cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of promoting and evaluating effective teaching: American accounting association teaching and curriculum section

Abstract Teaching, research and service have traditionally been viewed as the primary roles of institutions of higher learning. Recently colleges and universities have been reevaluating their commitment to teaching in response to new accreditation guidelines and pressure from state legislatures and other stakeholders who contribute to the budgets of higher education. Many professors and college administrators have also called for a renewed emphasis on teaching. In keeping with this renaissance of interest in teaching, the Teaching and Curriculum Section of the AAA initiated a project in the summer of 1994 to examine methods for promoting and evaluating effective teaching. This report presents an overview of the Committee's work. In addition to identifying five accounting programs with “best practice” systems for promoting and evaluating teaching effectiveness, the Committee's report stresses the importance of a comprehensive administrative system and the AECC's dimensions of effective teaching.
Observation of intermediate Rydberg states in Penning ionization of nitrogen by helium (2 3 S)

Radiation from highly excited Rydberg states N/sup R//sub 2/(B,v = 5) and N/sup R//sub 2/(B,v = 4) have been observed at 3532 and 3538 A, respectively. These states are formed by a reaction of ground-state N/sub 2/ with He 2/sup 3/S. The Rydberg states have been observed at low pressure in a flowing afterglow and at high pressure in an electron beam discharge.
Dryland hydrology in a warmer world: Lessons from the Last Glacial period

It has long been recognized that the tropics were drier and mid-latitude deserts wetter during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Until now there has not been a single, unifying explanation for this pattern. Recently, Held and Soden [34] suggested that ongoing global warming will cause the Earth’s drylands to become progressively drier and its tropics to become progressively wetter. Because no suitable “warm world” analogue is available in the paleoclimate record, the best available test of Held and Soden’s proposal is to look at records from the last glacial period in which drylands should have been wetter and the tropics drier. Our survey of the recent paleolake literature confirms that closed basin lakes located in the poleward limits (∼40°) of the drylands in both hemispheres were far larger during the Last Glacial Maximum and parts of the tropics appear to have been less wet. While these observations are consistent with Held’s prediction, evidence from the sub-tropical drylands (15 to 25°) is more complex. As with high-latitude drylands, lakes in subtropical drylands of South America and probably the Kalahari Desert were larger than present during the LGM. By contrast, lakes in the sub-tropical Sahara and Arabian Deserts of the northern hemisphere were largest in the early Holocene, but also apparently larger than today in the early LGM. What paleolake records show are that 1) a strong hemispheric symmetry in lake response occurred during the LGM, 2) a difference in response occurred during the latest-glacial, and 3) lake expansions occurred in response to shifts in the thermal equator related to Heinrich Events and insolation variation as well as to colder temperatures.
GROUND PLATFORM PREPARATION AND THE “BANALIZATION” OF THE PRISMATIC BLADE IN WESTERN MESOAMERICA

For much of their history, prismatic blades were a relatively scarce item whose restricted occurrence suggested they functioned as prestige or luxury items. Some time prior to the Postclassic period, however, they became a widespread, ubiquitous, and mundane commodity in Mesoamerica, as indicated by ethnohistorical accounts as well as archaeological evidence. This occurred around the same time that blademakers began to prepare core platforms by pecking and grinding, a labor intensive process whose advantages are presumed to have played the primary role. The specific causal relationships involved, however, appear to pertain less to factors of increased productivity on the part of individual blademakers than to those of skill, as suggested by comparisons between core/blade technology used in areas close to obsidian sources and those used at sites further removed from the sources.
Effects of growth hormone on metabolism of nitrogen from several amino acids and ammonia.

In hypophysectomized rats, growth hormone increased incorporation of N15 from intraperitoneally injected ammonium citrate into proteins of liver, heart, muscle, kidney, and spleen. Distribution of N15 from this source among nine amino acids isolated from liver protein suggested that improved utilization of ammonia nitrogen resulted from: (a) its transfer to amino acids directly involved in urea formation and transamination; and (b) increased utilization of these amino acids for protein synthesis. Incorporation of N15 from intraperitoneally injected glycine, l -alanine, l -aspartic acid, and l -glutamic acid into liver protein of untreated hypophysectomized rats was much larger than that reported previously for muscle protein fractions; the positive effect of growth hormone, though always observed in liver, was correspondingly reduced in percentage. N15 from all five sources, appearing in liver or muscle protein as arginine, increased in treated groups, indicating that urea formation was not interfered with by growth hormone, at least up to the point of arginine synthesis. In untreated animals, transfer patterns of N15 from alanine and glutamic acid were quite similar, while those for N15 from ammonium citrate and aspartic acid differed considerably. Distribution of N15 from ammonium citrate to amino acids other than serine resembled that of N15 from glycine.
Vibrating superleak second-sound transducers. Theory and experiment

The properties of vibrating superleak second-sound transducers of the type invented by Rudnick and co-workers and Sherlock and Edwards are discussed. Recent theoretical treatments of these transducers are reviewed, and an error in Saslow's theory of the detection process is corrected. The theory is then extended so as to take into account Poiseuille flow of the normal fluid through the superleak. We also describe experiments in which the transducers are used to excite and detect second sound in a resonant cavity containing superfluid4He. Our results indicate that the flow of the normal fluid component through the superleak is very important under the conditions commonly found in experiments involving these transducers. The experimental results are in good general agreement with the theory.
Self-perceived physical health predicts cardiovascular disease incidence and death among postmenopausal women

Physical and Mental Component Summary (PCS, MCS, respectively) scales of SF- 36 health-related-quality-of-life have been associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Their relationships with CVD incidence are unclear. This study purpose was to test whether PCS and/or MCS were associated with CVD incidence and death. Postmenopausal women (aged 50–79 years) in control groups of the Women’s Health Initiative clinical trials (n = 20,308) completed the SF-36 and standardized questionnaires at trial entry. Health outcomes, assessed semi-annually, were verified with medical records. Cox regressions assessed time to selected outcomes during the trial phase (1993–2005). A total of 1075 incident CVD events, 204 CVD-specific deaths, and 1043 total deaths occurred during the trial phase. Women with low versus high baseline PCS scores had less favorable health profiles at baseline. In multivariable models adjusting for baseline confounders, participants in the lowest PCS quintile (reference = highest quintile) exhibited 1.8 (95%CI: 1.4, 2.3), 4.7 (95%CI: 2.3, 9.4), and 2.1 (95%CI: 1.7, 2.7) times greater risk of CVD incidence, CVD-specific death, and total mortality, respectively, by trial end; whereas, MCS was not significantly associated with CVD incidence or death. Physical health, assessed by self-report of physical functioning, is a strong predictor of CVD incidence and death in postmenopausal women; similar self-assessment of mental health is not. PCS should be evaluated as a screening tool to identify older women at high risk for CVD development and death.
Inhibition of NO synthase increases the severity of kainic acid-induced seizures in rodents

The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine (NNA) and the putative brain-selective NO synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) were used to determine the role of endogenous NO on seizures induced by kainic acid (KA) in rats and KA, pilocarpine, bicuculline, picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in mice. Rats given a subconvulsant dose of KA (6 mg/kg, i.p.) had seizures after they had been pretreated with NNA (50 mg/kg, i.p.). With a higher dose of KA (12 mg/kg, i.p.), NNA caused an increase in wild running seizures and mortality. Unlike NNA, 7-NI had no effect on KA-induced seizures. Similarly, NNA but not 7-NI caused a worsening of seizures in mice measured as a shortening of seizure latency and an increase in wild running and mortality. The effect of NNA on seizure latency was completely reversed by the competitive substrate for NO synthase, L-arginine. NNA had no effect on seizure latency following any of the other convulsants and increased mortality following pilocarpine and picrotoxin alone. Our results indicate that NNA may enhance the severity of KA-induced seizures through suppression of NO synthase activity in the vascular endothelium. The resulting impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation may cause a mismatch between metabolic demand and blood flow during seizures leading to facilitation of spread. The absence of a comparable effect of NNA on other seizure models may indicate differences in the degree to which seizure activity in different models is influenced by the metabolic impairment secondary to decreased blood flow.
Marketing productivity: issues and analysis

Abstract Marketing's fundamental problem today is low productivity and lack of accountability. This paper suggests two ways to improve marketing productivity. First, marketing must shift its focus from aggregate markets to individual customers. Second, the marketing function should be treated more like the production function as investment in brands and distribution to be amortized over time rather than expensed annually.
Soy Protein Fortification of a Low‐fat Dairy‐based Ice Cream

ABSTRACT The flavor and texture effects of soy protein fortification of low-fat dairy-based ice cream were characterized. Low-fat ice cream mixes were formulated with 0%, 2%, and 4% soy protein isolate (SPI). Sensory attributes, volatile flavor components, instrumental color, and viscosity were compared. SPI-fortified mixes displayed different textural and color properties compared with the 0% SPI control. Green/grassy and doughy/fatty flavors increased in intensity with added SPI. Instrumental volatile analysis revealed higher intensities of hexanal, (Z)-4-heptanal, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in the SPI-fortified mixes compared with controls. This information will aid in the design and optimization of an acceptable soy-fortified dairy ice cream. Keywords: soy protein isolate, ice cream, low-fat, flavor, volatile analysis
Electrochemical reactivity of ultra-thin cyanometallate films on electrode surfaces

Abstract Anodization of metal or semiconducting electrodes in the presence of a cyanometallate complex such as ferricyanide leads to the formation of a mixed metal, cyanide bridge, surface complex. Such species form polycrystalline, three-dimensional networks containing channels into which small cations can be intercalated. The thickness of the surface overlayer can be varied from submonolayer to several hundred layers. The surface confined cyanometallate complexes are found to be electroactive in many cases. Both the thermodynamics and dynamics of these species are found to be a strong function of the morphology and crystal geometry of the surface-confined species.
The Effect of Forest Litter Removal Upon the Structure of the Mineral Soil

The beneficial effect of forest litter, and the detrimental effect of its removal upon soil structure has been observed by the writer on several occasions. Measurements of the structure by aggregate analysis of soils in lysimeter tanks under red pine where naturally an excellent mull structure exists, have shown that where the soil has been kept bare of litter for a period of three and one-half years, the amount of aggregates in the first inch has decreased about 40% in comparison with soil retaining its natural litter cover. Between the one and three-inch depths, the decrease was between eleven and twenty-four per cent. In the pan lysimeters in which the soils were not disturbed in any way, removal of the litter over a two and one-half year period reduced the aggregate structure of the first inch by 36% to 58% depending upon the method used, and in 1 to 3-inch depth by 5% to 23%. In cases where the natural soil structure is less favorable, removal of the litter may or may not be detrimental to soil structure, depending upon the effect of such treatment upon ground cover and lesser vegetation.
The overlearning-extinction effect in free-operant bar pressing

Abstract Resistance to extinction of a free-operant bar press was measured as a function of number of bar presses and magnitude of reward. Given .02 ml of water, both total number of extinction responses and total time to extinction were monotonic increasing functions of number of reinforcements. Given .20 ml of water, the monotonic function was obtained for total responses; however, the time-to-extinction function was of an inverted U form. Early extinction response rates were an increasing function for number of reinforcements at both reward magnitudes; however, given the .20-ml reward, extinction rate was independent of terminal acquisition rate.
The Polls: Regulation—Part I

PART I of this report appeared in the Summer 1984 issue. Part II presents the rest of the survey data concerned with Americans' attitudes toward government regulation. The survey questions were taken from the files of the Policy Change and Public Opinion Change Project at NORC, University of Chicago. This project was originally supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant #SES7912969 AOl. Its data were compiled from published sources and with the assistance of the Roper Center, University of Connecticut; the Louis Harris Data Center, University of North Carolina; the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, tJniversity of Michigan; The New York Times/ CBS News Poll; the NORC Library and the NORC General Social Survey. The sample sizes are at least 1,200, unless noted otherwise. Further information about these data can be obtained from the appropriate archive or survey organization.
Surface modification of a silicate substrate by a “grafting from” methodology utilizing a perester initiator

Abstract The perester silane t -butyl peroxy-11-trichlorosilylundecanoate was synthesized by hydrosilylation of t -butyl peroxy-10-undecanoate with trichlorosilane. These radical initiators were covalently bound to the surface of silicate substrates by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) techniques. Several hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylate monomers were successfully grafted onto the silicate substrate by in situ polymerization from the surface bound perester initiators. The polymer brushes were characterized by the ATR–IR, XPS, AFM and water contact angles. The results of the study indicate this “grafting from” technique can be used for the preparation of polymer layers with high graft density. While these surface-bound initiators function similarly to surface-bound azo initiators, the preparation of the surface-active perester is a simple, two-step synthesis.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Court

It was more than 30 years ago that neuroimaging evidence was first presented in criminal court in the United States. The charges included two counts of murder and one count of attempted murder, and...
The effect of pressure on phase-stability in the Pu–Ga alloy system

Abstract In examining and analyzing over three decades of research on the transformations involved in Pu–Ga alloys, it is clear that many incongruities and contradictions exist. New analysis shows that under certain processing conditions large amounts of a non-diffracting disordered state exists in Pu–Ga alloys, which I call the amorphous state. The amorphous state is certainly not an equilibrium state, but it can be formed under certain pressure conditions, and more surprisingly once formed can persist for extended times and temperatures. It is believed that the emergence of the amorphous state is closely linked to the 5f-electrons going into a bonding mode. Being a physical state, the amorphous state has distinct physical properties, meta-stabilities, and sensitivities to Ga content. The existence of an amorphous state requires innovative new tools for identification and analysis. The density and compressibility data presented in this paper is one such tool for analyzing the amorphous state, but it requires other knowledge of the materials for proper analysis. Many studies point to radiation damage producing amorphous regions. New computer modeling studies show the existence of amorphous regions and Pu-rich interstitial defects in Pu–Ga alloys.
Biphasic effect of extra-reticular Mg2+ on hepatic G6P transport and hydrolysis

Abstract Magnesium ions (Mg2+) play a key role in regulating hepatic cellular functions and enzymatic activities. In the present study, we report a concentration-dependent effect of cytosolic Mg2+ on G6P and pyrophosphate (PPi) transport and hydrolysis in digitonin-permeabilized rat hepatocytes. The stimulatory effect of Mg2+ on G6P is specific but biphasic, with a maximal effect at a concentration of 0.25 mM, whereas the effect on PPi increases in a dose-dependent manner. Both effects can be abolished by addition of EDTA to the system. Addition of taurocholate, histone-2A, alamethicin or A23187 to the incubation system results in a marked decrease in the Mg2+ concentration present within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Under these conditions, the stimulatory effect of extra-reticular Mg2+ on G6P transport and hydrolysis is abolished. Taken together, these data suggest that cytosolic Mg2+ stimulates G6P transport by acting at the level of the substrate binding site of the G6Pase enzymatic complex or the surrounding phospholipid environment. The effect, which is lost when G6P has readily access to the ER lumen, requires physiological endoplasmic reticulum Mg2+ content.
Statins Cause Intracellular Accumulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein, β-Secretase-cleaved Fragments, and Amyloid β-Peptide via an Isoprenoid-dependent Mechanism

The use of statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors that block the synthesis of mevalonate (and downstream products such as cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids), as a therapy for Alzheimer disease is currently the subject of intense debate. It has been reported that statins reduce the risk of developing the disorder, and a link between cholesterol and Alzheimer disease pathophysiology has been proposed. Moreover, experimental studies focusing on the cholesterol-dependent effects of statins have demonstrated a close association between cellular cholesterol levels and amyloid production. However, evidence suggests that statins are pleiotropic, and the potential cholesterol-independent effects of statins on amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) genesis are unknown. In this study, we developed a novel in vitro system that enabled the discrete analysis of cholesterol-dependent and -independent (i.e. isoprenoid-dependent) statin effects on APP cleavage and Aβ formation. Given the recent interest in the role that intracellular Aβ may play in Alzheimer disease, we analyzed statin effects on both secreted and cell-associated Aβ. As reported previously, low cellular cholesterol levels favored the α-secretase pathway and decreased Aβ secretion presumably within the endocytic pathway. In contrast, low isoprenoid levels resulted in the accumulation of APP, amyloidogenic fragments, and Aβ likely within biosynthetic compartments. Importantly, low cholesterol and low isoprenoid levels appeared to have completely independent effects on APP metabolism and Aβ formation. Although the implications of these effects for Alzheimer disease pathophysiology have yet to be investigated, to our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that isoprenylation is involved in determining levels of intracellular Aβ.
Studies of 95Ru and 94Ru with the 96Ru(p, d) and (p, t) reactions

Abstract The level structure of 95 Ru has been investigated with the 96 Ru(p, d) reaction at a proton energy of 31.5 MeV. Experimental angular distributions are compared with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations to extract spin, parity and spectroscopic-factor assignments for the levels observed up to about 3.5 MeV of excitation. The ground state of 95 Ru is observed to be reached by l = 2 transfer which is consistent with the 5 2 + assignment expected from shell-model considerations. The measured Q -values for the (p, d) and (p, t) reactions result in a new value for the mass of 95 Ru and a determination of the previously unmeasured mass of 94 Ru.
Citizen expectations of police traffic stop behavior

The most frequent type of citizen complaint filed against police officers involves how the officer uses interpersonal communication. The most common context of police‐citizen contact is the traffic stop, and verbal judo is the most widely used police training program in interpersonal communication intended to reduce citizen complaints and improve citizen cooperation. However, does verbal judo meet citizen expectations for appropriate traffic stop behavior? In order to determine what communication behaviors citizens view as appropriate during traffic stops, a sample of 245 college students were surveyed about their preferences with regard to the officers' behavior. The responses of the sample support the use of verbal judo techniques during routine traffic stops. The responses also demonstrated support for the theory of procedural justice.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Knockout Confers Resistance to Corneal Epithelial Barrier Disruption in Experimental Dry Eye

Altered corneal epithelial barrier function is the cause for ocular irritation and visual morbidity in dry eye disease. Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity has been observed in the tear fluid of dry eye patients. To determine the pathogenic role of MMP-9 in the corneal epithelial disease of dry eye, the effects of experimentally induced dry eye on corneal epithelial morphology and barrier function were compared in MMP-9 knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. Dry eye was created through cholinergic blockade and exposure to a desiccating environment. The tear fluid MMP-9 concentration increased in response to dryness in wild-type mice. Corneal epithelial permeability to three different-sized molecules increased in dry eye wild-type mice, but not in MMP-9 knockout mice. Topical administration of active MMP-9 to dry eye MMP-9 knockout mice significantly increased corneal epithelial permeability. Compared to MMP-9 knockout mice, wild-type mice showed greater desquamation of differentiated apical corneal epithelial cells that expressed the tight junction protein occludin in response to dryness. This was accompanied by an increase in lower sized (50 kd) occludin in the corneal epithelia of wild-type mice. These findings could be replicated in cultured human corneal epithelial cells that were treated with active MMP-9. These studies indicate that increased MMP-9 activity on the ocular surface in response to dryness disrupts corneal epithelial barrier function. This appears to be because of accelerated loss of tight junction bearing superficial corneal epithelial cells, perhaps by proteolytic cleavage of occludin.
Fitting continuous-time and discrete-time models using discrete-time data and their applications

Abstract An exponential function scheme, which is an extension of the time-domain prony method, and a mixed-matching method are developed for fitting the coefficients of both continuous-time and discrete-time transfer functions, using the discrete-time data of either continuous-time or discrete-time systems. When the discrete-time data are obtained from a continuous-time (discrete-time) system and the discrete-time (continuous-time) models are desirable, the proposed method can be applied to perform the model conversions. If the discrete-time data are obtained from a high-degree system, the proposed method can be applied to determine the reduced-degree models.
Social structure and homicide in post-Soviet Russia

The Russian homicide rate is among the highest in the world. Local rates are not uniform, however, but instead show tremendous variation throughout this large nation. As a result of varying levels of development, differential access to natural resources, past Soviet economic and social policies, and the varying pace of the social, political, and economic transition, there are also large differences across Russia in structural factors thought to be related to interpersonal violence. In this study, newly available vital statistics and socioeconomic data were employed to estimate the effects of social structural characteristics on homicide rates in the Russian regions (n = 78). Results revealed that commonly tested covariates such as poverty and single-parent households were positively associated with regional homicide victimization rates, as was a proxy for heavy drinking. Further, homicide rates in the Northern Caucasus and the regions east of the Ural mountains are significantly lower and higher, respectively, than in the rest of the country. These results are discussed in terms of the current Russian situation and integrated into the broader literature on social structure and homicide.
Generalized penetration depth for penalty-based six-degree-of-freedom haptic rendering

Existing penalty-based haptic rendering approaches are based on the penetration depth estimation in strictly translational sense and cannot properly take object rotation into account. We propose a new six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) haptic rendering algorithm which is based on determining the closest-point projection of the inadmissible configuration onto the set of admissible configurations. Energy is used to define a metric on the configuration space. Once the projection is found the 6-DOF wrench can be computed from the generalized penetration depth. The space is locally represented with exponential coordinates to make the algorithm more efficient. Examples compare the proposed algorithm with the existing approaches and show its advantages.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of sheath dynamics during plasma ion implantation

In this paper we study theoretically and experimentally the characteristics of the transient sheath which surrounds a target immersed in a plasma and biased by negative high-voltage pulses. The plasma is produced by the UTK Microwave Plasma Facility (MPF), which is an approximately 200 liter steady-state, uniform plasma generated by 2 kW, 2.45 GHz microwave power. The steady state sheath thickness is determined for various plasma parameters. Our theoretical model takes into account the initial ion Bohm velocity and the matrix sheath thickness. The ion transit time through the sheath is also determined and plotted as function of the sheath thickness. The propagation velocity of the edge of the sheath is determined experimentally.
Program Accountability as an Emergent Property: The Role of Stakeholders in a Program's Field

This article applies the concepts of organization field and accountability environment to a government-funded program. It argues that the formula for accountability inspired by agency theory—define performance standards, measure performance, and sanction based on measured performance—is frequently impossible to apply because program accountability can be an emergent property arising from the actions of the major actors in a program's field. Studying a program reform of social service transportation in Kentucky, it illustrates the utility of conceptualizing accountability as an emergent property of the program's field. After the principle actors in this program field—the transportation broker, the state, the transportation provider (such as a taxi company), and the riders—established their roles, there was a decline in program cost per rider and a reduction in waste and fraud. The article concludes with implications for designing more accountable programs.
Why present value calculations should not be used in choosing rural water supply technology

Abstract The discounting of future values and their summation into a single Present Value is a standard procedure used by engineers and economist to help them identify the best technology, and the best designs, for capital investments. The author questions the validity of this methodology for invesments that will generate recurrent cost whose provision cannot be assured by user charges and must therefore be covered from government budgets. It is wrong to use a methodology that (a) puts such future costs at a discount and (b) which converts capital and recurrent costs into an abstract, undifferentiated concept of ‘total resource costs’ expressed in a single number, the Present Value (PV). This challenge to the indiscriminate use of PV methodology is illustrated by reference to rural water supply projects; however, the author believes his viewpoint has much wider application.
Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease: role of cellular and genetic modifiers.

Sickle hemoglobin (HbS), caused by a point mutation in the beta-globin gene of hemoglobin, polymerizes when deoxygenated. The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease results from cellular defects caused directly by the hemoglobin mutation interacting with the environment and many other gene products--a few known, but most yet unidentified--a typical example of epistasis. How normal tissue perfusion is interrupted is complex and why the phenotype of sickle cell disease differs from patient to patient is poorly understood. We review the "classic" aspects of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and focus on known and potential modulators of the phenotype of this disorder.
New procedure using a psoralen derivative for analysis of nucleosome associated DNA sequences in chromatin of living cells

Sites for restriction endonuclease cleavage in double helical DNA are blocked from cleavage when the photoaffinity drug trimethylpsoralen is photobound at or near the site. In general, Hind III sites are about 15 fold more sensitive to inactivation than the other restriction sites which were tested, although sensitivity of different Hind III sites seems to vary somewhat depending on base sequences adjacent to the site. Hind III sites can be inactivated in two ways; one which completely blocks action of the specific restriction endonuclease and one permitting the introduction of a swivel which relaxes DNA supercoiling without producing a double strand break. Nucleosomes and perhaps other protein-DNA complexes can protect the underlying DNA sequence from trimethylpsoralen photobinding and thus protect restriction sites from inactivation. This property can be exploited to determine if specific sites are accessible to the psoralon probe in vivo and thus to establish if specific nucleotide sequences are nucleosome associated. Using this procedure evidence is obtained that nucleosomes on SV40 DNA in living infected cells are either distributed randomly or at many discrete alternate sites that approach a random distribution.
Ventricular fibrillation waveform characteristics are different in ischemic heart failure compared with structurally normal hearts.

Summary Background For prolonged VF, perfusion of the myocardium by pre-shock chest compressions can improve myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation. Characteristics of the VF waveform correlate with the duration of VF when there is no structural heart disease. A "smart" automated external defibrillator (AED) could therefore analyze the VF waveform, determine if VF has been prolonged, and then direct rescuers to either deliver a shock first or chest compressions first. We hypothesized that ischemic heart failure might alter the waveform content of ventricular fibrillation compared with normal hearts, complicating the determination of VF duration. Methods Myocardial infarction was induced by ligating the proximal left coronary artery. Six weeks later, VF was then induced in 10 rats with myocardial infarction and heart failure (MI-CHF) and 9 control rats. Waveforms were analyzed for total signal amplitude, median frequency, dominant frequency and bandwidth (the frequency interval containing 50% of the total amplitude about the median frequency). Results All of these VF waveform characteristics were altered substantially in MI-CHF rats compared to normal controls. In particular, MI-CHF rats had decreased signal amplitude early in VF ( p =0.02), a broader bandwidth ( p =0.001) and different frequency characteristics over time ( p Conclusions VF waveforms vary over time in a typical manner among rats with and without ischemic heart failure. However, the time-course and waveform characteristics of ventricular fibrillation are altered in rats with myocardial infarctions and ischemic heart failure compared to normal controls. These findings have important implications regarding the use of waveform analyses to determine the duration of VF.
Tiered Mentoring to Leverage Student Body Expertise

This chapter presents an overview of a new tiered mentoring program operating at Bellevue Community College in Washington. The program links students with peers, faculty, staff, and administrators via a tiered structure whereby first-year students are mentored by upper-level students, who in turn are mentored by professionals in the students' field of study.
Structural dynamic research related to manned space flight.

Structural dynamics/manned space flight relation, discussing man-machine dynamics, Apollo command module LF studies, pilot control of spacecraft and launch vehicle, etc
Re-reading the sociological imagination

Every sociological generation has its book; a text which captures the imagina tion of newcomers entering the field. In the 1960s that book was C. Wright Mills's (1959) Sociological Imagination.1 It issued a calling to sociologists trained in the 1960s, challenging them to develop a sociological imagination that would self-consciously read biography, history, world politics, and particular societies as totalities, while making sense of the traps and personal troubles of ordinary, little people.2 The Sociological Imagination* is a work of Mills's imagination. In it he thinks and writes vaingloriously and constructs images and pictures of society, men and history which are real only in so far as they exist in his text. Organized in ten chapters,4 the book represents a summary of his two earlier works on the Amer ican class structure: White Collar (1951), and The Power Elite (1956). These studies carry forth his self-appointed task, after Balzac, of covering all the "major classes in the type of society in the era he wished to make his own" (1959, p. 200). Like all theory, it is a rhetorical work (see White 1973, also Marcus and Fischer, 1986, pp. 14-16),5 moved by multiple voices. In the appendix he is "the intel lectual workman [who] forms his own self as he works toward the perfection of his craft" (p. 196). In these oxymorons Mills combines terms which clearly es tablish the point that he is one of the workers, but an intellectual worker, and hence not one of the workers after all.6 It is structured by the interplay of three conversations and four texts. Conver
Extraterrestrial solar spectrum, 3000-6100 a at 1-a intervals.

Standard values of the solar constant and extraterrestrial solar spectrum are reviewed. In the visible and near UV, this listing of average irradiance over 100-A bandwidths at 50-A intervals was found to be inadequate for many applications. A more detailed spectrum obtained from solar scans with a Perkin-Elmer, Model 112 monochromator was found to give sufficient detail. A normalization program was developed to make the Perkin-Elmer curve agree with the standard curve. Values of extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance at 1-A intervals in the range 3000-6100 A have been derived. The results are presented in tabular form and as spectral charts.
Increased operant responding for ethanol in male C57BL/6J mice: specific regulation by the ERK1/2, but not JNK, MAP kinase pathway

Rationale Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and a key molecular target for ethanol (EtOH) and other drugs of abuse.
Albumin binding and insertion into PS-b-PEO monolayers at air-water interface

Interaction of human serum albumin with poly(styrene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) monolayer at air/solution interface was studied by measuring surface pressure. The density of PEO chains in the monolayer was controlled using Langmuir trough barriers. The thickness of PS-b-PEO monolayer prior to and after albumin adsorption was computed from in situ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. Depending on the initial PEO surface density the surface pressure kinetics of albumin insertion displayed two different regimes: below the PEO “pancake-brush” transition albumin binding was initially very rapid and itself induced the “pancake-brush” transition in the monolayer, and above the “pancake-brush” transition where some albumin penetration into the free PS-b-PEO monolayer still occurred into the PEO “brush”. In the case of SPR-immobilized monolayer, more than 0.1 PEO chain/nm 2 was required to inhibit albumin or ferritin adsorption. A half-reduction of albumin adsorption required approx. threefold higher PEO surface density than the half-reduction of ferritin adsorption.
Autophagy and plant innate immunity: Defense through degradation

Autophagy is a process of bulk degradation and nutrient sequestration that occurs in all eukaryotes. In plants, autophagy is activated during development, environmental stress, starvation, and senescence. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is also necessary for the proper regulation of hypersensitive response programmed cell death (HR-PCD) during the plant innate immune response. We review autophagy in plants with emphasis on the role of autophagy during innate immunity. We hypothesize a role for autophagy in the degradation of pro-death signals during HR-PCD, with specific focus on reactive oxygen species and their sources. We propose that the plant chloroplasts are an important source of pro-death signals during HR-PCD, and that the chloroplast itself may be targeted for autophagosomal degradation by a process called chlorophagy.
Complexities in Communication and Collaboration in the Hurricane Warning System

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the Texas hurricane warning system by understanding the communicative experiences of the warning-system boundary spanners, including National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters, emergency managers, and broadcast meteorologists. In-depth interviews lasting between 90 minutes and 120 minutes were conducted with 10 key actors and boundary spanners in the hurricane warning system. Constant comparison was employed to code and analyze the data. Our study revealed that communication and collaboration efforts were strained as the actors experienced tensions pursuing seemingly incompatible goals. The prominent tensions that emerged from interviews included the timeliness of information dissemination versus information accuracy and the access to information versus concerns of information attribution.
CONTINUUM THEORY OF THOMSON SCATTERING.

The theory of incoherent (Thomson) scattering of electromagnetic waves by thermal fluctuations in a plasma is rederived using continuum equations instead of kinetic theory. Because of the inherent simplicity of this approach, it is possible to extend the theory by including the effect of density fluctuations of the neutral molecules upon the scattering. The following results are obtained from the continuum theory: (1) The total predicted scattered power is exactly the same as in the previous kinetic theories. (2) The frequency spectrum of the scattered signal when neutral fluctuations are neglected agrees very well with the spectrum obtained using kinetic theory (with the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model for collisions) whenever ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{in}}$, the ion-neutral mean free path, is smaller than ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$, the wave number of the incident signal. (3) The major difference in the spectrum when the neutral fluctuations are included is the addition of two resonances shifted from the signal frequency by $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}k{U}_{n}$, where $k=\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}}$, and ${U}_{n}$ is the neutral sound speed. For a weakly ionized gas, these resonances are found to be significant whenever ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{in}}l{r}^{\frac{1}{2}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$, with $r$ the ratio of the electron density to the neutral-atom density.
Fuller, Kuhn, and the emergent attention space of reflexive studies of science

(2003). Fuller, Kuhn, and the emergent attention space of reflexive studies of science. Social Epistemology: Vol. 17, No. 2-3, pp. 147-152.
Technologies and levels of learning: a Gregory Bateson perspective

Some educators take the view that instructional technology may be an end in itself rather than a means to a greater conception of education. However, like any other educational practice, the use of instructional technology will be most effective when it is placed within a theoretical context. This article examines the use of instructional technology within the framework of anthropologist Gregory Bateson's theory of learning, which views learning as a function of expectation and engagement of the student within the context of the learning experience.
Electronic Metal-Support Interactions and the Production of Hydrogen Through the Water-Gas Shift Reaction and Ethanol Steam Reforming: Fundamental Studies with Well-Defined Model Catalysts

The electronic properties of Ni and Pt nanoparticles deposited on CeO2(111) have been examined using core and valence photoemission. The results of valence photoemission point to a new type of metal–support interaction which produces large electronic perturbations for small Ni and Pt particles in contact with ceria. The Ni/CeO2(111) and Pt/CeO2(111) systems exhibited a density of metal d states near the Fermi level that was much smaller than that expected for bulk metallic Ni or Pt. The electronic perturbations induced by ceria on Ni made this metal a very poor catalyst for CO methanation, but transformed Ni into an excellent catalyst for the production of hydrogen through the water-gas shift and the steam reforming of ethanol. Furthermore, the large electronic perturbations seen for small Pt particles in contact with ceria significantly enhanced the ability of the admetal to adsorb and dissociate water made it a highly active catalyst for the water-gas shift. The behaviour seen for the Ni/CeO2(111) and Pt/CeO2(111) systems illustrates the positive effects derived from electronic metal–support interactions and points to a promising approach for improving or optimizing the performance of metal/oxide catalysts.
Production of extracellular matrix by glomerular epithelial cells is regulated by transforming growth factor-β1

Production of extracellular matrix by glomerular epithelial cells is regulated by transforming growth factor-β1. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has widespread effects on extracellular matrix production by many cultured cell lines and appears to play a role in the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix that accompanies inflammatory and fibrotic diseases such as glomerulonephritis. Earlier experiments have shown that mesangial cells respond to TGF-β1 with a marked increase in the production of two chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, but their production of other matrix components elevated in glomerulonephritis is not substantially affected by TGF-β1. Since the glomerular epithelial cells are also thought to contribute to matrix production in the glomerulus, we examined the ability of these cells to produce some of the nonproteo glycan matrix components in response to TGF-β1. Exposure of glomer ular epithelial cells to TGF-β1 increased the production of fibronectin and type IV collagen, in addition to biglycan. Enhancement of the cell layer accumulation of laminin was also observed. These results show that TGF-β1 has a differential effect on extracellular matrix production by epithelial and mesangial cells from glomeruli. TGF-β1 released in the glomerulus secondary to injury could thus affect both cell types and lead to increased intraglomerular production of proteoglycans, whereas the increased fibronectin, type IV collagen, and laminin may primarily originate from the epithelial cells.
An Elite View of the Polls

This research note examines the views of election polls of a sample of political activists: delegates elected to the 1980 state conventions of the Oklahoma Democratic and Republican parties. Findings show that although just 13 percent of the delegates overall place high levels of trust in the results of major national polls, nearly a majority (45 percent) feel that poll results affect voter behavior. Both trust in election polls and perception of their impact on voters are found to increase with involvement or interest in electoral politics. Jeffrey L. Brudney is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Oklahoma. This research note is a revised version of a paper prepared for delivery at the 1981 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Jean McDonald collaborated in the collection of data upon which the study is based. Robert Weissberg and Robert Meadow contributed valuable insight to the revision. While their contributions are gratefully acknowledged, the author bears sole responsibility for the contents. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 46:503-509 ? 1982 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/82/0046-503/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.129 on Thu, 28 Jul 2016 04:04:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 504 JEFFREY L. BRUDNEY
Temperature- and magnetic-field-induced phase transormation in bulk and cmoposite Gd 5 Si 2 Ge 2

A -1300ppm strain has been obtained in a [0-3], resin binder, Gd5Si2Ge2 particulate composite. The strain is a result of a temperature induced phase transformation from a high volume (high temperature, low magnetic field) monoclinic phase to a low volume (low temperature, high magnetic field) orthorhombic phase. The particles used in the composite were ball-milled from a bulk sample and were sieved to obtain a size distribution of <600micron. Bulk Gd5Si2Ge2 was manufactured via arc melting and subsequently annealed at 1300°C for 1 hour to produce a textured, polycrystalline sample. The transformation temperatures of the bulk sample, as measured using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), were Ms=-9.3°C, Mf=-14.6°C, As=-4.4°C, and Af=-1.2°C. The bulk sample was magnetically characterized using a SQUID magnetometer, and found to undergo a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition during the phase transformation, consistent with published results. The bulk sample was also found to possess a -8000ppm volume magnetostriction, agreeing well with measured unit cell parameters of the different phases.