cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) be used to quantify hydrogen in minerals from the O K edge?

The proposition has been made and is now gaining popular acceptance that electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) attached to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) can be used to semi-quantitatively measure H in minerals—specifically, that there is a pre-peak to the O K edge near 530 eV whose intensity is a measure of H concentration in OH- and H2O-bearing minerals. I show here that the O K edges from H-bearing minerals, free of electron-beam damage, lack a peak near 530 eV. Instead, under electron irradiation in the TEM, a transient peak near 530 eV can form in H-bearing as well as anhydrous minerals. The intensity of the transient peak is dependent on total fluence and fluence rate. The origin of the radiation-induced peak at 530 eV is from O2 liberated during damage by the incident electron beam. In conclusion, there is no evidence for an OH peak near 530 eV from H-bearing minerals.
Abnormalities in Nuclear Behavior and Mating Type Determination in Cytoplasmically Bridged Exconjugants of Doublet Paramecium aurelia

SYNOPSIS Exconjugant clones of Paramecium aurelia stock 51S, syngen 4, which fail to separate prior to the 1st fission have numerous cytologic and mating type determination anomalies. The doublets have abnormal distribution of macronuclear anlagen, fewer macronuclear fragments per cell, and abnormalities in numbers of micronuclei. Despite apparent cell fusion and mixture of cytoplasm, the singlets arising from each side of the doublet may be of opposite mating types, and mating type determination may remain unstable for 1 or more fissions in contrast to the usual pattern of mating type determination before the 1st postconjugation fission.
MODEL-BASED VEHICLE TRACKING FROM IMAGE SEQUENCES WITH AN APPLICATION TO ROAD SURVEILLANCE

This paper proposes a model-based approach to vehicle tracking which is applied to a highway traffic surveillance problem. A detection and tracking algorithm is developed that achieves good performance with complexity low enough for real-time implementation using microprocessors.
Bosonic model with Z3 fractionalization

A bosonic model with unfrustrated hopping and short-range repulsive interactions is constructed that realizes a Z3 fractionalized insulator phase in two dimensions and in zero magnetic field. Such a phase is characterized as having gapped charged excitations that carry fractional electrical charge 1/3 and also gapped Z3 vortices above the topologically ordered ground state.
Considering the nutritional ecology of the spruce budworm in its management

To successfully manage spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) populations, we need more knowledge about the insect's nutritional ecology. Here we address this issue by considering variations in host suitability for the budworm due to tree species, age, nutrient levels, defensive compounds, inducible defenses, and stress. Tree age has minor effects on foliar nutritional quality. Nitrogen levels (as an index of protein) in the diet appear to be the most significant factor affecting performance both in the field and laboratory. Tannins/phenolics, and supraoptimal levels of calcium in host foliage may interfere with the bioavailability of some minerals such as iron. Monoterpenes can be toxic at very high levels but otherwise seem to have minor negative effects on budworm performance. There is little evidence of short-term inducible defenses in fir foliage. Likewise, there is little evidence that drought stress makes fir trees more nutritionally favorable for spruce budworm. However, drought-induced flowering may be very important to larval survival. Neither is there evidence for substantial variation among trees in their inherent susceptibility to budworm. We hypothesize that variations in host-plant quality are less important in regulating budworm dynamics than other factors, such as the physical environment and natural enemies. However, spruce-budworm/host-plant phenological synchrony and host flowering status may be very important variables that deserve more research. Management of budworm will require more detailed knowledge about the entire complex of community factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of outbreak development.
Organization-Harm vs. Organization-Gain Ethical Issues: An Exploratory Examination of the Effects of Organizational Commitment

The existing literature on the relationship between organizational commitment and ethical decision making suggests that ethical decision makers with higher organizational commitment are less likely to engage in ethically questionable behaviors. The ethical behaviors previously studied in an organizational commitment context have been organization-harm issues in which the organization was harmed and the individual benefited (e.g., overstating an expense report). There is another class of ethical issues in an organizational context, however. These other issues, termed organization-gain issues, focus on the organization obtaining a benefit while outsiders, such as investors, are harmed (e.g., overstating reported revenue). We explore whether individuals with higher organizational commitment are more or less likely to engage in questionable behaviors that benefit the organization. Results of our study indicate that individuals with higher organizational commitment are less likely to engage in ethically questionable behaviors, regardless of whether the behaviors are organization-harm or organizational-gain issues.
Healed microcrack orientations in granite from Illinois borehole UPH-3 and their relationship to the rock's stress history

Abstract Oriented granite cores from the Illinois borehole UPH-3 contain planes of secondary fluid inclusions, which represent healed microcracks. They record the orientation of a paleostress field, with the maximum stress in the horizontal plane oriented to the NNW about 90° from the present stress field orientation. These bubble planes probably formed while the granite was still quite warm (> 400° C) during initial cooling, uplift, and unroofing of the granite prior to deposition of younger overlying Cambrian sediments. The bubble planes have a much more uniform orientation than the open microcracks, which formed by stress-relief when the core was removed from the borehole.
Drug-induced autoimmunity

Drug induced autoimmune syndromes have been recognized for many years. The classical presentation is that of drug-induced lupus, a generally milder version of the idiopathic disorder that is associated with production of antihistone antibodies. This pattern is now changing, in part due to the many new drugs that have been introduced into clinical practice for treatment of autoimmune diseases, including both conventional pharmaceuticals and biologicals. The number and complexity of drug-induced autoimmune syndromes has increased, and many are now associated with autoantibodies that have been classically defined as limited to idiopathic disease states. Furthermore, some of these drug-induced syndromes have life-threatening complications, so that recognition of drug-induced disease has become more difficult at a time when it is more urgent to establish a correct diagnosis. Many reports are limited to case descriptions, and few controlled investigations have been carried out. Nevertheless, it is possible to derive an approach to considering possible mechanisms by which these processes may take place. This chapter will consider these proposed mechanisms, using some of the implicated drugs to illustrate possible pathogenetic pathways.
Heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative disorders and aging.

Many members of the heat shock protein family act in unison to refold or degrade misfolded proteins. Some heat shock proteins also directly interfere with apoptosis. These homeostatic functions are especially important in proteinopathic neurodegenerative diseases, in which specific proteins misfold, aggregate, and kill cells through proteotoxic stress. Heat shock protein levels may be increased or decreased in these disorders, with the direction of the response depending on the individual heat shock protein, the disease, cell type, and brain region. Aging is also associated with an accrual of proteotoxic stress and modulates expression of several heat shock proteins. We speculate that the increase in some heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative conditions may be partly responsible for the slow progression of these disorders, whereas the increase in some heat shock proteins with aging may help delay senescence. The protective nature of many heat shock proteins in experimental models of neurodegeneration supports these hypotheses. Furthermore, some heat shock proteins appear to be expressed at higher levels in longer-lived species. However, increases in heat shock proteins may be insufficient to override overwhelming proteotoxic stress or reverse the course of these conditions, because the expression of several other heat shock proteins and endogenous defense systems is lowered. In this review we describe a number of stress-induced changes in heat shock proteins as a function of age and neurodegenerative pathology, with an emphasis on the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family and the two most common proteinopathic disorders of the brain, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Control of Bone Growth by Fibroblast Growth Factors

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) negatively regulate longitudinal bone growth. Activating FGFR3 mutations impair growth, causing human skeletal dysplasias, whereas inactivating mutations stimulate growth. Systemic administration of FGF-2 to mice stimulates bone growth at low doses but inhibits growth at high doses. In organ culture, FGF-2 inhibits growth by decreasing growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy and cartilage matrix synthesis. Local FGF-2 infusion accelerates ossification of growth plate cartilage. Thus, FGFs may regulate both growth plate chondrogenesis and ossification.
Particulate mercury emissions in regional wildfire plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory

Abstract Atmospheric mercury is composed primarily of Hg0 (>95%), but Hg+2 and particle bound mercury are also found in some environments. The three forms of mercury were measured at the Mount Bachelor Observatory beginning in 2005. Using data gathered from 2005 to 2007, 15 periods were identified during which PHg was above the instrument detection limit of 3 pg m−3 for nine or more consecutive hours. Peak PHg concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 44.3 pg m−3. During these events, PHg is strongly correlated with CO and sub-micron aerosol scatter coefficient (typically R2 > 0.6). Our data suggest that the 15 PHg events were likely due to regional wildfires in California and Oregon. Wildfires were identified as the primary PHg source using a combination of air-mass back-trajectories, MODIS satellite data, and chemical and physical tracers of combustion. Slopes of the PHg/σsp and PHg/CO relationships ranged from 0.20 to 1.57 pg (Mm−1)−1 and 0.11 to 0.61 pg m−3 ppb−1, respectively. The range of slopes may indicate different types of burning (e.g. flaming vs. smoldering), differing amounts of chemical processing, different fuel sources, or different physical parameters such as the plume injection height. The slopes provide constraints for the relationship between PHg, CO, and aerosol scatter from wildfires. Asian long-range transport was not a source of PHg but we cannot rule out the possibility of local U.S. industrial sources of PHg for some of the events. Assuming our observations are representative of global fire emissions, we estimate that PHg represents 15% of the total mercury released from wildfires and is a source of PHg comparable to anthropogenic sources.
The Value of Unrealized Farm Land Capital Gains: Comment

In a recent issue of this Journal, Plaxico and Kletke (hereafter referred to as PK) analyzed several ways of valuing the unrealized capital gains on farm land. Relatively high rates of appreciation in land values, general price inflation, rising mortgage interest rates, and depressed returns in some agricultural sectors in recent years have enhanced the importance of evaluating land investment decisions. The PK analysis of the value of unrealized farmland capital gains is an important contribution to the work on this issue. However, there are a few conceptual problems with the PK study. Three specific topics are addressed in this comment: (a) the relationship between discount rates and inflation; (b) the conversion of capital gains into a tax-deferred income stream; and (c) the valuation of additional investment opportunities due to the appreciation of land values.
Hydroxo-Bridged Dinuclear Cupric Complexes Encapsulated in Various Mesoporous Silicas to Mimic the Catalytic Activity of Catechol Oxidases: Reactivity and Selectivity Study

We report the synthesis and characterization of two hydroxo-bridged dinuclear cupric complexes, HPC [((phen)2Cu−OH−Cu(phen)2)3+, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline] and HBC [((bpy)2Cu−OH−Cu(bpy)2)3+, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine], encapsulated in porous materials for the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) to the corresponding quinone, 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone (DTBQ), to mimic catechol oxidases (COs). The separations of the two Cu(II) centers are 2.9, 3.51, and 3.65 A for CO, HPC, and HBC, respectively. The stability of dinuclear cupric complexes, turnover number (TON), and selectivity of DTBQ were examined in NaY zeolite (pore size 0.74 nm) and the solid mesoporous silicas (MPSs) MCM-41 (2.4 nm), MCM-48 (2.5 nm), and MAS-9 (9.0 nm). The studies showed that the MCM-41 and MCM-48 provided a better stability against the irreversible dissociation of dinuclear cupric complexes for their matching size, while NaY has too small and MAS-9 has too large pore size to stabilize these dinuclear copper complexes. The EPR s...
Fatal pulmonary embolism after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a case series

Background: pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare and serious complication of arthroscopic orthopaedic surgery. Currently there is great paucity in the literature regarding PE events following arthroscopic rotator cuff (ARCR) surgery. The purpose of this case series was to (1) report our known incidence rate of symptomatic PE following ARCR for a single surgeon and (2) describe five cases of pulmonary embolism following ARCR, detailing patient medical history and potential perioperative risk factors. Methods: the number of PE events were queried retrospectively from the institutional database with the ICD-9 code 415.1 within a 10 year time frame (2003-2013). Cases of PE identified by ICD-9 query were reviewed for type of procedure, postoperative day of event, and surgeon. Only patients with a confirmed diagnosis by computed tomography (CT) scan or post-mortem exam, were included in this study. Patient medical records belonging to affected patients were ordered and reviewed by a single investigator. Pre, intra, and postoperative information was obtained and summarized. Results: 5 cases of PE were identified, two of which were fatal. All events occurred in the perioperative period following ARCR. The 10 year incidence rate for PE following ARCR was 0.89%. Medical record review revealed significant risk factors for these patients when compared to current VTE prophylactic guidelines. Conclusions: our ten year incidence rate of PE following arthroscopic shoulder surgery and ARCR was 0.25 and 0.89% respectively. These rates were found to be considerably higher than reported rates of PE in the general population and following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. In addition, our methods failed to detect subclinical PE events, resulting in the likelihood of this value to be an underestimate of the true incidence. Medical record review revealed risk factors which would qualify patients for chemoprophylaxis under certain guidelines, however, the validity of available risk stratification methods continue to be a topic of debate. Level of Evidence: Level IV; case series.
The Nature of the Giant Outbursts in the Bursting Pulsar GRO J1744-28

We investigate the possible role of an accretion disk instability in producing the giant outbursts seen in GRO J1744-28. Specifically, we study the global, time-dependent evolution of the Lightman-Eardley instability, which can develop near the inner edge of an accretion disk when the radiation pressure becomes comparable to the gas pressure. Broadly speaking, our results are compatible with earlier works by Taam & Lin and by Lasota & Pelat. The uniqueness of GRO J1744-28 appears to be associated with the constraint that, in order for outbursts to occur, the rate of accretion at the inner edge must be within a narrow range just above the critical accretion rate at which radiation pressure is beginning to become significant.
Obtaining vector magnetic field maps from single-component measurements of geological samples

[1] Maxwell's equations can be used to demonstrate that the components of a static magnetic field in a region of space devoid of sources are not independent. This means that magnetometers that measure a single component of the magnetic field can potentially obtain all of three components of the field external to a source. Here we present an improved technique in the Fourier domain which can obtain the complete vector field planar map from just the planar map of one component. This technique is fast, robust, does not rely on any specific source type or configuration, and does not require the formulation of an inverse problem. An in-depth analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of the technique is presented, demonstrating that high-quality three-component field maps with virtually no information loss can be obtained when proper sensor and mapping configurations are used. Several results derived from both synthetic and experimental data are presented. In particular, practical cases are shown where vector maps can assist the analysis of magnetic properties of geological samples. MATLAB® routines implementing the basic vector map calculation algorithm are available as auxiliary materials and can be readily adapted for processing magnetic data obtained from a variety of magnetic sensors.
Variability in tropical thermocline nutrient chemistry on the glacial/interglacial timescale

Abstract The organic carbon to calcite rain ratio in the tropical ocean may play a role in regulating global climate through its influence on CO 2 draw down in the upper ocean. The rain ratio may be altered by changes in the nutrient chemistry of the thermocline. Such changes in the tropical Pacific are revealed by the carbon isotope values of thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera ( Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ). The tropical Pacific record over the last 30 kyr in the region south, or along, the equator, which is fed by upwelling of deeper equatorial undercurrent water (EUC), shows a carbon isotope signal distinct from any other in global mixed-layer or benthic environments. This unique record is consistent across the Pacific. Unlike carbon isotope data from other basins and oceanic habitats, the tropical Pacific thermocline tracer shows last glacial values more positive than those of post-glacial times. The isotopic shift occurs in the early deglacial (20–17 kyr) and leads to a deglacial carbon isotope minimum whose timing differs from that seen elsewhere. The deglacial record of the Pacific seems best interpreted as the progressive development of the modern, nutrient-rich thermocline under high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) conditions. The eastern tropical Atlantic also has a unique glacial to modern carbon isotope record that is essentially opposite to that seen in the Pacific. Strongly negative values in glacial times differ from those of the ‘standard stratified’ ocean, indicating higher nutrient concentrations. A large shift to more positive values occurs rapidly at about 13–14 kyr. This indicates a marked reduction in thermocline nutrients. The implication is that nutrient flow to the tropics from the deep ocean (via sub-Antarctic sources) was stronger for the Atlantic during the glacial, but was weaker in the Pacific. Transformation to modern conditions occurred in two steps, at 17–18 and 13–14 kyr, a timing that matches shifts in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and which would be compatible with driving those concentrations higher over deglacial time. The mechanism could be an inherent difference in production regimes between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic.
Stabilization of the external kink and the resistive wall mode

The pursuit of steady-state economic production of thermonuclear fusion energy has led to research on the stabilization of the external kink and the resistive wall mode. Advances in both experiment and theory, together with improvements in diagnostics, heating and feedback methods have led to substantial and steady progress in the understanding and stabilization of these instabilities. Many of the theory and experimental techniques and results that have been developed are useful not only for the stabilization of the resistive wall mode. They can also be used to improve the general performance of fusion confinement devices. The conceptual foundations and experimental results on the stabilization of the external kink and the resistive wall mode are reviewed.
Personal Values and Priorities of Organizational Goals

Within a sample of 599 business students differences between 382 men and 217 women in personal values and company goal priorities were examined. Both groups exhibited value patterns comparable to those of managers in general although significant differences between the men and women were found; the men ranked Political and Theoretical values higher and Social, Aesthetic, and Religious values lower. A simulated managerial situation which required subjects to rank order the goals for a fictitious firm produced organizational goal rankings which for men and women were highest for organizational efficiency and profit maximization and lowest for social welfare. Women ranked Employees' Welfare higher and Organizational Growth lower than did the men. In general, the rankings of personal values were not significantly related to the priorities of organizational goals.
Open-System Coral Ages Reveal Persistent Suborbital Sea-Level Cycles

Sea level is a sensitive index of global climate that has been linked to Earth's orbital variations, with a minimum periodicity of about 21,000 years. Although there is ample evidence for climate oscillations that are too frequent to be explained by orbital forcing, suborbital-frequency sea-level change has been difficult to resolve, primarily because of problems with uranium/thorium coral dating. Here we use a new approach that corrects coral ages for the frequently observed open-system behavior of uranium-series nuclides, substantially improving the resolution of sea-level reconstruction. This curve reveals persistent sea-level oscillations that are too frequent to be explained exclusively by orbital forcing.
Contrasting Solid-State Structures for Two Nematogenic Benzylideneanilines. Crystal Structures of p [(p'-Ethoxybenzylidene)amino] -benzonitrile and p- [(p'-Methoxybenzylidene)amino] -phenyl Acetate

Abstract The crystal structures of two nematogens, p-[(p'-ethoxybenzylidene)aminolbenzonitrile (EOBABN) and p-[(p'-methoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl acetate (MOBAPA), have been determined as part of a study of the relations between crystal structure and liquid crystallinity. In EOBABN the molecules are arranged in a head-to-tail fashion in rows parallel to the crystal b-axis, with which the molecular long axes make angles of ± 12.5°. This structure is of a common type for nematogens, and could transform to the nematic state by means of a simple displacive transition where the molecules acquire three translational, but at most one rotational, degrees of freedom. In MOBAPA the crystal structure is made up of bimolecular sheets in which the long molecular axes lie in parallel planes normal to the sheet surface, but are inclined to the surface at ± 19°. The director axes of successive sheets lie in the sheet planes, but are mutually perpendicular from one sheet to the next. To proceed to a classical nematic pha...
Improved Self-Programming Automated Tablet-Coating System

Abstract The usefulness of a monitoring system based on moisture sensing is established as a means of automating a tablet-coating process.A radio frequency absorption system was employed to measure continuously the state of dryness of the tablet mass and to indicate when the tablets reached a predetermined satisfactory end-point.The moisture-sensing apparatus was found to monitor the drying rate accurately after the tablets had been sprayed.The analyzer readings were shown to be directly related to conditions of relative humidity existing in the environment surrounding the coating pan.The instrument was extremely sensitive and permitted a constant readout of drying rate and moisture content by means of a specially constructed probe placed within the tablet mass.
Value of transrectal ultrasound in identifying local disease after radical prostatectomy

Transrectal ultrasound was performed on 15 men with clinical suspicion of local disease after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Clinical suspicion was defined as an elevation in serial serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA, above 0.4 ng/mL, Tandem-R + Assay) and/or palpable mass in the rectal vault. Post-radical prostatectomy ultrasound was normal if there was smooth tapering of the bladder neck to the urethra with no foci of variable echogenicity, and suspicious if any hyper- or hypo-echoic foci were present or if a mass was detected. Thirteen of 15 ultrasounds (87%) were described as suspicious while 2 of 15 (13%) were described as normal. Only 6 of 13 patients (46%) with suspicious findings on ultrasound had biopsy-proved carcinoma. Both patients with normal findings on post-radical prostatectomy ultrasound had biopsy-proved cancer. Transrectal ultrasound of the prostatic fossa when used independently is of no value in the diagnosis of local disease after radical prostatectomy. Transrectal ultrasound may help to direct systematic biopsies of the prostatic fossa in those patients in whom local disease is suspected on the basis of elevated serum PSA and/or a mass found on rectal examination.
The Logic of Case-Study Methodology

The question of how we deploy logic in developing and justifying scientific theories of any sort is an important one. In this commentary, I consider William Stiles’ (2009) arguments about the logical operations that are deployed especially in theory-building case-study research in psychotherapy. My commentary contains three sections, defined by three sets of distinctions: (a) the distinction between description and explanation in theory building, (b) the distinction between theory building and theory justification, and (c) the distinction between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to theory building in case-study methodology.
Association of midgestation paraoxonase 1 activity and pregnancies complicated by preterm birth

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether an association exists between low paraoxonase 1 activity and dyslipidemia at midgestation and preterm birth. Study Design We conducted a case-control study of 30 women with preterm birth and 90 women with uncomplicated term deliveries. Maternal serum collected at 15-20 weeks was used to measure lipid concentrations and paraoxonase 1 activity using 2 substrates: paraoxon and phenylacetate (arylesterase activity). Results The groups did not differ with respect to maternal demographics. Paraoxonase 1 activity (paraoxon) was significantly lower in women delivering preterm compared with controls (12.9 ± 6.1 vs 16.6 ± 7.7 dA/min; P = .02). Arylesterase activity and serum lipid concentrations were similar between women with preterm birth and controls. Conclusion Midgestation paraoxonase 1 activity is lower in women who later experience spontaneous preterm birth compared with women who have term deliveries. Prospective studies are needed to determine the significance of paraoxonase 1 in the pathogenesis of preterm birth.
Structure elucidation of an unexpected product from dehydration of a β‐hydroxyketone

The structure of an unexpected compound from the dehydration of an aldol addition product has been determined using 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques. This reaction is the last step in a new synthetic approach to the galanthan ring system. Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments for two synthetic precursors are also reported. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential application of gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in the measurement of coeluting isomers.

Despite the unprecedented popularity of separation chromatography, the measurement of coeluting isomeric chemicals remains an extremely difficult task. We developed an analytical scheme capable of measuring two coeluting isomers using a single chromatographic column and a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system. The protocol utilized two product ion fragments generated from a common parent ion associated with the isomers for quantitation. The utility of the analytical scheme was demonstrated with the measurements of several pairs of coeluting polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) isomers in standard solutions and fish liver samples. Best results were given when a set of stringent constraints for the abundance ratio of the two product ion fragments was satisfied. Analyses of seven fish liver samples collected from nearshore San Diego, CA, indicated that the domain that had been previously reported to comprise PCB 153 and PCB 168 actually contained PCB 153 only. Although only a selected number of PCB co...
Determination of anharmonic potential constants in linear XYZ molecules

Abstract A method for determining the anharmonic potential constants k 122 , k 322 , and k 2222 of linear triatomic molecules is formulated. The calculation makes use of experimental rotational constants B v and vibrational term values G v of low-lying vibrational levels. The anharmonic (Fermi) interactions among the triad (10 0 0), (02 0 0), (00 0 1) are treated explicitly, but otherwise the calculation is based on the usual second-order theory. The method is applied to four molecules for which sufficiently accurate experimental data are available: N 2 O, ClCN, BrCN, and OCS. The internal consistency of the calculation is not very satisfactory, which suggests that higher-order terms in the vibration-rotation Hamiltonian cannot be neglected. However, a set of anharmonic constants is obtained for each molecule which is felt to be more reliable than those previously published.
Generating waves in corticothalamocortical networks.

In this issue of Neuron, Stroh et al. (2013) investigate mechanisms of population calcium wave initiation and propagation across cortex and thalamus. They use a novel fiber optic-based method to simultaneously image and excite specific populations of neurons in multiple regions.
Sensitivity of spin-polarized low-energy electron-diffraction exchange asymmetries to surface magnetic moment: The case of Fe(110).

We explore the sensitivity of exchange asymmetries measured in spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction to surface-magnetic-moment distribution, by comparing theoretical calculations to the data reported by Waller and Gradmann. We propose and test a criterion for isolating regimes of angle and energy where the exchange asymmetry is particularly sensitive to the magnitude of the surface magnetic moment. Also, we discuss a certain perturbation expansion that allows one to calculate the influence of alterations in model surface-magnetic-moment profiles on spin-dependent electron-scattering efficiencies quite quickly.
Ureide accumulation in response to Mn nutrition by eight soybean genotypes with N2 fixation tolerance to soil drying

Nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is especially sensitive to soil drying. The basis of this sensitivity appears to be related to the fact that ureides are transported from the nodules, and the ureide concentrations increase with water deficits in leaves resulting in an apparent feedback to nodules involving ureides that inhibit activity. Therefore, sustained ureide catabolism in the leaves under water deficit appears to be critical for N fixation tolerance. Recently, eight plant introduction lines were identified that expressed substantial N fixation tolerance of water deficits. The focus of this study was to explore the basis for the tolerance previously observed in the eight lines. Specifically, the objective of this study was to evaluate in these genotypes the dependence for ureide catabolism on allantoate amidinohydrolase, which in other cultivars appears to be related to N fixation tolerance of water deficits. Since allantoate amidinohydrolase does not require Mn as a co-factor in contrast to the alternate enzyme for allantoic acid catabolism, ureide accumulation was measured in leaves of these genotypes after the plants were fed allantoic acid following growth on low Mn hydroponic solutions. This treatment confirmed that ureide accumulation was independent of Mn nutrition level in six of the eight tolerant lines. Ureide accumulation in PI 429328 was consistently the most insensitive to Mu nutrition level. Overall, these results indicated that ureide catabolism independent of Mn is active in six of the eight plant introduction lines identified to express N fixation tolerance to soil drying.
Outcomes of lumbar discectomy.

COMMENTARY ON: Sherman J, Cauthen J, Schoenberg D, et al. Economic impact of improving outcomes of lumbar discectomy. Spine J 2010;10:108–116 (in this issue) .
Relationships Among Predeployment Risk Factors, Warzone-Threat Appraisal, and Postdeployment PTSD Symptoms

Previous research indicates a relationship between perceived fear for one's safety (i.e., threat appraisal) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This prospective study examined relationships among deployment- and predeployment-related variables, threat appraisal, and postdeployment PTSD symptom severity. Prior to Iraq deployment, 774 U.S. Army soldiers completed self-report measures assessing previous life stressors, deployment history, current (predeployment) PTSD symptoms, deployment preparedness, and unit cohesion. Following deployment, participants completed self-report measures assessing combat intensity, deployment threat appraisal, and current (postdeployment) PTSD symptoms. Structural equation modeling revealed that predeployment PTSD symptom severity, prior warzone deployment, unit cohesion, and preparedness were each independently associated with deployment threat appraisal, even after taking into account combat intensity. Deployment threat appraisal was associated with postdeployment PTSD severity. Results indicated that predeployment PTSD symptom severity, history of warzone deployment, and preparedness-risk factors previously thought to influence PTSD outcomes directly-were either partially or fully mediated by threat appraisal. The model explained 15% of the variance in deployment threat appraisal and 50% of the variance in postdeployment PTSD severity. Helping service members cope with exposure to extreme stress during deployment by modifying certain prewar risk factors may facilitate reduction of PTSD symptoms following deployment. Language: en
RELIGIOSITY, PEER ASSOCIATIONS, AND ADOLESCENT MARIJUANA USE: A PANEL STUDY OF UNDERLYING CAUSAL STRUCTURES*

This paper examines the relationship between the religious factor and adolescent marijuana use. Using panel data from a sample of 264 high school youth, several three-wave, four-variable models derived from social learning theory and social control theory are estimated. Each model specifies causal links between measures of religious attitude and predispositions (religious commitment and an act-specific religious belief), involvement with marijuana-using friends, and self-reported marijuana use. The results provide evidence that the impact of religion is indirect through its influence on the variable Peer Associations. The findings also show the emergence of a direct effect of the act-specific belief on behavior over time. This effect is interpreted to be more a function of within-group attitude-behavior similarity due to social selection than to socialization to peer group standards. These findings extend rather than refute previous research which fails to control for the effects of peer influences.
Aerotactic responses in bacteria to photoreleased oxygen

Bacterial aerotaxis is a rapid response towards or away from oxygen. Here we report on the use of computer-assisted motion analysis coupled to flash photolysis of caged oxygen to quantify aerotactic responses in bacteria. The caged compound (μ-peroxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis[bis(bipyridyl) cobalt(III)] perchlorate liberates molecular oxygen upon irradiation with near-UV light. A mixture of cells and the caged oxygen compound was placed in a capillary tube and challenged by discrete stimuli of molecular oxygen produced by photolysis. We then recorded the rate of change of direction (rcd) as an estimate of tumble frequency in response to liberated oxygen and measured the signal processing (excitation) times in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus halodurans and Escherichia coli. This computer-assisted caged oxygen assay gives a unique physiological profile of different aerotaxis transducers in bacteria.
Axonal Damage in Traumatic Brain Injury

Axonal damage is one of the most common and important pathologic features of traumatic brain injury. Severe diffuse axonal injury, resulting from inertial forces applied to the head, is associated with prolonged unconsciousness and poor outcome. The susceptibility of axons to mechanical injury appears to be due to both their viscoelastic properties and their highly organized structure in white matter tracts. Although axons are supple under normal conditions, they become brittle when exposed to rapid deformations associated with brain trauma. Accordingly, rapid stretch of axons can damage the axonal cytoskeleton, resulting in a loss of elasticity and impairment of axoplasmic transport. Subsequent swelling of the axon occurs in discrete bulb formations or in elongated varicosities that accumulate organelles. Calcium entry into damaged axons is thought to initiate further damage by the activation of proteases and the induction of mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction. Ultimately, swollen axons may become di...
III. μ-Opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system

G protein-coupled receptors are cell surface signal-transducing proteins, which elicit a variety of biological functions by the activation of different intracellular effector systems. Many of these...
STUDIES OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN THE HEPATICAE : II. Blepharoplast Structure in the Spermatid of Marchantia

The blepharoplast in a young, developing spermatid of Marchantia polymorpha, is a composite structure consisting of two basal bodies and a subjacent narrow band of axonemal-type tubules that we have termed the "spline." For most of its length, the spline consists of six long parallel tubules that nearly encircle the cell. The spline anterior is asymmetrically widened for about 2 µ by shorter tubules of the same kind. The lateral displacement of three long, adjacent marginal tubules by three short intervening tubules at the spline tip produces a long narrow aperture. Distally, the aperture is closed by the convergence of the displaced tubules with another trio of long tubules. Together, these form the six-membered cell-encircling portion. The expanded spline anterior has, at this stage of development, the four-layered (Vierergruppe) structure, of which the aforementioned tubules constitute the uppermost layer. The lower three strata consist of diagonal fins, elongated chambers, and fine tubules, respectively. The two flagellar bases lie close above the spline tip—one slightly anterior to the other—and diverge unequally from the spline axis. A few triplets extend proximally from the basal bodies, but do not connect with the spline. The anterior basal body is longer than the posterior one.
A novel approach for incorporation of mono-functional bioactive phenols into polyanhydrides.

Antiseptics based on phenol and phenolic derivatives were chemically incorporated into polyanhydrides as pendant groups via ester linkages. Polyanhydrides with antiseptic loadings of 46-58 wt.-% were obtained with molecular weights ranging from 9 400-23 000. In general, polymers with the bulkier antiseptics were more difficult to polymerize and yielded lower molecular weights. All polyanhydrides were amorphous with glass transition temperatures ranging from 27-58 °C. Polymers were deemed noncytotoxic after culturing L929 mouse fibroblast cells in media containing the polymers at two concentrations (0.10 and 0.01 mg · mL(-1) ) over three days. In summary, mono-functional bioactives can be chemically incorporated into noncytotoxic polyanhydrides.
Facilitating navigation in hypertext

Traditional flat and relational database designs are not well suited for a poorly structured or a browsing style inquiry. An alternate database structure, hypertext, appears more suitable, but suffers from several problems associated with its flexibility. Two hypertext systems have been developed as test vehicles for examining user interface aids to help alleviate these problems. The first area of investigation involves the use of a 3D interactive graphic interface to address the user's need to know where they are, how they got there, and what information is nearby. The second research area focuses on the disruptions that result from transitions to data sets which did not contain the desired information. Varieties of previewing are being explored as possible ways to minimize the occurrence of this experience. >
Induction of tolerance to heterologous proteins and their catabolism in C57BL/6 mice.

C57BL/6 mice were rendered tolerant to one or another of 13 soluble protein antigens. Tolerance was induced by a single injection of 20 mg protein within 24 hours after birth. The duration of the unresponsive state was measured and compared with the rates of catabolism of the antigens as determined in adult and new born mice. The data presented fail to show a correlation between the persistence of labeled protein antigen and the duration of tolerance. In several occasions, even an inverse relationship between duration of the unresponsive state and persistence was demonstrated. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that the duration of tolerance is not dependent on the rates of catabolism of the antigens. Several of the commercial protein preparations used in this study contained minor impurities to which the animals were generally not rendered tolerant. By means of diffusion in agar techniques, it was demonstrated that mice injected at birth with a tolerance-inducing dose of antigen would generally not reveal precipitating antibodies to this antigen after the tolerant state had been abolished. A speculative explanation was given in terms of quantitative or qualitative differences of antibodies found in such animals as compared to the immunized control mice. After the 3rd or 4th day of life, newborn mice catabolized I131-labeled heterologous proteins at the same rates as adult mice. The apparent slow elimination during the first days of life was, at least in part, the result of retention of nonprotein-bound I131.
A Proposed Mechanism to Assess Knowledge of Pediatric Hospitalists to Identify and Manage Rare Events During Procedural Sedation

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the knowledge of pediatric hospitalists (PHs) in identifying and managing rare events during procedural sedation (PS) with ketamine and nitrous oxide (N2O). Methods: A Web-based survey with multiple choice questions and case scenarios was used to determine the knowledge of PHs in identifying infrequent contraindications and managing laryngospasm, a rare life-threatening complication during PS. The survey was sent to all PHs at St Louis Children’s Hospital. Results: Forty percent of experienced PHs (>50 sedation procedures performed) and 5% of inexperienced PHs ( Conclusions: Knowledge gaps exist among PHs regarding contraindications for ketamine and N2O that are infrequently encountered in patients and for the management of laryngospasm, a rare adverse event with ketamine. Ongoing teaching tools are necessary to assess and maintain the knowledge of sedation providers regarding rare events during PS that can improve their proficiency.
Task-oriented control of a 9-DoF WMRA system for opening a spring-loaded door task

A 9-Dof wheelchair mounted robotic arm system (WMRA) has been developed to assist wheelchair-bound persons with upper limb motion limitations to perform activities of daily living (ADL) tasks. In this paper, we utilize mobile manipulation control to keep the end-effector stationary while moving the base and vice versa. This allows easier execution of a group of pre-set ADL tasks including opening and holding a spring loaded door passing through by locking the end-effector position and orientation. Redundancy resolution is achieved by optimizing the manipulability measure while the ADL task is being performed. Combined mobility and manipulation is expanded in this work to turn the USF WMRA into a task-oriented robotic system.
A Typology of Training Design and Work Environment Factors Affecting Workplace Learning and Transfer

The purpose of this article is to develop a typology of elements involved in the design of training as well as in the work environment that affect work-place learning and transfer. This typology fo...
Natural abundance 15N CP/MAS n.m.r. of solid polyamides: a technique sensitive to composition and conformation in the solid state

Abstract High resolution solid state 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) of several AB and AA-BB polyamides were obtained at the nitrogen natural abundance level. Resonances at 84 and 89 ppm (relative to solid glycine) clearly correspond to α and γ crystal forms, respectively. In addition, a broad intermediate peak (84–89 ppm) is assigned to rigid non-crystalline amorphous and interphase regions in these semicrystalline polymer samples. Confirmation of these assignments involved analysis of 15 N-enriched samples of nylon 6 and nylon 11. In addition, a high-temperature δ form for nylon 11 (labelled sample) was found to give a peak at 86.6 ppm while a metastable δ′ form obtained by quenching from the melt gave an identical chemical shift value. Cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) spectra coupled with spin-lattice relaxation measurements of the labelled samples further confirmed the identity of peaks for amorphous regions and the various individual crystal forms. Commercial amorphous nylons were also examined by 15 N CP/MAS and found to give a broad envelope of resonances (80–90 ppm) indicative of random conformations around the amide groups. The origin of the chemical shift differences is rationalized in terms of polymethylene chain conformation relative to the plane of the amide group. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations of model amides show electron density variations which correlate with the shielding and deshielding of the nitrogen atom consistent with this interpretation. Based on these results, 15 N solid state n.m.r. is found to be a sensitive technique for examining local conformations in solid polyamides even with natural abundance 15 N samples.