cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Passenger Vehicle Rental Rates: Case Study in Virginia

The rental rates for centralized fleet passenger vehicles that the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT) Division of Fleet Management charges state agencies were investigated. Similar studies by Virginia's Joint Legislative and Audit Review Commission were reviewed, Fleet Management data were analyzed, and regression analyses were performed to develop new replacement criteria and more equitable rental rates for customers. The impacts of these suggested rates on the VDOT Fleet Management budget and customers were identified.
Least Cost Poultry Rations with Nutrient Variability: A Comparison of Linear Programming with a Margin of Safety and Stochastic Programming Models

Abstract A common feed formulation problem is the variability of nutrients in ingredients coming from different sources. Linear programming (LP) models require the variability of ingredients to be disregarded or to be estimated and linearized. However, stochastic programming (SP) can incorporate nutrient variability to provide least cost rations that meet each nutritional requirement at specified confidence levels. This study evaluated the ability of LP, LP with a margin of Safety (LPMS), and SP models to formulate poultry rations at least cost, with a given probability to meet nutrient requirements as set by the National Research Council in 1984. Rations formulated by LP were least cost, but did not take nutrient variability into account. The LPMS and SP models met various poultry nutritional requirements at confidence levels ranging from P≥.5 to P≥.90. The SP model consistently produced lower cost rations than LPMS.
Internal and near nozzle flow characteristics in an enlarged model of an outwards opening pintle-type gasoline injector

The internal nozzle and near the nozzle exit flows of an enlarged transparent model of an outwards opening injector were investigated for different flow rates and needle lifts under steady state flow conditions. A high resolution CCD camera, high speed video camera and an LDV system were employed to visualize the nozzle flow and quantify the tangential velocity characteristics. The images of the internal flow between the valve seat and the square cross-section end of the needle guide revealed the presence of four separated jet flows and four pairs of counter-rotating vortices with each pair bounded in-between two adjacent jets. The counter-rotating vortices are highly unstable with a circumferential oscillatory motion which was transmitted to the spray outside the nozzle with almost the same frequency. The dominant circumferential frequencies at the nozzle exit were identified by FFT analysis of the tangential velocities. A linear relationship exists between the dominant frequencies and the flow Reynolds number based on injection velocity and needle lift. Magnified images of the flow just outside the nozzle exit showed formation of interconnecting streamwise strings on the liquid film as soon as it emerges from the annular exit passage. The interspacing between the strings was found to be linearly related to injection velocity and almost independent of the needle lift.
Resists for sub-100nm patterning at 193nm exposure

Current resist materials suffer from a number of problems which must be addressed to allow continued scaling of memory and logic devices. The incompatibility of the photoacid generator (PAG) and the polymer matrix is addressed in this study. This incompatibility leads to lowered acid generation efficiency, non-uniform acid distribution and migration, and phase separation. These issues ultimately lead to undesirable, premature and non-uniform deprotection reactions in the chemically amplified resist. To alleviate these problems, it is proposed that PAG units be incorporated in the resist chain to make a one-component resist, rather than blending monomeric PAG with the resist polymer. Also, polymer bound PAG resists exhibit higher stability, lower outgassing, and lower line edge roughness (LER) than corresponding resists. The polymer bound PAG resists, poly (γ-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-PAG), were synthesized using free radical polymerization. PAG incorporated resists, as well as PAG blended resists were exposed using the 193 nm ASML 5500/9xx optical lithography system, with 0.63 NA. Exposed wafers were evaluated using SEM. The triflate PAG incorporated resists provided 110 nm (220 nm pitch) line space features, and 80 nm isolated features. The PAG blended resists provided 130 nm (260 nm pitch) line space features. The associated photospeed for the 110 nm line space features was 8.2 mJ/cm 2 , which is within road map standards.
Transient phenomena at intermediate energies.

Abstract Considering the experimental energy behaviours of elastic K+p, pp, πp, polarizations, we show that in helicity-flip amplitudes non-leading contributions, non-identifiable with absorptive corrections, Regge-Regge cuts or resonance tails, remain non-negligible up to ∼ 10 GeV/c. The interpretation of such contributions appears uncertain.
A Review of Ciconiphilus Bedford (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)

Eight species of Ciconiphilus from the Ciconiiformes and Anseriformes are discussed and illustrated; two of these are newly described: melanolophi. (type-host: Gorsachius m. melanolophus) and cygni (type-host: Cygnus cygnus). New synonymies include: quadripustulatus (Burm.) (= maculipes Gieb., planiceps Piag., cingulatum Piag.); temporalis (Piag.) (= femoratum Piag.); decimfasciatus (B. & L.) (= nyctarde Denny, obscurum Gieb., castaneum Piag., boisduvali Eichler, doriabagla Ausari). C. matosi (Tendeiro) is a new combination. A key is given to the species.
Gentrification and crime: identification using the 1994 northridge earthquake in los angeles

Theory suggests that in the long term, gentrification—which I define as the phenomenon where wealthier individuals move into lower-income areas—should decrease neighborhood crime. In the short term...
Extending the lengths of fiber optic remote Raman probes

Current state-of-the-art long-length fiber-optic remote Raman probes are limited to about 100 m in length for weak scatterers. Not only is this due to probe design, but also to the wavelengths and hardware chosen. By using the portability and versatility of diode lasers and their wavelength match to the transmission windows of telecommunication fiber-optics, previously designed systems may now be extended to at least a factor of five over previously designed systems. Such a system is described, along with a review of currently available Raman probe designs.
ANTIOPE, a program for computer experiments on spin dynamics

Abstract ANTIOPE is a self-contained program, running on personal computers, for simulating a variety of real and hypothetical NMR experiments. Systems of up to five spins with fixed or anisotropic truncated Hamiltonians can be subjected to time-varying external fields of arbitrary amplitudes, frequencies, and phases and to the effects of random motions and sample rotations. The resulting 1D and 2D data sets can be manipulated and plotted interactively. No conventional programming skills are required: the program interacts with the user in NMR terms and provides extensive prompting, error trapping, warning facilities and context-sensitive help.
Absorption of glucose from the colon and rectum

Abstract The absorption of glucose from the colon or rectum was evaluated in 6 adult patients. The amount and rate of expired C 14 O 2 observed when C 14 -glucose was given via the colon or rectum was similar to that observed after an intravenously administered C 14 -glucose dose. However, the specific activity of glucose isolated from the blood at intervals up to 5 hours was extremely low when compared to that isolated from blood when the C 14 -glucose dose was administered intravenously. The vast differences in blood glucose specific activity indicate the magnitude of absorption of glucose across the colon or rectal mucosa is insignificant and probably zero. The disappearance of C 14 O 2 in the breath after antibiotic intestinal treatment indicated that glucose in the colon was oxidized to CO 2 or smaller carbon residues by intestinal bacteria which was then absorbed across the intestinal wall.
The tropical influence on global climate: Are surprises the rule?

The tropical ocean and atmosphere play critical roles in the Earth's climate system. They provide the main conduits for heat and moisture that drive global circulation. Moreover, interaction between the tropical ocean and atmosphere orchestrates climate variability worldwide via influential climate systems such as El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the monsoons.
Human airway ciliary dynamics

Airway cilia depend on precise changes in shape to transport the mucus gel overlying mucosal surfaces. The ciliary motion can be recorded in several planes using video microscopy. However, cilia are densely packed, and automated computerized systems are not available to convert these ciliary shape changes into forms that are useful for testing theoretical models of ciliary function. We developed a system for converting planar ciliary motions recorded by video microscopy into an empirical quantitative model, which is easy to use in validating mathematical models, or in examining ciliary function, e.g., in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The system we developed allows the manipulation of a model cilium superimposed over a video of beating cilia. Data were analyzed to determine shear angles and velocity vectors of points along the cilium. Extracted waveforms were used to construct a composite waveform, which could be used as a standard. Variability was measured as the mean difference in position of points on individual waveforms and the standard. The shapes analyzed were the end-recovery, end-effective, and fastest moving effective and recovery with mean (± SE) differences of 0.31(0.04), 0.25(0.06), 0.50(0.12), 0.50(0.10), μm, respectively. In contrast, the same measures for three different PCD waveforms had values far outside this range.
Therapeutic Index of Pilocarpine, Carbachol, and Timolol With Nasolacrimal Occlusion

We assessed the effect of nasolacrimal occlusion on the therapeutic index of various anti-glaucoma medications in healthy volunteers and patients with glaucoma. Nasolacrimal occlusion used with pilocarpine 2% every 12 hours gave the maximal ocular hypotensive response. Carbachol 1.5% every 12 hours with nasolacrimal occlusion gave the maximal response for this drug. For timolol, nasolacrimal occlusion collapsed the dose-response curve and extended the duration of action. A final trial of carbachol added to timolol with nasolacrimal occlusion showed that timolol 0.25% and carbachol 1.5% every 12 hours gave the maximal response for this combination. Our findings suggest that most of the commercially used ocular hypotensive agents can achieve the same maximal effect with lower concentrations and less frequent administration (never exceeding every 12 hours) than are currently recommended should nasolacrimal occlusion be performed. Furthermore, nasolacrimal occlusion should markedly decrease the systemic absorption of topical ocular drugs and lessen the chance of systemic side effects.
IBM SpamGuru on the TREC 2005 Spam Track

IBM Research is developing an enterpriseclass anti-spam filter as part of our overall strategy of attacking the Spam problem on multiple fronts. Our anti-spam filter, SpamGuru, mirrors this philosophy by incorporating several different filtering technologies and intelligently combining their output to produce a single spamminess rating. The use of multiple algorithms improves the system’s effectiveness and makes it more difficult for spammers to attack. While our overall performance was strong, our results did uncover some flaws and weaknesses in our existing implementation. Our latest code, with these weaknesses addressed as well as other enhancements, produces results on par with the best performing classifiers reported for TREC 2005 on the public corpus.
3.579545 MHz Can be More Than the Color Burst

There is a hardly a member of the entire American electronics profession that does not recognize 3.58 MHz as the NTSC* Color Burst standard. This frequency has been the standard for 25 years now, and practically all of us take it for granted that this peculiar frequency is strictly for television operation. As NMOS and the higher density HMOS silicon technology invade the province of Video Display Generation, the 3.58 MHz crystal will have to perform much more than its Color Burst function. In order to generate a video display to a "vanilla" (standard unmodified) television set, four frequencies are required: ?VHF (or UHF) Channel Center Frequency The main channel frequency is channel 3 or 4 when generated by an IC Radio Frequency modulator, but may be any channel frequency from 2 through 82. ?3.579545 MHz Color Burst The televisions' color signals ride on the subcarrier that is 3.579545 MHz above the brightness modulated main carrier. Unlike the main channel frequency, the 3.579545 must be a very precise signal. ?6 MHz to 7.5 MHz Dot Clock The dot clock determines how many dots will be generated on a TV screen line. Of course, the more the better. The NTSC* allows only a 6 MHz bandwidth per channel, so the dot clock should be at least 6 MHz. If it does above 7.5 MHz though, the signal may be lost in the traps inside the television set.
Comparing Scales of Environmental Effects from Gasoline and Ethanol Production

Understanding the environmental effects of alternative fuel production is critical to characterizing the sustainability of energy resources to inform policy and regulatory decisions. The magnitudes of these environmental effects vary according to the intensity and scale of fuel production along each step of the supply chain. We compare the spatial extent and temporal duration of ethanol and gasoline production processes and environmental effects based on a literature review and then synthesize the scale differences on space–time diagrams. Comprehensive assessment of any fuel-production system is a moving target, and our analysis shows that decisions regarding the selection of spatial and temporal boundaries of analysis have tremendous influences on the comparisons. Effects that strongly differentiate gasoline and ethanol-supply chains in terms of scale are associated with when and where energy resources are formed and how they are extracted. Although both gasoline and ethanol production may result in negative environmental effects, this study indicates that ethanol production traced through a supply chain may impact less area and result in more easily reversed effects of a shorter duration than gasoline production.
Modeling flow and sediment transport dynamics in the lowermost Mississippi River, Louisiana, USA, with an upstream alluvial-bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock-alluvial transition: Implications for land building using engineered diversions

The lowermost Mississippi River, defined herein as the river segment downstream of the Old River Control Structure and hydrodynamically influenced by the Gulf of Mexico, extends for approximately 500 km. This segment includes a bedrock (or more precisely, mixed bedrock-alluvial) reach that is bounded by an upstream alluvial-bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock-alluvial transition. Here we present a one-dimensional mathematical formulation for the long-term evolution of lowland rivers that is able to reproduce the morphodynamics of both the alluvial-bedrock and the bedrock-alluvial transitions. Model results show that the magnitude of the alluvial equilibrium bed slope relative to the bedrock surface slope and the depth of bedrock surface relative to the water surface base level strongly influence the mobile bed equilibrium of low-sloping river channels. Using data from the lowermost Mississippi River, the model is zeroed and validated at field scale by comparing the numerical results with field measurements. The model is then applied to predict the influence on the stability of channel bed elevation in response to delta restoration projects. In particular, the response of the river bed to the implementation of two examples of land-building diversions to extract water and sediment from the main channel is studied. In this regard, our model results show that engineered land-building diversions along the lowermost Mississippi River are capable of producing equilibrated bed profiles with only modest shoaling or erosion, and therefore, such diversions are a sustainable strategy for mitigating land loss within the Mississippi River Delta.
Counteracting the effects of invisibility in work with lesbian patients.

Lesbian women frequently experience “invisibility,” the failure of others to recognize the significance of their sexuality and partnership relations. Such invisibility can have deleterious effects, such as a reduced ability to relate life stories to others and thereby to extend and integrate aspects of identity and its healthy complexity. Although this invisibility often is intertwined with coming-out phenomena, it continues to exist in many social contexts throughout life. Therefore, it is important for psychotherapists to recognize and understand the concept of invisibility so that they do not perpetuate it within the therapy. Several case vignettes are used as examples of how invisibility can affect a woman's life and functioning and can be counteracted in therapy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 645–654, 2001.
Cryptic Diversity in the Aspidiotus nerii Complex in Australia

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), oleander scale, is a cosmopolitan pest that feeds on >100 families of plants. A previous study of mitochondrial DNA variation in A. nerii suggested a possible Australian origin for the species. Here, we expand upon that study to include four gene regions and multiple Australian samples. We sequenced fragments of three nuclear genes (CAD, elongation factor 1α, and 28S rDNA) and one mitochondrial region (spanning parts of cytochrome oxidase I and II), for a total aligned sequence length of 2448 bp, from 22 individuals identified as A. nerii. We infer an allele genealogy for each gene region, and we interpret branches that are congruent across gene regions as indicative of species boundaries. Using this criterion, we recognize three species within our sample of A. nerii. One of these corresponds to the cosmopolitan pest species and the other two are found only in Australia. The two putative Australian species have overlapping ranges and both are found on multiple hosts. Contrary to previous suggestions, the cosmopolitan sexual and parthenogenetic lineages of A. nerii are not recognized as distinct species by both of our methods of phylogenetic reconstruction. Cryptic diversity within what seem to be single cosmopolitan armored scale insect species is a potential serious problem for plant quarantine.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Release of FSH, LH and Prolactin in Intact and Castrated Rats

Plasma gonadotropins and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay before and after placement of direct current or radiofrequency lesions in the hypothalamus in intact and castrated rats of either sex. Following median eminence lesions, there was a rapid increase in the levels of plasma prolactin, LH and FSH. In general the response was greatest for LH, slightly less for prolactin and minimal for FSH. In the case of FSH and LH, this was followed by a decline to subnormal levels. The decline was much more pronounced in castrate than in intact animals. It is concluded that median eminence lesions may initially lead to release of stored releasing factors from the damaged tissues and that this is followed by a profound decrease in release of gonadotropins which is more pronounced for LH than for FSH. The initial rise in prolactin may be caused by release of prolactin—releasing factor. The maintained secretion of prolactin is presumably caused by withdrawal of tonic inhibitory hypothalamic influences. The el...
Lack of immunological responsiveness to photoperiod in a tropical rodent, Peromyscus aztecus hylocetes.

Non-tropical rodents undergo seasonal changes in immune function and disease. It has been hypothesized that seasonal fluctuations in immunity of non-tropical rodents are due to suppressed immune function during harsh winter conditions. A logical extension of this hypothesis is that seasonal changes in immunity should be reduced or absent in tropical rodents that do not experience marked seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions; however this hypothesis remains to be tested. The present study tested the effects of photoperiod on humoral and cell-mediated immune function of male Aztec mice (Peromyscus aztecus hylocetes). P. a. hylocetes were housed in long (L:D 16:8) or short days (L:D 8:16) for 10 weeks. Animals were then immunized with the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Serum anti-KLH immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and splenocyte proliferation in response to the T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A were assessed. Short-day P. a. hylocetes did not display differences in reproductive or immune measures compared with long-day mice. Collectively, these results suggest that P. a. hylocetes are reproductively and immunologically non-responsive to photoperiod. This lack of immunological responsiveness is likely due to the relative seasonal stability of their environment compared with temperate zone species.
Positron Emission Tomography with Oxygen-15 Radiopharmaceuticals

The initial development of tracer strategy for the measurement of brain oxygen utilization and blood flow with positron emission tomography (PET) was designed to accommodate the slow data gathering capabilities of the early PET tomographs (e.g., PETT III, ECAT II). Thus, data from equilibrium images of inhaled gases such as oxygen-15-labeled carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen, obtained at relatively low counting rates, were used for the computation of these important measurements [17]. Although important new data have been acquired using these techniques in humans, significant performance shortcomings detract from their usefulness [5]. The recent development of tomographic systems capable of acquiring a large number of events over relatively short periods of time [18] permits the development of tracer techniques for the measurement of oxygen consumption and blood flow that can be executed over relatively short periods of time [6, 12, 14]. These techniques, if properly implemented, come closer to the ideal of capturing a physiologic steady state and appear to perform well under a variety of conditions likely to be encountered in studies of human subjects, permitting not only rapid measurements because of their ease of preparation and analysis (Table 1) but also multiple sequential studies in the same subject because of rapid radioactive decay (i.e., 2 min; Table 1) and low radiation dose (Table 2). Presented below are descriptions of three methods which employ data collection times of less than 1 min following the administration of radiotracers either by intravenous bolus injection (H2 15O) or single breath inhalation (O15O, C15O).
Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transduced With Scleraxis Improve Rotator Cuff Healing in a Rat Model

Background: Rotator cuffs heal through a scar tissue interface after repair that makes them prone to failure. Scleraxis (Scx) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is thought to direct tendon development during embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transduced with adenoviral-mediated scleraxis (Ad-Scx) could improve regeneration of the tendon-bone insertion site in a rat rotator cuff repair model.Hypothesis: Bone marrow–derived cells transduced with Scx would improve the structure of the healing tendon-bone interface and result in increased tendon attachment strength.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Thirty animals received MSCs in a fibrin glue carrier, and 30 received Ad-Scx-transduced MSCs. Animals were sacrificed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks and evaluated for the presence of fibrocartilage and collagen fiber organiza...
Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The history of deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) gives clues about its future. Southward grounding-line migration was dated past three locations in the Ross Sea Embayment. Results indicate that most recession occurred during the middle to late Holocene in the absence of substantial sea level or climate forcing. Current grounding-line retreat may reflect ongoing ice recession that has been under way since the early Holocene. If so, the WAIS could continue to retreat even in the absence of further external forcing.
Evaluation and Treatment of Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Term and Late-Preterm Previously Healthy Neonates

OBJECTIVE. We describe the evaluation and treatment of neonatal community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus disease in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus. METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the evaluation and treatment of 126 community-acquired S aureus infections of term and late-preterm previously healthy neonates who were ≤30 days of age between August 2001 and July 2006 at Texas Children9s Hospital. RESULTS. S aureus infections included 43 pustulosis, 68 cellulitis/abscess, and 15 invasive infections. We found 84 methicillin-resistant and 42 methicillin-susceptible S aureus isolates. Twenty-one patients received outpatient antibiotics before hospital presentation. Systemic infection evaluation included urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures in 79, 102, and 84 neonates, respectively. Culture revealed S aureus urinary tract infections in 1, S aureus bacteremias in 6, and aseptic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis of unclear cause in 11 neonates. Physicians admitted 106, transferred 5 to other hospitals, and discharged 15 afebrile patients with topical or oral antibiotics. Clindamycin was the predominant antistaphylococcal intravenous and oral antibiotic for pustulosis and cellulitis/abscess infections. One patient with systemic S aureus and herpes simplex virus infection died. At discharge after inpatient treatment, physicians prescribed no antibiotics for 43 patients and oral or topical antibiotics for 62 patients. Outpatient treatment failed for 1 patient who was discharged after intravenous therapy and was readmitted. Eighty percent (16 of 20) of patients with mastitis alone completed treatment with outpatient oral antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS. Evaluation and treatment strategies for neonatal community-acquired S aureus disease are varied at our hospital. Prospective studies are needed to determine optimal management strategies.
Land use change and forestry climate project regional baselines: a review

Climate change programs have largely used the project-specific approach for estimating baseline emissions of climate mitigation projects. This approach is subjective, lacks transparency, can generate inconsistent baselines for similar projects, and is likely to have high transaction costs. The use of regional baselines, which partially addresses these issues, has been reported in the literature on forestry and agriculture projects, and in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation program guidance for them (e.g., WRI/WBCSD GHG Project Protocol, USDOE’s 1605(b) registry, UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism). This paper provides an assessment of project-specific and regional baselines approaches for key baseline tasks, using project and program examples. The regional experience to date is then synthesized into generic steps that are referred to as Stratified Regional Baselines (SRB). Regional approaches generally, and SRB in particular explicitly acknowledge the heterogeneity of carbon density, land use change, and other key baseline driver variables across a landscape. SRB focuses on providing guidance on how to stratify lands into parcels with relatively homogeneous characteristics to estimate conservative baselines within a GHG assessment boundary, by applying systematic methods to determine the boundary and time period for input data.
Peripheral Venous Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Mass Mismatch in Volume Overload Systolic Heart Failure: Implications for Patient Management

Peripheral venous hemoglobin (Hb) measurements are considered to accurately reflect circulating red blood cell mass (RBCM). In volume overload decompensated chronic heart failure (DCHF), reliance on Hb values may be misleading. Using quantitative radiolabel blood volume analysis (BVA), we evaluated the relation of RBCM to volume overload and reliability of Hb measurements to reflect RBC status in patients hospitalized for DCHF. Of 32 patients evaluated (LVEF <50 %), 19 met WHO Hb criteria for anemia. By BVA, however, only 4/19 had true anemia (low Hb and low RBCM) while 15/19 demonstrated plasma volume expansion dilution-related "anemia" (6 low Hb/normal RBCM, 9 low Hb/excess RBCM). The remaining 13/32 had normal range Hb (12 with excess RBCM). Overall, 66 % of cohort demonstrated RBCM excess. RBC profiles are highly variable in DCHF, and peripheral Hb values are often misleading in identifying RBC status. These findings have implications for volume management.
NON-TRILOBITE ARTHROPODS FROM THE SILVER PEAK RANGE, NEVADA

Abstract Two non-trilobite arthropods are described from the Emigrant Formation (Lower Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) in the Silver Peak Range, Esmeralda County, Nevada. A Middle or Upper Cambrian “arachnomorph” arthropod with a phosphatic exoskeleton has been noted in previous faunal lists, but has not been previously described. This fossil is here named Quasimodaspis brentsae gen. et sp. nov. Q. brentsae belongs in the Aglaspidida, a close outgroup to the true chelicerates; this is the second report of an aglaspidid from the Great Basin. Esmeraldacaris richardsonae gen. et sp. nov. is a newly discovered arthropod from the lower Ordovician, from beds transitional between the Emigrant Formation and the overlying Palmetto Formation. It is a survivor of an early arthropod lineage that does not belong in any extant taxon, but which may also include the Ordovician Corcorania and the Cambrian Mollisonia.
Paperwork First, not Work First: How Caseworkers Use Paperwork to Feel Effective

A great deal of research has explored welfare agency caseworkers, especially how they use discretion. Paperwork in county welfare bureaucracies, however, is often taken-for-granted by caseworkers and researchers studying welfare. In this case study of a county welfare program in rural North Carolina, I focus on how caseworkers use paperwork through document analysis, interviews, and observation data. My findings illustrate caseworkers spend far more time on paperwork than they actually spend assisting program participants find employment. Finally, I show how caseworkers use paperwork to feel effective in a job that offers little to help clients move from welfare to work.
CSR and Human Rights Policy for Startups

This is a paper that describes how corporate social responsibility and human rights policy fit into startups landscape.
Single-session dialectical behavior therapy skills training versus relaxation training for non-treatment-engaged suicidal adults: a randomized controlled trial

Individuals who are not engaged in treatment are commonly overlooked in the design of intervention trials targeting suicidal populations as a result of recruitment methodology that requires individuals to be referred from their current provider. In fact, research suggests that the majority of individuals who die by suicide have not been in contact with mental health services in the year before their death. A randomized controlled trial of two brief, one-session interventions for adults who are not engaged in mental health treatment. Inclusion criteria include 1) 18 years or older, 2) experiencing suicidal ideation in the past week, 3) have not received mental health treatment in the month prior to screening, 4) living within commuting distance to the research office, and 5) willing to consent to recording and assessment. Exclusion criteria are 1) non-English speaking and 2) significant cognitive impairment. Recruitment takes place in the community via flyers, radio, and online advertisements. Interested individuals are screened via telephone and those who are eligible attend a one-time in-person assessment and intervention appointment. During this appointment, they are randomized to a single-session intervention in which they are presented with either dialectical behavior therapy skills or supportive discussion and instruction in relaxation. Following the in-person appointment, participants complete three follow-up interviews via telephone at one-week, four-weeks, and twelve-weeks post-intervention. The primary outcomes are suicidal ideation, emotion dysregulation, and skills use. Secondary outcomes include depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and treatment utilization. Exploratory outcomes are suicidal and intentionally self-injurious behaviors. Intent-to-treat analyses will be conducted on primary and secondary outcomes. Suicidal individuals who are not engaged in mental health treatment are an understudied and significantly at-risk group for death by suicide. A better understanding of this population, targeted efforts to recruit and engage these individuals, and developing effective interventions for this group are critical areas for investigation in the field that this trial seeks to address. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02236325 ; Date of registration: 05-Sept-2014
Space Charge in Thermally Poled Fused Silica

Various groups continue to make progress improving in-line and all-fiber electro-optic switches1 and wavelength converters2 based on thermal poling of fused silica.
Zectran and Bayer 44646 Show Most Promise in Control of Cabbage Caterpillars

Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) at 1 and 1.5 lb/acre and Bayer 44646 (4-dimethylamino- m -tolyl methylcarbamate) at 1, 1.5, and 2 lb/acre were the most effective of 12 compounds, including parathion and toxaphene, in controlling the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), on cabbage in field experiments conducted during 1961 and 1962 at Charleston, S. C. These 2 compounds also effectively controlled light infestations of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) and the fall armyworm, Laphygma frugiperda (J. E. Smith). As used, Bayer 44646 at each dosage, and Bayer 41831 ( O.O -dimethyl O -4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate) at 1 lb/acre were moderately phytotoxic to cabbage. Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S - (4-oxo-l,2,3- benzotriazin-3 (4 H ) -ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) caused slight to moderate injury and Zectran and naled slight injury to the plants.
Quantitative SD-OCT imaging biomarkers as indicators of age-related macular degeneration progression.

Purpose We developed a statistical model based on quantitative characteristics of drusen to estimate the likelihood of conversion from early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to its advanced exudative form (AMD progression) in the short term (less than 5 years), a crucial task to enable early intervention and improve outcomes. Methods Image features of drusen quantifying their number, morphology, and reflectivity properties, as well as the longitudinal evolution in these characteristics, were automatically extracted from 2146 spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans of 330 AMD eyes in 244 patients collected over a period of 5 years, with 36 eyes showing progression during clinical follow-up. We developed and evaluated a statistical model to predict the likelihood of progression at predetermined times using clinical and image features as predictors. Results Area, volume, height, and reflectivity of drusen were informative features distinguishing between progressing and nonprogressing cases. Discerning progression at follow-up (mean, 6.16 months) resulted in a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58, 0.85). The maximum predictive performance was observed at 11 months after a patient's first early AMD diagnosis, with mean AUC 0.92 (95% CI, 0.83, 0.98). Those eyes predicted to progress showed a much higher progression rate than those predicted not to progress at any given time from the initial visit. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the potential ability of our model to identify those AMD patients at risk of progressing to exudative AMD from an early or intermediate stage.
Commentary on Effects of an Enjoyable Nurse-Led Intervention to Promote Movement in Post-Stroke Inpatients.

In the United States, approximately 795,000 new or recurrent cases of stroke occur annually (Roger et al., 2012). More than 7 million stroke survivors live with poststroke effects in the United States (National Stroke Association, 2012). Stroke survivors often suffer some neurological-associated disability, such as hemiplegia, aphasia, or swallowing deficits leading to functional loss. Approximately 50% of stroke survivors experience long-term disability such as partial paralysis, and 25% to 50% of stroke survivors require continuing assistance in performing activities of daily living (Gordon et al., 2004). Poststroke symptoms such as fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances are also common and linked to increased morbidity and mortality (Bassetti & Aldrich, 2001; Glader, Stegmayr, & Asplund, 2002; Leppavuori, Pohjasvaara, Vataja, Kaste, & Erkinjuntti, 2002; Schmid et al., 2011; Williams, Ghose, & Swindle, 2004).
Review of Flooding Procedures (Implosion) in Animals and Man

The literature involving the use of flooding procedures to achieve fear reduction in both human and infra-human Ss is critically reviewed with reference to techniques, important parameters and theo...
Epidemiological Analysis of An Outbreak of Norovirus Diarrhea

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of the Norovirus outbreak in Kaiping city,and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of Norovirus diarrhea.Methods A case of Norovirus diarrhea outbreak between 25 Nov and 5 Dec in Yueshan town was analyzed using epidemiological techniques.Results There were 238 cases of infectious diarrhea in Shuijing.The attack rate was 4.18%.Most of the patients were aged 20 to 59.The main clinical symptoms were diarrhea and vomiting.Further analysis on 2347 individuals from 575 families showed clustered distribution in family.The differences of attack rates in the 5 different communities were statistically significant.Norovirus antigen was detected in stool of certain patients.The epidemic was controlled through the disinfection of drinking water,isolation of the patients,patriotic health movement and health education.Conclusion The incidence of Norovirus diarrhea outbreak was caused by the pollution of water supply system.The preventive and control measures include disinfection,proper management of the water supply system and health education.
Addressing housing and neighborhood revitalization needs in Georgia’s rural and small towns: A study of the Georgia Initiative for Community Housing

This study examines the role of the Georgia Initiative for Community Housing, a capacity building program, in increasing human and community capital to address housing and community development needs. Consistent with previous research on rural and small towns, poor housing conditions, infrastructure problems, and lack of funding for neighborhood revitalization were among the most pressing problems identified by program participants. Participation in the program appeared to improve housing-related human capital and the use of housing and community development tools and programs for the 25 communities in the study. Though limited in scope, this research begins to fill a gap in understanding of how local communities can build capacity to respond to local housing and neighborhood needs. Future research using qualitative data would provide clarification of some findings and add context to the broader study results.
MI-8 and Civilian Messages

This Manly article, Article VIII, is more about the work of MI-8 and G2-A6. This article covers the civilian messages that were intercepted by various government agencies (mostly the postal censorship bureau) and forwarded on to MI-8 for evaluation and solution.
Collaborations for Transformative Learning Experiences: Technology Integration and Information Literacy in Teacher Education

The purpose of this exploratory action research study was to examine how the modeling by a collaborative team of instructors regarding technology integration and information literacy would affect the quality of the lessons that elementary teacher-education students designed and taught in their field placements. The research was conducted over two distinct years with two different cohorts of methods students placed at a local elementary school that had received new interactive whiteboards, SMART boards, in every classroom at the beginning of the previous school year. Based upon field-supervisor/instructor observations, reflections, and oral and written feedback from host-teachers and students, an analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the interventions. Findings suggest that teacher education students' level of engagement increased regarding the integration of technology, information literacy, ethical information use, and children were more engaged and actively involved during the teaching of methods students' mathematics and science lessons.
Stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) analysis of sediment cores suggests sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) did not historically spawn in Lake Roberta, Washington (USA)

Historically, the Sanpoil River, Washington (USA) produced spawning runs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss). Lake Roberta is connected to the Sanpoil River and local oral history suggests it may have supported anadromous sockeye salmon (O. nerka) until the completion of Grand Coulee Dam in the 1940s. Post-spawning mortality of anadromous salmon provides large pulses of marine-derived nutrients to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the vicinity of spawning sites. Unique isotopic ratios of these marine-derived nutrients are often transferred to freshwater algae and archived in lake sediments. However, marine-derived isotope signatures may be overpowered by large inputs of other nutrient sources such as agricultural fertilizers, reactive nitrogen deposition, nitrogen fixation, or poor trophic transfer to freshwater algae. We compared nitrogen and sulfur isotope compositions for pre-1940 and post-1940 sediments to those collected from a control lake with no history of anadromy to investigate the possible historic presence of anadromous salmon in Lake Roberta. We also analyzed carbon isotopes, carbon:nitrogen ratios, and sediment accumulation rates to determine if changes in the lake sediments resulted from eutrophication rather than salmon exclusion. If sockeye did spawn in Lake Roberta historically, and if excessive nitrogen inputs did not overpower the marine-derived signal, we would expect pre-1940 sediment organic matter isotope compositions indicative of the large pulses of marine nutrients from decomposing salmon carcasses. Isotope results and land use in the Lake Roberta watershed present no conclusive evidence to support anecdotal accounts of anadromy. There is some evidence to suggest that marine-derived nutrients transferred to riparian communities within the lake’s watershed may have moved downstream to the lake. However, most of the evidence suggests eutrophication and a switch to increased autochthonous productivity are the main causes of changes in the lake sediment isotope composition.
Relation of Serum Vitamin D to Risk of Mitral Annular and Aortic Valve Calcium (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration has been identified as a possible modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that serum 25(OH)D concentration would be associated with calcifications of the left-sided heart valves, which are markers of CVD risk. Aortic valve calcium (AVC) and mitral annular calcium (MAC) were quantified from cardiac computed tomography scans performed on 5,530 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants at the baseline examination (2000 to 2002) and at a follow-up visit at either Examination 2 (2002 to 2004) or Examination 3 (2004 to 2005). 25(OH)D was measured from serum samples collected at the baseline examination. Using relative risk regression, we evaluated the multivariable-adjusted risk of prevalent and incident AVC and MAC in this ethnically diverse population free of clinical CVD at baseline. The mean age of participants was 62 ± 10 years; 53% were women, 40% white, 26% black, 21% Hispanic, and 12% Chinese. Prevalent AVC and MAC were observed in 12% and 9% of study sample, respectively. There were no significant associations between 25(OH)D and prevalent AVC or MAC. Over a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, 4% developed incident AVC and 5% developed incident MAC. After adjusting for demographic variables, each 10 ng/ml higher serum 25(OH)D was associated with a 15% (relative risk 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 0.98) lower risk of incident MAC but not AVC. However, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for lifestyle and CVD risk factors. Results suggest a possible link between serum 25(OH)D and the risk for incident MAC, but future studies with longer follow-up are needed to further test this association.
A novel protocol for studying bee cognition in the wild

Summary 1.Understanding how animals perceive, learn and remember stimuli is critical for understanding both how cognition is shaped by natural selection, and how ecological factors impact behaviour. However, the majority of studies on cognition involve captive animals in laboratory settings. While controlled settings are required to accurately measure aspects of cognition, they may not yield realistic estimates of learning performance in natural environments. Wild bees offer a useful system in which to study cognitive ecology as well as comparative cognition more broadly: they encompass around 20,000 species globally, varying in characteristics such as life history strategy, degree of sociality, and dietary specialization. Yet the limited number of protocols currently available for studying insect cognition has restricted research to a few commercially available bee species, in almost exclusively lab settings. 2.We present a protocol (Free-Moving Proboscis Extension Response [FMPER]) to measure wild bees’ colour preferences, learning performance, and memory. 3.We first used lab-reared bumblebees Bombus impatiens to establish that FMPER yielded results consistent with learning theory. We then successfully tested wild honeybees Apis mellifera in the lab, and Bombus vosnesenskii at field sites. 4.FMPER is straightforward to implement, low-cost, and may be readily adapted to other flower-visiting insects. We believe it will be useful to a broad range of evolutionary biologists, behavioural ecologists, and pollination ecologists interested in measuring cognitive performance in the wild and across a broader range of species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.