cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphogenetic and Cellular Movements that Shape the Mouse Cerebellum: Insights from Genetic Fate Mapping

We used the cerebellum as a model to study the morphogenetic and cellular processes underlying the formation of elaborate brain structures from a simple neural tube, using an inducible genetic fate mapping approach in mouse. We demonstrate how a 90° rotation between embryonic days 9 and 12 converts the rostral-caudal axis of dorsal rhombomere 1 into the medial-lateral axis of the wing-like bilateral cerebellar primordium. With the appropriate use of promoters, we marked specific medial-lateral domains of the cerebellar primordium and derived a positional fate map of the murine cerebellum. We show that the adult medial cerebellum is produced by expansion, rather than fusion, of the thin medial primordium. Furthermore, ventricular-derived cells maintain their original medial-lateral coordinates into the adult, whereas rhombic lip-derived granule cells undergo lateral to medial posterior transverse migrations during foliation. Thus, we show that progressive changes in the axes of the cerebellum underlie its genesis.
Experience with side effects and health risks associated with Norplant implant use in adolescents.

Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant®) have been recommended as a contraceptive method for teenage women. Our experience suggests that the use of Norplant® implants in adolescents is associated with bleeding irregularities and modest weight gain. There is no effect on condom use or STD acquisition. Despite the bleeding irregularities, we documented high continuation rates, suggesting that with appropriate pre-insertion counseling, Norplant® implants can be a successful contraceptive method for adolescent women.
Afritics from Margin to Center Theorizing the Politics of African American Women as Political Leaders

This article summarizes research that examined the politics of African American political leaders. As part of a larger study, data revealed that afritics more accurately explains the politics of African American women as it relates to their political leadership experiences. This article seeks to theorize the politics of African American women political leaders by providing a discussion of afritics and politics. Second, it explores a history of afritics. Third, it examines the contemporary afritics of former U.S. Senator Carol Moseley Braun, former Chicago Alderwoman Anna Langford, Chicago Commissioner Bobbi Steele, and Chicago Alderwoman Dorothy Tillman. The article concludes with vital implications for scholars of African descent who are developing theories about the politics of African American political leaders.
New Developments in Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for Geographic Information Systems

International copyright agreements are needed to protect the transborder flow and use of digital information. Legal protection for electronic databases, commonly used in geographic information systems, can be accomplished through unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral means. This essay will examine two multilateral approaches that aim to raise the level of intellectual property protection for databases
Differences in psychological health and family dysfunction by sexual victimization type in a clinical sample of African American adolescent women.

We examined levels of sexual victimization among a sample of 249 14‐ to 19‐year‐old African American adolescent women. Victimization was common: 32.1% reported having been raped, 33.7% had experienced sexual coercion, and 10.8% reported an attempted rape. Only 23.4% had never been victimized. We investigated whether levels of psychological health and family dysfunction varied as a function of the type of sexual victimization. Girls who had been raped had lower levels of self‐esteem and mastery and higher levels of depression compared to girls who reported no sexual victimization. Significantly higher levels of family cohesion and significantly lower levels of family support were reported by girls who had been raped versus girls who reported no sexual victimization. These findings are a starting point for future studies by providing evidence that levels of mental health and family dysfunction vary by the type of sexual victimization experienced.
Cytoplasmic Diversity in Old Domestic Varieties of Soybean Using Two Mitochondrial Markers

Modern soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars are derived from a limited number of plant introductions, which restricts germplasm diversity at both the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels. This study was conducted to use molecular techniques to assess the extent of cytoplasmic diversity available to soybean breeders. We have surveyed a collection of old domestic soybean varieties with a cloned 2.3 kilobase (kb) HindIII mitochondrial DNA fragment from the cultivar Williams 82 and tbe mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 6 (atp6) gene to determine sources of cytoplasmic diversity present within this collection. This strategy revealed unique mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms and polymorphism combinations. In several cases, the mtDNA polymorphisms provided a different classification than was predicted from recorded pedigrees. Variability was also detected among cultivars assigned the name Peking that were introduced independently into the USA soybean collection. The results of this survey coupled with previous studies can be used to define additional cytoplasmic groups in soybean.
Efficacy of seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccine against virus replication and transmission of a pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus in ferrets.

Abstract In March 2009, a swine origin influenza A (2009 H1N1) virus was introduced into the human population and quickly spread from North America to multiple continents. Human serologic studies suggest that seasonal influenza virus vaccination or infection would provide little cross-reactive serologic immunity to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus. However, the efficacy of seasonal influenza infection or vaccination against 2009 H1N1 virus replication and transmission has not been adequately evaluated in vivo . Here, ferrets received one or two doses of the US licensed 2008–2009 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) intranasally. An additional group of ferrets were inoculated with the A/Brisbane/59/07 (H1N1) virus to model immunity induced by seasonal influenza virus infection. All vaccinated and infected animals possessed high titer homologous hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies, with no demonstrable cross-reactive antibodies against 2009 H1N1 virus. However, in comparison to non-immune controls, immunized ferrets challenged with pandemic A/Mexico/4482/09 virus displayed a significant reduction in body temperature and virus shedding. The impact of single-dose LAIV inoculation on 2009 H1N1 disease and virus transmission was also measured in vaccinated ferrets that were challenged with pandemic A/Netherlands/1132/09 virus. Although a single dose of LAIV reduced virus shedding and the frequency of transmission following homologous seasonal virus challenge, it failed to reduce respiratory droplet transmission of 2009 H1N1 virus. The results demonstrate that prior immunization with seasonal LAIV or H1N1 virus infection provides some cross-protection against the 2009 H1N1 virus, but had no significant effect on the transmission efficiency of the 2009 H1N1 virus.
Pyramidotomy abolishes the abnormal movements evoked by intracortical microstimulation in adult rats that sustained neonatal cortical lesions

Unilateral sensorimotor cortical lesions in newborn rats result in the development of an anomalous ipsilateral corticospinal tract originating from the opposite unablated hemisphere. Intracortical microstimulation of the intact hemisphere in adult rats that sustained such lesions demonstrated a reduction in current threshold levels needed to evoke ipsilateral forelimb movements. Disruption of the low-threshold ipsilateral movements by medullary pyramidotomy as observed in the present study suggests that these movements were mediated by the anomalous ipsilateral corticospinal tract fibers which traverse the medullary pyramid.
Interactions for inelastic scattering derived from realistic potentials

An effective local interaction for inelastic scattering is derived by fitting the matrix elements of a sum of Yukawas and, for the tensor force, other closely related forms, to three selected sets of G-matrix elements. The ranges were selected to ensure OPEP tails in the relevant channels as well as a short-range part which simulates the “σ-exchange” process. Some of the implications of the various parts of the interaction are discussed in a distorted-wave context.
Application of the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Electrochemically Controlled Binding and Release of Chlorpromazine from Conductive Polymer Matrix

Abstract A new methodology has been applied to drug release studies. A conductive polymer film was used as a matrix for drug incorporation. The characterization of the polymer films has been obtained byin situmonitoring of the mass change by a quartz crystal microbalance in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with its excellent sensitivity allowed direct measurement of the amount of the drug released when the potential of the film was changed. New information on ion dynamics under thein situconditions was obtained. The release of a neuroleptic drug, chlorpromazine (CPZ), from a composite polypyrrole/melanin film upon electrical stimulation has been studied.
Cellular activation of the 72 kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex

Cellular activation of the 72 kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex. Members of the collagenase family of enzymes have been implicated as central mediators of a number of both physiologic and pathologic processes. The 72-kDa type IV collagenase is secreted as a latent proenzyme, complexed with tissue inhibitor of metalloprotein-ase-2 (TIMP-2). Like other members of the collagenase family, this enzyme complex must be converted to a catalytically active form for proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix to occur. In the current study we demonstrate an inducible cell-mediated activation of the 72-kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex. Isolation of the 62 kDa activated enzyme/TIMP-2 complex from conditioned media of concanavalin A treated WI-38 fibroblasts demonstrated that the cell activated species was proteolytically active and amino terminal sequencing gave the sequence YNFF. This is identical to that of the 62 kDa species generated following organomercurial activation of purified 72-kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex. We have also isolated biosynthetically 35 S-labeled 72-kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex and used this to further study the cellular activation process. In cell lines tested the activator was retained in the residual cell fraction following lysis in the presence of 0.2% (wt/vol) Brij-35. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that processing and activation of 72-kDa type IV procollagenase/TIMP-2 complex by the residual fraction was inhibited by 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.5 mM 1,10-phenanthroline demonstrating a metal atom dependence. The species responsible for activation could be partially recovered in soluble form with 0.5% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 and 0.25% (wt/vol) CHAPS but was not salt extractable. This cellular activation process differs from that demonstrated for interstitial collagenase in that it is not mediated by soluble factors and is not plasminogen activator/plasmin dependent.
Virtual Reality Disaster Training: Translation to Practice

Disaster training is crucial to the mitigation of both mortality and morbidity associated with disasters. Just as clinical practice needs to be grounded in evidence, effective disaster education is dependent upon the development and use of andragogic and pedagogic evidence. Educational research findings must be transformed into useable education strategies. Virtual reality simulation is a teaching methodology that has the potential to be a powerful educational tool. The purpose of this article is to translate research findings related to the use of virtual reality simulation in disaster training into education practice. The Ace Star Model serves as a valuable framework to translate the VRS teaching methodology and improve disaster training of healthcare professionals. Using the Ace Star Model as a framework to put evidence into practice, strategies for implementing a virtual reality simulation are addressed. Practice guidelines, implementation recommendations, integration to practice and evaluation are discussed. It is imperative that health educators provide more exemplars of how research evidence can be moved through the various stages of the model to advance practice and sustain learning outcomes.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VENTILATION-PERFUSION DISTRIBUTION, MULTIPLE INERT GAS METHODOLOGY AND METABOLIC BLOOD-GAS TENSIONS

The retention equations upon which the Multiple Inert Gas Method is based are derived from basic principles using elementary algebra. It is shown that widely disparate distributions produce indistinguishable sets of retentions. The limits of resolution of perfused compartments in the VA/Q distribution obtainable by the use of the multiple inert gas method are explored mathematically, and determined to be at most shunt and two alveolar compartments ("tripartite" distribution). Every continuous distribution studied produced retentions indistinguishable from those of its unique "matching" tripartite distribution. When a distribution is minimally specified, it is unique. Any additional specification (increased resolution--more compartments) of the distribution results in the existence of an infinitude of possible distributions characterized by indistinguishable sets of retention values. No further increase in resolution results from the use of more tracers. When sets of retention values were extracted from published multiple inert gas method continuous distributions, and compared with the published "measured" retention sets, substantial differences were found. This illustrates the potential errors incurred in the practical, in vivo application of the multiple inert gas method. In preliminary studies, the tripartite distribution could be determined with at least comparable accuracy by blood-gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) measurements.
BRIEF FAMILY‐FOCUSED INTERVENTION ON THE PEDIATRIC CANCER UNIT

Behavioral problems that frequently occur in pediatric cancer treatment settings, such as food refusal and the resistance to treatment, have been successfully treated utilizing family therapy techniques. The theoretical background that supports this mode of intervention and several case studies are presented.
Selenium Uptake into Teeth Determined by Fluorimetry

Selenium concentrations in successive layers of bovine incisor enamel showed no concentration gradient and no increase with age. Selenium was taken up into the continuously-growing rat incisor in proportion to the amount of selenium in the diet. A sensitive (~ 1 ng Se) and relatively simple fluorimetric method for determining selenium in small amounts of hard tissues is presented.
Flexural responses of grouped piles under dynamic loading

A simple approach to analyse the flexural vibration of grouped piles was developed. In this approach, a pile group is replaced by a single pile for the evaluation of the pile-head flexibility matrix. Parametric studies were conducted for various conditions of grouped piles. Various features of flexural vibration of pile groups were found. The charts presented in this paper enable quick estimations of dynamic group effects to be made in a manner similar to that widely used for the evaluation of static group effects.
CHAPTER 2: Fostering Creativity and Aesthetic Consciousness in Teachers

In the first section of this chapter, Blumenfeld-Jones critically explores the twin concepts of creativity and aesthetic consciousness by examining their conceptual and classic roots for the purpos...
Multimodal eyes-free exploration of maps: TIKISI for maps

Touch It, Key It, Speak It (Tikisi) is a software framework for accessible exploration of graphical information by vision impaired users. Multimodal input to Tikisi is through multitouch gestures, keystrokes, and spoken commands; output is generated speech. The key insight in Tikisi is the decoupling of input and output resolutions achieved by a virtual, variable-resolution grid overlaid on an application, which supports touch-based exploration of graphics at different levels of granularity. Using Tikisi For Maps, a vision impaired user can run a finger over a geographical map and issue commands to center, rescale, or zoom the map; to go to specific locations such as cities or states; to find features such as water/land boundaries; and to summarize contextual spatial information at a location. In this paper we describe the architecture and implementation of Tikisi and the capabilities of Tikisi For Maps. We discuss the results of a preliminary formative usability study carried out on the use of the system.
Evidence that prostaglandins do not have a role in the cytostatic action of antiinflammatory drugs

Abstract The following evidence suggests that the cytostatic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is not due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. First, measured cytostatic activity was not related to the reported ability of the drug to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. Indomethacin, for example, inhibited growth of rat hepatoma (HTC) cell cultures only at concentrations in excess of those reported to be required to inhibit prostoglandin (PG) synthetases. Compounds reported to have no or weak prostoglandin synthetase-inhibitory activity, such as salicylic acid and phenacetin, were cytostatic, whereas congeners of phenylbutazone, antipyrine and aminopyrine, which have been reported to retain some synthetase inhibitory activity, were not cytostatic. Second, the prostaglandins and arachidonic acid did not reverse the effects of indomethacin and, in high concentrations, also inhibited growth. The actions differed in that the inhibition by indomethacin was slow in onset (24 hr) and reversible, whereas that by PGA 1 and PGA 2 was apparent within 60 min and was irreversible. Third, no detectable prostaglandin synthesis was observed with the HTC cell cultures. Indomethacin did interfere with the incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid into the phospholipid fraction of the cells, but this action was not shared by the other anti-inflammatory drugs.
Mass Corrections to the Hyperfine Structure in Hydrogen

In a previous paper, a covariant wave equation for bound states was used to calculate corrections to fine structure. The techniques developed in that paper are extended here to the study of hyperfine structure (hfs) in the hydrogen atom. An expression is derived for corrections of relative order ($\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}m}{M}$) to the hfs splitting of any $S$-state of hydrogen, arising from the finite mass of the nucleus. The proton is considered as a point particle with an anomalous magnetic moment of the Pauli type in addition to its Dirac moment. It is shown that the corrections obtained with an unmodified Pauli moment diverge logarithmically, and a cut-off in momentum space is introduced. Numerical results are given for the limit of large cut-off momentum. It is shown that the leading terms, which involve $log(\frac{M}{m})$ as a factor, can also be obtained from a modified form of three-dimensional perturbation theory.
Uniformity of stably integral points on principally polarized abelian varieties of dimension ≤2

The purpose of this paper is to prove, assuming that the conjecture of Lang and Vojta holds true, that there is a uniform bound on the number of stably integral points in the complement of the theta divisor on a principally polarized abelian surface defined over a number field. Most of our argument works in arbitrary dimension and the restriction on the dimension ≤2 is used only at the last step, where we apply Pacelli’s stronger uniformity results for elliptic curves.
Cryogenic engineering in nuclear rocketry

Reasons for the importance of cryogenics in nuclear rocketry are reviewed. Nuclear rocket test facilities and associated cryogenic equipment are described. Typical cryogenic problems are discussed.
Accelerated neuromuscular development in the rat with prenatal exposure to nicotine.

Nicotine, administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats either throughout gestation or during two selective prenatal periods before or after muscular innervation (i.e. before or after gestational day 13), accelerated the maturation of developing nerve and muscle as viewed in 2-week-old offspring. Prenatal treatment of rats with nicotine (tartrate salt; 0.25 mg/kg twice a day; i.p.) induced marked changes in the contractile force and speed of the developing extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle when tested in situ on 14 to 15-day-old pups. In all nicotine treatment groups isometric twitch and tetanus half contraction durations were shorter than controls. Use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a biochemical indicator for cellular respiration, showed that totigestational nicotine administration increases cellular metabolic activity of EDL muscle. Hypertrophy of adrenal glands in these animals also was noted. While each of the three courses of nicotine administration accelerated muscle development and maturation, nicotine during the first half of prenatal development, prior to EDL muscle innervation, produced a more dramatic effect than nicotine during the second half of prenatal life.
Maritime component in aerosol optical models derived from Aerosol Robotic Network data

[1] Aerosol optical properties above the oceans vary considerably, depending on contributions of major aerosol components, i.e., urban/industrial pollution, desert dust, biomass burning, and maritime. The optical characterization of these aerosols is fundamental to the parameterization of radiative forcing models as well as to the atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery. We present a model of the maritime aerosol component derived using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data from three island locations: Bermuda (Atlantic Ocean), Lanai, Hawaii (Pacific Ocean), and Kaashidhoo, Maldives (Indian Ocean). To retrieve the maritime component, we have considered the data set with aerosol optical depth at a wavelength 500 nm less than 0.15 and Angstrom parameter α less than 1. The inferred maritime component in the columnar size distribution, which was found to be very similar for the three study sites, is bimodal with a fine mode at an effective radius (reff) ∼ 0.11–0.14 μm and a coarse mode reff of ∼1.8–2.1 μm. The results are comparable with size distributions reported in the literature. The refractive index is spectrally independent and estimated to be 1.37-0.001i (single-scattering albedo is about 0.98), based on the single-component homogenous particle composition assumption. Fractional contributions of the fine and coarse modes to the computed τa (500 nm) are within the range of τfine ∼ 0.03–0.05 and τcoarse ∼ 0.05–0.06 correspondingly. Angstrom parameters vary from ∼0.8 to 1.0 computed in the UV-visible (340–670 nm) and from 0.4 to 0.5 estimated in the near IR (870–2130 nm) spectral ranges. Aerosol phase functions are very similar for all three sites considered. The maritime aerosol component presented in this paper can serve as a candidate model in atmospheric correction algorithms.
A Bergman cyclization approach to polymers for thin-film lithography

A new polymer, poly(3,4-bis(phenylethynyl)styrene), has been synthesized that undergoes a Bergman reaction upon heating to yield a highly aromatic material. The occurrence of the cycloaromatization reaction is characterized through thermal analysis and absorption spectroscopy. The plasma etch resistance of the polymer has been measured by reactive ion etching (RIE) in sulfur hexafluoride and oxygen plasmas and is shown to be superior to other conventional organic plasma etch barriers.
A structured debate: immediate versus deferred androgen suppression in prostate cancer-evidence for deferred treatment.

Purpose: We present a structured debate supporting the premise that immediate hormonal intervention has not been conclusively shown to provide a survival advantage in the management of advanced prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The literature emphasizing randomized trials was reviewed. Recommendations are based solely on a demonstrated advantage in survival.Results: In patients with stage Tx Nx Mo or MI disease who did not receive other primary therapy there is no demonstrated survival advantage to immediate hormonal therapy. In men with positive lymph nodes who underwent radical prostatectomy a relatively small study showed a survival advantage in favor of immediate hormonal treatment compared to deferred treatment. This study did not reach the projected accrual of 240 patients and results have not been supported by other trials. In men with stages T2-4 Nx Mx disease who underwent primary treatment with radiotherapy a survival advantage for early hormonal therapy is primarily limited to high risk su...
Immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone-releasing factor in the rat hypothalamus.

The distribution of GRF-immunoreactive structures in the rat hypothalamus was studied after colchicine treatment with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry in vibratome sections. The majority of the GRF-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the arcuate nucleus and the medial perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus. Scattered cells were seen in the lateral basal hypothalamus, the medial and lateral portions of the ventromedial nucleus, and the dorsome-dial and paraventricular nuclei. Fibers from the perifornical cell bodies formed a fan-like projection to the median eminence, where a dense accumulation of GRF-containing processes and terminals was found. GRF terminals were located in the central regions of the median eminence. The localization of GRF-im-munoreactive structures in the hypothalamus and median eminence reinforces the view that GRF plays a physiological role in the regulation of pituitary function. (Endocrinology 114: 1082, 1984)
The effect of soybean phosphate and phytate content on iron bioavailability

Abstract To study the inhibitory effects of soybeans on nonheme iron absorption soybeans were grown in hydroponic culture and labelled intrinsically with radioactive iron. Culture conditions were adjusted to produce seeds with high, intermediate, and low phosphate and phytate content. No effect of phosphate/phytate content on iron absorption was observed in radioiron absorption studies in rats. Absorption tests in human volunteers comparing hydroponically cultured low phosphate/phytate beans with moderate phosphate and phytate beans also failed to demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect of the phosphate or phytate. These observations do not support the hypothesis that phytate is the factor in soybeans and soy protein products that reduces iron bioavailability.
Thriving in Academia: Understanding and Managing the Complexities of Faculty Work

In this paper, I will illustrate the changing nature and complexity of faculty employment in college and university settings. I will use existing higher education research to describe changes in fa...
Van Der Waals Epitaxy Versus Homoepitaxy of Low Temperature GaAs (111) Layers

In the design of GaAs devices, material selection for heteroepitaxy is limited due to the large amount of strain produced by lattice mismatch. To overcome this problem, a new growth method has been proposed called van der Waals Epitaxy (VDWE). This process attempts to decouple the interface through the growth of a van der Waals bonded crystal layer in-between the two materials with dissimilar lattice constants, thereby accommodating the lattice mismatch. Typical van der Waals materials such as GaSe, have hexagonal crystal structures and are grown with the c-axis perpendicular to the surface due to the nature of the bonding. These materials have a low surface energy and are not very reactive. In addition, they are only stable at relatively low temperatures. This poses two constraints to the growth of GaAs on GaSe. Initial experiments were done to investigate the possibility of growing GaAs (111) layers homoepitaxially at temperatures compatible with van der Waals crystals, with high crystallinity and a smooth surface. Twinned growth layers 1.7μm thick, were obtained at 350° C on a GaAs (111)B substrate using MBE. Further experiments looked at homoepitaxial growth on (111)A substrates and at slightly higher temperatures. These results were then compared to GaAs layers grown on GaSe layers in which nucleation occurs on a van der Waals surface as opposed to the covalently bonded GaAs substrate. The relative quality of the layers was analyzed using RHEED and TEM.
Impact of leakage current and electrolysis on FET flow control and pH changes in nanofluidic channels

We have fabricated multiple-internal-reflection Si infrared waveguides integrated with an array of nanochannels sealed with an optically transparent top cover. The channel walls consist of a thin layer of SiO2 for electrical insulation, and gate electrodes surround the channel sidewalls and bottom to manipulate their surface charge and ζ-potential in a fluidic field effect transistor (FET) configuration. This nanofluidic device is used to probe the transport of charged molecules (Alexa 488) and to measure the pH shift in nanochannels in response to an electrical potential applied to the gate. During gate biasing for FET operation, laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LS-CFM) is used to visualize the flow of fluorescent dye molecules (Alexa 488), and multiple internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MIR-FTIRS) is used to probe the characteristic vibrational modes of fluorescein pH indicator and measure the pH shift. The electroosmotic flow of Alexa 488 is accelerated in response to a negative gate bias, whereas its flow direction is reversed in response to a positive gate bias. We also measure that the pH of buffered electrolyte solutions shifts by as much as a pH unit upon applying the gate bias. With prolonged application of gate bias, however, we observe that the initial response in flow speed and direction as well as pH shift becomes reversed. We attribute these anomalous flow and pH shift characteristics to a leakage current that flows from the Si gate through the thermally grown SiO2 to the electrolyte solution.
LOCALLY SIERPINSKI JULIA SETS OF WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC ℘ FUNCTIONS

We define a locally Sierpinski Julia set to be a Julia set of an elliptic function which is a Sierpinski curve in each fundamental domain for the lattice. In order to construct examples, we give sufficient conditions on a lattice for which the corresponding Weierstrass elliptic ℘ function is locally connected and quadratic-like, and we use these results to prove the existence of locally Sierpinski Julia sets for certain elliptic functions. We give examples satisfying these conditions. We show this results in naturally occurring Sierpinski curves in the plane, sphere and torus as well.
Repurposing endogenous type I CRISPR-Cas systems for programmable gene repression

CRISPR-Cas systems have shown tremendous promise as heterologous tools for genome editing and transcriptional regulation. Because these RNA-directed immune systems are found in most prokaryotes, an opportunity exists to harness the endogenous systems as convenient tools in these organisms. Here, we report that the Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli can be co-opted for programmable transcriptional repression. We found that deletion of the signature cas3 gene converted this immune system into a programmable gene regulator capable of reversible gene silencing of heterologous and endogenous genes. Targeting promoter regions yielded the strongest repression, whereas targeting coding regions showed consistent strand bias. Furthermore, multi-targeting CRISPR arrays could generate complex phenotypes. This strategy offers a simple approach to convert many endogenous Type I systems into transcriptional regulators, thereby expanding the available toolkit for CRISPR-mediated genetic control while creating new opportunities for genome-wide screens and pathway engineering.
Will hydrologic restoration of Mississippi River riparian wetlands improve their critical biogeochemical functions

Abstract Riparian wetlands are essential components of the landscape, providing critical functions including buffers for floodwaters, wildlife habitat and improvement of surface water quality. Many riparian wetlands have been hydrologically disconnected from the Mississippi River by a vast system of levees, altering the ecosystem services provided by these riparian zones. Efforts are underway to restore these ecosystem services, however previous research demonstrated that the statutory requirements guiding wetland restoration do not adequately consider soil biogeochemical cycling. We examined soil properties and biogeochemical indicators of nitrogen cycling to assess soil recovery in a recently hydrologically restored riparian wetland. This restored wetland, reconnected with the river for approximately two years, was compared to a nearby reference wetland where the river connection has been constant. Seasonal measurements included bulk density, total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, microbial biomass nitrogen, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) and potential denitrification. There were significant differences found for nearly all measured soil properties with higher bulk density and lower total C, total N, microbial biomass, PMN and potential denitrification at the restored compared to the reference site. The PMN and potential denitrification at the restored site plots were 27–46% and 2% (respectively) of the values measured at the reference site. This clearly demonstrates that while the regulatory indicators of success are improving, some critical biogeochemical functions of the restored sites are significantly lower than the reference site two years after hydrologic restoration.
Functional interaction between dynein light chain and intermediate chain is required for mitotic spindle positioning

The role dynein light chain subunits play in cytoplasmic dynein function remains an open question. We demonstrate that incorporation of Dyn2, the LC8 homologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, into the...
Relationship of Thermodilution Cardiac Output to Metabolic Measurements and Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation

To determine the individual contributions of variables in the Fick equation to cardiac output, we simultaneously measured oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and thermodilution cardiac output (Qth) in 28 medical and surgical ICU patients. Patients were intubated and ventilated with the intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. VO2 and VCO2 (averaged over 3 min) were obtained from a metabolic cart. SvO2 was measured with fiberoptic reflectance oximetry (and COoximetry). Thirty-nine studies (average duration, 4.3 h) with 151 Qth measurements were performed. The relationships between Qth and VO2, Qth and VCO2, Qth and SvO2, and 1/Qth and SvO2, as well as between the sequential changes in these variables were analyzed by least squares linear regression. The ability of changes in the variables VO2, VCO2, and SvO2 to predict changes in Qth were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Qth was weakly related to VO2 (r = 0.45), VCO2 (r = 0.45), or SvO2 (r = 0.36). Changes in Qth were weakly related to changes in VCO2 (r = 0.40), and even less to changes in VO2 (r = 0.18) and SvO2 (r = 0.13). The areas under the ROC curves for increases in Qth > 10 percent were as follows: 0.66 for VCO2, 0.50 for VO2, and 0.55 for SvO2. The areas for decreases in Qth < 10 percent were as follows: 0.78 for VCO2, 0.65 for VO2, and 0.49 for SvO2. None of the above oximetry relationships were substantially altered by use of COoximetry venous oxygen saturations. We conclude that Qth cannot be predicted well solely from VO2, VCO2, or SvO2 nor can changes in Qth be predicted well solely from changes in VO2, VCO2, or SvO2. Of the metabolic variables, changes in VCO2 best predicted changes in Qth.
Testing a scaled pulsed modulator for an IEC neutron source into a resistive load

A 1/10th scaled prototype pulse modulator for an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) neutron source has been designed and tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The scaled prototype modulator is based on a solid-state Marx architecture and has an output voltage of 13 kV and an output current of 10 A. The modulator has a variable pulse width between 50 µs and 1 ms with ≪ 5% droop at all pulse widths. The modulator operates with a duty factor up to 5% and has a maximum pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz.
Proximate Landscapes of Economic Inclusion in Southeastern Pennsylvania

Although mainstream banking institutions offer a suite of benefits to patrons, the proportion of U.S. households that are unbanked and underbanked remains persistently high. This study examines the spatial relationship between alternative financial service providers (AFSPs) and banks and neighborhood demographics in southeastern Pennsylvania. Results from spatial regression analyses reveal that AFSPs are disproportionately located in close proximity to neighborhoods with comparatively lower levels of educational attainment and higher rates of subprime mortgage lending, whereas banks are disproportionately located in close proximity to neighborhoods with comparatively higher levels of income and educational attainment and a lower percentage of minority residents.
The effect of temporal stimulus characteristics in maintenance of the acoustic reflex.

In normal listeners, acoustic reflex decay (ARD) typically occurs for high- but not for low-frequency tones. In patients with acoustic neuromas, decay can be obtained at all frequencies, presumably due to poor neural synchrony. These observations have led us to hypothesize that resistance to decay is due to robust encoding of temporal fine structure of the eliciting stimulus. For a 4-kHz stimulus, ARD is reduced by sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM), a result attributed to the low-frequency pattern of SAM providing the temporal characteristics necessary to maintain the reflex. If this interpretation is correct, then further reductions in ARD should be seen for stimuli having temporal characteristics that even more closely resemble the neural response to low-frequency stimulus fine structure. On the other hand, if other perceptual qualities of a SAM tone are responsible for the effect (e.g., rate pitch), then manipulations of perceived sound quality, rather than temporal characteristics per se, should produce similar effects. The experiment reported here included a reference condition, (1) 5-kHz pure tone, and three "temporal" manipulations, composed of a 5-kHz tone multiplied by (2) a raised 100-Hz sinusoid, (3) a noise sample, lowpass filtered at 100 Hz, and (4) a half-wave rectified 100-Hz sinusoid. Additional conditions manipulated perceived pitch. These stimuli spanned 4.5–8 kHz, including a reference condition, (5) Gaussian noise, and a stimulus associated with a 100-Hz pitch, (6) iterated rippled noise. Results show the greatest reductions in ARD with the half-wave rectified stimulus, thought to most closely mimic the temporal characteristics of a low-frequency tone. Little or no reduction in ARD was associated with the iterated rippled noise, suggesting that perceived pitch does not play an important role in maintaining the acoustic reflex.
Phonemic Awareness Helps First Graders Invent Spellings and Third Graders Remember Correct Spellings.

The current study investigated the direct effects of phonemic awareness on spelling development and the relationship between phonemic awareness and the acquisition of orthographic representations of equivocal phonemes (i.e., phonemes with more than one rule-governed spelling), referred to as word-specific information. Phonemic awareness and word-specific information accounted for 54% of the variance in first-grade spelling scores and 70% of the variance in third-grade scores. The relationship between phonemic awareness changed from first grade to third grade, indicating that in first grade spelling is primarily a sequential encoding process whereas in third grade spelling relies more upon the use of memorized orthographic units. Scattergrams in both first and third grade supported the notion of phonemic awareness as a foundation for the development of word-specific information. Analyses of the spellings of children high and low in phonemic awareness also supported this finding. Phonemic awareness is a term that has begun to appear in the reading research literature within about the last decade. Phonemic awareness has been defined as "conscious access to the phonemic level of the speech stream and some ability to cognitively manipulate representations at this level" (Stanovich, 1986, p. 362). A substantial amount of evidence has begun to accumulate to indicate that a relationship exists between phonemic awareness and early reading ability (Bradley & Bryant, 1983; Juel, Griffith, & Gough, 1986; Lundberg, Frost, & Petersen, 1988; Stanovich, 1986; Tunmer, Herriman, & Nesdale, 1988). Less investigation has been done into the relationship between phonemic awareness and spelling ability, although at least one study found phonemic awareness to be a powerful, albeit indirect, factor in the growth of spelling ability in the first 2 years of schooling
HEAT EQUATIONS IN R ◊ C

Abstract Let p : C → R be a subharmonic, nonharmonic polynomial and τ ∈ R a parameter. Define Z ¯ τ p = ∂ ∂ z ¯ + τ ∂ p ∂ z ¯ , a closed, densely-defined operator on L 2 ( C ) . If □ τ p = Z ¯ τ p Z ¯ τ p ∗ and τ > 0 , we solve the heat equation ∂ u ∂ s + □ τ p u = 0 , u ( 0 , z ) = f ( z ) , on ( 0 , ∞ ) × C . The solution comes via the heat semigroup e − s □ τ p , and we show that u ( s , z ) = e − s □ τ p [ f ] ( z ) = ∫ C H τ p ( s , z , w ) f ( w ) d w . We prove that H τ p is C ∞ off the diagonal { ( s , z , w ) : s = 0 and z = w } and that H τ p and its derivatives have exponential decay. In particular, we give new estimates for the long time behavior of the heat equation.
Climate shapes the novel plant communities that form after deforestation in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands

Abstract Environmental and past land use controls on tree species assemblages on the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands were characterized to determine whether biophysical factors or land-use history has been more important in determining the species composition of secondary tropical forests after large-scale forest clearing for agriculture, widespread species introduction, and landscape-scale forest fragmentation. Post-deforestation, secondary forest assemblages are comprehensively described, both as broad general assemblages and island-specific variations by calculating species importance values from forest inventory data. Hierarchical clustering and indicator species analysis defined species assemblages, and then correlations between species assemblages and environmental variables were explored with non-metric multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance and χ 2 testing. These assemblages are arrayed along environmental gradients of decreasing spring moisture stress, decreasing maximum temperatures, and increasing minimum temperatures. Land-use history is not as important to determining variation in species composition across climatic zones, although several species assemblages are associated with certain geology types or land-use histories. Naturalized tree species are prominent in these secondary forests and contribute to the formation of some novel assemblages, but native late and early successional species also colonize former agricultural land, all influenced by the degree of disturbance. We conclude that environmental factors have an overarching effect on forest species composition across the broader range of climatic, geologic and topographic conditions and larger geographic scales, while land-use history influences subtropical secondary forest species assemblages within a specific climatic zone or set of relatively narrow environmental conditions.
Genetic network driven control of PHBV copolymer composition

We developed a detailed mathematical model describing the coupling between the molecular weight distribution dynamics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) copolymer chains with those of hydroxybutyrate (HB) and hydroxyvalerate (HV) monomer formation. Sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that both the monomer composition and the molecular weight distribution of the copolymer chains are strongly affected by the ratio between the rates at which the two-monomer units are incorporated into the chains. This ratio depends on the relative HB and HV availability, which in turn is a function of the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze monomer formation. Regulation of gene expression was accomplished through the aid of an artificial genetic network, the patterns of expression of which can be controlled by appropriately tuning the concentration of an extracellular inducer. Extensive simulations were used to study the effects of operating conditions and parameter uncertainties on the range of achievable copolymer compositions. Since the predicted conditions fell in the range of feasible bioprocessing manipulations, it is expected that such strategy could be successfully employed. Thus, the presented model constitutes a powerful tool for designing genetic networks that can drive the formation of PHBV copolymer structures with desirable characteristics.
Assessment of the influence of the patient’s inflammatory state on the accuracy of a haptoglobin selected reaction monitoring assay

Background The use of targeted LC-MS/MS methods for protein quantitation in clinical laboratories implies a careful evaluation of potential sources of analytical interference. In this study, we investigated whether inflammation, which is associated with both the release of proteolytic enzymes and increased expression of acute phase protease inhibitors, is affecting the accuracy of a haptoglobin selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assay.
Cohesion, Alliance, and Outcome in Group Psychotherapy: Comments on Joyce, Piper, & Ogrodniczuk (2007)

(2007). Cohesion, Alliance, and Outcome in Group Psychotherapy: Comments on Joyce, Piper, & Ogrodniczuk (2007) International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 533-540.
Determinants of a Sense of Mastery in African American and White Older Adults

Objectives. This study compares determinants of a sense of mastery in African American and White older adults. Methods. The association between predictor variables (sociodemographic variables, health conditions, social resources, and religiosity) and feelings of mastery was assessed by using representative community-dwelling samples of 250 African American (mean age ¼ 71:6) and 452 White (mean age ¼ 73:0) older adults. Results. African American older adults had a lower sense of mastery than White older adults. Significant modification by race was found in the associations of age, self-rated health, and religiosity with feelings of mastery. The negative effects of old age and poor health on feelings of mastery were stronger in the White sample, whereas the positive effect of religiosity on feelings of mastery was observed only in the African American sample. Discussion. Although African American older adults had a lower sense of mastery than Whites, their feelings of mastery were less likely to be diminished by old age and poor health and more likely to be enhanced by religiosity. Possible explanations for cross-racial differences are discussed, as are implications.