cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The roles of weight stigma, emotion dysregulation, and eating pathology in suicide risk.

Abstract Using an interpersonal theory of suicide and affect regulation framework, we investigated the relationships between perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, weight stigmatization, emotion dysregulation, eating pathology, and suicide risk. Three main hypotheses were investigated. First, we predicted a positive linear relationship between weight stigmatization and risk. Second, an indirect effect of weight stigmatization on risk via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness was posited. Third, we hypothesized that weight stigmatization would indirectly affect suicide risk via emotion dysregulation and eating pathology. Undergraduates (N = 156) completed online surveys. Linear regressions and indirect effect analyses were performed. Weight stigmatization was directly, positively associated with increased suicide risk. Weight stigmatization indirectly affected suicide risk via perceived burdensomeness but not thwarted belongingness. Higher stigmatization was associated with higher levels of perceived burdensomeness, which was associated with higher risk. An indirect effect of weight stigmatization on suicide risk through emotional dysregulation emerged. Higher weight stigmatization was associated with higher emotional dysregulation, which was associated with higher suicide risk. When all models were combined, only an indirect effect via perceived burdensomeness remained. Our findings may have clinical and public health implications for suicide prevention among people with weight stigma-related risk factors.
Impacts of online support groups on quality of life, and perceived anxiety and depression in those with ME/CFS: a survey

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating condition that can negatively affect physical and mental health [1,2]. People with ME/CFS report lower perceived levels...
The Effect of Inter-Stimulus Intervals on the Perception of Short Flashes of Red and Green Light

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not human perception of two equal flashes of colored light is a function of the interstimulus interval. Thirty subjects with normal color vision were presented with two 5 ms flashes of light, the first at 697 nm (red) and the second at 565 nm (green). The interstimulus interval was varied from 5 to 100 ms. When the interval was less than 30 ms, subjects reported seeing yellow flash. From 30 to 50 ms, subjects reported seeing only a green flash. Above 50 ms, subjects were able to identify two flashes, one red and one green. These results constitute a contradiction of Bloch's Law, which states that for interstimulus intervals less than 70 ms, stimuli are summed to produce perception. The implications of these results on a model for human color vision are discussed. Language: en
How the Bible Became a Book: How the Torah Became a Text

The writing of the five books of the Torah is a prominent example of the textualization of ancient Israelite religion. On the one hand, the Book of Exodus, and particularly the revelation at Mount Sinai in Exodus 19–23, serves as a powerful illustration of the Bible's disinterest in its own textuality . On the other hand, the Book of Deuteronomy integrates the textuality of the Torah as a pivotal part of the revelation at Mount Horeb (not Mount Sinai as in Exodus). These differing accounts of the revelation reflect a historical process of the textualization of Israelite culture and religion. Although scholars have usually analyzed the Torah from the perspective of who wrote what (using source criticism), this chapter begins with a different approach, asking the question: how does the Torah relate to its own textuality? The central figure of the Torah's textuality is Moses. There is a literary history to the textualization of Torah that follows Moses' own role in the revelation. Moses is first the deliverer of Israel. Next, he receives and speaks the revelation at Mount Sinai. Moses is given the stone tablets. According to Exodus, these tablets seem to contain the plans for the tabernacle. According to Deuteronomy, these tablets are the Ten Commandments. Finally, Moses grows into an author and the authority for the Jewish religion.
Design and manufacturing considerations for high-performance gimbals used for land, sea, air, and space

High performance stabilized EO/IR surveillance and targeting systems are in demand for a wide variety of military, law enforcement, and commercial assets for land, sea, air, and space. Operating ranges, wavelengths, and angular resolution capabilities define the requirements for EO/IR optics and sensors, and line of sight stabilization. Many materials and design configurations are available for EO/IR pointing gimbals depending on trade-offs of size, weight, power (SWaP), performance, and cost. Space and high performance military aircraft applications are often driven toward expensive but exceptionally performing beryllium and aluminum beryllium components. Commercial applications often rely on aluminum and composite materials. Gimbal design considerations include achieving minimized mass and inertia simultaneous with demanding structural, thermal, optical, and scene stabilization requirements when operating in dynamic operational environments. Manufacturing considerations include precision lapping and honing of ball bearing interfaces, brazing, welding, and casting of complex aluminum and beryllium alloy structures, and molding of composite structures. Several notional and previously developed EO/IR gimbal platforms are profiled that exemplify applicable design and manufacturing technologies.
Networked Data Management Design Points

Data management in a networked world presents us with some of the same challenges that we’ve seen in the past, but emphasizes our ability to deal with scale, in that there are several orders of magnitude more database users, and database sizes are rising more quickly than Moore’s law. We have considerably less control over the structure of the data than in the past and must efficiently operate over poorly or weakly specified schema.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nucleases: II. THE EFFECTS OF METALS ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I

Abstract The effect of different metals on the hydrolysis of DNA by DNase I was studied with the assay previously described which depends upon the release of large fragments of isotopically labeled DNA from a gel. With Mg2+, an initial lag in the rate of release occurred. This lag was eliminated when Mn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, or Mg2+ plus Ca2+ was used. Na1+ added to Mn2+, to Ca2+, or to Mg2+ plus Ca2+ reestablished the lag. The presence of the lag was related to a "double hit" mechanism of hydrolysis, while the absence was related to a "single hit" mechanism. This interpretation was confirmed by viscometry and ultracentrifuge experiments.
Energy-linked reactions in photosynthetic bacteria. I. Succinatelinked ATP-driven NAD reduction by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores

Succinate-linked NAD+ reduction by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores has been demonstrated to be driven by ATP and pyrophosphate as well as light. Gramicidin, m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone, desaspidin, dicumarol, and quiuacrine are well known uncouplers which inhibited both the light and ATP-driven reactions. The electron transport inhibitors, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinolme-N-oxide, antimycin A, and a 3-alkyl hydroxy naphthoquinone, inhibited the light-driven reduction but had no effect on the ATP-driven reaction. Roteunone and amytal inhibited both reactions. The effect of these compounds on NAD+ reduction has been compared with their effect on photophosphorylation and on the energy-linked transhydrogenase. The light-driven NAD+ reduction was stimulated by, but did not require, divalent cations, bovine serum albumin, and oligomycin. The energy-linked NAD+ reduction is proposed to occur by reversed electron flow in the oxidative electron transport chain.
Unusual, metabolite-dependent solubility properties of phosphofructokinase. The basis for a new and rapid purification from liver, kidney, and other tissues.

Abstract In the presence of 5 mm MgCl2, fructose 6-phosphate kinases from porcine liver and kidney and a variety of other sources: (a) precipitate at low ammonium sulfate concentrations (0 to 30 mm); (b) are completely soluble at slightly higher concentrations (g100 mm); and (c) do not precipitate at low (0 to 30 mm) ammonium sulfate concentrations if fructose-6-P is present or if Mg2+ is absent and 1 mm ATP is present. Although substrate effects on enzymes are well known, the precipitation-solubilization effects just described are, in many respects, novel. These properties also form the basis for a new, rapid and highly specific method for complete purification of porcine liver and kidney phosphofructokinases, as well as substantial purification of other phosphofructokinases. Porcine liver phosphofructokinase was purified 16,000-fold to homogeneity (specific activity = 100) with a 25% yield in only 8 hours. No conventional salt fractionation or column chromatography is required. The key step is repeated selective precipitation and dissolution of the enzyme by simply changing the concentration of ammonium sulfate in the solution. In contrast to conventional ammonium sulfate fractionation, the enzyme is precipitated and dissolved at lower and higher ionic strengths, respectively. The enzyme has a low isoelectric point (pI = 5). Metaboliteinduced structural transitions are also detectable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of metabolites, the enzyme does not penetrate 4.2% polyacrylamide gels but in the presence of fructose-6-P or ATP or ADP, it does.
Volcano/spl minus/an extensible and parallel query evaluation system

To investigate the interactions of extensibility and parallelism in database query processing, we have developed a new dataflow query execution system called Volcano. The Volcano effort provides a rich environment for research and education in database systems design, heuristics for query optimization, parallel query execution, and resource allocation. Volcano uses a standard interface between algebra operators, allowing easy addition of new operators and operator implementations. Operations on individual items, e.g., predicates, are imported into the query processing operators using support functions. The semantics of support functions is not prescribed; any data type including complex objects and any operation can be realized. Thus, Volcano is extensible with new operators, algorithms, data types, and type-specific methods. Volcano includes two novel meta-operators. The choose-plan meta-operator supports dynamic query evaluation plans that allow delaying selected optimization decisions until run-time, e.g., for embedded queries with free variables. The exchange meta-operator supports intra-operator parallelism on partitioned datasets and both vertical and horizontal inter-operator parallelism, translating between demand-driven dataflow within processes and data-driven dataflow between processes. All operators, with the exception of the exchange operator, have been designed and implemented in a single-process environment, and parallelized using the exchange operator. Even operators not yet designed can be parallelized using this new operator if they use and provide the interator interface. Thus, the issues of data manipulation and parallelism have become orthogonal, making Volcano the first implemented query execution engine that effectively combines extensibility and parallelism. >
Efficient indexing for broadcast based wireless systems

We consider the application of high volume information dissemination in broadcast based mobile environments. Since current mobile units accessing broadcast information have limited battery capacity, the problemof quick and energy-efficient access to data becomes particularly relevant as the number and sizes of information units increases. We propose several randomized and Huffman-encoding based indexing schemes that are sensitive to data popularity patterns to structure data transmission on the wireless medium, so that the average energy consumption of mobile units and data access time are minimized while trying to access desired data. We then propose an algorithm for PCS units to tune into desired data independent of the actual transmission scheme being used. We also empirically study the proposed schemes and propose different transmission modes for the base station to dynamically adapt to changes in the number of data files to be broadcasted, the available bandwidth and the accuracy of data popularity patterns.
White matter microstructure mediates the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and spatial working memory in older adults

White matter structure declines with advancing age and has been associated with a decline in memory and executive processes in older adulthood. Yet, recent research suggests that higher physical activity and fitness levels may be associated with less white matter degeneration in late life, although the tract-specificity of this relationship is not well understood. In addition, these prior studies infrequently associate measures of white matter microstructure to cognitive outcomes, so the behavioral importance of higher levels of white matter microstructural organization with greater fitness levels remains a matter of speculation. Here we tested whether cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) levels were associated with white matter microstructure and whether this relationship constituted an indirect pathway between cardiorespiratory fitness and spatial working memory in two large, cognitively and neurologically healthy older adult samples. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to determine white matter microstructure in two separate groups: Experiment 1, N=113 (mean age=66.61) and Experiment 2, N=154 (mean age=65.66). Using a voxel-based regression approach, we found that higher VO2max was associated with higher fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter microstructure, in a diverse network of white matter tracts, including the anterior corona radiata, anterior internal capsule, fornix, cingulum, and corpus callosum (PFDR-corrected<.05). This effect was consistent across both samples even after controlling for age, gender, and education. Further, a statistical mediation analysis revealed that white matter microstructure within these regions, among others, constituted a significant indirect path between VO2max and spatial working memory performance. These results suggest that greater aerobic fitness levels are associated with higher levels of white matter microstructural organization, which may, in turn, preserve spatial memory performance in older adulthood.
Wilfred Bion: From World War I to Contemporary Psychoanalysis

This article considers the evolution of Bion's theoretical ideas in the context of unthinkable experiences to which he was subject in World War I. The article considers how war trauma encoded in Bion's theory contributes to the unique way his theory speaks to people in the contemporary world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tolerance to DNA in (NZB × NZW)F1 Mice That Inherit an Anti-DNA VH as a Conventional μ H Chain Transgene but Not as a VH Knock-in Transgene

Lupus-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 (BWF1) mice were made transgenic (Tg) for an anti-DNA Ab inherited either as a conventional VH3H9-μ H chain Tg (3H9-μ) with or without a conventional Vκ8-κ Tg, or a VH3H9 VH knock-in Tg allele (3H9R) with or without a Vκ4 Vκ knock-in Tg allele (Vκ4R). VH3H9 yields an anti-DNA Ab with most L chains including an anti-ssDNA with the Vκ8 Tg and an anti-dsDNA with the Vκ4 Tg. BWF1 mice that inherited the conventional 3H9-μ had normal serum IgM, little to none of which was encoded by 3H9-μ, and only a small percentage of those mice had serum anti-DNA, none of which was transgene encoded. B cells expressing the conventional 3H9-μ Tg were anergic. BWF1 mice that inherited the knock-in 3H9R Tg allele also had normal serum IgM, one-half of which was encoded by 3H9R, and produced anti-DNA encoded by the Tg allele. Most B cells expressing the knock-in 3H9R Tg also had an anergic phenotype. The results indicate that autoimmune-prone BWF1 mice initially develop effective B cell tolerance to DNA through anergy, and anergy was sustained in 3H9-μ Tg peripheral B cells but not in 3H9R Tg B cells. B cells expressing the 3H9R knock-in Tg allele were able to achieve an activation threshold that B cells expressing the 3H9-μ conventional Tg could not. The maintenance of B cell tolerance to DNA in autoimmune-prone BWF1 mice appears to differ from both normal mice and autoimmune-prone MRLlpr/lpr mice.
Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides

Binding characteristics of tritiated imipramine were determined in the frontal cortex of suicides and well-matched controls. Maximal binding was significantly lower in brains from the suicides. This finding is consistent with reports of decreased tritiated imipramine binding in the platelets of patients diagnosed as having a major affective disorder.
Increased radiation hardness in ultra-thin GaAs single-junction solar cells

The absorber-thickness dependent, relative efficiency losses for solar cells with a 300 nm, 1000 nm and 2000 nm thick absorber were found to be 20.5%, 26.8% and 28.6%, respectively, after exposure to 1 MeV electron radiation. Thinner solar cells exhibited smaller efficiency losses than thicker devices; a trend that correlates well with the theoretical prediction using a semi-analytical model.
Muscle weakness in infants with rickets: Distribution, course, and recovery

We describe the distribution, progression, and resolution of muscle weakness, wasting, and hypotonia in three infants with rickets due to different causes. Progressive muscle weakness affecting preferentially the proximal muscles of the legs and failure to gain weight were the presenting symptoms. The skeletal signs appeared later in the course of the illness and the time for resolution of the neuromuscular findings varied with the etiology of the disorder.
Publishers, authors, and technology: A look backward and forward

New technology is not always used to its full potential. Economic and market considerations, issues of quality, and the social and political setting may impose barriersto the exploitation of new inventions. This article describes the impact of the typewriter on the division of labor between author and publisher and analyzes the reasons for the general delay in its adoption. It then reviews obstacles to greater use of the computer and offers some predictions for the near future.
Newer uses of intravenous immunoglobulins as anti-infective agents.

In contrast to the original immune serum globulin preparations, which could be given safely only by intramuscular injection, modern formulations of IgG may be given intravenously, allowing for dose escalation up to 10 times the dose tolerated by intramuscular route. The ability to deliver such massive amounts of antibody rapidly and repeatedly has prompted investigations of new clinical uses of immunoglobulin preparations, including new uses as anti-infective agents.
Local Anesthetic-Induced Methemoglobinemia During Transesophageal Echocardiography.

We report a case of methemoglobinemia that occurred following topical benzocaine spray to the throat, leading to cancellation of the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) procedure. Since the condition is potentially fatal, increased awareness of this disorder should result in its early recognition and treatment. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 15, February 1998)
Maintenance of DNA repair capacity in differentiating rat muscle cells in vitro.

— Unscheduled DNA synthesis has been measured at several times during the differentiation of cultured rat skeletal muscle cells in response to exposures to 254nm UV light. There is no change in the amount of repair DNA synthesis as the cells fuse and differentiate from postmitotic prefusion myoblasts to multinucleated contracting myotubes.
Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium in a Market with Asymmetric Information

In the mid-1970s several authors studied models of markets with asymmetric information in which equilibria do not exist. Although those authors focused on models of insurance and education, it was recognized that similar nonexistence problems arise in a wide class of models with asymmetric information. Recently, Dasgupta and Maskin have demonstrated that for a game-theoretic version of at least one of those models, although no equilibria may exist in pure strategies, equilibria exist in mixed strategies. In the present paper we construct a mixed-strategy equilibrium for one member of the class—Spence's signalling model of education. Qualitative features of the equilibrium are explored.
Hypothesis for the role of toxin-producing algae in Phanerozoic mass extinctions based on evidence from the geologic record and modern environments

Mass mortalities of invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals caused by algal-produced toxins are occurring in modern environments. In addition to direct effects of these toxins, the large mass of organic material produced by algal blooms can lead to oxygen depletion during decay, which indirectly causes death of some biota. Toxin-producing algae occupy a wide range of modern marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. Their growth is favored by warm water temperatures, increased inorganic carbon concentrations (e.g., CO2), and abundant nutrient supplies in aquatic environments. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are responsible for most of the disease and death caused by algal toxicity today. Based on characteristics and occurrences of algae in modern aquatic environments and on observations from the fossil record, we propose that toxin-producing algae were present in the geologic past and were an important factor in Phanerozoic mass extinctions. The geologic record demonstrates a pronounced increase in abundance and environmental range of algae, including stromatolitic cyanobacterial mats, coincident with major Phanerozoic mass extinctions. During these past events of algal expansion, population decline of metazoan taxa could have been caused by effects of algal blooms, including algal-produced toxins, at a scale sufficient to generate a fossil record of mass extinction. Environmental changes such as climatic warming, sea level fluctuation, and increased nutrient supply may have promoted algal blooms over vast expanses of marine to freshwater environments. From the increasing frequency of modern, toxin-producing algal blooms, which may be related to global warming, another massive biotic crisis could be forthcoming.
Mechanistic Studies of Chromium Speciation with Thermospray

Thermospray (TSP) coupled with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed as a non-chromatographic method for chromium speciation to quantitatively separate and determine two chromium oxidation states: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The limits of detection can reach 0.5 ng/mL with ICP-AES detection and 50 pg/mL with ICP-MS detection. The basis for this speciation method is that Cr(III) can selectively and nearly quantitatively deposit inside a thermospray system as Cr2O3, while Cr(VI) does not. To fully understand the mechanism of this deposition process, four questions were investigated: is aerosol formation necessary for the reaction to occur? Does the deposition occur in the aerosol or liquid regime? Does the deposit tend to be retained on the surface of the fused silica capillary? Can the reaction be predicted from thermodynamic calculations? These studies show that this reaction happens before solvent evaporates (i.e., the liquid regime). The high temperature inside the thermospray system is the major factor triggering this reaction. At the same time, the high pressure is important for its influence on the solvent boiling point, which affects the residence time (the time that the analyte spends in the solution before the solvent evaporates) and the kinetics of the reaction. The effects of the other parameters (vaporizer length, heating length, drawn tip, etc.) on the efficiency of the deposition reaction, represented as background residual signal (BRS), were also studied.
Abstract 1249: Metabolomic analysis of a genetically defined model of oncogenesis reveals that common oncogenic mutations result in synergistic deregulation of multiple metabolic pathways

Oncogenesis induces profound changes to the cellular metabolic network. A number of these cancer-cell metabolic phenotypes have been found to be important for in vivo tumorigenesis. We have utilized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to globally profile the metabolic network of a genetically-defined experimental model of oncogenesis in an attempt to identify novel metabolic activities induced by transformation. Furthermore, we sought to delineate how common oncogenic mutations contribute to specific metabolic phenotypes. We have analyzed how dominant negative p53 and constitutively active Ras expression, either independently or in concert, impacts the metabolic activity of non-transformed parental colon crypt epithelial cells. In addition to measuring steady-state metabolite concentrations, we have employed isotope tracer analysis to measure the impact of oncogenic mutation on metabolic pathway kinetics. We find that combined p53 and Ras oncogenic mutation synergistically activates numerous aspects of central carbon metabolism including glycolysis, glutamine catabolism, and pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis. Our data indicate that many well-defined oncogenic metabolic phenotypes are the result of a cooperative effect of combinatorial mutation highlighting the importance of identifying the interaction between oncogenic signal transduction and metabolic regulation for understanding the etiology of the cancer-cell metabolic state. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1249. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1249
Moore's law meets its match (system-on-package)

This paper describes the system-on-package (SOP) approach to miniaturization developed at the Microsystems Packaging Research Center at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Representing a radically different approach to systems, SOP combines IC with micrometer-scale thin film versions of discrete components, and it embeds everything in a new type of package so small that eventually handhelds will become anything from multi- to megafunction devices. It shrinks bulky circuit boards with their many components and makes them nearly disappear. Thus, SOP technology yields far more in system miniaturization than can be expected from Moore's law, which deals only with transistors in ICs
Characterization of Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in an Eastern U.S. Soft Red Winter Wheat Population

Host resistance is important to control Fusarium head blight (FHB)), caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) [teleomorph: Gibberella zeae (schw.) Petch], in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Effective breeding requires understanding the genetics of resistance in breeding populations. Our objective was to deduce the genetics of FHB resistance in eastern U.S. soft red winter wheat (SRWW) by estimating heritability, means, and phenotype frequencies. We evaluated the FHB index of 2983 lines from 223 parents in a series of single- and multiyear trials conducted in inoculated FHB nurseries. The mean index of all lines (23.8%) was similar to that of the moderate resistant check (19.7%), and the distribution was often skewed toward low index values. Without selection, 41% of all lines had moderate resistance and 70% of all crosses produced such lines. Entry-mean heritability for index generally exceeded 0.65 and selection for lower index reduced the index by -37%. The moderate resistance arose from many SRWW parents with varying levels of FHB resistance. The genetics of resistance in this population is probably characterized by a relatively high frequency of resistance alleles at multiple loci, dispersed over many parents that differ in allele content at loci controlling FHB resistance. This population should provide excellent gain from recurrent selection and complement current marker-assisted selection efforts.
Symbiont-derived β-1,3-glucanases in a social insect: mutualism beyond nutrition

Termites have had a long co-evolutionary history with prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut microbes. Historically, the role of these anaerobic obligate symbionts has been attributed to the nutritional welfare of the host. We provide evidence that protozoa (and/or their associated bacteria) colonizing the hindgut of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis, synthesize multiple functional beta-1,3-glucanases, enzymes known for breaking down beta-1,3-glucans, the main component of fungal cell walls. These enzymes, we propose, may help in both digestion of ingested fungal hyphae and protection against invasion by fungal pathogens. This research points to an additional novel role for the mutualistic hindgut microbial consortia of termites, an association that may extend beyond ligno-cellulolytic activity and nitrogen fixation to include a reduction in the risks of mycosis at both the individual- and colony-levels while nesting in and feeding on microbial-rich decayed wood.
Strain-rate dependent fracture initiation

The theory of linear elastic dynamic fracture mechanics for Heaviside loading of an isolated crack is employed to formulate the response to constant strain-rate loading of a single crack. Numerical integration of the Heaviside solution is shown to lead to fracture initiation stresses that are dependent upon the imposed strain rate. These fracture initiation stresses are also shown to be relatively independent of the crack size and crack shape. The results are used to explain the strain-rate dependent fracture stress observed in some rocks as being a structural response, rather than a basic material property.
Squeezing of a viscous fluid between elliptic plates

A viscous fluid is squeezed between two parallel elliptic plates. If the gap width varies as the inverse square root of time, exact similarity equations may be obtained. The nonlinear two-point boundary value problem is then solved by perturbation theory and also integrated numerically by a new homotopy method. Nonunique solutions exist for the separation of the plates. This paper shows two-dimensional or axisymmetric boundary conditions may yield non-two-dimensional and nonaxisymmetric solutions.
Airflow and pressure during canary song: direct evidence for mini-breaths

Male canaries (Serinus canaria) produce songs of long duration compared to the normal respiratory cycle. Each phrase in a song contains repetitions of a particular song syllable, with repetition rates for different syllables ranging from 3 to 35 notes/s. We measured tracheal airflow and air sac pressure in order to investigate respiratory dynamics during song.
Predicting physical variables in time-delay embedding.

In time-delay reconstruction of chaotic attractors we can accurately predict the short-term future behavior of the observed variable x(t)=x(n)=x(${\mathit{t}}_{0}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{s}}$n) without prior knowledge of the equations of motion by building local or global models in the state space. In many cases we also want to predict variables other than the one which is observed and require methods for determining models to predict these variables in the same space. We present a method which takes measurements of two variables x(n) and z(n) and builds models for the determination of z(n) in the phase-space made out of the x(n) and its time lags. Similarly we show that one may produce models for x(n) in the z(n) space, except where special symmetries prevent this, such as in the familiar Lorenz model. Our algorithm involves building local polynomial models in the reconstructed phase space of the observed variable of low order (linear or quadratic) which approximate the function z(n)=F(x(n)) where x(n) is a vector constructed from a sequence of values of observed variables in a time delay fashion. We train the models on a partial data set of measured values of both x(n) and z(n) and then predict the z(n) in a recovery set of observations of x(n) alone. In all of our analyses we assume that the observed data alone are available to us and that we possess no knowledge of the dynamical equations. We test this method on the numerically generated data set from the Lorenz model and also on a number of experimental data sets from electronic circuits.
Calcium inhibition of a heat-stable cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from Neurospora crassa.

Neurospora crassa had a heat-stable (up to 95°C), soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). Both unheated and heat-stable PDE activities were inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+. This inhibition was reversed by EGTA or EDTA in molar excess of the Ca2+ concentration. Calmodulin was not involved in the Ca2+ inhibition, nor was Ca2+ inhibition of the heat-stable PDE due to cleavage inactivation of the enzyme by a Ca2+-stimulated protease. In addition to Ca2+, several other cations inhibited the activity of the heat-stable enzyme. Cyclic AMP and cGMP, but not 2′3′ cAMP were substrates for both unheated and heat-stable PDEs. This is the first report of a PDE which is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+.
Analysis of Barbiturates-Comparison of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Methods

A comparison between aqueous and nonaqueous methods of analysis shows that nonaqueous titrations are applicable to the analysis of barbiturates and prove equivalent to the official method in accuracy and precision as well as being less tedious and time consuming. The authors recommend the use of lithium methoxide as a titrant. The end points are sharpened slihtly when a high ratio of benzene to solvent is employed. Thymol blue is fount to be a satisfactory indicator and titration to a deep blue color gives the true end point. The Schmall extractor lends itself readily to nonaqueous analysis.
MULTI‐PIPETTE SYSTEM FOR RECOVERY OF LISTERIA SPP. AND SALMONELLA SPP. SIMULTANEOUSLY1

A new rapid method to simultaneously isolate Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. was developed and evaluated. To construct the Multi-Pipette (MP) method, two pipettes were used to hold 1 mL of selective agar media (one pipette: Modified Oxford, MOX medium for Listeria spp. and the other pipette: Xylose Lysine Decarboxylase, XLD medium for Salmonella spp.). One mL of Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) was added onto the selective media through the top of 10 mL pipette. The two pipettes were placed together in a sterilized stomacher bag containing 225 mL of sterilized BHI broth that was used as enrichment broth. Listeria spp. or Salmonella spp. were enriched in the BHI broth and moved up to selective agar medium in the pipettes. They changed the color of the agar and also caused turbidity of the BHI on top of the selective agar. Three treatments were used to evaluate the MP method; (1) L. monocytogenes (103–4 CFU/mL), (2) S. typhimurium (103–4 CFU/mL), and (3) L. monocytogenes (103–4 CFU/mL) and S. typhimurium (103–4 CFU/mL) inoculated into enrichment broth with competitors [Escherichia coli (106–7 CFU/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (106–7 CFU/mL)]. After 24 h of incubation at 35C, the colors of selective media in the MP (MOX in treatment 1, XLD in treatment 2, and MOX and XLD in treatment 3) were changed to black, and the cultures were isolated from BHI broth in the 10 mL pipettes. This approach is simple, rapid, and economical for simultaneous isolation of motile foodborne pathogens.
Hydrogen abstraction from thiols by adenosyl radicals: chemical precedent for thiyl radical formation, the first catalytic step in ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii.

Abstract Aqueous solutions of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) were thermolyzed with excess β-mercaptoethanol under anaerobic conditions. The product studies reveal that ∼90% Co–C bond homolysis occurs, to yield Co(II)cobalamin, 5′-deoxyadenosine, and the disulfide product from the combination of two HOCH2CH2S radicals, 2,2′-dithiodiethanol; there is also ∼10% Co–C bond heterolysis, yielding Co(III)cobalamin, adenine, and 2,3-dihydroxy-4-pentenal. The kinetic studies show there is a first-order dependence on AdoCbl and zero-order dependence on thiol under the higher [RSH] experimental conditions used, consistent with the rate-determining step at high [RSH] being the generation of Ado . The kinetic results require that, in enzyme-free AdoCbl solution, adenosyl radical (Ado ) is formed as a discrete intermediate which then abstracts H from the added thiol. The activation parameters for Co–C bond homolysis in the presence of thiol trap are the same within experimental error as the activation parameters for Co–C bond homolysis without trap, ΔH‡obs=29(2) kcal mol−1 and ΔS‡obs=−1(5) e.u. The results, in comparison to the rate of Co–C bond homolysis in ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase (RTPR), reveal that RTPR accelerates Co–C bond cleavage in AdoCbl by ∼1010±1. The recent literature evidence bearing on the exact mechanism of RTPR enzymic cleavage of the Co–C bond of AdoCbl is briefly discussed, notably the fact that this mechanism is presently controversial, but does involve at least coupled (and possibly concerted) Co–C cleavage, –S–H cleavage, and C–H (Ado–H) formation steps.
Seasonal effects of heat shock on bacterial populations, including artificial Vibrio parahaemolyticus exposure, in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

During the warmer summer months, oysters are conditioned to spawn, resulting in massive physiological efforts for gamete production. Moreover, the higher temperatures during the summer typically result in increased bacteria populations in oysters. We hypothesized that these animals are under multiple stresses that lead to possible immune system impairments during the summer months that can possibly lead to death. Here we show that in the summer and the fall animals exposed to a short heat stress respond similarly, resulting in a general trend of more bacteria being found in heat shocked animals than their non-heat shocked counterparts. We also show that naturally occurring bacterial populations are effected by a heat shock. In addition, oysters artificially contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus were also affected by a heat shock. Heat shocked animals contained higher concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus in their tissues and hemolymph than control animals and this was consistent for animals examined during summer and fall. Finally, oyster hemocyte interactions with V. parahaemolyticus differed based on the time of the year. Overall, these findings demonstrate that seasonal changes and/or a short heat shock is sufficient to impact bacterial retention, particularly V. parahaemolyticus, in oysters and this line of research might lead to important considerations for animal harvesting procedures.
Glugea gasti sp. n., a Microspridan Pathogen of the Boll Weevil Anthonomus grandis1,2,3

SYNOPSIS. Glugea gasti sp. n., a microsporidan pathogen of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (the boll weevil), is described and a probable life cycle presented. The alimentary canal, and probably the mesenteron 1st, is the initial site of infection, altho the disease later becomes generalized thruout most body tissues. Binucleate sporoplasms initiate the 1st schizogonic phase, characterized by mono- and bi-nucleate schizonts. The 2nd schizogonic phase is characterized by mono-, bi- and quadrinucleate schizonts, by prolific multiplication, by the dense compact nuclei early in this phase, and late in this phase by larger schizonts with less dense vesicular nuclei. This phase terminates in formation of diplokarya. The sporogonic phase is characterized by combination of the 2 nuclei in the diplokaryon followed by nuclear divisions in a sequence closely resembling meiosis. Two sporoblasts are produced from each sporont. Mature spores in wet mounts by phase contrast were 4.3 ± 0.3 μ long by 2.3 ± 0.2 μ wide. The polar filament averaged 76 μ long. Mature spores were present about 24 hours after infection. Some observations are presented on an external filament extending from one pole of the spore to host tissue and other events during the process of spore morphogenesis.
Electric field effect on superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ films

Experimental evidence for a significant electric field effect in thin superconducting films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ is presented. MISFET-type structures have been developed which allow the application of electric fields larger than 4×106 V/cm across insulating SrTiO3 barriers into thin cpitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ channel layers. The results demonstrate that with these structures the electrical resistivity aboveTc (R=0) and the density of free carriers in the YBa2Cu3O7−δ films can be modified by 1–2% with gate voltages smaller than 50 V.
A mixed least squares method for solving problems in linear elasticity: theoretical study

In a previous paper we proposed a mixed least squares method for solving problems in linear elasticity. The solution to the equations of linear elasticity was obtained via minimization of a least squares functional depending on displacements and stresses. The performance of the method was tested numerically for low order elements for classical examples with well known analytical solutions. In this paper we derive a condition for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the discrete problem for both compressible and incompressible cases, and verify the uniqueness of the solution analytically for two low order piece-wise polynomial FEM spaces.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human skin after in vitro ultraviolet-excimer laser ablation

Abstract DNA damage repaired by the excision repair system and measured as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was assessed in freshly excised human skin after 193 and 248 nm ultraviolet (UV)-excimer laser ablative incisions. Laser irradiation at 248 nm induced DNA damage throughout a zone of cells surrounding the ablated and heat-damaged area. In contrast, with 193 nm irradiation UDS was not detected in cells adjacent to the ablated area, even though DNA strongly absorbs this wavelength. Our results suggest that the lack of UDS after 193 nm irradiation is due to: (1) "shielding" of DNA by the cellular interstitium, membrane, and cytoplasm, (2) DNA damage that is not repaired by excision repair, or (3) thermal effects that either temporarily or permanently inhibit the excision repair processes.
Social isolation in animal models of relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders.

Animal models of social isolation have been suggested to be relevant to several neuropsychiatric disorders; however, social isolation is usually not purely an alteration of social environment, as it often involves such factors as decreased complexity of the environment, loss of tactile stimulation, and increased metabolic demands of temperature maintenance. In this study, female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster, a highly social rodent) were assigned to four experimental groups: continued housing with sibs, with or without nesting material; and individual housing, with or without nesting material. Isolation increased serum corticosterone and affected body weight; the presence of the nesting material lowered corticosterone but did not alter weight. There was no statistical interaction between these two factors. In animal models, factors other than specifically social variables may contribute to the physiological response to social isolation, and the various aspects of the stress response may respond differentially to these factors.
Bevacizumab as therapy for radiation necrosis in four children with pontine gliomas.

Purpose Diffuse pontine gliomas are a pediatric brain tumor that is fatal in nearly all patients. Given the poor prognosis for patients with this tumor, their quality of life is very important. Radiation therapy provides some palliation, but can result in radiation necrosis and associated neurologic decline. The typical treatment for this necrosis is steroid therapy. Although the steroids are effective, they have numerous side effects that can often significantly compromise quality of life. Bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, has been suggested as a treatment for radiation necrosis. We report on our initial experience with bevacizumab therapy for radiation necrosis in pediatric pontine gliomas. Materials and Methods Four children with pontine gliomas treated at the Children's Hospital in Denver and the University of Colorado Denver developed evidence of radiation necrosis both clinically and on imaging. Those 4 children then received bevacizumab as a treatment for the radiation necrosis. We reviewed the clinical outcome and imaging findings. Results After bevacizumab therapy, 3 children had significant clinical improvement and were able to discontinue steroid use. One child continued to decline, and, in retrospect, had disease progression, not radiation necrosis. In all cases, bevacizumab was well tolerated. Conclusions In children with pontine gliomas, bevacizumab may provide both therapeutic benefit and diagnostic information. More formal evaluation of bevacizumab in these children is needed.
Ion Conduction in Poly(ethylene oxide) Ionically Assembled Complexes

We report on relationships between conductivity and materials properties in novel complexes comprised of positively and negatively charged PEO-containing ionomers, where oppositely charged poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) ionomers were blended with lithium salt to form a new class of PEO-based ionically associated complexes. The complexes were evaluated as potential solid polymer electrolytes using differential scanning calorimetry, impedance spectroscopy, tensile testing, and infrared spectroscopy. Under all salt concentrations investigated, the PEO complexes were amorphous and their glass transition temperatures increased with salt concentration. The glass transition temperature of the complex was elevated relative to the homopolymers, indicating a strong electrostatic interaction between the oppositely charged PEO ionomers. The maximum conductivity was 3.7 × 10–6 S cm–1 at 105 °C for an EO:Li+ ratio of 40:1. As salt concentration further increased, ionic conductivity decreased due to an increase in glass tra...
How should the US encourage innovation

The US needs more innovation. The nation's living standard has been declining relative to that of our more innovative international trading partners.
Dynamics of geminate ions in the pulse radiolysis of cyclohexane and n-hexane containing aromatic solutes studied by streak camera measurements of fluorescence and absorption

Abstract The nature of geminate ion reactions in cyclohexane or n-hexane solutions irradiated with 30 ps electron pulses has been investigated by observing solute excited state fluorescence and absorption of solute ions. For the fluorescence measurements, 4-Br,4″hexa(5-decyl)-p-terphenyl(BHTP) was used as the solute. The short fluorescence lifetime (0.3 ns) of the excited singlet state of this compound (BHTP1) facilitates the interpretation of the results because BHTP1 formed in an excitation process occuring during the pulse decays rapidly enough that the slower production of BHTP1 by reaction of BHTP⨪ with the radical cation of the solvent is more easily discernible than in the case of scintillators with longer lifetimes. Comparison of the results with a model indicates a qualitative correspondence with the known properties of ions and electrons in the two solvents. In particular, the results support a higher mobility cation derived from the solvent in cyclohexane, compared with n-hexane. Quantitatively, however, the experimental data show a greater amount of excitation occuring within the first 20 ps (during the pulse) than is expected from the model. Results on the formation of the pyrene radical cation in cyclohexane and n-hexane solutions of pyrene also show significant differences between the two solvents which indicate a slower formation of the pyrene cation in n-hexane.