cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved application of local models to steel corrosion in lead-bismuth loops

The corrosion of steels exposed to flowing liquid metals is influenced by local and global conditions of flow systems. The present study improves the previous local models when applied to closed loops by incorporating some global condition effects. In particular the bulk corrosion product concentration is calculated based on balancing the dissolution and precipitation in the entire closed loop. Mass transfer expressions developed in aqueous medium and an analytical expression are tested in the liquid-metal environments. The improved model is applied to a pure lead loop and produces results closer to the experimental data than the previous local models do. The model is also applied to a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) test loop. Systematic studies illustrate the effects of the flow rate, the oxygen concentration in LBE, and the temperature profile on the corrosion rate.
Distribution of Polybrominated Biphenyl Residues in the Tissues of Environmentally Contaminated Dairy Cows

Concentrations of polybrominated biphenyl in tissues of 32 cows and 9 calves were determined. The cows were killed from 9 to 20 mo after a short environmental exposure. The calves were from 2 to 4 mo old when killed. Residues in body fat ranged from 9 to 4100 ppm. Over all animals there were no significant differences in concentration of residues (fat basis) among perirenal fat, omental fat, subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and kidney. The concentration of residue in lung fat was lower than that in all other tissues except brain fat where contamination was lower than in the fat of all other tissues. The concentration of polybrominated biphenyl was higher in the fat of liver than in the fat of all other tissues. The ratio of polybrominated biphenyl concentrations in milk fat to subcutaneous body fat was .42:1. The ratio of polybrominated biphenyl concentrations in calf blood to dam blood was .37:1 and in fetal fat to dam fat was .36:1.
Adult hypertropia: a guide to diagnostic evaluation based on review of 300 patients

To highlight the key clinical features of various aetiologies of adult hypertropia and to discuss the diagnostic approach towards evaluation of vertical double vision. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 300 consecutive patients with vertical diplopia were evaluated by a single neuro-ophthalmologist and strabismologist in a tertiary care setting from 2005–2008. The medical records of all patients with vertical diplopia coded with one of the following diagnoses; hypertropia, diplopia, thyroid eye disease, fourth nerve palsy, ocular myasthenia, congenital strabismus, and third nerve palsy were reviewed. The main outcome measures were determination of aetiologies of hypertropia. Fourth nerve palsy and thyroid eye disease were the most common causes of vertical diplopia in our series and comprised more than 50% of patients. The other causes of vertical diplopia were ocular surgery, orbital fracture, neurosurgery, childhood strabismus, skew deviation, third nerve palsy, myasthenia gravis, and decompensated hyperphorias. Ocular motility deficits were seen in 33% of the cohort of whom thyroid eye disease comprised the largest group. Orbital ultrasonography was sensitive in detecting thyroid orbitopathy. In the majority of patients, the aetiologies of hypertropias can be ascertained by history and careful ophthalmic examination alone. Fourth nerve palsy and thyroid eye disease were the most common causes of vertical diplopia in this series.
jNURBS: An object-oriented, symbolic framework for integrated, meshless analysis and optimal design

In this paper, we propose a design-analysis integrated CAD framework termed jNURBS, jNURBS, developed using the Java language, is an extensible, Object-Oriented framework that enables meshless analysis of physical behavior and optimal design. The geometry as well as the analysis fields (displacement, temperature, etc.) are described mathematically using a common representation, namely the Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS). Thus, NURBS serves to design the geometry as well as carryout meshless analysis thereby integrating the design and analysis in an efficient manner. The program kernel provides tools to symbolically describe complex multi-physics problems, methods to manipulate the NURBS entities, a set of primitive NURBS entities, and an iterative optimization solver. The problems are symbolically defined using a newly developed high-level, natural language description through an interface termed JNS (jNURBS Script). A number of example problems, selected from meshless structural analysis, material microstructure simulation, shape optimal design, and equilibrium shape of droplets, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the framework.
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN GENERALIZED VON KARMAN ROTATING-DISK FLOWS

The title problem is solved subject to the boundary conditions T(r,0) = σN n = 0 Tn · rn(ω/ν)IV2on the disk z = 0, and limz→∞,T = T∞ a constant. The similar velocity field leads to viscous heating proportional to r2 as well as r0. The nonsimilar temperature is found by superimposing N + 1 similar profiles Qn(z*) scaled by rn. It Is concluded that Q0(z*) exists only when the fluid at infinity corotates with the disk and at a lower rate. Specifically, (1) the temperature profile due to viscous heating of generalized von Karman disk flows is obtained, (2) the effects of Prandtl number, ambient fluid rotation, and degree of inhomogeneity N are discussed in detail, and (3) the limitations of the thermal boundary-layer approximation are delineated.
Polymerization of hemoglobins of mouse and man: structural basis.

Human hemoglobin Porto Alegre and mouse hemoglobin (BALB/cJ) polymerize by forming intermolecular disulfide bridges. Both hemoglobins have externally oriented, reactive cysteinyl residues in the A-helix of the beta chain. Hemoglobin Porto Alegre can be designated as α 2 β 2 9 Ser → Cys . The crysteinyl residue of the mouse hemoglobin is at position 13 in the beta chain.
Density-dependent flow in one-dimensional variably-saturated media

Abstract A one-dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate density-dependent flow of saltwater in variably saturated media. The flow and solute equations were solved in a coupled mode (iterative), in a partially coupled mode (non-iterative), and in a completely decoupled mode. Pressure head was considered as the dependent variable in the fluid motion equation, and a backward Euler scheme with mass lumping was used for time discretization of both flow and transport equations. The modified Picard method was used in the flow equation to solve for pressure heads. The model was verified by comparison to an analytical test function and published numerical results. It was found that density effects on the flow decreased with the pressure head. However, significant effects can still be observed at relatively low (negative) pressure heads. The density dependence effects were at their maxima at steady state. Partial coupling of the flow and transport equations was shown to give satisfactory results in comparison with full coupling. The advantage in partial coupling is a reduced amount of numerical computation. The finite element formulation of the model is presented in a form that allows a person with finite difference expertise to implement it easily.
Molecular Characterization of Human Skin Response to Diphencyprone at Peak and Resolution Phases: Therapeutic Insights

Diphencyprone (DPCP) is a hapten that induces delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. It is used as an immune-modulating therapeutic, but its molecular effects in human skin are largely unknown. We studied cellular and molecular characteristics of a recall response to 0.04% DPCP at 3-day (peak) and 14-day (resolution) time points using immune markers, reverse-transcriptase–PCR (RT–PCR), and gene array approaches. A peak response showed modulation of ∼7,500 mRNA transcripts, with high expression of cytokines that define all major effector T-cell subsets. Concomitant increases in T-cell and CD11c+ dendritic cell (DC) infiltrates were measured. The resolution reaction was characterized by unexpectedly high levels of T cells and mature (DC-lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein positive (DC-LAMP+)) DCs, but with marked decreases in expression of IL-2, IFNγ, and other T cell–derived cytokines. However, negative immune regulators such as IDO1 that were high in peak reactions, continued to have high expression in resolution reactions. In the resolution reaction, ∼1,500 mRNA transcripts were significantly different from placebo-treated skin. These data suggest that the response to DPCP evolves from an inflammatory/effector peak at day 3 to a more regulated immune response after 14 days. This model system could be useful for further dissection of mechanisms of immune activation or negative immune regulation in human skin.
Evidence for the existence of faulting in a splat-cooled ?-Pu (Ti) alloy

Examination of X-ray diffraction profiles of a “splat-cooled” 15 Ti-85 Pu alloy has revealed that the material contains a large amount of twinning coupled with a reasonably small crystallite size and high strain. The localized strain is estimated to be 0.6%, the crystallite size ≅250 A, and the twinning fault probability is large at 0.043.
VisTRE: A Visualization Tool to Evaluate Errors in Terrain Representation

New data sources and sensors bring new possibilities for terrain representations, and new types of characteristic errors. We develop a system to visualize and compare terrain representations and the errors they produce.
The medical community's opposition to organ markets: Ethics or economics?

A severe shortage of cadaveric human organs for transplantation exists in the U.S. The obvious cause of this shortage is our current public policy which proscribes payment for such organs. Support for this policy and opposition to the formation of organ markets has been quite strong among transplant suppliers (both hospital and physician groups). This paper critically evaluates the ethical arguments advanced to buttress this policy position and presents an alternative economic explanation based upon profit-maximizing behavior. The model we develop is based upon monopsony in organ procurement with a kinked (and possibly discontinuous) organ supply function.
Exploring the role of movement in determining the global distribution of marine biomass using a coupled hydrodynamic – Size-based ecosystem model

Abstract Modeling the dynamics of marine populations at a global scale – from phytoplankton to fish – is necessary if we are to quantify how climate change and other broad-scale anthropogenic actions affect the supply of marine-based food. Here, we estimate the abundance and distribution of fish biomass using a simple size-based food web model coupled to simulations of global ocean physics and biogeochemistry. We focus on the spatial distribution of biomass, identifying highly productive regions – shelf seas, western boundary currents and major upwelling zones. In the absence of fishing, we estimate the total ocean fish biomass to be ∼ 2.84 × 10 9 tonnes, similar to previous estimates. However, this value is sensitive to the choice of parameters, and further, allowing fish to move had a profound impact on the spatial distribution of fish biomass and the structure of marine communities. In particular, when movement is implemented the viable range of large predators is greatly increased, and stunted biomass spectra characterizing large ocean regions in simulations without movement, are replaced with expanded spectra that include large predators. These results highlight the importance of considering movement in global-scale ecological models.
Design of the 6.5-m MMT Adaptive Optics System and results from its prototype system FASTTRAC II

The first images of astronomical objects have been obtained with a telescope exploiting wavefront compensation with adaptive optics where the reference beacon was generated by laser excitation of mesospheric sodium. This was done using the FASTTRAC II low-order adaptive optics system at the multiple mirror telescope (MMT). FASTTRAC II is a prototype for a full-scale adaptive optics system under construction for the 6.5 m telescope that will replace the MMT in late 1997. The 6.5 m system is designed to provide correction to the diffraction limit of resolution in the near infrared (1 - 5 micrometer) with high Strehl ratio and excellent sky coverage. This paper describes the new system and its expected performance in view of the achieved performance of FASTTRAC II.
Dorello's Canal and Gruber's Ligament: Historical Perspective.

Wenzel Leopold Gruber and Primo Dorello were great anatomists and researchers during the 19th and 20th centuries. Their contributions to neuroanatomy—namely the Gruber's (petrosphenoidal) ligament and Dorello's canal, respectively—have come to be important structures in various approaches through the middle fossa. These structures have also helped provide us with an understanding of the mechanism of sixth nerve paresis in various pathological conditions, such as raised intracranial pressure and Gradenigo syndrome. Their numerous publications have stood as a reference to anatomical researchers. Gruber's description of internal mesogastric hernia and the Meckel-Gruber anastomosis are also widely known in medical literature. The following article is an attempt to reflect upon the life and works of Gruber and Dorello and the importance of their research.
Behavioral pain assessment and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability instrument.

Difficulties assessing pain in individuals who cannot use self-report scales has led to their exclusion from clinical trials and rendered them vulnerable to undertreatment of pain. Although several observational pain scales are available for use in these populations, many lack the characteristics necessary for routine implementation into practice or research. The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry And Consolability pain scale was developed as a simple measure of pain intensity in young children. It has been validated in the postoperative setting in children 2–7 years of age and children aged 4–18 years with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. With minor revisions, the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability pain scale may be useful to assess acute pain across populations of children and adults who are unable to self-report their pain.
Organometallic heterocyclic chemistry I. some group VI transition metal complexes containing thiazole, isothiazole, and related ligands

Abstract The heterocycles thiazole, isothiazole, and 4(5) methyl-isothiazole have been used as ligands in reaction with the group VI metal hexacarbonyls. The resulting pentacarbonyl derivatives are coordinated to the metal via the nitrogen atom exclusively; however, it is clear from mass spectral data that migration of the metal from nitrogen to sulfur is an important process in the fragmentation of the complexes as well as formation of pi-bonded species. The electronic effects of the ligands are very similar and related to those of pyridine.
An economic model for determining AGV fleet size

SUMMARY One of the important issues in the design of an automated guided vehicles system (AGVS) is the determination of the number of vehicles needed to operate the system in an efficient and economical way. In this paper a multi-criteria optimization model is developed using two goals, cost and throughput performance. By using a trade-off ratio between the goals the number of AGVs needed in the systems is determined. Use of management decision tables to enhance the solution procedure is introduced
Multidisciplinary Design of Vehicle Structures with Improved Roll Maneuverability-Transonic Regime

The objective of this research is the preliminary design of aircraft structures for improved steady-state roll performance in the transonic regime. The control surface effectiveness (a parameter that indicates the relative rolling power produced by an aileron of a flexible aircraft with respect to the rigid aircraft) is employed for quantifying the roll performance. Control surface effectiveness is evaluated by iteratively solving the antisymmetric trim equation on roll rate. Each iteration of the trim equation necessitates the computation of nonlinear airloads. To make the multidisciplinary design optimization computationally practical, the transonic small disturbance (TSD) theory is used for the aerodynamic analysis. Transonic loads including shock effects are captured by employing the TSD theory for which the CAP-TSD program is used. For design optimization, a nongradient-based method is adopted. Control surface effectiveness variation with respect to the statistically significant structural variables (skins, spars, ribs, and posts) is approximated using the response surface method. Multidisciplinary optimization for minimum weight, with control effectiveness, stress, displacement, and frequency constraints, is performed.
A computer-aided method for the prediction of properties and freezing/thawing times of foods

Abstract A numerical method based on enthalpy formulation of heat conduction with gradual phase change was used to develop a mathematical model to simulate freezing and thawing processes in foods of six different geometrical shapes. Another model was developed to predict the thermophysical properties required by the enthalpy formulation. A number of computer programs were written to implement these models. These programs were combined to form a comprehensive package for the computer-aided prediction of freezing/thawing times and properties of foods. The predictions from the program package compared favorably with published experimental data.
In situ measurements of hydrodynamic forces imposed on Chondrus crispus Stackhouse

Abstract Among the hydrodynamic forces experienced by intertidal organisms, drag and the impingement force are thought to have the greatest effect on macroalgae. These forces are modified by biotic factors such as algal morphology, reconfiguration, and the presence of a canopy. However, much of what is known about the hydrodynamics of macroalgae has been garnered from low-velocity laboratory flume studies. Few field studies have measured drag and none have directly measured the effects of the canopy on force. To examine in situ hydrodynamic forces imposed on the turf forming macroalga Chondrus crispus , compact digital force sensors were developed that measure and record the 3-dimensional force imposed on a macroalga without disturbing the surrounding canopy. Sensors were positioned within natural Chondrus beds and the effects of the canopy, algal morphology, and sea state on in situ hydrodynamic force were examined. Additionally, the predictions of a new model for drag on flexible macroalgae were tested by simultaneously measuring force and water velocity. Digital force recordings indicated that Chondrus only experience drag; lift and impingement force were negligible in all combinations of factors. Canopies significantly reduced drag by 15–65%. Morphology and size also influenced drag, such that lower forces were imposed on small planar algae than large arborescent individuals. Further, planar algae experienced low drag in all combinations of sea and canopy state, indicating that these individuals may not be as susceptible to wave disturbance as arborescent individuals. Overall, these data indicate that the ability for Chondrus to grow large, arborescent individuals is dependent on the drag reducing properties of the canopy, while more hydrodynamically harsh habitats may be accessible to planar morphologies. Additionally, these data suggest that drag models for canopy forming macroalgae must incorporate the effects of the canopy to predict drag accurately in situ .
Superconductivity and magnetism in metallic superlattices

Abstract The preparation, structural and physical properties (superconductivity and magnetism) of metallic superlattices prepared by a sputtering technique developed by us are presented. X-ray diffraction, ion mill Auger and ion scattering spectroscopy, superconducting T c and H c values, as well as magnetization measurements, are described.
Nanoparticles: Characteristics, Mechanisms and Modulation of Biotoxicity

Particulates of 1 to 100 nanometers size are being increasingly used for a variety of clinical and commercial purposes due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and unique physico-chemical, mechanical and electronic properties. While utilizing them for their beneficial functions, it has become vital to heed recent alerts on their toxic biological effects in order that benign systems might be developed. In this paper we review emerging mechanisms of nanotoxicity and possible means for remediation. Challenges in monitoring, characterizing and remediation of nanoparticles are also presented.
Axial-vector current-field identity and spontaneous symmetry breakdown

I t was stressed in ref. (z) tha t such a requirement is essential to guarantee the uniqueness of the separation into a s and ~ in the s ta tement of current-field ident i ty and is quite analogous to a similar requirement in the s ta tement of PCAC in the presence of electromagnetic interact ion (~). I t was shown in ref. (2) tha t if equations (1) and (2) hold for interact ing fields, the pion will have a vanishing mass. The purpose of this paper is to show tha t the current-field ident i ty , together with the s ta tement of dynamical independence, indeed implies tha t the pion is a Goldstone boson characterizing spontaneous symmet ry breakdown. We will show tha t eq. (2) is satisfied in theories where the symmet ry is broken spontaneously (whence the pion appears as a Goldstone boson (4)) and the physical pion acquires mass as a result of an explicit symmetry-breaking mechanism. For our purpose, we shall focus at tent ion on two models: the broken chiral SUa• s symmet ry (5) and the renormalized version of the s-model (s). I t is now
Becoming a literacy teacher: approximations in critical literacy teaching

The new literacy studies (NLS) is a tradition of research that includes ethnographic work on literacy that has many applications for classroom teachers. The NLS include explorations of local literacies and critical literacy as well as the notion of literacy itself. When teachers draw on the NLS, students are able to draw on their practices in critical and transformative ways. However, NLS perspectives have not been used to examine how teachers are prepared in pre‐service programs and the ways critical literacy practices develop. This paper examines how two pre‐service teachers learn to take up definitions of local literacies in their work with students from racially, linguistically, and culturally diverse backgrounds in practicum settings. They use approximations in literacy teaching to design practices with students, demonstrating the process of becoming a teacher of literacy. I conclude with recommendations for teacher educators who are interested in supporting such approximations.
Etiopathogenesis of canine struvite urolithiasis

Urine must be oversaturated with magnesium ammonium phosphate for struvite uroliths to form. Oversaturation of urine with magnesium ammonium phosphate may be associated with several factors, including urinary tract infections with urease-producing microbes, alkaline urine, diet, and genetic predisposition. Of the urease-producing microbes, staphylococci are most struvitogenic in dogs. The precise mechanisms resulting in formation of sterile struvite uroliths in dogs have not been determined.
Biobanks containing clinical specimens: defining characteristics, policies, and practices.

Abstract Objectives Biobanks – collections of human biological specimens stored for future research use – are crucial for biomedical advancement. One of the most common ways that biobanks acquire specimens is to obtain residual or “leftover” samples originally collected for clinical care from hospitals, clinical laboratories and pathology departments. Little is known about the characteristics of biobanks that store specimens from clinical sources, or their policies and practices. Design and methods In this paper, we present data from the subset of 261 biobanks in our 2012 national survey that stores specimens from clinical sources, focusing on a number of ethical issues that have been raised in the literature. Results Most biobanks are part of larger organizations, mainly academic medical centers, and most report standardized systems for managing acquisition, storage, and release to researchers. Yet, there is considerable diversity in policies and practices regarding informed consent, return of research results, ownership of specimens and technology developed, utilization, and disposition of remaining specimens after researchers have acquired, them. We document tremendous heterogeneity in the composition of these collections, the number and type of specimens stored, and number of requests for specimens per year. Conclusion Responding to this variation presents significant challenges for those who manage the collections, demanding careful consideration and planning to maintain high quality practices in acquisition, storage, and release of specimens all the while striving to protect the rights of subjects.
Acute Severe Hyponatremia with Seizure Following Polyethylene Glycol-Based Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy

4 liters of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution is commonly used to evacuate the colon before colonoscopy. This substance, however, is known to cause electrolyte abnormalities such as hyponatremia. Seizures caused by hyponatremia associated with bowel preparation have only rarely been reported. We report the case that a 75-year-old woman with no prior history of seizures was developed severe hyponatremia (112 mEq/L) with generalized tonic-clonic seizure and mental change after ingestion of 4L of PEG solution. Past medical history was notable for thiazide diuretics. Her symptoms are improved during intravenous administration of hypertonic saline for the correction of hyponatremia. Patients with impaired ability to excrete free water those with renal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, mineralocorticoid deficiency, liver cirrhosis, or heart failure as well as those taking drugs which including thiazide diuretics, NASIDs, and ACE inhibitors have risk of hyponatremia following bowel preparation for colonoscopy. We conclude that physicians should check patient's condition and electrolyte abnormalities before colonoscopy procedures.
Risk factors and the incidence of hypertension in black physicians: The Meharry Cohort Study

A prospective longitudinal study of black medical students was conducted to determine the predictive value of hypertension precursors. Follow-up examinations, averaging 22.5 years later, were performed on 341 subjects (78.8%); 25 (5.8%) additional subjects were identified as dead out of 433 original participants. Results are reported on 313 reexamined men. A remarkable 43.8% of the physicians had elevated blood pressure higher than 14090 mm Hg or gave a history of hypertension and treatment. Correlation coefficients, quintile distributions, and regressions all confirmed the ability of baseline SBP and DBP to predict their respective pressures on follow-up examination. Discriminant function tests yielded baseline SBP, DBP, smoking, and parental history of stroke or hypertension to be the most significant precursors distinguishing hypertensive from normotensive groups, and the model correctly classified 69.7% of the subjects. Baseline cholesterol and Quetelet index levels did not reach statistical significance. The cold pressor test was not predictive but interim weight gain was highly significant. Results are discussed in relation to comparable studies on white populations.
Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on capsule formation and alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum

Application of different concentrations of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) to Papaver somniferum L. at the times of stem elongation, bud, and capsule formation produced different effects. Ethephon (10-2M) retarded growth of the plant and inhibited capsule formation during stem elongation, significantly reduced capsule size during the flowering period, but did not alter capsule development during capsule formation. When applied during the period of stem elongation, ethephon (10-3M and 10-4M) reduced capsule size; alkaloid accumulation was reduced by ethephon at a concentration of 10-3M, but slightly increased by 10-4M. Ethephon (10-3M and 10-4M) did not alter capsule development or alkaloid content significantly when applied during bud formation, but stimulated capsule size and alkaloid content when applied during capsule formation. Pretreating the plants with Ag+ (silver nitrate) did not reverse the ethephon effect. The results suggest that capsule maturation and alkaloid accumulation in P. somniferum are modified by ethylene, which is produced as a result of exogenous ethephon treatment.
The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis.

Abstract It is common knowledge that physical activity leads to numerous health and psychological benefits. However, the relationship between children's physical activity and academic achievement has been debated in the literature. Some studies have found strong, positive relationships between physical activity and cognitive outcomes, while other studies have reported small, negative associations. This study was a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of the literature, using a total of 59 studies from 1947 to 2009 for analysis. Results indicated a significant and positive effect of physical activity on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes, with aerobic exercise having the greatest effect. A number of moderator variables were also found to play a significant role in this relationship. Findings are discussed in light of improving children's academic performance and changing school-based policy.
On authentication in a connected vehicle: secure integration of mobile devices with vehicular networks

Recent advances in in-vehicle technologies have paved way to a new era of connectivity. Vehicle manufacturers have already deployed various technologies for driving assistance, anti-theft, and infotainment. They are now developing ways to interface mobile devices with vehicles and provide the customer's smart phone or tablet the ability to send/receive information to/from the car. However, such an integration introduces severe security risks to the vehicle. The in-vehicle network was originally designed to operate in a closed environment and thus, security was not of concern. It has now become an important issue due to an increasing number of external interfaces to the in-vehicle network. Several studies have already shown that an in-vehicle network can be easily compromised just by connecting cheap commercial devices and doing reverse engineering. Although research efforts have been made to secure in-vehicle networks, most of them focused on defining security requirements, or presenting attack scenarios without providing any feasible solution. Also, to the best of our knowledge, there hasn't been any study with a specific focus on understanding and analyzing the security aspects of integrating mobile devices with cars. In this paper, we define the integration model, present the attack scenarios, define the security objectives, and then propose a 3-step verification mechanism that meets our objectives.
Epidemiological Methods: About Time

Epidemiological studies often produce false positive results due to use of statistical approaches that either ignore or distort time. The three time-related issues of focus in this discussion are: (1) cross-sectional vs. cohort studies, (2) statistical significance vs. public health significance, and (3), how risk factors "work together" to impact public health significance. The issue of time should be central to all thinking in epidemiology research, affecting sampling, measurement, design, analysis and, perhaps most important, the interpretation of results that might influence clinical and public-health decision-making and subsequent clinical research.
Determining the Efficacy of Intervention: The Use of Effect Sizes for Data Analysis in Single-Subject Research

Abstract Use of the effect size as a descriptive statistic for single-subject research is presented. A brief review of visual and statistical analysis techniques commonly used in single-subject methods is provided, and the limitations of each are noted. Effect sizes are presented as statistics that can augment the interpretation of results as well as provide additional information about the effectiveness of interventions. Four types of treatment effects are presented, with corresponding case studies illustrating the computation and interpretation of the effect size for each. An appendix includes the case study data and a sample computer program for computing the effect sizes described.
A fuzzy set approach for pavement damage assessments

Abstract This study presents a methodology based on fuzzy set theory that enables the determination of a single Pavement Distress Index (PDI) from commonly used surface distresses. The magnitudes of individual distresses are established using linguistic scales. These have been formulated on the basis of pattern classification techniques that consider both the severity and the extent of each distress along nominal lengths of pavement structures. Linguistic distress values are represented by membership functions and are quantified using input from maintenance experts. A single measure of overall pavement damage is determined through fuzzy weighted average computations and linguistic approximation. The methodology is illustrated in a case study, and important conclusions are presented and discussed.
Commentary: Penetrating neck injury: George Orwell is “Struck by Lighting”

COMMENTARY ON Blair JA, Possley DR, Petfield JL, et al. Military penetrating spine injuries compared with blunt. Spine J 2012;12:762–8 ( in this issue ).
Generation and comparison of globally isotropic space-filling truss structures

The purposes of this paper are to present a rationale for obtaining space-filling truss structures that behave like a globally isotropic continuum and to use continuum modeling to investigate their relative structural efficiencies (e.g., modulus-to-density, strength-to-density, and part-count-to-volume ratios). The trusses considered herein are generated by replication of a characteristic truss cell uniformly through space. The characteristic cells are categorized by one of a set of possible geometric symmetry groups derived using the techniques of crystallography. The implied elastic symmetry associated with each geometric symmetry group is identified to simplify the task of determining stiffness tailoring rules for guaranteeing global isotropy. Four truss geometries are analyzed to determine stiffness tailoring necessary for isotropy. All geometries exhibit equivalent isotropic Poisson's ratios of 1/4 and equivalent modulus-to-density ratios of 1/6 times the modulus-to-density ratio of the material used in their members. The truss configuration that has the lowest percent difference in member lengths is shown to have the lowest component part-count-to-volume ratios of all geometries considered when compared on a basis of equal stiffness, equal strength, and equal mass.
[Poster] CI-Spy: Using mobile-AR for scaffolding historical inquiry learning

Learning how to think critically, analyze sources, and develop an evidence-based account is central to learning history. Often, learners struggle to understand inquiry, to apply it in specific scenarios, and to remain engaged while learning it. This paper discusses preliminary design of a mobile AR system that explicitly teaches inquiry strategies for historical sources and engages students to practice in an augmented real-world context while scaffolding their progression. The overarching question guiding our project is how and to what extent AR technologies can be used to support learning of critical inquiry strategies and processes.
The mode of secretion of the Clara cell in rat bronchiole: a freeze-fracture study.

Freeze-fracture was used to study the nonciliated epithelial (Clara) cell of rat bronchiole. En face views of the P face of the luminal cell membrane reveal particle-free bulging and circular depressions at the presumptive sites of the membrane fusion between the cell membrane and secretory granule membrane. Cross fracture views of the cytoplasm reveal the membranous continuity from the secretory granule to the luminal cell membrane with the decrease of the intramembrane particles. These findings indicate that the mode of secretion of the Clara cell is a merocrine secretion by exocytosis.
BIOKDD06: data mining in Bioinformatics

Data Mining is the process of automatic discovery of novel and understandable models and patterns from large amounts of data. Bioinformatics is the science of storing, analyzing, and utilizing information from biological data such as sequences, molecules, gene expressions, and pathways. Development of novel data mining methods will play a fundamental role in understanding these rapidly expanding sources of biological data. The extensive databases of biological information create both challenges and opportunities for developing novel data mining methods.
Common importin alpha specificity for papillomavirus E2 proteins

Abstract Papillomaviruses infect keratinocytes and their reproduction is tied to differentiation of the skin. The E2 protein of papillomaviruses is a multifunctional early protein that binds specifically to the viral DNA to regulate genome transcription, replication, and segregation. All of these are nuclear events that require specific transport of E2 into the host nucleus. Nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences have been mapped for several E2 proteins, and these sequences resemble motifs that interact with cellular transport adaptor molecules termed alpha importins. To determine which importins could carry E2 proteins, in vitro binding studies were performed with three different E2 proteins and the five ubiquitous alpha importins. The E2 proteins preferentially interacted with alpha importins 3 and 5, and showed very weak or no interaction with the other three widely expressed alpha importins (α1, α4, and α7). While all five alpha importins appear to be constitutively expressed in keratinocytes, during differentiation of a human keratinocyte line (HaCaT) we observed a specific increase in expression of alphas 3 and 5. This differentiation-specific increase in α3 and α5 expression suggests that preferential usage of these two importins by E2 may facilitate E2 nuclear uptake during terminal differentiation.
EPR of Ti3+ centers in α-quartz☆

Abstract EPR studies of several new charge-compensated Ti3+ centers in α-quartz are reported.
Distinct electrophysiological alterations in dentate gyrus versus CA1 glial cells from epileptic humans with temporal lobe sclerosis.

Abstract Previous studies have characterized the electrophysiological properties of astrocytes in the CA1 region of hippocampi resected from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the properties of hilar astrocytes from such patients have not been studied although astrocytes display regional heterogeneity and a non-uniform response to injury. Thus, we performed patch-clamp recordings of putative astrocytes in hilar and CA1 regions of surgically removed epileptic hippocampi with and without sclerosis (mesial TLE, MTLE patients, and paradoxical TLE, PTLE patients, respectively), and non-epileptic, non-sclerotic hippocampi (tumor patients). Our data show that the current profile of hilar astrocytes undergoes significant changes in MTLE but not in PTLE or tumor hippocampi. In particular, inwardly rectifying K + (K IR ) and outwardly rectifying K + currents were reduced, inward Na + currents and membrane resistances were increased in putative astrocytes from MLTE cases compared to PTLE and tumor cases. Because the conductance of K IR channels in cell-attached patches (∼34pS) from MTLE tissue was not altered, a reduction in the number of K IR channels likely accounts for the decrease in whole-cell K IR conductance. Presumed astrocytes in the CA1 region from each patient group displayed intercellular coupling and a passive current profile; these characteristics were never observed in hilar glial cells. No apparent changes in the current profile of coupled CA1 glial cells could be detected between MTLE, PTLE and tumor tissues. Additionally, CA1 glial cells expressed a high density of 34pS K IR channels. These data suggest that K + buffering via K IR channels may be functionally compromised in hilar astrocytes of epileptic and sclerotic (MTLE) human hippocampi. By contrast, CA1 astrocytes retained their intercellular coupling and K IR channel expression necessary for K + buffering.
Comparative electrophoretic analysis of human and porcine plasminogen activators in sds-polyacrylamide gels containing plasminogen and casein

Electrophoretic analysis of plasminogen activators from pig heart, human uterus, human plasma and human melanoma cells was performed in SDS-polyacrylamide gradient slab gels containing plasminogen and casein. Direct visualization of activator activity bands in polyacrylamide gels was achieved after removal of SDS, incubation in buffer, and staining with Coomassie brilliant blue. Tissue activator extracted from pig hearts displayed a molecular weight of 72000 and migrated similarly to activator secreted by human melanoma cells and to one activator component present in extracts of human uterus. Immunoadsorption experiments with melanoma cell activator antiserum indicated that these 72-kDA activators are all related immunologically. Human uterus also contained a second activator component with a molecular weight 55000, which migrated similarly to a higher molecular weight component of urokinase and cross-reacted with urokinas antiserum. We conclude that the 72-kDa uterine activator component represents a tissue activator and the 55-kDa component represents a urokinase-like activator. A euglobulin solution from venous occlusion plasma displayed multiple bands of plasmin activity in the Mr range 85000–96000. Two activator components were also present, one of Mr 72000 and another of Mr 62 000. The 72-kDa euglobulin activator was absorbed by MCA antiserum, and we conclude that this component represents vascular activator. The 62000 activator also had weak plasminogen-independent caseinolytic activity and was not affected by either melanoma cell activator or urokinase antisera. Conclusions concerning its identity cannot be made at this time.
Childhood physical and sexual abuse and subsequent depressive and anxiety disorders for two American Indian tribes

Background. This study examined the relationship of childhood abuse, both physical and sexual, with subsequent lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders – depression or dysthymia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) – among American Indians (AIs).Method. Three thousand and eighty-four AIs from two tribes – Southwest and Northern Plains – participated in a large-scale, community-based study. Participants were asked about traumatic events and family history, and were administered standard diagnostic measures of depressive/anxiety disorders.Results. Prevalence of childhood physical abuse was approximately 7% for both tribes. The Southwest tribe had higher prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders, with rates of PTSD being the highest. Childhood physical abuse was significant in bivariate models of depressive/anxiety disorders, and remained so in the multivariate models.Conclusions. Childhood physical abuse was a significant predictor of all disorder groups for males in both tribes except for panic/GAD for the Northern Plains tribe in multivariate models; females showed a more varied pattern. Childhood sexual abuse did not significantly differ for males and females, and was an independent predictor of PTSD for both tribes, controlling for childhood physical abuse and other factors, and was significant for the other disorder groups only in the Southwest. Additional covariates that increased the odds of depressive/anxiety disorders were adult physical or sexual victimization, chronic illness, lifetime alcohol or drug disorder, and parental problems with depression, alcohol, or violence. Results provided empirical evidence of childhood and later life risk factors and expanded the population at risk to include males.
Characterization of NICMOS detectors for space astronomy

The NICMOS camera to be used on the Hubble Space Telescope will acquire near-infrared images with extremely high spatial resolution. To extract scientifically useful data from these images will require a complete understanding of the arrays used to produce the images. The NICMOS team has developed a program for characterizing arrays which will lead to this understanding and which will also allow selection of optimum devices for each section of the NICMOS instrument. The overall plan will be described and related to the scientific goals of NICMOS. The characterization plan includes standard infrared array testing such as electrical properties, read noise, dark current, and quantum efficiency, and will be expanded to include testing such as crosstalk measurements, hysteresis testing, and radiation testing.
N-acetyl-cysteine and L-2-oxathiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid enhance contact-dependent growth of HIV in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and increase recovery of HIV from human-PBMC SCID mice

Objectives : To ascertain the effects of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) on HIV replication in resting T lymphocytes mixed with chronically infected U1 promonocytic cells ; examine the phenotypes of NAC- and OTC-treated cells ; and monitor HIV recovery from hu-PBMC SCID mice (SCID mice infected with HIV-1 BaL reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells) treated with oral OTC. Design and Methods : Unstimulated PBMC from uninfected donors preincubated for 2 days with pH-adjusted NAC or OTC were cultured at a concentration of 1 x 10 6 cells/ml with 100 U1 cells that were chronically infected with HIV-1 IIIB . HIV-1 production in the presence or absence of zidovudine was measured by p24 assay at 1-3 weeks, and results were compared with values from the same cell cultures maintained without NAC or OTC exposure. In some experiments U1 cells were separated from PBMC by a 0.4 μm membrane. NAC-treated and -untreated cells were subjected to FACS analysis of multiple-cell-surface adhesion and activation molecules and the results were compared. Hu-PBMC SCID mice were fed OTC for 3 days prior to infection with HIV-1 BaL and for the next 3 weeks. Mice were then sacrificed and peritoneal lavage cells were cultured for virus analysis. Results : Unstimulated, non-dividing PBMC supported high levels of HIV replication when in direct contact with U1 cells in the presence of NAC or OTC ; CD2 and CD54 (I-CAM1) were down-regulated on NAC-treated PBMC ; and OTC-treated mice produced significantly higher yields of HIV-1 from peritoneal cells than did untreated mice. Conclusions : At concentrations <5 mM, NAC and OTC potentiate HIV growth in unstimulated PBMC in vitro and in SCID mice. Caution in the use of these agents as antiviral monotherapies is advisable.
A versatile multipole correction magnet of rectangular aperture

Abstract A rectangular aperture multipole magnet in which multipole components are independently variable has been designed and constructed. This magnet is intended for use as an adjustable trim element in a precision spectrometer system. No organic materials are used in the assembly, and the magnet is suitable for use in a high radiation environment.
Cryotherapy for malignant tumors.

Summary o 1. 2. A cryoprobe which uses a gas refrigeration system and has definite advantages over the conventional liquid nitrogen systems is described. 3. Useful in multiple entaneous lesions which can be easily and painlessly controlled. 4. Antibodies directed toward DNA, RNA, and tumor cells develop after cryotherapy. The significance of this remains to be determined.