cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redescription and taxonomic status of specimens of Episcoposaurus and Typothorax, the earliest known aetosaurs (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic of western North America, and the problem of proxy “holotypes”

Historic type and referred material of the aetosaurian taxa Typothorax coccinarum, Episcoposaurus horridus and Episcoposaurus haplocerus are redescribed and the non-aetosaurian material identified and removed, a task previously considered “hopeless”. Reexamination of the original material reveals that the holotypes of E. haplocerus and probably T. coccinarum are not diagnosable at the species level and therefore are nomena dubia. The next available names for material referred to these taxa are Desmatosuchus spurensis and E. horridus respectively, although it may be more desirable for reasons of taxonomic stability to attempt to petition for a neotype in the latter case. The redescription of historical specimens is necessary to determine their nomenclatural validity. The use of referred specimens as proxy “type” specimens is problematic, as these referrals were originally made not on the basis of apomorphies, but rather on biostratigraphic and/or geographical assumptions which are inherently circular and cannot be unambiguously supported.
Neutrino beam facilities and projects

Neutrino oscillations have been firmly established by the experimental results on Atmospheric and Solar neutrinos. As impressive as the results from these experiments are, it is clear that we are just getting started on a long-term experimental program to understand neutrino masses, mixing, and possibly leptonic CP violation. Many new facilities and experiments are underway to explore the detailed oscillation mechanism for comparison with theoretical predictions. Also, further improvements on neutrino oscillations using a muon storage ring based on Neutrino Factory will be covered.
Diffusion of school-based prevention programs in two urban districts: adaptations, rationales, and suggestions for change.

The diffusion of school-based preventive interventions involves the balancing of high-fidelity implementation of empirically-supported programs with flexibility to permit local stakeholders to target the specific needs of their youth. There has been little systematic research that directly seeks to integrate research- and community-driven approaches to diffusion. The present study provides a primarily qualitative investigation of the initial roll-out of two empirically-supported substance and violence prevention programs in two urban school districts that serve a high proportion of low-income, ethnic minority youth. The predominant ethnic group in most of our study schools was Asian American, followed by smaller numbers of Latinos, African Americans, and European Americans. We examined the adaptations made by experienced health teachers as they implemented the programs, the elicitation of suggested adaptations to the curricula from student and teacher stakeholders, and the evaluation of the consistency of these suggested adaptations with the core components of the programs. Data sources include extensive classroom observations of curricula delivery and interviews with students, teachers, and program developers. All health teachers made adaptations, primarily with respect to instructional format, integration of real-life experiences into the curriculum, and supplementation with additional resources; pedagogical and class management issues were cited as the rationale for these changes. Students and teachers were equally likely to propose adaptations that met with the program developers’ approval with respect to program theory and implementation logistics. Tensions between teaching practice and prevention science—as well as implications for future research and practice in school-based prevention—are considered.
In vivo model of adeno-associated virus vector persistence and rescue

Gene therapy vectors based on human DNA viruses could be mobilized or rescued from individuals who are subsequently infected with the corresponding wild-type (wt) helper viruses. This phenomenon has been effectively modeled in vitro with both adenovirus (Ad) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors but has not previously been studied in vivo. In the current study, we have developed an in vivo model to study the interactions of a recombinant AAV vector (AAV-CFTR) with wt AAV type 2 (AAV2) and a host range mutant Ad (Ad2HR405) for which monkey cells are permissive (D.E.Brough, S.A.Rice, S.Sell, and D.F.Klessig, J. Virol. 55:206-212, 1985). AAV-CFTR was administered to the respiratory epithelium of the nose or lung of rhesus macaques. Primary cells were harvested from the infusion site at time points up to 3 months after vector administration to confirm vector DNA persistence. Vector DNA was present in episomal form and could be rescued in vitro only by addition of wt AAV2 and Ad. In in vivo rescue studies, vector was administered before or after wt-AAV2 and Ad2HR405 infection, and the shedding of AAV-CFTR was examined. Ad2HR405 and wt-AAV2 infections were established in the nose with concomitant administration. wt-AAV2 replication occurred in the lung when virus was administered directly at a high titer to the lower respiratory tract. AAV-CFTR vector rescue was also observed in the latter setting. Although these studies were performed with small numbers of animals within each group, it appears that AAV-CFTR DNA persists in the primate respiratory tract and that this model may be useful for studies of recombinant AAV vector rescue.
Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries

Introduction Recent estimates suggest that malnutrition (measured as poor anthropometric status) is associated with about 50% of all deaths among children. Although the association between malnutrition and all-cause mortality is well documented, the malnutrition-related risk of death associated with specific diseases is less well described. We reviewed published literature to examine the evidence for a relation between malnutrition and child mortality from diarrhoea, acute respiratory illness, malaria and measles, conditions that account for over 50% of deaths in children worldwide. Methods MEDLINE was searched for suitable review articles and original reports of community-based and hospital-based studies. Findings from cohort studies and case–control studies were reviewed and summarized. Results The strongest and most consistent relation between malnutrition and an increased risk of death was observed for diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. The evidence, although limited, also suggests a potentially increased risk for death from malaria. A less consistent association was observed between nutritional status and death from measles. Although some hospital-based studies and case–control studies reported an increased risk of mortality from measles, few community-based studies reported any association. Discussion The risk of malnutrition-related mortality seems to vary for different diseases. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of nutritional intervention programmes and child survival programmes being implemented in settings with different disease profiles.
Reading disability: Evidence for a genetic etiology

A review of evidence for genetic influences on reading disabilities (RD) is presented, with focus on twin study design and sib-pair linkage techniques. DeFries-Fulker multiple regression analyses result in significant estimates of heritability for group deficits on several reading and language measures. Structural equation modeling techniques reveal the presence of significant common and independent genetic effects on individual differences on reading skills. Finally, linkage techniques confirm a candidate locus for RD on chromosome 6.
Viral Dynamics of Acute HIV-1 Infection

Viral dynamics were intensively investigated in eight patients with acute HIV infection to define the earliest rates of change in plasma HIV RNA before and after the start of antiretroviral therapy. We report the first estimates of the basic reproductive number (R(0)), the number of cells infected by the progeny of an infected cell during its lifetime when target cells are not depleted. The mean initial viral doubling time was 10 h, and the peak of viremia occurred 21 d after reported HIV exposure. The spontaneous rate of decline (alpha) was highly variable among individuals. The phase 1 viral decay rate (delta(I) = 0.3/day) in subjects initiating potent antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV infection was similar to estimates from treated subjects with chronic HIV infection. The doubling time in two subjects who discontinued antiretroviral therapy was almost five times slower than during acute infection. The mean basic reproductive number (R(0)) of 19.3 during the logarithmic growth phase of primary HIV infection suggested that a vaccine or postexposure prophylaxis of at least 95% efficacy would be needed to extinguish productive viral infection in the absence of drug resistance or viral latency. These measurements provide a basis for comparison of vaccine and other strategies and support the validity of the simian immunodeficiency virus macaque model of acute HIV infection.
Kee-Oh-Na-Wah’-Wah

What were the effects of European contact (as exploration, exploitation, and settlement) upon the indigenous Southern Caddoan-speaking groups who were living in Eastern Texas, Northwest Louisiana, Southwest Arkansas, and Eastern Oklahoma in 1540 when they initially encountered Europeans? To study this problem, one of the central themes of this book (see Wilson and Rogers, this volume), I would like to address the dual research questions: (a) What are the principal ways in which the culture of these Native Americans was affected and changed by European contact and (b) what have been the long-term consequences of the effects of continuing contact with Europeans to their traditional cultural lifeways? The goals of this study are to elucidate the processes of culture change among Caddoan groups since their initial encounter with Europeans in the mid-sixteenth century.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Normal and Abnormal Articular Cartilage and Synovium

The scanning electron microscope, because of its great depth of focus, high [See figure in the PDF file] degree of resolution, and ease of specimen preparation, is most adaptable to surface study of articular tissue. Our preliminary studies of normal and pathological articular cartilage and synovium, while limited, have revealed striking morphologic differences in these tissues and justifies further study by this method.
Razing Shantytowns and Raising New Villages: Urban Housing in the PRC, 1949-56

Although the historical and economic conditions in Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou varied greatly at the times they were liberated, all three cities went through periods of recovery and transition followed by larger-scale construction. The local governments in all three cities immediately began efforts to improve the living conditions of working class people through city planning and housing initiatives, whether it was cleaning up slums, constructing new worker’s dormitories, or surveying the population and repairing dangerous housing. While the extent to which each city received funding from the central government differed, it is clear that each city benefited significantly from improved city planning and improved housing conditions after liberation.
The Super-Iterated Extended Kalman Filter

The principle of the iterated extended Kalman filter has been generalized to create a new filter that has superior performance when the estimation problem contains severe nonlinearities. The new filter is useful when very reliable convergence is required or when nonlinearities might significantly degrade the accuracy of other filters. The super-iterated filter solves a nonlinear smoothing problem for the current and past sample intervals using iterative numerical techniques. The numerical iteration retains all of the nonlinearities of a fixed number of stages that precede the terminal stage of interest , and it processes information from earlier stages in an approximate manner. The filter uses the smoother solution that ends at a given sample time to construct the first guess of the smoother solution for the next sample time. This strategy tends to reduce the number of numerical iterations needed to solve each sample's smoothing problem. The algorithm has been simulation tested on a difficult spacecraft attitude estimation problem that includes sensing of fewer than 3 axes and significant dynamic model uncertainty. The filter compensates for this uncertainty via simultaneous estimation of moment -of-inertia parameters. The new filter exhibits markedly better convergence reliability and accuracy than an extended Kalman filter and an Unscented Kalman Filter for estimation problems that start with large initial attitude or attitude rate errors.
Intervals to blood feeding following emergence and oviposition in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Laboratory studies of Aedes triseriatus were conducted to determine the intervals from eclosion to initiation of blood feeding and from oviposition to renewed blood-feeding activity. A total of 196 females were given an opportunity to feed on suckling mice at 24-h intervals from emergence until either they took a blood meal or the experiment ended at day 39. The median time from emergence to blood feeding was 2.6 days (63 h). The median time from oviposition to a 2nd blood meal was estimated to be 1.6 days (38 h). When repeated with a younger group of females, the median time from oviposition to 2nd blood meal was estimated to be 19 h. The results indicate that newly emerged females of Ae. triseriatus are physiologically ready to blood feed several days before they are receptive to mating.
Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity and abundance on cranberry in southeastern Massachusetts

Diversity and abundance of bee pollinators foraging on cranberry in southeastern Massachusetts were studied from 1990 to 1992. Both collections and observations of bees were used to compare the effects of habitat, bog location and size, and year. Although there was a high diversity of native bee pollinators, the abundance of most was very low except for a few bumble bee species and honey bees. Nonapid bees were more abundant and diverse on abandoned and natural bogs than on cultivated bogs; bumble bees were similarly abundant and diverse in the three habitats; and honey bees were present in large numbers only on cultivated bogs where colonies had been placed. In 199.1, some sites had more bumble bees than honey bees even though colonies were present. Small, cultivated bogs tended to have more native bees than did large, cultivated bogs. Native bee populations seemed to be affected by weather and site attributes such as cropping history and surrounding vegetation. Bumble bees might be useful as managed pollinators of cranberry.
Static Micromixer–Coaxial Electrospray Synthesis of Theranostic Lipoplexes

Theranostic lipoplexes are an integrated nanotherapeutic system with diagnostic imaging capability and therapeutic functions. They hold great promise to improve current cancer treatments; however, producing uniform theranostic lipoplexes with multiple components in a reproducible manner is a highly challenging task. Conventional methods, such as bulk mixing, are not able to achieve this goal because of their macroscale and random nature. Here we report a novel technique, called the static micromixer–coaxial electrospray (MCE), to synthesize theranostic lipoplexes in a single step with high reproducibility. In this work, quantum dots (QD605) and Cy5-labeled antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (Cy5-G3139) were chosen as the model imaging reagent and therapeutic drug, respectively. Compared with bulk mixing, QD605/Cy5-G3139-loaded lipoplexes produced by MCE were highly uniform with polydispersity of 0.024 ± 0.006 and mean diameter by volume of 194 ± 15 nm. MCE also showed higher encapsulation efficiency of QD605...
Structure and Activation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase, the Nitric Oxide Sensor.

Abstract Significance: Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO) and is central to the physiology of blood pressure regulation, wound healing, memory formation, and other key physiological activities. sGC is increasingly implicated in disease and is targeted by novel therapeutic compounds. The protein displays a rich evolutionary history and a fascinating signal transduction mechanism, with NO binding to an N-terminal heme-containing domain, which activates the C-terminal cyclase domains. Recent Advances: Crystal structures of individual sGC domains or their bacterial homologues coupled with small-angle x-ray scattering, electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking, and Forster resonance energy transfer measurements are yielding insight into the overall structure for sGC, which is elongated and likely quite dynamic. Transient kinetic measurements reveal a role for individual domains in lowering NO affinity for heme. New sGC stimulatory drugs are now in the clini...
Abstract C28: Racial and ethnic disparities in mammography utilization among women with intellectual disabilities: An exploratory mixed methods approach

Background: Racial and ethnic disparities in mammography utilization among the general population persist to this day. Women with intellectual disabilities have much lower rates of mammography receipt compared to women without ID and are diagnosed with breast cancer at more advanced stages. Among women with ID, the diverse perceptions and experiences among different racial and ethnic groups surrounding mammography utilization are unknown. The purpose of this study is to conduct a mixed methods study to explore racial and ethnic differences in mammography utilization and experience among women with ID who are Black/African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White. Specific Aims: 1. Collect mammography medical records and demographic information from Black/African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women with ID to determine general trends in mammography utilization from 2010-2013. 2. Determine the barriers and facilitators contributing to mammography utilization among different racial and ethnic groups of this population via in-depth interviews. 3. Explore how culture may affect the social interactions that in turn may affect mammography utilization among this population. This approach is innovative as it combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to data collection among a priority population. The proposed research is significant because it will increase awareness on the different racial and ethnic perspectives regarding mammography utilization among women with ID. In the long-term, the results from this research may improve the delivery of appropriate healthcare to this population to achieve a reduction in mammography disparities. In addition, expected results from this research can be considered when planning breast cancer prevention interventions within this population and may be used to enhance the quality of healthcare for women with ID. This research is funded by AHRQ GRANT11714050. Preliminary findings are expected for November 2015. Citation Format: Evelyn Arana. Racial and ethnic disparities in mammography utilization among women with intellectual disabilities: An exploratory mixed methods approach. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C28.
Actions of Two Bi-Articular Muscles of the Lower Extremity: A Review.

The extremities of the human body contain several bi-articular muscles. The actions produced by muscles at the joints they cross are greatly influenced by joint moment arms and muscle length. These factors are dynamic and subject to change as joint angles are altered. Therefore, to more completely understand the actions of such muscles, the angles of both joints must be manipulated. This report reviews investigations, which have explored the actions of two bi-articular muscles of the lower extremities (gastrocnemius and rectus femoris) as the joints they cross are moved into various combinations of angles. The findings have both clinical and physical performance ramifications. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(7):489-494 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2478w
Cicero’s Res Publica

Of the Roman exempla taken as pseudonyms during the Constitution’s preparation and ratification debates,1 Marcus Tullius Cicero was most useful to America’s constitution-makers, because he had written in detail about the specific requirements of republican government2 Unfortunately, Cicero’s famous work De Re Publica was lost, but fragments of it survived. John Adams quoted them at length in the introduction to his Defence of the American Constitutions, 3 noting that as ‘all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united in the same character [than Cicero], his authority should have great weight’.4
Object proposal with kernelized partial ranking

Abstract Object proposals are an ensemble of bounding boxes with high potential to contain objects. In order to determine a small set of proposals with a high recall, a common scheme is extracting multiple features followed by a ranking algorithm which however, incurs two major challenges: 1) The ranking model often imposes pairwise constraints between each proposal, rendering the problem away from an efficient training/testing phase; 2) Linear kernels are utilized due to the computational and memory bottleneck of training a kernelized model. In this paper, we remedy these two issues by suggesting a kernelized partial ranking model. In particular, we demonstrate that i) our partial ranking model reduces the number of constraints from O(n2) to O(nk) where n is the number of all potential proposals for an image but we are only interested in top-k of them that has the largest overlap with the ground truth; ii) we permit non-linear kernels in our model which is often superior to the linear classifier in terms of accuracy. For the sake of mitigating the computational and memory issues, we introduce a consistent weighted sampling (CWS) paradigm that approximates the non-linear kernel as well as facilitates an efficient learning. In fact, as we will show, training a linear CWS model amounts to learning a kernelized model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that equipped with the non-linear kernel and the partial ranking algorithm, recall at top-k proposals can be substantially improved.
Review of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2

Prostate MRI has been a hot topic in recent years in large part due to the high incidence of prostate cancer worldwide. Advances in technology have allowed multiparametric MRI to improve lesion detection and characterization in prostate imaging. Additionally, prostate MRI has shown great promise in the detection of clinically significant cancer. In 2012, the European Society of Urogenital Radiology established clinical guidelines for multiparametric MRI of the prostate to facilitate a greater level of standardization and consistency, which became known as the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS). Subsequently, the American College of Radiology, European Society of Urogenital Radiology and the AdMeTech Foundation jointly created PI-RADS version 2. This article focuses on summarizing the key points of PI-RADS version 2.
Temporal and spatial intermittencies within channel flow turbulence near transition

Spatiotemporal intermittency in transitional channel flow turbulence in an extended domain is related to temporal intermittency in the minimal channel. Near-wall flow structures and mean profiles in regions of low drag closely resemble those found in low drag temporal intervals in the minimal channel.
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and Prolonged Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus

A case of a 35-year-old woman with a 3 week history of headaches, short-term memory loss, and psychosis, diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and ovarian tumor, is reported from the University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, and University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia.
Association of maternal gestational weight gain with their offspring’s anthropometric outcomes at late infancy and 6 years old: mediating roles of birth weight and breastfeeding duration

Longitudinal studies examining the potential mediating roles of birth weight and breastfeeding duration on the pathways between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring anthropometric outcomes are lacking. We analyzed data from the mother–child pairs in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II) in late infancy (n=1548) and at the Year 6 Follow-up (n=1514) Study. Child anthropometrics included age- and sex-specific Z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height /length for age, weight for height/length and body mass index (BMIZ). Structural equation models were used to estimate the total, direct and indirect effects of GWG on child anthropometrics through birth weight and breastfeeding duration. The total effect of GWG on offspring anthropometric outcomes was significant for WAZ (β=0.107, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.052, 0.161) at late infancy and for WAZ (β=0.122, 95% CI: 0.066, 0.177) and BMIZ (β=0.120, 95% CI: 0.063, 0.178) at 6 years old. The direct effects of GWG on offspring’s WAZ and BMIZ were observed only at 6 years old. The indirect effects of GWG through birth weight were significant on most of the offspring’s anthropometric measures. Compared to breastfeeding duration, birth weight was a stronger mediator on the pathways between GWG and all proposed anthropometric measures both in late infancy and in early childhood. Longer duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with all offspring anthropometric outcomes at late infancy but not with those outcomes at 6 years old. Our findings suggest a stronger indirect rather than direct effect of GWG on children’s anthropometric outcomes mainly through birth weight, independent of maternal sociodemographic and reproductive factors. Longer duration of breastfeeding might suppress the positive relationship between GWG, birth weight and anthropometric outcomes in late infancy but not among 6 years old.
Aspectual coercion: Interpretations of V-le in Mandarin Chinese

Dynamic verbs followed by the perfective aspect morpheme -le (V-le) in Chinese typically designate bounded events but can also encode states. This article proposes that the eventive designations are at the basic level and the stative interpretations are at the derived level through aspectual coercion. The categorical shifts from the former to the latter may be brought about by a number of factors, which include sentences with nonagent subject/topic, general stative sentences, and certain adverbs. These factors introduce aspectual properties incompatible with V-le's basic-level eventive interpretation. They trigger a coercion procedure to reconcile the incompatibilities, leading to aspectual reinterpretations. These findings are discussed in light of the principle of external override and the analytic nature of the Chinese language.
Comparison of Transcriptomic Platforms for Analysis of Whole Blood from Ebola-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious illness with mortality rates of 20–90% in various outbreaks. EVD is characterized by robust virus replication and strong host inflammatory response. Analyzing host immune responses has increasingly involved multimodal approaches including transcriptomics to profile gene expression. We studied cynomolgus macaques exposed to Ebola virus Makona via different routes with the intent of comparing RNA-Seq to a NanoString nCounter codeset targeting 769 non-human primate (NHP) genes. RNA-Seq analysis of serial blood samples showed different routes led to the same overall transcriptional response seen in previously reported EBOV-exposed NHP studies. Both platforms displayed a strong correlation in gene expression patterns, including a strong induction of innate immune response genes at early times post-exposure, and neutrophil-associated genes at later time points. A 41-gene classifier was tested in both platforms for ability to cluster samples by infection status. Both NanoString and RNA-Seq could be used to predict relative abundances of circulating immune cell populations that matched traditional hematology. This demonstrates the complementarity of RNA-Seq and NanoString. Moreover, the development of an NHP-specific NanoString codeset should augment studies of filoviruses and other high containment infectious diseases without the infrastructure requirements of RNA-Seq technology.
Nitro-oleic Acid Protects Mice from Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance without the Adverse Side Effects of Thiazolidinediones

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to obesity and insulin resistance and is the most prevalent chronic liver disease. During the development of obesity and NAFLD, mitochondria adapt to the increased lipid load in hepatocytes by increasing the rate of fatty acid oxidation. In concert with this, reactive species (RS) generation is increased, damaging hepatocytes and inducing inflammation. Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is central to the pathogenesis of NAFLD via undefined mechanisms. There are no FDA approved treatments for NAFLD other than weight loss and management of glucose tolerance. Electrophilic nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) displays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant signaling actions, thus mitochondrial dysfunction, RS production and inflammatory responses to NO2-OA and the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone were evaluated in a murine model of insulin resistance and NAFLD. Mice on HFD (60% kcal from fat) for 20 weeks displayed increased adiposity, insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) compared to mice on normal chow (NC). The HFD mice had mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by lower hepatic mitochondrial complex I, IV and V activity compared to mice on NC. Treatment with NO2-OA or rosiglitazone for the last 6.5 weeks (out of 20) abrogated the HFD-mediated decrease in hepatic mitochondrial complex I, IV and V activity. Both NO2-OA and rosiglitazone restored glucose tolerance and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and markers of oxidative stress. Notably, NO2-OA normalized hepatic triglyceride levels and significantly reversed hepatic steatosis. Despite the improved glucose tolerance observed with rosiglitazone treatment, liver weight and hepatic triglycerides were significantly increased over vehicle-treated HFD mice. These observations support that the pleiotropic signaling actions of electrophilic fatty acids limit the complex pathogenic events instigated by obesity without the adverse effects of thiazolidinedione drugs such as rosiglitazone.
Razia's Question.

A medical student doing research in Pakistan relates her belief that it is the mission of medicine to preserve dignity in every human being. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Effects of endometrium on metabolismof arachidonic acid by bovine blastocysts in vitro

The effects of endometrium on metabolism of [3H]-arachidonic acid ([3H]-AA) by bovine blastocysts recovered on day 19 postmating were studied in vitro. Blastocysts (n = 12) and endometrial slices were assigned to four incubation groups. In group 1, blastocysts were incubated alone; group 2, endometrial slices were incubated alone; group 3, blastocysts were incubated with endometrial slices; group 4, blastocysts were incubated in 7.5 ml fresh incubation medium plus 7.5 ml frozen-thawed medium from endometrial incubations. In all groups, tissues were incubated in 15 ml modified minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 5 μCi of [3H]-AA and 200 μg radioinert arachidonic acid for 24 h at 37°C in an atmosphere of 50% N2:45% O2:5% CO2. For incubation controls, 5 μCi of [3H]-AA were added to 15 ml MEM and incubated at the same time as tissues from each cow. To evaluate metabolism of [3H]-AA, [3H]-AA and its metabolites were extracted from aliquots of MEM and separated on columns of Sephadex LH-20. Most (78.3 ± 3.2%) of the radioactivity (dpm) in the incubation controls was recovered as [3H]-AA, indicating that there was little breakdown of [3H]-AA in the absence of tissue. Blastocysts produced compounds that migrated with [3H]-13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α ([2H]-PGFM), [3H]-PGE2 and [3H]-PGF2α. Endometrial slices metabolized very little of the [3H]-AA. Data from groups 1 and 4 were combined (group 14) for analysis because the distribution of dpm did not differ between the two groups. In group 3, blastocysts and endometrial slices incubated together tended(P<.10) to produced more [3H]-PGE2 than did group 14, there tended to be less (P<.10)_[3H]-PGF2α, and there was more (P<.05) [3H]-PGFM than in group 14. Neither endometrial secretions nor endometrial slices altered the proportion of [3H]-AA metabolized by blastocysts. Endometrial slices appear capable of metabolizing [3H]-PGF2α synthesized by blastocysts, and capable of directing blastocyst metabolism of [3H]-AA away from synthesis of [3H]-PGF2α and toward synthesis of [3H]-PGE2. It is postulated that the endometrium has an important role in regulating the amounts and ratios of prostaglandins in th uterine lumen during early prenancy in cows.
The Abstinence Violation Effect Following Smoking Lapses and Temptations

We evaluated abstinence violation effects (AVEs) (a constellation of negative reactions to a lapse) following an initial lapse to smoking in 105 recent lapsers, and in temptation episodes from these lapsers and from 35 maintainers. Participants used palm-top computers to record AVE data within minutes of the episode, thus avoiding retrospective bias. Lapses resulted in increased negative affect and decreased self-efficacy; participants also felt guilty and discouraged. Lapsers who attributed their lapse to more controllable causes felt worse and more guilty; attributions did not otherwise moderate affective or efficacy reactions. AVE intensity was unrelated to amount smoked, length of abstinence, or performance of immediate or restorative coping. Temptations neither provoked an AVE nor enhanced self-efficacy in either lapsers or maintainers. Maintainers' reactions to temptations were nearly identical to lapsers', except that maintainers felt worse. The data demonstrate the reality of AVE reactions, but do not support hypotheses about their structure or determinants.
Innovative Reading Strategies for the Deaf

(1978). Innovative Reading Strategies for the Deaf. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 11, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the WCRA. Learning Assistance: Charting Our Course, pp. 71-76.
Influence of leaf age on responsiveness of Potamogeton nodosus to ABA-induced heterophylly

The heterophyllous aquatic angiosperm, Potamogeton nodosus, produces morphologically distinct leaves above and beneath the surface of the water. Application of abscisic acid induced entirely submerged plants to produce leaves normally formed at the water surface. A 1 µM application of abscisic acid for 4 h was effective in inducing these developmental changes. There was a “window of responsiveness” to ABA in that changes in leaf morphology were evident within 2 to 3 days after the treatment and continued for only 4 to 5 days. In addition, only leaves that emerged subsequent to the ABA application developed stomata. This pattern was repeated consistently in plants of different age indicating that leaf age and not plant age was the determining factor in this response to ABA.
THE ENERGY LEVEL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIVALENT LANTHANIDE

Abstract The energy levels and optical properties of trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3 + ) in the cubic Cs 2 NaLnCl 6 and CS 2 NaYCl 6 : Ln 3+ systems are analyzed and discussed. Free-ion and crystal-field parameters are derived for the 4f N energy levels in these systems, and the crystal-field parameters are analyzed in terms of the superposition model of lanthanide-ligand interactions. The 4f-4f spectroscopic intensities observed for these systems are analyzed and discussed in terms of magnetic-dipole origin (no-phonon) transitions and electric-dipole (one-phonon) vibronic transitions. Comparisons of CS 2 NaLnCl 6 optical properties across the lanthanide series are presented and discussed.
Research of Mobile Robot Control System Based on SSVEP Brain Computer Interaction

Brain-computer Interface is a new technology to communicate with the outside world without dependence on the peripheral nerves and muscle tissues. It has provided a brand-new interaction way for those suffering from neuromuscular diseases. Using the brain-computer interaction method based on steady state visual evoked potential, 3 instructions are designed to control the robot's motion. In this paper, band-pass filters and independent component analysis are used for artifacts reduction, the power spectral density of the signals is extracted with sliding windows to train the neural network classifier. The experimental results show that the system can complete various experimental tasks with high control precision.
Action-rules, Re-classification of Objects and E-commerce

Consumers use electronic commerce to purchase a variety of goods and services online, including books, flowers, cars, food, banking, music and other forms of entertainment. Businesses also use these models to improve internal communication, help manage supply chains, conduct technical and market research, and locate potential customers and business partners. The U.S. Census Bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce Web site (http://www.census.gov) is an example of an organization using many of these electronic commerce business models. Clearly, consumers decision to purchase some services or goods online is often dependent on satisfaction of previous buyers or features which for a current buyer are essential but they are not listed in the electronic commerce business model the customer wants to use. We claim that the query answering system for DKS proposed in [5] jointly with action rules proposed in [3] and extended in this paper to distributed agents framework can be effectively used to address this problem.
The value of online adaptive search: a performance comparison of NSGAII, ε-NSGAII and εMOEA

This paper demonstrates how adaptive population-sizing and epsilon-dominance archiving can be combined with the Nondominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGAII) to enhance the algorithm's efficiency, reliability, and ease-of-use. Four versions of the enhanced Epsilon Dominance NSGA-II (e-NSGAII) are tested on a standard suite of evolutionary multiobjective optimization test problems. Comparative results for the four variants of the (e-NSGAII demonstrate that adapting population size based on online changes in the epsilon dominance archive size can enhance performance. The best performing version of the (e-NSGAII is also compared to the original NSGAII and the (eMOEA on the same suite of test problems. The performance of each algorithm is measured using three running performance metrics, two of which have been previously published, and one new metric proposed by the authors. Results of the study indicate that the new version of the NSGAII proposed in this paper demonstrates improved performance on the majority of two-objective test problems studied.
Cooperative effects in drug-DNA interactions.

There have been several recent reviews on the interactions of drugs with DNA and the potential biological importance of these interactions [l–7].The structure of DNA has also been extensively discussed in a recent Cold Spring Harbor Symposium [8] and an excellent book has recently been published which summarizes our current knowledge of DNA structure [8a]. An area of growing interest and research investigation is the importance of cooperative binding of drug molecules to DNA and the influence of the cooperative effects on the biological activity of the drug molecules. The recent expansion in our knowledge of DNA and chromatin structure [8, 8a] as well as the development of theoretical models for treating cooperative and allosteric effects in drug-DNA models [9, 10] has been essential in initial efforts to develop an understanding of cooperativity in drug interactions. In this review the current state of our understanding of cooperative effects in drug-DNA interactions, the importance of drug and DNA structure to the cooperativity, and possible biological implications of the cooperative interactions will be presented.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Abstract: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVR) is a rare lesion with the pulmonary veins commonly connecting to a venous confluence that ultimately drains to the desaturated atrial chamber. Long-term medical management results in poor survival, making surgical intervention necessary. Correction during the newborn period is associated with low mortality and excellent mid-term outcomes. Diagnostic advances now provide better visualization of these defects than ever before, allowing accurate and detailed preoperative definition of the anomalous anatomy and physiology. Infants who present with obstruction in the immediate neonatal period require emergent operation and often face a difficult postoperative course, but long-term survival has significantly improved. Surgical repair for infants with less severe cases can be performed electively, but there is evidence to suggest that early repair may result in improved postoperative outcomes. Recurrent pulmonary venous stenosis is a vexing common postoperative morbidity, occurring in up to 25% of TAPVR patients. There are multiple surgical techniques in use to decrease these morbidities, though controversy regarding the optimal method persists. Overall, surgical outcomes for TAPVR have greatly improved, and patients with this condition appear to enjoy excellent long-term functional status today.
CsCdInQ3 (Q: Se, Te): New Photoconductive Compounds as Potential Materials for Hard Radiation Detection.

CsCdInSe3 (I) and CsCdInTe3 (II) are prepared by reaction of In, Cs2Se3 or Cs2Te3, Cd, and Se or Te in a molar ratio of 2:1:2:3 ((I): 1.
Glutaminase (GLS) expression in primary breast cancer (BC): Correlations with clinical and tumor characteristics.

558Background: Tumor cells rely on glutamine for growth. GLS is a mitochondrial enzyme that is necessary for glutamine catabolism, and is present as isoforms GLS1 and GLS2. A GLS1 inhibitor is bein...
ARTICLES ADEQUACY OF NOTICE OF RULEMAKING UNDER THE FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE ACT-WHEN SHOULD A SECOND ROUND OF NOTICE AND COMMENT BE PROVIDED?

This article discusses when a federal administrative agency should provide a second round of notice of comment under section 553 of the APA prior to the agency's adoption of a final rule which differs from the proposed rule published in the NOPR and which was subject to a public comment period. Agencies should be encouraged to be responsive to public comments and to modify their proposed rules in response to concerns and suggestions offered during public comment without fearing that they will need a second round of notice and comment. Two approaches that have been followed by courts when dealing with this issue -- the logical outgrowth test and the harmless error approach. This article analyzes both approaches, and supports a modified logical outgrowth test which is slightly different than the one followed in most opinions. Concern is expressed that some court opinions have been too lenient in their application of the logical outgrowth test.
Pay for Performance… But Not Too Much Pay: The American Public's View of CEO Pay

Among the controversies in corporate governance, perhaps none is more heated or widely debated across society than that of CEO pay. The views that American citizens have on CEO pay is centrally important because public opinion influences political decisions that shape tax, economic, and regulatory policy, and ultimately determine the standard of living of average Americans. This Closer Look reviews survey data of the American public to understand their views on compensation. We ask: • How can society’s understanding of pay and value creation be improved and the controversy over CEO pay resolved? • How should the level of CEO pay rise with complexity and profitability, particularly among America’s largest corporations? • Should pay be reformed in the boardroom, or should high pay be addressed solely through the tax code? • Are negative views of CEO pay driven by broad skepticism and lack of esteem for CEOs? Or do high pay levels themselves contribute to low regard for CEOs?
Abstract 112: Genetic Deletion of Endothelial microRNA-15a/16-1 Promotes Cerebral Angiogenesis and Neurological Recovery in Ischemic Stroke Through Src Signaling Pathway

Introduction: Cerebral angiogenesis is tightly controlled by certain microRNAs (miRs), such as the miR-15a/16-1 cluster, among others. Recently, we demonstrated that endothelium-targeted deletion o...
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS AND MULTI-VALVULAR DISEASE FROM WHIPPLE’S DISEASE

Whipple's disease is a rare infection by Tropheryma whipplei that can cause long-lasting cardiac complications, even after antibiotic treatment, with difficult diagnosis and treatment options. A 62 year-old man with dyspnea on exertion, seronegative arthritis, and atrial arrhythmias with a
32-Channel Digitizer for a Moored Hydrophone Array for Low-to-Mid Frequency Shallow-Water Acoustics Experiments

Abstract : The long-term goal is the acquisition of an in situ, 32-channel digitizer capable of sampling at a rate of 8kHz, with a maximum depth rating of 1 km and data storage capacity sufficient to support continuous recording for a 10-day deployment. This system, when coupled to an existing, 32-channel hydrophone array owned by the Naval Postgraduate School, will enable future research efforts to investigate three-dimensional effects on sound propagation caused by a sharp front, large amplitude internal waves, and significant bathymetric changes, which are common environmental features in a shelf-slope environment. The procurement of the proposed 32-channel digitizer will help to fill the data and knowledge gaps that exist in the shallow-water acoustics research community. The first deployment will be in the next multi-institutional shallow-water acoustics experiment that is targeted for the FY14 timeframe. This project will obtain an underwater digitizer system for an existing 32-element, 155m aperture hydrophone array. The combined digitizer and array system will enable the measurement of the horizontal or vertical properties (depending on the moored orientation) of the low-to-mid frequency (500 3,000 Hz) shallow-water sound field. This electronics system will be capable of: 8kHz continuous sampling over a 10-day period; an Analog-to-Digital converter resolution of 16-bits; a correctable clock stability of 1 ms over the deployment; and a 1km maximum operating depth.