cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Study of Turbulence Models for Heat Transfer Predictions

Several factors influence the accuracy of heat transfer computations including numerical schemes, grid resolution, TVD limiters and choice of damping terms. The complexity of problem is further manifested if the flow is turbulent. In addition to the factors identified above, now the accuracy of solution will also depend on the choice of turbulence models, choice of coefficients used in these models, as well as the coupling procedure between the Navier-Stokes equations and the turbulence models. Several of these issues in particular related to laminar flow have been addressed previously. In the present study, the influence of several turbulence models on the computed heat transfer distribution for high speed turbulent flows is investigated.
Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Diverse Ligands in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Migration and Tumorigenesis.

Over 45,000 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancers are diagnosed and account for over 8,000 deaths a year in the United States. An environmental chemical receptor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), has previously been implicated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation as well as in normal tissue-specific stem cell self-renewal. These previous studies inspired the hypothesis that the AhR plays a role in both the acquisition and progression of OSCC, as well as in the formation and maintenance of cancer stem-like cells. To test this hypothesis, AhR activity in two oral squamous cell lines was modulated with AhR prototypic, environmental and bacterial AhR ligands, AhR-specific inhibitors, and phenotypic, genomic and functional characteristics were evaluated. The data demonstrate that: (i) primary OSCC tissue expresses elevated levels of nuclear AhR as compared with normal tissue, (ii) AhR mRNA expression is upregulated in 320 primary OSCCs, (iii) AhR hyperactivation with several ligands, including environmental and bacterial ligands, significantly increases AhR activity, ALDH1 activity, and accelerates cell migration, (iv) AhR inhibition blocks the rapid migration of OSCC cells and reduces cell chemoresistance, (v) AhR knockdown inhibits tumorsphere formation in low adherence conditions, and (vi) AhR knockdown inhibits tumor growth and increases overall survival in vivo. These data demonstrate that the AhR plays an important role in development and progression of OSCC, and specifically cancer stem-like cells. Prototypic, environmental, and bacterial AhR ligands may exacerbate OSCC by enhancing expression of these properties. Implications: This study, for the first time, demonstrates the ability of diverse AhR ligands to regulate AhR activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, as well as regulate several important characteristics of oral cancer stem cells, in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cancer Res; 14(8); 696–706. ©2016 AACR.
Are Advocates General Political? Policy Preferences of EU Member State Governments and the Voting Behavior of Members of the European Court of Justice

This paper investigates whether members of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), as is often assumed, behave in accordance with legalistic models of judge behavior. So far, different from courts in the U.S. And elsewhere, there is no conclusive evidence that the background of individual judges influence the decision-making of the Court. There are two possible explanations for this. First, it seems possible that the unique institutional culture at the Court has created an environment which minimizes the influence of such factors. Second, it seems possible that these effects exist, but that they have so far gone largely unnoticed, because the non-disclosure of individual votes and non-random case assignment pose great challenges to any attempt to identify them. This paper focuses on the impact of the political preferences of Member State governments on the decision-making of the Advocates General, who are judge-like members of the ECJ. I develop a formal test to answer whether a relationship exists between the policy preferences of EU Member State governments with regard to European integration, and the decision behavior of Advocates General appointed by these governments. This test formalizes the intuition that, if one Advocate General shows a high probability of deviating from a certain chamber in an integration-friendly direction, while another Advocate General shows a high probability of deviating in an integration-critical direction from decisions by the same chamber, one can infer that the decision standard applied by the first Advocate General is more integration-friendly than that of the second Advocate General. I find that Advocates General appointed by governments with prointegration preferences are on average more likely to deviate from the Court in a pro-integration direction.
Stimulation of AAV Gene Editing via DSB Repair

Recent advancements in mammalian genome editing technologies have demonstrated precise genetic manipulations at the chromosomal level at efficiencies relevant for disease therapy. In fact, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) that induce deletions in the HIV CCR5 receptor in patient T cells ex vivo have demonstrated promise upon treated cell infusion in the clinic. In these applications, adenoviral delivery vectors were employed however; there is growing popularity for the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery which has been used in over 100 clinical trials without any vector-related toxicity. This review chapter summarizes the development of AAV for clinical gene therapy, the early observations of AAV gene targeting, and the current status of AAV vectors for gene editing via site specific DNA double strand break repair. In addition, the remaining obstacles towards the combination of AAV vectorology and site-specific endonucleases for genetic engineering are discussed.
Rural Versus Suburban/Urban Experiences in a Family Medicine Preceptorship.

PURPOSE Accreditation standards require physician assistant (PA) programs to ensure students receive adequate clinical experiences. During their clinical year of training, PA students complete rotations with multiple clinical preceptors, introducing them to practice and exposing them to a variety of clinical problems. In this article, we examined Typhon Physician Assistant Student Tracking (PAST) system patient encounter logs' value for program evaluation, but also in research to address questions relevant to PA education. Specifically, we explored the MEDEX Northwest Physician Assistant Training Program student experience across rural versus suburban/urban placements in a 4-month family medicine preceptorship. METHODS Student experience was analyzed from 2 years of collected Typhon PAST encounter data. Encounter characteristics included duration, number of clinical problems, student level of responsibility, and decision type. Patient characteristics included sex, age, race, and clinical problems recorded as ICD-9 codes. RESULTS Individual student experience varied widely across different preceptors. However, these differences were more specific to the preceptor-student relationship than to whether the site was classified as rural or suburban/urban. Across these settings, significant differences were only noted for percentage of female and 65 or older patient encounters. The most common clinical problems reported across rural versus suburban/urban sites were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Physician Assistant Student Tracking data demonstrated that individual student experience in their family medicine rotation varied widely. However, in general, rural and suburban/urban experiences were more similar than different. This study supports the value of the Typhon PAST logging system for not only tracking student activity but also addressing program evaluation and research questions.
A Phase II nonparametric adaptive exponentially weighted moving average control chart

The in-control average run-length (ICARL) is often the metric used to design and implement a control chart in practice. To this end, the ICARL robustness of a control chart, that is, how well the chart maintains its advertised nominal ICARL value, under..
Assembly of free osseous fragments in the treatment of injuries of the external orbital area

The good long term results obtained following the remodeling of the frontal bandeau in craniosynostosis have demonstrated the viability of large bony segments following total periosteal stripping. In this present study, this concept has been applied in the management of acute midfacial fractures and their sequelae. To try to answer the fundamental questions of how wide of an exposure is needed for the treatment of these fractures, how denuded can bone segments be and expect to survive, and above all, how frequently is primary bone grafting needed, the author resorts to the complete detachment and removal of the fractured segments and their reassembly on a side table. This, theoretically, accomplishes the following: the best exposure of fragments, the best anatomical reduction, an accurate assessment of segmental loss and the need for immediate bone grafting, a normal topographical reconstruction. Bone scans have indicated long term perfusion in every case in which they were obtained. Except in cases of post traumatic deformity correction, bone grafts were not needed. The free segment reassembly fractured facial bones is but one additional technique gained from craniofacial surgery. Much, however, remains to be learned about large free segment revascularization and healing.
Nitric Oxide and Vascular Disease

Publisher Summary Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent regulator of vessel tone, structure, and interaction with circulating blood elements. In healthy individuals, the vasodilation induced by NO enhances blood flow by increasing vascular compliance and reducing vascular resistance. NO inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and prevents adherence of platelets and leukocytes to the vessel wall. It also plays an important role in angiogenesis. In individuals with risk factors for atherosclerosis, NO activity and/or synthesis are impaired. The impairment is multifactorial and dependent upon associated conditions and the stage of vascular disease, but the end result is pathophysiological increases in vascular resistance and changes in vascular structure that result in atherosclerosis, medial hypertrophy, myointimal hyperplasia, and/or thrombus formation, as well as impaired angiogenic response to occlusive arterial disease. One of the derangements of the NO synthase pathway that contributes to these pathophysiologies is competitive inhibition of NO synthesis by the endogenous antagonist, asymmetric dimethylarginine. New insights into the mechanisms of this derangement may lead to a new therapeutic avenue in the treatment of vascular disease.
The role of counterfactual theory in causal reasoning

In this commentary I review the fundamentals of counterfactual theory and its role in causal reasoning in epidemiology. I consider if counterfactual theory dictates that causal questions must be framed in terms of well-defined interventions. I conclude that it does not. I hypothesize that the interventionist approach to causal inference in epidemiology stems from elevating the randomized trial design to the gold standard for thinking about causal inference. I suggest that instead the gold standard we should use for thinking about causal inference in epidemiology is the thought experiment that, for example, compares an actual disease frequency under one exposure level with a counterfactual disease frequency under a different exposure level (as discussed in Greenland and Robins (1986) and Maldonado and Greenland (2002)). I also remind us that no method should be termed "causal" unless it addresses the effect of other biases in addition to the problem of confounding.
A Rapid Microbiological Method for Enumeration of Pseudomonas fluorescens from Broiler Chicken Carcasses.

A method to selectively enumerate Pseudomonas fluorescens from fresh chicken carcasses in less than 24 h using capacitance microbiology was developed. Capacitance assays were conducted on whole-carcass rinses at 25°C using brain heart infusion broth (BHI) containing 25 μg of Irgasan per ml to obtain a detection time. The capacitance samples were spread plated on plate count agar for isolation and identification. From plates with the highest dilution, from each carcass, 4 colonies were randomly selected and identified. Seven species of bacteria including Pseudomonas fluorescens were responsible for capacitance detection times. Various antibiotics and chemicals were added to basal media or brain heart infusion broth with Irgasan and were evaluated to select for the growth of P. fluorescens . BHI broth containing 4 μg of nitrofurantoin, 120 μg of carbenicillin, and 25 μg of Irgasan, all per ml, was found to be optimal and was termed Pseudomonas fluorescens selective additive (PSA) (patent pending). In a second study, 12 carcasses were collected in each of three replicate trials. For each trial, 2 carcasses were sampled immediately and 2 were sampled after storage at 3°C on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. The BHI-PSA broth was found to be excellent for enumeration of P. fluorescens from broiler chicken carcass rinses in assays using capacitance microbiology at 25°C. The time required to enumerate P. fluorescens for all samples (day 0 to 15) was <22.4 h. This method is rapid and would be a useful tool for determining the number of spoilage bacteria on fresh chicken and thus may possibly be used to predict the potential shelf life of fresh chicken and other foods of animal origin.
Laplace Pressure of Individual H2 Nanobubbles from Pressure-Addition Electrochemistry.

The Young–Laplace equation is central to the thermodynamic description of liquids with highly curved interfaces, e.g., nanoscale droplets and their inverse, nanoscale bubbles. The equation relates the pressure difference across an interface to its surface tension and radius of curvature, but the validity in using the macroscopic surface tension for describing curved interfaces with radii smaller than tens of nanometers has been questioned. Here we present electrochemical measurement of Laplace pressures within single H2 bubbles between 7 and 200 nm radius (corresponding, respectively, to between 200 and 7 atm). Our results demonstrate a linear relationship between a bubble’s Laplace pressure and its reciprocal radius, verifying the classical thermodynamic description of H2 nanobubbles as small as ∼10 nm.
Dampened antiviral immunity to intravaginal exposure to RNA viral pathogens allows enhanced viral replication

Understanding the host immune response to vaginal exposure to RNA viruses is required to combat sexual transmission of this class of pathogens. In this study, using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in wild-type mice, we show that these viruses replicate in the vaginal mucosa with minimal induction of antiviral interferon and inflammatory response, causing dampened innate-mediated control of viral replication and a failure to mature local antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Enhancement of innate-mediated inflammation in the vaginal mucosa rescues this phenotype and completely inhibits ZIKV replication. To gain a better understanding of how this dampened innate immune activation in the lower female reproductive tract may also affect adaptive immunity, we modeled CD8 T cell responses using vaginal LCMV infection. We show that the lack of APC maturation in the vaginal mucosa leads to a delay in CD8 T cell activation in the draining lymph node and hinders the timely appearance of effector CD8 T cells in vaginal mucosa, thus further delaying viral control in this tissue. Our study demonstrates that vaginal tissue is exceptionally vulnerable to infection by RNA viruses and provides a conceptual framework for the male to female sexual transmission observed during ZIKV infection.
THE PROCESS CHEESE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES: A REVIEW1,2

The process cheese industry of the United States began over 55 years ago. Basic patents describing blending and heating and use of emulsifiers were the first, shared by Kraft and Phenix interests. In the early years a few competitors were licensed. Some dealers and cheese makers believed processing could ruin the cheese industry, but cheese consumption per capita increased. About 60% of consumers preferred process to natural cheese. Investigations of early practices led to definitions at state and federal levels; these have been re-defined and frequently revised. Demands of processors have affected the natural cheese industry in developing and locating new factories and aiding in composition and quality control. Processors promoted packaging and mechandising of all cheese. Cheese processors, associated dealers, and distributors organized the National Cheese Institute which has been a force in meeting problems of research, education, and regulation. From 1944 to 1968 it gave over $225,000 for independent r...
Early-Stage of Innovations: Selection System Criteria for Funding U.S. Biotech SMEs

The focus of this paper is small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the U.S. biotechnology industry and how they compete for financial resources during the early stages of innovation ...
Flexible waveguide-integrated photodetectors

We demonstrated a flexible waveguide-integrated metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector with 0.5 A/W responsivity near 1550 nm wavelength. The device can withstand a small bending radius of 0.7 mm without optical performance degradation.
Updates in the Treatment of Breast Cancer with Radiotherapy.

Breast-conserving therapy is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern cancer care. The authors review the evidence supporting the role of adjuvant radiotherapy as the standard of care for breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery, consensus guidelines for margins in invasive cancer disease and ductal carcinoma in situ, the role of partial-breast irradiation and hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation, and the evolving indications for postmastectomy radiation therapy and extent of nodal coverage. Areas of research include specific methods of partial-breast irradiation, interactions between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and integration of molecular profiles with the selection of the best treatment modality and timing.
Posttraumatic Stress, Coping Flexibility, and Risky Drinking Among Trauma-Exposed Male and Female College Students: The Mediating Effect of Delay of Gratification

ABSTRACTBackground: The co-occurence of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and risky drinking has been demonstrated in diverse populations, including college students. However, the mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence, as well as the protective factors that may reduce risky drinking among trauma-exposed college students have yet to be fully understood in the literature. Objectives: The present study builds upon self-regulation theories and previous empirical work to determine whether the effects of PTS and coping flexibility on risky drinking were mediated by delay of gratification among trauma-exposed college students. In addition, the potential moderating effect of gender on these relationships was examined. Methods: Participants included 624 trauma-exposed college students (68.4% female) attending a public university in the southeast region of the United States. Data were collected through an online survey. The hypothesized model was examined using a multigroup structural equation modeling approach. Result...
Ruptured posterior cerebral artery aneurysm presenting with a contralateral cranial nerve III palsy: A case report.

Background Posterior cerebral artery aneurysms can frequently present with an ipsilateral cranial nerve III palsy. Case Description We report the first case of a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm associated with a contralateral cranial nerve III palsy. A 64-year-old male presented with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, Hunt and Hess grade 3, and a left-sided fixed and dilated pupil. Computed tomography scan showed hemorrhage, mainly within the left basal cisterns. Digital subtraction angiography revealed a right-sided P1-P2 junction aneurysm. Conclusions This case demonstrates that, although the neurological exam can help pinpoint the location of a lesion, false localizing signs should be recognized.
The Historic Pastoral Care Tradition: A Resource for Christian Psychologists

Long before psychology was a distinct profession, Christian pastors and spiritual advisors were engaged daily in activities that required what is viewed today as psychological expertise or wisdom. Many essential elements of therapeutic care were well understood before the modem period. The purpose of this paper is to furnish the reader with a small window upon a vast arena of classical Christian therapeutic wisdom. The first focus is upon the textual evidence of the tradition's understanding of the centrality of empathy, congruence, and unconditional accepting love as conditions of constructive behavioral change. The second focus is upon the awareness of classical writers of the situation specificity of therapeutic wisdom, thus showing their awareness of the complexity of the therapeutic enterprise and the subtlety of human character.
Co-Constructing Knowledge Spheres in the Academy: Developing Frameworks and Tools for Advancing Publicly Engaged Scholarship:

Publicly engaged scholarship (PES) has emerged as a powerful force, yet institutional policies and cultures have often inhibited its acceptance in the academy. This article considers the benefits o...
Dbx1 Pre-Bötzinger Complex Interneurons Comprise the Core Inspiratory Oscillator for Breathing in Unanesthetized Adult Mice

The brainstem pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC) generates inspiratory breathing rhythms, but which neurons comprise its rhythmogenic core? Dbx1-derived neurons may play the preeminent role in rhythm generation, an idea well founded at perinatal stages of development but incompletely evaluated in adulthood. We expressed archaerhodopsin or channelrhodopsin in Dbx1 preBotC neurons in intact adult mice to interrogate their function. Prolonged photoinhibition slowed down or stopped breathing, whereas prolonged photostimulation sped up breathing. Brief inspiratory-phase photoinhibition evoked the next breath earlier than expected, whereas brief expiratory-phase photoinhibition delayed the subsequent breath. Conversely, brief inspiratory-phase photostimulation increased inspiratory duration and delayed the subsequent breath, whereas brief expiratory-phase photostimulation evoked the next breath earlier than expected. Because they govern the frequency and precise timing of breaths in awake adult mice with sensorimotor feedback intact, Dbx1 preBotC neurons constitute an essential core component of the inspiratory oscillator, knowledge directly relevant to human health and physiology.
Religious Congregations as Community Hubs and Sources of Social Bonding

This chapter views congregations as community organizations that enhance face-to-face supportive relationships for the people that belong to them. Using Tonnies’ continuum, we claim that in the United States congregations increase the Gemeinschaft form of social connectedness. As formal associations in the local ecology, congregations provide member support and benefits that exceed most other community organizations. We will demonstrate that congregations are common in all American communities, and that they serve as a major source of mutual support and bonding social capital for their members in addition to caring for outsiders.
A Review 1972

Traumatic Aphasia: Its Syndromes, Psychology and Treatment, by. A. R. Luria. Translated from the Russian by Douglas Bowen, with a foreword by MacDonald Critchley. Janua Linguarum, series maior 5 (1970), Mouton, The Hague.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW 1223-TYPE LAYERED CUPRATE (Tl, V) (Sr, Ba)2Ca2Cu3O9 WITH TC(ρ=0) ABOVE 110 K

A new series of 1223-type (Tl, V)-based layered cuprates (Tl, V)(Sr,Ba)2Ca2Cu3O9 has been successfully synthesized and identified by powder X-ray diffraction. Partial substitutions of V for Tl and Ba for Sr promote the formation of (Tl, V)-based 1223-type compounds. Nominal samples (Tl1−xVx) (Sr2−yBay)Ca2Cu3Oz with x=0.25–0.50 and y=0.25–1.50 are pure or nearly-pure 1223 phase and exhibit TC(ρ=0) in the range of 100–110 K. This new (Tl, V)-based high TC material may be of importance in practical applications.
Activity-dependent Signaling and Epigenetic Abnormalities in Mice Exposed to Postnatal Ethanol.

Abstract Postnatal ethanol exposure has been shown to cause persistent defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and disrupt learning and memory processes. However, the mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities are less well studied. We evaluated the influence of postnatal ethanol exposure on several signaling and epigenetic changes and on expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeletal (Arc) protein in the hippocampus of adult offspring under baseline conditions and after a Y-maze spatial memory (SP) behavior (activity). Postnatal ethanol treatment impaired pCaMKIV and pCREB in naive mice without affecting H4K8ac, H3K14ac and H3K9me2 levels. The Y-maze increased pCaMKIV, pCREB, H4K8ac and H3K14ac levels in saline-treated mice but not in ethanol-treated mice; while H3K9me2 levels were enhanced in ethanol-exposed animals compared to saline groups. Like previous observations, ethanol not only reduced Arc expression in naive mice but also behaviorally induced Arc expression. ChIP results suggested that reduced H3K14ac and H4K8ac in the Arc gene promoter is because of impaired CBP, and increased H3K9me2 is due to the enhanced recruitment of G9a. The CB1R antagonist and a G9a/GLP inhibitor, which were shown to rescue postnatal ethanol-triggered synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits, were able to prevent the negative effects of ethanol on activity-dependent signaling, epigenetics and Arc expression. Together, these findings provide a molecular mechanism involving signaling and epigenetic cascades that collectively are responsible for the neurobehavioral deficits associated with an animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
Ligand Density and Nanoparticle Clustering Cooperate in the Multivalent Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation.

Multivalent presentation of ligands on nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a general strategy for enhancing receptor binding and activation through amplification of ligand–receptor interactions within the footprint of the individual NPs. The spatial clustering of ligand-functionalized NPs represents an additional, less well understood mechanism for increasing local ligand–receptor interactions, especially for receptors that form higher-order assemblies, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). To shed light on the interplay between ligand density (i.e., multivalency) and NP clustering in signal amplification, we apply EGF-functionalized 72 ± 1 nm gold nanoparticles (NP-EGF) with known ligand loading (10–200 EGF/NP) as quantifiable and experimentally tractable units of EGFR activation and characterize the NP-mediated amplification of EGFR phosphorylation as a function of both EGF surface density and NP-EGF clustering for two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB-468). The measurements confirm ...
Effect of Bisphosphonates on Fracture Outcomes Among Frail Older Adults.

Background Bisphosphonates are seldom used in frail, older adults, in part due to lack of direct evidence of efficacy in this population and increasing concerns about safety. Objective We estimated the effects of bisphosphonates on hip fractures, nonvertebral fractures, and severe esophagitis among frail, older adults. Design Population-based retrospective cohort using 2008 to 2013 linked national Minimum Data Set assessments; Online Survey Certification and Reporting System records; and Medicare claims. Setting US nursing homes (NHs). Participants Long-stay NH residents 65 years and older without recent osteoporosis medication use (N = 24,571). Bisphosphonate initiators were 1:1 propensity score matched to calcitonin initiators (active comparator). Measurements Hospitalized hip fracture, nonvertebral fracture, and esophagitis outcomes were measured using part A claims. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated, controlling for over 100 baseline characteristics. Results The matched cohort included 5209 new bisphosphonate users and an equal number of calcitonin users (mean age [SD] = 85 [8] years; 87% female; 52% moderate-severe cognitive impairment). Over a mean follow-up of 2.5 (SD = 1.7) years, 568 residents (5.5%) had a hip fracture, 874 (8.4%) had a nonvertebral fracture, and 199 (1.9%) had a hospitalized esophagitis event. Users of bisphosphonates were less likely than calcitonin users to experience hip fracture (HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.71-0.98), with an average gain in time without fracture of 28.4 days (95% CI = 6.0-50.8 days). Bisphosphonate and calcitonin users had similar rates of nonvertebral fracture (HR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.80-1.03) and esophagitis events (HR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.84-1.47). The effects of bisphosphonates on fractures and esophagitis were generally homogeneous across subgroups, including those defined by age, sex, history of prior fracture, and baseline fracture risk. Conclusions Use of bisphosphonates is associated with a meaningful reduction in hip fracture among frail, older adults, but little difference in nonvertebral fracture or severe esophagitis. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:768-776, 2019.
Silver bullet or bitter pill? Reassessing the scope of CO2 capture and storage in India

AbstractIndia has voluntarily declared her efforts of reducing its GHG intensity by 33-35% by 2030 over 2005 levels towards global carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation. This paper tries to put into pers...
Wak’a/shrine making and pilgrimage tourism in Copacabana, Bolivia

The cultural landscape of the town of Copacabana and nearby ancient sites on Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, have functioned as magnetic places of pilgrimage from Inka times to the present. They are analyz...
Michigan Rule of Evidence 702: Amend it or Leave it to Schanz?

The Michigan Supreme Court proposed an amendment to Michigan Rule of Evidence (MRE) 702 in 2002. This article addresses the proposed amendment and the statute that it incorporates by reference. The author then discusses arguments advanced in support of and in opposition to the proposed amendment and concludes that an amendment to MRE 702 is necessary but that the proposed amendment should not be adopted.
Multimodal Analgesic Regimen for Spine SurgeryA Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial

Background Various multimodal analgesic approaches have been proposed for spine surgery. The authors evaluated the effect of using a combination of four nonopioid analgesics versus placebo on Quality of Recovery, postoperative opioid consumption, and pain scores. Methods Adults having multilevel spine surgery who were at high risk for postoperative pain were double-blind randomized to placebos or the combination of single preoperative oral doses of acetaminophen 1,000 mg and gabapentin 600 mg, an infusion of ketamine 5 µg/kg/min throughout surgery, and an infusion of lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg/h intraoperatively and during the initial hour of recovery. Postoperative analgesia included acetaminophen, gabapentin, and opioids. The primary outcome was the Quality of Recovery 15-questionnaire (0 to 150 points, with 15% considered to be a clinically important difference) assessed on the third postoperative day. Secondary outcomes were opioid use in morphine equivalents (with 20% considered to be a clinically important change) and verbal-response pain scores (0 to 10, with a 1-point change considered important) over the initial postoperative 48 h. Results The trial was stopped early for futility per a priori guidelines. The average duration ± SD of surgery was 5.4 ± 2.1 h. The mean ± SD Quality of Recovery score was 109 ± 25 in the pathway patients (n = 150) versus 109 ± 23 in the placebo group (n = 149); estimated difference in means was 0 (95% CI, -6 to 6, P = 0.920). Pain management within the initial 48 postoperative hours was not superior in analgesic pathway group: 48-h opioid consumption median (Q1, Q3) was 72 (48, 113) mg in the analgesic pathway group and 75 (50, 152) mg in the placebo group, with the difference in medians being -9 (97.5% CI, -23 to 5, P = 0.175) mg. Mean 48-h pain scores were 4.8 ± 1.8 in the analgesic pathway group versus 5.2 ± 1.9 in the placebo group, with the difference in means being -0.4 (97.5% CI; -0.8, 0.1, P = 0.094). Conclusions An analgesic pathway based on preoperative acetaminophen and gabapentin, combined with intraoperative infusions of lidocaine and ketamine, did not improve recovery in patients who had multilevel spine surgery.
Ruptured Hepatic Artery Aneurysm.

Aneurysmal ruptures are a life-threatening pathology, and while the aorta is the principal location, any aneurysmal rupture can be fatal. Most result from chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and vasculitis. Nevertheless, a rupture can result in acute decompensation and must be recognized and addressed quickly to limit morbidity and mortality. The authors describe a case of a 66-year-old female who presented to the emergency department (ED) for abdominal pain and syncope. Even though imaging did not explicitly show the specific site of rupture of the hepatic artery, the positive Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension (RUSH) exam and aortic dissection on computed tomography angiography along with her clinical picture (hypotension, abdominal pain, decreased capillary refill, grey skin) raised our suspicions for critical pathology. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm. Her hospital course was complicated by ischemic necrosis of the gallbladder, spleen, and liver, requiring cholecystectomy, splenectomy, and partial hepatectomy, but she was discharged to rehabilitation and expected to make a recovery. This case displays the importance of using ultrasonography early to aid in expedited diagnosis and treatment as well as maintaining a high suspicion for vascular pathology in the setting of hemorrhagic shock.
A controlled trial of extended release venlafaxine alone and combined with olanzapine in the treatment of major depression disorder

Objective To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of extended release venlafaxine combined with olanzapine in treatment of major depression disorder.Methods Seventy patients were randomly assigned to therapeutic group(n=35)and control group(n=35)for 8 weeks.Therapeutic group were given extended release venlafaxine combined with olanzapine,and control group were only given extended release venlafaxine.The clinical effect was regularly assessed with HAMD.Results The therapeutic efficacy in extended release venlafaxine combined with olanzapine group was significantly higher than that in control group.Conclusions Extended release venlafaxine combined with olanzapine has better therapeutic efficacy in treatment of major depression disorder. Key words: Extended release venlafaxine; Olanzapine; Major depression disorder
Fault Recovery Methods for Asynchronous Linear Solvers

This study seeks to understand the soft error vulnerability of asynchronous iterative methods, with a focus on stationary iterative solvers such as Jacobi. A theoretical investigation into the performance of the asynchronous iterative methods is presented and used to motivate several fault recovery methods for asynchronous linear solvers. The numerical experiments utilize a hybrid-parallel implementation where the computational work is distributed over multiple nodes using MPI and parallelized on each node using OpenMP, and a series of runs are conducted to measure both the impact of soft faults and the effectiveness of the recovery methods. Trials are run to compare two models for simulating the occurrence of a fault as well as techniques for recovering from the effects of a fault. The results show that the proposed strategies can effectively recover from the impact of a fault and that the numerical model for simulating soft faults consistently produces fault effects that enable the investigation and tuning of recovery techniques in action.
Management of postreconstructive head and neck salivary fistulae: A review of current practices

Summary Background Salivary fistulas are common complications after reconstructive head and neck surgery with significant morbidity. Yet, there are no established guidelines for their management. Method A comprehensive search of PubMed was performed from 01/01/2000 to 06/31/2019 to evaluate all treatment options in postreconstructive head and neck fistulas. Results Nineteen articles with 132 patients were included. Thirty-nine of 132(30%) patients were treated with conventional wound care. All fistulas closed after 51.6±54.0 days with no refistulations. Thirty-eight of 132(29%) patients were treated with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). Thirty-eight of 40(95%) fistula closed after 14.7±12.0 days with no refistulations. The reduced healing time was statistically significant as compared to patients on conventional wound care (p Conclusion Most salivary fistulas close with conservative management. NPWT potentially shortens fistula healing time while it achieves similar closure rates as conventional wound care. In the absence of contraindications, NPWT should be trialed on all salivary fistulas. Surgical management should be reserved for large, chronic, high-risk fistulas or those not responding to a trial of conservative treatment. Secondary reconstruction should be kept as simple as possible.
pH-Mediated nanoparticle dynamics in hydrogel nanocomposites

The effect of static silica particles on the dynamics of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles grafted with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush in hydrogel nanocomposites is investigated using single particle tracking (SPT). At a low volume fraction of homogeneously dispersed silica (Φ = 0.005), two distinct populations of PEG-QDs are observed, localized and mobile, whereas almost all PEG-QDs are mobile in neat hydrogel (Φ = 0.0). Increasing the silica particle concentration (Φ = 0.01, 0.1) results in an apparent change in the network structure, confounding the impact of silica on PEG-QD dynamics. The localized behavior of PEG-QDs is attributed to pH-mediated attraction between the PEG brush on the probe and surface silanol groups of silica. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), the extent of this interaction is investigated as a function of pH. At pH 5.8, the PEG brush on the probe can hydrogen bond with the silanol groups on silica, leading to adsorption of PEG-QDs. In contrast, at pH 9.2, silanol groups are deprotonated and PEG-QD is unable to hydrogen bond with silica leading to negligible adsorption. To test the effect of pH, PEG-QD dynamics are further investigated in hydrogel nanocomposites at Φ = 0.005. SPT agrees with the QCM-D results; at pH 5.8, PEG-QDs are localized whereas at pH 9.2 the PEG-QDs are mobile. This study provides insight into controlling probe transport through hydrogel nanocomposites using pH-mediated interactions, with implications for tuning transport of nanoparticles underlying drug delivery and nanofiltration.
93 An audit of a hospice paracentesis service before and during Covid19

Background Our 18 bedded hospice, St Francis in Romford, Essex, sought to evaluate a new paracentesis admissions process, compliance of our inpatient paracentesis against safety guidelines and whether our service was affected by Covid19. Methods A retrospective search of the patient electronic records database for patients who had a paracentesis between 8.4.19 and 30.6.20. Primary diagnosis was recorded and the number of paracenteses performed before and after revision of our referrals pathway (8.10.19). Compliance against safety guidelines was reviewed against a check-sheet for all paracentesis from 8.10.19 to 30.6.20. This allowed comparison between the pre-Covid 19 crisis period and during the ‘first wave’, which began to affect local services, and our bed state, from 2.3.20. Results Paracentesis rates increased from less than monthly to every 2 weeks after the pathway was revised. This improved rate was unaffected by the Covid19 pandemic, despite immediate reduction in beds to 10 (2.3.20), before normalising at 16 (from 20.4.20). Of eighteen paracenteses between 8.10.19 and 30.6.20, sixteen were ‘elective’ referrals. Elective referrals waited an average of 4.6 days. Their average length of stay was 5.9 days. No procedures fully complied with guidelines. 14/18 had an ultrasound pre-procedure. 16/18 had documented evidence of medications review. 16/18 had pre-procedure observations. 15/18 had aftercare instructions documented. 3/18 had no documentation of consideration for a permanent drain. Areas of particular concern were: poor documentation of the consent procedure (no documentation for 3/18; only ‘verbal consent obtained’ for 4/18), no documentation of blood testing/results for 8/18, and details of drain removal were missing for 9/18. Conclusions Through streamlining the admissions process, the rates of paracentesis at our hospice improved from less than monthly to every 2 weeks and remained a component of care during Covid19. However, audit standards were not reached, and steps are being taken to address this.
Trauma-Focused CBT in the Context of Parental Chronic Medical Conditions: A Case Report

Abstract Parental chronic medical conditions (CMCs) are relatively common and have been shown to impact children’s psychosocial functioning. Previous research suggests that, for some youth, parental CMCs may be conceptualized as a form of traumatic stress. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is a multicomponent, evidence-based intervention that is designed to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as behavioral problems, among children and adolescents. Despite its robust empirical support, however, no known studies have utilized this treatment approach to address the mental health needs of youth affected by parental CMCs. The purpose of this article is to describe the application of TF-CBT to treat an adolescent male whose mother was diagnosed with a CMC, which had resulted in continuous family stressors since his birth. Results suggest that TF-CBT offers a promising approach for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among children of parents with CMCs, and clinical trials to investigate its effectiveness among this population may be warranted.
Heavy flavor jet production and substructure in electron-nucleus collisions

Deep inelastic scattering on nuclei at the Electron-Ion Collider will open new opportunities to investigate the structure of matter. Heavy flavor-tagged jets are complementary probes of the partonic composition and transport coefficients of large nuclei, but introduce a new mass scale that modifies the structure of parton showers and must be carefully accounted for in perturbative calculations. In the framework of soft-collinear effective theory with Glauber gluon interactions, we present the first calculation of inclusive charm-jet and bottom-jet cross sections in electron-nucleus collisions at next-to-leading order and compare them to the reference electron-proton case. We also show predictions for the heavy flavor-tagged jet momentum sharing distributions to further clarify the correlated in-medium modification of jet substructure.
Long-Term Potentiation as a Model

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a strengthening of synaptic transmission that was first discovered in the hippocampus (Bliss and Lomo, 1973). If one stimulates the afferents to the hippocampus at a high rate (100 Hz for 3 sec), the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the hippocampal pyramidal cells are subsequently found to be larger than normal, and to rise more quickly. The effect lasts for several hours, and can last for as long as the preparation does.
Atterberg plastic limits of clay minerals

"An expanded part of a thesis on "The properties of clays" submitted ... for the degree of master of science in the ... University of Illinois."
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Precursor Lesions

There are several precursor lesions to hepatocellular carcinoma, including small cell change, large cell change, and dysplastic nodules. Small cell change and large cell change are microscopic findings typically found in cirrhotic livers, while dysplastic nodules are commonly identified either by imaging or gross examination. The histological features and a diagnostic approach to each of these entities is discussed and illustrated.
“We're Not Speaking Any More”: A Cross-Cultural Study of Intergenerational Cut-Offs

This study of individuals in the U.S. and Tamil Nadu, India, examines the reasons given for voluntary limitations on contact between adult children and their parents ("cut-offs"). We examine the possibly that these breeches occur as a solution to the problem of negative social relationships by looking at the different cultural contexts of the U.S. and India. We challenge Bowen's (1978) assertion that intergenerational cut-offs always occur in the vain attempt to promote differentiation and propose a system for categorizing the reasons given for cut-offs, and explore the research and practice implications of the findings. Although based on a limited sample, this paper provides an important contribution to this understudied aspect of interpersonal relationships.
Clinical utility of 11C-flumazenil positron emission tomography in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy

Background: 11 C-flumazenil (FMZ) positron emission tomography (PET) is a new entrant into the armamentarium for pre-surgical evaluation of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Aims: To analyze the clinical utility of FMZ PET to detect lesional and remote cortical areas of abnormal benzodiazepine receptor binding in relation to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2-Deoxy-2 [ 18 F] fluoro-D-glucose, ( 18 F FDG) PET, electrophysiological findings and semiology of epilepsy in patients with intractable TLE. Materials and Methods: Patients underwent a high resolution MRI, prolonged Video-EEG monitoring before 18 F FDG and 11 C FMZ PET studies. Regional cortical FMZ PET abnormalities were defined on co-registered PET images using an objective method based on definition of areas of abnormal asymmetry (asymmetry index {AI}>10%). Settings and Design: Prospective. Statistical Analysis: Student’s “t” test. Results: Twenty patients (Mean age: 35.2 years [20-51]; M:F=12:8) completed the study. Mean age at seizure onset was 10.3 years (birth-38 years); mean duration, 23.9 years (6-50 years). Concordance with the MRI lesion was seen in 10 patients (nine with hippocampal sclerosis and one with tuberous sclerosis). In the other 10, with either normal or ambiguous MRI findings, FMZ and FDG uptake were abnormal in all, concordant with the electrophysiological localization of the epileptic foci. Remote FMZ PET abnormalities (n=18) were associated with early age of seizure onset (P=0.005) and long duration of epilepsy (P=0.01). Conclusions: FMZ-binding asymmetry is a sensitive method to detect regions of epileptic foci in patients with intractable TLE.
Venous Blood Pressure Measurements during Exercise by the Strain Gauge and Pressure Amplifier Method

Abstract Venous blood pressure measurements were made by direct cannulation of the median antecubital vein. Measurements were taken at rest, during a 5-minute exercise on the bicycle ergometer, and during a 15-minute recovery period. The range of resting pressure was from 73 to 169 mm. water, with a mean pressure of 120 mm. water. The pressure during exercise increased in every case and was maintained throughout the exercise. The average increase was 118 mm. water, representing an increase of 95 percent. Venous pressure during recovery showed a very rapid drop during the first three minutes and then exhibited a progressively slower decline until a constant level was reached.