cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spirituality and religion in family firms

The field of family business research has grown tremendously in recent years (e.g. Debicki et al. 2009, Sharma et al. 2012). Many conferences are devoted exclusively to this area, and an increasing...
Hodgkin's disease presenting as a solitary bone tumor: A report of four cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Hodgkin's disease (HD) rarely presents as a solitary bone tumor. Fewer than 20 such cases have been reported in the English literature; many of these were reported prior to the development of immunohistologic markers for HD and T- and B-cell lymphomas. In this report, we describe four cases of HD that presented as a localized solitary mass in bone; the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies in all cases. METHODS The biopsy specimens of four cases identified in our files were studied by conventional histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Clinical data and follow-up information were obtained for all patients. RESULTS Three cases presented as a localized, solitary mass in the ilium and one case in the vertebra (T12). Three patients were female and one male. The average age was 43 years. Three of the patients presented with lower back pain without constitutional symptoms. All had solitary osteoblastic lesions. All four cases were diagnostic problems, and the diagnosis was confirmed in each case only after finding lymph node involvement. Bone biopsies showed fibrosis and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with rare atypical cells. All four patients were subsequently found to have nodal involvement by HD. The histology of the associated nodal disease was mixed cellularity in two cases and nodular sclerosis in two. On immunohistochemical staining, the neoplastic cells in all cases expressed CD15 and CD30 and lacked CD45 and other B- and T-cell antigens. Three patients who were treated for HD are alive and well, 1, 6, and 14 years later. CONCLUSIONS Although rare, HD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary bone lesions. Most patients who present with apparently solitary HD of bone prove to have nodal involvement. Long-term survival is possible with aggressive treatment. Cancer 1996;77:79-88.
Hemoglobin adaptation for fast and slow water habitats in sympatric catostomid fishes.

The oxygen equilibria of Catostomus insignis hemoglobins are p H dependent. Catostomus clarkii hemoglobins have some components (20 percent) whose oxygen equilibria are independent of p H because the alpha chains have NH 2 -termini that are blocked and the beta chains lack the "usual" COOH-terminal histidine. Since the Bohr effect is normally a beneficial phenomenon, the maintenance of some hemoglobins without a Bohr effect must provide a physiological advantage that is habitat specific. The intrastream ecological preferences of these sympatric catostomids suggest that the hemoglobins without the Bohr effect confer an ecological advantage in a swift water habitat.
Luminescence of thin uranium oxide films

Abstract Electron-induced luminescence and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to study thin uranium oxide layers prepared by exposing clean, high-purity, polycrystalline uranium surfaces to small amounts of either pure H 2 O, dry O 2 , or CO between 85 and 300 K. All oxidized surfaces exhibited a uniform, faint blue luminescence whose spectrum consisted of an asymmetric peak centered at 400 nm that was ascribed to excitation of F-centers in the surface oxide layers. The adsorption of H 2 O vapor on an oxygen-saturated surface resulted in the appearance of an additional bright red luminescence that was localized at several small spots on the sample surface and whose spectrum consisted of an asymmetric peak centered at 800 nm. These spots were correlated with surface pit formation resulting from the presence of condensed H 2 O on the uranium surface. A preliminary evaluation of electron-induced luminescence as a surface specific technique is made.
Biological doses with template distribution patterns

Consideration of radiation dose rate effects emphasizes advantages of the template method for lateral distribution of multiple sources in treatment of laterally infiltrating gynecologic cancer, when compared to a conventional technique with colpostats. Biological doses in time dose fractionation (TDF), ret and reu units are calculated for the two treatment methods. With the template method the lateral dose (point B) is raised without significantly increasing the doses to the rectum and bladder, that is, relatively, the calculated biological doses at point A and B are more nearly equivalent and the doses to the rectum and bladder are significantly lower than the dose to point B.
Functional Nanovalves on Protein‐Coated Nanoparticles for In vitro and In vivo Controlled Drug Delivery

A multifunctional mesoporous drug delivery system that contains fluorescent imaging molecules, targeting proteins, and pH-sensitive nanovalves is developed and tested. Three nanovalve-mesoporous silica nanoparticle (NV-MSN) systems with varied quantities of nanovalves on the surface are synthesized. These systems are characterized and tested to optimize the trade-off between the coverage of nanovalves on the MSNs to effectively trap and deliver cargo, and the remaining underivatized silanol groups that can be used for protein attachments. The NV-MSN system that has satisfactory coverage for high loading and spare silanols is chosen, and transferrin (Tf) is integrated into the system. Abiotic studies are performed to test the operation of the nanovalve in the presence of the protein. In vitro studies are carried out to demonstrate the autonomous activation and function of the nanovalves in the system under biological conditions. Enhanced cellular uptake of the Tf-modified MSNs is seen using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in MiaPaCa-2 cells. The MSNs are then tested using SCID mice, which show that both targeted and untargeted NV-MSN systems are fully functional to effectively deliver cargo. These new multifunctional nanoparticles serve proof of concept of nanovalve functionality in the presence of large proteins and demonstrate another dimension of MSN-based theranostic platforms.
An Experimental Investigation of Causal Attributions for the Political Behavior of Muslim Candidates: Can a Muslim Represent you?

American Muslim representation in elected office has lagged behind that of other groups of comparable size. Muslims now make up 2% of the total United States population and enjoy much larger concentrations in some urban areas. American Muslims are also disproportionately educated and enjoy a higher average socio-economic status than members of groups with similar numbers that have made strides in terms of political representation in our democracy. Yet Muslims have not made similar advances in the political arena. There are a number of reasons that might account for this situation. Here, we look at one possible explanation that is especially intriguing — and perhaps a bit troubling: the idea that voters make different causal attributions for the behavior of Muslim candidates for office. We employ an experimental design to examine the attributions participants use to "explain" the behavior of hypothetical Muslim and non-Muslim candidates. We conduct two experiments involving distinct political offices: State Attorney General and United States Senator. We find that respondents generally do not attribute behavior differently in the case of Muslim and Christian candidates, except in the case of lax prosecution of a terrorism case. Politically sophisticated respondents assume that a Muslim prosecutor who does not have a large Muslim constituency is sympathetic to Muslim terrorists, but not one with a larger Muslim voting base. Non-sophisticates attribute his behavior to such motivations regardless of the concentration of Muslims in his district.
Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis

Abstract Leghorn hens were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis cultures of known genomic content and subpopulation characteristics to determine comparative abilities to colonize the avian reproductive tract. Group 1 received phage-type (PT)4 22079, which is a dimorphic subpopulation that can both contaminate eggs and form biofilm. Group 2 received a 90:10 mixture of monomorphic PT13a strains 21027 and 21046, which produce biofilm or contaminate eggs, respectively. Group 3 received a 10:90 mixture of the same two PT13a strains, respectively. Trials were repeated three times and a total of 30 hens per treatment group were infected. Dosage was by oral gavage and was calculated as 8.6 ± 2.01 × 107 colony-forming units per hen. Liver, spleen, and three different sections of oviduct (ovary, upper oviduct, and lower oviduct) were cultured per bird. Results were that all three groups had livers and spleens that were mostly positive (90.0% and 94.4% of 270 hens cultured, respectively). Reproductive-tract organs y...
Visualization of spatio-temporal information in the Internet

Maps are traditional means of presentation and tools for analysis of spatial information. The power of maps can be also put into service in analysis of spatio-temporal data, i.e. data about phenomena that change with time. Exploration of such data requires highly interactive and dynamic maps. We implement such a kind of mapping in a collection of Java applets designed for various types of spatially referenced time series data: occurrences of events, movement of objects in space, and statistical data referring to parts of territory. As a theoretical background, we develop a classification of analytical tasks depending on what aspect of a spatial phenomenon varies with the time (existence, spatial location, size and shape, or thematic properties) and what kind of view is required, with respect to time (instant, interval, or overall). On the basis of this classification, we select appropriate presentation techniques and devise interactive map manipulation tools supporting various kinds of tasks.
Standing Out in the Crowd: Signal-to-Background in Molecular Imaging

Molecular imaging is a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field historically focussed on the concept of non-invasively quantifying and visualizing molecular and cellular processes, rather than anatomy, as they occur in biological systems ranging in scale from the subcellular to whole organism through use of external imaging devices. [1] More recent advances have come to include minimally-invasive strategies for imaging molecular activities in situ (e.g. endoscopic or intravascular fluorescence imaging) or imaging open surgical fields, often following the administration of an appropriate targeted contrast agent. [2] Molecular imaging often utilizes the distinct chemical nature of unique injectable probes (contrast agents) to interrogate specific signalling events and receptors on and within cells, tissues, and animals. These probes or reporters can be specifically tailored to obtain quantitativeandqualitativeinformationaboutspecificpharmacological targets and biochemical events in biological systems. The conceptual framework for molecular imaging originated in nuclear medicine with radiotracer agents in the 1970s and 1980s as the need to better understand metabolic pathways (glucose metabolism) and drug pharmacokinetics in vivo drove the development of molecular-targeted tracer compounds and imaging techniques. [3] Merging the conceptual framework of molecular-cell biology with genetically-encoded constructs or reporters and the analysis of signalling pathways and protein function in vivo with non-invasiveexternalimagingdevicesspawnedaleapinthemidlate1990stowardsthefullscopeofmodernmolecularimagingas
Basement-cover relations in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt

The external massifs along the Appalachian orogen include Precambrian basement rocks with attached cover. To the northwest (cratonward), in the Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt, Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, but no basement rocks, are exposed; that belt was the subject of the classic debate about thin-skinned (deformed cover rocks detached from undeformed basement) and thick-skinned (basement deformed with attached cover) structural styles. Presently available data indicate detached cover rocks and thin-skinned style in the fold and thrust belt: large-scale thrusting occurred late in the orogenic history. In the external basement massifs, late Precambrian graben-fill sedimentary and volcanic rocks indicate early basement faults; and within the craton, steep basement faults bound graben blocks of Cambrian age. Distribution of known basement faults suggests that basement rocks beneath the fold and thrust belt may also be faulted. Local episodic synsedimentary structural movement through much of the Palaeozoic is documented by stratigraphy in the fold and thrust belt. Axes of early synsedimentary structures are approximately coincident with axes of late folds and thrust fault ramps, but stratigraphic data show that magnitude of the early structures was much less than that of the late structures. These relations suggest the interpretation that early low-magnitude structures formed in cover rocks over basement faults and that the early structures, or the basement faults, significantly influenced the geometry of later detachment structures during large-scale horizontal translation.
Probabilistic Approaches for Pavement Fatigue Cracking Prediction based on Cumulative Damage using Miner’s Law

In mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design, pavement damage is modeled as a random variable with a pre-specified distribution (normal or lognormal). The extent of fatigue cracking in terms of percentage cracking is computed as the probability of cumulative damage exceeding unity. This paper provides a methodological framework for characterizing damage distribution under mixed traffic loading (multiple strain levels) with an improved forecast of traffic spectrum based on renewal theory. Using the linear Miner's law for damage accumulation, analytical representation of damage distribution is obtainable owing to the proportional relationship between maximum tensile strain of pavement and traffic load under linear elasticity condition. Numerical computation shows that percent of cracking from derived damage distribution is greater than that from hypothetical normal or lognormal distributions traditionally used in the M-E pavement design. The method developed here and the derived model can be used in pavement design and pavement management systems.
Drift shells and aurora computed using the O8 magnetic field model for Neptune

Charged particle drift shells are calculated using the O8 magnetic field model for Neptune. Inner drift shell morphologies differ significantly from dipolar drift shells for the parts of drift shells inward of r = 2 R(sub N). Outer drift shells (L approx. greater than 10), when traced down to Neptune's surface following magnetic field lines, are simple closed loops around magnetic poles. Inner drift shells (L approx. less than 4), on the other hand, when traced to the surface, are also single loops but stretched in a previously unknown way: sometimes with a cusp and sometimes into two joined loops. Inner drift shell footprints on R = 1 provide the basis for identifying precipitation L shells, interpreting observed aurora, and predicting additional emissions on that part of Neptune's surface unobserved by the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS). Precipitation in a global magnetic anomaly, `ordinary' auroral precipitation near the south magnetic pole, and precipitation from field lines with no magnetic field minimum above Neptune's exobase collectively appear to account for all of the observed auroral emission regions at Neptune. To the extent that aurora can be understood in this model, it is suggested O8 may be reasonably accurate.
Evidence for an Early Recent Warm Interval in Northwestern Alaska

A warm interval that began at least 10,000 years ago and lasted until at least 8300 years ago is recorded in the coastal tundra covered area of northwestern Alaska by the presence of fossil wood of tree size or tree species, fossil beaver-gnawed wood found beyond the modern range of beaver, evidence of ice-wedge melting, buried soils, and soils that extend below the top of modern permafrost. Dating of the warm interval is based on eight radiocarbon dates. Although these do not provide tight control for either the beginning or the end, they permit the interpretation that the warm event began at the start of the worldwide, postglacial warming and that it ended at the time of the Anivik Lake glacial readvance in the Brooks Range. If this is correct, the early Recent warm interval and the “postglacial thermal maximum” recognized by Livingstone in the Brooks Range were separated by a period of cooler climate. Deposits 7200 and 3600 years old also record moments when the climate was warmer than at present in coastal northwestern Alaska. Although these may record a continuation of the early Recent warm period, it seems more likely that they represent later and separate brief intervals of warmer climate. A postglacial thermal maximum between 6000 and 3000 years ago is recorded by pollen profiles in the Brooks Range, but is not clearly recorded in the coastal areas of northwestern Alaska. We suggest that as sea level rose to near its present position, the accompanying maritime climate lowered summer temperatures in this coastal area during the time at which areas farther inland were experiencing the high temperatures of the postglacial thermal maximum.
Endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in a new rodent model of spontaneous hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to determine plasma and tissue endothelin-1 (ET-1)-like immunoreactivity in a new rodent model of spontaneous hypertension. Plasma and tissues were procured from pentobarbital-anesthetized 16- to 18-week-old male hamsters with spontaneous hypertension and genetically/age-matched normotensive hamsters. We found that ET-1-like immunoreactivity in the plasma was similar in both groups. However, renal and cardiac ET-1-like immunoreactivity was 11- and 1.7-fold higher in spontaneously hypertensive hamsters relative to normotensive hamsters, respectively (P < .05). ET-1-like immunoreactivity was slightly, but significantly, lower in the lung and spleen of spontaneously hypertensive hamsters relative to normotensive hamsters (P < .05). ET-1-like immunoreactivity in the liver and brain was similar in both groups. We conclude that ET-1-like immunoreactivity is significantly higher in two target organs for hypertension, kidney and heart, but not in plasma or brain of adult male hamsters with spontaneous hypertension, relative to genetically/age-matched normotensive hamsters. We suggest that renal and cardiac ET-1 could play a role in the natural history of spontaneous hypertension in hamsters.
Using HF surface wave radar and the ship Automatic Identification System (AIS) to monitor coastal vessels

We compare the ship detection capabilities of the Automatic Identification System AIS (installed on some ships) and coastal, surface wave HF radars, showing how to use both systems together to enhance ship detection performance in coastal regions. Practical reasons to want better real-time awareness of the location, velocity and type of vessels along coasts include vessel safety, protection of the coastal environment and national security. Our model for the HF radar aspect uses an example radar with significant power and aperture, similar to the Pisces radar. The AIS model is for the high power (12.5 W) AIS unit and a significantly elevated receiver (~ 250 ft asl). The HF system show good capability to ranges of ~ 150 km for small ships to 250 km for large ships. The AIS system shows excellent capability out to a typical horizon of ~ 50 km with irregular coverage beyond using ducted propagation to several hundred km and more. Use of both systems allows monitoring of both AIS and non-AIS equipped ships and enhances probability of detection for situations where both systems are functional.
Is there a role for store-operated calcium entry in vasoconstriction?

transitions in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) represent an important physiological signal in cells ([1][1]). A rise in smooth muscle cell [Ca2+]i activates myosin light chain kinase, which promotes myosin light chain phosphorylation and actomyosin interaction. However, recent evidence has
Retirement Income Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the American Community Survey

The authors present data on annual retirement income of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) from the American Community Survey and include separate analyses for AIANs of single-race and multiple-race backgrounds. The authors also compare retirement income of AIANs with that of whites and blacks and find that, overall, annual retirement income among all AIANs was significantly lower than that of whites and also of blacks.
To Outsource or Not to Outsource: IAs and Emails

Compliance and legal departments are taking on a higher profile at many registered investment advisers. One of the key issues they need to address is their firms' email retention practices, not least because many-surprisingly-still operate without an adequate written policy.This short article addresses this topic in the light of whether or not to deal with the problem in-house or use outsourcing.
RNA-Binding Protein PCBP2 regulates p73 expression and p73-dependent antioxidant defense

TAp73, a member of the p53 family tumor suppressors, plays a critical rule in tumor suppression and neuronal development. However, how p73 activity is controlled at the posttranscriptional level is not well understood. Here, we showed that TAp73 activity is regulated by RNA-binding protein PCBP2. Specifically, we found that knockdown or knock-out of PCBP2 reduces, whereas ectopic expression of PCBP2 increases, TAp73 expression. We also showed that PCBP2 is necessary for p73 mRNA stability via the CU-rich elements in p73 3'-UTR. To uncover the biological relevance of PCBP2-regulated TAp73 expression, we showed that ectopic expression of PCBP2 inhibits, whereas knockdown or knock-out of PCBP2 increases, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a TAp73-dependent manner. Additionally, we found that glutaminase 2 (GLS2), a modulator of p73-dependent antioxidant defense, is also involved in PCBP2-regulated ROS production. Moreover, we generated PCBP2-deficient mice and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and showed that loss of PCBP2 leads to decreased p73 expression and, subsequently, increased ROS production and accelerated cellular senescence. Together, our data suggest that PCBP2 regulates p73 expression via mRNA stability and p73-dependent biological function in ROS production and cellular senescence.
Abstract 161: Differential Effects of Short- and Long-Term Increase in Endothelial ROS on Coronary Vascular Function

Introduction: Increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often associated with vascular pathophysiological conditions. Our recent findings demonstrated that transient increase in ROS improved coronary endothelial function. However, long-term effects of endothelium-specific increase in ROS on endothelial function are not known. Hypothesis: The short-term (four to eight weeks) versus the long-term (16 to 20 weeks) increase in NADPH oxidase-derived ROS will have differential effects on vascular endothelium. Methods: Our binary (Tet-ON/OFF) conditional transgenic mouse (Tet-Nox2:VE-Cad-tTA) induces 1.8±0.42-fold increase in NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in endothelium. Using these animals, we have examined the effects of short-term vs. the long-term effects of ROS on endothelial cell (EC) signaling and coronary endothelial function. Results: We demonstrate that whereas EC-dependent coronary vasodilation was significantly increased after short-term increase in ROS, coronary vasodilation was drastically reduced after long-term increase in EC-ROS in Tet-OFF Nox2 mice compared to their Tet-ON (control) littermates. Using EC isolated from mouse heart, we demonstrate that, whereas Nox2-derived both short-term and long-term increase in ROS increased activation of AMPK and eNOS, and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, long-term increase in ROS abrogated these positive effects due to increased peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosylation of MnSOD. We also show that long-term ROS increase resulted in abrogation of EC proliferation and reduction in EC mitochondrial content compared to short-term ROS exposure. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that whereas short-term increase in ROS is beneficial for EC function, long-term increase in ROS results in loss of EC mitochondria and inhibition of endothelial function. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Suggestions on maintaining Cultures of Mosquito Larvae through the Winter.

A description of the equipment used in maintaining a culture of mosquitoes ( Culex pipiens Linn.) throughout the year, together with some ecological and life history observations.
Polyglutamic and polyaspartic acids: synthetic polypeptides with predominantly factor VIII-like coagulant activity.

Summary and discussionWe have shown that polyglutamic and polyaspartic acids are quite active in specific assays for F. VIII, much less so in specific assays for F. IX, and inactive in four other systems (Table I). The F. VIII and IX activities are demonstrable only when the deficient substrate plasmas have been activated previously with kaolin and when phospholipid is also present (Tables II and III). Furthermore, polyglutamic acid “potentiates” F. VIII activity, two- to fivefold, when it is added to normal human plasma or F. VII-rich fractions of normal human plasma (Table IV).“Potentiation” of F. VIII by PGA is apparently different from activation or enhancement of F. VIII activity by thrombin. Very low concentrations of thrombin are known to activate F. VIII in a time-dependent reaction in which maximum activation does not occur until several minutes after mixing (8). This increase in F. VIII activity is unstable, decreasing to the original value upon further incubation. In contrast, the “potentiating...
Modeling Manhood: Reimagining Black Male Identities in School.

This paper examines the process by which stereotypical mainstream representations of black males (as hard, as anti-school, and as disconnected from the domestic sphere) were reimagined in all-black, all-male manhood development classes for 9th graders in urban public high schools. Findings show that instructors debunked stereotypes and created new definitions of black manhood through the practice of modeling manhood, critiquing existing notions of black manhood, establishing a caring community, and role modeling new ways of being.
China's Power Transmission Price Structure Research on Ramsey Pricing

Establishing the reasonable electric transmission price plays a critical role in balancing China's power trans-regional or trans-provincial flow.Based on Ramsey pricing model and improvement research,China's two-part power transmission price structure model is proposed and the welfare weight moderating electricity peak is defined,by which we put forward the moderating electric metering price.Implementing based on Ramsey pricing two-part transmission price structure will improve not only welfare but also power transmission resource utilization ensuring safe transmission,and further lower government's regulation costs.
Effect of length and cross-bridge attachment on Ca2+ binding to cardiac troponin C

The sensitivity of skinned cardiac muscle bundles to Ca2+ is a function of sarcomere length. Ca2+ sensitivity is increased as fiber length is extended along the ascending limb of the force-length curve and it has been suggested that this phenomenon makes a major contribution to the steep force-length relationship that exists in living cardiac muscle. To gain greater insight into the mechanism behind the length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity isotopic measurements of Ca2+ binding to detergent-extracted bovine, ventricular muscle bundles were made under conditions in which troponin C was the only major Ca2+ binding species. Experiments were designed to determine whether 1) Ca2+-troponin C affinity varies in the sarcomere length range corresponding to the ascending limb of the force-length curve, and 2) Ca2+ binding correlates with length per se or with changes in the number of length-dependent cross-bridge attachments. Measurements were made of Ca2+ binding in the rigor and relaxed states. The latter state was produced by suppressing actin-myosin interaction with the phosphate analogue, sodium vanadate. After vanadate treatment it is possible to obtain a complete Ca2+ saturation curve in the presence of physiological MgATP concentrations and at constant sarcomere length. The results show that the binding of Ca2+ to the regulatory site of cardiac troponin C is length dependent but this length dependence is actually a dependence on the number of attached cross bridges.
Oxford and the Development of Physiology, with Notes on the Nuffield Institute for Medical Research

As background for appreciating the development of fetal and newborn physiology, one might consider what undoubtedly are some of the earliest studies on the embryo and fetus that can be classed as scientific. William Harvey recorded that it was in the early 1630s, shortly following publication of his monumental Exercitatio anatomica de mortu cordis… (Harvey 1628) that, with the privilege and blessing of King James I (1566–1625; King from 1603 to death) and King Charles I (Charles Stuart; 1600–1649; King from 1625 to his death), and for both of whom Harvey served as personal physician, Harvey studied various aspects of generation in deer and other animals that resided at the King’s estate. In addition to providing deer and other animals from the Royal preserve, his royal patrons supported Harvey’s experiments. Of this patronage, Harvey wrote that daily he had an opportunity of dissecting and studying the reproductive and genital organs. He also credits the King with taking a great interest in his work, for instance, “… my Royal master (whose Physitian I was, and who was himself much delighted in this kind of curiosity, being many times pleased to be an eye-witness, and to assert my new inventions)” (Harvey 1653, p. 397). A Royalist, in anticipation of the civil war Harvey later accompanied King Charles to Scotland, and following the Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642) the first major action of the Civil War, the Royal party settled and set up Court in Oxford. Within several months, Harvey was appointed warden of Merton College. Here, Harvey took advantage of the opportunity to resume studies of the development of hen’s egg that he had commenced earlier. He conducted these studies in the rooms of George Bathurst, an Anglican divine of Trinity College, who had a hen to hatch eggs in his chamber which they opened day after day, “That we may the better discover what the… incubation hath produced” (1653, p. 80). Relatively uninterrupted by the political upheavals that surrounded him, Harvey pursued his embryological studies. As an aside, it should be noted that during the civil war, the period of parliamentarian rule during the Interregnum, and continuing through the restoration, as a Royalist stronghold, Oxford was fiercely loyal to the Crown (Fig. 3.1).
Human genetic insights into lipoproteins and risk of cardiometabolic disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human genetic studies have been successfully used to identify genes and pathways relevant to human biology. Using genetic instruments composed of loci associated with human lipid traits, recent studies have begun to clarify the causal role of major lipid fractions in risk of cardiometabolic disease. RECENT FINDINGS The causal relationship between LDL cholesterol and coronary disease has been firmly established. Of the remaining two major fractions, recent studies have found that HDL cholesterol is not likely to be a causal particle in atherogenesis, and have instead shifted the causal focus to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Subsequent results are refining this view to suggest that triglycerides themselves might not be causal, but instead may be a surrogate for the causal cholesterol content within this fraction. Other studies have used a similar approach to address the association between lipid fractions and risk of type 2 diabetes. Beyond genetic variation in the target of statin medications, reduced LDL cholesterol associated with multiple genes encoding current or prospective drug targets associated with increased diabetic risk. In addition, genetically lower HDL cholesterol and genetically lower triglycerides both appear to increase risk of type 2 diabetes. SUMMARY Results of these and future human genetic studies are positioned to provide substantive insights into the causal relationship between lipids and human disease, and should highlight mechanisms with important implications for our understanding of human biology and future lipid-altering therapeutic development.
CARRIER MEDIATED UPTAKE OF DEOXYGUANOSINE IN RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA: 225

It has been known for a number of years that mitochondria contain enzymes important for the synthesis of DNA. However, detailed studies on mitochondrial purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism are lacking. This report describes the uptake of deoxyguanosine by rat liver mitochondria and indicates that this deoxynucleoside is taken up by a carrier mediated mechanism. Using the ATP structural analogues AMPPNP and AMPPCP as inhibitors, it was shown that ATP is required for the uptake of deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, ADP is inhibitory to the uptake process. When nucleosides were tested as competitors to the uptake of deoxyguanosine (10 uM), deoxyinosine (100 uM) was inhibitory (55%), but neither deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxythymidine nor guanosine (all at 100 uM) were significantly effective in altering the process. Likewise, 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-thioinosine (NBTI) (5 uM) and cytochalsin B (50 uM) were not highly inhibitory, 5 and 17%, respectively. The observations that deoxyguanosine uptake requires ATP, is specific for deoxyguanosine (or deoxyinosine), is not inhibited by NBTI or cytochalsin B and is inhibited by ADP indicates that the process for uptake of deoxyguanosine by mitochondria is quite different from that by the plasma membrane.
IT Is From Mars and Physicians From Venus: Bridging the Gap

With increasing adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and legislative mandates for its use within the United States, collaboration between physicians and information technology (IT) staff is essential. Current challenges that physicians face include addressing EHR usability, system performance, adequate training, issue resolution, regulatory compliance, and lack of awareness of IT roles. These challenges lead to gaps in communication between clinicians and IT staff. Strategies to improve collaboration between physicians and IT staff include increasing physician involvement with health information technology software development, involvement with legislative regulations and standards, IT project implementation, as well as system stabilization and optimization. Other key strategies to improve collaboration are also addressed, including proper leadership support, proper training, and proper issue triage. Improved collaboration can result in more effective EHR design and implementation which in turn can enhance the end user experience and patient care.
Optimization of Glutaraldehyde Vapor Treatment for Electrospun Collagen/Silk Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Freestanding fibrous matrices with proper protein composition and desirable mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility are in high demand for tissue engineering. Electrospun (E-spun) collagen–silk composite fibers are promising tissue engineering scaffolds. However, as-spun fibers are mechanically weak and unstable. In this work, we applied glutaraldehyde (GA) vapor treatment to improve the fiber performance, and the effect on the properties of E-spun collagen–silk fibers was studied systematically. GA treatment was found to affect collagen and silk distinctively. Whereas GA chemically links collagen peptides, it induces conformational transitions to enrich β-sheets in silk. The combined effects impose a control of the mechanical properties, stability, and degradability of the composite fibers, which are dependent on the extent of GA treatment. In addition, a mild treatment of the fibers did not diminish cell proliferation and viability. However, overly treated fibers demonstrated reduced cell...
Impact of microbiota on ocular immunity (MUC9P.745)

To evaluate the impact of microbiota on ocular immunity, the susceptibility of germ free mice (GFM) and conventional mice to ocular Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was studied. We found that the GFM were significantly more susceptible to infection than the conventionally housed mice. This was exemplified by increased corneal bacterial presence and associated pathology. Quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of the eyewashes showed that the elevated susceptibility of the GFM to infection correlated with alterations in the baseline levels of ocular immune effectors, suggesting that priming of ocular immunity with commensal microbiota strengthened the innate immune barrier function of the eye. Unlike the gut microbiota, not many bacteria are isolated from the conjunctiva, posing the question whether low levels of ocular commensals may be sufficient to prime local immunity. Colonization of GFM with ocular commensal Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus sp restored the resistance to infection. Consistently, similar corneal P. aeruginosa burden was detected in the challenged monocolonized GFM and conventional mice. Notably, the expression levels of innate immune effectors such as complement C3 was restored in the monocolonized mice. This increase in the lacrimal gland-derived immune effectors was IL-6 driven as neutralization of IL-6 increased the susceptibility to infection. In summary, these data show that tonic signals by local commensals are sufficient to promote innate immune responses.
Continuous switching of ultra-high voltage silicon carbide MOSFETs

Silicon carbide power semiconductor devices are capable of increasing the power density of power electronics systems [1, 2]. In recent years, devices rated to block voltages up to 20 kV have been demonstrated [3]. These research grade devices must be fully characterized to determine operating characteristics as well as failure mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the continuous switching performance of ultra-high voltage metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET) rated for 15 kV / 10 A. A high voltage boost converter was developed to evaluate the continuous switching performance where the high-voltage MOSFET is utilized as the main switching element. During operation, the on-state voltage, gate leakage current, and dc characteristics are monitored to determine device degradation. Measured device degradation is presented as a comparison of initial and final dc characterization.
A Laser-Based Optical Sensor for Broad-Band Measurements of Building Earthquake Drift

Accurate measurements of the time-dependent deformations of a building during earthquake excitation are essential for interpretation of the dynamic response of the as-built system and for quantifyi...
Factors Affecting Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors of Hispanic Families With Young Children: Implications for Obesity Policies and Programs.

Abstract Objective To determine preferred policies and programs to prevent obesity and diabetes as identified by parents and caregivers of 3- to 5-year-old Latino children. Design Constructs from the Social Ecological Model were used to develop 10 focus group and key informant interview questions. Setting Community venues and schools in St Paul, MN. Participants A total of 64 parents and caregivers and 20 key informants provided comments. Intervention(s) Community-based participatory research methods were used to gather opinions regarding appropriate and preferred methods to prevent obesity and diabetes among Latino youth. Native Spanish-speaking investigators who were members of the community conducted 7 focus groups (60–90 minutes each) and 20 key informant interviews. Main Outcome Measures Themes and subthemes of preferences based on participant comments. Analysis Transcript-based, long-table qualitative analysis. Results Five themes were identified: (1) cultural beliefs and practices are inconsistent with obesity prevention; (2) cost and convenience; (3) positive parenting practices; (4) we want to learn more about being healthy; and (5) gardens, parks, gyms, and school meals. At least 1 theme fell within each of the Social Ecological Model domains. Conclusions and Implications Our results suggest that parents of young Hispanic children prefer that obesity and diabetes prevention programs address multiple levels of influence.
Automated Image Analysis and the Application of Diagnostic Algorithms in an Ocular Telehealth Network

The application of computer-based imaging algorithms to the diagnosis of human disease is already a reality, used routinely today in radiology, mammography, and pathology [1–3]. Recent advances in the imaging of the eye, in particular nonmydriatic and cross-sectional images of the retina, now provide high-quality digital data to diagnose and quantify features of many diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). The potential of these imaging methods is clear. New computer-based systems and diagnostic algorithms hold the promise of producing low-cost, potentially automated, diagnostic imaging systems for managing diseases like DR on a societal scale.
Representation of Reward

Rewards and their perceived values drive organized behavior. The intensity of the behavior is driven by some adjusted fraction of the intrinsic reward value. Theories for interpreting factors important for calculating reward value come from reinforcement learning, game theory, and economics. Time to reward (temporal discounting), difficulty of a task, and satiation all lead to discounting of reward value. Prior investment and denial can increase value. Dopamine seems to be critical for brain systems in computing value. Thus, in addition to the dopamine neurons, dopamine-rich brain regions, including the striatum, the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex, appear to be important in calculating value.
A Mass Mediated Interpretation of the Chinese “Belt & Road Initiative” as Strategic Intelligence Perspective

This paper contrasts the current Chinese “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) against the opening of the U.S. west in the 19 th century using principles of western rhetoric as basis for interpretation. Most specifically, Kenneth Burke’s Dramatistic Pentad is used for initial clarification along with explanation of how further understanding can be realized via Fantasy Theme Analysis to better appreciate the expression of rhetorical vision. Recognition of how BRI can be understood differently, depending on the cultural context, is stressed as a strategic intelligence perspective. This is couched in the contextual framing of mass media influences as explained by Marshall McLuhan.
Racial/ethnic differences in mental health and drug treatment among juvenile arrestees

The purpose of this study was to test for racial/ethnic differences in drug and mental health treatment-related perceptions and experiences among a sample of 377 juvenile arrestees. Bivariate analyses revealed that white juvenile arrestees reported receiving more past drug treatment and mental health messages than black, Latino, and ‘other’ juvenile arrestees. They were also more likely to perceive a need for mental health treatment than Latinos and other racial/ethnic minority arrestees. No racial/ethnic differences were found for past mental health treatment or perceive need for drug treatment. Multivariate analyses revealed that Latinos were less likely than white youth to perceive a need for mental health treatment; and other racial/ethnic minority youth were less likely than white youth to have ever received drug treatment even after controlling for demographic variables and risk factors. Practice implications are discussed.
Combined model-based and patient-specific dosimetry for 18F-DCFPyL, a PSMA-targeted PET agent

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type-II integral membrane protein highly expressed in prostate cancer, has been extensively used as a target for imaging and therapy. Among the available PET radiotracers, the low molecular weight agents that bind to PSMA are proving particularly effective. We present the dosimetry results for 18F-DCFPyL in nine patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Nine patients were imaged using sequential PET/CT scans at approximately 1, 12, 35 and 70 min, and a final PET/CT scan at approximately 120 min after intravenous administration of 321 ± 8 MBq (8.7 ± 0.2 mCi) of18F-DCFPyL. Time-integrated-activity coefficients were calculated and used as input in OLINDA/EXM software to obtain dose estimates for the majority of the major organs. The absorbed doses (AD) to the eye lens and lacrimal glands were calculated using Monte-Carlo models based on idealized anatomy combined with patient-specific volumes and activity from the PET/CT scans. Monte-Carlo based models were also developed for calculation of the dose to two major salivary glands (parotid and submandibular) using CT-based patient-specific gland volumes. The highest calculated mean AD per unit administered activity of 18F was found in the lacrimal glands, followed by the submandibular glands, kidneys, urinary bladder wall, and parotid glands. The S-values for the lacrimal glands to the eye lens (0.42 mGy/MBq h), the tear film to the eye lens (1.78 mGy/MBq h) and the lacrimal gland self-dose (574.10 mGy/MBq h) were calculated. Average S-values for the salivary glands were 3.58 mGy/MBq h for the parotid self-dose and 6.78 mGy/MBq h for the submandibular self-dose. The resultant mean effective dose of 18F-DCFPyL was 0.017 ± 0.002 mSv/MBq. 18F-DCFPyL dosimetry in nine patients was obtained using novel models for the lacrimal and salivary glands, two organs with potentially dose-limiting uptake for therapy and diagnosis which lacked pre-existing models.
Mass Communication and Collective Actions: Motivating Energy Conservation in the U.S.

Government exists in large part to provide collective goods that the market would not otherwise produce. A critical question is what collective goods citizens would produce on their own, notwithstanding market forces. We address this question with a theory and survey experiment by evaluating the impact of exposure to mass communications posited to shape collective action behavior. We find that mass communications shape behavior depending on two primary factors not previously studied in concert: first, to whom responsibility is attributed for collective outcomes; and, second, what effects or consequences are associated with one’s actions, when it comes to energy conservation. The inclusion of mass communications as an independent variable is a novel contribution to what we know about collective action – that is, it shows certain mass communications drive behavior and this has implications in a domain of immediate relevance: energy sustainability.
Telecommuting and corporate culture: Implications for the mobile enterprise

Enterprise mobility includes at home work often called telecommuting. Although telecommuting has been highly touted for a number of years, its adoption has seen varying levels of success. Earlier studies indicated that corporate culture might be a deterrent to the acceptance of the practice. The purpose of this research is to re-investigate the impact of corporate culture on telecommuting. This paper reports the results of a survey of business professionals and managers regarding perceptions of corporate culture toward telecommuting. The main conclusion of the paper is that corporate culture is still a deterrent to telecommuting in many organizations. The results have implications for management, workers, and organizations moving toward a more mobile enterprise.