cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CONTRIBUTION OF NORMS TO SOCIAL WELFARE:: Grounds for Hope or Pessimism?

While legal scholars increasingly recognize that norms as well as law influence social behavior, the nature of these effects is not well understood. A key question concerns the content of norms. Specifically, do they reflect individual interest or do they enhance group welfare? In this paper I describe two general kinds of arguments that support these different views. I then develop predictions about the content of a particular type of norm—controller selection rules. These hypotheses are tested in an experimental setting in which individuals interact with each other over networked computers. The findings are consistent with group welfare explanations. That is, they suggest that norms constrain actions that create negative externalities, and that these norms are stronger in more cohesive groups. They also suggest, however, that such norms may not necessarily produce pro-social behavior.
Real Time Visualization of Monitoring Data for Large Scale HPC Systems

High Performance Computing (HPC) system users and administrators are often hampered in their ability understand application performance and system behavior due to a lack of sufficient information about how resources, such as memory, CPU, networks and filesystems are being used. While obtaining the related data is a necessary step, it is insufficient without tools that can turn the data into actionable information. Required capabilities of such tools are the ability to efficiently handle vast amounts of data in a timely fashion, the presentation of effective and understandable information representations for large node counts, and the correlation of that data with job and system events. This paper presents visualization approaches and tools that NCSA is developing, combined with the use of freely available web interfaces, to turn the eight billion platform related data points per day being collected from their 27,648 compute node Blue Waters platform into actionable information for both system administrators and users. Insights from the visualizations both at the system and the job levels are also presented.
Association studies of erythoid α‐spectrin at the tetramerization site

The erythroid spectrin-based network, together with other proteins, maintains the deformability and integrity of erythrocytes. Erythroid spectrin consists of two subunits: α-spectrin (SpαI) and β-spectrin (SpβI) (Bennett, 1989). The C-terminal end of SpαI and the N-terminal end of SpβI associate to form heterodimers (αβ), and two αβ dimers then associate at the N-terminal end of SpαI (Helix C') and the C-terminal end of SpβI to form functional tetramers (Speicher et al., 1993; Mehboob et al., 2005). Some hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) patients carry mutations in Helix C' (Delaunay, 2007) that cause an abnormally low association affinity of SpαI with SpβI, and thus low levels of spectrin tetramers. It is important to understand the contribution of each residue in this region toward the dimer association affinity to form tetramers. The association involves a helical bundling of N-terminal partial domain Helix C' of SpαI and Helices A' and B' of SpβI (Antoniou et al., 2008; Park et al., 2003). The Helix C' structure, consisting of residues 21–45, has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies (Park et al., 2003). Thus, residues 21–45 are critical for tetramer formation. Furthermore, residues 17–20 (four residues prior to Helix C') and residues 46–52 (the junction region between Helix C' and the first structural domain) are also critical because they undergo conformational changes upon binding to SpβI (Antoniou et al., 2008). A common approach to study the importance of amino acid residues in binding interface is to replace each residue with an alanine residue and then study the affinity with methods such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). However, ITC methods are often not used for low affinity association (i.e., large equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd), with protein solubility being the limiting factor. However, low affinity samples may be the main interest of many studies. Thus, other methods, such as spectroscopic methods, are used to measure their Kd values. In spectroscopic studies, cysteine scanning is often used for either fluorescence labeling or spin labeling. We have used spin-labeled cysteine scanning method for residues 14–20 and 44–54 in a model protein consisting of the first 368 residues in SpαI (αI-N3), and measured the affinity of each of these proteins with a model SpβI protein (a fragment of residues 1898–2083, βI-C1) by both ITC and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic methods (Antoniou et al., 2008). The present investigation used the same approach to study residues 21–43 in Helix C', the critical region for the association, and 55–59, a region that may be important in the association. Together with previous results, we now report quantitative Kd values of αI-N3 with modified residues 14–59.
Wittgenstein and Heidegger: The relationship of the philosopher to language

It seems at times as if, where Heidegger is invoked on one side and Wittgenstein on the other, the common presuppositions which are necessary if there is to be a conversation are lacking. One publishes in different journals, reads different books, speaks a different language. Those unfortunate enough to lose their way and to end up in the wrong camp, may find it difficult to understand what the people there are doing. One reason for the lack of communication between Wittgensteinians and Heideggerians has been a widespread failure to pay sufficient attention to the origins of Wittgenstein's and Heidegger's thought. Both have invited such a disregard of the past. This is certainly true of Wittgenstein: repeatedly he suggests that traditional philosophy rests on a misuse of language. One can point to these passages to present Wittgenstein as an anti-philosopher who has surpassed the philosophy of the past by showing that the puzzles which occupied it can be made to disappear by "bringing words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use." (Inv. 116) Heidegger, too, speaks of the end of traditional metaphysics; his own thinking is an attempt to step back to a more fundamental plane. This, it has been argued, makes it impossible to compare Heidegger to the philosophers of the past. 1 His thinking is fundamental in a way which forbids all comparison. But if the work of Wittgenstein and Heidegger does constitute a break with traditional, especially Cartesian philisophy, it nevertheless has its roots in that tradition and an attempt to relate Wittgenstein and Heidegger to one another can be made, using this common point of departure. This move is made easier by the fact that both have written works which are still part of that tradition, so that their break with it is at the same time a break with an earlier phase of their own thinking. Thus Wittgenstein came to criticize the Tractatus, while Heidegger abandoned the views of his dissertation, Die Lehre vom Urteil im Psychologismus, and of his Habilitationsschrift, Die Kategorienund Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus.
Association Between Warm Ischemia Time and Renal Parenchymal Atrophy After Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: Renal parenchymal volume decrease after partial nephrectomy is associated with late functional outcomes. We examined the relative effects of resection related and atrophy related volume change on late kidney function.Materials and Methods: Data were analyzed from a cohort of 187 patients who underwent open, laparoscopic or robotic partial nephrectomy between 2009 and 2011. Total change in kidney size after surgery was expressed as percent functional volume preservation measured using the cylindrical volume ratio method. Renal atrophy was expressed as parenchymal thickness preservation, and was assessed by measuring parenchymal thickness before and after partial nephrectomy in regions of the operated kidney distant from the site of resection. Standard statistical analyses were conducted to assess relationships among variables.Results: Mean (± SD) percent functional volume preservation was 92% (±8%), which correlated with a late percent glomerular filtration rate preservation of 91% (±12%). Mean pa...
Regulation of secretion by vasoactive intestinal peptide in isolated perfused rat submandibular glands

Abstract The isolated, perfused gland was used to examine the regulation of saliva volume and protein content by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In the absence of other secretagogues, VIP produced a modest, sustained saliva flow with a biphasic dose-response curve in which saliva volume was greatest at 1 nM VIP (28.5 ± 3.8 μl inthefirst 5 min, n = 4) but reduced at lower and higher concentrations. The protein concentration in saliva released in response to VIP (0.86 ± 0.13 μg/μl) was substantially higher than with 30 nM acetylcholine (0.06 ± 0.02 μg/μl) or 1 nM substance P (0.30 ± 0.05 μg/μl). During the first 5 min of stimulation, VIP and substance P were synergistic in terms of volume and protein content whereas inclusion of VIP did not increase acetylcholine-stimulated flow in the first 5 min but produced a higher sustained flow over the next hour. After stimulation with acetylcholine, subsequent addition of VIP transiently enhanced saliva volume and protein content in a monophasic, dose-dependent manner with effects at 1 pM VIP and higher. The responses were different for VIP compared with other cAMP-mobilizing agents and the involvement of multiple VIP receptor subtypes was suggested from experiments in which a VIP antagonist blocked the VIP enhancement of saliva volume but not the increase in protein.
Energy-dependent Hamiltonians, charge densities, and recoil effects

Two recent papers are shown to be related, and the unifying ingredient is an energy-dependent Hamiltonian. (AIP)
Differential expression of GRK isoforms in nonmalignant and malignant human granulosa cells

Granulosa cell tumors are serious ovarian neoplasms that can occur in women of all ages. While there have been numerous attempts to understand the cause of these malignancies, the pathogenesis of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) still remains largely unknown. G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are important regulators of signal transduction through the process of receptor desensitization and internalization. Receptors that are regulated by GRKs are members of the large family of seven-transmembrane receptors and include the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). In granulosa cells, the FSH signaling system is responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation, and steroidogenesis. In the studies presented, we examined GRK mRNA and protein expression in nonmalignant human granulosa cells, in KGN cells, a human GCT cell line, and in a panel of human GCT samples. The KGN tumor cells express significantly less GRK4 alpha/beta protein and higher levels of GRK2 and GRK4 gamma/delta protein as compared to nonmalignant human granulosa cells. In human GCT samples, GRK4 alpha/beta protein was detected in 3 of the 13 tumor samples, whereas gamma/delta proteins expression was detected in all samples. These findings suggest that GRK protein expression is altered in GCTs and may be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
NMDA receptors regulate developmental gap junction uncoupling via CREB signaling

Signaling through gap junctions (electrical synapses) is important in the development of the mammalian central nervous system. Abundant between neurons during postnatal development, gap junction coupling subsequently decreases and remains low in the adult, confined to specific subsets of neurons. Here we report that developmental uncoupling of gap junctions in the rat hypothalamus in vivo and in vitro is associated with a decrease in connexin 36 (Cx36) protein expression. Both developmental gap junction uncoupling and Cx36 downregulation are prevented by the blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors, action potentials and the calcium-cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), and are accelerated by CREB overexpression. Developmental gap junction uncoupling and Cx36 downregulation are not affected by blockade of non-NMDA glutamate receptors, and do not occur in hypothalamic neurons from NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) knockout mice. These results demonstrate that NMDA receptor activity contributes to the developmental uncoupling of gap junctions via CREB-dependent downregulation of Cx36.
Electroweak Anomaly and Lepton Asymmetry

It has recently been pointed out that shortly after the electroweak phase transition (t≃10−11sec, T≃100–200 GeV) there was a period of very effective baryon (and lepton) number violation driven by non-perturbative effects arising from the electroweak anomaly. Here we argue that as a result of these electroweak interactions the total asymmetry in leptons must be equal and opposite to the baryon asymmetry: L≡∑iLi=Le+Lμ+Lr=−B. Since the individual lepton numbers can be positive or negative, this does not preclude any large individual contribution, i.e., |Li|>B. This fact has important consequences for primordial nucleosynthesis if |Li|≳1.
Value Assumptions in Family Research with Reference to Population

(1961). Value Assumptions in Family Research with Reference to Population. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 281-292.
Strong dc Electric Field Applied to Supersaturated Aqueous Glycine Solution Induces Nucleation of the γ Polymorph

Applying a strong static electric field to supersaturated aqueous glycine solutions resulted in the nucleation of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ polymorph. This is the first report of a strong dc field inducing the nucleation of a neutral solute in a supersaturated solution. We attribute this effect to the electric-field-induced orientation of the highly polar glycine molecules in large preexisting solute clusters, helping them organize into a crystalline structure. This result also lends further support to our proposed optical-Kerr mechanism for nonphotochemical laser-induced nucleation.
The influences of reactant composition and substrate material on the combustion synthesis of diamond

It has been observed that diamond deposition by flat flame chemical vapor deposition is achieved over a very narrow range of reactant composition. We demonstrate that this diamond deposition window is strongly determined by the nature of the substrate material. Furthermore, once a continuous diamond film is formed, the window appears to be independent of the original material. Substrates examined include silicon, glass, titanium, tungsten, nickel, and molybdenum. The dependence of growth rate, morphology, and quality on reactant composition has been quantified using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). It was found that the highest quality diamond was grown at conditions where diamond does not nucleate on ultrasonically scratched silicon. Thus, the production of high quality diamond on silicon by combustion synthesis requires different conditions for nucleation and growth.
Dynamic monolayer behavior of a photo-responsive azobenzene surfactant

Abstract Photo-responsive behavior of an azobenzene surfactant is observed at the air–water interface in terms of the surface pressure modulation with 360 and 420 nm wavelength light. The surface pressure response of the monolayer changes depends on the degree of compression of the Langmuir monolayer, expressed in terms of the area per molecule, as well as the light condition during the formation of the Langmuir layer. The azobenzene chromophore requires molecular space to undergo photoisomerization, which causes surface pressure changes at the air–water interface. Closely packed trans molecules do not fully convert to the cis state under 360 nm due to the steric hindrance and formation of H-aggregates. The bulky cis chromophores do convert to the trans state. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films are blue shifted 17 nm relative to the UV-visible spectra for the azobenzene surfactant in chloroform solutions, indicating formation of H aggregates. Langmuir–Blodgett films show different molecular conformation depending on the light wavelength during compression.
Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series

We present a new technique for isolating climate signals in time series with a characteristic ‘red’ noise background which arises from temporal persistence. This background is estimated by a ‘robust’ procedure that, unlike conventional techniques, is largely unbiased by the presence of signals immersed in the noise. Making use of multiple-taper spectral analysis methods, the technique further provides for a distinction between purely harmonic (periodic) signals, and broader-band (‘quasiperiodic’) signals. The effectiveness of our signal detection procedure is demonstrated with synthetic examples that simulate a variety of possible periodic and quasiperiodic signals immersed in red noise. We apply our methodology to historical climate and paleoclimate time series examples. Analysis of a ≈ 3 million year sediment core reveals significant periodic components at known astronomical forcing periodicities and a significant quasiperiodic 100 year peak. Analysis of a roughly 1500 year tree-ring reconstruction of Scandinavian summer temperatures suggests significant quasiperiodic signals on a near-century timescale, an interdecadal 16–18 year timescale, within the interannual El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) band, and on a quasibiennial timescale. Analysis of the 144 year record of Great Salt Lake monthly volume change reveals a significant broad band of significant interdecadal variability, ENSO-timescale peaks, an annual cycle and its harmonics. Focusing in detail on the historical estimated global-average surface temperature record, we find a highly significant secular trend relative to the estimated red noise background, and weakly significant quasiperiodic signals within the ENSO band. Decadal and quasibiennial signals are marginally significant in this series.
Clinical and pathological features of accessory valve tissue

Abstract Background . Accessory valve tissue is a rare congenital cardiac malformation causing a variety of clinical features. We describe our experience with the surgical treatment of accessory valve tissue to clarify clinical and pathological features of this anomaly. Methods . Between December 1990 and February 1999, 11 children underwent resection of accessory valve tissue together with repair of coexisting intracardiac malformations. Eight patients had accessory tricuspid valve, while 3 had accessory mitral valve tissue. Associated intracardiac malformations included tetralogy of Fallot in 6 patients, transposition of the great arteries in 3, coarctation complex in 1, and ventricular septal defect in 1. Results . Accessory valve tissue was completely resected in all but 1 patient with accessory mitral valve and transposition of the great arteries. As total resection of the accessory valve tissue through the pulmonary artery was unsuccessful, partial resection and bidirectional Glenn shunt operation was performed instead of arterial switch operation in this patient. Conclusions . The clinical signs and symptoms of accessory valve tissue vary according to its location and coexisting cardiac malformations. Congenital heart surgeons should be familiar with the clinical and pathological features of accessory valve tissue, so as not to overlook it during operation.
Rhythm monitoring using a microcomputer system.

Abstract The design and construction details of a microcomputer system are described which can be applied easily and effectively to chronobiological studies especially when it may be necessary to monitor long-term rhythmic variables. In its present form the system is designed to acquire, store and analyze data from circadian rhythm studies in small mammals. This application is discussed in addition to design of the system, applications, and future modifications.
Two-dimensional paper separation of dansyl amino acids

Abstract A method is described for the separation of dansyl amino acids on Whatman 3MM paper using electrophoresis at pH 4.4, followed by descending chromatography employing two different solvent systems.
Ataxia telangiectasia: new neurons and ATM

Despite the rarity of the human autosomal recessive disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) (affecting approximately 1/40000-1/100000), interest in the function of the mutated gene product (ATM) in this syndrome is intense. Mutation of this single gene can lead to a diverse array of features, including cancer, immune defects, infertility and radiosensitivity. However, it is the pronounced and debilitating neurodegeneration that is the hallmark of this disease. Thus, from a clinical perspective, it is ATM function in the nervous system that, arguably, is the most important to understand. Although the case for DNA damage as a causative factor for neurodegeneration in A-T is compelling, new data point to a possible link to defects in neurogenesis. Thus, whereas ATM is important for nervous system development, it could also be important for adult neurogenesis.
Automatic QoS control

User sessions, usually consisting of sequences of consecutive requests from customers, comprise most of an e-commerce site's workload. These requests execute e-business functions such as browse, search, register, login, add to shopping cart, and pay. Once we properly understand and characterize a workload, we must assess its effect on the site's quality of service (QoS), which is defined in terms of response time, throughput, the probability that requests will be rejected, and availability. We can assess an e-commerce site's QoS in many different ways. One approach is by measuring the site's performance, which we can determine from a production site using a real workload or from a test site using a synthetic workload (as in load testing). Another approach consists of using performance models. I look at the approach my colleagues at George Mason and I took that uses performance models in the design and implementation of automatic QoS controller for e-commerce sites.
The isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from cultured cells II. The chemical composition of membrane isolated from uninfected and oncogenic RNA virus-converted parenchyma-like cells

Abstract 1. 1. Cell membrane was isolated by flotation equilibrium centrifugation of a homogenate from cultured epithelial cells derived from rat liver, BRL cells, and from BRL cells which had been converted by Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV). 2. 2. On continuous density gradients of sucrose, the plasma membrane was localized in two fractions, the A′ band and the B′ band. Phospholipid, cholesterol, sialic acid, neutral and amino sugar, CTPase (EC 3.6.1.4), and AMPase (EC 3.1.3.5) were concentrated in the isolated membranes from the BRL cells. 3. 3. Plasma membrane from the MSV-converted BRL cells was similar to that of the BRL cells in chemical composition but was markedly deficient in nucleotide di- and triphosphatases. AMPase, which was very high in the BRL cells, was increased still further in the virus-converted cells.
Transitivity and choice behavior

Abstract A series of three experiments was performed with retarded children in an effort to demonstrate that experimentally induced response strengths are transitive. Experiment I failed to make such a demonstration, leading to the hypothesis that the introduction of a novel transverse pattern into the test series led to the negative results. Experiments II and III, testing with transverse patterns equated for novelty, clearly succeeded in demonstrating transitivity. The close correspondence between data and theory supports the assumption that the underlying scale is a ratio scale. Additionally, Exp. I found that reinforced trials facilitated learning more than did nonreinforced trials.
The Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Excerpt Simple sore throat is one of the commonest maladies with which primary care physicians have to deal. Despite the multiplicity of potential etiologic agents (for example,Mycoplasma pneumonia...
Extending the Krogh legacy: development of the CA–TIMS method for zircon U–Pb geochronologyThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.

Tom Krogh was without a doubt the most influential U–Pb geochronologist of the modern era. His career was marked by a continuing series of breakthroughs, both revolutionary and evolutionary. His legacy is such that every lab around the world uses the methods he developed. After some fascinating insights into chemical leaching effects in zircon, Tom largely dropped this approach in favor of his enormously successful air abrasion technique, coupled with careful sample selection at the individual grain level. Here, I describe continued experiments with leaching and “step-wise dissolution” techniques, and how a series of alternating steps forward and setbacks eventually led to a new “chemical abrasion” or “CA–TIMS” method for selectively removing those domains within zircon that have lost Pb. Continuing to strive for improvements in analytical technique is perhaps the best way to honor Tom’s many contributions and extend his legacy.
Energy utilization and water requirements of captive Myotis thysanodes and Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera).

Abstract 1. 1. Ten captive Myotis thysanodes ingested an average of 5·05 kcal/day and egested 0·47 kcal/day with a mean energy utilization of 90·8 per cent. 2. 2. One captive M. lucifugus ingested 4·15 kcal/day and egested 0·37 kcal/day with an energy utilization of 91·2 per cent. 3. 3. M. thysanodes gained an average of 2·77 cm 3 /day of water and lost an average of 2·86 cm 3 /day. This represents a water turnover of almost half the total body water. 4. 4. The M. lucifugus gained 1·97 cm 3 /day of water and lost at least 1·47 cm 3 /day representing a water turnover of about one third of the total body water. 5. 5. It is suggested that for small mammals in general that the energy utilization approaches or exceeds 90 per cent efficiency.
Team Cognition: Development and Evolution in Software Project Teams

In software development, team-based work structures are commonly used to accomplish complex projects. Software project teams must be able to utilize the expertise and knowledge of participants without overwhelming individual members. To efficiently leverage individuals' knowledge and expertise, software project teams develop team cognition structures that facilitate their knowledge activities. This study focuses on the emergence and evolution of team cognition in software project teams, and examines how communication activity and team diversity impact the formation of these structures. A longitudinal study was conducted of 51 database development teams. The results suggest that some forms of communication and team diversity affect the formation of team cognition. Frequency of meetings and phone calls were positively related to the formation of team cognition, while e-mail use had no effect. Gender diversity had a strong and positive effect on the development of team cognition and the effect remained stable over time. Implications for the practical potential and limitations of purposive team construction as a strategy for improving software development team performance are discussed.
Aluminum gallium nitride/silicon carbide separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiodes

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) avalanche photodiodes (APD) sensitive at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm have numerous applications, including chemical and biological identification and water quality monitoring. Wide bandgap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and the III-nitrides (AlInGaN) are well suited for UV detector applications. SiC devices have high avalanche gain, low dark current and low excess noise owing to a low k-factor (k=0.01) due to the much higher impact ionization coefficient for holes relative to electrons; however, these devices have poor response at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm related to carrier trapping by surface states. Conversely, the III-nitrides have a direct bandgap which can be engineered for efficient absorption in the DUV regime, but suffer from high leakage currents, especially for lattice mismatched growth, and difficulty in p-type doping in high AlN mole fraction alloys. To overcome these challenges, this work targets separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiodes (SAM-APDs) utilizing an aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1-xN) absorption layer and a SiC multiplication region.
Hypoxemia and obesity modulate plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in sleep-disordered breathing

C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are pro-inflammatory proteins and important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Plasma CRP levels in snoring children may or may not be elevated. Since obesity is prevalent among snoring children and is associated with elevated CRP levels, we aimed to investigate the relative contributions of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and obesity to the inflammatory processes in snoring children in this prospective study. Two hundred forty-four children (mean age 8.9 ± 3.4 years) underwent polysomnographic evaluation. CRP was measured the following morning, and plasma IL-6 levels from 111 randomly selected children were also examined. Plasma CRP and IL-6 levels were elevated in children with SDB. Log plasma CRP levels were higher in the moderate-severe SDB group (apnea/hypopnea index, AHI ≥ 5) compared to the mild SDB group (AHI ≥ 1 and <5; p < 0.0001) or the control group (AHI < 1; p = 0.0001). Log plasma CRP levels correlated with AHI, arousal index, relative BMI, and SpO2 nadir (r = 0.30, p < 0.0001; r = 0.21, p = 0.002; r = 0.39, p < 0.0001, r = −0.36, p < 0.0001, respectively). Log plasma CRP levels were lower in children with SpO2 nadir ≥90 (p < 0.0001). Sub-analysis of the 116 non-obese children in the cohort revealed similar findings. Log plasma IL-6 levels were increased in children with moderate–severe SDB compared to controls (p = 0.03) and correlated with AHI (r = 0.28, p = 0.003) and SpO2 nadir (r = −0.24, p = 0.02). Children with SDB display significant severity-dependent increases in plasma CRP and IL-6 levels independent of obesity.
Staphylococcus aureus and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in and Around Therapeutic Whirlpools in College Athletic Training Rooms

Context: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infection in the nonhospitalized community. Care of the athletes in athletic training rooms is specifically designed with equipment tailored to the health care needs of the athletes, yet recent studies indicate that CA-MRSA is still prevalent in athletic facilities and that cleaning methods may not be optimal. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and CA-MRSA in and around whirlpools in the athletic training room. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. Patients or Other Participants: Student-athletes (n = 109) consisting of 46 men (42%) and 63 women (58%) representing 6 sports. Main Outcome Measure(s): Presence of MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus in and around the whirlpool structures relative to sport and number of athletes using the whirlpools. Results: We identified Staphylococcus...
Pervasive pose-aware applications and infrastructure

Pose-aware devices, in concert with functional geometric models describing architectural spaces, enable a new class of indoor applications, including resource location, route finding, direct population and annotation of world models, and direct information overlay. The article describes these applications along with the device infrastructure and algorithms required to support them. We demonstrate a few prototype devices and applications now underway and point to future directions in which these techniques might evolve.
Which children and adults should receive the chickenpox vaccine

Chickenpox vaccine is safe and effective and elicits long-standing immunity. Primary care physicians caring for children and adults should be aware of its benefits.
Autoignition of methanol: Experiments and computations

An experimental and computational investigation into the autoignition of methanol under high-pressure and low-to-intermediate temperature conditions is conducted. The ignition delay results have been obtained using a heated rapid compression machine, over a pressure range of 7–30 bar, a temperature range of 850–1100 K, and an equivalence ratio range of 0.25–2.0. Using kinetic schemes recently reported in the literature for the combustion of methanol, the experimental results are compared to computationally obtained values. The kinetic schemes studied are found to significantly underpredict ignition delays for the conditions investigated. A sensitivity analysis of the computed results to reaction rate constants is also conducted. It is shown that the reaction of methanol with HO2 radical is critical to the predicted values of ignition delays under the current experimental conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 175–184, 2011
Gender and treatment response in substance use treatment-mandated parolees

Well-controlled, randomized studies of correctional interventions examining gender effects are rare. This study examined gender main effects and gender × treatment interactions in a multisite randomized trial (N = 431) comparing a new form of correctional supervision for drug-involved offenders (collaborative behavioral management [CBM]) to standard parole. Outcomes included repeated measures of yes/no use of primary drug, alcohol use, and recidivism during 9 months postrelease. Generalized estimating equation analyses indicated that despite using harder drugs at baseline, women were less likely than men to use their primary drug and to use alcohol during the follow-up period. No gender-related differences in recidivism were found. Treatment interacted with gender to predict alcohol use, with women in CBM reporting the best alcohol outcomes (only 5% of women used alcohol during the follow-up period). The clear expectations, positive reinforcement, recognition of successes, fairness, and support present in CBM may be particularly important for women parolees.
2,3-Anhydrosugars in glycoside bond synthesis. NMR and computational investigations into the mechanism of glycosylations with 2,3-anhydrofuranosyl glycosyl sulfoxides

We report here the combined use of computational chemistry and low-temperature NMR spectroscopy to probe the mechanism of a highly stereoselective glycosylation reaction employing 2,3-anhydrofuranosyl glycosyl sulfoxides (2 and 4). The reaction involves a two-step process that is carried out in one pot. In the first step, the sulfoxide is reacted with triflic anhydride leading to the formation of a single intermediate. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have established the structure of this intermediate as a glycosyl triflate. In the second step, the acceptor alcohol is added to the reaction mixture, which leads to the highly stereocontrolled formation of the glycoside product. The structure of the major product is consistent with a pathway involving an SN2-like displacement of the triflate by the alcohol. In the predominant intermediate that is formed, there is a trans relationship between the triflate group and epoxide. Therefore, in the glycoside product there is a cis relationship between the epoxide and the...
The Vascular Endothelium in Scleroderma

(1995). The Vascular Endothelium in Scleroderma. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 12, No. 2-4, pp. 227-245.
Wind strength and biological productivity in upwelling systems: an idealized study

Biological production in wind-driven coastal upwelling systems is of global importance. To understand better how wind speed and shelf width affect productivity, we formulated a simple model of cross-shelf transport that included the dynamics of one potential mechanism: increasing nutrients with increasing winds, with possible loss of productivity due to off-shelf Ekman transport. We used this model to determine how shelf productivity would depend on wind speed and shelf width using several ecosystem (Nutrient–Phytoplankton–Zooplankton, NPZ) models that reflect different trophic pathways and differences in model stability. For constant wind speeds, shelf productivity for all of the NPZ models declined beyond a certain wind speed. The shelf transit time beyond which productivity declines can be determined graphically from the time course of cumulative production in the NPZ model. Shelf width and latitude then determine the corresponding wind speed. The predicted points of decline in productivity with wind-speed were consistent with data from local observations of higher trophic levels on the central California coast. Only shelf productivity of the NPZ model reflecting new production was dome-shaped. Shelf productivity of models of regenerated production remained constant with wind speed at low winds. Artificial instability in NPZ models can lead to an inaccurate dependence of productivity on wind. Our model of coastal upwelling, which represents production as cross-shelf transport of parcels containing developing NPZ models, exhibits a different dependence on wind forcing than previous models that represented upwelling production as a fully mixed shelf. The relative degree of mixing versus transport in upwelling systems is a critical factor underlying the dependence of productivity on wind.
Materials selection and qualification processes at a high-power spallation neutron source

The accelerator at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has been in operation since 1972. Development of materials for service in high voltage applications, high-vacuum systems, magnetic and electric fields, high particle radiation fluxes, and corrosive atmospheres has been ongoing during this period. Materials were initially selected based on performance at other facilities and at fission reactors. Modification to materials selection and specifications were made based on experience at LANSCE. Plans for higher power accelerators, such as the one proposed for the Accelerator Production of Tritium Project, have led to a realization that dedicated materials radiation damage effects studies are necessary to ensure adequate service lifetimes and to allow planning for preventative maintenance.
Vibration Analysis of Dry Friction Damped Turbine Blades Using Singular Perturbation Theory

The dynamic behavior of a turbine blade with an attached dry friction damper is investigated. Due to the presence of both high and low frequency resonances, the system is numerically stiff and time consuming to simulate. Three reduced-order models that remove the numerical stiffness problem are developed using singular perturbation theory. Two of these models are developed for the case of small damper mass, and the third model is developed for the case of high damper stiffness. It is shown that these models are consistent with two physically-motivated approximate models that have appeared in the literature. The accuracy of each approximate model is examined for a range of system and excitation parameters through comparison with the original full-order model. It is seen that inclusion of damper mass has a significant effect on the blade system response.
Status of the cryogenic inertial reference system for the Gravity Probe B mission

We describe the status of the development and testing program for the inertial reference system for the Gravity Probe B gyroscopes. The gyroscope housings are attached to a cryogenic telescope with a 14 cm aperture that continuously points at a guide star. The star image is split to provide quadrant pointing information which is used to steer the spacecraft. This data is also combined with the gyro readout data to provide an absolute precession measurement. Motion of the guide star is independently checked by reference to background galaxies. Room temperature testing of a prototype telescope has been completed and preparations are being made for low temperature tests.
Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia in pediatric oncology patients: Case examples

Over the last 25 years, significant advances have been made in supportive care of the immunocompromised patient. One significant advance is the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in the prevention of Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia (PCP). Although TMP-SMZ remains the drug of choice for PCP prophylaxis, children who develop or have a history of adverse reactions must be prescribed an alternative treatment. In these instances, medications such as dapsone, aerosolized pentamidine, or atovaquone are prescribed. This report discusses four children with sulfa allergy who were prescribed dapsone and later developed methemoglobinemia. Although methemoglobinemia is associated with dapsone, there was no reference found regarding this link in the pediatric oncology literature. The purpose of these clinical examples is to alert the pediatric nurse and advanced practitioner to the association of dapsone and methemoglobinemia.
ORDER AND CHAOS IN THE TORAL LOGISTIC LATTICE

Cellular dynamical systems, alias lattice dynamical systems, emerged as a new mathematical structure and modeling strategy in the 1980s. Based, like cellular automata, on finite difference methods for partial differential equations, they provide challenging patterns of spatiotemporal organization, in which chaos and order cooperate in novel ways. Here we present initial findings of our exploration of a two-dimensional logistic lattice with the Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, a machine capable of 200 megaflops per second. A video tape illustrating these findings is available.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation is unrelated to potentiation of glutamate excitotoxicity by polyamines in cerebellar granule neurons.

Abstract: Polyamines positively modulate the activity of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors. The concentration of polyamines in the brain increases in certain pathological conditions, such as ischemia and brain trauma, and these compounds have been postulated to play a role in excitotoxic neuronal death. In primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons, exogenous application of the polyamines spermidine and spermine (but not putrescine) potentiated the delayed neurotoxicity elicited by NMDA receptor stimulation with glutamate. Furthermore, both toxic and nontoxic concentrations of glutamate stimulated the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)—the key regulatory enzyme in polyamine synthesis—and increased the concentration of ODC mRNA in cerebellar granule neurons but not in glial cells. Glutamate-induced ODC activation but not neurotoxicity was blocked by the ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine. Thus, high extracellular polyamine concentrations potentiate glutamate-triggered neuronal death, but the glutamate-induced increase in neuronal ODC activity may not play a determinant role in the cascade of intracellular events responsible for delayed excitotoxicity.
Polypropylene Nanocomposites Based on Designed Synthetic Nanoplatelets

Synthetic nanoplatelets derived from α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) were prepared for in situ propylene polymerization, yielding polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. The designed α-ZrP-derivatives contain methyl groups on the surface to increase hydrophobicity, which gives rise to a better compatibility with toluene and propylene molecules. The incorporation of methyl groups on the layers of α-ZrP-derivatives also produces a “porous pathway” structure in the nanoplatelet gallery, which facilitates the diffusion of propylene monomers. PP/α-ZrP nanocomposites were successfully prepared with a high level of exfoliation. The implications of the present findings are discussed.
Exploiting client caches to build large Web caches

New demands brought by the continuing growth of the Internet will be met in part by more effective and comprehensive use of caching. This paper proposes to exploit client browser caches in the context of cooperative proxy caching by constructing the client caches within each organization (e.g., corporate networks) as a peer-to-peer (P2P) client cache. Via trace-driven simulations we evaluate the potential performance benefit of cooperative proxy caching with/without exploiting client caches. We show that exploiting client caches in cooperative proxy caching can significantly improve performance, particularly when the size of individual proxy caches is limited compared to the universe of Web objects. We further devise a cooperative hierarchical greedy-dual replacement algorithm (Hier-GD), which not only provides some cache coordination but also utilizes client caches. Through Hier-GD, we explore the design issues of how to exploit client caches in cooperative proxy caching to build large Web caches. We show that Hier-GD is technically practical and can potentially improve the performance of cooperative proxy caching by utilizing client caches.
π + − p Scattering at 250 MeV: Experiment and Analysis

The differential cross section for elastic scattering of positive pions on protons has been measured at a nominal incident-meson kinetic energy of 250 MeV. The angular range covered in the center of mass by the 13 data was 14.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The fractional rms errors were typically 1.5%. A liquid-hydrogen target was bombarded by a beam of 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ mesons/sec. The scattered pions were detected by a counter telescope. Recoil protons were eliminated by means of a \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter. A phase-shift analysis was performed combining the above-mentioned data with the recoil-proton polarization measurements taken recently with the help of a polarized proton target. Only one acceptable $\mathrm{SPD}$ Fermi-type phase-shift set was found. When $F$ waves were included, a total of three possible phase-shift solutions emerged from the analysis. However, arguments based on the data could still be made to eliminate all but one phase-shift set. On the other hand, the remaining phase-shift set, similar in type to the $\mathrm{SPD}$ solution, suffers from the disadvantage of large rms errors assigned to its small phase shifts.