cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescently Labeled Tarantula Toxin Reveals Voltage Dependent Adhesion to K+ Channels

Among the most potent allosteric modulators of voltage-gated potassium channels are peptide toxins from arachnids. Guangxitoxin-1E is an exemplar of this class of ligands, having effects at nanomolar concentrations and shifting gating of Kv2.1 to a positive voltage range, beyond physiological potentials. We have synthesized biologically active variants of this toxin with unique chemically reactive groups that allow conjugation to probes that allow visualization of toxin adherence to channels on living cells. The association of toxin with Kv2.1 channels was found to be strongly voltage dependent, having different affinities for resting and activated states of voltage sensors. To compose structural hypotheses for the toxin-channel interactions that underlie allosteric effector properties, we built structural models of the toxin-channel interaction using the Rosetta-Membrane homology method and the Kv1.2-2.1 coordinates as template, to create models of Kv2.1 voltage sensing domains. Conformations of activated and resting states were generated following a sliding helix model. The toxin was then docked to these multiple voltage sensor conformations using the Rosetta Dock method to identify low energy complexes. Experimentally, measurement of toxin association and dissociation rates by voltage clamp and with fluorescently labeled toxins create constraints that define its mechanism of action. The differential adherence of toxin to resting and activated voltage sensor conformations drives allosteric modulation of channels. By measuring gating state-dependent affinities, this methodology creates a new means of assessing the potency and action of allosteric ion channel modulators. In combination with computational structure prediction and design this strategy could lead to development of voltage sensor modulators with novel state-dependence.
Adaptive arrays: A new approach to the steady-state analysis

Our main goal is a closed-form expression for the steady-state output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an n -element adaptive array excited by one desired narrow-band signal and K - 1 narrowband jammers. This is facilitated by representing each excitation by a complex n -dimensional vector-the excitation vector. We show that the important system parameters are functions of scalar products of pairs of these exctiation vectors. In particular, the normalized output SNR of the array is shown to be the ratio of determinants whose elements involve these scaler products. Such determinants are also shown to be involved in the expressions for the optimal array weights.
Treatment of spasmodic torticollis through spasm control and muscle reeducation: A case study

This case study illustrates the use of EMG feedback of muscle spasm activity in a case of spasmodic torticollis. The patient was 36-year-old female with an 8 month history of sevre torticollis. A variety of medical and pharmacological interventions failed to reduce symptomatology. The patient was seen for 5 baseline and 42 training sessions. Training involved visual feedback of physiological tracings of fast-rectified and integrated EMG activity recorded over the spastic sternocleidomastoid. Training was a shaping procedure involving progressively less head support and more difficult muscle control. Counts of spasm activity and observer ratings of videotaped behavior indicate that the training produced clear improvements in head control within and across sessions. Follow-up self-report data taken at 1 year indicate continuation of improvement.
Fleroxacin combined with rifampin

Abstract We determined the effect of the combination of rifampin and fleroxacin against Enterobacteriaceae and streptococcal species. None of the 65 isolates tested by checkerboard assay demonstrated synergy, 12% of isolates showed an additive effect; 86.7% were indifferent, and only 1 isolate showed antagonism. The mean FIC was 1.2. When using 2 and 8 πg/ml of rifampin, fleroxacin MICs of 285 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae , staphylococci, streptococci Bacteroides , and Clostridium were not increased, but synergy was not demonstrated. time-kill studies against Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus faecalis failed to show increased killing when the two agents were present at one-half the MBC. The fleroxacinrifampin interaction is one of indifference but provides coverage for species not adequately inhibited by fleroxacin.
CAR-modified anti-CD19 T cells for the treatment of B-cell malignancies: rules of the road.

Introduction: Malignancies of the B lymphocyte or its precursor include B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as chronic and acute lymphoid leukemias. These are among the most common hematologic malignancies and many patients with B-cell malignancies are incurable. Although most patients initially respond to first-line treatment, relapse is frequent and is associated with a poor prognosis. T cells that are genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) recognizing the B-cell-associated molecule CD19 have emerged as a potentially potent and exciting therapeutic modality in recent years. Areas covered: This review explores the current peer-reviewed publications in the field and a discussion of expert opinion. Expert opinion: Genetic engineering of T cells has become clinically feasible and appears to be safe. Here we provide an insight into the process of patient selection, engineered T-cell production, infusion procedure, expected toxicities and efficacy of this exciting approach as it i...
Motor and Tail Homology 1 (TH1) Domains Antagonistically Control Myosin-1 Dynamics

Class 1 myosins are monomeric motor proteins that fulfill diverse functions at the membrane/cytoskeletal interface. All myosins-1 contain a motor domain, which binds actin, hydrolyzes ATP, and generates forces, and a TH1 domain, which interacts directly with membrane lipids. In most cases, TH1 is needed for proper subcellular localization and presumably function, although little is known about how this domain regulates the behavior of class 1 myosins in live cells. To address this, we used single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to examine the dynamics of the well-characterized myosin-1a isoform during interactions with the cortex of living cells. Our studies revealed that full-length myosin-1a exhibits restricted mobility relative to TH1 alone. Motor domain mutations that disrupt actin binding increased the mobility of full-length myosin-1a, whereas mutations to the TH1 domain that are known to reduce steady-state targeting to the plasma membrane unexpectedly reduced mobility. Deletion of the calmodulin-binding lever arm in Myo1a mimicked the impact of actin-binding mutations. Finally, myosin-1b, which demonstrates exquisite sensitivity to mechanical load, exhibited dynamic behavior nearly identical to myosin-1a. These studies are the first, to our knowledge, to explore class 1 myosin dynamics at the single-molecule level in living cells; our results suggest a model where the motor domain restricts dynamics via a mechanism that requires the lever arm, whereas the TH1 domain allows persistent diffusion in close proximity to the plasma membrane.
The important sources of German cockroach allergens as determined by RAST analyses

The important sources of allergens in cockroach were investigated. Aqueous extracts were prepared from American and German cockroach whole body, cast skins, and feces as well as egg shells of German cockroach. Each extract was analyzed for protein content and characterized by electrophoretic analyses. Cockroach specific IgE in the sera of patients and controls was investigated by RAST, by use of paper discs coupled to equal amounts of protein from each extract. The results for German cockroach indicate that whole body and cast skins have equal RAST potencies, egg shells are less potent, and feces are least potent. Reactivity of the same individuals to American cockroach was much lower. RAST-inhibition studies with German cockroach extracts indicate that the same allergens are found in whole body, cast skins, egg shells, and feces. The RAST potencies obtained in the inhibition experiments, in general, agreed with the direct RAST results. The results indicate that cast skins and whole bodies of German cockroaches contain the clinically relevant allergens for this group of cockroach-sensitive patients.
Architectural Valuation using the Design Structure Matrix and Real Options Theory

This study outlines a methodology for the valuation of the architecture of an integrated product or system through an appropriate level of modularization to maximize the societal value created. This method is developed through the application of the design structure matrix (DSM) and real options theory. The DSM method is utilized to develop an improved visibility estimate for non-hierarchic system architectures. A method is also proposed to account for different module sizes and system module level testing costs. Finally, a normalization procedure is proposed that allows comparing alternative modular arrangements of the same underlying system elements. The proposed method serves as the basis of an improved approach for architecture optimization. The proposed method is illustrated using a reference example of an industrial gas turbine.
Population differences in microRNA expression and biological implications

Population differences observed for complex traits may be attributed to the combined effect of socioeconomic, environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors. To better understand population differences in complex traits, genome-wide genetic and gene expression differences among ethnic populations have been studied. Here we set out to evaluate population differences in small non-coding RNAs through an evaluation of microRNA (miRNA) baseline expression in HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from 53 CEU (Utah residents with northern and western European ancestry) and 54 YRI (African from Ibadan, Nigeria). Using the Exiqon miRCURYTM LNA arrays, we found that 16% of all miRNAs evaluated in our study differ significantly between these 2 ethnic groups (pBonferroni corrected<0.05). Furthermore, we explored the potential biological function of these observed differentially expressed miRNAs by comprehensively examining their effect on the transcriptome and their relationship with cellular sensitivity ...
Balancing predation and egg harvest in a colonial seabird: A simulation model

We developed an individual-based model to study the effects of different regimes of harvesting eggs and natural predation on reproductive success in a colony of the glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. The model incorporates the sequence of egg laying, relaying, and incubation to hatching for individual nests and calculates hatching success, incubation length, and the total number of eggs laid (as a result of re-nesting and relaying) in all nests in the colony. Stochasticity is incorporated in the distribution of nest lay dates, predation rates, and nests attacked during predation and harvest events. We estimated parameter values by fitting the model to data collected at a small colony during 1999 and 2000 using maximum likelihood. We then simulated harvests and analyzed model predictions. Model outputs indicate that harvesting early, and at one time, provides a predictable take of eggs with the least impact to gulls.
TU‐C‐332‐08: Comparison of Pulse‐Echo Methods for Measuring Ultrasound Attenuation in the Liver

Purpose:Ultrasound attenuation in liver differs from normal values when diffuse disease is present. Additionally, clinical images suggest that many masses in the liver have attenuation that varies from that of background tissue. In this presentation we compare four attenuation measurement algorithms to determine strengths and weaknesses of each for determining global and local values of attenuation in liver.Method and Materials: Full frames of RF echo data were acquired from test phantoms using a Siemens Antares scanner equipped with the Axis Direct research interface. Signals were acquired using linear array transducers operating at a 6 MHz frequency. Data were analyzed offline using 4 different algorithms: “Video Signal Analysis” (VSA), a centroid frequency shift method (FS), Diffraction Corrected Spectral Cross‐correlation (DCSC), and a conventional Reference Phantom Method (RPM). Both global estimates of ultrasound attenuation and low resolution attenuation coefficient images of uniform and “inclusion” phantoms were obtained. In a similar manner, attenuation is being measured in the livers of patients (under an IRB approved protocol) who are undergoing needle biopsies under ultrasound guidance. Results: The RPM provides accurate attenuation estimates, with acceptable variance, for uniform regions in phantoms. All methods are subject to attenuationimage artifacts when the backscatter is not uniform, as shown with the inclusion phantoms. However, the DCSC appears to be the least susceptible to backscatter variations. Initial attenuation results in liver were obtained from a patient with a hemangioma, a tumor that exhibited lower attenuation and higher backscatter than background liver. Because of elevated backscatter, the DCSC method performed best. Additional liver samples are being processed. Conclusion: Modern machines provide RF data that can be used to measure acoustical properties of tissues. When measuring attenuation, the RPM performed best in uniform regions of phantoms, but the DCSC technique appeared to be least susceptible to backscatter variations.
After the crime: the power of restorative justice dialogues between victims and violent offenders

Miller, S. L. 2011. New York, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9553-8. pp. 267, pbk. Restorative justice is an umbrella term that describes a variety of activities that are designed t...
Factors associated with risky sun exposure behaviors among operating engineers

Background The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with sun exposure behaviors among Operating Engineers (heavy equipment operators). Methods Operating Engineers (N ¼ 498) were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine health behavioral, perceptional, and demographic factors associated with sun exposure behavior (sun burns, blistering, use of sunscreen, and interest in sun protection services). Results Almost half reported two or more sunburns/summer and the median times blistering was 2 with a range of 0–100. About one-third never used sun block, while just over one-third rarely used sun block. Almost one-quarter were interested in sun protection guidance. Multivariate analyses showed that perceptions of skin type, alcohol problems, fruit intake, BMI, sleep quality, age, sex, and race were significantly associated with at least one of the outcome variables (P < 0.05). Conclusions Operating Engineers are at high risk for skin cancer due to high rates of exposure to ultraviolet light and low rates of sun block use. Subgroups of Operating Engineers are particularly at risk for sun damage. Interventions are needed to decrease sun exposure among Operating Engineers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:786–792, 2012. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of steroids on the size heterogeneity of pituitary prolactin in castrate male rats.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated and given daily sc. injections of estradiol (E 2 , 10 μg/day), testosterone propionate (TP, 1.0 mg/day), dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 1.0 mg/day) or sesame oil (SO, 0.2 ml/day). A group of sham castrate males received daily sc. injections of SO (0.2 ml/day). On day 8 of steroid treatment animals were decapitated and anterior pituitaries were removed and hemisected. Each half was homogenized in PBS buffer (0.01 M Na 2 HPO 4 -NaH 2 PO 4 ; 0.14 M NaCl; 0.1% bovine serum albumin) at either pH 7.6 or 10.6. Homogenates were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 columns and eluted fractions were assayed for prolactin (PRL) by RIA. Four immunoreactive forms of PRL, designated as “void volume,” “big big,” “big” and “little,” were eluted from the pituitary homogenates of each experimental group. Homogenates obtained at pH 7.6 contained a greater percentage of PRL in the “void volume” and less activity in the “big” and “little” forms than pH 10.6 homogenates in all experimental groups. Pituitaries from SO- and TP-treated castrate animals contained significantly greater percentages of activity in the “void volume” at pH 7.6 compared to the other groups. At pH 10.6, the pituitary homogenates from the E 2 -treated group eluted a significantly greater percentage of “big” PRL and a smaller percentage of “little” PRL compared to all other groups. These findings suggest that androgenic and estrogenic steroids may play a role in the pituitary PRL molecular size profile of the male rat.
Programming expert systems at the K-tree level

The knowledge engineer must have a way of recording heuristics gleaned from domain experts. Once the heuristics have been discovered, they must be translated into rules. The rules must be programmed. The system must be tested. To repair problems, one must be able to trace the path of reasoning. Documentation that allows for system maintenance and updating is necessary. We think that we have found a single good method for solving all of these problems when working with a rule based expert system. All of these tasks are done at the same level using a pictorial representation of rules that we call K-Tree notation.1 The system is then viewed as a collection of K-trees.
On the Thermodynamic Interpretation of Certain Thermionic and Thermoelectric Phenomena

It is well known that steady-state thermionic phenomena can be described only approximately in terms of the thermodynamic functions of equilibrium states of the metal concerned. These phenomena can, however, be related to the thermoelectric properties of the metal, and in this paper this relationship is developed for a metal of arbitrary crystalline symmetry. Application is made to the interpretation of experiments which measure the contact potential difference between metal surfaces at different temperatures, and to experiments which measure the cooling effect accompanying thermionic emission. Among other things it is shown that in spite of the high accuracy with which measurements of the latter type can be made, it is not possible at present to draw conclusions from them concerning the temperature coefficient of the work function. This would be true even for a single crystal surface because of the uncertainty in the value of the Thomson coefficient at high temperatures; for polycrystalline surfaces an equal or greater uncertainty is introduced by patch effects, which are discussed in detail.
Street-Level Psychiatry—A Psychiatrist's Role with the Albuquerque Police Department's Crisis Outreach and Support Team

A growing number of police departments have civilian units that aid police in responding to persons with mental illnesses. A unique program in Albuquerque, New Mexico, employs a medical doctor. This article explains Albuquerque's model, the Crisis Outreach And Support Team (COAST), and the role of their physician. The article explores the utility of having a doctor as part of a civilian crisis unit and can act as a reference for other municipalities considering a similar model.
Energetic pinning of magnetic impurity levels in quantum-confined semiconductors.

Donor- and acceptor-type (D/A) impurities play central roles in controlling the physical properties of semiconductors. With continued miniaturization of information processing devices, the relationship between quantum confinement and D/A ionization energies becomes increasingly important. Here, we provide direct spectroscopic evidence that impurity D/A levels in doped semiconductor nanostructures are energetically pinned, resulting in variations in D/A binding energies with increasing quantum confinement. Using magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy, the donor binding energies of Co2+ ions in colloidal ZnSe quantum dots have been measured as a function of quantum confinement and analyzed in conjunction with ab initio density functional theory calculations. The resulting experimental demonstration of pinned impurity levels in quantum dots has far-reaching implications for physical phenomena involving impurity-carrier interactions in doped semiconductor nanostructures, including in the emerging field of s...
Micromechanics of an extrusion in high-cycle fatigue

Abstract A most favourably oriented crystal located at a free surface of a f.c.c. polycrystal under cyclic tension and compression of high-cycle loading is considered. An extrusion in this crystal is shown to be caused by a positive slip in one thin slice P and a negative slip in a closely located slice Q. An initial tensile strain ei αα in the thin slice R sandwiched between P and Q causes an initial compressive stress ζi αα in R and a positive initial shear stress ζi αβ in P and a negative one in Q. (The repetition of the subscript in Greek letters in this paper as above does not denote summations.) Slices P, Q and R, the slip direction α and the normal to the slip plane β all make 45° with the free surface. The elongation in R induced by this initial strain is called the ‚static extrusion‘. The difference between the resolved shear stresses in P and Q causes the build-up of plastic shear strain in P and Q, and hence the extrusion growth. As the extrusion grows, the initial compression in R decreases, r...
JWH-018 in rhesus monkeys: Differential antagonism of discriminative stimulus, rate-decreasing, and hypothermic effects

Abstract Several effects of the abused synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 were compared to those of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) in rhesus monkeys. JWH-018 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) was established as a discriminative stimulus and rimonabant was used to examine mechanisms responsible for discrimination as well as operant response rate-decreasing and hypothermic effects. JWH-018 dose-dependently increased drug-lever responding (ED 50 =0.01 mg/kg) and decreased response rate (ED 50 =0.064 mg/kg). Among various cannabinoids, the relative potency for producing discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects was the same: CP-55940=JWH-018>Δ 9 -THC=WIN-55212-2=JWH-073. The benzodiazepine agonist midazolam and the NMDA antagonist ketamine did not exert JWH-018 like discriminative stimulus effects up to doses that disrupted responding. JWH-018 and Δ 9 -THC decreased rectal temperature by 2.2 and 2.8 °C, respectively; the doses decreasing temperature by 2 °C were 0.21 and 1.14 mg/kg, respectively. Antagonism did not differ between JWH-018 and Δ 9 -THC, but did differ among effects. The apparent affinities of rimonabant calculated in the presence of JWH-018 and Δ 9 -THC were not different from each other for antagonism of discriminative stimulus effects (6.58 and 6.59, respectively) or hypothermic effects (7.08 and 7.19, respectively). Apparent affinity estimates are consistent with the same receptors mediating the discriminative stimulus and hypothermic effects of both JWH-018 and Δ 9 -THC. However, there was more limited and less orderly antagonism of rate-decreasing effects, suggesting that an additional receptor mechanism is involved in mediating the effects of cannabinoids on response rate. Overall, these results strongly suggest that JWH-018 and Δ 9 -THC act at the same receptors to produce several of their shared psychopharmacological effects.
Abstract 3957: Cell death and growth arrest pathways mediating the actions of stilbene 5C in HCT-116 colon cancer cells

The stilbene derivative, cis-3, 4′, 5-trimethoxy-3′-aminostilbene (stilbene 5c), is a potentially potent antitumor agent that acts via binding to the colchicine-binding pocket in microtubules. Earlier studies have shown that stilbene 5c induces cell death in ovarian cancer cells and leukemic cells (Lee RM et al, 2008; Lee RM et al, 2008). The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of this microtubule poison against the HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line and its mechanisms of action. Time course studies demonstrated that stilbene 5c produces a biphasic decrease in cell viability. The capacity of the cells to proliferate was not restored upon removal of the drug after 6 days of exposure. Consistent with the results of the time course studies, β-galactosidase staining indicated that treatment with stilbene 5c also promotes senescence. In addition to senescence, stilbene 5c-treated HCT-116 cells displayed formation of autophagic vesicles by acridine orange staining, which was supported by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Further evidence of autophagy was derived from treatment of HCT116 cells carrying an RFP-LC3 construct with stilbene 5c, in which LC3 puncta formation increased in a time-dependent manner. DAPI staining, TUNEL, and Annexin 5 staining indicated that apoptosis is also occurring in stilbene 5c-treated HCT-116 cells. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated growth arrest at both G1 and G2/M, and an increase in the subG1 population at days 3 and 5, which correspond to senescence and apoptosis respectively. Interestingly, DAPI and Hoechst staining revealed morphological changes in the cell nuclei (binucleated and micronucleated cells), which suggest that mitotic catastrophe may also serve as a mode of cell death after treatment with stilbene 5c. Consistent with previous studies in other experimental cancer models, this work indicates that stilbene 5c could potentially be effective against colon cancer through the promotion of multiple modes of cell death. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3957. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3957
Taste aversion learning in the bat, Carollia perspicillata.

Taste aversion learning was studied in a species of frugivorous bat, Carollia perspicillata . Over the course of conditioning, there was a marked reduction in consumption of the test food that was conditionally paired with injections of lithium chloride, and an increase in consumption of the alternative, “safe” food. No significant changes in food consumption were found with bats receiving either saline injections or no treatment. In addition, while all bats decreased their relative consumption of the test food during two-choice postconditioning tests as compared to pretests, the experimental (LiCl) subjects showed a significantly greater decrease. These results thus extend the comparative study of learned taste aversions to a different species of mammal.
Pulling plates apart

The Salton Sea is located in a sedimentary basin at the southern termination of the San Andreas fault. High-resolution seismic data indicate that the basin formed and grew by active subsidence at its southern end.
TH-C-BRF-01: The Promise and Potential Pitfalls of Deformable Image Registration in Clinical Practice

Accurate and robust deformable image registration (DIR) is a key enabling technique in the clinical realization of two approaches for advancing radiation therapy treatment efficacy: adaptive radiation therapy and treatment response assessment. Currently there are a wide variety of DIR methods including the categories of splines, optical/diffusion, free-form, and biomechanical algorithms. All methods aim to translate information between image sets (including multi-modal data) in the presence of spatial deformation of tissues. However, recent research has shown that different DIR algorithms can yield substantially different results for the same reference deformation, and that DIR performance can be site and application dependent. As a result, errors can occur, and subsequent patient treatment can be compromised. There is a clear need for greater understanding of appropriate use of DIR techniques, as well as effective methods of validation, evaluation, and improvement. In this session, we will review the state-of-the-art concerning DIR development, clinical application, and performance evaluation. Novel DIR methods and evaluating technologies will be reviewed. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the underlying principles and physics of current DIR techniques 2. To explore potential clinical applications and areas of high impact for DIR 3. To investigate sources of uncertainty, appropriate usage, and methods for validating and evaluating DIR performance.
Heat capacities of HfB2.035 and HfC0.968 from 5 to 350 K

Abstract Heat capacities were determined by adiabatic calorimetry on well-characterized samples of HfB2.035 and HfC0.968. The results are simply sigmoid except for a peak in the first derivative of the HfB2 smoothed results (not characteristic of our ZrB2 or NbB1.963 data) near 110 K possibly occasioned by a Schottky anomaly due to crystal field effects. At 298.15 K the heat capacity Cp, entropy increment {So)(T) − So(0)}, and function {G o (T) − H o (0)} T for HfB2.035 are 11.90, 10.25, and −4.323 calth K−1 mol−1. Those for HfC0.968 are 8.931, 9.407, and −4.311 calth K−1 mol−1.
Polynomial growth in holonomy groups of foliations

A notion of growth in finitely generated groups has been introduced by Milnor [8]. One type of growth considered there is called polynomial growth and it has been conjectured that a finitely generated group has polynomial growth if, and only if, it has a nilpotent subgroup of finite index. That groups which have a nilpotent subgroup of finite index have polynomial growth has been shown by Wolf [22] (see also Bass [1]). So far, the converse has been proved for solvable groups (Milnor-Wolf [9, 22]) and for linear groups (Tits [21]). In the present note we show that the conjecture is true for finitely generated groups of ditterentiable germs. There are also related results about groups of homeomorphisms which may be of independent interest. Our interest in groups of germs was motivated by the study of holonomy groups of foliations and we give some applications in that direction. It turns out, for example, that holonomy groups of codimension one, transversely oriented foliations of class C 2 which have polynomial growth, must actually be abelian. These results are applied in the last section to generalize a result of Haefliger concerning analytic foliations of codimension one.
Antibiotic therapy in experimental bedsonial arthritis

Bedsoniae recovered from patients with Reiter's syndrome cause arthritis in 100% of rabbits inoculated with an adequate concentration of organisms. Intraarticular bedsonial inoculation results in ocular infection and involvement of other joints in some rabbits. Early adequate tetracycline or penicillin therapy can prevent or reverse the arthritis. In rabbits with chronic arthritis, tetracycline therapy eliminated the bedsoniae but did not affect the course of the disease.
Photocatalytic Synthesis of Copper Colloids from Cu(II) by the Ferrihydrite Core of Ferritin

The iron-storage protein ferritin encapsulates a nanoparticle of iron oxide. The size and properties of these nanoparticles can be adjusted by controlled oxidative hydrolysis reactions of Fe(II). This mineralized ferritin protein cage has previously been shown to act as an effective photocatalyst for reduction of Cr(VI). In the present work, we demonstrate that Fe(O)OH-mineralized ferritin catalyzes the photoreduction of Cu(II) to form a stable, air-sensitive, colloidal dispersion of Cu(0). In addition, the particle sizes of the Cu colloids can be controlled by varying the ratio of Cu(II) to ferritin. This illustrates an important principle, namely that the properties of one preformed material can be utilized for the specific synthesis of a second material, thus tailoring the desired physical properties of the final products. This procedure represents a multistep materials synthesis: the formation of a new nanomaterial from a catalytic precursor.
Seizures and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. A clinical-electroencephalographic study.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of convulsive seizures of various forms in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism has been reviewed within the context of four case presentations. These seizures are distinct from manifestations of tetany but also are related to the hypocalcemia in these disorders which results in increased neuronal excitability. The seizure states usually are associated with paroxysmal abnormalities in the electroencephalogram characterized by slow theta and delta waves, spike-wave discharges varying in frequency from 1½–4 c/s, and single and multiple spiking. Usually, treatment of the underlying disorder by the administration of calcium salts, vitamin D and other phosphaturic agents relieves the seizure state and improves the electroencephalogram. However, the time sequences of return of serum calcium level to normal and the disappearance of seizures and EEG abnormality are not always parallel. There is occasionally dissociation of the occurrence of tetany and seizures at similar low blood calcium levels. In all age groups, but particularly in the young, hypoparathyroidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a seizure state. RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS L'apparition de brusques attaques de formes variees lors d'hypoparathyroidisme idiopathique et de pseudohypoparathyroidisme a ete reetudiee sur la base de quatre cas. Ces brusques attaques se distinguent des manifestations de tetanie, mais elles se rapportent elles-ausi a l'hypocalcemie lors de ces troubles, ce dont resulte l'intensification de l'excitabilite des neurones. Les symptomes de ces attaques sont habituellement associes a des anomalies paroxysmales de l'electroencephalogramme caracterisees par des ondes lentes theta et delta, des decharges de pointes-ondes dont la frequence varie de 1½–4 c/s, et des pointes uniques ou multiples. En general, le traitement du trouble qui est ici a la base par administration de sels de calcium, vitamine D et autres agents phosphaturiques soulage le malade quant a ses attaques brusques et ameliore son electroencephalogramme. Toutefois, les temps divers necessaires au taux de cacemie pour redevenir normal et la disparition des attaques et des anomalies de l'EEG ne sont pas toujours paralleles. Il y a parfois une dissociation de l'apparition deltetanie et des attaques brusques quand les taux de calcemie sont egalement bas. Il faut que, chez tous les groupes d'âge, et particulierement chez les individus jeunes, l'hypoparathyroidisme soit examine quant a la diagnose differentielle d'un etat d'attaque brusque.
Discrimination of cortical from subcortical dementias on the basis of memory and problem-solving tests

This study compared the discriminative utility of problem-solving and memory tasks in patients with Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease and in age-, education-, and gender-matched normal control subjects. Problem-solving was assessed with a modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Memory was measured with a 10-item, 6-trial version of the Buschke Selective Reminding Test. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted to determine which measure provided the highest sensitivity (i.e., hit rate) and specificity (i.e., correct rejection rate). Both tests provided excellent detection of dementia (88 to 98% classification accuracy), but were less robust in differentiating between dementia groups. Findings underscore the suitability of both measures to detect mild dementia, but emphasize the importance of specific memory measures to differentiate between cortical and subcortical dementia.
Prostate and seminal vesicle volume based consideration of prostate cancer patients for treatment with 3D-conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to determine the suitability of the prostate and seminal vesicle volumes as factors to consider patients for treatment with image-guided 3D-conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), using common dosimetry parameters as comparison tools. Methods: Dosimetry of 3D and IMRT plans for 48 patients was compared. Volumes of prostate, SV, rectum, and bladder, and prescriptions were the same for both plans. For both 3D and IMRT plans, expansion margins to prostate + SV (CTV) and prostate were 0.5 cm posterior and superior and 1 cm in other dimensions to create PTV and CDPTV, respectively. Six-field 3D plans were prepared retrospectively. For 3D plans, an additional 0.5 cm margin was added to PTV and CDPTV. Prescription for both 3D and IMRT plans was the same: 45 Gy to CTV followed by a 36 Gy boost to prostate. Dosimetry parameters common to 3D and IMRT plans were used for comparison: Mean doses to prostate, CDPTV, SV, rectum, bladder, and femurs; percent volume of rectum and bladder receiving 30 ( V 30 ) , 50 ( V 50 ) , and 70 Gy ( V 70 ) , dose to 30% of rectum and bladder, minimum and maximum point dose to CDPTV, and prescription dose covering 95% of CDPTV ( D 95 ) . Results: When the data for all patients were combined, mean dose to prostate and CDPTV was higher with 3D than IMRT plans ( P 0.01 ) . Mean D 95 to CDPTV was the same for 3D and IMRT plans ( P > 0.2 ) . On average, among all cases, the minimum point dose was less for 3D-CRT plans and the maximum point dose was greater for 3D-CRT than for IMRT ( P 0.01 ) . Mean dose to 30% rectum with 3D and IMRT plans was comparable ( P > 0.1 ) . V 30 was less ( P 0.01 ) , V 50 was the same ( P > 0.2 ) , and V 70 was more ( P 0.01 ) for rectum with 3D than IMRT plans. Mean dose to bladder was less with 3D than IMRT plans ( P 0.01 ) . V 30 for bladder with 3D plans was less than that of IMRT plans ( P 0.01 ) . V 50 and V 70 for 3D plans were the same for 3D and IMRT plans ( P > 0.2 ) . Mean dose to femurs was more with 3D than IMRT plans ( P 0.01 ) . For a given patient, mean dose and dose to 30% rectum and bladder were less with 3D than IMRT plans for prostate or prostate + SV volumes 65 (38/48) and 85 cm 3 (39/48), respectively ( P 0.01 ) . The larger the dose to rectum or bladder with 3D plans, the larger also was the dose to these structures with IMRT ( P 0.001 ) . For both 3D and IMRT plans, dose to rectum and bladder increased with the increase in the volumes of prostate and seminal vesicles ( P 0.02 to 0.001). Conclusions: Volumes of prostate and seminal vesicles provide a reproducible and consistent basis for considering patients for treatment with image-guided 3D or IMRT plans. Patients with prostate and prostate + SV volumes 65 and 85 cm 3 , respectively, would be suitable for 3D-CRT. Patients with prostate and prostate + SV volumes > 65 and 85 cm 3 , respectively, might get benefit from IMRT.
REGIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND JAPAN'S ROLE*

I N RECENT YEARS, many inter-nation institutions of regional and functional cooperation have been created in developing areas of the world. Asia is no exception. Today there appear signs of an increasing awareness on the part of the leaders in Asia about the necessity of meeting their national needs through regional cooperation. Would this trend increase opportunities for Japan, the dominant power of the region, to play a more effective role in processes of regional activities? What are the potentialities and the limitations of Japan's bid for such a role in non-Communist Asia, especially in Southeast Asia where the interests of China, India, and Japan converge? The purpose of this paper is to examine these questions by way of analyzing the basis of Japan's Asian diplomacy and Asia's response to such a policy without losing sight of the roles being played by other major powers.
Optimal triangulation of large real world input-output matrices

In this paper we present optimum triangulations of a large number of input-output matrices. In particular, we report about a series of (44,44)-matrices of the years 1959, 1965, 1970, 1975 of the countries of the European Community, about all (56, 56)-matrices compiled by Deutsches Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung for the Federal Republic of Germany, and about the (60,60)-matrices of the Statistisches Bundesamt of the Federal Republic of Germany. These optimum triangulation were obtained with a code developed by the authors which utilizes new polyhedral results for the triangulation problem in a linear programming cutting plane framework. With this code the range of solvability of triangulation problems was more than doubled (in terms of sector numbers) compared to previous work. In particular, for none of the triangulation problems mentioned above optimum solutions were known before. Moreover, we discuss various claims about properties of optimum solutions made in the literature and question some common concepts of analysing triangulated input-output matrices.
The Development of a Comprehensive Measure of the Sexual Victimization of College Women

It is only in recent years that sexual victimization has been identified as a salient problem on college and university campuses. Researchers have used a variety of different methodologies and data sources to describe the extent and the nature of sexual victimization of college women. These studies, however, are most commonly flawed by an incomplete conceptualization of sexual victimization (e.g., omitting sexual harassment and stalking), and by the inability to distinguish between different ranges of more and less serious sexual victimizations. This article presents a comprehensive measure of sexual victimization that includes incident reports to gather detailed accounts of sexual victimizations.
Birth of an Employers' Association

The forces that originally impelled manufacturers to unite were often of fleeting impact and were soon replaced by the cohesive influence of new issues. The NAM, conceived to wage a tariff war, discovered in organized labor a common enemy for its members and traced its prosperity from the date it became a gladiator in the labor arena.
Pseudotulostoma , a remarkable new volvate genus in the Elaphomycetaceae from Guyana

Pseudotulostoma volvata gen. sp. nov. is described from the south-central Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Pseudotulostoma volvata is associated with ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe corymbosa trees (Caesalpiniaceae) and placed in the Ascomycota, Eurotiales, Elaphomycetaceae. Included are a description of the genus and species, illustrations of the macroscopic and microscopic features, and a discussion of the distinctive features and phylogenetic placement of this fungus.
Grounding and ground fault protection of bussed stand-alone generators

High impedance grounding of direct connected generators is considered in this paper, along with the detection of ground faults within the generator zone of protection. This paper discusses several possible grounding schemes, and compares the damage measure for these devices. Finally, the paper considers a method of detecting the location of ground faults that do occur on the system.
Effects of sodium bicarbonate with three ratios of hay crop silage to concentrate for dairy cows.

Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were fed total mixed diets of hay crop silage and concentrate (30:70, 50:50, 70:30, 100:0) to evaluate effects of sodium bicarbonate supplements equivalent to 0, .4, and .7% of total ration dry matter (0, 68, and 114 g/d). Yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, and solids-not-fat, percentages of milk protein and solids-not-fat, and efficiency of production of fat-corrected milk declined with decreasing concentrate proportion. Buffer supplementation reduced milk fat percentage and milk yield was greater with 68 g/d sodium bicarbonate than with 114 g/d. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, cell solubles, and crude protein declined with decreasing proportion of concentrate while cellulose digestibility increased linearly. The proportion of dietary nitrogen transferred to milk decreased linearly with decreasing proportion of concentrate and sodium bicarbonate increased this transfer with the 70% concentrate diet. Sodium bicarbonate increased ruminal pH and acetate proportion while decreasing ammonia concentration. Acetate:propionate ratio was decreased by sodium bicarbonate addition to the 70% concentrate diet. High concentrate diets with hay crop silage may require higher amounts of buffers to influence production.
Mechanism of in-plane texture development by ion-beam-assisted deposition

The objective of this work was to determine the mechanism of in-plane texture development in films made by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD). Both in-plane texture and surface roughness were studied as functions of film thickness. A phenomenological growth model based on the preferential growth of aligned grains due to channeling was proposed, linking the surface roughness evolution and texture development. Good correlation was found between the measured roughness and the model prediction, as well as between the roughness evolution and the in-plane texture development. A critical thickness was introduced at which in-plane texture is completed. Both surface roughness and texture results gave a critical film thickness of 114–250 nm for an ion energy of 1000 eV and an R ratio of 0.4. This range of critical film thickness was far beyond the nucleation stage, providing evidence that the development of in-plane texture in IBAD Nb films was growth-controlled.
The compelling anomaly of chemical intolerance.

: In science, anomalies expose the limitations of existing paradigms and drive the search for new ones. In the late 1800s, physicians observed that certain illnesses spread from sick, feverish individuals to those contacting them, paving the way for the germ theory of disease. The germ theory served as a crude, but elegant formulation that explained dozens of seemingly unrelated illnesses affecting literally every organ system. Today, we are witnessing another medical anomaly—a unique pattern of illness involving chemically exposed groups in more than a dozen countries, who subsequently report multisystem symptoms and new-onset chemical, food, and drug intolerances. These intolerances may be the hallmark for a new disease process or paradigm, just as fever is a hallmark for infection. The fact that diverse demographic groups, sharing little in common except some initial chemical exposure event, develop these intolerances is a compelling anomaly pointing to a possible new theory of disease, one that has been referred to as “Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance” (“TILT”). TILT has the potential to explain certain cases of asthma, migraine headaches, and depression, as well as chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and “Gulf War syndrome”. It appears to evolve in two stages: (1) initiation, characterized by a profound breakdown in prior, natural tolerance resulting from either acute or chronic exposure to chemicals (pesticides, solvents, indoor air contaminants, etc.), followed by (2) triggering of symptoms by small quantities of previously tolerated chemicals (traffic exhaust, fragrances, gasoline), foods, drugs, and food/drug combinations (alcohol, caffeine). While the underlying dynamic remains an enigma, observations indicating that affected individuals respond to structurally unrelated drugs and experience cravings and withdrawal-like symptoms, paralleling drug addiction, suggest that multiple neurotransmitter pathways may be involved.
Does Chest Physical Therapy Work

Postural drainage has usually been shown to be an effective component of chest physical therapy; there is currently no data showing a beneficial effect of percussion or vibration; directed coughing may be as efficacious as postural drainage (Table 3); the forced expiration technique may increase sputum clearance with or without postural drainage (Table 4).