cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for the Evaluation of Software

This paper will describe the decision process which should be helpful in the determination of software purchase for the professional's use of the microcomputer. Consideration to ensure that the software purchased will be a success, which software will be needed, and options which will facilitate the location and evaluation of software will be discussed.
Experiments Concerning Variability among Subjective Analyses

Abstract The variability of subjective (hand) analyses is explored by examining the results of two synoptic laboratory experiments. Two groups of analysts participated in the first experiment, one consisting of 13 senior meteorology students (1977), the other consisting of six professional synopticians. Each participant analyzed maps of geopotential height and zonal and meridional wind components over the eastern two-thirds of the United States for 1200 GMT 25 June 1968 at 500 mb. Grid-point data were extracted from these analyses and are compared to those obtained from a prior subjective analysis and an objective analysis, both used as standards. Higher order quantities, consisting of geostrophic and ageostrophic wind components, horizontal divergence, relative vorticity, kinetic energy content and generation of kinetic energy, were computed from the grid-point data and also are compared. Methods of comparison include pattern analyses, difference maps and statistical tests. In the second experiment, only...
14·8 MeV neutron cross-sections for (n, 3He) and other rare nuclear reactions on 103Rh

The 14 MeV neutron cross-sections for the rare nuclear reactions (n, 3He), (n, 2p) and (n, n′ α) on 103Rh were measured by isolating the products radiochemically and counting the beta- and gamma-activities. The following results were obtained: 103Rh(n, 3He)101Tc, 2·0±0·6 μbarn; 103Rh (n, 2p)102mTc, 7±4 μbarn; and 103Rh(n, n′ α)99mTc, 65±15 μbarn.
Atmospheric PCO2 changes recorded in lake sediments

Recent studies of polar ice cores indicate that there have been appreciable secular variations1–4 in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the past 40,000 yr. We have now theoretically examined the expected steady state changes in atmospheric Δ14C (a measure of the 14C/12C ratio) for different sizes of the atmospheric CO2 reservoir, keeping fixed the rate of production of 14C as well as the global carbon cycle exchange parameters. These calculations show that atmospheric Δ14C is highly sensitive to changes in total atmospheric CO2. Appreciable changes in Δ14C can also result from changes in the large-scale ocean circulation5–7. Thus, the interpretation of the atmospheric Δ14C palaeorecord requires supplementary geophysical evidence such as changes in sea level and in the carbonate chemistry of the oceans. We discuss the available data on past atmospheric Δ14C with regard to changes in global carbon cycle parameters and in the rate of production of 14C due to changes in Earth's dipole magnetic field.
Precise Formation of Multi-Robot Systems

There are several applications which require high-precision placement of sensors or objects. Unstructured, remote environments make this problem even more complex, where high precision is not attainable using conventional sensors. Some applications have units so sparsely spaced that few options remain. A team of mobile robots can be integrated into such missions, providing a higher level of precision while also removing the human footprint. This paper presents a high-precision, shape-based grid formation scheme for multi-robot systems that can be used in dense or sparse applications. Precision, time, and energy usage are analyzed, and collision risk is briefly discussed.
Functionalization of polypropylene by hydroboration

This article relates to functionalized polypropylene with high molecular weight and high crystallinity. The chemistry involves the hydroboration of poly(propylene-co-1,4-hexadiene) with borane reagents, such as diborane and 9-BBN. In turn, the borane-containing polymers are very versatile and can be easily converted to various functionalized polymers under mild reaction conditions. Despite the heterogeneous reaction conditions, both hydroboration and interconversion reactions were very effective using appropriate solvents. Apparently, the double bonds in the side chains are located in the amorphous phase and are ready for reaction with reagents. Overall, this functionalization process preserves the molecular weight and most of the crystallinity of poly(propylene-co-1,4-hexadiene). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Who Cares about Caring in Early Childhood Teacher Education Programs

The ability to care for oneself, near and distant others, animals, plants, human-made objects, and even ideas is an antidote for violence in its many forms as experienced in childhood as well as adulthood. This article makes a case for facilitating the development of the ability to care as children develop. The authors emphasize the importance of teachers facilitating this development. However, early education teachers may not be able to nurture the ability to care in others without the ability to care being facilitated in their own development. This article emphasizes the importance of creating caring teacher education programs as a model to foster its development in preservice early education teachers.
Recent advances in the long-wavelength radio physics of the Sun

Abstract Solar radio bursts at long wavelengths provide information on solar disturbances such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and shocks at the moment of their departure from the Sun. The radio bursts also provide information on the physical properties (density, temperature and magnetic field) of the medium that supports the propagation of the disturbances with a valuable cross-check from direct imaging of the quiet outer corona. The primary objective of this paper is to review some of the past results and highlight recent results obtained from long-wavelength observations. In particular, the discussion will focus on radio phenomena occurring in the outer corona and beyond in relation to those observed in white light. Radio emission from nonthermal electrons confined to closed and open magnetic structures and in large-scale shock fronts will be discussed with particular emphasis on its relevance to solar eruptions. Solar cycle variation of the occurrence rate of shock-related radio bursts will be discussed in comparison with that of interplanetary shocks and solar proton events. Finally, case studies describing the newly-discovered radio signatures of interacting CMEs will be presented.
Zooplankton effects on vertical particulate flux: Testable models and experimental results

The effects of herbivorous zooplankton on the sedimentation of particles out of the euphotic zone are examined with mathematical models, a large-scale field experiment, and descriptive data from a eutrophic lake. The theory is rooted in the population dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton and so explicitly accounts for the potential effect of zooplankton grazing on primary production and the connection between the rate at which phytoplankton cells sink and sustainable zooplankton biomass. The models predict positive, negative, or unimodal zooplankton effects, depending on the values of four parameters: rate of direct phytoplankton sinking, fraction of zooplankton fecal material exiting the euphotic zone, zooplankton assimilation efficiency, and system productivity. Models were parameterized with data from a eutrophic lake to make a priori predictions about the shape and direction of zooplankton effects. Predictions were tested against the results of an independent experiment in which a gradient of Daphnia biomass was established in large enclosures. Daphnia negatively affected sedimentation rates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the enclosure experiment, which confirmed model predictions. Daphnia had a strong negative effect on phytoplankton biomass, and phytoplankton biomass was positively correlated with sedimentation in the enclosures. Experimental results were congruent with relationships between Daphnia biomass and sedimentation rate in the lake. Successful application of the theory suggests that these models may be of utility for assessing the direction of zooplankton effects on vertical flux in other systems. More generally, the models help to identify parameters that should be measured in studies of zooplankton effects on downward particle flux.
An Extended Corresponding States Model For Predicting Thermodynamic Properties of the N2-Ar-O2 Mixture

Abstract A new model for the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of binary and ternary mixtures in the nitrogen-argon-oxygen system has been developed using an extended corresponding states model. The model accurately represents single phase mixture properties over a wide composition spectrum for liquid and vapor states for binary mixtures. The model also accurately predicts properties of the ternary mixture representing air. Heat capacities, entropies, and energies can be calculated using the model. Nitrogen is used as a reference fluid for calculating mixture properties. Estimates for the equivalent-substance reducing ratios for the mixture are calculated with van der Waals mixing rules. Empirical temperature-dependent binary interaction parameters are used to improve the agreement of calculated mixture properties with available experimental binary P-p-T-x data. Comparisons of calculated properties to available mixture data are summarized to verify the accuracies of predicted properties.
Perceived consequences of teenage childbearing among adolescent girls in an urban sample

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived positive consequences of teenage childbearing among female adolescents, and to determine whether perceived consequences of teenage childbearing are associated with other attitudes and sexual risk behaviors. Methods: The sample consisted of 584 female students attending three urban high schools in Los Angeles, California. The respondents’ mean age was 15.8 years, and 72% were Hispanic/Latina. Respondents completed a paper-and-pencil survey assessing their attitudes and risk behaviors relevant to teenage pregnancy. Multiple regression and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between perceived consequences of teenage childbearing and demographic variables, educational variables, parental characteristics, psychosocial variables, attitudes, and sexual behavior. Results: Higher scores on a scale of perceived positive consequences of teenage childbearing were associated with increased risk of sexual intercourse and unprotected sexual intercourse. Higher scores on this scale were found among girls who were Latinas, were non-U.S. natives, had low levels of expected educational attainment, had low parental monitoring, had good communication with parents, and wished to have many children. Conclusion: Potential strategies for preventing adolescent pregnancy include educating girls about the difficulties of teenage childbearing, countering their positive illusions about the expected benefits, and teaching them more adaptive ways to meet their emotional needs.
Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Educational Objectives: Scale Development and Measurement

This article presents the development of a scale to measure both the cognitive and effective dimensions of educational objectives and describes an application of the scale regarding the quantification of the impact of differing term assignments upon the achievement of these objectives. As hypothesized, cognitive objectives were affected by these differing assignments, whereas no significant effect was observed upon affective educational objectives. As educational objectives may differ as a function of the target audience (e.g., foreign students, nonbusiness students, senior- and middle-level managers), this study both enables the educator to measure the attainment of such objectives as well as suggests strategies which may effectively do so.
The incorrectly decided preliminary injunction prohibiting federal funding for embryonic stem cell research: Sherley v. Sebelius

The recent decision of Sherley v. Sebelius has temporarily stopped federal funding for research conducted on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with the preliminary injunction issued by Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth. This paper will focus on: The Court considered four factors in order to determine that a preliminary injunction should be issued: An analysis of these four factors will show that the District Court incorrectly determined there should be a preliminary injunction and therefore there should be federal funding for ESC research.
Extending the Faultline Model to Geographically Dispersed Teams: How Colocated Subgroups can Impair Group Functioning

We theorize that in geographically dispersed teams, members' geographic locations are likely to activate “faultlines” (hypothetical dividing lines that split a group into subgroups) that impair tea...
Measuring intangibles: managing intangibles for tangible outcomes in research and innovation

Knowledge sharing is critical to the success and survival of companies in knowledge intensive industries. It is essential to effectively measure knowledge creation and sharing to facilitate good investment decision making in knowledge management initiatives. This paper will focus on the identification of intangible benefits, the cause and effect relationships, and the applicability of existing metrics to these intangibles. The premise is that existing measurements may not apply. The development of new metrics for managing intangible assets to obtain tangible outcomes is a necessity.
Demonstrating semantic interoperability of diagnostic reasoners via AI-ESTATE

The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), through its Standards Coordinating Committee 20 (SCC20), is developing interface standards focusing on Automatic Test System-related elements in cooperation with a Department of Defense (DoD) initiative to define, demonstrate, and recommend such standards.12 One of these standards-IEEE Std 1232–2002 Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE)-has been chosen for demonstration. Previously, we presented the results of the first phase of the AI-ESTATE demonstration, focusing on semantic interoperability of diagnostic models. The results of that demonstration successfully showed the effectiveness of semantic modeling in information exchange. In addition, the engineering burden imposed by stronger semantic requirements was demonstrated to be manageable. In the second phase, the focus was on supporting reasoner interoperability by implementing semantically defined software services in a service-oriented architecture. Here, we present an overview of the semantic interoperability problem in the context of diagnostic reasoning and discuss the results of the second phase of the demonstration.
The 27 Percent Rule Revisited.

The problem of selecting the size of the tails from a sample drawn from a distribution of test scores for item analysis study is discussed. In the past the selected tails were viewed as independent...
A B-spline-based approach to heterogeneous objects design and analysis

The recent advancement of solid freeform fabrication, design techniques and fundamental understanding of material properties in functionally graded materials has made it possible to design and fabricate multifunctional heterogeneous objects. In this paper, we present an integrated design and analysis approach for heterogeneous object realization, which employs a unified design and analysis model based on B-spline representation and allows for direct interaction between the design and analysis model without laborious meshing operation. In the design module, a new approach for intuitively modelling of multi-material objects, termed heterogeneous lofting, is presented. In the analysis module, a novel graded B-spline finite element solution procedure is described, which gives orders of magnitude of better convergence rate in comparison with current methods, as demonstrated in several case studies. Further advantages of this approach include simplified mesh construction, exact geometry/material composition representation and easy extraction of an isomaterial surface for manufacturing process planning.
Enzyme thermoinactivation in anhydrous organic solvents

Three unrelated enzymes (ribonuclease, chymotrypsin, and lysozyme) display markedly enhanced thermostability in anhydrous organic solvents compared to that in aqueous solution. At 110-145 degrees C in nonaqueous media all three enzymes inactivate due to heat-induced protein aggregation, as determined by gel filtration chromatography. Using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A as a model, it has been established that enzymes are much more thermostable in hydrophobic solvents (shown to be essentially inert with respect to their interaction with the protein) than in hydrophilic ones (shown to strip water from the enzyme). The heat-induced aggregates of ribonuclease were characterized as both physically associated and chemically crosslinked protein agglomerates, with the latter being in part due to transamidation and intermolecular disulfide interchange reactions. The thermal denaturation of ribonuclease in neat organic solvents has been examined by means of differential scanning calorimetry. In hydrophobic solvents, the enzyme exhibits greatly enhanced thermal denaturation temperatures (T(m) values as high as 124 degrees C) compared to aqueous solution. The thermostability of ribonuclease towards heat-induced denaturation and aggregation decreases as the water content of the protein powder increases. The experimental data obtained suggest that enzymes are extremely thermostable in anhydrous organic solvents due to their conformational rigidity in the dehydrated state and their resistance to nearly all the covalent reactions causing irreversible thermoinactivation of enzymes in aqueous solution.
Thickness distribution of a cooling pyroclastic flow deposit on Augustine Volcano, Alaska: Optimization using InSAR, FEMs, and an adaptive mesh algorithm

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imagery documents the consistent subsidence, during the interval 1992– 1999, of a pyroclastic flow deposit (PFD) emplaced during the 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska. We construct finite element models (FEMs) that simulate thermoelastic contraction of the PFD to account for the observed subsidence. Threedimensional problem domains of the FEMs include a thermoelastic PFD embedded in an elastic substrate. The thickness of the PFD is initially determined from the difference between post- and pre-eruption digital elevation models (DEMs). The initial excess temperature of the PFD at the time of deposition, 640 8C, is estimated from FEM predictions and an InSAR image via standard least-squares inverse methods. Although the FEM predicts the major features of the observed transient deformation, systematic prediction errors (RMSE=2.2 cm) are most likely associated with errors in the a priori PFD thickness distribution estimated from the DEM differences. We combine an InSAR image, FEMs, and an adaptive mesh algorithm to iteratively optimize the geometry of the PFD with respect to a minimized misfit between the predicted thermoelastic deformation and observed deformation. Prediction errors from an FEM, which includes an optimized PFD geometry and the initial excess PFD temperature estimated from the least-squares analysis, are sub-millimeter (RMSE=0.3 mm). The average thickness (9.3 m), maximum thickness (126 m), and volume (2.1 � 10 7 m 3 ) of the PFD, estimated using the adaptive mesh algorithm, are about twice as large as the respective estimations for the a priori PFD geometry. Sensitivity analyses suggest unrealistic PFD thickness distributions are required for initial excess PFD temperatures outside of the range 500–800 8C. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Differential cytokine expression in acute and chronic murine graft‐versus‐host‐disease

The relationship between acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is not well understood. While both syndromes appear to result from recognition of host antigens by donor T cells, their pathological changes differ markedly. In light of the recent concept that helper T cells (Th) may be divided into two types based on their cytokine secretion profile and their ability to mediate cellular (Th1) or humoral (Th2) immunity, and considering the inflammatory nature of acute GVHD and the occurrence of significant B cell activation in chronic GVHD, we hypothesized that acute and chronic GVHD may be associated with differential cytokine production by activated T cells. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed expression of a range of cytokines in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 (B6D2F1) recipients of C57BL/6 (acute GVHD), DBA/2 (chronic GVHD) or B6D2F1 (control) spleen cells. The results reported here indicate that a wide range of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, are indeed differentially expressed in acute and chronic GVHD and support the concept that the pathology peculiar to acute or chronic GVHD may arise due to differential cytokine expression by activated T cells.
Rhythmic Cell Division in Populations of Gonyaulax polyedra

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra grown with alternating light and dark periods of 12 hours each, at least 85% of all cell divisions which occur in a day take place during a 5-hour period spanning the end of the dark period and the beginning of the light period. A very distinct maximum in the number of recently divided cells occurs at about the time the light period begins. This diurnal periodicity in cell division is lost after 4 to 6 days in continuous bright light, but will persist for at least 14 days in continuous dim light. The period of approximately 24 hours under constant conditions is only slightly altered by varying light intensity and temperature, both of which factors are known to affect markedly the generation time. The time at which cell division occurs is therefore postulated to be controlled by some sort of rhythmic or clock mechanism. Similarities between the cell division rhythm and the endogenous rhythm of luminescence in this organism are discussed. The occurrence of a glow, or steady light emission of low intensity, at about the time of cell division, is described, and it is suggested that this glow may result from cellular changes accompanying certain stages of cell division.
An Efficient Spectral Algorithm for Network Community Discovery and Its Applications to Biological and Social Networks

Automatic discovery of community structures in complex networks is a fundamental task in many disciplines, including social science, engineering, and biology. A quantitative measure called modularity (Q) has been proposed to effectively assess the quality of community structures. Several community discovery algorithms have since been developed based on the optimization of Q. However, this optimization problem is NP-hard, and the existing algorithms have a low accuracy or are computationally expensive. In this paper, we present an efficient spectral algorithm for modularity optimization. When tested on a large number of synthetic or real-world networks, and compared to the existing algorithms, our method is efficient and and has a high accuracy. In addition, we have successfully applied our algorithm to detect interesting and meaningful community structures from real-world networks in different domains, including biology, medicine and social science. Due to space limitation, results of these applications are presented in a complete version of the paper available on our Website (http://cse .wustl.edu/ ~jruan/).
Multiple glacial refugia lead to genetic structuring and the potential for reproductive isolation in a herbaceous plant

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Glacial cycles have influenced the genetic structure of many species. In addition to facilitating genetic divergence, isolation in multiple glacial refugia may have contributed to the development of genetic incompatibility and reproductive isolation. We examined the phylogeography of Campanulastrum americanum, a monocarpic herbaceous plant that exhibits strong intraspecific reproductive isolation, to determine whether the current genetic structure reflects a history of multiple glacial refugia. METHODS Chloroplast loci and nuclear RAD sequencing were used to characterize the range-wide phylogeography of C. americanum, in order to determine locations of potential glacial refugia and recolonization routes. Potential locations of refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum were also identified using ecological niche modeling. KEY RESULTS Together, the chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies found support for three geographically structured, genetically divergent lineages, among which gene flow appears to be restricted. The distribution of these lineages indicates that C. americanum survived the Last Glacial Maximum in at least three refugia located in the Appalachians and on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The ecological niche model also supported the existence of multiple refugia. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of populations of C. americanum in multiple refugia has led to a degree of phylogeographic structure greater than that found in most previously studied plants in eastern North America, which may be attributable to its short generation time. Reproductively isolated populations of C. americanum belong to divergent lineages, which suggests that survival in multiple glacial refugia contributed to the development of reproductive isolation in this species.
Study of the reactions K/sup 0//sub L/p. -->. K/sup 0//sub S/p,. lambda pi. /sup +/,. sigma. /sup 0/. pi. /sup +/, and. lambda pi. /sup +/. pi. /sup 0/ near 550 MeV/c

We present measurements of the differential and polarization cross sections for the reactions ${K}_{L}^{0}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}_{s}^{0}p, \ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}, {\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}, \mathrm{and} \ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ made in a hydrogen bubble chamber exposed to a beam of ${K}_{L}^{0}$ with incident momentum 550\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35 MeV/c. The quasielastic data imposes additional constraints on the partial-wave analyses of the $\mathrm{KN}$ and $\overline{K}N$ systems. Our data show no strong energy-dependent effects in the region of the reported $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1580)$, ${J}^{P}=\frac{3}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state. The phase of the forward regeneration amplitude was found to be about - 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} independent of ${K}_{L}^{0}$ momentum.
The evolving biology of castration-resistant prostate cancer: Review of recommendations from the prostate cancer clinical trials working group 3

In 2008, the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2) developed consensus guidelines for clinical trial design and conduct that redefined trial endpoints, with a dual-objective paradigm: to (1) controlling, relieving, or eliminating disease manifestations at the start of treatment; and (2) preventing or delaying further disease manifestations. Clinical and translational research in prostate cancer has expanded our current-day understanding of the mechanisms of its pathogenesis, as well as the different clinicopathologic and molecular subtypes of the disease, and has improved the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). These new advances led to the development of the updated PCWG3 guidelines in 2015. In this review, we analyze our evolving understanding of the biology of CRPC, acquired resistance mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic targets in light of the updated PCWG3 guidelines. We present a joint perspective from the medical oncology and urologic disciplines on the ongoing efforts to advance clinical trial performance in order to discover new therapies for this fatal disease.
Common features of extraordinary rate theories.

We examine the capabilities and foundations of three landmark rate theories: harmonic transition state theory, classical nucleation theory, and the Marcus theory of electron transfer. Each of the three classic rate theories is widely used to predict rates and trends. They are also used “in reverse” to interpret experimental data with no computation at all. Their common foundations include a quasi-equilibrium assumption and dimensionality reduction to a physically meaningful, one-dimensional, and broadly applicable reaction coordinate. Many applications lie beyond the scope of the classic theories, so rare events research has pursued trajectory-based methods that efficiently predict accurate rate constants even when the reaction coordinate and mechanistic details are unknown. Trajectory based rare events methods achieved these ambitious goals, but (by construction) they provide rates rather than mechanistic understanding. We briefly discuss recent efforts to identify reaction coordinates, including methods...
Relationship Between Foreign Equity Ownership and Firm Performance

The focus of the present research paper is to study the relationship between 'foreign equity ownership' and 'firm performance'. For this purpose, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the association between the components of foreign equity present in a firm (other than foreign portfolio investment) and various performance aspects of the firm. The study specifically focuses on two premier companies of India- Reliance Industries Ltd., known for its aggressive&path-breaking corporate strategies, and Tata Steel Ltd., known for its relatively conservative and cautious business approach. The period of the study is from 2000-2011 (both financial years included). Findings of the study comprise of an interesting comparative analysis of the aforementioned companies with respect to the relationship between foreign equity ownership in the companies and various performance variables of the same. The study concludes with raising a concern on the expectation of Indian companies from foreign equity ownership.
Juvenile in Justice

The research, interviews, images, and findings that are represented in juvenile-in-justice.com are the result of Richard Ross’s continuing project that has lasted over six years, involved hundreds ...
Methyl Eugenol and the Mating Competitiveness of Irradiated Male Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Earlier research on wild males of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), indicated that feeding on male lure, methyl eugenol, conferred a long-term mating advantage over control males that were not given access to the lure. The current study describes laboratory experiments that examine whether consumption of methyl eugenol increases the mating competitiveness of mass-reared, irradiated male B. dorsalis against wild males. Initial trials conducted without providing methyl eugenol to any males indicated that wild and sterile males were equally competitive in mating with wild females. In subsequent trials, methyl eugenol was provided to wild males only or sterile males only, and in both cases the males that fed on the lure had a significant mating advantage 2, 10, or 21 d after feeding. A field study revealed that irradiated males given methyl eugenol 1 wk before release were less likely to be captured (in Steiner traps baited with methyl eugenol) than males not provided with methyl eugenol. These results suggest that allowing sterile males to feed on methyl eugenol might improve the effectiveness of sterile insect release as well as enable simultaneous control programs of sterile insect technique and male annihilation.
Adaptive artificial bee colony algorithm for classification problem

Appropriate rule evaluation functions are important to improve the performance of classification algorithm based on rules.In order to obtain the comprehensible classification rules,an adaptive artificial bee colony algorithm,called A_ABC algorithm,is proposed.The A_ABC algorithm can adaptively select a appropriate rule evaluation function for the given data,and effectively process both discrete attributes and continuous attributes.The proposed A_ABC algorithm is evaluated by experiment using different standard real datasets,and compared with existing classification algorithms.Results show that the A_ABC algorithm can solve classification problems more effectively than the existing algorithms.
Evaluation of the Aggrandized Immunization of Polio Vaccine in Nantong Economic and Technological Development Zone during 2005—2006

[Objective]To understand the effect of aggrandized immunization of polio vaccine in Nantong Economic and Technological Development Zone during 2005—2006 and provide evidence for the future planned immunization work.[Methods] According to the implementation plan of aggrandized immunization of polio vaccine,two rounds of polio vaccine immunization activities were carried out in December 5th and 6th of 2005 and January 5th and 6th 2006;on-site rapid assessment was carried out after each immunization activity.[Results] The two reported vaccination rates were 98.44% and 98.57% respectively,both of which reached the goal of 95%;the zero-dose children analysis found that the zero-dose children were mainly concentrated in the group aged under 1-year-old(96.08%),75.00% of which were floating children;the on-site rapid assessment found that the vaccination rates were only 58.82% and 43.75% among the floating children under the age of 3 months;the vaccination rate got on-site was lower than that reported.[Conclusion] The two rounds of aggrandized immunization of polio vaccine was proved to be successful,but to eliminate polio is a long-term and arduous task requiring unremitting efforts;the zero-dose children is the emphasis of the aggrandized immunization;the vaccination rate is low among the floating children;prevention and vaccination work should be improved among the children,especially among the floating children.
Excitation of Bloch-like surface waves in quasi-crystals and aperiodic dielectric multilayers

The existence of Bloch surface waves in periodic dielectric multilayer structures with a surface defect is well known. Not yet recognized is that quasi-crystals and aperiodic dielectric multilayers can also support Bloch-like surface waves. In this work, we numerically show the excitation of Bloch-like surface waves in Fibonacci quasi-crystals and Thue–Morse aperiodic dielectric multilayers using the prism coupling method. We report improved surface electric field intensity and penetration depth of Bloch-like surface waves in the air side in such structures compared to their periodic counterparts.
SU-F-J-89: Assessment of Delivered Dose in Understanding HCC Tumor Progression Following SBRT

Purpose: It is well documented that the delivered dose to patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) is often different from the planned dose due to geometric variability and uncertainties in patient positioning. Recent work suggests that accumulated dose to the GTV is a better predictor of progression compared to the minimum planned dose to the PTV. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if deviations from the planned dose can contributed to tumor progression. Methods: From 2010 to 2014 an in-house Phase II clinical trial of adaptive stereotactic body RT was completed. Of the 90 patients enrolled, 7 patients had a local recurrence defined on contrast enhanced CT or MR imaging 3–21 months after completion of RT. Retrospective dose accumulation was performed using a biomechanical model-based deformable image registration algorithm (DIR) to accumulate the dose based on the kV CBCT acquired prior to each fraction for soft tissue alignment of the patient. The DIR algorithm was previously validated for geometric accuracy in the liver (target registration error = 2.0 mm) and dose accumulation in a homogeneous image, similar to a liver CBCT (gamma index = 91%). Following dose accumulation, the minimum dose to 0.5 cc of the GTV was compared between the planned and accumulated dose. Work is ongoing to evaluate the tumor control probability based on the planned and accumulated dose. Results: DIR and dose accumulation was performed on all fractions for 6 patients with local recurrence. The difference in minimum dose to 0.5 cc of the GTV ranged from −0.3–2.3 Gy over 3–5 fractions. One patient had a potentially significant difference in minimum dose of 2.3 Gy. Conclusion: Dose accumulation can reveal tumor underdosage, improving our ability to understand recurrence and tumor progression patterns, and could aid in adaptive re-planning during therapy to correct for this. This work was supported in part by NIH P01CA059827.
Localization of the Fas-Fas ligand system in human fetal membranes.

Objective To determine if fetal membranes might be one of the sources of Fas and Fas ligand in amniotic fluid. Study design Human fetal membranes from elective cesarean section (n = 6) were fixed in paraformaldehyde. Rolls of paraffinembedded fetal membranes were cut into 5-micron sections. After blocking with horse and goat sera, sections were incubated overnight with primary antibodies followed by the appropriate secondary antibodies. Avidin-biotin complex and diaminobenzidine were used for immunoperoxidase localization. Expression of Fas and Fas ligand was read by light microscopy. Results Both Fas and Fas ligand were localized in amnion, chorion and decidual layers. In amnion, Fas and Fas ligand were expressed predominantly in epithelial cells and fibroblasts, while there was no immunostaining in the subepithelial compact connective tissue. In the chorion, the expression was mainly in the chorionic trophoblast, with inconsistent expression in the reticular layer. In the decidua, the expression of Fas and Fas ligand was less prominent than in amnion and chorion. Conclusion Localization of Fas and Fas ligand in human fetal membranes suggests that fetal membranes could be one of the sources of soluble Fas and Fas ligand in amniotic fluid.
Sedation Variability Increases Incidence of Delirium in Adult Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

BACKGROUND Variability in sedation may increase the incidence of delirium and mortality, as well as increased intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay (LOS), despite mean Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) scores at goal. Coefficient of variation (CV) can be used to represent variability with a higher ratio indicating increased variability. STUDY QUESTION Do patients with an increased variability in sedation, as evaluated by CV in RASS, have an increased incidence of delirium? METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult medical ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) for ≥24 hours between January and April 2013. Patients were excluded if intubated at an outside hospital, neuromuscularly blocked, suffering from anoxic brain injury, or had a goal RASS of -4 or -5. Outcomes assessed included the presence of delirium, as evaluated by the Confusion Assessment Method, RASS, CV in RASS, duration of MV, ICU, and hospital LOS, and survival. RESULTS Of 45 included patients, 32 experienced delirium during their ICU admission and 13 did not. The groups were similar at baseline. There was no difference in mean RASS when comparing the delirium and nondelirium groups (-1.6 ± 1.3 vs. -1.8 ± 0.8, respectively; P = 0.61). Patients with delirium had a greater CV in RASS (0.3 ± 0.135 vs. 0.2 ± 0.105; P = 0.02), a longer MV duration [4 (2-8) vs. 3 (2-3) days; P = 0.045], and a trend toward increased ICU LOS [8 (5-12.25) vs. 4 (3-8) days; P = 0.096], but no difference in hospital LOS [13 (10-25) vs. 18 (9-39) days; P = 0.83] and survival (71.9% vs. 69.2%; P = 1.0). CONCLUSION Medical ICU patients with delirium had a higher CV in RASS compared with patients without delirium, suggesting that greater variability in sedation may increase the incidence of delirium. Patients with delirium also had a greater duration of MV and a trend toward longer ICU LOS.
The Evolution of Demand-Side Management in the United States

This chapter explores the history of DSM, focusing primarily on the U.S. demand-side management (DSM) origins due to the fuel crisis in the 1970s, the rapid decrease in annual electricity growth that flowed from the energy crisis, and further aggravated by nuclear power plant cost overruns. Complicating the design, implementation, and evaluation of DSM programs was the introduction of electricity markets in the 1990s. Even with DSM’s history of 40 years, there are substantial open questions regarding the need for DSM programs, how they should be structured, and how they coexist with electricity markets. DSM proponents must directly engage these questions and issues if DSM is to achieve its potential as a tool to address critical energy, environmental, and economic needs.
O05-4 Mediation analysis of the role of silicosis in the relationship between silica exposure and lung cancer

Occupational silica exposure has been demonstrated to cause both lung cancer and silicosis. However, it is unclear how the two disease processes interact and whether there is elevated lung cancer risk among those suffering from silicosis. We attempt to unravel the relative contributions of workplace exposure to the two processes using mediation analysis. We estimate the direct effect of silica exposure on lung cancer: the portion of the effect of occupational silica exposure on lung cancer that does not pass through silicosis. The extent to which this differs from the total effect indicates the degree to which the disease processes are distinct from each other. Among a cohort of 2,342 diatomaceous earth miners with measured exposures to crystalline silica, followed between 1942 and 2011, 113 (4%) died of lung cancer during follow-up. There were a total of 84 cases of silicosis diagnosed by radiologic analysis, of which 7 (8%) subsequently died from lung cancer. We estimated the associations between cumulative silica exposure and death from lung cancer using a pooled logistic model, which returned odds ratios of 2.26 (95% CI: 1.02, 4.91), 2.85 (95% CI: 1.57, 4.19) and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.31, 4.19) at the second, third and fourth quartiles of silica exposure (relative to the first) when uncontrolled for silicosis. In an identical model that controls for diagnosis of silicosis, the corresponding ratios were 2.27 (95% CI: 1.03, 4.93), 2.91 (95% CI: 1.03, 4.94), and 2.39 (95% CI: 1.61, 5.55), indicating that the direct effect of silica exposure dominates the indirect pathway via silicosis. Future analyses will estimate the controlled direct effect of silica exposure using longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation.
The role of hyperpolarized 129xenon in MR imaging of pulmonary function

In the last two decades, functional imaging of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases has entered the clinical stage. Both helium (3He) and xenon (129Xe) gas have been thoroughly investigated for their ability to assess both the global and regional patterns of lung ventilation. With advances in polarizer technology and the current transition towards the widely available 129Xe gas, this method is ready for translation to the clinic. Currently, hyperpolarized (HP) noble gas lung MRI is limited to selected academic institutions; yet, the promising results from initial clinical trials have drawn the attention of the pulmonary medicine community. HP 129Xe MRI provides not only 3-dimensional ventilation imaging, but also unique capabilities for probing regional lung physiology. In this review article, we aim to (1) provide a brief overview of current ventilation MR imaging techniques, (2) emphasize the role of HP 129Xe MRI within the array of different imaging strategies, (3) discuss the unique imaging possibilities with HP 129Xe MRI, and (4) propose clinical applications.
Manipulating Ultrafast Nondiabatic Dynamics of Molecules in Optical Cavities

Strong coupling of molecules to the vacuum field of a cavity can modify the potential energy surfaces, opening new photochemical reaction pathways. We theoretically investigate the ultrafast dynamics of molecules confined in optical micro cavities.
Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance.

We briefly review the evidence for distinct neuroanatomical substrates that underlie interoception in humans, and we explain how they substantialize feelings from the body (in the insular cortex) that are conjoined with homeostatic motivations that guide adaptive behaviours (in the cingulate cortex). This hierarchical sensorimotor architecture coincides with the limbic cortical architecture that underlies emotions, and thus we regard interoceptive feelings and their conjoint motivations as homeostatic emotions . We describe how bivalent feelings, emotions and sympathovagal balance can be organized and regulated efficiently in the bicameral forebrain as asymmetric positive/negative, approach/avoidance and parasympathetic/sympathetic components. We provide original evidence supporting this organization from studies of cardiorespiratory vagal activity in monkeys and functional imaging studies in healthy humans showing activation modulated by paced breathing and passively viewed emotional images. The neuroanatomical architecture of interoception provides deep insight into the functional organization of all emotional feelings and behaviours in humans. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Bioinspired Metal Ion Coordinated Polyelectrolyte Fibrous Nanoreactors

Inspired by natural metal ion/ligand interactions, stable electrospun hydrogel fibers (EHFs) are produced from polyelectrolyte complexes coordinated with various metal ions. This development provides a novel and promising approach to advance hydrogel fiber applications by creating fibers with high stability in solutions and controlled interfacial reactions. The embedded ions not only improve EHF stability but also act as precursors for fabricating nanoparticles on fibers. The interactions between metal ions and polyelectrolytes dictate metal ion diffusion kinetics. The combination of diffusion and reaction kinetics grants rational and predictable design rules to use EHFs as reactors for nanofabrication.
Photonic-assisted ultra-wideband arbitrary waveform generation with extended time aperture for multipath channel sounding and compensation

Photonic-assisted radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation via pulse shaping and frequency-to-time mapping is demonstrated with a time-bandwidth product of 250 (34 ns × 7.3 GHz). It is applied to multipath wireless channel sounding and subsequent precompensation.