cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable Isotope Analysis of Bison latifrons and Paleoecological Inferences

iii Acknowledgments v List of Tables ix List of Figures x 1 Introduction 1 2 Bison Phylogeny and Paleoecology 3 3 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Paleoecology 11 3.1 Carbon Reservoirs in Plants 11 3.2 Oxygen Signatures in Precipitation 12 3.3 Properties of Enamel and Use in Isotopic Studies 13 3.4 Isotopic Signals of Seasonality 16 4 Geologic Setting of Localities 19 4.1 American Falls Reservoir Mid-elevation Fossil Site, American Falls, Idaho ........ 19 4.2 Ziegler Reservoir High-elevation Fossil Site, Snowmass, Colorado 20 4.3 Diamond Valley Lake Reservoir Low-elevation Fossil Site, Hemet, California .... 21 5 Methodology 23 6 Results and Interpretation 26 6.1 American Falls Formation Results 27 6.2 American Falls Formation Interpretation 32 6.3 Snowmastodon Results 34 6.4 Snowmastodon Interpretation 40 6.5 Diamond Valley Lake Results 41 6.6 Diamond Valley Lake Interpretation 46
Microplate measurement of urinary albumin and creatinine.

We describe microplate methods for measurement of human urinary albumin (HUA) by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and creatinine with a modified commercial enzymatic kit. Incorporation of substrate mixing into the competitive ELISA changes the dynamic absorbance-concentration response, greatly simplifying calculations and improving sensitivity and accuracy. Measurement of creatinine in urine and plasma samples with a commercially available enzymatic kit modified for analysis by use of an inexpensive microplate reader produced values comparable in precision and accuracy to those obtained by an automated kinetic Jaffe method.
The evolution of large brain size in birds is related to social, not genetic, monogamy

There are several hypotheses suggesting that social complexity, including pair bonding, is important in the evolution of increased brain size. I examined whether genetic or social monogamy was related to large brain size in birds. Recent work has indicated that the length and strength of pair bonds are associated with large brain size. I tested several hypotheses for the evolution of large brain size in 42 species of bird by including life history variables in a regression model. A test on 100 phylogenetic trees revealed no phylogenetic signal in brain size. Controlling for body size, a principal components analysis was run on the life history variables and degrees of extra-pair paternity. The main principal component (PC1) was regressed on brain size revealing a strong, positive association. Social, but not genetic, monogamy was positively related to brain size. Large brain size is related to the selective pressures of procuring extra-pair copulations whilst maintaining a social partnership. However, other life history variables also loaded positively and significantly on brain size. These results indicate that the evolution of large brain size in birds was driven by several important selective pressures. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, , ••‐••.
Interaction of caffeine with the SOS response pathway in Escherichia coli

Previous studies have highlighted the antimicrobial activity of caffeine, both individually and in combination with other compounds. A proposed mechanism for caffeine’s antimicrobial effects is inhibition of bacterial DNA repair pathways. The current study examines the influence of sub-lethal caffeine levels on the growth and morphology of SOS response pathway mutants of Escherichia coli. Growth inhibition after treatment with caffeine and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), a mutagenic agent, was determined for E. coli mutants lacking key genes in the SOS response pathway. The persistence of caffeine’s effects was explored by examining growth and morphology of caffeine and MMS-treated bacterial isolates in the absence of selective pressure. Caffeine significantly reduced growth of E. coli recA- and uvrA-mutants treated with MMS. However, there was no significant difference in growth between umuC-isolates treated with MMS alone and MMS in combination with caffeine after 48 h of incubation. When recA-isolates from each treatment group were grown in untreated medium, bacterial isolates that had been exposed to MMS or MMS with caffeine showed increased growth relative to controls and caffeine-treated isolates. Morphologically, recA-isolates that had been treated with caffeine and both caffeine and MMS together had begun to display filamentous growth. Caffeine treatment further reduced growth of recA- and uvrA-mutants treated with MMS, despite a non-functional SOS response pathway. However, addition of caffeine had very little effect on MMS inhibition of umuC-mutants. Thus, growth inhibition of E. coli with caffeine treatment may be driven by caffeine interaction with UmuC, but also appears to induce damage by additional mechanisms as evidenced by the additive effects of caffeine in recA- and uvrA-mutants.
Spacewatch preparations for the era of deep all-sky surveys

The Spacewatch Project at the University of Arizona uses a 0.9-meter and a 1.8-meter telescope to search for new Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) and make astrometric followup measurements of known ones. Among the presently operational asteroid astrometry programs, Spacewatch is uniquely suited to support discoveries by the planned deep all-sky surveys. The Spacewatch 1.8-meter telescope is the largest in the world that is used exclusively for observations of asteroids and comets. Since 2003 January 1, Spacewatch has made ~2400 separate-night detections (discoveries plus followup) of NEOs with absolute magnitude H≤ 22, including 117 fresh discoveries of NEOs with H≤22 and ~900 separate-night detections of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). Objects have been recovered at V=23 and at elongations less than 60 degrees from the Sun. Spacewatch followup observations have contributed to the removal of 137 objects from JPL's impact risk website. Examples of notable recoveries by Spacewatch include the extension of orbital arcs from one month to multi-opposition orbits, and a successful targeted search for a large PHA (1990 SM) with 80 degrees of uncertainty. Spacewatch has been making as many observations of PHAs with H≤22 and V>21 as all other followup stations combined. Followup of NEOs while they are not near Earth provides better leverage on orbital elements and will be well suited to follow up some of the discoveries by the larger-scale, deeper sky surveys: both ground- and space-based. Spacewatch is collaborating with the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PS) of the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy. Each lunation, Spacewatch sends its listings of point sources detected in survey images for PS's moving object detection team to test their software. Spacewatch is also prepared to follow up objects of special interest, fast motion, or less than three nights of observations by PS itself. Spacewatch's current equipment is only a few years old, but there is still room to improve limiting magnitude & time efficiency.
Gender-Based Differences in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine

Gender-based differences commonly encountered in pediatric nuclear medicine reflect both basic embryologic differences of the sexes, which are evident from infancy, and evolving physiological changes due to gender, which occur as the pediatric patient grows, undergoes puberty, and matures to adulthood. It is important for a nuclear medicine physician or radiologist to know both the gender and the age of a patient when interpreting her or his studies. It is also important that the reading physician be familiar with the normally evolving physiological changes that are specific for that patient's stage of development. It is particularly important that the reading physician consider such changes when comparing serial studies of the patient that are acquired during the patient's transitions through her or his different significant stages of development. Many pediatric nuclear medicine imaging protocols are modifications or adaptations of the protocols for adult imaging. Physicians reading pediatric studies must routinely incorporate knowledge on age and gender that is relevant to the patient for any given study. The age-defined gender-based subtleties of potential findings in pediatric nuclear medicine studies are often underrecognized. However, they are often of interest and at times important in the workup of both benign entities and pathologic processes of the pediatric patient.
Volume Photoelectric Effect in Metals

The photoelectric currents from freshly prepared metal films have been compared with photocurrents from the same metal exposed to air for the spectral region of the volume photoelectric threshold. The fresh films were evaporated onto air-exposed films with initial pressures in the low 10−8 torr region, and pressures during evaporation in the 10−6 to 10−7 torr region. Using the data of Walker, Rustgi, and Weissler, photoelectric yields per incident photon were obtained for fresh films of aluminum, bismuth, and indium. The steep slope in the photoelectric yield per incident photon as a function of wavelength, usually found in air-exposed evaporated films, films evaporated at higher pressures than reported here, and bulk samples, and interpreted as the onset of the volume photoelectric effect, almost disappears for the fresh films, but reappears when air is admitted into the chamber. Moreover, the quantum yield per incident photon for Al, the only one of the three metals for which reflectance data are available for films evaporated at soft ultrahigh vacua, is constant within 15% over the whole measured range. These data strongly suggest that previously measured volume photoelectric thresholds in metals between 8 eV and 9.5 eV are the result of gaseous contamination of the metals.
The role of system alignment in care and education of children from birth to grade 3

The emerging concept of system alignment refers to how different systems in care and education of young children can be integrated to work together as a whole system that is more effective, efficient, and equitable to produce excellent outcomes in children. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the existing literature on system alignment in terms of the definition and operationalisation of this concept. The focus is on various models (frameworks) that guide the effort of system alignment as well as factors (strategies) that influence the effectiveness of system alignment. In review of these critical issues, the authors attempted to establish a comprehensive mechanism for system alignment as well as a classification of macro-level and micro-level factors that facilitate system alignment.
Effects of Defendant Background and Remorse on Sentencing Judgments

Previous evidence that subject sentencing judgments are mediated by considerations of equity led to the hypothesis that defendant remorse and an impoverished defendant background would each reduce subject sentencing judgments. Results from 48 male and 48 female student subjects showed that remorse had the predicted effect (p < .02) but background did not. Regardless of the initial manipulation, sentences shifted significantly toward leniency (p < .02) after subjects had engaged in group discussion. The effect for remorse is consistent with the contention that the equity principle extends to psychological factors, while the leniency shift raises the possibility that jury deliberations tend to favor the defendant.
Ciguatera Toxins Adversely Affect Piscivorous Fishes

Abstract Four species of piscivorous fishes (coney Epinephelus fulvus; schoolmaster Lutjanus apodus; mahogany snapper L. mahogoni; and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) displayed distinct behavioral abnormalities after consumption of a ciguatoxic great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda. Samples of the great barracuda were fed to experimental fishes as ether-soluble extracts or as ground flesh. Largemouth bass were also fed freeze-dried cells of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus in a separate experiment and displayed a similar response, Signs of intoxication included skin color variations, inactivity, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming, jerky feeding movements, and loss of orientation – and death, in the case of largemouth bass fed 1.0 g or more of great barracuda flesh or 7.1 mg·g–1 or more of great barracuda extract. These abnormalities usually were observed within 24 h after the feeding of toxic materials, and were apparent in some cases for as long as 76 d.
Effects of functionalised reduced graphene oxide on frictional and wear properties of epoxy resin

The effects of octadecylamine functionalised reduced graphene oxide (FRGO) on the frictional and wear properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy are studied using pin on disc tribometry. The nanocomposites are prepared by adding 0·1, 0·2, 0·5 and 1·0 wt-% of FRGO to the epoxy. The addition of FRGO increases by more than an order of magnitude the sliding distance during which the dynamic friction is ≤0·1. After this distance, the friction sharply increases to the range of 0·4–0·5. We explain the increase in sliding distance during which the friction is low by formation of a transfer film from the nanocomposite to the pin. The wear rates in the low and high friction regimes are ∼1·5×10−4 and 5·5×10−4 mm3 N−1 m−1 respectively. The nanocomposites exhibit a 79% increase in Young’s modulus with 0·5 wt-% of FRGO, and an increase in glass transition and thermal degradation temperatures.
Assessment of DNA adducts and the frequency of 6-thioguanine resistant T-lymphocytes in F344 rats fed 2,4-toluenediamine or implanted with a toluenediisocyanate-containing polyester polyurethane foam

Abstract Toluenediamines have been of toxicological concern because of their industrial use as intermediates in polyurethane synthesis and because of the potential of their release from degradation of the Microthane TM polyesterurethane covering of some breast implants. In this study, we have assessed the extent of DNA damage in rats treated with a carcinogenic toluenediamine isomer, 2,4-toluenediamine (2,4-TDA), under conditions that result in tumor induction, and in rats implanted with Microthane TM polyesterurethane foam. Time and dose-dependent formation of adducts was observed in DNA from the liver and mammary gland of rats fed 10, 40, 80 and 180 ppm 2,4-TDA for up to 6 weeks. In assays conducted 1 to 32 weeks after the start of treatment, no adducts were detected in the DNA of T-lymphocytes isolated from the spleens of animals fed 40 or 180 ppm 2,4-TDA, nor was there an increase in mutations at the hprt locus in these lymphocytes. In rats fed 40 or 180 ppm 2,4-TDA for 6 weeks, adducts were detectable in DNA isolated from liver and mammary gland for 26 to 43 weeks after termination of the treatment. No DNA damage, as assessed by both DNA adduct measurement and induction of T-lymphocyte hprt mutations, was observed in rats up to 42 weeks after receiving subcutaneous implants of polyesterurethane foam (67 or 267 mg/kg). Although 2,4-TDA is clearly capable of damaging DNA, the results of this study are consistent with the conclusion that Microthane TM foam-containing implants present a minimal risk of genotoxicity through release and subsequent metabolic activation of 2,4-TDA. The study also indicates that DNA adduct formation and mutation induction in lymphocytes are inadequate biomonitors for measuring exposure to toluenediamines.
DYSPHORIA AND THE FAILURE TO PERCEIVE AND USE DISCOUNTING INFORMATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNALIZING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

The present study examined the proposition that dysphoric individuals make internal attributions because they do not use available discounting cues. To test this hypothesis, 23 dysphoric and 32 nondysphoric college students were either provided a discounting cue or were led to believe that an internal attribution for failure was appropriate (no discounting cue). On the primary measure of internality, nondysphoric individuals made greater external attributions when a discounting cue was available than they did when no such cue was present, but attributions made by dysphoric individuals were unaffected by the presence of a discounting cue. On the other hand, using a secondary dependent measure inserted to replicate a prior study in this area, key comparison differences were not obtained.
947 THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA ON VIRUS-INITIATED NEUTROPHIL CHEMILUMINESCENCE

Host resistance to influenza A virus (INF-V) correlates with the titre of serum IgG hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody but the mechanisms responsible for protection in the presence or absence of HI antibody are not clear. Human neutrophils (PMN) incubated with live INF-V consume oxygen, generate superoxide and produce chemiluminescence (CL) in the absence of serum. PMN exposed to virus incubated in 10% heated pre-immune human sera (PRE sera), in heated post immune sera (POST sera) or in buffer generated comparable peak CL. When PMN were desialytated by pretreatment with neuraminidase to increase the number of available PMN Fc receptors and the cells incubated with virus opsonized in PRE-serum, no CL was emitted; When desialytated PMN were incubated with virus opsonized in POST-serum, peak CL was 2 - 3 fold above control PMN. When PMN Fc receptors were blocked by pretreating the cells with immune complexes and the cells exposed to virus opsonized in PRE-sera, peak CL was equal to that of control PMN; in contrast, these PMN exposed to virus opsonized in POST sera emitted very little CL. Electronmicrographs of PMN incubated with unopsonized virus for 20 min demonstrate intracellular virus particles. Thus, in the absence of specific antibody, INF-V enters the PMN and stimulates CL via PMN sialic acid-associated receptors; in the presence of antibody, INF-V stimulates via Fc recptors. These data suggest a previously unrecognized role for PMN-viral interaction in INF-V infections.
Some uses of truncated Boolean vectors in analysis

The truncated first occurrence vector (TFOV) is a data construct which the author has found useful in a variety of application areas. It is based on comparisons of adjacent items in a set ordered by some criterion.The use of the TFOV and its several derivatives improve efficiency and reduce the load on system resources. A contributing factor in performance improvement is the algorithm used in the APL implementations of monadic grade and its offshoot dyadic grade. It is interesting to note that an ordered set improves the efficiency of processes other than those utilizing the TFOV. Calculation of the range and median of a numeric set is an example of this.As new primitives have been added to APL, construction and generation of the TFOV has been simplified. The paper shows both the early and the later idioms used in programs. The techniques for calculating frequency distributions and the related statistical mode or modes are shown. The development of sub-totals by group in simple (single criterion) and hierarchical cases are illustrated. The generation of (ordered) defining subsets and “arrival” and “departure” sequences are shown. Along with the ordered defining subset (ODS) a pointer to the ODS can be developed. This technique has been found useful in applications requiring data compaction.The TFOV has proven useful in the development of control vectors for formatting tables especially for insertion of sub-total. A function for pagination of documents which eliminates “widows” has been developed, as have functions for reformatting paragraphs in text processing. In these latter cases, while the ordering algorithm is simply that of position, the concept is a direct outgrowth of experience with the TFOV.The techniques and concepts discussed in this paper are not intended to be exhaustive but are intended to stimulate programmers in considering an approach often overlooked. It is interesting to note that, while these ideas are applicable in other languages, their recognition required the primitives and arrays of APL.
Age-related decline in differentiated neural responses to rare target versus frequent standard stimuli

One mechanism hypothesized to contribute to cognitive aging is the failure to recruit specialized neural modules and generate differentiated neural responses to various classes of stimuli. Here, ERPs were used to examine the extent to which target and standard stimulus types were processed differently by well-matched adults ages 19-99. Subjects responded to designated visual target letters under low and high load conditions. Temporospatial PCA was used to parse the P3b component, an index of categorization/memory updating. The P3b amplitude difference between targets and standards decreased substantially as a function of age. Dedifferentiation began in middle age, and continued into old-old age. The reduced differentiation of neural responses was driven by an age-related decline in the size of the P3b to targets and an age-related increase in the P3b to standards. Larger P3b amplitude to standards among older subjects was associated with higher executive capacity and better task performance. In summary, dedifferentiation begins relatively early in adulthood and progresses in a linear fashion throughout the lifespan. The age-related augmentation of the P3b to standards appears to reflect a compensatory mechanism that helps maintain task performance.
Evaluation of myocardial viability following ischemic and reperfusion injury using phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo

Recovery of myocardial high-energy phosphate (HEP) metabolism after coronary occlusion and reperfusion may vary with ischemic duration and may provide information about the extent of tissue viability. To evaluate the differences between varying durations of ischemia and to attempt to identify metabolic indexes of salvaged viable tissue, intact New Zealand white rabbits underwent either 30 (group 1; n = 8) or 60 (group 2; n = 8) minutes of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. HEP metabolism was evaluated with cardiac gated phosphorus 31 (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NM) spectroscopy with a 2.0 T spectrometer. While similar HEP changes were observed during ischemia in both groups, differences in HEP recovery between groups were seen following reperfusion. Group 1 animals demonstrated a gradual decrease in inorganic phosphates (PI) (p < 0.05 versus group 2), an immediate recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr) (p = ns versus baseline), and a gradual increase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to pre-ischemic levels. Group 2 animals had elevated levels of Pi (p < 0.05 versus baseline; p < 0.05 versus group l), slow recovery of PCr, and continued reduction of ATP (p < 0.05 versus baseline; p < 0.05 versus group 1). Group 1 rabbits had a greater extent of viable myocardium than group 2 (77.1 k 9.7% of risk area versus 39.4 -t 9.4%; p < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between PCr and Pi reperfusion values and myocardial viability (r = 0.59, p < 0.05; f = 0.73, p < 0.01, respectively). Thus differences between metabolic recovery after different durations of ischemia indicate the existence of graded metabolic recovery dependent upon the severity of the ischemic insult, and the correlations observed suggest that metabolic data may indicate tissue viability. HEP metabolic information available through the non-tissue destructive method of 3’P NMR spectroscopy may be useful in the evaluation of postischemic myocardial viability. (AM
Reactions of nifurtimox with critical sulfhydryl-containing biomolecules: their potential toxicological relevance.

Nifurtimox (Nfx) is a drug used in the treatment of Chagas' disease, an endemic parasitic disease from Latin American countries. It produces undesirable side-effects in patients, frequently forcing the treatment to be stopped. Its toxic mechanism is not fully understood. In this work we describe purely chemical reactions of Nfx with relevant cellular sulfhydryl (SH) compounds. The compounds tested were glutathione (GSH), cysteine (RSH), lipoic acid (LA) and coenzyme A (CoA). All reacted with Nfx to give nitrite (NO−2). The relative reaction rates were CoA>LA>GSH>RSH. In studies with GSH and RSH the formation of nitrite was accompanied by decreases in Nfx concentration and increases in the formation of a reaction product revealed by HPLC. We failed to show the presence of liver cytosolic GST (GSH transferase activity)-mediated formation of NO2- from Nfx. These NO−2-releasing processes occurred under in vivo conditions in Nfx-treated Sprague-Dawley male rats (240–260 g body weight) at a dose of 100 mg Nfx kg−1 p.o. In urine samples NO−2 excretion was accompanied by unchanged drug and two unidentiﬁed more polar metabolites detectable by HPLC. The Nfx reactions with critical SH from molecules such as GSH, RSH, LA and CoA, and potentially others containing SH residues (e.g. enzymes or structural proteins), might have toxicological relevance not only for the Nfx side-effects but also for the chemotherapeutic effects on Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition, Nfx reactions with GSH might be crucial in Nfx detoxiﬁcation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Private citizen suits and public enforcement: Substitutes or complements?

Abstract Every major domestic environmental statute provides for citizen suits yet we know little about their implications. This paper's key contribution is systematic micro-level empirical evidence on the extent to which private environmental prosecutions crowd out, or crowd in, public monitoring and public enforcement. We use judicial instruments in an attempt to isolate the causal influence of private enforcement on public enforcement. We find that private citizen suits crowd in public monitoring but significantly crowd out public sanctions.
Comparative study on the effect of morphine and the opioid-like peptides in the vas deferens of rodents: species and strain differences, evidence for multiple opiate receptors.

Abstract The effect of an opiate alkaloid and an opioid-like peptide was studied on the electrically evoked twitching of the vas deferens of 3 common laboratory rodents. Normorphine and the synthetic opioid peptide D-Alanine2 methionine enkephalinamide (D-Ala2) produced dose dependent inhibitions of the twitching response in the mouse vas deferens. In the rat vas, while β-endorphin (β-EP) caused an inhibitory effect in three strains of rats to a similar degree, morphine produced a dose related enhancement of the twitching. In the guinea pig, both morphine and β-EP caused an increased in the muscular twitch. The results are interpreted in terms of an heterogenous mixture of opiate receptors present in the vas deferens from these rodents. The mouse appears to contain mainly δ receptors while the rat has mostly e receptors characterized by their specificity and sensitivity to the action of β-EP. The guinea pig vas deferens has apparently lost the sensitivity to the inhibitory influence of the opioids, suggesting the absence of μ or δ opiate receptors in this tissue.
Screening child psychiatric inpatients for communication disorders: a pilot study.

This study was part of a project concerned with speech and language disorders among child psychiatric inpatients. Twenty-two consecutively admitted children were screened and 10 were positive. Of these, nine were diagnosed with a speech or language delay, prevalence = 40.9 (9 of 22). A chart review of the preceding 2-year period showed that 27 of 128 admissions had been referred to the speech clinic and that 25 had positive findings, for a prevalence of 19.5% (25 of 128). The difference in the observed prevalence in these two studies was significant (chi 2 = 4.89, rho = .03). Standard clinical practice may miss some children with communication disorders (estimated sensitivity = 39%), while the new screening method shows promise (estimated sensitivity = 82%).
Expansion by Contraction: Diversifying the Photochemical Reactivity Scope of Diazo-oxochlorins toward Development of in situ Alkylating Agents

Irradiation of 2-diazo-3-oxochlorins (200 W, λ ≥ 345 nm, 10 °C) in the presence of nucleophilic and biomimetic substrates 1-butanol, tosylhydrazine, or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol generates Wolff-rearranged, pyrrole ring-contracted azeteoporphyrinoids in 11−34% yield, with the corresponding hydroxyporphyrins in up to 55% yield. For metalated diazo-oxochlorins, these products compete with intramolecular exocyclic ring formation by meso-phenyl ring addition, which occurs in up to 76% yield in the absence of substrate. The dependence of product distribution on substrate is established by photolysis in neat dichlorometane. Under these conditions, formation of the Wolff-rearranged product is inhibited and the phenyl addition product dominates (76%) due to the absence of a good nucleophile. A conceptually analogous dependence is also observed for the free-base derivative, with the exocyclic ring-containing dimerization product isolated in 42% yield. The third reaction pathway, formation of the hydroxyporphyrin, ...
Is There a Tradeoff in Using Modified High Tangent Field Radiation for Treating an Undissected Node-Positive Axilla?

Abstract Introduction Recent data are changing axillary management in patients with 1 to 2 positive sentinel nodes. The proposed omission of completion axillary node dissection calls into question the need for axillary nodal irradiation. This study evaluates the difference in dose to the lung and heart and risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) for patients treated with standard tangent fields (STF) compared with modified high tangent fields (MHTF). Materials and Methods Plans of 30 patients treated with STF were evaluated. A second plan (MHTF) was developed to include axillary levels I (Ax1) and II (Ax2). Ax1 and Ax2 volumes were contoured based on the RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) Atlas guidelines. Dose-volume histograms of the 2 plans were used to compare doses received by Ax1, Ax2, lung, and heart volumes. The risk of RP was calculated using normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling. Results The D 95 (dose to 95% of volume) received by Ax1 and Ax2 volumes increased from 16.38 Gy and 5.71 Gy for STF to 49.38 Gy and 48.08 Gy for MHTF, respectively. Mean lung dose increased from 5.40 Gy for STF to 9.47 Gy for MHTF. Mean ipsilateral lung V 5 , V 10 , and V 20 values increased from 19%, 14%, and 10%, respectively, for STF, to 32%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, for MHTF. Mean heart dose increased from 1.98 Gy for STF to 3.93 Gy for MHTF. Mean heart V 25 and V 30 values increased from 2% and 1%, respectively, for STF, to 4% and 3%, respectively, for MHTF. NTCP for RP increased from near 0% for STF to 1% for MHTF. Conclusion Modified high tangent fields are necessary for definitive coverage of Ax1 and Ax2. This technique increases mean ipsilateral lung and heart doses as well as the V 5 , V 10 , and V 20 of ipsilateral lung and the V 25 and V 30 of the heart. Risk of RP remains low by use of MHTF.
Scaling MacDonald's AT-20 using item-response theory

Abstract The responses of 110 subjects to 18 items of the AT-20 tolerance of ambiguity scale were analyzed in an item response framework using Rasch modeling. The results indicated that the items satisfy the assumptions of this model and an excellent fit was obtained. In particular, the observed item reliability (KR-20) was 0.93 and the person reliability was 0.68. The latter value agrees with previous findings derived in a classical test theoretical framework. A Rasch type scale (M=25, SD=5) is developed and various psychometric and scaling issues are discussed.
Real-time data collection for pain: appraisal and current status.

Objective. Real-time data capture (RTDC) techniques have rapidly developed with the advent of computer and information technology. We plan to discuss the use of RTDC in the assessment of pain, including issues pertaining to its rationale, sampling protocols, and our opinion on the current status of the methodology. Design. This is “thought” piece involving no systematic data collection methods. Results. We described the rationale for using RTDC, including issues in recall bias, the desire for detailed information about pain, and the ability to examine within–person associations between pain and other variables. The mechanics of RTDC implementations were discussed with a focus on sampling protocols and data collection methods. The final section concerned the status of RTDC. Current acceptance of RTDC is evaluated and three issues in the science of RTDC were discussed: the interpretation of differences between recall and the average of momentary assessments for the same period; if RTDC is advancing our understanding of pain; and, the issue of what consumers of pain assessments actually desire. RTDC extensions to feedback based on momentary assessments are also discussed. Conclusion. Real-time data collection can be a useful methodology for improving our understanding of pain and especially of its dynamic nature in real-world settings.
Causes and effects : Shelf-ready processing, PromptCat, and Louisiana State University

Louisiana State University Libraries has improved its technical processes by incorporating two new services. The Libraries receives approval and firm orders shelf-ready from its primary monograph vendor, YBP, and receives bibliographic records from PromptCat. Using these services also shaped, in part, the technical services division's administrative structure when it was recently reorganized. The Libraries has worked cooperatively with YBP and PromptCat to alleviate problems associated with these services.
Evaluating long-term nitrogen- versus phosphorus-based nutrient management of poultry litter.

Environmental concerns are driving manure management in many areas from a traditional nitrogen (N) basis toward phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management plans. We investigated how changing nutrient management from an N to a P basis affected crop yields and soil properties in high P soils over a 7-yr period. Three sites were established on farmers' fields, and at each site the same six treatments were applied for 6 or 7 yr. These treatments were (i) no P; (ii) poultry litter applied on an N basis; (iii) inorganic P, equal to the P applied in treatment 2; (iv) poultry litter applied on an estimated annual crop P removal basis; (v) inorganic P, equal to the P applied in treatment iv; and (vi) poultry litter applied once every 2 or 3 yr at a 2- or 3-yr crop removal P rate. All treatments received the same rate of plant-available N. Yields, P balance, soil pH, Mehlich 1 P, and water-soluble P (WSP) were monitored during the experiment. Over the course of the experiment, litter had the beneficial effect of raising soil pH relative to the inorganic treatments. After 7 yr, Mehlich 1 P and WSP were greatest in soils under the N-based treatments, smallest in the no P treatment, and intermediate in the P-based treatments. For example, at the Shenandoah site, Mehlich 1 P decreased by 35 mg kg -1 under the no P treatment and increased by 36 mg kg -1 under the inorganic N-based treatment. There were no significant differences between inorganic fertilizer and poultry litter nutrient sources. The results of this study show that soil test P can be decreased in high-P soils over a few years by changing from an N-based to a P-based nutrient management plan or stopping P applications without negatively affecting yields.
Anomalously thin transition zone beneath the Galápagos hotspot

Differential arrival times of P-to-S conversions at 410 and 660 km depth, measured from radial receiver functions, are used to determine the thickness of the mantle transition zone beneath the Galapagos hotspot. For an area of approximately 700 km 2 surrounding the Galapagos archipelago, P660s3P410s times are not significantly different from those for the Pacific Basin. In contrast, a subset of the Galapagos data yields differential times indicating thinning of the mantle transition zone by 18 3 8 km within an area approximately 100 km in radius centered about 40 km southwest of the center of the island of Fernandina. This anomaly is consistent with an excess temperature of 130 3 60 K within this volume of the transition zone, comparable to that inferred beneath the Iceland and Society hotspots. The most straightforward interpretation of this anomaly is that a mantle plume upwelling from depths greater than 410 km underlies the Galapagos hotspot.
Polymerizable derivatives of long‐chain alcohols. II. Reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of some alkyl acrylates

Monomer reactivity ratios were determined for the copolymerization of some alkyl acrylate esters and, respectively, acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride. For acrylonitrile (M1), the values found were: for butyl acrylate, r1 = 1.52 ± 0.03, r2 = 0.75 ± 0.18; for octyl acrylate, r1 = 1.93 ± 0.08, r2 = 0.83 ± 0.23; for octadecyl acrylate, r1 = 1.74 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.68 ± 0.18. If it is assumed that there is no change in the magnitude of the kinetic constants with chain length, a value for the generalized alkyl acrylate and acrylonitrile may be calculated and r1 = 1.61 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.50 ± 0.19. Values found with vinylidene chloride (M1) were: for butyl acrylate, r1 = 0.88 ± 0.10, r2 = 0.83 ± 0.02; for octyl acrylate, r1 = 0.87 ± 0.02, r2 = 0.70 ± 0.01; for octadecyl acrylate, r1 = 0.91 ± 0.05, r2 = 1.01 ± 0.01. For the generalized alkyl acrylate, the calculated values were r1 = 0.88 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.84 ± 0.01.
Chevalier Jackson's contributions to direct laryngoscopy

Chevalier Jackson championed rigid endoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract and facilitated its development and popularity at the beginning of the 20th century. He realized that endoscopy and open surgery are inextricably linked for effective management of diseases of the upper air and food passages. Toward this end, Jackson contributed a number of important innovations to direct laryngoscopy, while developing a unique mastery of the technique. Ultimately, he combined this endoscopic proficiency with open surgical techniques.
Recruiting and retaining women in information technology

At a time when demand for graduates in computing is increasing, the number of majors, particularly women, has significantly decreased. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that jobs in computer and mathematical sciences will grow "more than twice as fast as the average for all occupations in the economy" from 2008 through 2018 [1].At the same time, studies found that women are approximately 2.5 times more likely to leave IT than men [4,5]. In June 2008, a study published in Harvard Business Review [2] addressed the career paths for women in science, engineering and technology (SET) in the private sector. Careers in IT are included in this study that found 52% of women in SET quit their jobs during their mid to late 30s. Indeed, according to the National Center for Women & Information Technology, the percentage of women IT professionals has fallen from 36% in 1991 to 25% in 2009 [3].This panel will discuss ways to recruit women into our majors as well as factors that have been shown to contribute to them leaving the IT profession. By identifying these factors, hopefully we can address the issues raised and encourage women to stay in information technology.
The social psychology of power

After briefly reviewing contemporary theories of social power, their underlying assumptions are examined and discussed in relation to several controversial issues concerning the properties of power and power relations. It is concluded that much of the controversy is a function of the ambiguous use of such terms as control, manipulation, persuasion, inducement, force and authority. A tentative schema is then devised whereby the aforementioned terms are reduced to varieties of active or passive power.
Impossible Selves: Investigating Students' Persistence Decisions when Their Career-Possible Selves Border on Impossible.

Through study of 32 students’ narratives about coping with external threats to their career goals (e.g., denial of admission to the major of their choice), this study examines the following issues: (a) the coping mechanisms student use when faced with threats that loom large, (b) the relation between coping methods employed and whether the goal is retained, and (c) what seems to facilitate student use of coping strategies that support goal achievement. Findings suggest that threat attributions and coping strategies led to either exiting or recycling through the career development process. The ability to jointly consider career goals and goals unrelated to career, while allowing career goals to guide the coping process, was most strongly related to retention or revision (rather than abandonment) of the career-possible self. Implications for theory and practice are discussed
Conservation of the yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endagered West Indian species

Abstract The yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, endemic to Puerto Rico and Mona Island, is endangered, mainly because of brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis, which reached Puerto Rico at least 30 years ago. The yellow-shouldered blackbird populations have since declined, about 770–1200 remaining (470–900 on Mona Island) by 1982–1986 compared to a population of about 2400 in 1975. Nearly all nests of blackbirds in most of its habitats are parasitized by cowbirds. This significantly reduces nesting success, but blackbirds have evolved no defenses against brood parasitism. Removal of cowbirds from the yellow-shouldered blackbird nesting grounds, modeled after similar programmes for the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater on Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii nesting areas, significantly increased blackbird production. Blackbirds readily accept nest boxes, and breeding populations can be established in otherwise unusable sites and can be concentrated in mangrove habitats, were they are more easily protected by cowbird removal. Furthermore, yellow-shouldered blackbird pairs using cavities, including nest boxes, fledged more young per nest than pairs using open nests.
Animal model of aluminum-induced osteomalacia: Role of chronic renal failure

Animal model of aluminum-induced osteomalacia: Role of chronic renal failure. Both aluminum toxicity and a relative deficiency of parathyroid hormone have been implicated in the development of osteomalacia in dialysis patients. To study the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) aluminum injections on bone histology and parathyroid hormone and to determine if chronic renal failure accentuates aluminum toxicity, rats were divided into five groups: normals (N); low dose aluminum (LDA), 0.1 mg IP aluminum daily; high dose aluminum (HDA), 1.0 mg IP aluminum daily; chronic renal failure (CRF); and chronic renal failure plus high dose aluminum (CRF-HDA). At the conclusion of the study, there were no differences between N and LDA rats. Between the other groups, marked differences were observed. Compared to N rats, the relative osteoid volume (P 2 were increased in CRF rats (P Un modele animal d'osteomalacie induite par l'aluminium: Role de l'insuffisance renale chronique et de l'hormone parathyroidienne. La toxicite de l'aluminium et un deficit relatif en hormone parathyroidienne ont tous les deux ete impliques dans le developpement de l'osteomalacie chez les malades en dialyse. Afin d'etudier l'effet d'injections intraperitoneales (IP) d'aluminium sur l'histologie osseuse et l'hormone parathyroidienne et de determiner si l'insuffisance renale chronique accentue la toxicite de l'aluminium, des rats ont ete divises en cinq groupes: normaux (N); faible dose d'aluminium (LDA), 0,1 mg d'aluminium IP par jour; forte dose d'aluminium (HDA), 1,0 mg d'aluminium IP par jour; insuffisance renale chronique (CRF); insuffisance renale chronique plus forte dose d'aluminium (CRF-HDA). A la fin de l'etude il n'y avait pas de difference entre les rats N et LDA. Des differences importantes ont ete observees entre les autres groupes. Par rapport aux rats N, le volume osteoide relatif (P 2 etaient augmentes chez les rats CRF (P
Enhancing the performance of a hippocampal model by increasing variability early in learning

Abstract Using computer simulations of a minimal computational model of hippocampal region CA3, this report investigates how randomization during training alters learned performance. The transitive inference problem is employed for this purpose. Randomizing just the initial network state at the beginning of each training trial profoundly affects learning. That is, no randomization makes the problem unlearnable while a moderate amount of randomized activity optimizes network performance. These results suggest a way to alter learning which may be tested in neuropsychological experiments.
Evidence for Validity of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory as Indicated by Differential Performance

Summmy.-The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory was administered to 613 undergraduate students representing four groups: art majors, music majors, majors other than art taking an introductory art course, and majors in other disciplines. The groups' three subscores from the inventory (arc, music, and Other) were compared for differences in variability and means. Significant differences were found on the an and music subscores for both forms of the instrument, with students majoring or taking courses in the area showing higher scores and less variability than students not majoring in that area The only significant difference on the "other" subscore was that of arc students who obtained higher mean scores on Form B. The instrument can differentiate among persons on the basis of talent in specified areas. The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory has been under development for several years. Designed to assess talent in the four broad areas of art, music, creativity, and leadership, the inventory as a self-report instrument. Multitalent is defined as the versatility of a person as reflected by perceptions of accomplishment in these four areas. This characteristic differs from the attributes measured by creativity inventories such as Something About Myself, which gauges creativity as manifested in personality characteristics, thinking strategies, and creative products (Khatena & Torrance, 1976, p. 26). The instrument has been given to over 8000 children and adults across the nation as well as to over 1200 children and adults in foreign countries. Evidence of the technmical qualiry of the instrument has been published elsewhere, based on early tryout samples of over 1500 children and adults (Khatena & Morse, 1987). The present study was designed to examine whether self-report scores in art and music correspond with ability in these fields, as indicated by students' majors. Participants
Dermatitis under soccer shin guards : Allergy or contact irritant reaction?

We report a retrospective analysis of eight children aged 9 to 16 years who were evaluated for a persistent or recurrent dermatitis that appeared under soccer shin guards. To examine the possibility of contact allergy, all had 51 standard epicutaneous (patch) tests applied and three or four additional tests comprised of pieces of the shin guard components. Tests were read at 48 and 120 hours and all were negative in each subject. Irritant contact dermatitis, not allergy, was the cause of dermatitis in these subjects. It was postulated that sweating and friction contributed to the irritancy.
A new synthesis and an antiviral assessment of the 4'-fluoro derivative of 4'-deoxy-5'-noraristeromycin.

Abstract A synthetic route to (1 S ,2 S ,3 R ,5 S )-3-(6-amino-9 H -purin-9-yl)-5-fluorocyclopentane-1,2-diol (that is, the 4′-fluoro derivative of 4′-deoxy-5′-noraristeromycin, 3 ) is described via a fluorinated cyclopentanol, which is in contrast to existing schemes where fluorination occurred once the purine ring was present. Compound 3 was assayed versus a number of viruses. A favorable response was observed towards measles (IC 50 of 1.2 μg/mL in the neutral red assay and 14 μg/mL by the visual assay) but this was accompanied by cytotoxicity in the CV-1 host cells (21–36 μg/mL). Among the viruses unaffected by 3 were human cytomegalovirus and the poxviruses (vaccinia and cowpox), which are three viruses that were inhibited by the 4′,4′-difluoro analog of 3 (that is, 2 ).