cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in the presence of extrahepatic disease.

Summary Early studies of liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases identified patients with concomitant extrahepatic disease as a group with poor outcomes. These studies concluded that the presence of extrahepatic disease should be a contraindication to resection. This contraindication has more recently been challenged. In this paper, we review the published work on metastatic colorectal cancer, pertaining to the role of surgery in patients with liver metastases and concomitant extrahepatic disease. 5-year survival after resection is worse in patients with extrahepatic disease than in patients with liver-only disease, but is similar to that seen in patients who underwent resection in the era before the use of modern chemotherapy. Recurrence occurs in most patients. There is a role for surgery in highly selected patients with single sites of extrahepatic disease, although expectations should be different than those of patients with liver-only metastases. Further studies are necessary to define the patient group best suited for resection of hepatic metastases with extrahepatic disease.
Transient three-dimensional startup side load analysis of a regeneratively cooled nozzle

The objective of this effort is to develop a computational methodology to capture the side load physics and to anchor the computed aerodynamic side loads with the available data by simulating the startup transient of a regeneratively cooled, high-aspect-ratio nozzle, hot-fired at sea level. The computational methodology is based on an unstructured-grid, pressure-based, reacting flow computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer formulation, and a transient inlet history based on an engine system simulation. Emphases were put on the effects of regenerative cooling on shock formation inside the nozzle, and ramp rate on side load reduction. The results show that three types of asymmetric shock physics incur strong side loads: the generation of combustion wave, shock transitions, and shock pulsations across the nozzle lip, albeit the combustion wave can be avoided with sparklers during hot-firing. Results from both regenerative cooled and adiabatic wall boundary conditions capture the early shock transitions with corresponding side loads matching the measured secondary side load. It is theorized that the first transition from free-shock separation to restricted-shock separation is caused by the Coanda effect. After which the regeneratively cooled wall enhances the Coanda effect such that the supersonic jet stays attached, while the hot adiabatic wall fights off the Coanda effect, and the supersonic jet becomes detached most of the time. As a result, the computed peak side load and dominant frequency due to shock pulsation across the nozzle lip associated with the regeneratively cooled wall boundary condition match those of the test, while those associated with the adiabatic wall boundary condition are much too low. Moreover, shorter ramp time results show that higher ramp rate has the potential in reducing the nozzle side loads.
Does the mantle control the maximum thickness of cratons

Geochemical observations suggest that cratonic xenoliths originate from depths no greater than 250 km, which implies a maximum craton thickness. What determines this thickness? In general, the stability and longevity of cratons depend on their ability to resist deforming forces exerted from below by the flowing, evolving mantle. We employ an analytical approach to relate the lithospheric viscosity structure of a craton to shear tractions exerted by asthenospheric shear flow. As the net thickness of the chemical and thermal components of a craton increases, these tractions increase dramatically for non-Newtonian rheology and begin to deform the cratonic base. Thus, overly thick lithosphere is subjected to large basal stresses that weaken the thermal boundary layer and diminish its ability to buffer the craton from destructive mantle flow. This feedback prevents cratonic lithosphere from growing thicker than a maximum value. However, we show that this maximum thickness increases slightly with increasing vigor of mantle convection but decreases rapidly as convective vigor decreases. Thus, we predict relative stability of cratonic thickness during most of Earth's history but instability in the future.
The High Angular Resolution Multiplicity of Massive Stars

Abstract : We present the results of a speckle interferometric survey of Galactic massive stars that complements and expands upon a similar survey made over a decade ago. The speckle observations were made with the Kitt Peak National Observatory and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 m telescopes and USNO speckle camera, and they are sensitive to the detection of binaries in the angular separation regime between 0".03 and 5" with relatively bright companions (deltaV < 3). We report on the discovery of companions to 14 OB stars. In total we resolved companions of 41 of 385 O-stars (11%), 4 of 37 Wolf-Rayet stars (11%), and 89 of 139 B-stars (64%; an enriched visual binary sample that we selected for future orbital determinations). We made a statistical analysis of the binary frequency among the subsample that are listed in the Galactic O Star Catalog by compiling published data on other visual companions detected through adaptive optics studies and/or noted in the Washington Double Star Catalog and by collecting published information on radial velocities and spectroscopic binaries. We find that the binary frequency is much higher among O-stars in clusters and associations compared to the numbers for field and runaway O-stars, consistent with predictions for the ejection processes for runaway stars. We present a first orbit for the O-star delta Orionis; a linear solution of the close, apparently optical, companion of the O-star iota Orionis; and an improved orbit of the Be star delta Scorpii. Finally, we list astrometric data for another 249 resolved and 221 unresolved targets that are lower mass stars that we observed for various other science programs.
Local Convergence of an Algorithm for Subspace Identification from Partial Data

Grassmannian rank-one update subspace estimation (GROUSE) is an iterative algorithm for identifying a linear subspace of $$\mathbb {R}^n$$Rn from data consisting of partial observations of random vectors from that subspace. This paper examines local convergence properties of GROUSE, under assumptions on the randomness of the observed vectors, the randomness of the subset of elements observed at each iteration, and incoherence of the subspace with the coordinate directions. Convergence at an expected linear rate is demonstrated under certain assumptions. The case in which the full random vector is revealed at each iteration allows for much simpler analysis and is also described. GROUSE is related to incremental SVD methods and to gradient projection algorithms in optimization.
Rees algebras of truncations of complete intersections

Abstract In this paper we describe the defining equations of the Rees algebra and the special fiber ring of a truncation I of a complete intersection ideal in a polynomial ring over a field with homogeneous maximal ideal m . To describe explicitly the Rees algebra R ( I ) in terms of generators and relations we map another Rees ring R ( M ) onto it, where M is the direct sum of powers of m . We compute a Grobner basis of the ideal defining R ( M ) . It turns out that the normal domain R ( M ) is a Koszul algebra and from this we deduce that in many instances R ( I ) is a Koszul algebra as well.
Microwave imaging as applied to remote sensing making use of a multilevel fast multipole algorithm

A nonlinear reconstruction scheme based on the Distorted Born Iterative Method (DBIM) applied to metallic scatterers is presented to solve two-dimensional inverse scattering problems. By making use of half-quadratic regularization the inherently ill-posed problem of nonlinear inverse scattering can be alleviated and edges of the scatterer's profile function simultaneously be preserved. Reconstruction results are found by the minimization of a cost function. A bistatic simulated experimental set-up is proposed in angular and frequency diversity. A Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) in combination with a conjugate gradient (CG) scheme is introduced to solve the forward as well as the inverse scattering problem involved in the DBIM algorithm. Through the use of MLFMA for the forward and for the inverse solver, the computational complexity per CG iteration is of order O(N log N) compared to O(N2) in a standard implementation without the MLFMA. Numerical reconstruction results obtained from synthetic scattering data are presented.
Computer generated optical sound tracks

For several years various groups at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory have been using computer generated motion pictures as an output medium for large simulation and analysis codes. Typically, the numerical output from one simulation run is so large that conventional output media are ineffective. The time-variable medium of motion picture film is required to organize the results into a form that can be readily interpreted. But even this medium cannot always convey all of the information needed. Only a limited number of variables can be distinctly represented before the various representations begin to obscure or obliterate each other. Furthermore, the data presented usually must include a significant amount of explanatory material such as scaling factors, representation keys, and other interpretive aids. If a film is to have long-term usefulness to a number of people, this information must either be included on the film or in a separate writeup that accompanies the film.
Discrete fast algorithms for two-dimensional linear prediction on a polar raster

New generalized split Levinson and Schur algorithms for the two-dimensional linear least squares prediction problem on a polar raster are derived. The algorithms compute the prediction filter for estimating a random field at the edge of a disk from noisy observations inside the disk. The covariance function of the random field is assumed to have a Toeplitz-plus-Hankel structure for both its radial part and its transverse (angular) part. This assumption is valid for some types of random fields, such as isotropic random fields. The algorithms generalize the split Levinson and Schur algorithms in two ways: (1) to two dimensions; and (2) to Toeplitz-plus-Hankel covariances. >
The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. Part 42. Further studies in selective phenylselenation

Abstract An improved procedure for the phenylselenation of saturated hydrocarbons has been developed. The reaction of tributylphosphine with diphenyl diselenide in the presence of FeII picolinate in pyridine-acetonitrile-trace of water affords a quantitative yield of phenylselenol. Subsequent or prior addition of the saturated hydrocarbon and final addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide gives phenylselenation in excellent yield based on the oxidant added. The mechanism of this reaction has been further studied; carbon and hydroxyl radicals are not part of the mechanism.
Vibration damping admixtures for cement

Abstract The loss and storage moduli, and tan δ, of cement pastes were measured at 25–150 °C and 0.2–2.0 Hz. The addition of latex or methylcellulose increases all three quantities, though latex is more effective in increasing tan δ, while methylcellulose is more effective in increasing the storage modulus. The addition of silica fume also increases all three quantities. The addition of short fibers increases all three quantities if the mix contains no other additive; it increases only tan δ and loss modulus if the mix contains methylcellulose; it decreases all three quantities if the mix contains either latex or (methylcellulose + silica fume). For energy dissipation applications, a mix with latex is recommended at >1.5 Hz, whereas a mix with methylcellulose + silica fume is recommended at
Hofer's Geometry and Floer Theory under the Quantum Limit

In this article, we use Floer theory to study the Hofer length functional for paths of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms which are sufficiently short. In particular, the length minimizing properties of a short Hamiltonian path are related to the properties and number of its periodic orbits.
Mortality Risk After Preoperative Versus Postoperative Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Lymph Node-Positive Rectal Cancer

Persistent lymph node-positive disease after preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer is associated with adverse outcomes. We quantified mortality risks of persistent pathologic lymph nodes in lymph node-positive rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiation. This was a retrospective population-based analysis of 2,038 patients with stage III rectal cancer diagnosed 1994–2005 with follow-up through 2007 using data from the California Cancer Registry. Survival estimates were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate cancer-specific and overall mortality analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard ratios with adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, tumor grade, T stage, N stage, socioeconomic status, and time period (1994–1997, 1998–2001, and 2002–2005). Overall survival was higher among lymph node-positive patients receiving postoperative chemoradiation compared to lymph node-positive patients receiving preoperative chemoradiation (median overall survival = 87 versus 62 months, P = 0.0002). In adjusted analyses, patients with persistent lymph node-positive disease after preoperative chemoradiation treatment had increased overall (HR = 1.69; 95 % CI, 1.42–2.01) and CRC-specific (HR = 1.78; 95 % CI, 1.44–2.19) mortality risk compared to lymph node-positive disease after postoperative chemoradiation treatment. Stage III rectal cancer patients with persistent pathologic lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiation represent a high-risk group, with higher mortality than those treated with postoperative chemoradiation.
Observations of electric fields associated with internal gravity waves

[1] At the Jicamarca Radio Observatory, the vertical drift component yields a very accurate measure of the eastward electric field. Occasionally, this drift component displays a downward phase progression, evidence for a relationship to a gravity wave. We examined the Jicamarca database for events of this type and made an attempt to determine the properties of the associated waves. The only measurables we have are the amplitudes, the frequency in the Earth-fixed frame, and the vertical wavelength. In order to avoid shorting by the current along magnetic field lines, we argue that the propagation must be close to pure zonal. We then use measurements or models of the zonal plasma drift and argue that the zonal wind should be in the same direction and about 15% higher. Using this estimate, we then determine the frequency in the wind frame by solving the dispersion relation for gravity waves and the Doppler-shift equation simultaneously. Typical values for the horizontal wavelength, vertical wavelength, and period in the wind frame are 600 km, 350 km, and 25 min, respectively. The typical gravity wave-induced vertical drift perpendicular to B in these events is a few meters per second. This is marginal at best for seeding the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. However, larger-amplitude events may be masked by the development of the plumes themselves. All but two events found thus far occurred at night but the daytime cases are fascinating since the E region is expected to short out such fields.
The extra stage Gamma network

The augmented data manipulator (ADM), inverse augmented data manipulator (IADM), and the gamma network are based on the plus-minus-2/sup i/ connection patterns. In such a network, there exists multiple paths to connect a source S to a destination D except when S=D. The number of paths for (S,D) is a function of the tag value (D-S) modulo N, and the size of the network N. It is shown that by adding an extra stage to the PM2I interconnection network, multiple paths are provided for all the tag values including 0. The extra stage can be any stage out of n=log/sub 2/N stages of the original network. The analyses on the distribution of the number of paths for various tag values are performed for n possible choices of the extra stage. It is shown that the extra stage of 0, +1, -1 connection patterns gives the most uniform distribution, and also results in a 1-fault tolerant interconnection network. >
Subducted oceanic asthenosphere and upper mantle flow beneath the Juan de Fuca slab

Many studies have shown that typical oceanic lithosphere is underlain by a well-developed asthenosphere characterized by slow seismic velocities from ~100 to 250 km depth. However, the fate of the oceanic asthenosphere at subduction zones is poorly understood. I show here using shear-wave splitting of S waves emanating from earthquakes in the Juan de Fuca slab that upper mantle asthenospheric anisotropy beneath the slab is consistent with the presence of two distinct subducted asthenospheric layers, one with fast shear trends parallel to the subduction trench, and a second, deeper layer with fast upper mantle fabrics parallel to the motion of the Juan de Fuca plate with respect to the deeper mantle. The consistent orientation of unsubducted Pacific asthenospheric anisotropy in the direction of current plate motion implies that the trench-parallel, subslab anisotropy develops when the lithosphere subducts.
Facile synthesis of a substituted bicyclo[4.2.1]nonane via an anionic[1,3]-sigmatropic shift: use of long range 2D hetcor and difference noe in structure determination

Abstract The structure of the exo-alkenyl norbornenol16x (prepared in good yield from the ketone11) was proven by HETCOR and difference NOE of15x; it rearranges readily to the substituted bicyclo[4.2.1]non-7-en-3-one17.
Discovery of the Iron Isotopes

Twenty-eight iron isotopes have been observed so far and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Fabry–Perot fiber-optic sensors in full-scale fatigue testing on an F-15 aircraft

We report results from fiber-optic-sensor field tests on an F-15 aircraft mounted within a full-scale test frame for the purpose of fatigue testing. Strain sensitivities of the order of 0.01 μm/m have been obtained.
Description and evaluation of a system for high-speed, three-dimensional computed tomography of the body: the dynamic spatial reconstructor

High temporal resolution, full three-dimensional imaging of the heart and circulation is required for accurate basic physiological studies of the structural-to-functional relationships of these organ systems, and for improved diagnostic evaluation and treatment of patients with cardiac and/or circulatory disorders. Current diagnostic imaging techniques and systems, including x-ray computed tomography (CT) (1, 2), do not provide accurate measurements of the true dynamic changes in shape and dimensions of the intact heart over its entire anatomic extent, or for accurate measurement of the regional distribution of blood flow to, from, and within the heart, or any other organ of the body.
The development of performances in autistic children in an automatically controlled environment.

Abstract Performances of two autistic children were recorded in an experimental environment consisting of vending machines delivering food and candy, a trained pigeon, a phonograph, a color kaleidoscope, and a pinball machine. These devices were operated either by keys mounted on them or by coins. Coins were delivered on various schedules when the children operated another key. Performances could be sustained on the coin key for 90-minute experimental sessions to demonstrate the normal effect of two schedules of reinforcement, to develop the coin as a generalized reinforcer, and to control the children's performances by the presence or absence of stimuli correlated with reinforcement or nonreinforcement.
Supramolecular photocatalysis: combining confinement and non-covalent interactions to control light initiated reactions

Using non-bonding interactions to control photochemical reactions requires an understanding of not only thermodynamics and kinetics of ground state and excited state processes but also the intricate interactions that dictate the dynamics within the system of interest. This review is geared towards a conceptual understanding of how one can control the reactivity and selectivity in the excited state by employing confinement and non-covalent interactions. Photochemical reactivity of organic molecules within confined containers and organized assemblies as well as organic templates that interact through H-bonding and/or cation–carbonyl/cation–π interactions is reviewed with an eye towards understanding supramolecular effects and photocatalysis.
THE CHROMOSOMES OF SOME DIOECIOUS ANGIOSPERMS

The cytological investigations reported in the present paper were undertaken with the purpose of determining the exact circumstances of chromosome distribution in the division of the pollen-mother-cell nuclei of certain dioecious angiosperms. Attention has been focused on the stages of the heterotypic division in which the "homologous" chromosomes pair and separate, in order to detect any morphological difference between members of a pair that might be correlated with the usually dioecious condition of these species. No good evidence of such a difference has been found in Bryonia dioica L., Clematis virginiana L., Smilax herbacea L., Menispermum canadense L., or Carica papaya L., while the conspicuous heterochromosome pair of Lychnis cdlba Mill. (Melandrium album L.), already described by investigators in England, Sweden, and Germany, has been identified in material collected in the neighborhood of Madison, Wisconsin. A preliminary report has already been made of some of the results of the present work (Lindsay, 1929).
Disney's Marvel acquisition: a strategic financial analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the value and risks of Disney's 2009 $4 billion acquisition of the Marvel Entertainment Group (Marvel) in a case study utilizing the modern Graham and Dodd valuation approach.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a detailed valuation of Marvel in 2009 drawing on previously published Graham and Dodd methodological materials and Marvel's publicly available financial reports.Findings – Disney's $4 billion acquisition price for Marvel contained considerable risks based on certain valuation assumptions, which were identified in the context of our analysis.Research limitations/implications – This acquisition is a useful one for executives to study because it involves a situation many of them could face: evaluating the purchase of a great company that is seemingly a strategic fit and offered at what appears to be a reasonable price. Assessing such opportunities utilizing the modern Graham and Dodd valuation approach facilitates greater levels of insight...
The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes

We investigate the evolution of the primordial gas surrounding the first massive black holes formed by the collapse of Population III stars at redshifts z≥ 20. Carrying out three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations using GADGET, we study the dynamical, thermal and chemical evolution of the first relic H II regions. We also carry out simulations of the mergers of relic H II regions with neighbouring neutral minihaloes, which contain high-density primordial gas that could accrete on to a Population III remnant black hole. We find that there may have been a significant time delay, of the order of ∼10 8 yr, between black hole formation and the onset of efficient accretion. The build-up of supermassive black holes, believed to power the z ≥ 6 quasars observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, therefore faces a crucial early bottleneck. More massive seed black holes may thus be required, such as those formed by the direct collapse of a primordial gas cloud facilitated by atomic line cooling. The high optical depth to Lyman-Werner (LW) photons that results from the high fraction of H 2 molecules that form in relic H II regions, combined with the continued formation of H 2 inside the dynamically expanding relic H II region, leads to shielding of the molecules inside these regions at least until a critical background LW flux of ∼10 -24 erg s -1 cm -2 Hz -1 sr -1 is established. Furthermore, we find that a high fraction of deuterium hydride (HD) molecules, X HD ≥ 10 -7 , is formed, potentially enabling the formation of Population 11.5 stars, with masses of the order of ∼ 10 M ⊙ , during later stages of structure formation when the relic H region gas is assembled into a sufficiently deep potential well to gravitationally confine the gas again.
Full-duplex MIMO relaying: Achievable rates under limited dynamic range

In this paper we consider the problem of full-duplex multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relaying between multi-antenna source and destination nodes. The principal difficulty in implementing such a system is that, due to the limited attenuation between the relay's transmit and receive antenna arrays, the relay's outgoing signal may overwhelm its limited-dynamic-range input circuitry, making it difficult—if not impossible—to recover the desired incoming signal. While explicitly modeling transmitter/receiver dynamic-range limitations and channel estimation error, we derive tight upper and lower bounds on the end-to-end achievable rate of decode-and-forward-based full-duplex MIMO relay systems, and propose a transmission scheme based on maximization of the lower bound. The maximization requires us to (numerically) solve a nonconvex optimization problem, for which we detail a novel approach based on bisection search and gradient projection. To gain insights into system design tradeoffs, we also derive an analytic approximation to the achievable rate and numerically demonstrate its accuracy.
Computer understanding of air traffic control displays

Possible aircraft collisions from a display of many aircraft are perceived by a human air traffic controller. In the work described, the computer understands the displayed aircraft conflict data by processing a global semantic representation of the displayed data. Understanding implies that the computer can represent and interpret the displayed data in a manner suggestive of an experienced human controller. The representation is called the conflict structure. The conflict structure and its use by an expert system that performs portions of the enroute air traffic control task are described. An example from a `live' air traffic control training problem is discussed.
ELECTROTEXTILES: CONCEPTS AND CHALLENGES

Electrotextiles (e-textiles) are fabrics made from yarns that carry electronic components. Circuits are made from such yarns by weaving. We describe the technical development of the concept of e-textiles, and briefly discuss three challenges: connectivity, materials and fabrication, and wear.
On division algebras having the same maximal subfields

We show that if a field K of characteristic ≠ 2 satisfies the following property (*) for any two central quaternion division algebras D1 and D2 over K, the fact that D1 and D2 have the same maximal subfields implies that D1 ≃ D2 over K, then the field of rational functions K(x) also satisfies (*). This, in particular, provides an alternative proof for the result of S. Garibaldi and D. Saltman that the fields of rational functions k(x1, . . . , xr), where k is a number field, satisfy (*). We also show that K = k(x1, . . . , xr), where k is either a totally complex number field with a single dyadic place (e.g. \({k = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-1})}\)) or a finite field of characteristic ≠ 2, satisfies the analog of (*) for all central division algebras having exponent two in the Brauer group Br(K).
Transition dipole-solvent interaction in optical electron transfer

Abstract Dielectric dispersion of the solvent and interaction between the solvent and transition dipoles result in a measurable non-equilibrium electronic contribution (dispersion shift) to the photo-ionization energy of the solute. Experimental evidence for the variation of the dispersion shift with photon energy is obtained from the study of photoelectron emission by liquids in general and by water and aqueous solutions (anions, cations, molecules) in particular. The dispersion shift causes a significant departure (dispersion spectrum) from the expected laws governing photo-electron emission by liquids, e.g., the quadratic law for the emission rate as a function of photon energy. The rather rich structure of dispersion spectra is accounted for by the dependence of the energy of solvent-transition dipole interaction on photon energy. This interaction energy is calculated on the basis of a solvation (ion or dipole) model with the restriction that only electronic motion is considered to the exclusion of nuclear motion. The theory is verified experimentally in the 7 to 10 eV range of photon energy by using dielectric constant data on liquid water obtained by reflectance spectroscopy. The effect of screening by the ionic atmosphere is also examined. It is concluded that the dispersion shift affects all photoionization processes in solution and more generally in condensed matter.
Can limiting dietary variety assist with reducing energy intake and weight loss

Due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity, developing strategies to improve weight loss and weight loss maintenance is imperative. One dietary environmental variable that has received little attention in being targeted in an intervention to assist with obesity treatment is dietary variety. Experimental research has consistently shown that greater dietary variety increases consumption, with the effect of variety on consumption hypothesized to be a consequence of the differential experience of the more varied sensory properties of food under those conditions with greater dietary variety. As reduced energy intake is required for weight loss, limiting variety, particularly in food groups that are high in energy-density and low in nutrient-density, may assist with reducing energy intake and improving weight loss. A series of investigations, both observational and experimental, were conducted to examine if limiting variety in an energy-dense, non-nutrient-dense food group, snack foods (i.e., cookies, chips), assisted with reducing energy intake of the food group and improving weight loss. Results of the investigations suggest that a prescription for limiting variety in a food group can be implemented during obesity treatment, limiting variety is associated with the occurrence of monotony, and that reducing food group variety is related to decreased consumption of that food group. Future research is needed to ascertain the long-term effect of prescriptions targeting dietary variety on weight loss and weight loss maintenance.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF ANTIMONOTONICITY IN CHUA'S CIRCUIT

Two different bifurcation patterns are experimentally observed in Chua's circuit. They show that antimonotonicity — inevitable reversals of period-doubling sequences, is a typical phenomenon in Chua's circuit.
Compactifications of Type IIB strings to four dimensions with non-trivial classical potential

Abstract Type 1113 strings are compactified on a Calabi-Yau three-fold. When Calabi-Yau-valued expectation values are given to the NS-NS and RR three-form field strengths, the dilaton hypermultiplet becomes both electrically and magnetically charged. The resultant classical potential is calculated, and minima are found. At singular points in the moduli space, such as Argyres-Douglas points, supersymmetric minima are found. A formula for the classical potential in N = 2 supergravity is given which holds in the presence of both electric and magnetic charges.
The synthesis of 3-fluoroaspartic acid

Abstract A new synthesis of 3-fluoroaspartic acid is based on the reaction of dibenzyl difluoromaleate (3) with dibenzylamine. Reduction of this product (4) with sodium cyanoborohydride gave dibenzyl 2-dibenzylamino-3-fluorosuccinate (5), and thence hydrogenolysis of the benzyl groups afforded fluoroaspartic acid (6). Stereochemistry of the products and of the intermediates is discussed.
A probabilistic distributed algorithm for set intersection and its analysis

A Probabilistic algorithm for checking set disjointness and performing set intersection of two sets stored at different machines is presented. The algorithm is intended to minimize the amount of communication between the machines. If n is the total number of elements and k is the number of bits required to represent each of the elements, then it is shown that the expected running time of the set disjointness algorithm is O(log log n) rounds, each round consisting of exchanging one message with O(n+k) bits and performing O(n) steps of local computation (all the constants are small). The analysis of the algorithm involves approximating Markov chains by deterministic models.
Nonparametric Analysis of Randomized Experiments with Missing Covariate and Outcome Data

Abstract Analysis of randomized experiments with missing covariate and outcome data is problematic, because the population parameters of interest are not identified unless one makes untestable assumptions about the distribution of the missing data. This article shows how population parameters can be bounded without making untestable distributional assumptions. Bounds are also derived under the assumption that covariate data are missing completely at random. In each case the bounds are sharp; they exhaust all of the information available given the data and the maintained assumptions. The bounds are illustrated with applications to data obtained from a clinical trial and data relating family structure to the probability that a youth graduates from high school.
Phosphine-catalyzed β'-umpolung addition of nucleophiles to activated α-alkyl allenes.

Highly functionalized alkenes can be prepared through phosphine-catalyzed β′-umpolung additions of nucleophiles (carbon-, oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-centered) to activated α-disubstituted allenes, providing many potentially useful synthetic intermediates in good to excellent yields, often with high levels of stereoselectivity for the product olefin geometry. Various substitution patterns around the allene are compatible with the process, showcasing the synthetic utility of allenes under the conditions of nucleophilic phosphine catalysis.
China's Lagging Poor Areas

Casual observations and the best data available indicate remarkable geographic differences in levels of living within China. What creates China's poor areas? Are they catching up? What should governments do? The paper provides an overview of recent research addressing these questions. There is evidence of sizable negative externalities to households of living in a poor area. Location matters greatly to growth prospects at the farm household level independently of (observed and unobserved) household characteristics. Geographic poverty traps are common. There also appears to be a high degree of transient poverty associated with poorly developed risk markets. The paper argues that poor-area programs make sense in China, given that where you live constrains prospects of escaping poverty, including by out-migration. However, such programs alone are unlikely to solve China's poverty problem. A comprehensive strategy for doing so will also help protect poor people from the risks they face, and should not neglect poor people in non-poor areas.
Synthesis of the novel mannosidase inhibitors (3R)- and (3S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)swainsonine

Abstract Swainsonine (9) is an important mannosidase inhibitor that has been examined clinically as an anticancer drug. The preparation of analogs of swainsonine bearing a hydroxymethyl group at C(3), i.e., (3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)swainsonine [(10), (3R)-HMS] and (3S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)swainsonine [(11), (3S)-HMS] is described. The synthesis of each analog begins with D-ribose, and involves a Claisen rearrangement, a Sharpless osmylation, and a reductive double-cyclization of either an azido mesylate bearing a lactone (i.e. 24 ⇒ 11 ) or an azido epoxide bearing a lactone (i.e. 27 ⇒ 10 ). Both (3R)-HMS and (3S)-HMS were found to be effective inhibitors of α-mannosidase from jack bean.
NaIO4-oxidized carbonylation of amines to ureas.

Oxidative carbonylation of amines using NaIO4 as the oxidant and NaI as a promoter affords good to excellent yields of ureas from primary amines in the absence of transition metalcatalysts.
Cross-Flow Propulsion Fan Experimental Development and Finite-Element Modeling

The cross-flow propulsion fan (CFF) is a novel two-dimensional, two-stage fan which can be integrated directly into a wing to provide both axial propulsive thrust and lift augmentation. The results of a recent experimental and theoretical development program improve the fan's performance in the transonic range and provide new insight into the flowfield. The overall performance of the CFF is presented in terms of conventional fan performance maps, together with detailed measurements of the interior flowfield. Analytical models based on finite-element modeling of the flow within the CFF produced good agreement with experimental data. The fan housing effects on the flowfield and overall performance are considered for the first time. The analytical model provides improved capability for designing CFF configurations that should lead to improved performance for future applications.
Low temperature solution of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model

I propose a simple scaling ansatz for the full replica symmetry breaking solution of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model in the low energy sector. This solution is shown to become exact in the limit $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $\ensuremath{\beta}x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ of the Parisi replica symmetry breaking scheme parameter $x$. The distribution function $P(x,y)$ of the frozen fields $y$ has been known to develop a linear gap at zero temperature. The scaling equations are integrated to find an exact numerical value for the slope of the gap $\ensuremath{\partial}P(x,y)/\ensuremath{\partial}y{|}_{y\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}=0.301\text{ }046\dots{}$. I also use the scaling solution to devise an inexpensive numerical procedure for computing finite time scale ($x=1$) quantities. The entropy, the zero field cooled susceptibility, and the local field distribution function are computed in the low-temperature limit with high precision, barely achievable by currently available methods.
Platinum diimine complexes: towards a molecular photochemical device

Abstract Complexes having the general formula PtX2(diimine) where X2=dithiolate, bis(acetylide) and diimine=bipyridine, phenanthroline and derivatives have been investigated for potential use as chromophores in the conversion of light-to-chemical energy. These complexes, like the analogous X=CN systems, are luminescent in fluid solution. Previous studies of the dithiolate derivatives reveal that they possess a charge transfer excited state involving a mixed metal–dithiolate donor orbital and a π*(diimine) acceptor function with excited state properties including emission energies, lifetimes and redox potentials that are tunable by ligand variation. The bis(acetylide) complexes are brightly luminescent in fluid solution, and their excited state is shown to be MLCT in character, consistent with an earlier proposal. Both sets of diimine complexes show evidence of self-quenching, and for Pt(phen)(CCPh)2, weak excimer emission is observed. The mechanism of quenching has been probed through cross-quenching experiments and is thought to involve Pt⋯Pt interactions. Efforts are now focussing on the use of the PtX2(diimine) chromophores in dyads and triads with the goal of constructing a molecular photochemical device for light-to-chemical energy conversion. Connection of the Pt diimine chromophores to both a donor or reductive quencher and an acceptor is envisioned through new ligand bridges currently being synthesized using Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions and carbonyl condensations.
Minimax Optimal Level-Set Estimation

This paper describes a new methodology and associated theoretical analysis for rapid and accurate extraction of level sets of a multivariate function from noisy data. The identification of the boundaries of such sets is an important theoretical problem with applications for digital elevation maps, medical imaging, and pattern recognition. This problem is significantly different from classical segmentation because level-set boundaries may not correspond to singularities or edges in the underlying function; as a result, segmentation methods which rely upon detecting boundaries would be potentially ineffective in this regime. This issue is addressed in this paper through a novel error metric sensitive to both the error in the location of the level-set estimate and the deviation of the function from the critical level. Hoeffding's inequality is used to derive a novel regularization term that is distinctly different from regularization methods used in conventional image denoising settings. Building upon this foundation, it is possible to derive error performance bounds for the proposed estimator and demonstrate that it exhibits near minimax optimal error decay rates for large classes of level-set problems. The proposed method automatically adapts to the spatially varying regularity of both the boundary of the level set and the underlying function.
Analytic continuation of the resolvent of the Laplacian on symmetric spaces of noncompact type

Let (M,g) be a globally symmetric space of noncompact type, of arbitrary rank, and Δ its Laplacian. We introduce a new method to analyze Δ and the resolvent (Δ-σ)-1; this has origins in quantum N-body scattering, but is independent of the ‘classical’ theory of spherical functions, and is analytically much more robust. We expect that, suitably modified, it will generalize to locally symmetric spaces of arbitrary rank. As an illustration of this method, we prove the existence of a meromorphic continuation of the resolvent across the continuous spectrum to a Riemann surface multiply covering the plane. We also show how this continuation may be deduced using the theory of spherical functions. In summary, this paper establishes a long-suspected connection between the analysis on symmetric spaces and N-body scattering.
Th Ages for Metal-poor Stars

With a sample of 22 metal-poor stars, we demonstrate that the heavy-element abundance pattern (Z ≥ 56) is the same as the r-process contributions to the solar nebula. This bolsters the results of previous studies that there is a universal r-process production pattern. We use the abundance of thorium in five metal-poor stars, along with an estimate of the initial Th abundance based on the abundances of stable r-process elements, to measure their ages. We have four field red giants with errors of 4.2 Gyr in their ages and one M92 giant with an error of 5.6 Gyr, based on considering the sources of observational error only. We obtain an average age of 11.4 Gyr, which depends critically on the assumption of an initial Th/Eu production ratio of 0.496. If the universe is 15 Gyr old, then the (Th/Eu)0 should be 0.590, in agreement with some theoretical models of the r-process.
A Monte-Carlo study of the AdS/CFT correspondence: an exploration of quantum gravity effects

In this paper we study the AdS/CFT correspondence for = 4 SYM with gauge group U(N), compactified on S3 in four dimensions using Monte-Carlo techniques. The simulation is based on a particular reduction of degrees of freedom to commuting matrices of constant fields, and in particular, we can write the wave functions of these degrees of freedom exactly. The square of the wave function is equivalent to a probability density for a Boltzman gas of interacting particles in six dimensions. From the simulation we can extract the density particle distribution for each wave function, and this distribution can be interpreted as a special geometric locus in the gravitational dual. Studying the wave functions associated to half-BPS giant gravitons, we are able to show that the matrix model can measure the Planck scale directly. We also show that the output of our simulation seems to match various theoretical expectations in the large N limit and that it captures 1/N effects as statistical fluctuations of the Boltzman gas with the expected scaling. Our results suggest that this is a very promising approach to explore quantum corrections and effects in gravitational physics on AdS spaces.
Top-antitop and top-top resonances in the dilepton channel at the CERN LHC

We perform a model-independent study for top-antitop and top-top resonances in the dilepton channel at the Large Hadtron Collider. In this channel, we can solve the kinematic system to obtain the momenta of all particles including the two neutrinos, and hence the resonance mass and spin. For discovering top-antitop resonances, the dilepton channel is competitive to the semileptonic channel because of the good resolution of lepton momentum measurement and small standard model backgrounds. Moreover, the charges of the two leptons can be identified, which makes the dilepton channel advantageous for discovering top-top resonances and for distinguishing resonance spins. We discuss and provide resolutions for difficulties associated with heavy resonances and highly boosted top quarks.
Cosmic rays: The Second Knee and beyond

We conduct a review of experimental results on ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) including measurements of the features of the spectrum, the composition of the primary particle flux and the search for anisotropy in event arrival direction. We find that while there is a general consensus on the features in the spectrum—the Second Knee, the Ankle and (to a lesser extent) the GZK Cutoff—there is little consensus on the composition of the primaries that accompany these features. This lack of consensus on the composition makes interpretation of the agreed upon features problematic. There is also little direct evidence about potential sources of UHECRs, as early reports of arrival-direction anisotropies have not been confirmed in independent measurements.
Electromagnetic reaction to molecular relaxation and its effect on absorption near a rough surface

Abstract The effect of electromagnetic reaction to relaxation of a molecule adsorbed on a rough surface is considered. We include the reaction fields due to the system dipole relaxing by both photon radiation and decay to delocalized surface plasmons in the determination of absorption by the adsorbate. Surface plasmon damping is shown to be important for both small- and large-sized roughness features.
Hydrodynamic and thermal measurements in a turbulent boundary layer recovering from concave curvature

The behavior of a boundary layer on a flat wall downstream of sustained concave curvature is documented. Experiments are conducted with negligible streamwise pressure gradient and a low free-stream turbulence intensity (0.6 percent). The turbulent boundary layer has a moderate strength of curvature (δ/R = 0.024) at the entry to the recovery section. Results show that the skin friction coefficient, which increases over the concave wall, decreases rapidly at first over the recovery wall, then slowly approaches flat-wall values. Stanton number values decrease rapidly, undershooting expected flat-wall values. A discussion of this behavior, supported by profile measurements, is given. Effects include destabilization in the concave-curved flow and rapid streamline readjustment (acceleration) at the end of the curved section. Goertler vortices established on the curved wall persist onto the recovery wall; however, their effects weaken.