cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The P1 plasmid partition complex at parS : the influence of Escherichia coli integration host factor and of substrate topology

The P1 ParB protein is required for active partition and thus stable inheritance of the plasmid prophage. ParB and the Escherichia coli protein integration host factor (IHF) participate in the assembly of a partition complex at the centromere-like site parS. In this report the role of IHF in the formation of the partition complex has been explored. First, ParB protein was purified for these studies, which revealed that ParB forms a dimer in solution. Next, the IHF binding site was mapped to a 29-base pair region within parS, including the sequence TAACTGACTGTTT (which differs from the IHF consensus in two positions). IHF induced a strong bend in the DNA at its binding site. Versions of parS which have lost or damaged the IHF binding site bound ParB with greatly reduced affinity in vitro and in vivo. Measurements of binding constants showed that IHF increased ParB affinity for the wild-type parS site by about 10,000-fold. Finally, DNA supercoiling improved ParB binding in the presence of IHF but not in its absence. These observations led to the proposal that IHF and superhelicity assist ParB by promoting its precise positioning at parS, a spatial arrangement that results in a high affinity of ParB for parS.
Cimetidine in elderly patients: review of uses and risks.

Cimetidine is widely prescribed but has numerous potential side effects, especially in elder patients, who require a lower dosage, e.g., 300 mg twice daily. Antacids may be more effective than cimetidine in preventing acute gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill elderly patients. Cimetidine increases the risk of toxicity of other commonly used drugs such as phenytoin, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, propranolol, theophylline, warfarin, and carbamazepine. Elderly patients taking cimetidine are at risk for neuropsychiatric changes, which may be temporarily reversed by physostigmine. Other side effects and indications for use are reviewed.
Circadian rhythms in olfactory responses of Drosophila melanogaster

The core mechanism of circadian timekeeping in arthropods and vertebrates consists of feedback loops involving several clock genes, including period (per) and timeless (tim)1,2. In the fruitfly Drosophila, circadian oscillations in per expression occur in chemosensory cells of the antennae, even when the antennae are excised and maintained in isolated organ culture3. Here we demonstrate a robust circadian rhythm in Drosophila in electrophysiological responses to two classes of olfactory stimuli. These rhythms are observed in wild-type flies during light–dark cycles and in constant darkness, but are abolished in per or tim null-mutant flies (per01 and tim01) which lack rhythms in adult emergence and locomotor behaviour. Olfactory rhythms are also abolished in the per 7.2:2 transgenic line in which per expression is restricted to the lateral neurons of the optic lobe4. Because per 7.2:2 flies do not express per in peripheral oscillators, our results provide evidence that peripheral circadian oscillators are necessary for circadian rhythms in olfactory responses. As olfaction is essential for food acquisition, social interactions and predator avoidance in many animals, circadian regulation of olfactory systems could have profound effects on the behaviour of organisms that rely on this sensory modality.
Investigations using floating-gate circuits for flash ADCs

Typically, high speed analog to digital converters are built using various forms of flash converter architectures. However, all of these structures suffer from one major flaw: offsets. Whether these offsets are introduced from the resistive biasing network, mismatches in the comparators, or from other sources, extensive care must be taken to compensate for them. To compensate for these offsets, we investigated the use of floating-gate circuits in a 6-bit flash ADC. By using the floating-gate circuits we are able to program the necessary reference voltages instead of depending on a resistive biasing network. The floating-gate circuits also enable us to compensate for any other offsets. In addition, programming the reference voltages reduces the power dissipation required for biasing the comparator array, and it allows us to implement nonlinear codes. In fact, we can implement any monotonic coding scheme including /spl mu/-law, exponential, and others.
Optical properties of hyaluronic acid: Ultraviolet circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion☆

Abstract The molar optical rotation at 220 nm and ellipticity values at 210 nm of both sodium hyaluronate and hyaluronic acid are greatly enhanced in comparison to the values for the monomeric units and oligosaccharides indicating a degree of preferred order. With increasing hydrogen ion concentration, there is no appreciable change in the 210 nm circular dichroic band, but the second circular dichroic band below pH 4 changes abruptly to the positive side and reaches a maximum value at pH 2·5. This positive circular dichroic band of hyaluronic acid is temperature and concentration dependent. The major change in sign and position of the second circular dichroic band of hyaluronic acid below pH 4 is attributed to the conformational change of a single polysaccharide chain or to a chain-chain interaction. The results indicate that increase in concentration or decrease in temperature and in the ionization of carboxyl group promotes the formation of ordered cross-link regions. The conformational changes found in solution have been interpreted as an order-disorder transition in the crosslink regions based on the interconversion of random coil and double helix.
IEEE P1547-series of standards for interconnection

The IEEE P1547 Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems is the first in the P1547-series of planned interconnection standards, and, there are additional standards needed. There are major issues and obstacles to an orderly transition to using and integrating distributed power resources with electric power systems (grid or utility grid). The lack of uniform national interconnection standards and tests for interconnection operation and certification, as well as the lack of uniform national building, electrical, and safety codes, are understood, and, resolving that needs reasonable lead time to develop and promulgate consensus. The P1547 standard is a benchmark milestone for the IEEE standards consensus process and successfully demonstrates a model for ongoing success in developing further national standards and for moving forward in modernizing our nation's electric power system.
A Filtered Back-Projection Algorithm for $4\pi $ Compton Camera Data

Compton imaging is a gamma-ray imaging technique useful for photons with energies in the range of a hundred keV to several MeV. Measuring gamma rays with a Compton camera results in cone data that needs to be mathematically inverted to determine the incident flux distribution. In the past, filtered back-projection solutions for Compton telescope data required sums of spherical harmonics or stereographically mapping the back-projection, which can result in imaging artifacts. We present a solution to this inversion problem that removes these complexities by embedding the 2-D directional image on the surface of a sphere ${S^2}$ into ${R^3}$ where it is easily solvable. In this manner we relate 2-D Compton $4\pi $ imaging to the 3-D Radon transform, which has known solutions. To accomplish this, the cone data is converted to planar data. Additionally we show how the planar geometry can be used to produce a computationally efficient implementation. This reconstruction is demonstrated with a two-plane, double-sided strip, HPGe Compton camera.
A SUCCESSIVE SWEEP METHOD FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

Abstract : An automatic, finite-step numerical procedure is described for finding exact solutions on nonlinear optimal programming problems. The procedure represents a unification and extension of the steepest-descent, and second variation techniques. The procedure requires the backward integration of the usual adjoint-vector differential equations plus certain matrix differential equations. These integrations correspond, in the ordinary calculus, to finding the first and second derivatives of the performance index respectively. The matrix equations arise from an inhomogeneous Ricatti transformation, which generates a linear 'feedback control law' that preserves the gradient histories on the next step or permits changing them by controlled amounts, while also changing terminal conditions by controlled amounts. Thus, in a finite number of steps, the gradient histories can be made identically zero, as required for optimality, and the terminal conditions satisfied exactly. One forward plus one backward sweep, correspond to one step in the Newton-Raphson technique for finding maxima and minima in the ordinary calculus. As by-products, the procedure produces (a) the functions needed to show that the program is, or is not, a local maximum (the generalized Jacobi test) and (b) the feedback gain programs for neighboring optimal paths to the same, or a slightly different, set of terminal conditions.
Nonlocal Interferometry Using Macroscopic States and State Discrimination

A nonlocal interferometer that can violate Bell’s inequality using macroscopic phase-entangled coherent states is described. An operating range of 400 km in optical fiber can be achieved using state discrimination techniques.
Trapping of frenkel excitons

Abstract We calculate the trapping rate of a Frenkel exciton in the presence of a low concentration of traps. The analysis is based on a second-order perturbation calculation which is applicable to three-dimensional systems when the exciton bandwidth is large in comparison with the maximum single donor-single trap transfer rate. The variation of the transfer rate with exciton wave vector is commented on. Possible experimental tests of the theory are discussed.
Synergism in the spreading of hydrocarbon-chain surfactants on polyethylene film-anionic and cationic mixtures by a two-step procedure.

A study has been made of the adsorption, interaction, and spreading of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants at the aqueous solution/polyethylene (PE) interface. When a drop of an aqueous solution of an anionic or cationic hydrocarbon-chain surfactant is placed on a highly hydrophobic PE film (contact angle of water > 90 °), it spreads to an area very little larger than that of a drop of water of the same volume. If the anionic and cationic hydrocarbon-chain surfactant solutions are mixed prior to being applied to PE film, synergism is small, if any, and the reproducibility of the experimental results is poor. However, when the cationic and anionic aqueous solutions are applied on the PE film in a sequential manner, a remarkable synergism in spreading is observed and the results are very reproducible. The area spread by an aqueous solution of the anionic−cationic mixture may be more than 400 times that of aqueous solutions of the same volume and surfactant concentration of the individual surfactant...
Cocrystal of 1,1-Dicyano-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethene with l-Proline and Induced Conformational Polymorphism of 1,1-Dicyano-2-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-ethene

Crystallization of 1,1-dicyano-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethene (I) and 1,1-dicyano-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-ethene (II) with l-proline (III) and l-tartaric acid (IV) was carried out. Compound I formed cocrystals with l-proline I·III. However, cocrystallization of II was unsuccessful; instead in the presence of III or IV formation of two conformational polymorphs IIa and IIb was observed. In cocrystals I·III, hydrogen bonded chains of proline molecules with molecules of I attached to them were found. Similar synthons were found in the literature in other proline-containing crystals, and we believe that it is possible to use these acentric supramolecular associates in crystal engineering of nonlinear optical materials. Possible reasons for the formation of two conformational polymorphs of compound II are discussed based on the results of X-ray analysis, molecular and crystal structure energy calculations, and thermal behavior of compound II.
Design and performance of a parachute recovery system to recover 155-mm- and 8-inch-diameter artillery shells

A parachute recovery system has been developed and demonstrated for the recovery of 155-mm- and 8-inch-diameter artillery shells. The recovery system functions after being subjected to gun launch accelerations of up to 18,000 g's axially and up to 400,000 rad/sec/sup 2/ radially. The parachute is deployed while the shell is still spinning at about 250 revolutions per second. To deploy the parachute while the shell is spinning, a double-swivel system was developed. The deployment signal for the recovery system is provided by an electronic timer. Over 250 tests have been performed on both the 155-mm- and 8-inch-diameter artillery shell. Impact velocities are between 100 and 120 feet per second. The latest version of the recovery systems has been proven to be over 95% successful for the recovery of 8-inch-diameter artillery shells and over 85% successful for the recovery of 155-mm-diameter artillery shells.
Fabrication of a grazing incidence telescope by grinding and polishing techniques on aluminum

The paper describes the fabrication processes, by grinding and polishing, used in making the mirrors for a f/2.8 Wolter type-I grazing incidence telescope at Boulder (Colorado), together with testing procedure used to determine the quality of the images. All grinding and polishing is done on specially designed machine that consists of a horizontal spindle to hold and rotate the mirror and a stroke arm machine to push the various tools back and forth along the mirrors length. The progress is checked by means of the ronchi test during all grinding and polishing stages. Current measurements of the telescope's image quality give a FWHM measurement of 44 arcsec, with the goal set at 5-10 arcsec quality.
Expression of human β-defensin-2 in intratumoral vascular endothelium and in endothelial cells induced by transforming growth factor β

Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is a small cationic peptide originally identified from psoriatic skin lesions as an antimicrobial agent of the innate immune system. The expression of hBD-2 is believed to be induced exclusively in epithelial cells by microbial components and certain proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In this study, we report, for the first time, that hBD-2 is expressed in vascular endothelial cells associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, but not in that of normal stroma. Expression of hBD-2 in vascular endothelial cells was further substantiated by in vitro experiments using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and IL-1β, two well-known tumorigenic inflammatory mediators, induce hBD-2 transcript and peptide expression in HUVECs. However, TGFβ1 does not stimulate hBD-2 expression in oral epithelial cells. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines and microbial reagents do not induce the expression of hBD-1 and hBD-3 in HUVECs. Since hBD-2 has been shown to modulate migration, proliferation, and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro and participate in immune cell trafficking, its expression in vascular endothelial cells located within malignant lesions may play a role in tumor angiogenesis and cancer metastasis.
Metabolism of land snails (Otala lactea) during dormancy, arousal, and activity.

Abstract 1. 1. Otala lactea are induced to arouse from dormancy at 20°C by increasing the relative humidity to 85%. The metabolic rate rises just prior to emergence. 2. 2. Oxygen consumption/g of dormant and active snails is related to body wt. The least squares regression lines relating the two variables are as follows: log V O 2 = 1.99 − 1.01 log W for dormant snails log V O 2 = 2.07 − 0.43 log W for active snails log V O 2 = 2.32 − 0.47 log W for peak activity where VO2 is μl O2/g × hr and W is body wt in g. 3. 3. Peak metabolic rate is on the average 6 times higher than the average dormant rate. 4. 4. The slope relating metabolism to body wt appears to differ in dormant and active snails. Since small snails have higher metabolic rates/g than large, their potential length of dormancy should be correspondingly reduced.
Uptake of adenosine into cultured cerebral endothelium

Adenosine uptake by cultured cerebral endothelium is a carrier-mediated process. The Km value for adenosine uptake is 5.0 microM and the vmax is 1.15 nmol/min/mg cell protein. The uptake system is inhibited by the adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine at low adenosine concentrations. The results prove the existence of a nucleoside transport system associated with cerebral capillary endothelium.
Chemical characterization of high potential iron proteins from Chromatium and Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa.

Chemical and physicochemical studies on the high potential iron proteins from Chromatium and from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa reveal a close structural relationship, indicating a new class of non-heme proteins. The 4 residues of cysteine and the 4 moles of iron and labile sulfur, present in both proteins, form part of a chelating complex which absorbs in the visible and in the ultraviolet region. It is suggested that the iron may be attached to the protein by additional linkages involving free carboxyl groups of aspartyl and glutamyl residues, and that this portion of the ligand complex may be mainly responsible for the enhanced ultraviolet absorption. The proteins each consist of a single polypeptide chain with serine and alanine in the N-terminal, and glycine and alanine in the C-terminal position of the Chromatium and Rps. gelatinosa proteins, respectively. The sequence of the first ten residues starting from the N-terminus was established by Edman degradation: Chromatium: H2N-Ser-Ala-Pro-Ala-Asn-Ala-Val-Gly-Ala-Gly… Rps. gelatinosa: H2N-Ala-Pro-Val-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asn-Pro-(Glu)-Ala… The Em (pH 7.0) of +0.35 V for the Chromatium and of +0.33 for the Rps. gelatinosa iron protein clearly distinguishes this group from the “ferredoxins”. The pl′ (0°) was found to be at pH 3.68 and 9.50 for the reduced iron proteins from Chromatium and Rps. gelatinosa, respectively. However, the oxidized form of the Chromatium protein had a pI′ (0°) at pH 3.88. A histidine-iron linkage in the reduced protein is suggested to explain this charge difference of 0.20 pH units as well as the transfer of a single electron observed for this protein. This single histidine was completely dinitrophenylated in the oxidized form but was unavailable in the reduced form of the protein. A convenient approach to chemical molecular weight determination based on end-group and amino acid analyses yielded a value of 10074 for the molecular weight of the Chromatium and 9579 as molecular weight for the Rps. gelatinosa protein. Precoated thin-layer sheets were employed for the rapid separation and identification of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids on a micro scale using solvents C, D, and E, as introduced for paper chromatography.
Square-wave voltammetry applied to the totally irreversible reduction of adsorbate

Abstract The totally irreversible reduction of adsorbed material is studied by square-wave voltammetry. The model compound chosen is midazolam, 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4 H -imidazo[1,5- a ][1,4]benzodiazepine. Experimental voltammograms are compared directly with the exact numerical solution for the boundary value problem via COOL, a numerical method yielding estimates of transfer coefficient and rate constant for the process. The agreement between experimental and calculated voltammograms is excellent over a wide of experimental conditions. Artifacts of measurement such as uncompensated solution resistance are readily detected. The limitations of previous empirical descriptions of the response are shown by comparison with these results.
Lymphatic malformation of the tongue with coexisting intractable epilepsy treated with corpus callosotomy: A case report

Lymphatic malformation, or cystic hygroma, is a congenital ymphangiomatous malformation originating from sequestered ymphatics from the primitive jugular sac, the first sac to appear n the development of the lymphatic systems at the junction of the ubclavian and primitive jugular veins. If the condition is associated ith chromosomal abnormalities the prognosis is less favorable. ymptoms are related to mass effect compromising breathing and wallowing. The neck, classically the posterior triangle, is most ommonly affected [1]. In rare instances the anterior triangle and he suprahyoid compartment are involved and infiltrate the tongue 2]. Treatments for removal include surgical resection and a variety f sclerosing agents. Here, we report a case of a child with lymphatic alformation of the tongue suffering from medically intractable pilepsy resulting in significant repeated tongue injury and failng conventional therapy of lymphatic malformations. Eventually orpus callosotomy resulted in significant seizure control with subequent healing of the tongue injury.
The Importance of Overwinter Aggregation for Reproductive Success of Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.)

A model of monarch bufferfly mating in overwinter aggregations is presented. Mating success each day is predicted to be a function of second-order kinetics. Therefore, increased density increases each individual's frequency of mating. Since multiple mating of females is critical for female energetics in overwinter populations (and in turn fecundity), and mating frequency is based on second-order kinetics, aggregations play an indispensable role in the reproduction dynamics of overwintering Danaus plexippus.
Prognostic factors and imaging patterns of recurrent pulmonary nodules after thoracotomy in children with osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND In children with osteosarcoma who have undergone thoracotomy, it often is difficult to distinguish metastatic from benign recurrent pulmonary nodules. The authors of this study sought to identify any computed tomography (CT) imaging pattern of recurrent pulmonary metastases in this patient population. The authors also sought to identify associated prognostic factors. METHODS CT scans obtained after thoracotomy were available for 35 patients with osteosarcoma who had undergone resection of presumed pulmonary metastases at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, TN). CT scans obtained before the initial thoracotomy were available for 33 of the 35. The authors recorded location, histologic diagnosis, and time of development of the original pulmonary nodules, time of recurrence of pulmonary disease; the location of recurrent nodules, and the presence of calcification, adenopathy, or progressive pleural disease, as well as patient demographic data, survival data, and location of the primary tumor site. RESULTS Pulmonary nodules recurred in 32 of the 35 patients after thoracotomy. Nineteen of these patients underwent resection of the recurrent lesions and 1 who died underwent an autopsy; 18 of the 20 patients had metastatic disease. The only CT finding consistently associated with recurrent metastatic disease was progressive pleural thickening, which predicted a poor outcome. The occurrence of a solitary pulmonary nodule in the lung contralateral to the previous surgery was associated almost always with a benign process. CONCLUSIONS CT imaging cannot distinguish reliably between benign and metastatic recurrent pulmonary disease after thoracotomy in patients with osteosarcoma. Recurrent pulmonary disease in this set of patients is likely to be metastatic, and aggressive surgical intervention is probably warranted. In this study, patients who had progressive pleural disease after thoracotomy consistently experienced pulmonary metastatic recurrence and had a poor prognosis. Cancer 2001;91:1170–6. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A design study of a multimedia instructional grammar program with embedded tracking

This is a design study meant to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating three rather different theoretical perspectives for future efforts in multimedia instructional design. A multimedia instructional grammar program contextualized within the teaching of English as a Second Language (ESL) was developed and evaluated. The program design was grounded in Mayer’s multimedia learning theory (2001), Sweller’s cognitive load theory (CLT, 2005), and cognitive training theory using an inductive reasoning paradigm (Klauer and Phye, Rev Educ Res 78(1):85–124, 2008). A successful integration of cognitive training theory into program design is expected to facilitate the transition of student’s declarative knowledge of a grammar concept of passive voice to procedural knowledge (Phye, Contemp Educ Psychol 16:87–94, 1991; Phye et al., Empirical methods for evaluating educational interventions, Academic Press/Elsevier, San Diego, 2005). Two studies involving ten and four adult ESL learners were conducted in a Midwest community college. Grammar teaching occurred within the context of history and geography of the USA. Students with low prior knowledge of passive voice grammar concepts, intermediate level of general vocabulary, and adequate basic knowledge of content (basic geography and history) benefited most from the program. Preliminary results are encouraging for the aforementioned integrative efforts.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis in common variable immune deficiency

Dear Editor Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immune deficiency in adults and children, and is characterized by reduced or absent antibody production along with reduced serum levels of immunoglobulins, IgG, IgA, and/or IgM.1 The main manifestation of this disease is recurrent infections. However CVID is known to have a heterogeneous phenotype2 and is associated with multiple autoimmune conditions such as hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and also multiple autoimmune liver conditions.2, 3 The most commonly reported liver diseases in CVID include viral hepatitis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH), primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis.3–5 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is another form of autoimmune liver disease with a heterogeneous presentation characterized by chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium resulting in chronic cholestasis and multifocal bile duct strictures.6 This disease can affect the entire biliary tree and lead to fibrosis of the hepatic parenchyma and biliary system, ending in cirrhosis and malignancy.7 Herein we report two cases of PSC associated with CVID. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such association in literature.
Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiographic Disposition of Glycol Ether in Mice: Effect of Route of Administration

Abstract Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiographic Disposition of Glycol Ether in Mice: Effect of Route of Administration. Ahmed, A. E., Jacob, S., and Au, W. W. (1994). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22, 266-276. Glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) are common solvents used in many industrial products. A large number of individuals are exposed to EGME through different exposure routes. We investigated the differential distribution of EGME following various routes of administration using whole body autoradiographic (WBA) techniques. Male B6C3F1 mice were treated with tracer iv or oral doses of [2- 14 C]EGME (4.05 μg EGME/kg equivalent to 0.8 mCi/kg) and euthanized at 1 and 24 hr following treatment. In both groups of animals the highest levels of radioactivity were detected in the liver, urinary bladder, bone marrow, kidney, and epididymis, at 1- and 24-hr time periods. Computer-assisted quantitation of WBA indicated that there was markedly higher deposition of [2- 14 C]EGME and/or its metabolites in various tissues of the orally treated animals than in animals treated intravenously. Our studies also suggest that [2- 14 C]EGME is rapidly distributed either from blood or stomach to various tissues. Preferential deposition of radioactivity in the peripheral tissues of the bone, with a progressive inward accumulation in the bone marrow, was observed. Selective permeability of EGME and/or its metabolites was indicated by the higher uptake by the epididymis than that by testis. The high levels of radioactivity in biosynthetically active tissues, e.g., the liver, bone marrow, and gastric mucosa, is an indication of persistent interaction of the compound with cellular components of these tissues. These interactions may lead to EGME toxicity.
Judicial Practical Reason: Judges in Morally Imperfect Legal Orders

I here address the question of how judges should decide questions before a court in morally imperfect legal systems. I characterize how moral considerations ought inform judicial reasoning given that the law may demand what it has no right to. Much of the large body of work on legal interpretation, with its focus on legal semantics and epistemology, does not adequately countenance the limited legitimacy of actual legal institutions to serve as a foundation for an ethics of adjudication. I offer an adjudicative theory in the realm of non-ideal theory: I adopt a view of law that has achieved consensus in legal philosophy, make some plausible assumptions about human politics, and then consider directly the question of how judges should reason. Ultimately, I argue that judges should be cognizant of the goods that are at stake on particular occasions of adjudication and that this requires treating legal requirements transparently, i.e., as sensitive to their moral justifications.
Strengthening the Early Childhood Workforce: How Wage Incentives May Boost Training and Job Stability

Research Findings: Aiming to raise the quality of early childhood teachers and caregivers and to reduce turnover, government and professional associations are pursuing 2 intervention strategies. The 1st mandates higher credential levels, as seen with Head Start and state preschool reforms. Here we examine the efficacy of the 2nd strategy: offering wage incentives to encourage in-service training and to reduce job turnover. We followed 2,783 preschool center directors, teachers, and classroom aides who participated in California's Child-care Retention Incentive (CRI) program during a 3-year period. County-designed programs offered differing combinations of wage supplements and professional development to participants who pursued college-level training. We found a priori low levels of staff turnover among those who selected into the CRI program. This conditioned the modest program effects that we observed and revealed the segmented character of the early childhood labor force, which appears to shape selecti...
Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0

Motivation: Well-annotated gene sets representing the universe of the biological processes are critical for meaningful and insightful interpretation of large-scale genomic data. The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) is one of the most widely used repositories of such sets. Results: We report the availability of a new version of the database, MSigDB 3.0, with over 6700 gene sets, a complete revision of the collection of canonical pathways and experimental signatures from publications, enhanced annotations and upgrades to the web site. Availability and Implementation: MSigDB is freely available for non-commercial use at http://www.broadinstitute.org/msigdb. Contact: gsea@broadinstitute.org
Wavefront Reconstruction with Continuous-Tone Objects*

Holograms and high-quality reconstructions have been made by using a two-beam interferometric technique. The extraneous twin image and other interfering terms have been eliminated. Two types of objects have been used which are not suitable for the conventional wavefront reconstruction technique: objects which do not transmit a strong background wave (e.g., transparent lettering against a dark background) and continuous-tone objects.
An improved algorithm for the multidimensional moment-constrained maximum entropy problem

The maximum entropy principle is a versatile tool for evaluating smooth approximations of probability density functions with the least bias beyond specified constraints. In the recent paper we introduced new computational framework for the moment-constrained maximum entropy problem in a multidimensional domain, and developed a simple numerical algorithm capable of computing maximum entropy problem in a two-dimensional domain with moment constraints of order up to 4. Here we design an improved numerical algorithm for computing the maximum entropy problem in a two- and higher-dimensional domain with higher order moment constraints. The algorithm features multidimensional orthogonal polynomial basis in the dual space of Lagrange multipliers to achieve numerical stability and rapid convergence of Newton iterations. The new algorithm is found to be capable of solving the maximum entropy problem in the two-dimensional domain with moment constraints of order up to 8, in the three-dimensional domain with moment constraints of order up to 6, and in the four-dimensional domain with moment constraints of order up to 4, corresponding to the total number of moment constraints of 44, 83 and 69, respectively. The two- and higher-dimensional maximum entropy test problems in the current work are based upon long-term statistics of numerical simulation of the real-world geophysical model for wind stress driven oceanic currents such as the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio.
Adiabatic Perfectly Matched Layer for Absorbing Slow Group Velocity Modes in Numerical Simulation of Photonic Crystal Waveguides

We show why some of the previously reported PMLs do not work well in absorbing slow group velocity modes in PCWs. We also present a unique method to efficiently absorb these modes for PCW simulations.
Intracellular insulin binding in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract Insulin, a classic vertebrate hormone, produces alterations in cellular metabolism and growth in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, as well as an increase in insulin binding upon subsequent exposure, a phenomenon known as hormonal imprinting. An antibody to a peptide corresponding to the α-subunit of the human insulin receptor (amino acid residues 657–670) was used to investigate the location and to partially characterize immunoreactive proteins in insulin-exposed and non-insulin-exposed cells (control). Confocal microscopy revealed immunofluorescent labeling of cilia, nuclei, vesicles and an oblong structure of unknown nature. Labeling of nuclei, mitochondria and ciliary microtubules was seen with immunoelectron microscopy. Labeling was absent on the cell and ciliary membranes by immunoelectron microscopy. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed several differences in protein composition between control and insulin-exposed ciliary membrane extracts, especially in the 30–50 kDa range. Immunoblotting revealed 2 reactive proteins in whole cell lysates but none were detected in ciliary membrane extracts or wheat germ agglutinin affinity column eluates of T. pyriformis whole cell preparations. Based on these findings it is unlikely that a cell surface structure similar to a mammalian insulin receptor exists in T. pyriformis.
Investigation of Shale Brick Interface with Cement‐Lime and Polymer‐Modified Mortars

Bonds between cement-lime mortar and shale brick, and between polymer-modified mortar and shale brick, were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the bond is greatly influenced by the microstructure and chemical composition of the mortar at the interface contact area and by the microstructure of the brick surfaces. For relatively porous bricks, cement-lime mortars give a better bond, apparently due to better interpenetration of the fresh mortar into the open pores of the brick, creating a greater bond area. The presence of calcium contributes to good bonds, while large amounts of silicon were found in poorly bonded areas. Latex-modified mortars are not able to penetrate brick surfaces and are able to create strong bonds only on limited locations and allow water to enter brick masonary.
Evaluation of current urodynamic testing methods in the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence

Objective To determine the sensitivity and specificity of several urodynamic testing methods in the diagnosis of genuine stress urinary incontinence (GSI). Methods One hundred eight consecutive patients were evaluated prospectively by history and physical examination, cough stress test, and single and multichannel urodynamics. Sensitivities and specificities in detecting genuine stress incontinence were calculated for: a positive cough stress test with a negative cystometrogram, equalization throughout a cough urethral pressure profile, a positive stress leak-point pressure determination, observed urine loss with cough during multichannel urodynamics, and a pressure transmission ratio of less than 90% for each third of the urethra. Results Sixty-five patients (60%) were found to have GSI. Observed urine loss with cough during multichannel studies was 91% sensitive and 1007c specific. A positive stress leak-point pressure determination had a 78% sensitivity and was 100% specific. A positive cough stress test with a negative cystometrogram was 77% sensitive and 100% specific. Pressure equalization throughout the length of the urethra during a cough urethral pressure profile was 49% sensitive and 98% specific. A pressure transmission ratio of less than 90% in the distal, middle, and proximal urethra had sensitivities and specificities of 54 and 79%, 51 and 65%, and 45 and 58%, respectively. A pressure transmission ratio of less than 90% along the entire length of the urethra was 22% sensitive and 93% specific. Conclusion Observed urine loss with cough during multichannel urodynamics was the best examination for diagnosing GSI in our population.
Studies on the Biology of the Periodontium of Marmosets: XI. Histopathologic Manifestations of Spontaneous and Induced Vitamin A Deficiency in the Oral Structures of Adult Marmosets

Histologic studies of the oral structures of adult marmosets with spontaneous and induced vitamin A deficiency revealed that the ductal epithelium of the salivary and lingual glands, and the gingival epithelium, were the prime target sites of the deficiency. The lack of vitamin A produced keratinizing metaplasia of the ductal epithelium and precipitated aberrant epithelialization in the connective tissue compartment of the gingiva.
Countability and semi-uniformities

Abstract It is shown that if a semi-uniformity has a base consisting of countable covers, then there exists a compatible finer uniformity.
Alleviation of 1-Aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic Acid Toxicity by Valine

THE compound 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (ACPC) (designated NSC 1026 by the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center) has been reported to inhibit the growth of sarcoma-180 and carcinoma-7551, Walker rat carcinoma 2562 and Novikoff rat hepatoma3. Since ACPC can be looked on as an amino-acid lacking the usual α-hydrogen atom Ross1 suggested that it may function as an amino-acid antagonist. Mickelson4, however, using a bacterial assay failed to find any evidence for amino-acid antagonism. In the mouse the compound is readily absorbed; but is not metabolized and is not excreted readily5.
National football head and neck injury registry: report on cervical quadriplegia, 1971 to 1975

Data on cervical spine injuries resulting from participation in football have been compiled by a national registry established in 1975. Information has been collected retrospectively by defined criteria since 1971. Efforts have been made to establish the mechanism of injury responsible in the majority of instances on the basis of epidemiologic evidence and recognized biomechanical principles. During the 5-year period, 77 deaths resulted from severe neck injuries. During this period, 1,275,000 players were exposed. Ninety-nine cervical fracture-dislocations resulting in permanent quadriplegia and 259 cervical fractures-dislocations occurred. There may be a "trend" towards an increase in permanent quadriplegia resulting from serious cervical spine injuries sustained while playing football. Apparently, the cause can be attributed to the helmet-face mask that has encouraged the use of the head as the primary point of contact in blocking, tackling, and head butting. The figures clearly identify defensive backs, linebackers, or specialty team members making tackles by using the head as the initial point of contact, as the individuals at greatest risk to sustain cervical spine injuries resulting in permanent quadriplegia.
Crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene glycol methacrylate and ionic liquid for lithium ion battery applications

Abstract Gel polymer electrolytes were synthesized by copolymerization polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of a room temperature ionic liquid, methylpropylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPPY·TFSI). The physical properties of gel polymer electrolytes were characterized by thermal analysis, impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests. The ionic conductivities of the gel polymer electrolytes increased linearly with the amount of MPPY·TFSI and were mainly attributed to the increased ion mobility as evidenced by the decreased glass transition temperatures. Li||LiFePO4 cells were assembled using the gel polymer electrolytes containing 80 wt% MPPY·TFSI via an in situ polymerization method. A reversible cell capacity of 90 mAh g−1 was maintained under the current density of C/10 at room temperature, which was increased to 130 mAh g−1 by using a thinner membrane and cycling at 50 °C.
A dietetics of virile emergency

Synopsis It is well known that British colonialism in India induced a crisis among the colonised regarding their deficits with respect to scientific and historically apposite forms of bodily comportment and regulation. What to eat, how to eat, and how to make eating a passport into a modern and virile comity of nations—these came to engage Indian thinkers smarting under the accusations of effeminacy, physical degeneracy, historical backwardness, and political enslavement. One common response to this among nineteenth-century Bengali males was a cult of physical culture, combined with a carefully nurtured carnivory; together these were held to constitute a this-worldly programme of man-making that could re-vitalise a physically debilitated and gutless Bengali Hindu male. Of these thinkers, Swami Vivekananda is one of the best known; in his attentiveness to the biomoral character of diet and his popular influence, he may be ranged alongside Gandhi. Vivekananda's recipe for dietary re-virilisation had several notable elements. In the first place, he sought to historicise both carnivory and vegetarianism, and to disaggregate these practices from their usual moral and entailments. An inversion of the values normally associated with carnivory and vegetarianism enabled him to reimagine both upper-caste orthopraxies of moral masculinity and a subcontinental history of nonviolence. In the second place, he combined carnivorous advocacy with a keen awareness of the ubiquity of hunger in the subcontinent. This collocation of alimentary interests permitted him to fashion something that I am naming a virtuoso carnivory. Carnivory was not, for him, only about the cultivation of individual robustness and sovereign capacity. It was also, just as importantly, a form of selfless eating—of eating for an other, including possibly for an other who could not, for reasons of poverty or social degradation, eat meat (or indeed eat at all). The true hero of a virtuosic carnivory was one whose eating was a kind of trusteeship, whose enjoyment was part of an ascetic's regimen, and whose muscularity was on loan to a task of material melioration and cultural and social regeneration. This paper will investigate, through a close reading of Vivekananda's writings, speeches, and correspondence, this dietetics of virile emergency.
In vitro production of a human HLA alloantibody of restricted specificity (DQw2) via Epstein-Barr virus transformation

This paper describes the in vitro production of the human alloantibody 454A.C5 with HLA-DQw2 specificity produced by a stable EBV-transformed cell line. Immune B cells for transformation were generated by planned immunization of a blood donor volunteer with repeated HLA-immunizations over the course of 9 yr. Reactivity of 454A.C5 was in exact concordance with the presence of the DQw2 antigen as defined by microcytotoxicity assay on a panel of 21 B lymphoblastoid cell lines with well-characterized HLA antigens. Family studies showed the segregation according to the HLA-DQw2 haplotype; thus we demonstrate by serological and formal genetics criteria, that the alloantibody is specifically directed against the DQw2. 454A.C5 antibody may be employed as a monospecific HLA typing reagent.
Timoshenko beams and flexible multibody system dynamics

A method for the dynamic analysis of flexible multibody systems that accounts for rotary inertia and shear deformation effects is presented. Flexible components in the system are discretized by using the finite element method. Because of the large rotations of the system components, a set of reference co-ordinates are employed to describe the motion of a selected body reference. Kinetic and strain energies are derived for each element, thus identifying the element mass and stiffness matrices which account for the rotary inertia and shear deformation effects. A new set of time invariant element matrices that describe the coupling between the reference motion and elastic deformations is developed. These matrices need be evaluated only once in advance for the dynamic analysis. It has been, shown that the form of these matrices as well as the mass and stiffness matrices are significantly affected by the inclusion of rotary inertia and shear deformation. The formulation presented in this paper is exemplified by a two-dimensional flexible multibody aircraft. Numerical results indicate that rotary inertia and shear have a significant effect on the dynamic response of large scale flexible multibody systems with large angular rotations and in which the reference motion and elastic deformation are coupled.
Gut microbiota in 2012: Toward understanding and manipulating the gut microbiota

New techniques have introduced unprecedented sensitivity to the investigation of the gut microbiota, enabling insights into the discrete contributions of select bacterial species and advancing our mechanistic appreciation of the roles of diet and host immunity in limiting or enabling metabolic and inflammatory disease.
S1 nuclease sensitivity to cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) modified DNAS: influence of (G+C) content and nucleotide sequence.

Abstract The sensitivity of S1 nuclease to cis- and trans-(NH3)2PtCl2 modified DNAs is examined as a function of (1) the level of cis- and trans-(NH3)2PtCl2 bound, (2) the % (G+C) content in DNA from different sources and (3) the sequence dependence in poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC). The extent of DNA digested increases with increasing levels of either isomer and is inversely influenced by the % (G+C) content of the DNA. However, the difference in the extent of digestion between the cis-and trans-(NH3)2PtCl2 modified DNAs at equivalent levels of bound isomer follows the order, calf-thymus > M. lysodeikticus > poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC). While there is virtually no difference in the digestion profiles for poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) modified with the two isomers, there is a striking difference in the extent of digestion between cis- and trans-(NH3)2PtCl2 modified poly(dG).poly(dC). These results are discussed in light of (1) the possible modes of binding for cis-(NH3)2PtCl2, (2) previously reported findings on modified DNA and (3) possible implications for modifications in cellular chromatin.