cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Good Pleasure, Grace and the Person of God Incarnate’: Interpreting the Christology of D. M. Baillie for Today *

The motivation for taking a fresh look at Donald Baillie's christology as outlined in God Was In Christ , apart from the continuing intrinsic value of his work as compared to many contemporary incarnational theories, is found in the fact that Baillie's christology continues to surface in many contemporary works on christology. Moreover these discussions of Baillie's work offer a sufficiently diverse range of interpretations as to the value and nature of Baillie's christological theory so as to suggest that a deeper examination of Baillie's work might prove worthwhile. The sheer number of scholars who take the trouble to treat Baillie's work is sufficient to demonstrate his continuing relevance. Even if the intention is often simply to ‘knock him down’ it would seem that Baillie is still at least worthy of refutation.
REDUCED ANTIBODY FORMING CAPACITY DURING THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF PASSAGE A LEUKEMIA IN C3H MICE.

SummaryInjection of Gross's passage A leukemia virus in newborn C3Hf/Bi mice interferes with the development of their responsiveness to bacteriophage T2. This deficiency was present in mice antigenically stimulated at 3 weeks and 9 weeks of age, and, notably, before obvious malignant cells are present.
Mobile and wireless networks: services, evolution and issues

Wireless technologies in the last decade or so have attracted unprecedented attention from wireless service providers, developers, vendors, and users. The breathtaking evolution of wireless technologies, services and business applications has resulted in a wide-scale deployment and usage of wireless and mobile networks. The paper discusses mobile and wireless networks in terms of services, technical evolution, and related issues. Industries such as transportation and logistics, financial services, health services, and many others should be able to improve their performance by implementing wireless mobile technologies.
Summarizing itemset patterns: a profile-based approach

Frequent-pattern mining has been studied extensively on scalable methods for mining various kinds of patterns including itemsets, sequences, and graphs. However, the bottleneck of frequent-pattern mining is not at the efficiency but at the interpretability, due to the huge number of patterns generated by the mining process.In this paper, we examine how to summarize a collection of itemset patterns using only K representatives, a small number of patterns that a user can handle easily. The K representatives should not only cover most of the frequent patterns but also approximate their supports. A generative model is built to extract and profile these representatives, under which the supports of the patterns can be easily recovered without consulting the original dataset. Based on the restoration error, we propose a quality measure function to determine the optimal value of parameter K. Polynomial time algorithms are developed together with several optimization heuristics for efficiency improvement. Empirical studies indicate that we can obtain compact summarization in real datasets.
Will the Treatment Protocols for Schizophrenia Be Changing Soon

In recent decades the understanding of the core physiology giving rise to schizophrenia has advanced markedly. Current pharmacological interventions fail to target the core problems in schizophrenia. Several important outcome studies call into question whether current medications actually make long-term outcomes worse. These new studies follow the recognized negative side effect of anti-psychotic drugs. The implication of these findings for social workers who work with the seriously mentally ill are discussed. Alternatives to current pharmacological treatments that are more targeted toward the core physiology of schizophrenia are reviewed.
HER2-mTOR signaling–driven breast cancer cells require ER-associated degradation to survive

Targeting non-oncogenic vulnerabilities may provide additional therapeutic approaches in tumors that are resistant to oncogene-targeted therapy. Using a computational pathway-based approach, we interrogated clinical breast cancer genomic data sets for candidate non-oncogenic vulnerabilities in breast cancers that have genomic amplification of ERBB2, which encodes human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). HER2-positive (HER2(+)) breast cancers showed increased expression of genes encoding proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ERAD led to irrecoverable ER stress and selectively killed HER2(+) breast cancer cells. Cell death caused by ERAD inhibition partially depended on increased HER2-mTOR signaling, which imposed an increased proteotoxic burden on the ER. Cell death in response to ER stress required the IRE1α-JNK pathway, which was selectively suppressed in HER2(+) breast cancers by phosphatases that inactivate JNK. Accordingly, the cytotoxicity of inhibiting ERAD as well as JNK phosphatases was synergistic in HER2(+) but not in HER2-negative breast cancer cells. Therefore, our study suggests that reactivation of oncogene-induced stress by targeting stress-adaptive pathways may be a beneficial approach for therapy-resistant breast cancers.
Adaptive Periodic Noise Cancellation for Cooling Fans With Varying Rotational Speed

This paper presents a novel method of simultaneously tracking and rejecting time-varying sinusoids in the presence of random noise by using feedback control. The technique extends the internal model-principle by using an extended Kalman filter to create time-varying gains and a time-varying internal model. The state feedback gain, however, is not time-varying and is designed using standard time-invariant LQR methods. This control algorithm is applied to active noise cancelation and in simulations is shown to converge quickly in the presence of noise. Methods of improving convergence of this algorithm are discussed.
Effects of perceptual and cognitive difficulty on P3 and RT in young and old adults.

Abstract Ten healthy old and 10 healthy young subjects each received a series of trials in a memory retrieval task similar to that devised by Sternberg (1967). On each trial, the subject saw a memory set of 2 or 4 digits (set size) followed by a probe. The task was to indicate whether the probe was a positive or negative instance (response type) of the memory set for that trial. On half the trials, the probe digits were degraded by a mask of random dots (stimulus quality). For both young and old subjects, RT was later to probes following the larger set size, later to degraded probes, and later to negative probes. For the young subjects only, P3 latency was delayed by the same variables affecting RT, although to a lesser degree. P3 latency in the elderly responded quite differently: it was unaffected by set size or response type. However, P3 was somewhat delayed by the degraded probes suggesting that the failure to reflect set size or response type was not due to a simple latency ceiling effect in the elderly. The correlation between single-trial P3 latency and RT in the elderly is lower than in the young. The data are discussed in terms of age-related differences in the meaning of P3 latency.
Optical topography system for laser ablation plume measurements

We image the nanoscale plasma plume of laser-ablated titanium metal by using a Shack-Hartmann based optical topographic system. We show this diagnostic produces data with ultrafast temporal resolution that is concurrent with simulations.
Progress‐report of Western Interstate Snow‐Survey Conference

The first and most important task confronting the organization after the Davis meeting of January 7 and 8, 1938, was preparing for printing the papers and discussions presented at that meeting. In this connection Dr. Church, with his efficient assistants, did the lion's snare of the work. Assembling the papers and discussions, editing them, having them checked by their authors, and sending them to the Washington office of the American Geophysical Union entailed considerable work. The next task was to raise the funds for covering expenses of publication. Dr. Church rightly decided correspondence to raise such funds was no job for an engineer and the engineer at this end of the line willingly agreed with him. However, another engineer in the south, James Jones of Los Angeles, did his share of this work to redeem in a measure the reputation or his profession. How good Dr. Church's judgment was and how skillfully he worded his letters are attested by the fact that a total of $735 was subscribed. This will leave on hand nearly $90 barring unforeseen incidentals. The main items of expense were for publishing the proceedings in the “Transactions” of the American Geophysical Union, the printing of 2400 reprints, freight from Washington to Reno, and postage for mailing. Originally 2000 reprints were ordered, but the numerous requests for copies to be mailed made It necessary to increase the order to 2400. A large number of copies have been mailed direct from the Washington office of the General Secretary of the American Geophysical Union.
The Intensive Margin of Technology Adoption

We present a tractable model for analyzing the relationship between economic growth and the intensive and extensive margins of technology adoption. The \extensive" margin refers to the timing of a country’s adoption of a new technology; the \intensive" margin refers to how many units are adopted (for a given size economy). At the aggregate level, our model is isomorphic to a neoclassical growth model, while at the microeconomic level it features adoption of rms at the extensive and the intensive margin. Based on a data set of 15 technologies and 166 countries our estimations of the model yield four main ndings: (i) there are large cross-country dierences in the intensive margin of adoption; (ii) dierences in the intensive margin vary substantially across technologies; (iii) the cross-country dispersion of adoption lags has declined over time while the cross-country dispersion in the intensive margin has not; (iv) the crosscountry variation in the intensive margin of adoption accounts for more than 40% of the variation in income per capita.
Predicting Germination Response to Temperature. I. Cardinal-temperature Models and Subpopulation-specific Regression

� Background and Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the relative accuracy of different thermalgermination models in predicting germination-time under constant-temperature conditions. Of specific interest was the assessment of shape assumptions associated with the cardinal-temperature germination model and probit distribution often used to distribute thermal coefficients among seed subpopulations. � Methods The seeds of four rangeland grass species were germinated over the constant-temperature range of 3‐38 � C and monitored for subpopulation variability in germination-rate response. Subpopulation-specific germination rate was estimated as a function of temperature and residual model error for three variations of the cardinaltemperature model, non-linear regression and piece-wise linear regression. The data were used to test relative model fit under alternative assumptions regarding model shape. � Key Results In general, optimal model fit was obtained by limiting model-shape assumptions. All models were relatively accurate in the sub-optimal temperature range except in the 3 � C treatment where predicted germination times were in error by as much as 70d for the cardinal-temperature models. � Conclusions Germination model selection should be driven by research objectives. Cardinal-temperature models yield coefficients that can be directly compared for purposes of screening germplasm. Other model formulations, however, may be more accurate in predicting germination-time, especially at low temperatures where small errors in predicted rate can result in relatively large errors in germination time.
Studies of Fibroblastic Cells Cultivated from Bone Marrow of Leukemic and Non-Leukemic Patients.∗

SummaryThe use of a feeder layer of x-irradiated or non-irradiated primary human amnion monolayers in cultivation of leukemic and normal human bone marrow aspirates results in establishment of primary, human fibroblastic cell cultures. Comparison of normal and leukemic cultures failed to reveal differences in morphology, type of degeneration, rate of metabolism or viral susceptibility. A cytopathogenic agent was not recovered from leukemic aspirates and use of the fluorescent antibody technic failed to reveal a specific antigen capable of reacting with leukemic sera in leukemic bone marrow cell cultures. Cultures of cells from both leukemic and normal bone marrow supported multiplication of polio, herpes simplex and measles virus. Normal marrow cell cultures supported multiplication of Sindbis and influenza A virus, but not of an egg adapted strain of mumps virus. The reproducible cultivation of cells obtained from human bone marrow provides an accessible source of primary human fibroblastic cell culture ...
Dysfunctional beliefs discriminate personality disorders

This study examines whether specific sets of dysfunctional beliefs are differentially associated with five personality disorders (PDs) as predicted by cognitive theory. Seven hundred fifty-six psychiatric outpatients completed the Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) at intake and were assessed for PDs using a standardized clinical interview conducted by assessors who were blind to patients' PBQ responses. Findings showed that patients with avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, narcissistic, and paranoid PDs preferentially endorsed PBQ beliefs theoretically linked to their specific disorders. The study results support the cognitive theory of personality disorders. Suggestions are made regarding the clinical utility of the PBQ with personality-disordered patients and future research on the PBQ.
Hydrogen Sintering of Titanium to Produce High Density Fine Grain Titanium Alloys

Titanium powder is typically sintered in high vacuum to achieve high density and low oxygen. Sintered materials usually have coarse grain size or coarse lamellar structure if it is the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. A novel process—hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT)—for sintering Ti in hydrogen is studied in this paper that can produce near-fully dense (>99%CP-Ti, >98%Ti–6Al–4V) Ti materials with very fine grain size (<1.0µm) in as-sintered state. This presents a potential opportunity for low cost manufacturing of powder metallurgy Ti materials with superior mechanical properties.
DEFINING RADIOLARIAN SPECIES: IN SEARCH OF SOLUTIONS

One reason radiolarian species are difficult to define is because the reproductive biology and ecology of living radiolarians are not well understood. Asexual reproduction has been documented, but sexual reproduction is only suggested by the presence of flagellated swarmer cells. The evidence for dimorphism and hybridization found in the fossil record has not been correlated with that from living radiolarians. The depth at which the organisms are found has been suggested as important with respect to skeletal shape, but this idea in part has recently been disproved. Characters used to define radiolarian species many not accurately reflect reproductive modes or living environments. Ideally, the determination of a radiolarian species, as with all other types of species, should incorporate data on their reproductive biology, ecology, and paleontology. Radiolarians, like other protozoans, probably do not develop in any one evolutionary mode (owing to different reproductive strategies). New evidence for alterna- tion of generations and hybridization is given. One should not assume that the methods used to determine species for larger-sized organisms are applicable to radiolarian species. (Radiolaria; species; morphology; dimorphism; hybridization; evolution.)
Metatarsal Neck Osteotomy With Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Resection Fixed With a Single Temporary Pin

Background: Screws have been recommended for fixation of the site of the metatarsal osteotomy. Methods: A report is presented on one surgeon's experience with a temporary, single Kirschner wire ins...
A linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer model for atmospheric remote-sensing retrieval

The radiative transfer forward model simulation of intensities and associated parameter derivatives (weighting functions) is a vital part of the retrieval of earth atmospheric constituent information from measurements of backscattered light. The discrete ordinate method is the most commonly used approach for the determination of solutions to the radiative transfer equation. In this paper, we carry out an internal perturbation analysis of the complete discrete ordinate solution in a plane parallel multi-layered multiple-scattering atmosphere. Perturbations in layer atmospheric quantities will translate into small changes in the single-scatter albedos and optical depth values. In addition, we consider perturbations in layer thermal emission source terms and in the surface albedo. It is shown that the solution of the boundary value problem for the perturbed intensity "eld leads in a natural way to the weighting function associated with the parameter causing the perturbation. We have developed a numerical model LIDORT (linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer) for the simultaneous generation of backscatter intensities and weighting function output at arbitrary elevation angles, for a user-de"ned set of atmospheric variations. Results for a 5-layer test atmosphere with two scatterers and thermal emission terms are shown. Intensities are validated against benchmark discrete ordinate results, while weighting functions are checked for consistency against "nite di!erence results based on external perturbations. A second example is presented for a 60-layer terrestrial atmosphere with molecular and aerosol scattering and ozone trace gas absorption in the UV spectral range; weighting functions are shown to correspond closely with results derived from another radiative transfer model. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Plasmodium falciparum is able to invade erythrocytes through a trypsin-resistant pathway independent of glycophorin B

Plasmodium falciparum invades erythrocytes through multiple ligand-receptor interactions, with redundancies in each pathway. One such alternate pathway is the trypsin-resistant pathway that enables P. falciparum to invade trypsin-treated erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown that this trypsin-resistant pathway is dependent on glycophorin B, as P. falciparum strains invade trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes at a highly reduced efficiency. Furthermore, in a recent study, the P. falciparum 7G8 strain did not invade glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes, a finding that was not confirmed in the present study. To analyze the degree of dependence on glycophorin B for invasion by P. falciparum through the trypsin-resistant pathway, we have studied the invasion phenotypes of five parasite strains, 3D7, HB3, Dd2, 7G8, and Indochina I, on trypsin-treated normal and glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes. Invasion was variably reduced in glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes. Four strains, 3D7, HB3, Dd2, and Indochina I, invaded trypsin-treated erythrocytes, while invasion by the 7G8 strain was reduced by 90%. Among the four strains, invasion by 3D7, HB3, and Dd2 of trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes was further reduced. However, Indochina I invaded trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes at the same efficiency as its invasion of trypsin-digested normal erythrocytes. This strongly suggests that the Indochina I strain of P. falciparum is not dependent on glycophorin B to invade through a trypsin-resistant pathway as are the strains 3D7, HB3, and Dd2. Thus, P. falciparum is able to invade erythrocytes through a glycophorin B-independent, trypsin-resistant pathway.
Female adolescents and older male sex partners: HIV associated risk.

This article focuses on the HIV infection risk associated with sexual relationships between female adolescents and older men. Unlike adult populations it is noted that HIV and AIDS affect female adolescents at equal or greater rates than male adolescents. A study on sexual behavior among sixth graders revealed that being in a dating relationship with a partner 2 or more years older was associated with early sexual onset and unwanted sexual activity. These younger female adolescents who engage in sexual activity with an older man are at increased risk for pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections owing to lower rates of contraceptive use. It has been proposed that older male sexual partners pose an increased risk to female adolescents in terms of HIV risk as compared to younger men. Hence health practitioners researchers and interventionists must be aware of the HIV/AIDS risk associated with sexual intercourse between adolescent females and older male partners.
Respiratory carbon losses in a managed oak forest ecosystem

Abstract Respiratory carbon losses from a mixed oak forest ecosystem following experimental manipulations were examined for their magnitudes and biophysical regulations. To quantify these losses, respiration measurements from chamber-based ecosystem components of sapwood, snags, down-logs, and soil, using chamber-based methods, were collected from experimental stands 8 yr after the manipulations of: non-harvest (NHM), uneven-aged (UAM), and even-aged (EAM) managements. Temperature and respiration relationships ( R = R 0 × e β × T ) were used to estimate annual ecosystem respiration. The annual respiration rates were 1684 g C m −2 yr −1 in the NHM, 1787 g C m −2 yr −1 in the UAM, and 1231 g C m −2 yr −1 in the EAM stands. Harvesting reduced annual ecosystem respiration in the EAM stands by 28% compared to the NHM stands. Soil respiration was the largest component and contributed from 72% to 85% of the total respiration. The sapwood and leaf respiration were the second largest components of ecosystem respiration in both NHM and UAM stands, but down-logs were the second largest component in the EAM stands. Harvest significantly affected ecosystem respiration, with intensity driving changes in component respiration.
β-arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking and signal transduction

β-Arrestins function as endocytic adaptors and mediate trafficking of a variety of cell-surface receptors, including seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs). In the case of 7TMRs, β-arrestins carry out these tasks while simultaneously inhibiting upstream G-protein-dependent signaling and promoting alternate downstream signaling pathways. The mechanisms by which β-arrestins interact with a continuously expanding ensemble of protein partners and perform their multiple functions including trafficking and signaling are currently being uncovered. Molecular changes at the level of protein conformation as well as post-translational modifications of β-arrestins probably form the basis for their dynamic interactions during receptor trafficking and signaling. It is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestins, originally discovered as 7TMR adaptor proteins, indeed have much broader and more versatile roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review paper, we assess the traditional and novel functions of β-arrestins and discuss the molecular attributes that might facilitate multiple interactions in regulating cell signaling and receptor trafficking.
Clinical utility of spine bone density in elderly women

It is common clinical practice to obtain a bone density measurement at both the hip and spine to evaluate osteoporosis. With aging, degenerative changes in the lumbar spine may elevate the bone mineral density (BMD) results giving false assurances that the fracture risk at the spine is low. We examined the association of spine osteoarthritis and bone mineral density in 1082 community-dwelling ambulatory older women aged 50-96 years who participated in a 1992-1996 osteoporosis research clinic visit. The BMD was measured at the hip and posteroanterior (PA) and lateral lumbar spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Spine osteoarthritis was identified on the PA lumbar spine DXA images by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Forty percent of women had evidence of spine osteoarthritis (OA). Women with spine OA had a mean age of 77.4 yr (95% confidence interval [CI]: 76.5-78.2), were significantly older than women without spine OA (mean age, 66.8 yr; 95% CI: 65.9-67.7), and were more likely to have prevalent radiographic fractures (14.2% vs. 9.5%; p<0.05). Age-adjusted BMD at the femoral neck, total hip, PA spine, and lateral spine was significantly higher in women with spine OA. Women with spine OA were more likely to have osteoporosis by the World Health Organization classification at the femoral neck and total hip than those without spine OA, but less likely based on the PA spine (14.4% vs. 24.5%). Despite higher BMD levels, women with OA of the lumbar spine had higher prevalence of osteoporosis at the hip and more radiographic vertebral fractures. In elderly women 65 yr and older who are likely to have spine OA, the DXA measurement of the spine may not be useful in assessing fracture risk, and DXA of the hip is recommended for identification of osteoporosis.
Sedimentation Studies of Epidermal Keratins. Keratin A and Keratin B

Electrophoretically homogeneous keratin A and keratin B were studied in the ultracentrifuge. Both preparations revealed two fractions: one which sedimented rapidly and another which sedimented slowly. This indicated that both preparations are heterogeneous with respect to particle size.
Prediction of unsteady, separated boundary layer over a blunt body for laminar, turbulent, and transitional flow

The focus of this paper is to study the ability of unsteady RANS-based CFD to predict separation over a blunt body for a wide range of Reynolds numbers particularly the ability to capture laminar-to-turbulent transition. A perfect test case to demonstrate this point is the cylinder-in-crossflow for which a comparison between experimental results from the open literature and a series of unsteady simulations is made. Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter is varied from 104 to 107 (subcritical through supercritical flow). Two methods are used to account for the turbulence in the simulations: currently available eddy–viscosity models, including standard and realizable forms of the k–e model; and a newly developed eddy–viscosity model capable of resolving boundary layer transition, which is absolutely necessary for the type and range of flow under consideration. The new model does not require user input or ‘empirical’ fixes to force transition. For the first time in the open literature, three distinct flow regimes and the drag crisis due to the downstream shift of the separation point are predicted using an eddy–viscosity based model with transition effects. Discrepancies between experimental and computational results are discussed, and difficulties for CFD prediction are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues in Development of Government Bond Markets

Developing a government securities market is a complex undertaking that depends on the financial and market system development of each country. For many governments, this involves immense challenges as the problems that inhibit securities market development run deep in the economy. For example, some governments rely on a few domestic banks for funding, which makes competition scarce and transaction costs high. In addition, a proliferation of government agencies issuing securities can fragment national government securities markets. Absence of a sound market infrastructure may make specific actions to develop a government securities market premature. A paucity of institutional investors, low domestic savings rates, and lack of interest from international investors can result in a small, highly homogeneous investor group, contrary to the heterogeneity needed for an efficient market. Furthermore, economic instability, often fed by high fiscal deficits, rapid growth of the money supply, and a deteriorating exchange rate, can weaken investor confidence and increase the risks associated with development of a market for government securities. This paper presents a brief overview of the key policy questions that arise for policymakers seeking to further develop their domestic government securities market.
Immunization, Hybridoma Generation, and Selection for Monoclonal Antibody Production

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced by a single clone of cells with homogeneous binding specificity for an antigenic determinant have been used in diagnostics and therapeutics. Many new methods have been devised by scientists for making hybridomas and MAbs. The three major steps for producing MAbs are immunization, immortalization, and isolation. Here, we describe technical details of the three important steps for generating mouse hybridomas and MAbs.
Collaborative Information Seeking Around Big Data

Big data analytics poses many socio-computational problems with respect to collaborative information seeking. While collaboration presents a way to alleviate the data deluge, research into this area is only relatively recent. The diverse range of skills and knowledge among a data analytics team presents an array of problems, including a wide spectrum of domain expertise, lack of shared understanding between roles, and challenges with the physical and computational aspects of multiple people seeking information within the multiple systems required for big data analytics. This chapter discusses recent research on collaborative big data analytics to discuss present progress, lessons learned, and gaps to be filled with future research. It proposes that the framework of the transactive memory system is a viable way to view people working around big data, as it supports collaborative sensemaking and the production of common ground among heterogeneous teams.
Thermophysical Characterization of Automotive Fluids

*† ‡ Thermophysical properties of automotive fluids have become increasingly important in designing advanced automotive systems and components. By controlling the t hermophysical properties of automotive fluids, the thermal management of automotive systems can be better controlled . We have studied in detail the temperature dependence of t hermal conductivity, spec ific heat capacity, dens ity, and kinematic viscosity for a range of oils and coolants used in automotive systems . Engineering properties, such as Prandlt and Nuss elt numbers, were calculated from the measured thermophysical properties and are compared for the fluids studied . Finally, we discuss the importance of vapor pressure and surface tension measurements as means for assessing fluid behavior effects in systems and for fluid formulation development . Our study indicate s that the combined effects for each of these measured factors and their temperature dependence, are crucial in quantifying the overall heat transfer and thermal management of automotive systems . Nomenclature h = heat transfer coefficient u = velocity ∝ = dynamic viscosity Cp = specific hea t capacity at constant pressure m = mass flow rate
Transient hepatic response to glucagon in man: role of insulin and hyperglycemia.

We infused glucagon into normal humans while preventing changes in plasma glucose and insulin. Insulin (0.45 mU . min-1 . kg-1) were infused for 90 min, while euglycemia was maintained by a variable glucose infusion. Subsequently, glucagon (6 ng . min-1 . kg-1) was added, and changes in plasma glucose were avoided by appropriately reducing the glucose infusion. With insulin alone, glucose production (GP) fell to zero. When hyperglucagonemia (530 +/- 32 pg/ml) was superimposed, GP rose promptly and then slowly declined. However, between 180 and 240 min, GP remained elevated (1.72 +/- 0.30 mg . min-1 . kg-1) as compared to an insulin control study (0.03 +/- 0.20, P less than 0.025). When hyperglycemia (+25 mg/100 ml) was induced between 180 and 240 min, glucagon-stimulated GP was completely suppressed. To determine whether this effect was mediated by hyperglycemia per se or glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia, between 180 and 240 min we increased either a) the insulin infusion (by 0.25 mU . min-1 . kg-1) while maintaining euglycemia or b) plasma glucose (+25 mg/100 ml) while blocking insulin release with somatostatin. When the insulin was increased, GP declined by 68 +/- 13% (P less than 0.02). When plasma glucose alone was raised, GP fell from 1.44 +/- 0.09 to 0.07 +/- 0.16 mg . min-1 . kg-1 (less than 0.002). In conclusion, the hepatic response to sustained hyperglucagonemia is more persistent if changes in plasma glucose are prevented, and its transient nature is in part explained by a feedback adjustment to glucagon-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.
The role of induction androgen deprivation prior to radical prostatectomy

In patients with localised prostate cancer and a life expectancy of at least 10 years, radical prostatectomy is increasingly being performed. Pre-operative clinical staging of prostate cancer is, however, inaccurate with around 10-20% of clinical Tl, 10-30% of clinical T2 a , and 30-60% of clinical T2 b cases having tumour at the surgical margin. There is no documented best treatment for patients with a positive surgical margin. Options include close observation, adjuvant radiation therapy or androgen deprivation. The role of induction androgen deprivation has, therefore, evolved in an attempt to improve upon the cure rate for radical prostatectomy, and in this review results from clinical trials are discussed. In the largest United States randomised trial in patients with stage T2 b prostate cancer, pre-operative androgen deprivation resulted in a significantly lower rate of positive surgical margins, normalisation of prostate-specific antigen and a decrease in the size of the prostate. Sufficient follow-up is required from all of the completed prospective randomised trials before pre-operative androgen deprivation can be justified in all T2 b patients.
Psychosocial treatment for bipolar disorder.

Medication is the mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder. However, no medication will be effective if patients do not take it, and the rates of medication compliance in bipolar disorder are very low. Johnson and McFarland found that the modal length of compliance with a mood stabilizer was only 2 months. Keck and colleagues found that 50% to 66% of patients with bipolar disorder exhibit poor compliance within the first 12 months of treatment. In addition, even with adequate medication compliance, high rates of relapse persist.Adjunctive psychosocial treatments can help reduce relapse and provide patients as well as their families with tools to manage bipolar disorder more effectively. Several forms of intensive psychotherapy have shown promise for the treatment of bipolar disorder. In the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder, Miklowitz and colleagues compared three forms of intensive interventions: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family-focused treatment. These were compared to a brief, 3-session psychoeducational intervention known as collaborative care. A total of 293 depressed patients with bipolar type I or type II disorder were treated with protocol pharmacotherapy and were randomly assigned to either one of the three intensive interventions or the brief psychoeducational intervention.The three intensive interventions provided up to 30 sessions of treatment over a 9-month period. The collaborative care intervention consisted of three sessions administered over a 6-week period. The authors found that patients who received one of the intensive interventions had a median time to recovery 110 days earlier than patients who had received the collaborative care conditions. Patients who received one of the three intensive psychotherapies also had significantly higher year-end recovery rates, and are more than 1 to 1.5 times more likely to be clinically well during any study month. No statistically significant differences were found between the 3 intensive treatments.
Live Imaging of Influenza Infection of the Trachea Reveals Dynamic Regulation of CD8+ T Cell Motility by Antigen.

During a primary influenza infection, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells need to infiltrate the infected airways and engage virus-infected epithelial cells. The factors that regulate T cell motility in the infected airway tissue are not well known. To more precisely study T cell infiltration of the airways, we developed an experimental model system using the trachea as a site where live imaging can be performed. CD8+ T cell motility was dynamic with marked changes in motility on different days of the infection. In particular, significant changes in average cell velocity and confinement were evident on days 8–10 during which the T cells abruptly but transiently increase velocity on day 9. Experiments to distinguish whether infection itself or antigen affect motility revealed that it is antigen, not active infection per se that likely affects these changes as blockade of peptide/MHC resulted in increased velocity. These observations demonstrate that influenza tracheitis provides a robust experimental foundation to study molecular regulation of T cell motility during acute virus infection.
Ruptured internal iliac artery aneurysm presenting with massive lower gastro intestinal haemorrhage

A patient presenting with massive Lower Gastro Intestinal Haemorrhage (LGIH) in the tropics is most likely to be a young individual commonly bleeding from nonspecific or enteric ulcers. In contrast the western patient with massive LGIH is likely to be an elderly individual bleeding from diverticulosis or angiodysplasia. Recently we managed a patient with a ruptured large pararectal aneurysm arising from the right internal iliac artery presenting with an exsanguinating rectal bleed.
Evidence for Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Patients with Severe Sickle Cell Anemia.

Peripheral destruction of sickled erythrocytes is recognized as the central pathologic mechanism of SCD. Less well established is the contribution of ineffective erythropoiesis to the pathophysiology of SCD. Patients with SCD frequently develop mixed hematopoietic chimerism after nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NMA-SCT). This provides an opportunity to directly compare the differentiation and survival of normal donor and SCD erythropoiesis in vivo. To this end, total genomic DNA (gDNA) and erythroid-lineage specific chimerism in peripheral blood (PB) and marrow (BM) were analyzed in 5 patients (3 with SCD, 2 with non-SCD) following NMA-SCT with HLA-matched donors. RBC chimerism was measured by beta-globin RNA pyrosequencing, which directly and quantitatively sequences coding region polymorphisms in beta-globin RNA that distinguish recipient and donor-derived erythroid precursors. The clinical characteristics of the 5 patients are shown in the table below. All patients developed mixed gDNA chimerism, ranging from 18–50%, between days 60–180, with no differences between PB and BM levels. BM erythroid precursor chimerism, determined by Y chromosome FISH and ABO staining in 4 of 5 patients, were identical to total BM gDNA chimerism. PB from all 3 SCD patients had a ~2 fold greater level of donor-derived beta-globin RNA compared with total gDNA. These levels were similar for the 2 non-SCD patients. The presence of ineffective SS erythropoiesis was directly revealed by analysis of BM, which similarly revealed higher expression of donor-derived beta-globin RNA relative to the degree of donor erythroid progenitor engraftment in Pts 1–3. These findings were not present in Pts 4–5. Chimerism was determined in purified marrow populations of immature (pro-and basophilic –– glycophorin [GYPA+, CD71+ hi]) versus mature (polychromatophilic, orthochromatophilic [GYPA+, CD71+dim] ) erythroblasts to determine the stage of maturation at which SS erythroblasts are lost. While non-SCD patients demonstrated similar rates of donor and host erythropoiesis, all 3 SCD patients demonstrated progressive intramedullary loss of SS erythroblasts with maturation, with enrichment of donor erythroid precursor chimerism appearing from the earliest stages of hemoglobinization. The presence of ineffective erythropoiesis in SCD explains the maturation advantage of AA or SA donor erythroid precursor cells over SS cells that allows for greater donor contribution to overall erythropoiesis following SCT. This is the first definitive in vivo demonstration of ineffective erythropoiesis in SCD, and supports the notion that NMA-SCT can be curative for SCD in the setting of stable donor engraftment. Further studies examining the underlying mechanism of ineffective erythropoiesis in SCD are under investigation. Patient clinical characteristics
Prorenin receptor controls renal branching morphogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling

The prorenin receptor (PRR) is a receptor for renin and prorenin, and an accessory subunit of the vacuolar proton pump H+-ATPase. Renal branching morphogenesis, defined as growth and branching of t...
Alternative (G-16v2) Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Central and Eastern North America

This article introduces new ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPE) for central and eastern North America that represents an alternative, more physically justified approach to ground‐motion attenuation modeling than my previous Graizer (2016) G‐16 model. The new model has a bilinear slope of ∼ R −1 within 70 km from the fault (confirmed by empirical data) with a slope of ∼ R −0.5 at larger distances corresponding to the geometrical spreading of body and surface waves. This new (G‐16v2) model is based on the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)‐East database for the horizontal peak ground acceleration and 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration RotD50 component (Goulet et al. , 2014) and also on comparisons with western United States data and ground‐motion simulations. Based on data, I estimated the average slope of the distance attenuation within the 50–70 km distance from the fault to be ∼−1.0 at most of the frequencies supporting regular geometrical spreading of body waves. Multiple inversions are performed to estimate apparent (combination of intrinsic and scattering) attenuation of response spectral acceleration (SA) amplitudes from the NGA‐East database for incorporation into the GMPE. These estimates demonstrate a difference between classical seismological Q ( f ) and the above‐mentioned attenuation factor that I recommend calling Q SA( f ). Based on residuals, I adjusted previously developed site correction (Graizer, 2016) that was based on multiple runs of representative V S 30 (time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the geological material) profiles through SHAKE‐type equivalent‐linear codes. Site amplifications are calculated relative to the hard‐rock definition used in nuclear industry ( V S =2800 m/s). These improvements resulted in a modest reduction in total ( σ ) and within‐event (![Graphic][1] ) logarithmic standard deviations in the new G‐16v2 relative to G‐16 model. The number of model predictors is limited to a few measurable parameters: moment magnitude M , closest distance to fault rupture plane R rup, V S 30, and apparent attenuation factor Q SA( f ). The model is applicable for the stable continental regions and covers the following range: 4.0≤ M ≤8.5, 0≤ R rup≤1000 km, 450≤ V S 30≤2800 m/s, and frequencies 0.1≤ f ≤100 Hz. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Assessing the Coverage and Representativeness of the National Incident-Based Reporting System:

This article examines the coverage of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) as of 2013. We use NIBRS, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), and Supplementary Homicide Reports to assess the population coverage and index crime coverage of NIBRS. We also examine the correspondence of crime rates between the UCR and agencies that do and do not participate in NIBRS. We found that NIBRS covers 29.3% of the U.S. population and 28% of UCR index crimes. We also found that the crime rates in NIBRS jurisdictions are appreciably lower than jurisdictions that do not participate in NIBRS. As of 2013, therefore, NIBRS data are not representative of the U.S. population, crime counts, or crime rates.
Can the Right to Stop Eating and Drinking Be Exercised via a Surrogate Relying on an Advance Instruction

This blog piece continues exploration of the lawful options available to avoid being mired in deep dementia. Here I discuss whether the right of a competent person to stop eating and drinking can be exploited at a post-competence stage of decline by use of an advance instruction.
First-Passage-Time Distribution for Variable-Diffusion Processes

First-passage-time distribution, which presents the likelihood of a stock reaching a pre-specified price at a given time, is useful in establishing the value of financial instruments and in designing trading strategies. First-passage-time distribution for Wiener processes has a single peak, while that for stocks exhibits a notable second peak within a trading day. This feature has only been discussed sporadically—often dismissed as due to insufficient/incorrect data or circumvented by conversion to tick time—and to the best of our knowledge has not been explained in terms of the underlying stochastic process. It was shown previously that intra-day variations in the market can be modeled by a stochastic process containing two variable-diffusion processes (Hua et al. in, Physica A 419:221–233, 2015). We show here that the first-passage-time distribution of this two-stage variable-diffusion model does exhibit a behavior similar to the empirical observation. In addition, we find that an extended model incorporating overnight price fluctuations exhibits intra- and inter-day behavior similar to those of empirical first-passage-time distributions.
Metaphor and Model-Based Reasoning in Mathematical Physics

The role of model-based reasoning in experimental and theoretical scientific thinking has been extensively studied. However, little work has been done on the role of mathematical representations in such thinking. This chapter will describe how the nature of mathematical expressions in physics can be analyzed using an extension of the metaphoric analysis of mathematics. In Where Mathematics Comes From, Lakoff and Nunez argued that embodied metaphors underlie basic mathematical ideas (e. g., the concept of number is based on the embodied operations of collecting objects), with more complex expressions developed via conceptual blends from simpler expressions (e. g., addition as combining collections). In physics, however, the need to represent physical processes and observed entities (including measurements) places different demands on the blending processes. In model-based reasoning, conceptual blends must often be based on immediately available embodiments as well as highly developed mathematical expressions that draw upon expert use of long term working memory. Thus, Faraday’s representations of magnetic fields as lines of force were modeled by Maxwell as vectors. In this chapter, we compare Faraday’s experimental investigation of the magnetic field within a magnet to Maxwell’s mathematical treatment of the same problem. Both can be understood by unpacking the metaphoric underpinnings as physical representations. The implications for analogical and model-based reasoning accounts of scientific thinking are discussed.
Caenorhabditis elegans SORB-1 localizes to integrin adhesion sites and is required for organization of sarcomeres and mitochondria in myocytes

The role of proteins with sorbin and Src homology 3 domains in living organisms is poorly understood, despite the high degree of conservation of these proteins in metazoans. The single member of th...