cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entanglement networks of 1,2-polybutadiene crosslinked in states of strain. IV. States of ease and stress–strain behavior

Linear 1,2-polybutadiene, glass transition temperature (Tg) −18°C, is crosslinked at −10°C, to −20°C by γ irradiation while strained in simple extension, with extension, ratios (λ0) from 1.2 to 2.7. After release, the sample retracts to a state of ease (λs) at room temperature. From equilibrium stress–strain measurements up to a stretch ratio relative to the state of ease (Λ) of 1.2, together with λ0 and λs, the concentration of network strands terminated by trapped entanglements (νN) is calculated. For this purpose, a three-constant Mooney–Rivlin formulation is used, in which the entanglement network is described by Mooney–Rivlin coefficients C1N and C2N, whereas the crosslink networks is described by the coefficient C1x only. The ratio ψN = C2N/(C1N + C2N) is estimated from parallel studies of nonlinear stress relaxation of the uncrosslinked polymer, taking into account the thermal history before and during irradiation. For substantial degrees of crosslinking, i.e., for R0′ = νx/νN > 0.4 (where νN is the concentration of network strands terminated by crosslinks), and for λ0 < 1.8, C2N agrees rather well with the value obtained from stress relaxation of the uncrosslinked polymer in the range of time scale where it is nearly independent of time (1.87 X 105 pascals). The corresponding value of νN is 2.3 × 10−4 moles/cm3, in good agreement with that obtained from viscoelastic measurements of the uncrosslinked polymer in the plateau zone (2.5 × 10−4). However, for R0′ ≅ 0.2, smaller values of C2N and νN are obtained, indicating that for low degrees of crosslinking the entanglements are not completely trapped. Also, for higher values of λ0, C2N and νN turn out to be somewhat smaller. Similar, less extensive results were obtained previously on a 1,2-polybutadiene with somewhat higher vinyl content and a higher Tg. Crosslinked samples of both these polymers were subjected to equilibrium stress–strain measurements in simple elongation from the state of ease at higher strains up to Λ = 1.7. The results agreed closely with calculations from the three-constant Mooney–Rivlin theory.
Clustered approaches to HPC via commodity HW + highly evolved SW

Building HPC systems from small, cost/effective production nodes has been a favored engineering approach for many years. Technology has driven a variety of solutions over time. Today, commodity SMP nodes and interconnection networks, together with highly evolved programming models and parallel software engineering tools make a compelling combination. An overview of these topics will be presented, together with some specific solution examples. Open problems and issues will be discussed.
Characterization of a Gene That Is Expressed Early in Somatic Embryogenesis of Daucus carota

The EMB-1 mRNA of carrot (Daucus carota) was isolated as an embryo abundant cDNA clone (T.H. Ulrich, E.S. Wurtele, B.J. Nikolau [1990] Nucleic Acids Res 18: 2826). Northern analyses of RNA isolated from embryos, cultured cells, and a variety of vegetative organs indicate that the EMB-1 mRNA specifically accumulates in embryos, beginning at the early stages of embryo development. In situ hybridization with both zygotic and somatic embryos show that the EMB-1 mRNA begins to accumulate at low levels throughout globular embryos. Accumulation of EMB-1 mRNA increases and becomes more localized as embryos mature; in torpedo embryos, EMB-1 mRNA preferentially accumulates in the meristematic regions, particularly the procambium. The similarity in distribution of EMB-1 mRNA in both zygotic and somatic embryos indicates that much of the spatial pattern of expression of the emb-1 gene is dependent on the developmental program of the carrot embryo and does not require maternal or endosperm factors. The EMB-1 protein (relative molecular weight 9910) is a very hydrophilic protein that is a member of a class of highly conserved proteins (typified also by the Em protein of wheat and the Lea D 19 protein of cotton) that may be ubiquitous among angiosperm embryos but whose functions are as yet unknown. The carrot genome appears to contain one or two copies of the emb-1 gene. A 1313-base pair DNA fragment of the carrot genome containing the emb-1 gene was isolated and sequenced. The gene is interrupted by a single intron of 99 base pairs. Primer extension experiments identify two EMB-1 mRNAs, differing by 6 bases at their 5[prime] ends that are transcribed from this gene.
Zur Raumlage und Form von Scherbrüchen — Betrachtungen am Mohrschen Spannungskreis

Die Orientierung und die Form von Bruchstrukturen sind abhangig von den jeweils wirksamen Spannungsrandbedingungen und den Materialeigenschaften des Gesteins, die das Bruchverhalten makroskopisch charakterisieren. Die im Gelande zu beobachtende Vielfalt der Lage und Geometrie von Bruchstrukturen wird hier als Funktion der veranderlichen Randbedingungen und Materialparameter betrachtet. Die Bedeutung der einzelnen Faktoren wird mit Hilfe des Mohrschen Spannungskreises qualitativ bestimmt.
Nonlinear Cognitive Signal Processing in Ultralow-Power Programmable Analog Hardware

This brief presents a programmable ultralow-power analog neural signal processing system. The analog hardware implements a nonlinear model that can replicate and predict, in real time, the temporal neural codes used in complex brain functions. The transistors of the analog circuits operate in weak inversion. A digital control system is used to program model parameters and calibrate mismatches. The chip was implemented in a 130-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology and occupies an area of 1 mm2. The power consumption of the system is 120 nW. The modular design allows for easy scaling to achieve large-scale hardware systems that emulate spike transformations of populations of neurons.
STUDIES IN PORPHYRIA

Porphyrin biosynthesis in mammalian skin and in skin obtained from patients with selected types of porphyria has been studied. Cutaneous porphyrinogenesis required the precursor δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) which, when added to murine, rat, and human skin in vitro, was rapidly converted to porphyrins. Total porphyrin content was quantitated by fluorescence assay, and spectral studies indicated that more than 80% of the porphyrin produced was protoporphyrin. The majority of skin porphyrinogenesis occurred in epidermis or in epidermal derivatives such as hair roots. Known inducers of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS), the rate-limiting enzyme for heme biosynthesis, were not inducers when added to skin in vitro. Skin from patients with acute intermittent porphyria demonstrated a 43% decrease in cutaneous porphyrin production as compared to unaffected normals. This is consistent with the known deficiency of uroporphyrinogen synthetase that has been previously demonstrated in the liver and red blood cells of these patients. Porphyrinogenesis in skin of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda was not different from controls. These studies demonstrate that skin has the enzymatic capacity to synthesize porphyrins from added ALA and that cutaneous porphyrinogenesis from ALA is deficient in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in prediction and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and long-term mortality after noncardiac surgery

Background Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious complication after noncardiac surgery. We hypothesized that preoperative cardiac troponin T detected with a novel high-sensitivity (hs-cTnT) assay will identify patients at risk for acute MI and long-term mortality after major noncardiac surgery. Methods This was a prospective cohort study within the VINO trial (n = 608). Patients had been diagnosed with or had multiple risk factors for coronary artery disease and underwent major noncardiac surgery. Cardiac troponin I (contemporary assay) and troponin T (high-sensitivity assay) and 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained before and immediately after surgery and on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. Results At baseline before surgery, 599 patients (98.5%) had a detectable hs-cTnT concentration, and 247 (41%) were >14 ng/L (99th percentile). After surgery, 497 patients (82%) had a rise in hs-cTnT (median change in hs-cTnT +2.7 ng/L [interquartile range 0.7-6.8]). During the first 3 postoperative days, there were 9 patients (2.5%) with a preoperative hs-cTnT 14 ng/L (odds ratio 3.67, 95% CI 1.65-8.15). During long-term follow-up, 80 deaths occurred. The 3-year mortality rate was 11% in patients with a preoperative hs-cTnT concentration 14 ng/L (adjusted hazard ratio 2.17, 95% CI 1.19-3.96). Conclusions In this cohort of high-risk patients, preoperative hs-cTnT concentrations were significantly associated with postoperative MI and long-term mortality after noncardiac surgery.
Implementation of an in vitro fertilization program

The establishment of an in vitro fertilization program is described. Organization of the physical laboratory, media formulation, and preliminary mouse embryo culture are discussed. Parameters of patient eligibility, ovarian stimulation, and laporoscopy are also defined. At the conclusion of Phase I, 17 patients were induced; 10 went to laparoscopy, and at least one four-cell embryo was returned to 7, resulting in one continuing pregnancy.
Transport protocol processing at GBPS rates

This paper proposes an architecture for accomplishing transport protocol processing at Gbps rates. The limitations of currently used transport protocols have been analyzed extensively in recent literature. Several benchmark studies have established the achievable throughput of ISO TP4 and TCP to be in the low Mbps range; several new protocols and implementation techniques have been proposed to achieve 100 Mbps and higher throughput rates. We briefly review some of these protocols and establish the need for a radically different approach to meet our objective. An estimate of the aggregate processing power required for Gbps throughput is developed. It is proposed that a cost effective and practical solution to the processing requirements could be based on a multi-processor system. The opportunities for parallel processing in a typical transport protocol are examined. Several alternate parallel processing approaches are examined and arguments are advanced for selecting a favored approach. A corresponding parallel processing architecture is described. Data structures used to preserve packet ordering and techniques for reducing contention in a multi-processing environment are discussed. An implementation methodology for conventional transport protocols (e.g. TP4) is outlined. Some suggestions are made for improving efficiency by making modifications to the protocol that do not compromise functionality. The performance achievable with this modified architecture is analyzed and some suggestions for further work are presented.
BACE and γ-Secretase Characterization and Their Sorting as Therapeutic Targets to Reduce Amyloidogenesis

Secretases are named for enzymes processing amyloid precursor protein (APP), a prototypic type-1 membrane protein. This led directly to discovery of novel Aspartyl proteases (β-secretases or BACE), a tetramer complex γ-secretase (γ-SC) containing presenilins, nicastrin, aph-1 and pen-2, and a new role for metalloprotease(s) of the ADAM family as a α-secretases. Recent advances in defining pathways that mediate endosomal-lysosomal-autophagic-exosomal trafficking now provide targets for new drugs to attenuate abnormal production of fibril forming products characteristic of AD. A key to success includes not only characterization of relevant secretases but mechanisms for sorting and transport of key metabolites to abnormal vesicles or sites for assembly of fibrils. New developments we highlight include an important role for an ‘early recycling endosome’ coated in retromer complex containing lipoprotein receptor LRP-II (SorLA) for switching APP to a non-amyloidogenic pathway for α-secretases processing, or to shuttle APP to a ‘late endosome compartment’ to form Aβ or AICD. LRP11 (SorLA) is of particular importance since it decreases in sporadic AD whose etiology otherwise is unknown.
(Pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine Nickel Complexes: Ethylene Oligomerization and Unusual Friedel−Crafts Alkylation Catalysts

The reactions of 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L1) and 2,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L2) with NiCl2 or NiBr2 gave the nickel(II) complexes [NiCl2(L1)] (1), [NiBr2(L1)] (2), [NiCl2(L2)] (3), and [NiBr2(L2)] (4) in high yields. Compounds 2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L3) and 2-(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L4) on the other hand gave either mononuclear or dinuclear nickel(II) complexes, depending on the steric bulk of the substituents on the pyrazolyl unit. While L3 gave the dinuclear complexes [Ni2(μ2-Cl)2Cl2(L3)2] (5) and [Ni2(μ2-Br)2Br2(L3)2] (6), L4 gave the mononuclear complexes [NiCl2(L4)] (7) and [NiBr2(L4)] (8). Activation of 1−8 with EtAlCl2 resulted in the oligomerization of ethylene to C4, C6, and C8 alkenes, followed by subsequent Friedel−Crafts alkylation of the toluene solvent. Activities as high as 15 660 kg of alkylated products/mol Ni/h were observed for 5 at 40 bar. However, when hexane was used as solvent, only trace...
Declining subcaste endogamy In India: the Hyderabad Kayasths, 1900‐75

This paper explores the declining endogamy of the Kayasth subcastes of Hyderabad, India, by analyzing patterns of endogamous and exogamous marriages from 1900 to 1975. The data are divided into three time periods: 1900-25, 1926-50 and 1951-75. So that marriages can be analyzed in terms of preference or pattern, we have removed the effects of unequal population sizes via a normalization technique (Romney 1971). Marriage choice is expressed by using an odds-ratio. Exogamous marriage patterns are analyzed using this index of choice between each pair of subcastes for each time period. The results indicate a striking change in marriage preferences over the three time periods. The Kayasths move from a highly endogamous system to one that is only moderately endogamous. [normalization technique, endogamy, subcastes, Kayasth, Hyderabad, India]
Application of normothermic cardiac arrest algorithms to hypothermic cardiac arrest in a canine model.

Summary Background International guidelines (2000) do not recommend vasopressor and antiarrhythmic medications during ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a core temperature below 30 °C. The efficacy of normothermic AHA algorithms using standard doses of epinephrine (EPI) (adrenaline) followed by amiodarone (AMIO) in hypothermic VF is uncertain. Objectives To determine the effects of EPI followed by the combination of EPI/AMIO in the treatment of VF in a canine model of severe hypothermia. Methods An un-blinded, placebo controlled experiment using 21 mechanically ventilated dogs. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), temperature, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. Animals were cooled to 22 °C or the onset of spontaneous VF. VF was induced if necessary. Animals in the treatment group received EPI (0.01 mg/kg IV) and defibrillation. This was followed by EPI (0.01 mg/kg IV), AMIO (10 mg/kg IV) and defibrillation if there was no sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for 15 min. Results Mean CPP in the treatment group increased after the administration of EPI/AMIO (24.7 ± 13.3 mmHg to 46.6 ± 7.7 mmHg, p n = 21, p = 0.0075). Conclusions In this model of severe hypothermia, the use of standard 2000 protocols for VF resulted in a significant increase of CPP, and, a higher ROSC rate compared to placebo controls. This study suggests that AHA normothermic algorithms may be beneficial in severe hypothermia.
The Control of Diarrhea (“White Scours”) of New-Born Dairy Calves by Means of Serum and Sulfaguanidine*

Summary 1. An acute infectious and contagious diarrhea (“white scours”) of new-born dairy calves was investigated clinically. 2. Scrupulous sanitation of the surroundings and adequate nutritionof the calf during the immediate post-natal period are regarded as fundamental in the control of scours of new-born calves but such measures alone are not adequate to control the disease under general herd conditions. 3. No recognizable reduction in the incidence of scours resulted from either giving cod liver oil as a dietary supplement or injecting a commercial anti-scour serum as a prophylactic measure. 4. Sulfaguanidine given in proper doses was effective prophylactically and therapeutically. A rule-of-the-thumb procedure could not be followed in all dosing. 5. As a prophylactic agent, it is recommended that sulfaguanidine in doses of approximately two grams be given to the calf at the following intervals: first dose, shortly after first colostrum consumption, which should not be later than two hours after birth; second dose, six to eight hours later; subsequent doses, morning and night through the second or third day. Doses may be reduced to one gram after the first 36 hours. 6. The following amounts of sulfaguanidine, per 100 pounds body weight of calf, given at four to six hour intervals are recommended as a guide for treatment: first dose, 7 grams; second dose, 5 grams; third and subsequent doses, 4 grams. These doses should be varied according to the condition and response of the calf. During the first 24 hours after the first clinical symptoms of scours are manifested, all feed should be withheld from the calf and liberal amounts of warm water should be given. Discontinue the sulfaguanidine therapy as soon as scours subsides. 7. In view of the dangers from complications associated with diarrhea of the new-born calf, prophylactic measures should be given precedence over therapeutic control except in herds where only sporadic cases occur.
Regulation of urea synthesis in sublobular regions of the liver lobule by oxygen.

Abstract Periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule were isolated from perfused rat liver using a micropunch and incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.6) containing 2% poly(ethylene glycol) in Eagle's basal medium, PMSF (50 μg/ml) and leupeptin (20 μg/ml) for 2 h at 25°C under and O 2 /CO 2 (95:5%) gas phase. Maximal rates of urea production from ammonium chloride were 96.4 ± 8.7 and 32.8 ± 5.4 μg per h at 800 and 200 μM O 2 . Thus, urea synthesis was 2ndash;3-times greater at high than low O 2 tension is plugs from periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule.
Role of Parenting Relationship Quality in Communicating about Maternal BRCA1/2 Genetic Test Results with Children

It is known that many mothers rapidly share the results of their BRCA1/2 genetic testing with their children, especially adolescent children. What is less known is the extent to which these mothers may engage fathers in a discussion concerning genetic counseling and the anticipated disclosure of genetic test results to children, or seek shared decision making in this context. This short communication addresses this issue by first examining mothers’ and fathers’ discussions concerning a research study of family communication. In our view, this conversation likely served as a precursor to, and proxy indicator of, maternal receptivity to partner input regarding the genetic counseling/testing-results disclosure process. We further evaluated how the quality of the parenting relationship is associated with mothers’ decisions to include or not include the child’s father in this study. Finally, this report addresses potential ways in which the genetic counselor may be able to facilitate parental communication regarding the evolving process of disclosure of genetic information to children and adolescents.
The Influence of Strength and Gender on Defining Psychophysical Lift Capacity

This study examined the influence of strength, gender, and lift weight on psychophysical lift capacity of 209 men and 181 women. Each subject lifted from three to eight boxes that ranged in weight from 22 to 143 pounds. Lift difficulty was rated with Borg's CR-10 psychophysical scale. Standard methods were used to measure isometric arm, shoulder, and torso strength. Power functions defined each subject's dynamic lift profile within their lift range. Multiple regression provided an equation with a function to estimate psychophysical lift difficulty from lift load, strength, and gender by weight load interaction (R = 0.81, SEE = 1.7). The regression equation provides a model for estimating psychophysical floor-to-knuckle height lift capacity of men and women who vary in strength. These data document that psychophysical lift capacity was not only a function of load weight, but also the gender and strength of the lifter.
EFFECT OF EMBRYO AGE AND CULTURE MEDIA ON PLANT GROWTH AND VERNALIZATION RESPONSE IN WINTER WHEAT

Embryo age and composition of nutrient medium affected plant growth and response to vernalization in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Root and shoot development was more in older than in younger excised embryos, and more in a medium without kinetin than in one with kinetin. Kinetin (2 mg/l) in the medium did not accelerate vernalization, probably because it tended to inhibit seedling and plant growth.
Planetary protection for a Europa surface sample return: The Ice Clipper mission

Abstract The surface of Europa may hold biochemical evidence of life in the ocean below. Plans for the analysis and return of samples containing organics from the surface of Europa are well developed; for example, the Ice Clipper Mission. Planetary protection issues must be considered in planning for a returned sample from Europa. Previous studies for sample return from Mars and the return of comet dust by the Stardust mission provide a basis for comparison for a Europa sample return mission. The extreme radiation environment on the surface of Europa would kill even the most radiation resistant microorganism present to depths of many tens of meters in the ice. The Ice Clipper mission would impact sample the upper 1.2 to 3.4 m of the ice depending on the surface hardness. At these depths the radiation dose is expected to be 500 and 40 rads/year, respectively. These dose rates would kill dormant cells in less than 36,000 and 450,000 years even for the most radiation resistant strains. It is therefore likely that a Europa sample return mission such as Ice Clipper can be treated using the Stardust mission as a model for planetary protection, that is, the returned material can be assumed to pose no biological risk.
X-ray diffraction analysis and molecular-replacement solution of the cyan fluorescent protein dsFP483

A novel cyan fluorescent protein, dsFP483 from the coral Discosoma striata, has been crystallized. Diffraction data were collected to 2.1 A and processed in space group C2. Molecular-replacement methods were applied using the closely related red fluorescent protein DsRed as a search model. The asymmetric unit appears to contain six protein molecules (1.5 tetramers), five of which (83%) could be located by the molecular-replacement searches.
E.U. Condon: Science, Religion, and the Politics of World Peace

I set forth and discuss E.U. Condon’s views on science and society, focusing specifically on Condon’s views on science and religion, science and government, and the necessity for world peace. Even disregarding his contributions to theoretical physics, Condon proves an interesting case study for several reasons. He had extensive experience in academia, industry, and government, and was a scientist who easily crossed the insider-outsider divide between scientists in Cold War America. Moreover, Condon was a person of the Progressive Left advocating World Government as necessary for peace and warning of the dangers of the militarization of American society as well as of science itself. Known for being outspoken, he became an inviting target for the forces of anticommunism in Cold War America. In March 1948, the House Un-American Activities Committee charged that Condon was “one of the weakest links in our atomic security.”
Beta-carotene in vitro stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 alpha secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Beta-carotene (BC) potentially affects cancer resistance by stimulating secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and thereby modulating immune defenses. Therefore, we investigated the effects of BC applied in vitro on the secretion of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from healthy individuals were activated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM; 0.1 ug/ml), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ug/ml) for 24 hr, or phytohemagglutinin (PHA; 5 ug/ml) for 74 hr. BC was encapsulated in liposomes and delivered to PBMC during mitogen activation at concentrations of 10−6 to 10−11M. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatants of activated cells was measured by ELISA. BC had no impact on IFN release. The release of IL-1 was significantly (p<0.05) stimulated by BC (10−6 to 10−8 M). No effect on IL-1 secretion was obtained when PBMC were incubated with BC-free liposomes. However, BC-free liposomes suppressed significantly TNF secretion (from 1.5 to 0.2 ng/ml). When BC was presented in liposomes at concentrations ranging from 10−6 to 10−8 M it stimulated significantly (p<0.01) TNF secretion. We suggest that physiologically achievable concentration so BC stimulate monokine secretion. Such changes might explain in part the observed immunomodulatory effect of BC on lymphoid cells and reduced cancer risk associated with high intake of BC.
Cognitive Research and Elementary Science Instruction: From the Laboratory, to the Classroom, and Back

Can cognitive research generate usable knowledge for elementary science instruction? Can issues raised by classroom practice drive the agenda of laboratory cognitive research? Answering yes to both questions, we advocate building a reciprocal interface between basic and applied research. We discuss five studies of the teaching, learning, and transfer of the “Control of Variables Strategy” in elementary school science. Beginning with investigations motivated by basic theoretical questions, we situate subsequent inquiries within authentic educational debates—contrasting hands-on manipulation of physical and virtual materials, evaluating direct instruction and discovery learning, replicating training methods in classroom, and narrowing science achievement gaps. We urge research programs to integrate basic research in “pure” laboratories with field work in “messy” classrooms. Finally, we suggest that those engaged in discussions about implications and applications of educational research focus on clearly defined instructional methods and procedures, rather than vague labels and outmoded “-isms.”
Imitation, Objects, Tools, and the Rudiments of Language in Human Ontogeny.

Human beings are imitative generalists. We can immediately imitate a wide range of behaviors with great facility, whether they be vocal maneuvers, body postures, or actions on objects. The ontogeny of this skill has been an enduring question in developmental psychology. Classical theory holds that the ability to imitate facial gestures is a milestone that is passed at about one year. Before this time infants are thought to lack the perceptual-cognitive sophistication necessary to match a gesture they can see with one they cannot see themselves perform. A second developmental milestone is the capacity for deferred imitation, i.e. imitation of an absent model. This is said to emerge at about 18 months, in close synchrony with other higher-order activities such as object permanence and tool use, as part of a general cognitive shift from a purely sensory-motor level of functioning to one that allows language. Research suggests that the imitative capacity of young infants has been underestimated. Human infants are capable of imitating facial gestures at birth, with infants less than one day old manifesting this skill. Moreover recent experiments have established deferred imitation well before the predicted age of 18 months. Studies discussed here show that 9-month-olds can duplicate acts after a delay of 24 hours, and that 14-month-olds can retain and duplicate as many as five actions over a 1-week delay. These new findings re-raise questions about the relation between nonverbal cognitive development and language development: What aspects, if any, of these two domains are linked? A hypothesis is delineated that predicts certain very specific relations between particular cognitive and semantic achievements during the one-word stage, and data are reported supporting this hypothesis. Specifically, relations are reported between: (a) the development of object permanence and the use of words encoding disappearance, (b) means-ends understanding (as manifest in tool use) and words encoding success and failure, and (c) categorization behavior and the onset of the naming explosion. This research on human ontogeny suggests close and highly specific links between aspects of early language and thought.
DNA-Enabled Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoclusters

DNA nanotechnology provides a versatile foundation for the chemical assembly of nanostructures. Plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies are of particular interest because they can be tailored to exhibit a broad range of electromagnetic phenomena. In this Letter, we report the assembly of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles into heteropentamer clusters, which consist of a smaller gold sphere surrounded by a ring of four larger spheres. Magnetic and Fano-like resonances are observed in individual clusters. The DNA plays a dual role: it selectively assembles the clusters in solution and functions as an insulating spacer between the conductive nanoparticles. These particle assemblies can be generalized to a new class of DNA-enabled plasmonic heterostructures that comprise various active and passive materials and other forms of DNA scaffolding.
Activation of the CB2 receptor system reverses amyloid-induced memory deficiency

Abstract Cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) agonists are neuroprotective and appear to play modulatory roles in neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease. We have studied the effect of 1-((3-benzyl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl) carbonyl) piperidine (MDA7)—a novel selective CB2 agonist that lacks psychoactivity—on ameliorating the neuroinflammatory process, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment induced by bilateral microinjection of amyloid-β (Aβ)1–40 fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. In rats injected with Aβ1–40 fibrils, compared with the administration of intraperitoneal saline for 14 days, treatment with 15 mg/kg of intraperitoneal MDA7 daily for 14 days (1) ameliorated the expression of CD11b (microglia marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocyte marker), (2) decreased the secretion of interleukin-1β, (3) decreased the upsurge of CB2 receptors, (4) promoted Aβ clearance, and (5) restored synaptic plasticity, cognition, and memory. Our findings suggest that MDA7 is an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Diffusion in the nickel-rhenium system

Most Ni-based metal matrix composites (MMC) studied to date were reinforced with ductile refractory metal fibers, mostly W or W-alloys. However, Ni embrittles and weakens cold-drawn W fibers by (1) forming intermetallic phases at the fiber-matrix interface and (2) inducing recrystallization of W at temperatures as low as 950 C by rapid grain-boundary diffusion. To prevent these problems, ceramic coatings with low solubility, reactivity, and diffusion coefficients for both W and Ni can be applied at the interface. However, ceramic coatings are brittle, and typically exhibit a large mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion with Ni; therefore, these coatings tend to crack when the composite is subjected to thermal cycling. To prevent cracking of the diffusion barrier, ductile, metallic coatings can be used. Rhenium is an attractive candidate for W fibers in a Ni matrix, since it exhibits high-temperature strength significantly higher than W, while retaining excellent ductility at all temperatures, even after recrystallization. Also, its coefficient of thermal expansion is between those of W and Ni. Diffusion in the Re-W system at the potential use temperatures of Ni-based MMC (1,200--1,500 K) is negligible due to the very high melting points of both W and Re (3,695 K and 3,459more » K, respectively). Furthermore, Re additions have been found to improve the mechanical properties of both W and Ni. Finally, the Ni-Re phase diagram shows a simple peritectic system with no intermetallic present. However, one potential drawback is the relatively high solubility of each metal in the other. The authors present an experimental investigation of diffusion phenomena in the Ni-Re system. The parameters controlling diffusion (activation energy and frequency factor) of each metal into the other are determined in order to predict long-term diffusion behavior at elevated temperatures and to assess the suitability of Re diffusion coatings for W fibers in Ni-based matrices.« less
The Genetics of Tourette Syndrome: A review

Objectives This paper summarizes and evaluates recent advances in the genetics of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS).
Growth and Enterotoxin A Production by Staphylococcus aureus in Precooked Bacon in the Intermediate Moisture Range

Different water activities were obtained in precooked bacon by varying the frying time. Water activity (aw) correlated best to the moisture, salt and protein content. When stored aerobically at 37°C, S. aureus A100 was capable of rapid growth in precooked bacon at a aw of 0.84 or above, whereas at 20°C a aw of 0.88 or higher was required. Under anaerobic storage at 37°C, growth was observed at a aw of 0.90, and at 20°C slight growth was noted at a aw of 0.91. The increase in the minimal aw required for aerobic growth at the lower temperature was reflected in the differences between the isotherms obtained at 37°C and 20°C. The maximum populations achieved were higher for samples stored aerobically. Enterotoxin A (19–821 ng/g) was found in all aerobically stored samples where growth occurred. Enterotoxin A (38–109 ng/g) was also found in all anaerobically incubated samples where the population of S. aureus increased more than one logarithmic cycle.
The theory of bounded-ripple loudspeaker systems

This paper describes an investigation of the low-frequency performance of an electrodynamic direct radiator loudspeaker mounted in a vented or an unvented enclosure. The goal of the investigation is to determine if the maximally flat system (see Thiele [1] or Lea and Lampton [2]) can be improved by permitting small uniformly bounded departures from flat response. A figure of merit is defined that permits systems of different types to be compared. A class of bounded-ripple loudspeaker systems is discussed; these systems have figures of merit at least as good as that of the triple point system. The numerical results of the investigation are presented graphically. A procedure is described with which maximally flat or bounded-ripple systems satisfying given performance specifications may be designed.
Wilson's Disease—Treatment of Psychiatric Manifestations in Pregnancy

Wilson’s Disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism that results in excess copper in the liver, brain, kidney, and eyes. Copper deposits in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry can result in motor, cognitive, and psychological disturbances. As many as 50% of patients with WD develop psychiatric complications that often coexist with neurological symptoms. Typical neuropsychiatric symptoms may include executive dysfunction, working memory impairment, behavioral dysregulation, mood symptoms, and/or psychosis. Somatic treatments for the psychiatric sequelae of WD present unique challenges in the perinatal population. Standard treatments for WD, such as chelators, are potentially toxic to the developing fetus. The evidence for safe and effective pharmacologic therapies for the neuropsychiatric manifestations of WD in perinatal patients is also lacking. This report outlines a case of a G2P1 female with WD treated with prophylactic chelators in an attempt to prevent a repeat episode of postpartum psychosis. This case report also highlights the use of lithium monotherapy in treating the psychiatric complications of WD in pregnancy.
Precursors for chemical vapor deposition of yttrium barium copper oxide

Abstract There exists a need for reproducible large area, high quality, thin films of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ for insertion into magnetic resonance imaging and cellular base station applications. One approach to the fabrication of these films, chemical vapor deposition, currently has some limitations placed upon it by the available range of precursor compounds. This report discusses the present commercial options, with an emphasis on the effort demanded to qualify a specific compound for utilization in a manufacturing environment.
Multijoint Control Strategies Transfer Between Tasks

In this paper, the hypothesis that multijoint control strategies are transferred between similar tasks was tested. To test this hypothesis, we studied the take-off phase of two types of backward somersault dives: one while translating backwards (Back), the other while translating forward (Reverse). An experimentally based dynamic model of the musculoskeletal system was employed to simulate the measured kinematics and reaction force data and to study the sensitivity of take-off performance to initial kinematic conditions. It was found that the horizontal velocity of the total body center of mass (CM) was most sensitive to modifications in the initial shank conditions. Consequently, the initial shank kinematics of the Back dive was modified in the optimization procedure while maintaining the joint coordination of the Back in order to generate the CM trajectory and reaction forces of a Reverse. Similarly, the initial shank kinematics of the Reverse dive was modified to simulate the CM trajectory and reaction force of the Back. It was found that small modifications in the initial shank kinematics led to change in direction of horizontal CM velocity at take-off; resulting in a switch from Back to Reverse and vice versa. In both cases, the simulated momentum conditions at departure and the bimodal shape of the reaction force-time curve were consistent with those experimentally observed. The results of this study support the hypothesis that transfer of control strategies between similar tasks is a viable option in multijoint control. This transfer of control strategy is explained using a hierarchical model of the motion control system.
Expression of endogenous peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II complexes derived from invariant chain-antigen fusion proteins

CD4+ T cells recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-bound peptides that are primarily obtained from extracellular sources. Endogenously synthesized proteins that readily enter the MHC class I presentation pathway are generally excluded from the MHC class II presentation pathway. We show here that endogenously synthesized ovalbumin or hen egg lysozyme can be efficiently presented as peptide-MHC class II complexes when they are expressed as fusion proteins with the invariant chain (Ii). Similar to the wild-type Ii, the Ii-antigen fusion proteins were associated intracellularly with MHC molecules. Most efficient expression of endogenous peptide-MHC complex was obtained with fusion proteins that contained the endosomal targeting signal within the N-terminal cytoplasmic Ii residues but did not require the luminal residues of Ii that are known to bind MHC molecules. These results suggest that signals within the Ii can allow endogenously synthesized proteins to efficiently enter the MHC class II presentation pathway. They also suggest a strategy for identifying unknown antigens presented by MHC class II molecules.
Requirement of the galU gene for polysaccharide production by and pathogenicity and growth In Planta of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is the causal agent of citrus canker, which has a significant impact on citrus production. In this study, we characterized the galU gene of X. citri subsp. citri. Two galU mutants (F6 and D12) were identified in an X. citri subsp. citri EZ-Tn5 Tnp transposon library. Rescue cloning, sequence analysis, and Southern blot analysis indicated that both of these mutants had a single copy of the EZ-Tn5 transposon inserted in galU in the chromosome. Further study showed that galU was required for biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS; xanthan gum) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and biofilm formation. Mutation of galU resulted in a loss of pathogenicity for grapefruit. The loss of pathogenicity of a galU mutant resulted from its inability to grow in planta rather than from the effect on virulence genes. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that mutation of galU did not impair the expression of key virulence genes, such as pthA of X. citri subsp. citri. Although D12 had a growth rate similar to that of the wild-type strain in nutrient broth, no D12 population became established in the intercellular spaces of citrus leaves. Coinoculation of a galU mutant with the wild-type strain did not promote growth of the galU mutant in planta. Defects in EPS and CPS production, pathogenicity, and growth in planta of the galU mutant were complemented to the wild-type level using plasmid pCGU2.1 containing an intact galU gene. These data indicate that the galU gene contributes to X. citri subsp. citri growth in intercellular spaces and is involved in EPS and CPS synthesis and biofilm formation.
Overcapacity in Shanghai's High-End Hotel Sector: Analysis Based on an Inventory Model

Using the single-period inventory model, optimal monthly room capacity was identified for Shanghai's high-end hotels and compared to existing hotel capacity to determine the magnitude of overcapacity in 2011. To cope with overcapacity, this study suggests (a) Shanghai should refrain from developing new high-end hotels to let the demand catch up with the supply; (b) the hotel industry may convert a part of its high-end hotels to condo hotels or time share properties; and (c) Shanghai should take full advantage of the recent World Expo to position and promote itself as a top destination of meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions in the world.
Toll-like receptor 2 is important for the TH1 response to cutaneous sensitization

Background Atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis are skin disorders triggered by epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigens and contact sensitization with haptens, respectively. Skin is colonized with bacteria, which are a source of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands. Objective We sought to examine the role of TLR2 in murine models of atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Methods TLR2 −/− mice and wild-type littermates were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) or contact sensitized with oxazolone (OX). Skin histology was assessed by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Ear swelling was measured with a micrometer. Cytokine mRNA expression was examined by means of quantitative RT-PCR. Antibody levels and splenocyte secretion of cytokines in response to OVA stimulation were measured by means of ELISA. Dendritic cells were examined for their ability to polarize T-cell receptor/OVA transgenic naive T cells to T H 1 and T H 2. Results In response to OVA sensitization, TLR2 −/− mice experienced skin infiltration with eosinophils and CD4 + cells, as well as upregulation of T H 2 cytokine mRNAs that was comparable with that seen in wild-type littermates. In contrast, epidermal thickening, IFN-γ expression in the skin, IFN-γ production by splenocytes, and IgG2a anti-OVA antibody levels were impaired in TLR2 −/− mice. After OX ear challenge, contact sensitized TLR2 −/− mice exhibited defective ear swelling with impaired cellular infiltration, decreased epidermal thickening and local IFN-γ expression, and impaired OX-specific IgG2a responses. Dendritic cells from TLR2 −/− mice induced significantly lower production of IFN-γ but normal IL-4 and IL-13 production in naive T cells. Conclusions These results indicate that TLR2 promotes the IFN-γ response to cutaneously introduced antigens.
Plasma Glucose and Insulin Regulation Is Abnormal Following Gastric Bypass Surgery with or Without Neuroglycopenia

Enhanced insulin sensitivity is commonly seen following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) whereas symptomatic hypoglycemia post-RYGB seems to occur infrequently. It is unclear how different plasma glucose and insulin responses are in patients with symptomatic hypoglycemia (SX-RYGB) versus those who remain asymptomatic (ASX-RYGB), nor when compared with non-surgical controls with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined following a 75-g oral glucose challenge in five groups: symptomatic and asymptomatic patients following RYGB (n = 9 each) and overweight/obese controls, divided into three subgroups (n = 30 each) on the basis of degree of insulin sensitivity measured by the insulin suppression test. SX-RYGB group had higher 30-min glucose after oral glucose compared with the ASX-RYGB group (p = 0.04). The two groups did not differ in peak glucose and insulin concentrations, nadir glucose concentration, or insulin-to-glucose ratio 30 min after oral glucose. These values were significantly different from the three control groups, and peak insulin concentrations post-RYGB were increased at every degree of insulin sensitivity as compared with the control groups. Plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose in patients with symptomatic hypoglycemia post-RYGB are minimally different when compared to individuals who remain asymptomatic, and both groups demonstrate hyperinsulinemia out of proportion to their degree of insulin sensitivity.
Improved contact design methodology for solar cells

A rigorous approach to optimize the layout of the front contact under the real working condition of the solar cell is proposed.
Design and Fabrication of DRIE-Patterned Complex Needlelike Silicon Structures

This paper reports the design and fabrication of high-aspect-ratio needlelike silicon structures that can have complex geometry. The structures are hundreds of micrometers tall with submicrometer-sharp protrusions, and they are fabricated using a series of passivated and unpassivated deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) steps. A simple model is presented to predict the geometry of the structure based on the etch mask and the etch sequence. Model predictions are in good qualitative agreement with fabrication results, making it a useful design tool. The model is compared with literature reports on tapered DRIE.
Sharing Water, Preventing War—Hydrodiplomacy in South Asia

Over the past decade, scholars have closely examined the linkage between environmental change, security, and conflict. Severe deforestation, soil erosion, soil salinisation and water-logging, toxic contamination, drought and flooding, and air and water pollution are some of the environmental calamities that can increase international tension and even lead to conflict. What is perhaps more interesting, however, is that reversing the equation is also true. Environmental conservation and cooperative governance between neighbouring states can contribute to regional stability and conflict avoidance. This article suggests the international trans-boundary river agreement between India and Pakistan to manage the Indus River reduces tension and prevents war between the nuclear-armed rivals. During the Kargil crisis in 2001, for example, the trans-boundary river management regime was the most functional bilateral relationship between the two South Asian powers.