cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Wind Forcing and Background Mean Currents on the Latitudinal Structure of Equatorial Rossby Waves

Abstract The latitudinal structure of annual equatorial Rossby waves in the tropical Pacific Ocean based on sea surface height (SSH) and thermocline depth observations is equatorially asymmetric, which differs from the structure of the linear waves of classical theory that are often presumed to dominate the variability. The nature of this asymmetry is such that the northern SSH maximum (along 5.5°N) is roughly 2 times that of the southern maximum (along 6.5°S). In addition, the observed westward phase speeds are roughly 0.5 times the predicted speed of 90 cm s−1 and are also asymmetric with the northern phase speeds, about 25% faster than the southern phase speeds. One hypothesized mechanism for the observed annual equatorial Rossby wave amplitude asymmetry is modification of the meridional structure by the asymmetric meridional shears associated with the equatorial current system. Another hypothesis is the asymmetry of the annually varying wind forcing, which is stronger north of the equator. A reduced-g...
Increased leukocyte histamine release with elevated cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity in atopic dermatitis

Maximal leukocyte histamine release in response to concanavalin A was significantly higher in a group of 16 adult patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis when compared to 13 adult nonatopic, normal subjects. In a further four atopic dermatitis patients, histamine release was similar to that in the normal group suggesting the existence of "high-releaser" and "low-releaser" subsets within the atopic dermatitis group. Leukocyte cAMP phosphodiesterase activity was significantly higher in the high-releaser group than in the low-releaser and normal groups. High and low histamine release responses showed strong correlations with high and low phosphodiesterase activities. Pretreatment with the experimental cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro-20-1724 in high releasers reduced the histamine release to normal levels. These findings suggest that increased histamine "releasability" in atopic dermatitis is related to abnormalities in cyclic nucleotide regulation. Basophil percentages within the leukocyte preparation and the histamine content per basophil were not significantly different between the atopics and normals. Histamine release did not correlate significantly with serum IgE levels.
Overview of treatment options for invasive fungal infections

The introduction of several new antifungals has significantly expanded both prophylaxis and treatment options for invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Relative to amphotericin B deoxycholate, lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B have significantly reduced the incidence of nephrotoxicity, but at a significant increase in drug acquisition cost. Newer, broad-spectrum triazoles (notably voriconazole and posaconazole) have added significantly to both the prevention and treatment of IFIs, most notably Aspergillus spp. (with voriconazole) and the treatment of some emerging fungal pathogens. Finally, a new class of parenteral antifungals, the echinocandins, is employed most frequently against invasive candidal infections. While the role of these newer agents continues to evolve, this review summarizes the activity, safety and clinical applications of agents most commonly employed in the treatment of IFIs.
The contested terrain of environmental justice research: community as unit of analysis

Abstract Social scientists have entered the debate over the environmental inequities facing the poor in general, and communities of color in particular. Crucial to their empirical studies is the operational definition of “community” as a unit of analysis. Different operationalizations of community exist, leading to divergent conclusions about the extent of the problem. Earlier research concluded that inequities were national in scope, while later studies found little evidence to support the previous research. This paper examines three general ways in which community has been framed as a geographical unit of analysis in environmental justice research: (1) as a neighborhood (a place of cultural identity); (2) as part of a political jurisdiction (county, city, etc.); and (3) as approximated by data constructs (like zip code areas and census tracts). The paper discusses several theoretical and methodological issues involved in operationally defining an appropriate unit, or units, of analysis for research on environmental inequity.
Cutting edge structural protein from the jaws of Nereis virens.

The fang-like jaws of the marine polychaete Nereis virens possess remarkable mechanical properties considering their high protein content and lack of mineralization. Hardness and stiffness properties in the jaw tip are comparable to human dentin and are achieved by extensive coordination of Zn2+ by a histidine-rich protein framework. In the present study, the predominant protein in the jaw tip, Nvjp-1, was purified and characterized by partial peptide mapping and molecular cloning of a partial cDNA from a jaw pulp library. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed an ∼38 kDa histidine-rich protein rich in glycine and histidine (∼36 and 27%, respectively) with no well-defined repetitive motifs. The effects of pH and metal treatment on aggregation, secondary structure, and hydrodynamic properties of recombinant Nvjp-1 are described. Notably, Zn treatment induced the formation of amyloid-like fibers.
Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized by the Greeks and Romans

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers/scientists are frequently quoted as expressing an awareness of potential harm associated with drinking during pregnancy. However, the statements attributed to these authors were not made by them. Instead, they are interpretations, presented in the form of verbatim statements, of their views relating to procreation. Although they did have something to say about the role of alcohol in procreation, it was the effects of drinking on the male body at the time of conception, and especially alcohol's effects on male body temperature, that concerned them. A cold body at the time of conception was believed to enhance the likelihood of conceiving a female, which to the Greeks and Romans was a 'deformity'.
Tonically Active Neurons in the Striatum of the Monkey Rapidly Signal a Switch in Behavioral Set

It is very well established that the basal ganglia play an important role in the control of movement. In the last 20 years a great deal of convincing evidence has accumulated indicating that the basal ganglia are also involved in much more than just motor functions, including cognition, motivation and reward. For example, it has been proposed that, among other things, the basal ganglia play an important role in learning stimulus-response associations1–4, forming stimulus-reward associations5–6, prediction of upcoming rewards6–8, attention9–12, and the switching of behavioral set13–15. There is a class of striatal interneurons, the tonically active neurons (TANs), whose activity may underlie some of these proposed functions.
Biochemical and genetic analysis of the mitochondrial response of yeast to BAX and BCL-X(L).

The BCL-2 family includes both proapoptotic (e.g., BAX and BAK) and antiapoptotic (e.g., BCL-2 and BCL-X(L)) molecules. The cell death-regulating activity of BCL-2 members appears to depend on their ability to modulate mitochondrial function, which may include regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). We examined the function of BAX and BCL-X(L) using genetic and biochemical approaches in budding yeast because studies with yeast suggest that BCL-2 family members act upon highly conserved mitochondrial components. In this study we found that in wild-type yeast, BAX induced hyperpolarization of mitochondria, production of reactive oxygen species, growth arrest, and cell death; however, cytochrome c was not released detectably despite the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. Coexpression of BCL-X(L) prevented all BAX-mediated responses. We also assessed the function of BCL-X(L) and BAX in the same strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with deletions of selected mitochondrial proteins that have been implicated in the function of BCL-2 family members. BAX-induced growth arrest was independent of the tested mitochondrial components, including voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the catalytic beta subunit or the delta subunit of the F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase, mitochondrial cyclophilin, cytochrome c, and proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome as revealed by [rho(0)] cells. In contrast, actual cell killing was dependent upon select mitochondrial components including the beta subunit of ATP synthase and mitochondrial genome-encoded proteins but not VDAC. The BCL-X(L) protection from either BAX-induced growth arrest or cell killing proved to be independent of mitochondrial components. Thus, BAX induces two cellular processes in yeast which can each be abrogated by BCL-X(L): cell arrest, which does not require aspects of mitochondrial biochemistry, and cell killing, which does.
An Eddifying Parsons Model

Thetime-meaneffectsofeddiesarestudiedinamodelbasedontheParsons‐Veronis‐Huang‐Flierlmodels of the wind-driven gyre. Much of the analysis used for the steady solutions carries over if the model is cast in terms of the thickness-weighted mean velocity, because then mass transport is nondivergent in the absence of diabatic forcing. The model exemplifies the use of residual mean theory to simplify analysis. A result of the analysis is a boundary layer width in the case of a rapid upper-layer flow and weak lowerlayerflow.Thisboundarylayerwidthis comparable toan eddymixinglengthwhenthe typicaleddyvelocity is taken to be the long Rossby wave phase speed. Further analysis of the model illustrates important aspects of eddy behavior, model sensitivity to eddy fluxes, and model sensitivity to frictional parameters.
The role of the lipid matrix for structure and function of the GPCR rhodopsin.

Photoactivation of rhodopsin in lipid bilayers results within milliseconds in a metarhodopsin I (MI) – metarhodopsin II (MII) equilibrium that is very sensitive to the lipid composition. It has been well established that lipid bilayers that are under negative curvature elastic stress from incorporation of lipids like phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) favor formation of MII, the rhodopsin photointermediate that is capable of activating G protein. Furthermore, formation of the MII state is favored by negatively charged lipids like phosphatidylserine and by lipids with longer hydrocarbon chains that yield bilayers with larger membrane hydrophobic thickness. Cholesterol and rhodopsin-rhodopsin interactions from crowding of rhodopsin molecules in lipid bilayers shift the MI – MII equilibrium towards MI. A variety of mechanisms seems to be responsible for the large, lipid-induced shifts between MI and MII: adjustment of the thickness of lipid bilayers to rhodopsin and adjustment of rhodopsin helicity to the thickness of bilayers, curvature elastic deformations in the lipid matrix surrounding the protein, direct interactions of PE headgroups and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains with rhodopsin, and direct or lipid-mediated interactions between rhodopsin molecules.
Quality of Life Evaluation of Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of life (QOL) for patients who underwent maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment using the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ). Correlation of the findings with parameters from the polysomnograph (PSG) and physical examination were also performed. No QOL studies have been carried out for MMA in OSA, and the FOSQ is the most appropriate method. Patients and Methods The FOSQ instrument is a survey designed to evaluate QOL in OSA and proven to be effective. All patients followed a standard prospective protocol of pre- and 6 months postoperative data collection. Clinical radiographs, PSG, FOSQ, endoscopy, and computed tomography scans were analyzed. Results Fifteen patients with complete data were included in the study. There was minimal change in the BMI from a preoperation mean of 32.10 to 31.50 at 6 months postoperation. The operation was 86.7% (13 of 15) successful (postoperative apnea and hypopnea index [AHI] decreased by 50% and was P P = .0001). A total of 93.3% of our patients achieved a successful QOL change based on a FOSQ score of greater than or equal to 18. There was statistically significant changes in all domains; general productivity ( P = .0003), social outcome ( P = .0020), activity level ( P = .0008), vigilance ( P = .0028), intimacy and sex ( P = .0039), and the total score ( P = .0002) postoperatively. Changes of Lsat and AHI were highly correlated ( r = −0.728, P = .002). The magnitude of the Le Fort advancement was also found to be negatively correlated to the change in AHI ( r = −0.544, P =.036). There was no correlation between the FOSQ scores and all other parameters, including both the PSG parameters (AHI and Lsat). Conclusion MMA remains the most effective operation for the treatment of OSA and yet no QOL studies have been carried out. The disease-specific QOL instrument (FOSQ) showed the subjective functional improvement in MMA patients. QOL instruments should be used for all surgical based treatment as they add a new dimension to the assessment of the patient and procedures.
Performance appraisal satisfaction: The role of feedback and goal orientation.

Employee satisfaction with performance appraisal (PA) plays a large role in the perceived effectiveness of PA. We examined the joint effects of feedback sign (positive or negative) and three goal orientation dimensions (learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid) on PA satisfaction. Results revealed the negative relationship between negative feedback and PA satisfaction was stronger for those higher in performance-prove (PPGO), performance-avoid, and learning goal orientation. Additionally, the relationship between positive feedback and PA satisfaction was stronger for individuals low on PPGO and weaker for individuals high on PPGO. Implications for enhancing PA reactions are discussed.
What Is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies:

What is video game culture, however? What does it mean to have a culture defined by the consumption of a particular medium? Moreover, what are the implications of defining this culture in a particular way? While there has been a great deal of ink split on video game culture, the actual definition of the term is often treated as common sense. Unpacking the discourses surrounding ‘‘video game culture’’ allows us to see the power dynamics involved in attributing certain characteristics to it, as well as naming it ‘‘video game culture’’ as such. This has implications for how video games are studied and is connected with how culture is studied more broadly. By critically examining how video game culture has been defined in both press and academic articles, this paper illuminates how this definition has limited the study of video games and where it can move.
Experimentally measured permanent dipoles induced by hydrogen bonding. The Stark spectrum of indole–NH3

Hydrogen bond pairs involving the chromophore indole have been extensively studied in the gas phase. Here, we report high resolution electronic spectroscopy experiments on the indole–NH3 hydrogen bond pair in the absence and presence of an electric field. The S1–S0 origin band of this complex recorded in zero field at high resolution reveals two overlapping spectra; a consequence of NH3 hindered internal rotation. The barrier to internal rotation is predicted by theory to be less than 20 cm−1 in the ground state, therefore requiring a non-rigid rotor Hamiltonian to interpret the spectra. Conducting the experiment in the presence of an applied electric field further perturbs the already congested spectrum of the complex, but makes possible the measurement of the permanent electric dipole moments in its S0 and S1 states. These values reveal significant changes in electron distribution that arise from hydrogen bonding effects.
Psychologic considerations in the management of oral surgical patients.

Entering the often-sterile milieu that characterizes most surgical and presurgical environments sets into motion, for most patients, emotional or psychologic reactions. At times, these inner stirrings may manifest in the form of outward behaviors, such as expressions of anxiety or anger or verbalizations suggestive of depression. The essential psychologic issue is that undergoing any surgery—minor, major, elective, or urgent—is far from an emotionally neutral event for typical oral surgical patients. Western society, in the twenty-first century, has grown more psychologically minded and sophisticated. If a more holistic approach is adopted regarding the treatment of oral surgical patients, it is anticipated that some tangible and intangible benefits will accrue. Specifically, practitioners can anticipate that with due attention to the psychologic needs of patients, there should be fewer preoperative, perioperative, or postoperative patient concerns and, perhaps, a corresponding decreased need for pain medication. In addition, patients can be expected to take greater responsibility for their own recovery, such as a commitment to greater compliance with postoperative care. Unfortunately, most oral surgeons devote their focus to their techniques and skills, giving scant attention to the biopsychologic factors apropos to a patient’s perspective. If a purely mechanistic view of surgery is adopted, patients are more subjects than persons and, consequently, ‘‘the patient is seen as a passive recipient of a surgical intervention with little influence over the recovery process. Nothing could be further from the truth. Through psychological preparation for surgery, patients can be empowered to significantly impact their healing and recovery’’ [1]. Mechanic [2], an advocate of the biopsychologic perspective, suggests that patients’ reactions to treatment, including impending or proposed surgery, at times, have little correlation with their actual physical disorder or disease process. Although biologic causes may stimulate nociceptive awareness, psychologic processes may affect the perception and interpretation of physical symptoms. Moreover, social variables, such as family and other support systems (or lack thereof), may moderate patients’ actions or, for that matter, which interventions they allow to treat the origin of the pain.
The inclusion of anatomical constraints and anisotropy in three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) involves determining the electrical conductivity inside a biological body, given electrical impedance measurements along the surface of the body. The authors discuss the use of anatomical constraints in EIT algorithms and the subsequent inclusion of anisotropy. The techniques described in a previous paper (see ibid., vol. 15, p.806-7, 1993) for the 2-D case are expanded here to include 3-D cases. A formulation for the 3-D case along with test results is presented. >
A survey of methods that transform data models into Ontology models

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the methods available to (semi-)automatically generate an Ontology model from a data model. Although there are several different instantiations of database management systems in use today, the transformation methods to date have generally focused on relational data models as the prime source of the information; we therefore concentrated on this when comparing the various reported methods of transformation from data models to Ontology models. These methods generated different Ontology representations. The richness and expressiveness of these Ontology models differed widely also. In our survey, we developed a comparison framework that allowed us to evaluate the methods in a consistent manner. This framework was then used to compare seventeen different reported methods, which, to the best of our knowledge, cover all the available methods for generating Ontology models from data models to date.
Geoengineering as global climate change policy

The use of hydrocarbon-based energy systems is deeply embedded in the contemporary global capitalist world system. Billions of individuals always are already engaged in an on-going, essentially unplanned, and still uncontrolled (with regard to the negative impact of burning fossil on the global climate) collective experiment in the growing use of these sources of energy. The unanticipated, and yet still long observed, tendency for this energy system, to coincide with atmospheric global warming and other severe climate problems is becoming one of the most interesting developments of the early twenty-first century. In the absence of more effective, comprehensive, and bold efforts to prevent global climate change in a truly sustained manner, many communities around the world, ranging from the smallest localities, city governments, regional authorities, and even nation states are acknowledging that global climate change is a real problem. Yet, there is no consensus about how to mitigate and manage its effects...
A second generation survey AUV

Odyssey class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are designed to be small, high performance survey platforms. The logistical complexities of operating off of oceanographic vessels or in hostile environments, such as the Arctic, make a small vehicle with minimal support requirements extremely attractive. Although built for great depths and endurances of up to two days, Odyssey class vehicles are small by the standards of existing AUVs. This paper describes Odyssey II, the second generation of Odyssey class AUV, and presents the results of under-ice field trials in New Hampshire and the Arctic.
Risk factors associated with isolation of Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia in clinical specimens.

Objective To determine risk factors for patients whose cultures grew Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Design Retrospective case-control study of 60 patients with cultures positive for S maltophilia, matched by specimen site to 120 controls whose cultures grew other gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Setting University medical center. Results S maltophilia was identified from the following sites: respiratory (36), wound (13), urinary (6), blood (4), and cerebral spinal fluid (1). By univariate analysis, cases had a higher risk of exposure than controls for ampicillin (P 1 indicating higher risk for cases, except for erythromycin, which had an odds ratio Conclusions The primary risk factor associated with isolation of S maltophilia was antibiotic use. For patients with pulmonary infections, chronic respiratory disease and length of time an endotracheal tube was in place also contributed to the risk. This suggests that judicious use of antibiotics may prevent some cases of S maltophilia infection.
FURTHER COMMENTS ON BARTKO'S "ON VARIOUS INTRACLASS CORRELATION RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS"

Bartko's and Winer's intraclass correlation reliability methods are assessed. Alternative intraclass correlation techniques and internal consistency estimates of reliability are demonstrated for sets of ratings and dichotomous test score data.
Nursing Research on Death, Dying, and Terminal Illness: Development, Present State, and Prospects

Presented in this review is an historical overview on the development of death research in general followed by an analysis of nursing research in death, dying, and terminal illness. Of necessity, some death-related areas of interest to nurses were not included. Among these topics are suicide and abortion, each of which deserves consideration in its own right. Owing to difficulties in accessibility, only occasionally is research included that was conducted outside the North American continent. The bibliographic material on which this review is based was collected with the assistance of Training Grant 1 D23 NU00210–01 from the Division of Nursing, Health Resources Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Considerable help in locating and sorting materials was provided by Linda K. Birenbaum, Fotini L. Georgiadou, Barbara B. Germino, and Christina M. Mumma. Appreciation is due to Lesley F. Degner, Helen P. Glass, Christina M. Gow, Sherry Johnson-Soderberg, Sylvia Drake Paige, Geraldine V. Padilla, Catherine M. Saunders, and Mary L. S. Vachon for providing copies of published and unpublished materials for use in this review. The organization of the report was suggested to me by a review written by Gunther Luschen in the Annual Review of Sociology (Vol. 6), 1980.
WIND TIDES ON LAKE OKEECHOBEE

Determination of wind tides and wave action is an essential step in the design of flood-control and navigation projects and of structures near large bodies of water which may be subjected to hurricane winds. In 1948, the Corps of Engineers initiated a program to collect wind-tide and wave data on Lake Okeechobee. Basic data collected and investigations made under that program have been published as a series of project bulletins, "Waves and Wind Tides in Inland Waters, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and in a summary report, "Civil Works Investigation CW-167, Waves and Wind Tides in Shallow Lakes and Reservoirs." Data on wind velocities, wind tides, and waves have been collected under that program during six hurricanes and many minor storms. In this paper an attempt is made to summarize the results of the wind-tide studies and outline the procedure developed for computing wind tides on Lake Okeechobee.
Divorce and Women's Spirituality

Results of this exploratory study found that for all subjects the divorce experience affected spirituality. Individual interviews revealed how the divorce experience was affected by spirituality through common patterns and recurring themes. The twelve female volunteers were recruited from support groups, all were divorced three years or less, and each was interviewed and evaluated using the spiritual Well-Being (SWB) Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison 1982). For the majority, spirituality facilitated healing. This finding, along with the fact that over 80% sought counseling, implies that tapping spiritual strength for post-divorce recovery may have profound influence for social work intervention.
The nutritional status of folic acid in persons with leukemia and its possible relation to effects of aminopterin therapy.

Folic acid excretion following test doses of the vitamin has been measured in 31 cases of leukemia. Although the percentage excretion values varied widely, the average values were significantly lower in cases of both chronic and acute leukemia than in a series of normal subjects. However, this evidence of depletion of body stores of folic acid occurred more frequently and with a greater degree of severity in cases of chronic leukemia, particularly, those with lymphocytic involvement. This suggests that the degree of folic acid nutritional depletion is related to the varying clinical results obtained with antagonist therapy in chronic and acute leukemia.
Red Herrings and Misguided Approaches: Taxation and Regulation of Business Activities by Charities in the United States and Canada

Most countries place various limitations on the ability of charities to conduct business activities in areas unrelated to their charitable purpose. In this paper, I examine this narrow aspect of the legal framework for charities in the United States and Canada. First, I will briefly provide some background on charities' conduct of such activities. Next, I will broadly outline the current law in each country, highlighting key similarities and differences. Then, drawing on historical evidence, I will try to explain why the relevant law in each country developed as it did. Finally, I will evaluate each country's response, focusing not only on the results of each but also on whether the concerns that led to each were well-founded. Through doing so, I will attempt to draw conclusions as to whether there is a clear winner between the two statutory schemes, and if the experiences of each country can provide guidance for future attempts at reform.
Simulation of Frictional Sliding Under Impact Shear Loading

Results from recent and ongoing investigations of frictional sliding under dynamic loading conditions are discussed. The configuration analyzed consists of two identical elastic plates with an interface characterized by a rate- and state-dependent frictional law. The calculations are carried out within a framework where two constitutive relations are used: a volumetric constitutive relation between stress and strain and a surface constitutive relation that characterizes the frictional behavior of the interface. The simulations discussed predict a variety of sliding modes including a crack-like mode and several pulse-like modes as well as circumstances where the sliding tip speed can exceed the longitudinal wave speed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Volume decrease of glycerinated polymorphoneclear leukocytes induced by ATP and Ca-2.

Abstract The addition of 1 mM ATP to rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes suspended in a solution of glycerol causes a decrease in their volume by 4–17% within 3 min. The suspending medium must not only contain glycerol but be of low ionic strength for ATP to be effective. Divalent cations are also required. Ca 2+ present alone can sustain the volume increase induced by ATP; in the presence of low concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ is also effective but not to the same extent as Ca 2+ . When the cell volume is contracted by the ATP in the presence of Ca 2+ the addition of EGTA induces a reexpansion of the volume. The organic mercurial, salyrgan prevents the ATP induced reduction in the volume but ouabain has no effect. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) can also decrease the volume of the glycerinated leukocytes but to a distinctly lesser extent than ATP. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are without significant effect. The results indicate that the volume decrease caused by exogenous ATP is unlikely to be a passive osmotic or an active, ouabain-sensitive process. The similarities to the interaction of ATP with actomyosin suggest that the volume decrease might be a result of the contraction of the leukocyte actomyosin by ATP.
Inhibition of the rabbit ileal motility in vitro by human saliva.

SummaryDialyzed, lyophilized human saliva has been found to inhibit the motility of rabbit ileum in vitro. Significant decrease in the force of contraction of ileal strips is observed at salivary extract concentrations as low as 1 mg/100 ml. The inhibition is reversible and is produced by a substance found in saliva in which bacterial growth has been prevented by penicillin.
Evaluation Research for Long Term Dynamic Variation of Soil Nutrients in Jinzhong

Eleven soil textures of cultivated land,38 soil kinds and 140 evaluated spots which are representative mountains,hilly land and plains in Jinzhong are chosen to research soil quantity in organic matters,quick-acting phosphorum and acting Kalium.(1)Organic matters,total-N and quick-acting phosphorum in different soil textures in Jinzhong go up steadily.Quick-acting kalium goes down lightly.It is necessary to apply kalium fertilizer in agricultural production(.2)Organic matters and soil total-N,quick-acting phosphorum,quick-acting kalium are highly positively interrelated.Organic fertilizer should be used in agricultural production.(3)Properties of soil nutrient are different in soil textures.N-a-2 has highly comprehensive nutrients.Organic matters in B-e-3 are steady.B-e-5 contains high level of quick-acting kalium.Fertilizer should be applied and plants are arranged properly according to different soil properties in agricultural production(.4)Fertilization in agricultural cultivation play an increasingly important role,especially,total-N,quick-acting phosphorum affected by man and their levels go up obviously.
Relationship Between Flag Leaf Stomatal Characters and Subspecies Characteristics in the Filial Generation from Indica and Japonica Rice

An F9 population from a cross between a japonica variety 'Akihikari' and an indica variety 'Qishanzhan' was used as materials,the flag leaf stomatal characters were observed by the TM1000 scanning electron microscopy.The results indicated that the changes of flag leaf stomatal characters in the filial generation from indica and japonica rice were different,stomatal density of the back was more than that of the abdomen,stomatal length of the back was less than that of the abdomen,and stomatal width of the back was more than that of the abdomen.The filial generation were divided into four types,indica,indicaclinous,japonicaclinous and japonica,by Cheng's index classification method.The stomatal density in both abdomen and back followed the order of japonicaindicaclinousjaponicaclinousindica.Stomatal length of the back followed the order of japonicaclinousindicaclinousindicajaponica,and stomatal length of abdomen followed the order of indica japonicaclinousindicaclinousjaponica.Stomatal width of the back followed the order of japonica japonicaclinousindicaclinousindica,and stomatal width of the abdomen followed the order of japonicaclinous indicaclinousjaponicaindica.
Bias in Measuring Smoking Behavior

Researchers often use the discrepancy between the self-reported and biochemically assessed active smoking status to argue that self-reported smoking status is not reliable, ignoring the limitations of biochemically assessed measures and treating it as the gold standard in their comparisons. Here, we employ recent advances in econometric techniques to compare self-reported and biochemically assessed smoking data taking into account errors with both methods. Our results suggest that biochemical measures may not always be more reliable than self-reported data.
Treatment Planning for Boron Neutron Capture Enhanced Fast Neutron Therapy

Clinical data in fast neutron therapy suggests that the normal brain tolerance dose for fractionated whole brain irradiations with fast neutrons is about 14Gy while the tumor control dose is about 21 Gy for glioblastoma multiforme.1 If 6Gy equivalent of fast neutron dose can be delivered to the tumor by the boron neutron capture (BNC) dose, a therapeutic window opens up for the treatment of these highly malignant tumors. In previous studies, we have shown that by passing the d(48.5) + Be fast neutron beam through 25 cms of steel, we create a beam that is capable of meeting the above requirement.2,3 Our current need is to create patient treatment plans with this beam to verify its clinical utility. Existing Monte Carlo based treatment planning algorithms for BNCT are not readily applicable to BNCEFNT because of the lack of reliable cross-section data for the higher energy neutrons encountered in these beams. Consequently, we have investigated the following treatment planning strategy for BNCEFNT.
Theory of Phase Conjugation in a Saturable Amplifier with Finite Probe Intensity

Phase conjugation in a nearly-resonant saturable laser amplifier by degenerate frequency mixing (DFM) is analyzed numerically in the strong probe limit. DFM reflectivities greater than unity are predicted for representative cases. At high pump intensity, the conjugate reflectivity with a finite probe approaches the reflectivity of the weak probe limit. At lower pump intensity, the conjugate reflectivity drops precipitously from the weak probe limit.
The necessity, logic, and forms of replication

Research summary: A replication study assesses whether the results of a particular prior study can be reproduced, including in new contexts with different data. Replication studies are critical for building a cumulative body of research knowledge. This article discusses and provides a typology of different types of replications, compares replications with other approaches to cumulating knowledge, and provides guidelines toward producing high-quality replication studies. The articles in this Special Issue provide examples of replication studies in strategic management. Managerial summary: Research studies sometimes draw implications for managerial practice. A single empirical study, however, is specific to a particular context, relies on a particular set of data, and uses a particular research design. As a consequence, a single study cannot establish whether the findings generalize to a different context and whether the research design is robust to alternative approaches. Replication studies can help to establish the range of applicability of prior studies and better support what implications can be drawn for managerial practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Bandgap Reference [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Since its inception in the late 1960s, the bandgap circuit has served as an essential component in most integrated circuits. This simple, robust idea provides a temperature-independent (TI) voltage and a proportional-toabsolute-temperature (PTAT) current. In this article, we study the principles of bandgap circuit design.
What Counts When it Comes to School Enjoyment and Aspiration in the Middle Grades

AbstractYoung adolescents, and the middle level educators who work with them, face many exciting but demanding challenges during this key period of development. According to stage-environment fit theory, the degree to which middle grades students perceive a good fit between their school environment and their needs impacts their academic and life outcomes. The authors endeavored to build on middle level research by studying the extent to which students’ needs are supported by school environment factors and how this “fit” relates to two academic outcome variables: school enjoyment and aspiration. The sample consisted of middle grades students (N = 1,027) between the ages of 10 and 14. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted. After controlling for age, ethnicity, and gender, four subscales (Social Skills Needs, Mental Health Needs, Academic and Career Needs, and School Support) were entered as potential predictors. Both models were significant and accounted for ~20% of the variance. This stu...
A24 Session 7: Advances in Thermal Medicine

It is becoming increasingly clear that tumor control by standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as high- and low-temperature ablative modalities depend on the CD8 T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Unfortunately, in many cases the ability of these therapies to activate the endogenous CD8 T cell response is not sufficient to induce durable protection from tumor outgrowth. Here, we report on recent findings suggesting that the local inflammatory response generated as a consequence of two thermal therapy modalities, i.e., mild-temperature systemic thermal therapy (core temperature elevated to ∼39.5 °C, for 6 h; STT) or RFA (90 °C, 1 min), provides a favorable environment for immune intervention in tumor progression when combined with an active immunotherapy regimen. These studies employed adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy after thermal to investigate immune-mediated tumor control in murine tumor models. Mice implanted subcutaneously with B16 melanoma or CT26 colorectal tumors were pre-treated with thermal therapy followed by adoptive transfer of tumor-antigen specific CD8 effector T cells. A key endpoint was the assessment of T cell trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and tumors which are the respective initiation and effector sites of antitumor immunity. Strong induction of naive CD8 T cell trafficking was detected in LNs after administration of STT. STT also elevated trafficking of tumor-specific CD8 effector T cells across the normally recalcitrant tumor vessels. Enhanced CD8 effector T cell recruitment in tumors was linked to increased antigen-restricted apoptosis of tumor cell targets and improved overall survival. Recent results comparing the immunomodulatory activities of STT and RFA will also be discussed. Collectively, our studies suggest that thermal therapy has clinical potential as an adjuvant therapy to augment the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Supported by grants from the NIH (CA79765 and AI082039).
Collaborative teaching: Exploring reflective practice to address uncertainty avoidance

In order to promote engineering students' creative practice and self-authorship in undergraduate general education, instructors must first understand the creative process and, second, serve as models to students by engaging in reflective and transparent practice. However, these learning goals require some tolerance for uncertainty, both in students and in co-taught environments. This research addresses uncertainty in teaching and learning environments and explores instructor reflective practice in interdisciplinary, collaborative teaching and its impact on faculty relationships, course design, and student engagement. The work also seeks to strike a balance between flexible course structure and consistency, while fostering dynamic instructor teams to enact and model creativity for students.
Effect of the soil environment on the biodeterioration of man-made textiles

Textile fibers frequently occur as trace evidence in criminal investigations. Trace evidence is the name given to the minute bits of hair, clothing fibers, soil, broken glass, and other materials that the perpetrator of a crime may unknowingly carry away from the scene of a crime on his person or that a perpetrator may unwittingly leave behind him at the scene. The exchange of evidence between perpetrators and victims and/or crime scenes has been embodied in the Locard exchange principle, which states that whenever two surfaces come into contact there will be an exchange of matter across the contact boundary (DeForest et al., 1983). Trace evidence is used in court as circumstantial evidence to associate a suspect with a victim or a crime scene.
Asymmetrical diffusion through time-varying material parameters

In this work we theoretically demonstrate a rigorous mathematical analysis on how time-varying material parameters (capacitance and conductance) can yield an effective medium with asymmetric diffusion properties with applications in thermodynamics and electrostatics.
Price competition when three are few and four are many

Abstract I examine price competition in a market for a homogeneous good when consumers observe prices subject to a random shock (perception error). When firms have symmetric costs, there exists a unique equilibrium in pure strategies, which is symmetric. When there are up to three sellers in the market, the sellers extract the entire consumer surplus. However, with at least four firms, assuming that the marginal cost is sufficiently low relative to consumers’ valuation, both consumers and producers may enjoy a positive surplus. The marginal-cost pricing is never observed in an equilibrium with finitely many firms. Potential policy implications are discussed.
TRP for Low-Power Scan Testing

Reduction of test data volume and power consumption for scan vectors are two major problems in system-on-a-chip testing. Since static compaction of scan vectors invariably leads to higher power for scan testing, the conflicting goals of low-power scan testing and reduced test data volume appear to be irreconcilable. We tackle this problem by using test data compression to reduce both test data volume and scan power1. In particular, we show that Golomb coding of precomputed test sets leads to significant savings in peak and average power, without requiring either a slower scan clock or blocking logic in the scan cells. We also improve upon prior work on Golomb coding by showing that a separate cyclical scan register is not necessary for pattern decompression.
In vitro activity of plazomicin against β-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).

Background Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent an urgent threat because few drugs are available to treat infections caused by these pathogens. Plazomicin is a novel aminoglycoside that recently completed a Phase 3 clinical trial for treatment of infections caused by CRE. Methods A set of 110 characterized unique CRE patient isolates from central Indiana healthcare centres was tested by microbroth dilution for susceptibility to plazomicin, and to reference aminoglycosides and carbapenems. WGS was conducted to analyse the isolate with an elevated plazomicin MIC. Results The isolates, 107 of which produced KPC carbapenemases, were 97.3% and 100% non-susceptible to meropenem and imipenem, respectively, with variable rates of non-susceptibility to amikacin (76.4%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (91.8%) and tobramycin (96.4%). MIC50/MIC90 values for plazomicin were the lowest of all the drugs tested: 0.5/0.5 mg/L for 96 KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 0.5/1 mg/L for all 110 carbapenemase-producing isolates. Higher MIC50/MIC90 values were observed for the other antibiotics tested: amikacin (32/32 mg/L), gentamicin (1/16 mg/L), kanamycin (>64/>64 mg/L), tobramycin (32/64 mg/L), imipenem (8/32 mg/L) and meropenem (≥16/≥16 mg/L). Only one isolate, an NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae strain that carried the armA 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene, was resistant to plazomicin, with an MIC of 256 mg/L; this strain was cross-resistant to all the other antibiotics tested. Conclusions Plazomicin demonstrated the most potent overall in vitro inhibitory activity of all the aminoglycosides and carbapenems in the study, and has the potential to be an effective agent for the treatment of infections caused by CRE.
Incorporation of Phosphorylated Tyrosine into Proteins: In Vitro Translation and Study of Phosphorylated IκB-α and Its Interaction with NF-κB.

Phosphorylated proteins play important roles in the regulation of many different cell networks. However, unlike the preparation of proteins containing unmodified proteinogenic amino acids, which can be altered readily by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in vitro and in vivo, the preparation of proteins phosphorylated at predetermined sites cannot be done easily and in acceptable yields. To enable the synthesis of phosphorylated proteins for in vitro studies, we have explored the use of phosphorylated amino acids in which the phosphate moiety bears a chemical protecting group, thus eliminating the negative charges that have been shown to have a negative effect on protein translation. Bis-o-nitrobenzyl protection of tyrosine phosphate enabled its incorporation into DHFR and IκB-α using wild-type ribosomes, and the elaborated proteins could subsequently be deprotected by photolysis. Also investigated in parallel was the re-engineering of the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli, guided by the use of a phospho...
Review of children of the dictatorship: student resistance, cultural politics, and the “long 1960s” in Greece

The central question animating Kornetis’ book is that of how to place the student resistance to the Greek dictatorship, aka, the Junta (1967 to 1974), within the larger context of world-wide studen...
Keys to a Successful Job Talk: Perceptions of Psychology Faculty.

Interviews for faculty positions in psychology often include a teaching demonstration or research talk, but there is little empirical data about what makes these job talks successful. Psychology fa...
Looking Ahead in Wonder: Telescopes at the Cosmic Frontier

Astronomy is big science, the costs of major observing facilities run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. How does one justify such expenditures into basic scientific research which is mainly motivated by curiosity?
Abstract 15206: Application of a Lifestyle Based Score for CVD Risk Prediction to Young Adults in CARDIA

Introduction: The Healthy Heart Score (HHS), a lifestyle-based risk prediction tool, predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in middle-aged adults. We evaluated the performance of the HHS for ...