cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and Regulation of Spontaneous Deep Breaths

Abstract Occasional deep, sighing breaths are a consistent feature of normal mammalian respiration. The physiological regulation of these deep breaths has been investigated. Unanesthetized, unrestrained rats were found to sigh at an average rate of 0.47 times per minute. Pulmonary ventilation and the frequency of sighs both increased progressively as the inspired O 2 concentration was lowered. The addition of CO 2 to the inspired air caused a brisk hyperpnea, but little or no change in the frequency of deep breaths. Rats anesthetized with Dial-urethane also exhibited typical sighing breaths, the frequency of which was increased by hypoxia. In anesthetized animals, the deep breaths were completely abolished either by vagotomy or by peripheral chemoreceptor ablation. These findings, considered together with earlier observations of other workers, indicate that the spontaneous sigh is a complex response to lung inflation, brought about by a vagally mediated mechanoreflex, which requires and is regulated by afferent information from peripheral chemoreceptors. The sigh may be of physiological importance in the prevention of atelectasis during normal breathing or in the initial inflation of the lungs at birth.
Fungi Associated with Sorghum Grains in Rural Indian Storages

ABSTRACT A total of 67 sorghum grain samples were chosen from a survey in 1997; 34 samples from the 1996 rainy season and 33 from the 1996/97 post rainy season harvests. Five kilograms of sorghum grains were collected from each of the grain lots stored in jute bags, mud-lined baskets, metallic containers, polypropylene bags, and grains piled in a corner of a room. At ICRISAT, each sample was evaluated for fungi associated with sorghum grain and grain germination in a representative sample of 200 grains per treatment: (i) grains surface-sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) prepared from Clorox(r), and not treated with fungicide benomyl, (ii) grains surface sterilized and treated with benomyl (0.05%), (iii) grains not surface sterilized but treated with benomyl and (iv) grains neither surface sterilized nor treated with benomyl. Major fungi with a mean frequency of > 5% across storages, cultivars, harvesting seasons and treatments were: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Bipolaris a...
SU-E-E-02: The Use of Social Media in a Medical Physics Classroom.

Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to provide an example of how Facebook has been used in a medical physics classroom. Methods: Facebook was used in an introductory course in radiation interactions taken by graduate students in a CAMPEP‐accredited medical physics program. Facebook served two major functions in the class, as a means for communicating announcements to students, and as a forum for discussion of unclear points in the course. At the end of every class, students were prompted to fill out a questionnaire asking them to identify points that were not clear. After class, all questions were posted by the instructor (so students maintained anonymity and did not have to be embarrassed by lack of knowledge). Students had 24 hr to post responses to their peers’ questions. Students who responded correctly to peers’ questions received additional in‐ class credit for their response, thus encouraging them to respond. After 24 hr, the instructor or a teaching assistant posted a response to the question. Results: 12/16 students participated in discussions. The students who did not respond were all postdoctoral fellows (3/4 foreign) auditing the course. From 3 to 9 students typically responded to questions. Students responding to questions received credit for their responses (0.4 points per response up to a maximum of 5 points added to an in‐class grade that counted for 10% of their final grade). Student evaluations of the use of Facebook were generally positive. Furthermore, use of Facebook for this application extended the time students were interacting with each other in medical physics.Conclusions: The use of social media in a medical physics classroom appears to be an effective tool to incorporate into a teaching methodology.
Lysine 183 Is the General Base in the 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Reaction†

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change K183 of sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to A, E, H, C, Q, R, and M to probe its possible role as a general base catalyst. Each of the mutant proteins was characterized with respect to its kinetic parameters at pH 7 and the pH dependence of kinetic parameters for the K183R mutant enzyme. The only mutant enzyme that gives a significant amount of catalysis is the K183R mutant, and the extent of catalysis is decreased by about 3 orders of magnitude; the general base pK is perturbed to a pH value of >9. All other mutant enzymes exhibit rates that are decreased by about 4 orders of magnitude compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. Data are consistent with the general base function of K183.
Experimental “Exophthalmos” in Dogs

By the use of a simple instrument of original design, a condition of enophthalmos or exophthalmos can be ascertained with a reasonable degree of accuracy in the normal as well as in the anesthetized dog. Pentothal sodium, sodium amytal, pentobarbital, and chloralose administered intravenously cause a marked enophthalmos, while surgical ether anesthesia produces a slight exophthalmos. Sympathomimetic drugs cause little or no change in the position of the eye of the unanesthetized dog. In animals anesthetized with sodium amytal and related drugs, ephedrine and tyramine when administered intravenously cause the eye to advance almost to the position held before anesthesia. Thus the so-called “exophthalmos” reported in the literature as resulting from injections of sympathomimetic drugs is more correctly explained as an advancement of the eye to its normal position from a condition of enophthalmos. The eyes of animals made thyrotoxic behaved in every respect as did those of normal controls. From the Division of Experimental Medicine of the Mayo Foundation.
The Moonlighting Penalty: Incidence of the Excess Social Security Tax

The social security tax is levied on wages and salaries up to a maximum annual amount, with employee and employer each paying the same amount of tax on the employee’s behalf. Workers earning more than the annual maximum taxable earnings and having more than one employer are vulnerable to excess social security tax withholding. The employee’s share of excess social security tax can be claimed as a (refundable) credit against the federal individual income tax, but the employer’s share cannot be claimed. If the employer’s share of the social security tax is borne by the worker, then the unrefunded excess employer’s tax is an additional tax on the worker. This additional tax is highly progressive, and its progressivity has increased in the past four decades.
Dealers’ Adverse Selection Costs and the Evaluation of Alternative Measures of the Earnings Release Signal

This study investigates the relationship between over-the-counter dealers' adverse selection costs and alternative measures of the earnings release signal to evaluate the quality of the signal. The measure of the earnings release signal most associated with dealers' adverse selection costs is suggested as being the least noisy measure of the information impounded in security prices during earnings release periods. The results suggest that the seasonal Box-Jenkins earnings expectation model known as the Brown-Rozeff “premier” model generates the signal most consistent with the information impounded in security prices during earnings release periods.
Cooperative Network Localization Via Node Velocity Estimation

This paper addresses cooperative localization for mobile ad-hoc networks that benefits from the node velocity estimation. Given pair-wise range measurement and relative speed measurement between communicating nodes, the relative node positions are estimated using an extended Kalman filter. The state-space equation of the Kalman filter incorporates the node positions with their velocities. The measurement equation takes into account the log-normal distribution of the received signal power and the Gaussian distribution of the relative speed measurement error. Distributed algorithm is derived for practical use. The simulation results show the performance of the network localization with the assistance of node velocity estimation. The velocities are, however, not tracked using the Kalman filter; Separated method is proposed to estimate the node velocities.
Intentionality, Consciousness, and Creating Community

Intentionality is briefly explored from the perspective of seminal written works on therapeutic touch and recorded conversations with Martha E. Rogers. This overview hints at possible interrelationships among intentionality, consciousness, and creating community, along with conceptual ambiguities, which are explored in detail by Zahourek and Larkin in this column.
Semi-Gaussian Subspaces

Let M be a subspace (=closed linear manifold) of an L2 space. Then M may or may not have the following property: If {x k } is any orthogonal sequence in M such that \(\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^\infty {||{x_k}|{|^2} < \infty},\) then the series \(\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^\infty {{x_k}}\) converges almost everywhere. That is, for orthogonal expansions in M, convergence in the mean implies convergence almost everywhere. If M does have this property, we say that M is semi-Gaussian.
The vagus nerve, food intake and obesity

Food interacts with sensors all along the alimentary canal to provide the brain with information regarding its composition, energy content, and beneficial effect. Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver provide a rapid and discrete account of digestible food in the alimentary canal, as well as circulating and stored fuels, while vagal efferents, together with the sympathetic nervous system and hormonal mechanisms, codetermine the rate of nutrient absorption, partitioning, storage, and mobilization. Although vagal sensory mechanisms play a crucial role in the neural mechanism of satiation, there is little evidence suggesting a significant role in long-term energy homeostasis. However, increasing recognition of vagal involvement in the putative mechanisms making bariatric surgeries the most effective treatment for obesity should greatly stimulate future research to uncover the many details regarding the specific transduction mechanisms in the periphery and the inter- and intra-neuronal signaling cascades disseminating vagal information across the neuraxis.
Genome linkage screen for prostate cancer susceptibility loci: Results from the Mayo Clinic familial prostate cancer study

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and has long been recognized to occur in familial clusters. Brothers and sons of affected men have a twofold to threefold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, identification of genetic susceptibility loci for prostate cancer has been extremely difficult. Several putative loci identified by genetic linkage have been reported to exist on chromosomes 1 (HPC1, PCAP, and CAPB), X (HPCX), 17 (HPC2), and 20 (HPC20), with genes RNASEL (HPC1) and ELAC2 (HPC2) tentatively defined. In this study, we report our genome linkage scan in 160 prostate cancer families, using the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set Version 2 with 402 microsatellite markers. The most significant linkage was found for chromosome 20, with a recessive model heterogeneity LOD score (HLOD) of 4.77, and a model-free LOD score (LOD − ZLR) of 3.46 for the entire group of pedigrees. Linkage for chromosome 20 was most prominent among families with a late age of diagnosis (average age at diagnosis ≥ 66 years; maximum LOD − ZLR = 2.82), with <5 affected family members (LOD − ZLR = 3.02), with presence of hereditary prostate cancer (LOD − ZLR = 2.81), or with no male-to-male transmission of disease (LOD − ZLR = 3.84). No other chromosome showed significant evidence for linkage. However, chromosomes 6 and X showed suggestive results, with maximum LOD − ZLR values of 1.38 and 1.36, respectively. Subset analyses suggest additional chromosomal regions worth further follow-up. Prostate 57: 335–346, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Out-of-Core Progressive Lossless Compression and Selective Decompression of Large Triangle Meshes

In this paper we propose a novel {\em out-of-core} technique for{\em progressive} lossless compression and {\em selective}decompression of 3D triangle meshes larger than main memory. Most existing compression methods, in order to optimize compression ratios, only allow {\em sequential} decompression. We develop an integrated approach that resolves the issue of so-called {\emprefix dependency} to support {\em selective} decompression, and in addition enables I/O-efficient compression, while maintaining high compression ratios. Our decompression scheme initially provides a global context of the entire mesh at a coarse resolution, and allows the user to select different {\em regions of interest} to further decompress/refine to {\bf different}levels of details, to facilitate out-of-core multiresolution rendering for interactive visual inspection. We present experimental results which show that we achieve fast compression/decompression times and low memory footprints, with compression ratios comparable to current out-of-core {\em single resolution} methods.
Using model checking to guarantee safety in automatically-synthesized real-time controllers

Concerns the development of autonomous, flexible control systems for mission-critical applications such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and deep space probes. These applications require hybrid real-time control systems, capable of effectively managing both discrete and continuous controllable parameters to maintain system safety and achieve system goals. Using the CIRCA architecture and its state space planner (SSP) for adaptive real-time control systems, these controllers are synthesized automatically and dynamically, online, while the platform is operating. Unlike many other AI planning systems, CIRCA's automatically-generated control plans have strong temporal semantics and provide safety guarantees, ensuring that the controlled system will avoid all forms of mission-critical failure. This paper is intended to convey an intuitive, qualitative understanding of the way CIRCA verifies its plans using model checking techniques.
Glycogen Studies on Human Endometrium: Correlation of Quantitative Chemical Estimation and the Qualitative Demonstration by Histological Methods

The quantitative estimation of glycogen in the endometrium was first made by Van Slyke and Chen (1) in 1936, using the female macaque. They stated that there was an increase in glycogen in the differentiative stage over that of the proliferative stage, noting that in the proliferative stage the endometrium contained 0.3 gm. per cent, the differentiative phase 0.53 gm. per cent of glycogen and that on the first day of ovulatory menstruation there was an even slightly higher increment. Zondek, in 1940 (2, 3) noted the same relationship in human endometrium. He reported 0.38 gm. per cent in the proliferative phase, 0.437 in the interval phase, and 0.427 gm. per cent of glycogen in the differentiative stage. Randall and Power, in 1942, (4) estimated the glycogen content of human endometrium taken by curettage; they noted in the late proliferative phase an average of 0.171 gm. per cent, in the early differentiative phase, an average of 1.09, and in the late differentiative phase, an average of 0.71 gm. per cen...
Introduction: Policy and Validity Prospects for Performance-Based Assessment

High interest in performance-based assessment of educational achievement is indicated by recent conferences, special journal issues, and national television coverage. The president's and governors' educational goals reflect the central role of assessment in reform. A prominent view is that changes in assessment, using more complex, meaningful, and integrative performance tasks, will improve education. New assessments present challenges to the curriculum, teaching practices, and presentation of student achievement information to policymakers and to the public. Sufficient high-quality assessments must be available before their impact on educational reform can be assessed. Although interest in performance-based assessment is high, our knowledge about its quality is low. Moreover, few psychometric templates exist to guide the technical practices of assessment developers.
Jimson "Loco" Weed Abuse in Adolescents

Over a three-year period, 29 adolescent patients were hospitalized because of intentional Jimson weed ingestion. Their records were reviewed for the presence of signs and symptoms of atropine/scopolamine toxicity clinical course, treatment, and outcome. Twenty-two were male and seven were female. All had mydriasis, hallucinations, and were disoriented. Tachycardia (heart rate greater than 95), dry mucous membranes, and flushed facies were often present. Urinary retention requiring catheterization was present in five patients. Sixty-five percent (17/26) had detectable atropine or scopolamine in their urine. The average length of hospitalization was 1.8 days. No serious complications were encountered during hospitalization and full recovery were noted in all patients. Gastric lavage and hospital admission for close monitoring and medical support are essential phases of management. Physicians who care for adolescents should be aware of this relatively new form of drug abuse and its management.
Cyanogen bromide fragments of bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein induce experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in Lewis rats.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a retinal specific antigen, induces experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) when injected into Lewis rats. Here we report that certain cyanogen bromide fragments of IRBP are capable of inducing EAU. Bovine IRBP, reduced and S-carboxymethylated, was subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage. This CNBr digest was subjected to reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Three fragments were purified to apparent homogeneity. These three fragments were subjected to gas-phase amino-terminal sequencing analysis. All three yielded single sequences, confirming their purity. On the basis of this amino-terminal sequencing and sequencing of cDNAs encoding bovine IRBP, two of these sequences, named CB-58 and CB-71, were localized to the C-terminal one-third of the IRBP molecule, whereas the third, a subfragment thought to result from cleavage at a tryptophan residue and named CB*-47, was localized to the N-terminal one third of the protein. CB-71 and CB*-...
Decoys for Docking

Molecular docking is widely used to predict novel lead compounds for drug discovery. Success depends on the quality of the docking scoring function, among other factors. An imperfect scoring function can mislead by predicting incorrect ligand geometries or by selecting nonbinding molecules over true ligands. These false-positive hits may be considered "decoys". Although these decoys are frustrating, they potentially provide important tests for a docking algorithm; the more subtle the decoy, the more rigorous the test. Indeed, decoy databases have been used to improve protein structure prediction algorithms and protein-protein docking algorithms. Here, we describe 20 geometric decoys in five enzymes and 166 "hit list" decoys-i.e., molecules predicted to bind by our docking program that were tested and found not to do so-for beta-lactamase and two cavity sites in lysozyme. Especially in the cavity sites, which are very simple, these decoys highlight particular weaknesses in our scoring function. We also consider the performance of five other widely used docking scoring functions against our geometric and hit list decoys. Intriguingly, whereas many of these other scoring functions performed better on the geometric decoys, they typically performed worse on the hit list decoys, often highly ranking molecules that seemed to poorly complement the model sites. Several of these "hits"from the other scoring functions were tested experimentally and found, in fact, to be decoys. Collectively, these decoys provide a tool for the development and improvement of molecular docking scoring functions. Such improvements may, in turn, be rapidly tested experimentally against these and related experimental systems, which are well-behaved in assays and for structure determination.
Number of censuses required for demographic estimation of effective population size

Adequate population viability assessment may require estimation of effective population size ( Ne ). But failure to take into account the effect of temporal fluctuation in population size (FPS) on Ne may routinely lead to unrealistically optimistic viability assessments. We thus evaluate a technique that accounts for the effect of FPS on Ne. Using time series of annual counts of 48 free-ranging animal populations, we show that Ne is dependent on timescale: as more census records are incorporated, estimates of FPS tend to increase, and thus estimates of Ne tend to decrease. Estimates based on, say, 10 annual counts tend to grossly underestimate the influence of FPS on estimates of long-term Ne, often by more than 100%. Moreover, a newly derived expression for the confidence intervals of Ne /N (in which N is population size) reveals that estimates of Ne based on only a few annual counts are quite unreliable. Our work thus emphasizes the need for long-term population monitoring and provides a framework for interpreting Ne estimates calculated from limited census data. Numero de Censos Requeridos para una Estimacion Demografica Efectiva de Tamano Poblacional Evaluaciones adecuadas de viabilidad poblacional pueden requerir estimaciones de tamano poblacional efectivo ( Ne ). Sin embargo, omisiones en la consideracion del efecto de la fluctuacion temporal del tamano poblacional (FPS) en Ne pueden conducir rutinariamente a estimaciones de viabilidad irrealmente optimistas. Es por ello que evaluamos una tecnica que toma en consideracion el efecto de FPS en Ne. Utilizamos series de tiempo de conteos anuales de 48 poblaciones de animales de rango libre, mostramos que Ne es dependiente de la escala temporal: mientras mas registros de censos son incorporados, las estimaciones de FPS tienden a incrementar y por lo tanto las estimaciones de Ne tienden a disminuir. Estimaciones basadas, en por ejemplo, 10 conteos anuales tienden a subestimar la influencia de FPS en las estimaciones de largo plazo de Ne (frecuentemente por mas de un 100%). Mas aun, una nueva expresion derivada para intervalos de confianza de Ne / N (en la cual N es el tamano poblacional) revela que las estimaciones de Ne basadas en solo unos cuantos conteos anuales son poco confiables. Nuestro trabajo hace enfasis en la necesidad de monitoreos poblacionales a largo plazo y provee un marco de trabajo para interpretar estimaciones de Ne calculadas a partir de datos de censos limitados.
TRAINING GENERATIVE VERB USAGE BY IMITATION AND REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES1

Three retarded children were trained, using imitation and reinforcement procedures, to produce past and present tense forms of verbs in response to verbal requests. Two types of experimental sessions were arranged: training sessions and probe sessions. During training sessions, a child was trained to produce one verb in both the past and the present tense. Then, in a probe session, the generalization of this training was tested by presenting to the child a series of untrained verbs interspersed with previously trained verbs. Responses to untrained verbs were never reinforced. Training sessions alternated with probe sessions throughout a multiple baseline design involving four classes of verb inflections as the baselines. The results showed that, as past and present tense forms of verbs within an inflectional class were trained, the children correctly produced past and present tense forms of untrained verbs within this class. When verbs from two or more classes were trained, the children correctly produced the verb tenses from each of these classes. Thus, the imitation and reinforcement procedures were effective in teaching generative use of verb inflections.
MOST: multiplexed optical scanner technology

Using the NLC design philosophy, this paper introduces a novel optical scanning method called "multiplexed optical scanner technology" or "MOST' that has the fundamental capabilities to realize the desired scanner. Specifically, four types of multiplexed optical scanners (MOSs), namely, the polarization or P-MOS, the time or T-MOS, the wavelength or W-MOS, and the code or C-MOS are highlighted. In effect, independent exploitation of polarization, time, wavelength, and optical code switching is used to access 3-D phase perturbations stored in large area phase sensitive photothermal programmable NLC devices inorder to realize a high speed optical scanner.
Altered growth and radiosensitivity in neural precursor cells subjected to oxidative stress

Purpose: To determine whether changes in oxidative stress could enhance the sensitivity of neural precursor cells to ionizing radiation.Materials and methods: Two strategies were used whereby oxidative stress was modulated endogenously, through manipulation cell culture density, or exogenously, through direct addition of hydrogen peroxide.Results: Cells subjected to increased endogenous oxidative stress through low-density growth routinely exhibited an inhibition of growth following irradiation. However, cells subjected to chronic exogenous oxidative treatments showed increased sensitivity to proton and γ-irradiation compared to untreated controls. Reduced survival of irradiated cultures subjected to oxidizing conditions was corroborated using enzymatic viability assays, and was observed over a range of doses (1 – 5 Gy) and post-irradiation re-seeding densities (20 – 200 K/plate).Conclusions: Collectively our results provide further support for the importance of redox state in the regulation of neural pre...
Data complexity in machine learning and novel classification algorithms

We investigate the role of data complexity in the context of binary classification problems. The universal data complexity is defined for a data set as the Kolmogorov complexity of the mapping enforced by that data set. It is closely related to several existing principles used in machine learning such as Occam's razor. We demonstrate its application in data decomposition and data pruning. In data decomposition, we illustrate that a data set is best approximated by its principal subsets which are Pareto optimal with respect to the complexity and the set size. In data pruning, we show that outliers usually have high complexity contributions, and propose methods for estimating the complexity contribution. We propose a family of novel learning algorithms to directly minimize the 0/1 loss for perceptrons. Our algorithms usually achieve the lowest training error and are also computationally efficient. Such advantages make them favorable for both standalone use and ensemble learning. Experiments show that our algorithms work very well with AdaBoost. AdaBoost is an ensemble methods that aggregate many base hypotheses for binary classification problems. It can be viewed as gradient descent on a margin cost function. We provide a more sophisticated abstract boosting algorithm, CGBoost, based on conjugate gradient in function space. When the AdaBoost exponential cost function is optimized, CGBoost generally yields much lower cost and training error but higher test error, which implies that the exponential cost is vulnerable to overfitting. With the optimization power of CGBoost, we can adopt more "regularized" cost functions that have better out-of-sample performance but are difficult to optimize. A multiclass classification problem can be reduced to a collection of binary problems with the aid of a coding matrix. A coding matrix with strong error-correcting ability may not be overall optimal if the binary problems are too hard for the base learner. In this paper, we propose a new multiclass boosting algorithm that modifies the coding matrix according to the learning ability of the base learner. We show experimentally that our algorithm is very efficient in optimizing the multiclass margin cost, and outperforms existing multiclass algorithms such as AdaBoost.ECC and one-vs-one.
Relative and attributable diabetes risk associated with hyperuricemia in US veterans with gout.

Background: Hyperuricemia is known to be a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the absolute magnitude of the association is not known. We aimed to evaluate the strength of association between hyperuricemia and the risk of developing diabetes among the US veterans with gout. Methods: Patients (age ≥ 18 years) with ≥2 clinical encounters with gout diagnoses, no history of inflammatory diseases or diabetes and two serum urate (sUA) measurements between 1 January 2002 and 1 January 2011 were selected. Diabetes was identified using International Classification of Disease-9-Clinical Modification codes, use of anti-diabetic medications or HbA1c ≥6.5%. sUA levels were assessed at 6-month cycles (hyperuricemia: sUA >7 mg/dl). Accumulated hazard curves for time to first diabetes diagnosis were derived from Kaplan–Meier (KM) analysis. Risk of diabetes associated with hyperuricemia was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Population attributable fraction (AF) of new-onset diabetes within 1 year was estimated using logistic regression. Results: Among 1923 patients, average age was 62.9 years, body mass index was 30.6 kg/m2, and follow-up time was 80 months. Diabetes rates from KM were 19% for sUA ≤ 7 mg/dl, 23% for 7 mg/dl 9 mg/dl at the end of follow-up period (P < 0.001). Hyperuricemia was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing diabetes, after adjusting for confounding factors (hazard ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence interval: [1.01–1.41]). Approximately, 8.7% of all new cases of diabetes were statistically attributed to hyperuricemia. Conclusions: Among veterans, hyperuricemia was associated with excess risk for developing diabetes. Approximately, 1 in 11 new cases of diabetes were statistically attributed to hyperuricemia.
Characterization of compensatory weed growth

Abstract Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate mechanically stimulated compensatory growth response of ivyleaf morningglory, common waterhemp, and giant ragweed. Compensatory growth was initiated by the physical removal of the apical shoot to break apical dominance. The amount of apical shoot removed had an effect on mechanically stimulated compensatory growth of common waterhemp and giant ragweed. With these species, the more of the apical shoot removed from the plant, the less compensatory growth occurred. Removal of the shoot from above the cotyledons resulted in giant ragweed that were 48% shorter and weighed 41% less than control plants at 6 wk after shoot removal. However, the amount of apical shoot removed had no effect on the growth of ivyleaf morningglory compared with control plants at the completion of the study. The influence of plant height at the time of shoot removal on compensatory growth was specific to each weed species. Ivyleaf morningglory exhibited l...
Hypancistrus inspector: A new species of suckermouth armored catfish (Loricariidae: Ancistrinae)

Abstract Hypancistrus inspector, a new species of suckermouth armored catfish from Venezuela, is described and compared to the only other species of Hypancistrus, Hypancistrus zebra. The two species differ mainly in coloration with H. inspector dark brown to black with pale yellow to white spots and H. zebra with a boldly contrasting pattern of black and white stripes. Hypancistrus is diagnosed based on the unique presence of a sharply angled adductor palatini crest and two reversals: wide anterior separation of the metapterygoid and lateral ethmoid and the loss of the lateral wall of the metapterygoid channel. Specimens of H. inspector were found to have many seeds in the intestine suggesting that the species is at least partially granivorous.
FeatureInsight: Visual support for error-driven feature ideation in text classification

Machine learning requires an effective combination of data, features, and algorithms. While many tools exist for working with machine learning data and algorithms, support for thinking of new features, or feature ideation, remains poor. In this paper, we investigate two general approaches to support feature ideation: visual summaries and sets of errors. We present FeatureInsight, an interactive visual analytics tool for building new dictionary features (semantically related groups of words) for text classification problems. FeatureInsight supports an error-driven feature ideation process and provides interactive visual summaries of sets of misclassified documents. We conducted a controlled experiment evaluating both visual summaries and sets of errors in FeatureInsight. Our results show that visual summaries significantly improve feature ideation, especially in combination with sets of errors. Users preferred visual summaries over viewing raw data, and only preferred examining sets when visual summaries were provided. We discuss extensions of both approaches to data types other than text, and point to areas for future research.
19-Nor-corticosteroids in experimental and human hypertension.

Recent reports demonstrate that the 19–nor-corticosteroids (19–nor-DOC) are naturally-occurring substances in hypertensive animal models as well as man. Since some 19-nor-corticosteroids are potent mineralocorticoids, they may have a role in regulating systemic arterial pressure and be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This paper reports the probable biosynthetic pathway, factors regulating the secretion or production, and measurement of 19–nor-DOC in man and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). These studies demonstrate (1) 19–nor-DOC is greatly influenced by ACTH and dexamethasone but less so by high and low salt diets in normotensive subjects; (2) 19–nor-DOC is greatly increased in some but not all hypertensive patients; (3) 19–nor-DOC is increased in prehypertensive SHR compared to WKY rats. The likelihood of metacorticoid hypertension and possible role of other 19–nor-corticosterolds, including 19–nor-progesterone, are discussed. It can be concluded that 19–nor-corticosteroids are sy...
TRACE ELEMENTS Potential Importance in Human Nutrition with Particular Reference to Zinc and Vanadium

Fourteen elements are required by the body in quantities of less than a few milligrams per day (chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium and zinc). Most nutritionists believe that this list will be extended in the near future. Although collectively referred to as trace elements, they form a heterogeneous group of essential nutrients that defy logical classification. Apart from their low tissue concentrations, perusal of any chemistry text-book shows that they all share high chemical reactivity; indeed most industrial chemical processes depend upon a member of this group as the catalyst. Trace elements also catalyse and control biochemical reactions within the body. More than half the body's enzymes have one or more of these elements incorporated at their active sites; many more of the enzymes depend upon loose association with trace elements for their activity.
Steve Jobs Was Right About the Future of HTML 5 but Was He Right About Digital Publishing

Steve Jobs predicted that HTML5 would replace Adobe Flash. In November 2011, Adobe announced it would cease developing its Flash Player plug-in for mobile browsers and encourage developers to adopt the HTML5 standard. This work discusses some of the features of HTML5 and suggests that as search engine optimization (SEO) and usability on mobile devices become increasingly important, law librarians should consider how HTML5 features may prove useful in achieving the goals of the law library. Further, the article discusses how HTML5 may also influence the development of legal digital publishing initiatives.
The Boundaries and Bonds of Citizenship: Recognition and Redistribution in the United States, Germany and Israel

This essay analyzes changes in the U.S., Germany, and Israel over the past three decades in the content of, access to, and significance of citizenship. It also attempts a normative argument for a conception of citizenship that is plausible and just, historically and culturally embedded, and redistribution-centered. The essay examines the import of the shift from sovereignty to governance and related neo-liberal developments on the solidarities, good and bad, created in and by three very different nation-states: the U.S., Germany, and Israel. Overall, there has been a decline in the content of citizenship and an easing of access to it. Both the horizontal and the vertical dimensions of citizenship have been weakened. In all three countries, it has become easier to become a member of the community: the horizontal, inside/outside border of citizenship has become easier to cross. More or less at the same time, the vertical bonds of social solidarity have become weaker as the programs of social democracy and social citizenship have been attenuated. In part, these developments are a response to a nearly unprecedentedly high level of migration throughout the world. In part, they have come to pass because rights struggles domestically have focused on individual equal protection rights - anti-discrimination - and multiculturalism. In part, however, these developments point to the neo-liberal reduction in solidarity within these societies and the decline in the power of citizenship as a political and socioeconomic category. The decline of the Keynesian welfare state and the Soviet Union and the rise of international human rights discourses have also played their parts. The result has been a gain in recognition and non-discrimination but at the expense of redistribution. In many ways, there is greater receptivity toward migrants in all three of these societies, but less and less readiness to extend the bonds of full-fledged membership, above all redistribution. Instead of solidarity, live and let live is the cultural and legal leitmotif of the day. Along with documenting the forces to which all three societies have been subjected, the essay assesses whether the resulting changes contribute to a greater measure of social justice and individual freedom. The answer remains a highly contingent and uncertain matter.
Agents of Globalization in Law

Scholarship on the U.S. legal profession has excluded international students who earn the popular one-year graduate degree offered by many U.S. law schools, the LL.M. This might have made sense when LL.M. programs were marginal in terms of size and the relationship of their graduates to the practicing bar. But today’s LL.M.s occupy a more substantial position in U.S. legal education because of sheer numbers, as well as their importance both to the global identities of their U.S. law schools and to their home country legal markets. At the same time, the global expansion of legal practice lends significance to international legal education and LL.M. programs as an aspect of such a movement. The absence of information about LL.M. graduates and the role of the LL.M. in their careers no longer makes sense. This paper begins to fill the information gap. It describes the results of a survey of LL.M. graduates of 11 U.S. law schools that provide insight into questions about the identities of LL.M.s and their motivations for studying in the United States. The survey is part of an ongoing research project investigating the LL.M. experience and its role in shaping the careers of LL.M. graduates. This paper examines the value of the LL.M. experience and credential and its relation to globalization of the profession.
Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Dextran

In this chapter correlation force spectroscopy (CFS) is used to characterize the dynamical mechanical properties of a single dextran chain.
The Geography of the CEC's Citizen Submissions Process: Mapping the State-Corporate Regulatory Dynamic Regulatory Dynamic

This article aims to contribute to the dialogue over trade and environment in the Americas by providing a spatial analysis of the CEC's citizen submissions process. Part II begins by introducing the underlying geography of the CEC. Part III maps the factual records prepared to date and explores the state-corporate regulatory dynamic that infuses them. Part IV considers the implications of this geography for improving the effectiveness of the citizen submissions process. The article concludes by arguing for further analysis of place-based relationships in trade and environment disputes.
By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply

The growth in technological innovation that has occurred over the past decades has, in part, been possible because an increasing number of metals of the periodic table are used to perform specialized functions. However, there have been increasing concerns regarding the reliability of supply of some of these metals. A main contributor to these concerns is the fact that many of these metals are recovered only as by-products from a limited number of geopolitically concentrated ore deposits, rendering their supplies unable to respond to rapid changes in demand. Companionality is the degree to which a metal is obtained largely or entirely as a by-product of one or more host metals from geologic ores. The dependence of companion metal availability on the production of the host metals introduces a new facet of supply risk to modern technology. We evaluated companionality for 62 different metals and metalloids, and show that 61% (38 of 62) have companionality greater than 50%. Eighteen of the 38—including such technologically essential elements as germanium, terbium, and dysprosium—are further characterized as having geopolitically concentrated production and extremely low rates of end-of-life recycling. It is this subset of companion metals—vital in current technologies such as electronics, solar energy, medical imaging, energy-efficient lighting, and other state-of-the-art products—that may be at the greatest risk of supply constraints in the coming decades.
Iron bioavailability and consumer acceptability of extruded common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flour

vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABBREVIATIONS x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION 1 Dissertation organization 4 References 5 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1The common bean 7 2.1.1 Origin, distribution and classification 7 2.2 Nutritional importance of common beans to humans 9 2.2.1 Proteins 12 2.2.2 Carbohydrates 19 2.2.3 Lipids 20 2.2.4 Minerals 21 2.2.5 Vitamins 22 2.2.6 Antinutritional factors 23 2.2.6.1 Phytic acid 23 2.2.6.2 Polyphenols 25 2.2.6.2.1 Interactions with minerals 28 2.2.6.2.2 Remedies for anti-nutritional effects of food phenolics 29 2.3 Iron bioavailability 29 2.3.1 Iron bioavailability from beans 34 2.3.1.1 Iron solubility and dialyzability studies 35 2.3.1.2 Caco-2 cell and animal studies 36 2.3.1.3 Human absorption studies 38 2.4 Phytoferritin 39 2.4.1 Ferritin iron absorption 41 2.5 Extrusion cooking 41 2. 5.1 Extruder types 42
Should Damage Control or Traditional Resuscitation Be Used for Abnormal Placentation Cases

A healthy 25-year-old G3P2002 patient at 38-week gestation was referred to the high-risk obstetric anesthesia service due to the presence of abnormal placentation. Her past surgical history included 2 previous cesarean deliveries. The ultrasound examination was suspicious for a complete anterior placenta previa with multiple placental lakes, which looked even more likely after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The Mental Web: Pedagogical and Cognitive Implications of the Net

Publisher Summary This chapter briefly considers some of the potential pedagogical implications of differences between the web and both traditional classroom and text learning contexts. The most obvious contrast between virtual media and traditional forms of education is the basic difference in physicality. In traditional classroom settings, the teacher and students are physically copresent, and texts are written in permanent form on pieces of paper. In contrast, in virtual educational settings, discussion and information emerge from pixels on a computer screen. The physical context stays constant, a student interacts with a single computer and screen and keyboard, but the information that can be accessed is practically infinite.
Cue restructuring in English u-fronting: The role of phonetics and phonology in feature-learning

Back tense /u/ is fronting in English in the Northeast US, which results in cue restructuring for the high front lax, back tense contrast (/u--I/). They are no longer distinguished by F2, but the F1 distinction between them is enhanced. In this paper I investigate whether this cue restructuring applies to the phonologically minimally different mid pair /o-E/. I present results from a perception experiment testing to what extent speakers use F1, F2, F3 and duration cues to distinguish between /u--I/ and /o--E/, respectively. Results show that while speakers use the new cues that are available for the /u-I/ contrast, this cue is not useful for the /o-E/, even though these sounds also differ in F1. F3 and duration are not used for either pair. This indicates that cue restructuring stemming from u-fronting does not happen on a featural level, therefore the experiment does not find evidence for a [+/-back] feature. By for a feature in a phonetically natural but phonologically inactive set, this work also contributes to research on mental representations.
A comparison of short-term outcomes between laparoscopic and open emergent repair of perforated peptic ulcers.

We compared 30-day outcomes in patients undergoing emergent open and laparoscopic repair of perforated peptic ulcers in a large multicenter cohort. Prospectively obtained data in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program public use files from 2010 to 2016 were reviewed. Perioperative risks and outcomes were compared in unmatched and propensity-matched groups using parametric/non-parametric statistical tests as appropriate. A total of 4210 procedures were identified 345 (8.2%) laparoscopic and 3865 (91.8%) open. Laparoscopic repairs increased from 4.5% of 2010 cases to 11.4% of 2016 cases (p < .001). Open repair patients had more acute presentation including higher rates of ASA class, hypoalbuminemia, preoperative septic shock, dyspnea, and mechanical ventilation (all p < .01). Laparoscopic operations were longer than open procedures (p < .001). Mortality (8.5 vs. 3.5%), median length of stay (7 vs. 5 days), transfusion rates (13.7 vs. 7.0%), renal failure (3.7 vs. 1.2%), and respiratory failure (15.5 vs. 5.2%) were all worse in the unmatched open group (all p < .01). Propensity matching resulted in 342 laparoscopic and 626 open cases of similar ulcer type, demographics, ASA class, preoperative SIRS/sepsis, hypoalbuminemia, and wound class. Mortality was similar between matched groups (5.0 vs. 3.5%, p = .331). Median length of stay was longer in the open group (6 vs. 5 days, p < .001), which also had higher rates of prolonged ventilation/reintubation (9.6 vs. 5.3%, p = .019) and abdominal wall wound occurrences (6.2 vs. 2.3%, p = .042). Return to the operating room and 30-day readmissions did not differ between the matched groups. Emergent laparoscopic repair of perforated peptic ulcer is increasingly being performed, is safe relative to open repair (in patients without preoperative septic shock), and confers a modest benefit in terms of length of stay, respiratory, and abdominal wall wound complications.