cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicians with Children: Nurturing Humanism and Returning Joy to Medicine

In addressing concepts such as humanism, doctoring, parenting, and joy, one inevitably enters the territory of subjectivity. As an illustration of (and a complement to) findings in the current literature, the authors offer meaningful insights from their own experiences. This chapter draws upon the authors’ personal narratives and reflections as physicians who are parents with children. The authors also recommend readings that help them to maintain well-being in the sometimes stormy ocean of parenthood and work-life integration, while remaining effective and fulfilled as physicians in a modern medical culture.
Developing a Framework for Curtailing Exclusionary Discipline for African-American Students with Disruptive Behavior Problems: A Mixed-Methods Approach.

Using a mixed-methods approach in a predominantly African-American school district, a set of qualitative studies were conducted to establish priority areas for school-based interventions to curtail the use of exclusionary practices with African-American students exhibiting disruptive behavior. Study 1 employed concept-mapping methodology with a focus group of 11 key stakeholders—teachers, school counselors and administrators—and generated five potential target areas, as well as ratings of their perceived importance and feasibility. These target areas included: social-emotional supports, parental involvement, academic support/pedagogy, policies and staff, and community linkages. Study 2 involved phone interviews with 10 parents of students placed in an alternative school setting in the same school district, and a retrospective review of their children’s school records. Triangulated data were used to develop a conceptual framework to understand the use of exclusionary discipline with troubled students and to guide intervention development in this community.
Recurrent Oral Mucocele in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report

Introduction: A ranula is a pseudocystic collection of mucin extravasated from the sublingual and/or submandibular glands in the floor of the mouth. These intraoral mucoceles may be generated by intraoral activity such as eating, dental instrumentation, or from external blunt trauma. We present a case of a pediatric patient with a recurrent plunging ranula, involving both the sublingual and submandibular glands, who underwent transoral sublingual gland excision and ranula drainage. Case Report: A previously healthy 16-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a one-month history of a growing mass under the left side of …
Associations Among K–12 Student Outcomes, National Standards, and Physical Education Curricular Models: A Systematic Review

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to systematically review studies that explored associations between specific curricular models, as an essential component of physical education, and to asse...
The Impact of a Mobile Gaming Intervention to Increase Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

Pre-exposure prophylaxis is effective in preventing HIV, but data show that its effectiveness is compromised by suboptimal adherence. This randomized controlled trial (n = 69) tested the impact of an iPhone game, Viral Combat, on PrEP adherence over 24 weeks. Tenofovir-diphosphate in red blood cells was collected as a biological outcome of adherence. At 24-weeks, intervention participants were 3.75 (95% CI: 1.20–11.77; p = 0.02) times as likely to engage in optimal PrEP dosing compared to controls. Viral Combat showed preliminary efficacy in improving PrEP adherence for diverse young men who have sex with men.
A Study of the Effects of Amorphous/Crystalline Oxide Films on the Cold Spray Behavior of 6061 Al Alloy Powders

This paper presents the effects of nanoscale surface oxide layers on the cold spray behavior of 6061 Al alloy powders. The surface oxide films are revealed via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Phenomena associated with surface contacts, contact-induced elastic-plastic deformation, heating, and cracking are then simulated using a combination of analytical models, finite element analysis and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations are used to provide insights into the effects of powder impact on deformation and fracture at powder impact velocities that are consistent with previously reported critical velocities and predictions. MD simulations are also used to obtain estimates of oxide film moduli, toughness, strains to failure, and the fracture energies of aluminum oxide films with crystalline and amorphous structures. These are incorporated into finite element simulations of cold spray contact-induced deformation and cracking. The impact between the powder particles with nanoscale oxide layer and the substrate is modeled using a bi-linear Johnson-Cook model. The powder impacts are shown to result in localized splat deformation and heating, and the cracking of the oxide layers in ways that can expose fresh metallic surfaces to high temperature contacts (above the recrystallization temperature) that can give rise to bonding and mechanical interlocking. The implications of the results are discussed for the design of cold spray processes for the fabrication and repair of 6061 Al structures.
An Optimization Model Based on Gradient Projection Method to Minimize Generation Cost in a Given Power Grid

In systems of power grid, controlling the supply from generators to match the demand is crucial. An Economic dispatch problem then aims to optimize the cost of power generation while producing enough power to supply into power grid. Non-Linear Programming (NLP) is utilized for optimizing such problems under constraints. However, current algorithms with high time complexity and less accuracy can result in unnecessary expenses and energy waste. This paper proposed an optimization model algorithm utilizing the Gradient Projection Method, which can be used to calculate real-time optimized results for each generator. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieved superior performance in distributing precise amounts of power generation to various generators while maintaining a relatively short cost of time. The same algorithm can also provide results adapting to different power grid setup with high precision.
The association of parental involvement with adolescents' well-being in Oman: evidence from the 2015 Global School Health Survey.

Background The parent-adolescent relationship plays a key role in adolescent development, including behaviour, physical health, and mental health outcomes. Studies on the parental factors that contribute to an adolescent's dietary habits, exercise, mental health, physical harm and substance use are limited in the Middle East and North Africa region, with none in Oman. This study aims to investigate the association between parental involvement and adolescent well-being in Oman. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2015 Global School Health Survey for Oman was analysed. The dataset consisted of 3468 adolescents. Adolescents reported on their parental involvement (checking to see if they did their homework, understanding their problems, knowing what they are doing in their free time and not going through their things without permission). Parental involvement was scored on a 20-point scale. Associations with the following dependent variables: nutrition, exercise, hygiene, physical harm, bullying, substance use, tobacco use and mental health well-being were done using Spearman's correlations, linear and logistic regressions. Results The surveyed population was 48% male, 65% aged 15 to 17 years old and 5% reported that they "most of the time or always" went hungry. Parental involvement was positively correlated with each of the dependent variables. Adolescents with higher parental involvement had significantly higher odds of good nutrition (1.391), hygiene (1.823) and exercise (1.531) and lower odds of physical harm (0.648), being bullied (0.628), poor mental health (0.415), tobacco use (0.496) and substance use (0.229). Conclusions Parental involvement plays a positive role in all aspects of adolescents' well-being in Oman. Awareness campaigns and interventions aimed to help improve the well-being of adolescents should incorporate such positive role in their designs.
System Partitioning and Chip Placement

Partitioning and placement have been among the most popular research topics from the early days of CAD. Both problems are closely related - many placement algorithms are based on partitioning algorithms, and placement algorithms can also be used for effective system partitioning.
The Unfinished Business of Developing Standards for End-of-Life Care: Leveraging Quality Improvement and Peer Review.

In their article “The Texas Advance Directive Act: Unfinished Business,” Kapottos and Youngner (2015) identify an asymmetry between the handling of patients' demands for interventions beyond the ma...
Structural analysis of IL-10 and Type I interferon family members and their complexes with receptor.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a series of structural comparisons of the HCIIs, C2HRs, and their complexes. The goal of the comparisons is to highlight structural features of the molecules that are important for their functional properties. The HCII family is comprised of the type I interferons (IFN- α, IFN-β, IFN-κ, IFN-ω), IFN-γ, and the interleukins IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28, and IL-29. The biological activities of the family are diverse, often redundant, and sometimes paradoxical. Together, the HCIIs play a very important, but not exclusive, role in mounting and controlling innate and adaptive host immune responses against invading pathogens. The HCRIIs are single membrane spanning proteins composed of an extracellular cytokine binding module called the class 2 homology region (C2HR), a membrane spanning helix, and an intracellular domain (ID). Crystal structures have been determined for six IL-10 family members (IL10FMs) IFN- γ, IL-10, ebvIL-10, human cmvIL-10, IL-19, and IL-22. The structural domains of these six cytokines are compared. The structures of three cytokine receptor C2HRs and tissue factor (TF) have been determined. C2HR consists of two β-sandwich domains, D1 and D2, connected by a short linker containing 1 turn of α- or 310 helix. The main challenge for the future is to define the functional correspondence between the structural features of the extracellular receptor-cytokine complexes and the initiation of intracellular signaling cascades and the resulting biological activity.
Client Pressure and Auditor Independence: Evidence from the 'Great Recession' of 2007-2009

This study investigates whether auditors’ independence was compromised by client audit fee pressures during the recession of December 2007 through June 2009. We hypothesize that clients able to extract fee concessions from auditors during the recession, when audit risk increased, might also have been able to obtain more favorable audit opinions. We find that auditors are less likely to issue first-time going concern (GC) opinions to clients that exert fee pressure in 2008, but do not find this result in other years, including several years before and following the central recession year of 2008 (i.e. 2005-2007, 2009-2011). Our results suggest that the stringent economic environment of the recession may have weakened auditor independence for clients capable of exerting audit fee pressure, but this effect was restricted to 2008, the heart of the recession. We also find compensating payments (in the form of expected total fee increases or high current-year NAS fees) from fee pressure clients strengthen the negative association between fee pressure and auditors’ GC opinions.
Fuzzy approach to supply chain management

During recent years, the supply chain performance management has become a key strategic consideration. Many manufacturers seek to collaborate with their suppliers and customers in order to upgrade their competitiveness and management performance. Because of complexity, uncertainty and vagueness inherent in supply chains, performance measurement using fuzzy approach was also identified as a new research direction. The main aim of the paper is focused on evaluation of logistic dimensions (sets of logistic indicators) in supply chain, where the uncertainty arises from the inability to perform adequate measurement, and deals with application of fuzzy approach, that provides a formal method for modeling imprecise, vagueness or incomplete relationships inherent in supply chains. Gathered data from questionnaires are analyzed by cluster analysis. Afterwards fuzzy methods are used evaluations of basic five dimensions, which contain several numbers of logistic indicators. The new methodology adopted from Soyer, Kabak, Asan (2007) research based on the intersection of fuzzy sets and fuzzy entropy method has been applied to evaluations in a case study. Results are afterwards modified by a applying of different membership functions, and changes of dimensions measures are analyzed. Finally supply chain modifying by adding new companies with capability of bind to supply chain are examined. New results of evaluation are compared according to new companies’ membership to different clusters.
Early recognition of cretinism.

Although early treatment of the cretinous infant by no means assures optimal mental development, most authorities agree that the prognosis for satisfactory mental development declines as the period of untreated hypothyroidism is prolonged.1 The practicing physician is goaded by writers on this subject to make an early diagnosis, preferably within the newborn period. It would be ideal to treat cretinism before the classical signs emerge, but criteria on which this diagnosis can be made reliably in this early period are usually not specified. The clinical picture of hypothyroidism in the cretinous neonate is at least partially obscured by the placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone.
Determination of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, and tin in metallurgical samples using the hydride AA technique—I: Analysis of low-alloy steels

Abstract Interferences in the gas phase are very unlikely and have not yet been observed with the hydride AA technique. Gas/liquid interferences between the volatile hydride forming elements and the major and minor components of low-alloy steels can be eliminated by working in the presence of higher acid concentrations and/or in acid mixtures containing nitric acid. Conditions could be found that allow the interference-free determination of the hydride forming elements in low-alloy steels directly against acid standards with detection limits around or below 0.0002%. The influence of the valence state on the determination of antimony and arsenic was investigated.
Waveguide-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

We have demonstrated WSi-based superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors coupled to SiN x waveguides with integrated ring resonators. This photonics platform enables the implementation of robust and efficient photon-counting detectors with fine spectral resolution near 1550 nm.
Culture, Conditions, and the Transition to Adulthood.

This chapter discusses the influence of cultural identity and social conditions on the transition to adulthood in a stratified, multicultural context.
Fragrance material review on 2-cyclohexyl-1,6-heptadien-3-one.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-cyclohexyl-1,6-heptadien-3-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 2-Cyclohexyl-1,6-heptadien-3-one is a member of the fragrance structural group Alkyl Cyclic Ketones. These fragrances can be described as being composed of an alkyl, R1, and various substituted and bicyclic saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, R2, in which one of the rings may include up to 12 carbons. Alternatively, R2 may be a carbon bridge of C2–C4 carbon chain length between the ketone and cyclic hydrocarbon. This review contains a detailed summary of all published and unpublished toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 2-cyclohexyl-1,6-heptadien-3-one were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, skin sensitization, phototoxicity, photoallergy, repeated dose, and genotoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire Alkyl Cyclic Ketones will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al., 2013 for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Alkyl Cyclic Ketones in fragrances.
Modulatory Effect of Esophageal Intraluminal Mechanical and Chemical Stressors on Salivary Prostaglandin E2 in Humans

As has been demonstrated, infusion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin into the human esophageal lumen, which mimics the natural gastroesophageal reflux, results in a significant increase in salivary volume, salivary bicarbonate and epidermal growth factor. However, the impact of intraluminal acid/pepsin solution on salivary prostaglandin E2 (sPGE2), the major protective factor of the upper alimentary tract, has never been explored. Therefore, using the newly developed esophageal perfusion model, the impact of both mechanical and chemical stimuli of the esophagus on sPGE2 secretion in humans was studied. Salivary PGE2 was assessed in saliva collected during basal conditions, chewing of parafilm, placement of intraesophageal tubing, inflation of intraesophageal balloons, and perfusion with sodium chloride, HCl, or HCl/pepsin solutions. The concentration of sPGE2 was measured using the RIA kit from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL) after the solid-phase extraction and derivatization. The concentration of sPGE2 in the basal saliva was (mean +/- standard error of mean) 186 +/- 31 pg/mL and was similar during the chewing of parafilm (171 +/- 32 pg/mL). The placement of intraesophageal tubing, however, resulted in a significant decline of sPGE2 concentration to the value of 91 +/- 22 pg/mL (P < 0.01). This decline was maintained when intraesophageal balloons, which compartmentalized a 7.5 cm perfused segment of the esophagus, were inflated (86 +/- 17 pg/mL; P < 0.01). This decline was potentiated further when subsequent perfusion with saline was implemented to reach the lowest value of 46 +/- 17 pg/mL (P < 0.001 versus basal and P < 0.05 versus tubing and balloon evoked values) at the end of the perfusing procedure. Esophageal perfusion with acid and acid/pepsin solution, however, partly restored the significant decline in sPGE2 concentration observed during prolonged perfusion with saline. The sPGE2 output during basal conditions was 89 +/- 13 pg/min and increased dramatically during stimulation by placement of intraesophageal tubing (241 +/- 48 pg/min; P < 0.01) and inflation of intraesophageal balloons (244 +/- 48 pg/min; P < 0.01). Subsequent esophageal perfusion with saline resulted in a gradual decline of sPGE2 output evoked by mechanical stimuli that reached the final value of 178 +/- 39, which was not significantly different from that observed in the basal condition (P < 0.1 versus basal value). Introduction of HCl and pepsin into the perfusing solution significantly prevented the decline of sPGE2 output observed during perfusion with saline (252 +/- 36 pg/min; P < 0.01 versus basal). The modulatory impact of mechanical and chemical stimulation on sPGE2, demonstrated for the first time in humans, may suggest the potential contribution of salivary prostanoids to the maintenance of the integrity of the esophageal mucosa.
Dislocation interactions with internal coherency stresses in age-hardened Cu--Ni--Fe alloys

The effects of internal coherency stresses on dislocation configurations and dislocation radii of curvature were investigated for age-hardened Cu-Ni-Fe alloys. Biaxial compression and tensile stresses were calculated from tetragonal crystal structure data for the two coherent precipitate phases, which were assumed to be elastically strained cubic phases. Shear stresses on slip planes were resolved from the biaxial coherency stresses and they correctly predicted the dislocation configurations observed in a transmission electron micrograph. Dislocations oriented perpendicular to the platelets were wavy because the shear stress on the slip plane abruptly changed sign (direction) at the platelet boundaries. Dislocation radii of curvature in the wavy sections were both calculated and observed to be about 300a. The analysis indicated both dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to the platelets and wavy dislocation sections would move freely under small applied loads, but dislocations trapped between platelets would not.
Effects of Pulmonary Allotransplantation in Dogs with Microembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Glass bead embolization was employed in 42 dogs to produce pulmonary hypertension prior to allotransplantation of a normal left lung. There was an early mortality of 48% after beads were administered, but survivors showed pulmonary hypertension for three to four weeks and variable effects on pulmonary function. Of 17 surviving animals that received unselected normal canine left lungs, 12 lived longer than 48 hours with evidence of progressive hemodynamic benefit in comparison with nonoperated controls. Surviving animals showed decreases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance and increased resting cardiac output. Respiratory function changes induced by embolization, including hypoxia, elevated dead space/tidal volume ratios, and increased alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradients, were not improved consistently by allotransplantation during the period of observation.
Regional Pericarditis Mimicking Inferior Myocardial Infarction following Abdominal Surgery

Acute pericarditis is common but illusive, often mimicking acute coronary syndrome in its clinical and electrocardiographic presentation. Regional pericarditis, though rare, presents further challenge with a paucity of published diagnostic criteria. We present a case of postoperative regional pericarditis and discuss helpful electrocardiographic findings. A 66-year-old male with history of open drainage of a liver abscess presented with abdominal pain and tenderness. CT of the abdomen was concerning for pneumatosis intestinalis of the distal descending colon. He underwent lysis of liver adhesions; exploration revealed only severe colonic impaction, for which he had manual disimpaction and peritoneal irrigation. Postoperatively, he developed sharp chest pain. Electrocardiogram revealed inferior ST elevation. Echocardiogram revealed normal left and right ventricular dimensions and systolic function without wall motion abnormalities. Emergent coronary angiography did not identify a culprit lesion, and left ventriculogram showed normal systolic function without wall motion abnormalities. He received no intervention, and the diagnosis of regional pericarditis was entertained. His cardiac troponin was 0.04 ng/dL and remained unchanged, with resolution of the ECG abnormalities in the following morning. Review of his preangiography ECG revealed PR depression, downsloping baseline between QRS complexes, and reciprocal changes in the anterior leads, suggestive of regional pericarditis.
Fluids in the lithosphere, 1. Experimentally-determined wetting characteristics of CO2H2O fluids and their implications for fluid transport, host-rock physical properties, and fluid inclusion formation

Abstract The equilibrium distribution of CO2 H2O fluids in synthetic rock samples (principally dunite and quartzite) has been characterized by measurements of the dihedral wetting angle, θ, resulting from 5-day annealing periods at 950–1150°C and 1 GPa. For fluids in equilibrium with polycrystalline quartz, θ varies systematically from ∼ 57° for pure H2O to ∼ 90° at XCO2 ∼ 0.9. Similarly, for San Carlos olivine, θ varies from ∼ 65° for pure H2O to ∼ 90° at XCO2 ∼ 0.9. The addition of solutes (NaCl, KCl, CaF2, Na2CO3) to H2O causes a major decrease in θ in the quartz/fluid system (to values as low as 40°), but has no effect on fluid wetting in dunite. Reconnaissance experiments on other mono- and polymineralic aggregates indicate universally high wetting angles (θ ≫ 60°) in upper mantle assemblages and for CO2 in felsic compositions. For diopside + H2O, θ ∼ 80°, with large variation due to crystalline anisotropy. In no case does θ approach 0°, the condition necessary for fluid to be present along all grain boundaries. Because a value of θ greater than 60° precludes the existence of an interconnected fluid phase in a rock, our results have important implications not only for fluid transport but also for the physical properties of the bulk fluid/rock system. Any static fluid present in the upper mantle must exist as isolated pores located primarily at grain corners, and transport can occur only by hydrofracture. In the continental crust, aqueous fluids (especially saline ones) are likely to form an interconnected network along grain edges, thus contributing to high electrical conductivity and allowing the possibility of fluid transport by porous flow or surface energy-driven infiltration.
A three-camera multispectral digital video imaging system

Abstract This article describes a multispectral digital video imaging system for remote sensing research. The system is comprised of three charge coupled device (CCD) analog video cameras, a computer equipped with an image digitizing board, a color encoder, and super (S)-VHS portable recorder. The cameras are visible/near-infrared (NIR) (0.4-1.1 μm) light sensitive. Two of the cameras are equipped with visible yellow-green (YG, 0.555-0.565 μm) and red (R, 0.625-0.635 μm) filters, respectively, while the third camera has a NIR (0.845-0.857 μm) filter. The computer is a 486-DX50 system that has an RGB image grabbing board (640 × 480 pixel resolution). The NIR, R, and YG image signals from the cameras are subjected to RGB inputs of the computer digitizing board, thus giving a color-infrared (CIR) composite digital image similar in color tonal rendition to that of CIR film. The hard disk can store 1000 CIR composite images. In addition, the cameras' signals are also subjected to a color encoder that provides an analog CIR composite which is stored on the S-VHS recorder. The analog CIR imagery recording serves as a back-up in the event the computer malfunctions. A global positioning system (GPS) is also integrated with the imagery. The system provides high quality digital video imagery that is superior in resolution to analog video imagery. Image examples are given demonstrating its application to natural resource assessment.
Introducing New Technology: Handheld Computers and Drug Databases. A Comparison Between Two Residency Programs

There have been numerous efforts to introduce and increase the use of handheld computers, also called personal digital assistants (PDA), in health care, one of which is the distribution of PDAs to Neurology residents at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The authors examined the success of this intervention by comparing PDA use and user attitudes between residents of the intervention group and residents in another residency program where the use of PDAs is neither encouraged nor discouraged. The authors examined in particular the use of drug databases on the PDA as its currently most popular application in health care. The use of PDAs for purposes not related to health care was widespread among individuals in both programs, but the use of drug databases was significantly more common in the control group, which can be interpreted as a success of the intervention.
Correlation of molecular valence- and K-shell photoionization resonances with bond lengths

The relationship between the interatomic distance and the positions of valence-shell and K-shell sigma(asterisk) photoionization resonances is investigated theoretically for the molecules C2, F2, N2, O2, CO, NO, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, HCN, H2CO, N20, CO2, and C2N2. The results of molecular-orbital computations are presented in three-dimensional diagrams, which are shown to be similar to the wave functions of a particle in a cylindrical well, confirming the validity of free-electron molecular-orbital (FEMO) approximations for modeling the potential along the symmetry axis. FEMO orbital energies and resonance positions are found to be in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results. Also included is a Feshbach-Fano analysis of the relevance of virtual-valence orbitals to the appearance of single-channel resonances in molecular photoionization cross sections.
Impact of probability of working day on planning and operation of biomass feedstock production systems

Unfavorable weather can significantly impact the production and provision of agriculture-based biomass feedstocks such as Miscanthus and switchgrass. This work quantified the impact of regional weather on the feedstock production systems using the BioFeed modeling framework. Weather effects were incorporated in BioFeed by including the probability of working day (pwd) parameter in the model, which defined the fraction of days in a specific period such as two weeks that were suitable for field operations. Model simulations were conducted for Miscanthus and switchgrass for values of pwd between 20 and 100% and intended biorefinery capacities between 1000 and 5000 Mg d−1; and the impact on total cost and farm machinery requirements was quantified. Results indicated that using production and provision systems designed assuming 100% pwd for lower pwd values increased the cost exponentially by up to 64% for Miscanthus and 85% for switchgrass. It also decreased the supportable biorefinery capacity for the collection region by up to 60%. If the systems were instead optimized for specific values of pwd, the original biorefinery capacity was maintained and the total cost increase was less than 5%. The resulting optimal systems required up to 40% higher investment in farm machinery. For Illinois, production systems designed for regional pwd values required a 34% increase in farm machinery investment for Miscanthus while only a 12% increase for switchgrass. Initiating Miscanthus harvesting in November instead of January reduced the farm machinery investment increase to 17%, which suggests that such an alternative should be rigorously evaluated. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Reactions of phenyllithium with lithium aluminum hydride in diethyl ether

Abstract Reactions of phenyllithium with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether have been studied in detail. Lithium hydride, as an insoluble solid, and LiAlPhn H4−n (where n = 2 or 3)_in solution, are formed when the PhLi to LiAlH4 ratio is 2/1and 3/1. However, Li3AlH6 is formed when LiAlH4 is added to an equimolar solution of PhLi in diethyl ether. The integrity of the products have been established by IR, NMR and X-ray powder diffraction pattern.
Prediction of hypersonic shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows

Solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presented and compared with experimental surface data for a series of hypersonic shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows. The turbulence models used include algebraic and two-equation eddy-viscosity models developed for transonic and supersonic flows. Also several additional modifications to the two-equation model to account for compressibility effects are developed and used. Although the modifications improve the agreement with the experimental data, no single model or modification correctly predicts all the test cases.
Modeling organic product and residue stream flows on a constituent basis

As manufacturing industries become more cognizant of the ecological effects that their firms have on the surrounding environment, their waste streams are increasingly becoming viewed not as materials in need of disposal, but rather as resources that can be reused, recycled, or reprocessed into valuable products. Within the food processing sector are many examples of biological and organic processing residues. Alternative disposal methods for these manufacturing waste streams are increasingly being investigated. Direct shipping, blending, extrusion, pelleting, and drying are commonly used to produce finished human foods, animal feeds, industrial products, and components ready for further manufacture. Computer modeling and simulation can aid in these value-added endeavors. This paper discusses a strategy that can be used when constructing computer models for bio-organic processing streams. Not only do macroscale process flows need to be considered, but individual constituents, on a micro-scale, are also essential in order to develop appropriate models. The development heuristics and hierarchies discussed here can be applied to various liquid, sludge, or solid materials when simulating processing and reprocessing avenues for specific manufacturing process streams. Thus this methodology is applicable to food processing operations, but many other industrial and manufacturing firms could also benefit from instituting the principles described here.
Digestive proteases in the midgut gland of the atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Abstract 1. 1. Digestive proteases from the midgut gland of male Atlantic blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, were investigated. Tentative identities of proteolytic enzymes were determined with synthetic substrates and inhibitors. 2. 2. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B and leucine aminopeptidase activities were found and quantified. 3. 3. Activity against Succinyl-(Ala)3-nitroanalide was also found. This as yet unidentified enzyme has a mol. wt of about 26,000 and has elastolytic activity.
A Comparison of Photophysical Characteristics of rHDL Encapsulated Anti-Cancer Drug Valrubicin and Free Valrubicin

Drug delivery via nanotechnology is one of the rapidly developing fields in cancer therapeutics. Targeted drug delivery has the advantage of having minimal interaction with healthy tissue, thereby reducing the toxicity of the drug to the rest of the body. rHDL nanoparticles are an efficient method of drug delivery for highly lipophilic anti-cancer drugs. Scavenger receptors class B type I (SR-BI), which are highly expressed on cancer cells interact with rHDL nanoparticles for effective drug delivery to the cancer cell and tumor. Valrubicin is an anti-cancer drug, with intrinsic fluorescence. In this experiment, we compared the photophysical properties of free valrubicin and rHDL valrubicin via steady state and time resolved fluorescence measurements. The steady-state anisotropy of rHDL valrubicin is higher as compared to free valrubicin, suggesting its encapsulation in rHDL nanoparticles. A longer rotational correlation time was observed for rHDL valrubicin in time resolved anisotropy measurements compared to free valrubicin, further supporting steady state anisotropy data.. We also studied the cellular internalization of free valrubicin and rHDL valrubicin using confocal microscopy. This could help track the movement of rHDL nanoparticles within the cancer cells.
Elevated dominance of extrafloral nectary‐bearing plants is associated with increased abundances of an invasive ant and reduced native ant richness

Aim Invasive ants can have substantial and detrimental effects on co-occurring community members, especially other ants. However, the ecological factors that promote both their population growth and their negative influences remain elusive. Opportunistic associations between invasive ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants are common and may fuel population expansion and subsequent impacts of invasive ants on native communities. We examined three predictions of this hypothesis, compared ant assemblages between invaded and uninvaded sites and assessed the extent of this species in Samoa. Location The Samoan Archipelago (six islands and 35 sites). Methods We surveyed abundances of the invasive ant Anoplolepis gracilipes, other ant species and EFN-bearing plants. Results Anoplolepis gracilipes was significantly more widely distributed in 2006 than in 1962, suggesting that the invasion of A. gracilipes in Samoa has progressed. Furthermore, (non-A. gracilipes) ant assemblages differed significantly between invaded and uninvaded sites. Anoplolepis gracilipes workers were found more frequently at nectaries than other plant parts, suggesting that nectar resources were important to this species. There was a strong, positive relationship between the dominance of EFN-bearing plants in the community and A. gracilipes abundance on plants, a relationship that co-occurring ants did not display. High abundances of A. gracilipes at sites dominated by EFN-bearing plants were associated with low species richness of native plant-visiting ant species. Anoplolepis gracilipes did not display any significant relationships with the diversity of other non-native ants. Main conclusions Together, these data suggest that EFN-bearing plants may promote negative impacts of A. gracilipes on co-occurring ants across broad spatial scales. This study underscores the potential importance of positive interactions in the dynamics of species invasions. Furthermore, they suggest that conservation managers may benefit from explicit considerations of potential positive interactions in predicting the identities of problematic invaders or the outcomes of species invasions.
Review of the Genus Banasa (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in South America

The pentatomine genus Banasa Stal is reviewed. Diagnoses, illustrations, and keys for the identification of 46 species occurring in South America are provided. Thirty new species are described: dolorosa, angulobata, and bicarinata from Ecuador; paraexpallescens, obesa, fulgida, intromissa, saileri, cicatrica, robusta, and gynamagna from Venezuela; bochica from Colombia; lanceolata, nigrifrons, rondoni, roosevelti, formosa, vittata, dubia, sulcata, and fasciata from Brazil; testacea, uncinata, peruana, and inca from Peru; emarginata from Bolivia; variegata and protopanamensis from Surinam; and chaca from Argentina. A new name, aripuana, is proposed to replace Pentatoma basalis Walker, a junior homonym of P. basalis Dallas. Banasa pulchella Berg is placed in synonymy with Hellica nitida Haglund (Acanthosomatidae), and Banasa varians Stal and Rhaphigaster derivatus Walker are raised from synonymy with B. subrufescens Walker and are recognized as valid species.
Interaction of Recombinant Procollagen and Properdin Modules of Thrombospondin-1 with Heparin and Fibrinogen/Fibrin *

Many properties have been assigned to the procollagen and properdin (Type I) modules of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) based on activities of large proteolytic fragments of TSP1 or peptides containing TSP1-derived sequences. To examine the activities of the modules more exactly, we expressed the first properdin module (P1); the third properdin module (P3); the first and second properdin modules (P12); the first, second, and third properdin modules (P123); and the procollagen module with the first, second, and third properdin modules (CP123) in the GELEX expression vector (GE1) using the baculovirus system. GE1 encodes the pre-pro sequence, the transglutaminase cross-linking site(s), the protease-sensitive site, and the gelatin binding domain from the amino terminus of rat fibronectin. All five recombinant proteins were expressed by insect cells, secreted into the culture medium, and purified by gelatin-agarose affinity chromatography. P123 shared with TSP1 a resistance to trypsin unless reduced and alkylated. P12/GE1, P123/GE1, and CP123/GE1 bound poorly to heparin-agarose except in the absence of sodium chloride, whereas peptides based on P2 are known to bind to heparin in up to 150 mM sodium chloride. In cross-linking experiments employing activated recombinant factor XIII and the transglutaminase cross-linking site in the fibronectin-derived sequence, P12/GE1, P123/GE1, CP123/GE1, and P3/GE1 but not P1/GE1 became incorporated into a fibrin clot more than GE1 alone. Analysis of the complex indicated that cross-linking was to the portion of the fibrin alpha-chain remaining in the D-dimer of plasmin digests. P123 also cross-linked to the Aalpha-chain of unclotted fibrinogen. P123 competed for 125I-TSP1 incorporation into the fibrin clot. P123 did not cross-link to plasminogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein, fibronectin, or plasma globulins other than fibrinogen/fibrin. These results indicate that the properdin modules of TSP1 specifically interact with fibrinogen/fibrin but not with heparin under physiologic conditions.
Phase identification of individual crystalline particles by electron backscatter diffraction

Recently, an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system was developed that uses a 1024 × 1024 CCD camera coupled to a thin phosphor. This camera has been shown to produce excellent EBSD patterns. In this system, crystallographic information is determined from the EBSD pattern and coupled with the elemental information from energy or wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Identification of the crystalline phase of a sample is then made through a link to a commercial diffraction database. To date, this system has been applied almost exclusively to conventional, bulk samples that have been polished to a flat surface. In this investigation, we report on the application of the EBSD system to the phase identification analysis of individual micrometre and submicrometre particles rather than flat surfaces.
The ecology of Adontorhina cyclia Berry (1947) (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) on the southern California borderland

Adontorhina cyclia BERRY, 1947 is widely distributed on the continental borderland of southern California. It is a faunal element in every major habitat type including two of the outer deep basins, Santa Cruz Basin and San Nicolas Basin. On the mainland shelf it is discontinuously distributed from Point Conception to the US/Mexican Border. The depth distribution of Adontorhina reflects the fact that it inhabits both topographic highs and some of the deep basins of the borderland. Its depth range is from 11.6 to 1,886.0 meters. While Adontorhina is able to inhabit a wide range of sediment types, from 1.5 to 8.1 mean phi, it was primarily collected from locations where sediments ranged from 3 to 5 mean phi. A diverse array of macrofaunal taxa is associated with Adontorhina. The numerically dominant taxa varied from habitat to habitat.
Two priests for Reineke fuchs

Roman de Renart. Le renard represente le mauvais chretien| le clerge se desinteresse des besoins de ses ouailles et s'occupe de politique| Isengrin suggere l'ordre chretien souhaitable.
Effect of the problem oriented record system on care in a pediatric clinic.

Summary: Effect of the introduction of the problem-oriented record (POR) system into a military clinic was compared with the effect of the traditional source-oriented record (SOR) on the following variables measured for appointment patients: waiting time, time spent with physician, amount of data collected, number of problems identified, data collected per min, and number of problems per min. The POR system consisted of a standardized data base collected with the assistance of a specially trained secretary, a problem list, problem-oriented progress notes, and a biweekly peer record audit. Of 241 appointment patients seen, 60 control and 75 POR records were retrieved for grading. Records were graded according to preset criteria for amount of data collected. The typical reliability of a single grade, calculated as the intraclass correlation, was 0.78. Test retest reliability (correlation coefficient) for the principal grader was 0.95. Multivariate analysis of variance of the simultaneous effects of the record format (POR or SOR), patient status (new or followup), and physician on the dependent variables—amount of data collected, number of problems identified, data collected per min and number of problems identified per min—indicated that the POR system increased significantly these dependent variables. However, the POR had no effect on mean waiting time (POR 31.7 min; SOR 30.2 min) or on mean time spent with the physician (POR 15.9 min; SOR 17.1 min), but did increase time spent with followup patients and decreased time spent with new patients. New patients had significantly more data collected, more problems identified, and more time spent with them than did followup patients. Change in physician only affected the amount of time spent with the patient. It was concluded that in a military clinic the POR system can increase the number of problems identified, and the amount of data collected, without increasing physician time spent with the patient.
Toward a more critical examination of structural models

TETRAD II: Tools for Causal Modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 365 Broadway, Hillsdale, NJ 07642, (201) 666–4110. $150. Requirements: 386 or higher IBM computer and DOS 3.0 or higher.
Cascade enhancement of NMR spectra of dilute spins in solids

The effective signal-to-noise ratio of the high resolution NMR spectrum of rare spins S can be effectively enhanced by experiments in which alternately (a) S spins are coupled to a bath of abundant spins I, (b) I spins are brought to thermal equilibrium with the lattice by level-crossing with a quadrupolar species X which has a short spin-lattice relaxation time. This procedure is analyzed and illustrated by experiments on p-dichlorobenzene with S=13C,I=1H and X=35,37Cl.
Evidence for shear-induced increase in membrane fluidity in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum.

Fluid shear stress has been demonstrated to affect the structure and function of various cell types. In mammalian cells, it was hypothesized that shear-induced membrane fluidization leads to activation of heterotrimetric G-proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar mechanism exists in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum, a single-celled eukaryotic aquatic organism that bioluminesces under shear stress. Membrane fluidity changes in L. polyedrum were monitored using the molecular rotor 9-(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine, whose fluorescence intensity changes inversely with membrane fluidity. Dual-staining with 9-(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine and the membrane dye 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate indicates membrane localization. Subjecting L. polyedrum cells to increasing shear stress reversibly decreased 9-(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine fluorescence, while autofluorescence of the cytoplasmic chlorophyll did not change. The relationship between shear stress (0.63 Pa, 1.25 Pa, 1.88 Pa, and 2.5 Pa) and membrane fluidity changes was linear and dose-dependent with a 12% increase in fluidity at 2.5 Pa. To further explore this mechanism a membrane fluidizing agent, dimethyl sulfoxide was added. Dimethyl sulfoxide decreased 9-(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine emission by 41±15% and elicited a dose-dependent bioluminescent response at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. This study demonstrates a link between fluid shear stress and membrane fluidity, and suggests that the membrane is an important flow mechanosensor of dinoflagellates.
Topological atomic indices and the electronic charges in alkanes

Various topological indices have been examined in the search for atomic descriptors reproducing the CNDO/2 electronic charges of the carbon atoms in alkanes. The best one-variable correlation (r = 0.9902,s = 0.0034 electron) was found with the number of nearest neighboring atoms. Two molecular connectivity indices introduced earlier by Hall and Kier have shown the highest two-parameter correlation (r = 0.9992,s = 0.0009 electron).