cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Praise and Reprimand: Examining the Generalizability and Dependability of Observational Estimates:

This study examined the generalizability and dependability of observational estimates of middle and high school teachers’ use of praise and reprimand. Frequency of behavior-specific praise, general...
Book Review: Cosmopolitan's Improbable History

This is a book review of "The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine" (2010) by James Landers.
Potato virus X: A global potato-infecting virus and type member of the Potexvirus genus.

TAXONOMY Potato virus X is the type-member of the plant-infecting Potexvirus genus in the family Alphaflexiviridae. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Potato virus X (PVX) virions are flexuous filaments 460-480 nm in length. Virions are 13 nm in diameter and have a helical pitch of 3.4 nm. The genome is approximately 6.4 kb with a 5' cap and 3' poly(A) terminus. PVX contains five open reading frames, four of which are essential for cell-to-cell and systemic movement. One protein encodes the viral replicase. Cellular inclusions, known as X-bodies, occur near the nucleus of virus-infected cells. HOSTS The primary host is potato, but it infects a wide range of dicots. Diagnostic hosts include Datura stramonium and Nicotiana tabacum. PVX is transmitted in nature by mechanical contact. USEFUL WEBSITE: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses/w/alphaflexiviridae/1330/genus-potexvirus.
Induced Regeneration of Skin and Peripheral Nerves in the Adult

Injury to the mammalian fetus is reversible during early stages of gestation and the spontaneous wound response is capable of restoring the structure and function of the original organ, a process called regeneration. By contrast, the unimpaired response to severe injury in adult mammals is an irreversible repair process leading to closure of the injured site by contraction and formation of scar, a nonphysiological tissue. The consequences of irreversible healing at the organ scale are far-reaching: they typically result in an essentially nonfunctional organ.
Independence of the Effects of Epinephrine, Glucagon, and Adrenocorticotropin on Glucose Utilization from Those on Lipolysis in Isolated Rat Adipose Cells

Abstract The stimulatory effects of epinephrine, glucagon, and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) upon lipolysis and on the uptake and oxidation of glucose were studied in isolated rat epididymal adipocytes. Under conditions in which prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and nicotinic acid were antilipolytic against epinephrine, these agents were without influence on the effects of the hormone on the metabolism of glucose. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of caffeine and theophylline on epinephrine-induced lipolysis were not seen in studies of epinephrine-stimulated glucose oxidation. Since epinephrine increased the uptake and oxidation of glucose under conditions which either did (presence of bovine serum albumin) or did not (absence of bovine serum albumin) permit accumulation of free fatty acids, it is unlikely that free fatty acids mediate the effects of epinephrine on glucose entry and oxidation in adipocytes. Since two β-adrenergic blocking agents, Ko 592 and propranolol, inhibited epinephrine's stimulation of both lipolysis and glucose oxidation, it appears that both effects of the hormone involve β-receptors. While PGE1, Ko 592, and propranolol all inhibited the stimulatory effects of glucagon and ACTH on lipolysis in adipocytes, neither agent influenced the action of either hormone on glucose oxidation; the latter finding suggests that β-receptors do not mediate the stimulatory effects of these hormones on glucose oxidation. Ko 592 and propranolol were several orders of magnitude more potent as antilipolytic agents against epinephrine than they were against ACTH and glucagon. Excessive amounts of PGE1 only partially inhibited the lipolytic effect of even submaximal concentrations of epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH in adipocytes, although total inhibitions were obtainable with appropriate concentrations of the β-adrenergic blocking compounds. Such observations suggest that the adenyl cyclase system for the synthesis of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in adipocytes contains at least two different types of activation receptor sites for hormones, and that PGE1 binds to only one type of site while the β-adrenergic blockers are effective against both types. The present, and previous, data permit the conclusion that epinephrine, ACTH, and glucagon stimulate the entry and over-all oxidation of glucose in adipocytes by a mechanism which is distinct from that (or those) by which these hormones promote lipolysis.
Engaging with Large-Scale Systems

Action research studies provided the first models for the facilitation of planned organizational change. This was seen as a process involving collaborative relationships between client systems and social science professionals. The studies were undertaken during World War II, when conditions of crisis compelled rapid change.
Angular momentum in spin-phonon processes

Although a century has passed since the celebrated Einstein - de Haas experiments, the microscopic mechanisms leading to the conversion of the spin angular momentum to the mechanical angular momentum in elastic solids has not been fully understood. In this paper D. A. Garanin and E. M. Chudnovsky explore the concept of the phonon spin recently suggested by L. Zhang and Q. Niu, Physical Review Letters 112, 085503 (2014). They show how it enters the problem of the relaxation of the atomic spin in the elastic body and explicitly demonstrate the conservation of the total angular momentum in spin-phonon processes at the microscopic level.
Modeling sediment and wood storage and dynamics in small mountainous watersheds.

We examine controls on supply and transport of sediment and wood in a small (approximately two square kilometers) basin in the Oregon Coast Range, typical of streams at the interface between episodic sediment and wood delivery by mass movements and frequent fluvial sediment transport. We hypothesize that wood deposited by mass movements forms dams that lead to persistent sediment storage and inhibit coherent propagation of sediment pulses. Field data show that much sediment is stored behind such dams and in terraces after the dams breach. We developed a drainage basin-scale model driven by stochastic storm and fire sequences that combines empirical, stochastic and physical models of forest growth, tree fall, wood decay, soil production and diffusion, landslide initiation, debris flow runout, and fluvial sediment transport. In a 3000-year simulation of the study area, woody debris flow deposits form dams on the main channel and lead to steps in the channel profile and terraces on the valley floor that persist in place even after nearly all deposited wood has decayed. Simulated sediment output from the network is relatively steady and shows little evidence of episodic input. Our results suggest that abundant wood plays a key role in moderating sediment flux from small basins following debris flow events. Debris flow events coincident with a lack of abundant wood, such as might occur following forest harvest, could lead to more episodic sediment flux to downstream, fish-bearing reaches.
Occupational therapy practitioners' perspectives regarding international cross-cultural work.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perspectives of occupational therapy practitioners who have engaged in cross-cultural work experiences. The research question was how do occupational therapy practitioners make meaning of their lived cross-cultural experiences. Methods: This study utilised a qualitative, phenomenological design. Eleven open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with occupational therapy practitioners educated in the United States and who engaged in international practice. The interviews were then coded and analysed using a constant comparative analysis approach. Results: Three central themes emerged from the completed interviews and data analysis, including connectedness, cultural awareness and complexity. Connectedness is the process of forming relationships with others while engaging in cross-cultural experiences. Cultural awareness is the recognition and understanding of a different culture, comparing these insights with one’s own culture and then responding to those differences. Complexity is the idea that cross-cultural experiences are dynamic, multi-faceted and intricate. Conclusions: This study helps provide an understanding of cross-cultural work experiences from the practitioners’ perspective. The demands of such work require practitioners to go beyond developing basic skills related to cultural sensitivity and cultural awareness. Instead, practitioners need to embrace and integrate the ability to incorporate layers of cultural awareness, complexity and connectedness into practice. Further research is needed to understand how this is actually developed and utilised within practice.
Assembly process induced stress analysis for new FLMP package by 3D FEA

The objective of this paper is to determine what stresses are induced while manufacturing the flip chip in leaded and molded package (FLMP), and to determine potential design weaknesses. A finite element framework is established for processing mechanics through strategy, methodology and virtual simulation platform. The assembly process induced stress modeling of FLMP is investigated by 3D non-linear finite element analysis. The material constitutive relations, algorithms and convergence strategies are discussed. Two major assembly processes: flip chip attach and die clamping in molding, will be targeted. 3D thermal viscoplastic, creep and plastic large deformation finite element analysis is used to simulate the flip chip attach process during solder reflow and the clamping process in molding.
Palladium enhanced dry soldering process

The authors report an enhancement technique for promoting a dry soldering process without the use of the wet chemical flux. A thin layer of Pd (about 1000 AA) on the surface of the areas to be soldered was found to be effective in promoting the solder wetting and joining. The effectiveness of the PD coating was studied at temperatures from 215 to 350 degrees C in hydrogen and forming gas ambient. Both a low-temperature solder (eutectic PbSn) and a high-temperature solder (Pb5Sn) were tested. The structure and the effectiveness of palladium coatings prepared by the immersion plating and the evaporation were compared. Applications would be in the SMT (surface mounting technology), pin brazing, pin soldering, and other soldering/bonding operations. >
Histological and ablation studies on the relation of the subcommissural organ and rostral midbrain to sodium and water metabolism.

Fourteen mature male rats were fed a sodium-deficient diet for six weeks. After three weeks on the diet, electrical ablations were made in the region of the subcommissural organ. During the six-week period measurements were made of water intake, urine output, and urinary sodium output. A second group of five one-month-old male rats was given the sodium-deficient diet and seven litter-mates a control diet. Five months later, the adrenals and subcommissural organs were studied histologically. The results obtained indicate that: (1) subcommissural organ ablation does not change urinary sodium excretion; (2) sodium deprivation, although producing significant changes in the width of the adrenal zona glomerulosa, does not affect the periodic acid-Schiff reactive material in the subcommissural organ; (3) complete subcommissural organ ablation is associated with decreased urine output and water intake; (4) partial subcommissural organ ablation combined with destruction of structures in and around the rostral periaqueductal gray matter and adjacent diencephalon is associated with increased urine output and water intake; (5) lesions which failed to involve significantly the aforementioned areas are associated with no change in urine output or water intake.
Do Bisexual Men Tell Their Female Partners About Having Male Partners? Results From a National Online HIV Prevention Survey in the United States

ABSTRACT. We describe the extent to which men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) tell their female sex partners that they have male sex partners and the association between disclosure of male partners and condom use with female partners. Data were from U.S. Internet-using MSMW recruited from a social networking Web site. Of 666 MSMW, 70% told their last female partner that they had male sex partners. MSMW who disclosed having male sex partners were equally likely to have used a condom during their last vaginal intercourse with a female partner (42%) as were men who did not disclose (47%). Because disclosure was not associated with condom use and condom use was low, it is important to continue efforts to promote consistent condom use, especially among females, regardless of the reported sexual orientation of their partners.
Entrapment neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve A new peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome

This paper describes a syndrome of entrap ment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphe nous nerve attributable to its anatomical rela tionship to the sartorius muscle and justifies its identification as a distinct entity. Surgery was performed on four knees in three pa tients for localized pain and tenderness. The infrapatellar nerve was found entrapped be hind the sartorius tendon against the promi nent edge of the medial femoral condyle and sharply angulated while passing around the sartorius in two knees. Entrapment during passage of the nerve through a slit in the musculotendinous portion of the sartorius was observed in the others. All patients had complete relief of symptoms after transloca tion of the nerve away from the site of entrap ment. The characteristic findings demon strate the need to be aware of the possibility of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve when evaluating pa tients with pain on the medial aspect of the knee.
Necessary conditions for comparative statics under uncertainty

Abstract We investigate the comparative static properties of three classes of CDF changes: first and second degree stochastic dominant shifts, and mean preserving contractions. For each class, we provide conditions that are necessary and sufficient for a dominating shift to cause an unambiguous change in the choice variable. This allows us to see the trade-offs one must make between restrictions on preferences and CDF changes to obtain interesting comparative statics results. We then investigate the implications of our results for the two-period consumption-savings models and for distinguishing agents that do and do not obey the expected utility hypothesis.
Treatment of postnasal drip with proton pump inhibitors: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

BackgroundPatients commonly present with complaints of postnasal drainage (PND) without objective evidence to support a sinonasal or infectious etiology. PND has been attributed to extra-esophageal...
Fourier transform 13C NMR analysis of benzodiazepines

The natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of diazepam, clonazepam, flurazepam and chlordiazepoxide were recorded in suitable solvent using the Fourier transform technique on a JEOL FX-60 spectrometer. The relaxation time (T1) of these compounds were also measured. The chemical shift of the various carbon resonances have been assigned on the basis of chemical shift theory, multiplicity generated in single-frequency off-resonance decoupled spectra, relaxation time and the chemical shifts of the model compounds.
Defining the Standard of Proof in Jury Instructions

Research on juror comprehension is reviewed with special attention to recent studies comparing types of definitions of three levels of the standard of proof (preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, and beyond a reasonable doubt). Quantified definitions, (in which the standard of proof was expressed in probability terms, and combined quantified and legal definitions had their intended effect; verdicts favoring the plaintiffs decreased in number as the standard of proof became stricter. Nonquantified definitions did not achieve their intended effect on verdicts. The greater effectiveness of quantified definitions in communicating certainty levels precisely and concisely is attributed to the implicit context provided by their positions on an interval scale with known endpoints (i.e., 0-100%).
The foreign body reaction: A chronic inflammatory response

A brief discussion is presented of some of the problems and artifacts inherent in the testing of soft tissue reactions to artificial implants. The process of inflammation and wound healing is presented. The various factors affecting the foreign body reaction (chemical, mechanical, geometrical, and others) are discussed. The cellular components of the foreign body reaction are described and the sequential cellular changes that may occur as a result of implanting an artificial device are examined. The foreign body reaction should be considered as a chronic inflammatory response.
Application of numerical methods for predicting energy transport in earth contact systems

Abstract Methods for analysing conductive heat flow with applications to underground earth contact systems are reviewed. A discussion and comparison of both the finite difference and finite element methods are presented. The effect of domain discretisation on accuracy for both methods is presented. One- and two-dimensional models are derived and used to solve selected problems. The results for various discretisation domains are compared and constrasted. The application of both the finite difference and finite element approaches to the analysis of heat transfers in an underground building is given. Recommendations are made to aid in the selection of the numerical techniques that are the most appropriate for analysing conductive heat flow problems. Finally, a statement is made on the analysis of the three-dimensional heat and moisture transport problem associated with underground earth contact systems.
Brief paper: Linear matrix inequality tests for frequency domain inequalities with affine multipliers

This paper revisits an alternative formulation of the Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov (KYP) Lemma, relating an infinite dimensional Frequency Domain Inequality (FDI) to a pair of finite dimensional Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). It is shown that this alternative formulation allows a certain class of the coefficient matrix of the FDI to be frequency dependent without introducing conservatism. The construction provided in the present paper is helpful in other problems where system augmentation is commonly used, such as those involving rational or polynomial multipliers for stability and performance analysis.
Polyamine Analogue Regulation of NMDA MK-801 Binding: A Structure−Activity Study

A series of analogues and homologues of spermine were synthesized, and their impact on MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was evaluated. These tetraamines encompass both linear and cyclic compounds. The linear molecules include norspermine, N1, N11-diethylnorspermine, N1,N12-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)spermine, homospermine, and N1,N14-diethylhomospermine. The cyclic tetraamines consist of the piperidine analogues N1,N3-bis(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-diaminopropane, N1,N4-bis(4-piperidinyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, N1,N4-bis(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, and N1,N4-bis[2-(4-piperidinyl)ethyl]-1,4-diaminobutane and the pyridine analogues N1,N3-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,3-diaminopropane, N1,N4-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, N1,N4-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, and N1,N4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)-ethyl]-1,4-diaminobutane. This structure-activity set makes it possible to establish the importance of charge, intercharge distance, and terminal nitrogen substitution on polyamine-regulated MK-801 binding in the NMDA channel. Four families of tetraamines are included in this set: norspermines, spermines, homospermines, and tetraazaoctadecanes. Calculations employing a SYBYL modeling program revealed that the distance between terminal nitrogens ranges between 12.62 and 19.61 A. The tetraamines are constructed such that within families cyclics and acyclics have similar lengths but different nitrogen pKa's and thus different protonation, or charge, states at physiological pH. The pKa values for all nitrogens of each molecule and its protonation state at physiological pH are described. The modifications at the terminal nitrogens include introduction of ethyl and beta,beta,beta-trifluoroethyl groups and incorporation into piperidinyl or pyridyl systems. The studies clearly indicate that polyamine length, charge, and terminal nitrogen substitution have a significant effect on how the tetraamine regulates MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor. Thus a structure-activity basis set on which future design of MK-801 agonists and antagonists can be based is now available.
Mifepristone and misoprostol for the treatment of early pregnancy failure: a pilot clinical trial

Abstract Background In an attempt to improve efficacy for women who desire medical management of early pregnancy failure (EPF), we studied the efficacy and acceptability of mifepristone 200 mg, orally (po), followed 24 h later by misoprostol 800 μg, vaginally (pv), for the treatment of EPF. Methods We enrolled 30 women with EPF in this pilot clinical trial. All women used misoprostol 800 μg, pv, 24 h after ingesting 200 mg mifepristone. Follow-up evaluations with transvaginal ultrasonography occurred at 24 h and 1 week after treatment. Participants were offered a repeat dose of misoprostol if the pregnancy had not been expelled at the first follow-up. Results The expulsion rate with one dose of misoprostol was 90% (95% CI=79–100%). The overall success rate of the treatment was 93% (95% CI=84–100%). Conclusion This regimen of mifepristone followed by vaginal misoprostol appears to be an efficacious and acceptable treatment for EPF and may have improved results over a single dose of misoprostol alone.
Crystallization of Malonic and Succinic Acids on SAMs: Toward the General Mechanism of Oriented Nucleation on Organic Monolayers†

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were shown to induce very specific oriented growth of simple organic and inorganic crystals. Here we present a detailed study of the mechanism by which SAMs control the oriented nucleation by examining a more complex case of crystallization of bifunctional organic molecules. Malonic and succinic acids were grown on the SAMs of HS(CH2)10CO2H and HS(CH2)11CO2H supported on gold films. Each SAM induced a very controlled, specific orientation of the crystals. The preferred nucleating planes always exhibited an alignment of one of the carboxylic acid groups in the molecules of the growing crystal with the carboxylic acid groups on the surface of the SAMs. These results suggest that the translation of the structural information through the interface occurs by stereochemical registry such that the functional groups in the SAM play the role of an oriented surrogate layer for the nucleating crystal. These findings are very important to the understanding of the underlying principles...
Characterization of sea urchin unconventional myosins and analysis of their patterns of expression during early embryogenesis.

Early sea urchin development requires a dynamic reorganization of both the actin cytoskeleton and cytoskeletal interactions with cellular membranes. These events may involve the activities of multiple members of the superfamily of myosin motor proteins. Using RT-PCR with degenerate myosin primers, we identified 11 myosin mRNAs expressed in unfertilized eggs and coelomocytes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Seven of these sea urchin myosins belonged to myosin classes Iγ, II, V, VI, VII, IX, and amoeboid-type I, and the remaining four may be from novel classes. Sea urchin myosins-V, -VI, -VII, and amoeboid-type-I were either completely or partially cloned and their molecular structures characterized. Sea urchin myosins-V, -VI, -VII, and amoeboid-type-I shared a high degree of sequence identity with their respective family members from vertebrates and they retained their class-specific structure and domain organization. Analysis of expression of myosin-V, -VI, -VII, and amoeboid-type-I mRNAs during development revealed that each myosin mRNA displayed a distinct temporal pattern of expression, suggesting that myosins might be involved in specific events of early embryogenesis. Interestingly, the onset of gastrulation appeared to be a pivotal point in modulation of myosin mRNA expression. The presence of multiple myosin mRNAs in eggs and embryos provides insight into the potential involvement of multiple specific motor proteins in the actin-dependent events of embryo development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 57:111–126, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Noted Difference in Gizzard Weight Between Cage- and Floor-Reared Broilers

Abstract A difference in the digestive system of broilers reared in cages versus floor was observed. The gizzards of the cage-reared broilers were significantly smaller and the demarcation between the proventriculus and the gizzard tended to disappear when compared to the gizzards of the floor-reared broilers.
Gender Differences in Drug Treatment Careers Among Clients in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study

Gender differences in the factors associated with having a history of drug treatment were examined among 7,652 individuals admitted into the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), a national m...
Continuum Electrostatics Model for Ion Solvation and Relative Acidity of HCl in Supercritical Water

The free energy of solvation of Cl-, OH-, HCl, and H2O and the relative acidity of HCl versus H2O are calculated with a continuum electrostatics model and compared with the molecular dynamics free energy perturbation (MD-FEP) simulation. The water densities span gas, liquid, and supercritical conditions. Compared with the simulation data, the simplest continuum model does not predict ion solvation accurately in supercritical water, as it neglects electrostriction, which is persistent to low densities. A generalization including the most basic element of electrostriction is reasonably accurate. However, for the free energy of dissociation of HCl relative to water, the errors are found to cancel between OH- and Cl- such that the simple continuum model is quite accurate. Because the reaction is isocoulombic and involves species of similar size, the effects of electrostriction cancel, corresponding entropic contributions are negligible, and the effect of density on the free energy change is small.
Vertical gradient freezing using submerged heater growth with rotation and with weak magnetic and electric fields

Abstract Investigations for the melt growth gallium-antimonide (GaSb) semiconductor crystals are underway at the US Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base by the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method utilizing a submerged heater. Electromagnetic stirring can be induced in the gallium-antimonide melt just above the crystal growth interface by applying a weak radial electric current in the melt together with a weak axial magnetic field. A force convection in the melt can be induced by rotating the heater. This paper uses a Chebyshev spectral collocation method and investigates the effects of heater rotation and electromagnetic stirring on the melt motion during the VGF process using a submerged heater. Clockwise and counterclockwise rotations of the heater augment and opposes the flow induced by the electromagnetic stirring, respectively. The radial velocity along the crystal–melt interface is proportional to both the strength of the electromagnetic stirring and the clockwise rotation of the heater. A relatively low rotation rate in the clockwise direction significantly increases this radial velocity.
Sequential comparison of two exponential distributions with censored survival data

SUMMARY A sequential stopping procedure is proposed for a clinical trial which compares two exponential distributions using censored survival data. The procedure extends an approach first developed by Anscombe (1963) for comparing two treatments with normally distributed and instantaneously observed responses. Patients are assumed to arrive at random and are assigned alternately to one of the two treatments. An optimal stopping region for the ratio of failure rates of the two treatments is derived. The optimality criterion is to minimize the posterior expected regret of stopping at each stage. The stopping rule is evaluated by computer simulation and compared with several other stopping rules.
Legislative Coalitions and Presidential Signing Statements

We examine how the congressional coalition in favor of a law affects the probability of the president appending a positive or negative signing statement. Our results show that presidents consider the power and status of a law’s sponsor, the composition of its cosponsorship coalition, characteristics of the law itself, and the macropolitical environment when deciding whether to offer praise or raise concerns. Moreover, the factors driving praise and criticism differ from one another in important ways. These analyses demonstrate the value of assessing the valence of a signing statement rather than just its presence, and of extending the focus of research on signing statements beyond aggregate factors to also investigate how the situation surrounding a particular law shapes the president’s reaction to it.
Studies on the mechanism of the selenite-induced decrease in cell attachment: effect of selenite on the levels of fibronectin receptor (alpha5beta1 integrin) mRNAs.

We previously reported that exposure of HeLa cells to selenite for 2 h results in a decrease in their ability to attach to fibronectin (Yan and Frenkel,Cancer Res. 52, 5803–5807 [1992]), as well as a decrease in the level of fibronectin receptor (α5β1 integrin) at the cell surface (Yan and Frenkel,Biol. Trace Element Res.46, 79–89 [1994]). We have now found that after exposure to selenite, there was a decrease in the total cellular content of the receptor protein, as well as in the level of the mRNAs for both of the subunits. Exposure of cells to actinomycin D (an inhibitor of RNA synthesis) also resulted in a decrease in the level of these mRNAs, suggesting that the effect of selenite is the result of its known inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis (Frenkel,Toxicol. Lett.25, 219–223 [1985]). Exposure of cells to actinomycin D for 2 h also resulted in a decrease in the ability of cells to attach to fibronectin. Furthermore, both selenite and actinomycin D caused a decrease in integrin mRNA levels and in cell attachment to fibronectin only when high-density cells were exposed to the agents. In contrast, when low-density cells were exposed,neither agent had any detectable effect on mRNA levels or on cell attachment. These results have suggested the following scheme for the mechanism of the inhibition of cell attachment by selenite: After exposure to selenite for 2 h, there is a significant inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, which results in a general decrease in the cellular level of those mRNAs with relatively short half-lives, including in particular those of the fibronectin receptor. This leads to a decrease in the intracellular level of the receptor protein and, consequently, in its level at the cell surface, which in turn causes a decrease in the rate of cell attachment to fibronectin.
Preparing for Changing Educational Roles: Creating and Learning from within the Public Schools.

(2000). Preparing for Changing Educational Roles: Creating and Learning from within the Public Schools. Childhood Education: Vol. 76, Preparing School Personnel for the 21st Century, pp. 307-311.
Effect of laser-amplitude fluctuations on the production of the stokes field

Abstract By means of the theory of multiplicative stochastic processes, we obtain an exact solution for the Stokes field build-up in the presence of a stochastic laser pump, and show that the fluctuations in the laser amplitude enhance the growth of the Stokes field.
Design and synthesis of isoxazoline derivatives as factor Xa inhibitors. 1.

Intravascular clot formation is an important factor in a number of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the prevention of blood coagulation has become a major target for new therapeutic agents. One attractive approach is the inhibition of factor Xa (FXa), the enzyme directly responsible for thrombin activation. Herein we report a series of isoxazoline derivatives which are potent FXa inhibitors. Optimization of the side chain at the quaternary position of the isoxazoline ring led to SK549 which showed subnanomolar FXa potency (K(i) 0.52 nM). SK549 shows good selectivity for FXa compared to thrombin and trypsin, potent antithrombotic effect in the rabbit arterio-venous thrombosis model, and improved pharmacokinetics relative to other compounds evaluated from this series.
Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: Prognostic and therapeutic relevance

Parkinson disease is the most common cause of parkinsonism, but other causes should always be excluded because they have a different prognosis, respond differently to medical treatment, and should not be managed by surgical means. However, diagnosis, even by experts, is challenging; one autopsy series showed an error rate of 24%. Distinction between various diagnostic possibilities depends on the history and examination findings. The use of certain medications, the rapid rate of disease progression, early onset of falling, the presence of certain dysautonomic symptoms, cognitive or behavioral changes, or a history of poor response to dopaminergic therapy may suggest an atypical form of parkinsonism. Postural hypotension, dementia, supranuclear ophthalmoparesis, or early postural instability should alert the examiner to consider an atypical cause of parkinsonism. Tests of autonomic function and brain imaging are often helpful in distinguishing these diseases.
Homemade PowerPoint Games: Game Design Pedagogy Aligned to the TPACK Framework

While researchers are examining the role of playing games to learn, others are looking at using game design as an instructional tool. However, game-design software may require additional time to train both teachers and students. In this article, the authors discuss the use of Microsoft PowerPoint as a tool for game-design instruction and the philosophical justifications for its use. They examine the research that has been conducted using homemade PowerPoint games in the classroom and detail how the implementation of the games has evolved in a manner that reflects the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge framework.
Water Allocation and Management in the Southeast

The writer summarizers papers and presentations associated with the April 19-20, 1978 Southeast Conference on Legal and Administrative Systems for Water Allocation and Management held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Va. Conclusions and recommendations included the need for reexamination of existing legal and administrative systems for water allocation to meet emerging problems in most southeastern states; legislation to clarify water rights associated with diversion and interbasin transfer; recodification of existing water law; studies and proposals leading to improved state policies, law, and programs with respect to minimum streamflows, water shortages, hydrologic and land use relationships. Emphasis was also placed on the need for strengthened state water resources planning, management, and interstate cooperation.
Instability of certain capillary surfaces

A family of capillary surface configurations, shown in an earlier paper to be unstable for sufficiently small Bond numberB, is here shown to be unstable also forB sufficiently large. Numerical evaluations indicate that it is unstable for allB. Some numerical calculations of the corresponding container shapes are included.
Osmotically driven shape-dependent colloidal separations

The thermally induced motion of nanometer-sized surfactant micelles in water is used to create strong attractive forces between micron-sized disks of wax in a mixed aqueous dispersion of microdisks and microspheres. The short-ranged attractive force due to the depletion of micelles from between the microdisks is much stronger than that between two microspheres of similar size, and is largest when the disks approach face to face, so columns of microdisks form. These columns cream, whereas the spheres remain dispersed, providing a means for shape-dependent colloidal separations driven by an applied micellar osmotic pressure.
The effects of uncertainty on investment and the expected long-run capital stock

Abstract This paper examines the effects of output price uncertainty on the optimal investment behavior of a risk-neutral competitive firm with a constant returns to scale production function. In the presence of convex costs of adjustment, investment is an increasing function of q , the shadow price of capital. Given the current price of output, we find that increased uncertainty will raise the current rate of investment. Increased uncertainty will also increase the expected long-run capital stock if the price of output is serially uncorrelated. However, if the price of output is serially correlated, then the direction of the effect of increased uncertainty on the expected long-run capital stock depends on the curvature of the marginal adjustment cost function. In this case, we obtain results which are directly opposite of the results in the literature and we locate the flaw in the existing analysis.
Librarians in the Hall: Instructional Outreach in Campus Residences

There is an old proverb, “If the mountain will not come to Mohammed, then Mohammed must go to the mountain.” It can be a challenge to reach out to incoming undergraduate students who are often overwhelmed by the high expectations of scholarship at the college level and the complexities of the modern information environment. Unconventional and creative approaches are needed to reach millennial learners where they are, both physically, in terms of where they reside on campus, and pedagogically, by employing innovative and engaging teaching methods that they can appreciate and understand. In the fall of 2007, two librarians with rather unique positions at Purdue University coordinated, developed, and implemented an instructional pilot program to reach out to and engage undergraduate students. Strategic partnerships among librarians, residence hall staff, faculty fellows, and the students themselves led to effective and well-attended educational sessions that were conducted in the study lounges of campus resi...
Dynamics of the optically induced properties of a small-polaronic glass

Abstract The relaxation and recombination of an electronic excitation created by the absorption of a super-band-gap photon is considered for a system in which excitons and charge carriers find it energetically favorable to self-trap. The notions of a barrier to self-trapping, a short-range repulsion between electrons and holes, and the electromodulation of the small-polaron absorption band play a central role in this discussion. The results are consistent with experiments on chalcogenide glasses.
A photoacoustic calorimetric study of horse myoglobin.

Abstract The dynamics of the enthalpy and volume changes for the photodissociation of CO from horse myoglobin has been studied by time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry which measures the dynamics of enthalpy and volume changes on the nanosecond time scale. The role of the Lys 45 salt bridge in the figand dissociation is discussed.
Kinetics, mechanism and thermodynamics of iron carbon bond dissociation in organoiron porphyrin complexes

Abstract Thermolysis of Fe(P)R (P = octaethylporphyrinato dianion, R = C6H5, CH3, C2H5, CH2C(CH3)3; P = tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion, R = C6H5; P = tetra(p-tolyl)porphyrinato dianion, R = C6H5) in benzene yielded Fe(P) and RH quantitatively. Rate-limiting homolytic iron-carbon bond dissociation kinetics were determined by competitive trapping of the carbon radicals with Ph 3 SnH : Fe(P)R + Ph 3 SnH Δ→ Fe(P) + RH + 1 2 Ph 6 Sn 2 . Determination of the temperature dependence of the limiting rates of the trapping reactions yielded the following bond dissociation activation enthalpies ΔH ‡ D ( FeR ): R = C 6 H 5 , 33 kcal mol−1, CH3, 23 kcal mol−1, C2H5, 19 kcal mol−1, CH2C(CH3)3, 17 kcal mol−1. Assuming diffusion-limited Fe(P), R. recombination, the corresponding Fe(P)R bond dissociation energies were estimated to be ca. 2 kcal mol−1 lower than these values. Addition of the axial ligands, L, yielded six-coordinate species, LFe(P)CH3 (L = py, PEt3) and accelerated the rate of iron-carbon bond homolysis.
Semantic and interactional indirectness in Tongan lexical honorification

This paper compares semantic indirectness and interactional indirectness in Tongan lexical honorification and relates them to each other, demonstrating a need for greater methodological and theoretical attention to interactional indirectness, both in the study of honorific systems and more generally in the linguistic conceptualization of indirectness. Semantically the Tongan honorific vocabulary is created primarily through metaphorical extensions and semantic bleaching of everyday words. These processes are common in linguistic honorific systems. While the metaphorical extensions predominate in Tongan language ideology, the semantically bleached words predominate in the actual use of the honorific vocabulary. There are conventions of entextualization of the Tongan honorific speech register that give it common linguistic features across a range of Tongan public social activities, and a common approach to the social personae who are the targets of honorification. These conventions render the semantically bleached words more semantically specific in use. In addition, in the lived reality of ongoing interaction, speakers collaborate in producing shared denotationally specific meanings of honorifics, while maintaining the surface vagueness of the semantically bleached honorific terms.
Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Sepsis

Acute kidney injury is a common morbidity of pediatric sepsis and carries an increased risk of mortality. The pathophysiology of sepsis associated acute kidney injury was previously believed to be secondary to decreased global renal perfusion causing hypoxia-induced injury; however, newer research suggests this paradigm is overly simplistic, and injury is now considered multifactorial in origin. Mechanisms that contribute to kidney injury include alterations in microvascular renal blood flow, inflammation and changes in bioenergetics. Clinically, defining acute kidney injury has undergone recent examination and revision, with new interest in evaluating novel biomarkers which measure kidney function more accurately with greater predictive power for patient outcomes. Specific interventions to prevent sepsis associated kidney injury by emergency care practitioners and other frontline providers are currently lacking, and no significant evidence for such practices exist. With a growing understanding of the mechanisms of injury, novel therapeutic targets have been proposed, but current human studies have yet to be performed to help guide the practitioner.
Early experience with sentinel lymph node mapping for Merkel cell carcinoma.

Abstract Merkel cell or cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma is a malignant tumor with a propensity toward local and systemic recurrence. A new surgical technique, intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective sentinel lymph node dissection (SSLND), has been demonstrated to have a high predictive value for the detection of metastatic disease in the regional lymphatic basin in cutaneous melanoma. The use of this technology may be particularly useful to accurately stage patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) because this tumor has a frequent propensity toward regional nodal metastases. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and SSLND were performed on 6 patients with biopsy-proven MCC. Three patients with MCC had positive disease in the sentinel lymph node(s). SSLND is a feasible technique with minimal procedural morbidity to detect clinically occult disease in patients with MCC. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:303-8.)
Dynamic vs. Static Age-related Differences in Recognizing Emotive Facial Expressions in a Virtual Agent

Technological advances will allow virtual agents to increasingly assist individuals with everyday living tasks. As such, virtual agents will interact with people of all ages and experiences. Facial expressions are often used to facilitate social interaction. However, older and younger adults do not label human (Ruffman et al., 2008) or virtual agent (Beer et al., 2009; 2010) facial expressions in the same way, with older adults commonly mislabeling certain expressions. Dynamic formation, or motion, of facial expression may provide additional facial information potentially making emotions less ambiguous (Bould & Morris, 2008). This study examined how motion affects younger and older adults in recognizing emotion displayed by a virtual agent. Participants viewed videos of the dynamic formation or static pictures of emotive facial expressions. Older adults were found to better recognize static pictures than the dynamic formation of emotions. Older adults had lower recognition rates for anger, fear, happiness...
ENHANCED DIURETIC EFFECT OF LASIX AFTER PRIMING WITH THEOPHYLLINE IN CRITICALLY ILL NEONATES. 1339

ENHANCED DIURETIC EFFECT OF LASIX AFTER PRIMING WITH THEOPHYLLINE IN CRITICALLY ILL NEONATES. 1339
Metrazol impairs conditioned aversion produced by LiCl: a time dependent effect.

Abstract The effects of 40 mg/kg Metrazol on a conditioned saccharin aversion produced by LiCl were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, it was found that Metrazol administered 10 min before or after LiCl dis not impair conditioned aversion to saccharin. In Experiment 2, Metrazol was given 2 min before, 0 or 3 min after the administration of LiCl. Under these conditions, impairment did occur. It was concluded that Metrazol may impair conditioned taste aversion in a time-dependent manner. The present findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to ECS as an interfering agent and retroactive and proactive effects on the CS and/or the UCS.
Harvest and primary culture of the murine aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron.

The aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) exhibits axial heterogeneity in structure and function from the distal convoluted tubule to the medullary collecting duct. Ion and water transport is...
Protein Structure Determination by High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Application to Microcrystalline Ubiquitin

High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy has become a promising method for the determination of three-dimensional protein structures for systems which are difficult to crystallize or exhibit low solubility. Here we describe the structure determination of microcrystalline ubiquitin using 2D 13C−13C correlation spectroscopy under magic angle spinning conditions. High-resolution 13C spectra have been acquired from hydrated microcrystals of site-directed 13C-enriched ubiquitin. Interresidue carbon−carbon distance constraints defining the global protein structure have been evaluated from ‘dipolar-assisted rotational resonance' experiments recorded at various mixing times. Additional constraints on the backbone torsion angles have been derived from chemical shift analysis. Using both distance and dihedral angle constraints, the structure of microcrystalline ubiquitin has been refined to a root-mean-square deviation of about 1 A. The structure determination strategies for solid samples described herein are l...