cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ecology of Belizean mangrove-root fouling communities: patterns of epibiont distribution and abundance, and effects on root growth

The aerial prop roots of the neotropical red mangrove,Rhizophora mangle L., begin growing well above highest high water (HHW) and often extend well below lowest low water (LLW) before rooting in the benthic substratum. In Belize, Central America, prop roots growing below LLW are colonized by diverse assemblages of organisms, including macroalgae, hydrozoans, ascidians, sponges, anemones, hard corals, and isopod crustaceans. Mangroves, root-fouling epibionts, root herbivores, and benthic predators engage in complex interactions that are major determinants of mangrove growth and production. Species richness of root epibionts increases with distance from the mainland and with proximity to the barrier reef. Species richness decreases with variability in water temperature and salinity. Ascidians and sponges transplanted from Lark Cay into the coastal Placencia Lagoon failed to survive, but anemones from Lark Cay survived in Placencia Lagoon. Reciprocal transplants survived off-shore. The gastropod predator,Melongena melongena L., present only in mainland estuaries, reduced local barnacle abundance and epibiont species richness in Placencia Lagoon. Isopod species richness also increases with distance from shore, but the number of roots bored by these species decreases. These isopods can reduce root relative growth rate (RGRroot) by 55%. On off-shore cays, sponges and ascidians ameliorate negative effects of isopods. In mainland estuaries where epibionts are less common, isopod damage to roots is more severe. Experimental studies in mangrove swamps throughout the world would clarify the importance of plant-animal interactions in these widespread tropical ecosystems.
Calculated Entropies for n-Heptane, 2-Methylhexane, 2,3-Dimethylpentane, and Radicals from the Loss of H Atoms

Entropy data are reported using different calculation methods for internal rotors on n-heptane, 2-methylhexane, and 2,3-dimethylpentane and on the different radical sites of each species corresponding to the loss of a hydrogen atom for temperatures between 298 and 1500 K. Structures, moments of inertia, vibration frequencies, and internal rotor potentials are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Comparisons with experimental literature data suggest limitations inuse of the rigid-rotor harmonic-oscillator (HO) approximation and advantages to the use of internal rotation contributions for entropy relative to torsion frequencies. The comparisons suggest the need to include contributions from all internal rotors where the barriers are at or below those of the above molecules. Calculation of entropy from the use of internal rotor contributions provides acceptable approximations to available literature values. Entropy values for radicals corresponding to carbon sites on these hydrocarbons are presented.
Factors influencing survival in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The relative role of timing of surgery

Abstract Purpose Controversy persists regarding the factors influencing survival in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), in particular, the role of timing of surgery. The authors therefore sought to determine such factors and to assess the relative role of timing of surgery on outcome. Methods All CDH newborns 1991 through 2002 (n = 111) were divided into those undergoing repair before ("early" n=35), or after ("late" n=76) 48 hours. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the relative impact of various factors on survival rate. Results Overall survival rate was 64%. There was no effect on survival of heart rate, temperature, systolic blood pressure, age, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use, mesh use, infections, or intracranial hemorrhage, and there was no difference between early (68%) or late (62%) repair ( P = .2). Initial pco 2 greater than 50, po 2 less than 40, cardiac defects, or renal failure significantly decreased survival rate. Conclusions Significant factors influencing survival rate in patients with CDH include cardiac defects, renal failure, and the initial blood gases and not the timing of surgery. CDH repair should be based on the optimization of clinical parameters as opposed to a specific time period to improve outcome.
Wireless networks-on-chips: architecture, wireless channel, and devices

Wireless networks-on-chips (WINoCs) hold substantial promise for enhancing multicore integrated circuit performance, by augmenting conventional wired interconnects. As the number of cores per IC grows, intercore communication requirements will also grow, and WINoCs can be used to both save power and reduce latency. In this article, we briefly describe some of the key challenges with WINoC implementation, and also describe our example design, iWISE, which is a scalable wireless interconnect design. We show that the integration of wireless interconnects with wired interconnects in NoCs can reduce overall network power by 34 percent while achieving a speedup of 2.54 on real applications.
Tannic Acid preferentially targets estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Research efforts investigating the potential of natural compounds in the fight against cancer are growing. Tannic acid (TA) belongs to the class of hydrolysable tannins and is found in numerous plants and foods. TA is a potent collagen cross-linking agent; the purpose of this study was to generate TA-cross-linked beads and assess the effects on breast cancer cell growth. Collagen beads were stable at body temperature following crosslinking. Exposure to collagen beads with higher levels of TA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. TA-induced apoptosis involved activation of caspase 3/7 and caspase 9 but not caspase 8. Breast cancer cells expressing the estrogen receptor were more susceptible to the effects of TA. Taken together the results suggest that TA has the potential to become an anti-ER+ breast cancer treatment or preventative agent.
FRICTION LOSSES FOR FLOW OF SLURRIES IN PIPELINE BENDS, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

ABSTRACT Resistance coefficients for flow of suspensions of well defined glass beads of narrow size fractions in 1-inch and 2-inch straight pipes, in standard 45°, 90° and 180° bends, in 90° smooth bends of various curvature radii, and also in gate and globe valves were measured. The measurements were made for two sizes of fine glass beads, -325 mesh and -200-325 mesh, covering wide ranges of turbulent Reynolds number and solids concentrations from 0 to 50 weight percent. These friction loss data were analyzed with regard to the effects of Reynolds number and suspended solids concentration, and the calculated resistance coefficients were compared with those estimated from available design procedures recommended for turbulent single-phase Newtonian flow. Within the range of particle sizes examined in this work no particle size effects could be discerned. The effects of Reynolds number and suspended solids concentration on the friction loss measurement were calculated.
Using Identity-Based Privacy-Protected Access Control Filter (IPACF) to against denial of service attacks and protect user privacy

Denial of service (DoS)/Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is an eminent threat to an authentication server, which is used to guard access to firewalls, virtual private networks and wired/wireless networks. The major problem is that an authentication server needs to verify whether a request is from a legitimate user and if intensive computation and/or memory resources are needed for verifying a request, then DoS/DDoS attack is feasible. In this paper, a new protocol called Identity-Based Privacy-Protected Access Control Filter (IPACF) is proposed to counter DoS/DDoS attack. This protocol is an improvement of IDF (Identity-Based Dynamic Access Control Filter). The proposed protocol is stateless because it does not create a state for an authentication request unless the request is from a legitimate user. Moreover, the IPACF is stateless for both user and authentication server since a user and responder authenticate each other. A filter value, which is generated by pre-shared secrets, is sent in a frame and checked to see if the request is legitimate. Note that the process of checking filter value is not intensive computation. The filter value is tabulated in a table with user identity so that a filter value represents a user's identity and only the legitimate user and authentication server can figure out the identity. When a filter value is from a legitimate source, a new filter value will be generated for the next frame. Consequently, the filter value is changed for every frame. Thus the privacy of both user and server are protected.The IPACF is implemented for both user and authentication server. The performance of the implementation is reported in this paper. In order to counter more DoS/DDoS attacks that issue fake requests, parallel processing technique is used to implement the authentication server, which is divided into server 1 and server 2. Server 1 only checks the validity of the request filter value against the filter value table. If the request is legitimate, the request will be passed to server 2 for generating a new filter value; otherwise, the fake request is rejected by server 1. The performance comparison of dual server and single server is also reported.
Female Participation and Civil War Relapse

A large literature demonstrates that civil war is recurrent: States that have already experienced such conflict tend to relapse back into war. How might this ‘conflict trap’ be escaped? We answer this question with a focus on gender. Women tend to exist at the margins of society, and postwar society often perpetuates prewar values. Yet this continuity is not inevitable. We argue that the end of a civil war opens a window of opportunity through which women may increasingly participate in society, economics, and politics. Given women's preference for peace and aversion to political violence, we expect this increased participation to reduce the risk of relapse to civil war. Large-N analyses support our argument, and in particular suggest that increases in female literacy and parliamentary representation reduce the risk of relapse.
Perceptions of Information Sequencing in Relationship Development

Randomly selected adult residents (N = 204) of a Chicago suburb sorted 150 statements along a time continuum according to their estimate of when each statement would first be made during a two-hour conversation between two strangers. Analyses were conducted on the items employing the following variables: self-esteem, birth order, number of close friends, economic status, desired number of friends, age, sex, and education. Only the latter four variables produced significant differences.
Likert-scale fuzzy uncertainty from a traditional decision making viewpoint: It incorporates both subjective probabilities and utility information

One of the main methods for eliciting the values of the membership function μ(x) is to use the Likert scales, i.e., to ask the user to mark his or her degree of certainty by an appropriate mark k on a scale from 0 to n and take μ(x) = k/n. In this paper, we show how to describe this process in terms of the traditional decision making. Our conclusion is that the resulting membership degrees incorporate both probability and utility information. It is therefore not surprising that fuzzy techniques often work better than probabilistic techniques - which only take into account the probability of different outcomes.
Fine structure of photoreceptors in Amphioxus.

The cells of Hesse in the ventral wall of the neural tube of Amphioxus, long assumed to be photoreceptors, were found by electron microscopy to possess many narrow irregular tubules, or diverticula of the cell membrane, immediately adjacent to the melanocyte associated with each receptor cell. Cilium-like structures are absent. Accordingly, Hesse cells do not resemble vertebrate photoreceptors. The ependymal cells in the posterior floor of the cerebral vesicle (infundibular organ?) have cilia and long filaments, both containing strings of vesicles. These vesicles may be suggestive of the evolutionary forerunners of the flattened sacs or discs in the outer segments of vertebrate photoreceptors.
Monolithic 1.58-micron InAs/InP quantum dash passively mode-locked lasers

Monolithic InAs quantum dash 1.58-micron passively mode-locked lasers grown on an InP substrate are reported. A repetition rate of up to 18.5 GHz has been realized. The dashes-in-a-well (DWELL) active region consists of 5 stacks of InAs quantum dashes embedded in compressively strained Al 020 Ga 0.16 In 0 . 64 As quantum wells separated by 30-nm undoped tensile-strained Al 028 Ga0 .22 In 0.50 As spacers on both sides of the DWELL. 4 micron-wide ridge waveguides with cavity lengths in the range of 2.3 to 4 mm were fabricated with multiple electrically-isolated anode contacts. The modal gain and loss spectra of the InAs active region were then measured through the improved segmented contact method, and the characteristics that make InAs quantum dash materials system desirable for semiconductor mode-locked lasers were identified. The segmented waveguides were then reconfigured into mode-locked lasers by wire bonding the segments together to form separate gain and absorber regions utilizing the same DWELL active region. A highly reflective coating (95%) was applied to the mirror facet next to the absorber while the other facet was cleaved. To assist in the cavity design and to determine the relative length of the absorber and gain sections, a model for the cavity geometry of the two-section passively mode-locked lasers was studied and is based on a microwave photonics perspective. A new set of theoretical equations was used to find the optimal device layout using the measured modal gain and loss characteristics as input data.
Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin-G Replacement Therapy with Preparations Currently Available in the United States for Intravenous or Intramuscular Use: Reasons and Regimens

For patients who require replacement therapy for primary immunodeficiency, subcutaneous infusions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) may be preferable to intravenous infusions for several reasons. However, at present, there is no preparation marketed for use by this route in North America. In this article, we describe the reasons patients have selected this route of therapy and the range of treatment regimens used. Approximately 20% of our patients have chosen the subcutaneous route, mainly because of adverse effects from intravenous (IV) infusions or difficulties with venous access. Unit dose regimens using whole bottles of currently available 16% intramuscular preparations or sucrose-containing lyophilized preparations intended for IV use but reconstituted to 15% IgG for subcutaneous administration were individually tailored to each patient. In most cases, self-infusions or home infusions were administered once or twice a week, most commonly requiring two subcutaneous sites and 2 to 3 hours per infusion. On average, patients took 0.18 mL of IgG per kilogram of body weight per site per hour. There were no systemic adverse effects. In patients for whom comparative data were available, trough serum IgG levels were higher with subcutaneous therapy than with IV therapy.
Investigating Machining Impact on Fatigue Variance: A Machining Quality Perspective

Fatigue life of nominally identical structures under nominally identical loading conditions can scatter widely. This study has investigated the impact of machining processes on such scatters. After Ti 6Al-4V samples were surface ground and face turned, they were subject to constant amplitude four-point bending fatigue tests under room temperature. The best-case scenario of process capability ratios of fatigue for these samples were evaluated with assumed tolerances of fatigue life. Based on these ratios, the numbers of nonconforming parts were estimated. Under the machining conditions from the Machining Data Handbook (Machining Data Center, Cincinnati, 1980), up to 39% of samples due to one process are expected to be nonconforming, whereas only up to 0.6% of samples due to the other process are expected to be nonconforming. The ramifications in terms of cost for machining quality control due to the different capability ratios have been discussed. The current findings indicate an urgent need to further the study of this issue in a scientific manner.
Test of gauge invariance and unitarity of the quantized Einstein theory of gravity

Explicit calculations at the 1-loop level verify that the usual quantized Einstein theory of gravity is indeed gauge independent and unitary for all values of the gauge parameter ..cap alpha... This lends nontrivial support to a general formal proof.
Enhancing success in transition service coordinators: use of transformational leadership.

PURPOSE The lifespan of children with special healthcare needs has been extended because of improved technology and medical advances. Successful transition to the adult arena of healthcare, social services, and education by adolescents with special healthcare needs (ASHCN) is lacking. The transition service coordinator (TSC) is a multifaceted role of advanced practice nursing that provides highly specialized transition services to adolescents with special healthcare needs. The use of key concepts from the transformational leadership theory may improve healthcare outcomes. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTINGS This article applies to pediatric and adult primary care and case management services that serve adolescents with special healthcare needs. CONCLUSION Employing key concepts of transformational leadership theory will enhance the success of the TSC to improve both collaboration among stakeholders in the transitional team and young adults' transition to the world of adult services. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Enhanced communication resulting in improved sharing of information, understanding of the stakeholder roles, and provision of formal linkages between pediatric and adult medical providers is a significant outcome affecting the ASHCN. Improved collaboration will produce a smooth transition for the ASHCN to the world of adult social services education, and employment. Incorporating the transformational leadership dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration will enhance the ability of the TSC to improve collaboration among stakeholders in the transitional team and the quality of services for the ASHCN.
Changes in Starch and Protein on Extrusion of Corn Starch and Sunflower Protein Blends

We investigated the use of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and the spin labelled fatty acid, 16 doxylstearic acid (16-DSA) in the study of starch and protein modification during extrusion processing of corn starch (CS), corn meal (CM), and their blends with sunflower protein isolate (SPI). Spectra due to binding of the spin probe to starch and protein were identified. Changes in spectra after extrusion of all materials indicated that: (1) ~90% of the starch was modified (gelatinized); (2) The globular protein structure was disrupted. These changes demonstrate that spin probes and ESR spectroscopy may be used to study starch and protein modification during extrusion and other food processes.
Covalent adduction of human serum albumin by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: kinetic analysis of competing alkylation reactions.

The electrophilic lipid oxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) reacts with proteins to form covalent adducts, and this damage has been implicated in pathologies associated with oxidative stress. HNE adduction of blood proteins, such as human serum albumin (HSA), yields adducts that may serve as markers of oxidative stress in vivo. We used liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and the P-Mod algorithm to map the sites of 10 adducts formed by reaction of HNE with HSA in vitro. The detected adducts included Michael adducts formed at histidine and lysine residues. The selectivity of HNE in competing adduction reactions was evaluated by analysis of kinetics for HNE Michael adduction at six targeted HSA histidine residues. Reaction kinetics were analyzed by selected reaction monitoring in LC-MS-MS using stable isotope tagging with phenyl isocyanate. Rate constants ranged over 4 orders of magnitude, with the order of reactivity being H242 > H510 > H67 > H367 > H247 ≈ K233. The most reacti...
Low angle grain boundary diffusion of Cr in Nb bicrystals

Abstract Grain boundary diffusion of Cr in [10]/[112] symmetrical bcc bicrystals of Nb has been investigated in the temperature range from 950 to 1197°C with tilt angles, θ, from 2 to 21°. For 0·17°, the activation energy is independent of θ, with an average value of 181-2kJ mol−1, which is about half of the activation energy of lattice diffusion. The grain boundary diffusion coefficients are greater than the lattice diffusion coefficients by five or six orders of magnitude and vary linearly with sin (θ/2), in agreement with the dislocation-pipe model. These conclusions are generally consistent with the findings in fcc bicrystals.
Right brain: Ondine's curse.

The overhead sign announced a 15-minute delay in the train's arrival. Hans headed for the small food shop within the terminal. The 16-hour shift at the hospital had squeezed the last residual drop of empathy from him like a sponge caught in an industrial vise. He tried to conjure concern for the 88-year-old woman with dementia who came in with a stroke, but nothing materialized. He scrutinized his heart for compassion for the 42-year-old patient with alcohol withdrawal seizures, but again nothing.
Subiocalization of the chromosome 5 breakpoint of the 3;5 translocation in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia

A t(3;5)(q25.1;q34) reciprocal translocation identifies a subset of cases of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that are characterized by increased numbers of megakaryocytes and severe trilineage dysplasia. As a first step in characterizing the t(3;5) breakpoints, we asked whether the translocation involves the CSFIR/PDGFRR locus at 5q33-q35. Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis of a region extending 580 kb 5′ to the PDGFRB gene and 120 kb 3′ to the CSFIR gene did not reveal aberrant restriction fragments in leukemic cell DNA, confirming that the breakpoint does not occur in the vicinity of these genes. To sublocalize the breakpoint, we performed Southern blot hybridizations using DNA from human × hamster somatic cell hybrids containing the normal 3, the normal 5, the derivative 3, or the derivative 5 human chromosome. Using a series of polymorphic DNA probes from the long arm of chromosome 5, which have been linked by genetic recombination, we bracketed the breakpoint to within a region that spans ∼ 13 centimorgans (sex average) and is flanked by the q34-qter markers cKK5.19 and L1200 (D5S62). This analysis places the chromosome 5 breakpoint of the t(3;5) considerably telomeric to the CSFIR/PDGFRB locus, confirming our studies with pulsed-field electrophoresis. Future efforts to identify the genes affected by the t(3;5) should focus on the 5q segment described in this study. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clearance of 99mTc-diisopropyl-IDA in the "steady state" *

A 77-year-old man with a stent in place for biliary drainage was examined. Intravenously administered 99mTc-diisopropyl-IDA showed little accumulation of activity in the abdomen while the stent was draining internally. Upon switching the stent to external drainage, it was possible to monitor the slow movement of the bile which contained radioactivity. Imaging over the liver and comparing activity changes with a 99mTc standard showed that the decrease in hepatic radioactivity was identical to that occurring in the 99mTc standard. The liver was thus in a "steady state" for excretion of the 99mTc hepatobiliary agent, for it was extracting as much radioactivity from the circulation as it was excreting.
Standardized patient identification and specimen labeling: A retrospective analysis on improving patient safety

Background There is an increased risk of specimen labeling errors with the generation of a high volume of pathology specimens. Measuring specimen labeling accuracy has been suggested as a possible measure for patient safety. Objective We sought to identify operational areas for improvement around specimen handling with the institution of a standardized specimen labeling protocol in the Duke University Medical Center Department of Dermatology. The average rates of specimen labeling events before and after implementation of this protocol were analyzed to determine the efficacy of this systematic approach. Methods We collected the monthly aggregated rates of specimen labeling events occurring with skin specimens processed through the Duke University Medical Center Department of Pathology from December 2008 through June 2011. The average monthly rates of events per 1000 cases for the time periods from December 2008 through March 2010 and June 2010 through September 2011 were compared. Results The data collected showed a statistically significant decline in the average monthly rate of specimen labeling errors after institution of the protocol. Before implementation, specimen labeling events occurred at a rate of 5.79 events per 1000 with a decrease to 3.53 events per 1000 after integration of this system ( P = .028). Limitations Limitations of this study include possible sampling error and regression toward the mean. Conclusions Low-cost, process-driven interventions are effective in the reduction of specimen handling errors.
Progestins in Mid- to Late-Pregnant Mares

Summary Two experiments were conducted to determine when a placental source of progestin was sufficient for maintaining pregnancy in the mare. In the first study, embryos were transferred into ovariectomized mares and pregnancy was maintained with altrenogest a Altrenogest treatment was terminated at either day 100 (n=6) or day 150 (n=6). Twelve ovarian-intact mares were assigned to a second experiment on day 100 of gestation. On day 160 of gesta- tion, these mares were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) ovariectomy on day 160 and given altrenogest to day 200 (n=4); 2) ovariectomy on day 180 and given altrenogest to day 250 (n=4); or 3) ovariectomy on day 200 and given altrenogest to day 300 (n=4). Blood samples were collected every 2 weeks from all mares in both experiments from day 100 to parturition and assayed for concentrations of pro- gestins. Pregnancy loss from day 100 to parturition was not different among groups in either experiment. Serum con- centrations ofprogestins in ovary-intact mares were greater (P
Anthropogenic warming of earth's climate system

We compared the temporal variability of the heat content of the world ocean, of the global atmosphere, and of components of Earth's cryosphere during the latter half of the 20th century. Each component has increased its heat content (the atmosphere and the ocean) or exhibited melting (the cryosphere). The estimated increase of observed global ocean heat content (over the depth range from 0 to 3000 meters) between the 1950s and 1990s is at least one order of magnitude larger than the increase in heat content of any other component. Simulation results using an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model that includes estimates of the radiative effects of observed temporal variations in greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols over the past century agree with our observation-based estimate of the increase in ocean heat content. The results we present suggest that the observed increase in ocean heat content may largely be due to the increase of anthropogenic gases in Earth's atmosphere.
Use of Balloon-Expandable Stents for Coarctation of the Aorta: Initial Results and Intermediate-Term Follow-Up

Objectives. In this study we report our preliminary results and intermediate-term follow-up (up to 3.5 years) of stent implantation for coarctation of the aorta (COA). Background. Balloon angioplasty has gained acceptance as a modality of treatment for COA. Some patients do not respond optimally to balloon angioplasty alone. Balloon-expandable stents have been used in pulmonary arteries and large systemic arteries such as the femoroiliac vessels, with a significant improvement in vessel patency and a reduction in the pressure gradient compared with balloon angioplasty alone. Methods. Nine patients (>10 years old) with COA in whom balloon dilation alone was thought to be ineffective underwent stent implantation. Seven patients had a previous operation or balloon dilation, or both, to relieve their coarctation but had a significant residual/recurrent gradient. Results. At the time of stent implantation, the systolic and mean gradients decreased from a mean (±SEM) of 37 ± 7 and 14 ± 3 mm Hg to 4 ± 1 and 2 ± 0.6 mm Hg, respectively (p ≤ 0.002). The coarctation diameter increased from a mean of 9 ± 1 to 15 ± 1 mm (p < 0.002). The patients have been followed for up to 42 months (mean 18, median 13) with no complications; the stents remain in position with no fracture. One patient underwent further successful dilation 3 years after stent implantation because of an exercise-induced gradient. No other intervention has been required. The systolic gradient at latest follow-up is 7 ± 2 mm Hg. Only two (a 44-year old with diabetes and a 50-year old with long-standing hypertension) of five patients previously requiring antihypertensive treatment still remain on medications for blood pressure control. Conclusions. The use of stents in COA is a feasible alternative to surgical repair or balloon angioplasty in selected patients with an effective gradient reduction. Intermediate-term follow-up shows excellent gradient relief, with no complications in this group of patients.
Infusion of ABET — Specified professional and academic content into off-campus work experiences via distance learning modules

Educating engineering students on ABET-required professional and nontechnical skills is usually a challenging task. The related challenges include finding a balance between the content, the delivery format, the time of delivery, and location in the curriculum for this material. This paper presents details on a pilot project to deliver professional and academic content to engineering students via distance learning during required co-op semesters. Assessment of this experience to solve multiple challenges simultaneously is also presented. Students were educated on engineering ethics, engineering economics, and project management, which are readily applied in workplace settings. This pilot study was conducted during the winter 2011 semester and included six modules, targeting the level of the first co-op course. Twelve co-op students were carefully chosen as a controlled sample to participate in the study. This sample included a horizontal cross section representing all engineering programs, and a vertical cross section including students from each of the three co-op courses. Direct and indirect assessment methods were conducted to assess the project. Students' perceptions of their knowledge in the targeted topics were greater than their demonstrated knowledge. Direct assessment showed an increase in students' knowledge for all three topic areas.
Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency response

Air quality forecasting and emergency response are receiving increasing emphasis in the US and elsewhere; both share similar but not identical needs for advanced meteorological observations. At the same time, there has been a steady increase in the performance characteristics of ground-based remote sensing systems as well as ground-based and airborne in situ measurement systems. The structure of the planetary boundary layer is summarized in the context of implications for transport and diffusion, along with the measurement requirements for dispersion modeling. We then review the current state-of-the-art of operational and quasi-operational measurement systems with a focus on boundary layer measurements. Measurement systems discussed include: meteorological radar, radar wind profilers, radio acoustic sounding systems, lidar, sodar, GPS receivers, microwave radiometers, radiosonde systems, commercial aircraft measurements, and traditional near-surface in situ sensors.
Social and Spatial Context in Rural Development Strategies

The urban functions approach and the location-allocation technique may be viewed as similar strategies for locating urban functions in developing rural areas. Both strategies accept and reinforce the patterns of demand and distribution spatially manifest in the existing central place structures of developing rural areas. Because of this there are definable socio-spatial conditions under which either technique is disadvantaged. This article attempts to identify theoretically particular cultural contexts in which advocates of either strategy should be wary.
Spectral whitening of impulsive and swept-source shallow seismic data

Two problems that commonly affect shallow seismic data are narrow bandwidth and interference from ground roll. Deconvolution techniques are often attempted to overcome these problems and thus improve resolution, but cannot generally improve resolution without losing signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of two simple techniques for enhancing shallow seismic data. The first, Vibroseis whitening is accomplished simply by application of an automatic gain control (AGC) to swept source data before they are correlated with the sweep. The second, stretched automatic gain control (SAGC), involves convolution of impulsive source data with a synthetic sweep and application of an automatic gain control before correlation with the sweep. We compare the effectiveness of these techniques with conventional deconvolution techniques, using data acquired during the 1993 non-invasive seismic source comparison at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Our results indicate that these methods are capable of improving the quality of processed shallow seismic data from both swept sources and impulsive sources.
Predictors of invasive adenocarcinoma after conization for cervical adenocarcinoma in situ

Abstract Objective Modified radical hysterectomy has been advocated for the definitive treatment of patients with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) with positive conization margins due to the risk of a co-existing invasive cervical adenocarcinoma (ICA). We sought to identify patients who can be safely managed with an extrafascial hysterectomy based on predictors of invasion in the conization specimen. Methods Between 1996 and 2010, we identified 33 patients who had definitive surgical management for cervical ACIS following conization with positive margins and/or positive endocervical curettage (ECC). Demographic and pathologic characteristics were collected by chart review. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results Among 33 patients, 4 (12%) had ICA in the hysterectomy specimen. Predictors of ICA included pathologic suspicion of invasion (PSI) in the conization specimen and positive ECC. In patients with ICA at hysterectomy, PSI and ACIS-positive ECC were found in 75% (p=0.32) and 100% (p=0.09) respectively. When PSI was present and the ECC was positive, the positive predictive value (PPV) for ICA was 33% (2 of 6). When PSI was absent, the negative predictive value (NPV) for ICA was 94% (1 of 16). When both PSI and ECC were negative, the NPV for ICA was 100% (0 of 6). Conclusions Women with cervical ACIS have the highest risk for ICA in the setting of positive cone margins, positive ECC, and presence of PSI in the conization specimen. Extrafascial hysterectomy remains a viable option for women with positive cone margins when ECC is negative and PSI is absent.
A capillary model for stress-corrosion cracking of metals in fluid media

Abstract A capillary model is developed to account for crack propagation velocities as a function of crack length, fluid viscosity and surface tension, contact angle θ, electrical-potential ζ, and temp. It is postulated that stress-corrosion cracking (scc) is inhibited at large negative ζ in some instances due to hydrogen gas accumulation at the crack tip which separates the corrosion fluid from the tip region. Analysis of capillary flow in stress-corrosion cracks indicates that the specificity for scc may be related to the contact angle θ, between the corrosion fluid and the initial crack surfaces. It is suggested that scc may be prevented by surface treatment such as to produce a monolayer which is strongly adsorbed but has a low energy outer surface, increasing θ.
Complex chromosomal variation in natural populations of the Jamaican lizard Anolis grahami

Studies of chromosomal variation were undertaken in Anolis grahami. Multiple fission events and extensive variation involving heterochromatic sequences were observed. Distribution of the chromosomal variants did not coincide with subspecies borders. Chromosome numbers ranging from 30 to 37 were observed in both morphological subspecies; different rearrangements were involved in each. C-banding studies revealed cryptic variation in a large macrochromosome of some populations of A. g. grahami, and the presence of an additional heterochromatic arm in A. g. aquarum. Patterns of distribution of various forms, including widespread polymorphism, suggest significant dispersal of Anolis grahami, and little selection against chromosomal heterozygotes.
Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

Abstract This paper describes the material flows and emissions in all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting refining and purifying raw materials through the production, use, and disposal or recycling of the modules. The prime focus is on cadmium flows and cadmium emissions into the environment. This assessment also compares the cadmium environmental inventories in CdTe PV modules with those of Ni–Cd batteries and of coal fuel in power plants. Previous studies are reviewed and their findings assessed in light of new data.
Sexual decision-making and AIDS: why condom promotion among vulnerable women is likely to fail.

This article examines the reasons for resistance to condom use among high-risk women (primarily intravenous drug users and/or the sexual partners of intravenous drug users) in 2 New York City AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) prevention programs. The data collected indicated that a lack of economic social cultural sexual and technological options combine to lead vulnerable women to concentrate on addressing the more immediate risks in their lives: poverty homelessness and the frequent disruption of socioeconomic support systems. Resistance to condom use was also found to be related to its negative associations (promiscuity for instance). The process by which decisions are made about using condoms (and other contraceptives) is related to a complex mixture of social economic and cultural influences that promote the role of motherhood for a woman even when she knows she might already be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The implications of these findings have far-reaching effects and the socioeconomic context of these womens lives as well as imbalances in power in the relationships between the women their male partners are replicated in many communities where AIDS is already present. (authors)
Two Assessments of Community Environmental Quality The Mayor and the Environmental Activist

The assessments of community conditions by public officials and issue proponents have been traditionally viewed as widely divergent. The present study focuses on the assessments of mayors and environmental activists on several dimensions of the community environmental quality issue in cities of 10,000 to 50,000 population in the State of Illinois. The findings appear to contradict the traditional assumptions. Mayors and activists as measured by the kinds of questions we asked do not hold widely divergent views on community environmental conditions.
Gender displaying television commercials: A comparative study of television commercials in the 1950s and 1980s

Recent researchers have argued both that there has been change in the way gender is portrayed in television commercials and that gender images have remained stereotypical. Comparing television commercials from the 1950s/early 1960s to commercials from the 1980s, this study explores the issue of how much, if any, change has occurred in gender images. Additionally, the study focuses on the gender display of main characters and the circumstances under which it varies. Results indicate that there has been change in the images of women but not men. The activity that women are pictured in significantly changed from the 1950s to the 1980s, and a change in activity has the strongest effect on the display of gender.
Dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in cardiac and skeletal muscle membranes: studies with antibodies against the .alpha. subunits

Polyclonal antibodies (PAC-2) against the purified skeletal muscle calcium channel were prepared and shown to be directed against ..cap alpha.. subunits of this protein by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. These polypeptides have an apparent molecular weight of 162,000 without reduction of disulfide bonds. Under conditions where the functional properties of the purified skeletal muscle calcium channel are retained, ..beta.. subunits (M/sub r/ 50,000) and lambda subunits (M/sub r/ 33,000) are coprecipitated, demonstrating specific noncovalent association of these three polypeptides in the purified skeletal muscle channel. PAC-2 immunoprecipitated cardiac calcium channels labeled with (/sup 3/H)isopropyl 4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridine-3-carboxylate ((/sup 3/H)PN200-110) at a 3-fold higher concentration than skeletal muscle channels. Preincubation with cardiac calcium channels blocked only 49% of the immunoreactivity of PAC-2 toward skeletal muscle channels, indicating that these two proteins have both homologous and distinct epitopes. The immunoreactive component of the cardiac calcium channel was identified by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 170,000 before reduction of disulfide bonds and 141,000 after reduction, in close analogy with the properties of the ..cap alpha../sub 2/ subunits of the skeletal muscle channel. The calcium channels were radiolabeled with /sup 32/P and /sup 125/I. It is concluded thatmore » these two calcium channels have a homologous, but distinct, ..cap alpha.. subunit as a major polypeptide component.« less
Tumors of minor salivary glands. A report of 73 cases.

Seventy-three cases of minor salivary gland tumors are presented and discussed. Benign mixed tumor is the most common lesion. This tumor can be treated conservatively. The many histologic variations in benign mixed tumor must be kept in mind for the correct pathologic diagnosis. About 50 percent of all of the minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. The most common of the malignant tumors is adenoid cystic carcinoma. This is also the most lethal of the cancers of minor salivary glands and the most difficult to treat. About 10 percent of the minor salivary gland tumors are low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas. These lesions have a good prognosis and can be treated safely by conservative local excision. The literature on minor salivary gland tumors is reviewed, particularly with regard to treatment and follow-up. The review substantiates conservative treatment for benign mixed tumor and low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
Human Capital, Natural Resource Scarcity and the Rwandan Genocide

Many authors contend that ethnic extremism coupled with political manipulation were the primary factors behind the Rwandan genocide. Yet, to oversimplify the cause of this tragedy makes one blind t...
The promise of the unforgiven: Violence, power and paradox in Arendt

Hannah Arendt’s work on violence is bedeviled by a series of paradoxes. On the one hand, Arendt is clear in arguing that violence is utterly powerless and yet, on the other hand, she is equally cle...
Design Status of the 2.5 GeV National Synchrotron Light Source X-Ray Ring

The present state of the design of the 2.5 GeV electron storage ring for the National Synchrotron Light Source is described. This ring will serve as a dedicated source of synchrotron radiation in the wavelength range 0.1 A to 30 A. While maintaining the basic high brightness features of the earlier developed lattice structure, recent work resulted in a more economical magnet system, simplified chromaticity corrections, and improved distribution of the X-ray beam lines. In addition, the adequacy of the dynamic aperture for stable betatron oscillations has been verified for a variety of betatron tunes.
A Framework for Intelligent Instructional Systems: An Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Approach.

Abstract Machine learning, since it is to be implemented on a computer, requires an explicit computational model, and the attempt to formalize can clarify the issues and problems within a particular topic of study. This paper presents and develops a general model of the nature of a learning system and a classification for learning systems. It demonstrates how this general model and classification could be used to provide a framework for considering or constructing an intelligent instructional system. Such a system could employ a human or a computer as the instructor. It requires an in‐depth analysis of the skill to be acquired, consideration of the ways to encourage and facilitate the different types of learning, and the use of an evolving hypothesized learner's knowledge base.
Demographic Influences on Migration

PLANE D. A. (1993) Demographic influences on migration, Reg. Studies 27, 375–383. This paper explores the effects of demographic change on migration through an examination of migration rates of different age groups and cohorts over time, and the effect on total migration flows of the ageing of regional populations. Research focused on the interrelationship between age composition change and migration is reviewed. Studies are classified into works that focus on the changing demographic potential of a region's population to generate migrants, those that assess how age-specific mobility rates change over time and those that examine the destination choices made by persons in different age groups. The human investment framework provides a powerful analytical device for analysing migration decision-making at different stages of the life course. Labour supply pressure is advanced as a significant demographic influence on labour mobility. Suggestions are made about future directions for migration research to take...
Sediment load calculations from point measurements in sand-bed rivers

Abstract Point velocity and suspended sediment concentration measurements are used to calculate the total sediment discharge in sand-bed rivers. Calculations with the Series Expansion of the Modified Einstein Point Procedure (SEMEPP) depend on grain diameter d s and settling velocity ω, flow depth h shear velocity u * , and sampling depth h p . This procedure extends the applicability of the Modified Einstein Procedure (MEP) by using point sediment concentration and velocity measurements. This procedure is tested using the laboratory data from Coleman, and field measurements from the Enoree, Middle Rio Grande and Mississippi Rivers. Based on 801 point measurements over 124 verticals at flow depths ranging from 0.17 m to 33.5 m and sediment concentrations less than 0.1 kg L −1 , the accuracy of the calculations depends on u * /ω and h p / d s . Point measurement techniques like SEMEPP are well-suited when u * /ω 5 where at least 60% of the total sediment load is measured when 90% of the flow depth is sampled. The determination of sediment discharge from point measurements is most accurate in deep rivers when h p / d s > 10,000, and u * /ω > 10. Point measurements are not well-suited for shallow rivers and laboratory flumes where h u * /ω