cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stoichiometry dependent electron transport and gas sensing properties of indium oxide nanowires

The effect of stoichiometry of single crystalline In2O3 nanowires on electrical transport and gas sensing was investigated. The nanowires were synthesized by vapor phase transport and had diameters ranging from 80 to 100?nm and lengths between 10 and 20??m, with a growth direction of [001]. Transport measurements revealed n-type conduction, attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies in the crystal lattice. As-grown In2O3 nanowires were shown to have a carrier concentration of ?5???1017?cm?3, while nanowires that were annealed in wet O2 showed a reduced carrier concentration of less than 1016?cm?3. Temperature dependent conductivity measurements on the as-grown nanowires and analysis of the thermally activated Arrhenius conduction for the temperature range of 77?350?K yielded an activation energy of 0.12?eV. This is explained on the basis of carrier exchange that occurs between the surface states and the bulk of the nanowire, resulting in a depleted surface layer of thickness of the order of the Debye length (LD), estimated to be about 3?4?nm for the as-grown nanowires and about 10 times higher for the more stoichiometric nanowires. Significant changes in the electrical conductance of individual In2O3 nanowires were also observed within several seconds of exposure to NH3 and O2 gas molecules at room temperature, thus demonstrating the potential use of In2O3 nanowires as efficient miniaturized chemical sensors. The sensing mechanism is dominated by the nanowire channel conductance, and a simple energy band diagram is used to explain the change in conductivity when gas molecules adsorbed on the nanowire surface influence its electrical properties. Less stoichiometric nanowires were found to be more sensitive to oxidizing gases while more stoichiometric nanowires showed significantly enhanced response to reducing gases.
Sex-specific activity of (R)-(-)- and (S)- (+)-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, the major pheromone ofDacus oleae.

1,7-Dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (olean), the major component of the female sex attractant pheromone blend of the olive fruit flyDacus oleae (Gmelin) was shown to be released as a racemate. The response of males and females to pure (R)-(−) and (S)-(+)-enantiomers was tested under laboratory and field conditions. Males in laboratory and field tests responded only to (R)-(−)-olean, which functions as a sex attractant. Females responded only to (S)-(+)-olean in laboratory tests but not in the field. There are indications that the latter enantiomer fuctions as a short-range arrestant throughout the day and as an aphrodisiac in the process of mating.
AraC-DNA looping: orientation and distance-dependent loop breaking by the cyclic AMP receptor protein.

Abstract The arabinose operon promoter, pbad, is negatively regulated in the absence of arabinose by AraC protein, which forms a DNA loop by binding to two sites separated by 210 base-pairs, ara02 and araI1. pbad is also positively regulated by AraC—arabinose and the cyclic AMP receptor protein, CRP. We provide evidence that CRP breaks the ara02—araI1 repression loop in vitro. The ability of CRP to break the loop in vitro and to activate pbad in vivo is dependent upon the orientation and distance of the CRP binding site relative to araI1. An insertion of one DNA helical turn, 11 base-pairs, between CRP and araI only partially inhibits CRP loop breaking and activation of pbad, while an insertion of less than one DNA helical turn, 4 base-pairs, not only abolishes CRP activation and loop breaking, but actually causes CRP to stabilize the loop and increases the araO2-mediated repression of pbad. Both integral and non-integral insertions of greater than one helical turn completely abolish CRP activation and loop breaking in vitro.
Mesenchymal cell chondrogenesis is stimulated by basement membrane matrix and inhibited by age-associated factors

During development of the embryonic limb, differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into chondrocytes is regulated by cell shape, extracellular matrix, and growth and differentiation factors. In this study, reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) prepared from mouse Englebreth-Holm-Swarm tumor tissue was found to stimulate mesenchymal cell chondrogenesis in vitro and the production of cartilage at ectopic sites in athymic mice. The rate of chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells from chick limb bud was increased four-fold by the addition of 400 g/ml Matrigel to the media of micromass cultures, and this activity was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Mesenchymal cells cultured on Matrigel, but not laminin or collagen type I or IV, formed spheres of condensed cells which stained with Alcian blue. Chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells suspended in Matrigel prepared from tumors grown in C57 mice aged 3, 12, or 26 months formed disks of hyaline cartilage within 2 weeks with wet weights of 59.1 mg, 35.7 mg, and 21.4 mg, indicating that the Matrigel from the old animals was less biologically active. In agreement with the in vivo data, Alcian blue staining of proteoglycan was over two-fold higher in micromass cultures supplemented with the Matrigel from young animals than in cultures treated with the Matrigel from old mice. A high-salt wash preparation of Matrigel from tumors grown in old mice increased the rate of chondrogenesis and cartilage production, suggesting that an inhibitor of chondrogenesis is produced by the old host. Thus, Matrigel contains chondrogenic activity distinct from TGF-β or FGF. The aged host may produce factors that are inhibitory to mesenchymal cell differentiation and adversely affect cartilage formation and repair.
The Mountain Stripeback Darter, Percina notogramma montuosa, n. ssp. from Upper James River, Virginia

Percina notogramma montuosa is described from 50 specimens taken in the tributaries of the upper James River. It is best separated fromPercina notogramma notogramma (which inhabits the Rappahannock, York, Potomac, and Patuxent Rivers and the lower James), on the basis of more lateral-line scales (average difference 89%) and more scales around the caudal peduncle (average difference 79%). A comparison of the meristic indices resulted in an average difference of 96%. Of 31 meristic and proportional characters 18 were found to give statistically significant differences.
Understory biomass in ponderosa pine following mountain pine beetle infestation

Abstract Understory herbaceous biomass was estimated in a chronosequence of ponderosa pine sites. Sites represented recovery ages ranging from 0 to 10 years after attack by the mountain pine beetle. Total understory biomass peaked on 5-year-old (5 years post-attack) sites. Five-year-old site means ranged from 102 to 201 g m−2. Biomass gradually declined through 10 years post-attack; however, understory biomass levels remained considerably greater than those of non-infested live stands. The dominant vegetation classes (forbs, grasses, and sedges) all followed a similar biomass trend with time. Shrub biomass was too heterogeneous to measure accurately. Polynomial regressions of site biomass means plotted against time revealed a relatively poor fit. Therefore, multiple linear regression models of understory biomass were developed using measurements of time since beetle-attack, canopy opening, litter, duff, slope, insolation, basal area and mean tree diameter.
NF-κB-induced chromatin remodeling regulates angiogenesis

In this issue of Blood , Aurora and colleagues identify a novel mechanism for the inhibition of angiogenesis by PEDF and TSP1, mediated via chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation by NF-κB.[1][1] Angiogenesis, formation of new vessels from preexisting ones, occurs both in physiologic
Suppression of ripening and induction of asynchronous ripening in tomato and avocado fruits subjected to complete or partial exposure to aqueous solutions of 1-methylcyclopropene

Abstract This study was designed to determine the effects of aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) formulation applied as a brief, topical dip on the ripening of early ripening-stage tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Florida 47’) and avocado ( Persea americana Mill. ‘Hass’) fruits. Tomato and avocado fruits were subjected to either total or partial (approximately half of fruit surface) immersion in aqueous 625 μg L −1 1-MCP for 1 min and stored at 20 °C. Liquid-formulated 1-MCP strongly delayed ripening in both tomato and avocado fruit, and in tomato fruit exhibited efficacy comparable to that of gaseous 1-MCP (SmartFresh SM Quality System) applied at 500 nL L −1 for 9 h. Tomato fruit treated with liquid 1-MCP exhibited a strongly delayed ethylene climacteric, suppressed respiration, a reduction in the rate of softening, delayed and reduced accumulation of polygalacturonase activity and lycopene, and delayed changes in surface hue angle. Tomato fruit exposed to partial immersion for 1 min exhibited strong ripening asynchrony, with immersed and control fruit portions diverging significantly in all measured ripening parameters. The asynchronous ripening of partially immersed tomato fruit was observed independently of direct exposure of the stem-scar. Avocado fruit ripening was also delayed following a 1 min immersion in 625 μg L −1 1-MCP though less striking ripening asynchrony was observed in response to partial immersion. The results demonstrate the efficacy of relatively brief exposures to liquid-formulated 1-MCP on fruit ripening and illustrate that these formulations, designed to facilitate field or preharvest exposure to 1-MCP, may have postharvest applications as well.
Chrysanthemum's Strange Life: Ruth Benedict in Postwar Japan

Abstract Revisiting Ruth Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, I follow in this article the postwar controversies in Japan over the book. Although enormously significant in the formation of postwar Japanese cultural identity and social scientific discourse, the book has gone through a strange life, subjected to diverse interpretations which reflect historical changes in Japan's self-perception. I propose that what is most strange about the reception of the book is the complete omission of the fact that the book ignores Japan's colonial and imperial history before 1945, thereby opening up the ground for postwar amnesia by the Japanese government of its prewar and wartime domination and atrocities in Asia. I examine the role that this book plays, albeit indirectly, as an historically produced text in helping to shape today's Japanese obliviousness towards its colonial past.
Interlocking Turnover Continua and the Structure of Capital

This article further develops the notion of a turnover continuum so as to better comprehend the logical structure of Capital. The concept is modified to include surplus value and the interconnectedness of multiple industries. By bringing together the value of labor-power, the monetary expression of labor time, and socially necessary abstract labor time within a single analytical framework, the approach sheds light on the logic of Marx’s theoretical structure.
Tumor necrosis factor release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes: lipopolysaccharide tolerance in vitro.

Abstract Human peripheral blood monocytes secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in response to stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have shown that isolated human monocytes pretreated with LPS for 24 h secrete lower levels of TNF on a second stimulation with LPS than monocytes that have been stimulated with a single dose of LPS either immediately after isolation or 24 h after isolation. The levels of TNF released by monocytes after the second stimulation with LPS are proportional to the LPS concentration over a range from 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL. Increasing concentrations of LPS used during the first 24-h stimulation induce greater suppression of TNF release after a second stimulation with LPS. After an initial stimulus of 10 μg/mL LPS, a second stimulation of monocytes even with 10 μg/mL LPS will result in TNF secretion similar to that of unstimulated cells. This in vitro tolerance apparently can be overcome by stimulating previously activated cells with phorbol myristate acetate. We have also shown that neither prostaglandin E 2 nor dexamethasone added during the initial stimulation with LPS had an effect on the subsequent reduction in TNF release on a second stimulation of monocytes with LPS.
Chirped-pulse amplification of ultrashort pulses with a multimode Tm:ZBLAN fiber upconversion amplifier

Microjoule pulse energies are achieved from a single-stage upconversion fiber amplifier for the first time, to our knowledge, in this demonstration of chirped-pulse amplification with a multimode Tm:ZBLAN fiber. A Ti:sapphire laser system provides the seed pulse for the fiber upconversion amplifier that produces picosecond pulse trains with energies as great as 16 μJ at a repetition rate of 4.4 kHz.
Application of the Galerkin method to calculation of temperature in a body exposed to periodically varying boundary conditions

Determination of the temperature fluctuations in the combustion-chamber walls of an engine is one of many engineering applications requiring calculation of the temperature distribution in a body exposed to periodically varying boundary conditions. In this paper it is shown that, under suitable circumstances, the temperature distribution within such a body can be resolved into spatially varying and temporally varying terms. Repeated application of the Galerkin method allows this temperature distribution to be approximated by the solution of a complex matrix equation. The solution method is rapid, stable, and can be taken to any desired accuracy. A sample calculation is shown for the cylinder liner of an insulated diesel engine, taking into account the effects of time-varying convective and radiative heat transfer and frictional heating.
Origin of beach ridges: Comment on Tanner, W.F., 1995. Origin of beach ridges and swales. Mar. Geol., 129: 149–161

Abstract Tanner (1995) has proposed that most common strand plain sandy beach ridges (his swash-built type) have been formed by a sea level rise-and-fall couplet of 5–30 cm, with a periodicity which is most commonly 30–60 years, but which ranges from as little as 3 to as much as 60 years. While such a mechanism could perhaps apply to beach ridges in lakes, if sea level has fluctuated with such regularity for the past several thousand years, all open ocean beach ridge periodicities should be the same, and furthermore this sea level signal would surely have been detected by physical oceanographers. Curray et al. (1969) described a strand plain of several hundred beach ridges on the western Mexican coast with cyclic formation of ridges varying from 12.2 to 16.5 years. The mechanism of formation invoked was periodic building of offshore bars to above sea level after sufficient sand had been transported into the area and during an optimal combination of oceanographic conditions.
Atomic resolution structure of a succinimide intermediate in E.coli CheY.

Isomerization of aspartate to isoaspartate occurs spontaneously in proteins, causes changes in protein structures, and correlates positively with the aging processes of many organisms, including Alzheimer disease in humans. Aspartate isomerization proceeds through an unstable cyclic succinimide intermediate. There are few protein structure determinations that have characterized the intermediates and products of this isomerization reaction. Here we report the discovery of an unusually stabilized succinimide ring in the 1.1 A structure of the Escherichia coli CheY protein, as determined from a crystal eight years old. The ring is formed by the side-chain of aspartate 75 and the backbone nitrogen of glycine 76 in an exposed loop of the molecule. Stabilization of the succinimide is through interaction of a sulfate ion oxygen atom with the imide nitrogen atom. Formation of the ring caused conformational changes in the loop, but did not alter the overall structure of the protein.
Anemia in the nursing homes: a complex issue.

Anemia in nursing home residents is extremely common, ranging from 25% to 63% of the population.1e5 This is not surprising, as persons with frailty are at major risk for developing anemia6e14 and anemia is a cause of frailty.15e17 Similarly, weight loss and protein energy malnutrition are important causes of anemia.18e28 Anemia can lead to a number of adverse consequences in older persons (Figure 1). Children and older adults have decreased muscle strength and peak power when they are anemic.29e32 This leads to a deterioration in muscle function, which needs to be distinguished from sarcopenia.33e39 The deterioration of muscle function results in mobility impairment40,41 and functional deterioration,42e44 and an increase in falls.45e51 Anemia is also an important cause of fatigue.52 Anemia results in hypotension and orthostasis,40,41,53 as well as dizziness and syncope.54 Anemia can further aggravate the cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, and/or depression commonly present in nursing home residents.55e65 Anemia can aggravate heart failure and lead to increased hospital admissions.66e70 Mortality is increased in patients with anemia in nursing homes.5,71,72
Aids for the blind

In the United States some 1,500 veterans of World War II and a total of approximately 240,000 persons are handicapped by loss of vision. Much has been done to aid these individuals, but the present occupational fields open to them are very limited. Development of suitable instruments for measuring and computing, guidance devices, and devices for reading printed material; and creation in the mind of industry a better attitude on capabilities of the blind are of major importance in their aid. Some progress has been made, but in order to overcome the limited application of Braille and the handicaps involved with guide dogs mechanical and electric equipment is being developed and refined.
Systematics and evolution of the pygmy shrews subgenus microsorex of north america

Morphological and zoogeographical data indicate that North American pygmy shrews are referable to the Holarctic genus Sorex and to the Nearctic subgenus Microsorex Coues, 1877. Microsorex has its closest affinities with the North American autochthonous subgenus Otisorex . These subgeneric relationships are represented in a phylogenetic classification. Univariate and multivariate analyses support the conclusion that the subgenus Microsorex is monotypic, containing the species Sorex hoyi . Five subspecies are recognized based on these analyses. Variation in the species is generally that of decreased overall size from north to south. In addition, there are several zones where the species exhibits a rapid change in size. These zones demarcate subspecies boundaries. There is no demonstrable secondary sexual variation and individual variation is slight. There are significant changes in the skull and in the head and body length with increased age. The roots of the first upper incisors grow continuously, thus farther separating the cingulum from the alveolus with increased age. The degree of separation between the cingulum and alveolus is used as the index to age. Wear on the first upper incisors is rapid. Their continued down and back growth is necessary for continued occlusion with the lower incisors.
Clinical management of post-pyloric enteral feeding in children

Post-pyloric feeding (PF) allows the administration of enteral nutrition beyond the pylorus, either into the duodenum or, ideally, into the jejunum. The main indications of PF are: upper gastrointestinal tract obstructions, pancreatic rest (e.g., acute pancreatitis), gastric dysmotility (e.g., critically ill patients and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction) or severe gastroesophageal reflux with risk of aspiration (e.g., neurological disability). Physiological and clinical evidence derives from adults, but can also be pertinent to children. This review will discuss the practical management and potential clinical applications of PF in pediatric patients. Some key studies pertaining to the physiological changes during PF will also be considered because they support the strategy of PF management.
The Nature of Authentic Professional Development During Curriculum-Based Telecomputing

AbstractWhat do teachers learn about their teaching when their students engage in curriculum-based online learning projects? This qualitative study explores beliefs about on-the-job, profession-related learning—or “authentic professional development”—among eight teachers whose students participated in educational projects hosted by five well-established programs: The Electronic Emissary, iEARN, KidLink, ThinkQuest, and ThinkQuest Jr. Telecomputing alone does not change teachers’ teaching styles. Instead, teachers who are innovative, inquiry based, and student centered may find telecomputing to be a useful tool for helping their students become more confident, self-directed learners.
Effect of prolonged asphyxia on skin blood flow in fetal lambs.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of a prolonged period of asphyxia on skin blood flow, a potential indicator of fetal cardiovascular responses to asphyxia, in the chronically catheterized fetal lamb. Methods: Eight chronically instrumented pregnant ewes were studied at 118 ± 1 days’ gestation. After a control period, fetal acid-base status was assessed and regional blood flows were determined with dye-labeled microspheres. Fetal asphyxia was then induced by partial umbilical cord occlusion, decreasing fetal arterial oxygen pressure to 15 torr while maintaining pH above 7.28. Fetal cardiovascular status was monitored continuously. Fetal acid base status was evaluated every 10–15 minutes during cord occlusion. Regional blood flow determinations were repeated after 90 minutes of stable asphyxia. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error. Student t test for paired data was used to compare hemodynamic, acid-base, and regional blood flow determinations before cord occlusion and after 90 minutes of asphyxia. Results: There was a significant increase in blood flow to the fetal scalp from a control value of 52 ± 8 mL per minutes per 100 g to 175 ± 30 mL per minute per 100 g at 90 minutes of asphyxia (P = .01). Similarly, there was an increase in blood flow to the skin overlying the fetal hindquarter from 39 ± 12 mL per minute per 100 g during control to 153 ± 47 mL per minute per 100 g at asphyxia (P = .038). Conclusion: In the chronically instrumented fetal lamb, a 90-minute period of asphyxia produced by partial cord occlusion resulted in a significant increase in blood flow to the fetal skin.
More heat than light : economics as social physics, physics as nature's economics

List of figures List of tables Epigraph Acknowledgments Dedication 1. The fearful spheres of Pascal and Parmenides 2. Everything an economist needs to know about physics but was probably afraid to ask: the history of the energy concept 3. Body, motions and value 4. Science and substance theories of value in political economy to 1870 5. Neoclassical economics: an irresistible field of force meets an immovable object 6. The corruption of the field theory of value, and the retrogression to substance theories of value: neoclassical production theory 7. The ironies of physics envy 8. Universal history is the story of different intonations given to a handful of metaphors.
Protecting the NFL/ militarizing the homeland: Citizen soldiers and urban resilience in post-9/11 America:

In this article I focus on intersections between the National Football League’s (NFL) security practices and the US Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) counter-terrorism agenda, including new policies and legal structures that support pre-emption, protection, and preparation activities that manage and mitigate the effects of terrorist attacks. As I will argue, the intensifying and mutually supportive relationship between the NFL and the various forces employed to keep it safe is both unique in US sports and implies the militarization of football fans in somewhat unexpected ways. I will argue that the security strategies of the US government and those of the NFL are mutually beneficial in ways that help secure the NFL’s position and profitability and, more importantly, help implement and secure consensus for the US Department of Homeland Security’s continued ‘war on terror’. Coaffee’s recent work on urban resilience in the UK (Coaffee, 2009; Coaffee and Wood, 2006) contends that in the present historic...
Analyzing the land cover of an urban environment using high-resolution orthophotos

Abstract To estimate the impact of light-colored surfaces (roofs and pavements) and urban vegetation (trees, grass, shrubs) on meteorology and air quality of a city, it is essential to accurately characterize various urban surfaces. Of particular importance is the characterization of the area fraction of various surface-types as well as the vegetative fraction. In this paper, a method is discussed for developing data on surface-type distribution and city-fabric (land cover) makeup (percentage of various surface-types) using high-resolution orthophtos. We devised a semi-automatic Monte Carlo method to sample the data and visually identify the surface-type for each pixel. The color aerial photographs for Sacramento covered a total of about 65 km 2 , at 0.3-m resolution. Five major land-use types were examined: (1) downtown and city center, (2) industrial, (3) offices, (4) commercial, and (5) residential. In downtown Sacramento, the top view (above-the-canopy) shows that vegetation covers 30% of the area, whereas roofs cover 23% and paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, and sidewalks) 41%. In the industrial areas, vegetation covers 8–14% of the area, whereas roofs cover 19–23%, and paved surfaces 29–44%. The surface-type percentages in the office area were 21% trees, 16% roofs, and 49% paved areas. In commercial areas, vegetation covers 5–20%, roofs 19–20%, paved surfaces 44–68%. Residential areas exhibit a wide range of percentages among their various surface-types. On average, vegetation covers about 36% of the area, roofs about 20%, and paved surfaces about 28%. Trees mostly shade streets, parking lots, grass, and sidewalks. In most non-residential areas, paved surfaces cover 50–70% of the under-the-canopy area. In residential areas, on average, paved surfaces cover about 35% of the area. Land-use/land cover (LULC) data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) was used to extrapolate these results from neighborhood scales to metropolitan Sacramento. Of an area of roughly 800 km 2 , defining most urban areas of the metropolitan Sacramento, about half is residential. The total roof area comprises about 150 km 2 and the total paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, sidewalks) are about 310 km 2 . The total vegetated area covers about 230 km 2 . The remaining 110 km 2 consist of barren land and miscellaneous surfaces.
Settlement and subsistence among the Early Formative Gulf Olmec

Abstract Mounting archaeological evidence suggests that floodplain resources, not maize ( Zea mays ) agriculture, were instrumental in the emergence of Early Formative (ca. 1500–900 uncal BC) complexity across Mesoamerica’s isthmian lowlands. The lion’s share of these data derives from the Pacific side of the isthmus; discussions of the Early Formative Olmec along Mexico’s southern Gulf lowlands have not kept pace. This paper presents settlement and subsistence data that highlight the role of floodplain resources in the development of Gulf Olmec politico-economic complexity. These data support a non-agricultural alternative to traditional models of Gulf Olmec emergence at San Lorenzo, the premier Early Formative Gulf lowlands center. Increased productivity of maize toward the end of the Early Formative period challenged San Lorenzo’s extant politico-economic basis, bringing about a short-term, hyper-acceleration of elite competitive displays. Ultimately, the adoption of maize agriculture generated a reorganized Middle Formative period (ca. 900–400 uncal BC) landscape in and around San Lorenzo. This agrarian adjustment saw occupation move out of the floodplain and into the upland areas, a process sometimes characterized as a cataclysmic system collapse in the Coatzacoalcos basin.
An ex-situ state-based approach using rheological properties to measure and model cure in polymer composites:

In this paper, studies of measurement and modeling of viscoelastic properties of two commercial prepregs, MTM45 and MTM45-1 manufactured by ACG, have been carried out using an encapsulated sample r...
A stability result for distributed parameter identification in bilinear systems

In this paper we give a stability result for the problem of identifying distributed parameters (for instance, a conductivity matrix) in partial differential equations. The result is used to establish an error estimate for an algorithm to identify the parameter.
Synthesis of branched Man5 oligosaccharides and an unusual stereochemical observation

Branched mannopentaoses were synthesized through two routes. While assembly from the nonreducing end to the reducing end was more convergent with fewer intermediate steps, two diastereomers were obtained. On the other hand, synthesis from the reducing end to the nonreducing end yielded the mannopentaose with the desired stereochemistry as a single isomer. Our results suggest that it is still challenging to reliably predict stereochemical outcome of a glycosylation reaction. It is necessary to thoroughly characterize anomeric configurations of newly formed glycosidic linkages in complex oligosaccharide synthesis.
Item-analysis of a stress scale.

In the course of a series of stress management training seminars, a stress profile has been administered to 242 employees of public utilities, hospitals, casinos, law enforcement agencies, and welfare agencies (Lester, et al., 1982). This stress profile (Girdano & Everly, 1977) has seven subtests; each of 10 items length. The seven subtests' measure frustration tolerance, time pressure, boredom/loneliness, poor nutrition, lack of self-confidence, Type A behavior (found in those prone to heart attacks), and anxiety level. Item-total correlations were calculated for each subtest, and each of the swen subtests was satisfactory. All 70 item-total correlations were positive and sta:istically significant. The 70 items were subjected to a factor analysis, using SPSS, Type PA1 (Varimax rotated factor matrix). Twenty-three factors were extracted with eigenvalues greater than 1.00. The first factor, accounting for 15.6% of the variance, had loadings for 9 of the 10 items of Subtest 2 (time pressure). Factor 2, accounting for 5.1% of the variance had loadings from Items 1 to 4 of Subtest 7 (anxiety level), and Factor 3, accounting for 3.8% of the variance, had loadings from Items 5 to 10 of Subtest 7. Factor 4, accounting for 3.5% of the variance, had loadings for Items 2, 3, G and 7 of Subtest 5 (lack of self-confidence). No other factor had loadings for more than two items of any subtest. It appears that the stress profile of Girdano and Everly has an adequate item-total consistency, but that it is factorially complex. Only the subtests for time pressure and anxiety level seem to have an internal coherence.
Object and Action Naming in Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to examine the accuracy, latency, and errors of noun (object) and verb (action) naming in children with and without specific language impairment (SLI) and t...
Diffusely Increased Insertional Activity: “EMG Disease” or Asymptomatic Myotonia Congenita? A Report of 2 Cases

The term "EMG disease" is used by some to describe the unexpected finding of diffusely increased insertional activity on needle electromyography in an otherwise asymptomatic person. The cause is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that these patients actually have a subclinical myotonic disorder. We describe 2 patients with diffusely increased insertional activity on electromyography who had mutations of the CLCN1 gene associated with myotonia congenita. Neither patient had symptoms or reproducible signs of this disorder. We propose that asymptomatic patients with CLCN1 mutations may at least partially account for the EMG disease phenotype.
Osmoregulatory role of serum glucose in freshwater-adapted killifish (Fundulusheteroclitus) at temperatures near freezing

Abstract 1. 1. Serum chemistry was examined in freshwater-adapted killifish, Fundulus heteroditus , acclimated to 11, 4 and 0·1°C. 2. 2. Acclimation to 0·1°C caused a 30 per cent decrease in serum sodium, a 42 per cent decrease in serum chloride, but only a 15 per cent decrease in serum osmolality. 3. 3. The reduction in serum osmolality was not as great as the decrease in serum electrolytes because serum glucose increased by 1967 per cent at 0·1°C. Serum glucose increased from 2·8 m-moles/1. at 11°C to 59·2 m-moles/1. at 0·1°C. 4. 4. The levels of serum glucose (1066·6 mg %) in freshwater-adapted killifish at 0·1°C are the highest known for any fish.
A lattice structure in beef heart mitochondria induced by phosphotungstic acid.

Ordered arrays of structured material were visualized in the intracristal space of isolated beef heart mitochondria in two ways. Under standard conditions of fixation, structured material in the intracristal space appeared as paracrystalline arrays nestled between two apposing membranes. When mitochondria were preincubated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) prior to fixation, the structures in the mitochondrial intracristal space took on an open lattice structure. Such structures, either paracrystalline or lattice, could not be demonstrated in the mitochondrial matrix space under these conditions.
Release of surfactants from organo-modified montmorillonite into solvents: Implications for polymer nanocomposites

Abstract A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure the surfactant released from organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMt) into different solvents used as food simulants. Two types of OMMt (Nanomer I.44P and Cloisite 93A) containing different quaternary alkylammonium surfactants were selected. The release of surfactant from clay suspensions was investigated by taking three factors into consideration: temperature, sonication and simulant type. At room temperature (22 °C), the amount of surfactant (in percentage) released from the OMMt into pure ethanol was about 25% (from the I44P clay) and 11% (from the Cloisite clay). However, more surfactant was released into ethanol when the clay suspensions were held at higher temperatures, and a two-fold amount of surfactant was released when the suspensions were sonicated. The maximum surfactant release from both types of OMMt was achieved when the clays were dispersed in pure ethanol, while significantly less surfactant was released into 50% ethanol (ethanol/water, 1:1) or pure water. Finally, the affinity between the solvent and the surfactant was discussed based on solubility parameters and correlated with the surfactant release into different solvents.
Ethnography of a Preschool for the Gifted: What Gifted Young Children Actually Do

An analysis of naturalistic observations of children attending a preschool for the gifted suggests that young gifted children behave in a manner similar to unselected preschool children. However, gifted preschoolers frequently demonstrate advanced knowledge, thinking abilities, creativity, and social maturity. Other observed behaviors include competitiveness, independence, and persistence in task completion. These descriptions of young gifted children as a group should be tempered by the finding that many individual differences exist. The results of this study suggest several implications for preschool programs for the gifted.
Clinical experience with superior vena caval Greenfield filters.

PURPOSE To evaluate the results of superior vena caval (SVC) Greenfield filters in patients at risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) secondary to upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). METHODS Over a 46-month period, 26 patients (10 men, mean age 67 years, range 25 to 89) with UEDVT in whom anticoagulation was contraindicated (n = 22) or ineffective in preventing recurrent PE or extension of the thrombus (n = 4) were treated with placement of SVC Greenfield filters. RESULTS One SVC filter was misplaced into the innominate vein but left in place; this vein remains patent after 2 months without evidence of filter migration. Follow-up ranged from 10 days to 46 months (mean 7.8 months). Fifteen (58%) patients died inhospital of causes unrelated to the SVC filter or recurrent thromboembolism (mean time to death 36 days). Of the 11 survivors, follow-up ranged from 1 to 38 months (mean 22). Sequential chest roentgenograms in 9 (82%) patients revealed no filter migration or displacement. No evidence of PE was found in any of the survivors over the course of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Insertion of SVC Greenfield filters is a safe and feasible therapy to prevent recurrent thromboembolism in patients with UEDVT who are refractory to or inappropriate for anticoagulation therapy.
XML schema mappings for heterogeneous database access

Abstract The unprecedented increase in the availability of information, due to the success of the World Wide Web, has generated an urgent need for new and robust methods that simplify the querying and integration of data. In this research, we investigate a practical framework for data access to heterogeneous data sources. The framework utilizes the extensible markup language (XML) Schema as the canonical data model for the querying and integration of data from heterogeneous data sources. We present algorithms for mapping relational and network schemas into XML schemas using the relational mapping algorithm. We also present library system of databases ( libSyD ), a prototype of a system for heterogeneous database access.
Completion hysterectomy after radiation therapy for bulky cervical cancer stages IB, IIA, and IIB: complications and survival rates

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess survival and morbidity when completion hysterectomy follows radiation for bulky cervical cancer. Study design This was a retrospective observational descriptive review that assessed the survival and morbidity of patients with bulky cervical cancer that was treated with radiation followed by completion hysterectomy between 1993 and 2002. Chemotherapy, external beam radiation, and brachytherapy data were collected. Results Fifty-five cases were reviewed. Fifty-three patients received brachytherapy. Twenty-nine patients underwent sensitizing chemotherapy. All patients had hysterectomies. There were 12 early postoperative complications (21.8%) and 10 late complications (19.6%). Eleven patients are dead of disease (21.6%); 3 patients are alive with disease (5.9%), and 37 patients are free of disease (72.5%). Four patients were lost to follow-up. Seven patients who are free of disease had residual cancer in the specimen at hysterectomy. Conclusion Complications of combined therapy were comparable to radiation or radical hysterectomy alone. In cases in which an incomplete response to radiation and chemotherapy leaves potential residual carcinoma, adjuvant hysterectomy may be a reasonable treatment option.
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease: Light Chain and Light and Heavy Chain Deposition Diseases and Their Relation to Light Chain Amyloidosis: Clinical Features, Immunopathology, and Molecular Analysis

Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition occurs in tissues as Congo Red binding fibrils in light chain amyloidosis, as less structured deposits in light chain deposition disease, and as similar but distinct deposits in light and heavy chain deposition disease. The nonamyloid forms were found in 13 patients who had evidence of plasmacytic dyscrasia by the immunohistochemical detection of immunoglobulin light chains of kappa or lambda class (with or without staining for a single heavy chain isotype) and by the absence of amyloid P component in tissue sections that did not show the birefringence characteristic of amyloid after Congo Red staining. All but two of the patients presented with proteinuria with or without azotemia. Clinical syndromes involving other organ systems were less common but occasionally severe. Four patients had overt multiple myeloma. Three others had hypercalcemia and mild bone marrow plasmacytosis but no lytic lesions. Analyses of immunoglobulin synthesis in bone marrow cells from seven patients showed excess light chains in all and incomplete light chains or heavy chain fragments in six, regardless of whether an intact monoclonal protein or related subunit was in the serum or urine. The fibrillar (amyloidotic) and nonfibrillar forms of monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition occur either in overt multiple myeloma or in the course of less neoplastically aggressive plasmacytic dyscrasias. Bone marrow cells from patients with either type produce immunoglobulin fragments that are related to those deposited in the affected tissues.
Excitation of collective states by the inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons

Abstract Differential cross sections for the inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons to low-lying collective states have been measured for the 13 elements Bi, Pb, Sb, Sn, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, S, P, Si, Al and Mg. The inelastically scattered neutrons were separated from the elastically scattered neutrons by a time-of-flight system which had an energy resolution of 450 keV for 14 MeV neutrons. The absolute cross sections were determined to an accuracy of 20 percent over the angular range 20° to 130°. The cross sections obtained for excitation of collective quadrupole and octupole states are compared to the distorted-wave theory for direct interactions. It is found that the experimental shapes of the differential cross sections are in reasonable agreement in most cases with those predicted by theory. The nuclear deformation parameters, βλ, are extracted and these are compared both to the available electromagnetic βλ values and to βλ values obtained from other direct interaction experiments.
Enhanced 3-D reconstruction of surfaces using multicolor gratings

Most optical topolography systems use a single-wavelength laser for projection, using a swept spot, a moving line, or a projected grating. In a typical projected grating system, the gratings are shifted and a series of images is used to recover the 3-D shape of the target. When the series of images is analyzed in the normal phase shift manner, the resulting 2-D phase map typically has phase unwrapping problems due to noise and Nyquist limits. Surfaces with large vertical discontinuities present a problem for phase unwrapping 3-D shape recovery. We look at simultaneously projecting multiple wavelengths onto a surface to help avoid problems in unwrapping the 2-D phase map. Multicolor projection and shape recovery are demonstrated with a white-light Michelson interferometer and with a two-color Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Using multiple wavelengths, it is unnecessary to rotate the interferometer mirror to change the grating pitch and some operations can be done in parallel, which reduces scanning time. Limitations and improvements in the current system are discussed.
Towards a Combined Approach to Metadata in Corporate Knowledge Management: A Case Study of GE Healthcare

Through interviews with representatives from GE Healthcare, we determined that a central problem of their current knowledge management system is users' inability to effectively retrieve the documents they need in order to carry out the everyday business activities of the corporation. We propose a three-pronged approach to resolving the problem, from a user-, data-, and system-centred perspective. From the users' perspective, we conducted user-based usability studies to confirm and identify the key problem. For our data-centred approach, we developed a new Dublin Core-compatible metadata schema that has the following four key characteristics: compatibility with existing practices, specificity to the corporation's needs, simplicity to facilitate easy adoption and flexibility to evolve as the corporation grows and changes. From a system-centred perspective, we developed a new search interface for GE Healthcare that incorporates our proposed metadata schema to improve the effectiveness of the information search.
Is risk for substance abuse unitary

The hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary was tested by a log linear regression analysis. A series of risk factors was evaluated in a sample of 219 nonhospitalized, nontreated, young male and female subjects. Risk for alcohol abuse/dependence was independent of risk for drug abuse/dependence and the risks were additive in the prediction of lifetime substance abuse. Antisocial personality diagnosis predicted alcohol abuse/dependence, family history of drug abuse predicted drug abuse/dependence, and, additively, they predicted alcohol and drug abuse/dependence diagnosis over a lifetime. These data support a hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary.
Gross and Microscopic Lesions of 230 Kansas Greyhounds

Two hundred thirty greyhounds from Kansas were submitted to Kansas State University for necropsy to identify and document their diseases. Sex distribution was 124 females (1 spayed) and 106 males (1 castrated). Age range was 5 days-150 months. The mean body, heart, and liver weights for adult dogs (> 12 months) were 30 kg, 367 g, and 1,019 g, respectively. Greyhounds were divided into six groups by histories: skeletal injuries, 24 (10%); nonskeletal injuries, 23 (10%); old age (mean = 89 months), 25 (11%); poor performers, 83 (36%); sick, 68 (30%); and no history, 7 (3%). Gross lesions by system were as follows: skin, 85 (37%); lung, 13 (6%); skeletal, 36 (16%); gastrointestinal, 55 (23.9%); central nervous system, 3 (1%); thyroid, 5 (2%); cardiovascular and hemopoietic, 36 (16%); spleen, 30 (13%); male reproductive, 13 (12%); kidney, 9 (4%); liver, 7 (3%); and no gross lesions, 23 (10%). Correlation of the histories to the gross lesions showed that poor performers had the largest number with no gross lesions, the skeletal injury and sick groups had more gastrointestinal changes, and the nonskeletal injury and sick groups had most of the male reproductive abnormalities. Microscopic lesions of the 6 tissues examined were as follows: lung, 21 (9%); small intestine, 15 (6.5%); brain, 6 (3%); heart, 9 (4%); kidney, 57 (24.3%); liver, 26 (11.3%); and no microscopic lesions, 131 (57%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR OPTIMAL OUTPUT FEEDBACK USING FADE APPROXIMATIONS1

Any linear control system, including those with complex structure and dynamic compensation can systematically be formulated as a static output feedback problem where the control system parameters are contained in the output feedback matrix. For this reason, many numerical techniques have been developed specifically to solve the 7/2 optimal ouput feedback problem posed in static output feedback form. Current numerical techniques for computing the output feedback gain matrix recast the problem as a coupled set of Lyapunov equations. Various numerical techniques effectively solve the Lyapunov equations differently. Here, we propose a new numerical method for solving the output feedback gain matrix by direct solution of the cost function using Fade approximation. Using this technique, analytic expressions for cost function derivatives can be written compactly, allowing for efficient solution using second order optimiztion methods. Using a flight control system example, the new method is compared to existing optimal output feedback algorithms.