cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incoherent clocking for radio telescopes

The method of “incoherent clocking” is discussed, wherein all-digital methods using FPGAs and COTS digital fiberoptic modules and commercial (e.g. aerial) fiber routing, along with free-running local oscillators at each antenna, are used to provide a clock and timing solution for “at antenna” digitization for any cost, scale, and frequency of radio telescope. Antenna local oscillator stability (Allan Deviation) requirements are developed, indicating there is virtually no limit in baseline extent that can be handled with this method. Research results and plans, focusing on a hardware “laboratory demonstrator” at 10 Gbps using a Xilinx ZCU111 evaluation board, with external real-world aerial fiber up to 300 km with OEO repeaters, are presented and discussed. As well, although not discussed in this paper, with NRC “Small Teams” funding, 4 antennas of the NRC-Penticton 7-antenna 400-1800 MHz Synthesis Telescope are being outfitted with new feeds, receivers, an at-antenna digitizer, and a “TALON Demonstration Correlator” (developed for the SKA) to test this method on-the-sky.
POSSIBLE FUTURES: COVID-19 AS HISTORICAL TURNING POINT

ABSTRACT This article surveys the ways that the global COVID-19 pandemic has effected higher education in the United States. After reviewing the effects of this critically important historical episode on colleges, particularly as it pertains to the humanities, I outline potential paths forward in the years to come. The fundamental tension I highlight is that between returning to a pre-COVID status quo or imagining an alternative model that is ultimately more sustainable for students and academics alike.
A Simplified Approach to Quantifying a Child's Bilingual Language Experience.

Purpose Bilingual children's linguistic experience can vary markedly from child to child. For appropriate audiological assessment and intervention, audiologists need accurate and efficient ways to ...
Teachers’ social-emotional characteristics and student outcomes: A commentary

The disconnect between educational theory and practice is problematic for our field. The purpose of this commentary was to explore how that disconnect is being addressed in current research on teac...
Brief paper: Controller certification

A modern problem from aerospace control involves the certification of a large set of potential controllers with either a single plant or a fleet of potential plant systems, with both plants and controllers being MIMO and, for the moment, linear. Experiments on a limited number of controller/plant pairs should establish the stability and a certain level of margin of the complete set. We consider this certification problem for a set of controllers and provide algorithms for selecting an efficient subset for testing. This is done for a finite set of candidate controllers and, at least for SISO plants, for compact infinite set. In doing this, the @n-gap metric will be the main tool. Computational examples are given, including one of certification of an aircraft engine controller. The overarching aim is to introduce truly MIMO margin calculations and to understand their efficacy in certifying stability over a set of controllers and in replacing legacy single-loop gain and phase margin calculations.
Design and validation of headup displays for navigation in IVHS

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) are being developed to facilitate safety and efficiency for roadway users. To avoid congestion and improve route guidance, information has to be presented to the driver in a timely and digestible format. Currently, there are few methods by which an increase in such information load can be presented safely and effectively. The present experiments examine headup displays as one method of presenting this navigational information. A vital facet of information presentation is synthesis and management, such that displays do not overload drivers and create safety hazards in and of themselves. To evaluate displays in a controlled environment, the present experiments were conducted in a fixed-base simulation facility. The first experiment evaluated the differences in driver response to alpha-numeric versus iconic headup displays. The second experiment compared ego-centered against fixed-based map representations of geographical information. Results indicate the superiority of iconic headup displays and ego-centered maps.
The Tiger Shark file system

Tiger Shark is a parallel file system for IBM's AIX operating system. It is designed to support interactive multimedia, particularly large-scale systems such as interactive television (ITV). Tiger Shark scales across the entire RS/6000 product line, from small desktop machines to the SP-2 parallel supercomputer. Tiger Shark's primary features are support for continuous time data, scalability, high availability, and manageability, all of which are crucial in its role in large-scale video servers. Interestingly, most of the features that make Tiger Shark a good video server are important for other large-scale applications such as technical computing, data mining, digital library, and scalable network file servers. This paper briefly describes Tiger Shark: the environment that makes it important, the key technology it embodies, and the efforts to build products based on it.
Phase Division Multiple Access (PDMA)

Phase Division Multiple Access (PDMA) is a coded Multi Phase Shift Keying modulation technique, where multiple users have access to the same carrier frequency through the phase constellation. In the proposed scheme, the input digital signal is mapped into a block of orthogonal codes. The encoded data, which is in orthogonal space, modulates the carrier frequency by means of MPSK modulator. At the receiver the data is recovered by means of code correlation. This modulation technique offers multiple error correction with bandwidth efficiency.
Environmental Resource Management Issues in Agronomy: A Lecture/Laboratory Course.

Environmental Sciences Technology T272 is a course with a laboratory addressing problems in soil and water quality and organic wastes utilization to serve students from associate degree programs in laboratory science and environmental resources management at a 2-year technical college. Goals are to build basic lab skills and understand the role and importance of sample collection to address several environmental issues in agronomy. Prerequisites are basic mathematics and one quarter of college chemistry. Students collect and perform tests on water samples from small watersheds, sample soil at prescribed distances to confirm source of contaminant (road salt), and collect and evaluate three species of livestock manure. Field trips are conducted to water and wastewater facilities of a small city and to the USDA-ARS North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Coshocton, OH. Written reports on these activities are prepared in the style of scientific journal articles or posters. This course presents opportunities to teach simple statistics such as sample mean, standard deviation, and simple fitting of data points to a linear regression model. Students struggle with the expectation that reports are presented in journal article or poster style, but overall response to the course has been positive.
Biological Aspects of Breath-Alcohol Analysis

We studied several relevant biological aspects of breath-alcohol analysis in 55 healthy men and women, after alcohol ingestion and during breath-alcohol analysis with a typical 4th-generation instrument. We measured breath volumes, delivery pressures, and end-expiratory temperatures, with the following findings: End-expiratory temperature, 32.41-35.69 °C (mean, 34.53 °C); forced vital capacity, 1825-6550 ml (mean, 4038 ml); maximum expiration after normal inspiration, 1180-4550 ml ( mean, 2730 ml); breath delivery pressure into a prototype Borg-Warner Model P-7 breath-alcohol apparatus, 8-50 inches H2O (mean, 21.3). These data and other pertinent findings from this study should assist in more rational design of breath-sampling systems in forthcoming breath-alcohol instruments and in developing valid procedures for their use.
On the dynamics of Cu ions injection into low-k nanoporous materials under oscillating applied fields

Cu injection into low-k dielectrics was studied using oscillating bipolar field experiments coupled with a mass transport model. Cu/SiCOH/Si structures were stressed using an oscillating square bipolar applied field at 200 °C. Breakdown was defined experimentally as the time it takes for the leakage current to exceed 1 × 10−5 A under given stress conditions. Time to failure was found to depend on field oscillating frequency and amplitude of the applied field. It was determined that ion solubility primarily affects the magnitude of lifetime enhancement, while mobility affects its onset in the frequency domain. Overtime, the local field generated by the accumulation of Cu ions during bias temperature stress resists the action of the oscillating field thus inhibiting the ability to sweep ions from cathode to anode through reversal of the applied field and thereby limits the observed lifetime enhancement. Predictions from the model match trends for experimental data involving transport of Cu ions into SiCOH.
Array Biosensor for Toxin Detection: Continued Advances

The following review focuses on progress made in the last five years with the NRL Array Biosensor, a portable instrument for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple targets. Since 2003, the Array Biosensor has been automated and miniaturized for operation at the point-of-use. The Array Biosensor has also been used to demonstrate (1) quantitative immunoassays against an expanded number of toxins and toxin indicators in food and clinical fluids, and (2) the efficacy of semi-selective molecules as alternative recognition moieties. Blind trials, with unknown samples in a variety of matrices, have demonstrated the versatility, sensitivity, and reliability of the automated system.
The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its downstream sequelae, hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, are rapidly growing epidemics, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates, and soaring health-care costs. Developing interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which excess hepatic lipid develops and causes hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Proposed mechanisms implicate various lipid species, inflammatory signalling and other cellular modifications. Studies in mice and humans have elucidated a key role for hepatic diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase Ce in triggering hepatic insulin resistance. Therapeutic approaches based on this mechanism could alleviate the related epidemics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
ON THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD

The equation governing the transverse motion of a charged particle in a spatially uniform, but time-varying magnetic field is considered. A series is derived which gives the relative change in the magnetic moment of the particle caused by a slow but finite rate of variation of the magnetic-field strength. Under ordinary physical conditions, the series is convergent. The first few terms of the series reduce to an approximation derived by Hertweck and Schluter, and Chandrasekhar. Therefore, that approximation forms the leading part of a convergent series, but not of an asymptotic series. This accounts for the fact that the approximation of Hertweck and Schluter gives the correct order of magnitude in certain cases, but does not give the correct asymptotic behavior in the limit of slow variation of the field. By using more terms of the series in forming an approximation, the accuracy can be improved.
Digital image analysis measurement of root length and diameter

Abstract This paper describes a new automated method for measuring the length and diameter of small root samples based on digital image analysis. High contrast digital images of roots are processed during a thinning algorithm which reduces the images to a network of points representing the roots' medial axis. The medial axis is approximately the same shape as the roots themselves and only one point wide along its entire extent, making it easier to trace and compute root length. The image thinning algorithm can also be used to calculate average root diameter. Thinning is an iterative process; the number of iterations required to identify each point on the medial axis is directly proportional to the thickness of the surrounding root. On the assumption that roots are essentially cylindrical in shape, image analysis measurements of root length and diameter can also be used to compute root surface area.
Synthesis studies directed toward gelsemine. A new synthesis of highly functionalized cis-hydroisoquinolines

Abstract Cis-Hydroisoquinolines can be prepared in good yields by treatment of readily available endo-1-(cyanomethyl)-6-hydroxybicyclo [2.2.2]oct-5-en-1-yl amines with KH as summarized in Scheme 3.
The Recalcitrant Bile Duct Stone

Endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis by the gastroenterologist at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has become the standard of care and, to a large degree, routine in most endoscopic units. Large common bile duct (CBD) stones or CBD stones in patients with altered anatomy still pose a challenge above and beyond the routine skills and techniques needed to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In this article, we review the features that may make stone removal difficult, including size and number of stones as well as various anatomical challenges, including postsurgical anatomy. Approaches to lithotripsy are discussed including mechanical and nonmechanical and a description of routinely available accessories and more novel equipment that may be found in tertiary centers. Stenting and other alternatives for management, including perctutaneous approach, are discussed as well.
Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents

Sleep and waking behaviors change significantly during the adolescent years. The objective of this study was to describe the relation between adolescents' sleep/wake habits, characteristics of students (age, sex, school), and daytime functioning (mood, school performance, and behavior). A Sleep Habits Survey was administered in homeroom classes to 3,120 high school students at 4 public high schools from 3 Rhode Island school districts. Self-reported total sleep times (school and weekend nights) decreased by 40-50 min across ages 13-19, ps 120 min) reported increased daytime sleepiness, depressive mood, and sleep/wake behavior problems, ps < .05, versus those sleeping longer than 8 hr 15 min with less than 60 min weekend delay. Altogether, most of the adolescents surveyed do not get enough sleep, and their sleep loss interferes with daytime functioning.
Immunoregulatory T-Cell Dysfunction in Polyclonal Gammopathy

The mechanisms responsible for the increased serum immunoglobulines in polyclonal gammopathy states are unknown. We have studied the regulation of peripheral blood B-cell immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion, by T cells of either blood or bone marrow compartments, in 20 patients with polyclonal gammopathy and 27 controls with normal serum immunoglobulin levels. When compared to B-T-cell cocultures of normals, cocultures of polyclonal gammopathy patients had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin secretion (P<0.01). Normal T cells but not T cells from patients with polyclonal gammopathy suppressed B-cell immunoglobulin secretion (P<0.01) and not the number of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-positive cells of the polyclonal gammopathy patients. T cells from patients with polyclonal gammopathy enhanced normal B-cell immunoglobulin secretion (P<0.05) but not the number of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-positive cells. Controls' bone marrow T cells were more efficient than blood T cells in suppressing polyclonal gammopathy B cells (P<0.02). T cells in polyclonal gammopathy are predominantly helper cells and could play a role in the enhanced immunoglobulin secretion of B cells. Bone marrow T cells are more efficient than blood T cells in regulating B cells. It seems that T cells predominantly regulate B-cell immunoglobulin secretion and not the number of B cells with cytoplasmic Ig.
Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of blueberries in the southeastern United States

SUMMARY The behavioral traits and the pollination efficiency of Osmia ribifloris Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) were studied to assess the potential value of this bee for pollinating southern blueberry crops (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus). Emergence for this typically univoltine bee can be made to coincide with blueberry flowering, but there were some unusual patterns. For example, some bees delayed prepupal development and emerged one year late (i.e., parsivoltinism). Adults began foraging at blueberry flowers at air temperatures as cool as 9°C. Thirty-three to 67 percent of open-pollinated rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) flowers visited solely by female O. ribifloris set seeded fruits. Bagged flowers that excluded O. ribifloris resulted in 0-5% seedless fruit. Calculations based on flower visits and fruit set for female bees suggest that the monetary return a farmer receives from each female bee that nests in the orchard is about $12.00 to $24.00.
Effective transport properties of disordered, multi-phase composites: Application of real-space renormalization group theory

Abstract Real-space renormalization group theory (RSRG) provides a powerful tool for the estimation of effective transport coefficients of disordered, two- and three-phase composites on the basis of the intraphase transport coefficients. In this paper, we present methods for estimating effective transport coefficients of space-filling composites modelled by square, hexagonal and cubic tessellations. These methods are particularly useful for composites whose phases differ from each other in their individual transport coefficients by two or more orders of magnitude and whose effective transport properties are predominantly influenced by the connectedness of the phases. Problems of interest could include evaluation of effective diffusion coefficients of small molecules in incompatible polymer blends, effective thermal conductivities of porous media, effective electrical conductivities of metal-filled polymers, and effective elastic moduli of disordered composites.
Differential inequalities and flow-invariance via linear functionals

Abstract This paper deals with flow-invariance properties with respect to x′ ⩾ f(t, x) and resulting comparison inequalities. Both the order relation “⩾” and the regularity conditions on x are defined, in a general manner, in terms of a specified set of linear functionals, S. This permits greater flexibility for applications e.g., a proper choice of S gives the PDE operators of the form f(t, x) = xss + qxs where p ⩾ 0, an appropriate quasimonotonicity property.
Technology, productivity and economic analysis

Abstract A commonly held view is that innovation, deriving directly from expenditure on research and development, brings increased productivity, lower costs, increased profitability and growth, and that these relationships form a economically virtuous circle. However, this view is not supported either by the research results reported here or by other empirical findings. A richer and deeper framework of analysis than this “mythology” provides is required for management decision making in innovation and in this and the subsequent paper the author outlines the necessary features of such a framework. A model of a “network of productivity relationships” with six components is described which traces the effects of innovation, at any point in the network, on input productivities. The model points up the futility of single input measures of innovatory effects. This network is then combined with cost factors to show the effect on categories of unit costs and on total unit cost. Finally, profitability is related to the physical and cost factors to provide managerial control ratios which offer the relevent criteria by which innovation many be appraised. The history of innovation in the U.S. Basic Steel Industry is examined in the light of the model described above and hypotheses are proposed to identify possible productivity and cost effects of innovation with a view ot improving general predictive capability of the results of any given type of innovation.
Determination of the characteristic polarization states of the target scattering matrix [S(AB)] for the coherent, monostatic, and reciprocal propagation space

A problem originating in radar polarimetry is considered for which the radar target is to be characterized by its coherent polarization state properties, given complete coherent backscattering scattering matrix data sets at one frequency and for one target aspect angle. For the monostatic reciprocal case, it is shown that there exist in total five pairs of characteristic polarization states. These include the orthogonal cross-polarization null and copolarization maximum state pairs and the orthogonal cross polarization maximum state pairs, as well as a newly identified pair, the orthogonal cross-polarization saddle point extrema which are normal to the plane spanned by the other four pairs. With this complete and unique mathematical description of Huynen's polarization fork concept, it is now possible to study the polarimetric radar target optimization problem more rigorously.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with abciximab on thrombin generation and activity during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Abstract Background Antagonists of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa decrease acute ischemic complications after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Abciximab (c7E3 Fab, ReoPro) has been reported to decrease thrombin generation in vitro. We investigated in vivo the effect of abciximab therapy on thrombin generation, thrombin activity, and the activated clotting time (ACT) during PCI. Methods We studied 32 consecutive patients who underwent PCI for unstable coronary syndromes. Group I (n = 11) was treated with heparin plus aspirin, and group II (n = 21) was treated with heparin plus aspirin plus standard-dose abciximab, administered 5 minutes after the initial heparin bolus. Patients received a standardized heparin bolus at time 0, and arterial blood specimens for prothrombin fragment F1.2, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), and ACT were obtained from the guiding catheter at 5 minutes, 10 minutes (ACT only), 20 minutes, and at the end of the PCI. Standard-dose abciximab was administered in group II only. Each patient served as his or her own control, and the changes against the baseline were compared between the 2 groups. Results There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding baseline characteristics, hematocrit, and platelet count. Group I patients had higher ACT and lower F1.2 and FPA compared with group II at baseline. Subsequent measurements demonstrated a gradual decrease in FPA and F1.2 in group II; the end of procedure versus baseline changes that occurred in F1.2 were significantly different compared with group I (decrease of 0.59 ± 0.22 nmol/L in group II vs increase of 0.22 ± 0.3 nmol/L in group I, P = .04), and a trend in the same direction was evident for FPA changes (decrease of 1.46 ± 1.16 ng/mL in group II vs increase of 2.25 ± 1.58 ng/mL in group I, P = .07). The ACT response to abciximab was variable, but a 6.3% increase (+20 sec) in ACT was documented 5 minutes after abciximab bolus in group II compared with the 3.4% decrease (–10 sec) observed in group I at the same time point ( P = .1). Conclusion Addition of abciximab to heparin plus aspirin during PCI was associated with a significant decrease in thrombin generation and a borderline decrease in thrombin activity. (Am Heart J 1999;138:49-54.)
Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Family pedigree analyses of high-risk families, case-control studies and racial disparities in disease incidence all point to a potential inherited predisposition to MM. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified susceptibility loci in a number of cancers and such studies are currently underway in MM. To date, GWASs in MM have identified several potential regions of interest for further study on chromosomes 3p22, 7p15.3, 8q24 and 2p23.3. In addition, several targets of paraproteins (so called ‘paratargs’) in MM have been identified. Hyperphosphorylation of the paratarg protein, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, appears a common mechanism underlying the antigenicity of these proteins. One particular protein, hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7 (pP-7) is a common target in persons with myeloma and has also been identified in affected members of several high-risk MM families. It appears that the frequency of pP-7 as an antigenic target may be particularly high in African American patients with MM, which could be part of the explanation for observed racial disparities in the incidence of MM. In this review we focus on available data in the area of inherited predisposition to MM, and highlight future research directions.
Humoral immune response to abnormal MUC1 in subjects with colorectal adenoma and cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) expresses a hypoglycosylated (abnormal) form of MUC1 different than MUC1 expressed in normal colon, which elicits antibodies in patients with CRC. This form of MUC1 is expressed in other abnormal but non-malignant lesions in the colon, such as adenomatous polyps, precursors to CRC. Estimates of the prevalence of anti-MUC1 antibodies in subjects with these lesions are lacking. We evaluated IgM and IgG anti-MUC1 antibodies in 148 subjects with non-advanced adenomas (NAA), advanced adenomas (AA), colorectal cancer, hyperplastic polyps (HPP), and normal controls. We hypothesized that the prevalence of anti-MUC1 antibodies would increase along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence as more dysplastic tissues express more abnormal MUC1. Anti-MUC1 IgM was found in 5/47 (10.6%) of normals, 5/45 (11.1%) of NAA, 7/47 (14.9%) of AA, and 4/20 (20.0%) of CRC (p=0.70). The prevalence of anti-MUC1 IgG was 8/47 (17.0%) of normals, 14/45 (31.1%) of NAA, 14/47 (29.8%) of AA, and 6/20 (30.0%) of CRC (p=0.36). We found no significant differences in the prevalence of anti-MUC1 antibodies between subjects along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. However, in an exploratory analysis, the median normalized anti-MUC1 IgG OD level of the combined abnormal groups (NAA, AA, CRC) was significantly higher than the normals (0.045 OD vs. 0.030 OD; p=0.017). Our data support further studies into the potential role of anti-MUC1 immunity in preventing progression of premalignant colon lesions to colon cancer.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. II. Pharmacokinetics of bishydroxycoumarin elimination in the rat, guinea pig, dog, and rhesus monkey.

Low (1–2 mg./Kg.) and high (8–20 mg./Kg.) doses of bishydroxycoumarin (BHC) were administered intravenously in cross-over fashion to rats (Sprague-Dawley, male), guinea pigs (Hartley, male), dogs (beagle and mongrel, male and female), and monkeys (rhesus, male). BHC levels in the plasma declined exponentially with time in each species. The size of the dose had no significant effect on half-life in rats and guinea pigs. The half-life was variable in the dog and increased with increasing dose in the monkey. There was no pronounced change in the apparent volumes of distribution of BHC with dose in any of the animal species studied. The rat, guinea pig, and monkey eliminate BHC considerably more rapidly, while the dog eliminates the drug more slowly than man.
Concordant and discordant alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use as predictors of marital dissolution.

This study examined concordant and discrepant alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among couples to determine whether they predicted marital separation or divorce over 9 years. The study recruited 634 couples as they applied for their marriage licenses; we assessed them at that time and reassessed them with mailed questionnaires at their first, second, fourth, seventh, and ninth wedding anniversaries. Approximately 60% of the men and women were European American, and approximately 33% were African American. The frequency of drinking to intoxication and binge drinking (more than 5 drinks in an occasion) was assessed, as was the use of cigarettes and marijuana. At each assessment, each member of the couple was asked about the occurrence of marital separations and divorce. Bivariate analyses indicated that tobacco and marijuana use, whether discrepant or concordant, were associated with marital disruptions. However, discrepant heavy drinking was associated with disruptions, but concordant heavy drinking was not. Concordant and discordant marijuana use were not associated with divorce when analyses controlled for alcohol and tobacco use. Concordant and discordant tobacco use was not associated with divorce when analyses controlled for sociodemographic and personality factors. However, discrepant alcohol use was related to divorce after controlling for the other substances in 1 analysis and after controlling for the sociodemographic factors in a separate analysis. Tobacco and marijuana use were related to divorce through their associations with other variables. However, results suggest that discrepant alcohol use may lead to marital disruptions and should be addressed with couples seeking marital treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Effect of common agents on intermediary temporary soft reline materials.

Abstract Specimens made of two types of intermediary soft reline materials were placed in solutions of agents which might commonly come in contact with patients' dentures. Certain of these agents, in particular some soaking-type denture cleansers, caused damaging changes to occur within the soft materials. Limited clinical observations were made to confirm the results of the laboratory report, and the findings supported the laboratory observations. Therefore, patients whose dentures have received a temporary soft relining material should be advised in the method of cleansing their dentures to gain a longer-lasting usefulness from the reline material.
Cell attachment and spreading on extracellular matrix-coated beads

Abstract Parietal yolk sac cells M1536-B3 grown on cytodex 2 beads deposited an extracellular matrix on the surface of the beads. Cell-free matrix-coated beads were isolated by treatment of the cell monolayer with cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The matrix when analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) revealed that the major components were laminin and entactin. The matrix-coated beads were used to study the attachment, spreading, and growth of African Green monkey BSC-40, human mammary MCF-7, mouse fibroblast L929, rat liver clone 9, and rat hepatoma H-4-II-E cells in defined serum-free growth medium. The different cell lines exhibited varying responses to matrix-coated vs uncoated beads with respect to rate of attachment, spreading, and growth. One of the most consistent responses observed was the enhancement of cell spreading on matrix-coated beads. The results suggested that the matrix-coated beads will provide a readily available and valuable tool for studies on cell surface-extracellular matrix interactions and the physiological consequences of those interactions.
EB1-microtubule interactions in Xenopus egg extracts: role of EB1 in microtubule stabilization and mechanisms of targeting to microtubules.

EB1 targets to polymerizing microtubule ends, where it is favorably positioned to regulate microtubule polymerization and confer molecular recognition of the microtubule end. In this study, we focus on two aspects of the EB1–microtubule interaction: regulation of microtubule dynamics by EB1 and the mechanism of EB1 association with microtubules. Immunodepletion of EB1 from cytostatic factor-arrested M-phase Xenopus egg extracts dramatically reduced microtubule length; this was complemented by readdition of EB1. By time-lapse microscopy, EB1 increased the frequency of microtubule rescues and decreased catastrophes, resulting in increased polymerization and decreased depolymerization and pausing. Imaging of EB1 fluorescence revealed a novel structure: filamentous extensions on microtubule plus ends that appeared during microtubule pauses; loss of these extensions correlated with the abrupt onset of polymerization. Fluorescent EB1 localized to comets at the polymerizing plus ends of microtubules in cytostatic factor extracts and uniformly along the lengths of microtubules in interphase extracts. The temporal decay of EB1 fluorescence from polymerizing microtubule plus ends predicted a dissociation half-life of seconds. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching also revealed dissociation and rebinding of EB1 to the microtubule wall with a similar half-life. EB1 targeting to microtubules is thus described by a combination of higher affinity binding to polymerizing ends and lower affinity binding along the wall, with continuous dissociation. The latter is likely to be attenuated in interphase. The highly conserved effect of EB1 on microtubule dynamics suggests it belongs to a core set of regulatory factors conserved in higher organisms, and the complex pattern of EB1 targeting to microtubules could be exploited by the cell for coordinating microtubule behaviors.
Recognition reaction time and size of the memory set: A developmental study*

Kindergarten, fourth-grade, and college Ss were tested on a recognition reaction-time task with memory sets of two, three, and four items. Though overall reaction time (RT) varied with age, the slopes of the functions relating RT to size of the memory set did not differ significantly as a function of age. Within the context of a theory of recognition memory developed by Sternberg (1966), the results suggest that young children scan memory for familiar pictures as quickly as do adults.
Dynamically determined optimal inspection strategies for serial production processes

In general it is best to improve the quality of production processes to the point where inspection is minimal. It follows that incoming raw material usually should be of high quality. However, it can be disastrous if poor quality raw material is utilized by a production-inspection system optimized under the expectation of excellent raw material. Thus if there is uncertainty in the quality of incoming raw materia], the production-inspection system should be dynamically adjusted to accommodate this variability. In this paper a sampling plan is described which serves as the basis for making dynamic adjustments to the production-inspection system. An upper bound is determined for the amount (given the potential gain) that should be spent on sampling the raw material.
Gene regulatory networks in the immune system

We describe examples of genomic control circuits that underlie developmental transitions and cellular activation states within the immune system. The architectures of simple gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are highlighted to emphasize conservation of regulatory motifs. The regulatory logic and the cell fate dynamics of each simple GRN, the latter revealed by mathematical and computational modeling, are elaborated. This framework is being expanded to enable the assembly and analysis of complex GRNs using genomic, computational, and high-throughput experimental methodologies. The paradigm will provide new insights into immune cell development and function, and into the pathophysiology of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, as well as immune malignancies.
Mixed-ligand complexes-II. (Methioninato)ethylenedibiguanide cobalt(III) salts

Abstract A series of new cobalt(III) complexes of the formulation [Co(meth-O − )(EBG)] 2+ (where meth-OH = DL -methionine, L -methionine; EBG = ethylenedibiguanide) has been prepared, and characterized using elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, visible and IR spectral data. The electronic absorption spectra reveal two ligand-field bands representing the transitions 1 A 1 g → 1 T 1 g and 1 A 1 g → 1 T 2 g . The ligands obey their expected position in the spectrochemical series. The visible spectra of all the [Co(meth-O − )(EBG)] 2+ salts are very similar, which reveals that coordination of methionine is through the amino and carboxylated groups. The mercaptide group of methionine remains uncoordinated in the mixed chelate [Co(meth-O − )(EBG)] 2+ .
Soviet growth and American textbooks: An endogenous past☆

Abstract Between 1960 and 1980 American economics textbooks overestimated Soviet growth. They held that the Soviet economy was growing faster than the US economy and yet they kept the ratio of Soviet–US output constant over two decades. The textbooks downplayed any uncertainty associated with such growth estimates. We offer evidence that the optimistic portrait of the Soviet economy in the textbooks was in part driven by an assumption of efficiency and abstraction from institutional concerns.
Disposition of 14C‐nicotine in the fertilized chick egg

14C-Nicotine·HCl (4.5 mg) was injected into the air space of chick eggs after one day of incubation and the distribution of radioactivity measured on days 3, 5, 7 and 12. By day 3, 98% of the dose had passed from the air space into the egg, proper. The quantity of nicotine in the yolk was highest on day 3 (74% of dose) and decreased steadily until day 12 (52%). The quantity in the albumen increased from 16% on day 3 to a maximum on day 7 and remained constant at 34% until day 12. The embryo contained 0.03% of the nicotine on day 3, and this level increased to 5% by day 12. Nicotine in the allantois increased throughout the study period (0.01% on day 3 to 3% on day 12). Although only 5% of the dose was present in the embryo, the highest concentrations of nicotine observed were in the heart, liver and carcass. The concentrations within these components of the embryo ranged from a minimum of 0.85 μg nicotine/mg dry wt in the heart to a maximum of 2.00 μg nicotine/mg dry wt in the carcass. These levels within the embryo were two to five times higher than the greatest concentrations in the yolk and albumen. The dynamics of nicotine passage from the air space into other components of the fertilized chick egg were clarified. Whereas the conventional expression of teratogenic doses of drugs in chick eggs (i.e., ppm of egg weight) assumes that the compound is distributed uniformaly, this study indicates that such expressions are inaccurate.
A multi-criteria resource allocation model for traffic incident management

Consider an incident management system (IMS), in which emergency vehicles are dispatched to mitigate the adverse consequences of these incidents. Since the initial investment, maintenance cost and operating cost is substantial, there is a need for allocating response vehicles wisely among depots. Assuming that the stochastic distribution of incidents over a network is known, we need to assign an appropriate number of service vehicles to each depot to meet the service requirements of potential incidents. Let us consider two possible criteria: 1 minimise the total incident response time 2 minimise the initial investment. To satisfy both criteria, the problem is formulated into a multi-criteria stochastic programming model. We formulate such a computationally demanding model and provide sample solutions.
Structural Design Considerations of a Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

In the latter half of the twentieth century extensive research had been performed to improve the efficiency and operational life of Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in order to make them competitive with the more common horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Due to the completely random wind conditions and a continuously changing angle of attack of the rotating airfoil, fatigue of the system components was a major contributor to the short operational life of these traditional VAWTs. The fluctuating aerodynamic forces generated by the airfoil during rotation subject the support shaft to a substantial amount of torque ripple. In addition to the varying torque produced by the turbine, the centripetal forces generated by the airfoil’s rotation proved to be extremely large and create problems with deflection and fatigue in the airfoil’s internal support structure and especially at the attachment point of the airfoil to the support arm. One method for improving the efficiency of an aerodynamic system is to reduce the weight of the system. However, because of the forces generated during turbine operation, this proved to be a nontrivial task. West Virginia University’s (WVU) Center for Industrial Research Applications (CIRA) is exploring the implementation of circulation control on a vertical axis wind turbine to increase the lift to drag ratio of the turbine’s airfoils in order to produce a greater turning force and improve the efficiency of the system. While the common structural challenges of vertical axis wind turbines still apply, those implementing circulation control introduce additional design hurdles which must be overcome. These additional design problems concern mainly with the airfoil construction and support shaft in that they must be capable of accommodating the circulation control system components. This paper introduces the geometrical design constraints imposed on a vertical axis wind turbine through the operational requirements and serviceability of the circulation control system in addition to the traditional aerodynamic and centripetal forces generated and how they are resolved onto the individual turbine components.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Carbon nanotube-modified biocatalytic microelectrodes with multiscale porosity

Macropores were introduced into nanotube matrices via polystyrene bead templates, and the resulting matrix was applied to carbon fiber microelectrodes as a porous medium for immobilization of enzymatic biocatalysts. The macropores were found to increase the electrochemically active surface area by twofold at a nominal polystyrene mass fraction of 73%. The modified electrodes were further coated with biocatalyst hydrogel comprising glucose oxidase, redox polymer, and crosslinker to create a glucose oxidizing bioanode. Glucose oxidation current density also increased two fold after introduction of the macropores. Focused ion beam cut cross-sections reveal complete adsorption of the enzyme-hydrogel matrix into the CNT layer. This templating technique is a promising approach to the maximization of surface area and transport in bioelectrodes.
Thermodynamics and fluorescence studies of the interactions of cyclooctapeptides with Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to characterize the interactions of cyclooctapeptides ( CP ) containing glutamyl and/or cysteinyl residues with common heavy-metal ions in order to facilitate the design of cyclopeptides as sensors for metal ions. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies show that cyclooctapeptides containing glutamyl and/or cysteinyl residues bind these Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ over Cd 2+ and other common metal ions. Differential binding isotherms, in their interactions with Hg 2+ , support a two-binding site model, whereas pertinent interactions with Pb 2+ support a 2:1 stoichiometry, suggesting a CP /Pb 2+ / CP mode of complexation. The cyclooctapeptide containing both glutamyl and cysteinyl residues shows a significant binding affinity for Hg 2+ ( K a = 7.6 × 10 7 M −1 ), which is both enthalpically and entropically driven. The fluorescence of these cyclooctapeptides showed pronounced fluorescence quenching responses to Hg 2+ over Pd 2+ and Cd 2+ . Stern–Volmer analyses of the dependence of fluorescence intensity on Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ are reported. The observed trends are useful for the design of Hg 2+ sensors based on fluorophore-tagged cyclooctapeptides.
Sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems with bounded state

This paper considers the numerical solution of optimal control problems involving a functionalI subject to differential constraints, a state inequality constraint, and terminal constraints. The problem is to find the statex(t), the controlu(t), and the parameter π so that the functional is minimized, while the constraints are satisfied to a predetermined accuracy.
Lunar resource surveys from orbit

The chemical composition of lunar soil and rocks is known now for nine surface sites, by analysis of returned samples. Three classes of silicate material, mare basalt, KREEP, and highland material (sometimes called ANT) have been identified as major components. Gamma-ray and X-ray instruments have mapped the Apollo 15 and 16 ground tracks for major elements, K, and Th. It is hoped that the Lunar Polar Orbiter will carry instruments capable of producing a chemical map of the entire moon. The most exciting possibility is that ice may exist in shadowed regions near the lunar pole.
Analysis of Dual Rotating Rake Data from the NASA Glenn Advanced Noise Control Fan Duct with Artificial Sources

The Rotating Rake mode measurement system was designed to measure acoustic duct modes generated by a fan stage. Initially, the mode amplitudes and phases were quantified from a single rake measurement at one axial location. To directly measure the modes propagating in both directions within a duct, a second rake was mounted to the rotating system with an offset in both the axial and the azimuthal directions. The rotating rake data analysis technique was then extended to include the data measured by the second rake. The analysis resulted in a set of circumferential mode levels at each of the two rake microphone locations. Radial basis functions were then least-squares fit to this data to obtain the radial mode amplitudes for the modes propagating in both directions within the duct. Validation experiments have been conducted using artificial acoustic sources. Results are shown for the measurement of the standing waves in the duct from sound generated by one and two acoustic sources that are separated into the component modes propagating in both directions within the duct. Measured reflection coefficients from the open end of the duct are compared to analytical predictions.
Appointment Scheduling Under Patient No-Shows and Service Interruptions

We consider an appointment-based service system (e.g., an outpatient clinic) for which appointments need to be scheduled before the service session starts. Patients with scheduled appointments may or may not show up for their appointments. The service of scheduled patients can be interrupted by emergency requests that have a higher priority. We develop a framework that can be utilized in determining the optimal appointment policies under different assumptions regarding rewards, costs, and decision variables. We propose two methods to evaluate the objective function for a given appointment schedule. We specifically consider two different formulations, both of which aim to balance the trade-off between the patient waiting times and server utilization and carry out a numerical study to provide insights into optimal policies. We find that policies that ignore interruptions perform quite badly, especially when the number of appointments to be scheduled is also a decision variable. We also find that policies that require equally spaced appointments perform reasonably well when the interruption rate is constant. However, their performance worsens significantly when the interruption rate is time dependent.