cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton Groups from the Deuteron Bombardment of Boron

Protons emitted when boron enriched to 96 percent ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ was bombarded by 3.76-Mev deuterons have been observed at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Groups corresponding to $Q$-values of 9.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, 7.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 4.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 4.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08, 2.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, 1.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, 0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10, and 0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 Mev were found. These have relative intensities at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0.6, 16, 13, and 0.8. The intensity of the lowest energy group was not determined, since it was only just distinguishable from the scattered beam. The bombardment of unseparated boron gave no significant results, because of the presence of large amounts of an impurity, probably magnesium as the boride.
Trace-element and organic carbon content of surface sediment from Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan

Grand Traverse Bay occupies a drowned preglacial river valley and is separated from Lake Michigan by a shallow sill. The surface sediment of the bay is largely calcareous mud with a high content of organic carbon. The trace-element concentration of acid-peroxide extracts from the sediment is a function of the mean grain size; the higher trace-element concentrations are found in extracts prepared from the finer grained surface sediment. Fine grain sizes, high organic carbon content, and high trace-element content are found to be similar in surface sediment from the central trough of the East Bay and from three stations in the lower West Bay, an area in which the sedimentation is influenced by the Boardman River. Regression equations that treat mean grain size, expressed in phi units, as the independent variable have been developed; these equations can be used to estimate trace-element content of acid-peroxide extracts prepared from surface sediment. The regression equations show that sediment being deposited in the Boardman plume area of the lower West Bay, compared to surface sediment in other parts of the bay, is enriched in Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and organic carbon.
ARMA-HMM: A new approach for early recognition of human activity

Early Recognition of human activities is a highly desirable functionality for many visual intelligent systems. However, in computer vision, very few work have been devoted to this challenging and interesting task. In this paper, we address human activity early recognition as a pattern recognition problem of time series data. A new model called ARMA-HMM is introduced to integrate both the predictive power of sequential model HMM and time series model ARMA. We also present a novel feature called Histogram of Oriented Velocity (HOV) to encode activity video as a sequential observation of motion signals. Experiments on a daily activity dataset and a realistic YouTube sports dataset show promising results of the proposed method.
MicroRNAs in the Development and Progression of Kidney Cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a genetically and histopathologically heterogeneous disorder, is the most lethal of all genitourinary cancers and is generally refractory to current treatment regimens, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Targeted therapies against critical signaling pathways associated with RCC pathogenesis, such as von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), have shown limited efficacy so far. Therefore, there has been much interest in identifying novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, risk assessment, and the design of novel therapeutic interventions for the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be differentially expressed in RCC and play an important role in RCC pathogenesis. Studies have analyzed global miRNA expression profiles and the functional role of specific miRNAs in RCC. Here, we review our current understanding about the role of miRNAs in RCC by summarizing findings from various studies. Several miRNA-profiling studies have been conducted to identify specific miRNA signatures capable of distinguishing tumor from normal tissue, identifying RCC subtypes and the potential use of miRNAs in prognosis. Specific miRNAs have been found to be associated with key signaling pathways implicated in RCC pathogenesis (including pVHL-HIF, VEGF, mTOR signaling). Although current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in RCC pathogenesis is far from complete, key future challenges await in the use of miRNAs as novel biomarkers for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of novel therapies for improved clinical management of the disease.
A reassessment of the mandibular transverse horizontal axis theory

1. Within the limits of accuracy imposed by individual operators, equipment, and patient variations, a single transverse horizontal axis can usually appear to be located. 2. Location of a kinematic axis is worthwhile clinical procedure to transfer an arc of rotation in the sagittal plane from the patient to an articulator. 3. Past experiments have been useful, but none have proved or disproved the presence of colinear or noncolinear condyle arcs. Only the arc of the rigid clutch and its associated mechanism is located. Such an apparent arc may result from the resolution of compound condylar movements. 4. The right angle-nonright angle concept is misleading and generally is not applicable to clinical procedures. 5. The anatomic asymmetries of the axis transfer procedure may result in cast dislocations that may produce undesirable alterations in esthetic tooth positions. 6. The single transverse horizontal axis as a fact in articulating instruments and as a theory in the human craniomandibular complex. 7. The terms "transverse horizontal mandibular axis" and "intercondylar axis" should not be confused or used as synonyms. The term "transverse horizontal mandibular axis" ("hinge axis") should be used instead of "condylar" or "intercondylar" axis.
Pediatric Advanced Life Support Update for the Emergency Physician: Review of 2010 Guideline Changes

Important changes were introduced in the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of death in many parts of the world, and despite important advances in medical science, the outcome of cardiopulmonary arrest is poor. The fundamental changes in the American Heart Association 2010 guidelines include the new recommendation to begin resuscitation with chest compression, airway, and breathing. We will review and discuss how to approach a successful pediatric resuscitation with the maintenance of adequate coronary artery and cerebral artery perfusion and, ultimately, how to improve outcomes in infants and children.
The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 Gene Encodes a Putative F-Box Subunit of an SCF E3 Ubiquitin Ligase

The Arabidopsis SLY1 (SLEEPY1) gene positively regulates gibberellin (GA) signaling. Positional cloning of SLY1 revealed that it encodes a putative F-box protein. This result suggests that SLY1 is the F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates GA responses. The DELLA domain protein RGA (repressor of ga1-3) is a repressor of GA response that appears to undergo GA-stimulated protein degradation. RGA is a potential substrate of SLY1, because sly1 mutations cause a significant increase in RGA protein accumulation even after GA treatment. This result suggests SCFSLY1-targeted degradation of RGA through the 26S proteasome pathway. Further support for this model is provided by the observation that an rga null allele partially suppresses the sly1-10 mutant phenotype. The predicted SLY1 amino acid sequence is highly conserved among plants, indicating a key role in GA response.
The design of Maxwellian absorbers for numerical boundary conditions and for practical applications using engineered artificial materials

A Maxwellian material interpretation of the Berenger (see J. Computat. Phys., vol.114, p.185-200, 1994) perfectly matched layer (PML) is developed using polarization and magnetization fields. The PML material is found to be a passive lossy electric and magnetic medium with particular conductivity and Debye dispersion characteristics. Although it is recognized that the PML medium is physically unrealizable, this polarization and magnetization field interpretation reveals the necessary characteristics of a perfect electromagnetic absorber. A Maxwellian material that has perfect absorption properties and may be physically realizable is derived with these concepts. This Maxwellian absorber is based upon a time-derivative Lorentz material (TD-LM) model for the dispersive and absorptive electric and magnetic properties of a material. This TD-LM model represents a straightforward generalization of the standard Lorentz material model to include the time derivatives of the fields as driving mechanisms for the polarization and magnetization fields. The numerical implementation of the perfect absorber is given and the resulting reflection coefficients from a perfect electric conductor-backed slab of this material are characterized. It is shown for broad bandwidth pulsed fields that this Maxwellian TD-LM slab, like the non-Maxwellian PML, has absorption characteristics in the 70-110-dB range for large angles of incidence. Strategies are discussed for engineering this dispersive electric and magnetic TD-LM absorber artificially with a substrate that has an array of pairs of appropriately designed small coil-loaded dipole radiating elements embedded in it.
The future impact of wind on BPA power system ancillary services

Wind power is growing in a very fast pace as an alternative generating resource. As the ratio of wind power over total system capacity increases, the impact of wind on various system aspects becomes significant. This paper presents a methodology to study the future impact of wind on BPA power system ancillary services including load following and regulation. Existing approaches for similar analysis include dispatch model simulation and standard deviation evaluation. The methodology proposed in this paper uses historical data and stochastic processes to simulate the load balancing processes in BPA power system. Then capacity, ramp rate and ramp duration characteristics are extracted from the simulation results, and load following and regulation requirements are calculated accordingly. It mimics the actual power system operations therefore the results can be more realistic yet the approach is convenient to perform. Further, the ramp rate and ramp duration data obtained from the analysis can be used to evaluate generator response or maneuverability and energy requirement, respectively, additional to the capacity requirement.
The role of adsorbed proteins in platelet adhesion onto polymer surfaces

Polymer surfaces adsorb plasma proteins upon contact with blood. The nature of this adsorbed layer may determine the extent of platelet adhesion onto these surfaces. It is proposed in this study that incomplete terminal oligosaccharides, galactose, and N-acetyl-glucos-amine in adsorbed fibrinogen and γ-globulin are mainly responsible for the platelet adhesion, possibly via glycosyl transferase reactions. In order to verify these proposed mechanisms, platelet–protein interactions in the bulk state and platelet aggregation caused by the interactions were studied. The study was further extended into the reactions of platelets with adsorbed proteins. Data on protein adsorption from blood plasma onto model polymers (Teflon FEP, silastic rubber, Avcothane, and Biomer) provide supportive evidence for the proposed mechanism. The results discussed in this paper emphasize the important role of protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces and the possible involvement of specific reactions in platelet adhesion.
U.S. Evidence Laws and Their Influence on Mold Litigation Outcomes

The architectural/engineering/construction (AEC) industry has been inundated with disputes concerning excessive mold growth that arose from improper construction or maintenance of the built environment. Despite scientific evidence that shows that exposure to so-called toxic molds does not produce illness, costly legal disputes arise. This paper focuses on instances in which the outcome of mold lawsuits hinged on the jurisdiction where a claim is filed, because of differing expert witness testimony standards. A basic understanding of the implementation of U.S. evidence laws in federal and state courts is presented, select mold dispute cases from varying jurisdictions are summarized, and conclusions are drawn regarding the dispute-resolution trends in this area.
Invited editorial on “The alcohol breath test”

respiratory gas exchange physiology began with the description of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in a one-compartment lung, followed decades later by investigation of the effects of heterogeneity. Those studies were followed by experiments utilizing multiple intravenously infused inert gases of
Criminal Justice Graduate Programs at the Beginning of the 21st Century: A Curriculum Analysis

The needs of students seeking graduate degrees in criminal justice have shifted significantly over the past few decades, and this shift has been in conjunction with the changes to the field of criminology and criminal justice. Indeed, criminal justice graduate students today must not only master criminological theory, research, and administrative policy but also need computer and writing skills, as well as exposure to race, gender, and ethical issues. This study examines the focus that modern-day criminal justice graduate programs place on these areas by reviewing their curricula. Specifically, the authors examined 118 criminal justice masters programs that had curricula online during the spring and summer semesters of 2004. They found that the programs' curricula continue to place strong emphasis on traditional courses such as research, theory, and criminal justice administration, while placing less emphasis on courses centering on race, gender, ethics, computer applications, and comparative criminal jus...
Development and Validation of a Method for Approximating Road Surface Texture‐Induced Contact Pressure in Tire‐Pavement Interaction

Abstract In tire‐pavement interaction, road surface texture is an important variable that influences many properties such as tire noise, skid resistance, vehicle performance, and rolling resistance. Efforts to understand and quantify these texture effects have been limited by difficulties in experimentally and theoretically determining the many individual contact areas and contact pressures produced by irregularly‐shaped asperities indenting the tire tread. The numerical method developed here to approximate the contact information is based on classical two‐dimensional (2D) contact theory. The purpose of this paper is to describe this development. The method computes information on texture‐induced contact pressure and length. The required inputs are 2D road surface texture data, tread rubber modulus, and tire inflation pressure. The approximated contact information is used to characterize road surfaces and advance understanding of how their textures affect tire‐pavement interaction.
Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A

Background: Genetically engineered ‘‘Golden Rice’’ contains up to 35 lg b-carotene per gram of rice. It is important to determine the vitamin A equivalency of Golden Rice b-carotene to project the potential effect of this biofortified grain in rice-consuming populations that commonly exhibit low vitamin A status. Objective: The objective was to determine the vitamin A value of intrinsically labeled dietary Golden Rice in humans. Design: Golden Rice plants were grown hydroponically with heavy water (deuterium oxide) to generate deuterium-labeled [ 2 H]b-carotene in the rice grains. Golden Rice servings of 65–98 g (130–200 g cooked rice) containing 0.99–1.53 mg b-carotene were fed to 5 healthy adult volunteers (3 women and 2 men) with 10 g butter. A reference dose of [ 13 C10]retinyl acetate (0.4–1.0 mg) in oil was given to each volunteer 1 wk before ingestion of the Golden Rice dose. Blood samples were collected over 36 d. Results: Our results showed that the mean (6SD) area under the curve
High-fidelity and time-driven simulation of large wireless networks with parallel processing

Parallel processing is a promising technique for reducing the execution time of a large and complex wireless network simulation. In this article, a parallel processing technique is presented for time-driven simulations of large and complex wireless networks. The technique explicitly considers the physical-layer details of wireless network simulators such as shadowing and co-channel interference. The technique uses multiple processors interconnected with highspeed links. Principles and issues are elaborated, including workload partitioning, synchronization, and database design. Numerical results from two different wireless network simulators employing the technique are presented to demonstrate the performance of the technique. The results indicate that the technique can significantly improve the run-time performance of time-driven simulations of large and complicated wireless networks of different types.
Climatic temperature records in δD data from tree rings

The δD time series for seven trees from six locations in North America were analyzed and compared with the regional temperature and precipitation records. Correlations between the δD and temperature are found to be particularly good for low-frequency variations or long-term trends. Trees from locations with simple climate regimes and flat topography are potentially good temperature recorders. The moisture-dependent effect on the δD values of tree cellulose is only evident for the δD record of a valley oak collected from an arid valley near Los Angeles, California, USA. In such an arid environment, the correlation between δD and temperature may be poor due to limited number of rainy days during a year and the strong effect of the amount of precipitation on the δD values of trees.
Establishment of an index with increased sensitivity for assessing murine arthritis.

The goals of our study were to establish quantitative outcomes for assessing murine knee arthritis and develop an Arthritis Index that incorporates multiple outcomes into a single calculation that provides enhanced sensitivity. Using an accepted model of meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI)-induced osteoarthritis (OA), we assessed mouse knee arthritis using several approaches. Histology-based methods were performed to visualize joint tissues including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Accepted histologic scoring methods and histomorphometry were performed to grade cartilage degeneration and determine articular cartilage area, respectively. MicroCT was used to visualize and quantify the bony structures of the joint including osteophytes and joint bone volume. A statistical algorithm was then developed that combined histologic scores and cartilage areas into a single Arthritis Index. MLI induced progressive, OA-like articular cartilage degeneration characterized by increasing (worsening) histologic score and decreasing cartilage area. MicroCT revealed osteophytes and increased joint bone volume between the femoral and tibial physes following MLI. Lastly, an Arthritis Index calculation was established, which incorporated histologic scoring and cartilage area. The Arthritis Index provided enhanced quantitative sensitivity in assessing the level of joint degeneration compared to either histologic scoring or cartilage area determination alone; when using the Index, between 29% and 43% fewer samples are needed to establish statistical significance in studies of murine arthritis. Arthritis in the mouse knee can be quantitatively assessed by histologic scoring, measuring cartilage area, and determining joint bone volume. Enhanced sensitivity can be achieved by performing the Arthritis Index calculation, a novel method for quantitatively assessing mouse knee arthritis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1145–1151, 2011
Incremental costs of library service policies for online catalog access

Un des problemes rencontres par les responsables de bibliotheques lorsqu'ils optent pour un catalogue en ligne consiste a determiner le nombre de terminaux necessaires pour satisfaire aux besoins specifiques de leurs lecteurs. Le modele de la file d'attente applique aux operations de recherche semble le meilleur pour resoudre ce probleme. Son application est decrite et les elements a determiner sont precises
Cross-subject workload classification with a hierarchical Bayes model.

article i nfo Article history: Most of the current EEG-based workload classifiers are subject-specific; that is, a new classifier is built and trained for each human subject. In this paper we introduce a cross-subject workload classifier based on a
The Cyclical Rhetoric of Educational Reform and the Rationalization of a Failed Zeitgeist

Educational reformers have revived the notion of managing schools like businesses. By borrowing the rhetoric of the industrialization era, the current reform agenda not only presupposes that learning and maximum financial efficiency are synonymous, but also equates students and consumers. In the following paper, we argue that history has shown that its unproductive to talk about or even worse to treat schools as businesses; instead, we argue that it is time to learn from history's lessons and reframe the way we talk about and therefore think about education.
Securing history: Privacy and accountability in database systems

Databases that preserve a historical record of activities and data o! er the important benefit of system accountability: past events can be analyzed to detect breaches and maintain data quality. But the retention of history can also pose a threat to privacy. System designers need to carefully balance the need for privacy and accountability by controlling how and when data is retained by the system and who will be able to recover and analyze it. This paper describes the technical challenges faced in enhancing database systems so that they can securely manage history. These include: first, assessing the unintended retention of data in existing database systems that can threaten privacy; second, redesigning system components to avoid this unintended retention; and third, developing new system features to support accountability when it is desired.
Communities in motion: Drapetomania, work and the development of African‐American slave cultures

(1994). Communities in motion: Drapetomania, work and the development of African‐American slave cultures. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 63-87.
Effects of excess oxygen on the 4.5–6.3 eV absorption spectra of oxygen-rich high purity silica

Abstract Type III silica samples were implanted with O using a multi-energy process that produced a layer of constant concentration to within ±5% beginning ∼80 nm from the surface and extending to ∼640 nm below the surfaces of the samples. The concentrations of excess oxygen in the layer ranged from 0.035 to ∼2.1at.%. In these samples we show that E′ centers and NBOHCs, as well as the normal cadre of ODC (II) centers, were suppressed, and the optical absorption from 4.7 to 6.4 eV was primarily due to oxygen excess defects. Using Gaussian fitting techniques to examine the optical difference spectra, we have been able to identify four defect centers that are related to excess oxygen defect bands at 4.76 eV, 5.42 eV, 5.75 eV and 6.25 eV.
So You Want to Be a Mentor? An Analysis of Mentor Competencies

As the need for mentors continues to expand in order to meet organizational and programmatic needs, so does the need for quality mentoring. Although sometimes an immediate need for quantity may foreshadow quality, this should not be the case when utilizing mentoring to achieve goals. Faculty mentor competencies are analyzed to demonstrate the importance and need for competent mentors in formal mentoring programs, specifically those in higher education. Correlation analysis is used to assess the relationship between research-based mentor competencies and Ronald E. McNair Program goals. Findings support the need for mentor competency assessment, usage of competent mentors, additional development of mentor competency models, and further study.
The Species of Gibbons in Thailand

Hylobates pileatus is sympatric with H. lar in a small area of southeastern Thailand. J. E. Gray in his original description correctly characterized H. pileatus as to sexual dichromatism and patterned coloration. Such traits are valid criteria of species in the genus Eylobates , to which we add distinctive vocalizations and different shape of crown. Therefore, H. pileatus should be restored to the status of full species rather than be regarded a subspecies of H. lar . The presence of H. concolor in Thailand is unsubstantiated. Vocalizations of the above three species are compared with those of H. syndactylus, H. agilis , and H. klossi .
Studying the successful startup of a social enterprise: a case study of Lion's Thread Uganda

Social enterprises are hybrid companies that combine non-profit and for-profit missions into one organisation. There is limited literature on these nascent organisations, and the hybrid nature of these companies makes their management more complicated. This case study research looked at the successful start-up phase of Lion's Thread, a social enterprise with production operations in Uganda and sales in the USA. Collective action was instrumental in the development of this social enterprise, as many individuals worked together to achieve the company's progress. Effectuation was strongly present in this case where the solution was shaped based on the resources available in the local environment. Structuration theory defines this social enterprise as the leaders became embedded in the local environment to determine resource availability, recognised opportunities, worked with and restructured systems, and through a collective action approach, created social value.
Design and study of future integrative information platform for smart substation

This article analyzed the functional requirements and technical characteristics from the point of view of integrative scheduling coordination with integrative information platform for smart substation.The current status of research and construction of integrative information platform for smart substation were summarized,and a kind of future integrative information platform for smart substation was put forward.The data source of smart substation was harmonized and simplified,and the uniqueness and consistency of the base data and information were ensured.The interaction and sharing of the real-time data both in and out of the mart substation was implemented by unified stands.At the same time,the function of intelligent information platform could be extended by retaining good interface with power data network and other third-party software.The advantages of this design were compact structure,simple equipment layout,less project costs and maintenance work load.This design is a future plan of integrative information platform for smart substation.
Reliable Control for Discrete-Time Markovian Jump Systems with Partly Unknown Transition Probabilities

Due to the actuator failures and partly unknown transition probabilities,reliable control problem was studied for a class of discrete linear Markovian jump systems. A reliable controller based on the state feedback method was designed to make the closed-loop systems randomly stable not only when all actuators are operational,but also in case of some actuator failures. The solvability condition of controllers could be equivalent to a feasibility problem of coupled linear matrix inequalities( LMIs). A numerical example demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed design.
Study on air formation attack-to-ground decision-making in imperfect information based on rough set theory

As to characteristics of air formation attack to ground campaign,an air formation attack to ground command and decision making information system is presented. On the basis of rough set theory,the way of getting decision rules in imperfect decision information system is discused,which is caused by the absent of data object and the value of condition attributes.The dependency of the rules is analyzed,and the dependable factor of the rules getting from the imperfect information system is calculated,which can provide a support to decision-making in campaign.
Body measurements in relation to disease. 2.

Part 1 of this article traced the history of body-build classification and discussed the importance of morphologic description in evaluating patients. Anthropometry and anthroposcopy were also discussed. Part 2 deals primarily with the measurement of skinfold thickness and determination of somatotype. Finally, certain relationships that have been observed between body-build and disease are delineated.
Queer dramaturgies: international perspectives on where performance leads queer

Queer Dramaturgies brings together a collection of essays, by both up-and-coming and established queer scholars, specializing in the study of the live experience of queer performances rather than t...
Hands-on parallelism with no prerequisites and little time using Scratch

There is much discussion in the computer science education community today about how to integrate more parallel and distributed computing (PDC) into the undergraduate curriculum. This discussion occurs for good reason, as the importance of PDC will likely continue to grow. One less-discussed challenge is how to introduce these topics in a level-appropriate way to students in the lowest-level courses: early CS1, CS0, and even computer literacy. It is important to consider this for two reasons: (1) such early exploration inculcates an attitude of ordinariness of PDC in line with the new reality of the discipline, and (2) students who do not choose to take further courses in computer science will still gain exposure to PDC. This chapter describes a hands-on way to explore PDC concepts with no prerequisites and little time using the Scratch programming language. Some background is provided on Scratch and the context of application of this work, as is a description of several exercises to explore these concepts and advice on their application.
Physical Properties of Soybeans and Soybean Products

Publisher Summary The soybean and its constituents can vary in composition depending on such factors as the variety grown and climatic conditions. The soybean oil from such beans can also vary and the physical properties will also change markedly depending on the processing conditions. This chapter discusses the physical properties of soybeans and soybean products. Some of the physical properties discussed are density, viscosity, melting point, etc. Several of the physical properties of soybeans are useful in designing drying and storage facilities. One of them is the angle of repose, which in the case of soybeans is 27°. Densities of vegetable oils will vary with temperature and are inversely related to the molecular weights of the oils. There is a direct relationship with the degree of unsaturation. The densities of soybean oil at several temperatures have been illustrated in the chapter.
Neutron chain reactions

This chapter focuses on neutron chain reactions. The possibility of a chain reaction involving neutrons and a nuclear fuel such as uranium is dependent on the number of neutrons produced per absorption, η . Its value must be more than one because of inevitable losses of neutrons. However, to achieve a self-sustaining chain reaction, one in which no neutrons need to be supplied, a certain amount of uranium must be brought together, the “critical” mass. The power developed by a reactor is a quantity of great interest for practical reasons. Power is related to the neutron population, and also to the mass of fissile material present. In a reactor, it is necessary to add fuel very infrequently because of the very large energy yield per pound, and the fuel content remains essentially constant. The presence of large amounts of neutron-moderating material such as water in a reactor greatly changes the neutron distribution in energy. Fast neutrons slow down by means of collisions with light nuclei, with the result that most of the fissions are produced by low-energy (thermal) neutrons. Such a system is called a “thermal” reactor in contrast with a system without moderator, a “fast” reactor, operating principally with fast neutrons.
Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection

Summary The effective use of antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization procedures in health care settings is important in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. Sterilization can be accomplished by the steam autoclave, ethylene oxide gas sterilizers, and with EPA-ap-proved chemical sterilants. Devices or items that come into contact with mucous membranes should be sterilized or, at a minimum, receive high-level disinfection. Chemical germicides that are registered with the EPA as sterilants may be used either for sterilization or for high-level disinfection depending on contact time. Devices that are subjected to disinfection or sterilization procedures should be cleaned before being exposed to a chemical germicide, and the manufacturer’s instructions for use of the germicide should be closely followed. Further, it is important that the manufacturer’s specifications for compatibility of the medical device with chemical germicides be closely followed. In the specific instance of medical devices used in the field of anesthesiology, current recommendations by the American Society for Anesthesiologists, as well as other professional organizations and the CDC, are sufficient to prevent the transmission of infection from patient to patient and from patient to staff members. None of these classical protocols needs to be changed when these instruments are used on individuals infected with HIV or HBV.
CLC Chloride/Proton Transporters

The conventional alternating-access mechanism for transporter function requires outward-facing, inward-facing, and occluded conformational states. For the CLC Cl-/H+ antiporters, only the occluded state has been accessible to crystallography. We are combining a variety of spectroscopic and computational approaches to gain insight into the elusive outward- and inward-facing states.
Kinetic and process modeling of thermal and mechanical degradation in ultrahigh speed twin screw extrusion

In this article, a kinetic model is introduced in conjunction with experimental extrusion results to predict the evolution of depolymerization reaction at various operating conditions during ultra-high speed twin screw extrusion (TSE). A commercially available flow simulation software (LUDOVIC®) was used to calculate thermomechanical flow parameters for various screw profiles. The simulated local material temperature and mechanical shear rate were used as inputs to develop a kinetic model that separately describes the effects of temperature and shear on the extent of degradation reaction due to extruding at very high speeds. The model is validated through comparison with experimental gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results on extruded samples. A good agreement was found between theoretical and experimental results. This validation makes the model practically useful for processing optimization, which is a considerable challenge for realizing compounding benefits in ultra-high speed TSE.
A dual micro-CT system for small animal imaging

Micro-CT is a non-invasive imaging modality usually used to assess morphology in small animals. In our previous work, we have demonstrated that functional micro-CT imaging is also possible. This paper describes a dual micro-CT system with two fixed x-ray/detectors developed to address such challenging tasks as cardiac or perfusion studies in small animals. A two-tube/detector system ensures simultaneous acquisition of two projections, thus reducing scanning time and the number of contrast injections in perfusion studies by a factor of two. The system is integrated with software developed in-house for cardio-respiratory monitoring and gating. The sampling geometry was optimized for 88 microns in such a way that the geometric blur of the focal spot matches the Nyquist sample at the detector. A geometric calibration procedure allows one to combine projection data from the two chains into a single reconstructed volume. Image quality was measured in terms of spatial resolution, uniformity, noise, and linearity. The modulation transfer function (MTF) at 10% is 3.4 lp/mm for single detector reconstructions and 2.3 lp/mm for dual tube/detector reconstructions. We attribute this loss in spatial resolution to the compounding of slight errors in the separate single chain calibrations. The dual micro-CT system is currently used in studies for morphological and functional imaging of both rats and mice.
On the splash-up of tsunami bore impact

Abstract Impulsive forces on a box-shaped structure due to bore impact are investigated experimentally. Experiments are conducted in the laboratory by generating a Gaussian-shaped wave onto a step before impacting structures of three different cross-shore to long-shore length ratios. The relationship between measurements of the splash-up flow on the structure wall and the force measurements is investigated. The pressures are predicted based on the Euler model. Maximum impact forces are found to occur during the run-down phase after the maximum splash-up value is reached. The uniform vertical velocity profile assumption used in the Euler model yields a better estimate for the impact force than the linear and hydrostatic assumptions. In order to verify the pressure distribution during the splash-up flow, we utilize the pressure data collected from a separate experiment in a large-scale laboratory flume. The combined evidence suggests that the flow near the splash-up tip behaves like a solid body projectile.
Physical Fitness, Grit, School Attendance, and Academic Performance among Adolescents.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of grit as a construct representing perseverance to overcoming barriers and the total number of school absences to academic performance (AP) while controlling for sociodemographics, fitness (i.e., PACER), and Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods. Adolescents (N = 397, SD = 1.85; 80.9% females; 77.1% Hispanic) from an urban, minority-majority city in the Southern United States completed the FitnessGram® assessment of physical fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity and Body Mass Index (BMI)) and the valid and reliable short grit survey. The schools provided sociodemographics, attendance, and AP data for the adolescents. Results. Adolescents with higher grit scores ( , P , P < 0.001) performed better on AP. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that grit and absences were associated with AP (β = 0.13, P < 0.01 and β = −0.35, P < 0.001, resp.). Conclusions. Grit and a total number of absences are significant contributors to academic success, particularly among Hispanic adolescents. Further, grit and school attendance may serve as a better measure of protective factors over proximal health measures of cardiovascular health and BMI.
Toward Expanded Diversity of Host–Guest Interactions via Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclodextrin Derivatives

Researchers developing software to predict the binding constants of small molecules for proteins have, in recent years, turned to host–guest systems as simple, computationally tractable model systems to test and improve these computational methods. However, taking full advantage of this strategy requires aqueous host–guest systems that probe a greater diversity of chemical interactions. Here, we advance the development of an experimental platform to generate such systems by building on the cyclodextrin (CD) class of hosts. The secondary face derivative mono-3-carboxypropionamido-β-cyclodextrin (CP-β-CD) was synthesized in a one-pot strategy with 87% yield, and proved to have much greater aqueous solubility than native β-CD. The complexation of anionic CP-β-CD with the cationic drug rimantadine hydrochloride was explored using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance; NOESY analysis showed secondary face binding of the ammonium moiety of the guest, based on cross-correlations between the amic acid functionality and the side-chain of rimantadine. Isothermal titration calorimetry was furthermore used to determine the standard Gibbs energy and enthalpy for this binding reaction, and the results were compared with those of rimantadine with native β-CD.
Electromagnetic Induction Attacks Against Embedded Systems

Embedded and cyber-physical systems are critically dependent on the integrity of input and output signals for proper operation. Input signals acquired from sensors are assumed to correspond to the phenomenon the system is monitoring and responding to. Similarly, when such systems issue an actuation signal it is expected that the mechanism being controlled will respond in a predictable manner. Recent work has shown that sensors can be manipulated through the use of intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). In this work, we demonstrate thatboth input and output signals, analog and digital, can be remotely manipulated via the physical layer---thus bypassing traditional integrity mechanisms. Through the use of specially crafted IEMI it is shown that the physical layer signaling used for sensor input to, and digital communications between, embedded systems may be undermined to an attacker's advantage. Three attack scenarios are analyzed and their efficacy demonstrated. In the first scenario the analog sensing channel is manipulated to produce arbitrary sensor readings, while in the second it is shown that an attacker may induce bit flips in serial communications. Finally, a commonly used actuation signal is shown to be vulnerable to IEMI. The attacks are effective over appreciable distances and at low power.
Cyclic Hematopoiesis in Gray Collie Dogs

Cyclic hematopoiesis is a rare human disease for which a spontaneously occurring animal model was recognized in purebred collies in the 1960s. Initially the canine disease was called the “lethal gray syndrome” or the “silver-gray collie syndrome” because the affected collie puppies are born with gray coat color and they die prematurely. Dickson (1964) reported that the puppies die because of an absence of blood neutrophils with consequent infection. Lund et al. (1967) subsequently demonstrated that the dogs have cyclic neutropenia. In 1972, Dale et al. (1972a) reported that the reticulocytes, platelets, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes also fluctuate periodically and suggested that the name “cyclic hematopoiesis” more accurately describes this disorder.
Erratum to: p-completions of nilpotent spaces

In this chapter we discuss the p-completion, i.e. the “up to homotopy” version of the Zp-completion, for nilpotent spaces. It turns out that this p-completion is closely related to the p-profinite completion of [Quillen (PG)] and [Sullivan, Ch.3]; indeed, one can show that these completions coincide for spaces with Zp-homology of finite type, although they differ for more general spaces. The basic properties of p-profinite completions are well-known for simply connected spaces of finite type, and the main purpose of this chapter is to obtain similar results for p-completions of arbitrary nilpotent spaces.
Development of HSV1-tk mutants with altered activity towards acycloguanosine analogs

1412 Objectives: Herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) is widely used as a suicide gene in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) and a PET reporter gene with an appropriate reporter probe. Purpose: To develop a new HSV1-tk mutant with compromised acycloguanosine activity for PET imaging in patients treated with acycloguanosine antiviral drugs. Methods: We assessed HSV1-tk and its mutants HSV1-sr39tk, HSV1-R176Qtk, HSV1-R176Qsr39tk using in vitro 2-hour radiotracer uptake assay with 3H-FEAU and 3H-PCV, ganciclovir (GCV) and bromovinyl-2’-deoxyuridine (BVdU) sensitivity assays and PET imaging with 18F- FEAU and 18F- FHBG in mice followed by tissue sampling. Results: In vitro 3H-FEAU accumulation was observed in all transduced cells. Wild-type-HSV1-tk, HSV1-sr39tk and HSV1-R176Q-sr39tk cells showed similar levels of 3H-FEAU uptake, while HSV1-R176Q-tk cells showed decreased 3H-FEAU uptake. In vitro 3H-PCV accumulation was significantly reduced in HSV1-R176Q-tk and HSV1-R176Q-sr39tk cells compared with wild-type-HSV1-tk and HSV1-sr39tk. HSV1-R176Q-tk and HSV1-R176Q-sr39tk cells showed lower sensitivity to GCV and BVdU compared with wild-type-HSV1-tk and HSV1-sr39tk cells. In vivo 18F-FEAU accumulation was observed in all transduced xenografts. However, 18F-FHBG accumulation was significantly reduced in HSV1-R176Q-tk and HSV1-R176Q-sr39tk xenografts compared with wild-type-HSV1-tk tumors. Conclusions: We developed a new mutant of HSV1-tk, HSV1-R176Q-sr39tk, with significantly reduced acycloguanosine activity. This reporter gene can be used for PET imaging with pyrimidine-based radiotracers (18F-FEAU). Studies on further improvement of pyrimidine-specificity of HSV1-tk are underway.
CS intensity effects on rabbit nictitating membrane conditioning, extinction and generalization.

One purpose of the present experiments was to determine if the Grice and Hunter (1964) observation of augmented within-versus between-Ss CS intensity effects in human eyelid conditioning would be obtained in conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response under two (Experiment 1) and four (Experiment 2) CS intensity values. In addition, a determination was made of the effects of CS intensity upon extinction and stimulus intensity generalization gradients. The studies revealed that: (a) while acquisition performance was positively related to CS intensity, the effect was independent of the between and within-S manipulation of CS intensity; (b) rate of response decrement in extinction was an inverse function of CS intensity; and (c) a positively sloped intensity generalization gradient was obtained when the training stimulus was the low-intensity one. Overall, these results are most consistent with Hull’s (1949) stimulus intensity dynamism account of CS intensity effects in conditioning.
Burden among caregivers of service members and veterans following traumatic brain injury.

Objectives: To determine the (a) health status and caregiving appraisal and (b) influence of perceived burden on health and appraisal in a sample of caregivers helping service member/veterans (SMVs...
Nanocardboard as a nanoscale analog of hollow sandwich plates.

Corrugated paper cardboard provides an everyday example of a lightweight, yet rigid, sandwich structure. Here we present nanocardboard, a monolithic plate mechanical metamaterial composed of nanometer-thickness (25–400 nm) face sheets that are connected by micrometer-height tubular webbing. We fabricate nanocardboard plates of up to 1 centimeter-square size, which exhibit an enhanced bending stiffness at ultralow mass of ~1 g m−2. The nanoscale thickness allows the plates to completely recover their shape after sharp bending even when the radius of curvature is comparable to the plate height. Optimally chosen geometry enhances the bending stiffness and spring constant by more than four orders of magnitude in comparison to solid plates with the same mass, far exceeding the enhancement factors previously demonstrated at both the macroscale and nanoscale. Nanocardboard may find applications as a structural component for wings of microflyers or interstellar lightsails, scanning probe cantilevers, and other microscopic and macroscopic systems. Sandwich structures such as corrugated cardboard offer low weight and high bending stiffness, but they are difficult to produce at the nanoscale. Here, the authors combine webbing and perforation to produce alumina ‘nanocardboard’ with ultralow areal density that recovers without damage from extreme deformation.