cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Gridded Meteorological Forcing on Watershed Hydrological Responses

Abstract. Meteorological forcing plays a critical role in accurately simulating the watershed hydrological cycle. With the advancement of high-performance computing and the development of integrated watershed models, simulating the watershed hydrological cycle at high temporal (hourly to daily) and spatial resolution (10s of meters) has become efficient and computationally affordable. These hyperresolution watershed models require high resolution of meteorological forcing as model input to ensure the fidelity and accuracy of simulated responses. In this study, we utilized the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS), an integrated watershed model, to simulate surface and subsurface flow and land surface processes using unstructured meshes at the Coal Creek Watershed near Crested Butte (Colorado). We compared simulated watershed hydrologic responses including streamflow, and distributed variables such as evapotranspiration, snow water equivalent (SWE), and groundwater table drivenby three publicly available, gridded meteorological forcing (GMF) – Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries (Daymet), Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), and North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS). By comparing various spatial resolutions (ranging from 400 m to 4 km) of PRISM, the simulated streamflow only becomes marginally worse when spatial resolution of meteorological forcing is coarsened to 4 km (or 30 % of the watershed area). However, the 4 km resolution has much worse performance than finer resolution in spatially distributedvariables such as SWE. By comparing models forced by different temporal resolutions of NLDAS (hourly to daily), GMF in sub-daily resolution preserves the dynamic watershed responses (e.g., diurnal fluctuation of streamflow) that are absent in results forced by daily resolution. Conversely, the simulated streamflow shows better performance using daily resolution compared to that using sub-daily resolution. Our findings suggest that the choice of GMF and its spatiotemporal resolution depends on the quantity of interest and its spatial and temporal scale, which may have important implications on model calibration and watershed management decisions.
Changes : readings for ESL writers

This text offers 44 accessible readings, with accompanying pre- and post-reading activities, that deal with the theme of change.
Fibre Bundles and the Physics of the Magnetic Monopole

It is a privilege on my part to speak at this symposium honoring Professor Chern. I think I can claim, among all the participants here, to have known him for the longest time, perhaps even longer than Mrs. Chern has know him.
Modular scalable medium-voltage impedance measurement unit using 10 kV SiC MOSFET PEBBs

This paper describes the design and implementation of the first functional medium-voltage impedance measurement unit capable of characterizing in-situ source and load impedances of dc- and ac-networks (4160 V ac, 6000 V dc, 300 A, 2.2 MVA) in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz–1 kHz. It comprises three power electronics building blocks, each built using SiC MOSFET H-bridges, features great reconfigurability, and allows both series and shunt perturbation injection in order to achieve accurate impedance characterization of the Navy's shipboard power systems. With extraordinary advantages featured by the power electronics building block modular concept, and unconventional power processing benefits offered by SiC semiconductors, development of the unit shown in this paper unquestionably enables both, improvement of the existing, and design of the future, stable and reliable electrical Navy shipboard platforms with advanced electrical energy generation and modern distribution architecture.
Large Local Reactions to Insect Stings

Large local reactions (LLRs) are IgE-mediated late-phase inflammatory reactions that can cause great morbidity but are associated with a relatively low risk of future anaphylaxis. Patients with LLR may benefit from consultation with an allergist to help clarify the relative risk, to plan the best treatment for future stings, and to determine whether or not to pursue testing or venom immunotherapy (VIT). The chance of anaphylaxis to future stings is <5%, so VIT is not generally recommended to people who have had LLR. Whether to prescribe an epinephrine injector is often determined by the frequency of exposure, the proximity to medical care, and the impact on quality of life. For people who have unavoidable exposure and need treatment almost every year for LLR, VIT can be recommended with confidence that it will significantly and safely reduce the severity of LLR to stings.
Legal advising and the rule of law

The fundamental question for a theory of legal ethics is what ends, functions and values give content to the lawyer’s role, underwrite speciﬁc normative principles telling lawyers how to act, and ground criticism in ethical terms of lawyers who engage in wrongdoing. The question is well known in Charles Fried’s famous formulation, ‘Can a good lawyer be a good person?’1 Stated that way, the issue is presented in terms of the problem of role-diﬀerentiated morality. That is, one’s professional role as a lawyer requires or permits actions that would be deemed wrongful by ordinary moral standards. In the advocacy context, these role-acts include things like cross-examining a truthful witness to discredit her testimony, or using some procedural device, such as the statute of limitations, to avoid a judgement on the merits of a claim. The problem of role-diﬀerentiated morality arises when one understands these acts in ordinary moral terms under descriptions like ‘lying’ or ‘cheating’.2 It is no answer to say that the acts can also be described in role-speciﬁc terms, such as ‘cross-examination’ or ‘ﬁling a motion’ because the descriptions in ordinary moral terms persist.3 Arguing for a result contrary to what the lawyer knows to be true is still ‘deception’, even if it can also be described as ‘zealous advocacy’ or ‘putting the other side to its proof’. Because of the persistence of description in ordinary moral terms, there arises a demand for justiﬁcation, in the terms that one would ordinarily be expected to oﬀer for what is prima facie an interference with the rights of others. The response typically given to this demand has been aptly named the ‘adver-sary system excuse’ by David Luban.4 Lawyers claim they are not morally accountable for committing acts of deception or cheating because they work within an institutional framework that is designed to accomplish some valuable social end, and realizing this end requires the lawyer to perform certain acts that would otherwise be morally wrong, but for the institutions and procedures of the adversary system. Thus, the description in ordinary moral terms is sort of beside the point, just as describing money as little green pieces of paper (if you’re an American) misses the point of money as a placeholder for value that facilitates exchanges. This is the sort of ‘institutional fact’ that arises only as a result of a complicated set of formal and informal norms respecting how properties ofobjects in the natural world, such as green pieces of paper with pictures of dead presidents on them, should be treated.5
Perinatal Effects of Sex Steroids on Brain Development and Function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of sex steroids on brain development and function. The subject of the present chapter can be summarized by the question: “What brings about functional differences in brain activity?” The concept that the perinatal steroid environment determines sexual differences in neuroendocrine function is reviewed both with respect to the control of pituitary activity and of female sexual behavior. Various drugs were used to elucidate the possible mechanism(s) of exogenous androgen in “masculinizing” the brain. In the male testosterone and spermatazoa are produced at a relatively constant rate and specific masculine behavioral patterns can be displayed with a sexually receptive partner essentially at any time. In contrast, the female rat exhibits cyclic reproductive activity. Cyclic changes in ovarian steroid secretion, which produce the vaginal cycle, are in turn the result of cyclic fluctuations in the hypothalamic secretion of gonadotrophin (GTH) releasing factors. Sexual behavior of the female rat, in addition to being cyclic in its appearance, is quite distinct from that of the male. The permanent action of gonadal hormones during the perinatal period is unique and led to the proposal that gonadal steroids can have two types of action depending on the state of development of the central nervous system, either “organizational” or “activational.”
Life-history variation in a seed beetle: adult egg-laying vs. larval competitive ability

Populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus differ genetically in several traits that mediate intraspecific competition. This study examined competitive interactions between larvae from two strains that differed in their propensity to oviposit on occupied hosts. In a strain (S) where females avoided laying >1 egg/seed, larvae were highly competitive; if two larvae entered a small host simultaneously, only one adult emerged. In a strain (I) whose females were “sloppier” in their egg-laying decisions, more than half of the seeds bearing two larvae yielded two adults. If seeds contained one larva from each strain, only one adult emerged per seed, and 70% of these adults belonged to the more competitive S strain. A larva's probability of emergence could be increased if it entered the seed before its competitor. A two-day headstart was needed merely for I larvae to compete equally with S larvae. Competition also affected development time and adult weight, but its effect was highly strain- and sex-specific. Adult life-history traits also differed substantially between strains. Compared to I beetles, S beetles exhibited decreased longevity, lower fecundity, a truncated period of oviposition, and larger egg and body size. Fecundity was linearly related to body size in the I strain, but was largely independent of size in the S strain. When faced with a shortage of hosts, S females (whose progeny are highly competitive) “withheld” eggs and died without depositing 40% of their lifetime supply. In contrast, the fecundity of I females was independent of seed availability. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that both highly uniform egg-laying and strong interference among larvae may be a consequence of chronic association with a relatively small host. Results from the larval competition experiments were used as parameter estimates for a simple, game-theoretic model that postulates interference vs. exploitative strategies. Fitness comparisons suggest that a strategy employing interference competition cannot be invaded by a more exploitative form of competition in a small host.
Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy in children with the transseptal long sheath technique

Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were obtained in 19 infants and children using a long sheath as an introducer after transseptal puncture of the atrial septum. From July 1982 to August 1983, 19 patients, ages 7 months to 12 years (mean = 4.6 years), underwent both right and left ventricular biopsies with only one failure. The long sheath technique allows positioning of the bioptome in different areas of the left ventricular chamber. Right ventricular biopsies were also obtained with the long sheath technique in 11 other patients.
A critique of van Fraassen's voluntaristic epistemology

Van Fraassen's epistemology is forged from two commitments, one to a type of Bayesianism and the other to what he terms voluntarism. Van Fraassen holds that if one is going to follow a rule in belief-revision, it must be a Bayesian rule, but that one does not need to follow a rule in order to be rational. It is argued that van Fraassen's arguments for rejecting non-Bayesian rules is unsound, and that his voluntarism is subject to a fatal dilemma arising from the non-monotonic character of reasoning.
Screening, confirmation and quantification of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise™)

Abstract Methods for screening by thin-layer chromatography, quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and confirmation by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise™) are presented. Sample work-up was done with C18 liquid—solid extraction followed by solvolytic cleavage of the sulfate ester. Confirmatory evidence of boldenone sulfate in equine urine was obtained from 2 h to 42 days following a therapeutic intramuscular dose of Equipoise. The use of 19-nortestosterone sulfate as the internal standard for quantification of boldenone sulfate is discussed.
The ischemic liver--do not resuscitate too much

The interest in liver transplantation has focused more attention on the mechanisms of injury during hepatic ischemia, preservation, and reperfusion. Although the human liver has been successfully maintained under hypothermic conditions for up to 10 hours, organ preservation remains the major obstacle to liver transplantation. With tissue ischemia, cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation cease, with a decline in high-energy phosphates including adenosine triphosphate (ATP). If oxygen and substrate are made available within a certain period of time, energy stores are regenerated and cells live. However, with irreversible ischemia, ATP stores cannot be regenerated despite the restoration of blood flow, and the cells consequently die. When ATP-MgCl2 has been given by intravenous infusion, animal survival has been improved in shock, and renal function and histology have been maintained after renal ischemia. The mechanism responsible for this beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 has not been defined, but it is generally presumed that ATP preserves sublethally injured cells by enhancing their repair and recovery after ischemic injury. Although reperfusion is necessary to prevent cell death, it is not without hazard. During the period of ischemia, ATP is broken down to adenosine monophosphate, adenosine, inosine, and finally to hypoxanthine, which can be irreversibly converted by xanthine oxidase to xanthine. The introduction of oxygen into this reaction by reperfusion results in the production of the free radicals superoxide (02 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are mediators of tissue injury, probably by lipid peroxidation. Protection from these oxidative effects can be achieved by dismutation of superoxide to H2O2 by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduction of H2O2 by catalase.
Cultural Considerations in Counseling Couples Who Experience Infertility.

Infertility creates challenges affecting various aspects of couples' intimate lives. Practices regarding reproduction are often shaped by cultural messages. Culturally sensitive treatment methods help counselors provide effective therapy to couples with fertility problems. This article describes cultural influences, challenges, and counseling interventions for couples struggling with infertility. La infertilidad crea una serie de desafios que afectan a varios aspectos de la vida intima de las parejas. Las practicas relacionadas con la reproduccion son determinadas frecuentemente por mensajes culturales. Unos metodos de tratamiento culturalmente sensibles ayudan a los consejeros a proporcionar una terapia eficaz para las parejas con problemas de fertilidad. Este articulo describe las influencias culturales, los desafios y las intervenciones de consejeria para parejas que sufren a causa de su infertilidad.
Effect of H-2 genes on expression of HLA-B27 and Yersinia-induced arthritis.

HLA-B*2705 transgenic mice were continuously backcrossed to mice of the BIO background with various haplotypes. A high level of expression of the HLA-B27 protein was detected on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from mice homozygous for H-2b, H-2f, H-2s, H-2p, H-2r, and H-2k haplotypes by FACS analysis with the ME-1 antibody. A lower level of expression of B27 was observed on PBLs from H-2v mice. Little or no expression of B27 was detected on PBLs from H-2q or H-2d mice. We hypothesize that the HLA-B27 heavy chain is analogous to and competes with endogenous class I heavy chains in the H-2d, H-2q and H-2v haplotypes. Interestingly, other studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that mice with the H-2d and H-2q haplotypes with deletions of certain T cell receptor subsets are more prone to Yersinia-induced arthritis (YIA). Therefore, the mouse model of YIA may provide insights into the mechanisms of HLA-B27-linked spondyloarthropathies in man.
Dynamic Assessment: Whys and Hows

Recent research indicates that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) typically do not implement dynamic assessment (DA) in evaluating the language skills of children from culturally and linguisticall...
Crystal structures of nitroalkane oxidase: insights into the reaction mechanism from a covalent complex of the flavoenzyme trapped during turnover.

Nitroalkane oxidase (NAO) from Fusarium oxysporum catalyzes the oxidation of neutral nitroalkanes to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones with the production of H2O2 and nitrite. The flavoenzyme is a new member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD) family, but it does not react with acyl-CoA substrates. We present the 2.2 A resolution crystal structure of NAO trapped during the turnover of nitroethane as a covalent N5−FAD adduct (ES*). The homotetrameric structure of ES* was solved by MAD phasing with 52 Se-Met sites in an orthorhombic space group. The electron density for the N5-(2-nitrobutyl)-1,5-dihydro-FAD covalent intermediate is clearly resolved. The structure of ES* was used to solve the crystal structure of oxidized NAO at 2.07 A resolution. The c axis for the trigonal space group of oxidized NAO is 485 A, and there are six subunits (11/2 holoenzymes) in the asymmetric unit. Four of the active sites contain spermine (EI), a weak competitive inhibitor, and two do not contain spermine (Eox). The ac...
Positive health: conceptual place, dimensions and implications.

Positive health combines with pathology or illness to yield a broader concept of health, etymologically anchored on the concept of wholeness and enshrined in WHO’s constitution. The most recognized as
Floor- and cage-rearing effects on pullets' initial adaptation to multiple-hen cages

Abstract White Leghorn pullets reared in floor pens and high-density cages were compared for behavioral traits and changes in body weights during the initial 2 or 3 weeks after being placed in multiplehen cages during late adolescence. Information on behavior was obtained from 48 pullets kept in 6, 8-bird cages during Days 1, 4 and 15 in Experiment 1, and from 80 pullets kept in 16, 5-bird cages during Days 1 and 7 or 8 in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, floor-reared pullets showed significantly more crouching, less movement and lower feed consumption than cage-reared pullets during Day 1. By Day 4, floor-reared pullets still consumed significantly less feed, but by Day 15, no differences were found for crouching, movement or feed eaten. Cage-reared pullets had more feather-pecking on Day 1 but less on Day 15 than floor-reared ones. Pullets from the two rearing environments did not differ in post-housing daily gain in body weight. In Experiment 2, floor-reared pullets had significantly fewer feeding bouts during Day 1, but they did not differ from cage-reared pullets during Days 7 or 8. Although pullets from floor-pens fed significantly less frequently, they had longer durations of feeding bouts, so that total time feeding did not differ from that of cage-reared pullets. Diurnal feeding patterns changed significantly from Day 1 to Day 7 or 8. Correlation coefficients between measures of individual pullet's feeding behavior and body weight at housing did not differ significantly from zero. Duration of individuals' feeding bouts on Day 7 or 8 was moderately and significantly correlated with their body-weight gain for the first 21 days after housing. Gains in body weight did not differ for pullets from the two rearing treatments. Most aggressive acts occurred just inside the front of the cages, adjacent to the feed trough; few were seen directly over the feed. Agonistic activity and percentage of dominance relationships known were greater among floor-reared than among cage-reared pullets after transfer to laying-house cages. Decreases in frequency of aggressive acts occurred from Day 1 to Day 7 or 8 for pullets from both rearing environments.
Dynamics of Nucleosome Assembly and Effects of DNA Methylation

The nucleosome is the fundamental packing unit of the eukaryotic genome, and CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification associated with gene repression and silencing. We investigated nucleosome assembly mediated by histone chaperone Nap1 and the effects of CpG methylation based on three-color single molecule FRET measurements, which enabled direct monitoring of histone binding in the context of DNA wrapping. According to our observation, (H3-H4)2 tetramer incorporation must precede H2A-H2B dimer binding, which is independent of DNA termini wrapping. Upon CpG methylation, (H3-H4)2 tetramer incorporation and DNA termini wrapping are facilitated, whereas proper incorporation of H2A-H2B dimers is inhibited. We suggest that these changes are due to rigidified DNA and increased random binding of histones to DNA. According to the results, CpG methylation expedites nucleosome assembly in the presence of abundant DNA and histones, which may help facilitate gene packaging in chromatin. The results also indicate that the slowest steps in nucleosome assembly are DNA termini wrapping and tetramer positioning, both of which are affected heavily by changes in the physical properties of DNA.
Response of Bell Pepper Cultivars to Bacterial Spot Pathogen Races that Individually Overcome Major Resistance Genes.

The effect of major resistance genes (Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3) or gene combinations for resistance to bacterial spot of bell peppers (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) in 15 commercial cultivars on disease reduction and yield were studied during 1995 and 1996. Reaction of cultivars to specific races (races 1, 2, or 3) of the pathogen corresponded with seed company claims for resistance against these races. Races 1 to 4 were used as initial inoculum in 1995, and races 1 to 6 in 1996 field experiments. Cultivars with no known resistance genes to bacterial spot (e.g., Camelot, Jupiter, and Valiant), a single resistance gene (X3R Camelot, King Arthur), or a combination of Bs1 and Bs3 genes (Guardian, Sentinel, and Admiral) were severely diseased. Yields were reduced in all inoculated cultivars compared to non-inoculated cultivars used as controls. Although races 4 and 6 caused significant disease in cultivars with only Bs1 (King Arthur) or Bs2 (X3R Camelot) genes, cultivars with a combination of Bs1 and Bs2 (Boynton Bell, PR9300-8) had much lower levels of bacterial spot. Roger 4178, a hybrid with a combination of Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3 genes, had the lowest disease ratings. Overall, race 3 was predominant during 1995, while races 3 and 6 were recovered most frequently in 1996.
Mediators in the Relationship Between Parental and Peer Characteristics and Beer Drinking by Early Adolescents1

Social learning theory suggests that parents and peers influence adolescent drinking directly by providing social reinforcement and models for imitation, and indirectly by first influencing various expectations adolescents form about drinking. In this study, longitudinal data were used to investigate several mediators that could account for the relationships between adolescent beer drinking and parent and peer drinking behaviors and attitudes. The results show that peer drinking indirectly influences adolescent drinking by shaping adolescents' norms on drinking, drinking preferences, and expected consequences of drinking related to friends and problem behavior, whereas parental alcohol use and peer attitude toward alcohol largely directly influence adolescent beer drinking. The results suggest that influence is in large part direct or indirect depending on the source of the influence. In addition, different types of mediators may account for different relationships.
Imaging the dorsal hippocampus: light reflectance relationships to electroencephalographic patterns during sleep

We assessed the correspondence of 660 nm light reflectance changes from the dorsal hippocampus with slow wave electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during quiet sleep (QS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in four cats. An optic probe, attached to a charge-coupled-device (CCD) video camera, was'placed on the dorsal hippocampal surface to collect reflectance images simultaneously with EEG, which was measured by macroelectrodes placed around the probe circumference. Spectral estimates of EEG and light reflectance amplitude indicated that reflectance changes occurred in a similar frequency range as EEG changes. Dividing the image into 10 subregions revealed that reflectance changes at the rhythmical slow wave activity band (RSA, 4-6 Hz) persisted in localized regions during QS and REM sleep, but regional changes showed considerable wave-by-wave independence between areas and from slow wave electrical activity. Peak frequencies for reflectance changes corresponded to fast RSA frequencies observed in the EEG. Optical changes most likely derive from fast-acting physical phenomena, rather than from alterations in blood perfusion, and provide increased spatial resolution over that offered by electrical measurements.
A CO2 tracer-gas method for local air leakage detection and characterization

Abstract A method for local measurement of air leakage rate is presented that can be used to accurately and quickly assess leakage rates across a surface, such as around a valve or hatch in a pressurized gas tank or a window in a building. The method uses a small local enclosure with constant volume placed about a region on the structure under investigation (e.g., a window), which is depressurized and injected with a small concentration of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. The time variation of the pressure and carbon dioxide concentration inside the enclosure are monitored and used to quantify the leakage flow rate as a function of pressure difference. This method uses a small enclosure with internal mixing so that a quasi-steady-state condition is quickly achieved. Because of the small size of the enclosure, advanced data processing techniques are necessary to reduce uncertainty in determination of the rate of change of the carbon dioxide concentration that arises from sensor variability. Results of a laboratory demonstration of the proposed leakage detection and characterization device are reported for the problem of leakage through a circular hole in a plate with prescribed pressure differences. Experimental results from the laboratory tests are found to be in excellent agreement with results of a numerical simulation of leakage flow through a hole, as well as predictions from a number of empirical equations for this problem found in the literature.
Uptake rates for hydrogen by niobium and tantalum: effect of thin metallic overlayers

Abstract The hydrogen uptake rates of clean niobium and tantalum foils were measured as a function of temperature and pressure. The “sticking coefficient” (the number of hydrogen atoms entering the bulk per twice the number of hydrogen molecules hitting the surface) of hydrogen on clean niobium and tantalum at about 2.2 × 10−5 Torr hydrogen and room temperature was found to be surprisingly low, approximately 0.005 and 0.05 respectively, resulting in very low uptake rates under these conditions. This result is explained on the basis of a recently proposed model. It was found that these uptake rates can be significantly enhanced or decreased by the surface deposition of a thin layer of palladium, platinum or nickel. The hydrogen uptake rates, i.e. the sticking coefficients, were measured as a function of the overlayer thickness. In the case of palladium it was found that a layer less than one monolayer thick either will not change or will even inhibit the hydrogen uptake, whereas a layer over one monolayer thick will dramatically enhance the sticking coefficient to a value of unity. It was found that the change at one monolayer is related to a phase transition of the palladium surface layer at that coverage. Neither platinum nor nickel exhibits this effect but both influence the uptake rate by an amount depending on their thicknesses. Thick overlayers of platinum, nickel and palladium inhibit uptake because of a limited permeation rate through the layer.
A content analysis of Latina Web content

Abstract Studies of the digital divide have focused on lack of access to hardware, software, connectivity, and computer skills. Newer studies point to the existence of other factors such as the lack of culturally relevant content. Driven by this issue, this study provides a preliminary map of the “nature” of Web-based content about U.S. Latinas, a community that has traditionally been underrepresented in information systems. The nature of the content was explored and analyzed by examining attributes such as type of site, language of site, topic(s), producer(s) of site, technical features, and targeted audience. The study also theorizes the lack of relevant content and discusses the possible social implications of the disparities in access to digital information technologies. Using content analysis, the study provides a framework with which to categorize and analyze Web content. The results suggest content areas that need development and potential information barriers to consider in the process.
A facile route to patterned epitaxial ZnO nanostructures by soft lithography

Combining two robust, facile, and low cost techniques—nanoimprint lithography and low temperature aqueous solution phase epitaxy of ZnO—enabled the fabrication of nanostructured single crystal surfaces. Various patterns were fabricated with sub-micron resolution, including an array of 70 nm diameter posts. The method requires no vacuum equipment and has a maximum process temperature of 110 °C.
2-Deoxycoformycin inhibition of intracellular phosphorylation of adenosine in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells

Abstract Treatment of cultured wild type and azaguanine-resistant Novikoff rat hepatoma cells with 0.1 to 100 μM 2-deoxycoformycin resulted in an inhibition of more than 50 per cent of the incorporation of 100 μM [8- 3 H]adenosine into intracellular ATP and nucleic acids. In wild type cells, part of the effect resulted from an inhibition of adenosine deamination of deoxycoformycin, with a consequent decrease of incorporation of radioactivity from adenosine via inosine → hypoxanthine → IMP. This pathway, however, was blocked in azaguanine-resistant cells because of the lack of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The inhibition of adenosine incorporation by deoxycoformycin in these cells was not mediated at the level of adenosine transport or phosphorylation of AMP. We conclude, therefore, that the intracellular phosphorylation of adenosine is impaired in deoxycoformycin-treated cells. There was a close correlation between inhibition of adenosine deamination and adenosine incorporation, both with respect to effective concentrations of deoxycoformycin and to irreversibility of the inhibition. In addition, intracellular concentrations of adenosine above 1–5 μM were found to strongly inhibit the phosphorylation of adenosine in sity , reflecting substrate inhibition of adenosine kinase. The results indicate that the inhibition of adenosine phosphorylation in deoxycoformycin-treated cells was caused by the accumulation of free adenosine in these cells due to adenosine deaminase inhibition.
THE PULMONARY EQUILIBRATION OF CYCLOPROPANE IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN Lack of Functional Brown Adipose Tissue in the Anaesthetized Surgical Infant

Pulmonary equilibration of a mixture containing 0.5% cyclopropane and 3% nitrous oxide was studied in four infants and four older children who were anaesthetized for surgery using 0.75% halothane, tubocurarine and a constant volume ventilator. Cyclopropane end-tidal concentration approached inspiratory concentration faster in the infants than in the older children. The difference in FE/FI ratios between the cyclopropane and nitrous oxide equilibration curves was smaller in the infants than in the older children. This was interpreted to mean relatively less absorption of cyclopropane into adipose tissue in the infant group. It suggested that brown adipose tissue was not functional in these infants, in spite of a cold stress of 1° to 2.2°C. These results were compared with those of a previous study of pulmonary equilibration of the same gas mixture in awake, spontaneously breathing adults. Both the infants and the older children approached equilibrium with cyclopropane faster and had smaller differences in the FE/FI ratios between the cyclopropane and nitrous oxide curves. This suggested relatively less absorption of cyclopropane into all adipose tissue in the younger age groups.
Broadly Tunable Femtosecond Sources in the Mid-Infrared and Two-Wavelength Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Holes in GaAs

The recent development of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) has led to a variety of highly efficient and compact all-solid-state nonlinear optical devices. Of particular interest are the optical parametric oscillators. We have most recently demonstrated for the first time a highly efficient broadly tunable femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (fs OPO) using PPLN. The threshold for oscillation of the PPLN fs OPO is remarkably low, on the order of 50 mW. As a result, it is now possible to use a diode-pumped and frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 laser, rather than an Ar-ion laser, as the pump source for the mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser for pumping the fs OPO. Such an OPO can operate from approximately 1 μm to 5.4 μm. Femtosecond sources have been used in a variety of experiments to study the dynamics of hot carriers in semiconductors. Because of the limited available wavelength range of earlier femtosecond sources, most such studies have been limited to electron dynamics in the conduction band of III–V compounds such as GaAs. With the extended tuning range of the recently developed fs OPO's, it is now possible to study a much wider variety of materials and transitions. We have recently obtained preliminary results on the ultrafast dynamics of holes in GaAs using two-wavelength tunable femtosecond spectroscopy, by pumping the valence-to-conduction band transition at approximately 800 nm and simultaneously probing the transitions between the split-off band and the perturbed heavy-hole band at approximately 3 μm. These recent results are summarized and discussed briefly.
Domesticated nature: Motivations for gardening and perceptions of environmental impact

Gardening is a popular pastime in the United States, worth investigating because of its potential for important effects on the individual as well as on the ecosystem. The present study was designed to investigate motivations for gardening and their relationship to attitudes toward nature and to gardening practices. Understanding such motivations may inform attempts to promote more sustainable gardening practices. One hundred twenty-six visitors to a garden center completed a survey about benefits from gardening, uses of their yard and concerns underlying their gardening practices. Results suggested that appreciation for nature was a significant motivation for gardening, but that social concerns and uses were also important. Both nature uses and social uses of the yard were associated with satisfaction. In general, respondents did not make a strong connection between their own private yards and the natural environment. Using the yard to appreciate nature, though, was associated with ecological considerations and concerns. A concern with practical issues like cost and ease of maintenance was negatively correlated with using the yard to appreciate nature, and was unconnected with satisfaction. Implications for encouraging sustainable gardening practices are discussed.
Perceptions of the Nature and ‘Goodness’ of Argument among College Students, Science Teachers, and Scientists

This study aimed to elucidate college freshmen science students, secondary science teachers, and scientists' perceptions of ‘scientific’ argument; to compare participants' perceptions with Stephen Toulmin's analytical framework of argument; and to characterize the criteria that participants deployed when assessing the ‘quality’ or ‘goodness’ of arguments. Thirty students, teachers, and scientists—with 10 members in each group—participated in two semi‐structured individual interviews. During the first interview, participants generated an argument in response to a socioscientific issue. In the second interview, each participant ‘evaluated’ three arguments generated by a member from each participant group without being privy to the arguer's group membership. Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. The findings point to both similarities and differences between participants' conceptions of argument and those based on Toulmin's analytical framework. Participants used an array of common and idiosyncr...
Remarks on the rotational invariance of two-dimensional Ising model correlation functions

Abstract We refute a contention of Bariev concerning the proof of the rotational invariance of Ising model correlation functions.
Comparison of two activity analyses for automatic differentiation: context-sensitive flow-insensitive vs. context-insensitive flow-sensitive

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a family of techniques to generate derivative code from a mathematical model expressed in a programming language. AD computes partial derivatives for each operation in the input code and combines them to produce the desired derivative by applying the chain rule. Activity analysis is a compiler analysis used to find active variables in automatic differentiation. By lifting the burden of computing partial derivatives for passive variables, activity analysis can reduce the memory requirement and run time of the generated derivative code. This paper compares a new context-sensitive flow-insensitive (CSFI) activity analysis with an existing context-insensitive flow-sensitive (CIFS) activity analysis in terms of execution time and the quality of the analysis results. Our experiments with eight benchmarks show that the new CSFI activity analysis runs up to 583 times faster and overestimates up to 18.5 times fewer active variables than does the existing CIFS activity analysis.
Comparison of phenol red and polyethyleneglycol as nonabsorbable markers for the study of intestinal absorption in humans.

When phenol red and polyethyleneglycol were used simultaneously as nonabsorbable markers in perfusion studies of the absorptive capacity of high jejunum in humans, apparent absorption was the same when calculated from either marker. This similar indication of dilution and of absorption by the two markers was found in normal subjects and in patients with nontropical sprue, whether aqueous or saline solutions of dextrose were infused. The similarity strengthens the evidence that either phenol red or polyethyleneglycol is a satisfactory “nonabsorbable” marker compound to indicate dilution in perfusion studies of dextrose and electrolyte absorption in limited segments of human intestine.
No difference in cognitive performance between phases of the menstrual cycle.

Abstract No differences were seen in performance on either verbosequential or visuospatial neuropsychological tests among three groups of women. There were also no differences among the phases of the menstrual cycle on any of the tests. The design of this study was to sample performance of women on verbosequential and visuospatial neuropsychological tests during phases of the normal menstrual cycle in regularly menstruating women, and at comparable time points among women taking oral contraceptives and among those who had amenorrhea. Serum leutinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone were assayed to document these hormone levels at each time point for each group. These data are consistent with previous results in our laboratory but conflict with other reports in which shifts in cognitive function were related to fluctuations in estrogen. The only indications of positive results were weak correlations with gonadotropins and cognitive function across subjects. While some of these correlations replicated previous results, they were weak and should be considered with caution.
Thin codimension-one decompositions of Rn

Abstract For each n greater than 4 and for each positive k less than n , examples of generalized n -manifolds X and cellular maps π from R n onto X are constructed having the following properties. The nonmanifold part of X is homeomorphic to a k -cell, and if A is any closed subspace of X of dimensions less than k , then the decomposition of R n induced over A is shrinkable. In particular, the nonmanifold nature of X is not detectable by examining closed subsets of X of dimensions less than k . These examples are produced by combining mixing techniques for producing generalized n -manifolds whose nonmanifold part is a Cantor set, with decompositions arising from special functions from the Cantor set onto a k -cell
The relationship to rheumatoid arthritis of its so‐called variants

The principal manifestations of certain syndromes presumed to be variants of rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed and the results of serologic studies presented. The entities investigated were anky-losing spondylitis, Still's disease, psoriatic arthritis, the arthritis of ulcerative colitis and Reiter's syndrome. Serologic observations suggested that Still's syndrome is truly juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but that the other variants may be separate diseases. Es passate in revista le manifestationes principal de certe syndromes que pre-sumitemente es variantes de arthritis rheumatoide. Le resultatos de studios serologic es presentate. Le entitates investigate es spondylitis ankylosante, morbo de Still, arthritis psoriatic, le arthritis de colitis ulcerative, e syndrome de Reiter. Le constatationes serologic suggere que le morbo de Still es de facto un forma juvenil de arthritis rheumatoide, durante que le altere variantes es plus probabilemente morbos separate.
Fine structural relationships between neurites and radial glial processes in developing mouse spinal cord.

Neurites have been observed in various types of fine structural associations with developing radial glial processes in the lateral marginal zones of embryonic mouse spinal cords. The least complex of the neurite-glial relationships involves a simple apposition of dendrites and dendritic growth cones with radial glial processes. We interpret this relationship to mean that dendrites, growing from the somata of the lateral motor nucleus, may preferentially move along the interface between radial glial processes and the adjacent axons of the marginal zone. A somewhat more specialized neurite-glial association is the occurrence ofpuncta adhaerentia between neurites and radial glial processes. Finally, the most elaborate morphological relationship observed is that of synapse-like contacts between axons and radial glial processes. These ‘axoglial synapses’ begin to appear at E11 and E12, are most numerous in E13 and E14 spinal cords, but they can not be found after embryonic day 15. Based on these observations, we make the following speculation: the formation of synaptic junctions occurs in a hierarchy of steps with a process of trial and error primarily involved in the initial stages of synapto-genesis, while more specific requirements are involved in the later steps of synaptic differentiation. Thus, the formation of ‘axoglial synapses’ may reflect errors in development while their disappearance may result when more specific mechanisms of synaptic differentiation become operational.
How much more would KNM-WT 15000 have grown?

Because of its completeness, the juvenile Homo ergaster/erectus KNM-WT 15000 has played an important role in studies of the evolution of body form in Homo. Early attempts to estimate his adult body size used modern human growth models. However, more recent evidence, particularly from the dentition, suggests that he may have had a more chimpanzee-like growth trajectory. Here we re-estimate his adult stature and body mass using ontogenetic data derived from four African ape taxa: Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. The average percentage change in femoral and tibial lengths and femoral head breadth between individuals at the same stage of dental development as KNM-WT 15000 - eruption of M2s but not M3s - and adult individuals with fully fused long bone epiphyses, was determined. Results were then applied to KNM-WT 15000, and his adult size estimated from skeletal dimensions using modern human prediction formulae. Using this approach, adult stature best estimates of 176-180 cm and body mass best estimates of 80-83 kg were obtained. These estimates are close to those estimated directly from longitudinal changes in body length and body mass between 8 and 12 years of age in chimpanzees, the suggested chronological equivalent to KNM-WT 15000's remaining growth period. Thus, even using an African ape growth model, it is likely that KNM-WT 15000 would have attained close to 180 cm in stature (without a slight reduction for his lower cranial height) and 80 kg in body mass as an adult. Other evidence from the East African Early Pleistocene indicates that KNM-WT 15000 was not unusually large-bodied for his time period.
Mythology and reality in energy policy

Abstract Explanations of world energy problems differ widely. At one extreme, it is alleged that the difficulties arise from impending exhaustion of mineral resources. Others contend that the difficulties are man-made though they disagree over the men responsible - whether they are in companies, governments of consuming countries or those of producing countries. The premise of Professor Gordon's article is that the difficulties arise from government policies in both consuming and producing countries. This is developed by showing some of the defects of alternative arguments and by stressing the importance of systematic economic analysis to rational evaluation of public policy.
Flexible coordination with cooperative hypertext

In current work ow and groupware systems, there is a gap between formal and informal coordination mechanisms. To ll the gap, exible coordination support covers the whole spectrum of informal and formal coordination mechanisms. In this paper, a exible coordination model integrating formal and informal coordination mechanisms is presented. Methods of using cooperative hypermedia concepts to uniformly model all objects representing coordination mediums and shared artifacts are described. Using the proposed model and methods, a cooperative hypermedia system (CHIPS), that o ers exible coordination support has been implemented. An application example of the system shows how a set of tasks and di erent coordination mechanisms are integrated into a cooperative process. This work demonstrates that cooperative hypermedia can serve as a bridge to close the gap.