cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads in eight rats.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate local tissue toxicity and plasma platinum (Pt) in vivo after subcutaneous implantation of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CI-CSH) beads. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experimental study. ANIMALS Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS CI-CSH beads were implanted subcutaneously (5 mg carboplatin/rat; 13.5 mg/kg carboplatin; 7.08 mg/kg Pt; 1.18 mg/m2 Pt) in eight rats (d0). Wound healing (daily), radiographic bead dissolution (weekly), systemic Pt uptake (plasma-Pt), local tissue Pt (d28), and histologic changes compared to nonincised and incised catheterization sites (d28) were assessed. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Pt, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. RESULTS One rat died at d10, the remainder survived until d28. No wound complications were seen. The CI-CSH implantation site had higher histopathology scores than the other sites for necrosis (p = .013) and fibrosis (p = .013). Beads decreased in density radiographically (d0 to d28) (p = .062). Peak plasma-Pt concentration was 225.78 ng/ml at 12 h, and decreased over time, but Pt was still detectable on d28. The elimination half-life was 5.03 ± 1.13 days. Only 1.69% of implanted Pt remained in the beads at d28. CONCLUSIONS CI-CSH beads incited microscopic mild inflammation but wound healing was not impaired. Pt was absorbed systemically and the release from the beads was near complete at d28. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Piled CI-CSH bead implantation is well tolerated in rats with similar elution profile as previously described. Beads were radiographically visible at d28. Minimal Pt was detected systemically suggesting Pt release does not match bead dissolution.
Curricular and pedagogical barriers to South Korean female students’ physical activity in physical education class

The purpose of this qualitative study rooted in the theory of planned behaviour (TpB) was to investigate South Korean physical education (PE) teachers’ and female secondary school students’ beliefs...
Who Prays the Psalms? Bonhoeffer’s Christological Concentration

For Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the voice of the Psalms is theologically identical to the voice of Christ. Bonhoeffer’s primary warrant for this conviction came from the New Testament’s pattern of discour...
Explaining the Differences between Local Currency versus FX-denominated Loans and Deposits in the Central- Eastern European Economies

Foreign currency-based loans and deposits became very popular in Central-Eastern European countries (CEECs) over the 2000-2011 period. This paper employs a structural approach to simultaneously examine the demand-side (consumer-related) and supply-side (bank-related) determinants of the quick spread of FX-based banking. The econometric analysis uses a unique newly constructed dataset on FX and domestic currency loans, deposits and interest rates, covering 16 CEECs overtime. Results show that deregulation and cheap funding from parents abroad helped fuel FX lending. There is substantial heterogeneity across market segments, currencies and maturities. Corporate sector FX lending is fundamentally different from retail and mortgage markets.
Indinavir-related recurrent paronychia and ingrown toenails

Lamivudine and indinavir are two medications used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that have recently been reported to cause paronychia. The nails of the great toes are commonly affected. This is the second report of paronychia and ingrown toenails due to indinavir and the first report of recurrent paronychia and ingrown toenails associated with this drug.
Privatization as Delegation: Reformulating State Action in Private Delegation Terms

Recent expansions in privatization of government programs mean that the constitutional paradigm of a sharp separation between public and private is increasingly at odds with the blurred public-private character of modern governance. While substantial scholarship exists addressing the administrative and policy impact of expanded privatization, heretofore little effort has been made to address this disconnect between constitutional law and administrative reality. This Article seeks to remedy this deficiency. It argues that current state action doctrine is fundamentally inadequate to address the constitutional challenge presented by privatization, because it is both insufficiently keyed to the ways that privatization involves delegation of governmental power and simultaneously fails to allow governments sufficient flexibility in designing public-private relationships. The Article sets out a new constitutional analysis of privatization that reformulates state action in private delegation terms. Central to this analysis is the recognition that mechanisms other than directly subjecting private entities to constitutional scrutiny can satisfy the demands of constitutional accountability. The critical question thus becomes whether delegations of authority to private entities are adequately structured to enforce constitutional constraints on governmental power. By adopting a two-step approach that first singles out private delegations creating agency relationships between private entities and the government for special scrutiny and then asks whether adequate alternative accountability mechanisms exist, this Article offers a method to ensure the vitality of constitutional constraints without intruding unduly on government's regulatory prerogatives.
Genotype–phenotype Correlations of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy When Diagnosed in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of identifiable sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the young. Herein, we sought to determine the genotype–phenotype correlations in a cohort of unrelated, genotyped patients diagnosed with HCM at a young age, as well as to characterize the differences between HCM diagnosed in adulthood and HCM diagnosed at a young age. Methods and Results From 1999 to 2011, 1053 unrelated patients diagnosed with HCM were enrolled in research-based genetic testing. The electronic medical record was reviewed to identify those with HCM diagnosed at ≤21 years (N = 137, mean age at diagnosis 13.2 ± 6 years, 64% male). From this cohort of patients recruited from a tertiary care referral center, the genetic test was positive in 71 (52%), which was significantly higher than patients diagnosed >21 years (31%; P < .001). Genotype-positive patients had increased maximum left ventricular wall thickness (24.9 ± 8.0 vs. 21.6 ± 7.4 mm, P = .01) and higher incidence of reverse-curve ventricular septal morphology (71% vs. 40%, P < .001). Unrelated to genotype status, 26/137 patients (19%) experienced significant HCM-related morbidity/mortality including progressive heart failure symptoms in 12, transplantation in 4, and death in 10. Conclusions Among patients diagnosed with HCM during the first two decades of life, the yield of genetic testing is significantly higher than when diagnosed at later age. While the phenotype of young HCM patients is worse than patients whose HCM is diagnosed at later age, the phenotypes of genotype-positive and genotype-negative young patients were similar. Independent of genotype, nearly 30% of the patients with follow-up in this study had symptom progression, transplant, or death.
Iterated nonlinear maps and Hilbert's projective metric: a summary

By a cone K (with vertex at o) in a Banach space X I shall mean a closed, convex subset of X such that if x ∈ K then tx ∈ K for all t>o and if x ∈ K-{o}, then −x ∉ K. Examples of cones are provided by K={x ∈ ℝn: xi>o for 1≤i≤n}, which will be called the standard cone in ℝn, and by the set of nonnegative definite, self-adjoint bounded linear operators on Hilbert space. Every cone induces a partial ordering on X by x≤y if and only if y−x ∈ K.
Network Representations of Efficiency Analysis for Engineering Systems: Examples, Issues and Research Opportunities

Network efficiency models depict internal production/service processes, and/or alternative perspectives, and/or different time periods. Researchers in the efficiency measurement field are investigating and applying these models in a variety of ways. However, in very few instances are these representations focused on engineering systems. This chapter presents two very distinct network efficiency models that are applied to engineering systems. The first uses the radial and slacks based network DEA models to assess the efficiency performance of a downtown space reservation system (DSRS). This system has been designed as an approach to mitigate traffic congestion in an urban downtown area. The implementation of the network DEA models identify the determinants of efficiency performance for the agency operating the DSRS, for the traveler using the DSRS and for the community where the DSRS resides. The second example pertains to asset management and more specifically to highway maintenance management. An alternative network efficiency representation is used where a system dynamics modeling approach provides a way to study dynamic efficiency performance and assess highway maintenance policies. Through these examples, issues pertaining to opening the production black box to evaluate internal processes, the validity of the axiomatic foundations of DEA for the network models, the relevance of the structure of the network models in terms of suggesting resulting system behaviors, temporal and dynamic efficiency performance associated with the network efficiency models are discussed suggesting future research directions.
Localization of the high and low affinity [3H]ryanodine binding sites on the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel

The Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is modulated in a biphasic manner by the plant alkaloid ryanodine and there are two distinct binding sites on this channel for ryanodine. The Ca2+ release channel is a homotetramer with a subunit of 5037 amino acids. The ability of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes to bind [3H]ryanodine to the high affinity site is lost upon proteolysis with trypsin. [3H]Ryanodine, however, bound before proteolysis remains bound after trypsin digestion. If the high affinity site is first occupied with [3H]ryanodine and then 100 microM ryanodine is added to occupy the low affinity sites, almost all of [3H]ryanodine bound to the high affinity site remains bound after proteolysis. Proteolysis causes the solubilized Ca2+ release channel containing bound [3H]ryanodine to undergo four discrete shifts in sedimentation (30 S-->28 S-->26 S-->19 S-->14 S). Polypeptides having apparent molecular masses of 76, 66, 56, 45, 37, and 27 kDa can be identified in the 14 S complex. The 76-, 56-, 45-, and 27-kDa polypeptides have been partially sequenced from the NH2 terminus. In addition, the 76-, 66-, and 27-kDa fragments are recognized by an antibody to the last 9 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor and the 76-, 66-, and 37-kDa fragments are recognized by an antibody to a peptide matching the sequence 4670-4685. The 56-kDa and the 45-kDa fragments are not Ca2+ release channel fragments. Both high and low affinity ryanodine binding sites are found in the 14 S complex and are, therefore, most likely located between Arg-4475 and the carboxyl terminus.
An on-line psychology laboratory for teaching and research

LearningResearch and DevelopmentCenter, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanm15260 This paper describes a PDP-15 timesharing system in which on-line experimentation and an undergraduate laboratory course co-exist with many other users. Design features include precise stimulus and response timing, easy experiment programming, easy system access, and 15 or more simultaneous users. Students can be both experimenters and subjects in realistic, variable course modules. Current psychological experimentation frequently requires accurate response latency measurement, close control of stimulus presentation, and stimulus genera­ tion contingent on prior responses. As the need for precision has increased and computer costs have de­ clined, an increasing number of psychologists are using the computer to control experiments. A variety of experiment control systems have been developed at universities and research laboratories (see the March, 1975, issue of American Psychologist for an overview), and a number are commercially available from computer manufacturers. A significant number of experimental psychologists have become computer proficient, and a computer users subculture has developed in which bytes and analog-to-digital converters are discussed much as were relay racks a decade ago. In spite of these dramatic changes, the undergraduate's laboratory experience often consists of the psychology of flash cards and memory drums, even at universities where computer-controlled research on cognition is most advanced. There are many reasons for this. Some on-line systems are designed for the experienced user and are complex or specialized for particular experi­ ments. Others lack higher level software features and are
Catalytic, efficient, and syn-selective construction of deoxypolypropionates and other chiral compounds via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of allyl alcohol.

An efficient, syn-selective, all catalytic asymmetric protocol for the synthesis of α,ω-diheterofunctional deoxypolypropionates via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination (ZACA reaction) was developed. The success of the method critically hinges on the one-pot conversion of unprotected allyl alcohol into TBS-protected (R)- or (S)-3-iodo-2-methyl-1-propanol (1) of 91% enantiomeric purity in 82% yield via (i) Zr-catalyzed asymmetric methylalumination, (ii) iodination, and (iii) protection with TBSCl. After zincation of 1, its Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with various organic halides can give various organic derivatives, including 3 and 4, which can serve as key intermediates for efficient and selective syntheses of deoxypolypropionates, such as doliculide and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic acid, and other chiral compounds, such as callystatin A. Selective monocarboalumination of 1,4-pentadiene (5 equiv) gave, after oxidation, the expected product 5, but it was 0% ee. A plausible mechanism for racemization has...
Laser-Induced Double Resonance Ionic Fluorescence of Rare Earths in the Inductively Coupled Plasma

Laser excitation of ionic fluorescence overcomes the problem of spectral interferences encountered when trace analysis of the rare earths is performed by atomic/ionic emission spectrometry in the inductively coupled plasma. Two pulsed, excimer pumped, tunable dye lasers are used to excite ionic fluorescence of rare earths in an inductively coupled plasma. Since several fluorescence lines have been observed after laser excitation, it is possible to draw partial energy level diagrams for lanthanum, ytterbium, europium, and lutetium. Detection limits, linear dynamic ranges, and sensitivities are also reported. This is the first time that two-step excited fluorescence has been observed for any rare earths in an inductively coupled plasma.
Attention and memory-related responses of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during spatial and shape-delayed match-to-sample tasks

When a monkey attends to, remembers, and looks toward targets, the activity of some neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) changes. We recorded from isolated neurons during both a spatial and a shape match-to-sample task to examine and characterize voluntary active processes in LIP. Many LIP neurons show spatially selective activity during the delay period that depends on the location of the sample, but for most cells, this activity does not differ between the two tasks. Although much past work in posterior parietal cortex has explained responses in this region in terms of active processes such as decision-making and motor planning, our findings suggest that much of that activity represents more passive processing. Nevertheless, we do see a significant minority of units that demonstrate instruction-dependent activity during the delay period, suggesting that these units could represent the neural correlates of voluntary or active processes. Separately, we found that during the presentation of the sample stimulus and test array, some units show stronger responses to the stimulus in the shape-matching task when the animal must attend to the shape of a stimulus. This elevated response to the sample during the shape task provides evidence for feature-based attention in LIP. Attention to shape is a property that has not previously been described in primate cortex.
Phase-based image quality assessment

Image quality assessment plays a crucial role in many applications. Since the ultimate receiver in most of the image processing environments are humans, objective measures of quality that correlate with subjective perception are actively sought. Limited success has been achieved in deriving robust quantitative measures that can automatically and efficiently predict perceived image quality. The majority of structural similarity techniques are based on aggregation of local statistics within a local window. The choice of right window sizes to produce results compatible with visual perception is a challenging task with these methods. This paper introduces an intuitive metric that exploits the dominance of Fourier phase over magnitude in images. The metric is based on cross correlation of phase images to assess the image quality. Since the phase captures structural information, a phase-based similarity metric would best mimic the visual perception. With the availability of multi-dimensional Fourier and wavelet transforms, this metric can be directly used to assess quality of multi-dimensional images© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coherent structure induced pressure fluctuations in an elliptic jet

The fluctuating pressure near an M = 0.5 elliptic jet was examined. Layered structures of the pressure field were found. Just outside of the jet edge, the pressure is mainly produced by the passing vortices. A short distance away from this layer, the pressure fluctuations originating from the end of the potential core become dominant and are the source of the far field noise.
Growth rate of a deep-sea coral using 210Pb and other isotopes

Abstract A deep-sea coral was studied to determine its growth rate and to reconstruct time histories of isotope distributions in the deep ocean. The specimen was collected at a depth of 600 m off Little Bahama Banks using the Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) Alvin. The growth rate of the calcitic coral trunk was determined using excess 210Pb measured in concentric bands. Excess 210Pb was found in the outer half of the coral's radius, and a growth rate of 0.11 ± 0.02 mm/a is calculated. Assuming a constant growth rate during formation of the entire trunk, an age of 180 ± 40 a is estimated for the coral. The decrease observed in radiocarbon activities measured on the same bands ( Griffin and Druffel , 1989) concurred with the growth rate estimated from excess 210Pb activity. 239,240pu activities measured by mass spectrometry were also detected in the outer two bands of the coral, as expected from the 210Pb chronology. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes measured in samples collected by a variety of techniques are positively correlated. This is evidence of a variable kinetic isotope effect most likely caused by variations in the skeletal growth rate. Long-lived corals such as this specimen have the potential for serving as integrators of seawater chemistry in the deep-sea over several century timescales.
Reagent anions for charge inversion of polypeptide/protein cations in the gas phase.

Various reagent anions capable of converting polypeptide cations to anions via ion/ion reactions have been investigated. The major charge inversion reaction channels include multiple proton transfer and adduct formation. Dianions composed of sulfonate groups as the negative charge carriers show essentially exclusive adduct formation in converting protonated peptides and proteins to anions. Dianions composed of carboxylate groups, on the other hand, show far more charge inversion via multiple proton transfer, with the degree of adduct formation dependent upon both the size of the polypeptide and the spacings between carboxylate groups in the dianion. More highly charged carboxylate-containing anions, such as those derived from carboxylate-terminated polyamidoamine half-generation dendrimers show charge inversion to give anion charges as high in magnitude as −4, with the degree of adduct formation being inversely related to dendrimer generation. All observations can be interpreted on the basis of charge inv...
Mission Capability Assessment of CubeSats Using a Miniature Ion Thruster

The successful miniaturization of many spacecraft subsystems make CubeSats attractive candidates for evermore-demanding scientific missions. A three-cell CubeSat employing the miniature xenon ion thruster, which features high efficiency and impulse capability, yields a unique spacecraft that can be optimized for a variety of missions ranging from significant inclination changes in a low Earth orbit to lunar transfers. A nominal configuration of a high-ΔV CubeSat has a dry mass of approximately 6.3 kg, including a 0.75 kg payload, margins, and contingencies. Depending on the thruster and propellant tank configuration, this CubeSat is capable of delivering mission ΔV values from 1000 to over 7000 m/s, enabling low-Earth-orbit inclination change missions and lunar missions. A parametric analysis on a three-cell high-ΔV CubeSat bus revealed that a range of payload volumes (up to nearly 1.4 units) and masses (up to nearly 6 kg) can be accommodated depending on the ΔV requirements and mission type. Additionall...
Abstinent phagocytes after a burst of activity

Chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) is an immune-mediated disorder in which platelets are opsonized by autoantibodies and prematurely destroyed by phagocytic cells in the reticuloendothelial system. Anti-D immunoglobulin that recognizes and binds specifically to the erythrocyte D
Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity.

Belief in romantic destiny holds that potential relationship partners are either meant for each other or they are not. As hypothesized, a longitudinal study of romantic relationships revealed that the relation between initial satisfaction and relationship longevity was stronger for those who believe in romantic destiny. In addition, belief in destiny was associated with avoidance coping strategies in dealing with relationship stressors, and with taking more responsibility for ending the relationship. Belief in growth independently holds that successful relationships are cultivated and developed, and was associated with long-term approaches to dating, relationship-maintaining coping strategies and, once the relationship had ended, disagreeing that it seemed wrong from the beginning. Implications and future research avenues are discussed. Individuals have different beliefs about what makes for a good relationship (Fletcher & Kininmonth, 1992; Fletcher & Thomas, 1996). Indeed, the area of social cognition in close relationships continues to thrive, and relationship beliefs and knowledge structures have become a major focus (Berscheid, 1994; Fletcher & Fincham, 1991; Fletcher & Fitness, 1993). In addition, researchers are continually being urged to consider more fully the impact of cognition on relationships , and vice versa (Baldwin, 1992; Fiske, 1992; Ickes & Gonzales, 1996; Kenny, 1994; Reis & Knee, 1996; Schneider, 1991). One type of knowledge structure that has garnered much attention in the achievement and social judgment literatures, but no attention from relationship researchers, is the construct of implicit theories (Dweck, 1996; Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995; Dweck, Hong, & Chiu, 1993). Implicit theories distinguish between the belief that attributes are fixed (or destined) and the belief that attributes are developed (or grown). These implicit theories can take on fascinating meaning when applied to relationships in that one can believe that relationships are destined and that relationships are characterized by growth. The present research examined how destiny and growth beliefs influence the initiation, coping, and longevity of romantic relationships.
Personal characteristics, unemployment insurance, and the duration of unemployment

Abstract This paper develops a methodology to accomodate the ‘spikes’ in reemployment probabilities that are observed when unemployment insurance expires. Previous studies apply the Cox regression model, which has the advantage of a nonparametric baseline hazard function. However, even the Cox model constrains the explanatory variables to have the same effect throughout the entire spell of unemployment. By contrast, our new model allows the explanatory variables to have different effects at and away from the spike. After a simple data transformation, our model may be estimated using readily available software. An empirical example is provided and generalizations are discussed.
Structure of mixed alkali glasses

Abstract Some theories for the anomalous conduction phenomenon of the mixed alkali glasses predict or rely on a particular type of glass structure; either a clustering tendency with positive enthalpy of mixing or an ordering tendency with negative enthalpy of mixing between two dissimilar alkali species. For example, according to a theory based upon the thermodynamic state of glasses suggested by the present author and his collaborator, the large static dielectric relaxation strength and corresponding low dc conductivity observed for mixed alkali glasses indicate a negative enthalpy of mixing. Independent experiments, however, have shown both positive enthalpy of mixing and negative enthalpy of mixing, Mixed alkali glasses have larger static dielectric constant but smaller high frequency dielectric constant than the corresponding single alkali glasses. This difference indicates that the mixed alkali glasses have a negative enthalpy of mixing under dc electric fields but a positive enthalpy of mixing under high frequency electric field. It is suggested that the structural studies made under dc electric field or involving ion-exchange are relevant to the mixed alkali effect.
The translation planes of order 16 that admit PSL(2, 7)

Publisher Summary A translation plane of order 16 admits SL (2, 4) as a collineation group of the translation complement if and only if Π is Desarguesian, Hall, or Dempwolff. Because there are only seventeen points on the line at infinity, users may complete the roof of the main result by combinatorial arguments. An alternate approach would be to compute the possible GF (2) SL(2, 4) modules and use representation theory. A Sylow 2-subgroup fixes exactly two points of the orbit of length 10 and clearly no two Sylow 2-subgroups can fix a common point in this orbit.
Concomitant alterations of physiological and developmental plasticity in Drosophila CaM kinase II-inhibited synapses

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase) has been implicated in neural plasticity that underlies learning and memory processes. Transformed strains of Drosophila, ala1 and ala2, expressing a specific inhibitor of CaM kinase are known to be impaired in an associative conditioning behavioral paradigm. We found that these transformants had altered short-term plasticity in synaptic transmission along with abnormal nerve terminal sprouting and directionality of outgrowth. These results represent an interesting parallel with the activity-dependent regulation of synaptic physiology and morphology by the cAMP cascade in Aplysia and Drosophila. In contrast to the learning mutants dunce and rutabaga, which are defective in the cAMP cascade, inhibition of CaM kinase in ala transformants caused increased sprouting at larval neuromuscular junctions near the nerve entry point, rather than altering the higher order branch segments. In addition, synaptic facilitation and potentiation were altered in a manner different from that observed in the cAMP mutants. Furthermore, synaptic currents in ala transformants were characterized by greater variability, suggesting an important role of CaM kinase in the stability of transmission.
On normed Jordan algebras which are Banach dual spaces

Alfsen, Shultz, and Stormer have defined a class of normed Jordan algebras called JB-algebras, which are closely related to Jordan algebras of self-adjoint operators. We show that the enveloping algebra of a JB-algebra can be identified with its bidual. This is used to show that a JB-algebra is a dual space iff it is monotone complete and admits a separating set of normal states; in this case the predual is unique and consists of all normal linear functionals. Such JB-algebras (“JBW-algebras”) admit a unique decomposition into special and purely exceptional summands. The special part is isomorphic to a weakly closed Jordan algebra of self-adjoint operators. The purely exceptional part is isomorphic to C(X, M38) (the continuous functions from X into M38).
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA EXPRESSION IN MOUSE LUNG CARCINOGENESIS

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional growth modulator that inhibits the proliferation of many epithelial cells while stimulating the proliferation of most fibroblasts. To examine the role of TGF-β in mouse lung chemically induced tumorigenesis, expression of the TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 proteins was examined in A/J mice treated with the carcinogen urethane to induce lung adenomas using immunohistochemical staining analysis. Immunostaining for the TGF-β ligands was detected in the epithelium of the bronchioles of untreated A/J mice with immunostaining being more intense for TGF-β1 than for TGF-β2 and TGF-β3; immunostaining for each TGF-β ligand was also detected in the bronchiolar epithelium of urethane-treated A/J mice at levels similar to untreated mice. Immunostaining for the TGF-β ligands was also detected in adenomas by 2 months; staining for TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 in adenomas was detected at levels comparable with bronchioles. Following treatment with urethane for 8 months, immunost...
The role of relational triggers in event perception

Research exploring visual attention has demonstrated that people are aware of only a small proportion of visual properties, and that people only track these properties over a subset of moments in time. This makes it critical to understand how our perceptual system leverages its limited capacity, such that properties are tracked across views only when they can support an understanding of meaningful events. In this paper, we propose that relational triggers induce between-view property comparisons when spatial relationships between objects appear inconsistent across views-moments that are particularly likely to mark the beginning of meaningful events. In these experiments, we activate relational triggers by violating heuristics that filmmakers use to create visuospatial continuity across views. We find that these violations increase change detection when they coincide with visual property changes, demonstrating that relational triggers induce a comparison of properties held in working memory. We also demonstrate that relational triggers increase the likelihood of event segmentation, and that change detection increases both in response to triggers and natural event boundaries. We propose that relational triggers are an effective heuristic cue that facilitates the comparison of properties when they are likely to be useful during event perception.
Upgraded facility for multilayer mirror characterization at NIST

In response to the needs of the emerging field of normal incidence soft x-ray optics, a field with applications ranging from extreme ultraviolet (XUV) solar imaging to x-ray lithography, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated an XUV multilayer and optical substrate characterization program. In this paper, we give an overview of the present capabilities of the NIST facility and discuss some of the proposed improvements, concentrating on the new soft x-ray reflectometry facility being built at SURF.
A Behavioral Augmentation of Natural Immunity: Odor Specificity Supports a Pavlovian Conditioning Model

BALB/c mice were conditioned by pairing an odor to an injection of poly-inosinic:poly-cytidylic acid (poly I:C), a strong inducer of natural killer (NK) cell activity as the unconditoned stimulus (US). When later reexposed to the odor conditioning stimulus (CS), these mice showed a conditioned augmentation of the NK cell response to a suboptimal dose of 1 μg poly I:C. The two stimuli used in these studies were camphor (Ca) and citronella oil (Cr) odors, two chemically-related but distinct odor stimuli. The conditioned mice demonstrated the ability to discriminate between Ca and Cr, such that the conditioned response (CR) was only elicited by the odor CS used in the formation of the conditioned association. Exposure of conditioned mice to the non-associated odor stimulus on the test day did not elicit a change in the NK cell response to the suboptimal dose of poly I: C when compared to mice in the US group that had been given the US on day 0 without pairing to either odor stimulus. This specificity of the ...
Carbohydrate constituents of healthy and wound tissue in the saguaro cactus

Abstract In response to wounding or infection, the saguaro cactus forms a hard, ligniferous callus tissue. The major polysaccharides in the callus are cellulose and a xylan. In the healthy cortical tissue (pulp) are found carbohydrates derived mainly from glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose; 70 per cent of the pulp polysaccharides are soluble in water. Galactose, which accounts for 31 per cent of all saccharide constituents in the pulp, is not present in the wound tissue.
First principles molecular dynamics of Li: Test of a new algorithm

Abstract We have tested a new algorithm to perform first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. This new scheme differs from the Car-Parrinello method and is based on the calculation of the self-consistent solutions of the Kohn-Sham equations at each molecular dynamics timestep, using a fast iterative diagonalization algorithm. We do not use a fictitious electron dynamics, and therefore the molecular dynamics timesteps can be considerably larger in our method than in the Car-Parrinello algorithm. Furthermore, the number of basis functions is variable, which makes this method particularly suited to deal with simulations involving a cell with variable shape and volume. Applications of this method to liquid Li offers results which are in excellent agreement with experiment and indicates that it is basically comparable in efficiency to the Car-Parrinello method.
Japanese aid to Africa: Patterns, motivation and the role of structural adjustment

In 1989 Japan surpassed United States as the world's largest contributor of overseas development assistance (ODA). While there has been considerable material on Japanese aid to Asia, comparatively little has been written on Japanese assistance to Africa. The article attempts to expand the literature by generating and analysing a data set on ODA to each African country from 1959 to 1994. The data indicate an overwhelming influence of structural adjustment lending on ODA. The article shows that structural adjustment programmes are inconsistent with the pattern of Japanese economic development. Based on interviews in Japan's agencies, the article analyses the reasons for Japan's strong support for adjustment in Africa and the more recent disenchantment with these policy packages. The author argues that the most important dimension in the shifting pattern of assistance to Africa is bilateral relations with the United States.
Performance bounds for CSMA-based medium access control

In recent work, it was shown that the class of distributed random access MAC schemes leveraging Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is throughput-optimal. To fully assess the potential of such schemes, it is challenging to study their performance in terms of mean delays and compare it against that of centralized scheduling. In this paper, we present upper and lower bounds on the performance of CSMA-based random access MAC. We modify the ideal CSMA model to obtain one that further incorporates queue length information and admits a product-form stationary distribution. We analytically calculate its mean delay at the steady-state, and show that it yields an upper bound on the delay of ideal CSMA. We also derive a lower bound which is independent of the scheduling algorithm. The derived bounds coincide with the best known bounds for the popular max-weight scheduling, whence the performance of such distributed low-complexity schemes lies in the same regime as that of the centralized, generally NP-hard max-weight scheduling. Our results extend to slotted systems, as well as to a wide range of arrival-service processes. Finally, we develop a method for deriving upper and lower bounds on the performance of MAC algorithms by use of Linear Programming (LP) and present comparative simulation results.
Primary monolayer cultures of the rat corpus striatum: Morphology and properties related to acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyrate

Abstract This study demonstrates that it is possible to grow functional primary monolayer cultures of neurons from the corpus striatum of the newborn rat. Cells grown using a serum-free supplement instead of horse serum had a more complex morphology, a higher specific activity of γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine whole-cell biosynthesis, and increased high-affinity uptake capacity for γ-aminobutyric acid. Five major classes of neurons were identified on morphological grounds. In addition to the biosynthetic and uptake properties mentioned above, capacity for high-affinity uptake of analogs and precursors of the two neurochemical systems was demonstrated. This system should be useful for studies of both pathological processes and drug actions.
Some results on mean tidal structure and day-to-day variability over Arecibo

Abstract A long series of monthly 36 h observations, plus a series of observations at the same local time each day over two months at Arecibo, have been analyzed for tidal structure and variability. Some of the results are as follows. (1) A diurnal tide with vertical structure similar to that of the S1,1 mode dominates the wind field up to heights of the order of 110 km over Arecibo. A semidiurnal oscillation dominates above that height. For non-winter conditions the semidiurnal oscillation in the 80–200 km region closely resembles the S2,2 mode, though there is the possibility of contributions from higher order modes in the 100–120 km region. (2) Larger semidiurnal amplitudes are observed in the lower thermosphere for winter conditions. The data appears roughly consistent with Bernard's (1979) hypothesis that S2,2, S2,4 and S2,5 modes are thermally excited, with the S2,4 and S2,5 modes out of phase in the meteor region in summer and in phase in winter. (3) The day-to-day variability of the tides is at least half the amplitude of the mean oscillations. The maximum wind variability was observed to occur in the 100–110 km region where the diurnal tide is strongly dissipated. (4) The day-to-day deviations in the wind and temperature oscillations from a long term mean at one local time tend to be wave-like structures which are generally correlated from day to day. The structures tend to move upwards, i.e., appear at a later local time, from day to day.
Equilibrium of apoproteins between high density lipoprotein and the aqueous phase: Modelling of in vivo metabolism

There is a growing body of evidence that apoproteins of the high density lipoproteins (HDL) exchange between lipoprotein particles through the aqueous phase and that there is always a finite but physiologically important quantity of lipid-free apoprotein in plasma. We have studied the theoretical consequences of this concept on the catabolism of apoproteins and developed a testable model for studying the in vivo metabolism of HDL apoproteins. This model describes the putative modification of the apparent tissue distribution spaces of the apoprotein that would result from a change in the partitioning of this apoprotein between HDL and the aqueous phase. The main parameters predicted by the model include the tissue distribution spaces of free monomeric apoprotein, those of HDL-bound apoprotein and the partition coefficient of the apoprotein between HDL and the aqueous phase in blood. We have designed several ways of testing this model in vivo including the use of model synthetic apoproteins. This model can be generalized to a number of other binding systems.
Treatment for lexical retrieval in progressive aphasia

Background: Treatment for lexical retrieval impairment has been shown to yield positive outcomes in individuals with aphasia due to focal lesions, but there has been little research regarding the treatment of such impairments in individuals with progressive aphasia. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of a semantic treatment for anomia in progressive aphasia relative to the outcome in an individual with stroke‐induced aphasia. Methods & Procedures: Two individuals with progressive aphasia and one with aphasia resulting from stroke participated in the study. Each participant presented with fluent, anomic aphasia; however, one of the patients with progressive aphasia demonstrated characteristics indicating a likely progression towards non‐fluency. Each participant received a brief, intensive treatment intended to improve lexical retrieval in the context of generative naming for selected semantic categories. Treatment tasks included guided lexical retrieval prompted by the ...
Scaffold Protein Tethering Ability under Load: FAK's FERM Domain Mechanical Properties V. Binding Site

Mechanotransductive scaffolding proteins are tethered and thus subjected to mechanical loads that potentially induce partial or total unfolding. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is regulated by mechanical stimulation through extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and actin cytoskeleton contractility. FAK is composed of three major domains: two of which putatively perform tethering (the FERM and FAT domains) while the central kinase domain is catalytically active in a wide variety of cell motility/invasion pathways upon activation. The so-called “basic patch” is the ligand-binding site on FERM's F2 subdomain, which is connected, via an unstructured loop, directly to FERM's F3 subdomain and distally to the kinase. As a mechanically competent tether, the FERM domain must carry loads between the basic patch and the F3 subdomain's C-terminal. A key question is whether these subdomains lose their tertiary structure under load_and therefore unwrap into a “beads on a string” configuration_and, if so, what consequences this has for ligand-binding subdomain stability. Towards an understanding of the FERM domain's ability to tether a mechanically competent FAK (pdb: 2al6), FERM's unfolding pathways are studied via Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD). SMD simulations of the unfolding process reveal force peaks, extended conformations of intermediate states, and intra-molecular load pathways. Loads are applied to FERM's C-terminal and a set of residues in the basic patch known to bind to both phospholipids and phosphopeptides. By differentially applying loads to the basic patch's secondary structures, unfolding behavior, including both force levels and intermediate states, is revealed. Pulling-mode simulations_mimicking AFM_identify unfolding intermediate states; constant-force-mode simulations probe the structural behavior of identified intermediates. Given the diversity of ligands known to bind to the basic patch, mechanical behavior as a function of binding-site secondary structure is crucial for understanding mechanotransduction.
An improved edge bound on the interval number of a graph

On ameliore la borne superieure du nombre d'intervalles d'un graphe en termes du nombre de ses aretes. On majore le nombre d'intervalles des graphes dans les classes hereditaires en termes de degres de sommets
Response to Dr. Hilsden

TO THE EDITOR: We appreciate Dr. Hilsden's concern regarding the inherent limitations of the retrospective cohort study design and the Department of Veterans Affairs administrative databases, which were addressed in our discussion (1). We also agree that a comparison of colon cancer–specific mortality and all-cause mortality would be useful to support the contribution of surveillance colonoscopy to the mortality benefit found. Unfortunately, there is no reliable method to determine cause of death in this data set. In addition, there are no specific ICD-9-CM codes available to distinguish recurrent colorectal cancer from a personal history of colorectal cancer. Thus, we were not able to directly measure recurrence or investigate its impact on performance of repeat colonoscopy, as Dr. Hilsden suggests. Realizing that those who present with distant metastases would have a higher mortality and decreased likelihood of receiving follow-up colonoscopy, we excluded those patients with ICD-9-CM codes at the index hospitalization indicating metastatic disease. This method has been previously used (2) but not rigorously validated. Therefore, we took the additional precaution of excluding those patients who died within 1 yr of diagnosis, because they also had a high probability of being inappropriate surveillance candidates, owing to metastatic disease or severe comorbidity. We adjusted for baseline comorbidities using the Charlson index. High comorbidity burden was associated with decreased survival, with a hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% CI = 1.18–1.56) for one major comorbidity compared with none and with a hazard ratio of 1.90 (95% CI = 1.65–2.20) for two or more major comorbidities compared with none. Whether measurement of new comorbidities during the follow-up period would impact our findings is an interesting question. We therefore performed a sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of such a confounder on our model.
Efficient synthesis of 5‐substituted‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐6‐ones and 5‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazin‐6‐ones

Treatment of methyl α-(dimethylarninomethyleneamino)carboxylates 1 (from α-amino acids and dimethylformamide dimethylacetal) with hydrazine gives 5-substituted-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-ones 2, which are smoothly dehydrogenated to 5-substituted-1,2,4-triazin-6-ones 3 with potassium permanganate in acetone/acetic acid.
EXTRACORPOREAL LIFE SUPPORT (ECLS) IN PATIENTS WITH DOCUMENTED RESPIRATORY VIRAL ILLNESS. 2089

EXTRACORPOREAL LIFE SUPPORT (ECLS) IN PATIENTS WITH DOCUMENTED RESPIRATORY VIRAL ILLNESS. 2089