cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DR-78, a novel Drosophila melanogaster genomic DNA fragment highly homologous to the DNA-binding domain of thyroid hormone-retinoic acid-vitamin D receptor subfamily

Abstract Degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides were designed for both ends of the DNA-binding domain of members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PCR amplified Drosophila melanogaster DNA was purified and cloned (DR plasmids). Genomic λDASH clones were identified at high stringency with an amplified DR-78 plasmid DNA and isolated. The partial sequence shows a very probable open reading frame which would encode a peptide highly homologous to members of the thyroid hormone-retinoic acid-vitamin D receptor subfamily. The fragment corresponds to a single copy gene and was mapped at position 78D of chromosome three by in situ hybridization.
Thermal modification of joint capsuleand ligamentous tissues

Abstract Tissue modification using thermal energy has been examined as a treatment method for clinical problems related to joint laxity since the initial observation of joint capsular “shrinkage” by laser energy. This article reviews the scientific data gathered in experimental studies and provides fundamental information about the effect of thermal treatment on collagenous tissues such as joint capsule and ligament.
Improving Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering inequalities with state information

We discuss the relationship between entropic Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR)-steering inequalities and their underlying uncertainty relations along with the hypothesis that improved uncertainty relations lead to tighter EPR-steering inequalities. In particular, we discuss how using information about the state of a quantum system affects oneʼs ability to witness EPR-steering. As an example, we consider the recent improvement to the entropic uncertainty relation between pairs of discrete observables (Berta et al., 2010 [10]). By considering the assumptions that enter into the development of a steering inequality, we derive correct steering inequalities from these improved uncertainty relations and find that they are identical to ones already developed (Schneeloch et al., 2013 [9]). In addition, we consider how one can use state information to improve our ability to witness EPR-steering, and develop a new continuous variable symmetric EPR-steering inequality as a result.
A comparative electron microprobe study of “Aeginetan” wares with potential raw material sources from Aegina, Methana, and Poros, Greece

Qualitative stylistic evidence from ceramic vessels and limited petrographic analysis suggested that a distinctive group of ceramics with visible inclusions of biotite (Gold Mica Fabric) was produced on the island of Aegina, Greece, during the Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I periods. To quantitatively evaluate this provenance, we sampled all potential source rocks on Aegina, Methana, and Poros. Electron microprobe analysis of amphibole in these samples revealed that each of these volcanic centers has its own unique mineralogical signature. Comparative analyses of amphibole in Zerner's original stylistic “Gold Mica Fabric” type sample with the reference samples reveal that two sherds are Aeginetan. Three additional sherds from this sample may have a non-Aeginetan provenance, probably from a back-arc setting outside the Saronic Gulf. These results suggest that the hypothesis of a single source production site for Aeginetan Ware should be reexamined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen consumption rates in pelagic sediments from the Central Pacific: First estimates from microelectrode profiles

Abstract Oxygen profiles in pelagic sediments from the Manganese Nodule Program calcareous and siliceous ooze sites (MANOP sites C and S) in the central Pacific Ocean were measured with microelectrodes and are used to predict oxygen consumption rates beneath the sediment-water interface. We explain possible artifacts which occur during sample recovery and argue that minimum estimates of 0.083 and 0.025 μ moles O 2 cm 2 day (C and S, respectively) can be calculated from the data. These oxygen consumption rates are in good agreement with in situ respirometer measurements previously reported for comparable sediments in the north Pacific, but previous estimates based on modeling of pore water nitrate profiles at both sites are two to five times smaller than our minimum fluxes. The differences in oxygen fluxes calculated by the two methods are probably in part due to uncertainty in the assumptions inherent in the nitrate model. However, non-steady state fluctuations in particulate organic matter fluxes could also be a reason for the disparity.
Hematology and clinical pathology of experimental Fascioloides magna infection in cattle and guinea pigs.

Abstract The hematologic and clinico-pathologic response to Fascioloides magna infection in cattle and guinea pigs was investigated. Twelve calves (six infected and six controls) were monitored for 26 weeks after inoculation with 1000 metacercariae. All calves remained healthy and there were no significant differences in weight gains between infected and control groups. Flukes (mean = 9.2, range 1–32) were recovered from the liver and abdominal cavity of all infected calves. The only significant response observed in the complete blood counts was an eosinophilia present in the infected calves extending from Weeks 2 to 26 post-infection. There were no significant differences in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and only minor increases in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. A total of 48 infected and 48 control guinea pigs from three separate experiments were monitored for 16 weeks after inoculation with 20 metacercariae of Fascioloides magna. Infected guinea pigs died between 7 and 114 days after infection, and flukes (ean = 2.5, range 0–13) were recovered from the liver, abdominal cavity, lungs, thoracic cavity, skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue. There were no differences in weight gains between infected and control guinea pigs. Complete blood counts showed increases in white blood cell, monocyte and neutrophil counts from between the third and fourteenth weeks post-infection; however, the differences were not consistently significant. Infected guinea pigs developed a significant eosinophilia and basophilia from 2 to 16 weeks post-infection. There were no significant changes in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyl transferase. There was an increase in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase beginning at 5 weeks post-infection. The response observed in the guinea pigs was similar to that reported in sheep, suggesting the suitability of the guinea pig as a model for Fascioloides magna infection in the sheep.
Identification of upper respiratory tract pathogens using electrochemical detection on an oligonucleotide microarray.

Bacterial and viral upper respiratory infections (URI) produce highly variable clinical symptoms that cannot be used to identify the etiologic agent. Proper treatment, however, depends on correct identification of the pathogen involved as antibiotics provide little or no benefit with viral infections. Here we describe a rapid and sensitive genotyping assay and microarray for URI identification using standard amplification and hybridization techniques, with electrochemical detection (ECD) on a semiconductor-based oligonucleotide microarray. The assay was developed to detect four bacterial pathogens (Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and 9 viral pathogens (adenovirus 4, coronavirus OC43, 229E and HK, influenza A and B, parainfluinza types 1, 2, and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus. This new platform forms the basis for a fully automated diagnostics system that is very flexible and can be customized to suit different or additional pathogens. Multiple probes on a flexible platform allow one to test probes empirically and then select highly reactive probes for further iterative evaluation. Because ECD uses an enzymatic reaction to create electrical signals that can be read directly from the array, there is no need for image analysis or for expensive and delicate optical scanning equipment. We show assay sensitivity and specificity that are excellent for a multiplexed format.
Statistical Analysis of Reactions Induced with 21-63 MeV Li 6 Ions on Fe 54 : Effects of Angular Momentum and Closed Shells on Nuclear Level Densities

Two sets of statistical theory calculations have been compared with experimental excitation functions for the production of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{56}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{54}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{52}$ at excitation energies up to 70 MeV. The reactions were induced with ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ ions on ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{54}$. The first set of calculations was based on the assumption that $\ensuremath{\rho}(E,J)=C(2J+1)\ensuremath{\rho}(E)$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}(E)={C}^{\ensuremath{'}}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{exp}2{(\mathrm{aE})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The excitation energy $E$ was corrected for pairing, $a$ was taken equal to 7.0 Me${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ as determined from ($p,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) spectra, and optical-model nonelastic cross sections were used for inverse reaction cross sections. All permutations of $n$, $p$, $d$, $t$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission were calculated for the first two particles out, followed by all permutations of $n$, $p$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission for further evaporation. The excitation functions so calculated were narrower, and peaked at lower excitation energies than the experimental excitation functions. A second set of calculations was made assuming $\ensuremath{\rho}(E,J)={C}^{\ensuremath{'}}(2J+1)\ensuremath{\rho}(E\ensuremath{-}{\overline{E}}_{\mathrm{rotational}})$, where the average rotational energy, assumed to remain constant throughout the series of intermediate nuclei involved in a particle emission cascade, was calculated with the use of optical-model transmission coefficients for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ ions incident on ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{54}$. Excitation functions calculated with the latter assumption are in excellent agreement with experimental values with respect to width and excitation energy of maxima. Neither set of calculations is in good agreement with experimental values with respect to magnitude of maxima. It is suggested that these discrepancies may partially be explained as due to the influence of the 28-neutron and 28-proton shells on nuclear level densities.
Etiology and outcome of extreme leukocytosis in 758 nonhematologic cancer patients: a retrospective, single-institution study.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, the literature regarding extreme leukocytosis in solid tumor patients is sparse, consisting of a few case reports and small case series. METHODS: A total of 3770 consecutive solid tumor patients with a white blood cell count>40,000/μL were retrospectively identified over a 3-year period (2005-2008). Those patients without a secondary cause of their leukocytosis were defined as having a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction. RESULTS: A total of 758 (20%) patients with solid tumors and extreme leukocytosis were identified. The etiology of the leukocytosis was hematopoietic growth factors in 522 (69%) patients, infection in 112 (15%) patients, high-dose corticosteroids in 38 (5%) patients, newly diagnosed leukemia in 9 (1%) patients, and paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction in 77 (10%) patients. The patients diagnosed with a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction typically had neutrophil predominance (96%) and radiographic evidence of metastatic disease (78%), were clinically stable, and had a poor prognosis; 78% either died or were discharged to hospice within 12 weeks of their initial extreme leukocyte count. All of the 8 (10%) patients who survived>1 year received effective antineoplastic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Infection was an uncommon cause of extreme leukocytosis in patients with solid tumors. Patients with paraneoplastic leukemoid reactions typically were clinically stable despite having large tumor burdens. However, clinical outcomes were poor unless effective antineoplastic treatment was received. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
An evolutionary correlate of genome size change in plethodontid salamanders

Variation in the amount of nuclear DNA, the C–value, does not correlate with differences in morphological complexity. There are two classes of explanations for this observation, which is known as the ‘C–value paradox’. The quantity of DNA may serve a ‘nucleotypic’ function that is positively selected. Alternatively, large genomes may consist of junk DNA, which increases until it negatively affects fitness. Attempts to resolve the C–value paradox focus on the link between genome size and fitness. This link is usually sought in life history traits, particularly developmental rates. I examined the relationship among two life history traits, egg size and embryonic developmental time and genome size, in 15 species of plethodontid salamanders. Surprisingly, there is no correlation between egg size and developmental time, a relationship included in models of life history evolution. However, genome size is positively correlated with embryonic developmental time, a result that is robust with respect to many sources of variation in the data. Without information on the targets of natural selection it is not possible with these data to distinguish between nucleotypic and junk DNA explanations for the C–value paradox.
The Interplay Between Science and Statistics in Modeling Stress–Strain Curve Data

Data obtained from an archived 9-year aging study on S5370 foam were used to develop a stress–strain aging model using a strategy that first fits separate stress–strain curve data based on a form from polymer science.
Effect of estradiol on NaCl-evoked olfactory bulbar potentials in goldfish: Dose—Response relationships☆

Abstract Evoked olfactory electrical responses in the olfactory bulbs of young adult goldfish were studied after administration of different dosages of estradiol. The magnitudes of the olfactory responses were augmented in estrogenized goldfish up to a dose of 8.0 μg of estradiol. Beyond this dose less augmentation occurred, and higher doses (32.0 μg, 64.0 μg) of estradiol actually inhibited the responses to values below the control. Olfactory responses in estrogenized goldfish after olfactory tract section (freeing the bulbs from centrifugal control) also were biphasic with respect to dose, but mirror image to the dose-response relation in intact goldfish. These data are interpreted to mean that estrogens influence olfactory-evoked nervous responses in the bulb and elsewhere in the nervous system in a complex manner related to dose. Different parts of the central nervous system, at particular doses of estradiol, may respond simultaneously quite differently in terms of inhibition or facilitation.
Absence of Human Herpesviruses Types 6 and 7 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Febrile Convulsions

Absence of Human Herpesviruses Types 6 and 7 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Febrile Convulsions
Properties and Partial Purification of the Sperm Attractant of Tubularia

The investigations leading to an explanation of the mechanism of sperm chemotaxis in the hydrozoa depend heavily on purification and identification of the compounds responsible for the attraction. The substance (s) are of low molecular weight, are stable to heat and to high and low p H under moderate conditions, and are highly positively charged. Recent work using the attractant from Tubularia indicates that ion-exchange chromatography coupled with the proper gradient elution techniques is beginning to yield partially purified attractant. The biological activity is eliminated after strong-acid hydrolysis and after treatment with crude proteolytic enzymes, like pronase and pancreatin. The active components of these mixtures of enzymes are neutral proteases with a serine residue in the active site. The stability of the molecule (s) to p H, their apparent ninhydrin-insensitivity, and their chromatographic behavior are indicative of a low molecular-weight peptide, possibly one of the cyclic peptides. Promising avenues leading to further purification have been opened up by the work reported here, and it would appear to be only a matter of time before pure attractant is available for chemical analysis.
HIV-related risk factors for asthma in children

Abstract Rationale To determine HIV-related risk factors for asthma diagnosis and asthma exacerbations in children. Methods Children with HIV infection (perinatal) and Asthma, followed in Pediatric HIV Clinic, were prospectively evaluated over 6-month period (2003). The charts of the same patients were reviewed for the period of 24 months preceding the enrollment (2001–2002). HIV Viral Load (RNA PCR), CD4+ T-cells, and asthma exacerbations were recorded. Results 24/85 HIV infected children (age 3–16 years) had been previously diagnosed with asthma. In 65% of patients, asthma was diagnosed within 3 years of starting highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In 22/24 patients CD4+ T-cells at the time of asthma diagnosis were available for review, and all were within acceptable limits for age, i.e. reconstituted after HIV therapy or never depleted at the time of asthma diagnosis. The asthma severity increased in the group over the 30-month period with increase in the proportion of patients with mild persistent (from 21% to 58%) and moderate persistent asthma (from 4% to 8%). 63 asthma exacerbations were recorded. There was no association between viral load fluctuation and asthma exacerbations. Poor adherence to HIV medications did not predict asthma exacerbation. CD4+ T-cells dropped transiently below the level recommended for PCP prophylaxis in 2 patients, and the drop in each case coincided with improvement in asthma control. Conclusions CD4+ T cell count was inversely correlated with risk of asthma diagnosis and exacerbation in this population. Viral Load fluctuation and adherence to HIV medications did not correlate with asthma exacerbations.
An Examination of Conditional Violations of Axioms for Additive Conjoint Measurement

Axiomatic conjoint measurement methodology of fers a useful approach for evaluating different compo sition rules as potential models for fitting the compo nents of multidimensional stimuli. The use...
Developmental changes in brain glucose, glycogen, phosphocreatine, and ATP levels in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice, and audiogenic seizures.

. Brains of rodents are primarily dependent on ketone bodies as a source of hydrogen for NADH and of acetyl-CoA during the perinatal period characterized by suckling. A mouse dam begins to wean her pups at about 14 days of age (DOA), the same age at which the brain reaches near-adult size and begins to shift to dependence on carbohydrate-derived sources of acetyl-CoA for normal function. Also at this time, the ear canals open, and mice of some strains become susceptible to audiogenic seizures (AGS). There may be a genetically determined derangement in the orderly transition from one source of brain energy to the other in AGS-prone mice, with a concomitant brief (days) reduction in the in situ energy reserve during the transition. In mice with a decreased energy reserve, a large energy expenditure within a short period of time (s), such as that induced by a substantial acoustic stimulus to newly opened acoustic pathways, might briefly lead to CNS disorganization before body energy repletion processes may occur, resulting in the onset of an AGS. Since glucose, glycogen, ATP, and phosphocreatine provide the bulk of the brain energy reserve, a developmental study was performed to measure the concentrations of these metabolites in brain tissues of DBA/2J mice (genetically/developmentally susceptible to AGS: onset at 12–14 DOA, peak at 18–21 DOA, rapid decline until 30 DOA, essentially lost by 42 DOA) and in C57BL/6J mice (not developmentally susceptible to AGS). Samples of frontal, temporal, cerebellar, and diencephalic regions were taken from mice 0–44 DOA and assayed. With the exception of higher glycogen levels in both DBA and C57 mice in cerebellar and diencephalic samples 0–16 DOA, no regional differences were found. A decrease in glycogen in all regions was observed in DBA mice 16–30 DOA, which was the inverse of susceptibility to AGS in these mice. This dip was not found in C57 mice. ATP levels were elevated in DBA mice 14–18 DOA, and glucose levels were decreased in DBA mice 24–40 DOA. These data lend support to the hypothesis that lowered brain energy reserves, or lowered access to brain reserves, underlies susceptibility to AGS.
Comparison of quality-based fusion of face and iris biometrics

Multimodal systems have been used for the increased robustness of biometric recognition tasks. A unique strength of multimodal systems can be found when presented with biometric samples of degraded quality in a subset of the modalities. This study looks at the effect of quality degradation on system performance using the Q-FIRE database. The Q-FIRE database is a multimodal database composed of face and iris biometrics captured at defined quality levels, controlled at acquisition. This database allows for assessment of biometric system performance pertaining to image quality factors. Methods for measuring image quality based on illumination conditions are explored as well as strategies for incorporating these quality metrics into a multimodal fusion algorithm. This paper provides further evidence in a unique dataset that utilizing sample quality metrics into the fusion scheme of a multimodal system improves system performance in non-ideal acquisition environments.
Hand-sorted punched cards in taxonomic research

Increased general initerest in the application of hand-sorted punched cards as a research tool for the individual investigator was evideneed by the papers on this topic at the 1956 meetings of the AAAS in New York. The application of this tool to various pursuits, such as bibliography, mathematics, business, and even ecology, is becoming well recognized; but the writer was surprised to find relatively little evideniee of its use by plant taxonomists. Some, in fact, seemed to regard punched cards with a sort of antagonism. The writer, on the other hand, has found that their use accelerated handling of data and enabled him to attack problems which would have been left undone as discouragingly difficult by conveentionial methods.
Feline restrictive cardiomyopathy.

(1997). Feline restrictive cardiomyopathy. Veterinary Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. sup1, pp. 3-4.
A user study on mobile virtualization to measure personal freedom vs. enterprise security

There is a classic tension between technical requirements and user requirements - users care little about technical requirements, especially when they interrupt task completion. This tension is elevated within the burgeoning “Bring Your Own Device” (BYOD) model of enterprise mobility enablement - users care even less about technical requirements when they interrupt use of their personal mobile device, as is frequently the case with security requirements. In this paper we present a case study of a mobile virtualization solution for BYOD security. We detail the design and execution of an enterprise-scale pilot program of a container security solution on Android and iOS devices. Through the use of direct performance assessment and user satisfaction measures, we identify some of the universal factors mitigating the relationship between security and user freedom. In doing so we offer a hopeful manner for implementing a secure, widely adopted, enterprise BYOD program.
Can Blacks be racists? Black-on-Black principal abuse in an urban school setting

This study examines Black student and parental perceptions of exclusionary practices of Black school principals. I ask why students and parents viewed two Black principals as contributing to abusive and exclusionary school environments that marginalized Black students. After a two-year ethnographic study, it was revealed that exclusionary behaviors toward Black students—which was viewed as “abuse” by students and parents—was a reproduction of the district's racism, and thus adds new considerations for discussions around the value of racially-like (i.e., all Black) educators and students. Parents perceived these two Black principals as dealing more harshly and rigidly with the Black students and their families; moreover, analysis of the interview data revealed that the principals rejected the cultural and social capital, and proclivities of Black students, and blamed Black students for their lower achievement and unique behaviors. I draw significant attention to the larger contexts of White supremacy and r...
From Stabat Pater to Prophetic Virgin: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Recovery of the Madonna-Figure

This study of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Madonna-figures questions some influential arguments about the novelist's treatment of motherhood and domesticity. Critics such as Jane Tompkins, Elizabeth Ammons, and Gillian Brown have claimed that the novels privilege an alternative maternal culture and may even present the Christian Savior in feminized terms. But the early novels in fact reveal the gender restrictions of nineteenth-century Protestantism, which allowed no sanctified female roles. Uncle Tom's Cabin and Dred , for example, have Christ-figures but no Madonnas. Stowe's travels overseas, which exposed her to European religious art, and her gradual movement from the Congregational to the Episcopal church (documented by John Gatta), had a profound impact on two subsequent novels, The Minister's Wooing and Agnes of Sorrento . Here, for the first time, female characters are made Madonna-figures. But the novelist presents them as contemplative saints and prophetic virgins, rather than as mothers. Only in her late religious writings does Stowe portray the biblical Mary as not only prophet and poet but also mother—and then in an inimitable way. In The Minister's Wooing and Agnes as well as her religious writings, Stowe examines the New Testament sisters Martha and Mary of Bethany, who in church tradition represent, respectively, the active and the contemplative life. These discussions reveal the conflict the author experienced between her domestic responsibilities and artistic vocation, and her misgivings about many of the maternal characters found throughout her fiction. Stowe's contemplative and creative Mary-figures include Mary Scudder, Agnes, and the Virgin Mary herself. The contrasting Martha-figures are domestic geniuses but have “worldly” values, which sometimes threaten their daughters' happiness. These Marthas, who are increasingly subjected to authorial criticism, suggest some needed qualifications of arguments for the consistently positive valence of motherhood and domesticity in Stowe.
Two Languages at Work: Bilingual Life on the Production Floor

Two Languages at Work: Bilingual Life on the Production Floor. Tara Goldstein. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1997. 277 pp.
Alternative Metrics for Assessing Knowledge Assets

This paper analyzes two different approaches to assessing the knowledge assets of multiple firms in a given industry. Typically, in evaluating knowledge management (KM) results by measuring intellectual capital (IC), studies in the field have looked specifically at individual firms or a small cluster of organisations. Measuring a large number of firms has proven more of a challenge even though the discipline has some established metrics to do so, principally those using some variation of Tobin's q. In moving such methodologies forward, we look at two variations on Tobin's q for assessing KM requirements in an industry and the relative level of KM success in member firms. We contrast different industries with apparently different KM circumstances, allowing some deeper insights into the strengths and weaknesses of our two metrics. These results will be of interest to those studying KM and IC as they provide guidance in evaluating performance (as well as the need to invest in order to keep up with industry top performers). For the same reason, the results and methodology will inform practitioners taking a strategic approach to knowledge investment, giving them a way to assess relative standing within and across industries. KM strategies can and should differ, and these metrics provide guidance for such decisions.
Behavioral Aspects of Text Editors

Theoretical models and experimental results relevant to the study of behavioral issues in the use of text editors--including both those intended primarily for computer program development and those intended for manuscript preparation--are examined. Models can predict editing task time in terms of elementary activities, in an error-free environment, to an accuracy comparable to the variability between subjects. In a realistic setting, however, unpredictable user activities account for between 25 and 50 percent of the task time, an amount that is comparable to individual variations due to errors. Variations in computer response time appear to affect users more than mere delay does. Command options improve expert performance but degrade the performance of beginners. The surface syntax of an editor can have considerable impact on ease of use. Ergonomic aspects of keyboard and display terminal design and use are well understood, with little hope for significant improvement, but there is no experimental evidence to support guidelines for display format design. Among analog pointing devices the mouse appears to have a small edge over the light pen, joystick, and track ball; human pointing performance using these devices approaches known psychophysical limits. Optimum ambient conditions, including temperature, noise, work-station layout, illumination, and work-rest cycles derived for professional key entry operators and for other interactive tasks, are probably also valid for editing. Gaps in the application of cognitive psychology and human engineering to text editors in the literature are indicated, and promising research areas are delineated.
The Relationship Between Intervening Hospitalizations and Transitions Between Frailty States

INCREASINGLY, frailty is recognized as a geriatric syndrome, distinct from disability and comorbidity, which results from a multisystem reduction in reserve capacity, confers high risk for an array of adverse outcomes, and is potentially amenable to prevention and remediation (1–3). As an indicator of its societal importance, the Institute of Medicine has identified frailty as one of 20 priority areas (selected from several hundred potential candidates) in need for improvement in health care quality (4). In prior work, we have demonstrated that frailty is a dynamic process, characterized by frequent transitions between frailty states (nonfrail, prefrail, and frail) over time (5). These findings have since been confirmed by other investigators (6). The reasons behind these transitions are largely unknown, although numerous studies have evaluated potential risk factors for the initial onset of frailty (7–11). One possibility is that transitions between frailty states are driven, at least in part, by intervening illnesses and injuries leading to hospitalization. These intervening hospitalizations, for example, could impede recovery from states of greater frailty to lesser frailty and, in turn, place older persons at higher risk for subsequent adverse outcomes. In support of this possibility, we have recently shown that hospitalization in older persons has pronounced deleterious effects on nearly all transitions between states of disability over the course of more than 10 years (12). To improve our understanding of frailty among older persons, we set out in the current study to determine the relationship between intervening hospitalizations and transitions between frailty states over time. We hypothesized that transitions from nonfrail to frail would be uncommon in the absence of a hospitalization and that intervening illnesses and injuries leading to hospitalization would reduce the likelihood of transitioning from states of greater frailty to states of lesser frailty (ie, impede recovery).
Mean shift is a bound optimization

We build on the current understanding of mean shift as an optimization procedure. We demonstrate that, in the case of piecewise constant kernels, mean shift is equivalent to Newton's method. Further, we prove that, for all kernels, the mean shift procedure is a quadratic bound maximization.
Beyond the Urban

Studies of public space focus disproportionately on cities. Complex and densely populated urban built environments�with their streets, plazas, institutional buildings, housing projects, markets�make concrete and visible attempts to manage difference. They also structure the ways that less powerful residents challenge and sometimes remake elites� spatial visions of the social order. The robust literature in Middle East studies on Islamic cities, colonial cities, dual cities, quarters and ethnicities, port cities, and so forth is no exception to this urban focus.
Effect of interhospital transfer on resource utilization and outcomes at a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit

Purpose The study aimed to examine the effect of interhospital transfer on resource utilization and clinical outcomes at a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) among patients with sepsis or respiratory failure. Materials and methods Data on 2146 consecutive admissions with respiratory failure or sepsis to the PICU were analyzed. Data included demographics, admission source, and outcomes. Admission source was classified as interhospital transfer from the emergency departments (ED), wards, or PICUs of referring hospitals; or from the study hospital ED (direct). Results Compared with direct admissions, inter-PICU transfers had higher crude mortality (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.84) but not significant mortality difference (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.86) after adjusting for illness severity, age, and sex. Conversely, ED transfers had lower PICU mortality than direct ED admissions. Children with transfer admissions stayed significantly longer and used more intensive care technology in the study PICU than children directly admitted (P < .01). In comparisons within quartiles of mortality risk, inter-PICU transfers had longer hospitalization and higher mortality in all but the highest quartile. Conclusions Interhospital transfer, particularly inter-PICU transfer, was associated with significant hospital resource consumption that often correlated with admission illness severity. Future prospective studies should identify determinants of pretransfer illness severity and investigate decision making underlying interhospital transfer.
Cyst Fluid Interleukin-1β (IL1β) Levels Predict the Risk of Carcinoma in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas

Purpose: Biomarkers for high-grade dysplasia in patients with radiographically identified intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) have not been described. We hypothesized that dysplasia in IPMN invokes an immunogenic/proinflammatory microenvironment that can be identified by cyst fluid cytokine levels. Experimental Design: Pancreatic cyst fluid aspirates were collected at resection (2005 - 2009). Samples were grouped into low-risk (low grade (n=6) or moderate dysplasia (n=15)) and high-risk groups (high grade dysplasia (n=13) or carcinoma (n=6)). Cytokine expression was determined using a multiplex sandwich immunoassay. Differences in cytokine expression were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and two sample t-test. Sample classification was performed using a logistical regression adjusting for sample covariates. Results: IL5 and IL8 concentrations were higher in the cyst fluid from patients in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. Interleukin 1b (IL1b) concentrations were also higher in the cyst fluid from patients with high grade dysplasia or cancer (n=19) compared to those with low or moderate grade dysplasia (n=21, 539 ± 255 pg/mL vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 pg/mL, p<0.0001). IL1b remained a significant predictor of high-risk cysts after multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference in levels of interleukins 2, 4, 10, 12, 13, TNFa, or IFN-gamma between the groups. That IL1b levels identified cysts at a high risk of malignancy was confirmed in an independent validation set. Conclusions: Cyst fluid levels of IL1b can differentiate low from high-risk IPMN. This study introduces IL1b as a potential biomarker for validation in larger clinical studies.
Temperature dependence of collagen fluorescence

Dermal collagens have several fluorescent moieties in the UV and visible spectral regions that may serve as molecular probes of collagen. We studied the temperature-dependence of a commercial calf skin collagen and acid-extracted Skh-1 hairless mouse collagen at temperatures from 9 °C to 60 °C for excitation/emission wavelengths 270/305 nm (tyrosine), 270/360 nm (excimer-like aggregated species), 325/400 nm (dityrosine) and 370/450 nm (glycation adduct). L-tyrosine (1 × 10−5 M in 0.5 M HOAc) acted as a “reference compound” devoid of any collagen structural effects. In general, the fluorescence efficiency of these fluorophores decreases with increasing temperature. Assuming that rate constant for fluorescence deactivation has the form kd(T) = kdo exp (–ΔE/RT), an Arrhenius plot of log[(1/Φ) − 1] vs. 1/T affords a straight line whose (negative) slope is proportional to the activation energy, ΔE, of the radiationless process(es) that compete with fluorescence. Because it is difficult to accurately measure Φf for collagen-bound fluorophores, we derived an approximate formula for an activation parameter, ΔE*, evaluated from an Arrhenius-like plot of log 1/INvs. 1/T, (1/INvs. is the reciprocal normalized fluorescence intensity). Tyrosine in dilute solution affords a linear Arrhenius plot in both of the above cases. Using the known value of Φf = 0.21 for free tyrosine at room temperature, we determined that ΔE* is accurate to ∼25% in the present instance. Collagen curves are non-linear, but they are quasi-linear below ∼20 °C, where the helical form predominates. Values of ΔE* determined from the data at T < 20 °C ranged from 6.2–8.4 kJ mol−1 (1.5–2.0 kcal mol−1) for mouse collagen and 10.3–11.4 kJ mol−1 (2.5–2.7 kcal mol−1) for calf skin collagen, consistent with collisional deactivation of the fluorescent state via thermally enhanced molecular vibrations and rotations. Above 20 °C, log 1/INvs. 1/T plots from Skh-1 hairless mouse collagen are concave-downward, suggesting that fluorescence deactivation from the denatured coil has a significant temperature-independent component. For calf skin collagen, these plots are concave-upward, suggesting an increase in activation energy above Tm. These results suggest that collagen backbone and supramolecular structure can influence the temperature dependence of the bound fluorophores, indicating the future possibility of using activation data as a probe of supramolecular structure and conformation.
On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto

Although recent increases in imprisonment are concentrated in poor Black communities, we know little about how daily life within these neighborhoods is affected. Almost all ethnographic work in poo...
Photoluminescence probes of micelle systems. Cyclic azoalkanes as quenchers of 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene fluorescence

Abstract Quenching of the fluorescence of detergent solutions of 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene by a series of bicyclic azoalkanes has been investigated. A model is employed which postulates that the azo quenchers are partitioned between the aqueous phase and micelles.
Behaviour associated with feeding and milking of early lactation cows housed in an experimental automatic milking system

Abstract The successful integration of automated milking into the farm will depend partly on the behaviour of the cow. Diurnal patterns of behaviour and behaviour associated with the use of an automatic milking stall were recorded at 10-min intervals for 5 consecutive days for nine early lactation cows housed in a straw yard. The automatic milking stall was operational between 06:00 h and 0:00 h and was accessible through a selection/recognition stall on route to the forage feed area. Cows attending the feed area within 4 h of a previous milking were diverted directly to feed, by-passing the automatic stall. All cows attended the milking stall voluntarily, on average three times a day. Milking frequency was not consistent throughout the day and was related to diurnal patterns of feeding. Movement to and from milking was hesitant, with cows delaying at both entry and exit gates of the milking stall. A consistent milking order developed becoming more variable as the number of milkings per cow per day increased, associated with a similar reduction in synchrony for the maintenance behaviours. Daily activity budgets suggested accommodation to the system through conservation of feeding time and a decrease in lying time. Cows became accustomed to waiting to enter the stall as the experiment proceeded. In conclusion the cows adapted to using the automated milking stall at their own demand and pace which reduced efficiency and availability.
Optical and quantum efficiency analysis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 absorber layers

(Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films have been deposited by elemental co-evaporation over a wide range of compositions and their optical properties characterized by transmission and reflection measurements and by relative shift analysis of quantum efficiency device measurements. The optical bandgaps were determined by performing linear fits of (ahv)2 vs. hv, and the quantum efficiency bandgaps were determined by relative shift analysis of device curves with fixed Ga/(In+Ga) composition, but varying Ag/(Cu+Ag) composition. The determined experimental optical bandgap ranges of the Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.31, 0.52, and 0.82 groups, with Ag/(Cu+Ag) ranging from 0 to 1, respectively. The optical bowing parameter of the different Ga/(In+Ga) groups was also determined.
Why did I eat that? Perspectives on food decision making and dietary restraint

Consumers trying to watch or restrict what they eat face a battle each day as they attempt to navigate the food-rich environments in which they live. Due to the complexity of food decision making, consumers are susceptible to a wide range of social, cognitive, affective, and environmental forces determined to interrupt their intentions to restrict their dietary intake. In this article, we integrate literature from diverse theoretical perspectives into a conceptual framework designed to offer a better understanding of the antecedents, interruptions, and consequences of dietary restraint. We outline a path for researchers to investigate how restraint behaviors in the eating domain influence a wide variety of consumer psychological phenomena. It is our hope that a collective examination of this literature provides a lens that directs future research on food decision making and dietary restraint and empowers consumers to invest their cognitive and behavioral resources towards healthy eating behaviors.
Comparison of swallowing function in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

Dysphagia is common in both Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Although it is believed to be more common in PSP, there are no controlled data and no comparison of swallowing function between these two disorders. Our aim was to assess dysphagia and swallow function in patients with PSP and PD. Seven patients with PSP were matched to seven patients with PD on the basis of disease duration. Self-rated dysphagia, movement disorder disability, modified barium swallow results, and abnormalities noted on manometry of the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal body, upper esophageal sphincter, and pharynx were compared between the two groups. Neither severity nor duration of dysphagia differed between the two groups. Patients with PSP had a significantly greater degree of disability [median (range) Hoehn & Yahr score, 4 (3-5) vs. 2 (1-2); P < 0.002]. Manometric abnormalities were similar for the two groups. Oral-phase abnormalities on modified barium swallow were significantly more frequent in PSP (four patients with PSP vs. no patients with PD; p < 0.005). Pharyngeal abnormalities did not differ. Modified barium-swallow scores correlated well with self-reported dysphagia severity for patients with PSP (r = 0.93; p < 0.05) but not for those with PD (r = 0.42; p = NS). The frequency of abnormalities noted during the oral phase was significantly increased in PSP. It is hypothesized that the sensory information conveyed due to this may account for the better correlation between symptoms and swallowing abnormalities and the belief that swallowing problems are more common in PSP.
Average Structure Of Cryo-cooled Profilin:actin From An Incommensurately Modulated Crystal

Knowledge of the structure of actin in its various conformations is essential for understanding the dynamics of cell motility. A key regulator of actin polymerization is profilin, an abundant protein that associates with actin in a 1:1 complex that serves as a precursor for actin filament formation. Several structures of actin, in the monomeric state and in complexes with actin binding proteins have been solved, but to date, a high-resolution structure of the actin filament has not been solved.Slightly acidic pH is known to dissociate profilin from actin and to stabilize actin filaments. When profilin:actin crystals are transferred to an acidic pH, they exhibit a modulated diffraction pattern. It has been speculated that these modulated crystals contain actin filaments, or an intermediate state of actin filament formation.This poster details our successes as we have pursued solving the structure of modulated profilin:actin crystals. This modulation was first observed in the early 1990's but was shelved as there was no way of processing the data at that time. With recent advances in the field of modulated crystallography for small molecules and vast improvements in computing power, we thought it was time to revisit this problem. We have worked through the problems associated with reproducing the original data and can now purify, crystallize and modulate the complex at will. We were able to get the unit cell and q-vector from room temperature modulated images. The q-vector suggests the modulation is incommensurate. Most recently we have been able to cryo-trap the modulated state and have a low-resolution average structure from that data.
Solar water heating systems and their market trends

Abstract One of the most widely known solar thermal applications is solar water heating. In terms of installation expenditures and energy cost over the total life of the system, solar water heating technology has proven to be cost efficient for several domestic and industrial applications. Technological practicability of these systems has long been recognized and is presently employed in commercial sectors of many countries. This paper presents an overview of various types of solar assisted water heating systems and their market potential. Residential solar water heating is a promising age old technology, which has been evolved and developed both in the range and quality as a successful packaged market–product. The first part of this paper analyzes the performances along with how unique they are of different types of solar water heating systems and the later part of the paper covers its economic aspects.
Introduction to Special Issue on Engineering and Groundwater

This section of the issue of Geophysics is draw from a collection of papers originally submitted for a monograph on engineering and groundwater geophysics. It is a mixture of tutorial, new developments, and case histories focused on seismic methods. This introduction will review the evolution of this section and introduce each of the papers. These papers complement the overview presented by Dobecki and Romig (1985) in the Golden Anniversary Issue of Geophysics. That paper reviews the history, summarizes the state of the art, and attempts to predict possible future developments.