cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remotely sensed measurements of forest structure and fuel loads in the Pinelands of New Jersey

We used a single-beam, first return profiling LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements of canopy height, intensive biometric measurements in plots, and Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to quantify forest structure and ladder fuels (defined as vertical fuel continuity between the understory and canopy) in the New Jersey Pinelands. The LIDAR data were recorded at 400 Hz over three intensive areas of 1 km 2 where transects were spaced at 200 m, and along 64 transects spaced 1 km apart (total of ca. 2500 km 2 ). LIDAR and field measurements of canopy height were similar in the three intensive study areas, with the 80th percentile of LIDAR returns explaining the greatest amount of variability (79%). Correlations between LIDAR data and aboveground tree biomass measured in the field were highly significant when all three 1k m 2 areas were analyzed collectively, with the 80th percentile again explaining the greatest amount of variability (74%). However, when intensive areas were analyzed separately, correlations were poor for Oak/Pine and Pine/Scrub Oak stands. Similar results were obtained using FIA data; at the landscape scale, mean canopy height was positively correlated with aboveground tree biomass, but when forest types were analyzed separately, correlations were significant only for some wetland forests (Pitch Pine lowlands and mixed hardwoods; r 2 =0.74 and 0.59, respectively), and correlations were poor for upland forests (Oak/Pine, Pine/Oak and Pine/Scrub Oak, r 2 =0.33, 0.11 and 0.21, respectively). When LIDAR data were binned into 1-m height classes, more LIDAR pulses were recorded from the lowest height classes in stands with greater shrub biomass, and significant differences were detected between stands where recent prescribed fire treatments had been conducted and unburned areas. Our research indicates that single-beam LIDAR can be used for regional-scale (forest biomass) estimates, but that relationships between height and biomass can be poorer at finer scales within individual forest types. Binned data are useful for estimating the presence of ladder fuels (vertical continuity of leaves and branches) and horizontal fuel continuity below the canopy. © 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Tetracycline Pleurodesis-Associated Acute Renal Failure

Chemical pleurodesis is a frequently performed procedure for pneumothorax and effusion and significant adverse effects are unusual. We present a previously unreported case of acute renal failure associated with tetracycline pleurodesis. Recent studies have shown that intrapleural drug administration may lead to therapeutic serum levels. Systemic toxic drug effects may therefore be noted with chemical pleurodesants such as tetracycline. Alternative methods of pleurodesis should always be considered if a sensitivity or metabolic abnormality is suspected.
Balancing, Generic Polls and Midterm Congressional Elections

One mystery of U.S. politics is why the president’s party regularly loses congressional seats at midterm. Although presidential coattails and their withdrawal provide a partial explanation, coattails cannot account for the fact that the presidential party typically performs worse than normal at midterm. This paper addresses the midterm vote separate from the presidential year vote, with evidence from generic congressional polls conducted during midterm election years. Polls early in the midterm year project a normal vote result in November. But as the campaign progresses, vote preferences almost always move toward the out party. This shift is not a negative referendum on the president, as midterms do not show a pattern of declining presidential popularity or increasing salience of presidential performance. The shift accords with “balance” theory, where the midterm campaign motivates some to vote against the party of the president in order to achieve policy moderation.
OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator.

We developed OligoCalc as a web-accessible, client-based computational engine for reporting DNA and RNA single-stranded and doublestranded properties, including molecular weight, solution concentration, melting temperature, estimated absorbance coefficients, inter-molecular self-complementarity estimation and intramolecular hairpin loop formation. OligoCalc has a familiar ‘calculator’ look and feel, making it readily understandable and usable. OligoCalc incorporates three common methods for calculating oligonucleotide-melting temperatures, including a nearest-neighbor thermodynamic model for melting temperature. Since it first came online in 1997, there have been more than 900 000 accesses of OligoCalc from nearly 200 000 distinct hosts, excluding search engines. OligoCalc is available at http://basic.north western.edu/biotools/OligoCalc.html, with links to the full source code, usage patterns and statistics at that link as well.
The Location of Intractable Ventricular Arrhythmias Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

s S45 unilaterally. In the three patients with bilateral involvement, the progression of dysfunction in each lobe was metachronous. The 19 CLADs consist of 11 cases of pure bronchiolitis obliterans Syndrome (BOS) pattern, four restrictive pattern, and four mixed (BOS+Restrictive) pattern. Primary disease, gender and blood relationship to donors are irrelevant to the onset of CLAD. Conclusion: The lower incidence of CLAD with better survival was found in bilateral LDLLT recipients compared to reported common diseased lung transplant population. This favorable outcome can relate to the lower incidence of innate immune-related complication including primary graft dysfunction in the acute stage. Meanwhile the clear laterality for development of CLAD in LDLLT strongly suggests that this pathology purely results from alloimmune-dependent factor and innate immunity can be only a trigger.
The Effects of Hurricane Rita on the Aquatic Vascular Flora in a Large Fresh-Water Marsh in Cameron Parish, Louisiana

ABSTRACT In June 2005, a large fresh-water marsh in Cameron Parish, Louisiana was surveyed for aquatic vascular plants. This marsh is bisected by the Intracoastal Waterway into a northern sector contained within the Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge and a southern sector. In September 2005, Hurricane Rita made landfall in Cameron Parish, Louisiana as a Category 3 storm. In June 2006, nine months after the storm, another survey of the marsh was made. Results from that survey indicate that the vascular flora of the northern sector were largely undamaged. In contrast, most of the plant species of the southern sector have been extirpated. It appears that violent wave action and salt poisoning from the storm surge caused this destruction. Additionally, it appears that the Intracoastal Waterway acted as a barrier to the storm surge and thus protected the northern sector of the marsh.
Comprehensive fits to high energy data for σ , ρ , and B , and the asymptotic black-disk limit

We demonstrate that the entirety of the data on proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering between 6 GeV and 57 TeV center-of-mass energy\char22{}the measured scattering cross sections, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ values, and the forward slope parameters $B$ for the differential cross sections\char22{}is sufficient to show that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{elas}}/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{tot}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1/2$ and $8\ensuremath{\pi}B/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{tot}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ at very high energies. These relations demonstrate convincingly that the asymptotic $pp$ and $\overline{p}p$ scattering amplitudes approach those of scattering from a black disk. This result obviously introduces a constraint on any physics beyond the Standard Model that modifies the forward scattering amplitudes.
Definitive plates overlapping provisional external fixator pin sites: is the infection risk increased?

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the infection risk when internal fixation plates either overlap or did not overlap previous external fixator pin sites in patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures and pilon fractures treated with a 2-staged protocol of acute spanning external fixation and later definitive internal fixation. DESIGN Retrospective comparison study. SETTING Two level I trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS A total of 85 OTA 41C bicondylar tibial plateau fractures and 97 OTA 43C pilon fractures treated between 2005 and 2010. Radiographs were evaluated to determine the positions of definitive plates in relation to external fixator pin sites and patients were grouped into an "overlapping" group and a "nonoverlapping" group. INTERVENTION Fifty patients had overlapping pin sites and 132 did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of a deep wound infection. RESULTS Overall, 25 patients developed a deep wound infection. Of the 50 patients in the "overlapping" group, 12 (24%) developed a deep infection compared with 13 (10%) of the 132 patients in the "nonoverlapping" group (P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Placement of definitive plate fixation overlapping previous external fixator pin sites significantly increases the risk of deep infection in the 2-staged treatment of bicondylar tibial plateau and pilon fractures. Surgeons must make a conscious effort to place external fixator pins outside of future definitive fixation sites to reduce the overall incidence of deep wound infections. Additionally, consideration must be given to the relative benefit of a spanning external fixator in light of the potential for infection associated with their use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Three-peptide control of pulsatile and entropic feedback-sensitive modes of growth hormone secretion: modulation by estrogen and aromatizable androgen.

The present review highlights a simplified perspective of growth hormone (GH) secretory control, which incorporates the individual and joint effects of final-common signals that converge on somatotrope cells. Critical peptidyl effectors are GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), GH-releasing peptide (GHRP, ghrelin), and somatostatin. The latter three-peptide ensemble mediates stimulation, inhibition, and feedback suppression of GH secretion via homologous and heterologous interactions. Pubertal sex steroids putatively act via post-aromatized estrogen (e.g., testosterone converted to estradiol by aromatase) to augment sensitivity to GHRH, potentiate GHRP action, and mute somatostatin restraint. The dynamic interactions in this three-peptide network, rather than the activity of any single effector, subserve core adaptations in GH secretion across development.
Poetry and Curriculum Align

In setting out to explore understandings, bridge connections, and create meanings, it is necessary to initially provide essential definitions of words and concepts that are at the heart of the specific inquiry. My work, in some ways, is centered around the phenomenon that providing a simple definition of either poetry or curriculum can be a challenge.
Sexuality in the Older Adult.

Sexuality is an important part of a person's life continuing into older age. Physiologic changes that occur with aging can affect sexual function and may be exacerbated by comorbid disease. To diagnose sexual dysfunction, providers must obtain a thorough history and physical examination, including psychosocial factors. The causes of sexual dysfunction along with patient preferences within the patient's social system serve as the foundation for developing person-centered strategies to address these concerns. To improve care of older adults with sexual concerns, providers should initiate discussions with, listen to, and work with patients to create a comprehensive management plan.
Entertainment Production and the Future of China’s Cultural Industry

This chapter discusses cultural concerns around entertainment production in China. Shows like Super Girl and If You Are the One, a reality-based matchmaking show, inspired much critical reflection on culture and cultural production. While the Chinese state often justifies its regulations of the cultural industry through such critical public discourses, viewers interpreted the state authorities’ heavy hand in entertainment production as deeply political. In the case of If You Are the One, while viewers celebrated the open and quick-fire exchanges among the participants about what they seek in an ideal match, many viewers along with state regulators were troubled by scandals constantly visiting the show and potential manufacturing of controversies on the show to shore up viewership. As the state took measures to rein in the show, producers re-framed it as a “large-scale public service program,” instead of a “pure entertainment show.” However, viewers continued to evaluate the show’s cultural value in regard to its authenticity. Wu discusses this connection in particular from the angle of the show’s spotlight on the pervasive narrative about China’s “leftover women” problem. Because Super Girl was largely inspired by the global Idol series, Chinese audience also used the show to compare between the Chinese and the Western production fields, especially where China is lacking. The online community constructed more developed arguments about the artistic aspects of the show than the newspapers. Wu argues that such aesthetic critiques provided the basis of bonding among the discussants and deeper reflections on the show’s political implications.
An Examination of Discrepancies in Multiple Imputation Procedures Between SAS® and SPSS®

Multiple imputation (MI) has become a feasible method to replace missing data due to the rapid development of computer technology over the past three decades. Nonetheless, a unique issue with MI hi...
Smartphone Transportation Mode Recognition Using a Hierarchical Machine Learning Classifier and Pooled Features From Time and Frequency Domains

This paper develops a novel two-layer hierarchical classifier that increases the accuracy of traditional transportation mode classification algorithms. This paper also enhances classification accuracy by extracting new frequency domain features. Many researchers have obtained these features from global positioning system data; however, this data was excluded in this paper, as the system use might deplete the smartphone’s battery and signals may be lost in some areas. Our proposed two-layer framework differs from previous classification attempts in three distinct ways: 1) the outputs of the two layers are combined using Bayes’ rule to choose the transportation mode with the largest posterior probability; 2) the proposed framework combines the new extracted features with traditionally used time domain features to create a pool of features; and 3) a different subset of extracted features is used in each layer based on the classified modes. Several machine learning techniques were used, including k-nearest neighbor, classification and regression tree, support vector machine, random forest, and a heterogeneous framework of random forest and support vector machine. Results show that the classification accuracy of the proposed framework outperforms traditional approaches. Transforming the time domain features to the frequency domain also adds new features in a new space and provides more control on the loss of information. Consequently, combining the time domain and the frequency domain features in a large pool and then choosing the best subset results in higher accuracy than using either domain alone. The proposed two-layer classifier obtained a maximum classification accuracy of 97.02%.
Metal-Semiconductor Compound Contacts to Nanowire Transistors

Compound contacts, formed by thermal annealing of metal-semiconductor nanowires (NWs), are prescribed for lithography-free self-aligned gate processes. Investigations of nanoscale contact metallization have revealed distinctive behaviors from their bulk counterparts, evoking reevaluation of the thermodynamics, kinetics, and resultant phases in alloyed and compound nanoscale contacts. In this chapter, we focus on several critical semiconductor materials of practical importance for devices, e.g., Si, Ge, and III–V NWs, and provide in-depth discussions on the phases of compound contacts, their reaction kinetics, and electrical properties. In Sect. 5.2, we introduce the phase selection rules that lead to multiphase coexistence in low-dimensional NW semiconductor channels. In Sect. 5.3, we discuss the kinetic processes during these solid-state reactions and present a model that can be used to distinguish the rate-limiting steps and to extrapolate the reaction kinetic parameters. In Sect. 5.4, we will introduce electrical properties of NW transistors with these compound contacts and summarize different applications of these contacts including ultrashort channel devices. This entire chapter is organized to demonstrate the promise of compound contacts in nanoscale electronics.
School Lunch Consumption is Associated with Higher Intakes of Total Fat, Added Sugars, and Sodium in US Children

More than 20 million children are served school lunch each day in the United States. It is important to examine how school lunch program participation influences diet quality and markers for chroni...
Provider reasons for discontinuing long-term opioid therapy following aberrant urine drug tests differ based on the type of substance identified

Objective: Urine drug testing (UDT) is increasingly performed as a means of identifying aberrant behavior that may be grounds for discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT). Little is known, however, about the ways in which positive UDT results may differentially inform decisions to discontinue LTOT based on the type of substance for which the UDT screened positive. The aim of this study was to examine the likelihood of clinician-initiated discontinuation of LTOT attributed to positive UDT results across three discrete categories of substances: (1) cannabis, (2) alcohol or illicit substances (excluding cannabis), and (3) controlled prescription medications that were not prescribed. Design: This retrospective study utilized the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System. Corporate Data Warehouse to assemble a sample of 600 patients with substance use disorders and matched controls who were discontinued from LTOT in 2012. Comprehensive manual medical record review identified UDT results in the year prior to discontinuation and reason(s) for discontinuation. Patients, Participants: Patients with one or more UDTs positive for a single substance (N = 185) comprised the study sample. Main Outcome Measure(s): Likelihood of clinician-initiated discontinuation attributed to a positive UDT across the three categories. Results: Patients with one or more UDTs positive for cannabis were more likely to be discontinued from opioid therapy as a result of the positive UDT compared to those with one or more UDTs positive for nonprescribed prescription medication (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 18.05, 95% CI = 7.29-44.66). Similarly, patients with UDTs positive for alcohol or illicit substances were more likely to be discontinued for the positive UDTs relative to patients who tested positive for nonprescribed prescription medications (adjusted OR = 13.10, 95% CI = 4.81-35.68). No difference in UDT-related discontinuation decisions was evident between patients with UDTs positive for alcohol/illicit substances versus cannabis (adjusted OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.57-3.77). Conclusions: High odds of UDT-related discontinuation were found in patients who tested positive for cannabis, alcohol, or illicit substances, relative to nonprescribed prescription medications.
Direct-coupled micro-magnetometer with Y-Ba-Cu-O nano-slit SQUID fabricated with a focused helium ion beam.

Direct write patterning of high-transition temperature (high-TC) superconducting oxide thin films with a focused helium ion beam is a formidable approach for the scaling of high-TC circuit feature sizes down to the nanoscale. In this letter, we report using this technique to create a sensitive micro superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer with a sensing area of about 100 × 100 μm2. The device is fabricated from a single 35-nm thick YBa2Cu3O7−δ film. A flux concentrating pick-up loop is directly coupled to a 10 nm × 20 μm nano-slit SQUID. The SQUID is defined entirely by helium ion irradiation from a gas field ion source. The irradiation converts the superconductor to an insulator, and no material is milled away or etched. In this manner, a very narrow non-superconducting nano-slit is created entirely within the plane of the film. The narrow slit dimension allows for maximization of the coupling to the field concentrator. Electrical measurements reveal a large 0.35 mV modulation with a magnetic field. We measure a white noise level of 2 μΦ0/Hz1∕2. The field noise of the magnetometer is 4 pT/Hz1∕2 at 4.2 K.
Income Inequality and Population Health: A Global Gradient?:

Cross-national empirical research about the link between income inequality and population health produces conflicting conclusions. We address these mixed findings by examining the degree to which the income inequality and health relationship varies with economic development. We estimate fixed-effects models with different measures of income inequality and population health. Results suggest that development moderates the association between inequality and two measures of population health. Our findings produce two generalizations. First, we observe a global gradient in the relationship between income inequality and population health. Second, our results are consistent with income inequality as a proximate or conditional cause of lower population health. Income inequality has a 139.7% to 374.3% more harmful effect on health in poorer than richer countries and a significantly harmful effect in 2.1% to 53.3% of countries in our sample and 6.6% to 67.6% of the world's population but no significantly harmful effect in richer countries.
Factors Influencing Length of Stay After Elective Bowel Resection Within an Enhanced Recovery Protocol

A multimodality approach to enhance recovery after bowel surgery is demonstrated to reduce complications and decrease patient length of stay (LOS). This study evaluates the factors that influence patient LOS within a formal enhanced recovery protocol. From January 2014 to December 2016, all consecutive patients admitted to one ward, who had undergone bowel resection and were enrolled in an enhanced recovery protocol, were evaluated prospectively. We entered every patient's data into the American College of Surgeons Risk Calculator (ACSRC) to compare predicted versus actual outcomes. Statistical analysis of clinical factors, patient participation, and outcomes compared with the overall LOS was performed. Of 670 bowel resections performed during the study period, a total of 127 (19%) patients met the criteria and were analyzed for comorbidities, type of surgery, complications, and participation in recovery protocols. The median length of stay (mLOS) for all patients was 4.0 days (1.8-24.6 days). Factors influencing mLOS included laparoscopic versus open surgery (P = 0.006), COPD (P = 0.003), missing 24 hours of ambulation (P < 0.001), use of patient-controlled analgesia (P = 0.011), and diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (P = 0.041). Increasing the use of morphine equivalents (MEs) increased mLOS beyond the ACSRC estimate (P = 0.003). Developing a major complication increased mLOS by 8.5 times the ACSRC estimate. CONCLUSION A multimodality approach to enhance surgical recovery after bowel surgery decreases the LOS. The surgical approach, participation in ambulation, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and COPD influenced the overall LOS. Increasing use of morphine equivalents and developing a complication increased mLOS beyond the ACSRC preoperative risk estimates.
Optimal Ethanol–Ethiodol Emulsion Ratio in Renal Angiomyolipoma Embolization: A Question that Remains Unanswered

The authors, a case series of five cases of angiomyolipomas (AMLs), embolized with a high ethanol:ethiodol ratio of 6:1 emulsion at a single tertiary center. Although ethanol as an embolic agent has been reported in the past for AMLs, much higher ratios of ethiodol were used, and administration is typically performed using an occlusion balloon. Two of the patients were incidentally diagnosed, while the other four were diagnosed after hematuria workup. Of the five patients, only one developed postembolization syndrome. Otherwise, no complications, recurrences, or reinterventions are reported. Our higher ratio seems to allow for adequate radio-opacity of the emulsion with minimal negative dilution effect.
Editorial for the Special Issue on MEMS Technology for Biomedical Imaging Applications

Biomedical imaging is the key technique and process to create informative images of the human body or other organic structures for clinical purposes or medical science [...]
Container production of tropical trees using sewage effluent, incinerator ash and sludge compost.

Five species of tropical trees, West Indian mahogany [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.], Key lime [Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle], schefflera (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.), pink tabebuia [Ta...
Endothelin-1-induced endothelial microvesicles impair endothelial cell function.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide released by the endothelium that contributes to the regulation of vascular tone. Overexpression of ET-1 has been implicated in the etiology o...
Schopenhauer on Intuition and Proof in Mathematics

Although Arthur Schopenhauer adopts the substance of Kantian idealism within his work, his own theory of cognition nonetheless involves a departure from Kant’s original views. He both rejects Kant’s deduction of the pure concepts of understanding and likewise formulates what amounts to a “radical” divide between intuitive and abstract knowledge. Within this essay, the larger consequences of these changes are explored as they apply to his account of the nature and distinction between intuition and proof within mathematics, and in particular, within geometry. As will be shown, Schopenhauer tends to be largely dismissive of proof procedures within geometry that rely heavily upon the use of formal reasoning and logic on the grounds that such procedures serve only to rationally confirm what is already known on an intuitive basis insofar as mathematics, following Kant, is understood to be ultimately rooted in a priori cognition. In contrast, Schopenhauer proposes an intuitive model for proof on the basis of his own account of the principle of sufficient reason, where the “ground of being” of a theorem is directly exposed, thereby rendering any additional proof procedure redundant. Although offering an interesting perspective in regards to the nature of intuitive evidence within mathematics, Schopenhauer’s proposal nonetheless leads to a number of difficulties in regards to our knowledge of mathematics that in the end renders such a proposal problematic. These problems are explored and the essay concludes with an examination of the historical context out of which Schopenhauer’s views on this issue might be read and interpreted.
Sorghum root flavonoid chemistry, cultivar, and frost stress effects on rhizosphere bacteria and fungi

Biotic stresses, including fungal infections, result in increased production of flavonoid compounds, including 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAs), in the leaf tissues of Sorghum bicolor. Our objectives ...
Structure of a Hallucinogen-Activated Gq-Coupled 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor

Hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and substituted N-benzyl phenylalkylamines are widely used recreationally with psilocybin being considered as a therapeutic for many neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. How psychedelics mediate their actions-both therapeutic and hallucinogenic-are not understood, although activation of the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor (HTR2A) is key. To gain molecular insights into psychedelic actions, we determined the active-state structure of HTR2A bound to 25-CN-NBOH-a prototypical hallucinogen-in complex with an engineered Gαq heterotrimer by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). We also obtained the X-ray crystal structures of HTR2A complexed with the arrestin-biased ligand LSD or the inverse agonist methiothepin. Comparisons of these structures reveal determinants responsible for HTR2A-Gαq protein interactions as well as the conformational rearrangements involved in active-state transitions. Given the potential therapeutic actions of hallucinogens, these findings could accelerate the discovery of more selective drugs for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Validation of Extended Statistical Overlap Theory for Application to Small Second Dimension Peak Capacity

Approximate equations for the numbers of singlet peaks and total peaks in two-dimensional (2D) separations of randomly distributed component zones predict values of zero as the second-dimension peak capacity 2nc goes to zero. This is the result of deriving the equations for an unbounded 2D space. More rigorous equations are needed to assess how large 2nc must be before the error in the approximate equations is acceptably small. An exact equation for the number of singlet peaks in a 2D separation with a bounded second dimension is derived in Online Resource 1. The equation accounts for the reduced likelihood of overlap of zones represented as circles or ellipses near the second-dimension boundaries and is the result of the lengthy derivation of different expressions of probability, with the appropriate expression depending on the value of 2nc. In this paper, the equation is used to modify the prediction of the Roach equation for the number of total peaks in the 2D separation. Computer simulations of the clustering of circles confirm the equation for singlet peaks over a wide range of first-dimension saturations α1D (0.05 ≤ α1D ≤ 5) and 2nc values (0.1 ≤ 2nc ≤ 15). The saturation α1D, equal to the ratio of the number of components requiring separation to the first-dimension peak capacity available for separation, is a metric of chromatographic crowdedness. Over the same α1D range, the equation for total peaks slightly underestimates the simulations when 2nc < 2.5 but agrees with them at larger 2nc. It is shown that the extended theory differs most from the approximate one when α1D is large and 2nc is small.
Convergence of a Relaxed Variable Splitting Method for Learning Sparse Neural Networks via \(\ell _1, \ell _0\), and Transformed-\(\ell _1\) Penalties

Sparsification of neural networks is one of the effective complexity reduction methods to improve efficiency and generalizability. We consider the problem of learning a one hidden layer convolutional neural network with ReLU activation function via gradient descent under sparsity promoting penalties. It is known that when the input data is Gaussian distributed, no-overlap networks (without penalties) in regression problems with ground truth can be learned in polynomial time at high probability. We propose a relaxed variable splitting method integrating thresholding and gradient descent to overcome the non-smoothness in the loss function. The sparsity in network weight is realized during the optimization (training) process. We prove that under \(\ell _1, \ell _0,\) and transformed-\(\ell _1\) penalties, no-overlap networks can be learned with high probability, and the iterative weights converge to a global limit which is a transformation of the true weight under a novel thresholding operation. Numerical experiments confirm theoretical findings, and compare the accuracy and sparsity trade-off among the penalties.
24-GHz Impedance-Modulated BPSK Tags for Range Tracking and Vital Signs Sensing of Multiple Targets Using an FSK Radar

In this article, fully integrated binary phase shift keying (BPSK) tags are presented to work in conjunction with narrowband frequency-shift keying (FSK) radar for concurrent multitarget range tracking and vital signs sensing. Without the employment of any radio frequency (RF) mixer, the developed BPSK tag introduces a frequency offset by generating periodic phase shifts to the radar carrier frequencies with optimized power level. The theory of BPSK tag-based range tracking and vital signs sensing in conjunction with FSK radar signal is developed. An impedance-modulated 24-GHz tag architecture without any active RF components is proposed and its implementation and characterization are presented. The system performance is evaluated in the following residential indoor scenarios: single tag ranging, concurrent multiple tags and an untagged human target detection, and multiple tagged human targets tracking. Promising ranging performance demonstrates the potential for the proposed system to be adopted in various indoor tracking applications.
Why is Tree Drought Mortality so Hard to Predict

Widespread tree mortality following droughts has emerged as an environmentally and economically devastating 'ecological surprise'. It is well established that tree physiology is important in understanding drought-driven mortality; however, the accuracy of predictions based on physiology alone has been limited. We propose that complicating factors at two levels stymie predictions of drought-driven mortality: (i) organismal-level physiological and site factors that obscure understanding of drought exposure and vulnerability and (ii) community-level ecological interactions, particularly with biotic agents whose effects on tree mortality may reverse expectations based on stress physiology. We conclude with a path forward that emphasizes the need for an integrative approach to stress physiology and biotic agent dynamics when assessing forest risk to drought-driven morality in a changing climate.
Unit-cell-thick domain in free-standing quasi-two-dimensional ferroelectric material

Understanding the domain structure of two-dimensional materials is of paramount importance for the design of next generation microelectronic devices. Here, the authors employ a Dion--Jacobson layered oxide as a model system to study the ferroelectric domain structure with atomic scale analysis. They reveal the existence of a unit-cell-thick ferroelectric domain size as well as both 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain walls in a free-standing ferroelectric oxide. This may suggest ways to achieve unit-cell-thick domain structures and shed light on promising material solutions for emerging nonvolatile high-density memories and synaptic devices.
Market Freeze and Bank Capital Structure Heterogeneity

This paper develops a theory in which heterogeneity in bank capital choices arises in a general equilibrium despite ex ante identical banks. In a future state, the credit market is partially frozen in a crisis - high-capital banks have continued access to funding liquidity but low-capital banks do not. Inter-bank trading in legacy assets allows some frozen banks to sell assets to banks with “financial muscle” to obtain funding. Consequently, there is a reallocation of access to market funding from low-capital to high-capital banks. Inter-bank trading unfreezes the market without government intervention.
Jack and Me

Although Jack Michael has greatly influenced the field of behavior analysis, very few have had the opportunity to be directly supervised by him. In this article, I share my personal history as one of Jack’s last graduate students to illustrate his teaching and mentorship approach. Jack was a caring advisor who has had a long-lasting impact on both my personal life and my professional career.
Hybrid Modeling Based Co-Optimization of Crew Dispatch and Distribution System Restoration Considering Multiple Uncertainties

Natural disasters could lead to large-scale power outages by causing severe damages to distribution networks (DNs). Developing highly efficient outage management schemes is imperative for expediting service restoration. To this end, a novel multistage co-optimization model is proposed to seamlessly integrate the repair crew dispatch with the distribution system restoration. Furthermore, multiple sources of uncertainties are incorporated. To properly handle these uncertainties, a novel hybrid modeling approach is developed. In particular, the first stage is cast as a deterministic optimization problem to determine the crew route option prior to the realization of uncertainties. The second stage is to reconfigure the DN for forming multimicrogrids considering the uncertainties in crew travel time and repair time, which is formulated as a stochastic program. In the third stage, a robust optimization framework is applied to acquire a scheduling plan of various DERs that is immune to the worst-case realizations of electricity demand and photovoltaic generation. Finally, an advanced solution method is devised to achieve the computational tractability based on constraint and column generation and progressive hedging approaches. Numerical tests on the modified IEEE 37-bus DN show that the computation performance of the proposed solution method well fits the real-time application and also demonstrate that the highest demand curtailment is reduced by 3.3% and the variance of the restoration outcome is lowered by 40.5% compared with a recently proposed benchmark.
Correlation of Geosynthetic Index Properties to Cyclic Plate Load Test Performance in Flexible Airfield Pavements

Geosynthetics have been used in highway pavement applications for years; however, pertinent geosynthetic index properties and their correlation to pavement performance are not clear. Attempts have been made to correlate geosynthetic index properties to pavement performance; however, a single geosynthetic property or combination of properties has not been identified that definitively describe anticipated performance. This study was performed to evaluate the behavior of various geosynthetic properties in laboratory characterization tests and to investigate potential relationships to laboratory cyclic plate load testing of airfield flexible pavement structures. Geosynthetic characterization tests were conducted to measure physical dimensions, stiffness properties, and tensile strength properties. Statistical analyses were performed to determine index properties pertinent to pavement performance. It was found that a single test method was not capable of correctly categorizing pavement performance in terms of permanent surface deformation results; however, the combination of stiffness and tensile properties was an important factor in the performance of a reinforced pavement section.
CHANTER Syndrome: A Case Report With Near Complete Recovery (2050)

Objective: To review the clinical presentation and imaging findings of CHANTER syndrome by presenting a case in a 30 year old female with a history of opiate abuse. Background: Cerebellar Hippocampal and Basal Nuclei Transient Edema with Restricted Diffusion (CHANTER syndrome) is a recently recognized constellation of radiographic and clinical findings with a distinct course from other similar syndromes. Patients are typically stuporous or comatose at presentation with abnormal diffusion restriction in bilateral hippocampi, cerebellar cortices, and basal ganglia. Despite these findings which are typically associated with irreversible neuronal death and poor outcomes, patients with CHANTER may demonstrate significant clinical and radiographic improvement over time. Design/Methods: case report Results: We describe the clinical presentation, management and outcome of one case of CHANTER syndrome treated in our tertiary care academic medical center during June 2020. The patient, a 30-year-old, obese, Caucasian female with a history of polysubstance abuse, was found down in an unresponsive state. Initial CTH showed hypodensities in bilateral cerebellar hemispheres with tonsillar herniation. MRI demonstrated symmetric diffusion restriction in BL cerebellar hemispheres, subcortical occipital lobes, frontoparietal regions, fornicies, basal ganglia, and hippocampi. She was admitted to the neurocritical care unit and the cerebral edema was aggressively treated with hypertonic saline. With close neurological monitoring and aggressive medical therapy, surgical decompression was not needed for treatment of cerebral edema and she demonstrated dramatic clinical improvement. She was extubated on hospital day two and on hospital day three she was transferred out of the ICU. Prior to discharge, her only residual deficit was mild right leg weakness for which she was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusions: This case demonstrates the unique and under-recognized manifestations and clinical course of CHANTER syndrome and illustrates the potential for significant clinical improvement with early recognition and prompt treatment of the associated transient edema. Disclosure: Miss Kobayashi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Antimisiaris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lakhani has nothing to disclose.
Partnership and Community Engagement Models for Stewarding National Scenic Trails: A Social-Ecological Systems Perspective

Long distance trails offer distinctive opportunities for people to connect with natural and cultural heritage through recreation, tourism, and stewardship. Such connections can lead to broad suppor...
Precursor insulin-like growth factor-II (proIGF-II) and mature IGF-II differentially mediate resveratrol-induced downregulation of survivin and apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4394 Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a potent mitogen associated with cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and induction of malignant transformation. Precursor IGF-II (proIGF-II) is the predominant form secreted by most tumors and is biologically active. Since resveratrol regulates IGF-II expression, we hypothesize that IGF-II mediates RSV effects on genes involved in apoptosis of breast cancer cells. This study examines whether: 1) IGF-II mediates RSV effect on survivin protein and mRNA levels; 2) proIGF-II and mature IGF-II differentially block RSV inhibition of survivin; and 3) proIGF-II and mature IGF-II differentially modulate survivin subcellular localization and mitochondrial membrane potential status. Our results show that treatment of MCF-7 cells with RSV (10-4 M) induced a decrease of survivin protein and mRNA levels. In addition, RSV increased caspase -7 cleavage and activation. These effects were blocked by IGF-II. ProIGF-II produced a more potent effect on survivin expression and nuclear/organelle localization than mature IGF-II. MCF-7 cells transfected with proIGF-II were protected from RSV-induced apoptosis, while mIGF-II transfected cells were less protected. RSV (10-4)did not change survivin levels in proIGF-II transfected cells. In summary, our studies show that IGF-II mediates RSV effects on cell survival and apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in part by regulating survivin expression.
An Investigation of Wettability, and Microstructure in Alumina Joints Brazed with Ag‐CuO‐TiO2

A silver-based joining technique referred to as reactive air brazing (RAB) has been recently developed for joining high temperature structural ceramic components of the type used in gas turbines, combustion engines, heat exchangers, and burners. It was found that additions of CuO to silver have a significant effect on the wettability and joint strength characteristics of the resulting braze on polycrystalline alumina substrates. More recently, it has been found that by adding as little as 0.5 mol% titania to these Ag-CuO brazes, the wettability of the RAB on alumina surfaces is further enhanced. The results of wettabilty measurements of Ag-CuO-TiO2 RAB compositions on alumina will be presented along with the microstructural characterization of Ag-CuO-TiO2 braze joints in alumina.
Do Hedge Funds Conduct Mid-Year Risk Shifting?

Hedge fund managers with asymmetric performance-based compensation packages have the incentive to increase the risk taking of their funds in response to poor performance. Based on regression analysis of data from a panel of dollar-based hedge funds from 1994-2008, we find evidence that they do just that. Using fund return volatility for our risk measure, we find that a hedge fund with net asset value (NAV) below its previous high-water mark (out of the money) in the first half of the year tends to have higher volatility of monthly returns in the second half of the year. A hedge fund with NAV above its high-water mark (in the money) in the first half of the year tends to have lower volatility of monthly returns in the second half of the year. Our findings are robust for various ways to estimate high-water mark and after controlling for back-fill bias. Using common risk factors that can explain how hedge funds generate their returns to show that out-of-money funds display a shift of risk exposures: they increase exposure to the equity market and decrease exposure to the bond market. Our findings are robust to various ways to estimate risk exposures and high-water mark. Combining the above, hedge funds do conduct mid-year risk shifting. Out-of-money funds increase exposure to equity and decrease exposure to credit markets. Fund characteristics are also shown to play a role in mid-year risk shifting: large and illiquid funds charging lower performance fees are less involved in shifting volatility with out-of-money compensation option. On the other hand, illiquid funds are more likely to increase exposure to the equity market when they are out of money. We also explore the interactions between performance and fund characteristics and how they relate to the mid-year risk shifting behavior to achieve a multi-dimensional view.
Some Conjectures on Increasing Competition and the Ease of Substitution: Implications for Inverting Demand Systems

This paper provides a means for properly comparing demand and inverse demand for a product when the number of firms in the analysis is expanded beyond the duopoly case. To do this, first an index for the ease of substitution was derived for inverse demand systems, and then demand systems, that works when the product is differentiated in some way. Then, the conditions under which the indexes should be equal are explored. The index is used to test if any changes in substitution are detectable when demand systems are inverted and competition is augmented. It is found that unrestricted mathematical inversion does not properly control for ease of substitution when obtaining inverse demand systems from demand systems. This problem is shown to be surprisingly significant. An alternative restricted inversion methodology is reviewed and it was shown to properly control for the ease of substitution when inverting demand systems.
Untersuchungen zur aufklärung des mechanismus des redoxsystems flavinmononucleotid/dihydroflavinmononucleotid: III. Die abhängigkeit des gleichgewichtspotentials vom reduktionsgrad der FMN-Lösung

Abstract A comparison was made between the experimental and the calculated dependence of the equilibrium potential on the ratio of the diffusion currents ( E − log( i K,k / i D,a )) for various combinations of intermediates. In addition the observed equilibrium potential was correlated to the calculated ratio log([FMN]/[FMNH 2 ]). A good correlation is obtained if the following intermediates are assumed to occur on FMN reduction in 0.05 M H 2 SO 4 : FMNH . , (FMN·FMNH 2 ) and (FMNH . ·FMNH 2 ); it must also be assumed that the last named intermediate is non-reducible.