cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cost of sleep-related accidents: a reanalysis

This journal published a special report titled "The Cost of Sleep-Related Accidents: A Report for the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research". The report estimated that sleep-related accidents were annually associated with 23,318 fatalities, between 1,907,072 and 2,474,430 disabling injuries and costs between $43.15 billion and $56.02 billion. This paper reanalyzes the data base and assumptions underlying these estimates and concludes that they greatly overestimated the probable relationship between sleepiness and accidents. A more moderate estimate of this important relationship is proposed. Language: en
Coupling between metallic structure and phonon polaritons for sensing applications

The field of nanophotonics consists of interesting phenomena such as polaritons; quasi-particles that arise from lightmatter coupling. Some of the well-studied kinds of polaritons include surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs). Surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) technique is a popular application of SPPs where the limitation of low molecular absorption cross section in IR-spectroscopy can be overcome by the introduction of SPPs in this technique. Especially in sensing applications, resonant SEIRA uses resonant metal nanoantennas in order to increase the EM near-fields on the nanometer scale, increasing light-matter interaction and thus amplifying the measured signature of very small particles. Mode coupling between metallic resonant structures and phonon polaritons supported by polar dielectric materials (e.g., h-BN, AlN, and SiC) in the IR regime with resulting field enhancement and transparency windows exhibiting Fano-like line shape will be presented. Finite element analysis is implemented to characterize the individual modes, validated against theory, in order to identify and fully characterize the resulting coupled modes in the integrated structure. Coupled-mode theory analysis reveals the anti-crossing modal coupling behavior via extinction cross-section.
Belief as the Power to Judge

A number of metaphysicians of powers have argued that we need to distinguish the actualization of a power from the effects of that actualization. This distinction, I argue, has important consequences for the dispositional theory of belief. In particular, it suggests that dispositionalists have in effect been trying to define belief, not in terms of its actualization, but instead in terms of the effects of its actualization. As a general rule, however, powers are to be defined in terms of their actualizations. I thus argue that belief has just one actualization, and that that actualization is a particular kind of mental act that I call a judgment. I explain the resulting view—that belief is the power to judge—and argue that it has some important advantages, not only over other dispositional theories of belief, but also over categorical theories of belief. Since these options are apparently exhaustive, it thus has important advantages over all other theories of belief.
Evaluation of Inactivating Norovirus, Hepatitis A, and Listeria monocytogenes on Raspberries by Sanitizer Spray.

ABSTRACT Reducing the risk of contamination with foodborne pathogens is paramount in maintaining safety of produce. The raspberry industry uses chlorine spray as a control measure before conveying ...
Husserl at Harvard: The Origins of American Phenomenology

“Husserl at Harvard: The Origins of American Phenomenology” examines the first interactions between American philosophers and Edmund Husserl, describing a pattern of serious and sustained interest in the phenomenological movement centered at Harvard University during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Beginning in 1902 with W.E. Hocking, at least seven Harvard students had studied with Husserl by 1925. By examining these transatlantic exchanges systematically, this essay argues that Husserlian philosophy enjoyed a promising initial reception in the United States and shows why Harvard was particularly fertile ground for Husserl’s thought.
A Common Platform for DSN Receiver Development

NASA's Deep Space Network is currently updating a number of sub systems within the Signal Processing Centers at its Deep Space Communication Complexes in order to modernize aging equipment in the downlink receivers for telemetry, tracking, radio science, and radio astronomy. To reduce development costs and increase commonality among these traditionally custom-built receivers, the implementation team has developed a flexible architecture built primarily around commercial off-the-shelf hardware compliant with the Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture (uTCA) specification and commercial high speed 10Gbit Ethernet switches. Custom firmware and software are being developed to perform the required signal processing functions needed to replace the legacy systems in a phased implementation approach which establishes a new digital Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal distribution system first, followed by implementations of various receiver functions as dictated by need. The first of these new receivers, the Open Loop Receiver, will come online in the Fall of 2018. A description of the new architecture, referred to as the “Common Platform”, will be provided followed by an overview of the phased implementation approach and initial OLR performance results.
Increased surface expression of the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex induced by platelet activation. Relationship to the binding of fibrinogen and platelet aggregation

Platelet activation altered the binding of three monoclonal antibodies (monovalent Fab' fragment) directed against the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex. An increased binding of two- to threefold occurred after stimulation with thrombin or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), with slight but significant increase in the dissociation constants (Kd) of two antibodies (LJ-CP8 and LJ-P9). In contrast, no statistically significant changes were observed with ADP-stimulated platelets. The increased binding of LJ-CP3, but not of the other two antibodies, to activated platelets decreased by 30% to 40% in the presence of EDTA at 22 to 25 degrees C. Platelets stimulated by thrombin or PMA bound more fibrinogen than did those stimulated by ADP, and significant differences in the extent but not in the affinity of fibrinogen binding were observed with various platelet agonists. When the pool of GP IIb/IIIa molecules exposed on the surface of unstimulated platelets was reacted with the monoclonal antibody LJ-CP3 to block ADP-induced fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation, stimulation with thrombin or PMA still induced substantial binding of antibody and fibrinogen, and aggregation ensued. Therefore, platelets exposed to "strong" agonists exhibit an increased number of surface-oriented epitopes associated with GP IIb/IIIa. The GP IIb/IIIa molecules bearing these newly exposed epitopes are functional in that they can bind fibrinogen and mediate platelet aggregation.
The Business of Virtue: Evidence from Socially Responsible Investing in Financial Markets

Using the mainstreaming of socially responsible investing (SRI) as our empirical context, we show that as the divestment movement in the late twentieth century got institutionalized by being incorporated as a business strategy into more mainstream financial instruments like mutual funds, the prior meanings and categorical definition of ethical investing became ambiguous due to fuzzy boundaries, duality of virtue inherent in the portfolio targets, and exercise of discretion by portfolio managers. We find that increased heterogeneity in standards led to greater ambiguity about who belongs to a category, and fund managers adopted distinct measures-based, values-based and expertise-based approaches to resolve this ambiguity. One consequence of such ambiguity is that individual self-expression, self-consciousness and agency that are central in such movements become appropriated by discretionary and meaning-making work at the institutional level.
Predictors of Progression in Patients With Stage B Aortic Regurgitation

Abstract Background The natural history of stage B aortic regurgitation (AR) is unknown. Objectives This study sought to examine determinants, rate, and consequences of progression of AR. Methods Consecutive patients with ≤moderate chronic AR quantified by effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) and regurgitant volume (RVol) from 2004 to 2017 who had ≥1 subsequent echocardiogram with quantitation were included. Results Of 1,077 patients (66 ± 15 years of age), baseline trivial/mild AR was noted in 196 (18%), mild-to-moderate AR in 465 (43%), and moderate AR in 416 (39%); 10-year incidence of progression to ≥moderate-severe AR (stage C/D; progressors) was 12%, 30%, and 53%, respectively. At 4.1-year follow-up (interquartile range: 2.1 to 7.2 years), there were 228 progressors (21%), whose annualized progression rates within 3 years before diagnosis of ≥moderate-severe AR were 4.2 mm2/year for EROA and 9.9 ml/year for RVol. Baseline AR severity and dimensions of sinotubular junction and annulus were associated with progression (all p ≤ 0.007); hypertension and systolic blood pressure were not. Progressors had faster chamber remodeling, functional class decline, and more aortic valve/aortic surgery. At medium-term follow-up, 242 patients (22%) died; poor survival was linked to age, comorbidities, functional class, resting heart rate, and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (p ≤ 0.003), not LV end-systolic dimension index. Survival after progression to stage C/D AR was associated with LV end-systolic dimension index (adjusted p = 0.02). Conclusions Progression from stage B to stage C/D AR was observed in 21% patients. Repeat echocardiography for trivial/mild, mild-to-moderate, and moderate AR at every 5, 3, and 1 years, respectively, was reasonable. EROA, RVol, annulus, and sinotubular junction should be routinely measured to estimate progression rates and identify patients at high risk of progression, which was associated with adverse consequences.
It Takes Guts: Development of the Embryonic and Juvenile Zebrafish Digestive System

Abstract Endoderm is specified around the blastula margin followed by migration to the midline. Endoderm organizes into individual digestive organs that later connect to form a patent tube. Few cells are specified as endoderm early in embryogenesis requiring extensive proliferation through the first 3 days of embryogenesis. Proliferation is driven by at least three major pathways (Epidermal Growth Factor Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), and Wnt) demonstrated to promote proliferation in other vertebrates. Epithelial proliferation becomes restricted to the interfold base by the end of embryogenesis. At the end of embryogenesis, a functional digestive system has formed. Although the digestive system is functional at the end of embryogenesis, with cell types and organs common to other vertebrates, it takes another 4 weeks to mature to the adult form. At 4 weeks postembryogenesis, the proliferation pattern matures into the adult form with the progeny of asymmetric stem cell divisions differentiating as they migrate up the fold to undergo apoptosis at the tips.
Chapter 16 – Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions

A fundamental question about the surface of Mars is whether it was ever conducive to life in the past, which is related to the broader questions of how the planet's atmosphere evolved over time and whether past climates supported widespread liquid water. Taken together, geochemical data and models support the view that much of the original atmospheric inventory was lost to space prior to about 3.7 billion years ago. Before and around this time, the erosion of valley networks by liquid water suggests a past climate that was warmer. But exactly how the early atmosphere produced warmer conditions and the extent to which it did so remain open questions. Suggestions include an ancient greenhouse effect enhanced by various gases, impacts that created may temporary wet climates by turning ice to vapor and rainfall, and periodic melting of ice under moderately thicker atmospheres as Mars' orbit and axial tilt changed. For the last 3.7 billion years, it is likely that Mars has been predominantly cold and dry so that outflow channels that appeared later were probably formed by fluid release mechanisms that did not depend on a warm climate. Very recent gullies and narrow, summertime dark lineae that form on steep slopes are features that form in the current cold climate. In addition, wind erosion, dust transport, and dust deposition have been modulated by changes in Mars' orbital elements over time, which complicates the interpretation of climate and volatile history. In the past, surface modification by winds in a denser atmosphere may have been significant.
Finite Sample Inference for Multiply Imputed Synthetic Data under a Multiple Linear Regression Model

In this article, we develop finite sample inference based on multiply imputed synthetic data generated under the multiple linear regression model. We consider two methods of generating the syntheti...
How Food Becomes Waste: Students as “Carriers of Practice” in the UC Davis Dining Commons

Understanding how food becomes waste is of critical importance in minimizing food waste. This article looks beyond attitudes and individual responsibility and focuses on the social practices that g...
Do third-party certifications work in a weak institutional environment?

Abstract We investigate whether third-party certification may negatively affect firm performance in a weak institutional environment. Firms in weak institutional environments often obtain certifications to appeal to foreign audiences. But these audiences hold negative evaluations of firms from weak institutional settings, judging them as being of poor quality due to their geographic origin. We argue that these negative evaluations greatly diminish the informational value of certifications, such that the costs of certification exceed revenue gains causing performance decline. We also examine whether industry-level evaluations can challenge country-level ones. Focusing on industry legitimation, we argue that this increases the salience of the industry over the institutional context. Audiences see the industry first, not the weak institutional environment. Thus, third-party certifications can become a basis for differentiating among firms and thereby help improve firm performance as industry legitimation increases. We use the first decade post-liberalization of the Indian software industry, 1992–2003, to test our hypotheses. Based on a sample of 792 firms, we find support for our arguments suggesting that in weak institutional environments certification alone is not enough for firms targeting foreign audiences to overcome the stigma of their origins; it needs to be accompanied by positive industry-level processes.
The Perennial Solidity of Water

“The solidity of the earth is an illusion,” Ann Spirn claimed thirty-five years ago in her seminal book The Granite Garden.1 “At any moment,” she continued, “large blocks of ‘solid’ ground may crac...
Case Study of Phrenic Nerve Paralysis: "I Can't Breathe!"

Abstract Background The anatomic course of the phrenic nerve runs in the fascia covering the anterior scalene muscle. Interscalene blocks are commonly performed by an anesthesiologist for shoulder surgery, such as a rotator cuff repair, total shoulder replacement, humeral fracture, or other arm surgery. Phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis is a known complication from interscalene block and is covered in multiple case reports and series in both Anesthesia and Neurosurgical literature, but only one case report in the Emergency Medicine literature. Case Report This case involves a 57-year-old man who had an uncomplicated arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with placement of interscalene block under care of anesthesia. He was discharged with a pain pump in place and then subsequently presented to the Emergency Department (ED) later that same day for evaluation of dyspnea. Using point-of-care ultrasound, his right diaphragm did not appear to be moving. Chest x-ray study revealed an elevated right hemidiaphragm. He was diagnosed with iatrogenic right phrenic nerve paralysis from interscalene block. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergent diagnosis of phrenic nerve paralysis in the ED is complicated by a distressed patient and need for quick intervention. Most formal tests for this diagnosis are not immediately available to emergency physicians. Ultrasound is a rapid and reproducible, noninvasive resource with high sensitivity and specificity, making it an ideal imaging modality for the emergent evaluation of possible phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis.
The Role of Social Capital in Risk-Taking Decisions under Joint Liability Lending

Joint liability group lending has come under scrutiny for failure to promote profitable risk-taking among smallholder borrowers in developing countries. One possible explanation for the absence of ...
Effects of postpartum oral calcium supplementation on productive and reproductive outcomes in multiparous Jersey cows

The detrimental effects that subclinical hypocalcemia has on postpartum performance, and the lack of a cow-side diagnostic tool, drives researchers to focus on designing preventive management strategies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of prophylactic supplementation with oral calcium boluses after calving on productive and reproductive outcomes.
Representations of masculinity in two stories by Carlos Casares

The study of masculinity and its representation is especially fascinating in Spanish and Galician literature of the mid-20th century. In the two stories to be analyzed in this essay, “O xogo da Guerra” (“The War Game”) and “Agarda longa ao sol” (“Long Wait under the Sun”) — both written by Carlos Casares (Ourense 1941-Nigran, Pontevedra 2002)—the versions of masculinity displayed by male characters can be considered as denunciations of the model that Franco wished to impose: made in his image, disciplined, cold, and violent. Manhood in Casares is characterized by an ability to accept nonconformity and to assume a reality that conflicts with masculine epistemology as it is known. The new man is ready to absorb a new reality and free a society consumed by hatred, pushing it towards democracy and understanding. Galicia and its people are the main protagonists of these transformations.
Reducing Cardiovascular Maternal Mortality by Extending Medicaid for Postpartum Women

Abstract Maternal mortality has been increasing in the United States over the past 3 decades, while decreasing in all other high‐income countries during the same period. Cardiovascular conditions a...
Minerva’s Gothics: The Politics and Poetics of Romantic Exchange, 1780–1820 and The Lost Books of Jane Austen

In an essay that I have long included in introductory courses on reading and writing about literary texts, J. Hillis Miller acknowledges that “what actually happens within a given person’s mind and...
Development, Implementation, and Effectiveness of a Self-sustaining, Web-Based LGBTQ+ National Platform: A Framework for Centralizing Local Health Care Resources and Culturally Competent Providers.

Background: The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) population has long faced substantial marginalization, discrimination, and health care disparities compared to the cisgender, heterosexual population. As the etiology of such disparities is multifaceted, finding concrete solutions for LGBTQ+ health care equity is challenging. However, the internet may offer the space to initiate an effective model. Objective: In an effort to make LGBTQ+ public resources and culturally competent providers transparent, modernize medical education, and promote cultural competency, OutCare Health—a nonprofit 501(c)(3) multidisciplinary, multicenter web-based platform—was created. Methods: The organization employs a cyclic, multidimensional framework to conduct needs assessments, identify resources and providers, promote these efforts on the website, and educate the next generation of providers. LGBTQ+ public health services are identified via the internet, email, and word of mouth and added to the Public Resource Database; culturally competent providers are recruited to the OutList directory via listservs, medical institutions, local organizations, and word of mouth; and mentors are invited to the Mentorship Program by emailing OutList providers. These efforts are replicated across nearly 30 states in the United States. Results: The organization has identified over 500 public health organizations across all states, recognized more than 2000 OutList providers across all states and 50 specialties, distributed hundreds of thousands of educational materials, received over 10,000 monthly website visits (with 83% unique viewership), and formed nearly 30 state-specific teams. The total number of OutList providers and monthly website views has doubled every 12-18 months. The majority of OutList providers are trained in primary, first point-of-care specialties such as family medicine, infectious disease, internal medicine, mental health, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics. Conclusions: A web-based LGBTQ+ platform is a feasible, effective model to identify public health resources, culturally competent providers, and mentors as well as provide cultural competency educational materials and education across the country. Such a platform also has the opportunity to reach self-perpetuating sustainability. The cyclic, multidisciplinary, multidimensional, multicenter framework presented here appears to be pivotal in achieving such growth and stability. Other organizations and medical institutions should heavily consider using this framework to reach their own communities with high-quality, culturally competent care for the LGBTQ+ population.
Jpx RNA regulates CTCF anchor site selection and formation of chromosome loops.

Summary Chromosome loops shift dynamically during development, homeostasis, and disease. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is known to anchor loops and construct 3D genomes, but how anchor sites are selected is not yet understood. Here, we unveil Jpx RNA as a determinant of anchor selectivity. Jpx RNA targets thousands of genomic sites, preferentially binding promoters of active genes. Depleting Jpx RNA causes ectopic CTCF binding, massive shifts in chromosome looping, and downregulation of >700 Jpx target genes. Without Jpx, thousands of lost loops are replaced by de novo loops anchored by ectopic CTCF sites. Although Jpx controls CTCF binding on a genome-wide basis, it acts selectively at the subset of developmentally sensitive CTCF sites. Specifically, Jpx targets low-affinity CTCF motifs and displaces CTCF protein through competitive inhibition. We conclude that Jpx acts as a CTCF release factor and shapes the 3D genome by regulating anchor site usage.
TH-CD-201-03: QA for Radiotherapy IT

Radiation Oncology is a data intensive discipline. Data moves among various systems (imaging, treatment planning, image guidance and delivery) and the development of troubleshooting methods and appropriate QA and QC measures strongly depends on the medical physicists’ understanding of fundamental information technology concepts. This session will cover the concepts involved in networking, data transfer, DICOM and HL7 connectivity, database operations and QA for IT. Databases are at the heart of all modern radiotherapy clinics and are used for planning as well as treatment delivery, and they also drive the observed state of the data at various clients. Querying and reporting from the database is an important skill that medical physicists need to learn. Interactions between clients and databases need to be well understood to ensure that correct, synchronized, and up-to-date information is properly communicated amongst all stakeholders involved in the treatment management process. Entrance into the database via DICOM, HL7 and other proprietary transfer mechanisms must also be tested for accuracy of information storage and presentation. Issues with inter-operability between systems must also be well understood during acceptance testing and commissioning activities. The ongoing efforts of IHE-RO will be explained in the context of the need for increased engagement on the part of medical physicists. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the basic IT infrastructure required to run a radiotherapy department 2. Become familiar with database concepts to improve troubleshooting skills 3. Learn the principles of designing a QA program tailored to one’s specific clinical IT environment. Curan: Funding from AAPM for travel and expenses DICOM and Funding from ASTRO for travel and expenses IHE RO
Chloroplast‐generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response‐like cell death mediated by a mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade

Plant defense against pathogens often includes rapid programmed cell death known as the hypersensitive response (HR). Recent genetic studies have demonstrated the involvement of a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade consisting of three tobacco MAPKs, SIPK, Ntf4 and WIPK, and their common upstream MAPK kinase (MAPKK or MEK), NtMEK2. Potential upstream MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs or MEKKs) in this cascade include the orthologs of Arabidopsis MEKK1 and tomato MAPKKKalpha. Activation of the SIPK/Ntf4/WIPK pathway induces cell death with phenotypes identical to pathogen-induced HR at macroscopic, microscopic and physiological levels, including loss of membrane potential, electrolyte leakage and rapid dehydration. Loss of membrane potential in NtMEK2(DD) plants is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is preceded by disruption of metabolic activities in chloroplasts and mitochondria. We observed rapid shutdown of carbon fixation in chloroplasts after SIPK/Ntf4/WIPK activation, which can lead to the generation of ROS in chloroplasts under illumination. Consistent with a role of chloroplast-generated ROS in MAPK-mediated cell death, plants kept in the dark do not accumulate H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts after MAPK activation, and cell death is significantly delayed. Similar light dependency was observed in HR cell death induced by tobacco mosaic virus, which is known to activate the same MAPK pathway in an N-gene-dependent manner. These results suggest that activation of the SIPK/Ntf4/WIPK cascade by pathogens actively promotes the generation of ROS in chloroplasts, which plays an important role in the signaling for and/or execution of HR cell death in plants.
Sorted Unification Using Set Constraints

This paper describes a new representation for sortal constraints and a unification algorithm for the corresponding constrained terms. Variables range over sets of terms described by systems of set constraints that can express limited inter-variable dependencies. These sets of terms are more general than regular tree languages, but are still closed under intersection. The new unification algorithm shows sorted unification to be decidable for a broad class of sorted signatures, which we call semilinear, and, more generally, for sort theories with a least Herbrand model that can be represented using the new constraints. A finite representation of a complete set of wellsorted unifiers can always be found, even in those cases where this set is infinite.
Economic Contraction and Mental Health

Background: Theory and empirical evidence suggest that economic contraction predicts increased incidence of psychological disorder. The extent to which this relation can be causally attributed to t...
Peer-to-Peer authentication with a distributed single sign-on service

CorSSO is a distributed service for authentication in networks. It allows application servers to delegate client identity checking to combinations of authentication servers that reside in separate administrative domains. CorSSO authentication policies enable the system to tolerate expected classes of attacks and failures. A novel partitioning of the work associated with authentication of principals means that the system scales well with increases in the numbers of users and services.
Assays for DNA fragmentation, endonucleases, and intracellular pH and Ca2+ associated with apoptosis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses assays for DNA fragmentation, endonucleases, and intracellular pH, and Ca 2+ associated with apoptosis. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation is measured by electrophoresis in an agarose gel. Most methods involve some sort of DNA purification, possibly involving separation of low from high molecular weight DNA, with phenol extractions, protease and ribonuclease digestions, and ethanol precipitations. These manipulations are not only time consuming but also limit any quantitative assessment of the amount of DNA fragmentation. Intracellular ion concentrations are measured using ion-sensitive fluorescent dyes. The best dyes for this purpose are those that have a shift in their fluorescence spectrum on binding the appropriate ion. The pH and Ca 2+ in individual cells can be measured by flow cytometry. However, flow cytometry requires the use of “emission ratio” dyes. The selection of emission ratio dyes is more limited—carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF)-1 for pH measurements and indo-1 for Ca 2+ measurements. The use of these dyes has clearly resolved subpopulations of cells undergoing ion changes.
SEVERE TESTS, ARGUING FROM ERROR, AND METHODOLOGICAL UNDERDETERMINATION

A major problem that has been thought to stand in the way of an adequate account of hypothesis appraisal may be termed the alternative hypothesis objection: that whatever rule is specified for positively appraising H, there will always be rival hypotheses that satisfy the rule equally well. Evidence in accordance with hypothesis H cannot really count in favor of H, it is objected, if it counts equally well for some (perhaps infinitely many) other hypotheses that would also accord with H. This problem is a version of the general problem of underdetermination of hypotheses by data: if data cannot univocally pick out hypothesis H over alternatives, then the hypothesis is underdetermined by the data. Some have considered this problem so intractable as to render any attempt to erect a methodology of hypothesis appraisal impossible. No such conclusion is warranted, however. There is no general argument showing that all rules of appraisal are subject to this objection. At most the argument has been sustained against certain specific rules (e.g., the straight rule, simple hypothetico-deductivism, falsificationist accounts). A more adequate account of hypothesis testing, I will argue, gets around the underdetermination challenge. In this account, evidence is to be taken as a good test of (or good grounds for) a hypothesis only to the extent that it can be seen as the result of passing a severe test of that hypothesis. My task in this paper is first to sketch an account of severe tests, and second, to show how it answers the alternative hypothesis objection. To anticipate two of my main theses, I shall be arguing:
Interactive Paraphrase Training: The Development and Testing of an iSTART Module

Comprehension of science texts is challenging, particularly when the reader lacks the skills or knowledge necessary to fill in conceptual gaps in the text content. The iSTART system was developed to help readers learn and practice reading strategies to improve their ability to comprehend challenging text. This study describes a new iSTART module recently developed and tested, called Interactive Paraphrasing (IP), in which students are interactively and adaptively taught how to paraphrase sentences. We compared the effects of iSTART to iSTART with IP (IP-iSTART) with high school students on their strategy use and ability to comprehend text. IP-iSTART increased skilled readers' self-explanation quality, improved their ability to answer online comprehension questions, and increased their use of paraphrases after training. Less skilled readers benefited most in self-explanation quality from the original version of iSTART. Results are discussed in terms of tailoring reading strategy training to the needs of the reader.
Mechanisms underlying the growth inhibitory effects of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib in human breast cancer cells

Inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 are being extensively studied as anticancer agents. In the present study we evaluated the mechanisms by which a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, affects tumor growth of two differentially invasive human breast cancer cell lines. MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive) and MDA-MB-468 (moderately invasive) cell lines were treated with varying concentrations of celecoxib in vitro, and the effects of this agent on cell growth and angiogenesis were monitored by evaluating cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and vasculogenic mimicry. The in vitro results of MDA-MB-231 cell line were further confirmed in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. The highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells express higher levels of COX-2 than do the less invasive MDA-MB-468 cells. Celecoxib treatment inhibited COX-2 activity, indicated by prostaglandin E2 secretion, and caused significant growth arrest in both breast cancer cell lines. In the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, the mechanism of celecoxib-induced growth arrest was by induction of apoptosis, associated with reduced activation of protein kinase B/Akt, and subsequent activation of caspases 3 and 7. In the less invasive MDA-MB-468 cells, growth arrest was a consequence of cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 checkpoint. Celecoxib-induced growth inhibition was reversed by addition of exogenous prostaglandin E2 in MDA-MB-468 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, MDA-MB-468 cells formed significantly fewer extracellular matrix associated microvascular channels in vitro than did the high COX-2 expressing MDA-MB-231 cells. Celecoxib treatment not only inhibited cell growth and vascular channel formation but also reduced vascular endothelial growth factor levels. The in vitro findings corroborated in vivo data from a mouse xenograft model in which daily administration of celecoxib significantly reduced tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 cells, which was associated with reduced vascularization and increased necrosis in the tumor mass. The disparate molecular mechanisms of celecoxib-induced growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells depends upon the level of COX-2 expression and the invasive potential of the cell lines examined. Data suggest a role for COX-2 not only in the growth of cancer cells but also in activating the angiogenic pathway through regulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Heat Loss from Sidearms of Cooling Lakes

Gravity currents arising from thermally-induced buoyancy in sidearms of cooling lakes are analyzed with a numerical model that is based in part on experimental observations. The boundary layer forms of the momentum and thermal energy equations are solved by a variation of the Karman-Pohlhausen technique. The numerical model incorporates the coupling between the momentum and thermal energy equations that results from thermally-induced buoyancy forces that diminish as cooling of the water surface occurs through natural heat transfer processes. The numerical model results for surface heat-loss rate from the sidearm, entrance discharge, and surface temperature drop along the sidearm are shown ultimately to depend on the Grashof number and modified Prandtl number, and the results are compared with experimental data. Application of the numerical results demonstrates the significant heat loss that can occur from a sidearm in a cooling lake.
LFP: a logic for linguistic descriptions and an analysis of its complexity

We investigate the weak expressive power of a notation using first-order logic, augmented with a facility for recursion, to give linguistic descriptions. The notation is precise and easy to read, using ordinary conventions of logic. Two versions of the notation are presented. One, called CLFP, speaks about strings and concatenation, and generates the class EXPTIME of languages accepted by Turing machines in time 2cn for some c > 0. The other, called ILFP, speaks about integer positions in strings, and generates the class PTIME of languages recognizable in polynomial time. An application is given, showing how to code Head Grammars in ILFP, showing why these grammars generate only polynomial time languages.
Likelihood method for BPSK and unbalanced QPSK modulation classification

Automatic classification of the digital modulation type of a signal is a branch of non-cooperative communication techniques, which has found many applications in electronics warfare, surveillance and threat analysis. We propose in this paper a classifier based on the likelihood method to distinguish BPSK signal and unbalanced QPSK signal embedded in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Unbalanced QPSK signal occurs when the in-phase and quadrature components of a QPSK signal have different power. The proposed classifier first calculates the log-likelihood functions of BPSK and UQPSK signals using AWGN model and IID data sequence. The ratio of the two log-likelihood functions is dependent on the unbalanced factor. When the unbalanced factor is not known to a receiver, it will be replaced by the maximum likelihood estimation, yielding the generalized likelihood ratio test to classify the two modulation types. The proposed classifier performs better than the classifier without taking into account the unbalanced factor when the SNR and the unbalanced factor are high. At low SNR, the performance of the proposed classifier is comparable to the one without considering the unbalanced factor.
Purification and characterization of undegraded human ceruloplasmin.

Abstract Human ceruloplasmin, which is usually cleaved by limited proteolysis into three major fragments during preparation ( M r ⋍ 18,650 , 50,000, and 70,000) was isolated in good yield as an undegraded single-chain protein ( M r ⋍ 135,00 ). The cryosupernatant from fresh frozen plasma (100 liters) was fractionated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) at + 5°C yielding a ceruloplasmin-enriched fraction in the 20% PEG supernatant. Three steps of chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxyapatite, and Sephadex G-200 produced a homogeneous protein with maximal enzymatic activity and the A 610 A 280 ratio of 0.046 corresponding to 98–100% purity. Two forms of ceruloplasmin having this absorbance ratio were obtained; Form I was predominant and was studied further. The procedure separated both forms from apoceruloplasmin and degraded ceruloplasmin. The single-chain ceruloplasmin (Form I) had an NH2-terminal sequence of Lys-Glu-Lys-His-Tyr-Tyr-Ile-, the same as for the 70,000 fragment, and is suitable for structural study by sequence analysis and physicochemical methods.
Nucleic acids of species of Lactobacillus

Nucleic acid composition of 17 cultures representing the type or neotype strains of 15 named Lactobacillus species was studied. Nucleic acid characterization of these isolates was accompanied by a comparative study of conventional phenotypic reactions. The overall guanine plus cytosine mean deoxyribonucleic acid base composition ranged from 33 to 50% and genome sizes varied between 700 and 1500 X 10(6) daltons. Sporolactobacillus inulinus contained 2500 X 10(6) daltons of chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid and was therefore similar in size to members of the genus Bacillus. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization at a temperature 15 degrees C below the thermal melting temperature confirmed the extreme molecular heterogeneity of many species. The genus can be divided into three major groups, each containing four or more species based on a combination of nucleic acid characteristics and conventional phenotypic reactions. Group I (33 to 39% guanine plus cytosine) contains Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus helveticus nov. ssp. jugurt, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus sanfrancisco. Group II (42 to 48% guanine plus cytosine contains Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus brevis, and Group III (48 to 50% guanine plus cytosine) contains Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii nov. ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii nov. ssp. lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii nov. ssp. leichmanii, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus fermentum nov. ssp. cellobiosis.
La notion d'intentionalité chez Husserl

Summary Intentionality, the central theme of Husserl's phenomenology, is the characteristic feature of consciousness that it always seems to be directed towards an object. There need not always be such an object, but consciousness is always as if of an object. Consciousness structures our surroundings, within the limits imposed upon us by sensory experience. The structuring involves the past and the future as well as the present. It also involves values and practical functions, and our body and bodily skills play an important role in the structuring. Husserl's notions of constitution and of inner and outer horizon are discussed, as well as his theory of intersubjectivity. Finally, the notion of ‘positing’ is discussed, and the role of the body in the emergence of our notions of reality and existence.
Thermal and Dietary Requirements for Development of Hippodamia parenthesis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The rate of preimaginal development of Hippodamia parenthesis (Say) was linearly related to temperatures from 14 to 30°C. H. parenthesis requires 234.8 ± 10.0 degree days (±SE) above a lower developmental threshold (t) of 1O.8°C ± 1.1 to complete preimaginal development. Newly emerged adults from larvae reared at 18 and 22°C weighed significantly more ($\bar x$ = 0.0095 and 0.0099 g, respectively) than adults reared at 14, 26, and 30°C ($\bar x$ = 0.0085, 0.0087, and 0.0085 g, respectively). Total preimaginal development of H. parenthesis reared at 22°C on pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), averaged 22.0 d, significantly faster than the 23.4 d required on a diet of greenbugs, Shizaphis graminum (Rodani) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Immature survival was approximately 90% on both aphid diets. Adults reared on A. pisum were significantly heavier ($\bar x$ = 0.0098 g) and larger ($\bar x$ = 3.15 mm wide by 5.31 mm long) than those reared on the S. graminum diet ($\bar x$ = 0.0068 g and 2.88 mm wide by 4.87 mm long).
The NIDA Brain Disease Paradigm: History, Resistance and Spinoffs

This article examines 'the NIDA paradigm', the theory that addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by loss of control over drug taking. I critically review the official history of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) paradigm and analyze the sources of resistance to it. I argue that, even though the theory remains contested, it has yielded important insights in other fields, including my own discipline of history. BioSocieties (2010) 5, 137-147. doi:10.1057/biosoc.2009.3
The technique of verbal games in group therapy with early adolescents.

Group therapists who work with early adolescents may need to modify their methods because of the specific developmental characteristics of these youngsters. Early adolescents are usually too mature to engage in extensive activity therapy, but not mature enough to discuss their problems consistently in a serious manner. The author describes a technique which bridges this gap by using a variety of verbal activities and games through which the group members express their conflicts and their feelings.
Penalized likelihood regression: General formulation and efficient approximation

The authors consider a formulation of penalized likelihood regression that is sufficiently general to cover canonical and noncanonical links for exponential families as well as accelerated life models with censored survival data. They present an asymptotic analysis of convergence rates to justify a simple approach to the lower-dimensional approximation of the estimates. Such an approximation allows for much faster numerical calculation, paving the way to the development of algorithms that scale well with large data sets. Les auteurs s'interessent a une formulation de la regression par la vraisemblance penalisee qui est suffisamment generate pour englober a la fois les liens canoniques et non-canoniques pour les families ex-ponentielles, de měme que les modeles de vie acceleree avec durees de vie sujettes e censure, Ils presentent une analyse asymptotique des taux de convergence qui permet de justifier une approche simple d'approxi-mation des estimations dans des espaces de petite dimension. Une telle approximation permet d'accelerer les calculs, pavantla voie au developpementd'algorithmes qui se component bien lorsqu'ils sont appliques ea de grands jeux de donnees.
Model Analysis of Response of Pensacola Bahiagrass to Applied Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. II. Seasonal P and K Uptake

Abstract The extended multiple logistic model has been used to describe seasonal dry matter and plant nutrient uptake in response to combinations of applied nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L) and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.). In this article, the model is used to analyze data for bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) in an N × P × K = 3 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment at Quincy, FL. A procedure is illustrated for standardizing the model over two of the nutrients in order to focus on response to the third. Estimates are made of applied N, P, and K required to reach 50% of maximum potential yield. Similar calculations are included to achieve 50% of potential maximum plant P and K uptake. The strong sensitivity of plant P and K to applied levels of P and K is described as well.
Platelet monoamine oxidase B activity in women with premenstrual syndrome

Several lines of evidence suggest a strong association between premenstrual syndrome and affective disorder. Similar psychological symptoms, behavioral manifestations, and biochemical etiologies have been reported. We attempted to evaluate the biologic interconnection between premenstrual syndrome and psychiatric disorder by investigating the platelet enzyme, monoamine oxidase B. The activity of this enzyme has been noted to be decreased in affective disorder, alcoholism, and psychiatric vulnerability. Platelet monoamine oxidase B activity, estradiol, and progesterone were assessed throughout one menstrual cycle in 13 women with premenstrual syndrome and 19 control subjects. No significant differences were noted between groups using these parameters. The study indicates that well-screened subjects with premenstrual syndrome are, as evidenced by the parameter of monoamine oxidase B, biochemically similar to normal control subjects.
Relativistic Effect on a Deformed Semi-Infinite Crystalline Surface

The deformed surface described by some parameters has been studied by Volkenstein [1] in 1947 and by Steslicka [2] in 1974 in the non-relativistic case. In this paper, the study is extended to the relativistic case. When the parameters take certain values, the relativistic equations of the deformed surface correspond to the relaxation, segregation, or relaxation-segregation case, respectively. When c ∞, i.e. for the non-relativistic limit, the equations will approach the results obtained by Steslicka. Une surface deformbe caracterisee par quelques parametres a eteetudie par Volkenstein [1] en 1947 et Steslicka [2] en 1974 pour le cas non-relativiste. Nous generalisions cet etude dans le domaine relativiste. Pour certains valeurs des parametres, les equations relativisties de la surface deformee decrivent le cas de la relaxation, la segregation, ou la relaxation-segregation. Pour c ∞, c'est-a-dire dans le limite non-relativiste, nos equations se reduisent aux resultats de Steslicka.