cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulations of three-dimensional drop collisions

Three-dimensional simulations of the off-axis collisions of two drops are presented. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a front-tracking finite difference method that allows a fully deformable fluid interface and the inclusion of surface tension. Depending on whether the interface between the drops is ruptured or not, the drops either bounce or coalesce. For drops that coalesce, the impact parameter, which measures how far the drops are off the symmetry line, determines the eventual outcome of the collision. For small impact parameters the drops coalesce permanently, but for larger impact parameters a grazing collision, where the drops coalesce and then stretch apart again, is observed. The numerically found boundary between coalescing and grazing collisions is compared with experimental observations.
Defect center in diamond thin films observed by micro-Raman and photoluminescence studies.

Another defect center has been observed in micro-Raman and photoluminescence (PL) studies of diamond films deposited on silicon substrates by microwave plasma and hot filament chemical-vapor deposition (HFCVD). The strong, to our knowledge, previously unreported PL emission at 775 nm (1.60 eV) is observed from the HFCVD film only. This impurity/defect center is shown to be distinct from the well-known Si-related defect at 735 nm (1.69 eV) which was observed in both films. The possibility of an interfacial SiC layer being the source of the PL emission is also investigated. Possible impurity/defect complexes responsible for this optical defect center are discussed.
IR spectra of photopolymerized C60 films. Experimental and density functional theory study.

IR spectra of photopolymerized fullerene films obtained by simultaneous deposition and UV irradiation were measured in the range of 1500−450 cm-1. The degree of the polymerization of the C60 films was estimated to be about 95%. To assist the assignment of the experimental IR spectra of the films, quantum chemical calculations of the equilibrium structures of the C60 dimers and trimers were performed at the DFT(B3LYP)/3-21G level of theory. Next, IR frequencies and intensities for those structures were calculated. For the five-trimer structures found in the calculations, the relative stabilities were determined at the B3LYP/4-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels and used to select the lowest-energy trimers, which are Trimer A (angle between monomer centers is 90°) and Trimer B (angle between monomer centers is 120°). Next, the IR spectra of the polymerized fullerene films were compared with the calculated frequencies of the lowest-energy dimer and the two lowest-energy trimers. On the basis of this analysis and on...
Hashimoto's thyroiditis: fine-needle aspirations of 50 asymptomatic cases.

The cytologic findings from 50 cases of asymptomatic Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration are reviewed. All patients were referred for fine-needle aspiration by the same physician: 48 because of thyroid enlargement and the clinical suspicion of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, two because of a small thyroid nodule. Positive antimicrosomal (antithyroid peroxidase) and/or antithyroglobulin antibody titers (performed by the same laboratory using the same technique) were present in only 25 of 48 patients evaluated. Cytologic findings included a predominantly lymphocytic process in 92% of the cases and a predominantly oxyphilic (Askanazy/Hurthle) cell process in 8% of the cases. It is likely that all patients were in an early stage of the autoimmune process. Our data indicate that the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is considerably higher than when recognized only by serologic tests for antibodies.
Stem Cell Therapies Could Change Medicine… If They Get the Chance

Stem cell therapies have the potential to revolutionize the way we practice medicine. However, in the current climate several barriers and false assumptions stand in the way of achieving that goal.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for oligometastases

The standard treatment for metastatic cancer is systemic therapy. However, in a subset of patients with limited extracranial metastases or oligometastases, local ablative therapy in combination with systemic therapy may improve treatment outcomes. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as a novel approach for local ablation of extracranial oligometastases. There is a good body of experience in the use of SBRT for the treatment of oligometastases in various sites including the lung, the liver and the spine with promising results. This article provides an overview of the use of SBRT in the management of extracranial oligometastases.
Cooperative Relay in Cognitive Radio Networks: Decode-and-Forward or Amplify-and-Forward?

Cognitive radios (CR) and cooperative communications represent new paradigms that both can effectively improve the spectrum efficiency of future wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate the problem of cooperative relay in CR networks for further improved network performance. The objective is to provide an analysis for the comparison of two representative cooperative relay strategies, decode and forward (DF) and amplify and forward (AF), in the context of CR networks. We consider optimal spectrum sensing and p-Persistent CSMA for spectrum access, and derive closed-form expressions for network-wide throughput achieved by DF and AF. Our analysis is validated by simulations. We find each of the strategies performs better in a certain parameter range; there is no case of dominance for the two strategies. The considerable gaps between the cooperative relay results and the direct link results exemplify the diversity gain achieved by cooperative relays in CR networks.
Proactive fault-tolerant model predictive control: Concept and application

Fault-tolerant control methods have been extensively researched over the last ten years in the context of chemical process applications and provide a natural framework for integrating process monitoring and control aspects in a way that not only fault detection and isolation but also control system reconfiguration is achieved in the event of a process or actuator fault. But almost all the efforts are focused on the reactive fault tolerant control. As another way for fault tolerant control, proactive fault-tolerant control has been a popular topic in the communication systems and aerospace control systems communities for the last 10 years. At this point, no work has been done on proactive fault-tolerant control within the context of chemical process control. In this paper, we propose a proactive fault-tolerant Lyapunov-based model predictive controller (LMPC) that can effectively deal with an incipient control actuator fault. This approach to proactive fault-tolerant control combines the unique stability and robustness properties of LMPC as well as explicitly accounting for incipient control actuator faults in the formulation of the MPC. We apply our theoretical results to a chemical process example.
Extended Latent Partition Analysis

Utilizing an empirical data set, this article demonstrates and briefly discusses a multivariate technique that represents an extension of Wiley's latent partition analysis, extended latent partition analysis.
Effect of the Internal Tide on Acoustic Transmission Loss at Midfrequencies

Nonlinear internal waves are a common event on the continental shelf. The waves depress the high-gradient region of the thermocline and thicken the surface mixed layer with consequent effect on acoustic propagation. After the waves have passed, it may take several hours for the thermocline to rise to its prewave level. To examine the effect of the rising thermocline, oceanographic and acoustic data collected during the 2006 Shallow Water Experiment (SW06) are analyzed. Midfrequency acoustic data (1.5-10.5 kHz) taken for several hours at both fixed range (550 m) and along a tow track (0.1-8.1 km) are studied. At the fixed range, the rising thermocline is shown to increase acoustic intensity by approximately 5 dB . Along the tow track, the transmission loss changes 2 dB for a source-receiver pair that straddles the thermocline. Using oceanographic moorings up to 2.2 km away from the acoustic receiver, a model for the rising thermocline is developed. This ocean model is used as input to a broadband acoustic model. Results from the combined model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observation. The effects on acoustic signals are shown to be observable, significant, and predictable.
Oblivious routing for fat-tree based system area networks with uncertain traffic demands

Fat-tree based system area networks have been widely adopted in high performance computing clusters. In such systems, the routing is often deterministic and the traffic demand is usually uncertain and changing. In this paper, we study routing performance on fat-tree based system area networks with deterministic routing under the assumption that the traffic demand is uncertain. The performance of a routing algorithm under uncertain traffic demands is characterized by the oblivious performance ratio that bounds the relative performance of the routing algorithm and the optimal routing algorithm for any given traffic demand. We consider both single path routing where the traffic between each source-destination pair follows one path, and multi-path routing where multiple paths can be used for the traffic between a source-destination pair. We derive lower bounds of the oblivious performance ratio of any single path routing scheme for fat-tree topologies and develop single path oblivious routing schemes that achieve the optimal oblivious performance ratio for commonly used fat-tree topologies. These oblivious routing schemes provide the best performance guarantees among all single path routing algorithms under uncertain traffic demands. For multi-path routing, we show that it is possible to obtain a scheme that is optimal for any traffic demand (an oblivious performance ratio of 1) on the fat-tree topology. These results quantitatively demonstrate that single path routing cannot guarantee high routing performance while multi-path routing is very effective in balancing network loads on the fat-tree topology.
Formal Pasts and Formal Possibilities in Victorian Studies

This essay tells a story about the complex and sometimes fraught relationship between Victorian studies and literary formalism. After the New Critics had thrown Victorian literature into disrepute for its formalist failures, socio-political approaches to literature reclaimed the Victorians – but often by discarding form. This essay shows how recent criticism has begun to bring formalist approaches to historical and political concerns in exciting new ways, and it traces four dynamic trends in Victorian formalist criticism: form as ideology, form as a manifestation of socio-political relations, form as a self-conscious, deliberate mode of political engagement, and social institutions as forms.
Why People Believe They Were Exposed to Biological or Chemical Warfare: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans

The study sought to understand better how people come to believe they have been exposed to biological and chemical warfare. We conducted telephone interviews with 1,009 American veterans (65% response rate) deployed and not deployed to the Gulf War, a conflict during which there were credible threats that such warfare could be used. Only 6% of non-Gulf War veterans reported exposure to biological or chemical warfare, but most of Gulf War veterans reported exposure (64%). The majority of these were unsure whether the exposure was chemical or biological in nature. The most commonly reported exposure indicators were receiving an alert from the military and having physical symptoms. Veterans who were certain of the type of exposure (biological or chemical) were more likely to recall having been told by the military and to recall physical symptoms. Future communications with soldiers and the general public about biological and chemical warfare may need to emphasize the uncertain nature of such risk information. Evaluations of exposure diagnostic technologies should take into account the problem of people initially believing, but not later discounting, false positive results.
Axon Initial Segment Ca2+ Channels Influence Action Potential Generation and Timing

Although action potentials are typically generated in the axon initial segment (AIS), the timing and pattern of action potentials are thought to depend on inward current originating in somatodendritic compartments. Using two-photon imaging, we show that T- and R-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels are colocalized with Na(+) channels in the AIS of dorsal cochlear nucleus interneurons and that activation of these Ca(2+) channels is essential to the generation and timing of action potential bursts known as complex spikes. During complex spikes, where Na(+)-mediated spikelets fire atop slower depolarizing conductances, selective block of AIS Ca(2+) channels delays spike timing and raises spike threshold. Furthermore, AIS Ca(2+) channel block can decrease the number of spikelets within a complex spike and can even block single, simple spikes. Similar results were found in cortex and cerebellum. Thus, voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels at the site of spike initiation play a key role in generating and shaping spike bursts.
"Little Girls Unwilling to Do What's Best for Them": Resurrecting Patriarchy in an LGBT Christian Church

This paper examines how a group of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Christians resurrected patriarchal patterns of gender inequality in their local church. On the basis of more than 450 hours of fieldwork, we analyze how a group of lesbian and gay members collaborated with a new pastor to transform an egalitarian, inclusive, and democratic organization into one characterized by the elevation of men and the subordination of women via restricting leadership to men, instituting a gendered division of labor, and discrediting women dissidents. In so doing, the pastor and his supporters, regardless of their intentions, collaboratively reproduced patriarchal practices that facilitated the subordination of women. We conclude by suggesting that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between gains for LGBT organizations and gains for women, and we outline implications for understanding how retrenchment from egalitarian practice can undo gender-equality gains.
Science Signaling Podcast: 15 April 2014

This Podcast features an interview with Ann-Kathrin Eisfeld and Albert de la Chapelle, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 15 April 2014 issue of Science Signaling , about a microRNA (miR) that drives acute myeloid leukemia. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare form of cancer, but it is the most common form of leukemia that affects adults and has a high mortality rate. The gene encoding miR-3151 is nested within an intron of the BAALC gene. The BAALC/miR-3151 locus has been associated with poor prognosis in a subset of AML patients, but it has been unclear how each gene contributes to cancer. Eisfeld et al . determined that miR-3151 was the primary oncogenic driver at this locus and promoted oncogensis by repressing p53-mediated apoptosis.
Family planning programs: getting the most for the money.

At a time when funding for family planning programs is shrinking it is important for donors to know how to get the most change in contraceptive prevalence per dollar spent. By some estimates roughly half of family planning program funds net of labor costs and capital outlays are used to subsidize contraceptive prices. Price subsidies may serve as an important source of income support for families but it is not clear they have been cost-effective in increasing contraceptive use. Although researchers have studied the effect of contraceptive prices on contraceptive demand (commonly measured in terms of price elasticity) virtually none have compared the cost-effectiveness of contraceptive price subsidies to alternative expenditures on quality promotion or distribution. Lacking the data that such research could provide donors and managers have designed programs around the little information that is available. In this case it has often meant using estimates of price elasticity to argue for the subsidization of contraceptive supplies. Harvey for instance used the results of a regression of social marketing condom sales against social marketing condom prices to advance the commonly cited “1% rule” of contraceptive pricing—one couple-year of contraceptive protection should cost less than 1% of per capita income or gross national product. (excerpt)
Carrier Phase-Jitter Extraction Method for VSB and SSB Data Transmission Systems

Theoretical analysis of the phase-jitter problem for a vestigial sideband (VSB) or single sideband (SSB) high-speed data transmission system is discussed in detail in this paper. Particular attention is paid to the effect of the phase shift introduced to the phase-jitter sideband components by various circuits in the carrier recovery system. Based on this theoretical analysis, a practical carrier recovery system, which will extract the phase jitter with minimum phase shift introduced to the phase-jitter sideband components, is proposed so that the overall effect of the phase jitter on the demodulated signal will be minimized.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Technical Proposals and Marketing Effort in Military Electronics

A study was made of the bidding experience of Stromberg-Carlson in the military electronics field over the past six years. The methods of analysis and presentation are reviewed. A model of a military marketing organization is developed which can be used to measure the effectiveness of the various components of the marketing effort on a long-term basis.
Psychiatric Disorders Among American Indian vs. Other Patients With Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders

In this study 100 American Indian (AI)patients and200 non-AI patients with a psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) were studied with special reference to associated psychiatric disorders. Current Axis I diagnoses, previous psychiatric treatment, and family history of psychiatric disorder were compared among these two groups. AI patients from a university hospital clinical population had excess numbers of organic mental disorder (OMD), including both acute OMD (i.e., delirium tremens and alcoholic hallucinosis) and chronic OMD (i.e., alcohol amnestic disorder, alcohol dementia, and trauma-induced OMD). Overall, “dual diagnosis” was more frequent among the AI patients, due primarily to the excess incidence of OMD. The rate of other psychiatric diagnoses was comparable between the two groups. Within the non-OMDpsychiatric diagnoses, a few differences did occur. AI patients manifested increased anxiety disorders, whereas non-AI patients had increased eating disorders. Previous psychiatric treatment and f...
Neuro-optical microfluidic platform to study injury and regeneration of single axons

We describe a neuro-optical microfluidic platform for studying injury and subsequent regeneration of individual mammalian axons. This platform consists of three components integrated on an inverted microscope, which include a compartmentalized neuronal culture microfluidic device, a femtosecond laser to enable precise axotomy, and a custom built mini cell culture incubator for continuous long term observation of post injury events. We demonstrate the unique capabilities of the platform by injuring individual central and peripheral nervous system axons and monitoring the post injury sequence of events from initial degeneration to subsequent regeneration. This platform will enable study and understanding of neuronal response to injury that is currently not possible with conventional cell culture platform and tools.
Blowing It Up and Knocking It Down: The Local and Citywide Effects of Demolishing High-Concentration Public Housing on Crime

Despite popular accounts that link public housing demolitions to spatial redistribution of crime and possible increases in crime, little systematic research has analyzed the neighborhood or citywide impact of demolitions on crime. In Chicago, which has conducted the largest public housing demolition program in the United States, I find that public housing demolitions are associated with a 10 percent to 20 percent reduction in murder, assault, and robbery in neighborhoods where the demolitions occurred. Furthermore, violent crime rates fell by about the same amount in neighborhoods that received the most displaced public-housing households relative to neighborhoods that received fewer displaced public-housing households, during the period when these developments were being demolished. This suggests violent crime was not simply displaced from the neighborhoods where demolitions occurred to neighborhoods that received the former public-housing residents. However, it is impossible to know what would have happenedto violent crime in the receiving neighborhoods had the demolitions not occurred. Finally, using a panel of cities that demolished public housing, I find that the mean public-housing demolition is associated with a drop of about 3 percent in a city’s murder rate and about 2 percent in a city’s assault rate. I interpret these findings as evidence that while public-housing demolitions may push crime into other parts of a city, crime reductions in neighborhoods where public housing is demolished are larger than crime increases in other neighborhoods. A caveat is that while the citywide reduction in the assault rate appears to be permanent, the citywide reduction in the murder rate seems to last for only a few years.
The persuasive effects of delaying identification of high‐and low‐credibility communicators: A meta‐analytic review

A review of extant research evidence indicates that when source identification is delayed until after the message has been presented, the differential effectiveness of high‐ and low‐credibility communicators is reduced. In particular, those combinations of credibility level and advocated position that are ordinarily (i.e., with pre‐message identification) relatively advantageous (a low‐credibility source with a proattitudinal position, or a high‐credibility source with a non‐proattitudinal position) have persuasive effectiveness reduced by delayed identification, whereas those combinations that are ordinarily relatively disadvantageous (a high‐credibility source with a proattitudinal position, or a low‐credibility source with a non‐proattitudinal position) enjoy enhanced effectiveness with delayed identification. The magnitude of the effects associated with identification‐timing variations is quite large (mean absolute value of d = .753), at least by comparison to other factors for which quantitative esti...
Transarterial embolization of intractable nasal and oropharyngeal hemorrhage using liquid embolic agents

Introduction Intractable hemorrhage of the nasal or oropharyngeal cavities can be life threatening, and endovascular embolization is one of the few effective treatments for severe recurrent bleeds. Traditionally, embolic particles have been used for transarterial embolization. Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of a less commonly performed treatment—namely, feeding artery occlusion with liquid embolic agents. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our neurointerventional database for patients who had undergone transarterial embolization for intractable nasal and oropharyngeal hemorrhage with Onyx, N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) glue, or both, at our institution over a 5-year period from 2008 to 2013. Results Forty-six patients who underwent a total of 51 procedures met the inclusion criteria. Causes of hemorrhage included neoplasm n=35 (68.6%), trauma n=12 (23.5%), and idiopathic n=4 (7.9%). The bleeding was oropharyngeal in 66.7%, nasal in 29.4%, and 3.9% originated from both sites. Embolic agents used were n-BCA in 26 cases (51.0%), Onyx in 22 cases (43.1%), and both agents in three cases (5.9%). Mean total procedural time was 93.1 min (range 34–323 min), and mean fluoroscopy time was 39.1 min (10– 121 min). Mean follow-up time was 7.4 months (0.25–36 months). Five of the 46 patients (10.9%) required re-embolization and one (2.0%) rebled during the same hospital stay. One periprocedural cardiovascular adverse event occurred that was unrelated to the embolic agent used, but no other complications were seen. Conclusions Transarterial embolization with n-BCA or Onyx is a safe and effective treatment for patients with intractable nasal and oropharyngeal hemorrhage. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
The Dynamics of Prosocial Leadership: Power and Influence in Collective Action Groups

This paper bridges insights from theories of collective action, power, and influence to address the conditions under which group leaders solve collective action problems. We show how leaders’ behaviors impact the success of collective action groups as a whole via both power and influence processes. In a laboratory experiment, groups first completed a baseline measure of cooperation in a public good dilemma without punishment. In a second phase, the capacity to punish was introduced. One condition, the “peer-sanctioning condition,” was equivalent to the prevailing solution in the experimental literature on collective action, where the ability to punish others is distributed equally among all group members. In the other two conditions, only a single group “leader” could punish; we varied whether the person assigned to lead was other-regarding (prosocial) or self-regarding (proself). The results support our prediction that prosocial leaders increase their contributions to the group after ascending to leadership, while proself leaders reduce their contributions. Further, as expected, rank-and-file group members are influenced by leaders’ contribution behaviors; as a result, prosocial-led groups as a whole were substantially more productive than proself-led groups. Indeed, as predicted, prosocial leaders were even more effective in maintaining large group contributions than the standard peer-sanctioning system. These findings suggest that putting power and influence in the right hands solves collective action problems and promotes collective welfare.
Intergenerational relations: Grievances of the elderly in rural China.

In every society, there is potential for intergenerational conflicts in the family. Tensions, grievances, and disputes that occur between generations in the family are important areas of sociological study (Felstiner, William, and Sarat, 1980; Mancini and Blieszner, 1989). In a stable society, when tensions, grievances, and disputes occur between generations, tradition and history provide a blueprint for management and predictability. However social changes make the blueprint obsolete. New sources of conflicts, new conflict relationships and the absence of traditional social mechanisms to manage or resolve conflicts are common in many developing countries (Vlassoff and Vlassoff, 1980; Goldstein, Schuler, and Ross, 1983; Martin, 1985).
Photosensitizer-loaded gold nanorods for near infrared photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy

Despite the advancement of photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, the ability to form compact nanocomplex for combined photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy under a single near infrared irradiation remains limited. In this work, we prepared an integrated sub-100 nm nanosystem for simultaneous near infrared photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy. The nanosystem was formed by adsorption of silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine dihydroxide onto gold nanorod followed by covalent stabilization with alkylthiol linked polyethylene glycol. The effects of alkylthiol chain length on drug loading, release and cell killing efficacy were examined using 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid. We found that the loading efficiency of silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine dihydroxide increased and the release rate decreased with the increase of the alkylthiol chain length. We demonstrated that the combined near infrared photodynamic and photothermal therapy using the silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine dihydroxide-loaded gold nanorods exhibit superior efficacy in cancer cell destruction as compared to photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy alone. The nanocomplex stabilized with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid linked polyethylene glycol provided highest cell killing efficiency as compared to those stabilized with the other two stabilizers under low drug dose. This new nanosystem has potential to completely eradicate tumors via noninvasive phototherapy, preventing tumor reoccurrence and metastasis.
Exploiting the Complexity of Elastic Waves in the Earth

Wave propagation in the Earth often leads to complex waveforms that are highly repeatable. We present examples of coda wave interferometry; a technique to monitor changes in the Earth from changes in recorded waveforms.
Automatic large-volume object region segmentation in lidar point clouds

LiDAR is a remote sensing method which produces precise point clouds consisting of millions of geo-spatially located 3D data points. Because of the nature of LiDAR point clouds, it can often be difficult for analysts to accurately and efficiently recognize and categorize objects. The goal of this paper is automatic large-volume object region segmentation in LiDAR point clouds. This efficient segmentation technique is intended to be a pre- processing step for the eventual classification of objects within the point cloud. The data is initially segmented into local histogram bins. This local histogram bin representation allows for the efficient consolidation of the point cloud data into voxels without the loss of location information. Additionally, by binning the points, important feature information can be extracted, such as the distribution of points, the density of points and a local ground. From these local histograms, a 3D automatic seeded region growing technique is applied. This technique performs seed selection based on two criteria, similarity and Euclidean distance to nearest neighbors. The neighbors of selected seeds are then examined and assigned labels based on location and Euclidean distance to a region mean. After the initial segmentation step, region integration is performed to rejoin over-segmented regions. The large amount of points in LiDAR data can make other segmentation techniques extremely time consuming. In addition to producing accurate object segmentation results, the proposed local histogram binning process allows for efficient segmentation, covering a point cloud of over 9,000 points in 10 seconds.
Geomechanical analysis of fluid injection and seismic fault slip for the Mw4.8 Timpson, Texas, earthquake sequence

An earthquake sequence that culminated in a Mw4.8 strike-slip event near Timpson, east Texas, the largest reported earthquake to date in that region, had previously been attributed to wastewater injection starting 17 months before the onset of recorded seismic activity. To test if this earthquake sequence can be attributed to wastewater injection, we conducted coupled poroelastic finite element simulations to assess the spatial and temporal evolution of pore pressure and stress field in the vicinity of the injection wells and to calculate the Coulomb failure stress on the seismogenic fault as a function of the permeability of the injection layer, fault orientation, fault permeability, and orientation and magnitude of the in situ stress. We find that injection-induced fault slip is plausible within the range of selected model input parameters, with slip favored by low reservoir permeability, low fault permeability, and a favorable orientation of the fault relative to the in situ stress state. Other combinations of equally plausible input parameters predict no slip within 96 months of simulated injection. Under most favorable boundary conditions for fault slip, fault slip occurs 7 months after the start of injection. Our results highlight the importance of detailed geomechanical site characterization for robust fault stability assessment prior to wastewater injection.
Comparison between spatio-temporal random processes and application to climate model data

Comparing two spatio-temporal processes are often a desirable exercise. For example, assessments of the difference between various climate models may involve the comparisons of the synthetic climate random fields generated as simulations from each model. We develop rigorous methods to compare two spatio-temporal random processes both in terms of moments and in terms of temporal trend, using the functional data analysis approach. A highlight of our method is that we can compare the trend surfaces between two random processes, which are motivated by evaluating the skill of synthetic climate from climate models in terms of capturing the pronounced upward trend of real-observational data. We perform simulations to evaluate our methods and then apply the methods to compare different climate models as well as to evaluate the synthetic temperature fields from model simulations, with respect to observed temperature fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deeper Foundations of Infrastructure Development

Any developing country needs a great deal of investment in roads, ports, power generation, water supply and distribution. In addition, besides being developed, these needs must be properly maintained. Thus, the two groups have totally different orientations.
Domain Stability in Biomimetic Membranes Driven by Lipid Polyunsaturation

Biological membranes contain a broad variety of lipid species whose individual physicochemical properties and collective interactions ultimately determine membrane organization. A key aspect of the organization of cellular membranes is their lateral subdivision into domains of distinct structure and composition. The most widely studied membrane domains are lipid rafts, which are the biological manifestations of liquid-ordered phases that form in sterol-containing membranes. Detailed studies of biomimetic membrane mixtures have yielded wide-ranging insights into the physical principles behind lipid rafts; however, these simplified models do not fully capture the diversity and complexity of the mammalian lipidome, most notably in their exclusion of polyunsaturated lipids. Here, we assess the role of lipid acyl chain unsaturation as a driving force for phase separation using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations validated by model membrane experiments. The clear trends in our observations and ...
INDUSTRY AND PRACTICE: Teaching Design to Solve Business Problems

If database texts are so good, why do our graduates emerge so poorly prepared for positions in industry? Perhaps the texts are preparing our students to solve the wrong problems. But how could this be? It could happen for a variety of reasons. First, the database field has grown over the years rendering a one-course introduction rather cursory. Second, the technology has gotten increasingly easy to use, which means our students should be using it more. Third, many technologies that are fading in industry importance (such as hierarchical and network databases) are still covered for historical reasons. Fourth, design is often taught and tested as a series of rules and techniques (such as normalization and E-R diagrams) rather than as an art. Fifth, relatively little problem solving teamwork is typically assigned in the course. The solution is to revise the database course to teach design in order to solve business problems.
Real-time monitoring of long-term voltage stability via convolutional neural network

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most promising deep learning technique that has achieved great success in many areas. In this paper, we implement a CNN for real-time monitoring of long-term voltage stability margin (VSM). To clarify our motivations of introducing CNN in this problem, we first discuss the essence and the complicity of VSM prediction, and summarize the limitations of existing methods, then point out the input structure of CNN inherently contains the topology information of power network, thus could have great potential in solving the problem. An CNN architecture, together with an input encoding method that strengthens topology information, is proposed and tested on IEEE 30-bus system. Preliminary results show that it can achieve better prediction performance comparing to some existing methods, and can be successfully employed in online voltage stability monitoring.
Stochastic evolution equations with singular drift and gradient noise via curvature and commutation conditions

Abstract We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlinear stochastic evolution equation on the d -dimensional torus with singular p -Laplace-type or total variation flow-type drift with general sublinear doubling nonlinearities and Gaussian gradient Stratonovich noise with divergence-free coefficients. Assuming a weak defective commutator bound and a curvature-dimension condition, the well-posedness result is obtained in a stochastic variational inequality setup by using resolvent and Dirichlet form methods and an approximative Ito-formula.
Failure Analysis of the Through Silicon Via in Three-dimensional Integrated Circuit (3D-IC)

The through silicon via (TSV) is used for the vertical interconnection between multiple stacked layers of 3D-IC. It's an alternative to the wire bonding, which was used in planar 2D-IC. TSVs are fabricated through the Silicon substrate. TSV based 3D-IC is getting popular because of low power consumption, remapping and high density. All these benefits may be ruined because of TSV failure. In this paper, maximum possible TSV failure scenarios including (i) misalignment of TSV, Bump, Pad, (ii) fabrication defects, (iii) material impurities, (iv) short circuit path between TSV and the substrate have been illustrated, and analyzed by the delay variation. Cadence SPECTRE is used for the circuit simulation.
Diagnostic Testing of Introductory Geology Students

A diagnostic test for assessing the general and Earth science knowledge of entry-level college students was administered to 451 students in 2002 and 401 students in 2003 enrolled in an introductory geology course at Iowa State University. The study shows that male students, seniors, and science-technology-math majors score higher than female students, freshmen, and non-science-technology-math majors and that the differences are statistically significant. Also, students who scored higher on the diagnostic test were more likely to pass the course. The results support the feasibility of a standardized diagnostic test as a tool for geoscience instructors for curriculum planning, student advising, and curriculum assessment, similar to standardized diagnostic testing and pre-post testing used in chemistry and physics courses. Standardized national tests would enhance college geoscience education.
Two-Stage Deep Learning for Noisy-Reverberant Speech Enhancement

In real-world situations, speech reaching our ears is commonly corrupted by both room reverberation and background noise. These distortions are detrimental to speech intelligibility and quality, and also pose a serious problem to many speech-related applications, including automatic speech and speaker recognition. In order to deal with the combined effects of noise and reverberation, we propose a two-stage strategy to enhance corrupted speech, where denoising and dereverberation are conducted sequentially using deep neural networks. In addition, we design a new objective function that incorporates clean phase during model training to better estimate spectral magnitudes, which would in turn yield better phase estimates when combined with iterative phase reconstruction. The two-stage model is then jointly trained to optimize the proposed objective function. Systematic evaluations and comparisons show that the proposed algorithm improves objective metrics of speech intelligibility and quality substantially, and significantly outperforms previous one-stage enhancement systems.
Ten nanometre CMOS logic technology

Through some unconventional approaches to improving transistor density and performance, the latest logic technology from Intel delivers 100 million transistors per square millimetre — and in the process, reaffirms Moore’s law.
The benefit of cost-sharing subsidies in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after price surging of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

e18889Background: Prior studies have shown that subsidies for low-income patients (LIS pts) improve TKI initiation. Prices increased after 2010 when more TKIs for frontline treatment were approved....
Spatial coherence of ocean waves in multiline anchor systems for floating offshore wind turbines

Abstract A shared multiline anchor system may reduce material and installation costs for floating offshore wind farms, but the concept also expands the physical space over which the analysis of the system must be considered. The multiline anchor force is a combination of forces that originate from different floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) platforms, and this interconnectivity mandates investigation of spatial coherence of waves over the area of the connected turbines. The goal of this work is to determine if anchor force characteristics are sensitive to spatial coherence of the wave field, or if an assumption of independent wave fields at different FOWT locations provides sufficiently accurate anchor load characterizations. Spatially coherent irregular wave fields are generated and applied to FOWT systems in 3-line and 6-line anchor systems, revealing negligible sensitivity of multiline anchor force to wave spatial coherence. These results are continued with a parametric study showing how wave characteristics affect correlation lengths of spatially coherent waves. A review of installed offshore wind turbine spacings is presented as a context for these results. In each section, regular waves are first used to examine the dynamics in a simple context, then irregular waves are used to more realistically simulate ocean conditions.
Reply to 'In response to 'Coagulopathy and bleeding associated with salicylate toxicity" ".

Dear Editor,We appreciate the points raised [1] in reference to our manuscript [2] and appreciate the opportunity to respond.First, authors critique the use of International Normalized Ratio (INR) ...
Stopping caffeine in premature neonates: How long does it take for level of caffeine to fall below the therapeutic range?

Background: Caffeine is routinely used in preterm infants for apnea of prematurity. The use of caffeine in preterm infants also improves respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the past, the standard dosage of caffeine was 5mg/kg/day. More recently, a higher dose of caffeine is used in preterm infants as it has a wide therapeutic window. Because of the long half-life of caffeine, preterm infants are usually monitored for 5 days after discontinuation of caffeine to assess for possible recurrence of apnea. However, with the use of a higher …
Deletion of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Astrocytes during Demyelination Reduces Brain Inflammation and Promotes Myelin Regeneration in Mice.

To determine whether Cav1.2 voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contribute to astrocyte activation, we generated an inducible conditional knock-out mouse in which the Cav1.2 α subunit was deleted in GFAP-positive astrocytes. This astrocytic Cav1.2 knock-out mouse was tested in the cuprizone model of myelin injury and repair which causes astrocyte and microglia activation in the absence of a lymphocytic response. Deletion of Cav1.2 channels in GFAP-positive astrocytes during cuprizone-induced demyelination leads to a significant reduction in the degree of astrocyte and microglia activation and proliferation in mice of either sex. Concomitantly, the production of proinflammatory factors such as TNFα, IL1β and TGFβ1 was significantly decreased in the corpus callosum and cortex of Cav1.2 knock-out mice through demyelination. Furthermore, this mild inflammatory environment promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cells maturation and myelin regeneration across the remyelination phase of the cuprizone model. Similar results were found in animals treated with nimodipine, a Cav1.2 Ca2+ channel inhibitor with high affinity to the CNS. Mice of either sex injected with nimodipine during the demyelination stage of the cuprizone treatment displayed a reduced number of reactive astrocytes and showed a faster and more efficient brain remyelination. Together, these results indicate that Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels play a crucial role in the induction and proliferation of reactive astrocytes during demyelination; and that attenuation of astrocytic voltage-gated Ca2+ influx may be an effective therapy to reduce brain inflammation and promote myelin recovery in demyelinating diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reducing voltage-gated Ca2+ influx in astrocytes during brain demyelination significantly attenuates brain inflammation and astrocyte reactivity. Furthermore, these changes promote myelin restoration and oligodendrocyte maturation throughout remyelination.
Safety risk and international investment decisions

Abstract We identify and demonstrate the merit of a novel institutional factor, safety risk, which likely affects multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) international investment decisions. Safety risk refers to the extent to which security and physical well-being are endangered due to normalized aggression and criminality in society. Despite concerns from executives and policymakers, safety risk has attracted little research attention. We validate a safety risk measure and evaluate the construct’s effect on MNCs’ investments. The findings indicate that countries’ safety risk deters MNCs from investing. Further, in post hoc analyses, firms’ prior experiences with safety risk and countries’ private security investments moderated this relationship.
Model-based dual-energy tomographic image reconstruction of objects containing known metal components.

Dual-energy (DE) decomposition has been adopted in orthopedic imaging to measure bone composition and visualize intraarticular contrast enhancement. One of the potential applications involves monitoring of callus mineralization for longitudinal assessment of fracture healing. However, fracture repair usually involves internal fixation hardware that can generate significant artifacts in reconstructed images. To address this challenge, we develop a novel algorithm that combines simultaneous reconstruction-decomposition using a previously reported method for Model-Based Material Decomposition (MBMD) augmented by the Known-Component (KC) reconstruction framework to mitigate metal artifacts. We apply the proposed algorithm to simulated DE data representative of a dedicated extremity cone-beam CT (CBCT) employing an x-ray unit with three vertically arranged sources. The scanner generates DE data with non-coinciding high- and low-energy projection rays when the central source is operated at high tube potential and the peripheral sources at low potential. The proposed algorithm was validated using a digital extremity phantom containing varying concentrations of Ca-water mixtures and Ti implants. Decomposition accuracy was compared to MBMD without the KC model. The proposed method suppressed metal artifacts and yielded estimated Ca concentrations that approached the reconstructions of an implant-free phantom for most mixture regions. In the vicinity of simple components, the errors of Ca density estimates obtained by incorporating KC in MBMD were ~1.5 – 5x lower than the errors of conventional MBMD; for cases with complex implants, the errors were ~3 – 5x lower. In conclusion, the proposed method can achieve accurate bone mineral density measurements in the presence of metal implants using non-coinciding DE projections acquired on a multisource CBCT system.