cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal bleeding in an adolescent runner.

1. Nicholi AM. The nontherapeutic use of psychoactive drugs: a modern epidemic. N Engl J Med 1983;308:925-33. 2. Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences Policy. Marijuana and health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982. 3. Marijuana and health. Ninth report to th e US Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Rockville, Md.: National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1983. 4. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs. Effects of marijuana use on man. Pediatrics 1975;56:13443. 5. Dupon t RL: Teenage drug use: opportunities for the pediatrician. J PEDIATR 1983;102:1003-7. 6. Schwartz RH. Marijuana: a crude drug with a spectrum of under'appreciated toxicity. Pediatrics 1984;73:455-8. 7. Comerci GD. Foreclosing on life. J PEDIATR 1986;109:723-5. 8. Silber TJ. Marijuana in urine. Pediatrics 1984;74:904. 9. Schwartz RH, Hayden Gregory F, Riddile M. Laboratory detection of marijuana use: experience with a photometric immunoassay to measure urinary cannabinoids. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:1093-6. 10. Schwartz RH, Hawks RL. Laboratory detection of marijuana use. JAMA 1985;254:788-9. 11. DuPont RL. Marijuana, alcohol and adolescence: a malignant synergism. Semin Adolesc Med 1985;1:311-5. 12. Hamburg BA, Kralmer HC, Jahnke A. A hierachy of drug use in adolescence~ Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:115,1163. 13. Kandel CB, Logan JA. Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. Am J Public Health 1974;74:660-6. 14. EISohly MA, E1Sohly HN, Jones AB, Dimson PA~ Wells KE. Analysis of the major metabolite of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine. II. HPLC procedure. J Anal Toxicol 1983; 72:262-4. 15. Jessor R, Jessor SL. Problem behavior and psychological development: a longitudinal study of youth. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1977.
Clinical Utility of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Purpose The clinical utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in comparison to standard workup in patients with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown.
End-stage liver disease and liver transplantation: role of lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of advanced liver disease, including end-stage liver disease. Liver transplantation is generally regarded as the treatment of choice for decompensated cirrhosis. Although long-term prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) has improved significantly the outcome after transplantation, about 20-36% of transplant recipients still develop recurrent hepatitis B and have reduced survival. Moreover, HBIg prophylaxis has a number of disadvantages, including high cost, difficulty in administration and tolerability problems. Lamivudine, an oral nucleoside analogue, is a potent inhibitor of HBV replication and has been investigated in end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation. Treatment with lamivudine results in suppression of viral replication, and clinical improvement and stabilisation of some patients with end-stage liver disease, leading to increased pre-transplant survival as well as a reduced need for transplantation. Prophylaxis with lamivudine is also effective in preventing recurrent HBV infection and graft reinfection after transplantation, although a combination of lamivudine plus HBIg is preferable to prevent the emergence of YMDD variant HBV (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate amino acid motif of HBV polymerase). Lamivudine is also effective for the treatment of recurrent hepatitis B after transplantation, based on improvement in virological parameters of infection as well as clinical and histological manifestations of disease. In all of these clinical settings, lamivudine is well tolerated and dose reduction is not required. In conclusion, lamivudine has a potential role for the treatment of patients with hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease, for prophylaxis in patients undergoing liver transplantation, and in the treatment of recurrent or de novo HBV infection after transplantation.
In Situ Optical Particle Sizing Technique

This paper discusses the application of an in situ optical counter to the measurement of liquid fuel droplets and solid coal particles under combustion conditions. Mie theory computations are used to determine an optimal near-forward light-scattering geometry for sizing both spherical transparent particles and irregularly shaped light-absorbing particles in the 5-80 /im range. Results are presented for a burning methanol spray and for reacting coal particles. I. Introduction T HERE is considerable interest in the measurement of particle size distributions in two-phase flows. Specific examples of energy-conversion devices in which such measurements are desirable include liquid spray and pulverized fuel combustors, and particulate cleanup devices such as electrostatic precipitators. While the particulate characteristics such as mean diameter, size distribution, mass loading, and material properties may vary in such systems, the sizes of interest generally fall in the submicron to 100 jim range, with number concentrations up to 107 cm~ 3 for submicron-sized particulates. The available measurement techniques1'2 also vary widely in type and capability. Several, including microscopy, cascade impactors, Coulter counters, mobility analyzers, and commercial optical counters, require a sample to be extracted from the flow. This poses problems related to obtaining a representative sample, especially for the larger-sized and volatile materials in hot, high-velocity flows. Also, many sampling methods are cumbersome and slow in operation. For these reasons, optical techniques are of special interest since they are capable of making in situ measurements with continuous and rapid readout. Moreover, by using lasers, they are adaptable to high-temperat ure systems having high thermal radiation background. Optical techniques all depend on Mie scattering3'4 and can be broadly divided into imaging and nonimaging types. The former, including flash photography5 and holography,6'7 are limited in practice to sizes 19 the theory and initial measurements of a new in situ counter technique utilizing the last approach have been described. The present paper briefly reviews the basis of the measurement technique described in Refs. 18 and 19, and then discusses the instrument requirements necessary for measurements of relatively large (5-80 /ion) particles with variable light-absorbing properties. Light-scattering computations using the Mie theory are presented for several nearforward light-collection geometries, and optimal conditions are defined. Based on these results and previous corn
Temporal bone analysis of patients with presbycusis reveals high frequency of mitochondrial mutations

Presbycusis is a histologically and genetically heterogenous group of disorders, which lead to progressive, primarily sensorineural hearing loss with aging. Acquired mitochondrial DNA defects have been proposed as important determinants of aging, particularly in neuro-muscular tissues. The spiral ganglion and membranous labyrinth from archival temporal bones of 5 patients with presbycusis were examined for mutations within the mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome oxidase II gene. When compared to controls, results indicate that mitochondrial mutations in the peripheral auditory system occur commonly with age-related hearing loss, that there is great individual variability in both quantity and location of mutation accumulation, and that at least a proportion of presbycusis patients have a highly significant load of mutations in auditory tissue. This work supports the hypothesis that acquired mitochondrial mutations are a determinant of hearing loss in a subgroup of presbycusis patients.
Immunotargeting of liposomes to activated vascular endothelial cells: A strategy for site-selective delivery in the cardiovascular system

Endothelial-selective delivery of therapeutic agents, such as drugs or genes, would provide a useful tool for modifying vascular function in various disease states. A potential molecular target for such delivery is E-selectin, an endothelial-specific cell surface molecule expressed at sites of activation in vivo and inducible in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by treatment with cytokines such as recombinant human interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta). Liposomes of various types (classical, sterically stabilized, cationic, pH-sensitive), each conjugated with mAb H18/7, a murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes the extracellular domain of E-selectin, bound selectively and specifically to IL-1beta-activated HUVEC at levels up to 275-fold higher than to unactivated HUVEC. E-selectin-targeted immunoliposomes appeared in acidic, perinuclear vesicles 2-4 hr after binding to the cell surface, consistent with internalization via the endosome/lysosome pathway. Activated HUVEC incubated with E-selectin-targeted immunoliposomes, loaded with the cytotoxic agent doxorubicin, exhibited significantly decreased cell survival, whereas unactivated HUVEC were unaffected by such treatment. These results demonstrate the feasibility of exploiting cell surface activation markers for the endothelial-selective delivery of biologically active agents via immunoliposomes. Application of this targeting approach in vivo may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Layer-specific refinement of visual cortex function after eye opening in the awake mouse.

The laminar structure and conserved cellular organization of mouse visual cortex provide a useful model to determine the mechanisms underlying the development of visual system function. However, the normal development of many receptive field properties has not yet been thoroughly quantified, particularly with respect to layer identity and in the absence of anesthesia. Here, we use multisite electrophysiological recording in the awake mouse across an extended period of development, starting at eye opening, to measure receptive field properties and behavioral-state modulation of responsiveness. We find selective responses for orientation, direction, and spatial frequency at eye opening, which are similar across cortical layers. After this initial similarity, we observe layer-specific maturation of orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and linearity over the following week. Developmental increases in selectivity are most robust and similar between layers 2–4, whereas layers 5 and 6 undergo distinct refinement patterns. Finally, we studied layer-specific behavioral-state modulation of cortical activity and observed a striking reorganization in the effects of running on response gain. During week 1 after eye opening, running increases responsiveness in layers 4 and 5, whereas in adulthood, the effects of running are most pronounced in layer 2/3. Together, these data demonstrate that response selectivity is present in all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) at eye opening in the awake mouse and identify the features of basic V1 function that are further shaped over this early developmental period in a layer-specific manner.
Ultrafast widefield optical sectioning microscopy by multifocal temporal focusing

The need for optical sectioning in bio-imaging has amongst others led to the development of the two-photon scanning microscopy. However, this comes with some intrinsic fundamental limitations in the temporal domain as the focused spot has to be scanned mechanically in the sample plane. Hence for a large number of biological applications where imaging speed is a limiting factor, it would be significantly advantageous to generate widefield excitations with an optical sectioning comparable to the two-photon scanning microscopy. Recently by using the technique of temporal focusing it was shown that high axial resolution widefield excitation can be generated in picosecond time scales without any mechanical moving parts. However the achievable axial resolution is still well above that of a two-photon scanning microscope. Here we demonstrate a new ultrafast widefield two-photon imaging technique termed Multifocal Temporal Focusing (MUTEF) which relies on the generation of a set of diffraction limited beams produced by an Echelle grating that scan across a second tilted diffraction grating in picosecond time scale, generating a widefield excitation area with an axial resolution comparable to a two-photon scanning microscope. Using this method we have shown widefield two-photon imaging on fixed biological samples with an axial sectioning with a FWHM of ~0.85 μm.
Effects of grafting geometry and solvent quality on the structure of bimodal polymer brushes.

We carry out extensive off-lattice computer simulations of bimodal polymer brushes and discuss the effects of different grafting geometry and solvent quality on the structure of such mixed polymer brushes. For a flat grafting surface and good solvents, the short and long chains segregate vertically and the long chains stretch more in the coexisting region. The situation is different for polymers grafted onto a flat surface and in contact with poor solvents where vertical segregation between the long and the short chains is found to be much weaker. Also, as the function of short chains increases in the layer, both the short and the long chains stretch less. This is different from the good solvent case where the stretching of the short chains increases as the short chain fraction increases. For a spherical grafting surface and in good solvents, the stretching of the two type of chains is similar in the inner layer. In a poor solvent, the situation is similar to a flat grafting surface with poor solvents and both types of chains are equally stretched over the entire region of the layer.
Simulations for initiation of vacuum insulator flashover

The vacuum/dielectric interface of insulators is often the weakest part in high voltage and pulsed power systems. Surface flashover can occur for electric field values much lower than that of bulk breakdown through the material. Although much empirical data and many theories can be found in the literature, there are no models that can be used to optimally design insulators and reliably predict when flashover will occur. In this presentation we will discuss the results of a FDTD-PIC code that is being used to model physics phenomena common to many flashover theories. In order to simulate the initiation of vacuum insulator flashover, VORPAL [1] is being used on the Linux clusters at LLNL. In [2] we presented the results for implementing physics modules that included the effects of field distortion due to the dielectric, Fowler-Nordheim field emission, low energy secondary emission, insulator charging, and magnetic fields. We have extended our previous work to include a thin gas layer near the surface of the insulator. Electrons may cause ionization depending on their energies and the collision cross section of the gas. The inclusion of these physics effects leads to a more complete model and better understanding of vacuum insulator flashover.
Synthesis, structural determination, and ethylene polymerization chemistry of mono(salicylaldiminato) complexes of titanium(IV)

Titanium(IV)mono(salicylaldiminato) complexes [L 1 Ti(NMe2)3 ]( 1) and [L 1 TiCl3 ]( 2 )h ave been synthesized by treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 or TiCl4 with one equivalent of [4; 6-Bu t -2-(CHNBu t )C 6 H 3 OH] (L 1 H )o r[4; 6-Bu t -2-(CHNBu t )C 6 H 3 OSiMe 3 ] (L 1 SiMe3), respectively. The compounds are monomeric in solution and in the solid-state. Reactions of TiCl4 with one equivalent of [4; 6-Bu t -2-(CHNCH2Ph)C6H3OH] (L 2 H) and [4; 6-Bu t -2-fCHN(2-C6H4OH)gC6H3OH] (L 3 H2) produced [L 2 TiCl2(m-Cl)]2 (3) and [L 3 TiCl2]2 (4), respectively. [L 3 TiCl2(THF)] (5) was also produced in quantitative yield when 4 was stirred in THF for 16 h. The reaction of TiCl4 with L 3 H2 (Two equivalents) in toluene gave [(L 3 )2Ti] (6). The molecular structures of 2/4 and 6 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies; and 4 displayed a rare face to face p/p stacking interaction in its structure. Compounds 1 and 2 showed modest ethylene polymerization activities at 25 8C with 900 molar equivalents of methylalumoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst.
Strong coma lobes from small gravitational deformations

Beam mapping at 1.3-cm wavelength has shown very strong sidelobes at the 140-ft telescope, up to four lobes in a row when pointing far west. Different types of observations and the theory of coma lobes lead in good agreement to the conclusion that the telescope suffers a large lateral defocusing, varying by 7.2 cm east-west (EW) and 2.8 cm north-south (NS) for pointing changes of 90\deg . Since the lateral deformation of the feed legs is only 0.5 cm, it must be mainly the optical axis which moves. This is achieved by a gliding rotation of the best-fit paraboloid, gliding along a slightly deformed surface, while rotating about the center of the average surface curvature. It is shown that the resulting lateral focal offset can be much larger than the surface deformation which causes it. The gliding rotation is also confirmed by a structural analysis. The observational and analytical methods described can also be applied to other telescopes. Polar mounts such as the 140-ft may show the effect in two directions: east-west and north-south, while alt-azimuth mounts can show it in only one direction: up-down. The effect of lateral defocusing is to be expected at other telescopes as well whenever the rim is more flexible than the center; and the resulting degradation of efficiency and beam shape will be significant whenever gravity is important in the error budget. In these cases the telescopes should be supplied with a variable lateral shift of the mount at the prime focus, computer-controlled as a function of the pointing, following the axial movements. This additional degree of freedom may improve the short-wavelength performance considerable for telescopes whose surface panels are more accurate than the gravitationally deformed backup structure.
Enhancing the AvrX kernel with efficient secure communication using software thread integration

We present methods to add efficient cryptographic support to low-performance embedded processors with embedded networks (e.g. sensor networks). Software thread integration (STI) is used to create efficient threads which can perform cryptographic operations during time-slice (TDMA) communication, eliminating most context-switching overhead. The AvrX kernel is enhanced to automatically select the most efficient threads based upon available work, saving processor cycles and power. The results show that an STI-based implementation enables communication at higher rates while also performing more cryptographic work compared with traditional ISR (interrupt service routine) or busy-wait schemes. Significant performance improvements are found for both the RC4 and RC5 ciphers. First, STI enables cryptographic processing to occur during communication at a bit rate of f/sub cpu//8, which is not possible with an ISR approach. Second, cryptographic throughput at lower communication rates increases by up to 200% for both RC4 and RC5.
Overview And Current Status of Non-Native Termites (Isoptera) in Florida §

ABSTRACT The origins and status of the non-endemic termite species established in Florida are reviewed including Cryptotermes brevis and Incisitermes minor (Kalotermitidae), Coptotermes formosanus, Co. gestroi, and Heteroterm.es sp. (Rhinotermitidae), and Nasutitermes corniger (Termitidae). A lone colony of Marginitermes hubbardi (Kalotermitidae) collected near Tampa was destroyed in 2002. Amature colony of an arboreal exotic, Nasutitermes acajutlae, was destroyed aboard a dry docked sailboat in Fort Pierce in 2012. Records used in this study were obtained entirely from voucher specimen data maintained in the University of Florida Termite Collection. Current distribution maps of each species in Florida are presented. Invasion history suggests that established populations of exotic termites, without human intervention, will continue to spread and flourish unabatedly in Florida within climatically suitable regions.
Respiratory management of inhalation injury

Advances in the care of patients with major burns have led to a reduction in mortality and a change in the cause of their death. Burn shock, which accounted for almost 20 percent of burn deaths in the 1930s and 1940s, is now treated with early, vigorous fluid resuscitation and is only rarely a cause of death. Burn wound sepsis, which emerged as the primary cause of mortality once burn shock decreased in importance, has been brought under control with the use of topical antibiotics and aggressive surgical debridement. Inhalation injury has now become the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. Although mortality from smoke inhalation alone is low (0-11 percent), smoke inhalation in combination with cutaneous burns is fatal in 30 to 90 percent of patients. It has been recently reported that the presence of inhalation injury increases burn mortality by 20 percent and that inhalation injury predisposes to pneumonia. Pneumonia has been shown to independently increase burn mortality by 40 percent, and the combination of inhalation injury and pneumonia leads to a 60 percent increase in deaths. Children and the elderly are especially prone to pneumonia due to a limited physiologic reserve. It is imperative that a well organized, protocol driven approach to respiratory care of inhalation injury be utilized so that improvements can be made and the morbidity and mortality associated with inhalation injury be reduced.
Rayleigh fractionation of iron isotopes during pedogenesis along a climate sequence of Hawaiian basalt

Abstract We measured iron isotopic composition of surface (10–20 cm) and subsurface (50–70 cm) basaltic soil horizons from the Island of Maui along a climate gradient (MCG) ranging from 2.2 to 4.2 m mean annual precipitation (MAP). All soil forming factors except climate were conserved. The MCG has a documented decrease in Fe with increasing rainfall that is highly correlated with decreasing mean annual Eh values. We found that increasing MAP from 2.8 to 4.2 m resulted in a surface plus subsurface average increase of 0.56‰ ± 0.09‰ δ56Fe with the subsurface consistently 0.33 ± 0.06‰ δ56Fe greater than the surface horizons. Based on loss of Fe relative to Nb, Rayleigh fractionation was observed with 103lnαlost–retained values of − 0.37 ± 0.03 and − 0.34 ± 0.04 for the surface and subsurface, respectively. Equivalent 103lnαlost–retained values for the surface and subsurface soils suggests Fe loss is driven by similar mechanisms throughout the soil profile. Our calculated fractionation factor is about 1/3 the magnitude of laboratory determined fractionation factors for Fe reduction, suggesting other processes (organic complexation, Fe re-precipitation) modulate the net Fe loss along the MCG. These results offer field-scale confirmation of laboratory experiments on model systems that show anoxic weathering reactions produce materials enriched in heavy Fe isotopes.
Work in progress - from First-Year projects to senior capstone design…what skills are really gained?

Innovative curriculum reforms have been instituted at several universities and colleges with the intention of developing the technical competence and professional skills of engineering students. First-Year, or freshman design courses have been integrated into undergraduate engineering curricula across the country. Many of these courses provide students with hands-on engineering opportunities early in the curriculum. Senior capstone courses are ubiquitous in engineering programs, incorporating technical knowledge and real-world problem solving. However, it is unclear what professional and technical engineering skills are gained between freshman and senior year design courses. This research project investigates the longitudinal-technical and professional skill development of mechanical engineering students at the University of Colorado at Boulder. An overview of first-year engineering projects and the Senior CapstoneDesign project coursesis detailed. The assessment tools and schedule are presented, and the initial findings are discussed. Additionally, a summary is addressed discussing how the evaluation results, which may affect skills development, will be integrated into the next course offering of senior capstone design.
Rousseau's Inhibited Radicalism: An Analysis of His Political Thought in Light of His Economic Ideas

It is generally agreed that Rousseau affected a pessimistic posture toward modernity and that this posture resulted from his failure to deal with the problems of modern industrial society. Underlying this failure, I would like to suggest, is a contradiction between Rousseau's economic ideas, i.e., his defense of private property, and his political ones, i.e., his call for the creation of a communal society in which freedom would be realized through obedience to the general will.In a society based on private property, as Rousseau had to admit, an inevitable conflict exists between private economic interests and the general interest of society. In order to minimize that conflict, so that the general will would have a chance to prevail, Rousseau advocated a return to a simple society based on a primitive economy. This, however, was bound to be a short-lived solution, because, as he very well knew, the forces of economic development could not be arrested, and the appearance of a full-blown competitive economy could not be long delayed. Thus, Rousseau's clear insight into the problems of an emerging bourgeois society, coupled with his inability to find a way of alleviating these problems, constituted the root causes of his pessimism.
Regimes of Thermocline Scaling: The Interaction of Wind Stress and Surface Buoyancy

The role of the relative geometry of mechanical forcing (wind stress) and buoyancy forcing (prescribed surface temperature) in the maintenance of the main thermocline is explored. In particular, the role of the wind stress curl in enhancing or suppressing the generation of baroclinic eddies is studied in simplified domains. The dependence of key quantities, such as the depth of the thermocline and the maximum heat transport, on the external parameters such as diapycnal mixing and dissipation rate is examined. Qualitatively different regimes are found depending on the relative phase of the wind stress and surface buoyancy distribution. The most efficient arrangement for eddy generation has Ekman pumping (suction) in conjunction with high (low) surface buoyancy. This corresponds to the situation found in the midlatitudes, where the surface Ekman flow carries heat toward the warmer region (i.e., upgradient of the surface temperature). In this case, strong eddy fluxes are generated in order to counteract the upgradient heat transport by the Ekman cell. The result is a thermocline whose depth is independent of the diapycnal diffusivity. However, the competition between these opposing heat fluxes leads to a weak net heat transport, proportional to the diffusivity responsible for the diabatic forcing. This arrangement of wind stress provides a large source of available potential energy on which eddies can grow, so the mechanical energy balance for the eddies is consistent with a substantial eddy heat flux. When the same surface temperature distribution is paired with the opposite wind stress curl, the mean flow produces a sink, rather than a source, of available potential energy and eddies are suppressed. With this arrangement, typical of low latitudes and the subpolar regions, the Ekman overturning cell carries heat downgradient of the surface temperature. Thus, the net heat transport is almost entirely due to the Ekman flow and is independent of the diapycnal diffusivity. At the same time the thermocline is a thin, diffusive boundary layer. Quantitative scalings for the thermocline depth and the poleward heat transport in these two limiting cases are contrasted and successfully compared with eddy-resolving computations.
Four cell third order achromats and their application to multi-pass time-of-flight spectrometers

A repetitive third order achromatic system was designed. As an example, we chose the ESR storage ring at GSI. Instead of repetition of cells, which is widely used in achromat design based on normal form theory, we utilize cells which are obtained from the the original ones through mirror imaging about the x-y plane, which corresponds to a reversion. In our design, the second half of the ring is the reversion of the first one, and two turns make a third order achromat. The dynamical aperture was determined by tracking with 11th order maps using COSY INFINITY. The 9th order time-of-flight resolution was calculated statistically with beams of different emittances. >
iTuned: a tool for configuring and visualizing database parameters

iTuned is a tool that takes a SQL workload as input and recommends good settings for database configuration parameters such as buffer pool sizes, multi-programming level, and number of I/O daemons. iTuned also provides response-surface and sensitivity-analysis plots that help the end-user analyze the impact of each parameter. iTuned has the following novel features: (i) a technique called Adaptive Sampling that proactively brings in appropriate data through planned experiments to find high-impact parameters and high-performance parameter settings, (ii) an executor that supports on-line experiments in production database environments through a cycle-stealing paradigm that places minimal overhead on the production workload, and (iii) portability across different database systems. This demonstration will focus on the interesting use-case scenarios of iTuned, and show the effectiveness of recommended configuration settings on popular database benchmarks.
Selective Anchor Placement Algorithm for Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a new anchor placement algorithm for improving localization performance. Motivated from the result obtained on the anchor placement error analysis (Shi et al., 2005), an near-exhaustive search is done on anchor placement for localization variance. Based on the best anchor area found in the search, we design a selective mobile anchor placement scheme (SAP). Simulation result shows that the SAP anchor placement scheme is effective in a sensor network with a small anchor ratio. Localization simulation result shows both the position variance and accuracy are improved by more than 10% of the radio range.
Stock Market Trading in Space and Time: Information and HSBC Share Prices in New York, London and Hong Kong, 2006-2009

This paper investigates the circulation of information on secondary stock markets, using the case study of HSBC shares traded on the exchanges in New York, London, and Hong Kong. The distribution of price discovery is analysed across the three markets, within a 24-hour cycle of trading, and in the period between 2006 and 2009, showing a clear relationship with the distribution of private information about HSBC. London, the seat of HSBC headquarters, home to most of its decision makers and key business relationships, dominates price discovery. Hong Kong, the former home of HSBC and hub of its Asian operations is second. New York, unable to rival London or Hong Kong’s access to private information about HSBC, is last. Its role in price formation was particularly weak during the financial crisis, when confidence in publicly available information was at its lowest. The role of Hong Kong increases over time. As its Group Chief Executive Officer is relocating from London to Hong Kong, HSBC is returning to its Chinese roots. Trading activity and price discovery for HSBC shares may follow suit.
Inside the medicine cabinet: Making children's medicines a grown‐up issue

Abstract Children need medicines that are properly designed and formulated specifically for pediatric use. However, the majority of medicines prescribed for children have insufficient clinical data to support pediatric use or to determine how children will react to such medicines. In particular, children living with HIV/AIDS have limited access to pediatric‐specific antiretroviral drugs used to fight the disease. Recent improvements to U.S. and European pediatric drug testing laws may help generate more drugs tested and approved for children, but more must be done to ensure that children do not lag behind in access to lifesaving AIDS medicines, particularly in resource‐poor countries. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:5074–5079, 2008
Epiphyte communities on redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) in northwestern California

We used rope techniques to access epiphyte communities on nine large and structurally complex redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) occupying old-growth forest reserves of northwestern California. All species of epiphytic lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants were recorded, biomass of dominant vascular epiphytes (Polypodium scouleri and Vaccinium ovatum) was quantified, and tree crowns were mapped to estimate substrate surface areas. We employed a flexible, plot-based sampling regime defined by available microhabitats within height strata to search for epiphytes. All substrates were examined, including tree surfaces, canopy soils and perennially exposed surfaces of epiphytic vascular plants as well as forest floor vegetation, woody debris and terrestrial soils beneath the redwood crowns. Combined arboreal and terrestrial search efforts revealed 282 species, including 183 lichens, 50 bryophytes and 49 vascular plants. Beta diversities for plots aggregated by floristic group, stratum and substrate type were generally high, indicating a large proportion of infrequent species. Indirect ordination analysis suggested that an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats was the strongest factor controlling epiphyte community structure. Floristic groups, strata and substrates were highly segregated along the dominant compositional gradient. Chlorolichens, upper crown strata and redwood foliage occupied one end, while vascular plants, forest floor strata and terrestrial woody debris occupied the other end of the gradient. Indicator Species Analyses revealed that many species expressed affinities for particular substrates, including live vs. dead foliage, bark of small vs. large branches and limbs, bark of upper vs. lower surfaces of large limbs, bark of large trunks, bare wood, bryophyte mats, soils, non-redwood stems and terrestrial woody debris. Cluster Analysis identified seven groups of species with similar patterns of distribution across height strata and substrate types. Correlations between tree structure and species distribution suggested that structural complexity promoted epiphyte diversity within height strata. Surface areas of small live trunks, limbs and dead trunks were the best predictors of lichen species richness, Polypodium scouleri biomass and Vaccinium ovatum biomass, respectively. At least one new species (Calicium sp. nov.) was discovered, and two species (Buxbaumia piperi, Icmadophila ericetorum) normally restricted to terrestrial habitats were found as canopy epiphytes for the first time.
TracSim: Simulating and scheduling trapped power capacity to maximize machine room throughput

Abstract The power supplied to machine rooms tends to be over-provisioned because it is specified in practice not by workload demands but rather by high energy LINPACK runs or nameplate power estimates. This results in a considerable amount of trapped power capacity—excess power infrastructure. Instead of being wasted, this trapped power capacity should be reclaimed to accommodate more compute nodes in the machine room and thereby increase system throughput. But to do this we need the ability to enforce a system-wide power cap. In this paper, we present TracSim, a full-system simulator that enables users to measure trapped power capacity and evaluate the performance of different policies for scheduling parallel tasks under a power cap. TracSim simulates the execution environment of a production HPC cluster at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). TracSim enables users to specify the system topology, hardware configuration, power cap, and task workload and to develop resource configuration and task scheduling policies aimed at maximizing machine-room throughput while keeping power consumption under a power cap by exploiting CPU throttling techniques. We use real measurements from the LANL cluster to set TracSim’s configuration parameters. We leverage TracSim to implement and evaluate four resource scheduling policies. Simulation results indicate the performance of those policies and quantify the amount of trapped capacity that can effectively be reclaimed.
Having Never Been Free: Tracing the Criminalization of Black Female Bodies Through Assata Shakur

This paper explores a certain history of Assata Shakur’s naming to and placement on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorist List. Some scholars have noted that the FBI website contains more information about her than anyone else on the list. What does this tell us about how the general public's perception of her is being shaped? How does this naming point to the criminalization of the black female body as well as the criminalization of radical (often political) black knowledge? The reward for Shakur’s capture is set at $1,000,000 as opposed to the $5,000,000 reward for most the others on the list, and I think this can be read as the continuing devaluation of the black female body even as it is placed on the FBI’s Most Wanted Terrorist List. Patricia J. Williams classic and oft-anthologized 1994 essay, "Spare Parts, Family Values, Old Children, Cheap," as well as a large body of scholarship in black women's studies, suggests a great deal to us historically and theoretically about the meaning behind the reward amount for Shakur’s capture. While not implying that a higher monetary value would change her relationship to the United States government and surveillance apparatus, this paper will consider the ideological profitability for the intelligence community of Assata Shakur's black female body.
Han Feizi and the Old Master: A Comparative Analysis and Translation of Han Feizi Chapter 20, “Jie Lao,” and Chapter 21, “Yu Lao”

Among the writings in the Han Feizi that have been debated most tenaciously without resolution are two chapters that contain the earliest known commentaries to what was to become the Laozi: Chapter 20, “Explicating Lao” (“Jie Lao” 解老), and Chapter 21, “Illustrating Lao” (“Yu Lao” 諭老). Both Lundahl and Zheng Liangshu have briefly reviewed the general structure and content of these two commentaries and the debates concerning their authorship and dating, yet the debate rages on. At the heart of the debate lies the question of Han Fei’s relationship with a tradition, which by the early years of the Han, was to become associated with the shadowy figure of Laozi or the Old Master. Many questions remain unanswered: Why are these commentaries preserved in the Han Feizi? How do they comport with the rest of that work? When and by whom were they written? What do they identify as the principal ideas of what was to become the Laozi and why? The answers hold vital keys for understanding not only the nature of Han Fei’s thought but also the history of the Laozi itself.
Interest Group Participation in City Politics

Many cities across the United States have embraced programs aimed at sustainability. This may seem surprising as adopting aggressive environmental protection programs are regarded by some as inimical to economic development. An alternative perspective is that in the modern city sustainability can be part of an economic development strategy. To explore the actual behavior of cities we draw on two original databases on 50 large American cities. One source of data is composed of survey responses from city councilors, agency administrators, and leaders of local advocacy groups in each of these cities. The second database contains information as to what these 50 cities actually do in terms of sustainable programs and policies. In testing a series of hypotheses, we find that: a high number of programs aimed at promoting sustainability is linked to the inclusion of environmental advocacy groups; that this relationship is not compromised by business advocacy; and that inclusion of environmental groups in policymaking seems to be supported, rather than impeded, by high rates of economic growth by the cities.
Political development in Comoros

The Western Indian Ocean is alive with political change. Mauritius, scene of the recent OCAM conference, continues to show signs of searching for an identity; and the Creole cultural relationship with Afrka is an important part of the islands' current development.
On the determination of the sum of the principal stresses in two-dimensional problems

The well-known principle of the determination of the sum of principal stresses in plates by measuring thickness changes is applied in this paper to “frozen” plates and to models made with low-modulus materials, such as rubbers, deformed inside portable frames. It is shown that a sufficiently precise measurement of thickness changes is possible with a machine-shop comparator, rather than with the more delicate laboratory-type instruments. The necessary corrections to be introduced to the comparator readings when rubber models are used are described in the Appendix. Two other methods based on moire fringes, using the same two kinds of models, are also presented. The use of moire on “frozen” specimens yields patterns of large response. Gratings on rubber models also yield precise moire patterns that can be combined with isochromatics to separate the principal stresses. Two ways of conducting the moire analyses are presented. The advantages and limitations of the several alternative methods are pointed out, and applications are given.
‘He's Supportive, Period’: A Tribute to Bertram (Chip) Bruce

In this personal and revealing essay, the author traces her relationship with Chip Bruce, from its beginnings, when he served on her dissertation committee, to the present, when she realizes that she is paying forward to her own graduate students the fruits of community inquiry and supportive teaching and learning.
Mini Pressurized Logistics Module (MPLM)/International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) coupled load study

Before a payload can flight in the shuttle a dynamic coupled loads analysis is required. Payload components are usually designed using a preliminary coupled loads analysis followed by a final verification loads analysis prior to launch. Alenia Spazio S.p.A. (an Italian aerospace company) performed a preliminary loads analysis on the Mini Pressurized Logistics Module (MPLM) with International Standard Payload Racks (ISPR) installed to determine the design loads for the racks. Alenia discovered that the maximum MPLM to rack interface load was above 12,0001bf at the lower rack fittings. However, Boeing initially designed their racks to an interface load of SOOOlbf. A study was implemented to verify Alenia's loads and observe the effects of relocating the racks in the MPLM has on the interface loads. The maximum rack loads occur when the heavy racks are located in the aft locations in the MPLM. By moving the heavy racks from the aft positions forward, the maximum interface loads are reduced significantly. The load bearing capability of the lower interface fittings could be increased by changing from aluminum to titanium. However, in order to envelop the suggested rack location configurations, Boeing elected to change the lower fittings from aluminum to titanium. This paper reports on the results of the MPLM/rack coupled loads study and aspects of the redesign of the rack fittings.
Optimal models of skeletal morphology for the silicoflagellate genus Corbisema

The skeletal morphologies of three-sided silicoflagellates can be reproduced by a mathematical model that minimizes the apical surface area. The model allows the basal sides to bow outward; the morphology that best minimizes apical area has a basal ring that approximates a circle. More typical silicoflagellates from the geologic record, however, tend to have a basal ring more triangular in outline; our modeling shows that this can occur where the reduction of skeletal material, and thus weight, is a secondary factor. A model that minimizes the use of skeletal material produces unusual morphologies, indicating that the reduction of skeletal material is not of primary importance.
Galactic Archaeology: Current Surveys

I present an overview of the science goals and achievements of ongoing spectroscopic surveys of individual stars in the nearby Universe. I include a brief discussion of the development of the field of Galactic Archaeology - using the fossil record in old stars nearby to infer how our Galaxy evolved and place the Milky Way in cosmological context.
Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene fishing strategies at Quebrada Jaguay and the Ring Site, southern Perú

Abstract Much of the discussion regarding the peopling of the Americas during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene is focussed on advocating either a terrestrial route through an ice-free corridor or a coastal route along the Pacific rim. Central to this question is the potential of marine resources to sustain human endeavours. A growing body of archaeological data from the eastern Pacific rim shows that people did use marine resources as they moved south through the hemisphere and that they took advantage of the opportunities and challenges of coastal life in a wide range of different habitats. This is particularly evident in the vertebrate remains recovered from two shell deposits on the southern coast of Peru: Quebrada Jaguay and the Ring Site. Jaguay is one of the earliest known Terminal Pleistocene coastal sites in the hemisphere and the Ring Site was occupied during the Early Holocene. The sites are located within ca. 120 km of one another. Together, they document both the antiquity and the persistence of maritime strategies in southern Peru. At Jaguay the focus was on two fishes from a relatively high trophic level. The catch at the Ring Site was richer, more diverse, and drawn from a broader range of trophic levels. These data join a growing body of evidence demonstrating that discussions about the peopling of the Americas that presume marine resources were inferior to terrestrial ones, that propose simple models assuming a uniform, homogeneous “coastal” strategy prevailed, or that evaluate data in terms of stark dichotomies such as hunting versus fishing, simple versus complex, inland versus coastal, and mobility versus sedentism, fail to capture the richness of human solutions to life on this, or any, coast.
An Oscillating-Gradient Magnetic Trap for Strong-Field-Seeking Neutral Atoms

The major limitation on densities of neutral atoms achievable in magnetic traps is collisional lossl1 Most magnetic traps are “weak- field-seeker” traps, that is, they provide a local minimum in the magnitude of the magnetic field, towards which are attracted atoms in a hyperfine state.
Production of Acids and Bases for Ion Exchange Regeneration from Dilute Salt Solutions Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis

The acids and bases used for ion exchange regeneration contribute significantly to the increasing salinity of potable water supplies. This research investigated the use of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) for producing acids and bases from dilute salt solutions that are produced during reverse osmosis or evaporative cooling. Using single pass BMED, acids and bases were produced with concentrations equal to ∼75% of the feed salt concentration with current utilizations >75%. Current utilization increased with increasing feed salt concentrations due to decreased leakage current through the monopolar membranes. The maximum current density at which the BMED stack could be operated depended on the feed salt concentration and the flow velocity and was limited by water dissociation at the interface between the diluate solutions and the monopolar membranes. The stack resistance was dominated by the bipolar membranes, even for the most dilute feed solutions. The energy required per mole of acid or base produ...