cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The septate junction limits mobility of lipophilic markers in plasma membranes ofHydra vulgaris (attenuata)

Fluorescent lipophilic probes were used to study the role of septate junctions in maintaining distinct apical and basolateral domains of plasma membranes in epithelial cells of hydra. In short-term experiments, a 16-carbon chain aminofluorescein probe (AFC16) was localized to the apical plasma membranes of ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells when presented in the culture medium or injected into the gastric lumen, but did not demarcate basolateral membranes. In longer term experiments, basolateral membranes were stained and the staining was independent of temperature conditions. A dual 18-carbon chain indocarbocyanine probe (DiIC18) gradually diffused across the septate junction to label basolateral membranes at room temperature, but not at 4°C. DiIC18 also filled and stained certain mounted nematocytes. The results indicate that in hydra, lipophilic probes may be limited in mobility within the membrane plane by the septate junctions in a manner similar to vertebrate tight junctions, and that apical membranes of mature nematocytes are differentially permeable.
Leakage Modeling for Devices with Steep Sub-threshold Slope Considering Random Threshold Variations

In this paper we propose a generic approach to statistically model leakage variation of devices with steep sub-threshold slope caused by random threshold variations. Monte Carlo simulation results based on our model show less than 11% error in 6σ leakage current estimation compared to 65% error using conventional square root method. A design example based on SRAM bit line leakage issue is also presented to show the correctness of our model in a realistic circuit scenario. This general-purpose modeling technique could be a useful tool in estimating leakage in a variety emerging device technology.
Mathematical treatment of condenser aberrations and their impact on linewidth control

While condenser aberrations under Koehler illumination were previously treated in the literature their mathematical derivation did not take conservation of radiance into consideration. Here we make use of a more rigorous derivation of the mutual intensity where the source deformation term is treated in the context of radiance conservation. The derivation predicts that condenser aberrations lead to radiance invariance while aberrations have a direct bearing on illumination uniformity and the angular extent of the local effective source. This result significantly contrasts with the previously established conclusion in the literature that condenser aberrations lead to a modification of the source radiance but preserves irradiance in the reticle plane. Source aberrations of first and third order are derived and then systematically explored both analytically and numerically. Aberration impact on linewidth control are further considered and quantified from the aerial image perspective. It is shown that third order coma has the most significant impact on CD control as a result of the asymmetry in the deformation of the source shape. Similarly coma also significantly impacts overall mask illumination uniformity.
Engineering Requirements for Culturing of Hydrogenomonas Bacteria

Continuous culture system for Hydrogenomonas bacteria in waste management of life support system
Benchmark: The information content of radio advertisements

This study analyzed the content of 1,046 radio advertisements, 99% of which were found to contain at least one information cue. One third contained three or more cues. The number of cues per advertisement varied by advertisement length, product category, and geographic appeal. We would expect that radio advertisements be more informative than television and magazine advertisements, and as informative as newspaper advertisements, because radio is a local medium. Yet, the findings place radio advertisements at a higher level of informativeness than they are generally held in the minds of consumers.
On the influence of N on residual microstrain in cryomilled Ni

The factors that influence the development of residual microstrain during milling in a liquid nitrogen atmosphere, defined hereafter as cryomilling, are investigated. The residual microstrains in cryomilled Ni, processed under various cryomilling conditions, were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analyzed through the single line approximation (SLA) method. The average residual microstrains are determined to be in the range of 2×10−3 to 6×10−3. The residual microstrain on the (200) plane is higher than those on the other planes by 33 pct. The residual microstrain and its anisotropy in Ni are reduced after heat treatment at 800 °C for 1 hour. The measured microstrain is proposed to evolve from the presence of N and O as impurity atoms in the Ni lattice. Both N and O are introduced from the environment and then their solubility in Ni is enriched via the generation of defects that occurs during cryomilling. The stable site for N and O atoms in Ni is the octahedral site, and the sizes of N and O atoms exceed those of the octahedral site of Ni by 48 and 16 pct respectively. Accordingly, a lattice strain field is expected around interstitial N atoms that are located at octahedral sites. By comparing the crystal structure around the octahedral site, the stable site for impurity N atoms, in the Ni lattice with that of Ni3N structure, the lattice strains are estimated to be in the range of 5 to 15 pct. The result shows that the (200) plane has strains that are 2 times higher than those in other planes, and this is argued to be the reason for the measured anisotropy of residual strain in Ni after cryomilling.
Immunological response in normal healthy twins across age

Studies have shown a large number of immune related diseases, in particular auto-immune diseases, to have a genetic component. The immune system is dependent on the functionality of a multitude of components, key factors of which are the different immune cell-type subsets and the cytokines to which they respond to or secrete. However, the abundance of cell-type subsets and cytokines varies widely not only between diseased and healthy individuals, but also between healthy individuals and over time. How much of this variation can be attributed to genetic versus non-genetic factors is currently unknown. Twin studies are a powerful tool to dissect the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in human diseases. We characterized 40 self-reported healthy monozytgoic and dizygotic twin pairs of different ages for the abundance of 15 immune cell-type subsets and 50 cytokines from peripheral blood with the aim of quantifying the genetic and environmental contribution on their abundance and function. We identify a genetic contribution or a familial effect to the abundance levels for close to half of the cytokines as well as to many of the cell-subsets, particularly those of the T-cell compartment. Concurrently, we detect a decrease in the concordance of cytokine abundance levels within twin pairs as a function of age which may potentially be explained by the environmental influence. Coupling these measurements to gene expression measurements of whole blood of the same individuals permits an in depth analyses controlling each of the variables to identify the role of confounding factors contributing to these differences at the transcript, proteomic and cellular levels.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF THE FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATE GLOEODINIUM MONTANUM1

The vegetative life cycle of Gloeodinium montanum Klebs was examined. In unialgal cultures G. montanum divided predominantly by binary fission once every 2-3 weeks. Nuclear division was followed by a delayed cytokinesis producing non-motile G. montanum cells. When placed in fresh media 2-4 biflagellated swarmers were formed. The swarmers, although similar in appearance to those of Hemidinium ochraceum Levander (1900), differ from that species in their dimensions. During vegetative reproduction swarmers developed directly into non-motile vegetative cells.
Minidose heparin in transurethralprostatectomy

A double-blind prospective study was performed on 34 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Seventeen patients, selected at random by computer, were given 5,000 units of subcutaneous heparin three hours preoperatively and every twelve hours thereafter for forty-eight hours. The other 17 received normal saline injections in a similar manner. All patients had pre- and postoperative lung scans. The blood loss was measured during and for seventy-two hours after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in the bleeding in comparing the two groups. Two patients from the heparin group were diagnosed to have pulmonary emboli by lung scan preoperatively and showed no change postoperatively. In 1 patient from the control group an asymptomatic pulmonary embolism developed in the postoperative period. The use of subcutaneous heparin in TURP is safe and is recommended for patients with an increased risk of pulmonary embolism.
The effect of oil pollution on survival of the tidal pool copepod, Tigriopus californicus

Abstract A study of the effect of simulated oil pollution on Tigriopus californicus indicated that a 1·5 mm thick layer of crude oil on the water surface caused the death of all animals within three days, while a similar layer of mineral oil resulted in complete mortality in five days. When oxygen was added to the water containing crude oil, total mortality was delayed by two days. Approximately 100% mortality was extended to seven days when crude oil was enclosed in a dialysis membrane bag immersed in the water and oxygen was supplied. When mineral oil was used and air provided, the animals survived as well as the controls. It was concluded that death resulted because the oil acts as a barrier to oxygen transfer between air and water, and because it contains substances toxic to Tigriopus .
Expression and role of VEGF and neuropilins in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background. Neuropilins (NRPs) are characterized as co-receptors for VEGF. In this study, we determined the expression of NRPs, VEGF, and VEGFRs in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues as well as VEGF-induced cell proliferation. Methods. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2), normal human pancreatic ductal epithelium cells (HPDE), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured. Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues were also studied. The expression levels of NRPs, VEGFRs, and VEGF were determined by real-time PCR and immunostaining. Cell proliferation was performed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Results. NRP-1 and NRP-2 were both expressed in Panc-1, HPDE, and HUVECs, but minimally expressed in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Panc-1 expressed 30 times higher NRP-1 mRNA than NRP-2 mRNA. NRP-1 mRNA in Panc-1 cells was 5.3 times higher than that in HPDE cells, but similar to that in HUVECs. NRP-2 mRNA in Panc-1 was similar to that in HPDE cells but lower than that in HUVECs. There was no expression of all three VEGFRs in all cell types except for HUVECs. However, the VEGF mRNA was detected in all cell types except for HUVECs. Immunoreactivity of NRP-1 was much higher than that of NRP-2 in Panc-1 and human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues, while VEGFRs were not detected. In response of VEGF165, [3H]thymidine incorporation in Panc-1 was significantly increased by 61% (P
Information System Security Commitment: A Pilot Study of External Influences on Senior Management

This study investigated how external influences motivate senior management to commit to information system security (ISS) by examining the mediating role of senior management between external influences and organizational change. Neo-institutional theory was used to examine normative, mimetic, and coercive mechanisms that affect ISS assimilation in organizations. Findings show senior management beliefs about ISS and participation in ISS mediate effects of external influences on ISS assimilation. The findings from this pilot study give merit to a more comprehensive study, and provide a better understanding of how to motivate senior management to lead ISS in their organizations.
High-pressure and supercritical capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Preliminary results are reported for high-pressure and supercritical capillary electrophoresis. The fluid system investigated was methanol [critical temperature ( T c ) = 240°C, critical pressure ( P c ) = 80.9 bar] containing a small concentration of background electrolyte. The temperature and pressure regions studied ranged from 25–280°C and 67.1–295.7 bar, respectively, during the course of experimentation. Initial results of electrophoretic separations of 1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and thymol blue as a function of temperature and pressure will be described and discussed.
Depression in the elderly

This paper examines the clinical presentation of, the biochemical abnormalities associated with, and the treatment of depressive disorders in late life. A comparison of geriatric depression (late-onse
The metabolic stability of ribosomal protein.

Measurements of the metabolic stability of ribosomal proteins of exponentially growing Escherichia coli B/r showed that their rate of degradation to free amino acids is zero to within limits of the experimental accuracy of ± 0.7% per hour or ± 0.5% per doubling period.
Comparison of Ticarcillin and Carbenicillin Activity Against Random and Select Populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The in vitro activities of ticarcillin (T) and carbenicillin (C) against 253 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (108 randomly selected clinical isolates and 145 isolates determined to be C resistant by 10 referring hospitals) were evaluated using both broth microdilution and disk diffusion techniques. T activity was usually twofold or greater than C activity for individual strains in both sample populations. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T and C were ≤0.4 to >400 (median, 25) and 0.8 to >400 (median, 50) μg/ml, respectively, for the random sample and 1.6 to >400 (median, 50) and 12.5 to >400 (median, 200) μg/ml, respectively, for the select sample. For predicting susceptibility (MIC, ≤50 μg of T and ≤100 μg of C per ml), 75-μg T and 100-μg C disks were equivalent in accuracy for the random sample (T/T = 92.6%, T/C = 92.0%, C/T = 91.7%, C/C = 89.8%). Regression-line analyses of zones of inhibition versus MIC values for the four combinations showed coefficients of correlation to be −0.81, −0.76, −0.77, and −0.75, respectively. With the sample selected as being resistant to C, T was better than C for predicting T susceptibility ( P
Comparative cultivation of poultry coccidia in mammalian kidney cell cultures.

SYNOPSIS. Excysted sporozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, and E. gallopavonis were inoculated into monolayer cell cultures of bovine, ovine, porcine, and human kidney. E. meleagrimitis developed only in bovine embryonic kidney. Mature schizonts were found in the 11th, 16th, and 20th serial passages, but only immature schizonts were in the 4th and 6th passages. E. necatrix developed to mature schizonts in the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 20th passages of bovine kidney and also to immature schizonts in the 175th and 189th passages of PK-15 (cell line porcine kidney). Schizonts, however, did not develop in the 140th and 145th passages of CCI-33 (cloned PK-15). Neither E. meleagrimitis nor E. necatrix developed in the primary, 1st or 2nd passages of bovine embryonic kidney, primary porcine kidney, 45th and 52nd passages of a human embryonic kidney cell line, or in the primary, 5th and 18th passages of ovine kidney. Eimeria acervulina and E. gallopavonis did not develop in any of the cultures. E. meleagrimitis and E. necatrix probably completed only one asexual generation in culture. The structure of mature schizonts of both species differed greatly from those in the natural host. Schizonts of E. meleagrimitis present at 48 hours were small (13–18 by 12–14 μ) and contained only 12–28 merozoites that were 3.2–3.8 μ long. At 48 hours, E. necatrix schizonts were 15–18 μ in diameter or less and contained only 15–20 merozoites (2.0–3.5 μ long); at 96 hours they were 50–70 by 10–35μ and contained either hundreds of small merozoites (2.0–3.5 μ long) or a lesser number of larger merozoites (9–11 μ).
New forms for dental health education.

A health educator ably presents social challenges to the dental profession and some notions about how to respond.
Associations Among Health Behaviors and Time Perspective in Young Adults: Model Testing with Boot-Strapping Replication

Previous research suggests that time perspective relates to health behavior; however, researchers have frequently employed inconsistent operational definitions and have often used projective or unpublished measures. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory was created to provide a sound, objective measure of five distinct time perspective components. We examined the independent prediction of both risky and protective health behaviors from future, hedonistic, and fatalistic time perspective in 1,568 undergraduates using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Health behaviors included alcohol, drug, tobacco, and seat belt use, sex behaviors, and exercise. Future time perspective was related to increased protective and decreased risky health behaviors, whereas hedonism exhibited an opposite pattern though was a stronger predictor; fatalism was related only to health-destructive behaviors. Gender interactions reveal that hedonism is a stronger predictor of risky health behaviors for females.
Adaptively Growing Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts

We propose a novel approach to automatically growing and pruning Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts. The constructive algorithm proposed here enables large hierarchies consisting of several hundred experts to be trained effectively. We show that HME's trained by our automatic growing procedure yield better generalization performance than traditional static and balanced hierarchies. Evaluation of the algorithm is performed (1) on vowel classification and (2) within a hybrid version of the JANUS [9] speech recognition system using a subset of the Switchboard large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition database.
Function and dysfunction of prefrontal brain circuitry in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome.

The signature symptom of alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder, more commonly referred to as alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS), is anterograde amnesia, or memory loss for recent events, and until the mid 20th Century, the putative brain damage was considered to be in diencephalic and medial temporal lobe structures. Overall intelligence, as measured by standardized IQ tests, usually remains intact. Preservation of IQ occurs because memories formed before the onset of prolonged heavy drinking—the types of information and abilities tapped by intelligence tests—remain relatively well preserved compared with memories recently acquired. However, clinical and experimental evidence has shown that neurobehavioral dysfunction in alcoholic patients with KS does include nonmnemonic abilities, and further brain damage involves extensive frontal and limbic circuitries. Among the abnormalities are confabulation, disruption of elements of executive functioning and cognitive control, and emotional impairments. Here, we discuss the relationship between neurobehavioral impairments in KS and alcoholism-related brain damage. More specifically, we examine the role of damage to prefrontal brain systems in the neuropsychological profile of alcoholic KS.
Context, Ambiguity, and Classical Conditioning

Ambiguity is a fundamental as pect of language. Words and phrases often have more than one meaning. The ambiguity is resolved, at least in part, by information pro vided by the context. For example, "Fire!" has different meanings, and evokes very different responses, in the movie theater and in the shoot ing gallery. I would like to suggest that ambiguity and context may be just as important in classical condi tioning. When Pavlovian cues have multiple meanings, the behavior they evoke also depends on the cur rent context.
The MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric View of the Plasma Proteome and Peptidome

Background: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the related technique, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-TOF MS, are being applied widely to analyze serum or plasma specimens for potential disease markers. Methods: Reports on the basic principles and applications of MALDI-TOF MS were reviewed and related to information on abundance and masses of major plasma proteins. Outcomes: MALDI-TOF MS is a particle-counting method that responds to molar abundance, and ranking of plasma proteins by molar abundance increases the rank of small proteins relative to traditional ranking by mass abundance. Detectors for MALDI-TOF MS augment the bias for detecting smaller components by yielding stronger signals for an equivalent number of small vs large ions. Consequently, MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful tool for surveying small proteins and peptides comprising the peptidome or fragmentome, opening this new realm for analysis. It is complementary to techniques such as electrophoresis and HPLC, which have a bias for detecting larger molecules. Virtually all of the potential markers identified by MALDI-TOF MS to date represent forms of the most abundant plasma proteins. Conclusions: Analyses of serum or plasma by MALDI-TOF MS provide new information mainly about small proteins and peptides with high molar abundance. The spectrum of observed proteins and peptides suggests value for applications such as assessment of cardiovascular risk, nutritional status, liver injury, kidney failure, and systemic immune responses rather than early detection of cancer. Extending analysis by MALDI-TOF MS to lower abundance components, such as markers for early-stage cancers, probably will require more extensive specimen fractionation before analysis.
THE MOLECULAR THROUGH ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF ABNORMAL ABDOMEN. II. RIBOSOMAL DNA POLYMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ABNORMAL ABDOMEN SYNDROME IN DROSOPHILA MERCATORUM

ABSTRACT Restriction endonuclease cleavage analyses of cloned and genomic DNA samples indicate that the structure of the DNA encoding the large cytoplasmic RNAs (rDNAs) is altered in Drosophila mercatorum lines which exhibit an abnormal abdomen ( aa ) phenotype. In a majority of the rDNA repeat units from aa flies, the 28S coding sequence is interrupted by a large [5-6 kilobase pairs (kbp)] insert. A subclone containing this inserted DNA ( ins 3 ) hybridizes primarily to rDNA-containing sequences in in situ and genomic blot hybridization experiments. Additionally, genomic nitrocellulose blot hybridization analyses show that ins - containing rDNA repeat units are clustered in a spontaneously arising aa mutant. This rDNA alteration in D. mercatorum flies with the aa phenotype more closely resembles the bobbed ( bb ) defect of D. hydei than the bb defect of D. melanogaster , which involves alterations in rDNA copy number. By analogy with the other Drosophila systems, we propose that the altered D. mercatorum rDNA repeat units are defective in rRNA production at a critical stage. The lowered levels of rRNA ultimately would limit the concentration of ribosomes needed to produce large quantities of a protein (in these cases, juvenile hormone esterase) needed for normal development.
Information Value and Destination Image: Investigating the Moderating Role of Processing Fluency

Information search is one of important antecedents of destination image formation. However, few studies have worked from an information processing perspective. Thus, to fill the research gap this study scrutinized the information content in the context of destination websites to investigate the mental process leading from information input to image formation. The current study explored the relationships between two information value dimensions (utilitarian value and hedonic value) and destination image and identified the moderating effect of processing fluency. The results indicated that both utilitarian value and hedonic value have a significant impact on destination image. Processing fluency moderates the path between utilitarian value and destination image, but not the path between hedonic value and destination image. This study provides a theoretical foundation for future tourism studies investigating information communications and suggests new persuasive strategies for marketers.
A collocation finite element method for potential problems in irregular domains

A potentially powerful numerical method for solving certain boundary value problems is developed. The method combines the simplicity of orthogonal collocation with the versatility of deformable finite elements. Bicubic Hermite elements with four degrees-of-freedom per node are used. A subparametric transformation permits the precise positioning of the collocation points for maximum accuracy as well as a unique representation of irregular boundaries. It is shown that by taking advantage of the boundary conditions, a minimum number of collocation points can be used. The method is particularly suitable for potential and mass transport problems where a C1 continuous solution is required. In contrast to the Galerkin approach, it does not require the evaluation of basis function products and numerical integration, also the coefficient matrix contains only about half as many non-zero terms as the corresponding Galerkin coefficient matrix. This results in approximately a 90 per cent reduction in formulation and a 50 per cent reduction in solution operation, as compared with the Galerkin finite element method, for this type of problem. Examples show that the accuracy of the collocation solution is as good as or better than that of the Galerkin solution.
Sensitivity curves for effective project management

A key problem in project management is to decide which activities are the most important to manage and how best to manage them. A considerable amount of literature has been devoted to assigning “importance” measures to activities to help with this important task. When activity times are modeled as random variables, these activity importance measures are more complex and difficult to use. A key problem with all existing measures is that they summarize the importance in a single number. The result is that it is difficult for managers to determine a range of times for an activity that might be acceptable or unacceptable. In this paper, we develop sensitivity curves that display the most useful measures of project performance (in terms of schedule) as a function of an activity's time. The structure of the networks allows us to efficiently estimate these curves for all desired activities, all desired time ranges, and all desired measures in a single set of simulation runs. The resulting curves provide insights that are not available when considering summarized measures alone. Chief among these insights is the ability to identify an acceptable range of times for an activity that will not lead to negative scheduling consequences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 481–497, 2003
Tropical Rainfall Variability on Interannual-to-Interdecadal and Longer Time Scales Derived from the GPCP Monthly Product

Global and large regional rainfall variations and possible long-term changes are examined using the 26-year (1979-2004) GPCP monthly dataset (Adler et al., 2003). Our emphasis is to discriminate among variations due to ENSO, volcanic events, and possible long-term climate changes in the tropics. Although the global linear change of precipitation in the data set is near zero during the time period, an increase in tropical rainfall is noted, with a weaker decrease over northern hemisphere middle latitudes. Focusing on the tropics (25degS-25degN), the data set indicates an upward trend (0.06 mm/day/decade) and a downward trend (-0.02 mm/day/decade) over tropical ocean and land, respectively. This corresponds to an about 4.9% increase (ocean) and 1.6% decrease (land) during the entire 26-year time period. Techniques are applied to isolate and quantify variations due to ENSO and two major volcanic eruptions (El Chichon, March 1982; Pinatubo, June 1991) in order to examine longer time-scale changes. The ENSO events generally do not impact the tropical total rainfall, but, of course, induce significant anomalies with opposite signs over tropical land and ocean. The impact of the two volcanic eruptions is estimated to be about a 5% reduction in tropical rainfall over both land and ocean. A modified data set (with ENSO and volcano effects removed) retains the same approximate linear change slopes, but with reduced variance, thereby increasing the confidence levels associated with the long-term rainfall changes in the tropics 2
Novel contrast enhancement approach based on fuzzy homogeneity

Contrast enhancement is an important issue in image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision. There are two major kinds of techniques for contrast enhancement: indirect methods and direct methods. The indirect approach is to modify the histogram by changing the original gray levels to new values; it is not efficient and effective because it only stretches the global distribution of the intensities. The basic idea of the direct method is to define a measurement of the contrast and use it to enhance the contrast. Fuzzy logic has been widely applied to image processing since fuzzy set theory can handle the uncertainly, vagueness, and imprecision inherent in the images well. The proposed approach employs the fuzzy entropy principle and fuzzy set theory to automatically determine fuzzy membership functions and uses fuzzy homogeneity to define the contrast and enhance the image. We have conducted experiments on a variety of images, and the results have proved that the proposed method has better performance than the existing approaches.
Effects of respiratory inhibitors on glucose and protein utilization and growth in strain L cells.

Summary1) Effects of sodium fluoride, sodium azide, sodium arsenite and urethan on growth, glucose utilization, protein utilization and mitosis in strain L cells were studied. 2) Cell populations in control cultures averaged 3.17 million/ml after 5 days; had utilized an average of 0.99 mg of glucose and 4.0 mg of protein/ml of medium. 3) Fluoride (10-3 M), azide (10-4 M) and arsenite (10-5 M) decreased cell numbers by 24, 63 and 81%, respectively. Although urethan (10-1 M) killed the cells, a concentration of 10-2 M had little effect. 4) Fluoride (10-2 M), arsenite (10-4 M) and urethan (10-3 M) inhibited glucose uptake by 28, 23 and 8%, respectively. Azide (10-3 M) produced 10% acceleration of glucose uptake. 5) Azide (10-3 M) and fluoride (10-3 M) inhibited protein uptake by 92 and 39%, respectively. Arsenite and urethan accelerated protein uptake in all concentrations. 6) The mitotic index of untreated cells was 10.5. All inhibitors except azide produced a lowered index. 7) In control cultures, 4% of ce...
Escalating U.S. Police Surveillance after 9/11: an Examination of Causes and Effects

In recent years U.S. police have been given greater surveillance powers in response to perceived threats from crime, drugs, and terrorism. Several legal and criminal events have facilitated a reevaluation of the balance between police surveillance authority and civil privacy protection. In the post-9/11 era, changes in federal law, court interpretation of privacy safeguards, and technological advances have expanded the circumstances and methods by which the police may engage in surveillance of civil activities. This paper examines the factors contributing to the escalation in police surveillance and its effects on privacy rights and civil life. The analysis suggests that increasing police surveillance has diminished individual privacy protections and impacted aspects of civil life.
Harmonic source and type identification in a radial distribution system

To aid in locating the source and type of harmonics in a distribution system, a computer program called HARM TRACER has been developed. HARM TRACER is a reverse harmonic power flow study program which traces the flow of harmonics in a radial distribution system from the point of measurement to the harmonic source or sources. It does so by considering each bus of the radial distribution system one at a time and calculating the bus voltages and injected or absorbed power at all frequencies. Based on the harmonic voltages, direction of harmonic currents, and harmonic power injections, the buses that are sources of harmonics are identified. >
Functional polymers. XVI. Synthesis and polymerization of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐isopropenylphenyl)‐2H‐benzotriazole and a new synthesis of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐vinylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole

2(2-Hydroxy-5-isopropenylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole was synthesized in 40% overall yield starting from o-nitroaniline. Diazotization in aqueous hydrochloric acid gave o-nitrophenyl diazonium chloride which was condensed with p-hydroxyacetophenone; the azo compound was reduced to 2(2-hydroxy-5-acetylphenyl) 2H-benzotriazole with zinc powder in sodium hydroxide solution and the 2-hydroxy group of the compound was acetylated. Treatment of the acetyl compound with methyl Grignard reagent resulted in the methylation of the 5-acetyl group to 2[2-acetoxy-5(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)phenyl]2H-benzotriazole which was then dehydrated with potassium hydrogen sulfate to the desired 2(2-hydroxy-5-isopropenylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole. This monomer did not homopolymerize, but was copolymerized readily with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and n-butyl acrylate with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. 2(2-Acetoxy-5-acetylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole was also reduced with sodium borohydride to form 2[2-acetoxy-5-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]2H-benzotriazole which was dehydrated and hydrolyzed to the known 2(2-hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole. This route provides a novel and simpler synthesis of 2(2-hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole.
Functional test generation for full scan circuits

We study the effectiveness of functional tests for full scan circuits. Functional tests are important for design validation, and they potentially have a high defect coverage independent of the circuit implementation. The functional fault model we consider consists of single state-transition faults. The test generation procedure we describe uses one of two approaches at any given time in order to minimize the number of tests while minimizing the test application time. (1) It may use scan to set the state of the circuit, and observe fault effects propagated to the next-state variables. (2) It may use transfer sequences to set the circuit state, or unique input-output sequences to propagate fault effects to the primary outputs. We present experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of scan-based functional tests.
Beyond the combinatorial limit in depth minimization for LUT-based FPGA designs

We present an integrated approach to synthesis and mapping to go beyond the combinatorial limit set up by the depth-optimal FlowMap algorithm. The new algorithm, named FlowSYN, uses the global combinatorial optimization techniques to guide the Boolean synthesis process during depth minimization. The combinatorial optimization is achieved by computing a series of minimum cuts of fixed heights in a network based on fast network flow computation, and the Boolean optimization is achieved by efficient OBDD-based implementation of functional decomposition. The experimental results show that FlowSYN improves FlowMap in terms of both the depth and the number of LUTs in the mapping solutions. Moreover, FlowSYN also outperforms the existing FPGA synthesis algorithms for depth minimization.
Quantifying the thermal protection characteristics of outdoor clothing systems

This paper describes a reliable test method for measuring and comparing the heat-transfer characteristics of outdoor garments and sleeping bags. The procedure involves the use of an electrically he...
The Cognition of Social Adjustment

Over the past decade, and especially the past few years, there has been a surge of interest in interpersonal problem solving among those involved in clinical and developmental issues. This interest has been stimulated in part by our attempts to identify, measure, and enhance a set of thinking processes we all have come to call interpersonal cognitive problem-solving skills (ICPS). The purposes of this chapter are (1) to outline the theory and assumptions underlying this work, (2) to describe ICPS skills that have been or are in the process of being identified, (3) to introduce the notion of non-ICPS thought and its possible relationship to ICPS thought, and (4) to describe formal training programs and informal dialoguing techniques that have been found to enhance ICPS and subsequent behavioral adjustment.
Human cord blood endothelial progenitors promote post-ischemic angiogenesis in immunocompetent mouse model

Abstract Background Human cord blood (CB) endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are endowed with high vascular regenerative ability in immunodeficient mice, but their immunogenicity and susceptibility to rejection in immunocompetent models has yet to be explored. Methods We injected CB ECFCs in non-immuno-suppressed C57BL/6 J mice after having induced the hindlimb ischemia and we investigated their contribution to the recovery from the ischemic injury. Human ECFCs (hECFCs) were administered by intramuscular injection and hindlimb blood perfusion was measured by laser Doppler analysis at 7-day intervals for 28 days after treatment. Mice were sacrificed after 7 and 28 days and immunohistochemistry for specific human (CD31) and mouse (von Willebrand factor) endothelial antigens was carried out. Before euthanasia, blood samples to assess cytokines and angiogenic growth factor levels were collected. Results Mice injected with hECFCs showed a prompter and greater recovery of blood flow than controls. Several endothelial cells of human origin were detected at day7 after injection and their number declined progressively. Likewise, a progressive increase of mouse-derived vascular structures were observed, paralleled by the amplified endogenous production of various soluble mediators of angiogenesis, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor. Conclusions Overall, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that human ECFCs might expand the endogenous vascular repair potential of recipients and support their possible HLA-independent unconventional use.
“Women's Lib-ers” versus Independent Women: A Study of Preferences for Women's Roles in Advertisements:

Young college women who are “independent” and who express profeminist attitudes are shown not to react significantly differently to women's roles in advertisements from women who are not “independe...
Protection of Celery From Tarnished Plant bug Injury

The tarnished plant bug ( Lygus pratensis Say) causes large losses to celery grown on muck land in Western New York. The injury results both from feeding and oviposition punctures in leaf stalks of the plants. Applications of finely ground sulphur as a dust and hydrated lime and finely ground sulphur as a spray successfully prevented both feeding and oviposition. Other materials gave fair results.
The downside risk of climate change in California’s Central Valley agricultural sector

Downscaled climate change projections for California, when translated into changes in irrigation water delivery and then into profit from agriculture in the Central Valley, show an increase in conventional measures of variability such as the variance. However, these increases are modest and mask a more pronounced increase in downside risk, defined as the probability of unfavorable outcomes of water supply or profit. This paper describes the concept of downside risk and measures it as it applies to outcomes for Central Valley agriculture projected under four climate change scenarios. We compare the effect of downside risk aversion versus conventional risk aversion or risk neutrality when assessing the impact of climate change on the profitability of Central Valley agriculture. We find that, when downside risk is considered, the assessment of losses due to climate change increases substantially.
Toward Optimal Operation of Internet Data Center Microgrid

This paper studies the optimal operation of internet data centers (IDCs) in microgrid environments. The proposed model is to minimize the IDC microgrid operation cost, which consists of the operation cost of onsite generations, cost of purchasing power from the main grid, cost due to the repeated charging and discharging of onsite energy storage system (ESS), and the cost due to IDC workload shedding. Both preventive and corrective operation solutions, including power purchase from the main grid, onsite generation dispatch, as well as ESS and IDC workload scheduling are provided for provisioning IDC workloads while considering credible islanding scenarios of the IDC microgrid. Demand response capability of the IDC microgrid is achieved through the proposed optimal solution. The use of ESS for facilitating electricity load shifting is further analyzed via a sensitivity study for minimizing the operation cost of IDC microgrid. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal operation model for IDC microgrid.
Smoking and obstructive lung dysfunction in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.

AbstractBackground: Persons with higher-level spinal cord injury (SCI) have reduced vital capacity and increased risk of respiratory symptoms and illness, with smokers experiencing excess vital capacity losses. To date, obstructive lung dysfunction, the most prominent effect of smoking in the able-bodied population, has not been characterized in persons with SCI.Objective: To determine whether smokers and/or nonsmokers with SCI are at increased risk to develop obstructive lung dysfunction, as measured by the ratio of forced expired volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEY1/FVC).Methods: Regression analyses on cross-sectional data from routine clinical testing of outpatients followed at the Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center in metropolitan New York (NY) and Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center in metropolitan Los Angeles (LA) tested the relationship of FEY 1 /FVC (percentage of predicted normal value) to age, SCI characteristics, and smoking status.Results: NY current smokers showed...
Law in the Context of Continuous Revolution

In sharp contrast to Adams’ fears of American declension, Thomas Jefferson’s political and legal thought is buttressed by psychological optimism and inner certitude. Altogether missing from Jefferson’s thought is any note of the tragic, or of the doubt, anguish, or uncertainty which come from the consciousness of the chasm separating ideals from harsh reality.1 ‘It is part of the American character’, he wrote, ‘to consider nothing as desperate; to surmount every difficulty by resolution and contrivance.’2 Altogether absent is any uncertainty or fear of some future judgment. Such doubts did not of course escape John Adams, just as they had not escaped John Locke. ‘What is there in life’, Adams wrote to Jefferson, ‘to attach us to it but the hope of a future and better? It is a cracker, a rocket, a firework at best’.3 Jefferson was less interested in the rewards of an afterlife about which we could know nothing with certainty. He had faith in the rewards and ultimate recognition of ideals in this one: ‘men’s destiny was somehow to be realized and judged on this earth and right here in America’.4 Jefferson’s ‘faith’, which was basic to his social philosophy, extended politically to a confidence in the majority to choose wise leadership, and in each individual to judge for himself what served his needs. This faith was not shaken even by the ‘turbulent majorities’ feared by Adams and Madison: The commotions which have taken place in America, as far as are yet known to me, offer nothing threatening. They are proof that people have liberty enough, and yet I could not wish them less than they have. If the happiness of the people can be secured at the expense of a little tempest now and then, or even a little blood, it will be a precious purchase. Let common sense and common honesty have fair play, and they will soon set things to rights.…5
A Comparison of Radiographic Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty Between the Posterior Approach and Direct Anterior Approach With Intraoperative Fluoroscopy

Abstract Background Radiographic outcomes after total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been linked to clinical outcomes. The direct anterior approach (DAA) for THA has been criticized by some for providing limited exposure and compromised implant position but allows for routine use of intraoperative fluoroscopy. We sought to determine whether radiographic measurements differed by THA approach using prospective cohorts. Methods Two reviewers blinded to surgical approach examined 194 radiographs, obtained 4-6 weeks after primary THA, and obtained measurements for acetabular inclination angle, acetabular anteversion, radiographic limb length discrepancy (LLD), and femoral offset. All surgeries were performed at a tertiary academic medical center in rural New England by an experienced fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeon. Measurements for inclination angle, anteversion, LLD, and offset were made into binary yes/no responses based on whether the mean measurement (between the 2 reviewers) was acceptable or not based on established criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using preoperative and intraoperative characteristics to identify predictors of acceptability for each measurement. Results The DAA group had higher rates of acceptable acetabular angle (96 vs 85%, P = .005) and was protective against an unacceptable angle in an adjusted predictive model (odds ratios 0.16, P = .005). There were no significant differences between approaches for acceptable anteversion, LLD, or offset. Body mass index of 30-34 was associated with higher odds of unacceptable inclination angle compared to the nonobese group (adjusted odds ratio, 6.82, P = .013). Conclusion DAA for THA was associated with lower odds of unacceptable inclination angle compared to the posterior approach, with no differences in anteversion, LLD, or offset.
Cytotoxicity of Titanate-Calcium Complexes to MC3T3 Osteoblast-Like Cells.

Monosodium titanates (MST) are a relatively novel form of particulate titanium dioxide that have been proposed for biological use as metal sorbents or delivery agents, most recently calcium (II). In these roles, the toxicity of the titanate or its metal complex is crucial to its biological utility. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of MST and MST-calcium complexes with MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells; MST-Ca(II) complexes could be useful to promote bone formation in various hard tissue applications. MC3T3 cells were exposed to native MST or MST-Ca(II) complexes for 24–72 h. A CellTiter-Blue® assay was employed to assess the metabolic activity of the cells. The results showed that MST and MST-Ca(II) suppressed MC3T3 metabolic activity significantly in a dose-, time-, and cell-density-dependent fashion. MST-Ca(II) suppressed MC3T3 metabolism in a statistically identical manner as native MST at all concentrations. We concluded that MST and MST-Ca(II) are significantly cytotoxic to MC3T3 cells through a mechanism yet unknown; this is a potential problem to the biological utility of these complexes.