cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian method for reducing bias in neural representational similarity analysis

In neuroscience, the similarity matrix of neural activity patterns in response to different sensory stimuli or under different cognitive states reflects the structure of neural representational space. Existing methods derive point estimations of neural activity patterns from noisy neural imaging data, and the similarity is calculated from these point estimations. We show that this approach translates structured noise from estimated patterns into spurious bias structure in the resulting similarity matrix, which is especially severe when signal-to-noise ratio is low and experimental conditions cannot be fully randomized in a cognitive task. We propose an alternative Bayesian framework for computing representational similarity in which we treat the covariance structure of neural activity patterns as a hyper-parameter in a generative model of the neural data, and directly estimate this covariance structure from imaging data while marginalizing over the unknown activity patterns. Converting the estimated covariance structure into a correlation matrix offers a much less biased estimate of neural representational similarity. Our method can also simultaneously estimate a signal-to-noise map that informs where the learned representational structure is supported more strongly, and the learned covariance matrix can be used as a structured prior to constrain Bayesian estimation of neural activity patterns. Our code is freely available in Brain Imaging Analysis Kit (Brainiak) (https://github.com/IntelPNI/brainiak).
Quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators

The search for topologically non-trivial states of matter has become an important goal for condensed matter physics. Here, we give a theoretical introduction to the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect based on magnetic topological insulators in two-dimensions (2D) and three-dimensions (3D). In 2D topological insulators, magnetic order breaks the symmetry between the counter-propagating helical edge states, and as a result, the quantum spin Hall effect can evolve into the QAH effect. In 3D, magnetic order opens up a gap for the topological surface states, and chiral edge state has been predicted to exist on the magnetic domain walls. We present the phase diagram in thin films of a magnetic topological insulator and review the basic mechanism of ferromagnetic order in magnetically doped topological insulators. We also review the recent experimental observation of the QAH effect. We discuss more recent theoretical work on the coexistence of the helical and chiral edge states, multi-channel chiral edge states, the theory of the plateau transition, and the thickness dependence in the QAH effect.
Tidal Excitation of Modes in Binary Systems with Applications to Binary Pulsars

We consider the tidal excitation of modes in a binary system of arbitrary eccentricity. For a circular orbit, the modes generally undergo forced oscillation with a period equal to the orbital period ($T$). For an eccentric orbit, the amplitude of each tidally excited mode can be written approximately as the sum of an oscillatory term that varies sinusoidally with the mode frequency and a `static' term that follows the time dependence of the tidal forcing function. The oscillatory term falls off exponentially with increasing $\b$ (defined as the ratio of the periastron passage time to the mode period), whereas the `static' term is independent of $\b$. For small $\b$ modes ($\b \approx 1$), the two terms are comparable, and the magnitude of the mode amplitude is nearly constant over the orbit. For large $\b$ modes ($\b \gta$ a few), the oscillatory term is very small compared to the `static' term, in which case the mode amplitude, like the tidal force, varies as the distance cubed. For main sequence stars, $p$, $f$, and low order $g$-modes generally have large $\b$ and hence small amplitudes of oscillation. High overtone $g$-modes, however, have small overlap with the tidal forcing function. Thus, we expect an intermediate overtone $g$-mode with $\b \sim 1$ to have the largest oscillation amplitude. The dependence on mode damping and the stellar rotation rate is considered, as well as the effects of orbital evolution. We apply our work to the two binary pulsar system: PSR J0045-7319 and PSR B1259-63.
Cosmological vector modes and quantum gravity effects

In contrast to scalar and tensor modes, vector modes of linear perturbations around an expanding Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe decay. This makes them largely irrelevant for late time cosmology, assuming that all modes started out at a similar magnitude at some early stage. By now, however, bouncing models are frequently considered which exhibit a collapsing phase. Before this phase reaches a minimum size and re-expands, vector modes grow. Such modes are thus relevant for the bounce and may even signal the breakdown of perturbation theory if the growth is too strong. Here, a gauge-invariant formulation of vector mode perturbations in Hamiltonian cosmology is presented. This lays out a framework for studying possible canonical quantum gravity effects, such as those of loop quantum gravity, at an effective level. As an explicit example, typical quantum corrections, namely those coming from inverse densitized triad components and holonomies, are shown to increase the growth rate of vector perturbations in the contracting phase, but only slightly. Effects at the bounce of the background geometry can, however, be much stronger.
The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Defined by 3 Percent Oxygen Desaturation or Arousal Definition and Self-Reported Cardiovascular Disease in the Sleep Heart Health Study.

Background Studies have established that OSA defined using a hypopnea definition requiring a ≥4% oxygen desaturation (AHI4%) is associated with cardiovascular (CVD) or coronary heart (CHD) disease. This study determined whether OSA defined using a hypopnea definition characterized by a ≥3% oxygen desaturation or an arousal (AHI3%A) is associated with CVD/CHD. Methods Data were analyzed from 6307 Sleep Heart Health Study participants who had polysomnography. Self-reported CVD included angina, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, previous coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty. Self-reported CHD included the aforementioned conditions but not stroke or heart failure. The association between OSA and CVD/CHD was examined using logistic regression models with stepwise inclusion of demographic, anthropometric, social/behavioral and co-morbid medical conditions. A parsimonious model in which diabetes and hypertension were excluded because of their potential to be on the causal pathway between OSA and CVD/CHD also was constructed. Results For CVD, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for AHI3%A ≥30/hour were 1.39 (1.03-1.87) and 1.45 (1.09-1.94) in the fully adjusted and parsimonious models. Results for CHD were 1.29 (0.96-1.74) and 1.36 (0.99-1.85). In participants without OSA according to more stringent AHI4% criteria but with OSA using the AHI3%A definition, similar findings were observed. Conclusion OSA defined using an AHI3%A is associated with both CVD and CHD. Use of a more restrictive AHI4% definition will misidentify a large number of individuals with OSA who have CVD or CHD. These individuals may be denied access to therapy, potentially worsening their underlying CVD or CHD.
Towards Ghost-Free Gravity and Standard Model

This paper presents a new higher derivative gravity which in spontaneous breaking electroweak symmetry state does not have ghost in gravity sector. We show that Newton constant of the gravity and dark energy density depend on the fundamental TeV scale and the coupling constant at the quadratic curvature term. We consider the supersymmetric extension of this model.
Generating the Johnson filtration

For k≥1, let ℐg1(k) be the k th term in the Johnson filtration of the mapping class group of a genus g surface with one boundary component. We prove that for all k≥1, there exists some Gk≥0 such that ℐg1(k) is generated by elements which are supported on subsurfaces whose genus is at most Gk. We also prove similar theorems for the Johnson filtration of Aut(Fn) and for certain mod-p analogues of the Johnson filtrations of both the mapping class group and of Aut(Fn). The main tools used in the proofs are the related theories of FI–modules (due to the first author with Ellenberg and Farb) and central stability (due to the second author), both of which concern the representation theory of the symmetric groups over ℤ.
On the rate of concentration of maxima in Gaussian arrays

Recently in Gao and Stoev (2020) it was established that the concentration of maxima phenomenon is the key to solving the exact sparse support recovery problem in high dimensions. This phenomenon, known also as relative stability, has been little studied in the context of dependence. Here, we obtain bounds on the rate of concentration of maxima in Gaussian triangular arrays. These results are used to establish sufficient conditions for the uniform relative stability of functions of Gaussian arrays, leading to new models that exhibit phase transitions in the exact support recovery problem. Finally, the optimal rate of concentration for Gaussian arrays is studied under general assumptions implied by the classic condition of Berman (1964).
Ivermectin inhibits extracellular vesicle secretion from parasitic nematodes

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes that is endemic in 49 countries of the world and affects or threatens over 890 million people. Strategies to control LF rely heavily on mass administration of anthelmintic drugs including ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone drug considered an Essential Medicine by the WHO. However, despite its widespread use the therapeutic mode of action of IVM against filarial nematodes is not clear. We have previously reported that filarial nematodes secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that their cargo has immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigate the effects of IVM and other anti-filarial drugs on parasitic nematode EV secretion, motility, and protein secretion. We show that inhibition of EV secretion was a specific property of IVM, which had consistent and significant inhibitory effects across nematode life stages and species, with the exception of male parasites. IVM inhibited EV secretion, but not parasite motility, at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Protein secretion was inhibited by IVM in the microfilariae stage, but not in any other stage tested. Our data provides evidence that inhibiting the secretion of immunomodulatory EVs by parasitic nematodes could explain, at least in part, IVM mode of action and provides a phenotype for novel drug discovery.
Streaming Submodular Matching Meets the Primal-Dual Method

We study streaming submodular maximization subject to matching/$b$-matching constraints (MSM/MSbM), and present improved upper and lower bounds for these problems. On the upper bounds front, we give primal-dual algorithms achieving the following approximation ratios. $\bullet$ $3+2\sqrt{2}\approx 5.828$ for monotone MSM, improving the previous best ratio of $7.75$. $\bullet$ $4+3\sqrt{2}\approx 7.464$ for non-monotone MSM, improving the previous best ratio of $9.899$. $\bullet$ $3+\epsilon$ for maximum weight b-matching, improving the previous best ratio of $4+\epsilon$. On the lower bounds front, we improve on the previous best lower bound of $\frac{e}{e-1}\approx 1.582$ for MSM, and show ETH-based lower bounds of $\approx 1.914$ for polytime monotone MSM streaming algorithms. Our most substantial contributions are our algorithmic techniques. We show that the (randomized) primal-dual method, which originated in the study of maximum weight matching (MWM), is also useful in the context of MSM. To our knowledge, this is the first use of primal-dual based analysis for streaming submodular optimization. We also show how to reinterpret previous algorithms for MSM in our framework; hence, we hope our work is a step towards unifying old and new techniques for streaming submodular maximization, and that it paves the way for further new results.
Design of the Pacific DC Intertie Wide Area Damping Controller

This paper describes the design and implementation of a proof-of-concept Pacific DC Intertie (PDCI) wide area damping controller and includes system test results on the North American Western Interconnection (WI). To damp inter-area oscillations, the controller modulates the power transfer of the PDCI, a ±500 kV DC transmission line in the WI. The control system utilizes real-time phasor measurement unit feedback to construct a commanded power signal which is added to the scheduled power flow for the PDCI. After years of design, simulations, and development, this controller has been implemented in hardware and successfully tested in both open and closed-loop operation. The most important design specifications were safe, reliable performance, no degradation of any system modes in any circumstances, and improve damping to the controllable modes in the WI. The main finding is that the controller adds significant damping to the modes of the WI and does not adversely affect the system response in any of the test cases. The primary contribution of this paper, to the state of the art research, is the design methods and test results of the first North American real-time control system that uses wide area PMU feedback.
GeospatialVR: A web-based virtual reality framework for collaborative environmental simulations

Abstract This research introduces GeospatialVR, an open-source collaborative virtual reality framework to dynamically create 3D real-world environments that can be served on any web platform and accessed via desktop and mobile devices and virtual reality headsets. The framework can generate realistic simulations of desired locations entailing the terrain, elevation model, infrastructures, dynamic visualizations (e.g. water and fire simulation), and information layers (e.g. disaster damages and extent, sensor readings, occupancy, traffic, weather). These layers enable in-situ visualization of useful data to aid public, scientists, officials, and decision-makers in acquiring a bird's eye view of the current, historical, or forecasted condition of a community. The framework incorporates multiuser support to allow different stakeholders to remotely work on the same VR environment and observe other users' actions and 3D positions via avatars in real-time, and thus, presenting the potential to be utilized as a virtual incident command center or a meeting room. GeospatialVR's purpose is to enhance existing web-based cyberinfrastructure systems with the integration of immersive geospatial capabilities to assist the development of next-generation information and decision support systems powered by virtual reality. Finally, several case studies have been developed for flooding, wildfire, transportation, and public safety.
Algorithmic Design for Embodied Intelligence in Synthetic Cells

In nature, biological organisms jointly evolve both their morphology and their neurological capabilities to improve their chances for survival. Consequently, task information is encoded in both their brains and their bodies. In robotics, the development of complex control and planning algorithms often bears sole responsibility for improving task performance. This dependence on centralized control can be problematic for systems with computational limitations, such as mechanical systems and robots on the microscale. In these cases, we need to be able to offload complex computation onto the physical morphology of the system. To this end, we introduce a methodology for algorithmically arranging sensing and actuation components into a robot design while maintaining a low level of design complexity (quantified using a measure of graph entropy) and a high level of task embodiment (evaluated by analyzing the Kullback–Leibler divergence between physical executions of the robot and those of an idealized system). This approach computes an idealized, unconstrained control policy that is projected onto a limited selection of sensors and actuators in a given library, resulting in intelligence that is distributed away from a central processor and instead embodied in the physical body of a robot. The method is demonstrated by computationally optimizing a simulated synthetic cell. Note to Practitioners —As robotic systems approach the micrometer scale, designing them to be fully autonomous will rely less on onboard computation and more on component selection and design. In this article, we are motivated by synthetic cells—microscopic devices with limited actuation, sensing, and memory components. We apply tools from optimal control, graph theory, and information theory to develop a methodology for designing the electronic circuitry that relates actuation to sensing using memory and physically realizable transformations (e.g., simple logical operators). Results indicate that encoding task information in the physical body of a robot via a simple control policy leads to successful task performance. In future work, we plan to apply these methods to different robotic systems and to experimentally employ these designs on actual synthetic cells.
Robust Dynamic State Estimation of Synchronous Machines with Asymptotic State Estimation Error Performance Guarantees

robust observer for performing power system dynamic state estimation (DSE) of a synchronous generator is proposed. The observer is developed using the concept of L_stability for uncertain, nonlinear dynamic generator models. We use this concept to (i) design a simple, scalable, and robust dynamic state estimator and (ii) obtain a performance guarantee on the state estimation error norm relative to the magnitude of uncertainty from unknown generator inputs, and process and measurement noises. Theoretical methods to obtain upper and lower bounds on the estimation error are also provided. Numerical tests validate the performance of the L-infinity-based estimator in performing DSE under various scenarios. The case studies reveal that the derived theoretical bounds are valid for a variety of case studies and operating conditions, while yielding better performance than existing power system DSE methods
Quantum Fluctuation effects on the Ordered Moments in a two dimensional frustrated Ferrimagnet.

We propose a novel two-dimensional frustrated quantum spin-1/2 anisotropic Heisenberg model with alternating ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic magnetic chains along one direction and antiferromagnetic interactions along the other. The (mean-field) ground state is ferrimagnetic in certain range of the interaction space. Spin-wave theory analysis of the reduction of ordered moments at inequivalent spin sites and the instability of the spin waves suggest a quantum phase transition which has the characteristics of both the frustrated two-dimensional antiferromagnetic S=1/2 (J_1, J_2) model and 1D S_1=1, S_2=1/2 quantum ferrimagnetic model.
The Benefit Equity Principle and Willingness to Pay for City Services

In 1991 and 1992, the City of Eugene, Oregon engaged in a citizen participation process to determine public support for a variety of spending and budget balancing alternatives. This process, called Eugene Decisions, employed an innovative combination of public forums, budget balancing exercises and representative surveys. Two of the surveys, which included questions about individual service use, are analyzed here in order to test whether the use of city services is related to willingness to pay taxes and fees. The concept of benefit equity is supported if service use is positively associated with willingness to pay.
The 3-day Week of 1974 and Earnings Data Reliability in the Family Expenditure Survey and the National Child Development Study

In early 1974, an energy conservation policy limited the British workweek to 3 days. Researchers fear that earnings reports given by survey respondents during this period may not be comparable with those given in more typical circumstances. This study uses responses during and after the 3-day week policy to estimate the degree of misreporting in the National Child Development Study (NCDS) and the Family Expenditure Survey (FES). The estimates show that very few respondents gave ‘incorrect’ 3-day figures. In the FES, the estimated fraction of misreports is no larger than 3.2%; in the NCDS, the best estimate is 0.
Indian Tribes and Human Rights Accountability

In Indian country, the expansion of self-governance, the growth of the gaming industry, and the increasing interdependence of Indian and non-Indian communities have intensified concern about the possible abuse of power by tribal governments. As tribes gain greater political and economic clout on the world stage, expectations have risen regarding the need for greater government accountability in Indian country. Despite these expectations, Indian tribes are largely immune from external accountability with respect to human rights. In fact, tribes have effectively slipped into a gap in the global system of human rights responsibility. The gap exists in the sense that tribal governments are not externally accountable in any broad sense for abuses of human rights that they commit. The failure of the legal system to provide for tribal accountability for human rights produces serious harms for Indian tribes and their polities. In this Article, I argue that the conventional understanding of tribal sovereignty must be reformed to reflect the transformative international law principle that all sovereigns are externally accountable for human rights violations. I then offer a proposal based on tribal accountability and respect for tribal sovereignty. I propose that tribes develop an intertribal human rights regime that includes the formation of an intertribal treaty recognizing tribal human rights obligations and establishing an intertribal institution with the capacity to enforce human rights violations. An intertribal human rights regime offers the best possible method for providing external accountability for tribal abuses of human rights. It allows tribes to address human rights violations without relying upon solutions supplied or imposed by the federal government. It also allows tribes to articulate and interpret universal human rights in light of their cultural, philosophical, spiritual, political, and social perspectives, and it allows them to develop effective and culturally appropriate institutional enforcement mechanisms.
Bright-Line Rules and Inefficient Markets: The Third Circuit's 10b-5 Materiality Doctrine is Ripe for Revision

The efficient market hypothesis, popularized in the 1970s at the University of Chicago, holds that, “security prices fully reflect all available information.”1 The Third Circuit has emphatically endorsed that idea, and rested its doctrine of Rule 10b-5 materiality squarely upon it.2 Yet while the circuit continues to rely on the hypothesis, financial economics and behavioral science have advanced a more nuanced understanding of securities markets.3 As one New York Times columnist put it, “These days, you
ECONOMIC FREEDOM VERSUS POLITICAL FREEDOM: CROSS‐COUNTRY INFLUENCES ON CORRUPTION*

Using a well-known index of corruption, this paper examines the determinants of corruption for a large sample of countries. Specifically, the present study brings empirical evidence to bear on the question of whether economic freedom or political freedom serves as a deterrent to corrupt activity. In particular, does greater economic freedom or greater political freedom yield a more ‘clean’ society? Our results show that greater economic freedom seems to matter more in this regard. Examining different components of economic freedom, we find that not all these components are equally effective in reducing corruption. For instance, monetary policy seems to have a stronger influence on the level of corrupt activity in a country than fiscal policy. Robustness of these findings is checked and policy implications are discussed.
Demystifying Employment Authorization and Prosecutorial Discretion in Immigration Cases

On November 20, 2014, President Barack Obama announced a series of immigration programs aimed to reform the immigration system. Deferred Action for Parents of Americans or Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) and extended Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) represent two such programs announced by the President. Both programs extend deferred action (one form of prosecutorial discretion) to qualifying individuals. Deferred action has been part of the immigration system for more than 50 years, and has been named explicitly by Congress, federal courts, and the agencies responsible for administering immigration laws. Additionally, regulations list deferred action as one basis for work authorization. The President’s deferred action programs offered room for a healthy debate about immigration law and policy. The debate was intensified by a lawsuit brought by the state of Texas and 25 other states challenging the deferred action programs, and a subsequent judicial opinion enjoining these programs. Much of the tension has centered on the ability for a deferred action grantee to obtain ancillary benefits like employment authorization or lawful presence. This conflict has enabled great distortion about the limits and benefits of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law. In this Article, I seek to clarify the relationship between prosecutorial discretion and employment authorization and describe the historical precedent for allowing qualifying noncitizens to apply for work authorization based on a prosecutorial discretion grant. I also examine the policy questions that are raised by the current legal framework and policy for work authorization. My methodology for this Article is to review the primary and secondary sources of law for prosecutorial discretion and employment authorization; analyze a related data set of more than 200,000 work authorization applications processed by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act; and begin a policy discussion on the benefits of enabling prosecutorial discretion beneficiaries to be authorized to work in the United States. This Article is the first to analyze the law and policy of employment authorization and prosecutorial discretion and builds naturally from my body of work developed on the role of immigration prosecutorial discretion generally, and deferred action in particular.
Freedom Of Contact Without Fear Of Criminal Misconduct: The Constitutionality Of Florida's Drug Abuse Prevention And Control Act

Freedom of contact, a fundamental principle espoused by our founding fathers, can turn criminal all too easily in the face of Florida’s Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act (“DAPCA”). Under the Act, Florida became the only state in the nation expressly to eliminate mens rea as an element of a drug offense. This article biographies the birth of DAPCA, examines its sudden fame over the past year and predicts the Act’s forthcoming death. Part I chronicles DAPCA’s creation in the face of conflict between Florida’s legislative and judiciary organs. Part II recounts the recent reexamination of the Act’s constitutionality and conflicting treatment amongst Florida circuits. Part III analyzes the Act’s effects on law, practice, and practicality for Florida’s justice system. Part IV predicts the tools and techniques that the Florida’s Supreme Court will use in striking DAPCA a constitutionally necessary and fatal blow.
Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management

This Article argues, using the case of responses to traffic congestion, that public choice theory provides a greater explanation for the emergence of property rights than does economic efficiency. The traditional solution to traffic congestion is to provide new roadway capacity, but that is not an efficient response in that it does not lead to internalization of costs and may actually exacerbate congestion problems by inducing travel that would not have taken place but for the new construction. By contrast, congestion charges, which impose tolls designed to internalize the costs of driving, offer an efficient way to address the problem of congestion. Nonetheless, the continued popularity of providing new roadway capacity turns upon public choice theory. New roadway construction is attractive for politicians as a way to satisfy both constituents generally, and well-organized and powerful interest groups in particular. Although congestion charging regimes tend to be less popular across the board politically, there appears currently to be a shift in position. This Article argues that it is possible for concerns of efficiency to override (or at least to curtail) politics when the inefficiencies of a response grounded in political economy become too large. But at the same time, public choice theory continues to hold considerable sway—the shift toward congestion pricing may require not only pressing efficiency concerns, but also a shift in the political climate. * Copyright © 2008 Jonathan Remy Nash, Visiting Professor, The University of Chicago Law School, 2007–08; Robert C. Cudd Professor of Environmental Law, Tulane Law School. I am grateful to the following individuals for helpful comments and discussions: Adam Babich, Vicki Been, Oscar Chase, Eric Claeys, Michael Collins, Lee Fennell, Brett Frischmann, Gunther Handl, Shael Herman, Michael Herz, Oliver Houck, Shi-Ling Hsu, F. Scott Kieff, Marjorie Kornhauser, Douglas Kysar, Daryl Levinson, Clarisa Long, Jan Ramberg, Richard Revesz, J.B. Ruhl, Simon Tay, Lucinda Turner, and Elizabeth Winston. I benefited from comments received at presentations at the annual meeting of the Canadian Law and Economics Association, at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Law and Economics Association, at the Eighth Global Conference on Environmental Taxation, at a session of the Energy and Environment seminar at Tulane Law School, before the University of Chicago Law School’s Environmental Law Society, and from faculty workshops at Florida State University College of Law and Hofstra Law School. Michael Bartolone, Heather Heilman, Norberto Pagan, and Jaclyn Strassberg provided excellent research assistance.
How Much Better Are the Most-Prestigious Journals? The Statistics of Academic Publication

Articles in high-prestige journals receive more citations and more applause than articles in less-prestigious journals, but how much more do these articles contribute to knowledge?This article uses a statistical theory of review processes to draw inferences about differences value between articles in more-prestigious versus less-prestigious journals. This analysis indicates that there is much overlap in articles in different prestige strata. Indeed, theory implies that about half of the articles published are not among the best ones submitted to those journals, and some of the manuscripts that belong in the highest-value 20% have the misfortune to elicit rejections from as many as five journals.Some social science departments and business schools strongly emphasize publication in prestigious journals. Although one can draw inferences about an author's average manuscript from the percentage in top-tier journals, the confidence limits for such inferences are wide. A focus on prestigious journals may benefit the most prestigious departments or schools but add randomness to the decisions of departments or schools that are not at the very top. Such a focus may also impede the development of knowledge when mediocre research receives the endorsement of high visibility.
Design Methodologies for Reliable and Energy-efficient PCM Systems

Phase-change memory (PCM) is a scalable and low latency non-volatile memory (NVM) technology that has been proposed to serve as storage class memory (SCM), providing low access latency similar to DRAM and often approaching or exceeding the capacity of SSD. The multilevel property of PCM also enables its adoption in neuromorphic systems to build high-density synaptic storage. We investigate and describe two significant bottlenecks of a PCM system. First, writing to PCM cells incurs significantly higher latency and energy penalties than reading its content. Second, high operating voltages of PCM impacts its reliable operations. In this work, we propose methodologies to tackle the bottlenecks, improving performance, reliability, energy consumption, and sustainability for a PCM system.
Restoring the Natural Law: Copyright as Labor and Possession

In this Article, Professor Yen explores the problems associated with viewing copyright solely as a tool for achieving economic efficiency and advocates for the restoration of natural law to copyright jurisprudence. The Article demonstrates that economics has not been solely responsible for copyright's development and basic structure, but has rather developed along lines suggested by neutral law, despite modern copyright jurisprudence. The Article considers the consequences of extinguishing copyright's natural law facets in favor of the blind pursuit of efficiency and concludes by exploring the implications of restoring natural law thinking to copyright jurisprudence.
Small animal jet injection technique results in enhanced immunogenicity of hantavirus DNA vaccines.

Abstract DNA vaccine evaluation in small animals is hampered by low immunogenicity when the vaccines are delivered using a needle and syringe. To overcome this technical hurdle we tested the possibility that a device developed for human intradermal medicine delivery might be adapted to successfully deliver a DNA vaccine to small animals. Disposable syringe jet injection (DSJI) does not currently exist for small animals. However, a commercialized, human intradermal device used to to administer medicines to the human dermis in a 0.1 mL volume was evaluated in Syrian hamsters. Here, we found that hantavirus DNA vaccines administered to hamsters using DSJI were substantially more immunogenic than the same vaccines delivered by needle/syringe or particle mediated epidermal delivery (gene gun) vaccination. By adjusting how the device was used we could deliver vaccine to either subcutaneous tissues, or through the skin into the muscle. RNA and/or antigen expression was detected in epidermal, subepidermal and fibroblast cells. We directly compared six optimized and non-optimized hantavirus DNA vaccines in hamsters. Optimization, including codon-usage and mRNA stability, did not necessarily result in increased immunogenicity for all vaccines tested; however, optimization of the Andes virus (ANDV) DNA vaccine protected vaccinated hamsters from lethal disease. This is the first time active vaccination with an ANDV DNA vaccine has shown protective efficacy in the hamster model. The adaptation of a human intradermal jet injection device for use as a method of subcutaneous and intramuscular jet injection of DNA vaccines will advance the development of nucleic acid based medical countermeasures for diseases modeled in hamsters.
A Stochastic Three-Way Unfolding Model for Asymmetric Binary Data:

This paper presents a new stochastic three-way un folding method designed to analyze asymmetric three- way, two-mode binary data. As in the metric three- way unfolding models presented by DeSarbo (1978) and by DeSarbo and Carroll (1980, 1981, 1985), this procedure estimates a joint space of row and column objects, as well as weights reflecting the third way of the array, such as individual differences. Unlike the traditional metric three-way unfolding model, this new methodology is based on stochastic assumptions using an underlying threshold model, generalizing the work of DeSarbo and Hoffman (1986) to three-way and asymmetric binary data. The literature concerning the spatial treatment of such binary data is reviewed. The nonlinear probit-like model is described, as well as the maximum likelihood algorithm used to estimate its parameter values. Results of a monte carlo study ap plying this new method to synthetic datasets are pre sented. The new method was also applied to real data from a study concerni...
Using CFO Surveys as a Motivational Tool to Teach Corporate Finance

This article is based on the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association meeting in South Beach in April 2010. In this keynote address, I discuss how to engage and motivate students by using the results from surveys of corporate finance professionals. Specific examples are given to motivate capital structure, capital budgeting, and payout. Actual job interview questions can also be used as a motivational tool to teach finance.
Ten Chinese going global models: emerging patterns and analysis

For the past 10 years, since joining the World Trade Organization, China's global investment has increased 60-fold. Yet this increasingly emerged international business phenomenon has been under-studied. This paper examines the strategies of Chinese companies going global. It initially proposes and describes 10 models most frequently used by Chinese firms going global, and subsequently outlines and analyses the emerging trends and patterns of Chinese companies going global.
Realized volatility and price spikes in electricity markets: The importance of observation frequency

Abstract This paper uses high frequency spot price data from eight wholesale electricity markets in Australia, Canada, and the United States to estimate realized volatility and the frequency of price spikes. I find similar levels of realized volatility in Australia and North America, with estimates ranging from 1500% to 2700%, much greater than estimates reported previously in the literature. In hourly data, the frequency of price spikes ranges from approximately 35% to 40% in seven of eight markets. I present evidence that increasing the lag length in the calculation of bipower variation improves jump detection in electricity prices.
Getting Away with Murder? Abolition of the Eagan Rule in Wyoming Domestic Violence Murder Cases

This article argues that specific Wyoming jury instructions arising from the Wyoming Supreme Court’s decision in Eagan v. State are inappropriate because they force the jury to accept a defendant’s testimony. Specifically, defense counsel often request such instructions in murder cases (and, more importantly, domestic violence murder cases) when the defendant is the sole witness testifying about the events of the alleged murder. The Eagan rule requires the jury to “accept as true” the events testified to by the defendant if the defendant is the only witness to the crime and if the testimony is not impeached or found improbable. Such an instruction, essentially removing a key determination by the jury, is surprising. This article examines the genesis of the instruction and the historical limitations the Wyoming Supreme Court placed on the instruction, while still keeping it on the books to this day. Further this article contends that, considering that other states do not use this type of instruction and given that the pattern instructions are much more useful, the Eagan rule should be abolished in Wyoming. Finally, this article argues the instruction is inconsistent with U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence, as well as jurisprudence of the states upon which the Wyoming Supreme Court relied when it installed the Eagan rule in the first place. Following this article is an appendix discussing each case in Wyoming that has dealt with the Eagan rule. Wyoming LaW RevieW VOLUME 12 2012 NUMBER 1 * Assistant Professor of Law and Director, Prosecution Assistance Program, University of Wyoming College of Law. A.B., Princeton University, M.A., Waseda University, J.D., Stanford Law School. I appreciate the terrific assistance and editing of the Wyoming Law Review Editorial Board. The idea for this article arose out of my argument in Benjamin v. State before the Wyoming Supreme Court in April 2011. 264 P.3d 1 (Wyo. 2011). I appreciate the generous support of the Dyekman Law Faculty Research Fund in the writing of this article.
External Financing Dependence and Corporate Saving in ASEAN5

Using firm-level data on ASEAN5, this paper studies the differential effects of macrofinancial and structural factors on corporate saving behavior through the lens of external financing dependence. The finding suggests that non-financial corporations in ASEAN5 have been subject to binding financial constraints over the past two decades. Greater capital account openness or exchange rate depreciation reduces the average saving rate of industries with low dependence on external funds, while it increases the saving rate of industries with high dependence on external funds. The effects are greater for export-oriented industries. An improvement in banking sector competition, banks’ lending efficiency, or policy clarity is associated with lower saving rate of firms across the board.
Beyond Agency Core Mission

A long-standing view among legal scholars, political scientists, sociologists, and regulators posits that it is important for a regulatory agency to have a narrowly-defined core mission and to focus on activities that are central to accomplishing it successfully. Although this view has no doctrinal foundation, rhetoric grounded on it crops up frequently in regulatory dialogues, especially in opposition to prospective agency regulations. The purpose of this Article is to formalize this “core-mission model” of the administrative state and analyze its benefits, costs, and risks. An important starting point for the analysis is that, unlike a private corporation or a non-profit organization, a regulatory agency is not a free enterprise in a competitive market. Instead, as a “creature of statutes,” it stands in a principal-agent relationship with Congress, whose job in turn is to respond to society’s various needs and problems, as they arise, by delegating responsibilities to new or existing agencies. Given this relationship, the core-mission model has to be operationalized in one of two ways: either as an ex post prioritizing strategy (on the part of the agency) or as an ex ante delegating strategy (on the part of Congress). Both strategies, however, entail significant costs on the government and society. As an ex post prioritizing strategy, the model promotes selective attention, which can, on the one hand, reduce internal organizational costs for the agency (intra-agency coordination costs) but, on the other hand, give rise to regulatory gaps and lead to costly outcomes, such as crises or controversies. As an ex ante delegating strategy, the model is not cost-effective where considerations based on conflicts among multiple agencies (inter-agency coordination costs) and/or wasteful duplication of government resources (duplicative costs) call for a deviation from the model, such as a conglomerate agency with a more intentional administrative design. Hence, a transaction-cost-based approach to agency jurisdiction design may counsel against subscription to the core-mission model. In order to maintain its relevance in today’s regulatory dialogues, the core-mission model should be recast under a more general framework and subsumed into discussions of these broader categories of social costs as well as considerations of alternative designs within each agency. The focus of the dialogues should likewise move from how well an assignment is aligned with the agency’s core mission to how to effectively cover all interests that need protection through regulation, without wasting government resources.
Twombly and Iqbal at the State Level

This article contributes to the empirical literature on pleading standards by studying the effect of Twombly and Iqbal at the state level. States account for the majority of civil litigation, yet they are understudied doctrinally and empirically. When we consider pleading at the state level, we can leverage differences across space and time in a way that is impossible with studies of federal courts. Using an array of principled empirical approaches on the best available data, we find no evidence that raising pleading standards affected plaintiff behavior. We observe no decrease in filings and no significant change in complaint length, number of claims, or number of amended complaints. For defense strategy and judicial responses, we find no increase in motions to dismiss and no increase in the grant rate on motions to dismiss, though these findings are more tentative, given data limitations. We conduct our analysis by comparing Nebraska, a state that raised its pleading standards, with as many as 12 comparison states, none of which raised their pleading standards over the years 2006–2013.
Content and Context: Identifying the Impact of Qualitative Information on Consumer Choice

Managers and researchers alike suspect that the vast amounts of qualitative information in blogs, reviews, news stories, and experts’ advice influence consumer behavior. But, does qualitative information impact or rather reflect consumer choices? We argue that because message content and consumer choice are endogenous, nonrandom selection and conflation of awareness and persuasion complicate causal estimation of the impact of message content on outcomes. We apply Latent Dirichlet Allocation to characterize the topics of transcribed content from 2,397 stock recommendations provided by Jim Cramer on his show Mad Money. We demonstrate that selection bias and audience prior awareness create measurable biases in estimates of the impact of content on stock prices. Comparing recommendation content to prior news, we show that he is less persuasive when he uses more novel arguments. The technique we develop can be applied in a variety of settings where marketers can present different messages depending on what consumers know.
Examining Shareholder Value Creation over CEO Tenure: A New Approach to Testing Effectiveness of Executive Compensation

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between CEO compensation and shareholder value added over CEO tenure. The research design exploits two fundamental attributes of CEO compensation and shareholder value added: (1) both CEO compensation and shareholder value added aggregate naturally over CEO tenure, and (2) extending the time interval over which the two variables are measured is likely to result in a better match between CEO compensation and shareholder value created by the CEO. I measure CEO compensation with nominal value of CEO pay, ex post realized pay, and ex ante pay-for-performance sensitivity. I find that CEOs receiving higher nominal or realized pay create more shareholder value. Further, higher median pay-for-performance sensitivity during CEO tenure is associated with higher aggregate market value changes and cumulative abnormal stock returns. Finally, CEO pay efficiency (calculated as the ratio of shareholder value added to CEO pay, both aggregated over CEO tenure) is higher if med...
Commercial and interpersonal relationships; Using the structure of interpersonal relationships to understand individual-to-individual, individual-to-firm, and firm-to-firm relationships in commerce

Abstract Marketers have conceptualized relationships in many commercial settings, whether business marketing (i.e., business-to-business), services marketing (i.e., service provider-to-client), or consumer marketing (i.e., business-to-consumer). In this paper, we examine the extent to which marketing researchers might leverage that which is known about interpersonal relationships to understand the structure and characteristics of commercial dyads. We find strong support of a relationship paradigm in considering marketing phenomena in the context of commercial dyads, but different ‘levels’ of relational dyads are characterized by different relational dimensions.