cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of deep water cycling on planetary thermal evolution

[1] We use a parameterized convection model to investigate the effects of deep water cycling on the thermal evolution of an Earth-like planet. The model incorporates two water reservoirs, a surface and an interior mantle reservoir. Exchange between the two is calculated using a mantle convection parameterization that allows for temperature- and water-dependent mantle viscosity together with internally self-consistent degassing and regassing parameterizations. The balance between degassing and regassing depends on the average spreading rate of tectonic plates, the amount of water partitioned into melt, the thickness of a mantle melt zone, and of a hydrated layer at the top of subducting plates. Degassing scales with melt zone thickness such that an early period of extensive melting would create a drier and more viscous mantle, shifting the solidus line in a direction that would reduce the melt zone thickness and the rate of mantle heat loss. Coupling a hydrated zone thickness-dependent regassing factor to the model, to mimic water delivery to the mantle via a serpentinized layer, allows for the potential of a reversing point where the overall water flow direction switches from degassing to regassing as the mantle cools. The water effect on viscosity creates a negative feedback that tends to regulate the final amount of water in the mantle so it is not strongly dependent on the initial amount of planetary water. The final amount of water in the surface reservoir is then determined by this feedback effect together with the initial water budget of the entire planet. This implies that if the initial water budget of a planet can be estimated, from planetary formation models, then the volume of surface water can be used to estimate the volume of water in the mantle of an Earth-like planet. Applying this methodology to the Earth leads to predictions for water concentration in the Earth's mantle that are in line with geochemical and petrological constraints.
Spiral Analysis: A New Technique for Measuring Tremor With a Digitizing Tablet

A new computational method for quantification of tremor and other aspects of motor dysfunction is described. By using a digitizing tablet connected to a microcomputer, this analysis is derived from the handwritten Archimedean spiral. This technique extends the standard clinical neurologic test of spiral drawing into an objective and accurate measure that can automatically detect, characterize, and quantify motor dysfunction in patients with movement disorders. Further, it is safe, inexpensive, fast, portable, noninvasive, and can be administered to a large cohort of patients without the need for wires or other attachments. Spiral data are collected in the X, Y, and pressure axes, providing virtual "triaxial" recordings. Spiral analysis is shown to be capable of assessing subtle motor abnormalities potentially indicative of clinical problems in their earliest stages, and thus allow the most rational forms of genetic testing, treatment, or prevention. Spiral analysis may be useful as an initial marker of clinical involvement or serve as an objective gauge of change after therapeutic intervention.
The McCrimmon radical for identities of degree 3

Suppose that R = (R, +, ) is a nonassociative ring, and that R+ = (R, +, ˆ) is a Jordan ring where the ˆ-product is defined by x ˆ y = xy + yx. We compute the minimal degree three and degree four identities which are strong enough to make R third-power associative, R+ Jordan, and the McCrimmon radical of R+ to be an ideal of R. We display an absorption identity of R which demonstrates that the McCrimmon radical of R+ is an ideal of R. Because of the sizes of the matrices involved, the work was done modulo various primes and extrapolated to the rational numbers. The goal was to present the absorption identities. Actual proofs are too large to publish. The interested reader may check them using computer algebra packages. For (R+, +, ˆ) to have a McCrimmon radical, we have to have characteristic ≠ 2.The heart of the paper is a solution to the matrix equation AX = B where both the matrix A and the vector B have entries which are rational functions in α. The solution proceeds by solving the system modulo various primes for various values of α and using these residues to estimate the vector of rational functions X. A genetic algorithm is used to maximize the number of zero entries in the solution X.
Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs

We measure two-color quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in erbium-doped GaAs. The signal size is the same order of magnitude as from a low-temperature grown GaAs sample, and much larger than in a semi-insulating GaAs sample. Thus erbium-doped GaAs could be useful for fabrication of monolithic optical carrier-envelope phase detectors. We also describe a prism-based two-color interferometer useful for minimizing stray light in quantum interference control measurements.
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Carbon Deposited on the NiO/MgO Solid Solution Catalysts

The carbon deposition due to the CH4decomposition at 790°C over NiO/MgO catalysts was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. While no deposits could be detected over the catalysts with a NiO content smaller than 9.1 wt%, they were detected over the catalysts with NiO contents of 23 and 50 wt%. The carbon deposits are composed of platelets located at distances of about 0.34 nm, corresponding to the graphitic carbon. Various structures of the deposited carbon were observed: (a) carbon consisting of platelets parallel to the surface of the particle, which covers a catalyst particle, (b) nanotubes composed of platelets parallel to their axis, and (c) carbon vortexes consisting of platelets parallel to their axis.
Tenascin-C deficiency in apo E-/- mouse increases eotaxin levels: implications for atherosclerosis.

Aim To investigate the potential role of inflammatory cytokines in apo E−/− mouse in response to deletion of Tenascin-C (TNC) gene.
Air Toxic Emissions from Snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park

A study on emissions associated with oversnow travel in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was conducted for the time period of February 13-16, 2002 and February 12-16, 2003. Whole air and exhaust samples were characterized for 85 volatile organic compounds using gas chromatography. The toxics including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (p-, m-, and o-xylene), and n-hexane, which are major components of two-stroke engine exhaust, show large enhancements during sampling periods resulting from increased snowmobile traffic. Evaluation of the photochemical history of air masses sampled in YNP revealed that emissions of these air toxics were (i) recent, (ii) persistent throughout the region, and (iii) consistent with the two-stroke engine exhaust sample fingerprints. The annual fluxes were estimated to be 0.35, 1.12, 0.24, 1.45, and 0.36 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, respectively, from snowmobile usage in YNP. These results are comparable to the flux estimates of 0.23, 0.77, 0.17, and 0.70 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, respectively, that were derived on the basis of (i) actual snowmobile counts in the Park and (ii) our ambient measurements conducted in 2003. Extrapolating these results, annual emissions from snowmobiles in the U.S. appear to be significantly higher than the values from the EPA National Emissions Inventory (1999). Snowmobile emissions represent a significant fraction ( approximately 14-21%) of air toxics with respect to EPA estimates of emissions by nonroad vehicles. Further investigation is warranted to more rigorously quantify the difference between our estimates and emission inventories.
Imaging Evaluation of the Human Nipple During Breast-feeding

• A new real-time ultrasound technique was employed to document in vivo the anatomic characteristics of the human nipple during breast-feeding. The study quantifies human nipple deformation and provides a description of the mechanics of normal sucking derived from 16 normal infants aged 60 to 120 days. This in vivo imaging technique has great potential value in the study of feeding dysfunction. (AJDC1988;142:76-78)
Planarization techniques for vertically integrated metallic MEMS on silicon foundry circuits

Various micromachining techniques exist to realize integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which include sensors, signal processing and/or driving circuits, and/or actuators in one small die. Post-processing techniques performed on foundry-fabricated circuits (e.g., MOSIS) are attractive since such an approach eliminates the need for an in-house integrated circuit fabrication line to produce integrated MEMS. A method based on the combination of metallic (e.g., electroplating) micromachining techniques with multichip module deposited (MCM-D) processes is a possible candidate to realize vertically-stacked integrated MEMS using the post-processing of integrated circuits (post-IC) approach. In order to realize such devices, planarization of the surface of foundry-fabricated circuit chips or wafers is often required. In such planarization layers, mechanical and chemical stability, as well as adhesion between the circuit-containing substrate and the micromachined devices, should be addressed. A PI/BCB/PI sandwich interlayer system, which utilizes both advantages of DuPont polyimide PI 2611 and Dow benzocyclobutene (BCB) Cyclotene 3022 series, was developed as a planarization interlayer for vertically integrated MEMS. The PI/BCB/PI interlayer system shows an over 95% degree of planarization (DOP) as well as passes the Method 107G Thermal Shock from the military standard MIL-STD-202F. A interlayer system was also developed as an alternative to the PI/BCB/PI system.
19-Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift variability in trifluoroacetyl species

This review examines the variability of chemical shifts observed in 19-fluorine ( 19 F) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) functional group. The range of 19 F chemical shifts reported spectra for the TFA group varies generally from −85 to −67 ppm relative to CFCl 3 . The literature revealed several factors that impact chemical shifts of the TFA moiety − substrate topology, electronic environment, solvent polarity, and concentration effects. Often these effects conspire to cause deshielding of the TFA group by up to 15 ppm. These factors will be examined for a series of TFA-functionalized acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic molecules. 19 F NMR, chemical shift, shielding, trifluoroacetyl group, fluorinated diketones, triketones
Entry Guidance for the X-33 Vehicle

The entry  ight of the X-33 AdvancedTechnologyDemonstrator is  rst examinedby usinga trajectory optimization approach. For closed-loop guidance the nominal entry trajectory is de ned by a piecewise linear drag vs an energy pro le. Under a nonlinear tracking control law and an onboard drag-pro le updating scheme, the vehicle reaches the designated target point accurately. To further meet the stringent heading requirement at this point, a ground-track design method and the corresponding trajectory control law, which can be applied at a distance before the vehicle reaches the target point, are developed. Simulations with the X-33 vehicle and trajectory data demonstrate good performance of the guidance algorithms.
Anti-interferon alpha treatment in SLE

Several studies in the last decade have highlighted the role of the type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway, and particularly interferon alpha (IFNα) in SLE pathogenesis. As a result, a multitude of potential treatments targeting IFNα have emerged in the last few years, a few of which have already completed phase II clinical trials. Some of the treatment strategies have focused on blocking IFNα or its receptor and others the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC), which is the principal IFNα producing cell. In this review, we will discuss the evidence supporting a pathogenic role of IFNα and pDC in SLE, provide an update on the current status of these therapeutic strategies, and discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic approach.
Structure of DNA Polymerase beta with the Mutagenic DNA Lesion 8-oxodeoxyguanine Reveals Structural Insights into its Coding Potential

Oxidative damage to DNA generates 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). During DNA replication and repair synthesis, 8-oxodG can pair with cytosine or adenine. The ability to accurately replicate through this lesion depends on the DNA polymerase. We report the first structure of a polymerase with a promutagenic DNA lesion, 8-oxodG, in the confines of its active site. The modified guanine residue is in an anti conformation and forms Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds with an incoming dCTP. To accommodate the oxygen at C8, the 5'-phosphate backbone of the templating nucleotide flips 180 degrees. Thus, the flexibility of the template sugar-phosphate backbone near the polymerase active site is one parameter that influences the anti-syn equilibrium of 8-oxodG. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms employed by polymerases to select the complementary dNTP.
In vitro regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by estrogens and antiestrogens in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer

Background The effects of antiestrogens on angiogenesis in breast cancer are not fully defined. In this study we investigated thein vitro effects of antiestrogens at different concentrations on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells.
The whole is sometimes less than the sum of its parts: toward a theory of document acts

We present in broad outline a theory of document acts, using the influential Supreme Court opinion in Marbury v. Madison (1803) as our principal test case. Marbury has a superabundance of rhetorical questions. They make up a significant and stylistically prominent portion of the total linguistic material of the text, yet they all but disappear from Marbury’s citation history and thus its content as an enduring jurisprudential entity. To account for these facts, we examine Marbury as a whole text addressing a particular situation, as a pastiche of constructions, and as a tool of jurisprudential decision-making. The intersection and independence of these ‘modes of being’ call for an overarching theoretical framework capable of accounting for facets of documents’ existence at three distinct but interpenetrating strata: system, artifact, and construction. We base our theory on primordial cognitive capacities for joint attention and joint commitments, with the strata as consequences of embodied human minds born into and embedded in intersubjective environments filled with and shaped by documents and their circulation. The closed system of United States Supreme Court opinions makes an excellent case for a theory of document acts that will eventually be used to understand and explain more open-ended systems.
Analytic derivation of processor potential utilization in straight line, ring, square mesh, and hypercube networks

In multicomputer architectures, in which processors communicate through message-passing, the overhead encountered because of the need to relay messages can significantly affect performance. Based upon some simplifying assumptions including the rate at which a processor generates messages being proportional to its current potential utilization, processor utilizations are analytically derived in matrix form for a bidirectional straight line and square mesh. In addition, closed form derivations are provided for a unidirectional ring and an n-dimensional hypercube. Finally, the theoretical results are found to be in close agreement with discrete-event simulations of the four architectures.
Graded-index model of a fish double cone exhibits differential polarization sensitivity

The close apposition of the inner segments of the two cones that combine to form a double cone causes the pair of cone inner segments to guide light as a unitary structure whose transverse sections are roughly elliptical. Electron micrographs of the photoreceptors of a green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) retina provide evidence that the refractive index in the ellipsoid region of the inner segments of the double cones is higher in the center than at the perimeter. The hypothesis that the shape and refractive-index gradient could confer differential polarization sensitivity on double cones is examined with a two-dimensional waveguide model of a double-cone inner segment. The model has a dielectric constant that varies parabolically along the narrowest (x) dimension, leading to the index profile: n(x) = nmax[1 − (x/x0)2]1/2, where nmax is the peak value of the index and x0 is a parameter specifying the rate at which the index decreases with increasing |x|. A quantity, the polarization contrast, is introduced as a measure of the differential polarization sensitivity of adjacent receptors in the square mosaic of double cones in the sunfish retina. Polarization contrast is proportional to the relative difference in power absorbed by two double cones oriented with their shortest axes orthogonal to each other and stimulated by a field of uniform polarization. Polarization contrast is computed as a function of wavelength for appropriate values of nmax and x0. For normally incident light polarized parallel to one of the two axes of the double cones’ cross sections, the polarization contrast is generally between 1% and 5% for wavelengths ranging from 550 to 750 nm. Over most of those wavelengths the polarization contrast of the graded-index-model double cone is approximately five times as large as that of a homogeneous-slab model of the same size and average refractive index. Additional benefits of a graded index, optical isolation of adjacent photoreceptors and antireflection at the photoreceptor entrance, are also discussed.
Dysregulated interferon-gamma responses during lethal cytomegalovirus brain infection of IL-10-deficient mice

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) brain infection induces a transient increase in chemokine production, which precedes the infiltration of CD3(+) lymphocytes. In this study, we hypothesized that an absence of anti-inflammatory cytokines would result in sustained proinflammatory neuroimmune responses. Direct intracerebroventricular injection of MCMV into IL-10 knockout (KO) mice produced an unexpected result: while wild-type animals controlled MCMV, the infection was lethal in IL-10 KO animals. Identical infection of IL-4 KO animals did not produce lethal disease. To further characterize the role of IL-10, infected brain tissue from both wild-type and IL-10 KO animals was assessed for cytokine and chemokine levels, as well as viral gene expression. These data show vastly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, as well as IL-6 in brain homogenates obtained from IL-10 KO animals. However, MCMV viral load, glycoprotein B mRNA levels, and titers of infectious virus were similar in both IL-10 KO and wild-type animals. Separation of cells isolated from murine brain tissue into distinct populations using FACS, along with subsequent quantitative RT real-time PCR, showed that brain-infiltrating CD45(hi)/CD11b(-) and CD45(hi)/CD11b(int) were the cellular source of IL-10 in the brain. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MCMV brain infection of IL-10-deficient mice causes lethal disease, which occurs in the presence of a dysregulated IFN-gamma-mediated neuroimmune response.
The Effect of Multipath Reflections on Spaceborne Interferometer Accuracy

This paper presents a discussion of multipath disturbance of a satellite interferometer. A mathematical expression is developed, in which an upper bound of the error of the measured angle difference and position locations owing to multipath is expressed in terms of geometrical system parameters and the amplitude and phase of the multipath signal. Because diffuse reflection from a rough surface is predominant, the spectrum of multipath reflections is calculated. Multipath rejection by filtering is discussed, and curves for the position errors are presented.
The first glimpse determines the perception of an ambiguous figure

The ambiguous rat-man figure was tachistoscopically presented to 36 subjects in successive segments to test the hypothesis that the starting segment would determine the perception of the figure. Starting segments were selected which were expected to produce the perception of a rat, a man, or either a rat or man. The remaining segments came from figures evaluated in a preliminary study. The selected figures differed in drawn bias and tended to be seen as a rat, a man, or either a rat or a man. The three starting segments were combined factorially with the three levels of drawn bias of the remaining segments. The effect of the starting segment was significant; the effect of drawn bias was not. A further experiment showed that presentation of the rat vs. man starting segments by themselves did not produce a reliable difference. The results support a constructive model of form perception in which the stimulus material first presented establishes a hypothesis which is used to interpret the remaining material.
RECURSIVE PROTEIN MODELING: A DIVIDE AND CONQUER STRATEGY FOR PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION AND ITS CASE STUDY IN CASP9

After decades of research, protein structure prediction remains a very challenging problem. In order to address the different levels of complexity of structural modeling, two types of modeling techniques--template-based modeling and template-free modeling--have been developed. Template-based modeling can often generate a moderate- to high-resolution model when a similar, homologous template structure is found for a query protein but fails if no template or only incorrect templates are found. Template-free modeling, such as fragment-based assembly, may generate models of moderate resolution for small proteins of low topological complexity. Seldom have the two techniques been integrated together to improve protein modeling. Here we develop a recursive protein modeling approach to selectively and collaboratively apply template-based and template-free modeling methods to model template-covered (i.e. certain) and template-free (i.e. uncertain) regions of a protein. A preliminary implementation of the approach was tested on a number of hard modeling cases during the 9th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP9) and successfully improved the quality of modeling in most of these cases. Recursive modeling can significantly reduce the complexity of protein structure modeling and integrate template-based and template-free modeling to improve the quality and efficiency of protein structure prediction.
Pulmonary complications of neuromuscular disease: A Respiratory mechanics perspective

Paediatric neuromuscular disease compromises both the gas exchange and pump functions of the respiratory system. This can have profound implications for both growth and development of the respiratory system, as well as morbidity and mortality. Aspiration lung disease is common, and leads to increasingly restrictive pulmonary physiology over time. Abnormal lung and chest wall mechanics, and weak respiratory muscles, can combine to cause respiratory failure. Improving the balance between the work of breathing (by decreasing the respiratory load) and the respiratory pump (by improving respiratory muscle strength and decreasing respiratory muscle fatigue) can help prevent the onset of respiratory failure. Airway clearance techniques and non-invasive ventilation are two important tools in this effort. Better ways of assessing the respiratory pump, mechanical function, control and fatigue are needed especially in children.
Reaction Kinetics in Restricted Spaces

(Received 2 Auglrrt 1990) Abstract. Reactions in restricted spaces rarely get stirred vigorously by convection and are thus controlled by diffusion. Furthermore, the compactness of the Brownian motion leads to both anomalous diffusion and anomalous reaction kinetics. Elementary binary reactions of the type A + A + Products, A + B + Products, and A + C + C + Products are discussed theoretically for both batch and steady-state conditions. The anomalous reaction orders and time exponents (for the rate coefficients) are discussed for various situations. Global and local rate laws are related to particle distribution functions. Only Poissonian distributions guarantee the classical rate laws. Reactant self-organization leads to interesting new phenomena. These are demonstrated by theory, simulations, and experiments. The correlation length of rcactant production affects the self- ordering length scale. These effects are demonstrated experimentally, including the stability of reactant segregation observed in chemical reactions in one-dimen- sional spaces, e.g., capillaries and microcapillaries. The gap between the reactant A (cation) and B (anion) actually increases in time and extends over millimeters. Excellent agreement is found among theory, simulation, and experiment for the various scaling exponents.
Influence of Copper on the Switching Properties of Hafnium Oxide-Based Resistive Memory

Hafnium oxide-based resistive memory devices have been fabricated on copper bottom electrodes. The HfOx active layers in these devices were deposited by atomic layer deposition at 250 °C with tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) as the metal precursor and an O2 plasma as the reactant. Depth profiles of the HfOx by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed a copper concentration on the order of five atomic percent throughout the HfOx film. This phenomenon has not been previously reported in resistive switching literature and therefore may have gone unnoticed by other investigators. The MIM structures fabricated from the HfOx exhibited non-polar behavior, independent of the top metal electrode (Ni, Pt, Al, Au). These results are analogous to the non-polar switching behavior observed by Yang et al. [2] for intentionally Cu-doped HfOx resistive memory devices. The distinguishing characteristic of the material structure produced in this research is that the copper concentration increases to 60 % in a conducting surface copper oxide layer ~20 nm thick. Lastly, the results from both sweep- and pulse-mode current-voltage measurements are presented and preliminary work on fabricating sub-100 nm devices is summarized.
Enzyme catalyzed site-specific protein labeling and cell imaging with quantum dots

We have developed an efficient method for one-step covalent labeling of cell surface proteins with quantum dots based on enzyme catalyzed site-specific modification of short peptide tags.
Cultural differences in the dialectical and non-dialectical emotional styles and their implications for health.

Previous cross-cultural studies have repeatedly demonstrated that East Asians are more likely to show a dialectical emotional style than Americans, but do not distinguish between specific types of dialectical emotional styles. Using an age diverse sample, we found that compared to Americans, Japanese are more likely to experience both positive and negative emotions moderately frequently (i.e., moderate dialectical), but are no more likely to experience them frequently (i.e., high dialectical). Thus, dialectical emotions prevalent in East Asia may be characterised by a ‘‘middle way’’ rather than by emotional extremes. Furthermore, we explored whether dialectical emotion types are associated with better health profiles depending on cultural background. Our results show that the moderate dialectical type is associated with fewer physical symptoms in Japan than in the USA. Together, these findings show the cultural differences in the experience of balanced positive and negative emotions and their health correlates.
Calcium and action potentials of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells

Bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells were capable of producing action potentials (Ca spikes) in an isotonic (84 mM) CaCl2 solution. The peak level of Ca spikes showed an approximately 30 mv increase with a 10-fold increase in the Ca concentration. Na as well as Ca ions were capable of acting as charge carriers during the production of action potentials in a solution containing relatively high Ca and relatively low Na ions. A decrease in the external Ca concentration depressed the maximum rate of rise at a fixed resting potential level, and increased the maximum rate of rise of the Na spikes at a high resting potential level at which Na inactivation was completely depressed. Compared to Na spikes, Ca spikes were less sensitive to TTX and procaine. Ganglion cells were also capable of producing action potentials (Sr spikes) in an isotonic SrCl(2) solution and prolonged action potentials in an isotonic BaCl(2) solution, but these cells were rendered inexcitable in an isotonic MgCl(2) solution. The peak level of the Sr spikes was dependent on the external Sr concentration and was insensitive to both TTX and procaine. Sr ions, like Ca ions, reduced Na inactivation during the resting state, and depressed the maximum rate of rise of the Na spikes at a high resting potential level. It was concluded that Ca (and Sr) ions exert dual actions on the membrane; namely, regulating the Na permeability and acting as charge carriers during the active state of the membrane.
Hippocampal reflected optical patterns during sleep and waking states in the freely behaving cat

We examined reflected light as a measure of neural activity from a 2 mm2 area of dorsal hippocampus and surrounding neocortex in nine freely behaving cats during sleep and waking states. Light reflectance at 660 or 700 nm was measured by a coherent fiber optic probe attached to a charge-coupled device video camera that allowed acquisition of images from subcortical structures. In the dorsal hippocampus, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and active waking (AW) resulted in a significant decline (-0.9% +/- 0.3 and -2.0% +/- 0.5, respectively) in overall reflected light from the dorsal hippocampus relative to quiet sleep (QS), while quiet waking (QW) resulted in an overall increase (+2.0% +/- 0.4). In the neocortical probe placement group, reflectance also decreased during AW (-1.6% +/- 0.5) and increased during QW (+1.7 +/- 0.6) as compared to QS. In contrast to the hippocampus, however, overall reflectance increased, rather than decreased, in the neocortex during REMS (+2.7% +/- 1.3). We interpret a decline in reflectance as representing increased activation of underlying neural tissue. Thus, the cat dorsal hippocampus increased overall activity during REMS as compared to QS, while neocortical structures decreased overall activity during the same state. These results concur with expected activity changes based on electrophysiologic and autoradiographic studies. The imaging procedure provided a continuous assessment of spatially organized neural activity changes in the freely behaving animal.
Derivation and Testing of Tenets of a Theory of Social Organizations as Adaptive Systems

Management and organizational theories are commonly used to design nursing administration studies. This article proposes a nursing theory as a viable alternative and demonstrates its utility in the conduct of nursing administration research. The purpose of the research was to determine the explanatory power of the environmental stimuli of medical condition, nursing condition, nursing intensity, and medical severity on length-of-stay (LOS). Twenty-three percent of the variance in LOS was accounted for by the environmental stimuli with nursing acuity contributing 14%. The focal stimulus, medical condition (diagnosis-related groups), uniquely explained only one percent of the variance. The theory of social organizations as adaptive systems, derived from the Roy adaptation model, provides an attractive nursing framework to guide and design studies that will contribute to nursing administration science and address practical problems confronting nurse administrators.
Toxic Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (h-IAPP) Oligomers Are Intracellular, and Vaccination to Induce Anti-Toxic Oligomer Antibodies Does Not Prevent h-IAPP–Induced β-Cell Apoptosis in h-IAPP Transgenic Mice

OBJECTIVE —Islets in type 2 diabetes are characterized by a deficit in β-cells, increased β-cell apoptosis, and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). The toxic form of amyloidogenic protein oligomers are distinct and smaller than amyloid fibrils and act by disrupting membranes. Using antibodies that bind to toxic IAPP oligomers (but not IAPP monomers or fibrils) and a vaccination-based approach, we sought to establish whether IAPP toxic oligomers form intra- or extracellularly and whether vaccination to induce anti-toxic oligomer antibodies prevents IAPP-induced apoptosis in human IAPP (h-IAPP) transgenic mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Pancreas was sampled from two h-IAPP transgenic mouse models and examined by immunohistochemistry for toxic oligomers. The same murine models were vaccinated with toxic oligomers of Alzheimer β protein (AβP 1–40 ) and anti-oligomer titers, and blood glucose and islet pathology were monitored. RESULTS —Toxic oligomers were detected intracellularly in ∼20–40% of h-IAPP transgenic β-cells. Vaccine induced high titers of anti–h-IAPP toxic oligomers in both transgenic models, but β-cell apoptosis was, if anything, further increased in vaccinated mice, so that neither loss of β-cell mass nor diabetes onset was delayed. CONCLUSIONS —IAPP toxic oligomers form in h-IAPP transgenic mouse models, and anti-toxic oligomer antibodies do not prevent h-IAPP–induced β-cell apoptosis. These data suggest that prevention of h-IAPP oligomer formation may be more useful than a vaccination-based approach in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Community as a source of health in three racial/ethnic communities in Oregon: a qualitative study

A 2011 report by the Oregon Health Authority and the Department of Human Services documented disparities in its Latino and American Indian populations on multiple individual-level health indicators. However, research is lacking on the social contexts in which Latinos and American Indians in Oregon live and how these environments influence the health of communities as a whole. To help fill this gap, this study sought to contextualize the social environments that influence the health of Latinos and American Indian residents in three Oregon communities. Guided by an ecological framework, we conducted one-time semi-structured qualitative interviews with 26 study participants to identify the prominent health-related issues in the communities and to examine the factors that study participants perceived as enabling or inhibiting healthy lifestyles of community residents. We used a grounded theory approach to perform content and thematic analyses of the data. Study participants identified preventable chronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, as the most pressing health concerns in their communities. Results showed that traditional and cultural activities and strong family and community cohesion were viewed as facilitators of good community health. Poverty, safety concerns, insufficient community resources, and discrimination were perceived as barriers to community health. Three themes emerged from the thematic analyses: social connectedness is integral to health; trauma has an ongoing negative impact on health; and invisibility of residents in the community underlies poor health. This study’s findings provide insight to the social contexts which operate in the lives of some Latinos and American Indians in Oregon. While participants identified community-level factors as important to health, they focused more on the social connections of individuals to each other and the relationships that residents have with their communities at-large. Our findings may also help to explain how the intra- and inter-personal levels, the community/institutional level, and the macro level/public policy contexts can serve to influence health in these communities. For example, trauma and invisibility are not routinely examined in community health assessment and improvement planning activities; nonetheless, these factors appear to be at play affecting the health of residents.
Insulin Resistance from Binge Drinking: It’s All in Your Head

Binge alcohol exposure impairs hepatic insulin action by blunting insulin receptor signaling in the brain and enables the identification of a therapeutic target that may help treat alcohol-induced insulin resistance (Lindtner et al., this issue).
A humble servant: The work of H elen L . B rownson and the early years of information science research

Helen Brownson was a federal government employee from 1942 to 1970. At a time when scientific data were becoming exceedingly hard to manage, Brownson was instrumental in coordinating national and international efforts for more efficient, cost-effective, and universal information exchange. Her most significant contributions to documentation/information science were during her years at the National Science Foundation's Office of Scientific Information. From 1951 to 1966, Brownson played a key role in identifying and subsequently distributing government funds toward projects that sought to resolve information-handling problems of the time: information access, preservation, storage, classification, and retrieval. She is credited for communicating the need for information systems and indexing mechanisms to have stricter criteria, standards, and evaluation methods; laying the foundation for present-day NSF-funded computational linguistics projects; and founding several pertinent documentation/information science publications including the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A sedation technique for autistic patients who require dental treatment

A description of the patient with autism is presented along with the problems faced by dental care personnel in the treatment of these patients. A study of the use of a progressive sedation technique describes effectiveness, dosages, and levels of treatability. Results show that sedation using hydroxyzine pamoate/diazepam combination as pre-medication and N2O/O2 analgesia is an acceptable technique for sedation in these patients.
Note: The diameter of edge domination critical graphs

The best previous upper bound on the diameter of an edge domination critical graph with domination number γ is 3γ - 5, found in a paper by Fulman. We improve the bound by one and exhibit a class of edge critical graphs with diameter [⅔γ - 1]. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Setting and Sectarian Provenance of the Fragment of the “Celestial Dialogue” Preserved by Origen from Celsus's Αληθής Λóγος

In a final section of his Alēthēs Logos Celsus singles out his opponents' vaunted monotheism for special attack. The Christians' refusal to worship the traditional δαίμονeς (“divinities”) and ἥρωeς (“heroes”) is irrational. God alone is the source of direction in the universe, and if God has delegated his authority to subordinates who perfectly reflect his will, they are deserving of veneration. When the Christians respond with Jesus' dictum about the impossibility of serving more than one lord (Matt 6:24 // Luke 16:13), to Celsus's mind this is merely the projection of their own rebellious and antisocial spirit onto the person of God (Origen Cels. 7.68; 8.2). Celsus continues (8.11), taking up a charge that he has leveled against the Christians before (5.61; 6.42, 52): the assertion that only one being is named κύριος (“lord”) introduces faction into the divine economy; God as “master” forms one party, and another, whether Satan or an inferior god, revolts against him and opposes his will. Celsus concludes with the assertion (8.12, 14) that if the Christians really did worship no other god but one, they would perhaps have a tenable argument against the others. But in fact they lavish an excessive cult on Jesus; they do not consider it discordant with their monotheism or a violation of Jesus' dictum if they serve God's servant as well. If Christians were taught that Jesus is not God's special son and that God is the only one deserving of true worship, they would not listen because Jesus is the actual focus of their cult. When they call Jesus Son of God, they are not paying supreme reverence to God but conferring a supreme exaltation upon Jesus.
CLEARANCE OF RADIOACTIVE SODIUM FROM THE RECTAL SUBMUCOSA OF MAN

Summary 1.Measurement of clearance of radiosodium (Na 22 ) from the rectal submucosa was accomplished by the use of a modified sigmoidoscope. This demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining constant rates of clearance for the splanchnic vascular system of man in a manner similar to other tissues of the body. 2.This method did not permit distinction between patients with clinically discernible abnormalities of portal flow (cirrhosis with portal hypertension and varices which once bled) from normal individuals. Possible explanations for this failure are discussed.
Cladistic analysis and evolutionary relationships of the “Megaxylocopa clade” of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Computerized cladistic analysis was used to (1) develop a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among the three species of the well-defined “Megaxylocopa clade” within subgenus Neoxylocopa Michener, of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, and (2) examine relationships between the members of this clade and other species in the subgenus Neoxylocopa. Twenty-four adult morphological characters were scored for the three species in the “Megaxylocopa clade” plus 10 outgroup taxa from subgenus Neoxylocopa Michener. Xylocopa (Xylocopoides) virginica (Linnaeus) was used as a distant outgroup taxon to root the tree. A single most parsimonious tree was recovered by cladistic analysis using the computer software program TNT. The three species of the “Megaxylocopa clade” form a well-supported monophyletic group that is the sister-lineage of another monophyletic group that includes the other 10 species of subgenus Neoxylocopa. Within the “Megaxylocopa clade,” Xylocopa nautlana Cockerell and X. frontalis (Olivier) are sister...
GlueX: Meson spectroscopy in photoproduction

The goal of the GlueX experiment \cite{gluex} is to provide crucial data to help understand the soft gluonic fields responsible for binding quarks in hadrons. Hybrid mesons, and in particular exotic hybrid mesons, provide the ideal laboratory for testing QCD in the confinement regime since these mesons explicitly manifest the gluonic degrees of freedom. Photoproduction is expected to be effective in producing exotic hybrids but there is little data on the photoproduction of light mesons. GlueX will use the new 12-GeV electron beam at Jefferson Lab to produce a 9-GeV beam of linearly polarized photons using the technique of coherent bremsstrahlung. A solenoid-based hermetic detector is under construction, which will be used to collect data on meson production and decays. These data will also be used to study the spectrum of conventional mesons, including the poorly understood excited vector mesons. This talk will give an update on the experiment as well as describe theoretical developments \cite{Dudek:2011bn} to help understand how these data can provide insights into the fundamental theory of strong interactions.
Young Learners' Transactions with Interactive Digital Texts Using E-Readers.

ABSTRACTThis year-long qualitative study draws from multimodal theory and New Literacies Studies to document the digital literacy experiences of a diverse group of 2nd-graders using e-readers. Twenty-first century classrooms must expand traditional notions of literacy to prepare students for the ever-changing, media-rich world. Students participated in small-group digital reading workshops, where they read interactive picture books. The data mainly drew from transcripts of student interactions and open-ended interviews and were analyzed through a combination of comparative and discourse analyses. The author argues that multimodal texts offer opportunities for rehearsal of literacy practices, engagement, talk as a choice of reader response, and student agency. Even though personal digital devices offer opportunities for independent reading, young readers still need social interactions around books to co-construct meaning. The study found the students spent additional time reading and successfully mediated ...
Graphs, Strings, and Actions

In this paper, we revisit the formalism of graphs, trees, and surfaces which allows one to build cell models for operads of algebraic interest and represent them in terms of a dynamical picture of moving strings—hence relating string dynamics to algebra and geometry. In particular, we give a common framework for solving the original version of Deligne’s conjecture, its cyclic, A ∞ , and cyclic–A ∞ versions. We furthermore study a question raised by Kontsevich and Soibelman about models of the little discs operad. On one hand, we give a new smooth model and on the other hand, a minimally small cell model for the A ∞ case. Further geometric results these models provide are novel decompositions and realizations of cyclohedra as well as explicit simple cell representatives for Dyer–Lashof–Cohen operations. We also briefly discuss the generalizations to moduli space actions and applications to string topology as well as further directions.
RESURVEYING THE BOUNDARIES OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION EFFECTS

A decade ago, we contributed a chapter on political communication effects (McLeod, Kosicki, & McLeod, 1994) to Bryant and Zillman’s (1994) collection of essays on media effects. In that chapter, we argued that recent developments in political communication research indicated a renewed concern for normative orientations about how social institutions “ought to” work, a concern that had been largely ignored by political communication researchers since the days of Walter Lippman (1922). Since this chapter was published, a flourish of interest in the concepts of social capital, the public sphere, social protest, and civic journalism indicate the implicit concern that many political communication researchers have for the importance of citizen participation in democratic societies. To reflect this expanded concern, the scope of this chapter has been broadened to include research on civic engagement, participation, and socialization. The value of participatory democracy, active and widespread popular participation informed by a free and responsible press, serves as an important impetus to political communication research. In reviewing political communication research, we broaden the scope beyond the individual level to macro-level concerns about the role of mass media in democratic systems. We also expand the traditional emphasis on voting research to encompass a broad conception of the antecedents and consequences of political communication.
Sequencing proteins with transverse ionic transport in nanochannels

De novo protein sequencing is essential for understanding cellular processes that govern the function of living organisms and all sequence modifications that occur after a protein has been constructed from its corresponding DNA code. By obtaining the order of the amino acids that compose a given protein one can then determine both its secondary and tertiary structures through structure prediction, which is used to create models for protein aggregation diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Here, we propose a new technique for de novo protein sequencing that involves translocating a polypeptide through a synthetic nanochannel and measuring the ionic current of each amino acid through an intersecting perpendicular nanochannel. We find that the distribution of ionic currents for each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids encoded by eukaryotic genes is statistically distinct, showing this technique's potential for de novo protein sequencing.