cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloride–hydrogen antiporters ClC‐3 and ClC‐5 drive osteoblast mineralization and regulate fine‐structure bone patterning in vitro

Osteoblasts form an epithelium-like layer with tight junctions separating bone matrix from extracellular fluid. During mineral deposition, calcium and phosphate precipitation in hydroxyapatite liberates 0.8 mole of H+ per mole Ca+2. Thus, acid export is needed for mineral formation. We examined ion transport supporting osteoblast vectorial mineral deposition. Previously we established that Na/H exchangers 1 and 6 are highly expressed at secretory osteoblast basolateral surfaces and neutralize massive acid loads. The Na/H exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF1), a pdz-organizing protein, occurs at mineralizing osteoblast basolateral surfaces. We hypothesized that high-capacity proton transport from matrix into osteoblast cytosol must exist to support acid transcytosis for mineral deposition. Gene screening in mineralizing osteoblasts showed dramatic expression of chloride–proton antiporters ClC-3 and ClC-5. Antibody localization showed that ClC-3 and ClC-5 occur at the apical secretory surface facing the bone matrix and in membranes of buried osteocytes. Surprisingly, the Clcn3−/− mouse has only mildly disordered mineralization. However, Clcn3−/− osteoblasts have large compensatory increases in ClC-5 expression. Clcn3−/− osteoblasts mineralize in vitro in a striking and novel trabecular pattern; wild-type osteoblasts form bone nodules. In mesenchymal stem cells from Clcn3−/− mice, lentiviral ClC-5 shRNA created Clcn3−/−, ClC-5 knockdown cells, validated by western blot and PCR. Osteoblasts from these cells produced no mineral under conditions where wild-type or Clcn3−/− cells mineralize well. We conclude that regulated acid export, mediated by chloride–proton exchange, is essential to drive normal bone mineralization, and that CLC transporters also regulate fine patterning of bone.
RNA-sequencing study of peripheral blood monocytes in chronic periodontitis.

Abstract Background Monocytes are an important cell type in chronic periodontitis (CP) by interacting with oral bacteria and mediating host immune response. The aim of this study was to reveal new functional genes and pathways for CP at monocyte transcriptomic level. Methods We performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) study of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) in 5 non-smoking moderate to severe CP (case) individuals vs. 5 controls. We took advantage of a microarray study of periodontitis to support our findings. We also performed pathway-based analysis on the identified differentially expressed (DEx) transcripts/isoforms using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). Results Through differential expression analyses at both whole gene (or whole non-coding RNA) and isoform levels, we identified 380 DEx transcripts and 5955 DEx isoforms with a PPEE (posterior probability of equal expression) of Conclusions As the first RNA-seq study of PBMs for CP, this study provided novel findings at both gene (e.g., FCAR and CUX1) and biological process level. The findings will contribute to better understanding of CP disease mechanisms.
Beyond Mean-Variance: Risk and Performance Measurement in a Nonsymmetrical World

Most practitioners use the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to measure risk and investment performance. The CAPM, however, assumes either that all asset returns are normally distributed (and thus symmetrical) or that investors have mean-variance preferences (and thus ignore skewness and higher order moments). Both assumptions are suspect. Assuming only that the rate of return on the MARKET portfolio is i.i.d. and that markets are "perfect", this article shows that the CAPM and its risk measures are invalid: The market portfolio is mean-variance inefficient, and the CAPM alpha mismeasures the value added by investment managers. This mismeasurement is particularly pronounced for portfolios using options or related dynamic strategies. Strategies with positively skewed returns (relative to the market), such as strategies limiting downside risk, will incorrectly be given negative alphas. A simple modification of the CAPM beta, however, will produce correct risk measurement for portfolios with arbitrary return distributions, and the resulting alphas of all fairly-priced options and/or dynamic strategies will be zero. The risk and performance measures require no more information to implement than the CAPM. In contrast with other ad hoc risk measures, such as VaR or the "Sortino ratio", our risk measure is built on an equilibrium model of asset pricing.
Accuracy of the Safer Dx Instrument to Identify Diagnostic Errors in Primary Care.

IMPORTANCE Diagnostic errors are common and harmful, but difficult to define and measure. Measurement of diagnostic errors often depends on retrospective medical record reviews, frequently resulting in reviewer disagreement.
3D orbital tracking for super-resolving the dynamics of gene expression

Optical super resolution of fast dynamic processes can be achieved using the 3D orbital tracking technique and fluctuation spectroscopy analysis. Here we show application of the method to the dynamics of loci of gene expression.
Diel activity patterns of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) larvae

Activity patterns of fifth-instar tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), and cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were determined in the laboratory with an ultrasonic actograph and in the field by visual observations of marked larvae. Field data correlated well with laboratory data and showed that larvae of both species were active predominantly during periods of illumination. Activity patterns of larvae and timing of pesticide treatments for increased efficacy are discussed
Rational tailoring of substrate and inhibitor affinity via ATRP polymer-based protein engineering.

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)-based protein engineering of chymotrypsin with a cationic polymer was used to tune the substrate specificity and inhibitor binding. Poly(quaternary ammonium) was grown from the surface of the enzyme using ATRP after covalent attachment of a protein reactive, water-soluble ATRP-initiator. This “grafting from” conjugation approach generated a high density of cationic ammonium ions around the biocatalytic core. Modification increased the surface area of the protein over 40-fold, and the density of modification on the protein surface was approximately one chain per 4 nm2. After modification, bioactivity was increased at low pH relative to the activity of the native enzyme. In addition, the affinity of the enzyme for a peptide substrate was increased over a wide pH range. The massively cationic chymotrypsin, which included up to 2000 additional positive charges per molecule of enzyme, was also more stable at extremes of temperature and pH. Most interestingly, we were...
Estimating Index of Refraction from Polarimetric Hyperspectral Imagery

This works shows that spectral refractive index can be estimated to within 15\% from laboratory polarimetric hyperspectral imaging measurements, without \emph{a priori} knowledge of surface temperature or downwelling radiance.
Observations on the ontogeny of saccharine preference in the neonate rat

Acceptability of saccharine, lactose, and water was measured in rats 0–21 days of age. Although saccharine acceptability increased over the testing period, lactose and water did not. The results are not in agreement with a reinforcement interpretation of saccharine preference.
The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism (1990)

How might a discussion of the ending of the Atlantic slave trade in relation to the development of European racism illuminate the question of who gained and who lost? The question can be approached at three levels. The first concerns the degree to which the racial attitudes of Europeans were affected by the process of termination. The second would be how the people of Europe and of Afro-America were affected by the termination itself. The third and broadest aspect would be the long-term effects of that complex process. It seems to me that the answers become more speculative as the scope of potential impact broadens, as the discussion moves from a concern with attitudes and ideology to social conditions, as the geographical scope broadens, and as the temporal dimension to be considered expands to encompass the twentieth century. The first level, the relation of the processes of abolition to racism, is the primary focus of this paper; a few brief remarks on the second and third issues are reserved for the conclusion.
Comment: Standards for Habeas Corpus Review for ‘Enemy Combatants’ Under Hamdi, Padilla, and Rasul

Amidst a heated political and diplomatic fray over the detention of some 600 persons at the U.S. Naval base of Guantanamo, Cuba, the U.S. Supreme Court announced on June 28, 2004 four cases involving the right of habeas corpus review for detainees dubbed “enemy combatants” held at Guantanamo Bay and in the United States. More broadly, the judgments enter a historically important line of cases involving protection against arbitrary detention in war time. Two consolidated cases, Rasul v. Bush and Al Odah v. United States answer the question whether U.S. federal courts can hear statutory habeas challenges to the legality of the detention of foreign nationals incarcerated in Guantanamo Bay.In a series of complex majority, plurality, and concurring opinions, as well as fiery dissents, the Court provides a road map for statutory habeas challenges by persons held under U.S. jurisdiction in the context of the Afghan conflict and the amorphous “war on terror”. At the same time, the judgments leave open a number of questions on the scope of the rulings.
Restorative Justice in Rural Alaska

A new wave of justice is finding its way into rural Alaska creating a climate of cooperation between State court Magistrates (local judges) and Native people in the remote villages. This community form of justice allows for more local participation using restorative justice principles and models that include input from victims, offenders and members of the community. This paper will introduce a profile of three restorative justice processes in rural Alaska and a working relationship between the western justice system of magistrates and the communities. Included are some challenges and limitations facing advocates of the process. In addition, this paper will include two restorative justice models in Canada that have influenced Alaska; the Restorative Community Conferencing (RCC) for young offenders in Yukon, Canada and Sentence Circles used in Carcross Yukon. The restorative justice process strives for more community and family based involvement using traditional and cultural values that strive for peaceful balance. Restorative justice can be seen as a healing process because it addresses all relationships and it offers a way in which “broken relationships can be repaired” (Van Ness & Strong, 1997, 2002, 2006).
Haptic Edge Display for Mobile Tactile Interaction

Current mobile devices do not leverage the rich haptic channel of information that our hands can sense, and instead focus primarily on touch based graphical interfaces. Our goal is to enrich the user experience of these devices through bi-directional haptic and tactile interactions (display and control) around the edge of hand-held devices. We propose a novel type of haptic interface, a Haptic Edge Display, consisting of actuated pins on the side of a display, to form a linear array of tactile pixels (taxels). These taxels are implemented using small piezoelectric actuators, which can be made cheaply and have ideal characteristics for mobile devices. We developed two prototype Haptic Edge Displays, one with 24 actuated pins (3.75mm in pitch) and a second with 40 pins (2.5mm in pitch). This paper describes several novel haptic interactions for the Haptic Edge Display including dynamic physical affordances, shape display, non-dominant hand interactions, and also in-pocket ``pull' style haptic notifications. In a laboratory experiment we investigated the limits of human perception for Haptic Edge Displays, measuring the just-noticeable difference for pin width and height changes for both in-hand and simulated in-pocket conditions.
Impaired ethanol-induced sensitization and decreased cannabinoid receptor-1 in a model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Background and Purpose Impaired striatal neuroplasticity may underlie increased alcoholism documented in those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) is sensitive to the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and traumatic stress, and is a critical regulator of striatal plasticity. To investigate CB1 involvement in the PTSD-alcohol interaction, this study measured the effects of traumatic stress using a model of PTSD, mouse single-prolonged stress (mSPS), on EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization and striatal CB1 levels. Methods Mice were exposed to mSPS, which includes: 2-h restraint, 10-min group forced swim, 15-min exposure to rat bedding odor, and diethyl ether exposure until unconsciousness or control conditions. Seven days following mSPS exposure, the locomotor sensitizing effects of EtOH were assessed. CB1, post-synaptic density-95 (PSD95), and dopamine-2 receptor (D2) protein levels were then quantified in the dorsal striatum using standard immunoblotting techniques. Results Mice exposed to mSPS-EtOH demonstrated impaired EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization compared to Control-EtOH mice, which was accompanied by reduced striatal CB1 levels. EtOH increased striatal PSD95 in control and mSPS-exposed mice. Additionally, mSPS-Saline exposure increased striatal PSD95 and decreased D2 protein expression, with mSPS-EtOH exposure alleviating these changes. Conclusions These data indicate that the mSPS model of PTSD blunts the behavioral sensitizing effects of EtOH, a response that suggests impaired striatal neuroplasticity. Additionally, this study demonstrates that mice exposed to mSPS and repeated EtOH exposure decreases CB1 in the striatum, providing a mechanism of interest for understanding the effects of EtOH following severe, multimodal stress exposure.
Lactose metabolism and time to pregnancy

Objective To investigate whether, in the absence of galactosemia, relatively high intestinal lactase activity or low activity of an enzyme involved in galactose catabolism reduces fertility, as it does in the presence of galactosemia. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Healthy women selected from the community. Patients Fifty-three married women. Intervention Urinary galactose after an oral lactose challenge (a measure of intestinal lactase activity), erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (transferase) activity, and transferase polymorphisms by isoelectric focusing. Main Outcome Measure Pregnancy rate (number of pregnancies divided by number of months at risk) in the 12months after stopping use of birth control to become pregnant. Results Relatively high urinary galactose was not related to a decreased rate of pregnancy during the first 12months (≥24.6 compared with ≤14.3mg: relative risk [RR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 4.0). Relatively high transferase activity was not related to an increased rate of pregnancy (≥19.5 compared with ≤17.2 μ mol/h per g hemoglobin: RR=1.1; 95% CI=0.56 to 2.4). Low-activity transferase polymorphisms were not related to a decreased rate (RR = 1.2; 95% CI=0.58 to 2.5). Conclusion Our study does not support the hypothesis that the biologic variation in galactose metabolism that exists in the general population influences infertility.
Single and multidimensional measurements underestimate neuroblastoma response to therapy.

Background Changes in three-dimensional (3D) measurements of neuroblastoma are used to assess response. Linear measurements may not accurately characterize tumor size due to the infiltrative character of these tumors. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and 3D measurements in characterizing neuroblastoma response compared to a reference standard of tumor volume. Procedure We retrospectively reviewed imaging for 34 patients with stage 3 or 4 neuroblastoma. Blinded readers contoured or made linear measurements of tumors. Correlation coefficients were used to compare linear measurements to volumetric and 3D measurements. Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess bias between measurements. Sensitivity and specificity for patient events and survival were calculated for each measurement technique. Results Mean patient age was 2.9 ± 3.0 years (range 0–15 years). There was strong correlation between volumetric and 1D (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001), 2D (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001), and 3D (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001) measurements. Mean bias between volumetric measurements and 1D, 2D, and 3D measurements was 37.1% (95% limits: 6.2–67.9%), 16.1% (95% limits: –11.7–43.8%), and 7.7% (95% limits: –19.7–35.1%), respectively. 1D and 2D measurements undercategorized response versus volumetric change in 88.2% (30/34) and 29.4% (10/34) of cases. 3D measurements incorrectly characterized response in 16.7% (4/24) of cases versus volumetric change. 3D measurements were highly sensitive for patient events and survival, but all measurement techniques had poor specificity. Conclusions 3D measurements most accurately quantify neuroblastoma size response versus volumetric change in patients with stage 3 and 4 neuroblastoma. 1D and 2D measurements underrepresent tumor response.
MOS device reliability studies under LabVIEW environment

The suitability of the LabVIEW system for a device research laboratory is evaluated. The system is applied successfully to the study of MOS device reliability with the highly repetitive measurement technique of charge pumping. Interface and near-interface oxide trap generation due to hot electron injection from a vertical field injection structure is characterized with the developed software. >
Transgressor Communication After Committing a Hurtful Relational Event: Associations With Attributed Intent, Blame, Guilt, Responsibility, and Perceived Forgiveness

Following a hurtful relational event, transgressor communication with the victim impacts relational repair and forgiveness. Based in an attribution framework, this study examined how transgressors’ (N = 504) self-attributed responsibility, intent, blame, and guilt regarding a hurtful event associated with their communicative response (e.g., apology, avoidance, justification), and how their communication associated with perceived forgiveness. In regression analyses, attribution dimensions predicted five communicative strategies. The attribution model accounted for 35% of variance in transgressors’ reported use of apology/concession strategies. Use of apology/concession and appeasement/positivity positively associated, and avoidance/silence negatively associated, with perception of forgiveness.
Switching the Unit

Building from the investigation described in Chapter 7, this chapter traces the reasoning of the students as they consider how much bigger 1/2 is than 1/3 and the number name for the difference, with data from Sessions 4, 5, and 6 of the intervention (Steencken, 2001; Yankelewitz, 2009). As a result of their earlier exploration, students claimed that 1/2 is larger than 1/3 and developed two distinct rod models to support their claim.
The Market Structure for Internet Search Engines

The Internet search engine market has seen a proliferation of entrants over the past few years. Whereas Yahoo was the early market leader, there has been entry by both lower-quality engines and higher-quality ones (such as Google). Prior work on quality differentiation requires that low-quality products have low prices in order to survive in a market with high-quality products. However, the price charged to users of search engines is typically zero. Therefore, consumers do not face a tradeoff between quality and price. Why do lower-quality products survive in such a market? We develop a vertical differentiation model that explains this phenomenon. The quality of the results provided by a search engine is inherently stochastic, and there is no charge for using an engine. Therefore, users who try out one engine may consult a lower-quality engine in the same session. This "residual demand" allows lower-quality products to survive in equilibrium. We then extend our model to incorporate horizontal differentiation as well and show that residual demand leads to higher quality and less differentiation in this market. Engines want to attract competitors' customers and therefore have a strong incentive to be "similar" to each other.
Application of paramagnetic relaxation enhancements to accelerate the acquisition of 2D and 3D solid-state NMR spectra of oriented membrane proteins

Oriented sample solid-state NMR (OS-ssNMR) spectroscopy is uniquely suited to determine membrane protein topology at the atomic resolution in liquid crystalline bilayers under physiological temperature. However, the inherent low sensitivity of this technique has hindered the throughput of multidimensional experiments necessary for resonance assignments and structure determination. In this work, we show that doping membrane protein bicelle preparations with paramagnetic ion chelated lipids and exploiting paramagnetic relaxation effects it is possible to accelerate the acquisition of both 2D and 3D multidimensional experiments with significant saving in time. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method for a small membrane protein, sarcolipin, reconstituted in DMPC/POPC/DHPC oriented bicelles. In particular, using Cu2+-DMPE-DTPA as a dopant, we observed a decrease of 1H T1 of sarcolipin by 2/3, allowing us to reduce the recycle delay up to 3 times. We anticipate that these new developments will enable the routine acquisition of multidimensional OS-ssNMR experiments.
Love and War: Male Friendship and the Performance of Masculinity in the Poetry of Garcilaso de la Vega (1501–1536)

This article explores the performance of courtly masculinity in the poetry of Garcilaso de la Vega (1501–1536). It demonstrates how the Italianate lyric of sixteenth-century Spain allowed the poet to imagine the persona of the Renaissance courtier by experimenting with different models of male friendship. The three poems examined in this essay: an epistle, a sonnet, and an ode, respectively promote male relationships based on intellect and poetic skill, military achievement and solidarity, and homosociality and literary fame. Ultimately, Garcilaso’s works reveal the subtleties of how the new social identity of the masculine courtier and social relations were performed and mediated through the ‘new lyric’ in sixteenth-century Castilian letters.
Selection for weaning weight and postweaning gain in Hereford cattle. II. Response to selection.

Single trait selection was practiced in three lines of Hereford cattle at two locations. Bulls were selected within sire families for increased weaning weight (WW) in the WW line (WWL), for postweaning gain (PG) in the PG line (PGL) and at random in the control line (CTL). Data include the performance of 2,467 calves produced from 1967 to 1981. Environmental effects were estimated from CTL (method I) and from multiple regression procedures (method II). Phenotypic and environmental time trends were negative for WW and generally were positive for PG. Estimated genetic gains for WW in WWL were 1.07 +/- .51 kg/yr in bulls and .62 +/- .36 kg/yr in heifers using method I and .50 +/- .31 kg/yr in bulls and .10 +/- .17 kg/yr in heifers using method II. Corresponding values for PG in PGL were .85 +/- .40 and 1.03 +/- .24 kg/yr in bulls and .30 +/- .28 and .37 +/- .12 kg in heifers. Correlated genetic gains for WW in PGL were larger than direct WW gains, whereas genetic gains for PG in WWL were smaller than direct PG gains. From method I, estimates of realized heritability (h2R) for WW were .31 +/- .18 in bulls and .22 +/- .13 in heifers. For PG, h2R was .31 +/- .13 in bulls and .06 +/- .12 in heifers. Using method II, h2R for WW was .09 +/- .08 in bulls and .02 +/- .07 in heifers. Corresponding values for PG were .29 +/- .10 and .11 +/- .08. Joint estimates of the realized genetic correlation between WW and PG were .69 +/- .18 and .46 +/- .31 for methods I and II, respectively. Variation in selection response was evaluated using quasi-replicates. Results of this study indicate that selection for PG improved both WW and PG faster than selection for WW.
Fractography as Related to Macrostructures in Stress Corrosion Cracked Welds in 5Ni-Cr-Mo Steel

Correlations were found between the fractography of stress corrosion cracked surfaces and the macrostructure of shielded metal arc weldments of a 5Ni-Cr-Mo steel. The fractography of the stress corrosion regions revealed fracture modes consisting of cleavage, microvoid coalescence, and intergranular separation. Cleavage was often associated with a coarse irregular fracture, whereas with microvoid coalescence the fractures were generally flat. Fractures of intergranular separation were characterized by dot-like facets on the macrographs. The macrostructures corresponding to intergranular separation consisted largely of coarse equiaxed grains and to a lesser extent of columnar grains. The latter quite often were too large to be completely revealed by transmission electron microscope fractography and in some instances were more favorably oriented for transgranular failure by cleavage than for intergranular failure.
Ocean Travel and Cruising: A Cultural Analysis

* Preface: The Joke Is on Me! * Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. The Economics of Cruising * Cruising to Alaska: A Case Study * Cruises Compared to Land Based Vacations * Other Ways Cruise Lines Make Money * Cruise Categories * Consolidation of the Cruise Industry * Exploitation of Workers on Cruise Ships? * Conclusion * Chapter 2. Signs at Sea: The Semiotics of Cruising * A Primer on Semiotics * The Cruise Ship As a Sign System * Cruises and Pilgrimages * Names of Cruise Lines and the Perceived Elitism of the Cruise Experience * Taking Photographs and Using Video Cameras * Conclusion * Chapter 3. Sociological Analysis of Cruising * Cruise Demographics * Gender and Cruising * Carnivalization Theory and Cruising * The Sociology of Dining * Time Budgets and the Busy Life at Sea * New Trends in Cruising * Conclusion * Chapter 4. A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Cruising * The Compulsion to Cruise * Sea and Psyche * The Paradise Myth and Cruises * Cruise Liners As Floating Utopias * Hedonism and Pleasure Seeking * Cruise Taking As Regression in the Service of the Ego * The Gourmet/Gourmand Problem * Unconditional Love * The Agony of the Choice * Escaping the Boredom of Everyday Life * Behind the Facade: Daily Life of Crew Members * The Ship As a Labyrinth: A Speculative Theory * The Cruise Travel Agent As "Fairy Godmother" * Conclusion * Chapter 5. Selling Smooth Sailing: Advertising and Marketing Cruises * Interpreting Advertisements * What Can Be Analyzed in a Print Advertisement? * Cruise Advertising in the August 2002 Travel + Leisure Magazine * Commonalties in These Cruise Advertisements * Two Cruise Line Brochure (Catalog) Covers * Conclusion * Chapter 6. Cruising (on) the Internet * Cruising the Internet for Cruises * Categories of Cruise-Related Web Sites * Internet Cruise-Only Travel Agencies * Cruise Line Web Sites * Conclusion * Chapter 7. Notes from a Cruise Journal * References * Index
Supplementing Traditional Documentation with Oral History: Capturing Institutional Knowledge at Oregon State University Libraries

Over the summer of 2017, I had the unique pleasure of documenting the workflow of a retiring serials technician who had been at Oregon State University’s (OSU) Valley Library in Corvallis for nearly 37 years. During her tenure, she took part in no fewer than seven online database system transitions and created a one-of-a-kind serials check-in workflow for each new system with her magic red binder. She once told me that, with that binder, she could navigate any new system because the basics of serials were always the same; it was just a matter of learning the new language and finding how those basics fit into the new system. Now, as you can imagine, being in a job for over three decades leaves one with quite a bit of institutional knowledge. From my perspective, I knew that it would be easy to get the basics down onto paper. What concerned me was losing the historic memory and organizational culture of this long-term staff member—the kind of knowledge that collected files and documentation just don’t cover. It’s important for new employees to know why certain processes are followed, the history of the technical services department, and how things came to be in their current state. I’m not saying that libraries have to keep doing things the same way. But there is certainly something to be said about having a bit of narrative and contextual history when a fresh set of eyes looks at traditional practices and procedures.
Enabling Better Thermal Management of Indoor Spaces through Adaptive Zonal Heat Transfer

In multi-zone indoor spaces with thermal dependencies between zones and limited heating/cooling sources, choosing optimal zonal thermostat or heat input settings is often not enough to attain desired zonal temperatures. In such scenarios, simple changes that affect the thermal transfer between different zones, or between the individual zones and the ambient - actuated through opening/closing of doors and windows, for example - can significantly improve the the zonal temperatures or reduce energy costs. In this paper, we consider the problem of determining how the thermal flow in-between the different zones of the indoor space, or between the zones and the ambient, should be adapted towards improving the overall thermal environment in the multi-zone space. Despite the complex structure of the problem, we show how such the question of optimal zonal heat transfer adaptation - which involves determining the optimal zonal heat input settings as well - can be formulated and solved efficiently. We also determine conditions under which the problem has a convex structure. Finally, we evaluate the benefits of zonal heat transfer adaptation through simulations on a dynamic thermal model of a 6-zone indoor space. Our results show that zonal heat transfer adaptation can result in significant improvement of zonal temperatures and/or energy costs, particularly when not all zones are equipped with heat sources.
The Digital Dilemma: Why Limit Young Children’s Use of Interactive Media?

Children are growing up in a digital world. Ninety-eight percent of children have used a mobile touchscreen device before the age of 4 (Rideout, The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media, 2017), and use is quite prevalent even for infants (Bedford et al. Frontiers in Psychology, 7:1108, 2016). Here, we discuss the widespread use of interactive media among children and core differences between digital devices and their media predecessors. We consider the impact of interactive media on children’s physical and cognitive development, focusing on the domains of learning and sleep. Infants and toddlers often fail to transfer information between 2D touchscreen sources and 3D objects (e.g., Moser et al. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 137:137–155, 2015; Zack et al. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(1):13–26, 2009). However, social scaffolding can facilitate learning from touchscreens (Eisen and Lillard, As good as the real thing? A comparison of learning from apps versus hands-on materials. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development special topic meeting on Technology and Media in Children’s Development, Irvine, CA, 2016; Zimmermann et al. Child Development, 88(6): 2013–2025, 2017) and is a promising new avenue for research. Infants’ use of touchscreen devices is associated with poor quality of nighttime sleep and increased daytime sleep (Cheung et al. Scientific Reports, 7:46104, 2017). This aligns with prior research demonstrating the harmful impact of touchscreens on sleep quality in older children and adolescents (Carter et al. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(12):1202–1208, 2016). Nascent research on the short- and long-term impacts of interactive media leaves open many questions for future examination.
How Much Guidance Do Students Need? An Intervention Study on Kindergarten Mathematics with Manipulatives

Research has shown that the efficacy of learning with manipulatives (e.g., fingers, blocks, or coins) is affected by multiple variables, including the amount of guidance teachers provide during learning. However, there is no consensus on how much guidance is necessary when learning with manipulatives. The goal of this study was to examine the optimal level of guidance during instruction with manipulatives. The focus was on the timing and level of guidance. The researcher taught students a lesson on counting from one to 10 with pennies and nickel strips. Kindergarten students were taught over five consecutive days in one of four conditions: high guidance, low guidance, high guidance that transitioned to low guidance, and low guidance that transitioned to high guidance. Results showed no difference in learning across the conditions. These results provide valuable information to teachers on the areas of mathematics that do not require the effort of high guidance.
Acetaminophen is Undetectable in Plasma From More Than Half of Patients Believed to Have Acute Liver Failure Due to Overdose

Background & Aims Evaluation of patients with acute liver injury (ALI) or acute liver failure (ALF) often includes measurement of plasma levels of acetaminophen, to determine exposure and/or toxicity. However, once liver injury has developed, acetaminophen might be undetectable in plasma. We investigated the association between level of acetaminophen measured and outcomes of patients designated as having ALF or ALI due to acetaminophen toxicity. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 434 subjects in the Acute Liver Failure Study Group who met criteria for ALF (coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy within 26 weeks of the first symptoms, without pre-existing liver disease) or ALI (severe liver injury with coagulopathy but no encephalopathy) due to acetaminophen toxicity from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2014. We collected data on patient demographics, biochemical features, reported acetaminophen use, N-acetylcysteine therapy, liver transplant, and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to assess patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes whereas differences in continuous variables between patients with vs without acetaminophen detection on admission were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The primary aim was to determine the proportion of patients with detectable plasma levels of acetaminophen. Results Acetaminophen was undetectable in serum samples from 227 patients (52%). There were no significant differences between groups of patients with detectable vs undetectable levels in demographic features, alcohol use, median levels of alanine aspartate, or use of N-acetylcysteine (given to 94.7% of patients with detectable acetaminophen vs 95.9% of those with undetectable acetaminophen; P=.63). We observed a significant difference in median dose taken between patients with detectable (29,500 mg; interquartile range, 15,000 mg–50,007 mg) vs no detectable parent compound (14,950 mg; interquartile range, 3960 mg–25,000) (P=.003). A lower proportion of patients with detectable plasma levels of acetaminophen (72.3%) survived without a liver transplant than of patients with undetectable levels (86.3%) in univariate analysis (P=.0006), although this was not significant in multivariable analysis (P=.12). Although most patients had unintentional overdoses, a higher proportion of patients with suicidal overdoses (43%) had detectable levels of acetaminophen than patients with accidental overdoses (29.3%; P=.01). Conclusion More than half of patients who present at the hospital with acetaminophen-induced ALI or ALF have undetectable levels of acetaminophen. Clinicians should not exclude acetaminophen toxicity because of undetectable levels or withhold N-acetylcysteine for patients with ALI or ALF when acetaminophen toxicity is suspected.
Insight on magma evolution and storage through the recent eruptive history of Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador

Abstract Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes, and has a history of bimodal volcanism, alternating between rhyolite and andesite. With Cotopaxi reawakening in 2015 after 138 years of no major eruptions (>VEI 1–2), the question of what is occurring beneath the surface becomes especially poignant in the recent past. This work characterizes the mineralogy and geochemistry of the recent eruptive products of Cotopaxi, with emphasis on the two pulses of the 1877 eruption. Over the past 500 years Cotopaxi has had five major eruptive events (VEI 3–4), which occurred in 1532, 1742, 1744, 1768, and 1877, and included regional tephra fallout, pyroclastic scoria flows and surges, as well as lahars. After the initial pulse of the 1877 eruption and the subsequent lahars, a second pulse of magma produced pyroclastic density currents, containing scoria clasts up to 1 m in diameter. All samples collected from these eruptions are basaltic-andesite to andesite (56–59 wt % SiO2), with a mineral assemblage composed of pl + opx + cpx + mag ± ol. Plagioclase from all samples range from An47 to An78 and show both normal and reverse zoning. Pyroxenes occur as augite and enstatite and do not exhibit significant zoning. The presence of disequilibrium textures such as zoned plagioclase and enclaves with fluidal margins with host indicate that magma mingling/mixing plays a role in magma genesis. The very similar petrologic characteristics of these deposits suggests that they were formed in a relatively long-lived magma system that experienced moderate differentiation and magma replenishment between eruptions. Fractional crystallization modeling shows that crystallization of plagioclase (11.7%) + pyroxene (3.4%) + amphibole (4.6%) + magnetite (1.1%) + apatite (0.2%) can produce the observed compositional variation. However, some of the variation can be explained by mixing, thus we conclude that both differentiation processes occurred. Thermobarometric data indicate that magma storage occurred at temperatures of ∼1017 °C and pressures ranging from 0.215 GPa (during the 1877 eruption) to 0.619 GPa (during the 1532 eruption), which is equivalent to depths of 7 and 21 km (±9 km), respectively.
Warrantless, Pre-Arrest DNA Testing and a Suspect's Right to Refuse: Amicus Brief filed in State of Maine v. Spencer Glover (Maine Supreme Judicial Court 2014)

When law enforcement seeks to obtain a warrantless, pre-arrest DNA sample from an individual, that individual has the right to say "No." If silence is to become a "badge of guilt," then the right to silence — under the United States and Maine Constitutions — might become a thing of the past. Allowing jurors to infer consciousness of guilt from a pre-arrest DNA sample violates the Fourth Amendment to the United States and Maine Constitutions.
Low Volume Imaging with Metasurfaces

Volumetric Imaging Efficiency (VIE) compares the compactness and capacity of an imager against the limit imposed by diffraction. This metric is used to compare optical technologies for low-volume imaging and show that a combination of metasurface lenses can surpass the VIE limits of conventional imagers.
Effect of a responsive parenting intervention on child emotional overeating is mediated by reduced maternal use of food to soothe: The INSIGHT RCT.

Background Child emotional overeating is a risk factor for obesity that is learned in the home environment. Parents' use of food to soothe child distress may contribute to the development of children's emotional overeating. Objectives To examine the effect of a responsive parenting (RP) intervention on mother-reported child emotional overeating, and explore whether effects are mediated by mother-reported use of food to soothe child distress. Methods The sample included primiparous mother-infant dyads randomized to a RP intervention (n = 105) or home safety control group (n = 102). Nurses delivered RP guidance in four behavioral domains: sleeping, fussy, alert/calm, and drowsy. Mothers reported their use of food to soothe at age 18 months and child emotional overeating at age 30 months. Mediation was analyzed using the SAS PROCESS macro. Results RP intervention mothers reported less frequent use of food to soothe and perceived their child's emotional overeating as lower compared to the control group. Food to soothe mediated the RP intervention effect on child emotional overeating (mediation model: R2 = 0.13, P Conclusions Children's emotional overeating may be modified through an early life RP intervention. Teaching parents alternative techniques to soothe child distress rather than feeding may curb emotional overeating development to reduce future obesity risk.
Specialized Feathers Produce Sonations During Flight in Columbina Ground Doves.

The shape of remiges (primary and secondary feathers) is constrained and stereotyped by the demands of flight, but members of the subfamily of New World ground doves (Peristerinae) possess many atypical remex shapes with which they produce sonations of alarm. Within the genus Columbina specifically, the seventh primary feathers (P7) have elongated barbs that create a protrusion on the trailing vane which varies in size and shape between species. These feathers are hypothesized to have been coopted to produce communicative sounds (i.e., sonations) during flight, but the mechanism of this sound production is unknown. We tested the sound-producing capabilities of spread wing specimens from three species of ground doves (C. inca, C. passerina, and C. talpacoti) in a wind tunnel. High speed video and audio analyses indicated that all wings of adult birds produced buzzing sounds in the orientation and flow velocity of mid-upstroke. These buzzing sounds were produced as the protrusion of elongated barbs fluttered and collided with adjacent P6 feathers at a fundamental frequency of 200 and 400 Hz, respectively. Wings from juvenile C. inca produced significantly quieter buzzes and most (three of four individuals) lacked the elongated barbs that are present in adults. Buzzing sounds produced in the wind tunnel were similar to those produced by wild birds indicating that these P7 feathers have been coopted to produce acoustic signals (sonations) during flight. The shape and mechanism of sound production described here in Columbina appear to be unique among birds.
The Primate Origins of Human Social Cognition

The ability to understand the mental states of other individuals is central to human social behavior, yet some theory of mind capacities are shared with other species. Comparisons of theory of mind...
Epidemiological Characterization of Lettuce Drop (Sclerotinia spp.) and Biophysical Features of the Host Identify Soft Stem as a Susceptibility Factor

The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor was not known to produce sclerotia in the stems of infected and uncollapsed Lactuca standing intact until our observation in a greenhouse in 2017. We investig...
Determining sensor-based field capacity for irrigation scheduling

Abstract Irrigated agriculture is a major consumer of freshwater and acreage of irrigated land has increased as producers have become increasingly reliant on irrigation to ensure adequate yields and reduce production risks. Information about the soil’s field capacity, or the water content after a saturated soil has drained for at least 24 h, is needed to determine the soil’s readily available water, or the amount of water that can be safely removed by plants. To address the challenges associated with using soil water sensors in highly variable soils, soil water measurements were included in ongoing cotton irrigation studies during the 2017 through 2019 growing seasons at the University of Missouri Fisher Delta Research Center near Portageville. Sensor-based field capacity values were compared among multiple commercially available sensors. Time-domain reflectometry sensors (Acclima TDR 315) were installed at four depths and five locations each of the three years. In addition, resistance-type sensors (Irrometer Watermark 200SS) were installed at five depths and five locations for two years. The goal was to provide guidance on how best to use soil moisture sensor data for irrigation management. Although water continued to move in the profile for more than 24 h after saturation, the average change between 24 and 48 h at each observed depth was
Testosterone Therapy and Male Fertility

Testosterone deficiency affects large numbers of males and is often accompanied by numerous bothersome signs and symptoms. The formulations of exogenous testosterone therapy that are routinely used in clinical practice to treat men with testosterone deficiency also commonly result in suppressed endogenous testosterone production and impaired spermatogenesis. In 2018, the American Urological Association published guidelines regarding the evaluation and treatment of men with testosterone deficiency. A key feature of this document was the recommendation that “alternative therapies” be considered for use in men with testosterone deficiency who desire preservation of their future fertility. These alternative therapies, including aromatase inhibitors, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), work via different mechanisms but share the common end result of improving endogenous testosterone production and thus supporting spermatogenesis. Familiarity and comfort in the use of these agents are important in treating testosterone-deficient males who desire concurrent fertility preservation.
Interventions to Increase Leukocyte Testing during Treatment with Dimethyl Fumarate.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a treatment for multiple sclerosis, may cause leukopenia and infection. Accordingly, periodic white blood cell (WBC) monitoring is recommended. We sought to evaluate the US Department of Veteran Affairs’ safety program which provides facilities with a list of patients prescribed DMF therapy without a documented white blood cell count (WBC). We identified 118 sites with patients treated with DMF from 1 January 2016 through 30 September 2016. Each site was asked if any of seven interventions were used to improve WBC monitoring (academic detailing, provider education without academic detailing, electronic clinical reminders, request for provider action plan, draft orders for WBC monitoring, patient mailings, and patient calls). The survey response rate was 78%. For the 92 responding sites (78%) included sites (1115 patients) the mean rate of WBC monitoring was 54%. In multivariate analysis, academic detailing increased the rate by 17% (95% CI 4 to 30%, p = 0.011) and provider education increased the rate by 9% (95% CI 0.6 to 18%, p = 0.037). The WBC monitoring rate increased by 3.8% for each additional intervention used (95% CI 1.2–6.4%, p = 0.005). Interventions focused on the physician, including academic detailing, were associated with improved WBC monitoring for patients at risk for leukopenia from DMF treatment.
Two-body transient viscous interactions in free space

A generalization of Stokesian dynamics is formulated to describe hydrodynamic interactions between two spheres in a viscous fluid. The analysis quantifies transient mutual interactions in terms of frequency-dependent friction coefficients of both spheres as well as their temporally varying mobility response to an impulsive force. The analysis also contributes to work on many-body unsteady Brownian motions.