cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tree seedling canopy responses to conflicting photosensory cues

Light with decreased red:far-red (R:FR) ratios may signal neighbor presence and trigger plant developmental responses. There is some evidence that plant canopies forage towards increased R:FR ratios, but it is unclear to what extent R:FR versus the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) influences canopy foraging responses among forest trees. The objective of this study was to examine the relative importance of PAR and R:FR as photosensory cues leading to tree canopy foraging responses. Seedlings of Betula papyrifera Marshall (paper birch) were grown in an experimental garden. Each seedling was germinated and grown in its own shading structure and exposed to two spatially separated light environments, in a factorial design of PAR and R:FR. Plant canopy foraging was evaluated at the end of one growing season in terms of canopy displacement, canopy area, leaf number, direction of stem lean, petiole aspect, and lamina aspect with respect to experimental light treatments. Leaf number and canopy area were greater on the high PAR sides of plants, irrespective of the R:FR treatment. Seedling canopies were displaced towards the direction of high PAR, but this relationship was not significant across all treatments. Petiole aspect was random and showed no significant directedness towards any of the light treatments. Lamina aspect and the direction of stem lean were distributed towards the direction of high PAR, irrespective of the R:FR treatment. Overall, first-year B. papyrifera seedlings used PAR, rather than R:FR ratio, as a photosensory cue for canopy light foraging.
Topics in computer-aided design: Part II. Synthesis of optimal heat exchanger networks by tree searching algorithms

A compact matrix representation of an acyclic exchanger network is derived and used to generate a decision tree for the heat exchanger problem. The optimal network, which is imbedded in one of the tree nodes, is located by enumerating the entire tree using a search procedure. When this is not feasible, an alternate partial enumeration method is suggested. Sample problems ranging in size from 4 to 10 streams are used to illustrate the methods.
Joint Permutor Analysis and Design for Multiple Turbo Codes

In this paper, we study the problem of joint permutor analysis and design for J-dimensional multiple turbo codes with J constituent encoders, J>2. The concept of summary distance is extended to multiple permutors of size N and used as the design metric. Using the sphere-packing concept, we prove that the minimum length-2 summary distance (spread) Dmin,2 is asymptoticly upper-bounded by O(N J-1/J). We also show that the asymptotic minimum length-2L summary distance Dmin,2L for the class of random permutors is lower-bounded by O(NJ-2J-epsi/), where epsi>0 can be arbitrarily small. Then, using the technique of expurgating "bad" symbols, we show that the spread of random permutors can achieve the optimum growth rate, i.e., O(NJ-1/J), and that the asymptotic growth rate of Dmin,2L can also be improved. The minimum length-2 and length-4 summary distances are studied for an important practical class of permutors-linear permutors. We prove that there exist J-dimensional multiple linear permutors with optimal spread Dmin,2 =O(NJ-1J/). Finally, we present several joint permutor construction algorithms applicable to multiple turbo codes of short and medium lengths
Massless bosonic free fields.

The covariant description of massless bosonic free particles in space-time of any dimensionality which carry arbitrary representations of the Lorentz group is presented.
Reduced Platelet Activity Is Associated With Early Clot Growth and Worse 3-Month Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Antiplatelet medication use and reduced platelet activity may be associated with mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We tested the hypothesis that reduced platelet activity is associated with early ICH clot growth and worse outcomes. Methods— We prospectively identified patients with spontaneous ICH, measured platelet activity (VerifyNow-ASA, Accumetrics) on admission, and recorded antiplatelet medication use. ICH volume was calculated using computerized volumetric analysis. Data were analyzed with nonparametric statistics and repeated measures ANOVA as appropriate. Patients were prospectively followed for functional outcomes. Data are presented as mean±SD or median [Q1 to Q3]. Results— Reduced platelet activity (≤550 aspirin reaction units [ARU]) was associated with increased ICH volume growth (P<0.05) for patients with the diagnostic CT within 12 hours. In the subset of patients not known to take aspirin, 24% had reduced platelet activity. Sixteen (24%) patients recei...
Role of Small GTPases in Endothelial Cytoskeletal Dynamics and the Shear Stress Response

Fluid shear stress caused by blood flow is a major determinant of vascular remodeling and arterial tone and can lead to development of atherosclerosis. The endothelial monolayer in vivo acts as a signal transduction interface for hemodynamic forces; these forces determine the shape, cytoskeletal organization, and function of endothelial cells, allowing the vessels to cope with physiological or pathological conditions. The Ras superfamily of GTPases have been revealed to be master regulators of many cellular activities. In particular, the GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 are known to regulate cell shape changes through effects on the cytoskeleton, but their ability to influence polarity, microtubule dynamics, and transcription factor activity is just as significant. Shear stress modulates the activity of small GTPases, which are critical for both cytoskeletal reorganization and changes in gene expression in response to shear stress. The goal of this article is to review what is known about Ras and more so about Rho GTPases in mechanotransduction and the responses of cells to fluid flow. Several distinct signaling pathways can be coordinately activated by flow, and small GTPases are strongly implicated in some of them; thus possible connections will be explored and a unifying hypothesis offered.
MicroRNA-98 and let-7 Regulate Expression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-4 in Biliary Epithelial Cells in Response to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection

Expression of the cytokine-inducible Src homology 2 (CIS) protein and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins represents an important element of host cell reactions in response to infection. We have demonstrated previously that Cryptosporidium parvum infection down-regulates microRNA-98 (miR-98) and let-7 to induce CIS expression in biliary epithelial cells. We report here that down-regulation of miR-98 and let-7 also coordinates epithelial expression of SOCS4 after C. parvum infection. Targeting of the SOCS4 3' untranslated region by miR-98 or let-7 resulted in translational repression. Functional manipulation of miR-98 caused reciprocal alterations in SOCS4 protein expression. Transfection of miR-98 precursor abolished C. parvum-stimulated SOCS4 up-regulation. Moreover, expression of SOCS4 in epithelial cells showed an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins induced by C. parvum. These data suggest that miRNAs play an important role in the coordinated regulation of CIS and SOCS expression in epithelial cells in response to C. parvum infection.
Betweenness and Elementary Figures

In Chapter 2 we introduced the Euclidean Plane model using ideas from analytic geometry as our motivation. This was useful at that time because it was the most intuitive method and led to simple verification of the incidence axioms. However, treating vertical and non-vertical lines separately does have its drawbacks. By making it necessary to break proofs into two cases, it leads to an artificial distinction between lines that really are not different in any geometric sense. Furthermore, as we develop additional axioms to verify we will need a more tractable notation. For these reasons we introduce an alternative description of the Euclidean Plane, one that is motivated by ideas from linear algebra, especially the notion of a vector.
Determining that a label is kind-referring: factors that influence children's and adults' novel word extensions

The present studies examined factors that influence children's and adults' interpretation of a novel word. Four factors are hypothesized to emphasize that a label refers to a richly structured category (also known as a ‘kind’): generic language, internal property attributions, familiar kind labels and absence of a target photograph. In Study 1, for college students (N=125), internal property attributions resulted in more taxonomic and fewer shape responses. In Study 2, for four-year-olds (N=126), the presence of generic language and familiar kind labels resulted in more taxonomic choices. Further, the presence of familiar kind labels resulted in fewer shape choices. The results suggest that, when learning new words, children and adults are sensitive to factors that imply kind reference.
Functional analysis and the species design

This paper argues that a minimal notion of function and a notion of normal-proper function are used in explaining how bodies and brains operate. Neither is Cummins’ (1975) notion, as originally defined, and yet his is often taken to be the clearly relevant notion for such an explanatory context. This paper also explains how adverting to normal-proper functions, even if these are selected functions, can play a significant scientific role in the operational explanations of complex systems that physiologists and neurophysiologists provide, despite a lack of relevant causal efficacy on the part of such functions.
Application of Flexible OLED Display Technology to Point-of-Care Medical Diagnostic Testing

This paper presents a new concept combining flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology with fluorescent biorecognition microarray technology to fabricate point-of-care immunobiosensors. Our approach is designed to leverage commercial OLED display technology to reduce pre-functionalized biosensor substrate costs to pennies per ${cm}^{2}$ combined with leveraging the display industries ability to manufacture an immense number of low-cost consumer electronic products annually. For this work, we demonstrate that our new approach using high brightness flexible OLED display technology combined with a charge integrating readout circuit and optical filters can offer point-of-care diagnostic sensitivity at or below 10 pg/mL, which approaches the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of typical clinical laboratory instrumentation.
Ti-H and Ni-H interactions in Si: first principles theory

Hydrogen is commonly used to remove (or at least reduce) the electrical activity of numerous defects and impurities in Si. Although hydrogenation works quite well for many defects, it has generally been unsuccessful with transition metal (TM) impurities. A number of {TM,Hn} complexes have been detected using optical or electrical techniques. Even though the gap levels of the isolated TM shift upon hydrogenation, many {TM,Hn} complexes remain electrically active. The nature of the complexes responsible for specific DLTS lines is generally not known, and the number of H interstitials in a given complex is assumed. We have performed systematic first-principles calculations involving Ti-H and Ni-H interactions in Si, assuming both interstitial and substitutional sites for the TM. The equilibrium configurations, binding energies, and approximate gap levels of all the {Ti,Hn} and {Ni,Hn} complexes are calculated.
Polarized angular dependent light scattering properties of gold nanoshells

Gold nanoshells are a new class of optically-active nanoparticles which have found promising applications in biomedical imaging techniques. We report the study of angular dependent light scattering from gold nanoshells using a self designed automated goniometer. The experimental results compare favorably with the Mie theory calculation for concentric sphere geometries.
Effects of Fluorine on MOS Properties

The incorporation of small amounts of fluorine has been found to improve the properties of MOS devices. In this paper, some of these results will be reviewed, several techniques to introduce fluorine will be described, the distributions of F resulting from these processes will be shown, and the possible mechanisms leading to the improved MOS device reliability will be discussed.
Toxicity of α-Tomatine to Larvae of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

α-tomatine, a glycoalkaloid present in solanaceous plants, exerts an antibiotic effect on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) larvae. Increased concentrations of α-tomatine (25–200 ppm) resulted in decreased larval survival, lower pupal weights, an extended pupation period, and a prolonged period of adult emergence. The LC50, for α-tomatine fed to C. capitata larvae was estimated to be 52.7 ppm.
Location of Residual Donors in GaN Epitaxial Layers

Optically-detected electron-nuclear double resonance (ODENDOR) studies at 24 GHz on high-resistivity GaN films grown on Al2O3 have been combined with x-ray diffraction measurements to obtain information on the location of the residual shallow donors. Strong ODENDOR assigned to 69,71Ga lattice nuclei was detected on the g=1.951 effective-mass donor resonance found on the 2.2 eV emission bands. The x-ray studies reveal that the layers are under biaxial compression with high values of strain (∼ 2–3 × 10−3). The quadrupole splittings for 69Ga are smaller than those reported for strain-free samples by 15–25 %. The dominant sources of the local electric field gradient (EFG) responsible for the splittings are attributed to the wurtzite crystal structure and the strain fields that arise from the lattice constant mismatch and the difference in thermal expansion coefficients. An EFG/strain relationship of 3 × 1022 Vm−2 per unit strain at the 69,71Ga nuclei is deduced. The ODENDOR can be described with asymmetry parameter η=0. This provides evidence that the donors are in the crystallites rather than near grain boundaries.
A phase II breast cancer chemoprevention study of lovastatin in high-risk women: Initial feasibility data

1502 Background: More than 250,000 U.S. women have high inherited breast cancer risk; many develop hormone-receptor negative (ER/PR-) tumors, for which no chemoprevention exists. Pre-clinical data ...
Study on the limits of electromagnetic environment of ±800 kV DC transmission lines

Electromagnetic environment limits of ±800 kV DC transmission lines are the important basis to determine conductor bundle types and line structure. It is very important to determine reasonable electromagnetic environment limits for protecting environment and controlling construction investment. The electromagnetic environment limits of AC and DC EHV/ UHV transmission lines and the electromagnetic environment standards of relevant nations and international organizations were analyzed. Limits of the electric field strength, the ion current density, magnetic field, the radio interference and the audible noise of ±800 kV DC transmission lines in China were suggested. The structure of the conductor bundles, the least conductor height above the ground and the corridor width of ±800 kV DC transmission lines were determined on the basis of the electromagnetic environment limits and the forecast results of electromagnetic environment. The research results indicate that if the electromagnetic environment of ±800 kV DC transmission lines is controlled by the suggested limits, the electric field strength and the ion current density will be at the same level as that of the EHV DC transmission lines in China, the radio interference will be at the mid-level compared with other countries, the audible noise will accord with the national standards.
Screening Procedure for Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Eggs using a Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup and Gas Chromatographic Detection

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) screening procedure for the isolation and gas chromatographic (GC) determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in eggs is described. Eggs are extracted with acetonitrile. The extract is subjected to a cleanup on tandem C18 and Florisil SPE columns. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues are determined by GC with electron capture and flame photometric detection, respectively. Because the injected extracts are free from matrix interferences, the amount of residue present is easy to calculate. The average recoveries of 9 spiked organochlorine pesticide residues (0.01-1.0 ppm) ranged from 80.9 to 91.1%. The average recoveries of 7 spiked organophosphorus pesticide residues (0.02-0.50 ppm) ranged from 80.3 to 89.5%. The SPE method results in a 90% reduction in organic solvent consumption and an 85% reduction in hazardous waste production compared with the AOAC methodology.
Medication packaging: Simple solutions to nonadherence problems

Medication nonadherence represents a well-documented, highly prevalent obstacle to successful long-term management of chronic illnesses. Recent research has focused on predictors of nonadherence, interventions for improving adherence, and measurement of medication adherence. Better medication packaging has received little attention as a partial solution to nonadherence complexities. Packaging has the obvious advantages of being continuous, inexpensive, and patient-oriented, while demanding little physician extra involvement. The ideal packaging solution should include six component functions: storage, education, cueing, monitoring, dispensing, and reinforcement. Practically, all six functions are highly interrelated necessitating tradeoffs. Combining several functions usually results in increased cost and decreased portability. A number of proposed devices for specific adherence-improving function are described, ranging from complex to simple. The need for more and better research to define and validate interventions is more critical, now that we recognize the consequences of nonadherence.
Persistence and progression of immunologic abnormalities in haemophilia.

Immunologic parameters in 51 patients with haemophilia treated with cryoprecipitate from volunteer donors or with commercial lyophilized concentrate were studied on 2-7 occasions. Concentrate users had significantly decreased mean T4 (helper)/T8 (suppressor) lymphocyte ratios when the initial (1.5 +/- .43) and most recent (1.25 +/- .60) values were compared (p less than .001), whereas in cryoprecipitate users mean values remained normal. Of the 22 concentrate users with initially normal T4/T8 ratios, 10 became abnormal during the study, an incidence of 45%. Fifteen of 28 (54%) patients with abnormal T4/T8 ratios had elevated circulating immune complexes (CIC), whereas all 16 patients with normal T4/T8 ratios had normal levels of CIC. Six patients have persistent lymphadenopathy.
Description of a new species of Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the south of French Guyana

Une nouvelle espece d'Ananteris Thorell, 1891 (Scorpiones, Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837) est decrite de la foret humide, dans la region de la riviere Ouarimapan, au sud de la Guyane francaise. La nouvelle espece Ananteris sabineae n. sp. est voisine d'Ananteris pydanieli Lourenco, 1982 mais peut etre distinguee de celle-ci par : 1) une pigmentation bien plus claire des pedipalpes et des pattes chez Ananteris sabineae n. sp. qui presentent uniquement des taches diffuses ; 2) une pigmentation plus foncee de la carapace et des tergites, avec des taches jaunâtres moins marquees ; 3) des differences dans la dentition des cheliceres ; chez la nouvelle espece, le doigt mobile presente deux dents basales, tandis que chez A. pydanieli une seule est observee ; chez la nouvelle espece, les dents mediane et basale du doigt fixe sont moins developpees que chez A. pydanieli. La nouvelle espece est la quatrieme du genre Ananteris decrite de la Guyane francaise. Le nombre total des especes du genre Ananteris s'eleve maintenant a 24.
CRONets: Cloud-Routed Overlay Networks

Overlay networking and ISP-assisted tunneling are effective solutions to overcome problematic BGP routes and bypass troublesome autonomous systems. Despite their demonstrated effectiveness, overlay support is not broadly available. In this paper, we propose Cloud-Routed Overlay Networks (CRONets), whereby users can readily build their own overlays using nodes from global and well-provisioned cloud providers like IBM Softlayer or Amazon EC2. While previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of overlay networks with the high-speed experimental Internet2 backbone, we are the first to evaluate the improvements in a realistic -- cloud -- setting. We conduct a large-scale experiment where we observe 6,600 Internet paths. The results show that CRONets improve the throughput for 78% of the default Internet paths with a median and average improvement factors of 1.67 and 3.27 times respectively, at a tenth of the cost of leasing private lines of comparable performance. We also performed a longitudinal measurement, and demonstrate that the performance gains are consistent over time with only a small number of overlay nodes needed to be deployed. However, given the size and dynamic nature of the Internet routing system (e.g., due to congestion and failures), selecting the proper path is still a challenging problem. To address it, we propose a novel solution based on the newly-introduced MPTCP extensions. Our experiments show that MPTCP can achieve the maximum observed throughput across the different overlay paths.
Myocardial energy metabolism in dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy can be broadly defined as heart failure with an enlarged left ventricular chamber, but with no evidence of ischemic heart disease or myocardial infarction. Recent studies from patients and animal models show that dilated cardiomyopathy results in a decrease in myocardial content of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine and a decrease in the capacity for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and aerobic ATP production. There is a switch in the source of fuel, with a decrease in the rate of myocardial fatty acid oxidation and greater glucose oxidation. Pharmacologically preventing the decrease in fatty acid oxidation with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist does not appear to be beneficial. On the other hand, treatment with partial inhibitors of myocardial fatty acid oxidation has favorable effects on cardiac energy metabolism, contractile function, and structure.
Imitation of coarticulatory vowel nasality across words and time.

ABSTRACTWe investigated phonetic imitation of coarticulatory vowel nasality using an adapted shadowing paradigm in which participants produced a printed word (target) after hearing a different word (prime). Two versions of primes with nasal codas were used: primes with a natural degree of vowel nasality and hypernasalised primes. The version of the prime participants heard varied, whether consistent with their past experience with nasality from the talker or inconsistent, as well as the duration of delay between prime and target. People spontaneously modify coarticulatory nasality to resemble that demonstrated in the prime they were exposed to. Furthermore, this imitation also reflects the degree of nasality demonstrated by overall experience with the speaker’s vowels. The influence of past experience on imitation increases with increased delay between prime and target. Imitation of another speaker appears to involve tracking general articulatory properties about the speaker, and not solely what was speci...
Effectiveness of CEO Power Bundles and Discretion Context: Unpacking the ‘Fuzziness’ of the CEO Duality Puzzle:

Decades of research on the effectiveness of CEO duality as a governance mechanism have produced inconsistent results, providing support and non-support for agency and stewardship theories. To bette...
Virginia's Pupil Placement Board and the Massive Resistance Movement, 1956-1966

VIRGINIA'S PUPIL PLACEMENT BOARD AND THE MASSIVE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT, 1956-1 966 By Sara Kathryn Eskridge A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006. Major Director: Dr. John T. Kneebone, Associate Professor, History Department Virginia's Pupil Placement Board was the most enduring vestige of the state's "massive resistance" movement in the 1950s. Following the example of other Southern states, the state's General Assembly passed the Pupil Placement Act in 1956 as part of a package of legislation designed to counteract the Supreme Court desegregation ruling. The Act, and the Pupil Placement Board that enforced it, lasted a decade, much longer than any of the other legislative initiatives born during that session, longer than the massive resistance movement itself. Whites, including many of Virginia's leaders, considered the Board to be ineffective at stemming the onslaught of integration, while African-Americans felt that the agency breeched their constitutional rights. From its inception to its dissolution in 1966, the Pupil Placement Board had to defend itself in a slew of desegregation cases all over Virginia, and the General Assembly changed the law several times to comply with court orders. Despite this adversity, the Board was consistently effective in stemming desegregation in Virginia throughout its tenure.
Low-dose 4D myocardial perfusion with x-ray micro-CT

X-ray CT is widely used, both clinically and pre-clinically, for fast, high-resolution, anatomic imaging; however, compelling opportunities exist to expand its use in functional imaging applications. For instance, temporally-resolved CT data can detail cardiac motion and blood flow dynamics for one-stop cardiovascular CT imaging procedures. In previous work, we demonstrated efficient, low-dose projection acquisition and reconstruction strategies for cardiac micro-CT imaging and for multiple-injection micro-CT perfusion imaging. Here, we extend this previous work with regularization based on rank-sparse kernel regression and on filtration with the Karhunen-Loeve transform. Using a dual source, prospectively gated sampling strategy which produces an approximately uniform distribution of projections, we apply this revised algorithm to the assessment of both myocardial perfusion and cardiac functional metrics from the same set of projection data. We test the algorithm in simulations using a modified version of the MOBY mouse phantom which contains realistic perfusion and cardiac dynamics. The proposed algorithm reduces the reconstruction error by 81% relative to unregularized, algebraic reconstruction. The results confirm our ability to simultaneously solve for cardiac temporal motion and perfusion dynamics. In future work, we will apply the algorithm and sampling protocol to small animal cardiac studies.
Enhancing volume visualization with lightness anchoring theory

Volume rendering is an effective method for visualizing 3D data. However, it's still difficult to obtain an effective image, especially when there are complicated structures which may cause underexposure problems. Adjusting light sources and parameters adds computational cost, without alleviating the underexposure phenomenon. This paper presents the novel idea of applying lightness anchoring theory for volume visualization enhancement. An anchoring hypothesis, the Highest-Luminance-As-White rule, is adjusted to adapt our volume rendered image. After employing the lightness anchored optimization, underexposed areas can be revealed while still preserving the local depth relationship.
Play fair! Innovating internal self-regulation in the market for profit

Abstract Regulation imposes compliance demands on business, but these controls by no means ensure that corporations will act ethically. Externally imposed controls by government or industry are prompts intended to move organizations to engage in a moral minimum. Such efforts are typically reactionary corrective measures, often crafted and applied after an ethical scandal occurs, and thereby offer limited effectiveness in providing systemic change. To provide insight on internally driven controls, this article examines how a newer form of monetized self-regulation, referred to as inverted moral markets, might be leveraged to motivate corporate ethical behavior. Inverted moral market (IMM) operations target firms suspected of unethical action, providing a type of market whistleblowing. Such activities are monetized through the sale of information to investors and by short selling. Rather than a desire to build moral strength, IMM firms are motivated by self-interest and profit. They can potentially ‘do good’ by imposing self-correction within the market, but without virtuous intent. We explore IMMs and the varied impacts their activities may have on the functioning of the overall market. We argue that a more balanced approach between internal and external regulation may enhance the environment for moral balance in a capitalist market system.
Geometry of Generalized Complex Numbers

(2004). Geometry of Generalized Complex Numbers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 118-129.
Genomics of Ischemic Stroke and Prospects for Clinical Applications

Abstract Ischemic stroke, which is caused by blockage of vessels supplying blood to the brain, represents approximately 87% of all strokes in the United States. While a significant heritable component to ischemic stroke has been established, it is also clear that stroke is not a single “disease” but rather represents a heterogeneous collection of conditions with different pathogeneses. Genetic causes have been identified for a handful of monogenic syndromes that include stroke, but even collectively these conditions are very rare. To date, at least 10 robustly replicated susceptibility loci for nonmonogenic ischemic stroke have been identified, most of which are associated with specific stroke subtypes (especially large artery or cardioembolic stroke). The challenge will be to make sense of the known and to be discovered stroke susceptibility genes and to translate this knowledge into clinical benefit.
Dynamic Geometry Software Supplemented with a Computer Algebra System as a Proving Tool

The topic of this contribution is aimed at lower and upper secondary school mathematics teaching as well as at university training of teachers of mathematics. Joint use of computer algebra (CAS) and dynamic geometry software (DGS) or even an incorporation of CAS into DGS brings new possibilities to the teaching of mathematics, such as experimentation, the modelling of real-world situations or the deriving and proving of conjectures. We will deal with all these issues and how they can be realized with the free dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra, mainly in terms of the use of its tools of automated theorem proving. Particular examples of possible ways of utilizing the methods and tools of automated theorem proving will be presented with the aim of illustrating that dynamic geometry enriched with algebraic features can contribute to the effective fulfilment of the requirements for educational proof, from a decision on the correctness of a geometric property to the modelling of real-world phenomena.
Estrogen-receptor status and risk of contralateral breast cancer following DCIS.

As local therapies improve, contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may exceed the risk of a second ipsilateral breast cancer. We sought to determine whether estrogen-receptor (ER) status influenced CBC risk. We identified women aged 40–79 with DCIS diagnosed between 1990 and 2002 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We used multivariable competing risk regression to examine predictors of time from index DCIS to CBC (invasive or in situ). Multivariable competing risk regression found ER status to be a highly significant predictor of CBC. The 10-year cumulative incidence was estimated to be 5.3% (95% CI 4.8–5.8%) among ER positive (ER+) cases and 3.3% (95% CI 2.6–4.0%) among ER negative (ER−). This finding suggests that ER+ DCIS may represent a field effect that confers increased propensity for developing cancer across breast tissue, regardless of laterality. In contrast, ER− DCIS may represent an isolated local event. Given that the majority of DCIS is ER+, and only a minority of DCIS patients receive hormonal therapy, consideration of ER status may influence treatment and surveillance approaches.
Cell Cycle Control of C-Myc Expression

c-myc mRNA is a cell-cycle associated transcript whose induction is regulated by agents that initiate the first phase of a proliferative response. Specifically, c-myc mRNA levels are increased between 10 and 40 fold within one to three hours after incubation of lymphocytes with lipopolysaccharide or Concanavalin A or fibroblasts with plateletderived growth factor (PDGF). This induction of c-myc does not require the synthesis of new protein species and therefore is regulated directly by the biochemical events that immediately follow PDGF binding in fibroblasts and mitogen binding in lymphocytes. Thus, the c-myc oncogene encodes a product which may function as an intracellular mediator of the growth response to mitogens. PDGF is the putative translation product of the sis gene. The product of the v-sis gene, obtained as a supernatant from v-sis transfected NRK cells, induces c-myc expression in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells. Also, v-sis transfected BALB/c 3T3 cells display induced levels of c-myc mRNA following prolonged incubation in platelet poor plasma. Thus, oncogenes may be linked in functional hierarchies: the product of one oncogene, sis, regulates the expression of a cellular proto-oncogene, c-myc.
Ras Signaling and Its Inhibition with Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors: Effects on Radiation Resistance and the Tumor Microenvironment

RAS activation has many effects on the growth and behavior of tumors. This results from its central role in the propagation of growth and survival signals from cell surface receptors. Ras signals to a number of different pathways so that the effects of RAS activation take various forms. In addition to enhancing radiation resistance, the effects of deregulated RAS signaling include promoting tumor growth both through increased cell proliferation and increased tumor cell survival. RAS activation can also contribute to the tumor micro environment by influencing growth factor production and enzymes involved in tumor metastasis. These factors together make RAS signaling an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
Reading and reputation: sense, sensibility, and status in graduate education:

One of the skills of graduate education that is most central to the evaluation of students is their ability to read and report on complex disciplinary texts. The display of comprehension is central...
Digging deeper: why we need more Proterozoic algal fossils and how to get them.

Known Proterozoic algal fossils raise compelling questions about the origin and diversification of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, and their ecological influence in deep time. This Perspectives article describes particular examples of persistent evolutionary and biogeochemical issues whose resolution would be aided by additional algal fossil evidence from Proterozoic deposits, which have been the subjects of recent intensive study. New Proterozoic geosciences literature relevant to the early diversification of algae is surveyed. Previously underappreciated algal traits that might improve taxonomic attributions of fossil remains are highlighted. Processes that phycologists could use to improve detection of algal fossils are recommended. Potential geological sources of new Proterozoic fossils are suggested.
Ideology and Morality in Host Language Learning: American Protestants in the Former Yugoslavia.

American Protestants serving overseas must learn their host communities’ “heart” language from the twin moral imperative to minimize their burden on host partners and to embody their faith through ...
Finite Intersections of Prüfer Overrings

This article is motivated by the open question of whether every integrally closed domain is an intersection of finitely many Prufer overrings. We survey the work of Dan Anderson and David Anderson on this and related questions, and we show that an integrally closed domain that is a finitely generated algebra over a Dedekind domain or a field is a finite intersection of Dedekind overrings. We also discuss how recent work on the intersections of valuation rings has implications for this question.
Environmental Justice: Establishing Causal Relationships

The environmental justice literature has found that the poor and people of color are disproportionately exposed to pollution. This literature has sparked a broad activist movement and several polic...
Massenanteile in Verbindungen

Im Laboralltag ist wird man oft mit der Situation konfrontiert, dass nicht mit der Massen oder der Konzentration von ganzen Molekulen gerechnet werden kann, sondern, dass einzelne Komponenten wie Elemente oder Teile von Molekulen in die Berechnung einfliesen mussen. Daruber hinaus kann auch das in manchen Stoffen enthaltenes Kristallwasser Einwagen oder Berechnungen beeinflussen, sodass auch dies berucksichtigt werden muss.
Local ancestry at APOE modifies Alzheimer's disease risk in Caribbean Hispanics.

Abstract Introduction Although the relationship between APOE and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established in populations of European descent, the effects of APOE and ancestry on AD risk in diverse populations is not well understood. Methods Logistic mixed model regression and survival analyses were performed in a sample of 3067 Caribbean Hispanics and 3028 individuals of European descent to assess the effects of APOE genotype, local ancestry, and genome-wide ancestry on AD risk and age at onset. Results Among the Caribbean Hispanics, individuals with African-derived ancestry at APOE had 39% lower odds of AD than individuals with European-derived APOE, after adjusting for APOE genotype, age, and genome-wide ancestry. While APOE E2 and E4 effects on AD risk and age at onset were significant in the Caribbean Hispanics, they were substantially attenuated compared with those in European ancestry individuals. Discussion These results suggest that additional genetic variation in the APOE region influences AD risk beyond APOE E2/E3/E4.
Breastfeeding Initiation, Duration, and Supplementation Among Mexican-Origin Women in Texas.

BACKGROUND: Mexican-origin women breastfeed at similar rates as white women in the United States, yet they usually breastfeed for less time. In our study, we seek to identify differences in Mexican-origin women’s breastfeeding intentions, initiation, continuation, and supplementation across nativity and country-of-education groups. METHODS: The data are from a prospective cohort study of postpartum women ages 18 to 44 recruited from 8 Texas hospitals. We included 1235 Mexican-origin women who were born and educated in either Texas or Mexico. Women were interviewed at delivery and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post partum. Breastfeeding intentions and initiation were reported at baseline, continuation was collected at each interview, and weeks until supplementation was assessed for both solids and formula. Women were classified into 3 categories: born and educated in Mexico, born and educated in the United States, and born in Mexico and educated in the United States. RESULTS: Breastfeeding initiation and continuation varied by nativity and country of birth, although all women reported similar breastfeeding intentions. Women born and educated in Mexico initiated and continued breastfeeding in higher proportions than women born and educated in the United States. Mexican-born and US-educated women formed an intermediate group. Early supplementation with formula and solid foods was similar across groups, and early supplementation with formula negatively impacted duration across all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nativity and country of education are important predictors of breastfeeding and should be assessed in pediatric and postpartum settings to tailor breastfeeding support. Support is especially warranted among US-born women, and additional educational interventions should be developed to forestall early supplementation with formula across all acculturation groups.
An identity-threat perspective on discrimination attributions by women of color

The model of stigma-induced identity threat suggests that stigmatized individuals use situational cues (e.g., presence of an out-group member) to assess the identity threat potential of, or the ris...
Is MRI Always Necessary in Pediatric Patients with Papilledema Without Atypical Features? (2417)

Objective: Investigate if computed tomography (CT) of the brain is sufficient for evaluation of pediatric papilledema with normal neurologic features. Background: Papilledema is a sign of increased intracranial pressure, and can be caused by disorders, such as brain tumor, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), or idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). There are no studies to date investigating, with an otherwise normal neurological evaluation, if CT is sufficient in the evaluation of pediatric papilledema. Design/Methods: We reviewed medical records of children aged 18 years or younger between 2012–2019 with diagnostic codes for papilledema/optic disc edema, IIH, brain tumor, or CVT. Our study had 2 parts: 1) for patients presenting with papilledema and an otherwise normal neurological evaluation, we reviewed their CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare diagnostic yield, and 2) for all patients (with or without papilledema) diagnosed with brain tumor or CVT, we reviewed their clinical presentation and diagnostic yield of imaging. Results: Part 1: During 2012–2019, 125 pediatric patients with papilledema presented with otherwise normal neurologic features. 18 patients had both CT and MRI -- all 3 brain tumors were seen on CT, and none had CVT. An additional 9 patients had CT only – papilledema resolved in all 9 with no clinical worsening characteristic of brain tumor or CVT. Part 2: In patients with brain tumors, tumors were identified on CT in 53/54 patients. The single patient with a normal CT presented with focal seizures and a focal neurologic exam. In CVT patients, 10/13 had an abnormal CT; all 3 patients with normal CT presented with other abnormal neurologic features (seizures, mental status changes, abnormal exam) that had already prompted further evaluation. Conclusions: In children with papilledema and otherwise normal neurological evaluation, CT imaging may be sufficient. Between 2012–2019, no actionable pathology was missed with CT in children with normal neurologic features. Disclosure: Dr. Larsh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hsich has nothing to disclose.
“Systems Change Not Climate Change”: Support for a Radical Shift Away from Capitalism at Mainstream U.S. Climate Change Protest Events

Social movements and academic research debate about how to address climate change. One such debate asks whether climate change should be addressed by new policies and technological innovation withi...
Biosynthesis of 9-phenylphenalenones in plants of the family Haemodoraceae: possibly biomimetic synthesis of lachnanthocarpone by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction

All species of higher plants of the familyHaemodoraceae which have been available for study so far contain pigments derived from 9-phenylphenalenone a type of compound not found in any other living organism. Study of the highly unusual biosynthesis—possibly related to that of the fairly numerous plant constituents related to 1,7-diarylheptane—suggested a convenient, possibly biomimetic total synthesis of lachnanthocarpone, one of the pigments from the haemodoraceousLachnanthes tinctoria. This synthesis involves an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of an intermediate 1,7-diarylheptanoid very closely related to a natural compound of this class.
Improving detection of bone surface defects using modified delay-multiply-and-sum reconstruction algorithm

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) is a joint defect in which a crack in thesubchondral bone causes a separation of both subchondral bone and overlying cartilage from the bulk of the bone. Because there is an increased prevalence of OCD among youth athletes, an efficient, accurate, and non-ionizing screening method for this condition is being pursued. The aim of this project is to develop a clinical ultrasound image reconstruction algorithm that increases the detectability of bone surface defects, such as OCD. The proposed algorithm is a modified delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) algorithm that uses data acquired through synthetic aperture methods. The modifications made to the DMAS algorithm relevant to this work include transmit apodization and incoherent data summation. The modified DMAS algorithm was tested on data generated from k-Wave simulations and validated with experiments using bone mimicking material. Using both k-Wave and the bone mimicking material, we modeled fractures in the capitellum of the humerus with separations of 1, 2, and 3 mm. For experiments, we used synthetic aperture acquisitions using a Verasonics V1 system with a linear array (L7-4). The modified DMAS algorithm was found to enhance the clarity of bone surface defects when compared against DAS and DMAS algorithms.
SIGNATURES OF EXTRA DIMENSIONS AT eγ AND γγ COLLIDERS

We study the processes γe→γe and γγ→γγ, in the context of the proposal for Weak Scale Quantum Gravity (WSQG) with large extra dimensions. With an ultraviolet cutoff MS~1 TeV for the effective gravity theory, the cross sections obtained for these processes at the Next Linear Collider (NLC), with the eγ an γγ options, deviate from the predictions of the Standard Model significantly. Our results suggest that, for typical proposed NLC energies and luminosities, the predictions of WSQG can be tested in the range 1 TeV≲MS≲10 TeV, making eγ an γγ colliders important tools for probing WSQG.
The development of the Therapeutic Group Context Questionnaire: Reliability and validity measures based on telehealth Group-based Pain Management Programs.

IntroductionIn 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed the National Health Interview Survey data and found that the occurrence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in ...
Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is associated with equivalent cost and shorter hospital stay when compared with traditional sternotomy

Abstract Objective Mitral valve surgery is increasingly performed through minimally invasive approaches. There are limited data regarding the cost of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Moreover, there are no data on the specific costs associated with mitral valve surgery. We undertook this study to compare the costs (total and subcomponent) of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery relative to traditional sternotomy. Methods All isolated mitral valve repairs performed in our health system from March 2012 through September 2013 were analyzed. To ensure like sets of patients, only those patients who underwent isolated mitral valve repairs with preoperative Society of Thoracic Surgeons scores of less than 4 were included in this study. A total of 159 patients were identified (sternotomy, 68; mini, 91). Total incurred direct cost was obtained from hospital financial records. Results Analysis demonstrated no difference in total cost (operative and postoperative) of mitral valve repair between mini and sternotomy ($25,515 ± $7598 vs $26,049 ± $11,737; P = .74). Operative costs were higher for the mini cohort, whereas postoperative costs were significantly lower. Postoperative intensive care unit and total hospital stays were both significantly shorter for the mini cohort. There were no differences in postoperative complications or survival between groups. Conclusions Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery can be performed with overall equivalent cost and shorter hospital stay relative to traditional sternotomy. There is greater operative cost associated with minimally invasive mitral valve surgery that is offset by shorter intensive care unit and hospital stays.