cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science

Long before the terrorist atrocities of 11 September 2001 in New York, Washington, DC, and Pennsylvania, the anthrax attacks through the US mail, and the US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, signs were mounting that America’s ability to create and operate vast technological systems had outrun her capacity for prediction and control. In a prescient book, published in 1984, the sociologist Charles Perrow forecast a series of ‘normal accidents’, which were strung like dark beads through the latter years of the twentieth century and beyond — most notably, the 1984 chemical plant disaster in Bhopal, India; the 1986 loss of the Challenger shuttle and, in the same year, the nuclear plant accident in Chernobyl, USSR; the contamination of blood supplies with the AIDS virus; the prolonged crisis over BSE (‘mad cow disease’); the loss of the manned US space shuttle Columbia in 2003; and the US space programme’s embarrassing, although not life-threatening, mishaps with the Hubble telescope’s blurry lens, and several lost and extremely expensive Mars explorers (Perrow 1984). To these, we may add the discovery of the ozone hole, climate change, and other environmental disasters as further signs of disrepair. Occurring at different times and in vastly-different political environments, these events nonetheless have served collective notice that human pretensions of control over technological systems need serious re-examination.
A context-aware personal desktop assistant

We demonstrate an intelligent personal assistant agent that has been developed to aid a busy knowledge worker in managing time commitments and performing tasks. The PExA agent draws on a diverse set of AI technologies that are linked within the SPARK BDI agent framework. We focus on our agent's ability to provide assistance within the context of current user activities, based on its recognition of user workflows and their progress, and on its context-sensitive proactive suggestions. We have instrumented a common suite of desktop applications so that, endowed with a sophisticated workflow tracker, PExA has the ability to pervasively monitor the user's desktop activities. PExA follows and responds to the user's progress on shared tasks, and is highly user-centric in its support for user needs and its adaptivity to user working style and preferences.
Warmth and Competence As Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map

Abstract The stereotype content model (SCM) defines two fundamental dimensions of social perception, warmth and competence, predicted respectively by perceived competition and status. Combinations of warmth and competence generate distinct emotions of admiration, contempt, envy, and pity. From these intergroup emotions and stereotypes, the behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes (BIAS) map predicts distinct behaviors: active and passive, facilitative and harmful. After defining warmth/communion and competence/agency, the chapter integrates converging work documenting the centrality of these dimensions in interpersonal as well as intergroup perception. Structural origins of warmth and competence perceptions result from competitors judged as not warm, and allies judged as warm; high status confers competence and low status incompetence. Warmth and competence judgments support systematic patterns of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions, including ambivalent prejudices. Past views of prejudice as a univalent antipathy have obscured the unique responses toward groups stereotyped as competent but not warm or warm but not competent. Finally, the chapter addresses unresolved issues and future research directions.
Electron Properties in Collisionless Mesothermal Plasma Expansion: Fully Kinetic Simulations

This paper presents a fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulation of collisionless mesothermal plasma expansion with a focus on the macroscopic electron properties. The results show that the electron thermal properties are anisotropic and nonuniform. In the beam core region, the electrons are thermalized due to interactions between the trapped electrons and the potential well between the beam exit and the beam front. The electron expansion inside the beam is equilibrium and significant cooling occurs associated with the expansion. Immediately out of the beam boundary, the electrons undergo an isothermal expansion. In the outer expansion region, the electrons transition into a nonequilibrium expansion and again exhibit significant cooling. We find that the commonly used assumption of Boltzmann electron simplification is not valid for modeling electrons in mesothermal plasma expansion. An analysis of the electron temperature and density correlation along each individual ion streamlines suggests that simplified models for electron dynamics may be constructed using multiple polytropic laws in different plume regions.
Paul Hugh Emmett, 1900-1985

Publisher Summary This chapter traces the life history of Paul Hugh Emmett. It describes Paul's contribution in the field of catalysis. The techniques and the mechanistic studies directed by Paul have been vitally important in transforming catalysis from an empirical art into a highly sophisticated science. Paul Emmett is best known for the leading role that he played in developing, along with Steven Brunauer and Edward Teller, the BET theory for measuring the surface area of porous materials. This fundamental technique laid the foundation that ushered in the modem era of catalysis in the mid-1930s. A large fraction of Emmett's research centered around iron catalysts and the application of both radioactive and stable isotopic tracers in catalysis.
Modeling the effects of ionospheric oxygen outflow on bursty magnetotail flows

Using a global multifluid MHD model, we demonstrate the effects of magnetospheric O+ on bursty magnetotail flows. We carry out two simulations without ionospheric outflow to use as baseline, one driven by real solar wind data and one driven by idealized solar wind. Solar wind data from 1 October 2001 are used as a storm time solar wind driver. During this event, the plasma sheet was observed to be rich in O+, making the event of interest for a model analysis of the effects of ionospheric origin O+ on magnetospheric dynamics. We carry out outflow comparison simulations for both the realistic and idealized solar wind drivers using a simple empirical model that places auroral outflow in regions where downward propagating Poynting flux and electron precipitation are present, combined with a low-flux thermal energy O+ outflow over the entire polar region. We demonstrate the effects of O+ on magnetotail structure and the occurrence rate and strength of bursty, fast earthward flows. The addition of O+ to the magnetotail stretches the tail and increases the velocity of bursty earthward flows. This increase is shown to be produced by reconnection events in an extended current sheet created by tail stretching.
Compensatory Increase in Ovarian Aromatase in Older Regularly Cycling Women

Context: Serum estradiol (E2) levels are preserved in older reproductive-aged women with regular menstrual cycles despite declining ovarian function. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether increased granulosa cell aromatase expression and activity account for preservation of E2 levels in older, regularly cycling women. Design: The protocol included daily blood sampling and dominant follicle aspirations at an academic medical center during a natural menstrual cycle. Subjects: Healthy, regularly cycling older (36–45 y; n = 13) and younger (22–34 y; n = 14) women participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: Hormone levels were measured in peripheral blood and follicular fluid aspirates and granulosa cell CYP19A1 (aromatase) and FSH-R mRNA expression were determined. Results: Older women had higher FSH levels than younger women during the early follicular phase with similar E2 but lower inhibin B and antimullerian hormone levels. Late follicular phase serum E2 did not differ betwe...
Robust output regulation of linear time‐delay systems: A state predictor approach

Summary This paper considers the robust output regulation problem for linear systems in the presence of state, input, and output delays. First, a state feedback control law is constructed from a state predictor, recently developed for systems with state and input delays. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the regulator equations are presented. Next, an error feedback control law for the output regulation problem is constructed by means of an error-based state predictor. Finally, the proposed error feedback solution is extended to solve the output regulation problem in the presence of model uncertainty. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed predictor-based solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and expression analysis of pos-1 in the nematodes Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis remanei.

The Caenorhabditis elegans pos-1 gene encodes a zinc-finger protein that is required for germline specification during embryogenesis. The maternally provided mRNA is translationally regulated both spatially and temporally during early development. We have cloned orthologs of pos-1 from C. briggsae and C. remanei, two Caenorhabditis species that have diverged from C. elegans by approximately 20–40 million years. Two regions in the 3′ untranslated region are highly conserved among all three species. We find that the pos-1 RNA is expressed in the hermaphrodite and female gonads of C. briggsae and C. remanei but POS-1 protein is not detected at high levels in C. briggsae until the 2-cell stage of embyrogenesis. The protein expression is restricted to the germline precursors of the embryo. We conclude that pos-1 appears to be translationally regulated in C. briggsae as it is in C. elegans and speculate the conserved 3′ UTR sequences may be involved. Developmental Dynamics 233:1006–1012, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of ATP and Ca2+ on the cell volume in isolated kidney tubules

The effect of external ATP on the steady-state levels of water and electrolytes in isolated renal tubules of healthy adult rabbits was studied: 1. 1. In the absence of external Ca2+, ATP produced an increase of tissue Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+, and a loss of K+, at all pH values tested (pH 6.2 to 8.2); only at pH 7.2 was a marked ATP-induced cellular swelling observed. No such effects of ATP were found in the presence of 2.5 mM [Ca2+]0. 2. 2. The swelling effect of ATP was not affected by 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM ouabain or the absence of Na+ (Li+ saline) and was in part reversed by raising [Ca2+]0 to 2.5 mM. Increased Mg2+ (5.5 mM final concn) could replace Ca2+ in preventing the effect of external ATP. 3. 3. ADP and GTP did not produce changes of cell volume under conditions where ATP was effective. 4. 4. Isolated kidney tubules were found to hydrolyse added ATP or other triphosphonucleotides. The rate of hydrolysis was increased by raising the medium pH from 6.2 (0.13 μmole P1/mg protein per 10 min) to 8.2 (0.24 μmole Pi/mg protein per 10 min) and was to some extent inhibited by Ca2+. 5. 5. A soluble protein with a nucleotidase specificity, activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+, was isolated from the tubules. At pH 7.2 this protein was precipitated from solution by the addition of ATP and Ca2+; this phenomenon was found to be specific for ATP. 6. 6. It is suggested that external ATP affects the water and ionic contents of the cells of kidney tubules by an interaction with the cell membrane and Ca2+, thus involving the physical (contractile?) properties of the membrane structure and/or membrane permeability.
Mechanical properties of metal connectors soldered by gas torch versus an infrared technique.

Purpose The ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation of solder joints of three alloy systems were tested. Materials and Methods Solder joints were formed using either an infrared soldering machine or gas-oxygen torch. Intact solder materials were used as controls. Results There were no significant differences in percentage elongation among different treatment methods of the solders or among various solder materials. All intact solder materials possessed significantly higher ultimate tensile strength than the joints made with either method. For high-noble and noble alloy solders, there were no significant differences in ultimate tensile strength of joints made with either method. For base metal alloy solder, the ultimate tensile strength of joints made with the infrared technique was significantly higher than that made with the gas-oxygen torch technique. Conclusions The infrared technique can be used as an alternative to the gas-torch technique for soldering high-noble and noble alloys. It is superior to the gas-torch technique for soldering a cobalt-chromium alloy.
Initial Value Problems of Fractional Order with Fractional Impulsive Conditions

In this paper we intend to accomplish two tasks firstly, we address some basic errors in several recent results involving impulsive fractional equations with the Caputo derivative, and, secondly, we study initial value problems for nonlinear differential equations with the Riemann–Liouville derivative of order 0 < α ≤ 1 and the Caputo derivatives of order 1 < δ < 2. In both cases, the corresponding fractional derivative of lower order is involved in the formulation of impulsive conditions.
Differentiation of benign and malignant skeletal lesions with quantitative diffusion weighted MRI at 3 T

Abstract Objectives To investigate the accuracy of quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping for characterizing bone lesions as benign or malignant. Methods At 3 T, 31 subjects with intramedullary lesions imaged by DWI (b-values 50, 400, 800 s/mm2) were included. ADC values (minimum, mean, maximum) were recorded by three observers independently. Interobserver variability and differences between ADC values in benign and malignant lesions were assessed (unpaired t-test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis). Results Of 31 lesions, 18 were benign (osteoblastic (n = 1), chondroid (n = 6), cysts (n = 4), hemangiomatosis (n = 1), fibrous (n = 3), eosinophilic granuloma (n = 1), giant cell tumor (n = 1), osteomyelitis (n = 1)) and 13 were malignant (primary (n = 5), metastases (n = 8)). Overall, there were higher minimum (1.27 × 10−3 mm2/s vs 0.68 × 10−3 mm2/s, p Conclusion Quantitative ADC maps may have predictive value for the characterization of bone lesions. Benign lesions generally have higher minimum, mean, and maximum ADC values than malignancies, with the minimum value offering the highest accuracy for characterization.
Drugging a Stem Cell Compartment Using Wnt3a Protein as a Therapeutic

The therapeutic potential of Wnt proteins has long been recognized but challenges associated with in vivo stability and delivery have hindered their development as drug candidates. By exploiting the hydrophobic nature of the protein we provide evidence that exogenous Wnt3a can be delivered in vivo if it is associated with a lipid vesicle. Recombinant Wnt3a associates with the external surface of the lipid membrane; this association stabilizes the protein and leads to prolonged activation of the Wnt pathway in primary cells. We demonstrate the consequences of Wnt pathway activation in vivo using a bone marrow engraftment assay. These data provide validation for the development of WNT3A as a therapeutic protein.
534 BIRTH WT DISCREPANCY RECORDINGS IN NEWBORN CHARTS BIRTH CERTIFICATE TAPES. A POPULATION STUDY BY HOSPITAL LEVEL OF CARE & HOSPITAL OWNERSHIP IN NEWBORNS <2500 GM

Hospital records & birth tapes of all transported patients & a matched random sample of non-transported, totalling 3,929 neonates in N.Y.C. in 1979 were reviewed. 48 of 52 maternity hospitals were reviewed. Hospitals were divided into 6 categories, 3 by levels of care (I, II, III), 3 based on # of deliveries & resources. Finally, each of the 6 categories differed by hospital ownership (proprietary, voluntary, municipal). Data were collected on the incidence & size of the discrepancy by hospital & BW categories, x2, paired t-testing, Mantel Haenszel (M-H) were used for analysis. Results: 1) only 4 hospitals showed a signif. diff. between mean weights from charts & birth tapes. 2) among voluntary hospitals across 6 hospital categories there was a signif. diff. in the incidence of % correct between the tapes & chart records: x2 = 92.02 DF = 5, P<.005. 3) voluntary hospitals in IA had greater incidence of large magnitude weight diff. (<100 Gm) compared to municipals (x2=6.4 P <.025). 4) in hospital specific groups across 4 weight categories (<1000, 1001-1500, 1501-2000 & 2001-2500), except for IIA (X2=18.3 P<.005) there was no signif. diff. in the % correct within the remaining hospital categories. 5) in hospital specific categories, voluntaries have a signif. higher incidence of % correct as compared to municipals: x2 for M-H: 57.8, P<.005.
Synthesis of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals in heat transfer fluids

Fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles, or quantum dots, have potential uses as an optical material, in which the optoelectronic properties can be tuned precisely by particle size. Advances in chemical synthesis have led to improvements in size and shape control, cost, and safety. A limiting step in large-scale production is identified to be the raw materials cost, in which a common synthesis solvent, octadecene, accounts for most of the materials cost in a batch of CdSe quantum dots. Thus, less expensive solvents are needed. In this paper, we identify heat transfer fluids, a class of organic liquids commonly used in chemical process industries to transport heat between unit operations, as alternative solvents for quantum dot synthesis. We specifically show that two heat transfer fluids can be used successfully in the synthesis of CdSe quantum dots with uniform particle sizes. We observe differences in particle growth using the various solvents.
Origin and content of methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin, lysyl-bradykinin and bradykinin in human urine

Abstract When human urine is collected in acid, three kinins, bradykinin (BK), lysyl-bradykinin (LBK, kallidin) and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin (MLBK), are found. The identification of the MLBK was based on: (1) a chromatographic procedure which clearly separated it from BK and LBK, (2) its conversion by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I to BK which was established by chromatographic and bioassay procedures, and (3) its amino acid composition. When the potent pepsin inhibitor, pepstasin, was added to the collection bottle in addition to the usual acid (to inhibit kininases), MLBK was either undetectable or reduced by 90 per cent. Pepstatin did not alter the excretion of BK or LBK. Addition of purified kininogen to acidified urine from a subject with a congenital absence of kininogen led to the formation of MLBK but no BK or LBK. In urine acidified after excretion, it is highly probable that MLBK is formed by uropepsin.
High resolution 2-dimensional readout of drift chambers

Abstract The advantages of 3-dimensional space points for track finding are well understood. For drift chambers the distance between the position of the transversal of the particle and the sense wire can be obtained by measuring the drift time. Using a 25 cm×60 cm active area drift chamber we have investigated the possibility of measuring the distance along the sense wire by connecting pick up pads to a delay line. We obtained a position resolution of less than 350 μm.
A comparison of information-theoretically optimal classifications with estimates of phylogenetic relationships in the squid family Cranchiidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)

Criteria by which some biological classifications may be judged better or worse than others have been debated for centuries, but since 1859 most systematists have striven to create taxonomies that reflect genealogical relationships, and the familiarity of such terms as “monophyletic”, “paraphyletic” and “polyphyletic” reflects a widespread concern about the nature of correspondences between classifications and phylogenies. Some systematists, however, have expressed pessimism about the ability of modern researchers to discover true phylogenies, and question the utility of phylogenetic classifications even were it possible to ascertain their historical accuracy. J. S. L. GILMOUR, an early and articulate critic of evolutionary taxonomy, proposed that biological classifications be comprised exclusively of “. . . natural groups [that] class together individuals which have a large number of attributes in common” (GILMOUR 1940: 466). The utility of natural groups, so defined, is usually equated with the information about characters conveyed by knowledge of group memberships (SOKAL and SNEATH 1963; FARRIS 1979). That classifications should (1) correspond to known or inferred phylogenies and (2) be maximally informative about characters are both intuitively appealing ideal properties, and it is therefore of interest to inquire whether or not they need be viewed irreconciliable as optimality criteria. In this paper we define ways in which classifications can correspond to tree diagrams of evolutionary history, propose quantitative measures of taxonomic information content and examine the relationships between phylogenetic reconstructions and informative classifications of pelagic squids in the family Cranchiidae.
Max weight versus back pressure: routing and scheduling in multichannel relay networks

We study routing and scheduling algorithms for relay-assisted, multichannel downlink wireless networks [e.g., orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based cellular systems with relays]. Over such networks, while it is well understood that the BackPressure algorithm is stabilizing (i.e., queue lengths do not become arbitrarily large), its performance (e.g., delay, buffer usage) can be poor. In this paper, we study an alternative--the MaxWeight algorithm--variants of which are known to have good performance in a single-hop setting. In a general relay setting, however, MaxWeight is not even stabilizing (and thus can have very poor performance). In this paper, we study an iterative MaxWeight algorithm for routing and scheduling in downlink multichannel relay networks. We show that, surprisingly, the iterative MaxWeight algorithm can stabilize the system in several large-scale instantiations of this setting (e.g., general arrivals with full-duplex relays, bounded arrivals with half-duplex relays). Furthermore, using both many-channel large-deviations analysis and simulations, we show that iterative MaxWeight outperforms the BackPressure algorithm from a queue-length/delay perspective.
The Occurrence of Coenzyme A in Plants.

The plant materials were chosen as representative of the various families of flowering plants. More detailed work was done on spinach, mung bean, pea, wheat germ, and corn since these plants are being widely used in current studies of plant metabolism. Direct Assays: Seeds, dried plant parts, or materials high in Co A may be directly assayed for Co A by the methods listed below: Weighed samples were homogenized with an equal weight of water at 80? C. After two minutes in the Waring blendor, the material was transferred to a beaker and boiled for five minutes. Occasionally more water had to be added at this point. The material was filtered through cheesecloth and clarified by centrifuging at 4600 ? g. The sediment was re-extracted in a similar manner and the filtrates combined. It was found that a third extract did not contain a measurable amount of Co A. The combined filtrates were directly assayed for Co A. Concentration of Co A: Since the extracts must contain five units of Co A per ml for the methods used here, the extracts of many plants cannot be directly assayed. In such cases extracts prepared as above were concentrated at reduced pressure below the freezing point to one-fourth of their original volume. The concentrated solutions were used for Co A
Repeated, intermittent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration to rats impairs acquisition and performance of a test of visuospatial divided attention

The residual neuropsychological effects of marijuana abuse in man indicate a dysfunction of the attentional/executive systems. Moreover, experimental investigations suggest that repeated, intermittent (subchronic) Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, alters neurotransmission in the frontal cortex of rats and humans, a key neural site mediating attention and executive functions. In the present studies, the acquisition and performance of a test of visuospatial attention (the lateralized reaction time task) after subchronic THC administration (10.0 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days) was examined. Rats previously administered THC showed impairments in this self-paced version of the classic multiple-choice serial reaction time task, which persisted 14 days after the final drug administration. Longer time points were not examined. These attentional impairments were transiently reversible with an acute amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) challenge. These behavioral data demonstrate that chronic THC administration to rats induces an attentional deficit, similar to that observed in humans who abuse marijuana. Finally, amphetamine's ability to reverse the attentional impairments provides indirect evidence that monoaminergic deficits may be linked to the cognitive dysfunction.
Enhancement of afferent fiber activity in hippocampal slices.

Abstract The potentiation of synaptic activity in the hippocampal formation is a well documented phenomenon. It has been suggested, however, that a recruitment of additional afferent fibers can contribute to such an increase in synaptic activity. The hypothesis of an enhancement in afferent fiber activity, therefore, was investigated with the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. Isolated radiatum fiber compound action potentials were evoked with paired electrical stimuli of equal intensity and separated in time by 30–40 msec. Statistical comparisons between control and test evoked responses reveal an augmentation of the test responses in support of the hypothesis of an enhancement in afferent fiber activity.
Multivalent ligands of CD22 for targeting of B cells

Multivalent ligands of CD22 for active targeting of B cells. Mary O’Reilly, Wei Hsu Chen, Gladys Completo, Ying Zeng, Satoshi Futakawa and Cory Rillahan and James C. Paulson, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037The siglecs comprise 13 members of the immunoglobulin superfamily that recognize sialic acid containing glycans, and are differentially expressed on leukocytes and glial cells. The natural ligands of siglecs typically occur on the same cell (in cis) and/or on adjacent cells (in trans). Cis ligands mask the binding of multivalent synthetic sialoside ligands and are thought to regulate the activity of siglecs as modulators of cell signaling. However, synthetic ligands of sufficient avidity can compete with cis ligands, demonstrating a dynamic equilibrium of cis and trans ligand probes. We have explored the relationship between valency, affinity and geometry for achieving avidity sufficient to compete with cis ligands of CD22 (Siglec-2) in situ. A notable achievement is a hetero-bifunctional ligand approach to create multivalent ligands using antibodies as a protein scaffold. The ligand is comprised of a CD22 ligand, 9-biphenylcarboxyl-NeuAcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc (BPCNeuAc), coupled to an antigen, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetic acid (NP) (BPCNeuAc-NP). The BPCNeuAc-NP ligand is able to efficiently assemble complexes of anti-NP antibodies with CD22 on both asialo- and native B cells. Surprisingly, assembly of the tertiary complex occurs with anti-NP IgM (n=10), IgA (n=4) and IgG (n=2). The results suggest that spacing of ligands using an antibody optimizes the contribution of geometry to achieve high avidity with low valency. Other multivalent configurations also show promise for targeting B cells. In particular, liposomes bearing BPCNeuAc ligands bind avidly to B cells and are endocytosed. Thus, BPCNeuAc-lipososomes may prove effective in delivery of therapeutic agents to B cells (Supported by NIH grants GM60938, AI50143 ).
On the failure of Laplace's tidal equations to model subinertial motions at a discontinuity in depth

Abstract Infinitesmal amplitude, inviscid, subinertial oscillations over a discontinuity in depth are considered distinguishing three ocean models: (i) the Laplacian model in which the flow is governed by Laplace's tidal equations (LTE); (ii) the more realistic geophysical model in which the Vaisala frequency is assumed to be much greater than the inertial frequency; and (iii) the laboratory model in which the fluid is homogeneous with the Vaisala frequency equal to zero. The Laplacian model supports free waves perfectly trapped at the step while the laboratory model supports no perfectly trapped waves. The two approximations nevertheless predict similar behavior, because in the presence of forcing, the surface mode of the laboratory model is highly excited at frequencies and wavenumbers close to those of the perfectly trapped solutions predicted by LTE. Only in the limit of very long, low-frequency motions does the Laplacian model describe the barotropic modes of the geophysical model well, qualitatively, and even here the quantitative disagreement in predicted phase speeds and group velocities is substantial. At shorter wavelengths, LTE qualitatively misrepresent the dispersion properties by erroneously predicting topographically trapped motions with vanishing group velocity at a subinertial upper limit to the frequency of free oscillation. In particular, the results indicate that, for the step topography, there is in general no trapped, barotropic mode (double-Kelvin wave) in the geophysical model. Thus, LTE fail in modeling even the barotropic parts of subinertial motions at a depth discontinuity and should not be used in such calculations.
EFFECT OF PRE-KNOWN STIMULUS-REVERSALS ON APPARENT CEREBRAL DOMINANCE IN WORD RECOGNITION.

In two experiments Os reproduced eight-letter words or nonsense-words tachistoscopically exposed across fixation. For some words the meaningful sequence of letters, or the orientation of the letters, or both, were reversed with respect to the normal left-right arrangement in English. O always knew prior to exposure which stimulus-condition was to appear. Relative errors to the left or right of fixation varied depending upon both stimulus-condition and individual O. The sequence of letters exerted the greater effect. Results are interpreted as suggesting a temporal-spatial perceptual mechanism, analyzing the traces of the visual pattern from left to right, or from right to left, with the direction determined by the responsiveness of O to letter-orientation and letter-sequence. This interpretation is offered as an alternative to a simple notion of cerebral hemispheric dominance.
Fabrication and evaluation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins/composites containing nano fibrillar silicate

Objective To investigate the reinforcement of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins (without conventional glass filler) and composites (with conventional glass filler) with various mass fractions of nano fibrillar silicate (FS).
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF POLYETHER COORDINATION TO MERCURY(II) HALIDES: CROWN ETHER VERSUS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL COMPLEXATION

Abstract The crystal structures of several crown ether and polyethylene glycol complexes of HgX2 (X=Cl, Br, I) have been investigated. The crown ether complexes studied are [HgX2(18-crown-6)] (X=Br, I) and [HgI2(dibenzo-18-crown-6)]·CH3CN. In each case Hg resides in the cavity of the ether resulting in hexagonal bipyramidal geometry with axial, terminal halides. The covalently bonded halides reside closer to Hg than the oxygen donor atoms. Five polyethylene glycol complexes have been structurally characterized: [(HgCl2)3(EO3)], [HgX2(EO4)] (X=Br, I), [HgCl2(EO5)], and [HgBr2(EO5)HgBr2]2 (EO3=triethylene glycol, EO4=tetraethylene glycol, EO5=pentaethylene glycol). The EO4 and EO5 glycols mimic crown ethers by forming an equatorial girdle around Hg although in each case one alcoholic terminal end does not coordinate to the metal ion. Each complex also has two covalent, nearly linear, axial halides coordinated to Hg. In [(HgCl2)3(EO3)], the glycol is linear and coordinates to three Hg atoms all on the same s...
Reactivity at the β-Diketiminate Ligand Nacnac- on Titanium(IV) (Nacnac- = [Ar]NC(CH3)CHC(CH3)N[Ar], Ar = 2,6-[CH(CH3)2]2C6H3). Diimine-alkoxo and Bis-anilido Ligands Stemming from the Nacnac- Skeleton

The reaction of ketene OCCPh2 with the four-coordinate titanium(IV) imide (L1)TiNAr(OTf) (L1- = [Ar]NC(CH3)CHC(CH3)N[Ar], Ar = 2,6-[CH(CH3)2]2C6H3) affords the tripodal dimine-alkoxo complex (L2)TiNAr(OTf) (L2- = [Ar]NC(CH3)CHC(O)CPh2C(CH3)N[Ar]). Complex (L2)TiNAr(OTf) forms from electrophilic attack of the β-carbon of the ketene on the γ-carbon of the Nacnac- NCCγCN ring. On the contrary, nucleophiles such as LiR (R- = Me, CH2tBu, and CH2SiMe3) deprotonate cleanly in OEt2 the methyl group of the β-carbon on the former Nacnac- backbone to yield the etherate complex (L3)TiNAr(OEt2), a complex that is now supported by a chelate bis-anilido ligand (L32- = [Ar]NC(CH3)CHC(CH2)N[Ar]). In the absence of electrophiles or nucleophiles, the robust (L1)TiNAr(OTf) template was found to form simple adducts with Lewis bases such as CNtBu or NCCH2(2,4,6-Me3C6H2). Complexes (L2)TiNAr(OTf), (L3)TiNAr(OEt2), and the adducts (L1)TiNAr(OTf)(XY) [XY = CNtBu and NCCH2(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)] were structurally characterized by single-...
Insurance Regulation in the Public Interest: The Path Towards Solvent, Competitive Markets

The rationale underlying competition is that market forces are best at allocating resources and enhancing consumer choice and value. Further, the evolution and internationalization of financial services markets could significantly promote economic development throughout the world. Thus, moves to render national and international insurance markets more competitive should be encouraged, taking into account the level of development of each market and recognizing the necessity for reasonable safeguards to protect the public. In this respect, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Financial Services Agreement marked an important milestone in the evolution toward competitive markets. However, market access alone does not ensure vigorous, fair competition. Regulatory reforms also are needed. The next step toward structuring insurance markets that better serve the interest of each country's citizens is regulatory reform built on a set of pro-competitive principles designed to ensure competitive, solvent, and fair markets. This article offers such a set of principles that are designed to permit national insurance markets to better serve the public interest. These principles are not an argument for elimination of regulation. In fact, pro-competitive regulation requires a greater – not lesser – emphasis on solvency oversight, disclosure and consumer information, and market monitoring. An insurance market structured around these principles will be one in which regulation is adequate, impartial, and minimally intrusive and, importantly, in which the regulatory process is transparent.
ATPase activities of rat epididymal adipose tissue

Abstract 1. 1. A Mg 2+ -activated ATPase activity (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.4) has been observed in rat epididymal adipose tissue. The activity was concentrated in the microsomal subcellular fraction. Evidence indicated that a large fraction of this microsomal Mg 2+ -ATPase activity was located in the cytoplasmic membrane in the intact cell. 2. 2. The incubation of microsomes with [ γ - 32 P]ATP resulted in incorporation of 32 P into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. No appreciable fraction (larger than 5 μμmoles/mg protein) of this phosphorylated material possessed a rate of turnover compatible with its being a possible intermediate in the Mg 2+ -ATPase-catalyzed reaction. 3. 3. The influence of several membrane-active agents (detergents, vitamin A, gramicidin, histones, phospholipase C and lysolecithin) suggested a very intimate relationship between the integrity of the membrane and the activity of the ATPase. 4. 4. Evidence is presented establishing the existence of a Mg 2+ requiring ( Na + + K + )-activated ATPase activity in adipose tissue.
Effect of magnetic field profile on the anode fall in a Hall-effect thruster discharge

The effect of the magnetic field configuration on the anode fall in an E×B discharge of a Hall thruster is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Plasma potential, electron temperature, and plasma density in the near-anode region are measured with a biased probe in three configurations of the magnetic field. It is observed that the anode fall in a Hall thruster can be changed from negative to positive by creating a magnetic field configuration with a zero magnetic field region. Similar configurations are utilized in some advanced Hall thrusters, like an ATON thruster. Results of the measurements are employed to model a Hall thruster with different magnetic field configurations, including the one with a zero-field region. Different anode sheath regimes observed experimentally are used to set the boundary conditions for the quasineutral plasma. Numerical solutions obtained with a hydrodynamic quasi-one-dimensional model suggest that varying the magnetic field configuration affects the electron mob...
Theoretical and experimental determination of capstan drive stiffness

Cable or metal band capstan drives are used as rotary transmission elements for their very low (nominally zero) backlash and high stiffness properties. Cable drives, in particular, are found in many types of equipment, and to obtain high stiffness, the cable is typically wrapped around the input and output drum in a figure-eight pattern. This paper develops analytical methods for predicting the torsional stiffness of capstan drives to enable designers to better assess machine performance in the design study phase. Experiments validated the analysis.
Electric fields induced in rat and human models by 60-Hz magnetic fields: comparison of calculated and measured values.

The calculated distribution of electric fields induced in homogeneous human and rat models by a 60-Hz magnetic field is compared with values measured in instrumented mannequins. The calculated values agree well with measured values. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utilizing Project-Based Learning and Competition to Develop Student Skills and Interest in Producing Quality Food Items

: Project-based activities and competition incorporated into freshman-level introductory foods course can stimulate students' interest in producing quality food items and achieve positive learning outcomes. This paper describes one example of how project-based learning, with the element of competition, was integrated into a freshman-level introductory foods course for food and nutrition majors. The students reported that the team approach allowed them to enhance their communication, team-building, and problem-solving skills. Numerous other skills, such as food selection, menu costing, and food presentation were also developed as a result of the project. The project was a productive and enjoyable learning experience for both the students and the teacher.
Evidence against the reactive rotamer explanation of the gem-dialkyl effect

Abstract Acceleration of intramolecular reaction rates with increasing substitution has been known for a long time. The most common explanation used for this phenomenon is the 'Reactive Rotamer Effect' which states that “The ring closure reaction proceeds at a greater rate on geminal (or alkyl) substitution because of the resultant decrease in unprofitable rotamer distribution”. 1 This research presents evidence against this explanation and suggests an alternate explanation for the cause of the gem -dialkyl effect.
General strain and non-strain theories: A study of crime in emerging adulthood

Abstract Purpose Despite continued increase in research on general strain theory (GST), previous studies on the relationship between GST and other criminological theories has been limited. To fill this gap in GST research, the present study aims to examine whether non-strain variables of social bonding theory, social learning theory, and self-control theory, as well as negative emotions mediate and moderate the effects of strain on crime and drug use. Methods Ordinary least squares regressions were applied to conduct a simultaneous analysis of mediation and moderation effects, using multiple waves of the restricted-use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Results The non-strain variables of social bonds and low self-control, but not deviant peer association, as well as trait anger and state depression/anxiety mediate the effects of strain on crime and drug use, but hypotheses about the moderating effects of these variables receive less support. Conclusions The central claims of GST need to be expanded to include non-emotive mediators of the effects of strain on crime, given that negative emotions are not expected to fully mediate the criminogenic effects of strain.
Mid-Tertiary Carbonates, Western Oregon: ABSTRACT

The distribution of marine limestones in the Oregon Tertiary is an important facet of the paleoenvironmental setting. Although the most extensive deposits of Tertiary limestones in the state are found in the middle Eocene Yamhill Formation in the coast range, several smaller exposures of late Eocene and Oligocene limestones occur in the Western Cascades east of Salem, Oregon. All of these accumulations are of limited stratigraphic and areal extent. Much of the carbonate content is invertebrate shell material which accumulated in shallow-water environments during periods of limited terrigenous sedimentation. A significant amount of the limestones, however, reflects an offshore or open-ocean environment, such as a bank or seamount. Porosity in the carbonates ranges from extremely low values, where sparry calcite has precipitated in pore spaces, to values of 5% where solution has extensively removed shell calcite. A recently drilled well near Lebanon, Oregon, produced gas for a short time before being abandoned. That well was completed at 3,000 ft (914 m) near the top of the Spencer Formation at approximately the same stratigraphic level as Eugene carbonate-bank deposits in northern Marion and southern Clackamas Counties. End_of_Article - Last_Page 615------------
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoconfinement Induced Organization of n-Decane

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study the behavior of n-decane under sub-10 nm confinement between two gold {111} surfaces. This confinement and dielectric medium are characteristic of those used in nanoscale electromachining (nano-EM) processes; thus, it is important that the behavior of the nanoconfined dielectric medium be investigated for better process understanding. Results obtained via MD simulations indicate that, when confined down to a thickness less than 1 nm, the mechanical boundary conditions trigger organization in the n-decane medium, resulting in two distinct molecular layers. The n-decane chains lie flat on the {111} gold surfaces and show preferred orientation in the close-packed ⟨110⟩ crystallographic directions. A 4-fold increase in the maximum local density as compared with the experimental bulk (liquid) density is observed at the interface between the molecular medium and the gold {111} surfaces, regardless of confinement spacing. Radial distribution function curves a...
Relationship of the uterosacral ligament to the sacral plexus and to the pudendal nerve.

We describe the anatomy of the uterosacral ligament with respect to the sacral plexus. In six adult female embalmed cadavers, we identified the uterosacral ligament and its lateral nerve relations. Using the ischial spine as the starting point and measuring along the axis of the uterosacral ligament, we noted that the S1 trunk of the sacral plexus passes under the ligament 3.9 cm [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1–5.8 cm] superior to the ischial spine. The S2 trunk passes under the ligament at 2.6 cm (95% CI; 1.5, 3.6 cm), the S3 trunk passes under the ligament at 1.5 cm (95% CI; 0.7, 2.4 cm), and the S4 trunk passes under the ligament at 0.9 cm (95% CI; 0.3, 1.5 cm) superior to the ischial spine. The pudendal nerve forms lateral to the uterosacral ligament. Our data demonstrate that the S1–S4 trunks of the sacral plexus, not the pudendal nerve, are vulnerable to injury during uterosacral ligament suspension.
Relation of fish and shellfish distributions to habitat and water quality in the Mobile Bay estuary, USA

The Mobile Bay estuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico provides a rich habitat for many fish and shellfish, including those identified as economically and ecologically important. The National Estuary Program in Mobile Bay has focused on restoration of degraded estuarine habitat on which these species depend. To support this effort, we used statistical techniques of ordination, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis to relate distributions of individual fish and shellfish species and species assemblages to two dozen water quality and habitat variables in a geo-referenced database. Species appeared to respond to dominant gradients of low to high salinity and upland to offshore habitat area; many of the 15 communities identified via cluster analysis showed aggregated spatial distributions that could be related to habitat characteristics. Species in the Mobile River Delta were distinct from those in other areas of the estuary. This analysis supports habitat management in the Mobile Bay estuary; however, due to mobility of organisms among sampling locations and the dynamic environmental conditions in estuaries, we conclude that the analyses presented here are most appropriate for an evaluation of the estuary as a whole.
Charting the process of change: a primer on survival analysis.

Survival analysis is a powerful and useful technique for understanding qualitative change. This article provides a practical, nontechnical introduction to the use of survival analysis for social scientists. Important issues in using survival analysis are discussed, including research design, data preparation and management, and data analysis. Attendance data from a self-helf organization are used to illustrate common survival analysis tasks such as describing the overall survival and hazard functions, examining covariate effects, and modeling the form of the hazard function over time. An appendix that discusses the strengths and weaknesses of current survival analysis computer programs is included.
Magnetic and crystallization behavior of Be‐substituted Fe82B18 metallic glasses

Substitution of Be for B in the amorphous binary alloy Fe82B18 was observed to cause an initial increase in saturation magnetization (Ms) to a maximum of 200 emu/g at 4.2K, followed by a decrease for alloys with more than 4 at.% Be. Meanwhile, the Curie temperature of the Fe82B18−y Bey alloys decreased progressively with the Be content. These changes in Ms and TC differ from those observed in the Fe‐B‐M′ metallic glasses, where M′ is another metalloid (P, C, Si or Ge). Results from Auger electron spectroscopy and Mossbauer experiments confirmed the reversal trend detected in the magnetization measurements. Combining all these results enables us to attribute the initial increase in Ms to a smaller charge transfer from the Be atoms than that from the B atoms to Fe and the subsequent decrease in Ms to a possible clustering of the Be atoms at higher concentrations. The annealing behavior for the present alloys is described in terms of crystallization stages and the phases formed.