cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing Big Law: The Big Picture

This chapter, which is adapted from a talk presented at a workshop at the Law & Society Association meeting in Mexico City in 2017, offers an overview of the general concept of Big Law, and the implications that it has for the transformation and challenges facing the provision of high-end corporate legal services around the world. This chapter also discusses some of the most important changes affecting the rapidly changing market for corporate legal services, and explains the importance of studying those changes.
catena-Poly[[aqua­(iminodi­acetato-κ3O,N,O′)nickel(II)]-μ-4,4′-di­pyridyl­amine-κ2N:N′]

In the title compound, [Ni(C4H5NO4)(C10H9N3)(H2O)]n, the NiII cations are octa­hedrally coordinated by an N atom donor and two O donor atoms belonging to a tridentate iminodi­acetate (ida) ligand in a fac fashion, an O atom donor from an aqua ligand, and cis-disposed pyridyl N donor atoms from two 4,4′-di­pyridyl­amine (dpa) ligands. The dpa ligands are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.594 (7):0.406 (7) ratio. Through the bridging dpa ligands, [Ni(ida)(dpa)(H2O)]n zigzag coordination polymer chains are formed that are oriented along the b-axis direction. These chain motifs are anchored into the three-dimensional supra­molecular crystal structure of the title compound by means of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding pathways.
ENZYMIC AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL HOMOLOGIES OF HEXOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN FISH

ABSTRACT . Isozymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in fish include a soluble and a microsomal form. The soluble enzyme is specific for G-6-P and NADP while the microsomal form, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD), catalyzes oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate, galactose-6- phosphate, 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and unsubstituted glucose using either NAD or NADP. H6PD is an autosomally linked dimeric protein in trout, and it responds to the stress of starvation with a slight increase in specific activity in the liver. In a number of species of salmonid fishes H6PD exhibits the same tissue distribution (liver) and virtually identical kinetic properties, with the various substrates. Similarly, the response to pH changes and anions, and characteristics of thermal inactivation are the same in H6PD from different species. Hepatic H6PDs from trout and swordtail exhibit a high degree of antigenic similarity, confirming the homology of the H6PD gene in diverse fishes. In addition, microcomplement fixation data indicate that H6PD and G6PD from trout possess some antigenic determinants in common. This supports the theory that H6PD and G6PD arose from a common ancestral gene.
Stochastic Disequilibrium in a Labor Contracts Economy

This paper considers a simple economy with uncertain technology which transforms the services of risk-averse laborers into one consumption good. Labor contracts, which arise out of the dual nature of firms as both employers and insurers, will react to random shocks by varying employment and the distribution of factor payments, rather than varying the wage rate and leaving distribution unchanged. In the market for current output then, equilibrium prevails only on average. As long as contracts are not instantaneously renegotiate, nonzero excess demand appears to be clearly sustainable and, under a variety of nonprice rationing rules, closely related to temporary deviations of income distribution from its competitive level.
Teaching Behavioral Pain Control to Health Professionals

The goal of this presentation is to describe an approach to teaching a comprehensive view of pain control that was developed over the past four years. The course “The Perception and Control of Pain” was taught as a four week elective during preclinical training to a combined group of medical and dental students. It represented for most students the only opportunity for formal instruction in a broad view of pain that included a behavioral perspective and behavioral techniques of control. It was both didactic and experiential to the extent allowable.
Estimating Proportions: How Accurate Are the Polls?

Arecent Gallup Poll says that 60% of the public favor stricter gun control laws and that this result was based on a survey of 1,200 people. The sampling error is reported to be 3%. What does this mean? In the Clinton-Bush-Perot presidential race of 1992, the major polls on the day before the election all estimated Clinton would receive around 43% or 44% of the vote, with a margin of error of about 2.5%. Clinton actually collected 43% of the popular vote. The polls did well! How can polls do so well in estimating proportions? How is the sampling error calculated, and what does it mean? These questions will be investigated in this activity.
The quantal release of transmitters at two neuromuscular junctions in the crayfish: Effects of hypertonic solutions, ANS, ethanol, and X-537A

1. Confirming the results of Dudel and Kuffler (1961a), substantial increases in the tonicity of the extracellular solution around the opener of the dactyl of the walking leg produce about a four-fold increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory junctional potentials (min.e.j.p.s) (Table 1). In the frog, similar changes in tonicity produce hundred- or thousand-fold increases in frequency. 2. Increases in tonicity around the opener increase the amplitude of the min.e.j.p.s (Fig. 1). It is suggested that this effect is produced, at least in part, by changes in the input resistance of the muscle fibers produced by shrinking. 3. At the opener, large increases in tonicity produced by adding sucrose appear to produce small decreases in the amplitude of the excitatory junctional potentials (e.j.p.s) (Table 2). These solutions also decrease the excitability of the motor nerve, so some of the apparent decrease in quantal output may be owing to conduction failures in the nerve terminals. When the tonicity is increased by adding NaCl there is an increase in e.j.p. amplitude (Fig. 2). It is concluded that at this junction hypertonic solutions produce nothing like the profound decrease in stimulated release that is characteristic of the frog neuromuscular junction. 4. At the opener, ethanol (0.5–10 per cent, v/v) does not produce a detectable increase in min.e.j.p. frequency. A similar lack of effect is shown by 10−4 to 10−3 M ANS. Both agents greatly increase spontaneous release rates in the frog. 5. At the opener, the Ca2+-carrying ionophore, X-537A, produces a transient, substantial increase in min.e.j.p. frequency (Fig. 3). This shows that the failure of the other agents to increase the rate of spontaneous quantal release cannot be owing to an insufficient supply of releasable quanta (Table 3). 6. At the ventral superficial flexor of the abdomen a rise in tonicity produces a marked increase in min.e.j.p. frequencies (Fig. 4, 5). Increases in tonicity achieved by adding NaCl decrease the amplitude of the e.j.p. (Fig. 6). Both ethanol and ANS stimulate spontaneous release. 7. We suggest that, at present, unitary theories about the mechanism for transmitter release should be viewed critically.
Testing Impact Measures in Spatial Autoregressive Models

Researchers often make use of linear regression models in order to assess the impact of policies on target outcomes. In a correctly specified linear regression model, the marginal impact is simply ...
Abstract 1021: CD24 dependent inactivation of mutant p53 in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer

CD24 is not expressed in normal prostate epithelial cells but is overexpressed in high-stage prostate cancer (PC) and metastases, especially in African American (AA) men, and serves as a marker for poor prognosis. The oncogenic function of CD24 has been demonstrated by ectopic and/or inducible expression, targeted mutations, gene silencing, and antibody blockade. Recently, we found CD24-dependent inactivation of mutant p53 in PC cells. CD24 silencing prevents functional inactivation of mutant p53, a gene frequently mutated in about 30% of PCs. TP53 mutation or loss of function promotes the invasion and metastasis of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) cells. Mutant p53 expression is associated with an increased risk of disease-specific death as well as the development of distant metastasis. In the present study, we assesed the protein expression levels of CD24 and mutant p53 by immunohistochemical staining in 150 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CRPC tissue specimens from 78 White and 78 AA patients. The frequency of CD24 expression showed a significant difference (p=0.023) between CRPCs of 66.7% AAs and 48.7% Whites. Likewise, the frequency of mutant p53 expression was significantly higher (p=0.014) in CRPCs of 38.5% AAs compared with 20.5% Whites. These results suggest that overexpression of CD24 and mutant p53 is a frequent event in AA CRPCs. Furthmore, we created CD24-/- p53-null PC3 CRPC cell models by use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Next, we transfected the TP53R273H or TP53R175H into CD24+/+ and CD24-/- PC3-luc cells to create TP53R273H or TP53R175HCD24+/+ and CD24-/- PC3-luc cell models. Uisng these cell models, we found that CD24 promotes PC3 cell migration and invasion in TP53R273H cells but not in TP53R175H PC3 cells. The p53 target genes, including p21/CDKN1A, VDR, and TP53INP1, were downregulated after CD24 overexpression in TP53R273H cells but not in TP53R175H PC3 cells, supporting the effect of CD24-dependent inactivation of mutant p53R273H. To address the effect of CD24-dependent inactivation of mutant p53 on CRPC cell colonization in vivo, we intravenously injected NOD-SCID (NSG) male mice with TP53R273H or TP53R175H transfected CD24+/+ and CD24-/- PC3-luc cells. After implantation, the numbers and burden of lung and liver metastases were higher in the mice with TP53R273H CD24+/+ cells compared with TP53R273H CD24-/- cells, but no difference was found between the mice with TP53R175H CD24+/+ cells and TP53R175H CD24-/- cells, further supporting the effect of CD24-dependent inactivation of mutant p53R273H. Citation Format: Baozhu Yi, Xin Li, Zhifang Xu, Sejong Bae, Shi Wei, Runhua Liu, James Lillard, Lizhong Wang. CD24 dependent inactivation of mutant p53 in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1021.
Characteristics of Laboratory Confirmed Ethylene Glycol and Methanol Exposures Reported to a Regional Poison Control Center.

Introduction. Ethylene glycol (EG) and methanol (MET) exposuresare rare but can cause significant morbidity and mortality.Though frequently treated similarly, EG and MET exposures havecharacteristics that are not well differentiated in the literature. Wesought to describe the clinical characteristics of EG and MET exposures,confirmed with quantitative serum levels. Methods. An IRB-approved retrospective review of the Universityof Kansas Health System Poison Control Center database from July2005 to July 2015 identified all EG/MET exposures evaluated ata health care facility. Initial measurements were EG/MET levels,serum pH, serum creatinine, anion gap, serum ethanol level, maxanion gap, max osmolar gap, therapy performed (hemodialysis,fomepizole, ethanol) and death. Results. The search identified 75 cases, with 59 cases having onlydetectable EG levels and 15 cases having only detectable MET levels.The average EG level was 126 mg/dL (range 5 - 834). The averagedetectable methanol level was 78 mg/dL (range 5 - 396). The averagemaximum anion gap of the EG positive group was 20 mEq/L (range8 - 35). The average maximum anion gap of the MET positive groupwas 14 mEq/L (range 6 - 34). One death was reported in the EG positivegroup, with an initial level of 266 mg/dL. Conclusions. In this study of EG/MET exposures, EG exposureswere more common than MET exposures, but they had similardemographics, laboratory findings, and interventions. Continuedstudies are warranted to characterize these uncommon exposuresfurther. Kans J Med 2018;11(3):67-69.
Participatory mapping method: improving collaboration through attention to collective identity

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to develop a methodology for scholars and practitioners interested in facilitating collaboration within organizations crossing disciplines, sectors, and geographic boundari...
HAI Dose in Animal-Assisted Intervention

This chapter identifies human–animal interaction (HAI) dose as a construct of study for animal-assisted intervention (AAI) practice and research. To date, AAI studies have defined dose similarly to studies on traditional psychotherapy—number of sessions, length of sessions, and length of treatment. A case is made for studying intervention components separately, including HAI dose. Two studies are described, examining these dose–effect relationships. Dose–response curves are shown to illustrate the nature of the relationship between HAI and outcomes. In both a laboratory study and an applied study, defining dose by self-report scores and time spent respectively, the relationship appears to be nonlinear. Dose–response curves were hyperbolic, with a period of exponential growth followed by a plateau. The findings suggest the dose–response relationship for HAI and distress is more complex than “the more the merrier.”
Atrial arrhythmias in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction

Purpose of review Atrial arrhythmias are common among individuals with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This review describes management options for these arrhythmias and discusses emerging clinical data supporting catheter ablation. Recent findings Several recent clinical trials indicate that catheter ablation is superior to pharmacologic therapy for management of symptomatic atrial fibrillation in the setting of HFrEF. Restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm appears to have the greatest benefit with regard to ejection fraction improvement among individuals with a nonischemic heart failure etiology and minimal left ventricular fibrosis. Summary A rhythm control strategy should be strongly considered in patients with HFrEF, especially when the atrial arrhythmia is symptomatic or is present at the time of a heart failure diagnosis. Catheter ablation may be the preferred strategy for maintenance of sinus rhythm in this patient population.
Managing a Pandemic at a Less Than Global Scale: Governors Take the Lead

This article explores the roles played by state governments, and particularly governors, in dealing with an extremely disruptive event—the coronavirus global pandemic. The inquiry focuses on March ...
An examination of sustainable development of supply chain using foreignness perspective

This multidisciplinary paper examines the sustainability of supply chain partners from a foreignness perspective. The arguments draw from the research on institutional theory to explain the underlying mechanisms. We propose and discuss a comprehensive conceptual framework evaluating the relationships of foreignness to economic, social, and environmental sustainability. In addition, we consider contingent factors such as the level of development of supplier's nation, level of global integration of buyer, and type of industry, on sustainable development of focal firms. The direct and contingency frameworks introduced in this paper are presented along with research propositions that provide valuable insight into the sustainable supply chain management from the international business perspective.
A Primer for Conducting Experiments in Human–Robot Interaction

We provide guidelines for planning, executing, analyzing, and reporting hypothesis-driven experiments in Human–Robot Interaction (HRI). The intended audience are researchers in the field of HRI who are not trained in empirical research but who are interested in conducting rigorous human-participant studies to support their research. Following the chronological order of research activities and grounded in updated research practices in psychological and behavioral sciences, this primer covers recommended methods and common pitfalls for defining research questions, identifying constructs and hypotheses, choosing appropriate study designs, operationalizing constructs as variables, planning and executing studies, sampling, choosing statistical tools for data analysis, and reporting results.
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy: Application to Polymer Solutions

Laser light scattering (LLS) encompasses angular distribution of absolute integrated scattered intensity, defined as the Rayleigh ratio R(K), and of the time-dependent intensity–intensity correlation function, G(2)(K,τ) where K and τ are, respectively, the magnitude of the momentum transfer vector and the delay time. In polymer solution characterization, there are four quantities of interest:(i)ΔRvv(K) representing the excess Rayleigh ratio of vertically polarized incident and scattered light; (ii) ΔRvh(K) representing the excess Rayleigh ratio of vertically polarized incident and horizontally polarized scattered light, (iii) G vv 2 K , τ denoting the polarized light-scattering spectrum; and (iv) G vh 2 K , τ denoting the depolarized light-scattering spectrum. The symbol Δ is used to denote a difference quantity between the solution and the solvent, i.e. ΔR = R(solution)−R(solvent). The polarized components, ΔRvv(K) and G vv 2 K , τ of the absolute integrated scattered intensity and the intensity-intensity time correlation function are more commonly used, since the depolarized components, ΔRvh(K) and G vh 2 K , τ are applicable mainly for anisotropic polymers. Furthermore, for dilute polymers solutions the depolarized light-scattering intensity is often quite weak, making both Rvh(K) and G vh 2 K , τ not easily accessible in practice
Tax-Related Financial Statement Restatements and Auditor-Provided Tax Services:

In this study, the authors investigate the association between auditor-provided nonaudit tax services (NATS) and financial reporting quality for public companies in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley environment. They measure the quality of financial reporting by means of appropriately screened financial statement restatements. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) restricts the scope of auditor-provided tax services and simultaneously bans other major nonaudit services by the auditor. The authors argue that the restriction limits the potential financial reporting quality benefits of NATS, while the ban simultaneously makes those services a relatively more important source of revenue to the auditor, exacerbating the potential for impairment of independence. Consequently, pre-Sarbanes-Oxley results may not hold in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley environment. On examination, they find no significant association between auditor-provided NATS and general financial statement restatements. However, they find a significant negative ass...
Identification of Known and Novel Monomers for Poly(hydroxyurethanes) from Biobased Materials

Sourcing polymers from biobased materials is desirable for a transition to a more sustainable world. However, finding new monomers sourced from biobased molecules requires extensive experimental ef...
Outcomes and resource use of patients with large hemispheric infarction and cerebral edema: analysis of real-world data

Large hemispheric infarction (LHI) is associated with a high likelihood of the evolution of life-threatening edema. Few studies have assessed real-world clinical outcomes and management strategies ...
Commodity Feedstuffs in Cow/Calf and Stocker Rations

Nutrition is the largest non-ownership cost associated with beef production. The beef industry's Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) data on one million cows from 500 herds estimates that nutrition is responsible for 54% of total cash costs and 38% of total costs (Weaber, personal communication). Several options exist for astute managers intent on minimizing feed input costs. For example, if readily accessible and competitively priced, traditionally used byproducts such as soybean (SBM) or cottonseed meal, highly digestible fiber byproducts such as corn gluten feed (wet or dry; WCGF, DCGF), soybean hulls (SBH) and wheat middlings (WM) are a few of the many types available that efficient minded producers can use to reduce feed costs. Byproducts of this nature originate from various milling industries in which the grain or oilseed undergoes extensive processing to extract the starch or oil for human or industrial use. The annual production of WM, DCGF and WCGF, and SBH in the US approximates 7.4, 5.7 and 3.3 million tons, respectively. Other byproducts that are highly digestible include distillers dried grains, beet pulp and rice millfeed. In general, the protein and energy contents of these byproducts are complementary to lowquality forages and predominant forage-based growing rations when compared to traditional oilseed byproducts and grain. Historically, grain processing industries such as wheat flour mills have marketed their byproducts primarily to commercial feed companies. As a general rule, the processing center derives approximately 10 - 15% of gross revenues from byproducts destined for livestock feeding4,5 hardly a significant reason for allowing the production and/or demand of byproducts to drive the entire process. However, increasing production costs and declining margins along with the opportunity to add value to the purchased crop commodity has encouraged grain and oilseed processors to rapidly adopt the notion of pelleting and directly marketing the resulting byproducts to beef producers. Pelleting byproducts at many grain processing and oilseed extraction centers has effectively reduced dust pollution, short term on-site storage concerns and accelerated the acceptance of byproducts by livestock producers through ease of transport and enhanced storage characteristics.42 Several factors should be considered first before byproducts are incorporated into an existing feeding program. First, the location of the processing facility must be well within the marketing radius of other competitively priced feedstuffs. Second, the nutrient composition of the byproducts should complement the intended animal's nutrient requirements. Third, besides unit cost and availability, the nutrient composition of the byproduct should be relatively consistent from load to load. This review article will address the factors which affect nutrient utilization, feeding guidelines and storage concerns with byproducts of this nature.
Learning 3D Representations of Molecular Chirality with Invariance to Bond Rotations

Molecular chirality, a form of stereochemistry most often describing relative spatial arrangements of bonded neighbors around tetrahedral carbon centers, influences the set of 3D conformers accessible to the molecule without changing its 2D graph connectivity. Chirality can strongly alter (bio)chemical interactions, particularly protein-drug binding. Most 2D graph neural networks (GNNs) designed for molecular property prediction at best use atomic labels to na\"ively treat chirality, while E(3)-invariant 3D GNNs are invariant to chirality altogether. To enable representation learning on molecules with defined stereochemistry, we design an SE(3)-invariant model that processes torsion angles of a 3D molecular conformer. We explicitly model conformational flexibility by integrating a novel type of invariance to rotations about internal molecular bonds into the architecture, mitigating the need for multi-conformer data augmentation. We test our model on four benchmarks: contrastive learning to distinguish conformers of different stereoisomers in a learned latent space, classification of chiral centers as R/S, prediction of how enantiomers rotate circularly polarized light, and ranking enantiomers by their docking scores in an enantiosensitive protein pocket. We compare our model, Chiral InterRoto-Invariant Neural Network (ChIRo), with 2D and 3D GNNs to demonstrate that our model achieves state of the art performance when learning chiral-sensitive functions from molecular structures.
Supply Elasticity of U.S. Treasury Yields: An Empirical Analysis

This paper assesses the sensitivity of U.S. Treasury yields to supply shocks that may be triggered by massive sell-offs of U.S. Treasuries. A VAR model is estimated to analyze the supply elasticity of U.S. Treasury yields over the 2000-2008 period. The results suggest that China has the potential, by virtue of its massive holdings of U.S. Treasuries, to moderately affect the Treasury yields. If China decided to sell off about 42% (or roughly $485 billion) of its Treasury holdings, that will raise the 6-month and 1-year yield by about 10 and 7 basis points, respectively. The estimated results also suggest that once the Treasury yields are pushed up by supply shocks, it will take about 3 years for interest rates to return to their pre-shock levels. Since domestic interest rates move in tandem with Treasury yields, an external supply shock has the potential to drive up interest rates and adversely affect the growth of employment and output in the economy.
MENGOVIRUS REPLICATION. II. ISOLATION OF POLYRIBOSOMES CONTAINING THE INFECTING VIRAL GENOME.

The RNA of Mengovirus was labeled with tritium. Polyribosomes were isolated from cells infected with this virus. In vivo synthesis of protein on the polyribosomes was determined by measuring the incorporation of C 14 -amino acids. The virus genome was specifically localized in polyribosomes from the earliest stages of infection onward, remaining undegraded. It is concluded that the virus genome serves as an in vivo messenger RNA to direct the synthesis of viral proteins.
Soft Tissue Scaffolds

The effort to develop soft tissues is one of the most demanding and challenging applications in tissue engineering. Soft tissues such as myocardium, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and even cartilage often possess large volumes, have high cell densities, and can be mechanically active. 3-D scaffolds that match the mechanical properties of the tissue that they are replacing are preferred for soft tissue engineering, because such materials might transmit mechanical forces to the developing tissue during in vitro or in vivo development. A well-defined biodegradation rate is ideal so that host tissue can replace the scaffold and that stress can be transferred from the support scaffold to the new tissue over an appropriate time period. The scaffolds not only serve as a structural support, but also can play an important role in facilitating cell adhesion, growth, and vascularization throughout the scaffold both during in vitro cell culture and in vivo tissue regeneration. Currently used materials meeting these criteria are diverse and include entirely synthetic materials as well as those that are derived from natural sources, and formats that are continuous on a microscale (hydrogels) and those that have defined microporous architectures. Although natural materials have the inherent advantage of bioactivity, they also possess limitations when employed as soft tissue scaffolds that may be overcome with synthetics. Some limitations associated with natural materials include inducement of an immune response that can lead to rapid degradation as well as poor batch-to-batch consistencies. Synthetic polymers permit better control over chemical and physical properties leading to tunability in mechanical strength and degradation rate. Surface properties of synthetic materials can also be more easily modified for improved cell attachment or migration. Some disadvantages of synthetic tissue scaffolds consist of potential toxic degradation products and undesired inflammatory responses. In addition, fabrication methods can process materials into scaffolds of desired porosity, morphologies, and anisotropies. The focus of this article will provide a brief overview of the scaffold preparation, properties, and applications of soft tissue scaffolds. Keywords: soft tissue; tissue engineering; scaffolds; collagen; natural biomaterials; polyester; fabrication; hydrogel
Cutaneous sensory threshold stimulation with high frequency square-wave current. I. The relationship of electrode dimensions to the sensory threshold.

Numerous methods of studying the sensibility of the skin have been reported. Martin (1) described the threshold of faradic break shocks; Ollendorf (2) used hair strokes, pin pricks, heat and pressure with a probe in normal and abnormal skin to determine differences in sensation; Mayr (3) utilized the pressure of a water manometer on normal and syphilitic skin; Hardy and Wolff (4) introduced the thermal radiation method in measurements of pain thresholds; Bishop (5) studied the effects of single and repetitive electrical stimuli on sensory units; Hauk and Neuert (6) employed a pulsating direct current with frequencies up to 300 cycles per second produced by the make-and-break of an inductorium to study pain thresholds.
Face Recognition with 3D Model-Based Synthesis

Current appearance-based face recognition system encounters the difficulty to recognize faces with appearance variations, while only a small number of training images are available. We present a scheme based on the analysis by synthesis framework. A 3D generic face model is aligned onto a given frontal face image. A number of synthetic face images are generated with appearance variations from the aligned 3D face model. These synthesized images are used to construct an affine subspace for each subject. Training and test images for each subject are represented in the same way in such a subspace. Face recognition is achieved by minimizing the distance between the subspace of a test subject and that of each subject in the database. Only a single face image of each subject is available for training in our experiments. Preliminary experimental results are promising.
Spatially Resolved Measurements of Evapotranspiration by Lidar

Spatially resolved estimates of evapotranspiration may be made over an area of about a square kilometer, with relatively fine (25 m) spatial resolution, derived from three-dimensional measurements of water vapor concentration made by a scanning Raman lidar. The method is based upon the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory applied to spatially and temporally averaged data. The method has been applied at several locations to produce maps of the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration rates at regular intervals throughout the day. The estimates of evapotranspiration rates made compare favorably with estimates made using eddy correlation methods. The method is limited in that it assumes that the surface roughness, friction velocity, and Obukhov length are assumed constant over the examined areas. Values for the friction velocity and Obukhov length are required from conventional point instruments. The three-dimensional water vapor concentration and the evaporation maps can be used in a wide variety of ways to study the spatial variations in evapotranspiration caused by changes in soil type and moisture content, canopy type, and topography. Keywords: lidar; Raman; evapotranspiration; evaporation; mixing ratio; heterogeneity
Absorptive-mediated endocytosis of cationized albumin and a beta-endorphin-cationized albumin chimeric peptide by isolated brain capillaries. Model system of blood-brain barrier transport

Cationized albumin (pI greater than 8), unlike native albumin (pI approximately 4), enters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rapidly from blood. This suggests that a specific uptake mechanism for cationized albumin may exist at the brain capillary wall, i.e. the blood-brain barrier. Isolated bovine brain capillaries rapidly bound cationized [3H]albumin and approximately 70% of the bound radioactivity was resistant to mild acid wash, which is assumed to represent internalized peptide. Binding was saturable and a Scatchard plot gave a maximal binding capacity (Ro) = 5.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/mgp (79 +/- 10 pmol/mgp), and a half-saturation constant (KD) = 55 +/- 8 micrograms/ml (0.8 +/- 0.1 microM). The binding of cationized [3H]albumin (pI = 8.5-9) was inhibited by protamine, protamine sulfate, and polylysine (molecular weight = 70,000) with a Ki of approximately 3 micrograms/ml for all three proteins. The use of cationized albumin in directed delivery of peptides through the blood-brain barrier was examined by coupling [3H]beta-endorphin to unlabeled cationized albumin (pI = 8.5-9) using the bifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)proprionate. The [3H]beta-endorphin-cationized albumin chimeric peptide was rapidly bound and endocytosed by isolated bovine brain capillaries, and this was inhibited by unlabeled cationized albumin but not by unconjugated beta-endorphin or native bovine albumin. Cationized albumin provides a new tool for studying absorptive-mediated endocytosis at the brain capillary and may also provide a vehicle for directed drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier.
Resolving taxonomic uncertainty and historical biogeographic patterns in Muscicapa flycatchers and their allies

Abstract Muscicapa flycatchers and their allies (Bradornis, Dioptornis, Empidornis, Fraseria, Myioparus, Namibornis, and Sigelus) are widely distributed in Africa, Europe and Asia. This broad distribution and the wide variety of habitats occupied by the group, ranging from arid to tropical forests, presents an interesting opportunity to explore the evolution of biogeographic patterns and habitat associations. Sequence data (up to 3310 base pairs from two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) were generated for 36 of 42 species which comprise the assemblage. Complementary data from an additional species was retrieved from GenBank, as was an additional gene which was available for 21 of our included taxa. Using model-based phylogenetic methods and molecular clock dating, we constructed a time-calibrated molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the lineage. Ancestral area reconstructions were performed on the phylogeny using LaGrange and BioGeoBEARS. Our results indicate that Bradornis, Fraseria, and Muscicapa are each non-monophyletic, with the latter being shown to comprise five separate clades each more closely related to other genera. Two new genera (Chapinia and Ripleyia) are erected to account for these results. Muscicapa and allies originated c. 7.4 Ma, most likely in Africa given that their sister lineage is almost entirely from there, and rapidly achieved a Eurasian distribution by c. 7.1 Ma. A second divergence at c. 6.1 Ma resulted in two clades. The first is a largely Eurasian clade that subsequently recolonized Africa, perhaps as the result of the loss of migration. The second is an African clade, and ancestral reconstructions suggest a Congolian (e.g. tropical forest) origin for this clade, with several subsequent diversifications into more arid habitats. This is a unique result, as most tropical forest lineages are confined to that habitat. As with other studies of African bird lineages, Afrotropical forest dynamics appear to have played a significant role in driving diversification in Muscicapa and allies, and our results include just the second recorded case of southern to northern African colonization patterns.
Chapter 2 - ∏10 Classes in Computability Theory

This chapter presents a survey of recent results on π 0 1 classes and their applications. It includes some new results that show the existence of an r.b. π 0 1 class with no member of high degree. The focus is on the study of recursively bounded (r.b.) π 0 1 classes as a branch of recursion theory. In particular the notion of a Π 0 1 classes may be viewed as the generalization of the notion of a π 0 1 set, which is simply the complement of a ∑ 0 1 or recursively enumerable set. Of particular interest for recursion theory is the connection between a retraceable π 0 1 set subset A of ω and the π 0 1 class P(A) of initial subsets of A. The notion of a co-maximal π 0 1 set plays an important role and has a natural version for π 0 1 classes that of a minimal π 0 1 class P. π 0 1 classes are also important in the application of recursion theory to numerous branches of mathematics, including combinatorics, algebra, and analysis. The chapter discusses basis and anti-basis results and develops the notion of the Cantor–Bendixson (C–B) rank to give a finer analysis of the complexity of the members of π 0 1 class. The minimal and thin classes and applications of π 0 1 class are discussed as well.
A comparison of MOSFETs, IGBTs, and MCTs for solid state circuit breakers

Circuit breakers have traditionally employed mechanical methods to interrupt excessive currents. Semiconductor advances in power electronics have generated interest in replacing these mechanical circuit breakers with solid-state equivalents. Advantages of solid-state circuit breakers may include faster fault interrupting, fault current limiting, increased repeatability and reliability, no arc to contain or extinguish, and intelligent power control. This paper provides a comparison of three power electronic device families and their suitability to operate in solid-state circuit breaker applications up to 600 volts and 50 amperes.
The closed-loop cycle for industrial wastewater: The future pollution solution

Abstract The paper discusses the trend in all the U.S. industries toward increased water recycling and reuse. Also presented are the water use demands by various industries, and the water use by functions. Data are given on industrial water quality in use for various functions among selected high water using industries. Presented is an over-all system designed for a closed-loop cycle for industrial wastewater. This will be practical for industry to implement by 1985 or soon thereafter if the required technology is properly developed. Research and development needs to achieve this closed-loop system are identified. Rather than a discussion of economics with typical costs based on amount of water treated or on the specific processes employed, the paper presents data on the total cost of removal of controlling factors from a hypothetical wastewater. Future demands and restrictions on industrial wastewater are stated and ten references are cited.
Higher-taxon richness as a surrogate for species richness in chemosynthetic communities

Estimations of biodiversity and species richness in deep-sea marine ecosystems are impeded by time-consuming methods of species identification. In conservation biology, in environmental monitoring, and in paleontology, a higher-taxon approach (e.g., identification to genera or families) can be used as a surrogate for species richness. We applied a higher-taxon approach to well-documented chemosynthetic communities associated with seep and vent mussel beds to test its applicability in these systems. Significant positive correlations between cumulative number of species and cumulative number of higher taxa were found at the generic, family, and order levels. The number of these higher taxa can be used to predict species richness in vent and seep mussel beds.
Factors affecting spontaneous activity in rats with limbic system lesions

Abstract Spontaneous activity was studied in rats with lesions of the septal area, hippocampus and cingulate cortex under conditions of deprivation and sensory stimulation. Cingulate animals were similar to controls throughout the experiment. Hippocampal animals were generally more active than controls, but were relatively unaffected by deprivation and stimulation. Septal animals displayed initially high activity levels which dropped well below control levels after 5 days. The septal group responded to conditions of food and water deprivation and auditory stimulation with an increase in total activity. An analysis of within-session activity measures indicated superior habituation rates for septal animals under normal conditions. However, habituation patterns were severely disrupted when deprivation or stimulation was imposed. This disruption did not occur in any of the other groups. It was suggested that spontaneous activity is a function of behavioral inhibition and facilitation, both mediated through the septum. Removal of the septum results in an exaggeration at both ends of the activity scale.
Distributed algorithms for network recognition problems

The problem of recognizing whether a given network is a tree, ring, star, complete graph, or bipartite graph is considered. Unified algorithms to recognize if the network is any one of the above are presented in each of three classes of algorithms-with centralized, decentralized, and noncentralized initiations. It is shown that the communication and time complexities of the centralized algorithm are linear in e and d, respectively, while those for decentralized algorithm are O(e+n log n) and O(n), respectively (e is the number of edges, n is the number of processors, and d is the diameter of the graph). The complexities for noncentralized algorithms are, respectively O(e+n log k), where k is the level number, and O(n). >
Of risks and regulations: how leading U.S. nanoscientists form policy stances about nanotechnology

Even though there is a high degree of scientific uncertainty about the risks of nanotechnology, many scholars have argued that policy-making cannot be placed on hold until risk assessments are complete (Faunce, Med J Aust 186(4):189–191, 2007; Kuzma, J Nanopart Res 9(1):165–182, 2007; O’Brien and Cummins, Hum Ecol Risk Assess 14(3):568–592, 2008; Powell et al., Environ Manag 42(3):426–443, 2008). In the absence of risk assessment data, decision makers often rely on scientists’ input about risks and regulation to make policy decisions. The research we present here goes beyond the earlier descriptive studies about nanotechnology regulation to explore the heuristics that the leading U.S. nanoscientists use when they make policy decisions about regulating nanotechnology. In particular, we explore the relationship between nanoscientists’ risk and benefit perceptions and their support for nanotech regulation. We conclude that nanoscientists are more supportive of regulating nanotechnology when they perceive higher levels of risks; yet, their perceived benefits about nanotechnology do not significantly impact their support for nanotech regulation. We also find some gender and disciplinary differences among the nanoscientists. Males are less supportive of nanotech regulation than their female peers and materials scientists are more supportive of nanotechnology regulation than scientists in other fields. Lastly, our findings illustrate that the leading U.S. nanoscientists see the areas of surveillance/privacy, human enhancement, medicine, and environment as the nanotech application areas that are most in need of new regulations.
An Empirical Study of the Effects of Expert Knowledge on Bug Reports

Bug reports are crucial software artifacts for both software maintenance researchers and practitioners. A typical use of bug reports by researchers is to evaluate automated software maintenance tools: a large repository of reports is used as input for a tool, and metrics are calculated from the tool's output. But this process is quite different from practitioners, who distinguish between reports written by experts such as programmers, and reports written by non-experts such as users. Practitioners recognize that the content of a bug report depends on its author's expert knowledge. In this paper, we present an empirical study of the textual difference between bug reports written by experts and non-experts. We find that a significance difference exists, and that this difference has a significant impact on the results from a state-of-the-art feature location tool. Our recommendation is that researchers evaluate maintenance tools using different sets of bug reports for experts and non-experts.
3,4-Didehydropyridine plus cyclopentadiene: [2+2] or [4+2]-cycloaddition?

Abstract 3, 4-Didehydropyridine ( 2 ) generated from two precursors ( 6 and 7 ) of the diazonium carboxylate 5 reacts with cyclopentadiene to give the [ 4+2 ] -cyclo-addition product 3 rather than the [2+2]-adduct 4 proposed in the literature. The structure of 3 was supported by complete proton and carbon NMR assignments made with the aid of decoupling and 2D experiments.
Evidence that SCS Pincer Pd(II) Complexes are only Precatalysts in Heck Catalysis and the Implications for Catalyst Recovery and Reuse

SCS-pincer Pd(II) complexes have been covalently immobilized onto porous silica, cross-linked polymer (Merrifield resin) and soluble poly(norbornene) supports via either amide or urea linkages and evaluated in the Heck coupling of iodobenzene with n-butyl acrylate. Kinetic experiments and poisoning studies indicate that in all cases the pincer complexes merely act as precatalysts. Contrary to literature reports, there is no evidence for catalysis by the intact amide-linked SCS-Pd(II) complexes under any conditions studied here.
Molecular analysis of neural crest formation

Neural crest cells arise within the ectoderm during neurulation and give rise to most of the peripheral nervous system. Following neural tube closure, they come to lie within the dorsal neural tube from which they emerge and subsequently migrate extensively to numerous and characteristic sites. There, they differentiate into neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, cartilage and bone of the face, melanocytes and various other cell types. Fate mapping experiments have demonstrated that the neural crest arises at the juncture between presumptive epidermis and neural plate. However, injection of lineage tracer into individual cells reveals that single neural fold cells are not committed to a neural crest fate; rather these cells can form all ectodermal derivatives (epidermis, neural tube, neural crest). Inductive interactions between the neural and non-neural ectoderm can generate neural crest cells, suggesting that signals travel through the epidermis to generate neural crest cells prior to neural tube closure. Induction of the neural crest appears to be a multiphasic process and involves a combination of an early Wnt signal together with later functions of BMP signaling pathways. We have used a variety of molecular screens to isolate molecular constituents involved in neural crest formation. We have identified a secreted factor, Noelin-1, which is expressed in the prospective avian neural plate and may play a role making the neural tube competent to form neural crest. Noelin-1 mRNA is expressed in a graded pattern in the closing neural tube, with highest expression in the neural folds and no detectable expression at the ventral midline. Its expression precedes that of Slug, a zinc finger transcription factor that represents the earliest known neural crest marker gene. Over-expression of Noelin-1 using recombinant retroviruses causes an excess of neural crest emigration and prolongs the time that the neural tube is competent to generate and regenerate neural crest cells. These results support an important role for Noelin-1 in rendering the neural tube competent to respond to inductive cues to generate neural crest.