cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis of Coherent Structures in Simulated Reacting Buoyant Jets

The spatial evolution of a circular reacting buoyant jet at moderate Reynolds number (Re = 10 3 ) has been investigated using large-eddy simulation. Infinitely fast chemistry of a Burke―Schumann formulation is employed to model the combustion process in a reacting buoyant jet. Dynamic puffing phenomena is observed and corresponds to the formation of large-scale vortex structures near the plume base. These toroidal vortical structures break down into smaller, disorganized eddies with increasing distance downstream. Two-point correlation variances of temperature and velocities generated from large-eddy simulation are analyzed using the proper orthogonal decomposition method. The energy of the flow is found to be well represented by a finite number of eigenmodes. Further, the corresponding eigenfunctions accurately capture the large-scale coherent structures: namely, the vortex rings in the laminar region and a large-scale strong helical motion in the turbulent region. In the near-field region the dominant vortex-shedding frequency obtained from Fourier analysis agrees well with experimental data. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis in the transitional and turbulent regions reveals the dominance of subharmonic frequencies, indicating vortex merging in the downstream flow that cannot be detected from Fourier analysis of raw large-eddy simulation data.
Exchange rate pass through, macro fundamentals and regime choice in Latin America

Abstract The impact of changes in exchange rate on inflation is an issue of extreme importance for nations with a history of high inflation. While there have been significant studies on industrial and advanced economies, little analysis has been conducted on smaller economies that are open to trade and financial relationships. This paper estimates exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) into CPI and import prices from 1970 to 2010 for nine Latin American nations. ERPT is further estimated for each decade documenting declining pass-through after the turn of the millennium. The paper also examines the impact of macro fundamentals on ERPT, and finds monetary policy stability, inflation rate and trade openness to have a positive impact on pass-through. Finally, de facto exchange rate flexibility indices are constructed and ERPT rates are found to negatively affect them.
Use of glutaraldehyde-fixed Escherichia coli cells as a convenient solid support for radioimmune assays

Abstract Escherichia coli were activated by incubation with 1% glutaraldehyde, and the activated bacteria were then conjugated by incubation with IgG. About 66,000 molecules of IgG were bound per cell. The Escherichia coli -antibody conjugates were then used in competitive radioimmune assays. When a specific IgG fraction was used to prepare the conjugate, each cell bound about 16,000 molecules of antigen. With an antigen which had a specific activity of about 300 cpm/ng (or about 4.8 × 10 4 cpm/pmol), the assay was linear over a range of 40–300 ng/ml (0.3–2.0 pmol/ml). About 100 samples were assayed per day.
Extensive carbon isotopic heterogeneity among methane seep microbiota.

To assess and study the heterogeneity of δ^(13)C values for seep microorganisms of the Eel River Basin, we studied two principally different sample sets: sediments from push cores and artificial surfaces colonized over a 14 month in situ incubation. In a single sediment core, the δ^(13)C compositions of methane seep-associated microorganisms were measured and the relative activity of several metabolisms was determined using radiotracers. We observed a large range of archaeal δ^(13)C values (> 50‰) in this microbial community. The δ^(13)C of ANME-1 rods ranged from −24‰ to −87‰. The δ^(13)C of ANME-2 sarcina ranged from −18‰ to −75‰. Initial measurements of shell aggregates were as heavy as −19.5‰ with none observed to be lighter than −57‰. Subsequent measurements on shell aggregates trended lighter reaching values as ^(13)C-depleted as −73‰. The observed isotopic trends found for mixed aggregates were similar to those found for shell aggregates in that the initial measurements were often enriched and the subsequent analyses were more ^(13)C-depleted (with values as light as −56‰). The isotopic heterogeneity and trends observed within taxonomic groups suggest that ANME-1 and ANME-2 sarcina are capable of both methanogenesis and methanotrophy. In situ microbial growth was investigated by incubating a series of slides and silicon (Si) wafers for 14 months in seep sediment. The experiment showed ubiquitous growth of bacterial filaments (mean δ^(13)C = −38 ± 3‰), suggesting that this bacterial morphotype was capable of rapid colonization and growth.
Behavioural thermoregulation and acitivity patterns in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus

Abstract Behavioural thermoregulation and locomotory activity of green sunfish were examined in a temporal temperature-gradient apparatus. Green sunfish actively avoided temperatures exceeding 30·3 °C and below 26·5 °C and had a median preferred temperature of 28·2 dgC. Temperature preference did not vary significantly during the diel period even though locomotory activity patterns were markedly crepuscular. Activity was stimulated by the change in illumination levels at dawn and dusk.
Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks change the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests

Disturbance interactions have received growing interest in ecological research in the last decade. Fire and bark beetle outbreaks have recently increased in severity and extent across western North America, raising concerns about their possible interactions. Although it is often presumed that bark beetle outbreaks increase probability of active crown fire by producing high loads of surface and canopy dead fuels, empirical data are scarce and results are ambivalent. We combined field measurements and modeling to address the following question: How do fuel characteristics, microclimate, and potential fire behavior change with time since a severe mountain pine beetle outbreak in Pinus contorta forests of Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA)? We measured surface and canopy fuels, and soil surface temperature in a time-since-beetle-outbreak chronosequence (n = 35 sites) from undisturbed to 36 years post-outbreak, including stands in red- and gray-needle stages (respectively, 1–2 and 3–5 years post-outbreak). Fie...
Interfacial complex formation in uranyl extraction by tributyl phosphate in dodecane diluent: a molecular dynamics study.

Atomistic simulations have been carried out in a multicomponent two-phase system (aqueous and organic phases in direct contact) to investigate the interfacial molecular mechanisms leading to uranyl extraction from the aqueous to organic phase. The aqueous phase consists of the dissolved ions UO22+ and nitrate NO3−, with or without H3O+, in water to describe acidic or neutral condition; the organic phase consists of tributyl phosphate, the extractant, in dodecane as the diluent. We find that the interface facilitates the formation of various uranyl complexes, with a general formula UO22+(NO3−)n •mTBP•kH2O, with n + m + k = 5, suggesting a 5-fold coordination. The coordination for all three molecular entities has the common feature that they all bind to the uranyl at the uranium atom with an oxygen atom in the equatorial plane perpendicular to the molecular axis of the uranyl, forming a 5-fold symmetry plane. Nitric acid has a strong effect in enhancing the formation of extractable species, which is consist...
BROMINATION OF PHTHALEIN DYES BY THE UTERUS OF THE DOGFISH, SQUALUS ACANTHIAS.

SummaryThe observation that phenol red is brominated by the pregnant dogfish uterus in vivo was further studied and chlorophenol red, metacresol purple, and fluorescein were also found to be brominated. Some evidence was obtained that p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol were similarly brominated. The bromine was derived from an extraneous source. The site of bromination seemed to reside in the epithelium of the uterus. Bromination was also demonstrated by in vitro incubation, the pH optimum was found to be 7.4.
Measuring the impact of organizational constraints on the success of business-to-business e-commerce efforts: a transactional focus

This study investigated the impact of two organizational constraints, technological compatibility and operational capacity, on the success of business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce (e-commerce) efforts over a range of business settings. We focused specifically on the transactional efficiencies gained through the use of B2B e-commerce. To accomplish this, we considered an instrument originally developed to measure the benefits of intra-organizational information systems and applied it in two inter-organizational contexts: electronic data interchange (EDI) usage, and B2B technology usage by firms without EDI. Analysis was carried out on 86 firms in the consumer electronics industry, approximately half of which were product-manufacturing firms and the other half service-providing firms. Our findings showed that the inter-organizational context had a significant bearing on which constraints have a greater impact on the success of B2B e-commerce efforts.
Boundaries As Unpredictable Discontinuities

A large part of the information content of an image is conveyed by the location of pixels that determine the boundaries between different segments. In absence of prior knowledge about objects in the scene, it is impossible to predict where the edges will occur. The gray levels at locations away from boundaries are often highly correlated. They can be estimated from the values of nearby locations using assumptions based on our knowledge of the physical laws governing reflections from surfaces. Boundaries occur at points of essentially infinite variation. At these points corresponding gray levels result from summing energy reflected by two different regions and cannot be easily estimated from the values at nearby pixels. In this sense gray level values at discontinuities are less predictable.
Microsomal Polypeptide Comparisons Between High and Normal Oleic Acid Isogenic Peanut Lines Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis1

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) developing seed microsomal polypeptides of the high oleic acid variant (F435) and its presumed isogenic, normal line (78-1339) were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A pair of 20 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 6.8 and 7.3 was present in all of the polypeptide profiles from both isolines regardless of maturity or genotype except for (F435) at stage 1 maturity. The stage 1 (F435) profile contained, instead, an 18 kDa polypeptide pair focusing at about pH 9.3. Based on correlation evidence, we postulate that the 20 kDa polypeptides could be components of the $DT12-desaturase complex. The 18 kDa polypeptides appeared to be associated with lower desaturase activity, reduced linoleic acid and increased oleic acid seed content. Since the 18 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 9.3 are not found at later stages, they are probably under developmental control. Changes in the developing seed polypeptides of the microsomal fraction ov...
Refinement and Further Validation of the Decisional Process Inventory

Research to initially construct and evaluate the Decisional Process Inventory (DPI; Hartung, 1994) revealed its potential use for assessing progress and problems in career decision making (Hartung, 1995). Advancing this preliminary area of instrument research and development, we report on a study that evaluated a revised version of the measure, the DPI-R. Results from a sample of 183 undergraduate college students (82 women, 101 men) supported the DPI-R item content validity, scale construct validity, and concurrent validity. Factor analysis yielded three factors relating to contact and resistance processes described in a Gestalt model of career decision making and career indecision. Future research with the DPI-R should focus on refining the measure to maximally assess these three latent dimensions of the Gestalt Career Decision-Making Cycle. Ultimately, the DPI-R may contribute unique data for career assessment and counseling practice focused on resolving career indecision.
SR1-2: Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach - Report Release from an IOM Committee.

In response to a request from Susan G. Komen for the Cure®, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee was convened to review and assess the strength of the science base regarding the relationship between breast cancer and the environment. As part of their charge, the committee members reviewed the evidentiary standards for identifying and measuring cancer risk factors and the methodological challenges involved in conducting research on breast cancer and the environment. They also considered the potential interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. The committee9s report notes evidence-based actions that women could take to reduce their risk of breast cancer and offers recommendations for future research on breast cancer and the environment. The results of this IOM committee9s work will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr SR1-2.
SU-F-18C-08: A Validation Study of a Commercially Available Software Package's Absorbed Dose Estimates in a Physical Phantom

Purpose: This study assesses the accuracy of the absorbed dose estimates from CT scans generated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation using a commercially available radiation dose monitoring software program. Methods: Axial CT studies of an anthropomorphic abdomen phantom with dose bores at a central location and 4 peripheral locations were conducted using a fixed tube current at 120 kV. A 100 mm ion chamber and a 0.6 cc ion chamber calibrated at diagnostic energy levels were used to measure dose in the phantom at each of the 5 dose bore locations. Simulations using the software program's Monte Carlo engine were run using a mathematical model of the anthropomorphic phantom to determine conversion coefficients between the CTDIvol used for the study and the dose at the location of the dose bores. Simulations were conducted using both the software's generic CT beam model and a refined model generated using HVL and bow tie filter profile measurements made on the scanner used for the study. Results: Monte Carlo simulations completed using the generalized beam model differed from the measured conversion factors by an absolute value average of 13.0% and 13.8% for the 100 mm and 0.6 cc ion chamber studies, respectively. The MC simulations using the scanner specific beam model generated conversion coefficients that differed from the CTDIvol to measured dose conversion coefficients by an absolute value average of 7.3% and 7.8% for the 100 mm and 0.6 cc ion chamber cases, respectively. Conclusion: A scanner specific beam model used in MC simulations generates more accurate dose conversion coefficients in an anthropomorphic phantom than those generated with a generalized beam model. Agreement between measured conversion coefficients and simulated values were less than 20% for all positions using the universal beam model.
Finding the missing link for big biomedical data.

It has been argued that big data will enable efficiencies and accountability in health care.1,2 However, to date, other industries have been far more successful at obtaining value from large-scale integration and analysis of heterogeneous data sources. What these industries have figured out is that big data becomes transformative when disparate data sets can be linked at the individual person level. In contrast, big biomedical data are scattered across institutions and intentionally isolated to protect patient privacy. Both technical and social challenges to linking these data must be addressed before big biomedical data can have their full influence on health care. It is this linkage challenge that we address in this Viewpoint.
A protein inhibitor of rabbit liver phosphorylase phosphatase.

Abstract Extracts of rabbit liver contain a heat-stable, non-dialysable inhibitor of phosphorylase phosphatase. The inhibitory activity is destroyed by trypsin treatment or by ethanol precipitation. The kinetics of the inhibition are non-competitive with respect to phosphorylase a. The inhibitory activity is polydisperse on gel permeation chromatography. The mechanism of the inhibition is due to a direct interaction of the protein inhibitor with the enzyme.
A bio-inspired time synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks

In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), time synchronization is highly desired because data collected from agglomerated sensors become truly meaningful when they are stamped with accurate time. Most of current studies on time synchronization continue to adapt algorithms from a general distributed system. Inspired by Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) in ecology, we proposed a novel algorithm for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks in this paper. The new strategy reduces or avoids redundant message exchange in time synchronization and extends the lifetime of a sensor network by reducing energy expenditure of time synchronization.
Synthesis of DNA containing the simian virus 40 origin of replication by the combined action of DNA polymerases alpha and delta

Abstract Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mediates the replication of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA by reversing the effects of a protein that inhibits the elongation reaction. Two other protein fractions, activator I and activator II, were also shown to play important roles in this process. We report that activator II isolated from HeLa cell extracts is a PCNA-dependent DNA polymerase delta that is required for efficient replication of DNA containing the SV40 origin of replication. PCNA-dependent DNA polymerase delta on a DNA singly primed phi X174 single-stranded circular DNA template required PCNA, a complex of the elongation inhibitor and activator I, and the single-stranded DNA-binding protein essential for SV40 DNA replication. DNA polymerase delta, in contrast to DNA polymerase alpha, hardly used RNA-primed DNA templates. These results indicate that both DNA polymerase alpha and delta are involved in SV40 DNA replication in vitro and their activity depends on PCNA, the elongation inhibitor, and activator I.
Influence of environmental salinity on messenger RNA levels of growth hormone, prolactin, and somatolactin in pituitary of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Pituitary growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and somatolactin (SL) messenger RNA levels in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were examined under various environmental and physiological conditions. Catfish were sampled following salinity challenge, during the winter (December) and spring or summer (April or July), and at different sizes (15–18 g, 620–664 g, and 956–1134 g). When catfish (956–1134 g) were transferred from freshwater to saline water containing 8 ppt NaCl, their plasma [Na+] increased significantly above values in the freshwater control group until they were transferred back to freshwater. Pituitary GH mRNA levels were low for the first 24 hours following transfer to saline water, but thereafter were significantly elevated above control values until the fish were transferred back to freshwater. Pituitary GH mRNA levels were highest in July and lowest in December. Growth hormone mRNA levels were also elevated in the size groups 15–18 g and 956–1134 g in July when compared with December values. Pituitary PRL mRNA levels increased for the first 24 hours following transfer to saline water (956–1134 g), but thereafter were significantly lower than control values until the fish were transferred back to freshwater. Pituitary PRL mRNA levels were highest in April and July and lowest in December, and were also elevated in the size groups 620–664 g and 956–1134 g. Pituitary SL mRNA levels were unaffected in catfish transferred to saline water; however, levels were significantly elevated in catfish of the 956–1134-g size group sampled in April when compared with December. These results suggest the involvement of GH in adaptation to brackish water and of PRL in adaptation to freshwater in the catfish, and seasonal and size-related differences in pituitary GH, PRL, and SL mRNA levels.
Taxation and Incentive in Mobilization

Abstract : The effects on labor incentive of various possible kinds of change in the income tax structure are examined. It is concluded that an a priori determination is possible in some cases, but not in others. The implications of these results for fiscal policy in mobilization are then examined briefly. It is concluded that, if 'pay as you go' is deemed inadequate, it must be on other than incentive grounds. (Author)
Abundances of Red Giants in Old Open Clusters. II. Berkeley 17

We present an analysis of high-dispersion echelle spectra of three giant stars in the 10 Gyr open cluster Berkeley 17 obtained with the KPNO 4 m Telescope. Abundances were determined relative to the bright, somewhat metal-poor disk giant Arcturus. Be 17 is found to have a mean [Fe/H] = -0.10 ± 0.09 (rms). Oxygen abundances, determined from the forbidden [O I] lines, and the α-elements Mg, Ca, and Ti show scaled solar abundance ratios, while the Si abundance is slightly enhanced. The odd-Z elements Na and Al are significantly enhanced relative to scaled solar abundances. These abundance patterns are similar to those seen in other old open clusters and suggest that the Galactic disk was enriched to solar abundance levels at very early times.
A simple defense of Western biomedical explanatory schemata.

L'A. passe en revue differentes recherches sur les maladies populaires (Ensorcellement, Susto, Crise de nerfs..) - recherches privilegiant une approche ethnopsychiatrique qui confronte les explications biomedicales occidentales et indigenes - afin d'aborder le probleme methodologique de la frontiere semantique du concept de syndrome culturel.
Bioassay for hamycin and amphotericin B in serum and other biological fluids.

A bioassay suitable for measuring concentrations of the polyene antifungal agents hamycin and amphotericin B in biological fluids is described. By using Paecilomyces varioti as the indicator organism, sensitivity of the bioassay was found to be in the range of 0.01 to 0.02 μg/ml. A linear dose-response curve was obtained with amphotericin B; the curve for hamycin was curvilinear. In a series of assays, hamycin serum levels in the range of 0.01 to 3.5 μg/ml were measured; with amphotericin B, serum levels in the range of 0.015 to 0.175 μg/ml were measured in patients receiving orthodox intravenous medication and as high as 9.0 μg/ml in one patient treated with extraordinarily high doses of the drug.
User experience (UX) labs: Fostering innovative academic research (panel proposal)

User Experience laboratories (UX labs henceforth) affiliated with Library and Information Science schools support a wide range of academic research by faculty members and graduate students. Though their names vary (e.g., information experience lab, usability lab, Human Computer Interaction lab), these labs serve on the front lines to investigate the impact of shifting information behaviors by implementing innovative methods for conducting usability studies and analysis. This panel, represented by UX lab faculty/staff members affiliated with three different institutions, will focus on describing a variety of research projects conducted in their labs, discussing the benefits and challenges of conducting research, and introducing multiple usability research methods such as heuristic evaluation, portable usability lab for site research, and mobile usability testing methods and tools. CONFERENCE TRACK Track 1: Human Information Interaction
Optimization of a Slot End Configuration in a Finite Plate Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load

Two-dimensional photoelasticity is used to determine the distribution of stresses at the ends of a transverse slot symmetrically located in the uniform field of a thin birefringent strip subjected to tension. The ends of the slot are ellipses with different axes ratios, ranging from a flat ellipse to a semicircle. The stress-concentration factors are found for different ratios of the transverse width of the slot to the total width of the tensile specimen. Optimum shapes are given for each ratio of the transverse width of the slot to the total width of the tensile specimen. The results obtained may prove useful in the design of solid propellant grains.
Finnish Verbal Morphophonology and Consonant Gradation

This paper critically reviews S. J. Keyser and Paul Kiparsky's “Syllable Structure in Finnish Phonology” (1984). We also treat Finnish morphophonemics using a CV-tier analysis, but account for forms that their method fails on. We posit six stem types in the verbal lexicon and derive the forms of all inflections of all types with just twelve morphophonemic rules. After the stems are modified and suffixes (and person/number endings) are attached, a single, general, phonological rule of Consonant Gradation applies postlexically. To develop a general theory from our analysis, we consider restrictions on rules which may alter stems: lexical rules apply to stems before affixation and only to the final segments of stems; only post-lexical phonological rules apply to affixes. We eliminate all morphological conditions on individual rules and extrinsic ordering conditions.
Consensual and Hierarchical Classification of Remotely Sensed Multispectral Images

Consensual and hierarchical approaches are developed for the classification of remotely sensed multispectral images. The proposed method consists of preprocessing of input patterns, generating multiple classification results by hierarchical neural networks, and a combining scheme to generate a consensus of multiple classification results. Transformations of input patterns by random matrices and nonlinear filtering are used for preprocessing. By varying the input patterns, the multiple classification results are generated with sufficiently independent errors by using a single type of classifier. This helps to improve classification performance when the multiple classification results are combined. Hierarchical neural networks involve the use of successive classifiers which are tuned to reduce the remaining errors to increase the classification performance. This structure includes detection schemes to decide whether successive classifiers are utilized for each input. Consensual and hierarchical approaches generate more reliable and accurate results based on group decision.
Unitary Knowing in Nursing Practice

The purpose of this article is to elaborate the unitary knowing perspective which was derived from using the science of unitary human beings in practice and considering phenomena within a unitary picture of reality. The systems perspective and the unitary perspective are contrasted as structures for understanding human phenomena in the realm of practice. A model of practice is offered which encompasses the use of experience, perceptions, and expressions as the source of pattern information. The features of unitary knowing involving construction and derivation are presented within the context of unitary pattern nursing.
Towards a Universal, Quantifiable, and Scalable File Format Converter

This paper addresses the problem of designing a universal file format converter. File format conversion is a necessary part of data dissemination and curation. Complete and robust converters however are hard to find and build due to the abundance of file formats, the fact that many formats are closed, and the complexities within individual format specifications. On the other hand many software applications exist that are capable of performing some degree of data conversion between a subset of the available formats. To take advantage of this we introduce a data structure called an I/O-Graph to store the available input and output formats of these applications. Based on a concept of \textit{\textbf{imposed code reuse}} we use this to develop a service, NCSA Polyglot, which through this graph is capable of performing the larger union of conversions supported by the underlying software. The Polyglot system is designed to be easily extensible, scalable with the number of conversion requests, and inclusive of all available third party software. Given a data set of files from a particular domain, we are able to assign weights to the edges within the I/O-Graph indicating the amount of information retained during a conversion. These edge weights allow the system to then choose conversion paths with the least amount of information loss.
Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• Two hundred three patients with hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 73 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, race, and neighborhood of residence were administered three self-report inventories concerned with the following four dimensions of life quality: emotional functioning, social-role functioning, activities of daily living, and recreational pastimes. An additional inventory was administered to a spouse or another close relative of each patient. The life quality of patients with COPD was found to be impaired relative to healthy subjects on all dimensions. Depression was the preponderant emotional disturbance reported; difficulties with home management and reduction in social interaction were the primary social-role deficits. Ambulation, mobility, sleep and rest, and a variety of recreational pastimes were also severely affected. Life quality exhibited moderate but significant relationships to neuropsychological, pulmonary, and cardiac functioning and to exercise capability. Age and socioeconomic status were found to be possible moderators of the relationship of COPD to life quality. A model to integrate these findings is proposed. Implications for the management of COPD and for the evaluation of medical treatments of chronic disabling conditions are described. (Arch Intern Med1982;142:473-478)
Crystallinity vis‐á‐vis two‐phase models of oriented polymers: Inferences from an experimental study of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Extensive measurements with poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers of a broad range of orientational and crystalline order have been made and analyzed vis-a-vis two-phase ( crystalline and noncrystalline) descriptions of solid polymer morphologies. The results show that no two fundamentally different methods provide the same estimates, or consistently even the same trends, of phase composition over a broad range of order. Modifications of the simple two-phase model by incorporating order-dependence of characteristic parameters, such as noncrystalline density, still lead to unsatisfactory results. No meaningful relationship has been found between such parameters and measures of order, such as calculated birefringence and trans content of the noncrystalline phase. However, because of the simplicity of two-phase models and the absence of any objective framework for correlating properties with measures of order with three or more phase compositions, continued use of two-phase models, with cognizance of their inherent limitations, is recommended in seeking directions for process and product development.
Concretion Formation In Volcaniclastic Host Rocks: Evaluating the Role of Organics, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry On Early Diagenesis

Abstract The upper part of the Brushy Basin Member of the Jurassic Morrison Formation in the Four Corners regions of the U.S. was deposited in an ephemeral alkaline saline lake system with copious input of volcanic ash that resulted in dynamic fluid–rock interaction during early diagenesis. Three broad diagenetic facies—defined by color and associated bioturbation features—are interpreted: red, green, and intermediate. Diagenetic facies reflect meter-scale paleotopography: red facies represent shallow water to subaerial, oxidizing conditions; green facies reflect saturated conditions and reducing pore-water chemistry shortly after deposition, and intermediate facies represent a combination of—or rapid transition between—the previous two conditions. Three categories of concretions are characterized based on mineralogy: carbonate, iron (oxyhydr)oxide, and phosphate concretions. Variation in concretion mineralogy and morphology in the Brushy Basin Member suggests that alkaline saline fluid chemistries created diagenetic microenvironments within a larger lake system to influence concretion precipitation. However, porosity and permeability are more important factors affecting concretion size, morphology, and mineralogy than host-rock composition. Diagenetic fluid–rock interactions in volcaniclastic sediments can be spatially variable even on tens- of-centimeters scale.
Inducible Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-associated Factor-1 Expression Couples the Canonical to the Non-canonical NF-κB Pathway in TNF Stimulation

The NF-κB transcription factor mediates the inflammatory response through distinct (canonical and non-canonical) signaling pathways. The mechanisms controlling utilization of either of these pathways are largely unknown. Here we observe that TNF stimulation induces delayed NF-κB2/p100 processing and investigate the coupling mechanism. TNF stimulation induces TNF-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) that directly binds NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and stabilizes it from degradation by disrupting its interaction with TRAF2·cIAP2 ubiquitin ligase complex. We show that TRAF1 depletion prevents TNF-induced NIK stabilization and reduces p52 production. To further examine the interactions of TRAF1 and NIK with NF-κB2/p100 processing, we mathematically modeled TRAF1·NIK as a coupling signaling complex and validated computational inference by siRNA knockdown to show non-canonical pathway activation is dependent not only on TRAF1 induction but also NIK stabilization by forming TRAF1·NIK complex. Thus, these integrated computational-experimental studies of TNF-induced TRAF1 expression identified TRAF1·NIK as a central complex linking canonical and non-canonical pathways by disrupting the TRAF2-cIAP2 ubiquitin ligase complex. This feed-forward kinase pathway is essential for the activation of non-canonical pathway.
Structural and hydration studies of waxy and mealy potato starch cultivars by deuterium, carbon‐13 CP‐MAS/MASS NMR, and electron microscopy

Proton and deuterium pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques were employed to investigate the hydration properties of raw and cooked (steamed, oven baked and microwave baked) waxy (LaSoda and Pontiac) and mealy (Russet Burbank and Norchip) potato cultivars and starches. Three water components (T 2Q internal, T 2A medium and T 2B long component) were resolved in potato cultivars and starches. The first water component T 2Q is assigned to the anisotropically bound water within the potato starch granule structure. The T 2A corresponds to trapped water, whereas, the T 2B -long component is assigned to the average between weakly bound and free water populations. The anisotropically bound water (T 2Q internal) in potato cultivars and starches does not seem to be in fast chemical exchange with free and weakly bound water populations. Well defined powder patterns with a residual deuterium quadrupole splitting of about 1 kHz were observed at 22°C for raw potato cultivars and starches (17%, w/w). The quadrupole splitting, however, disappeared after cooking as a result of heat induced structural changes, and only rapidly, isotropically reorienting water remained. The T 2A and T 2B values were also significantly affected by the cooking method. The T 2B values of cooked potatoes were shorter than those of raw potatoes. Heat induced structural changes were reflected in the shorter T 2B value of the cooked and crushed potatoes. Lower average 1 H NMR transverse relaxation rates were observed in cooked waxy (LaSoda) in comparison with those of other potatoes.
Cytomegalovirus Polyradiculopathy Caused by a Ganciclovir-Resistant Strain

Polyradiculopathy caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a rare but serious neurological disorder that occurs late in the course of HIV-1 infection and is potentially treatable with antimicrobial agents active against CMV. We describe a patient with CMV infection caused by a strain that was resistant to ganciclovir. This case demonstrates one potential mechanism of therapeutic failure and illustrates the potential pathogenicity of strains that are resistant to antiviral drugs.
Probing the CD Lumenal Loop Region of the D2 Protein of Photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 by Combinatorial Mutagenesis

The CD lumenal loop region of the photosystem II reaction center protein D2 contains residues involved in oxygen evolution. Since detailed structural information about this region is unavailable, an M13-based combinatorial mutagenesis approach was used to investigate structure-function relationships in this vital region of D2 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The CD loop coding region contains close to 100 nucleotides, and for effective mutagenesis, it was subdivided into four regions of seven to eight codons. A gain-of-function selection protocol was employed such that all mutants that were selected contained a functional D2 protein. In this way, conservation patterns of residues along with numbers and types of amino acid substitutions accommodated at each position for each set of mutants would indicate which residues in the CD loop may play important structural and functional roles. Results of this study have substantiated the importance of residues previously studied by site-directed mutagenesis such as Arg180 and His189 and have identified other previously unremarkable residues in the CD loop (such as Ser166, Phe169, and Ala170) that cannot be replaced by many other residues. In addition, the pliability of the CD loop was further tested using deletion and D1-D2 substitution constructs in M13. This showed that the length of the loop was important to its function, and in two cases, D2 could accommodate homologous sequences from D1, which forms a heterodimer with D2 in photosystem II, but not the other way around. This study of the CD loop in D2 provides valuable clues regarding the structural and functional requirements of the region.
Religious Rhetoric and the Ethics of Public Discourse: The Case of George W. Bush

Political theorists have argued for and against the propriety of a civic ethics of “public reason” that would set normative bounds on the expression of religious views in the public discourse of government officials and, to a lesser degree, citizens. This essay explores whether critics of ethical restraints on religious discourse have grounds to criticize the religious rhetoric of President George W. Bush. Quantitative and qualitative studies show that Bush has used a distinctive “prophetic” mode of religious expression more often than any modern predecessor. This sort of religious discourse is argued to be ethically dubious from the standpoints of most public reason advocates and most of their critics. Even as it champions democracy and adherence to the plans of divine providence, it discourages and de-legitimates democratic dissent and fails to provide the religious guidance it promises.
Values at play: design tradeoffs in socially-oriented game design

Significant work in the CHI community has focused on designing systems that support human values. Designers and engineers have also become increasingly aware of ways in which the artifacts they create can embody political, social, and ethical values. Despite such an awareness, there has been little work towards producing practical methodologies that systematically incorporate values into the design process. Many designers struggle to find a balance between their own values, those of users and other stakeholders, and those of the surrounding culture. In this paper, we present the RAPUNSEL project as a case study of game design in a values-rich context and describe our efforts toward navigating the complexities this entails. Additionally, we present initial steps toward the development of a systematic methodology for discovery, analysis, and integration of values in technology design in the hope that others may both benefit from and build upon this work.
Leach Models for Contaminants Immobilized by pH-Dependent Mechanisms

A component-based leach model for describing leaching of hazardous contaminants that are immobilized by pH-dependent reactions is presented, and applications to environmental problems are described. The model describes simple chemical systems in which a solid phase provides acid-neutralizing capacity, and the contaminants are immobilized by precipitation or sorption reactions that are dependent on pH. Results of model simulations are related to predictions based on simple analytical leach models. Internal concentration gradients within the solid are predicted by the model, and their forms are used to explain how contaminants are immobilized and re-immobilization within the solid and how the concentration of acid in the leaching solution affects leaching of contaminants. Simulations show that the concentration of acid in the leaching solution affects leaching of contaminants in a complex manner that cannot be simply related to leaching of acid-neutralizing capacity. Even with these complex chemical interac...
High autonomy systems: concepts and models

A review is presented of recent developments of concepts related to high autonomy systems and the roles played by conventional control theory and artificial intelligence. Autonomy is shown to be an extended paradigm that subsumes both control and AI paradigms, each of which is limited by its own abstractions. Autonomy, as a design goal, offers an arena where both control and AI paradigms must be applied as well as and a challenge to the viability of both as independent entities. Architectures in which such paradigms can be integrated are discussed, with some focus on a model-based approach. Benchmarks for levels of autonomy that arise out of the model-based architecture are given. >
Observations of Aircraft Dissipation Trails from GOES

Two cases of distrails (aircraft dissipation trails) with associated fall streak clouds were analyzed using multispectral geostationary satellite data. One distrail was observed on 23 July 2000 in a single cloud layer over southeastern Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. Another set of trails developed on 6 January 2000 at the top of multilayer clouds off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. The distrails on both days formed in optically thin, midlevel stratified clouds with cloud-top heights between 7.6 and 9.1 km. The distrail features remained intact and easily visible from satellite images for 1-2 h in spite of winds near 50 km at cloud level. The width of the distrails spread as far as 20 km within 90 min or less. Differences between the optical properties of the clouds surrounding the trails and those of the fall streak particles inside the distrails allowed for easy identification of the fall streak clouds in either the 3.9-micrometer brightness temperature imagery, or the 10.7-micrometer - 12.0-micrometer brightness temperature difference. Although the three-channel infrared retrieval was better at retrieving cloud properties in the multilayer cloud case, two independent remote sensing retrievals of both distrail cases showed that the fall streaks had larger particle sizes than the clouds outside of the trails.
How the Legacy of Slavery and Racial Composition Shape Public School Enrollment in the American South

History is centrally involved in place development. Given the historical importance of antebellum slavery, it is little surprise that it profoundly shaped the social and economic future of the United States. What is perhaps more surprising is the link to local, county-level development as it relates to contemporary systems of black disadvantage. Through our focus on one aspect of school segregation in the American South, namely racial disparities in public school enrollment, we contribute to the literature on the legacy of slavery by examining how this local link persists. We use spatial data analysis techniques to assess the relationship between county historical slave concentration and the black-white ratio of public school attendance. Our data originally come from the 1860 Census, 2006–2010 American Community Survey, and National Center for Education Statistics Private School Universe Survey, 2007–2008. Notably, our historical slave concentration estimates incorporate spatially informed refinements to ...
THE POLITICS OF DECOLONIZATION IN PORTUGUESE AFRICA

ANGOLA'S INDEPENDENCE, marked for 11 November of this year, will end exactly 400 years of Portuguese colonialism in west-central Africa, and will simultaneously terminate a presence that lasted over half a millenium in GuineaBissau, the nearby drought-stricken Cape Verde Islands, and equatorial Sdo Tome and Principe, and nearly as long in Mogambique. At the time of writing (17 February), the politics of independence have moved smoothly in all the Lusophone nations-to-be, except in Angola; there the full array of political forces present in modern Africa converges on a transitional government and an eventual successor whose political shape has not yet become clear. Political coalitions in Lisbon, no more than relatively stable since the coup of 25 April 1974 that propelled Lusophone Africa toward independence, are spread over a wide range, extending from church, landed and financial interests to socialists and radicals of many varieties, and some of these parties have attempted to support like-minded groups present in the former colonies. Generally the identity of the leaders of the Lusophone nations is clear, as the PAIGC in Guinea-Bissau and FRELIMO in Mogambique undisputedly dominate African politics in those two territories. Some tension divided the PAIGC of Guinea-Bissau from the Portuguese in the Cape Verde Islands; but several ephemeral local parties did not survive PAIGC determination to unite islands and mainland under its sway. A little known party called the Movimento de Libertagao de Sao Tome e Principe (MLSTP) has been the only identified political force in the two equatorial Atlantic islands. But in Angola at least four nominally African parties-the Movimento Popular para a Independencia de Angola (MPLA), the Frente Nacional da Libertagao de Angola (FNLA), the Unido para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA), and the Frente para a Libertagao do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC)-have captured headlines from the richest of Portugal's African possessions. Politics in Angola and Mogambique also reflect the presence of numerous European Portuguese settlers, estimated at from 300,000 in Angola and (less reliably) at around 170,000 in Mogambique at the time of the April coup. The constellations of Portuguese and African political interests operate in a universe that includes numerous interested outside parties. Nations of the socialist bloc, notably the USSR and the People's Republic of China, have backed certain of the African parties through their development as liberation movements, and may be presumed to retain an interest in the politics of the