cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Family-Based Intervention for HIV Prevention with Hispanic Adolescents with Same Gender Sexual Behaviors.

Despite the availability of efficacious and effective family-based interventions, such interventions are scarce for sexual minority adolescents, particularly among ethnic/racial minorities. Prior to creating an entirely new intervention, a prudent first step may be to determine if existing interventions are efficacious in reducing risk behaviors in sexual minority adolescents. This study assesses the relative efficacy of a general, family-based intervention (Familias Unidas) on improving substance and condom use outcomes among Hispanic adolescents with same gender sexual behaviors (HASGB). Data across five distinct trials of Familias Unidas were synthesized. HASGB were randomized either to an intervention (n = 94) or control condition (n = 100). Mediation analyses tested for intervention efficacy on past 90-day substance (cigarette/alcohol/illicit drug) use and condomless sex at last intercourse in HASGB participants and whether family functioning indicators—parent–adolescent communication, positive parenting, and parental monitoring of peers—mediated the effects. Post hoc analyses explored the moderating role of study target population based on prior risk. Familias Unidas did not impact substance use but significantly reduced condomless sex postintervention relative to the control condition. Hypothesized mediators did not explain this effect. Post hoc analyses indicated that the effect was significant in studies that recruited based on prior risk but not studies that recruited universal samples. Our results suggest that a general, family-based intervention may have positive effects on condom use in HASGB, particularly those with prior indicated risk. Identifying intervention components that drive this effect in addition to developing tailored content for HASGB is needed.
Race and the Legislative Representation of Collective Action Concerns

Collective action includes any event involving multiple people publicly professing a grievance or concern; it also communicates the saliency of participants’ issue preferences to reelection-minded legislators. I argue that legislative behavior in response to collective action favors black over white participants and that a legislator's electoral security influences the degree but not the direction of legislative bias. Furthermore, I argue that non-minority legislators are more likely to be influenced by the collective action efforts of racial and ethnic minority constituents than minority legislators. Non-black Democrats – who have less electoral security, particularly on issues salient to black constituents – demonstrate the greatest bias in their representation of black over white collective action participants. On the other hand, Republican legislators are least likely to be biased in their roll call voting behavior; but they are also unlikely to be biased against black collective action participants who demonstrate through their participation in collective action that they may be willing to electorally punish a legislator voting in opposition to their salient issue preferences. This research has implications for scholarship on the representation of black constituents and on legislative bias.
Optimization of Paid Search Traffic Effectiveness and Users’ Engagement Within Websites

Optimized paid search advertising campaigns composed of multiple data analytics insights and prior experiences of search engine marketing performances. However, when marketers compete in the battle of paid search ads’ rankings, complexity in optimization is increased. The higher the search ads’ ranking position, the greater the chance that users of search engines will click the ads. Despite the existing knowledge of the factors that contribute to the higher ranking position in search ads, such as proper relevancy among users’ search terms and text ads, or landing pages content, little is known about search engine users’ behavior after ads clicking. Low interaction or immediate abandonments from the landing pages potentially lead to a waste of budget spent on each paid advertising campaign. In this regard, marketers should pay much more attention to the interaction of paid traffic visitors after clicking on search ads, and not only to search engine rankings and user impression share rates. In this paper, the authors develop a computational data-driven methodology with a purpose to estimate and predict paid traffic visitors’ engagement in seven courseware websites after clicking on the search ads. The higher the engagement with the landing page, the higher will be the probability for conversions. At the first stage, web behavioral analytics are retrieved for 120 consecutive days in certain web metrics. These are the volume of paid traffic visitors, the average pages per session, the average session duration, and the bounce rate. Statistical analysis of the extracted web behavioral datasets takes place for understanding the cohesion, validity, and intercorrelations between the web metrics. KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity and Pearson coefficient of correlation are adopted. One step further, agent-based modeling and simulation is adopted as a methodology for abstracting and calibrating paid traffic visitors’ behavior inside the examined websites. Poisson distributions are implemented for predicting the potential engagement of paid traffic visitors in specific date ranges. Through this, the paper highlights its practical contribution to marketers with the purpose to develop search engine marketing campaigns composed of search ads relevant to the users and sufficient content engagement after ads clicking.
A Review of Three Large-Scale Datasets Critiquing Item Design, Data Collection, and the Usefulness of Claims

Issues of validity and usefulness of three large-scale longitudinal data sets are reviewed in this chapter. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002) are compared and contrasted with respect to differences in sampling frame, internal and external validity, and especially construct validity of assessment items. Conclusions about the usefulness of large-scale secondary data analysis show that the reviewed assessments have been critical for determining inequities of opportunity for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and across national boundaries. They have also been useful for researchers examining the effectiveness of curricular policy on student learning. Moreover, some stakeholders have used the results as evidence that a nation’s future GDP is predicted by the outcome on TIMSS, and that students need more mathematical knowledge and skills to compete in a world that has an ever increasing rate of technological expansion. Though longitudinal, the duration of the studies presents a problem, as none follow students’ mathematical abilities or development for any length of time (e.g., early childhood into adulthood), and few studies from large-scale assessments shed light onto the kinds of pedagogy or curricular tasks that positively impact student learning. Lastly, threats to validity for large-scale studies are critiqued, and shown to be underreported in the literature.
Analysis of Phosphodiesterase Reaction Mixtures by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a few technical updates and one specific example using simple HPLC procedures for the analysis of phosphodiesterase reaction mixtures. Ion-exchange HPLC columns, in contrast to reversed-phase columns, have been the columns of choice for enzymes such as adenylate cylase and phosphodiesterase because of their ability to resolve easily the various nucleotides in a simple and reproducible manner. Columns of different sizes are available from a variety of vendors. Reproducible and simple systems that use 4.6-mm-diameter columns are currently available with detailed protocols. The details of the system depend on the HPLC hardware that is available in the laboratory. The commercial availability of prepacked columns and protocols makes the set-up adaptable and easy to use. The ability to resolve metabolites and inhibitors and the rapid, unattended fractionation and quantification of components in enzyme-catalyzed reaction mixtures make it applicable to a variety of uses in the study of cyclic nucleotide metabolism.
Electron Lens as Beam-Beam Wire Compensator in HL-LHC

Current wires are considered for compensation of long-range beam-beam interactions for the High Luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC) of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In this note, we demonstrate the advantage of using Electron Lens for this purpose instead of a conventional current-bearing wire.
Transmission and reflection coefficients of a two-dimensional dielectric grating: modal analysis approach

An efficient approach to study the reflection and transmission coefficients of two-dimensional dielectric grating structures for arbitrary incident plane wave was presented. The modal analysis was combined with the generalized scattering matrix. This approach requires a smaller number of Floquet modes expansion for convergence as compared with the approach based on method of moment.
Continuous Apex to Left Ventricle Blood Flow Pattern in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Apical Aneurysm and Midventricular Obstruction

A 42-year-old female presented with chest pain, noted to have systolic and diastolic murmurs on physical examination and left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram. Echocardiography with contrast enhancement revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with apical aneurysm and mid left ventricular cavity obstruction. Doppler interrogation showed continuous systolic and diastolic flow from the apex to left ventricle (LV) with a transient deceleration giving rise to a notched pattern. Myocardial ischemia of the apex was demonstrated on adenosine nuclear scintigraphy without epicardial coronary obstruction on angiography. This case demonstrates a novel Doppler pattern with continuous apex to LV flow in HCM in the setting of apical ischemia that may account for the formation of the aneurysm.
Public Nuisance Claims Against Gun Sellers: New Insights and Challenges

Gun violence continues unabated. Regulation of these deadly instruments is woefully inadequate, and legislatures are compounding the problem by barring or restricting access to the courts for the death and injuries that guns cause. In short, Congress and state legislators have repeatedly acquiesced to the demands of the gun lobby.During the past several years, cities have struck back by filing public nuisance claims against those gun sellers whose practices pose a risk to the public’s health and safety. After a slow start, public nuisance claims have recently gained traction in state appellate courts, which are increasingly coming to realize and respect the core mission of public nuisance law. Such claims differ in essential ways from private claims as they do not seek to recover for injuries caused by guns, but rather allow municipalities to protect their citizens from the gun violence. Indeed, such nuisance abatement is a central component of the state's police power, which requires states and their political divisions to protect public health, safety, and welfare. Several public nuisance claims seeking to compel gun makers and sellers to refrain from practices that increase the already high risk of death or injury from their products have been permitted to survive the pleading stage. This is a salutary development and reflects better judicial understanding of the difference between nuisance law and tort law. This Article lauds these developments while undertaking a critical assessment of recent cases.Part I provides an overview of public nuisance law and discusses some important differences between claims brought by public entities and those brought by private citizens. Part II goes into detail regarding the nature of the public nuisance caused by the conduct of gun sellers. In Part III, the Authors examine some of the recent decisions in which public nuisance claims against these gun dealers have been allowed to survive a motion to dismiss, a previously insuperable hurdle, while in Part IV they analyze the significance of these small victories for the future of similar litigation. Finally in Part V the Authors describe legislative efforts to shield gun makers from these lawsuits and note flaws in the purported justifications for such legislation.
The lived body experience of domestic violence survivors: An interrogation of female identity

In this article, female identity is explored through an analysis of the lived body experience of domestic violence survivors. Qualitative interviews focused on the conceptual relationships between eight survivors and their bodies. The female body, as it is degraded and sexualized in patriarchal Western culture, is socially accepted as the core of female identity. Along with body awareness, the very identities of the abused women in this study seem to disappear, and we argue that this is largely made possible by these systems of patriarchal domination and definition. We also suggest the possibility of reclaiming the female self by reconnecting with the body. Based on the women's responses, we explore the feasibility of various recreational activities (e.g., sports, camping, hiking) as a means of reconnection and probe the ways that patriarchal norms may affect this aspect of recovery.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL DREAMING, DISINHIBITION, AND NUMBER OF COITAL PARTNERS

This study attempts to determine if various self-reported evaluations of a person's dreams can explain significant unique variance in the number of coital partners he or she has experienced. A number of gender differences were found. While promiscuous females were most ashamed of their sexual dreams, promiscuous males were least ashamed. Although males reported significantly more coital partners than females, more variance was explained in the female model than in the male model. Disinhibition was the most powerful predictor of number of partners for both sexes. As predicted by evolutionary theory, gender differences in sexual dreaming and behavior reflect gender-differentiated reproductive strategies as predicted by evolutionary theory.
Heterogeneous Associations of Cells Formed in Vitro

Two experimental systems are described which explore the applicability of in vitro culture to force associations between cells of widely divergent origins. In one experiment, chimeral plants were induced to differentiate from mixed calluses formed by coculturing cells of two tobacco species. In another experiment, a symbiosis was forced between cells of carrot and of the free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii.
Television--health education or mental pollution?

(1978). Television—Health Education or Mental Pollution? Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 24-26.
Vector field analysis of single layer feedback neural networks

The vector field method of analysis of single-layer neural networks with feedback is presented. The method allows the generation of trajectories in E/sup n/ space. The trajectories provide complete dynamical solutions for all possible initial conditions, finite gain values of neurons, and parasitic conductances and capacitances which occur in actual electronic neural systems. >
Sickle Cell Ulcer in Hand Attributable to Arterio-Venous Fistula

Introduction: Sickle cell ulcers are a frequent dermatologic manifestation of sickle cell disease. They are almost exclusively described in the legs near the malleoli and are often bilateral. Such ulcers in the upper extremities are not described. We report a case of sickle cell ulcer in hand presumably related to arterio-venous fistula in the forearm placed for hemodialysis in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Case: A 45-year-old African-American man with a history of sickle cell disease, hypertension, and kidney failure treated with hemodialysis presented with a painful wound in his left hand near the base of his thumb, which had been present for 6 weeks prior to presentation. There was no history of trauma. 6 months prior to the development of the ulcer, the patient had an arterio-venous fistula placed in the affected hand. The ulcer did not improve with use of antibiotics. Venous ultrasound of the left upper extremity showed occlusion of the cephalic vein and enlargement of the basilic vein. Subsequently, biopsy of the ulcer showed vascular proliferation with thickening of the vessel and obliteration of the vascular lumen. The blood vessels were plugged with sickled red blood cells, characteristic of sickle cell disease. Histological features of the lesion were indicative of vaso-occlusive disease, suggesting sickle cell ulcer. Patient was treated with surgical debridement and skin grafting after hyperbaric oxygen therapy that only resulted in partial recovery of the lesion. Discussion: The pathogenesis of sickle cell ulcer is presumed to be related to a vaso-occlusive process, leading to tissue necrosis resulting in skin ulcers. Ulcers can occur spontaneously or with local trauma. Low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, impaired venous hemodynamics, and low hemoglobin are recognized contributing factors. The arterio-venous fistula causing diversion of arterial blood probably contributed to the development of sickle cell ulcer. Conclusion: Sickle cell ulcers in the hand, although extremely rare, can occur in sickle cell patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with arterio-venous fistula. This results from the altered local vascular hemodynamics that predispose to vaso-occlusive conditions, eventually leading to ulceration.
Language, Objects, and Intentionality

The multiplicity of natural languages and the multiplicity of computer languages invite a false parallel. In fact computer languages have settled into an evolutionary rut that was carved by the needs of the earliest computers, while natural language evolves to even greater efficiencies. The talk will discuss "intentionality" as an important aspect of natural language, and the uses of intentionality in computer languages and in object oriented programming.
Advanced electrochemical concepts for NASA applications

A Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) survey of 23 electrochemical systems for space applications in which experts from universities, industry, and government participated is discussed. They recommended achievable specific energy for these systems and forecast the likelihood of their development of these systems by the year 1995, 2000, and 2005. The highest ranked systems for operation in planetary inner-orbit spacecraft included Na/ beta "-alumina/Z, where Z=S, FeCl/sub 2/ or NiCl/sub 2/, the upper plateau Li(Al)/FeS/sub 2/ system, and the H/sub 2//O/sub 2/ alkaline regenerative fuel cell. The achievable specific energy for these as operational batteries was estimated to be 130, 180 and 100 Wh/kg, respectively. For planetary outer-orbit and small geosynchronous (GEO) spacecraft Li/TiS/sub 2/ (estimated 90 Wh/kg) was the choice. >
The application of a locally parameterized continuation technique to the study of steady state voltage stability

In the design and operation of heavily loaded power systems, a power-versus-voltage (P-V) profile is useful for evaluating the steady-state voltage stability limits of a system under both normal and postcontingency operating conditions. A load flow program is commonly used to calculate the points that compose the P-V curve. The authors show how the capabilities of a load flow program can be surpassed by solving the power flow equation using a locally parameterized continuation algorithm. Such an algorithm maintains its numerical integrity in and around the critical state where the load flow Jacobian becomes singular. Also, results of the algorithm give the locations of the buses most vulnerable to voltage instability. Preliminary results using a 16-bus test system are presented along with a description of the needs for future work in this area. >
The status of open heavy flavor production at RHIC

We discuss the calculation of open heavy flavor cross sections at RHIC and describe how the semileptonic decays of charm and bottom quarks can be separated.
A time to be friends

‘Time is money,’ as an engineering student living in the same dormitory at my undergraduate university would often say. Moreover, like money, one never seems to have enough. I typically wish I had ...
Transient Dynamics of the Force-Generating Domain in Myosin During the Recovery Stroke

We have used transient time-resolved FRET (TR2-FRET) to detect structural changes within the relay helix in real time during the myosin recovery stroke. The most intriguing problem in myosin's function is the mechanism of signal transduction between the nucleotide binding site and the force-generating domain of myosin during the recovery stroke. Atomic structures of myosin provide clues, but structural measurements during transient kinetics are needed to reveal the details of this mechanism. Kinetics of nucleotide binding is reliably determined from the fluorescence of mant nucleotides or single Trp myosin mutants (W129, W131). Single Trp mutant W501 has provided insight into structural kinetics in the force-generating domain, but the complex fluorescence signals observed during the recovery stroke do not yield clear structural interpretation. To overcome this problem, we have performed FRET measurements that monitor well-defined structural changes in the relay helix, which is proposed to be a key structural element in myosin's force-generating domain. We engineered two double-Cys myosin mutants in the Cys-lite D. discoideum myosin construct (gift from J. Spudich), with one Cys placed at the C-terminus of the relay helix (K498C) and the other at one of two stable positions in the lower 50K domain (D515C or A639C). We labeled these mutants with a donor-acceptor FRET pair (IAEDANS-DABSYL), then used time-resolved FRET (TR-FRET, detects donor lifetime at nanosecond timescale) to detect interprobe distances in equilibrium states trapped by nucleotide analogs, reflecting pre- and post-powerstroke structures of myosin. We then performed these nanosecond time-resolved measurements repetitively every 0.1 ms, in the transient phase after ATP addition using stopped flow. These transient time-resolved FRET (TR2-FRET) signals showed directly that the relay helix changes from straight to bent conformation in the recovery stroke, from the post-powerstroke to the pre-powerstroke state.
Symptoms, depression, and quality of life in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background Little is known about symptoms and their burden in outpatients with chronic heart failure. Diverse symptoms may be associated with poor heart failure-related quality of life, and depression may be related to increased symptoms. Methods and Results The number of symptoms and symptom distress (physical symptoms on the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form), and heart failure-related quality of life (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) were measured cross-sectionally in 60 patients with heart failure from two outpatient cardiology clinics. Patients experienced a mean of nine symptoms in the previous week. More than half reported shortness of breath, lack of energy, pain, feeling drowsy, or dry mouth. In unadjusted analyses, more severe depression was associated with a greater number of symptoms ( r = 0.51, P r = 0.58, P P = .01). The number of symptoms accounted for 32% of the variance in quality of life ( P Conclusions Patients with heart failure report a large number of distressing symptoms. Depression in patients with heart failure is associated with a greater number of symptoms, which in turn is associated with a decrease in heart failure-related quality of life. Treatment of depression and the diverse symptoms reported by patients with heart failure might significantly improve quality of life.
Frank Hoy: From small business to family enterprises and many entrepreneurial ventures in between

Purpose – This paper aims to be a conversation with Frank Hoy, conducted by Santiago Ibarreche, about his career as an internationally known scholar in the field of entrepreneurship and family business. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an interview. Findings – The interview explores Hoy's career, his achievements and continued search for excellence in terms of research, intertwined with his entrepreneurial ventures. Originality/value – The interview in this special section, A Life in Research, brings out an individual scholar's experience and history, not only as recognition of scholarly impact, but also as recognition of the person.
Microfabricated Capillary Electrophoresis Amino Acid Chirality Analyzer for Extraterrestrial Exploration

Chiral separations of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled amino acids have been performed on a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chip to explore the feasibility of using such devices to analyze for extinct or extant life signs in extraterrestrial environments. The test system consists of a folded electrophoresis channel (19.0 cm long x 150 microns wide x 20 microns deep) that was photolithographically fabricated in a 10-cm-diameter glass wafer sandwich, coupled to a laser-excited confocal fluorescence detection apparatus providing subattomole sensitivity. Using a sodium dodecyl sulfate/gamma-cyclodextrin pH 10.0 carbonate electrophoresis buffer and a separation voltage of 550 V/cm at 10 degrees C, baseline resolution was observed for Val, Ala, Glu, and Asp enantiomers and Gly in only 4 min. Enantiomeric ratios were determined for amino acids extracted from the Murchison meteorite, and these values closely matched values determined by HPLC. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using microfabricated lab-on-a-chip systems to analyze extraterrestrial samples for amino acids.
Book Review: Dayabati Roy, Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal

Dayabati Roy, Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. 2014. 279 pages. ₹ 895.
Atomic physics: An almost lightless laser

Lasers are often described in terms of a light field circulating in an optical resonator system. Now a laser has been demonstrated in which the field resides primarily in the atomic medium that is used to generate the light. See Letter p.78
Optimizing video-on-demand through requestcasting

Video-on-demand (VOD) designs typically feature either request or broadcast architectures. Both have limitations. Request architectures experience a limit in the number of clients that can be adequately serviced. Broadcast architectures require large, often unavailable, bandwidth. In addition, it is difficult to limit viewing to a target audience. In this paper, we present a new architecture for a metropolitan VOD service that we name requestcasting. Our architecture combines the two general approaches of request and broadcast, but not their respective limitations. With the requestcast architecture, we implement an improved pyramid broadcasting protocol. Our synchronized method of employing pyramid broadcasting is key to providing robust VOD service.
Toleration in a new key: historical and global perspectives

This article challenges two dominant views of religious and cultural toleration, namely, that it is modern and that it is Western. It claims instead that both medieval Latin thought and many non-Western traditions embraced a position that coherently defends tolerance beliefs and practices. Specifically, the article identifies four approaches that clearly favour toleration: scepticism, functionalism, nationalism and mysticism.
Automation in photogrammetry: Recent developments and applications (1972–1976)☆

Abstract An overview of recent developments in the automation of photogrammetry in various countries is presented. Conclusions regarding automated photogrammetry reached at the 1972 Congress in Ottawa are reviewed first as a background for examining the developments of 1972–1976. Applications are described for each country reporting significant developments. Among fifteen conclusions listed are statements concerning: the widespread practice of equipping existing stereoplotters with simple digitizers; the growing tendency to use minicomputers on-line with stereoplotters; the optimization of production of digital terrain models by progressive sampling in stereomodels; the potential of digitization of a photogrammetric model by density correlation on epipolar lines; the capabilities and economic aspects of advanced systems which permit simultaneous production of orthophotos, contours, and digital terrain models; the economy of off-line orthophoto systems; applications of digital image processing; automation by optical techniques; applications of sensors other than photographic imagery, and the role of photogrammetric phases in a completely automated cartographic system.
Understanding drug allergies

At this time, the incidence of adverse drug reactions can only be estimated because the intensive monitoring and documenting that is required to make this determination does not exist at most hospitals and clinics. Despite these limitations, a meta-analysis of prospective studies has estimated the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients to be 6.7% and the incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions to be 0.32%. When evaluating and managing the condition of a patient who has experienced an adverse drug reaction, the physician first obtains an accurate history and performs a careful physical examination to determine whether the reaction was immunologic in nature. Drug reactions that are immunologically mediated (1) require a period of sensitization, (2) occur in a small proportion of the population, (3) are elicited at drug doses far below the therapeutic range, and (4) subside after drug discontinuation in most instances. All possible culprit drugs should be identified, with dosages and dates of administration and discontinuation, and the patient should be asked about any previous drug exposure history. Although immunodiagnostic tests for allergic drug reactions are limited, several tests do exist and may be useful in the identification of drug-specific antibodies, drug-specific T lymphocytes, or mediators from activated cells. If the reaction was not consistent with an IgE-mediated event and if it did not involve serious organ damage, cautious rechallenge may be considered. For those reactions that appear to be IgE-mediated and for which there is no reliable skin test reagent, drug desensitization may be performed by allergists who are trained in this procedure.
Individual differences in simultaneous color constancy are related to working memory.

Few studies have investigated the possible role of higher-level cognitive mechanisms in color constancy. Following up on previous work with successive color constancy [J. Exper. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 37, 1014 (2011)], the current study examined the relation between simultaneous color constancy and working memory-the ability to maintain a desired representation while suppressing irrelevant information. Higher working memory was associated with poorer simultaneous color constancy of a chromatically complex stimulus. Ways in which the executive attention mechanism of working memory may account for this are discussed. This finding supports a role for higher-level cognitive mechanisms in color constancy and is the first to demonstrate a relation between simultaneous color constancy and a complex cognitive ability.
Speaking truth to power: Empowerment ideology as social intervention and policy

The popularity, and subsequent ambiguity, in the use of the term “empowerment” has created an even greater need for reassessment in the applied context than in the theory and research literatures. This paper outlines some of the areas of community, organizational, and societal level social intervention and policy ostensibly based on the concept of empowerment. These include neighborhood voluntary associations (for environmental protection, community crime prevention, etc.), self-help groups, competence-building primary prevention, organizational management, health care and educational reforms, and national and international community service and community development policies. Issues in applying social research to community organizations and to legislative and administrative policy making are reviewed. Ten recommendations are offered, including the value of a dialectical analysis, for helping researchers and policy makers/administrators make more effective use of empowerment theory and research.
Evidence for a role of calmodulin in insulin release from pancreatic islets.

Insulin release from islets of Langerhans was blocked by 10 μM trifluoperazine, a compound which has been shown to bind to calmodulin. Islet cyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate levels were increased 2 min after exposure to 27.5 mM glucose. Despite the fact that 10 μM trifluoperazine virtually abolished insulin release in response to 27.5 mM glucose, no effect on glucose-induced islet cyclic AMP increases were noted. These data imply that calmodulin is an important intracellular component of the insulin release mechanism.
Comings, Goings, and a Contest

Editor in Chief Gabriel Taubin says goodbye to Tutorials editor Anselmo Lastra and welcomes Cindy Grimm as his replacement. He also puts out a call for multimedia and announces CG&A's new best-article award.
Intramolecular proton transfer in ortho hydroxybenzophenones

The photostability of UV stabilizers of the ortho hydroxybenzophenone type is discussed in terms of excited state proton transfer and radiationless transitions in the “phenol” and “quinone” tautomers. The first triplet state of the phenol form derived by quenching experiments is located between 22,000 and 20,090 cm−1. These limits of T1, together with published acidity data, suggest a deactivation cascade involving the triplet states. Nevertheless, very fast internal conversion cannot yet be ruled out as an alternative explanation for the high photostability of these materials.
Compromising anonymous communication systems using blind source separation

We propose a class of anonymity attacks to both wired and wireless anonymity networks. These attacks are based on the blind source separation algorithms widely used to recover individual signals from mixtures of signals in statistical signal processing. Since the philosophy behind the design of current anonymity networks is to mix traffic or to hide in crowds, the proposed anonymity attacks are very effective.The flow separation attack proposed for wired anonymity networks can separate the traffic in a mix network. Our experiments show that this attack is effective and scalable. By combining the flow separation method with frequency spectrum matching, a passive attacker can derive the traffic map of the mix network. We use a nontrivial network to show that the combined attack works.The proposed anonymity attacks for wireless networks can identify nodes in fully anonymized wireless networks using collections of very simple sensors. Based on a time series of counts of anonymous packets provided by the sensors, we estimate the number of nodes with the use of principal component analysis. We then proceed to separate the collected packet data into traffic flows that, with help of the spatial diversity in the available sensors, can be used to estimate the location of the wireless nodes. Our simulation experiments indicate that the estimators show high accuracy and high confidence for anonymized TCP traffic. Additional experiments indicate that the estimators perform very well in anonymous wireless networks that use traffic padding.
Transmission electron microscopy of meront development of Eimeria vermiformis Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971 (Apicomplexa, Eucoccidiorida) in the mouse, Mus musculus.

First and second generation meronts of Eimeria vermiformis developed in epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. They were usually between the host cell nucleus and the basement membrane. Sporozoite organelles dedifferentiated with the first generation meront's development except for the refractile body and the apical complex, which persisted. After several nuclear divisions, the apical complex dedifferentiated further until only micronemes remained attached by a duct system to the plasmalemma. The form of the apical complex was highly variable. Sometimes the duct system was absent and the micronemes were attached directly to the plasmalemma or a dense material on it. Crescent body-like material was often present in the parasitophorous vacuole next to the microneme structure. The microneme structure was not present in second generation meronts but evaginations of the plasmalemma, cytoplasmic outpocketings, and cytoplasmic vesicles were associated with the round granular bodies in the parasitophorous vacuoles. During first generation merogenesis, invaginations from the parasitophorous vacuole formed channels into the meront along which merozoites budded. Micropores were often at the ends of these invaginations. These and other micropores of the meront had a dense U-shaped band for a collar while those of the merozoites had a collar with a double band of dense material that connected to the inner membrane. First generation merozoites budded randomly from the meront, resulting in a residual body that was usually in the middle of the parasitophorous vacuole. Second generation merozoites budded in one direction, resulting in a peripheral residual body and merozoites that were parallel in an oblong parasitophorous vacuole.
Hugoniot of water ice

Hugoniot data for water ice are available for pressures ranging from about 150 MPa to about 50 GPa from initial states near 260 K. Limited data on porous ice (snow) at the same initial temperatures are available from 3.5 to 38 GPa and initial densities of 600 and 350 kg/m3. At low stresses the shock velocity is a very complicated function of particle velocity due to elastic propagation, yielding and several possible phase changes. The Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of ice at these temperatures ranges from 150 to 300 MPa with the elastic waves travelling at about 3700 m/s. The mean stress at the HEL ranges from about 100 MPa to almost 200 MPa. Comparison with strength measurements at lower strain rate indicates that failure at the HEL probably involves fracture and is almost independent of both temperature and strain rate. Shocks with amplitudes between the HEL and about 500 MPa produce partial phase transformation either to melt or another solid phase. Above 500 MPa, the ice compression curve bends over very sharply indicating transition of large fractions of the material to the solid high pressure phases. By 690 MPa the transition to ice VI is virtually complete. Ice VI has been reported between 690 MPa and 2 GPa, and possibly as high as 3.7 GPa. Melting on the Hugoniot is definitely complete below 10 GPa. Above that level, the ice data are fairly well-fit by a linear relation between shock and particle velocity: D(km/s) = 1. 79 + l.42u. However, a quadratic form fits the data better: D(km/s) = 1.32 + l.68u − 0.035u2.
The impact that group sequential tests would have made on ECOG clinical trials

Using designs that several authors proposed, we reanalysed a large number of completed phase III clinical trials of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group as if each had been designed with group sequential stopping rules. With survival the primary endpoint of the large multicentre trials, we discuss the relative merits of each design, as well as the feasibility of group sequential designs in general.
Experiments in Microblog Summarization

Abstract —This paper presents algorithms for summarizingmicroblog posts. In particular, our algorithms process collectionsof short posts on speciﬁc topics on the well-known site calledTwitter and create short summaries from these collections ofposts on a speciﬁc topic. The goal is to produce summariesthat are similar to what a human would produce for the samecollection of posts on a speciﬁc topic. We evaluate the summariesproduced by the summarizing algorithms, compare them withhuman-produced summaries and obtain excellent results. I. I NTRODUCTION Twitter, the microblogging site started in 2006, has becomea social phenomenon, with more than 20 million visitors eachmonth. While the majority posts are conversational or notvery meaningful, about 3.6% of the posts concern topics ofmainstream news 1 . At the end of 2009, Twitter had 75 millionaccount holders, of which about 20% are active 2 . There areapproximately 2.5 million Twitter posts per day 3 . To helppeople who read Twitter posts or tweets, Twitter provides ashort list of popular topics called
Refractory Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration Secondary to Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

purpose : To describe a neovascular pattern associated with treatment-refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design A retrospective observational case series. Methods setting: Clinical practice. patient population: Twelve eyes of 12 patients with neovascular AMD in which a poor anatomic response to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy was related to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). observation procedure: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. main outcome measures: Snellen visual acuity (VA), anatomic response to therapy including presence or absence of retinal edema, hemorrhage, and lipid exudates. Results New or persistent PCV was identified in a cohort of patients demonstrating increasing macular exudation despite regular intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) or bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech Inc) injections for a minimum of 6 months. Treatment with verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT), PDT/anti-VEGF combination therapy, or continued anti-VEGF monotherapy resulted in complete resolution of exudation in 9 of 12 patients and partial resolution of exudation in the remaining 3 patients. Conclusion Treatment-refractory neovascular AMD may harbor vascular abnormalities such as PCV. Modifications in therapeutic protocols may be indicated in order to improve visual and anatomic outcomes in this population.
Studies on metal carboxylates. XV [1]. Solution reactions of rhodium(II) acetate with the gaseous hydrogen halides. The formation of complexes of rhodium(III)

Abstract Rhodium(II) acetate, Rh2(O2CCH3)4, reacts with gaseous Hcl and HBr in acetone or ethanol to produce an insoluble residue of rhodium metal and solutions containing rhodium(III) which, upon treatment with Ph4AsCl·nH2O, produce the salts (Ph4As)RhCl4(H2O) and (Ph4As)RhBr4(H2O). These can in turm be used as starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of new rhodium(III) species. Complexes prepared in the present work are (Ph4As)RhX4(CH3CN), RhX3(PPh3)2(CH3CN) and [RhX2(LL)2]X·2EtOH, where LL = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane and 1,2-bis(diphenylarsino)ethane. Details of their synthesis and spectral characterization are described. The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of [RhX2(LL)2]X·2EtOH show that the Cl 2p and Br 3p binding energies of the inner and outer sphere halogen environments differ by between 1.3 and 1.7 eV. The reactions of Rh2(O2CCH3)4 with HX(g) in non-aqueous media are contrasted with the corresponding reactions of the solid acetate with HX(g).
WMO Hydrometeorology: Conference Geneva, Switzerland September 20”October 6, 1970

The WMO Commission for Hydrometeorology (CHy) recommended in September 1968 that a conference be convened to discuss a number of international questions that have impact on national hydrological services as well as on the meteorological services. The WMO Executive Committee concurred in this recommendation and decided that the Conference should consider: a. The manner in which to supplement the WMO Technical Regulations to include the present responsibilities of WMO in the field of hydrology so as to best serve the needs of both meteorological and hydrological services; b. The draft chapter of WMO Technical Regulations that deals with hydrometeorology and includes topics on hydrometry; c. The ways in which the World Weather Watch can be planned and developed so as to be of maximum benefit to hydrological services of members, particularly in the field of hydrological forecasting; and, d. The ways in which WMO should strengthen its efforts in carrying out its present responsibilities in the field of hydrology as defined by the fifth WMO Congress.
Molecular markers of prognosis in astrocytic tumors

BACKGROUND Astrocytoma is a primary brain tumor that affects 20,000 Americans each year. To date, only age and histologic grade stand out as independent predictors of survival. There is now increased interest in the use of molecular markers as objective standards against which to establish diagnosis and grade. METHODS The study evaluated human glioma tumor suppressor genes and associated loci in fresh snap-frozen gliomas from 63 males and 37 females, with a median age of 42 years, including 19 low-grade astrocytomas. The tumor samples were selected so that about equal numbers of glioblastomas from younger and older patients were represented in the series. Methods for suppressor gene and genetic loci evaluation included loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis, and gene sequencing. RESULTS Low-grade astrocytomas had the least number of molecular abnormalities. LOH on 9p and/or CDKN2A deletion occurred more often in glioblastomas (P < 0.001), LOH on 17p/TP53 mutations occurred more frequently in anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs; P = 0.112), and LOH on 10q/PTEN mutation frequency was similar in glioblastomas and AAs (P < 0.001). Poorer survival was associated significantly with the occurrence of either deletion of p16 (P = 0.031), LOH on 9p (P = 0.016), or LOH on 10q (P = 0.0007). The absence of LOH on 17p and the presence of PTEN mutation were associated marginally with survival. Even though TP53 mutations were more frequent among younger patients with glioblastoma, they had no statistically significant effect on survival after adjustment for age (P = 0.62). In all multivariate models, age and grade were the only significant predictors of survival or were nearly significant predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that LOH on 9p and p16 deletions may prove to be objective standards for the diagnosis of patients with high-grade gliomas, although the absence of these abnormalities is nonprognostic. Cancer 2002;94:2688–97. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10544
The crystal structure of CuVO3(I), a distorted ilmenite-type derivative

Abstract The crystal structure of a high-pressure phase, CuVO 3 (I), has been determined and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures using automatic diffractometer data to a residual R = 0.055 ( R w = 0.070). The space group is triclinic, P 1, with a = 4.9646(10), b = 5.4023(7), c = 4.9154(7)A, α = 90.32(1), β = 119.13(1), and γ = 63.93(1)°; Z = 2. This structure is the first example of a triclinic distortion of the ilmenite structure-type and is discussed in terms of its crystal chemistry. Analysis of interatomic distances indicates the valence distribution to be Cu 2+ V 4+ O 3 . The anomalous paramagnetic moment is discussed in terms of V 4+ V 4+ interactions.
Low-frequency noise in the reentrant insulating phase around the 1/5 fractional quantum Hall liquid.

We present data on the low-frequency noise of the high-field conducting state in the insulating phase around the 1/5 fractional quantum Hall liquid at B=11.9 T and how it correlates with the strongly nonlinear I-V characteristic. The noise is characteristic of a weakly pinned two-dimensional Wigner crystal reentrant around the 1/5 liquid. For v1/5, it reaches a peak and then vanishes in the more insulating regime (B\ensuremath{\gtrsim}12.7 T in our sample) where the system is better described as a 2D Wigner glass.