brand sustainability

Historically, measures of brand value have focused on brand awareness, customer brand equity and measured brand loyalty. While useful, these generally provide little visibility for the future of the brand. A new measure, brand sustainability, is proposed, described and illustrated. Drawing on over 1 million responses to online customer questionnaires, over a 10-year period, covering brands in 73 FMCG product categories, we create, illustrate and demonstrate a brand sustainability measure. That measure consists of brand share of preference, a calculation of their average annual growth rate. That is then compared to the consumer-stated no brand preference in that category. Net promoter scores are used to support those calculations. Findings show that manufacturer brands are challenged, not by private label, but by no brand preference in the category. Research suggestions are made on how to develop and use brand sustainability and the impact of that measure on future brand growth and development.
A cultural memoir of schooling: connecting history and critical reflection to the development of culturally responsive educators

This study grew out of a course I teach for undergraduate teacher certification candidates (Education in the United States) in which the final assignment – “A cultural memoir of schooling” – requires students to study the events, policies and stakeholders in American education through the experiences of their extended families. The article encompasses the structure of the course, student voices and a discussion of why I believe it is important for pre‐service teacher interns to research and critically evaluate their backgrounds, cultural assumptions, and experiences of schooling at the beginning of their teacher preparation program. My students’ insights on the course and the discoveries of their own cultural stories are interpreted through the research on successful intelligence and through the literature on culturally responsive pedagogy.
THE FUTURE OF THE CORPORATION INCOME TAX

THE FUTURE of the corporation income tax will be largely determined by the extent to which this levy can meet the standards which modern societies have established for the major components of their respective tax systems. The first objective is, of course, revenue. But in addition we want taxes that will satisfy our sense of fairness, that will contribute to the stability of, and interfere as little as possible with the growth of, the economy. Finally, we want taxes that will not distort business policies and practices, and that will not encourage the wasteful use' of resources. These are admittedly high standards which no tax can be expected to meet perfectly; but the goal of tax policy should be to come as close as possible to meeting them. Meanwhile, they serve as useful benchmarks in terms of which we can appraise the relative strengths and weaknesses of the taxes which we now have. As a revenue producer, the corporation income tax is far and away our second best tax. During the current fiscal year, it is expected to yield close to $20 billion, or about one-third of the total net budget receipts of the federal government for this period. Only the individual income tax, with an estimated yield of nearly $33 billion for the current year, can surpass the performance of the corporation tax. The productivity of this levy has always been one of its strongest recommendations; but the tremendous increase in its yield since 1939 has gone far beyond anything that was expected of it before the war. The present 52 per cent corporate rate is, of course, nearly three times as high as the 19 per cent rate which produced a $1.2 billion yield in 1939; but it is the more than sixfold increase in corporate profits that accounts for the major part of the rise in yield. As long as business continues to prosper to the degree that it has since the war, the corporation income tax will clearly be able to pass this first test. From the standpoint of equity, the corporation income tax has long been regarded as a rather unsatisfactory levy. The dual struc-
Applied developmental psychology as an implementation of a life-span view of human development

Abstract Application of knowledge about psychological development should, ideally, be theory based. As such, these applications represent “natural ontogenetic experiments”; the results of the evaluation of such interventions feed back to the theory, helping to support, falsify, or refine the ideas from the theory which led to the particular application. Such applied developmental intervention research is central within a currently popular perspective of life-span human development. Thus, applied developmental intervention research provides critical tests of such key concepts within this life-span perspective as: plasticity; multidirectionality; the synthesis of continuous and discontinuous processes across ontogeny; contextual embeddedness; and the role of individuals as agents in their own development. This paper elucidates some of the major features of the dynamic linkage between applied developmental psychology and this view of life-span human development. Key elements of this life-span perspective and the facts of developmental intervention, as seen from this perspective, are specified. Finally, the doctoral training program at the authors' institution is presented as one example of how this link may be institutionalized in the form of graduate education.
Impact of remittances on household income, asset, and human capital : evidence from Sri Lanka

This paper explores the developmental impacts of international remittance income on the recipient households. The empirical analysis proceeds in two parts. In the first part, the authors show that remittance income largely accrues to the families belonging to the bottom quintiles of the income distribution helping the recipient families move up the income ladder. In the second part, the authors show that remittance income has positive and significant effect on children health and education, but not on conspicuous consumption or asset accumulation. The authors argue that remittance income is targeted better and not as fungible as other sources of transfer income, as the senders closely monitor it. The authors use bias-corrected matching estimators to control for self-selection issues.
Modules in community: injecting more parallelism into computer science curricula

Given the recent emergence of multi-core and distributed computing that is transforming mainstream application areas in industry, demand is rising for teaching more parallelism and concurrency in CS curricula. We argue for teaching these topics incrementally in CS courses at all undergraduate levels, and propose a comprehensive approach involving flexible teaching modules with experiential programming exercises, technical and instructor supplementary materials, and an online community of educators to support adopters and module contributors. Progress on developing these materials and online resources is reported.
Effective Elastic Moduli of Composite Materials: Reduced Parameter Dependence

The problem of analyzing the local fields and the effective properties of composite materials is a key issue in micromechanics that, since Voigt, has fascinated scientists for over a century (for reviews in this area see Hashin, 1983; Mura, 1987; Christensen, 1991). This problem is also very complex as there is a large number of factors that influence the local and global fields. These include the material constants of the constituents, the shape and the geometric arrangement of reinforcement (inclusions), the boundary conditions at the inclusion-matrix interfaces, and other.
Ontogeny of the GH response to phorbol ester and phospholipase C in rat pituitary cells

GH secretory patterns undergo marked change during early mammalian development. The factors that underlie these changes and the major components of signal transduction in the immature somatotrophs are not fully understood. Increasing evidence suggests that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a central role in perinatal organ differentiation and function. To evaluate the possible role of PKC as a mediator of GH secretion from immature pituitaries, we tested the effects of the PKC activating phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), alone or together with GH-releasing factor (GRF), somatostatin (SRIF), and Ca 2+ modifying agents; an inactive phorbol analogue (4α-12-13-didecanoate; 4α-PDD), and phospholipase C on GH release from pituitary cell cultures from perinatal and mature rats. Pituitary primary cell cultures were prepared from fetal (day 20 of 21.5 days of gestation), 2-day-old, 12-day-old, and adult male (2- to 4-month-old) rats. Each experiment was performed on at least three separate occasions. The magnitude of TPA (0.15-150 nm)-induced GH release was markedly age-dependent, fractional GH release being greatest from pituitaries of fetal and newborn rats, and least from those of adults (P<0.001). Further, the minimum dose of TPA required to stimulate GH release over basal levels was tenfold higher for adult pituitaries (15 nm) than for perinatal pituitaries (1-5 nm). Phospholipase C (1 and 10 U/ml) also caused greater fractional GH release from neonatal pituitaries than from adult pituitaries (P<0.01). By contrast, the inactive phorbol ester 4α-PDD did not stimulate GH release from pituitary cells of 2-day-old, 12-day-old or adult rats. SRIF (0.1-10 nM) inhibited TPA (150 nM)-induced GH release in a dose-dependent manner, but the degree of inhibition was significantly less in perinatal than in mature pituitaries (P<0.001). Combined treatment with near maximal stimulatory doses of GRF (1 nM) and TPA (150 nm) resulted in a partially additive GH response. Inhibitors of Ca 2+ mobilization reduced TPA-induced GH release in all age groups, although GH suppression was least in pituitaries of immature rats. These findings indicate that PKC activators such as TPA and phospholipase C are potent secretagogues of GH in perinatal pituitaries. The action of phorbol ester was mediated by Ca 2+ -dependent pathways in both immature and mature pituitaries. Somatotroph responsiveness to TPA and phospholipase C was strikingly age-dependent, with greatest GH response in the perinatal period and declining response with advancing age after birth. These data suggest that immature somatotrophs possess functional PKC-dependent signal transduction pathways whose relative contribution declines during postnatal development
Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in deeply buried sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

The possibility that microorganisms are catalyzing the ongoing reduction of Fe(III) in the sediments of deep (20-250 m) aquifers was investigated. Acetate-oxidizing, Fe(III)-reducing bacteria were recovered from deep subsurface sediments, but only from sediments in which it appeared that Fe(III) reduction was the terminal electron-accepting process for oxidation of organic matter. The Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms were capable of reducing ferric oxides present in deep subsurface sediments. Although Fe(III) reduction in subsurface sediments is frequently regarded as an abiological reaction, the enzymatic reduction of Fe(III) by microorganisms reported here is the first mechanism of any kind actually shown to have the potential to couple the oxidation of organic matter to carbon dioxide with the reduction of Fe(III) under the environmental conditions typically found in deep aquifers. We propose that microbially catalyzed Fe(III) reduction is responsible for such late postdepositional phenomena as the formation of variegated red beds and the release of high concentrations of dissolved iron into anaerobic ground waters.
Two subjective scales of number.

The way in which the apparent magnitude of numbers grows with their absolute magnitude was measured with a modified version of the direct technique Marks and Slawson (1966) used to determine the psychophysical exponent for loudness. This modified technique required subjects to estimate how evenly and randomly a sequence of integers appeared to sample the numerical continuum. The results indicate that the apparent magnitude of numbers increases with a decelerated power function of their arithmetic magnitude when a series samples from an open-ended range. However, when an upper boundary of the range is specified, the subjective scale seems to be linear. Random productions of numbers parallel the results found with judgments of presented sequences. The two scales of number provide the basis for an interpretation of the difference between magnitude and category scales: that subjects use numbers differently when the response scale is open-ended Imagnitude estimation than when it has a fixed upper limit tcategory scale. Given the assumption that subjects use numbers in this way in the two tasks, the qualitative relation between magnitude and category scales is predicted.
An improved assay for platelet-activating factor using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry

We describe an improved assay for platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The present method can readily detect as little as 1 pg (1.9 fmol) of PAF, a significant improvement over previously described LC-MS/MS methods, and gives a linear response up to 1,000 pg of PAF. Our method also overcomes the artifacts from isobaric lipids that have limited the usefulness of certain existing LC-MS/MS assays for PAF. In the course of these studies, we detected three novel lipid species in human neutrophils. One of the novel lipids appears to be a new molecular species of PAF, and the other two have chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties consistent with stearoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine and oleoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine. These observations identify previously unknown potential interferences in the measurement of PAF by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, our data suggest that the previously described palmitoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine is not unique but rather is a member of a new and poorly understood family of formylated lipids.
IDENTIFICATION OF NEST PREDATORS AT FARM/FOREST EDGE AND FOREST INTERIOR SITES

Abstract Using cameras at artificial ground nests we found no major quantitative differences in species richness or the relative abundance of nest predators photographed in farm/forest edge and forest-interior sites at five locations in eastern Pennsylvania. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were the most commonly photographed visitors to nests at both farm/forest edge and forest interior sites, followed by female Baltimore Orioles (Icterus galbula), southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans), gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). Rate of egg loss was higher at the edges than in the forest interior. Although the total number of photographs of predators averaged 11 among the five edge sites and 7.4 among interior sites, this was not significantly different.
The impact of web-based worked examples and self-explanation on performance, problem solving, and self-efficacy

Studying worked examples and engaging in self-explanation are well-supported strategies for developing self-regulated learning and improving student performance. Our efforts involve a design theory approach to creating a Web-based learning tool that uses the notion of a weekly quiz to draw students into an environment that supports the development of fundamental strategies for improving performance and well-structured problem solving. This manuscript describes a quasi-experimental study to isolate the specific impact of our tool on student learning and motivation. Results are inconclusive about an impact for students only provided with worked examples. The combination of a worked example with a self-explanation prompt produces improvement in performance, problem solving skill, and self-efficacy.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography for Liver Fibrosis in Methotrexate Treatment.

Introduction: Hepatic magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) allows for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MRE in detecting and quantifying liver fibrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have received methotrexate (MTX). Methods: The association between mean liver stiffness value as determined by MRE and variables of interest was determined. The decision for a liver biopsy in participants with an abnormal liver stiffness was made based on clinical judgment. Results: Sixty-five RA patients were enrolled. Mean liver stiffness value by MRE was abnormal in 7 patients, suggestive of hepatic injury. As a result of findings from the MRE, biopsies were performed in 5 patients and all correlated with elevated liver stiffness values. Elevated mean liver stiffness values were associated with body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.18 per 1 kg/m2; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.36; p = 0.017). Neither the total MTX dose nor the duration of MTX treatment was associated with mean liver stiffness value (p = 0.51 and P = 0.20, respectively). Conclusion: MRE provides a reliable, non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with RA receiving MTX. Patients with RA receiving MTX who have an elevated BMI may be at increased risk for chronic hepatic injury, regardless of MTX cumulative dose or duration of treatment.
Increased β-catenin activity in the anterior neural plate induces ectopic mid-hindbrain characteristics

Background: The early telencephalon shares molecular features with the early mid-hindbrain region. In particular, these two developing brain areas each have a signaling center that secretes FGFs and an adjacent one that secretes WNTs. WNTs and FGFs each play essential roles in regulating cell fates in both the telencephalon and mid-hindbrain. Despite this similarity, telencephalic and mid-hindbrain precursors express distinct genes and ultimately generate different cell types, tissue morphologies, and neural functions. Results: Here we show that genetically increasing the level of β-catenin, a mediator of canonical WNT signaling, in the anterior neural plate causes a loss of telencephalic characteristics and a gain of mid-hindbrain characteristics. Conclusion: These results, together with previous ones demonstrating that increased WNT signaling in the anterior neural plate increases FGF expression, suggest that the levels of WNT and FGF signaling regulate telencephalic versus mid-hindbrain fates. Developmental Dynamics 241:242–246, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adsorption of Surface-Modified Colloidal Gold Particles onto Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Model System for the Study of Interactions of Colloidal Particles and Organic Surfaces

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed from to-substituted alkanethiols, namely (1-mercaptoundec-11-yl)hexa(ethylene glycol) (HS(CH 2 ) 11 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 6 OH) and 1-dodecanethiol (HS(CH 2 ) 11 CH 3 ), on the surface of planar gold films and on colloidal gold particles. A quantitative method for studying the physical adsorption of SAM-modified gold colloids onto the planar SAMs was developed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to measure the composition of planar SAMs and to quantify the extent of colloidal adsorption, respectively. Results confirm that the colloids studied adsorb from the aqueous solution more extensively to hydrophobic surfaces, that the extent of adsorption increases with particle hydrophobicity, and that oligo(ethylene glycol) surfaces are resistant to colloidal adsorption. Colloidal gold particles and flat gold substrates modified with SAMs form convenient and versatile model system for examining existing theoretical models associated with the adsorption of colloids and proteins, and cellular attachment and adhesion at solid surfaces.
An i.r. study of heavy phosphine in the solid state

Abstract The near i.r. spectra of PD 3 and of PHD 2 ; isolated as a point defect in PD 3 have been obtained. Analysis of these spectra indicates that PD 3 exists in at least two crystalline forms. In the low-temperature form the molecules probably occupy two sets of sites of C s . symmetry. A first-order phase transition accompanied by hysteresis occurs at 50 K and 60 K. This is most probably an order-disorder transition, because the spectrum of the high-temperature phase is that of a disordered crystal.
Managing patients on warfarin therapy: a case report

Coagulotherapy is a common therapeutic regimen most frequently utilizing warfarin. This therapy may have important dental ramifications. An understanding of the mechanisms of action and drug interactions may help avoid problems. Questions commonly arise as to what dental procedures may be safely considered when a patient is on anticoagulant therapy. The coagutherapy level is measured in values of the International Normalized Ratio (INR). Any question about the appropriateness of dental procedures should be referred to the physician prescriber of the anticoagulant therapy. Generally, controlling bleeding is less of a problem than the management of thrombi and vascular occlusion from decreased coagutherapy. A case is presented in which the INR reached a critical value as the result of drug interactions and miscommunication.
Two-dimensional hole gas induced by piezoelectric and pyroelectric charges

Abstract We present the results of the band structure calculations for a gated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with undoped AlGaN layer and a lightly doped p-type GaN layer. These calculations are based on the analytical selfconsistent solution of the Poisson and Schrodinger equations at the heterointerface and on the calculations of the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations as functions of the lattice mismatch based on the theory of elasticity. The results confirm that piezoelectric and pyroelectric charge can induce the 2D hole gas at the AlGaN/GaN heterointerface. The densities of the 2D hole gas exceeding 1013 cm−2 can be obtained in a p-type or even in a nominally undoped GaN. (Our calculations show that in an n-type GaN, the hole 2D gas might be very difficult to induce.) The metal/AlGaN/GaN band structures have been calculated for different gate biases with and without accounting for the effects of spontaneous polarization. The results suggest that a piezoelectrically induced 2D hole gas can be used for the reduction of the base spreading resistance in AlGaN/GaN-based Heterostructure Bipolar Transistors.
Prediction of the Strength of Whey Protein Gels Based on Composition

The composition and several of the physical properties of membrane-processed whey protein concentrates (WPCs) were used to develop a model which predicted the strength of the heat-induced gels formed by the WPCs. The compositional factors and physical properties determined were: gel strength; processing pH; ash; total and free sulfhydryls; protein distribution; fat; calcium; phosphorus; protein hydrophobicity; and soluble protein. The best model (R2= 0.93) was one which included protein hydrophobicity as measured by heptane binding and the calcium content with both variables being equally important. Sulfhydryls did not vary enough to be good gel strength predictors.
Properties of unilevel block circulants

Let A={A0,A1,…,Ak-1}⊂Cd1×d2,ζ=e-2πi/k,Fl=∑m=0k-1ζlmAm,0⩽l⩽k-1, and FA=⊕l=0k-1Fl.All operations in indices are modulo k.It is well known that if d1=d2=1 then [As-r]r,s=0k-1=ΦFAΦ∗, where Φ=1k[ζlm]l,m=0k-1.However, to our knowledge it has not been emphasized that FA plays a fundamental role in connection with all the matrices [As-αr]r,s=0k-1,0⩽α⩽k-1, with d1,d2 arbitrary.We begin by adapting a theorem of Ablow and Jenner with d1=d2=1 to the case where d1 and d2 are arbitrary.We show that A=[As-αr]r,s=0k-1 if and only if A=UαFAP∗ where Uα and P are related to Φ,P is unitary, and Uα is invertible (in fact, unitary) if and only if gcd(α,k)=1, in which case we say that A is a proper circulant.We prove the following for proper circulants A=[As-αr]r,s=0k-1:(i) A†=[Br-αs]r,s=0k-1 with Bm=1k∑l=0k-1ζlmFl†,0⩽m⩽k-1.(ii) Solving Az=w reduces to solving Flul=vαl,0⩽l⩽k-1, where v0,v1,…,vk-1 depend only on w.(iii) A singular value decomposition of A can be obtained from singular value decompositions ofF0,F1,…,Fk-1. (iv) The least squares problem for A reduces to independent least squares problems for F0,F1,…,Fk-1. (v) If d1=d2=d, the eigenvalues of [As-r]r,s=0k-1 are the eigenvalues of F0,F1,…,Fk-1, and the corresponding eigenvectors of A are easily obtainable from those of F0,F1,…,Fk-1. (vi) If d1=d2=d and α>1 then the eigenvalue problem for [As-αr]r,s=0k-1 reduces to eigenvalue problems for d×d matrices related to F0,F1,…,Fk-1 in a manner depending upon α.
Metal levels in garden vegetables raised on biosolids amended soil

Biosolids compost was applied annually over a four year period to a Christiana silt loam soil at the rates of 73 and 146 Mg/ha. Two study areas were established at the site with slightly different experimental designs. Composite soil samples were analyzed for pH and levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd. Vegetables grown on these plots included bush Blue Lake green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.), crookneck summer squash (Cucurbita pepo, L.), zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo, L.) Golden Bantam sweet corn (Zea mays, L.), black-seeded Simpson lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L.), Bloomsdale long-standing spinach (Spinacea oleracea, L.) and dwarf blue curled Yates kale (Brassica fimbriata, L.). Plant tissue samples were analyzed for uptake of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd. The soil pH was found to increase with increasing application rate. Control plots which received lime had significantly higher pH than unlimed control plots. Statisticially significant differences in soil metal levels between treated and control plots were observ...
McTaggart on time

Contemporary discussions on the nature of time begin with McTaggart, who introduces the distinction between what he takes to be the only two possible realist theories of time: the A-theory, maintaining that past, present, and future are absolute; and the B-theory, maintaining that they are relative. McTaggart argues against both theories to conclude that time is not real. In this paper, I reconstruct his argument against the A-theory. Then, I show that this argument is flawed. Finally, I draw a lesson for those engaged in contemporary discussions on the nature of time.
Discrete obsevability of nonlinear systems using continuation techniques

Dayawansa and Martin have shown in a previous paper that several classes of nonobservable linear systems can be continuously observed by nonlinear observers. In this paper we show that a modification of their polynomial output function may be used so as to be able to observe continuously certain linear systems. Then we show that the corresponding problem with discrete sampling of the output may be solved by solving for the zeros of a certain functions, F:R^n->R^n, constructed from the sampling data, by use of continuation methods.
Simple reaction time as a race between signal detection and time estimation: A paradigm and model

A new paradigm for simple reaction time is described in which signal detection and time production trials are interleaved. A model is proposed which views the signal detection and time production processes as independent and engaged in a race whose outcome determines the observed response latencies. The model also allows the distribution of detection latencies to be extracted from the data.
Soft and Collinear Functions for the Standard Model

Radiative corrections to high-energy scattering processes were given previously in terms of universal soft and collinear functions. This paper gives the collinear functions for all standard model particles, the general form of the soft function, and explicit expressions for the soft functions for fermion-fermion scattering, longitudinal and transverse gauge boson production, single $W/Z$ production, and associated Higgs production. An interesting subtlety in the use of the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem for longitudinal ${W}^{+}$ production is discussed.
Resistance of Spontaneously Diabetic Ins2akita Mice to Allograft Tolerance Induced by Anti-CD154 Therapy

Abstract Background Despite ongoing advances in the clinical islet transplant field, progressive decline in graft function continues to reduce the long-term success of islet transplantation for restoring euglycemia in type 1 diabetic recipients. To preserve graft function and avoid the use of chronic immunosuppressive drug therapy, a key goal is to induce donor-specific immune tolerance to islet transplants. Preclinical rodent studies of islet transplantation largely utilize models of diabetes either induced experimentally with beta cell toxins or spontaneously occurring in strains genetically prone to autoimmune diabetes. In this study, we sought to determine if chronic, severe hyperglycemia itself, independent of both beta cell toxins and host autoimmunity, influenced acute allograft rejection and/or the capacity to induce allograft tolerance. Method To this end, we studied the response to islet allografts in severely diabetic, non-autoimmune C57Bl/6 Ins2 akita recipients. Results Results indicate that diabetic Ins2 akita mice display higher levels of blood glucose, show more rapid acute islet allograft rejection, and are resistant to allograft prolongation induced with anti-CD154 therapy relative to wild-type littermates rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. As such, results suggest that severe hyperglycemia may be an independent risk factor impacting the capacity to induce tolerance to islet allografts. Thus, Ins2 akita mice represent a stringent model for evaluating anti-rejection strategies in the setting of severe metabolic demand on islet transplants.
Immunoglobulin Quantitation and Enumeration of Immunoglobulin‐producing Cells: Comparison of Two Indexes of B‐Cell Activation

Human lymphocytes were cultured under different conditions to determine the effects of technical variations on the response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Staphylococcus aureus as measured by (a) quantitation of immunoglobulins (Ig) in the culture supernatants and (b) enumeration of Ig-secreting cells (ISC) by a reverse plaque technique. The highest numbers of ISC were measured when the cells were cultivated in standing tubes, without glutamine supplementation during the culture, and at a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells/ml. The highest Ig concentrations were measured under similar conditions, except that somewhat higher values were obtained with cell cultivated at 1 x 10(6)/ml in 2 ml cultures with PWM stimulation and 2.5 x 10(6)/ml in 1 ml cultures with S. aureus stimulation. In time-course studies, peak ISC responses occurred on day 5 with each mitogen, whereas extracellular Ig levels kept rising until day 7, possibly owing to accumulation of secreted Ig. Measurements of the numbers of ISC and of secreted Ig levels in simultaneous cultures of lymphocytes from the same donors showed no correlation; however, co-stimulation of cultures with PWM and concanavalin A (to stimulate suppressor cells) depressed both Ig levels and ISC numbers. These results suggest heterogeneity in the plaque-forming cell population with respect to rate of Ig secretion, but indicate that these two techniques both reflect B-cell activation. They should not, however, be considered interchangeable, and the two probably should be used in conjunction for complete characterization of B-cell activation.
Dynamic collision risk modeling under uncertainty

This paper introduces a probabilistic model for collision risk assessment between moving vehicles. The uncertainties in the states and the geometric variables obtained from the sensory system are characterized by probability density functions. Given the states and their uncertainties, the goal is to determine the probability of collision in a dynamic environment. Two approaches are discussed: (1) The virtual configuration space (VCS), and (2) the rates of change of the visibility angles. The VCS is a transformation of observer that reduces collision detection with a moving object to collision detection with a stationary object. This approach allows to create simple geometric collision cones. Error propagation models are used to solve the problem when going from the VCS to the configuration space. The second approach derives the collision conditions in terms of the rate of change of the limit visibility angles. The probability of collision is then calculated. A comparison between the two methods is carried out. Results are illustrated using simulation, including Monte Carlo simulation.
Tests of a Signaling Hypothesis: The Choice between Fixed- and Adjustable-Rate Debt

We develop a model wherein the choice between adjustable- and fixed-rate debt can serve as a signal of firm quality. The nature of the signal depends on expected inflation volatility relative to other risk parameters. Evidence from a matched sample of debt announcements over the period 1978 to 1986 shows a difference of [minus]2.05 percent between stock price reactions to adjustable rate and fixed rate announcements when expected inflation volatility is above an estimated threshold. Below this threshold, the difference is [plus]0.98 percent. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the riskier debt choice serves as a favorable signal of firm quality. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Private property and state finances. The emperor’s right to donate his subjects’ land in the Comnenian period*

The question of the respect of private property in Byzantium is examined through the analysis of a series of confiscations of real estate situated in Constantinople, which were carried out from 1082 to 1202 in favour of the Italian republics of Venice, Pisa and Genoa. It is argued that these confiscations were not arbitrary but justified by the circumstances. Finally, these expropriations are set against the developments in the system by which the state remunerated its servants in the period after the eleventh century, increasingly by land grants.
Expression and localization of different forms of DMT1 in normal and tumor astroglial cells.

Abstract Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), expressed in many different tissues, is responsible for the transport of a broad range of divalent metal ions. DMT1 exists in at least, four distinct isoforms which differ in both the C-terminus (termed here −IRE and +IRE) and the N-terminus (transcription proceeds from two different promoters). In the rat, two of the forms possess an additional 31 amino acids in the N-terminus (termed exon 1A) whereas the shorter forms lack this sequence (termed exon 2). Studies were performed to compare differences in expression and localization of these isoforms in low density and confluent cultures of rat astrocytes obtained from traumatized striatum and in rat C6 astrocytoma and human U87 glioblastoma. Results of these experiments reveal the presence of both the ±IRE forms of DMT1 in all cultured cells examined. Western blots using affinity purified antibodies, which differentially recognize the two C-terminal species of DMT1, indicate a strong upregulation of the +IRE form in low density astrocyte cultures when compared to confluent cultures. Previously we reported that the −IRE form was present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in neurons and neuronal like cells whereas the +IRE form was exclusively cytoplasmic. Similar results were found with the −IRE species in astrocytes and astrocytomas, i.e. nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution. This form of DMT1 also colocalizes with the early endosomal marker, EEA, suggesting that −IRE species may function in the transport of divalent metals. In contrast to our previous findings, however, the +IRE form was found predominantly localized in nucleus in both the primary and neoplastic glial cells. Interestingly, neither form of DMT1 colocalizes with the transferrin receptor. These data suggest that selective compartmentalization of specific isoforms of DMT1 imparts distinct and specialized functions that meet the changing needs of essential divalent transition metals as cofactors within cells.
Change in overbite: A ten-year postretention study

T he general tendency for incisal overbite to “relapse” or return toward its pretreatment relationship makes this a topic of considerable interest to the orthodontist. To date, studies relating postretention changes in overbite to individual morphologic characteristics have not been conclusive. The common shortcoming in previous investigations of overbite relapse is the absence of a long-term postretention period. In studies that did have patient records with an adequate postretention period (5 years or more), there was a relatively small sample. The objective of the present investigation is to correlate incisal overbite to other craniofacial characteristics through serial evaluation of lateral cephalometric roentgenographs of seventy orthodontic,ally treated persons who have been free of retention appliances for at least 10 years.
Basement membranes and pulmonary development

Basement membranes (BM) are specialized extracellular matrices (ECM) which serve as complex interfaces between epithelia, peripheral nerves, or muscle cells and their surrounding tissue microenvironments. Their composition is known to include type IV collagen, laminin, entactin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG, perlecan), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). By immunohistochemistry, collagen IV, laminin, and entactin are detectable from day 14 of gestation on, and become progressively more prominent with time. Perleaan has not been examined in prentatal lungs, but is widely distributed and abundant in all lung MBs from birth throughout development. CSPG has a somewhat discontinuous and lightly reactive appearance in alveolar BMs at birth but the staining becomes continuous and darker in the adult. This contrasts with glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, which is prominently expressed in prenatal and early postnatal stages, but progressively diminishes with advancing development. As an interface between cell populations and surrounding ECMs, BMs act as a physical barrier to some cells and molecules, while serving as attachment points and binding sites for others. Basic fibroblast growth factor is an example of the latter, because it localizes with all BM components by immunostaining throughout development and reflects the multifactorial array of potential effectors in the complex processes of proliferation and differentiation.