cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance and Modeling of Si and SiGe for Power Amplifiers

There have been many demonstrations of Si and SiGe power amplifers (PAs) that have achieved good published performance. However, penetration of these technologies into the mainstream handset power amplifier market has been limited. In this paper, we review some of the state-of-the-art PA results in these technologies and discuss the performance challenges for silicon-based PAs. We also discuss some important on-going technology developments that may make these technologies more competitive for future applications. Finally, we present and discuss some power amplifer specific modeling issues that are not generally addressed in foundry offerings/design kits
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury—a fresh look

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifactorial process that affects graft function after liver transplantation. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in I/R injury is essential for the design of therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of liver transplantation. The generation of reactive oxygen species subsequent to reoxygenation inflicts tissue damage and initiates a cascade of deleterious cellular responses leading to inflammation, cell death, and ultimate organ failure. Increased experimental evidence has suggested that Kupffer cells and T cells mediate the activation of neutrophil inflammatory responses. Activated neutrophils infiltrate the injured liver in parallel with increased expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. The heme oxygenase system is among the most critical of the cytoprotective mechanisms activated during cellular stress, exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, modulating the cell cycle, and maintaining the microcirculation. Finally, the activation of toll-like receptors on Kupffer cells may play a fundamental role in exploring new therapeutic strategies based on the concept that hepatic I/R injury represents a case for a host "innate" immunity.
GABA Distribution in a Pain-Modulating Zone of Trigeminal Subnucleus Interpolaris

A recent model for control of spinal and medullary nociceptive neurons (Basbaum and Fields, 1984) incorporates a gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABA-ergic) cell into this circuitry and indicates that such elements could act as one substrate for presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents. This concept is supported by a variety of pharmacological and electrophysiological studies. We therefore examined the distribution of GABA-ergic activity in trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (Vi) by focusing on the types of cells, together with dendritic and synaptic profiles, that are immunocytochemically labeled with an antiserum against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). GAD occurred throughout Vi but was most concentrated in the ventrolateral quadrant and interstitial nucleus. It was localized to groups of small neurons with two to three primary dendrites, and within numerous punctate profiles suggestive of synaptic elements. Electron microscopy revealed labeled dendrites, some of which were postsynaptic to scalloped terminals of presumptive primary afferents. Other labeled dendritic elements, which were quite variable in size, engaged both GAD-labeled and unlabeled synapses. Most GAD synapses displayed clear round vesicles and formed contacts with unlabeled perikarya and a variety of dendritic processes. Numerous GAD-positive synapses were also incorporated into axoaxonic clusters, in which the GAD element was presynaptic to scalloped terminals. Others engaged in serial arrays with other unlabeled terminals, which, in turn, were presynaptic to dendrites. Occasionally, GAD synapses formed contacts with GAD-positive dendrites. These data show that GABA is localized to a variety of neuronal elements in ventrolateral Vi and the interstitial nucleus. These occur in spatial arrangements providing an anatomical substrate for postsynaptic modulation of activity in this area. GABA terminals also appear to be involved in a presynaptic inhibitory mechanism, which may, in some instances, affect transmission in primary afferents.
The effects of channelization on a high-energy river

Extensive channelization of a high-energy river in Montana was accomplished during 1957–1958. The technique applied was the same throughout, even the fluvial characteristics are considerably different in the and downstream segments of the river. In the braided reach, rubble dikes composed of river bedload that was against the channel banks prevent the river from high-stage channels which traverse the lowest surface in the valley. The river has responded by altering its hydrologic characteristics at any given discharge and by accelerating the lateral erosion where banks have been left unprotected. Downstream, where the river is in a single-channel pattern, the dikes have been destroyed because the meandering thalweg, repeatedly shifting its position and impinging against the base of the dikes, provides the force needed to erode the boulders comprising the dikes. Some bank protection is provided by riprap composed of large sandstone blocks. This method works, however, only if long segments of the channel are riprapped. The various responses of the river in reaches having different channel patterns indicates that some knowledge of local fluvial mechanics must be obtained prior to the channelization.
Abdominal Decompression in Children

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) increases the risk for mortality in critically ill children. It occurs in association with a wide variety of medical and surgical diagnoses. Management of ACS involves recognizing the development of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) by intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) monitoring, treating the underlying cause, and preventing progression to ACS by lowering IAP. When ACS is already present, supporting dysfunctional organs and decreasing IAP to prevent new organ involvement become an additional focus of therapy. Medical management strategies to achieve these goals should be employed but when medical management fails, timely abdominal decompression is essential to reduce the risk of mortality. A literature review was performed to understand the role and outcomes of abdominal decompression among children with ACS. Abdominal decompression appears to have a positive effect on patient survival. However, prospective randomized studies are needed to fully understand the indications and impact of these therapies on survival in children.
Towards a side-spreading of the subject of abortion in schools

Liberal common sense sees the absence of conversations about abortion in schools as the consequence of a taboo that leaves teenage girls uninformed and silenced. From this perspective, the solution is to systematically introduce the subject of abortion in sex education curricula in order to provide information, resources and discussion on the schools' terms. Using post-structuralist theory, I argue that what might be needed instead is a certain ‘side-spreading’, rather than an official understanding, of the subject of abortion in schools. I aim to de-naturalise dominant liberal discourse by making transparent the links between sex education and ‘populational reasoning’, considering powers of production, questioning the position of schools as official holders and spreaders of approved knowledge about sex, and inviting possibilities to ‘de-territorialise’ and ‘re-territorialise’ the subject of abortion in unpredictable ways. This paper is composed of personal reflections, poems and theoretical explorations ...
Use of solution calorimetry to determine the extent of crystallinity of drugs and excipients

Abstract A solution calorimetry method was developed to quantitatively examine mixtures of amorphous and crystalline sucrose or warfarin sodium based on the energy differences between their solid forms. The heats of solution of crystalline sucrose, amorphous sucrose, clathrate warfarin sodium and amorphous warfarin sodium were 1474.08±37.78 cal/mol, −3550.47±51.04 cal/mol, −1.701±0.041 cal/g and −7.386±0.226 cal/g, respectively. The observed linear relationship between the heat of solution and the percent of the crystalline form present in the sample provided a rapid and convenient way to quantitatively determine the crystallinity of a common drug excipient (sucrose) and/or a complex system, such as the clathrate warfarin sodium (a complex of warfarin sodium, isopropyl alcohol and water). The solid state conversion process could also be monitored by measuring the energy changes associated with changes in crystallinity.
Tribological properties of solid-lubricating coatings on cylinder bore at low temperature

Abstract In this study the tribological properties and surface characteristics of solid-lubricating coatings were investigated at low temperatures. Two types of coatings applied to 1045 steel and diesel engine cylinder bore samples were studied as solid-lubricants. Experimental results indicated that ion-plated Mo+ion-sulphuration duplex coating has lower friction and limited wear than that of ion-sulphuration coating. This is particularly evident at low temperatures. Surface characterization of wear scars was conducted using SEM, XPS, and Auger for wear mechanism study. This initial study shows the application potential of solid-lubricating coatings at low temperature environment.
Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction in undamaged microvessels on cerebral surface adjacent to brain traumatized by a penetrating needle

Abstract The pial venules and arterioles of mice were observed microscopically after microinjury to adjacent brain produced by a glass needle. The observed vessels were not touched by the needle. Nevertheless, platelet aggregates (white bodies) were observed forming in venules but not in arterioles. In addition, approximately 60% of the punctures were followed by constriction of an adjacent arteriole. The frequency of aggregation was significantly reduced by pretreatment with aspirin, while the frequency and magnitude of constriction were significantly reduced by pretreatment with aspirin or indomethacin. Dipyridamole had no effect on either aggregation or constriction. The data imply that disruption of brain is followed by release of an agent or agents than can diffuse to adjacent, uninjured arterioles, and produce constriction. Also implied is the diffusion of these or other agents through the walls of uninjured venules to induce platelet aggregation. The inhibitory effects of aspirin and indomethacin suggest that prostaglandin or thromboxane synthesis may be related to some of the observed phenomena.
Interplant movement by pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae): Effects of sex ratio and reproductive status

Sticky trap catch of pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, is male biased during the reproductive generations, but not the diapausing generation. In cage studies, we monitored movement by male and female pear psylla between host plants, and tested whether reproductive and diapausing psylla exhibit similar rates of movement. We also experimentally varied sex ratio to determine whether sex ratio affected movement. Male-biased sex ratios prompted increased movement off of the original host by male psylla of the reproductive generations; no such effect was noted for diapausing insects. We interpret these results to indicate that male movements increased under male-biased conditions due to mate-searching activities. There was also evidence in two experiments that severely male-biased sex ratios prompted movement off of the original host plant by reproductive females; this effect may have been due to harassment of ovipositing females by males.
Volume holographic optical correlation for digital word recognition

Optical byte recognition using volume holographic correlator is presented. The storage of 256 multiplexed holograms is performed and the phase-coded byte discrimination in real- time is experimented.
True Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence Among Female Nursing Home Residents

Abstract Objectives Urinary incontinence is a significant problem in nursing home residents in the United States. Estimates of its prevalence have often been based on data from medical records obtained at nursing home admission. To measure the sensitivity of this method of defining the prevalence of urinary incontinence among female nursing home residents, we examined data from a clinical survey. Methods We analyzed data from the National Nursing Home Survey, which collected information from nursing homes for each resident concerning admission diagnoses, presence of an indwelling Foley catheter or ostomy, need for assistance from equipment or personnel in using the toilet, and difficulty controlling urination. Results Residents’ medical records revealed a very low rate of admission diagnoses of incontinence. However, clinical queries revealed a high prevalence of bladder dysfunction. More than one half of all female nursing home residents were reported to have “difficulty controlling urination,” and more than one half needed assistance in using the toilet. Conclusions Although only 1% to 2% of nursing home residents have a diagnosis of urinary incontinence, the true prevalence of bladder dysfunction in this group is much greater. The sharp divergence of National Nursing Home Survey data from published studies on the prevalence of incontinence in nursing homes highlights the limitations of using administrative data to study the epidemiology of bladder dysfunction.
Social and psychological factors in the treatment of chronic alcoholism

Abstract In order to study the effects of pre-treatment patient characteristics on the response to different treatment programs, 458 chronic alcoholics were randomly assigned to four groups involving (1) drug therapy, (2) psychotherapy plus adjunctive drug therapy, (3) in-patient rehabilitation ward therapy, and (4) control. An attempt was made to find patterns of social and psychological factors which differentially predict acceptance vs. rejection of different forms of treatment, as well as variables which differentially affect outcome once a treatment program is accepted by the patient. Prior to starting treatment, all patients received a social history interview and were given a battery of psychological tests and the Wecheler Adult Intelligence Scale.One year after intake patients were evaluated on the degree of abstinence and the quality of their social and vocational adjustment over the preceding 6 month period. Several patterns emerged which appear to affect treatment acceptance and outcome. In general, the more socially and psychologically intact alcoholics were more likely to accept psychotherapy, while the less socially and psychologically intact patients tended to accept treatment on the inpatient rehabilitation ward. These factors were not related to acceptance or rejection of outpatient drug therapy. In terms of treatment outcome, socially and psychologically stable patients do best in psychotherapy; the socially intact but psychologically less sophisticated patient does better under drug therapy; and, the socially unstable but intellectually intact patient does best on an impatient rehabilitation program. These data indicate that different types of alcoholics do better under different programs, and that the overall success rate in the treatment of alcoholics could be improved by offering a variety of treatment programs and allowing the patient some choice in the treatment he receives.
The modification of intelligence through early experience

Abstract Infants judged to be at risk for subnormal intellectual growth were randomly assigned to an Experimental ( N = 27) or a Control ( N = 25) group. Infants in both groups received medical care and dietary supplements; their families received social work services on a request basis. Experimental children participated in an educational daycare program beginning before the third month of life. The daycare program was composed, in part, of curriculum activities designed to stimulate intellectual growth. Between 6 and 36 months of age, Experimental children maintained normal intellectual growth; Control children declined in IQ beginning between 12 and 18 months of age and remained significantly lower than Experimental children at 24 and 36 months. The mother-child IQ correlation for Control dyads was 43; for Experimental dyads the correlation was −.05. These two types of evidence are interpreted as support for the importance of early environments in the development of intelligence.
Japan's Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management

Though Japan has successfully competed with US computer makers in manufacturing and marketing hardware, it has been less successful in developing software that competes with US software companies. This book analyses how a number of Japanese firms, in an effort to catch up, have created what are called 'software factories' in which large numbers of people are engaged in developing software in co-operative ways.
Intron 1 Elements Promote Erythroid-specific GATA-1 Gene Expression

The zinc finger protein GATA-1 functions in a concentration-dependent fashion to activate the transcription of erythroid and megakaryocytic genes. Less is understood, however, regarding factors that regulate the GATA-1 gene. Presently elements within intron 1 are shown to markedly affect its erythroid-restricted transcription. Within a full-length 6. 8-kilobase GATA-1 gene construct (G6.8-Luc) the deletion of a central subdomain of intron 1 inhibited transcription >/=10-fold in transiently transfected erythroid SKT6 cells, and likewise inhibited high-level transcription in erythroid FDCW2ER-GATA1 cells. In parental myeloid FDCER cells, however, low-level transcription was largely unaffected by intron 1 deletions. Within intron 1, repeated GATA and Ap1 consensus elements in a central region are described which when linked directly to reporter cassettes promote transcription in erythroid SKT6 and FDCER-GATA1 cells at high rates. Moreover, GATA-1 activated transcription from this subdomain in 293 cells, and in SKT6 cells this subdomain footprinted in vivo. For stably integrated GFP reporter constructs in erythroid SKT6 cells, corroborating results were obtained. Deletion of intronic GATA and Ap1 motifs abrogated the activity of G6.8-pEGFP; activity was decreased by 43 and 56%, respectively, by the deletion of either motif; and the above 1800-base pair region of intron 1 per se was transcribed at rates uniformly greater than G6.8-pEGFP. Also described is the differential utilization of exons 1a and 1b among primary erythromegakaryocytic and myeloid cells.
Computational Morphology: Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics for Electron Microscopy

This paper describes a method for the computer reconstruction of surfaces from a sequence of electron micrographs, and a data structuring approach to the problem of representing and analyzing objects of physiological importance. The reconstruction technique involves the following stages: 1) object outlines are traced from each section, 2) the computer chain encodes these outlines, 3) the chain codes are reduced to the minimum number of boundary points which satisfactorily define the boundary, 4) polygons are mapped onto the boundary points between sections to approximate the surface, and 4) color coded, shaded surface views are computed of any subset of objects viewed and illuminated from arbitrary locations.
Some properties of a charged two-dimensional isotropic Fermi liquid

The results obtained by using the Landau-Silin theory of a charged Fermi liquid to calculate some properties of an interacting two-dimensional electron gas are presented. The static properties considered are the specific heat, spin susceptibility, and compressibility. The dynamical properties discussed are the frequency-dependent magnetoconductivity tensor and the wave-vector-dependent transverse dynamic spin susceptibility in the long-wavelength limit. We compare these results with the analogous well-known formulas valid for a three-dimensional Fermi liquid and conclude that there are no new effects associated with the reduced dimensionality.
Prime divisors and divisorial ideals

Abstract Let I1,…,Ig be regular ideals in a Noetherian ring R. Then it is shown that there exist positive integers k1,…,kg such that (I1n1 + m1…Igng + mg):(I1m1…Igmg) = I1n1…Igng for all ni≥ki (i = 1,…,g) and for all nonnegative integers m1,...,mg. Using this, it is shown that if Δ is a multiplicatively closed set of nonzero ideals of R that satisfies certain hypotheses, then the sets Ass ( R (I 1 n 1 …I g n g ) ) equal for all large positive integers n1,...,ng. Also, if R is locally analytically unramified, then some related results for general sets Δ are proved.
F exclusion of bacteriophage T7 occurs at the cell membrane

The F plasmid PifA protein, known to be the cause of F exclusion of bacteriophage T7, is shown to be a membrane-associated protein. No transmembrane domains of PifA were located. In contrast, T7 gp1.2 and gp10, the two phage proteins that trigger phage exclusion, are both soluble cytoplasmic proteins. The Escherichia coli FxsA protein, which, at higher concentrations than found in wild-type cells, protects T7 from exclusion, is shown to interact with PifA. FxsA is a polytopic membrane protein with four transmembrane segments and a long cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. This tail is not important in alleviating F exclusion and can be deleted; in contrast, the fourth transmembrane segment of FxsA is critical in allowing wild-type T7 to grow in the presence of F PifA. These data suggest that the primary event that triggers the exclusion process occurs at the cytoplasmic membrane and that FxsA sequesters PifA so that membrane damage is minimized.
Multi-scenario gesture recognition using Kinect

Hand gesture recognition (HGR) is an important research topic because some situations require silent communication with sign languages. Computational HGR systems assist silent communication, and help people learn a sign language. In this article, a novel method for contact-less HGR using Microsoft Kinect for Xbox is described, and a real-time HGR system is implemented. The system is able to detect the presence of gestures, to identify fingers, and to recognize the meanings of 18 gestures in two pre-defined gesture scenarios: Popular Gesture and the Numbers. The accuracy of the HGR system for Popular Gesture scenario is from 84% to 99% if a single hand performs the gestures, and from 90% to 100% if both hands perform the same gesture at the same time. The accuracy of the HGR system for the Numbers scenario is from 74% to 100% for single-hand gestures. Because the depth sensor of Kinect is an infrared camera, the lighting conditions, signers' skin colors and clothing, and background have little impact on the performance of this system. The accuracy and the robustness make this system a versatile component that can be integrated in a variety of applications in daily life.
Chiral Effective Field Theory at Finite Density

Chiral effective field theory (EFT) has made steady advances in applications to few-body nuclei, which can be solved completely given an EFT Hamiltonian. Complete solutions are necessary, since Weinberg power counting in free-space implies non-perturbative summation even at leading order. Applying the same power counting to medium and heavy nuclei is intractable with present-day wave-function methods. Lattice calculations might be a possible path. But an alternative power counting at finite density might also apply. The Munich group is pursuing a perturbative chiral EFT approach to nuclear matter and then to finite nuclei through an energy functional. Kaiser et al. construct a loop expansion for the nuclear matter energy per particle, which takes the form:
Direct titration of iron(III) with disodium diaminocyclohexanetetra-acetate

Abstract The direct titration of iron(III) with disodium 1,2-diamino-cyclohexanetetra-acetate using thiocyanate ion and Chrome Azurol S as indicators has been studied in detail. Good results can be obtained with thiocyanate indicator if the pH of the iron(III) solution is adjusted to 3.0–3.2 by simple dilution. The addition of a buffer or a dilute solution of a strong base to adjust the pH to the desired range always leads to low results. Chrome Azurol S is the preferred indicator because the colour transition is much more distinct and because titrations are possible in relatively acid solutions (pH 1.25). Up to 50 mg of iron/100-ml sample may be determined with a relative standard deviation of only 2 parts per thousand.
Microbiologic contamination of peripheral blood progenitor cells collected for hematopoietic cell transplantation

Background: Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) rather than bone marrow are used increasingly to provide hematologic reconstitution when transfused after marrow-ablative chemotherapy. PBPCs often are collected via central venous catheters that have remained in place for long periods of time and that may become infected. Study Design and Methods: The investigators reviewed their 5-year experience in collecting PBPCs for the prevalence of bacterial contamination. Except for cotrimoxazole therapy given to prevent Pneumocystis cariini pneumonia, patients were not given antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: Each patient underwent a median of 7 (range, 2–21) PBPC collections; 0.2 percent (3/1040 collections) were culture positive for bacteria (two collections contained coagulase-negative staphylococci and one contained Serratia marcescens). All culture-positive collections were discarded; no PBPCs were culture positive at the time of thawing and transfusion. Conclusion: This contamination rate is below that previously reported for bone marrow harvests and platelet concentrate collections. Obtaining PBPCs through large-bore central venous catheters has not added to the risk of infection in transplant patients. A program of screening in vitro cultures and strict adherence to sterility techniques can result in very low microbiologic contamination and thus obviates the need for prophylactic antimicrobials in the PBPCs and in the patient.
Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene locus within the population of the Northwest of England

A large group of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) from the Northwest of England were analysed for mutations within the CF gene. Eleven separate mutations were identified comprising 91.5% of the responsible genes. Molecular confirmation of a CF diagnosis becomes possible in 84% of cases. Only 1.19% of cases negative for the nine mutations have CF. The results of molecular analysis in this population have useful implications in respect of diagnosis validation and population carrier screening.
SHARED READING EXPERIENCES AND HEAD START CHILDREN'S CONCEPTS ABOUT PRINT AND STORY STRUCTURE

Differences among three groups of 24 4-yr.-old Head Start children's responses on concepts about print and story structure were found in scores on print concepts for the group given shared reading experiences with predictable books versus placebo and control groups, but no differences were observed in scores on story structure.
To Flourish in the Online World

Rheingold lays out a set of social norms and practices to help people more efficiently tap the power of the Web while avoiding the traps of its demands and distractions.
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL-DERIVED CARBON MONOXIDE IS A REGULATOR OF VASCULAR CGMP

Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO; EC 1.14.99.3). In vascular smooth muscle cells, exogenously administered CO increases cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), which is an important regulator of vessel tone. We report here that smooth muscle cells produce CO via HO and that it regulates cGMP levels in these cells. Hypoxia, which has profound effects on vessel tone, significantly increased the transcriptional rate of the HO-1 gene resulting in corresponding increases of its mRNA and HO enzymatic activity. In addition, under the same conditions, rat aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells accumulated high levels of cGMP following a similar time course to that of HO-1 production. The increased accumulation of cGMP in smooth muscle cells required the enzymatic activity of HO, since it was abolished by a specific HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin. In contrast, N omega-nitro-L-arginine, a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, had no effect on cGMP produced by smooth muscle cells, indicating that NO is not responsible for the activation of guanylyl cyclase in this setting. Furthermore, conditioned medium from hypoxic smooth muscle cells stimulated cGMP production in recipient cells and this stimulation was completely inhibited by tin protoporphyrin or hemoglobin, an inhibitor of CO production and a scavenger of CO, respectively. This report shows that HO-1 is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells and that its product, CO, may regulate vascular tone under physiologic and pathophysiologic (such as hypoxic) conditions.
Authors’ Rights As An Instrument Of Control: An Overview Of The Ideas Of Authorship And Authors’ Rights In Socialist Yugoslavia, And How These Ideas Did Not Change To Reflect The Ideals Of The Socialist Revolution

The purpose of this paper is to show, using the example of socialist Yugoslavia, how and why authors’ rights laws were applied in a socialist regime relying on the same rhetoric of ownership and individualism that marked their use in the capitalist West. In this way, Yugoslav laws have served us as an excuse to examine the connection between rights guaranteed by the legal apparatus and a type of control over creative processes that these rights make possible. Since it is a fact that both single-party socialism and pluralist capitalism have employed the same concept of authors’ rights and authorship, it is our claim that the two systems have been and are equally interested in limiting creative freedom by means of property derived from authors’ rights. To the extent to which Yugoslav legislative, political, cultural, and ideological practice borrowed from the Soviet variety of socialism, we will consider examples from that tradition as well, treating it as the strictest incarnation of Marxism in Europe.
Dual separate pathways for sensory and hedonic aspects of taste

It is proposed that in the gustatory system there exist separate sensory and hedonic (reward-aversion) representations in each of the primary structures in which processing of gustatory stimuli occurs. Anatomical and physiological data are used to determine putative separate sensory and hedonic representations in the nucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial complex, gustatory thalamus, and cortical gustatory areas. In the nucleus of the solitary tract, the sensory representation is located in the rostralmost part of the nucleus, and the hedonic representation most probably in the intermediate parts. In the parabrachial complex, the sensory representation is located in the central medial and ventral lateral subnuclei, and in the waist area, and the hedonic representation in the inner division of the external lateral subnucleus and in the external medial subnucleus. In the rodent gustatory thalamic relay, the sensory representation occurs in the dorsal lateral parts of the nucleus, and the hedonic representation in the ventromedial parts. In rodent gustatory insular cortex, the sensory representation is found in anterior parts of the gustatory area, and the hedonic representation caudal to the sensory representation. The function of the separate sensory and hedonic representations is discussed in relation to the conditioned taste aversion paradigm.
THE LUR'E MODEL FOR NEURONAL DYNAMICS

The long term objective of our research is to use the knowledge from biological studies on animal locomotion and establish a new paradigm for control design that realizes robust, adaptive, and autonomous systems. As a very first step, this paper proposes a new dynamical model of a single neuron, given by a specific class of the Lur'e systems, and show that the model makes a good tradeoff between the simplicity and the accuracy when compared with the existing models. The Lur'e neuron model is intended for adoption as a basic unit in biologically inspired control systems.
Hypoglycemia in biotin deficiency.

Abstract Impairments in glucose metabolism 1,2 and central nervous system function 3−7 as a consequence of biotin deficiency in rats hase been demonstrated earlier. A marked fasting hypoglycemia has been observed in the deficient rat which has been found to respond readily to biotin treatment. These data are presented in this paper.
Outcomes of antireflux surgery in patients with normal preoperative 24-hour pH test results.

Abstract Objective Preoperative 24-hour pH testing is controversial in surgical patients who have symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and endoscopic evidence of esophagitis. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of Nissen fundoplication for symptomatic reflux between patients with normal and abnormal preoperative pH testing. Methods Patients were selected from a prospective database of patients who underwent laparoscopic esophageal procedures between January 1997 and December 2001 at our institution. Only patients having typical symptoms of GERD (heartburn and/or reflux), preoperative pH testing, manometry, and endoscopy and who had at least 6 months of post-operative follow-up were included in the study. Fifteen patients had normal preoperative DeMeester scores (DMS) (median 11.4, range 3.3 to 14.7). These were compared with 208 consecutive patients having abnormal preoperative DMS (median 49.6, range 15.2 to 250). Logistic regression modeling was performed to identify variables significant for poor outcome. Differences between means were tested using appropriate parametric or nonparametric tests. Results There were no statistically significant differences in demographics, preoperative symptom score (mean 2.9 ± 1.1 vs. 3.1 ± 0.68, P = 0.30), or preoperative grade of esophagitis ( P = 0.37) between the 2 groups. After a median follow-up of 8.8 months (range 6 to 36), 6 (40%) of the patients having normal preoperative DMS and 17 (8.1%) of the patients having abnormal preoperative DMS continued to have typical GERD symptoms ( P P Conclusions Symptomatic GERD patients with normal preoperative 24-hour pH test results have significantly worse subjective outcomes after Nissen fundoplication compared with patients having abnormal preoperative pH test results. To minimize poor symptomatic outcomes after antireflux surgery, a policy of routine preoperative pH testing is advised.
A Review of Inhaled Technosphere Insulin

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and clinical use of Technosphere insulin.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–March 2010) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms AFREZZA, AFRESA, Technosphere insulin, pulmonary insulin, and inhaled insulin. Abstracts from the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings, presented in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 were also searched for relevant data.Study Selection and Data Extraction:English-language articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of Technosphere insulin were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Technosphere insulin is an inhaled insulin product with a pharmacokinetic profile suitable to meet prandial insulin needs in patients with diabetes. Technosphere insulin has demonstrated efficacy in terms of postprandial and overall glycemic control, with efficacy and safety outcomes maintained for up to 4 years in one study....
Emotion blocks the path to learning under stereotype threat

Gender-based stereotypes undermine females' performance on challenging math tests, but how do they influence their ability to learn from the errors they make? Females under stereotype threat or non-threat were presented with accuracy feedback after each problem on a GRE-like math test, followed by an optional interactive tutorial that provided step-wise problem-solving instruction. Event-related potentials tracked the initial detection of the negative feedback following errors [feedback related negativity (FRN), P3a], as well as any subsequent sustained attention/arousal to that information [late positive potential (LPP)]. Learning was defined as success in applying tutorial information to correction of initial test errors on a surprise retest 24-h later. Under non-threat conditions, emotional responses to negative feedback did not curtail exploration of the tutor, and the amount of tutor exploration predicted learning success. In the stereotype threat condition, however, greater initial salience of the failure (FRN) predicted less exploration of the tutor, and sustained attention to the negative feedback (LPP) predicted poor learning from what was explored. Thus, under stereotype threat, emotional responses to negative feedback predicted both disengagement from learning and interference with learning attempts. We discuss the importance of emotion regulation in successful rebound from failure for stigmatized groups in stereotype-salient environments.
Asset Replacement Principles

Using a general model of asset replacement, a replacement principle is derived which applies to both appreciating assets such as forests and depreciating assets such as equipment. The resulting replacement criterion provides a definition of opportunity costs appropriate for the replacement decision. The theory is presented graphically for the continuous time case, and two discrete-time examples are considered. Theoretical implications of changing discount rates and market forces are considered as they affect replacement policies.
Cerebellar infarction. Clinical and anatomic observations in 66 cases.

Cerebellar infarction displays different clinical features, depending on the vascular territory involved. We studied patients with infarcts in the territories of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or the superior cerebellar artery to compare their clinical presentation, course, and prognosis.We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, laboratory data, and imaging studies of 66 patients with cerebellar infarction collected consecutively at five institutions. All the cerebellar infarcts were documented on computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance imaging.Two distinct profiles emerged, depending on the vascular territory involved. In 36 patients with posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarcts, a triad of vertigo, headache, and gait imbalance predominated at stroke onset. Computed tomography showed severe cerebellar mass effect in 11 cases (30%), with associated hydrocephalus in seven. In these seven patients (19%), postinfarct swelling led to brain stem compression that result...
Evaluating the effects of functional communication training in the presence and absence of establishing operations.

We conducted functional analyses of aberrant behavior with 4 children with developmental disabilities. We then implemented functional communication training (FCT) by using different mands across two contexts, one in which the establishing operation (EO) that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was present and one in which the EO that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was absent. The mand used in the EO-present context served the same function as aberrant behavior, and the mand used in the EO-absent context served a different function than the one identified via the functional analysis. In addition, a free-play (control) condition was conducted for all children. Increases in relevant manding were observed in the EO-present context for 3 of the 4 participants. Decreases in aberrant behavior were achieved by the end of the treatment analysis for all 4 participants. Irrelevant mands were rarely observed in the EOabsent context for 3 of the 4 participants. Evaluating the effectiveness of FCT across different contexts allowed a further analysis of manding when the establishing operations were present or absent. The contributions of this study to the understanding of functional equivalence are also discussed. DESCRIPTORS: functional communication training, establishing operations, manding, functional equivalence
Update On Precision Machining At Los Alamos

Both metal optics and other high-precision parts are being fabricated at Los Alamos using state-of-the-art machine tools. This report summarizes this precision machining and diamond turning work.
ADD Psychosis as a Separate Entity

"Attention deficit disorder (ADD) psychosis" merits delineation as a separate entity. It constitutes the end result of the effects of a certain particular neurological deficit (ADD) on personality organization. It is my belief that about 10 percent of psychoses currently diagnosed most often schizophrenic and sometimes affective psychosis must best be considered a separate organic psychosis, i.e., an ADD psychosis. This ADD psychosis, then, is not merely a subgroup of schizophrenia, as I once thought. It merits a separate designation because its etiology, pathogenesis, and life history are different from those of the schizophrenic syndrome. The family histories are also different, as are the psychological findings. The treatment response is so different that it merits urgent consideration. Prognosis, both short range and long range, also seems different from those of the other psychoses.
What Does Synthetic Biology Have to Do with Biology

This article examines the historical roots of synthetic biology, highlighting the multiple meanings and understandings of the term. Synthetic biology as it is used today refers to an especially wide range of endeavors, embodying an equally wide range of aims, and having correspondingly various relations to the activities generally included in the discipline of biology. To address the question of what synthetic biology has to do with biology, this article illustrates some of the ways in which the entanglement of synthetic biology as the epitome of technoscience and synthetic biology as an alternative, artificial biology plays out in three different examples of synthetic biology—one current and two historical.
Male green frogs lower the pitch of acoustic signals in defense of territories: a possible dishonest signal of size?

In responses to broadcasts of conspecific advertisement calls, male green frogs (Rana clamitans) lower the dominant frequency of their calls. Because dominant frequency is negatively correlated with male body size in green frogs, frequency alteration provides a means of potentially exaggerating size during territorial contests. In field playback experiments, we broadcast synthetic stimuli representing small, medium, or large intruders to territorial residents. We tested the hypotheses that males use frequency alteration to provide honest signals of their size or their size-independent fighting ability, or to dishonestly signal size. Dominant frequency did not better predict male size in response calls than in unsolicited calls. The magnitude of frequency alteration was not related to body size, general condition, or an indirect measure of fighting ability. Thus, males did not use frequency alteration to provide honest information about body size or size-independent fighting ability. However, males significantly increased their apparent size by producing lower frequency calls. Small males produced relatively lower frequency calls in response to the large-male stimulus (compared to the small-male and medium-male stimuli), but large males did not. Further, the magnitudes of frequency alteration were significantly greater in responses to the large-male stimulus, primarily because small males responded with a greater decrease in frequency to the large-male stimulus than to the small-male and medium-male stimuli. These results support several predictions of the dishonest signal hypothesis and suggest that dishonesty may be a conditional strategy used by small males. Key words: bluffing, dishonesty, frequency alteration, green frogs, Rana clamitans, territoriality. [Behav Ecol 11:169–177 (2000)]
Field Dependence of Meissner Effect in a Single Crystal of YBa2Cu3Ox in the Ultra-Low Magnetic Field Regime

We report a strong field-dependence (from 0.1% to 71%) of flux expulsion (Meissner effect) in a single crystal of YBa2Cu3Ox in magnetic fields from 36 kOe down to 50 mOe. The data is discussed in the context of flux pinning forces and glassy behavior.
DESIGN OF A MULTI-DIRECTIONAL VARIABLE STIFFNESS LEG FOR DYNAMIC RUNNING

Recent developments in dynamic legged locomotion have focused on encoding a substantial component of leg intelligence into passive compliant mechanisms. One of the limitations of this approach is reduced adaptability: the final leg mechanism usually performs optimally for a small range of conditions (i.e. a certain robot weight, terrain, speed, gait, and so forth). For many situations in which a small locomotion system experiences a change in any of these conditions, it is desirable to have a variable stiffness leg to tune the natural frequency of the system for effective gait control. In this paper, we present an overview of variable stiffness leg spring designs, and introduce a new approach specifically for autonomous dynamic legged locomotion. We introduce a simple leg model that captures the spatial compliance of the tunable leg in three dimensions. Lastly, we present the design and manufacture of the multi-directional variable stiffness legs, and experimentally validate their correspondence to the proposed model.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Monotherapy Trials of New Antiepileptic Drugs

A number of clinical trials that test the efficacy and safety of the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have recently been concluded. Two dose-response trials in inpatients with refractory partial seizures and outpatients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy established the efficacy of gabapentin as monotherapy. Lamotrigine was found to have efficacy similar to that of phenytoin and carbamazepine (CBZ) and to be better tolerated than CBZ in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. It was also shown to have efficacy as monotherapy in partial seizures, based on the results of an active controlled trial, and in the treatment of absence seizures, based on the results of a responder-enriched study. Topiramate as monotherapy was found to be efficacious for treatment of partial-onset seizures, based on the results of a single-center dose-response trial. A dose-response trial that tested the efficacy of tiagabine monotherapy in patients with refractory partial epilepsy was uninformative. Oxcarbazepine was found to be safe and efficacious in four comparative trials in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy as well as in one placebo-controlled inpatient trial in patients with refractory partial seizures.
Cardiac dynamics and coronary blood flow consequent to acute hemorrhage.

Abstract The rapid removal of a large volume of blood from an animal leads to a lowered arterial pressure, cardiac output, coronary blood flow and an increased extraction of oxygen by the myocardium. These responses are not greatly modified during the first hour of adjustment to this stress. The major corrective responses observable at this time were increases in cardiac output and coronary vascular resistance accompanied by a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance. The coronary blood flow had not returned to its normal value although the fraction of the cardiac output delivered to the left ventricular muscular mass was essentially normal.