cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrology of the Cincinnatian Series Shales and Environmental Implications

Quantitative and semiquantitative mineralogical, chemical, and textural analyses of 158 shale samples collected laterally from three horizons and vertically from a core through the Cincinnatian Series which is exposed in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky provide data for an understanding of the depositional and postdepositional environment of this paleontologically classic section. Statistical treatment of the data provides no evidence for the existence of the Cincinnati arch in Ordovician time, but does reveal a strong north to south lateral variation in the Clarksville member of the Waynesville formation which is probably an indication of marine transgression in that direction and/or an east-west trending barrier. The vertical homogeneity of the shales suggests static environmental conditions and encourages the restriction of the present stratigraphic nomenclature of the Cincinnatian Series to biostratigraphic, rather than lithologic implication. The desirability of a revision of the Cincinnatian stratigraphic names is indicated. The author recognizes two chemical environments of deposition, one a normal open circulative oxidizing marine environment from the surface to near or below the sedimentary interface, and the other a reducing environment from near or below the sedimentary interface to a limited depth within the sediment. The postdepositional P-T environment was that of “early diagenesis” associated with shallow depth of burial. The author suggests an alternative explanation for the repeated limestone-shale lithology of the Cincinnatian Series. Spatial- rather than time-controlled fluctuations in current flow may have allowed the deposition of the limestone units, principally derived from indigenous fauna, in very low-energy environments, and the shale units in somewhat higher-energy environments where partially terrigenous, mostly silt-sized detritus was deposited.
Two Crises: Inflationary Inertia and Credibility

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the Mexican currency crisis of 1994 and the Chilean crisis of 1982 to assess to what extent exchange-rate-based stabilisation programmes are successful in reducing – or even eliminating – inflationary inertia. The paper provides a brief overview of the Chilean and Mexican reform and stabilisation programmes. A theoretical model that emphasises the role of credibility is developed to analyse the effects of exchange-rate based stabilisation programmes on inflationary inertia. According to the model, less than credible stabilisations will not eliminate inertia and will generate major real exchange rate overvaluation. Detailed data are used to test the hypothesis
Characterizing the Native Codon Usages of a Genome: An Axis Projection Approach

Codon usage can provide insights into the nature of the genes in a genome. Genes that are "native" to a genome (have not been recently acquired by horizontal transfer) range in codon usage from a low-bias "typical" usage to a more biased "high-expression" usage characteristic of genes encoding abundant proteins. Genes that differ from these native codon usages are candidates for foreign genes that have been recently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we present a method for characterizing the codon usages of native genes--both typical and highly expressed--within a genome. Each gene is evaluated relative to a half line (or axis) in a 59D space of codon usage. The axis begins at the modal codon usage, the usage that matches the largest number of genes in the genome, and it passes through a point representing the codon usage of a set of genes with expression-related bias. A gene whose codon usage matches (does not significantly differ from) a point on this axis is a candidate native gene, and the location of its projection onto the axis provides a general estimate of its expression level. A gene that differs significantly from all points on the axis is a candidate foreign gene. This automated approach offers significant improvements over existing methods. We illustrate this by analyzing the genomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Bacillus anthracis A0248, which can be difficult to analyze with commonly used methods due to their biased base compositions. Finally, we use this approach to measure the proportion of candidate foreign genes in 923 bacterial and archaeal genomes. The organisms with the most homogeneous genomes (containing the fewest candidate foreign genes) are mostly endosymbionts and parasites, though with exceptions that include Pelagibacter ubique and Beutenbergia cavernae. The organisms with the most heterogeneous genomes (containing the most candidate foreign genes) include members of the genera Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Desulfotalea, Neisseria, Xylella, and Thermobaculum.
Dynamic core scaling: Trading off performance and energy beyond DVFS

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is commonly employed on modern superscalar processors to reduce energy when peak performance is not needed or allowed. As technology scales, the effectiveness of DVFS is limited by the shrinking viable supply voltage range. This work proposes dynamic core scaling (DCS) to extend performance-energy tradeoff capabilities in superscalar processors. DCS ensures that programs run at a given percentage of their maximum speed and, at the same time, minimizes energy consumption by dynamically adjusting the active superscalar datapath resources. Evaluations using an 8-way superscalar processor implemented on 45nm circuit infrastructure show that DCS is more effective in performance-energy tradeoffs than DVFS at the high performance end. When used together with DVFS, DCS saves an additional 20% of a full-size core's energy on average. At the minimum operating voltage, DVFS stops reducing energy, while DCS is still able to achieve an average of 46% further energy reduction.
Performance Specifications for Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Treated with Vegetable Oil and Water Sprays Containing Fluvalinate

The effect of dosage (DO), volume-mean-diameter droplet size (VM), deposit density (DD) and tank mix concentration (TC) on mortality (MO) of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae exposed to fluvalinate in either vegetable oil or water was determined. For both data sets, the transformed values of MO and DO, TC and DD were positively (and highly significantly) correlated. Several of the correlation coefficients among the independent variables were also significant. DO was the most important independent variable affecting insect MO for both the vegetable oil and water spray deposits. For the vegetable oil spray deposits, only DO and TC were significantly related to MO, while DO was the only significant independent variable for the water-based sprays. Both predictive models give ca. 95–99% MO for DO’s typically used under field conditions. These MO levels also agree closely with those obtained in our data with comparable DO’s.
Skin of the dorsal aspect of human hands and fingers possesses an active vasodilator system

To test for an active vasodilator system in human hand and finger skin, seven subjects had a small area of dorsal hand, palm, or dorsal finger pretreated with bretylium (BT) to block adrenergic vasoconstriction. Skin blood flow was monitored at a BT-treated site, a comparable untreated site, and the forearm by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was evaluated from the ratio of blood flow to arterial pressure. Body cooling, to evaluate vasoconstrictor system blockade, caused CVC at untreated sites of forearm, palm, dorsal hand, and dorsal finger to fall by 45 +/- 4, 85 +/- 5, 51 +/- 9, and 63 +/- 7%, respectively (all P < 0.05). At BT-treated sites of palm, dorsal hand, and dorsal finger, reductions in CVC were only 13 +/- 3, 2 +/- 18, and 13 +/- 4%, respectively (dorsal hand not significant, others P < 0.05). With body heating, increases in CVC at untreated sites of forearm, palm, dorsal hand, and dorsal finger were 881 +/- 165, 779 +/- 368, 423 +/- 115, and 1,430 +/- 716%, respectively (all P < 0.05). At BT-treated sites of palm, dorsal hand, and dorsal finger, increases were 35 +/- 15, 342 +/- 107, and 343 +/- 34%, respectively (palm not significant, others P < 0.05). Increased CVC at the palm began after 1.2 +/- 0.2 min of heating, significantly earlier than forearm (11.8 +/- 2.5 min), dorsal hand (16.4 +/- 3.4 min), or dorsal finger (15.6 +/- 3.6 min), which did not differ significantly from one another.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Zinc-Lead Deposits

Low-temperature, carbonated-hosted, strata-bound, Zn-Pb±fluorite±barite deposits are generally referred to as Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits in recognition of the occurrence of many such deposits within the drainage basin of the Mississippi River in the central United States, where they were first studied in detail. MVT deposits contain a substantial proportion of the world’s reserves of zinc and lead. They are the main source of these metals in the United States and contribute significantly to the production of lead and zinc in Canada and Europe.
Application of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase (eEF-2K) for Cancer Therapy: Expression, Purification, and High-Throughput Inhibitor Screening

Protein kinases have emerged as an important class of therapeutic targets, as they are known to be involved in pathological pathways linked to numerous human disorders. Major efforts to discover kinase inhibitors in both academia and pharmaceutical companies have centered on the development of robust assays and cost-effective approaches to isolate them. Drug discovery procedures often start with hit identification for lead development, by screening a library of chemicals using an appropriate assay in a high-throughput manner. Considering limitations unique to each assay technique and screening capability, intelligent integration of various assay schemes and level of throughput, in addition to the choice of chemical libraries, is the key to success of this initial step. Here, we describe the purification of the protein kinase, eEF-2K, and the utilization of three biochemical assays in the course of identifying small molecules that block its enzymatic reaction.
Characterization of Cd 1−x Zn x S buffer layers deposited by CBD for CIGS solar cell application

Alternative materials are of interest for the fabrication of thin film solar cells since they could offer potential enhancements for high efficiency devices. Cd1-xZnxS is such a material. In this preliminary study, structural and optical properties of films deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) for the two main compositions, ZnS and CdS, were studied. More specifically, ex-situ measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry were performed, allowing for the analysis of the dielectric functions. GIXRD measurements were also used to assess the crystal structure for both films, indicating mixed phases for CdS, versus a single phase for ZnS, with larger grains for the CdS films.
Low Temperature Magnetotransport Properties of Polycrystalline Ca3Co4O9

Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) is a promising material for thermoelectric applications; however, this layered oxide shows a large number of physical features that complicate understanding and systematically improving its properties. A significant component of CCO’s behavior is its magnetotransport properties, particularly in the low temperature region where an incommensurate spin density wave affects its band structure. In order to improve understanding in this area, we perform low temperature magnetoresistance (MR) measurements on a bulk CCO sample. Field-less resistivity measurements confirm the conventional behavior of our sample, with a metal-to-insulator transition at approximately 70 K, and a shoulder indicating ferrimagnetism at 14 K. Resistivity vs. temperature under applied magnetic field show significant MR below around 35 K.
Nanoparticle imaging probes for molecular imaging with computed tomography and application to cancer imaging

Precision imaging is needed to realize precision medicine in cancer detection and treatment. Molecular imaging offers the ability to target and identify tumors, associated abnormalities, and specific cell populations with overexpressed receptors. Nuclear imaging and radionuclide probes provide high sensitivity but subject the patient to a high radiation dose and provide limited spatiotemporal information, requiring combined computed tomography (CT) for anatomic imaging. Therefore, nanoparticle contrast agents have been designed to enable molecular imaging and improve detection in CT alone. Core-shell nanoparticles provide a powerful platform for designing tailored imaging probes. The composition of the core is chosen for enabling strong X-ray contrast, multi-agent imaging with photon-counting spectral CT, and multimodal imaging. A silica shell is used for protective, biocompatible encapsulation of the core composition, volume-loading fluorophores or radionuclides for multimodal imaging, and facile surface functionalization with antibodies or small molecules for targeted delivery. Multi-agent (k-edge) imaging and quantitative molecular imaging with spectral CT was demonstrated using current clinical agents (iodine and BaSO4) and a proposed spectral library of contrast agents (Gd2O3, HfO2, and Au). Bisphosphonate-functionalized Au nanoparticles were demonstrated to enhance sensitivity and specificity for the detection of breast microcalcifications by conventional radiography and CT in both normal and dense mammary tissue using murine models. Moreover, photon-counting spectral CT enabled quantitative material decomposition of the Au and calcium signals. Immunoconjugated Au@SiO2 nanoparticles enabled highly-specific targeting of CD133+ ovarian cancer stem cells for contrast-enhanced detection in model tumors.
Resource Based Learning for Teaching and Learning English in Digital Environments

This paper presents a conceptual framework on the implementation of Resource Based Learning (RBL) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) class. Resource based learning emerges as the proponent of constructivism as well as a response to the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) and its influence in education. Digital technologies pose potential opportunities in changing the face of education. The affordances of digital technologies empower more student-centered learning and more accessible educational information. Teaching English for foreign learners is dynamic and requires innovations. Admittedly, most English learners in Indonesia need more exposure to authentic English learning resources, and digital technologies are very potential in accommodating their needs. Resource based learning sets an innovative framework and systematic approach for English educators in designing digital technology-based instructions.
Oncogene KRAS activates fatty acid synthase, resulting in specific ERK and lipid signatures associated with lung adenocarcinoma

KRAS gene mutation causes lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS activation has been associated with altered glucose and glutamine metabolism. Here, we show that KRAS activates lipogenesis, and this activation results in distinct proteomic and lipid signatures. By gene expression analysis, KRAS is shown to be associated with a lipogenesis gene signature and specific induction of fatty acid synthase (FASN). Through desorption electrospray ionization MS imaging (DESI-MSI), specific changes in lipogenesis and specific lipids are identified. By the nanoimmunoassay (NIA), KRAS is found to activate the protein ERK2, whereas ERK1 activation is found in non–KRAS-associated human lung tumors. The inhibition of FASN by cerulenin, a small molecule antibiotic, blocked cellular proliferation of KRAS-associated lung cancer cells. Hence, KRAS is associated with activation of ERK2, induction of FASN, and promotion of lipogenesis. FASN may be a unique target for KRAS-associated lung adenocarcinoma remediation.
SunDew: systematic automated security testing (keynote)

SunDew is a new automated test generation framework developed at Google, focused on finding security bugs in C/C++ code. It combines the strengths of multiple test generation techniques under a single cohesive platform. It leverages the vast amount of computational resources available at Google to massively parallelize the automated test generation and triage. By using a portfolio of test generation techniques, SunDew aims to overcome the coverage saturation (or plateau) that occurs with any individual technique. This saturation manifests as the inability of the technique to discover unexplored parts of a program after a certain number of generated tests. A portfolio of techniques, on the other hand, provides a diversity of test generation strategies that complement each other. SunDew embeds the most recent advances in automated test case generation, which provide precision and thoroughness. For example, symbolic execution uses powerful constraint solvers to generate tests that precisely follow desired program branches. This approach allows symbolic execution to reach code executed under very specific input preconditions that would be difficult to discover randomly. At the same time, recent improvements to coverage guided automated fuzzing, such as AFL or LibFuzzer, generates tests faster than symbolic execution. Thus, SunDew alternates these approaches by using coverage-guided fuzzing to quickly bring the coverage to a first saturation level, then using symbolic execution to refine the search for harder-to-reach code. This, in turn, may provide additional inputs for coverage-guided fuzzers, etc. As part of SunDew, we also developed a number of format-aware fuzzers, that rely on, amongst other things, machine learning to generate language-aware fuzzers. The SunDew architecture follows a distributed continuous pipeline pattern. It allows a performance-based dynamic resource allocation for the various test generation techniques. This allows us to maximize the combined output of the test suite generation and avoid long plateaus in the coverage growth of the test suite. We discuss the application of SunDew on a variety of fuzzing targets of interest.
Endothelial function is impaired in the cutaneous microcirculation of adults with psoriasis through reductions in nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation.

Psoriasis is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Deficits in conduit arterial function are evident in patients with psoriasis, but potential impairments in microcirculatory endothelial function remain unclear. We hypothesized that cutaneous microvascular dysfunction would be detectable in otherwise healthy individuals with psoriasis. Two intradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in (nonlesional) forearm skin of nine patients (3 men and 6 women, 39 ± 5 yr) with moderate (16 ± 2% of body surface area) plaque psoriasis and nine healthy (nonpsoriatic) control subjects (3 men and 6 women, 38 ± 5 yr) for local delivery of 1) lactated Ringer solution (control) and 2) 10 mM l-ascorbate (a nonspecific antioxidant). An index of skin blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry during local heating (42°C). Nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation was directly quantified after perfusion of the nonspecific NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (15 mM). A third fiber was perfused with increasing concentrations (10-10 - 10-2 M) of norepinephrine to elicit adrenoreceptor-mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction. NO-dependent vasodilation was attenuated in patients with psoriasis (57 ± 5% and 39 ± 7% maximum cutaneous vascular conductance in control subjects and adults with psoriasis, respectively, P 0.05). There was no group difference in maximal vasoconstriction or microvascular sensitivity to norepinephrine ( P > 0.05). These data suggest that NO bioavailability is reduced in otherwise healthy individuals with psoriasis, which contributes to systemic microvascular dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In adults with psoriasis, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability mediates impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, independent of increases in oxidative stress. Furthermore, the degree of psoriatic symptomology is directly related to greater reductions in nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation.
A Sparse Regression Method for Group-Wise Feature Selection with False Discovery Rate Control

The method of Sorted L-One Penalized Estimation , or SLOPE , is a sparse regression method recently introduced by Bogdan et. al. [1] . It can be used to identify significant predictor variables in a linear model that may have more unknown parameters than observations. When the correlations between predictor variables are small, the SLOPE method is shown to successfully control the false discovery rate (the expected proportion of the irrelevant among all selected predictors) at a user specified level. However, the requirement for nearly uncorrelated predictors is too restrictive for genomic data, as demonstrated in our recent study [2] by an application of SLOPE to realistic simulated DNA sequence data. A possible solution is to divide the predictor variables into nearly uncorrelated groups, and to modify the procedure to select entire groups with an overall significant group effect, rather than individual predictors. Following this motivation, we extend SLOPE in the spirit of Group LASSO to Group SLOPE , a method that can handle group structures between the predictor variables, which are ubiquitous in real genomic data. Our theoretical results show that Group SLOPE controls the group-wise false discovery rate (gFDR), when groups are orthogonal to each other. For use in non-orthogonal settings, we propose two types of Monte Carlo based heuristics, which lead to gFDR control with Group SLOPE in simulations based on real SNP data. As an illustration of the merits of this method, an application of Group SLOPE to a dataset from the Framingham Heart Study results in the identification of some known DNA sequence regions associated with bone health, as well as some new candidate regions. The novel methods are implemented in the R package grpSLOPEMC , which is publicly available at https://github.com/agisga/grpSLOPEMC .
Reaching Learning Goals Through Learning On-Site in Germany

Getting students interested in events that are distant in time and space is an ongoing challenge in education. In this article, we demonstrate how learning at the sites where historical events happ...
Compositional variability of Middle Pennsylvanian coal beds near the north-west margin of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field, Central Appalachian Basin, USA

Middle Pennsylvanian age coal beds from new outcrop exposures located along the northwest margin of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field were sampled and analysed geochemically, petrographically and palynologically. Coal beds in the study section are bounded by two major marine shale members, the Betsie Shale Member near the base of the section, and the Magoffin Shale Member at the top. Analyses indicate that geochemical, petrographic and palynologic parameters of the coal beds are highly variable, and probably of peat accumulation in mires that were planar and topogenous with high periphery to area ratios. Palynologic analysis of the coal beds indicates they are all Middle Pennsylvanian in age, and correlative with Duckmantian (Westphalian B) age strata of western Europe, and Atokan age strata of the mid-continent, USA.
Tricuspid Valve Detachment in Ventricular Septal Defect Closure Does Not Impact Valve Function

Background Although tricuspid valve detachment (TVD) facilitates improved exposure during transatrial ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure, few have analyzed the impact of TVD on long-term valve durability. Methods Pediatric patients undergoing VSD closure at our institution from 1997 to 2013 were identified, and charts were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were separated into groups based on utilization of TVD. Propensity score matching was then performed using a nonparsimonious logistic regression model involving 7 variables. Primary outcome was residual TV dysfunction at long-term follow-up, defined as mild (2+) and moderate (3+) TV regurgitation (TR) on follow-up echocardiography. Secondary outcomes included postoperative atrioventricular dissociation, residual VSD, and reinterventions. Results A total of 247 patients underwent VSD closure; 164 (66.4%) without TVD and 83 (33.6%) with TVD. Median follow-up time was 2,343 days (interquartile range, 1,237 to 3,963.5 days) in the group without TVD versus 1,606 days (interquartile range, 826 to 3,017 days) in those with TVD. After successfully matching 83 patients, 29 of 83 (34.9%) patients in the non-TVD group had mild TR versus 28 of 83 (33.7%) patients in the TVD group ( p = 0.87). 2 patients in the non-TVD group had moderate TR versus 1 patient in the TVD group at long-term follow-up. One patient in each group suffered transient atrioventricular block, but neither required pacemaker insertion. Conclusions TVD did not compromise long-term valve durability and did not impose increased morbidity. Patients who underwent TVD had a similar prevalence of mild TR to patients without TVD. Moderate TR was exceptionally rare in both groups. When exposure is difficult, TVD is a safe and effective technical adjunct.
The Code Generator Stage

The output Code Generator Stage produces the executable code for the router. It takes as input the final candidate selections of algorithm schemas represented in ADL, and data structures represented as hierarchical compositions of simple templates. The Selection Stage produces these selections. Interestingly enough, the final candidate selections, while fully specifying a router at the design task and subtask level, do not completely specify an implementation of the router. The Code Generator Stage still must apply domain knowledge during transformation and synthesis of appropriate algorithms to produce the desired router code. The code generation process is based on a transformational approach, in which a sequence of stepwise refinements [5] ultimately lead to executable code, in this case, code written in C. The transformation process uses design generation knowledge, design interaction knowledge, and program synthesis knowledge.
Logical Clocks Are Not Fair: What Is Fair?

This paper describes the use of a high-level, precise, and executable language, DistAlgo, for expressing, understanding, running, optimizing, and improving distributed algorithms, through the study of Lamport's algorithm for distributed mutual exclusion. We show how a simplified algorithm, reached by several rounds of better understanding and improvement of the original algorithm, leads to further simplification and improved understanding of fairness. This allows us to use any ordering for fairness, including improved fairness for granting requests in the order in which they are made, over using logical clock values. This leads to the discovery that logical clocks are not fair in general.
Self-generated Unconscious Processing of Loss Linked to Less Severe Grieving

Abstract Background The intense loss processing that characterizes grieving may help people to adapt to the loss. However, empirical studies show that more conscious loss-related thinking and greater reactivity to reminders of the deceased correspond to poorer adaptation. These findings raise the possibility that loss processing that is unconscious rather than conscious and is self-generated rather than reactive may facilitate adaptation. Here, we used machine learning to detect a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signature of self-generated unconscious loss processing that we hypothesized to correlate with lower grief severity. Methods A total of 29 subjects bereaved within the past 14 months participated. Participants performed a modified Stroop fMRI task using deceased-related words. A machine-learning regression, trained on Stroop fMRI data, learned a neural pattern for deceased-related selective attention (d-SA), the allocation of attention to the deceased. Expression of this pattern was tracked during a subsequent sustained attention fMRI task interspersed with deceased-related thought probes (SART-PROBES). d-SA pattern expression during SART-PROBES blocks without reported thoughts of loss indicated self-generated unconscious loss processing. Grief severity was measured with the Inventory for Complicated Grief. Results d-SA expression during SART-PROBES blocks without conscious deceased-related thinking correlated negatively with Inventory for Complicated Grief score (r25 = −.711, p Conclusions Self-generated unconscious loss processing correlated with reduced grief severity. This activity, supported by a cognitive social neural architecture, may advance adaptation to the loss.
390 A RARE CAUSE OF POLYURIA.

Case History A 36-year-old female presents with a lifelong history of polydipsia and polyuria of 4 to 8 L/day. She is on no medications. Her father and two paternal uncles have the same symptoms. Evaluation She has no electrolyte or glucose abnormalities; her serum sodium is 141. Maximum urine osmolality after water deprivation is 36 mOsm/kg and does not respond to exogenous vasopressin (DDAVP). Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level during the test is 10.2 pg/mL (normal Discussion Less than 1% of patients (only seven families) diagnosed with familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) have mutations in the AQP2 gene on chromosome 12q13 that are inherited in an AD fashion. AQPs are expressed as homotetramers; however, monomers are functional. When expressed in oocytes, AQP2 mutants form heterotetramers with wt-AQP2, which are missorted and retained in the Golgi apparatus and other organelles. In comparison, autosomal recessive (AR) mutations of AQP2, which comprise 9% of all NDI, lead to misfolding and trapping of the mutants in the endoplasmic reticulum and a more severe phenotype. This includes an earlier presentation of symptoms and a complete lack of response to DDAVP with urine concentrating ability less than 200 mosmol/kgH2O when compared to AD AQP2 mutations. Mutations of the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) are the most common cause of familial NDI, responsible for over 90% of cases. These loss-of-function mutations are inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. The severity of the phenotype is variable, depends on which step in the processing of V2R is affected, and may be partially responsive to DDAVP. Conclusion Several genetic etiologies for NDI are now known. A detailed family history is important to identify potential inherited disorders. Careful characterization of the NDI phenotype can help guide genetic testing; however, there is some degree of overlap in the genotype-phenotype correlation.
Composing invariants

We explore the question of the composition of invariance specifications in a context of concurrent and reactive systems. Depending on how compositionality is stated and how invariants are defined, invariance specifications may or may not be compositional. This article first examines two classic forms of invariants and their compositional properties. After pointing out what we see as deficiencies of these two kinds of invariants, two new forms are defined and shown to have useful compositional properties that the more classic forms do not enjoy. The last form, in particular, is shown to be well suited to situations where none of the other three is adapted.
Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 elicit divergent changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle following anabolic and catabolic stimuli

Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ regulating various processes in the body. As such, loss of skeletal muscle underlies the increased morbidity and mortality risk that is associated with num...
Why is balance so important in Parkinson disease

Abstract Every person with Parkinson disease (PD) will face balance difficulties during the course of the disease. In fact, some balance and gait abnormalities appear very early in the disease. Balance is essential for mobility and is very important for quality of life, even more so than limb function. Balance problems lead to falls and falls are more common, more severe, and more life threatening in PD than other neurological diseases. Balance disturbances in Parkinson disease include multiple aspects of balance control, including standing balance, reactive postural responses, anticipatory postural adjustments prior to gait initiation, and dynamic balance during walking and turning. Balance disturbances are more than just a manifestation of motor dysfunction in PD. Cognitive, affective, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions contribute to balance disorders in PD. Unfortunately, levodopa and DBS have both positive and negative effects on balance, so exercises focused on balance are an important contributor to treating balance problems in PD.
Creating a video device application

A video device, such as a webcam or video capture card, has the capability to be used in may ways, such as for watching television, recording video, and behaving like a security camera. However, the video hardware and device driver the operating system uses to access it are only capable of delivering raw frames of video. A user space application is necessary for exploiting the capabilities of such a device beyond reading sequential frames of video. This research explores the requirements for a powerful video device application, and introduces a program that aims to fulfill these goals.
In Retrospect: Quest of Hospitality Faculty for Identity

It has been 100 years since Iowa State University first offered a program in hospitality education. One of the pioneer educators in the field presents a retrospective based upon a career that spanned much of that period. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol15/iss2/2 In retrospect: Quest of hospitality faculty for identity by Donald E. Lundberg It has been 1W veaffi since Iowa State Univeffiitv first offered a Drcwrarn in hosoitahty educaton one of the ploneer educators m.the field presents a retrosPect;ve based upon a career that spannm mucn of that penod Hospitality faculty are often faced with two problems: How to formulate an identity and how to achieve academic respectability, a search for status and definition. The field of hospitality management lacks a fixed formulary or canon. It grows by accretion, lineaments unclear. The most recent encyclopedia definition of tourism leaves the reader with a vague understanding of its extent and parameters. Those who teach in the field are left without a clear picture ofwhere they fit in and what their status is in the academy. Fortunately there was Ezra Cornell who in 1865 asserted, "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." This resolve is emblazoned on Cornell University's great seal which permitted the first university-level hotel management course of study to be offered at Cornell, an Ivy League school, in 1922. Subsequently, a five-foot-tall, hard driving gentleman with New England smarts, Howard Bagnal Meek, was appointed dean. Known as "Pi-of." by his students, he was a first-class promoter and manager. When a friend of Ellsworth M. Statler, premier hotelman of his time, convinced Statler to visit the Cornell campus, the professor did what was highly unlikely: He converted Statler into a true believer. Statler at first advised students that they were wasting their time at the university. "Go home and get a job," he said. Within three days Meek had changed Statler into a staunch supporter of higher education for hotel managers. Statler set aside stock for hotel education and later his widow dedicated much of the funds generated to the Cornell school's development.
An Art Hurricane: The Avant-Garde Movement (1985–1989)

In the discursive context of Cultural Fever, the Avant-Garde Movement burst, hurricane-like, onto the national scene in 1985. There were three tendencies in the movement, namely, Rationalist Painting, Current of Life and Anti-art, which were natural allies of Hermeneutics School, one of the main opinion groups which made up the Cultural Fever, because they shared the goal of subverting hegemonic discourse and building a new and enlightened culture in China. The historical exhibition China/Avant-Garde, held in the National Art Museum of China in 1989, summerized the movement and generated a great cultural shock to both Chinese and international audiences through its unplanned actions, including gunshots. This chapter also discusses artworks outside of Action Arts, a critical part of the show.
Association of Immunotherapy With Survival Among Patients With Brain Metastases Whose Cancer Was Managed With Definitive Surgery of the Primary Tumor.

Importance Immunotherapy has shown significant control of intracranial metastases in patients with melanoma. However, the association of immunotherapy combined with other cancer treatments and overall survival (OS) of patients with brain metastases, regardless of primary tumor site, is unknown. Objective To explore the association of immunotherapy with OS in patients with cancer and brain metastases who received definitive surgery of the primary site. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative effectiveness study included 3112 adult patients in the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2016 with non–small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, or kidney cancer and brain metastases at the time of diagnosis and who received definitive surgery of the primary site. Data analysis was conducted from March to April 2020. Exposures Treatment groups were stratified as follows: (1) any treatment with or without immunotherapy, (2) chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy, (3) radiotherapy (RT) with or without immunotherapy, and (4) chemoradiation with or without immunotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures The association of immunotherapy with OS was assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for age at diagnosis, race, sex, place of living, income, education, treatment facility type, primary tumor type, and year of diagnosis. Results Of 3112 patients, 1436 (46.14%) were men, 2714 (87.72%) were White individuals, 257 (8.31%) were Black individuals, and 123 (3.98%) belonged to other racial and ethnic groups. The median (range) age at diagnosis was 61 (19-90) years. Overall, 183 (5.88%) received immunotherapy, 318 (10.22%) received chemotherapy alone, 788 (25.32%) received RT alone, and 1393 (44.76%) received chemoradiation alone; 22 (6.47%) received chemotherapy plus immunotherapy, 72 (8.37%) received RT plus immunotherapy, and 76 (5.17%) received chemoradiation plus immunotherapy. In the multivariable analysis, patients who received immunotherapy had significantly improved OS compared with no immunotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.76;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the addition of immunotherapy to RT was associated with improved OS compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with brain metastases who received definitive surgery of the primary tumor site.
Intercalation of Lithium into Graphite: Insights from First-Principles Simulations

Understanding ion intercalation at electrode--electrolyte interfaces is key to the development of energy storage and water desalination. In this work, we investigate the Li$^{+}$ kinetics at a prot...
Corticosteroid and Local Anesthetic Use Trends for Large Joint and Bursa Injections: Results of a Survey of Sports Medicine Physicians.

Background Physician decision-making surrounding choices for large joint and bursa injections is poorly defined, yet influences patient safety and treatment effectiveness. Objective To identify practice patterns and rationale related to injectate choices for large joint and bursal injections performed by physician members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM). Design An electronic survey was sent to 3400 members of the AMSSM. Demographic variables were collected: primary specialty (residency), training location, practice location, years of clinical experience, current practice type, and rationale for choosing an injectate. Participants A total of 674 physicians responded (minimum response rate of 20%). Intervention Not applicable. Main outcome measures Outcomes of interest included corticosteroid type and dose, local anesthetic type, and total injectate volume for each large joint or bursa (hip, knee, and shoulder). Results Most respondents used triamcinolone (50% to 56% of physicians, depending on injection location) or methylprednisolone (25% to 29% of physicians), 21 to 40 mg (53% to 60% of physicians), diluted with lidocaine (79% to 87%) for all large joint or bursa injections. It was noted that 36.2% (244/674) of respondents reported using >40 mg for at least one injection type. Most (90.5%, 610/674) reported using an anesthetic other than ropivacaine for at least one type of joint or bursa injection. Physicians who reported lidocaine use were less likely to report that their injectate choice was based on the literature that they reviewed (odds ratio [OR] 0.41 [0.27-0.62], P Conclusions It appears that triamcinolone and methylprednisolone are the most commonly used corticosteroids for sports medicine physicians; most physicians use 21 to 40 mg of corticosteroid for all injections, and lidocaine is the most-often used local anesthetic; very few use ropivacaine. Over one-third of respondents used high-dose (>40 mg triamcinolone or methylprednisolone) for at least one joint or bursa.
Neural network representability of fully ionized plasma fluid model closures

The closure problem in fluid modeling is a well-known challenge to modelers aiming to accurately describe their systems of interest. Over many years, analytic formulations in a wide range of regimes have been presented but a practical, generalized fluid closure for magnetized plasmas remains an elusive goal. In this study, as a first step toward constructing a novel data-based approach to this problem, we apply ever-maturing machine learning methods to assess the capability of neural network architectures to reproduce crucial physics inherent in known magnetized plasma closures. We find encouraging results, indicating the applicability of neural networks to closure physics, but also arrive at recommendations on how one should choose appropriate network architectures for the given locality properties dictated by the underlying physics of the plasma.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Armored Tactical Wheeled Vehicles for Overseas U.S. Army Operations

This study uses For Official Use Only data on U.S. military operations to evaluate the large-scale Army policies to replace relatively light Type 1 Tactical Wheeled Vehicles (TWVs) with more heavily protected Type 2 variants and later to replace Type 2s with more heavily protected Type 3s. We find that Type 2 TWVs reduced fatalities at $1.1 million to $24.6 million per life saved, with our preferred cost estimates falling below the $7.5 million cost-effectiveness threshold, and did not reduce fatalities for administrative and support units. We find that replacing Type 2 with Type 3 TWVs did not appreciably reduce fatalities and was not cost-effective.
Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative

This book initiates a conversation about blue ecocriticism: critical, ethical, cultural, and political positions that emerge from oceanic or aquatic frames of mind rather than traditional land-based approaches. Ecocriticism has rapidly become not only a disciplinary legitimate critical form but also one of the most dynamic, active criticisms to emerge in recent times. However, even in its institutional success, ecocriticism has exemplified an "ocean deficit." That is, ecocriticism has thus far primarily been a land-based criticism stranded on a liquid planet. Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative contributes to efforts to overcome ecocriticism’s "ocean-deficit." The chapters explore a vast archive of oceanic literature, visual art, television and film, games, theory, and criticism. By examining the relationships between these representations of ocean and cultural imaginaries, Blue Ecocriticism works to unmoor ecocriticism from its land-based anchors. This book aims to simultaneously advance blue ecocriticism as an intellectual pursuit within the environmental humanities and to advocate for ocean conservation as derivative of that pursuit.
Grain-size effect on cracking accumulation in yttria-doped zirconia ceramics during cyclic martensitic transformations

Abstract Bulk polycrystalline zirconia-based ceramics generally crack as they undergo martensitic transformations, largely due to the transformation mismatch stresses. Polycrystals subjected to cyclic transformations bodily lose individual grains and progressively comminute, but it is not yet clear how the grain size of a polycrystal affects such cyclic degradation. We explore this issue in 1.5 mol% yttria-doped zirconia by varying the grain size from 0.6 to 7.9 µm in pellets of fixed composition and sample size and subjecting them to multiple thermal cycles through the transformation. A smaller grain size is found to increase the number of cycles required to disaggregate the pellet because of the larger amount of grain boundary area that must crack. Calorimetry analysis shows that the energy relieved through cracking decreases with increasing grain size and suggests an apparent material length scale of ~2 micrometers for the stress relief zone. For grain diameters below this critical length scale, complete stress relief is suggested, while at larger grain sizes, intergranular cracking apparently does not fully relieve the transformation mismatch stresses. Alternate accommodation mechanisms are required including the formation of multiple variants and even some transgranular fracture.
Prediction of 10-2 Visual Field Loss Using Optical Coherence Tomography and 24-2 Visual Field Data.

Precis Using standard glaucoma structural and functional tests, clinicians accurately predicted the presence/absence of 10-2 glaucomatous visual field (VF) loss in 90% of the eyes in this study. Purpose To investigate how well clinicians with variable experience can predict the presence and location of 10-2 VF loss using structural and functional data that are routinely obtained for glaucoma assessment. Methods Within a test set of 416 eyes (210 subjects) who were diagnosed glaucoma suspect or primary open-angle glaucoma (with most eyes having mild disease), 6 clinicians were asked to predict the presence and hemispheric location of 10-2 VF loss using 24-2 VF and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography structural data. Prediction accuracies were calculated for each clinician and compared using the weighted κ-statistic. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to evaluate models for predicting 10-2 VF loss. Results Among the 6 clinicians, mean (range) accuracy, false negatives, and false positives for predicting presence/absence of 10-2 VF loss were 90% (87% to 92%), 4.7% (2.4% to 7.0%), and 5.4% (1.7% to 7.5%) respectively. The mean (range) weighted κ-statistic was 0.75 (0.64 to 0.83), suggesting good or very good inter-rater agreement between examiners. Mean accuracy for correctly predicting hemispheric location was 73% (range, 65% to 82%) with the most common error occurring in eyes with both superior and inferior 10-2 VF defects in which one hemisphere was correctly identified but the other missed. Conclusions In this study, the presence/absence of 10-2 glaucomatous VF loss was highly predictable using standard functional and structural clinical metrics. These findings suggest that 10-2 VF testing is not needed to reliably recognize and confirm central VF involvement in most eyes with glaucoma. Whether error related to identifying second hemisphere involvement in 10-2 VF loss is important requires further study.