cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introducing the Associate Editors of the Journal of Infrastructure Systems

The Journal of Infrastructure Systems publishes crossdisciplinary papers in the field of infrastructure systems. The Journal is a forum for contributions that focus on any type of civil infrastructure systems and which address one of the following five domain areas: 1. Deterioration science, 2. Assessment technologies, 3. Renewal engineering, 4. Maintenance and repair decision-making, and 5. Institutional factors.
Reading in the shadows: Extending literacy skills through shadow-puppet theater

Puppetry can support literacy instruction in the content areas and provide opportunities for students to practice literacy skills in meaningful and engaging ways.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN RISK FACTOR PROFILE AND OUTCOMES OF YOUNG ADULTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Results: Of all patients (n=24,202), 19.3% (n=4,663) were young adults. Young women compared to young men had higher rates of DM (29.4% vs 19.3%; p<0.01), hypertension (51.1% vs 46.1%; p=0.01), PVD (7.8% vs 3.1%; p<0.01), COPD (8.9% vs 4.1%; p<0.01), and renal disease (3.4% vs 1.7%; p<0.03) but similar rates of smoking (69.4% vs 67.0%; p=0.21). Young women had a higher rate of MACE than young men [crude Hazard Ratio (HR) (95% CI): 1.17 (1.04, 1.31)], but closely resembled that of older groups (p=0.14) (Figure). Even after adjusting for comorbidities, young women still had poorer outcomes compared to young men [HR: 1.15 (1.03, 1.30)].
Preemptive gastrostomy tube placement after Norwood operation.

Objective Because infants undergoing a Norwood operation have poor interstage weight gain, we hypothesized that preemptive gastrostomy tube (GT) placement would result in earlier discharge, improved growth, and higher survival to stage 2. Study design Records of 74 neonates who underwent a Norwood operation were reviewed until stage 2 palliation. The patients were divided into conventional (n = 43) and preemptive GT groups (n = 31). Data included demographics, cardiac surgery, feeding strategy, length of hospitalization, and mortality. Results Transplant-free survival to stage 2 was significantly higher in the preemptive group, but there were no significant differences in survival to discharge after stage 1, length of hospitalization, and weight-for-age z-score at discharge and at stage 2 palliation. In the conventional group, 27 of 43 underwent GT placement, all via laparotomy, 23 with Nissen fundoplication. In the preemptive group, all underwent GT placement (21 laparoscopic, 10 laparotomy), 7 with Nissen fundoplication. A second gastric intervention was performed in 11 of 21 with laparoscopic GT (7 conversion to gastrojejunostomy tube, 4 Nissen fundoplication). Conclusion Preemptive GT placement is associated with improved survival to stage 2 after a Norwood operation but not with shorter hospitalization or better growth. A thorough gastrointestinal evaluation must be performed before GT placement to avoid additional surgery.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in immunocompromised hosts: a diagnostic challenge.

The number of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States declined by 45% between 1993 and 2006. This decline occurred disproportionately among United States–born persons (66%) compared to foreign-born individuals, among whom the number of cases actually increased by 5%. In solid-organ transplant recipients, the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection worldwide ranges between 0.35% and 15%, depending on the level of endemicity. This rate can be 36to 74-fold greater than that in the general population. The majority of MTB cases after transplantation represent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), although acquisition of primary TB infection posttransplant and transmission of MTB via the transplanted organ are infrequent possibilities. Active TB in the posttransplantation setting can pose a number of challenges: atypical presentation leading to a delay in diagnosis, therapy associated with drug interactions and toxicities, graft rejection, and formidable morbidity and mortality. This is of particular concern in both patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation and liver transplant recipients, given the hepatotoxicity of several anti-TB medications and their associated drug interactions with immunosuppressants. In this issue of Liver Transplantation, Holty et al. present a systematic review and meta-analysis of TB in liver transplant recipients. They included cases of active MTB infection following liver transplantation as well as transplant candidates or recipients who received 6 months of therapy for LTBI prior to transplantation. The prevalence of active TB in liver transplant recipients was 1.3%. Extrapulmonary infection was seen in 67%, multiorgan involvement was seen in 27%, and 31% died. Tuberculin skin test (TST) results were as follows: a) Among 38 cases of posttransplant active TB with known pretransplant TST status, 37% were TST-positive, 53% were negative, and 11% were anergic; among 17 of these patients who had a posttransplant TST, only 35% were positive. b) In 3 studies with 2972 patients who underwent liver transplantation, 31% of the patients had a pretransplant TST, and 13% of these were positive. None of the TST-positive patients who received isoniazid therapy for at least 6 months developed active TB, whereas 7 TST-positive patients developed active disease without such therapy (mean follow-up, 54 months). Short-term mortality in patients with active posttransplant TB was 31%, with 65% of deaths directly attributed to MTB infection. Because reactivation of LTBI represents the majority of posttransplant cases of active TB, it is prudent to screen and identify such patients before transplantation for consideration of appropriate therapy for LTBI. Until recently, TST was the only test available for LTBI diagnosis. As noted previously, TST was notoriously insensitive: 64% of patients with posttransplant active TB were either TST-negative or anergic prior to transplantation, and 65% of patients had a negative posttransplant TST in the setting of active TB. TST has
Place et techniques de la curiethérapie dans le traitement des sarcomes des tissus mous

Resume La place de la curietherapie dans la prise en charge des sarcomes des tissus mous a longtemps ete difficile a definir du fait de la faible diffusion de la technique, et de publications portant sur de petits effectifs et realisees par un nombre restreint d'equipes. Cependant, l'accumulation de l'experience acquise, en particulier avec la curietherapie de bas debit de dose, a permis l'etablissement de recommandations d'ordre technique mais aussi concernant les indications. Si un seul essai randomise a, a l'heure actuelle, valide l'efficacite de la curietherapie exclusive perioperatoire, comparativement a la chirurgie seule, dans le controle local des tumeurs de haut grade de malignite, d'autres publications ont demontre que l'association curietherapie–radiotherapie externe pouvait avoir un effet positif sur le controle local des tumeurs, en particulier de grade eleve, localement evoluees, situees a proximite des axes vasculonerveux ou proches de la racine des membres. Dans ces indications preferentielles, les resultats du traitement associatif sont regulierement superieurs aux deux modalites d'irradiation realisees isolement. L'association chirurgie–curietherapie exclusive quant a elle prend tout son interet dans la prise en charge conservatrice des recidives en territoire prealablement irradie. Les taux de complications restent acceptables au prix d'une technique rigoureuse multidisciplinaire, qui doit beneficier des modalites les plus modernes de traitement. La curietherapie doit donc etre incluse a l'heure actuelle dans la strategie therapeutique integree des sarcomes des parties molles.
Micro‐Blogging for Science and Technology Libraries

When text messaging and blogging meet, sci‐tech libraries win. Micro‐blogs are social networks for broadcasting news that have a very short character limit in the vein of text messaging. Increasing...
Phosphonoformate: a minimal transition state analogue inhibitor of the fosfomycin resistance protein, FosA.

Fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid] is a simple phosphonate found to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Early resistance to the clinical use of the antibiotic was linked to a plasmid-encoded resistance protein, FosA, that catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the oxirane ring, rendering the antibiotic inactive. Subsequent studies led to the discovery of a genomically encoded homologue in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The proteins are Mn(II)-dependent enzymes where the metal is proposed to act as a Lewis acid stabilizing the negative charge that develops on the oxirane oxygen in the transition state. Several simple phosphonates, including the antiviral compound phosphonoformate (Ki = 0.4 ± 0.1 μM, Kd ≈ 0.2 μM), are shown to be inhibitors of FosA. The crystal structure of FosA from P. aeruginosa with phosphonoformate bound in the active site has been determined at 0.95 A resolution and reveals that the inhibitor forms a five-coordin...
The emergence of career services and their important role in working with employers

This chapter reviews how and why career services have changed since the 1970s and indentifies some ways to effectively utilize employers to enhance the student experience and strengthen institutional relationships.
Confirmation of Earth-Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1257 + 12

The discovery of two Earth-mass planets orbiting an old (∼109 years), rapidly spinning neutron star, the 6.2-millisecond radio pulsar PSR B1257+12, was announced in early 1992. It was soon pointed out that the approximately 3:2 ratio of the planets9 orbital periods should lead to accurately predictable and possibly measurable gravitational perturbations of their orbits. The unambiguous detection of this effect, after 3 years of systematic timing observations of PSR B1257+12 with the 305-meter Arecibo radiotelescope, as well as the discovery of another, moon-mass object in orbit around the pulsar, constitutes irrefutable evidence that the first planetary system around a star other than the sun has been identified.
A cross-country tabulation of own-price elasticities of demand

Abstract This paper tabulates Frisch, Slutsky and Cournot own-price elasticities for each of 10 goods at the per capita real-income levels of 30 countries ranging from India to the United States.
Buoyant convection during Czochralski silicon growth with a strong, non-uniform, axisymmetric magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats the buoyant convection during the Czochralski growth of silicon crystals with a steady, strong, non-uniform, axisymmetric magnetic field. We consider a family of magnetic fields which includes a uniform axial magnetic field and a “cusp” field which is produced by identical solenoids placed symmetrically above and below the plane of the crystal-melt interface and free surface. We investigate the evolution of the buoyant convection as the magnetic field is changed continuously from a uniform axial field to a cusp field, with a constant value of the root-mean-squared magnetic flux density in the melt. We also investigate changes as the magnetic flux density is increased. While the cusp field appears very promising, perfect alignment between the local magnetic field vector and the crystal-melt interface or free surface is not possible, so the effects of a slight misalignment are also investigated.
Toxic protein degradation products.

SummaryToxic polypeptides, similar to those obtained by Vaughan(1), have been prepared by treatment of certain proteins with boiling 2% ethanolic sodium hydroxide. These substances are soluble in water and in ethanol, are capable of dialyzing through a cellophane membrane and have been shown to be a mixture of essentially basic polypeptides of similar composition. Their characteristic absorption at 270–280 mμ does not appear to be related to their toxic properties. At an amino acid level the polypeptides differ from their parent proteins in that they contain little or no cystine, serine or threonine. The most toxic preparations, obtained by a salting out procedure, followed by dialysis or by ion exchange chromatography, while nontoxic when given orally were lethal to guinea pigs at a level of 0.5 mg/kg intravenously. Pretreatment of the animals with atropine, epinephrine or Neo-Antergan failed to prevent or modify the effect of a lethal dose of the polypeptide thus excluding liberation of histamine or ace...
Experimental and analytical investigation of dispersed flow heat transfer

Abstract Experiments were carried out to understand and to quantify the enhancement of heat transfer in dispersed flows. Results showed that in the presence of glass particles 30 μm and 100 μm in diameter entrained in air, heat transfer coefficients were significantly increased. Relative enhancement was accentuated when the mass flow rate ratio of solids to air was increased, but it diminished when flow Reynolds number was increased. Also, smaller particles were found to be more effective in augmenting the heat transfer. An enhancement of as much as 170% was observed with 30 μm particles, whereas maximum enhancement with larger particles was 25%. The enhancement in heat transfer with large particles( D p ⪆ 100 μ m ) is attributed to an increase in the turbulent intensity of the flow. A mechanistic model has been developed to describe the transport processes in a turbulent dispersed flow of large particles. Expressions have been derived for eddy diffusivities of momentum and heat. The model predictions compare quite favorably with the bubbly flow data reported in the literature as well as the data obtained in the present study. The results of this work should be useful in many engineering applications such as entrained flow of droplets downstream of a quench front formed during reflooding of an overheated nuclear reactor core.
Reversible logic synthesis of k-input, m-output lookup tables

Improving circuit realization of known quantum algorithms by CAD techniques has benefits for quantum experimentalists. In this paper, we address the problem of synthesizing a given k-input, m-output lookup table (LUT) by a reversible circuit. This problem has interesting applications in the famous Shor's number-factoring algorithm and in quantum walk on sparse graphs. For LUT synthesis, our approach targets the number of control lines in multiple-control Toffoli gates to reduce synthesis cost. To achieve this, we propose a multi-level optimization technique for reversible circuits to benefit from shared cofactors. To reuse output qubits and/or zero-initialized ancillae, we un-compute intermediate cofactors. Our experiments reveal that the proposed LUT synthesis has a significant impact on reducing the size of modular exponentiation circuits for Shor's quantum factoring algorithm, oracle circuits in quantum walk on sparse graphs, and the well-known MCNC benchmarks.
Effect of anti-estrogen on steroid induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats

Abstract Ovariectomized female rats were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) and 48 hr later with progesterone, in order to induce sexual receptivity as measured by the lordosis quotient (LQ) over 30 mounts. The antiestrogen CN-55, 945-27 (CN) markedly reduced the LQ when administered by gavage at the time of EB injection. There was no effect of CN when given at the time of progesterone injection, nor when given 24 hr after EB. These data demonstrate that CN counteracts the behavioral effects of EB, and suggest that exposure of the brain to EB for less than 24 hr is sufficient to trigger processes which culminate in the lordosis response of the female rat to the male.
Identification of Pd3+ ions in zeolite L by temperature programmed reduction and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Pd supported on KL zeolite has been studied by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It has been found that upon calcination in pure oxygen Pd3+ and Pd2+ ions are formed; the Pd3+ ions are identified by their EPR signal. As Pd3+ ions in the cancrinite cages are difficult to reduce, the H2 consumption in conventional TPR is below the stoichiometric amount.
Some models for the prediction of fluid elastic instability

Abstract Single and two-phase cross flow induced fluid-elastic instabilities are addressed. The evolution of models are shown to be the result of changing experimental configurations. One-dimensional control volume models are adequate for a single flexible cylinder in an array of rigid cylinders. A row of flexible cylinders in an array of rigid cylinders requires the basic equations be solved at least in normal mode form. More general flexibility of the cylinders leads to solving the vorticity equation. Two-phase flow is addressed using modern two-fluid model equations. The results are shown to compare well with experimental data in spite of the many assumptions required.
Statistical power analysis for one-way analysis of variance: A computer program

To facilitate the computation of statistical power for analysis of variance, Cohen developed the index of effect sizef, defined as theSD between groups divided by theSD within groups. A microcomputer program for statistical power allows the user to compute the value off in any of several ways: by specifying the mean andSD for every cell in the ANOVA; by specifying the mean value for the two extreme cells and the pattern of dispersion for the remaining cells; by estimating the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that will be explained by group membership; and/or with reference to conventions for small, medium, and large effects. The program will compute power for any single set of parameters; it will also allow the user to generate tables and graphs showing how power will vary as a function of effect size, sample size, andα.
Electrophotographic printer control as embodied in the IBM 3800 printing subsystem models 3 and 8

Control of the IBM 3800 Models 3 and 8 electrophotographic printers is achieved by use of a fundamentally different control system than was used in their predecessors, the Models 1 and 2. As a result, printing of composed pages or electronic overlays can include text of many different font sizes and styles printed in multiple orientations, as well as raster images up to a full page in size. The printers manage stored resources, including fonts, segments of pages, and electronic overlays. Pages are composed inside the printers in a logical sequence, instead of by the more traditional line-by-line sequence. This, as well as the capability to position text and images at any addressable point, enhances usability. A high-speed, table-driven character generator, a new command set, and a microcoded control unit make all of this possible.
Temperature Dependencies of the Henry's Law Constant and the Aqueous Phase Dissociation Constant of Bromine Chloride

Modeling ozone depletion observed in the Arctic troposphere requires mass transport of halogen species between the aqueous and the gas phases, which is proportional to its Henry's Law constant (HX)...
Environmental Chemicals: From the Environment to Food, to Breast Milk, to the Infant

Food is a source of exposure to many environmental chemicals found in human milk and other biological specimens. Ingestion of foods containing high amounts of animal fat is the main route of human exposure to lipophilic chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants, which tend to bioaccumulate in the lipid compartment. Bioaccumulation results in increased exposure of these chemicals for humans, but particularly to breastfeeding infants, who are at the top of the food chain. The extent to which food contributes to a person's overall exposure depends on individual dietary habits and the concentrations of chemical residues in the food. These, in turn, are affected by (1) application methods, (2) properties and amounts of the chemical, and (3) preparation, handling, and the properties of the food. Once the food is ingested by the lactating woman, the chemical's pharmacokinetics and the transport mechanisms producing the movement of solutes across mammary alveolar cells determine the passage of chemicals from the blood to the milk. Thus, several factors affect the presence in human milk of environmental chemicals from dietary sources.
The effect of biquadratic exchange coupling on the magnetization configuration in multilayered films

Abstract The effect of biquadratic exchange coupling ( J 2 ) on the magnetization in multilayered GMR films as a function of field in the easy and hard directions has been investigated. The complexity of the configurations caused by J 2 may explain varieties of hysteresis and GMR curves obtained experimentally. Transverse biased permeability measurements make it possible to estimate both the bilinear ( J 1 ) and biquadratic ( J 2 ) effective fields.
Social Change and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health over the Life Course in China: A Cohort Analysis

This article examines social stratification in individual health trajectories for multiple cohorts in the context of China's dramatically changing macro-social environment. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we find significant socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the mean level of health and that these SES differentials generally diverge over the life course. We also find strong cohort variations in SES disparities in the mean levels of health and health trajectories. The effect of education on health slightly decreases across successive cohorts. By contrast, the income gap in health trajectories diverges for earlier cohorts but converges for most recent cohorts. Both effects are more pronounced in rural areas. Given that these cohort effects are opposite those reported in recent U.S. studies, we discuss China's unique social, economic, and political settings. We highlight the association between SES and health behaviors, China's stage of epidemiologic transition, and the changing power of the state government and its implications for health care.
Radiation inactivation of glutamate dehydrogenase hexamer: lack of energy transfer between subunits

The effects of ionizing radiation on glutamate dehydrogenase and on fluorescein isothiocyanate--tagged glutamate dehydrogenase were analyzed by target theory. Enzymatic activity, fluorescence, and the survival of the 56,000-dalton monomer subunit were determined on frozen samples irradiated at -135 degrees C and on lyophilized samples irradiated at either -135 degrees C or +30 degrees C. The effects of temperature were the same for all three parameters. Enzymatic activity was lost after small doses of high-energy electrons, whereas fluorescence and monomer subunits survived much larger doses of radiation. Target analysis revealed that the functional unit size for enzymatic activity was the hexamer, confirming both the earlier radiation study and conventional biochemical analyses. Target sizes obtained from fluorescence and subunit structure measurements were close to that of the monomer. These results indicate that the primary ionization caused by electron bombardment results in damage to a single polypeptide strand and that there is no massive transfer of radiation energy to other units in the hexamer. The large target size observed for enzymatic activity appears to be a structural requirement for the simultaneous presence of six intact subunits rather than the result of the spread of energy from the initial site to adjacent chains with consequent damage to other subunits.
Acculturation of Asian Indian parents: relationship with parent and child characteristics

Culture serves as a guiding framework to parents while rearing their children. However, when parents immigrate from one culture to another, they have to negotiate the conflicting demands and values of the two cultures when making decisions about child rearing. The present study investigated various aspects of parenting demonstrated by first-generation Asian Indian immigrant parents of young children. The study aimed at understanding the relationship between acculturation and various parental and child characteristics such as parenting stress, perceived social support, reasons for migration, duration of stay in the USA, and child's age and gender. No significant correlations were found between acculturation (measured through ethnic society immersion – ESI and dominant society immersion – DSI), parental stress, and social support. Parental scores on ESI were associated with whether or not they had relatives residing in the USA, whether or not they had plans to go back to India, and the age and gender of the...
Ventralization of the Drosophila embryo by deletion of extracellular leucine-rich repeats in the Toll protein.

Abstract Dorsoventral polarity of the Drosophila embryo is established by a signal transduction pathway in which the maternal transmembrane protein Toll appears to function as the receptor for a ventrally localized extracellular ligand. Certain dominant Toll alleles encode proteins that behave as partially ligand-independent receptors, causing embryos containing these proteins to become ventralized. In extracts of embryos derived from mothers carrying these dominant alleles, we detected a polypeptide of approximately 35 kDa in addition to full-length Toll polypeptides with antibodies to Toll. Our biochemical analyses suggest that the smaller polypeptide is a truncated form of Toll lacking extracellular domain sequences. To assay the biological activity of such a shortened form of Toll, we synthesized RNA encoding a mutant polypeptide lacking the leucine-rich repeats that comprise most of Toll's extracellular domain and injected this RNA into embryos. The truncated Toll protein elicited the most ventral cell fate independently of the wild-type Toll protein and its ligand. These results support the view that Toll is a receptor whose extracellular domain regulates the intrinsic signaling activity of its cytoplasmic domain.
Molecular cloning of a novel platelet protein showing homology to the angiotensin II receptor C-terminal domain

Oligoscreening of a cDNA library obtained from 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells resulted in the isolation of a novel clone coding for a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 8110 Da. This protein of 71 amino acids shows significant homology to the carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain of angiotensin II type 1 receptors. The homology encompasses four regions of amino acid residues thought to serve as consensus sequences for phosphorylation by serine/threonine kinases such as protein kinase C, which are key mediators of intracellular signaling. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction identified the transcript in human platelets, human megakaryocytic DAMI cells, and HEL cells. High stringency Northern blotting revealed a tissue-specific distribution of three transcript species, with predominant expression in skeletal muscle and pancreas. Rabbit anti-peptide antiserum was used to immunoblot protein lysates from washed resting platelets and from 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated DAMI and HEL cells. These immunoblots revealed the presence of an intense approximately 8-kDa protein band in platelets and HEL cells and a faint band of identical size in DAMI cells.
Steroid hormone toxicity in human fibroblasts does not correlate with high affinity receptor content.

Human diploid skin fibroblasts derived from normal individuals and those with the testicular feminization syndrome (TFM) have been shown to be killed to the same degree by dihydrotestosterone in spite of the absence of high affinity cellular androgen receptors in the TFM fibroblasts. Furthermore, several different normal fibroblast strains from various anatomical sites all showed similar amounts of androgen-induced cytotoxicity even though their respective receptor contents differed by as much as ten-fold. These results suggest that steroid-induced cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts in not correlated with receptor content, unlike murine lymphoid cells in which the receptor content has been shown to be closely related to their ability to survive hormone exposure.
THE ELIMINATION OF RACIALLY IDENTIFIABLE SCHOOLS

Recent federal court decisions have emphasized the need to eliminate schools whose racial composition varies from that of the whole district by more than a fixed percent. A linear programming model is presented to assist school administrators in developing desegregation plans that comply with these guidelines. An efficient solutional technique that exploits the special structure of this model increases problem-size capabilities. A study of the Columbus City School District examines the tradeoffs involved at different levels of desegregation.
A topographical and typological comparison of the rodlike setae of ambulatory dactylopodites in decapod crustaceans.

The arrangement and external morphology of the rodlike setae and associated structures located on the dactylopodites of the walking legs of six species of decapod crustaceans are compared. The dactyls of littoral species, represented by the rock crab, Cancer antennarius, and the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, have dense tufts and bands of rodlike setae, as is typical of many decapods, and additionally only a few small plumed setae. The arrangement of setae on the dactyls of the recently discovered Galapagos vent crab, Bythograea thermydron, closely resembles that of C. antennarius. Rodlike and long plumed setae occur in about equal numbers on the dactyls of the pelagic anomuran, Pleuroncodes planipes. The dactyls having the fewest rodlike setae are those of the terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita perlatus, and those of the kelp crab, Pugettia producta, where flat setae typical of Majidae have replaced most rodlike setae. The presence and structures of the terminal pores in rodlike setae vary intra- and interspecifically, possibly as a function of molt stage. Variations in some features of rodlike setae, such as tip acuity and presence of microsetae and surface sculpting, appear to be related to development. Serrated setae occur on the dactyls of megalopal P. producta but not in later stages. The topography and typology of setae located on the ambulatory dactyls of decapod crustaceans are considered in light of recent interest in using setal characteristics to determine the sensory functions of sensilla and to clarify the phylogeny of arthropod groups.
A simulation procedure for human motion studies.

Abstract A procedure is described that can be used to simulate human motions associated with sport, dance or other vigorous activities. The equation of motion associated with a torque-free motion is described in detail, carefully illustrating the transformations necessary to bring known quantities to the appropriate frame of reference. Simulations of the hitch-kick and somersault long jump techniques provide examples of the procedure. The examples illustrate the value of such simulations in that quantitative results are obtained which can be used to alter performance.
The Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale (DACTS): A Generalizability Study

Generalizability theory was used to assess the reliability of the Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale (DACTS), which was developed to assess treatment reliability to assertive community treatment (ACT). Program staff and local evaluators who were participating in a national demonstration program to serve homeless mentally ill clients provided data. The total scale score for the DACTS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and interrater reliability. Although the stability of the total DACTS score was quite low, many items on the DACTS were quite stable. The generalizability analyses provide additional detail on the effects of site, occasion, and site by occasion interactions on the reliability of the DACTS.
A HEURISTIC REPLACEMENT SCHEDULING APPROACH FOR MULTI-UNIT SYSTEMS WITH ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY

For a multi-unit system with economic dependency, it is difficult to develop an effective joint replacement schedule due to the stochastic complexity of the system failure-repair process. As a result, restrictions have often been introduced in the maintenance policy specification and decision problem formulation. In some cases, these restrictions have resulted in a reduction in the optimality or effectiveness of the proposed schedule. In this paper, we propose a general opportunistic maintenance policy for multi-unit systems with economic dependency. Two cost boundary conditions are developed in order to evaluate the potential cost savings achieved by implementing the opportunistic maintenance policy. A heuristic approach based on the application of the single-unit model is presented for developing the opportunistic maintenance schedule via an example problem. The effectiveness of the resulting schedule is demonstrated through simulation experiments.
Arabidopsis thaliana glutamate-cysteine ligase: functional properties, kinetic mechanism, and regulation of activity.

Abstract In plants, glutathione accumulates in response to different stress stimuli as a protective mechanism, but only limited biochemical information is available on the plant enzymes that synthesize glutathione. Glutamatecysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first step in glutathione biosynthesis and plays an important role in regulating the intracellular redox environment. Because the putative Arabidopsis thaliana GCL (AtGCL) displays no significant homology to the GCL from bacteria and other eukaryotes, the identity of this protein as a GCL has been debated. We have purified AtGCL from an Escherichia coli expression system and demonstrated that the recombinant enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of γ-glutamylcysteine from glutamate (Km = 9.1 mm) and cysteine (Km = 2.7 mm). Glutathione feedback inhibits AtGCL (Ki ∼1.0 mm). As with other GCL, buthionine sulfoximine and cystamine inactivate the Arabidopsis enzyme but with inactivation rates much slower than those of the mammalian, bacterial, and nematode enzymes. The slower inactivation rates observed with AtGCL suggest that the active site differs structurally from that of other GCL. Global fitting analysis of initial velocity data indicates that a random terreactant mechanism with a preferred binding order best describes the kinetic mechanism of AtGCL. Unlike the mammalian GCL, which consists of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, AtGCL functions and is regulated as a monomeric protein. In response to redox environment, AtGCL undergoes a reversible conformational change that modulates the enzymatic activity of the monomer. These results explain the reported posttranslational change in AtGCL activity in response to oxidative stress.
Neuro-oncology of Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder with an incidence of about 1:2500 to 1:3000. It is caused by a germline inactivating mutation of the NF1 gene on chromosome 17. Patients with NF1 are at increased risk of developing a variety of tumors of the peripheral and central nervous system, including neurofibromas, plexiform neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and low-grade gliomas of the optic nerves and other cerebral structures. Rarely, they develop high-grade gliomas. Although they are rare, these hereditary tumor syndromes involving the nervous system must be recognized in patients and their families, as early diagnosis may alter management and ultimately improve outcome. Additional insight into the molecular mechanisms causing these syndromes and their relationship with the clinical features will allow the development and implementation of screening and prevention strategies for these diseases.
Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.

Abstract We described the histologic features of 13 hepatic angiosarcomas which developed in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride to polyvinyl chloride. Although the histologic features varied considerably in different portions of the angiosarcoma in the same liver and in the angiosarcomas of the liver from different patients, many features were similar such as sinusoidal, papillary, and cavernous growth patterns coincident with the precursor lesions of proliferation and atypia of sinusoidal lining cells.
Microfluidic Generation of Acoustically Active Nanodroplets

Liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets have emerged in medical acoustics as acoustically activatable emulsions for a variety of applications. The phase-shift of the inner core of a perfluorocarbon droplet from the liquid state to the gas state as a result of an applied ultrasound pressure is most commonly referred to as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV).[1] While most ADV investigations have focused on droplets in the micron range for intravascular procedures, there has been much recent interest in the utility of sub-micron liquid perfluorocarbon droplets for extravascular applications such as drug delivery, enhanced thermal ablation, and diagnostic imaging and tissue characterization.[2,3] Capitalizing on the characteristically ‘leaky’ vasculature of many solid tumors, sub-micron droplets may extravasate into the tumor interstitium through inter-endothelial gaps and accumulate[4], or may be able to traverse the lymphatic system. One main limitation of current methods to generate these nanodroplets is the use of processing techniques such as emulsification[5] and sonication[6], which result in polydisperse populations. Significant variation is reported in the activation threshold due to the strong correlation between vaporization energy and perfluorocarbon droplet size.[7,8] Additionally, the biodistribution of sub-micron ADV agents may improve by narrowing the size distribution. Substantial clinical motivation thus exists for a precise method to generate perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for use in extravascular tumor therapies. The emergence of droplet-based microfluidic systems has enabled the generation of droplets in the micrometer diameter range with high uniformity[9,10]; yet, the generation of nanodroplets from devices with microscale geometry still presents a fundamental challenge. Previous microfluidic approaches to produce nanodroplets have relied on the inherently inefficient dynamic sorting of small satellite droplets (as small as 100 nm) from microscale droplet populations as the basis of a monodisperse submicron emulsification system.[10,11,12] To overcome this limitation, we hypothesized that by modulating the basic mechanism of droplet generation to access a more favorable droplet formation regime[13,14,15], we could yield an efficient approach for the generation of perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as the primary emulsion.
A goal programming model for the siting of multilevel EMS systems

Abstract Facility siting models known as location covering techniques have proven to be useful particularly for emergency medical services (EMS) planning, given the importance of ambulances responding to demand within some maximum time constraint. These models represent a set of methods which focus the health planner's attention on the access of people to health care, since they attempt to “cover” people in need of service within some specified time standard. This research develops a technique for the locational planning of sophisticated EMS systems, characterized by multiple levels of emergency health services. Specifically, a two-tiered system with “basic life support” and “advanced life support” capabilities is modeled as a goal program. By applying location covering techniques within a goal programming framework, this study develops a method for the siting of multilevel EMS systems so that (1) each service level maximizes coverage of its own demand population, and (2) “back-up” coordination between levels is assured. The usefulness of this goal program as a health planning tool is evidenced in the model's explicit articulation of EMS policy objectives and its ability to link system levels in terms of “goal-directed behavior”. The working of this multilevel covering model is demonstrated by reference to EMS planning scenarios and related numerical examples.
Health promotion for aging adults (CE)

This article describes the essentials of health promotion, aging in America, and factors to consider when developing health promotion materials for elders. It also provides a checklist to evaluate materials for appropriateness.
PSF monitoring and in-focus wavefront control for NGST

A technique for measuring the low-order wavefront aberrations in segmented-mirror telescopes using in-focus point-spread functions -"PSF Monitoring" - has been developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). PSF Monitoring will enable the continuous monitoring of the mirror segment alignment using the PSFs readily available in science data. An extension of PSF Monitoring - in-focus wavefront control, or the explicit determination and correction of wavefront errors from in-focus images - may allow for the nominal maintenance of the NGST mirror alignment without detracting from valuable science observing time. PSF Monitoring and in-focus wavefront control have been rigorously tested on the segmented aperture system of the NGST Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT). This paper presents the results of our experiments and simulations to characterize the capture range and accuracy on WCT, as well as a two-wavelength algorithm that has been used to extend the piston capture range. A real-time PSF Monitoring and control experiment on WCT will also be presented. Finally, we show preliminary simulation results of PSF Monitoring on the two candidate NGST systems.
Automated tools to implement and test Internet systems in reconfigurable hardware

Tools have been developed to automatically integrate and test networking systems in reconfigurable hardware. These tools dynamically generate circuits for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A library of hardware-accelerated modules has been developed that processes Internet Protocol (IP) packets, performs header rule matching, scans pocket payloads, and implements per-flow queueing. Other functions can be added to the library as extensible modules.An integration tool was developed to enable a network administrator to specify how a customized system should examine, drop, buffer, and/or modify packets. This tool joins together modules from the library to create a composite circuit that performs multiple functions. The tool allows additional modules to be quickly added to the library and integrated into systems. The integration tool has been used to create circuits that perform Internet firewall, network intrusion detection, network intrusion prevention, and Denial of Service (DoS) attack protection functions.A test tool was developed to automatically verify that circuits created by the integration tool run properly in reconfigurable hardware. Circuits created by the integration tool are deployed into a Field-programmable Port Extender (FPX) platform. As new modules were added to the library, the test tool reconfigured the logic on the FPX, injected traffic, and monitored the resulting packets.By using hardware, not software, networking system can process millions of packets per second. Together, the integration and test tools simplify the otherwise difficult task of developing reconfigurable hardware for networking systems and testing them at Gigabit per second rates.
SPATIAL UNCERTAINTY IN LINE-SURFACE INTERSECTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Abstract. The fields of photogrammetry and computer vision routinely use line-surface intersections to determine the point where a line intersects with a surface. The object coordinates of the intersection point can be found using standard geometric and numeric algorithms, however expressing the spatial uncertainty at the intersection point may be challenging, especially when the surface morphology is complex. This paper describes an empirical method to characterize the unknown spatial uncertainty at the intersection point by propagating random errors in the stochastic model using repeated random sampling methods. These methods accommodate complex surface morphology and nonlinearities in the functional model, however the penalty is the resulting probability density function associated with the intersection point may be non-Gaussian in nature. A formal hypothesis test is presented to show that straightforward statistical inference tools are available whether the data is Gaussian or not. The hypothesis test determines whether the computed intersection point is consistent with an externally-derived known truth point. A numerical example demonstrates the approach in a photogrammetric setting with a single frame image and a gridded terrain elevation model. The results show that uncertainties produced by the proposed empirical method are intuitive and can be assessed with conventional methods found in textbook hypothesis testing.
Conservation and storage of snowmelt in stubble land and fallow under alternate fallow-strip cropping management in Montana

Abstract The purpose of this 3-year study was to learn more about the efficiency of stubble in augmenting soil water storage from snow entrapment on small grain farms under alternate crop-fallow management in Montana. Nearly all the precipitation that falls during the winter period in the study area occurs in the form of snow. The term, snowmelt recharge efficiency (SRE), is used to indicate over-winter increase in soil water expressed as a percent of the total winter precipitation. This experiment was conducted on established fields under alternate fallow-strip cropping management in Montana during three winters (1976–1977, 1977–1978, 1978–1979) at 6, 7 and 7 sites, respectively, extending over a north-south distance of ∼320 km. About half of the sites were located in climatic areas characterized by relatively low chinook frequency and half in areas of high chinook frequency. There were three treatments: fallow, standing half stubble and standing full stubble. Soil water was measured to the 1.2-m depth in the autumn and again in the spring to compare the performance of the treatments in amount of soil water gain during the over-winter period. The study showed that SRE is significantly higher on the stubble treatments than on fallow. Since autumn soil water tends to be less in stubble than in fallow, much of the difference in SRE between fallow and stubble is attributed to the differences in autumn soil water levels. In the spring following the relatively dry first winter, there was still significantly less water in the soil in stubble areas than in fallow, but following the two wet winters there was no significant difference. The larger SRE for stubble treatments during the dry winter indicates that more water entered the soil in stubble than in fallow, but recovery of soil water in stubble was not enough to completely recharge the soil profile. In the two wet winters, there was such an abundance of water in all treatments that the autumn soil water deficit in stubble was fully recovered. While the increase in SRE in these wet years was due to the complete recovery of the autumn soil water deficit, it is not clear whether this deficit would have completely recovered had the stubble not been left standing. This study also revealed differences in SRE between climatic areas of relatively low and high chinook frequency that were near the 5% level of significance during the first winter and at the 1% level during the third winter. SRE was generally greater in climatic areas characterized by few chinooks compared with areas of greater chinook frequency. While this difference may be partially due to chinook-related climatic conditions, initial soil water amounts in the autumn and/or other edaphic or climatic differences are probable contributing factors.