cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Mismodeled Idle Engine Performance on Calculation and Tracking of Optimal 4-D Descent Trajectories

Advanced flight management systems are being developed which are capable of calculating optimal 3-D and 4-D flight trajectories for arbitrary fuel and time costs. These systems require mathematical models of airplane performance in order to compute the optimal profiles. Mismodeled idle engine characteristics can result in descent trajectories requiring excessive throttle and/or speedbrake activity in order to achieve the desired end conditions. This paper evaluates the cost and fuel penalties, trajectory variations, and flight control requirements associated with typical idle engine modeling errors for a twin-jet transport airplane. Variations in idle power setting, thrust, fuel flow, and surge bleed operation were evaluated for a cruise/descent flight segment. The results of this analysis provide insight into the penalties associated with uncertainties in idle engine performance and suggest methods of modeling which minimize these penalties.
Genetic and Environmental Variation: Effect on Pigments of Selected Maize Mutants

The chloroplast pigments of three "pastel" mutants of maize were found to vary with temperature as well as with genotype.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of small intracranial tumors: Neuropathological correlation in three patients

The mechanism by which radiosurgery can stop the growth of some tumors is poorly understood, in part because postmortem neuropathological findings in patients have been reported only rarely. To define further the effects of radiosurgery, we present the correlation among clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological data in three patients with different intracranial tumors who died between 2 and 39 weeks after radiosurgery. The target volumes in two patients with malignant tumors showed sharply demarcated coagulative necrosis. In the third patient, who had a benign acoustic nerve tumor, neuropathological examination found intratumoral hemorrhage and cyst formation, but no necrosis. Radiosurgery appears to cause acute necrosis of malignant cells, although its effectiveness may be limited by the infiltrative nature of some tumors. In benign tumors, necrosis following radiosurgery is relatively delayed, and may not be required for growth arrest.
238 CAFFEINE PREVENTS A LOSS OF CALCIUM OSCILLATORY RESPONSE ASSOCIATED WITH POSTOVULATORY AGING OF MOUSE OOCYTES

Numerous studies have demonstrated that postovulatory aging of oocytes prior to fertilization has detrimental effects on oocyte quality and developmental competence. Oocyte aging is accompanied by abnormal oocyte activation and subsequent development, suggesting a disruption of Ca2+ oscillations after fertilization. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) in mammals is responsible for the majority of Ca2+ release during fertilization (Miyazaki S et al. 1993 Dev. Biol.). Previously, we reported that phosphorylation of IP3R1 at an MPM-2 epitope may play an important role in facilitating the induction of Ca2+ oscillations at the MII stage (Lee B et al. 2006 Development), indicating that IP3R1 phosphorylation may be a good indicator of the health of the oocyte. However, few studies have investigated the alteration of the Ca2+ signaling and IP3R1 function associated with oocyte aging. On the other hand, a previous report showed that caffeine increased MPF activity and suppressed fragmentation after parthenogenetic activation of aged oocytes (Kikuchi K et al. 2000 Biol. Reprod.). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether and how Ca2+ oscillatory activity changes during oocyte aging and to test if caffeine prevents the negative effects of oocyte aging. MII mouse oocytes were collected 14 h after hCG injection and cultured in vitro for 8, 24 or 48 h with or without caffeine (5 or 10 mm). Oocyte quality was assessed by the occurrence of spontaneous fragmentation, monitoring of Ca2+ oscillations after exposure to 10 mm strontium chloride, Western blot analysis of IP3R1 phosphorylation and immunostaining of IP3R1. In oocytes in vitro aged for 8 h, the duration of the first Ca2+ rise was significantly decreased compared with fresh MII oocytes, although this reduction was not observed in MII oocytes treated with 5 mm caffeine. The phosphorylation of IP3R1 at the MPM-2 epitope was slightly decreased during oocyte aging in both caffeine and noncaffeine treatment. Importantly, whereas IP3R1 in MII oocytes treated for 8 h with 5 mm caffeine displayed the typical cortical cluster organization, IP3R1 in aged oocytes without caffeine became dispersed in the cytoplasm. In addition, caffeine significantly suppressed the spontaneous fragmentation that is normally observed by 48 h of in vitro culture. These results suggest that the Ca2+ oscillatory activity is compromised during oocyte aging and caffeine prevents the loss of integrity of Ca2+ signaling possibly by keeping the cortical distribution of IP3R1.
KC60 fulleride phase formation : an x-ray photoemission study

A reversible transformation has been observed in the K x C 60 system, for 0 1, reflecting K 3 C 60 formation and coexistence with KC 60 . These results suggest a eutectoid reaction with KC 60 transforming into α-C 60 plus K 3 C 60
Relationship between perception of self‐competence and parenting attitudes of Asian Indian preschoolers

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between parenting attitudes of Asian Indian mothers living in the United States and their preschool children’s perception of self‐competence. Twenty‐eight Asian Indian mothers and their preschool‐aged children living in the United States participated in the study. The parenting attitudes of the mothers were measured using the Adolescent–Adult Parenting Inventory. The participating preschoolers’ perceived self‐competence was measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. Correlation of the parenting attitudes subscales and the perception of self‐competence subscales indicated that there was significant correlation between cognitive competence and inappropriate expectations (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), corporal punishment (r = 0.46, p < 0.05), and role reversal (r = 0.59, p < 0.01). Role reversal was also significantly correlated with peer acceptance (r = 0.46, p < 0.05). The correlation between inappropriate expecta...
Comment on: A corrected exponential power series expansion of the position matrix elements of the time evolution operator for a system in the presence of a vector potential

Recently, Makri and Miller presented. a simple exponential power series in the time for the position matrix elements of the time evolution operator (hereafter called “propagator”), first within a semiclassical approximation,’ and then a fully quantum mechanical version.’ The resulting recursion relations for the coefficients of the time were readily obtained. The coefficients are solutions of simple first order inhomogeneous differential equations. The method was developed for Hamiltonians which did not contain vector potentials (or velocity dependent potentials in general). The second paper2 included a section claiming to generalize the procedure to include vector potentials, but this is unfortunately in error. The purpose of this comment is to point this out and discuss how the correct coefficients are related to the exact results for a system which is in the presence of a constant magnetic field. Suppose we consider a 3D system in the presence of a vector potential A. The Hamiltonian is
RNA polymerase II ternary transcription complexes generated in vitro

Ternary transcription complexes have been formed with a HeLa cell extract, a specific DNA template, and nucleoside triphosphates. The assay depends on the formation of sarkosyl-resistant initiation complexes which contain RNA polymerase II, template DNA, and radioactive nucleoside triphosphates. Separation from the other elements in the in vitro reaction is achieved by electrophoresis in agarose - 0.25% sarkosyl gels. The mobility of the ternary complexes in this system cannot be distinguished from naked DNA. Formation of this complex is dependent on all parameters necessary for faithful in vitro transcription. Complexes are formed with both the plasmid vector and the specific adenovirus DNA insert containing a eucaryotic promoter. The formation of the complex on the eucaryotic DNA is sequence-dependent. An undecaribonucleotide predicted from the template DNA sequence remains associated with the DNA in the ternary complex and can be isolated if the chain terminator 3'-0-methyl GTP is used, or after T1 ribonuclease treatment of the RNA, or if exogenous GTP is omitted from the in vitro reaction. This oligonucleotide is not detected in association with the plasmid vector. Phosphocellulose fractionation of the extract indicates that at least one of the column fractions required for faithful runoff transcription is required for complex formation. A large molar excess of abortive initiation events was detected relative to the level of productive transcription events, indicating a 40-fold higher efficiency of transcription initiation vs. elongation.
Interaction of Bacterial Luciferase with 8-Substituted Flavin Mononucleotide Derivatives

Bacterial luciferase catalyzes the emission of visible light from the reaction of reduced flavin, molecular oxygen, and an n-alkyl aldehyde. The mechanism of the reaction was probed by measuring the electronic effects of various substituents at the 8-position of the flavin ring system. Substituent effects were obtained for CH3-, Cl-, CH3O-, CH3S-, F-, and H- on the rate of formation and decay of the hydroperoxyflavin intermediate and the time courses for the emission of visible light. The rate constant for the decay of light emission increases for the series Cl
Effect of positive and negative contrast on depth of focus

The purpose of this study is to determine the change in Depth of Focus(DOF) with positive and negative contrast with two different subjective blur criterion: minimal blur and total blur. The result show that DOF is significantly different for positive and negative contrasts.
An appraisal of the use of student subjects in marketing research

Abstract Despite substantial evidence that the use of student subjects in marketing research is inappropriate, their use continues. This investigation systematically compares a group of student subjects with their parents, panel members, and comparably aged nonstudents in respect to four research questions. The findings reported show that both in terms of theory development and answer comparisons, students are different from the other three groups and lessen the external validity of the research.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal for 2007 to Frank S. Spear

Friends and colleagues, it is with great pleasure that I present Frank Spear as the recipient of this year’s Dana Medal, of the Mineralogical Society of America. I have been admonished to keep this citation to three minutes, so I’ve decided to tell you just three stories about Frank. You can think of them as “Lessons I’ve learned from Frank,” or, if this is what you aspire to, “How to become an award-winning metamorphic petrologist.” You’re probably expecting science stories, but this one is about Popsicles1. As a kid, Frank hid half his popsicle inside a box of frozen peas so he could tease his sisters later by eating it in front of them when theirs were gone. They never thought to look inside a box of boring old peas. Frank’s research is a little like that. So many times you think you already know the answer so you never bother to look. Major and trace …
The Center for Child Health Research.

Summary The challenges facing America's children are complex and interwoven. The Center has a unique and exciting opportunity to support child health research by providing a comprehensive approach to understanding the physical, mental, and social health of children. The initial years of operation of the Center have brought answers to certain questions, magnified uncertainties in other arenas, clarified the potential positive impact that the Center has the opportunity of creating, and posed some questions that remain to be solved. Above all else, however, remains the exciting opportunity of playing a positive role in facilitating the health and functioning of all of our children.
High-Temperature Conductivity and Creep of Polycrystalline AI2O3 Doped with Fe and/or Ti

Partial ionic and electronic dc conductivities and compressional creep rate were measured for hot-pressed poly crystalline AI2O3 made from AI-isopropoxide (AI2O3(II)). The undoped material was found to contain 1.5×1018 cm−3 fixed valency acceptors (Mg). Properties of undoped material and material doped with Fe or Ti were investigated as a function of grain size, dopant concentration, oxygen pressure, and temperature. No fast ionic conduction along grain boundaries is found in either acceptor- or donor-dominated material. Absolute values of self-diffusion coefficients calculated from conductivity and creep indicate that both effects are limited by migration of AI, involving VAI“in donor-, AI,” in acceptor-dominated material. In creep, oxygen is transported along grain boundaries in a neutral form (Oip). The pO2 dependence of σt and σh are as expected on the basis of a defect model. That of creep is weaker for reasons that are not entirely clear. An ionic conductivity with low activation energy, observed at low temperature, is attributed to the presence of AI-silicate second phase.
A CELL MODEL FOR NON-VOLATILE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY AND A SUBSEQUENT METHOD FOR INCREASING DENSITY

ABSTRACT A cell model for non-volatile random access memory (RAM) is suggested in this study. An indicator, a cell, was introduced to simplify the explanation. If the indicator is good, then the device to which it belongs is acceptable. An inequality acquired through modeling a cell can determine whether a cell is good or not. To satisfy the pass condition, the energy barrier for storage (Eb), the sum of uniformities (uniformity of non-volatile material (Ui), uniformity related to the relative position of a data cell and a reference cell (Us)), and the sensing signal margin (Vsm) must be high. The inequality means that eEbUieEbUs Vsm is larger than a constant. If the parameters of an indicator satisfy the inequality condition, the device will be acceptable. As any general property of the cell changes, the indicator's property will also change accordingly. As cell density increases, inequality will not be satisfied due to decreasing Ui. A new cell that can be predicted with the model is suggested. Increasi...
REGIONAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND TRANSBOUNDARY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

▪ Abstract The regional nature of several important air pollutants, which include acids, ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organics (POPs), is widely recognized by researchers and decision makers. Such pollutants are transported regionally over scales from about 100 to a few 1000s of kilometers, large enough to cross state, provincial, national, and even continental boundaries. Managing these regional pollutants requires overcoming political, economic, and cultural differences to establish cooperation between multiple jurisdictions, and it requires recognition of the linkages between pollutants and of impacts at different geographic scales. Here, regional dynamics of the pollutants are discussed, addressing them individually and as a tightly linked physical and chemical system. Collaborative efforts to characterize and manage regional pollution are presented, along with potential directions for future efforts.
Lung segmentation refinement based on optimal surface finding utilizing a hybrid desktop/virtual reality user interface

Abstract Recently, the optimal surface finding (OSF) and layered optimal graph image segmentation of multiple objects and surfaces (LOGISMOS) approaches have been reported with applications to medical image segmentation tasks. While providing high levels of performance, these approaches may locally fail in the presence of pathology or other local challenges. Due to the image data variability, finding a suitable cost function that would be applicable to all image locations may not be feasible. This paper presents a new interactive refinement approach for correcting local segmentation errors in the automated OSF-based segmentation. A hybrid desktop/virtual reality user interface was developed for efficient interaction with the segmentations utilizing state-of-the-art stereoscopic visualization technology and advanced interaction techniques. The user interface allows a natural and interactive manipulation of 3-D surfaces. The approach was evaluated on 30 test cases from 18 CT lung datasets, which showed local segmentation errors after employing an automated OSF-based lung segmentation. The performed experiments exhibited significant increase in performance in terms of mean absolute surface distance errors (2.54±0.75mm prior to refinement vs. 1.11±0.43mm post-refinement, p ≪0.001). Speed of the interactions is one of the most important aspects leading to the acceptance or rejection of the approach by users expecting real-time interaction experience. The average algorithm computing time per refinement iteration was 150ms, and the average total user interaction time required for reaching complete operator satisfaction was about 2min per case. This time was mostly spent on human-controlled manipulation of the object to identify whether additional refinement was necessary and to approve the final segmentation result. The reported principle is generally applicable to segmentation problems beyond lung segmentation in CT scans as long as the underlying segmentation utilizes the OSF framework. The two reported segmentation refinement tools were optimized for lung segmentation and might need some adaptation for other application domains.
Yield learning and the sources of profitability in high technology manufacturing and process development

A numerical model that identifies the high-leverage variables associated with profitability in high technology manufacturing is presented. Varying the parameters of the model demonstrates that a rapid yield-learning rate determines profitability more than any other factor does. Factors such as ramping up to production early, adding factory capacity, maximizing quality, and increasing the robustness of product designs all yield diminishing returns. The model also suggests the preparations in the early stages of process development are the key to successful yield learning.
Growing skin: A computational model for skin expansion in reconstructive surgery

The goal of this manuscript is to establish a novel computational model for stretch-induced skin growth during tissue expansion. Tissue expansion is a common surgical procedure to grow extra skin for reconstructing birth defects, burn injuries, or cancerous breasts. To model skin growth within the framework of nonlinear continuum mechanics, we adopt the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a growth part. Within this concept, we characterize growth as an irreversible, stretch-driven, transversely isotropic process parameterized in terms of a single scalar-valued growth multiplier, the in-plane area growth. To discretize its evolution in time, we apply an unconditionally stable, implicit Euler backward scheme. To discretize it in space, we utilize the finite element method. For maximum algorithmic efficiency and optimal convergence, we suggest an inner Newton iteration to locally update the growth multiplier at each integration point. This iteration is embedded within an outer Newton iteration to globally update the deformation at each finite element node. To demonstrate the characteristic features of skin growth, we simulate the process of gradual tissue expander inflation. To visualize growth-induced residual stresses, we simulate a subsequent tissue expander deflation. In particular, we compare the spatio-temporal evolution of area growth, elastic strains, and residual stresses for four commonly available tissue expander geometries. We believe that predictive computational modeling can open new avenues in reconstructive surgery to rationalize and standardize clinical process parameters such as expander geometry, expander size, expander placement, and inflation timing.
Analysis of Axisymmetric Body Effects on Rotor Aerodynamics Using Modified Slender Body Theory

A modified slender body theory was used in modelling the flowfield around an axisymmetric body at zero angle of attack. The model was defined in an attempt to characterize body-induced effects on helicopter rotor performance and loading using efficient computation methods. The streamfunction for an axial source distribution was applied in the body model, which was then adapted to the helicopter analysis code (CAMRAD). The body-induced velocities were calculated for separate locations on the rotor disk. Three different rotor models in nonuniform inflow with a free wake geometry were considered. Comparison of predictions with data on ellipsoidal and axisymmetric bodies showed good agreement for moderately thick ellipsoidal bodies. Oscillatory blade bending moments were increased by the presence of the body, but overall performance impact was negligible. Computational efficiency was 10-20 percent better than with a potential flow panel code.
The dynamics of market power with deregulated electricity generation supplies

Deregulated wholesale markets for bulk electricity supplies are likely to deviate from the perfectly competitive ideal in many areas where transmission losses, costs and capacity constraints isolate customers from the effective reach of many generators and limit the number of competitors. In those regions where a few suppliers or marketing agents dominate the market, prices may rise well above the competitive ideal of marginal cost. Furthermore, if all customers do not shift instantaneously to the lowest priced supplier, perhaps because of inadequate information about the reliability of alternative generators and/or additional investments required to switch suppliers; then depending upon the duration of those lags, the optimal pricing policy of the existing dominant generators may be to ignore the competition for an appreciable period of time. Using previously developed models of dynamic oligopoly pricing, estimates are provided of how rapidly and how far bulk power supply prices might deviate from competitive levels after the deregulation of those markets, depending upon the number of potential competitors serving a particular region and their individual market shares. These models have been calibrated and applied previously, ex-post, to the introduction of competition in long distance telephone service the United States, where they "predict" AT&T dynamic price behavior accurately, and they suggest that similar substantial lags may occur in the emergence of insensitive price competition in some electricity markets.
Genetic variation in horizontally transmitted fungal endophytes of pine needles reveals population structure in cryptic species

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Fungal endophytes comprise one of the most ubiquitous groups of plant symbionts, inhabiting healthy leaves and stems of all major lineages of plants. Together, they comprise immense species richness, but little is known about the fundamental processes that generate their diversity. Exploration of their population structure is needed, especially with regard to geographic distributions and host affiliations.• METHODS We take a multilocus approach to examine genetic variation within and among populations of Lophodermium australe, an endophytic fungus commonly associated with healthy foliage of pines in the southeastern United States. Sampling focused on two pine species ranging from montane to coastal regions of North Carolina and Virginia.• KEY RESULTS Our sampling revealed two genetically distinct groups within Lophodermium australe. Our analysis detected less than one migrant per generation between them, indicating that they are distinct species. The species comprising the majority of isolates (major species) demonstrated a panmictic structure, whereas the species comprising the minority of isolates (cryptic species) demonstrated isolation by distance. Distantly related pine species hosted the same Lophodermium species, and host species did not influence genetic structure.• CONCLUSIONS We present the first evidence for isolation by distance in a foliar fungal endophyte that is horizontally transmitted. Cryptic species may be common among microbial symbionts and are important to delimit when exploring their genetic structure and microevolutionary processes. The hyperdiversity of endophytic fungi may be explained in part by cryptic species without apparent ecological and morphological differences as well as genetic diversification within rare fungal species across large spatial scales.
Ethylene Regulates the Arabidopsis Microtubule-Associated Protein WAVE-DAMPENED2-LIKE5 in Etiolated Hypocotyl Elongation

The phytohormone ethylene plays crucial roles in the negative regulation of plant etiolated hypocotyl elongation. The microtubule cytoskeleton also participates in hypocotyl cell growth. However, it remains unclear if ethylene signaling-mediated etiolated hypocotyl elongation involves the microtubule cytoskeleton. In this study, we functionally identified the previously uncharacterized microtubule-associated protein WAVE-DAMPENED2-LIKE5 (WDL5) as a microtubule-stabilizing protein that plays a positive role in ethylene-regulated etiolated hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3, a key transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway, directly targets and up-regulates WDL5. Etiolated hypocotyls from a WDL5 loss-of-function mutant (wdl5-1) were more insensitive to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid treatment than the wild type. Decreasing WDL5 expression partially rescued the shorter etiolated hypocotyl phenotype in the ethylene overproduction mutant eto1-1. Reorganization of cortical microtubules in etiolated hypocotyl cells from the wdl5-1 mutant was less sensitive to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid treatment. These findings indicate that WDL5 is an important participant in ethylene signaling inhibition of etiolated hypocotyl growth. This study reveals a mechanism involved in the ethylene regulation of microtubules through WDL5 to inhibit etiolated hypocotyl cell elongation.
Neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass—a review of current practice in North America

One of the most challenging applications of cardiopulmonary bypass is corrective cardiac surgery in the neonate. The small size and high metabolic demand of these patients require miniaturized but efficient equipment. Even with the most advanced components, the volume required to prime the perfusion circuit is typically more than twice the blood volume of a neonate. Neonates have limited cardiac and pulmonary reserves and, therefore, great care is required to preserve those organs that have often already been subjected to hypoxemia, congestive heart failure, or low cardiac output prior to surgery. There is a tendency toward extravascular movement of fluids in newborns subjected to bypass that can adversely affect outcome. Careful monitoring and precise management of perfusion are essential to a successful procedure and optimal recovery of these patients.
Refinement types and computational duality

One lesson learned painfully over the past twenty years is the perilous interaction of Curry-style typing with evaluation order and side-effects. This led eventually to the value restriction on polymorphism in ML, as well as, more recently, to similar artifacts in type systems for ML with intersection and union refinement types. For example, some of the traditional subtyping laws for unions and intersections are unsound in the presence of effects, while union-elimination requires an evaluation context restriction in addition to the value restriction on intersection-introduction.Our aim is to show that rather than being ad hoc artifacts, phenomena such as the value and evaluation context restrictions arise naturally in type systems for effectful languages, out of principles of duality. Beginning with a review of recent work on the Curry-Howard interpretation of focusing proofs as pattern-matching programs, we explain how to interpret intersection and union refinements on these programs, and how to logically derive the subtyping relationship via an identity coercion interpretation. The value restriction, etc., emerge out of this analysis. However, this abstract account does not immediately yield a decidable type system, essentially because the syntax is infinitary--both "infinitely wide" and "infinitely deep". We show how to mechanically construct a finitary syntax by applying two well-known PL techniques--pattern-compilation and defunctionalization--and conclude by giving this finitary syntax an algorithmic refinement type system. Parallel to the text, we describe an embedding in the dependently-typed functional language Agda, both for the sake of clarifying these ideas, and also because formalization was an important guide in developing them. As one example, the Agda encoding split very naturally into an intrinsic ("Church") view of well-typed programs, and an extrinsic ("Curry") view of refinement typing for those programs.
Embolization of giant renal angiomyolipomas: technique and results.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic embolization of angiomyolipomas (AMLs) larger than 10 cm. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients (mean age, 41.2 years; 14 women and two men) underwent embolization for 23 AMLs larger than 10 cm. All lesions were embolized by using microcatheters with ethanol and ethiodized oil mixed to a ratio of 7(ethanol) to 3(ethiodized oil). Data collected included pre- and posttreatment AML size, creatinine level, technical success, volume of embolic material used, clinical success, and complications. Results The mean AML size before treatment was 15 cm (range, 10–25 cm). Ten of the 16 patients (62%) had all their AMLs treated in one session, whereas six (38%) required multiple sessions. A mean volume of 8.6 mL of the ethanol–ethiodized oil mixture (range, 2–20 mL) was administered per lesion. Patients were followed up for a mean of 29 months (range, 1–80 months). No patient had an increase of 0.2 mg/dL (17.7 μmol/L) or greater in mean serum creatinine level during the follow-up period. Two of the 16 patients (12%) required repeat embolization due to AML regrowth ( n = 1) or reperfusion ( n = 1) seen at surveillance imaging. One of the 16 patients (6.2%) had an AML hemorrhage 59 months after AML embolization. Conclusions Embolization of giant renal AMLs to decrease the risk of bleeding can be done safely without loss of renal function. Although recurrence was infrequent, additional treatment may be necessary and giant renal AMLs should be followed up with serial imaging studies.
Estimating Salinity between 25° and 45°S in the Atlantic Ocean Using Local Regression

Abstract The empirical relationship between salinity and temperature in the South Atlantic is quantified with the aid of local regression. To capture the spatial character of the TS relationship, models are fitted to data for each point on a three-dimensional grid with spacing of 1° in latitude, 2° in longitude, and 25 dbar in the vertical. To ensure sufficient data for statistical reliability each fit is to data from a region extending over several grid points weighted so that more remote data exert less influence than those closer to the target grid point. Both temperature and its square are used as regressors to capture the curvature seen in TS plots, and latitude and longitude are used to capture systematic spatial variations over the fitting regions. In addition to using statistics of residuals to characterize how well the models fit the data, errors for data not used in fitting are examined to verify the models’ abilities to simulate independent data. The best model overall for the entire region at ...
Efficiency of Ordinary Least Squares for Linear Models with Autocorrelation

Abstract This article provides a reconsideration of Kramer's (1980) results on least squares estimation in linear models with autocorrelated errors. Kramer's results are shown to be dependent on his measure of efficiency and to understate the advantages of correcting for autocorrelation.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE PEPPERMINT SHRIMP LYSMATA WURDEMANNI TO THE WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS

Abstract White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) affects the penaeid shrimp culture industry, but the potential impact on the ornamental shrimp industry has not been studied. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the ornamental peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni to WSSV. Litopenaeus vannamei, a cultured penaeid shrimp was used for comparison. Three experiments (two per os, one injection) were conducted. Adult shrimp were challenged in the first per os experiment, whereas juveniles were challenged in the remaining two experiments. In both per os challenges, shrimp (n = 15, 10) were fed WSSV infected L. vannamei tissue at 10% of their body weight. In the injection challenge, shrimp (n = 10) were injected with a 10−3 dilution of freshly prepared WSSV filtrate at 20 μL/g of body weight. Shrimp were individually housed, maintained at 25°C, and checked daily for mortalities. PCR was used to determine whether challenged shrimp were infected with WSSV. In all three experiments, L. wu...
Using Authentic Environmental Data to Enhance Biology Understanding

Scientists often integrate measurements and data from various sources to ask questions and perform investigations. The exercises described here allow students to think critically and understand concepts that affect biological organisms as they make hypotheses about a selected stream or river, then graph, analyze, and interpret physical and chemical water-quality data (and possibly weather data) from local sources. Details on how to access, download, and manage data sets are provided.
Hypoglycemia but not hyperglycemia induces rapid changes in pancreatic beta-cell gene transcription

The purpose of these studies was to quantify several mRNAs expressed specifically in pancreatic islet cells and known or postulated to be important for insulin release after acute well defined alterations in levels of plasma glucose. Glucose levels were maintained at 50, 120, or 180 mg/dl (2.8, 6.7, or 10 mM) for 3 h in conscious unrestrained rats. Hypoglycemia (for 3 h) caused significant decreases in pancreatic content of mRNAs for insulin 2 and GLUT-2 to 55 and 34% of control values, respectively. There were no significant changes in insulin 1, amylin, glucokinase, or glucagon mRNAs. Unprocessed insulin 1 and 2 mRNA precursors were decreased to 17 and 10% of levels in controls, consistent with effects of short-term hypoglycemia on new mRNA synthesis. Hyperglycemia (for 3 h) caused no increase in pancreatic content of any mRNA measured. To discriminate between effects of hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the hypoglycemic animals, rats were made hypoglycemic by infusion with etomoxir, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor that lowers glucose in the fasted (glycogen-depleted) state by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. A single dose of this agent caused a decrease in glucose from 120 mg/dl (6.7 mM) to 80 mg/dl (4.4 mM) and significantly decreased insulin mRNA and pre-mRNA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose modulates islet cell gene transcription directly. They indicate that the range of glucose concentrations that modulate gene transcription differs from the levels of glucose that alter both insulin biosynthetic and secretion rates.
Moire Fringes as a Means of Analyzing Strains

Application of moire fringes in determination of strains in 2-dimensional models; Moire pattern is interpreted here as function of displacements, from which strains in Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions are determined; formulas given.
Screening housing to prevent lead toxicity in children.

Objective.Screening children to identify those with blood lead levels ⩾10 μg/d fails to protect children from lead-associated cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. To broaden our efforts at p...
HYPERSONIC SEPARATED FLOW CONTROL USING MAGNETO-AERODYNAMIC INTERACTION

Magneto-aerodynamic interactions are used to control the viscous-inviscid interaction around a compression corner in hypersonic flow. The magneto-aerodynamic equations are solved using the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation for a two-dimensional flow situation. The effect of location and intensity of magneto-aerodynamic forces are studied. Baseline flow parameters are chosen to match previous experimental and computational results. Nomenclature B magnetic flux density E electric field intensity j electric current density p pressure Q magnetic interaction parameter T temperature (u,y,z) velocity components u velocity vector ρ density σ electrical conductivity (ξ,η,ζ) transformed coordinates
Principles and Techniques of Reactive Power Planning for Interconnected Power Grids

As the size,capacity and voltage grade of power grids keep increasing,researches on reactive power planning have received more and more attention.The goal of large networks' reactive power planning is more than satisfying the voltage requirement.Especially when considering parallel AC transmission channel,AC-DC transmission channel and multi-terminal DC feed-in systems,increasing transporting capability and preventing from large scale voltage collapse become a more important object to the reactive power planning.To achieve this object,researches have to be done on working frequency over-voltage,latent current calculation,reactive power balance analysis,reactive power configuration and reactive voltage regulation.
Anatomical, Morphological and Volumetric Analysis: A Review of 759 Cases of Testicular Maldescent

AbstractUndescended testis is the most frequent disorder of male sexual differentiation affecting 0.8% of all boys by age 1 year. Anatomical and descriptive features of undescended testis lack standardization, and often do not reflect intraoperative findings. We review a large cohort of patients treated for undescended testis and analyze anatomical, morphological and volumetric findings at orchiopexy. Of 759 patients 1 month to 9 years old entered into the study between 1985 and 1990 at our hospital 55% underwent surgery between ages 8 months and 4 years, 15.5% had bilateral undescended testis and 27.6% had a nonpalpable gonad. Preoperative physical findings correlated poorly with intraoperative observation with respect to testicular position. An ectopic gonad was diagnosed in 15% of the patients, most of whom had a patent processus vaginalis. Gubernacular attachment was in the scrotum in only a third of all cases studied. Undescended testes were softer and smaller than the contralateral gonad in the majo...
Primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome.

A 71-year-old woman with a history of Sjogren's syndrome presented for evaluation of a waxy nodule present on the scalp for 6 months. Histopathologic examination revealed deposition of homogenous eosinophilic material throughout the reticular dermis consistent with amyloidosis. Primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis is a rare phenomenon characterized by the deposition of immunoglobin light chains by a clonal plasma cell population. Patients need to be monitored for progression to systemic amyloidosis or plasma cell dyscrasias.
Thermal Fatigue in Carbon Fibre Polymer-Matrix Composites, Monitored in Real Time by Electrical Resistance Measurements

Thermal fatigue and temperature of a continuous carbon fiber epoxy-matrix composite were simultaneously monitored by measurement of the contact electrical resistivity of the interlaminar interface. A temperature increase caused the resistivity to decrease reversibly within each thermal cycle, while thermal fatigue caused the resistivity to increase. The increase took the form of a spike increase at the maximum temperature of a cycle in an early stage of fatigue, and took the form of an abrupt increase of the baseline in a later stage of fatigue.
La Ortografía Castellana de Mateo Alemán

In the renewed debate about the need in Spanish to update its orthographic system to the modern challenges of the language, it will be refreshing, and even pedagogical, to take a look at a small link in the long chain of debate: Mateo Aleman's Ortografia Castellana. This book has been considered by some as one of the most peculiar books published in Mexico during the 17th century. The purpose of this essay is to approach Aleman's work from the perspective of the writer himself whose intention was to write a doctrinarian and perspective work dealing with orthography. In other words, Aleman's "Ortografia" is a meta-literary and meta-linguistic work. This essay will deal with the most important topics of its philosophical framework: the relationship between orthography and music, writing as a form of presence and transcendence of the writer, and the unfinished argument on the value of orality and writing. It will also explore those wonderful passages where the Aleman of Guzman de Alfarache fires his incisive criticism to the traditionalism and the blindness of the school system, blaming the "inorancia de los maestros pasados" for the lack of simplicity and consistency in the teaching of the language and, specifically, of the writing.
Error transport equation boundary conditions for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

Discretization error is usually the largest and most difficult numerical error source to estimate for computational fluid dynamics, and boundary conditions often contribute a significant source of error. Boundary conditions are described with a governing equation to prescribe particular behavior at the boundary of a computational domain. Boundary condition implementations are considered sufficient when discretized with the same order of accuracy as the primary governing equations; however, careless implementations of boundary conditions can result in significantly larger numerical error. Investigations into different numerical implementations of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for Burgers' equation show a significant impact on the accuracy of Richardson extrapolation and error transport equation discretization error estimates. The development of boundary conditions for Burgers' equation shows significant improvements in discretization error estimates in general and a significant improvement in truncation error estimation. The latter of which is key to accurate residual-based discretization error estimation. This research investigates scheme consistent and scheme inconsistent implementations of inflow and outflow boundary conditions up to fourth order accurate and a formulation for a slip wall boundary condition for truncation error estimation are developed for the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. The scheme consistent implementation resulted in much smoother truncation error near the boundaries and more accurate discretization error estimates.
Investigation of perioperative and anesthetic variables affecting short‐term survival of horses with small intestinal strangulating lesions

Objective To determine if preoperative and intraoperative physiologic variables, and surgical factors correlate with survival to anesthetic recovery or hospital discharge, repeat celiotomy, and postoperative nasogastric intubation (NGT) in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for small intestinal (SI) strangulating lesions. Study Design Retrospective case series. Animals Horses that had surgical correction of SI strangulating lesions (n = 258). Methods Medical records (January 2000-December 2014) of horses that had surgical correction of SI strangulating lesions were reviewed. Data collection included signalment, preoperative physical examination variables, hematologic values, presence of gastric reflux, peritoneal fluid analysis, intraoperative physiologic variables, intraoperative findings/treatments, and arterial blood gas values. Risk factors for survival to anesthetic recovery and hospital discharge were determined using exact logistic regression. Results Survival to anesthetic recovery was 76% and survival to discharge after anesthetic recovery was 79%. The difference between abdominal and peripheral lactate concentrations and intraoperative tachycardia were associated with not surviving to anesthetic recovery or hospital discharge. Intraoperative hypotension, hypocapnia, and low intraoperative packed cell volume (PCV) were negative predictors of survival to anesthetic recovery. Low intraoperative PCV was also associated with NGT postoperatively. Performing resection-anastomosis and jejunocecostomy were associated with repeat celiotomy and with not surviving to hospital discharge. Conclusion Several hematological and cardiorespiratory variables show good correlation with short-term survival in horses undergoing surgery for SI strangulating lesions. These variables are easily measured and could be useful for prognosticating survival in horses presenting with SI strangulating lesions.
Nondefective Complex Symmetric Matrices

The FORTRAN codes in this chapter address the question of computing distinct eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a nondefective, complex symmetric matrix, using a single-vector Lanczos procedure. For a given nondefective, complex symmetric matrix A, these codes compute complex scalars A and corresponding complex vectors x ≠ 0 such that (7.1.1) Definition 7.1.1 A complex nxn matrix A ≡ (aij), 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n, is complex symmetric if and only if for every i and j, aij = aji. A complex symmetric matrix is nondefective if and only if it has a complete set of eigenvectors.
LOV Measures: Using the List of Values to Measure Symbolic Brand Equity (An Abstract)

In recent years, it has become increasingly accepted that brands possess the capacity to convey different sets of benefits to different consumers and that these benefits can be functional, experiential, and/or symbolic in nature. While our understanding of functional and experiential branding has grown considerably over the past quarter of a century, our knowledge of symbolic branding lags behind. Relatedly, although a considerable amount of research has been conducted regarding brand personality as an effective evaluation tool for predicting perceived brand benefits and acceptance, to date no studies have employed brand values for the same predictive capacity. As codeterminants of lifestyle, both brand personality and brand values are integral to the formation of consumer attitudes, behavior, and lifestyle. By examining the predictive capacities of Kahle’s List of Values (LOV) framework and Aaker’s Dimensions of Brand Personality framework, this study conceptualizes symbolic brand equity and then uses linear regression modeling to evaluate the List of Values (LOV) as a measurement framework for assessing symbolic brand equity, as well as its relative effectiveness in measuring symbolic brand equity as compared to the Dimensions of Brand Personality framework. While Aaker’s Dimensions of Brand Personality framework continues to be an effective framework for assessing brand equity in general, study findings reveal that Kahle’s List of Values framework outperforms the Dimensions of Brand Personality framework when measuring symbolic brand equity. Correlations are drawn between brand values and brand personality, as well as within the LOV instrument itself. Theoretical and managerial implications of consumers’ brand values and brand personality evaluations are also discussed.