cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Breastfeeding, Formula Feeding, and Complementary Feeding on Rapid Weight Gain in the First Year of Life.

Abstract Objective To determine whether proportion of breast versus formula feeding, and timing of complementary food introduction affect the odds of rapid gain in weight status in a diverse sample of infants. Methods Using data from Greenlight Intervention Study, we analyzed the effects of type of milk feeding (breastfeeding, formula, or mixed feeding) from the 2 to 6 month well visits, and the introduction of complementary foods before 4 months on rapid increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) before 12 months using multivariable logistic regression models. Results Of the 865 infants enrolled, 469 had complete data on all variables of interest, and 41% and 33% of those infants had rapid increases in WAZ and WLZ, respectively. Odds of rapid increase in WAZ remained lowest for infants breastfeeding from 2 to 6 months (aOR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.69) when compared to infants who were formula fed. Adjusted for feeding, introduction of complementary foods after 4 months was associated with decreased odds of rapid increase in WLZ (aOR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.96). Conclusion Feeding typified by predominant breastfeeding and delaying introduction of complementary foods after 4 months reduces the odds of rapid increases in WAZ and WLZ in the first year of life.
Depression Is Associated With Preserved Cortical Thickness Relative to Apathy in Frontotemporal Dementia.

OBJECTIVES To understand the differential neuroanatomical substrates underlying apathy and depression in Frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS T1-MRIs and clinical data of patients with behavioral and aphasic variants of FTD were obtained from an open database. Cortical thickness was derived, its association with apathy severity and difference between the depressed and not depressed were examined with appropriate covariates. RESULTS Apathy severity was significantly associated with cortical thinning of the lateral parts of the right sided frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. The right sided orbitofrontal, parsorbitalis and rostral anterior cingulate cortex were thicker in depressed compared to patients not depressed. CONCLUSIONS Greater thickness of right sided ventromedial and inferior frontal cortex in depression compared to patients without depression suggests a possible requisite of gray matter in this particular area for the manifestation of depression in FTD. This study demonstrates a method for deriving neuroanatomical patterns across non-harmonized neuroimaging data in a neurodegenerative disease.
Real-time monitoring of TATP released from PDMS-based canine training aids versus bulk TATP using DART-MS

Abstract Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was used to explore the behavior of vapor released from triacetone triperoxide (TATP) versus an absorption-based canine training aid sometimes called a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer odor capture and release (POCR) system. The results compare dissipation from the source to the instrument (in minutes), steady state signal intensity (i.e. approximate relative amounts), and dissipation of the odor after removing the source (also in minutes). Several parameters were tested: reproducibility between POCRs, TATP versus TATP with a lid (containing 13 drilled holes), distance from the detector, heights of the source, concealment, purposeful air disturbances, blanks, and containment systems. In general, the PDMS-based training aid behaved similarly to the TATP with a 13-hole lid, which is the aid most often used by the FBI’s National Canine Improvised Explosives Detection Program. Results shows that the PDMS-based training aids are reproducible and reliable at steady state as a vapor release system. As expected, signal was decreased given increased distance from the DART interface for all sample types, when using the odor-restricting lid with the 1 g TATP sample, when all samples were placed at height, and when using a cotton bag as a method of concealment. Despite having no direct correlation, these results support anecdotal canine evidence since canine handlers tend to report that their dogs have more difficulty finding training aids within those same parameters. Further, adding purposeful air disturbances had a larger effect on signal intensity for 1 g TATP than on the PDMS-based training aid. Finally, adding a masking odor at the DART interface decreased detection of TATP regardless of the vapor source, but did not fully diminish it. This too agrees with canine handler reports and previous research, where dogs may have a more difficult time locating odors in the presence of high background. This is the first report of its kind to use real-time detection to characterize vapor release and dissipation from a biosensor training aid in comparison to the corresponding true material it intends to replace. By using the three phases of odor release (saturation, steady state, and depletion), the study investigates the effects of several ambient parameters on TATP volatile detection from true material and the PDMS-based training aid.
Taurine recovers mice emotional learning and memory disruptions associated with fragile x syndrome in context fear and auditory cued-conditioning.

Previously, we have assessed the administration of chronic taurine (i.e. 0.05 % w/v for >4 weeks [c-Tau]) producing anxiogenic neurobehaviors, whereas acute taurine (i.e. 43 mg/kg/s.c. [a-Tau]) induces anxiolytic outcomes on anxiety based measures of behavior in the FVB/NJ mouse strain. Here we compared our findings with the FVB/NJ Fragile X knock out mouse (KO), the most inheritable form of intellectual disability characterized by a reduced efficiency in GABAergic signaling, to assess whether or not taurine, a GABAAR agonist, (i.e. acute and chronic) could stabilize and recover the emotional learning and memory profiles consistent with wild type (WT) mice. When compared to WT mice, KO mice exhibited reduced learning on the context fear task over four trials. Interestingly, both KO a-Tau and KO c-Tau evidenced recovered emotional learning acquisition during the context fear task when compared to KO which was comparable to WT; with marked improvements in the KO a-Tau condition more than the KO c-Tau. In addition, memory retention was increased in the KO a-Tau condition when compared to KO, while KO c-Tau was not significantly affected. These findings suggest that KO a-Tau treatment can be utilized as a potential pharmacotherapeutic intervention for treating KO’s in enhancing GABAergic modulation of emotional learning conditions consistent with this genetic disorder.
Global Sourcing of Services and Market Performance: An Empirical Investigation:

ABSTRACT Masaaki Kotabe,Janet Y. Murray,and RajshekharG. Javalgi Submitted April 1996Revised April 1997February 1998^Journal of International MarketingVol. 6. No. 4. 1998. pp. 10-31ISSN 1069-031X Global procurement of services has received an increasing amountof managerial attention in recent years. Service firms seem to havebegun sourcing some of their activities from abroad in much thesame way that manufacturing firms have outsourced in the past 30years. However, little is known about the performance implicationsof a service sourcing strategy This study applies, with appropriatemodifications, a global components/finished goods sourcing strate-gy framework to the service sector. It also tests hypotheses relatingservice firms' global sourcing strategy to their market performance. The world trade in services, which is growing faster than thetrade in goods, represents approximately 25% of the totalvalue of all global trade (Kotabe and Helsen 1998). The major-ity takes place within the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (Gdneng 1988); U.S. servicesimports in 1996 amounted to $150.4 billion (StatisticalAbstract of the United States 1997). The dramatic increase inU.S. services procurement abroad, either intra- or interfirm,is attributed chiefiy to government deregulation and techno-logical advances. The revolution in data processing andtelecommunications either makes the tradability of someservices possible or facilitates the transactions economically(Gerstein 1987; Sampson and Snape 1985).Despite the increase in global procurement of services(Fortune 1994; Liu and McGoldrick 1995), few studies inves-tigate global sourcing issues and performance implications.The literature on service industries in the global arena stress-es their growing importance (Gowell 1983; Palmer 1985;Patterson and Gicic 1995); the motives, process, and prob-lems of internationalization (Bower 1968; Gaedeke 1973);determinants of foreign direct investment (Terpstra and Yu1988; Weinstein 1977); foreign market entry modes (Erramilli1990; Erramilli and Rao 1993); and the propensity for servicefirms to follow major clients abroad (Patterson and Gicic1995). Some of this research is dated, however, and a neg-lected topic is how to manage service procurement for com-petitive advantage (Anderson and Narus 1995).This study examines the factors infiuencing global sourcingof services by U.S. service firms and the effect of such a strat-egy on market performance. A paradigm developed for com-ponents/finished goods sourcing is modified and applied to
The Orientation of Helix 4 in Apolipoprotein A-I-containing Reconstituted High Density Lipoproteins

The three-dimensional structure of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) component apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and the molecular basis for its protection against coronary artery disease are unknown. In terms of discoidal HDL particles, there has been a debate as to the orientation of the apoA-I alpha-helices around the disc edge. The "picket fence" model states that the alpha-helical repeats, separated by turns, are arranged parallel to the phospholipid acyl chains of the enclosed lipid bilayer. On the other hand, the "belt" model states that the helical segments run perpendicular to the acyl chains. To distinguish between these models, we used nitroxide spin labels present at various depths in the bilayer of reconstituted HDL (rHDL) to measure the position of Trp residues in single Trp mutants of human proapoA-I. Two mutants were studied; the first contained a Trp at position 108, which was located near the center of helix 4. The second contained a Trp at position 115, two turns along the same helix. The picket fence model predicts that these Trp residues should be at different depths in the bilayer, whereas the belt model predicts that they should be at similar depths. Different sized rHDL particles were produced that contained 2, 3, and >4 molecules of proapoA-I per complex. In each case, parallax analysis indicated that Trp-108 and Trp-115 were present at similar depths of about 6 A from the center of the bilayer, consistent with helix 4 being oriented perpendicular to the acyl chains (in agreement with the belt model). Similar experiments showed that control transmembrane peptides were oriented parallel to the acyl chains in vesicles, demonstrating that the method was capable of distinguishing between the two models. This study provides one of the first experimental measurements of the location of an apoA-I helix with respect to the bilayer edge.
End on a High Note: Better Endings for Classes and Courses.

day's work. Similar discord occurs at the end of the course when students slink out of the room after a final exam, often deliberately avoiding any farewell ex change with the instructor. The literature on college teaching is sparse on the topic of class and course endings. The sources of advice include Cross and Angelo (1988), Duffy and Jones (1995), Wagenheim and Gemmill (1994), cooperative learning advocates, Johnson, Johnson, and Smith (1991), and the field of group dynamics, including Corey and Corey (1987) and Schmuck and Schmuck (1975). Based on this liter ature and a discussion that we initiated
All optimal Hankel-norm approximations and their /spl Lscr//sub /spl infin// error bounds in discrete-time

This paper investigates a parallel problem to Glover (1984): approximate a multivariable transfer function G(z) of McMillan degree n by G(z) of McMillan degree smaller than k in discrete-time. A state-space solution is derived to the optimal Hankel-norm approximation problem, together with characterization to all optimal Hankel-norm approximations. It is shown that the /spl Lscr//sub /spl infin//error bound derived in holds for discrete-time systems as well.
Simulate to Understand Models, Not Nature

Simulations are widely used. Simulations produce numbers that are deductive demonstrations of what a model says will happen. They produce numerical results that are consistent with the premises of the model used to generate the numbers. These simulated numerical results are not empirical data that address aspects of the world that lies outside the model. In contrast, empirical data are central to the scientific method. When a simulation is substituted for the assessment of hypotheses with real data, a false sense of understanding can ensue and with it a biased perspective on the world. To illustrate the limitations of simulation and their proper role, examples are drawn from simulation studies about score equating.
Sequence of the cloned Escherichia coli K1 CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase gene

Abstract The Escherichia coli CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) synthetase gene is located on a 3.3-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment of the plasmid pSR23 which contains the genes for K1 capsule production (Vann, W. F., Silver, R. P., Abeijon, C., Chang, K., Aaronson, W., Sutton, A., Finn, C. W., Lindner, W., and Kotsatos, M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17556-17562). The CMP-NeuAc synthetase gene expression was increased 10-30-fold by cloning of a 2.7-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment onto the vector pKK223-3 containing the tac promoter. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding CMP-NeuAc synthetase was determined from progressive deletions generated by selective digestion of M13 clones containing the 2.7-kb fragment. CMP-NeuAc synthetase is located near the EcoRI site on this fragment as indicated by the detection of an open reading frame encoding a 49,000-dalton polypeptide. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences of the encoded protein were confirmed by sequencing of peptides cleaved from both ends of the purified enzyme. The nucleotide deduced amino acid sequence was confirmed by sequencing several tryptic peptides of purified enzyme. The molecular weight is consistent with that determined from sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration and ultracentrifugation experiments under nondenaturing conditions suggest that the enzyme is active as a 49,000-dalton monomer but may form aggregates.
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from hen brain. Purification and characterization.

Abstract Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II) has been purified from hen whole brain. The enzyme was purified 3000-fold using phosphocellulose and calmodulin-Agarose column chromatography. The specific activity was 200 nmol/min/mg protein. Microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) was used as a substrate to assess the activity of the enzyme during purification and for its characterization. CaM-kinase II consisted of α and β/β′ subunits of molecular weights 46,000 and 55,000/ 52,000, respectively. The ratio of α to β/β′ subunits was 3:1 in the enzyme purified from the whole brain. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity and phosphorylated myelin basic protein, MAP-2, histone II, histone VIII, casein, tubulin, myosin light chains, glycogen synthase, and phosvitin in decreasing order. Phosphorylase b was phosphorylated at a negligible rate. Autophosphorylation of CaM-kinase II for 10 min in the presence of calcium and calmodulin decreased its total activity to 33%, and calcium/calmodulin-independent activity reached 30% after 1 min and then dropped to 14% after 10 min of autophosphorylation. The K m value of ATP was 19 ± 1.3 μ M, and the K 0.5 values of calcium and calmodulin were 4.4±0.5 and 3.0±0.5 μ M, respectively. The latter were determined using myelin basic protein as the substrate. CaM-kinase II exhibited great differences in the calmodulin requirement for phosphorylation of MAP-2, histone II and myelin basic protein. MAP-2 required the least amount of calmodulin for its phosphorylation. Autophosphorylation of CaM-kinase II resulted in decreased mobility of the α-subunit but apparently not of the β/β′ subunits in sodium dodecyl/sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. Antiserum was raised against the CaM-kinase II α subunit and used for testing cross-reactivity of hen brain enzyme with that of other species. The antiserum which reacted with both α and β subunits of hen brain CaM-kinase II cross-reacted with only the α subunit of rat, mouse, rabbit, cat, dog, pig and human brain samples. The purified hen brain CaM-kinase II is a multifunctional enzyme and resembled rat brain CaM-kinase II several properties. Immunocross-reactivity suggested that there was similarity in the α but not the β/β′ subunits of the hen brain enzyme and the brain enzyme of other species.
Recursive Update Algorithm for Least Squares Support Vector Machines

In this Letter an efficient recursive update algorithm for least squares support vector machines (LSSVMs) is developed. Using the previous solution and some matrix equations, the algorithm completely avoids training the LSSVM all over again whenever new training sample is available. The gain in speed using the recursive update algorithm is illustrated on four data sets from UCI repository: the Statlog Australian credit, the Pima Indians diabetes, the Wisconsin breast cancer, and the adult income data sets.
Effect of individual l-amino acids on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release in humans.

Individual L-amino acids were instilled intragastrically to determine possible differences in stimulation of gastric acid secretion and gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release. Phenylalanine and tryptophan were significantly more potent stimulants of gastric acid secretion and of pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin release than any of the other amino acids tested. Smaller, but significant, responses were obtained with threonine for pancreatic polypeptide and with serine for acid secretion. We conclude that a major part of the acid-stimulating action of mixed amino acid solution can be explained by the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, which are also the most potent stimulants of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release. These studies suggest that the specific composition of amino acid mixtures determines the net effects of such mixtures on gastric secretion, and on release of both the antral hormone gastrin and the pancreatic hormone, pancreatic polypeptide.
Structural empowerment and anticipated turnover among behavioural health nurses.

smith t., capitulo k.l., quinn griffin m.t. & fitzpatrick j.j. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management 20, 679–684 Structural empowerment and anticipated turnover among behavioural health nurses Aim The aim of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between structural empowerment and anticipated turnover among behavioural health nurses. Background There have been several studies relating structural empowerment to a range of organizational characteristics and personal attributes of nurses themselves. There are also previous studies linking the key variables in the present study, but no previous research of behavioural health nurses was available. Methods A quantitative design was used for this cross-sectional pilot study. All registered nurses (RN) working on inpatient units in the study facility were invited to participate (n = 97). An anonymous survey was sent to all potential participants. Results The response rate was 53% (n = 50). The majority of participants perceived themselves as moderately empowered. There was a significant negative correlation between empowerment and anticipated turnover. Conclusion The results of this pilot study among behavioural health nurses are similar to the results among nurses working in other clinical areas. Implications for nursing management Nurse managers should be cognizant of the factors that enhance nurses’ perceptions of empowerment, particularly related to issues of retention and anticipated turnover among behavioural health nurses.
At what depths do magma‐water eruptions breach the surface?

When magma ascends upward in the Earth's crust, it can react violently with groundwater, leading to underground explosions or even full-fledged eruptions. If they breach the surface, these phreatomagmatic eruptions leave debris that falls concentrically around the crater or cone. Previously, researchers have sought to determine the depth within the vent from which the eruption originated by looking at the types of ejected rocks and their original positions beneath the volcanoes, but Valentine et al. found that these two factors are not necessarily directly related.
Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer for diagnosis of ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis

Although mesenteric venous thrombosis carries a better prognosis than arterial thrombosis, mortality and morbidity are still high. Previous studies have shown that the basic electrical rhythm (BER) of the bowel decreases early after induction of arterial ischemia. Furthermore, our studies have shown that these changes occur prior to pathologic changes and that they can be recorded noninvasively using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). SQUIDs measure magnetic fields that are created by the electrical activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle and have been used to measure the BER of the small intestine in human volunteers. This study was conducted to determine if a SQUID could be used for early noninvasive detection of mesenteric venous ischemia in an animal model. Simultaneous recordings from serosal electrodes and a SQUID outside the abdomen were taken from anesthetized New Zealand rabbits. Recordings were made for 15 minutes before and 90 minutes after injection of thrombin into the superior mesenteric vein. The basic electrical rhythm of the small bowel dropped from 16.42 +/- 0.69 to 8.80 +/- 0.74 cycles per minute at 30 minutes and to 6.82 +/- 0.722 after 90 minutes (p < 0.0001, paired t-test). The correlation coefficient between the SQUID and electrical recordings was 0.954 (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that the ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis results in changes in the bioelectrical activity, which can be noninvasively detected using a SQUID.
Immunosuppressive activity of human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations in vivo: Evidence for gonadal dependence

Human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations (hCG), when injected ip daily for 4 days, suppress the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response of mice to sheep red blood cells. Preparations of crude hCG, purified hCG subunits, and hCG that was formed by recombining the purified subunits showed immunosuppressive activity in accord with their gonadotrophic activity. The immunosuppressive effects in male and female mice were comparable. However, removal of the gonads completely abrogated the immunosuppressive activity of hCG in both males and females, suggesting that the effect of hCG is mediated by a factor released from the gonads. We conclude that the hCG molecule itself exhibits immunosuppressive activity in vivo in both male and female mice and that the gonads are required for the expression of this activity.
A study of the 2006 and 2007 earthquake sequence of Pisco, Peru, with InSAR and teleseismic data

[1] We combine interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and teleseismic body waves to study the largest earthquake (Mw 8.1) in a sequence of events on the subduction megathrust near Pisco, Peru. Our analysis includes some of the first InSAR data from the ALOS satellite and wide swath data from the Envisat satellite. The teleseismic data indicate the slip maximum occurred 60–90 seconds after the mainshock started. The InSAR data constrain the main slip patch to be about 70 km from the hypocenter, suggesting an extremely low rupture velocity (<1.5 km/s) or long slip rise time. No large earthquake has occurred in the 2007 rupture area since at least 1746 and possibly 1687, suggesting significant aseismic deformation in the area. The slip deficit apparently cannot be filled with rapid after-slip. In addition, the area where the Nazca Ridge is subducting appears to be either a seismic gap or a persistent area of aseismic slip.
Elevation of the nasal mucosal surface temperature after warming of the feet occurs via a neural reflex.

Objective --To evaluate in humans the mechanisms underlying the increase in nasal mucosal temperature following immersion of the feet in warm water (42°C). Material and Methods --The nasal mucosal temperature of subjects was measured whilst their feet were immersed in warm water. Results --The nasal mucosal temperature rose quickly on immersion and dissipated equally fast on removal of the feet from warm water. Intranasal lidocaine raised the mucosal temperature slightly after application, but also blocked the feet warming-induced increase in nasal mucosal temperature, suggesting a neural reflex. Whereas the cutaneous-nasal reflex stimulates a transient parasympathetic response, acetylcholine does not seem to contribute to the more prolonged increase in nasal mucosal temperature following immersion of the feet in warm water. Warming of the feet probably leads to a loss of alpha-sympathetic activity of nasal blood vessels and an increase in nasal mucosal temperature because application of phenoxybenzamine,...
Effect of breast cancer phenotype on diagnostic performance of MRI in the prediction to response to neoadjuvant treatment.

Abstract Aim The estimation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is useful in the surgical decision in breast cancer. We addressed the diagnostic reliability of conventional MRI, of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and of a merged criterion coupling morphological MRI and DWI. Diagnostic performance was analysed separately in different tumor subtypes, including HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)/HR+ (hormone receptor) (hybrid phenotype). Materials and methods Two-hundred and twenty-five patients underwent MRI before and after NAC. The response to treatment was defined according to the RECIST classification and the evaluation of DWI with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The complete pathological response – pCR was assessed (Mandard classification). Results Tumor phenotypes were Luminal (63.6%), Triple Negative (16.4%), HER2+ (7.6%) or Hybrid (12.4%). After NAC, pCR was observed in 17.3% of cases. Average ADC was statistically higher after NAC (p Conclusion The diagnostic reliability of MRI in predicting the pCR to NAC depends on the tumor phenotype, particularly in the Luminal and Hybrid subgroups. In these cases, the coupling of morphological MRI evaluation and DWI assessment may facilitate the diagnosis.
Phonon-Wind-Driven Electron-Hole Plasma in Si

The spatial expansion of electron-hole plasma created by nanosecond pulsed-laser excitation of Si is examined by time-resolved luminescence imaging. On a several-nanosecond time scale, the plasma created by 0.5-\ensuremath{\mu}J excitation expands from the excitation point at subsonic velocities, contrary to a fast-diffusing plasma model recently proposed to explain spectroscopic anomalies. For 50-\ensuremath{\mu}J excitation, time-resolved images show a shell of plasma expanding at near-sonic velocities, indicating phonon-wind-driven transport with highly non-linear damping.
Classification of non-stationary neural signals.

Abstract Although a number of methods have been proposed for classification of individual action potentials embedded in multi-unit activity, they have been challenged by non-stationarity. The waveform shapes of action potentials can change rapidly over time as a result of shifts in membrane conductances during extended burst firing sequences and more slowly over time due to electrode drift. These changes are typically non-Gaussian. We present an algorithm for waveform identification that makes no assumptions on the distribution of these shapes other than the change in waveform shape for a particular neuron should not be discontinuous. We apply this algorithm to the resolution of multi-unit neural signals recorded in the cat visual cortex and we compare this approach to a spike sorting method that is based on the Bayesian likelihood of a spike fitting a particular model (Lewicki, M. Bayesian modeling and classification of neural signals. Neural Comput 1994;6(5):1005–1030).
Nonverbal descriptive systems and hemispheric asymmetry: shape versus texture discrimination.

Abstract Evidence is offered that hemispheric disparities are not well specified by a simple language versus nonlanguage dichotomy. Rather, it is proposed that the left hemisphere processes stimuli in terms of any descriptive system preexisting in the cognitive repertoire, while the right hemisphere processes stimuli for which no descriptive systems preexist. To test this hypothesis, nonsense figures of varying shape and texture (neither dimension being verbally codable, yet intrinsically differing in codability) were briefly presented to each hemifield separately and then identified in multiple-choice displays in which any choice was correct in respect of either shape or texture. The left hemisphere was more often correct on shapes than textures, while the right hemisphere was equally correct on both dimensions, performing at a level intermediate between the two left hemisphere results.
Hydrodynamic Forces on Submerged Rigid Bodies — Steady Flow

Formulae are derived for computing hydrodynamic forces on a submerged rigid body under the assumption that the governing equations for the fluid flow are the steady Navier—Stokes equations. Two new formulae relating the far field behavior of the pressure, the stress vector and either the inertial force term on the rigid body or the velocity behavior in the far field are obtained. Combining these results it is possible to evaluate the hydrodynamic forces solely in terms of the velocity in the far field and a convective inertial force term on the rigid body.
Photosensitized oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin: singlet oxygen does not contribute to the formation of fluorescent oxidation product 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein

2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) is often employed to assess oxidative stress in cells by monitoring the appearance of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), its highly fluorescent oxidation product. We have investigated the photosensitized oxidation of DCFH in solution and elucidated the role played by singlet molecular oxygen (1O(2)) in this reaction. We used rose bengal (RB), protoporphyrin, and DCF as photosensitizers. Irradiation (550 nm) of RB (20 microM) in 50 mM phosphate (pH 7.4) in the presence of DCFH (50 microM) resulted in the rapid formation of DCF, measured as an increase in its characteristic absorbance and fluorescence. The oxidation rate was faster in deoxygenated solution, did not increase in D(2)O, and even increased in the presence of sodium azide. The presence of antioxidants that react with 1O(2), thus removing oxygen, accelerated DCF formation. Such results eliminate any potential direct involvement of 1O(2) in DCF formation, even though DCFH is an efficient (physical) quencher of 1O(2) (k(q) = 1.4 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) in methanol). DCF is also a moderate photosensitizer of 1O(2) with a quantum yield of circa phi = 0.06 in D(2)O and phi = 0.08 in propylene carbonate, which unequivocally indicates that DCF can exist in a triplet state upon excitation with UV and visible light. This triplet can initiate photo-oxidization of DCFH via redox-and-radical mechanism(s) similar to those involving RB (vide supra). Our results show that, upon illumination, DCF can function as a moderate photosensitizer initiating DCFH oxidation, which may prime and accelerate the formation of DCF. We have also shown that, while 1O(2) does not contribute directly to DCF production, it can do so indirectly via reaction with cellular substrates yielding peroxy products and peroxyl radicals, which are able to oxidize DCFH in subsequent dark reactions. These findings suggest that DCFH should not be regarded as a probe sensitive to singlet molecular oxygen, and that care must be taken when using DCFH to measure oxidative stress in cells as a result of both visible and UV light exposure.
The Consumer Politics of Trade Restrictions: The Case of Domestic Content Requirements

Blue-collar employment in the United States is declining due to a number of factors including the increasing competitiveness of foreign businesses, overseas plant relocation by American firms, and a new wave of automation (e.g., robotics) in “smokestack” industries [2, 13, 20, 27, 33]. From the viewpoint of American consumers, these developments could mean lower prices, improved product quality, and enhanced choice for American consumers. This paper argues, in contrast, that the declining power of organized labor in the United States poses serious issues of identity and strategy for the American consumer movement. These issues are first examined in detail with respect to domestic content legislation and the American auto industry and then considered more broadly in the paper's final section.
Periglacial Climate at the 2.5 Ma Onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation Inferred from the Whippoorwill Formation, Northern Missouri, USA

The Whippoorwill Formation is a gleyed diamicton that is present locally within bedrock depressions beneath the oldest glacial till in northern Missouri, USA. Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and cosmogenic–nuclide burial ages show that it was deposited between the Matuyama–Gauss magnetostratigraphic boundary at 2.58 Ma and the first advance of the Laurentide ice sheet into Missouri at 2.47 ± 0.19 Ma. High cosmogenic–nuclide concentrations also show that the constituents of the Whippoorwill Formation experienced long exposure at a stable landscape surface with erosion rates of 1–2 m/Ma. However, cosmogenic–nuclide concentrations are invariant with depth below the Whippoorwill Formation surface, indicating active mixing of the soil profile shortly before burial by till. The Whippoorwill Formation retains numerous features indicative of cryoturbation. Therefore, we interpret it as a buried Gelisol, a soil formed under periglacial conditions in the presence of permafrost. At the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, climate cooling established permafrost conditions and accelerated erosion by inducing landscape instability. Thus, weathered regolith materials were mobilized and redeposited by gelifluction shortly before the ice sheet overrode the landscape.
The Development of Indicators

The standards set by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (ICAHO) and published annually in the Accrediting Manual for Hospitals (AMH) define the framework within which most hospitals conduct their quality assurance (QA) and utilization review (UR) activities. The process known as “monitoring and evaluation,” reviewed here in May, forms a central component of many of these standards. The monitoring and evaluation process, in turn, depends on the identification of “clinical indicators.” The JCAHO has stated that a clinical indicator is “a quantitative measure that can be used as a guide to monitor and evaluate the quality of important patient care and support service activities. An indicator is not a direct measure of quality. Rather, it is a screen or flag that identifies or directs attention to specific performance issues that should be the subject of more intense review”.
CRT-500 Invasive Catheterization Case Length Analysis: Results from Duke University Medical Center

Invasive cardiac catheterization laboratories perform a variety of cardiac diagnostic and interventional procedures each year. With nationwide efforts to improve efficiency, room utilization and patient scheduling, little data is available regarding median procedure times. For the years 2012-2014,
Modularity for the modern world: summary of invited keynote

Aspect-oriented software development is motivated by the desire to localize definitions of independent concerns in the software. Localized definitions are a form of modularity that achieve separation of concerns in the design, but the non-hierarchical character of the concerns creates structure clashes with the hierarchical modular constructs in conventional programming languages. Aspect-oriented modularity achieves the benefits of localized definitions, but at the costs of complexity both in the tools that weave the aspects into code and in the task of understanding the interactions among definitions.Aspect-oriented modularity is one of several types of modularity that have emerged in the past decade or so. Much of this growth has been triggered by the penetration of computing and information technology into all aspects of modern life. Much of the conventional wisdom of software engineering, especially about modularity, is challenged by the shift from in-house software development to composition of Internet-accessible resources and by the involvement of end-user programmers in development.This talk will discuss the larger landscape of modularity in modern computing and information systems, including the motivations for introducing modularity, the sorts of information that can usefully be modularized, mechanisms that bridge from the modular abstractions to running code, generality/power tradeoffs, and examples that show this diversity.
Bias adjustment in analysing longitudinal data with informative missingness

The recent biostatistical literature contains a number of methods for handling the bias caused by 'informative censoring', which refers to drop-out from a longitudinal study after a number of visits scheduled at predetermined intervals. The same or related methods can be extended to situations where the missing pattern is intermittent. The pattern of missingness is often assumed to be related to the outcome through random effects which represent unmeasured individual characteristics such as health awareness. To date there is only limited experience with applying the methods for informative censoring in practice, mostly because of complicated modelling and difficult computations. In this paper, we propose an estimation method based on grouping the data. The proposed estimator is asymptotically unbiased in various situations under informative missingness. Several existing methods are reviewed and compared in simulation studies. We apply the methods to data from the Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Project, a longitudinal study tracking glycaemic control and acute and chronic complications from the diagnosis of type I diabetes.
Specificity analysis of the C-type lectin from rattlesnake venom, and its selectivity towards Gal- or GalNAc-terminated glycoproteins.

The rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom lectin is a readily-prepared decameric C-type lectin, specific for Gal and GalNAc. Glycan microarray analysis showed it reacted with a wide range of glycans, chiefly recognizing sets of compounds with Galβ1-4GlcNAc (LacNAc), α-Gal or α-GalNAc non-reducing termini. Its array profile was therefore distinctly different from those of four previously studied mammalian C-type lectins with the same Gal/GalNAc monosaccharide specificity, and it was more broadly reactive than several Gal- or GalNAc-specific plant lectins commonly used for glycan blotting. Though a general reactivity towards glycoproteins might be expected from the avidity conferred by its high valence, it showed a marked preference for glycoproteins with multiple glycans, terminated by Gal or GalNAc. Thus its ten closely-spaced sites each with a KD for GalNAc of ~2 mM appeared to make RSVL more selective than the four more widely-spaced sites of soybean agglutinin, with a ten-fold better KD for GalNAc.
The completely mixed single-controller stochastic game

We consider a zero-sum stochastic game with finitely many states and actions. Further we assume that the transition probabilities depend on the actions of only one player (player II, in our case), and that the game is completely mixed. That is, every optimal stationary strategy for either player assigns a positive probability to every action in every state. For these games, properties analogous to those derived by Kaplansky [4] for the completely mixed matrix games, are established in this paper. These properties lead to the counterintuitive conclusion that the controller need not know the law of motion in order to play optimally, but his opponent does not have this luxury.
When Clients Don't Progress: Influences on and Explanations for Lack of Therapeutic Progress

Three hundred and fifteen psychotherapists responded to a survey and provided information about clients who had failed to make progress in individual treatment. It was found that criteria for defining failure to progress varied with therapy orientation, and that social—cognitive factors, over the severity of patient symptoms, often guided therapists evaluations of client functioning. Preliminary estimates were that an average of 11% of each therapist's caseload were not making progress, and that the majority of therapists who were continuing to treat these clients had not developed alternative treatment plans. Both pragmatic and ethical concerns suggest the need for developing guidelines and criteria for use in determining when clients are failing to make sufficient progress and in providing recommendations for how such cases should be managed.
The economic burden of eating disorders and related mental health comorbidities: An exploratory analysis using the U.S. Medical Expenditures Panel Survey

Abstract Background Very little is known about the economic burden of eating disorders (ED) and related mental health comorbidities. Methods Using 5 years of data from the U.S. Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, we estimated the difference in annual health care costs, employment status, and earned income (2011 US$) between individuals with current ED compared to those without ED. We further estimated the contribution of mental health comorbidities to these disparities in health care costs, employment and earnings. Results Individuals with ED had greater annual health care costs ($1869, p = 0.012), lower but borderline significant employment rates (OR = 0.67, 95% CIs [0.41, 1.09]), and lower but not statistically significant earnings among those who were employed ($2093, p = 0.48), compared to individuals without ED. Among individuals with ED, the presence of mental health comorbidities was associated with higher but not statistically significant health care costs ($1993, p = 0.17), lower borderline significant odds of employment (OR = 0.41, 95% CIs [0.14, 1.20]), and significantly lower earnings ($19,374, p Conclusions Treatment and prevention of ED may have broader economic benefits in terms of heath care savings and gains in work productivity than previously recognized. This exploratory study justifies large scale evaluations of the societal economic impact of eating disorders and comorbidities.
Intracellular Na+ activities in Aplysia gut: effect of transported solutes

Abstract Intracellular Na+ activity (aNai) is below electrochemical equilibrium. Neither glycine nor glucose had any effect on aNai. Ouabain increased aNai from control toward electrochemical equilibrium. Activity coefficient of Na+ reflects a substantially bound Na+ intracellular pool from this ion.
On Mass-Dependent Spheroidal Harmonics of Spin One-Half

The angular functions in Chandrasekhar's separation of the variables of Dirac's equation in Kerr geometry are solved by an expansion procedure based on spin-weighted spherical harmonics. The characteristic values are obtained as a series in a$\sigma$, where a is the Kerr parameter and $\sigma$ is the frequency. Closed expressions are obtained for the successive terms in the expansion. Numerical tables are provided.
Comparison of ultrastructural characteristics of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in prepubertal and adult male rats

Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from prepubertal (29-day-old) and adult (three-month-old) male rats were demonstrated immunocytochemically using the LR1 antibody, and prepared for electron microscopic examination. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons were equally immunoreactive in the two age groups, but there were heavy deposits of reaction product in the outer nuclear envelope of these neurons in prepubertal animals. Point count stereology on electron micrographic montages of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons at ×25,000 was used to compare the relative proportion of cytoplasm containing various subcellular organelles. More of the cytoplasm was occupied by Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles in the prepubertal animals. The representation of mitochondria was equal in the two age groups, while there were more lysosomes in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from adult animals. The density of synaptic input to the neurons was estimated using quantitative morphometrics on electron micrographs of three levels of section through the neuron, magnified ×25,000. The percentage of the perikaryal membrane with synaptic contacts was greater in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from adults. Most strikingly, there were gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals on gonadotropin-releasing hormone soma of these neurons in prepubertal animals, but not in the adults. The highly immunoreactive outer nuclear envelope and relative larger representation of Golgi and secretory vesicles in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in prepubertal animals suggest that these cells are actively synthesizing peptides, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The large representation of Golgi apparatus may also reflect the active biosynthesis of membrane in association with the elaboration of neuronal processes. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from prepubertal animals were less well innervated than those from the adults, suggesting that their integration into the circuitry is not complete at this stage. A striking difference between the two age groups was the occurrence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals directly on the cell soma, seen exclusively in the prepubertal animals. This might be interpreted as a substrate for the coordination of activity among these neurons, possibly subserving as a mechanism for negative feedback which may be in effect during the period prior to puberty.
Transforming growth factor-α messenger RNA localization in the developing adult rat and human mammary gland by in situ hybridization

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) has been implicated in the autocrine growth control of a number of different rodent and human tumor cells, including breast cancer cells. Although TGF alpha has been detected in a limited number of normal tissues, its distribution and physiological function in the mammary gland are relatively unknown. TGF alpha mRNA expression was detected by in situ hybridization with a labeled TGF alpha antisense RNA probe and quantitated by application of computer-assisted digital image processing in both the ductal and alveolar epithelial cells in the virgin rat and nulliparous and parous human mammary glands. During pregnancy and lactation, the level of TGF alpha mRNA expression in the ductal and alveolar epithelial cells increased two- to threefold, while a heterogeneous yet strong expression of TGF alpha mRNA could also be detected in approximately 10-15% of the surrounding stromal cells in the pregnant mammary gland.
Programmable photonic crystal nanobeam cavities

We present dynamically reconfigurable photonic crystal nanobeam cavities, operating at ~1550 nm, that can be continuously and reversibly tuned over a 9.5 nm wavelength range. The devices are formed by two coupled nanobeam cavities, and the tuning is achieved by varying the lateral gap between the nanobeams. An electrostatic force, obtained by applying bias voltages directly to the nanobeams, is used to control the spacing between the nanobeams, which in turn results in tuning of the cavity resonance. The observed tuning trends were confirmed through simulations that modeled the electrostatic actuation as well as the optical resonances in our reconfigurable geometries.