cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sibling Victimization on Child Internalizing Symptoms

The current study examined associations between sibling victimization and anxiety and depression symptoms while also considering peer victimization within time and six months later among elementary school-age youth. Both sibling and peer victimization were associated with depression symptoms within as well as across time when considered independently. However, when examined together, peer victimization was only uniquely associated with depression symptoms within time and sibling victimization was only uniquely associated with depression symptoms across time. Sibling and peer victimization were associated with anxiety symptoms within, but not across, time when examined independently, and no associations were evident when sibling and peer victimization were examined simultaneously. No interactive effects of sibling and peer victimization were evident for depression or anxiety symptoms, indicating unique rather than cumulative contributions. Findings suggest that the impact of sibling victimization on depression symptoms is more robust than effects of peer victimization over time.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Pyrococcus abyssi.

Publisher Summary Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the first step of pyrimidine biosynthesis, the carbamylation of the amino group of aspartate by carbamoyl phosphate (CP) with formation of carbamoyl aspartate (CASP) and phosphate. The structure-function relationship of this allosteric and cooperative enzyme has been studied in detail in Escherichia coli . This article focuses on the utilization of CP by the ATCase in Pyrococcus abyssL 8 a hyperthermophilic and barophilic/barotolerant archaeon. This microorganism belongs to the sulfur-metabolizing archaeal group. Under atmospheric pressure, it grows anaerobically at temperatures ranging from 67° to 102°, with an optimum at 96° at which the doubling time is 33 min.
Examples of zero robustness in constrained model predictive control

Nominal robustness of model predictive control for nonlinear systems is considered. It is shown, by examples, that when the optimization problem involves state constraints, or terminal constraints coupled with short optimization horizons, the asymptotic stability of the closed loop may have absolutely no robustness. Namely, it is possible for arbitrarily small disturbances to keep the closed loop strictly inside the interior of the feasibility region of the optimization problem and, at the same time, far from the desired set point. This phenomenon does not occur when using model predictive control for linear systems with convex constraint sets. It is emphasized that a necessary condition for the absence of nominal robustness in nonlinear model predictive control is that the value function and feedback law are discontinuous at some point(s) in the interior of the feasibility region.
MR imaging of hand microcirculation as a potential tool for space glove testing and design

The task of evaluating and designing space gloves requires accurate biomechanical characterization of the hand. The availability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has created new opportunities for in vivo analysis of physiological phenomena such as the relationship between circulation and fatigue. An MR imaging technique originally proposed to quantitatively evaluate cerebral perfusion has been modified to evaluate the capillary microcirculation in hand muscles. An experimental protocol was developed to acquire perfusion-weighted images in the hand before and after various levels of exercise. Preliminary results on the feasibility of applying the MR imaging technique to the study of microcirculation and fatigue in the hand are presented. The potential of this method for space glove testing and design is also discussed.
Microwave Energy‐Enhanced Slip‐Casting System

On analyse les effets qualitatifs et quantitatifs de l'utilisation de micro-ondes dans le processus de coulage de barbotine
Descriptive Assessment Method to Reduce Overall Disruptive Behavior in a Preschool Classroom

Legal mandate and limited resources provide an impetus to increase the utility of functional assessment. Studies have demonstrated the utility of descriptive analysis-based interventions on an indi...
Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on crypt morphology in normal colon mucosa: A randomized clinical trial.

Calcium and vitamin D modify the molecular phenotypic profiles of colon crypts in the normal colorectal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients, but their effects on crypt morphology (length, perimeter, and area) are unknown. We analyzed data from a previously conducted pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 2 × 2 factorial chemoprevention clinical trial of supplemental calcium 2000 mg/d and vitamin D3 800 IU/d, alone and in combination, versus placebo over 6 mo. Colorectal crypt length, perimeter, and area in the normal-appearing rectal mucosa were quantified by image analysis. The mean crypt length increased by 1% (P = 0.92) in the calcium group, and decreased by 2% (P = 0.69) and 4% (P = 0.40) in the vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D groups, respectively, relative to the placebo group. The mean crypt perimeter decreased by 2% (P = 0.70) and 4% (P = 0.40) in the vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D groups, respectively, relative to the placebo group, but did not change appreciably in the calcium group. The mean crypt area decreased by 2% (P = 0.74), 5% (P = 0.41) and 7% (P = 0.30) in the calcium, vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D groups, respectively, relative to the placebo group. Calcium and/or vitamin D3 supplementation do not appear to appreciably change crypt morphology in the normal colorectal mucosa of sporadic adenoma patients. These results, taken together with previous findings, support the use of molecular phenotypic over morphologic pre-neoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cysteine Dioxygenase Structures from pH4 to 9: Consistent Cys-Persulfenate Formation at Intermediate pH and a Cys-Bound Enzyme at Higher pH.

Abstract Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear non-heme iron protein that catalyzes the conversion of cysteine (Cys) to cysteine sulfinic acid by an unclarified mechanism. One structural study revealed that a Cys-persulfenate (or Cys-persulfenic acid) formed in the active site, but quantum mechanical calculations have been used to support arguments that it is not an energetically feasible reaction intermediate. Here, we report a series of high-resolution structures of CDO soaked with Cys at pH values from 4 to 9. Cys binding is minimal at pH ≤ 5 and persulfenate formation is consistently seen at pH values between 5.5 and 7. Also, a structure determined using laboratory-based X-ray diffraction shows that the persulfenate, with an apparent average O–O separation distance of ~ 1.8 A, is not an artifact of synchrotron radiation. At pH ≥ 8, the active-site iron shifts from 4- to 5-coordinate, and Cys soaks reveal a complex with Cys, but no dioxygen, bound. This ‘Cys-only’ complex differs in detail from a previously published ‘Cys-only’ complex, which we reevaluate and conclude is not reliable. The high-resolution structures presented here do not resolve the CDO mechanism but do imply that an iron-bound persulfenate (or persulfenic acid) is energetically accessible in the CDO active site, and that CDO active-site chemistry in the crystals is influenced by protonation/deprotonation events with effective pKa values near ~ 5.5 and ~ 7.5 that influence Cys binding and oxygen binding/reactivity, respectively. Furthermore, this work provides reliable ligand-bound models for guiding future mechanistic considerations.
Modeling of MOS Radiation and Post Irradiation Effects

The radiation response and long term recovery effects in a n-channel MOSFET due to a pulse of ionizing radiation were modeled assuming that electron tunneling from the semiconductor into the oxide and the buildup of interface states were the postirradiation recovery mechanisms. The modeling used convolution theory and took into account the effects of bias changes during the recovery period and charge yield effects. Changing the bias condition during the post-irradiation recovery period changed the recovery rate. The charge yield effects changed the density of trapped positive charge in the oxide but did not change the recovery characteristics for a given oxide thickness. The modeling results were compared to previous experimental results.
Unexpected awareness and memory in the perianesthesia setting

Unexpected awareness and memory with general anesthesia are phenomenathat can occur in the intriguing interface between consciousness and unconsciousness. Studies suggest that, for some patients, cognitive processing remains active even during deep anesthesia; that is, an apparently unconscious patient still may be registering information. Although explicit memory is usually eliminated by general anesthesia, implicit or subconscious memory may remain. There is no monitor to tell where the patient lies on the continuum between consciousness and unconsciousness. "Sleeping" patients are vulnerable to overhearing inappropriate conversation that may have negative consequences. Post-traumatic stress disorder as well as medical malpractice litigation may result from awareness or memory during anesthesia. Implications for the use of opioids, benzodiazepines, and muscle relaxants in the perianesthesia setting as well as nursing interventions addressing unexpected awareness or memory are discussed.
Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk for hepatocellular cancer, based on systematic review.

Background & Aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been implicated as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We performed a systematic review of epidemiology studies to confirm the association between these disorders. Methods We searched PubMed for original reports published from January 1992 to December 2011 that evaluated the association between NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cryptogenic cirrhosis presumed to be NASH-related, and the risk of HCC. Studies were categorized as offering potential direct evidence (eg, cohort studies) or indirect evidence (eg, case-control, cross-sectional, or case-series studies) for an association. We analyzed data from a total of 17 cohort studies (3 population based, 9 clinic based [6 limited to patients with cirrhosis], and 5 natural history), 18 case-control and cross-sectional studies, and 26 case series. Results NAFLD or NASH cohorts with few or no cases of cirrhosis cases had a minimal risk for HCC (cumulative HCC mortality of 0%–3% for study periods up to 20 y). Cohorts with NASH and cirrhosis had a consistently higher risk (cumulative incidence ranging from 2.4% over 7 y to 12.8% over 3 y). However, the risk for HCC was substantially lower in these cohorts than for cohorts with hepatitis C–related cirrhosis. Factors that increased risk among cohorts with NASH and cirrhosis could not be determined, because most studies were not sufficiently powered for multivariate analysis. Conclusions This systematic review shows that despite several limitations, there is epidemiologic evidence to support an association between NAFLD or NASH and an increased risk of HCC; risk seems to be limited to individuals with cirrhosis.
6-Chloro-3-(((1-[11C]methyl)-2-(S)-pyrrolidinyl)methoxy)-5-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)pyridine ([11C]JHU85270), a potent ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor imaging by positron emission tomography.

Abstract 6-Chloro-3-((1-methyl)-2-(S)-pyrrolidinyl)methoxy)-5-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)pyridine (JHU85270), a novel high-affinity ligand for the α4β2 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (Ki=86, 115 pM; K i JHU 85270 / K i epibatidine = 1.7 ) with a log D7.4=1.6 was synthesized in 56% overall yield. [11C]JHU85270 was synthesized from [11C]-methyl iodide and the corresponding normethyl precursor. The average time of radiosynthesis, purification, and formulation was 37 min from the end of bombardment. The average radiochemical yield of [11C]JHU85270 was 37%±3% (non-decay corrected). The average specific radioactivity was 398±165 GBq/μmol (10750±4468 mCi/μmol) and the radiochemical purity was greater than 99%.
High-performance recursive dynamic programming for bioinformatics using MM-like flexible kernels

Dynamic Programming (DP) provides optimal solutions to a problem by combining optimal solutions to many overlapping subproblems. DP algorithms exploit this overlapping property to explore otherwise exponential-sized problem spaces in polynomial time, making them central to many important applications spanning from logistics to computational biology. In this paper, we present a general strategy of obtaining highly efficient parallel DP implementations using recursive cache-oblivious divide and conquer technique which turns inflexible kernels into flexible ones (kernels that read from and write to disjoint sub-matrices). We solve four non-trivial DP problems widely used in Bioinformatics, namely the parenthesis problem, Floyd-Warshall's all-pairs shortest paths, gap problem and protein accordion folding using recursive cache-oblivious technique that decompose the original inflexible looping kernel to highly optimizable flexible kernels. To the best of our knowledge no such recursive parallel DP algorithms were known for the protein folding and gap problems. The algorithms are hybrid in the same way as most high-performance matrix multiplication algorithms are recursive with iterative base cases. We show that the base cases of these recursive divide-and-conquer algorithms are predominantly matrix-multiplication-like (MM-like) flexible that expose many optimization opportunities not offered by the traditional looping DP codes. Moreover, the most costly/dominating kernel for these problems are often flexible. As a result, one can obtain highly efficient DP implementations by simply optimizing these kernels. We present a few generic optimization steps that suffices to optimize these DP implementations. Our implementations achieve 5--100x speedup over their standard loop based DP counterparts on modern multicore machines. We also present results on manycores (Xeon Phi) and clusters of multicores obtained by simple extensions for SIMD and shared-distributed-shared-memory architectures, respectively.
Some effects of televised instruction on a basic speech course 1

(1967). Some effects of televised instruction on a basic speech course. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 190-194.
Biogenic and abiogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from two remote Adirondack lakes

Abstract Sediment cores from Sagamore Lake and Woods Lake in New York State's Adirondack Park, an area remote from industrial activities, were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their composition and distribution with depth in the sediment indicate that the parental PAH in the surface sediments are primarily produced by anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuels. Perylene in deep sediments is apparently transformed from natural precursors in the reducing environment, however, the exact precursors remain unknown. The rather even sediment distributions of the non-parental PAH differ from the parental, suggesting biogenic origins. Based on their chemical structures, retene and alkylated and partially hydrogenated phenanthrenes are believed to be biogenically converted from abietic acid; hydrochrysenes and hydropicenes, from pentacyclic triterpenes.
Isolation of Novel Genes from the CMT1A Duplication/HNPP Deletion Critical Region in 17p11.2–p12

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is associated with a 1.5-Mb tandem DNA duplication in chromosome 17p11.2-p12, while hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is associated with a 1.5-Mb deletion at this locus. The 1.5-Mb CMT1A monomer unit duplicated in CMT1A and deleted in HNPP is flanked by low-copy repeats termed CMT1A-REPs. Both diseases appear to be caused by an altered copy number of the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene (PMP22), which lies within the critical region. To identify additional genes rapidly, we used a cosmid contig of this region and reciprocal probing of arrayed chromosome 17-specific cosmid and cDNA libraries. Three cDNA clones were identified within the CMT1A duplication/HNPP deletion region and one just proximal to the critical region. The cDNA for human heme A:farnesyltransferase (COX10) mapped 10 kb centromeric to the distal CMT1A-REP. The other two cDNA clones from within the critical interval mapped to cosmid 126D1 at the mfd41 (D17S261) DNA marker, and their conceptual translation showed homology to 60S ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9) and chromosomal protein RMSA-1 (RMSA-1). A gene that is homologous to human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (hPPARA) was identified near the proximal CMT1A-REP.
Spinal muscular atrophy: The role of SMN in axonal mRNA regulation

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by homozygous mutations or deletions in the survival of motor neuron (SMN1) gene, encoding the ubiquitously expressed SMN protein. SMN associates with different proteins (Gemins 2-8, Unrip) to form a multimeric complex involved in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). Since this activity is essential for the survival of all cell types, it still remains unclear why motor neurons are selectively vulnerable to low levels of SMN protein. Aside from its housekeeping role in the assembly of snRNPs, additional functions of SMN have been proposed. The well-documented localization of SMN in axonal transport granules and its interaction with numerous mRNA-binding proteins not involved in splicing regulation suggest a role in axonal RNA metabolism. This review will focus on the neuropathological and experimental evidence supporting a role for SMN in regulating the assembly, localization, or stability of axonal messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). Furthermore, how defects in this non-canonical SMN function may contribute to the motor neuron pathology observed in SMA will be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled RNA-Binding Proteins.
The Making of Mavericks: Local Loyalties and Party Defection

By focusing on parliamentary systems, this article presents an argument that legislators who have strong local ties and individual support bases are more likely to be individualistic and so break party unity in parliament. They are simply less dependent on parties for their careers, political and otherwise. The article draws on an original data set of legislators' votes and their biographies from five European democracies. The results show that local-level political experience is a strong predictor of being a maverick in parliament.
Cover crops and organic mulch to improve tomato yields and soil fertility.

Cover crops and organic mulches (OMs) have been reported as a means to reduce inputs and increase soil quality. A field experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of summer cover crops and organic compost on winter fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields and quality. Cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.], and compost was applied at 25, 50, and 75 t ha -1 . Sunn hemp accumulated up to 190-319 kg ha -1 of N, which was greater than that by sorghum sudangrass (38-110 kg ha -1 ). The tomato total marketable yieldsincreased 49-82 and 71-85 t ha -1 , respectively, in 2 yr. The application of OM at 75 or 50 t ha -1 increased tomato yields compared with that at 25 t ha -1 . Yields of extra-large tomato fruits, especially at the first harvest during the early winter, were improved by growing sunn hemp or applying the composts. However, no interaction between cover crops and OM was observed for tomato marketable yields or quality. Soil organic C increased when OMs were applied compared with the plastic mulch (PM), whereas total soil N and organic C:N ratio were unaffected by any treatment. These results suggest that either the production of cover crops, especially sunn hemp, or the application of compost at high rates can improve winter fresh market tomato yields and quality and advance organic farming.
Learning to critique and adapt science curriculum materials: Examining the development of preservice elementary teachers' pedagogical content knowledge

Teachers often engage in curricular planning by critiquing and adapting existing curriculum materials to contextualize lessons and compensate for their deficiencies. Designing instruction for students is shaped by teachers' ability to apply a variety of personal resources, including their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). This study investigated a criterion-based approach to lesson plan analysis as one way to help preservice elementary teachers develop and use their PCK to plan instruction for students. Results show that the preservice teachers demonstrated a range of strengths and weaknesses in applying their knowledge of science assessment, science curriculum materials, and instructional strategies for teaching science. This range was influenced, in part, by the presence of alternative ideas about science teaching, the extent to which the original curriculum materials aligned with reform-based standards and practices, and the presence of prompts to use criteria in their analyses. Despite these factors, preservice teachers' PCK improved significantly over time when they had multiple opportunities to practice applying the same criterion in their analyses. Insights into science teacher knowledge and implications for science teacher education are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed96:130–157, 2012
Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children's hospitals between 1994 and 1997.

Objective. To determine patterns of resistance for isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from middle ear fluids of children from eight children's hospitals between September, 1994, and August, 1997. Methods. Data were extracted retrospectively from the medical records of eight children's hospitals. A standardized data form was completed for each episode of pneumococcal infection. Systemic isolates (blood and pleural, synovial and spinal fluids) of S. pneumoniae were collected during the same period. All isolates of S. pneumoniae from each center were sent to a central laboratory. Susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone was determined by microbroth dilution. Organisms were considered nonsusceptible to penicillin if the minimum inhibitory concentration was ≥ 0.1 μg/ml and nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone if the minimum inhibitory concentration was ≥ 1.0 μg/ml. Results. S. pneumoniae was recovered from the middle ear fluids of 707 children from all centers during the study period. Thirty-nine (5.5%) were infections recorded at 4 centers which evaluated middle ear fluid only sporadically and were not included in this analysis. The remaining 668 infections reported by the 4 remaining participating hospitals reflect the experience of 608 children. There were 54% boys; 440 (73%) were Caucasian, 111 (18%) were African-American, 38 (6%) were Hispanic and for 19 (3%) the race was not recorded. The children ranged in age from 16 days to 13.8 years with a mean (±sD) of 26.0 (± 26.1) months. Children who received antibiotics in the 30 days before the middle ear isolate was recovered were more likely to harbor a resistant strain of S. pneumoniae than children who had not recently received an antibiotic (P < 0.001). Isolates recovered from children with spontaneous otorrhea were more likely to be susceptible to penicillin than isolates recovered during myringotomy, with or without the insertion of tympanostomy tubes (P < 0.01). There was wide variation in the susceptibility of middle ear isolates to penicillin and ceftriaxone according to geographic location; however, in every locale the middle ear isolates were less likely to be susceptible to penicillin and ceftriaxone than systemic isolates of S. pneumoniae. Conclusion. The prevalence of penicillin-resistant and cephalosporin-resistant S. pneumoniae in middle ear isolates derived from children cared for at four different children's hospitals was quite variable. In some locations the prevalence of resistance is still increasing, whereas in other areas the rate of resistance was at a plateau during the period of surveillance. The prevalence of isolates of S. pneumoniae susceptible to penicillin and ceftriaxone was always less common among middle ear isolates than among systemic isolates. Previous antibiotic use remains the most predictive factor for the recovery of isolates resistant to penicillin and ceftriaxone.
Implant diameter: Effect on stress in bone: Finite element analysis

Background: Dental implants that are 2.0 mm in diameter or smaller (mini-implant, small diameter implant) have been advocated as an acceptable alternative to conventional diameter implants (3.0-5.0 mm diameter) for definitive oral restoration. Studies indicate that under normal intra-oral loads, the pattern of force transmitted to supporting crestal bone increases in inverse proportion to the implant diameter. For conventional diameter implants, these stresses were not predicted to exceed physiologic limits. However, none of the available studies investigates implant diameters less than 3.0 mm. Extrapolation of the data suggests that further reduction of implant diameter would induce greater crestal bone stress, possibly beyond physiologic limits. Objectives: A finite element analysis (FEA) study was designed to ascertain if reduction of implant diameter to 1.8 m would, (1) increase cervical bone stress and (2) result in non-physiologic stress in the investing bone. Materials and Methods: A finite element model of a 1.8 mm Χ 12 mm titanium implant was produced through micro computed tomography scanner (Scanco, Switzerland, FEA elements = 144,194. FEA nodes = 162,784). Results: Crestal bone stresses increased as predicted and Von Mises stresses (an average of 300 MPa) exceed the trabecular and cortical bone yield stress of 100 MPa and 33 MPa respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that, for implants of 1.8 mm diameter, normal occlusal forces can induce stresses that are destructive to investing bone.
Green Forms for Anisotropic, Inhomogeneous Media

The dyadic Green function for an anisotropic, inhomogenous medium is reformulated as a double differential form by embedding material properties in the Hodge star operator. This formalism simplifies the manipulation of differential operators in the anisotropic case. An integral equation is obtained which relates the Green form for the electric field to a generalization of the usual free space scalar Green function.
Laminar transport phenomena in constricted parallel ducts

Abstract A finite-difference numerical method is developed to solve heat and momentum transfer problems in viscous, incompressible, laminar flow through parallel ducts with abrupt contraction and enlargement. Consideration is given to two limiting thermal conditions: constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux. Theoritical results are obtained for the loss coefficients due to abrupt contraction and expansion, heat transfer performance and combined hydrodynamic and thermal entrance length. The effects of the flow-area variation, thermal boundary conditions, and Reynolds and Prandtl number on the contraction and expansion coefficients, entrance length, and local and average Nusselt number are determined. The present numerical scheme is capable of producing results for the complex channel flows up to the transition Reynolds number. It is disclosed that the flow constrictions cause a substantial enhancement in heat transfer.
The Amîr ʿAbd Al-Qâdir and the “Good War” in Algeria, 1832-1847

American writer Nicholson Baker concludes Human Smoke, his recent book on the events leading up to the Second World War, with a question. "Was it a 'good war'?" he asks bluntly.1 The preceding pages, a montage like construction of quotations and historical anecdotes that deflate some commonly held understandings of the war, ensure that the reader already knows that Baker's answer is no. He argues that the Second World War's years of apocalypse and holocaust brought nothing that can be legitimately called "good," especially not for the millions who lost their lives. Coming in 2008, the book provokes negative reactions from many Americans (and several British reviewers) who contemplate with weary bitterness the ever receding end of what they were told would be their generation's "good war" in Afghanistan and Iraq, sequels to their country's earlier "good wars."2 Although this polemic is of primary interest to people considering Ameri can history and memory, Baker's question itself is of value to researchers in many fields. Even if he is not an academie and his attack on the trope of the "good war" is not made as a historian, Baker poses in a straightforward way fruitful questions that we rarely ask: What are "good wars"?; what are the implications for history and historiography when a given war becomes
Comprehensive profile of GATA binding protein 3 immunohistochemical expression in primary and metastatic renal neoplasms

Transcription factor GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) has been suggested as a marker of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and upper urinary tract. Its expression in primary and metastatic renal tumors has not been fully determined. We evaluated GATA3 expression in 47 oncocytomas, 196 primary renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (71 clear cell, 53 papillary, 21 Xp11.2, 33 chromophobe RCCs, and 18 collecting duct carcinomas [CDC]), and 43 unrelated metastatic RCCs (41 clear cell and 2 Xp11.2 RCC). GATA3 nuclear expression was evaluated in tissue microarrays built from archival tissues using immunohistochemistry. Intensity (0 to 3+) and extent (percentage) of expression were assessed. Several cutoff values (>0%, >5%, and >10%) were evaluated to indicate GATA3 positivity. Among oncocytomas, 9 (19%) of 47 had some degree of nuclear GATA3 expression with median extent of 0% (0%-100%). When using either 5% or 10% cutoff values, 5 (11%) of 47 oncocytomas were positive. In primary RCCs, 6 (3%) of 196 had some degree of nuclear expression with a median extent of 0% (0%-100%). When using either 5% or 10% cutoff values, 2 cases remained positive (1%) (Xp11.2 and CDC). All metastatic RCCs were negative. We found an overall lack of GATA3 expression in primary and metastatic RCCs. GATA3 is expressed in a minority of oncocytomas, Xp11.2-RCC, and CDC. Given GATA3 positivity in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, our findings support a role for GATA3 in the differential diagnosis of primary renal masses and a utility in the interrogation of metastatic tumors of unknown primary in the presence of a renal mass.
Questioning authorized truth: Resisting the pull of the policy audience and fostering critical scholarship in correctional medical research—A reply to kerle et al.

We encourage all interested parties to read our article (Vaughn and Smith 1999) and not rely on Kerle, Stojkovic, Kiekbusch, and Rowan's (1999) misrepresentations, distortions, selective inclusions, and inartful articulations. We agree with Kerle et al. that there is much misunderstanding at work here; indeed, Kerle et al. misunderstand the purpose, scope, intent, and methodological underpinning of our article. Kerle et al. are confused about (1) the scope of our data, (2) fundamentals of building an inductive argument through interpretative analysis, (3) how to define key concepts, (4) basic research methodology, and (5) what it means to offer a more balanced view. We address each of these concerns.
Nasal Dorsal Pseudocyst Formation after Rhinoplasty

Nasal dorsal cyst or pseudocyst formation is a rare complication after rhinoplasty. We present what we believe to be the first case in which extensive bony destruction resulted from such a lesion. A review of the literature is provided along with a discussion of possible etiologies of this complication.
Joint Operations Planning for the Midcourse Space Experiment Satellite

The Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite is intended to gather broadband phenomenology data on missiles, plumes, naturally occurring Earth-limb backgrounds, and deep-space backgrounds. In addition the MSX will be used to conduct functional demonstrations of space-based space surveillance. The Applied Physics Laboratory is charged with the detailed operations planning required to implement all of the experiments run on the MSX satellite, except the space surveillance experiments. The nonsurveillance operations are generally amenable to being defined months ahead of tune and being scheduled on a monthly basis. Lincoln Laboratory is charged with implementing the space surveillance demonstrations on the satellite. The planning timelines for these demonstrations are fundamentally different from those for the other experiments in that the specific experiment sequence and pointing must be refined shortly before execution. This allocation of responsibilities to different organizations implies the need for a joint mission planning system for conducting space surveillance demonstrations. This paper details the iterative, joint planning system, based on passing responsibility for generating commands for surveillance operations from the Applied Physics Laboratory to Lincoln Laboratory for specific scheduled operations. The joint planning system, including the generation of a budget for spacecraft resources to be used for surveillance events, has been successfully demonstrated during ground testing and is being validated to support launch within the year. The planning system developed for the MSX satellite forms a model possibly applicable to developing distributed mission planning systems for other multiuse satellites.
Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP depletion in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibit increased spontaneous and diminished activation-induced apoptosis. We tested the hypothesis that key biochemical checkpoints, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), mediate the imbalance of apoptosis in SLE. Methods We assessed the ΔΨm with potentiometric dyes, measured ROI production with oxidation-sensitive fluorochromes, and monitored cell death by annexin V and propidium iodide staining of lymphocytes, using flow cytometry. Intracellular glutathione levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, while ATP and ADP levels were assessed by the luciferin-luciferase assay. Results Both ΔΨm and ROI production were elevated in the 25 SLE patients compared with the 25 healthy subjects and the 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Intracellular glutathione contents were diminished, suggesting increased utilization of reducing equivalents in SLE. H2O2, a precursor of ROIs, increased ΔΨm and caused apoptosis in normal PBLs. In contrast, H2O2-induced apoptosis and ΔΨm elevation were diminished, particularly in T cells, and the rate of necrotic cell death was increased in patients with SLE. The intracellular ATP content and the ATP:ADP ratio were reduced and correlated with the ΔΨm elevation in lupus. CD3:CD28 costimulation led to transient elevation of the ΔΨm, followed by ATP depletion, and sensitization of normal PBLs to H2O2-induced necrosis. Depletion of ATP by oligomycin, an inhibitor of F0F1–ATPase, had similar effects. Conclusion T cell activation and apoptosis are mediated by ΔΨm elevation and increased ROI production. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and the resultant ATP depletion sensitize T cells for necrosis, which may significantly contribute to inflammation in patients with SLE.
The Berry-esséen theorem for the subject-years method in mortality analysis with censored data

The test for the hypothesis that the mortality in the observed group is the same as that of a reference group by subject-years method is considered in this paper. We prove a Berry-Esseen type theorem for the test statistics studied in Berry (1983), which gives an upper bound for the convergence rates of test statistics to their limiting distributions.
Unique contribution of fatigue to disability in community-dwelling adults with traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objective To examine the unique contribution of fatigue to self-reported disability in community-dwelling adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design A cross-sectional cohort design. Setting Community dwellings. Participants Adults (N=50) with a history of mild to severe TBI were assessed. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures This study assessed the contribution of fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) to disability (Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory), controlling for executive functions (Frontal Systems Behavior Scale), depression status (major depression in partial remission/current major depression/depressive symptoms or no history of depression), and initial injury severity (uncomplicated mild, complicated mild, moderate, or severe). Results Fatigue was found to contribute uniquely to the variance in self-reported disability (β=.47, P 4,45 =17.32, P 1,45 =13.97, P Conclusions Fatigue contributes uniquely to disability status among community-dwelling adults with chronic TBI, independent of injury severity, executive functions, and depression. Addressing fatigue through targeted interventions may help to improve self-perceived disability in this population.
MECHANISM OF ENZYME INACTIVATION BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF AMINO ACIDS (AT 2537 Å)

— >The inactivation of the enzymes chymotrypsin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, and trypsin by ultraviolet light can be accounted for quantitatively by summing the products of (1) the probability that light is absorbed by a given amino acid residue, the molecular extinc tion coefficient, and (2) the probability that absorbed light induces a chemical change in the residue, the quantum yield for the residue. The principal residues involved are cystyl and tryptophanyl. Peptide bond rupture is not important. Energy transfer among chromophores within molecules of enzymes need not be invoked in order to account for photochemical inactivation. Quantum yields for the destruction of a number of amino acids at 2537 A have been measured.
The RAD6 gene of yeast: A link between DNA repair, chromosome structure and protein degradation?

Among the DNA repair mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the rad6 mutants are characterized by a highly pleiotropic phenotype. Most remarkably, these mutants are sensitive towards a variety of DNA-damaging agents and deficient in mutation induction. The RAD6 gene has been cloned and most recently, ubiquitin-conjugating activity of the Rad6 protein has been demonstrated. In this brief review, the properties of rad6 mutants are discussed in the light of these new findings. The available data hint at a connection between DNA repair, mutagenesis, chromosome structure and protein degradation.
Lagrangian Analyses of Rainfall Structure and Evolution for Organized Thunderstorm Systems in the Urban Corridor of the Northeastern United States

AbstractIn this study, a climatology of the structure and evolution of rainfall for organized thunderstorm systems in the urban corridor of the northeastern United States is developed. These storm systems are major agents of flash flooding for urban regions of the northeastern United States and, more generally, for the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The analyses are motivated by problems that center on characterizing flash flood hazards. The authors focus on spatial heterogeneities of rainfall associated with urbanization in a region of complex landscape including mountainous terrain and land–water boundaries along the geometrically complex coastline of the New York City–New Jersey metropolitan region. The sample of storms selected for investigation consists of the 50 days from April to September 2001–09 with the largest cloud-to-ground lightning flash density derived from National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) observations over the study region. Storm-tracking analyses of 3D radar reflec...
Stress during adolescence alters behavioral sensitization to amphetamine.

Abstract In humans, chronic intermittent and uncontrollable stress during adolescence is viewed as a key factor for vulnerability to drug abuse and development of psychopathologies later in life. Less is known about the long-term effects of chronic stress in animals during the juvenile period. Although there is evidence of cross sensitization during prenatal period and adulthood between chronic stress and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat, no studies have been conducted on cross sensitization between chronic variable stress in adolescence and behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. To address this question, at the onset of adolescence (28 days) male rats were subjected to 28 days of intermittent non-habituating social stress (isolation, novel environment, crowding, litter-shifting, subordination), or physical stress (restraint, swim, cold, ether, noise), or were handled as controls. Twenty-four hours after the last stressor or handling, all groups were exposed to a novel environment for 1 h, after which they underwent a regimen of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Our results showed that socially stressed rats have low locomotor activity in the novel environment, when compared to the control and physical groups who were identical in the same test. Even though socially stressed rats had lower locomotor activity in response to amphetamine injections, there were no significant differences during the training phase between the three groups at this dose of amphetamine. However, when tested for behavioral sensitization to amphetamine control and physically stressed rats showed a robust sensitization, socially stressed rats were significantly inhibited. We conclude that our chronic variable social stress protocol during adolescence inhibits behavioral sensitization to amphetamine during adulthood.
Interaction of genotype and exogenous neonatal estrogen: aggression in female mice.

Abstract Defensive aggression in neonatally estrogen treated mice was increased in females of an inbred strain wherein the males are highly aggressive, but there was no change in females from strains wherein the males are relatively passive. Such genotype X treatment interaction suggests that genotype is a potentially important variable for study of the effects of early sex hormones. The interaction may be due to strain differences in relevant genes activated during the period of maximum organizational effects of sex hormone.
Correction of feline arylsulphatase B deficiency (mucopolysaccharidosis VI) by bone marrow transplantation

Feline and human mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI or Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome) are inherited autosomal recessive deficiencies of lysosomal enzyme arylsulphatase B1–6. Affected cats and children exhibit lesions caused by incompetent degradation, retinal atrophy and excessive urinary excretion of dermatan facial dysmorphia, corneal stromal opacities, leukocyte granulation, retinal atrophy and excessive urinary excretion of dermatan sulphate—and usually die before adulthood7–11. Most attempts to treat humans affected with MPS VI or other mucopolysaccharidoses have been ineffective or logistically prohibitive12–21, but allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) offers promise for cure of certain inborn errors of metabolism22–24. Engraftment of normal donor marrow may endow the enzyme-deficient recipient with a continuous source of enzyme-competent blood cells and tissue macrophages to facilitate degradation of stored substrate and to prevent genesis of further malformations. To test this hypothesis, we performed allogeneic BMT in a 2-year-old male Siamese cat with advanced MPS VI. Here we describe BMT-induced correction of this hereditary enzyme deficiency.
Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
Problem solving in small groups as a function of “open” and “closed” individual belief systems

Abstract Group problem solving as a function of belief system orientation of group members was investigated. Groups of (1) all “open-minded” subjects (2) all “closed-minded” subjects, and (3) mixed subjects were compared on variables of (a) communication, (b) problem-solving time, and (c) acceptance and rejection of problems, groups, experimenter, and overall situation. Evidence indicates the superiority of predominantly open-minded groups on all variables. Results also indicate that behavior in small groups can be reliably predicted, at least for the experimental conditions employed in this research, from the theoretical developments of Rokeach's investigations on individual personality.