cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Wind-Driven Currents in an Ocean with Bottom Friction

This paper presents an investigation of the long period response of an unbounded s-plane ocean with bottom friction to initial disturbances of wind stress applied at the surface. An analysis is carried out for determining the free and forced barotropic motions generated by stationary or traveling atmospheric winds. The stationary phase approximation is employed to calculate the asymptotic solution which describes the ultimate feature of the oceanic motion. It is shown that the concentrated initial disturbance ultimately produces two systems of waves-transverse and longitudinal wave systems which are radically modified by the bottom friction. In contrast to the solution in an ocean model without bottom friction, the amplitude of the transverse and the longitudinal waves decay exponentially as time t ∞. The barotropic motion produced by several physically realistic atmospheric wind distributions is also investigated. The main object of this preliminary study is to consider the simplest possible ocean model with linearized bottom friction for an understanding of its influence on the wind-induced ocean currents so that this study can be used as a guide for the investigation of the non-linear frictional model with or without viscous effect. The physical significance of the mathematical results of this analysis is discussed. Es wird die Langperiodenreaktion eines unbegrenzten s-ebenen Ozeans mit Bodenreibung auf Anfangsstorungen durch Winddruck auf die Oberflache untersucht. Zur Beschreibung der freien und erzwungenen barotropen Bewegungen, die von stationaren oder wandernden atmospharischen Winden erzeugt werden, wird ein Verfahren entwickelt. Die Approximation der stationaren Phase wird zur Berechnung der asymptotischen Losung, die den Endcharakter der ozeanischen Bewegung beschreibt, genutzt.
The interaction of multi-programming job scheduling and CPU scheduling

There have been very few systematic studies of the effect on system performance of strategies for scheduling jobs for execution in a multi-programming system. Most of this work has been concerned with empirical efforts to obtain job mixes which effectively utilize the central processor. These efforts are frequently carried out in commercial or production oriented installations where the job load consists of a relatively few jobs whose internal characteristics can be well determined. This approach is not feasible in an environment where internal job characteristics are not known before run time, or where internal job characteristics may vary rapidly. Such circumstances are often the case in an industrial or research laboratory or in a university computer center. This study uses as its measures for determining job scheduling strategies such quantities as are frequently known or can be accurately estimated such as amount of core memory required, processor service time required, etc. The specific job scheduling strategies used include first-come-first-serve (FCFS), shortest processor service time first (STF), smallest cost (cost = core size X processor service time) first (SCF), and smallest memory requirement first (SMF). We evaluated both preemptive resume and non-preemptive job scheduling. It is typical of virtually all of the previous work that the emphasis has been on improving CPU utilization. There may often be other goals which are more useful measures of performance such as throughput (job completion rate per unit time), the expected wait time before completion of a given class of job, the utilization of I/O resources, etc. We collected several measures of system performance including all of those listed previously to assess the effects of job scheduling. There has been very little previous study of the interaction between job scheduling and CPU scheduling. We systematically vary CPU scheduling algorithms in conjunction with alteration of job scheduling strategies. Those job scheduling strategies which give high throughput are characteristically observed to be more sensitive to CPU scheduling methods than those which yield relatively low throughput. We do not, however, attempt to correlate job scheduling methods with internal job characteristics such as CPU burst time, etc. We did, however, consider the effect of skewed CPU burst time distribution on performance under different pairs of strategies.
Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on phenylpropanoid metabolism, the accumulation of phenolic compounds, and browning of whole and fresh-cut ‘iceberg’ lettuce

Exposing whole heads or leaves of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativaL., iceberg) to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) significantly decreased the accumulation of phenolic compounds (absorbance of methanol tissue extract at 320 nm) and subsequent tissue discoloration induced by exposure to 1.0 LL −1 ethylene in air at 5 ◦ C. The 0.5 LL −1 concentration of 1-MCP was just as effective as 1.0 LL −1 , and a 3-h exposure was just as effective as a 24-h exposure at 5 ◦ C. In contrast, exposure to 1-MCP either before or after excision of mid-rib tissue did not interfere with the wound-induced increase in phenolic content of the tissue. It appears that wounding and ethylene act independently in the induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism and the accumulation of those phenolic compounds that contribute to browning of mechanically injured (e.g., fresh-cut) iceberg lettuce. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Theory of the diffusivity factor for atmospheric radiation

Abstract The definition of the diffusivity factor r, given by Yamamoto and by Plass, wherein the exponential integral E3(τ) arising from the angular integration in the radiative transmission function is replaced by 1 2 e -rτ is discussed. A value of r can be obtained from this definition such that the replacement is exact due to the cancellation of the difference when the frequency integration is carried out. This definition is applied to the line shapes and band models of primary interest in atmospheric physics and astrophysics; although a few analytic solutions exist, most of the models must be solved by numerical calculation. Such calculations have been carried out and the results are presented graphically so that diffusivity factors can easily obtained for practical problems as is illustrated by an example. An approximation is developed for water vapor which yields the result r = √e = 1.649 almost independently of the problem variables.
Preventing deadlock with dynamic message scheduling

Although deadlock is not completely avoidable in distributed and parallel programming, we here describe theory and practice of a system that allows us to limit deadlock to situations in which there are true circular data dependences or failure of processes that compute data needed at other processes. This allows us to guarantee absence of deadlock in SPMD computations absent process failure. Our system guarantees optimal ordering of communication statements. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the US National Science Foundation under Award CISE EIA 9810708 without which this work would not have been possible.
Ascorbic Acid in Poultry: a Review

All species of poultry are capable of AA synthesis and dietary supplementation with AA is not necessary when the animal is managed properly. However, when the birds are subjected to stressful condi...
Response of white leghorn chickens to infection with avian leukosis virus subgroup J and infectious bursal disease virus.

SUMMARY. The effects of viral-induced immunosuppression on the infectious status (viremia and antibody) and shedding of avian leukosis virus (ALV) were studied. Experimental white leghorn chickens were inoculated with ALV subgroup J (ALV-J) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at day of hatch with the ALV-J ADOL prototype strain Hc1, the Lukert strain of IBDV, or both. Appropriate groups were exposed a second time with the Lukert strain at 2 wk of age. Serum samples were collected at 2 and 4 wk of age for IBDV antibody detection. Samples for ALV-J viremia, antibody detection, and cloacal shedding were collected at 4, 10, 18, and 30 wk of age. The experiment was terminated at 30 wk of age, and birds were necropsied and examined grossly for tumor development. Neoplasias detected included hemangiomas, bile duct carcinoma, and anaplastic sarcoma of the nerve. Control birds and IBDV-infected birds were negative for ALV-J–induced viremia, antibodies, and cloacal shedding throughout experiment. By 10 wk, A...
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of metallic surface-relief gratings

A rigorous coupled-wave analysis for metallic surface-relief gratings is presented. This approach allows an arbitrary complex permittivity to be used for the material and thus avoids the infinite conductivity (perfect-conductor) approximation. Both TE and TM polarizations and arbitrary angles of incidence are treated. Diffraction characteristics for rectangular-groove gold gratings with equal groove and ridge widths are presented for free-space wavelengths of 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 μm for all diffracted orders as a function of period, groove depth, polarization, and angle of incidence. Results include the following: (1) TM-polarization diffraction characteristics vary more rapidly than do those for TE polarization, (2) 95% first-order diffraction efficiency occurs for TM polarization at 10.0 μm, (3) 50% absorption of incident power occurs at 0.5 μm, and (5) the perfect-conductor approximation is not valid for TM polarization at any of the wavelengths and is not valid for TE polarization at 0.5 μm.
Fighting change with change: adaptive variation in an uncertain world

Organisms live in an ever-changing world. Most of evolutionary theory considers one solution to this problem: population-level adaptation. In fact, empirical studies have revealed an enormous variety of mechanisms to cope with environmental fluctuations. Some organisms use behavioral or physiological modifications that leave no permanent trace in the genes of future generations. Others withstand environmental change through the regular production of diverse offspring, in which the diversity can be either genetic or nongenetic. Evolutionary theorists now have the opportunity to catch up with the empirical evolutionary biology, and to integrate the diverse forms of ‘adaptive variation’ into a single conceptual framework. Here, we propose a classification according to the level at which the adaptive variation occurs and discuss some of the mechanisms underlying the variation. This perspective unites independent lines of research in molecular biology, microbiology, macroevolution, ecology, immunology and neurobiology, and suggests directions for a more comprehensive theory of adaptive variation.
Hierarchical learning of optimal linear representations

Due to their efficiency, linear representations are widely used in appearance-based recognition. However, frequently used ones, such as PCA, ICA, and FDA, do not provide optimal performance as empirical studies have reported contradictory conclusions in the literature. To overcome this problem and provide an algorithm for finding the optimal linear representations for different applications, a Monte Carlo Markov chain based optimization algorithm was recently proposed and its effectiveness has been demonstrated on a number of datasets. By formulating the problem on Grassmann manifolds, the algorithm is computationally efficient when the image size is relatively small. When images in typical applications are used, the optimization process is time consuming. In this paper, to speed up the algorithm, we propose a hierarchical learning one. The proposed algorithm decomposes the optimization in the given image space into several stages organized according to hierarchical layers. Given an image space, first its dimension is reduced using a shrinkage matrix and the optimization is then performed in the reduced space. By expanding the obtained optimal subspace in the reduced one in a specified way, we show analytically that the performance is maintained. By applying the decomposition procedure recursively, a hierarchy of layers can be formed. This speeds up the original algorithm significantly as the search is done mainly in reduced spaces. The effectiveness of hierarchical learning is illustrated on a popular database, where the computation time is reduced by 600,000 factors compared to the original algorithm.
The Defect in Transcription-Coupled Repair Displayed by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad26 Mutant Is Dependent on Carbon Source and Is Not Associated With a Lack of Transcription

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that removes DNA damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation and various chemical agents that cause bulky adducts. Two subpathways within NER remove damage from the genome overall or the transcribed strands of transcribing genes (TCR). TCR is a faster repair process than overall genomic repair and has been thought to require the RAD26 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rad26 is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins that either disrupt chromatin or facilitate interactions between the RNA Pol II and transcription activators. SWI/SNF proteins are required for the expression or repression of a diverse set of genes, many of which are differentially transcribed in response to particular carbon sources. The remodeling of chromatin by Rad26 could affect transcription and/or TCR following formation of DNA damage and other stress-inducing conditions. We speculate that another factor(s) can substitute for Rad26 under particular growth conditions. We therefore measured the level of repair and transcription in two different carbon sources and found that the defect in the rad26 mutant for TCR was dependent on the type of carbon source. Furthermore, TCR did not correlate with transcription rate, suggesting that disruption of RAD26 leads to a specific defect in DNA repair and not transcription.
Advanced computational algorithms for microbial community analysis using massive 16S rRNA sequence data

With the aid of next-generation sequencing technology, researchers can now obtain millions of microbial signature sequences for diverse applications ranging from human epidemiological studies to global ocean surveys. The development of advanced computational strategies to maximally extract pertinent information from massive nucleotide data has become a major focus of the bioinformatics community. Here, we describe a novel analytical strategy including discriminant and topology analyses that enables researchers to deeply investigate the hidden world of microbial communities, far beyond basic microbial diversity estimation. We demonstrate the utility of our approach through a computational study performed on a previously published massive human gut 16S rRNA data set. The application of discriminant and topology analyses enabled us to derive quantitative disease-associated microbial signatures and describe microbial community structure in far more detail than previously achievable. Our approach provides rigorous statistical tools for sequence-based studies aimed at elucidating associations between known or unknown organisms and a variety of physiological or environmental conditions.
Genome-Wide Organization of GATA1 and TAL1 Determined at High Resolution

Erythroid development and differentiation from multiprogenitor cells into red blood cells requires precise transcriptional regulation. Key erythroid transcription factors, GATA1 and TAL1, cooperate, along with other proteins, to regulate many aspects of this process. How GATA1 and TAL1 are juxtaposed along the DNA and their cognate DNA binding site across the mouse genome remains unclear. We applied high-resolution ChIP-exo (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by 5'-to-3' exonuclease treatment and then massively parallel DNA sequencing) to GATA1 and TAL1 to study their positional organization across the mouse genome during GATA1-dependent maturation. Two complementary methods, MultiGPS and peak pairing, were used to determine high-confidence binding locations by ChIP-exo. We identified ∼10,000 GATA1 and ∼15,000 TAL1 locations, which were essentially confirmed by ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing). Of these, ∼4,000 locations were bound by both GATA1 and TAL1. About three-quarters of them were tightly linked to a partial E-box located 7 or 8 bp upstream of a WGATAA motif. Both TAL1 and GATA1 generated distinct characteristic ChIP-exo peaks around WGATAA motifs that reflect their positional arrangement within a complex. We show that TAL1 and GATA1 form a precisely organized complex at a compound motif consisting of a TG 7 or 8 bp upstream of a WGATAA motif across thousands of genomic locations.
Microsome Isolation from Tissue

This protocol details the extraction of microsomes from frozen tissue in order to further examine the protein-protein interactions occurring within the endoplasmic reticulum. This protocol was adapted from Abisambra et al. (2013) with modifications made in order to optimize for subsequent use.
Suicidal Behaviors in Young Adolescents

A two-stage epidemiologic study investigated the frequency of suicidal behavior in children 12-14 years of age. In the first stage, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a three-item suicide scale, a life-event schedule, and a family environment scale were administered during 1986 to a southeastern US community sample of 1,542 seventh and eighth grade students. In the second stage, 226 mother-child pairs were interviewed utilizing the Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders in School Age Children (K-SADS). Subjects interviewed included students with high depression scores and a random sample of the remaining students. Prevalence estimates for moderate to severe suicidal ideation (K-SADS score greater than or equal to 4) were 4.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-16.4%) in males and 8.7% (95% CI 2.4-23.3%) in females. The prevalences of suicide attempts were 1.9% (95% CI 0.0-13.2%) in males and 1.5% (95% CI 0.6-12.7%) in females. Significant relations were found between major depression and both suicide ideation (odds ratio = 6.19, 95% CI 1.53-24.94) and suicide attempts (odds ratio = 9.80, 95% CI 1.89-50.86). The undesirable life-events score was also a significant predictor of suicide ideation and suicide attempts. Language: en
Technetium-99m DTPA aerosol contamination in lung ventilation studies.

Contamination of working areas by 99mTc DTPA aerosol is of concern to nuclear medicine technologists. This study sought to determine the extent of 99mTc DTPA contamination to technologists, and to localize sources of aerosol leakage so that methods could be identified that would minimize contamination. Methods: Fifty to eighty millicuries 99mTc DTPA, diluted to a volume of 4–5 ml with normal saline, were injected into the nebulizing chamber of two commercially available inhalation aerosol systems. The patient’s nostrils were clamped and a damp washcloth was wrapped around the patient’s mouth. An alcohol swab was placed in the exit port of the exhaust filter in each delivery system, and the technologist involved wore a face mask during the inhalation phase. The patient breathed DTPA-labeled aerosol by mouth until the counting rate in the lungs was four times greater than the counting rate from the pulmonary perfusion phase. Connecting joints of the delivery system were then wipe tested. Last, a Geiger-Mueller detector (pancake probe) was used to survey all device components. Readings above 0.05 mR/hr were considered contaminated. Results: The patient was the greatest source of leakage as determined by the damp washcloth, followed by the joints of the tubes of the delivery system and, finally, the system’s exhaust filter. Contamination readings from face masks worn by technical personnel during the lung ventilation studies were slightly greater than 0.05 mR/hr. Conclusion: The findings support trace levels of contamination to both the technologist and room while performing 99mTc DTPA aerosol ventilation studies. Comparative data using the two delivery systems revealed little difference in sources of leakage and little variation in contamination measurements.
Photoluminescence Properties of Mn-doped Zinc Silicates Synthesized by Combinatorial Sputtering Technique

The photoluminescence (PL) properties of Mn-doped zinc silicates were studied by combinatorial synthesis and characterization technique associated with various process parameters. The material libraries were prepared with composition spreading in Zn and Mn concentration. The PL emission was green or orange, and depended strongly on the stoichiometry of the zinc silicates and the annealing temperature. The orange emission was observed in Mn-doped zinc silicates annealed at 800°C, which attributed to the increase of crystal field in a highly non-stoichiometric α-Zn2SiO phase ((Zn+Mn)/Si <1).
Estimating an Autoregressive Current Effects Model of Sales Response when Observations are Aggregated over Time: Least Squares versus Maximum Likelihood:

Estimating autoregressive current effects models is not straightforward when observations are aggregated over time. The author evaluates a familiar iterative generalized least squares (IGLS) approa...
Adaptive sampling method for phased array radar based on interacting multiple model particle filter

In order to effectively utilize the resources of radar and solve the nonlinear relationship between radar measurement and target motion state,an adaptive sample target tracking algorithm for phased array radar based on interacting multiple model particle filter(IMMPF) is proposed.This algorithm first predicts Posterior Cramer-Rao Bound(PCRB) matrix of the target state,then updates the sample interval adapted to changing target dynamics by comparing the trace of the predicted PCRB with a certain threshold.Performances of constant and adaptive data rates are compared.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm.
Alcoholism in the elderly. Uncovering a hidden problem.

PreviewAlcoholism is estimated to affect up to 10% of the elderly. Unfortunately, alcohol abuse often goes undetected in older patients because its effects are attributed to aging or to medical conditions common in this age-group. Dr Gupta suggests ways primary care physicians can improve history taking and evaluation to increase early detection of alcoholism in older patients.
Newborn Outcomes and Maternity Waiting Homes in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review

Objectives Decreasing neonatal morbidity and mortality remains a challenge in low resource settings. Maternity waiting homes (MWHs) may offer a way to better provide perinatal obstetric care and improve newborn outcomes. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine the impact of MWHs on newborn outcomes and to inform the development of targeted interventions and services to decrease neonatal mortality. Methods A literature search of four databases in the fields of nursing, medicine and global health was conducted yielding a total of 11 articles included for the review. Results Results indicate studies with extremely limited qualitative or quantitative measures of the impact of MWHs on neonatal health. Conclusions An exceptionally wide gap in knowledge on the outcomes of neonates born at MWHs was identified through this scoping review of the scientific literature. The review illustrates the need for more research to understand the effectiveness of MWHs on newborn morbidity and mortality. An increased focus on the study of MWHs for improving newborn outcomes in low resource settings merits immediate attention.
Fabrication of Nanoscale Structures using STM and AFM

Publisher Summary The fabrication of nanoscale structures using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a field of relatively active research since the inception of these techniques. A unique advantage of these scanning probe techniques is the ability to manipulate matter down to the atomic level and to form structures not possible by other means. More recently, attempts have been made to develop more technologically interesting structures for use in device production. Techniques, such as dip-pen lithography or thermomechanical indentation are adaptable to such an array geometry and may eventually yield viable device applications. Two additional variations of AFM include TappingMode (or intermittent mode) and non-contact mode. In both cases, the cantilever is vibrated at its resonance frequency (50-500 kHz) during scanning. In non-contact AFM, the cantilever never touches the surface and is primarily affected by longer-range forces. These forces can be detected by a shift in the resonance frequency of the relatively "soft" cantilever. This mode is often used in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions where there should be no surface water meniscus forces that can cause "jump-to-contact" of the tip to sample.
Dynamic creation and evolution of gradient nanostructure in single-crystal metallic microcubes

We demonstrate the dynamic creation and subsequent static evolution of extreme gradient nanograined structures in initially near–defect-free single-crystal silver microcubes. Extreme nanostructural transformations are imposed by high strain rates, strain gradients, and recrystallization in high-velocity impacts of the microcubes against an impenetrable substrate. We synthesized the silver microcubes in a bottom-up seed-growth process and use an advanced laser-induced projectile impact testing apparatus to selectively launch them at supersonic velocities (~400 meters per second). Our study provides new insights into the fundamental deformation mechanisms and the effects of crystal and sample-shape symmetries resulting from high-velocity impacts. The nanostructural transformations produced in our experiments show promising pathways to developing gradient nanograined metals for engineering applications requiring both high strength and high toughness—for example, in structural components of aircraft and spacecraft.
"A Powerful Tool": A Phenomenological Study of School Counselors' Experiences with Social Stories.

Social stories are an evidence-based practice used to address students' social skills. Current literature primarily addresses special education teachers' use of social stories when working with youth with autism spectrum disorder. Although school counselors meet students' social/emotional needs, little research exists documenting their experiences with social stories. This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of school counselors using social stories (N = 12). The authors found that school counselors experienced social stories as a powerful process and encountered obstacles to social story use, and that social stories fit within the role of school counselors, including running a comprehensive school counseling program.
Rapid and Intense Phosphate Desorption Kinetics When Saltwater Intrudes into Carbonate Rock

It is important to understand how phosphate sorption dynamics of coastal carbonate aquifers are affected by seawater intrusion, because many coastal aquifers are composed of carbonate rocks and subject to an increase in saltwater intrusion during relative sea-level rise. Twelve carbonate rock and unconsolidated sediment specimens were acquired from a test corehole spanning the full thickness of the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida. All 12 samples exhibit low phosphorus content but variable contents of iron. Column leaching experiments were conducted with two carbonate aquifer samples, alternating between freshwater and saltwater flow. With the first influx of saltwater, phosphate concentration in leachate increased rapidly from a freshwater value of approximately 0.2 μM to peaks of between 0.8 and 1.6 μM. The phosphate concentration began to diminish as saltwater continued to flow, but sustained desorption continued for over 2 h. Overall, seawater drove sorption behavior much more than chemical composition for the aquifer rocks and sediment from the seven rock samples for which we did isotherm sorption experiments. Our results indicate that an immediate and intense pulse of phosphate desorption from carbonate rock and sediment with low phosphorus content occurs in response to an influx of seawater and that the duration of desorption will vary by layer within a single aquifer.
Fast Charging (up to 6C) of Lithium-Ion Cells and Modules: Electrical and Thermal Response and Life Cycle Tests

Abstract There has been much discussion of fast charging of lithium-ion batteries as a means of extending the practical daily range of electric vehicles making them more competitive with engine-powered conventional vehicles in terms of range and refueling time. In the present chapter, fast charging tests were performed on cells of three lithium-ion chemistries to determine their characteristics for charging rates up to 6C. The test results showed that the lithium titanium oxide (LTO) chemistry has a clear advantage over the other chemistries especially compared to the nickel cobalt manganese chemistry for fast charging. The results of extensive testing of 50-Ah LTO cells and 24-V modules from Altairnano are reported. The modules were instrumented so that the voltage of the individual cells could be tracked as well as three interior temperatures. Cooling of the modules was done via a cooling plate positioned on one end of the module. Life cycle testing of the 24-V module is still underway. The cycling involves fast charging at the 4C rate and discharging at C/2. The voltage at the end of the charge corresponds to a state of charge of 90% and the voltage at the end of the discharge corresponds to a state of charge of 24% resulting in the use of 33.3 Ah (66%) from the module. The charging is done at 200 A and the discharge at 25 A. The charging time is 10 min and the discharge time is 80 min. The test cycle is meant to mimic the use of the module in a transit bus application with fast charging. To date, the module has experienced 1000 cycles without any apparent degradation in Ah capacity or voltage response. The maximum measured temperature inside the module stabilized at about 40 °C without active fan cooling.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVENTION RESEARCH IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY JOURNALS: 2010–2014

The purpose of this study was to provide an updated content analysis of articles published in major journals of school psychology spanning the years 2010–2014, with an emphasis on intervention research (including intervention and participant characteristics). Six journals—School Psychology Review, School Psychology Quarterly, Journal of School Psychology, Psychology in the Schools, School Psychology International, and Journal of Applied School Psychology—were selected for the analysis. Over the 5-year period, 1,196 articles were published in the selected journals. A total of 65.8% of the articles were empirical articles; intervention studies with school-age samples comprised 11.1% of all articles. Within the intervention studies, single subject represented the most frequently used research design (40.6%). Further, 58.6% of the intervention studies did not provide sufficient information to discern participants’ disability status. Although the proportion of empirically based articles has increased in recent years, that of intervention articles has remained low.
48-P: THE IMPACT OF SERUM PRE-TREATMENTS AND C1Q ON LUMINEX SA RESULTS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CELL BASED CROSSMATCH

Aim The study investigated results of Luminex Single Antigen (SA) testing of sera following different pre-treatments and C1q binding assay (C1q) to identify the method that best correlates with cell based crossmatch. Methods SA assays (One Lambda) were performed on sera from sensitized pts awaiting heart transplantation. Sera were analyzed untreated, treated with 0.05M DTT, heat treated at 63 °C, treated with Adsorb Out beads, diluted at 1:25, or using C1q (One Lambda). Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and flow (FCXM) crossmatches were performed using cells from surrogate donors. Results Luminex SA results of the serum pre-treatments and C1q showed considerable variation within each pt, especially between untreated and C1q. SA results of DSA specificities obtained using the various protocols are presented in Table 1 , and their correlation with crossmatching is presented in Table 2 . Conclusions Luminex SA and crossmatch results suggest that high MFI DSA that are not identified on untreated sera, but are identified following DTT, heat treatment, 1:25 dilution, and by C1q, correlate with positive CDC and FCXM. DSA with high MFI on untreated, but not identified by C1q, correlate with positive CDC. These results suggest that high MFI Abs detected by either SA or C1q assay may represent an immunologic barrier. Further testing is needed to determine the most effective means of using these assays to distinguish antibodies that will result in positive crossmatches.
G386(P) Think twice: concurrent acute transverse myelitis and guillain-barre syndrome

Introduction Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and acute transverse myelitis (ATM) may rarely coexist in children. We present a case of dual diagnosis following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Case A previously well two year old boy presented with cough and fever for two days. He developed progressive ascending weakness with areflexia, initially unable to stand or sit. This progressed to involve his respiratory muscles, requiring intubation and ventilation. He was treated promptly with intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected GBS. CSF protein on Day 2 was normal. He was also treated with antibiotics including clarithromycin. Spinal MRI showed intrinsic signal change in the cervical, lower thoracic cord and conus, in keeping with ATM. He received high dose intravenous methylprednisolone for three days. Nerve conduction studies were consistent with acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). There was no improvement in his condition so he was treated with plasma exchange for five days. Mycoplasma serology was strongly positive. He required a tracheostomy and was ventilated for 15 weeks after which his tracheostomy was removed. He made gradual neurological improvement and was discharged 7 weeks later, mobilising with support and communicating normally. Discussion Cases of concurrent ATM and GBS are rarely reported in children. Literature suggests that a common epitope may trigger both central and peripheral nervous system demyelination. Causes reported include systemic lupus erythematosus, influenza vaccination and infections such as Mycoplasma Legionella, Bartonella, influenza, and mumps. Recognising dual diagnoses is important as this may have an impact on recovery and prognosis. The concept of transverse myelitis plus syndrome suggests that patients with ATM and concomitant nerve root involvement usually have a poorer prognosis. Conclusion In patients with spinal imaging in keeping with ATM but a clinical history not consistent with this, consideration should be given to the presence of co-existing GBS, which may benefit from more aggressive treatment.
Cellular Entry of the Diphtheria Toxin Does Not Require the Formation of the Open-Channel State by Its Translocation Domain.

Cellular entry of diphtheria toxin is a multistage process involving receptor targeting, endocytosis, and translocation of the catalytic domain across the endosomal membrane into the cytosol. The latter is ensured by the translocation (T) domain of the toxin, capable of undergoing conformational refolding and membrane insertion in response to the acidification of the endosomal environment. While numerous now classical studies have demonstrated the formation of an ion-conducting conformation—the Open-Channel State (OCS)—as the final step of the refolding pathway, it remains unclear whether this channel constitutes an in vivo translocation pathway or is a byproduct of the translocation. To address this question, we measure functional activity of known OCS-blocking mutants with H-to-Q replacements of C-terminal histidines of the T-domain. We also test the ability of these mutants to translocate their own N-terminus across lipid bilayers of model vesicles. The results of both experiments indicate that translocation activity does not correlate with previously published OCS activity. Finally, we determined the topology of TH5 helix in membrane-inserted T-domain using W281 fluorescence and its depth-dependent quenching by brominated lipids. Our results indicate that while TH5 becomes a transbilayer helix in a wild-type protein, it fails to insert in the case of the OCS-blocking mutant H322Q. We conclude that the formation of the OCS is not necessary for the functional translocation by the T-domain, at least in the histidine-replacement mutants, suggesting that the OCS is unlikely to constitute a translocation pathway for the cellular entry of diphtheria toxin in vivo.
Energy harvesting for idly charging smartphones to improve perceived battery life

This work describes design analysis of an energy harvesting system suitable for idly charging power-hungry devices such as smartphones. Battery technology in mobile phones has not sufficiently evolved to offer continuous device use throughout the day. Most smartphones today need to be charged at least twice a day. To improve the user experience with the battery life of a smartphone, we look at both active and idle power consumption of smartphones. Then we discuss a strategy to improve the perception of battery life using a low-power solar energy harvesting system that focuses on supporting the energy consumption of a smartphone in the standby/idle mode. A quantitative analysis is presented along with potential energy harvesting technologies that can enable idle charging for modern smartphones.
Negative IgG Varicella Zoster Virus Antibody Status: Immune Responses Pre and Post Re-immunization.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chicken pox and herpes zoster and is a self-limiting disease in healthy children. Vaccination is recommended for children, adolescents, and adults. This study discusses a healthy pediatric patient with negative immunoglobulin (Ig) G VZV antibody (Ab) status after two doses of varicella vaccine and then subsequently re-immunized. Since measurement of serum IgG titers alone may not reflect vaccine protection, we further evaluated cell-mediated and humoral immune responses before and after re-immunization. Blood lymphocyte distributions (CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD19+, CD4+CD60+, CD8+CD60+), total serum IgG and IgE levels, and VZV-IgG, IgM, and IgE Ab levels were measured in a healthy girl (14 year-old) pre- and post-VZV re-immunization (weeks 1–8) [flow microfluorimetry, nephelometry, ELISA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA)]. Pre-re-immunization numbers of T cells (CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD4+CD60+, CD8+CD60+) and B cells (CD19+) were within normal ranges. After re-immunization, numbers of T cells remained relatively unchanged; however, numbers of CD19+ B cells increased (48%). Total serum IgG was low (757 mg/dl), and total serum IgE was normal (30 IU/ml). Pre-reimmunization, VZV IgG and IgM Ab levels were negative (< 0.90 and < 0.90 antibody index, respectively), and VZV IgE levels were undetectable. After re-immunization, VZV IgG Ab levels were positive (690.70 Ab index), VZV IgM Ab levels were negative (≤ 0.90), and VZV IgE levels remained undetectable. Vaccination with the VZV vaccine may boost IgG but not IgE-specific viral responses and concurrently increase the numbers of CD19+ B cells.
Capsaicin as Feeding Repellent for Mammals

It irritates skin and mucous membranes. In terms of chemoreception, it irritates the trigeminal nerve. Capsaicin binds to the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1). Birds lack this receptor. Since they cannot sense capsaicin, they eat and distribute seeds of red hot peppers. Medically capsaicin is used as painkiller (analgesic).
Formal Argument that Contract Meaning Depends on Linguistic Cooperation

In Pseudo-Contract and Shared Meaning Analysis, Professor Radin and I recently drew on contemporary insights into meaning, pioneered by Paul Grice, to develop a contemporary approach to contract interpretation — “shared meaning analysis” — which is adapted to modern circumstances. Part of our argument for using shared meaning analysis rested on the claim that when interpreting contracts, “the primary search is for a common meaning of the parties” — as the Restatement (Second) of Contracts puts the point. When identifying this common meaning, we argued that courts and parties implicitly rely on presuppositions of linguistic cooperation in ways that often go unrecognized. We suggested that the dependence of contract meaning on linguistic cooperation is pervasive and practically ineliminable. But some tests for contract interpretation, which are repeated more from habit than careful thought, have begun to delink contract meaning from the common meaning of the parties. This brief essay separates out and develops a detailed formal argument for the proposition that contract meaning depends on linguistic cooperation. Following Grice, I define “sentence meaning” as the meaning that a competent speaker of a language would attribute to a sentence independent of any knowledge of its occasion of use. I define “speaker meaning” as the meaning that a speaker intends to convey to another person within an interpersonal conversation, which often depends upon both parties relying on implicit presuppositions of linguistic cooperation. Building on these distinctions (but also departing from both in some ways), Professor Radin and I have offered a contemporary definition of the “shared meaning” of a contract. It is the meaning that the parties produced and actually agreed to based on the presupposition that both were using language cooperatively to contract. The purpose of this essay is to establish just how pervasive and practically ineliminable the presupposition of linguistic cooperation is to derive pervasive and uncontroversial aspects of contract meaning. Neither contemporary “objective” nor long-rejected “subjective” approaches to interpretation are getting contract interpretation perfectly right in some contemporary settings.
Addressing Childhood Trauma in School Settings: A Framework for Evidence-Based Practice

Supporting evidence and intervention resources for addressing childhood trauma are growing, with schools indicated as a potentially critical system for service delivery. Multiple points for prevention and intervention efforts in schools are possible, but in this manuscript, we review evidence on trauma-specific interventions targeted to students exhibiting negative symptoms. Trauma-specific interventions with evidence and utility for school-based delivery are highlighted, along with key considerations in selection. In addition, we discuss the potential to maximize the impact of trauma-specific interventions for individual students when delivered as part of a school-wide trauma-informed approach that incorporates system-level prevention and intervention strategies. Future directions for research on trauma-specific interventions and trauma-informed approaches in school settings are discussed.
Results of second salvage therapy in 673 adults with acute myelogenous leukemia treated at a single institution since 2000.

BACKGROUND The prognosis is poor for patients who have relapsed-refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Most published reports analyzed results from therapies in first-salvage AML or in studies that were conducted before 2000. Several novel agents and strategies are being tested for potential approval as treatment for patients with relapsed-refractory AML in second salvage. Therefore, it is important to establish the historic results of anti-AML therapies in this setting in the modern era. The objective of the current study was to analyze the results from second salvage therapies in patients with AML since 2000 with regard to response and survival. METHODS In total, 673 patients who received second salvage therapies for AML since 2000 were analyzed. Their median age was 60 years (range, 18-89 years). Salvage therapy consisted of cytarabine-based regimens in 267 patients, noncytarabine combinations in 37, hypomethylating agent-based regimens in 136, and phase 1 and 2 single agents in 233. RESULTS Eighty-six of the 673 patients (13%) achieved a complete response (CR) or a CR with low platelet count (CRp). The median duration of CR-CRp was 7.2 months. The median survival was 4.4 months (95% confidence interval, 4.0-4.8 months), and the 1-year survival rate was 16% (95% confidence interval, 14%-19%). Multivariate analysis identified the following as independent adverse factors for achievement of CR-CRp: platelets < 50 × 109 /L (P < .001), complex karyotype with ≥3 chromosomal abnormalities (P = .02), regimens that did not include cytarabine or hypomethylating agents (P = .014), and no prior CR lasting ≥12 months with frontline or salvage 1 therapies (P < .001). The independent adverse factors associated with worse survival were age ≥60 years (P = .01), platelets < 50 × 109 /L (P = .02), peripheral blasts ≥ 20% (P = .03), albumin ≤ 3 g/dL (P = .04), and complex karyotype (P = .003). The authors also applied and validated, in the current population, the 2 multivariate-derived prognostic models for CR and survival developed in their previous study of 594 patients who received treatment for second salvage AML from the previous 2 decades. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale analysis establishes the modern historic results of second salvage therapy in AML and validates the prognostic models associated with outcome. These data could be used to analyze the differential benefits of current or future investigational strategies under evaluation in this setting and for the purpose of potential approval of new agents in the United States and the world. Cancer 2018;124:2534-40. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Management of headache and chronic pain in POTS

Primary headache syndromes and chronic pain syndromes are common in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). There is overlap in potential mechanisms for migraine, chronic pain, and POTS symptomatology. Management of chronic pain and headaches in POTS requires a judicious use of pharmacotherapies that takes into account patient comorbidities and co-existing symptoms. Patient-centric, non-pharmacologic modalities include physical exercise, cognitive behavioral therapies, and treatment of sleep disorders.
Pump Infection Under Normal Conditions in Controlled Experimental Fields

Houston (1912) first noted a lactose-fermenting, indol-positive organism, the so-called "leather bacillus/7 growing on the washers of a tap of one of the pressure mains of the Metropolitan Board Works, and causing falsely positive results in tests of the water for the presence of organisms of the colon-aerogenes group. Greer (1928) and Greer and Kells (1929) showed that the leather washers from four sampling pumps in the tunnels of the Chicago Water Supply System and four washers from private wells giving high coli indices at variance with the quality of the water, also yielded members of the colonaerogenes group. Spaulding (1929) found aerogenes growing abundantly on leather packing, and called attention (1931) to the fact that the jute packing in cast iron pipes in mains might possibly serve as a source of organisms giving positive indices in B. coli tests. Recently Leahy (1932) reported a cotton rope as a focus of contamination in a swimming pool. The lack of correlation between the reports of sanitary surveys of water plants and the bacteriological findings in the examination of private water supplies, and the variation in results of examinations of plant samples and tests of the distribution system tend to discredit unjustly the reliability of B. coli tests as indices of pollution. Knowledge of the possible origins of aftergrowths offers a basis for the proper evaluation of bacteriological findings and for the eradication of misleading sources of positive colon-aerogenes findings. In the belief that further data on the incidence and conditions of pump infection under normal conditions may be of value in the consideration of these points, we offer this paper.