cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the ICF for clinical practice in speech-language pathology

The World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, ) states that one of its five possible applications is for clinical use. The ICF is both a conceptual framework and a classification system with a complex numerical coding system and operational definitions. Thus, the practical and useful application of the classification system for recording assessment results could prove difficult. However, an agreed upon clinical interpretation of the ICF by clinicians is essential for it to be able to communicate complex clinical assessments to other professionals, third party payers, administrators, health care policy makers, and the consumers of our services. The American Psychological Association and the World Health Organization are working on finalizing the Procedural Manual and Guide for the Standardized Application of the ICF: A Manual for Health Professionals. This Procedural Manual is being designed to provide health professionals with directio...
The Idea of the Child in Freud and Jung: Psychological sources for divergent spiritualities of childhood

This essay explores the constructions of the child developed in the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. These child-constructs constitute important psychological source-theories for spiritualities of childhood as each embodies a particular understanding of what childhood means, within the author's understandings of human personhood. After addressing an initial period of agreement between the two thinkers in which both understood the child as preeminently sexual, the essay details Jung's departure from Freud over the latter's theory of infantile sexuality, toward a construction of the child as having a special closeness to the spiritual realms of the numinous and the collective unconscious. This construct of Jung, while upholding a basically hopeful and positive view of the child, risks distortions in over-idealized spiritualities of childhood. Freud's construction, on the other hand, maintained an essentially negative parallel between the child and illusory religion, and the child and s...
Valuing Recreation and Amenities at San Diego County Beaches

Abstract Policymakers and analysts concerned with coastal issues often need economic value information to evaluate policies that affect beach recreation. This paper presents economic values associated with beach recreation in San Diego County generated from a recreation demand model that explains a beach user's choice of which beach to visit. These include estimates of the economic values of a beach day, beach closures, and beach amenities.
Fluid Flow Effect in Electrical Conductivity Measurements of Molten Metals by Inductive Technique

In this paper we propose a new relationship between the opposing mechanical torque and the electric conductivity of a rotating liquid specimen in a permanent external magnetic field of constant induction, which includes the effect of fluid flow. The proposed relationship was applied to describe the experimental data for a conductive specimen rotating in a permanent magnetic field.© 2002 ASME
Treatments of discontinuity and bubble functions in the multigrid method

When multilevel finite element spaces are not nested, different intergrid transfer operators would lead to different multigrid algorithms. It is proposed in this paper that discontinuous functions be averaged to continuous functions and that the bubble functions be discarded in the multigrid transferring. Applications of the techniques to various problems are presented with convergence analysis. Numeric comparisons with other existing methods are provided.
Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the “White Man's Indian,” and the Marketing of Dreams

(1996). Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the “White Man's Indian,” and the Marketing of Dreams. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 24, Walt Disney, pp. 90-98.
Elevation and Spatial Variation Effects of Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding

Abstract This study is concerned with the elevation and spatial variation effects of wintertime orographic cloud seeding over an area encompassing Fremont, Hoosier and Vail mountain passes in the central Colorado mountains during a period from 1960 to 1965. The observation network consisted of 65 precipitation stations distributed over the three passes. Depending on the grouping of precipitation stations used to represent the prime target area of the study, the average daily precipitation for all 120 seeded days was from 6 to 11% greater than the average daily precipitation for all 131 non-seeded days. There is a high probability that these differences could have occurred by chance alone. Analyses have also been made according to physically defined stratifications based on a model which describes the seeding effects ascribed to the various strata. Statistically significant increases (decreases) were observed over much of the area for the seeded periods in comparison with the non-seeded periods when 500 mb...
Security issues in vehicular networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) have become the focus of much discussion due to its potential role in helping to improve traffic management and safety and enable a wide range of value-added services such as collision warning/avoidance and work zone warning. Because information transmitted over a vehicular network is sensitive and can affect important safety decisions, security requirements for VANETs applications prove stringent. Thus, fail-safe security is mandatory. However, providing security in vehicular networks raises important privacy concerns also worth considering. Security and privacy are the two main concerns motivating robust vehicular network designs. In this paper, we will discuss some threats and attacks that can be exploited, and in response, present some viable security solutions.
PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN MULTI-LAYERED RANDOM MEDIA WITH ROUGH INTERFACES

ABSTRACT A theory of intensity scattering from a multi-layered random medium with irregular boundaries is developed using the radiative transfer formulation. Explicit forms for the zeroth and first-order solutions are given. Special cases are shown and compared with previous results. The similarities and differences between the results of this and previous studies are pointed out. In particular, terms omitted in previous studies are indicated and previous scalar or partially scalar formulations are generalized to permit a complete polarization treatment.
Calcium tracer kinetics show decreased irreversible flow to bone in glucocorticoid treated patients

Osteopenia resulting from pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids is well known. Previously, there has been no satisfactory quantitative model describing the kinetics of calcium flow in subjects on chronic steroid use. A mathematical model of calcium isotope interaction with bone is described and applied to determine an estimate of kinetic parameters characterizing these changes. Calcium tracer dilution kinetics after a bolus injection of 42Ca were measured in 14 subjects with juvenile dermatomyositis, 6 on predinisone regimens and 8 on treatment regimens without prednisone. Irreversible tracer loss from plasma bone is found to be significantly reduced (P=0.043) in the glucocorticoidtreated patients compared with patients on nonsteroid regimens. Reversible flow to bone is noted to be similar in the two groups. These results suggest a direct effect of glucocorticoids on osteoblast function.
Different effects of deoxycholate, ether, chloroform, hydrocarbons, and alcohols on Venezuelan encephalitis viral infection, hemagglutination, and complement-fixation.

SummaryVenezuelan encephalitis virus suspensions were affected differently by various lipid solvents. Infectivity titers of both crude virus suspensions from mouse brain or primary chicken embryonic cell cultures and density gradient-purified virus from cultures were reduced more and faster by sodium deoxycholate (SDC), diethyl ether, or chloroform than by pentane or hexane. Benzene failed to affect infectivity titers of even density gradient-purified virus. Hemagglutinin (HA) titers decreased after 2–6 hr of treatment of virus with diethyl ether or chloroform, but remained unchanged for 24 hr with SDC, pentane, hexane, or benzene. Complement-fixing antigen titers of crude virus suspensions were unchanged by these lipid solvents. Alcohols rapidly destroyed all three viral properties, although water was essential for alcohol inactivation since lyophilized virus was unaffected by absolute ethanol. Evidently hydrophilic hydroxyl groups are important in viral inactivation by these chemicals since pentanol and...
Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system

We describe a new model for adiposity regulation in which two distinct classes of peripheral afferent signals modulate neuronal pathways in the brain that control meal initiation, meal termination, and the autonomic outflow influencing the fate of ingested energy. These brain pathways, termed central-effector pathways for the control of energy balance, respond to 1) short-term, situational-, and meal-related signals that are crucial to the size and timing of individual meals, but that are not components of the system serving to regulate adipose stores, and 2) long-term, adiposity-related signals that participate in the negative feedback control of fat stores. Long-term signals, such as the pancreatic hormone insulin, are secreted into the circulation in proportion to energy balance and adipose mass. These signals enter the brain where they influence central-effector pathways, in part by changing the sensitivity of these pathways to short-term signals. Through this mechanism, the central nervous system response to short-term signals is adjusted in proportion to changes in body adiposity, resulting in compensatory changes in food intake and energy expenditure that collectively favor the long-term stability of fat stores. This model provides a comprehensive framework for experimental design and data interpretation in the study of body adiposity regulation.
Applications of Metacognition in Special Education

This article briefly reviews the salient features of Derry's (this issuee) notions concerning the remediation of academic difficulties via strategy training. The most critical features that have implications for instruction are presented. Support for these notions from research literature with special education populations is provided, and several illustrative examples of the strategies are presented.
Lithosphere versus asthenosphere mantle sources at the Big Pine Volcanic Field, California

[1] Here we report the first measurements of the H2O content of magmas and mantle xenoliths from the Big Pine Volcanic Field (BPVF), California, in order to constrain the melting process in the mantle, and the role of asthenospheric and lithospheric sources in this westernmost region of the Basin and Range Province, western USA. Melt inclusions trapped in primitive olivines (Fo82–90) record surprisingly high H2O contents (1.5 to 3.0 wt.%), while lithospheric mantle xenoliths record low H2O concentrations (whole rock 500 ka, to cooler (∼1220°C) and shallower melting (∼1 GPa) conditions in younger magmas. The estimated depth of melting correlates strongly with some trace element ratios in the magmas (e.g., Ce/Pb, Ba/La), with deeper melts having values closer to upper mantle asthenosphere values, and shallower melts having values more typical of subduction zone magmas. This geochemical stratification is consistent with seismic observations of a shallow lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (∼55 km depth). Combined trace element and cryoscopic melting models yield self-consistent estimates for the degree of melting (∼5%) and source H2O concentration (∼1000 ppm). We suggest two possible geodynamic models to explain small-scale convection necessary for magma generation. The first is related to the Isabella seismic anomaly, either a remnant of the Farallon Plate or foundered lithosphere. The second scenario is related to slow extension of the lithosphere.
Integrating hierarchical test benches into an evolving VHDL design environment

Flexible, hierarchical test benches are developed naturally as part of the normal model development process and support VHDL, WAVES, and company-proprietary standards. The integration of these tool-automated VHDL test benches is described. In TI-Microelectronics, automated development of VHDL test benches and integration of test bench development into the VHDL modeling process are being employed successfully. The novel hierarchical structuring technique described integrates automated VHDL test bench capabilities with the historical TI proprietary design environment. >
Comparison of Automated Image-Based Grain Sizing to Standard Pebble-Count Methods

This study explores the use of an automated image-based method for characterizing grain-size distributions (GSDs) of exposed open-framework gravels by comparing the GSDs measured with the image-based method to distributions obtained with two pebble-count methods. Selection of grains for the two pebble-count methods was carried out using a gridded sampling frame and the heel-to-toe Wolman walk method at six field sites. At each site, 500-particle pebble-count samples were collected with each of the two pebble-count methods and digital images were systematically collected over the same sampling area. For the methods used, pebble counts collected with the gridded sampling frame were assumed to be the most accurate representations of the true grain-size population. Therefore, results from the image-based method were compared to the grid-derived GSDs for accuracy estimates; comparisons between the grid and Wolman walk methods were conducted to give an indication of possible variation between commonly used methods for the particular field sites used in the study. The grain-size comparisons were made at two spatial scales. At the larger scale, results from the image-based method were integrated over the sampling area required to collect the 500-particle pebble-count samples. At the smaller sampling scale, the image derived GSDs were compared to those from 100-particle, pebble-count samples obtained with the gridded sampling frame. The comparison shows that the image-based method performed reasonably well on five of the six study sites. For those five sites, the image-based method slightly underestimated all grain-size percentiles relative to the pebble counts collected with the gridded sampling frame, but the method performed well in estimating the median grain size (the average bias for ψ 5 , ψ 50 , and ψ 95 was 0.07ψ, 0.04ψ, and 0.19ψ, respectively). The Wolman pebble-counts yielded coarser results than the pebble counts obtained with the gridded sampling frame, especially for the smaller percentiles (the average bias for ψ 5 , ψ 50 , and ψ 95 was 0.20ψ, 0.16ψ, and 0.04ψ, respectively). Oversegmentation of large pitted grains in the image-analysis procedures was identified as a leading cause for failure of the image-based method at one of the sites. It is likely that lower degrees of oversegmentation and physical particle orientation contributed to the slight underestimation of all grain-size percentiles in the image-based method.
Statistical analysis for multiple artefact problem in key comparisons with linear trends

A statistical analysis for key comparisons with linear trends and multiple artefacts is proposed. This is an extension of a previous paper for a single artefact. The approach has the advantage that it is consistent with the no-trend case. The uncertainties for the key comparison reference value and the degrees of equivalence are also provided. As an example, the approach is applied to key comparison CCEM–K2.
Distinct pattern of antibody reactivity with oligomeric or polymeric forms of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b

The chain length of oligosaccharides required for antibody binding has been studied by using the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b or oligosaccharides derived from it. The concentration of competing antigens required to achieve a 50% inhibition of antibody binding by human polyclonal antisera in an in vitro competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay decreased progressively from greater than 10(-3) to 5 x 10(-7) M as the inhibiting saccharide chain length increased from 1 to 262 repeat units. Even small oligosaccharides (one or two repeat units) are potentially capable of competing to a significant level if a high enough concentration of saccharides is used. A similar pattern of reactivity was seen with a monoclonal anti-polyribosyl ribitol phosphate antibody, suggesting that the differences in the avidity of the antibody subpopulations in the polyclonal antisera do not contribute to the binding patterns observed. The binding reaction was specific as evaluated with pneumococcal saccharides. Furthermore, an oligosaccharide-protein conjugate binds antibody better than the free oligosaccharides do. Such a difference in binding was not observed between the polysaccharide and a polysaccharide-protein conjugate. Overall, the data suggest that identical epitopes are expressed by oligomeric and polymeric forms of the antigen and that a particularly more stable conformation in polysaccharides is preferred by antibodies. Covalent coupling of oligomers to protein increases the expression of stable conformation of epitopes. The data further suggest that this kind of antigenic analysis may be important for the design and synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines.
Effects of postmortem carcass electrical stimulation on goat meat quality characteristics

Abstract Electrical stimulation (ES) has been reported to improve meat quality, but the effects of postmortem ES have not been fully characterized in goats. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of postmortem ES on meat quality in two breeds of goats. Uncastrated Spanish and crossbreds (Boer × Spanish females × Kiko male) yearlings (n = 10/breed, body weight 31.2 ± 2.43 kg) were transported to the slaughter facility, held overnight in pens without feed, and slaughtered on two different days. Immediately after slaughter each carcass was split into two halves along the vertebral column. The left half was subjected to a high voltage ES (580 V) at 5 s intervals during 120 s (treatment) and the right half was kept as a non-stimulated control. After 24 h of cooler storage (2 °C), the carcasses were fabricated into 2.5 cm-thick loin/rib chops. Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle pH and temperatures were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h postmortem. The pH values of LD muscle were lower in stimulated sides than control sides (P 0.05) of ES or aging time on selected myofibrillar protein concentrations (myosin heavy chain, myomesin, desmin, actin, troponin-T, and myosin light chain, P > 0.05). However, desmin concentration tended to decrease at day 4 of aging (P = 0.08). The results indicate that ES significantly accelerated postmortem glycolysis and improved tenderness of loin chops, as indicated by WBSF values.
ACCRETION AND PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METALS ASSOCIATED WITH SNOW EXPOSED TO URBAN TRAFFIC AND WINTER STORM MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES. II

Compared to storm water runoff, urban roadway snow exposed to traffic and winter maintenance practices has a much greater capacity to accumulate and retrain heavy metals and other anthropogenic constituents. Heavy metals once released in the environment are not degraded and partition between the dissolved and particulate-bound fractions. Residence time, solid loadings, alkalinity, hardness, and pH influence partitioning. Accretion and partitioning of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Al, Ca, Na, Mg, and Fe from a series of urban highway sites in Cincinnati, Ohio, are compared to temporal accretion trends at a control site removed from the highway environment. Results from partitioning analysis indicated that Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Al, Mg, and Fe were all highly particulate bound, while Na and Ca were mainly dissolved for all highway sites. Partition coefficients for most heavy metals in snowmelt ranged from 10³ to 10\u6 L/kg. Concentrations for Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, and cyanide were orders of magnitude higher than at the control site and exceeded storm water runoff concentrations by one to two orders of magnitude. For residuals analyses, the specific surface area generally increased with decreasing particle size while the predominance of total surface area (SA) was associated with the medium to coarser size fractions. Heavy metal mass trends followed similar general trends to that of the SA. Characterization of accretion and partitioning of these metals is a necessary first step toward development of management and treatment strategies designed to address urban snow pollution.
Progression into the first meiotic division is sensitive to histone H2A-H2B dimer concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two genes for histone H2A and two for histone H2B located in two divergently transcribed gene pairs: HTA1-HTB1 and HTA2-HTB2. Diploid strains lacking HTA1-HTB1 (hta1-htb1 delta/hta1-htb1 delta, HTA2-HTB2/HTA2-HTB2) grow vegetatively, but will not sporulate. This sporulation phenotype results from a partial depletion of H2A-H2B dimers. Since the expression patterns of HTA1-HTB1 and HTA2-HTB2 are similar in mitosis and meiosis, the sporulation pathway is therefore more sensitive than the mitotic cycle to depletion of H2A-H2B dimers. After completing premeiotic DNA replication, commitment to meiotic recombination, and chiasma resolution, the hta1-htb1 delta/hta1-htb1 delta, HTA2-HTB2/HTA2-HTB2 mutant arrests before the first meiotic division. The arrest is not due to any obvious disruptions in spindle pole bodies or microtubules. The meiotic block is not bypassed in backgrounds homozygous for spo13, rad50 delta, or rad9 delta mutations, but is bypassed in the presence of hydroxyurea, a drug known to inhibit DNA chain elongation. We hypothesize that the deposition of H2A-H2B dimers in the mutant is unable to keep pace with the replication fork, thereby leading to a disruption in chromosome structure that interferes with the meiotic divisions.
Patuxent Landscape Model. III. Model calibration

Using the LHEM/SME the Patuxent Landscape Model (PLM) was built to simulate fundamental ecological processes in the watershed scale driven by temporal (nutrient loadings, climatic conditions) and spatial (land use patterns) forcings. The model addresses the effects of both the magnitude and spatial patterns of land use change and agricultural practices on hydrology, plant productivity, and nutrient cycling in the landscape. The spatial resolution for the full Patuxent watershed is 1 km2, while subwatersheds are analyzed at a 200 × 200 m resolution to allow adequate depiction of the pattern of ecosystems and human settlement on the landscape. The temporal resolution is different for various components of the model. We used a modular, multiscale approach to calibrate and test the model. Model results show good agreement with data.
The Influence of Artemia and Algal Supplements during the Nursery Phase of Rearing Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

A 21-d nursery trial was conducted to evaluate various food supplements on growth and survival of postlarval (PL) Litopenaeus vannamei. Each of four treatments was provided with an equal quantity of a dried commercial feed throughout the study. Three treatments received algae paste (Thalassiosira weissflogii) supplemented every 3 d. These include F, commercial feed plus algae; FAr3, commercial feed plus algae plus Artemia every other day during the first 7 d; and FAr7, commercial feed plus algae plus Artemia every day during the first 7 d. The fourth treatment served as control (FNA); it relied only on the commercial feed plus naturally occurring algae. At the conclusion of the nursery period, there were no significant differences in survival or feed conversion ration for PL nursed in the various treatments. Artemia did have some effect in that PL receiving Artemia supplement for 3 d (FAr3) were significantly larger than those that did not. Algal paste in itself had no significant effect. Overall, results suggest an advantage to supplementing dried feed with Artemia for at least 3 d during the first week of nursery culture but little advantage to the use of a diatom paste as a food supplement.
Elastic modulus study of gold thin film for use as an actuated membrane in a Superconducting RF MEM switch

In earlier work a capacitively shunted superconducting MicroElectroMechanical (MEM) switch was designed and fabricated. The switch is composed of a superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ coplanar waveguide structure with a Au bridge membrane suspended above an area of the center conductor covered with BaTiO/sub 3/ dielectric. The Au membrane is actuated by the electrostatic attractive force acting between transmission line and the membrane when voltage is applied. The value of the actuation force will greatly depend on the geometry and mechanical properties of the bridge material. Since Young's modulus characterizes the elastic properties of a material which is temperature dependent, it is important to find the effect of low temperature especially below the transition temperature of the superconductor in order to better understand the switch operation. Our results show that the elastic modulus for Au thin film at cryogenic temperature is 470 times bigger than it is at room temperature.
L-leucine partially rescues translational and developmental defects associated with zebrafish models of Cornelia de Lange syndrome

Cohesinopathies are human genetic disorders that include Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and Roberts syndrome (RBS) and are characterized by defects in limb and craniofacial development as well as mental retardation. The developmental phenotypes of CdLS and other cohesinopathies suggest that mutations in the structure and regulation of the cohesin complex during embryogenesis interfere with gene regulation. In a previous project, we showed that RBS was associated with highly fragmented nucleoli and defects in both ribosome biogenesis and protein translation. l-leucine stimulation of the mTOR pathway partially rescued translation in human RBS cells and development in zebrafish models of RBS. In this study, we investigate protein translation in zebrafish models of CdLS. Our results show that phosphorylation of RPS6 as well as 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) was reduced in nipbla/b, rad21 and smc3-morphant embryos, a pattern indicating reduced translation. Moreover, protein biosynthesis and rRNA production were decreased in the cohesin morphant embryo cells. l-leucine partly rescued protein synthesis and rRNA production in the cohesin morphants and partially restored phosphorylation of RPS6 and 4EBP1. Concomitantly, l-leucine treatment partially improved cohesinopathy embryo development including the formation of craniofacial cartilage. Interestingly, we observed that alpha-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC), which is a keto derivative of leucine, also partially rescued the development of rad21 and nipbla/b morphants by boosting mTOR-dependent translation. In summary, our results suggest that cohesinopathies are caused in part by defective protein synthesis, and stimulation of the mTOR pathway through l-leucine or its metabolite α-KIC can partially rescue development in zebrafish models for CdLS.
Menopause and cardiovascular risk cause or consequence

In the developed world, mean life expectancy for women since 1900 has increased from 50.0 to 81.7 years ([1][1]). Given an average age at menopause of 51.4 years, women in developed countries thus live over one-third of their lives in the postmenopausal state ([2][2]). Although life expectancy at
Delegation versus Control in Supply Chain Procurement Under Competition

This paper studies the optimal component procurement strategies of two competing OEMs selling substitutable products. The OEMs outsource their production to a common contract manufacturer, who in turn needs an input from a component supplier. Each OEM may either directly procure the input from the component supplier, or delegate the procurement task to the contract manufacturer. We first analyze the OEMs' procurement game under a non-strategic supplier whose component price is exogenously given. It is found that symmetric equilibria arise for most situations, i.e., both OEMs either control or delegate their component procurement in equilibrium. Interestingly, despite the commonly-held belief that the contract manufacturer would be worse off as OEMs gain component procurement control, we show that the contract manufacturer may enjoy a higher profit. Then we study the OEMs' procurement game under a strategic supplier who can set its component price. We find that the supplier's strategic pricing behavior plays a critical role in the equilibrium procurement structure. In particular, in the equilibrium under strategic supplier, the larger OEM always uses delegation while the smaller OEM may use either delegation or control. By identifying the driving forces behind the OEMs' procurement choices, this research helps explain observed industry practices and offer useful guidelines for firms' component sourcing decisions.
Emergence of resistance during therapy with the newer β-lactam antibiotics: role of inducible β-lactamases and implications for the future

A number of beta-lactam antibiotics that are relatively resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases have been developed. This characteristic has expanded the antibacterial spectrum of the drugs beyond that of their progenitors. However, it also appears responsible for several problems that have been observed with the new drugs, including the development of microbial cross-resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics and occasionally to the aminoglycosides. Strains most often involved are Enterobacter, Serratia, and Pseudomonas-genera that characteristically possess inducible beta-lactamases. Derepression of these enzymes is one mechanism shown to be responsible for the development of resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics. Since in most instances the drugs are not susceptible to hydrolysis by these enzymes, resistance is produced by a nonhydrolytic barrier mechanism; i.e., the beta-lactamases bind the drugs, thus preventing their access to target proteins. Alterations in permeability and in penicillin-binding proteins are other possible mechanisms by which resistance may develop; however, these have not been investigated extensively. In addition to the problem of emergence of resistance, potential problems include the impact of multiply beta-lactam-resistant strains as nosocomial pathogens and antagonism between beta-lactam antibiotics used in combination. Only through a careful assessment of the relative advantages and disadvantages of these new beta-lactam antibiotics can their appropriate place in chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis be identified.
Tumor content of the antiapoptosis molecule survivin and recurrence of bladder cancer.

To the Editor: Transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder is the fourth most common cancer among American men, with approximately 50,000 new cases and 10,500 deaths from the disease every year. Fif...
Cure of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in Dogs with Crystalline “Factor I.”

ConclusionsA dietary microcytic hypochromic anemia of dogs was cured by addition of crystalline factor I to the diet. These results indicate that the material (factor I) which cures rat dermatitis is identical with that which cures microcytic hypochromic anemia in dogs.
Sealing and Preservation Pattern and Its Ability Evaluation of Shallow Gas Reservoirs Come from Deep Source—A Case Study of Heidimiao Oil Bed in the South of Changhuan,Daqing

By the statistics of drilling data,the mudstone covers of Heidimiao Oil Bed in the south of Changhuan,Daqing mainly developed in H16,H15 and H14 layers,and the 3 sets of regional mudstone covers respectively developed at the bottom of each small layer were main covers of gas.By the comparisons of cover thickness and fault throws of source faults,it concluded that the 3 sets of regional mudstone covers were staggered in many places which became dissipation windows,and the gas could be only sealed by the 3 covers distributed between faults connecting source rocks and formed gas reservoirs if traps developed.By the comparisons of the maximum gas column heights sealed by covers and the size of trap region,it showed that the maximum gas column height sealed by the 3 sets of regional mudstone covers was much greater than structural magnitude of the trap,and the gas migrated into traps could be sealed.By the research on space-time relation between displaying wells of gas and covers,it showed that the spatial distribution of 3 sets of regional mudstone covers of Heidimiao Oil Bed in the south of Changhuan,Daqing had controlled the accumulation horizons of gas and the distribution sites in the plane,and gas formation periods were well matched with the main degassing periods,which was favorable for gas accumulation in Heidimiao Oil Bed.
Variation of retinoic acid receptor in pulmonary vessel of rat model with pulmonary hypertension

Objective To interpret the relationship of retinoic acid receptor(RAR)and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension(PH),and evaluate the reverse effect of all-trans retinoic acid(atRA)on pulmonary vessel of PH.Methods Seventy-two SD rats of 3 week old were selected and divided into three groups randomly.The group 1 was SD rat with PH induced by monocrotaline,group 2 was SD rat induced by monocrotaline and was administered orally by gavage with atRA 10 mg/(kg·d),and control group with saline.The mean pulmonary artery pressure was measured in 6 cases in each group on day 7,14,21,28,and number of RAR and mRNA level of the pulmonary artery and lung were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The RAR(α,β and γ)transcription in pulmonary vascular decreased when the rat was with PH and decreased more apparently as PH became serious.Conclusions RAR may participate in the pathogenesis of PH.
Reflections Regarding Open-Access Journals and Social Justice

First, let me put forth my definition of social justice—and that is—basically acting in a fair and equitable manner. It is also breaking down barriers of unfair practice and inequities. Second, I believe that those reading this editorial would already be aware that open access peer-reviewed publishing means that scholarly materials are openly available to every individual in the world who has internet and who wishes to read about the particular topic presented that has been vetted via a double-blind, peerreviewed process among academic colleagues.
Personalizing substance use treatment based on pre-treatment impulsivity and sensation seeking: A review

Abstract Background Theoretically, substance use disorder (SUD) treatment that matches an individual’s etiology and/or maintaining factors should be more effective than a treatment that does not directly address these factors. Impulsivity and sensation/reward seeking may contribute to the development and maintenance of SUDs, and are potential candidate variables for assigning patients to treatment. The goal is to identify whether current research can provide insight into which treatments may be most effective for individuals high in impulsivity or sensation seeking, relative to other treatments. A secondary goal is to provide recommendations for personalizing SUD treatment based on etiology or maintaining factors. Method This review summarizes clinical trials that speak to the differential effectiveness of two or more treatments for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use disorders, based on pre-treatment impulsivity, sensation seeking, or related constructs. Results Few studies examine the differential effectiveness of two or more treatments for individuals high in impulsivity or sensation seeking. Very preliminary evidence suggests that contingency management may hold promise for individuals high in impulsivity. Pharmacological trials were under-represented in the current review, despite evidence that the effectiveness of some pharmacological interventions may be moderated by impulsivity. Conclusions Potential reasons for slow rate of progress to date are provided. Given slow accumulation of evidence, an alternative method for personalizing treatment based on pre-treatment psychosocial factors, including impulsivity and sensation/reward seeking, is proposed. Future research may explore the role of contingency management for SUD among individuals with high pre-treatment impulsivity or sensation seeking. Finally, novel, technology-enhanced behavioral mechanisms are discussed as an adjunct to SUD treatment for these high-risk populations.
Leisure and society in colonial Brazzaville: About the town

At the heart of town life was the entertainment of the streets, open squares, bars, beer-gardens, dance-halls and cinemas. Public amusement was often to be found out of doors, especially in the early days. By the 1920s, some entertainment took place in enclosed spaces, where the owners charged admission and served food and drinks. These establishments were usually associated with new forms of amusement such as films or partnered dancing. Pervading such recreational activities was an urban music which, like other aspects of leisure such as football and fashion, drew its inspiration from local and foreign sources in Bacongo and Poto-Poto. While rhythms, instruments and lyrics were brought from all over Central Africa, the civil servants from Guadeloupe and Martinique, the domestic servants and craftsmen from the coast, and the tirailleurs , artisans and clerks from West Africa all contributed to the evolution of new forms of entertainment. In this cosmopolitan environment, the celebrated ‘Congo music’ of the 1950s was born. Such attractions helped ‘pull’ young migrants to the town, especially after the Second World War. As people came together to share common interests, they did so not only informally but also in more structured mutual-aid associations with strong recreational orientations. Although such groups existed early in the century, for they were institutions transported from rural areas and adapted to town life, they became significant in the later colonial period, when a larger number of people lived in the town for longer periods.
Metastasis in Adult Brain Tumors

Metastatic cancer to the central nervous system is primarily deposited by hematogenous spread in various anatomically distinct regions: calvarial, pachymeningeal, leptomeningeal, and brain parenchyma. A patient's overall clinical status and the information needed to make treatment decisions are the primary considerations in initial imaging modality selection. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging is the preferred imaging modality. Morphologic MR imaging is limited to delineating anatomic deraignment of tissues. Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion and diffusion-weighted physiology-based MR imaging sequences have been developed that complement morphologic MR imaging by providing additional diagnostic information.
Physical/Social Attraction

Perceptions of physical and social attractiveness are developed based on verbal and nonverbal messages. A person who is highly physically desirable is described as having a high level of physical attractiveness whereas someone with whom a communicator desires a relationship with is described as having a high level of social attractiveness. Reliable predictors of attractiveness include facial symmetry, similarity, propinquity, and the perception of mutual attraction. Evolutionary theory proposes that men and women desire different attributes in mates, resulting in differential mate values that can influence communication. Importantly, assessments of attractiveness are rapidly formed during initial interactions (e.g., thin-slicing) and communicators’ pupils dilate when facing someone they find attractive. Given the rapidly evolving nature of technology, future research should examine its role in forming perceptions of attractiveness. Keywords: attractiveness; homophily; matching hypothesis; speed dating; uncertainty
Vesicle Size Distribution as a Novel Nuclear Forensics Tool.

The first nuclear bomb detonation on Earth involved a plutonium implosion-type device exploded at the Trinity test site (33°40′38.28″N, 106°28′31.44″W), White Sands Proving Grounds, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Melting and subsequent quenching of the local arkosic sand produced glassy material, designated “Trinitite”. In cross section, Trinitite comprises a thin (1–2 mm), primarily glassy surface above a lower zone (1–2 cm) of mixed melt and mineral fragments from the precursor sand. Multiple hypotheses have been put forward to explain these well-documented but heterogeneous textures. This study reports the first quantitative textural analysis of vesicles in Trinitite to constrain their physical and thermal history. Vesicle morphology and size distributions confirm the upper, glassy surface records a distinct processing history from the lower region, that is useful in determining the original sample surface orientation. Specifically, the glassy layer has lower vesicle density, with larger sizes and more rounded population in cross-section. This vertical stratigraphy is attributed to a two-stage evolution of Trinitite glass from quench cooling of the upper layer followed by prolonged heating of the subsurface. Defining the physical regime of post-melting processes constrains the potential for surface mixing and vesicle formation in a post-detonation environment.
Effect of self-monitoring clusters on weight and hemoglobin A1c

We investigated whether participants with higher adherence to smartphone or paper-based self-monitoring of diet, physical activity, blood glucose, and body weight have a beneficial impact on their body weight and hemoglobin A1c measures over a 3-month period. Data were combined from two intervention studies that recruited overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes. Three clusters of adherence to self-monitoring were identified. Participants in a cluster with high adherence to self-monitoring of diet and moderate adherence to glucose self-monitoring were found to have the biggest reductions in weight and hemoglobin A1c, as compared to clusters with either high or low adherence to self-monitoring of all four factors.
O-GlcNAc is required for the survival of primed pluripotent stem cells and their reversion to the naïve state

"Naive" mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from pre-implantation embryos and possess pluripotency, the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the body. "Primed" mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are also pluripotent but are derived from post-implantation embryos. ESC-derived EpiSCs (ESD-EpiSCs) are "primed" pluripotent stem cells and can revert to naive reverted ESCs (rESCs). O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a posttranslational modification in the cytoplasm and nucleus. O-GlcNAc is transferred to serine and threonine residues of proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt) and removed from them by O-GlcNAcase (Oga). In naive ESCs, O-GlcNAc contributes to maintain the undifferentiated state. In the transition from naive state to primed state, Ogt maintains cell survival, whereas Oga has no function. However, the function of O-GlcNAc in primed ESD-EpiSCs and during the reversion from the primed state to naive rESCs remains unclear. Here, we show that Ogt is required for the survival of primed ESD-EpiSCs. The expression of cytosolic Oga was significantly increased during induction from naive ESCs to primed ESD-EpiSCs. Furthermore, both Ogt and Oga were required for the reversion from primed ESD-EpiSCs to naive rESCs. These findings indicate that O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in the survival of primed ESD-EpiSCs and in their reversion to naive rESCs.
A generalized computationally efficient inverse characterization approach combining direct inversion solution initialization with gradient-based optimization

A computationally efficient gradient-based optimization approach for inverse material characterization from incomplete system response measurements that can utilize a generally applicable parameterization (e.g., finite element-type parameterization) is presented and evaluated. The key to this inverse characterization algorithm is the use of a direct inversion strategy with Gappy proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) response field estimation to initialize the inverse solution estimate prior to gradient-based optimization. Gappy POD is used to estimate the complete (i.e., all components over the entire spatial domain) system response field from incomplete (e.g., partial spatial distribution) measurements obtained from some type of system testing along with some amount of a priori information regarding the potential distribution of the unknown material property. The estimated complete system response is used within a physics-based direct inversion procedure with a finite element-type parameterization to estimate the spatial distribution of the desired unknown material property with minimal computational expense. Then, this estimated spatial distribution of the unknown material property is used to initialize a gradient-based optimization approach, which uses the adjoint method for computationally efficient gradient calculations, to produce the final estimate of the material property distribution. The three-step [(1) Gappy POD, (2) direct inversion, and (3) gradient-based optimization] inverse characterization approach is evaluated through simulated test problems based on the characterization of elastic modulus distributions with localized variations (e.g., inclusions) within simple structures. Overall, this inverse characterization approach is shown to efficiently and consistently provide accurate inverse characterization estimates for material property distributions from incomplete response field measurements. Moreover, the solution procedure is shown to be capable of extrapolating significantly beyond the initial assumptions regarding the potential nature of the unknown material property distribution.
Western Dietary Pattern Increases, and Prudent Dietary Pattern Decreases, Risk of Incident Diverticulitis in a Prospective Cohort Study

Background & Aims Dietary fiber is implicated as a risk factor for diverticulitis. Analyses of dietary patterns may provide information on risk beyond those of individual foods or nutrients. We examined whether major dietary patterns are associated with risk of incident diverticulitis. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of 46,295 men who were free of diverticulitis and known diverticulosis in 1986 (baseline) using data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Each study participant completed a detailed medical and dietary questionnaire at baseline. We sent supplemental questionnaires to men reporting incident diverticulitis on biennial follow-up questionnaires. We assessed diet every 4 years using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Western (high in red meat, refined grains, and high-fat dairy) and prudent (high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Follow-up time accrued from the date of return of the baseline questionnaire in 1986 until a diagnosis of diverticulitis, diverticulosis or diverticular bleeding; death; or December 31, 2012. The primary end point was incident diverticulitis. Results During 894,468 person years of follow-up, we identified 1063 incident cases of diverticulitis. After adjustment for other risk factors, men in the highest quintile of Western dietary pattern score had a multivariate hazard ratio of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.20−1.99) for diverticulitis compared to men in the lowest quintile. High vs low prudent scores were associated with decreased risk of diverticulitis (multivariate hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60−0.91). The association between dietary patterns and diverticulitis was predominantly attributable to intake of fiber and red meat. Conclusions In a prospective cohort study of 46,295 men, a Western dietary pattern was associated with increased risk of diverticulitis, and a prudent pattern was associated with decreased risk. These data can guide dietary interventions for the prevention of diverticulitis.