cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional oscillations of inviscid drops induced by surface tension

Abstract A numerical method is developed for simulating the surface tension induced three-dimensional oscillations of inviscid liquid drops suspended in a dynamically inert (inviscid and zero density) ambient fluid. The numerical procedure is based on a generalized vortex formulation developed by Baker and coworkers that employs the double-layer representation for the harmonic potential, and an accompanying representation in terms of a vortex sheet whose strength derives from the tangential gradient of the density of the double-layer potential. The density of the double-layer potential is computed by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using an isoparametric boundary-element method which involves discretizing the surface of the drop into quadratic elements defined by six nodes, and computing the mean curvature by local interpolation. The growth of numerical instabilities is suppressed by smoothing the harmonic potential over the drop surface; this is done by mapping the surface of the drop onto the undeformed sphere, expanding the surface potential in spherical harmonics involving modified Legendre functions, and then truncating the spectrum to remove unwanted oscillations. Results of several series of simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the numerical method for axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric oscillations. The generalized vortex method is found to be superior to the standard boundary-integral method based on Green’s third identity, and its performance for moderate amplitude oscillations is found to range from good to satisfactory depending on the mode of oscillation.
AES decryption using warp-synchronous programming

Programming for CUDA devices presents the paradigm of warp-synchronous nature. This paper covers an implementation of an AES decryption kernel that makes use of warp-synchronicity. The operation of the various types of memories found in a CUDA device also required some analysis for a warp-synchronous implementation. The CUDA based implementation of AES256 was tested on several CUDA devices of various compute capabilities against the original single-threaded CPU implementation on various machines using encrypted messages of sizes ranging from 2MiB to 1GiB. The time taken for the GPUs to decrypt a message has varied between GPU architectures, with some achieving a 6x speedup.
High-resolution imaging at low-light levels through weak turbulence

Measurements of an object viewed at low-light levels through weak atmospheric turbulence are modeled mathematically as a time-space doubly stochastic Poisson process in which the intensity function moves randomly in time but is otherwise undistorted. This model is used with the maximum-likelihood method of statistics to derive a new method for forming an image of the object. A simple computer simulation of a moving one-dimensional binary star suggests that improved images may be produced by this method in comparison with others that have been suggested in the literature, but it remains to be demonstrated that this improvement is realized in practice with real imagery data.
Arcing-Fault Relays for Low-Voltage Systems

On systems at 600 volts or less, even with modern, adequately rated protective devices, destructive and dangerous arcing faults may occur at low values of current. To prevent or reduce this damage, a new arcing-fault relay system has been developed to supplement phase overcurrent protective devices. Fast-acting arcing-fault relays sense arcing-fault current in conduit, busway, or switchboard enclosures, and cause main or feeder protective devices to interrupt the current quickly.
Large antichains in the partition lattice

Consider the partially ordered set of all partitions of an n‐element set, ordered by refinement. The sizes of the various ranks within this poset are the Stirling numbers of the second kind. We show that the ratio of the size of the largest antichain to the size of the largest rank exceeds n1/35 for all n sufficiently large. © 1995 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frequency modulation spectroscopy for chemical sensing of the environment

Frequency modulations spectroscopy (FMS) with infrared lasers is an attractive technique for a number of environmental chemical sensing problems. The technique combines high detection sensitivity with high detection speed and, when implemented with tunable infrared laser sources, is capable of detecting numerous chemical species in the atmosphere. To date, the technique has been demonstrated with semiconductor diode lasers and carbon dioxide lasers, and absorptions at the 10-7 level have been detected. We will review the principles and status of FMS for chemical sensing and discuss applications in atmospheric and environmental monitoring.
An estimate of the correction applied to radiant flame measurements due to attenuation by atmospheric CO2 and H2O

Abstract A narrow band statistical model has been used to estimate the uncertainty introduced into radiative heat flux measurements from fires which is attributable to attenuation by atmospheric H2O and CO2. The flames were assumed to be soot-dominated with blackbody emission characteristics. The ambient surroundings near the flames were assumed to be homogeneous with the total pressure being fixed at one atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were held constant at 0.04 kPa and the water vapor concentrations varied between 0.55–5.63 kPa based on temperature and relative humidity. The remaining partial pressures were accounted for by O2 and N2. Correlations to estimate atmospheric attenuation are given over a range of conditions that include path length (10–200 m), ambient temperature (19–35°C), source temperature (1000–1600°C) and relative humidity (0.25–1.0) as parameters. The results of these calculations indicate that, over this range of conditions, the radiant flux can be attenuated by as much as 42%.
Cognitive risk factors and neuropsychological performance in HIV infection.

Almost all investigations examining the effects of early HIV infection on neuropsychological functioning in homosexual males have excluded subjects with cognitive risk factors such as recreational drug use and head injury. While insuring that results reflect the influence of the virus on cognition, this selection bias limits the ability to generalize findings. Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations were compared between two groups of homosexual males with a variety of cognitive risk factors. Subjects were 132 HIV seropositive males (108 CDC class II & III and 24 CDC class IVA & IVC2) and 65 HIV seronegative controls. Recreational drug use in the six months prior to exam was found to interact with HIV infection and was associated with selective areas of cognitive decline and a significantly worse overall neuropsychological performance. Although significantly lower functioning in the domains of Verbal Memory and Attention and Speed of Information processing was noted for subjects with CDC class IVA an...
Stability of the Professional Development Assessment.

The Professional Development Assessment was constructed and pilot-tested with 76 students in three occupational therapy programs. A comparison of pretest and posttest scores yielded a significant correlation of .48, supporting the stability of responding over 1 to 2 years and suggesting usefulness of further development for evaluation of professional behaviors in students.
Characterization of an Aminoacylase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

Aminoacylase was identified in cell extracts of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus by its ability to hydrolyze N-acetyl-L-methionine and was purified by multistep chromatography. The enzyme is a homotetramer (42.06 kDa per subunit) and, as purified, contains 1.0 +/- 0.48 g-atoms of zinc per subunit. Treatment of the purified enzyme with EDTA resulted in complete loss of activity. This was restored to 86% of the original value (200 U/mg) by treatment with ZnCl(2) (and to 74% by the addition of CoCl(2)). After reconstitution with ZnCl(2), the enzyme contained 2.85 +/- 0.48 g-atoms of zinc per subunit. Aminoacylase showed broad substrate specificity and hydrolyzed nonpolar N-acylated L amino acids (Met, Ala, Val, and Leu), as well as N-formyl-L-methionine. The high K(m) values for these compounds indicate that the enzyme plays a role in the metabolism of protein growth substrates rather than in the degradation of cellular proteins. Maximal aminoacylase activity with N-acetyl-L-methionine as the substrate occurred at pH 6.5 and a temperature of 100 degrees C. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified aminoacylase was used to identify, in the P. furiosus genome database, a gene that encodes 383 amino acids. The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by using two approaches. One involved the T7 lac promoter system, in which the recombinant protein was expressed as inclusion bodies. The second approach used the Trx fusion system, and this produced soluble but inactive recombinant protein. Renaturation and reconstitution experiments with Zn(2+) ions failed to produce catalytically active protein. A survey of databases showed that, in general, organisms that contain a homolog of the P. furiosus aminoacylase (> or = 50% sequence identity) utilize peptide growth substrates, whereas those that do not contain the enzyme are not known to be proteolytic, suggesting a role for the enzyme in primary catabolism.
Diagnostics of laser plasma interaction

This paper describes diagnostics experiments of pulsed excimer laser induced plasma. During excimer laser heating, the intense radiation flux from the laser is transformed to the target material and raises the temperature of the target surface rapidly. Melting and evaporation can occur, and the evaporated vapor can be ionized to form a plasma plume. Under rapid heating by a short laser pulse, the melted material can be superheated, and undergoes a phase explosion that turns the melt into a mixture of liquid and vapor. A number of experiments are carried out to investigate the laser-ablated plume. The velocity of the laser-evaporated plasma plume, absorption and scattering of the laser energy by the plasma, the threshold laser fluence for phase explosion, the evaporation pressure at the target surface, and the ablation rate are determined. Experiments are performed in a laser fluence range between 2.5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 (between 100 MW/cm2 and 400 MW/cm2) on nickel specimens. Results of these studies reveal phase change mechanisms and the kinetics at the evaporating surface during excimer laser interaction with the Ni target.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Perceived Competence Among Medical Residents in Skills Needed to Care for Patients with Advanced Dementia Versus Metastatic Cancer

To examine medical residents’ perceived competence in caring for patients with dementia we conducted an online survey of all 120 second, third and fourth-year residents in Internal Medicine, Medicine/Pediatrics, and Family Medicine at University of Michigan. A structured survey elicited residents’ training, experience, confidence, and perceived career needs for skills in estimating prognosis, symptom management, and communication in caring for patients with dementia, compared to patients with metastatic cancer. Among the 61 (51 %) respondents, a majority report lower confidence in assessing prognosis and eliciting treatment wishes in patients with dementia (vs. metastatic cancer), and in performing skills integral to the care of patients with dementia, including the ability to assess caregiver needs, decisional capacity, advise on place of care, and manage agitation, despite viewing these skills as important to their future careers. These findings support the need for enhanced education on optimal care of patients with advanced dementia.
An Inexpensive Optical Absorption Experiment

This optical absorption experiment can be put together in only a few minutes with materials found in most secondary or undergraduate stockrooms. The absorption material is the partly transparent flexible anti-static plastic material used to package solid-state devices. The detector is a hand-held photographic exposure meter of the type that was in common use before the advent of point-and-shoot cameras. A graph of the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of the number of sheets of the material is a decreasing exponential. The emphasis of the experiment is on the mathematical form.
A model of benefit and tax share discrimination by a monopoly bureau

Abstract This paper integrates the theory of demand for publicly provided goods in a democracy with the theory of bureaucratic supply in order to develop a model of benefit share and tax share discrimination by a monopoly bureau. The demand side of the political market is based on a utility maximizing model of voter behavior with voters' demands aggregated through a majority voting process. The supply side of the political market is based on a budget maximizing model of bureaucratic behavior. The bureau is assumed to possess monopoly power as a result of either its control over benefit shares or tax shares and, hence, implicit tax prices or its control over budget proposals placed on the agenda. Different degrees of discrimination are examined and in each case the equilibrium of the model yields a total budget for the bureau as well as distributions of benefit shares or tax shares across voters.
The inhibition of copper corrosion by azole compounds in humid environments

Abstract The ability of azole compounds, benzotriazole (BTA), 2-undecylimidazole (UDI) and poly- N -vinylimidazole (PVI-1) to inhibit copper corrosion in humid environments is studied using Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR RAS). The corrosion product of bare Cu is shown to be Cu 2 O even when moisture is present. The appearance and intensity of its characteristic vibration frequency can be used to monitor corrosion. It is found that dissolution of the Cu substrate, caused by local anodic and cathodic sites set up on the surface, accelerates the degradation process of BTA, UDI and PVI-1. The degradation of UDI on Cu apparently follows the same mechanism in both dry and wet environments while the degradation of PVI-1 on Cu does not. The BTA film is a better corrosion inhibitor than UDI or PVI-1 in this environment although some corrosion is observed. It is concluded that the inhibition ability of an inhibitor compound depends on the stability of the compound in the environment.
Nested-hierarchical scene models and image segmentation

An improved model of scenes for image analysis purposes, a nested-hierarchical approach which explicitly acknowledges multiple scales of objects or categories of objects, is presented. A multiple-pass, region-based segmentation algorithm improves the segmentation of images from scenes better modeled as a nested hierarchy. A multiple-pass approach allows slow and careful growth of regions while interregion distances are below a global threshold. Past the global threshold, a minimum region size parameter forces development of regions in areas of high local variance. Maximum and viable region size parameters limit the development of undesirably large regions. Application of the segmentation algorithm for forest stand delineation in TM imagery yields regions corresponding to identifiable features in the landscape. The use of a local variance, adaptive-window texture channel in conjunction with spectral bands improves the ability to define regions corresponding to sparsely stocked forest stands which have high internal variance.
The archaeology of early historic South Asia : the emergence of cities and states

1. The archaeology of early historic South Asia 2. The environmental context 3. The end of Harappan urbanism and its legacy 4. Language, culture and the concept of ethnicity 5. Dark Age or continuum? An archaeological analysis of the second urban development in South Asia 6. The prelude to urbanisation: ethnogenesis and the rise of late Vedic chiefdoms 7. City states of north India and Pakistan at the time of the Buddha 8. Early cities and states beyond the Ganges valley 9. The rise of cities in Sri Lanka 10. The Mauryan state and empire 11. Mauryan architecture and art 12. Post-Mauryan states of mainland South Asia (c.185BC-AD 320) 13. The emergence of cities and states: concluding synthesis.
Compilation of Haskell array comprehensions for scientific computing

Monolithic approaches to functional language arrays, such as Haskell array comprehensions, define elements all at once, at the time the array is created, instead of incrementally. Although monolithic arrays are elegant, a naive implementation can be very inefficient. For example, if a compiler does not know whether an element has zero or many definitions, it must compile runtime tests. If a compiler does not know inter-element data dependencies, it must resort to pessimistic strategies such as compiling elements as thunks, or making unnecessary copies when updating an array.Subscript analysis, originally developed for imperative language vectorizing and parallelizing compilers, can be adapted to provide a functional language compiler with the information needed for efficient compilation of monolithic arrays. Our contribution is to develop the number-theoretic basis of subscript analysis with assumptions appropriate to functional arrays, detail the kinds of dependence information subscript analysis can uncover, and apply that dependence information to sequential efficient compilation of functional arrays.
Operational Risk Assessment of Wind Turbine Structures Using Probabilistic Analysis of Aerodynamically Induced Vibrations

The study of efficiency and safety for wind turbine structures under variable operating conditions is increasingly important for wind turbine design. Optimum aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine demands that serviceability effects and ultimate strength loads remain under safety design limits. From the perspective of wind turbine efficiency, variations in wind speed causes bluffing effects and vortex shedding that lead to vibration intensities in the longitudinal and transversal direction that can negatively impact aerodynamic performance of the turbine. From the perspective of wind turbine safety, variations in loading may lead to transient internal loads that threaten the safety of the structure. Inertial effects and asynchronous delays on rotational-force transmission may generate similar hazards. Monitoring and controlling displacement limits and load demands at critical tower locations can improve the efficiency of wind power generation, not to mention the structural performance of the turbine from both a strength and serviceability point of view. In this study, a probabilistic monitoring approach is developed to measure the response of the combined tower/nacelle/blade system to stochastic loading, estimate peak demand, and compare that demand to building code-derived estimates of structural resistance. Risk assessment is performed for the effects of along and across-wind forces in a framework of quantitative risk analysis with the goal of developing a near real-time estimate of structural risk that may be used to monitor safety and serviceability of the structure as well as regulate the aggressiveness of the controller that commands the blade angle of attack. To accomplish this goal, a numerical simulation of the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine (including blades, the nacelle and the tower) is analyzed to study the interaction between the structural system and incoming flow. A model based on distributed-stationary random wind load profile for the combined along-wind and across-wind responses is implemented in Matlab to simulate full aero-elastic dynamic analysis to simulate tower with nacelle, hub, rotor and tower substructures. Self-weight, rotational, and axial effects of the blades, as well as lateral resistance of substructure elements are incorporated in the finite element model, including vortex-shedding effects on the wake zone. Reliability on the numerical solution is inspected on the tower structure by comparing the numerical solution with established experimental-analytical procedures.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
K/Rb in amphiboles and amphibolites from Northeastern Minnesota

Some recent studies on basalts, eclogites and ultramafic rocks have attempted to use K/Rb ratio trends as a geochemical tracer to understand the nature of source material of basalts in the upper mantle and to suggest possible models of the differentiation history of the upper mantle [ 1-4j . Total rock data were used in many of these studies, and little is known regarding the relationship between K and Rb in individual minerals and in their host rocks. The K/Rb ratio and the abundance of K and Rb in amphiboles is of considerable interest because Hart and Aldrich [4] have demonstrated that amphiboles discriminate against rubidium and have K/Rb ratios well above the average for crystal materials. Yamaguchi [5J compared the packing index and K/Rb ratios of several metamorphic hornblendes, previously analyzed by Steiger [6, 71 . Yamaguchi proposed that `The ratio of K/Rb fixed in the mineral would be controlled by the relative concentration of both elements in the initial system, the type of crystal structure, and the pressure and temperature of the system .. . If minerals crystallized from the same liquid are compared, the one at higher Tbut lower P, and the other at higher P, the ratio K/Rb would be lower in the former and higher in the latter crystal, even though (K/Rb) liquid is always less than (K/Rb) crystal.' He evaluated this concept by comparing the K/Rb of Steiger's hornblendes with their packing indices, `since the packing index is a function ofP, Tand the volume of ions .' Yamaguchi found a well defined positive correlation of K/Rb with packing index and concluded `It is thus clear that the K/Rb ratio of the minReceived 2 October 1967 Revised manuscript received 30 November 1967
Organ Size Control Is Dominant over Rb Family Inactivation to Restrict Proliferation In Vivo

In mammals, a cell's decision to divide is thought to be under the control of the Rb/E2F pathway. We previously found that inactivation of the Rb family of cell cycle inhibitors (Rb, p107, and p130) in quiescent liver progenitors leads to uncontrolled division and cancer initiation. Here, we show that, in contrast, deletion of the entire Rb gene family in mature hepatocytes is not sufficient for their long-term proliferation. The cell cycle block in Rb family mutant hepatocytes is independent of the Arf/p53/p21 checkpoint but can be abrogated upon decreasing liver size. At the molecular level, we identify YAP, a transcriptional regulator involved in organ size control, as a factor required for the sustained expression of cell cycle genes in hepatocytes. These experiments identify a higher level of regulation of the cell cycle in vivo in which signals regulating organ size are dominant regulators of the core cell cycle machinery.
Effect of Temporal Resolution on the Accuracy of ADCP Measurements

The application of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP’s) in river flow measurements is promoting a great deal of progress in hydrometry. ADCP’s not only require shorter times to collect data than traditional current meters, but also allow streamflow measurements at sites where the use of conventional meters is either very expensive, unsafe, or simply not possible. Moreover, ADCP's seem to offer a means for collecting flow data with spatial and temporal resolutions that cannot be achieved with traditional current-meters. High-resolution data is essential to characterize the mean flow and turbulence structure of streams, which can in turn lead to a better understanding of the hydrodynamic and transport processes in rivers. However, to properly characterize the mean flow and turbulence intensities of stationary flows in natural turbulent boundary layers, velocities need to be sampled over a long-enough time span. The question then arises, how long should velocities be sampled in the flow field to achieve an adequate temporal resolution? Theoretically, since velocities cannot be sampled over an infinitely long time interval, the error due to finite integration time must be considered. This error can be estimated using the integral time scale. The integral time scale is not only a measure of the time interval over which a fluctuating function is correlated with itself but also a measure of the time span over which the function is dependent on itself. This time scale, however, is not a constant but varies spatially in the flow field. In this paper we present an analysis of the effect of the temporal resolution (sampling time span) on the accuracy of ADCP measurements based on the integral time scale. Single ping velocity profiles collected with frequencies of 1 Hz in the Chicago River at Columbus Drive using an uplooking 600 kHz ADCP are used in this analysis. The integral time scale at different depths is estimated based on the autocorrelation function of the velocity fluctuations and is used to evaluate the mean-square error as a function of the integration time. The implications of these errors in typical ADCP measurements for discharge estimates in natural streams are discussed. 1 Post-doctoral Research Associate, Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois, 221 N. Broadway, Urbana, IL 61801 2 Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, 221 N. Broadway, Urbana, IL 61801
Laparoscopic antireflux surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease after lung transplantation.

Background Although gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is highly prevalent in lung transplantation, the pathophysiology of GERD in these patients is unknown. We hypothesize that the pathophysiology of GERD after lung transplantation differs from that of a control population, and that the 30-d morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) are equivalent in both populations. Methods We retrospectively compared the pathophysiology of GERD and the 30-d morbidity and mortality of 29 consecutive lung transplant patients with 23 consecutive patients without lung transplantation (control group), all of whom had LARS for GERD between November 2008 and May 2010. Results Both groups had a similar prevalence of endoscopic esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus , comparable manometric profiles, and similar prevalence of abnormal peristalsis. However, hiatal hernia was more common in controls than in lung transplant patients (57% versus 24%; P = 0.04). Lung transplant patients had a higher prevalence and severity of proximal GERD (65% versus 33%; P = 0.04). The 30-d morbidity and mortality following LARS were similar in both groups regardless of the higher surgical risk of lung transplants (median ASA class: 3 versus 2 for controls, P Conclusions These results show that despite similar manometric profiles, lung transplant patients are more prone to proximal reflux than the general population with GERD; the prevalence of endoscopic esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus is the same in both groups of patients; a hiatal hernia is uncommon after lung transplantation; and the morbidity and mortality of LARS are the same for lung transplant patients as the general population with GERD.
First light for Hokupa'a: 36-element curvature AO system at UH

The University of Hawaii adaptive optics program has scaled its previously successful 13 elements AO system to 36 actuators and named it 'Hokupa'a', meaning 'immovable star' in Hawaiian. First light for Hokupa'a in early November of 1997, was on the Canada France Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea, an f/35, 3.35 meter telescope. Performance at the telescope has now been measured and compares favorably with that predicted theoretically. The extension to 36 elements has now allowed the system to give diffraction limited performance down to I band on stars as faint as 12.5 magnitude in median 0.7 arcsecond seeing on Mauna Kea. Like our previous system, extensive computer simulations were carried out to achieve the best possible match between the curvature WFS and the deformable curvature mirror.
Magnetic resonance arthrography of the wrist: case presentation and discussion.

F s t l 42-year-old woman had a complaint of chronic wrist pain that resulted in limitations of her activities of daily living. On physical xamination, she had diffuse tenderness with focal ain at the ulnar aspect of the wrist on deep palpaion. There was no instability at the distal radioulnar oint. Radiographs were normal (Fig. 1). Convenional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a ear in the central disk of the triangular fibrocartilage omplex (TFCC), but a tear in the scapholunate ligment could not be confirmed (Fig. 2). MRI perormed after injection of dilute gadolinium into the adiocarpal joint confirmed the tear in the TFCC and lso demonstrated a tear in the scapholunate ligament ith a narrow tail of contrast seen going from the tear o the midcarpal compartment (Fig. 3). The findings ere confirmed with arthroscopy. Direct magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) ombines the strengths of conventional arthrography
The manifestation of stopping sets and absorbing sets as deviations on the computation trees of LDPC codes

The error mechanisms of iterative message-passing decoders for low-density parity-check codes are studied. A tutorial review is given of the various graphical structures, including trapping sets, stopping sets, and absorbing sets that are frequently used to characterize the errors observed in simulations of iterative decoding of low-density parity-check codes. The connections between trapping sets and deviations on computation trees are explored in depth using the notion of problematic trapping sets in order to bridge the experimental and analytic approaches to these error mechanisms. A new iterative algorithm for finding low-weight problematic trapping sets is presented and shown to be capable of identifying many trapping sets that are frequently observed during iterative decoding of low-density parity-check codes on the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Finally, a new method is given for characterizing the weight of deviations that result from problematic trapping sets.
Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Five rats were exposed to fixed-time food schedules, ranging from 30 to 480 sec. Three rats displayed a postfood pattern of schedule-induced drinking, with short latencies from food delivery to drinking at all interfood interval durations. In contrast, drinking for the other 2 subjects tended to occur at lower overall levels, and drinking bouts frequently began in the middle of the interfood interval, such that the latency from food delivery to drinking increased dramatically as the interfood interval increased. Observation of these 2 subjects revealed that another form of licking-pawgrooming-occurred reliably after food delivery and before drinking bouts. A between subject comparison of the 3 postfood drinkers and the 2 pawgroomers revealed that, in addition to a common topography (repetitive licking), pawgrooming and drinking were similar with respect to their temporal locus, relation to the interfood interval, and extinction baseline levels. These similarities suggest that drinking and pawgrooming are induced by a common mechanism. Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni, and Lawler’s (1985) two-state model of reinforcer-induced motivation provides a useful framework for the interpretation of these results.
Seasonal circulation fields in the northern Gulf of Mexico calculated by assimilating current meter, shipboard ADCP, and drifter data simultaneously with the shallow water equations

Abstract Velocity measurements from current meter moorings, shipboard acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), and satellite-tracked drifters are used to estimate the seasonally averaged barotropic circulation throughout the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico in two regions: the Northeast Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) shelf and the Louisiana–Texas (LATEX) shelf. A variational assimilation approach (weighted least squares) is used to combine the data simultaneously with a system of dynamical equations (time-independent shallow water equations), where the weights are based on the expected errors in the dynamical equations and measurements. Smoothing and boundary constraints are also included in this system to impose a spatial decorrelation scale and to restrict the component of flow that is perpendicular to the coastline, respectively. Seasonal solutions are therefore best fits to the weighted measurements, dynamics, and constraints, and thus do not fit any component exactly. Analysis of the solution deviations to the dynamical equations reveal where and during which seasons the dynamics and data are in disagreement. The largest deviations from the proposed dynamics occur at the head of the DeSoto Canyon on the NEGOM shelf and at the southwest corner of the LATEX shelf. Therefore, in these areas, there are processes occurring that are not described by the simplified barotropic dynamics. At the head of the DeSoto Canyon, the large source of error is believed to be due to deep-ocean water penetrating across the shelfbreak, whereas the process that occurs at the southwest corner of the LATEX shelf is proposed to be a result of a convergence zone caused by loop current eddies. Error analysis reveals that current meter data are more capable of constraining the solution than the other two data types due to its ability to more accurately observe barotropic currents. Separate experiments are conducted using the shipboard ADCP and drifter data sets individually to determine the relative observation capability. These experiments reveal that both data types provide reasonable estimations of seasonal flow fields. Results on the LATEX shelf suggest that shipboard ADCP data is more capable of observing the seasonal barotropic flow than drifter data. Whereas, on the NEGOM shelf results imply that drifter data are more capable. This result, however, may be skewed due to the shipboard ADCP and drifter data sets being collected during different years.
Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship

Current democratic theory and recent international policy initiatives reveal an intense interest in the relationship between social capital and democracy. This interest is the most recent variant of a long theoretical tradition positing that a vigorous associational life is beneficial for the creation and maintenance of democracy. Despite the popularity of this view, little quantitative empirical evidence exists to support the relationship. Here, the relationship between social capital and democracy is tested using data from a large, quantitative, cross-national study. Two additional tests are introduced. First, the plausible reciprocal effect-from democracy to social capital-is included in models. Second, the potentially negative impact of some associations on democracy is considered. Using data from the World Values Survey and the Union of International Associations in a cross-lagged panel design, results show that social capital affects democracy and that democracy affects social capital. Additional tests demonstrate that associations that are connected to the larger community have a positive effect on democracy, while isolated associations have a negative effect. Theory relating social capital to democracy is drawn from the literature on civil society, political culture, and social movements.
Static deep error checking in large system applications using parfait

In this paper, we introduce Parfait, a static bug-checking tool for C/C++ applications. Parfait achieves precision and scalability at the same time by employing a layered program analysis framework. In Parfait, different analyses varying in precision and runtime expense can be invoked on demand to detect defects of a specific type, effectively achieving higher precision with smaller runtime overheads. Several production organizations within Oracle have started to integrate Parfait into their development process. Feedback from various production teams suggests that it is precise and scalable: the tool is able to analyze the OpenSolarisTM operating system and network consolidation (ON) with more than 6 million lines of code in 1 hour, and report thousands of defects with a false positive rate of close to 10%.
Direct Comparison of PCR-Based Monitoring for Cyclodiene Resistance in Drosophila Populations with Insecticide Bioassay

Abstract The efficiency of monitoring for cyclodiene resistance in Drosophila populations via insecticide bioassay was compared directly with results from PCR-based genotyping of individual insects (PCR/REN). Insecticide bioassays were performed on several hundred insects collected from each of 10 sites and PCR/REN on only 100 insects per site. The mean resistance frequency estimate by bioassay (0.02) was twice as high as that observed by PCR/REN (0.01) and was associated with a greater variance. We were also able to document a high frequency of expected RS survivors in the bioassay that were later genotyped as susceptible ( SS ). If similar trends hold at higher frequencies of resistance, this could lead to serious overestimation of resistance frequencies. This study highlights two advantages of PCR/REN over insecticide bioassay (i). Estimations of resistance frequency via PCR/REN are more precise that those derived by bioassay, and (ii) resistance frequencies can be determined by PCR/REN with correspondingly smaller sample sizes. The implications of these results for resistance monitoring and for the persistence of resistance genes in untreated populations are discussed.
Professionals' Attitudes toward the Sterilization of People with Disabilities.

Semistructured interviews were used to explore the attitudes of legal, medical, social welfare, developmental disabilities agency, and educational professionals toward the sterilization of people with disabilities. It was found that opinions about sterilization were integrally related to attitudes toward individuals with disabilities, as well as toward their parenting skills and general sexuality. Most professionals had been involved in some capacity with sterilization cases of people with disabilities and were concerned about present practices, although there was little consensus about how sterilization should be handled.
Optimal Duration of Conservative Management Prior to Surgery for Cervical and Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Literature Review:

Study Design Literature review. Objective Since the 1970s, spine surgeons have commonly required 6 weeks of failed conservative treatment prior to considering surgical intervention for various spinal pathologies. It is unclear, however, if this standard has been validated in the literature. The authors review the natural history, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness studies relating to the current standard of 6 weeks of nonoperative care prior to surgery for patients with spinal pathologies. Methods A systematic Medline search from 1953 to 2013 was performed to identify natural history, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness studies relating to the optimal period of conservative management prior to surgical intervention for both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Demographic information, operative indications, and clinical outcomes are reviewed for each study. Results A total of 5,719 studies were identifi ed; of these, 13 studies were selected for inclusion. Natural history studies demonstrated that 88% of patients with cervical radiculopathy and 70% of patients with lumbar radiculopathy showed improvement within 4 weeks following onset of symptoms. Outcomes and cost-effectiveness studies supported surgical intervention within 8 weeks of symptom onset for both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Conclusions There are limited studies supporting any optimal duration of conservative treatment prior to surgery for cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Therefore, evidence-based conclusions cannot be made. Based on the available literature, we suggest that an optimal timing for surgery following cervical radiculopathy is within 8weeksofonsetof symptoms.A shorterperiodof4weeksmay beappropriatebasedon natural history studies. Additionally, we found that optimal timing for surgery following lumbar radiculopathy is between 4 and 8 weeks. A prospective study is needed to explicitly identify the optimal duration of conservative therapy prior to surgery so that costs may be reduced and patient outcomes improved.
Large-area graphene coating via superhydrophilic-assisted electro-hydrodynamic spraying deposition

Abstract We present the capability of large-area graphene coating via superhydrophilic-assisted electro-hydrodynamic spraying deposition (SH-ESD) technology. In this paper, we detail the effect of hydrophilicity on depositing graphene sheets with electro-hydrodynamic spraying. The mechanism of graphene deposition is shown mathematically and experimentally. The resulting graphene coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, optical profilometry, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the conjugated sp2 carbon network is still restored in the SH-ESD graphene coatings. By SH-ESD technology, the deposition coverage is up to 90% on an area of 4.4 cm by 4.4 cm only after 10 min. We also demonstrated potential in vitro application of SH-ESD graphene coatings in photothermal ablation (PTA) therapeutic with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) light. This work shows the possibility of controlling morphology, thickness and coating performance and the capability of effective mass production by this low-cost and scalable SH-ESD method.
GPA, GMAT, and SCALE: A method for quantification of admissions criteria

Multiple regression analysis is used to establish a scale, measuring involvement in campus activities, work experience, technical background, references, and goals. This scale is then tested to see whether it improves the prediction of success in school. For graduate business students, previous studies have shown a coefficient of determination .14 when both GMAT score and grade point average are used. Introduction of the scale raises the coefficient to .19 for the 1976–1977 graduate class. Appropriate predictive cross-validation techniques indicate that the regression is validated on data from the 1980–1981 academic year. Using standard statistical computer software, any school can choose variables, experimentally build a scale, and test its predictive value. This type of scale helps to integrate much of the miscellaneous information collected on the standard college and graduate school application.
Ambient temperature solid polymer electrolyte devices

Abstract Poly(ethylene oxide) based solid polymer electrolytes with lithium bis-perfluoro-acyl-imide and lithium bis-perfluoro-sulfonylimide plasticizer salts have been investigated by complex impedance analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and electrochemical performance in the Li/V 6 O 13 electrode couple environment. Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(ethylene glycol) based composite polymer blends with LiCF 3 SO 3 salt were also studied as possible ambient temperature electrolytes. A third group of polymer electrolytes based on lithium salts doped into non-aqueous gels were found to possess an ionic conductivity of 4.5×10 −4 S cm at 22°C. The material was used as an electrolyte in the fabrication of a thin film electrochemical cell (6.5 cm 2 area) with the Li/V 6 O 13 electrode couple. Preliminary results indicated a good reversibility, but interfacial polarization was significant.
Model formulation and simulation of a solid-state lithium-based cell

Abstract The analytical formulation presented here is for the prediction of the performance of a solid-state lithium anode/lithium-insertion cathode cell that is limited by solid-state diffusion in the cathode active material. Transient, dimensionless solid-state lithium-ion concentration-incorporating group profiles have been computed for a cell whose performance is controlled by lithium-ion diffusion in the cathode active material. The analytical equation for the voltage loss associated with solid-state lithium-ion diffusion and the resultant solid-state lithium-ion concentration profile in the cathode active material has been developed. To provide examples of the application of the developed formulation, generated numerical data are shown in the form of plots. Preliminary determination of the lithium ion diffusion coefficient in a dilithium phthalocyanine cathode active material from cell discharge data, and the determination of the activity coefficient and reversible cell voltage of an aerogel-based LiV 2 O 5 cathode active material as a function of lithium intercalation have been performed.
Evaluation of Leachates from Coal Refuse Blended with Fly Ash at Different Rates

There is great interest in returning coal combustion products to mining sites for beneficial reuse as liming agents. A column study examined the effects of blending two coal fly ashes with an acid-forming coal refuse (4% pyritic S). Both fly ashes were net alkaline, but had relatively low neutralizing capacities. One ash with moderate alkalinity (CRF) was bulk blended with coal refuse at 0, 20, and 33% (w/w), while another lower alkalinity ash (WVF) was blended at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 33% (w/w). The columns were leached (unsaturated) weekly with 2.5 cm of simulated precipitation for >150 wk. Where high amounts of ash alkalinity (>20% w/w) were mixed with the coal refuse, pyrite oxidation was controlled and leachate pH was >7.0 with low metal levels throughout the study. At lower rates of alkalinity loading, trace metals were sequentially released from the WVF ash as the 5, 10, and 20% treatments acidified due to pyrite oxidation. Lechate metals increased in proportion to the total amounts applied in the ash. In this strongly acidic environment, metals such as Mn, Fe, and Cu were dissolved and leached from the ash matrix in large quantities. If ash is to be beneficially reused in the reclamation of acid-producing coal refuse, the alkalinity and potential acidity of the materials must be balanced through the appropriate addition of lime or other alkaline materials to the blend. Highly potentially acidic refuse material, such as that used here, may not be suitable for ash/refuse codisposal scenarios.
Analysis of the Expression of I‐Ak‐like Antigens in Murine Fetal and Adult Tissues with the Monoclonal Antibody 10–2.16

The expression of I-Ak antigens in normal C3H/FeJ adult and 15-day embryonic mice has been investigated by indirect immunofluorescence staining of tissue cryostat sections with the anti I-Ak antigen monoclonal antibody 10-2.16. In adult mice I-Ak antigens were expressed in Langerhans-like cells in the skin, epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, endometrium, thymic reticuloepithelial cells, and several capillary endothelia. On the other hand, these antigens were not detected in Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, brain or mammary gland. In 15-day-old embryos the expression of Ia-like antigens was restricted to thymic reticuloepithelial cells, isolated spleen cells, and capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract.
MOCRAFT: a professional quality micro-computer implementation of CRAFT with multiple objectives

Abstract Unlike some versions of CRAFT which are written in BASIC and are slow to execute, have limited size, restrictions on input format, or lack the features of the original, MOCRAFT contains a full implementation of the original CRAFT program, and is a professional quality development tool featuring full color moving bar and pull down menus, help screens, high resolution color graphics, input and output of plain ASCII files, exits to and returns from IBM DOS, and much more. MOCRAFT runs on an IBM PC, XT, AT or true compatible, with a CGA or EGA monitor and color card and at least 256 kbyte of RAM.