cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage on vessel wall MRI does not correlate with TCD emboli monitoring in patients with recently symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.

Background Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) seen on vessel wall MRI is associated with an increased risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack, as are microembolic signals (MES) detected by transcranial Doppler (TCD). We sought to examine the association between IPH and MES in acute stroke patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Methods Through a retrospective chart review, we included patients from 2011 to 2013 with acute ischemic stroke due to carotid atherosclerosis of varying stenosis who had both 3D volumetric MRI of the neck and TCD emboli monitoring. Results Twenty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean time from stroke to MRI was 1.4 ± 1.9 days and to TCD was 2.6 ± 2.4 days. MES was seen in 10 patients (42%) and IPH was present in seven patients (29%), but we did not find a relationship between MES and IPH ( p = 0.64). Conclusion In patients with recent acute ischemic stroke attributed to carotid atherosclerosis, we did not detect an association between the presence of IPH and MES. While this small study may be underpowered, an alternate explanation is that MES and IPH reflect vulnerable carotid atherosclerosis through different mechanisms. This untested concept warrants prospective study in a larger cohort.
Development of a global aerosol model using a two-dimensional sectional method: 1. Model design

This study develops an aerosol module, the Aerosol Two-dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation version 2 (ATRAS2), and implements the module into a global climate model, Community Atmosphere Model. The ATRAS2 module uses a two-dimensional (2-D) sectional representation with 12 size bins for particles from 1 nm to 10 μm in dry diameter and 8 black carbon (BC) mixing state bins. The module can explicitly calculate the enhancement of absorption and cloud condensation nuclei activity of BC-containing particles by aging processes. The ATRAS2 module is an extension of a 2-D sectional aerosol module ATRAS used in our previous studies within a framework of a regional three-dimensional model. Compared with ATRAS, the computational cost of the aerosol module is reduced by more than a factor of 10 by simplifying the treatment of aerosol processes and 2-D sectional representation, while maintaining good accuracy of aerosol parameters in the simulations. Aerosol processes are simplified for condensation of sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, organic aerosol formation, coagulation, and new particle formation processes, and box model simulations show that these simplifications do not substantially change the predicted aerosol number and mass concentrations and their mixing states. The 2-D sectional representation is simplified (the number of advected species is reduced) primarily by the treatment of chemical compositions using two interactive bin representations. The simplifications do not change the accuracy of global aerosol simulations. In part 2, comparisons with measurements and the results focused on aerosol processes such as BC aging processes are shown.
β − γ Correlations in the First Forbidden Transition

A discussion is given of the theory of $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlations in the unique and nonunique first forbidden transition. In particular, numerical results are presented for the Coulomb corrections to the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation and transverse $\ensuremath{\beta}$ polarization---$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlation. The energy dependence of the contribution associated with violation of time-reversal invariance is given.
Social Comparison, Affiliation, and Emotional Contagion under Threat

In this chapter we will be concerned primarily with the extent to which social comparison processes influence a person’s face-to-face affiliative behaviors and emotional reactions when faced with a novel, threatening situation. To provide some theoretical and historical background to these issues, we will begin by selectively reviewing some of the classic work relevant to affiliation choices made in the face of acute threat (see Cottrell & Epley, 1977; Wheeler, 1974, for more extensive reviews). In doing so, we will focus on several of the central concepts presented by Schachter (1959) in his seminal book that extended social comparison theory to the domain of affiliation and emotion. Of particular interest will be what we believe were erroneous conclusions regarding the part that desires for emotional comparison and cognitive clarity play in affiliation preferences under threat. Drawing heavily on our own work, we then will consider in some detail recent studies that have gone beyond traditional fear and affiliate- choice paradigms to examine the extent to which social comparison principles account for how people actually affiliate with each other in acute, threat situations. Finally, we will present a conceptual model of emotional contagion that considers, as an integral part, Schachter (1959) notion that social comparison processes also should influence the likelihood that people will “catch” the emotions of others.
A Simulated Stomach Duodenum Model Predicting the Effect of Fluid Volume and Prandial Gastric Flow Patterns on Nifedipine Pharmacokinetics From Cosolvent-Based Capsules.

Abstract Nifedipine is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug displaying large variability in absorption even when administered as immediate-release soft gelatin capsules of a cosolvent formulation. This in vitro study sought to understand the reasons behind variability in nifedipine absorption, how it can be minimized, and if it can be predicted using in vitro models. A dynamic in vitro simulated stomach duodenum model was used to explore drug concentration–time profiles of nifedipine soft gelatin capsules under conditions simulating how patients take their medicines. Specifically, the effect of prandial gastric emptying patterns and fluid volume administration (250 mL vs. 50 mL water) were investigated. Significant supersaturation of nifedipine was observed. While administration of large and small water volumes gave rise to a similar Cmax and area under the curve (AUC∞), the coefficient of variation in AUC was 4.8% and 49%, respectively, which can be attributed to differences in precipitation kinetics. Fasting and fed gastric emptying patterns also gave rise to a similar AUC; however, Cmax was significantly lower in the fed state. These trends are consistent with previously published in vivo results in healthy volunteers. The simulated stomach duodenum provides a good discriminative screening tool for predicting trends in drug concentration profiles of Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drugs.
The Gay Gayze: Expressions of Inequality on Grindr

Social media programs such as Grindr, a geolocation-based phone dating app allowing gay men to connect with others in their proximity, have redefined how gay men interact. My purpose here is to dem...
Recursions for Tchebycheff B-Splines and their Jumps

The purpose of this paper is to present recursive relations for Tchebycheff B-splines and their jumps.
The Multifaceted Role of TMEM16A in Cancer

The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is intimately linked to cancers. Over decades, TMEM16A over-expression and contribution to prognosis have been widely studied for multiple cancers strengthening the idea that TMEM16A could be a valuable biomarker and a promising therapeutic target. Surprisingly, from the survey of the literature, it appears that TMEM16A has been involved in multiple cancer-related functions and a large number of molecular targets of TMEM16A have been proposed. Thus, TMEM16A appears to be an ion channel with a multifaceted role in cancers. In this review, we summarize the latest development regarding TMEM16A contribution to cancers. We will survey TMEM16A contribution in cancer prognosis, the origins of its over-expression in cancer cells, the multiple biological functions and molecular pathways regulated by TMEM16A. Then, we will consider the question regarding the molecular mechanism of TMEM16A in cancers and the possible basis for the multifaceted role of TMEM16A in cancers.
Graph Partitioning as Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) on Spiking Neuromorphic Hardware

In this work, graph partitioning (GP) is explored using quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) on the IBM TrueNorth spiking neuromorphic architecture. GP splits a graph into similar-sized parts while minimizing the number of cut edges between parts. Classical approaches to GP rely on heuristics and approximation algorithms. The GP QUBO formulation was inspired by previous work using the D-Wave quantum annealer. This approach is not limited to graph algorithms, but is applicable to solving a spectrum of NP-hard optimization problems. A classical pseudo simulated annealing metaheuristic is used to solve the QUBO. Implementation on the IBM TrueNorth using a spiking framework is described. Results as converged high-energy solutions are shown to be "good enough" or optimal for partitioning a graph into 2 parts.
Neonatal hyperoxia exposure induces aortic biomechanical alterations and cardiac dysfunction in juvenile rats.

Supplemental oxygen (O2 ) therapy in preterm infants impairs lung development, but the impact of O2 on long-term systemic vascular structure and function has not been well-explored. The present study tested the hypothesis that neonatal O2 therapy induces long-term structural and functional alterations in the systemic vasculature, resulting in vascular stiffness observed in children and young adults born preterm. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to normoxia (21% O2 ) or hyperoxia (85% O2 ) for 1 and 3 weeks. A subgroup exposed to 3 weeks hyperoxia was recovered in normoxia for an additional 3 weeks. Aortic stiffness was assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) using Doppler ultrasound and pressure myography. Aorta remodeling was assessed by collagen deposition and expression. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography. We found that neonatal hyperoxia exposure increased vascular stiffness at 3 weeks, which persisted after normoxic recovery at 6 weeks of age. These findings were accompanied by increased PWV, aortic remodeling, and altered LV function as evidenced by decreased ejection fraction, cardiac output, and stroke volume. Importantly, these functional changes were associated with increased collagen deposition in the aorta. Together, these findings demonstrate that neonatal hyperoxia induces early and sustained biomechanical alterations in the systemic vasculature and impairs LV function. Early identification of preterm infants who are at risk of developing systemic vascular dysfunction will be crucial in developing targeted prevention strategies that may improve the long-term cardiovascular outcomes in this vulnerable population.
High-Frequency Analog Circuitry

This paper discusses three basic approaches to a simple and inexpensive, yet flexible, method for construction of analog circuitry. The unique features of cordwood geometry, pill components and multiple wafer components will be presented.
Women in Cardiology: Role of Social Media in Advocacy.

Digital and social media have transformed the field of medicine. They are powerful tools that academic and non-academic physicians and healthcare providers are using to influence others, promote ideas, obtain knowledge, disseminate research and communicate with others. The history of advocacy for women in medicine and the role of social media in influencing the choice of women to choose Cardiology as a career and its role in advocacy for women in cardiology (WIC) have been reviewed. It has changed the way cardiologists learn, educate, and interact with each other. Social media has proven especially useful in advocating for WIC, but whether it can help improve the numbers of female doctors going into Cardiology remains to be seen. In addition to encouraging women to pursue cardiology, social media has drawn attention to key women's rights issues affecting practicing female cardiologists.
Perspective: The Cyber Frontier and Infrastructure

The accelerating integration of cyber technologies into physical infrastructure systems has radical implications for the operation, management, and vulnerabilities of our critical systems. Viewing the embedding of smart technologies in infrastructure as simply an interconnectedness of systems is insufficient. The acceleration of the coupling may represent a profound shift in the relationships between humans and their services. It lays the groundwork for explosions of artificial intelligence, new capacities for services, radical changes in efficiency, and new vulnerabilities. Yet we continue to approach infrastructure design and management with principles that don’t reflect this new paradigm. To frame the challenges associated with modernizing infrastructure for accelerating cyberphysical relationships, we describe the new capabilities and vulnerabilities, and changes in approaches and thinking that are needed for the emerging complexity. We conclude by describing how infrastructure education and training will need to fundamentally shift from a focus on managing complicated physicals systems to working within complex cyberphysical systems that are likely to be governed by software.
Fast Integral Modeling of Hypothetical Core Disruptive Accidents in Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactors

This paper describes the basic equations and solution techniques of a collection of heat transfer and coolant voiding dynamics models that have been developed and successfully applied to simulate h...
Mindfulness meditation and exercise both improve sleep quality: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of community dwelling adults.

Abstract Objectives To assess the benefits of training in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) or moderate intensity exercise (EX) for improving sleep quality. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Outpatient, community-based. Participants Healthy adults (n = 413) aged 30–69 who did not regularly exercise or practice meditation, and who had no known prior sleep problems. Interventions 1) 8-weeks of MBSR training; 2) matched EX training; or 3) wait-list control. Measurements The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered at baseline and at 1, 3, 5, and 7-month follow-up visits. Analysis Total PSQI scores and three PSQI factors (perceived sleep quality; daily disturbance, sleep efficiency) were assessed using linear mixed effects regression models for longitudinal data. Results Compared to controls, PSQI global scores improved significantly for EX (mean change -0.98 points [95% CI -1.56, -0.41] p = 0.001) and marginally for MBSR (-0.53 [-1.10, 0.04] p = 0.07). The perceived sleep quality factor improved for both EX (-0.18 [-0.30, -0.07] p = 0.002) and MBSR (-0.12 [-0.24, -0.01] p = 0.035). The daily disturbance factor improved slightly more for MBSR (-0.13 [-0.22, -0.033] p = 0.008) than EX (-0.09 [-0.19, 0.004] p = 0.06). The sleep efficiency factor did not improve after MBSR (0.08 [-0.045, 0.21] p = 0.2) or EX (-0.07 [-0.20, 0.06] p = 0.3). Improvements in the sleep quality were sustained over 7 months for both groups. Conclusions Training in MBSR and EX produced small but statistically significant and sustained improvements in sleep quality. For EX participants, this improvement was due primarily to improvements in perceived sleep quality. For MBSR, the decrease in daily disturbance was more important.
A convoluted concussion case.

Background: College health pracitioners are often the primary contact for students with concussion. The aim of this case report is to describe concussion management of a convoluted journey to recovery for a student over the course of an acadmic year.Case presentation: The case starts with an initial presenting event which is further complicated by repeated head traumas, co-morbid mental health conditions, and inconsistency with follow-up. Interprofessional collaboration and inclusion of the Zurich protocol eventually lead to resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: The emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to the medical and academic progress is described. Identifying information was changed to protect the student.
Patterning flat-sheet Poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane using templated thermally induced phase separation

Abstract The presence of surface patterns on separation membranes, when properly designed, can enhance the membrane performance by increasing the active surface area, tuning the surface wettability, and promoting mass transfer in the boundary layer. This work reports a new method of patterning microporous membranes, namely, lithographically templated thermally induced phase separation (lt-TIPS). Templated by surface-patterned elastomeric molds, the TIPS of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and tributyl O-acetylcitrate (ATBC) lead to successful pattern replication onto the PVDF membranes. We systematically examined the TIPS processing conditions, including PVDF/ATBC concentration (20 wt%, 25 wt% and 30 wt%) and quenching temperature (25 °C and 100 °C), on the fidelity of pattern replication, as well as structure and properties of the PVDF membranes. Experimental results show that lower solution concentration and direct quenching to 25 °C lead to higher fidelity of pattern replication. Lower concentration and higher quenching temperature result in membranes with larger pores and higher porosity. In comparison with non-patterned PVDF membranes, the patterned PVDF membranes display similar pore structures, mechanical characteristics and crystallinity. In contrast, the presence of the surface pattern significantly increases the water contact angle and pure water flux, as expected from the increase in active surface area. The work shows that lt-TIPS is an effective method for patterning membranes, complementary to existing imprinting and phase-inversion based methods.
The translational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and infected cells

SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus with a positive-sense RNA genome, has caused the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although a large number of transcriptional profiling studies have been conducted in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, little is known regarding the translational landscape of host and viral proteins. Here, using ribosome profiling in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, we identify structural elements that regulate viral gene expression, alternative translation initiation events, as well as host responses regulated by mRNA translation. We found that the ribosome density was low within the SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting element but high immediately downstream, which suggests the utilization of a highly efficient ribosomal frameshifting strategy. In SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, although many chemokine, cytokine and interferon stimulated genes were upregulated at the mRNA level, they were not translated efficiently, suggesting a translational block that disarms host innate host responses. Together, these data reveal the key role of mRNA translation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and highlight unique mechanisms for therapeutic development.
Living Visual-voice as a Community-based Social Justice Research Method in Technical and Professional Communication

Image-based methods hold promise for reaching community-based, social justice goals in TPC. As a research example illustrates, however, participants can mold such methods in ways not anticipated by...
Loss of the transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα upregulates metabolism and proliferation in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts

The transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα is known to down-regulate fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis gene expression. In animal models, disruption of Rev-erbα results in global changes in exercise performance, oxidative capacity, and blood glucose levels. However, the complete extent to which Rev-erbα-mediated transcriptional repression of metabolism impacts cell function remains unknown. We hypothesized that loss of Rev-erbα in a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) model would result in global changes in metabolism. MEFs lacking Rev-erbα exhibited a hypermetabolic phenotype, demonstrating increased levels of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Rev-erbα deletion increased expression of hexokinase II, transketolase, and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase genes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and these effects were not mediated by the transcriptional activator BMAL1. Upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis or numbers. Rev-erbα repressed proliferation via glycolysis, but not the PPP. When treated with H2O2, cell viability was reduced in Rev-erbα knockout MEFs, accompanied by increased ratio of oxidized/reduced NADPH, suggesting that perturbation of the PPP reduces capacity to mount an antioxidant defense. These findings uncover novel mechanisms by which glycolysis and the PPP are modulated through Rev-erbα, and provide new insights into how Rev-erbα impacts proliferation.
It's Ugly, That's Why it Works Beautifully: An Exploratory Study Using Design Strategies to Violate Aesthetic Principles as Means to Influence Usage Behaviors

This paper explores how aesthetic violation can be used to influence a user's behavior when interacting with a product. Aesthetic violation occurs when the elements of a design purposely deviate from the aesthetic expectations of the user in order to encourage a behavioral response. This draws from the theory of processing fluency, which suggests that aesthetic perceptions are a function of a perceiver's processing dynamics—-the more fluently a perceiver can process an object, the higher the aesthetic response. In this instance, the desire for fluent processing may incite users to escape, minimize, or counteract the violation. A literature review and two workshops were conducted: (1) to generate design strategies and (2) to assess and refine them. The workshops provided insights into the benefits and relevance of aesthetic violation, strategy formation, and integration into the design process.
The impact of metabolic syndrome components on urinary parameters and risk of stone formation

To investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and urinary abnormalities in stone-forming patients. Additionally, to delineate whether severity of urinary derangements is impacted by the number of co-occurring MS components. Stone-forming patients who underwent initial metabolic workup prior to medical intervention at a comprehensive stone clinic were retrospectively reviewed and included in the study. Patients were given a six point (0–5) Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS) based on the number of co-occurring MS components and split into six respective groups. Baseline clinical characteristics and metabolic profiles were compared between groups. Four-hundred-ninety-five patients were included in the study. Median age and median BMI was 58 years and 27.26 kg/m2, respectively. Several significant metabolic differences were noted, most notably a downward trend in median urinary pH (p < 0.001) and an upward trend in median urinary supersaturation uric acid (p < 0.001) across groups as MSSS increased. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an independent association between higher MSSS and increasing number of urinary abnormalities. A second multivariate analysis revealed that all MS components except hyperlipidemia were independently associated with low urinary pH. Additionally, obesity was independently associated with the greatest number of urinary abnormalities and had the strongest association with hyperuricosuria. Prior research has attributed the strong association of nephrolithiasis and MS to high prevalence of UA nephrolithiasis and low urinary pH. Our findings indicate that all MS components with the exception of hyperlipidemia were independently associated with low urinary pH suggesting a mechanism independent from insulin resistance.
Drivers of Episode-of-Care Costs in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Alternative payment models, such as bundled payments, have grown in popularity to align incentives among providers to provide quality care at a reduced cost. Early data demonstrated success at reducing post-acute care resources and episode-of-care costs in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but concerns regarding target price methodology and lack of appropriate risk-adjustment may limit the future of these bundled payment programs. This review will address specific drivers of episode-of-care costs in TKA. Modifiable medical comorbidities such as uncontrolled diabetes and malnutrition can be optimized prior to elective TKA. Minimizing in-hospital medical complications and unplanned ICU admissions can help drive down inpatient TKA costs. Finally, reducing rates of home health and discharge to skilled nursing facilities has the highest impact of episode-of-care cost reduction following TKA.
Stimulation of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells

Amniotic fluid is an appealing source of multipotent, fetal, extra-embryonic stem cells (AFSCs), which could be potentially utilized for intrauterine therapies or banked for future uses. In their undifferentiated state AFSCs can serve as an incredible pro-angiogenic burst and drive endogenous repair. Besides the feasible in vitro manipulation to direct AFSCs toward a vascular phenotype, there is also the opportunity to use their secreted pro-angiogenic soluble factors to promote neoangiogenesis in ischemic tissues. AFSCs are the optimal cell candidate for both tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches, exogenous and endogenous repair. The present chapter discusses the current approaches to differentiate AFSCs to endothelial cells and the emerging evidence of AFSC paracrine effect on the vascularization of ischemic sites. In particular, the discovery that AFSC secretome can be used for therapeutic angiogenesis has opened to the possibility that a cell-free treatment could be employed as a safe alternative to cell and tissue transplantation.
The large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel: a key intermediate in cholinergic regulation of human urinary bladder smooth muscle excitability (865.5)

We investigated whether muscarinic receptor (MR) activation increases human urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) excitability by directly or indirectly inhibiting the large conductance Ca2+-activat...
COMPOSITION OF COMETS: OBSERVATIONS AND MODELS

We analyze the chemical composition and abundances of comets based on in situ measurements of Comet 1P/Halley and remote sensing observations of several recent bright comets including Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) and Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), in light of the elemental abundances of the solar system. Nitrogen is underabundant in comets relative to the solar system because nitrogen tends to be in N2, which is chemically relatively inert. While many details remain uncertain, some gross features are emerging. The abundance of water: silicates: carbonaceous molecules (CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons) by mass is approximately 1:1:1. Furthermore, the mass abundance of ice: dust (silicates and hydrocarbon polycondensates) is about 1:1. We compare a list of identified comet molecules with molecules detected in the interstellar medium, although a comparison with their relative abundances, particularly in the ice phase, would be more meaningful. However, ice-phase abundances are not yet available. One can expect a variation of the abundances of carbon-bearing molecules in comets to be associated with their place of origin in the solar nebula. However, we also note that comets are heterogeneous. Thus, observed differences may be related to the place of origin, heterogeneity of the nucleus, or acquired through evolution. The molecular and elemental compositions of the coma are most likely not the same as those in the nucleus. This is particularly true for volatile ices and their gases and for the dust-to-ice and dust-to-gas ratios. Analyses must carefully consider the three sources of gas: Water from the surface of the nucleus, gases more volatile than water from the interior of the nucleus, and gases from the sublimation of the dust distributed in the coma. Topography on the surface of the nucleus may cause important evolutionary differences in the dust-to-gas mass ratio. Relatively inactive areas on the surface of the nucleus are probably associated with convex topography. Gas sublimated from convex areas (hills and mountains) diverges more strongly relative to gas sublimated from concave areas, which can entrain dust more efficiently. Thus, the entrainment of dust from convex areas is poor and dust may fall back to the surface of the nucleus creating a dust mantle, which further inhibits outgassing.
An Approach to the Human Group in Social Work Practice

In this article, written in 1973, the author finds evidence in the literature of an unclear commitment to the social work frame of reference in social work with groups. A conceptual scheme is used to contrast approaches of six different professional disciplines and to distinguish what may represent the special nature of the social work profession’s approach to group work.
Transmission heterogeneity and autoinoculation in a multisite infection model of HPV

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and can infect oral, genital, and anal sites in the human epithelium. Here, we develop a multisite transmission model that includes autoinoculation to study HPV and other multisite diseases. Under a homogeneous-contacts assumption, we analyze the basic reproduction number R0, as well as type and target reproduction numbers, for a two-site model. In particular, we find that R0 occupies a space between taking the maximum of next generation matrix terms for same site transmission and taking the geometric average of cross-site transmission terms in such a way that heterogeneity in the same-site transmission rates increases R0 while heterogeneity in the cross-site transmission decreases it. Additionally, autoinoculation adds considerable complexity to the form of R0. We extend this analysis to a heterosexual population, which additionally yields dynamics analogous to those of vector-host models. We also examine how these issues of heterogeneity may affect disease control, using type and target reproduction numbers.
The influence of remote substituent in tetrakis(μ-N,N′-diarylformamidinato)–dirhodium(II) compounds. Part 7. Linear free energy relationships in dinuclear compounds

Abstract Synthesis and characterizations are reported for the tetrakis(μ-N,N′-diarylformamidinato)dirhodium(II) compounds, where Ar is either XC6H4- with X as p-OMe (1), p-Me (2), H (3), m-OMe (4), p-Cl (5), m-Cl (6), m-CF3 (7), p-CF3 (8), or 3,4-Cl2C6H3 (9), or 3,5-Cl2C6H3 (10). The quasireversible redox couples Rh2 6+/Rh2 5+ (A), Rh2 5+/Rh2 4+ (B), and Rh2 4+/Rh2 3+ (C) were observed for all the compounds with the exception of 9. The electrode potentials are related to the Hammett constant (σ) of X by the following equation: ΔE1/2=E1/2(X)−E1/2(H)=ρ(8σ) mV with the reactivity constant ρ for the redox couples A, B, and C as 96, 98, and 97 mV, respectively. Molecular structures of compounds 4 and 10 were determined via X-ray diffraction studies.
Are the frontal lobes implicated in “planning” functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi

Twenty adult patients with lesions in the prefrontal cortex were tested on the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. The performance of patients was significantly worse than that of controls. This difference could not be accounted for in terms of a general decline in intelligence or memory, or by the size of the lesion. The results further suggest that both patients and controls used the same general strategy to solve the problem and that patients' difficulties with the task have little to do with planning or "look ahead" deficits (as is generally assumed in the neuropsychology literature). Patient performance is best explained in terms of an inability to see or resolve a goal-subgoal conflict. This interpretation is compatible with several existing accounts of frontal lobe dysfunction that postulate a failure of inhibition of a prepotent response to explain poor performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting task, the Stroop task, the Antisaccade task, the A-Not-B task, and the Delayed Alternation task.
WITHDRAWN: Evidence for the critical roles of NF-κB p65 and specificity proteins in the apoptosis-inducing activity of proteasome inhibitors in leukemia cells

This article has been withdrawn at the request of editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and not receptor 2, is an independent prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes

BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) are major regulators of angiogenesis, which plays a key role in the growth and dissemination of solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms. METHODS The authors measured the plasma concentrations of soluble VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1) and sVEGFR2 in 133 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 80 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) at the time of initial presentation and compared clinical behaviors. RESULTS A reverse correlation was observed between plasma sVEGFR1 levels and the rate of complete remission (CR) in patients with AML, but not in patients with MDS. In contrast, increased plasma levels of sVEGFR2 were correlated with a lower CR rate in patients with MDS, but not in patients with AML. Cox regression model analysis demonstrated that plasma levels of sVEGFR1, but not sVEGFR2, were independent prognostic factors in both patients with AML and patients with MDS. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of AML and MDS. The concentration of sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 in plasma should be considered a significant factor in guiding antiangiogenic therapy for AML and MDS. They may play a role in the pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents that are supposed to bind directly to these receptors. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
1562 A COMPARISON OF PRETERM AND FULL-TERM INFANTS USING THE PRECHTL NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION

The Prechtl Neurological Examination of the Newborn was administered to 50 infants at approximately 40 weeks (± 1 week) gestational age. These infants were randomly selected from the normal nursery and special care units. Twenty five were healthy, fullterm infants (x B.W. = 2740 grams) (x G.A. = 39.4 weeks). The remaining 25 infants were born prematurely with multiple perinatal complications including respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia, apnea etc. (x B.W. = 1652 grams) (x G.A. = 33.5 weeks). The length of hospitalization in this group varied (x = 30 days). None of these infants suffered from severe central nervous system abnormalities, chromosomal anomalies, nor major metabolic disturbances. The Prechtl Examination was performed by the same examiner in all infants at approximately the same time post-feeding. Infants were in the quiet-alert state at the initiation of the examination. A scoring system based on the 55 items comprising the Prechtl Exam was established. A student t test for independent samples was performed on the total score received by each infant. The preterm infants were found to have a significantly better overall performance on this assessment than did the full-term infants (p < .05). These results suggest that sick premature infants have accelerated maturation which may result from intense stimulation they received during a extended stay in a Special Care Nursery. The long-term predictability of this examination has yet to be determined.
Larval nematodes (Ascarops sp.) in stomach granulomas of the sagebrush lizard, Sceloporus graciosus.

Wild populations of the sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus) are reported as paratenic hosts for third stage larvae of Ascarops sp. Larvae were found in stomach submucosal granulomas which averaged 350 μm in diameter and consisted of histiocytes and layers of fibrocytes. Prevalence of infection was 16% (27 of 170 infected); mean intensity was 3 (1 to 8 nematodes/host). Prevalence was significantly higher in male than female lizards.
A charge transfer process in the visual pigments.

A physical model that incorporates all the experimental information on the formation of the visual pigment rhodopsin is presented. The visual pigments consist of a chromophore bound to an appropriate protein. Thus rhodopsin (λm 505 mμ) is formed by a Schiff’s base linkage C19H27CH=NH+-opsin (λm 440 mμ) between 11-cis retinal (λm 380 mμ) and the protein opsin (λm 280 mμ). It is found that there exists a red shift in the spectrum of rhodopsin from the Schiff’s base. The model brings an explanation for this red shift. It is shown that such a shift may be due to a charge transfer process (R. S. Mulliken,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,74, 811–824, 1952) between an electron at the double bond of carbons C11−C12 and an atomic orbital of the sulphur present in cysteine. This provides an explanation of the presence of SH-groups in the protein after the absorption of light. A one-electron approximation is used and the dipole momentμNV; hence, the oscillator strengthf of the transitionNV is estimated and compared with the experimentally determined extinction coefficient ∈m by mixing 3.5×10−3 M of 11-cis retinal with 8.3×10−5 M of cysteine at pH ranges 6 through 8. Reasonable agreement is found. Solvent, concentration and temperature dependence are shown also.
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses metastatic disease without affecting primary tumor growth in a murine model of Ewing sarcoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose Mammalian target of rapamycin suppression by rapamycin inhibits tumor growth and neovascularization via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) downregulation with no effect on lung metastases. We hypothesize that combining a selective COX-2 antagonist (celecoxib) with rapamycin would decrease lung metastases. Methods Ewing sarcoma cells (SK-NEP-1) were surgically implanted into the left kidney of athymic mice (n = 40). The mice were divided into 4 treatment groups (control, rapamycin only, celecoxib only, and combination) and then killed at 6 weeks. Primary tumors were weighed. Vasculature was examined using lectin angiography and immunohistochemistry, and lung metastases were examined using H&E and CD99 immunostaining. Tumor weight and lung metastases were analyzed. Results Mean primary tumor weights were significantly reduced in the rapamycin-treated groups but not in the celecoxib-only group. Lectin angiography and endothelial markers immunostaining showed markedly decreased vascularity in the rapamycin-treated groups but not in the celecoxib-only group. Celecoxib-treated groups showed significantly fewer mice with lung metastases than non–celecoxib-treated groups. Conclusion Celecoxib prevents lung metastasis in a murine model of Ewing sarcoma with no effect on tumor size or neovascularization. Cyclooxygenase-2 may represent a future potential target for metastatic disease prevention.
Monosomy 7 in multilineage and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Summary Monosomy 7 as the sole cytogenetic abnormality was detected in five of 310 consecutive adult patients with acute leukaemia who were characterized by morphological, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic analyses. Morphologically, blast cells were myelomonocytic (FAB M4) in three and lymphoid (FAB L2) in two patients. By immunophenotyping, two M4 patients expressed terminal transferase (TdT) in 15–90% of myelomonoblasts (patients 3 and 1, respectively), and in the third M4 patient (no. 2), a 10% TdT+ component was present distinct from the bulk of myelomonoblasts. In one L2 patient (no. 4), the blast cells had an undifferentiated phenotype only expressing TdT and HLA-DR but lacking specific lymphoid and myeloid antigens, and patient 5 was typed as CD10+ ALL. Two patients had developed leukaemia following radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for multiple myeloma or breast cancer. In two patients, induction chemotherapy induced a lineage switch in the immunophenotype without change in karyotype. These observations support the concept that monosomy 7 leukaemia results from the transformation of a multipotential stem cell.
Diffusion‐weighted MR imaging of extraaxial tumors

The clinical usefulness of the application of spin-echo diffusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of extraaxial cysts and epidermoid tumors is demonstrated in a series of 15 patients. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images based on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) were obtained with a maximum gradient b value = 100 s/mm2. Lesion ADC was qualitatively compared to external phantoms. In all cases, epidermoid tumors revealed reduced ADC values similar to that of normal brain tissue. On the other hand, all cysts had ADC similar to the stationary water phantom. Lesion delineation was improved due to the replacement of normal pulsatile (very high ADC) cisternal CSF. Direct quantitative measurements of ADC using this technique may not be possible due to unavoidable motion artifact.
Thermal contact resistance across a copper-silicon interface

An experimental setup to measure the thermal contact conductance across a silicon-copper (Si-Cu) interface is described, and the results obtained are presented. The resulting thermal contact resistance data are used in estimating the thermo-mechanical and optical performance of optical substrates cooled by interfaced copper cooling blocks. Several factors influence the heat transfer across solid interfaces. These include the material properties, interface pressure, flatness and roughness of the contacting surfaces, temperature, and interstitial material, if any. Results presented show the variation of thermal contact conductance as a function of applied interface pressure for a Cu-Si interface. Various interstitial materials investigated include iridium foil, silver foil and a liquid eutectic (Ga-In-Sn). As expected, thermal contact resistance decreases as interface pressure increases, except in the case of the eutectic, in which it was nearly constant. The softer the interstitial material, the lower the thermal contact resistance, Liquid metal provides the lowest thermal contact resistance across the Cu-Si interface, followed by the iridium foil, and then the silver foil.
Spectral multigrid methods for elliptic equations II

A detailed description of spectral multigrid methods is provided. This includes the interpolation and coarse-grid operators for both periodic and Dirichlet problems. The spectral methods for periodic problems use Fourier series and those for Dirichlet problems are based upon Chebyshev polynomials. An improved preconditioning for Dirichlet problems is given. Numerical examples and practical advice are included.
Evolution of an agricultural innovation: the N-Trak soil nitrogen test - adopt and discontinue, or reject?

Abstract We examine the adoption of an agricultural innovation by Iowa farmers. Specifically examined is decision-making among Iowa farmers who are considering the adoption of a new soil nitrogen technology. While initial research suggested that this new technology would be adopted by the farmers, that did not prove to be the case. This case highlights the complexity and problems associated with innovation research. Our examination shows that complex terms are used in the adoption of innovations research, and this complexity can lead to generalizations and unreliable conclusions. Also in question is the validity of research when there is no consistency in operationalizing terms.
Occupations, Jobs, and the Sense of Control

Abstract Does occupation-level information reflect what people actually do at work and thus influence individuals? I examine whether there is an effect of occupation-level complexity on individuals' sense of personal control, and if there is, whether the effect is a proxy for the actual work people do on their jobs. I analyze a national probability sample of 1,450 employed persons interviewed by telephone in 1995. Without adjustment for worker's reports of autonomy, creativity, authority, and social interaction in their daily work, an index of DOT occupational complexity of work with data and people correlates with the sense of personal control. Adjustment for job-level autonomy, creativity, authority, and social interaction renders the occupation-level measure insignificant and shows significant effects of autonomous work, creative work, and social interaction at work on the sense of personal control.
Parity and prognosis in breast cancer

Analysis of five-year disease-free survival rates in 608 women with operable breast cancer revealed that the reproductive history is a significant prognostic determinant. Overall parous women had a significantly higher cumulative five-year disease-free survival rate (60%), compared to the nulliparous (46%) (z = 2.5, p = 0.012). Significant differences were also noted when gravidity in addition to parity was taken as the determinant. The corresponding disease-free survival rates were 61% and 50%, respectively (z = 1.98, p = 0.048). Five-year survival rates were influenced in a similar manner by these variables but the observed differences were less significant. The trend toward higher survival rates in parous and gravidae women were noted in all tumor stages but achieved statistical significance only in stage III. The findings indicate that parity and gravidity affect not only the risk of breast cancer development but also the subsequent course of the disease. Parity seems to be a strong risk and prognostic factor than gravidity.
Some kinetic considerations of the Griffith criterion for fracture—I: Equations of motion at constant force

Abstract The equations of motion of cracks in tensile and cleavage samples have been derived, assuming that the deformation of the sample is maintained constant after the critical condition for fracture has been attained. It is shown that the behaviour of cracks in tensile samples depends on their initial size and that large cracks are, in one sense, more stable than small cracks. The behaviour of cracks of all sizes in cleavage samples is shown to resemble that of large cracks in tensile samples.
Poly(glycoamidoamine)s for Gene Delivery: Stability of Polyplexes and Efficacy with Cardiomyoblast Cells

Polymeric vectors have potential as nucleic acid delivery vehicles for novel gene therapy and oligonucleotide treatments for cardiovascular disease. In this report, poly(glycoamidoamine)s that contain four secondary amines and either two or four hydroxyl units in the repeat unit with D-glucarate (D4), meso-galactarate (G4), D-mannarate (M4), and l-tartarate (T4) stereochemistry have been investigated for their pDNA-binding affinity, DNase protection effect, and polyplex stability in the presence of salt and serum. Also, the luciferase gene delivery and cellular internalization of polyplexes formed with these polymers have been investigated with rat cardiomyoblast [H9c2(2-1)] cells. The results demonstrate that the number of hydroxyl groups and the stereochemistry affect the biological properties. Polymers T4 and G4 have higher pDNA binding affinity, protect pDNA from nuclease degradation, and do not release pDNA in the presence of serum. Polymers D4 and M4 bind pDNA with lower affinity, which allows for some pDNA degradation and release in the presence of serum. Although T4 forms the most stable polyplexes, vector G4 reveals the highest luciferase gene expression in serum-free media and the greatest cellular internalization of fluorescein-labeled pDNA both in serum-free and serum-supplemented media. The results of these studies indicate that the polymer-DNA binding affinity, nuclease protection capability, and polyplex stability are important parameters to facilitate effective pDNA delivery with poly(glycoamidoamine)s in cultured cardiomyoblast cells. The carbohydrate type also plays an important role to increase cellular uptake and gene expression where the polymer with the galactarate stereochemistry (in G4) is found to be the most effective vector for pDNA delivery to cardiomyoblast cells in vitro.