cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper circulation in two tidally influenced marinas studied with the use of a Nafion polymer probe

Being able to measure the levels, and predict the movement of an anthropogenic trace metal released into a marine or estuarine environment is a major focus in coastal pollution studies. One major source of trace metal contamination in these environments is from ionic-copper-containing antifouling paints on ship hulls. Because ionic copper [Cu (I) + Cu (II)] complexes with organic ligands in the aquatic environment, there is a need for a quick and reliable measurement method to determine its levels. The organic dye, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathocuproine = BCP), embedded in the polymer Nafion 117, is such a reliable method. This procedure provides for the development of a probe capable of directly measuring Cu (I) in seawater. Measurement numbers are within 17% of the values obtained with the aqueous BCS standard method procedure. With this Nafion probe, it is possible to test for Cu (I), and, with a method modification, for Cu (II). The probe also allows the study of the movement of the ionic copper relative to the water movements in a basin. Results from this study indicate that ionic copper circulates, mixes, and releases from the basins or harbors with the tide. The circulation and mixing are functions of the basin flushing rate and exchange ratio. Nafion impregnated with bathocuproine (BCP) is a rapid method useful for detecting Cu (I) releases into the marine environment. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3:3–18, 1999
Polarization properties of resonance fluorescence

The polarization matrix is calculated for the far field of the fluorescence produced by a two-level atom excited by coherent light. The fluorescence is always polarized in a polarized applied field and has linear or elliptic polarization according to whether the atomic transition is of Δm = 0 or Δm = ±1 type. In a partially polarized applied field, the fluorescence is also partially polarized but with a different degree of polarization in general.
Penetrating neck trauma: A 5-year review of the literature, 1983 to 1988

Penetrating neck trauma remains controversial: some trauma centers continue to pursue a policy of mandatory exploration while others advocate selective exploration. The literature regarding penetrating neck trauma published during the past 5 years is reviewed in this report. The majority of reports support selective exploration, and most civilian centers report a mortality of 3% to 6% regardless of the type of exploration performed. To clarify the rationale behind the selective management of penetrating neck wounds, current data on ballistics, ancillary diagnostic studies, and comparative costs are reviewed. Emergency room management and surgical follow-up, which vary according to the type of missile and the zone of the neck penetrated, are discussed.
The Clinical Potential of Renin Inhibitors and Angiotensin Antagonists

The renin angiotensin system is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure and hypertension. For this reason, attempts to specifically block this system have been a pharmacological goal for over 25 years. Blockade of the renin system has been attempted at 3 pivotal sites: the rate limiting angiotensinogen-renin step, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and the active receptor sites for the terminal products of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Converting enzyme inhibitors have been successfully studied and utilised in clinical cardiovascular disorders, but questions persist regarding the specificity of their action. Thus, other more specific approaches remain under evaluation. Inhibition of the action of renin on angiotensinogen was demonstrated with early inhibitory peptides and in experimental studies with specific antibodies. Most currently available renin inhibitors are nonpeptides, which nonetheless require intravenous administration. An oral renin inhibitor with clinical effects has been evaluated in early human trials. Like renin inhibitors and converting enzyme inhibitors, specific angiotensin antagonists were studied early in the course of renin system pharmacological blockade. Early angiotensin antagonists were limited, due to the requirement for intravenous administration and because of their short half-lives. They also had the potential for mixed agonist/antagonist physiological and pharmacological effects, which could result in a pressor, rather than a depressor, response. The angiotensin receptor antagonists have the appeal of blocking the specific receptor at its target tissue site, analogous to other well described systems. Newer angiotensin antagonists do not have the limitations of the precursor peptides. Losartan (DUP753) is a specific angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist. It is orally effective without agonist activity, and has high receptor binding characteristics. Early studies indicate that it is a specific probe of the renin system, and is providing newer insights into the role of the renin system in cardiovascular disorders. Emerging clinical studies indicate that it is effective for blood pressure reduction and as a vasodilator. Aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone have been available for decades. Spironolactone is being used in an ongoing trial to assess the impact of combined converting enzyme and aldosterone inhibition. Newer aldosterone antagonists could add to targeted blockade of aldosterone without the adverse effects of the precursor compound, and the potential for combined specific renin system blockade.
Monotherapy of Hypertension with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are clearly effective treatment for all stages of hypertension. Since the introduction of captopril in 1981, numerous ACE inhibitors have been synthesized and are under investigation. Their exact anti hypertensive mechanism of action remains unclear. Part of their effect may be mediated by vasodilator prostaglandins. Early studies with as much as 1,000 mg a day captopril demonstrated the agent's ability to reduce blood pressure, but only 10 percent of the severely hypertensive patients were controlled with monotherapy. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that patients with mild to moderate hypertension can be controlled with ACE inhibitor alone, although there is a tendency for the very low doses to lose their effect with time. Black patients are lass readily controlled with monotherapy. Captopril has now been demonstrated to be effective in the hypertension of scleroderma and has reversed scleroderma renal crisis. ACE inhibitors are also effective for the treatment of severe congestive heart failure.
The Computerized Diagnostic Rhyme Test as a Design Tool for Armored Vehicle Intercommunications Systems

The speech intelligibility of an intercom system (ICS) operated under realistic noise environment conditions is an extremely important parameter in determining the combat effectiveness of the armored vehicle crewman. Almost no evaluation of the intelligibility of the ICS is undertaken during its development phase. This may be due to naivete on the part of the government in requesting such work or on the contractor not wishing to spend the time and money necessary to perform a complete evaluation of system performance. Some testing is usually performed, but it is limited by lack of understanding of the armored vehicle noise environment and in some cases by the lack of the expensive facilities required to simulate the vehicle noise environment. The ASA standard speech intelligibility tests, such as ANSI S3.2-1960 (R1971) are cumber-some and very expensive to run. We wrote a fully automated, computerized Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT) to eliminate these problems. The DRT is performed in our Armored Vehicle Noise Environment Simulator, which can simulate all common armored vehicle noise environments in the U.S. Army inventory. Initial testing of the DRT and simulator began in January 1985 with the evaluation of the currently fielded AN/VIC-1 and three Vehicular Intercommunication System (VIS) Non-Developed Item (NDI) candidate ICS systems. The test system proved to be a valuable tool in the evaluation of these intercommunication systems under normal combat noise environment conditions.
Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis: the New York Eye and Ear experience.

The Boston keratoprosthesis has had variable success rates in the past. However, significant modifications to design and management have recently led to successful outcomes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis at our institution. A retrospective chart review was performed of all Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis procedures conducted at a single practice at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary from December 2006 to August 2010. Outcome measures included visual acuity, retention rates, and complications. In all, 58 eyes of 51 patients who received a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis were included. The most common indication for the keratoprosthesis was failed penetrating keratoplasty (PK) (81.0%; mean 2.4±1.3 PKs per eye). Glaucoma was the most common comorbidity (75.9%). Pre-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was <20/400 in 87.9% of eyes. At last follow-up, 43.1% of eyes had a BCVA of 20/200. Retention rate was 87.9% over an average follow-up of 21.5±11.4 months (median 22 months, range 3–47 months). Complications increased with time, with 65.5% of eyes experiencing at least one event by 6 months and 75.9% by 1 year. The most common post-operative complication was retroprosthetic membrane formation (50.0%). The Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis provides visual recovery for eyes with multiple PK failures or with poor prognosis for primary PK, showing excellent retention rates. However, there is a trend towards a decline in visual acuity with time and the development of late complications, highlighting a need for longer-term studies.
Replication in Ficus distributed file systems

Ficus is a replicated general filing environment for Unix intended to scale to very large (nationwide) networks. The system uses an optimistic one copy availability model in which conflicting updates to the file system's directory information are automatically reconciled, while conflicting file updates are reliably detected and reported. The system architecture is based on a stackable layers methodology which permits a high degree of modularity and extensibility of file system services. The motivations for replication are presented, and the case for optimistic concurrency control for large-scale distributed file systems is summarized. A brief description of the Ficus file system is presented and a number of outstanding issues which must be addressed are outlined. >
Mannitol Versus 3% NaCL for Management of Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract The study purpose was to investigate the relationship between the type of hyperosmolar therapy used in treating elevated intracranial pressure and the outcome of children with severe traumatic brain injury. Two outcomes were investigated: length of stay in the intensive care unit and disposition status at discharge from hospital. Children who received mannitol had the shortest length of stay and the highest mortality rate of 80%, whereas the group who received sodium chloride 3% had the longest length of stay in the intensive care unit. The group who received combined therapy of mannitol and sodium chloride 3% had the lowest mortality rate, which may suggest better modalities to manage increased intracranial pressures.
Translocation of protein kinase Cs in Aplysia neurons: evidence for complex regulation.

Abstract We examined the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) produced by phorbol esters inAplysia nervous tissue. Translocation of PKC in intact ganglia requires higher concentrations of phorbol esters than would be expected from: (1) their affinity forAplysia PKCs measured in vitro; (2) their physiological effects on culturedAplysia neurons; and (3) their actions on PKC in synaptosomes. Although phorbol esters enter intact ganglia slowly, delayed access to neurons is insufficient to account for the high concentrations needed for translocation. Increasing accessibility to the neural components of ganglia increases the rate at which translocation occurs, but does not affect the concentration of phorbol ester required. We suggest that this might best be explained by the presence of a competitive inhibitor at the binding site for phorbol esters in PKC. An indication for an inhibitor is that the concentration of phorbol esters needed for translocation in homogenates of nervous tissue is markedly decreased by diluting the extract. Preliminary characterization shows that the inhibitory activity is unusual: in addition to being competitive with lipid activators, it is soluble and tissue-specific. This type of inhibitor may be an important regulator of protein phosphorylation by PKC in neurons.
Timing Measurement and Simulation of a TFT‐LCD Panel using Pixel Macro Models

This paper demonstrates a new, fast, and effective circuit simulation method for a full LCD panel. The simulation circuit consists of a-Si TFT model presented earlier [1], the liquid crystal [1], the pixel macro models, and interconnects. We show the pixel macro modeling process associated with the timing simulation. Also, the timing measurement has been obtained to validate the macro model. Using the simulation method presented here some large LCD panels have been simulated in less than a minute on a workstation.
The selfish goal: Self-deception occurs naturally from autonomous goal operation

Self-deception may be a natural consequence of active goal operation instead of an adaptation for negotiating the social world. We argue that because autonomous goal programs likely drove human judgment and behavior prior to evolution of a central executive or "self," these goal programs can operate independently to attain their desired end states and thereby produce outcomes that "deceive" the individual.
On Evacuation and Deaths from Hurricane Katrina

| 754 the next hurricane. More knowledge about a hazard is usually associated with the person taking more protective actions or adjustments, but knowledge can be inconsistent, thus reducing its impact. Some individuals with more knowledge become overconfi dent and consider themselves less vulnerable due to their knowledge. Women perceive risk diff erently from men and are more likely to be risk averse and to perceive hazards as risky. Racial and ethnic minorities and individuals with low income and little education tend to have higher perceptions of risk from natural hazards, perhaps due to their lack of resources and their vulnerable positions in society. However, studies also show that African-Americans are less likely to evacuate than whites. Households with children are more likely to evacuate from a hurricane, while households with elderly are less likely to evacuate. Baker reports that the three most important factors in determining whether people evacuate are 1) the vulnerability of their locations; 2) whether they believe they have been told by authorities that they must evacuate; and 3) the severity of the hurricane. People who live on beaches or barrier islands or who live in the surge zone or in mobile homes realize their vulnerability and are more likely to evacuate than those who live inland in nonsurge zones. People who evacuate usually perceive a personal risk to themselves or to their family. Th e perceived risk is aff ected by whether the evacuation is “recommended (voluntary)” or “ordered (mandated),” and by the forecast severity of the storm. An “evacuation order” is most effi cient for convincing people to evacuate, but dissemination by the media may not be suffi cient. Baker reports that the public is most eff ectively informed when authorities go door-to-door notifying residents of the need to evacuate or drive through neighborhoods announcing the evacuation over loudspeakers. For some, such as those in health care facilities, evacuation may not be off ered as an individual option. Others who do not evacuate do not perceive a large risk, or stay at home to look aft er their property and pets or for work-related reasons. Th us, residents of New Orleans might have chosen to stay at home because they did not perceive a high risk. Th ey had been warned to evacuate for Category-4 hurricanes ON EVACUATION AND DEATHS FROM HURRICANE KATRINA
KILLER WHALE PREDATION ON BELUGAS IN COOK INLET, ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR A DEPLETED POPULATION

Killer whale predation on belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska, has become a concern since the decline of these belugas was documented during the 1990s. Accordingly, killer whale sightings were compiled from systematic surveys, observer databases, and anecdotal accounts. Killer whales have been relatively common in lower Cook Inlet (at least 100 sightings from 1975 to 2002), but in the upper Inlet, north of Kalgin Island, sightings were infrequent (18 in 27 yr), especially prior to the 1990s. Beach cast beluga carcasses with teeth marks and missing flesh also provided evidence of killer whale predation. Most observed killer whale/beluga interactions were in the upper Inlet. During 11 of 15 observed interactions, belugas were obviously injured or killed, either through direct attacks or indirectly as a result of stranding. Assuming at least one beluga mortality occurred during the other four encounters, we can account for 21 belugas killed between 1985 and 2002. This would suggest a minimum estimate of roughly 1/yr and does not include at least three instances where beluga calves accompanied an adult that was attacked.
CyclinD1/CyclinD3 Ratio by Real-Time PCR Improves Specificity for the Diagnosis of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

We developed a real-time, quantitative, reverse transcription PCR assay for cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression to aid in the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The diagnosis of MCL can be problematic, and existing CCND1 expression assays show a lack of specificity, with elevated expression also detected in other lymphoproliferative disorders. We postulated that evaluating CCND1 expression relative to CCND3 expression by quantitative PCR could offer an improved specificity over an evaluation of CCND1 alone. This method quantitates both CCND1 and CCND3, each normalized to a housekeeping gene (GADPH), using the 5′-exonuclease technique. We analyzed 107 clinical specimens: MCL (17), chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL) (10), other non-MCL hematolymphoid disorders (41), non-malignant tissues with an epithelial component (7) and other normal samples (32). This method correctly identified 16 of 17 MCLs, and there were no false positives among any of the other diagnostic groups tested including CLL. CLL presents the major diagnostic dilemma at this institution when diagnosing MCL. Sensitivity studies showed that this method could detect an elevated CCND1/CCND3 ratio when the tumor infiltrate is at least 10% of the cells. We compared the specificity of CCND1 expression alone against the CCND1/CCND3 ratio to demonstrate the increased specificity for the latter. We conclude that the CCND1/CCND3 ratio is a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of MCL.
Fe(III), Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallate) dihydrates; a new family of hybrid framework materials

Abstract We report the synthesis, crystal structures, magnetic properties, and thermal behavior of a family of isostructural transition metal gallate dihydrates containing infinite chains of trans-corner-sharing M O 6 octahedra. The gallates crystallize in the enantiomorphic space groups P 3 1 21 and P 3 2 21 , chirality being imparted by helical motifs in the structure. Ni(C7O5H4)⋅2H2O: a = 8.824 ( 2 ) A , c = 10.644 ( 2 ) A ; Mn(C7O5H4)⋅2H2O: a = 9.063 ( 2 ) A , c = 10.947 ( 2 ) A ; Co(C7O5H4)⋅2H2O: a = 8.910 ( 2 ) A , c = 10.887 ( 2 ) A . The Co(II) and Ni(II) gallates exhibit antiferromagnetic behavior, with T N = 43 and 19 K, respectively, while Mn(II) gallate is paramagnetic down to 5 K. High-temperature X-ray powder diffraction indicates that crystallinity is lost near 200 °C in all of the compounds. Decarboxylation of the gallate moieties is believed to facilitate this thermal decomposition.
Quantitation of hydroxyl radicals produced by radiation and copper-linked oxidation of ascorbate by 2-deoxy-D-ribose method

We have established controlled conditions for studying the reaction of chemically and radiolytically produced hydroxyl radical (.OH) with 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2-DR). Ascorbate (ASC) or dithiothreitol (DTT) and cuprous or cupric ions were used to generate the OH-radical. The OH-radical was detected using the classical method of measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBARP) formed by .OH-mediated 2-DR degradation, but using sensitive fluorescent detection of the TBARP production to quantify the OH-radical. All experiments were performed with adequate O(2) concentrations. The copper reaction with ASC consumes O(2) in a manner that is strongly dependent on copper concentration, and less dependent on ascorbate concentration. For an independent check of the Cu2+ catalyzed ASC oxidation kinetics, the decay of ASC absorbency at 265 nm, as well as the increase of H(2)O(2) absorbency at approximately 240 nm, were also monitored. These spectral changes agree well with the O(2) consumption data. TBARP production from 2-DR incubated with a Cu2+-ASC mixture or gamma-irradiated were also compared. gamma-Irradiation of 2-DR solutions shows a dose and 2-DR concentration dependent increase of TBARP generation. Other electron donors, such as DTT, are more complicated in their mechanism of OH-radical production. Incubation of 2-DR with Cu2+-DTT mixtures shows a delay (approximately 50 min) before OH-radical generation is detected. Our results suggest that the Cu2+-ASC reaction can be used to mimic the effects of ionizing radiation with respect to OH-radical generation. The good reproducibility and relative simplicity of the 2-DR method with fluorescence detection indicates its usefulness for the quantitation of the OH-radical generated radiolytically or chemically in carefully controlled model systems.
Amino acid variability in the peptide composition of a suite of amphiphilic peptide siderophores from an open ocean Vibrio species

In response to iron-depleted aerobic conditions, bacteria often secrete low molecular weight, high-affinity iron(III)-complexing ligands, siderophores, to solubilize and sequester iron(III). Many marine siderophores are amphiphilic and are produced in suites, wherein each member within a particular suite has the same iron(III)-binding polar head group which is appended by one or two fatty acids of differing length, degree of unsaturation, and degree of hydroxylation, establishing the suite composition. We report the isolation and structural characterization of a suite of siderophores from marine bacterial isolate Vibrio sp. Nt1. On the basis of structural analysis, this suite of siderophores, the moanachelins, is amphiphilic and composed of two N-acetyl-N-hydroxy-d-ornithines, one N-acetyl-N-hydroxy-l-ornithine, and either a glycine or an l-alanine, appended with various saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails. The variation in the small side-chain amino acid is the first occurrence of variation in the peptidic head group structure of a set of siderophores produced by a single bacterium.
Simulation Study of Partial Discharge UHF Wave Transmission Characteristic in GIS Typical Structure

Defects inside the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) will produce ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic waves. The waves will be affected by the shell of GIS when propagating inside the GIS cavity. In the 0-3GHz frequency range, propagation characteristic of electromagnetic which is excited by partial discharge in GIS is simulated based on the method of finite difference time domain (FDTD). This paper designs the GIS simulation models with and without insulator according to the size of a 220kV single phase GIS bus and sets a metal protrusion defect on the bus as the PD source. The transmission characteristics of model waves inside typical GIS structures, and the influence of the insulator to the propagation of electromagnetic wave was studied via setting the different directions of electromagnetic, comparing the time and frequency domain results of electromagnetic wave in different structures and measurement angles.
Non-destructive measurement of glass on silicon dioxide through near-infrared (NIR) interference

Abstract A simple non-destructive technique is described for measuring the thickness of glass films on reflective substrates. Interference patterns are obtained by scanning with a spectrophotometer the near-infrared region of the spectrum between 0·6 and 2·7 μ. The glass layer does not have to be etched or metalized. This method is quick to use (scan time about 30 sec), and provides a permanent record in the form of a plot, thus eliminating the problem of visual interpretation prevalent with interferometer and similar optical methods. The technique is particularly suited for films thicker than 10,000 A. To accurately measure thinner transparent films, one may utilize interference patterns that develop when scanned in the u.v.—visible region of the spectrum. The procedure is readily adaptable for machine operation.
Shot-By-Shot Erosion Modeling of Retired 120mm M256 Gun Tube #1988

Abstract : As our gun erosion database increases for in-service and out-of-service 120mm M256 tubes with M829Ax series rounds, distinct erosion patterns and mechanisms are emerging. Variability exists for M256 guns with M829Ax series rounds depending on round count, round type, round conditioning temperature, and their order. Our Materials Ablation Conduction Erosion (MACE) M256/M829A2 gun system erosion model, with its interior ballistics, thermochemistry, and boundary layer components, is constantly being refined by this erosion data. A recent refinement includes the improvement of the gun steel subsurface exposure model due to high quality-difficult to obtain data from in-service M256 tubes. Another recent refinement includes the improvement-incorporation of case gas laminar cooling-turbuluent mixing effects and forcing cone induced vena contracts effects into the boundary layer heat transfer model based on thermal data from M236 tubes. This second refinement is calibrated as a function of axial position by chromium- plate-recrystallization and gun steel-transformation temperature depths. A comprehensive gun erosion model is described for the 120mm M256 gun with its M829Ax series rounds. In addition, a detailed shot-by- shot erosion modeling prediction is described for retired 120mm M256 gun tube serial number 1988. For this gun tube, the erosion prediction includes the two types of rounds fired (M829, M829A2) and the three conditioning temperatures for each round (hot, ambient, cold). The gun erosion mechanism consists of heat checking of the inert chromium plate, subsequent interfacial degradation of the subsurface gun steel substrate at the chromium crack bases, subsequent chromium platelet spalling, and subsequent bare gun steel gas wash. This gun erosion model correctly predicts that the worst eroded region (3 mm deep) is at 1.2 - 2.4 meters RFT and that the excessive muzzle wear (chromium loss without gun steel gas wash) is by a different purely mechanical mechani7
Arthritis associated with circulating immune complexes following administration of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Intravenous immunoglobulin is viewed as a relatively safe treatment for several neurologic disorders. I report arthritis associated with elevated circulating immune complexes and abnormalitites of serum complement components which is a rare complication with modern preparations of immunoglobulin-gamma.
Proper Resonance Depiction of Acylium Cation: A High-Level and Student Computational Investigation

The electronic and molecular structure of the acylium cation ([CH3CO]+, 1) receives varied treatment in undergraduate textbooks and online resources. The overall structure of 1 is typically represented as an equal combination of resonance structures containing C–O triple and double bonds, the latter structure occasionally being shown with a bent C–C–O bond angle. This description is inconsistent with available experimental and theoretical data, all of which indicate that 1 is a linear molecule containing a C≡O bond, and can lead students to a false conception of structure, conjugation, and charge distribution. A set of simple computational exercises is reported that allows students to calculate and rationalize the most accurate resonance representation of 1.
The effect of posterior tooth form on the chewing cycle in the frontal plane

The present study found that the closing angle 2 mm from intercuspal position was independent of artificial posterior tooth forms for the eight subjects who wore remote overdentures. This closing angle may be dependent on occlusal morphology in dentulous subjects. The difference could be related to the amount of proprioceptive input available from mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament. In edentulous subjects other parameters of chewing cycles may be dependent on posterior tooth forms. The studies cited, as well as the present one, have not provided adequate information regarding posterior tooth form, patient preferences, and masticatory function. More research is needed with larger numbers of subjects, one set of denture bases with interchangeable posterior segments, and double-blind examiners. Then dentists should be better equipped to solve and treat their patients' problems.
A new crystal form of restriction endonuclease EcoRII that diffracts to 2.8 Å resolution

EcoRII, a type IIe restriction endonuclease, has been crystallized in space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 58.3, b = 127.8, c = 59.9 A, β = 91.4°. There are two monomers in the asymmetric unit and the solvent content is estimated to be 49% by volume. The crystals diffract to 2.8 A resolution, which is much higher than that of the previously reported cubic crystal form, which diffracted to 4 A resolution.
Job Involvement or Affective Commitment: A Sensitivity Analysis Study of Apathetic Employee Mobility

Apathetic employees constitute one of four employee categories in Blau and Boal’s (1987) model. Six sensitivity analyses were applied to create positive and negative changes in the measurement scores on job involvement and affective commitment of 553 employees to determine which variable produced the greatest Apathetic employee mobility. While changing both variables simultaneously created the greatest movement, on an individual basis, changing affective commitment produced greater Apathetic employee mobility than changing job involvement. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
The use of oral midazolam for perioperative anxiolysis of healthy patients undergoing Mohs surgery: conclusions from randomized controlled and prospective studies.

Background Anxiety can complicate any outpatient procedure by causing elevation in blood pressure and heart rate with resultant increase in intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. Anxiety may also reduce patient satisfaction with the surgical experience. Midazolam is an efficacious short-acting benzodiazepine with an excellent safety record. However, little experience is documented on the use of midazolam in outpatient dermatologic surgery. Objective To establish the safety and efficacy of oral midazolam in healthy patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery. Methods Patients undergoing outpatient Mohs surgery were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of single-dose midazolam for efficacy and safety in producing anxiolysis of short duration. A subpopulation of patients was evaluated prospectively in a nonrandomized arm of the study. Data on vital signs, anxiety, adverse events, and overall satisfaction were collected and compared using analysis of covariance model. Results Forty-four patients were randomized and 31 patients were enrolled in the prospective arm. Socioeconomic and surgical characteristics were similar among the groups. At 60 minutes, there was a clinically and statistically significant reduction in anxiety and alertness in both randomized and prospective arms. There were no major adverse events. Patients in all 3 groups were equally satisfied with their experience. Limitations Few patients with high perioperative anxiety were willing to participate in a randomized controlled trial of anxiolytic medication. Conclusions Midazolam is safe and efficacious in perioperative anxiolysis for healthy patients undergoing outpatient Mohs micrographic surgery. Midazolam offers the benefits of amnesia, reduced alertness, and reduced blood pressure with no clinically significant adverse effects.
Visual Preferences in Urban Street Scenes A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Japan and the United States

This research examined visual environmental preferences of a sample of 46 subjects (Ss): 29 in Japan and 17 in the United States. The Ss (who were all students) were asked to evaluate videotapes and slides of urban street scenes in each country. An examination of preference scores revealed that both Japanese and U.S. Ss preferred foreign scenes to native ones. Physical properties of each scene were judged by four professionals in the United States. An examination of correlations between preferences for scenes and physical properties of those scenes revealed that for both Japanese and U.S. Ss, preference was associated independently with ratings of upkeep, prominence of nature, and absence of vehicles. Stepwise regressions revealed preference to be a function of two factors: order (order, naturalness, and upkeep) and diversity (high contrast, diversity, and few vehicles).
Enhanced Intercalation Dynamics and Stability of Engineered Micro/Nano-Structured Electrode Materials: Vanadium Oxide Mesocrystals

An additive and template free process is developed for the facile synthesis of VO2 (B) mesocrystals via the solvothermal reaction of oxalic acid and vanadium pentoxide. The six-armed star architectures are composed of stacked nanosheets homoepitaxially oriented along the [100] crystallographic register with respect to one another, as confirmed by means of selected area electron diffraction and electron microscopy. It is proposed that the mesocrystal formation mechanism proceeds through classical as well as non-classical crystallization processes, and is possibly facilitated or promoted by the presence of a reducing/chelating agent. The synthesized VO2 (B) mesocrystals are tested as a cathodic electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, and show good capacity at discharge rates ranging from 150-1500 mA g(-1) and a cyclic stability of 195 mA h g(-1) over fifty cycles. The superb electrochemical performance of the VO2 (B) mesocrystals is attributed to the porous and oriented superstructure that ensures large surface area for redox reaction and short diffusion distances. The mesocrystalline structure ensures that all the surfaces are in intimate contact with the electrolyte, and that lithium-ion intercalation occurs uniformly throughout the entire electrode. The exposed (100) facets also lead to fast lithium intercalation, and the homoepitaxial stacking of nanosheets offers a strong inner-sheet binding force that leads to better accommodation of the strain induced during cycling, thus circumventing the capacity fading issues typically associated with VO2 (B) electrodes.
Effect of low-frequency random noises on performance of a numeric monitoring task.

Previous findings indicate that continuous low-frequency noises at moderate sound-pressure levels do not produce decrements in vigilance performance. Such noises are commonly found in urban environments, however; and it is important to explore their effects carefully. This study employed 27 human males in a numeric monitoring task to evaluate the effects of low-frequency (11.5 to 350 Hz) noise at moderate sound-pressure levels (80 db). More numeric signals were missed during noise than during control runs. The effect was small but statistically reliable (P smaller than .033), in disagreement with previous research. The possible environmental impact of these findings is discussed.
Cytotoxicity of Diphtheria Toxin A Fragment to Toxin-resistant Murine Cells Delivered by pH-sensitive Immunoliposomes

Abstract pH-sensitive immunoliposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine and oleic acid (8:2 molar ratio) mediated the delivery of the cytotoxic fragment A of diphtheria toxin to the cytoplasm of target L-929 cells. Free fragment A, fragment A encapsulated in antibody-free liposomes, or fragment A encapsulated in pH-insensitive immunoliposomes was not effective in the inhibition of the cellular protein synthesis. pH-sensitive immunoliposomes containing diphtheria fragment A were not toxic to nontarget diphtheria-resistant A31 cells or to nontarget diphtheria-sensitive Vero cells. Pretreatment of target L-929 cells with the weak bases NH4Cl or chloroquine, agents which raise the endosome/lysosome pH, blocked the cytotoxic effect of the pH-sensitive immunoliposomes containing fragment A. Excess free antibody or excess empty pH-sensitive immunoliposomes also blocked the cytotoxic effect. Since it is known that fragment A alone cannot cross lipid membranes, the results of this study indicate that pH-sensitive immunoliposomes are able to release the toxin into the cytoplasm, probably by fusing with the endosome membrane following a receptor-mediated endocytosis of the immunoliposome.
Comparison of the Missing-Indicator Method and Conditional Logistic Regression in 1:m Matched Case-Control Studies with Missing Exposure Values

The missing-indicator method and conditional logistic regression have been recommended as alternative approaches for data analysis in matched case-control studies with missing exposure values. The authors evaluated the performance of the two methods using Monte Carlo simulation. Data were generated from a 1:m matched design based on McNemar's 2 x 2 tables with four scenarios for missing values: completely-at-random, case-dependent, exposure-dependent, and case/exposure-dependent. In their analysis, the authors used conditional logistic regression for complete pairs and the missing-indicator method for all pairs. For 1:1 matched studies, given no confounding between exposure and disease, the two methods yielded unbiased estimates. Otherwise, conditional logistic regression produced unbiased estimates with empirical confidence interval coverage similar to nominal coverage under the first three missing-value scenarios, whereas the missing-indicator method produced slightly more bias and lower confidence interval coverage. An increased number of matched controls was associated with slightly more bias and lower confidence interval coverage. Under the case/exposure-dependent missing-value scenario, neither method performed satisfactorily; this indicates the need for more sophisticated statistical methods for handling such missing values. Overall, compared with the missing-indicator method, conditional logistic regression provided a slight advantage in terms of bias and coverage probability, at the cost of slightly reduced statistical power and efficiency.
Failure to demonstrate transfer of milk prolactin into blood of milk-fed rats and calves.

Abstract Possible absorption of ingested prolactin into blood of milk-fed neonates was studied in two species by different experimental approaches. In calves, secretion of endogenous prolactin was suppressed by administration of ergocryptine. Prolactin was measured in blood plasma at 20-min intervals before and after ingestion by the calves of bovine milk or colostrum which contained prolactin. Prolactin in plasma during the 2-h period after feeding was the same as that during the 1-h period before feeding. Therefore, these data failed to demonstrate any absorption of ingested prolactin into the blood of neonatal calves. Previous research showed that bovine prolactin could be transferred into rat milk by injecting it into lactating rats. Blood serum was collected from rat pups that were suckling dams previously injected faith bovine prolactin. Several dosages and times of administration were used in the experimental design, and blood serum also was collected from rat pups nursing control dams. All samples were immunoassayed for bovine prolactin with reagents that crossreacted only slightly with endogenous rat prolactin. Injection of lactating dams with bovine prolactin did not increase the amount of immunoreactive bovine prolactin in the sera of suckling rat pups. These results agree with those from the calf study and indicate that ingested bovine prolactin was not absorbed intact into the blood of neonatal rats.
On uniform amplification of hardness in NP

We continue the study of amplification of average-case complexity within NP, and we focus on the uniform case.We prove that if every problem in NP admits an efficient uniform algorithm that (averaged over random inputs and over the internal coin tosses of the algorithm) succeeds with probability at least 1 ⁄ 2 +1 (log n )α, then for every problem in NP there is an efficient uniform algorithm that succeeds with probability at least 1 - 1 poly(n). Above, α > 0 is an absolute constant.Previously, Trevisan (FOCS'03) presented a similar redution between success 3⁄4 + 1 (log n) and 1 - 1 (log n)α Stronger reductions, due to O'Donnell (STOC'02) and Healy, Vadhan and Viola (FOCS'04) are known in the non-uniform case.
Cardiovascular Actions of Magnesium

Intracellular magnesium is an important modulator of calcium and potassium channels in cardiac myocytes. Hypomagnesemia is common in hospitalized patients and may contribute significantly to cardiac morbidity and mortality, particularly in states associated with myocardial ischemia. Therefore, it is important to maintain the plasma magnesium concentration within the normal range in asymptomatic patients and in patients with cardiac disease as prophylaxis against the occurrence of significant arrhythmias.
Emotion, Thought, and Estrangement: Emotion as a Cultural Category

The extensive discussions of the concept of the emotions that have occurred in the West for at least the last two thousand years have generally proceeded with either philosophical, religious, moral, or, more recently, scientific psychological purposes in mind. This discourse includes Plato's concern with the relation between pleasure and the good; the Stoic doctrine that the passions are naturally evil; early Christian attempts to distinguish the emotions of human frailty from the emotions of God; Hobbes's view that the passions are the primary source of action, naturally prompting both war and peace; the argument of Rousseau that natural feelings are of great value and ought to be separated from the "factitious" or sham feelings produced by civilization; the 19th-century psychologists' move to view emotions as psychophysiological in nature, with consciousness seen less and less as an important component of the emotions.' One of the notable aspects of this discourse is its concern with emotion as essence; whether the passions are portrayed as aspects of a divinely inspired human nature or as genetically encoded biological fact, they remain, to varying degrees, things that have an inherent and unchanging nature. With the exceptions of Rousseau, to some extent, and of Wittgenstein more recently, emotions have been sought in the supposedly more permanent structures of human existence-in spleens, souls, genes, human nature, and individual psychology, rather than in history, culture, ideology, and temporary human purposes. In this article, I explore the concept of emotion as a master Western cultural category. An examination of the unspoken assumptions embedded in the concept of emotion is important for several reasons. In the first instance, those assumptions guide the investigation of people's lives in social science, including anthro-
The simulation of texture evolution with finite elements over orientation space II. Application to planar crystals

Abstract In a companion paper, a new class of finite element schemes was presented for the modeling of arbitrary polycrystalline microstructure. In this work, these schemes are applied to the idealization of a planar microstructure. Reorientation velocities, obtained under particular macro-micro linking hypothesis and crystal constitutive relations, are examined over a range of rate sensitivities, and for a range of planar crystal geometries. It is shown that, under monotonic deformations, equilibria of the reorientation velocity determine the asymptotic structure of the developed reorientation entirely. A one-parameter characterization of reorientations by their asymptotic structures is developed, and exploited to display the entire range of reorientation structures in a set of bifurcation diagrams. Texturing representative of the range of qualitatively distinct reorientation structures is simulated using an updated Lagrangian finite element scheme.
Mesozoic Metamorphism, May Creek Schist Belt, Klamath Mountains, Oregon

Regionally metamorphosed rocks of Triassic and Jurassic age together with granitic plutons and metamorphosed ultramafic-mafic rocks form an elongate belt of approximately 300 sq mi in the northern Klamath Mountains of Oregon. The crystalline complex is named the May Creek Schist belt. Detailed mapping and petrographic studies in the northernmost part have established the pattern of isograds; metamorphism is progressive, and grade increases toward an axis which includes the locus of granitic plutons and ultramafic-mafic rocks. The pattern of isograds indicates steep thermal gradients and suggests that crystallizing granitic plutons supplied the energy for metamorphic reactions. Based on assemblages in pelitic rocks, metamorphism is interpreted as intermediate between low-pressure, regional contact metamorphism and higher pressure Barrovian-like metamorphism.
Validation of evacuated canisters for sampling volatile organic compounds in healthcare settings

Healthcare settings present a challenging environment for assessing low-level concentrations of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of high background concentrations of alcohol from the use of hand sanitizers and surface disinfectants. The purposes of this laboratory-based project were to develop and validate a sampling and analysis methodology for quantifying low-level VOC concentrations as well as high-level alcohol concentrations found together in healthcare settings. Sampling was conducted using evacuated canisters lined with fused silica. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was performed using preconcentration (for ppb levels) and loop injection (for ppm levels). For a select list of 14 VOCs, bias, precision, and accuracy of both the preconcentration and loop injection methods were evaluated, as was analyte stability in evacuated canisters over 30 days. Using the preconcentration (ppb-level) method, all validation criteria were met for 13 of the 14 target analytes—ethanol, acetone, methylene chloride, hexane, chloroform, benzene, methyl methacrylate, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, alpha-pinene, and limonene. Using the loop injection (ppm-level) method, all validation criteria were met for each analyte. At ppm levels, alpha-pinene and limonene remained stable over 21 days, while the rest of the analytes were stable for 30 days. All analytes remained stable over 30 days at ppb levels. This sampling and analysis approach is a viable (i.e., accurate and stable) methodology that will enable development of VOC profiles for mixed exposures experienced by healthcare workers.