cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): Is the “prevention paradox” applicable to alcohol problems across Hispanic national groups?

Background: The "prevention paradox," a notion that most alcohol-related problems are generated by nonheavy drinkers, has significant relevance to public health policy and prevention efforts. The extent of the paradox has driven debate over the type of balance that should be struck between alcohol policies targeting a select group of high-risk drinkers versus more global approaches that target the population at-large. This paper examines the notion that most alcohol problems among 4 Hispanic national groups in the United States are attributable to moderate drinkers. Methods: A general population survey employing a multistage cluster sample design, with face-to-face interviews in respondents' homes was conducted in 5 metropolitan areas of the United States. Study participants included a total of 2,773 current drinkers 18 years and older. Alcohol consumed in the past year (bottom 90% vs. top 10%), binge drinking (binge vs. no binge), and a 4-way grouping defined by volume and binge criteria were used. Alcohol-related harms included 14 social and dependence problems. Results: Drinkers at the bottom 90% of the distribution are responsible for 56 to 73% of all social problems, and for 55 to 73% of all dependence-related problems reported, depending on Hispanic national group. Binge drinkers are responsible for the majority of the social problems (53 to 75%) and dependence-related problems (59 to 73%), also depending on Hispanic national group. Binge drinkers at the bottom 90% of the distribution are responsible for a larger proportion of all social and dependence-related problems reported than those at the top 10% of the volume distribution. Cuban Americans are an exception. Conclusions: The prevention paradox holds when using volume-based risk groupings and disappears when using a binge-drinking risk grouping. Binge drinkers who drink moderately on an average account for more harms than those who drink heavily across all groups, with exception of Cuban Americans. Language: en
Monofilament $\hbox{MgB}_{2}$ Wire for a Whole-Body MRI Magnet: Superconducting Joints and Test Coils

This paper presents recent results from our continued development of a 0.5 T whole-body MRI magnet at the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory. HyperTech Research Corp. (Columbus, OH) manufactures the MgB2 conductor for this project. During the past year, we have found that our technique, originally developed successfully to splice unreacted multifilament MgB2 wires, works much better, i.e., of higher reliability, with unreacted monofilament MgB2 wires. This has led us to wind the entire coil components in our persistent-mode MRI magnet with unreacted monofilament MgB2 wire, having a MgB2 core of 0.4 mm in diameter, an overall diameter of 0.8 mm bare, 1 mm S-glass insulated. To verify that these coils would not suffer from flux jumping, as they would if wound with monofilament NbTi wire, magnetization studies were performed on monofilament wires of MgB2 and NbTi (as a reference) at 4.2 K. For the monofilament MgB2 wire, the results were affirmative. To further ensure the absence of flux jumping that may quench these current-carrying coils, two test coils were wound with unreacted monofilament MgB2 wire. One MgB2 coil was operated in driven mode, while the other MgB2 coil, equipped with a persistent current switch and terminated with a superconducting joint, was operated in persistent mode. The operating temperature range was 4.2-15 K for these MgB2 coils. The driven mode coil was operated in self-field. The persistent mode coil achieved a persistent current of 100 A, corresponding to a self-field of ~ 1 T in the winding, for 1 hour with no measurable decay. Both test coils were operated quench free.
Rural vs urban motor vehicle crash death rates: 20 years of FARS data.

Objectives. Historically, motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related mortality is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The authors evaluated whether the difference in rural and urban MVC deaths is persisting, and whether the frequency of patients being found dead at the scene, particularly in rural areas, is increasing. Methods. Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data for 1–977 through 1996 were reviewed. The authors determined the frequency with which crash deaths occurred, and calculated population-based and vehicle-miles-traveled-based crash death rates. They compared rates for urban and rural areas. Results. A total of 875,405 crash deaths were included in the analysis. Both population-based and -vehicle-miles-traveled-based MVC deaths have decreased over the last 20 years, but rural rates remain significantly higher than urban rates. Dead-at-scene rates may be increasing, and the rural dead-at-scene rate is higher than the urban rate. Conclusion. While MVC death rates are declining, the rural MVC de...
A follow-up study of women in the synthetic rubber industry: study methods.

Abstract Background Concerns about the possible toxic effects of workplace exposures in the synthetic rubber industry have centered on 1,3-butadiene (BD), styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC). Our previous mortality studies of over 17,000 male synthetic rubber workers found an excess of leukemia that may be due to BD or BD plus other chemicals. Experimental studies have shown that BD produces mammary tumors in female mice and rats and ovarian tumors in female mice. Aim This paper presents the methods of a follow-up study that evaluates the mortality experience of women employed in the North American synthetic rubber industry. Methods Women employed for at least 1 day at any of eight North American styrene–butadiene rubber plants were followed up from 1943 to 2002. Identifying and work history information were obtained from personnel records. Estimated quantitative exposure to BD, styrene and DMDTC, developed for our previous study of men, were used in this study. External analyses use the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the cohort's cause-specific mortality rates to the rates of the female general population of the states or the province where the plants are located. Internal analyses use the Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazards models to examine specific cancer mortality rates in relation to BD, styrene and DMDTC exposure, by comparing an exposed cohort subgroup with the rate of unexposed cohort members.
Alcohol Consumption is Associated With a Decreased Risk of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: While some studies have indicated that alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia, others have not. We evaluated associations of alcohol consumption with benign prostatic hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms.Materials and Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of published studies pertaining to alcohol intake, benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. We analyzed abstracted data with random effects models to obtain pooled odds ratios of adjusted effects estimates.Results: A total of 19 studies (120,091 men) met selection criteria and of these studies 14 revealed a significantly decreased likelihood of benign prostatic hyperplasia or lower urinary tract symptoms with increased alcohol intake. Sixteen studies were eligible for pooled analyses, of which 12 used benign prostatic hyperplasia as the primary outcome. We stratified total alcohol intake by gm per day into 6 strata. Alcohol intake was associated with a significan...
Pre-college Matriculation Risk Profiles and Alcohol Consumption Patterns During the First Semesters of College

Excessive alcohol consumption represents a significant concern on U.S. college campuses, and there is a need to identify students who may be at risk for engaging in risky alcohol use. The current study examined how variables measured prior to college matriculation, specifically alcohol-related decision-making variables drawn from the Theory of Reasoned Action (i.e., alcohol expectancies, attitudes, and normative beliefs), were associated with patterns of alcohol use prior to and throughout the first semesters of college. Participants were 392 undergraduate students (56 % female) from a large Northeastern U.S. university. Decision-making variables were assessed prior to college matriculation, and alcohol use was measured with five assessments before and throughout freshman and sophomore semesters. Latent profile analysis was used to identify types of students with distinct patterns of decision-making variables. These decision-making profiles were subsequently linked to distinct patterns of alcohol use using latent transition analysis. Four distinct decision-making profiles were found and were labeled “Anti-Drinking,” “Unfavorable,” “Mixed,” and “Risky.” Five drinking patterns were observed and included participants who reported consistently low, moderate, or high rates of alcohol use. Two patterns described low or non-drinking at the pre-college baseline with drinking escalation during the measurement period. Students’ likelihood of following the various drinking patterns varied according to their decision-making. Findings suggest the early identification of at-risk students may be improved by assessing decision-making variables in addition to alcohol use. The findings also have implications for the design of early identification assessments to identify at-risk college students and for the targeting of alcohol prevention efforts to students based on their alcohol-related attitudes and beliefs.
Research Note: Toe Scratches Cause Scabby Hip Syndrome Lesions

Scabs and scratches in the hip region of chicken carcasses have become the single most common cause of downgrading and required trimming at processing in some areas of the United States. Repeatable correlations with microbiological agents, environment, and nutrition have not been observed. The present report provides evidence that scabs and scratches, present at processing, are the result of injuries inflicted by toenails of birds as they climb on one another. Onychectomy (removal of approximately two-thirds of the distal phalanx) of all four digits of each foot prior to chick placement resulted in 3.7 and 4.8-fold reduction in subjective lesion scores and 7 to 10-fold increases in the percentage of USDA Grade A carcasses at a commercial processing plant.
Theory of interfacial stability of semiconductor superlattices.

With few exceptions, abrupt isovalent {ital AC}/{ital BC} semiconductor superlattices (SL's) were predicted to be {ital globally} unstable at {ital T}=0 with respect to the random alloy. We examine the stability of these SL's with respect to {ital local} swaps of atoms near the interface, leading to interface-broadening reconstructions. For lattice-mismatched GaP/InP SL's, we find that reconstruction is most energetically favorable for SL's in the (111) and (011) directions, and somewhat less favorable for SL's in the (001) direction. These results are indepenent of period {ital p} for {ital p}{gt}3; for {ital p}{lt}3, reconstruction results in large energy gains (nearly 60% for {ital p}=1 (111)), in the (001) and (111) directions, but reconstruction is unfavorable for short-period (011) and (201) SL's. For monolayer SL's reconstruction is accompanied by a large increase in the electronic band gap. The stability of abrupt SL's with respect to reconstruction shows a strong dependence on the substrate lattice constant on which the SL is grown; SL's grown in a GaP substrate are the most stable, while those grown on InP are the least stable. For {ital lattice}{minus}{ital matched} AlAs/GaAs SL's, small energy lowerings are found for some SL's with {ital p}{le}3, while no reconstructions aremore » found for longer periods.« less
Layer-by-Layer-Assembled High-Performance Broadband Antireflection Coatings

Nanoparticles are indispensable ingredients of solution-processed optical, dielectric, and catalytic thin films. Although solution-based methods are promising low-cost alternatives to vacuum methods, they can have significant limitations. Coating uniformity, thickness control, roughness control, mechanical durability, and incorporation of a diverse set of functional organic molecules into nanoparticle thin films are major challenges. We have used the electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly technique to make uniform, conformal multistack nanoparticle thin films for optical applications with precise thickness control over each stack. Two particularly sought-after optical applications are broadband antireflection and structural color. The effects of interstack and surface roughness on optical properties of these constructs (e.g., haze and spectral response) have been studied quantitatively using a combination of Fourier-transform methods and atomic force microscopy measurements. Deconvoluting root-mean-square ...
Tissue toxicity of laser-damaged intraocular lens implants.

Abstract Because of close proximity to the posterior capsule, the posterior chamber intraocular lens is frequently damaged when capsultomy is performed using the Nd:YAG laser. Damage to the optic or haptics of an intraocular lens may release substances potentially toxic to intraocular tissues. We found that injection molded intraocular lenses experimentally damaged using multiple YAG laser burst at energy levels of 10 mJ or greater released compounds which caused cell death to cultures of human conjunctival epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, choroidal cells, and retinoblastoma cells. No cytotoxic effect was seen at energy levels of 2 and 5 mJ.
Humeral head replacement for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Background: Humeral head replacement has been used successfully for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the shoulder for decades. The purpose of this study was to define the results of this form of treatment, the risk factors for an unsatisfactory outcome, and the rates of failure over time. Methods: Between 1978 and 1997, sixty humeral head replacements were performed at our institution for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Five patients (seven shoulders) died less than five years postoperatively, and one patient (two shoulders) was lost to follow-up. Fifty-one humeral head replacements in forty-nine patients with a complete postoperative evaluation and operative records who had been followed for a minimum of five years (mean, 11.3 years) or until revision were included in the study. All sixty shoulders were included in the survival analysis. Results: Overall, there was significant long-term pain relief (p < 0.0001) as well as improvement in active abduction (p < 0.0001), internal rotation (p < 0.024), and external rotation (p < 0.0001) following the humeral head replacement. However, moderate pain was reported in nine shoulders and severe pain, in seven. Ten of the fifty-one shoulders underwent revision surgery, which was done to treat painful glenoid arthrosis in nine of the ten. Radiographs were available for thirty-nine shoulders, and they demonstrated an increase in glenoid erosion at a mean of 10.7 years postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Five shoulders had humeral periprosthetic lucent lines of 1.5 mm in thickness, and three of them had a complete line; one humeral component had shifted in position. According to a modification of the Neer result rating system, there were ten excellent results, twenty satisfactory results, and twenty-one unsatisfactory results. Conclusions: Substantial clinical improvement can occur after humeral head replacement for osteoarthritis of the shoulder, but there is a high rate of unsatisfactory results and revision surgery. The decision as to whether this is the optimal surgical procedure for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the shoulder requires careful consideration. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Maximal flow through a domain

In place of flows on a discrete network we study flows described by a vector field ź(x,y) in a plane domain ź. The analogue of the capacity constraint is |ź|≤c(x,y), and the strength of sources and sinks is ź·n=źf on the boundary and--div ź=źF in the interior. We show that the largest ź (the maximal flow) is determined by the minimal cut. As in the discrete case the dual problem has a 0---1 solution, given by the characteristic function of the minimal cut; for the continuous problem the argument depends on the coarea formula for functions of bounded variation.
INTRODUCING THE WORK OF PETER OCHS

Peter Ochs’ work offers a rehabilitation of the wisdom tradition celebrated by rabbinic Judaism. While Jewish philosophy, long occupied by the particular names and categories of the given order, has neglected the deepest insights of the rabbinic appreciation of wisdom, Ochs’ work recovers wisdom as a metaphysically imaginative and pragmatically effective exercise of reasoning. The four articles offered in this symposium on the work of Peter Ochs by David Lamberth, James K. A. Smith, Nicholas Adams and Leora Batnitzky, together with Peter Ochs’ response and Steven Kepnes’ conclusion, offer a striking illustration of the reach and depth of Ochs’ recovery of wisdom. This reach extends but is not limited to a ‘new thinking’ and agenda for philosophical theology applied to its specific areas of concern, including the relationship between philosophy and theology, the nature of religious studies, and the practice of Scriptural Reasoning.
Consumer Search Behavior and its Effect on Markets

Introduction. 1. Models of Consumer Search. 2. Empirical Evidence on Search. 3. Markets When Search is Costly. References.
CONTEXTUALISM AND WARRANTED ASSERTION

: Contextualists offer “high-low standards” practical cases to show that a variety of knowledge standards are in play in different ordinary contexts. These cases show nothing of the sort, I maintain. However Keith DeRose gives an ingenious argument that standards for knowledge do go up in high-stakes cases. According to the knowledge account of assertion (Kn), only knowledge warrants assertion. Kn combined with the context sensitivity of assertability yields contextualism about knowledge. But is Kn correct? I offer a rival account of warranted assertion and argue that it beats Kn as a response to the “knowledge” version of Moore's Paradox.
Memory for music

Subjects created imaginal interpretations of classical music passages in accordance with themes which were either concrete and comprehensible or abstract and difficult to comprehend. Recognition memory for the musical passages was found to be superior in the former condition. The results support the hypothesis that meaningful interpretation of stimulus material is a major determinant of memory accuracy. The implications of the results for comparisons of music and language are also discussed.
DIFFERENTIATION OF T CELLS INDUCED BY PREPARATIONS FROM THYMUS AND BY NONTHYMIC AGENTS : THE DETERMINED STATE OF THE PRECURSOR CELL

Summary of Experiments Showing Generation of T Cells from Precursor Cells under the Influence of Thymic and Nonthymlc Agents Material tested for inducer activity Criterion of T cell induction Source Mouse thymus Mouse spleen Description* Expression of TL or Thy-1 antigen Fr. 2 (KK) Fr. 2 (KK) Medium II: in I: in vitro~ nu/nu mice§ Induced cells % 20 <10 20,40 Mouse thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf spleen Calf muscle Rat thymus Chicken thymus Human thymus Fr. 3 Fr. 2 Ft. 3 5 6 Ft. 3 Fr. 3 Ft. 2 Fr. 2 Ft. 3 20-23 <10 <10 m Calf thymus¶ (AG) 40-45 (KK) 20-25 (AG) 40-45 (AG) 25-30 (AG) 18-22 (AG) 40-45 (AG) 40-45 (KK) 20-25 (KK) 25-30 (AG) 25-30 20 25 20-25 15-19 < 10, < l0 25 10 30 <10 Appearance of helper effect in vitroll cAMP DB-cAMP Poly A:U Endotoxin BSA, Medium Ft. 2 (KK) + Aminophylline Fr. 2 (KK) + Insulin Fr. 2 (KK) + Medium PFC/culture 5th exp. 24 ~10 Because of space limitations, details of materials and methods can be indicated for the most part only by key references to where full descriptions can be found. * Fr = fraction. (KK) = fraction prepared by Dr. K. Komuro according to Goldstein
A system of PWC electronics for high rate situations

A system of low cost proportional wire chamber electronics is described which is designed to be used in experimental situations with single wire rates up to 4 MHz.
Inhibition of parathormone-stimulated bone resorption by type I interferon.

Abstract The effect of Type I interferon on bone resorption was studied by measuring its effect on parathormone-stimulated calcium release from neonatal murine calvaria in vitro. A pure human recombinant leukocyte interferon hybrid of the A and D subtypes was used, which has high antiviral activity on mouse cells. Calcium release was inhibited in a dose dependent fashion with 50% inhibition at about 10−10 M or 600 U/ml, and the inhibition was reversible. The presence of interferon was required before or during the activation phase of the resorptive response, when the formation of osteoclasts from precursor cells would occur. When added to actively resorbing bone it had no effect. The data suggest that Type I interferon can inhibit the parathormone-regulated development of active osteoclasts, possibly by inhibiting osteoclast precursor differentiation.
Volume-sampled 3D modeling

We present a 3D object-space antialiasing technique for volume graphics. Our approach performs antialiasing once-on a 3D view-independent representation-as part of the modeling stage. Unlike antialiasing of 2D scan-converted graphics, where the main focus is on generating aesthetically pleasing displays, antialiasing of 3D voxelized graphics emphasizes the production of alias-free 3D models for various volume graphics manipulations, including but not limited to the generation of aesthetically pleasing displays. >
Synchronization of Leishmania tarentolae by hydroxyurea.

SYNOPSIS Leishmania tarentolae cells in brain-heart infusion medium were partially synchronized in terms of DNA synthesis and cell division by a 10 hour period of inhibition in 200 μg/ml hydroxyurea at 27 C. Nuclear and kinetoplast DNA synthesis commenced immediately upon removal of hydroxyurea, and kinetoplast and nuclear division occurred after about 5 hr. The Index of Synchronization (3) varied from 33-41%. A moderate decay of the synchronicity was noted by the 2nd cell cycle. Hydroxyurea was selectively lethal to S-phase cells.
866 DNA MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN PROCOLLAGEN GENES

Four loci dispersed on different chromosomes are coding for the pro α chains of the 3 types of fibrillar collagen in human. Structural mutations of these genes have been demonstrated in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), Ehlers-Danlos S. types IV and VII (EDS), Marfan S. and certain chondrodystrophies. DNA markers (RFLP) have been identified and used for genetic linkage studies in some of these disorders. In the proα2(I) gene, 3 RFLP's generated by the EcoRI, MspI and StuI restriction endonucleases (RE) have been utilized for linkage studies in 15 families with an autosomal dominant form of OI. With the use of the molecular haplotypes we established linkage in 3 families, ruled out linkage in 5 while the remaining 7 were not informative. The 3 families with the specific proα2(I) collagen gene association belong to a distinct phenotypic group (OI type IV). Biochemical studies revealed that the defect in an affected individual is a small deletion in the middle of the proα2(I) chain. Similarly, 2 high frequency DNA polymorphisms, generated by the Hind III and EcoRI RE, associated with the proα1(II) gene and 4 RFLP's generated by the Hind III, EcoRI, MspI and XhoI RE, and associated with the proα1(III) gene have been identified. Preliminary data on linkage studies utilizing the proα1(III) RFLP's emphasized the informative power of these markers in defining the molecular heterogeneity of EDS IV.
Simple shearing flow of a dry Kelvin soap foam

Simple shearing flow of a dry soap foam composed of identical Kelvin cells is analysed. An undeformed Kelvin cell has six planar quadrilateral faces with curved edges and eight non-planar hexagonal faces with zero mean curvature. The elastic-plastic response of the foam is modelled by determining the bubble shape that minimizes total surface area at each value of strain. Computer simulations were performed with the Surface Evolver program developed by Brakke. The foam structure and macroscopic stress are piecewise continuous functions of strain. Each discontinuity corresponds to a topological change (T1) that occurs when the film network is unstable. These instabilities involve shrinking films, but the surface area and edge lengths of a shrinking film do not necessarily vanish smoothly with strain. Each T1 reduces surface energy, results in cell-neighbour switching, and provides a film-level mechanism for plastic yield behaviour during foam flow. The foam structure is determined for all strains by choosing initial foam orientations that lead to strain-periodic behaviour. The average shear stress varies by an order of magnitude for different orientations. A Kelvin foam has cubic symmetry and exhibits anisotropic linear elastic behaviour ; the two shear moduli and their average over all orientations are G min = 0.5706, G max = 0.9646, and G = 0.8070, where stress is scaled by T/V 1/3 , T is surface tension, and V is bubble volume. An approximate solution for the microrheology is also determined by minimizing the total surface area of a Kelvin foam with flat films.
NMR studies on the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

In 1973, the state of protein NMR was in its infancy and the tremendous developments that have happened since were not foreseeable. This article describes developments as they happened in the laboratory of Professor Kurt Wuthrich while the author was a graduate student and postdoctoral fellow during the time period from 1973 to 1987. This is a subjective view and deals primarily with the developments in which the author was involved. This includes the characterization of the dynamics of aromatic side chains in basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, the development of strategies for sequential assignments in proteins, and the first attempts of calculating protein structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reported cues about deceptive and truthful communication: The effects of cognitive capacity and communicator veracity

One hundred four students watched a videotape of six communicators (three liars and three truthtellers) and were asked to judge the veracity of the strangers’ communication. In addition to judging deception, students reported which cites guided their veridical judgments. To limit their available cognitive capacity one‐half of the participants were given an additional cognitive task to complete (counting backwards from a number by 7) while viewing the videotapes. Results indicated that lie detectors with limited cognitive capacity reported using more vocal cues and fewer verbal cues than lie detectors whose cognitive capacity was not manipulated. Lie detectors with limited capacity were more accurate at catching liars and reported fewer truthful judgments than lie detectors in the high capacity condition. Overall, lie detectors reported using primarily demeanor cues and visual cues to distinguish truths from lies. Results also indicated that lie detectors’ beliefs about deception differed as a function of ...
Robust probes for high resolution chemical detection and imaging

There are needs for both high resolution imaging and high sensitivity detection/analysis of surface chemistry on a nanometer scale. These needs can be addressed with Raman spectroscopy coupled with schemes that provide extraordinary enhancement of the Raman signal, namely surface enhanced (SERS) and tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Advances in applications of high resolution imaging and high sensitivity detection will be enabled by two specific improvements: increased signal enhancement and increased robustness of the plasmonic structures needed to achieve enhancement. Robustness and stability are especially important for those plasmonic structures made of silver that usually provide the best enhancements. Here we focus particularly on TERS, in which a plasmonic structure is placed on a scanning probe microscope tip in order to achieve high lateral resolution imaging. We have demonstrated that aluminum oxide protected silver plasmonic structures show significantly increased robustness against chemical and mechanical degradation when compared to unprotected analogues without loss of enhancement. A 2-3 nm thick coating of aluminum oxide prevents chemical attack of the underlying silver film for three months in a desiccator, significantly increasing the storage life of current probes. The same protective coating also extends the scanning life of the probe when the probe is used to image a hard patterned silicon substrate.
Nighttime Urinary Incontinence and Sleep Disruption Among Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of urinary incontinence episodes to sleep disruption in a sample of nursing home residents. DESIGN: Descriptive, case series. SETTING: Three community nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-three incontinent residents of three nursing homes participating in a trial of a behavioral intervention for nighttime urinary incontinence. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected during a baseline and repeat baseline period about 2 months later in nursing homes serving as controls for the intervention homes. Incontinence episodes were identified by incontinence pads, which were wired to detect wetness of 10 mL or more. Sleep was monitored by wireless wrist actigraphs. Noise and light changes were monitored by bedside recording devices. MAIN RESULTS: Recordings covered 403 nights, during which 1715 awakenings from 10 consecutive minutes of sleep were detected as were 1168 incontinent episodes. Only 4% of the awakenings were associated with an incontinence episode, and only 23% of the incontinence episodes occurred during periods of at least 10 consecutive minutes of sleep. Of the latter episodes, only 12% appeared to awaken the resident. CONCLUSIONS: Our data raise questions about the relevance of incontinence episodes to sleep disruption among chronically incontinent nursing home residents. Our findings must be interpreted cautiously because of limitations in the technologies and definitions we used to identify sleep, awakenings, and incontinence episodes. Although logistically and technically difficult to perform, studies using polysomnographic recordings of sleep are needed to examine further these important associations.
Ethylene insensitivity conferred by Arabidopsis ERS gene

ERS (ethylene response sensor), a gene in the Arabidopsis thaliana ethylene hormone-response pathway, was uncovered by cross-hybridization with the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene. The deduced ERS protein has sequence similarity with the amino-terminal domain and putative histidine protein kinase domain of ETR1, but it does not have a receiver domain as found in ETR1. A missense mutation identical to the dominant etr1-4 mutation was introduced into the ERS gene. The altered ERS gene conferred dominant ethylene insensitivity to wild-type Arabidopsis. Double-mutant analysis indicates that ERS acts upstream of the CTR1 protein kinase gene in the ethylene-response pathway.
The mechanism of tRNA splicing

Abstract Transfer RNA precursors that contain intervening sequences have been isolated from a yeast mutant. These precursors are substrates in vitro for activities in yeast which excise the intervening sequence and ligate the intermediate tRNA halves. The characteristics of this splicing reaction are discussed.
Case-control association analysis of rheumatoid arthritis with candidate genes using related cases

We performed a case-control association analysis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for several candidate genes using the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) data provided in Genetic Analysis Workshop 15. We conducted the case-control association analysis using all related cases and unrelated controls and compared the results with those from the analysis of samples using only one randomly selected case from each family and all unrelated controls. For both analyses we used a weighted composite likelihood ratio test based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers or haplotypes accounting for the correlation among samples within a family. Several SNPs, including R620W in the candidate gene PTPN22, showed an association with RA status, which confirmed previously reported results. Several other SNPs in the candidate genes, such as CTLA4, HAVCR1, and SUMO4, also had rather small p-values (<0.05), suggesting the associations between them and RA. Our results showed that the p-values obtained from the analysis including all related cases were generally smaller than those obtained from the analysis including only one randomly selected case per family. These results, together with the results, based on simulated data, showed that higher power could be achieved using all related cases.
Post-Secondary Enrollment: A New Frontier in Recruitment and Retention.

This study examined the experiences of students who are enrolled in high school and college simultaneously, a growing phenomenon known as dual-enrollment. Using qualitative methods, the study exami...
Impeding attrition attacks in P2P systems

P2P systems are exposed to an unusually broad range of attacks. These include a spectrum of denial-of-service, or attrition, attacks from low-level packet flooding to high-level abuse of the peer communication protocol. We identify a set of defenses that systems can deploy against such attacks and potential synergies among them. We illustrate the application of these defenses in the context of the LOCKSS digital preservation system.
Rethinking mammalian brain evolution

A critical review of past and current theories of mammalian brain evolution is presented in order to discuss conceptual problems that persist in the field. Problems with the concept of homology arise because of the interaction of cell lineages and axonal connectivity in the determination of structural features of the brain. Focusing on the continuity of information represented by ontogenetic mechanisms as opposed to morphological features avoids many of these problems and suggests homological relationships that otherwise have gone unnoticed. Many apparently progressive trends and parallelisms in mammalian brain evolution turn out to result from the influence of underlying developmental homologies. Confusions about evolutionary advancement, increasing architectonic differentiation, and the evolution of new brain structures result from a failure to appreciate how increasing brain size can bias developmental processes with respect to axonal competition, increased cellular metabolic demands and decreased information processing efficiency. Explanations of the evolution of novel structures and new connectional patterns are criticized for their failure to consider the constraints of neural developmental processes. The correlations between structural neogenesis, functional specialization and size changes in brain evolution are explained by a theory of competitive displacement of neural connections by others during development under the biasing influences of differential allometry, cell death or axon-target affinity changes. The “displacement hypothesis” is used to propose speculative accounts for the differential enlargement and multiplication of cortical areas, the origins of mammalian isocortex, the unusual features of dolphin cortex and the dramatic structural and functional reorganizations that characterize human brain evolution.
Testing capacitation of bull sperm with zona-free hamster ova

Abstract Eight different treatments for in vitro capacitation of frozen-thawed spermatozoa from three bulls were tested using the zona-free hamster ovum penetration test. Male pronuclear formation and sperm-oocyte interaction were recorded. In Group I (non-calcium-supplemented) spermatozoa were pretreated in Tyrodes modified medium (TALP) without calcium. In Group II (calcium-supplemented) the treatments were carried out in TALP containing 2 mM calcium. In each group, HIS (high ionic strength, 380 mOsmol/kg), heparin (Hep, 10 μg/ml, lysolecithin (LL, 54 μg/ml), and a control treatment (calcium-supplemented TALP, or non-calcium-supplemented TALP) were performed. Significantly higher incidences (P
Microstructure of the nitride layer of AISI 316 stainless steel produced by intensified plasma assisted processing

Nitrided austenitic 316 stainless steel produced by intensified plasma assisted processing has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and image simulation techniques. Cross-sectional TEM studies showed that the nitride layer is composed of a single phase that was found to possess a simple cubic structure. This nitride is produced by introducing one N atom into one of the interstitial sites of the octahedra within the unit cell of the γ-austenite. The lattice constant of the nitrided simple cubic structure was determined to be a=3.78 A, which is expanded by about 5.4% from that of austenite. Stacking faults, antiphase domains, and antiphase domain boundaries in the nitride layer were observed using dark-field and high-resolution TEM imaging. The evolution of the nitride phase seems to be preceded by lattice expansion and formation of stacking faults due to the presence of N and is consistent with the observed lattice constant reduction with depth.
Moderating Effects of Coping on Associations between Autonomic Arousal and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

Few published studies have looked at the moderating role of coping styles on the association between stress reactivity and internalizing/externalizing problems despite theory suggesting that particular constellations of stress reactivity and coping may be uniquely problematic. The present study aimed to test the interactive effects of coping and psychophysiology on self- and parent-report broad-spectrum problems in a normative adolescent sample. Sixty-six late adolescents (ages 16–17; 60% female, 13% ethnic minority) completed questionnaires on coping, stressful life events, and behavioral/emotional problems, with parents also providing data on problems. In addition, skin conductance and heart rate data were obtained during a brief interview designed to elicit the feeling of reexperiencing a recent stressful experience. Path analytic results suggested evidence for several interaction effects between coping and skin conductance. Most commonly, the pattern of effects was consistent with a buffering effect f...
Incorporation of a flared inlet capillary tube on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Flared inlet capillary tubes have been coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer to help the ion transmission from the atmospheric pressure to the first vacuum region. We investigated different types of atmospheric pressure ionization methods using flared inlet tubes. For most of the ionization methods, such as ESI and DESI, increased ion current transmitted from the atmospheric pressure ion source to the first stage vacuum system was observed with the use of our enhanced ion inlet designs. The corresponding ion intensity detected on a FT-ICR mass spectrometer was also observed to increase two- to fivefold using ESI or DESI with the flared tube inlet. Moreover, increased spray tip positional tolerance was observed with implementation of the flared inlet tube. We also include our preliminary results obtained by coupling AP-MALDI with flared inlet tube in this paper. For AP-MALDI, the measured ion current transferred through the flared inlet tube was about 2 to 3 times larger than the ion current through the control non-flared inlet tube.
Seasonal Time Series Models to Support Traffic Input Data for Mechanistic–Empirical Design Guide:

To prediet the performance of pavements, traffic volume should be forecast for the design life. Two aspects associated with traffic volume forecasting are incorporated into the NCHRP Project 1-37A mechanistic-empirical (M-E) design guide: long-term annual growth and short-term seasonal variation. Annual traffic growth can be accounted for by either a linear or a compound trend model. Seasonal traffic variation is captured by monthly adjustment factors. Class-specific traffic forecasting improves design accuracy but implies increased efforts in traffic data input and computer running time. Long-term and short-term estimations are performed independently and separately. This study demonstrates that the characterization of traffic volume is better achieved by estimating growth trends and seasonally simultaneously. Because of the data-intensive nature of the M-E design guide, any efforts toward facilitating data processing and input should be pursued. In this paper, seasonal time series techniques are applied...
Visual Representations and Confirmation

Publications in contemporary science journals often include figures like graphs, diagrams, photographs, and MRIs, which are presented as support for the hypothesis the author is defending. As a first step to explaining how figures contribute to confirmation, I present an account of visual representation and use examples to show how the visual format is involved in the support those figures provide the authors’ conclusions. I then show that attempts to explain what figures contribute to scientific arguments without analyzing them as visual representations (for example by translating them into linguistic representations) will not succeed.
Target data breach: applying user-centered design principles to data breach notifications

This article uses the 2013 Target data breach to illustrate the need for creating a model for companies' communications for data breach notifications. Companies have a duty of responsibility to their customers when hackers steal customer information. This responsibility includes how they communicate the extent and severity of the breach, how it affects individual customers, and what customers need to do to protect themselves. I approach this case from the multi-disciplinary field of technical communication to demonstrate why certain principles from technical communication are preferred to communicate this important information to customers. Using a heuristic approach combined with methods of rhetorical analysis, this article analyzes a data breach notification to evaluate the rhetorical effectiveness of the notification from the user-centered design perspective.
Inhibition of bacterial U(VI) reduction by calcium

The rapid kinetics of bacterial U(VI) reduction and low solubility of uraninite (UO2,cr) make this process an attractive option for removing uranium from groundwater. Nevertheless, conditions that may promote or inhibit U(VI) reduction are not well-defined. Recent descriptions of Ca-UO2-CO3 complexes indicate that these species may dominate the aqueous speciation of U(VI) in many environments. We monitored the bacterial reduction of U(VI) in bicarbonate-buffered solution in the presence and absence of Ca. XAFS measurements confirmed the presence of a Ca-U(VI)-CO3 complex in the initial solutions containing calcium. Calcium, at millimolar concentrations (0.45-5 mM), caused a significant decrease in the rate and extent of bacterial U(VI) reduction. Both facultative (Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32) and obligate (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Geobacter sulfurreducens) anaerobic bacteria were affected by the presence of calcium. Reduction of U(VI) ceased when the calculated system Eh re ached -0.046+/- 0.001 V, based on the Ca2UO2(CO3)(3) --> UO2,cr couple. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that U is a less energetically favorable electron acceptor when the Ca-UO2-CO3 complexes are present. The results do not support Ca inhibition caused by direct interactions with the cells or with the electron donor as the reduction of fumarate or Tc(VII)O-4(-) under identical conditions wasmore » unaffected by the presence of Ca.« less
Is there longitudinal dissociation in the undamanged his bundle? In vitro studies in the normal canine heart

Abstract We investigated the concept of longitudinal dissociation in the His-Purkinje system in vitro . Hearts were excised from the eleven anesthetized dogs and a septal preparation containing the exposed His bundle and the entire right bundle branch and left bundle branch were displayed in a two-dimensional arrangement pinned to the bottom of a superfusion chamber. Tyrodes solution, gassed with 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 , at 37°C was continuously passed over the preparation. Pacing was performed over a wide range of heart rates (30 to 180/min) from the proximal His bundle and by moving bipolar electrodes we monitored activation at various sites along the right and left bundle branch. The earliest site of muscle activation (27±2 msec) on the left septum was a relatively large area in the midposterior septal region; whereas, on the right septum the earliest site of activation (27±3 msec) was a relatively small zone at the base of the anterior papillary muscle, (p, N.S.). The larger area of early activation on the left compared to the right is consonant with a left to right septal vector accounting for the Q wave in the standard bipolar leads in the normal heart and the loss of Q waves in left bundle branch block. We conclude that His-Purkinje and ventricular muscle activation is remarkably synchronous on both sides of the heart and accounts for optimal contractile function during His bundle or biventricular pacing compared to standard site ventricular pacing, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
Finding resolution proofs and using duplicate goals in and/or trees

The Proving Program, PP (part of the MULTIPLE program), has found resolution principle proofs of theorems in first order predicate calculus with functions and individual constants. Finding proofs in predicate calculus is an important domain because it can conveniently represent many forms of mathematical and everyday reasoning and because a proof-finding program can be easily extended to become a deductive question-answering program. Completeness theorems are proved which show that an implicit AND/OR goal tree is suitable for representing the problem of finding a resolution principle proof for an important part of predicate calculus. Since PP searches such trees, it can now work on such problems. In addition, PP has been given the ability to utilize duplicate goals on the tree. Some problems in group theory, geometry, chemistry, and neurophysiology have been formalized in predicate calculus and solved by the program.
Far China station: The U.S. Navy in Asian waters, 1800-1898

"Far China Station" was the first work to put nineteenth century American naval and diplomatic affairs in the Far East into clear perspective. Johnson examines the origins of the East India Squadron, defines its import role in the implementation of foreign policy and describes the dangers routinely faced by the squadron's ships and sailors. Great and gallant ships move through the pages from the famous "Olympia" and the majestic "Columbus" to the plodding "Palos." Naval heroes and the not-so-great, angry mobs, Japanese rebels, leaky boilers, imperious officials and infirm admirals are set against a background of uncertain anchorages, storms at sea, and the ravages of disease in the last years of the Old Navy.
Genetic vulnerability to diet-induced obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse: physiological and molecular characteristics.

The development of the metabolic syndrome in an increasing percentage of the populations of Western societies, particularly in the United States, requires valid models for establishing basic biochemical changes and performing preclinical studies on potential drug targets. The C57BL/6J mouse has become an important model for understanidng the interplay between genetic background and environmental challenges such as high-fat/high-calorie diets that predispose to the development of the metabolic syndrome. This review highlights metabolic and signal transduction features that are altered during the course of disease progression, many of which mirror the human situation.