cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF E. coli recBC ENZYME REACTION INTERMEDIATES

ABSTRACT Reaction intermediates formed by the E. coli recBC enzyme with linear, duplex DNA have been spread for electron microscopy using polylysine. Three types of single-stranded structures were observed at the ter-mini of duplexes: (i) single tails; (ii) double tails (forks), generally of unequal length; and (iii) loops associated with one or two tails [“loop + tail(s)”]. The loop + tail(s) structures are disrupted by post-reaction incubation of the intermediates for 2 hr at 0° or for 10–30 min at 23°-60°. The observation of these structures confirms that extensive unwinding occurs during the degradation of linear, duplex DNA by the recBC enzyme, and lead us to refine the model originally proposed by MacKay and Linn (1).
Engineering Analysis of Domestic Size Microwave Clothes Dryers

ABSTRACTAn engineering analysis of a domestic size microwave clothes dryer for domestic and commercial laundromat applications is made. Theory, together with preliminary experiments, show that the operational cost of the machine is no more than 35% and operating time no more than 13% of conventional dryers under thermal equilibrium conditions. Design equations and charts for a microwave dryer are given.
B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Purpose To investigate whether plasma B-type Natriuretic peptide (BNP), a surrogate of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP), is predictive of left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) independent of known clinical risk predictors. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 297 consecutive subjects with AF who underwent a clinically indicated transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to evaluate for LAAT and spontaneous echo contrast (SEC). Among those, 136 had a clinically indicated BNP level. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis models, we determined factors independently predictive of the primary endpoint of LAAT and the secondary endpoint of either LAAT or SEC. Results Nineteen subjects (6.4%) had LAAT and they were found to have a higher mean CHADS2 score (2.53 vs 1.76, P = 0.01) and mean BNP level [1949 vs. 819 pg/mL, P = 0.001] than those without LAAT. None of the patients with a BNP level ≤500 pg/mL had LAAT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BNP was predictive of LAAT and the composite of LAAT/SEC independent of the CHADS2 score and warfarin therapy [OR = 1.23 and 1.6 per 500 pg/mL increment in BNP, P-values = 0.03 and 0.001; respectively]. Moreover, adding BNP to the predictive model negated the influence of the CHADS2 score. Conclusion These data indicate that BNP is an independent predictor of LAAT in AF and may complement the role of the CHADS2 score in predicting stroke risk.
Coping with Imprisonment: Testing the Special Sensitivity Hypothesis for White-Collar Offenders

This study uses nationally representative prison data to test two competing theories of how white-collar offenders experience prison. The first perspective, referred to as the special sensitivity h...
Nonlinear Current Control of Single-Phase PFC Suitable for Mixed-Signal IC Implementation

New nonlinear current control methods are developed for single-phase power factor corrected (PFC) ac-dc converters. The control methods combine input current feedforward with partial feedback control based on the switch current to achieve sinusoidal input current and unity input power factor. The nonlinear control methods don't suffer from the limitations of conventional linear (average) current control in terms of control bandwidth and sensitivity to noise. The resulting current control performance is superior to all existing single-phase PFC control methods, and can meet the requirements of various applications, including high-frequency (360-800 Hz) airborne power systems. The control methods are also ideally suited for integrated mixed-signal implementation, requiring an analog current controller that is very simple, insensitive to noise, and independent of converter and control design parameters, and a digital controller that operates with a sampling frequency much lower than the switching frequency. A prototype design is presented to validate the analysis and to demonstrate the performance of the control methods.
Peptide-based antibody alternatives for biological sensing in austere environments

The most critical component of a biosensor, the biorecognition element, must exhibit high selectivity and strong affinity for a target of interest in operational sensing. Monoclonal antibodies are the current standard reagents for such devices, but their adaptability, manufacturability, and stability greatly limit their effectiveness in fieldable sensors. Peptides have emerged as potential antibody replacements in such applications due to their similar binding performance, extreme chemical and thermal stabilities, and on-demand scalability. In conjunction with modeling capabilities, work at the Army Research Lab focuses on protein catalyzed capture (PCC) agent technology and bacterial display for the discovery of these novel peptide binding reagents. The synthetic, bottom-up PCC agent technology uses an iterative, in situ "click chemistry" approach to produce high performing peptides against specific epitopes translatable to the protein target. Bacterial display allows rapid reagent discovery due to the combination of fast bacterial growth and effective peptide sequence enrichment through multiple rounds of biopanning. Recent advances in both methods are highlighted in regards to the discovery of reagents against Army high priority protein targets for soldier safety, performance, and diagnostics.
Coronary artery dilatation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract The echocardiographic finding of dilated coronary arteries has long been associated with Kawasaki disease. When this finding is encountered in clinical practice, Kawasaki disease is almost always the first consideration of Pediatric Cardiologists. In this manuscript we present the case of an 11-year-old girl found to have coronary artery dilatation in the setting of lymphadenopathy and fever initially presumed to be secondary to Kawasaki disease, but was later revealed to be secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. The phenomenon of coronary dilatation with Lupus and other autoimmune diseases has been rarely described previously in the literature, and this case highlighted the importance of considering autoimmune phenomena in the workup of coronary artery dilatation. Current recommendations favor echocardiography as part of the initial workup for autoimmune diseases such as Lupus, and further studies are needed to elucidate the ultimate relationship between autoimmune diseases and coronary artery dilatation.
JumonjiC demethylase inhibitors show potential for targeting chemotherapy-resistant lung cancers.

ABSTRACTResistance to standard taxane-platin chemotherapy and tumor relapse are a major challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Our recent study identified JumonjiC demethylase inhibitors as a highly potent therapeutic strategy for targeting chemoresistant tumors and for preventing the emergence of drug-tolerant clones from taxane-platin treated NSCLCs.
A new class of high-entropy perovskite oxides

Abstract A new class of high-entropy perovskite oxides ( i.e. , multiple-cation solid solutions with high configurational entropies) has been synthesized. Six of the 13 compositions examined, including Sr(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Mn 0.2 )O 3 , Sr(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 )O 3 , Ba(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Ce 0.2 )O 3 , Ba(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Y 0.2 )O 3 − x , Ba(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 )O 3 and (Sr 0.5 Ba 0.5 )(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 )O 3 , can form homogeneous single solid-solution phases. Goldschmidt's tolerance factor, instead of cation-size difference, influences the formation and temperature-stability of single cubic perovskite solid solutions. This new class of multicomponent (high-entropy) perovskite solid solutions with distinct and highly-tunable chemistries can enable simultaneous tailoring of multiple properties and potentially lead to new functionality.
Adrenal Zonation and Development

Proper development and steroidogenic function of the adrenal gland are essential for organism survival. The cortex in the adult adrenal is organized into concentric zones that produce distinct steroid hormones, the zona glomerulosa (zG) produces aldosterone, and the zona fasciculata (zF) produces corticosterone (in rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Homeostasis and regeneration of the cortex are linked to centripetal migration and direct cell fate conversion of cells from the zG to the zF. To define the mechanisms underlying adrenal zonation, it is essential to understand how tissue structure impacts steroidogenic function. This chapter highlights our current knowledge of adrenocortical homeostasis and zonation in the adult, with an emphasis on (1) the adrenal morphology and ultrastructure, (2) the signaling pathways implicated in the control of zonation, and (3) the cellular mechanisms associated with direct cell fate conversion of zG to zF cells, the major pathway underlying centripetal migration and cortical renewal during postnatal homeostasis.
Abstract 19397: Changing Risk of Rejection After Pediatric Heart Transplant Over Time

Introduction: Due to limited and conflicting data regarding the risk of late rejection in pediatric heart recipients in the contemporary era, the practice of long-term surveillance endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) remains controversial. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that rejection risk in pediatric patients declines steadily over time after transplant. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all EMBs performed at a single institution from 5/1995-9/2015. We defined significant cellular rejection as ≥2R (2004 ISHLT Grade) or ≥3A (1990 ISHLT Grade). We fit a logistic regression model with robust standard errors to characterize rejection risk over six time intervals (categorized as 0-2 years in 6-month intervals, 2-5 years, and 5+ years), accounting for demographics, CHD diagnosis, and number of prior positive EMB. We additionally estimated the unadjusted association of prior biopsies and rejection risk. Results: A total of 5131 EMB were performed on 220 patients with a median age at transplant of 10.2 (IQR 2.2, 14.6) years. Patients underwent a median of 22 EMB (IQR 13, 31). Ninety-five (43%) patients experienced at least one rejection episode post-transplant, and among these patients, the median time to first rejection was 14 (IQR 2, 28) months. Based on our model, 75% of the EMB had a probability of rejection below 0.04. Compared to the 1.5-2yr interval, rejection risk was significantly lower in both the 2-5 and 5+ year intervals (Table). Each additional prior positive biopsy was associated with a 1.6x increase in odds of rejection (CI 1.5-1.8, P Conclusions: In conclusion, the risk of identifying rejection in biopsies peaks within the first two years post-transplant and declines considerably thereafter. Previous episodes of rejection are associated with significantly increased risk of future rejection. These findings may help to focus the practice of long-term surveillance biopsy on those patients at greatest risk of rejection.
Driver and I/O Buffer Design

CMOS I/O buffers and bus drivers — or any circuit which is to drive a significant load both on-chip and off-chip — have not received much attention in the literature, and a comprehensive treatment of them — delay minimization, power dissipation, second order effects, and layout techniques to minimize noise and maximize speed — is lacking. This chapter aims at filling this gap: both input and output buffers will be dealt with, from the stand-point of speed, power dissipation, noise robustness, degree of protection, etc. The design of on-chip drivers — such as bus drivers — can differ from the design of output buffers, because both transmitting and receiving stages are under the designer’s control, and, therefore, a global optimization can be effectively carried out. Nonetheless, simple and reliable approaches are still implemented — for instance, scaled-up inverter chain. In this respect the design of on-chip drivers can be treated like the design of output buffers. Finally, on-chip driver design which optimize both transmitter and receiver is presented in Section 7.8.
Crosstalk Avoidance Routing

Wires in an analog cell cannot be treated as completely isolated ideal conductors. The geometry of the wires and their surrounding environment contribute significant inter-nodal parasitic capacitances which often affect circuit performance. Certain nodes in a circuit are considerably more sensitive to signals coupled through excess parasitic capacitances. Examples of such sensitive nodes include the inputs to high-gain stages and the charge-storage nodes in sampled data circuits. Fortunately, most nodes do not carry signals of sufficient frequency or amplitude to cause problems, even when some modest inter-nodal capacitance exists in the layout. However, nodes such as the outputs of gain stages and the clocks in sampled data circuits represent common sources of potential crosstalk noise problems. Inessential coupling capacitances between these noisy nodes and other sensitive nodes must be avoided in order to help ensure good circuit performance.
Synthesis and catalysis of hydrolysis of phosphate esters by Zn(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Schiff base complexes

Abstract The Schiff base ligand 2-(((2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)imino)methyl)phenol (Salpea) was derived from the condensation reaction of 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine and salicylaldehyde. Three Schiff base complexes of the ligand were synthesized by reacting the Salpea ligand with Zn(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) perchlorate hexahydrate salts. The compounds were analyzed by H-NMR, FT-IR, and UV–visible spectroscopies. CHN elemental analysis and x-ray crystallography were also employed for characterization in this research. Kinetic studies were performed on these complexes to evaluate their efficiency as catalysts for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylphosphate (4NPP) in DMSO:H2O (1:1) solvent mixture using a TRIS buffer solution. It was determined experimentally that the complexes are catalytically active in hydrolysis of the phosphate ester studied (4NPP). Second order rate constants on the order of 10−3 M−1 s−1 were observed for the complexes studied.
Beyond Whiteboards and Rolling Chairs: Activating an Active Learning Classroom

Drawing on four yearsâ worth of faculty and student surveys as well as interviews with Mason faculty, we explore how faculty who teach in Masonâs active learning classrooms (ALCs) come to take advantage of the space to engage their students in active learning. Surveys show that both students and faculty report that activities we identify as interactive occur with high frequency in those learning spaces, though not evenly across all of the classroom spaces. Students and faculty also self-report higher levels of engagement in ALCs as compared to traditional classrooms. Interviews with faculty, including faculty teaching for the first time in the new classrooms in Peterson Hall, help reveal the range of factors that make it more likely that faculty will use pedagogical strategies that support active learning--including their prior exposure to examples of active learning pedagogy, their beliefs about the efficacy and relevance of those pedagogies, their overall flexibility as teachers, and their own past experiences using active learning strategies.
Analyzing the Vulnerabilities Introduced by DDoS Mitigation Techniques for Software-Defined Networks

Software defined networking facilitates better network management by decoupling the data and control planes of legacy routers and switches and is widely adopted in data center and production networks. The decoupling of control and data planes facilitates more optimal network management and deployment of elaborate security mechanisms, but also introduces new vulnerabilities which could be exploited using distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we identify several protocol vulnerabilities and resource limitations that are exploited by DDoS attacks. We also analyze the vulnerabilities introduced by several DDoS mitigation techniques, discuss attacks that exploit them, and quantify their impact on the network performance using experiments on a 5-node testbed. We show an approach to mitigate such vulnerabilities while minimizing the introduction of any exploitable vulnerabilities.
The Morphology of Marronage

A number of texts have addressed desires for and iterations of freedom throughout the Black diaspora. Although conceptualizations of freedom are often employed and interrogated in critical scholars...
Ultrasound Imaging of the Gluteal Muscles During the Y-Balance Test in Individuals With or Without Chronic Ankle Instability.

Context Impairments in dynamic postural control and gluteal muscle activation have been associated with the development of symptoms related to long-term injury, which are characteristic of chronic ...
The value of common infection markers combined with cerebrospinal fluid routine analysis for identifying the etiology of intracranial infection in children

Intracranial infection is a common central nervous system disease that seriously endangers children′s health. Early diagnosis and reasonable treatment in time are of great significance to improve the long-term prognosis of children. This paper describes the improvement of routine laboratory methods for intracranial infection, and discusses the role of common infection markers including C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and heparin binding protein in the differential diagnosis of intracranial infection. Key words: Central nervous system infections; Cerebrospinal fluid; Biological markers
Reaction mechanism of the selective reduction of CO2 to CO by a tetraaza [CoIIN4H]2+ complex in the presence of protons

The tetraaza [CoIIN4H]2+ complex (1) is remarkable for its ability to selectively reduce CO2 to CO with 45% Faradaic efficiency and a CO to H2 ratio of 3 : 2. We employ density functional theory (DFT) to determine the reasons behind the unusual catalytic properties of 1 and the most likely mechanism for CO2 reduction. The selectivity for CO2 over proton reduction is explained by analyzing the catalyst's affinity for the possible ligands present under typical reaction conditions: acetonitrile, water, CO2, and bicarbonate. After reduction of the catalyst by two electrons, formation of [CoIN4H]+-CO2- is strongly favored. Based on thermodynamic and kinetic data, we establish that the only likely route for producing CO from here consists of a protonation step to yield [CoIN4H]+-CO2H, followed by reaction with CO2 to form [CoIIN4H]2+-CO and bicarbonate. This conclusion corroborates the idea of a direct role of CO2 as a Lewis acid to assist in C-O bond dissociation, a conjecture put forward by other authors to explain recent experimental observations. The pathway to formic acid is predicted to be forbidden by high activation barriers, in accordance with the products that are known to be generated by 1. Calculated physical observables such as standard reduction potentials and the turnover frequency for our proposed catalytic cycle are in agreement with available experimental data reported in the literature. The mechanism also makes a prediction that may be experimentally verified: that the rate of CO formation should increase linearly with the partial pressure of CO2.
Process Guided Deep Learning for Modeling Physical Systems: An Application in Lake Temperature Modeling

In this paper, we introduce a new paradigm that combines scientific knowledge within process-based models and machine learning models to advance scientific discovery in many physical systems. We will describe how to incorporate physical knowledge in real-world dynamical systems as additional constraints for training machine learning models and how to leverage the hidden knowledge encoded by existing process-based models. We evaluate this approach on modeling lake water temperature and demonstrate its superior performance using limited training data and the improved generalizability to different scenarios.
CAD synthesis tools for floating-gate SoC FPAAs

We present a tool framework to compile and program mixed-signal circuits and systems on Floating-Gate (FG) based mixed-signal System-on-Chips (SoC) consisting of a digital processor and Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) fabric. We have modified the configuration of Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) to cover analog circuits and developed a tool called vpr2swcs to create the list of FG switches, that is going from a high level block description of the system to the addresses and bias values on the SoC. This tool enables users to generate macro blocks and customize block location while designing mixed-signal systems on the FPAA and also enables using routing fabric, composed of FGs, for Vector Matrix Multiplication (VMM), a computing element for an analog neural network. The paper demonstrates system level examples using this tool flow, where the experimental results have been proved in other publications.
Text Complexity and Picturebooks: Learning from Multimodal Analysis and Children’s Discussion

This study expands and complicates ideas about what makes text complex in picturebooks. The study involved multimodal analysis of one visually and scientifically complex picturebook, Gravity, by Ja...
The Devil’s in the Detail: Did the Texas Legislature Inadvertently Prohibit a Franchise Tax on Certain Business Entities?

In the Spring of 2019, the Texas Legislature approved a constitutional amendment to the Texas Constitution that prohibits the state from collecting a statewide personal income tax. The voters approved this constitutional amendment by a three to four margin. It seemed like everything worked out well. The voters became protected from paying a state income tax, and the legislators who approved this amendment got the political credit for banning an unpopular tax that the State of Texas has never relied on. However, the euphoria of politics and the legislative process may have blinded the Texas Legislature from the actual language in the constitutional amendment. During the legislative process, the staff of the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts warned that the amendment’s prohibition may be interpreted to include business entities currently subject to the state’s franchise tax, but few heeded this warning and the amendment passed without any changes. If a court were to interpret this amendment in the way that the Comptroller warned, the effects could be disastrous for school districts as one of the main purposes behind the franchise tax was to fund Texas’s schools. However, this Article will argue that courts should interpret this constitutional amendment from its plain language and the legislative history which shows an intention in the voters and legislators to prohibit only a statewide personal income tax and not part of the state’s franchise tax.
Fe-NTA Microcolumn Purification of Phosphopeptides from Immunoprecipitation (IP) Eluates for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Protein phosphorylation is a nearly universal signaling mechanism. To date, a number of proteomics tools have been developed to analyze phosphorylation. Phosphoproteome-wide analyses using whole cell extracts suffer from incomplete coverage, often missing phosphorylation events from low-abundance proteins. In order to increase coverage of phosphorylation sites on individual proteins of interest ("phospho-mapping"), immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by phosphoenrichment is necessary. Unfortunately, most commercially available phosphoenrichment kits are not readily scalable to the low-microgram quantities of protein present in IP eluates. Here, we describe a simple method specifically optimized for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from IP samples using an Fe-NTA based method. This method can be added downstream of any standard immunoprecipitation protocol and upstream of any MS analysis pipeline. The protocol described herein is cost effective, uses commonly available laboratory reagents, and can be used to obtain deep coverage of individual protein phosphorylation patterns, supplementary to phosphoproteomics data. Graphical abstract: Phospho-mapping workflow for a hypothetical protein of interest.
When Not to Even Ask: A Defense of Choice-Masking Nudges in Medical Research

In this article, we examine the legality and ethics of a controversial but widespread practice in clinical research: choice-masking nudges. A choice-masking nudge (CMN) exists when a research team explicitly obscures a meaningful choice from participants by presenting a default decision as the standard way forward. Even though an easy-to-use opt-out mechanism is available for participants who independently express concerns with the standard default, the fact that a default has been pre-selected is not made obvious to research participants. To opt out of the nudge, a participant would need only to ask the researchers to receive non-standard treatment. We argue that use of such nudges in medical research can be justified by their individual, collective, and social benefits, provided that they respect autonomy and satisfy our four further acceptability conditions. The Article is organized as follows. In Part II, we provide background on nudging and explain how our proposed CMNs fit into the large existing literature on nudging and libertarian paternalism. In Part III, we explain how the reasonable person standard as employed by US research regulations can be used to support CMNs. In Part IV, we anticipate some of the strongest objections to CMNs by explaining how CMNs are compatible with a wide range of plausible accounts of autonomy. Finally, in Part V, we discuss four additional core considerations an acceptable CMN must meet: legitimate policy goals; benefits outweighing harms; burdens distributed fairly; and absence of ethically superior feasible alternatives. In light of those considerations, we analyze three existing controversies in medical research that involve CMNs and show how each would benefit from the conceptual clarity offered by our analytic framework. Medical research is complicated and can be difficult for participants to understand; thoughtfully designed CMNs can play an important role in gently guiding large numbers of research participants toward decision outcomes that really are best for them and their communities.
Neuromuscular Refractoriness, Prejunctional Block and MgSO4 in the Pig

A new method for accurate determination of the refractoriness of neuromuscular (NM) transmission has recently been developed.1 Changes in the NM refractoriness may be pathognomonic of Mg-induced prejunctional NM block.1 We attempted to establish a pig model for the electromyographic (EMG) study, to determine the dose-response relationship of Mg-induced NM block, and to quantify the effects of Mg++ on the refractoriness of NM transmission.
Development and Physiology of the Oöcyte-Nurse Cell Syncytium1

Publisher Summary Intercellular bridges link the nurse cells to the oocyte, and these facilitate the trophic functions of the system by providing channels across which synthetic products move. While the mechanism of transport through the bridges has not been adequately studied, there can be no question about the fact that movement in the system as a whole is strongly polarized. Thus, during their most active period of synthesis, the nurse cells in some species retain a relatively constant size, while the oocyte undergoes a slow but steady growth. A recent study of the oocyte-nurse cell complex in Hyalophora cecropia provided a clue to the physiological basis of bridge polarity. A10 mV potential gradient is found to be maintained between the nurse cells and the oocyte during the several days period when cytoplasmic transfer occurs. The direction of the gradient is consistent being a driving force behind the movement of negatively charged materials, such as ribosomes, and other forms of oocyte RNA that are known to be synthesized in the nurse cell. This chapter summarizes the literature on the development and function of the oocyte–nurse cell complex to examine the relations between these cells.
Belief Propagation for MiniMax Weight Matching

In this paper, we investigate the MiniMax Weight Matching (MMWM) problem in a bipartite graph. We develop a belief propagation algorithm of message complexity O(n 3), which can find such a matching in a graph of size n upon uniqueness of the optimum. The algorithm is one of a very few fully polynomial time solutions where belief propagation algorithms are proved correct. Since the algorithm can be distributed, the convergence time then drops to n unit time if each edge can simultaneously compute and pass the messages within one unit time at each iteration.
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Industrialization

Historically, industrialization has been associated with falling relative returns to skills. This fact is at odds with most theories of industrialization, which tend to imply rising skill premia as natural concomitants to economic growth. This paper develops a very simple model of historical growth to help solve this puzzle. Assuming that human capital is both a consumption good and an investment good, the model demonstrates how rising education levels, non-monotonic fertility rates, and falling skill premia can all be explained within one theory.
Inside the UTeach Program: Implications for Research in Mathematics Teacher Education

As the national impetus to advance education continues to look toward improving the teachers sent into the classroom, more research needs to be done to in the area of mathematics teacher education. A number of recent studies have summarized, synthesized, and developed useful information about what should be viewed as important in mathematics teacher training. This paper looks at some of these claims from current research and uses the UTeach program from the University of Texas at Austin as a means of elaborating on how some theoretical issues might be addressed in practice. A number of implications are proposed in response to the discussion, one in particular addressing a gap in current research about understanding when beginning mathematics teachers learn the attributes helpful for good mathematics instruction.
Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Pteridine Metabolism in Colias Butterflies

Abstract It is shown that an enzyme from Colias butterflies, oxidizing the yellow pteridine xanthopterin to the colorless pteridine leucopterin, is in fact xanthine dehydrogenase. Methods for the partial purification of the enzyme are given. The enzyme oxidizes a number of purines and pteridines effectively, with NAD+ as cosubstrate. It is inhibited competitively by its products of reaction, leucopterin and uric acid, and by the precursor of xanthopterin, 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin. A model is constructed for the regulation of portions of the Colias pteridine pathway during ontogeny, incorporating both product and "feed forward" inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase as shown here.
Phase Relations of Some Rocks and Minerals at High Temperatures and High Pressures

Publisher Summary This chapter deals largely with the postwar high-pressure work of geophysical interest. Almost all of the postwar high-pressure work has been applied research with results primarily of interest to mineralogists and geophysicists, while Bridgman's early research was in the physics of matter at high pressure. Three principal types of apparatus are being used in various high-pressure laboratories. Most of these designs stem back to early designs by Bridgman, although they have been modified and tinkered with almost beyond recognition in some cases. Four general categories of results of work at high pressures have recently appeared. These all deal with the stability of the mineralogical phases that make up the Earth's crust. These results are: melting points of minerals under high confining pressures, melting curves for minerals under high water pressure, vapor pressures of hydrous-anhydrous mineral assemblages at high water pressures, and equilibrium curves for solid-solid phase changes at high temperatures and pressures.
Performance Controlled Data Reduction for Knowledge Discovery in Distributed Databases

The objective of data reduction is to obtain a compact representation of a large data set to facilitate repeated use of non-redundant information with complex and slow learning algorithms and to allow efficient data transfer and storage. For a user-controllable allowed accuracy loss we propose an effective data reduction procedure based on guided sampling for identifying a minimal size representative subset, followed by a model-sensitivity analysis for determining an appropriate compression level for each attribute. Experiments were performed on 3 large data sets and, depending on an allowed accuracy loss margin ranging from 1percnt to 5percnt of the ideal generalization, the achieved compression rates ranged between 95 and 12,500 times. These results indicate that transferring reduced data sets from multiple locations to a centralized site for an efficient and accurate knowledge discovery might often be possible in practice.
Activity-Based Scheduling of IT Changes

Change management is a disciplined process for introducing required changes onto the IT environment, with the underlying objective of minimizing disruptions to the business services as a result of performing IT changes. Currently, one of the most pressing problems in change management is the scheduling and planning of changes. Building on an earlier mathematical formulation of the change scheduling problem, in this paper we take the formulation of the problem one step further by breaking down the changes into the activities that compose them. We illustrate the theoretical viability of the approach, discuss the limit of its applicability to real life scenarios, describe heuristic techniques that promise to bridge the scalability gap and provide experimental validation for them.
Enterprise Accountants, Managerial Status And Gender Salaries

This paper reports on the relationship between salary and a set of explanatory variables for a sample of enterprise (management) accountants. In order to conduct the analysis, a sample was drawn from a large southeastern chapter of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA). Based upon human capital theory and gender research, different groups of variables are regressed against salary for the 1) sample as a whole; 2) for those enterprise accountants with management status; and 3) for those enterprise accountants without managerial status. Each of the three hypotheses is partially supported. In addition, gender discrimination appears to be limited to non-managers.
Pat Martino’s The Nature of the Guitar: An Intersection of Jazz Theory and Neo-Riemannian Theory

This paper studies a set of instructional materials by the renowned jazz guitarist and pedagogue Pat Martino, winner of Downbeat Magazine's 2004 reader's poll for jazz guitarist of the year. The materials, titled The Nature of the Guitar, represent an ongoing project of Martino's begun in 1972. The Nature of Guitar is remarkable in its degree of overlap with Neo-Riemannian ideas. After discussing excerpts from The Nature of Guitar that engage parsimonious voice-leading, I compare Martino's analysis of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps" to that of Matthew Santa.
ELECTRODIALYSIS OF PEA SEEDS

Electrodialysis differs from ordinary dialysis in that an electric current is passed through the dialyzing cell and the impressed electrical potential hastens the removal of ions from colloidal material. Consequently, electrolytes are removed faster and to a greater degree than by ordinary dialysis. In the last twenty-five years electrodialysis has been used extensively in the study of the composition and purification of biological materials. Pauli (4) was the first worker to use this technique in the purification of proteins, whereas now it is a routine procedure. It has been applied extensively in the study of soil colloids and in general is the best method for the purification of lyophilic colloids. The technique has been used recently in other ways. Moore, Reeves, and Hixon (2) electrodialyzed normal and abnormal apple tissue in an attempt to determine the cause of spotting which occurs in Jonathan apples during cold storage. Neller (3) also used electrodialysis in a study of apple tissue. More recently Cooper, Paden, and Smith (1) used the same method in treating fresh samples of cotton, corn, and soy bean tissue in order to determine the ease of removal of various cations.
Using Business Plans to Anchor MBA-Level E-Commerce Courses

The diversity and currency of subjects covered in e-commerce courses at the MBA-level present a challenge to educators. In this paper, we analyze and recapitulate our experience in using the business plan to anchor the e-commerce course to address those challenges. Business plan requirements can link the various subjects together, afford students with a real-life experience learning process, and, with proper curriculum design and course delivery, give students an opportunity to be â€œreflective practitioners.â€ Results showed that studentsâ€™ learning and interests for the e-commerce subjects were high with the business plan requirement.
University of Virginia suborbital infrared sensing experiment

An Orion sounding rocket launched from Wallops Flight Facility carried a University of Virginia payload to an altitude of 47 km and returned infrared measurements of the Earth's upper atmosphere and video images of the ocean. The payload launch was the result of a three-year undergraduate design project by a multi-disciplinary student group from the University of Virginia and James Madison University. As part of a new multi-year design course, undergraduate students designed, built, tested, and participated in the launch of a suborbital platform from which atmospheric remote sensors and other scientific experiments could operate. The first launch included a simplified atmospheric measurement system intended to demonstrate full system operation and remote sensing capabilities during suborbital flight. A thermoelectrically cooled HgCdTe infrared detector, with peak sensitivity at 10 micrometers , measured upwelling radiation and a small camera and VCR system, aligned with the infrared sensor, provided a ground reference. Additionally, a simple orientation sensor, consisting of three photodiodes, equipped with red, green, and blue light with dichroic filters, was tested. Temperature measurements of the upper atmosphere were successfully obtained during the flight. Video images were successfully recorded on-board the payload and proved a valuable tool in the data analysis process. The photodiode system, intended as a replacement for the camera and VCR system, functioned well, despite low signal amplification. This fully integrated and flight tested payload will serve as a platform for future atmospheric sensing experiments. It is currently being modified for a second suborbital flight that will incorporate a gas filter correlation radiometry (GFCR) instrument to measure the distribution of stratospheric methane and imaging capabilities to record the chlorophyll distribution in the Metompkin Bay as an indicator of pollution runoff.
Rifting History of the Woodlark Basin in the Southwest Pacific

Marine geophysical evidence has been obtained for the rate and history of sea-floor spreading in the Woodlark Basin. The eastern part of this basin is presently separating from the Australian Plate at over 4 cm per yr in a northerly direction. The western part of the basin is not presently spreading. This spreading rift marks the southern boundary of the Solomons Plate which is bounded by subduction zones in the north and east (the New Britain and northern Solomons Trenches, respectively) and in the west by a combination strike-slip rifting (dip-slip) boundary in eastern Papua (New Guinea). A vector triangle solution near the Solomons Trench-Woodlark Rift triple point gives underthrusting of the Solomons Plate beneath the northern Solomon Trench in a northeasterly direction at about 11 cm per yr. The Woodlark Basin began opening as a sphenochasm, with a pole near the tip of eastern Papua about 20 m.y. B.P. This was caused by left-lateral shear in the region induced by a change in the relative motion pole of the Australia and Pacific Plates. The basin opened only a few degrees at this time, then stopped. Rifting in the entire basin resumed about 3 m.y. B.P., based on magnetic anomaly data. About 1 m.y. B. P., the spreading center in the western basin shifted to the Woodlark Rise.
Laser Beam Expander-A New Design

In 1978 the author described a laser beam expander that was unobscured, corrected for spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, and consisted of four spherical mirrors. It was not corrected for Petzval curvature, however; therefore the expanded laser beam would defocus slightly if the input beam were not aligned to the system correctly. This paper describes a new design that has just three mirrors, one an aspheric, and that is corrected for spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and Petzval curvature. It is also unobscured, and has the very nice feature that the one aspheric mirror is used in a centered fashion: no off-axis section of an aspheric mirror needs to be made. The new design can be realized in any beam expansion ratio that is desired, but performance suffers at very high magnifications. Two representative designs, 4X expansion and 8X expansion, will be shown and discussed, and their performance numbers will be given.
Estimation of the parameters of the atmospheric turbulence spectrum using measurements of the spatial intensity covariance.

Estimates of the level of turbulence Cn2 and the inner scale of turbulence λ0 are obtained from measurements of the spatial covariance of laser scintillation in weak scattering conditions. Boundary layer turbulence is wide-sense nonstationary over time scales of <1 min but becomes locally wide-sense stationary on time scales of 2 min. The interpretation of the measurements is very sensitive to the form of the turbulence spectrum in the dissipation region.
Lower extremity corrective reactions to slip events.

A significant number of injuries in the workplace is attributed to slips and falls. Biomechanical responses to actual slip events determine whether the outcome of a slip will be recovery or a fall. The goal of this study was to examine lower extremity joint moments and postural adjustments for experimental evidence of corrective strategies evoked during slipping in an attempt to prevent falling. Sixteen subjects walked onto a possibly oily vinyl tile floor, while ground reaction forces and body motion were recorded at 350 Hz. The onset of corrective reactions by the body in an attempt to recover from slips became evident at about 25% of stance and continued until about 45% into stance, i.e. on average between 190 and 350 ms after heel contact. These reactions included increased flexion moment at the knee and extensor activity at the hip. The ankle, on the other hand, acted as a passive joint (no net moment) during fall trials. Joint kinematics showed increased knee flexion and forward rotation of the shank in an attempt to bring the foot back towards the body. Once again, the ankle kinematics appeared to play a less dominant role (compared to the knee) in recovery attempts. This study indicates that humans generate corrective reactions to slips that are different than previously reported responses to standing perturbations translating the supporting surface.
Recruitment of adolescents for a smoking study: use of traditional strategies and social media

Engaging and retaining adolescents in research studies is challenging. Social media offers utility for expanding the sphere of research recruitment. This study examined and compared traditional and Facebook-based recruitment strategies on reach, enrollment, cost, and retention. Substance users aged 13–17 years were recruited through several methods, including social media, a study website, fliers, talks in schools, bus ads, and referrals. Study involvement included a one-time visit and semiannual follow-up surveys. 1265 individuals contacted study personnel; 629 were ineligible; 129 declined; and 200 participants enrolled. Facebook drew the greatest volume but had a high rate of ineligibles. Referrals were the most successful and cost-effective ($7 per enrolled participant); school talks were the least. Recruitment source was unrelated to retention success. Facebook may expand recruitment reach, but had greater financial costs and more ineligible contacts, resulting in fewer enrollees relative to traditional interpersonal recruitment methods. Referrals, though useful for study engagement, did not provide a differential benefit in terms of long-term retention.
Vibrational spectra of olivine composition glasses: The Mg-Mn join

The vibrational frequencies of a series of splatquenched, olivine glasses spanning the compositional range from Mg2SiO4 to Mn2SiO4 have been determined using both infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The spectra of all glasses show evidence of tetrahedral coordination of silicon (possibly with some slight distortions), and largely octahedral coordination of magnesium. Spectra of Mn-rich glasses indicate that there is some manganese in 4 or 5-fold coordination. The frequencies observed for the fundamental vibrations of the silica tetrahedra are similar to those previously observed for SiO4 groups in both crystalline and glassy orthosilicates. Additionally, there is evidence for a small amount of silicate polymerization in all glasses characterized: vibrations attributable to Si2O7 groups are visible in both infrared and Raman spectra.
Calculations of long-range dispersion terms: An application of the hydrodynamic model

Abstract Long-range dispersion terms are calculated for the systems H, Hc + , and He using the one-center approach. A time-dependent variational perturbation scheme based on the hydrodynamic model is utilized to calculate the imaginary frequency polarizabilities. Kronrod quadrature is used to calculate the integrals over the product of the imaginary frequency polarizabilities for the two charge distributions.
PECAM-1 isoform-specific functions in PECAM-1-deficient brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Abstract Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is alternatively spliced generating eight isoforms that only differ in the length of their cytoplasmic domain. Multiple isoforms of PECAM-1 are present in the endothelium and their expression levels are regulated during vascular development and angiogenesis. However, the functional significance of PECAM-1 isoforms during these processes remains largely unknown. We recently showed that mouse brain endothelial (bEND) cells prepared from PECAM-1-deficient (PECAM-1−/−) mice differ in their cell adhesive and migratory properties compared to PECAM-1+/+ bEND cells. Here we demonstrate that the restoration of PECAM-1 expression in these cells affects their adhesive and migratory properties in an isoform-specific manner. Expression of Δ14&15 PECAM-1, the predominant isoform present in the mouse endothelium, in PECAM-1−/− bEND cells activated MAPK/ERKs, disrupted adherens junctions, and enhanced cell migration and capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. In contrast, expression of Δ15 PECAM-1 in PECAM-1−/− bEND cells had minimal effects on their activation of MAPK/ERKs, migration, and capillary morphogenesis. The effects of PECAM-1 on cell adhesive and migratory properties were mediated in an isoform-specific manner, at least in part, through its interactions with intracellular signaling proteins, including SHP-2 and Src. These results suggest that the impact of PECAM-1 on EC adhesion, migration, and capillary morphogenesis is modulated by alternative splicing of its cytoplasmic domain.