cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The variable internal structure of the Mycoplasma penetrans attachment organelle revealed by biochemical and microscopic analyses: implications for attachment organelle mechanism and evolution

Although mycoplasmas have small genomes, many of them, including the HIV-associated opportunist Mycoplasma penetrans, construct a polar attachment organelle (AO) that is used for both adherence to host cells and gliding motility. However, the irregular phylogenetic distribution of similar structures within the mycoplasmas, as well as compositional and ultrastructural differences among these AOs, suggests that AOs have arisen several times through convergent evolution. We investigated the ultrastructure and protein composition of the cytoskeleton-like material of the M. penetrans AO with several forms of microscopy and biochemical analysis, to determine whether the M. penetrans AO was constructed at the molecular level on principles similar to those of other mycoplasmas, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma mobile. We found that the M. penetrans AO interior was generally dissimilar from that of other mycoplasmas, in that it exhibited considerable heterogeneity in size and shape, suggesting a gel-like nature. In contrast, several of the 12 potential protein components identified by mass spectrometry of M. penetrans detergent-insoluble proteins shared certain distinctive biochemical characteristics with M. pneumoniae AO proteins, although not with M. mobile proteins. We conclude that convergence between M. penetrans and M. pneumoniae AOs extends to the molecular level, leading to the possibility that the less organized material in both M. pneumoniae and M. penetrans is the substance principally responsible for the organization and function of the AO.
Characterizing sensitivity of longwave infrared hyperspectral target detection with respect to signature mismatch and dimensionality reduction

Hyperspectral target detection typically relies upon libraries of material reflectance and emissivity signatures. Application to real-world, airborne data requires estimation of atmospheric properties in order to convert reflectance/emissivity signatures to the sensor data domain. In the longwave infrared, an additional nuisance parameter of surface temperature exists that further complicates the signature conversion process. A significant amount of work has been done in atmospheric compensation and temperature-emissivity-separation techniques. This work examines the sensitivity of target detection performance for various materials with respect to target signature mismatch introduced from atmospheric compensation error or target temperature mismatch. Additionally, the impact of dimensionality reduction via principal components analysis is assessed.
How employers perceive online accounting education: Evidence from Kentucky

Abstract This study expands upon employer preferences for job applicants with traditional (as opposed to blended or online) educational environment backgrounds. Completing more than one degree is preferable, even if one degree was completed online, and employers are equivalently favorable if the online degree was completed at the undergraduate or graduate level. Applicants who complete a second, online bachelor’s degree in accounting are also favored. The reputation of the job applicant’s educational institution is of greater importance to employers than the educational environment, and separate AACSB accounting program accreditation is less important than AACSB business accreditation. Finally, employers who are familiar with online education (i.e., have taken online courses themselves) are more likely to hire an online graduate, rate online education as more rigorous, and perceive a greater potential for soft skill attainment in the online environment (albeit with preference still towards traditional applicants), as opposed to those employers without online education experience.
Avoid setup: insights and implications of generative cinema

Generative artists engage the poetic and expressive potentials of film playfully and efficiently, with explicit or implicit critique of cinema in a broader cultural context. This paper looks at the incentives, insights, and implications of generative cinema, which significantly expands the creative realm for artists working with film, but also incites critical assessment of the business-oriented algorithmic strategies in the film industry. The poetic divergence, technical fluency, and conceptual cogency of generative cinema successfully demonstrate that authorship evolves toward ever more abstract reflection and cognition which equally treat existing creative achievements as inspirations, sources of knowledge, and tools.
Analyze influenza virus sequences using binary encoding approach

Capturing mutation patterns of each individual influenza virus sequence is often challenging; in this paper, we demonstrated that using a binary encoding scheme coupled with dimension reduction technique, we were able to capture the intrinsic mutation pattern of the virus. Our approach looks at the variance between sequences instead of the commonly used p-distance or Hamming distance. We first convert the influenza genetic sequence to a binary string and then apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the converted sequence. PCA also provides a prediction capability for detecting reassortant virus by using data projection technique. Due to the sparsity of the binary string, we were able to analyze large volume of influenza sequence data in a very short time. For protein sequences, our scheme also allows the incorporation of biophysical properties of each amino acid. Here, we present various results from analyzing influenza nucleotide, protein and genome sequences using the proposed approach. With the Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) promises of sequencing DNA at unprecedented speed and production of massive quantity of data, it is imperative that new technique needs to be developed to provide quick and reliable analysis of any sequence data. Here, we believe our approach can be used at the upstream stage of sequence data analysis pipeline to gain insight as to which direction should be continued on in analyzing the available data.
Architecture and Mathematics in Early Modern Religious Orders

For most of us, a familiar image from Raphael’s School of Athens serves to illustrate our intuitive notions about the links between early modern architecture and mathematics. The artist’s portrait of the great Renaissance architect Bramante as the geometer Euclid recalls the medieval traditions of Gothic architects and master masons using geometry. Moreover, the inclusion of Zoroaster and Ptolemy—identified by celestial and terrestrial globes—in the group huddled around Euclid/Bramante further seems to associate geometry and architecture with astronomy, vaguely echoing the medieval quadrivium of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. In short, the architect as mathematician (or mathematician as architect) operating within a larger group of quantifiable crafts and sciences seems obvious, and not particular to the early modern world. Yet a closer look at a well-defined culture which produced such individuals illuminates much about the period’s understanding of both architecture and mathematics. The religious orders traditionally associated with the Counter Reformation, such as the Jesuits, Theatines, and Barnabites, provide rich material for investigating the relationship between architecture and mathematics, and they nurtured a specific type of priest-architect.
Mind and the Genesis of Human Ideas

The Greeks were the first to develop theories concerning an answer to the question of how human ideas come about and how their origin must be understood. We bring into focus two such theories in order to juxtapose them in this section with a third, more recent position concerning this question. The third position is not only the one developed by Max Scheler, but in essence also concerns a prevalent and original philosophical outlook: pragmatism.
Minkowski’s Integral Inequality for Function Norms

Let ρ and λ be Banach function norms with the Fatou property. Then the generalized Minkowski integral inequality ρ(λ(f x )) ≤ Mλ(ρ(f y )) holds for all measurable functions f(x,y) and some fixed constant M if and only if there exists 1 ≤ ρ ≤ ∞ such that λ is p-concave and ρ is p-convex.
Pseudopotential Studies of Structural Properties for Transition Metals

Modern applications of the density functional theory within the “local density approximation” have demonstrated that the theory provides a powerful approach for studying the structural properties of solids. This method is generally regarded as a nonempirical theory, since once the density functional method is adopted, the only remaining input required for the calculation of ground state structural properties is the atomic number of the elements in the structures to be studied. In most applications to date, the formalism has proven exceedingly useful for ground state structural properties (i.e. predictions of equilibrium crystal structures, lattice constants and compressibilities). The prediction of absolute cohesive energies remains somewhat problematic, limited by the accuracy of the local density functional for calculating the absolute internal energy of the interacting many electron system. In this paper I will review some recent progress in extending the “first principles pseudopotential” approach to complex structures involving elements from the 3d transition series. For several reasons mentioned below, these systems have been resistant to well controlled studies on complex structures using available computational techniques. Here, I will briefly present a computational scheme which allows for accurate work on these systems, and will illustrate it with a brief review of results we have obtained on structural studies in Cu and NiAl.
Über das Problem verborgener Variabler in der Quantentheorie (1966)

Der Beweis von Neumanns und anderer, das die Quantenmechanik keine Deutung durch verborgene Variable zulast, wird nochmals betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, das diesem Beweis wesentliche Axiome zugrundeliegen, die nicht einsichtig sind. Die weitere Prufung dieses Problems ergibt, das die wechselseitige Unabhangigkeit weit voneinander entfernter Systeme ein interessantes Axiom ware.
Surface Diffusion of Metal Atoms and Clusters Directly Observed

The first diffusion studies on individual atoms appeared 30 years ago,1 at a time when even qualitative information about the behavior of atoms on metal surfaces was sparse. Since then, such investigations have become widespread, and the importance of this information in understanding more macroscopic phenomena, such as sintering and crystal growth, is widely recognized. It therefore seems appropriate to briefly summarize some of the things learned in single atom studies on metal surfaces, as well as to highlight recent developments and trends.
Controllable Image Illumination Enhancement with an Over-Enhancement Measure

The quality of images or videos that suffer from exposure distortions can be enhanced using histogram equalization or retinex methods. However, the relationship between the visual quality and the degree of enhancement is an inverted U-shaped function with a peak point, and many existing methods have parameters that have no clear relationship with image quality. We introduce a controllable illumination enhancement system, where the degree of enhancement can be adjusted using a single parameter. We then propose an over-enhancement measure, Lightness Order Measure (LOM), which quantifies the unnaturalness based on a local inversion of lightness order. We explore the relationship between the peak point and LOM in a subjective test. The results indicate that LOM reduces content dependency compared to existing methods. Our subjective test also evaluates the image quality of our enhancement, and demonstrates the effectiveness of our method.
Impérialismes Alternatifs: Le cosmopolitisme dans Kamal Jann (2012) de Dominique Eddé

Through the contemporary story of two Syrian brothers, whose tragic destinies lead one to death and the other to a mental institution, Edde’s 2012 novel is not only prophetic in foreseeing the decomposition of the Syrian regime, but it is also a compelling reflection on what cosmopolitanism means for Middle Easterners today. This article examines how the Jann brothers can be interpreted as the two flips of the same coin, called capitalist imperialism: a brilliant lawyer working in Manhattan, Kamal, the older one, is the perfect cosmopolitan, in the modern European sense of the term, while his brother, Mourad, has become a jihadist fundamentalist who is about to commit a terrorist attack in Paris. The novel deconstructs the modern ideal of cosmopolitanism, based on Kant’s philosophy, and fleshed out through postmodern and postcolonial discourses, while suggesting that globalization has, in fact, not produced a new cosmos but rather that it renews colonial divisions in new ways: on the one hand, there are ‘recyclable men’ (like Kamal, the useful – or, in the capitalist rhetoric, ‘successful’ – Arab), and on the other hand, there are ‘disposable men’ (like Mourad, who wants to destroy his life himself), who, after having been exploited and then rejected by the system become ‘perishable’ tools for the advance of a competing cosmopolitanism (as another form of imperialism), grounded in the Islamic fundamentalist ideology and made possible by global capitalism.
Tuition Discounting in Liberal Arts Colleges

• Colleges with substantial revenue from endowments and gifts tend not to offer merit scholarships, because they can attract highly-desired students by spending more per student than they charge fu...
Has Europe missed the endgame of telecommunications policy

Abstract The European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) is a major milestone in the EU's telecommunications policy. But is it such a step forward and are the technical and market developments such that the EECC is the endgame? An endgame would mean that sustainable competition is reached in all telecommunications markets. The current paper argues that the EECC's new policy goal of investment in very high capacity connectivity could actually lead to policies that end in sustainable infrastructure competition. The EECC's policies, however, are not courageous enough to reach this goal. This lack of courage also characterizes the EU's gatekeeper policies on call terminations and net neutrality. In both these areas an endgame with sustainable competition is possible.
Structure of the C-terminal guanine nucleotide exchange factor module of Trio in an autoinhibited conformation reveals its oncogenic potential

The C-terminal guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) module of Trio (TrioC) transfers signals from the Gαq/11 subfamily of heterotrimeric G proteins to the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA, enabling Gαq/11-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to control downstream events, such as cell motility and gene transcription. This conserved signal transduction axis is crucial for tumor growth in uveal melanoma. Previous studies indicate that the GEF activity of the TrioC module is autoinhibited, with release of autoinhibition upon Gαq/11 binding. Here, we determined the crystal structure of TrioC in its basal state and found that the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain interacts with the Dbl homology (DH) domain in a manner that occludes the Rho GTPase binding site, thereby suggesting the molecular basis of TrioC autoinhibition. Biochemical and biophysical assays revealed that disruption of the autoinhibited conformation destabilized and activated the TrioC module in vitro. Last, mutations in the DH-PH interface found in patients with cancer activated TrioC and, in the context of full-length Trio, led to increased abundance of guanosine triphosphate-bound RhoA (RhoA·GTP) in human cells. These mutations increase mitogenic signaling through the RhoA axis and, therefore, may represent cancer drivers operating in a Gαq/11-independent manner.
IS AN ISOLATED ST SEGMENT ELEVATION IN LEAD AVR ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH GRADE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE? SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The diagnostic accuracy of lead aVR ST-segment elevation for left main or triple vessel disease (LM/3VD) has not been universally accepted. In the present analysis we sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of STEaVR in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Pooled
MRI Assessment of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Targeting by a PSMA-Targeted Magnetic Nanoparticle: Potential for Image-Guided Therapy.

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-induced hyperthermia is currently being evaluated for localized prostate cancer. We evaluated the feasibility of tumor-selective delivery of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted MNPs in a murine model with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intravenous administration of MNPs at a concentration necessary for hyperthermia. A PSMA-targeted MNP was synthesized and evaluated using T2-weighted MRI, after intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg of the MNP. Significant contrast enhancement ( P < 0.0002, n = 5) was observed in PSMA(+) tumors compared to PSMA(-) tumors 24 h and 48 h after contrast agent administration. Mice were also imaged with near-infrared fluorescence imaging, to validate the MRI results. Two-photon microscopy revealed higher vascular density at the tumor periphery, which resulted in higher peripheral accumulation of PSMA-targeted MNPs. These results suggest that the delivery of PSMA-targeted MNPs to PSMA(+) tumors is both actively targeted and passively mediated.
Viscoadaptation controls intracellular reaction rates in response to heat and energy availability

Summary/Abstract Cells must precisely orchestrate thousands of reactions in both time and space. Yet reaction kinetics are highly dependent on uncontrollable environmental conditions such as temperature. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which budding yeast influence reaction rates through adjustment of intracellular viscosity. This “viscoadaptation” is achieved by production of two carbohydrates, trehalose and glycogen, which combine to create a more viscous cellular environment in which biomolecules retain solubility. We demonstrate that viscoadaptation functions as both an acute response to temperature increase as well as a homeostatic mechanism, allowing cells grown at temperatures spanning from 22°C to 40°C to maintain equivalent rates of intracellular diffusion and diffusion-controlled chemical reactions. Multiple conditions that lower ATP trigger viscoadaptation, suggesting that viscoadaptation may be a general cellular response to low energy. Viscoadaptation reveals viscosity to be a tunable property of cells through which they can regulate diffusion-controlled processes dynamically in response to a changing environment.
New imaging approaches for precision diagnosis and disease staging of MS

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of people living with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, conventional MRI sequences and measures currently used in clinical practice have limitations in the appropriate diagnosis, prediction of future disability, and monitoring of disease activity in MS. A specific challenge is the accurate and timely diagnosis of progressive subtypes of MS. This article will summarize emerging MRI measures that may be of utility as clinical tools in diagnosis and prediction in MS. Although a wide range of MRI techniques have different strengths and weaknesses, those that will be discussed in this article include the "central vein sign," leptomeningeal inflammation/enhancement, conventional and quantitative spinal cord imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and high-field MRI techniques. There are a number of novel and emerging MRI techniques that hold promise in improving diagnosis, prediction, and disease monitoring in MS.
Contextos mortuorios en La Consentida, Oaxaca, durante el Formativo temprano

En este trabajo reunimos las evidencias bioarqueologicas y de espacios funerarios para los origenes de cementerios formales, y los cambios en la salud observada en los restos oseos durante el periodo Formativo temprano (2000–1000 a.C.) en la costa de Oaxaca. Las excavaciones en el sitio de La Consentida (1950–1525 cal a.C.) recuperaron 14 o posiblemente 15 individuos en 12 entierros. El fechamiento de estos entierros esta basado en una muestra de radiocarbono de un femur procesado con purificacion XAD, en la asociacion del mismo con otros entierros y en los elementos que los rodean, ademas de otras fechas adicionales de radiocarbono. Las ofrendas funerarias recuperadas con estos entierros—unas de las mas antiguas conocidas en Oaxaca—y los patrones de tratamiento funerario sugieren una comunidad con distintos papeles sociales, pero sin una jerarquia hereditaria formalizada. Los valores de los isotopos estables, la evidencia microbotanica, y los restos de fauna encontrados sugieren una dieta mixta que incorpora maiz y recursos silvestres. Un aumento (a lo largo del tiempo) en la atricion dental, junto con los cambios en el uso de piedra para la molienda, y el uso de ceramica parecen contradecir la estabilidad relativa en el consumo de maiz mostrada por la evidencia isotopica estable. Interpretamos estos hallazgos como indicativos de un cambio culinario empezando desde el consumo de maiz en forma liquida hasta el de harina procesada con las piedras ya mencionadas. Ademas, basandonos en las consistencias del posicionamiento y orientacion de los cuerpos, junto con los patrones en las ofrendas funerarias, sugerimos tambien que los entierros de La Consentida indican el establecimiento de los primeros contextos funerarios formalizados en la costa de Oaxaca.
Washington Allston’s Christ Healing the Sick: disability, history painting, and narrative time

In 1813, the American artist Washington Allston was living in London. He was, at this point, still early in a career that would win him fame, and even preeminence, among painters in the young repub...
Reduced Frequency of Knowledge of Results Enhances Acquisition of Skills in Rats as in Humans.

Macphail’s (1985) null hypothesis challenged researchers to demonstrate any differences in intelligence between vertebrate species. Rather than focus on differences, we asked whether rats would show the same unexpected, counterintuitive features of skill learning observed in humans: Factors that degrade performance during acquisition often enhance performance in a subsequent retention/autonomy phase. Providing post-trial “knowledge of results” (KR) on 30%-67% of trials instead of 100% degrades accuracy, yet increases retention in a subsequent phase without KR. We tested this feature by providing three groups of rats with KR on every trial (100% KR), 67% KR, or 0% KR. We also provided operant feedback in every trial for completing the left-right lever-press skill (food for correct sequences, timeout for all others). In the autonomy phase, we assessed their ability to complete the skill independently—in the absence of differential cues and KR feedback. In agreement with human performance in the autonomy phase, 67% KR yielded higher skill accuracy than providing 100% KR. Also, providing 67% KR improved skill accuracy above that observed with operant feedback alone (0% KR). Rather than degrading performance during acquisition, the 67% KR condition yielded unexpected higher accuracy than the other conditions. Accuracy increased systematically across our extended acquisition phase, which provided each rat with over 3600 trials compared to 20-30 trials for human studies. Providing limited KR promoted skill learning in rats as it does in humans, consistent with the conjecture that both species share common learning processes. Introducing difficulties to rats during training improved their autonomy.
Network Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling Identify Autophagic and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Lack of effective treatment strategy and vaccine makes SARS-CoV-2 infection a big threat to mankind. Analyzing the host transcriptional changes in response to virus infection will help delineate the biological processes impacted by the virus and will potentially facilitate drug development. Using RNA seq datasets of virus infected lung cell lines A549 (infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza A virus (IAV)) and Calu3 (infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV), we present a detailed analysis of genes expression changes in response to each of these viral infections. Upregulation of the antiviral interferon signaling was observed with all three viral infections. However, upregulation of the cytokine/inflammatory processes, downregulation of mitochondrial organization and respiration processes, and perturbation in the autophagic processes were specifically observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, which were absent in IAV infected cells. Upregulation of the inflammatory processes was concordant with the gene expression signature of COVID-19 lungs and with inflammatory symptoms observed in severe cases of COVID-19 patients. Coexpression networks analysis also facilitated the identification of protein-protein interaction (PPI) subnetworks of genes in the inflammation and mitochondrial processes that were either coordinately up or downregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, respectively. Comparing the expression of marker genes of lung cell types from single cell RNA seq data with expression profile of A549 cells revealed that they likely represent the lung epithelial lineage cells. The cellular processes uniquely perturbed in infected cells that were identified in this analysis likely delineates lung epithelial cells response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Association between Characteristics of Impostor Phenomenon in Medical Students and Step 1 Performance.

Impostor phenomenon (IP) is a widely recognized experience in which highly performing individuals do not internalize success. Self-doubt toward one’s ability or intelligence is unexpectedly common....
Schizophrenia-associated differential DNA methylation in the superior temporal gyrus is distributed to many sites across the genome and annotated by the risk gene MAD1L1

ABSTRACT Background Many genetic variants and multiple environmental factors increase risk for schizophrenia (SZ). SZ-associated genetic variants and environmental risk factors have been associated with altered DNA methylation (DNAm), the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine in DNA. DNAm changes, acting through effects on gene expression, represent one potential mechanism by which genetic and environmental factors confer risk for SZ and alter neurobiology. Methods We investigated the hypothesis that DNAm in superior temporal gyrus (STG) is altered in SZ. We measured genome-wide DNAm in postmortem STG from 44 SZ subjects and 44 non-psychiatric comparison (NPC) subjects using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip microarrays. We applied tensor composition analysis to extract cell type-specific DNAm signals. Results We found that DNAm levels differed between SZ and NPC subjects at 242 sites, and 44 regions comprised of two or more sites, with a false discovery rate cutoff of q=0.1. We determined differential methylation at nine of the individual sites were driven by neuron-specific DNAm alterations. Glia-specific DNAm alterations drove the differences at two sites. Notably, we identied SZ-associated differential methylation within within mitotic arrest deficient 1-like 1 (MAD1L1), a gene strongly associated with SZ through genome-wide association studies. Conclusions This study adds to a growing number of studies that implicate DNAm, and epigenetic pathways more generally, in SZ. Our findings suggest differential methylation may contribute to STG dysfunction in SZ. Future studies to identify the mechanisms by which altered DNAm, especially within MAD1L1, contributes to SZ neurobiology are warranted.
Femtosecond pulse propagation and optical solitons in semiconductor-doped glass waveguides in the vicinity of a two-photon resonance

The propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in semiconductor-doped glass waveguides is investigated theoretically for wavelengths below the half bandgap. The linear and non-linear properties of the composites are obtained and a field equation for pulse propagation is derived. This equation yields a new family of sub-picosecond optical solitons which are observed in numerical simulations. Interesting applications are anticipated for ultrafast all-optical signal processing.
Sympathetic Input to Multiple Cell Types in Mouse and Human Colon Produces Region-Specific Responses.

Background & Aims The colon is innervated by intrinsic and extrinsic neurons that coordinate functions necessary for digestive health. Sympathetic input suppresses colon motility by acting on intrinsic myenteric neurons, but the extent of sympathetic-induced changes on large-scale network activity in myenteric circuits has not been determined. Compounding the complexity of sympathetic function, there is evidence that sympathetic transmitters can regulate activity in non-neuronal cells (such as enteric glia and innate immune cells). Methods We performed anatomical tracing, immunohistochemistry, optogenetic (GCaMP calcium imaging, channelrhodopsin), and colon motility studies in mice and single-cell RNA sequencing in human colon to investigate how sympathetic postganglionic neurons modulate colon function. Results Individual neurons in each sympathetic prevertebral ganglion innervated the proximal or distal colon, with processes closely opposed to multiple cell types. Calcium imaging in semi-intact mouse colon preparations revealed changes in spontaneous and evoked neural activity, as well as activation of non-neuronal cells, induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. The overall pattern of response to sympathetic stimulation was unique to the proximal or distal colon. Region-specific changes in cellular activity correlated with motility patterns produced by electrical and optogenetic stimulation of sympathetic pathways. Pharmacology experiments (mouse) and RNA sequencing (human) indicated that appropriate receptors were expressed on different cell types to account for the responses to sympathetic stimulation. Regional differences in expression of α-1 adrenoceptors in human colon emphasize the translational relevance of our mouse findings. Conclusions Sympathetic neurons differentially regulate activity of neurons and non-neuronal cells in proximal and distal colon to promote distinct changes in motility patterns, likely reflecting the distinct roles played by these 2 regions.
Radioisotope P 33

Radioactive phosphorus has been obtained by an $n$, $p$ reaction on sulfur which had been electromagnetically enriched in ${\mathrm{S}}^{33}$. The beta spectrum of this phosphorus showed an increase in the low energy beta group approximately proportional to the isotopic enrichment. This confirms the previous identification of this activity with ${\mathrm{P}}^{33}$. The maximum beta energy was determined from several Kurie plots and found to be 0.249\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 Mev. The half-life was found to be 24.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 days. The spectrum appears to have an allowed shape as is expected from theoretical considerations.
INTERPRETATION OF ULTRASTRUCTURE IN THE CELL NUCLEUS

Publisher Summary The electron micrographs of the cell nucleus and chromosomes provide at first sight a confusing and not very informative picture. The reasons for this are not technical difficulties but the complexity of their three dimensional organization that cannot be resolved by the study of thin sections alone. To understand this chromosomal organization, one must make use of the information from all possible approaches to chromosome analysis, including classical cytology and cytogenetics, chemical and cytochemical studies on nuclei, and chemical and physical analysis of nucleic acid and nucleoprotein molecules. The major contribution of the electron microscope to the knowledge of chromosomes so far is the recognition of the 100 A nucleohistone fibril as the main constituent of chromosomes. These fibrils apparently consist of two 40 A thick nucleohistone macromolecules that may be held together through histone bridges. In sperm where the histone is replaced by a more basic protein, the 40 A fibrils are separately visible. Indirect evidence suggests that these nucleohistone fibrils are linked end to end through a non-histone protein, but so far these links have not been demonstrated in the electron microscope.
Scintillation Detectors of Radiation: Excitations at High Densities and Strong Gradients

This chapter discusses the electron-hole recombination processes that occur in the high excitation densities and strong radial gradients of particle tracks in scintillator detectors of radiation. The particle tracks are commonly those of high-energy Compton- or photo-electrons produced in energy-resolving gamma-ray detectors, but could also include those of heavier charged particles such as those following interaction with neutrons. In energy-resolving radiation detectors, intrinsic proportionality of light yield to gamma ray energy or electron energy is an important concern. This chapter gives special emphasis to understanding the physical basis for nonproportionality, while reviewing recent results on fundamental physics of nonlinear quenching, cooling and capture of hot electrons, co-evolving free-carrier and exciton populations, and diffusion in the dense and highly structured excitation landscape of electron tracks. Particular attention is paid to short-pulse laser experiments at Wake Forest University giving data and insight on the above phenomena complementary to more traditional scintillator experiments using gamma-ray or electron excitation. Numerical modeling of diffusion, nonlinear quenching (NLQ), exciton formation, and linear capture processes serves to test and establish links between the laser excitation and particle excitation measurements.
Coarse topologies in nonstandard extensions via separative ultrafilters

*As far as we know, it is an open question whether *X can be To when X is infinite and * is Ol-saturated. However, with the help of extra set theory (notably Martin’s Axiom (MA) and the Continuum Hypothesis (CH)), we can construct extensions * in which *X can be To (even Tichonov) for a large class of spaces X. To begin with, we confine our attention to ultrapower extensions * IIo() where D is a free (that is, nonprincipal) ultrafilter on a countable set I. Then * is automatically e01-saturated (since Dis countably incomplete) and its elements are equivalence classes [f] [f]o of functions f d; [30 {g
NEONATE Plutella xylostella RESPONSES TO SURFACE WAX COMPONENTS OF A RESISTANT CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea)

Behavior of neonate Plutella xylostella was observed and quantified during the first 5 min of contact with cabbage surface waxes and surface wax components deposited as a film (60 μg/cm2) on glass. The time larvae spent biting was greater and the time walking was less on waxes extracted from the susceptible cabbage variety, Round-Up, than on an insect-resistant glossy-wax breeding line, NY 9472. The waxes of both cabbage types were characterized and some of the compounds present at higher concentrations in the glossy waxes were tested for their deterrent effects on larvae by adding them to the susceptible waxes. Adding a mixture of four n-alkane-1-ols or a mixture of α- and β-amyrins to wax from susceptible cabbage reduced the number of insects biting and, among those biting, reduced the time biting and increased the time walking in a dose-dependent manner. Among individual n-alkane-1-ols, adding C24 or C25 alcohols reduced the number of insects biting but only adding C25 alcohol reduced the time spent biting among those insects that initiated biting. Adding a mixture of five n-alkanoic acids did not affect biting, but increased the time spent palpating and decreased walking time. Among individual n-alkanoic acids, only adding C14 significantly increased the time palpating. If the observed responses were gustatory, the results indicate that some primary wax components, including specific long-chain alkyl components, have allelochemical activity influencing host acceptance behavior by a lepidopteran larva.
The Closure of WIPP Disposal Rooms Filled With Various Waste And Backfill Combinations

Two-dimensional finite element analyses were used to investigate the closure of Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) disposal rooms filled with backfill and rooms filled with a combination of waste and backfill. Two different backfill materials were considered. The analyses provide estimates of the porosity in the disposal room as a function of time. These results have been used to help evaluate the suitability of the backfill materials for use in the repository. 8 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Effects of transportation on early embryonic death in mares.

Incidence of early embryonic death (EED) and associated changes in serum cortisol, progesterone and plasma ascorbic acid (AA) in transported mares were investigated. Mares were transported for 472 km (9 h) during either d 16 to 22 (T-3 wk, n = 15) or d 32 to 38 (T-5 wk, n = 15) of gestation. Blood samples were drawn from control, nontransported mares (NT-3 wk, NT-5 wk, n = 24) and transported mares pre-trip, midtrip, and at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-transport and daily for the next 2 wk. Incidence of EED between transported and nontransported mares was not different (P greater than .05). Serum cortisol in all transported mares increased (P less than .05) relative to pre-trip values at midtrip and 0 h post-transport. Relative to NT mares, serum cortisol was higher (P less than .05) at midtrip in T-3 wk mares and 0 h post-transport in T-5 wk mares. Serum progesterone in all T mares increased (P less than .05) at midtrip relative to pre-trip values and was higher (P less than .05) in T-3 wk mares than in NT-3 wk mares at midtrip and 0 h post-transport. Post-transport decreases (P less than .05) in concentrations of progesterone were observed in mares that aborted. Plasma AA in transported mares increased (P less than .05) at midtrip in T-5 wk mares and decreased (P less than .05) relative to pre-trip values at 24 and 48 h post-transport (T-3 wk and T-5 wk mares, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some Principles Governing the Luminescence of Organic Molecules

The reader will discover that this article contains rather more theory than is usually found in a “biological” exposition of physical phenomena. My intention is to get down to some of the formal details of relatively well-established chemical physics, since I believe that the increasingly wide pertinence of quantum chemistry to biology requires that the researcher more and more make his own rationale. Some of the basic concepts of large-molecule spectroscopic phenomena, especially luminescence, have been outlined in a series of articles by Kasha,(1–4) and many of the working procedures of the large-molecule spectroscopist are now available in books.(5,6)
Learners' decisions for attending Pediatric Grand Rounds: a qualitative and quantitative study

Background Although grand rounds plays a major educational role at academic medical centers, there has been little investigation into the factors influencing the learners' decision to attend. Greater awareness of attendees' expectations may allow grand rounds planners to better accommodate the learners' perspective, potentially making continuing education activities more attractive and inviting.
MIMO fuzzy identification of building-MR damper systems

This paper proposes a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear system identification (SI) of civil structures equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers. The nonlinear SI model is developed through the integration of multiple MIMO autoregressive exogenous (ARX) input models, Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model, weighted linear least squares, fuzzy C-means and subtractive clustering algorithms. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model, a seismically excited three-story building equipped with an MR damper is investigated: Parameters of the premise and consequent parts for the proposed model are represented in detail and comparison between the original data and identified one is given. It is shown from the simulation that the proposed nonlinear MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy identification algorithm is effective in estimating nonlinear behavior of a seismically excited building-MR damper system.
Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts.

Background Carotenoids may reduce lung carcinogenesis because of their antioxidant properties; however, few studies have examined the relation between intakes of individual carotenoids and lung cancer risk. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relation between lung cancer risk and intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in 2 large cohorts. Design During a 10-y follow-up period, 275 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in 46924 men; during a 12-y follow-up period, 519 new cases were diagnosed in 77283 women. Carotenoid intakes were derived from the reported consumption of fruit and vegetables on food-frequency questionnaires administered at baseline and during follow-up. The data were analyzed separately for each cohort and the results were pooled to compute overall relative risks (RRs). Results In the pooled analyses, alpha-carotene and lycopene intakes were significantly associated with a lower risk of lung cancer; the association with beta-carotene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin intakes were inverse but not significant. Lung cancer risk was significantly lower in subjects who consumed a diet high in a variety of carotenoids (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.94 for highest compared with lowest total carotenoid score category). Inverse associations were strongest after a 4-8-y lag between dietary assessment and date of diagnosis. In subjects who never smoked, a 63% lower incidence of lung cancer was observed for the top compared with the bottom quintile of alpha-carotene intake (RR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.77). Conclusion Data from 2 cohort studies suggest that several carotenoids may reduce the risk of lung cancer.
The suitability of computer-based training for workers with limited formal education: a case study from the US agricultural sector

The suitability of computer-based instruction (CBI) for workers with limited education was evaluated in an Hispanic orchard workforce that reported little computer experience and 5.6 mean years of formal education. Ladder safety training was completed by employees who rated the training highly (effect size [d_gain] = 5.68), and their knowledge of ladder safety improved (d_gain = 1.45). There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in safe work practices immediately after training (d_gain = 0.70), at 40 days post training (d_gain = 0.87) and at 60 days (d_gain = 1.40), indicating durability. As in mainstream populations, reaction or affective ratings correlated well with utility ratings, but not with behavior change. This demonstrates that an agricultural workforce with limited formal education can learn job safety from CBI and translate the knowledge to work practice changes, and those changes are durable.
Simultaneous measurements of heat capacity, electric resistivity, and hemispherical total emittance of an alloy of niobium, tantalum, and tungsten in the range 1500 to 2800 K☆

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the heat capacity, electric resistivity, and hemispherical total emittance of an alloy of niobium, tantalum, and tungsten (nominal composition: 80 mass per cent Nb, 10 mass per cent Ta, and 10 mass per cent W) in the temperature range 1500 to 2800 K by a sub-second-duration transient technique are described. Estimated inaccuracies of measured properties are: 3 per cent for heat capacity, 5 per cent for hemispherical total emittance, and 0.5 per cent for electric resistivity. Properties of the alloy are compared with the properties of the constituent elements. The measured heat capacities are approximately 2.6 per cent (on the average) higher than the values computed according to Kopp's additivity law. Although this difference is within the combined estimated inaccuracies, it is higher than the combined estimated imprecision of the measurements. Therefore, the alloy probably departs from Kopp's law. The electric resistivities indicate a significant departure from Matthiessen's law. Like the major constituent niobium, the alloy showed a negative departure from linearity in the plot of electric resistivity against temperature.
Counting Groves-Ledyard equilibria via degree theory

Abstract We study the Groves-Ledyard mechanism for determining optimal amounts of public goods in economies whose agents have the most general class of preferences for which a Pareto amount of public goods can be computed independently of income distribution. We use degree theory on affine spaces to show that the number of equilibria in such economies grows exponentially as the number of agents in the economy increases. The large number of equilibria in such simple economic models raises doubts as to whether the Groves-Ledyard mechanism is a workable solution to the Free Rider Problem since individuals may have incentives to falsify their preferences in order to drive the adjustment process to a preferred Nash equilibrium.
A consensus-based approach to patient safety in epilepsy monitoring units: Recommendations for preferred practices

Patients in an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) with video-EEG telemetry have a risk for seizure emergencies, injuries and adverse events, which emphasizes the need for strategies to prevent avoidable harm. An expert consensus process was used to establish recommendations for patient safety in EMUs. Workgroups analyzed literature and expert opinion regarding seizure observation, seizure provocation, acute seizures, and activity/environment. A Delphi methodology was used to establish consensus for items submitted by these workgroups. Fifty-three items reached consensus and were organized into 30 recommendations. High levels of agreement were noted for items pertaining to orientation, training, communication, seizure precautions, individualized plans, and patient/family education. It was agreed that seizure observation should include direct observation or use of closed-circuit camera. The use of continuous observation was strongest in patients with invasive electrodes, at high risk for injury, or undergoing AED withdrawal. This process provides a first step in establishing EMU safety practices.
What can nonspeech tasks tell us about speech motor disabilities

Abstract This paper considers the possible role of nonspeech tasks in theassessment of individuals with motor speech disorders. The difficulties in the definition and isolation of both speech and nonspeech tasks are discussed. A primary point is that an inability to control the movements of the speech structures may be separate from an inability or ability to use the processes that code meaning in the construction of linguistic messages. It may be possible to design nonspeech tasks that provide insight into an individual's ability or inability to control speech movements, but are separate from his or her ability to use language.
THE INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING OF VEGETATION AND OTHER GROUND SURFACE FEATURES FROM AIR PHOTOGRAPHS OF MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN NORTH WALES

The paper describes work undertaken in North Wales in 1967 and 1968 in which panchromatic and colour air photographs were used in the mapping of vegetation and in the study of other ground surface features. The problems of relating a priori classification schemes to the categories distinguished by air photo-interpretation are discussed and the case stated for developing classifications which enable more benefit to be derived from the advantages of air photo-ecology. Resume Cette communication decrit quelques etudes de la vegetation et d'autres proprietes de la surface terrestre faites dans le nord du pays des Galles en 1967 et 1968, au moyen des photos aeriennes panchrometiques et en couleur. Les auteurs discutent le probleme general de classification des formes par rapport aux photos aeriennes.