cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Using a Nonverbal (Musical) Cue on Recall and Playback of Television Advertising: Implications for Advertising Tracking

Abstract The purpose of this research is to understand the influence of nonverbal (musical) elements on long-term memory for advertising and relationship of memory for such elements to memory for verbal elements of advertising elicited by traditional verbal cues. The study uses the dual coding framework as the basis for generating specific hypotheses about consumer memory for a television advertising campaign in response to both a verbal and a nonverbal (musical) cue. These hypotheses are tested using data generated from a representative sample of prospective buyers who were within the target audience for a broadcast television advertising campaign in a natural viewing environment. The analysis focused on the verbatim playback of the ad “trace” generated in memory in response to both verbal and nonverbal cues. The findings suggest that the responses to the nonverbal (musical) cue evoke more responses involving images and visual associations. More important, the ad “trace” retrieved from memory in response to the non-verbal (musical) cue adds power to a model predictive of the consumer's consideration set of alternatives. The results have important implications for understanding advertising response and for the design of advertising tracking research.
Comparison of Cartesian and Polar Kinematic Arrangements for Compensation of Scale Effects in Micromilling

Many fields of active research such as biomedical engineering, electronics, and optics have need of small metallic parts less than 1mm in size, with features measured in hundreds or tens of microns, with tolerances as small as 0.1 micron. Such parts include devices for studying the processes in the human body, devices that can be implanted in the human body, small lenses, and other small components. Micromilling is a microscale manufacturing process that can be used to produce a wide range of small parts, including those that have complex 3-dimensional contours. Micromilling is a process that is, on the surface, similar to conventional-scale milling, except for the use of tools that are around two orders of magnitude smaller than conventional endmills, and spindle speeds that are one or two orders of magnitude faster than conventional milling spindles. However, the underlying physical processes which occur in micromilling are unique due to scale effects, which occur due to the unequal scaling of physical properties between the conventional and the micro scale. One of the more recently-uncovered scale effects in micromilling is the increased ratio of tool size to feature size [1]. This scale effect causes an exacerbation of a kind of geometric error known as chord error and places a fundamental limitation on achievable feedrates within allowable machining error constraints. In this research, we hypothesize that the increase of chord error in microscale milling can be alleviated by intelligent modification of the kinematic arrangement of the micromilling machine. Currently, all 3-axis micromilling machines are constructed with a Cartesian kinematic arrangement, in which three linear axes are mounted perpendicularly. In this paper, we propose an alternate kinematic arrangement consisting of two linear axes and one rotary axis, creating a Polar kinematic arrangement. Through numerical simulation, we show that there are distinct classes of curvilinear geometries in which the Polar kinematic arrangement is preferable, and allows significant gains in allowable feedrates and reduction in chord error, while other curvilinear geometries show reduced chord error with the Cartesian arrangement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Frederick Billings: A Life

Here is San Francisco during the gold rush through the eyes of a 25-year-old Vermonter and the first lawyer to hang out a shingle there, in 1849. Instrumental in founding the University of California, an early conservationist and advocate of national parks at Yosemite and Yellowstone, Frederick Billings was in later years president of the Northern Pacific Railroad when it crossed Montana, where the state's largest city is named for him.
Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting.

Abstract The biotic and abiotic factors conditioning morel fruit body production are incompletely known. We examined spatial and temporal patterns of Morchella esculenta fruiting over five years in a wooded site in Missouri, USA. Fruiting onset was inversely correlated with spring air and soil temperatures, whereas abundance was positively correlated with rain events (>10 mm) during the 30 d preceding fruiting. The two years with the greatest fruiting had the shortest fruiting seasons (6–7 d). Fruiting season length was positively correlated with soil warming, suggesting that a narrow range of optimum soil temperatures favour the explosive production of fruit bodies. All woody stems of at least 1 cm diam were mapped and stem diameter and crown condition were noted. Morel fruit bodies were significantly closer to stems of Carya spp., Tilia americana and Ulmus americana than predicted by the frequencies of these woody species or their contribution to the total basal area on the site. Although intra-annual clustering of fruit bodies was often observed, inter-annual clustering was not. The spatial pattern of M. esculenta fruiting appears to be associated with vegetation pattern, whereas the onset and abundance of fruiting are determined by the interaction of spring temperatures with availability of supporting precipitation.
Regulation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms by estrogen in the human endometrium

Objective To examine the influence of estrogen on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in human endometrial surface epithelial cell line (HES) and primary endometrial cells. Design Laboratory-based investigation. Setting Academic center. Intervention(s) The expression of NOS isoform protein levels and mRNA was determined following estrogen/progesterone stimulation. Main Outcome Measure(s) NOS protein and mRNA levels in HES and primary endometrial cells. Result(s) Estradiol 17-β (E 2 ) induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein and iNOS protein in HES cells which could be blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Estradiol increased the expression of eNOS mRNA and protein in primary endometrial cells. Estrogen also induced phosphorylation of eNOS which could not be blocked by ICI 182,780. Progesterone in physiologic concentrations augmented the effect of estrogen on the expression of both eNOS and peNOS but not of iNOS. ICI 182,780 in high concentrations stimulated the expression of iNOS protein while inhibiting eNOS. Conclusion(s) Estradiol through a genomic mechanism stimulates the expression of NOS isoforms in endometrial derived primary and HES cells. This effect is potentiated by progesterone.
Termination of pregnancy in cats with prostaglandin F2α

Abstract Two subcutaneous injections of Prostaglandin F2α THAM salt 24 hours apart terminated pregnancies in cats after the 40th day of gestation. Injections of 0.50 or 1.00 mg. PGF2α THAM salt/Kg. body weight were the most effective in terminating pregnancies. Parturition or abortion occurred within 24 hours after the initial injection in 9 cats and after the 2nd injection in 4 cats.
125I labeling of fibrinogen by the Chloramine-T-method without protein denaturation.

Abstract Purified bovine fibrinogen preparations were radioiodinated with 125I using the Chloramine-T method and examined for degradation by clottability assays and agarose gel filtration. In vivo plasma clearance studies were also conducted using healthy mixed breed calves. The in vitro assays yielded an average clottability of 92.5% and chromatograms comparable to accepted norms for 125I-fibrinogen prepared by ICl and enzymatic methods. The clearance studies yielded an average half life of 5.1 ± 0.4 days for the major exponential component.
Guanidine Hydrochloride Unfolding of Peptide Helices: Separation of Denaturant and Salt Effects†

To provide a model for understanding the unfolding of proteins by the chemical denaturant guanidine hydrochloride, we have measured helix unfolding for homologous series of peptides with the repeating sequence Ala-Glu-Ala-Ala-Lys-Ala and chain lengths from 7 to 50 residues. The free energy for helix unfolding varies as a function of guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) for all the peptides. The slope of the linear plot of the free energy of helix formation as a function of the molar concentration of GdmCl, termed the m-value, was found to be strongly dependent on the total ionic strength of the solution. A comparison of the m-value for urea denaturation of the same series of peptides [Scholtz, J. M., Barrick, D., York, E. J., Stewart, J. M., & Baldwin, R. L. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 185-189] reveals that, under many conditions, GdmCl is roughly twice as effective as a denaturant than urea on a molar basis, in agreement with many studies on proteins. However, when the ionic strength of aqueous GdmCl is controlled with additional NaCl, it is possible to separate the observed m-value for GdmCl solutions into two components: one that is identical to that found for urea and a second which depends only on the molar concentration of the chloride anion. Therefore, for these peptides, an equimolar mixture of urea and NaCl is nearly as effective as GdmCl in unfolding the helical conformation.
Design issues for edge nodes in agile all-photonic networks

This paper raises the issues faced in edge node design for an agile all-photonic network (AAPN) and proposes solutions. The architecture discussed addresses several issues such as packet processing, traffic aggregation and encapsulation, buffers implementation, local scheduling, QoS provision, traffic monitoring and internal control mechanisms. The main goal of this work is to provide a detailed description of the functional modules considering technologies readily available now or immediately on the horizon.
Nonstent or noncatheter extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for ureteral stones.

Objective. To determine if a ureteral stent or catheter was necessary to achieve satisfactory results with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for a stone in the ureter. Method. A retrospective review of 1 ,712 single ureteral stones treated in the ureter by ESWL using Dornier HM3 and Medstone STS lithotriptors was performed, 1,425 with a stent and 287 without a stent (in situ). Statistical analysis was performed using the chisquare test to determine the p value. Results. The stone site, size, and treatment parameters (average shocks, kV, and estimated radiation to the patient) were similar in both groups. The retreatment rate, post-ESWL secondary procedure rate, and stone-free rate were 5 percent, 5 percent, and 79 percent, respectively, with a stent and 6 percent, 9 percent, and 79 percent, respectively, without a stent. Conclusion. The results of ESWL for single ureteral stones were similar with or without a stent, making the presence of a ureteral stent unnecessary.
A fourteen-year follow-up study of cerebral palsy: intellectual change and stability.

The predictive worth of initial estimates of IQ in cerebral palsied children was found to vary with the level of the initial IQ. Stability characterized only initially defective or initially normal IQ. Implications of evidenced instability of scores in the mildly subnormal or borderline normal range of IQ are discussed.
Low Light Level Imaging Devices For The Middle Ultraviolet

LOW LIGHT LEVEL IMAGING DEVICES FOR THE MIDDLE ULTRAVIOLETG. Carruthers, J. Kervitsky, G. Hicks, C. OpalE. O. Hulburt Center for Space ResearchNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, D. C. 20375AbstractElectronic imaging devices based on the magnetically- focused, internal -optic Schmidtimage converter concept, previously used at NRL for the vacuum ultraviolet, have beendeveloped with cesium telluride photocathodes for use in the middle ultraviolet
Temperature dependence of isotropic shifts of nickel complexes

Abstract Isotropic proton shifts of octahedral nickel(II) complexes with benzylamine, dimethylformamide, N,N,-dimethylacetamide, N-methylacetamide and n-propanol were determined as functions of the absolute temperature. Apparent non-Curie behavior was found for most of the isotropic shifts. Sources for this behavior were examined and the conclusions drawn are presented.
Insertion site complications during the first year of NORPLANT® use

Although review articles have provided much information on the NORPLANT system, information on insertion site complications based on multi-country trials has been limited to infection rates. This paper examines 2,674 NORPLANT acceptors from seven countries who were enrolled and followed for one year. The one-year incidence rates of infection (0.8%), expulsion (0.4%) and local reaction (4.7%) varied widely among countries and clinics within a country. In contrast to previous reports that insertion site complications occur during the first few weeks of use, these data show that a substantial proportion of insertion site infections (34.6%) and implant expulsions (64.3%) were reported after the first two months of use, while 35.7% of local reactions were reported after 4.5 months of use. Of the 16 women with infections who did not have the implants immediately removed, 8 eventually required or requested removal, indicating that the ICCR recommendation for immediate removal in case of infection appears appropriate. An awareness of the frequency of insertion site complications, distribution of the time of onset post-insertion and potential sequelae of complications will aid clinicians in better client counseling and complication management.
Growth And Innovation In Medical Devices: A Conversation With Stryker Chairman John Brown

John Brown, current chairman and past chief executive officer (CEO) of the Stryker Corporation, reviews the development of his device firm and the medical device industry over the past thirty years. Brown describes the trajectory of innovation in medical devices and the managerial and organizational strategy he pioneered at Stryker to achieve consistently high growth rates over the long term. He also shares his perspective on some of the current policy issues facing the device industry today, including product safety, conflicts of interest, rising product prices, and direct-to-consumer advertising.
VISTA: a system for interactive code improvement

Software designers face many challenges when developing applications for embedded systems. A major challenge is meeting the conflicting constraints of speed, code density, and power consumption. Traditional optimizing compiler technology is usually of little help in addressing this challenge. To meet speed, power, and size constraints, application developers typically resort to hand-coded assembly language. The results are software systems that are not portable, less robust, and more costly to develop and maintain. This paper describes a new code improvement paradigm implemented in a system called vista that can help achieve the cost/performance trade-offs that embedded applications demand. Unlike traditional compilation systems where the smallest unit of compilation is typically a function and the programmer has no control over the code improvement process other than what types of code improvements to perform, the vista system opens the code improvement process and gives the application programmer, when necessary, the ability to finely control it. In particular, vista allows the application developer to (1) direct the order and scope in which the code improvement phases are applied, (2) manually specify code transformations, (3) undo previously applied transformations, and (4) view the low-level program representation graphically. vista can be used by embedded systems developers to produce applications, by compiler writers to prototype and debug new low-level code transformations, and by instructors to illustrate code transformations (e.g., in a compilers course).
Uveal Melanoma Metastasis Models

Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death among patients with uveal melanoma. Treatment options for patients with clinically disseminated disease are usually unsuccessful. In vitro and in vivo models are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis of metastatic uveal melanomas and develop treatments for the metastases. In vitro experimental approaches focusing on cell invasion/migration which mimic the steps of the complex metastatic process may also be used for the identification of potential anti-invasion/migration drugs that may inhibit the spreading of tumor cells or the development of metastases. The effects of these drugs must subsequently be confirmed in reliable in vivo models before entering the clinical trial phase. Several models of intraocular melanoma with metastases in rodents and rabbits are currently being used. Most experimental models of uveal melanoma metastases require injection or implantation of melanoma cells into orthotopic locations, including into the liver, spleen, tail vein, or the left ventricle of the heart, in order to mimic the metastatic process.
Estimating flow parameter distributions using ground-penetrating radar and hydrological measurements during transient flow in the vadose zone

Methods for estimating the parameter distributions necessary for modeling fluid flow and contaminant transport in the shallow subsurface are in great demand. Soil properties such as permeability, porosity, and water retention are typically estimated through the inversion of hydrological data (e.g., measurements of capillary pressure and water saturation). However, ill-posedness and non-uniqueness commonly arise in such non-linear inverse problems making their solutions elusive. Incorporating additional types of data, such as from geophysical methods, may greatly improve the success of inverse modeling. In particular, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods have proven sensitive to subsurface fluid flow processes and appear promising for such applications. In the present work, an inverse technique is presented which allows for the estimation of flow parameter distributions and the prediction of flow phenomena using GPR and hydrological measurements collected during a transient flow experiment. Specifically, concepts from the pilot point method were implemented in a maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework to allow for the generation of permeability distributions that are conditional to permeability point measurements, that maintain specified patterns of spatial correlation, and that are consistent with geophysical and hydrological data. The current implementation of the approach allows for additional flow parameters to be estimated concurrently if they are assumed uniform and uncorrelated with the permeability distribution. (The method itself allows for heterogeneity in these parameters to be considered, and it allows for parameters of the petrophysical and semivariogram models to be estimated as well.) Through a synthetic example, performance of the method is evaluated under various conditions, and some conclusions are made regarding the joint use of transient GPR and hydrological measurements in estimating fluid flow parameters in the vadose zone.
Risk, Challenge & Innovation: The Entrepreneurial Experience at Ball State University

In order to simulate the entrepreneurial process for students, the Entrepreneurship Program at Ball State University incorporates traditional as well as innovative, experimential approaches to entrepreneurship education. First, it is believed that a comprehensive, multi‐course program of education will prove more effective in teaching the totality of entrepreneurship than will a single course. Second, it is believed that entrepreneurship is a reality‐based field of study. As a result, the Ball State University program is designed to incorporate as much of the knowledge and experience of the “real world” entrepreneur as possible.
Fault dictionary compression and equivalence class computation for sequential circuits

A new technique for creating small fault dictionaries for sequential circuits is presented, along with a hybrid combination of that new technique with another and performance improvements for a previously published technique. Seven techniques are compared and evaluated by their impact on dictionary size, fault simulation costs, and diagnostic resolution losses. The comparisons show that compact dictionaries with full resolution are computationally expensive, while small, inexpensive dictionaries almost always suffer a resolution loss. Measures of diagnostic resolution are described with an algorithm to approximate them in linear time. Experiments are presented for the ISCAS sequential benchmark circuits.
Solving Constraints on the Intermediate Result of Decimal Floating-Point Operations

The draft revision of the IEEE Standard for Floating- Point Arithmetic (IEEE P754) includes a definition for decimal floating-point (FP) in addition to the widely used binary FP specification. The decimal standard raises new concerns with regard to the verification of hardware- and software-based designs. The verification process normally emphasizes intricate corner cases and uncommon events. The decimal format introduces several new classes of such events in addition to those characteristic of binary FP. Our work addresses the following problem: Given a decimal floating-point operation, a constraint on the intermediate result, and a constraint on the representation selected for the result, find random inputs for the operation that yield an intermediate result compatible with these specifications. The paper supplies efficient analytic solutions for addition and for some cases of multiplication and division. We provide probabilistic algorithms for the remaining cases. These algorithms prove to be efficient in the actual implementation.
Crystalline color superconductivity

In any context in which color superconductivity arises in nature, it is likely to involve pairing between species of quarks with differing chemical potentials. For suitable values of the differences between chemical potentials, Cooper pairs with nonzero total momentum are favored, as was first realized by Larkin, Ovchinnikov, Fulde, and Ferrell (LOFF). Condensates of this sort spontaneously break translational and rotational invariance, leading to gaps which vary periodically in a crystalline pattern. Unlike the original LOFF state, these crystalline quark matter condensates include both spin-zero and spin-one Cooper pairs. We explore the range of parameters for which crystalline color superconductivity arises in the QCD phase diagram. If in some shell within the quark matter core of a neutron star (or within a strange quark star) the quark number densities are such that crystalline color superconductivity arises, rotational vortices may be pinned in this shell, making it a locus for glitch phenomena.
Regulation of filtration rate by glomerular mesangial cells in health and diabetic renal disease

The rate of renal filtration is in large part responsible for volume and electrolyte balance in an organism. Integral components of the renal glomerulus are the mesangial cells (MCs), excitable renal pericytes that regulate the glomerular filtration rate by modulating the surface area of the capillaries. Similar to vascular smooth muscle, the signal transduction pathways and ion selective channels regulating isotonic and isometric contraction of MCs are dependent on the voltage-gated Ca influx. During the response to contractile agonists, both Cl and nonselective cation channels play critical roles to depolarize the membrane potential and activate Ca channels. The relaxation pathways involve a negative-feedback mechanism that counteracts mesangial contraction by regulating voltage-dependent Ca signaling. Part of the feedback response involves the activation of plasmalemmal K channels, which hyperpolarize the membrane potential and inhibit voltage-gated Ca entry. This calcium- and voltage-activated feedback K (BKCa) channel shares biophysical, pharmacologic, and molecular properties with the BKCa channels identified in brain and muscle, and with the sio gene product as expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Systemic hormones, such as atrial natriuretic peptide, and paracrine factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), use guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (GMP) as a second messenger and enhance the gain in this feedback system by decreasing the voltage and Ca activation thresholds for BKCa. Diabetes mellitus is often associated with high rates of glomerular filtration, mesangial expansion, and secretory abnormalities of the basement membrane. NO-mediated increases in negative-feedback regulation of mesangial tone may attribute, in part, to the pathology of hyperfiltration. Stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthetase in glomerular MCs by inflammatory cytokines is a possible positive-feedback pathway that contributes to further glomerular destruction. In addition, high ambient glucose, through modulation of BKCa activity, facilitates MC relaxation and thus propagates hyperfiltration. Since cellular arachidonic acid is metabolically linked to extracellular glucose, this fatty acid is a possible mediator of the pathologic actions of hyperglycemia. Clarification of the signal transduction pathways and ionic mechanisms regulating the normal and dysfunctional tones of MCs is essential for rational clinical management of glomerular disease and critical to understanding fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Differential regulation by ppGpp versus pppGpp in Escherichia coli

Both ppGpp and pppGpp are thought to function collectively as second messengers for many complex cellular responses to nutritional stress throughout biology. There are few indications that their regulatory effects might be different; however, this question has been largely unexplored for lack of an ability to experimentally manipulate the relative abundance of ppGpp and pppGpp. Here, we achieve preferential accumulation of either ppGpp or pppGpp with Escherichia coli strains through induction of different Streptococcal (p)ppGpp synthetase fragments. In addition, expression of E. coli GppA, a pppGpp 5′-gamma phosphate hydrolase that converts pppGpp to ppGpp, is manipulated to fine tune differential accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that pppGpp is less potent than ppGpp with respect to regulation of growth rate, RNA/DNA ratios, ribosomal RNA P1 promoter transcription inhibition, threonine operon promoter activation and RpoS induction. To provide further insights into regulation by (p)ppGpp, we have also determined crystal structures of E. coli RNA polymerase-σ70 holoenzyme with ppGpp and pppGpp. We find that both nucleotides bind to a site at the interface between β′ and ω subunits.
Theory of bistability in two-segment diode lasers

Optical bistability in two-segment diode lasers with inhomogeneous injection is considered. Analytical solution of the rate-equation model gives a simple bistability condition. Slower carrier recombination in the absorber relative to the gain region is required for bistability when the gain and the absorber optical cross sections are equal. Carrier lifetimes, switch-on and switch-off powers, and currents are investigated for these bistable lasers.
A Bayesian marginalization approach for improved EEG dipole localization

A Bayesian framework is utilized to derive a new EEG dipole localization method. Dipole orientation/amplitude parameters are integrated out of the full observation probability density function, yielding a proper marginal. The derived cost function essentially reduces to the condensed conditional maximum likelihood for a large number of electrodes, relative to the number of sources. In addition, the reduction of nuisance parameters by marginalization leads naturally to a model selection/source number detection scheme based on the concept of Bayesian evidence. Simulation results are included to show the superior estimation characteristics of the proposed method over maximum likelihood in low SNR, small spatial/temporal sample situations, and to provide a preliminary comparison of the proposed detection technique to AIC and MDL. >
The Role of Shadows in the Viewability of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays

Most of the data published on the viewability of twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (TNLCDs) has been measured in transmission.1–3 This approach has been favored because transmissive data is easier to interpret from a fundamental point of view. On the other hand, characterizing displays in reflection is more realistic from the practical standpoint, since TNLCDs are primarily viewed in reflection. It was the purpose of this work to explore the relationship between reflective and transmissive viewability. To this end, data was collected on the angular variation of the contrast as a function of applied voltage. These measurements indicate that the viewability in transmission is much more limited than in reflection. The cause of this difference in viewability is shadows, which occur when the TNLCD is viewed in reflection. The “object” casting the shadow occurs in the plane of the liquid crystal. We call this object the real image. Ambient lighting projects an apparent shadow of the real image into the plane of the reflector. It should be noted that these results are characteristic of TNLCDs and, therefore, independent of the manner in which the TNLCD is manufactured, or the liquid crystal material used in the display.
A Tree-Ring Reconstruction of Streamflow for the Colorado Front Range

Water resource planning is based primarily on 20th century instrumental records of climate and streamflow. These records are limited in length to approximately 100 years, in the best cases, and can reflect only a portion of the range of natural variability. The instrumental record neither can be used to gage the unusualness of 20th Century extreme low flow events, nor does it allow the detection of low-frequency variability that may underlie short-term variations in flow. In this study, tree rings are used to reconstruct mean annual streamflow for Middle Boulder Creek in the Colorado Front Range, a semi-arid region of rapid growth and development. The reconstruction is based on a stepwise regression equation that accounts for 70 percent of the variance in the instrumental record, and extends from 1703-1987. The reconstruction suggests that the instrumental record of streamflow for Middle Boulder Creek is not representative of flow in past centuries and that several low flow events in the 19th century were more persistent than any in the 20th century. The 1840s to early 1850s period of low flow is a particularly notable event and may have coincided with a period of low flow in the Upper Colorado River Basin.
An Identifier/Locator Split Architecture for Exploring Path Diversity through Site Multi-Homing - A Hybrid Host-Network Cooperative Approach

In this paper, we take a fresh look at stub-site multihoming within the paradigms of an identifier/locator split architecture. More specifically, we investigate the possibility of enabling multi-homed stub network sites to improve the performance of their end-to-end TCP flows by leveraging the path diversity of the underlying network. We design a host-network co-operative mechanism for end-to-end flow path switching based on reliable transport layer protocol "hints" indicating probable path problems. Our evaluations of actual Internet routing/topology data strongly suggest significant degree of path diversity across path switches available to multihomed stub networks, even within the restricted precincts of inter-domain policy routing. Additionally, we also address the problems of global routing scalability and inbound traffic engineering control as pertaining to stub-site multi-homing.
Structure H clathrate hydrate equilibria of methane and adamantane

The first phase equilibrium data are presented for Structure H hydrates. The data represent the initial formation of these hydrates from methane, with adamantane— a previously determined Structure H former. Temperature and pressure conditions are consistent with hydrocarbon production/transportation/processing facilities. Structure H hydrates are shown to contain molecules indigenous to petroleum. which may not be present in natural gas.
Nursing Care for Lifestyle Behavioral Change

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if metabolic risk factors can be stabilized or improved with weekly motivational interviewing/coaching and medical follow-up care focused on lifestyle behavioral change in individuals with serious mental illness. Individuals were followed for 18 weeks following discharge from an inpatient psychiatric service. All individuals were prescribed an antipsychotic medication and had at least two risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, LDLs, triglycerides, and blood glucose levels were evaluated during the study period. In addition, each individual selected a lifestyle behavior to improve over the 18-week period. Weekly motivational interviewing, and staggered health promotion appointments were designed to keep individuals focused on health and behavior change. While some individuals showed improvement, others showed deterioration in the physiological markers for metabolic syndrome. Only a small number completed the 18-week study. The nature of current psychiatric care is focused on rapid stabilization and discharge; individuals with serious mental illness may have difficulty focusing on lifestyle behavioral change while transitioning to independent living following an acute exacerbation of mental illness.
Statistics of real-world illumination

While computer vision systems often assume simple illumination models, real-world illumination is highly complex, consisting of reflected light from every direction as well as distributed and localized primary light sources. One can capture the illumination incident at a point in the real world from every direction photographically using a spherical illumination map. This paper illustrates, through analysis of photographically-acquired, high dynamic range illumination maps, that real-world illumination shares many of the statistical properties of natural images. In particular, the marginal and joint wavelet coefficient distributions, directional derivative distributions, and harmonic spectra of illumination maps resemble those documented in the natural image statistics literature. However, illumination maps differ from standard photographs in that illumination maps are statistically non-stationary and may contain localized light sources that dominate their power spectra. Our work provides a foundation for statistical models of real-world illumination that may facilitate robust estimation of shape, reflectance, and illumination from images.
Knowledge-based hierarchical region-of-interest detection

Detecting regions of interest (ROIs) in a complex image is a critical step in many image processing applications. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that addresses several challenges in ROI detection. The novelty of our algorithm includes: (i) every ROI contains one and only one object; (ii) the detected ROIs can have irregular shapes as opposed to the rectangular shapes that are typical of other algorithms; (iii) the algorithm is applicable to images that contain connected objects, or when the objects are broken into pieces; (iv) the algorithm is not sensitive to contrast levels in the image, and is robust to noise. These characteristics make the proposed algorithm applicable to low-resolution, real-world imagery without costly post-processing. The proposed algorithm is shown to provide outstanding performance with low-quality imagery, and is shown to be fast and robust.
Theology and the Lure of the Practical: An Overview

Current trends in practical theology are found both within and outside of the typical divisions of theological education into the four fields of biblical studies, church history, systematic theology/ethics, and the so-called ‘practical fields’. Although this fourth area was initially confined to ministerial/clerical practices, attention to the full complexities of lived faith have compelled developments that transcend that limiting definition, even if the constraints of that structure have not entirely disappeared. Movement from pastoral care as psychological treatment of individuals to its wider framing through contextual-political understandings illustrates the impact of critical social theory and liberation theologies. Interest in philosophical accounts of phronesis and bodily habitus that overcome the split between belief and practice shape and expand what counts as work in systematic theology. Continuing debates include the degree to which dynamics of power through political and global forces must be factored into lived faith and the desire to protect Christian identity versus appropriating knowledges from other ‘sciences’ of the human. Developments in religious studies on lived religion expand the complexity of the category practice and challenge traditional categories in theological education.
Spiritual Touchstones: Childhood Spiritual Experience in the Development of Influential Historic and Contemporary Figures

A surprising number of influential historic as well as contemporary figures describe spiritual experiences and capacities in childhood that profoundly shaped their development. This article describes five general types of these experiences through the autobiographical accounts of significant figures. Understanding these phenomena may help us recognize heretofore largely unacknowledged influences on development.
The Concepts and Ontology of SiSL: A Situation-Centric Specification Language

The concept of situation proposed in Situ, a context aware service-centric model, is the instant status of a software system environment, including context values and user's actions, as well as the predicated user's desires, which are critical for service evolution because they usually reflect user's requirements on the system. For better applying the situation theory in practice, it is essential to provide formal specification and explicit description for situations. In this paper, we present a situation-centric specification language -- SiSL, which formalizes the situation-theoretic approach to humanintention-driven service evolution proposed in Situ using second order logic. SiSL classifies the entities and their relations that are used to reason about user's behaviors in the software system domains, and it supports formal description of situations and intentions. SiSL provides a set of axioms which establish a theoretical framework for inferring pre-defined use's desires and detecting new desires based on observations of user's actions and context values. A case study of paper submission and review system - PaperSR - is used to explain the concepts and ontology of SiSL.
Circuit failure prediction for robust system design in scaled CMOS

Circuit failure prediction predicts the occurrence of a circuit failure "before" errors actually appear in system data and states. This is in contrast to classical error detection where a failure is detected after errors appear in system data and states. Circuit failure prediction is performed concurrently during system operation or during periodic on-line self-test by analyzing the data collected by special circuits called "sensors" inserted at strategic locations inside a chip. This talk demonstrated the concept of circuit failure prediction, practical implementation of the concept, and its effectiveness in overcoming major scaled-CMOS reliability challenges such as early-life failures (also called infant mortality) and aging. The concept of circuit failure prediction also provides insignts into early-life failure behaviors that may be used in developing new techniques for screening early-life failure candidates during production test.
The Pricing and Performance of New Corporate Bonds: Sorting Out Underpricing and Liquidity Effects

Recent developments in the U.S. corporate bond market, as well as recent evidence on the pricing of illiquidity in this market, prompt us to reexamine the pricing of new bonds. The pricing of new investment-grade bonds appears to reflect both initial underpricing and higher liquidity: New bonds generally have lower yields than seasoned benchmarks, and average benchmark-adjusted returns form a humped pattern by horizon. We then test whether liquidity effects in bonds are linked to issuers’ equity liquidity. Generally, we find that equity and bond illiquidity are linked at the firm level, and that equity illiquidity is priced in bonds. For new bonds, equity liquidity is generally higher for new-bond issuers than for firms with benchmark seasoned bonds, and equity liquidity explains liquidity effects in both the pricing and performance of new bonds.
Premeltons in DNA

Premeltons are examples of emergent-structures (i.e., structural-solitons) that arise spontaneously in DNA due to the presence of nonlinear-excitations in its structure. They are of two kinds: B–B (or A–A) premeltons form at specific DNA-regions to nucleate site-specific DNA melting. These are stationary and, being globally-nontopological, undergo breather-motions that allow drugs and dyes to intercalate into DNA. B–A (or A–B) premeltons, on the other hand, are mobile, and being globally-topological, act as phase-boundaries transforming B- into A-DNA during the structural phase-transition. They are not expected to undergo breather motions. A key feature of both types of premeltons is the presence of an intermediate structural-form in their central regions (proposed as being a transition-state intermediate in DNA-melting and in the B- to A-transition), which differs from either A- or B-DNA. Called beta-DNA, this is both metastable and hyperflexible—and contains an alternating sugar-puckering pattern along the polymer backbone combined with the partial unstacking (in its lower energy-forms) of every-other base-pair. Beta-DNA is connected to either B- or to A-DNA on either side by boundaries possessing a gradation of nonlinear structural-change, these being called the kink and the antikink regions. The presence of premeltons in DNA leads to a unifying theory to understand much of DNA physical chemistry and molecular biology. In particular, premeltons are predicted to define the 5′ and 3′ ends of genes in naked-DNA and DNA in active-chromatin, this having important implications for understanding physical aspects of the initiation, elongation and termination of RNA-synthesis during transcription. For these and other reasons, the model will be of broader interest to the general-audience working in these areas. The model explains a wide variety of data, and carries with it a number of experimental predictions—all readily testable—as will be described in this review.
Early medical and surgical intervention for tetralogy of Fallot with absence of pulmonic valve.

Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve is a rare but life-threatening syndrome. Children with this complex may have aneurysmally dilated pulmonary arteries which compress the tracheobronchial tree and cause airway compromise and death. This paper reviews the course of 10 children with this syndrome who were seen at our institution from 1962 until the present. Two infants with respiratory distress secondary to tetralogy plus absent pulmonary valve were treated with early aggressive medical intervention followed by operation. After closure of the ventricular septal defect and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, the pulmonary artery aneurysms were resected. Both children are growing and are well more than I year after the operations. Our experience with these two patients suggests that such infants may benefit from this form of therapy.
Colorectal cancer. Clinical and pathologic features

Despite an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and the technical ability to alter its natural history in a large proportion of average and high-risk patients, this cancer remains deadly. There has been no significant change in incidence or survival rates over the past 40 years. This indicates a continued need for earlier detection of polyps and cancers, aggressive surgery for the primary tumor, and improved multimodality treatment for metastatic disease.
Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B story.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the REL/NF-κB/IKB story. NF-κB is a transcription factor first identified as a lymphoid-specific protein that binds to a decameric oligonucleotide (GGGACTTTCC) present in the κ-light chain gene intronic enhancer. The activity of NF-κB is regulated by its subcellular localization. NF-κB is present as a dormant complex with an inhibitor IκB in the cytoplasm. Molecular cloning of the genes encoding NF-κB and IκB reveals the families of related genes from fly to man. In flies, NF-κB-like factors regulate embryonic development and adult immunity. The chapter attempts to summarize the current understanding of the regulation of the NF-κB family of proteins and IκB proteins. The chapter also discusses κB-binding factors and their regulation in both the vertebrate systems and Drosophila. IκB was originally identified as a labile factor that inhibited the activity of NF-κB by a direct protein–protein interaction. There are two types of REL/NF-κB activities: inducible and constitutive. The activity of inducible REL/NF-κB complexes is regulated at multiple levels. There are numerous genes that contain κB site(s) in their regulatory elements. The majority of the target genes are involved in immune responses, acute response, or viral replication. Transcription of these genes is regulated by transcription factors including REL/NF-κB complexes. The targets of the NF-κB system extend to general functions in cell-cycle control and specific functions such as the immune response, differentiation, or development. Identification of target genes involved in cell cycle or differentiation may provide a new way to understand how deregulation of the system can lead to lymphoid and nonlymphoid cancers.
Embryonic and Fetal Red Blood Cell Development

All vertebrate organisms from embryonic development to death require red blood cells. These cells develop from progenitor cells that arise from multiple embryonic/extraembryonic sites at multiple development ages. A subset of these progenitor cells ultimately colonize the bone marrow and generate all blood cells. The multiple waves of erythroid development are tightly regulated and well conserved among different mammalian species from mice to men. Details of erythroid development and the mechanisms that regulate this process are becoming clearer because of numerous experimental studies using animal models, in vitro culture of isolated erythroid progenitors including from human embryo/fetus, and identification of naturally occurring mutations that disrupt this process. This article will focus on the origins of erythrocytes and the process of globin switching in which erythrocytes switch from expressing fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin during fetal development.
Age-Related Personality Differences in Inpatients with Personality Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study

There are few empirical studies of age-associated differences in personality characteristics of individuals diagnosed with Personality Disorder (PD), and none that comparatively examine multiple personality characteristics, with a variety of psychological measures, across a wide age range in adults diagnosed with PD and coexisting substance abuse. Personality test data of 392 psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with PD were analyzed by age group. Patients were assessed with the California Psychological Inventory, Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-1, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-1. There were no age differences in the number of patients diagnosed with PD, but older adults were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with more than one PD. Older patients with PD were significantly less impulsive, paranoid, high-energy, antisocial, and irresponsible than younger patients with PD. It appears that, with aging, there is a general mellowing of personality for those diagnosed with PD, which may be related to the proposed geriatric variants of PD.