cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hot-Cutting of Broilers and Its Influence on Tenderness and Yield

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of cutting up broilers immediately after evisceration. Data on tenderness and cooked yield of the breast and thigh parts were collected. Broilers cut up immediately after evisceration (hot-cut) were compared to broilers cut up after passing through a sanitary water chiller (chill-cut). The parts were cooked in an autoclave utilizing atmospheric pressure to an internal temperature of approximately 82° C. after various aging times at the laboratory. The hot-cut parts had a higher cooked yield than the chill-cut parts. When the parts were cooked after various aging times, there was a decrease in yield of the cooked parts aged up to 4 hours with the yield then becoming constant after 8 hours of aging. Parts aged for 24 hours had a higher cooked yield than the parts cooked immediately upon returning to the laboratory from the processing plant. The breast and thigh parts from birds with a dressed weight of 0.90–1.00 kg. had a higher cooked yield than the corresponding part from birds with a dressed weight of 0.55–0.64 kg. Thigh parts gave a higher cooked yield than the breast parts. After 24 hours of aging there was only a small difference in the shear value of hot-cut birds as compared to chill-cut birds with the hot-cut birds having the higher values. The taste panel detected this difference in tenderness of the parts. Aging the parts decreased the shear values with the thigh requiring a longer aging time than the breast. Thigh parts had lower shear values than thighs from small birds. The opposite effect in breast muscle was noted by the taste panel.
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the equilibria CH2Cl+O2⇔CH2ClO2 and CHCl2+O2⇔CHCl2O2

The equilibria, CH 2 Cl+O 2 ⇔CH 2 ClO 2 and CHCl 2 +O 2 ⇔CHCl 2 O 2 , were studied between 562 and 664 K and 498 and 562 K respectively. Equilibrium constants were measured as a function of temperature. The chlorinated methyl radicals were produced by pulsed UV excimer laser photolysis. The decay of the radicals to their equilibrium concentrations in the presence of O 2 was monitored in time-resolved experiments using photoionization mass spectrometry. The measured equilibrium constants were combined with calculated entropy and heat capacity changes in Third Law calculations to obtain the enthalpy changes (ΔH 298 o ) for the two reactions: −121(±11) kJ mol −1 for the CH 2 Cl+O 2 →CH 2 ClO 2 reaction and −106(±6) kJ mol −1 for the CHCl 2 +O 2 →CHCl 2 O 2 reaction. The results indicate a considerable weakening of the C−O bond in the methylperoxy radical (which is 136 kJ mol −1 ) due to chlorine substitution in the CH 3 group. This effect of chlorine substitution on bond strengths is compared with that found for other compounds of the type CH 3 -X. The implications of weaker R-O 2 bond strengths caused by chlorine substitution in the oxidation chemistry of chlorinated hydrocarbons is briefly discussed. Heats of formation of CH 2 ClO 2 (ΔH f .298 o =−8(±12) kJ mol −1 ) and CHCl 2 O 2 (ΔH f .298 o =−21(±10) kJ mol −1 ) were also obtained using the experimental and theoretical results.
Aggressive Clinical Behavior of a Rare Uterine Sarcoma

Heterologous sarcomas of the uterus are rare neoplasms. A case of a pure leiomyosarcoma with a poorly differentiated liposarcomatous component is described. No carcinomatous elements were identified, thus excluding the possibility of a mixed mullerian tumor. This is the third report of such an entity in the medical literature. The disease in this patient was characterized by pulmonary metastases and recurrent disease in the abdomen developing within 5 months of optimal surgical debulking. It is speculated that totipotential primitive cells may have the ability to differentiate into an aggressive heterologous tumor.
Another Look at the Hosea/Malachi Framework in The Twelve

AbstractThough most scholars agree that the prophetic books identified as “The Twelve” (or “The Book of The Twelve”) have gone through extensive stages of redaction, debate ensues as to whether they should be read as a literary unity or as a collection of independent prophetic works. A closer look at the framework surrounding this material—the book of Hosea and the book of Malachi—suggests that the primary purpose of the redaction of The Twelve was not to be read as a literary unity or as an anthological collection, but to establish a model of how priestly scribes were to countenance and teach diverse textual corpora in the context of a single, dominant temple establishment. The redactors of the Twelve were probably a Levite scribal group, who created the work to affirm their own status within the hierarchy of the Jerusalem temple in the Late Persian period.
Effects of Crossbreeding on Rate of Growth in Dairy Cattle

Summary Body weights and five body nieasurements of 50 to 87 purebred Holsteins, purebred Guernseys, and reciprocal Holstein-Guernsey crosses were determined and recorded at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 mo. of age. Purebreds and crossbreds were produced by alternate purebreeding and crossbreeding within a group of purebred Holstein and Guernsey foundation animals. The data were analyzed by the method of least squares to provide unbiased estimates of the effects of system of mating, breed of dam, and breed of sire. The mean of the crossbreds exceeded that of the purebreds for all six measurements, at all ages, except for height at withers at 6 mo. of age. For body weight, heart girth, and paunch girth, which are largely measures of fleshiness, the differences between crossbreds and purebreds were significant at 18 and 24 mo. of age and also at 12 mo. of age for heart girth. For depth of chest, height at withers, and length of body, which are largely measures of skeletal development, the differences were not significant at any age. The significant effects associated with system of mating in the measurements of degree of fleshiness indicate a definite heterosis at the ages of 18 and 24 mo. The data also suggest a differential action of the heterosis, such that increased heterozygosity apparently does not significantly increase the nonadditive genetic effects upon skeletal measurements, but does significantly increase rate of growth in measures of fleshiness to about 2 yr. of age. The breed of dam effect (the difference between progeny of Holstein dams and progeny of Guernsey dams) was significant at all ages for every measurement and was consistently larger than the breed of sire effect (the difference between progeny of Holstein sires and progeny of Guernsey sires). The latter effect became significant generally after about 12 mo. of age. This difference between the effects of breed of sire and breed of dam could be due to genetic differences between sires and dams of the same breed, but also suggests the possibility of an important prenatal environmental effect which persists from birth to maturity. The relative sizes of the effects of system of mating, breed of sire, and breed of dam indicate that, for all measurements, additive genetic factors are the predominant genetic influences upon rate of growth.
Evidence for Nonseasonal Reproduction in Wild Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis)

The lemurs of Madagascar typically exhibit a strictly seasonal pattern of breeding, with a limited number of successive estrous cycles occurring at a particular time of the year, which varies from spe
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Laser-Induced and pH-Induced Unfolding in β-Lactoglobulin at Different Hydration Levels

Computational molecular dynamics simulations were used to estimate the unfolding effects of a single electron positioned appropriately in a globular protein of interest, β-lactoglobulin (BLG). Two sets of unfolding simulations were conducted: movement of the EF-loop in BLG, which is involved in the Tanford transition and a photo-induced electron transfer event between a non-covalently bound, dye molecule, meso-tetrakis p-sulfanatophenyl porphyrin, (TSPP) and BLG.The first simulations solvated BLG at several hydration levels for two different crystal structures: 3BLG at pH 7 (closed loop) and 2BLG at pH 9 (open loop), which became the reference initial and final structures to determine the accuracy of our simulations. Movement of the EF-loop was induced by placing an excess charge on the carboxyl group of glutamic acid residue GLU 89. After 10 ns, favorable structures were submitted to a residue based, coarse-graining algorithm to enable simulating 0.1 ms of the loop motion. The goal was three-fold: to allow the crystallized form to relax in an aqueous environment, to determine the minimal number of explicit water molecules that are sufficient to retain the thermodynamics of the system, and to verify the charge placement algorithm.For the second phase, the location of the electron transfer event was determined by the most probable binding site of the ligand that correlated with resonance Raman spectra and docking calculations of the TSPP-BLG complex. Residues within 3 A were examined for alignment with the ligand and electron affinity. Candidate sites became the origin of an excess electron on the protein, and a separate computation was conducted with coarse-graining methods applied to favorable trajectories as described above. The unfolding determined by these simulations was compared to previously collected circular dichroism data of TSPP-BLG complexes.
Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and Bcl-2 levels correlate with breast cancer response to chemotherapy.

Purpose The relevance of apoptosis to breast cancer response to chemotherapy is unclear. We investigated whether changes in tumor cell apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression immediately after chemotherapy correlated with response to breast cancer treatment. Patients and methods Serial core biopsies of 25 breast cancer primary tumors were performed at either two or three time points: before treatment (N = 24) and approximately 24 hours (N = 22) and/or 48 hours (N = 19) after the initiation of the first cycle of chemotherapy. Apoptosis levels were quantified by use of a fluorescent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) stain, and Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by semiquantitative immunohistochemical assays. All calculated P values were two sided. Results The apoptosis level at 48 hours was significantly higher in the tumors with pathological complete response or 1 cm residual disease (median, 7%; range, 1%-36%); Mann-Whitney test. This difference was also present in the subgroup of 16 tumors treated with docetaxel/doxorubicin chemotherapy (25% vs 4%, respectively). A decrease in Bcl2 expression after chemotherapy relative to the expression from the pretreatment sample also correlated with disease response. Specifically, three of the nine tumors with a decrease in Bcl-2 had a pathological complete response, compared with 0 of the 15 tumors with stable levels of Bcl-2 (Fisher's exact test). There was no relationship between serial measurements of Bax and response. Discussion These data suggest that apoptosis may play an important role in determining breast cancer response to chemotherapy and that the level of treatment-induced apoptosis may have some value as a predictive marker.
Sports-related head injuries.

Head injuries in sports cause serious long-term problems. Appropriate acute and subacute management of both catastrophic and mild injuries can prevent secondary, potentially disabling or fatal injury. By understanding the mechanism of injury, classification, and epidemiology of sports-related head injury, pediatricians can appropriately care for their athletic patients. The symptoms of a mild head injury may be transient, but the cumulative effect may have permanent long-term sequelae. Continued clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science research is needed to help prevent head injuries and their sequelae in the future. Language: en
Cardiac asystole associated with seizures of right hemispheric onset

Ictal asystole is frequently underrecognized despite being a potentially lethal condition. We report two cases of ictal asystole with right hemispheric onset. These cases are unique since previous literature reports that seizures associated with bradyarrhythmias typically arise from left hemispheric foci. These cases further underscore the importance of clinical vigilance and the need of an enhanced diagnostic biomarker.
APE: an annotation language and middleware for energy-efficient mobile application development

Energy-efficiency is a key concern in continuously-running mobile applications, such as those for health and context monitoring. Unfortunately, developers must implement complex and customized power-management policies for each application. This involves the use of complex primitives and writing error-prone multithreaded code to monitor hardware state. To address this problem, we present APE, an annotation language and middleware service that eases the development of energy-efficient Android applications. APE annotations are used to demarcate a power-hungry code segment whose execution is deferred until the device enters a state that minimizes the cost of that operation. The execution of power-hungry operations is coordinated across applications by the APE middleware. Several examples show the expressive power of our approach. A case study of using APE annotations in a real mobile sensing application shows that annotations can cleanly specify a power management policy and reduce the complexity of its implementation. An empirical evaluation of the middleware shows that APE introduces negligible overhead and equals hand-tuned code in energy savings, in this case achieving 63.4% energy savings compared to the case when there is no coordination.
Cardiopulmonary Gas Exchange in the Turtle: A Model Analysis

The performance of the cardiorespiratory gas exchange system of the turtle, Pseudemys scripla, at rest and at three body temperatures (15, 25, 35°C), was assessed in reference to theory and experimental data. The primary processes governing gas exchange(ventilation, perfusion, diffusion) were found to be uniformly balanced in regard to CO2 exchange. This was not true for O2 transport where, at higher body temperature, the systemis characterized by underventilation and overperfusion in conjunction with declining O2 saturation levels. Adjustments in convection of air or blood, which favor improvement in arterial O2 saturation levels, are incompatible with stability of the CO2stores and acid-base state. The latter were preserved across the temperature range. Comparisons between bird, mammal, and turtle illustrate close similarity in the relative roles of the primary processes governing CO2 exchange. This persists in the face of wide differences inmetabolic intensity, cardiopulmonary architecture and complexity, and body temperatures characterizing the species which were compared. The close control of carbon dioxide transport may reflect a fundamental adjustment to air breathing by lungs as primitive vertebrates emerged from water to the terrestrial domain. From a regulatory point of view the study emphasizes the importance of both structural and functional control of CO2 homeostasis. It does not rule out regulatory features which may insure more effective O2 transport; however, the latter are not evident within the context of the steady state assumptions underlying this analysis.
Management of methylergonovine induced respiratory depression in a newborn with naloxone

Introduction. We report a case of a female neonate who developed respiratory depression following the unintentional administration of methylergonovine. The respiratory depression appeared to improve after the administration of bag mask ventilation, stimulation, and naloxone; and the baby was able to be managed without endotracheal intubation and prolonged positive-pressure ventilation. Case. A full-term female neonate was delivered vaginally without issue. Approximately 10 min after delivery, the infant was inadvertently administered 0.1 mg of methylergonovine intramuscularly instead of vitamin K. Thirty minutes later the child developed cyanotic extremities and respiratory depression with an oxygen saturation of 75%. Naloxone, 0.4 mg IM, was recommended to mitigate respiratory depression. Within 5 min the patient ’ s respirations improved to 40 breaths per minute, cyanosis improved, and she began resisting ventilations and crying loudly. The child continued to improve and was back to baseline that evening. Discussion. Methylergonovine toxicity in neonates has been commonly associated with respiratory depression necessitating ventilatory support. In consideration of chemical structural similarity between methylergonovine and morphine, as well as signs/symptoms consistent with opioid-induced respiratory depression, naloxone was suggested. Conclusion . It appears that naloxone may reverse methylergonovine toxicity in neonates. The identifi cation of a safe and potentially useful antidote to mitigate respiratory depression, potentially avoiding the need for intubation and more invasive interventions in this patient population is important.
Homoclinic orbits near heteroclinic cycles with one equilibrium and one periodic orbit

We analyze homoclinic orbits near codimension-1 and -2 heteroclinic cycles between an equilibrium and a periodic orbit for ordinary differential equations in three or higher dimensions. The main motivation for this study is a self-organized periodic replication process of travelling pulses which has been observed in reaction–diffusion equations. We establish conditions for existence and uniqueness of countably infinite families of curve segments of 1-homoclinic orbits which accumulate at codimension-1 or -2 heteroclinic cycles. The main result shows the bifurcation of a number of curves of 1-homoclinic orbits from such codimension-2 heteroclinic cycles which depends on a winding number of the transverse set of heteroclinic points. In addition, a leading order expansion of the associated curves in parameter space is derived. Its coefficients are periodic with one frequency from the imaginary part of the leading stable Floquet exponents of the periodic orbit and one from the winding number.
Third Generation Computer Systems

The common features of third generation operating systems are surveyed from a general view, with emphasis on the common abstractions that constitute at least the basis for a “theory” of operating systems. Properties of specific systems are not discussed except where examples are useful. The technical aspects of issues and concepts are stressed, the nontechnical aspects mentioned only briefly. A perfunctory knowledge of third generation systems is presumed.
Digital RF control for spallation neutron source accumulator ring

The proposed upgrade plan for the rf control of the spallation neutron source (SNS) accumulator ring requires that the new digital field control module (FCM) have the capability of adaptive feed forward (AFF) compensation for the heavy beam loading in the cavities. The feed forward compensation capability should support both the conventional software driven AFF algorithm and a new beam current driven AFF algorithm. A user-friendly Epics GUI for all the FCM functionalities is also a part of the requirement. The first prototype for test has been built. It is a narrowband system based on the conventional I/Q sampling scheme. Both the hardware and software are currently under test in the lab, and the field test in a near future has been planned.
Fairness and the Dynamic Stability of Institutions

Rawlsian fairness is motivated by two devices: the veil of ignorance that separates individuals from knowledge of their ultimate positions in society and the necessity of irrevocable consent. After making constitutional choices, individuals must live with the consequences of the distributive principles they have chosen; they cannot withdraw from society. Yet, in many problems of institutional choice, people can withdraw from cooperative arrangements after the allocation of benefits has been made. The relationship between fairness and stability in general problems of institutional choice is examined. In symmetric problems, fairness maximizes the stability of institutions. When one individual has a higher valued outside option, maximizing institutional stability requires assigning to that individual a correspondingly large share of the benefits of cooperation. An individual for whom the benefits of cooperation are more prone to risk must generally receive a larger share of the benefits of cooperation if ins...
Choosing Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Patients With Multivessel Disease What Can We Learn From the Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study (ARTS)

The ARTS trial was one of 11 randomized trials comparing an initial strategy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the treatment of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.1–11 Six of these trials used balloon angioplasty in the PCI arm,1–6 whereas the 5 most recent trials (of which ARTS was the largest, with 1205 patients) used stents in the PCI arm.7–11 The results of these 11 trials were concordant in that the frequency of death and myocardial infarction in both arms was similar, although freedom from repeat procedures and angina was superior in the surgical arms. Few trials included stroke as an end point (the exclusion of stroke would generally favor the CABG arm); in the ARTS trial, however, the combined end point of survival free of myocardial infarction or stroke was similar in the 2 groups at 3 years (87.2% for PCI versus 88.4% for CABG, P =NS), whereas the composite end point, which included repeat revascularization, markedly favored CABG. See p 1114 The results of the trials using balloon angioplasty and stents differed in 2 important ways. In the balloon angioplasty trials, the frequency with which urgent or emergency CABG was required in the PCI arm during the index hospitalization ranged from 5% to 10%, whereas in the stent trials, fewer than 1% of PCI patients required urgent or emergency CABG. The second difference relates to the frequency of restenosis in the PCI arms of the trials. Those trials in which stents were used had less than half the frequency of restenosis and target vessel revascularization of the earlier balloon angioplasty trials. This difference was only partly due to the large reduction in restenosis seen with bare (non–drug-eluting) stents; it was also due in part to less follow-up angiography and …
Specific antibody to the thyrotropin receptor identifies multiple receptor forms in membranes of cells transfected with wild-type receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: characterization of their relevance to receptor synthesis, processing, structure, and function.

An antibody to a peptide of the TSH receptor, residues 352-366 which are not present in gonadotropin receptors, specifically identifies three major forms of the receptor on Western blots of detergent-solubilized membrane preparations from Cos-7 cells transfected with full-length rat and human TSH receptor cDNA: 230, 180, and 95-100 kilodaltons (kDa), based on simultaneously run protein standards. The 95- to 100-kDa protein is absent in cells transfected with a mutant receptor with no signal peptide and is sensitive to endoglycosidase-F. Its size is consistent with the sum of amino acids predicted from its cDNA sequence (84 kDa after subtracting the signal peptide) plus its carbohydrate content (14 kDa estimated from glycosylation mutants). It alone is absent in two deletion mutants that have lost TSH binding and activity after transfection: M1 missing residues 37-121 and M2 missing residues 110-307. It, thus, appears to be the processed glycosylated functional receptor on the cell surface. The 230-kDa pro...
Enzymatic polymerization of amphiphilic alkyl tyrosine derivatives from emulsions

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed polymerizations of amphiphilic derivatives of d - and l -isomers of tyrosine have been carried out in micellar solutions. The rate of polymerization has been found to be maximum at a pH of 6.1–6.2 and showed a second-order dependence on the monomer concentration. This enzyme shows stereospecificity towards the d -isomer compared to the l -isomer, which is consistent with the aqueous reaction with underivatized isomers of tyrosine. The resulting polymers, having a molecular weight of 2700, have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and 1 H NMR. The polymer shows surface activity at the air-water interface unlike the corresponding monomer, which aggregates under identical conditions.
Use of Tissue-Specific Promoters in the Regulation of Aromatase Cytochrome P450 Gene Expression in Human Testicular and Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors, as well as in Normal Fetal and Adult Gonads*

We have previously demonstrated that the tissue-specific regulation of human aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) gene expression is, in part, the consequence of the use of tissue-specific promoters. Promoter I.1 (PI.1) and PI.2-specific transcripts are expressed in the placenta, whereas promoter II (PII) appears to be the only active promoter in the corpus luteum. Testicular and ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules (SCTATs) associated with gynecomastia in prepubertal boys and isosexual precocity in girls with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (P-JS) have been previously reported. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory elements directing P450arom gene transcription in samples of SCTAT from three prepubertal boys and a girl with P-JS and an ovarian granulosa cell tumor from an adult woman, as well as in healthy fetal and adult testicular and ovarian tissues. Placental tissue was used as a control. Using polymerase chain reaction linked to reverse transcription and northern blotting, we determine...
The future of MEMS in energy technologies

The 21st century requires innovative solutions to meet the ever increasing demand for ultra portable and highly efficient energy technologies. Micro-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS) have shown significant promise in providing robust, low-cost transduction capabilities. MEMS sensors and actuators are ideally suited for small-scale energy harvesting and power generation applications where overall device dimensions are critical. Furthermore, MEMS technology can also be harnessed for large scale energy applications by augmenting these systems with sensing and actuation capabilities in order to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. This paper highlights some current MEMS research for energy applications and also explores some areas of the energy industry which might benefit from integration with MEMS.
The contextual relativity of the grammatical morpheme

The context of a morpheme's occurrence is the best predictor of the difficulty Spanish- and Cakchiquel-speaking children will have in acquiring it.
The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the gas-liquid interface of a sonic gas jet submerged in a liquid

It is well known that the small perturbation equation governing steady or mildly unsteady potential flow in a sonic gas jet is nonlinear. However, for a sonic gas jet submerged in a liquid with a disturbance on the gas-liquid interface, it is shown that the transient motion of the gas dominates, and the nonlinear term due to accumulation of disturbances in the basic flow becomes negligible; the condition necessary for the applicability of the linearized governing equation is obtained. It is demonstrated that most gas-jet/liquid systems of physical interest satisfy this condition and that the margin with which this condition is satisfied improves as the wave velocity of the disturbance or, more particularly, as the stagnation pressure or density of the gas for a given gas-liquid system increases. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the gas-liquid interface of a sonic gas jet submerged in a liquid is predominantly governed by the transfer of energy from the gas phase to the liquid layer, both through wave-drag and ‘lift’ components of the pressure perturbation; at and above the cut-off wavenumber, which only exists for very low viscosity liquids owing to the stabilizing effect of surface tension, the pressure perturbation becomes in phase with the wave amplitude. It is shown that for low viscosity liquids the phase angle between the pressure perturbation exerted by the gas phase on the liquid a t the gas-liquid interface and the wave amplitude, which is the measure of the relative effectiveness of the ‘lift’ and wave-drag components of the pressure perturbation, is a function of the density ratio (ratio of gas density a t throat conditions to liquid density). At low density ratios both of these components are operative; however, at high density ratios the wave-drag component becomes dominant. The analysis further shows that the cut-off wave- number and the wavenumber a t maximum instability decrease with increasing density ratio. For highly viscous liquids and liquids having finite viscosity the pressure perturbation is always out of phase with the wave amplitude, and no cut-off wavenumber exists, i.e. the gas-liquid interface is always unstable in spite of the stabilizing effect of viscosity and surface tension.
Early development of glycine- and GABA-mediated synapses in rat spinal cord

Motoneuron responses to the inhibitory amino acids glycine and GABA, and the contribution of inhibitory synapses to developing sensorimotor synapses were studied in rat spinal cords during the last week in utero. In differentiating motoneurons, glycine and GABA induced Cl(-)-dependent membrane depolarizations and large decreases in membrane resistance. These responses gradually decreased during embryonic development, and at birth they were significantly smaller than in embryos. In motoneurons of embryos and neonates, dorsal root stimulation produced only depolarizing potentials, some of which reversed at -50 mV membrane potential. Reduction of extracellular Cl- concentrations increased the amplitude of these potentials, suggesting that they are generated by Cl- current. Contribution of Cl(-)-dependent potentials to compound dorsal root-evoked potentials was studied by determining the effects of glycine and GABA antagonists on them. In motoneurons of embryos at days 16-17 of gestation (D16-D17), strychnine or bicuculline blocked dorsal root-evoked potentials. This suppression was neither the result of a decrease in neuronal excitability nor the inhibition of glutamate receptors. Strychnine-evoked depression was not blocked by atropine, indicating that it was not due to disinhibition of muscarinic synapses. By D19, strychnine and bicuculline significantly increased dorsal root-evoked potentials rather than blocking them. This reversed function did not result from an increase in neuronal excitability or changes in the specificity of strychnine and bicuculline antagonism. The number of glycine- and GABA-immunoreactive cells increased 20% between D17 and D19. The number of immunoreactive cells and fibers significantly increased in the motor nuclei and dorsal horn laminae. These morphological changes may contribute to establishment of new synaptic contacts on motoneurons, thus changing the actions of strychnine and bicuculline on dorsal root-evoked potentials.
Asymmetry and Nonstationarity in the Farm Size Distribution of Wisconsin Milk Producers: An Aggregate Analysis

A Markov model is developed to test the nonstationarity and asymmetry of factors affecting the evolution of Wisconsin dairy farms using aggregate data. The model is used to examine how prices, interest rates, debt, drought, and the dairy termination program affected farm growth and the entry and exit of Wisconsin dairy farms by size categories during 1972–92.
Efficient access to Web services

For Web services to expand across the Internet, users need to be able to efficiently access and share Web services. The authors present a query infrastructure that treats Web services as first-class objects. It evaluates queries through the invocations of different Web service operations. Because efficiency plays a central role in such evaluations, the authors propose a query optimization model based on aggregating the quality of Web service (QoWS) parameters of different Web services. The model adjusts QoWS through a dynamic rating scheme and multilevel matching in which the rating provides an assessment of Web services' behavior. Multilevel matching allows the expansion of the solution space by enabling similar and partial answers.
Lithium Responsive Children and Adolescents

The validity of the concept of affective disorders in children has long been debated. Recent advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of Major Depressions in children. This paper is based on observations of seriously disturbed, hospitalized children who have distinctive physiological and behavioral states, and respond to lithium.
Immersion, Service, and Civic Engagement in South Africa: Thoughts on Teaching Without a Syllabus

The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which study abroad, immersion, and service can be combined in a way that is most beneficial for the students and the local communities where the students visit. To examine this issue, I focus on a few specific questions: What is the purpose of a study abroad experience? What is cultural immersion and is it an important goal for study abroad programs? What are the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a 'community service' project as part of a study abroad experience? As will become clear, even if there is agreement on the purposes and goals of study abroad, cultural immersion, and service learning, it is imperative that students, teachers, and administrators think critically about how to implement such programs if we are to provide meaningful study abroad and community service opportunities to our students.
Complexes and their Effects on III—V Compounds

The degree and type of activation of any given impurity in III–V compounds is noted to be significantly affected by the presence of other selected impurities within the host material. Certain impurity combinations are believed to favour the formation of electrically active complexes; other complexes can be formed which are electrically neutral. Selected impurities are thought to be capable of breaking previously formed complexes and substituting new complexes. Other impurities, while not capable of breaking previously formed complexes, are noted to prevent the further formation of these same complexes. Neutral complexes in insulating material may be electrically activated by impurities capable of breaking these complexes; thus, insulating III–V materials must be carefully qualified by screening for these delitescent conditions. Heuristic examples are given.
Abstract WP62: Enhanced Neuroprotection of Normobaric Oxygenation with Ethanol Conferred by Apoptosis Reduction in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objectives: Normobaric oxygenation (NBO) has been shown to provide neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro . Yet, a recent Phase 2 clinical trial investigating NBO therapy in acute ischemic stroke was terminated due to questionable therapeutic benefit. NBO therapy alone may be insufficient to produce improved outcomes. In our recent study, we demonstrated a strong neuroprotective effect of ethanol at a dose of 1.5 g/kg (equivalent to the human legal driving limit). In this study, we sought to identify whether low-dose ethanol administration enhances the neuroprotection offered by NBO and whether combined administration of NBO with ethanol is associated with reduced apoptosis. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h, followed by reperfusion. Ischemic animals received either an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 g/kg ethanol, 2 h of 100% NBO, or both ethanol and NBO. The Cell Death Detection ELISA Assay (Roche) was performed to determine apoptotic cell death at 24 h after reperfusion. Levels of pro-apoptotic (Caspase-3, Bcl-2-associated X-BAX, and Apoptosis-Inducing Factor-AIF) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) were determined by Western blot analysis at 3 and 24 h after reperfusion. Results: As expected, untreated ischemic rats had the highest apoptotic cell death. Combined NBO/ethanol therapy decreased cell death by 48%, as compared to 29% with ethanol and 22% with NBO. Similarly, combined NBO/ethanol therapy promoted the greatest expression of anti-apoptotic factors and the lowest expression of pro-apoptotic proteins at 3 h after reperfusion. This effect was maintained at 24 h and even more pronounced for AIF and Caspase-3. Conclusions: Given singularly, NBO and ethanol improved the degree of cell death, decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, and increased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Yet, when administered together, their effects largely compounded. These results suggest a synergistic neuroprotection offered by NBO with ethanol, which may be attributed at least in part to their shared role in modulating neuronal apoptosis.
The Semiotic Web of the Law

As I read this I was astonished by the semiotic intuition of the protesters, by the way they simultaneously wove together subtle signs from American legal, political and pop culture to give Justice O’Connor’s texts new meaning. Their play on the near-homonyms “Sandra Day” and “Sandra Dee” was particularly astute. Sandra Dee, for those of you who make it a point not to store the trivia of pop culture in your memories, was a blonde movie star of the ’50s known for her role as the original “Gidget,” a naive character who hung out at the beach and adored the boys who exploited her while they pretended to teach her how to ride a surfboard.3 A decade later, her innocence was satirized in the musical Grease by a chorus of street-wise young females chiding, “Look at me, I’m Sandra Dee, lousy with virginity.” 4Thus was the first female Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court reduced to the level of a Malibu surfer groupie. And thus did the protesters produce a new meaning for Justice O’Connor’s judicial opinions: namely, if I may offer a bowdlerized version, that her opinions represent naive, old-fashioned submission to male dominance, here in the form of the aggressive Rehnquist.
On the Idea of Permanence

This essay explores the changing understanding archivists have had of the idea of permanence as it applies to the records in their custody. Though it seems to be an absolute, archivists have in fact used this word to denote very different ideas and concepts, ranging from permanence of the information in documents to permanence of the physical objects themselves. Today, archivists are increasingly reluctant to employ the idea at all, and the essay concludes with some speculations about the future of archives without permanence.
Direct dynamics simulation of dissociation of the [CH3--I--OH]- ion-molecule complex.

Direct dynamics simulations were used to study dissociation of the [CH3--I--OH]− complex ion, which was observed in a previous study of the OH– + CH3I gas phase reaction (J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 7162). Restricted B97-1 simulations were performed to study dissociation at 65, 75, and 100 kcal/mol and the [CH3--I--OH]− ion dissociated exponentially, in accord with RRKM theory. For these energies the major dissociation products are CH3I + OH–, CH2I– + H2O, and CH3OH + I–. Unrestricted B97-1 and restricted and unrestricted CAM-B3LYP simulations were also performed at 100 kcal/mol to compare with the restricted B97-1 results. The {CH3I + OH–}:{CH2I– + H2O}:{CH3OH + I–} product ratio is 0.72:0.15:0.13, 0.81:0.05:0.14, 0.71:0.19:0.10, and 0.83:0.13:0.04 for the restricted B97-1, unrestricted B97-1, restricted CAM-B3LYP, and unrestricted CAM-B3LYP simulations, respectively. Other product channels found are CH2 + I– + H2O, CH2 + I–(H2O), CH4 + IO–, CH3– + IOH, and CH3 + IOH–. The CH3– + IOH singlet products are...
Enabling Mechanisms in the Origin of Sociality in the Hymenoptera—the Sting's the Thing

Group living carries a special cost in added parasite and predator pressure because of clumping of individuals. In insects, such pressure comes primarily from larger, vertebrate predators. At the earliest social stages, social defense measures have not yet evolved, so that predators must be resisted with devices existing in solitary individuals. In the absence of these, predator pressure is an obstacle to the evolution of sociality. The aculeate Hymenoptera have such a device in the sting, unique in its power against very large enemies. The view is developed here that this has allowed the Aculeata to surmount the large-predator obstacle and facilitated the origin of sociality. A corollary to this view is that restriction of the sting to females is sufficient to account for the worker caste being female in all species.
Blood pressure reduction by CCl4 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

It has been established that the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) presents an experimental model whose pathogenesis resembles that of essential hypertension in man. A great advantage of this model is that the entire life history of this disease is compressed within a time frame of two years. Many antihypertensive agents have been found effective in reducing blood pressure in SHR animals. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl/sub 4/) treatment has resulted in blood pressure reduction and subsequent elevation after discontinuing treatment in Grollman renal hypertensive rats and in endocrine hypertensive rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), could be modified by CCl/sub 4/ treatment and to evaluate its effects on kidney and liver tissue.
Efficient Reduction of CO2 to CO with High Current Density Using in Situ or ex Situ Prepared Bi-Based Materials

The development of inexpensive electrocatalysts that can promote the reduction of CO2 to CO with high selectivity, efficiency, and large current densities is an important step on the path to renewable production of liquid carbon-based fuels. While precious metals such as gold and silver have historically been the most active cathode materials for CO2 reduction, the price of these materials precludes their use on the scale required for fuel production. Bismuth, by comparison, is an affordable and environmentally benign metal that shows promise for CO2 conversion applications. In this work, we show that a bismuth–carbon monoxide evolving catalyst (Bi-CMEC) can be formed under either aqueous or nonaqueous conditions using versatile electrodeposition methods. In situ formation of this thin-film catalyst on an inexpensive carbon electrode using an organic soluble Bi3+ precursor streamlines preparation of this material and generates a robust catalyst for CO2 reduction. In the presence of appropriate imidazolium...
Gender Differences in Adrenal Cortex Steroid Production in SHR/N-Corpulent Rats

AbstractGender differences in adrenal steroid hormone production and serum steroid hormone levels were compared in the spontaneous hypertensive/NIH-corpulent (cp) rat, which exhibits characteristics of both obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The study demonstrated that adrenal gland size correlated with adrenal production and serum levels of steroid hormones. Obese female SHR/N-cp rats were more steroidogenic than male SHR/N-cp rats; the size of their adrenal glands was twice that of the males (70 vs 33 mg). Body weights averaged 666 g for females and 829 g for males. Obese female rats had significantly higher serum concentrations of both corticosterone (827 vs 536 ng/ml) and aldosterone (675 vs 482 pg/ml) than obese male rats. As determined by in vitro assay, adrenal cortex production of corticosterone (2157 vs 1435 ng/30 min) and aldosterone (13.3 vs 9.5 ng/30 min) was significantly higher in obese female than in obese male rats. Adrenal production of testosterone in the in vitro assay...
Dynamic Aspects on Inorganic Nitrogen in Different Texture Soils of Tea Field

砂質土壌と粘質土壌を用い無機態窒素の動態を,施肥量,施肥時期と肥料を変えて2年間にわたり検討した。1 NH4-NとNO3-Nの土壌中の含有量を1年間にわたり分析した結果,NH4-Nは4～6月にその含有量が最も高く,秋から冬にかけて低い値を示した。この傾向は砂質土壌において,3～6月の施肥後降雨量が少ないと顕著に現われていた。NO3-Nは5～7月と11月に含有量のピークがあり,8～10月と1～4月に谷を持つ経年変化を砂質,粘質土壌で示していた。特にこの周期性は砂質土壌で顕著であった。砂質と粘質土壌についてNH4-NとNO3-Nの含有量を比較すると,NH4-Nは施肥後の降雨量の少なかった1982年度は砂質土壌で高い値を示したが,降雨量の多かった1983年度では粘質土壌でやや高い値を示した。NO3-Nは砂質土壌の方が粘質土壌よりも含有量が高かった。この傾向は第1層で顕著であった。2施肥量,施肥時期,肥料の種類の差異についてみると,施肥量では増施区が慣行区よりNH4-N,NO3-N含量が両土壌とも高かった。また春の施肥量を増すと,NH4-N含量は1982年度で両土壌とも高かった。肥料の種類別にみると,1982年度の砂質土壌のNH4-N含量が第1,第2層とも4～5月にかけて慣行区が有機質区より高かったが,6月に入ると有機質区の方が高かった。NO3-N含量は砂質土壌の有機質区が5～6月と11月で高いレベルを維持した。3 茶芽の生育と全窒素含有率についてみると,茶芽の生育(出開度)と芽長は,春増施区と有機質区でそれぞれ高い値を示した。茶芽の全窒素含有率は,砂質土壌で生育した茶芽の方が粘質土壌の茶芽より大であった。また増施区,春増施区,有機質区ともに慣行区より大であった。本試験を実施するにあたり,御協力をいただいた奈良農試茶業分場の職員の皆様に深く謝意を表するものである。また本試験をとりまとめるにあたり,懇切丁寧なる御教示をいただいた農水省茶試栽培部前土肥室長の石垣博士,小菅土肥室長,竹尾製茶部長に深く感謝申し上げるものである。
Endocannabinoid-related lipids are increased during an episode of cyclic vomiting syndrome

Background The endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are important neuromodulators of nausea and vomiting. This led us to hypothesize that patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) have lower serum endocannabinoids (eCBs) and higher salivary cortisol and alpha amylase. Methods Serum eCBs and related lipids, N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and salivary cortisol, and alpha amylase (index of sympathetic nervous system activity) were measured in 22 CVS patients (age 40 ± 11, female = 17) in the well and sick phases and 12 matched controls (age 37 ± 12, female = 10). Key Results Contrary to our hypothesis, serum concentrations of the eCBs were not different among the study groups. However, serum concentrations of OEA and PEA were significantly higher during the sick than well phase in CVS patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.04). There were positive correlations between serum PEA and nausea scores in the sick phase (Pearson's rho = 0.48, p = 0.036) and between serum OEA and poor sleep quality in patients (Pearson's rho = 0.7, p = 0.0005). Salivary cortisol and alpha amylase were not different between patients and controls, but subgroup analysis revealed that both were significantly higher in marijuana users compared to non-users during the sick phase (p = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions & Inferences These data demonstrate that eCB-related lipids, OEA and PEA, are mobilized in the sick phase of CVS and are positively correlated with several of the symptoms of a CVS episode. These data also suggest the hypothesis that chronic marijuana use results in enhanced stress responses during CVS.
On Urban and Suburban Education Resource Configuration under the Viewpoint of Public Education Policy

It is clarified that urban and suburban social economy structure leads to urban and suburban education duality,that is,the imbalance between urban and suburban education.It is analyzed that the exist and continuing enlarging of unfair difference between urban and suburban education are grim reality of the current education fair development in China and it also influences the social fair development.It is pointed out that the government,as a body part of public eudcation policy implementation,should set the education resource from a fair angle reason-ably and compensate and take care of the weak suburban area.
Depolarization Due to the Resonance Tail During a Fast Resonance Jump

In this paper we examine the mechanism of depolarization due to a fast resonance jump. We find that the dominant effect for cases of interest is not dependent on the rate of passage through resonance, but rather on the size of the resonance jump as compared to the width, e, of the resonance. The results are applied to a calculation of depolarization in the AGS at Brookhaven National Laboratory.