cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Surplus Biomass of Clupeids in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia

Abstract Mean annual estimates of the surplus biomass of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia, were calculated from data on the biomass, growth, and mortality of each clupeid species. Surplus biomass, defined as production over a given time period minus the difference in biomass at the end and beginning of the time period, was determined for each cohort of both prey species. Mean total alewife biomass estimated from hydroacoustic surveys during 1993–1998 was 37 kg/ha. Mean total gizzard shad cove rotenone biomass from 1990 to 1997 was 89 kg/ha. When biomass was coupled with estimated growth and mortality rates, mean annual surplus biomass summed across all cohorts was 74 kg/ha for alewives and 116 kg/ha for gizzard shad. The surplus biomass of alewives barely meets piscivore demand (primarily that of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and striped bass Morone saxatilis), whereas predator demand might exceed gizzard shad surplus biomass when ...
A dynamic alternative splicing program regulates gene expression during terminal erythropoiesis

Alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing remodels the human transcriptome in a spatiotemporal manner during normal development and differentiation. Here we explored the landscape of transcript diversity in the erythroid lineage by RNA-seq analysis of five highly purified populations of morphologically distinct human erythroblasts, representing the last four cell divisions before enucleation. In this unique differentiation system, we found evidence of an extensive and dynamic alternative splicing program encompassing genes with many diverse functions. Alternative splicing was particularly enriched in genes controlling cell cycle, organelle organization, chromatin function and RNA processing. Many alternative exons exhibited differentiation-associated switches in splicing efficiency, mostly in late-stage polychromatophilic and orthochromatophilic erythroblasts, in concert with extensive cellular remodeling that precedes enucleation. A subset of alternative splicing switches introduces premature translation termination codons into selected transcripts in a differentiation stage-specific manner, supporting the hypothesis that alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated decay contributes to regulation of erythroid-expressed genes as a novel part of the overall differentiation program. We conclude that a highly dynamic alternative splicing program in terminally differentiating erythroblasts plays a major role in regulating gene expression to ensure synthesis of appropriate proteome at each stage as the cells remodel in preparation for production of mature red cells.
Presence of epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid is associated with subsequent breast cancer: a 25-year prospective study

Fluid and epithelial cells obtained from the breasts of non-pregnant, non-lactating women by nipple aspiration, can be used for early diagnosis of breast neoplasms. However, since nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) with cells is obtainable from less than half of women sampled, the question arises: Is this method capable of targeting the women most likely to develop breast cancer? We approached this question with a 25-year prospective study to determine if subjects yielding NAF with or without epithelial cells were more likely to develop breast cancer during the follow-up period than subjects from whom no NAF or epithelial cells were obtained. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The follow-up cohort of 972 was representative of the eligible cohort of 1605 for factors related to breast cancer risk and nipple aspiration outcome, and representative of the general population for breast cancer risk. After a mean follow-up period of 25 years, women with epithelial cells in NAF were significantly more likely to develop breast cancer (RR=1.92; CI=1.22–3.01; p≤0.005), especially invasive breast cancer (RR=2.27; CI=1.27–4.03; p≤0.005), than women with no NAF, or NAF without epithelial cells. These risks were higher for women <55 years of age at the time of sampling (RR=2.1 for any breast cancer, 2.5 for invasive breast cancer). We conclude that presence of NAF with epithelial cells is associated with subsequent breast cancer risk and may be a useful marker for women at higher risk.
SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE IN REGIONS OF LOW-MASS STAR FORMATION

We present high-resolution (R D 1500¨2000) spectra of the 4.27 km asymmetric stretching feature of solid in eight lines of sight observed with the Short Wavelength Spectrometer of the Infrared Space CO 2 Observatory. Two of the sources are —eld stars located behind the Taurus molecular cloud; the others are young stellar objects (YSOs) of predominantly low-to-intermediate mass. We —nd a signi—cant source-tosource variation in the solid abundance ratio in our sample: two lines of sight, Elias 18 and CO 2 /H 2 O RAFGL 989, have abundances of D 34%¨37%, considerably higher than in other lines of sight CO 2 studied to date. In agreement with a previous study of Elias 16, we con—rm a substantial (D20%) abundance of solid relative to in the quiescent intracloud medium. We compare the pro—les CO 2 H 2 OC O 2 with laboratory spectra of interstellar ice analogs from the Leiden Observatory Laboratory database. Results show that the 4.27 km pro—les toward —eld stars and embedded low-mass objects are remarkably similar to each other and seem to originate mostly in cold ice. In two higher mass YSOs H 2 O-rich (RAFGL 989 and S255 IRS1), the pro—les are clearly diUerent, and at least the latter source shows signs of thermal processing. . .. . .. . ..
Capacitive detection in resonant MEMS with arbitrary amplitude of motion

Detection of motion with parallel plate capacitors is commonly used in MEMS; small amplitude of motion is typically assumed. In this paper, we derive precise and constructive equations for the case of parallel plate capacitive detection of arbitrary amplitude of motion. These equations are solved in closed form without using a small displacement assumption. A precise relation between the amplitude of the mechanical motion and the amplitude of the electrical sensing signals is obtained, which allows us to eliminate the nonlinearity error of parallel plates. To illustrate the theoretical findings, MEMS test structures were designed and fabricated. Experiments confirm the developed theory. The formulated algorithms of detection are especially valuable for capacitive detection of large amplitudes of periodic motion in dynamic MEMS sensors and actuators.
Capitation for emergency physicians.

Abstract [Stapczynski JS: Capitation for emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:501-505.]
Closed geodesics, periods and arithmetic of modular forms

is the upper half-plane and F is a discrete cocompact subgroup of SL(2,N) acting by fractional linear transformations. We demonstrate that in this case the periods over closed geodesics play a role somewhat similar to that of Fourier coefficients of modular forms on SL(2,Z) and its congruence subgroups. More specifically, those periods uniquely determine a modular form (Theorem 2). This result is valid for cusp forms on any Fuchsian group of the first kind with or without cusps and is closely related to the study of relative Poincar6 series associated to closed geodesics. For each integer k > 2 and each closed geodesic [7o] we define special cusp forms of weight 2k, called relative Poincar6 series Ok, t~ol and prove that they generate the whole space S2k(F ) of cusp forms (Theorem 1). In w 3 we give an expression for periods of a relative Poincar6 series over closed geodesics in purely geometrical terms through the intersection of the corresponding geodesics (Theorem 3). An application of Theorems 1 and 3 to arithmetic subgroups of SL(2,1R) gives two natural rational structures o n S2k(l N) (Theorem 4). The relative Poincar6 series have been studied for general F by Petersson [18, 19] and Hejhal [5] (g>2). Wolpert [23] gives a basis of S4(F ) for g>2. For SL(2, TZ) the relative Poincar6 series have been studied by Zagier [25], Kohnen [8], Kohnen and Zagier [9], and Kramer [13]. A related problem of constructing cusp forms of weight two associated to closed geodesics has been treated by Kudla and Millson in [143. In connection with the problem of
Cochrane review: relaxation and yoga may decrease pain during labour and increase satisfaction with pain relief, but better quality evidence is needed.

Commentary on: CA Smith, KM Levett, CT Collins, et al.. Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour.Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011;12:CD009514.
Multiple unit processing using sub- and supercritical fluids

Abstract The past twenty years has seen an expansion of the “critical fluid” technology platform with respect to using or combining multiple types of unit operations and compressed fluids in both their sub- and supercritical states. Although supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has seen considerable industrial use, the high capitalization cost of building and running such production plants promotes expanding their use and functionality with respect to multi-unit operations and multiple fluids. An evaluation of the current status of implementing such an approach is provided, and a perspective of future needs suggested based on the senior author’s 40 years of experience in critical fluid processing of agriculturally-derived materials and natural products. The use of hot compressed water is no longer limited to just supercritical water processing, but can be advantageously exploited over a wide range of temperatures and appropriate pressures to include extraction and reaction of targeted substrates, including bioactive natural products, biomass conversion for renewable fuels, and synthesis of chemicals. As noted previously, combining SFE with fractionation methods using critical fluids, and/or reaction chemistry in critical fluid media can produce a variety of extracts or products [J.W. King, Sub- and supercritical fluid processing of agrimaterials: extraction, fractionation and reaction modes, in: E. Kiran, P.G. Debenedetti, C.J. Peters (Eds.), Supercritical Fluids: Fundamentals and Applications, Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000, pp. 451–488.] however the modification of processing equipment such as expellers, extruders, and particle production devices extend the use of the critical fluid technology platform. Sequential unit processing using multiple fluids also has been reported although demonstrated to a limited degree—however combining both compressed CO2 and water in a unit process can also impart some unique processing possibilities. The concept of multiple unit and fluid processing supports an environmentally benign or “green” production platform and is consistent with processing sustainable materials. Integration of critical fluids into existing processing concepts such as biomass conversion, biorefineries, and synthesis based on methyl ester intermediates are discussed.
Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America

Understanding the economic impact of surface temperatures is an important question for both economic development and climate change policy. This study shows that in 28 Caribbean-basin countries, the response of economic output to increased temperatures is structurally similar to the response of labor productivity to high temperatures, a mechanism omitted from economic models of future climate change. This similarity is demonstrated by isolating the direct influence of temperature from that of tropical cyclones, an important correlate. Notably, output losses occurring in nonagricultural production (–2.4%/+1 °C) substantially exceed losses occurring in agricultural production (–0.1%/+1 °C). Thus, these results suggest that current models of future climate change that focus on agricultural impacts but omit the response of workers to thermal stress may underestimate the global economic costs of climate change.
Words of the world: The global language system

Abram De Swaan, Words of the world: The global language system. Cambridge: Polity Press and Blackwell, 2001. Pp. xi, 253. Hb. $33.95.There is a global language system that is a neglected part of the overall international system, according to Abram de Swaan, chairman of the Amsterdam School of Social Science Research at the University of Amsterdam. This book analyzes the nature of that global system in the first three chapters, followed by five chapters of case studies and ending with a chapter of “Conclusions and considerations.” The concept of a global language system has been articulated by the author in some previous articles, but the treatment here is much more systematic and complete, and as a result more impressive. In a word, this book is important and deserves very careful attention.
Horizontal circulations caused by the bottom oscillatory boundary layer in a bay with a sloping bed

The horizontal circulations caused by the combined effect of the bottom oscillatory boundary layer (Stokes layer) and a sloping bed have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The generating mechanism is analogous to that for horizontal circulation induced by wind or by density variation. This horizontal circulation can account for a part of the tidal residual current observed in a tidal hydraulic model.
A Study of the Vitamin A Requirement of the Chick During Early Life

Abstract IN a study of the nutritive properties of corn gluten meal for poultry it became desirable to secure data on the vitamin A potency of this product. Since much of the vitamin A activity exhibited by yellow corn is due to the plant pigment, cryptoxanthin, and in view of the difficulty of separation of this pigment from the other xanthophylls of corn (Kuhn, 1934), a biological technic was decided upon. As chicks were to be used as the experimental animals, the question of the vitamin A requirement of the chick was immediately raised. A review of the literature then available showed that precise information concerning the vitamin A requirement of the chick was lacking. Hauge, Carrick, and Prange (1927) concluded that 25 percent of yellow corn meal would meet the vitamin A requirement for growth of chicks to 10 weeks of age. Smith (1933) found that the minimum amount of . . .
Sedimentary and Gravity-Slide Emplacement of Serpentinite

Large deposits of serpentinite in alpine-type orogenic areas have been formed by sedimentary processes ranging from the detrital accumulation of bedded serpentinite sandstone and shale to the emplacement of chaotic breccias (olistostromes) and gigantic slide blocks. Known occurrences of sedimentary serpentinite are listed, and eight deposits from the circum-Pacific, Caribbean, and Mediterranean areas are described in detail. Sedimentary serpentinites range in age from early Paleozoic to Quaternary, although most are Cretaceous or Tertiary. Most were deposited in eugeosynclinal environments, early in the geosynclinal cycle. Individual deposits range in thickness from a few centimeters to nearly 3 km, and several extend laterally for tens of kilometers. Graded bedding is common, and many deposits contain marine fossils. Serpentinite is the dominant rock constituent, and clasts foreign to the alpine ultramafic assemblage are rare. Chemical analyses often detrital serpentinites show that these rocks contain slightly more silica and alumina than do nondetrital serpentinites, due to contamination by aluminosilicate minerals and quartz during deposition. This and nine other criteria are potentially useful in the recognition of sedimentary serpentinites. Several features suggest that most sedimentary serpentinites were deposited very rapidly by submarine landslides, mudflows, or turbidity currents. The sources of this serpentinite debris are postulated to be upward-migrating serpentinite protrusions which penetrate the seafloor or Earth's surface upslope from eventual depositional sites. Sedimentary serpentinites are much more abundant in alpine-type orogenic areas than is commonly thought, and many ultramafic masses presently regarded as igneous intrusions or tectonic protrusions may in fact be coeval with, instead of younger than, their enclosing sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks. In eugeosynclinal sequences such as the Franciscan Formation, some elongate bodies now regarded as serpentinite sills may be beds of ultramafic detritus whose sedimentary features have been masked by post-depositional shearing; isolated masses may be exotic slide blocks. A sedimentary origin can explain some of the most persistent and perplexing characteristics of many alpine serpentinites: their conformity with enclosing sedimentary rocks, their grossly planar shapes, and the absence of metamorphism along their contacts.
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT USING SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS

MOST D A T A wi th which economists deal are measurable in te rms of universa l ly accepted s tandards. For this reason, economists tend to employ techniques of pa ramet r i c s ta t i s t ics . Despi te the measurab i l i ty of data, somet imes i t is be t t e r to resor t to a non-parametr ic s ta t i s t ica l method because of the na ture of the data. Usually, non-paramet r ic methods of s ta t i s t i cs are adopted when the da ta do not sa t i s fy the under ly ing assumptions of pa ramet r i c s ta t i s t ics such as normal i ty and homogenei ty of variance. There are other reasons for using non-parametr ic methods. In many instances, where approximat ions and est imat ions are involved in the process of col lect ing the data, these da ta become inaccura te and the marg in of e r ror is widened. Here magni tudes lose the i r significance and become more qua l i ta t ive than quant i ta t ive in nature. In fact , where such wide marg ins of e r ror are involved, we can descr ibe the da ta as semi-qual i ta t ive (or semi-quant i ta t ive) . In these cases a non-parametr ic s ta t i s t ica l method is more appropr ia te . Moreover, these methods are more justif iable when we know tha t the er rors are not randomly d is t r ibuted . * Scal ing techniques are a class of non-parametr ic methods which have been widely used in the fields of sociology and social psychology. In this paper, we propose to apply one of these scal ing techniques, namely scalogram analysis , to the classiLfication of economic data. The p r imary focus of the s tudy is to use scalogram analysis to develop an index consis t ing of more than one variable, for measur ing the degree of economic development, or r a t h e r to use i t to c lassify countr ies wi th respect to their s tages of development.
Monolithic indium phosphide-based HEMT multioctave distributed amplifier

The superior performance qualities of indium-phosphide-based high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures has been established with discrete devices. A report is presented on the first monolithic ICs made with this material system. MBE grown AlInAs/GaInAs HEMT layer on an InP substrate. Results are presented on a monolithic distributed amplifier with greater than 10-dB gain from 2 to 30 GHz. At 14 GHz, the noise figure was 5.2 dB with 14 dB of associated gain. These circuits have all the necessary components for a high-performance amplifier, including quarter-micron EBL (electron beam lithography) defined gates, MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors, air-bridge metal crossovers, and plated-through-substrate vias to the ground plane. >
Using Extracellular Matrix Proteomics to Understand Left Ventricular Remodeling

Short term (ie, 30 day) survival rates for the post-myocardial infarction (MI) patient have improved from 60% in the 1970s to >90% currently, primarily as a result of reperfusion therapy.1–3 However, up to 45% of MI survivors subsequently develop congestive heart failure (CHF).4–6 Even with currently available therapies (reperfusion, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and β adrenergic receptor inhibitors),2,7,8 novel strategies are needed to identify and treat patients who are at risk for CHF.9 Examining changes at the extracellular matrix (ECM) level is a promising avenue to find new mechanisms to limit adverse remodeling.10 One clinical trial that highlights the importance of ECM in post-MI remodeling is the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival (EPHESUS) Study. In this study, the investigators evaluated the effects of treatment with an aldosterone receptor antagonist compared with placebo on post-MI outcomes. In a substudy of 476 post-MI patients that developed CHF, serum analytes of collagen turnover were measured.11 The authors combined baseline serum levels of type I collagen telopeptide and brain natriuretic peptide into 1 composite index of collagen turnover. All-cause mortality and the composite end point of cardiovascular death or CHF hospitalization both were associated with the collagen turnover composite index, with hazard ratios of 2.49 ( P =0.039) and 3.03 ( P =0.002), respectively. Furthermore, patients treated with eplerenone showed reduced levels of collagen turnover markers compared with those who did not receive eplerenone, indicating that collagen synthesis and degradation are active processes in post-MI patients. These results are consistent with the numerous animal studies that have shown a relationship between ECM remodeling and the development of CHF.12–14 Therefore, a better understanding of how the cardiac ECM proteome changes during disease progression may provide additional targets …
Rediscovering the chick embryo as a model to study retinal development

The embryonic chick occupies a privileged place among animal models used in developmental studies. Its rapid development and accessibility for visualization and experimental manipulation are just some of the characteristics that have made it a vertebrate model of choice for more than two millennia. Until a few years ago, the inability to perform genetic manipulations constituted a major drawback of this system. However, the completion of the chicken genome project and the development of techniques to manipulate gene expression have allowed this classic animal model to enter the molecular age. Such techniques, combined with the embryological manipulations that this system is well known for, provide a unique toolkit to study the genetic basis of neural development. A major advantage of these approaches is that they permit targeted gene misexpression with extremely high spatiotemporal resolution and over a large range of developmental stages, allowing functional analysis at a level, speed and ease that is difficult to achieve in other systems. This article provides a general overview of the chick as a developmental model focusing more specifically on its application to the study of eye development. Special emphasis is given to the state of the art of the techniques that have made gene gain- and loss-of-function studies in this model a reality. In addition, we discuss some methodological considerations derived from our own experience that we believe will be beneficial to researchers working with this system.
Frequency, manifestations, and correlates of impaired healing of saphenous vein harvest incisions

Objective To describe the frequency, manifestations, and correlates of impaired healing of saphenous vein (SV) harvest incisions in hospitalized patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Design Prospective, descriptive, correlational. Setting West Coast university-affiliated medical center. Patients Thirty-two English-speaking adults who had undergone CABG. Outcome Measures Impaired wound healing of SV-harvest incisions. Results The overall indidence of impaired healing was 43.8%. The most frequent manifestations of impaired wound healing at discharge were prolonged erythema (8/32), prolonged drainage (8/32), and both prolonged erythema and drainage (2/32). Correlates of impaired healing of SV-harvest incisions were body mass index (product-moment correlation=0.39, p=0.026) and preoperative use of diuretics (point biserial correlation=0.42, p=0.016). Conclusions Impaired healing of SV-harvest incisions in this sample occurred more frequently than previously indicated in the literature. Although severe wound infections were infrequent, a high degree of impaired healing occurred (43.8% of patients who had undergone CABG). Future studies need to explore the long-term effects of impaired healing and test interventions to mitigate impaired healing in this population.
A Microprocessor Control System for Peanut Drying

A microprocessor based peanut dryer control system to minimize energy consumption was developed and tested over a 3 year period. Hardware and software needs were described. First year tests were conducted to verify hardware performance. Energy control techniques were proposed and compared with conventional peanut dryer control procedures. In simultaneous comparative tests, the first energy control technique implemented reduced liquified petroleum gas (LPG) consumption 49 percent, electric energy 39 percent and increased time on the dryer 65 percent. Modification of the energy control technique reduced the unacceptable increase in time on the dryer to 10–20 percent while similar reductions in LPG and electric energy were maintained. The improved control technique produced similar results in tests the following year. No losses in peanut quality during drying were observed and the net saving was $5.61 per tonne or a 25 percent reduction in peanut drying costs for Virginia conditions.
Multiprocessors from a software perspective

Like many architectural techniques that originated with mainframes. the use of multiple processors in a single computer is becoming popular in workstations and even personal computers. Multiprocessors constitute a significant percentage of recent workstation sales, and highly affordable multiprocessor personal computers are available in local computer stores. Once again, we find ourselves in a familiar situation: hardware is ahead of software. Because of the complexity of parallel programming, multiprocessors today are rarely used to speed up individual applications. Instead, they usually function as cycle-servers that achieve increased system throughput by running multiple tasks simultaneously. Automatic parallelization by a compiler is a particularly attractive approach to software development for multiprocessors, as it enables ordinary sequential programs to take advantage of the multiprocessor hardware without user involvement. This article looks to the future by examining some of the latest research results in automatic parallelization technology.
More Attempts: A Reply to Duff, Husak, Mele and Walen

In this paper, I reply to the very thoughtful comments on my book by Antony Duff, Doug Husak, Al Mele and Alec Walen.
Characterization of biodegradable PCL-PEO co-networks

Biodegradable SMPs are exciting materials based on a combination of controlled degradation and triggered actuation. In this study we aimed to synthesize a biocompatible material with good shape memory properties using polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The tunable thermal and mechanical properties were achieved by varying polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) composition. Surface degradation was induced by immersing the co-network system into lipase-containing medium. The results showed slower degradation with incorporation of polyethylene oxide (PEO). Furthermore, the samples with high polyethylene oxide (PEO) content sample showed increase in water uptake.
Hospitalists assess the causes of early hospital readmissions

BACKGROUND: Hospital readmissions are receiving increasing attention as an indicator of health care quality and waste. Hospitalists provide a unique perspective on the underlying processes that result in acute care readmissions and the extent to which readmissions can be prevented. OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the views of hospitalists on the preventability of readmissions and the most important ways to prevent future readmissions. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: A group of 17 hospitalists serving four community hospitals reviewed the details of 300 consecutive 21-day readmissions. Each used a structured data collection form to code information from inpatient and outpatient charts on patient characteristics, process measures, preventability, and potential interventions. RESULTS: Overall, 15% of readmissions were rated as overtly preventable, but with wide variation among hospitalists in their ratings of preventability. Perceptions of preventability appear to be a function of readmission timing, the similarity of diagnoses between admissions, medication issues, and the presence of certain chronic diseases (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). Hospitalists were more likely to recommend familiar interventions under their control for a readmissions termed preventable, such as extending the initial hospital stay or addressing medications and patient education at discharge. They less often identified outpatient case management, home services, or physician nursing home visits as viable prevention strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The study points to the multifactorial nature of interventions needed to prevent readmissions, the tradeoffs between hospital length of stay and readmission, and the importance of fostering a culture of optimism and engagement to outpatient components of the health system to reduce hospital readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
The Complex Relationship Driving Technology Transfer: The Potential Opportunities Missed by Universities

Since the Bayh-Dole act, decreased federal funds to research-intensive and extensive universities resulted in a search for alternative resources to continue research activities. Changes made by higher education institutions in strategic orientation initiated the development of technology transfer offices designed to support patent development, licensure to corporations, and spin-off of entrepreneurial efforts. Researchers seek explanatory models to understand variances in university success; however, current models lack full descriptive power. Therefore, we first identify the current research base on technology transfer; propose an alternative view; and, recommend propositions and future research.
Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps

Treefall gaps are hypothesized to maintain diversity by creating resource-rich, heterogeneous habitats necessary for species coexistence. This hypothesis, however, is not supported empirically for shade-tolerant trees, the dominant plant group in tropical forests. The failure of gaps to maintain shade-tolerant trees remains puzzling, and the hypothesis implicated to date is dispersal limitation. In central Panama, we tested an alternative 'biotic interference' hypothesis: that competition between growth forms (lianas vs. trees) constrains shade-tolerant tree recruitment, survival and diversity in gaps. We experimentally removed lianas from eight gaps and monitored them for 8 years, while also monitoring nine un-manipulated control gaps. Removing lianas increased tree growth, recruitment and richness by 55, 46 and 65%, respectively. Lianas were particularly harmful to shade-tolerant species, but not pioneers. Our findings demonstrate that competition between plant growth forms constrains diversity in a species-rich tropical forest. Because lianas are abundant in many tropical systems, our findings may apply broadly.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in an Elderly Combat Veteran: A Case Report

In this case report, an elderly combat veteran with a chronic course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that was untreated for nearly 60 years was evaluated and treated with a combination of medication and graded exposure psychotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on graded exposure in the elderly. The course of treatment lessened the key symptom domains of PTSD. Comorbid depression was also lessened. Although a single case report, it would appear that elderly patients do respond to psychotherapeutic techniques such as graded exposure therapy. Given the large percentage of the elderly population that has witnessed combat and due to the continuing military conflicts that the United States has been involved in over recent decades, treatments for PTSD in an aging population will be necessary.
Neutron radiotherapy in South Africa: neutron radiotherapy: Abratt supported.

This correspondence is in response to the article: Abratt RP. The fast neutron therapy programme for patients in South Africa should come to an end. S Afr Med J 2012;102(2):58. Other correspondence in this series: Neutron radiotherapy: a different perspective. S Afr Med J 2012;102(5):269; Neutron radiotherapy should continue. S Afr Med J 2012;102(5):269-270; Neutron radiotherapy, Abratt reply. S Afr Med J 2012;102(5):270-217; Neutron radiotherapy: Society comments. S Afr Med J 2012;102(5):271.
Pirate Organization: Yesterday and Today

Chapter 2 discusses the organization of piracy in both its historical and modern-day versions based on the idea that the more efficient a pirate organization is, the more effectively it will carry out its objectives. Leeson (2007a) argues that pirates during the Golden Age (ca. 1690–1730) developed sophisticated mechanisms aimed at achieving their goal of maximizing the value of their plunder. These mechanisms included democratically elected captains, who therefore were answerable to the crew, and pirate constitutions that explicitly specified the duties and obligations of crew members. In contrast to their earlier brethren, modern-day pirates rely more on landward bases, from which they launch their attacks and to which they return for protection from local clans. Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that those ports along the Somali coast that harbor pirates tend to be ones that are less successful in fostering legitimate trade.
Characterizing the work of coaching during design reviews

In this exploratory study we characterize the work of coaching using a pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) framework to make visible coaches' integrated knowledge of the how, what, and why of coaching during design reviews. We observed four patterns of coaching across three design review contexts: choreography, undergraduate industrial design, and mechanical engineering. These include scaffolding articulation, driving for meaning and guidance, breaking the 4th wall to create a teaching moment, and ‘suggest don't tell’ to let the student figure it out. We conclude with identifying new ways to conceptualize the work of coaching in design reviews as integrated knowing, situated practice, and shared repertoires.
Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia of the Breast: Multimodality Review With Pathologic Correlation

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a rare benign breast condition. PASH is thought to be hormonally responsive, and it is usually identified in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. PASH may also be seen in postmenopausal woman on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Approximately 53% of patients with PASH present with abnormalities on screening mammography, and 44% of patients with PASH present with palpable abnormalities. On imaging studies, PASH appears similar to fibroadenomas. On mammography, PASH is usually seen as a noncalcified, circumscribed mass. On ultrasound, PASH often appears as an oval, circumscribed, hypoechoic mass. On magnetic resonance imaging, PASH usually has progressive (Type 1) enhancement, and high-signal slit-like spaces may be seen on T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images. The slit-like spaces correspond to empty clefts within acellular hyalinized stroma on histopathology. PASH may be mistaken for a low-grade angiosarcoma on pathologic examination. While angiosarcoma has true vascular spaces, PASH has a network of pseudoangiomatous slit-like clefts. Women with biopsy-proven PASH usually undergo follow-up imaging. Surgical excision may be considered for larger lesions and in women at an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the future, additional studies are needed to provide definitive data regarding appropriate management and long-term outcomes for women with PASH. PASH has become increasingly recognized, but the literature regarding the imaging features of PASH is scarce. This paper reviews the imaging and pathologic features of PASH and some processes that may simulate PASH are discussed. Features of PASH on mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and nuclear medicine studies are discussed with pathologic correlation.
Protonation of nickel-iron hydrogenase models proceeds after isomerization at nickel.

Theory and experiment indicate that the protonation of reduced NiFe dithiolates proceeds via a previously undetected isomer with enhanced basicity. In particular, it is proposed that protonation of (OC)3Fe(pdt)Ni(dppe) (1; pdt2– = –S(CH2)3S–; dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2) occurs at the Fe site of the two-electron mixed-valence Fe(0)Ni(II) species, not the Fe(I)-Ni(I) bond for the homovalence isomer of 1. The new pathway, which may have implications for protonation of other complexes and clusters, was uncovered through studies on the homologous series L(OC)2Fe(pdt)M(dppe), where M = Ni, Pd (2), and Pt (3) and L = CO, PCy3. Similar to 1, complexes 2 and 3 undergo both protonation and 1e– oxidation to afford well-characterized hydrides ([2H]+ and [3H]+) and mixed-valence derivatives ([2]+ and [3]+), respectively. Whereas the Pd site is tetrahedral in 2, the Pt site is square-planar in 3, indicating that this complex is best described as Fe(0)Pt(II). In view of the results on 2 and 3, the potential energy surface of...
Application of Differential Protection to Long Power Cables - Cable modelling and charging current compensation methods

This paper presents performance of two charging current compensation methods used in commercially available differential relays. This paper appreciates importance of cable models on protection and settings application studies and on estimation of performance of charging current compensation methods. The problem is split in to a) Significance of Power Cable Modelling and b) Protection performance evaluations. Models available in EMTP-RV are considered. Transient performance of each of models is evaluated to determine which are most suitable for protection application studies. Single core, 3 phase, 132 kV crossbonded cables of various lengths are considered. However, the methodology can be extended to any cable arrangement including pipe type/ Multicores cables. Single and three phase external faults are considered. Such a study would be useful for long cables i.e. in offshore transmission system and in densely populated urban areas where land costs restricts the construction of overhead lines.
Growth and High Resolution Tem Characterization of GexSi1−x/Si Hetero-Structures by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Remote Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RPCVD) has been used to grow GexSi1-x/Si heteroepitaxial thin films at low temperatures (:_ 450r.C). In situ RHEED has been used to confirm that smooth, single crystal heteroepitaxial films can be grown by RPCVD. Plan-view and cross-sectional TEM have been employed to study the microstructure of the heteroepitaxial films. Lattice imaging high resolution TEM (HRTEM) has shown perfect epitaxial lattice alignment at the heterojunction interfaces. GexSi1-x/Si films which exceed their CLT's appreciably show dense Moire fringes under plan-view TEM. The spacings between the fringes have been used to estimate the relaxed lattice constants. In addition to the inhomogeneous strain observed in-XTEM, Selected Area electron Diffraction (SAD) analysis of the interfaces displays two split patterns. The spacings between the diffraction spots have been used to calculate the lattice constants in the epitaxial films in different crystal directions, which agree very well with the prediction by Vegard's law as well as the estimate from plan-view TEM analysis. HRTEM analysis also reveals the crystallographic nature of the interfacial misfit dislocations in the relaxed films.
African American Stepfather–Stepchild Relationships, Marital Quality, and Mental Health

This study examined associations between stepfather-stepchild relationship quality, stepfathers' depressive symptoms, and two aspects of marriage: marital quality and positive marital interactions. Marital quality was assessed in terms of commitment, trust, passionate and friendship-based love, and happiness. Marital interactions were assessed in terms of intimacy, shared activities, and verbal communication. Using data collected from 149 recently married African American stepfathers, structural equation modeling revealed that when stepfathers reported more positive relationships with their stepchildren, they also reported more positive marital quality and a higher frequency of positive marital interactions (relationship solidifying activities), and that, in turn, was associated with stepfathers experiencing fewer depressive symptoms.
Employment and Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Children’s Up-to-Date Vaccination Status

This study examined whether additional information on parents’ employment and household characteristics would help explain the differences in children’s up-to-date (UTD) vaccination status using the 2008 National Immunization Survey and its associated Socioeconomic Status Module. After controlling for basic sociodemographic factors in multivariable analyses, parent’s work schedules and ease of taking time off from work were not associated with UTD vaccination status among 19- to 35-month-old children. We also conducted a stratified analysis to test the heterogeneous effects of the factors among children at 3 age-restricted maternal education levels and found the benefit of paid sick leave had a significant association only among families where the mother had a college degree. Families who had moved since the child’s birth, especially if the mother had high school or lower education, were less likely to have children UTD on the vaccine series.
African-American Women Elders in Adventist Congregations

historically, african-american women have been influential in building and expanding the role of the african-american church as well as their role within the church. Because their leadership is critical for the health of the church, it is important to understand how african-american local church women lead. the purpose of this study was to describe the leadership practices of african-american women elders in the Lake Region conference of the Seventh-day adventist church. Results from the Leadership Practices Inventory show that the elders and their observers rate Encourage the heart, Enable Others to act, Model the Way, and Inspire a Shared Vision higher than a national sample. While challenge the Process was somewhat lower on the survey, it was clear from the interviews that the women were fundamentally challenging the process as they served as elders in their churches.
A Genetic Assay Using Rodent/Human Hybrid Cells to Evaluate the Genotoxic Effects of Chemicals for Multiple Endpoints

Since the mid-seventies, a large number of chemicals have been tested in a variety of short-term in vitro and in vivo test systems (STTS). It is apparent that all chemicals do not induce a similar spectrum of genotoxic effects in STTSs. Some chemicals induce predominantly gene mutations and/or chromosome aberrations while certain chemicals or classes of chemicals, in addition to interacting with cellular DNA, also induce genomic alterations by interfering with the normal functioning of cellular organelles associated with cell division.
Psychosocial Correlates of Medication Adherence among HIV-Positive, Cognitively Impaired Individuals

Although cognitive impairment has been shown to adversely affect antiviral medication adherence, a subset of cognitively impaired adults nonetheless are able to adequately adhere to their medication regimen. However, little is known about factors that serve as buffers against suboptimal adherence among the cognitively impaired. This study consisted of 160 HIV-positive, cognitively impaired adults (Global Deficit Score ≥ 0.50) whose medication adherence was monitored over 6-months using an electronic monitoring device (MEMS caps). Logistic regressions were run to determine psychosocial variables associated with medication adherence. Higher self-efficacy and treatment related support, a stable medication regimen, stable stress levels, and absence of current stimulant use were predictive of optimal adherence. A distinct array of psychosocial factors was found that buffer against the adverse effects of cognitive impairment on medication adherence. Assessment and interventions targeting these factors may improve adherence rates among cognitively impaired adults.
The Intersection of Anthropology and Agricultural Health.

Since its inception in the late 19th century, anthropology has been keenly interested in the role of food in shaping human and nonhuman primate cultural and biological adaptation through long perio...
National Trends in Hospitalizations for Opioid Poisonings Among Children and Adolescents, 1997 to 2012

Importance National data show a parallel relationship between recent trends in opioid prescribing practices and hospitalizations for opioid poisonings in adults. No similar estimates exist describing hospitalizations for opioid poisonings in children and adolescents. Objective To describe the incidence and characteristics of hospitalizations attributed to opioid poisonings in children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis of serial cross-sectional data from a nationally representative sample of US pediatric hospital discharge records collected every 3 years from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2012. The Kids’ Inpatient Database was used to identify 13 052 discharge records for patients aged 1 to 19 years who were hospitalized for opioid poisonings. Data were analyzed within the collection time frame. Main Outcomes and Measures Poisonings attributed to prescription opioids were identified by codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification . In adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, poisonings attributed to heroin were also identified. Census estimates were used to calculate incidence per 100 000 population. The Cochran-Armitage test for trend was used to assess for changes in incidence over time. Results From 1997 to 2012, a total of 13 052 (95% CI, 12 500-13 604) hospitalizations for prescription opioid poisonings were identified. The annual incidence of hospitalizations for opioid poisonings per 100 000 children aged 1 to 19 years rose from 1.40 (95% CI, 1.24-1.56) to 3.71 (95% CI, 3.44-3.98), an increase of 165% ( P for trend, P for trend, P for trend, P for trend, P for trend, Conclusions and Relevance During the course of 16 years, hospitalizations attributed to opioid poisonings rose nearly 2-fold in the pediatric population. Hospitalizations increased across all age groups, yet young children and older adolescents were most vulnerable to the risks of opioid exposure. Mitigating these risks will require comprehensive strategies that target opioid storage, packaging, and misuse.