cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The subicular cortex of the cat: an anatomical and electrophysiological study.

The anatomic organization of the hippocampal formation in the cat was studied by means of (a) horseradish peroxidase histochemistry, (b) [3H]leucine radioautography, and (c) electrophysiological identification of antidromically activated single units. The data indicate that the CA1 field, prosubiculum, and adjacent subiculum are the source of origin of fibers terminating in the caudal septum. The subiculum and adjacent presubiculum are the only sources of hippocampal efferent fibers which project to the medial mammillary nucleus. The cells of the presubiculum and retrosplenial cortex give rise to the axons which project to the anterior thalamus. Efferent fibers project through the fornix and are topographically distributed to the mammillary bodies and septal area. Specifically, axons arising near the septal pole of the hippocampal formation project to the dorsal aspect of the medial mammillary nucleus or the dorsomedial part the lateral septal nucleus. Axons arising from cells situated progressively more proximal to the temporal pole of the hippocampal formation project to progressively more ventral levels of the medial mammillary nucleus or more lateral parts of the lateral septal nucleus. It was also noted that subicular fibers have slow conduction velocities and that evidence of possible axonal branching of fornix fibers was not obtained.
Energy of a dislocation near an epitaxial interface

The energy of a straight mixed dislocation in a coherent epitaxial layer at a uniform distance t from the interface is calculated. It is shown that, in addition to terms associated with coherency strain and the dislocation energy, there is a term associated with the interaction of the coherency and dislocation strain fields which makes the total energy decrease as the dislocation approaches the interface, but this term is negligible when the dislocation is nearer the epilayer surface than the interface. The result is used to modify a calculation of Jesser and Matthews of the critical thickness of an epitaxial layer at which the introduction of misfit dislocations becomes energetically favourable. The present work reduces the calculated critical thickness by 30–50%.
EPR spectroscopy of the manganese cluster of photosystem II

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a valuable tool for understanding the oxidation state and chemical environment of the Mn4Ca cluster of photosystem II. Since the discovery of the multiline signal from the S2 state, EPR spectroscopy has continued to reveal details about the catalytic center of oxygen evolution. At present EPR signals from nearly all of the S-states of the Mn4Ca cluster, as well as from modified and intermediate states, have been observed. This review article describes the various EPR signals obtained from the Mn4Ca cluster, including the metalloradical signals due to interaction of the cluster with a nearby organic radical.
Familial hepatic cirrhosis in infants associated with alpha1-antitrypsin SZ phenotype

Two sibling neonates are described, each of whom died within the first two weeks of life. Each had hepatic cirrhosis; histologic and laboratory studies were consistent with alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, Pi type SZ. The fatal expression of this disorder in the neonate has not been previously reported.
The problem of possible effects of oral contraceptives on cancer of the breast.

Available clinical and experimental findings of the potential effect of steroid contraceptives primarily estrogen with respect to breast cancer are appraised in light of the following facts: 1) prolonged latency (usually about 10 years) exists for all known human carcinogens; and 2) carcinogenic agents for man have been shown to also be carcinogenic in animals and frequently in the same site. Both endogenous and exogenous estrogen has been found to modify the activity of breast cancer in women. Epidemiologic findings related to prepubertal females age-specific prevalence rates parity and lactation are not directly enlightening but need further analysis. Past experience with estrogen use has been in predominantly older patients which cannot be equated with what should be anticipated in younger women. Data on effects of long-term estrogen therapy to younger women is limited and fails to provide an adequate epidemiologic basis for the promulgation of a new public health practice affecting millions of women. Studies of carcinogenesis in laboratory animals are discussed with the essential consideration of whether demonstrable carcinogenity in animals is pertinent to the clinical probelm. In view of the serious limitations in knowledge of potential long-term effects of estrogen-progestogen combinations it is mandatory that further clinical experience be gained under properly controlled conditions of observation and follow-up.
How human abilities affect component skills in word processing

Even simple tasks such as basic word processing can be quite complex. This paper argues that such tasks can be decomposed into a set of component skills and suggests how user abilities affect performance based on those skills. Special attention is given to spatial memory tests. It is argued that these tests actually assess two separable abilities: visual search and retention of order information. Skill acquisition can be facilitated by taking these abilities into account in system design: The importance of searching is decreased by providing context searches in which the system locates items in a text, and the importance of remembering the order of command sequences is improved by decreasing procedural complexity.
New Catadioptric Telescope

The Acme telescope is a compound telescope that resembles the familiar Cassegrain type except that the main mirror is spherical and the secondary is an achromatic doublet mangin mirror. Three 6-in, aperture f/15 telescope designs are described. With a cemented, all spherical surface achromangin mirror, there is a small amount of coma which can be eliminated by redesigning with an air space between the crown and flint elements of the achromangin mirror, or by cementing them with one of the concave external surfaces of achromangin figured to an hyperboloid. In the examples, the spherical aberration is nil and the chromatic residual is roughly half that of an achromatic objective of the same speed, aperture, and glass types. Readily available crown and flint glasses such as Schott BK-7 and F-2 are entirely satisfactory for the achromangin mirror. Also considered are two examples of Acme-like telescopes with paraboloidal instead of spherical main mirrors.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Psycho-social factors impacting credit acquisition and use by college students

This research develops and tests two models using a range of psychological and sociological antecedents of credit card acquisition, spending practices and debt accumulation by college students. Six psycho-social dimensions were investigated: parental involvement, locus of control, compulsivity, impulsivity, debt anxiety and social status. Multivariate regression analysis using two dependent variables was conducted: the number of credit cards and total credit card debt. Although the multivariate model was highly significant, considerable variation emerged that best explained the number of credit cards students owned and the total credit card debt carried. The results offer insights in future research needs and consumer protection issues.
Further study of the pyroelectric properties of lanthanum-modified PZT ferroelectric ceramics

Abstract A wide range of compositions of hot-pressed mixed oxide PLZT ferroelectric ceramics, covering both the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, have been investigated with an emphasis on the room temperature pyroelectric properties. Systematic variations of the pyroelectric coefficient (p) and the relative dielectric constant (e) are observed as the Zr/Ti ratio and the La concentration are varied. However, the ratio p/√e is essentially independent of composition in each phase at room temperature.
PMA ALTERS FOLATE RECEPTOR DISTRIBUTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND INCREASES THE RATE OF 5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE DELIVERY IN MATURE MA104 CELLS

Abstract MA104 cells (a monkey kidney cell line) can internalize 5-methyltetrahydrofolate via a receptor mediated process termed potocytosis. Uptake is initiated by binding to an external folate receptor which cycles to an internal, but membrane bound compartment. These two pools can be measured by determining the amount of [ 3 H ]ligand removed by an acid-saline wash, i.e. acid labile and acid resistant pools. When assayed in confluent nonmitotic cells, 2/3 of the folate receptor pool is located in an internal (acid resistant) compartment, but phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes a shift such that 65–75% of the receptor pool resides on the surface of the plasma membrane. This new steady state is likely the result of an increased rate of receptor movement. In addition, PMA increases the rate of 5-methyl[ 3 H ]tetrahydrofolate delivery to the cytoplasm 1.8 fold. Using known inhibitors of potocytosis, we were able to show that the increased rate of delivery is receptor mediated. Comparison of the time courses of the PMA effects on folate receptor redistribution assessed by membrane binding of [ 3 H ]folic acid and 5-methyl[ 3 H ]tetrahydrofolate delivery to the cytoplasm suggests that PMA may be activating more than one protein kinase C independent signal transduction pathway. PMA is the first reported positive modulator of receptor mediated folate uptake.
Structure and expression of lck transcripts in human lymphoid cells.

The murine Ick gene encodes a membrane-associated protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in lymphocyte oncogenesis. Here we report the structure of normal human Ick transcripts and the pattern of expression of these transcripts in developing thymus and in peripheral T cell subsets. The human Ick gene encodes a 509 amino acid polypeptide that is closely related to the murine Ickencoded protein throughout its length. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of human p56Ick demonstrates that an amino-terminal domain, widely divergent among the seven known src family members, has been conserved between murine and human p56Ick, and thus probably includes sequences crucial to the lymphocyte-specific function of this molecule. Human Ick transcripts were detected in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in partially purified B cells, and in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cell lines, but not in monocytes, granulocytes, or in nonhematopoietic cell types. Human Ick transcripts are readily detectable in fetal thymocytes at 70 days of gestation, but not at 57 days of gestation, indicating that Ick expression appears coordinately with the appearance of lymphoid cells in the developing thymus. Thus Ick gene expression is a marker for cells of the lymphocyte lineage in man. We conclude that the Ick gene probably participates in a signal transduction pathway uniquely present in lymphoid cells.
Elastic wave propagation in symmetrically periodic sinusoidal waveguide

Wave propagation in structures with irregular boundaries is studied by transforming the plates with irregular surfaces to sinusoidal wave-guides. Guided elastic wave in a two-dimensional periodically corrugated plate is studied analytically. The plate material is considered as homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic. In a periodically corrugated wave-guide all possible spectral order of wave numbers are considered. The dispersion equation is obtained by applying the traction free boundary conditions. The analysis is carried out in the wave-number domain for symmetric modes. Non-propagating 'stop bands' and propagating 'pass bands' are investigated.
Pleiotropic mechanisms of virus survival and persistence

Viruses are enormously efficient infectious agents that have been implicated in causing human disease for centuries. Transmission of these pathogens continues to be from one life form to another in the form of isolated cases, epidemics, and pandemics. Each infection requires entry into a susceptible host, replication, and evasion of the immune system. Viruses are successful pathogens because they target specific cells for their attack, exploit the cellular machinery, and are efficient in circumventing and/or inhibiting key cellular events required of survival. This article reviews some of the advances that have taken place in human virology in the past 50 years, emphasizing mechanisms that contribute to, and are involved with, virus survival and persistence.
Heterogeneity of cross relaxation in solid-state NMR

Abstract The most commonly referenced theories on Hartmann-Hahn cross polarization have been challenged by some new experimental observations, especially under mismatched Hartmann-Hahn conditions. This paper shows that the key to settling this conflict lies in abandoning the basic assumption of homogeneous spin temperature for the rare spins. A series of special cross-relaxation experiments has been designed and performed on (13CH2O)n, 96% 13C-enriched, and ferrocene. From these measurements it can be shown that under mismatch the rare S spins are actually divided into several categories, each participating in the cross relaxation with a different rate. This means that the cross relaxation is heterogeneous; i.e., the S spins do not behave as a reservoir with a homogeneous spin temperature during the cross-relaxation process. The heterogeneity is due to the fact that for the flip-flop of an Sl pair to be energy conserving, the rotating-frame Zeeman-energy imbalance must be compensated for by II dipolar interactions. Because the local field changes from site to site, there may be a portion of the SIn groups which have such dipolar couplings. This results in the polarization transfer in some SIn groups taking place on the tens of microseconds time scale, while others polarize much more slowly.
Climate Change and Global Health: Quantifying a Growing Ethical Crisis

Climate change, as an environmental hazard operating at the global scale, poses a unique and “involuntary exposure” to many societies, and therefore represents possibly the largest health inequity of our time. According to statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), regions or populations already experiencing the most increase in diseases attributable to temperature rise in the past 30 years ironically contain those populations least responsible for causing greenhouse gas warming of the planet. Average global carbon emissions approximate one metric ton per year (tC/yr) per person. In 2004, United States per capita emissions neared 6 tC/yr (with Canada and Australia not far behind), and Japan and Western European countries range from 2 to 5 tC/yr per capita. Yet developing countries’ per capita emissions approximate 0.6 tC/yr, and more than 50 countries are below 0.2 tC/yr (or 30-fold less than an average American). This imbalance between populations suffering from an increase in climate-sensitive diseases versus those nations producing greenhouse gases that cause global warming can be quantified using a “natural debt” index, which is the cumulative depleted CO2 emissions per capita. This is a better representation of the responsibility for current warming than a single year’s emissions. By this measure, for example, the relative responsibilities of the U.S. in relation to those of India or China is nearly double that using an index of current emissions, although it does not greatly change the relationship between India and China. Rich countries like the U.S. have caused much more of today’s warming than poor ones, which have not been emitting at significant levels for many years yet, no matter what current emissions indicate. Along with taking necessary measures to reduce the extent of global warming and the associated impacts, society also needs to pursue equitable solutions that first protect the most vulnerable population groups; be they defined by demographics, income, or location. For example, according to the WHO, 88% of the disease burden attributable to climate change afflicts children under age 5 (obviously an innocent and “nonconsenting” segment of the population), presenting another major axis of inequity. Not only is the health burden from climate change itself greatest among the world’s poor, but some of the major mitigation approaches to reduce the degree of warming may produce negative side effects disproportionately among the poor, for example, competition for land from biofuels creating pressure on food prices. Of course, in today’s globalized world, eventually all nations will share some risk, but underserved populations will suffer first and most strongly from climate change. Moreover, growing recognition that society faces a nonlinear and potentially irreversible threat has deep ethical implications about humanity’s stewardship of the planet that affect both rich and poor.
Negative afterimages and photopic luminance adaptation in human vision

Previous studies of the negative afterimage have reported that the process responsible for these aftereffects has a bandpass spatial characteristic. If this finding is correct, then negative afterimages cannot arise from a simple, local, adaptive process. I remeasure the spatial-frequency characteristic of the negative-afterimage process by using an afterimage contrast-matching procedure with retinally stabilized stimuli and find the spatial characteristic to be constant in the low-spatial-frequency region. This finding is consistent with the theory that the negative afterimage results from local luminance adaptation. As a test of the local adaptation explanation of the negative afterimage, the effect of the negative afterimage on the temporal contrast-sensitivity function (CSF) (measured down to 0.062 Hz) is determined. The apparent contrasts of the negative afterimages associated with very slowly (<0.5 Hz) flickering, threshold-contrast stimuli are calculated from power-function descriptions of the temporal development of the negative afterimage, and these afterimage contrasts are then subtracted from the temporal CSF’s. The resulting curves are constant for temporal frequencies below 1 Hz, indicating that the decline in sensitivity at lower temporal frequencies is due entirely to the negative-afterimage process. Both the spatial and the temporal characteristics of the negative-afterimage process are consistent with its being a component of local luminance adaptation.
Status of stable isotope enrichment, products, and services at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Abstract The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been supplying enriched stable and radioactive isotopes to the research, medical, and industrial communities for over 50 y. Very significant changes have occurred in this effort over the past several years, and, while many of these changes have had a negative impact on the availability of enriched isotopes, more recent developments are actually improving the situation for both the users and the producers of enriched isotopes. ORNL is still a major producer and distributor of radioisotopes, but future isotope enrichment operations to be conducted at the Isotope Enrichment Facility (IEF) will be limited to stable isotopes. Among the positive changes in the enriched stable isotope area are a well-functioning, long-term contract program, which offers stability and pricing advantages; the resumption of calutron operations; the adoption of prorated conversion charges, which greatly improves the pricing of isotopes to small users; ISO 9002 registration of the IEF's quality management system; and a much more customer-oriented business philosophy. Efforts are also being made to restore and improve upon the extensive chemical and physical form processing capablities that once existed in the enriched stable isotope program. Innovative ideas are being pursued in both technical and administrative areas to encourage the beneficial use of enriched stable isotopes and the development of related technologies.
Rorty, religion and the public–private distinction

This article explores the question of the role of religion in the public square through the lens of Richard Rorty’s more general public–private distinction. When we note his various positions over ...
Culturally invariable properties of male homosexuality: tentative conclusions from cross-cultural research

While the behavior of homosexuals in some aspects is subject to cultural variability, this analysis explores the equally important question of cultural invariability. Based on several years of field work in homosexual communities in the United States, Guatemala, Brazil, and the Philippines, six tentative conclusions about cultural invariability are offered: (1) homosexual persons appear in all societies; (2) the percentage of homosexuals in all societies seems to be about the same and remains stable over time; (3) social norms do not impede or facilitate the emergence of homosexual orientation; (4) homosexual subcultures appear in all societies, given sufficient aggregates of people; (5) homosexuals in different societies tend to resemble each other with respect to certain behavioral interests and occupational choices; and (6) all societies produce similar continua from overtly masculine to overtly feminine homosexuals. Implications for this interpretation of homosexuality include the notion that homosexuality is not created by social structural arrangements but is rather a fundamental form of human sexuality acted out in different cultural settings.
Developmental Mentoring, Relationship Quality and School Adjustment: The Chapel Buddy Programme.

This prospective mixed methods longitudinal study examined the connection between mentor–mentee relationship quality and school adjustment amongst students participating in the Chapel Buddy programme, a developmental mentoring programme. Thirty-one sixth graders were paired with 29 kindergarteners for the duration of the school year. Sixth-grade reports of relationship quality had a significant main effect on predicting the self-reported school adjustment of the kindergarten students at the end of the year. Additionally, regression analyses indicated that relationship satisfaction of the sixth-grader students predicted teacher-reported academic adjustment of the sixth graders. Qualitative analyses of parents' perspectives of the Chapel Buddy programme indicated parents believed the programme eased the transition to school. This study concludes that developmental mentoring has a positive influence on school adjustment, specifically school connectedness, for mentors as well as the mentees, and such a progra...
Direct determination of zinc in seawater by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract A direct atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique for the determination of total zinc in marine waters is described. The detection limit in a seawater matrix by this method is 2·10 -4 μg zinc, and 0.25-ml samples may be analysed without any pre-analysis preparation. Contamination problems are shown to be severe for zinc and initial attempts to evaluate the various chemical and physical forms present in natural water samples have had limited success.
Laws of large numbers for bootstrappedU-statistics

Abstract For the bootstrapped mean, a strong law of large numbers is obtained under the assumption of finiteness of the rth moment, for some r>1, and a weak law of large numbers is obtained under the finiteness of the first moment. The results are then extended to bootstrapped U-statistics under parallel conditions. Stochastic convergence of the jackknifed estimator of the variance of a bootstrapped U-statistic is proved. The asymptotic normality of the bootstrapped pivot and the bias of the bootstrapped U-statistic are indicated.
Weighted polynomial approximation on unbounded intervals

Abstract Muntz-type theorems are proven for sequences of the form w ( t ) t α k defined on unbounded intervals.
Cubic erbium trihydride thin films

Abstract High-purity, erbium hydride thin films have been deposited onto α-Al 2 O 3 and oxidized Si by reactive sputtering methods. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and elastic recoil detection show that films deposited at temperatures of 35, 150 and 275 °C have a composition of 3H:1Er. Erbium trihydride films consist of a face-centered cubic erbium sub-lattice with a lattice parameter in the range of 5.11–5.20 A. The formation of cubic ErH 3 is intriguing, because previous studies demonstrate a single trihydride phase with a hexagonal metal sub-lattice. The formation of a stable, cubic trihydride phase is attributed to a large, in-plane stress resulting from ion beam sputter deposition.
Thermal conductivity of densified a - SiO 2 from 15 K to room temperature

The thermal conductivity of densified a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ has been measured from 15 K to room temperature. The sample was prepared under a uniaxial pressure of 16 GPa at room temperature. The density of the sample is about 20% higher than that of undensified a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$. The thermal conductivity displays a plateau at temperatures up to 60 K, and the magnitude of the plateau is higher than that of undensified a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$. Above 60 K, the thermal conductivity increases approximately linearly with temperature. A simple analysis of the thermal conductivity data measured on two different portions of the sample reveal that the thermal conductivity plateau is most strongly affected by the densification.
Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier Analysis Using Difference Equations

A second-order difference equation is derived for both periodically and uniformly distributed parametric amplifiers. Using a two-frequency approximation the gain and the voltage output of the amplifier are computed. The results are specifically applied to an LC-distributed parametric amplifier and the gain computed for a capacity modulation index of 0.5, and for different normalized pump frequencies.
The truncated TrkB receptor influences mammalian sleep

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin hypothesized to play an important role in mammalian sleep expression and regulation. In order to investigate the role of the truncated receptor for BDNF, TrkB.T1, in mammalian sleep, we examined sleep architecture and sleep regulation in adult mice constitutively lacking this receptor. We find that TrkB.T1 knockout mice have increased REM sleep time, reduced REM sleep latency, and reduced sleep continuity. These results demonstrate a novel role for the TrkB.T1 receptor in sleep expression and provide new insights into the relationship between BDNF, psychiatric illness, and sleep.
Trait-Focused Spin in Presidential Debates: Surviving the Kisses of Death

In the context of presidential debates, 2 experiments explored the impact of “trait-focused spin”—messages interpreting potentially negative personality traits in terms of broader, positive frameworks—in comparison to unfocused spin—messages simply predicting positive performance. Of interest were differences between high and low Need for Cognition (NFC) participants in their willingness to accept these messages. In Experiment 1, high NFC participants responded well to trait-focused spin but found unfocused spin unpersuasive. Low NFC participants responded equally well to both. In Experiment 2, high NFC participants again rated the target candidate more positively after trait-focused but not after unfocused spin, whereas low NFC participants did the opposite. Thus trait-focused spin can influence even those suspicious of unfocused spin.
Gain enhancement technique for differential pairs

A gain enhancement technique is presented for increasing the output impedance of a differential pair. It is useful when trying to realise fast single-stage amplifiers, without having to accept the compromise of very low gain. The only major disadvantage is that either a larger power supply voltage or a smaller maximum signal swing must be tolerated.
Proton-proton bremsstrahlung calculation: Comparison with recent high-precision experimental results

Proton-proton bremsstrahlung cross sections and analyzing powers have been calculated at 190 MeV by using a one-boson-exchange model. The results are compared with the recently published high-precision Kernfysisch-Versneller-Instituut (KVI) data. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment has been found.
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy by six-wave mixing

Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (FSRS) is motivated by the knowledge of the molecular geometry changes that accompany sub-picosecond chemical reactions. The detection of vibrational resonances throughout the entire fingerprint region of the spectrum with sub-100-fs delay precision is fairly straightforward to accomplish with the FSRS technique. Despite its utility, FSRS must contend with substantial technical challenges that stem from a large background of residual laser light and lower-order nonlinearities when all laser pulses are electronically resonant with the equilibrium system. In this work, a geometry based on five incident laser beams is used to eliminate much of this undesired background in experiments conducted on metmyoglobin. Compared to a three-beam FSRS geometry with all electronically resonant laser pulses, the five-beam approach described here offers major improvements in the data acquisition rate, sensitivity, and background suppression. The susceptibility of the five-beam geometry to experimental artifacts is investigated using control experiments and model calculations. Of particular concern are undesired cascades of third-order nonlinearities, which are known to challenge FSRS measurements carried out on electronically off-resonant systems. It is generally understood that “forbidden” steps in the desired nonlinear optical processes are the origin of the problems encountered under off-resonant conditions. In contrast, the present experiments are carried out under electronically resonant conditions, where such unfortunate selection rules do not apply. Nonetheless, control experiments based on spectroscopic line shapes, signal phases, and sample concentrations are conducted to rule out significant contributions from cascades of third-order processes. Theoretical calculations are further used to estimate the relative intensities of the direct and cascaded responses. Overall, the control experiments and model calculations presented in this work suggest promise for multidimensional resonance Raman investigations of heme proteins.
Detection of Undocumented Changepoints: A Revision of the Two-Phase Regression Model

Abstract Changepoints (inhomogeneities) are present in many climatic time series. Changepoints are physically plausible whenever a station location is moved, a recording instrument is changed, a new method of data collection is employed, an observer changes, etc. If the time of the changepoint is known, it is usually a straightforward task to adjust the series for the inhomogeneity. However, an undocumented changepoint time greatly complicates the analysis. This paper examines detection and adjustment of climatic series for undocumented changepoint times, primarily from single site data. The two-phase regression model techniques currently used are demonstrated to be biased toward the conclusion of an excessive number of unobserved changepoint times. A simple and easily applicable revision of this statistical method is introduced.
Traceless and Site-specific Attachment of Proteins onto Solid Supports

Many experimental approaches in biology and biophysics, as well as applications in diagnosis and drug discovery, require proteins to be immobilized on solid supports. Protein microarrays, for example, provide a high-throughput format to study biomolecular interactions. The technique employed for protein immobilization is a key to the success of these applications. Recent biochemical developments are allowing, for the first time, the selective and traceless immobilization of proteins generated by cell-free systems without the need for purification and/or reconcentration prior to the immobilization step.
Respiratory Mechanics in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Respiratory mechanics refers to the expression of lung function through measures of pressure and flow. From these measurements, a variety of derived indices can be determined, such as volume, compliance, resistance, and work of breathing. Plateau pressure is a measure of end-inspiratory distending pressure. It has become increasingly appreciated that end-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure (stress) might be a better indicator of the potential for lung injury than plateau pressure alone. This has resulted in a resurgence of interest in the use of esophageal manometry in mechanically ventilated patients. End-expiratory transpulmonary pressure might also be useful to guide the setting of PEEP to counterbalance the collapsing effects of the chest wall. The shape of the pressure-time curve might also be useful to guide the setting of PEEP (stress index). This has focused interest in the roles of stress and strain to assess the potential for lung injury during mechanical ventilation. This paper covers both basic and advanced respiratory mechanics during mechanical ventilation.
A New Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Development

A critical review of the multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development reveals a lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding sustainable development and its complexities. A critical review shows that the definitions of sustainable development are vague; there is a lack of operative definitions and disagreement over what should be sustained; the concept is unclear in terms of emotional commitment; and it “remains a confused topic”, “fraught with contradictions”. This article aims to theoretically synthesize the interdisciplinary literature on sustainable development, and then identify the results by broad categories. Therefore, this article uses conceptual analysis, which reviews multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development, which recognizes patterns and similarities within the literature, then it synthesizes the patterns to different categories and independent concepts, where each concept has distinctive meanings and represents close ideas on sustainability. The analytical process elaborates seven concepts that together assemble the theoretical framework of ‘sustainable development’ and each concept represents distinctive meanings of the theoretical framework.
SU‐E‐J‐127: Uncertainties in Planned Dose Due to the Limited Voxel Size of the Planning CT When Treating Lung Tumors with Proton Therapy

Purpose: Dose calculation for lungtumors can be challenging due to the low density and the fine structure of the geometry. The latter is not fully considered in the CTimage resolution used in treatment planning causing the prediction of a more homogeneous tissue distribution. In proton therapy, this could result in predicting an unrealistically sharp distal dose falloff, i.e. an underestimation of the distal dose falloff degradation. The goal of this work was the quantification of such effects. Methods: Two computational phantoms, resembling a two‐dimensional heterogeneous random lung geometry and a swine lung were considered applying a variety of voxel sizes for dose calculation. Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare the dose distributions predicted with the voxel size typically used for the treatment planning procedure with those expected to be delivered using the finest resolution. Results: The results show, for example, distal falloff position differences of up to 4 mm between planned and expected dose at the 90% level for the heterogeneous random lung (assuming treatment plan on a 2×2×2.5 mm3 grid). For the swine lung, differences of up to 38 mm were seen when airways are present in the beam path when the treatment plan was done on a 0.8×0.8×2.4 mm3 grid.Conclusion: The two‐dimensional heterogeneous random lung phantom apparently does not describe the impact of the geometry adequately because of the lack of heterogeneities in the axial direction. The differences observed in the swine lung between planned and expected dose are presumably due to the poor axial resolution of the CTimages used in clinical routine. In conclusion, when assigning margins for treatment planning for lungcancer,proton range uncertainties due to the heterogeneous lung geometry and CTimage resolution need to be considered.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AGGLOMERATE DISPERSION BY EROSION IN SIMPLE SHEAR FLOWS

believed to depend on the material properties as well as flow conditions. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the mechanism of agglomerate breakup in simple shear flows and to correlate the various parameters affecting the dispersion process. Experiments were performed in a transparent cone and plate device. Two distinct breakup mechanisms, denoted as “rupture” and “erosion”, were observed. The rupture process is characterized by an abrupt breakage of the agglomerate into a few large pieces. The erosion process
An iPhone application for on-demand access to digital soil survey information.

The mission statement of the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) emphasizes the importance of information delivery in widely accessible and relevant formats. This aspect of the mission is especially relevant now as the NCSS explores new ways to circulate large and complex geospatial data sets to the public in digital formats. Web-based delivery mechanisms that can simplify the interpretation and delivery of these data are evolving at a rapid pace. The disadvantage of web-based soil survey formats is that user access is limited to a computer terminal with an internet connection. We have developed an iPhone application to support on-demand access to soil survey information from any location (with cell phone coverage) in the lower 48 states. This application interfaces with our web-based soil survey application (casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/map; verified 20 July 2010) to extend soils information in a user-friendly format.
Key Parameters Affecting Quantitative Analysis of STEM-EDS Spectrum Images

In this article, we use simulated and experimental data to explore how three operator-controllable parameters--(1) signal level, (2) detector resolution, and (3) number of factors chosen for analysis--affect quantitative analyses of scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectrum images processed by principal component analysis (PCA). We find that improvements in both signal level and detector resolution improve the precision of quantitative analyses, but that signal level is the most important. We also find that if the rank of the PCA solution is not chosen properly, it may be possible to improperly fit the underlying data and degrade the accuracy of results. Additionally, precision is degraded in the case when too many factors are included in the model.
Application of a Handheld Infrared Sensor for Monitoring the Mineral Fortification in Whole Grain Cornmeal

The requirements for labeling and safe control of dosage during the production of fortified products in complex matrices require reliable, precise, and accurate concentration analysis. On-line or real-time spectroscopic methods can provide a valuable window into in-process food manufacturing to permit optimization of production rate and ensuring quality of food products. Our objective was to develop a real-time methodology for monitoring fortification of whole grain cornmeal throughout the industrial mixing process using a handheld infrared (IR) sensor. Whole grain cornmeal was fortified with a blend premix, containing zinc, iron, vitamin E, and calcium, at different levels (0.5-5.5%) and mixed for 30 min to ensure homogenous distribution of the fortificants. Real- time IR analysis was achieved by pressing an aliquot (0.1 g) onto an attenuated total reflectance diamond crystal of a portable handheld spectrometer and spectra were collected. Multivariate analysis was used to exam- ine the data collected for monitoring distribution unifor- mity. The handheld regression (partial least squares regression) model based on specific IR spectral informa- tion (1,200-900 cm −1 ) associated to phosphate ion stretching vibration bands showed strong correlation (coefficient of correlation for validation >0.96) and similar performance statistics (standard error of cross-validation= 0.4%) as models generated from spectra collected by a benchtop system. Given the greater simplicity, speed, versatility, ruggedness, and portability of the handheld system over the laboratory benchtop instrument, it can provide the food industry with real-time sensor to evaluate the fortification of whole grain cornmeal snack foods, enabling timely correction measures during manufacture.
Hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of RbH-doped 2LiNH2/MgH2 hydrogen storage system

Abstract In this study, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of RbH doped 2LiNH 2 /MgH 2 were measured and compared for hydrogen absorption and desorption. Pressure–composition–temperature isotherms were obtained in the 150–180 °C temperature range and were used to construct van’t Hoff plots. The results showed that the absorption enthalpy, 39.7 kJ mol −1 , was less than the desorption enthalpy, 43 kJ mol −1 . Kinetics measurements, done at 160 °C using constant pressure thermodynamic driving forces, show that under the same conditions, absorption is approximately twice as fast as desorption. Modeling studies, based on a shrinking core model, show that diffusion is the rate-limiting process for both absorption and desorption. Cycling studies were also done to determine if any changes would occur in the sample upon repeated hydriding/dehydriding at 200 °C. It was found that the amount of hysteresis increased and there was also about a 30% decrease in the hydrogen capacity after 70 cycles.
Emotionality and avoidance conditioning to x radiation.

To evaluate 2 variables. environmental and subject. and to obtain evidence regarding 2 alternative explanations of the conditioned-avoidance phenomenon using x radiation. tests were carried out in rats. Pre-irradiation tests revealed each animal's preference for a black box (single cue) or black box with rod floor (2 cues) as opposed to an adjoining white box (single cue) or white box with cloth floor (2 cues) by the amount of time the animal spent in each compartment during a 2-hr period. Eight days of training followed in which on alternate days the anirnal was confined to an appropriate black box and irradiated (4l0 r over 4 days) or merely confined to an appropriate white box. Then a postirradiation measure of preference was obtained in the choice apparatus employed for the preirradiation determination. Emotionally reactive animals spent significantly less time in the black compartment both before and after avoidance-conditioning trials. On the basis of the difference in time spent in the black compartment before and after irradiation as a measure of change of preference, emotionally reactive animals spent significantly less time in the black side after irradiation than they had before irradiation. There were no changes in the nonreactive animals' preference beforemore » and after irradiation. Also, there were no differerices noted as a function of number of cues available. The findings were interpreted on the basis of radiation producing an increment to the drive levei inherent in the organism. The alternative explanation of radiation affecting preference by inducing a state of increased activity was ruled out. (H.H.D.)« less
Resolution and reconstitution of the cyanobacterial photosystem I complex

Abstract We had shown previously that addition of urea to a Synechococcus 6301 Photosystem I complex leads to dissociation of the 8.9 kDa, F A F B polypeptide, from the P-700- and F X -containing Photosystem I core protein (Golbeck et al. (1988) FEBS Lett. 240, 9–14). In the presence of chaotropes, the iron-sulfur clusters in the 8.9 kDa, F A F B polypeptide are unstable, and degrade to the level of zero-valence sulfur (Parrett et al. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 973, 324–332). We now report that addition of FeCl 3 , Na 2 S, and β-mercaptoethanol to a mixture of the low molecular mass polypeptides and the purified Photosystem I core protein results in complete restoration of light-induced charge separation between P-700 and F A F B , including (i) the 30 ms room temperature charge recombination between P-700 + and [ F A F B ] − and (ii) the characteristic light-induced ESR spectrum of F A and F B with g values of 2.05, 1.94, 1.92 and 1.89. Analysis by SDS-PAGE shows that the reconstituted 8.9 kDa, F A F B polypeptide has rebound to the Photosystem I core protein. The purified Photosystem I core protein was treated with 3 M urea and 5 mM potassium ferricyanide to oxidatively denature F X to the level of zero-valence sulfur; light-induced charge separation in the apo-F X core protein results in a 3 μs optical transient due to the relaxation of the P-700 triplet state. Addition of FeCl 3 , Na 2 S and β-mercaptoethanol results in restoration of light-induced charge separation between P-700 and F X , including (i) the 1.2 ms room temperature charge recombination between P-700 + and F X − and (ii) the characteristic light-induced ESR resonances of F X with g values of 2.05, 1.86 and 1.78. Addition of FeCl 3 , Na 2 S and β-mercaptoethanol to a mixture of the F X and F A F B apoproteins results in reconstitution of electron flow from P-700 to F A F B , indicating quantitative reinsertion of the F X as well as the F A F B iron-sulfur clusters and quantitative rebinding of the 8.9 kDa polypeptide to the Photosystem I core protein. This reconstitution technique makes possible novel studies of Photosystem I, including chemical or genetic modification of the F X or F A F B apoproteins followed by reinsertion of the iron-sulfur clusters and rebinding of the low molecular mass polypeptides to produce a functional Photosystem I complex.
Multi-Domain Topology Optimization for Vehicle Substructure Design

Topology optimization of a structure is generally considered as a problem of optimum material distribution (OMD) within a given structural domain, subject to a given amount of material and to boundary conditions and loading conditions applied to the structure. The effective design of a complex engineering structure, however, may require controllability over how the material should be distributed among the various subdomains of the structure, as well as even the use of different materials for the different subdomains. A multi-domain topology optimization technique is therefore proposed in this paper, which is based upon the homogenization method, and which employs a generalized Sequential Approximation Optimization (GSAO) algorithm. This algorithm enhances the capabilities of current topology optimization methods by using advanced updating rules and providing additional flexibility in the optimization process, thus resulting in improved convergence and higher computational efficiency. A Component Mode Synthesis method is also employed, which can significantly reduce the number of degrees of freedom associated with the subdomains whose designs are fixed at the current stage. Several example design problems are considered, including a “structure-fixture simultaneous design” problem, a “functionally graded material design” problem, a “crush energy management” problem, and a “truck frame design” problem that illustrates how the technique developed can be applied to real vehicle substructure design problems.Copyright © 2002 by ASME