cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Situation Room icon and its Internet memes: Subversion of the Osama bin Laden raid and fragmentation of iconicity in remix culture.

The Situation Room photograph, which shows President Barack Obama and cabinet members watching the Osama bin Laden raid in 2011, remains the dominant official image of the event. Within hours of its public release, scores of Internet memes of the famous picture offered alternative interpretations of what had taken place in Pakistan during the military mission, often contradicting the president’s positive description of the operation. This qualitative interpretative study argues that many of the memes that proliferated through cyberspace symbolically subverted the bin Laden raid, disrupting and challenging its celebratory framing by the administration. The study highlights potential competition that Internet memes might pose to institutional accounts of the past and to icons themselves, suggesting possible fracturing of iconicity in remix culture.
Non-compliant Left Atrium Due to Scarring From Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Leads to Discordance of PAWP-LVEDP and Severe Post-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension

Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one etiology of WHO group II post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH). Higher left atrial pressure, estimated as pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) out of proportion to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), has been reported in AF. However, the impact of atrial scarring associated with AF ablation (ABL) on these pressure differences remains unclear. Hypothesis Extensive AF ABL leads to scarring of the left atrial wall, decreasing atrial compliance, which leads to elevated left atrial pressure in the presence of a lower LVEDP creating a PAWP-LVEDP gradient. Methods We selected all patients who were diagnosed with PH (n=4,945) between 2009 and 2019 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who underwent simultaneous right and left heart catheterization and had an EP procedure (n=27), after excluding patients with significant mitral valve disease and amyloid. We then divided them into 3 groups: group 1 (AF-ABL) n=5, group 2 (AF) n=16, group 3 (no AF) n=6. Results The PAWP-LVEDP gradient among three groups was (AF-ABL vs AF vs No AF): +6.8±3.42 vs -0.2±4.4 vs -1.8±4.0 mm Hg (Figure). Among the overall cohort, we further analyzed the patients with PAWP-LVEDP gradient >2 (discordant) vs ≤2 (concordant). PAWP-LVEDP gradient between the discordant group (n=12) vs the concordant group (n=15) was +5.0±2.7 vs -2.7±3.6*. Among the discordant group, 5 had AF ABL and 6 had AF. Among the concordant group, 5 had no AF, 10 had AF and no patients had AF ABL. The characteristics between discordant (DIS) vs concordant (CON) groups were: Age 68.2 ± 10 vs 67.0 ± 19.3, BMI 33.6 ± 4.55 vs 30.8 ± 11.2, diabetes 33% vs 47%, hypertension 75% vs 67%, OSA 91% (11/12) vs 40% (6/15)*, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) 55±19 vs 41±11*, mean PAP 37±12 vs 29±8*, PAWP 20±6 vs 18±7*, LVEDP 15±6 vs 20±7*. All patients who underwent ablation had persistent type AF and had extensive ablation beyond PVI (4 of 5 with PVI). Among the 16 patients with AF (without ABL - 6 in DIS, 10 in CON groups), 8 had paroxysmal (3 in DIS, 5 in CON) and 8 had persistent AF (3 in DIS, 5 in CON). While age, BMI, HTN and DM were similar among DIS vs CON groups, the incidence of OSA was higher. However, given the patients with elevated PAWP-LVEDP gradient have worse PH, we suspect they were more likely to be tested for OSA (referral bias). Conclusion AF ablation is associated with an increased PAWP-LVEDP gradient likely from atrial scarring and non-compliance of the left atrium. Patients with elevated PAWP-LVEDP gradient have worse pulmonary hypertension and are more likely to be diagnosed with OSA.
Co-teaching difficult subjects: critical autoethnography and pedagogy

Building on existing studies on co-teaching and teaching difficult subjects, this article examines the development of our co-teaching relationship, as educators with marginalized identities, teachi...
Enhancing Trust-based Data Analytics for Forecasting Social Harm

First responders deal with a variety of “social harm” events (e.g. crime, traffic crashes, medical emergencies) that result in physical, emotional, and/or financial hardships. Through data analytics, resources can be efficiently allocated to increase the impact of interventions aimed at reducing social harm -T-CDASH (Trusted Community Data Analytics for Social Harm) is an ongoing joint effort between the Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD), and the Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services (IEMS) with this goal of using data analytics to efficiently allocate resources to respond to and reduce social harm. In this paper, we make several enhancements to our previously introduced trust estimation framework T-CDASH. These enhancements include additional metrics for measuring the effectiveness of forecasts, evaluation on new datasets, and an incorporation of collaborative trust models. To empirically validate our current work, we ran simulations on newly collected 2019 and 2020 (Jan-April) social harm data from the Indianapolis metro area. We describe the behavior and significance of the collaboration and their comparison with previously introduced stand-alone models.
One Hundred Years Later, Introductory Labs Are Poised for Change

Introductory lab courses have been a staple of the physics curriculum for over 100 years. Yet these courses are now poised for change as recent research shows that they do not meet a frequent goal of enhancing student understanding of lecture content. In thinking about how to move forward, a look back at experiment courses in history seems wise. Here, I take a quick look at our historical record and describe three interesting experiment courses from different time periods: Adolphe Ganot’s demonstration-style experiment course of the mid-1800s, Fredrich Kohlrausch’s research-grade experiment course in the late 1800s, and Newton Henry Black’s concept-exercise experiment course of the early 1900s. In looking back at these three courses, I find that instructors throughout history have had to face the same questions we do today. Specifically, what is the role of the introductory lab course in teaching experimental or theoretical concepts, and how much preparation, instruction, authenticity, and complexity are required? It seems that even if the introductory lab course is poised for change, that change may not be meaningful unless we answer these questions.
Local-Stochastic Volatility for Vanilla Modeling: A Tractable and Arbitrage Free Approach to Option Pricing

We present a novel and ﬂexible technique for the construction of tractable, and fully arbitrage-free, Local-Stochastic Volatility (LSV) term distribution models. The method utilizes Lamperti’s harmonic transform to combine a pure stochastic volatility (SV) process MT with a general local volatility (LV) function σ. European options prices can conveniently be expressed in terms of a 1-dimensional integral over options on the SV component MT. As a demonstration, we apply the technique to the popular SABR model family by letting MT be the Normal SABR process, and letting the LV function σ be an extended CEV function, endowed with additional controls over the backbone and the wings for the smile. The resulting model not only rectiﬁes the arbitrage problems of commonly used expansions for the SABR class, its additional parameters also allow for adequate handling of non-positive rates and improved calibration to quoted swaptions and CMS forward rates. Finally, for variety we also illustrate the technique using Heston dynamics and a general piece-wise linear LV function.
Competition vs. Stability: Oligopolistic Banking System with Run Risk

This paper develops a model where large financial intermediaries subject to systemic runs internalize the effect of their leverage on aggregate risk, returns and asset prices. Near the steady-state, they restrict leverage to avoid the risk of a run which gives rise to an accelerator effect. For large adverse shocks, the system enters a zone with high leverage and possibly runs. The length of time the system remains in this zone depends on the degree of concentration through a franchise value, price-drop and recapitalization channels. The speed of entry of new banks after a collapse has a stabilizing effect.
Abstract 2876: Adhesion GPCR CD97/ADGRE5 facilitates invasion in patient-derived glioma stem cells and induces changes in EGFR and Sox2 expression

The main obstacles for effective treatment of Glioblastoma (GBM) are high invasiveness and heterogeneity. Each GBM tumor is composed of multiple genetically distinct subpopulations of Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs), exhibiting high cell plasticity affecting their invasive and proliferative properties. Treatment interventions and changes in microenvironment force GSCs to adapt through gene expression that supports therapeutic resistance. Expression level of the surface receptor CD97/ADRGE5 positively correlates with poor GBM patient prognosis, but its role in this tumor has not been elucidated. Here, we examined the function of CD97 in primary GSCs derived from five GBM tumors, which belong to three major genetic subtypes. We manipulated CD97 levels in these GSCs by knockdown and overexpression and analyzed the following: (i) expression of stem and subtype markers, (ii) in vitro invasive properties, (iii) cell proliferation, (iv) expression of the key proteins that regulate GSCs cellular state and influence their adaptive behavior. Our data showed that CD97 knockdown in GSCs of mesenchymal and classical subtype reduced their invasion rate in vitro. CD97 signaling positively affected expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, the main driver of astrocyte-like fate in GSCs and changed the expression of the astrocytic marker GFAP. Finally, we discovered a possible link between CD97 and expression of transcription factor Sox2, the key regulator of the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition process that plays a crucial role in initiation of cancer cell invasion. Citation Format: Tatiana I. Slepak, Daniel G. Eichberg, Ana L. Pascoini, Ricardo J. Komotar, Michael E. Ivan. Adhesion GPCR CD97/ADGRE5 facilitates invasion in patient-derived glioma stem cells and induces changes in EGFR and Sox2 expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2876.
Durability of Composites in Aqueous Environments

Publisher Summary Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have a long history of use in marine vessels, piping, corrosion equipment, and underground storage tanks, and anecdotal evidence and limited testing shows that they can be successfully engineered to have long service lives in contact with moisture and aqueous solutions. However, it is a misnomer that FRP composites and polymers are waterproof since moisture diffuses into all organic polymers, leading to changes in thermophysical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics. Increasing the number of base fabric orientations results in an increased level of moisture absorption, which is attributed to absorption along interfaces with increased directionality due to the increased number of cross-over points. The influence of coupling agents on the composite moisture uptake, and therefore durability, can be significant since fibers used in thermosetting polymer composites may have up to 2 wt.% of sizing. Although, both resins and E-glass fibers are susceptible to deterioration as a result of hygrothermal exposure, careful selection of materials, quality control during processing, and use of appropriate coatings can result in FRP materials and components that show significantly enhanced durability over conventional materials under the exposure conditions.
A high performance 90nm SOI technology with 0.992 /spl mu/m 2 6T-SRAM cell

This paper presents a high performance 90 nm generation SOI CMOS logic technology. Leveraging unique SOI technology features, aggressive ground rules and a tungsten local interconnect rendered the smallest 6T SRAM cell reported to date with a cell area of 0.992 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. In the front-end of line (FEOL), the implementation of super-halo design concepts on SOI substrates with a silicon thickness of 45 nm and an ultra-thin heavily nitrided gate dielectric resulted in highest performance devices. The backend of the line (BEOL) for this technology consists of damascene local interconnect followed by up to 10 levels of hierarchical Cu metallization. It utilizes SiLK/spl trade/ low-K dielectric material with a multilayer hard mask stack.
Characterization of neurons of the supramammillary nucleus and mammillary body that discharge rhythmically with the hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat

We examined the activity of single cells of the supramammillary nucleus (SUM), the mammillary body (MB), and adjacent regions of the diencephalon with respect to the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG) in urethane-anesthetized rats. Twenty-nine of 170 cells were found to discharge synchronously with the theta rhythm of the hippocampus (theta-related neurons). All of the 29 theta-related cells were localized to the SUM or MB. A subset of theta-related cells of SUM and MB discharged in short-duration bursts comparable to the pyramidal complex spike cells of the hippocampus. In contrast to hippocampal complex spikes, however, which predominantly exhibit this mode of firing during non-theta states, the burst firing of SUM/MB cells was strongly correlated with the theta rhythm. The proportion of bursting neurons was higher in MB than in SUM. Using partial coherence analysis, we examined the relationship between SUM/MB theta-related cells and the two generators of theta of the dorsal hippocampus. The theta-related cells of MB showed a stronger correlation with "CA1" than with "dentate" theta, whereas no such asymmetry was found in the relationship between neuronal firing of SUM cells and the two generators of theta in the hippocampus. The foregoing suggests that the theta-related cells of MB are driven by descending projections from the hippocampal formation (CA1), whereas those of the SUM are not. The SUM and MB are intimately connected with the hippocampal formation--the SUM mainly via ascending projections to the dentate gyrus, and the MB via direct descending projections from the subiculum. Theta-related SUM/MB cells may be directly involved in the generation of theta and/or the transfer of theta rhythmicity to various parts of the limbic system and forebrain.
Variation in Properties of Plaque Progeny of PARA (Defective Simian Papovavirus 40)-Adenovirus 7

One hundred and twelve progeny from double plaque-purified clones were derived from the original PARA (defective simian papovavirus 40)-adenovirus 7 population. These progeny were found to differ in their oncogenic potential in newborn hamsters with progeny from 20 clones not inducing any tumors during 1 year of observation. The varying tumorigenicity of the individual clonal progeny was not related to the titer of PARA (particle aiding replication of adenovirus) in the inoculum. There was a perfect correlation between the tumor antigen content of the tumor cells and the antibody response of the tumor-bearing host. The tumors containing both adenovirus and simian papovavirus 40 (SV40) tumor antigens appeared earlier than those carrying only SV40 tumor antigen. Progeny from clones which induced mixed tumors also produced tumors which contained only SV40 tumor antigen. Three variants of PARA were isolated which induced the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm of infected simian cells; all other clones yielded progeny which induced synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the nucleus.
Two-site attachment of troponin to pyrene-labeled tropomyosin.

The interaction of troponin (a complex of troponin T, troponin I, and troponin C) with tropomyosin (Tm) was studied using the fluorescence of pyrene-labeled Tm. Fluorescence titrations showed that an increase in salt concentration not only decreased the binding constant of troponin to Tm but also decreased the magnitude of the total pyrene fluorescence change. This indicates that the interaction of the part of troponin (TnT2) with the middle of Tm near Cys-190 is weakened at high ionic strength, while the other part (TnT1) maintains its binding with the C-terminal region of Tm. The temperature dependence of the pyrene excimer fluorescence of Tm showed that troponin stabilized the whole Tm molecule with much less effect on the stability of the middle region where the TnT2 binds. TnT1, the N-terminal chymotryptic fragment of troponin T (TnT), stabilized Tm in a similar manner to troponin by inhibiting dissociation of Tm chains in the main unfolding transition. Thus, these data indicate a loose interaction of the TnT2 part of troponin with the region of Tm near Cys-190 and a tight interaction of the TnT1 part with the C-terminal region of Tm. TnT alone interacted more strongly with Tm near Cys-190 than when in the troponin complex. This was indicated by the following observations in the Tm.TnT complex compared to the Tm-troponin complex: (i) a more hydrophobic environment of pyrene at Cys-190 of Tm; (ii) stabilization against the local unfolding of Tm near Cys-190; (iii) more fluorescence resonance energy transfer between Tm and TnT. These studies indicate a loose and flexible interaction of troponin with the middle region of Tm which may be important in Ca2+ regulation by troponin.Tm.
Moment generating function of the reciprocal of an integral of geometric Brownian motion

In this paper we obtain a simple, explicit integral form for the moment generating function of the reciprocal of the random variable defined by A (v) t := ∫ t 0 exp(2B s + 2vs)ds, where B s , s > 0, is a one-dimensional Brownian motion starting from 0. In case v = 1, the moment generating function has a particularly simple form.
A Comprehensive Multi-Scale Modeling of Heterogeneities in Mammalian Cell Culture Processes

Abstract A population balance model that describes the inter cellular variations in metabolism with respect to cell cycle apportioning is combined with an unstructured average cell model and an intrinsic culture state model to quantify various intra and inter cellular phenomena in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures at laboratory scale. Model validation is performed on three sets of batch cultures of CHO cells in spinner flasks.
Bayesian design of superiority clinical trials for recurrent events data with applications to bleeding and transfusion events in myelodyplastic syndrome.

Summary In many biomedical studies, patients may experience the same type of recurrent event repeatedly over time, such as bleeding, multiple infections and disease. In this article, we propose a Bayesian design to a pivotal clinical trial in which lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients are treated with MDS disease modifying therapies. One of the key study objectives is to demonstrate the investigational product (treatment) effect on reduction of platelet transfusion and bleeding events while receiving MDS therapies. In this context, we propose a new Bayesian approach for the design of superiority clinical trials using recurrent events frailty regression models. Historical recurrent events data from an already completed phase 2 trial are incorporated into the Bayesian design via the partial borrowing power prior of Ibrahim et al. (2012, Biometrics 68, 578–586). An efficient Gibbs sampling algorithm, a predictive data generation algorithm, and a simulation-based algorithm are developed for sampling from the fitting posterior distribution, generating the predictive recurrent events data, and computing various design quantities such as the type I error rate and power, respectively. An extensive simulation study is conducted to compare the proposed method to the existing frequentist methods and to investigate various operating characteristics of the proposed design.
Cramer-Rao bounds for time of arrival estimation in cellular systems

The accuracy limits of TOA estimation over multipath channels are of interest for position estimation in cellular networks. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) has been used for this purpose. Prior work on CRLB computation for TOA estimation has implicitly assumed that all channel parameters are to be estimated. It is shown in this paper that this approach is not suitable for estimating the performance achievable in a positioning context. This paper focuses on the CRLB for TOA estimation when only the delay of the first path is estimated. Bounds are computed for suburban and urban environments using realistic CODIT-based channel models. Further, a tighter bound is derived for channels whose amplitudes have a Rayleigh density function.
Stability of combustors with partial length acoustic liners.

An analytical technique for the evaluation of combustion stability in rocket motors with partial length acoustic absorbers is presented. The combustors considered have concentrated combustion zones at the injector, finite mean flows, cylindrical cross sections, and acoustic liners of arbitrary length and impedance. Linear three dimensional oscillations in such combustion chambers are analyzed using an integral equation-iteration technique. Stability limits in terms of a combustion response factor are calculated for several values of Mach number, length to radius ratio, liner impedance, liner length, liner location, and nozzle admittance. Results indicate that increasing liner length increases combustor stability substantially at low Mach numbers but has a substantially smaller effect for larger Mach numbers. Increasing Mach numbers or length to radius ratio have destabilizing effects while liner location has only a minor effect on stability.
Load-dependent constitutive response of fiber composites with compliant interphases

Abstract I n this paper , the influence of applied load on the overall transverse mechanical properties of fiberreinforced composites with compliant interphases is examined from a micromechanical perspective. The composite is modeled by a regular hexagonal array of circular fibers in an infinite matrix. It is assumed that a thin reaction zone (intermolecular bonding at the fiber/matrix interface) establishes the bond between the fiber and matrix phases. The model of the present paper allows us to derive expressions for the overall elastic constants in the transverse plane as a function of applied load. The finite element method is used to evaluate these expressions, and the results are discussed.
Viral pneumonias. Infection in the immunocompromised host.

Viruses are an important cause of pneumonia in patients whose immune systems have been weakened by conditions such as HIV infection, primary or acquired immunodeficiency disease, and neoplastic dis...
Oral Administration of the Immunodominant B-chain of Insulin Reduces Diabetes in a Co-transfer Model of Diabetes in the NOD Mouse and is Associated with a Switch from Th1 to Th2 Cytokines

Abstract Oral administration of antigen leads to systemic immune unresponsiveness. Low dose oral tolerance generates regulatory cells which, when triggered in an antigen-specific manner, suppress inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that oral administration of an organ-specific antigen, porcine insulin, protects against diabetes development in the NOD mouse. In the present study we extend these observations to the B-chain of insulin, a 30-amino-acid peptide which has now been shown by others to contain the immunogenic epitope. Oral administration of the B-chain slowed diabetes development in a co-transfer model in which cells from B-chain-fed animals were co-transferred with diabetogenic cells (P=0.02). Further exposure to antigen via feeding of the co-transfer recipient animals not only slowed diabetes development but prevented diabetes in some animals (P=0.01). In vitro proliferation of popliteal lymph node cells from fed and immunized animals was suppressed in an antigen-specific manner when cells were restimulated with the fed antigen. When those cells were cultured and restimulated in vitro with the B-chain of insulin, we also observed a decrease in IFN-γ expression and an increase in IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10 expression. These results demonstrate that an orally protective epitope resides in the B-chain of insulin and that refeeding following adoptive transfer enhances protection. Finally, the orally administered antigen is associated with a decrease in Th1 responses and an increase in Th2 responses to the insulin B-chain.
Computer database searching and business librarians

This article reports the results of a survey of computer database searching activities by business librarians. The survey shows that over half of business librarians search databases other than those related to business subjects, that most searches are for citations to articles, that over half of computer database searches are paid for on a cost recovery basis, and that approsimately seventy percent of business librarians do computer searches for patrons from outside the college or university. Librarians who read this article will probably think of other aspects of this subject which could be studied more thoroughly. The author encourages anyone who is interested, to follow up with another survey or more study on this subject. The author of this article recently conducted a survey to gather data on the educational background, work experience duties, and professional activities of business librarians in colleges and universities. This article discusses the part of the survey which dealt with computer database searching and the databases used by business librarians.
Pure Rotational Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Fluoride Vapor between 22 and 250 μ

The first 11 successive pure rotational absorption lines of hydrogen fluoride vapor have been measured in the far infrared between 22 and 250 μ with a commercial grating spectrometer. Most of these transitions are reported here for the first time. The rotational constant B and the centrifugal stretching constant D calculated from the observed transitions amount to B0=20.559±0.006 cm−1, D0=0.00211±0.00004 cm−1, within their 95% confidence limit. These values agree extremely well with the ones obtained from reported rotation–vibration and pure rotational spectra. The experimental procedures are described. It is shown that the window material of the cell, polyethylene, gives rise to an extraneous band at 389.1 cm−1 by a reaction with the sample.
Validation of a Haptic-Based Simulation to Test Complex Figure Reproduction Capability

The objective of this research was to develop a new computer-based system for psychomotor skill assessment. The focus was on the simulation of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) reproduction test incorporating a haptic interface. Various system functions were created to support customized testing protocols that are based on specific user requirements, facilitate semiautomated scoring of tests, and produce quantitative test output. Advanced technologies of pattern recognition were reviewed and adapted for the system development. This approach yielded an application for recording freehand drawings and recognizing and normalizing drawing strokes for semiautomated scoring according to a standard. The new simulator system was validated by comparison with traditional paper-based tests in which participants were asked to use their nondominant hand to simulate a minor motor impairment. Results demonstrated the simulator to be sensitive to functional differences between dominant and nondominant hand use. The computerized scoring software also appeared to be valid for generating ROCF scores, which were consistent with manual scores determined by a trained rater for the same drawing stimuli.
Ziprasidone: efficacy, tolerability, and emerging data on wide-ranging effectiveness

Ziprasidone is the fifth atypical antipsychotic to become available in the US market. This compound is a serotonin-dopamine-receptor antagonist, with greater affinity for the 5-HT(2A) receptor than the dopamine D2 receptor. Similar to aripiprazole, this compound also has agonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor. This affinity has the potential to have particularly beneficial effects on cognitive and affective abnormalities in schizophrenia. Oral and short-acting intramuscular formulations are available. This compound has recently been approved for the treatment of acute mania as well as for schizophrenia. Ziprasidone is associated with low weight gain and a low potential to change lipid and glucose levels. Long-term tolerability data have indicated that initial concerns regarding QTc (corrected cardiac output) prolongation are not a major issue. Recent data have indicated that this compound has short-term antipsychotic efficacy that is equivalent to other members of the class, also with evidence of cognitive enhancement. Finally, longer term data has indicated that ziprasidone is successful in the prevention of relapse and has sustained cognitive benefits. Several issues remain to be addressed, including the efficacy of once-daily dosing, the need to take the medication with food, and the correct dosing strategy.
DETERMINING OPTIMAL SHIFT SCHEDULES FOR TELEPHONE TRAFFIC EXCHANGE OPERATORS

A branch and bound algorithm is presented for determining the minimum number of telephone operators, and their shift schedules, required to meet demand that varies over a 24 hour operating period. An integer linear programming formulation is used, and the algorithm is described in terms of its separation, relaxation, fathoming, and branching procedures. Computational results are provided, using actual operating data. The results indicate that practical sized problems can be solved by the algorithm, involving as many as 100 different shift type variables and demand profiles typical of those encountered in many telephone traffic exchanges.
On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres

The dominant thinking about the interaction between large-scale atmospheric circulations and moist convection holds that convection acts as a heat source for the large-scale circulations, while the latter supply water vapour to the convection. We show that this idea has led to fundamental misconceptions about this interaction, and offer an alternative paradigm, based on the idea that convection is nearly in statistical equilibrium with its environment. According to the alternative paradigm, the vertical temperature profile itself, rather than the heating, is controlled by the convection, which ties the temperature directly to the subcloud-layer entropy. The understanding of large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres can, therefore, be regarded as a problem of understanding the distribution in space and time of the subcloud-layer entropy. We show that the subcloud-layer entropy is controlled by the sea surface temperature, the surface wind speed, and the large-scale vertical velocity in the convecting layer, and demonstrate how the recognition of this control leads to a simple, physically consistent view of large-scale flows, ranging from the Hadley and Walker circulations to the 30–50-day oscillation. In particular, we argue that the direct effect of convection on large-scale circulations is to reduce by roughly an order of magnitude the effective static stability felt by such circulations, and to damp all of them.
Effects of ethanol on parameters of cellular immunity and host defense mechanisms to infectious agents

Abstract Results of several studies have associated ethanol abuse with an increased incidence of infections, including opportunistic infections and those caused by microorganisms, as well as of certain types of cancer. Research findings from several laboratories clearly indicate that one possible mechanism in this association is an effect of ethanol on the immune system. We have developed an animal model of ethanol ingestion in a liquid diet to study the effects of ethanol on immune responses. In most of the studies, we have used a pair-feeding design in which control animals are given a liquid diet that is isocaloric to the ethanol diet by the addition of either sucrose or dextran-maltose. Here, we discuss data obtained from in vivo studies of cellular function. We have studied the effects of ethanol on activation of T lymphocytes in vivo after intravenous injection of monoclonal antibody to CD3. The stimulation of cells in the spleen was assessed by measuring levels of cytokine RNA. We have also assessed the ability of animals to respond to a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes to determine whether ethanol alters host defense mechanisms. Our findings indicate that ethanol ingestion reduced the ability of mice to respond to anti-CD3 and to resist infection with a bacterium that predominantly infects the liver.
Q-switched rate equations for diode side-pumped slab and zigzag slab lasers including Gaussian beam shapes

A set of rate equations accounting for the transverse spatial distributions of both the laser mode and inversion density is developed for side-pumped Q-switched oscillators. The equations can be reduced to a simple form by assuming a Gaussian laser mode, a one-dimensional Gaussian pump beam and a few additional basic assumptions, allowing for rapid numerical solution. The derived spatial rate equations are then used to model an experimentally well-characterized Nd/sup +3/:YAG zigzag slab laser to demonstrate their simplicity and accuracy in predicting oscillator performance.
SIMPLICITY OF STATE AND OVERLAP STRUCTURE IN FINITE-VOLUME REALISTIC SPIN GLASSES

We present a combination of heuristic and rigorous arguments indicating that both the pure state structure and the overlap structure of realistic spin glasses should be relatively simple: in a large finite volume with coupling-independent boundary conditions, such as periodic, at most a pair of flip-related (or the appropriate number of symmetry-related in the non-Ising case) states appear, and the Parisi overlap distribution correspondingly exhibits at most a pair of {delta} functions at {plus_minus}q{sub EA}. This rules out the nonstandard mean-field picture introduced by us earlier, and when combined with our previous elimination of more standard versions of the mean-field picture, argues against the possibility of even limited versions of mean-field ordering in realistic spin glasses. If broken spin-flip symmetry should occur, this leaves open two main possibilities for ordering in the spin glass phase: the droplet-scaling two-state picture, and the chaotic pairs many-state picture introduced by us earlier. We present scaling arguments which provide a possible physical basis for the latter picture, and discuss possible reasons behind numerical observations of more complicated overlap structures in finite volumes. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Division algebras that ramify only on a plane nodal cubic curve plus a line

Abstract A central division algebra over the field of rational functions in two variables with coefficients over an algebraically closed field ramifies along a divisor on the projective plane. If the ramification divisor is a quartic curve which is the union of a nodal cubic and a line, we show that the division algebra is a symbol algebra and satisfies the “index equals exponent” equation.
Segmental Dynamics of Bulk Poly(vinyl acetate)-d3 by Solid-State 2H NMR: Effect of Small Molecule Plasticizer

The effect of dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate, a plasticizer, on the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of poly(vinyl acetate) was studied using deuterium solid-state NMR and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) from 0 to 20% plasticizer content. Quadrupole-echo 2H NMR spectra were obtained for methyl deuterated PVAc-d3 samples with different plasticized amounts. The Tgʼs of different plasticized samples were determined from NMR as the temperatures at which the deuterium powder patterns collapsed. It was found that the Tgʼs decreased by approximately 6 °C for every 5% increment in the plasticizer content and that the trends in the NMR-determined Tgʼs, that is, Tg(NMR), were consistent with those determined by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The Tg(NMR) values were about 36 °C above those of the Tg(DSC) values. This difference in the Tgʼs was due to the different time scales of the two experiments which could be accounted for on the basis of time−temperature superposition prin...
Impact of maternal employment on the health of the family

Women have always worked, often at more than one job. The fantasy of a twoparent family, with the mother at home doing unpaid housework and childcare is rapidly fading. Single-parent families, two-career families, and multigenerational families are the result of the reality of economic and personal changes that have allowed or pushed women into paid employment outside the home. Dire predictions of the effect of maternal work outside the home on the family, ranging from juvenile delinquency and childhood schizophrenia to divorce, have been proven false. This review will examine the studies concerning the effect of women's employment on the health of the family. Physicians play an integral role today aiding families deal with the reality of both parents working outside the home. The question today is no longer should women work, but rather in what way is the family affected and can it adapt to the mother working outside the home. For the purposes of this article "employed" or "work" will mean "paid employment outside the home." This is not a value judgment, but only a definition for ease. 1 Problems with Investigations--Caveats Investigations singling out the effect of women's employment on the woman and her family are difficult to evaluate. The studies must consider multiple factors; work is not the only influence on a woman's life. The measured outcomes, however they are defined, whether they are mental health scales, rates of depression, cardiac disease, numbers of days lost from work, or numbers of visits to doctors, are very difficult to standardize from one study to another. All "work" is not equal; physical and psychologic differences must be considered. Women who have children at home do more work. They have different stresses and problems in their second job--that of mother--than women without children who have the same paid job. The reasons women work, the stresses, challenges, and rewards of the job, including money, status, and recognition, and the type and conditions of particular work must be all factored. All these reasons make comparing one study with another very complex. Those studies that are most valuable are.those that examine just one or a few variables.
Systematic Analysis of Intracellular Trafficking Motifs Located within the Cytoplasmic Domain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Glycoprotein gp41

Previous studies have shown that truncation of the cytoplasmic-domain sequences of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) just prior to a potential intracellular-trafficking signal of the sequence YIHF can strongly increase Env protein expression on the cell surface, Env incorporation into virions and, at least in some contexts, virion infectivity. Here, all 12 potential intracellular-trafficking motifs (YXXΦ or LL/LI/IL) in the gp41 cytoplasmic domain (gp41CD) of SIVmac239 were analyzed by systematic mutagenesis. One single and 7 sequential combination mutants in this cytoplasmic domain were characterized. Cell-surface levels of Env were not significantly affected by any of the mutations. Most combination mutations resulted in moderate 3- to 8-fold increases in Env incorporation into virions. However, mutation of all 12 potential sites actually decreased Env incorporation into virions. Variant forms with 11 or 12 mutated sites exhibited 3-fold lower levels of inherent infectivity, while none of the other single or combination mutations that were studied significantly affected the inherent infectivity of SIVmac239. These minor effects of mutations in trafficking motifs form a stark contrast to the strong increases in cell-surface expression and Env incorporation which have previously been reported for large truncations of gp41CD. Surprisingly, mutation of potential trafficking motifs in gp41CD of SIVmac316, which differs by only one residue from gp41CD of SIVmac239, effectively recapitulated the increases in Env incorporation into virions observed with gp41CD truncations. Our results indicate that increases in Env surface expression and virion incorporation associated with truncation of SIVmac239 gp41CD are not fully explained by loss of consensus trafficking motifs.
Smooth muscle physiology, past and future

The history of smooth muscle physiology from the work of Engelmann on the ureter (1869) to the introduction of intracellular electrodes by Bulbring (1954) is outlined. Attempts at classifying smooth muscles are discussed. The observation that passive shortening has an inhibitory effect during twitches and contractures of the turtle aorta indicates the presence of a feedback mechanism like that demonstrated in other muscles, including the heart. This mechanism, which does not involve changes in membrane potential, may play a role in the control of tonus in blood vessels and other organs which are subject to rhythmic mechanical changes.
Con: Ketamine is a useful anesthetic agent for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

T HE USE OF ketamine in anesthesia for patients who have coronary artery disease (CAD) might seem unreasonable because ketamine can cause tachycardia, hypertension, and excess inotropy.‘~’ However, in combination with a variety of agents including droperidol,’ diazeparnt~” midazolam,” fentanyl,“‘~” and sufentanil,” ketamine provides effective anesthesia with minimal hemodynamic effects. For example, in diazepam-premeditated adult patients having similar demographics to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients, ka most reports describe an uneventful postoperative course after ketamine.4~7.“‘.“.“.‘5 Ketamine as the anesthetic for thoracic surgery did result in some dreams, but was well accepted by patients,” and ketamine also is well accepted for awake analgesia.‘” After cardiac surgery, patients usually are sedated and mechanically ventilated postoperatively to allow rewarming and to establish that hemostasis and hemodynamics” are acceptable before full awakening and extubation. Under these circumstances, dysphoric emergence related to ketamine is unlikely because the patient is also sedated with an opioid or a benzodiazepinc. A more obscure concern is that ketamine, which when used alone may increase the cerebral blood volume (CBV), may also exacerbate the strokes that occur during CABG surgery. It seems that the majority of perioperative strokes during CABG surgery are related to embolization.‘” Watershead infarctions. at one time thought to be related only to hypoperfusion, arc now recognized as caused by embolization in some cases.” One might suppose that, as a consequence of embolization, edema and a mass effect might occur while ketamine was still affecting the CBV. The circumstances of ketamine use during CABG surgery, however, should prevent increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). These circumstances include concomitant use of benzodiazepines or potent opioids,“’ controlled ventilation” with moderate hyperventilation postbypass used pri-
Determinants of matermal temperature during labor

Abstract Intrapartum maternal termperatures and neonatal temperature immediately after birth were measured in 50 cases. Maternal temperatures were determined in part by the amount of hyperventilation, perspiration, and physical activity, with those who were calm and less active having the higher temperatures. Thus, with hyperventilating parturients, it was difficult to define "normal" maternal temperatures. The neonatal rectal temperature immediately after birth seemed best correlated with the maternal vaginal temperature. Two examples are presented which suggest that cases of fetal distress associated with tachycardia and decreased placenial exchange may be examples of isolated fetal hyperthermia.
Division-Coupled Astrocytic Differentiation and Age-Related Depletion of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus

Summary Production of new neurons in the adult hippocampus decreases with age; this decline may underlie age-related cognitive impairment. Here we show that continuous depletion of the neural stem cell pool, as a consequence of their division, may contribute to the age-related decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. Our results indicate that adult hippocampal stem cells, upon exiting their quiescent state, rapidly undergo a series of asymmetric divisions to produce dividing progeny destined to become neurons and subsequently convert into mature astrocytes. Thus, the decrease in the number of neural stem cells is a division-coupled process and is directly related to their production of new neurons. We present a scheme of the neurogenesis cascade in the adult hippocampus that includes a proposed "disposable stem cell" model and accounts for the disappearance of hippocampal neural stem cells, the appearance of new astrocytes, and the age-related decline in the production of new neurons.
Jerk-cost modulations during the practice of rapid arm movements

We examined how hand-trajectory smoothness changed during the practice of a motor task where smoothness was quantified by jerk-cost. Four human subjects each moved his nondominant arm between an upper target and a lower target, while circumnavigating a barrier that extended outward from the vertical plane of the targets. The two targets and the barrier placed boundary constraints on hand trajectories, but the motion was not restrained in any other way. Arm movements were recorded on high-speed cine film, and linear and angular kinematical data were obtained for all arm segments. In each of 100 practice trials, subjects attempted to minimize movement time. After the practice trials, subjects repeated the same motor task but at movement times corresponding to the slowest, mid-range and fastest motion that had occurred during practice. Thus, jerk-cost could be compared for movements of different speeds during practice and after practice. Because the movement task contained several changes in hand-path direction, the changes in the vector characteristics of the hand accelerations were expected to be important for explaining the modulations in jerk-cost with practice. Total jerk-cost, therefore, was calculated as well as the separate magnitudinal and directional jerk-cost components. During practice, total movement time decreased, hand paths became more parabolic in shape, and significant changes occurred in hand acceleration magnitude, direction, and timing. Total jerk-cost and the magnitudinal and directional jerk-cost components were significantly less when slowest hand movements were compared after practice versus during practice. The decrease in jerk-cost indicated an increased smoothness of the practiced movements.
Pion interferometry of O + Au at 200 AGeV☆

Abstract We analyse NA35 data on O + Au → π − π − + X at 200 AGeV including resonance decays and non-ideal dynamical and geometrical effects and find that a r ƒ = τ ⊥ƒ = 4 fm chaotic source is consistent with the data.