cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary games and computer simulations

Abstract The Prisoner's Dilemma has long been considered the paradigm for studying the emergence of cooperation among selfish individuals. Because of its importance, it has been studied through computer experiments as well as in the laboratory and by analytical means. However, there are important differences between the way a system composed of many interacting elements is simulated by a digital machine and the manner in which it behaves when studied in real experiments. In some instances, these disparities can be marked enough so as to cast doubt on the implications of cellular automata-type simulations for the study of cooperation in social systems. In particular, if such a simulation imposes space-time granularity, then its ability to describe the real world may be compromised. Indeed, we show that the results of digital simulations regarding territoriality and cooperation differ greatly when time is discrete as opposed to continuous.
Relationship between B-type natriuretic peptide and adverse outcome in patients with clinical evidence of sepsis presenting to the emergency department.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:219–222 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Myocardial dysfunction is an important aspect of sepsis pathophysiology. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neurohormone released from the ventricles in response to myocardial stretch and volume overload. The authors hypothesized that an elevated BNP in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected sepsis are at increased risk for development of adverse events. Methods: This was a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study in 10 EDs. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years, had two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, and had suspected infection or a serum lactate level > 2.5 mmol/L. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, had do-not-attempt-resuscitation status, sustained a cardiac arrest prior to hospital arrival, had known chronic renal insufficiency, or were on dialysis. BNP levels were obtained at arrival. The primary outcome was a composite of severe sepsis, septic shock within 72 hours, or in-hospital mortality. Results: There were 825 patients enrolled (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 53.5 ± 19.6 years; 51% were female and 37% were African American). The area under the curve (AUC) for BNP to predict the triple composite outcome was 0.69, and the optimal cut-point of BNP was 49 pg/mL. Patients with a BNP > 49 pg/mL had a greater mortality rate (11.6% vs. 2.1%; p = 0.0001), a greater risk of development of severe sepsis (67.7% vs. 36.8%; p = 0.0001) and septic shock (51.7% vs. 26.4%; p = 0.0001), and a higher rate of the triple composite outcome (69% vs. 37%; unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 2.1; p < 0.001). The sensitivity was 63% (95% CI = 58% to 67%), specificity was 69% (95% CI = 65% to 73%), negative predictive value (NPV) was 63% (95% CI = 58% to 67%), and positive predictive value (PPV) was 69% (95% CI = 65% to 74%). In multivariate modeling, after adjusting for age, sex, heart rate, white blood cell count, and creatinine, an elevated BNP was associated with increased odds of having the composite outcome. The outcome was similar in the subset of patients who did not have severe sepsis or septic shock upon arrival. Conclusions: In patients who present to the ED with SIRS criteria and suspected infection, an elevated BNP is associated with a worse prognosis but has limited diagnostic utility.
Hybrid misclassification minimization

Given two finite point setsA andB in then-dimensional real spaceR n , we consider the NP-complete problem of minimizing the number of misclassified points by a plane attempting to divideR n into two halfspaces such that each open halfspace contains points mostly ofA orB. This problem is equivalent to determining a plane {x | x T w=γ} that maximizes the number of pointsx ∈A satisfying inx T w>γ, plus the number of pointsx ∈B satisfyingx T w<γ. A simple but fast algorithm is proposed that alternates between (i) minimizing the number of misclassified points by translation of the separating plane, and (ii) a rotation of the plane so that it minimizes a weighted average sum of the distances of the misclassified points to the separating plane. Existence of a global solution to an underlying hybrid minimization problem is established. Computational comparison with a parametric approach to solve the NP-complete problem indicates that our approach is considerably faster and appears to generalize better as determined by tenfold cross-validation.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 102

Nuclear structure data available through January 1976 are compiled, and adopted level properties are given. The bulk of the data is presented pictorially for easy comparison. Experimental details, references, and additional comments, where required, are given in the text. All drawings, tables, and comments are reproduced from the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Any additions or corrections desired by the users should be addressed to the compilers for maintenance and updating of the computer file.
Absence of radiofrequency heating from auditory implants during magnetic resonance imaging

The possibility of tissue heating due to an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) or a modified cochlear implant (CI) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head was tested on a full-sized human phantom using a realistic phantom head consisting of simulated skull, brain, and muscle. Dielectric properties of the brain, muscle, and bone materials were similar to those of human tissues at 64 MHz. The body consisted of homogeneous phantom muscle enclosed in a human-shaped fiberglass shell. Thermographic and fiber-optic temperature measurements were conducted to reveal any heating. Thermograms of sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes of the head with the ABI and CI electrodes were taken immediately before and after a 26 min MRI scan. The MRI sequence was set at 94 excitations and 25 ms echo time to induce maximum radiofrequency heating, as suggested by the General Electric Company. The difference of these two thermograms gives the heating results. In two uncut phantom heads, Teflon tubes were placed along the implanted ABI and CI, and temperature data were recorded via fiber-optic probes before, during, and after the MRI. Results showed no observable heating associated with the ABI and the modified CI during worst-case MRI of the head. 01995 WiIey-Liss, Inc
Effect of filling material on the temperature distribution in a thermal conductivity probe and thermal conductivity measurements: a numerical study

A numerical investigation taking into account the composite nature of a line thermal conductivity probe was carried out using a finite-difference technique, to study the temperature distribution inside a thermal conductivity probe for different filling materials. Air, mercury and a high thermal conductivity paste were used as the filling materials. the radial temperature gradient in a mercury filled probe was small, while a large temperature gradient was forund in an air filled probe. It was found that the lacoation of the thermocouple in the probe has very little or no effect on the calculated thermal conductivity values, for all three filling materials tested. the plots of temperature rise versus natural logarithm of time
Combs, needles, haystacks: balancing push and pull for discovery in large-scale sensor networks

In this paper we investigate efficient strategies for supporting on-demand information dissemination and gathering in large-scale vwireless sensor networks. In particular, we propose a "comb-needle" discovery support model resembling an ancient method: use a comb to help find a needle in sands or a haystack. The model combines push and pull for information dissemination and gathering. The push component features data duplication in a linear neighborhood of each node. The pull component features a dynamic formation of an on-demand routing structure resembling a comb. The comb-needle model enables us to investigate the cost of a spectrum of push and pull combinations for supporting discovery and query in large scale sensor networks. Our result shows that the optimal routing structure depends on the frequency of query occurrence and the spatial-temporal frequency of related events in the network. The benefit of balancing push and pull for discovery in large scale geometric networks are demonstrated. We also raise the issue of query coverage in unreliable networks and investigate how redundancy can improve the coverage via both theoretical analysis and simulation. Last, we study adaptive strategies for the case where the frequencies of query and events are unknown a priori and time-varying.
Complications during vascular surgery: basic principles and management of cardiac ischaemia

Abstract Systematic management of cardiac ischaemia requires an understanding of both the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, MVO2and coronary perfusion. This chapter discusses the mechanical and pharmacological determinants of MVO2using primarily end-systolic pressure–volume relation, ESPVR, and the relation of the pressure–volume area, which is based upon the ESPVR to MVO2. First, the mechanical determinants of cardiac performance are discussed, followed by their interaction with MVO2. Emphasis is placed upon the effects of heart rate, changes in cardiac loading, and in contractility on MVO2using the PVA as a basis for analysis. It will be shown that the effects of blood pressure on MVO2depend mostly on the contractile state of the heart, whereas when considered per beat heart rate probably does not affect MVO2. The concept of increasing contractility causing oxygen wasting and the controversy surrounding this concept is also discussed.
Insect clip cages rapidly alter photosynthetic traits of leaves

In plant-insect interaction experiments, a clip cage is frequently used to isolate insects or other small pests on a leaf. Clip cage effects on the physiology of the leaf could possibly confound experimental results. Our objective was to quantitate the effects of an insect clip cage of the type typically used for small pests such as whiteflies (Bemisia sp.), aphids (Aphis sp.) and mites (Urticae sp.) on the photosynthetic traits of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 100A-glandless) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Imperial 45) leaves. Clip cages that enclosed 11.3 cm 2 of both the abaxial and adaxial sides of a leaf were attached to young fully expanded leaves. For the leaf tissue within the clip cage, incident radiation was decreased and leaf temperature was increased. After 24 h, chlorophyll content of tissue within the clip cage was significantly increased compared with noncaged-control samples taken from the opposite half of the same leaf. Three days after clip cages were attached to leaves, compared with controls, the tissue within the cage had a lower light-saturated, steady-state CO 2 exchange rate (CER) and leaf soluble protein content. The cage effect on CER and soluble protein could be explained, at least in part, by decreased light-saturated initial Rubisco activity for leaf tissue within the clip cage. We conclude that the clip cages caused physiological and biochemical alterations of leaves that could alter insect nutrition. Thus, it is suggested that clip cage effects on leaf physiology and microenvironment must be considered when interpreting results of plant-insect interaction experiments.
Effects of NO2 on the lungs of rats. I. Morphology

Abstract This research was undertaken to study the early effects of NO 2 on the lungs of aging rats. Male rats 1, 3, 11, 19, and 25 months old were exposed to NO 2 for up to 15 days. At various intervals during exposure, rats were sacrificed and studied by light and electron microscopy. Older rats had a higher mortality rate than young rats during the first day of exposure. Death in these rats was due to pulmonary edema. Morphologically, rats of all ages had injury to ciliated cells in the terminal bronchioles and Type 1 cells in the alveoli. In the older rats, the amount of tissue so damaged was much greater than that in young rats. After injury, rats of all ages began repair of the epithelium; however, the onset was slower in the older rats than in young rats. These two factors probably accounted for the larger accumulation of edema in alveoli of older rats, resulting in their increased mortality.
Control of regioselectivity in the intramolecular cycloaddition reaction of an olefinic tosylhydrazone

Abstract The regioselectivity of the internal cycloaddition of o -allylbenzaldehyde N-tosylhydrazone has been found to be markedly dependent on the experimental conditions employed.
A view of subjectivity in the evolution of communicative behavior

Abstract A perspectival or ‘dialectical’ approach to communicative behavior within an evolutionary framework is proposed. Three general principles for theorizing about human behavior and two postulates are offered as a suggestive ‘model’ of communication. The model, called ‘sociation’, views the forms of communicative behavior in terms of the structure of social relationships described as variants of ‘complementary’ or ‘symmetrical reciprocity’. There is a consideration of the adaptive value of these two forms of reciprocity insofar as they maintain a social order or facilitate change. Examples from various studies of primates are used to illustrate the theoretical discussion.
THE IMPACT OF SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES ON LARGEMOUTH BASS AND BLUEGILLS

ABSTRACT Underwater macrophytes can influence fish diet and growth by restricting access inshore. The movements of largemouth bass (Microptems salmoides) and biuegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were followed in a shallow Wisconsin impoundment nearly one-half covered with potamogetons and other macrophytes. Plant density averaged 130–200 g/m2(dry weight) from May through August during the six-year study. Fish activity was observed from a still boat or by diving. Stomach samples of fishes were obtained on 55 dates by boom shocking. Submerged macrophytes at a density above 90 g/m2functioned as a screen to selectively restrict fish movements. Bass and bluegills under age III were mostly confined to plant beds, where they grazed chironomid larvae and other aquatic insects on the plants and lake bottom. Bluegills shifted to zooplankton and finally plant tissue as summer progressed, while bass turned increasingly to fish as prey. Older bass had difficulty in penetrating the plant beds until openings appeared from pl...
An α-alkylation/reduction of ketones via radical cyclizations of β-chloroethylsilyl enol ethers

Abstract β-Chloroethyldimethylsilyl enol ether derivatives of five ketones were allowed to react with tributylstannane in the presence of AIBN to yield the products of “reductive α-alkylation,” 1-oxa-2-silacyclohexanes, plus ethyldimethylsilyl enol ether byproducts from direct reduction. The unstable oxasilacyclohexanes were treated with methyllithium to yield, upon workup, γ(trimethylsilyl) alcohols.
The three-dimensional structure of frozen-hydrated bacteriophage ΦX174

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of bacteriophage Φ174 (ΦX174) was determined to ∼2.6 nm resolution from images of frozen-hydrated 114 S particles. The outer surface of ΦX174 is characterized by several prominent features: (i) 12 mushroom-shaped caps (∼7.1 nm wide × 3.8 nm high) are situated at each of the vertices of the icosahedral virion and extend to a maximum radius of 16.8 nm; (ii) a “collar” of density surrounds the base of each apical cap; and (iii) 20 conical protrusions (∼2.3 nm high) lie along the three-fold symmetry axes. The caps have a pentagonal morphology composed of five globular “subunits” and appear to be loosely connected to the underlying capsid. The distribution of the four gene products present in virions (60 copies each of gpF, gpG, and gpJ, and 12 copies of gpH), and the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome cannot be directly discerned in the reconstructed density map, although plausible assignments can be made on the basis of solvent-excluded volume estimates and previous biochemical data. Thus, gpG accounts for most of the mass in the caps; gpH, a presumed cap protein, cannot be identified in part due to the symmetry-averaging procedures, but may be partially located within the interior of the capsid; and gpF and gpJ make up the remainder of the capsid. The genome appears to be less densely packaged inside the capsid compared to many dsDNA viruses whose nucleic acid is arranged in a liquid-crystalline state.
The Phosphodiester Bond 3‘ to a Deoxyuridine Residue Is Crucial for Substrate Binding for Uracil DNA N-Glycosylase†

Using the method of water-soluble carbodiimide-induced chemical ligation, four 27-member oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a pyrophosphate internucleotide bond near or adjacent to a deoxyuridine residue were prepared. Escherichia coli uracil DNA N-glycosylase (UDG) activity was found to be sensitive to the presence of an internucleotide pyrophosphate bond in both single- and double-stranded DNA. The rate of uracil excision from single-stranded DNA containing a pyrophosphate bond adjacent to the uracil residue, either 3' or 5', was 0.01% and 0.1% of the rate of uracil removal from control DNA without a pyrophosphate bond, respectively. The rate of uracil excision from duplex DNA containing a pyrophosphate bond 3' or 5' to the uracil residue was also reduced, being 0.1% and 1% the rate of uracil removal from the corresponding duplex DNA control. Placing the pyrophosphate bond one nucleotide 5' or 3' away from the deoxyuridine in both single- and double-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides provided much better substrates for UDG. Kinetic measurements showed that the pyrophosphate bond placed adjacent to the deoxyuridine residue drastically reduced the affinity of UDG toward the modified DNA substrate, with the greatest effect occurring when the pyrophosphate bond was 3' adjacent to the deoxyuridine. The enzyme was able to excise a 3'-terminal uracil at the nicked site of a nicked duplex, DNA, provided that the terminal deoxyuridine was 3'-phosphorylated. The effect of the pyrophosphate bond on the substrate susceptibility of oligonucleotides containing deoxyuridine is discussed with respect to the mechanism of action of UDG.
Characterization of the replication of a baculovirus mutant lacking the DNA polymerase gene.

Abstract In a previous study, the DNA polymerase gene ( dnapol ) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) was identified as one of six genes required for plasmid replication in a transient replication assay (M. Kool, C. Ahrens, R.W. Goldbach, G.F. Rohrmann, J.M. Vlak, Identification of genes involved in DNA replication of the Autographa californica , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, (1994) 11212–11216); however, another study based on a similar approach reported that the virally encoded polymerase was only stimulatory (A. Lu, L.K. Miller, The roles of 18 baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication, J. Virol. 69, (1995) 975–982). To reconcile the conflicting data and determine if the AcMNPV DNA polymerase is required for viral DNA replication during the course of an infection, a dnapol -null virus was generated using bacmid technology. To detect viral DNA replication, a highly sensitive assay was designed based on real-time PCR and SYBR green chemistry. Our results indicate that a bacmid in which the dnapol ORF was deleted is unable to replicate its DNA when transfected into Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells, although when the dnapol ORF was introduced into the polyhedrin ( polh ) locus, this repaired virus could propagate at levels similar to the control virus. These results confirm that the AcMNPV-encoded DNA polymerase is required for viral DNA replication and the host DNA polymerases cannot substitute for the viral enzyme in this process.
Talking about traumatic events: A cross-cultural investigation

Individuals are facing traumatic situations like natural crises (like floods, earthquakes) and man-made disasters (terroristic attacks) incrementally. Traumatic events are related to psychological consequences for survivors (depression, posttraumatic stress disorder). The experience of a traumatic event can be disclosed through narratives, which can be linguistically analyzed with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). In this study, cultural and temporal differences in narratives about different traumatic events in seven European countries are investigated. 132 survivors, who experienced a traumatic situation, reported their experiences in focus groups and interviews. The transcripts of narratives were analyzed with the LIWC2007 (Pennebaker, Chung, Ireland, Gonzales & Booth, 2007). Regarding the LIWC categories affective and cognitive processes, event characteristics as well as cultural and temporal differences were explored. Results show that traumatic situations are reported with a greater amount of negative emotion words. Cultural differences regarding the LIWC categories are found between the seven European countries. A temporal factor, considering days elapsed between an event and narrative, was investigated. Temporal differences in cognitive word use, but not for affective contents, were recognized. This study was able to show tendencies of cultural diversity in the expression of traumatic events in survivors of seven European countries as well as to explore a temporal factor, which is related to a retrospective way of narration.
Molecular structure of fibrinogen I. Helical content and the role of the tyrosine moiety in the fibrinogen molecule

Abstract 1. 1. The helical content of fibrinogen has been calculated from ultraviolet spectroscopy and appears to agree with values found by optical rotatory dispersion. 2. 2. The tyrosyl titration curve of fibrinogen has been reinvestigated and is time-dependent, thus indicating that the tyrosyl groups in the molecule are not all equivalent. 3. 3. A correlation of the helical content and availability of the tyrosyl moiety with time suggests that the tyrosyl group in the fibrinogen molecule may play a role in the retention of helical structure.
People location and orientation tracking in multiple views

This paper presents a multi-view approach to the tracking of people location and orientation. To achieve efficient and accurate likelihood evaluation, a novel likelihood computation method is proposed. Mixtures of Gaussian (MoG) are used to represent the color models of subjects. The scaled unscented transformation is used to project the MoG color models onto the image plane to predict the color distribution for a motion sample. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by experiment results obtained using real videos.
Cadmium uptake by rat red blood cells

Rat red blood cells were employed to study the uptake of cadmium (109Cd). Suspensions of red blood cells were exposed to Cd concentrations of 0.005-500 microM, which were representative of whole blood concentrations (both bound and free) observed following in vivo Cd administration. Cd uptake was biphasic with an initial rapid phase (less than 1 min) followed by a slower second phase. The rate of Cd uptake at 25 degrees C was one-fourth of that at 37 degrees C. The metabolic inhibitors; sodium fluoride (1 mM), potassium cyanide (1 mM) and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (2 microM) and the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain (1 mM) did not reduce Cd (50 microM) uptake into red blood cells. This suggests that the uptake of Cd into red blood cells was not an active process. Incubation of Cd (10 microM) with an equimolar concentration of Zn did not alter uptake of Cd into red blood cells, but at 5 and 10 times higher concentrations of Zn, Cd uptake was enhanced 5-fold. Mercury at one-tenth and equimolar concentrations of Cd increased Cd uptake by red blood cells 2-fold. N-Ethylmaleimide (0.5-5 mM), which irreversibly inactivates membrane sulfhydryl groups, decreased Cd uptake. The data indicate that Cd uptake into rat red blood cells occurs by passive transport and that alterations of sulfhydryls of red blood cell membrane may modulate the process.
Multimedia Interfaces: Don't Move My Cheese!

The author notes ways to be more consistent and practical when designing an interface.He also provides a concrete example of a less-than-perfect user interface on a phone/fax/answering machine.
Derivation of Poincaré covariance from causality requirements in field theory

It is proved that the group of covariance of a non-second quantized theory of scalar fields on Minkowski space is uniquely restricted to the causality group, constituted by the group of dilatations and by the orthochronous Poincare group, if certain causality requirements in field theory are assumed.
An Investigation of a Possible Relationship Between the Height of the Low-Latitude Tropopause and the Sunspot Number

Abstract A 20-year time series of the height of the tropopause measured at 11 low-latitude rawinsonde stations has been tested in various ways for correlation with Zurich sunspot number. At most stations positive correlations were found and the strength of the response weakened away from the equator. The maximum change in elevation observed was −0.5 km, a 3° decrease from solar maximum to minimum.
Biochemical discrimination between luminal and abluminal enzyme and transport activities of the blood-brain barrier.

Luminal and abluminal membrane vesicles derived from bovine brain endothelial cells, the site of the blood-brain barrier, were fractionated in a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. A mathematical analysis was developed to determine the membrane distribution of membrane marker enzyme activities as well as the ratio of luminal to abluminal membrane in each fraction of the gradient. The results of this analysis indicate that g-glutamyl transpeptidase and amino acid transport system A are located on the luminal and abluminal membranes, respectively. Conversely, 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase activities are evenly distributed between both membranes. Although Nag/K+-ATPase activity is primarily located on the abluminal membrane, approximately 25% of the activity is of luminal origin. Na+/K+-ATPase activities associated with each membrane showed different ouabain sensitivities, suggesting that different isoenzymes are located in luminal and abluminal membranes. The analytical procedure used in this study provides a quantitative means to determine the distribution of marker enzymes and transport proteins in partially purified membrane vesicle populations.
Chromosome mosaicism in 6,000 amniocenteses.

Multiple cell–multiple flask mosaicism was found in 0.20% of 6,000 amniocenteses, and multiple cell–single flask mosaicism was found in 0.92%. Multiple cell–multiple flask mosaicism usually was found in fetal or infant tissues at delivery or elective abortion. Most multiple cell–multiple flask mosaicism involved sex chromosomes and was either 45, X/46, XY or 45, X/46, XX. Except for one fetus with 45, X/46, XX and an aortic coarctation, phenotypic abnormalities associated with sex chromosome mosaicism were not found in these patients. One normal boy has continued to show 45,X mosaicism during the first 4 years of life. Autosome abnormalities found in multiple cell–multiple flask mosaicism included del(18q) associated with fetal anomalies. Apparently normal phenotypes were associated with prenatal trisomy 17, two de novo supernumerary marker chromosomes, and monosomy 21. Since an aberrant cell line present in only one primary amniotic fluid cell culture was occasionally identified from another amniocentesis or at birth, multiple cell–single flask mosaicism involving a sex chromosome or a viable autosome abnormality cannot be assumed to be an in vitro event. Maternal cell contamination, which was found in 0.49% of amniocenteses, could have resulted in an erroneous diagnosis of fetal sex in two cases if cells from independent culture vessels were not examined.
Inhibition of insulin gene expression by long-term exposure of pancreatic β cells to palmitate is dependent on the presence of a stimulatory glucose concentration

Long-term exposure of pancreatic β cells to elevated levels of fatty acids (FAs) impairs glucose-induced insulin secretion.However, the effects of FAs on insulin gene expression are controversial. We hypothesized that FAs adversely affect insulin gene expression only in the presence of elevated glucose concentrations. To test this hypothesis, isolated rat islets were cultured for up to 1 week in the presence of 2. 8 or 16. 7 mmol/L glucose with or without 0.5 mmol/L palmitate. Insulin release, insulin content, and insulin mRNA levels were determined at the end of each culture period. Palmtate increased insulin release at each time point independently of the glucose concentration. In contrast, insulin content was unchanged in the presence of palmitate at 2. 8 mmol/L glucose, but was markedly decreased in the presence of 0. 5 mmol/L palmitate and 16. 7 mmol/L glucose after 2, 3, and 7 days of culture. In the presence of a basal concentration of glucose, insulin mRNA levels were transiently increased by palmitate at 24 hours but were unchanged thereafter. In contrast, palmitate significantly inhibited the stimulatory effects of 16.7 mmol/L glucose on insulin mRNA levels after 2, 3, and 7 days. To determine whether the inhibitory effect of palmitate on glucose-stimulated insulin mRNA levels was associated with decreased insulin promoter activity, HIT T15 cells were cultured for 24 hours in 11. 1 mmol/L glucose in the presence or absence of palmitate, and insulin gene promoter activity was measured in transient transfection experiments using the insulin promoter-reporter construct INSLUC. INSLUC activity was decreased more than 2-fold after 24 hours of exposure to 0. 5 mmol/L palmitate. We conclude that long-term exposure of pancreatic (3 cells to palmitate decreases insulin gene expression only in the presence of elevated glucose concentrations, in part through inhibition of insulin gene promoter activity.
Exponentially stable trajectory following of robotic manipulators under a class of adaptive controls

Abstract For the trajectory following problem of a robot manipulator, a new class of adaptive controls is introduced. A control in this class consists of a robust control part and an adaptive part. It is shown that the adaptive control part can be chosen to be any of existing adaptation laws and that consequently existing results can be viewed as special cases of the proposed result. The robust control part is added to make the whole adaptive control system be robust with respect to possible unknown functional dynamics, estimation error, and disturbances. The choice of robust control part depends only on bounding functions of the uncertainties. The global and exponential stability of the position and velocity tracking errors is guaranteed under every control in the proposed class.
Five-dimensional rindler spacetime

We obtain solutions to the field equations for the massless scalar, massless spinor, and electromagnetic fields in a Rindler coordinate system consisting of four space dimensions and one time dimension. The solutions are shown to allow energy > momentum and so may represent massive particles even though the corresponding field equations contain no mass term. The solutions are confined to a narrow interval in the Rindler coordinate and thus, to an observer who sees only these fields, appear to exist in a three-dimensional space. We propose this description of spacetime and fields as model of the universe in which we live.
Frequency Stabilized Optical Comb Source with High Finesse Intracavity Etalon

Mode-locked lasers have applications in signal processing and communications such as analog to digital conversion, arbitrary waveform generation and wavelength division multiplexing. For such applications low noise and phase coherent frequency stabilized optical combs are needed. In this work we report a low noise, Pound-Drever Hall frequency stabilized, semiconductor mode-locked laser at 10.287GHz centered at 1550nm with 1000-Finesse sealed, ultralow insertion loss intracavity etalon. The output optical power of the mode locked laser is ~5mW.
A State‐Wide Program Of Periodic Measurements Of Ground‐Water Level In Nebraska

The precipitation in Nebraska has been considerably less than normal in the last four years, and in consequence the ground-water level in many parts of the State has declined to a marked extent. Moreover, in some parts of Nebraska the ground-water level has declined as the result of land-drainage, and in other parts it has risen as the result of irrigation with water diverted from streams. These changes in ground-water level produced by drainage, irrigation, and decreased precipitation have caused wells to fail, streams to cease flowing, lakes to become dry, and land to become water-logged. Consequently, interest in fluctuations of ground-water level has greatly increased, and the need of a systematic collection of base-data for the future study of ground-water problems has been recognized.
Practice note: Using debriefing interviews to promote authenticity and transparency in mixed research

Our goal in this editorial is to promote transparency in mixed research by detailing how to conduct debriefing interviews throughout the research process to document the degree that quality criteria are designed and implemented. First, we examine the role of transparency in establishing credibility of findings and conclusions. We provide a rationale for using debriefing interviews to elevate transparency in mixed research. Second, we discuss the process of peer debriefing in the context of qualitative studies because it is this context that formed the catalyst for developing a debriefing interview protocol. Third, we apply in the context of mixing approaches, five authenticity criteria (Guba and Lincoln, 1989) developed in accordance with a constructivist tradition. We present a debriefing interview technique accompanied by example interview questions to document the degree that researchers have met, in practice, these five quality criteria and other quality criteria such as philosophical clarity and incorporation of multiple standpoints. We conclude by discussing the process and benefits of debriefing interviews in mixed research studies.
Teaching Anxious Students Skills for the Electronic Library

(1995). Teaching Anxious Students Skills for the Electronic Library. College Teaching: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 28-31.
Lab and field measurements to evaluate a differential polarimetric IR (DPIR) search sensor

Differential polarimetry has shown the ability to enhance target signatures by reducing background signatures, thus effectively increasing the signal-to-noise ratio on target. This method has mainly been done for resolved, high contrast targets. For ground-to-air search and tracking of small, slow, airborne targets, the target at range can be sub-pixel and hard to detect against the background sky. Given the unpolarized nature of the thermal emission of the background sky, it should be possible to use differential polarimetry to “filter out” the background, and thus enhance the ability of detecting sub-pixel targets. The first step in testing this hypothesis is to devise a set of surrogate sample targets and measure their polarimetric properties in the thermal IR in both the lab and the field. The goal of this paper is to determine whether or not it is feasible to use differential polarimetry to search, detect, and track small airborne objects.
P01-45 Challenges for medical models of addiction

It is standard in current neurobiological research on addiction to describe addiction as a chronic disease. Working from this perspective, much effort has gone into characterizing the symptomology of addiction and the brain changes that underlie them. Evidence for involvement of dopamine transmission changes in the ventral tagament area and nucleus accumbens have received the greatest attention. Kaur and Malenka (2007) put it well: “drugs of abuse can co-opt synaptic plasticity mechanisms in brain circuits involved in reinforcement and reward processing”. Our goal in this paper is to provide an explicit description of the assumptions of medical models, the different forms they may take, and the challenges they face in providing explanations of addiction with solid evidence. We first spell out the requirements of disease models and use them to point out ambiguities in the claims of those who defend medical models. After that, we ask to what extent DSM categorization is suitable to medical models and what aspects of the life course of addiction medical models are supposed to explain. In the third section, we note that a primary aim of the neurobiology of addiction is to localize the causes of addiction to cellular and molecular pathways in the brain's reward system. We investigate how well current neurobiological approaches approximate towards such a unified causal account of addiction, and what challenges current approaches still face. We finish with a survey of some of the important social processes in addiction and the challenges they raise for medical models.
Algebraic limits of geometrically finite manifolds are tame

In his 1986 article [Th2], W. Thurston proposed that one might approachMarden’s conjecture from a dynamical point of view via a study of limits in the natural deformation space: its interior consists of geometrically finite manifolds, and promoting their tameness to algebraic limits on the boundary has proven to be a successful strategy to address Marden’s conjecture in special cases. In this paper we complete this part of his approach.
Adrenal gland weights of Hereford and Brahman cattle.

SummaryWeights of individual and paired adrenals together with adrenal-body weight ratio for male, female and castrated Hereford and Brahman cattle are presented. There was no significant difference between weight ratios for the 2 species although adrenal-body weight ratio was consistently smaller for Brahman cattle. Unlike most other mammalian species examined, adrenal-body weight ratio tends to increase slightly with age. Adrenal weights of cattle are apparently not affected by sex. Castration decreased adrenal-body weight ratio, which is the reverse of that observed in other species. While the left adrenal was consistently larger than the right, total adrenal weight was much smaller in relation to unit body weight than any other mammalian species for which data are available. The bovine adrenal cortex appears to be smaller in relation to the whole gland than for most other mammals as does the zona fasciculata.
Basing Educational Anthropology on the Education of Anthropologists: Can Bilingualism and Biculturalism Promote the Fundamental Goals of Anthropology Better than Multiculturalism?

Editor's Note: This article is the third contribution to AEQ's new feature section, Reflections on the Field, which offers concise, scholarly, reflective articles on key moments, developments, ideas, and individuals in the field of educational anthropology. Here, Richard H. Thompson draws upon ethnographic research, the history of anthropology, and the literatures on multiculturalism and bilingualism and biculturalism to argue that neither multiculturalism nor multicultural education can mitigate the assimilationist and racializing costs that Eurocentrism poses for immigrants and minoritized groups. He proposes instead a sweeping policy of bilingual and bicultural education for all students on the grounds that the education of anthropologists can serve as a model for an educational anthropology that effectively addresses our foundational disciplinary goals.
Engineered Dynein Mutants Reveal Minimal Structural and Catalytic Requirements for Processive Motility

Cytoplasmic dynein is a molecular motor responsible for minus-end directed transport along microtubules. In contrast to kinesins and myosins, the detailed mechanism of dynein processivity and force generation remains unclear. Dynein’s structure and evolutionary origin are different from these motors, suggesting unique mechanistic features. In this work, we engineered novel dynein constructs with altered mechanical, chemical and geometric properties to test the roles of rigid linkage between monomers, interaction between the ATPase rings and the proposed linker swing mechanism in maintaining dynein processivity. We found that a rigid linkage between monomers and dimerization through the N-terminal tail domains are not essential for dynein processivity. Instead, processivity minimally requires the linker domain of one monomer with an active ATPase ring to be attached to a partner monomer, which can be replaced by an inert protein retaining the microtubule-binding domain. To understand how one active head could provide motility to an inactive partner, we quantified the force-dependent microtubule release rates of dynein monomers. A clear directional asymmetry for detachment was observed, with significantly faster release towards the minus-end, providing insight into dynein’s directionality. These results led us to a detailed mechanistic model of dynein processivity, directionality and force generation.
Model robust confidence intervals

Abstract Confidence intervals are constructed for real-valued parameter estimation in a general regression model with normal errors. When the error variance is known these intervals are optimal (in the sense of minimizing length subject to guaranteed probability of coverage) among all intervals estimates which are centered at a linear estimate of the parameter. When the error variance is unknown and the regression model is an approximately linear model (a class of models which permits bounded systematic departures from an underlying ideal model) then an independent estimate of variance is found and the intervals can then be appropriately scaled.
Rockwell Software: arena introduction

Specifically designed for newcomers to simulation, this session introduces basic modeling concepts, features, animation and scenario management, and comprehensive simulation project management. Demonstrations include basic applications in the manufacturing, supply chain, logistics, defense, healthcare, call center and business process scenarios.
HR OUTSOURCING AND ITS IMPACT: THE ROLE OF TRANSACTION COSTS

Although HR activities have traditionally been performed in-house, organizations are increasingly relying on outside contractors to perform these activities. Using a Transaction Cost Economics perspective, this study examined whether organizational-level factors moderated the relationship between the degree of reliance on HR outsourcing and the perceived benefits produced by outsourcing. Moderated regression was performed using data provided by over 300 HR executives on outsourcing levels, organizational characteristics, and the perceived impact of outsourcing. Support was found for a number of the transaction cost hypotheses regarding the impact of organizational characteristics. Specifically, the relationship between the degree of outsourcing and the perceived benefits generated was moderated by reliance on idiosyncratic HR practices, uncertainty, firm size, and cost pressures. No support was found for hypotheses regarding the moderating effect associated with pay level, overall outsourcing emphasis, or strategic involvement by HR.
Plasma taurine levels in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome induced by unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion.

Abstract Low plasma levels of taurine are associated with losses of cardiac sarcomeric proteins, leading to heart failure in mammals. Recently, it was proposed that cardiac taurine depletion serves to defend the heart against injury caused by regional ischemia in mammals. The role of taurine has not been well documented in broilers, particularly in relation to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS; ascites). Three independent experiments evaluated plasma taurine in male broilers by utilizing the following treatments: unoperated controls (CONTROL; n = 10 in each experiment); sham operated (SHAM; n = 11, 12, and 10); or, unilaterally pulmonary artery clamped (PAC; n = 18, 29, and 24) that did (PAC-ascites) or did not (PAC-normal) develop ascites within 12 d postsurgery. Plasma samples were collected 9 and 11 d postsurgery in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and 2 d before and 4, 8, and 12 d after surgery in Experiment 3. Plasma taurine was analyzed by HPLC. Twelve days postsurgery, the birds were euthanatized, and ventricles were weighed for calculating the right:total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV). The RV:TV of PAC birds (>0.35) consistently was higher (P
Cardiovascular Imaging with PET, CT, and MR Imaging.

PET provides high-resolution images of radiopharmaceutical biodistribution in vivo. Fluorine-18–labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET is an established entity in the work-up of several oncologic disorders and is making forays in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, leading to increased use for cardiac and neurologic applications. Combined myocardial perfusion and metabolism imaging using FDG-PET is the gold standard for noninvasive assessment of myocardial viability. Advances in imaging instrumentation (including CT and MR imaging technology) facilitate noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular pathologies. MR imaging is best placed to provide the most comprehensive cardiac evaluation. This article addresses evaluation of the cardiovascular system by PET, CT, and MR imaging.
Parameter uncertainty-based controller design for networked control systems with active varying sampling period

This paper studies the problem of designing Hinfin controllers for networked control systems (NCSs) with both network-induced time delay and packet dropout by using active varying sampling period method, where the sampling period switches in a finite set. The newly proposed active varying sampling period method can ensure the sufficient use of network bandwidth. A multi-objective optimization methodology in terms of LMIs is proposed to deal with the problem of Hinfin controller design for NCSs with active varying sampling period, and the parameter uncertainty-based method is also adopted for Hinfin controller design. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed parameter uncertainty-based Hinfin controller design.
Hemochromatosis: the new blood donor

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) due to homozygosity for the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene is a common inherited iron overload disorder in whites of northern European descent. Hepcidin deficiency, the hallmark of the disorder, leads to dysregulated intestinal iron absorption and progressive iron deposition in the liver, heart, skin, endocrine glands, and joints. Survival is normal if organ damage is prevented by early institution of phlebotomy therapy. HH arthropathy is the symptom most affecting quality of life and can be debilitating. Genotype screening in large population studies has shown that the clinical penetrance of C282Y homozygosity is highly variable and can be very low, with up to 50% of women and 20% of men showing a silent phenotype. Targeted population screening for the HFE C282Y mutation is not recommended at present, but might be reconsidered as a cost-effective approach to management if counseling and care were better organized and standardized. Referral of patients to the blood center for phlebotomy therapy and use of HH donor blood for transfusion standardizes treatment, minimizes treatment costs, and may benefit society as a whole. Physician practices should be amended such that HH subjects are more frequently referred to the blood center for therapy.