cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroxy-terminated organic semiconductor-based field-effect transistors for phosphonate vapor detection.

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a hydroxy-functionalized semiconductor incorporated into a receptor layer were fabricated and shown to respond strongly to the analyte dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) that simulates phosphonate nerve agents. Large and reproducible source−drain current changes were observed upon exposure to DMMP vapor. Compared to single component transistors, OFETs with a mixed hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated semiconductor upper layer exhibited higher sensitivity. We further investigated the selectivity of the heterostructured OFETs by comparing responses upon exposure to different interference vapors with response to DMMP exposure. Much higher response was observed in the case of DMMP, even when the concentration of DMMP vapor was much lower than other analytes. Microstructures of OSC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing that the organic mixture has similar crystal structure and surface morphology to those of singl...
Improved heteronuclear decoupling in REDOR with the use of TPPM

Abstract Rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) solid-state NMR spectroscopy exhibits an explicit proton radio frequency (RF) decoupling power dependence. Experimental data using model compounds are shown that demonstrate this; as proton RF decoupling powers are increased, the REDOR difference curves change in shape with the maximum REDOR difference approaching unity. This is an important consideration when fitting data with simulations in an attempt to determine internuclear distances from dipole–dipole couplings. Often, the desired decoupling powers that achieve convergence of REDOR difference curves require proton RF powers outside the capabilities of conventional MAS solid-state probes. To alleviate this problem, the two-pulse phase-modulated (TPPM) pulse train is applied during the mixing period of the REDOR pulse sequence. The results show improved efficiency of proton decoupling when TPPM is employed, as compared to the continuous wave case at the same decoupling RF strength. Simulations of a four spin–1/2 system qualitatively agree with the experiments.
p21 is decreased in polycystic kidney disease and leads to increased epithelial cell cycle progression: roscovitine augments p21 levels.

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease with few treatment options other than renal replacement therapy. p21, a cyclin kinase inhibitor which has pleiotropic effects on the cell cycle, in many cases acts to suppress cell cycle progression and to prevent apoptosis. Because defects in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells occur in PKD, and in light of earlier reports that polycystin-1 upregulates p21 and that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine arrests progression in a mouse model, we asked whether (1) p21 deficiency might underlie ADPKD and (2) the mechanism of the salutary roscovitine effect on PKD involves p21.
A material decomposition method for dual energy micro-CT

The attenuation of x-rays in matter is dependent on the energy of the x-rays and the atomic composition of the matter. Attenuation measurements at multiple x-ray energies can be used to improve the identification of materials. We present a method to estimate the fractional composition of three materials in an object from x-ray CT measurements at two different energies. The energies can be collected from measurements from a single source-detector system at two points in time, or from a dual source-detector system at one point in time. This method sets up a linear system of equations from the measurements and finds the solution through a geometric construction of the inverse matrix equation. This method enables the estimation of the blood fraction within a region of living tissue in which blood containing an iodinated contrast agent is mixed with two other materials. We verified this method using x-ray CT simulations implemented in MATLAB, investigated the parameters needed to optimize the estimation, and then applied the method to a mouse model of lung cancer. A direct application of this method is the estimation of blood fraction in lung tumors in preclinical studies. This work was performed at the Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, an NCRR/NCI National Resource (P41 RR005959/U24 CA092656), and also supported by NCI R21 CA124584.
Real-Time Inspection Of Currency

An automatic inspection machine, designed and manufactured by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation for the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, is capable of real-time inspection of currency at rates compatible with the output of modern high-speed printing presses. Inspection is accomplished by comparing test notes (in 32-per-sheet format) with reference notes stored in the memory of a digital computer. This paper describes the development of algorithms for detecting defective notes, one of the key problems solved during the development of the inspection system. Results achieved on an analytical model, used for predicting probability of false alarms and probability of detecting typically defective notes, are compared to those obtained by system simulation.
Synthesis, Cu(II) complexation, 64Cu-labeling and biological evaluation of cross-bridged cyclam chelators with phosphonate pendant arms

A new class of cross-bridged cyclam-based macrocycles featuring phosphonate pendant groups has been developed. 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-di(methanephosphonic acid) (CB-TE2P, 1) and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-(methanephosphonic acid)-8-(methanecarboxylic acid) (CB-TE1A1P, 2) have been synthesized and have been shown to readily form neutral copper(II) complexes at room temperature as the corresponding dianions. Both complexes showed high kinetic inertness to demetallation and crystal structures confirmed complete encapsulation of copper(II) ion within each macrocycle's cleft-like structure. Unprecedented for cross-bridged cyclam derivatives, both CB-TE2P (1) and CB-TE1A1P (2) can be radiolabeled with 64Cu at room temperature in less than 1 h with specific activities >1 mCi μg−1. The in vivo behavior of both 64Cu-CB-TE2P and 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P were investigated through biodistribution studies using healthy male Lewis rats. Both new compounds showed rapid clearance with similar or lower accumulation in non-target organs/tissues when compared to other copperchelators including CB-TE2A, NOTA and Diamsar.
Globalization and the Legitimacy of Intergovernmental Organizations

Focusing on ‘democratic deficit’, this article examines how globalization affects the legitimacy of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Two contextual factors are considered: (i) democracy at t...
Fenestrated and Branched Stent Grafts for Repair of Complex Aortic Aneurysms

Open surgical repair of complex aortic aneurysms, such as juxtarenal or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, is a highly demanding procedure. They frequently require major surgical exposure through both the thoracic and the abdominal cavities, suprarenal or supraceliac aortic cross-clamping, and exposure of the visceral and renal arteries. Endovascular aortic repair and thoracic endovascular aortic repair have become the mainstay of treatment for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and descending thoracic aneurysms. However, the obvious need to maintain perfusion of the visceral and renal arteries has limited application of endovascular techniques to treatment of more complex aneurysms. Fenestrated and branched stent grafts are being developed to address this need and enable repair of complex aneurysms involving branch vessels exclusively using minimally invasive techniques. Although these devices remain investigational in the United States, they have recently become commercially available in other countries and play an increasing role in the management of complex aortic aneurysms.
Advances in Age–Period–Cohort Analysis:

Social indicators and demographic rates are often arrayed over time by age. The patterns of rates by age at one point in time may not reflect the effects associated with aging, which are more properly studied in cohorts. Cohort succession, aging, and period-specific historical events provide accounts of social and demographic change. Because cohort membership can be defined by age at a particular period, the statistical partitioning of age from period and cohort effects focuses attention on identifying restrictions. When applying statistical models to social data, identification issues are ubiquitous, so some of the debates that vexed the formative literature on age–period– cohort models can now be understood in a larger context. Four new articles on age–period–cohort modeling call attention to the multilevel nature of the problem and draw on advances in methods including nonparametric smoothing, fixed and random effects, and identification in structural or causal models.
Removal versus ablation in KrF dry laser cleaning of polystyrene particles from silicon

Direct absorption and melting of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.1 μm polystyrene particles on a Si substrate irradiated by 248 nm excimer laser radiation was found to contribute to their dry laser removal via a “hopping” mechanism at cleaning thresholds of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.16 J/cm2, respectively. Ablation of these particles, which starts near the beginning of substrate deceleration at fluences above 0.4–0.5 J/cm2, suppresses particle removal due to ablative recoil momentum. At fluences above a second cleaning threshold of 0.7 J/cm2 particles are completely evaporated without any visible surface damage of the Si substrate.
Differentiation of temporal lobe ictal behavior associated with hippocampal sclerosis and tumors of temporal lobe.

Summary: Ictal behavioral characteristics may reflect seizure spread patterns and provide a clue to seizure onset location, between or within specific cerebral lobes. Sequential symptomatology might therefore distinguish patients with hippocampal sclerosis from patients with temporal lobe tumors. To determine ictal behavioral differences in patients of these groups, we analyzed 145 seizures of 33 patients with hippocampal sclerosis (group I) and 79 seizures of 22 patients with temporal lobe tumors (group 11). First appearance of a variety of ictal behavioral characteristics was determined in three phases (first 5 s, 5–60 s, and from 60 s to mental clearing) for patients in both groups. Ipsilateral hand automatisms were significantly more frequent in the first 60 s in group I (p < 0.005). Onset of contralateral head turning was observed in the first 5 s only in group Il (p < 0.05). First appearance of leg automatisms in group I and of oral automatisms in group Il were very rare in phase 2 (p < 0.01, p < 0.005). Time of onset of other ictal behavioral characteristics and duration of seizures were not statistically different between the two groups. Ictal behavioral characteristics varied among and within patients and patient groups, but certain behavioral characteristics were helpful in differentiating these two groups of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients.
Systems Approaches to Human Autoimmune Diseases

Systemic autoimmune diseases result from interactions between genes and environmental triggers that lead to dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Systems biology approaches enable the global characterization of complex systems at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. Recent technological breakthroughs such as deep sequencing or high-throughput proteomics are revealing novel inflammatory pathways involved in autoimmunity. Herein, we review recent developments, challenges and promising avenues in the use of systems approaches to understand human systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
Infrared multiple photon dissociation of dichlorosilane: The production of electronically excited SiCl2

Abstract The infrared multiple photon excitation of SiH2Cl2, under collision-free and collisional conditions, via its v2(a1) SiH2 bending fundamental resulted in dissociation and in an ultraviolet luminescence. The photodissociative products were found to be H2 and SiCl2 while the luminescence was shown to arise from a spontaneous one-photon radiative decay from electronically excited SiCl2(1B1 → 1A1). The radiative lifetime of this transition has been measured as 4.5 μs and the collisional quenching rate of SiCl2(1B1 → 1A1) by SiH2Cl2 as 2.6 × 106 s−1 Torr−1. The reaction mechanism leading to product formation as well as models for populating the electronic state of the fragment are proposed and discussed in conjunction with present multiple photon dissociation theory.
Battling the Demons of Complexity: Design Thinking in a Business Context

A packaged-goods company joins forces with the ITT Institute of Design to explore how design methods can be used to help the operations side of its business.
Linaclotide - a secretagogue and antihyperalgesic agent - what next?

Ongoing clinical trials suggest that linaclotide, a first-in-class, 14-amino acid peptide guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor agonist and intestinal secretagogue is an effective treatment for chronic constipation. A study in this issue of the Journal suggests that linaclotide also has antihyperalgesic effects in three common rat models of inflammation- and stress-induced hypersensitivity (i.e., acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis, water avoidance stress [WAS], and restraint-induced stress) but not in naive animals. In mice, linaclotide at least partly reduces hyperalgesia via GC-C receptors. Dose–effect relationships of linaclotide were complicated and non-linear. This viewpoint discusses human clinical trials with linaclotide and the results of this study. Potential mechanisms and clinical significance of these findings are explored. Collectively, these data suggest that GC-C receptors exert other, as yet poorly understood, effects on gastrointestinal sensitivity in conditions associated with inflammation and/or stress-induced increased intestinal permeability. However, the data need to be confirmed in humans and in long-term animal models. Further studies are also necessary to elucidate the mechanisms as these effects cannot be explained by linaclotide’s known effects on epithelial GC-C receptors.
Financial Transformation and the Metropolis: Booms, Busts, and Banking in Los Angeles

In this paper the implications of the two eras of financial transformation in the 20th century—that of the 1930s and that of the 1980s and 1990s—for urban growth and inequality in Southern California are examined. It is argued that financial structures have profound effects on the pace and distributional consequences of urban growth, in large part because urban development is characterized by widespread spatial spillover effects. The contemporary era of financial transformation has widened gaps between urban communities and banking customer markets. Banking markets that were once segmented by regulation are now segmented by market dynamics. In consequence, a financial system which once facilitated wealth building for households and communities now deepens social inequality and spatial separation. In this paper the historical and contemporary experience of Los Angeles is used to both develop and illustrate the arguments made.
An Integrated Load-Planning Algorithm for Outbound Logistics at Webb Wheel

We present an integrated model for simultaneous optimization of the loading and routing decisions associated with an automotive supplier's outbound supply chain. The supplier, Webb Wheel WW, is a manufacturer of brake drums, rotors, hubs, and spoke wheels. WW accepts new orders from customers each day. Given sufficient inventory, it combines these orders into loads, releases them based on various dispatch criteria e.g., truck-utilization, route-utilization, or penalty-based dispatch policies and due-date considerations, and ships them in truckloads, less-than-truckloads, and containers. Dynamically changing demand information, inventory rationing, inventory interactions among orders, and lead-time considerations are some of the challenging aspects of the problem. Our optimization model is based on the decomposition of the problem into assignment and routing subproblems. The assignment subproblem determines the transportation mode and carrier choices, while considering total transportation costs. These costs depend on a variety of factors, including destination, number of drop locations on the route, and needs of customers on the route. Given the customer clusters and transportation modes from the assignment subproblem, the routing subproblem determines the sequence of drops and the true cost of the shipment using a modified traveling salesman problem. A scalable database with a graphical user interface supports the optimization model. We test our algorithm using four months of WW data and compare these data to the company's practice. Our results demonstrate the impact of transportation mode-specific capacities, customer locations, inventory availabilities, and due-date restrictions on outbound logistics costs. Since implementing our load-planning algorithm, WW has achieved cost savings of 4.4 percent over its previous load-planning process.
Risk management at the margins: less-familiar topics in psychiatric malpractice.

To help in risk management, the author reviews areas of liability exposure that lie outside the familiar, “mainstream” issues for mental health clinicians. Three such areas are addressed: supervision issues, motor-vehicle driving cases, and so-called “pure” boundary violation cases. In each of these areas, the theoretical underpinning is provided and specific strategies to diminish liability exposure are described.
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: A Spanish proposal of therapeutic management

Abstract This paper provides an analysis to establish a practical guideline in the therapeutic management and subsequent monitoring of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSP) adapted to the Spanish social and legal context and based on scientific literature published before December 2008. An interdisciplinary team made up of various professionals involved in caring for the child will design a therapeutic strategy and monitoring at different levels. In the field of mental health there must be a triple therapeutic approach: the child as a victim, the agent as abuser and the family as a whole. In terms of social work, the socio-familiar situation should be evaluated using different resources at a health care level. It is important to plan the time to confront the family to obtain their necessary collaboration. The monitoring plan will be collective at the hospital level and the child's primary pediatrician, in the medical and educational fields in those of mental health and social work. A therapeutic strategy and monitoring by an interdisciplinary team at the medical, social and mental health level, is proposed as a useful tool in the management of MSP. In this way, in some cases the removal of child from the family nucleus can be avoided.
Multiphase modeling of contact metamorphic systems and application to transitional geomagnetic fields

We present a numerical model that improves our capability to simulate multiphase, non-isothermal flow in variably saturated porous and fractured media at magmatic temperatures and shallow crustal pressures. Simulations of heat and fluid flow in variably saturated host rock near a magmatic intrusion provide insight into contact metamorphic processes, including dryout, condensation, and resaturation effects and implications for host-rock alteration. The numerical code, an enhanced version of FEHM, uses a finite-element/finite-volume technique incorporating implicit Newton–Raphson iteration to solve non-linear conservation equations for mass and energy, using thermodynamic properties of water and air in the ranges 10°C≤T≤1500°C, 0.00123≤P≤1000 MPa and 10°C≤T≤1500°C, 0.00123≤P≤22 MPa, respectively. The study area is located at Paiute Ridge, eastern Nevada Test Site, Nevada, USA, where hypabyssal mafic intrusions were emplaced at about 8.5–8.6 Ma (Ar/Ar age estimate) and cooled contemporaneously with part of a geomagnetic field reversal, inferred from paleomagnetic data from over 100 sites in intrusions and remagnetized host ash-flow tuffs. We used a radial model of heat flow and multiphase pore fluid flow adjacent to a 1200°C intrusion to characterize the thermal evolution of the contact metamorphic system. For likely initial pore saturations of 0.4–0.6, an expanding dryout zone near the intrusion and a condensation zone of enhanced saturation (S≤0.8) extends 150–400 m from the intrusion. Host-rock temperatures reach 800°C near the contact and cool below 100°C within 2000 yr after emplacement, two to four times faster than predicted by a simple conduction model. The thermal history of the system is very sensitive to initial saturation. The multiphase thermal model allows bounds to be placed on the rate of change of the transitional part of the geomagnetic field during the field reversal recorded at Paiute Ridge. We assume that magnetization acquisition took place during the life of the thermal system that developed in the intrusions and contact rocks and that the paleomagnetic data provide a quasi-continuous record of the transitional part of the reversal. Sites in intrusions and thermally annealed ash-flow tuffs reveal subtle yet systematic variations in paleomagnetic directions. We combine the directional data with robust thermal (temperature/time) models to estimate the rate of change of the geomagnetic field. Modeled times of 140–290 yr and 215–440 yr for the duration of magnetization acquisition at two different sites correspond to estimated rates of change of 0.06–0.13°/yr for the field during the transitional part of the reversal.
Rhabdomyosarcoma treated with chemotherapy during the third trimester

Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive tumor that is rarely found in pregnancy, and is usually treated with multiagent chemotherapy. Chemotherapy given during pregnancy is associated with several maternal-fetal complications, including risks for mutagenicity, myelosuppression, and fetal death. Case: An 18-year-old woman had stage III facial rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed early in the third trimester. She achieved clinical remission with multiagent chemotherapy given during pregnancy, with no fetal complications. Conclusion: Invasive rhabdomyosarcoma is biologically predisposed to metastasize, and in the absence of effective chemotherapy, most patients will develop sites of distant recurrence. Chemotherapy plays an important role as frontline treatment in pregnant women with rhabdomyosarcoma.
P2Y purine receptor responses and expression in the pulmonary circulation of juvenile rabbits

The purine nucleotide ATP mediates pulmonary vasodilation at birth by stimulation of P2Y purine receptors in the pulmonary circulation. The specific P2Y receptors in the pulmonary circulation and t...
Electroreduction of the hydrazide of maleic acid in aqueous solutions

Abstract Maleic hydrazide (3,6-dihydroxypyridazine. I) is reduced to the dicarbonyl form I at the dropping mercury electrode in two-electron waves. The first wave I 1 corresponds to a reduction of a diprotonated, the second I 2 of a monoprotonated, the third I 3 of an unprotonated and the fourth I 4 of an anionic form. Exclusion of the dihydroxy form I″ and the monohydroxy form I′ as electroactive species was based on electrochemical properties and comparison of p K a values. Polarographic currents are limited by the rate of protonation occurring as a surface, heterogeneous process. Wave I 1 at pH 3 to 5 is the most suitable for analytical applications.
On the transient nature of the galactic halo

Galactic halo chronology determination by positron component flux measurement in primary cosmic rays
What can gamma ray bursts teach us about dark energy

It has been suggested that Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) may enable the expansion rate of our Universe to be measured out to very high redshifts (z {approx}> 5) just as type Ia supernovae have done at z {approx} 1-1.5. We explore this possibility here, and find that GRB have the potential to detect dark energy at high statistical significance, but they are unlikely to be competitive with future supernovae missions, such as SNAP, in measuring the properties of the dark energy. The exception to this conclusion is if there is appreciable dark energy at early times, in which case the information from GRB's will provide an excellent complement to the z {approx} 1 information from supernovae.
Studies on freezing corneal tissue.

A report of a pilot study of two methods of pretreatment of corneas for freezing is presented. Corneas that were pretreated by gradual introduction of glycerol solution to a final concentration of 15% appeared viable up to 6 hr after reconstitution, as evidenced by their ability to maintain normal hydration and transparency when exposed to artificial aqueous humor for up to 6 hr. On the other hand, corneas pretreated by immediate introduction of 15% glycerol solution fared poorly, appearing much less viable (if at all) than the former group up to 6 hr after reconstitution. The implication and further work suggested by this study are discussed.
Applying uses and gratifications theory to students’ LinkedIn usage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what motivates college students to use LinkedIn and what inhibits them from fully adopting it. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach applying a “uses and gratifications” framework was used to identify the motives of and barriers faced by college students with respect to the LinkedIn usage. The study includes data collected from 30 upper-level, undergraduate business students. Findings – Four uses and gratifications categories emerged explaining why college students would be willing to use LinkedIn. Three categories – interpersonal communication, online identity and information – are similar to those identified for using social networks, such as Facebook, MySpace and Bebo. Career development was found to be a category gratifying only LinkedIn users. Barriers to LinkedIn adoption included students’ ignorance of the network and the erroneous perception that a presence on LinkedIn should be initiated and/or developed only after graduation. Origi...
The nonlinear dynamics of tapping mode atomic force microscopy with capillary force interactions

We study the nonlinear dynamics of a tapping mode atomic force microscope with tip-surface interactions that include attractive, repulsive, and capillary force contributions using numerical techniques tailored for hybrid or discontinuous dynamical systems that include forward-time simulation with event handling and numerical pseudo-arclength continuation. We find four branches of periodic solutions that are separated by windows of complex and irregular dynamics. The branches of periodic solutions end where the cantilever comes into grazing contact with event surfaces in state space, corresponding to the onset of capillary interactions and the onset of repulsive forces associated with contact. These windows of irregular dynamics are found to coexist with the periodic branches of solutions as well as exist beyond the termination of the periodic solution. Finally, we show that these details can be overlooked unless one is careful to sample the dynamics appropriately.
Student Perceptions of Salient Indicators of Integration of Faith and Learning (IFL): The Christian Vocation Model

This article presents findings from a qualitative study of 120 undergraduate students from seven schools in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. Using in-depth individual and focus group interviews, we explored participants' perceptions of salient indicators of integration of faith and learning (IFL) in the classroom. Findings highlight two main categories of indicators: 1) faculty relationships with God and with students, and 2) faculty competence, including specific IFL curriculum coverage and academically safe classroom settings. All indicators contributed to IFL experiences resonating with most students. We then set forth the Christian vocation model from our analysis to describe the interconnections between the two main categories. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Predicting public support for the use of license plate recognition technology by police

The use of license plate recognition technology (LPR) by police is becoming increasingly common. LPR may be used for many purposes, ranging from stolen vehicle enforcement to more complex surveillance and predictive functions. Existing research does not examine community support for this technology, despite its potential to impact police legitimacy. Results from the first community LPR survey are presented and multinomial logistic regression models of citizen support for the technology are developed. Regression results suggest that a number of factors significantly predict citizen support for LPR use, including increased trust in police and the belief that LPR information is public information.
Precipitation effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei artificially introduced into stratocumulus clouds

Abstract. To study the effect of giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) on precipitation processes in stratocumulus clouds, 1–10 μm diameter salt particles (salt powder) were released from an aircraft while flying near the cloud top on 3 August 2011 off the central coast of California. The seeded area was subsequently sampled from the aircraft that was equipped with aerosol, cloud, and precipitation probes and an upward-facing cloud radar. During post-seeding sampling, made 30–60 min after seeding, the mean cloud droplet size increased, the droplet number concentration decreased, and large drop (e.g., diameter larger than 10 μm) concentration increased. Average drizzle rates increased from about 0.05 to 0.20 mm h−1, and the liquid water path decreased from about 52 to 43 g m−2. Strong radar returns associated with drizzle were observed on the post-seeding cloud-base level-leg flights and were accompanied by a substantial depletion of the cloud liquid water content. The changes were large enough to suggest that the salt particles with concentrations estimated to be 10−2 to 10-4 cm−3 resulted in a four-fold increase in the cloud-base rainfall rate and depletion of the cloud water due to rainout. In contrast, a case is shown where the cloud was already precipitating (on 10 August) and the effect of adding GCCN to the cloud was insignificant.
The chemical mechanism for Al3+ complexing with delphinidin: A model for the bluing of hydrangea sepals

The blooms of many hydrangea cultivars can be red or blue, with the color depending on the soil pH. This dependence reflects the availability of Al(3+) to the plant under acidic conditions, as Al(3+) changes the color of the anthocyanin pigment in hydrangea sepals from red to blue. A chemical model, Al(3+) and delphinidin in acidic ethanol, was developed to understand the spectral characteristics and bluing of the hydrangea sepals. Delphinidin as its flavylium cation leads to red solutions in the model system. In the presence of Al(3+), the Al(3+) removes H(+) ions from delphinidin, transforming delphinidin's flavylium cation to its blue quinoidal base anion which complexes with the Al(3+). To further stabilize this complex, a second flavylium cation stacks on top of the complexed quinoidal base anion, creating a bathochromic shift of the cation's spectral signature and accentuating the blue color. This Al(3+)-delphinidin entity forms in adequate concentration for bluing only if there is a sufficient excess of Al(3+), the exact excess being a function of pH and concentration. The role of Al(3+) in bluing is not just to form a primary complex with delphinidin, but also to create a template for the stacking of delphinidin (or possibily co-pigments).
Statistical analysis of whole-field filtering of specklegram and its upper limit of measurement

The process of optical whole-field filtering of a double-exposure specklegram has been analyzed from a statistical point of view. It is shown that the size of the filtering aperture plays a vital role in the range of visible fringes, and this in turn determines the upper limit of measurement.
Vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein alterations induced by host cell transformation

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) contains a single structural glycoprotein in which the sugar sequences are largely host specified. We have used VSV as a probe to study the changes in cell glycoprotein metabolism induced by virus transformation. Analysis of purified VSV grown in baby hamster kidney (BHK) or polyoma transformed BHK cells showed that the virus glycoproteins have identical apparent molecular weights. The glycopeptides derived from the glycoproteins by extensive pronase digestion have an identical molecular weight distribution. On the basis of labeling experiments with fucose, mannose, and glucosamine, the oligosaccharide moieties of the VSV glycoprotein were different in virus from the two cell lines. The VSV glycopeptides from transformed cells showed an increased resistance to cleavage by an endoglycosidase, indicating structural changes in the core region of the oligosaccharides. They also showed an increased ratio of sialic acid to N-acetylglucosamine. VSV grows in a wide variety of cell types, and the carbohydrate structures of its single glycoprotein are amenable to analysis with specific glycosidases. The virus thus provides an excellent tool with which to study alterations induced by cell transformation in the glycosylation of membrane proteins.
Real-time angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry for detecting pre-cancerous cells

Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry is used to detect pre-cancerous basal epithelial cells in intact, unstained animal tissues via quantitative nuclear morphology measurements. Recent results are presented which demonstrate the ability to assess the efficacy of chemopreventive agents. Feasibility of clinical measurements in human tissues is demonstrated by real-time measurements.
Comparative Toxicity of Size-Fractionated Airborne Particulate Matter Obtained from Different Cities in the United States

Hundreds of epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with dose-dependent increases in morbidity and mortality. While early reports focused on PM less than 10 microm (PM10), numerous studies have since shown that the effects can occur with PM stratified into ultrafine (UF), fine (FI), and coarse (CO) size modes despite the fact that these materials differ significantly in both evolution and chemistry. Furthermore the chemical makeup of these different size fractions can vary tremendously depending on location, meteorology, and source profile. For this reason, high-volume three-stage particle impactors with the capacity to collect UF, FI, and CO particles were deployed to four different locations in the United States (Seattle, WA; Salt Lake City, UT; Sterling Forest and South Bronx, NY), and weekly samples were collected for 1 mo in each place. The particles were extracted, assayed for a standardized battery of chemical components, and instilled into mouse lungs (female BALB/c) at doses of 25 and 100 microg. Eighteen hours later animals were euthanized and parameters of injury and inflammation were monitored in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma. Of the four locations, the South Bronx coarse fraction was the most potent sample in both pulmonary and systemic biomarkers, with a strong increase in lung inflammatory cells as well as elevated levels of creatine kinase in the plasma. These effects did not correlate with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or total zinc or sulfate content, but were associated with total iron. Receptor source modeling on the PM2.5 samples showed that the South Bronx sample was heavily influenced by emissions from coal fired power plants (31%) and mobile sources (22%). Further studies will assess how source profiles correlate with the observed effects for all locations and size fractions.
Impulse amplification in a traveling-wave Tube-I: Simulation and experimental validation

This paper presents a new one-dimensional time-domain model to be used in the analysis of the pulse response of the helix traveling-wave tube (TWT). It incorporates a novel method of implementing the effects of waveguide dispersion in one dimension. This new model has been successfully compared to an established frequency-domain model, and both time- and frequency-domain models have been compared to the impulse response of an experimental TWT. This comparison illustrates the efficacy of this new time-domain model.
Delayed emotional recovery after taxane-based chemotherapy.

Taxanes are used increasingly for the adjuvant treatment of early and locally advanced breast cancer.1,2 Little is known about long-term quality-of-life outcomes after patients receive these drugs. Data available from other patients (ie, patients with ovarian or lung cancer) or from patients with metastatic disease may not generalize to the adjuvant breast cancer setting because of differing symptom profiles, dosing, or agents used in combination with taxanes. Paclitaxel (PTX) (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb, NY), which was approved for adjuvant use in breast cancer in October 1999,3 and docetaxel (T) (Taxotere; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France), which was approved in August 2004,3 were shown in Phase 2 clinical trials to cause significant neurotoxicity, arthralgia, myalgia, skin reactions, neurosensory disturbance, and peripheral neuropathy, in addition to side effects that are common to many chemotherapy drugs (eg, neutropenia, alopecia4–7). Although clinically manageable, the toxicity profile of taxanes in phase 3 trials continues to be noteworthy for neurologic toxicities.8–12 Three phase 3 clinical trials have suggested that quality of life declines during the period of taxane delivery, as can occur with other agents, but it also declines differentially. Fountzilas and colleagues10 reported that patients who received PTX with a regimen that included epirubicin (E), cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), and 5-fluoracil (F) (E-CMF) reported poorer social functioning, emotional functioning, and pain during chemotherapy relative to patients who received E-CMF without PTX. Similar results were reported in 2 trials by Martin and colleagues,11,12 who compared patients who received T, doxorubicin (A), and C (TAC) with patients who received FAC. Only Martin and colleagues11,12 have reported quality-of-life data regarding outcomes after chemotherapy. They reported that global quality of life was similar for the TAC and the FAC group at a 6-month follow-up. Additional data are needed to determine whether this positive evaluation is reliable. The objective of the current study was, with a case-control design, to determine short-term (during treatment), moderate-term (2 year), and long-term (up to 5 years) toxicity and quality of life for patients who received taxanes compared with patients who did not. A phase 3 randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a psychological intervention that accrued patients with breast cancer (N = 227) prior the start of adjuvant therapy and followed them for 5 years provided data. Midway through the accrual period (1994–2000), taxane-containing trials and clinical use began. Thus, a naturalistic observational study resulted, with 2 patient groups that differed primarily in their exposure to taxane-based chemotherapy. We tested the hypothesis that taxane treatment is associated with poorer outcomes—signs, symptoms, toxicities, psychological outcomes, and quality of life—during treatment delivery and recovery.
Role of the Community College in Economic Development

This chapter expands on the role of community colleges in economic development, workforce development and training, and even job creation. Practical examples from the field are included.
Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High-Resolution Additive Manufacturing

This paper presents the development and modeling a high-resolution electrohydrodynamic-jet (EHD-jet) printing process using phase-change ink (i.e., wax), which is capable of producing sub-10 μm footprints (sub-10 fL in volume) for super-resolution additive manufacturing. In this study, we successfully apply EHD-jet printing for phase-change ink (wax), which is widely used as modeling and supporting material for additive manufacturing, to achieve micron-scale features. The resolution for single droplet on substrate is around 5 μm with the thickness in the range of 1–2 μm, which provides great potential in both high-resolution 3D printing and 2D drop-on-demand microfabrication. The droplet formation in EHD printing is modeled by finite element analysis (FEA). Two important forces in EHD printing, electrostatic force and surface tension force, are modeled separately by FEA. The droplet size is obtained by balancing the electrostatic force and surface tension of the pending droplets around meniscus apex. Furthermore, to predict the droplet dimension at different process conditions, a dimensionless scaling law is identified to describe the relationship between dimensionless droplet diameter and modified nondimensional electrical bond number. Finally, the droplets in-flight velocity and impact characteristics (e.g., Reynolds number and Weber number) are modeled using the results from FEA analysis.
Significance of septations in isolated fetal cystic hygroma detected in the first trimester

Recent reports have indicated an increased risk for fetal chromosome abnormalities, especially autosomal trisomy, in fetuses with isolated cystic hygroma, or prominent nuchal membranes, detected by ultrasonography during the first trimester. However, these reports present contradictory information regarding the prognostic significance of septations within the cystic hygroma. We evaluated, in blind fashion, 55 consecutive cases of isolatd fetal cystic hygroma detected at or before 13·9 weeks' gestation to determine the association between septations and fetal chromosome complement. Septations were associated (P<0·05) with an increased risk for fetal chromosome abnormalities. However, the incidence of chromosome abnormalities was also increased (12·5 per cent) among cases not characterized by septations. Thus, we believe it prudent to offer invasive prenatal testing to all women found to be carrying fetuses with cystic hygroma, irrespective of the presence or absence of septations.
The value of adaptive questions in generalized Mastermind

A generalized version of the two-person guessing game Mastermind is analyzed asymptotically. We strengthen the results of Chvatal (193) and demonstrate the value of adaptive questions: by using the answers to early questions in the formulation of later questions, the guesser can significantly reduce the number of questions that must be asked.
Reflections on the Murder of Trayvon Martin

The tragic murder of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida has quickly become the platform from which an entire movement has emerged. The first four authors, as members of the African American community, have elected to share their own personal experiences, reactions, and struggles with not only racial discrimination as it relates to the Trayvon Martin case, but racial discrimination in general for African Americans. The purpose of the article is to educate readers on the harsh realities of pervasive racism and to provide recommendations on ways it can be addressed. At the conclusion of this article, the authors have provided recommendations for training programs; educators and practitioners that will help them effectively work through instances of racial discrimination.
Oxidation of Membrane Curvature-Regulating Phosphatidylethanolamine Lipid Results in Formation of Bilayer and Cubic Structures.

Oxidation is associated with conditions related to chronic inflammations and aging. Cubic structures have been observed in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes of cells under oxidative stress (e.g., tumor cells and virus-infected cells). It has been previously suspected that oxidation can result in the rearrangement of lipids from a fluid lamellar phase to a cubic structure in organelles containing membranes enriched with amphiphiles that have nonzero intrinsic curvature, such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin. This study focuses on the oxidation of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), a lipid that natively forms an inverted hexagonal phase at physiological conditions. The oxidized samples contain an approximately 3:2 molar ratio of nonoxidized to oxidized DOPE. Optical microscopy images collected during the hydration of this mixture from a dried film suggest that the system evolves into a coexistence of a stable fluid lamellar phase and transient sq...
Us News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996.: By Beverly Ann Deepe Keever, Carolyn Martindale, and Mary Ann Weston, (eds.) Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1998, 408 pp.

(1999). Us News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996. American Journalism: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 115-117.
Methodology Development at NYULMC Microscopy Core - Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy Applications

Similar to most Microscopy Cores, our light microscopy (LM) services focus on training for the correct use of microscopes, and keeping all the microscopes in a nice working state. Image analysis is another major LM core service, which helps users to better understand their imaging data. Our electron microscopy (EM) services are very broad, ranging from all different kinds of sample preparation to image acquisition. Given the fact of rapid development of light and electron microscopes, catching up with new technology is one of the key points for a modern Microscopy Core. The advantage of combining light and electron microscopy services in a single core provides a unique position for the Microscopy Core to carry projects over from light microscopy to electron microscopy. So, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) becomes a hot selling point for our Microscopy Core services.
Degree modification and intensification in american sign language adjectives

Scalar adjectives lacking closed upper boundaries (like far) can be coerced to have a closed upper boundary reading when combined with degree modification with too, e.g. too far to walk. Parallel to the mapping of event structure to scalar structure in adjectives [4], we observe that scalar adjectives are end-marked in ASL. These adjectives receive marking similar to telic verbs, indicating that, like the visibility of event structure in verbs, scalar structure, or at least the upper boundary, is also visible in ASL. The Event Visibility Hypothesis (EVH) was formulated based on the observation that telic verb signs are distinguished from atelics by end-marking reflecting final states of telic events. Here, it is extended to a general Visibility Hypothesis for sign languages.
Active control of a parametrically excited structural model of an F-15 tail section

We used a nonlinear control law based on cubic velocity feedback to suppress the vibrations of a structural dynamic model of a twin-tail assembly of an F-15 fighter that is subjected to a principal parametric excitation. The performance of the control law was studied after conducting a stability analysis for the openand closed-loop responses of the system. FUrthermore, we conducted experiments to verify the theoretical analysis using piezoelectric actuators. The theoretical and experimental findings indicate that the control law not only leads to effective vibration suppression, but also to effective bifurcation control.
Nonlinear quantum optics and precision measurements in mesoscopic high-Q optical cavities

Through advances in nanoscale device physics and precision engineering, here we contribute two frequency comb architectures of impact: firstly, the achievement of ultrashort coherent pulses on-chip and, secondly, quantum correlations in energy-time mode-locked two-photon states.