cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migrating Open Science Grid to RPMs

We recently completed a significant transition in the Open Science Grid (OSG) in which we moved our software distribution mechanism from the useful but niche system called Pacman to a community-standard native package system, RPM. In this paper we explore some of the lessons learned during this transition as well as our earlier work, lessons that we believe are valuable not only for software distribution and packaging, but also for software engineering in a distributed computing environment where reliability is critical. We discuss the benefits found in moving to a community standard, including the abilities to reuse existing packaging, to donate existing packaging back to the community, and to leverage existing skills in the community. We describe our approach to testing in which we test our software against multiple versions of the OS, including pre-releases of the OS, in order to find surprises before our users do. Finally, we discuss our large-scale evaluation testing and community testing, which are essential for both quality and community acceptance.
Electrical design and performance of a multichip module on a silicon interposer

A multichip module package has been designed in IBM's silicon technology. The module consists of two chips of same size and type communicating horizontally through a silicon interposer to a large ASIC chip. The chip to chip links operate at 8 Gbps with a loss of 0.5 dB/mm and reflections < 20 dB. All links are skew matched to within 2 ps. Model to hardware correlation was performed and trace loss is within 0.1 dB of modeling data. The input to the module consists of a high speed RF signal and the module was optimized for board to package transition. Outputs of the module are 15Gbps high speed links. Both input and output signals go up or down a through silicon via (TSV) in the silicon interposer as part of their electrical paths. TSV parameters do not limit the electrical performance of the module.
Adjusted blank correction method for UV–vis spectroscopic analysis of PTIO-coated filters used in nitrogen oxide passive samplers

Abstract Passive sampling devices are popular in applications which do not require the monitoring of hourly concentrations. Nitrogen oxides are often collected using filters coated with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO). The filter extract can then be analyzed using flow injection analysis ion chromatography fitted with a copper/cadmium reduction column or UV–vis spectroscopy. When the latter is used to measure low concentrations of nitrogen oxides, absorbance by PTIO at the analytical wavelength of 545 nm contributes significantly. PTIO concentration on the filter also shows variation with filter storage and exposure time not accounted for in a single point blank subtraction at the analytical wavelength. A method is presented that uses a scaling factor to account for variations in concentration of PTIO on the field blank and provides a more accurate method for determining and correcting for the PTIO contribution to absorption when measuring ambient nitrogen oxide concentrations.
Slow passage through a transcritical bifurcation for Hamiltonian systems and the change in action due to a nonhyperbolic homoclinic orbit

One-degree of freedom conservative slowly varying Hamiltonian systems are analyzed in the case in which a saddle-center pair undergo a transcritical bifurcation. We analyze the case in which the method of averaging predicts the solution crosses the unperturbed homoclinic orbit at the precise time at which the transcritical bifurcation occurs. For the slow passage through the nonhyperbolic homoclinic orbit associated with a transcritical bifurcation, the solution consists of a large sequence of nonhyperbolic homoclinic orbits surrounded by autonomous nonlinear saddle approaches. The change in action is computed by matching these solutions to those obtained by averaging, valid before and after crossing the nonhyperbolic homoclinic orbit. For initial conditions near the stable manifold of the nonhyperbolic saddle point, one saddle approach has particularly small energy and instead satisfies a nonautonomous nonlinear equation, which provides a transition between nonhyperbolic homoclinic orbits, centers, and saddles.
SU‐FF‐T‐220: Evaluation of a Prototype Thermoplastic Mask Using the Novalis Body System

Purpose: To measure interfraction setup uncertainty of patients undergoing IMRTtreatment who are immobilized by a prototype reinforced thermoplastic mask. Methods and Materials: Two mask designs are utilized depending on the anatomical location of the lesion. To validate patient setup before each treatment fraction, the Novalis Body/ExacTrac system is used. That system uses optically imaged infrared (IR) retroreflectors as well as kilovoltage x‐ray imaging to verify patient setup. Patients were immobilized with the Orfit HP IMRT immobilization system, and IR markers were placed anteriorly on the prototype mask. Patients were scanned with a Philips ACQsim CT, and the image set was transferred to BrainScan TPS where the IR markers are identified and a plan is created. The plan is then tranferred to ExacTrac. The patient is initially setup using the IR markers. Two kV x‐rays images are taken and fused to the corresponding DRRs generated from the reference dataset used for planning. The patient is moved into position and treated based on the shifts generated from the fusion transformation. The on‐going study currently has seven patients with a total of 99 treatment fractions. Results: The average x‐ray shift and maximum deviation for each patient will be profiled. The current results show an average vertical, longitudinal, and lateral magnitude of 0.98 mm, 0.96 mm, and 1.02 mm, respectively with a standard deviation of 0.49 mm, 0.65 mm, and 0.64 mm. The maximum observed shift was 4.92 mm and is accredited to a cephalad lesion where there was poor imagecontrast which affected the fusion quality. Conclusion: This system adequately immobilizes the patient and constrains interfraction setup uncertainty to within two millimeters for most patients. At our institution, this immobilization system is used to treat lesions proximal to critical structures. Conflict of Interest: The masks were provided by Orfit Industries, Belgium.
Parietal hemineglect and motor deficits in the monkey

To study the parietal hemineglect syndrome, we trained and operated nine Macaca fasicularis monkeys. Contralateral to the lesion they showed response abnormalities to visual and somatic sensory stimuli, and misreaching toward targets in visual space, abberant finger and wrist postures and lack of pincer grasp. The latter did not appear during performance of a preoperatively practised task, nor depend for severity upon lesion size, whereas sensory response abnormalities did. We conclude that abnormal motor patterns are separable from hemineglect in parietal animals, and are worst when the movement is directed to a visual target in extrapersonal space.
Mechanism of differential effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids.

Essential hypertension is frequently associated with the metabolic abnormalities of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. This prevalent clustering of multiple cardiovascular risk factors may help explain the less-than-expected improvement in coronary heart disease mortality provided by simple blood pressure reduction alone. Many antihypertensive medications effectively reduce blood pressure while providing no benefit or even causing a detrimental effect on the associated metabolic abnormalities. β-Blockers and diuretics tend to negatively affect both glucose tolerance and plasma lipids. Calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers are most often found to be metabolically neutral. α-Blockers provide the most favorable metabolic effects of antihypertensive agents by improving both insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia. The multiple physiologic mechanisms by which blood pressure medications alter plasma lipids are discussed in detail. The effects of antihypertensive medications on postprandial lipid metabolism and the associated postprandial lipemia-induced endothelial dysfunction deserve special attention.
Dynamics of an excess electron at metal/polar interfaces

The low-temperature equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvation dynamics of an excess electron in bulk and at a surface interface have been characterized using mixed quantum/classical simulation methods. A methanol bath was modeled using classical molecular dynamics, whereas the properties of an excess electron were calculated from a wave function based approach. The temperature dependence of the bulk response has been found to be minimal, which may indicate that large scale hydrogen bond breaking and diffusive motion may not play important roles in the solvation dynamics. The equilibrium dynamics have also been compared to nonequilibrium simulations of charge injection into the neat bath. An excess electron at a methanol/Pt(100) surface interface has been shown to become solvated by the bath yet is less bound by a factor of ∼2 compared to the bulk. The solvent response function also displays interesting differences when compared to the low temperature bulk glass. These results also reveal many of the micros...
A 21-mer synthetic peptide of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, TSST-1[58-78], activates T cells by binding to MHC class II and by an MHC unrestricted xenostimulatory pathway.

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a “superantigen” which binds to MHC class II molecules and induces a polyclonal stimulation of T cells. In this communication by using a FACS technique and a 21-mer synthetic peptide from the primary sequence of TSST-1 (KGEKVDLNTKRTKKSQHTSEG), designated TSST-1 (58–78), we demonstrated binding of the peptide only to cells bearing MHC class II. The proliferative effect of TSST-1 (58–78) on human T cells was shown to be inhibited much more by anti-HLA-DR than by anti-HLA class I antibody. Furthermore, human monocytes were able to present TSST-1 (58–78) to a mouse VSV specific T cell clone by a xenostimulatory mechanism. These data indicate this peptide to contain an active site of the TSST-1 holotoxin.
THYMUS AND X-RADIATION IN THE TERMINATION OF ACQUIRED IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN THE ADULT MOUSE.

ACQUIKED immunological tolerance wanes gradually with time after antigen injections are stopped1. In some experiments the termination of the tolerant state has been hastened by whole-body X-radiation2–5. Weigle has recently found that tolerance to bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced by giving very large quantities of antigen to new-born rabbits is not terminated by whole-body X-radiation, nor by passive anti-BSA nor by both these agents together6. Weigle has also reported that termination of tolerance to BSA in rabbits following the injection of a serologically related antigen is not thymus dependent7. We have recently reported that thymectomy prolongs the tolerance to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) induced in the adult mouse8. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the effect of whole-body X-radiation on the termination of tolerance in thymectomized and sham-operated mice.
Distribution and Abundance of Rainbow Smelt in Western Lake Superior as Determined from Acoustic Sampling

Abstract Distribution and abundance of rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax , Mitchill) in the western arm of Lake Superior were described through an acoustic sampling program conducted from June 1978 through early June 1980. Density and abundance were highest in shallow water (bottom depth 50 m) along the north shore and in the open lake. Abundance of rainbow smelt in the western area of the lake was estimated to be 286 X 10 6 fish (4.35 X 10 6 kg) in 1978. Abundance declined to 164 X 10 6 fish (2.5 X 10 6 kg) in 1979. Comparison of rainbow smelt abundance estimates with commercial yields suggested that annual fishing mortality is 15 to 27%. Predation by salmonid populations is considered a potentially important factor influencing smelt abundance levels. Rainbow smelt distribution and changes in abundance described by this study indicate smelt production is not high enough to support the fisheries or predator populations previously supported by native lake herring ( Coregonus artedii , Lesueur) stocks.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein from normal and gliosed human brain Demonstration of multiple related polypeptides

Abstract An improved purification method for the glial fibrillary acidic protein from normal human brain is reported. Preparations of high purity were obtained by substituting DEAE and phosphocellulose chromatography with one step of hydroxylapatite chromatography. The glial fibrillary acidic protein from normal and gliosed brain was separated into 4 bands (components 1–4) ranging in molecular weight from 54 000 ± 1000 to 40 500 ± 1000 by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis at 7.5% and 12.5% acrylamide concentration. A better separation of the components was obtained on 12.5% acrylamide gels by increasing the time of electrophoresis to 15–17 h. In these conditions each component was split into a doublet. Preparations identical to those previously reported, i.e. 2-band preparations with an average molecular weight of 43 000, were obtained by incubating multiple sclerosis plaques at 24°C for 48 h. These 2-band preparations co-migrated with the 2 lower molecular weight components (component 3, 45 000 ± 1000; component 4, 40 500 ± 1000) in 4-band preparations. The components cross-reacted with antisera against different preparations with an immunodiffusion pattern of complete identity and appeared to be chemically related. Most cyanogen bromide peptides were common to 2-band and 4-band preparations. A unique amino-terminal sequence of alanine-glycine-phenylalanine was found in all preparations, regardless of the source and of the number of components. The amino acid composition of 2-band and 4-band preparations was similar.
Determination of the microbial diversity of anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge by a novel molecular biological technique

Sequential anaerobic-aerobic batch reactors were maintained on acetate/peptone and two different P/total organic carbon ratios that select for microbial communities enriched for either glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO) or polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO). The community profiles of the eubacterial population and gram-positive high G-C bacteria (HGC) were characterized and compared by determining the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNA. The Hha I+ Rsa I digested 5′ T-RFLP patterns of the eubacterial 16S rDNA amplified from the GAO- and PAO-enriched communities were made up with 12 and 14 rank-abundant fragments (i.e., ribotypes), respectively. Among those ribotypes detected in the GAO-enriched community, only seven were found in the PAO-enriched community. The HGC group could only account for no more than 6% and 17% of the eubacterial 16S rDNA amplified from the GAO- and PAO-enriched communities, respectively. Within the HGC community, at least 16 and 10 rank-abundant ribotypes were observed in the Msp I digested T-RFLP patterns of GAO- and PAO-enriched communities, respectively. Among those HGC ribotypes observed in both communities, only five were in common. These indicate that the enrichment processes leading to the establishment of GAO- and PAO-specific communities caused the dramatic difference and complexity in the microbial population.
Molecular evolution of bacterial cell-surface proteins

Abstract The cell-surface proteins of the infective bacteria Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are probably involved in the process of injection. These proteins share many features including secretion signal peptides, cell-wall spanning regions, membrane anchor domains and repeated domains of various functions. These common features may have evolved by gene duplication and swapping of gene fragments.
A Frequency Domain Analysis: Turbine Pressure Side Heat Transfer

Simultaneous time-resolved surface heat flux and velocity measurements have been made along the pressure side of an engine-similar turbine blade in a linear cascade. Direct heat flux was measured using inserted Heat Flux Microsensors at three axial locations along the high turning transonic blade. Miniature hot-wires measured velocity above these locations. Grids produced two turbulence fields with different inlet length scales at constant turbulence intensity.This work allows a unique look at fluctuating heat transfer on the blade and its relationship to the fluctuating velocity field above. While fluctuating free-stream flow energy and length scale decays continuously in the passage, surface heat flux energy increases continuously. Low frequency flow energy is attenuated in the constricted passage, while growth of low frequency energy in the heat flux is attributed to boundary layer transition activity. Coherence between heat flux and velocity is seen at all frequencies near the leading edge of the blade but only at higher frequencies farther downstream on the pressure side. Existing mean heat transfer correlations do not perform well in this complicated flow.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Bioavailability of selenium in 'Jose' tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum var 'Jose') hay as a substitute for sodium selenite in the diets of dairy cattle.

Abstract Due to its potential toxicity to wildlife, selenium (Se) is a highly regulated trace element in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. Tall wheatgrass (TWG) is a Se-accumulating, salt tolerant forage suitable for cropping systems which re-use agricultural drainage waters. Utilization of TWG hay as an alternative Se supplement for dairy cattle could reduce the importation of ‘new’ Se into the SJV in the form of sodium selenite (SS) diet supplements. Our study used Se-enriched (4.65 mg/kg DM) TWG hay as a Se source for lactating dairy cows and measured Se accumulation in milk, blood, urine and feces to assess its bioavailability using several indices. Using a 3 × 3 Latin Square design, three pens of ~ 310 cows each were fed a similar total mixed ration over 4 week periods, except for Se which was higher in TWG and SS diets (0.53 and 0.65 mg/kg DM) vs. Control diet (0.35 mg/kg DM). Feeding Se-enriched TWG increased blood Se by 6.4% over Control; whereas SS increased it by 4.8%, suggesting higher Se bioavailability for TWG vs. SS. Marginal Se outputs in milk, feces and urine were judged to be better indicators of bioavailability as they estimate Se specifically from supplemental SS or TWG hay. In milk, TWG cows expressed 3.0% of supplemented Se vs. 0.6% for SS cows, supporting higher Se bioavailability for TWG. In contrast, more supplemental Se was retained and not expressed in feces by the SS cows (72.5%) vs. TWG cows (55.1%) which suggested higher Se bioavailability for SS. Based on published guidelines, Se intakes were ‘adequate’ for cows in all treatment groups, but milk and fat production increased with Se supplementation suggesting that Control cows were Se-deficient to some extent. Collectively, results suggest that the Se in TWG hay had comparable bioavailability to Se in the base diet.
Protein Size and Meltability in Enzyme-Treated, Direct-Acidified Cheese Products

SDS-electrophoresis was used to follow changes in protein size in a direct-acidified cheese product treated with protease. Increased meltability was related to decreased protein size. Excessive proteolysis preferentially eliminated most of the intermediate-sized proteins producing a short, grainy texture and a bitter flavor.
Individual and Gender Differences Matter in Preterm Infant State Development

ABSTRACT Objective To further understand state development of preterm infants throughout hospitalization and the effects of selected infant characteristics on state development. Design Secondary data analysis of a 2-group, experimental design study. Setting Two nurseries in a Northwest medical center. Participants Ninety-seven hospitalized, medically stable, preterm infants. Fifty-one subjects were females. Methods Two hundred and eighty-five real-time video recordings of infants performed during 4 hour interfeeding intervals. Sleep-wake states were coded at 15 second intervals. Results Active sleep was the dominant state across postmenstrual ages. Although not statistically significant, preterm infants showed developmental changes in state organization with increased quiet sleep, drowsy, and awake, decreased active sleep, and more defined and less diffuse states over age. A significant gender effect was found, with males having less active sleep ( p =.012), more drowsy ( p =.03), more awake ( p =.043), less defined ( p =.002), and more diffuse ( p =.001) states compared with females. Conclusion The predominance of active sleep during the preterm period reflects level of brain maturation. The results emphasize individual variations in state organization influenced by endogenous and environmental factors. Gender differences are potential sources of individual variation.
Dimerizing the Estrogen Receptor DNA Binding Domain Enhances Binding to Estrogen Response Elements

In this work, we provide a rationale for the finding that the estrogen receptor (ER) binds to its DNA response element as a homodimer in vivo. Binding of the monomer estrogen receptor DNA binding domain (ER DBD) to a palindromic, consensus estrogen response element (ERE) is increased 5-6-fold when the ER DBD is dimerized either by a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an attached epitope tag or by expressing the ER DBD as a single molecule in which the two monomers are joined by a peptide linker. Most of the increase in binding is due to stabilization of the ER DBD.ERE complex. We observed only an approximately 2.5-fold reduction in binding when a consensus ERE was replaced with widely spaced ERE half-sites, suggesting that the interaction between ER DBDs on the ERE is relatively weak, and that in full-length ER the DBDs can move independently of each other. To test binding to an imperfect palindrome, typical of the imperfect EREs found in almost all natural estrogen receptor responsive genes, we used the pS2 ERE. Even at high concentrations of ER DBD, specific binding of the ER DBD to the imperfect pS2 ERE was undetectable. Both of the dimerized ER DBDs exhibited efficient binding to the imperfect pS2 ERE, with an affinity at least 25-fold greater than monomer ER DBD. These data support the view that steroid receptor dimerization provides an important mechanism facilitating the recognition of naturally occurring, imperfect hormone response elements.
High order finite-difference methods for two-point boundary value problems with singular sources

This paper is concerned with the numerical approximation by finite differences of the model problem -u″ + a(x) u′+ b(x) u= δ(x − y), 0 < x < 1, fixed yϵ (0, 1), u(0) = u(1) = 0. High-order 3-point schemes are constructed using a general framework of Lynch and Rice (Math. Comp.34 (1980), 333–372) and Doedel (SIAM J. Numer. Anal.15 (1978), 450–465). It is shown that by making modifications on those mesh intervals containing the singular point y one can easily construct difference schemes of arbitrarily high order. The appropriate modifications involve information about the local Green's function, for which a nonstandard perturbation-like series representation is derived. A complete discretization error analysis is given, and numerical experiments exhibiting convergence rates up to and including 6th order (even when the singular-point is not a mesh point) are reported.
Taking Authenticated Range Queries to Arbitrary Dimensions

We study the problem of authenticated multi-dimensional range queries over outsourced databases, where an owner outsources its database to an untrusted server, which maintains it and answers queries to clients. Previous schemes either scale exponentially in the number of query dimensions, or rely on heuristic data structures without provable bounds. Most importantly, existing work requires an exponential, in the database attributes, number of structures to support queries on every possible combination of dimensions in the database. In this paper, we propose the first schemes that (i) scale linearly with the number of dimensions, and (ii) support queries on any set of dimensions with linear in the number of attributes setup cost and storage. We achieve this through an elaborate fusion of novel and existing set-operation sub-protocols. We prove the security of our solutions relying on the q-Strong Bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption, and experimentally confirm their feasibility.
Apparent changes in the rotation rate of Jupiter

Abstract The apparent change of Jupiter's rotation rate derived from decameter emission probability histograms is shown to differ from the change derived by comparing dynamic spectra of the radiation. The dynamic spectra indicate that the two major “sources” of radiation shifted longitudes in opposite directions over the period from 1960 through 1965. The drift of histogram features and the drift of spectral features is attributed partly to emission beam divergence as the Earth's declination changes, and partly to a slightly incorrect System III period. The observations are explained by a model in which much of Jupiter's emission (especially the Io-related emission) is beamed in a thin conical sheet from Jupiter's northern hemisphere. On Earth, we observe the two regions where the sheet crosses the ecliptic plane.
Digital-element simulation of textile processes

Abstract This paper establishes the concept of a digital-element. A digital-element model was developed to simulate textile processes and determine the micro-geometry of textile fabrics. It models yarns by a pin-connected digital-rod-element chain. As the element length approaches zero, the chain becomes fully flexible, imitating the physicality of yarns. Contacts between yarns are modeled by contact elements. If the distance between two nodes on different yarns approaches the yarn diameter, contact occurs between them. Yarn micro-structure inside the preform is determined by process mechanics, such as yarn tension and inter-yarn friction and compression. The textile process is modeled as a non-linear solid mechanics problem with boundary displacement (or motion) conditions. First, a simple twisting process is simulated, validating the digital-element model. Then, the yarn geometry of a 3-D, four-step braided preform is analyzed. These numerical results reveal the details of yarn paths within the preform. Such results can only be arduously and expensively obtained when achieved through experimental observation, but cannot be generalized; or are inadequately detailed when achieved through existing analytical methods. This makes it possible, therefore, to conduct a quantitative analysis on the distribution of yarn orientation and fiber volume fraction inside a preform. Yet the value of this new model reaches far beyond that of the braiding process. As a general tool, it is advantageous for other textile processes, such as twisting, weaving and knitting and for the investigation of textile preform deformation during the consolidation process. The new numerical approach described here is identified as digital-element simulation rather than as finite-element simulation because of a special yarn discretization process. With the conventional finite-element approach, the element preserves the physical properties of the discretized body. In contrast, with this model the element itself does not preserve physical properties: physical properties are imitated by the element link. The concept is similar to digital discretization. Therefore, the term ‘digital element’ is more appropriate. The size of the element must be very small compared to the size normally employed in finite element analysis.
Clinical spectrum of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract viral infection.

Background:Acute otitis media (AOM) often occurs as a complication of upper respiratory tract infection (URI).Objective:To describe otoscopic findings during URI, the full clinical spectrum of AOM, and outcome of cases managed with watchful waiting.Methods:In a prospective study of 294 healthy child
Upper Atomic-Number Limits for Satellites of the X-ray Line L β 2

The region of the x-ray spectrum in the immediate neighborhood of the line $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ has been photographically studied for the elements of atomic number 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, and 60, with a view to determining more precisely the atomic number ranges of the satellites (five in number) of $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$. It appears that these ranges have clearly defined upper limits in the cases of all but one of the satellites of $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$, and that the previously supposed presence of these satellites beyond these limits, approximately atomic number 53, can be traced in some cases to certain diagram lines which had not heretofore been thoroughly investigated, and that the presence of the satellites beyond these limits is in general to be doubted, at least as far as present accuracy and sensitivity of observation are concerned. The existence and sharpness of these limits seems to be in conflict with the Wentzel-Druyvesteyn double-ionization theory of the origin of the satellites. A table of new wave-lengths is included.
Vibrational Stark effect of adsorbates at electrochemical interfaces

Abstract Electrochemical experiments find that an adsorbate's vibrational frequency ν varies as a function of electrode potential φ. This has been attributed both to the effect of φ on the molecule's bonding and to the vibrational Stark effect—the molecule's interaction with local electrostatic field F. Both theories are shown to describe the same effect. In application, however, they involve different approximations. For CO on Pt, ( d ν d φ ) with aqueous electrolyte is the same as ( Δν ΔΦ ) in vacuum, where ΔΦ is the coadsorbate-induced change of the metal's work function. This is explained in terms of CO's bonding. With a nonaqueous electrolyte, the effect of cation size on ( d ν d φ ) is explained by the vibrational Stark effect. At low CO coverage in vacuum, a semiclassical theory accurately predicts ( d ν d F ). Ab initio calculations of ( d ν d φ ) are also discussed. For CO on two surfaces, Pt(111) and Pt(335), both ( d ν d φ ) with aqueous electrolyte and ( d ν d F ) in vacuum have been measured. If local F is assumed to be screened the same by the metal's electrons in electrolyte and vacuum, a comparison gives ( d F d φ) = 0.59 ± 0.07 and ∼ 0.85 A −1 for Pt(111) and Pt(335), respectively. This is significantly different from the ( d F d φ ) ∼ 0.28 A −1 predicted by simple models of the double layer.
Financial Integration and Rebalancing in Asia

The paper shows that Asia’s degree of financial integration, both with the world and within the region remains low by various measures. The paper also provides empirical evidence that greater financial integration can support economic rebalancing in statistically meaningful ways. The implication is that in the debate on managing capital inflows the longer-term benefits of financial openness for broader-based growth should not be forgotten.
Using parallelization and hardware concurrency to improve the performance of a genetic algorithm

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are powerful tools for solving many problems requiring the search of a solution space having both local and global optima. The main drawback for GAs is the long execution time normally required for convergence to a solution. This paper discusses three different techniques that can be applied to GAs to improve overall execution time. A serial software implementation of a GA designed to solve a task scheduling problem is used as the basis for this research. The execution time of this implementation is then improved by exploiting the natural parallelism present in the algorithm using a multiprocessor. Additional performance improvements are provided by implementing the original serial software GA in dedicated reconfigurable hardware using a pipelined architecture. Finally, an advanced hardware implementation is presented in which both pipelining and duplicated hardware modules are used to provide additional concurrency leading to further performance improvements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using hyperarticulation to quantify interaction between discourse functions.

Social factors are known to affect speech production, but in discourse and conversation analytic branches of sociolinguistics, quantitative measures are not as common as qualitative observations. This study uses acoustic measures of hyperarticulation to quantify the effects of two interacting discourse functions: new‐information signaling and stance expression. For each of five speakers in an hour‐long political talk show, content analysis was performed on all phrases repeated three or more times to separate neutral from stance‐expressing tokens and new from given repetitions of those tokens. Word, syllable, and vowel duration were measured from spectrograms; formant (LPC) and pitch (autocorrelation) values were measured at onset, 20%, 50%, 80%, and offset of stressed vowels. Preliminary results from repeated measures analysis of variance suggest that stance is indeed a significant predictor of hyperarticulation which interacts with newness for at least some speakers. This work shows one way that acoustic...
Enzyme Resistant Dextrins from High Amylose Corn Mutant Starches

This work was undertaken to investigate the effects of amylose content and chemical modification on enzyme resistant dextrin content of high amylose corn mutant dextrins. Dextrins made from high amylose corn mutant starches, including dull sugary 2 (du su2), amylomaize V, amylose extender dull (ae du), amylomaize VII, and chemically modified amylomaize V and VII, were characterized for moisture, solubility, reducing sugars, and enzyme resistant dextrin contents after dextrinization. Moisture content decreased, whereas soluble and reducing sugar contents rose rapidly in the first 60 min of conversion. Reducing sugar content began to decrease after 60 min of reaction, which corresponded to the onset of a rapid increase in enzyme resistant dextrin content. The enzyme resistant component in dextrin was not detected until fragments of low molecular-weight saccharides were produced by hydrolysis. These fragments recombined into randomly branched molecules that were resistant to enzymatic digestion. One proposed mechanism contributing to the lower enzyme resistant dextrin content of chemically modified high amylose corn dextrins is that the introduction of modifying groups to starch presented a steric hindrance for transglucosidation and repolymerization reactions during dextrinization, consequently resulting in lower enzyme resistant dextrin content.
A low cost synchronous digital triangle generator and servo loop preamplifier for Mössbauer systems using 2n channels of memory

Abstract We have developed a low cost (less than $200 in parts) sychronous digital triangle generator and servo-loop preamplifier for use in constant acceleration Mossbauer drive systems with 2n channels of memory. The system exhibits better than 1 channel stability, linearity and synchronism and provides a waveform with the proper symmetry where the acceleration changes sign. The servo-preamplifier may be adapted to most loudspeaker drives and will work well with any suitable power amplifier.
SU‐FF‐T‐487: Saturation of Repair Model for Cell Survival Applied to X‐Ray and Carbon‐Ion Irradiation

Purpose: To develop and test a model for cell survival after irradiation which ascribes differences in effect of x‐ray and Carbon‐ion beams to dependence on LET of effective available repair units. Methods and Materials: A model by Goodhead of the saturation of the mechanism for cellular repair of radiation damage is shown to behave as a log survival linear‐quadratic (LQ) function of dose at levels which do not saturate the repair and linearly for doses that do. This model is applied to published data for both X‐ray and C+6‐ion beam survival data extending to ∼ 4 × 10−3 survival for stationary phase Chinese hamster lung (V‐79) cells irradiated in the plateau and in the extended Bragg peak of a 400 MeV per amu heavy‐ion beam at LBL by Chapman et al. The same parameters of the model that fit the X‐ray survival data are used to fit the C+6‐ion beam data, except that the parameter defining the available cellular effective repair is allowed to vary according to the location of the irradiation in the extended Bragg peak. The model is also fitted to recently published data, including irradiated cultured cells of human lungcancer origin extending to a single dose 16 Gy and a survival fraction < 2 × 10−7. Results: The saturation of repair model provides an excellent fit to both the x‐ray and C+6‐ion beam data for the V‐79 cells, with a systematic decrease of the parameter of effective available repair with increase of LET. The model also provides excellent representations of recently‐published survival data for NSCLC and other cell lines with parameters that are comparable to those for the CH V‐79 cells.Conclusion: The Saturation of Repair model provides a viable mechanistic modeling of survival for Carbon‐ion and X‐irradiation, and may be tested in further experiments.
Cutaneous manifestations of malignancy.

Purpose of reviewMany types of cancer can cause lesions to appear on the skin. Cutaneous manifestations may be primary or secondary to an underlying malignancy. Skin lesions may appear prior to the onset of systemic malignancy or they may occur concurrently or following an established diagnosis. The
Diethyldithiocarbamate inhibition of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats.

Free-radical-mediated oxidant damage can contribute to acute hepatitis. Vitamin E, a classic antioxidant, has been tested as a therapy for rodent acute hepatitis, but the protection achieved has not been complete. This study demonstrated that in rats, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a potent antioxidant, strongly depressed galactosamine-induced hepatitis in terms of serum alanine amino transferase activities and bile acids, though not in terms of serum beta-glucuronidase activities. A potential limitation for DDC use in humans, inhibition of copper metalloenzyme activities, did occur at the DDC dose used here. However, these effects were not severe. Thus, DDC could make a useful short term therapeutic drug for acute hepatitis.
Cyclotron Design Studies for a Medical Ion Accelerator

A two year design study has been completed for medical ion accelerators with beams of sufficient range and intensity for therapy. The particles of main interest were ions between carbon and neon, but the generation of proton and neutron beams was studied also. Cyclotrons appear to be good injectors for a heavy ion medical synchrotron, particularly if neutron and/or isotope production is desired as well. They also offer a competitive solution for proton beams of 250 MeV. A superconducting cyclotron design for 380 MeV/u carbon was worked out, but a synchrotron for heavy ion beams of 400-600 MeV/u and 5 × 109 particles/sec was found to be more economical and flexible.
Design of responsive supply chains under demand uncertainty

Abstract This paper addresses the optimization of supply chain design and planning under responsive criterion and economic criterion with the presence of demand uncertainty. The supply chain consists of multi-site processing facilities and corresponds to a multi-echelon production network with both dedicated and multiproduct plants. The economic criterion is measured in terms of net present value, while the criterion for responsiveness accounts for transportation times, residence times, cyclic schedules in multiproduct plants and inventory management. By using a probabilistic model for stock-out, the expected lead time is proposed as the quantitative measure of supply chain responsiveness. The probabilistic model can also predict the safety stock levels by integrating stock-out probability with demand uncertainty. These are all incorporated into a multi-period mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model, which takes into account the selection of manufacturing sites and distribution centers, process technology, production levels, scheduling and inventory levels. The problem is formulated as a bi-criterion optimization model that maximizes the net present value and minimizes the expected lead time. The model is solved with the ɛ-constraint method and produces a Pareto-optimal curve that reveals how the optimal net present value, supply chain network structure and safety stock levels change with different values of the expected lead time. A hierarchical algorithm is also proposed based on the decoupling of different decision-making levels (strategic and operational) in the problem. The application of this model and the proposed algorithm are illustrated with two examples of polystyrene supply chains.
Detecting the time and location of cracks using electrically conductive surfaces

This paper describes the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy to detect the time, location, and approximate number of cracks on the surface of concrete. This method uses an electrically conductive thin film that is applied to the surface of the cementitious materials. The electrical resistance of this film is monitored as the substrate cracks. A sudden increase in the electrical resistance of the film corresponds with the time of cracking. The location of the cracks can be obtained when the conductive film is applied to two parallel surfaces of the cementitious material using the ratio of the capacitances (or resistances) before and after cracking. For monitoring damage evolution consisting of multiple cracks an equivalent circuit model is proposed. Using this model an increase in the electrical resistance that occurs due to the growth of a single crack can be differentiated from the increase in the electrical resistance that occurs due to the formation of more than one crack.
Instrumentation money from DOE

Six geoscience and environmental departments have received awards through the Department of Energy's University Research Instrumentation Program. A total of $4.8 million has been given to 22 universities in 19 states. The money will go for scientific instruments for energy-related research, helping alleviate a shortage of new equipment and upgrade outdated instruments. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts received $217,450 for a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Jean K. Whelan said she and coworkers at WHOI are interested in oil and gas generation and will use this more sensitive and accurate spectrometer to measure changes in the time and temperature history of sediments where oil forms. They will be able to look at structures in organic compounds and to identify biomarkers.
Efectos de los inductores antiepilépticos en la neuropsicofarmacología: una cuestión ignorada. Parte II: cuestiones farmacológicas y comprensión adicional

Resumen La literatura sobre los inductores en la epilepsia y el trastorno bipolar esta contaminada por falsos negativos. Esta segunda parte de una revision exhaustiva sobre los farmacos antiepilepticos (FAE) con propiedades inductoras aporta mas material educativo a los clinicos acerca de la complejidad de interpretar sus interacciones farmacologicas. Se revisa la farmacologia basica de la induccion incluyendo los citocromos P450 (CYP), las enzimas de glucuronizacion (UGT) y la glucoproteina P (P-gp). Los CYP2B6 y CYP3A4 son muy sensibles a la induccion. El CYP1A2 es moderadamente sensible. Los el CYP2C9 y el CYP2C19 son solo levemente sensibles. El CYP2D6 no puede ser inducida por los farmacos. La induccion de las enzimas metabolicas, los CYP o las UGT, y los transportadores como la P-gp, se debe a un incremento de la sintesis de estas proteinas mediado por los denominados receptores nucleares (receptores constitutivo de androstano, de los estrogenos, de los glucocorticoides y de pregnano X). Aunque la primera parte de este articulo describe los factores de correccion para los antiepilepticos inductores, la extrapolacion de estos valores desde un paciente promedio a un individuo concreto esta influenciada por la ruta de administracion, la carencia de la enzima metabolica debida a razones geneticas, y la presencia de inhibidores, u otros inductores. Tambien pueden ser importantes las interacciones farmacologicas de los FAE al nivel de los mecanismos farmacodinamicos. Se describen 6 pacientes con una sensibilidad extrema a los inductores antiepilepticos.
Altruistic Punishment in Politics and Life Sciences: Climbing the Same Mountain in Theory and Practice

As reflected in theory, laboratory evidence, and field studies, altruistic punishment of defectors promotes cooperation. Costly self enforcement of socially optimal behavior has a number of independent links in political science, economics, psychology, sociology, computer science, and biology. This paper integrates the study of sanctions-based provision of public goods in the social sciences with the research on evolutionary adaptedness of altruistic punishment in the life sciences. Altruistic punishment appears to be (1) economically rational, (2) evolutionarily robust as an individual propensity and as a cultural norm, (3) normatively more appealing than tit-for-tat, which is a reciprocal punishment by defection, and (4) socially common. The theoretical and empirical importance of altruistic punishment has immediate policy implications. Examination of commons around the world suggests that privatization and centralized coercion are not the only solutions to the tragedy of the commons. A viable policy alternative is to facilitate the evolution of the commons as a common-property regime with its own norms and a certain degree of independence.
LYMPH NODES AS A SOURCE OF NEUTRALIZING PRINCIPLE FOR VACCINIA

An antiviral principle is elaborated within the regional lymph nodes draining skin into which vaccinia is injected. The immunity conferred by clinical Jennerian vaccination may be largely of lymph node origin.
Diapause and Secondary Parasites Nullify the Effectiveness of Rose-Aphid Parasites in Riverside, California, 1957–1958

The disadvantageous effects of facultative diapause in the Following five species of aphidiine parasites of the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), are discussed: Aphidius nigripes Ashmead, A. alius Muesebeck A. confusus Ashmead, Praon occidentalis Baker, and P. unicus Smith. Because of the availability of aphidiine cocoons (diapause and nondiapause) throughout the season, secondary parasitism by Asaphes californicus Girault, Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead), Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus (Mayr), and several Charips species is shown to be detrimental to the effectiveness of the primary parasites. The effect of other natural enemies of the rose aphid in competition with the aphidiines is also noted.