cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of BungeeSkate^TM Training vs Lateral Plyometric Jumps on On-Ice Acceleration and Speed

Background/Purpose: Ice hockey is an explosive, physical sport that demands multiple short bursts of extremely vigorous work. Sport-specific on-ice training to improve game performance is a rarity for hockey players due to the high costs and unavailability of ice time. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of short on-ice resistance training, as compared to traditional land training on skating performance in Division III Women’s college ice hockey players. The present study examined the difference in acceleration, top speed, and speed between the two training groups (on-ice BungeeSkateTM vs. off-ice Russian Box). Methods: A total of 20 Division III female hockey players (age range: 18-21 years) participated in this study. Each participant underwent an initial 10-minute meeting where anthropometric measures were taken. Participants were randomly assigned into one of the two training conditions: BungeeSkateTM and a Russian box lateral plyometric. Each training session lasted for 15 minutes and occurred twice a week immediately following team practice. Results: A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated no group effect for Acceleration, Speed, and Top Speed (P > .05). No time effect was seen for Acceleration and Top Speed, while significant improvements was seen in Speed from pre- (6.87 ± .25 sec) and post-test (6.73 ± .17 sec). Conclusions: A 6-week BungeeSkateTM training intervention has a similar effect to off-ice training on acceleration and top speed, but can help to improve speed in Division III female college hockey players in relatively short training sessions compared to. On-ice resistance training could be beneficial for hockey coaches and players who are looking to maximize training benefits with limited ice time.
CRC handbook of furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

This book addresses Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), which has gained worldwide acceptance as an analytical technique. FAAS offers 100-1000 times better determination and detection limits than other techniques for a majority of the elements. This technique requires a small sample size, and demands less sample-preparation time than others. The handbook is a collection of thousands of references for detection and determination of various elements in agricultural products, biological and clinical samples, and metallurgical and electronic materials. Each chapter is devoted to an element or a similar group of elements. Included are instrumental setup parameters, references, and author and subject indexes. Also presented are detailed appendixes covering glossary, list of manufacturers of spectrophotometers and its accessories, list of chemical suppliers, and list of reviews and abstracts. The handbook covers topics such as heavy metals, clinical products, and trace metal analysis. This desk-top reference is meant for chemists who handle day-to-day analysis problems in laboratories in government, clinical, industrial and academic settings. It is invaluable for those involved in research in environmental science, analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry and forensic science.
Cross-species intracerebral grafting of embryonic swine dopaminergic neurons.

Publisher Summary Neural grafting techniques may have clinical application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and a single graft can cause significant behavioral recovery in rodent models of striatal dopaminergic denervation. This chapter demonstrates that mesencephalic tissue from embryonic porcine litters provides a viable source of dopaminergic tissue that is appropriately integrated into the chronically immunosuppressed rat host. The results demonstrate that xenografts of embryonic porcine dopaminergic neurons survive, when transplanted into chronically immunosuppressed hosts from a widely divergent phylogenetic order. Suspension grafting techniques are used in this experiment for several reasons, such as the technique makes it possible to transplant combined tissue from multiple donors, resulting in a significant amplification of transplanted material. The findings presented in the chapter suggest that xenogeneic grafts from animals that breed in litters, such as swine, may provide enough tissue for transplantation into patients with Parkinson's disease, and it is expected that these grafts can be appropriately integrated into the human striatum as they are in experimental animal models. However, the chapter also addresses several problems that need to be addressed, if xenografts are to become clinically useful.
Differential metabolism of diradyl glycerol molecular subclasses and molecular species by rabbit brain diglyceride kinase.

Elevations in the mass of ether-linked diglycerides (i.e. 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol (AAG) and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol (Alkyl AG)) during cellular activation are prolonged in comparison to their 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) counterparts. Since the metabolic removal of DAG is determined, in large part, by the rate of its phosphorylation by diglyceride kinase, we quantified differences in the activity of diglyceride kinase utilizing individual subclasses of diradyl glycerols as substrate. Rabbit brain microsomal diglyceride kinase activity was over 30-fold greater utilizing DAG as substrate (25.8 nmol.mg-1.min-1) in comparison to AAG (0.8 nmol.mg-1.min-1). No alterations in the affinity of microsomal diglyceride kinase for ATP were present (Km approximately 0.5 mM) utilizing each diradyl glycerol subclass. Similar subclass specificities for diglyceride kinase (i.e. DAG greater than Alkyl AG much greater than AAG) were present in brain and liver cytosol as well as in liver microsomes utilizing multiple assay conditions. In sharp contrast, Escherichia coli diglyceride kinase phosphorylated DAG, Alkyl AG, or AAG diradyl glycerol molecular subclasses at identical rates. Furthermore, although DAG was rapidly hydrolyzed by diglyceride lipase, catabolism of AAG or Alkyl AG by plasmalogenase, alkyl ether hydrolase, or diglyceride/monoglyceride lipase was undetectable. Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of the differential catabolism of each diradyl glycerol molecular subclass as a primary determinant of their biologic half-lives. Since individual subclasses of diglycerides have distinct physical properties and physiologic functions, these results underscore the importance of lipid subclass specific metabolism in tailoring individual cellular responses during activation.
Phage display for generating peptide reagents.

This unit presents detailed protocols for selection and propagation of landscape phages, which are fusions of filamentous phage fd (or its close relatives M13 and f1) and foreign DNA that result in chimeric phage virions with foreign peptides (8 to 9 amino acids long) covering the entire surface of the phage particles. These landscape phages bind specifically to mammalian and bacterial cells, spores, or discrete molecular targets. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 51:18.9.1-18.9.27. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: phage display; landscape phage; affinity selection; major coat protein; diagnostic probe; detection; cell-specific probes
Marked elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity as a manifestation of systemic infection

Jaundice of severe bacterial infection is well known. Marked elevation of the alkaline phosphatase has not previously been emphasized as a manifestation of severe bacterial infection. We report 4 patients with bacterial infection manifested chemically by a markedly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and a minimally elevated serum bilirubin.
Analysis of Emotion and Engagement in a STEM Alternate Reality Game

Alternate reality games (ARGs) are a promising new approach for increasing student engagement; however, automated methods for analyzing and optimizing game play are non-existent. We captured the player communication generated by a recent STEM-focused ARG that we piloted in a Los Angeles charter high school. We used shallow sentiment analysis to gauge the levels of various emotions experienced by the players during the course of the game. Pre/post-game surveys gauged whether the game narratives had any effect on student engagement and interest in STEM topics.
Aftershock sequence of the 3 December 1988 Pasadena earthquake

The Pasadena earthquake (M_L = 4.9) of 3 December 1988 occurred at a depth of 16 km, probably on the Santa Monica - Raymond fault, which is recognized as one of the most important faults in the Los Angeles basin for its potential seismic hazard. Prior to this event, no earthquake larger than magnitude 4 had been recorded since 1930 in this area. High-quality seismograms were recorded with the Pasadena very broadband (VBB) system (IRIS-TERRAscope station) not only for the mainshock but also for the aftershocks at epicentral distances of 3 to 4 km. We determined the focal mechanisms of 9 aftershocks using these data; for most of the aftershocks, the first-motion data are too sparse to determine the mechanism. We combined the first-motion data and the waveform data of P, SV, and SH waves recorded with the VBB instrument to determine the mechanism and seismic moment of nine aftershocks. The average orientations of the P and T axes of the aftershocks are consistent with the strike of the Raymond fault. The ratio of the logarithm of cumulative seismic moment of aftershocks to that of the seismic moment of the mainshock is significantly smaller than commonly observed.
Regeneration of dopaminergic neurons in goldfish retina.

The conditions necessary to trigger regeneration of dopaminergic neurons were investigated in the goldfish retina. Intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to destroy dopaminergic neurons, and neuronal regeneration was monitored by injections of the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). Regenerated dopaminergic neurons, (identified by double-labeling with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase and anti-BUdR antibodies) were found within 3 weeks after 2 injections of 0.6 mg/ml 6-OHDA (estimated intraocular concentration), but not after injection of lower doses. All retinas with regenerated dopaminergic neurons also contained other types of regenerated neurons, including cones and ganglion cells, consistent with nuclear counts which revealed non-selective cell loss (34–36%) in both the outer and inner nuclear layers after exposure to the high dose, but not lower doses of 6-OHDA. Regenerated neurons were produced by clusters of dividing neuroepithelial cells probably derived from rod precursors in the outer nuclear layer. These results demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons will not regenerate after they are selectively ablated but only as part of a developmental process that involves generation of multiple cell types.
Cutting Edge: Membrane Lymphotoxin Regulates CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Intestinal Allograft Rejection

Blocking the CD28/B7 and/or CD154/CD40 costimulatory pathways promotes long-term allograft survival in many transplant models where CD4(+) T cells are necessary for rejection. When CD8(+) T cells are sufficient to mediate rejection, these approaches fail, resulting in costimulation blockade-resistant rejection. To address this problem we examined the role of lymphotoxin-related molecules in CD8(+) T cell-mediated rejection of murine intestinal allografts. Targeting membrane lymphotoxin by means of a fusion protein, mAb, or genetic mutation inhibited rejection of intestinal allografts by CD8(+) T cells. This effect was associated with decreased monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) and secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC) gene expression within allografts and spleens respectively. Blocking membrane lymphotoxin did not inhibit rejection mediated by CD4(+) T cells. Combining disruption of membrane lymphotoxin and treatment with CTLA4-Ig inhibited rejection in wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that membrane lymphotoxin is an important regulatory molecule for CD8(+) T cells mediating rejection and suggest a strategy to avoid costimulation blockade-resistant rejection.
Nanoparticulate metal complexes prepared with compressed carbon dioxide: correlation of particle morphology with precursor structure.

Nanoparticles of metal complexes are rare because of the limited methods for their preparation. Described in this communication is the use of precipitation with compressed antisolvent (PCA) to process nanoparticles of neutral metal−salen complexes. PCA is a semicontinuous technique utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the precipitant. The scCO2 dissolves into a solution of the complex and simultaneously extracts the solvent, resulting in formation of nanoparticles of uniform morphology. Spectroscopic and analytical methods were used to support the assignment that the nanoparticles are composed of metal complexes. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that planar complexes, such as [NiIIsalen], afford rodlike particles with average diameter and length of 85 and 700 nm, respectively. Complexes with nonplanar molecular structures produce nanoparticles with varied structures; for instance, PCA of the six-coordinate [Ru(salen)(NO)(Cl)] complex yields spherical nanoparticles with average diameters o...
A note on graphical partitions

We give a simple proof that the number of graphical partitions of an even positive integer n is at least p(n) − p(n − 1).
Innate immune recognition by stimulatory immunoreceptors.

Abstract The specificity of cells of the innate immune system is determined in part by various stimulatory receptors that function in different forms of immune recognition. NKG2D, a stimulatory receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and certain T cell subsets, recognizes various families of ‘induced-self’ ligands. The ligands are distantly related to class I MHC molecules and are induced in ‘distressed’ cells as markers of abnormal self. Another form of innate immune recognition is exemplified by the Ly49H receptor, which is expressed by a subset of NK cells. The Ly49H receptor directly recognizes a virus-encoded protein expressed by cells infected with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and the Ly49h gene is identical to the Cmv1R gene, which confers resistance to MCMV infections. Yet another group of receptors (the triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells, or TREMs), which are exclusively expressed by myeloid cells, have been shown to amplify cytokine responses to bacterial products and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock.
Polarization control using nematic liquid crystals

A new type of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) based polarization independent 1 X 2 optical switch is demonstrated. Experiments show that this system is capable of converting any arbitrary input polarization into a horizontal or vertical output of high polarization extinction ratio (> 26 dB). Moreover, a basic polarization independent alignment tolerant 1 X 2 optical switch is proposed and demonstrated, comprising a NLC-based polarization controller in cascade with half wave plates. Experiments show that this system is capable of realizing a high switch contrast (> 27 dB), nearly independent on the input polarization. The measured polarization extinction ratio of the output light was about 40 dB. Our NLC-based polarization control provides low driving voltages (< 5 V), no moving parts, high performance and possible low insertion loss.
Postnational democracies without postnational states? Some skeptical reflections

Prominent critical theorists (including Jurgen Habermas) have embraced a radical democratic version of the popular notion of ‘global governance without government’, according to which postnational democratization can be achieved without establishing robust firms of postnational statehood. The sources of the argument in Hauke Brunkhorst’s recent theorizing are critically interrogated. Brunkhorst’s interpretation of the European Union as an emerging case of postnational democracy, his critique of traditional ideas of state sovereignty, and Kelsenian notions about the primacy of global law are criticized. Robust democracy ‘beyond the nation-state’ will necessarily require the establishment of democratic postnational statehood. Keywords: global governance; global democracy; state building; monopoly on violence; cosmopolitanism; critical theory (Published: 10 March 2009) Citation: Ethics & Global Politics. DOI: 10.3402/egp.v2i1.1939
Effect of Stagnation Regions on Film Cooling Effectiveness

Over the last decades, researchers have investigated many aspects of film cooling. The present study investigates the impact of stagnation region created by a downstream airfoil on endwall film cooling effectiveness. Experimental measurements are presented for a single row of cylindrical holes inclined at 35° with hole length to diameter ratio, L/D = 7.5, pitch to diameter ratio, PI/D = 3 with a constant density ratio of 1.26 and with nitrogen as the coolant. Five different configurations were studied. Configuration 0 is the baseline, this configuration consist of a single row of cylindrical holes. Configuration I-III consisted of an airfoil positioned downstream of the injection point at x/D = 6.4, 12.7 and 25.4. The presence of wake is also investigated on configuration IV. This configuration in addition to the airfoil, also has a wake plate at x/D = −12.7, upstream of the injection location. The experimental data shows that slightly higher averaged effectiveness values are observed for configuration I for low blowing ratios. Configuration III average effectiveness is higher for mid and high blowing ratios. For all configurations, the average effectiveness increase with increasing blowing ratio at a x/D further downstream of the injection point where the jet has reattached. Higher blowing ratio increase lateral spreading of the jet promoting jet to jet interaction and mainstream interaction enhancing mixing.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The impact of e-taxation policy on state and local government revenue

The tax-free status of most items purchased online has resulted in significant loss of tax revenues to state and local government. Our research indicated that the loss of taxes amounting to $13.3 billion in 2001 will rise to $62.1 billion by 2011, unless taxation policies are changed. Changing the tax laws governing online trading is problematic. One significant aspect concerns the one who collects the revenues: should the taxes on items purchased online be collected by the state and local government, as is now done in traditional brick-and-mortar trades, or should this be done by a concerted, standardised federal effort?
The relevance of glycosaminoglycan sulfates to Apo E induced lipid uptake by hepatocyte monolayers.

The binding of Apolipoprotein E supplemented triglyceride emulsions to sulfated glycosaminoglycans demonstrated specificity for the carbohydarate polymers. Glucosamine containing glycosaminoglycans with relatively less sulfate had little affinity for the Apo E emulsion whereas those with more sulfate (i.e. heparin and sulfated heparans) effectively bound the emulsion. Galactosamine containing glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin 4 sulfate and dermatan sulfate) demonstrated no binding. The Apo E induced uptake of triglyceride emulsions by hepatocytes was inhibited by highly sulfated polysaccharides (i.e. heparin, dextran sulfate) but other glycosaminoglycans which did not bind the emulsion were ineffective in this inhibition. The same sulfated compounds which inhibited the hepatocyte Apo E emulsion interaction effectively released hepatic lipase from isolated hepatic perfusions. Glycosaminoglycan sulfates which did not bind the Apo E supplemented emulsions and did not inhibit hepatocyte association were ineffective in releasing lipase. A heparan mixture isolated from human liver was much less effective in inhibiting Apo E induced association of emulsions with hepatocytes, than heparin. A highly sulfated octasaccharide fraction isolated from bovine liver heparin inhibited more effectively than the human heparans but less than the heparin. Inhibition of Apo mediated hepatocyte emulsion association was produced by a one hour exposure of the cells to either heparinase or heparanase. The heparanase was more active than the heparinase and both were effective in the presence of protease inhibitors. Enzymes hydrolyzing chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid were inneffective in inhibiting the Apo E induced association. The specific binding of human low density lipoprotein to the hepatocyte was much less effected by the heparanase exposure than the Apo E mediated binding.
Expeditious Synthesis of Contorted Hexabenzocoronenes

Contorted hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) have been synthesized in an expedited manner utilizing a double Barton-Kellogg olefination reaction and a subsequent Scholl cyclization. The scope of both transformations was investigated using a series of pentacene quinones and double olefin precursors. The utility of these reactions to help create functionalized and oligomeric HBCs in a rapid manner is demonstrated.
A Study of Henri Poincaré’s “Sur la Dynamique de l’Électron”

Henri Poincare’s major work on a theory of the electron is “Sur la dynamique de l’electron”.1 It is considered, by some, as evidence that Poincare, more than anyone else in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anticipated Einstein’s 1905 theory of relativity.2
Precursors and Consequences of Membership in Youth Gangs

Explanations of gang membership were studied in a population of 11,000 secondary school students. Lower self-esteem, perceived academic ability, psychosocial health, and bonds with institutions appeared to precede gang membership (selection model). Greater drug use, greater delinquency, greater fear of harm, and being armed were precursors and consequences of gang membership (facilitation and selection models). "Wannabes" were partway between nonmembers and members. Findings were consistent with gang membership as a result of lack of social integration.
Correlations between Frequencies of Kin

Recent years have seen the development of formal and microsimulation models of the structure and dynamics of kin networks. These models generally assume uncorrelated fertility within and across generations. Several sets of real data, however, show positive correlations between the frequencies of various categories of kin. This paper uses formal models to calculate the correlations that will exist between certain categories of kin even if mothers and daughters have independent fertility. Mechanisms by which fertility might be transmitted from mothers to their daughters are considered and the implications for kin correlations are evaluated.
THE EVOLUTION OF MATE CHOICE COPYING BY INDIRECT SELECTION

A two-locus, two-allele population genetic model is used to study whether an allele for mate choice copying can become fixed in a population when it has no direct fitness benefit and there is therefore no cost due to choice. All females have an intrinsic preference for males with a certain trait. If they have the copying allele, they modify this preference on the basis of observations of an older cohort's mating patterns. Our specific model suggests a general rule: copying alleles spread when copying causes females to mate males that have higher total lifetime fitness. It is therefore possible for copying to evolve both when females have preexisting preferences for high-viability males (good genes) and when females are copying a preference for a trait that impairs male survival. Copying can spread through the force of indirect selection even when there is mild direct selection against the copying allele.
Tooth movement into edentulous areas

Abstract Movement of teeth into edentulous spaces created by the loss of teeth within a dental arch was reported from three aspects: (1) movement of the tooth mesial to the space into the space, (2) movement of the tooth distal to the space into the space, and (3) movement of the tooth opposing the space into the space. Only small percentages of distal movement of or eruption of teeth into the edentulous space did occur, whereas the tooth distal to the space did move into the space in a high percentage of patients. However, movement of teeth into edentulous spaces was not inevitable, regardless of the relationship of the tooth to the space. The patients' age appeared to be a factor since tooth movement was much more pronounced in subjects who were relatively young at the time of extraction. In those subjects who had had a tooth extracted for at least five years, there seemed to be no statistical relationship between increasing severity of movement and years since extraction. This indicates that most movement must have occurred during the first five years after the tooth was removed.
Reassessing the use of one-electron energetics in the design and characterization of organic photovoltaics

We present results showing that common approximations employed in the design and characterization of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials can lead to significant errors in widely adopted design rules. First, we assess the validity of the common practice of using HOMO and LUMO energies in place of formal redox potentials to characterize organic semiconductors. We trace the formal justification for this practice and survey its limits in a way that should be useful for those entering the field. We find that while the HOMO and LUMO energies represent useful descriptive approximations, they are too quantitatively inaccurate for predictive material design. Second, we show that the excitonic nature of common organic semiconductors makes it paramount to distinguish between the optical and electronic bandgaps for materials design. Our analysis shows that the usefulness of the "LUMO-LUMO Offset" as a design parameter for exciton dissociation is directly tied to the accuracy of the one-electron approximation. In particular, our results suggest that the use of the "LUMO-LUMO Offset" as a measure of the driving force for exciton dissociation leads to a systematic overestimation that should be cautiously avoided.
Algorithms and data structures for an expanded family of matroid intersection problems

Consider a matroid of rank n in which each element has a real-valued cost and one of $d > 1$ colors. A class of matroid intersection problems is studied in which one of the matroids is a partition matroid that specifies that a base has $q_j $ elements of color j, for $j = 1,2, \cdots ,d$. Relationships are characterized among the solutions to the family of problems generated when the vector $(q_1 ,q_2 , \cdots ,q_d )$ is allowed to range over all values that sum to n. A fast algorithm is given for solving such matroid intersection problems when d is small. A characterization is presented for how the solution changes when one element changes in cost. Data structures are given for updating the solution on-line each time the cost of an arbitrary matroid element is modified. Efficient update algorithms are given for maintaining a color-constrained minimum spanning tree in either a general or a planar graph. An application of the techniques to the problem of finding a minimum spanning tree with several degree-...
Radiologist's clinical information review workstation interfaced with digital dictation system.

Efficient access to information systems integrated into the radiologist’s interpretation workflow will result in a more informed radiologist, with an enhanced capability to render an accurate interpretation. We describe our implementation of radStation, a radiologist’s clinical information review workstation that combines a digital dictation station with a clinical information display. radStation uses client software distributed to the radiologist’s workstation and central server software, both running Windows NT (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The client sytem has integrated digital dictation software. The bar-code microphone (Boomerang, Dictaphone Corp, Stratford, CT) also serves as a computer input device forwarding the procedure’s accession number to the server software. This initiates multiple quaries to available lagacy databases, including the radiology information system (RIS), laboratory information system, clinic notes, hospital discharge, and operative report system. The three-tier architecture then returns the clinical results to the radStation client for display. At the conclusion of the dictation, the digital voice file is transferred to the dictation server and the client notifies the RIS to update the examination status. The system is efficient in its information retrieval, with queries displayed in about 1 second. The radStation client requires less than 5 minutes of radiologist training in its operation, given that its control interface integrates with the well-learned dictation process. The telephone-based dictation system, which this new system replaced, remains available as a back-up system in the event of an unexpected digital dictation system failure. This system is well accepted and valued by the radiologists. The system interface is quickly mastered. The system does not interrupt dictation workflow with the display of all information initiated with examination bar-coding. This system’s features could become an accepted model as a standard tool for radiologists.
The function of music education in the growth of cultural openness in the USA

This study asks the question: What is the relationship between cultural omnivorousness and music education in the USA? Cultural omnivorousness is a general disposition towards the consumption of culture in which the person possessing such an attitude is open to consuming a broad range of cultural products. Survey data used for this analysis comes from the Cultural Policy and the Arts National Data Archive's Survey of Public Participation in the Arts 2002. A total of 17,135 completed surveys were collected from a sample of US households. The sample was selected using a stratified, multistage, clustered design and drawn from Census Bureau population counts. Several conclusions are derived from the findings. First, although causality cannot be determined, people who have taken music education classes are more omnivorous than people who do not take music education classes. Second, music education can potentially mitigate symbolic boundaries between racial groups through an increase in omnivorousness for minor...
Biological considerations in the assessment of urothelial cancer: A retrospective

In bladder cancer, variations in clinical course and treatment outcomes support the concept that the condition may comprise a compendium of different types of tumor diathesis with unique, albeit interrelated, pathways of development. This concept and the schema of developmental pathways of bladder cancer derived from it are intended to complement the traditional classification used to stage bladder cancer, providing a perspective on the potential evolution of a particular malignancy over time. The schema represents the intrinsic biologic potential of various types of bladder cancer. It also indicates a given tumor's likely behavior as can be predicted by its histopathologic appearance at a given point in time, what may be expected through specific interventions, how approaches to treatment may need to be adjusted in considering the pathway a specific tumor may follow, as well as how the disease course may reflect genetic changes associated with the generation of a specific malignant diathesis. These considerations and the concept of specific but interrelated pathways of development in bladder cancer are presented in their historical context and current clinical use.
TU-C-110-01: Patient Dose in CT: Calculating Patient Specific Doses in CT(Joint with Education)

In light of recent events involving dose to patients undergoing CT exams, many efforts to record patient dose have been initiated. Many national and international groups (FDA, NIBIB, ACR, IAEA, and NIH intramural programs) have called for recording “dose”, or required that CT equipment report dose. In California, a state law [SB1237] was recently passed that requires (as of July 1, 2012) the reporting of one of the following: “The computed tomography index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP), as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and recognized by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA); The dose unit as recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine”. While these reporting/recording efforts are well‐meaning, the only dose metrics currently available for reporting are CTDIvol and DLP. While CTDIvol values are highly standardized and recognized around the world, they actually are measures of scanner output, and as such they do not reflect the actual patient dose or the irradiation burden of the exam . This misconception of CTDI is commonplace and has led to misinterpretation of the dosimetry values being reported at the scanner and recorded into patient records. The purpose of this symposium is to describe methods to more accurately estimate the radiation dose to various organs, and ultimately the radiation risk, to patients undergoing CT exams. The symposium covers methods aimed towards more patient‐specific estimates that take into account: (a) scanner related factors (CT manufacturer and model specifics), (b) exam related specifics (anatomic coverage, use of dose reduction methods such as tube current modulation) and (c) patient related factors such as age, gender, size, and shape. The learning objectives of this symposium include the following: 1. To understand the limitations of current metrics (e.g. CTDIvol) and methods in estimating patient dose 2. To understand the methods to more accurately estimate radiation dose that take into account scanner, exam and patient specific factors 3. To understand the role of Computational Phantoms and Monte Carlo simulation methods in developing patient‐specific organ dose estimates 4. To understand methods to estimate patient‐specific organ doses, effective doses, and radiation risk for comparison and optimization purposes
Wide-temperature-range kinetics of the reactions of Cu with Cl2 and N2O and of CuCl with Cl2

The reactions Cu + Cl 2 → CuCl + Cl (1), CuCl + Cl 2 → CuCl 2 + Cl (2), and Cu + N 2 O → CuO + N 2 (3) have been studied using a high-temperature fast-flow reactor (HTFFR). The metallic species were the limiting reactants.Cu atoms were generated by vaporization, and CuCl, by reaction 1. Their concentrations were monitored by LIF. The following k(T) expressions in cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 were obtained: k 1 (305-1140 K) = 3.9 x 10 - 1 0 exp(-355 K/T), k 2 (980-1150 K) = 3.1 x 10 - 1 1 exp(-4765 K/T), and k 3 (530-950 K) = 3.8 x 10 - 1 0 exp(-5441 K/T). The Arrhenius parameters of k 1 are similar to other exothermic metal atom-Cl 2 reactions. The activation energy of reaction 2 is rather large, which is attributed to the closed-shell electron structure of CuCl. Reaction 3 had been measured earlier in a pseudostatic photochemistry reactor (Narayan, A. S.; Futerko, P. M.; Fontijn, A. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 290) and in a different type of fast-flow reactor (Vinckier, C.; Verhaeghe, T.; Vanhees, I. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1994, 90, 2003). A comparison of these two studies showed mild disagreement. However, a critical evaluation of the three data sets confirms the validity of our previous recommendation: k 3 (470-1340 K) = 3.04 × 10 - 2 0 (T/K) 2 . 9 7 exp(-3087 K/T).
Desert agriculture at Bir Madhkur: The first archaeobotanical evidence to support the timing and scale of agriculture during the Late Roman/Byzantine period in the hinterland of Petra

Abstract This study presents archaeobotanical data that allow for a better understanding of the scale and timing of agricultural production during the Late Roman/Byzantine period (A.D. 284–500) at the site of Bir Madhkur, which lies in the hinterland of the ancient Nabataean capital of Petra, Jordan. The desert of the Wadi Araba region that encompasses Bir Madhkur has not changed significantly since antiquity and is surrounded by ancient agricultural fields and associated farmhouses. Analysis of the archaeobotanical remains recovered from 62 soil samples address questions related to how and when plants were grown and what role they played in the local and regional economy. Two varieties of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L. and T. aestivum ssp. compactum ((Host) Mackey), several legumes and fruits have been identified. There is also evidence of crop by-products and weeds specific to crop fields, which support local agriculture. In addition to the archaeobotanical remains, evidence of dung fuel has been recovered and is likely the source of the charred chaff and weed species. The archaeobotanical data provide direct evidence of increase in agricultural production.
Performance Evaluation and Monitoring

Three major purposes for evaluating the hardware and software performance of computer systems--selection evaluation, performance projection, and performance monitoring--are described. Eight techniques that have been used or suggested for evaluating performance are discussed. Each of these techniques is rated on its suitability for the three purposes of evaluation. Recommendations are made on the most appropriate technique for each evaluation purpose. These suggestions include the development of a comprehensive set of synthetic programs on an industry-wide basis for selection evaluation purposes. Simulation is recommended as the most suitable technique for performance projection. Finally, a number of hardware and software monitors are available for performance monitoring.
Resource policy, investment, and employment under variable returns to scale

Abstract This paper utilizes a generalized two-sector model of a small open economy that features a binding real minimum wage, specific factor and variable returns to scale. The results presented indicate that capital accumulation increases total employment in the distorted economy and that all of the growth occurs in the sector that does not employ the specific factor. However, an increase in the availability of public land will increase total employment in the economy only when the sector that employs the specific factor is not capital intensive relative to the alternate sector.
Aryloxy Substituted N-Arylpiperazinones as Dual Inhibitors of Farnesyltransferase and Geranylgeranyltransferase-I

A series of aryloxy substituted piperazinones with dual farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase-I inhibitory activity was prepared. These compounds were found to have potent inhibitory activity in vitro and are promising agents for the inhibition of Ki-Ras signaling.
Monitoring Long-Term Changes in Biological Communities Near Oil and Gas Production Platforms

The U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Pacific OCS Region began a monitoring program conducted through the Environmental Studies Program in 1984 for the long-term effects of oil and gas production platforms on biological communities. Phase I, a broad scale geographic reconnaissance and baseline survey, has been conducted for the Santa Maria Basin offshore California where oil and gas production will begin in the near future. Phase II is beginning and will focus on time series measurements of a wide variety of biological, physical and chemical parameters at platform sites and comparison sites. Emphasis will be given to detecting changes in benthic communities and sublethal changes in life history parameters.
Peer persuasion: a study of children's dominance strategies

This study sought to identify the ways in which four and five year old children attempt to exert dominance over their peers. Twenty children between the ages of four and five years old were studied in a child care center in southeast Ohio. Over a six week period, the researchers recorded observations which were later categorized as verbal assertiveness, physical assertiveness, and the use of theme plays. Verbal assertiveness was the most frequently employed dominance strategy. This strategy was successful when the dominator attempted to make commands but was otherwise generally not successful. Physical assertiveness was successful when a child exhibited athletic superiority. The use of theme plays was the most successful strategy in eliciting a submissive response from peers. Suggestions are offered to explain why theme plays were so successful.
A novel scheme for structure determination in EXAFS

Abstract A novel scheme is introduced which allows bond distances to be determined from EXAFS data without the use of model compounds or calculated scattering phases. The basis for this method rests on the physical restrictions imposed on any functional form which is used to describe the scattering phases. These restrictions allows a differential equation to be set up in terms of the unknown phases. The abilityof this scheme to determine structural information is demonstrated for a series of model systems.
Retrievability of the Günther Tulip vena cava filter after dwell times longer than 180 days in patients with multiple trauma.

Purpose:To evaluate the retrieval feasibility of the Gunther Tulip inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) after dwell times >180 days in patients with multiple trauma.Methods:A retrospective study was co...
Separation of changes in light scattering and chromophore concentrations during cortical spreading depression in rats.

We used near-infrared spectroscopy to separate tissue scattering changes from changes in cerebral oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin and the redox state of cytochrome-c-oxidase. A separate term of the transport scattering coefficient ?s? was included in a modified Lambert–Beer equation. It is shown by diffusion equation analysis that there is a simple relationship between the differential path-length factor Da and its scattering equivalent Ds. The method was applied to cortical spreading depression (CSD) data recorded through the skulls of rats. Biphasic changes in ?s? of ±0.1 mm-1 were observed during CSD's that spread with a velocity of ?5 mm/min. The method proposed has the promise to permit monitoring of scattering changes noninvasively in humans during cortical activation or pathophysiological conditions.
predicting Aggressive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment : The Importance of White Matter Hyperintensities

Importance Although white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with the risk for Alzheimer disease, it is unknown whether they represent an independent source of impairment or interact with known markers of disease. Objective To examine the degree to which WMHs predict aggressive cognitive decline among individuals with mild cognitive impairment, either independently or by modifying the effects of entorhinal cortex volume (ECV), a marker of Alzheimer disease–related neurodegeneration. Design, Setting, and Participants The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative is a longitudinal study with 6-month follow-up visits. Three hundred thirty-two participants (mean [SD] age, 74.6 [7.4] years; 118 women) of a total of 374 participants diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment were included. Participants were excluded if they did not have longitudinal data, apolipoprotein E genotype data, or had evidence of supratentorial infarct. Main Outcomes and Measures A decline in Mini-Mental State Examination score of 3 points over 6 months or 6 points over 1 year between consecutive visits was defined as aggressive decline. White matter hyperintensity volume and ECV were entered as predictors in Cox proportional hazards models and Wilcoxon-Breslow tests to examine their impact on this outcome, adjusting for sex, age, education, and apolipoprotein E status. Results Greater WMH volume at baseline, apolipoprotein E e4 status, and smaller ECV at baseline were associated with an increased risk for aggressive decline (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.43; P = .01 for WMH volume; HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09-2.05; P = .04 for apolipoprotein E e4 status; HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.79; P 2 = 15, P = .001). Participants with Mini-Mental State Examination scores that declined by 3 or more points over 6 months or 6 or more points over 12 months were more likely to have converted to Alzheimer disease by the end of the follow-up period (χ 2 = 82, P Conclusions and Relevance White matter hyperintensity burden and ECV predict rapid cognitive decline among individuals with mild cognitive impairment both additively and multiplicatively.
Applications of the oxidative induction test to medical polymers

Abstract We have examined the applicability of this simple and effective test to polymer systems widely used in the medical industry. First, it was found that not every polymer examined exhibited a distinct onset of autocatalytic oxidation detectable by DSC. However, for cases where distinct onsets are found, powerful insights can be obtained. These included the activation energy of the degradation, thermal oxidative shelf life prediction, and correlation with product performance. Actual examples will be presented to illustrate the utility of the test.
Evolving processes and evolution schedulers for concurrent scheduling controls and parallel evolutionary computation

In this paper we present concepts of evolution scheduling, which will provide us with a better scheduling mechanism for competing processes in the ready queue, the blocked queue, the PC (Priority Control) queue, and the CS (Client & Server) queue. The evolution scheduling is acceptable for the soft real-time system and useful for its performance to achieve fair and effective scheduling. In the comparison of queue dispatching and process dispatching of the evolution scheduler with other existing schedulers we can confidently conclude that where we use round robin, priority, and even FIFO scheduling, we can implement evolution scheduling to substitute for them without warning the application programmers to change their expectation of the scheduling controls. On the other hand, for those who pursue evolutionary computation, this is good news. It allows them to carry out natural competition in an easy way consistent with their operating system and programming language. Each evolving process, one with the ability to improve its adaptation to the environment, reflects on the CPU usage rate and 1/O throughput load with its fitness function, and the evolution scheduler elaborates the optimization winner for the next quantum. So there are many benefits for both scheduler designers and evolutionary programmers.
Five-dimensional N=4, SU(2)×U(1) gauged supergravity from type IIB

Abstract We construct the complete and explicit non-linear Kaluza–Klein ansatz for deriving the bosonic sector of N =4 SU (2)× U (1) gauged five-dimensional supergravity from the reduction of type IIB supergravity on S 5 . This provides the first complete example of such an S 5 reduction that includes non-abelian gauge fields, and it allows any bosonic solution of the five-dimensional N =4 gauged theory to be embedded in D =10.