cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development

Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Creep and corrosion testing of aluminide coatings on ferritic–martensitic substrates

Abstract Pack and chemical vapor deposited (CVD) aluminide coatings on commercial ferritic–martensitic Fe–9Cr–2W steel are being investigated by creep and corrosion testing at 650 °C. Results from different coating thicknesses show that the coated region makes no contribution to the creep strength. The creep behavior of uncoated material was studied after various heat treatments to simulate the coating process and typical secondary heat treatments. Alternating creep and corrosion exposures showed little effect on the creep strength of uncoated material but coated materials became progressively weaker. The coatings were protective in wet air at 650 °C after creep testing.
Effects of nucleotides on activity of a purified ADP-ribosyltransferase from turkey erythrocytes

Abstract A transferase purified from turkey erythrocytes catalyzed the NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of proteins in the supernatant, particulate, and detergent-solubilized fractions of bovine thymus as well as several purified proteins. Nucleoside triphosphates increased the rate of ADP-ribosylation of multiple soluble proteins from thymus and several purified proteins by about twofold. With lysozyme as substrate and 10 m m nucleotide, the order of effectiveness was ATP > ITP = GTP > CTP = UTP. Half-maximal stimulation of ADP-ribose incorporation into lysozyme was observed with 2.5 m m ATP. App(NH)p and inorganic tri- and tetrapolyphosphate were less effective than ATP; ADP, AMP, cAMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate were ineffective. Enhancement of transferase-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation by ATP was observed only at low (20–200 μ m ) NAD concentrations; with lysozyme as substrate, however, the effect of ATP was not due to prevention of NAD hydrolysis during the assay, nor was it due to an effect on ionic strength. The transferase catalyzed the ADP-ribosylation of several purified proteins and, depending on the protein substrate, ATP either increased, decreased, or did not alter the rate of ADP-ribosylation. It appears that ADP-ribosylation of cellular proteins by endogenous ADP-ribosyltransferases may be subject to regulation by nucleoside triphosphates.
SEROLOGICAL COMPARISON WITH RABBIT ANTISERA OF HOG CHOLERA VIRUS AND BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA VIRUS.

SummaryComparison between BVD virus and HC virus in rabbits showed no cross neutralization. Inoculation of either virus followed by the other produced antibody quickly (secondary response) to both. In addition to other shared characteristics, induction of primary response is considered additional proof of heterotypic relationship.
Vine Deloria Jr. (1933–2005)

With the death of Vine Deloria Jr. on November 13, 2005, in Golden, Colorado, American anthropology has lost its most persistent, outspoken, and effective Native American critic. His spectacular first book, Custer Died for Your Sins (1969b), raised public awareness of the continued presence of American Indians in contemporary society, and the chapter "Anthropologists and Other Friends," preprinted in Playboy Magazine (1969a), did as much to call attention to anthropology as to the problems faced by American Indians. He was the unquestioned leader among American Indian academicians and the most respected national Indian spokesman of his generation. Vine Deloria was born in Martin, South Dakota, on March 26, 1933, the first of three children of Vine V. Deloria Sr. and Barbara S. Eastburn Deloria. His father was a
Smoke characteristics of coal‐lined tunnel fires

Characteristics of smoke particulates generated from a coal fire in a ventilated model tunnel were investigated by laser optical transmission and by electron microscopy. Average particle diameter and mass concentration of the smoke were determined as a function of the temperature and stoichimoetry of the coal tunnel fire. Smoke particle sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 μm, with larger particle sizes associated with higher smoke concentrations. These coal smoke data are relevant to several aspects of underground mine safety including the development and location of smoke detection instruments, the understanding of the fire (toxic fume) hazard, and the development of new fire protection and control techniques.
The Distributed-Energy Chain Model for Rapid Coal Devolatilization Kinetics. Part I: Formulation

Abstract The distributed-energy chain model (DISCHAIN) interprets coal devolatilization in terms of independent influences from chemical reaction rates and from macromolecular configuration. Coal is represented by three components: (1) aromatic units that are attached pairwise by (2) labile bridges to form nominally infinite linear chains, with (3) peripheral groups branching from the aromatic units. These components are the building blocks for unreacted coal, free monomers (mobile aromatic units), gas, tar, and char. Four chemical reactions represent bridge dissociation, peripheral group elimination, and tar and char formation. Analytic probability expressions and competitive reactions describe the conversion of bound aromatic units into free monomers, and enter into the formation of all products except gas. There are no hypothetical ultimate yields. The model is introduced in two parts. Here in Part I, the coal model, chemical reactions, and chain statistics are derived and formulated into rate equations. Mechanisms leading to major products are identified, including a novel mechanism for yield enhancement by faster heating. Whenever bridge dissociation and char formation occur concurrently, as for slow heating, the subsequent generation of monomers is inhibited. Aromatic units are thereby excluded from the competition between tar and char formation. Conversely, bridge dissociation and char formation occur consecutively for rapid heating, and a greater proportion of the original bound aromatic units become monomers and, ultimately, tar.
Polyamines modulate carcinogen-induced mutagenesis in vivo.

Elevated polyamine levels as a consequence of targeted overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to murine skin enhance susceptibility to tumorigenesis in this tissue. A possible mechanism for the enhanced susceptibility phenotype is an increased sensitivity of tissues with elevated polyamine levels to the mutagenic action of carcinogens. To test this hypothesis, a transgenic mouse model containing the Big Blue transgene and also expressing a K6/ODC transgene was developed. Incorporation of the K6/ODC transgene into the Big Blue model did not affect the spontaneous lacI mutant frequency in either skin or epidermis of the double-transgenic mice. After skin treatment with single doses of either 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, however, the mutant frequency was significantly increased in the skin of double-transgenic Big Blue;K6/ODC mice compared to Big Blue controls. The increases in mutant frequency were clearly due to ODC transgene activity, since treatment of mice with the ODC inhibitor, α-difluoromethylornithine, completely abolished the difference in mutant frequencies between double-transgenic and Big Blue mice. These results demonstrate that intracellular polyamine levels modulate mutation induction following carcinogen exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamics of Angiotensin in Man

These data demonstrate that in normal subjects, angiotensin II is 10 times as potent as norepinephrine which it resembles hemodynamically. An increase in the systolic pressure is associated with a significant increase in diastolic pressure, an increase in venous pressure, a decrease in heart rate, a slight decrease in cardiac output and a striking increase in total peripheral resistance, a decrease in renal blood flow, decreased glomerular filtration rate, increase in filtration fraction, and slight decrease in urinary volume. Preliminary studies in patients in shock suggest that angiotensin II is 2 or 3 times as potent as norepinephrine. Continuous administration is not associated with the development of tachyphylaxis, and sloughing of tissues does not occur if there is leakage outside the vein.
Dissociation of β-lactoglobulin near neutral pH☆

Abstract β-Lactoglobulin, which is constituted of two identical subunits, undergoes a conformational change with a midpoint near pH 7.5. Paralleling this change is an increase in reactivity of the single sulfhydryl group per monomer and in the binding of the organic anion methyl orange. It seemed of interest, therefore, to compare the degree of dissociation of β-lactoglobulin at pH values above and below 7.5, to examine the effects of sulfhydryl reagents and small anions, and to compare the behavior of genetic variants. Sedimentation coefficients dropped from about 3S to 2S at protein concentrations below about 1 mg/ml, as expected for dissociation of dimers into monomers, but the concentration-dependence of s20,w was similar at pH 8.2 as at 6.9. Binding of methyl orange anions did not affect the dissociation pattern. On the other hand if the sulfhydryl group (of β-lactoglobulin A) is treated with 4-(p-dimethyl-aminobenzeneazo)-phenylmercuric acetate, the protein is converted fully to the monomer. An association constant of 4.88 × 104, m −1 fits the monomer-dimer equilibrium of β-lactoglobulin A: 14.2 × 104 is the corresponding value for β-lactoglobulin B.
Design issues for the active control system of the California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT)

We explore the issues in the control and alignment of the primary mirror of the proposed 30 meter California Extremely Large Telescope and other very large telescopes with segmented primaries (consisting of 1000 or more segments). We show that as the number of segments increases, the noise in the telescope active control system (ACS) increases, roughly as (root)n. This likely means that, for a thousand segment telescope like CELT, Keck-style capacitive sensors will not be able to adequately monitor the lowest spatial frequency degrees of freedom of the primary mirror, and will therefore have to be supplemented by a Shack-Hartmann-type wavefront sensor. However, in the case of segment phasing, which is governed by a `control matrix' similar to that of the ACS, the corresponding noise is virtually independent of n. It follows that reasonably straightforward extensions of current techniques should be adequate to phase the extremely large telescopes of the future.
Vocational Behavior 1990-1992: Personnel Practices, Organizational Behavior, Workplace Justice, and Industrial/Organizational Measurement Issues.

Abstract This article is the 17th in a series of yearly reviews of the Vocational behavior literature. Following the new cycle begun 2 years ago by the Editor, this work has expanded the review period from 1 to 3 years and narrowed the scope of topics examined. The current review includes research related to personnel practices and issues, adjustment and organizational behavior, work place justice, and industrial/organizational measurement issues. Due to the scope of these topics, this review is representative, rather than comprehensive or exhaustive.
Simulation optimization in manufacturing analysis: simulation based optimization for supply chain configuration design

The design of a supply chain network as an integrated system with several tiers of suppliers is a difficult task. It consists of making strategic decisions on the facility location, stocking location, production policy, production capacity, distribution and transportation modes. This research develops a hybrid optimization approach to address the Supply Chain Configuration Design problem. The new approach combines simulation, mixed integer programming and genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm provides a mechanism to optimize qualitative and policy variables. The mixed integer programming model reduces computing efforts by manipulating quantitative variables. Finally simulation is used to evaluate performance of each supply chain configuration with non-linear, complex relationships and under more realistic assumptions. The approach is designed to be robust and could handle the large scale of the real world problems.
Further studies of the hexaquo chromium(III) ion o-phenanthroline reaction

Abstract Evidence is presented that cis diaquobis ( o -phenanthroline) chronium(III) nitrate is more stable than the trans -diaquobis ( o -phenanthroline) chromium(III) nitrate. Infra-red spectra from 5 to 40 μ are presented for cis -diaquobis ( o -phenanthroline) chromium(III) nitrate and for the tetrakis ( o -phenanthroline) μ-diol dichromium(III) nitrate as well as the pure ligand.
Population-based research assessing the effectiveness of trauma systems.

Objective: To review published evidence regarding the effectiveness of trauma systems by using population-based data. Design: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature assessing the influence of trauma system implementation on the outcome of all injured patients. Materials and Methods: Literature available in MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and CINHAL was reviewed for studies that use population-based data to assess the benefit of trauma system development. Studies were included that assessed trauma systems in North America and used a comparison or control group in the analysis. Main Results: Published evidence, reported for eight of the nine trauma systems evaluated, demonstrates improved outcomes, principally measured as hospital survival. Improvement occurred after the trauma system or some component of a trauma system (e.g., sophisticated prehospital care) was established. Conclusion: Population-based evidence supports a 15 to 20% improved survival rate among seriously injured patients with trauma system implementation. Future study is required to determine whether trauma systems improve the outcome of all injured patients, not just high-risk subsets of the population.
Evaluating simple scheduling rules in a mixed shop environment

The layout and flow of real manufacturing shops are most often neither pure job-shop nor pure flow-shop. This paper presents the results of a simulation-based study in which some of the most common and simple scheduling rules are tested in mixed shops containing jobs with both job-shop and flow-shop routing. Specifically, the rules that are used are first in first out, shortest processing time, modified shortest imminent operation, non-decreasing slack, and modified slack. Two performance measures are considered, a modified mean flow time to assess the amount of time that jobs spend waiting for processing and the cost of earliness and tardiness to evaluate how closely the rules complete jobs relative to their due date. The data is analyzed using both graphical and hypothesis tests so that not only conclusions based on general trends could be drawn, but also assessed with statistical rigor. Using these techniques, the results are somewhat mixed but, in general, indicate that the shortest processing time rule is preferred when the mean flow time is the performance measure and modified slack is preferred when cost is the performance measure. By adding additional insight from the actual simulation runs to these conclusions, we recommend that practitioners can likely get good performance by using either of these rules as the basis for a heuristic that adds logic to avoid extreme conditions.
Industrial development, technological change, and long-run growth

Abstract To account for the qualitative differences between developed and developing countries, this paper argues that the expensive in-house R&D that manufacturing firms undertake in advanced industrial economies cannot be supported in countries that are in the early stage of industrialization and do not have sufficiently large markets for manufacturing goods. Such economies grow as standard development models predict: by accumulating physical and human capital and increasing specialization by industry. Only at sufficiently high levels of development there are incentives for systematic R&D efforts. As a result, economies go through an industrial life cycle as they move from initial backwardness to industrial maturity. In other words, development and growth are stages of a process of structural transformation characterized by changing patterns of capital accumulation, specialization by industry, and technological change.
Commentary:Rosenow EC. Studies in pneumonia and pneumococcus infection. J Infect Dis 1904; 1:280-312.

Describing research performed a century ago requires placing it in the bacteriologic and clinical context of the time-only 2 decades after the first demonstration of the pneumococcus, by Pasteur in France and by Sternberg in New York. Salient discoveries during the 3 ? decades straddling Rosenow's article in the first volume of the Journal provide perspective (table 1) [1, 2]. The clinical background in which Rosenow's studies should be placed is best outlined in the 1894 edition of Osler's Practice o f Medicine, in the section on pneumonia [3]. Lobar pneumonia is described as an inflammation of the lungs, with "an organism, the diplococcus pneumoniae invariably found" (p. 511) therein; old age, debilitating conditions, and alcoholism are noted as predisposing factors, the latter "perhaps the most potent." Pathologically, the 3 stages (engorgement and red and gray hepatization) had been recognized since the time of Laennec. By Osler's time, it was known that, in the stage of red hepatization, cover-glass preparations revealed diplococci, many within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Osler was familiar with major infectious complications of pneumococcal pneumonia and, in his series of 100 autopsied cases, quantitated their relative frequencies-pericarditis, 5%; meningitis, 8%; endocarditis, 16%. He also recognized empyema as a complication, with involvement of pneumococci being identified on needle aspiration of pleural fluid. In addition to providing an elaborate description of the clinical features of lobar pneumonia, Osler noted that
Molecular cloning of NILE glycoprotein and evidence for its continued expression in mature rat CNS.

The NILE glycoprotein is a rat neuronal cell adhesion molecule which has been reported to be very similar in structure, function, and distribution to the mouse L1 glycoprotein. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the NILE message (5,208 nucleotides) and the deduced amino acid sequence of the NILE polypeptide (1,257 amino acids). The predicted NILE protein is 96% identical to L1 at the amino acid level, confirming that the two molecules are homologues. The sequence information shows that NILE is a transmembrane molecule with an extensive ectodomain and a much smaller cytoplasmic domain. The extracellular portion of the molecule contains six immunoglobulin C-2 type domains followed by five fibronectin type III repeats. These two structural motifs are characteristic of several other cell adhesion molecules. The cytoplasmic tails of NILE and L1 are identical to each other and distinct from the cytoplasmic regions of all other cell adhesion molecules except Ng-CAM and neuroglian. Several possible sites for phosphorylation are present in the cytoplasmic tail of NILE. Antisera were produced against two NILE-β-galactosidase fusion proteins containing distinct segments of the NILE polypeptide: the cytoplasmic domain and the segment containing fibronectin type III repeats. Immunoblots with these antisera and Northern blots with a NILE cDNA probe indicate that NILE continues to be expressed in most areas of the mature rat brain. This contradicts previous immunofluorescence data, which suggested that NILE was substantially down-regulated in maturing nerve fiber tracts. This raises the possibility that NILE could be masked in situ by interactions with other cell surface molecules.
Association of uncomplicated electrocardiographic conduction blocks with subsequent cardiac morbidity in a community-based population (Olmsted County, Minnesota).

Ventricular conduction blocks (VCBs) identified on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) are associated with poor outcomes in patients with known cardiac disease. The prognostic implications of uncomplicated VCB (right or left bundle branch block [RBBB or LBBB], left anterior hemiblock) in patients without cardiac diagnoses, however, need to be reevaluated in the current therapeutic era. The purpose of this study was to determine long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality in a community-based population with electrocardiographically-identified VCB, documented normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and no diagnoses of cardiac disease at the time of the index ECG. A retrospective observational cohort study was undertaken of patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, evaluated from 1975 to 1999. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis postindex electrocardiography was performed with median follow-up of 9.0 years; 706 patients (mean age 64 ± 16 [SE] years) were identified. Of those, 12% had LBBB with left-axis deviation (LAD); 20% had LBBB without LAD; 26% had left anterior hemiblock; and 42% had RBBB. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significant difference in cardiovascular morbidity risk among the VCB groups (p = 0.017) with left anterior hemiblock and LBBB with LAD, and these were associated with the highest 10-year cardiovascular morbidity risk (58% and 68%, respectively). The incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy was 3% in patients with LBBB with LAD compared with 0.85% in the overall cohort. Significant mortality differences were also demonstrated between LBBB with LAD compared with LBBB without LAD (p = 0.048), left anterior hemiblock compared with LBBB without LAD (p
Minimizing dilutional coagulopathy in exsanguinating hemorrhage: a computer simulation

Background Current massive transfusion guidelines are derived from washout equations that may not apply to bleeding trauma patients. Our aim was to analyze these guidelines using a computer simulation.Methods A combined hemodilution and hemodynamic model of an exsanguinating patient was developed to
Consistent Atomic-Scale Finite Element: A Unified Framework for the Multiscale Modeling of Carbon Nanostructures

A new multiscale modeling technique called the Consistent Atomic Finite Element (CAFE) is introduced. Unlike traditional approaches for linking the atomic structure to its equivalent continuum, this method directly connects the atomic degrees of freedom to a reduced set of finite element degrees of freedom without passing through an intermediate homogenized continuum. As a result, there is no need to introduce stress and strain measures at the atomic level. The Tersoff-Brenner interatomic potential is used to calculate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix of the structure. In this finite element formulation, all local and non-local interactions between carbon atoms are taken into account using overlapping finite elements. In addition, a consistent hierarchical finite element modeling technique is developed for adaptively coarsening and refining the mesh over different parts of the model. This process is consistent with the underlying atomic structure and, by refining the mesh, molecular dynamic results will be recovered. This method is valid across the scales and can be used to concurrently model atomistic and continuum phenomena. Applicability of the method is shown with several examples of deformation of a graphite sheet under different loadings and boundary conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older persons with schizophrenia.

Objective The objectives are to delineate the nature of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in midlife and older patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by: 1) describing the relationship of SSD with a number of other clinical features; and 2) examining which specific depressive symptoms are increased in patients broadly defined as having SSD. Methods A total of 204 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and SSD who entered a federally funded intervention study at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of Cincinnati were matched with schizophrenic and schizoaffective participants from the Geriatric Research Center at UCSD who had minimal or no depressive symptoms. The SSD and no depression groups were compared on a variety of clinical features including general psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, medical and mental functioning, cognition, movement abnormalities, and specific depressive symptomatology. Results SSD was associated with increases in overall psychopathology; positive and negative symptoms; severity of general medical conditions; impaired physical and mental functioning; possibly more severe akathisia; and more depressive symptoms throughout the spectrum of symptom clusters measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, including anxiety and suicidality. Conclusions SSD in middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia is an important clinical dimension that appears to be associated with substantial morbidity and distress. The findings suggest that is important for clinicians to look for and assess subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
A comprehensive collection of mouse zinc finger motifs compiled by molecular indexing.

Abstract The C 2 H 2 zinc finger motif found in many transcription factors is thought to be for nucleic acid binding and/or dimerization. Nearly 1% of eukaryote genes are estimated to encode this motif. We investigated the gene family encoding this motif in the Mus musculus mRNA by molecular indexing, a technique used to select a subpopulation of cDNA by ligation of adapters to cDNA fragments digested by a class IIS restriction enzyme(s). In place of oligo-dT primers in the original method, a polymerase chain reaction primer designed based on the conserved sequence of the C 2 H 2 zinc finger protein stranded cDNA was made from various mouse tissue mRNAs, digested with Fok I and Bsm AI, and joined with adapters. Amplification of the cDNA with an adapter primer and zinc finger-specific primer yielded products enriched in zinc finger protein genes. Fragments were separated by subsequent denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and characterized by DNA sequencing. Consequently, 259 C 2 H 2 zinc finger motif sequences were obtained, among which 166 were novel. Combined with the reported sequences, these mouse motif sequences were compared with those of other species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans . Some of the amino acids in the motif sequence showed strong bias among species. Most of the novel sequences were supposed to be DNA-binding according to the surface potential of predicted tertiary structures.
Modified zeolites for mass spectral analysis of tributyl phosphate using in situ silver ion chemical ionization

The use of silver ion exchanged zeolites for the sampling and subsequent analysis of tributyl phosphate (TBP) by laser desorption-mass spectrometry is presented. This technique, which should be generally applicable to any organic molecule that undergoes facile reaction with metal cations, uses silver counter ions in the zeolites as chemical ionization reagent ions to form metal cationized pseudomolecular ions of the molecule sorbed by the zeolite. Resonant laser ablation was used to selectively generate Ag+ from the zeolite sample to reduce the number of unwanted ions injected into the ion trap, although conventional desorption ionization can be used to create metal cations. The experiment is simple to implement, and provides a strong ion signal for the Ag(TBP)+ adduct species. Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry provides data necessary for compound identification. Adsorption of TBP based upon zeolite pore size was modeled for two zeolite structures and their ability to accept TBP into their pore volumes; these computational results are strongly supported by the experimental data presented here.
C/sup 4/ band-pass delay filter for continuous-time subband adaptive tapped-delay filter

This paper describes the implementation of delay element using C/sup 4/ band-pass filter for subband analog tapped-delay adaptive filter, where implementation of larger group delay is required. Most analog delay elements have been implemented with low-pass and all-pass filters. While they can easily achieve constant group delay within pass band, maximum group delay is severely restricted by the corner frequency because group delay is inversely proportional to the corner frequency. We implemented a delay element with a capacitively-coupled current conveyor (C/sup 4/) band-pass filter to produce larger group delay required for analog subband adaptive filter. Experimental results from circuits fabricated in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology through MOSIS are also presented.
Numerical methods for a class of nonlinear integro-differential equations

In a previous article (Glowinski, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 41, 67---96, 1973) the first author discussed several methods for the numerical solution of nonlinear equations of the integro-differential type with periodic boundary conditions. In this article we discuss an alternative methodology largely based on the Strang's symmetrized operator-splitting scheme. Several numerical experiments suggest that the new method is robust and accurate. It is also easier to implement than the various methods discussed by Glowinski in J. Math. Anal. Appl. 41, 67---96 (1973).
Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Adolescent Girls: Importance of Intra-Abdominal Fat Depot. † 498

Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Adolescent Girls: Importance of Intra-Abdominal Fat Depot. † 498
Rotor structure selections of nonsine five-phase synchronous reluctance machines for improved torque capability

Five-phase synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs) have a higher torque density over conventional three-phase SynRMs due to the utilization of the third harmonics in the magnetic field interacting with appropriate armature current. However, for effective utilization of the third harmonics, it is critical that the rotor of the SynRM creates sufficient coupling between the fundamental and third harmonic components in the field. This paper presents a comparison study of the rotor structures for the nonsine five-phase SynRMs with a detailed examination of two different reluctance rotor structures. The comparison results reveal that, with a simple structure, the salient-pole rotor creates strong mutual coupling between the fundamental and third harmonic MMFs and, thus, outperforms the complicated axially laminated rotor structures for nonsine five-phase SynRMs in terms of torque and ease of manufacturing.
Searching for the light: fluorescence guidance in glioma resection.

liomas, both low grade and high grade, are the most common primary malignancy of the central nervous G system and a challenge to cure definitively largely because of their insidious invasiveness. Although most recurrences occur within 2 cm of the original resection cavity, even radical hemispherectomies performed in the past have failed to eradicate ultimate tumor growth (3, 4). Most grade II gliomas eventually progress to malignant lesions. At autopsy, approximately 20% of patients who die of glioblastomas have multifocal disease. The surgical dilemma arises of balancing aggressive resection for presumed increased local control against minimizing perioperative morbidity and the recognition that gross total resection rarely, if ever, results in cure.
Characterization and Optimization of the Glucan Particle-Based Vaccine Platform

Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow porous Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls that are treated so that they are composed primarily of β-1,3-d-glucans. Our previous studies showed that GPs can serve as an effective vaccine platform. Here, we characterize CD4(+) T-cell and antibody responses in immunized mice as a function of antigen (ovalbumin) encapsulation, antigen dose, particle numbers, time, immunization schedule, and trapping methods. Although we found that GPs served as an effective adjuvant when admixed with free antigens for IgG1 antibody production, stronger CD4(+) T-cell and IgG2c antibody responses were stimulated when antigens were encapsulated inside GPs, suggesting that the GP platform acts as both an adjuvant and a delivery system. Vigorous T-cell and antibody responses were stimulated even at submicrogram antigen doses, as long as the number of GPs was kept at 5 × 10(7) particles per immunization. One prime and one boost were sufficient to elicit robust immune responses. In addition, strong antigen-specific antibody and T-cell responses prevailed up to 20 months following the last immunization, including those of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), and dual IFN-γ/IL-17A-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Finally, robust immune responses were observed using generally recognized as safe (GRAS) materials (alginate and calcium, with or without chitosan) to trap antigens within GPs. Thus, these studies demonstrate that antigens encapsulated into GPs make an effective vaccine platform that combines adjuvanticity and antigen delivery to elicit strong durable immune responses at relatively low antigen doses using translationally relevant formulations.
Dynamic processor allocation for multiple RHC systems in multi-core computing environments

This paper develops a new dynamic processor allocation algorithm for multiple receding horizon controllers (RHC) executing on a multi-core parallel computer. The proposed formulation accounts for bounded model uncertainty, sensor noise, and computation delay. A cost function appropriate for control of multiple coupled vehicle systems on multiple processors is used and an upper bound on the cost as a function of the execution horizon is employed. A parallel processing adaptation of the SNOPT optimization package is used and the efficiency factor of the parallel optimization routine is estimated through simulation benchmarks. Minimization of the cost function upper bound combined with the efficiency factor information results in a combinatorial optimization problem for dynamically allocating the optimal number of logical processors for each RHC subsystem. The new approach is illustrated through simulation of a leader-follower control system for two 3DOF helicopters running on a computer with two quad-core processors.
Revision of the genus Evansula T. Scott, 1906 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Cylindropsyllidae) with a description of three new species

A revision of the marine mesopsammic genus Evansula T. Scott (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Cylindropsyllidae) is presented. Analysis of type and newly collected material, using both light and scanning electron microscopy, revealed that the genus consists of a complex of morphologically similar species, which frequently occur sympatrically. Redescriptions are provided for E. incerta T. Scott (type), E. pygmaea T. Scott and E. arenicola Nicholls, and published records are reviewed. Three new species, previously confused with either E. incerta (E. polaris sp. nov., E. spinosa sp. nov.) or E. pygmaea (E. cumbraensis sp. nov.) are described from north-western European waters. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the reported plumosity of certain setae on the P5 is, in reality, a biofouling artefact caused by site-specific, epibiotic, filamentous bacteria. Evansula is the only cylindropsyllid genus that has retained inner setae on the P4 endopod and exhibits the ancestral complement of seven setae on the male P5. Its early divergence within the family is further evidenced by the absence of two sexually dimorphic structures in the male, the apomorphic presence of which supports the monophyly of the residual genera: (1) the spinous process on the P2 basis, and (2) the secretory pore on the anterior surface of the male P3 exp-2. The Cylindropsyllidae has recently been relegated to subfamilial status, and as a result was subsumed within the Canthocamptidae. The evidence employed to justify this course of action is critically evaluated and proven essentially unsound. Consequently, the Cylindropsyllidae is reinstated here as a valid taxon. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 147, 419–472.
Substratum-Dependent Proliferation and Survival of Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Phagocytes

Adherence to the culture substratum exerted a significant influence on the growth and survival of murine bone marrow cells incubated under conditions that favored the development of mononuclear phagocytes. Bone marrow cells cultured two weeks in unprocessed polystyrene dishes, refractory to cell attachment, reached a maximum or near maximum cell density by day 11. This density was stable throughout the duration of the incubation period. Characterization of the cells on day 11 revealed an essentially pure population of mononuclear phagocytes composed of round, nonadherent cells, and slightly elongated, loosely attached cells. Bone marrow cells incubated in polystyrene tissue culture dishes processed to promote cell attachment also reached a maximum cell density by day 11. However, this maximum density was only half that attained by cells incubated in unprocessed polystyrene dishes. Furthermore, continued incubation resulted in a sharp decline in cell viability and number. The cells in tissue culture dishes on day 11 represented a pure mononuclear phagocyte population composed principally of cells adherent to the surface of the dish. The subsequent analysis of cells subcultured in processed and unprocessed polystyrene dishes indicated that adherence to the substratum modulated the growth factor requirements of bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes. Specifically, mononuclear phagocytes in tissue culture dishes expressed an elevated requirement for colony stimulating factor-1 in order to proliferate and survive in long-term culture.
Accuracy and Diversity in Ensemble Systems Composed of ARTMAP-Based Models

ARTMAP-based models are neural networks which uses a match-based learning procedure. The main advantage of ARTMAP-based models over error-based models, such as Multi-layer Perceptron, is the learning time, which is considered as significantly fast. This feature is extremely important in complex systems that require the use of several neural models, such as ensembles or committees, since they produce strong and fast classifiers. Aiming to add an extra contribution to ARTMAP-based ensembles, this paper presents an analysis of accuracy and diversity in these systems. As a result of this analysis, it is intended to detect any relation between these two parameters and to use this in the design of these systems.
Photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots enhanced by energy transfer from a phosphorescent donor

We demonstrate exciton energy transfer from a thin film of phosphorescent dye fac tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (Ir(ppy)3 )t o a monolayer of colloidal CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The energy transfer is manifested in time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements as elongation of the QD PL time constant from 40 to 400 ns, and a concomitant 55% increase of time-integrated QD PL intensity. The observed PL dynamics are shown to be dominated by exciton diffusion within the Ir(ppy)3 film to the QD layer. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Inherent Flaws on the Time and Rate Dependent Failure of Adhesively Bonded Joints

Inherent flaws, as well as the effects of rate and time, are shown by tests on viscoelastic adhesive-bonded single lap joints to be as critical in joint failure as environmental and stress concentration effects, with random inherent flaws and loading rate changes resulting in an up to 40% reduction in joint strength. It is also found that the asymptotic creep stress, below which no delayed failure may occur, may under creep loading be as much as 45% less than maximum adhesive strength. Attention is given to test results for the case of titanium-LARC-3 adhesive single-lap specimens.
Dissecting independent channel and scaffolding roles of the Drosophila transient receptor potential channel.

Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) serves dual roles as a cation channel and as a molecular anchor for the PDZ protein, INAD (inactivation no afterpotential D). Null mutations in trp cause impairment of visual transduction, mislocalization of INAD, and retinal degeneration. However, the impact of specifically altering TRP channel function is not known because existing loss-of-function alleles greatly reduce protein expression. In the current study we describe the isolation of a set of new trp alleles, including trp14 with an amino acid substitution juxtaposed to the TRP domain. The trp14 flies stably express TRP and display normal molecular anchoring, but defective channel function. Elimination of the anchoring function alone in trpΔ1272, had minor effects on retinal morphology whereas disruption of channel function caused profound light-induced cell death. This retinal degeneration was greatly suppressed by elimination of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, CalX, indicating that the cell death was due primarily to deficient Ca2+ entry rather than disruption of the TRP-anchoring function.
Bound vanillin in maple sap

Analysis of acid and enzymic hydrolysates of maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) sap and syrup confirmed the presence of vanillin glucoside as a precursor of vanillin in maple syrup. Vanillin glycoside was present at a concentration of about 5 ppm in vacuum-concentrated maple syrup. About 20% of the bound vanillin in vacuum concentrated maple syrup was released by either β-glucosidase or hesperidinase during extended incubations (> 14 h at 40°C). Small variations in vanillin glycoside concentrations were associated with size of tree and harvest time during the season.
Atrial natriuretic peptide induces sustained natriuresis in conscious dogs.

Although acute infusions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) often cause natriuresis, these effects are not sustained, possibly because of reductions in arterial pressure or other compensatory adaptations. The aim of this study was to determine whether physiological increases in intrarenal ANP levels cause sustained natriuresis if changes in arterial pressure and other neurohumoral influences that might obscure the renal responses are controlled. Changes in renal function were quantitated during chronic unilateral renal arterial infusion of ANP at rates of 1, 2, and 4 ng.kg-1.min-1 in conscious dogs (n = 7) with the urinary bladder split to allow continuous measurement of renal excretion in the ANP-infused and contralateral, vehicle-infused kidneys. There was no change in mean arterial pressure at any infusion rate. During 1 ng.kg-1.min-1 infusion of ANP for 5 days, the renal excretory responses were small and variable. However, during 2 and 4 ng.kg-1.min-1 ANP infusion for 7 days, sodium excretion averaged 37.2 +/- 10.0 and 134.8 +/- 19.0% greater, respectively, in the ANP-infused kidneys compared with the vehicle-infused kidneys but there were no changes in glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow. These results demonstrate that when compensatory changes in arterial pressure and neurohumoral factors are controlled, ANP, at physiological concentrations, causes marked increases in renal excretion. This study supports the concept that ANP's effects to increase renal excretory capability could play a role in long-term control of arterial pressure and body fluid homeostasis.
Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (1878–1958): a Biographical Memoir

Richard Goldschmidt left not only a published record of nearly sixty years of scientific activities but also a full autobiography and a detailed sketch of his life written in fulfillment of the traditional request of the National Academy of Sciences. In addition, he preserved many letters which he had received from colleagues all over the world and deposited them in the archives of the Library of the University of California at Berkeley. It would be possible to reconstruct a large part of the development of the biological sciences in the twentieth century on the basis of Goldschmidt’s publications and their interaction with his contemporaries. It would also be possible to explore in depth the personality of the man as it was formed through the impact of his time. These may be worth-while tasks for future historians. The present Memoir can present only a selection out of the multitude of his activities.