cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ernst Freund as a Teacher of Legislation

one might come to the conclusion that whether proof of non-volition of the decedent or of uncontrollable impulse or of both is stated as a requisite of claimant's case, in the great majority of cases, probably would make no difference; but, inasmuch as a general state of non-volition in the mind, especially in a well developed case of insanity, is a thing often so distinctly evidenced by objective manifestations as to be fairly susceptible of proof, while an uncontrollable impulse is likely to be a thing so strictly subjective as to give little or no objective manifestation prior to the suicidal act and therefore likely to be unsusceptible of proof, probably a formula directly making volition the pivotal * Professor of Law, De Paul University. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW point upon which to decide the case is preferable to a formula making the case turn upon uncontrollable impulse. It is of course true that the very reason for talking about uncontrollable impulse is that the suicide upon uncontrollable impulse is not a volitional suicide; but, because of the subjective approach through the "uncontrollable impulse" formula, it would seem that industrial boards may find it more difficult to justify in their own minds an award to the claimant under this formula than under the formula stressing volition. It may be comparatively easy to adduce some objective proof that the decedent was so insane that he was incapable of entertaining any volition, so that there is some proof to sustain an award; but it may be somewhat more difficult to find any proof that the decedent actually had an uncontrollable impulse to commit suicide, for the fact of uncontrollable impulse lies in the field of the subjective, which is not so easily penetrable by proof. In general, in workmen's compensation cases, courts seem inclined to follow loosely, with perhaps a greater liberality to plaintiff, the general principles of the common law as to causation and of inclusion of damage within or exclusion from the operation of the rule of law invoked by the plaintiff, just as they have done in cases brought under wrongful death statutes.' In one case, a board's award of compensation for suicide was permitted by I Daniels v. New York, New Haven & Hartford R. Co., 183 Mass. 393, 67 N.E. 424, 62 L.R.A. 751 (x903), is a wrongful death case in which recovery was refused because the uncontroverted evidence tended to show that decedent "with deliberate purpose, planned to take his own life," that he had "an understanding of the physical nature and effect of his act," and that he had a "willful and intelligent purpose to accomplish it." This case is often cited and followed in workmen's compensation cases. See Tetrault's Case, 278 Mass. 447, i8o N.E. 231
Free Drug Monitoring

Drugs are bound to various serum proteins in different degrees varying from 0% protein binding to 99% protein binding, but only unbound or free drug is pharmacologically active. Although free drug concentration can be estimated from total concentration knowing the extent of protein binding of a particular drug, for strongly bound drugs (more than 80% bound to serum protein), prediction of free level is not always possible. Conditions such as uremia, liver disease and hypoalbuminemia can lead to significant increases in free drug resulting in drug toxicity although the total drug concentration may be within the established therapeutic range. Drug–drug interactions are another major cause for disproportionate increases in free drug concentrations. Currently, free drug concentrations of anticonvulsants such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid are widely measured in clinical laboratories. Newer drugs such as mycophenolic acid mofetil and certain protease inhibitors are also considered as good candidates for monitoring free drug concentration. Key Concepts: There are rationales for monitoring free drug concentration only for drugs that are strongly bound to serum proteins (80% or more). Why free concentrations of phenytoin, valproic acid and carbamazepine are frequently monitored in certain patient population? There is a need for monitoring free drug levels in uremia due to impaired protein binding of drugs as well as displacement of certain drugs from protein binding by ceratin uremic toxins. There is a need for monitoring free drug concentrations in hepatic diseases due to impaired protein binding of certain drugs. There is a need for monitoring free drug concentration in patients with hypoalbuminemia and critically ill patients due to elevated concentrations of free levels of drugs secondary to impaired protein binding. There is a need for monitoring free drug concentrations in pregnancy due to change in protein binding and various other factors that affect clearance of certain drugs. There is a need for monitoring free drug concentrations in AIDS patients due to impaired protein binding and probable drug–drug interactions. Future candidates for monitoring free drugs include mycophenolic acid and protease inhibitors because these drugs are strongly bound to albumin and also have narrow therapeutic index. Special case of monitoring free drug concentrations is digoxin, which is only 25% bound to serum proteins, but monitoring free digoxin in patients being treated with Digibind or taking certain herbal supplements is helpful to get clinically meaningful results. Keywords: free drugs; anticonvulsants; immunosuppressant; protein binding; clinical utility
Self retaining contact lens system for vitreous surgery.

We describe the principle and design of a new self-retaining contact lens system for vitreous surgery. The system has three lenses: the plano-concave, prism and magnifying lens. This system is based on the principle of a direct imaging contact lens, designed for a 150-200mm focal length operating microscope. The contact lenses are designed to have an inferior concave surface [radius of curvature (ROC) 7.7mm], modified by the addition of four footplates to provide stability and centration during vitreous surgery. The lenses are used with a drop of viscoelastic material placed between the concave surface of the contact lens and cornea. This induces negative suction and helps retain the lens in position during surgery. These specially designed lenses provide a stable, well-centered, high-resolution, magnified view of the fundus. This system eliminates the need for a skilled assistant or for suturing the lens to the sclera during vitreous surgery.
Does HAVA (Help America Vote Act) Help the Have-Nots? U.S. Adoption of New Election Equipment, 1980–2008

In reaction to public dismay over the technological inadequacy of electoral equipment in the 2000 presidential elections, Congress quickly enacted the Help America Vote Act, legislation to fund the acquisition of advanced vote-counting technology. The intention was to enable, rather than mandate, choices of new equipment. This paper utilizes a unique historical opportunity to test whether electoral equipment follows the pattern predicted by well-established models of innovation diffusion, merging electoral data with census data on socio-economic characteristics. We infer that fiscal constraints to acquisition are strong but not the only limitations to technology adoption, particularly within certain easily identifiable populations.
Pushers, Victims, and the Lost Innocence of White Suburbia: California’s War on Narcotics during the 1950s

This case study of Los Angeles County portrays the war on drugs during the 1950s as a racial and spatial project that combined tough mandatory-minimum sentences for urban “pushers” and Mexican Amer...
4D CT Simulation

Four-dimensional CT is an imaging technique that provides information on organ motion during respiration. It provides a more accurate assessment of target shape and trajectory, and similar information on organs at risk. Technological advances in software and hardware for 4D simulation are likely to rapidly become available in the next few years. The ability to generate 3D CT maps of anatomy as a function of respiratory phase has important applications in treatment planning and delivery, including optimization in the presence of motion, aperture design, dose calculations to moving targets, and image guided therapy delivery.
Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Z)‐1‐Heptenyldimethylsilanol with 4‐Iodoanisole: (Z)‐1‐Heptenyl)‐4‐methoxybenzene

1-Iodo-1-hepyne Butyllithium (Z)-1-Iodo-1-heptene (Z)-1, 1-Dimethyl-1-heptenyl silanol (Z)-1-Heptenyl-4-methoxybenzene Keywords: palladium catalysts; cross coupling; iodoanisole; waste disposal; aryl halides; alkenyl halides; substitution patterns
Mothering young children: Child care, stress and social life

This study focuses on mothers’ and young children’s everyday social experience by analyzing their social relationships, social support in child care, mother-child interaction, and mothers’ evaluations of all these aspects. Three hundred and eighty-four mothers with a child aged between I and 3 years, living in a city in Central Italy, were interviewed. A Principal Components Analysis was performed on items concerning mothers’ and children’s social experience and mothers’ evaluations. Four PCA generated factors were regressed on the mother’s and Four PCA generated factors were regressed on the mother’s and child’s characteristics. Results show that, even in a context characterized by social conditions supportive to mothering, there is a comparatively widespread desire for social interaction with other mothers and children. A stress related to intensive mothering was found in a minority of the mothers and was predicted by the mothers’ continuous commitment in child care during the whole day. Results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that social contacts with other mothers may have a mitigating effect on mothers’ stress. One implication is that early educational services that provide the opportunity for social intercourse among parents can be an important resource for them.
The role of rotational motion in intramolecular energy transfer: Measurements of fluorescence polarization from p-difluorobenzene

Abstract Fluorescence polarization is a direct probe of the rotational motion of isolated, highly excited molecules. The polarization of fluorescence from p-difluorobenzene decreases only slightly over 3300 cm−1 of vibrational energy, demonstrating that this molecule undergoes more nearly rigid body rotational motion than statistical rotation-vibration energy transfer.
Braze welding of cobalt with a silver–copper filler

Abstract A new method of joining cobalt by braze-welding it with a silver–copper filler was developed in order to better understand the residual stresses in beryllium–aluminum/silicon weldments which are problematic to investigate because of the high toxicity of Be. The base and filler metals of this new welding system were selected to replicate the physical properties, crystal structures, and chemical behavior of the Be–AlSi welds. Welding parameters of this surrogate Co–AgCu system were determined by experimentation combining 4-point bending tests and microscopy. Final welds are 5 pass manual TIG (tungsten inert gas), with He top gas and Ar back gas. Control of the welding process produces welds with full penetration melting of the cobalt base. Microscopy indicates that cracking is minimal, and not through thickness, whereas 4-point bending shows failure is not by base-filler delamination. These welds improve upon the original Be–AlSi welds, which do not possess full penetration, and have considerable porosity. We propose that utilization of our welding methods will increase the strength of the Be–AlSi weldments. The specialized welding techniques developed for this study may be applicable not only for the parent Be–AlSi welds, but to braze welds and welds utilizing brittle materials in general. This concept of surrogacy may prove useful in the study of many different types of exotic welds.
Metrology methods for quantifying edge roughness: II

Advanced scanning electron and atomic force microscopy technique have been developed to quantify line-edge and sidewall roughness in patterned resist and silicon feature with nanometer scale accuracy. Both techniques are able to follow small changes in the line-edge roughness. The measurement repeatability of the scanning electron and atomic force microscope was characterized and is 0.1 and 0.6 nm, respectively. Any roughness measured in the single layer resist mask transfers to the underlying silicon throughout a range of pattern transfer conditions. Within the measurement precision, silicon pattern transfer does not appear to decrease or increase the sidewall or line-edge roughness. An attempt to quantify the edge-roughness spatial frequency is discussed. The scanning electron microscope is still recommended over the atomic force microscope for line-edge roughness measurements based on sample throughput.
Process considerations for critical features in high areal density thin film magnetoresistive heads: A review

Today, magnetic recording areal densities using magnetoresistive (MR) head technology are approaching 3.0 Gbit/in/sup 2/ to 4 Gbit/in/sup 2/ in products and greater than 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ in recording demonstrations. For the first half of this decade, areal density growth for magnetic recording products has increased by 60% each year. In order to sustain this growth rate into the next ten years, much emphasis has been placed on improving the recording system with higher output sensor designs, lower noise and higher coercivity media, and more robust head disc interfaces. However, little discussion exists on the impact the 60% growth rate in areal density has on the physical dimensions and critical features of the thin film magnetoresistive head structure. This review describes the basic magnetoresistive head structure, details the basic thin film process required to fabricate the head structure, identifies the critical device features of the head, and comments on the extendibility of these features by a comparison with semiconductor device processes and geometries.
Raman spectroscopy demonstrates Amifostine induced preservation of bone mineralization patterns in the irradiated murine mandible.

Purpose Adjuvant radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer remains severely debilitating. Fortunately, newly developed agents aimed at decreasing radiation-induced damage have shown great promise. Amifostine (AMF) is a compound, which confers radio-protection to the exposed normal tissues, such as bone. Our intent is to utilize Raman spectroscopy to demonstrate how AMF preserves the mineral composition of the murine mandible following human equivalent radiation.
Cardiovascular Gene Therapy: Angiogenesis and Beyond

Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of disease have produced many new targets for gene therapy. However, it has been difficult to convert these new insights into clinically useful applications. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, most clinical studies of gene therapy have focused on angiogenesis as a treatment for ischemia. Initial enthusiasm was supported by small, uncontrolled, phase 1 trials. However, several large efficacy studies have recently been published that have not shown clinically significant improvement, and a few well-publicized complications of gene therapy have cast a pall over the entire field. In this review, we will summarize specific technical aspects of cardiovascular gene therapy, examine the recent series of clinical studies, and explore the direction of future work for the principal cardiovascular diseases.
Natural Displacement of Pollution from the Great Lakes

A simplified mathematical model of a lake system indicates that, if the pollution of the Great Lakes were discontinued, the natural flow through the lower Great Lakes would be sufficient to remove about 90 per cent of the waste in about 20 years. On the other hand, hundreds of years would be required to displace the pol lution from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.
A possible explanation for the anomalous low-pressure activation energy for the decomposition of CO2

Abstract The anomalous low-pressure activation energy for the thermal decomposition of CO 2 may be explained by a recently-developed expression for the activation energy of a unimolecular reaction. This expression takes specific account of the deviation from equilibrium of the population of reactant levels.
On the rheology of pendular gels and morphological developments in paste-like ternary systems based on capillary attraction

We investigate capillary bridging-induced gelation phenomena in silica particle suspensions and pastes, where a particle-wetting fluid is added as the third component. Increasing the wetting fluid loading in the ternary system induces a morphological transition from a pendular network to compact capillary aggregates network, with an intermediate funicular state. To our knowledge, the formation of percolated structures from compact capillary aggregates when the volume fraction of a wetting fluid approaches that of the particles is unprecedented. Such structures appear to result from the arrested coalescence of compact capillary aggregates due to the balance between the Laplace pressure and solid-like properties (yield stress, elasticity) of the aggregates. Shear-induced yielding of the ternary systems, linked to their percolating nature, is strongly influenced by the amount of wetting fluid phase. A non-monotonic dependence of the yield stress on the amount of wetting fluid is found, with the maximum yield stress obtained for a wetting fluid-to-particle volume fraction ratio of 0.2–0.3. For pendular systems, linear viscoelastic properties display a soft glassy rheological behavior above the percolation threshold (around 4 vol% particles), and complex viscosity data can be scaled using the high frequency plateau value, as well as a single characteristic relaxation time, which decreases when the particle concentration is increased. In addition, the particle concentration dependence of the yielding transition in the pendular regime appears to be efficiently described by two parameters extracted from the steady state flow curves: the yield stress and the limiting viscosity at a high shear rate. Although these non-colloidal networks result from flow-driven assembly, the scaling laws for our pendular gels are reminiscent of colloidal gels with a fractal geometry. Our studies pinpoint new pathways to create physical gels where the interparticle attraction strength is determined by capillary interactions.
Surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect.

1. Blalock A, Taussig HB. The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 1945;128:189-202. 2. Potts WJ, Smith S, Gibson S . Anastomosis of the aorta to a pulmonary artery: certain types in congenital heart disease. JAh4A 1946;13262731. 3. Brock RC, Campbell M. Infundibular resection or dilatation for infundibular stenosis. Br Heart J 1950;12:403-24. 4. Lillehei CW, Cohen M, Warden HE, et al. Direct vision intracardiac surgical correction of the tetralogy of Fallot, pentalogy of Fallot, and pulmonary atresia defects. Report of first ten cases. Ann Surg 1955;142:418-45. 5. Kirklin JW, Ellis FH, McGoon DC, DuShane JW, Swan HFC. Surgical treatment for the tetralogy of Fallot by open intracardiac repair. J Thorac Surg 1959;3722-51. 6. Waterston DJ. Treatment of Fallot’s tetralogy in children under one year of age. Rozhl Chir 1962;41:181-3. 7. Kirklin JW, Wallace RB, McGoon DC, DuShane JW. Early and late results after intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a 5-year review of 337 patients. Ann Surg 1965;162:57%89. 8. Barratt-Boyes BG, Neutze JM. Primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot in infancy using profound hypothermia with circulatory arrest and limited cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparison with conventional two-stage management. Ann Surg 1973;178:40611. 9. Castaneda AR, Sade RM, Lamberti J, Nicoloff DM. Reoperation for residual defects after repair of tetralow of Fallot. -, Surgery 1974;761010. 10. Edmunds LH Ir. Saxena NC. Friedman S. Rashkind WI, Dodd PF. Transatrial repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Surge& 1976;80:681-8. 11. Gillette PC, Yeoman MA, Mullins CE, McNamara DG. Sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic abnormalities. Circulation 1977;56:566-71. 12. Alfieri 0, Locatelli G, Bianchi T, Vanini V, Parenzan L. Repair of tetralogy of Fallot after Waterston anastomosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979;77:826-31. 13. Fuster V, McGoon DC, Kennedy MA, Ritter DG, Kirklin JW. Long-term evaluation (12 to 22 years) of open heart surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:63542. 14. Arciniegas E, Farooki ZQ, Hakimi M, Green EW. Results of two-stage surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;79:876-83. 15. Binet JP, Hvass U, Bruniaux J, et al. Correction complete de la tetralogie de Fallot sans ouverture du ventricle droit. Arch Ma1 Coeur Vaiss 1980;73:1185-92. 16. Kawashima Y, Kitamura S, Nakano S, Yagihara T. Corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot without or with minimal right ventriculotomy and with repair of the pulmonary valve. Circulation 1981;64(Suppl 2):147-53. 17. Anderson RH, Allwork SP, Ho SY, Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JT. Surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;81:887-96. 18. De Leval MR, McKay R, Jones M, Stark J, Macartney FJ. Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Use of the subclavian artery
Developing Political Competence: A Comparative Study Across Disciplines

Political activism is one way that nurses care for individuals and communities, and intervene in the broad range of socioeconomic factors influencing health. Though policy advocacy is a core public health function and a valuable nursing activity, the process of acquiring requisite skills and attitudes for political involvement is not often explored. What crucial experiences enfranchise nursing students toward future policy involvement? What is the student journey toward political competence? Do nursing students vary from students of other disciplines in this process? In-depth interviews were conducted with baccalaureate nursing students and political science students who were near graduation. Content analysis of interview transcripts revealed several themes. Despite rich examples of activism, nursing students viewed public policy as a barrier, and did not see connections between the personal, professional, and political. Nursing seemed grounded in application and service, demonstrating by involvement that they could "walk the walk." Political science involvement originated in theory, and resulted in more articulate discourse on the subject: they could "talk the talk." The data suggest a need for interdisciplinary dialogue, faculty modelling of political competence, opportunities for students to realize personal, professional, and political connections, and a concern of socialization in the context of global citizenship.
Modeling the sustainability of a ceramic water filter intervention

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are a point-of-use water treatment technology that has shown promise in preventing early childhood diarrhea (ECD) in resource-limited settings. Despite this promise, some researchers have questioned their ability to reduce ECD incidences over the long term since most effectiveness trials conducted to date are less than one year in duration limiting their ability to assess long-term sustainability factors. Most trials also suffer from lack of blinding making them potentially biased. This study uses an agent-based model (ABM) to explore factors related to the long-term sustainability of CWFs in preventing ECD and was based on a three year longitudinal field study. Factors such as filter user compliance, microbial removal effectiveness, filter cleaning and compliance declines were explored. Modeled results indicate that broadly defined human behaviors like compliance and declining microbial effectiveness due to improper maintenance are primary drivers of the outcome metrics of household drinking water quality and ECD rates. The model predicts that a ceramic filter intervention can reduce ECD incidence amongst under two year old children by 41.3%. However, after three years, the average filter is almost entirely ineffective at reducing ECD incidence due to declining filter microbial removal effectiveness resulting from improper maintenance. The model predicts very low ECD rates are possible if compliance rates are 80-90%, filter log reduction efficiency is 3 or greater and there are minimal long-term compliance declines. Cleaning filters at least once every 4 months makes it more likely to achieve very low ECD rates as does the availability of replacement filters for purchase. These results help to understand the heterogeneity seen in previous intervention-control trials and reemphasize the need for researchers to accurately measure confounding variables and ensure that field trials are at least 2-3 years in duration. In summary, the CWF can be a highly effective tool in the fight against ECD, but every effort should be made by implementing agencies to ensure consistent use and maintenance.
University Commercialization Models: The University of Akron

The University of Akron Research Foundation provides an example of how a university-affiliated research foundation can benefit both its institution and community through increased partnerships, shared services, engagement with area business leaders, and support for entrepreneurship and commercialization.
Determination of optimum economic power commitment by wind farms equipped with energy storage system

Wind energy is an intermittent energy source; it is also a variable resource. In future electricity markets, wind farms may have to commit to deliver constant power for a given delivery period as any current conventional sources. Literatures have concentrated in the revision of current unit commitment formulation as a mean of integrating wind power in the grid network. Also, the use of energy storage system (ESS) has been suggested so as to reduce the variability of the wind output power. This paper proposes an optimization strategy to determine the optimum output power commitment by wind farms to the grid network so as to maximize the profit to the wind farm owner. Consideration is made to the wind farm output power, loss of life of ESS and market penalty costs. Microsoft Excel, MATLAB and Brute force method are used to solve this optimization problem.
An electrophysiological analysis of chronic ethanol neurotoxicity in the dentate gyrus: distribution of entorhinal afferents.

This study investigated the persistent effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the distribution of entorhinal afferents to stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus. Rats were maintained on ethanol, or sucrose-containing liquid diets, for a period of 20 weeks but were withdrawn from the special diet for at least 8 weeks prior to acute electrophysiologic recordings. One-dimensional laminar analyses were obtained by stepping a microelectrode in 25 μm increments across both the dorsal and ventral blades of the dentate gyrus and sampling the field potentials at each point. Current-source density (CSD) was calculated from the field potential data.
Longitude distribution of solar flares

Statistical tests of solar flares based on maximum likelihood method, discussing longitude distribution, rigid rotation, planetary effects, etc
Flow analysis sensitivities for models of energy or material flow

Sensitivity analyses have been used to examine the flow structure of two hypothetical ecosystem models. These analyses have results which relate to important aspects of ecosystem theory. Cycles are shown to increase the sensitivity of the network, while increased throughflow is shown to decrease the sensitivity. Such results indicate that several factors can be modified to decrease the sensitivity of ecosystems to environmental stress.
Retention of Standing Timber for Fish and Wildlife Habitat in Reservoirs

ABSTRACT The question of whether to maintain] standing timber in an Oregon multipurpose reservoir constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was evaluated by project managers and debated by the community in which the reservoir was located. Although the practice has been accepted in other parts of the country, it was a relatively new idea for the Corps in the Pacific Northwest. Issues that were considered included impact on fish and wildlife habitat, recreation, boater safety, water quality, and debris removal. Evaluation based on experiences in other reservoirs and cost-benefit analysis indicated that fish and wildlife habitat would be enhanced; boating, recreation, and water quality would not be adversely affected; and the community would benefit financially over the 50-year life of the project, even taking into account the cost of debris removal. Community objections were aired and resolved, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers directed that 245 acres of standing timber in the reservoir basin be re...
Validity of Using Mercury Porosimetry to Characterize the Pore Structures of Ceramic Green Compacts

The ability of mercury porosimetry in characterizing particle packing and pore structures of dense ceramic green compacts is evaluated. Differences in intrusion spectra between the dry-pressed and slip-cast compacts demonstrate the utility of mercury porosimetry for particle-packing analysis. Of the voids embedded in the matrix, only those at or extending to the matrix surface are detectable. Intrusion—extrusion spectra show hysteresis, but otherwise do not provide added insight into bulk defect structure.
Temporal variation in cellular proliferation during recornification of mouse tail skin.

. The influence of the time of injury on subsequent epidermal regeneration is unknown. Epidermal cell proliferation of tail skin in C57BL/6J mice in response to tape stripping was followed for 7 days by radiolabeled thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. The homeostatic labelling index (LI) of the basal epidermis of unmanipulated, unwounded (control) animals was 7.6% and did not vary depending on the time of day. Tape stripping increased the LI of epidermal basal cells 110% above control values 24 h after injury. Labelling indexes of epidermal basal cells in the skin adjacent to the wounded area were 7.0%. Basal cell DNA synthesis stimulated by wounding exhibited a distinct temporal variation at 24 h postinjury, with tail skin wounded at 12.00 h found to be 275% greater than control values and elevated 78% from Lis recorded at any other time point. This temporal spike was due to the time of day at which wounding occurred rather than the time point when the LI was determined. Mice wounded at 12.00 h and terminated 27 h later (15.00 h) had Lis that were 52% greater than wounds created at 09.00 h and examined at 12.00 h the following day. Higher levels of DNA synthesis in tail skin injured at 12.00 h compared to wounding at 09.00 h was detected 12–48 h after injury. Furthermore, DNA synthesis in wounds created at 12.00 h returned to baseline levels 1–2 days earlier than tail skin wounded at 09.00 h. Investigation of other strains of mice detected differences in radiolabelling of epidermal basal cells 24 h after tape stripping at 12.00 h or 09.00 h in CD-I and BALB/cJ mice, but not in the C3H/HeJ strain. These results indicate: (a) there is no diurnal variation in the LI of mouse tail skin under normal homeostatic conditions (b) tape stripping is a potent stimulator of basal cell turnover in the epidermis (c) the time of wounding determines the magnitude of the increase in the LI of basal cells following injury, and (d) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is dependent on the strain of mouse.
Implicit theories of courage

What is courage? This question garners significant interest and attention but little empirical research. An operational definition of courage is essential to good research, yet no consensus definition has fully emerged. This article systematically investigates people's conceptions of courage and courageous behavior through a series of studies employing well-grounded implicit methodologies. The organizational structure and components of courage are investigated using a response-generating task (Study 1) and alternate methods (Studies 2 and 3), followed by an experimental approach to determine if people actually use their implicit theories in their evaluations of others (Study 4). Collectively, these studies reveal an organizational structure of people's implicit theories of courage. Further, they indicate that people apply their implicit theories accurately in evaluating others. Then, Laches, suppose that we first set about determining the nature of courage … Tell me, if you can, what is courage Socrates...
Auditory Masking and Signal Detection Theory

The contributions of signal detection theory to the study of auditory masking are examined from two points of view. 1. Theory: In a given masking situation, the theory of signal detectability specifies the limitation imposed upon the performance of an observer by the characteristics of the signal and of the masking noise. The limitation upon performance imposed by a particular environment is represented by the limiting ROC. The theory of limiting ROCs is the theory of ideal observers. Each masking situation determines a particular ideal observer. Factors that degrade performance relative to the appropriate ideal observer, such as filter bandwidth and methods of processing, may then be investigated. 2. Methods: The fundamental detection experiment, that is, the single-interval paradigm with a yes-no response, must provide data for the estimation of two, formally independent, conditional probabilities. One probability is the hit rate, and the other probability is the false-alarm rate. These probabilities determine a point in ROC space. Both probabilities must be estimated, because the decisions of the real observer may be influenced by nonsensory factors that are not subject to direct experimental control. The advantages of a two-interval task are discussed.
Effect of Seeding on Phase Development, Densification Behavior, and Microstmcture Evolution in Mullite Fabricated from Microcomposite Particles

An investigation was carried out concerning the effect of mullite seed particles on phase development, densification behavior, and microstructure evolution in powder compacts prepared with silica/alumina microcomposite particles. The incorporation of ∼2 wt% seed particles in the microcomposite powder compacts had relatively little effect on densification, but resulted in significant decreases in the temperature for mullite formation and the grain sizes in mullitized samples. Samples could be sintered to almost full density and subsequently converted to mullite with average grain sizes ≤0.4 μm at temperatures in the range of 1300°-1400°C. The available evidence indicated that mullite formation occurred primarily by nucleation and growth in the siliceous matrix phase.
Chaotic transport and integrable instabilities in a near-integrable, many-particle, Hamiltonian lattice

Abstract This paper is a report of detailed numerical experiments on a large-dimensional Hamiltonian lattice which arises as a nearly integrable discretization of the periodic sine-Gordon equation. Through four different one-parameter families of initial data, we focus on the interplay between numerically observable near-integrable behavior, quantified by modern statistical diagnostics, and the integrable PDE solutions and phase space geometry associated with the initial data. Transitions are observed within each family from quasiperiodic behavior to chaotic motion, which is sometimes accompanied by transport toward equipartition. These transitions in the near-integrable system are correlated with integrable features of the initial data, in particular, transitions from neutrally stable to exponentially unstable sine-Gordon solutions and associated homoclinic orbits. Geometrically, these correspond to transitions from neutrally stable tori to whiskered tori. Our results indicate that: (1) Positive Lyapunov exponents (our messure of chaos) in near-integrable orbits coincide one-to-one with integrable PDE instabilities and homoclinic orbits. (2) The statistical transition to equipartition of energy on a long, fixed timescale occurs only if (but not necessarily if) there are integrable instabilities and associated whiskered tori. The rate of transport appears to depend on the amplitude of the homoclinic degrees of freedom. (3) Isolated cases of discreteness-induced instabilities and action transport are observed; these return to quasiperiodic flow at finer discretizations. (4) A simple measure, such as energy of the initial data, is not an accurate predictor of chaotic or recurrent behavior; one family of initial data exhibits, as the energy increases, alternating windows of quasiperiodic and chaotic orbits.
Optimizing random scan Gibbs samplers

The Gibbs sampler is a popular Markov chain Monte Carlo routine for generating random variates from distributions otherwise difficult to sample. A number of implementations are available for running a Gibbs sampler varying in the order through which the full conditional distributions used by the Gibbs sampler are cycled or visited. A common, and in fact the original, implementation is the random scan strategy, whereby the full conditional distributions are updated in a randomly selected order each iteration. In this paper, we introduce a random scan Gibbs sampler which adaptively updates the selection probabilities or "learns" from all previous random variates generated during the Gibbs sampling. In the process, we outline a number of variations on the random scan Gibbs sampler which allows the practitioner many choices for setting the selection probabilities and prove convergence of the induced (Markov) chain to the stationary distribution of interest. Though we emphasize flexibility in user choice and specification of these random scan algorithms, we present a minimax random scan which determines the selection probabilities through decision theoretic considerations on the precision of estimators of interest. We illustrate and apply the results presented by using the adaptive random scan Gibbs sampler developed to sample from multivariate Gaussian target distributions, to automate samplers for posterior simulation under Dirichlet process mixture models, and to fit mixtures of distributions.
The Problem of Ethnic Politics and Trust: The Missing Persons Institute of Bosnia-Herzegovina

After the violent conflict in the 1990s, between 25,000 and 30,000 persons were missing in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), their fates and whereabouts unknown. Solving the missing-persons issue, and thus reducing some of the damages of the conflict, has been important in the aftermath crisis management and has been considered a prerequisite to prevent recurrences. Two of the latest developments in these efforts are the adoption of the Law on Missing Persons in October 2004 and the establishment of a state-level institution, the Missing Persons Institute (the MPI BiH) in August 2005. This article examines the missing-persons issue from a risk management and societal safety perspective aimed at creating resilient societies. The state is regarded as a key actor, even when other actors are involved and considered co-responsible. Especially important is the state's ability to establish public confidence in critical social institutions and to build mutual trust among different groups within the population. Based on empirical data, the article explores risk factors and dynamics that may threaten the MPI BiH's ability to contribute to societal safety in a society that has run into what is conceptualized as a social trap. To get out of this trap, parties who profoundly distrust one another will need to cooperate. Explicit as well as implicit objectives, competing rationalities, and perceptions of reality among key actors are discussed. The article also considers how the emotional overrules the rational, how the predominantly ethnic discourse in society overpowers the weaker human-rights discourse, and how this may threaten the important building of confidence and trust.
Predicting the geometry and location of defects in adhesive and spot-welded lap joints using steady-state thermographic techniques

Development of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for spot-welded and adhesive-bonded sheet metal joints is essential for widespread use of lightweight materials and new construction techniques in automotive applications. An important objective of research in progress is development of NDE methods to identify and characterize critical flaws in welded and adhesive-bonded joints. We used steady-state heat- flow and thermographic imaging techniques to test welded and adhesive-bonded lap joints in steel and aluminum samples and in adhesive-bonded composite panels and to identify defective spot welds. The resulting surface-temperature maps or thermograms were used to detect voids and areas where the adhesive was not bonded. To better characterize defects in welds and adhesive layers, algorithms have been developed to post process temperature data, producing more accurate definition of the geometry and location of defects than in previous images. Classic heat-transfer theory was used to calculate the heat-flux equilibrium for each individual pixel on the thermograms. Convective and radiative surface heat- transfer coefficients were applied to compensate for the heat exchange between the sample and the environment. This post processing permits us to determine the locations of spot welds and the sizes of the weld nuggets in welded joints, and to clearly image voids in adhesive layers between joints. The effectiveness of the image-processing algorithms was investigated using data from laboratory experiments on test specimens with flaws of known size and location. In addition, the images of the defects produced with the new method were compared to results of two-dimensional heat transfer simulations through the same samples. The simulations were also used to determine boundary conditions for post-processing of images.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chronic MPD, group therapy and psychodynamics

The view that the patient with chronic myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome is best served by supportive, palliative, and reversible treatment is elucidated by the group psychotherapy technique. Recalcitrant patients with chronic myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome consistently demonstrated a psychodynamic constellation comprised of depression, isolation, denial, and passive-aggressive conflict. These patients were best served by supportive, palliative, and reversible treatments such as exercises, tranquilizers, antidepressants, and intramuscular injections of anesthetics and steroids. Three groups of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome received 12 eclectic group psychotherapy sessions. The principal reason for selecting this mode of treatment was to observe the group dynamics for the operation of intra-and interpersonal variables that might support the psychophysiologic hypothesis for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and validate the existence of personality characteristics that are associated with patients who have myofascial pain-dysfunction.
Identification of 7ξ-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol and 7ξ-hydroxytetrahydrocortsone from urine of newborn baboons (papio papio)

Abstract Two highly polar, unconjugated metabolttes of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, which had been shown previously to account for > 40% of [ 14 C]cortisol (F) administered to baboon neonates, were isolated from urine of a term newborn animal. Metabolltes were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified by sequential paper chromatography and crystallization, and identified by chemical and biochemical procedures. Both metabolltes of F are 5β-pregnanes with a hydroxyl of unknown orientation at C-7, a 3α-hyd roxyl, and a dihydroxyacetone side chain. The two compounds differ from each other by the presence of et ther oxo or hydroxyl functions at C-11. The following nomenclature is proposed: unknown I; 3aα,7ξ,11β,17,21-pentahydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (7ξ-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol); unknown II: 3α,7ξ,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5β-pregnane-11, 20-dione (7ξ-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone). Production of these compounds compensates quantitatively for the decreased formation of F glucuronoside metabolites by baboon neonates, compared with that in adults. Therefore, we propose that 7-hydroxylation is a major alternative pathway for F metabolism in the perinatal period of the baboon.
Accumulation of radioactive protein in mouse cerebral cortex after injection of 3H-fucose into the eye.

Tritiated fucose injected into the left eye of the mouse was incorporated into glycoprotein in the retinal ganglion cells, and then carried by axonal transport along the optic nerve to the right lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus. Incorporated label, about 10% of the level in the geniculate, subsequently appeared in the right visual cortex; however, even more was found in the retrosplenial cortex overlying the labeled colliculus. A similar picture was seen with 3H-proline as precursor. Interruption of the brachium of the right superior colliculus prevented label from reaching the colliculus; the amount of label in the retrosplenial cortex was reduced by 85% but there was no significant effect on labeling in the visual cortex. In radioautograms, the visual cortex on the side to which the injected eye projected showed an accumulation of silver grains with its peak (two to three times the average cortical level) in layer IV; the grain count profile was flat on the other side. In retrosplenial cortex overlying the labeled colliculus the grain count fell off with distance from the colliculus and a similar pattern was seen in hippocampus overlying the labeled geniculate. In all cases, the label appeared to be mostly over the neuropil rather than nerve cell bodies. These results suggest that the label in the visual cortex was localized in the endings of the geniculocortical fibers, and hence must initially have been transferred from optic nerve endings to neurons in the lateral geniculate body. Much of the label in the retrosplenial region and hippocampus, however, probably arrived by a non-neuronal route, possibly by diffusion from the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body, respectively. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not prevent the accumulation of label in the cortex, although the proportion appearing in the cortex relative to the amounts in the geniculate and colliculus was somewhat reduced. The possibility that some of the radioactivity may have been transferred in macromolecular form has therefore not been ruled out.
Lawns of Weeds: Status in Opposition to Life

The modern high status lawn is a recent cultural form that motivates human responses with emerging negative physical outcomes. From a dualistic theoretical perspective, this article analyzes the modern lawn in terms of cultural dichotomies and applies a theory of status construction to show how the lawn becomes both an indicator of status and a component of identity and motivation. Then, it reports selected indicators of negative physical outcomes. The dual outcomes illustrate the empirical challenge of “Simmel’s lemma” stating that culture is in opposition to life.