cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute growth hormone deficiency rapidly alters glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes. Relation to insulin responses and binding.

To investigate cellular aspects of the antagonism between endogenous GH and insulin in adipose tissue, we examined glucose metabolism, insulin responses, and insulin binding in adipocytes isolated from rats made GH deficient by treatment with antibodies to rat GH (ArGH), which neutralize the biological actions of GH. Adipocytes were incubated in the presence or absence of insulin, and their ability to convert [14C] glucose to CO2 and lipid was measured. Basal glucose utilization was significantly elevated in adipocytes from ArGH-treated rats after 6, 3, or even 1 h of serum treatment compared to that in controls treated with nonimmune serum. This suggests that endogenous GH suppresses glucose metabolism in adipocytes from normal rats. In the presence of insulin, the absolute values of glucose utilization were also higher in cells from ArGH-treated rats than in controls. However, because basal glucose oxidation was higher with GH deficiency, the percent stimulation by insulin was not different in adipocyte...
Television Viewing and Public Perceptions of Attorneys

This investigation examines the way prime-time network television programming depicts attorneys, and the influence of these images on the public's perceptions of attorneys. In addition, the study examines some of the theoretical and methodological controversies identified with the cultivation explanation of the way television shapes perceptions of social reality. The results reveal that network prime-time television programming depictions of attorneys affect public perceptions of attorneys, particularly in terms of front region behaviors. The results involving attorneys’back region behaviors are mixed. In addition, the results indicate that content-specific viewing is a more reliable predictor than total viewing or select viewer sociodemographic variables of the public's tendency to perceive attorneys in the same way they are portrayed in prime-time television programming.
Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease

Cognitive deficits occur in over half of multiple sclerosis patients, with hippocampal-dependent learning and memory commonly impaired. Data from in vivo MRI and post-mortem studies in MS indicate that the hippocampus is targeted. However, the relationship between structural pathology and dysfunction of the hippocampus in MS remains unclear. Hippocampal neuropathology also occurs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. Although estrogen treatment of EAE has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in the spinal cord, it is unknown if estrogen treatment may prevent hippocampal pathology and dysfunction. In the current study we examined excitatory synaptic transmission during EAE and focused on pathological changes in synaptic protein complexes known to orchestrate functional synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. We then determined if estriol, a candidate hormone treatment, was capable of preventing functional changes in synaptic transmission and corresponding hippocampal synaptic pathology. Electrophysiological studies revealed altered excitatory synaptic transmission and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) during EAE. Neuropathological experiments demonstrated that there were decreased levels of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, diffuse loss of myelin staining and atrophy of the pyramidal layers of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1). Estriol treatment prevented decreases in excitatory synaptic transmission and lessened the effect of EAE on PPF. In addition, estriol treatment prevented several neuropathological alterations that occurred in the hippocampus during EAE. Cross-modality correlations revealed that deficits in excitatory synaptic transmission were significantly correlated with reductions in trans-synaptic protein binding partners known to modulate excitatory synaptic transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a functional correlate to hippocampal neuropathology in any MS model. Furthermore, a treatment was identified that prevented both deficits in synaptic function and hippocampal neuropathology.
DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF POTASSIUM NITRATE IN SAND CULTURES, AS RELATED TO IRRIGATION AND TO POROSITY OF CONTAINER WALL

THE EXPERIMENTS considered in this paper constituted part of a greenhouse study on growth of seedlings in variously fertilized pots of sand with several different forms of irrigation. Carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Johns Hopkins University in the late winter and early spring of 1937, they were planned to furnish information concerning the distribution and migration of nutrient salts within the sand masses with and without seedlings in a 28-day experiment period. It was found that K and NO:, moved in the sand but that their distribution was essentially alike at all times. As might be expected, P04 was strongly held by the sand and failed to move considerably after it had been introduced as KH2PO4 or Ca (H2PO4) 2. Distribution and movement of K and NO3 were apparently largely controlled by evaporation and plant absorption and by the particular types of watering employed. To render these statements clear it is desirable to present an account of our culture techniques, which may be interesting with reference to the general practical problem of growing seedlings for subsequent experimentation or for setting in garden or field. The culture medium used was a mixture of equal volumes of two insoluble white sands, with grains respectively about 0.75 mm. and about 0.20 mm. in diameter. On the basis of oven-dry weight, the water-holding capacity of the mixture was found (by the Hilgard method, with 1-cm. column) to be about 21 per cent.; a liter of the mixture weighed about 1600 gm. when oven-dry. It was thoroughly washed with tap water when first prepared and it was rewashed after each experiment before being used again. The containers were new 7-inch flower pots of ordinary form (18 cm. high and 18 cm. in diameter at top). Some were used without coating or wick while others were thoroughly waterproofed throughout with two coats of spar varnish (" Valspar, clear "). Still others were both waterproofed and provided with rigid porous wicks of the Livingston type (Livingston, 1935; Norem, 1936), 2.5 cm. square and 20 cm. long, which were firmly attached to the pots by means of poured Babbitt metal. These pots were supported above a sheet-metal tank of tap water (Norem, 1936) so that the level of the pot bottoms was about 10 cm. above the level of the water surface; thus only about 12 cm. of each wick was actually in service. When wicks were not used a piece of cotton cloth covered the drainage hole to prevent loss of sand. All the containers here considered had a volume capacity of about 2.5 liters, but the sand mixture occupied only
On time series features and kernels for machine olfaction

Abstract Kernel methods such as support vector machines are a powerful technique to solve pattern recognition problems. One of the important properties of kernel methods is that they can be applied to any kind of input domain, for which it is possible to construct an appropriate kernel. Over the past years, there has been a tremendous interest and progress in the machine learning community to design kernels for “non-standard” data sets, i.e., for data without a vectorial feature representation; examples include graphs, strings, trees, and other such discrete objects. In this paper, we investigate the benefit of using time series kernels to solve machine olfaction applications. In particular, we apply these time series kernels for two pattern recognition problems in machine olfaction, namely, odor classification and odor localization in an open sampling system. We also study the use of time series feature extraction methods, in which features are extracted by making assumptions on the underlying mechanism that generate the time series. Experimental results clearly indicate the advantage of using these kernels when compared to naive techniques that discard the temporal information in the data, and, even more interestingly, these kernels also perform better that techniques that rely on an explicit feature extraction step prior to solving the pattern recognition problem.
The U.S. Digital Television Broadcasting Transition [In the Spotlight]

This paper discusses the transition of United States into a completely digital TV broadcasting system.
Heuristics for scheduling Earth observing satellites

This paper describes several methods for assigning tasks to Earth Observing Systems Satellites (EOS). We present empirical results for three heuristics, called: Priority Dispatch (PD), Look Ahead (LA), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). These heuristics progress from simple to complex, from less accurate to more accurate, and from fast to slow. We present empirical results as applied to the Window-Constrained Packing problem (WCP). The WCP is a simplified version of the EOS scheduling problem. We discuss the problem of having more than one optimization criteria. We will also discuss the relationship between the WCP and the more traditional Knapsack and Weighted Early/Tardy problems.
Vietnam, The Gulf, and U.S. Choices: A Comparison

(1992). Vietnam, The Gulf, and U.S. Choices: A Comparison. Security Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 74-95.
Comparison of Column and Centrifugal Sephadex Methods for Fractionating Whey and Skimmilk Systems

Abstract Normal and concentrated whey and skimmilk systems were fractionated into a colloid and a low molecular weight fraction by column and centrifugal procedures using Sephadex G-25 and G-50 Sephadex, and the resulting fractions were analyzed to determine the fractionation efficiency of the process and the composition of the resulting colloid fraction. Sephadex G-50 columns were more effective than Sephadex G-25 columns for removing lactose and mineral constituents from the concentrated skimmilk colloid fraction. The fractionation efficiency of the centrifugal Sephadex method (Sephadex G-25) was intermediate to that of Sephadex G-25 and G-50 columns. Approximately 90–92% of the total proteins of concentrated whey was recovered in the colloid fraction from the Sephadex G-25 column process compared to ∼ 90–95% recovery from concentrated skimmilk. The colloid fractions obtained from concentrated whey and skimmilk samples by the Sephadex G-25 column process exhibited ∼ a six-fold and a two-fold enrichment of the protein content, respectively. Fractionation results were somewhat similar for the Sephadex G-25 centrifugal and column methods; however, the centrifugal method permits larger sample volumes with less dilution of the colloid fraction than does the column method.
The double layer-capillary stability of an annular electrolyte film surrounding a dielectric-fluid core in a tube

In this paper we examine the linear stability of an annular film surrounding a dielectric-fluid core in a tube in the presence of double layers of charges at the film core and at the film-tube interfaces, when the fluid-fluid interface is of low tension. In the absence of electrostatic forces, the surface tension force arising from the circumferential curvature destabilizes, and that from the axial curvature stabilizes the system. The competition is such that waves larger than the unperturbed interface circumference are unstable and those shorter are stable. For charged layers in the film, two cases are examined: (i) double-layer repulsion where the volume charge density is everywhere of the same sign and (ii) double-layer attraction where the diffusive layers next to the film interfaces are of opposite signs. In the first case, double-layer repulsion and surface tension lowering stabilize the destabilizing action of the circumferential component of the surface tension force, and a window of stability can exist. In the case of double layers of opposite signs, double-layer attraction destabilizes the system, and growth rates larger than those caused by pure capillarity can arise. Finally, for the case of a core bounded by an infinite electrolyte, surface tension lowering stabilizes the destabilizing action of the circumferential component of the surface tension force and destabilizes the longitudinal one, although the magnitudes of these effects may differ. As a result the thread can become unstable to waves shorter than the interface circumference.
Musculoskeletal ultrasound: focused impact on MRI.

OBJECTIVE. This article will compare and contrast image interpretation, accuracy, observer variability, economic impact, and education with regard to musculoskeletal ultrasound and MRI because these factors will influence the growth of musculoskeletal ultrasound and the impact on MRI.CONCLUSION. The use of musculoskeletal ultrasound continues to grow and there are a number of factors that impact MRI. The development of less expensive portable ultrasound machines has opened the market to nonradiologists, and applications for musculoskeletal ultrasound have broadened. Selective substitution of musculoskeletal ultrasound for MRI can result in significant cost saving to the health care system. Although this change could decrease the use of MRI, issues related to accuracy, variability, education, and competence must be addressed.
Optimizing urethane synthesis by studying the kinetics of reactions between a model alcohol and isocyanates in various solvents

The rates of the reactions between the model alcohol 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol (TMPO) and the isocyanates 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and triphenylmethane triisocyanate (TTI) have been studied in various solvents i.e., p-xylene, p-xylene/N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) 75/25, and tetrahydrofuran (THF), in the temperature range from 24° to 68°C. The rates of the reactions between TMPO plus isocyanates was similar to that of 1-butanol plus isocyanates. The reactivities of the two -NCO groups in MDI and the three -NCO groups in TTI are virtually identical. The rate of the TMPO/TTI reaction is slightly higher and its activation energy is slightly lower than that of the TMPO/MDI reaction. The fastest rates have been obtained in the binary solvent system p-xylene/DMF.
Impact of Referral Patterns on the Use of Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: To determine the extent to which unexplained variation in the use of chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer is due to access to oncologists’ services as opposed to treatment decisions made after seeing an oncologist. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 12,015 patients over age 65 diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer between 1991 and 1996 while living in one of 11 regions monitored by a Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registry. Assessment by an oncologist and subsequent treatment with chemotherapy were determined by examining linked Medicare claims. RESULTS: Of patients who did not receive chemotherapy, 36% were never assessed by a physician who provides chemotherapy. Patients living in certain areas, those diagnosed in more recent years, and those who received care in a teaching hospital were all more likely to see a cancer specialist. These factors were unrelated to subsequent treatment decisions, however. Conversely, age and comorbidity did not have a sign...
Displacement sensors for the primary mirror of the W. M. Keck telescope

The Primary Mirror of the Keck Observatory Telescope is made up of an array of 36 hexagonal mirror segments under active control. The measurement of the relative orientations of the mirror segments is fundamental to their control. The mechanical and electronic design of the sensors used to measure these relative positions is described along with the performance of the sensors under a variety of tests. In use, the sensors will measure relative positions with a resolution of a few nanometers. This resolution and the low noise, drift and thermal sensitivity of the sensors are adequate to stabilize the primary mirror figure to the precision require for optical and infrared astronomy.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Volcanic origin of the eruptive plumes on Io

A quadruple long exposure of Io in eclipse exhibits faint auroral emission from the eruptive plumes. No luminous spots in the vents, predicted by Gold, were observed. Heat from the interior of Io appears to be the predominant source of energy in the plumes.
Cystid Structure and Protrusion of the Polypide in Crisia (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata)

The ultrastructure of the cystid of Crisia eburnea has been studied. The cystid wall comprises an outer periostracum, a calcified layer and one inner cell layer, the ectoderm. The membranous sac, which consists of an outer basement membrane, a series of very thin annular muscle cells and an inner layer of epithelial cells, is interpreted as the detached mesoderm of the cystid wall. Accordingly, the atrial sphincter and the generally eight branched, longitudinal muscle cells connecting the terminal membrane and the membranous sac are interpreted as ectoderm. The membranous sac is attached to the cystid wall with two lateral ligaments and at four abfrontal areas: 1) a wide distal area, 2) an area at the origin of the retractor muscles, 3) a small area between 1 and 2, and 4) a small basal area at the origin of a pair of small muscle cells attached to the lowermost part of the caecum. We infer that the protrusion of the polypide is caused by a sequential contraction of the annular muscle cells of the membranous sac, starting basally and aided by the contraction of the longitudinal ectodermal muscle cells.
Boron solubility and boride compositions in α2 + γ titanium aluminides

Abstract Atom-probe field ion microscopy investigations of ( α 2 + γ ) Ti-47%Al-2%Cr-2%Nb (at%) doped with 0.15% B and 0.2% W, indicate that the boron is mainly concentrated in boride precipitates. Several borides including TiB 2 , TiB and a Cr-enriched M 2 B phase were detected. Initial results give no appreciable evidence of boron segregation to γ γ or α 2 γ interfaces. The solubility of boron in the γ and α 2 matrix phases was found to be 0.011 ± 0.006 at% B and
High field galvanomagnetic effects in bismuth

Spin splitting of the Landau levels due to the holes in bismuth has been observed in pulsed fields up to 175 kilogauss at 1.2°K. The effect was seen in Shubnikovde Haas oscillations. The oscillatory component of the transverse magnetoresistance R versus the magnetic field H is shown in Fig. 1 with J parallel to the bisectrix axis and H in the binary-trigonal plane. θ is the angle between H and the binary axis. The arrows show how rapidly the spin splitting of the levels increases as the field is tipped away from the binary axis. The oscillatory magnetoresistance when H is almost parallel to the trigonal axis is shown in Fig. 2. The splitting factor A (equal to the ratio of spin splitting to the Landau level separation) is nearly integral in this case. The double peak near 100 kilogauss is thought to be due to the super-position of an unsplit hole level and one of the last electron levels. This conclusion is supported by the temperature variation of the oscillations. The observation of the unsplit hole level suggests that the splitting factor is near two.
A double ova pregnancy in which the Rh+ twin developed erythroblastosis

Summary Twins, one of whom died of erythroblastosis while the other remained normal, are reported. The affected twin and the father were Rh+; the normal twin and the mother were Rh-. It is contended that the father was heterozygous for the Rh factor and that two ova were fertilized, one by a sperm carrying an Rh+ gene and the other by a sperm carrying an Rh- gene. The Rh- mother had been sensitized to the Rh factor either in the previous pregnancy, when an Rh+ fetus had been carried, or possibly during the course of this pregnancy by the Rh+ twin. The antibodies produced in the mother passed through the placentas of both fetuses but affected only the one which was Rh+. The cells of the Rh+ fetus contained the Rh antigen and could be agglutinated by the Rh antibodies; the cells of the Rh- fetus contained no antigen and therefore could not be agglutinated. The fetus whose cells were agglutinated developed erythroblastosis; the one whose cells were not agglutinated remained well.
Survivorship of foraging honey bees

We recorded lifetime foraging activity and survivorship of individual honey bees foraging under natural settings. Bees experienced a constant probability of death per unit time away from the colony. This leads to a log-linear survivorship curve of type II. Most bees died before reaching senescence. The patterns of survivorship are likely to influence the evolution of foraging behavior, and this result suggests that age-independent factors such as predation could play a strong role in selection of foraging range and other parameters. Our result is contrary to the pattern expected if the survivorship of individual honey bee foragers is determined largely by a limited lifetime budget of energy expenditure, which would imply a low probability of mortality early in a bee's foraging life, followed by a sharp increase in mortality late in life, when either physiological or mechanical wear cause death.
Development of PPO inhibitor-resistant cultures and crops

Recent progress in the development of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, Protox) inhibitor-resistant plant cell cultures and crops is reviewed, with emphasis on the molecular and cellular aspects of this topic. PPO herbicide-resistant maize plants have been reported, along with the isolation of plant PPO genes and the isolation of herbicide-resistant mutants. At the same time, PPO inhibitor-resistant rice plants have been developed by expression of the Bacillus subtilis PPO gene via targeting the gene into either chloroplast or cytoplasm. Other attempts to develop PPO herbicide-resistant plants include conventional tissue culture methods, expression of modified co-factors of the protoporphyrin IX binding subunit proteins, over-expression of wild-type plant PPO gene, and engineering of P-450 monooxygenases to degrade the PPO inhibitor.
State-annotated motion graphs

Motion graphs have gained popularity in recent years as a means for re-using motion capture data by connecting previously unrelated segments of a recorded library. Current techniques for controlling movement of a character via motion graphs have largely focused on path planning which is difficult due to the density of connections found on the graph. We introduce "state-annotated motion graphs," a novel technique which allows high-level control of character behavior by using a dual representation consisting of both a motion graph and a behavior state machine. This special motion graph is generated from labeled data and then bound to a finite state machine with similar labels. At run-time, character behavior is simply controlled by switching states. We show that it is possible to generate rich, controllable motion without the need for deep planning. We demonstrate that, when applied to an interactive fighting testbed, simple state-switching controllers may be coded intuitively to create various effects.
Fluorinated Benzo[h]quinolines and Benzo[f]quinolines

Thirteen kinds of fluorinated derivatives of benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[f]quinoline were synthesized by means of the Schiemann reaction or Skraup reaction, or by an electrolytic method. The synthesized derivatives carry one or two fluorine atoms at the bay-region, the K-region, and/or on the pyridine moiety of the molecules. These compounds can be used as models to examine the effect upon genotoxicity of fluorine substitution at appropriate sites on aromatic rings. Physicochemical and spectroscopic data of the fluorinated derivatives are given.
Resveratrol and 4-hydroxynonenal act in concert to increase glutamate cysteine ligase expression and glutathione in human bronchial epithelial cells

Resveratrol has been shown to protect against oxidative stress through modulating antioxidant capacity. In this study, we investigated resveratrol-mediated induction of glutathione (GSH) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and the combined effect of resveratrol and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) on GSH synthesis in cultured HBE1 human bronchial epithelial cells. Resveratrol increased GSH and the mRNA contents of both the catalytic (GCLC) and modulatory subunit (GCLM) of GCL. Combined HNE and resveratrol treatment increased GSH content and GCL mRNAs to a greater extent than either compound did alone. Compared to individual agent, combining exposure to HNE and resveratrol also showed more protection against cell death caused by oxidative stress. These effects of combined exposure were additive rather than synergistic. In addition, Nrf2 silencing significantly decreased the combined effect of HNE and resveratrol on GCL induction. Our data suggest that resveratrol increases GSH and GCL gene expression and that there is an additive effect on GSH synthesis between resveratrol and HNE. The results also reveal that Nrf2-EpRE signaling was involved in the combined effects.
Gene flow from weedy red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to cultivated rice and fitness of hybrids.

Background Gene transfer from weeds to crops could produce weedy individuals that might impact upon the evolutionary dynamics of weedy populations, the persistence of escaped genes in agroecosystems and approaches to weed management and containment of transgenic crops. The present aim was to quantify the gene flowrate from weedy red rice to cultivated rice, and evaluate the morphology, phenology and fecundity of resulting hybrids. Field experiments were conducted at Stuttgart and Rohwer, Arkansas, USA. Twelve red rice accessions and an imazethapyr-resistant rice (Imi-R; Clearfield) were used. Results Hybrids between Imi-R rice x red rice were 138-150 cm tall and flowered 1-5 days later than the rice parent, regardless of the red rice parent. Hybrids produced 20-50% more seed than the rice parent, but had equivalent seed production to the majority of red rice parents. Seeds of all hybrids were red, pubescent and dehisced at maturity. For the majority of hybrids, seed germination was higher than that of the red rice parent. The gene flowrate from red rice to rice was 0.01-0.2% and differed by red rice biotype. The hybrids had higher fecundity and potential competitive ability than the rice parent, and in some cases also the red rice parent. Conclusions Red rice plants are vectors of gene flow back to cultivated rice and other weedy populations. The progeny of red rice hybrids from cultivated rice mother plants have higher chances of persistence than those from red rice mother plants. Gene flow mitigation strategies should consider this scenario.
Identification, Cloning, and Characterization of Cystatin M, a Novel Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor, Down-regulated in Breast Cancer

A novel human cystatin gene was identified in a differential display comparison aimed at the isolation of transcriptionally regulated genes involved in invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Messenger RNAs from primary and metastatic tumor cells isolated from the same patient were compared. A partial cDNA was isolated that was expressed in the primary tumor cell line but not in the metastatic line. The full-length cDNA was cloned and sequenced, and the inferred amino acid sequence was found to encode a novel protein, which we named cystatin M, with 40% homology to human family 2 cystatins and similar overall structure. Cystatin M is expressed by normal mammary cells and a variety of human tissues. The mature cystatin M protein was produced in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein using the pGEX-2T expression system and purified by affinity chromatography. The cystatin M fusion protein displayed inhibitory activity against papain. Native cystatin M protein of approximately 14.5 kDa is secreted and was immunoprecipitated from supernatants of mammary cell cultures using affinity-purified antisera raised against recombinant cystatin M. An N-glycosylated form of cystatin M of 20-22 kDa was co-immunoprecipitated and accounted for about 30-40% of total cystatin M protein. Both forms of native cystatin M also occurred intracellularly. Consistent with the mRNA differential expression, no cystatin M protein was detected in metastatic mammary epithelial tumor cells. Loss of expression of cystatin M is likely associated with the progression of a primary tumor to a metastatic phenotype.
Typology versus transformation in the origin of birds

Abstract The questions of bird ancestry and the evolution of typically ‘avian' features appear never-ending. This is true in the press but not in the scientific trenches, where the methods of comparative biology are productively used to settle many major questions, including the origin of birds. Opponents of the view that birds evolved from dinosaurs tend to use typological characterizations of ‘reptiles' and ‘birds'; although they accept evolution, their approaches do not use the transformational approaches of phylogenetic systematics, against which hypotheses of evolutionary change in function, physiology and behavior should be tested. ‘Typologists' also tend to depend on knowledge of how evolutionary processes must work, rather than on comparing independent patterns of evidence. Both typological and transformational approaches can be evolutionary, but the utility of typology is limited because it stresses taxonomic gaps rather than mosaic transitions.
Tracking objects with moving textures

No, objects with flickering textures were tracked as well as objects with static textures (t(15) = 2.5, p>.05). A changing texture with no coherent motion did not affect tracking. Fencsik, D., Klieger, S., & Horowitz, T. (2007). Perception & Psychophysics, 69(4), 567-577. Keane, B., & Pylyshyn, Z. (2006). Cognitive Psychology, 52, 346-368. Ramachandran, V., & Anstis, S. (1990). Perception, 19(5), 611-616. ime Cue Period (2 sec):
Peroxiredoxin 5 modulates immune response in Drosophila.

Background Peroxiredoxins are redox-sensing enzymes with multiple cellular functions. Previously, we reported on the potent antioxidant function of Drosophila peroxiredoxin 5 (dPrx5). Studies with mammalian and human cells suggest that peroxiredoxins can modulate immune-related signaling.
Dynamic Response of a Premix Fuel Injector

Combustion oscillations (dynamics) have become a major challenge in the development of low-emission premix combustors. Numerous recent papers have considered the various mechanisms that drive oscillations, as well as acoustic features of the combustor and fuel system that participate in sustaining unwanted oscillations. The acoustic transfer matrix technique has been used in a number of recent analyses of both the combustion and fuel injection process. In this paper, the transfer matrix analysis is combined with a reduced order model of the fuel supply to calculate the magnitude and phase of the fuel system response to imposed pressure perturbations. The analysis is used to determine if a variable geometry resonator in the fuel system can be used to adjust the phase and gain of the fuel response to enhance stability. Experimental data recorded in a research premix fuel injector show that the reduced order model accurately describes the dynamic response of the fuel entering the premix passage. Using measured acoustic properties it is also shown that the variable geometry resonator studied here can produce a phase response for fuel delivery over a range of 70 degrees, with appreciable modulation of the main fuel flow. It is suggested that this variable phase response could be used to adjust the stability properties of a given combustor.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Commitment: A mathematical model

The concept of commitment has received ever-increasing attention from social scientists during the past fifteen years. Its usage occurs in several seemingly disjoint problem areas, but it is typically introduced when available explanations fail to describe the tendency for individuals to persist on a given course of action, once started, without obvious motive for doing so. Until recently its theoretical status has been as a primitive term, often appearing in ad hoc explanations, and accepted without question. In sociology, the first major query into the nature of commitment was Howard Becker's “Notes on the Concept of Commitment” (1960), a particularly influential article in stimulating research on commitment. However, most subsequent empirical work has dealt with the correlates and effects of commitment rather than with its genesis. Regrettably, what was once a problem in ad hoc theorizing has come to be matched by ad hoc operationalization of the concept. The present paper is a response to a perceived need for a formal model of commitment whose features might make the concept amenable to uniform theoretical and empirical usage.
Statistical processing of multiplexed data from turbulent flames

Fig. 4 Curves of total growth of disturbances as a function of Gortler number for the Blasius boundary layer with different levels of self-similar blowing. The value of the wavelength parameter A corresponds to the disturbances of the maximum total growth for the no-blowing case. while it delays the onset of the instability, blowing increases the rate of growth of the disturbances and leads to a higher total amplification. The most amplified disturbances correspond to A = 210 for the no-blowing case and blowing slightly increases this value. Figure 4 illustrates the variations of the total amplification of the disturbances for different levels of blowing as a function of Gortler number for vortices corresponding to A = 210. It may be concluded that while blowing increases the total growth, the growth process is qualitatively unaffected.
Factors influencing the educational placement of students with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Due to legal and therapeutic reasons, children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often educated in general education settings. As such, it is important to understand the variables that might affect a student's placement in inclusive education settings, simultaneously considering student variables (e.g., disability label) and teacher variables (e.g., knowledge of autism). Investigators experimentally manipulated the cognitive ability and diagnostic label of a student with ASD, characteristics and asked first grade teachers to provide their opinion on the student's educational placement. Results suggested that cognitive ability, but not label, significantly impacted decision making. The results hold important implications for special education decision making as well as training for educators.
Seeking a Spotless Mind: Extinction, Deconsolidation, and Erasure of Fear Memory

Learning to contend with threats in the environment is essential to survival, but dysregulation of memories for traumatic events can lead to disabling psychopathology. Recent years have witnessed an impressive growth in our understanding of the neural systems and synaptic mechanisms underlying emotional memory formation. As a consequence, interest has emerged in developing strategies for suppressing, if not eliminating, fear memories. Here, I review recent work employing sophisticated behavioral, pharmacological, and molecular tools to target fear memories, placing these memories firmly behind the crosshairs of neurobiologically informed interventions.
The parietal eye and thermoregulatory behavior of Crotaphytus collaris (Squamata: Iguanidae)

1. 1. Male Crotaphytus collaris with shielded parietal eyes, sham shielded parietal eyes and non-shielded controls acclimatized to 25 ± 1°C and an LD 12:12 photoperiod did not select significantly different body temperatures over a 24 hr period with uniform light (UL) over a linear thermal gradient, a point-source of light over the hot end (LH) or a point-source of light over the cold end of the gradient (LC). 2. 2. Mean body temperatures of the shielded LH lizards from 2100 to 0900 hr (32.1 ± 0.70°C) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the non-shielded LH lizards (28.6 ± 0.86°C). 3. 3. Diel cycles of temperature selection were observed in all 3 UL groups and in the non-shielded LH group but not in the shielded LH or any of the LC groups. 4. 4. The parietal eye did not have an effect on thermoregulatory precision, but did affect diel cycles of temperature selection and, in the LH groups, body temperatures during scotophase.
Method for Computations of Satellite Orbits

The orbital program for satellites at the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smith­sonian Institution was originally built around three main routines, programmed for the IBM type 704 calculator. (1) Routine for the determination of an approximate orbit using three visual observations. (2) Improvement of the first approximate orbit by a method of differential corrections to the osculating elements, using any number of observations. (3) Ephemerides of various sorts, to suit different observing groups. As it turned out, a very important routine had to be added—a routine for the analysis of the incoming observations. Given a set of elements, this program derives subsatellite points from observations and computes the corresponding times and positions of the ascending-node crossings, which then can be tabulated and used for predictions.
Feasibility in chemical process design and operations

A unified equation-solving framework for the direct determination of limits of feasibility and/or conditions of feasibility/infeasibility is presented. This approach is based on an implicit formulation due to Griewank and Reddien (1984) and is extended to the complex domain to both ensure finite step termination in cases where no limits of feasibility are present in the real domain and to find and verify conditions of infeasibility. It is shown that limits of feasibility can be determined by adding a minimal set of implicit equations that define singularity to the process model, which are readily available through the factorization of any rank deficient Jacobian matrix, such that the resulting appended system of model equations is nonsingular. Conditions of feasibility/infeasibility, on the other hand, can be identified by the calculation of singular points that correspond to nonzero stationary points in the two-norm of the model functions, curvature and the nature of neighboring solutions. A simple chemical process example is presented to provide geometric insight and to illustrate the salient features of the method.
Older HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy have B-cell expansion and attenuated CD4 cell increases with immune activation reduction

Background The contribution of immune activation to accelerated HIV-disease progression in older individuals has not been delineated.
National medical response to mass disasters in the United States. Are we prepared

Preparing for a resuscitation response to mass disasters, such as major earthquakes or industrial disasters, requires revisions of present local, regional, and national disaster plans. These should include the following: (1) life-supporting first aid and basic rescue capability of the lay public; (2) advanced trauma life support and advanced (heavy) rescue capability brought quickly to the scene from local and surrounding (regional) emergency medical services systems; and (3) trauma hospitals sending medical resuscitation teams to, and receiving casualties from, the disaster scene for resuscitative surgery and definitive care. Local and regional everyday emergency medical services systems would respond first. The armed forces should help, at least for transport and security. We propose that the National Disaster Medical System replace its civil defense model with an emergency medical services model, designed to mobilize rapid support for local emergency medical services systems from regional, state, and national resources. Coordination should be by one federal agency, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which, however, needs to focus more on resuscitation through physician input. ( JAMA . 1991;266:1259-1262)
Maternal obesity affects fetal neurodevelopmental and metabolic gene expression: a pilot study.

Objective One in three pregnant women in the United States is obese. Their offspring are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental and metabolic morbidity. Underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We performed a global gene expression analysis of mid-trimester amniotic fluid cell-free fetal RNA in obese versus lean pregnant women.
General Saddlepoint Approximations with Applications to L Statistics

Abstract Saddlepoint approximations are extended to general statistics. The technique is applied to derive approximations to the density of linear combinations of order statistics, including trimmed means. A comparison with exact results shows the accuracy of these approximations even in very small sample sizes.
Tolerance orders and bipartite unit tolerance graphs

Abstract We construct all six-element orders which are not 50%-tolerance orders. We show that a width-two order is a 50% tolerance order if and only if no restriction of the order to a six-element set is isomorphic to one of these six-element orders. This yields a corresponding characterization of bipartite 50%-tolerance graphs. Since an order (graph) has a 50% tolerance representation if and only if it has a unit tolerance representation, our results apply to unit tolerance orders (graphs) as well.
Withaferin A Inhibits STAT3 and Induces Tumor Cell Death in Neuroblastoma and Multiple Myeloma

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor that has been implicated in many human cancers and has emerged as an ideal target for cancer therapy. Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural product with promising antiproliferative properties through its association with a number of molecular targets including STAT3. However, the effect of WFA in pediatric neuroblastoma (NB) and its interaction with STAT3 have not been reported. In this study, we found that WFA effectively induces dose-dependent cell death in high-risk and drug-resistant NB as well as multiple myeloma (MM) tumor cells, prevented interleukin-6 (IL-6)–mediated and persistently activated STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705, and blocked the transcriptional activity of STAT3. We further provide computational models that show that WFA binds STAT3 near the Y705 phospho-tyrosine residue of the STAT3 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, suggesting that WFA prevents STAT3 dimer formation similar to BP-1-102, a well-established STAT3 inhibitor. Our findings propose that the antitumor activity of WFA is mediated at least in part through inhibition of STAT3 and provide a rationale for further drug development and clinical use in NB and MM.
Vibrational spectra of gaseous vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide

Abstract The Raman spectra of gaseous CH2:CHCl and CH2:CHBr have been obtained with the aid of a multiple-reflection Raman tube and a 3-prism glass spectrograph. The infrared absorption spectra of these gases have been reinvestigated with a double-pass spectrometer equipped with CsBr, NaCl, and LiF prisms. The following wave numbers were assigned for the fundamentals: CH2:CHCl, species a′ : 3121, 3086, 3030, 1608, 1369, 1279, 1030, 720, and 395 cm−1; species a″ : 941, 896, and 620 cm−1. CH2:CHBr, species a″ : 3112, 3087, 3027, 1602, 1373, 1258, 1005, 612, and 344 cm−1; species a″ : 941, 901, and 582 cm−1. Thermodynamic functions have been calculated for the compounds in the ideal-gaseous state.
Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence

Although tobacco use has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality, a role of smoking in the occurrence of prostate cancer has not been established. However, evidence indicates that factors that influence the incidence of prostate cancer may differ from those that influence progression and fatality from the disease. Thus, we reviewed and summarized results from prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation between smoking and fatal prostate cancer risk, as well as epidemiological and clinical studies that focused on aggressive behavior in prostate cancer, such as poorer survival, advanced stage, or poorer differentiation at diagnosis. The majority of the prospective cohort studies showed that current smoking is associated with a moderate increase of ~30% in fatal prostate cancer risk compared to never/non-smokers. This association is likely to be an underestimate of the effect of smoking because most studies had a single assessment of smoking at baseline and long follow-up times, and the association was considerably stronger in some sub-groups of heaviest smokers, or when smoking was assessed in a relatively short period (within 10 years) prior to cancer mortality. Using aggressive behavior of prostate cancer as outcome, current smoking was associated with significantly elevated risk, ranging from around twofold to threefold or higher. Although alternative explanations, such as publication bias, residual confounding, screening bias, and the influence of smoking-related comorbidities cannot be ruled out entirely, these findings suggest that smoking is associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancers or with a sub-group of rapidly progressing prostate cancer. Based on evidence presented in this review, cigarette smoking is likely to be a risk factor for prostate cancer progression and should be considered as a relevant exposure in prostate cancer research and prevention of mortality from this cancer.
Improved Colorimetric Determination of Primary Aromatic Amines with 9-Chloroacridine: Application to Some Local Anesthetics

Improvement in the stability of the 9-chloroacridine stock solution has been made in the colorimetric method for primary aromatic amines based on the reaction between the acridine and an amine. The improved procedure has been applied to some local anesthetics and local anesthetic mixtures. It has been found to be comparable in sensitivity to other local anesthetic determinations, particularly the popular diazotization-coupling procedures. Quantitative data from several systems reveal that use of this procedure permits the determination of local anesthetics in the presence of various drugs and other local anesthetics. Comparative analyses were performed with the method of Bratton and Marshall on procaine, metabutethamine, and nesacaine hydrochlorides.
Active control of transient rotordynamic vibration by optimal control methods

Although considerable effort has been put into the study of steady state vibration control, there are few methods applicable to transient vibration control of rotorbearing systems. In this paper optimal control theory has been adopted to minimize rotor vibration due to sudden imbalance, e.g., blade loss. The system gain matrix is obtained by choosing the weighting matrices and solving the Riccati equation. Control forces are applied to the system via a feedback loop. A seven mass rotor system is simulated for illustration. A relationship between the number of sensors and the number of modes used in the optimal control model is investigated. Comparisons of responses are made for various configurations of modes, sensors, and actuators. Furthermore, spillover effect is examined by comparing results from collocated and noncollocated sensor configurations. Results show that shaft vibration is significantly attenuated in the closed loop system.
Geometric algebras on projective surfaces

Abstract Let X be a projective surface, let σ ∈ Aut ( X ) , and let L be a σ-ample invertible sheaf on X. We study the properties of a family of subrings, parameterized by geometric data, of the twisted homogeneous coordinate ring B ( X , L , σ ) ; in particular, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for these subrings to be noetherian. We also study their homological properties, their associated noncommutative projective schemes, and when they are maximal orders. In the process, we produce new examples of maximal orders; these are graded and have the property that no Veronese subring is generated in degree 1. Our results are used in the companion paper S.J. Sierra (2009) [Sie09] to give defining data for a large class of noncommutative projective surfaces.