cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ultraviolet spectrum of an aurora 530–1520 Å

Ultraviolet spectra between 530 and 1520 A of an active auroral arc were obtained at 6.5-A instrumental resolution. Several new emission features are identified, including several bands of the N2 Birge-Hopfield (1, v-double-prime) progression and numerous N I multiplets, the latter being preponderant at low altitudes. The improved instrumental resolution over previous experiments in the wavelength region below 1200 A allows for a partial resolution of the complex structure between 900 and 1100 A reported in earlier work. The ratio of O I 1356 to N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield is smaller than in the dayglow at a similar altitude, and this is interpreted as evidence for a depletion of atomic oxygen in the auroral ionosphere relative to mid-latitude composition.
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS : II. SPIROCHÆTICIDAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.

We believe that our experiments have shown that the serum of rabbits and sheep immunized with cultures of Treponema pallidum acquires spirochaeticidal properties for these culture spirochaetes. The normal serum of these animals also possesses spirochaeticidal action if used in sufficient quantities, and the action of the immune serum represents probably an increase of the antibodies normally present. Both normal and immune spirochaeticidal properties are destroyed by heating to 56 degrees C. The spirochaeticidal action of the immune serum can be reactivated by the addition of fresh normal serum of the same species, insufficient in amount to exert a spirochaeticidal effect by itself. The structure of these spirochaeticidal bodies, therefore, is entirely analogous to that of the well known bactericidal antibodies known to exist in antibacterial sera. We do not wish to have these results interpreted as applying to virulent spirochaetes as well as to culture spirochaetes. A subsequent publication will demonstrate why we specify this at present.
Extraocular photoreceptors can entrain the circadian rhythm in the abdominal ganglion ofAplysia

The circadian rhythm in the frequency of spikes recorded from neuron R15 in the isolated abdominal ganglion ofAplysia can be entrained by a lightcycle after the animal's eyes have been removed. Control experiments rule out the possibilities that eyeless entrainment could be due to non-photic time signals impinging on the intact animal or direct action of stimuli impinging on the isolated ganglion.
Single-Stage Short-Duration Tempering of Corn for Dry-Milling

ABSTRACT Pilot-scale dry-milling runs were conducted to study the feasibility of using a short-duration single-stage tempering procedure for the tempering-degerminating system, instead of the 17.8–21.5 hr of conventional three-stage tempering procedures reported in the scientific literature. Using a Beall degerminator No. 0, pilot-scale dry-milling experiments were conducted at 10 tempering levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. Variation in moisture content of through- and tail-stock fractions, degerminator throughput, ratio of tail- to through-stock, yields of different sized grits from tail- and through-stock fractions, and the recovery of germ and pericarp were used to compare tempering periods. A decrease in the milling action was observed for tempering durations >30 min. A tempering period of 15 min gave the highest grit recovery and a 30-min tempering period resulted in the highest germ and pericarp recovery. Based on these results, it was concluded that short tempering periods of...
SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE USE OF FINANCIAL LEASES

In this paper, the impact of certain firm-specific factors on the level of financial leases used by corporations is examined. An industry analysis indicates that firms in certain industries tend to lease more than other firms. A Tobit analysis of the degree to which approximately 600 firms lease assets indicates that certain factors—including the debt ratio, presence of mortgage debt, level of subordinated debt, presence of restrictions on leasing, number of bonds in a firm's capital structure, and the firm's debt rating—are significantly related to the degree of leasing. Other factors, including the firm's tax rate, were not found to be significant, contrary to popular expectations.
Nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts in adolescents

To determine the frequency and correlates of nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts in 12–14 year olds, a two stage epidemiologic survey with a self-administered questionnaire (N=3283) followed by a psychiatric interview of a subsample of the adolescents and their parents (N=444) was used. Prevalence estimates of interview validated nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts were 2.46% in males and 2.79% in females. Significant relationships were found between nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts and suicidal ideation, major depression and undesirable life events. Data suggest that physically self-damaging acts occur at substantial rates during early adolescence. The strong correlation between nonsuicidal self-destructive acts and both suicidal ideation and major depression clarifies prior conflicting reports in the literature and suggests that a history of self-damaging acts should be taken into consideration when evaluating for possible depression and suicide risk.
Empty Site Forms of the SRP54 and SRα GTPases Mediate Targeting of Ribosome–Nascent Chain Complexes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The SRP54 and SR alpha subunits of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor (SR) undergo a tightly coupled GTPase cycle that mediates the signal sequence-dependent attachment of ribosomes to the Sec61 complex. Here, we show that SRP54 and SR alpha are in the empty site conformation prior to contact between the SRP-ribosome complex and the membrane-bound SR. Cooperative binding of GTP to SRP54 and SR alpha stabilizes the SRP-SR complex and initiates signal sequence transfer from SRP54 to Sec61 alpha. The GTP-bound conformations of SR alpha and SRP54 perform distinct roles, with SR alpha performing a predominant role in complex stabilization. Hydrolysis by both SRP54 and SR alpha is a prerequisite for dissociation of the SRP-SR complex.
Planes: a data base question-answering system

A system called PLANES (for Programmed LANguage-Based Enquiry System) is under development at the University of Illinois Coordinated Science Laboratory [1,2]. The primary objective of PLANES is to allow a non-programmer to obtain information from a large data base with minimal prior training or experience. Such a system must understand a substantial degree of a user's natural language and guide and educate him to formulate requests in a form that the system can comprehend. The system must handle complex syntactic structures, abbreviations, pronoun reference and ellipsis. The system must also give back explicit answers and not just retrieve a file. Minor errors - such as spelling and grammatical errors - should be tolerated. The system should be interactive and on-line, provide clarifying dialogues, operate fairly rapidly, and should be relatively easy to extend.
Demand for E-books in an Academic Library

Rather than create a collection solely to support distance learners, libraries should consider the needs of all customers when developing a digital library. The acceptance of digital libraries is dependant upon the conversion of resources to an electronic format that is easy to use and is fully searchable. While electronic journals are widely accepted by most academic library customers, the delivery of online books has had a very different acceptance rate. Rather than support the sequential reading of books, electronic books are commonly used to find information and can be particularly well-suited for reference purposes. This article will provide insight into the history of e-book models and evaluate the usage statistics of a large electronic book collection in an academic library.
Love, Forgiveness, and Trust: Critical Values of the Modern Leader

In a world that has become increasingly dependent upon employee ownership, commitment, and initiative, organizations need leaders who can inspire their␣employees and motivate them individually. Love, forgiveness, and trust are critical values of today’s organization leaders who are committed to maximizing value for organizations while helping organization members to become their best. We explain the importance of love, forgiveness, and trust in the modern organization and identify 10 commonalities of these virtues.
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CREAMING VARIABLES IMPACTING PROCESS CHEESE MELT QUALITY

Although many variables influence the melt quality of finished processed cheese, this investigation focused on mechanical and thermal energy transport involved during the creaming process. To simulate commercial processing, a pilot scale 10-gallon (0.04 m 3 ), dual ribbon blender was equipped with a thermal control system and a 0.75 hp (559.27 W) electrical motor. An experimental design consisted of three temperatures (75, 80, 85C), three mixing rates (50, 100, 150 RPM), and six durations (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35 min). Quantified process variables included: process strain and thermal history, and total, instantaneous, and change in mechanical energy. The Schreiber melt test was used to examine the relationship between the processing parameters and melt performance. A statistical analysis revealed significant parameter estimates (P < 0.0001) for each quantified variable in a general linear model. The process cheese industry will gain insight into controlled manufacturing conditions to deliver desired melt functionality.
Heat Flow Measurements on the Reykjanes Ridge

HEAT flow measurements were made during a crossing of the North Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Iceland on R/V Trident of the University of Rhode Island, Cruise 41, in August–September 1967. Ten heat flow values were obtained on the crest of the Reykjanes Ridge near 60° N and 30° W. Temperature gradients were measured using the Ewing type thermograd instrument1 modified at MIT by A. J. Erickson. The instrument consists of the temperature recorder and six thermistors: five of these are separated by 38 cm on the core barrel of a gravity corer. To measure the absolute water temperature, the sixth thermistor was mounted on the weight stand which remained above the water-sediment interface. The recorder was attached to the cable about 15 m above the weight stand. Three or four temperature probes, which penetrated 100–200 cm of the sediment, sufficed to determine the thermal gradient unambiguously (Fig. 1). The thermal conductivity of the sediments was measured by the needle probe method2 on the ship after the sediments had reached room temperature and within 2 days of recovering the core. Mean thermal conductivity, obtained by averaging reciprocally the thermal conductivities measured every 10 cm on the relevant portion of the core, was combined with the thermal gradient to give the heat flow. The heat flow values were not corrected for the possible effect of seawater temperature fluctuation which was shown to be influential on heat flow in the Denmark Strait north-west of Iceland3.
Internalization of the thin ideal among low-income ethnic minority adolescent girls.

Abstract Internalization of the thin ideal has been thought to occur disproportionately among Caucasian, upper-class girls and women. The current research challenges this view by assessing thin-ideal internalization among low-income ethnic minority girls (N = 48). This research identifies differences between low-income ethnic minority adolescent girls who highly internalize the thin ideal (HI) and those who have lower internalization of thinness (LI). Results indicate that HI and LI groups do not differ based on ethnicity or weight categorization. Body satisfaction, competence, and perceived sociocultural pressure were analyzed as individual differences between HI versus LI participants. Those in the LI group have higher athletic competence and body satisfaction ratings for weight compared to the HI group. By identifying differences in thin-ideal internalization in this understudied population, factors that may protect someone from endorsing the thin ideal may be discovered.
INSPIRED Broadening Participation in Computing: Most successful strategies and lessons learned

Lamar University's Increasing Student Participation in Research Development Program (‘INSPIRED’) is an NSF-sponsored Broadening Participation in Computing project that seeks to increase participation of females and underrepresented minorities in computing. This comprehensive multi-dimensional program includes a broad spectrum of supporting activities that are designed to attract, retain and transition students to the computing workforce. This paper briefly describes the motivation for the program, the research that underpins its strategies, and a comparison of the INSPIRED approach with other existing efforts. Well-developed approaches for assessing the impact of the strategies on student participants are also discussed. The paper focuses on practical methods for the implementation of the most effective program components and includes suggestions for those who would like to adopt them. Lessons learned from experience are used to address components receiving variable ratings or having the least positive impact.
Neuromorphic computing applications for network intrusion detection systems

What is presented here is a sequence of evolving concepts for network intrusion detection. These concepts start with neuromorphic structures for XOR-based signature matching and conclude with computationally based network intrusion detection system with an autonomous structuring algorithm. There is evidence that neuromorphic computation for network intrusion detection is fractal in nature under certain conditions. Specifically, the neural structure can take fractal form when simple neural structuring is autonomous. A neural structure is fractal by definition when its fractal dimension exceeds the synaptic matrix dimension. The authors introduce the use of fractal dimension of the neuromorphic structure as a factor in the autonomous restructuring feedback loop.
Temporal asymmetry in spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity.

Activity-dependent synaptic modification is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. Recent experimental discoveries suggest that both the extent and the direction of modification may depend on the precise timing of pre- and postsynaptic action potentials (spikes). This phenomenon, termed spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), provides a new, quantitative interpretation of Hebb’s rule and raises intriguing questions regarding the fundamental processes of cellular signaling. In this article, we summarize previous results obtained in a hippocampal culture system, where an asymmetric window of spike timing was found for paired pre- and postsynaptic spiking to induce STDP. We also discuss our recent studies using a ‘‘triplet-spiking’’ paradigm that reveals nonlinear, temporally asymmetric integration of STDP. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Concerns of Teachers About Educational Computing.

AbstractThe need to understand computer technology and its potential for changing the instructional process has led many teachers to seek inservice training in the area. However, inservice efforts are frequently not as effective as desired because of certain concerns participants bring to the experience. This study identifies and discusses the concerns a group of teachers had as they began a computer inservice activity. The Stages of Concern Questionnaire was used to assess the teacher's concerns.
Gallus GBrowse: a unified genomic database for the chicken

Gallus GBrowse (http://birdbase.net/cgi-bin/gbrowse/gallus/) provides online access to genomic and other information about the chicken, Gallus gallus. The information provided by this resource includes predicted genes and Gene Ontology (GO) terms, links to Gallus In Situ Hybridization Analysis (GEISHA), Unigene and Reactome, the genomic positions of chicken genetic markers, SNPs and microarray probes, and mappings from turkey, condor and zebra finch DNA and EST sequences to the chicken genome. We also provide a BLAT server (http://birdbase.net/cgi-bin/webBlat) for matching user-provided sequences to the chicken genome. These tools make the Gallus GBrowse server a valuable resource for researchers seeking genomic information regarding the chicken and other avian species.
The multimode resource constrained multiproject scheduling problem: Alternative formulations

Tactical management of development pipelines is concerned with the allocation of resources and scheduling of tasks. Though these decisions have to be made in the presence of uncertainty, to make the problem solvable it is customary to use deterministic MILP formulations of the multi-mode RCMPSP that are reevaluated after important uncertainties are realized. In spite of the major simplifications attained by down- playing the stochastic nature of the problem, the curse of dimensionality limits the exact solution of the formulations to very small systems. The curse is mainly caused by 3 factors: the indexing of the task execution modes the indexing of time periods, and the discrete character of the resources. Three models that attempt to overcome these limitations are proposed and compared. Results show that despite the theoretical advantages of the strategies used, the alternative formulations are limited to problems in the same range of applicability of the conventional multi-mode formulation. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
The Construction and Documentation of the Celescope Catalog

In this paper, I describe briefly the instrument and the reduction system we have used for obtaining ultraviolet magnitudes and present some information concerning the sky areas and types of stars we have observed. I shall also comment on our use of catalogs in machine-accessible form and make suggestions concerning the most useful identifications to be assigned to observed objects, particularly those in the southern hemisphere.
DIGITAL RECORDING AND ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC EXPERIMENTS

Abstract : A data collection system for the recording of autonomic nervous system variables was constructed in order to facilitate data reduction for a number of experiments in which autonomic nervous system reactions are of interest as the dependent variables. This system is employed in experiments on pain perception, feedback of emotional reactions, the subject's facilitation or inhibition of his autonomic reactions by self-initiated signals, and the conditioning of autonomic nervous system reactions to critical symbols and their generalization to related symbols. Continuous samplings of seven data channels are being recorded in sevenchannel IBM format on digital magnetic tape: (a) reaction time, (b) skin conductance, (c) heartrate, (d) digital blood flow, (e) respiration, (f) muscle action potential, and (g) body movement. (Author)
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast agents

Since its discovery nearly a decade ago, the cause of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, an acquired profibrotic disorder among patients with renal dysfunction, has remained elusive. While the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease have not been completely elucidated, a strong association with gadolinium-based contrast agents used in MRI has been demonstrated. This association has greatly impacted the fields of dermatology, nephrology and radiology, as patients with renal impairment often receive imaging studies for diagnosis or for planning of surgical intervention. The goal of this article is to review the history of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, the clinical and histopathological aspects of the disease, the suspected etiology and pathophysiology and the modalities used in diagnosis and treatment.
"Occupying" Genesis 1-3: Missionally Located Reflections on Biblical Values and Economic Justice

Chronic economic disparities are painfully evident throughout the world, and in this context challenging questions of missional hermeneutics, formation, and practice arise. This article seeks to tease out some noteworthy economic implications of Gen 1–3, implications that are both theologically and missionally evocative and often at odds with widespread anthropological assumptions, market-centric values, and conceptions of socio-economic justice. Drawing together insights from Gen 1–3, the Babylonian Enuma Elish Creation Myth, neoclassical and contemporary economic perspectives, and Catholic Social Teaching, the article highlights key anthropological and socio-economic values that can contribute to a biblically authentic missional hermeneutic.
RNAi and double-strand RNA.

The σ subunit of eubacterial RNA polymerase is required throughout initiation, but how it communicates with core polymerase (α2ββ′) is poorly understood. The present work addresses the location and function of the interface of σ with core. Our studies suggest that this interface is extensive as mutations in six conserved regions of σ70 hinder the ability of σ to bind core. Direct binding of one of these regions to core can be demonstrated using a peptide-based approach. The same regions, and even equivalent residues, in σ32 and σ70 alter core interaction, suggesting that σ70 family members use homologous residues, at least in part, to interact with core. Finally, the regions of σ that we identify perform specialized functions, suggesting that different portions of the interface perform discrete roles during transcription initiation.
Evaluation of chip passivation and coatings using special purpose assembly test chips and porous silicon moisture detectors

Two devices which can be used to evaluate the ability of chip passivation or postbond coatings to protect a Si device from moisture penetration and resultant Al corrosion are described. The first device is a test chip with a number of Al triple track and other corrosion measurement structures. The authors present HAST (highly accelerated stress test) data to illustrate the use of this chip in measuring failure rates and determining failure modes. The second device is a rugged, moisture-sensitive porous Si capacitor, which is compatible with high-temperature passivation and postbond IC processing. Data are presented showing the stability of the device relative to that of an anodized Al moisture sensor and showing the variation of capacitance with moisture level. Data are also presented showing that the capacitor can respond to a point source of water located over the porous region but remotely from the top electrode. >
Two-time-scale Wonham filters

This paper is concerned with a two-time-scale approximation of Wonham filters. A main feature is that the underlying hidden Markov chain has a large state space. To reduce computational complexity, we develop two-time-scale approach. Under time scale separation, we divide the state space of the Markov chain into a number of groups such that the chain jumps rapidly within each group and switches occasionally from one group to another. Such structure yields a limit Wonham filter preserving the main features of the filtering process, but has a much smaller dimension and therefore is easier to compute. Using the limit filter enables us to develop efficient approximations for the filters for hidden Markov chains. One of the main advantages of our approach is the substantial reduction of dimensionality.
Chemical ligation of folded recombinant proteins: Segmental isotopic labeling of domains for NMR studies

A convenient in vitro chemical ligation strategy has been developed that allows folded recombinant proteins to be joined together. This strategy permits segmental, selective isotopic labeling of the product. The src homology type 3 and 2 domains (SH3 and SH2) of Abelson protein tyrosine kinase, which constitute the regulatory apparatus of the protein, were individually prepared in reactive forms that can be ligated together under normal protein-folding conditions to form a normal peptide bond at the ligation junction. This strategy was used to prepare NMR sample quantities of the Abelson protein tyrosine kinase-SH(32) domain pair, in which only one of the domains was labeled with 15N. Mass spectrometry and NMR analyses were used to confirm the structure of the ligated protein, which was also shown to have appropriate ligand-binding properties. The ability to prepare recombinant proteins with selectively labeled segments having a single-site mutation, by using a combination of expression of fusion proteins and chemical ligation in vitro, will increase the size limits for protein structural determination in solution with NMR methods. In vitro chemical ligation of expressed protein domains will also provide a combinatorial approach to the synthesis of linked protein domains.
Are Test Accommodations for English Language Learners Fair

Test accommodations have been proposed to help overcome the unfair challenges faced by English Language Learners (ELLs) due to their relatively low English proficiency. A test accommodation is regarded as effective when it improves the test performance of ELLs. However, this improvement raises the question of whether such accommodations give ELLs an unfair advantage. One criterion used in determining a test accommodation's fairness is that it should only remove the disadvantage that ELLs face in regard to their low language proficiency, without giving ELLs any additional advantages. This criterion is met when the test accommodation does not improve the test performance of the non-ELLs when the same accommodation is applied to them. To determine the fairness and, thus, the validity of test accommodations for ELLs, a meta-analysis using hierarchical linear modeling was conducted to compare the effects of test accommodations on the test performance of ELLs and on that of non-ELLs. The results indicated that ...
A Potential Role for Alterations of Zinc and Zinc Transport Proteins in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease

Although multiple studies have suggested a role for alterations of zinc (Zn) and zinc transport (ZnT) proteins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the exact role of this essential trace element in the progression of AD remains unclear. The following review discusses the normal role of Zn and ZnT proteins in brain and the potential effects of their alteration in the pathogenesis of AD particularly in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta peptide generation and aggregation.
Ocean thermal feature recognition, discrimination, and tracking using infrared satellite imagery

A method for quantitatively measuring ocean surface movement, using sequential 10.8- mu m-band AVHRR images, is presented. An ordered statistical edge detection algorithm is used to select ocean thermal pattern features by detecting and mapping gradients and at the same time discriminating between the water surface, land, and clouds. Use of edge detection to select features in this manner reduces the need to perform preprocess screening and masking to remove clouds and land. A constrained correlation based feature recognition scheme is then used to find the best match to the pattern feature in a subsequent image. Surface displacement direction and distance are calculated for each selected point with average period velocity being computed based on elapsed time. >
An Attributional Investigation of Performance Outcomes for Learning-Disabled and Normal-Achieving Pupils

Learning-disabled (LD) and normal-achieving (NA) pupils' attributions, expectancies, affect, and persistence were assessed. Ability attributions for failure differed for LD and NA pupils. In addition, effort was judged as more important in determining success than failure for both LD and NA pupils. Furthermore, it was found that LD pupils were less persistent and were perceived by teachers to be more learned helpless than NA pupils. Findings are discussed in light of attributional and learned-helplessness literature.
Discriminators of Suicide Thoughts and Attempts among Homeless Veterans Who Abuse Substances

Six hundred homeless military veterans who abused substances were examined to determine what factors discriminate between nonsuicidal veterans, those who had suicidal thoughts, and persons who had attempted suicide. Several factors were considered based on attachment theory, including caregiver attachment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, resilience, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Suicide attempters were discriminated from others by psychiatric comorbidity, early abuse, severity of substance abuse, and longevity of drug use. In contrast, the discriminators between nonsuicidal homeless substance abusers and others were elements of attachment and commitments such as marriage, employment, and religiosity. Some implications of the findings for intervention are discussed.
Energy Transfer and the Role of Thallium Dimers in the Nal(Tl) Scintillation Process

The thallium dimer center, which is a pair of thallous ions occupying nearest neighbor cation sites in NaI, is found to have a decay time of less than 7 nanoseconds. Analysis of the emission spectrum of a typical NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal indicates that the dimer centers are responsible for approximately 25% of the scintillation light although only a small part of this is rapid. It is proposed that energy of excitation migrates among the monomers and between monomers and dimers as a result of thermal excitation.
Indomethacin and the response to bumetanide

Pretreatment of 8 normal subjects with 100 mg indomethacin decreased the response to bumetanide; cumulative 4-hr excretion of sodium due to 1.0 mg of bumetanide was reduced from 276 ± 22.9 to 202 ± 20.9 mEq (p < 0.003). Effects on volume and CI paralleled those on Na while K excretion was not affected. When response was analyzed as increment in fractional excretion over basal solute excretion determined from separate control studies, indomethacin decreased response, an effect differing from that of indomethacin on the response to furosemide. The importance and mechanism of the difference in the effect of indomethacin on bumetanide and furosemide is not known. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 421–425; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.56
Linear neural networks which minimize the output variance

The authors analyze constrained linear architectures which learn according to Hebb's rule to minimize the output energy. They study the conditions under which such networks act as decorrelating (square-root) filters. In particular, it is shown how constrained architectures can decorrelate efficiently by simply using Hebb's rule. The authors extend the analysis to networks with arbitrary interconnections. The purpose is the design of useful architectures and the understanding of the functionality of patterns of connectivity observed in biological systems. The authors deal only with linear neurons performing simple linear combinations. The authors restrict attention to decorrelating networks which do not use the output variance to compress the input space into a new space with a smaller number of dimensions. >
Genetically modified myths and realities

Myths abound when it comes to GE crops. At their worst, myths play an active role in discouraging the use of GE to solve problems that afflict humankind, such as malnutrition and birth defects. Of all the various myths, two have been particularly important in preventing the use of GE maize in its areas of origin. The first is that transgenic maize will contaminate and destroy land races, thus destroying biodiversity and its associated cultural traditions. This myth totally ignores the fact that the gene flow that has taken place between maize and its progenitor, between the land races, and between land races and modern hybrids, has not led to any dire consequences. The second myth is that crops are natural and have not been modified by humans, or if they have, that plant breeding does not alter DNA. This myth ignores the fact that for the most part, it is impossible to alter the appearance of crops without changing the DNA. In fact, DNA movement within the crop genome is normal and its movement leads to double-strand DNA repair, with results like those found around transgene insertion sites. In addition, plants have ways to create novel genes. These changes help plants adapt to evolution and to human selection. The net result is that changes similar to what happens during the production of engineered plants takes place anyway in plant genomes.
U-Pb geochronologic constraints on the Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the upper Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, Arizona

New field observations and U-Pb zircon and monazite ages are used to outline a geologic history of Paleoproterozoic rocks beneath the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon of northern Arizona. The Upper Granite Gorge of the Grand Canyon exposes three lithotectonic units, including supracrustal rocks, mafic to intermediate-composition plutons, and peraluminous granite dikes, that are variably deformed and metamorphosed. New U-Pb ages indicate that layered supracrustal rocks were deposited or erupted over at least 8 m.y., between 1750 ± 2 and 1741 ± 1 Ma. Mafic to intermediate-composition plutons intruded the supracrustal rocks at 1741 ± 1 Ma (Zoroaster granite), 1737 ± 1 Ma (Grapevine Camp granite), 1730 ± 3 Ma (Trinity granodiorite), 1717 ± 1 Ma (Ruby granodiorite), and 1713 ± 2 Ma (Horn diorite). Both supracrustal and plutonic rocks are intruded by 1698–1662 Ma peraluminous granite and pegmatite dikes that locally form 50% of the rock volume. U-Pb ages of foliated plutonic rocks and crosscutting granite dikes bracket the timing of fabric development for three groups of fabrics. Group 1 fabrics formed between 1730 ± 3 and 1698 ± 1 Ma. Group 2 fabrics formed between 1713 ± 2 and 1685 ± 1 Ma. The timing of group 3 fabric formation is poorly constrained, although the 1662 Ma Phantom pluton contains shear bands that offset pegmatitic dikes that crosscut the pluton. Metamorphic grade varies across the transect from lower amphibolite facies to lower granulite facies. We suggest that single-crystal U-Pb ages (1706–1697) of metamorphic monazite, from a 1741 Ma supracrustal rock, directly date the timing of lower granulite-facies metamorphism in the eastern Upper Gorge. U-Pb ages (1685–1680 Ma) of granite dikes that postdate the development of leucosomal pegmatite pods in migmatitic supracrustal rocks in the eastern Upper Gorge are consistent with this suggestion. The Paleoproterozoic geologic history of the Upper Granite Gorge is similar to that of the Yavapai province in central Arizona. However, unlike the juvenile crust that characterizes the Yavapai province, rocks in the western Upper Gorge preserve evidence for pre-1.8 Ga crust. First, the 1840 ± 1 Ma Elves Chasm pluton, the oldest known rock from the southwestern United States, has a Pb isotopic signature similar to that of rocks in the Mojave province. Second, the Tuna Creek granodiorite, a member of the 1710–1750 Ma arc-related plutonic suite, contains inherited zircons with minimum ages of 1998 and 2178 Ma and exhibits whole-rock Pb isotopic signatures similar to rocks of the Mojave province. These data indicate that pre-1.8 Ga crustal components participated, at least locally, in the development of the 1740–1710 Ma arc-related magmatic suite and suggest that a boundary between reworked crust and juvenile crust may be present in the western Upper Gorge.
1‐[1‐(trans‐4‐Iso­propyl­cyclo­hexyl)­piperidin‐4‐yl]­indolin‐2‐one, one of a novel series of nociceptin receptor ligands

The title compound, C22H32N2O, is a member of the family of nociceptin receptor ligands derived from N-(4-piperidinyl)-2-indolinones. Modifications of the piperidine N-substituent can produce both agonists and antagonists, with the title compound being a weak agonist. The mol­ecule lies on a crystallographic mirror plane.
Deglutitive Pharyngeal and UES Pressure Phenomena

Deglutitive pressure phenomena within the pharynx is generated by the contraction of pharyngeal constrictors, velum and posterior thrust of the tongue base. Due to axial as well as radial asymmetry, swallow induced pharyngeal pressure at any location varies depending on the radial directions and distance relative to the upper esophageal sphincter. With the recent availability of circumferential recording devices such those used in high resolution manometry, it is now possible to record average pressure at any location within the pharynx and overcome the radial asymmetry. The inherent shortening of the pharynx and the associated oral movement of the upper esophageal sphincter during swallowing poses a significant technical challenge in recognizing manometrically where the pharynx ends and where the UES begins. From a clinical perspective, however concurrent high resolution pharyngo-UES manometry can help ascertain pharyngeal peristalsis and its coordination with the UES relaxation, duration of UES relaxation and its coordination with pharyngeal peristalsis, hypo-pharyngeal intrabolus pressure.
A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF MALARIAL PARASITES RECOVERED FROM CYTOCHROME b GENE SEQUENCES

A phylogeny of haemosporidian parasites (phylum Apicomplexa, family Plasmodiidae) was recovered using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences from 52 species in 4 genera (Plasmodium, Hepatocystis, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon), including parasite species infecting mammals, birds, and reptiles from over a wide geographic range. Leucocytozoon species emerged as an appropriate out-group for the other malarial parasites. Both parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses produced similar phylogenetic trees. Life-history traits and parasite morphology, traditionally used as taxonomic characters, are largely phylogenetically uninformative. The Plasmodium and Hepatocystis species of mammalian hosts form 1 well-supported clade, and the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species of birds and lizards form a second. Within this second clade, the relationships between taxa are more complex. Although jackknife support is weak, the Plasmodium of birds may form 1 clade and the Haemoproteus of birds another clade, but the parasites of lizards fall into several clusters, suggesting a more ancient and complex evolutionary history. The parasites currently placed within the genus Haemoproteus may not be monophyletic. Plasmodium falciparum of humans was not derived from an avian malarial ancestor and, except for its close sister species, P. reichenowi, is only distantly related to haemospordian parasites of all other mammals. Plasmodium is paraphyletic with respect to 2 other genera of malarial parasites, Haemoproteus and Hepatocystis. Explicit hypothesis testing supported these conclusions.
Secondary Antibody Response Elicited in vitro with Chicken γ Globulin

The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of spleen cells from mice primed 30-90 days previously with chicken y globulin (CGG) plus adjuvant was studied after restimulation in vitro with 1 pg to 100 μg CGG per culture. The peak response (100 to 500 PFC per 106 cells), elicited with 0.1 μg CGG, was detected five days after restimulation. The 100 μg level of CGG suppressed the PFC response to CGG, but did not decrease the primary PFC response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) of other, control cultures. Plaques detected with CGG coupled immunologically to SRBC were clearer but not more numerous than those detected with CGG coupled chemically to SRBC. The system described permits the investigation of cellular mechanisms involved in the antibody response to a soluble protein antigen and is, therefore, ideally suited to elucidation of factors which enhance or suppress antibody biosynthesis and immunologic memory.
Epitaxial and non-epitaxial large area GaSb-based thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells

InGaAsSb and GaSb iliei mophotovoltaic cells were grown lattice-matched to GaSb substrates epitaxially by the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) method and fabricated nou-epitaxially using iou-implaniaiiou. TPV cells with 1 × 1 cm dimensions were fabricated. External quantum efficiencies and device characteristics including open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, ideality factor and reverse saturation current density of the TPYs were measured and compared. For the quaternary MBE-grown InGaAsSb, obtaining high Voc was challenging due to the low shunt resistance caused by growth defects in the relatively thick epitaxial design. However, this TPV demonstrated promising fundamental deuce parameters since the lowest ideality factor and reverse saturation current density were observed compared to the others. The MBE-grown GaSb TPV structures had an order of magnitude thinner epitaxy and improved shunt resistance. The implanted GaSb TPYs exhibited similar performance to the MBE TPYs indicating that implant-induced damage was not a limiting factor.
Thermotogaceae fam. nov.

Ther.mo.to.ga' ce.ae. M.L. fem. n. Thermotoga type genus of the family; −aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermotogaceae the family of Thermotoga. Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae Keywords: Thermotogaceae fam. nov.; Thermotoga; Thermotogae class. nov.; Thermotogales ord. nov
DENERVATION OF THE ANKLE JOINT

It is believed that effective denervation of the ankle joint can be accomplished by transection of the articular branches from the posterior tibial and deep peroneal nerves together with sectioning of the lateral terminal division of the deep peroneal nerve. The motor loss from such a procedure, involving only the extensor digitorum brevis, is negligible. From the evidence at hand it would seem that development of a neuropathic joint is theoretically impossible. In practice, this has been borne out in denervation operations on other joints, including neurectomies for the entire lower leg and foot, which incidentally would render the ankle joint anaesthetic. There have been no reports in the literature of development of neuropathic joints following such operations. The operation is not presented as a panacea. It will not replace arthrodesis as the method of treatment in the severe arthritides or in patients with instability of the ankle joint. The early success in the cases reported here is worthy of consideration. A relatively simple operation, effective in alleviating symptoms, may be substituted for fusion in selected cases. The value of the procedure can be determined only by a more extensive series, which will also develop criteria for its use.
Capitalizing on Solutions That Can Make Ecological and Economic Sense: The WilderHill Clean Energy Index (ECO)

Alternative energy solutions are coming to be regarded as genuine options. This article outlines an innovative “WilderHill Clean Energy Index” now available with the symbol ECO, describes its origins, and covers the thinking behind pollution prevention and the precautionary principle. It underscores a philosophy on equities that examines financially energy solutions that do no harm to the environment.
535 EXPLORING THE HEALTH BELIEFS OF INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO METHYLISOCYANATE DURING THE UNION CARBIDE DISASTER 20 YEARS AGO IN BHOPAL, INDIA.

Introduction On the night of December 2, 1984, a leak occurred at the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India, causing 40 tons of methylisocyanate (MIC) to be released into the atmosphere over a period of 2 hours. The gas spread over an area of 8 kilometers. According to the Indian government 3,150 people died within 3 days of the MIC exposure. Another 150,000 people suffered long-term health problems. Many nearby residents still suffer varying degrees of impairment, including respiratory, eye, immune system, and gynecological complications. Twenty years later, the Union Carbide disaster continues to affect the people of Bhopal as exposure to MIC through groundwater contamination remains a precarious public health problem. Methods During recent travels through India (by J.J. and J.S.), the two principal authors informally interviewed several physicians, ayurvedic medicine clinicians, clinic staff, and 20 patients from the Sambhavna Trust Medical Clinic in Bhopal. These interviews were conducted between July 12 and July 31, 2005. Detailed travel diaries were kept to provide additional insights on living conditions in Bhopal, patient perspectives regarding the Union Carbide incident, and patient beliefs about their care and the effects of MIC on their long-term health. Results Recorded information from the travels suggests that patients overwhelmingly attribute their illnesses, such as acute intestinal upset with diarrhea, to the MIC exposure. Observed practices of provider and clinic staff also suggest that many patient beliefs about MIC exposure and their health are often affirmed by health care providers during the physician-patient interaction. Yet the most common chronic illnesses observed during our team9s visit of the clinic facilities were diabetes, hypertension, and anemia—common health conditions seen in clinics of both modern and third world countries. Conclusion Patients may be more susceptible to illness due to suspected long-lasting consequences of the MIC exposure. However, it is unknown what percentage of this morbidity is attributable to the lack of public health infrastructure instead, including the absence of refrigeration and a workable sewage system. Lack of education about the causes of illness often leads to overuse of rivers for trash disposal and elimination of wastes, which further contribute to morbidity among the general population residing around or near the old Union Carbide plant.
Doctor Zay and Dr. Mitchell: Elizabeth Stuart Phelps’s Feminist Response to Mainstream Neurology

Made internationally famous by the publication of her post-Civil War spiritualist work, The Gates Ajar (1868)—a novel outsold in the nineteenth century only by Uncle Tom’s Cabin—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps became in the last decades of the century a leading figure in American literature.1 Phelps used her prominence to advocate for spiritual uplift and social change—especially “Heaven, homeopathy, and women’s rights.”2 As a self-described “professional invalid” who suffered from a chronic “nervous disease,”3 Phelps interested herself in the medical education and practice of women, befriending and consulting several women physicians, and in her writing “advanced compelling critiques of the medical profession and its treatment of women.”4 In, for instance, two pieces written in 1874, Phelps disputes the claims of Harvard Medical School Professor E.H. Clarke that higher education causes physiological harm to women.5 A decade later, Phelps initiated a correspondence with the eminent neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell in which they discussed their mutual interest in medical fiction, and Phelps challenged Mitchell by advocating for women physicians and a homeopathic treatment of neurological illnesses. Phelps’s feminist and homeopathic response to Mitchell and mainstream neurology is the subject of her 1882 novel, Doctor Zay, in which a female homeopath cures and simultaneously reforms a male neurasthenic.
Establishing a DNA Sequence Database for the Marine Fish Fauna of California

The overall goal of this project was to develop the necessary infrastructure to permit species identification of California marine fishes using molecular sequence data. This involved the following efforts. 1) Compilation of an up-to- date list of marine fish species occurring in and around California. 2) Collecting and archiving in the Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, tissues and voucher specimens of California marine fish species. 3) Development of a standardized protocol for molecular identification of fishes, including sample preparation/DNA extraction, DNA amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, using three mitochondrial gene sequences (cytochrome b, 16S ribosomal DNA, cytochrome oxidase 1). 4) Making sequence data available on-line permitting remote comparison of sequence data with reference sequences from known species.