cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and error correction is achieved by two different mechanisms

Merotelic kinetochore orientation is an error that occurs when a single kinetochore becomes attached to microtubules from two spindle poles rather than just to one pole. We obtained the first evidence that merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs very frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and that two different correction mechanisms are critical for accurate chromosome segregation in cells possessing bipolar spindles and unperturbed chromosomes. Our data show that about 30% of prometaphase PtK1 cells possess one or more merotelically oriented kinetochores. This frequency is increased to over 90% in cells recovering from a nocodazole-induced mitotic block. A delay in establishing spindle bipolarity is responsible for the high frequency of merotelic orientations seen in cells recovering from nocodazole, but not in untreated cells. The frequency of anaphase cells with merotelically oriented lagging chromosomes is 1% in untreated cells and 18% in cells recovering from nocodazole. Prolonging metaphase by 2 hours reduced the frequency of anaphase cells with lagging chromosomes both for untreated and for nocodazole-treated cells. Surprisingly, anaphase lagging chromosomes represented a very small fraction of merotelic kinetochore orientations present in late metaphase. Our data indicate that two correction mechanisms operate to prevent chromosome missegregation due to merotelic kinetochore orientation. The first, a pre-anaphase correction mechanism increases the ratio of kinetochore microtubules attached to the correct versus incorrect pole and might eventually result in kinetochore reorientation before anaphase onset. The increase in microtubule ratio to opposite poles is the groundwork for a second mechanism, active in anaphase, that promotes the segregation of merotelically oriented chromosomes to the correct pole.
From pharmacogenomic knowledge acquisition to clinical applications: the PharmGKB as a clinical pharmacogenomic biomarker resource.

The mission of the Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB; www.pharmgkb.org) is to collect, encode and disseminate knowledge about the impact of human genetic variations on drug responses. It is an important worldwide resource of clinical pharmacogenomic biomarkers available to all. The PharmGKB website has evolved to highlight our knowledge curation and aggregation over our previous emphasis on collecting primary data. This review summarizes the methods we use to drive this expanded scope of ‘Knowledge Acquisition to Clinical Applications’, the new features available on our website and our future goals.
Functions of pulmonary epithelial integrins: from development to disease.

Sheppard, Dean. Functions of Pulmonary Epithelial Integrins: From Development to Disease. Physiol Rev 83: 673–686, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00033.2002.—Signals from integrins are now known to play cri...
A conformational switch of intramolecular electron transfer

Abstract Quantum chemical calculations and experiments on model compounds are used to study the effect of conformational changes on intramolecular electron transfer in perylenebisimide–biphenyl dyads. The molecular orbital energy level of the biphenyl moiety and thus the free energy change for electron transfer depends on the dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings. Dramatic changes in the orbital energy levels result in very different electron transfer behavior for three model compounds. These changes are accurately predicted by calculations using density functional theory, which also give accurate results for geometries, suggesting such calculations can be useful in designing molecular electronic species.
The Meaning of Durability and Durability Prediction

The concept of durability is not well defined. The term durability is often used to imply the possession of qualities associated with long-life. In some standards for building components, it is nonquantitative and impliesthat design requirements are likely to be exceeded for the design service life or some other specified period. The new ASTM Recommended Practice for Developing Short-Term Accelerated Tests for Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials (E 632 - 78), is outlined. The application of the recommended practice to service life prediction is illustrated by an example for work being planned on protective coatings for steel.
The ‘True Remedy’: Jonathan Edwards' Soteriological Perspective as Observed in his Revival Treatises

Les traites du reveil religieux de Jonathan Edwards representent une des parties les plus provocantes et les plus fructueuses de l'ensemble de son oeuvre. La finalite de ces traites est multiple. Il s'agit de proposer une interpretation des reveils religieux qui ont marque la Nouvelle Angleterre en 1734-1735 et 1740-1743, de defendre ces reveils contre ceux qui les critiquent en raison de leurs exces emotionnels ou restent sceptiques devant leur validite, d'encourager a la moderation et a l'humilite ceux qui prennent part a ces reveils. Edwards propose egalement un expose sur l'experience de conversion, une description de son anthropologie et de sa psychologie
Whole body hyperthermia and preconditioning of the heart: basic concepts, complexity, and potential mechanisms

Whole body hyperthermia (WBH) is a distinctive pathophysiological condition with significant impact on tissue metabolism and organ functions. WBH has been investigated as a promising adjunct therapy to the conventional chemo- or radiotherapy for treating certain types of cancer. Numerous studies have shown that WBH is associated with induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which in turn modulate cellular survival or death. A brief period of WBH (40-42 degrees C; 15-20 min) can induce delayed protection against lethal endotoxemia as well as various forms of injury in brain, heart, liver, lungs, small intestine, and skeletal muscle. This review article focuses on discussing the WBH-induced myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Most recently, possible involvement of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, nitric oxide, ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and neural peptides in the signal transduction pathways has been demonstrated. On the other hand, whether HSPs or antioxidant enzymes are the primary end-effector of the cardioprotection continues to be a matter of ongoing debates. It has also been recognized that the complex nature of WBH may be the responsible factor for the discordant results among various studies, especially across different animal species or strains, in terms of the time course and potency of WBH-induced cardioprotection. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the WBH-elicited myocardial ischemic resistance may have a wide spectrum of clinical implications as well as insightful inputs into the hyperthermic biology.
Activation of the protein kinase A pathway in human endometrial stromal cells reveals sequential categorical gene regulation

Decidualization of endometrial stromal cells is a prerequisite for human implantation and occurs in vivo in response to progesterone and involves activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. T...
Boolean matching for LUT-based logic blocks with applications to architecture evaluation and technology mapping

In this paper, we present new Boolean matching methods for lookup table (LUT)-based programmable logic blocks (PLBs) and their applications to PLB architecture evaluations and field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology mapping. Our Boolean matching methods, which are based on functional decomposition operations, can characterize functions for complex PLBs consisting of multiple LUTs (possibly of different sizes) such as Xilinx XC4K CLBs. With these techniques, we conducted quantitative evaluation of four PLB architectures on their functional capabilities. Architecture evaluation results show that the XC4K CLB can implement 98% of six-input and 88% of seven-input functions extracted from MCNC benchmarks, while a simplified PLB architecture is more cost effective in terms of function implementation per LUT bit. Finally, we proposed new technology mapping algorithms that integrate Boolean matching and functional decomposition operations for depth minimization. Technology mapping results show that our PLB mapping approach achieves 12% smaller depth or 15% smaller area in XC5200 FPGAs and 18% smaller depth in XC4K FPGAs, compared to conventional LUT mapping approaches.
Intermodal Terminals, Mega Ports and Mega Logistics

Transport terminals are among the largest structures ever built. Economic globalization has been accompanied by a growing spatial imprint of freight distribution on the landscape, particularly for intermodal terminals such as ports, airports and railyards, but also for logistical activities, namely distribution centers. They tend to concentrate at a few locations that act as gateways of the global economy. The spatial dislocation between the functions of production and consumption is being reconciled with an array of long distance flows supported by transportation. Global commodity chains have a close interrelation with global transport chains. The principle of economies of scale has served transportation well with, for instance, larger containerships and larger port facilities. However, this is not without causing intense pressures on locations to handle the modes and flows of global trade. Containerized terminals are large consumers of space and generate large amounts of truck flows which are increasingly difficult to accommodate. This paper investigates the mega forms of global freight distribution in terms of terminals, the logistical strategies in place and the related flows. Several salient transport terminal projects are discussed.
Scientific Results of the Mariner II Voyage to Venus

Mariner II was launched on August 27, 1962, passed at a distance of only 41000 km from the center of Venus on December 14, and transmitted its last scientific and engineering data to earth on January 2, 1963. It was remarkably successful for the first vehicle of its type whose launching was satisfactory. A large part of the emphasis on this first flight was engineering and a great amount of important technological information was obtained from it. The history of this voyage, including a discussion of the engineering and scientific problems and results, is surveyed by James (1963). My discussion this morning will be restricted to the scientific results obtained to date by the seven groups of experimenters. The emphasis given each experiment will be governed by my own interests and what I happen to know.
Intentionalistic Explanations in the Social Sciences

The dispute between the empiricist and interpretivist conceptions of the social sciences is properly conceived not as a matter of reduction or covering laws. Features specific to the social science...
Perioperative spinal cord infarction in nonaortic surgery: report of three cases and review of the literature

Paraplegia caused by a spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a devastating perioperative complication, most often associated with aortic and spine surgery. We present two other clinical scenarios in which perioperative SCI may occur. They happened during surgical procedures performed with epidural anesthesia, in the presence of several specific risk factors such as spinal stenosis, vascular disease, intraoperative hypotension, or the use of epinephrine in the local anesthetic solution. Second, SCI may occur during episodes of postoperative hypotension in patients with a history of aortic aneurysms.
An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function

We investigated whether individual differences in racial bias among white participants predict the recruitment, and potential depletion, of executive attentional resources during contact with black individuals. White individuals completed an unobtrusive measure of racial bias, then interacted with a black individual, and finally completed an ostensibly unrelated Stroop color-naming test. In a separate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, subjects were presented with unfamiliar black male faces, and the activity of brain regions thought to be critical to executive control was assessed. We found that racial bias predicted activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in response to black faces. Furthermore, activity in this region predicted Stroop interference after an actual interracial interaction, and it statistically mediated the relation between racial bias and Stroop interference. These results are consistent with a resource depletion account of the temporary executive dysfunction seen in racially biased individuals after interracial contact.
Morphology of yeast cell wall as affected by genetic manipulation of β(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage

The morphology of yeast cells as it is affected by the glycosidic linkages of constituent glucan was studied. Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A cell wall matrix particle representing the intact original morphology and composed entirely of β-glucan was prepared. Using prepared cell wall glucan particles, the morphology and cell wall matrix structure were examined. Genetic modification of the cell wall structure during growth results in the alteration of the shape and hydrodnamic volume of the intact cell wall particles. The shape and hydrodynamic volume of the cell wall particles can also be modified by in vitro chemical and enzymatic treatment. The shape factor and hydrodynamic volume of the whole glucan cell wall matrix particles were evaluated quantitatively using a rheological analysis. An increased degree of β(1 → 6) cross-linking in the cell wall matrix induces a nearly 2-fold increase in the shape factor and a 10-fold increase in the compression modulus of the glucan particles. The disruption of β(1 → 6) glycosidic cross-linking causes the particles to swell by up to 18% of their original volume. This was used as a strategy to isolate a yeast mutant with a high β(1 → 6) glycosidic content in the cell wall glucan.
Apoptosis by pan-caspase inhibitors in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages

Although apoptosis has been observed in macrophages during the course of infections, the mechanism of apoptosis in activated macrophages is not fully understood. This study shows that pan-caspase i...
Standard reference materials for foods and dietary supplements.

Well-characterized certified reference materials are needed by laboratories in the food testing, dietary supplement, and nutrition communities to facilitate compliance with labeling laws and improve the accuracy of information provided on product labels, so that consumers can make good choices. As a result of the enactment of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and the Infant Formula Act of 1980, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) worked to develop a series of food-matrix standard reference materials (SRMs) characterized for nutrient concentrations. These include SRM 1544 Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in a Frozen Diet Composite, SRM 1546 Meat Homogenate, SRM 1548a Typical Diet, SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue, SRM 1846 Infant Formula, SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue, SRM 1947 Lake Michigan Fish Tissue, SRM 2383 Baby Food Composite, SRM 2384 Baking Chocolate, SRM 2385 Slurried Spinach, and SRM 2387 Peanut Butter. With the enactment of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, NIST has been working to develop suites of dietary supplement SRMs characterized for active and marker compounds and for toxic elements and pesticides, where appropriate. An updated SRM 1588b Organics in Cod Liver Oil, a suite of ephedra-containing materials (SRMs 3240–3245), a carrot extract in oil (SRM 3276), and a suite of ginkgo-containing materials (SRMs 3246–3248) are available. Several other materials are currently in preparation. Dietary supplements are sometimes provided in forms that are food-like; for these, values may also be assigned for nutrients, for example SRM 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder. Both the food-matrix and dietary supplement reference materials are intended primarily for validation of analytical methods. They may also be used as “primary control materials” in assignment of values to in-house (secondary) control materials to confirm accuracy and to establish measurement traceability to NIST.
The Band Edge Luminescence of Surface Modified CdSe Nanocrystallites

We study the band edge luminescence of CdSe nanocrystallites to determine the origin of this emission. Previous studies have attributed the band edge emission to the recombination of photo-generated carriers trapped in localized surface states. Recently a number of “dark exciton” theories have been proposed which explain the luminescence in terms of recombination through internal core states. To address this issue we modify the surface of CdSe nanocrystallites with a number of organic/inorganic ligands and monitor the effect this has on the energetics of the resonant and non-resonant band edge luminescence. Our results for nanocrystallites passivated with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), ZnS, 4-Picoline, 4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophenol, and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate are in agreement with a dark exciton description of the band edge luminescence.
NHE-RF, a Regulatory Cofactor for Na+-H+Exchange, Is a Common Interactor for Merlin and ERM (MERM) Proteins

We have identified the human homologue of a regulatory cofactor of Na(+)-H+ exchanger (NHE-RF) as a novel interactor for merlin, the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein. NHE-RF mediates protein kinase A regulation of Na(+)-H+ exchanger NHE3 to which it is thought to bind via one of its two PDZ domains. The carboxyl-terminal region of NHE-RF, downstream of the PDZ domains, interacts with the amino-terminal protein 4.1 domain-containing segment of merlin in yeast two-hybrid assays. This interaction also occurs in affinity binding assays with full-length NHE-RF expressed in COS-7 cells. NHE-RF binds to the related ERM proteins, moesin and radixin. We have localized human NHE-RF to actin-rich structures such as membrane ruffles, microvilli, and filopodia in HeLa and COS-7 cells, where it co-localizes with merlin and moesin. These findings suggest that hNHE-RF and its binding partners may participate in a larger complex (one component of which might be a Na(+)-H+ exchanger) that could be crucial for the actin filament assembly activated by the ERM proteins and for the tumor suppressor function of merlin.
Does the Cougar Inhabit Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore

Abstract Increasing numbers of cougars (Puma concolor) have been documented in Great Plains and Midwestern states in recent years. This includes numerous reports of cougars in Michigan; however, evidence of a natural population has not been obtained. We conducted track surveys and operated camera stations from November 2004 through April 2005 in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SBDNL), Michigan. We obtained no images of cougars during 863 camera nights and did not observe cougar tracks or associated sign (e.g., scats, hair, kill sites) during 493 km of track surveys. Presence of 10 carnivore species, including bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and domestic dog (Canis familiaris) was documented. We also investigated four cougar sightings and one report of cougar tracks within and adjacent to SBDNL. We were unable to locate any cougar sign at the sighting locations but did observe sign of coyote and bobcat. A domestic dog made the reported cougar tracks. We found no evidence supporting the...
Contributions of Antoine Barthélémy Clot (1793-1868): A historiographical reflection of public health in Ottoman Egypt.

This paper reviews the selected historiographic and contemporary literature that discussed the medical and public health contribution of Antoine Barthelemy Clot (Clot Bey) and how these contributions shaped modern public health in Ottoman Egypt, and the major features that led to the development of the public health infrastructure of early modern Egypt based on the contributions of Clot Bey. The literature discussed the establishment of Egypt's first modern public health and medical schools under the direct administration and guidance of Clot Bey, and his major contribution in the fields of vaccination, quarantine, the development of a culturally congruent curriculum for medical students, and the public health policies and practices enacted during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha that addressed major communicable diseases affecting Egypt. With considerable support from the viceroy of Egypt despite popular resistance, Clot Bey significantly modernized Egyptian medicine, medical education and reformed the public health infrastructure. He became one of the preeminent medical figures of nineteenth century Ottoman Egypt.
Calambra Olive Oil (A)

Frank Lockfeld, president and founder of Calambra Olive Oil, must decide how many gallons of oil to buy for the 1994 vintage year even though the first-year marketing experiment for his fledgling business has barely begun. This case describes the history of the company and the current situation, including Lockfeld's assessments of landing Neiman Marcus and Williams-Sonoma catalog sales, of 1993 retail sales through specialty shops, and of 1994 retail sales, which are tied to the 1993 outcome. See also the B (UVA-QA-0442) and C (UVA-QA-0551) cases.
Barriers to helmet use for drivers of all-terrain vehicles

Background Injuries from all-terrain vehicles (ATV) often result in head injuries with substantial risk of death and disability. Despite these risks, helmet use is less than 50%. Objective To identify barriers to helmet use in ATV users. Methods Moderator guides were framed using the health belief model of behaviour change. Focus groups were conducted with adolescent and adult ATV users to discuss ATV use. Transcript-based analysis was used, and data was managed using HyperRESEARCH(2.8.3). The transcribed data was coded to identify important themes. Results 11 focus groups were conducted with 58 participants, who discussed use patterns, current safety practices, and barriers to using helmets. Preliminary themes were a lack of perceived risk of ATV injury and underestimation of likely injury severity. Less frequently, barriers included helmet discomfort, cost, and inconvenience. Suggested solutions were helmet laws for riders Conclusions Our study identifies risk misperception among ATV riders. Injury prevention should focus on education regarding risks of unsafe ATV behaviours and the danger of the vehicles themselves. Once risks are better understood by users, other interventions including helmet redesign and distribution may be more effective.
A new approach to treatment of acute heart failure

Conventional therapies for acute decongestion have yielded uniformly poor results in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). The failure of current strategies may be due to advanced disease in hospitalized patients, incomplete therapy, inherent limitations to existing therapy, or some combination of all three factors. Loop diuretics are the mainstay of current therapy and are in theory not ideal since while producing immediate intravascular volume reduction and relief of symptoms they activate neurohormonal forces that are deleterious to both the heart and the kidney. Ultrafiltration is an alternative to loop diuretics but has not proved advantageous in the setting of renal dysfunction, and if not carefully applied may also aggravate neurohormonal imbalance. In theory decongestive therapy for AHF should remove large volumes of fluid quickly and safely and improve symptoms, particularly dyspnea, without aggravating renal dysfunction or causing neurohormonal activation. Several studies have now suggested that the use of aquaretics such as antagonists to the V2 receptor for arginine vasopressin may be useful as adjunctive therapy in AHF, particularly when renal dysfunction and/or hyponatremia are present. These agents leverage osmotic forces to produce tissue decongestion while causing a water diuresis. They do not adversely affect renal function or neurohormonal balance. Building on the current base of knowledge about outcomes in AHF together with the only study of vasopressin antagonists as short-term monotherapy in chronic heart failure, it would be reasonable to design a trial in AHF in which the use of loop diuretics was minimized in favor of these agents.
Interventions to increase the use of electronic health information by healthcare practitioners to improve clinical practice and patient outcomes.

In a 2004 discussion paper, the WHO asked if universal access to health information could be achieved by 2015, on the premise that limited access to information was a major obstacle to knowledge-based healthcare in both developing and industrialized countries. There is unquestionably a large volume of electronic health information available to healthcare practitioners, and there is evidence to suggest that the application of health information to patient care may improve patient and clinical outcomes. Despite this abundance of information, suboptimal care is common; thus it is important to determine how to encourage practitioners to use electronic health information to inform patient care.
Treatment of Experimental Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion

Conclusions1. Infiltration of 3% calcium gluconate within 8 hours after intense application of hydrofluoric acid caused a significant shortening (about 30%) in healing time and a significant reduction (about 50%) in the incidence of suppuration. The latter cannot alone wholly account for the quicker healing. 2. Multiple treatment at 24-hour intervals is no more effective than a single treatment. 3. Rats appear to show a much quicker and less complicated recovery from severe hydrofluoric acid corrosion than humans. 4. The lesions heal characteristically by granulation under a hard crust.We are indebted to Professor Torald Sollmann for his important suggestions.
Determining the Severity of Mental Disorders: A Guide to Practical Management

In treating a mentally ill patient the non-psychiatrist must consider the severity of the disorder as well as the descriptive diagnosis. Psychiatric terminology alone does not provide the clinician with sufficient information to plan effective treatment.The author describes five criteria for determining severity of mental illness and illustrates with case reports how they can be applied to different clinical situations.
Pharmacist Involvement in a Seizure Clinic

The role of the clinical pharmacist in ambulatory care settings has expanded in the last several years. Various types of clinical pharmacy services in ambulatory clinics have been reported in the literature. This article seeks to describe the involvement of clinical pharmacists as primary-care givers in an outpatient neurology-seizure clinic of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Atlanta, GA. The Neurology-Seizure clinical pharmacy services are provided by faculty, residents, and students from Mercer University Southern School of Pharmacy. The faculty members have been granted clinical privileges to practice in the ambulatory clinics in order to function with authority to perform such duties as giving medication renewals, and writing in the medical chart. In the clinic itself, the pharmacist is responsible for providing a medication profile, an initial interview with the patient, a minor neurological examination, presentation of the patient to the attending neurologist, writing of a SOAP (subjective, o...
Acute and Session Ratings of Perceived Exertion in a Physical Education Setting

A commonly stated rationale for examining the use of ratings of perceived exertion with youth is its potential value as an assessment of intensity in physical education settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate in a natural physical education setting. Sixth through eighth grade students performed cardiovascular and muscle endurance circuits and then recorded ratings and heart rate. It was hypothesized that, similar to laboratory studies, strong positive correlations would be seen between heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion, which would provide additional support for the use of ratings of perceived exertion in physical education. However, only low to moderate correlations were found. When data collection occurs in a natural physical education setting, there are challenges that may result in poor correlational results between variables such as heart rate and perceived exertion that demonstrate strong relationships when examined in laboratory settings.
Analysis on Ecological Landscape Design and Water Purification of Artificial Pool

Water is one of the important factors that constitutes the garden landscape and adds to the garden beauty. In the process of garden construction, it is important to pay special attention to the effects of water on the creation of beautiful scenery and the relation between plants and water, which can not only create the spectacular scenery but also show the natural purity and beauty. Therefore, water is not just one of the basic elements of beautiful scenery but also a vital part of the landscape design. The design of landscape water should follow the ecological principles, combining the ecological water protection with water landscape and afforestation, and forming a multi-layered scenery with the change of space. According to changes of topographical features, waters, afforestation as well as space layers, an ecological green environment showing the fine view of the nature should be created.
Synthesis of Oleicacid-2-Hydroxy-3-Propane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt

The oleicacid-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized by using sodium bisulfite,epichlorohydrin,sodium phosphate and oleicacid acid.The influence factors on reaction temperature,amount of catalyst,reaction time and reactant ratio to conversion were studied.The favorable conditions of synthesizing were determined: epichlorohydrin was dropped into the solution of sodium bisulfite at 85 ° C and reaction time 3.5 h.3-chlorine-2-hydroxy-propane sulfonic acid sodium was synthesized,and 3-chlorine-2-hydroxy-propane sulfonic acid sodium was dropped into the solution of sodium phosphate at 55 ℃ and reaction time 4.0 h.The oxiranemethane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized.The oxiranemethane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution was dropped into the solution of oleicacid acid at 90 °C and reaction time 3.0 h.Oleicacid acid-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized.The yield of oleicacid acid-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt was 85.2 %.The product was characterized by FTIR.The surfactant product showed good surface activity.
High Energy Photon Beam Percent Depth Dose Curves

The percent depth dose of 8 MV and 18 MV photon beams were measured for various field sizes. The percent depth dose curves exhibited crossed over at selective depth in phantom. Hence, the percent depth dose increases at shallower depth, is independent at crossed over depth, and decreases at deeper depth with decreasing field size. This peculiar phenomenon, which cannot be explained using the primary and scattered radiation concept, should be noted.
Examining Perceived Distance and Personal Authenticity as Mediators of the Effects of Ghost-Tweeting on Parasocial Interaction.

Abstract A number of high-profile public figures hire ghost-tweeters to post to their social media accounts on their behalf, but no research has examined how this social media practice can affect followers’ feelings of connection to the public figures. College students (n = 132) participated in an online experiment to examine the effect of ghost-tweeting practices on parasocial interaction (PSI) with social media figures. Tweet authorship (use of a ghost-tweeter or not) was manipulated. Ghost-tweeting resulted in reduced PSI. Perceptions of distance, but not personal authenticity mediated this effect. However, authenticity and distance did serially mediate the relationship between ghost-tweeting and PSI. These findings shed light on the process of PSI with celebrities and other media figures on social network sites.
TU-H-CAMPUS-TeP1-03: Magnetically Focused Proton Irradiation of Small Volume Radiosurgery Targets

Purpose: To investigate the use of magnetic focusing for small volume proton radiosurgery targets using a triplet combination of quadrupole rare earth permanent magnet Halbach cylinder assemblies Methods: Fourteen quadrupole magnets consisting of 24 segments of radiation hard samarium-cobalt adhered into k=3 Halbach cylinders with various field gradients (100 to 250 T/m) were designed and manufactured. Triplet combinations of the magnets were placed on a positioning track on our Gantry 1 treatment table. Unmodulated 127 MeV proton beams with initial diameters of 3 to 20 mm were delivered to a water tank using single-stage scattering. Depth and transverse dose distributions were measured using a PTW PR60020 diode detector and EBT3 film, respectively. This data was compared with unfocused passively collimated beams. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed - both for comparison with experimental data and to further investigate the potential of triplet magnetic focusing. Results: Experimental results using 150 T/m gradient magnets and 15 to 20 mm initial diameter beams show peak to entrance dose ratios that are ∼ 43 to 48 % larger compared with spot size matched 8 mm collimated beams (ie, transverse profile full-widths at 90% maximum dose match within 0.5 mm of focused beams). In addition, the focusing beams were ∼ 3 to 4.4 times more efficient per MU in dose to target delivery. Additional results using different magnet combinations will also be presented. Conclusion: Our results suggest that triplet magnetic focusing could reduce entrance dose and beam number while delivering dose to small (∼≤ 10 mm diameter) radiosurgery targets in less time compared to unfocused beams. Immediate clinical applications include those associated with proton radiosurgery and functional radiosurgery of the brain and spine, however other treatment sites can be also envisioned. This project was sponsored with funding from the Department of Defense (DOD# W81XWH-BAA-10-1).
The association of waist circumference with walking difficulty among adults with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis: the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Summary Objective Excess weight is a known risk factor for functional limitation and common in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). We asked to what extent high waist circumference was linked with developing difficulty with walking speed and distance over 4 years in adults with or at risk of knee OA. Method Using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), we employed World Health Organization (WHO) categories for Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (small/medium and large). Difficulty with speed was defined by slow gait: Results Participants with obesity and large waists were 2.2 times more likely to have difficulty with speed at 4 years compared to healthy weight and small/medium waisted participants (Adjusted RR 2.2 [95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.6, 3.1], P P Conclusions Waist circumference may be a main risk factor for developing difficulty with speed in adults with or at risk of knee OA.
Adhesion-Dependent Wave Generation in Crawling Cells

Summary Dynamic actin networks are excitable. In migrating cells, feedback loops can amplify stochastic fluctuations in actin dynamics, often resulting in traveling waves of protrusion. The precise contributions of various molecular and mechanical interactions to wave generation have been difficult to disentangle, in part due to complex cellular morphodynamics. Here we used a relatively simple cell type—the fish epithelial keratocyte—to define a set of mechanochemical feedback loops underlying actin network excitability and wave generation. Although keratocytes are normally characterized by the persistent protrusion of a broad leading edge, increasing cell-substrate adhesion strength results in waving protrusion of a short leading edge. We show that protrusion waves are due to fluctuations in actin polymerization rates and that overexpression of VASP, an actin anti-capping protein that promotes actin polymerization, switches highly adherent keratocytes from waving to persistent protrusion. Moreover, VASP localizes both to adhesion complexes and to the leading edge. Based on these results, we developed a mathematical model for protrusion waves in which local depletion of VASP from the leading edge by adhesions—along with lateral propagation of protrusion due to the branched architecture of the actin network and negative mechanical feedback from the cell membrane—results in regular protrusion waves. Consistent with our model simulations, we show that VASP localization at the leading edge oscillates, with VASP leading-edge enrichment greatest just prior to protrusion initiation. We propose that the mechanochemical feedbacks underlying wave generation in keratocytes may constitute a general module for establishing excitable actin dynamics in other cellular contexts.
Dissemination and Implementation of Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety in ASD

Abstract Anxiety is a common co-occurring condition in ASD that contributes to the complexity of a youth’s clinical presentation, functioning, and service needs. Although there is a rapidly growing body of evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in ASD, there is a well-documented gap between research-based interventions and routine care. This gap illustrates the potential limited public health impact of interventions developed in laboratory settings. In this chapter, we first provide recommendations for the consideration of anxiety intervention developers to accelerate the bidirectional translation between research and routine care. Second, we introduce dissemination and implementation science (and provide a glossary of implementation terms) as an additional method to address this gap by focusing on developing and testing strategies to improve the systematic process of implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs) in routine care settings. Specifically, research-based implementation frameworks highlight the multiple phases of implementation (initial exploration and adoption through sustained delivery) and the multi-level contexts to be considered during implementation of EBIs in routine care settings (systems, service organizations, providers, children/families). Lastly, we discuss opportunities at each of these levels and phases of implementation to facilitate EBI implementation through the use of the ACT SMART Implementation Toolkit, a comprehensive implementation strategy developed for routine care settings delivering services to individuals with ASD.
Prevalence of Developmental Venous Anomalies Increases With Age.

Background and Purpose—To test the hypothesis that developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) may develop in the postnatal period, we studied the age-related prevalence of DVAs on contrast-enhanced magn...
Invariant Form of Micro-/Macro-Cracking in Fatigue

The size/time transitory character of fatigue cracking can be hidden in the data or revealed explicitly depending on the manner of presentation. The former can correspond to the crack length while the latter to the crack growth rate variations, both referred to the number of fatigue cycles. Conventionally speaking, the sigmoidal curve for the plot of log da/dN against log K consists of three regions known as I, II and III. They are referred to, respectively, as crack initiation, stable crack growth and fast fracture although the transition from one region to another involving scale shifting is seldom discussed. Even though damage by very small defects are recognized in fatigue but their representation may become dubious when the parameter “a” in the crack growth rate expression da/dN may have to adopt a different physical interpretation. Using the line crack configuration for describing crack growth in metals, reference will be made to three approximate crack size range of a 10-80 mm (macromechanical) for regions II and III, a 10 to 10mm (microstructural) for region I and presumably a 10 mm or smaller (nanochemical) for the lower scale regions. The objective of developing a multiscale fatigue crack growth model is to determine the increment of a stress intensity or energy density parameter such that the data in regions I, II and III can be related. One way is to have the crack growth rate da/dN to lie on a straight line such that linear interpolation can be applied to relate the nano, micro and macro fatigue data. This behavior is referred to as form-invariant. The proposed scheme accounts for two succeeding scales such as micro/macro and nano/micro. In this way. the scaling shifting capability can be extended, say from nano to macro. The dual scale micro/macro line crack model will be presented. It consists of three physical parameters d* (micro/macro length), * G.C. Sih (ed.), Multiscale Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation of Engineering Materials: Structural Integrity and Microstructural Worthiness, 181–208. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Improved Limits on Spin-Mass Interactions.

Very light particles with $CP$-violating couplings to ordinary matter, such as axions or axionlike particles, can mediate long-range forces between polarized and unpolarized fermions. We describe a new experimental search for such forces between unpolarized nucleons in two 250 kg Pb weights and polarized neutrons and electrons in a $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{K}$ comagnetometer located about 15 cm away. We place improved constraints on the products of scalar and pseudoscalar coupling constants, ${g}_{p}^{n}{g}_{s}^{N}l4.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}$ and ${g}_{p}^{e}{g}_{s}^{N}l1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}$ (95% C.L.) for axionlike particle masses less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, which represents an order of magnitude improvement over the best previous neutron laboratory limit.
Type I interferon suppression-negative and host mRNA nuclear retention-negative mutation in nsp1β confers attenuation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has the ability to suppress the type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) induction to facilitate its survival during infection, and the nsp1 protein of PRRSV has been identified as the potent IFN antagonist. The nsp1β subunit of nsp1 has also been shown to block the host mRNA nuclear export as one of the mechanisms to suppress host antiviral protein production. The SAP motif in nsp1β is the functional motif for both IFN suppression and host mRNA nuclear retention, and using infectious clones, two mutant viruses vL126A and vL135A have been generated. These mutants retain the infectivity, but the phenotype is negative for both IFN suppression and host mRNA nuclear retention due to the loss of the SAP motif. To examine the pathogenic role of IFN suppression in pigs, 40 piglets were allotted to four groups and each group was intramuscularly infected with vL126A, vL135A, wild-type (WT) PRRSV, and placebo. Pigs infected with vL126A or vL135A exhibited mild clinical signs with low viral titers and short duration of viremia. The levels of PRRSV-specific antibody remained comparable in all infected groups but the neutralizing antibody titers were high in vL126A-infected or vL135A-infected pigs. The IFN-α concentration was also high in pigs infected with the SAP mutants. Reversion to WT sequence was observed in the SAP motif in some animals, and the revertants regained the function to suppress IFN production and host mRNA nuclear export, indicating strong selection pressure in the SAP motif of nsp1β. Together, our data demonstrate that the IFN antagonism and host mRNA nuclear retention mediated by nsp1β contributes to viral virulence, and loss of these functions confers PRRSV attenuation.
Embedded silicon odometers for monitoring the aging of high-temperature integrated circuits

We develop data-driven predictive models for reliability and failure mechanisms of integrated circuits (ICs) at high temperature (HT) by characterizing their aging performance using integrated monitoring circuits (“silicon odometers”). Ring oscillators subjected to multiple stress profiles are promising as digital odometers. In initial experiments, the frequencies of six oscillators fabricated in a 0.5 μm CMOS process were measured for more than six months at 195° C. The results were fitted to generate a data-driven aging model. This model provides information on cumulative changes in device parameters that can be utilized by designers to ensure that the system will meet specified HT reliability targets. Preliminary test results from an automated experimental setup that includes a bandgap voltage reference circuit as an additional silicon odometer are also presented.
UCITA in the International Marketplace: Are We About to Export Bad Innovation Policy?

This article, based on a speech given at Brooklyn Law School, examines the impact that the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) will have in the international arena. After reviewing the advantages of facilitating information exchange with uniform licensing law, the article looks at the cost to public access interests and to the goal of promoting innovation. In contrast to protection based on copyright, patent, and trade secrecy laws, contractually-imposed obligations are less likely to release information into the public domain and are more likely to bind remote users and to require licensees to forgo particular usages. These obligations can also be made to endure forever, which is not possible in regimes constrained by the "limited times" provision of the Constitution. Although UCITA is made subject to constitutional preemption analysis and obligations can also be suspended if clearly contrary to public policy, it lacks any guidance to help courts?or contracting parties?to understand the scope of these limitations. The article goes on to argue that in the international context, these problems are exacerbated. Because UCITA envisions a variety of extraterritorial applications, it may be enforced in the courts of nations that lack firm public policies favoring public access to information, and in courts that do not understand that constitutional preemption analysis as UCITA's primary safeguard for the public domain. The article concludes that UCITA could be substantially improved by adopting its own information policy as an organic part of the document, embedded systematically into its provisions.
How Virtues Become Vices: Values, Medicine and Social Context

I begin with three distinct groups of problems, each so urgent that the medical conscience ought to be — and indeed clearly is — haunted by them — and not only the medical conscience. Consider first such problems as: ought abortion to be legal? Is it ever morally right? Ought those in extremes of pain to have the right to take their own lives? Ought physicians to have the right to take the lives of patients with terminal cancer, who are in extreme pain?