cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome from circulating cells suggests dysregulated pathways associated with long-term recurrent events following first-time myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Whole-genome gene expression analysis has been successfully utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and identify potential therapeutic targets for high-risk cardiovascular diseases. However, the feasibility of this approach to identify outcome-related genes and dysregulated pathways following first-time myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unknown and may offer a novel strategy to detect affected expressome networks that predict long-term outcome. Methods and results Whole-genome expression microarray on blood samples from normal cardiac function controls (n = 21) and first-time AMI patients (n = 31) within 48-hours post-MI revealed expected differential gene expression profiles enriched for inflammation and immune-response pathways. To determine molecular signatures at the time of AMI associated with long-term outcomes, transcriptional profiles from sub-groups of AMI patients with (n = 5) or without (n = 22) any recurrent events over an 18-month follow-up were compared. This analysis identified 559 differentially-expressed genes. Bioinformatic analysis of this differential gene-set for associated pathways revealed 1) increasing disease severity in AMI patients is associated with a decreased expression of genes involved in the developmental epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathway, and 2) modulation of cholesterol transport genes that include ABCA1, CETP, APOA1, and LDLR is associated with clinical outcome. Conclusion Differentially regulated genes and modulated pathways were identified that were associated with recurrent cardiovascular outcomes in first-time AMI patients. This cell-based approach for risk stratification in AMI could represent a novel, non-invasive platform to anticipate modifiable pathways and therapeutic targets to optimize long-term outcome for AMI patients and warrants further study to determine the role of metabolic remodeling and regenerative processes required for optimal outcomes.
Theoretical issues on the spontaneous rotation of axisymmetric plasmas

An extensive series of experiments have confirmed that the observed ‘spontaneous rotation’ phenomenon in axisymmetric plasmas is related to the confinement properties of these plasmas and connected to the excitation of collective modes associated with these properties (Coppi 2000 18th IAEA Fusion Energy Conf. (Sorrento, Italy, 2000) THP 1/17, www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/csp_008c/html/node343.htm and Coppi 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 1). In particular, radially localized modes can extract angular momentum from the plasma column from which they grow while the background plasma has to recoil in the direction opposite to that of the mode phase velocity. In the case of the excitation of the plasma modes at the edge, the loss of their angular momentum can be connected to the directed particle ejection to the surrounding medium. The recoil angular momentum is then redistributed inside the plasma column mainly by the combination of an effective viscous diffusion and an inward angular momentum transport velocity that is connected, for instance, to ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven modes. The linear and quasi-linear theories of the collisionless trapped electron modes and of the toroidal ITG driven modes are re-examined in the context of their influence on angular momentum transport. Internal modes that produce magnetic reconnection and are electromagnetic in nature, acquire characteristic phase velocity directions in high temperature regimes and become relevant to the ‘generation’ of angular momentum. The drift-tearing mode, the ‘complex’ reconnecting mode and the m0 = 1 internal mode belong to this category, the last mode acquiring different features depending on the strength of its driving factor. Toroidal velocity profiles that reproduce the experimental observations are obtained considering a global angular momentum balance equation that includes the localized sources associated with the excited internal electrostatic and electromagnetic modes besides the appropriate diffusive and the inward angular momentum transparent terms.
Some new classes of strong starters

It has been known for some time that proportionally more strong starters can be constructed for elementary p^k-groups where p^k = 3 (mod4) thanforp^k = 1 (mod4) by the method of Mullin and Nemeth. In this paper, we rectify the situation by constructing several infinite classes of strong starters for elementary p^k-groups where p^k = 1 (mod4); many of the resulting starters are isomorphically distinct from the Mullin-Nemeth strong starters for the same groups. One consequence of these results is the construction of sets of five mutually orthogonal starters for Z"1"3 and GF(5^2).
Selective separation of fullerenes on hydroxyphenyl-triphenylporphyrin–silica stationary phases

Abstract A novel immobilization method for the preparation of tetraphenylporphyrin–silica stationary phases is investigated. Stationary phases consisting of immobilized hydroxyphenyl-triphenylporphyrin (HPTPP) on silica are shown to exhibit unmatched selectivity (α=kC70′/kC60′) and improved efficiency for the separation of fullerenes, with α=7 using 100% toluene as the mobile phase. The HPTPP species are immobilized via reaction with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The high shape selectivity of columns packed with HPTPP–silicas enables the single step separation of higher molecular mass fullerenes and higher fullerene isomers using strong fullerene solvents as mobile phases.
Ulcerated Lesion of the Alveolar Ridge

Histoplasmosis is a generalized fungal infection that is caused by the organism H capsulatum. In the most common disease-producing mechanism, the organism is inhaled and lodges in the lung, where it initiates an inflammatory focus. The peribronchial lymph nodes are subsequently involved, forming a primary complex that may ultimately calcify and become radiographically evident. From the primary complex, dissemination by the bloodstream may lead to colonization elsewhere. In the less frequent disease-producing complex, the organism is introduced directly into the tissue through a break in its continuity. A primary complex is then formed by involvement of the lymph nodes. Dissemination from such a focus is rare. It is generally believed that oral and pharyngeal lesions of the histoplasmosis represent symptoms of a systemic disease and are not a localized form of the disease. Histoplasmosis can occur at all ages; however, it is more often found in infancy and old age, especially in white males. Any area in the oral cavity may be affected; the most common sites are: larynx, tongue, palate, buccal mucosa. gingiva, and pharynx. The most frequently reported symptoms are pain, hoarseness, loss of weight, ulcer, and sore throat. The appearance of the oral and pharyngeal lesions may vary and may manifest as ulcers, nodules, or verrucous plaques. Deep, indurated ulcers are common, accounting for the predominant clinical impression of squamous carcinoma.
Hypoxia response pathway in border cell migration.

Cell invasion and metastasis mark the most lethal phase of cancer, but little is known about the key molecular events that initiate this crucial turning point. Low oxygen, or hypoxia, is thought to be one trigger for metastasis. Hypoxic conditions within the tumor mass are thought to activate signaling pathways that stimulate invasiveness of cancer cells spreading the disease. However, the molecular basis of this process is not well understood. A recent study used Drosophila ovarian border cell migration to model the type of cell migration that occurs in tumors in response to oxygen deprivation through the activation of the hypoxia response pathway (Doronkin et al., Oncogene. 2009). This model organism approach revealed a highly sophisticated mechanism of control of cell migration that is regulated by multiple genetic inputs tied to the hypoxic response. Genetic manipulations with the components of the HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) pathway were able to either inhibit or block the migration of border ...
Ultrasound contrast agents

Microbubbles, developed as ultrasound contrast agents for vascular imaging are valuable theranostic agents for multiple biomedical applications. The utility of these agents can be attributed to their unique response to ultrasound. When exposed to an acoustic pulse, microbubbles can resonate to create a strong acoustic signal that can be used to diagnose conditions including cardiac abnormalities and cancerous lesions. Microbubble resonance can also generate powerful and localized forces capable of creating pores in cell membranes and blood vessels that can be used for targeted drug and gene delivery as well as thromoblysis and opening of the blood brain barrier. Microbubbles have been encapsulated with a variety of materials including lipids, proteins and polymers, these materials have been shown to control a microbubble's acoustic properties as well as its effectiveness as a drug carrier. This review focuses on the progress of microbubbles and the applications of microbubbles as theragnostic agents.
Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width Is Associated With Impaired Reverse Ventricular Remodeling and Increased Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with poor long-term outcomes in patients with systolic dysfunction. The relationship between baseline RDW and reverse ventricular remodeling in advanced heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has not been established. The authors reviewed the pre-implant and follow-up echocardiograms of 233 patients undergoing the new implantation of a CRT device at the Cleveland Clinic between December 2001 and November 2006. Patients were included in the final cohort if they had an RDW level within 7 days of CRT implantation, a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%, and New York Heart Association class II to IV symptoms. Patients with a reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume ≥15% following CRT were considered “responders.” Multivariate models were created to assess the relationship between baseline RDW elevation with progressive remodeling and all-cause mortality. Of 233 patients, 217 patients met inclusion criteria. Patients in the highest RDW quartile (>16.1) derived significantly less improvement in LVEF (3.5%±9.3% vs 10.1%±10.9%, P=.001) than patients in the lowest quartile (<13.6). In multivariate analysis, elevated RDW was inversely associated with response (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.99; P=.047). The presence of elevated RDW is associated with less reverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with advanced heart failure undergoing CRT. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of a DDT-induced case of cross-resistance to permethrin in Blattella germanica

Abstract The mechanism of cross-resistance between DDT and pyrethroids was studied by using a DDT-resistant (VPIDLS) strain of Blattella germanica , a strain which has never been exposed to any pyrethroid selection. It was established that the resistant roaches metabolized permethrin at the same rate as the susceptible counterpart, indicating that metabolism is not a factor in resistance in this case. By electrophysiologically monitoring the effefts of DDT and permethrin on the abdominal nerve cord, it was determined that the resistant nervous system is less sensitive to both insecticides. The best parameter for the interstrain difference in this regard was found to be the time required to cause repetitive discharges by these chemicals, although the pattern of repetitive discharges was observed to be different for DDT and permethrin.
Helium induced blistering during simultaneous sputtering

Abstract The results of helium implantation during sputtering of stainless steel are described in this paper. These experiments simulate the simultaneous bombardment of unconfined 3.5 MeV alpha particles and erosion due to sputtering primarily from the charge exchange neutral (D, T) flux. The results indicate that helium induced blister formation can take place, with simultaneous sputtering, under conditions appropriate to a fusion reactor. The critical experimental parameters of helium flux and surface velocity are in excellent agreement with simple calculations that predict the conditions under which helium induced surface deformation takes place.
The Specials Meet the Lady Boys of Bangkok: Sexual and Gender Transgression and Smashing Intellectual Disability

People are supposed to act in ways that line up with their presumed sex. That is, we expect people we think are females to act like women and males to act like men. People hold other people account...
Differential solution of Planktonic Foraminifera

Abstract Variations of foraminiferal abundance in sediments deposited in shallow oceanic depths may give relatively accurate indications of the surface ecology at the time of deposition. In deeper realms such variations are largely a product of differential solution among the species. This leads to preferential enrichment of resistant, deep-dwelling species (Globorotalia tumida, Sphaeroidinella dehiscens, Globigerina eggeri, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata) and to selective elimination of fragile, surface-inhabiting individuals (Globigerinoides ruber). The shallowest depth at which differential solution is effective in Equatorial Atlantic sediments is at present 4000 m. Most faunal assemblages in depths greater than 4500 m are differentially dissolved, and in depths greater than 5000 m all show severe effects.
Energy independence of the collisional activation mass spectra of benzoyl ions

Abstract Contrary to the recent experimental observations of Porter, Morgan, and Beynon, the collisional activation (CA) spectra of benzoyl ions are independent of their internal energy and mode of formation. Within the limitations previously described, the quantitative comparison of unknown and reference CA spectra provides reliable evidence of the structure of gaseous ions.
The use of HEGIS data in higher education research

The Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) is often used in higher education research. This study describes some of the errors associated with the use of HEGIS data, provides a comparison between the 1980 HEGIS and Census reports of college enrollment, and suggests a more cautious use of the HEGIS data.
Phenomenological analysis of diffusion coefficients, correlation and vacancy flux effects in binary substitutional alloys

A general phenomenological analysis of isothermal diffusion in binary substitutional systems has been developed with the inclusion of correlation and vacancy flux effects without the assumption of random alloy model. New expressions are derived for intrinsic diffusion_coeffic@ts Di in terms of tracer coefficients 0: with the aid of two well-defined correlation factors, fI and fZ and a vacancy flux parameter a,. A phenomenological link is made between the vacancy flux parameter and corr_elatjon factors at infinite dilution as well as at higher concentrations. This allows the calculation off,, f2 and al for an alloy at any concentration from experimental data on D, and D: and thermodynamic data. The analysis includes the particular cases of random alloy and tracer diffusion.
A Lesson in Tolerance — Maternal Instruction to Fetal Cells

Maternal microchimerism in fetal blood and tissue, which is probably a consequence of the induction of the regulatory T cells in fetal lymph nodes, has implications for immunosuppression and our understanding of autoimmunity.
Stability Bounds for the Control of Large Space Structures

Balas (1977) has discussed the stability problem of reduced-order regulators and estimators in terms of control and observation 'spillover'. The term 'control spillover' was used to define that part of the feedback control which excites the uncontrolled (or residual) modes, and 'observation spillover' was used to define that part of the measurement which is contaminated by residual modes. In this paper, two sufficient conditions are derived via Lyapunov methods for asymptotic stability of large space structures using a class of reduced-order controllers. These conditions give allowable bounds on the spectral norms of control and observation spillover terms. The sufficient condition given by a specified inequality equation appears to be less conservative, and should be useful as a design tool for the control of large space structures.
The Big Brother Experiment and seasonal predictability in the NCEP regional spectral model

The Big Brother Experiment methodology of Denis et al. (Clim Dyn 18:627-646, 2002) is applied to test the downscaling ability of a one-way nested regional climate model. This methodology consists of first obtaining a reference climate by performing a large domain, high resolution regional climate model simulation—the Big Brother. The small scales are then filtered out from the Big Brother’s output to produce a data set whose effective resolution is comparable to those of the data sets typically used to drive regional climate models. This filtered data set is then used to drive the same nested regional climate model, integrated over a smaller domain, but at the same high resolution as the Big Brother - the Little Brother. Any differences can only be attributed either to errors associated with the nesting strategy and downscaling technique, or to inherent unpredictability of the system, but not to model errors. This methodology was applied to the National Center for Environmental Prediction Regional Spectral Model over a tropical domain for a 1-month simulation period. The Little Brother reproduced most fields of the Big Brother quite well, with the important exception of the small-scale component of the precipitation field, which was poorly reproduced. Sensitivity experiments indicated that the poor agreement of the precipitation at these scales in a tropical domain was due primarily to the behavior of convective processes, and is specific to the Big Brother Experiment on the tropical domain. Much better agreement for the small-scale precipitation component was obtained in an extratropical winter case, suggesting that one factor explaining the tropical result is the importance of convective processes in controlling precipitation, versus the greater importance of large-scale dynamics in the winter extratropics. In the tropical case, results from two ensembles of five 3-month seasonal simulations forced by GCM output suggest a considerably greater predictability for the small-scale stationary component of tropical precipitation than did the Big Brother Experiment.
SYNERGY AMONG LYMPHOID CELLS MEDIATING THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST RESPONSE IV. SYNERGY IN THE GVH REACTION QUANTITATED BY A MORTALITY ASSAY IN SUBLETHALLY IRRADIATED RECIPIENTS

A mortality assay was used to quantitate graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions in sublethally irradiated (400 R) neonatal (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F(1) recipients of BALB/c lymphoid cells from various tissues. The probit of the 35 day cumulative per cent of mortality was a linear function of the logarithm of the cell inoculum for any tissue; reactivities of different tissues fell on a series of parallel lines. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), the most active cells, were about 30 times as active as thymocytes, the least active cells studied; femoral lymph node cells and spleen cells were about 23 and 8 times as reactive as thymocytes, respectively. The average survival time of recipients of thymocytes who eventually died was nearly a week longer than that of recipients of comparably lethal numbers of PBL, lymph node, or spleen cells. Mixtures of PBL and thymocytes gave levels of 35 day mortality significantly greater than those expected if the reactivities of the mixture had been merely the sum of the reactivities of the components measured separately, thereby confirming in any assay independent of host splenomegaly the synergistic interaction of thymocytes and PBL in the GVH reaction. Both populations of cells in the mixture had to be allogeneic to the host in order to observe this synergy. The kinetics of cumulative mortality observed for mixtures of PBL and thymocytes were indistinguishable from those seen with thymocytes alone, indicating activation of the latter cell type. Finally, comparison of the relative abilities of different cell populations to cause splenomegaly on the one hand and lethal runting on the other has raised the possibility that expression of different effector functions of cell-mediated immune reactions may in fact be initiated by distinct cells.
The influence of fundamental traits on mechanisms controlling appendage regeneration

One of the most compelling questions in evolutionary biology is why some animals can regenerate injured structures while others cannot. Appendage regeneration appears to be common when viewed across the metazoan phylogeny, yet this ability has been lost in many taxa to varying degrees. Within species, the capacity for regeneration also can vary ontogenetically among individuals. Here we argue that appendage regeneration along the secondary body axis may be constrained by fundamental traits such as body size, aging, life stage, and growth pattern. Studies of the molecular mechanisms affecting regeneration have been conducted primarily with small organisms at early life stages. Such investigations disregard the dramatic shifts in morphology and physiology that organisms undergo as they age, grow, and mature. To help explain interspecific and intraspecific constraints on regeneration, we link particular fundamental traits to specific molecular mechanisms that control regeneration. We present a new synthesis for how these fundamental traits may affect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration at the tissue, cellular, and genomic levels of biological organization. Future studies that explore regeneration in organisms across a broad phylogenetic scale, and within an ontogenetic framework, will help elucidate the proximate mechanisms that modulate regeneration and may reveal new biomedical applications for use in regenerative medicine.
Effects of the (imBzl)D-His6, Des-Gly analog of GnRH on gonadotropin and estradiol secretion in normal women.

The acute gonadotropin and estradiol responses following single subcutaneous injections of 10, 50, 100 and 200 μg of {(imBzl)D66-His6, Pro -NEt}-GnRH were compared to those after 100 μg of [D-Trp6, Pro - NEt]-GnRH. The gonadotropin responses after 50-100 μg of the D-His analog of GnRH were equivalent to those following 100 μg of the D-Trp analog. The ovarian E2 response, a reflection of the total cumulative secretion of gonadotropins, was similar at 100 μg of each analog. The estradiol response paralleled the increasing gonadotropin response accompanying the graded doses of the D-His analog, indicating the lack of a direct inhibitory action of this GnRH agonist on the ovary. Assessment of both gonadotropin and estradiol responses appears to be satisfactory for assessing relative potency among GnRH agonistic analogs.
Changing rates of Helicobacter pylori testing and treatment in patients with peptic ulcer disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify temporal trends in the rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) testing, prevalence, and treatment among patients with peptic ulcer disease in Olmsted County, MN, from 1984 through 1997. METHODS: All 3317 Olmsted County residents with a clinical diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease at the Mayo Clinic from 1984 through 1997 were identified. The complete medical records of an age-, sex-, and calendar year-stratified random sample were reviewed (n = 720); 298 patients (41%) had confirmed peptic ulcer disease. Changes in proportions of H. pylori testing, infection, and treatment over time were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 298 patients with confirmed peptic ulcer disease, 32% were tested for H. pylori; 36% were positive for infection, of whom 66% received antibiotic therapy. The rate of testing for H. pylori increased from 0% in 1984 to 96% in 1997, but the prevalence of infection did not change (36.4% vs 36.5%). The rate of treatment of those infected increased from 0% to 95%. By logistic regression, calendar year was associated with H. pylori testing and treatment but not infection. Recent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was reported by 58% of patients, and 44% presented with GI bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians’ practice of testing and treating for H. pylori in patients with confirmed peptic ulcer disease has steadily increased over the past 14 yr. However, in our study, only 36% of these patients were infected with H. pylori, whereas the majority used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, testing seems to be more appropriate than empiric treatment in patients with peptic ulcer disease.
Single-sided steam condensing inside a rectangular horizontal channel

Abstract Heat transfer rates for steam condensation were experimentally studied in a horizontal channel with: bottom-sided cooling only, relatively small vertical channel height of 3.137 mm, width of 18.898 mm, and cooled length of 3 m. Experiments were performed at low mass flux (20–50 kg / m 2 s ) and at pressures of 170–620 kPa applicable to large drum-type heat exchangers. Results for this rather unique combination of parameters were compared to: (1) trends from other better established condensing systems, and (2) the few available condensing correlations that cover most of the parameter ranges of these experiments. Modifications are presented which better predict the data.
Unique contributions of fathering to emerging self-regulation in low-income ethnic minority preschoolers

Self-regulation ability is an important component of school readiness and predictor of academic success, but few studies of self-regulation examine contributions of fathering to the emergence of self-regulation in low-income ethnic minority preschoolers. Associations were examined between parental child-oriented parenting support and preschoolers' emerging self-regulation abilities in 224 low-income African American (n = 86) and Latino (n = 138) children observed at age 30 months in father–child and mother–child interactions to determine unique predictions from fathering qualities. Child-oriented mothering but not fathering predicted greater simple response inhibition for both African American and Latino children. Fathering but not mothering quality uniquely predicted greater complex response inhibition, but only for the African American children. The culture-specific fathering effects could not be explained by differences in father involvement.
Cultural influence on consumers' usage of social networks and its' impact on online purchase intentions

Abstract Information technology has created an innovative way in which people communicate and interact. Particularly, social networking websites have become a popular virtual meeting place for consumers to converge and share information. Social networks allow consumers to voluntarily post personal information, upload photographs, send and receive messages, join groups, and blog at their leisure. Consumers now have the means to communicate their opinions about products and companies to other consumers “like themselves” at a critical point in the sales cycle—the beginning. Retailers have a lot to gain by utilizing and harnessing the power of social networking to enhance their overall marketing strategy. Social networking provides the opportunity to learn about their consumers' needs, and then respond proactively and offers creative and effective ways to obtain insights not previously available. Additionally, social networking has moved from the fringes, become more mainstream and started influencing culture. Even though cross-cultural differences may exist and have an impact on the way people use social networking, at the end of the day it is all about being connected to each other and sharing information. It is imperative for retailers to incorporate social networking in their marketing strategy, as in today's business having social networking as a part of the business model is the rule rather than the exception. This conceptual paper puts forth a research model using Hofstede's cultural dimensions and Technology Acceptance Model 3 to examine the cultural influence on social networking and its influence on purchase intention.
Oxidation of extracellular matrix modulates susceptibility to degradation by the mesangial matrix metalloproteinase-2

Protein oxidation occurs in aging and in various inflammatory conditions. Glomerulosclerosis is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and a paucity of glomerular mesangial cells and can be seen as an end-result of glomerular injury and in aging. ECM accumulation is the net result of the balance between synthesis and degradation. ECM may become oxidized as a part of inflammatory renal injury and with aging. We evaluated the hypothesis that oxidation of mesangial ECM could alter its susceptibility to the action of ECM degrading enzymes. Radiolabeled mesangial ECM was generated by growing cells on tissue culture plastic and incubating with [3H]proline. After removal of cells, leaving behind ECM, selected wells were oxidized using a FeCl3/EDTA/ascorbate system or treated under control conditions. The control and oxidized matrices were then incubated with concentrated supernatants from mesangial cells containing the major mesangial ECM degrading enzyme, the matrix metalloproteinase-2, whose activity was confirmed by gelatin substrate zymography. Counts released corresponding with ECM degraded were measured. ECM oxidized with this system was significantly less susceptible to degradation compared to control ECM. To confirm that this effect was specifically due to oxidative modification of the ECM rather than changes unrelated to oxidation we coincubated ECM with the oxidizing system plus the radical spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN). PBN treatment was able to prevent the impaired susceptibility to degradation induced by exposure to the oxidizing system. Exposure of ECM to milder oxidative stress, however, modestly enhanced susceptibility to degradation. These data suggest that oxidation of mesangial ECM can modulate its susceptibility to degradation. This may account for the development of ECM accumulation and glomerulosclerosis in inflammatory renal injury and in aging.
Microprocessor architecture and design for gallium arsenide technology (part 2)

Abstract Gallium arsenide microprocessors have now become a reality. The major problem is no longer how to design and implement a gallium arsenide microprocessor: now the major problem is how to design it so that it is approximately N times faster (for compiled HLL code) than its silicon counterpart, where N refers to the speed ratio of gallium arsenide and silicon, on the gate level. In order to achieve this goal, the approaches to the architecture, organization, and design have to be changed. In a previous paper, the approach known as catalytic migration was discussed. In this paper, the approach referred to as algorithmic reevaluation is discussed. The two approaches give the best results when applied together.
In situ transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy studies of rechargeable batteries under dynamic operating conditions: A retrospective and perspective view

Since the advent of the transmission electron microscope (TEM), continuing efforts have been made to image material under native and reaction environments that typically involve liquids, gases, and external stimuli. With the advances of aberration-corrected TEM for improving the imaging resolution, steady progress has been made on developing methodologies that allow imaging under dynamic operating conditions, or in situ TEM imaging. The success of in situ TEM imaging is closely associated with advances in microfabrication techniques that enable manipulation of nanoscale objects around the objective lens of the TEM. This study summarizes and highlights recent progress involving in situ TEM studies of energy storage materials, especially rechargeable batteries. The study is organized to cover both the in situ TEM techniques and the scientific discoveries made possible by in situ TEM imaging.
Ecological Investigations of Thlaspi Alpestre L. Along an Elevational Gradient in the Central Rocky Mountains

Plants of Thlaspi alpestre L. (Cruciferae) from a high elevation population in the Medicine Bow Range of Wyoming were genetically dwarfed. These plants broke dormancy and entered dormancy more rapidly than a subalpine population from the same area. The overwintering of seed of T. alpestre before germination in the field may be caused by properties of the seed coat. The distribution of T. alpestre at high elevations is limited in part by a low reproductive ability; at low elevations, competition and infection by pathogens may shorten the life span of T. alpestre and limit its distribution. mountainous areas of the western United States. In the Medicine Bow Range of Wyoming it grows from the foothills to the highest alpine tundra and survives along this elevational gradient in envir- onments differing markedly in temperature, soil moisture, and other factors. In a previous study Scott and Billings (1964) found that the aboveground standing crop of T. alpestre plants at various elevations in the Medi- cine Bow Range was positively correlated with greater extractable calcium in the topsoil than the subsoil, and negatively correlated with the avail- able water in the topsoil, the greater amount of imbibitional water in the topsoil than the subsoil, and a decreasing amount of winter snow cover. Despite these correlations, the entire regression equation accounted for only 39% of the total vari- ation in aboveground standing crop of T. alpestre as compared to 84% obtained with regression equations for other species investigated. Appar- ently, other factors are involved in controlling the distribution of T. alpestre. The present study was undertaken to look for some of these factors.
On Lie k-Algebras

Abstract We define the notion of a "Lie k -algebra" to be a ( k + 1)-ary skew-symmetric operation on a bigraded vector space which satisfies a certain relation of degree 2 k + 1. The notion of Lie 1-algebra coincides with the notion of Lie superalgebra. An ordinary Lie algebra is precisely a Lie 1-algebra with odd elements. We show first that the boundary map in the Koszul complex (constructed as the Koszul complex for ordinary Lie algebras) squares to zero. We then show that the 1 nk +1 homogeneous part of the free Lie k -algebra with ( nk + 1) even generators is isomorphic, as an S nk +1 -module, to the cohomology of Π (1) nk +1 , the poset of all partitions of nk + 1 in which every block size is congruent to 1 mod k . This result is analogous to a classical result relating the free Lie algebra with n generators to the cohomology of the partition lattice. We also construct an explicit basis for the 1 nk +1 homogeneous part of the free Lie k -algebra with nk + 1 even generators and for the cohomology of Π (1) nk +1 . Lastly, we compute the Lie k -algebra homology of the free Lie k -algebra.
Reversible metabolism of vitamin K-vitamin K epoxide: modeling considerations and limitations.

Due to the cyclical natural of the vitamin K-vitamin K epoxide system, a two-compartment reversible metabolism model was used to describe this interconversion. In attempting to apply this model to the vitamin K-vitamin K epoxide cycle using literature data from dogs, interconversion and elimination clearances were obtained which are not physiologic. Consequently, the assumptions of the model were reexamined with respect to their validity. One critical assumption of the twocompartment model for interconversion is that it can only be applied in the absence of flow limitations. To determine what effect flow limitations may exert on the vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide apparent blood clearances, a model separating the liver from the blood compartment was proposed assuming the interconversion and metabolism of vitamin K and its epoxide occurred only within the liver. Simulated data suggested that if the reversible metabolic clearance values exceeded the distributional clearance terms, all the apparent clearances calculated using blood concentration-time data were in error. It is suggested that a two-compartment interconversion model might be too simplistic for the vitamin K-vitamin K epoxide cycle where the reversible metabolism is efficient and the distributional clearance may be rate limiting.
GMP-140, a receptor that mediates interactions of leukocytes with activated platelets and endothelium.

GMP-140, a membrane glycoprotein located in secretory granules of platelets and endothelium, is rapidly redistributed to the cell surface following cellular activation. GMP-140 promotes rapid adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated endothelium at sites of tissue injury as well as platelet-leukocyte interactions in areas of inflammation and hemorrhage. Like other leukocyte adhesion molecules, GMP-140 may also be involved in inflammatory disorders such as reperfusion injury. Further study of the structure and function of GMP-140 and related receptors may lead to development of new drugs that block leukocyte adhesion in human disease.
Brain pH in focal cerebral ischemia and the protective effects of barbiturate anesthesia

Intracellular brain pH was measured with a lipid-soluble, pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator in 16 squirrel monkeys. Eight of these were under halothane anesthesia and eight under barbiturate anesthesia. Measurements were taken before, during, and after focal incomplete ischemia. Brain pH following 3 h of cerebral focal ischemia changed from a normal value of 7.0 to 6.5 and 6.2 in animals studied under barbiturate and halothane anesthesia, respectively. Brain pH returned toward normal after flow was restored in animals under barbiturate anesthesia but continued to deteriorate in animals under halothane anesthesia.
Military display market: update to fourth comprehensive edition

The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DOD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some cases, planned displays are also included. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DOD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus rugged commercial, versus commercial off-the-shelf designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. This defense-wide study, an up-date to our paper delivered April 2006, documents 642 weapons system platforms comprising 1,194,199 displays in 1,217 sizes, of which 1,197 are direct-view and 20 are virtual-view. Defense display sizes range from 0.082 in.. 2 to 10,625 in. 2 in 18 technologies, mostly flat panel display (FPD) technologies based on thin-film transistor active matrix liquid crystal displays (TFT AM LCD), with cathode ray tube (CRT) second and dropping rapidly. This paper provides an overview of the DOD display market, allowing government, academia and industry highlights of information provided in the "Military Display Market: Fifth Comprehensive Edition" technical report.
MRI of the knee: key points in the pediatric population

The knee is the joint which is most commonly imaged by MRI in children. With increasing participation in competitive sports at younger ages, knee injuries are common in children. While older adolescents have patterns of injury similar to those seen in adults, injuries seen in skeletally immature patients differ. In this essay, the MR findings of injuries of the skeletally immature knee are highlighted.
Many-body atomistic model potential for intermetallic compounds and alloys and its application to NiAl

A technique for constructing many-body atomistic potentials based on {ital ab} {ital initio} data, designed for computer simulations of structural and thermomechanical behavior of metallic systems is presented. This model potential, which is based on a simple mathematical transformation between atomic volume and a local variable function, does not require any experimental input. All potential parameters have been determined by fitting to energy surfaces (resulting from crystal structure expansion/contraction or deformation) calculated by {ital ab} {ital initio} total-energy calculations. As an illustrative example, we have successfully applied the scheme to NiAl in the study of (110) surface relaxation and crystal plasticity properties. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The LIII X-ray emission edge in lanthanum hydrides

Abstract New evidence supporting the hydridic model of bonding in rare earth hydrides is reported. A weak peak was detected at the L III X-ray emission edge of lanthanum metal and assigned to transitions involving conduction band electrons, L III O IV.V and L III P I . The regular decrease in intensity at the L III emission edge with increasing hydrogen content and the close similarity of the emission edges of LaH 2·88 , La 2 O 3 and LaF 3 support the view that hydride ions form at the expense of the population of the lanthanum conduction band.
Triphenyltin and its degradation products in foliage and soils from sprayed pecan orchards and in fish from adjacent ponds

Triphenyltin (TPT) is a fungicide used on a variety of crops throughout the world. In this study, pecan orchards in central Georgia (USA) previously sprayed with commercial TPT hydroxide mixtures were found to have TPT concentrations of 8.5 to 37 μg/g dry weight in foliage and 1.2 to 12 μg/g dry weight in soil. Total phenyltin concentrations (monophenyltin [MPT] + diphenyltin [DPT] + TPT) in foliage and soils immediately after application were up to 72 and 26 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Besides TPT, DPT and MPT were present in the leaves and soils, with MPT generally the predominant compound. The proportion of MPT to TPT in pecan leaves increased with time after spraying, which was indicative of photolytic degradation of TPT. Microbial degradation of radiolableled TPT in soil or sediment samples was slow, with only 5% degraded during a 14-d incubation period. Triphenyltin was absent from the subsurface soils (2 to 15 cm depth) even though it had been sprayed eight to 10 times a year at a rate of 850 g/ha for the past 10 years. In an orchard where the last spraying was carried out approx. 2 years ago, TPT was absent, but MPT was present at approximately the same concentration as recently sprayed orchards. Fish (blue gill, largemouth bass, and channel catfish) from a pond near a recently sprayed pecan orchard had TPT as well as DPT and MPT. The predominate phenyltin in all fish was MPT, with 22 μg/g wet weight in the liver of catfish. Radiolabeled TPT was only slowly metabolized by the fathead minnow, with 2% of the TPT metabolized to DPT after 6 d of exposure via water. Photodegradation appears to be the major factor affecting the fate of TPT in soils.
Skeletal metastases: decreasing tumor burden by targeting the bone microenvironment.

Several common cancers often metastasize to the skeleton in advanced disease. Bone metastases are incurable and cause protracted, severe symptoms. Growth of tumor in bone is driven by a vicious cycle: tumor-secreted factors stimulate bone cells, which in turn release growth factors and cytokines. The bone-derived factors fuel the vicious cycle by acting back on the tumor cells. The vicious cycle offers novel targets for the treatment of advanced cancers. Treatments can inhibit bone cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) that are stimulated by tumor-secreted factors. Drugs can also inhibit tumor responses to factors enriched in the bone microenvironment, such as transforming growth factor-β. Animal models show that these approaches, especially combination treatments, can reduce tumor burden. The results suggest a novel paradigm in which tumor growth can be effectively inhibited by drugs that target cells in the bone microenvironment and not the tumor cells themselves. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1333–1342, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of One-Dimensional Lattice Model to Mixed-Layer Muscovite-Montmorillonite

The one-dimensional Ising (regular solution) model is a first-order statistical mechanical approximation to real muscovite-montmorillonite mixed layer clays. The model assumes a constant excess interaction energy, w, between the unlike layers; $$w = {w_{ab}} - {\textstyle{1 \over 2}}\left({w_{aa}} + {w_{bb}} \right)$$ Exact solution of the model, applicable to infinitely long chains, can be given by the quasi-chemical formula $$\overline{N_{aa}}\overline{N_{bb}}/\overline{N_{{ab}^2}} = \left( {{\textstyle{1 \over 4}}} \right)\,\exp \,\left( {2w/kT} \right)$$ where Nab is the equilibrium value of the number of a–b type of neighbors, etc. When w → + ∞, discrete crystals result; when w → − ∞ and Na = Nb, regular l:l mixed layer crystals result; when w = 0, random mixed layering results. For finite values of w, the mixed layering is irregular though non-random. Practically, however, either discrete or regularly mixed-layer crystals can obtain even for finite values of w calorimetrically too small to measure. Using the Ising model, the values of w/kT and µi/kT (where µi is the excess chemical potential of the ith type of layers) were calculated for three clays whose probability of layer succession, pij, had been evaluated by the MacEwan method. For two muscovite-montmorillonite mixed layer clays, w 0, as is expectable from crystallochemical considerations. For thin plates of equal numbers of a, b layers, a correction factor [(N − 2)/N]2 (where N = Na + Nb) must be applied even for ideal crystals. For such finite crystals, the partition function for non-ideal mixtures of specified Na and Nb can be evaluated directly, introducing a second correction to the quasi-chemical relation. Because of end effects, it is possible that Naa ≠ Nbb even for Na = Nb and w = 0, provided waa ≠ wbb. Application of the Ising model to real crystals depends on our ability to correlate X-ray diffraction patterns with run sequences in crystals. Computer calculations of expected diffraction patterns for thin crystals having various values of Na and Nb are being undertaken and should be useful towards this end.