cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Air Flowing Across Grooved Channels: Joint Effects of Channel Height and Groove Depth

A numerical study was conducted to investigate convective heat transfer and laminar fluid flow in the developing region of two-dimensional parallel-plate channels with arrays of transverse hemicircular grooves cut into the plates. Air with uniform velocity and temperature enters the channel whose plates are at a uniform temperature. The finite-volume method is used to perform the computational analysis accounting for the traditional second-order-accurate QUICK and SIMPLE schemes. Steady-state results are presented for parallel-plate channels, with and without hemicircular grooves for comparison purposes. The study revolves around four controlling parameters: (1) the height of the channel, (2) the relative groove depth, (3) the number of grooves, and (4) the Reynolds number. A prototypical 120-cm-long channel contains two series of 3, 6, and 12 transverse grooves with four relative groove depths AID of 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, and 0.5. Three ratios of channel height to groove print diameter HID of 0.5, 1, and 2 are employed. Computations are performed for Reynolds numbers based on the hydraulic diameter ranging from 1000 to 2500. It is found that the grooves enhance local heat transfer relative to a flat passage at locations near their downstream edge. The maximum heat transfer enhancement occurs at an optimal depth of the grooves. For purposes of engineering design, generalized correlation equations for the Nusselt number in terms of the pertinent Re, AID, and the number of grooves N were constructed using nonlinear regression theory.
The Pursuit of Fallacy in Density Functional Theory: The Quest for Exchange and Correlation, the Rigorous Treatment of Exchange in the Kohn-Sham Formalism and the Continuing Search for Correlation

As pointed out in the paper preceding this one, in the case of functionals whose independent variable must obey conditions of integral normalization, conventional functional differentiation, defined in terms of an arbitrary test function, is generally inapplicable and functional derivatives with respect to the density must be evaluated through the alternative and widely used limiting procedure based on the Dirac delta function. This leads to the determination of the rate of change of the dependent variable with respect to its independent variable at each isolated pair, , that may not be part of a functional (a set of ordered pairs). This extends the concept of functional derivative to expectation values of operators with respect to wave functions leading to a density even if the wave functions (and expectation values) do not form functionals. This new formulation of functional differentiation forms the basis for the study of the mathematical integrity of a number of concepts in density functional theory (DFT) such as the existence of a universal functional of the density, of orbital-free density functional theory, the derivative discontinuity of the exchange and correlation functional and the extension of DFT to open systems characterized by densities with fractional normalization. It is shown that no universal functional exists but, rather, a universal process based only on the density and independent of the possible existence of a potential, leads to unique functionals of the density determined through the minimization procedure of the constrained search. The mathematical integrity of two methodologies proposed for the treatment of the Coulomb interaction, the self-interaction free method and the optimized effective potential method is examined and the methodologies are compared in terms of numerical calculations. As emerges from this analysis, the optimized effective potential method is found to be numerically approximate but formally invalid, contrary to the rigorously exact results of the self-interaction-free method.
A local interactive lattice model with supersymmetry

Abstract A local euclidean lattice version of the two dimensional Wess-Zumino model is shown to be supersymmetric in the quantum continuum limit to all orders in perturbation theory. Ward identifies resulting from a lattice generalization of the continuum supersymmtry are used as a guide in the derivation.
Revising the Narrative of Failure: Reconsidering State Failure in Nuruddin Farah’s Knots

This article connects recent research on failed states with Nuruddin Farah’s novel Knots to argue that literature can model alternative forms of state organization as well as point to the limitations of the conceptual term “failed state.” Farah’s novel not only draws attention to the problematically gendered nature of failed state theories, but also mobilizes storytelling as a medium to present imaginative alternatives to the traditional nation-state model that the UN has tried to instate in Somalia. Both the recovery of Cambara’s family home and the play performed within its walls are made possible by the Women’s Network for Peace, a grassroots collective of women whose members are based primarily in Mogadiscio but extend transnationally as well. I offer a reading of Knots that not only concurs with critiques of “failed state” as a concept, but also suggests the Women’s Network as an alternative model for governance in the absence of centralized government. Knots begins to revise the narrative of failure in Somalia by portraying a metric of “success” within Somalia, a country much-maligned as a failure, that prevailing considerations of state failure dismiss.
Muon sticking fractions for S states of the td micro muon including the effects of nuclear interactions.

Nonadiabatic wave functions obtained including the effect of strong nuclear interaction by means of the R-matrix theory were used to compute the initial sticking fractions for the S states of td\ensuremath{\mu}. The standard sticking formula was suitably generalized to allow the application of the wave functions defined only outside the nuclear surfaces. The initial sticking fractions are found to be 0.917\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for the ground state and 0.915\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for the first excited state, and are about 3% larger than the values obtained neglecting the effects of nuclear forces. Our results agree with the most recent experimental data. This agreement indicates that the number of fusions per muon achieved in current experiments is close to the theoretical limit.
TNF-alpha blockade by a dimeric TNF type I receptor molecule selectively inhibits adaptive immune responses.

AbstractTumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a mediator of severe inflammatory processes, including rheumatoid arthritis. Suppression of TNF with a soluble type I or type II receptor molecule (TNF-RI or TNF-RII) has the potential to decrease cytokine levels and modulate inflammatory diseases in humans. However, it has recently been reported that treatment of mice with a TNF-RI: Fc immunoadhesin protein augmented Gram positive infections and subsequent mortality. To determine if TNF-α blockade with soluble TNF-α receptors might alter immune system function, assays were assessed in rodents treated with a dimeric form of the p55 TNF-RI, Tumor Necrosis Factor-binding protein (TNFbp). Administration of TNFbp resulted in suppression of primary and secondary IgG antibody responses and cell-mediated immune function. No treatment-related differences were detected in immune-enhancing assays or non-specific immune function parameters. Bacterial host resistance assays with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus ...
Variations in the manganese concentrations in soybean trifoliolates

Abstract Soybeans were grown in a Savannah sandy loam in the greenhouse to the prebloom stage. The effects of various soil treatments on foliar Mn concentrations were observed through time. There was a linear relationship between applied Mn and foliar Mn. The concentration of Mn in the older trifoliolates was higher than in younger ones. The mobility of Mn varied depending on the level of foliar Mn, Manganese is immobile at low concentrations of foliar Mn but at high levels of foliar Mn some may be translocated out of the leaf. Flooding the soil was quickly reflected in high foliar Mn of the newly developing leaves but not in the older ones. Newly developing leaves accumulated normal concentrations of foliar Mn after drying of the soil but older leaves, those developed during flooding retained the high foliar concentrations they had accumulated when the soil was anaerobic. Thus, the uppermost mature trifaliolate is the part of the plant which should be sampled for chemical analysis if the current status o...
Stereospecific synthesis of a novel bicyclic β-lactam

Abstract Reductive ozonization in methanol to suitably protected 1,2-glycals of readily available D-sugars led to 4-formates of lower sugars in the aldehyde form. An aza-Wittig type reaction with 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) azide converted these aldehydes to Schiff bases with multiple chiral centers. Stereospecific cis β-lactam formation was observed on reacting these Schiff bases with benzyloxyacetyl chloride and triethylamine. Mild acid hydrolysis of the formate group in the C-4 side chain led to (1R,2S,3R,7R,8S)-1,2,8-tribenzyloxy-3-benzyloxymethyl-4-oxanonam, a bicyclic β-lactam containing a hexahydro-3-oxazepine ring. The structure and absolute configuration of this β-lactam was determined by X-ray crystallography.
New research techniques for the life sciences

A data collection and analysis system, using a high-speed, general-purpose digital computer, has been developed at the California Institute of Technology and applied to the study of visual processes of pattern recognition in living nervous systems. The experimental technique employsa rapid, flexible method of neural network modeling that permits an analysis of network functional behavior and a comparison with experimental data. Some details are given of research on neural activity in the visual system of the insect order Diptera.
European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III: support for and questions about a truly emerging therapy.

Marc Fisher MD Kennedy Lees MD Section Editors: The results of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III (ECASS III) provide an important advance for the field of acute stroke therapy. The study was well-designed and conducted. The trial provides unequivocal and straightforward evidence that treatment with intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) initiated 3 to 4.5 hours after the onset of ischemic stroke improves 90-day outcome and that the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage is modest and acceptable relative to the derived benefit. ECASS III represents the most important advance in the acute stroke therapy arena since the publication of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke tPA trial in 1995 that confirmed the benefits of IV in the <3-hour time window.1 The results of ECASS III will likely lead to swift regulatory approval of an extension of the IV tPA treatment window to 4.5 hours and a substantial increase in the number of patients with acute stroke treated up to this time point from stroke onset. The critiques by Ingall and Davis/Donnan …
Intermittent Cocaine Use Associated With Recurrent Dissection of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta

Acute aortic dissection has been reported with the use of cocaine. We report a case of intermittent cocaine use spanning nearly 5 years and leading to recurrent dissection and extension of the false lumen. The patient repeatedly declined surgical correction. Management involved aggressive pharmacologic blood pressure control, close monitoring, and encouragement to enter drug rehabilitation.
Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of Nd3+ and Pr3+ 2D polymers with tetrafluoro-p-phthalate

Two lanthanide tetrafluoro-p-phthalate (L2−) complexes, Ln(L)1.5·DMF·H2O (Ln = Pr3+ (1), Nd3+ (2)), were synthesized using pyridine as a base. The compounds were found to be isostructural, and the structure of 1 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (monoclinic, space group C2, a = 22.194(2) A, b = 11.4347(12) A, c = 11.7160(12) A, β = 94.703(2)°, V = 2963.3(5) A3, Z = 4). The crystal structure of 1 consists of dinuclear Pr3+ units, which are connected by tetrafluoro-p-phthalate, forming separate 2D polymeric layers. The Ln3+ ions in the dinuclear Ln2 units are linked by two μ-O atoms and by two bridging O-C-O groups. The structure is porous with DMF and water molecules located between layers. Non-coordinated DMF molecules occupy about 27% of the unit cell volume. A systematic analysis of reported structures of Ln(III) polymers with p-phthalate and its derivatives shows that the ca. known 60 structures can be divided into six possible structural types depending on the presence of certain structural motifs. The magnetic properties of compounds 1 and 2 were studied. The dependence of χMT on T (where χM is magnetic susceptibility per dinuclear lanthanide unit) for 1 and 2 was simulated using two different models, based on: (i) the Hamiltonian Ĥ = ΔĴz2+ μBgJHĴ, which utilises an axial splitting parameter Δ and temperature-independent paramagnetism (tip) and (ii) crystal field splitting. It was found that both models gave satisfactory fits, indicating that the Ln–Ln exchange interactions are small and the symmetry of the coordination environment is the main factor influencing the magnetic properties of these compounds.
Trellis: turning designs into programs

When designing an object-oriented program, there are several goals to achieve:The program should accurately model the real-world objects to be represented. This leads to a program that is easier to understand and therefore simpler to maintain.Code that implements the model accurately must also be robust. Inconsistent models should be detected at design time, not diagnosed as a run-time error at a customer's installation.The programming environment must allow for convenient exploration of the application; it should foster a reuse of existing types of objects, thus reducing the scale of the design. It should also facilitate changes to the program as the application design is updated.The Trellis programming system is an integrated language and environment that provides many of the mechanisms needed to design and implement object-oriented programs. The remainder of this sidebar discusses how Trellis helps attain the goals outlined above.
Survival of patients with esophageal atresia: influence of birth weight, cardiac anomaly, and late respiratory complications.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of various prognostic factors on the outcome of esophageal atresia patients. Methods: The authors reviewed 240 charts of patients admitted with esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) in a single institution. A logistic regression model was used with survival as the dependent variable and era of repair, birth weight, and cardiac anomaly as independent variables. Results: Era was statistically significant ( P = .011); 87% (117 of 134) of patients survived in the era from 1980 through 1997 compared with 78% (83 of 106) from 1960 through 1979. Cardiac anomaly (CHD) was a significant risk factor ( P = .001); 88% (176 of 199) survived without cardiac anomaly, whereas only 59% (24 of 41) survived with cardiac disease. Eighty-four percent (185 of 219) of infants with a birth weight (BW) of more than 1,500 g survived, compared with 71% (15 of 21) of infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. This was not statistically significant ( P = .59). Early hospital deaths were primarily cardiac and chromosomal (61%). Late deaths were primarily respiratory (59%; two-tailed Fisher's Exact test, P = .004). Conclusions: (1) Survival of patients with esophageal atresia has significantly improved in the recent years. (2) Low birth weight (
Utilizing Course Evaluation Data to Improve Student Learning and Success in Developmental Math Courses.

The thoughtful utilization of student course evaluation data has been documented in the literature as a way to significantly improve student learning outcomes and the overall quality of instruction. However, at many community colleges, course evaluations continue to be used only for summative purposes or as a generic measure of instructor performance. Using developmental math courses as an example, in this article we explain how the effective use of course evaluation data can be utilized to improve pedagogy and, in turn, student success. Our recommendations are aimed at helping community colleges increase students’ academic engagement and the number of students who earn a credential.
Eccentric Dipole in a Spherical Medium: Generalized Expression for Surface Potentials

A new formulation is presented for surface potentials produced on a homogeneous spherical volume conductor by an eccentric current dipole contained therein. The formulation is free of interminancies for all relevant dipole locations and leads directly to the solution of surface potentials due to an eccentric quadripole.
Requirements Driven Design of an Imaging Spectrometer System for Characterization of the Coastal Environment

Curtiss 0. Davisa and Kendall Carder"aNava Research Laboratory, Code 7212, Washington, D.C. 20375Science Department, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701ABSTRACTA wide variety of applications of imaging spectrometry have been demonstrated using data fromaircraft systems. Based on this experience we have developed requirements for a satellite imagingspectrometer system to best characterize the littoral environment, for scientific and environmentalstudies and to meet Naval needs. This paper describes the process for determining those requirementsand the resulting Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology (HRST) program. The HRST spacecrafthas a Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer (COIS) with adequate spectral and spatial resolution andhigh signal to noise to provide long term monitoring and real-time characterization of the coastalenvironment. It includes on-board processing for rapid data analysis and data compression, a largevolume recorder, and high speed downlink to handle the required large volumes of data. This is a jointprogram with an industrial partner, and their commercial remote sensing requirements are included inthe system design.
New Research Paradigms in Instructional Technology: An Inquiry.

In this paper, we review the current state of research paradigms in the field of instructional technology from the perspective of research standards and paradigms recommended by Leslie J. Briggs in the early 1980s. Our analysis of articles published in Educational Technology Research and Development from 1992 to 1996 revealed that relatively few research paradigms were used and that studies did not, for the most part, adhere to Briggs's (1984) Culture Four standards. Perhaps the most startling result was that more than half the articles published were not empirical studies at all. We discuss some reasons for these findings and suggest that instructional technology (IT) researchers make a renewed commitment to Briggs's standards. IT researchers can again advance knowledge in the field in significant ways by collaborating with partners in the field and focusing on questions related to instructional design processes, questions that require the use of more developmental research methods.
Tourist preferences influence of unconscious needs

Abstract This study examines the relationships among tourists’ unconscious needs for achievement, affiliation and power and their preferences for adventure, cultural, and eco-related tourism. Study data were collected from students at the University of Utah via an online questionnaire. The unconscious needs were scored from their stories created based on thematic apperception test pictures. The tourist preferences were measured through six packages. The relationships among the needs and preferences were examined through canonical variate analysis. Two significant relationships were detected: one between the need for achievement and the preference for adventure tourism; and the other between the need for affiliation and the preference for cultural tourism.
Soy flour and fecal thyroxine loss in rats.

Rats fed soy flour and control diets were injected intravenously with tracer amounts of I131-labelled thyroxine. Counts of radioactivity in collections of feces and in blood samples over a 90-hour period, and final whole carcass counts, confirmed the previous report of increased fecal excretion of thyroxine in soyafed animals. In investigating the mechanism of this effect rats fed on control and soy flour diets were subjected to biliary drainage over 12 hours through a polythene tube inserted into the common bile duct following intravenous injection of labelled thyroxine. The proportions of the injected radioactivity excreted in the bile, and present terminally in the gut, were measured. Samples of bile and butanol extracts of feces were chromatographed and the nature of the radioactive compounds determined. No differences were found between control and experimental groups in any of these parameters. It was concluded that the excess thyroxine in the feces of soya-fed rats was not due to increased biliary ...
Raman Scattering From Semiconductor Thin Films

The use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize thin silicon films formed by laser recrystallization using different capping layers, thin silicon films formed by plasma deposition, and thin films of tungsten silicide formed by rapid thermal annealing is reported.
291 THE USE OF THE DYNAMIC IMPACT APPROACH AND DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION–MASS SPECTROSCOPY TO ANALYZE ADIPOGENESIS IN PORCINE ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS

The measurement of end products of metabolism in combination with the dynamic measurement of the transcriptome can be a valuable approach to study complex processes, such as adipogenesis. For this purpose, we have combined the analysis of metabolic pathways using transcriptomics data with in situ lipid imaging obtained by desorption electrospray ionization–mass spectroscopy (DESI-MS). The transcriptome data was obtained from a previous experiment where adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) from 3 individual pigs were induced to differentiate into adipocytes for 21 days. The metabolic pathway analysis of transcriptomics data was performed using the dynamic impact approach (DIA) to determine the directional impact of pathways and gene categories. For the DESI-MS, porcine ASC were induced towards adipogenic differentiation (Monaco et al. 2009 Open Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. J. 2, 20–33) for 2 weeks in 24-well plates over round coverslips. Direct lipid profile of fatty acids and phospholipids in 3 different locations in undifferentiated and differentiated ASC was performed. Relative values of ion counts in each location were used for statistical analysis by means of a two-tailed t-test with unequal variance and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The DIA uncovered amino acid and lipid metabolism as being the most affected pathways during adipogenesis. Among lipid-related pathways, the DIA indicated a strong induction during differentiation of unsaturation of fatty acids (FA) and metabolism of lipids, particularly triacylglycerol formation (TAG). The metabolism of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine was strongly induced among amino acid-related metabolism. Among the lipid molecules identified in the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range of 250–1000 by the DESI-MS, >200 had significantly (FDR 10-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, due to adipogenic differentiation. High-resolution experiments are being performed in order to annotate more, if not all, lipid species identified in the samples by DESI-MS. The DIA indicated greater unsaturation of FA during adipogenesis, confirmed by DESI-MS, which corresponds to the characteristic increase in lipid fractions with intermediate molecular mass. This can be considered a signature of adipogenesis in porcine ASC and essential for TAG formation. The DESI-MS appears to be a valuable tool for rapid lipid profile of cells and with the potential to be used to identify cell differentiation.
Differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum in monolayer cultures and its modification by ionic conditions.

Abstract We have compared the pattern of enzyme expression in cyclic AMP-induced monolayer cultures of Dictyostelium discoideum with that found during normal development. We find that both the temporal and quantitative pattern of enzyme expression are initially similar in the two situations, although the developmental sequence is more protracted and terminal cell differentiation is delayed in the monolayer situation. We describe differentiation conditions that permit the expression of only one terminal phenotype, which may be useful for further biochemical studies. Enzyme accumulation patterns under these conditions indicate that UDP gal transferase is not required for stalk cell differentiation (i.e., it is a prespore enzyme). We have shown that, when cell monolayers are incubated with CAMP, the presence of a weak acid at low extracellular pH favors stalk-cell differentiation, while a weak base at high extracellular pH favors spore differentiation. Finally, we show that variations in the monovalent cation content of the buffer, or the addition of an ion transport inhibitor (scillaren), or an ionophore (valinomycin) all affect the ratio of stalk cells to spores. Taken together, these results suggest that intracellular H+ and or other cations may play an important role in regulating differentiation of specific cell types in D. discoideum.
Comparison of Mail and Telephone-Mail Contingent Valuation Surveys

Abstract A traditional mail and combined mail booklet with telephone interview mode are compared with respect to overall survey and individual item response rates, sample demographics, recreation participation behavior and willingness to pay (WTP) for improvement of wildlife and fisheries resources in California. WTP for five wildlife programs was measured with dichotomous choice CVM questions. The two survey modes yield statistically significant differences in overall survey response rate and response rate on dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions. Three of the five logit equations and mean willingness to pay amounts are statistically different, with the mail sample having nearly double the willingness to pay of the phone sample. Correcting for demographic, attitudinal and recreation activity participation differences between the samples results in only a slight narrowing of the mail and telephone estimates of willingness to pay.
Lowering the Criterion for Impaired Fasting Glucose Is in Order

Editor’s comment: Because of the controversial nature of the new lowered criterion for IFG, I offered the Chairman of the Expert Committee an opportunity to respond to my commentary on the subject. I would only point out that Dr. Genuth’s reference 8 shows an association between glycemia and cardiovascular disease (as have many other reports), but to date, five prospective studies, analyzed either singly or as a metanalysis, have been unable to demonstrate a beneficial effect of lowering glycemia on cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Modification of chilling susceptibility in seedlings of cucumber and zucchini squash by the bioregulator paclobutrazol (PP333)

Abstract Application of paclobutrazol at 1, 5 or 10 mg 1−1 by soil drench inhibited growth and increased chlorophyll content of leaf discs of cucumber and zucchini squash. The treatments also significantly postponed symptoms of chilling injury of seedlings at 5°C. The degree of protection from injury sustained at low temperature increased with increasing duration of the paclobutrazol treatment. Cucumber seedlings were more sensitive to chilling injury and were more responsive to the paclobutrazol treatment than seedlings of zucchini squash.
Mass spectrometry data for tris(dimethyldithiocarbamato)chromium(III) and -indium(III), Cr(dmtc)3 and In(dmtc)3

Abstract Mass spectrometry data were collected and compared for the interesting tris-dithiocarbamato chelates named in the above title, with the Cr III complex containing the potential π-acceptor t 2g 3 subshell and the In III complex with its complete shell t 2g 6 e g 4 . One part of the comparison shows that the parent ion CrL 3 + appears in large abundance, but that InL 3 + is virtually absent. However, the chelate-deficient species ML 2 + and ML + were observed for both Cr and In. A brief comparison was also made with similar data for Cr (acac) 3 of previous work.
Effect of nitrogen sources on xylitol production from D-xylose by Candida Sp. L-102

The production of extracellular xylitol from D-xylose by an efficient xylitol-producing yeast, Candida sp. L-102, was studied in shake flask cultures with different nitrogen sources in the basic salt medium. Maximum xylitol production was obtained with urea as the nitrogen source. A final concentration of 100 g/L of xylitol from 114 g/L D-xylose was obtained from the yeast with an indicated yield of 87.7% (based on D-xylose consumed). The average specific xylitol production rate of 0.46 g/g.h was achieved within 65 hours of incubation using 0.3% urea.
Sintering of powdered ice

Abstract In the past, sintering of ice spheres was studied by observing the rate of growth of a neck between two spheres of ice under the microscope. Kingery (1) concluded from his results that this growth is caused by surface diffusion, whereas Hobbs and Mason (2) deduced that it is due to a condensation-evaporation process. Kuroiwa (3) maintained that surface and volume diffusion are involved. This paper brings an investigation of the rate of decrease in surface area of powder consisting of ice spheres with radii of about 0.5 μ. This rate was studied as a function of temperature and the surface areas were measured by the BET method. The conclusion is reached here that the decrease in surface area is due to plastic flow caused by stresses due to interfacial tension forces. The process is compatible with the assumption of an amorphous transition layer on ice (4).
Accelerated phase contrast imaging using compressed sensing with complex difference sparsity

Methods Figure 1 shows the proposed CS reconstruction with CD sparsity for phase contrast MR. The objective function J = ‖FΩmi-yi‖2+l‖Ψmi‖1‖+lCD‖m1-m2‖1, where mi=1,2 are the two bipolar encoding acquisitions and |m1-m2| is the corresponding CD image, is used in the reconstruction. The reconstruction performs iteratively between two bipolar images. Every iteration, the recon of m1 makes the intermediate image of m1 and pass it to the recon of m2, which uses it for calculating CD image and makes the intermediate image of m2 and pass it back to the recon of m1. To evaluate the proposed method, phase contrast images were acquired using an axial slice of ascending aorta at the level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. A retrospectively ECG-gated flowencoded 2D PC MRI pulse sequence was used with typical parameters of: FOV= 320×320 mm, resolution = 2.5ms x 2.5 ms, slice thickness = 6mm, TR/TE=15/ 6.5ms, flip angle= 30°, temporal resolution = 30ms, VENC = 300 cm/s. The under-sampling was performed retrospectively from a fully sampled data using a Gaussian random under-sampling for rates of 3 and 5. In an IRB approved study, 14 healthy adult subjects (5 males, 17-70 years) were recruited. Reconstructed images were compared with fully-sampled acquisition and CS without CD sparsity (i.e. lCD= 0).
Neuroendocrine Circuits Governing Energy Balance and Stress Regulation: Functional Overlap and Therapeutic Implications

Significant comorbidities between obesity-related metabolic disease and stress-related psychological disorders suggest important functional interactions between energy balance and brain stress integration. Largely overlapping neural circuits control these systems, and this anatomical arrangement optimizes opportunities for mutual influence. Here we first review the current literature identifying effects of metabolic neuroendocrine signals on stress regulation, and vice versa. Next, the contributions of reward-driven food intake to these metabolic and stress interactions are discussed. Lastly, we consider the interrelationships between metabolism, stress, and reward in light of their important implications in the development of therapies for metabolism- or stress-related disease.
14. Role of tumor microenvironment in cryosurgery: Opportunities for new approaches to multi-modality cancer treatment

Tumor tissue that is damaged by thermal therapy may release a unique set of factors in an attempt to attract cells to repair and regrow the tumor, many times via an angiogenic/vasculogenic activation which also leads to changes in perfusion and oxygenation. The mechanisms and factors that are involved with this reaction suggest that blood supply and oxygenation is changed in tumor that remains viable after ablation and concomitant application of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may therefore improve tumor control. We have found that cryo- and thermal ablation affect the already extremely complex pathophysiology of solid tumor progression in similar ways. Cryoablation induces cellular membrane damage and cytotoxicity by the formation of intracellular ice crystals, solution effects, microvascular thrombosis and apoptosis. High temperature thermal ablation techniques can induce complete coagulative necrosis by subjecting the target tissue (tumor and margins) to enough heat to meet or exceed a threshold thermal dose. We have studied mouse and rat tumor models using various thermal ablation methods at an average peak temperature of 80–90 °C or −140 °C to ablate a portion of the tumor (50% or more) allowing us to study the remaining viable tumor tissue. Interestingly, freezing induces a transient nadir in tissue pH, which we have found can sensitize surviving cells to subsequent freeze cycles, or even be used to sensitize cells to hyperthermic temperatures. One approach that has been taken in our preclinical studies is to use an initial freezing cycle to cause thrombosis that will impair the ability of the vasculature to dissipate heat from the tissue during heat stress resulting in more uniform thermal dose patterns upon a subsequent application of high temperature therapy. The tumor oxygenation in viable tissue after thermal or cryoablation was found to increase compared to untreated tumor tissue. In control 4T1 tumors where 27% of the tumor was found to be severely hypoxic on average, only 5% remained hypoxic in thermally ablated tumors. In FSaII fibrosarcoma tumors, the pO 2 increased substantially from 6 to 72 h after a cryoablation procedure. In our recent studies, increased tumor regression was observed in animals receiving combined thermal ablation and single dose 20 Gy irradiation in the MATBIII rat tumor model, suggesting that cryoablation combined with radiotherapy may have similar effects. Ultimately, the use of cryosurgical procedures in combination with single or several high dose, conformal radiotherapy treatments is expected to open up new multi-modality approaches to tumor control. Possible effects of cryosurgical procedures on imaging aspects and radiosensitivity for rational multimodality therapy will be discussed.
"I would not consider myself a homophobe": Learning and teaching about sexual orientation in a principal preparation program

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the written reflections of aspiring principals in two principal-preparation courses where social justice is at the core of the content and which address sexual orientation as part of the responsibility of a social justice leader. Data Collection: Two instructors in a leadership-preparation program incorporated reflection assignments into their respective social-justice-related courses. One course was offered at the beginning of the program; the other offered at the end. Aspiring principals from two different cohorts of students participated in the study. The students’ reflections were coded to identify themes and patterns that were found in their reflections and to see if any of their reflections changed over time. Findings: The authors found that students had varied experiences with people who identified as LGBTQ. Second, we found that discussion of sexual orientation was complicated by students’ Christian beliefs. Third, we found that there was some change in the way in
Health Service Appointment Keeping A Behavioral View and Critical Review

Appointment keeping was described as a chain of behavior which results in a health service client attending an appointment. The environmental cues and consequences, both aversive and reinforcing, which might impact each behavior in this chain were illustrated and described as either strengthening or weakening appointment keeping. Appointment keeping surveys and experimental research were reviewed in the context of this behavioral profile, as well as methodological soundness. Survey studies broadened our understanding of appointment keeping by pinpointing populations in special need, but few changeable variables (e.g., behavior of health care team or delivery system, physical environment, and so on) were found to be related to appointment keeping. A number of intervention studies showed increased appointment adherence coincidental with the use of reminders and reinforcing consequences. Thus, it was concluded that a behavioral profile could focus investigators' attention on potentially changeable variables ...
Bayesian Transmission Strategy for Framed ALOHA Based RFID Protocols

Transmission control strategies can increase the throughput of the shared wireless channel and thus accelerate the identification of large RFID tag populations. In this paper, we present a Bayesian strategy that minimizes the response time to changes in the number of RFID tags transmitting by updating the tag number estimate after each slot in an ALOHA frame. If the current frame size is no longer considered to be optimal, our control strategy aborts the current frame and triggers the start of a new frame size. The transmission control strategy is evaluated with the help of a scalable RFID simulation engine that implements the ISO 18000-6 C protocol and that supports different pathloss, fading, capture, and tag mobility models. Our evaluation shows that the Bayesian transmission strategy has a higher throughput than other approaches that only update the estimate at the end of the frame. The evaluation also shows that our Bayesian approach outperforms the Q algorithm specified in ISO 18000-6 Part C at the expense of a significant amount of computations.
Debating Empirical Questions on the Internet: Rival Claims About Crowd Sizes of the Glenn Beck/Stewart-Colbert Rallies

Analysts argue that the Internet can democratize the construction of social problems and reduce claimsmakers' dependence on coverage in traditional media. This paper examines Internet claims about the relative sizes of 2010 rallies on the Washington, D.C. National Mall hosted by Glenn Beck and Jon Stewart/Stephen Colbert. Because crowd size is understood to be an index for the popularity of social causes, and because the two rallies were taken to stand for opposing positions in the culture war, numerous advocates offered competing analyses of the crowds' relative sizes. Analysis of these claims suggests that the Internet offers a forum where a host of arguments and evidence can be presented in a short period of time. Yet, although crowd size is an empirical issue, there was little effort to reconcile competing arguments and arrive at general agreement, and, without media coverage, these claims failed to attract much public attention.
Bayesian segmentation via asymptotic partition functions

Asymptotic approximations to the partition function of Gaussian random fields are derived. Textures are characterized via Gaussian random fields induced by stochastic difference equations determined by finitely supported, stationary, linear difference operators, adjusted to be nonstationary at the boundaries. It is shown that as the scale of the underlying shape increases, the log-normalizer converges to the integral of the log-spectrum of the operator inducing the random field. Fitting the covariance of the fields amounts to fitting the parameters of the spectrum of the differential operator-induced random field model. Matrix analysis techniques are proposed for handling textures with variable orientation. Examples of texture parameters estimated from training data via asymptotic maximum-likelihood are shown. Isotropic models involving powers of the Laplacian and directional models involving partial derivative mixtures are explored. Parameters are estimated for mitochondria and actin-myocin complexes in electron micrographs and clutter in forward-looking infrared images. Deformable template models are used to infer the shape of mitochondria in electron micrographs, with the asymptotic approximation allowing easy recomputation of the partition function as inference proceeds.
Kinesthetic-visual matching and the self-concept as explanations of mirror-self-recognition.

Since its inception as a topic of inquiry, mirror-self-recognition has usually been explained by two models : one, initiated by P. Guillaume, proposes that mirror-self-recognition depends upon kinesthetic-visual matching, and the other, initiated by G. G. Gallup, that self-recognition depends upon a self-concept. These two models are examined historically and conceptually. This examination suggests that the kinesthetic-visual matching model is conceptually coherent and makes reasonable and accurate predictions; and that the self-concept model is conceptually incoherent and makes inaccurate predictions from premises which are themselves inaccurate. From a theoretical (and empirical) standpoint, the kinesthetic-visual matching model is the better explanation of self-recognition
A method for testability analysis and BIST insertion at the RTL

The goal of this research is to provide a means for BIST and circular BIST analysis and evaluation at the register transfer level (RTL). RTL circuits consist of interconnections of registers, functional units (ALUs), multiplexers and buses. The analysis is done via two metrics that measure the effectiveness with which an individual register in the circuit generates test patterns, the entropy-based randomness and expected state coverage. The testability metrics are computed by means of a Markov chain model that takes as input the RTL circuit description, and provides analytical values for the probability distribution of the state of each register in the circuit. The Markov model works by partitioning the circuit into small pieces, each containing the information necessary to analyze a single register. It then models each register separately as the register moves from state to state. A wide variety of BIST methodologies, including conventional, MISR-based, and circular BIST, can be modeled with this technique. >
The political discourse on quota immigration in Germany.

Abstract Since the late 1980s many professional politicians and social interest associations/organisations have been arguing for the creation of an immigration law which would allow and organise limited and legal new immigration to Germany on the basis of annual or two‐three year quotas. This political discourse on immigration policy contains proposals which go beyond pure self‐interest and aim to contribute to the stated goals of ‘citizenship in Europe’ and ‘open, transnational citizenship’. This position is so far only held by a minority. More dominant are the proponents of quota immigration policy and of political asylum and civil refugee policies, directly or indirectly exclusionist in relation to ‘old’ and/or ‘new’ immigrants and refugees. This article presents the argument for rethinking and restructuring the notion of quota immigration rather than rejecting it altogether.
Impact of primary formaldehyde on air pollution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a radical source that plays an important role in urban atmospheric chemistry and ozone formation. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is characterized by high anthropogenic emissions of HCHO (primary HCHO), which together with photochemical production of HCHO from hydrocarbon oxidation (secondary HCHO), lead to high ambient HCHO levels. The CAMx chemical transport model was employed to evaluate the impact of primary HCHO on its ambient concentration, on the ROx radical budget, and on ozone (O3) formation in the MCMA. Important radical sources, including HCHO, HONO, and O3-olefin reactions, were constrained by measurements from routine observations of the local ambient air monitoring network and the MCMA-2003 field campaign. Primary HCHO was found not only to contribute significantly to the ambient HCHO concentration, but also to enhance the radical budget and O3 production in the urban atmosphere of the MCMA. Overall in the urban area, total daytime radical production is enhanced by up to 10% and peak O3 concentration by up to 8%; moreover primary HCHO tends to make O3 both production rates and ambient concentration peak half an hour earlier. While primary HCHO contributes predominantly to the ambient HCHO concentration between nighttime and morning rush hours, significant influence on the radical budget and O3 production starts early in the morning, peaks at mid-morning and is sustained until early afternoon.
National Department of Defense Surveillance Data for Antibiotic Resistance and emm Gene Types of Clinical Group A Streptococcal Isolates from Eight Basic Training Military Sites

Antibiotic resistance and emm gene types were examined from 692 Group A streptococci isolates from eight United States military basic training sites between 1998 and 2001. Macrolide resistance was associated with geographic sites and emm type. These data are useful for vaccine development initiatives and antimicrobial treatment considerations.
The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second‐Generation Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans

We investigate the socioeconomic attainments of second-generation Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans. Using 2000 Census data, we focus on education, wages, and managerial/professional employment relative to African Americans and whites. The second-generation Vietnamese stand out as having extraordinarily high average values on these indicators. By contrast, the socioeconomic attainments of second-generation Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians tend to be closer to those of African Americans except among those second-generation Southeast Asians who are clearly part of the earlier (i.e., Wave 1) immigration stream that tended to have somewhat higher socioeconomic origins. The most disadvantaged groups are non-Wave 1 second-generation Laotians and Cambodian women, particularly in terms of the process of educational attainment. The results are interpreted as indicating the importance of class origins and immigrant selectivity.
Maps on Hilbert Spaces

As with all mathematical structures, it is important to know what kinds of functions from one Hilbert space to another preserve the important properties of the structure. Besides mathematical interest, the functions on Hilbert space that we study in this chapter provide a crucial link to the notion of an “observable physical quantity” in the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics.