cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEC regulation of corporate 10K filing dates : the effect of earnings management and market recognition

SEC REGULATION OF CORPORATE 10K FILING DATES: THE EFFECT ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND MARKET RECOGNITION Robert W. Russ, CPA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Director: Dr. Ruth W. Epps Professor and Chairman Department of Accounting In November 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission released a final ruling regarding a filing requirement change. The proposed requirement change was for domestic companies to file annual and quarterly reports within 60 and 30 days, respectfully. This requirement was recommended for companies with a market value of at least $75 million and would reduce by 30 days the time allowed to file these reports. The Wall Street Journal article announcing this proposal stated the change was an effort to address some of the problems arising from accounting scandals such as the Enron scandal of 2001. A potential added benefit of the SEC rule change might be a reduction in earnings management. The purpose of this study is two fold. The first part is to test the theory that earnings management takes time. The second purpose is to examine the question of market recognition of earnings management. Sloan (1996) and other researchers report that the market does not recognize earnings management in the long term. Xie's (2001) results suggest that the market over prices earnings management. Balsam et al. (2002) found the market reacted negatively to abnormal accruals. The current research study uses a larger sample including firms not suspected of earnings management and fails to confirm the Balsam et al. result. The findings of the current study suggest that the results of the Balsam et al. study are either the result of the data selection process used in that study or the data selection process used by Balsam et al. controlled for other market fluctuations not included in the current study. The results of this study suggest a positive relationship between earnings management and the time to file annual reports. This finding supports for the theory that moving earnings fiom a future period to the current period requires time. Thus, the SEC rule change to reduce the time to file annual reports sliould reduce a company's ability to manipulate earnings. CHAPTER
Social Support and Mental Health

This chapter discusses the major psychological perspectives on mental illness. In terms of the biopsychosocial model, the unique contribution of psychology lies in its attention to the intra individual mechanisms that produce abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Although there are a number of popular psychological models of abnormality, the chapter focuses on four: the psychoanalytic, cognitive behavioral, humanistic-existential-phenomenological, and the family systems approaches. Many psychodynamic theorists today are particularly interested in the mental representations that people have of themselves and others. Several theories of schizophrenia, propose that the disorder is most likely to occur in families in which messages are consistently disguised, contradictory, or accompanied by strong criticism. In family therapy, the therapist attempts to establish a healthy equilibrium within the family. Studies show that this kind of therapy is often effective for reducing conflicts and resolving specific problems such as bulimia.
He Said/She Said: Tracking Gender Differences in Online Academic Discussions

Researchers have widely documented behavioral differences between men and women in the classroom, and scholars have recently begun to probe how gender differences might also surface in online behavior and in learning outcomes. This paper tests whether and how the impersonal and asynchronous nature of open discussion threads in an online, academic website conditions students’ online "posting" activity, as well as their self-reported learning experiences. Drawing on data generated by more than 700 undergraduate students who participated in discussion-based, academic websites implemented across four semesters, I analyze survey data, as well as a sample of original posts (n=715) and students' replies to their peers (n=460), measuring features such as the length, depth, frequency, and nature of posts to determine how the online environment may (or may not) elicit different behavioral patterns among men and women.
Trends in the incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica over a 30 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine time trends in the incidence and survival of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) over a 30 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. METHODS: Using the unified medical record linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, we identified all incident cases of PMR among residents of Olmsted County, MN, between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1999. Incidence rates were estimated and age- and sex-adjusted to the 1990 US white population. The annual incidence rates were graphically illustrated using a 3 year centered moving average. A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate predictors of PMR incidence. Survival rates were computed and compared with the expected rates in the population. RESULTS: There were 378 incident cases of PMR during the 30 year study period. Of these 66.6% were female and the mean age at incidence was 72.8 years. The overall age and sex adjusted annual incidence of PMR per 100,000 population aged > or = 50 years was 58.7 (95% CI 52.8,64.7). Incidence rates increased with age in both sexes, but in women, unlike in men, incidence fell after age 80. The incidence rates varied over the period of observation, but no significant trends over time were found. In the multivariable analysis, sex (p = 0.023), age (p
Parody as Brand

Courts have struggled with the evaluation of parody under trademark law. While many trademark courts have protected parodies, there are a surprising number of cases that hold obvious parodies illegal. The problem is particularly severe with respect to parodies that are used to brand products, a growing category. The doctrinal tools that generally protect expressive parodies often don't apply to brand parodies. Our goal in this paper is to think about what circumstances (if any) should lead courts to find parody illegal. We conclude that, despite courts’ increasing attention to speech interests in recent years, the law’s treatment of parody reflects too much uncertainty, leaving would-be parodists vulnerable to threats of legal action by trademark holders. In particular, given the flexibility of likelihood of confusion analysis, parodists’ fate is usually determined by the subjective judgment of courts, whose treatment of parody often seems to turn on instinct rather than trademark principles. We suggest some doctrinal tools that offer greater predictability and quicker resolution of parody cases, while avoiding some of the shortcomings of more traditional infringement analysis.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy performed in a patient with severe thrombocytopenia due to primary myelofibrosis.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to open radical prostatectomy (ORP) for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. In comparison to the open procedure, there is significantly less intraoperative blood loss during RALP. This benefit has allowed RALP to become a feasible option for patients who would be poor candidates for ORP, including those patients with intrinsic hematological disorders. In this case study, we report a successfully performed RALP in a patient with severe thrombocytopenia in the presence of primary myelofibrosis.
How effectively does a clinostat mimic the ultrastructural effects of microgravity on plant cells

Columella cells of seedlings of Zea mays L. cv. Bear Hybrid grown in the microgravity of orbital flight allocate significantly larger relative-volumes to hyaloplasm and lipid bodies, and significantly smaller relative-volumes to dictyosomes, plastids, and starch than do columella cells of seedlings grown at 1 g. The ultrastructure of columella cells of seedlings grown at 1 g and on a rotating clinostat is not significantly different. However, the ultrastructure of cells exposed to these treatments differs significantly from that of seedlings grown in microgravity. These results indicate that the actions of a rotating clinostat do not mimic the ultrastructural effects of microgravity in columella cells of Z. mays.
Grief and the sexual relationship of couples who have experienced a child's death.

In an interview study of the sexual relationship of bereaved parents, 16 of 24 heterosexual couples interviewed after the death of a child reported a break or decline in sexual intercourse. Consist...
The association of Herpes simplex virus and cervical cancer: A review

Abstract Authors using diverse experimental techniques have presented evidence to suggest that there may be an etiologic relationship between HSV-2 and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A score of separate studies from different parts of the world have demonstrated that women with cancer or its precursors are more likely to have antibody activity directed against the virus than are controls. Follow-up data from patients with confirmed Herpes infection indicate that these women develop serious anaplastic changes at a higher rate than the general population. Other data have linked Herpes infection to animal and other human tumors, and experimental work has resulted in the isolation of a virus specific protein antigen reactive with high specificity against antisera from carcinoma patients. The isolation of Herpes DNA and RNA in a human tumor is further suggestive that the virus may have been responsible for the induction of neoplasia.
Toward real time image to mesh conversion for non rigid registration

In image guided neurosurgery, Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) obtained before the procedure (pre-operative) provide extensive information which can help surgeons to plan a resection path. Current practices of neurosurgical resection involve the opening of the scull and the dura. This results in a deformation of the brain (known as the brain shift problem) which creates discrepancies between the pre-operative imaging data and the reality during the operation. A correction is possible using non-rigid registration of intra-operative MRI with pre-operative data. In this project, we target Finite Element (FE) based approaches for non-rigid registration [1, 2]. Real-time Image-to-Mesh (I2M) conversion is a critical component for FE-based non-rigid registration of brain images(Figure 1). I2M conversion should address three issues that affect the speed of registration: • Fidelity: how well the mesh boundary resembles the image boundary • Quality: how small the dihedral angles of the mesh elements are • Size: number of elements Previous work of our team [2] has shown that low fidelity and quality decrease the speed of solver convergence. Also, the size of the output mesh affects the speed of both mesh creation and solver completion. We propose a new three dimensional I2M conversion algorithm based on Generalized Delaunay Refinement (GDR) techniques introduced by our team [3]. The motivation for our current work is that most existing algorithms either do not offer guarantees on fidelity and quality or produce meshes with high number of elements [4, 5]. Our algorithm, on the contrary, lets users define the fidelity they desire and produces a mesh with guaranteed quality. Our algorithm does not require an initial triangulated surface: it recovers the image boundary while maintaining good quality at the same time. Most importantly, the desired fidelity do not impact the quality of the final mesh: our algorithm, for the given fidelity criteria, guarantees the best possible quality. We measure fidelity as the symmetric (2-sided) Hausdorff distance. Users are able to define an upper bound for this distance which can be arbitrarily close to zero (a zero upper bound means that the mesh boundary perfectly recovers the image boundary). We measure the quality ρ of an element (tetrahedron) as its circumradius-to-shortest edge ratio. Our algorithm guarantees that the ratio for every element will be smaller than 1, which implies that all planar angles will be more than 30 degrees. This guarantee removes most of the small dihedral angles from the mesh. Unfortunately, slivers may survive. A sliver is a tetrahedron with good quality, but very small dihedral angles (Figure 2). Every time a Delaunay refinement procedure removes a sliver, it may introduce very short edges, thus compromising termination. We are eliminating slivers by employing an amortization technique: we “buy” short edges when we split a sliver, but we “pay” back later stopping in this way the creation of even smaller edges.
Respiratory response of guinea pigs to ozone alone and with sulfur dioxide

This study was designed to utilize our guinea pig bioassay method for irritant response to address the question of whether or not ozone and sulfur dioxide appeared to react to form sulfuric acid in the respiratory tract. Animals were exposed to 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm of each gas alone and to the combination at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 ppm. In these experiments sulfur dioxide alone produced no statistically significant alterations in respiration. All concentrations of ozone produced an increase in respiratory frequency. At the two higher concentrations the increase in frequency was accompanied by a decrease in compliance. The response to the combinations was the same as the response to those levels of ozone alone. No sulfuric acid was detected in the chamber atmosphere. The biological data suggest that none was formed in the lung.
A toolkit for the cell's powerhouse

Research on mitochondria will benefit from a new compendium of genetic and physiological data.
Design and synthesis of 1-aryl-5-anilinoindazoles as c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors

Starting from pyrazole HTS hit (1), a series of 1-aryl-1H-indazoles have been synthesized as JNK3 inhibitors with moderate selectivity against JNK1. SAR studies led to the synthesis of 5r as double digital nanomolar JNK3 inhibitor with good in vivo exposure.
Different antiviral spectra of human macrophage interferon activities

The antiviral activity of α-interferon (IFN-α) produced by human leukocytes in response to viral infection has been considered to be independent of the virus which induced its production. Recently, however, IFN-α has been found to include at least eight different subtypes, as indicated by measurement of antigenic variability, DNA hybridization and amino acid sequencing1–3. We considered the possibility that interferon heterogeneity may play a part in enhancing host antiviral defence and now present data suggesting that purified human macrophages, when exposed to different viruses, produce interferons having differing spectra of antiviral activity. These findings may provide a functional correlation for IFN-α heterogeneity.
Interband transitions from the photoreflectance of GaSb/AlSb multiple quantum wells

Abstract We have measured the photoreflectance spectra at 77K of two GaSb/AlSb multiple quantum wells. Excellent quantitative agreement has been obtained between the experimental data and a theoretical calculation of inter-subband energies at Λ (GaSb). This agreement extends over the entire energy range where the hole states are confined and the electron states are below the X conduction band minimum of AlSb. This has made it possible to determine a conduction band offset parameter of 0.85 ± 0.08 (before strain) and the strain distribution. Deviations from the agreement beyond this energy range provide evidence for the mixing of the Λ-X states.
Cenozoic oceanic sedimentation rates: How good are the data?

Abstract The distribution of core material gathered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is compared with known data concerning the distribution of the floors of the oceans with respect to latitude, water depth, physiographic province and age. Also patterns of sedimentation in Middle Miocene, Early Oligocene and Middle Eocene times, plotted on paleogeographic reconstructions, are shown to be readily interpretable in terms of our present understanding of the factors controlling oceanic sedimentation. The general conclusion is the DSDP core material is representative of the geologic record of the ocean floor but that considerable care must be exercised in any quantitative interpretation of the drilling results.
High temperature plastic deformation of two V-Ga alloys with A15 structure

A study of high temperature plastic deformation has been undertaken on alloys of V-18 at. pct Ga and V-23 at. pct Ga. The materials were prepared by arc melting, homogenizing, and transformation annealing, resulting in polycrystalline A15 structure. Through compression testing and load-relaxation testing, plastic deformation has been studied over a strain rate range from 10-6 to 10-2/s and a temperature range from 1000 to 1300 °C. Flow stress decreases with increased temperature and decreased strain rate. Stress-strain rate relations may be fitted with a power law creep expression. The flow stress is influenced by the length of the 1150 °C transformation anneal; longer anneals result in a decrease in flow stresses projected from load relaxation testing. Analysis of compressive yield strength data places the activation energy for A15 V-Ga creep roughly in the 400 kJ/mol range.
Structural and functional consequences of subunit interactions in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Summary A variety of species of GPDH undergo acylation at two of the four active cystein sites per mole of tetrameric enzyme. This reaction requires tightly bound NAD + , a situation restricted to two of the four NAD sites per tetramer. S → N acyl transfer from cysteins to lysine in the diacyl enzyme yields an inactive enzyme. The thiol ester bond of acyl enzyme is activated by NAD + and NADH for the group transfer and reduction reactions, respectively. In furyl acryloyl-GPDH this activation is accompanied by large acyl-spectral shifts, a « blue shiftwith NADH and a « red shiftwith NAD + . The group transfer reaction as well as spectral shifts show biphasic kinetics. The amplitude of the fast phase of NAD + -induced spectral change in apo -enzyme is equal to that of the fast phase in phosphorolysis (or arsenolysis) at low [NAD + ]. The kinetic pattern of spectral shifts by NAD + and NADH are complementary ; the amplitude of the fast phase in one is equal to that of the slow phase in the other. It has been proposed that the acyl enzyme exists in two conformational states. The relative proportion of these states varies with the extent of covalent (acyl group) or non-covalent (NAD + or NADH) ligation in a manner consistent with the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux. These conclusions apply equally to the true substrate acyl enzyme. With 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, a tetra-acylated enzyme is obtained. Two of these four acyl groups react very much faster than the remaining two. A comparison of their specific rates with the steady state turnover numbers indicates that only the less reactive two acyl groups govern the turnover number of the enzyme.
Agrammatic comprehension of relative clauses.

Abstract Four hypotheses that attempt to account for the comprehension deficit in agrammatism are put to an empirical test. The interest in them is in that they all view the deficit as highly selective. The first, proposed by D. Caplan and C. Futter (1986, Brain and Language, 27, 117–134) , argues that agrammatic patients cannot carry out normal syntactic analysis beyond the category label of each incoming lexical item and are reduced to the use of a cognitive strategy that commends assignment of thematic roles to noun phrases merely by their linear position in the string. A second, less radical hypothesis ( Y. Grodzinsky, 1986a, Brain and Language, 27, 135–159) , accounts for the deficit differently, by deleting a particular kind of syntactic object (trace) from the otherwise normal representation, and augmenting the resulting, underspecified representation by a strategy, whose use is quite restricted. A third account that is tested contends that agrammatic aphasics fail to comprehend perceptually complex constructions, where the metric for complexity is determined by results obtained from comprehension tests of normal listeners. The fourth account ( M. F. Schwartz, M. C. Linebarger, E. M. Saffran, and D. S. Pate, 1987, Language and Cognitive Processes, 2, 85–113) argues that the thematic transparency of a construction (whether or not thematic roles are assigned directly to positions) is the best predictor of the manner by which agrammatics can handle it. An empirical test is thus constructed, both to extend the evidential basis concerning the comprehension skills of these patients and to distinguish between the accounts. Four types of relative clauses are presented to the patients, where embedding type (center vs. right) is one variable, and location of gap (subject vs. object position) is the other. The patients are tested in a sentence-picture matching paradigm. The finding, that is rather robust, is that gap location is the best predictor of agrammatic performance: the patients perform well above chance on both types of subject gap relatives, and at chance levels on object gaps. It is then shown that the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis (Grodzinsky, 1986a) is the only one among the accounts considered that is compatible with these data.
Pregnancy in cactus mice: effects of prolonged copulation

The postejaculatory copulations of cactus mice are demonstrated to function in facilitating neuroendocrine responses necessary for pregnancy. Whereas estrous cycles were altered after just 10 percent of the tests terminated after one ejaculatory series, females became either pregnant or pseudopregnant after 80 percent of tests continued at least to sexual satiety (30 minutes with no copulations).
Multidetector hemispherical polarized optical scattering instrument

A multidetector optical scattering instrument is described and characterized. The instrument has twenty-eight detectors surrounding and substantially covering the scattering hemisphere. Each detector contains a polarizer so that each is only sensitive to p-polarized scattered light. The polarization of the incident light is linear and can be rotated into any angle. With this instrument, polarized light scattering measurements can be performed in multiple directions at once. The utility of this instrument is demonstrated by measuring the light scattered from a microrough silicon sample and silicon surfaces containing different sizes of polystyrene latex spheres. The results are compared to the predictions of theoretical calculations. It is shown that the distribution of polarization parameters for each of the different sizes of spheres and for microroughness are different. It is expected that designs similar to the one presented here will allow for improved on-line characterization of defects on smooth surfaces.
Composite and elementary quarks and leptons

Abstract A novel resolution of the generation puzzle is proposed in which one of the generations is elementary and the other two are composite. The model, based on the group SO(10)×SO(10), is a generalization of the usual SO(10) grand unified theory. In order to understand the dynamics of the full model, a prototype model based on a single SO(10) group is introduced and analyzed in the Higgs and confining phases. The compositeness scale is estimated to be about 10 10 GeV.
Preparation of very high specific activity [3H]-methyl acetimidate for protein labeling

Abstract A system is described for carrying out the complete reaction, including opening of the high specific activity [3H] acetonitrile, in an all-glass train completely isolated from the atmosphere. In addition, the distillation of each of the reagents into the reaction vessel constitutes an extra purification step for each of the reactants.
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and morphological variation in the western North American range of Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Saxifragaceae).

The herbaceous perennial Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Lund ex Malmgr.) Th. Fr. (Saxifragaceae) is a self-pollinating, circumpolar species with a broad latitudinal distribution and a disjunct North American range. The southernmost populations are isolated in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Montana, distantly separated from elements of the main range, which is largely coincident with known glacial refugia (e.g., Beringia) and recently deglaciated regions. We employed analyses of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and morphology to determine patterns of variation within the western North American range of C. tetrandrum and test hypotheses of glacial population history and reproductive strategy. Analyses revealed very low estimates of range-wide genetic differentiation (θII = 0.085) and diversity (HS = 0.077, HT = 0.084), which are similar to levels found in other arctic plant species and have been primarily attributed to recent population establishment. Low levels of genetic differentiation among popula...
In vivo selection of retrovirally transduced hematopoietic stem cells

One of the main impediments to effective gene therapy of blood disorders is the resistance of human hematopoietic stem cells to stable genetic modification. We show here that a small minority of retrovirally transduced stem cells can be selectively enriched in vivo, which might be a way to circumvent this obstacle. We constructed two retroviral vectors containing an antifolate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase cDNA transcriptionally linked to a reporter gene. Mice were transplanted with transduced bone marrow cells and then treated with an antifolate-based regimen that kills unmodified stem cells. Drug treatment significantly increased the percentage of vector-expressing peripheral blood erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and T and B lymphocytes. Secondary transplant experiments demonstrated that selection occurred at the level of hematopoietic stem cells. This system for in vivo stem-cell selection provides a means to increase the number of genetically modified cells after transplant, and may circumvent an substantial obstacle to successful gene therapy for human blood diseases.
Defect clustering induced by secondary collisions in Pt(C) alloys during high-voltage-electron-microscope irradiation☆

To obtain information about the stability of interstitial solid solutions under irradiation, we have studied various aspects of radiation-induced microstructure changes in model alloys, such as Pt-based alloys containing C. Some interesting effects of high-energy electron irradiation observed in this alloy system are reported in the present paper.
The Bosch Process-Performance of a Developmental Reactor and Experimental Evaluation of Alternative Catalysts

Bosch-based reactors have been in development at NASA since the 1960's. Traditional operation involves the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over a steel wool catalyst to produce water and solid carbon. While the system is capable of completely closing the loop on oxygen and hydrogen for Atmosphere Revitalization, steel wool requires a reaction temperature of 650C or higher for optimum performance. The single pass efficiency of the reaction over steel wool has been shown to be less than 10% resulting in a high recycle stream. Finally, the formation of solid carbon on steel wool ultimately fouls the catalyst necessitating catalyst resupply. These factors result in high mass, volume and power demands for a Bosch system. Interplanetary transportation and surface exploration missions of the moon, Mars, and near-earth objects will require higher levels of loop closure than current technology cannot provide. A Bosch system can provide the level of loop closure necessary for these long-term missions if mass, volume, and power can be kept low. The keys to improving the Bosch system lie in reactor and catalyst development. In 2009, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration refurbished a circa 1980's developmental Bosch reactor and built a sub-scale Bosch Catalyst Test Stand for the purpose of reactor and catalyst development. This paper describes the baseline performance of two commercially available steel wool catalysts as compared to performance reported in the 1960's and 80's. Additionally, the results of sub-scale testing of alternative Bosch catalysts, including nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts, are discussed.
Synthesis and polymerization of trifluorovinylether-terminated imide oligomers. I

Abstract The objective of this research was the preparation of imide trimers, terminated with trifluorovinyl ether groups, that could be melt processed and then polymerized to high molecular weight via the thermal dimerization of the trifluorovinyl ether moieties. The work was begun with the synthesis of an aromatic amine end-capping agent containing trifluorovinyl ether functionality, i.e. 4-(trifluorovinyloxy)aniline (TFVA). Melt-processable imide trimers were prepared from the end-capping agent and 2,2′-bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride (BisA-DA) and 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA). The trimers underwent thermal cyclopolymerization to afford polyimides containing perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) rings. The DSC thermogram of the imide trimer prepared from TFVA and BisA-DA contained a melting endotherm with a minimum of 153°C and a polymerization exotherm with a maximum at 220°C. The thermogram of the trimer prepared from TFVA and 6FDA had a melting endotherm with a minimum at 136°C and a polymerization exotherm with a maximum at 244°C. The PFCB-containing polyimides obtained from the melt polymerizations had intrinsic viscosities of 0.63 and 0.31 dl/g, respectively. The TFVA/BisA-DA polymer had a Tg of 186°C, while the Tg of the TFVA/6FDA polyimide was 206°C. The coefficient of thermal expansion of a thin film of the TFVA/BisA-DA polyimide was 57.1×10−6(°C)−1. The film displayed a tensile strength of 88 MPa, a modulus of 2113 MPa, and elongation at break of 6.5%. The water absorption of this polyimide was 0.08%.
Motion variables leading to efficient equations of motion

In order to formulate equations that govern the motion of a mechanical system, the analyst must choose time-dependent variables that characterize the configuration and motion of the system. Generally, the choice of variables made by the analyst has a profound effect on the efficiency of the resulting equations—"efficiency" here referring to relative simplicity, ease of manipulation for purposes of designing automatic con trol systems, and minimal consumption of computer time during numerical solution. In this article, guidelines are set forth for the selection of motion variables that lead to exceptionally effi cient dynamical differential equations for systems belonging to a large class frequently encountered in robotics.
STATUS REPORT ON THE TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS

The present status of the known transuranium elements is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on those most recently discovered. In the years following the completion of the actinide series with the discovery in 1961 of the eleventh transuranium element (lawrencium, element 103), the first two transactinide elements, elements 104 and 105, were discovered. There are competing claims by U.S. and Soviet scientists for the discovery of these two elements.
Romanticism and Modernity: Epistemological Continuities and Discontinuities

This paper discusses various Romantic contributions to the theory of natural and artistic form within the context of a threefold typology that distinguishes eidetic, endogenous, and constructivist concepts of form.
Competitive Adsorption of 3He and 4He to Carbon Nanotube Bundles

We have studied the competitive adsorption of the two helium isotopes to single-walled carbon nanotube bundles. It is observed that the presence of 4He suppresses subsequent 3He adsorption while the presence of 3He has little influence on the subsequent adsorption of 4He. These observations are generally consistent with expectations based on the difference in the masses of the isotopes.
Dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric size distributions of mass, Al, and Mg measured in Southern Lake Michigan during AEOLOS

ABSTRACT In this study, which was a part of the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans Study (AEOLOS) investigation, the dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric size distributions (ASDs) of mass and crustal metals (aluminum and magnesium) were measured over the southern basin of Lake Michigan (in Chicago, over Lake Michigan, and in South Haven, Michigan). Airborne crustal metals arise primarily from fugitive dust emissions and are associated with the coarse fraction of atmospheric aerosol. Consequently, they can serve as fingerprints for the atmospheric behavior of fugitive dust. The flux of these metals were substantially higher in Chicago than in either South Haven or over Lake Michigan. The measured average mass, aluminum, and magnesium fluxes were 138, 2.23, and 5.32 mg/m2-day in Chicago, 47.8, 0.24, and 0.28 mg/m2-day over Lake Michigan, and 37.4, 0.17, and 0.12 mg/m2-day in South Haven, respectively. The ASDs of crustal metals measured in Chicago had higher concentrations of coarse particles than ...
E-disclosure laws and electronic campaign finance reform: Lessons from the diffusion of e-government policies in the States

Abstract This study presents a first look at the diffusion of electronic campaign finance laws, or e-disclosure policies, across the 50 states. Fifty state data and multivariate regression analysis test the influence of state professional networks and interest groups on the extent of e-disclosure implementation across the states. Findings demonstrate that certian types of interest groups are influential in expanding or retarding the growth of e-disclosure policies when controlling for other factors. Findings also demonstrate that greater levels of legislative professionalism, education, and state resources support greater levels of implementation of e-disclosure policies. Greater levels of state infrastructure capacity for e-government are also significant predictor of more extensive e-disclosure implementation. Findings have implications for emerging research at the intersection of technology and democracy.
The Expanding Role of Epigenetics in the Development, Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: Prostate cancer research has focused significant attention on the mutation, deletion or amplification of the DNA base sequence that encodes critical growth or suppressor genes. However, th...
Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis Using Shape Change Information

This paper describes a method that extracts three-dimensional (3D) motion information by analyzing 2D shape changes of object faces in an image sequence. An object image is segmented into regions, each region corresponding to a face of the object. With orthographic projections, 3D rotation angles can be computed from a set of linear shape change parameters. For perspective projections, under certain conditions the effect on shape changes of planar faces can be taken into consideration by including quadratic parameters. Iterative algorithms for estimation of linear and quadratic shape change parameters are derived and implemented, using an operator formulation. 3D translation and rotation parameters are calculated from the shape change parameters. Experimental results on segmentation and parameter estimation are presented.
A large-scale isotope anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle

Basalts from many Southern Hemisphere regions have anomalous Sr and Pb isotopic characteristics. This article shows that the isotopic mantle anomaly is globe-encircling in extent, centred on latitude 30° S. Arguments suggesting that this mantle anomaly has been in existence for billions of years place severe constraints on mantle convection models.
Economic and humanistic impact of adverse events associated with CSFs.

The current economic health care environment is causing considerable challenges for hospital pharmacy. As pharmacy managers attempt to deal with managing the costs associated with pharmaceuticals, there is considerable pressure to account for the clinical outcomes associated with drug therapy. Particularly in cancer treatment as high-cost biopharmaceuticals have infiltrated the care of these patients, pharmacy managers must account for reimbursement issues, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction and demands, budgetary costs, and appropriate use of costly resources. Consequently, mangers need to develop strategies to address these concerns. Ideally, pharmacoeconomics should be used to incorporate the costs of clinical outcomes and drug costs into the overall evaluation of drug therapy. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, the practical application of pharmacoeconomics is not universally employed and, as a result, most evaluations rely on only drug costs. A method to assess the economic impact of clinical outcomes associated with adverse drug events and cancer chemotherapy is described.
Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake Erie Basin: A 1990 Perspective

This article is an update to an article published under the same title by the senior author, in Man in the Northeast (1982). It is an attempt to resynthesize, reintegrate, and interpret new data and theoretical concepts pertaining to the first 8,000 years of human occupation in the western Lake Erie drainage basin. While the nature of the database has changed little, these new interpretations are derived from a much greater database than what existed in 1982, as well as new regional overview interpretations which have appeared in the literature of the past ten years. A new interpretation of the Western Lake Erie Basin Early Archaic sequence is also proposed, which abandons the traditional tri-partite taxonomy in favor of a bi-partite taxonomy. It is proposed that this interpretation better fits the archaeological phenomena as observed during the first 5,000 years of the Archaic sequence in this region of the Northeast.
Genomic medicine in primary care: barriers and assets

Sequencing the human genome created the tantalising promise of more personalised medicine. Futurists envisage a time when each individual undergoes genome sequencing at birth, stores the data on a chip or in an electronic health record (EHR), and allows healthcare providers to query it throughout one's life. Genomic medicine, the use of one's genotype in medical decision-making, may improve health outcomes, but the clinical translation of this vast body of scientific information is in its infancy. Nonetheless, some patients are eager to use genomic information to shape their healthcare now. Primary care providers (PCPs), however, may not share their patients' enthusiasm for this new technology. Prioritising actions supported by an evidence base of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness, PCPs identify many barriers to the use of genomic medicine.1 The potential benefits of genomic medicine include improved disease risk assessment, selection of therapy and drug dosing. Its potential adverse effects include patient anxiety and the unnecessary and expensive tests and procedures that might follow from a genomic result.2 Despite rapid advances in understanding the genetic architectures of many diseases, translational research into the outcomes of their clinical applications has lagged. The full risk-benefit ratio is thus unknown for almost all genomic tests, particularly for long-term outcomes. Primary care has a …
Strategy for a priori Selection of Judges in a Product-Centered Approach to Assessment of Creativity

The purpose of the study was to develop a procedure for the a priori selection of judges of creative products which could be employed irrespective of the field in which the products occur. Experts in art, science, writing, and music responded, via a modified Q-sort, to multiple criteria for a creative product. Obverse factor-analytic techniques were employed to reduce the rank of the subject covariance matrix and determine specific judge types. Sets of judges, with homogeneous perceptions of criteria for a creative product, were determined, and, it was shown that homogeneity of judgment was independent of discipline. Furthermore, the method appeared relevant to any situation in which judges are required and for which criteria may be delineated.
Deciding to Institutionalize: Caregiving Crisis, Intergenerational Communication, and Uncertainty Management for Elders and Their Children in Shanghai

This phenomenological study integrated crisis theory, social identity theory, and uncertainty management theory to conceptualize the decision-making process around institutionalization among nursing home residents and their children in Shanghai. I conducted face-to-face, semistructured interviews with 12 dyads of matched elders and their children (N = 24). The findings suggest that caregiving crises triggered intergenerational communication about caregiving alternatives and new arrangements, although each generation had different stances and motivations. Children finalized the decision by helping their parents to manage the uncertainties pertaining to institutionalization. This study sheds light on caregiving decision-making dynamics for the increasing aging population across cultures.
Tween 80 increases plasma adriamycin concentrations in mice by an apparent reduction of plasma volume

Abstract Coadministration of Tween 80 enhances the activity of adriamycin against selected experimental tumors in mice. Although some investigators have suggested a direct effect of Tween 80 on tumor cells, we wished to determine whether altered plasma concentrations of adriamycin occurred which might account for the apparent therapeutic synergism. Male CDF 1 mice were treated i.p. with 6.7 mg/kg of adriamycin alone or combined with 5000 mg/kg of Tween 80 in physiologic saline. Fluorometric determination of adriamycin equivalents in plasma revealed significantly higher adriamycin concentrations 1 and 2 hr post treatment in mice that had received Tween 80 . In three separate experiments, a significant, reversible increase in packed cell volume occurred in the peripheral blood of mice treated i.p. with Tween 80 . This increase was maximal at 1–2 hr post treatment. The magnitude of the apparent plasma volume reduction accounted quantitatively for the increase in drug concentration.
Classically conditioned heart rate and respiratory-motor activity in newborn and neonatal pygmy goats

Classical discrimination conditioning of heart rate (HR) and respiratory-motor (RM) activity was examined in 16 newborn (average age = 1 day) and 8 neonatal (average age = 2 weeks) pygmy goats over 4 days of conditioning involving an electric shock US and auditory CSs. On the 4th day, one-half of the animals in each group received a low to moderate dose of ethanol to test the resistance of the CRs to drug effects. Discriminated conditioning of RM activity but not HR occurred in the newborn group, indicating an absence of close coupling between skeletal-motor activity and HR at this early age. While the newborn group failed to show recognizable HR reactions to the CSs during the 4 days of testing, it did show a long-latency brady-cardia UR beginning at 2 days of age that may have been secondary to baroreceptor reflex actions. The neonatal group displayed conditioning of both HR and RM activity. The similar latencies of the two types of CRs during the CS suggested that they may have been related to each other. However, the fact that the RM CR developed a day before the HR CR, combined with the observation that ethanol modified the HR CR but not the RM CR, supports the view that there was considerable independence between the two types of CRs.
SCP production on C1 compounds

Given the partial oxidation products of methane as the chemical feedstock for single-cell protein (SCP) production, their conversion efficiency is optimized by optimal selection of the pertinent microorganisms that can utilize the feedstocks. The coenzymes of the three oxidation steps from methanol to formaldehyde to formate and carbon dioxide as well as the pathway involved in carbon fixation determine the cell-mass yield. Microorganisms which follows the ribulose monophosphate cycle and which have coenzymes which are linked to the maximum production of ATP (for example, NAD linked dehydrogenases), should be searched for economical production of SCP. Batch growth rate and yield data are limited in utilization and interpretation, and care should be exercised in their use. The subject of this case study, Methylomonas EP-1, gives an optimal cell mass yield of 65% and a stable chemostat operation at space velocities as high as 0.58 hr−1.
Choice of function for mortality analysis: Effective forecasting depends on a minimum parameter representation

Abstract For nearly two centuries actuaries, statisticians and demographers have sought a parameter space in which the mortality pattern of a population could be located, that would be linked to the larger space of age-specific rates by an analytical formula. Gompertz, Makeham, Brillinger, Wolfenden, Pollard and others have made contributions to this end. Model or reference tables perform a similar task, usually with fewer parameters, but are less easily manipulated. A common means of reducing dimensionality is to map the original space of mortality rates in five-year groups on a straight line in which are located the expectations of life at age zero (≐ 0 ). A small-space representation is advantageous for filling gaps in data. If the only fact known about a country is the fraction of girls who have a living mother, then a one-dimensional set can be indexed on this to provide the full detail of mortality, assuming the unknown mortality is part of that set. For forecasting one would like the succession of life tables for a given population over past times to be representable by points moving in a simple way through a parameter space—ideally in a straight line—over a succession of calendar years. The simpler the curve, the more realistic is likely to be its projection into the future. The Brass relational method provides a trajectory well suited to extrapolation in a space of only two parameters. Some useful extensions of this have recently been devised.
Opioid Blockade and Inflammation Reveal Estrous Cycle Effects on Visceromotor Reflexes Evoked by Bladder Distention

Purpose: Painful bladder disorders vary in intensity with the menstrual cycle in women. We evaluated the influence of the correlate in rats (the estrous cycle) on the nociceptive visceromotor reflex to bladder distention in the presence/absence of inflammation and of spinal opioid blockade.Materials and Methods: We recorded visceromotor reflexes as electromyogram responses of the abdominal musculature to graded (10 to 60 mm Hg) bladder distention in anesthetized female rats in the presence of intrathecal saline or naloxone (10 μg) 1 day after receiving intravesical zymosan or anesthesia alone.Results: In saline treated rats visceromotor reflexes to bladder distention were significantly greater in those with an inflamed vs a noninflamed bladder when examined together. When separated into phases, rats with bladder inflammation showed complex estrous cycle effects with significantly greater visceromotor reflexes to bladder distention during metestrus and proestrus than diestrus. In naloxone treated rats visc...