cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The United Kingdom’s mask crusader

Trisha Greenhalgh is a firm believer in evidence-based medicine. A physician and expert in health care delivery at the University of Oxford, Greenhalgh wrote a best-selling book on the topic, and her research has earned some of her nation9s highest honors. But lately she9s been arguing that COVID-19 has revealed the limits of evidence-based medicine and the privileging of randomized controlled studies over clinical experience and close observation. In May, when several prominent U.K. scientists argued there was insufficient evidence to recommend face masks to help control the spread of COVID-19, Greenhalgh was furious. She has since become a tireless advocate for masks and other common-sense measures to fight the pandemic. It9s not more research that9s needed, she says, but more thinking.
Workplace Ostracism Among Gender, Age, and LGBTQ Minorities, and People with Disabilities

This chapter examines the impacts of gender, age, LGBTQ status, and disability status on the experience of and reactions to ostracism in organizational settings. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the implication of workplace diversity. We then provide a general overview of the theoretical foundation—social categorization theory—as an overarching framework to explain why minority employees may be the target of ostracism and may perceive and react differently to ostracism. The chapter then shifts to the literature review of gender differences in ostracism and consequences of ostracism against men and women. We then discuss the potential age differences in the experience of ostracism and consequences of ostracism against older people. We also review the research on ostracism among LGBTQ employees and its consequences against them. Finally, we discuss the research on disability status and ostracism, as well as consequences of ostracism against employees with disabilities. The chapter concludes with a consideration of a number of interventions that may prevent ostracism toward these minority employees, as well as important directions for future research to improve our understanding of ostracism among minority employees.
Anesthesia for the EXIT Procedure

The EXIT procedure is a rare procedure typically performed for neonatal airway management, but is occasionally performed for other indications. Maternal and neonatal risks to the procedure are significant, and should only be performed at centers with experience and backup maternal and fetal resources. Adequate uterine relaxation is paramount to successful completion of the procedure, which is typically achieved with volatile anesthetic agents and/or nitroglycerin. While significant surgical hemorrhage is a theoretical possibility, when performed in experienced centers this complication is rare. Successful procedures rely on a multidisciplinary approach with meticulous planning and excellent communication throughout the perioperative period. The incidence of EXIT procedures is likely to increase in the future as prenatal diagnosis and ultrasound technology improve.
Short-Duration RAGE Antagonism Transiently Disrupts Tendon Homeostasis and does not Alter Diabetic Tendon Healing

Obesity and type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have substantial pathological effects on tendon homeostasis, including loss of collagen organization and increased risk of tendon rupture. Moreover, following rupture or acute injury, the healing process is impaired by T2DM. We have previously demonstrating that restoring normal metabolic function in a murine model of obesity/ T2DM is insufficient to blunt or reverse the progression of diabetic tendinopathy, indicating the need for identification of novel therapeutic approaches to both maintain tendon homeostasis, and to improve the healing process. RAGE, the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts has been implicated as a key driver of several diabetic pathologies. We have demonstrated that pharmacological antagonism of RAGE is sufficient to partially improve tendon healing in non-diabetic animals. Therefore, in the current study we tested the efficacy of blunted RAGE signaling, via treatment with a RAGE Antagonist Peptide (RAP), to improve tendon healing in the context of T2DM. While our study did not find a beneficial effect of short-term RAP treatment on the healing process of T2DM mice, we did identify several important challenges brought about by this model of diet-induced obesity and T2DM. Both high fat (HFD) and low fat diet (LFD) feeding shifted the temporal molecular profile of healing compared to standard laboratory chow fed mice. Moreover, RAP treatment resulted in a transient disruption in homeostasis in the contralateral control tendons of both HFD and LFD mice, and this was due to a potential interaction with the systemic response to tendon injury as this response was not observed in HFD and LFD fed mice that did not undergo tendon repair surgery. Collectively, these data highlight the complications associated with models of diet induced obesity, and the lean control diets that should be considered in future studies.
ARTIGOS DE FÉ DO GAÚCHO: ANÁLISE DAS CRENÇAS E DO DIALETO REGIONAL

Este artigo possui como objetivo analisar a abordagem dialetal e crencas do povo gaucho retratado em um dos contos do livro Contos Gauchescos (2011), de Joao Simoes Lopes Neto. Por meio dessa premissa, o conto Artigos de fe do gaucho foi analisado. A partir dessa selecao, foram observados alguns pontos especificos sobre o gaucho: seu comportamento com homens e com a mulheres, a significância do cavalo e das armas para esse povo e como e o seu dialeto. Assim, a presente pesquisa e de cunho qualitativo com estudo bibliografico, embasado por Alves (2017), Luvizzoto (2009), Silveira (2004), Tatsch (2017) e outros. Nota-se que este estudo foi muito relevante para compreender um dos muitos tipos de culturas existentes no Brasil, por meio de uma obra escrita por um autor gaucho de muito destaque na literatura do genero regionalista.
Crossmodal enhancement in the LOC for visuohaptic object recognition over development

Research has provided strong evidence of multisensory convergence of visual and haptic information within the visual cortex. These studies implement crossmodal matching paradigms to examine how systems use information from different sensory modalities for object recognition. Developmentally, behavioral evidence of visuohaptic crossmodal processing has suggested that communication within sensory systems develops earlier than across systems; nonetheless, it is unknown how the neural mechanisms driving these behavioral effects develop. To address this gap in knowledge, BOLD functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was measured during delayed match-to-sample tasks that examined intramodal (visual-to-visual, haptic-to-haptic) and crossmodal (visual-to-haptic, haptic-to-visual) novel object recognition in children aged 7-8.5 years and adults. Tasks were further divided into sample encoding and test matching phases to dissociate the relative contributions of each. Results of crossmodal and intramodal object recognition revealed the network of known visuohaptic multisensory substrates, including the lateral occipital complex (LOC) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Critically, both adults and children showed crossmodal enhancement within the LOC, suggesting a sensitivity to changes in sensory modality during recognition. These groups showed similar regions of activation, although children generally exhibited more widespread activity during sample encoding and weaker BOLD signal change during test matching than adults. Results further provided evidence of a bilateral region in the occipitotemporal cortex that was haptic-preferring in both age groups. This region abutted the bimodal LOtv, and was consistent with a medial to lateral organization that transitioned from a visual to haptic bias within the LOC. These findings converge with existing evidence of visuohaptic processing in the LOC in adults, and extend our knowledge of crossmodal processing in adults and children.
Power and sample sizes for linkage with extreme sampling under an oligogenic model for quantitative traits.

Extreme sampling of sibling pairs has been shown to be efficient in terms of statistical power and sample sizes (in number of sibling pairs needed to genotype) to detect a quantitative trait locus (QTL) when the residual distribution is normal. In the present study, the efficiency of extreme sampling strategies to detect each locus under an oligogenic model is analytically explored with a test statistic based on identical-by-descent (IBD) statuses of independent sibling pairs. In the oligogenic model, the joint effect of oligogenes is the sum of the effects of each locus. Under this model, detecting each single locus will depend, in part, on the allele frequencies and magnitudes of effect of the other loci. Effects of two QTLs with different magnitudes of displacement and acting nonepistatically are considered. Three types of extreme sampling—that is, extreme concordant high (ECH), extreme concordant low (ECL), and extreme discordant (ED)—are primarily considered herein. Among these, ED sampling under the oligogenic model is shown to be most efficient in most situations considered here in terms of allele frequency and mode of inheritance. Differences in results between ECH and ECL sampling are purely arbitrary, brought up mostly by the directions of displacement effects. However, power to detect a locus with the lesser (in magnitude) displacement effect does not necessarily increase with extremity of sampling. Combinations of extreme discordant and extreme concordant sibling pairs are briefly discussed.
Recent Trends in Outbreaks of Salmonellosis in the United States

Salmonellosis, a disease caused by organisms in the genus Salmonella, presents a major health burden in the United States. This chapter reviews current trends in the incidence of Salmonella infections and the occurrence of salmonellosis outbreaks, along with recent findings regarding the foods through which these infections are transmitted. In the first few decades of the 20th century, salmonellosis was an important public health problem in Europe, often through outbreaks. In the United States, nontyphoidal salmonellosis increased in public health importance after 1950, just as typhoid fever, caused by S. enterica serotype Typhi, was declining. In the United States, salmonellosis is tracked nationally through complementary clinical case and laboratory-based surveillance systems and through active surveillance in sentinel sites. The presentation of salmonellosis outbreaks has been evolving, related in part to particular biologic characteristics of the organism and to the sensitivity of our surveillance techniques. The incidence of human salmonellosis measured through laboratory-based surveillance has varied over the last several decades. Recent developments in salmonellosis outbreaks due to specific foods are discussed in the chapter. The decline in serotype Enteritidis infections and related outbreaks is one of the most important recent trends in the epidemiology of salmonellosis. The resistance of Salmonella to antimicrobial agents is an ongoing concern for both clinicians and public health officials. Most Salmonella infections do not require treatment with antimicrobial agents; however, the emergence of drug-resistant strains can complicate treatment of extraintestinal infections and has been associated with more frequent and longer hospitalizations.
Changes in Homeowners’ Financial Security during the Recent Housing and Mortgage Boom

From the late 1990s through 2005, the U.S. experienced an unprecedented housing boom, which boosted the asset values of many families. This meant, on the one hand, that families with homes had more collateral to borrow against, but it also meant that new home buyers needed to take out larger mortgages to afford a home. After 2001, the U.S. saw a sharp acceleration in the growth rate of household debt. Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted by the Federal Reserve, which we supplement with data from the Flow of Funds Accounts generated by the Federal Reserve, we consider the effect of the housing and mortgage boom on the financial security of homeowners. The data indicate that all measures of vulnerability are increasing and suggest declining financial security for homeowners after 2000. The increases in financial vulnerability were especially pronounced for minorities, younger families, and lower income families.
AMPA-Preferring Receptors Mediate Excitatory Synaptic Inputs to Retinal Ganglion Cells

Lukasiewicz, Peter D., James A. Wilson, and Jean E. Lawrence. AMPA-preferring receptors mediate excitatory synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 57–64, 1997. Pharmacologic...
25-Year Follow-up of HIV-positive Patients with Benign Lymphoepithelial Cysts of the Parotid Glands: A Retrospective Review

Aim: To report long-term outcomes for HIV- positive patients who underwent radiation therapy (RT) for benign lymphoepithelial cysts (BLEC) of the parotid glands. Patients and Methods: In this single institution retrospective study of HIV-associated BLEC of the parotids, the medical records of 37 HIV-positive patients who were treated with RT between 1987-2012 were reviewed. Patients were stratified into two groups; group A consisted of 15 patients (40.5%) who received a total dose of ≤18Gy, with a median dose 10 Gy (range 8-18Gy), and group B consisted of 22 patients (59.5%) who received a total dose of 24 Gy. In addition to dosing information, additional patient data were collected, including demographics, HAART compliance, follow-up, and re-treatment status. Results: The median age at the time of treatment was 41 (range=7-70) years. With a median follow-up of 35 (range=12-75) months for the entire cohort, the complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rates were 35% and 8%, respectively. All but one of 15 patients in Group A (lower total dose) eventually experienced local failure with the re-emergence of parotid hypertrophy. Among the patients in group B (higher total dose of 24 Gy), 55%, 13%, and 32% experienced CR, PR, and LF, respectively. Median times to failure in groups A and B were 7 and 20 months, respectively (p<0.0001). Similarly, logistic regression test revealed the higher dose to be associated with better response rate (i.e. CR or PR) (p<0.0001), which was also statistically significant (p=0.03) after adjusting for confounding variables (age, race, gender, HAART use, and fractionation). Conclusion: A total dose of 24 Gy continues to be recommended for durable cosmetic control of BLEC of the parotid glands that is associated with HIV- seropositivity.
Characteristics of GaAs spike doped collectors

Spike-doped collector designs have recently been studied in both Si BJT and GaAs HBTs as a way to improve the device linearity while still maintaining ruggedness. In this work, we present and discuss — for the first time — the very interesting output characteristics of these devices (unique Ic-Vce curves) and how they are influenced by the device design. We also explore the improvement in cut-off frequency versus current and application of these devices to actual power amplifiers and the resulting changes in ruggedness.
External approach to cricopharyngeus muscle (CP) myotomy

Although endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy (CPM) is used in some institutions, external CPM has continued to be the preferred approach since its inception in the early 1950s. Many acceptable approaches to CPM exist, and there is no evidence that one technique produces superior results or fewer complications. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to review the anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and to describe a technique that has been successful and has the added advantage that a CP muscle biopsy can be obtained (at the time of surgery). This biopsy, when submitted to histological (and histochemical) examination, can sometimes elucidate a neuromuscular cause for UES dysfunction. The indications, contraindications, and complications of the procedure are also discussed.
Borrow Direct: A Case Study of Patron-Initiated Interlibrary Borrowing Service.

Abstract Although the current focus of library consortia has been their role as buying clubs, technology has opened up other important roles as well. One of these is a radical reassessment of physical resource sharing—increasing the ease, speed, popularity, and cost efficiency of the traditional interlibrary loan function. A case study of patron-initiated interlibrary borrowing among seven private East Coast institutions illustrates these advantages.
In vitro activity of nine fluoroquinolone antibiotics against 200 strains of enterococci

Abstract The in vitro activity of nine fluoroquinolones against 200 recent clinical isolates of enterococci was evaluated. The relative activity was WIN57273 > sparfloxacin > ciprofloxacin, temafloxacin 〉 ofloxacin > fleroxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin > enoxacin. Susceptibility to gentamicin or streptomycin did not influence the activity of the fluoroquinolones.
NEW INVARIANT OF 4-MOVES

Study of equivalence classes of links up to n-moves plays an important role in the theory of invariants based on the skein relation and, in particular, skein modules. In this paper, we consider Nakanishi's 4-move conjecture [12]. The modification of the conjecture to 2-component link (homotopically trivial links) is a question proposed by Kawauchi [10]. We define a new invariant of links which is preserved by 4-moves and analyze its potential strength. In particular, we show that our invariant allows us to obtain results of [8, 9, 13] concerning 4-moves.
String Kernels for Complex Time-Series: Counting Targets from Sensed Movement

Complex (imaginary) signals arise commonly in the field of communications in the form of time series in the complex space. In this work we propose a symbolic approach for such signals based on string kernels derived from a complex SAX representation and apply it to a challenging counting problem. Our approach, that we call cStrings, is within a Gaussian process regression framework and outperforms established Fourier transforms and complex kernels, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.985 when predicting the number of targets sensed by a pulsed Doppler radar.
Theory of O(4) invariant potentials and its application to a short-range example

Abstract The eigenvalue problem for O (4) invariant potentials, which are in general energy-dependent and nonlocal (nonseparable), is solved exactly, and a general expression for the energy spectrum is derived. An example of such potentials is studied which has short-range characteristics in the bound-state region and whose low-lying levels are approximations to those of the Yukawa potential in the limit of large binding energies.
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Fluorinated Tin Oxide (FTO) Electrodes: Synthesis and Optical and Electrical Properties

Photovoltaic (PV) schemes often encounter a pair of fundamentally opposing requirements on the thickness of semiconductor layer: a thicker PV semiconductor layer provides enhanced optical density, but inevitably increases the charge transport path length. An effective approach to solve this dilemma is to enhance the interface area between the terminal electrode, i.e., transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and the semiconductor layer. As such, we report a facile, template-assisted, and solution chemistry-based synthesis of 3-dimensional inverse opal fluorinated tin oxide (IO-FTO) electrodes. Synergistically, the photonic crystal structure possessed in the IO-FTO exhibits strong light trapping capability. Furthermore, the electrical properties of the IO-FTO electrodes are studied by Hall effect and sheet resistance measurement. Using atomic layer deposition method, an ultrathin TiO2 layer is coated on all surfaces of the IO-FTO electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry study indicates that the resulting TiO2-coated IO-FT...
Experimental demonstration of the violation of local realism without Bell inequalities

Abstract We report on a two-photon coincidence experiment that demonstrates the violation of local realism, as defined by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, by about 45 standard deviations without explicit use of Bell inequalities. The experiment is an implementation of ideas put forward by Hardy and Jordan; it depends on showing that certain coincidence rates are zero while another rate is non-zero.
An ultrastructural study of the role of calcification nodules in the mineralization of woven bone.

Osteolathyrism has been used as an experimental model for the study of calcification nodules during the mineralization process. Periosteal exostoses developing in osteolathyrism characteristically have spherical basophilic structures (calcification nodules) in the vicinity of developing bone spicules. In thin sections, the nodules were seen scattered between collagen fibers in the intercellular matrix. Collagen fibers did not appear to be present within the nodules but sometimes were packed just outside them. Matrix vesicles were also present in areas of early mineralization.
The galactic center black hole: Clues for the evolution of black holes in Galactic nuclei

The evidence for a black hole located at the dynamical center of the Milky Way and identified with the unusual radio source, Sgr A∗, is now very compelling. Proper motion and radial velocity surveys of stars clearly demonstrate the presence of a non-luminous concentration of 2.6 × 106 M⊙ within a volume of radius ∼0.01 pc centered on Sgr A∗. At present, the accretion rate onto this object is rather small, leading to a total accretion luminosity at radio through far-IR wavelengths < 103 L⊙. The accreted material apparently originates in the winds of nearby massive stars. However, neither the stellar nor the gaseous environments are static. The surrounding cluster of massive stars, most lying well within a parsec, is only a few million years old, and is destined to fade substantially within another 107 years. How did such a cluster form in the immediate and tidally stressed vicinity of a supermassive black hole? The circumnuclear disk of gas, which presently has an inner radius of 1 pc, seems destined to migrate inwards and eventually cause a much higher accretion rate onto Sgr A∗, with a consequent flurry of new activity. Because the young stars and gas in the vicinity of the black hole interact with each other, the episodes of recurrent activity there can be described in terms of a limit cycle, which effectively controls the growth of the central black hole. In addition to describing the steps of this cycle, we identify several key observations which serve as potential clues to the past activity not only of our Galactic center, but to the activity of gas-rich nuclei in general.
A REEVALUATION OF THE ZOSTEROPHYLLOPHYTINA WITH COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF LYCOPODS

The primary paleobotanical literature pertaining to Zosterophyllophytina (a now extinct group of Devonian vascular plants) was reexamined for evidence concerning the activity of the apex of fertile shoots as it might be revealed by the presence or absence of terminally located sporangia (terminate or nonterminate axes, respectively). The symmetry of sporangial arrangement (radial or bilateral), the presence or absence of enations, circinate axial tips, and the shape of the vascular strand were also recorded. We found terminate axes usually are (but not invariably) associated with radial symmetry and nonterminate axes are typically bilateral in symmetry. Other morphological features are consistent with this observation, e.g., enations, circinate tips, and (when preserved) elliptic vascular strands are found in association with bilateral symmetry and nonterminate axes. We hypothesize that there are two distinct patterns of fertile axial growth within the Zosterophyllophytina. Nonetheless, all taxa currently assigned to the zosterophyllophytes share a reniform or globose sporangial shape and a distal line of dehiscence. Accordingly, we view Zosterophyllophytina as a monophyletic group of plants, whose members show two distinct patterns of growth in their fertile axes. We speculate that lycopods arose from an early zosterophyllophytelike group characterized by nonterminate, radially symmetrical fertile axes. We speculate that zosterophyllophytes with terminate fertile axes and those with nonterminate, bilaterally symmetrical fertile axes were phylogenetic deadends.
Improved mercury arc lamps

The devitrification problem of capillary high pressure mercury lamps is shown to be caused by impurities in the natural quartz. It is shown that this problem may be solved by using synthetic quartz of low OH-content. An improvement of lamp life by an order of magnitude appears to be possible.
Pin1 Protein Regulates Smad Protein Signaling and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is caused by the excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by Fb in response to TGF-β1. Here, we show that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates the production of many pro- and antifibrogenic cytokines and ECM. After acute, bleomycin injury, Pin1−/− mice showed reduced, pulmonary expression of collagens, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and fibrogenic cytokines but increased matrix metalloproteinases, compared with WT mice, despite similar levels of inflammation. In primary fibroblasts, Pin1 was required for TGF-β-induced phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of Smad3. In Pin1−/− cells, inhibitory Smad6 was found in the cytoplasm rather than nucleus. Smad6 knockdown in Pin1−/− fibroblasts restored TGF-β-induced Smad3 activation, translocation, and target gene expression. Therefore, Pin1 is essential for normal Smad6 function and ECM production in response to injury or TGF-β and thus may be an attractive therapeutic target to prevent excess scarring in diverse lung diseases. Background: Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is caused by the excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by Fb in response to TGF-β1. Results: The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates the production of many pro- and antifibrogenic cytokines and ECM after bleomycin injury. Conclusion: Pin1 controls Smad6 function. Significance: Pin1 may be a therapeutic target to prevent pathologic lung scarring.
Lower airway obstruction in the PICU

Lower airway obstruction is one of the most frequent causes of admission to pediatric intensive care unit. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the disease will lead to effective management and decreased mortality and morbidity.
MiST: a microbial signal transduction database

Signal transduction pathways control most cellular activities in living cells ranging from regulation of gene expression to fine-tuning enzymatic activity and controlling motile behavior in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. Because of their extreme sequence variability and extensive domain shuffling, signal transduction proteins are difficult to identify, and their current annotation in most leading databases is often incomplete or erroneous. To overcome this problem, we have developed the microbial signal transduction (MiST) database (http://genomics.ornl.gov/mist), a comprehensive library of the signal transduction proteins from completely sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes. By searching for domain profiles that implicate a particular protein as participating in signal transduction, we have systematically identified 69 270 two- and one-component proteins in 365 bacterial and archaeal genomes. We have designed a user-friendly website to access and browse the predicted signal transduction proteins within various organisms. Further capabilities include gene/protein sequence retrieval, visualized domain architectures, interactive chromosomal views for exploring gene neighborhood, advanced querying options and cross-species comparison. Newly available, complete genomes are loaded into the database each month. MiST is the only comprehensive and up-to-date electronic catalog of the signaling machinery in microbial genomes.
Detection of cryogenic water ice contaminants and the IR AI&T environment

Several remote sensing/infrared space surveillance programs in the midst of assembly, integration and test have recently experienced delays when water vapor was deposited as ice on cold surfaces in a sensor under test or calibration. When these surfaces were at critical locations, the sensitivity or response of the sensor decreased significantly because the ice absorbed the incoming signal. The source of water vapor could be from a chamber leak or outgassing from the sensor system or the vacuum chamber itself. In order to quantify the effects of ice deposits on signals in various spectral bands, published optical constants for amorphous and crystalline water ice have been used to calculate the transmission of water ice films as a function of wavelength from 1 to 20 microns. The results are presented in two ways: spectra of the physical thickness of a layer of ice whose absorption optical depth is unity, and transmission spectra for several characteristic layer thicknesses. These tools can be used in estimating the amount of ice - and by inference water vapor - present in the system. Related calculations can also be used to assess the probability that a given hardware setup or resulting data set is showing signs of degradation of response due to ice absorption, and the implications for those trying to interpret the results.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatial Information Outflow from the Hippocampal Circuit: Distributed Spatial Coding and Phase Precession in the Subiculum

Hippocampal place cells convey spatial information through a combination of spatially selective firing and theta phase precession. The way in which this information influences regions like the subiculum that receive input from the hippocampus remains unclear. The subiculum receives direct inputs from area CA1 of the hippocampus and sends divergent output projections to many other parts of the brain, so we examined the firing patterns of rat subicular neurons. We found a substantial transformation in the subicular code for space from sparse to dense firing rate representations along a proximal-distal anatomical gradient: neurons in the proximal subiculum are more similar to canonical, sparsely firing hippocampal place cells, whereas neurons in the distal subiculum have higher firing rates and more distributed spatial firing patterns. Using information theory, we found that the more distributed spatial representation in the subiculum carries, on average, more information about spatial location and context than the sparse spatial representation in CA1. Remarkably, despite the disparate firing rate properties of subicular neurons, we found that neurons at all proximal-distal locations exhibit robust theta phase precession, with similar spiking oscillation frequencies as neurons in area CA1. Our findings suggest that the subiculum is specialized to compress sparse hippocampal spatial codes into highly informative distributed codes suitable for efficient communication to other brain regions. Moreover, despite this substantial compression, the subiculum maintains finer scale temporal properties that may allow it to participate in oscillatory phase coding and spike timing-dependent plasticity in coordination with other regions of the hippocampal circuit.
A dramatic radio outburst in the quasar 1921 – 29

We report here an exceedingly large amplitude radio outburst presently occurring in the quasi-stellar source 1921 – 29 (also known as OV – 236). This source which had exhibited slow ±25% variations about a 6 Jy level (1 Jy = 10−26 W m−2 Hz−1) at centimetre wavelengths since 1971 has suddenly increased by more than a factor of 3 to 20 Jy. At 31 GHz, 1921 – 29 is now the strongest known quasar in the sky, even exceeding 3C273 which has been decreasing since 1975.
Review of endovascular brachytherapy physics for prevention of restenosis

Abstract Intraluminal irradiation of coronary and peripheral arteries has been shown to reduce neointimal hyperplasia following balloon angioplasty, thereby inhibiting restenosis. Several irradiation techniques are being investigated, including temporary intravascular insertion of high activity gamma- or beta-emitting seeds and wires; inflation of dilatation balloon catheter with radioactive liquid or gas; insertion of miniature x-ray tubes via coronary catheters; permanent implantation of radioactive stents; and postangioplasty fractionated external beam irradiation. Unlike conventional brachytherapy, intravascular treatment of restenosis requires accurate knowledge of dose at distances of 0.5–5 mm from the radioactive source. This requirement presents special problems with regard to source calibration and dose specification, because dose gradients at such close distances from a radioactive source are extremely large. This makes it virtually impossible to define the characteristics of an ideal radiation source without some knowledge of the location and radiosensitivity of the target tissues, plus the radiotolerance of normal tissues. Hence, the current debate over whether beta or gamma sources are to be preferred. Imprecise knowledge of dose–volume effects for coronary arteries, plus uncertainties in the biological time sequencing of restenosis fuel a second debate on whether external beam treatments may be efficacious, and whether or not permanent radioactive stents may prove superior to high dose, single fraction brachytherapy. We review here the dosimetric properties of the various irradiation techniques and isotopes that have been proposed, including aspects of radiation safety, dose homogeneity, and practical aspects of source delivery.
Nonlinear analysis and classification of speech under stressed conditions

The speech production system is capable of conveying an abundance of information with regards to sentence text, speaker identity, prosodics, as well as emotion and speaker stress. In an effort to better understand the mechanism of human voice communication, researchers have attempted to determine reliable acoustic indicators of stress using such speech production features as fundamental frequency (F0), intensity, spectral tilt, the distribution of spectral energy, and others. Their findings indicate that more work is necessary to propose a general solution. In this study, we hypothesize that speech consists of a linear and nonlinear component, and that the nonlinear component changes markedly between normal and stressed speech. To quantify the changes between normal and stressed speech, a classification procedure was developed based on the nonlinear Teager Energy operator. The Teager Energy operator provides an indirect means of evaluating the nonlinear component of speech. The system was tested using VC ...
Effect of viscoelastic relaxation on moisture transport in foods. Part I: Solution of general transport equation

Within the framework of continuum mechanics, Singh et al. [1] developed an integro-differential equation, which applies to both Darcian (Fickian) and non-Darcian (non-Fickian) modes of fluid transport in swelling biological systems. A dimensionless form of the equation was obtained and transformed from moving Eulerian to the stationary Lagrangian coordinates. Here a solution scheme for the transport equation is developed to predict moisture transport and viscoelastic stresses in spheroidal biopolymeric materials. The equation was solved numerically and results used for predicting drying and sorption curves, moisture profiles, and viscoelastic stresses in soybeans. The Lagrangian solution was obtained by assembling together several schemes: the finite element method was used to discretize the equation in space; non-linearity was addressed using the Newton-Raphson method; the Volterra term was handled via a time integration scheme of Patlashenko et al. [2] and the Galerkin rule was used to solve the time-differential term. The solution obtained in Lagrangian coordinates was transformed back to the Eulerian coordinates. In part II of this sequence we present the numerical results.
The Role of Analogies and Abstract Reasoning in Decision-Making: Evidence from the Debate over Truman's Proposal for Development Assistance

Analogical, or case-based reasoning has received quite a bit of attention in the literature on foreign policy decision-making. There has been little attention paid to whether analogical reasoning does indeed predominate or to what degree abstract reasoning plays a role in the decision-making process. If decision-makers do not primarily reason by analogy (an empirical question), then the focus on such reasoning runs the risk of ignoring important aspects of problem formulation and the scope of possible solutions considered. Hence, this article investigates the degree to which decision-makers employ analogical and abstract reasoning. The empirical data are from the Senate hearing regarding the first American program for development aid. This case permits an empirical assessment of the consensus in the foreign aid literature that the Marshall Plan was the central analogy for this aid. In addition, it has been argued that in public discourse, decision-makers should be expected to use analogies as justifications for their preferences. The study finds a preference for explanation-based reasoning and discusses some of the implications of these findings.
Effect of ancymidol in combination with temperature regime, calcium nitrate, and cultivar selection on calcium deficiency symptoms during hydroponic forcing of tulip

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ancymidol, as impacted by temperature, Ca(NO3)2, and cultivar, on the prevention of Ca deficiency symptoms during hydroponic forcing of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). In all treatments where tulips were forced in distilled water, Ca deficiency symptoms occurred. Symptoms included scape topple; flower abortion; and chlorosis, water soaking, cracking, exudation, and purple pigmentation of the lower leaves. All symptoms except topple were avoided when tulips were forced in 5 mM Ca(NO3)2 solution. Topple was prevented by Ca(NO3)2 in a low temperature regime (21°C day–18°C night) in two of three experiments. Ca deficiency was not prevented in a high temperature regime (24°C day–21°C night). Plants forced in Ca(NO3)2 were too tall for commercial use. When forced in a solution of ancymidol, topple was prevented but all other symptoms of Ca deficiency persisted. An ancymidol rate of 0.25 mg per 650 ml pot containing five bulbs caused abortion, unrelated to Ca deficiency, in the cultivar Oscar. Forcing in a combination of 5 mM Ca(NO3)2 plus ancymidol prevented all symptoms of Ca deficiency in all experiments except in the high temperature regime of one. Ancymidol rates of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg per pot did not always provide adequate height control. A rate of 0.18 mg per pot in combination with 5 mM Ca(NO3)2 was sufficient to prevent Ca deficiency symptoms and provide adequate height control in all but one cultivar. `Jingle Bell' required an ancymidol rate of 0.24 mg for adequate height control. Prevention of topple by ancymidol did not appear to be due to the correction of Ca deficiency since ancymidol added to Ca(NO3)2 resulted in lower total Ca uptake per shoot. It was likely due to shorter, stronger scapes masking this Ca deficiency symptom.
Contextual Risk, Maternal Negative Emotionality, and the Negative Emotion Dysregulation of Preschool Children From Economically Disadvantaged Families

Research Findings: This study examined relations between contextual risk, maternal negative emotionality, and preschool teacher reports of the negative emotion dysregulation of children from economically disadvantaged families. Contextual risk was represented by cumulative indexes of family and neighborhood adversity. The results showed a direct pathway linking family adversity to child negative emotion dysregulation and indirect pathways for both family and neighborhood adversity through maternal negative emotionality. Practice or Policy: The results suggest the importance of conceptualizing distal and contextual aspects of the ecology of disadvantage as well as more proximal caregiving variables in interventions targeted for young children showing negative emotion dysregulation.
Generalized impartial games

A complete mathematical theory of NIM type games have been developed byBouton [1902],Sprague [1935/36] andGrundy [1939]. The NIM type games are a special class of combinatorial games, called the impartial games. “Impartial” means that, at any stage, the set of legal moves is independent of whose turn it is to move. The outcome of an impartial game is that the first player either wins or loses. The results ofBouton, Sprague andGrundy are now generalized to a wider class of games which allow tie-positions. This wider class of games are defined on digraphs. It is proved that the games defined on a given digraph are all impartial games (without tie-positions) iff the birthday function (also called the terminal distance function) exists on this digraph.
The Impact of Hepatitis C Burden: An Evidence-Based Approach

Summary Background Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been considered a major cause of mortality, morbidity and resource utilisation in the US. In addition, HCV is the main cause of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in the US. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of HCV, including new recommendations pertaining to screening for HCV by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and newer treatment regimens with high efficacy, short duration and the potential for interferon-free therapies, have energised the health care practitioners regarding HCV management. Aim To assess the full impact of HCV burden on clinical, economic and patient-reported outcomes. Methods An expert panel was convened to assess the full impact of HCV burden on a number of important outcomes using an evidence-based approach predicated on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. The literature was summarised, graded using an evidence-based approach and presented during the workshop. Workshop presentations were intended to review recent, relevant evidence-based literature and provide graded summary statements pertaining to HCV burden on topics including the relationships between HCV and the development of important outcomes. Results The associations of HCV with cirrhosis, HCC, liver-related mortality, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatological diseases and quality of life impairments are supported by strong evidence. Also, there is strong evidence that sustained viral eradication of HCV can improve important outcomes such as mortality and quality of life. Conclusions The current evidence suggests that HCV has been associated with tremendous clinical, economic and quality of life burden.
Hegemonic masculinity in thirty something

This article utilizes the concept of hegemonic masculinity to analyze the representation of men in thirtysomething. This prime‐time series, through its specific articulation of a “new view of manhood/’ represents a negotiated version of hegemonic masculinity that is able to express and contain elements of liberal feminist ideology while remaining complicit with dominant gender ideology. Moreover, in its relations to other popular texts, thirtysomething’s vision of self, friendship, and loving is articulated to middle‐class, therapeutic culture and ideology.
ADH and related peptides: Effect of pre- or posttraining treatment on puromycin amnesia

The peptide Z-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 attenuated puromycin-induced amnesia in mice when administered 5 days prior to training, while arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin and cyclo(Leu-Gly), were effective when given 24 hr before training. The activity of all peptides to inhibit puromycin-induced amnesia decreased as the interval after training and before peptide administration increased, suggesting that the peptides influence memory processes rather than generalized arousal mechanisms.
Simulation Suggests that medical group mergers won't undermine the potential utility of health information exchanges.

Substantial resources are being invested in health information exchanges (HIE), community-based consortia that enable independent health-care organizations to exchange clinical data. However, under pressure to form accountable care organizations, medical groups may merge and support private HIE, reducing the potential utility of community HIEs. Simulations of “care transitions” based on data from 10 Massachusetts communities suggest that mergers would have to be considerable to substantially reduce the potential utility of an HIE. Nonetheless, simulations also suggest that HIEs will need to recruit a large proportion of the medical groups in a community, as hospitals and the largest groups account for only 10 to 20% of care transitions in communities.
Partial Failure of a Free Flap Salvaged by Using the Surviving Portion as a "Bridge" Flap for Revascularizing a Second Free Flap.

Partial failure of a free flap can create an unusual dilemma, as guidelines suggesting appropriate further intervention are not well defined. The increased complexity of a second free flap attempt is not necessarily contraindicated, but must be minimized if the same fate as the first is to be avoided. For the unique circumstance where the initial failed flap contained a vascular flow-through, the most distal patent vessels can then secondarily serve in an expeditious manner as the recipient vessels for the second or salvage free flap. The efficacy of this concept has been here validated after limited necrosis occurred in the distal portion of a radial forearm free flap. Following the requisite debridement, the residual flap still maintained a satisfactory arterial and venous flowthrough as a "bridge flap" that supported the attachment of a gracilis muscle free flap, and both flaps in turn preserved a sensate transtarsal amputation stump.
Panelist Number 1

Provides information on a middle management program at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Characteristics of participants in middle management program; Knowledge, attitudes and skills ...
Insulin-like Growth Factor I-mediated Activation of the Transcription Factor cAMP Response Element-binding Protein in PC12 Cells INVOLVEMENT OF p38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-MEDIATED PATHWAY

IGF-I is known to support growth and to prevent apoptosis in neuronal cells. Activation of the nuclear transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) has emerged as a central determinant in neuronal functions. In the present investigation, we examined the IGF-I-mediated phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of CREB in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a cellular model for neuronal differentiation, and defined three distinct postreceptor signaling pathways important for this effect including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 and its transcriptional activation as measured by a CREB-specific Gal4-CREB reporter and the neuroendocrine-specific gene chromogranin A was induced 2–3.3-fold by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. This activation was significantly blocked (p