cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Knowledge of Word Meanings: Thematic and Taxonomic Representations.

The type of information (taxonomic or thematic) available at different levels of knowledge was investigated. Following extensive norming to identify taxonomic and thematic associates of low-frequency nouns, participants determined if taxonomic or thematic associates were meaningfully related to target words at three levels of knowledge: target words they correctly defined (known), recognized as familiar (frontier), or mistakenly denied as part of the language (unknown). In another experiment, participants reported which type of relationship (taxonomic or thematic) was preferred. Results indicated that both types of information were available at all levels of knowledge. However, accuracy and preference were greater for taxonomic associates across word levels. A differential increase in available thematic information relative to taxonomic information was found. Implications for the acquisition and representation of word meanings are discussed.
CNDO calculations: Electronic spectra and nitrogen-14 N.M.R. shielding constants for some small nitrogen ions

The 14N chemical shifts of the series NO2−, NO3−, NO2+, CN−, N3−, and NH4+have been calculated using CNDO molecular orbitals. The required average energies ΔE were obtained by a simple virtual orbital method. The electronic spectra of the nitrite, nitrate and cyanide ions are discussed.
Graphical User Interface for Human Intervention in 2D-3D Registration of Medical Images

Image-guided medical therapies and image-guided biomechanical measurement systems often combine 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Determination of relations between the 2D and 3D imaging data is known as 2D-3D registration. Motivated by an ongoing project aimed at non-invasive, marker-free measurement of the kinematics of the bones in the foot during gait, we consider a registration approach that involves (1) computing projections of the 3D data set, (2) computing a quality measure to describe the agreement/discrepancy between the simulated projections and actual 2D images, and (3) optimization of the quality measure relative to the kinematic degrees of freedom to determine the optimal registration. For our particular project, the 3D imaging modality is CT scan, the 2D modality is bi-plane fluoroscopy, the computed projection is a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR), the quality measure is normalized cross-correlation (NCC) between a pair of DRRs and a pair of corresponding fluoroscope images, and the 2D imaging includes a sequence of several hundred stereo image pairs. We have recently released a software toolkit, DRRACC, that accelerates both the DRR and NCC computations via GPU-based parallel processing to enable more efficient automated determination of kinematic relations for optimal registration. While fully automated 2D-3D registration is desirable, there are situations (such as creating a reasonable starting configuration for optimization, re-starting after the optimizer fails to converge, and visual verification of registration relations) when it is desirable/necessary to have a human in the loop. In this paper, we present an OpenGL-based graphical user interface that employs the DRRACC toolkit to allow the user to manipulate the kinematics of individual objects (bones) segmented from the 3D imaging and to view the corresponding DRR and the associated correlation with a reference image in real time. We also present plots showing initial results for the dependence of the registration measure on pairs of kinematic parameters. The plots show well-defined peaks that support the hope for automated registration, but they also contain large relatively flat regions that may prove problematic for gradient-based optimizers and necessitate the sort of interface presented in this paper.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Loss of hypoglycemia awareness in an adolescent with type 1 diabetes mellitus during treatment with fluoxetine hydrochloride

A 17-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes mellitus developed new loss of hypoglycemia awareness while being treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride for depression. Hypoglycemia unawareness resolved after this medication was discontinued.
A Review of “The Center Cannot Hold: The 1960 Presidential Election and the Rise of Modern Conservatism”

Laura Gifford argues that the 1960 election marked a key moment in the conservative takeover of the Republican Party. In support of this thesis, the author of this revised doctoral dissertation ide...
Development of mathematical models of semiconductor devices for computer-aided circuit analysis

This paper describes the development and verification of mathematical models which will approximate the electrical characteristics of Zener and/or avalanche diodes and tunnel diodes. Each model consists of a circuit of discrete components with their defining equations. The equations are in a form compatible with the digital computer language which makes the models useful in analysis and design, by computer, of electronic circuits containing these devices. The Zener diode model is basically the familiar Ebers-Moll conventional diode model except that additional current sources have been added to approximate the voltage regulation when breakdown of the junction occurs. The equation for junction capacitance has been modified to model the decrease in capacitance due to avalanche in the junction. A tunnel diode model is presented which approximates the entire static characteristic, including the negative resistance region. Methods for extracting model parameters from a limited number of easily obtainable data points are developed. A method for measuring and describing junction capacitance is also presented.
Some lessons for economists from the financial crisis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss implications of the global crisis for economic and financial research and policy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews many recent studies on the crisis and offers the author's views on some of the most important lessons to be drawn from the crisisFindings – The review counters views that the crisis reflected a basic failure of economics, but agrees that it undercuts some particular theories and approaches to economics. More attention needs to be given to imperfections in the operation of both markets and governments, drawing on insights from behavioral and neuro economics and finance and political economy analysis and recognizing the importance of limited information and uncertainty about correct models. The creation of perverse incentive structures explain a large part of the financial excesses that led to the crisis. Financial considerations need to be integrated much more closely with macroeconomic analysis and financial risk analysis needs t...
Colour constancy influenced by contrast adaptation

Visual sensitivity is controlled by at least two distinct types of adaptation: light adaptation adjusts sensitivity to the mean luminance and colour in the stimulus, and contrast adaptation adjusts sensitivity to the variations in luminance and colour. Light adaptation is thought to be important in maintaining the perceived colour of objects despite changes in illumination ('colour constancy'), compensating for the mean changes in the light reflected from scenes under different illuminants. But for naturalistic colour signals, we show here that changes in an illuminant can also alter colour contrasts in images (how colours are distributed around the mean) enough to alter the state of contrast adaptation. Thus perceived colour under different illuminants may also be noticeably influenced by contrast adaptation.
Enhancing Pediatric Mental Health Care: Algorithms for Primary Care

In 2004, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Board of Directors appointed the Task Force on Mental Health and charged it to assist pediatricians and other primary care clinicians* in enhancing the mental† health care they provide. The task force determined that 3 goals were important to accomplishing its purpose: The task force recommended addressing the goals sequentially; that is, before implementing the clinical process proposed in this report, clinicians need to (1) accomplish system changes such as payment for mental health services provided by primary care clinicians1,2 and development of clinical relationships with mental health specialists,3 (2) achieve mental health competencies,4 and (3) enhance their office systems by applying chronic care methods to the care of children with mental health problems.5 Strategies the task force used to address these goals are summarized in the introduction to this supplement.6 In this report, the task force proposes a clinical process for delivering mental health services in pediatric primary care settings. The report summarizes key features of this clinical process, then provides algorithms developed in collaboration with informaticians from the AAP Council on Clinical Information Technology; these algorithms are intended to ensure clarity of the proposed process and facilitate its translation to electronic systems. Appendix S5 lists procedural codes that can be used in billing for each step of the process. An accompanying toolkit to assist with implementation is scheduled for distribution in spring 2010. The concepts and process proposed in this report were developed by consensus of 4 groups, the members of which are listed in Appendix S6. These members recognized that the “primary care advantage”7 is the opportunity for longitudinal relationships with children and families—relationships … Address correspondence to Jane Meschan Foy, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. E-mail: jmfoy{at}wfubmc.edu
Induction of erythroid differentiation in friend leukemia cells by bromodeoxyuridine

Treatment of Friend leukemia cells with BrdU, the thymidine analog which interferes with DMSO induced differentiation in these cells as well as the expression of differentiated character in many other cell systems, is capable of inducing erythroid differentiation. Globin mRNA, as assayed by hybridization to globin cDNA, increases 2.5- to 30-fold after appropriate treatment with BrdU. This effect was observed with several different subclones of three independent Friend tumor cell lines. After BrdU treatment, globin mRNA content may reach up to 10-20% of the levels in DMSO induced cultures. The induction of erythroid differentiation is also apparent when accumulated heme content or the appearance of benzidine positive cells is monitored. One Friend cell line (745) we examined was not induced by BrdU although it incorporated an amount of BrdU into its DNA comparable to that incorporated by the other cell lines. In addition, BrdU did interfere with DMSO induction in this cell line. These results suggest that two different mechanisms may be operative in regulating erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells. While BrdU interferes with the mechanism activated by DMSO treatment, this analog could independently activate an alternative mechanism.
Does maintenance of polycomb group proteins through DNA replication contribute to epigenetic inheritance

Epigenetic mechanisms maintain transcriptional programs through development and differentiation. One class of epigenetic mechanisms is believed to involve assembly of heritable chromatin features at target genes. These mechanisms require that chromatin structures can be propagated through DNA replication, but little is known about how chromatin structures can be maintained during or reformed after DNA replication. Polycomb Group proteins maintain transcriptional repression using chromatin-based epigenetic mechanisms. Our recent work suggests that some of these proteins can be inherited through DNA replication. This result is discussed in light of general models for maintaining chromatin structures through DNA replication and previous studies of Polycomb Group protein-mediated gene silencing.
Vitamin D levels in Hispanics with multiple sclerosis.

Vitamin D has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and several markers of disease state in whites. There are limited reports of vitamin D’s influence in MS in ethnic groups, such as in Hispanics. In this study, we compared vitamin D levels in Hispanics and whites with MS and tried to determine whether season or increasing disability influence hypovitaminosis D in Hispanics with MS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and clinical characteristics were compared in a cross-sectional sample of Hispanics (n = 80) and whites (n = 80) with MS recruited from the University of Southern California. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in Hispanics than whites with MS (mean and standard deviation 25.1 ± 9.4 and 37.3 ± 19.8 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.001). Hispanics were significantly more likely than whites to be vitamin D insufficient (≤30 ng/ml; 70 vs. 41 %, respectively; p < 0.001) and deficient (≤20 ng/ml; 40 vs. 14 %, respectively, p < 0.001). In Hispanics, serum 25(OH)D levels were not influenced by season (p = 0.8) or higher physical disability (EDSS ≥6, p = 0.7). We found that the relationship between vitamin D and MS differs by Hispanic ethnicity. Hypovitaminosis D was significantly more common among Hispanics than among whites with MS, and the majority of Hispanics were vitamin D insufficient. Interestingly, there was no association between vitamin D levels and season or increasing disability in the Hispanics. Our findings imply that factors influencing vitamin D levels and possibly vitamin D requirements may vary by ethnicity in patients with MS. These results should be confirmed in larger, prospective multi-ethnic cohort studies.
Determining the number of components in mixtures of linear models

Abstract Methods for determining the number of components in normal mixtures are extended to mixtures of linear regression models. This simulation study evaluates the influence of component separation and mixing proportions on the performance of 22 approximations of measures for determining the number of components in mixtures of linear regression models. Estimated measures based on the maximized log likelihood of the observed data are compared to estimated measures based on the maximized log likelihood of the complete data. Approximations of measures which previously required the convergence rate of the EM algorithm are presented which have no such restriction for their implementation. As an alternative to the EM algorithm, which is known to be sensitive to starting values, differential evolution was the implemented optimization algorithm. This study is further set apart in that the performances of the approximated component measures are explored without assuming the mixing proportions to be equal or assuming equal component variances. Based on the results of the k =1 and 2 component model simulations, the minimum description length, MDL, is the recommended criterion for choosing between one and two component mixtures of linear regression models.
Failure analysis of railroad couplers of AAR type E

Abstract The paper is about the failure of Railway couplers of AAR type E. Most of the couplers are being replaced before their expected life due to the high stress concentration near pulling lug region, cage-hole and pivot-hole. Knuckle, a part of coupler is designed and analyzed to determine the key regions of failure. A change in the design has been proposed and analyzed to compare the original and modified version of the knuckle. The results of analysis allowed assessing the failure reasons. A set of dimensions are chosen and the response surface methodology (RSM) technique has been implemented to obtain the optimum values for the design variables within given constraints. Life of the new design shows significant increase in life over the original design.
PERFORMANCE OF PENDULUM ABSORBER FOR A NON-LINEAR SYSTEM OF VARYING ORIENTATION

Pendulum-type vibration absorbers are used extensively in engineering. These devices are particularly useful in practical applications where oscillations of a structure are to be constrained within a prescribed envelope. In this study, the primary structure under investigation consists of a flexible beam with a tip mass. The primary structure has a single degree of freedom and is subjected to vertical sinusoidal excitation at its base. Non-linearity in the primary structure is due to large deflections. The rotation point of the pendulum-type absorber is connected to the primary structure's tip mass. Together, the primary structure and absorber constitute a coupled system with two degrees of freedom. The motivation for study was the need to understand the effectiveness of passive vibration absorbers on structures that change their orientation, e.g., satellites. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of pendulum-type passive vibration absorber attached to a primary structure whose orientation varies. The orientations are at five degree increments about a vertical plane. In this study the orientation at which the absorber is effective is established and the factors that affect performance of the absorber are highlighted.
The streak camera development program at LLE

The Diagnostic Development Group at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics has endeavored to build a stand-alone, remotely operated streak camera with comprehensive auto-focus and self-calibration capability. Designated as the Rochester Optical Streak System (ROSS), it is a generic streak camera platform, capable of accepting a variety of streak tubes. The system performance is limited by the installed tube's electron optics, not by any camera subsystem. Moreover, the ROSS camera can be photometrically calibrated.
The structured phase margin for robust stability analysis of linear systems with phase and time delay uncertainties

In this paper, we introduce the notion of the structured phase margin for characterising stability margins for a dynamical system with block-structured phase uncertainty. Since the structured phase margin may in general be difficult to compute, we derive an easily computable lower bound in terms of a generalised eigenvalue problem. This bound is constructed by choosing stability multipliers that are tailored to the structure of the phase uncertainty. The results in this paper complement and generalise phase information results presented in the literature involving principal phases, multivariable phase margin, phase spread, phase envelope, phase matching, and phase-sensitive structured singular value. Finally, using the structured phase margin, we present new and improved delay-dependent stability criteria for stability analysis of time-delay systems.
IVIG: progress toward a better product

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was developed for support of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Like so many medical landmarks, the discovery that IVIG was effective treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) came from the unexpected observation that a boy with severe chronic ITP and
Swelling and Smoothing of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Salt

By use of in situ atomic force microscopy, polyelectrolyte multilayers were shown to swell on exposure to solutions containing salt. The quasilinear swelling response, used to estimate swelling coefficients and equilibria, exhibits orders of magnitude of difference, depending on the pair of polyelectrolytes constituting the multilayer. The surface roughness of as-made multilayers was observed to decrease significantly upon annealing in salt solutions.
Joint irrigation as treatment for osteoarthritis

Irrigation is necessary to achieve distension and visualization of the joint during arthroscopy. Clinical improvement observed after diagnostic arthroscopy has been attributed to irrigation, and this is supported by sound pathophysiologic rationales. Studies have been performed using various irrigation techniques with and without concomitant arthroscopy. Unblinded studies have generally yielded favorable results, although recent blinded studies have demonstrated a substantial and durable placebo effect, but little support for the benefit of the irrigation procedure.
Biorenewable ROMP-based thermosetting copolymers from functionalized castor oil derivative with various cross-linking agents

Abstract A new norbornenyl-functionalized castor oil alcohol (NCA) was synthesized and ring-opening metathesis copolymerized separately with two norbornene-based cross-linking agents: dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and a bifunctional norbornene crosslinker (CL). Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to examine the cure behavior of NCA/DCPD and NCA/CL resins, through which a reasonable cure schedule was determined. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) and storage modulus ( E′ ), characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), increased significantly in both copolymer systems with the addition of cross-linking agents. Cross-link density of the two systems was evaluated using a modified empirical equation from the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. Differences in tensile stress-strain behavior and thermal stability between polymerized NCA/DCPD and NCA/CL were correlated to the structural rigidity and cross-linking density resulting from the cross-linking agents.
Source process and tectonic implications of the Spanish deep-focus earthquake of March 29, 1954☆

The source process of the deep-focus Spanish earthquake of March 29, 1954 (m_b = 7.1, h = 630 km) has been studied by using seismograms recorded at teleseismic distances. Because of its unusual location, this earthquake is considered to be one of the most important earthquakes that merit detailed studies. Long-period body-wave records reveal that the earthquake is a complicated multiple event whose wave form is quite different from that of usual deep earthquakes. The total duration of P phases at teleseismic distances is as long as 40 s. This long duration may explain the considerable property damage in Granada and Malaga, Spain, which is rather rare for deep earthquakes. Using the azimuthal distribution of the differences between the arrival times of the first, the second and later P phases, the hypocenters of the later events are determined with respect to the first event. The focus of the second event is located on the vertical nodal plane of the first shock suggesting that this vertical plane is the fault plane. This fault plane which strikes in N2°E and dips 89.1°E defines a nearly vertical dip-slip fault, the block to the west moving downwards. The time interval and spatial separation between the first and the second events are 4.3 s and 19 km respectively, giving an apparent rupture velocity of 4.3 km/s which is about 74% of the S-wave velocity at the source. A third event occurred about 8.8 s after the first event and about 35.6 km from it. At least six to ten events can be identified during the whole sequence. The mechanism of some of the later events, however, seems to differ from the first two events. Synthetic seismograms are generated by superposition of a number of point sources and are matched with the observed signals to determine the seismic moment. The seismic moments of the later events are comparable to, or even larger than, that of the first. The total seismic moment is determined to be 7 · 10^(27) dyn cm while the moments of the first and the second shocks are 2.1 · 10^(26) dyn cm and 5.1 · 10^(26) dyn cm, respectively. The earthquake may represent a series of fractures in a detached piece of the lithosphere which sank rapidly into the deep mantle preserving the heterogeneity of material property at shallow depths.
Husbands and wives

Woody Allen's film,Husbands and Wives, examines the relationships of two married New York couples over a period of just over a year-and-a-half. Through a variety of means, it explores the undifferentiated nature of its principle figures and what might be called the intersystemic issues between the two dyads. It also offers strong, though undeveloped, indications of previous sexual abuse in several of its female characters.
Blood‐compatibility‐water‐content relationships for radiation‐grafted hydrogels

A series of radiation-grafted hydrogels with water contents ranging from 10% to 90% have been prepared. When evaluated by the vena cava ring test, increasing amounts of adherent thrombus were found in rings with lower graft water contents. Using a baboon arteriovenous shunt evaluation system, platelet thromboembolic consumption was found to be directly proportional to graft water content. Hydrogels studied by the renal embolus ring test were found to cause numerous infarcts in the kidneys of test animals. Results from these studies do not support “water-content-blood-compatibility” hypotheses which have been suggested for hydrogels. Results obtained with a series of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymers suggest that a balance of polar and apolar sites at a polymer-surface may be important for blood compatibility. The significance of results from the three evaluation systems used is discussed.
Cellular handset integration - SIP versus SOC

Cellular handsets are rapidly evolving from voice-only products to highly featured designs featuring color displays, games, audio, video, cameras, Bluetooth, GPS, WLAN, high-speed wide-area data services, and other advanced features. This remarkable expansion in capability, in conjunction with ongoing customer demands for sleek, ergonomic, and reasonably priced handsets with good battery life, places considerable pressure on handset component providers to aggressively integrate the handset electronics. System-in-Package (SIP) integration and System-on-Chip (SOC) integration are two possible approaches. This paper investigates the tradeoffs between SIP and SOC integration for the integration of memories, analog, and RF electronics in the handset.
Control of Toll-like Receptor 7 Expression Is Essential to Restrict Autoimmunity and Dendritic Cell Proliferation

Nucleic acid-binding innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 have been implicated in the development of some autoimmune pathologies. The Y chromosome-linked genomic modifier Yaa, which correlates with a duplication of Tlr7 and 16 other genes, exacerbates lupus-like syndromes in several mouse strains. Here we demonstrated that duplication of the Tlr7 gene was the sole requirement for this accelerated autoimmunity, because reduction of Tlr7 gene dosage abolished the Yaa phenotype. Further, we described new transgenic lines that overexpressed TLR7 alone and found that spontaneous autoimmunity developed beyond a 2-fold increase in TLR7 expression. Whereas a modest increase in Tlr7 gene dosage promoted autoreactive lymphocytes with RNA specificities and myeloid cell proliferation, a substantial increase in TLR7 expression caused fatal acute inflammatory pathology and profound dendritic cell dysregulation. These results underscore the importance of tightly regulating expression of TLR7 to prevent spontaneous triggering of harmful autoreactive and inflammatory responses.
Human Capital Choice and the Wage Gap: The Role of Worklife Expectancy and Statistical Discrimination

This paper explores the link between worklife expectancy, educational attainment and its impact on the wage gap. A model of statistical discrimination that accounts for the achievement gap and differences in worklife expectancy demonstrates that (a) the achievement gap does not influence educational attainment directly through the choice of human capital, (b) discrimination lowers human capital directly through lower wage offers, and (c) lower worklife expectancy leads to lower human capital accumulation. While sufficient data on worklife expectancy by race and education is not available for a detailed empirical analysis, a simple calibration suggests the importance of the achievement gap and worklife expectancy relative to traditional labor market discrimination.
Synthesis and Characterization of Star-Shaped Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) Polymers Bearing Terminal Self-Complementary Multiple Hydrogen-Bonding Sites

The polymerization of isoprene was initiated with 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyllithium (TBDMSPrLi), which contained a silyl-protected hydroxyl functionality. Living poly(isoprenyllithium) with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution coupled efficiently with divinylbenzene to form well-defined star-shaped polymers. Both linear and star-shaped polymers were subsequently hydrogenated to poly(ethylene-co-propylene) and deprotected quantitatively to yield terminal primary hydroxyl functionality. High conversions of hydroxyl functionality to the 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) quadruple hydrogen-bonding group were achieved using isocyanate coupling and subsequent reaction with 6-methylisocytosine. Nonfunctionalized and UPy-functionalized linear and star-shaped poly(ethylene-co-propylene)s were characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile testing, and melt rheology. The observed glass transiti...
Use of a plate-guided distraction device for transport distraction osteogenesis of the mandible.

Abstract Background Transport distraction osteogenesis has been used to reconstruct continuity defects by regenerating bone and soft tissues. A challenge has been to maintain the correct vector during the distraction process. A new type of distraction device was recently developed that uses a standard reconstruction plate to “guide” the transported segment of the bone. This plate-guided distractor device (PGD) intimately follows the shape of the plate, thus allowing for 3-dimensional vector control during the distraction process. Patients and methods Four patients underwent transport distraction osteogenesis for reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects ranging in size from 4 to 7 cm. The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 62 years. Two patients had been treated with radiotherapy as part of treatment for oral malignancy. A standard locking reconstruction plate was placed to bridge the continuity gap. An osteotomy was performed to create a bone transport segment. The PGD was secured to both the reconstruction plate and the transport bone. After a latency period of 7 days, the device was activated at a rate of 1 mm/d. The distraction process continued until the transport segment reached the opposing bone or sufficient bone and soft tissue were reconstructed for oral rehabilitation. Results All patients achieved hard and soft tissue formation. Two patients had premature consolidation of the distraction regenerate but had sufficient tissue for rehabilitation. Conclusion A PGD can be used to regenerate missing hard and soft tissues. An advantage of this technique is that it uses a reconstruction plate that is routinely placed to bridge mandibular continuity defects. This device allows for ultimate vector control by intimately following a carefully adapted plate.
Characterization of the gene transfer agent made by an overproducer mutant of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

Most wild-type isolates of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata spontaneously produce nucleoprotein particles that act as vectors of genetic exchange in this species. The low yield of these particles, termed gene transfer agents, has made their characterization difficult. We have utilized a new screening technique to select a mutant, Y262, which produces about three orders of magnitude more GTA† per culture. The GTA produced by Y262 seem to be identical to those of wild type by immunological, genetic and sedimentation analyses, and they have been further characterized by a variety of techniques. GTA resemble tailed bacteriophage, although GTA with a head diameter of 30 nm are smaller than most morphologically similar viruses. DNA isolated from GTA is in the form of linear duplex molecules of about 3 × 106 molecular weight. There is no phage-like DNA in GTA particles as judged by Cot and restriction endonuclease analyses. Instead, GTA DNA shows the same kinetic complexity and restriction endonuclease digestion pattern as the R. capsulata genome. The GTA of ten independently isolated wild-type strains of R. capsulata show a high degree of immunological cross-reactivity; thus this genetic exchange system, while not a species-wide trait, does seem to be the product of a conservative evolutionary process.
The intercalated reinforcement technique: Learning without differential total reinforcement between groups

An intercalated reinforcement technique is described. The method equates number of trials, response topography, sensory exposure, and frequency of reinforcement between reversal Ss overtrained on a discrimination and then trained on reversals and nonreversal Ss similarly overtrained but continued on the same discrimination. In extending previous successful work in the rat, monkeys were trained on spatial discrimination and reversal tasks in the WGTA at 50%, 75%, and 100% reinforcement in order to test the efficacy of learning by this procedure, and to compare the method with learning obtained by a more classical procedure. Learning rates were the same by both procedures. This technique, therefore, appears useful for investigating neurochemical (or other) correlates of learning unconfounded by performance or sensory effects.
Time Discounting for Primary Rewards

Previous research, involving monetary rewards, found that limbic reward-related areas show greater activity when an intertemporal choice includes an immediate reward than when the options include only delayed rewards. In contrast, the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortex (areas commonly associated with deliberative cognitive processes, including future planning) respond to intertemporal choices in general but do not exhibit sensitivity to immediacy (McClure et al., 2004). The current experiments extend these findings to primary rewards (fruit juice or water) and time delays of minutes instead of weeks. Thirsty subjects choose between small volumes of drinks delivered at precise times during the experiment (e.g., 2 ml now vs 3 ml in 5 min). Consistent with previous findings, limbic activation was greater for choices between an immediate reward and a delayed reward than for choices between two delayed rewards, whereas the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex responded similarly whether choices were between an immediate and a delayed reward or between two delayed rewards. Moreover, relative activation of the two sets of brain regions predicts actual choice behavior. A second experiment finds that when the delivery of all rewards is offset by 10 min (so that the earliest available juice reward in any choice is 10 min), no differential activity is observed in limbic reward-related areas for choices involving the earliest versus only more delayed rewards. We discuss implications of this finding for differences between primary and secondary rewards.
On the modeling of absorption band shapes and resonance raman excitation profiles

Abstract Some general expressions for the modeling of absorption band shapes and Raman excitation profiles are presented. These expressions are shown to be exact representations of the “transform” theory of Hizhnyakov and Tehver. Examples of a calculation are presented which utilize closed-form analytical solutions for the absorption band shape and resonance Raman excitation profile.
Mineralogic constraints on the magmatic history of Volcán Darwin flank lava at Urvina Bay, Islá Isabela, Galápagos Islands

Abstract The 1954 uplift of Urvina Bay on Isla Isabela exposed porphyritic lava that erupted from a moderately shallow magma chamber onto the southwestern flanks of Volcan Darwin at least 1200 years ago. The lava contains: (1) 20–27% plagioclase xenocrysts, glomerocrysts, and phenocrysts; (2) 0.2–2.7% clinopyroxene xenocrysts and phenocrysts; and (3) 0.2–0.8% olivine phenocrysts, glomerocrysts, and xenocrysts. Whole-rock major-element data corrected for phenocrysts, glomerocrysts, and xenocrysts indicates that the lavas are moderately evolved, (Mg# = 50–52 mol%) transitional basalt. Wholerock chondrite-normalized La/Lu (3.9–5.0) values are similar to those for ocean-island tholeiites and alkali basalts on the western side of the Galapagos Islands platform. Disequilibrium textures for xenocrysts and variations in mineral chemistry suggest that xenocrysts and some glomerocrysts crystallized in equilibrium with melt that was less evolved than the groundmass. We propose that primitive magma, containing olivine (Fo > 80), endiopside, and calcic plagioclase, was injected into a subvolcanic chamber and mixed with more evolved magma which was crystallizing olivine (Fo
Chemical- and cuticular phenoloxidase- mediated synthesis of cysteinyl–catechol adducts

N-Acetylcysteine adducts of o-benzoquinones derived from catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and N-acetyldopamine were chemically synthesized and characterized by a combination of UV, IR, and NMR spectral studies. Oxidation of catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and N-acetyldopamine by cuticle-bound phenoloxidase from Sarcophaga bullata in the presence of N-acetylcysteine resulted in the formation of covalent adducts between catecholic compounds and N-acetylcysteine. Structural identities of these adducts were established by comparison of their HPLC retention time and UV spectra with those of synthetic adducts and by cochromatography with authentic samples. Although insect cuticle is known to contain only trace amounts of cysteine, the in vitro synthesis of quinone cysteine adducts mediated by cuticular phenoloxidase strongly indicates the occurrence of similar reactions in vivo as well and is in support of Pryor's quinone tanning hypothesis.
The Diophantine equation x2 + 11 = 3n and a related sequence

Abstract It is proven that the Diophantine equation x 2 + 11 = 3 n has as its only solution ( x , n ) = (4, 3). This establishes that the Diophantine equation x 2 + D = p n , where D ≡ 3(mod 4) and p = (D + 1) 4 , is prime, has no nontrivial solutions ( x , n ) for D ≥ 11. The only remaining case, D = 7, is known to have exactly 5 solutions. It is shown that the sequence of a n satisfying a n +2 = a n +1 − 3 a n ( a 1 = a 2 = 1) has the property that no integer greater than 1 can occur more than once. This is applied to the equation x 2 + 11 z 2 = 3 n .
Conjugacy class properties of the extension of GL(n,q) generated by the inverse transpose involution

Abstract Letting τ denote the inverse transpose automorphism of GL(n,q), a formula is obtained for the number of g in GL(n,q) so that ggτ is equal to a given element h. This generalizes a result of Gow and Macdonald for the special case that h is the identity. We conclude that for g random, ggτ behaves like a hybrid of symplectic and orthogonal groups. It is shown that our formula works well with both cycle index generating functions and asymptotics, and is related to the theory of random partitions. The derivation makes use of models of representation theory of GL(n,q) and of symmetric function theory, including a new identity for Hall–Littlewood polynomials. We obtain information about random elements of finite symplectic groups in even characteristic, and explicit bounds for the number of conjugacy classes and centralizer sizes in the extension of GL(n,q) generated by the inverse transpose automorphism. We give a second approach to these results using the theory of bilinear forms over a field. The results in this paper are key tools in forthcoming work of the authors on derangements in actions of almost simple groups, and we give a few examples in this direction.
Growth responses, cooking quality determinations, and leaf nutrient concentrations of potatoes as related to exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium in the soil

Field experiments were conducted during 1977 and 1978 to determine the relationship between percent exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K in the soil, and yield, quality, and leaf concentration of 11 elements for several potato cultivars. The highest yields were obtained in soil containing a combination of 5% Mg and 5% K of the cation exchange capacity. All cultivars grew equally well in the high Ca field as in the low Ca field. Potato scab was no problem. Potassium treatment levels had a consistent effect on yield, specific gravity, and chip color. Specific gravity decreased and chip color improved as the K treatment levels increased from 2 to 8% of the CEC. Leaf elemental concentrations showed few consistent effects as a result of the Mg and K soil treatments.
Concerted Electron–Proton Transfer (EPT) in the Oxidation of Tryptophan with Hydroxide as a Base

Tryptophan is unique among the redox-active amino acids owing to its weakly acidic indolic proton (pKa ≈ 16) compared to the −O–H proton of tyrosine (pKa = 10.1) or the −S–H proton of cysteine (pKa = 8.2). Stopped-flow and electrochemical measurements have been used to explore the roles of proton-coupled electron transfer and concerted electron–proton transfer (EPT) in tryptophan oxidation. The results of these studies have revealed a role for OH– as a proton acceptor base in EPT oxidation of N-acetyl-tryptophan but not for other common bases. The reorganizational barrier for (N-acetyl-tryptophan)+/• self-exchange is also estimated.
Response and Failure Characteristics of Internally Pressurized Elliptical Composite Cylinders

The characteristics of the response of internally pressurized thin-walled elliptical composite cylinders, including failure, are discussed. The influence of the elliptical geometry on response is illustrated by comparison with a circular cylinder. It is shown that with internal pressure elliptical cylinders tend to become more circular by exhibiting inward normal displacements at some circumferential locations and by the existence of circumferential displacements. The influence of material orthotropy is illustrated by considering axially stiff, circumferentially stiff, and quasi-isotropic laminates. The results show that orthotropy can he used to counter the influence of the circumferentially varying curvature by producing circumferential strains at the midcylinder axial location of a circumferentially stiff cylinder that are almost independent of the circumferential coordinate, much like the axisymmetric response of a circular cylinder. The influence of geometric nonlinearities is studied by inclusion of the von Karman terms in the strain-displacement relations, and it is shown that one of the primary effects is flattening of the ellipse in the regions near the ends of the minor diameter. Because of varying curvature in the circumferential direction, there can be, effectively, a stress concentration at certain circumferential locations, which are sites of failure initiation, the exact location depending on material orthoropy. To study failure initiation, two failure criteria are considered: the interactive Hashin criterion and the noninteractive maximum stress criterion. These criteria are used to compute the pressures to cause first matrix cracking and first fiber failure. It is demonstrated that the predictions of the two criteria are not that different, and the pressure to cause first fiber failure is about twice the pressure to cause first matrix failure. Additionally, it is shown that matrix cracking begins in the circumferentially stiff cylinder at lower pressures than in the axially stiff and quasi-isotropic cylinders, and the location of failure is different.
Variation in surgical quality measure adherence within hospital referral regions: do publicly reported surgical quality measures distinguish among hospitals that patients are likely to compare?

Objective To determine whether surgical quality measures that Medicare publicly reports provide a basis for patients to choose a hospital from within their geographic region. Data Source The Department of Health and Human Services' public reporting website, http://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare. Study Design We identified hospitals (n = 2,953) reporting adherence rates to the quality measures intended to reduce surgical site infections (Surgical Care Improvement Project, 1–3) in 2012. We defined regions within which patients were likely to compare hospitals using the hospital referral regions (HRRs) from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Project. We described distributions of reported SCIP adherence within each HRR, including medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), skewness, and outliers. Principal Findings Ninety-seven percent of HRRs had median SCIP-1 scores ≥95 percent. In 93 percent of HRRs, half of the hospitals in the HRR were within 5 percent of the median hospital's score. In 62 percent of HRRs, hospitals were skewed toward the higher rates (negative skewness). Seven percent of HRRs demonstrated positive skewness. Only 1 percent had a positive outlier. SCIP-2 and SCIP-3 demonstrated similar distributions. Conclusions Publicly reported quality measures for surgical site infection prevention do not distinguish the majority of hospitals that patients are likely to choose from when selecting a surgical provider. More studies are needed to improve public reporting's ability to positively impact patient decision making.
Neural Network Model for Uplift Load Capacity of Metal Roof Panels

The metal roofing industry uses a variety of commonly used methods to determine the structural performance (positive load capacity and negative or uplift load capacity) of various cold-formed metal roof panel configurations. The metal roof panel system considered in this paper consists of cold-formed U-shaped panels fabricated from 0.024-in. (0.61-mm) thick coated steel that are attached to cold-formed Z-shaped 0.060-in. (1.52-mm) thick coated steel purlins using concealed clips. Uplift capacity may be calculated for a given panel section according to the approach described in the American Iron and Steel Institute specifications. Its method for calculating load capacity of metal roofing systems is considered unreliable because it typically produces results dramatically different than results obtained from actual testing. A new method of determining the load capacity of U-shaped metal roof panel systems is presented using a counterpropagation neural network. The new method accounts for distortional changes...
From Rational to Wise Action: Recasting Our Theories of Entrepreneurship

In this article, I argue that if we challenge some tacit assumptions of narrow rationality that endure in much of entrepreneurial studies, we can elevate entrepreneurial ethics beyond mere external constraints on rational action, and move toward fuller integration of ethics as an intrinsic part of the process of value creation itself. To this end, I propose the concept of practical wisdom as a framework for exploring entrepreneurial decision making and action that can broaden the scope of our research to recognize entrepreneurship as an inherently normative enterprise. Specifically, I suggest that a framework built upon a concept of practical wisdom enables us to adopt a richer and more complex view of entrepreneurial decision making that is well suited to the dynamic and uncertain context of entrepreneurship. Further, this framework enriches our view of entrepreneurial ethics to include consideration of the personal character, values, and purpose of the entrepreneur. By examining entrepreneurship through a lens of practical wisdom, we can open up new avenues of fruitful inquiry for scholars of entrepreneurship.
Images of women in popular song lyrics: A bibliography

(1998). Images of women in popular song lyrics: A bibliography. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 79-89.
Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Intermediate Species Mediate Asbestos-Induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress–Responsive Signaling Pathways

Background: The incidence of asbestos-induced human cancers is increasing worldwide, and considerable evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of these diseases....