cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Optimal Primary Frequency Control Based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Islanded Modernized Microgrids

In many pilot research and development (RD MMGs are microgrids equipped with advanced controls to address more emerging scenarios in smart grids. For having a stable and reliable MMG, we need to synthesize an optimal, robust, primary frequency controller for the islanded mode of MMG of the future. This task is challenging because of unknown mechanical parameters, occurrence of uncertain disturbances, uncertainty of loads, operating point variations, and the appearance of engine delays, and hence nonminimum phase dynamics. This article presents an innovative primary frequency control for the engine generators regulating the frequency of an islanded MMG in the context of smart grids. The proposed approach is based on an adaptive optimal output-feedback control algorithm using adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). The convergence of algorithms, along with the stability analysis of the closed-loop system, is also shown in this article. Finally, as experimental validation, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test results are provided in order to examine the effectiveness of the proposed methodology practically. Note to Practitioners —This article was motivated by the problem of primary frequency controls in modernized microgrids (MMGs) using engine generators, which are still one of the prime sources of regulating frequency in pilot research and development (R&D) microgrid projects. Although MMGs will be integral parts of the smart grid of the future, their primary controls in the islanded mode are not advanced enough and not considering existing theoretical challenges scientifically. Existing approaches to regulate frequency using industrially accepted methods are highly model-based and not optimal. Besides, they are not considering the nonminimum phase dynamics. These dynamics are mainly associated with the engine delays—an inherent issue of mechanical parts—for islanded microgrids. This article suggests a new adaptive optimal output-feedback control approach based on the adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) to the abovementioned problem under consideration. By using the proposed methodology, MMGs can deal with the issues mentioned earlier, which are challenging. The proposed approach is optimally rejecting uncertain disturbances (considering the load uncertainty and operating point variations) and reducing the impacts of nonminimum phase dynamics caused by the engine delay. Based on our currently available hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) device’s capability of modeling power systems’ components in real time, our HIL-based experiments demonstrate that this approach is feasible.
Mechanisms and clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic-based clinical drug-drug interactions for drugs recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration

Abstract New drug application reviews contain critical drug interaction study results with newly approved drugs tested both as victims and as perpetrators of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Pharmacokinetic-based DDI data for drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2013–2017 (N = 137) were analyzed using the University of Washington Drug Interaction Database. For the largest metabolism- and transporter-based drug interactions, defined as a change in exposure ≥ 5-fold in victim drugs, the mechanisms and clinical relevance were characterized. Consistent with the major role of CYP3A in drug disposition, CYP3A inhibition and induction explained a majority of the observed interactions (new drugs as victims or as perpetrators). However, transporter-mediated interactions were also prevalent, with OATP1B1/1B3 playing a significant role. As victims, 17 and 4 new molecular entities (NMEs) were identified to be sensitive substrates of enzymes and transporters, respectively. When considered as perpetrators, three drugs showed strong inhibition of CYP3A, one was a strong CYP3A inducer, and two showed strong inhibition of transporters (OATP1B1/1B3 and/or BCRP). All DDIs with AUC changes ≥ 5-fold had labeling recommendations in their respective drug labels, contraindicating or limiting the coadministration with known substrates or perpetrators of the enzyme/transporter involved. The majority of sensitive substrates or strong inhibitors were oncology and antiviral treatments, suggesting a significant risk of DDIs in these patient populations for whom therapeutic management is already complex due to poly-therapy. Pharmacogenetic studies and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were commonly used to assess the drug interaction potential in specific populations and clinical scenarios. Finally, absorption-based DDIs were evaluated in approximately 30% of drug applications, and 14 NMEs had label recommendations based on the results.
Three-Dimensional Printed Ventilators: A Rapid Solution to Coronavirus Disease 2019-Induced Supply-Chain Shortages

Objective To examine rapidly emerging ventilator technologies during coronavirus disease 2019 and highlight the role of CRISIS, a novel 3D printed solution. Data sources Published articles, literature, and government guidelines that describe and review emergency use ventilator technologies. Study selection Literature was chosen from peer-reviewed journals and articles were limited to recent publications. Data extraction All information regarding ventilator technology was extracted from primary sources. Data synthesis Analysis of technology and relevance to coronavirus disease 2019 physiology was collectively synthesized by all authors. Conclusions The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has placed massive stress on global supply chains for ventilators due to the critical damage the virus causes to lung function. There is an urgent need to increase supply, as hospitals become inundated with patients requiring intensive respiratory support. Coalitions across the United States have formed in order to create new devices that can be manufactured quickly, with minimal resources, and provide consistent and safe respiratory support. Due to threats to public health and the vulnerability of the U.S. population, the Food and Drug Administration released Emergency Use Authorizations for new or repurposed devices, shortening the approval timeline from years to weeks. The list of authorized devices varies widely in complexity, from automated bagging techniques to repurposed sleep apnea machines. Three-dimensional printed ventilators, such as "CRISIS," propose a potential solution to increase the available number of vents for the United States and abroad, one that is dynamic and able to absorb the massive influx of hospitalized patients for the foreseeable future.
A once-in-one-hundred-year event? A survey assessing deviation between perceived and actual understanding of flood risk terminology

The US National Flood Insurance Program maps and classifies flood risk based on observed data for the frequency of flood events, using terms such as '100-year flood' and '500-year flood.' The purpose of these classifications is to convey information about the likelihood of a flood event to property owners and to inform the decision or mandate to purchase flood insurance. The flooding that followed Hurricane Harvey in 2017 brought heightened use of 100-year-flood terminology in the media. Often, the term was incorrectly used, misrepresenting the risk that is intended to be conveyed by the technical term. Misuse of flood terminology and related misperception of risk has important implications for society, including over- or under-insuring property owners and inadequate individual and collective preparedness. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted to gauge understanding of Federal Emergency Management Agency flood risk terminology and to examine links between estimating flood risk and proximity to flooding, knowledge of independent probabilities, and demographics. We found that the driving force behind correctly interpreting technical flood terminology was understanding of independent probabilities, while education and recent exposure or proximity to a severe flood event did not have a statistically significant influence.
The Development of a Daily Comprehensive and Multidisciplinary Health Care Leadership Huddle.

Introduction While most patients note a complete resolution of facial paralysis in Bell's Palsy, up to 30% will have persistent facial weakness and develop synkinesis. All branches of the facial nerve are at risk for developing synkinesis, but stapedial synkinesis has rarely been reported in the literature. Case presentation A 45-year-old man presented with sudden onset, complete right facial paralysis. One-and-a-half years later, he had persistent facial weakness and synkinesis. He noted persistent right aural fullness and hearing loss. Audiometry demonstrated facial-stapedial synkinesis. Discussion The patient was diagnosed with stapedial synkinesis based on audiometric findings by comparing his hearing at rest and with sustained facial mimetic movement. A literature review revealed 21 reported cases of this disorder. Conclusions Facial-stapedial synkinesis is an underdiagnosed phenomenon for patients recovering from idiopathic facial palsy. Patients who develop facial synkinesis also may have a component of stapedial synkinesis and should be referred to an otolaryngologist if they complain of any otologic symptoms, such as unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus. Definitive management involves surgical transection of the stapedial tendon.
Youth who sleep in motels: an acknowledged but unknown population of the hidden homeless

There is not one unifying definition of youth homelessness in the U.S. Rather, youth who are homeless are included in three separate definitions. Youth who sleep in motels are included in these def...
Social priming or not? Investigating generalizability via individual variation

Although the effects of social priming-where social information about a speaker influences linguistic decisions-have long been accepted (e.g., Niedzielski, 1999; Strand, 1999; Hay et al., 2006), recent studies call attention to a lack of generalizability across contexts (e.g., Lawrence, 2015; Chang, 2017; Walker et al., 2019). The current study finds that social priming, in the case of /a℧/-raising in Michigan and Canadian English, is primarily observed for individuals who scored high on both stereotype awareness and cognitive perspective-taking, suggesting that aspects of both the sociolinguistic context and participant sampling can impact when and why social priming effects do not occur.
Abstract 677: Immune biomarkers of response to Ra223 dichloride and stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancers

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men in the developed countries. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used to treat prostate tumors at earlier stages due to hormone-dependence of cancer cells. However, the onset of androgen-resistance with tumor progression and the negative impact of ADT on the quality of life are significant challenges. To address these issues, we have initiated a novel clinical trial combining radium Ra223 dichloride with stereotactic body radiation treatment (SBRT) and short course of ADT in patients with oligometastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (NCT03351735). Patients with one to four oligometastatic prostate cancer lesions have been receiving ADT for nine months, together with SBRT to all metastatic sites and six cycles of Ra223 to target micrometastatic bone lesions. Eight out of the planned 24 patients have already completed the full treatment course, with five patients currently on surveillance (not requiring any further treatment) and three patients receiving next cycle of therapy. As part of this investigator-initiated study, we have performed a comprehensive immune characterization of peripheral immune cells and serum immune biomarkers in all treated patients. Based on flow cytometric analysis, we found a significant decrease in the percentage of CD4+ T cells befoe and after SBRT (cycle 1) but no changes in the elevated levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a marker of T-cell exhaustion, on the circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, we observed high levels of the activated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), together with its downstream target Arginase-I. Finally, IL-8 stood out as a cytokine strongly elevated in plasma of patients who received the complete Ra223 treatment but not directly after SBRT. Overall, these preliminary results suggest that this combinatorial radiotherapy patients with oligometastatic prostate cancers impacts immune cell activity but rather than leading to T cell activation it may promote tolerogenic activity of MDSCs. Citation Format: Marice Alcantara, Tanya Dorff, Jessica Liu, Paul Frankel, Przemyslaw Twardowski, Savita Dandapani, Marcin Kortylewski. Immune biomarkers of response to Ra223 dichloride and stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 677.
Conducting EEG research in clinically anxious preschoolers: A pilot study and preliminary recommendations.

Electroencephalography (EEG) data collection can be challenging in preschoolers with anxiety who are often debilitated by fear of the unknown. Thus, we iteratively refined techniques for EEG collection in three cohorts of children with anxiety enrolled in our study of a novel intervention. Techniques involved directing child attention away from the EEG setup (Cohort 1, N = 18), open discussion of equipment and processes during setup (Cohort 2, N = 21), and a preparatory EEG-exposure session prior to data collection (Cohort 3, N = 6). Children (N = 45, 4-7 years) attempted a Time 1 EEG before intervention, and those who completed intervention (N = 28) were invited to a Time 2 EEG. The percentages who provided analyzable EEGs were assessed by cohort. Cohort 3 provided more Time 1 EEGs (83.3%) than Cohorts 1 or 2 (66.7% each), suggesting that the preparatory session supported first-time EEG collection. More children provided Time 2 EEG data across successive cohorts (Cohort 1: 66.7%, Cohort 2: 82%, Cohort 3: 100%), suggesting that more open communication facilitated repeat EEG collection. Ultimately, increased EEG exposure and child-friendly communication about procedures improved data acquisition in this sample of clinically anxious preschoolers. Detailed study procedures are shared to support future EEG research in young children with anxiety.
SU-E-T-472: Improvement of IMRT QA Passing Rate by Correcting Angular Dependence of MatriXX

Purpose: Multi-channel planar detector arrays utilized for IMRT-QA, such as the MatriXX, exhibit an incident-beam angular dependent response which can Result in false-positive gamma-based QA results, especially for helical tomotherapy plans which encompass the full range of beam angles. Although MatriXX can use with gantry angle sensor to provide automatically angular correction, this sensor does not work with tomotherapy. The purpose of the study is to reduce IMRT-QA false-positives by correcting for the MatriXX angular dependence. Methods: MatriXX angular dependence was characterized by comparing multiple fixed-angle irradiation measurements with corresponding TPS computed doses. For 81 Tomo-helical IMRT-QA measurements, two different correction schemes were tested: (1) A Monte-Carlo dose engine was used to compute MatriXX signal based on the angular-response curve. The computed signal was then compared with measurement. (2) Uncorrected computed signal was compared with measurements uniformly scaled to account for the average angular dependence. Three scaling factor (+2%, +2.5%, +3%) were tested. Results: The MatriXX response is 8% less than predicted for a PA beam even when the couch is fully accounted for. Without angular correction, only 67% of the cases pass the >90% points γ<1 (3%, 3mm). After full angular correction, 96% of the cases pass the criteria. Of three scaling factors, +2% gave the highest passing rate (89%), which is still less than the full angular correction method. With a stricter γ(2%,3mm) criteria, the full angular correction method was still able to achieve the 90% passing rate while the scaling method only gives 53% passing rate. Conclusion: Correction for the MatriXX angular dependence reduced the false-positives rate of our IMRT-QA process. It is necessary to correct for the angular dependence to achieve the IMRT passing criteria specified in TG129.
Hepatic sulfite oxidase: Identification of the molybdenum center as the site of irreversible inactivation by ferricyanide

Abstract Ferricyanide, an artificial electron acceptor for hepatic sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1), has been shown to cause an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme by an interaction at the molybdenum center. The one-electron transferring abilities are lost first, followed by slower parallel losses of oxidase activity and enzymic molybdenum. The rate of inactivation by ferricyanide is lower in the presence of cytochrome c or any of several anions. Accompanying the loss of one-electron transfer activities are changes in the Mo(V) electron paramagnetic resonance signal and in the visible absorption spectrum. Specific degradation of the polypeptide chain takes place subsequently, but at a much slower rate than the inactivation. These results are discussed in relation to the pathways of electron entry, transport and egress in sulfite oxidase.
Mother Knows Best The Rhetorical Persona of Michelle Obama And The "Let's Move" Campaign

iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv CHAPTER ONE MICHELLE OBAMA: A MOM-IN-CHIEF CAMPAIGN 1 Literature Review 3 Method 21 CHAPTER TWO THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS 33 Criticisms of First Ladies 35 Stereotypes of African American women 47 Rhetorical Problems of Michelle Obama 55 Conclusion 65 CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 75 Persona 76 Identification 83 Conclusion 88 CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS OF THE WHITE HOUSE MOM-IN-CHIEF.........93 Persona 94 Identification 99 Conclusion 109 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 115 Review 115 Results and Implications 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY 122 VITA 133
Neonatal goitrogen treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the mouse

ABSTRACT Male rats made hypothyroid during neonatal life show unprecedented increases in adult testis size and daily sperm production (DSP). To determine if this effect was unique to the rat or could also be demonstrated in other species, we examined the effects of neonatal treatment with the reversible goitrogen 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) on adult testis size and function in the mouse. Male Swiss-Webster mice were untreated (control) or given PTU by adding 0.1% (w/v) to their mother's water from birth to day 25 postpartum. All pups were then weaned and given no further treatment. Sertoli cell proliferation was examined using tritiated thymidine autoradiography in some control and treated mice at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days, while the remainder were killed at 90 days to determine a variety of reproductive parameters. Neonatal PTU treatment decreased growth; body weight of treated mice at 4 weeks of age was 57% less than controls. Treated mice grew rapidly following cessation of PTU treatment, although their weights never equalled controls, remaining 17% smaller at 90 days of age. At 90 days of age, testis weight and DSP were increased by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, in PTU-treated mice compared to controls. Despite the increased testis weight and function, serum testosterone concentrations were not different in control and treated mice. Testicular and epididymal histology in treated mice was similar to controls, while epididymal sperm in treated mice were motile and morphologically normal. Sertoli cell proliferation was altered in treated mice. The normal decrease in proliferative rate seen during early postnatal life was slowed, and by day 10 postnatal, the labeling index of treated Sertoli cells was about fourfold greater than that of controls. Furthermore, Sertoli cells in treated mice proliferated until day 25, whereas proliferation ceased in controls by day 15. In summary, neonatal PTU treatment increases testis weight, DSP, and the efficiency of sperm production (DSP/g testis) in the mouse, indicating that the PTU effect on testis development clearly occurs in other species. Furthermore, increased Sertoli cell proliferation appears to be the critical event for the development of this phenomenon in mice, as it is in rats. The existence of unique mutations that affect testicular development make the mouse an advantageous model for determining the mechanism of this effect. This technique may also be useful for increasing testicular size, sperm production, and fertility in various mutant mouse strains and transgenic mice in which these parameters are reduced.
Strength and Failure of Ultrafine Grain and Bimodal Al-Mg Alloy at High Temperatures

Uniaxial tensile tests are conducted at room and high temperatures on a bimodal grain size Al-Mg alloy with an ultrafine grain matrix as the major constituent to evaluate the strength and failure mode of the material. The coarse grain ratio and anisotropy effects are also investigated as parameters that could influence the mechanical behavior. It was found that the strength of the material decreases rapidly with temperature such that at 473 K, it was somewhat weaker than a comparable conventional alloy. Dynamic recovery was observed and found to be dependent on coarse grain ratio. Strength anisotropy was found to be reduced with increasing temperature. No evidence of thermally or mechanically assisted grain growth were observed.
Knowledge representation, communication, and update in probability-based multiagent systems

The goal of this thesis is to allow easier design of probability-based agents and multiagent systems, resulting in rational decision making. A multiagent framework is presented and compared with other proposed frameworks where advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined. A central problem of message passing in probabilistic systems is the familiar rumor problem, where cycles in message passing cause redundant influence of beliefs. We develop algorithms to identify and solve the rumor problem in the context of our multiagent system. Central to our message passing scheme is the notion of soft evidential update. Traditional propagation algorithms are not compatible with soft evidence. We propose a new propagation algorithm that is based on Lazy propagation and compare the theoretical and experimental performance with other proposed solutions.
Optical compensation for night myopia based on dark focus and CA/C ratio.

Purpose. To determine whether individual differences in dark focus and convergence accommodation to convergence (CA/C) ratio can be used to prescribe the best optical correction for night myopia. Methods. The best correction for night myopia was obtained by measuring visual acuity and contrast sensitivity across a range of lens powers and luminances. Dark focus was measured with an infrared optometer, and CA/C ratio was measured with an infrared optometer and eyetracker. Only young subjects were used (mean age = 25.4 years). Results. Optimal lens power was significantly correlated with dark focus, regardless of CA/C ratio. However, the slope of the regression line relating lens power to dark focus was steeper for subjects with CA/C ratios less than 0.4 diopters/meter angle (D/MA, n = 7) than for subjects with CA/C ratios greater than 0.4 D/MA (n = 9). The mean CA/C ratio for the entire sample (n = 16) was 0.59 D/MA. The mean optimal lens power and dark focus were -0.79 and 0.74 D, respectively, for the low CA/C group, and -0.60 and 0.91 D, respectively, for the high CA/C group. Conclusions. Visual performance in night myopia can be optimized by taking into account intersubject differences in dark focus and CA/C ratio. Best visual performance was found with a lens roughly equaling the full dark focus for subjects with low CA/C ratios and half the dark focus for subjects with high CA/C ratios. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1573-1580.
Alterations in the spinal cord T cell repertoire during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The CNS T cell repertoire was analyzed by RT-PCR, spectratyping, and nucleotide sequencing of the amplified products at different times following adoptive transfer of a CD4+, Th1, VB2+ encephalitogenic SJL/J proteolipid protein peptide 139–151-specific T cell clone. The third complementarity-determining region of TCR B chains in the spinal cord was used as an indicator of T cell heterogeneity. Spectratypic analysis revealed that a single peak corresponding to the third complementarity-determining region of the initiating T cell clone predominated during the acute phase. During recovery and relapse the complexity of the spectratype increased. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the donor clone predominated at the acute phase. By the first relapse the donor clone, although represented most frequently, was a minority of the total. Spectratypic analysis of the same samples for several other VB families revealed their presence during acute disease or relapses but, with the exception of VB17, their absence during the recovery stage.
Relational clustering based on a new robust estimator with application to Web mining

Mining typical user profiles and URL associations from the vast amount of access logs is an important component of Web personalization. In this paper, we define the notion of a ""user session" as being a temporally compact sequence of Web accesses by a user. We also define a dissimilarity measure between two Web sessions that captures the organization of a Web site. To cluster the user sessions based on the pairwise dissimilarities, we introduce the relational fuzzy c-maximal density estimator (RFC-MDE) algorithm. RFC-MDE is robust and can deal with outliers that are typical in this application. We show real examples of the use of RFC-MDE for extraction of user profiles from log data, and and compare its performance to the standard non-Euclidean fuzzy c-means.
Therapy: localized gastric cancer--a CLASSIC shift in the paradigm?

The management of localized gastric cancer has evolved globally to region-specific approaches with little convergence. The unifying theme, however, is that surgery alone is insufficient for best outcomes, and adjunctive therapy must be offered. Multidisciplinary evaluation before therapy is highly recommended, but postoperative approaches are not conducive to this scenario.
Affirming diversity in an online course

Purpose – Numerous attempts have been made to link a particular learning style to either a particular culture, gender, or even a generation. In a typically heterogeneous online class, it is impossible to address every participant's culture or the degree of assimilation to a particular culture. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to recommend strategies on how to address numerous learning styles in a culturally sensitive classroom environment.Design/methodology/approach – Currently, a literature review of publications in English has been concluded. An upcoming case study at an online university might corroborate the findings.Findings – There are many variations of an instructor's cultural background interacting with the diverse cultures of students in an online university situated in a particular local culture. Consequently, it is prudent to offer a variety of learning opportunities. The more learning styles are accommodated, the higher the chances that learning occurs. Compared with a traditional face‐...
Marginal Politics and “The Purloined Letter”: A Review Essay

Jacques Lacan, “Le seminaire sur ‘La Lettre volee,‘” from Ecrits (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966), pp. 11-61; trans. Jeffrey Mehlman as “Seminar on “The Purloined Letter,’” in French Freud: Structural Studies in Psychoanalysis, Yale French Studies, No. 48 (1972), pp. 38-72. Jacques Derrida, “Le Facteur de la verite,”Poetique, 21 (1975), 96-147; trans. Willis Domingo, et al., as “The Purveyor of Truth,” in Graphesis: Perspectives in Literature and Philosophy, Yale French Studies, No. 52 (1975), pp. 31-113. Barbara Johnson, “The Frame of Reference: Poe, Lacan, Derrida,” from Literature and Psychoanalysis I the Question of Reading: Otherwise, Yale French Studies, No. 55-56 (1977) pp. 457-505; rpt. in Psychoanalysis and the Question of the Text, ed. Geoffrey Hartman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1978), pp. 149-171, and in Barbara Johnson, The Critical Difference: Essays in the Contemporary Rhetoric of Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1981), pp. 110-146.
A dynamic interaction between the bicarbonate ligand and Photosystem II reaction center complexes in chloroplasts

The binding of HCO-3 to Photosystem II reaction center complexes in broken chloroplasts requires the presence of the oxidized form of the negative charge accumulator 'B'. HCO-3 which is already bound to the reaction center II complex can escape if chloroplasts are illuminated with saturating light in the presence of a Hill oxidant and high concentrations of sodium chloride and sodium formate. These observations are explained in terms of a cyclic dark binding of HCO-3 to the reaction center II complex and a subsequent release in the light.
Theory and numerical simulation of droplet dynamics in complex flows—a review

We review theoretical and numerical studies and methods for droplet deformation, breakup and coalescence in flows relevant to the design of micro channels for droplet generation and manipulation.
Duration of participation of correctional volunteers as a function of personal and situational variables

From a population of 302 volunteers in a volunteers in probation program, 85 females and 25 males returned questionnaires which measured a variety of personal and situational variables. Based upon their duration of service, volunteers were classified as Committed (having served the desired six months or more), Partially Committed (having served less than six months), and Uncommitted (having failed to complete the orientation session). A multivariate F-test did not differentiate among the groups for the personal variables, but the multivariate F for the situational variables was significant. Specifically, Committed volunteers were significantly more satisfied with the orientation process and with the volunteer agency staff support, felt they received more help from probation officers, and reported spending significantly less time with administrative tasks as compared with Partially Committed volunteers. These results indicate the relative importance of situational variables over personal variables, and the importance of support from the volunteer and probation agencies.
Optimization of a small satellite tridyne propulsion system

This paper presents the integrated modeling and optimization of a Tridyne™-based small satellite propulsion system. A detailed integrated model is developed to compute propellant thermodynamic properties throughout the entire propulsion system, from the propellant tank through the valves, regulator and thrusters. The simulation uses a compressible flow model incorporating both friction and heat transfer to predict these properties. The detailed model was validated against, and showed good agreement with two existing professional software tools. While the detailed model proved to be accurate, it was computationally expensive, necessitating the development of a fast screening model for use in optimization. The screening model utilizes polynomial curve fits for NIST thermodynamic data, lumped pipe flow calculations and larger time steps. The NSGA II multi-objective optimization routine, employing the screening model, found a set of non-dominated designs that showed the tradeoff between the two objectives of maximizing ΔV and minimizing tank pressure. These non-dominated designs are classified into five design families and three point designs were chosen for further detailed analysis and comparison. This approach shows great promise for preliminary designs of highly integrated small satellite propulsion systems.
Asymptotic properties of systems synthesized for maximum reliability

Summary Two useful ideas for synthesizing systems for maximum reliability are (a) to make improvements in the system in order of highest reliability benefit to cost, and (b) to establish a useful criterion of reliability value per cost. Both these ideas lead to an important v -function, defined when parallel redundant elements of the i -th function of a system have independent failure probability λ i and are interconnected in such a fashion that a fraction B or more of the R i (redundant) elements must fail for the function to fail. Its value is v i = H(B) + B ln λ i + (1 − B ) ln (1 − λ i ), where H(B) is the entropy function of B and 1 − B in nats. The v -function appears in asymptotes for (1) the probability that a redundant function fails, which is asymptotic to e −Rv for a redundancy of R (2) the optimum assignment of redundancies in an n -function system, which assignment gives all functions equal reliability regardless of cost (3) the failure probability of an optimum n -function system, which decreases exponentially with cost (4) the cost of an optimum n -function system with fixed reliability, which goes as { n ln n }/ v as n → ∞. The systematic synthesis procedure established by these ideas and asymptotes shows, for example, that restoring organs in some redundant digital computers should be placed after every N operations obeying N + ln λ( N + 1) = 0, where λ is the failure probability of logic elements and adaptive vote-takers in the restoring organ.
Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of flow through Fontainebleau sandstone

We report preliminary results from simulations of single-phase and two-phase flow through three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of Fontainebleau sandstone. The simulations are performed with the lattice-Boltzmann method, a variant of lattice-gas cellular-automation models of fluid mechanics. Simulations of single-phase flow on a sample of linear size 0.2 cm yield a calculated permeability in the range 1.0–1.5 darcys, depending on direction, which compares qualitatively well with a laboratory measurement of 1.3 darcys on a sample approximately an order of magnitude larger. The sensitivity of permeability calculations to sample size, grid resolution, and choice of model parameters is quantified empirically. We also present a qualitative study of immiscible two-phase flow in a sample of linear size 0.05 cm; simulations of both drainage and imbibition are presented.
Histological evaluation of the biocompatibility of polyurea crosslinked silica aerogel implants in a rat model: a pilot study.

Background Aerogels are a versatile group of nanostructured/nanoporous materials with physical and chemical properties that can be adjusted to suit the application of interest. In terms of biomedical applications, aerogels are particularly suitable for implants such as membranes, tissue growth scaffolds, and nerve regeneration and guidance inserts. The mesoporous nature of aerogels can also be used for diffusion based release of drugs that are loaded during the drying stage of the material. From the variety of aerogels polyurea crosslinked silica aerogels have the most potential for future biomedical applications and are explored here. Methodology This study assessed the short and long term biocompatibility of polyurea crosslinked silica aerogel implants in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Implants were inserted at two different locations a) subcutaneously (SC), at the dorsum and b) intramuscularly (IM), between the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris of the left hind extremity. Nearby muscle and other internal organs were evaluated histologically for inflammation, tissue damage, fibrosis and movement (travel) of implant. Conclusion/Significance In general polyurea crosslinked silica aerogel (PCSA) was well tolerated as a subcutaneous and an intramuscular implant in the Sprague-Dawley rat with a maximum incubation time of twenty months. In some cases a thin fibrous capsule surrounded the aerogel implant and was interpreted as a normal response to foreign material. No noticeable toxicity was found in the tissues surrounding the implants nor in distant organs. Comparison was made with control rats without any implants inserted, and animals with suture material present. No obvious or noticeable changes were sustained by the implants at either location. Careful necropsy and tissue histology showed age-related changes only. An effective sterilization technique for PCSA implants as well as staining and sectioning protocol has been established. These studies further support the notion that silica-based aerogels could be useful as biomaterials.
An Alaska Soil Carbon Database: Database Collaborator's Meeting; Fairbanks, Alaska, 4 March 2009

Soil carbon pools in northern high-latitude regions and their response to climate changes are highly uncertain, and collaboration is required from field scientists and modelers to establish baseline data for carbon cycle studies. The Global Change Program at the U.S. Geological Survey has funded a 2-year effort to establish a soil carbon network and database for Alaska based on collaborations from numerous institutions. To initiate a community effort, a workshop for the development of an Alaska soil carbon database was held at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The database will be a resource for spatial and biogeochemical models of Alaska ecosystems and will serve as a prototype for a nationwide community project: the National Soil Carbon Network (http://www.soilcarb.net). Studies will benefit from the combination of multiple academic and government data sets. This collaborative effort is expected to identify data gaps and uncertainties more comprehensively. Future applications of information contained in the database will identify specific vulnerabilities of soil carbon in Alaska to climate change, disturbance, and vegetation change.
A Pomeron model which needs no decoupling

Abstract We present a model in which the Pomeron is a related pair of factorizable Regge poles both with intercept one. Our model requires a cut (fixed or moving) with a branch point intercept one. In this model the triple Pomeron vertex need not vanish and as a result the Pomeron may couple to asymptotically constant cross sections. Our model can even fit pp elastic scattering data moderately well.
One Size Fits All, After Tailoring

Claiming that serious problems arise from current U.S. patent law applying the same set of rules across all industries, Burk and Lemley argue for giving the courts the power to interpret and apply the law so as to treat different types of businesses differently.
Subcutaneous Whipple's disease

Cutaneous findings in Whipple's disease are rare and often exhibit nonspecific lesions such as hyperpigmentation, subcutaneous nodules, and erythema nodosum. A 37-year-old black man with previously documented Whipple's disease developed soft, subcutaneous nodules on the chin, neck and extremities. Biopsy of these nodules showed a nonspecific panniculitis and intracellular inclusions stained by periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The inclusions were of the type thought characteristic of Whipple's disease. These findings indicate that patients with Whipple's disease can have characteristic skin findings that can be documented by skin biopsy. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1987;16:188-90.)
Mechanisms of murine RANTES chemokine gene induction by Newcastle disease virus.

We have previously defined the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive element (LRE) in the promoters of murine RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed) (MuRantes) and murine IP-10/crg-2, chemokines which have potent chemotactic properties for inflammatory cells including monocytes and T lymphocytes. In the present work, we studied the transcriptional mechanism of MuRantes gene induction by virus and compared it with that of LPS in an effort to understand the host responses to virus and bacterial toxins at the molecular level. MuRantes mRNA expression is induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and LPS in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and peritoneal macrophages of LPS-responsive C3HeB/FeJ mice. In LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice, only NDV induces this chemokine gene, indicating that the pathways of transcriptional activation by NDV and LPS are not identical. Using a transient transfection assay, the minimal virus-responsive element (VRE) was localized between nt -175 and -116. The VRE contains previously defined LRE motif 1 (TCAYRCTT) and motif 3 ((T/A)GRTTTCA(G/C)TTT), which were shown to also be important for initiation of transcription by virus. NDV-stimulated nuclear extracts were tested for trans-activating factors able to bind the VRE. The chromosomal protein HMG-I(C) was shown to bind the 3'-A.T-rich domains of the VRE, and the presence of HMG-I(C) was demonstrated in the VRE-protein complex formed with nuclear extracts from NDV-stimulated, but not unstimulated cells. These findings demonstrate the role of HMG-I(C) in activation of MuRantes promoter by NDV.
Effects of developer exhaustion on Kodak EKTASPEED Plus, Ektaspeed, and Ultra-speed dental films.

In 1994, Eastman Kodak Co. (Rochester, N.Y.) replaced its Ektaspeed film with the EKTASPEED Plus film. The manufacturer claims that one of the advantages of the new film is that it is not strongly affected by exhausted (depleted plus aged) processing solutions. The objective of the experiment was to test this claim. In exhausted solutions, EKTASPEED Plus film lost its speed more rapidly than Ultra-speed film but less rapidly than Ektaspeed film; that is, Ultra-speed film had the most stable speed. EKTASPEED Plus film, lost contrast for 2 weeks before stabilizing, whereas Ultra-speed and Ektaspeed films continued to lose contrast for 3 weeks. Overall, EKTASPEED Plus film held its contrast over the other two films. EKTASPEED Plus film stopped increasing its film latitude after 2 weeks, whereas Ultra-speed and Ektaspeed films continued to increase film latitudes. In conclusion, for the three films studied, EKTASPEED Plus maintained the most constant levels of contrast and latitude in progressively exhausted solutions. All three films lost speed in exhausted solutions: EKTASPEED Plus film was the fastest but Ultra-speed film had the most stable speed.
Development of mental rotation matching abilities with children

This study examined the development of mental rotation matching skills with 6‐ to 11‐year‐olds. No sex differences were found but there was an effect for age with the older children performing sign...
THE COMPLETION COMPULSION IN HUMAN EATING

Informal observation of the adult in the eating situation suggests that he eats in "units." Voluntary intake seems to be governed by a kind of quantum principle. If real, this is of considerable psychological significance for there is little reason to believe that satiation, as the fulfillment of a bodily need, is in any sense a discontinuous process. Formal evidence for a sort of "completion compulsion" is found in striking fashion in a study recently completed by this author under contract with the Quartermaster Corps. In this experiment, male college students were fed nutritionally balanced meals in a small mess hall (lunch and supper only). All food items were served individually and in a particular quantity but Ss were free to eat any quantity and to reorder. The table summarizes the food intake habits of 23 Ss as recorded during
The integration host factor of Escherichia coli binds to bent DNA at the origin of replication of the plasmid pSC101

The integration host factor (IHF) of Escherichia coli is necessary for maintenance of pSC101. The protein binds specifically to the replication origin of the plasmid, in the AT-rich region located immediately adjacent to the left, weak binding site for the plasmid-encoded initiator protein. DNAase I and OH- radical footprinting experiments showed that IHF protects 49 bp of the DNA at the origin region. Methylation protection analyses revealed that IHF contacts purine residues in both the major and minor grooves of the DNA. Electrophoretic analyses showed that IHF binds to bent DNA, and the protein binding further enhances the degree of DNA bending. Site-directed mutagenesis of three of the contact points not only abolished binding of the protein to the DNA but also inactivated the replication origin. Therefore, binding of IHF to the ori sequence most probably is necessary for initiation of plasmid replication.
A nuclear gene with many introns encoding ammonium-inducible chloroplastic NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase(s) in Chlorella sorokiniana.

Chlorella sorokiniana possesses ammonium-inducible, chloroplastic, NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) homo- or heterohexamers composed of α- and/or β-subunits which were previously shown to derive from precursor protein(s) of identical size. From the present studies, data are consistent with these two subunits being encoded by a single nuclear gene. The NADP-GDH gene is greater than 7 kb in length due to the presence of at least 21 introns, an unusually large number for a eukaryotic microorganism. The exons, identified by comparison with sequences of NADP-GDH cDNA clones, include a region which is highly conserved among NADP-GDH genes. This region in theC. sorokiniana gene is 77% and 73% identical to the corresponding regions in theEscherichia coli andNeurospora crassa NADP-GDH genes, respectively. Seventeen independent NADP-GDH cDNA clones were analyzed by restriction mapping and partial sequencing, and no differences were detected among them. The longest cDNA was fused in frame withlacZ in a Bluescript vector and was expressed inE. coli as NADP-GDH antigen. During a 240 min induction period, under conditions in which both types of subunits were synthesized, only a single (2.2 kb) NADP-GDH mRNA band was detected on northern blots using cDNA probes from the highly conserved and 3′-untranslated regions. Collectively, these results are consistent with a single mRNA encoding a precursor-protein which is differentially processed to yield either an α- or β-subunit.
Restructuring at the Source High-Skilled Industrial Migration from Mexico to the United States

This article deals with a largely overlooked consequence of Mexico’s process of economic restructuring in the past 2 decades: the incorporation of the country’s skilled industrial workers into U.S.–bound migratory flow. In Mexico, restructuring has transformed workplaces and undermined employment stability and wage and benefits systems that used to keep industrial workers from migrating to the United States. By studying a working-class neighborhood in Monterrey, Mexico, this article seeks to show how migration has become part of the structure of labor market opportunities of displaced manufacturing operatives and how these workers have managed to transfer skills to the oil technology and extraction industries at their main U.S. destination, Houston, Texas.
Myocardial platelet trapping after coronary ligation in primates (Papio anubis) Platelet trapping in infarct marginal zone

51Cr-Labeled platelets were injected into baboons prior to coronary ligation. Area of ischemia and infarction was determined with an epicardial ECG grid. ST elevation of more than 4 mV was considered as the center of the region of ischemia. Platelets were found to accumulate in significantly higher concentrations at the margins of the infarct in the three animals sacrificed 6 hr after permanent ligation and in the center of the infarct in animals reperfused 3 hr after ligation and 3 hr prior to sacrifice. The data are interpreted as demonstrating platelet trapping in the margins of an evolving infarct which may play a role in infarct evolution. High concentration in the center of infarct in reperfused animals is consistent with the nonreflow phenomenon into the infarcted area.