cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating noise when comparing satellite and acoustic remote sensing data

Using a novel combination of NASA satellite products and acoustic remote sensing measurements, we aim to examine the link between the surface expression and vertical structure of ocean productivity and biomass in the California Current System. Water column sonar data collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service for fisheries management have been archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. These data are used to evaluate the variability of the marine biogeography. To identify patterns of acoustic reflectance of marine organisms, the data must first be free of noise and seafloor acoustic returns. However, removing the variety of noise present has proved to be a challenge due to need for manual tuning, a resource prohibitive step, and the size and complexity of the acoustic data. Collaboration with the University of Colorado’s Earth Lab has led to the development of machine learning models to automatically remove noise from this large dataset. An analysis of the fully automated, semi-manual, and machine learning quality control processes will be presented. The cleaned acoustic data are then compared to the interannual variability of the distribution of surface chlorophyll concentration and temperature from satellite ocean color measurements. Using a novel combination of NASA satellite products and acoustic remote sensing measurements, we aim to examine the link between the surface expression and vertical structure of ocean productivity and biomass in the California Current System. Water column sonar data collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service for fisheries management have been archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. These data are used to evaluate the variability of the marine biogeography. To identify patterns of acoustic reflectance of marine organisms, the data must first be free of noise and seafloor acoustic returns. However, removing the variety of noise present has proved to be a challenge due to need for manual tuning, a resource prohibitive step, and the size and complexity of the acoustic data. Collaboration with the University of Colorado’s Earth Lab has led to the development of machine learning models to automatically remove noise from this large dataset. An analysis of the fully automated...
Natural History Museums May Enhance Youth's Implicit Connectedness with Nature

Abstract The present research examines the impact of visiting natural history museums on implicit connectedness with nature among youth. FlexiTwins, a computer-based game version of the Implicit As...
Why do you use Yelp? Analysis of factors influencing customers’ website adoption and dining behavior

Abstract The number of review websites has increased within the past years since more people rely on online reviews to help their decision-making process. Previous studies have either focused on the attributes of the content posted on review websites (i.e., reviews) or customers’ behavior concerning their selection of review website on which to post reviews. This study, however, extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate the factors that influence individuals’ restaurant review website adoption behaviors to read reviews and make dining decisions. In addition, this study will look at the differences in individuals’ perceptions of various restaurant review websites (i.e., Yelp vs. others). The findings revealed the role of influential factors on individuals’ review website adoption and dining decisions as well as the differences in proposed structural relationships among various restaurant review websites.
Identifying Anxiety and Depression in Youth with Epilepsy (P3.216)

Objective: To assess risk factors for depression and anxiety in a large, clinic-referred sample of youth with epilepsy. Background: Depression and anxiety are common comorbidities among youth with epilepsy, and are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Symptoms of depression and anxiety can complicate treatment of epilepsy and can have a greater effect on quality of life than seizures themselves. Design/Methods: Youth with epilepsy (N=200), ages 5–18 years, who were referred for comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation due to behavioral or learning problems comprised the sample. As part of the test battery, parents and teachers completed a broadband behavior rating scale (BASC-2) that included assessment of internalizing symptoms. Behavior rating scale data, seizure characteristics, and demographic information were obtained via archival record review. Parent and teacher report were compared via mixed model approach. Results: Parents reported higher levels of anxiety (p=0.0182) and depression (p=0.0519) for youth with epilepsy compared to teacher report, irrespective of seizure type (partial, generalized, or unclassified). Parents also reported higher rates of anxiety for females compared to males (p=0.0125). No gender differences were found for depression, according to both parent and teacher report. Number of anti-epilepsy drugs prescribed demonstrated a significant, positive association with symptoms of anxiety (p=0.0110) and depression (p=0.0156), according to parent report. Duration of time living with epilepsy demonstrated a significant, inverse association with depression (p=0.0421), according to parent report. Conclusions: No gender differences were found for depression among youth with epilepsy, whereas females are at particular risk for anxiety. Polypharmacy increases the risk of depression and anxiety for males and females. Males and females also are at increased risk for depression during the early stages of treatment for epilepsy, perhaps reflecting a difficult adjustment to chronic illness. These findings identify risk factors and critical periods that warrant screening for internalizing problems in youth with epilepsy. Disclosure: Dr. Lally has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kral has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boan has nothing to disclose.
Habitat conservation banking trends in the United States

Habitat conservation banking is often identified as a policy instrument for conserving endangered species on private lands in the United States. In this paper, we analyze the trends and the characteristics of habitat conservation bank credit supply and demand. We find 137 conservation banks conserving some 153,000 acres of land. About 66% of conservation credits were sold by private companies and credit price ranges between $1505 and $205,055 per credit in constant 2015 dollars. We observe that large urban areas have relatively high demand for conservation credits and that habitat conservation banking has become a business.
Analyzing the Similarity-Based Clusterability of the Vertices in a Complex Network

We propose an approach to quantify the extent to which vertices in a complex network are clusterable on the basis of the similarity of the values with respect to two or more node-level metrics. We use the Hopkins Statistic to assess the clusterability and consider the centrality metrics as the node-level metrics. Our approach is to construct a logical topology of the vertices in the complex network using the normalized values of the centrality metrics as coordinates and determine the Hopkins Statistic for such a logical topology of the vertices. Our hypothesis is that if two or more vertices in a complex network have similar values for the centrality metrics, then the vertices should be clusterable to one or more clusters due to their proximity to each other in the normalized centrality-based coordinate system. The value for the Hopkins Statistic measure (ranges from 0 to 1) for such a logical topology of the vertices should be high, and vice-versa. We evaluate the Hopkins Statistic for 47 real-world complex networks (of diverse degree distributions) with respect to the neighborhood-based and shortest path-based centrality metrics. We observe the neighborhood centrality-based logical topologies of the vertices to incur relatively larger Hopkins Statistic values (i.e., exhibit higher similarity-based clusterability) for a majority of the networks.
The role of environmental exposures and the epigenome in health and disease.

The genetic material of every organism exists within the context of regulatory networks that govern gene expression, collectively called the epigenome. Epigenetics has taken center stage in the study of diseases such as cancer and diabetes, but its integration into the field of environmental health is still emerging. As the Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EMGS) celebrates its 50th Anniversary this year, we have come together to review and summarize the seminal advances in the field of environmental epigenomics. Specifically, we focus on the role epigenetics may play in multigenerational and transgenerational transmission of environmentally induced health effects. We also summarize state of the art techniques for evaluating the epigenome, environmental epigenetic analysis, and the emerging field of epigenome editing. Finally, we evaluate transposon epigenetics as they relate to environmental exposures and explore the role of noncoding RNA as biomarkers of environmental exposures. Although the field has advanced over the past several decades, including being recognized by EMGS with its own Special Interest Group, recently renamed Epigenomics, we are excited about the opportunities for environmental epigenetic science in the next 50 years. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:176-192, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Diabetes on the Protective Role of FOXO1 in Wound Healing

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels. It is projected that by 2025 there will be 300 million people afflicted with diabetes worldwide (Kaul et al. 2012). There are numbers of complications caused by diabetes, including increased heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and delayed wound healing. Diabetes affects the oral cavity by increasing the prevalence of caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, implantitis, fibromas, and traumatic ulcers (Guggenheimer et al. 2000). Chronic diabetic wounds affect up to one-fourth of diabetic patients (Eming et al. 2014), and oral soft tissue lesions are twice as prevalent (Guggenheimer et al. 2000). A number of factors may contribute to impaired healing in diabetics, such as increased blood glucose levels that cause metabolic distress at the cellular level, greater formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that form as a result of increased glucose, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, and elevated oxidative stress (Hameedaldeen et al. 2014).
Scenario-based Private/Instrument Syllabus versus Traditional Maneuver-Based Syllabi::A Preliminary Descriptive Analysis

In 2003, the Aerospace Department at Middle Tennessee State University and the NASA Langley Research Center agreed to cooperate on the SATS Aerospace Flight Education Research (SAFER) project. The project is part of NASA's Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) initiative. SATS envisions high-tech light aircraft flying from smaller, underutilized airports moving both passengers and cargo. Middle Tennessee State University's (MTSU) Aerospace Department wanted to explore how SATS would impact flight training. The SAFER project seeks to determine how to educate the next generation of pilots in the next generation of aircraft. Beginning pilots complete their initial Visual Flight and Instrument Flight in advanced aircraft. Data from these aircraft can be used in scenario-based training, so SAFER researchers decided to use scenario-based syllabi rather than maneuver-based ones. Early results from this project show that basic piloting skills are being mastered using the scenario-based model and that decision-making skills are being increased.
Evaluation of the suitability of Fe40Co30Ni30 as a precursor for Fe-rich FeCoNi-based high-entropy semi-hard magnets

Abstract We evaluated the suitability of Fe40Co30Ni30 as a precursor for Fe-rich FeCoNi-based high-entropy semi-hard magnets. Mechanically alloying the metal powders 40 at.% Fe, 30 at.% Co, and 30 at.% Ni for 12 h effected micron-size Fe40Co30Ni30 powder comprised of nanocrystalline γ phase. Fe40Co30Ni30 evinced semi-hard magnetic properties at room-temperature—saturation magnetization (MS) ~146 Am2/kg and intrinsic coercivity (HCI) ~4.30 kA/m—as well as at below-room-temperatures. The MS at 0 K, μH, and HCI at 0 K were estimated as ~155 Am2/kg, ~1.60 μB, and ~7 kA/m, respectively. Alloy powders after thermal-treatment exhibited tunable semi-hard magnetic behavior at below-room temperatures and room temperature; their magnetic properties were comparable to certain commercial semi-hard magnets. The weighted Euclidean distance-based approach of decision-making proposed the Fe-rich FeCoNi medium-entropy alloy—Fe40Co30Ni30—as a favorable precursor, having an optimal combination of properties, for designing and fabricating novel FeCoNi-based high-entropy semi-hard magnets.
Trends in utilization, mortality, and resource use after implantation of left ventricular assist devices in the United States.

Abstract Objectives Adoption of implantable left ventricular assist devices has dramatically improved survival and quality of life in suitable patients with end-stage heart failure. In the era of value-based healthcare delivery, assessment of clinical outcomes and resource use associated with left ventricular assist devices is warranted. Methods Adult patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation from 2008 to 2016 were identified using the National Inpatient Sample. Hospitals were designated as low-volume, medium-volume, or high-volume institutions based on annual institutional left ventricular assist device case volume. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate adjusted odds of mortality across left ventricular assist device volume tertiles. Results Over the study period, an estimated 23,972 patients underwent left ventricular assist device implantation with an approximately 3-fold increase in the number of annual left ventricular assist device implantations performed (P for trend Conclusions Left ventricular assist device use has rapidly increased in the United States with a concomitant reduction in mortality and morbidity. With maturation of left ventricular assist device technology and increasing experience, volume-related variation in mortality and resource use has diminished. Whether the apparent uniformity in outcomes is related to patient selection or hospital quality deserves further investigation.
Particle Based Model for Airborne Disease Transmission

Executive Summary Prior literature documents cases of airborne infectious disease transmission at distances ranging from ≥ 2 m to inter-continental in scale. Physics- and biology- based models describe the key aspects of these airborne disease transmission events, but important gaps remain. This report extends current approaches by developing a new, single-particle based theory that (a) assesses the likelihood of rare airborne infections (where individuals inhale either one or no infectious particles) and (b) explicitly accounts for the variability in airborne exposures and population susceptibilities within a geographic region of interest. For these hazards, airborne particle fate and transport is independent of particulate concentration, and so results for complex releases can be determined from the results of many single-particle releases. This work is intended to provide context for both (a) the initial stages of a disease outbreak and (b) larger scale (≥ 2 m) disease spread, including distant disease “sparks” (low probability, unexpected disease transmission events that infect remote, susceptible populations). The physics of airborne particulate dispersion inherently constrains airborne disease transmission. As such, this work suggests results that, a priori, may be applicable to many airborne diseases. Model Predictions Modeling predictions of the single-particle transmission kernel suggest that outdoor airborne disease transmission events may occur episodically as the infection probabilities can vary over many orders of magnitude depending on the distance downwind; specific virus, prion, or microorganism; and meteorological conditions. Model results suggest that, under the right conditions, an indoor infected person could spread disease to a similar, or greater, number of people downwind than in the building they occupy. However, the downwind, per-person infection probability is predicted to be lower than the within-building, per-person infection probability. This finding is limited to airborne transmission considerations. This work suggests a new relative disease probability metric for airborne transmitted diseases. This metric, which is distinct from the traditional relative risk metric, is applicable when the rate at which the infectious agent losses infectivity in the atmosphere is ≲ 1 h-1.
The Conscious Brain

Using recent work on neuroscience, this chapter discusses the nature and limitations of the conscious parts of the human brain. It stresses the role of interpretation, stories, fabulation, and self-deception in how the conscious brain works given that so much of what goes on in the brain and body is not open to consciousness.
Constraining Explosion Type of Young Supernova Remnants Using 24 Micron Emission Morphology

Determination of the explosion type of supernova remnants (SNRs) can be challenging, as SNRs are hundreds to thousands of years old and supernovae (SNe) are classified based on spectral properties days after explosion. Previous studies of thermal X-ray emission from Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) SNRs have shown that Type Ia and core-collapse (CC) SNRs have statistically different symmetries, and thus these sources can be typed based on their X-ray morphologies. In this paper, we extend the same technique, a multipole expansion technique using power ratios, to infrared (IR) images of SNRs to test whether they can be typed using the symmetry of their warm dust emission as well. We analyzed archival Spitzer Space Telescope Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) 24 micron observations of the previously used X-ray sample, and we find that the two classes of SNRs separate according to their IR morphologies. The Type Ia SNRs are statistically more circular and mirror symmetric than the CC SNRs, likely due to the different circumstellar environments and explosion geometries of the progenitors. Broadly, our work indicates that the IR emission retains information of the explosive origins of the SNR and offers a new method to type SNRs based on IR morphology.
Dark Matter and Cosmology: CDM with a Cosmological Constant ($\Lambda$CDM) vs. CDM with Hot Dark Matter (CHDM)

Here we discuss what are perhaps the two most popular variants of CDM that might agree with the data: \lcdm\ and CHDM. While the predictions of COBE-normalized \lcdm\ and CHDM both agree well with the available data on scales of $\sim 10$ to $100 \hMpc$, each has potential virtues and defects. \lcdm\ with $\Omega_0 \sim 0.3$ has the possible virtue of allowing a higher expansion rate $H_0$ for a given cosmic age $t_0$, but the defect of predicting too much fluctuation power on small scales. CHDM has less power on small scales, so its predictions appear to be in good agreement with data on the galaxy distribution, but it remains to be seen whether it predicts early enough galaxy formation to be compatible with the latest high-redshift data. Also, two very recent observational results favor high cosmic density, and thus favor $\Omega=1$ models such as CHDM over \lcdm\ --- (1) the positive deceleration parameter $q_0>0$ measured using high-redshift Type Ia supernovae, and (2) the low primordial deuterium/hydrogen ratio measured in two different quasar absorption spectra. We try to identify ``best'' variants of both \lcdm\ and CHDM, and discuss critical observational tests for both models.
Applying focused ethnographic methods: examining implications of intracultural diversity for nutrition interventions

This paper examines the implications of intracultural difference for the design and implementation of nutrition interventions. It raises the question of whether small-sample, mixed-method implementation research, using a focused ethnographic approach, has sufficient power to detect meaningful differences in cultural beliefs, values, perceptions, and attitudes that are important for the design and implementation of nutrition interventions. It first presents the theoretical framework that was used to guide the research, followed by a description of the methodology of the Focused Ethnographic Study for Infant and Young Child Feeding. It then uses the findings from recent research in Ghana to address the central question. The findings document strong elements of shared cultural consensus, but intracultural differences of importance, in relation to the planning and content of behavior change communication.
Two ATAF transcription factors ANAC102 and ATAF1 contribute to the suppression of cytochrome P450‐mediated brassinosteroid catabolism in Arabidopsis

PHYB ACTIVATION TAGGED SUPPRESSOR 1 (BAS1) and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYB-4 7 (SOB7) are two cytochrome P450 enzymes that inactivate brassinosteroids (BRs) in Arabidopsis. The NAC transcription factor (TF) ATAF2 (ANAC081) and the core circadian clock regulator CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) both suppress the expression of BAS1 and SOB7 via direct promoter binding. Additionally, BRs cause feedback suppression on ATAF2 expression. Here, we report that two ATAF-subgroup TFs, ANAC102 and ATAF1 (ANAC002), also contribute to the transcriptional suppression of BAS1 and SOB7. ANAC102 and ATAF1 gene-knockout mutants exhibit elevated expression of both BAS1 and SOB7, expanded tissue-level accumulation of their protein products and reduced hypocotyl growth in response to exogenous BR treatments. Similar to ATAF2, both ANAC102 and ATAF1 are transcriptionally suppressed by BRs and white light. Neither BAS1 nor SOB7 expression is further elevated in ATAF double or triple mutants, suggesting that the suppression effect of these three ATAFs is not additive. In addition, ATAF single, double, and triple mutants have similar levels of BR responsiveness with regard to hypocotyl elongation. ATAF2, ANAC102, ATAF1, and CCA1 physically interact with itself and each other, suggesting that they may coordinately suppress BAS1 and SOB7 expression via protein-protein interactions. Despite the absence of CCA1-binding elements in their promoters, ANAC102 and ATAF1 have similar transcript circadian oscillation patterns as that of CCA1, suggesting that these two ATAF genes may be indirectly regulated by the circadian clock.
Long noncoding RNAs’ involvement in comprehensive development of Gossypium species

Abstract Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), transcripts of more than 200 bp with no protein-coding properties, have now become an important part of gene regulatory networks. Classified among the subclasses such as long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), natural antisense transcripts (NATs), overlapping lncRNAs (OT-lncRNAs), and intronic noncoding RNAs (incRNAs), lncRNAs are overall shown to be involved in various biological processes. In cotton, one of the important commercial crops with unique seed trichomes, normal fiber development as well as abiotic and biotic stress are an important factor affecting the crop quality and yield. Recently, the lncRNAs are shown to be playing an important role in fiber development, abiotic stress such as salt and drought stress, and biotic stress such as resistance against Verticillium dahliae. Apart from this, lncRNAs are also contributing to the plasticity of plants due to their neofunctionalization event in due course of cotton evolution. Here, we are summarizing the lncRNAs-related advances made by the cotton research community in the postgenomic era.
The derepression of transposable elements in lung cells is associated with the inflammatory response and gene activation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive sequences of viral origin that compose almost half of the human genome. These elements are tightly controlled within cells, and if activated, they can cause changes in both gene regulation and immune viral responses that have been associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. As oxidants are potent activators of TEs, and because oxidative injury is a major risk factor in relation to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we hypothesized that TEs might be involved in the regulation of gene expression and so contribute to inflammation in cases of IPF. IPF is a fatal lung disease that involves the gradual replacement of the alveolar tissue with fibrotic scars as well as the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lower respiratory tract. Although IPF is known to occur as a result of the complex interaction between age, environmental risk factors (i.e., oxidative stress) and genetics, the relative contributions of these factors to the disease remain unclear. To determine whether TEs are associated with IPF, we compared the transcriptional profiles of the genes and TEs of lung cells obtained from both healthy donors and IPF patients. We quantified TE and gene expression levels using a published bulk RNA-seq dataset containing 24 subjects (16 donors and eight IPF patients), including three lung-cell types per subject, as well as an scRNA-seq dataset concerning 16 subjects (eight donors and eight IPF patients). We found evidence of TE dysregulation in the alveolar type II lung cells and alveolar macrophages of the IPF patients. In addition, the activation of the LINE1 family of elements in IPF is associated with the increased expression of TE cellular regulators (MOV10, IFI16, SAMHD1, and APOBECG3), interferon-stimulating genes (ISG15, IFI6, IFI27, IFI44, and OAS1), chemokines (CX3CL1 and CXCL9), and interleukins (IL15RA). We also propose that TE derepression might be involved in the regulation of previously reported IPF candidate genes (MUC5B, CHL1, SPP1, and MMP7). Based on our findings, we propose that TE derepression plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and can also prompt both the recruitment of inflammatory processes and the disruption of the immunological balance, which can lead to chronic inflammation in IPF.
Ensemble effects on allylic oxidation within explicit solvation environments.

Umbrella-sampling density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) has been employed to study the full catalytic cycle of the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene using a Cu(II) 7-amino-6-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)quinoxalin-2-ol complex in acetonitrile to create cyclohexenone and H2O as products. After the initial H-atom abstraction step, two different reaction pathways have been identified that are distinguished by the participation of alkyl hydroperoxide (referred to as the “open” cycle) versus the methanol side-product (referred to as the “closed” cycle) within the catalyst recovery process. Importantly, both pathways involve dehydrogenation and re-hydrogenation of the –NH2 group bound to the Cu-site – a feature that is revealed from the ensemble sampling of configurations of the reactive species that are stabilized within the explicit solvent environment of the simulation. Estimation of the energy span from the experimental turnover frequency yields an approximate value of 22.7 kcal mol−1 at 350 K. Whereas the closed cycle value is predicted to be 26.2 kcal mol−1, the open cycle value at 16.5 kcal mol−1. Both pathways are further consistent with the equilibrium between Cu(II) and Cu(III) that has previously been observed. In comparison to prior static DFT calculations, the ensemble of both solute and solvent configurations has helped to reveal a breadth of processes that underpin the full catalytic cycle yielding a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of radical reactions and catalysis recovery.
Improving Pediatric Readiness and Clinical Care in General Emergency Departments: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective To evaluate the impact of a collaborative initiative between general emergency departments (EDs) and the pediatric academic medical center on the process of clinical care in a group of general EDs. Study design This retrospective cohort study assessed the process of clinical care delivered to critically ill children presenting to 3 general EDs. Our previous multifaceted intervention included the following components: postsimulation debriefing, designation of a pediatric champion, customized performance reports, pediatric resources toolkit, and ongoing interactions. Five pediatric emergency care physicians conducted chart reviews and scored encounters using the Pediatric Emergency Care Research Network’s Quality of Care Implicit Review Instrument, which assigns scores between 5 and 35 across 5 domains. In addition, safety metrics were collected for medication, imaging, and laboratory orders. Results A total of 179 ED encounters were reviewed, including 103 preintervention and 76 postintervention encounters, with an improvement in mean total quality score from 23.30 (SD 5.1) to 24.80 (4.0). In the domain of physician initial treatment plan and initial orders, scores increased from a mean of 4.18 (0.13) to 4.61 (0.15). In the category of safety, administration of wrong medications decreased from 28.2% to 11.8% after the intervention. Conclusion A multifaceted collaborative initiative involving simulation and enhanced pediatric readiness was associated with improvement in the processes of care in general EDs. This work provides evidence that innovative collaborations between academic medical centers and general EDs may serve as an effective strategy to improve pediatric care.
"The Smartest Decision for My Future": Social Media Reveals Challenges and Stress During Post-College Life Transition

The post-college transition is a critical period where individuals experience unique challenges and stress before, during, and after graduation. Individuals often use social media to discuss and share information, advice, and support related to post-college challenges in online communities. These communities are important as they fill gaps in institutional support between college and post-college plans. We empirically study the challenges and stress expressed on social media around this transition as students graduate college and move into emerging adulthood. We assembled a dataset of about 299,000 Reddit posts between 2008 and 2020 about the post-college transition from 10 subreddits. We extracted top concerns, challenges, and conversation points using unsupervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Then, we combined the results of LDA with binary transfer learning to identify stress expressions in the dataset (classifier performance at F1=0.94). Finally, we explore temporal patterns in stress expressions, and the variance of per-topic stress levels throughout the year. Our work highlights more deliberate and focused understanding of the post-college transition, as well as useful research and design impacts to study transient cohorts in need of support.
Methanol from CO + H2

The industrial production of methanol from CO and H2 on metal oxide or metal catalysts is known since the early twenties (for a review see Falbe, 1977). Soon, it was recognized that iron should be eliminated from the catalyst formulations, since carburization led to desactivation of the catalyst, and to the formation of methane instead of methanol (cf. Chap. 7). The most important catalyst of the early times, and up to the late fifties, was ZnO/Cr2O3. The synthesis works at 250–350 atm and 300–400 °C. It had been noticed early that copper containing catalysts permit the synthesis to be carried out at considerably lower pressure and temperature, but these catalysts are extremely sensitive to sulfur impurities in the feed gas. Thus, 30 ppm H2S can be tolerated with Cr/Zn catalysts, whereas less than 1 ppm is required for Cu/Zn. The actual success of the latter catalysts is due to important improvements in the purification of the synthesis gas. Values of ≦0.1 ppm H2S can be achieved today, warranting a catalyst lifetime of over three years. The Cu/Zn catalyst requires some 2% of CO2 in the gas feed for optimum results (Klier et al., 1982). Copper (I) has been discerned as the active species (see Sect. 8.4). At CO2 concentrations < 2% the catalyst tends to become deactivated by over-reduction, and at higher concentrations strong adsorption of CO2 retards the synthesis. The low pressure Cu/Zn process (50–100 atm, 220–270 °C) appears to be the preferred one now, for evident reasons with regard to energy consumption. But the high pressure process is still important where sulfur (and other) impurities are a problem.
Metachronous Bilateral Testicular Leydig-Like Tumors Leading to the Diagnosis of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome)

A 33-year-old male with a history of left testis Leydig cell tumor (LCT), 3-month status after left radical orchiectomy, presented with a rapidly enlarging (0.6 cm to 3.7 cm) right testicular mass. He underwent a right radical orchiectomy, sections interpreted as showing a similar Leydig cell-like oncocytic proliferation, with a differential diagnosis including metachronous bilateral LCT and metachronous bilateral testicular tumors associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (a.k.a. “testicular adrenal rest tumors” (TARTs) and “testicular tumors of the adrenogenital syndrome” (TTAGS)). Additional workup demonstrated a markedly elevated serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and elevated adrenal precursor steroid levels. He was diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3BHSD) type, and started on treatment. Metachronous bilateral testicular masses in adults should prompt consideration of adult presentation of CAH. Since all untreated CAH patients are expected to have elevated serum ACTH, formal exclusion of CAH prior to surgical resection of a testicular Leydig-like proliferation could be accomplished by screening for elevated serum ACTH.
Review of the epidemiology and infection control aspects of nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalised horses

Summary Outbreaks of nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalised horses can occur when surveillance and infection control protocols are not in place, or not well structured and enforced. The aim of this article is to present a review of published studies that have contributed to the literature of the epidemiology and infection control aspects of nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalised horses. The review highlights important elements that must be taken into consideration during the formulation, implementation and evaluation of a hospital surveillance and infection control programme designed to reduce the risk of an outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella infection in hospitalised horses.
Preliminary Thoughts on Introducing Structs to SIDL/Babel: White Paper

In the past 6 months, there has been increased interest in adding something analogous to C structs to the SIDL language and the Babel language interoperability tool [2, 6]. In particular, Rob Armstrong, of the Common Component Architecture [4], said the lack of structs ''is an oft-cited reason that people can't use Babel.'' Because the interest is high and lack of structs is a barrier to Babel adoption, we must carefully consider the current work around, the motivations for structs, the implications of adding structs, and the alternatives for structs in SIDL/Babel. This document provides the background necessary for a discussion of structs in SIDL/Babel. For the purposes of this document, I am going to call the potential new language feature a SIDL struct. The SIDL struct is analogous to a C struct, a Pascal record, or a Fortran 90 (F90) derived data type. It is a collection of data with no methods or behavior associated with it. Each element of the collection has a name and a type. SIDL structs allow for data abstraction, but they do not provide data hiding. All data is public in a SIDL struct.
Friction, Damage and Stick-Slip in the Scratching of Polymers

ABSTRACT This chapter presents results of friction, scratch morphology and stick-slip characteristics during the scratching of a selection of polymers (uncrosslinked and crosslinked poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) coatings, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coatings, and a bulk styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer). The chapter describes in detail the dependence of the horizontal force or friction force on the normal load and driving speed, scratch damage and mechanism, critical normal load for scratch damage, and slip process of stick-slip motion. During the scratching of PnBA and PDMS coatings, the horizontal force appears proportional to the contact area that depends on the normal load, and the scratching is a rate process in which the viscoelastic property of the coatings influences their frictional behavior. Below a critical normal load, crosslinked PnBA and cured PDMS coatings recover elastically after being scratched so that there are no scratch marks left behind. The study on the slip process during the scratching of SAN copolymer indicates that during slip the scratch velocity starts from zero, increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero again. The scratch groove made during slip shows a non-uniform depth, which increases with the decrease of scratch velocity.
LEARNING BY BEING TOLD: ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

This chapter discusses machine-learning aspects of a project whose broad goal is to create computer systems that can aid users in managing information. The specific learning problem discussed is how to enable computer systems to acquire information about domains with which they are unfamiliar from people who are experts in those domains, but have little or no training in computer science. The information to be acquired is that needed to support question-answering or fact-retrieval tasks, and the type of learning to be employed is learning by being told.
TU-AB-201-12: Effects of Tissue Interference On Electromagnetic Sensor and Ultrasound Imaging Sensing for Robot-Guided Needle Interventions

Purpose: To quantify the effects of tissue interference on electromagnetic (EM) sensing and ultrasound (US) imaging feedback modalities for controlling a robot-guided medical needle interventions. Methods: First, the experimental set up to control the robot-guided needle insertion with and without tissue interference involving 6-DOF EM (Aurora, NDI, Waterloo, Canada) sensory feedback is constructed. Next, the experimental set up has been modified to replace EM sensory feedback with the bi-planer US imaging (Flex Focus 800, BK Medical, Peabody, MA) feedback. In both these experimental feedback cases the control task is to guide the needle intervention (vertically downwards to avoid the gravitational pull on the needle) as per the desired trajectory. For EM sensory feedback the thickness of the tissue used for interference is 90mm whereas for the US imaging feedback, the thickness is reduced to 25 mm as the needle was not visible from 90mm to 26 mm. Performance repeatability is assessed in five observations for each experiment. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the root mean square error (RMSE) value for the tracking performance using EM sensory feedback with no tissue interference are 0.10mm and 0.01mm, respectively. With tissue interference, these values are 0.14mm and 0.01mm. Corresponding mean RSME and SD with and without tissue interference using the US imaging modality are 0.15 mm (SD=0.02mm) and 0.41mm (SD=0.04mm), respectively. Conclusion: Experimental results reveal that there exists significant difference (p=0.0001) between the tracking performances with and without tissue interference using US imaging feedback. Whereas for the EM sensory feedback, there exists no significant difference (p=0.0576) between with and without tissue interference RMSE values. However, both the sensing modalities may be suitable for needle-based clinical applications. More rigorous study involving both EM and US feedback modalities in various soft tissue phantoms are in progress. Acknowledgement: Research supported by DoD (Grant#W81XWH-11-1-0397/98/99)
Cardiovascular and renal actions of C-type natriuretic peptide.

Studies were performed in two groups of anesthetized dogs (n = 5 per group) to determine the cardiovascular and renal actions of synthetic C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Systemic infusion of CNP (group 1; 10 and 50 ng.kg-1.min-1 iv) resulted in marked cardiovascular hemodynamic effects characterized by a decrease in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and atrial pressures in association with a decrease in sodium excretion. Bolus administration of CNP (group 2; 5 micrograms/kg iv) to minimize cardiovascular hemodynamic changes resulted in only a transient decrease in arterial pressure. Sodium excretion decreased despite a return of arterial pressure to baseline. These biological responses were associated with increases in plasma guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in both groups but with no change in urinary cGMP. With both systemic infusion or bolus administration of CNP, significant increases in plasma aldosterone were observed in association with increases in distal nephron sodium reabsorption. This study demonstrates that CNP exhibits profound systemic hemodynamic actions and is indirectly, or perhaps directly, antinatriuretic.
Trustless Grid Computing in ConCert

We believe that fundamental to the establishment of a grid computing framework where all (not just large organizations) are able to effectively tap into the resources available on the global network is the establishment of trust between grid application developers and resource donors. Resource donors must be able to trust that their security, safety, and privacy policies will be respected by programs that use their systems.In this paper, we present a novel solution based on the notion of certified code that upholds safety, security, and privacy policies by examining intrinsic properties of code. Certified code complements authentication and provides a foundation for a safe, secure, and efficient framework that executes native code. We describe the implementation of such a framework known as the ConCert software.
Promoting Work at Older Ages: The Role of Hybrid Pension Plans in an Aging Population

Employers are beginning to search for ways to elicit more labor supply from older adults as the population ages, the ability to work in later life increases, and younger workers become relatively scarce. Many employers are turning to hybrid pension plans, such as cash balance plans and pension equity plans. Whereas traditional defined benefit plans often subsidize workers who retire early and penalize those who remain at work beyond the plan's retirement age, most hybrid plans reward work at older ages. This paper documents the impact of population aging on the labor market and changes over time in work capacity at older ages. It then shows how movement toward hybrid pension plans, among other types of private and public retirement plan reforms and redesigns, can be used to increase work incentives for older adults.
Temperature of served water can modulate sensory perception and acceptance of food

Abstract Cross-cultural differences exist in the typical temperature of water served with meals. North American people typically drink iced water/beverages while eating, whereas European or Asian people show a preference for room temperature water or hot water/tea, respectively. It has been reported that food perception and acceptance are influenced by oral temperature, as well as by serving temperature of food. Based on the fact that the iced or hot water served with meals can alter the oral temperature, the present study aimed to determine whether the temperature of served water can affect the sensory perception and acceptance of food subsequently consumed. Following a mouth rinse with water served at 4, 20, and 50 °C for 5 s, two different types of food, dark chocolate and cheddar cheese, were evaluated in terms of sensory intensity and overall liking. For the dark chocolate, the intensity ratings for sweetness, chocolate flavor, and creaminess were significantly lower when following water at 4 °C than when following water at either 20 or 50 °C. However, the modulatory effect of water temperature on sensory perception was not obtained with cheddar cheese. In addition, the temperature of served water altered the acceptance for the foods subsequently presented. Specifically, the overall liking for the dark chocolate was significantly lower when following water at 4 °C than when following water at either 20 or 50 °C. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates new empirical evidence that the consumption of iced water can decrease perceived intensities of sweetness, chocolate flavor, and creaminess for subsequently consumed chocolate. Our findings may provide one of plausible answers to the question of why North American people, who are more used to drinking iced water, show a strong preference for more highly sweetened foods.
Psychometric Properties of Four 5-Point Likert-Type Response Scales.

One hundred and twenty eight subjects responded to one of four differently labeled 5-point Likert-type response scales. Although no significant differences in test means and in reliability estimates were found among response scales, the scales did differ on measures of variability. Subjects using scales with more nearly absolute endpoints tended to concentrate their responses on the middle scale steps; those responding to scales with less nearly absolute endpoints tended to use the scale steps in a more balanced manner. Greater item variance was associated with scales having less rather than more nearly absolute endpoints.
Circulation of Tampa Bay driven by buoyancy, tides, and winds, as simulated using a finite volume coastal ocean model

[1] The circulation of Tampa Bay is investigated using a high-resolution, three-dimensional, density-dependent, finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) that includes Tampa Bay, the intracoastal waterway, and the inner portion of the west Florida continental shelf. Model performance over the three-month interval, September to November 2001, is assessed against available tide gauge and velocity profiler data before using the model to describe the circulation as driven by rivers, tides, and winds. Because of a mean wind velocity vector directed down the estuary axis, we ran a parallel model experiment without winds to distinguish the estuarine circulation by gravitational convection from the mean wind effects. With or without winds, Tampa Bay exhibits a robust, two-layered estuarine circulation that concentrates on the deep channels. The mean outflow at the surface tends to converge on the channels where the free surface elevation is locally minimum. The mean inflow near the bottom also concentrates in the channels where the baroclinic pressure gradient force is largest. Geometry thus guides the mean circulation and salinity distributions. At the Tampa Bay mouth, mean outflows exist both in the deeper Egmont Channel and the shallower South Pass, whereas a mean inflow is limited to the Egmont Channel. A residence time based on the Egmont Channel influx is estimated to be about 100 days. Consistent with previous studies we conclude that gravitational convection is a major contributor to the water property distributions of Tampa Bay, and that the FVCOM is suitable for estuary/shelf interaction studies.
Support vector regression to predict asphalt mix performance

Material properties are essential in the design and evaluation of pavements. In this paper, the potential of support vector regression (SVR) algorithm is explored to predict the resilient modulus (MR), which is an essential property in designing and evaluating pavement materials, particularly hot mix asphalt typically used in Oklahoma. SVR is a statistical learning algorithm that is applied to regression problems; in our study, SVR was shown to be superior to the least squares (LS). Compared with the widely used LS method, the results of this study show that SVR significantly reduces the mean-squared error and improves the correlation coefficient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.