cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical modification of wool in aprotic swelling media

A limited number of polar, nonhydroxylic organic liquids are suitable swelling media for chemical modification of wool. An effective medium for acylating-type internal modification should have low molecular weight, should lack active hydrogen atoms, be highly polar, swell wool fibers, have a high boiling point, and exert a catalytic effect. Rates of modification by phenyl isocyanate, myristoyl chloride, and dodecenylsuccinic anhydride in different media decrease in the order dimethyl sulfoxide > dimethylformamide > 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone > 4-butyrolactone. Nevertheless, equal maximum uptake of a given reagent in these varied media is evidence of internal chemical modification. Further examples of modifying reagents are phenyl isothiocyanate, benzyl chlorides, and α-haloketones. Supercontraction and single-fiber stress-strain data indicate crosslinking by bifunctional isocyanates and acid chlorides.
Memory for marked semantic features versus memory for meaning

Memory-for-marked-semantic-features theory was juxtaposed to a memory-for-meaning theory. In Experiment I subjects recalled sentences containing one member of a marked-unmarked antonym pair or their negations ( short, tall, not short, not tall ). Antonym shifts occurring in recall tended to go from marked to unmarked forms only in sentences with morphologically transparent marking ( unfair to not fair ) and tended to conserve meaning, a finding not predicted by marking theory. Experiment II replicated Experiment I with all affirmative sentences. Without not s, antonym shifting could not conserve meaning and was virtually eliminated. The results were interpreted as supporting a global memory-for-meaning theory and as opposed to a theory of memory for marked semantic features.
Revealing the genomic heterogeneity of melanoma

The melanoma genome possesses numerous recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, and embedded within this complexity are clues critical to disease pathogenesis and response to therapy. High-resolution genome-wide DNA copy number approaches, in conjunction with gene-specific mutational analyses, appear poised to define keystone molecular events, provide more accurate classification schemes, and set the stage for the design of rational therapies that may finally have an impact on survival of this deadly disease.
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE IN THERMAL DIFFUSION COLUMNS

A certain amount of controlled turbulence improves markedly the separation factor and transport of thermal diffusion isotope separation columns. Measurements on this effect are reported for hot-wire columns 3 meters long, operating on argon gas, and with power input about 725 watts. At pressures three times that for onset of gene ral turbulence the separation factor ${q}_{e}$ is still 1.5. Spacers made of pairs of cross-wires of 40-mil Ni wire attached to the hot wire every 10 cm along its length raise the separation factor ${q}_{e}$ for optimum pressure from 9.1 to 27.2. If these spacers are attached every 5 cm, ${q}_{e}$ rises further to 36. The optimum pressure increases from 0.17 atmos (no spacers) to 0.28 atmos. Identical operation of a similar column with a plain hot wire but with slight constrictions every 15 cm in the cold wall gives ${q}_{e}=26.6$. Introduction of these regularly spaced interruptions to the lamellar convective flow of the gas also increases the transport of the ${\mathrm{A}}^{36}$ isotope to the top of the column. Some analysis of these effects is given.
Singlet-Oxygen Generation from Liposomes: A Comparison of 6β-Cholesterol Hydroperoxide Formation with Predictions from a One-Dimensional Model of Singlet-Oxygen Diffusion and Quenching

— We measured 6β-cholesterol hydroperoxide (6β-CHP), a specific singlet-oxygen (O2(δg)) product, during irradiation of unilamellar dimyristoyl 1-α-phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing cholesterol and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC). The effects of liposome size, the hydrophobic (O2(1δg)) quencher, β-carotene, and hydrophilic O2(1δg) quenchers upon the amount of 6β-CHP formed were determined and interpreted in terms of a one dimensional model of 2(1δg) quenching and diffusion. The model correctly predicted (1) that the amount of 6β-CHP was increased with increasing liposome size, (2) that P-carotene was more effective at reducing 6β-CHP formation in 400 nm diameter liposomes than 100 nm diameter liposomes and (3) that the hydrophilic quencher, water, was also more effective in large liposomes than in small liposomes. The hydrophobic quencher, β-carotene, was more effective at reducing the formation of 6β-CHP than at reducing the 1270 nm O2(1δg) emission. This difference was found to be due to the size distribution present in the liposome preparations because the difference between the 6β-CHP data and the 1270 nm emission data was much smaller in liposome preparations with a narrow size distribution. When a significant size distribution was present, the 6β-CHP data were weighted more heavily with large-diameter liposomes, while the 1270 nm emission data were weighted more heavily with small-diameter liposomes.
Nuclear relaxation in plutonium phosphide above the curie temperature

Abstract The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of 31P in PuP is found to decrease sharply with decreasing temperature. The dependence of T1 on temperature is discussed in terms of the s-f coupling of the conduction electrons to the spin of the magnetic ion.
PROBING SHOCK PROPERTIES WITH NONTHERMAL X-RAY FILAMENTS IN CAS A

Thin nonthermal X-ray filaments are often seen in young supernova remnants. We used data from the 1 Ms Chandra observation of Cassiopeia A to study spectral properties of some of the filaments in this remnant. For all the cases that we examined, the X-ray spectrum across the filaments hardens, at about 10% level, going outward, while observed filament widths depend only weakly on the photon energy. Using a model that includes radiative cooling, advection, and diffusion of accelerated particles behind the shock, we estimated the magnetic field, turbulence level, and shock obliquity.
Postoperative facial nerve function in pediatric parotidectomy: A 12-year review

ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence of postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction in pediatric patients and to evaluate the association between patient demographics or underlying pathology and functional outcomes.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary-care pediatric hospital.Subjects and MethodsWe reviewed charts of patients younger than 18 years who underwent parotidectomy performed by a pediatric otolaryngologist between 1999 and 2011 at a tertiary pediatric center. Distributions of postoperative facial nerve dysfunction and timing of recovery were noted. Chi-square and t-test analyses were conducted to determine the association between demographics or pathology and functional outcomes.ResultsForty-three patients met inclusion criteria: 41 underwent superficial parotidectomy, and 2 underwent total parotidectomy. Leading indications for surgery were atypical mycobacterial infection (16/43 [37.2%]) and first branchial cleft anomaly (8/43 [18.6]). The facial nerve was sacrificed in 1 (2%) ...
Recovering corn germ enriched in recombinant protein by wet-fractionation

Corn wet-fractionation processes (quick-germ fractionation and traditional wet milling) were evaluated as means of recovering fractions rich in recombinant collagen-related proteins that were targeted for expression in the germ (embryo) of transgenic corn. Transgenic corn lines accumulating a recombinant full-length human collagen type-I-alpha-1 (full-length rCIalpha1) or a 44-kDa rCIalpha1 fragment targeted for seed expression with an embryo-specific promoter were used. Factors to consider in efficient recovery processes are the distribution of the peptides among botanical parts and process recovery efficiency. Both recombinant proteins were distributed 62-64% in germ comprising about 8.6% of the dry grain mass; 34-38% in the endosperm comprising 84% of the dry grain mass; 1.7% in the pericarp comprising about 5% of the dry mass; and 1% in the tip-cap comprising 1.5-2% of the dry mass. The quick-germ method employed a short steeping period either in water or SO(2)-lactic acid solution followed by wet-milling degermination to recover a germ-rich fraction. Of the total recombinant protein expressed in germ, the quick-germ process recovered 40-43% of the total recombinant protein within 6-8% of the corn mass. The traditional corn wet-milling process produced higher purity germ but with lower recovery (24-26%) of the recombinant protein. The two quick-germ methods, using water alone or SO(2)-lactic acid steeping, did not substantially differ in rCIalpha1 recovery, and the quick-germ processes recovered germ with less leaching and proteolytic losses of the recombinant proteins than did traditional wet milling. Thus, grain fractionation enriched the recombinant proteins 6-fold higher than that of unfractionated kernels. Such enrichment may improve downstream processing efficiency and enable utilizing the protein-lean co-products to produce biofuels and biorenewable chemicals by fermenting the remaining starch-rich fractions.
Ten-year follow up after laparoscopic suture rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse.

Aim Studies have shown that recurrence rates of full-thickness rectal prolapse (FTRP) 5 years after surgery can quadruple at 10 years. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of laparoscopic suture rectopexy for FTRP on recurrence rates and functional outcome at a median follow up of 10 years. Method Prospectively collected data for patients who underwent laparoscopic suture rectopexy for FTRP between 1993 and 2006 were analysed. Laparoscopic rectopexy consisted of circumferential mobilization of the rectum down to the levator followed by suture suspension to promontory. Patients with preexisting constipation or who were unfit for general anaesthesia were not included. Incontinence, quality of life and constipation were assessed by validated scores. Recurrence-free curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results One hundred and seventy-nine patients with a median age of 62 (15–93) years including 174 women and five men underwent laparoscopic suture rectopexy. There was no mortality. The 30-day complication rate was 4% (partial transection of the left ureter, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, urinary retention, superficial surgical site infection). Data on 172 patients (96%) were available at follow up. There were 10 recurrences of FTRP at 5-year follow up giving a crude recurrence rate of 6%. The actuarial 10-year recurrence rate was 20% (95% CI, 10.8–20.1). Follow-up continence (P < 0.0001) and quality of life were better than preoperatively: lifestyle (P < 0.001), coping (P < 0.001), self-perception (P < 0.005), embarrassment (P < 0.06). Constipation was unchanged. Conclusion Laparoscopic suture rectopexy led to few complications, a recurrence rate of 20%, improved continence and quality of life with no worsening of constipation at 10 years.
A Review of Online Course Dropout Research: Implications for Practice and Future Research

Although online learning is expanding in availability and popularity, the high dropout rates remain a challenging problem. In this paper, we reviewed the existing empirical studies on online course dropouts in post-secondary education that were published during the last 10 years. We identified 69 factors that influence students’ decisions to dropout and classified them into three main categories: (a) Student factors, (b) Course/Program factors, and (c) Environmental factors. We then examined the strategies proposed to overcome these dropout factors: (a) understanding each student’s challenges and potential, (b) providing quality course activities and well-structured supports, and (c) handling environmental issues and emotional challenges. Finally, we discussed issues regarding dropout factors and strategies for addressing these factors and offered recommendations for future research.
Lymphedema in spina bifida: A case series

Lymphedema is a chronic edematous state that can arise from any cause of low output failure of the lymphatic circulation. We herein present a series of three adult patients with spina bifida in whom the clinical diagnosis of lymphedema was also established. The diagnosis of spina bifida, with its attendant lower extremity inactivity, might intuitively suggest the presence of functional, dependent edema. However, imaging studies in one patient confirm a pattern of lymphatic malfunction that is virtually indistinguishable from the one that might accompany other, heritable forms of primary lymphedema. The important potential for lymphedema in spina bifida therefore warrants diagnostic scrutiny and therapeutic intervention in patients who develop edematous lower extremities, particularly in situations where the need for effective wound healing is heightened.
FLUCTUATIONS OF ENERGY LOSS BY HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES IN SILICON DETECTORS: PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS

Thick lithium drifted semiconductor silicon detectors for investigation of fluctuations of energy loss by high and intermediate energy particles
General matrix equations for diffusion drift velocity in a driving force

From a complete-path approach in which defects are followed from the time of their creation at defect sources to the time of their destruction at defect sinks, general matrix equations are developed which relate the atom drift velocity ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{k}$ for diffusion in a driving force to simple matrices whose elements can be written by inspection. Previous equations for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{k}$ have been restricted either to crystals and defects having high symmetry or to cases where the $x$ components of any atom jumps were either \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} $b$ or 0. By contrast, the present equations involve no such restrictions. They apply to diffusion by interstitialcy, divacancy, and other more complex mechanisms, independent of the presence of symmetry planes, and allow calculation of diffusion drift velocities even when the individual atom jumps provide a variety of jump distances along the diffusion direction. These equations apply, for example, even when jumps to both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor sites are allowed and to diffusion in arbitrary crystallographic directions even in noncubic crystals. The present equations can be expressed in terms of a general matrix $S$. The relation of $S$ to the less general matrices ${S}_{+}$ and ${S}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ defined previously for crystals having mirror symmetry planes normal to the diffusion direction is discussed.
Should antiretroviral therapy be started earlier

Current treatment guidelines recommend that antiretroviral therapy be deferred until the CD4 count has fallen into the 200 to 350 cells/mm3 range. However, treatment has become simpler, less toxic, and more forgiving of missed doses. Longer-term follow-up data from clinical cohorts are now showing better outcomes when therapy is started at higher CD4 cell counts. Therapy initiated early has better virologic and immunologic responses, is better tolerated, and is cost-effective. Recent developments and clinical data support a return to earlier initiation of therapy.
Uncertainty analysis of stiffened composite panels

A study is made of the variability in the nonlinear response of three stiffened composite panels associated with variations in their geometric and material parameters. The three panels have a cylindrical skin with either four or five T-shaped stiffeners. Two of the panels have a notch and the third panel has a circular cutout. Hierarchical sensitivity analysis is used to identify the major parameters at the micro-mechanical, layer, laminate and sub-component levels. The major parameters are then taken to be fuzzy parameters, and a fuzzy set analysis is used to determine the range of variation of the response associated with pre-selected variations in the major parameters.
Solving Dam Break Problem Considering Wall Adhesion

A numerical model has been developed based on a mass conservation level set algorithm considering a wall adhesion to predict the surface motion for a single and double dam break problems. The simulation for the single dam break shows that the wall adhesion force can be introduced through contact angle by modifying the level set function on the boundary in the level set method, and the magnitude of the contact angle has an effect on the moving location of the leading front of water–gas system. Moreover, the simulation for the double dam break presents clearly the processes of coalescence and break up of the free surface.
Matrix motion of low-volume matrix W-Ni-Fe composites sintered in a temperature gradient

A low matrix volume (13%) composite liquid-phase sintered in a temperature gradient showed anomalous behaviour in that the spheroid size did not decrease as predicted with decreasing temperature, and the average spheroid size was larger than expected based on uniform temperature sintering experiments. Furthermore, similar composites with higher matrix volume (20 or 28%) had smaller average spheroid sizes at lower temperatures in the gradient. Copper was injected as a tracer into both presintered and liquid-phase sintered composites to study matrix flow during subsequent sintering treatments. The copper concentration decreased with distance from the hot zone for high volume matrix composites, but in the low volume matrix composites where the volume of solid tungsten spheroids was higher (greater resistance to matrix motion), the copper was distributed almost uniformly throughout the matrix. The spheroid and matrix compositions, densities, surface tensions, and most other properties were the same, whereas only the matrix volumes were different. This anomalous behaviour was attributed to some mechanism aided by capillary action since the smaller distances between spheroids in the low matrix composites increase the capillary forces by about 25%.
Nontraumatic spontaneous acute subdural hematoma in identical teenage twins 1 year apart.

Objectives Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is a life-threatening injury with a high mortality rate. Most ASDH cases are a result of trauma; nontraumatic causes are relatively rare with an incidence rate of 3% to 5%. We report an unusual series of 2 patients, identical twins, who had nontraumatic subdural hematomas 1 year apart, one at age 15 and the other at age 16. METHODS (CASE PRESENTATIONS): Identical twin brothers presented 1 year and 10 days apart to an academic medical center after incurring confusion, decreased mental functioning, and a subsequent comatose state. The injuries occurred while the patients were playing football, but there was no evidence of traumatic blow to the head in either brother. Results Both patients had computed tomographic scans and both underwent emergency surgery for hematoma evacuation. Both patients recovered full neurological function and remained healthy 12 years after surgery. Conclusions Acute spontaneous subdural hematoma is an emergent medical condition that may result in rapid neurological decline and must be addressed in a timely fashion. After evacuation of the hematoma, intracranial pressure decreases and cerebral perfusion pressure increases, which may allow normal perfusion of the brain. Consequently, prompt recognition and evacuation of an ASDH can drastically improve prognosis. Rarely, subdural hematoma can occur without head injury and should be in the differential diagnosis of athletes who rapidly become comatose.
The Application of Object Relations Theory to the Hypnotherapy of Developmental Arrests: The Borderline Patient

Abstract The present paper reviews the literature on object relations theory with respect to the borderline patient and, within this perspective, discusses its application to hypnotherapy. Emphasis is placed on developmental aspects of the attachment-separation-individuation process that relate to certain characteristics of the hypnotic experience and the therapeutic relationship, including transference, regression, and the internalization of positive aspects of the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic process as described parallels normal developmental phases. Specific techniques to facilitate therapeutic integration are outlined and illustrated with case examples. These help to structure the internalization of the therapeutic relationship as a foundation to restructuralization of the patient's representational world.
Pseudo-differential operators with meromorphic symbols and systems of complex differential equations

The paper is devoted to general boundary value problems for systems of complex differential and pseudo-differential equations with meromorphic symbols. As the solution spaces, special classes of analytic and exponential functions and functionals are introduced and the existence and uniqueness theorems in these spaces are proved.
Ralstonia species mediate Fe-oxidation in circumneutral, metal-rich subsurface fluids of Henderson mine, CO

Abstract Deep subsurface oxic/anoxic interfaces within Henderson Mine, CO were investigated for the potential to support novel metal-oxidizing microorganisms. Ralstonia sp. were isolated from Fe-oxidizing enrichments inoculated with fracture fluids released through boreholes as well as Fe-oxides mineralizing around the mouths of the boreholes. 16S rRNA clone libraries of environmental DNA revealed that closely related Ralstonia sp. were numerically-dominant in metal-rich subsurface fluids. FeCO3 gradient tubes were then utilized to demonstrate that isolate Ralstonia HM08-01 grows by oxidizing Fe(II) with O2 at circumneutral pH. These results and the geochemical data from the borehole fluids implicate Fe-oxidation as a viable subsurface lifestyle. The differential development of Fe-oxide bands in biotic vs. abiotic gradient tubes suggests that Ralstonia HM08-01 exerts spatial control over Fe oxidation and precipitation. Geochemical profiles of Fe(II), Fe(III) and O2 taken through the gradient tubes with voltammetric microelectrodes reveal that despite visual differences, similar total concentrations and distributions of aqueous Fe species were present in both systems. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to characterize the mineralogy of the Fe-oxides produced in biotic vs. abiotic experiments. 2L-ferrihydrite dominated the mineral fits in both systems, and SEM revealed the ferrihydrite particles to be 50–100 nm in diameter. This mineralogical identification combined with the detection of an abundant electroactive Fe(III) species are used to infer that 2L-ferrihydrite is a long-term stabilized colloidal species. The mechanism for stabilization of this phase is the presence of PO42− and Si in growth experiments. In the Henderson fluids, PO42− is below detection, but Si is at micromolar concentrations and likely influences the formation of potentially colloidal Fe-oxides in the environment.
Dynamic analysis of a microstrip line over a perforated ground plane

A full wave analysis is presented to compute the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of a microstrip line over a perforated ground plane. The perforations in the ground plane are modeled by equivalent magnetic currents. The method of moments is applied to solve the coupled integral equations for the unknown electric current on the microstrip line and the unknown magnetic currents in the apertures. The fields are formulated using the space domain Sommerfeld type Green's functions. The matrix pencil technique is used to obtain the amplitude and the propagation constant of the fundamental modes for both current and the voltage on the microstrip line. Typical numerical results are given. >
Recovery of Neurofilament Expression Selectively in Regenerating Reticulospinal Neurons

During regeneration of lamprey spinal axons, growth cones lack filopodia and lamellipodia, contain little actin, and elongate much more slowly than do typical growth cones of embryonic neurons. Moreover, these regenerating growth cones are densely packed with neurofilaments (NFs). Therefore, after spinal hemisection the time course of changes in NF mRNA expression was correlated with the probability of regeneration for each of 18 identified pairs of reticulospinal neurons and 12 cytoarchitectonic groups of spinal projecting neurons. During the first 4 weeks after operation, NF message levels were reduced dramatically in all axotomized reticulospinal neurons, on the basis of semiquantitative in situ hybridization for the single lamprey NF subunit (NF-180). Thereafter, NF expression returned toward normal in neurons whose axons normally regenerate beyond the transection but remained depressed in poorly regenerating neurons. The recovery of NF expression in good regenerators was independent of axon growth across the lesion, because excision of a segment of spinal cord caudal to the transection site blocked regeneration but did not prevent the return of NF-180 mRNA. The early decrease in NF mRNA expression was not accompanied by a reduction in NF protein content. Thus the axotomy-induced loss of most of the axonal volume resulted in a reduced demand for NF rather than a reduction in volume-specific NF synthesis. We conclude that the secondary upregulation of NF message during axonal regeneration in the lamprey CNS may be part of an intrinsic growth program executed only in neurons with a strong propensity for regeneration.
Feature selection for real-time image matching systems

This paper proposes a general feature selection approach for real-time image matching systems. To demonstrate the idea?s effectiveness, we focus on the issue of rotational invariance. Most current image matching methods compute and align local image patches to a uniform dominant orientation, which are either too computationally expensive for real-time systems or insufficiently robust. In contrast to current approaches, we combine multiple-view training and feature selection into a unified framework. The most invariant features are selected during an offline training stage. Therefore, no additional computation is needed for online processing. Furthermore the proposed ROTATION INVARIANT FEATURE SELECTION (RIFS) can be easily adapted to similar image matching problems such as scale invariance improvement and kernel selection in feature description. Experimental results show the effectiveness of RIFS using only a small number of training views. The proposed approach is also successfully integrated into an augmented reality application for museum exhibitions.
Performance of recording channels employing partial response signaling

Performance of magnetic recording channels employing partial response signaling is investigated. It is shown that for the case of the Lorentzian channel, with additive white Gaussian noise, a closed form expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be obtained. It is demonstrated that at high densities, higher order partial response (PR) systems have less equalization loss. The off-track interference is analyzed by examining the free distance of sequences at the input to the Viterbi detector. It is shown that higher order PR systems are more sensitive to off-track noise. We use the method developed here to compare PR systems with three types of modulation coding, i.e., d=O, d=1, and trellis codes. Further analysis, based on the slope of the obtained performance curve, is used to determine the optimal linear and track densities to achieve an overall areal density given an SNR budget.
Surimi-Starch Interactions Based on Mixture Design and Regression Models

Interaction effects of starch mixtures within surimi gels were investigated by modified distance-based design and analyzed by linear and nonlinear backward regression models. Nonlinear regression model showed highly significant interaction terms of starch-surimi, starch-water, and starch-starch. The response trace plot revealed that shear stress and shear strain were quite sensitive to changes in amounts of starch components. Optimum solution with combinations of various starches, surimi, and water was provided using linear and nonlinear programming.
The Athens Text of Athanasius, Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione

In the Harvard Theological Review for July 1926 attention was called to a manuscript of the works of St. Athanasius (Athens, National Library 428) which is of interest as the oldest Greek witness to a recension of De Incarnatione recently discovered by Professor Lebon of Louvain. Further investigation of this manuscript, and especially an examination of its text of Contra Gentes, raises new problems in the textual history of Athanasius's works and adds to our knowledge of the recension of De Incarnatione discovered by Lebon.
The congenital and see-saw nystagmus in the prototypical achiasma of canines: comparison to the human achiasmatic prototype

We applied new methods for canine eye-movement recording to the study of achiasmatic mutant Belgian Sheepdogs, documenting their nystagmus waveforms and comparing them to humans with either congenital nystagmus (CN) alone or in conjunction with achiasma. A sling apparatus with head restraints and infrared reflection with either earth- or head-mounted sensors were used. Data were digitized for later evaluation. The horizontal nystagmus (1-6 Hz) was similar to that of human CN. Uniocular and disconjugate nystagmus and saccades were recorded. See-saw nystagmus (SSN), not normally seen with human CN, was present in all mutants (0.5-6 Hz) and in the one human achiasmat studied thus far. This pedigree is an animal model of CN and the SSN caused by achiasma or uniocular decussation. Given the finding of SSN in all mutant dogs and in a human, achiasma may be sufficient for the development of congenital SSN and, in human infants, SSN should alert the clinician to the possibility of either achiasma or uniocular decussation. Finally, the interplay of conjugacy and disconjugacy suggests independent ocular motor control of each eye with variable yoking in the dog.
Examination of International Genetic Evaluations of Holstein Bulls

Abstract The first large-scale, international genetic evaluation of Holstein bulls computed by the International Bull Evaluation Service Centre in February 1995 was examined and compared with national evaluations from Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the US. Assumption of a genetic correlation of 0.995 between all countries and exclusion of bull daughters from a country in which the bull had not been sampled resulted in correlations of essentially unity between national and international evaluations. For the few bulls sampled in multiple countries, correlations were lower but still high (≤ 0.95). Genetic trend was more rapid for countries in which genetic merit for earlier years was lowest. Differences among countries in genetic merit of recent bulls have decreased markedly, especially between the US and other countries. Mean evaluation for bulls born during 1988 in the US surpassed means for bulls in France, Italy, and The Netherlands by
Vascular Lesions of Salivary Glands

Vascular lesions can involve major and minor salivary glands. An understanding of the correct diagnosis of a vascular lesion is key to its adequate management. All vascular lesions are not hemangiomas and all do not spontaneously regress.
High Spin Mn Molecular Clusters: Spin State Effects on the Outer Core-Level Multiplet Structures

Oxo-bridged manganese polynuclear complexes have applications in a variety of technologies, such as single-molecule nanomagnets, catalysis and photosynthetic redox chemistry. The reason that these types of compounds are capable of such important and varied technologies is thought to be because they possess ground states with large spin values. However, the electronic, structural and magnetochemical relationships are not well understood and need to be thoroughly investigated to adequately explain why Mn is such an integral part of so many useful processes. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to study the Mn 3p, 3s and valence band electronic behavior as a function of Mn cluster structural properties, where the cluster size and nuclearity are systematically varied. Results show a chemical shift of the Mn 3p3/2,1/2 spin-orbit pair related to the cluster size and nuclearity. Also, the Mn 3s 7S and 5S final state multiplet components shift since they involve the binding energy of a ligand valence electron. In addition, the branching ratio of the 7S:5S states is related to the 3s–3d electron correlation. Specifically, in the 7S state, the remaining 3s electron is well correlated with 3d electrons of parallel spin, while in the 5S state the two spins are antiparallel. Changes in this electron correlation are clearly observed in the 7S:5S branching ratio as a function of cluster size and ligand electronegativity.
Providing message delivery guarantees in pipelined flit-buffered multiprocessor networks

Real-time applications when mapped to distributed memory multiprocessors produce periodic messages with an associated deadline and priority. Real-time extensions to wormhole routing (WR) with multiple virtual channels (VCs), suffer from unbounded priority inversion, rendering the global priority order ineffective. We propose a new flow control mechanism called Preemptive Pipelined Circuit Switching for Real-Time messages (PPCS-RT). To bound the priority inversion, we extend the model to PPCS-RTph, with preemption history stack for each VC. For the PPCS-RTph model, we describe a simple feasibility test and validate the test through flit level simulations. To improve the percentage of feasible messages, and average link utilization of the feasible message set, we also evaluate an enhanced PPCS-RTph model with additional architectural features.
HYBRID ZONE ORIGINS, SPECIES BOUNDARIES, AND THE EVOLUTION OF WING-PATTERN DIVERSITY IN A POLYTYPIC SPECIES COMPLEX OF NORTH AMERICAN ADMIRAL BUTTERFLIES (NYMPHALIDAE: LIMENITIS)

Hybrid zones present opportunities to study the effects of gene flow, selection, and recombination in natural populations and, thus, provide insights into the genetic and phenotypic changes that occur early in speciation. Here we investigate a hybrid zone between mimetic (Limenitis arthemis astyanax) and nonmimetic (Limenitis arthemis arthemis) populations of admiral butterflies using DNA sequence variation from mtDNA and seven nuclear gene loci. We find three distinct mitochondrial clades within this complex, and observe a strong overall concordance between wing-pattern phenotypes and mitochondrial variation. Nuclear gene genealogies, in contrast, revealed no evidence of exclusivity for either wing-pattern phenotype, suggesting incomplete barriers to gene exchange and/or insufficient time for lineage sorting. Coalescent simulations indicate that gene flow between these two subspecies is highly asymmetric, with the majority of migration occurring from mimetic into nonmimetic populations. Selective sweeps of alleles responsible for mimetic phenotypes may have occurred more than once when mimetic and nonmimetic Limenitis occurred together in the presence of the model (Battus philenor).
Effects of weighting schemes on the identification of wildlife corridors generated with least-cost methods

The importance of movement corridors for maintaining connectivity within metapopulations of wild animals is a cornerstone of conservation. One common approach for determining corridor locations is least-cost corridor (LCC) modeling, which uses algorithms within a geographic information system to search for routes with the lowest cumulative resistance between target locations on a landscape. However, the presentation of multiple LCCs that connect multiple locations generally assumes all corridors contribute equally to connectivity, regardless of the likelihood that animals will use them. Thus, LCCs may overemphasize seldom-used longer routes and underemphasize more frequently used shorter routes. We hypothesize that, depending on conservation objectives and available biological information, weighting individual corridors on the basis of species-specific movement, dispersal, or gene flow data may better identify effective corridors. We tested whether locations of key connectivity areas, defined as the highest 75th and 90th percentile cumulative weighted value of approximately 155,000 corridors, shift under different weighting scenarios. In addition, we quantified the amount and location of private land that intersect key connectivity areas under each weighting scheme. Some areas that appeared well connected when analyzed with unweighted corridors exhibited much less connectivity compared with weighting schemes that discount corridors with large effective distances. Furthermore, the amount and location of key connectivity areas that intersected private land varied among weighting schemes. We believe biological assumptions and conservation objectives should be explicitly incorporated to weight corridors when assessing landscape connectivity. These results are highly relevant to conservation planning because on the basis of recent interest by government agencies and nongovernmental organizations in maintaining and enhancing wildlife corridors, connectivity will likely be an important criterion for prioritization of land purchases and swaps.
A simulation of focal brain stimulation using metamaterial lenses

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relatively recent technique for studying brain function and treating neurological disorders [1]. In TMS, one or more coils carrying time varying currents located near the scalp generate magnetic fields inside the brain that in turn induce electric fields and eddy-currents in the conductive brain tissue (Fig.1). Whenever a nerve fiber is aligned with the induced electric field, a current is produced in the axon, which in turn depolarizes its membrane [2]. Unfortunately, standard TMS coils stimulate large lateral regions of tissue near the scalp. To broaden the scope of current TMS applications, new applicators capable of delivering focused magnetic fields deep into the brain are called for [3].
Metastatic melanoma misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular disorder: A case report and review of the literature

ABSTRACT Background Malignancies in the head and neck region are difficult to diagnose because of their deep location and presence of symptoms mimicking those of temporomandibular disorders or other orofacial pain disorders. Case Description A 75-year-old woman reported experiencing right-sided jaw pain, temporal discomfort and paresthesia. She had undergone conservative therapy for temporomandibular joint disorder, which was unsuccessful. A magnetic resonance image of the midface revealed a mass on the base of the tongue along with possible metastatic lesions to the brain. Further investigation of the lesions revealed them to be metastatic melanoma. Practical Implications Patients with atypical symptoms of facial pain, including neurological signs, should undergo further investigation with advanced imaging to determine the source of the symptoms, which could include neoplasms.
Providing care in an infectious disease clinic. Why students volunteer

This qualitative study explores the motivations of dental students who volunteered as care providers for patients identified as carriers of infectious diseases. The study involved 12 students, seven 4th year and five 3rd year students who worked 1-2.5 days per week in an infectious disease clinic in a dental school in the northeastern United States. 4 faculty members who also volunteered their time in the clinic supervised the students. Personal interviews were conducted with each student to determine their reasons for volunteering and to explore the perceived significance of their experiences in the clinic. Internal validity was established through group interviews wherein responses during the personal interviews were discussed with the students. All 12 students were interested in Oral Medicine and all 4th year students had completed a course on HIV-AIDS for their selective requirement. Students expressed willingness to care for patients who are medically compromised in anticipation of an increase of this type of patients in their future practice. Previous exposure to a family member or friend or patients (non-dental) who were terminally ill or to patients with HIV was another common reason. All 12 students preferred to work in the infectious disease clinic more than in other school clinics. They felt that there was more faculty-student interaction and a more stimulating learning atmosphere that the faculty created. The students felt that the patients treated in the clinic were more appreciative. Students also claim they experienced more team spirit among their fellow students and staff and that the clinic atmosphere was more relaxed and less competitive. Students got the most satisfaction from helping patients who were perceived to have had problems in accessing care prior to their visit to the clinic. Results of the study show that the students volunteered to treat patients who are known to have infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS because they find personal and academic satisfaction from working in a clinic which provides care to individuals with specific medical needs.
The epidemiology of hypertension control in populations.

Despite an aging population, prevalence rates for hypertension in the U.S. remain stable due to a decrease in rates in women but a corresponding increase in rates for men. Epidemiological factors which may contribute to these rates are discussed. The lack of a threshold for the association between blood pressure and disease events means that the majority of events occur in the larger number of people with mild disease. Because the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of medical therapy to lower mildly elevated blood pressure remains controversial, population-based strategies to effect behavior change are the most prudent course for this, the largest group at risk. Targeted, resource-intensive medical intervention for those at high risk combined with hygienic measures for the population with mildly elevated blood pressure form the basis for an effective public health strategy.
P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Is Highly Expressed on Ly-6Chi Monocytes and a Major Determinant for Ly-6Chi Monocyte Recruitment to Sites of Atherosclerosis in Mice

Background—Ly-6C hi monocytes are key contributors to atherosclerosis in mice. However, the manner in which Ly-6C hi monocytes selectively accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions is largely unknown. Monocyte homing to sites of atherosclerosis is primarily initiated by rolling on P- and E-selectin expressed on endothelium. We hypothesize that P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), the common ligand of P- and E-selectin on leukocytes, contributes to the preferential homing of Ly-6C hi monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results—To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression and function of PSGL-1 on Ly-6C hi and Ly-6C lo monocytes from wild-type mice, ApoE / mice, and mice lacking both ApoE and PSGL-1 genes (ApoE / / PSGL-1 / ). We found that Ly-6C hi monocytes expressed a higher level of PSGL-1 and had enhanced binding to fluid-phase P- and E-selectin compared with Ly-6C lo monocytes. Under in vitro flow conditions, more Ly-6C hi monocytes rolled on P-, E-, and L-selectin at slower velocities than Ly-6C lo cells. In an ex vivo perfused carotid artery model, Ly-6C hi monocytes interacted preferentially with atherosclerotic endothelium compared with Ly-6C lo monocytes in a PSGL-1–dependent manner. In vivo, ApoE / mice lacking PSGL-1 had impaired Ly-6C hi monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, ApoE / /PSGL-1 / mice exhibited significantly reduced monocyte infiltration in wire injury–induced neointima and in atherosclerotic lesions. ApoE / /PSGL-1 / mice also developed smaller neointima and atherosclerotic plaques. Conclusions—These data indicate that PSGL-1 is a new marker for Ly-6C hi monocytes and a major determinant for Ly-6C hi cell recruitment to sites of atherosclerosis in mice. (Circulation. 2008;117:3227-3237.)
SAW Parameters on Y-cut Langasite Structured Materials

This paper presents results and investigations of several new, man-made piezoelectric single crystal, Czochralski-grown substrate materials for surface acoustic waves (SAW) applications. These materials, langanite (LGN), langatate (LGT), Sr3TaGa3Si2O14 (STGS), Sr3NbGa3Si2O14 (SNGS), Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS), and Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS), have the same structure as langasite (LGS) and are of the same crystal class as quartz. These compounds are denser than quartz, resulting in lower phase velocities. They also have higher coupling. Unlike quartz and lithium niobate, there is no degradation of material properties below the material melting points resulting in the possibility of extreme high-temperature operation (> 1000degC). This paper gives a summary of extracted SAW material parameters for various propagation angles on Y-cut substrates of the six materials. Parameters included are electromechanical coupling, phase velocity, transducer capacitance, metal strip reflectivity, and temperature coefficient of frequency. Using previously published fundamental material constants, extracted parameters are compared with predictions for LGT and LGN. In addition, power flow angle and fractional frequency curvature data are reported for propagation angles on CTGS and CNGS Y-cut substrates that exhibit temperature compensation near room temperature. Detailed descriptions of the SAW parameter extraction techniques are given. A discussion of the results is provided, including a comparison of extracted parameters and an overview of possible SAW applications.
Indications for the use of episiotomy in Qatar

Episiotomy is a surgical procedure performed at the time of delivery to enlarge the perineum. Current international trends are toward decreasing the use of episiotomy and limiting its use to specific indications. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommlends an episiotomy rate of 10% [1]. However, the rates reported in different centers vary widely, from 8% to 95% [2]. We examined the use of episiotomy at the Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) Women's Hospital, the main healthcare provider in Doha, Qatar. A total of 263 singleton spontaneous vaginal deliveries were examined from January to March 2008. The episiotomy rate was 60%. Our results indicated that over 95% of nulliparous women had an episiotomy during their delivery. Although episiotomy rates decreased as parity increased, they were still high (Table 1). The indication for the procedure as reported by the provider was primiparity in 93% of cases (Table 2). The indication was instrumental delivery using a vacuum extractor in only one instance. Senior faculty members (consultants) and specialists were more likely to perform episiotomies than residents. However, the sample was too small to achieve statistical significance. Midwives used episiotomy the least of all groups (57%). Use of episiotomy was not significantly influenced by the patients' ethnic background. This was examined based on some practitioners' belief that Arab women require an episiotomy more often than their Asian counterparts. This is disputable since both groups were found to have similar rates of episiotomy. In fact, the highest rate was observed among Filipino women (87.5%), but this could have been influenced by other factors such as lower overall parity and older age. These results highlight that the decision to perform an episiotomy is primarily governed by the woman's parity, and as a function of International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 104 (2009) 240–248
A new facial expression to botox

Botulinum toxin (Botox) injection into the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has been used for the treatment of achlasia cardia since the 1990s. Currently it is indicated for patients who are not candidates for definitive therapy like Heller's myotomy or pneumatic dilation and in those who have recurrence of symptoms after definitive treatments. We present a case of severe anaphylaxix due to Botox. The purpose of this case is to highlight one of the under-reported adverse effects of Botox. Anaphylactic reactions to Botox are very rare with only one other case being reported and have not been emphasized enough to be widely known in clinical practice.