cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: Immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution

The distribution of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, 5-hydroxytryptamine- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of male and female golden hamsters. Vasopressin. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is localized within neurons, dendrites and axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immunoreactive perikarya are restricted to the dorsomedial aspect of each nucleus and occur in highest numbers within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. Axons containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity form a dense plexus in the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nuclei and in a vertical column at the lateral aspect of each nucleus. Somatostatin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is also contained in neurons in the dorsomedial aspect of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in thin varicose axons distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei in a pattern similar to that of vasopressin-immunoreactive axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of each nucleus and occur almost exclusively within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. An extremely dense plexus of varicose axons exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity extends throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei and passes out of the dorsal aspect of each nucleus into the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic areas. Avian pancreatic polypeptide. Avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which arborize within the ventrolateral aspect of each nucleus. These fibers extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus and partially overlap the terminal field of retinal afferents. Glutamic acid decarboxylase. A very dense plexus of axonal varicosities exhibiting glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity fills both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus. Lightly stained immunoreactive perikarya also occur throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which form a plexus in the ventromedial portion of each nucleus that is most dense in the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
OSMOTIC HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINED BY MAMMALIAN LIVER, KIDNEY, AND OTHER TISSUES

Osmotic pressure maintained by liver or kidney tissue measured by its water equilibrium with solutions of sodium chloride remains unchanged from 5 minutes up to 1½ hours following removal of the tissue from the body. Then with autolytic increase of molecular concentration within the cytoplasm of cells it reaches a higher level. Osmotic pressure maintained by pancreas or submaxillary gland, as ascertained in the same way, remains unchanged during ½ hour and later increases. Liver tissue of rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat maintains an osmotic pressure greater than twice that of the blood, and kidney tissue maintains an osmotic pressure somewhat less than twice that of blood. Fasting throughout a period of 7 days has little influence upon osmotic pressure maintained by cells of liver or kidney. Low protein diet has been found to depress osmotic pressure of liver cells after about 4 weeks, and with degenerative changes in the parenchyma, notably fatty infiltration, this pressure has remained at a diminished level during approximately 90 days. Increase of pressure within the common bile duct and the changes following biliary obstruction are accompanied by depression of the osmotic pressure maintained by liver tissue and ligation of the ureter diminishes the osmotic pressure maintained by kidney tissue. In both instances osmotic pressure tends later to rise to its former level. The osmotic pressure maintained by liver or by kidney tissue preserves an approximately uniform level under normal conditions and may be little changed by conspicuous injury to the organ. When this osmotic homeostasis is impaired by severe injury the pressure maintained by the tissue returns to its former level with recovery from the injury.
Trinexapac-ethyl influence on cell membrane thermostability of Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissue

Abstract Trinexapac-ethyl [(4-cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester] is a turfgrass growth regulator used to reduce clipping yields and mowing frequency. Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) plants treated with trinexapac-ethyl are less heat tolerant than untreated plants. Electrolyte leakage tests can determine cell membrane thermostability (CMT) of several species and is related to relative heat tolerance, but has not been used to determine differences in CMT in plants caused by the influence of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl. We conducted one experiment, repeated twice with an electrolyte leakage test to determine the influence of trinexapac-ethyl on CMT of Kentucky bluegrass. Kentucky bluegrass plants treated with trinexapac-ethyl had less CMT than untreated plants. This shows that an electrolyte leakage test for CMT can determine growth regulator influences on the heat tolerance of a C 3 turfgrass.
Endoscopic surgery for hypothalamic hamartomas causing medically refractory gelastic epilepsy

Introduction There is increasing evidence that removal or disconnection of hypothalamic hamartomas can lead to seizure control and improvement in behavior. The purpose of this study is to report our experiences with endoscopic removal of these hamartomas.
Effect of malnutrition on regional growth of the developing rat brain.

Abstract Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were restricted in food intake by increasing the litter size to 18 pups per mother. The rats were killed at 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days and the weight, DNA, and protein content of cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, and brain stem were determined and compared with values from control rats of similar age. In the cerebellum, where there is a rapid increase in DNA content (cell number), malnutrition markedly curtailed this increase resulting in an early sustained reduction in DNA content. In brain stem, where the increase in cell number is modest, malnutrition did not affect DNA content. However, the normal increase in protein content and protein/DNA ratio which occurs at 10 days was markedly curtailed. In the cerebrum, cell number increases more slowly than in cerebellum, and malnutrition had no effect until 14 days. Hippocampal cell number remains constant between 6 and 14 days and then rises between 14 and 17 days; only at 17 days was a reduction in cell number apparent in the malnourished animals. These data demonstrate that the effect of malnutrition is proportional to the rate and type of growth in the region studied. Cell division was curtailed earliest and most severely in those parts where cells were rapidly dividing. Regions in which cell division was complete showed a reduction in protein/DNA ratio but cell number (DNA content) was unaffected.
Expectations and limitations due to brachial plexus injury: a qualitative study

This study described physical and psychosocial limitations associated with adult brachial plexus injuries (BPI) and patients’ expectations of BPI surgery. During in-person interviews, preoperative patients were asked about expectations of surgery and preoperative and postoperative patients were asked about limitations due to BPI. Postoperative patients also rated improvement in condition after surgery. Data were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative techniques. Ten preoperative and 13 postoperative patients were interviewed; mean age was 37 years, 19 were men, all were employed/students, and most injuries were due to trauma. Preoperative patients cited several main expectations, including pain-related issues, and improvement in arm movement, self-care, family interactions, and global life function. Work-related expectations were tailored to employment type. Preoperative and postoperative patients reported that pain, altered sensation, difficulty managing self-care, becoming physically and financially dependent, and disability in work/school were major issues. All patients reported making major compensations, particularly using the uninjured arm. Most reported multiple mental health effects, were distressed with long recovery times, were self-conscious about appearance, and avoided public situations. Additional stresses were finding and paying for BPI surgery. Some reported BPI impacted overall physical health, life priorities, and decision-making processes. Four postoperative patients reported hardly any improvement, four reported some/a good deal, and five reported a great deal of improvement. BPI is a life-altering event affecting physical function, mental well-being, financial situation, relationships, self-image, and plans for the future. This study contributes to clinical practice by highlighting topics to address to provide comprehensive BPI patient-centered care.
Dialkyl and Methyl-Alkyl Zirconocenes: Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconocene-Alkyls That Model the Polymeryl Chain in Alkene Polymerizations

Zirconocene precatalysts with sterically bulky alkyl groups were designed as model systems for the propagating species in zirconocene-catalyzed alkene polymerization. Specialty alkyllithium reagents Li(CH2CEt3) and Li(CH2CMe2CH2Ph) were prepared and utilized in the synthesis of dialkyl and methyl-alkyl zirconocenes of the form CpCp*ZrR2, Cp2Zr(CH3)(R), and CpCp*Zr(CH3)(R) (Cp = (η5-C5H5); Cp* = (η5-C5Me5); R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3, CH2CEt3, CH2CMe2CH2Ph). These new zirconocene alkyls were isolated and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and in some cases by X-ray diffraction. The molecular structures determined display the bent-sandwich coordination mode common for zirconocenes. The steric influence of the alkyl group on the observed structural parameters is reflected in slightly expanded C−Zr−C or C−Zr−Cl angles in the equatorial plane and long zirconium−alkyl bond distances.
Ocean-sediment analysis by neutron activation

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques have been developed and applied to the analysis of marine sediments. More than 150 core sites have been sampled in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. More than 500 surface and subsurface sediment samples have been analyzed for Ba, Cr, Fe, and various other elements of interest. Typical concentrations at various locations are given. An extensive half-life study was performed to verify that gamma lines, used for quantitation exhibited the decay parameters expected to the parent radionuclide. Suggested gamma lines are presented for a few elements of particular interest to ocean-sediment analysis.
Real-time parallel hashing on the GPU

We demonstrate an efficient data-parallel algorithm for building large hash tables of millions of elements in real-time. We consider two parallel algorithms for the construction: a classical sparse perfect hashing approach, and cuckoo hashing, which packs elements densely by allowing an element to be stored in one of multiple possible locations. Our construction is a hybrid approach that uses both algorithms. We measure the construction time, access time, and memory usage of our implementations and demonstrate real-time performance on large datasets: for 5 million key-value pairs, we construct a hash table in 35.7 ms using 1.42 times as much memory as the input data itself, and we can access all the elements in that hash table in 15.3 ms. For comparison, sorting the same data requires 36.6 ms, but accessing all the elements via binary search requires 79.5 ms. Furthermore, we show how our hashing methods can be applied to two graphics applications: 3D surface intersection for moving data and geometric hashing for image matching.
Investigation of energy windowing algorithms for effective cargo screening with radiation portal monitors

Abstract Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) are distributed across the globe in an effort to decrease the illicit trafficking of nuclear materials. Many current generation RPMs utilizes large polyvinyltoluene (PVT) plastic scintillators. These detectors are low cost and reliable but have very poor energy resolution. The lack of spectroscopic detail available from PVT spectra has restricted these systems primarily to performing simple gross counting measurements in the past. A common approach to extend the capability of PVT detectors beyond simple “gross-gamma” use is to apply a technique known as energy windowing (EW) to perform rough nuclide identification with limited spectral information. An approach to creating EW algorithms was developed in this work utilizing a specific set of calibration sources and modified EW equations; this algorithm provided a degree of increased identification capability. A simulated real-time emulation of the algorithm utilizing actual port-of-entry RPM data supplied by ORNL provided an extensive proving ground for the algorithm. This algorithm is able to identify four potential threat nuclides and the major NORM source with a high degree of accuracy. High-energy masking, a major detriment of EW algorithms, is reduced by the algorithm's design.
Interaction of sigma and PCP-like drugs on operant behaviors in the rat

Many PCP-like drugs interact with at least two types of binding sites in the CNS, one of which is linked to excitatory amino acid transmission and the other with an unknown function. The present experiments were designed to further clarify the mechanism of action of drugs in this class. Assessment was made of the effects of PCP, MK-801, (+)-pentazocine, (+)- and (−)-N-allylnormetazocine (NANM), (+)-amphetamine and BMY-14802 in rats responding under a multiple timeout 600 s (TO), differential reinforcement of low rates 10 s (DRL), fixed ratio (FR) 10 schedule of reinforcement. The effects of the PCP-receptor selective drug MK-801 were compared to those of the mixed sigma/PCP drug (+)-NANM after each were combined with doses of (+)-pentazocine, PCP, BMY-14802, and (+)-amphetamine. MK-801 was also tested in combination with (+)-NANM, as was PCP with BMY-14802. When administered alone, MK-801, PCP, (+)-NANM, (+)-pentazocine, and (+)-amphetamine increased rates of responding under the DRL component of the multiple schedule. The drugs tested generally produced decreases in rates of responding under the FR component. (+)-Pentazocine and BMY-14802 did not modify the effects of (+)-NANM or of MK-801. PCP enhanced the effects of MK-801 and (+)-NANM, and (+)-amphetamine enhanced the effects of MK-801 but not of (+)-NANM. BMY-14802 attenuated the effects of PCP. Taken together, these data suggest similarities as well as some differences in the pharmacologic activities of MK-801 and (+)-NANM and PCP.
Autonomic innervation in rabbit salivary glands.

Autonomic innervation of rabbit salivary glands was demonstrated by modifications of the methods of Falck for catecholamines and Koelle for the localization of cholinesterase activity. To avoid and diminish artifacts, tissues were rapidly frozen, cut in a cryostat, and freeze-dried under vacuum. Catecholamine fluorescence and cholinesterase activity were found in the serous parotid and the mainly mucous submandibular gland, strongly indicating that both glands are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. In the parotid gland, the sympathetic ground plexus apparently forms a denser network than that seen in the submandibular gland. Catecholamine fluorescence, indicating sympathetic nerves, is found to be closely related to most acini, blood vessels of both glands, and some ducts of the submandibular gland. Cholinesterase activity, signaling the presence of parasympathetic fibers, was observed around many acini, ducts, and some blood vessels of both glands. A theory is presented that the autonomic innervation of salivary glands influences the state of intracellular colloids, water, and electrolytes during secretion.
Modification of hydriding properties of LaCo5 by partial substitutions (LaCo5−xMx with M = Al, Ga)

By partial substitution of Co in LaCo/sub 5/ by nontransition metals such as Al, an increase in H capacity (z) vis-a-vis LaCo/sub 5/ is achieved at pressures on the order of 100 atm at room temperature. Lower equilibrium pressures, P/sub e/, have been previously observed when compounds such as PrCo/sub 5/ and LaNi/sub 5/ were partially substituted on transition metal sites by nontransition metals such as Al, Be. This fact, coupled with the existence of the high-pressure phase LaCo/sub 5/H/sub z/ with z approx. = 9, suggests that the increased z is due to a lowering of P/sub e/ of the high-pressure phase to more modest conditions in temperature and pressure. The actual P(z) curves are, however, complex and reflect phenomenology often observed with pseudobinaries.
Investigation of the Nuclear Surface by Means of the Elastic Scattering of Heavy Ions

An investigation has been made to determine the relevant parameters in the elastic scattering of alpha particles and heavy ions by nuclei. First, it has been shown by the analysis of typical alpha-particle scattering data that the qualitative features of the scattering are determined by two parameters: (a) the strength of the Coulomb interaction and (b) the radius of the ion-nucleus interaction. Second, two experiments with different nuclei have been performed where the above two parameters were kept fixed in order to determine whether differences in the scattering would appear due to a third parameter, say, the nuclear surface thickness. To enhance the differences between the two experiments two doubly-magic nuclei, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$, were used in the first scattering experiment while two aspherical nuclei, ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}$, were used in the second scattering experiment. Differences in the scattering did occur between the two experiments. However, it is not possible to conclude that the differences are due to nuclear surface effects because of the inclusion of inelastic scattering in the data taken in the second experiment. An indication that there is not a difference between the "surfaces" of the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ and ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}$ nuclei has been shown by making a partial-wave analysis of data taken by Yntema of the elastic scattering of alpha particles by these same nuclei.
Ultrastructure of the haustorium of Trenomyces histophthorus and adjacent host cells

Abstract The haustorium of Trenomyces histophthorus (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales) appears to be enucleate and aseptate; its bulbs, isthmuses, and tubules contain abundant mitochondria and are often vacuolate. Although host cells around some bulbs appear to be unaffected, most host cells in contact with the haustorial tubules are in various stages of degeneration. In some instances deterioration of the tissues of the mallophagan host apparently occurs in advance of the haustorial tips.
The Future of Microprocessors: Chip multiprocessors’ promise of huge performance gains is now a reality.

The performance of microprocessors that power modern computers has continued to increase exponentially over the years for two main reasons. First, the transistors that are the heart of the circuits in all processors and memory chips have simply become faster over time on a course described by Moore’s law, and this directly affects the performance of processors built with those transistors. Moreover, actual processor performance has increased faster than Moore’s law would predict, because processor designers have been able to harness the increasing numbers of transistors available on modern chips to extract more parallelism from software.
Recurrent spontaneous abortion in human pregnancy: results of immunogenetical, cellular, and humoral studies.

: We have confirmed that many women who suffer from recurrent spontaneous abortions have an increased incidence of histocompatibility (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DR) antigen-sharing with their husbands. We also found abortion-prone women who did not share HLA with their mates; however, they failed to respond or responded suboptimally to their husbands when compared to third-party controls in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions. Some aborting patients manifested a husband-specific MLC blocking factor in their plasma which was not present in their serum. In contrast, nonpregnant childbearing wives did not share as many of their husbands' HLA antigens as frequently, had normal or heightened MLC responses to their husbands, and showed no evidence of humoral blocking factors. We propose that HLA typing, MLC reactions, and blocking factor studies will serve as useful laboratory indices in future clinical studies of immunogenetical disorders associated with idiopathic habitual abortion.
Opinion Paper: An Affirmative Statement on Copyright Debate.

The roles of the government, author, publisher, library, user, public, and foreign countries are linked to the basic issue of the resolution as well as to the broader implications of the copyright problem. The major contention is that, since the government supports research and publication for the benefit of the public, this information should be disseminated at a minimum cost with maximum accessibility, at no extra profit to the publisher. Fiscal implications relate higher costs of publications to library budgetary limitations as basic reasons for subscription cuts. Data and citations from various sources are used to support the arguments for the affirmative of the resolution.
Theoretical condiserations regarding the existence of PsO and PsS

Abstract At has been proposed from experimental studies and in analogy with hydrogen compounds that PsO may be an entity of some importance, or an intermediate, in the reaction of positronium, Ps, with aqueous oxyacid species such as H 2 PO − 4 , HSO − 4 , ClO − 4 , and NO − 3 . This communication explores the stability of PsO and PsS, or [0 − : e + ] and [S − :e + ], respectively, relative to dissociation into Ps and O( 3 P) or S( 3 P) on the basis of restricted Hartree-Fock calculations for the PsO and PsS systems and certain correlation correction arguments. We obtain a reasonable lower estimate of the dissociation energy to Y + Ps of ⪢ −0.47 eV for PsO and ⪢ −0.70 eV for PsS. It is suggested that a modest correlation correction to the positron affinity (PA) of O − would very probably lead to a bound state system for PsO.
Advances in understanding molecular determinants in FeLV pathology

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) occurs in nature not as a single genomic species but as a family of closely related viruses. The disease outcome of natural FeLV infection is variable and likely reflects genetic variation both in the virus and the naturally outbreeding host population. A series of studies have been undertaken with the objectives of examining natural FeLV genetic variation, the selective pressures operative in FeLV infection that lead to predominance of natural variants, and the consequences for infection and disease progression. Genetic variation among FeLV isolates was examined in a cohort of naturally infected cats with thymic lymphoma of T-cell origin, non-T-cell multicentric lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorder or anemia. The predominant isolate in the cohort, designated FeLV-945, was identified exclusively in disorders of non-T-cell origin. The FeLV-945 LTR was shown to contain a unique 21-bp repeat element, triplicated in tandem downstream of enhancer. The 21-bp triplication was shown to act as a transcriptional enhancer and to confer a replicative advantage through the assembly of a distinctive transcription factor complex. Oncogene utilization during tumor induction by FeLV-945 was studied using a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus containing the FeLV-945 LTR. This approach identified novel loci of common proviral integration in tumors, including the regulatory subunit of PI-3Kgamma. Mutational changes identified in FeLV-945 SU were shown not to alter receptor usage as measured by host range and superinfection interference, but to significantly increase the efficiency of receptor binding. To determine whether the unique sequence elements of FeLV-945 influence the course of infection and disease in vivo, recombinant viruses were constructed in which the FeLV-945 LTR alone, or the FeLV-945 SU gene and LTR were substituted into the prototype isolate FeLV-A/61E. Longitudinal studies of infected animals showed that substitution of the FeLV-945 LTR into FeLV-A/61E resulted in a significantly more rapid disease onset, but did not alter the tumorigenic spectrum. In contrast, substitution of both the FeLV-945 LTR and SU gene changed the disease outcome entirely. Together, these observations indicate that the distinctive LTR and SU gene of FeLV-945 mediate a rapid pathogenesis with distinctive clinical features and oncogenic mechanisms.
Toward an integrated model of work experience.

Work experience and related concepts such as tenure and seniority have been and continue to be used extensively in a variety of human resource functions. However, research on experience has proceeded without a clear theoretical orientation, adequate consideration of contextual and individual factors, and appropriate attention to measurement and design. These issues are addressed and a model of the work experience construct is offered. Work experience is described as consisting of qualitative and quantitative components that exist at different levels of specification and which interact and accrue over time. The model provides a nomological net for the experience construct linking it to contextual and individual factors critical for the development of experience and its translation into immediate outcomes of work-based knowledge, skills, attitudes, and motivation, and secondary outcomes such as performance. The model provides a basis for specific research propositions and human resource applications that consider work experience as a multidimensional, multilevel, and temporally dynamic construct.
OCCUPATIONAL DISPARITY IN A MIGRANT METROPOLIS: A CASE STUDY OF ATLANTA

ABSTRACT As the populations of immigrant and migrant groups swell in Atlanta, Georgia, the nature of race and ethnic relations in the metropolis, one historically dominated by a black-white dichotomy, is changing. In the 2000 census nearly 40% of the Atlanta metropolitan area's working-age population was an immigrant, a return migrant, or a northern-born migrant. We use the 5% Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) from the 2000 census to examine over- and under-occupational representation in the metropolitan area among migrant and nonmigrant groups. The results indicate that there remains a racial and ethnic hierarchy that is related to occupational queues and segmented labor markets. By comparing different types of migrant groups, and by taking into account race, ethnicity, and nativity, we more clearly delineate economic stratification in the metropolitan region.
Shifting organizational paradigms: Transitional management

Abstract Organizations of all shapes, sizes, and locations are being faced with changes not experienced since the industrial revolution. The globalization of business, increasing competition for a sophisticated workforce, advances in technology, the customer's demand for products better, faster, and cheaper as well as other trends translate into opportunity for those who embrace it, and shrinking market share and potential difficulties for those that resist it. The primary issue is the context under which change will be endorsed. This article outlines the shifting organizational paradigms and recommends solutions that may mitigate the pitfalls of transitional management.
Maillard reaction of lactose and fluoxetine hydrochloride, a secondary amine

Analysis of commercially available generic formulations of fluoxetine HCl revealed the presence of lactose as the most common excipient. We show that such formulations are inherently less stable than formulations with starch as the diluent due to the Maillard reaction between the drug, a secondary amine hydrochloride, and lactose. The Amadori rearrangement product was isolated and characterized; the characterization was aided by reduction with sodium borohydride and subsequent characterization of this reduced adduct. The lactose-fluoxetine HCl reaction was examined in aqueous ethanol and in the solid state, in which factors such as water content, lubricant concentration, and temperature were found to influence the degradation. N-Formylfluoxetine was identified as a major product of this Maillard reaction and it is proposed that N-formyl compounds be used as markers for this drug-excipient interaction since they are easy to prepare synthetically. Many characteristic volatile products of the Maillard reaction have been identified by GC/MS, including furaldehyde, maltol, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4 H-pyran-4-one. Close similarity between the degradation products of simple mixtures and formulated generic products was found; however, at least one product decomposed at a rate nearly 10 times that predicted from the simple models. Maillard products have also been identified in unstressed capsules. The main conclusion is that drugs which are secondary amines (not just primary amines as sometimes reported) undergo the Maillard reaction with lactose under pharmaceutically relevant conditions. This finding should be considered during the selection of excipients and stability protocols for drugs which are secondary amines or their salts, just as it currently is for primary amines.
Bearing witness to the trauma of slavery in Kara Walker's videos: Testimony, Eight Possible Beginnings, and I was transported

This essay shows that Kara Walker creates in her film and video work a repetitive traumatic site that surrounds, involves, and challenges the viewer to witness, acknowledge, and remember the individual and transgenerational trauma of slavery and contemporary racism in the United States, contributing to cultural remembrance and forcing the viewer to bear witness to her topsy-turvy world. Walker represents the ‘intergenerational transmission of trauma’ as postmemory, which is defined as the relationship of previous generations to powerful, often traumatic, experiences that preceded their births but that were nevertheless transmitted to them so deeply as to seem to constitute memories in their own right, though they can never be fully understood nor re-created. In doing so, she creates art that functions as a ritualized site for a kind of witnessing that becomes visible in her films and videos, a medium that by its own nature performs the act of bearing witness. The paper goes on to show that in her film and...
DETERRENCE OR BRUTALIZATION? AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF OKLAHOMA'S RETURN TO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT*

On September 10, 1990 Charles Troy Coleman was put to death by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary. Coleman's execution was the first in the state in more than 25 years, generating significant media coverage and providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of the state's return to executing capital offenders. Interrupted time-series analyses are performed with weekly data from the UCR Supplemental Homicide Reports for the state for the period January 1989 through December 1991. Analyses are performed for the total level of criminal homicides and homicides disaggregated into two types of murder–felony murder and stranger homicides–testing hypotheses that predict opposing impacts for each type of homicide. As predicted, no evidence of a deterrent or a brutalization effect is found for criminal homicides in general. Similarly, the predicted deterrent effect of the execution on the level of felony murders is not observed. Evidence of the predicted brutalization effect on the level of stranger homicides is observed, however. Supplementary analyses on further offense disaggregations continue to support these initial findings and permit a more coherent interpretation of the results.
Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction

Extinction in the fossil record is most often measured by the percentage of taxa (species, genera, families, etc.) that go extinct in a certain time interval. This is a measure of taxonomic loss, but previous work has indicated that taxonomic loss may be decoupled from the ecological effects of an extinction. To understand the role extinction plays in ecological change, extinction should also be measured in terms of loss of functional diversity. This study tests whether ecological changes increase correspondingly with taxonomic changes during the Late Ordovician M4/M5 extinction, the Ordovician/Silurian mass extinction, and the Late Devonian mass extinction. All three extinctions are evaluated with regional data sets from the eastern United States. Ecological effects are measured by classifying organisms into ecological lifestyles, which are groups based on ecological function rather than evolutionary history. The taxonomic and ecological effects of each extinction are evaluated with additive diversity partitioning, detrended correspondence analysis, and relative abundance distributions. Although the largest taxonomic changes occur in the Ordovician/Silurian extinction, the largest ecological changes occur in the Late Devonian extinction. These results suggest that the ecological consequences of extinction need to be considered in addition to the taxonomic effects of extinction.
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING AND TEACHING AN HONORS PROGRAM

DOI: 10.14684/intertech.13.2014.34-36 The University of Cincinnati (UC) offers an Honors Program to the top 7% of undergraduate students in an engaging environment in which students are inspired to learn more, do more, and be more. Students are challenged through honors seminars and experiential learning projects, community engagement, research and novel applications of technologies, and creative arts. This paper will describe how University Honors Program is operated, the requirements, and the teaching experience of two faculty members in the Mechanical Engineering Technology program in the College of Engineering and Applied Science (CEAS). The course was a study abroad course for all UC students.
Blood plasma separation in a long two-phase plug flowing through disposable tubing

We report a simple technique to separate plasma from blood in a flowing immiscible plug. We investigate the effect of various control parameters such as blood dilution, injection flow rate, observation time and fluid properties on plasma separation. We find that the technique works best for diluted blood samples at low plug velocities and long observation times. We postulate that the main mechanism responsible for efficient separation is the sedimentation of blood cells in the plug and their subsequent collection by the moving plug causing a significant accumulation of cells at the rear of the plug. We discuss the time scales determining the sedimentation, advection and collection of a blood cell in the immiscible plug and propose a phase diagram that is able to predict the operating space for effective plasma separation. We demonstrate that the technique allows for the extraction of more than 60% of the plasma by volume from 1 μL of diluted blood. We show the practical significance of this method by compartmentalizing the separated plasma into discrete microfluidic droplets and detecting cholesterol. This technique features low consumption of blood (nL-scale) and low shear rate (∼1 s−1). It is inexpensive, easy to use, and has the potential to be developed as an efficient point-of-care device for blood diagnostics in resource-poor environments. More advanced applications could also be envisioned by integrating our plasma separation method into existing microfluidic drop manipulation techniques.
Organic environments on Saturn's moon, Titan: simulating chemical reactions and analyzing products by FT-ICR and ion-trap mass spectrometry.

Laboratory simulations have been carried out to model chemical reactions that possibly take place in the stratosphere of Saturn’s moon, Titan. The aerosol products of these reactions (tholin samples) have been systematically analyzed by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (ESI) and laser desorption (LD). A wide variety of ions with a general formula CxHyNz detected by ultrahigh resolution and accurate mass measurements in a Fourier transform/ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) cell reflect the complexity of these polymeric products, both in chemical compositions and isomeric distributions. As a common feature, however, tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) data and H/D exchange products in the solution phase support the presence of amino and nitrile functionalities in these (highly unsaturated) “tholin” compounds. The present work demonstrates that ESI-MS coupled with FT-ICR is a suitable and “intact” method to analyze tholin components formed under anaerobic conditions; only species with CxHyNz are detected for freshly prepared and harvested samples. However, when intentionally exposed to water, oxygen-containing compounds are unambiguously detected.
A bioluminescent transgenic mouse model: real-time in vivo imaging of antioxidant EC-SOD gene expression and regulation by interferon gamma.

Abstract Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is the main antioxidant enzyme in the extracellular matrix. We developed transgenic mice to analyze the EC-SOD promoter activity in vivo in real time and to identify the important cis-elements flanking the 5′ region of the murine EC-SOD gene. Using this model, we demonstrated that luciferase reporter activity correlates closely with endogenous EC-SOD expression, although several interesting differences were also observed. Specifically, luciferase activity was detected at the highest levels in testes, aorta and perirenal fat. Reporter expression was regulated by interferon gamma, a finding that is in agreement with published endogenous EC-SOD gene expression studies. Thus, the 5′-flanking region of mouse EC-SOD gene is responsible, at least in part, for cell specific and inducible expression.
Implementing a Case Management Program Designed to Enhance Primary Care Physician Practice With Older Persons

A qualitative analysis of the implementation of a case management program is presented. This collaborative research design uses semistructured interviews and observational field methods. Nested within a changing health care environment and a corporation that is restructuring, three physician practices form the intervention sites. During the course of the project there is high turnover among project staff and physicians. This analysis begins with the intervention in which case managers mobilize resources, monitor medication and health care compliance, educate elderly participants and physicians, counsel participants, and provide caregiver support and follow-up. Adjusting to and defining the case management role, structuring supervision and nurturing the intervention, and communicating (both written and face-to-face) with diverse physicians are ongoing tasks throughout project development. The importance of clear communication, the need for great flexibility, and the search to maintain project integrity (ke...
Jumping on the simulation bandwagon: Getting started

Abstract Helping today's "net generation" students to develop clinical reasoning and decision-making skills can be difficult. Human patient simulation is an interactive instructional method that allows students to learn how to think critically in a realistic, safe environment. However, many faculty still lack the experience or time for training necessary to integrate this innovative technology into nursing courses. This article provides educators with a simple yet effective approach to implementing simulation as a teaching strategy.
Chromatin restoration following nucleotide excision repair involves the incorporation of ubiquitinated H2A at damaged genomic sites

Restoration of functionally intact chromatin structure following DNA damage processing is crucial for maintaining genetic and epigenetic information in human cells. Here, we show the UV-induced uH2A foci formation in cells lacking XPC, DDB2, CSA or CSB, but not in cells lacking XPA, XPG or XPF indicating that uH2A incorporation relied on successful damage repair occurring through either GGR or TCR sub-pathway. In contrast, XPA, XPG or XPF were not required for formation of gammaH2AX foci in asynchronous cells. Notably, the H2A ubiquitin ligase Ring1B, a component of Polycomb repressor complex 1, did not localize at DNA damage sites. However, histone chaperone CAF-1 showed distinct localization to the damage sites. Knockdown of CAF-1 p60 abolished CAF-1 as well as uH2A foci formation. CAF-1 p150 was found to associate with NER factors TFIIH, RPA p70 and PCNA in chromatin. These data demonstrate that successful NER of genomic lesions and prompt CAF-1-mediated chromatin restoration link uH2A incorporation at the sites of damage repair within chromatin.
Introducing Python programming into the data communications and security courses

For many students, programming is a difficult skill to master. Unfortunately, many programming systems and development environments are complex and not easily learned or used. Python is a simple but powerful general purpose programming language system that can be used to operationalize security and data communications principles. This paper describes introducing Portable Python into the security and data communications courses. The use of Portable Python on portable media permits students to easily move and use their programming platform on (almost) any computer.
Study of the impact of aging on many-core energy-efficient DSP systems

During the normal operational use, integrated circuits go through what is popularly known as wearout or aging. At system level, aging causes gradual speed degradation of the design over their service life. In a many-core homogeneous design and over a period of activity, this can lead to variation in speed depending on the workload distribution on cores. In the same design context, Voltage Scaling (VS) is another very widely used technique in gaining energy-efficiency. Process Variation (PV) also tend to have similar impact creating variation in speed and power among the cores. In this paper, we will first study the impact of aging and PV on above design system. Further, we will analyze their impact on energy efficient configurations under static and dynamic workload environment. Later, we will present our analysis over two different usage policies; using fastest core on the die as compared to uniform aging of all cores in the system. We conclude, that using fastest core in the system will yield higher performance benefits over its lifetime.
The transport of sand by wind

The problem of the motion of an individual sand grain in wind is subjected to a physical-mathematical analysis. An empirical equation is obtained for observed wind-velocity profiles near the ground. The behavior of a sand grain in such a wind velocity gradient is assumed to be the result of three principal forces: the viscous drag of the air, the force of gravity, and the aerodynamic lift. Differential equations are set up on this basis. When solved by approximate methods for an average sand grain and for the profile obtained in a small wind tunnel, these equations give sand grain trajectories that agree fairly well with the trajectories observed and photographed in the wind tunnel.
Fragrance material review on 2-phenylpropyl acetate

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-phenylpropyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 2-Phenylpropyl acetate is a member of the fragrance structural group Aryl Alkyl Alcohol Simple Acid Esters (AAASAE). The AAASAE fragrance ingredients are prepared by reacting an aryl alkyl alcohol with a simple carboxylic acid (a chain of 1–4 carbons) to generate formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and carbonate esters. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 2-phenylpropyl acetate were evaluated, then summarized, and includes: physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, and skin sensitization data. A safety assessment of the entire AAASAE will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2012) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all AAASAE in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2012. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of aryl alkyl alcohol simple acid esters when used as fragrance ingredients.
Silver(II) Fluoride

[7783-95-1] AgF2 (MW 145.86) InChI = 1S/Ag.2FH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 InChIKey = KWVVTSALYXIJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reagent used for addition of fluorine,2 replacement of halogens by fluorine,3, 4 replacement of hydrogen by fluorine,5 oxidation) Alternate Name: silver difluoride, argenic fluoride. Physical Data: mp ∼690 °C; d 4.57 g/mL−1 at 25 °C. Solubility: decomposes rapidly in H2O, soluble in inert organic solvents such as hexanes, chloroform, and chlorofluorocarbons, HF. Form Supplied in: black crystalline powder; widely available. Preparative Methods: treatment of AgF or AgCl with F2 at 200 °C6; F2 passed over Ag0 in a platinum boat in a quartz tube from 60 to 200 °C.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: decomposes rapidly in air, reacts violently with water, may react violently with organic compounds, liberates iodine from KI solutions, liberates ozone from dilute acid solutions upon heating, light sensitive, strong oxidant, hygroscopic, decomposes above 700 °C, toxic by inhalation, swallowing, or in contact with skin. AgF2 should be stored away from light in Teflon, a passivated metal container or a quartz tube. Reactions are typically carried out in the vapor phase in steel or copper vessels under an atmosphere of F2. Solution phase reactions typically take place in HF or fluorocarbon solvents.
Exploring a Multidimensional Approach to Impulsivity in Predicting College Student Gambling

Impulsivity has been implicated as a contributing factor in the development of gambling problems among college students, but attempts to confirm this relation have been inconsistent. One explanation for these incongruent findings is that impulsivity may be multidimensional and that distinct dimensions differentially predict separate behaviors. Using a large, diverse sample of college students, a factor analysis of self-report measures related to impulsivity revealed a three-factor structure of Behavioral Activation, Preference for Stimulation, and Inhibition Control that was similar to the structure found by Meda et al. (Behav Pharmacol 20(5–6):390–399, 2009) in a different adult sample. Low risk gamblers and symptomatic gamblers scored significantly lower on Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Control than non-gamblers. Conversely, low risk gamblers and symptomatic gamblers scored significantly higher on Preference for Stimulation. Prevalence of gambling and gambling activity preference for this sample was also assessed.
Uniqueness and multiplicity criteria for an nth order chemical reaction

Abstract New and very strong criteria are presented for a priori prediction of the conditions for which the steady-state lumped parameter model of an n th order chemical reaction ( n ≥ 0) in an adiabatic CSTR has either a unique or multiple solutions. The criteria show that the higher the order of the reaction the smaller is the region in the parameters space for which multiplicity can occur. New uniqueness and multiplicity criteria are developed also for an n th order reaction in a porous catalyst using a model, which accounts for intraparticle concentration gradients, while assuming a uniform intraparticle temperature different from the ambient one. The region in the parameters space for which steady state multiplicity can occur for this model is smaller than that for a corresponding lumped model, which ignores the intraparticle concentration gradients.