cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Sternglass theory for the emission of secondary electrons by fast-electron impact

The Sternglass theory [Sternglass, Phys. Rev. 108, 1 (1957)] for fast-ion-induced secondary-electron emission from metals has been modified to predict the secondary-electron yield from metals impacted by energetic (several keV to about 200 keV) electrons. The primary modification of the theory accounts for the contribution of the backscattered electrons to the production of secondary electrons based on a knowledge of the backscattered-electron energy distribution. The modified theory is in reasonable agreement with recent experimental data from gold targets in the 6--30-keV electron energy range.
Finding point correspondences and determining motion of rigid object from two weak perspective views

Given two images of an n-point configuration which undergoes 3D rotation, translation, and scaling, our problems are (i) How can we match the corresponding points in the two images? Can all the possible mapping be found? (ii) What underlying motions and associated depth components of these points could account for the two images? (iii) Can the object be recovered uniquely? This formulation of the n-point problem is in the most general setting and does not assume attributes or features. A natural question to ask is whether an n-point problem is equivalent to a set of fewer-point problems. This paper presents a method which reduces an n-point problem to a set of 4-point problems. The effort of reduction takes O(n) steps and it also takes O(n) steps to construct all possible mappings of an n-point set from the solution to a 4-point problem. Other results include (1) coplanarity condition of four points in two views, (2) recovering the tilt direction of the rotational axis using four points in two views, (3) recovering the scaling factor.
Testing weak neutral currents in longitudinally polarized colliding beams

Abstract We study the effects of a weak neutral current as they show up in longitudinally polarized colliding beams. The reactions considered here are e+e−→μ+μ− and e+e−→π+π−. The electromagnetic background and means to suppress this are also discussed.
A vector partial differential equation model for air pollution

Abstract A general system of non-linear partial differential equations for the concentrations of all the components of polluted air is given and rewritten in vector matrix form thus establishing a general mathematical model for air pollution.
Mechanism of differentiation of human erythroleukaemic cell line K562 by hemin

The human erythroleukaemic cell line K562, in response to various chemical agents, undergoes differentiation and exhibits exclusive production of fetal and embryonic haemoglobins. In this study we have compared the efficiency of natural growth factors interleukin-3 and erythropoietin and three chemical inducers such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 1.9%), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 50 ng/ml) and hemin (25 microM) on growth and differentiation of these cells. Erythropoietin significantly stimulated the growth of K562 cells (P<0.0001), while interleukin-3 did not (P = 0.2783). However, neither of these growth factors individually or together induced differentiation of K562 cells. Hemin appears to be more efficient than DMSO or PMA in differentiation of K562 cells as measured by benzidine positive cells (70% or more). The differentiation of K562 cells by hemin occurs independently of protein kinase-C activation and the arrest of DNA synthesis. In contrast, hemin significantly stimulated RNA and protein synthesis (P<0.0001) as measured by [3H]-uridine and [3H]-leucine incorporation respectively. Analysis of hemin-treated K562 nuclear extract on sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis showed that one protein band of molecular weight 70 kDa decreased after 48 h of incubation in the presence of 25 microM hemin. The disappearance of this protein can be prevented by cycloheximide (100 microg/ml) and actinomycin D (0.1 microg/ml) and thus indicating that the removal of 70 kDa protein seems to be dependent on RNA and protein synthesis. The regulatory role of 70 kDa protein in hemin-induced differentiation of K562 cells is discussed.
CD3|[epsiv]|: PeRuSing for positive selection

How engagement of surface T cell antigen receptors 'translates' into intracellular signal cascades remains vague. Genetic and biochemical experiments now allow modification of a model linking ligation of these receptors with CD3ɛ and other cytoplasmic signal-transduction 'machinery'.
K2 factors of Koszul algebras and applications to face rings

Generalizing the notion of a Koszul algebra, a graded k-algebra A is K2 if its Yoneda algebra ExtA(k,k) is generated as an algebra in cohomology degrees 1 and 2. We prove a strong theorem about K2 factor algebras of Koszul algebras and use that theorem to show the Stanley–Reisner face ring of a simplicial complex Δ is K2 whenever the Alexander dual simplicial complex Δ⁎ is (sequentially) Cohen–Macaulay.
Mapping the Genetic Determinants of Hypertension, Metabolic Diseases, and Related Phenotypes in the Lyon Hypertensive Rat

The complex nature of hypertension makes identifying the pathophysiology and its genetic contributions a challenging task. One powerful approach for the genetic dissection of blood pressure regulation is studying inbred rat models of hypertension, as they provide natural allele variants but reduced heterogeneity (both genetic and etiologic). Furthermore, the detailed physiologic studies to which the rat is amenable allow for the determination of intermediate phenotypes. We have performed a total genome scan in offspring of an F2 intercross between the Lyon hypertensive (LH) and Lyon normotensive rat strains to identify linkage of anthropometric, blood pressure, renal, metabolic, and endocrine phenotypes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions involved in blood pressure regulation, end-stage organ damage, body and organ weight, and lipid metabolism in the LH rat were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and 17, with 2 phenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome identified on chromosomes 1 and 17. Regions on chromosomes 2, 13, and 17 were revealed to be important for blood pressure regulation. Regions on chromosome 17 were found to significantly contribute to both metabolic homeostasis and blood pressure regulation; 2 aggregates of a total of 23 QTLs were identified, including several "intermediate phenotypes." These intermediate phenotypes may be used as closer surrogates to the mechanisms leading to hypertension and metabolic dysfunction in the LH rat.
High-maintenance interaction: inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation.

Tasks requiring interpersonal coordination permeate all spheres of life. Although social coordination is sometimes efficient and effortless (low maintenance), at other times it is inefficient and effortful (high maintenance). Across 5 studies, participants experienced either a high- or a low-maintenance interaction with a confederate before engaging in an individual-level task requiring self-regulation. Self-regulation was operationalized with measures of (a) preferences for a challenging task with high reward potential over an easy task with low reward potential (Study 1) and (b) task performance (anagram performance in Study 1, Graduate Record Exam performance in Studies 2 and 3, physical stamina in Study 4, and fine motor control in Study 5). Results uniformly supported the hypothesis that experiencing highmaintenance interaction impairs one’s self-regulatory success on subsequent, unrelated tasks. These effects were not mediated through participants’ conscious processes and emerged even with a nonconscious manipulation of high-maintenance interaction.
Cascaded self-induced holography: a new fabrication technology for optoelectronics

We present a new method of fabricating submicron gratings with a high filling factor for optoelectronic devices from a glass mask. The glass mask has gratings on both sides with a period of at least four times of the final feature size. By modifying the grating periods on both sides of the glass mask, one can achieve multiple-period gratings with a very fine period spacing for advanced wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices. In this paper, we demonstrate 0.5 /spl mu/m second-order gratings for 1.55 /spl mu/m distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and gratings with a 6 /spl Aring/ period difference for WDM laser arrays using only optical sources.
A dynamic paracellular pathway serves diuresis in mosquito Malpighian tubules

Female mosquitoes gorge on vertebrate blood, a rich nutrient source for developing eggs. But gorging meals increase the risk of predation. Mosquitoes are quick to reduce the flight payload with a potent diuresis. Diuretic peptides of the insect kinin family induce a tenfold-reduction in the paracellular resistance of Malpighian tubules and increase the paracellular permeation of Cl−, the counterion of the transepithelial secretion of Na+ and K+. As a result, the transepithelial secretion of NaCl and KCl and water increases. Insect kinins signal to the opening of the paracellular pathway via G protein-coupled receptors and the elevation of intracellular [Ca2+], which leads to the reorganization of the cytoskeleton associated with the septate junction. The reorganization may affect the septate junctional proteins that control the barrier and permselectivity properties of the paracellular pathway. The proteins involved in the embryonic formation of the septate junction and in epithelial polarization are largely known for ectodermal epithelia, but the proteins that form and mediate the dynamic functions of the septate junction in Malpighian tubules remain to be determined.
BEING PURSUED: STALKING VICTIMIZATION IN A NATIONAL STUDY OF COLLEGE WOMEN*

Research Summary: We provide the results of a 1997 national-level study of stalking among college women. Over an approximately seven-month period, 13.1% of the women reported being stalked. Although physical harm was not common, the incidents typically lasted two months, involved frequent contact by offenders, and prompted victims to take protective actions. Lifestyle-routine activities, prior sexual victimization, and demographic characteristics affected the risk of victimization. Policy Implications: Due to its prevalence, college and university administrators need to rectify their current neglect of stalking. Interventions may include educational programs, crime prevention seminars, reducing opportunities for stalking, and increasing informal and formal controls over stalkers.
FGF22 and Its Close Relatives Are Presynaptic Organizing Molecules in the Mammalian Brain

Target-derived cues promote local differentiation of axons into nerve terminals at sites of synaptic contact. Using clustering of synaptic vesicles in cultured neurons as an assay, we purified putative target-derived presynaptic organizing molecules from mouse brain and identified FGF22 as a major active species. FGF7 and FGF10, the closest relatives of FGF22, share this activity; other FGFs have distinct effects. FGF22 is expressed by cerebellar granule cells during the period when they receive synapses. Its receptor, FGFR2, is expressed by pontine and vestibular neurons when their axons (mossy fibers) are making synapses on granule cells. Neutralization of FGF7, -10, and -22 inhibits presynaptic differentiation of mossy fibers at sites of contact with granule cells in vivo. Inactivation of FGFR2 has similar effects. These results indicate that FGF22 and its relatives are presynaptic organizing molecules in the mammalian brain and suggest new functions for this family of signaling molecules.
Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules, Parent–Child Communication, and Adolescent Substance Use

The purpose of this study was to examine the cumulative impact of parental nonstandard work schedules (NWS) on adolescent alcohol and cigarette use, with a focus on the mediating role of parent–child communication. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and its Child Supplement, our path analyses revealed that (a) parental NWS affected adolescent alcohol and cigarette use via the openness of parent–child communication rather than the frequency of parent–child communication and (b) the pattern and directionality of the mediating effects differed by who worked NWS, when parents worked NWS, and what types of NWS parents worked. Implications and directions for future studies are discussed.
A Comparative Analysis of Readmission Rates After Outpatient Cosmetic Surgery

Background: Despite the increasing scrutiny of surgical procedures, outpatient cosmetic surgery has an established record of safety and efficacy. A key measure in assessing surgical outcomes is the examination of readmission rates. However, there is a paucity of data on unplanned readmission following cosmetic surgery procedures. Objectives: The authors studied readmission rates for outpatient cosmetic surgery and compared the data with readmission rates for other surgical procedures. Methods: The 2011 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data set was queried for all outpatient procedures. Readmission rates were calculated for the 5 surgical specialties with the greatest number of outpatient procedures and for the overall outpatient cosmetic surgery population. Subgroup analysis was performed on the 5 most common cosmetic surgery procedures. Multivariate regression models were used to determine predictors of readmission for cosmetic surgery patients. Results: The 2879 isolated outpatient cosmetic surgery cases had an associated 0.90% unplanned readmission rate. The 5 specialties with the highest number of outpatient surgical procedures were general, orthopedic, gynecologic, urologic, and otolaryngologic surgery; their unplanned readmission rates ranged from 1.21% to 3.73%. The 5 most common outpatient cosmetic surgery procedures and their associated readmission rates were as follows: reduction mammaplasty, 1.30%; mastopexy, 0.31%; liposuction, 1.13%; abdominoplasty, 1.78%; and breast augmentation, 1.20%. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that operating time (in hours) was an independent predictor of readmission (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.81; P = .010). Conclusions: Rates of unplanned readmission with outpatient cosmetic surgery are low and compare favorably to those of other outpatient surgeries.
High-Performance Partially Depleted SOI PFETs With In Situ Doped SiGe Raised Source/Drain and Implant-Free Extension

We report partially depleted silicon-on-insulator p-channel field-effect transistors fabricated with a 32-nm technology ground rule and featuring SiGe raised source/drain, SiGe channel, and implant-free extension formation process. A respectable drive current of 950 μA/μm is obtained at an OFF current of 100 nA/μm, VDD = 1V, and a contacted gate pitch of 130 nm. Furthermore, when the transistor width is scaled down to 100 nm, the saturation transconductance increases by about 15%, leading to a drive current of 1100 μA/μm.
Relationship among house-dust mites, Der 1, Fel d 1, and Can f 1 on clothing and automobile seats with respect to densities in houses

Background Locations where there are no dust mites or pets present may contain allergens that pose a risk factor for sensitizing and inducing rhinitis and asthma. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the prevalence of mites and mite, dog, and cat allergens in homes, on clothing, and on automobile seats. Methods Over a 2-year period (July 1998 to July 2000), dust mite and mite, dog, and cat allergen densities were determined in homes, associated automobiles, and on the clothing of the drivers. During this period 87 homes were sampled one to five times each. Results Low levels of live and dead mites were present in most dust samples obtained from automobile seats and in 16% from clothing. Seventy-two and 50% of the home samples had >2 μg and >10 μg Der 1/g of dust, respectively, whereas 23% of automobiles seat samples had >2 μg Der 1/g of dust with a mean of 1.3 μg/g. Mite and Der 1 densities were not different for homes with or without pets. However, homes with pets had significantly more Fel d 1 or Can f 1 allergen than homes without pets. Homes without cats and dogs had an average of 93 and 29 μg/g of Fel d 1 and Can f 1, respectively, which was well above threshold levels for sensitization and induction of allergic reactions. Although most clothing had detectable levels of pet allergen, the levels of these allergens were low. Conclusions Der 1 densities in some automobiles were sufficiently high (>2 μg/g of dust) to be risk factors for sensitization and allergic reactions. However, most automobile seats had levels of dog and cat allergen that were well above the threshold levels considered to be risk factors for both sensitization and symptoms, regardless of the presence of a pet in the home. The presence of live and dead mites and mite, cat, and dog allergens in automobiles and on clothing suggests that both are vehicles in the dispersal of mites and mite and pet allergen.
On the Evolution of the Human Capacity for Inequality and/or Egalitarianism

Many theories of the evolution of human social inequality are based on the necessity of overcoming the inertia of egalitarianism, which rests in turn on the assumption that egalitarianism is our default social organization at least in small groups (e.g. Smith and Choi 2007). Wiessner (2002: 234) has described this assumption as a “slate of simplicity” upon which a variety of forces acts to create inequality. She is critiquing agency theory approaches to inequality, but the assumption is much broader. Its roots lie in the concept of the tabula rasa: the notion that “people are so widely malleable by their social environment that the very concept of human nature must be rejected” (Gintis 2006: 377). While varying in language and formulation, it shapes theory building, explanations and expectations of the archaeological record (Wason 1994), especially for hunter-gatherers.
Sex Differences in Affect Behaviors, Desired Social Responses, and Accuracy at Understanding the Social Desires of Other People

I recently proposed a socio-relational framework that suggests that phenotypic variation in the expression of discrete affect behaviors (e.g., expressed anger vs. sadness) may reflect two basic dimensions of behavioral response. The first dimension is the motivation to selectively attract or avoid interactions with different people. The second dimension is the behavioral display of either personal capacity or trustworthiness cues, often through the expression of dominant and submissive behaviors, respectively (Vigil, in press). Sex differences in affect behaviors (e.g., externalizing vs. internalizing displays) may reflect developmental sensitivities to advertise capacity and trustworthiness cues somewhat differently, due to the unique social dynamics and relational constraints under which males and females evolved. In this study, I use a series of self-report questionnaires to examine two basic assumptions of the framework. The first assumption is that sex differences in nonverbal affect behaviors (aggre...
High School Predictors of a Career in Medicine

While there is no dearth of high school students who are interested in becoming physicians, racial/ethnic disparities still exist in the medical profession. This retrospective cohort study examined the influences on students’ desire, at the end of high school, for a medical career, and, in particular, how these influences differed by race/ethnicity. Multiple logistic regression models were used to predict students’ medical career intentions at the end of high school. Interest in a medical career at the beginning of high school strongly predicted interest in a medical career at the end of high school. Authors found almost no racial/ethnic differences in interest in medicine, after controlling for other predictors. The exception was elevated medical career interest amongst Asians. Furthermore, Black and Hispanic students who wanted to become physicians tended to have high intrinsic motivations, but low science performance. Limited proficiency in science may impede Black and Hispanic students’ further progress through the medical pipeline.
A Critical and Comprehensive Sociological Theory of Race and Racism

This article contests the contention that sociology lacks a sound theoretical approach to the study of race and racism, instead arguing that a comprehensive and critical sociological theory of race...
Über die Reaktion des Natrium-bis-[trimethylsilyl]-amids mit Cyanaten und Thiocyanaten des Siliciums

Die Reaktionen von Natrium-bis-[trimethylsilyl]-amid mit Siliciumtetra-N-cyanat, mit Trimethylsilyl-N-cyanat und mit Trimethylsilyl-N-thiocyanat fuhren stets zu Bis-[trimethylsilyl]-carbodiimid, (me3SiN)2C. Sie konnten durch systematische Verfolgung der Reaktionsschritte eindeutig aufgeklart werden. Die NCO-Gruppe verhalt sich danach silylsubstituierten Alkaliamiden gegenuber nicht wie ein Pseudohalogenid, sondern nur wie ein Carbonyl-Derivat, wahrend bei N-Thiocyanatgruppen in untergeordnetem Mase auch die Pseudohalogenideigenschaften in Erscheinung treten.
Failure mechanisms of impact-damaged sandwich panels under uniaxial compression

An experimental program was conducted to study the failure mechanisms of impact-damaged sandwich panels under uniaxial compression. Facesheets in (0190) and (k45) configurations were made from Hercules AW193PWl3501-6 plain weave graphitelepoxy prepreg and placed on a core material of Ciba-Geigy Nomex honeycomb. The panels had impact-type damage, inflicted via static indentation, and also damage to the core only or to the facesheet only which simulated the damage observed in the statically indented specimens. Specimens were tested to failure in compression, the damage propagation monitored, and the failure strengths and modes noted. The results show that the manner in which the damage propagates and the final manifestation of the failure mode is dependent upon the relative magnitudes of the two types of damage (core and facesheet). The key to the damage propagation is the propagation of a dimple in the panel which occurs only if core damage is present. However, final failure is manifested as a fracture of the facesheet and is therefore dependent upon the properties of the facesheet. It is therefore necessary to include both types of damage in experimental work or analytical modelling in order to properly assess the damage tolerance of composite sandwich specimens with impact damage. Composite sandwich construction has been used in a wide range of structural applications because of its superior mechanical properties1-5 such as high stiffness-toweight ratio, good energy absorption capability, provision of multiple load paths, and low production part count. However, sandwich construction increases the level of structural complexity over that in monolithic or discretely stiffened structures due to the presence of the core and the adhesive layer. Due to the ever-increasing mage of composite sandwiches in different engineering disciplines, this construction needs to be critically evaluated within the "damage-tolerant" design philosophy to ensure structural integrity and safety. The damage-tolerant design philosophy has been the foundation for aircraft design since the 1 9 7 0 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ . Damage tolerance is a measure of the ability of a damaged materiallstructure to "perform", * Professor, AIAA Associate Fellow Copyright O 1994 by P.H. Wilson Tsang and Paul A. Lagace. Published by the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. given particular requirements, with damage present. This is in contrast to the property of damage resistance, which is a measure of the ability of the damage incurred by a material or structure due to a particular event such as
Precursor Investigation in the Synthesis of PtPb Nanocatalysts

In recent years, platinum-based single crystalline nanoalloys as nanoscale catalysts, such as Pt-M (M = Ni, Co, Fe..etc.), have exhibited improved catalytic performance due to the increase in the surface-to-volume ratio. Some Pt-M nanopolyhedra such as nanocubes and nano-octahedra have been reported with enhanced activity when being used as electrocatalysts. In order to further establish a correlation between the exposed nanocrystal facets (shapes) and their corresponding activities, a pursuit of shape-controlled nanocatalyst synthesis is essential. Although PtPb nanoalloys have been prepared using solution-based methods, few studies have highlighted their catalytic activity as a function of the nanocrystal shape. This work focuses on a modified polyol synthesis technique and an adjustment of the Pb-metal precursor, which serves as a “buffer” in the nucleation stage of the shape-controlled nanoalloy development. Using this developed synthetic strategy, shape-controlled hexagonally close-packed PtPb nanoalloys can be prepared in a one-pot synthesis without additional post-treatment. The as-prepared PtPb nanocrystals demonstrate an improved anode electrocatalytic performance.
Discussion on IU Release Resulted from Cell Update in TD-SCDMA System

This paper mainly discusses the cell-update procedure,theory and effect in TD-SCDMA system,analyzes various modes that may cause cell update procedure.The methods proposed here are based on Handan CMCC network practice,and thus of some reference significance for TD-SCDMA network optimization.
Research of the effect of Ni(II)/PNP Catalyst System on the oligomerization of ethylene

Three PNP ligands are synthesized,and they are compounded with Ni(II) to form three novel catalyst systems.The three catalysts are used along with methylaluminoxane(MAO) for the oligomerization of ethylene.The experimental results show that:the maximum catalytic activity of nickel-based catalysts can reach to 4.65×105 g/(mol·h),and their α-olefin selectivity can reach to 76.40%.The structure of the ligands and the catalysts are characterized by NMR,elemental analysis and mass spectrometry.
A follow-up study of the initial group of cases of skeletal tuberculosis treated with streptomycin, 1946-1948; the United States Veterans Administration and Armed Forces cooperative studies of tuberculosis.

The effect of antimierobial therapy in this series of patients reflects itself in a lowered rate of tubereulous relapse, a lower death rate from tuberculosis, a greater chance for survival, and a high rate of funetional recovery and return to productive activity. Streptomycin alone, given for more than sixty days, appears to have had a significant effect in reducing the relapse rate of all tuberculous lesions. Sixty-four per cent of the entire group of patients who received a single initial or multiple short courses of treatment with streptomycin for 120 days or less had no subsequent relapse and did not die from tuberculosis. Based upon these findings and reports from other series, it is to be expected that adjunct treatment for skeletal tuberculosis with longer courses of antimicrobial therapy and combinations of such agents should demonstrate a further improvement in the rates of relapse and mortality from tuberculosis, in clinical response, and in an earlier and increased rate of return to productive activity for the patient.
Markup Pricing in Mergers & Acquisitions

This paper studies the premiums paid in successful tender offers and mergers involving NSE and Amex-listed target firms from 1975-91 in relation to pre-announcement stock price runups. It has been conventinoal to measure corporate control premiums including the price runups that occur prior to the initial formal bid. There has been little evidence on the relation between the pre-bid runup and the post- announcement markup (the increase in the stock price measured from the date of the first bid). Under what circumstances are runups associated with larger total premiums? The evidence in this paper shows that in most cases, the pre-bid runup and the post-announcement markup are uncorrelated (i.e., little or no substitution between the runup and the post-announcement markup), so the runup is an added cost to the bidder. This has important implications for assessing the costs of illegal insider trading based on private information about a potential bid.
Constipation as a side effect of opioids.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the phenomenon of opioid-induced constipation and its treatment. DATA SOURCES Published books and journal articles; commercial pharmacologic information. DATA SYNTHESIS Patients receiving opioid analgesia are at risk for constipation and its complications. A number of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions are available to prevent and treat this problem. CONCLUSIONS Discomfort from this opioid side effect can be particularly distressing to patients with cancer who already suffer from pain. Accurate assessment and individualized interventions are needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Collaboration with physicians to determine appropriate drug or nondrug interventions and patient and family education regarding the problem, preventive action, and appropriate treatment methods.
Hypertension and Migraine in the Northern Manhattan Study.

Objective: To investigate the association between migraine and hypertension in the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), a multiethnic community-based sample. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study. Participants: 1338 NOMAS participants (mean age 68.1±9.6 years, 37% male, 15% non-Hispanic White, 19% non-Hispanic Black, 67% Hispanic). Setting: Northern Manhattan community. Intervention: Participants were assessed for migraine symptoms using a self-report questionnaire based on criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, the patient’s self-reported hypertension, or use of anti-hypertensive medications. Duration (≤9 years vs >9 years) and control (BP 9 years duration, 41% uncontrolled hypertension ≤9 years duration, 23% uncontrolled hypertension >9 years duration). Hypertension was associated with migraine (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.21-2.54), both with and without aura. This association was particularly apparent for those with uncontrolled and long duration hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension, particularly uncontrolled and of long duration, is associated with migraine, both with and without aura, in a predominantly Hispanic community-based cohort. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(3):323-330; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.323
Cellular Uptake, Excretion and Localization of Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HPD)

Considerable progress has been made towards the development of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) plus light as an effective modality in the management of cancer. Recent work in this field largely has been conducted by Dougherty and his colleagues (1–4). Although the method appears to have great potential as a therapeutic modality, many questions are still unanswered. For example, the active ingredients in the HPD solution have not been determined. In addition, the question of whether or not the binding of the HPD and/or its individual subfractions to the outside of the cell and/ or to various regions and organelles inside the cell has not been successfully resolved (5–10). The precise mode of cytotoxicity is still unresolved and the mechanism of selective retention by tumor tissue is not understood (10–14).
Independent origins of diploidy in Metarhizium.

AbstractIn fungi, stable diploid genome arrangements are rare. Here we present evidence from nuclear intergenic DNA sequencing, microsatellite genotyping, and configuration of the mating-type locus to demonstrate two independent origins of persistent diploid genome organization in the Metarhizium majus species complex. Most taxa in the complex are genotypically haploid, with individual isolates consistently displaying a single allele across all nuclear loci, as well as having a single mating-type locus. In contrast, individuals of M. majus and the clade designated here MGT1 are shown to be diploid, based on a consistent finding of heterozygosity and the presence of both MAT1 and MAT2 mating-type loci. In single locus phylogenies, nuclear intergenic alleles of M. majus and MGT1 each form monophyletic groups, indicating that diploidy in both taxa likely originated by the union of conspecific individuals. Sequence divergence in the APN2/MAT1-1-3 and APN2/MAT2-1 intergenic spacers indicate the two MAT loci ar...
Vegetative and Adaptive Traits Predict Different Outcomes for Restoration Using Hybrids

Abstract – Hybridization has been implicated as a driver of speciation, extinction, and invasiveness, but can also provide resistant breeding stock following epidemics. However, evaluating the appropriateness of hybrids for use in restoration programs is difficult. Past the F1 generation, the proportion of a progenitor’s genome can vary widely, as can the combinations of parental genomes. Detailed genetic analysis can reveal this information, but cannot expose phenotypic alterations due to heterosis, transgressive traits, or changes in metabolism or development. In addition, because evolution is often driven by extreme individuals, decisions based on phenotypic averages of hybrid classes may have unintended results. We demonstrate a strategy to evaluate hybrids for use in restoration by visualizing hybrid phenotypes across selected groups of traits relative to both progenitor species. Specifically, we used discriminant analysis to differentiate among butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), black walnut (J. nigra L.), and Japanese walnut (J. ailantifolia Carr. var. cordiformis) using vegetative characters and then with functional adaptive traits associated with seedling performance. When projected onto the progenitor trait space, naturally occurring hybrids (J. ×bixbyi Rehd.) between butternut and Japanese walnut showed introgression towards Japanese walnut at vegetative characters but exhibited a hybrid swarm at functional traits. Both results indicate that hybrids have morphological and ecological phenotypes that distinguish them from butternut, demonstrating a lack of ecological equivalency that should not be carried into restoration breeding efforts. Despite these discrepancies, some hybrids were projected into the space occupied by butternut seedlings’ 95% confidence ellipse, signifying that some hybrids were similar at the measured traits. Determining how to consistently identify these individuals is imperative for future breeding and species restoration efforts involving hybrids. Discriminant analysis provides a useful technique to visualize past selection mechanisms and current variation in hybrid populations, especially when key ecological traits that distinguish progenitors are unknown. Furthermore, discriminant analysis affords a tool to assess ecological equivalency of hybrid populations and breeding program efforts to select for certain traits and monitor the amount of variability of those traits, relative to progenitors.
HDAC9 is an epigenetic repressor of kidney angiotensinogen establishing a sex difference

Sexual difference has been shown in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease induced by hypertension. Females are protected from hypertension and related end-organ damage. Augmentation of renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression can promote intrarenal angiotensin formation and the development of associated hypertension and kidney injury. Female rodents exhibit lower intrarenal AGT levels than males under normal conditions, suggesting that the suppressed intrarenal AGT production by programmed mechanisms in females may provide protection from these diseases. This study was performed to examine whether epigenetic mechanisms serve as repressors of AGT. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate sex differences of systemic, hepatic, and intrarenal AGT levels. All histone deacetylase (HDAC) mRNA levels in the kidneys were determined using a PCR array. HDAC9 protein expression in the kidneys and cultured renal proximal tubular cells (PTC) was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The effects of HDAC9 on AGT expression were evaluated by using an inhibitor and siRNA. ChIP assay was performed to investigate the interaction between the AGT promoter and HDAC9. Plasma and liver AGT levels did not show differences between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast, females exhibited lower AGT levels than males in the renal cortex and urine. In the absence of supplemented sex hormones, primary cultured renal cortical cells isolated from female rats sustained lower AGT levels than those from males, suggesting that the kidneys have a unique mechanism of AGT regulation controlled by epigenetic factors rather than sex hormones. HDAC9 mRNA and protein levels were higher in the renal cortex of female rats versus male rats (7.09 ± 0.88, ratio to male) while other HDACs did not exhibit a sex difference. HDAC9 expression was localized in PTC which are the primary source of intrarenal AGT. Importantly, HDAC9 knockdown augmented AGT mRNA (1.92 ± 0.35-fold) and protein (2.25 ± 0.50-fold) levels, similar to an HDAC9 inhibitor. Furthermore, an interaction between HDAC9 and a distal 5’ flanking region of AGT via a histone complex containing H3 and H4 was demonstrated. These results indicate that HDAC9 is a novel suppressing factor involved in AGT regulation in PTC, leading to low levels of intrarenal AGT in females. These findings will help to delineate mechanisms underlying sex differences in the development of hypertension and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) associated kidney injury.
Serotype to genotype: The changing landscape of listeriosis outbreak investigations

The classical definition of a disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a community, geographical area or time period. The establishment of an outbreak then starts with the identification of an incidence of cases above the normally expected threshold during a given time period. Subsequently, the cases are examined using a variety of subtyping methods to identify potential linkages. As listeriosis disease has a long incubation period, relating a single source or multiple sources of contaminated food to clinical disease is challenging and time consuming. The vast majority of human listeriosis cases are caused by three serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Thus serotyping of isolates from suspected foods and clinical samples, although useful for eliminating some food sources, has a very limited discriminatory power. The advent of faster and more affordable sequencing technology, coupled with increased computational power, has permitted comparisons of whole Listeria genome sequences from isolates recovered from clinical, food, and environmental sources. These analyses made it possible to identify outbreaks and the source much more accurately and faster, thus leading to a reduction in number of illnesses as well as a reduction in economic losses. Initial DNA sequence information also facilitated the development of a simple molecular serotype protocol which allowed for the identification of major disease causing serotypes of L. monocytogenes, including a clade of 4b variant (4bV) strains of L. monocytogenes involved in at least 3 more recent listeriosis outbreaks in the US. Furthermore, data generated using whole genome sequence (WGS) analyses was successfully utilized to develop a pan-genomic DNA microarray as well as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based analysis. Herein, we present and compare, the two recently developed sub-typing technologies and discuss how these methods are not only important in outbreak investigations, but could also shed light on possible adaptations to different foods and environments.
Efficacy of fungicide applications and powdery mildew resistance in three pumpkin cultivars

Abstract Powdery mildew ( Podosphaera xanthii ) is a common and major disease of pumpkin ( Cucumis pepo ) that affects seedlings and mature plants. Powdery mildew primarily grows on the surface of the leaves. Thus, contact fungicides can be effective in controlling the disease. Biofungicides work as contact fungicides and can be effective treatments for the control of powdery mildew. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of biofungicide treatments, polyoxin D zinc salt, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , and copper octanoate, and compare them to a conventional fungicide spray program of chlorothalonil and azoxystrobin. To study the combination of biofungicides and conventional fungicides three pumpkin cultivars were chosen: ‘Gold Medal’ with no powdery mildew resistance, ‘Early Giant’ with intermediate powdery mildew resistance, and ‘Mustang’ with high powdery mildew resistance. The plots were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Results indicate that chlorothalonil and azoxystrobin treated plants had less disease, more fruit, and greater fruit yield in all pumpkin cultivars compared to the plants treated with biofungicides. In addition, the pumpkin cultivar ‘Mustang’ was the healthiest and had greatest yields when compared to ‘Early Giant’ and “Gold Medal’. The biofungicides in the current study demonstrated minor efficacy.
Author Impact Metrics in Communication Sciences and Disorder Research

Purpose The purpose was to examine author-level impact metrics for faculty in the communication sciences and disorder research field across a variety of databases. Method Author-level impact metric...
“Oh My God, I Sound Like a Horrible Person”: Generic Processes in the Conditional Acceptance of Sexual and Gender Diversity

This article outlines a generic process in the reproduction of inequality that we name “conditional acceptance.” Based on 20 in-depth interviews with cisgender, heterosexual Christian women who support same-sex marriage legalization, supplemented with reviews of LGBT, religious, and inequalities scholarship, we demonstrate how members of dominant groups may maintain boundaries that facilitate the persistence of social inequality by conditionally accepting members of marginalized groups. Specifically, our findings suggest that respondents both created the appearance of tolerance and maintained the devaluation of LGBT people by (1) supporting equality with a few caveats, (2) suggesting acceptance of those who cannot help being abnormal, (3) arguing that social change was not their responsibility, (4) defining sexual and gender difference as a personal choice, and (5) asserting that they could hate the sin while loving the sinner. In conclusion, we argue that examining processes of conditional acceptance may provide insight into (1) the persistence of social inequality despite social movement victories, and (2) the importance of integrating existing scholarship focused on sexual, gendered, and religious boundary maintenance.
Link Modeling and Delay Analysis in Networks with Disruptive Links

Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) refer to a range of networks with link intermittency that is mainly driven by mobility, predictable or unpredictable network environmental conditions. Examples of DTNs include interplanetary networks, battlefield networks, smart highways, remote sensing, and animal-movement outposts. There exist a number of mobility models describing the operation of various DTNs. One common characteristic that all mobility models share is the distribution of contact time and inter-contact time between nodes. Predicting an end-to-end delay in networks with disruptive links is more complicated than predicting the delay in connected networks. Disruptive patterns and underlying routing algorithms play a major role in an end-to-end delay modeling. In this article, we introduce a new model that can be used to estimate the end-to-end delay in networks with intermittent links. The model incorporates the two non-deterministic delay distributions, namely link intermittency and tandem queuing delay distributions. The model is based on an open queuing system with exponentially distributed link intermittency. The model gives a close approximation of the average end-to-end delay and the delay variance in closed forms. Simulation results on various networks and under different traffic conditions confirm the accuracy of the model within the conventional bounds of statistical significance.
GLACIOKARST DEPRESSIONS IN THE DOOR PENINSULA, WISCONSIN

Glaciokarst assemblages, rarely documented in the United States, are well represented in the Door Peninsula of northeast Wisconsin, where characteristic steps, pavements, and enclosed depressions a...
Internal flow inside droplets within a concentrated emulsion during droplet rearrangement

Droplet microfluidics, in which each droplet serves as a micro-reactor, has found widespread use in high-throughput biochemical screening applications. These droplets are often concentrated at various steps to form a concentrated emulsion. As part of a serial interrogation and sorting process, such concentrated emulsions are typically injected into a tapered channel leading to a constriction that fits one drop at a time for the probing of droplet content in a serial manner. The flow physics inside the droplets under these flow conditions are not well understood but are critical for predicting and controlling the mixing of reagents inside the droplets as reactors. Here we investigate the flow field inside droplets of a concentrated emulsion flowing through a tapered microchannel using micro-particle image velocimetry. The confining geometry of the channel forces the number of rows of drops to reduce by one at specific and uniformly spaced streamwise locations, which are referred to as droplet rearrangement...
Future Earth: A View from the Rainbow Bridge

We reach out to future generations by mitigating climate risk to them, while they reach us by persuading us to have compassion for them. Both mitigation and persuasion are, therefore, critical to their well-being and our own well-being. They form a feedback loop. As I look closely at the feedback loop, I become concerned that we tend to emphasize mitigation at the expense of persuasion.
Matrix protein tenascin-C expands and reversibly blocks maturation of murine eosinophil progenitors

We show that Tenascin-C, an asthma-associated extracellular matrix glycoprotein, promotes hematopoietic progenitors and suppresses the IL-5-driven maturation of murine lung eosinophils. The extracellular matrix’s regulation of in situ hematopoiesis has significant implications for targeting tissue eosinophils.
Construction of existentially closed Abelian lattice-ordered groups using upper extensions

The upper extension construction of Ball, Conrad, and Darnel is used to produce new examples of non-Archimedean existentially closed Abelian lattice-ordered groups and boundedly existentially closed Abelian lattice-ordered groups. Also given are conditions under which an upper extension of a projectable Abelian lattice-ordered group is projectable.
Emerging Applications of T2-Weighted Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Ischemic Syndromes*

Recent studies ([1–3][1]) indicate that T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can retrospectively identify the area at risk in acute myocardial infarction. In this issue of the Journal , Abdel-Aty et al. ([4][2]) explore the possibility that T2imaging can identify areas of