cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time, human agency, and social change: perspectives on the life course

The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm. Distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency. Two lines of research converged in the formation of this paradigm during the 1960s; one was associated with an older «social relationship» tradition that featured intergenerational studies, and the other with more contemporary thinking about age. The emergence of a life course paradigm has been coupled with a notable decline in socialization as a research framework and with its incorporation by other theories
Regulating the Desire Machine: Custer’s Revenge and 8-Bit Atari Porn Video Games

Exploring the short and largely forgotten history of adult-oriented 8-bit video games produced for the Atari 2600 home game console, this essay argues that the games represent an important attempt ...
Reflections on the Justice Development of Urban and Rural Residents under the Concept of Balanced Urban and Rural Development

To balance urban and rural development it's not only necessary to realize their coordinated development of econony,but more importantly to realize the justice development of urban and rural residents.The justice development of urban and rural residents is to realize justice of rights,justice of opportunity,justice of rules and justice of distribution of benefits in urban and rural development.
Amphibious fish prop up when seeking water

![Graphic][1] A fish out of water is commonly considered a bad thing. But for some intertidal fish, moving over land from one body of water to another is not only good, it's essential for life. Intertidal fish can find themselves submerged in water during high tide but exposed to air or toxic
Effects of redox label location on the performance of an electrochemical aptamer-based tumor necrosis factor-alpha sensor

Abstract We report the development of an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for real time detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The focus of this study is to evaluate the effects of the redox label location on the overall sensor performance, including sensor stability, detection limit, reusability, and selectivity. Three aptamer probes, each labeled with methylene blue (MB) at a specific location, were designed and employed in the fabrication of the sensors. Among the three sensors, the sensor fabricated using an aptamer with the MB label located at the distal end has a detection limit of 100 pM and is regenerable. The sensor fabricated using an aptamer with an internal MB modification has a detection limit of 10 nM and is not regenerable. Both sensors can be employed in complex biological samples such as 50% urine and 50% saliva. However, the sensor fabricated with an aptamer with the MB label located at the proximal end suffers from poor reproducibility and is highly unstable, thus limiting its application as a sensor. On the bases of these results, placing the MB label at the distal end of the aptamer probe appears to be the most advantageous for this sensor design for it does not interfere with monolayer formation and target binding.
Analyzing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Urbanization in Treasure Valley, Idaho, USA

Knowledge of spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in terms of overall urban growth, growth forms (or types) and land use types contributes to an understanding of the consequences of urban growth on human health, biodiversity and natural resources, thereby providing guidance for formulating effective land use policies. In this study, we delineated spatial extent of urban area in Treasure Valley of Idaho for five different years with a decadal interval beginning in 1974 based on remote sensing data. The newly urbanized area during each change period was categorized into three growth forms: edge-expansion, infill and outlying development, and into two built-intensity classes: high and low intensity development. We applied ten class-level landscape metrics to the urban class as a whole. Results show that edge-expansion dominated the growth with more than 60% of new development for each of the four study periods. Infill and outlying growth witnessed a temporal oscillation with an alternating dominance. Despite some regularities observed in spatiotemporal patterns of urban class and urban growth forms, we concluded that diffusion and coalescence are two concurrently occurring processes of urban growth rather than two dichotomous temporal phases. Our study documented that a combined study involving patch dynamics, gradient analysis, and time-series analysis of new development, growth forms and built intensity was effective in identifying different spatiotemporal patterns and associate them to underlying processes.
Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a review of current literature

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a rare condition that usually affects distance runners and other running athletes. It is characterized by pain and pressure in one or multiple muscle compartments with repetitive physical activity. Reduction in pain typically occurs with cessation of activity. Evaluation of CECS consists of a thorough history of patient symptoms and ruling out of other causes of symptoms. Post-exercise pressure measurements can help confirm the diagnosis when symptoms are consistent and imaging evaluation negative for other causes. Non-operative treatment is a viable option for hindfoot runners and patients with anterior compartment syndrome of the leg. Limited-incision fasciotomy has been shown to be the most effective treatment and remains the gold standard for treatment. Minimal-incision open fasciotomy and endoscopic fasciotomy have surgical outcomes similar to wide-open fasciotomy. Military patients treated with fasciotomy have higher failure rates compared to civilians. Pediatric patients have similar outcomes compared to adults.
Actuation of soft materials through ultrasonic atomization

Soft robotics have the potential to improve traditional robotics since soft materials are safer and more compliant to unpredictable surroundings. To date, various methods have been investigated to actuate such soft materials. The main objective of this research is to introduce a new method of soft robotic actuation through ultrasonic atomization. The mechanism of actuation is based on purposefully embedding pockets of liquid in a soft polymer matrix. It is known that, when a layer of liquid is subjected to ultrasonic waves, a capillary wave forms on the surface. When the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave exceeds a critical point, small droplets are ejected from crests of the capillary wave. The small droplets allow the liquid to evaporate at faster rates even when the temperature is below the boiling point, thereby building up vapor pressure and expanding the soft polymer matrix. Here, a soft structure was fabricated that enclosed a small amount of ethanol. Ultrasonic waves generated by a piezoelectric transducer atomized and evaporated ethanol in the expandable structure. During the expansion, temperature, displacement, and stress was measured to characterize the resulting actuation behavior of the system. Separate sets of tests were conducted on a hot plate to compare the effect of atomization versus evaporation. In addition, the voltage of the piezoelectric transducer was controlled to analyze the relationship between voltage and actuation rate. Finally, the durability of the expandable structure was also shown through cyclic actuation and cooling. The results showed the potential of ultrasonic atomization as a new mechanism for soft robotic actuation, where actuation could be produced and controlled in a noncontact manner (i.e., without requiring a tethered connection to deliver air or fluid).
Soft Tissue Reconstruction

Autologous fat transplantation has revolutionized soft tissue reconstruction, but conventional methods remain unpredictable as graft resorption rates are high due to lack of vascularization. The advent of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has led to improvement of fat grafting outcomes, in part to their ability to undergo facile differentiation into adipose tissue, their angiogenic properties, and their ability to express and secrete multiple growth factors. This chapter discusses the isolation and characterization of human ASCs, its expansion in vitro, and relevant in vivo models for adipose tissue engineering.
The Problem of Individuation

A standard argument in favor of Realism about abstracta posits the existence of a property in order to explain why several particulars are of the same kind.
Early Historical and Comparative Studies

Languages studies date back to at least Greek and Roman antiquity. Scientific language study, however, is of a comparatively recent vintage. The first decisive event of far-reaching consequences for the establishment of historical and comparative language studies was the proclamation of Sir William Jones (1746–1794), made in 1786 and published two years later. The framework for comparative and historical linguistics subsequently created at the beginning of the 19th century by scholars like Franz Bopp, Rasmus Rask, and Jacob Grimm was by no means without influential antecedents. During the previous several centuries, linguists from various European countries contributed greatly, through their labors and their insights, to the foundations upon which the achievements of the 19th century and beyond could be solidly built. This article provides an overview of some of the pioneering forces at work.
LIGO tells us LINERs are not optically thick RIAFs

Low ionization emission line regions (LINERs) are a heterogeneous collection of up to $1/3$ of galactic nuclei in the local Universe. It is unclear whether LINERs are simply the result of low accretion rates onto supermassive black holes or whether they include a large number of optically thick radiatively inefficient but super-Eddington accretion flows (RIAFs). Optically thick RIAFs are typically disks of large scale-height or quasi-spherical gas flows. These should be dense enough to trap and merge a large number of the stellar mass black holes, which we expect to exist in galactic nuclei. Electromagnetic observations of photospheres of accretion flows do not allow us to break model degeneracies. However, gravitational wave observations probe the interior of accretion flows where the merger of stellar mass black holes can be greatly accelerated over the field rate. Here we show that the upper limits on the rate of black hole mergers observed with LIGO demonstrate that most LINERs cannot be optically thick RIAFs.
COAST: A Comprehensive Older-Adult Screening Tool

Nutrition risk screening is a first step to quickly identify individuals who might be malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. A malnutrition screening tool should be easy to use, quick to administer, and valid—able to correctly identify those at risk of malnutrition. The Comprehensive Older Adult Screening Tool (COAST) is a valid and practical tool to determine if community-dwelling older adults, specifically older adults of lower socioeconomic status, are at risk for malnutrition. This new 6-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, written by Karima Alabasi, Nancy J. Gal, and Wendy J. Dahl, provides an introduction to COAST as well as the 5-question screening tool.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs393
Material model for simulating domain reorientation and phase transformation in triaxial loaded PZT95/5

Explosively driven ferroelectric generators (FEG) are used as pulsed power sources in many applications that require a compact design that delivers a short high-voltage and high-current pulse. A mechanical shock applied to ferroelectrics releases bound electrical charge through a combination of piezoelectric, domain reorientation, and phase transformation effects. Lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) 95/5 lies near the ferroelectric (FE)-antiferroelectric (AF) phase boundary and readily transforms to AF phase under compression because AF has a smaller unit volume. This makes it a popular choice for FEGs as the FE-AF transformation completely releases all the stored dipole charge. The complexity of piezoelectric, domain reorientation, and phase transformation behaviors under high deviatoric stress makes modeling this FE to AF transformation and the accompanying charge release challenging. The mode and direction of domain reorientation and phase transformation varies significantly with different deviatoric and hydrostatic stress states. Microstructure changes due to domain reorientation and phase alter the piezoelectric properties of the material. Inaccuracies in modeling any one of these phenomena can result in inaccurate electrical response. This work demonstrates a material model that accurately captures the linear piezoelectric, domain reorientation and phase transformation phenomena by using a micromechanical approach to approximate the changes in domain-structure.
Working from Home can be Fun … or Scary! Don’t Become Little Red Riding Hood

You might recall the children’s story about Little Red Riding Hood and the wolf who disguised itself as the grandmother … enticing Red to “come a little closer, dear.”1 One of the morals of the story is the dangers of leaving your safe home (i.e., your familiar office) for the unknown forest (i.e., your new home office.) I just got an email with the sentence: “With the sudden importance of Zoom, we are getting lots of people freaking out about what they’re seeing in the news.” I found the notion of people “freaking out” now a bit ironic considering how few seemed bothered by the daily cyber attacks, whether the more than 1 billion accounts stole from Yahoo2 or the accounts stolen from Marriott - TWICE! According to data, assembled by our partner C6 Bank, the number of data records stolen increased from around 4 billion in 2018 to almost 12 billion in 2019 - more than double the number of people on the planet. So, what are these new dangers and what can you do about them? I divide them into three areas: Experience, Environment, and Tools.
3D-Printing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete for Robotic Bridge Construction:

Automation and robotics are integral parts of many industries but their potential for field implementation has not been significantly recognized by the construction industry. This is mainly attribu...
Commensals and immune cells speak in the language of endogenous retroviruses.

How the microbiome and mucosal environment mediate homeostatic immunity in the skin is not well understood. In this issue of Cell, Lima-Junior and colleagues report that skin commensal bacteria induce endogenous retrovirus (ERV) expression and antiviral immune responses in keratinocytes, favoring the priming of beneficial commensal-specific T cell subsets that promote tissue homeostasis.
MEMS : Introduction and Fundamentals

Introduction Mohamed Gad-el-Hak Scaling of Micromechanical Devices William Trimmer and Robert H. Stroud Mechanical Properties of MEMS Materials William N. Sharpe, Jr. Flow Physics Mohamed Gad-el-Hak Integrated Simulation for MEMS: Coupling Flow-Structure-Thermal-Electrical Domains Robert M. Kirby, George Em Karniadakis, Oleg Mikulchenko, and Kartikeya Mayaram Molecular-Based Microfluidic Simulation Models Ali Beskok Hydrodynamics of Small-Scale Internal Gaseous Flows Nicolas G. Hadjiconstantinou Burnett Simulations of Flows in Microdevices Ramesh K. Agarwal and Keon-Young Yun Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Slip Flows in Microchannels Ramesh K. Agarwal Liquid Flow in Microchannels Kendra V. Sharp, Ronald J. Adrian, Juan G. Santiago, and Joshua I. Molho Lubrication in MEMS Kenneth Breuer Physics of Thin Liquid Films Alexander Oron Bubble/Drop Transport in Microchannels Hsueh-Chia Chang Fundamentals of Control Theory J. William Goodwine Model-Based Flow Control for Distributed Architectures Thomas R. Bewley Soft Computing in Control Mihir Sen and Bill Goodwine Index
A regional analysis of trade policies affecting the soybean and soymeal market

Trade and exchange policy impacts of the soybean and soymeal market are evaluated using a nonspatial equilibrium model. The model is a nonlinear econometric model including all major trading members--exporters: U.S., Brazil, and Argentina--importers: EC, Spain, Japan, and EE. A U.S. dollar revaluation increases soybean and soymeal prices in all countries except the U.S. The percentage price increases elsewhere are much higher than the percentage price decrease in the U.S. This indicates that the U.S. faces a world demand which is more inelastic than U.S. export supply. Export revenue in U.S. dollars decreases more when the U.S. devalues against all countries than when it devalues against only importing countries where Brazil and Argentina share the revenue loss. Devaluations of the Brazilian cruzerio and the Argentine peso mostly affect the devaluing country. Each of these exporting countries faces an export demand more elastic than their export supply. There would be increases in soybean exports and less soymeal exports from devaluing countries;The model evaluates a hypothetical 20 percent import tariff of the EC in an attempt to discourage imported soymeal as a protein source and encourage their domestic grain utilization. An import tariff on soybeans alone leads to substitution of imported soymeal for soybeans. This policy is ineffective in reducing soymeal use in the EC and hurts the domestic crushing industry. An import tariff on soymeal alone is more effective, however soymeal consumption in the EC decreases only slightly. There would be soybean and soymeal price reductions in all other regions. The import tariff on the two commodities would reduce soymeal consumption in the EC the most. In all three cases, there would be price decreases, world trade decreases, and the U.S. would have the highest loss in export revenue;Removal of Brazilian export taxes which primarily impose a higher rate on soybean exports than soymeal export, would primarily affect the Brazilian internal sector but other regions very little. Elimination of export taxes would increase domestic soybean and soymeal prices, reduce domestic crushing levels, and reduce soymeal export. The Brazilian export tax policy is effective in keeping domestic prices of soybean and soymeal below world prices and encouraging the domestic crushing industry;The other scenarios considered include a lower EC corn threshold price and additional increase in soymeal consumption in Eastern Europe.
Application of Microarray Analysis to the Investigation of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Researchers have traditionally identified pathogenesis-related bacterial genes using molecular fingerprinting techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and random arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP PCR) to compare virulent and avirulent isolates. A more comprehensive approach to understanding the different pathogenic effects of diverse bacteria on their hosts requires that each gene within the bacterial genome be interrogated simultaneously. The availability of 95 complete genome sequences from 83 different microbial species and the development of microarrays containing representations of genes for many of these pathogens provide both of the prerequisites required for this approach. Helicobacter pylori induces gastric inflammation in all hosts, and such gastritis increases the risk for peptic ulceration, distal gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosal lymphoproliferative disease. H. pylori have now been completely sequenced, and genomic comparison has revealed that between 6 and 7% of the genes are strain-specific, reflecting a high level of genetic diversity. Contact between a host and a specific microbial pathogen not only alters bacterial gene expression but also results in dramatic changes in eukaryotic gene expression. Experiments involving exposure of bacteria to conditions that are similar to those encountered in vivo followed by assessment of the transcriptional responses using microarrays will undoubtedly become more common as investigators continue to elucidate bacterial signaling pathways that are involved in pathogenic host-microbial interactions.
Securing the 'Blessings of Liberty' for All: Lysander Spooner's Originalism

On January 1, 1808, legislation made it illegal to import slaves into the United States; eighteen days later, in Athol, Massachusetts, Lysander Spooner was born. In terms of their influence on the abolition of slavery, only the first of these events has gained widespread recognition. The importance of Spooner's reading of the U.S. Constitution as a document that did not sanction slavery has been overlooked; his abolitionist work continues to be disparaged as the incoherent ramblings of an unserious polemicist. As this essay demonstrates, this conclusion about Spooner's mid-nineteenth century work, The Unconstitutionality of Slavery, is unfortunate, because his observations about the relationship between law and individual liberty are timeless. Drawing on his writings (including a previously unpublished manuscript) and voluminous correspondence, with supporting material from abolitionist newspapers and periodicals, I focus on Spooner's contribution to a mid-1840s debate about constitutional interpretation. Spooner's natural-rights based reading of the Constitution's original meaning never matched the popularity of fellow abolitionist Wendell Phillips's emphasis on the Framers' original pro-slavery intentions. Phillips won the day with conclusions that seemed to vindicate the Garrisonian condemnation of the Constitution as a "covenant with death, and an agreement with hell." However, Phillips's conclusions about the law were underpinned by a misleading emphasis on political history. They could not match the fiercely logical, and legal emphasis of Spooner's conclusions. In this respect, only Spooner offered an approach faithful to the Constitution's guarantee to protect the "Blessings of Liberty." I bring the article to a close with a short twenty-first century postscript that shows the potential for Spooner's unpublished views on the Bill of Rights to play an important role in the debate about whether, in light of the Supreme Court's decision in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restricts the actions of the state and local governments. THIS IS THE FINAL, PAGINATED VERSION OF THE ARTICLE.
Religious correlates of male sexual behavior and contraceptive use.

This study sought to determine whether males classified according to sexual behavior and contraceptive use could be distinguished on the basis of religiosity. Subjects included 245 single male college students ages 16-19 years 129 of whom were identified as being currently sexually active. These sexually active males were classified into 4 groups based on consistency of contraceptive use: 1) always 2) most of the time 3) sometimes and 4) never. The Faulkner and DeJong Religiosity in 5-D Scale was used to provide a measure of religiosity. Discriminant analysis indicated that a set of religiosity items can differentiate among groups differing in regard to sexual behavior especially those from the ritualistic dimension. Males who had not participated in sexual intercourse during the preceding year indicated a greater degree of religious commitment than other males on all items selected. Attitude toward sex was the item most highly distinguishing among males in terms of consistency of contraceptive use. It is concluded that health educators should recognize the influence of religious convictions on sexual behavior and attitudes. The churches are in a positive to help their members develop decision making skills and positive attitudes toward sexuality. Questions for further research include: 1) is religiosity predictive of behavior or does religiosity change following a change in behavior and 2) what are the implications of religious commitment in terms of educational programming in the area of sexuality?
Chapter 6 Instrumental Methods of FCC Catalyst Characterization

Publisher Summary The Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst is a coarse powder consisting of particles in the 40 to 100 micron size range with an average size of about 65 microns. It contains 20% to 50% of an active zeolite, usually faujasite, with a surface area of 900 meters2/gram. Instrumental methods are used to characterize the FCC catalyst particle, both fresh and after deactivation. The catalyst properties—such as zeolite content, the unit cell size of the zeolite, and the content and location of the active components—determine the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Catalyst stability is measured by comparing the fresh properties of the catalyst with the properties of the operating or equilibrium catalyst. In most advanced technology catalysts, the zeolite is designed to hydrothermally dealuminate in a controlled and stable way to the intended unit cell size and surface area. The hydrothermal environment of the unit is, in a sense, part of the catalyst preparation. Also, during the use of contaminant, metals contained in the oil at the part-per-million level may deposit on the catalyst and cause changes in activity and selectivity. The control of these contaminants is one of the most important issues in catalytic cracking. It is important for the catalyst user, the manufacturer, and the researcher to be able to follow the chemical and physical changes that take place during the operation of the catalyst in the FCC Unit (FCCU). The operation of the FCCU is also described in the chapter.
Line tension and wetting

of the figure), with three contact angles also called ~, B, and y. At the right the angle B has closed down to 0, the three-phase line has disappeared, and the B phase now completely wets the interface between the e and y phases. In the former configuration the three interfacial tensions are related by ~ y < o~B + oB7' in the latter by ~ = ~B ÷ aB7" Let ~ be the density of excess free energy associated with the inhomogeneities at the interfaces and at the three-phase line (so that ~=0 in the bulk phases). Far from the three-phase line Y varies only in the directions perpendicular to the respective interfacial planes, and we know from van der Waals that if z is the coordinate in that perpendicular direction the corresponding interfacial tension is [i]
Effect of annealing in oxygen on alloy structures of Pd–Au bimetallic model catalysts

It has been reported that Pd–Au bimetallic catalysts display improved catalytic performance after adequate calcination. In this study, a model catalyst study was conducted to investigate the effects of annealing in oxygen on the surface structures of Pd–Au alloys by comparing the physicochemical properties of Pd/Au(111) surfaces that were annealed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) versus in an oxygen ambient. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Basin hopping simulations reveal that the presence of oxygen can inhibit the diffusion of surface Pd atoms into the subsurface of the Au(111) sample. Reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy using CO as a probe molecule (CO-RAIRS) and King–Wells measurements of O2 uptake suggest that surfaces annealed in an oxygen ambient possess more contiguous Pd sites than surfaces annealed under UHV conditions. The oxygen-annealed Pd/Au(111) surface exhibited a higher activity for CO oxidation in reactive molecular beam scattering (RMBS) experiments. This enhanced activity likely results from the higher oxygen uptake and relatively facile dissociation of oxygen admolecules due to stronger adsorbate–surface interactions as suggested by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements. These observations provide fundamental insights into the surface phenomena of Pd–Au alloys, which may prove beneficial in the design of future Pd–Au catalysts.
Edge evaluation in Bayesian network structures

We propose a measure for assessing the degree of influence of a set of edges of a Bayesian network on the overall fitness of the network, starting with probability distributions extracted from a data set. Standard fitness measures such as the Cooper-Herskowitz score or the score based on the minimum description length are computationally expensive and do not focus on local modifications of networks. Our approach can be used for simplifying the Bayesian network structures without significant loss of fitness. Experimental work confirms the validity of our approach.
Effect of Hand Splints on Stereotypic Hand Behavior of Three Girls with Rett Syndrome

The purpose of this multiple baseline study was to examine the effect of bilateral hand splints on the persistent stereotypic hand movements of three adolescent girls with Rett syndrome. Among the most characteristic features of Rett syndrome are stereotypic hand-writing and hand-biting behavior and loss of previously acquired functional hand skills. The hand splints used in this study consisted of cuffs encircling the palm that positioned the subjects' thumbs in abduction. Duration percentages of subjects' stereotypic hand behavior and functional hand use were calculated from five-minute videotaped segments recorded during a finger-feeding condition and a free-time condition. All three subjects demonstrated a decrease in the amount of time spent in stereotypic hand behavior after application of hand splints, and one subject showed an increase in finger-feeding skills while wearing hand splints. Limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for clinical application and future research are offered.
Repeated Inhalation of Nebulized Albuterol Did Not Induce Arrhythmias in a Patient With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Asthma

It has been assumed that in asthmatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, ablative therapy for the condition is necessary for the safe treatment of the asthma with β 2 -adrenergic drugs. The following case report illustrates that inhaled albuterol was safely administered to an asthmatic patient with electrocardiographic evidence of preexcitation, without the need of an ablative procedure. This case report is, to our knowledge, the first in the literature in which the cardiac rhythm of a patient with WPW syndrome was monitored during repeated inhalations of a β 2 -agonist. (Chest 1993; 103:1892-94)
Autonomic and cardiovascular function in postmenopausal women: the effects of estrogen versus combination therapy.

Abstract Objective: This study examined the effects of oral estrogen (ERT) alone versus oral estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (HRT) therapy on cardiovascular function, as controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Study Design: Forty-three postmenopausal women received ERT, HRT, or a placebo for 3 months in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cardiovascular hemodynamics and heart rate variability were assessed at rest and during stress. Results: After 3 months of therapy, oral HRT significantly increased high-frequency power ( P =.0002) and decreased total peripheral resistance (P =.04). The changes were evident at rest and during stress. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that combination therapy produces a more favorable alteration of autonomic cardiovascular function than estrogen alone (ie, combination therapy increases vagal activity). (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:954-61.)
ACTION OF PROLACTIN AND ESTRONE ON WEIGHTS OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND VISCERA OF THE COCKERE1

IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED by Riddle and his coworkers (i) that prolactin must be considered to have two effects in addition to its primary function in the initiation of milk secretion, namely, that it is effective in the suppression of the gonads and produces a very marked splanchnomegaly. Schooley (2,) has suggested that these effects are in part mediated through the pituitary gland because he observed a decrease in number of basophilic cells in the anterior lobe of treated pigeons. This observation has been confirmed for the chick by Payne (3). Both investigators further consider the possibility that the prolactin principle is elaborated by the acidophilic cells of the pituitary which are numerous in the treated animals. The physiological effects of estrone appear to be similar in many respects to those of prolactin. A considerable suppression of the testes has been reported following estrone administration (4, 5).
Studies of the self-association of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein by equilibrium sedimentation.

Abstract The self-association of the bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein has been examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge under varying conditions to determine the nature of the process. The process is not a simple indefinite association with one association constant (monomer dimer trimer etc.). The complexity of the process is shown by (1) peculiarities in the molecular weight versus concentration curves, in the region of the dimer (observed with increasing ionic strength, at pH 10, in 0.04 m -MgCl2, with aged preparations, at 19 °C and in the presence of the oligonucleotide d(pT)10), (2) the increased sigmoidicity of the association curve in the presence of glycerol or oligo[d(pT)4], and (3) the discontinuity in the association curve at the tetramer at a pH value of approximately 9.4. A model with two association constants which could vary independently (monomer dimer tetramer etc.) explained many of the findings. However, a more complex model was required to explain curves which had a plateau at the dimer with increased association at higher protein concentrations. Thus, under all conditions examined there is evidence for more than one type of protein-protein interaction. These different interactions may be involved in a physiological function such as recombination.
Cardiac tamponade due to low-volume effusive constrictive pericarditis in a patient with uncontrolled type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

Type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS), a relatively common endocrine disorder, includes primary adrenal insufficiency coupled with type 1 diabetes mellitus and/or autoimmune primary hypothyroidism. Autoimmune serositis, an associated disease, may present as symptomatic pericardial effusion. We present a case of a 54-year old male with APS who developed pericarditis leading to cardiac tamponade with a subacute loculated effusion. After urgent pericardiocentesis intrapericardial pressure dropped to 0, while central venous pressures remain elevated, consistent with acute effusive constrictive pericarditis. Contrast computerized tomography confirmed increased pericardial contrast enhancement. The patient recovered after prolonged inotropic support and glucocorticoid administration. He re-accumulated the effusion 16 days later, requiring repeat pericardiocentesis. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis, an uncommon pericardial syndrome, is characterized by simultaneous pericardial inflammation and tamponade. Prior cases of APS associated with cardiac tamponade despite low volumes of effusion have been reported, albeit without good demonstration of hemodynamic findings. We report a case of APS with recurrent pericardial effusion due to pericarditis and marked hypotension with comprehensive clinical and hemodynamic assessment. These patients may require aggressive support with pericardiocentesis, inotropes, and hormone replacement therapy. They should be followed closely for recurrent tamponade.
A role for neural cell adhesion molecule in the formation of the avian inner ear

The inner ear forms by a series of folds within an ectodermal placode. Previous work has shown that changes in surrounding tissues play a more prominent role in invagination than changes in the cytoskeleton of the primordium. Interference with the integrity of the extracellular matrix causes abnormalities in the folding process, primarily related to abnormalities in the paraxial mesoderm which lies ventral to the placode. In this study, the role of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) was investigated, based on the expression of this component of the plasmalemma at the time the otic placode begins to fold. Microinjection of blocking antibodies to N-CAM into the paraxial mesoderm adjacent to the otic placode resulted in two major classes of defects, detachment of the primordium from the neural tube and interference with formation of the folds. Microinjection of saline, control immunoglobulin, or antibody against cytoplasmic domain had no effect. These defects correlate with the pattern of N-CAM expression at the time of injection, along the neural ectoderm and otic epithelium and the mesenchyme cells ventral to the primordium. It seems likely that N-CAM is playing a role in heterophilic associations rather than through the homophilic binding domain during formation of the otic vesicle.
Distinguishing BFSK from QAM and PSK by sampling once per symbol

In this paper we propose a feature to distinguish FSK from QAM and PSK modulations. The feature is based on the imaginary part of product of two consecutive signal values where every symbol is sampled only once. Conditional probability density functions of the feature given the present modulation are determined. Central limit theorem for strictly stationary m-dependent sequences is used to obtain Gaussian approximations. Then the thresholds are determined based on the minimization of total probability of misclassification. Effects of AWGN, carrier offset and non-synchronized sampling on the performance are studied. Proposed classifier is compared to the maximum likelihood classifier.
Illusions of Change: Rethinking the Current Welfare Retrenchment

Neil Gilbert’s new book is Olympic in scope, thorough in its survey of available research, careful in its use of language, dramatic in its thesis, and provocative in its conclusion. Yet, it is also gravely flawed. In the end, the book’s narrative does not sustain its bold thesis. Gilbert builds further on a line of inquiry he has pursued through several books to argue that there is a sea change of fundamental proportions overtaking the welfare states of advanced capitalist societies. The welfare state is moving away from the goal of guaranteeing universalistic social welfare entitlement rights, which protect workers from the vagaries of a capitalist system that commodifies labor in exploitive ways. In country after country, public policies are being transformed into what Gilbert has previously called the “enabling state” (Neil Gilbert and Barbara Gilbert, The Enabling State [New York: Oxford University Press, 1989]). In such states, social assistance is targeted on a selective basis consistent with rewarding work responsibilities. Such targeting is increasingly accomplished by privatizing social welfare programs so that they operate more consistently with the needs of the market and its basic principles. In the end, social inclusion will be promoted because the formerly socially excluded will be, with the help of labor activation
Unsteady strain rate and curvature effects in turbulent premixed methane-air flames

Turbulent premixed stoichiometric methane-air flames modeled with reduced kinetics have been studied using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach. The simulations include a four-step reduced mechanism for the oxidation of methane and the molecular transport is modeled with Lewis numbers for individual species. The effects of strain rate and curvature on the intermediate radical concentrations and heat release rate are evaluated. The topology of the flame surface is interpreted in terms of its propagation and statistics. The correlation of radical species with strain rate and curvature is found to be strongly dependent upon their individual mass diffusion rates; hence, a global Lewis number representation of all of the species may be inadequate in predicting the heat release rate and evolution of the flame surface. It is found that highly diffusive and fast reactive species, H and H2, are well correlated with curvature, while less diffusive species, CO, with a slow oxidation rate is more susceptible to unsteady strain rate effects. The global response of the flame is presented in terms of volumetric heat release and fuel consumption rates. The contributions of flame surface wrinkling and flame structure are identified.
Constraining the trigger for an ancient warming episode

[1] The Paleocene epoch (∼66–56 million years ago) was sandwiched between sudden climate shifts and mass extinctions. The boundary between the end of the Paleocene and the beginning of the Eocene (the P-E boundary) saw the global average temperature soar by 5°C over a few thousand years, leading to a pronounced reorganization of both terrestrial and oceanic plant and animal communities. The P-E boundary warming was triggered by an influx of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the influx's ultimate trigger is still being debated. Other prominent warming events within the Paleogene (∼66–23 million years ago), the broad time span that encompasses the Paleocene and Eocene, have been linked to regularly recurring changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit that take place on 100,000- and 405,000-year cycles. Proponents of this view suggest that an alignment of the two cycles could lead to the warming of deep ocean waters, melting frozen methane and triggering an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, some studies have suggested that the P-E boundary warming was instead the product of geological processes, where carbon-rich rocks were baked by injected magma, which eventually liberated the carbon to the atmosphere. Deciding between proposed explanations for the cause of the P-E warming, whether they are astronomical or geological, depends on accurately pinning the event in time. (Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, doi:10.1029/2010GC003426, 2011)
Parity violation experiments at TJNAF

Abstract The measurement of parity violating asymmetries in polarized electron scattering off nuclear targets in the Q 2 range between 0.1 and 1.0 (GeV/c) 2 is a powerful technique to probe hardronic and nuclear structure, providing new insights into low energy QCD. In this paper we present the physics motivation and describe a new generation of such experiments that will be carried out at Jefferson Labs in the next few years. We summarize recent progress in the commissioning of these experiments and conclude with a look at the future physics potential exploiting this experimental technique.
Effects of atmospheric pressure conditions on flow rate of an elastomeric infusion pump

Purpose The effects of pressure conditions, both hyperbaric and hypobaric, on the flow rate of an elastomeric infusion pump were investigated. Methods The altered pressure conditions were tested with the restrictor outlet at two different conditions: (1) at the same pressure condition as the Infusor elastomeric balloon and (2) with the outlet exposed to ambient conditions. Five different pressure conditions were tested. These included ambient pressure (98–101 kilopascals [kPa]) and test pressures controlled to be 10 or 20 kPa below or 75 or 150 kPa above the ambient pressure. A theoretical calculation based on the principles of fluid mechanics was also used to predict the pump’s flow rate at various ambient conditions. Results The conditions in which the Infusor elastomeric pump and restrictor outlet were at the same pressure gave rise to average flow rates within the ±10% tolerance of the calculated target flow rate of 11 mL/hr. The flow rate of the Infusor pump decreased when the pressure conditions changed from hypobaric to ambient. The flow rate increased when the pressure conditions changed from hyperbaric to ambient. Conclusion The flow rate of the Infusor elastomeric pump was not affected when the balloon reservoir and restrictor outlet were at the same pressure. The flow rate varied from 58.54% to 377.04% of the labeled flow rate when the pressure applied to the reservoir varied from 20 kPa below to 150 kPa above the pressure applied to the restrictor outlet, respectively. The maximum difference between observed flow rates and those calculated by applying fluid mechanics was 4.9%.
Income inequality, development, and dependence: A reconsideration

We reconsider the role of foreign investment in income inequality in light of recent critiques that question the results of quantitative cross-national research on foreign capital penetration. We analyze an unbalanced cross-national data set in which countries contribute different numbers of observations, with a maximum of 88 countries and 488 observations, dated from 1967 to 1994. Random-effects regression models that control for unmeasured country heterogeneity are used to investigate effects of foreign capital penetration on inequality (measured as the Gini coefficient) against the background of an internal-developmental model of inequality. We adapt Firebaugh's (1992, 1996) critique of the literature on the effect of foreign investment on economic growth to the study of income inequality and find that the stock of foreign direct investment has an effect on inequality that is independent of the mechanisms identified by Firebaugh. We explore Tsai's (1995) claim that the effect of foreign capital penetration is spurious and find that foreign stock has a significant positive effect on inequality net of region-specific differences. An alternative interpretation of the findings of the foreign investment/inequality literature is discussed in light of the discovery of an inverted-U shaped relationship between income inequality and foreign investment stock per capita. We conclude that thinking on the relationship between income inequality and investment dependence should be revised in light of an investment-development path relating the inflow and outflow of foreign capital to economic development.
The impact of temporal inaccuracies on 4DCT image quality

Accurate delineation of target volumes is one of the critical components contributing to the success of image-guided radiotherapy treatments and several imaging modalities are employed to increase the accuracy in target identification. Four-dimensional (4D) techniques are incorporated into existing radiation imaging techniques like computed tomography(CT) to account for the mobility of the target volumes. However, these methods in some cases introduce further inaccuracies in the target delineation when further quality assurance measures are not implemented. A source of commonly observed inaccuracy is the misidentification of the respiration cycles and resulting respiration phase assignments used in the construction of the 4D patient model. The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of optimal respiration phase assignment during the 4DCT image acquisition process and to perform a quantitative assessment of the effect of inaccurate phase assignments on the overall image quality. The accuracy of the phase assignment was assessed by comparison with an independent calculation of the respiration phases. Misplaced phase assignments manifest themselves as deformations and artifacts in reconstructed images. These effects are quantified as volumetric discrepancies in the localization of target objects represented by spherical phantoms. Measurements are performed using a fully programmable motion phantom designed and built at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). Implementation of a case based independent check and correction procedure is also demonstrated with emphasis on the use of this procedure in the clinical environment. Review of clinical 4D scans performed in this institution showed discrepancies in the phase assignments in about 40% of the cases when compared to our independent calculations. It is concluded that for improved image reconstruction, an independent check of the sorting procedure should be performed for each clinical 4DCT case.
DISPERSION SUM RULES, INTERFERENCE MODEL, DUALITY, AND THE p-n MASS DIFFERENCE.

On the basis of new dispersion relations, an attempt has been made to derive an interference model together with the duality principle for the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}n$ reaction. Also, the same technique has been applied to the calculation of the $p\ensuremath{-}n$ mass difference with some success.