cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coflowing turbulent jet diffusion flame blowout

We present results from an experimental and theoretical investigation into the blowout mechanism in turbulent diffusion flames. The blowout stability limits of coflowing turbulent jet diffusion flames are formulated in terms of a recently proposed flame stabilization mechanism based on the large scale organization of entrainment and mixing observed in turbulent shear flows. In contrast to the linear similarity scaling of the more commonly studied simple turbulent jet flames, the nonlinear scaling of coflowing turbulent jets allows an essential element of this stabilization mechanism to be investigated. Results show that when the flame stability criterion is evaluated for the last large structure in the flame as is consistent with the underlying physical picture for this stabilization mechanism, a large reduction in the blowout limit is expected for even a small coflow velocity. This phenomenon is experimentally verified and good quantitative agreement is demonstrated with a set of measurements for the blowout limits of such coflowing turbulent jet flames.
An Examination of Diffusion Paths in Terms of Interdiffusion Fluxes and Interdiffusion Coefficients

Selected diffusion couples investigated in the Cu-based and Fe-based multicomponent systems are examined for diffusion path development, zero-flux planes, uphill diffusion, and internal constraints for diffusion paths. The couples are analyzed for interdiffusion fluxes and interdiffusion coefficients with the aid of the “MultiDiFlux” program. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are also determined from the interdiffusion coefficients determined over various ranges of composition in the diffusion zone. Slopes of diffusion paths at selected sections, including the path ends, are related to interdiffusion coefficients, interdiffusion fluxes and/or eigenvectors. These relations are explored with selected single phase diffusion couples in the Cu-Ni-Zn and Fe-Ni-Al systems and the calculated path slopes are compared with those directly determined from the concentration profiles. Relations between the gradient of interdiffusion flux and the concentration gradient are examined for each component in a two-phase Cu-Ni-Zn diffusion couple. The research is supported by the National Science Foundation.
Synthesis of polyfunctional hydroxamic acids for potential use in iron chelation therapy

Abstract Two new multidentate N -methylhydroxamic acids were prepared and characterized. β-Cyclodextrin was esterified by treatment with succinic anhydride. The resulting carboxyl groups (14 per cyclodextrin) were converted to the N -hydroxysuccinimide esters and then on to the hydroxamic acids by treatment with N -methylhydroxylamine. Tetracyanoethylation of cyclohexanone followed by hydrolysis of the nitrile and conversion of the carboxylic acid to hydroxamic acid produced a tetrahydroxamic acid derivative of cyclohexanone. Infrared, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR were consistent with the proposed structures. The hydroxamic acids were water soluble and formed the typical red-brown iron complexes. Stability constants (log K ) of 29–30 for the iron complexes indicated a strong chelate effect. Animal tests indicated that the two compounds were only weakly effective in removing iron in vivo from iron-overloaded mice. The potency was only 0.1 that of the standard drug desferrioxamine-B.
Quantum logic operations in optical fibers

Summary form only given. We have recently demonstrated several probabilistic quantum logic operations using linear optics and post selection. Here we show how the fidelity of these devices can be increased using fibers to reduce optical mode mismatch errors.
Determination of Earth’s Transient and Equilibrium Climate Sensitivities from Observations Over the Twentieth Century: Strong Dependence on Assumed Forcing

Relations among observed changes in global mean surface temperature, ocean heat content, ocean heating rate, and calculated radiative forcing, all as a function of time over the twentieth century, that are based on a two-compartment energy balance model, are used to determine key properties of Earth’s climate system. The increase in heat content of the world ocean, obtained as the average of several recent compilations, is found to be linearly related to the increase in global temperature over the period 1965–2009; the slope, augmented to account for additional heat sinks, which is an effective heat capacity of the climate system, is 21.8 ± 2.1 W year m−2 K−1 (one sigma), equivalent to the heat capacity of 170 m of seawater (for the entire planet) or 240 m for the world ocean. The rate of planetary heat uptake, determined from the time derivative of ocean heat content, is found to be proportional to the increase in global temperature relative to the beginning of the twentieth century with proportionality coefficient 1.05 ± 0.06 W m−2 K−1. Transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities were evaluated for six published data sets of forcing mainly by incremental greenhouse gases and aerosols over the twentieth century as calculated by radiation transfer models; these forcings ranged from 1.1 to 2.1 W m−2, spanning much of the range encompassed by the 2007 assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For five of the six forcing data sets, a rather robust linear proportionality obtains between the observed increase in global temperature and the forcing, allowing transient sensitivity to be determined as the slope. Equilibrium sensitivities determined by two methods that account for the rate of planetary heat uptake range from 0.31 ± 0.02 to 1.32 ± 0.31 K (W m−2)−1 (CO2 doubling temperature 1.16 ± 0.09–4.9 ± 1.2 K), more than spanning the IPCC estimated “likely” uncertainty range, and strongly anticorrelated with the forcing used to determine the sensitivities. Transient sensitivities, relevant to climate change on the multidecadal time scale, are considerably lower, 0.23 ± 0.01 to 0.51 ± 0.04 K (W m−2)−1. The time constant characterizing the response of the upper ocean compartment of the climate system to perturbations is estimated as about 5 years, in broad agreement with other recent estimates, and much shorter than the time constant for thermal equilibration of the deep ocean, about 500 years.
The Influence of Strain Energy Minimization on Abnormal Grain Growth in Copper Thin Films

Sputtered Cu films on Si, Al and Cu substrates were thermally cycled to 300 °C at a rate of 6 °/min, which induced an applied thermal strain that was compressive, tensile and zero, respectively. Microstructural characterization of the annealed films revealed abnormal (100) grain growth in the films on Al and Si, but not Cu substrates. In addition, symmetric x-ray diffraction scans demonstrated that the films in which abnormal grain growth was observed were primarily (100) in orientation. In contrast, the Cu film on a Cu substrate was largely randomly oriented after cycling, with a small degree of (111) preferred orientation. These results are consistent with a strain energy driving force for abnormal grain growth, which predicts that the growth should occur in compression, as on the Si substrate, or in tension, as on the Al substrate, but not when there is no applied thermal strain, as on the Cu substrate.
Clinical relevance of depressive symptom improvement in bipolar I depressed patients.

Abstract Background Gaps remain between rating scale changes obtained in a clinical trial and what those results mean in clinical practice. Objective To better understand the relevance of results from a clinical trial we examined the relationship between rating scale measures and the clinicians' assessment of illness severity. Methods Data from a randomized double-blind 8-week study of bipolar I depression were examined post hoc in patients who received placebo (PLA, n = 355), olanzapine ( n = 351) (OLZ, 5 to 20 mg/d), or olanzapine–fluoxetine combination ( n = 82) (OFC, 6 and 25, 6 and 50, or 12 and 50 mg/d). Principal components analysis identified related symptoms (factors) from Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item scores. Regression analysis examined baseline to endpoint changes in factor scores and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores. Mixed-effects model repeated measures analysis assessed differences between treatment groups. Results MADRS factors identified were: sadness , negative thoughts , detachment , and neurovegetative symptoms . Factor and CGI scores were significantly reduced from baseline to endpoint (LOCF) in the combination therapy group as compared with placebo ( p p Conclusions The changes in MADRS factors were closely aligned with the clinician's assessment of overall depression severity, which may suggest a high degree of clinical relevance for differences observed between treatments.
High-Energy Flare Emissions

For almost a century after their discovery in 1859, solar flares were viewed almost exclusively through their optical (e.g. Hα ) signature. The advent of space-based observations, with their ability to observe across the entire electromagnetic spectrum (including the X-rays and γ-rays blocked by absorption in the Earth’s atmosphere), led to a dramatic rethinking of the flare process. It was discovered that most flares have an impulsive signature in hard X-rays (and even γ-rays) coincident with the optical flash, and that this high energy manifestation has profound implications for the modes of energy release and transport in the flare. A considerable amount of effort, both observational and theoretical, has been expended on elucidating the nature of the process(es) responsible for high energy emissions in flares. In this Chapter, I will review the various components of high energy emission and the mechanisms responsible for them. A disproportionately large part of the discussion will, due to personal bias, be concerned with hard X-ray emission — its spectrum, polarization, spatial structure, and temporal characteristics. Both “nonthermal” and “thermal” models for hard X-ray bursts will be reviewed, with the main thrust of the argument aimed at laying this historically significant, but physically questionable, dichotomy to rest. The current status of our understanding, together with a prognosis for the future, will conclude the Chapter.
The Development of a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Test for Impurities in 1‐(2‐Thienylethyl)‐4‐imidazoline‐2‐thione

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was devised for the determination of impurity levels in 1‐(2‐thienylethyl)‐4‐imidazoline‐2‐thione bulk compound. A gradient program with a mobile phase of 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer in acetonitrile/water (apparent pH 6.9) was used with a Zorbax Rx‐C8 column. The acetonitrile composition was increased linearly from 15 to 50% over a 40 min period and held at 50% for 20 min. Ultraviolet detection at 239 nm was used to quantify all components. The procedure was validated for accuracy using spiked levels (0.1–1.5% w/w) of two suspected known impurities. A three day, two column repeatability study showed consistent results with test batches of the compound.
Impact of the Campus Physical Environment on Older Adult Learners.

Many colleges have established programs specifically designed for older adult learners, with classes held on and off campus. This study investigated the impact of the campus physical environment on older adult learners. Study results indicate different perceptions among respondents. However, the study did find better access, comfort, and convenience for students attending special adult programs off campus than at the main campus. The location of classes and other educational services provided to seniors must be carefully considered by college leaders.
Ion Implants as Matrix-Appropriate Calibrators for Geochemical Ion Probe Analyses

Ion microprobe elemental and isotopic determinations can be precise but difficult to quantify. Error is introduced when the reference material and the sample to be analysed have different compositions. Mitigation of such “matrix effects” is possible using ion implants. If a compositionally homogeneous reference material is available which is “matrix-appropriate,” i.e., close in major element composition to the sample to be analysed, but having an unknown concentration of the element, E, to be determined, ion implantation can be used to introduce a known amount of an E isotope, calibrating the E concentration and producing a matrix-appropriate calibrator. Nominal implant fluences (ions cm^(−2)) are inaccurate by amounts up to approximately 30%. However, ion implantation gives uniform fluences over large areas, thus it is possible to “co-implant” an additional reference material of any bulk composition having known amounts of E, independently calibrating the implant fluence. Isotope-ratio measurement standards can be produced by implanting two different isotopes, but permil level precision requires post-implant calibration of the implant isotopic ratio. Examples discussed include: (1) standardising Li in melilite; (2) calibrating a ^(25)Mg implant fluence using NIST SRM 617 glass; and (3) using Si co-implanted with ^(25)Mg alongside NIST SRM 617 to produce a calibrated measurement of Mg in Si.
Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Re-Framing the Puzzle of Its Persistence

Sexual harassment continues in undercurrents of college life, despite policies to prevent and punish it. This study explored women’s perceptions of sexual harassment in the academy using in-depth interviewing to uncover their ways of defining it. We used literatures on higher education administration, policy, and identity theory to frame our interview protocol and highlight the puzzle. Then we used feminist critical policy analysis to seek the sense making of college women who, in describing their experiences, revealed institutional structures that convey the cultural assumptions that sexual harassment is a non-event. We then demonstrate the need for policy reframing, given these findings.
Tracheal rapid ultrasound saline test (T.R.U.S.T.) for confirming correct endotracheal tube depth in children

Abstract Objective We evaluated the accuracy of tracheal ultrasonography of a saline-inflated endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff for confirming correct ETT insertion depth. Methods We performed a prospective feasibility study of children undergoing endotracheal intubation for surgery. Tracheal ultrasonography at the suprasternal notch was performed during transient endobronchial intubation and inflation of the cuff with saline, and with the ETT at a correct endotracheal position. Ultrasound videos were recorded at both positions, which were confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. These videos were shown to two independent blinded reviewers, who determined the presence or absence of a saline-inflated cuff. The primary outcome was accuracy of tracheal ultrasonography for appropriate ETT insertion depth. Results Forty-two patients were enrolled. For correct endotracheal versus endobronchial positioning, pooled results from the reviewers revealed a sensitivity of 98.8% (95% CI = 90–100%), a specificity of 96.4% (95% CI = 87–100%), a PPV of 96.5% (95% CI = 87–100%), a NPV of 98.8% (95% CI = 89–100%), a positive likelihood ratio of 32 (95% CI = 6–185), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.015 (95% CI = 0.004–0.2). Agreement between reviewers was high (kappa co-efficient = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.86 to 1). The mean duration of the ultrasound exam was 4.0 s (range 1.0–15.0 s). Conclusions Sonographic visualization of a saline-inflated ETT cuff at the suprasternal notch is an accurate and rapid method for confirming correct ETT insertion depth in children.
E-government application in promoting local tourism in China: an empirical study

As tourism becomes an important factor in local economic development, all local government websites should provide the tourism information and related links online to promote local tourism industry. This research is an attempt to investigate the current issues and development of the application of e-government in promoting local tourism industry for medium and small cities throughout China. The primary data for this research are collected through a comprehensive website evaluation. The results show that half of the websites need to enrich their tourism content for a more effective design. The managerial implications for future research are also discussed.
Breast Cancer DNA Methylation Profiles Are Associated with Tumor Size and Alcohol and Folate Intake

Although tumor size and lymph node involvement are the current cornerstones of breast cancer prognosis, they have not been extensively explored in relation to tumor methylation attributes in conjunction with other tumor and patient dietary and hormonal characteristics. Using primary breast tumors from 162 (AJCC stage I-IV) women from the Kaiser Division of Research Pathways Study and the Illumina GoldenGate methylation bead-array platform, we measured 1,413 autosomal CpG loci associated with 773 cancer-related genes and validated select CpG loci with Sequenom EpiTYPER. Tumor grade, size, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and triple negative status were significantly (Q-values <0.05) associated with altered methylation of 209, 74, 183, 69, and 130 loci, respectively. Unsupervised clustering, using a recursively partitioned mixture model (RPMM), of all autosomal CpG loci revealed eight distinct methylation classes. Methylation class membership was significantly associated with patient race (P<0.02) and tumor size (P<0.001) in univariate tests. Using multinomial logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders, patient age and tumor size, as well as known disease risk factors of alcohol intake and total dietary folate, were all significantly (P<0.0001) associated with methylation class membership. Breast cancer prognostic characteristics and risk-related exposures appear to be associated with gene-specific tumor methylation, as well as overall methylation patterns.
1972 Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction—Problem Solved?

In 1972 a “watershed” meeting took place in idyllic Cold Spring Harbor, New York. In some ways the meeting represented the end of the “classical” period of muscle investigation during which time the basic principles of muscle activation and contraction were established. The meeting also represented the opening of the contemporary era of muscle study before the explosion of molecular biology and structural biology would “super charge” the field. It also represented the beginning of many muscle workshop style meetings throughout the twentieth century and beyond. The meeting was held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and organized by Noble Laureate James D. Watson, the laboratory director, with the advice of Carolyn Cohen, John Gergely, Andrew Huxley, Hugh Huxley and Andrew Szent-Gyorgyi. In the forward to the published volume, Watson explained the purpose of the Cold Spring Harbors Symposia on Quantitative Biology and why muscle was “ripe” for selection as the 37th symposium.
Decentralized Perimeter Surveillance Using a Team of UAVs

This paper poses the cooperative perimeter-surveillance problem and offers a decentralized solution that accounts for perimeter growth (expanding or contracting) and insertion/deletion of team members. By identifying and sharing the critical coordination information and by exploiting the known communication topology, only a small communication range is required for accurate performance. Simulation and hardware results are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the solution.
Strategies for Engaging Adults in Welfare-to-Work Activities

The Deficit Reduction Act (DRA) of 2005 reauthorized the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) block grant program through 2010 and expanded work participation standards by putting increased pressure on states to meet stricter work participation rate requirements. If states fail to meet these requirements or make adequate progress, they will face potentially severe federal fiscal sanctions. This analysis presents the major findings from a literature review on engagement strategies for the welfare-to-work population, with implications for meeting participation requirements and helping families achieve self-sufficiency from a program perspective. Major findings of this review include an effective combination of the labor force attachment (LFA) and the human capital development (HCD) approaches, program models, and participant- and organization-focused strategies.
A Summary and View of the Future.

A former president of the Association for Institutional Research and member of the drafting committee reflects on issues in the code and future steps in support of the code and of practitioners who seek to follow it.
Development of a MEMS microvalve array for fluid flow control

A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microvalve array for fluid flow control is described. The device consists of a parallel array of surface-micromachined binary microvalves working cooperatively to achieve precision how control on a macroscopic level. Flow rate across the microvalve array is proportional to the number of microvalves open, yielding a scalable high-precision fluidic control system. Device design and fabrication, using a one-level polycrystalline silicon surface-micromachining process combined with a single anisotropic bulk etching process are detailed. Performance measurements on fabricated devices confirm feasibility of the fluidic control concept and robustness of the electromechanical design. Air-flow rates of 150 ml/min for a pressure differential of 10 kPa were demonstrated. Linear flow control was achieved over a wide range of operating flow rates. A continuum fluidic model based on incompressible low Reynolds number flow theory was implemented using a finite-difference approximation. The model accurately predicted the effect of microvalve diaphragm compliance on flow rate. Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data was obtained over the entire range of flow conditions tested experimentally.
Information requirements of reduced-chemical production methods

Systems that reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides are commonly said to do so by greater use of information and ecological understanding. However, this plausible proposition has not received much empirical examination. Different possible roles of information have not been clearly differentiated: in the development of new methods, in the farmer's decision whether to adopt them, and in their continued use. Also, the additional work that might be needed to handle information in reducedchemical systems often is not distinguished from the need for greater management ability. Typical procedures for evaluating the performance of alternative systems do not give enough attention to farmers' management ability and use of information. This is also true for research on conventional systems, even though in such systems information and management are not usually considered to have such a critical role.
Cognitive dysfunction predicts poorer emotion recognition in bariatric surgery candidates

Summary Objective Deficits in traditional cognitive domains (e.g. executive function and memory) are common in persons with severe obesity, but it is unclear if this pattern of dysfunction extends to social cognition. The present study examined whether cognitive impairment was associated with poorer emotion recognition in bariatric surgery candidates. Methods One hundred sixteen bariatric surgery candidates (mean age = 43.62 ± 11.03; 81% female) completed the computerized Integneuro test battery as part of a larger study visit. In addition to assessing traditional cognitive domains, the Integneuro also includes an emotion recognition measure. This task presents 48 faces (eight different individuals depicting neutral, happiness, fear, sadness, anger and disgust), and participants must choose the correct verbal label from six expression options. Number of correct responses and average reaction time for correct responses served as primary dependent variables. Results Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that older age, more maze errors, and history of hypertension predicted less accuracy in emotion recognition (adjusted R2 = .22, F[3, 111] = 11.86, p < .001) and that slower switching of attention-digits, worse long-delay recall, and older age predicted speed of responses (adjusted R2 = .26, F[3, 111] = 13.00, p < .001). Discussion Results show that cognitive dysfunction is associated with poorer performance on a computerized test of emotion recognition, consistent with those in persons with a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Additional work is needed to clarify the mechanisms and functional impact of these impairments, especially in relation to weight loss following bariatric surgery.
Incidence of and risk for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in a representative sample of US Reserve and National Guard

Abstract Purpose We aim to determine the incidence rates (IR) of first-ever post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in a population-based cohort of US Reserve and National Guard service members. Methods We used data from the US Reserve and National Guard Study ( n = 2003) to annually investigate incident and recurrent PTSD and depression symptoms from 2010 to 2013. We estimated the IR and recurrence rate over 4 years and according to several sociodemographic and military characteristics. Results From 2010 to 2013, IRs were 4.7 per 100 person-years for both PTSD and depression symptoms using the sensitive criteria, 2.9 per 100 person-years using the more specific criteria, recurrence rates for both PTSD and depression were more than 4 times as high as IRs, and IRs were higher among those with past-year civilian trauma, but not past-year deployment. Conclusions The finding that civilian trauma, but not past-year military deployment, is associated with an increased risk of PTSD and depression incidence suggest that Reserve National Guard psychopathology could be driven by other, nonmilitary, traumatic experiences.
Health Care: Legal Issues (United States)

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by P.D. Jacobson, volume 10, pp. 6520–6523, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
The National Ecological Observatory Network’s Fundamental Instrument Unit: The Challenges of Managing Thousands of Environmental Sensors

NEON’s Fundamental Instrument Unit must implement >45,000 environmental sensors at 60 instrument sites across the US. The observation strategy for managing these sensors, as well as the preliminary plan for automated quality control, is presented.
Abnormal Current–Voltage Hysteresis Induced by Reverse Bias in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics

In this study, reverse bias (RB)-induced abnormal hysteresis is investigated in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with nickel oxide (NiOx)/methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) interfaces. Through comprehensive current–voltage (I–V) characterization and bias-dependent external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is caused by the interfacial ion accumulation intrinsic to CH3NH3PbI3. Subsequently, via systematic analysis we discover that the abnormal I–V behavior is remarkably similar to tunnel diode I–V characteristics and is due to the formation of a transient tunnel junction at NiOx/CH3NH3PbI3 interfaces under RB. The detailed analysis navigating the complexities of I–V behavior in CH3NH3PbI3-based solar cells provided here ultimately illuminates possibilities in modulating ion motion and hysteresis via interfacial engineering in PVSCs. Furthermore, this work shows that RB can alter how CH3NH3PbI3 contributes to the functional nature of devices and provides the first...
Using geospatial and information science to facilitate the discovery and access of ocean science data

The ability to discover and access available ocean data and information is a major challenge for the ocean science community. This challenge has been recognized by the United States government policies that require science data be current, accessible and consistent with certain standards. This paper describes how the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management designed and developed a system that utilizes geospatial and information science to allows scientific data and information from its Environmental Studies program dating back to 1973 to be easily accessible and discoverable via the Internet.
Crystallization Dynamics and Rapid Thermal Processing of PZT Thin Films

The crystallization process of PZT thin films has been studied in situ by means of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ( ESEM ). Based on the ESEM observations, the Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) technique has been employed to crystallize ferroelectric thin films. Various annealing temperature-time combinations were investigated; the results indicate the crystallization process to be very fast. X-ray diffraction data shows the crystallization to be complete in 10 seconds at 600°C, and in 1 second at 700°C. In comparison with conventionally furnace processed films, the RTP films have comparable ferroelectric and dielectric properties, but are distinguished by superior breakdown strengths and morphologically smoother surface. The relation between microstructure of films and crystallizing parameters has been studied.
Electrical Appliances in the Home

Case No. I3. Man, Woman, Boy 7, Boy 5, Boy 4, Girl a, and Girl i. Reported by American Red Cross, Longview. Family arrived in the state and county October 3oth, i92.8 from Sacramento, California. Destination is Tacoma. Previous addresses, Chicago, Illinois; Joliet, Illinois; Sacramento, California. Travelling by Ford and camping in auto camps. Man's nationality American and occupation is laborer or junk dealer. Aid asked on October 3oth, 292.8. On November a, reported by American Red Cross, Olympia. Destination now California. Came to Washington to get work and are now on their way back to California.
SmartTutor: a unified approach for enhancing science education

SmartTutor is an on-line tutoring site created to help students in a number of gateway science courses. The project uses the idea of a concept map, plus collaborative learning and computed-based instruction techniques. SmartTutor provides an alternate path for students who may otherwise be too busy or too intimidated to seek help in the more usual ways. This paper will discuss three specific content areas: introductory computer programming, biology, and chemistry.
High resolution fourier transform spectroscopy of environmentally hazardous gases at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths

Dispersive Fourier transform techniques in interferometry allow for the very precise measurement of absorption coefficient and refractive index spectra of gases. This paper presents the absorption coefficient and refractive index spectra of environmentally hazardous gases at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. In order to gain insight into the behavior of the spectral lines with varying parameters, each gas is measured at a number of different pressures. Our measurements of these pollutant gases show how the spectral signatures of gases change under different conditions. This information is critical in air pollution studies when trying to single out a specific gas from a field sample with unknown constituents at unknown pressures.
Measuring the net biological impact of fisheries enhancement: pink salmon hatcheries can increase yield, but with apparent costs to wild populations

Hatchery production of juvenile fish for release into the wild has been practiced for well over a century in an effort to increase the number of salmon available to harvest. In this study, we evaluate the net impact of the largest such program in North America, the hatchery program for pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. At the same time the hatchery program was increasing in output, there was a major change in productivity in the North Pacific so that throughout Alaska pink salmon increased dramatically in abundance between the 1970s and the 2000s. Using other regions of Alaska as reference sites, we estimate that the PWS hatchery program has increased the total catch by an average of 17 million fish, of which 8 million have been allocated to pay hatchery operating expenses. We estimate that the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of wild spawning fish in PWS has increased slightly (28%), while in regions of Alaska without pink salmon hatchery programs the MSY has trip...
Evaluating the Transport Kinetics of a Model Compound Released From Cellulosic Coacervate Compositions Into Artificial Sebum.

Abstract Complex coacervates of cationic polymers and anionic surfactants, which are produced spontaneously during the use of rinse-off formulations, represent an important delivery vehicle for topical agents to the skin surface and appendages. In this study, an artificial sebum-loaded cell culture insert method for determining the sebum diffusion properties of topical agents was optimized for in vitro release testing. This method was subsequently used to evaluate the transport kinetics of a model compound, kinetin, released from semi-solid coacervate formulations into sebum. Coacervate compositions were prepared with cationic-hydroxyethyl cellulose dodecyl sulfate (cat-HECDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS), and water. Tested compositions ranged from 90 to 50 wt% water and had a cat-HECDS to NaDS wt% ratio of 2:1, 1:1, or 1:2, mimicking the in vivo hydration range and relative excess surfactant content expected from commercial rinse-off formulations. Steady-state flux of the model compound from each coacervate composition was found to vary with water content of the composition. When flux was plotted versus [(cat-HECDS:NaDS) × (1 − weight fraction water)] −1 , a strong linear correlation ( R 2 = 0.89) emerged. The in vitro release testing method proved capable of discriminating between clinically relevant differences in transport kinetics from different coacervate formulations using a practical sample size.
Amiloride as a new RNA-binding scaffold with activity against HIV-1 TAR

Diversification of RNA-targeted scaffolds offers great promise in the search for selective ligands of therapeutically relevant RNA such as HIV-1 TAR. We herein report the establishment of amiloride as a novel RNA-binding scaffold along with synthetic routes for combinatorial C(5)- and C(6)-diversification. Iterative modifications at the C(5)- and C(6)-positions yielded derivative 24, which demonstrated a 100-fold increase in activity over the parent dimethylamiloride in peptide displacement assays. NMR chemical shift mapping was performed using the 2D SOFAST-[1H-13C] HMQC NMR method, which allowed for facile and rapid evaluation of binding modes for all library members. Cheminformatic analysis revealed distinct differences between selective and non-selective ligands. In this study, we evolved dimethylamiloride from a weak TAR ligand to one of the tightest binding selective TAR ligands reported to date through a novel combination of synthetic methods and analytical techniques. We expect these methods to allow for rapid library expansion and tuning of the amiloride scaffold for a range of RNA targets and for SOFAST NMR to allow unprecedented evaluation of small molecule:RNA interactions.
Microwave metamaterials made by fused deposition 3D printing of a highly conductive copper-based filament

This work reports a method for fabricating three-dimensional microwave metamaterials by fused deposition modeling 3D printing of a highly conductive polymer composite filament. The conductivity of such a filament is shown to be nearly equivalent to that of a perfect conductor for microwave metamaterial applications. The expanded degrees-of-freedom made available by 3D metamaterial designs are demonstrated by designing, fabricating, and testing a 3D-printed unit cell with a broadband permittivity as high as 14.4. The measured and simulated S-parameters agree well with a mean squared error smaller than 0.1. The presented method not only allows reliable and convenient fabrication of microwave metamaterials with high conductivity but also opens the door to exploiting the third dimension of the unit cell design space to achieve enhanced electromagnetic properties.
Putting the Methodological Cart Before the Theoretical Horse? Examining the Application of SEM to Connect Theory and Method in Public Administration Research:

The application of psychometric statistical techniques, such as confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, has grown significantly in public administration research over the pas...
Lanthanoide und Actinoide – Metalle mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften

Die auf das Element Lanthan (3. Nebengruppe, 6. Periode) folgenden 14 Elemente werden als lanthanahnliche Elemente oder LanthanoideLanthanoide (fruher: Lanthanide) bezeichnet. Definitionsgemas zahlt Lanthan selbst nicht zu den Lanthanoiden. Generell wird der Platzhalter Ln fur Lanthanoidenelemente verwendet.
Replacement names for bees in the tribe Megachilini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Eight instances of homonymy are identified in the megachiline genera Coelioxys Latreille and Megachile Latreille, with replacement names established for the junior homonyms. Coelioxys ( Coelioxys ) lethosyne Engel, new name, is proposed for C . simplex latefasciata Friese ( nec Morawitz); C . ( Liothyrapis ) wuae Engel, new name, is proposed for C . albofasciata Wu ( nec Radoszkowski); Megachile ( Eutricharaea ) hisarica Engel, new name, is proposed for M . dentata Rahman & Chopra ( nec Friese); M . ( Megachile ) agnosta Engel, new name, is proposed for M . japonica Matsumura ( nec Alfken); M . ( Dasymegachile ) schwimmeri Engel, new name, is proposed for M . mitchelli Raw ( nec Gupta); M . ( Creightonella ) taftanica Engel, new name, is proposed for M . aurantiaca Rebmann ( nec Friese); M . ( Callomegachile ) biseta austrina Engel, new name, is proposed for M . biseta australis Pasteels ( nec Lucas); and M . ( C .) ceratops Engel, new name, is proposed for M . monoceros Friese ( nec Pallas).
Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Treatment

Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) has been reported in 5–15% of all sarcoidosis patients. There are several possible mechanisms for SAPH, including vascular compression, granulomatous angiitis, left ventricular dysfunction, hypoxia, and fibrotic lung tissue. Left ventricular dysfunction can be the result of either cardiomyopathy or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The prognosis of those with left ventricular dysfunction is significantly better than those with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Screening for SAPH in dyspneic patients includes six minute walk testing, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and measurement of pulmonary artery diameter on computer tomographic scan. Right heart catheterization remains the definitive test for confirming and characterizing SAPH. Treatment for precapillary hypertension has been shown to improve pulmonary hemodynamics. However, it is still unclear whether such treatments will change the natural course of the disease, especially for those patients with severe fibrosis.
Quality of life and well-being following inpatient and partial hospitalization treatment for opioid use disorder.

Abstract Treatment of opioid use disorder often begins with brief intensive inpatient or outpatient programs. Given the high relapse rates following intensive treatment, it is important to determine factors that lead to success post-discharge. Incorporating assessment during and early post-discharge may help determine such factors. The current study evaluated changes in quality of life among individuals during and after discharge from inpatient and partial hospitalization opiate treatment programs. Participants (n = 143) were recruited while in the programs and were re-assessed one month later (n = 113). Results found improvements in quality of life and reductions in rates of opiate use at follow-up. Individuals with greater improvements in Health, Substance Use, and Emotional Health domains were less likely to have relapsed. Treatment utilization post-discharge was not associated with relapse. Findings emphasize the importance of measurement-based care and suggest the need to assess indicators of treatment success beyond rates of relapse.
Pacific Rim redux: lorlatinib, the ultimate Jaeger?

Lorlatinib is the most potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor to date based on pre-clinical models and also has excellent central nervous system penetration with an efflux/influx ratio of 1.5 (1). Emerging phase 1/2 data have demonstrated its efficacy in patients after disease progression on first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors (2).
The Baron de Montesquieu: Toward a Geography of Political Culture

Montesquieu incorporates what would now be understood as political science and ecology into his eighteenth-century sociological studies. He concluded that sociopolitical systems were outgrowths of ecological conditions, and so cannot be unthinkingly transplanted from locale to locale. Already extant, there are evolutionarily informed studies of Montesquieu’s thesis using variables such as group-mean intelligence, which validates the relation between ecology and the development of monarchies, republics, and despotisms. However, this fourteenth chapter shows that this is but a part of a larger process. Human populations respond to ecological conditions through changes in mean intelligence, but also through changes in other life history traits. Consequently, it is inter-population life history means that were obliquely observed by Montesquieu to give rise to sociopolitical differences.
Service-Learning and Diversity as Mediums to Foster Civic and Community Engagement in Undergraduates

Utilizing current research in the sociology of education, this article provides a synthesis of the existing literature on US colleges and universities' roles in producing a civically engaged citizenry who can function in a diverse, pluralistic society highlighting research that focuses on systematic attention to educating students for such a society. This article highlights research that addresses how US colleges are preparing students to live and work in an increasingly complex and diverse democracy and what sensibilities global citizens should be developing by focusing specifically on diversity and service learning.
Agreement between medical records and self-reports: Implications for transgender health research

A key priority of transgender health research is the evaluation of long-term effects of gender affirmation treatment. Thus, accurate assessment of treatment receipt is critical. The data for this analysis came from an electronic medical records (EMR) based cohort of transgender individuals. A subset of cohort members were also asked to complete a self-administered survey. Information from the EMR was compared with survey responses to assess the extent of agreement regarding transmasculine (TM)/transfeminine (TF) status, hormone therapy receipt, and type of surgery performed. Logistic regression models were used to assess whether participant characteristics were associated with disagreement between data sources. Agreement between EMR and survey-derived information was high regarding TM/TF status (99%) and hormone therapy receipt (97%). Lower agreement was observed for chest reconstruction surgery (72%) and genital reconstruction surgery (84%). Using survey responses as the "gold standard", both chest and genital reconstruction surgeries had high specificity (95 and 93%, respectively), but the corresponding sensitivities were low (49 and 68%, respectively). A lower proportion of TM had concordant results for chest reconstruction surgery (64% versus 79% for TF) while genital reconstruction surgery concordance was lower among TF (79% versus 89% for TM). For both surgery types, agreement was highest among the youngest participants. Our findings offer assurance that EMR-based data appropriately classify cohort participants with respect to their TM/TF status or hormone therapy receipt. However, current EMR data may not capture the complete history of gender affirmation surgeries. This information is useful in future studies of outcomes related to gender affirming therapy.
Direct error in constitutive equation formulation for inverse problems in time harmonic elastography

Shear wave imaging techniques allow the evaluation of rigidity and viscosity of tissues locally within a material. From an inverse problem perspective, the approach is quite attractive insofar as it provides a densely sampled displacement field in the interior of the object from which to invert for material properties. We consider several challenges related to elastic wave inverse problems arising in acoustic radiation force imaging. First, we validate an axisymmetric viscoelasticity model suitable for some applications of acoustic radiation force imaging. Second, we consider reconstructing lateral displacement components from measured axial displacement components. Finally, we present a new variational formulation, the direct error in constitutive equation formulation, for inverse problems in time harmonic viscoelastic wave propagation with full-field data. The formulation relies on minimizing the error in the constitutive equation with a momentum equation constraint. Numerical results on model problems show that the formulation is capable of handling discontinuous and noisy strain fields and also converging with mesh refinement for continuous and discontinuous material property distributions. Applications to MRE and ARFI measured wave data are considered.
Comparing disordered eating and feeding practices in African American and Caucasian treatment-seeking youth with obesity.

Objectives: Examine racial differences in disordered eating and parental feeding in youth with obesity. Methods: A diverse sample of 131 treatment-seeking youth (Mage = 12.84 years; Rangeage = 8-18...
Salinity affects growth but not thermal preference of adult mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus.

The effects of an ecologically relevant range of salinities (2, 12, 22, 32) on thermal preferences and growth of adult mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus were determined for fish from a southern Chesapeake Bay population. Salinity did not affect the mean temperature selected by F. heteroclitus in a thermal gradient, which was identified as 26.6°C based on observations of 240 individuals. Salinity and temperature had significant and interacting effects on growth rates of F. heteroclitus measured over 12 weeks. Growth rates were highest overall and remained high over a broader range of temperatures at moderate salinities (12 and 22), while high growth rates were shifted toward lower temperatures for fish grown at a salinity of 2 and higher temperatures at a salinity of 32. Significant reductions in growth relative to the optimal conditions (28.6°C, salinity of 22) were observed at the coolest (19.6°C) and warmest (33.6°C) temperature tested at all salinities, as well as temperatures ≥ 26.6°C at a salinity of 2, ≥ 28.6°C at a salinity of 12 and ≤ 26.6°C at a salinity of 32. Growth rates provide a long-term, organismal measure of performance and results of this study indicate that performance may be reduced under conditions that the highly euryhaline F. heteroclitus can otherwise easily tolerate. The combination of reduced salinity and increased temperature that is predicted for temperate estuaries as a result of climate change may have negative effects on growth of this ecologically important species.
Improving Classroom Management Issues by Asking Questions: Part 2:

Asking questions is one of the most immediate ways to help students reflect on their own actions, which is a technique that is often overlooked in favor of a teacher’s direct commentary. This colum...