cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the efficacy of anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty and parameters predictive of a successful outcome. METHODS: Clinical findings and physiologic investigations of female patients who underwent anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence between 1988 and 1996 were reviewed. The extent of sphincter damage was assessed at needle electromyography as the number of quadrants exhibiting decreased motor unit potentials. Prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies were those of greater than 2.2 ms. The size of the endoanal ultrasound defect was assessed as degrees circumference of the external sphincter in which viable muscle was absent. Patients were reviewed by telephone questionnaire and were asked to grade the outcome of their surgery as excellent or good (success) or fair or poor (failure). Incontinence was graded using a scoring system of 0 (perfect continence) to 20 (complete incontinence). RESULTS: There were 100 patients who had an overlapping sphincteroplasty; complete follow-up information was obtained for 77 patients at a median of 24 (range, 2–96) months. The median age was 47 (range, 25–80) years and they had a median duration of incontinence of four (range, 0.1–39) years. Prior sphincteroplasty had been performed in 30 patients with a median of one (range, 1–7) operations. Investigations performed included electromyography (n=49), pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (n=71), endoanal ultrasound (n=49), and manometry (n=67). Sixty percent of patients had improved continence and 42 (55 percent) considered their surgery to have been successful as attested to by a significant decrease in their incontinence score (from 15.1±4.5 to 4.3±4.2;P<0.0001). Neither patient age, parity, prior sphincteroplasty, cause or duration of incontinence, extent of electromyography damage, size of the endoanal ultrasound defect, nor any manometric parameter correlated with outcome. However, 62 percent of 59 patients with bilaterally normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies had a successful outcome compared with only 16.7 percent of 12 patients with unilateral or bilateral prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Bilateral normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies are the only factors predictive of long-term success after overlapping sphincteroplasty.
A unified approach to plasma-particle heat transfer under non-continuum and non-equilibrium conditions

Abstract A model for the heat transfer from a stationary, infinite plasma to a particle is developed so as to include rarefaction effects over the entire range of Knudsen numbers, and thermal and chemical nonequilibrium in the vicinity of the particle surface. The overall heat transfer rate is obtained by separately determining the contributions due to heavy species conduction and to energy transport by ion flow to the particle surface. Knudsen effects are accounted for by means of Sherman's interpolation formula for the conduction problem and its equivalent in electrostatic probe theory for the ion transport to the surface. Results are presented for argon plasmas in the pressure range 0.1–1 atm, and for particle sizes in the range 10–100 μm.
Zoladex (ICI 118,630): Clinical trial of new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog in metastatic prostatic carcinoma☆☆☆

Abstract Twenty-seven patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with the new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog, Zoladex (ICI 118,630) for up to ninety-eight weeks. Initially, treatment was randomized between Zoladex 250 μg and 500 μ self-injected subcutaneously every day for a minimum period of twelve weeks following which a sustained-release, once-monthly depot formulation of Zoladex 3.6 mg s.c. was used. Acute rises in serum gonadotropins and testosterone during the first two days were followed by declines in hormone levels over the following three weeks. Median time to castration with 500 jug/day was twenty-two days compared with forty-three days with 250 μg/day (p = 0.06). No significant endocrinologic changes occurred during the transfer to the depot, and serum testosterone remained 95 per cent suppressed throughout the duration of the study. After three months the median daily serum Zoladex concentrations ranged between 0.47 and 0.53 ng/ml and were not significantly different among the three dosage forms. No specific correlation among serum Zoladex concentrations, endocrinologic parameters, and tumor response rates were found. Hot flashes initially, and decreased libido were the only common complaints. Zoladex was well tolerated, and no side effects required dose-modification or removal from the study. Tumor response rates up to one year appeared to be comparable to the conventional endocrine therapies. This analog in monthly depot formulation is recommended for further clinical evaluation.
Relationships of Available Lysine to Lignin, Color and Protein Digestibility of Selected Wheat‐Based Breakfast Cereals

The relationships among available lysine, lignin, Hunter L values, and in vitro protein digestibility for selected wheat-based breakfast cereals were evaluated. Cereals processed by extrusion had lower loss of available lysine than did cereals processed by extrusion puffing or flaking and toasting. Hunter L values were positively correlated with all measures of lysine availability and protein digestibility except PPDR and negatively correlated with lignin of the cereals.
Inventory and mitigation opportunities for HFC-134a emissions from nonprofessional automotive service

Abstract Many vehicle owners in the United States recharge their vehicles' air conditioning systems with small containers of hydrofluorocarbon-134a (HFC-134a, CH2FCF3), at a frequency estimated to be once every year on average. Such nonprofessional service produces immediate emissions of this potent greenhouse gas during service and from the residual heel in partially used containers. The nonprofessional operations are also associated with increased delayed refrigerant emissions that occur because owners are less likely to repair leaks than professional technicians. In California, an estimated 1.3 million nonprofessional service operations performed each year generate 0.27 ± 0.07 million metric ton CO2 equivalent (MMTCO2e) of immediate emissions and 0.54 ± 0.08 MMTCO2e of delayed emissions, using a Global Warming Potential of 1300 for HFC-134a. The immediate emissions can be largely mitigated by a regulation that requires self-sealing valves and improved labeling instructions on the containers, a deposit-return-recycling program for the containers, and a consumer education program. If 95% of the used containers were to be returned by consumers for recycling of the container heel, the annual immediate emissions would be reduced by 0.26 ± 0.07 MMTCO2e. In the United States, an estimated 24 million nonprofessional service operations are performed each year, generating 5.1 ± 1.4 MMTCO2e of immediate emissions and 10.4 ± 1.5 MMTCO2e of delayed emissions. Mitigation measures equivalent to the California regulation would reduce nationwide immediate emissions by 4.9 ± 1.4 MMTCO2e, if 95% of the used cans were returned for recycling. These business-as-usual emissions and mitigation potentials are projected to stay approximately constant until around 2022, and remain at significant levels into the 2030s.
Depression and Health Behavior of Adolescents

This study examined the relationship between two sets of variables, symptoms of depression and health behaviors of adolescents. Analysis using canonical correlation produced two significant canonic...
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF RODENT SALIVARY GLANDS INCLUDING TWO DESERT SPECIES.

The submaxillary glands of the adult desert rat, antelope squirrel, rat, mouse and hamster have in common low levels of amylolytic enzyme in comparison with the relatively high levels of parotid gland amylase in these rodents. Submaxillary gland acini are classed as seromucous secreting although there is some variation in the carbohydrate histochemistry of these secreting units. Granular tubules are absent in antelope squirrel submaxillary glands and they are present in the submaxillary glands of the desert rat, rat, mouse and hamster. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of numerous basal folds in the acini of antelope squirrel submaxillary and parotid glands. These structures were not observed in the salivary gland acini of the hamster. Golgi membranes and “immature” secretion granules are topographically intimate in parotid glands of the hamster and antelope squirrel. In the submaxillary glands of these two rodents, the secretory material appears to originate in relation to the endoplasmic reticulum and secondarily, the granules become associated with a diffusely arranged system of Golgi membranes. The sublingual glands of all the rodents of this study are predominantly ones that produce mucous secretion and contain well developed striated duct systems. Of the salivary glands investigated in this study, the parotid glands of the rat, mouse and desert rat produce an isotonic saliva; the saliva of the other glands is definitely hypotonic.
Anatomical reconstruction from endoscopic images: toward quantitative endoscopy.

BackgroundRecent advances in computational image processing have made it possible to reconstruct camera motion and scene geometry from a series of monocular images. By applying these methods to end...
The measurement of pregnane-3α,20α-diol and its isomers in human plasma☆

Abstract Using the technique of paper chromatography and the formation of chromogens in a dimethyl sulfite-sulfuric acid reagent, a method for the quantitative estimation of pregnanediol-like material in peripheral human blood plasma has been developed. From 0.5 to 1 μg. pregnanediol in 10–20 ml. normal plasma can be detected. Plasma concentrations of pregnanediol-like material in pregnant women were found to be considerably higher than those in nonpregnant women, and in normal male plasma no pregnanediol-like material was found.
Analysis of fractal frictional contact in machining

A model of the interfacial frictional conditions at the secondary shear zone in oblique cutting is under development. It has been suggested that the tool-chip interface consists of sticking and sliding microcontacts, each of which exhibit dynamic variations throughout the cut. The bond strength at the interface is difficult to determine because of the unpredictable characteristic of precipitation variability and the complex behaviour of the work material under severe cutting conditions. In this research the frictional interface is investigated on a microscopic scale to shed some light on these issues. Time-dependent cutting experiments illustrate the dynamic variations in sticking and sliding. It is also proved that the sticking and sliding areas exhibit fractal characteristics. Actual contact areas for sticking and sliding were calculated by using image analysis techniques. A relationship between the fractal dimension and the area of contact is noted. A mathematical model is proposed on the basis of the measured forces and calculated contact areas.
A treatment of Radiation-Pressure and Gas-Pressure as Due to Inter-Molecular Forces

(1) Eddington's summation of gas-pressure and radiation-pressure. The average repulsive force between two gas molecules associated with the emission of radiation by the one and its absorption by the other is calculated. Substitution of this value in the virial of Clausius justifies Eddington's proposition (in his theory of stellar constitution) that the total pressure is the sum of the gas-pressure and the radiation-pressure. (2) The Boyle-Gay Lussac Law as a consequence of repulsive forces between molecules is exhibited by an analogous treatment of gas-pressure, which ascribes it to similar inter-molecular forces. (Of course the hypothesis that such forces exist is merely a statistical fiction.)
Firms, agency, and evolution

A recent (though controversial) trend in economics has been to appeal to evolutionary theory when addressing various open questions in the subject. I here further investigate one particular such appeal to evolutionary biology: the argument that, since markets select (in a standard biological sense) firms as coherent units, firms should be seen to be genuine economic agents. To assess this argument, I present a model of firm/office selection in a competitive market, and show that there are cases where markets can select for firms/offices as collective units – and thus, as agents of their own – but also that there are cases where they do not. In this way, I try to make the evolutionary argument for the agency-based view of the firm more precise.
The Phoenix Out of the Ashes: - The Rise To Power of Poland's Post-Communist SdRP

Abstract While the 1989 political transition swept away Poland's communist party, the PZPR, out of its rubble and ashes emerged a much smaller inheritor party, the now-social democratic SdRP. This article traces the evolution of this new party from its relative political marginality in 1990 to its electoral triumph and return to power in 1993.
Efficient non-hydrostatic modelling of surface waves interacting with structures

An efficient three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model is applied to simulate free-surface waves interacting with structures. The model employs an implicit Crank–Nicholson scheme to discretize the Navier–Stokes equations under a Cartesian staggered grid framework. An integration method is introduced to account for the full effects of non-hydrostatic pressure at the free-surface layer. A domain decomposition method is proposed to effectively solve the resulting matrix system. The model is first validated by simulating three-dimensional sloshing waves in a container. The model is then applied to simulate waves propagating over two-dimensional and three-dimensional submerged structures, in which the effects of non-linearity and dispersion are important. The model results show that the model using only two vertical layers are in all favorable agreements with experimental data, demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the model on simulating surface waves interacting with structures.
Measurement of the rheological properties of polymer melts with annular rheometer

An annular die has been designed having a very thin gap distance between two coaxial cylinders. The die was then used to measure wall normal stresses along the longitudinal direction of polymer melts flowing through the thin annulus. The materials investigated were high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Also investigated were blends of polystyrene and polypropylene, and blends of polystyrene and high-density polyethylene The measurements of wall normal stresses were used to determine the rheological properties of the melts, namely, the melt viscosity from the slope of axial wall normal stress profiles and the melt elasticity from exit pressures. The interpretation of the experimental data was made possible by the fact that the narrow-gap annular die can be considered as a substitute for a thin slit die. It has been found that the results obtained in the present study are consistent with those reported earlier by the author, who at that time used both capillary and slit dies.
Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes: Residual metal content and pretreatment temperature

Hydrogen storage in MWNT was enhanced ®ia the catalytic acti®ity of NiMgO. The magnitude of the hydrogen to metal ratio for the MWNTrNiMgO system, combined with temperature programmed adsorption and desorption studies, showed hydrogen spillo®er from the catalyst to the carbon surface. Metal doping combined with temperature acti®ation studies showed that both nickel and magnesium are acti®e in the catalytic process. The yield, quality, and carbon-metal contact were shown to affect hydrogen uptake. Higher pretreatment temperatures enhanced uptake, for both low- and high-pressure measurements, due to increased carbon-metal contact and acti®ation of () the catalyst. At 69 bar or 1,000 psia , the hydrogen adsorption and desorption of the MWNTrNiMgO system were 3.7% and 3.6%, respecti®ely.
Adsorption of arsenic on multiwall carbon nanotube-zirconia nanohybrid for potential drinking water purification

The adsorptive removal of arsenic from water using a multiwall carbon nanotube-zirconia nanohybrid (MWCNT-ZrO(2)) is presented. The MWCNT-ZrO(2) with 4.85% zirconia was effective in meeting the drinking water standard levels of 10 μg L(-1). The absorption capacity of the composite were 2000 μg g(-1) and 5000 μg g(-1) for As(III) and As(V) respectively, which were significantly higher than those reported previously for iron oxide coated MWCNTs. The adsorption of As(V) on MWCNT-ZrO(2) was faster than that of As(III), and a pseudo-second order rate equation effectively described the uptake kinetics. The adsorption isotherms for As(III) and As(V) fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. A major advantage of the MWCNT-ZrO(2) was that the adsorption capacity was not a function of pH.
Ghost Martyrs in Iraq: An Assessment of the Applicability of Rationalist Models to Explain Suicide Attacks in Iraq

Scholars have developed several rationalist explanations for the use of suicide attacks by terrorist organizations. Using evidence from Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Chechnya, and Turkey, these authors have created plausible and rational models for attacks, which many consider to be “irrational.” Although the conflict in Iraq has, by most accounts, experienced more suicide bombings than any other struggle, its contemporary nature has made research and analysis on the subject difficult. This article analyzes four of these models and their implications with respect to the events in Iraq. Although the evidence is not conclusive, the data suggests that organizations are not using suicide attacks to (1) gain nationalist objectives, (2) signal strength to a foreign government, or (3)“outbid” rival organizations, as many scholars suggest. Instead, the evidence suggests that these attacks are used for (1) tactical advantages and (2) to aid the global recruiting effort of Al Qaeda–linked organizations.
Interaction of spin-labeled tryptophan with sickle hemoglobin: probing the microenvironment of the contact sites by spin-probe--spin-label techniques.

Abstract The spin-labeled tryptophan was used as a structural probe of hemoglobin contact sites. The ESR spectral data indicated that the probe exhibits weak binding to hemoglobin with a dissociation constant of 3.2 · 10 −5 and 4.0 mol bound per hemoglobin tetramer. The spectrum suggested that the bound tryptophan was ‘partially immobilized’ with a correlation time reflecting the environment of the tryptophan binding site of 8.2 ns. The topology of the contact sites was investigated by using dual spin-label methodology in which spin-labeled tryptophan and ( 2 H, 15 N) substituted and deuterated maleimide spin label [ 2 H- 15 N]MSL covalently-bound to Cys-s93 residue were used. The ESR spectral data suggested that the tryptophan binding sites were located within 8–10Aof the nitroxide free radical of spin-labeled hemoglobin. The environment of the contact sites is discussed.
A randomized trial of attention training for generalized social phobia: Does attention training change social behavior?

Abstract The use of attention training protocols for the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD) is undergoing increased examination. Initial investigations were positive but more recent investigations have been less supportive of the treatment paradigm. One significant limitation of current investigations is overreliance on self-report. In this investigation, we expanded on initial investigations by using a multimodal assessment of patient functioning (i.e., including behavioral assessment). Patients with a primary diagnosis of SAD ( n = 31) were randomly assigned to eight sessions of attention training ( n = 15) or placebo/control ( n = 16). Participants were assessed at pre- and posttreatment via self- and clinician-report of social anxiety as well as anxious and behavioral response to two in vivo social interactions. Results revealed no differences between groups at posttreatment for all study outcome variables, suggesting a lack of effect for the attention training condition. The results are concordant with recent investigations finding a lack of support for the use of attention training as an efficacious treatment for patients with SAD.
22nm half-pitch patterning by CVD spacer self alignment double patterning (SADP)

Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) is a patterning technique that uses CVD spacers formed adjacent to a core (template) pattern that is defined by conventional lithography. After stripping the core (template) material, the spacers serve as a hardmask with double the line density of the original lithographically defined template. This integration scheme is an alternative to conventional double patterning for extending the half-pitch resolution beyond the current lithography tool's half-pitch limit. Using a positive tone (spacer as mask) approach, we show capability to create 22nm line and space arrays, on 300mm wafers, with full wafer critical dimension uniformity (CDU) < 2nm (3 sigma) and line edge roughness (LER) < 2nm. These 22nm line and space results stem from template lithography using 1.2NA 193nm water immersion lithography. In this paper, we also demonstrate lot to lot manufacturability, the patterning of two substrate types (STI and silicon oxide trench), as well as demonstrate the formation of gridded design rule (GDR) building blocks for circuit design.
Rapid Coal Analysis. Part II: Slurry Atomization DCP Emission Analysis of NBS Coal:

A McCrone Micronising Mill is used to wet grind NBS bituminous coal to a median particle diameter of 5.7 μm within 10 min. The finely divided coal slurry is immediately nebulized without sieving into a three-electrode DCP for accurate trace element determinations within 15 min overall elapsed time. Three important parameters contribute to near-quantitative elemental recovery without the use of wet or dry ashing, matrix matching, standard additions, or correction factors. These parameters are: (1) extremely small coal particle size, (2) spray chamber conditions favoring unusually efficient aerosal mass transport, and (3) high particle atomization efficiencies characteristic of the hot DCP. Near-unity response factors are observed for the rapid DCP emission determination of trace metals in finely divided coal slurry, Calibration may therefore be performed simply with aqueous standards. The slurry method gives near quantitative agreement between experimental and certified values for Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Pb in NBS bituminous coal.
Lateral Live-Load Distribution Characteristics of Simply Supported Steel Girder Bridges Loaded with Implements of Husbandry

This paper discusses the effect of agricultural live-loads on lateral load distribution characteristics of girder bridges on rural roadways in the United States. In this study, load distribution factors for bridges subjected to agricultural vehicles frequently used on rural roads are calculated based upon codified processes, field test results, and simulations. As part of this work, five simply supported steel girder bridges in Iowa were selected for field tests with four agricultural vehicles and a highway-type truck. Strain sensors were mounted on the bottom flanges of girders at midspan of all five bridges. Strain data resulting from the test vehicles were measured and used to determine girder distribution factors for each bridge. These strain data were also used to calibrate analytical models of the bridges. Over 120 agricultural vehicles were identified and used to analytically load the models. Girder distribution factors were then computed using responses from the vehicle-induced model simulations. Findings revealed that the analytical and field distribution factors were in most cases smaller than code-specified values, as has been observed by others. In some cases, however, these factors exceeded code values. Furthermore, the variability in agricultural vehicles’ characteristics had a significant impact on the live-load distribution factors for each bridge.
Null Subjects in Old English

I review the proposal made by Sigurðsson (2011) that null arguments follow from third-factor principles, as in Chomsky 2005. A number of issues remain unclear: for instance, the kind of topic that licenses null arguments in Modern Germanic, including Modern English. I argue that Old English is pro drop and add to the discussion Frascarelli (2007) started as to which topic licenses a null subject. I agree with Frascarelli and Hinterholzl (2007) that the licensing topic in Modern Germanic and Old English is an aboutness-shift topic. I also argue that verb movement to C is necessary to license the empty argument in the modern Germanic languages (including Modern English), but not in Old English, since agreement is still responsible for licensing in that language, as in Italian.
Augmented Reality for Discovery and Instruction

The authors recount their recent augmented reality project at an academic library serving 10,000 undergraduate and 1,600 graduate students, experimenting with augmented reality to connect vetted resources via interactive print or geolocation. These technologies enable colocation of digital and analog resources and can offer rich experiences to the end user: experiences consisting of text, hypertext, and Web scripting, audio, video, and even 3-D modeling. The authors examine library and academic uses of augmented reality technologies that inspired their own projects. They explore the possibilities offered by using augmented reality to employ contextually situated information inside and outside the library and its holdings. Technical details discussed include multimedia creation and database setup. Potential challenges include the problem of geolocation granularity and cellular signal strength. The iterative and transitory nature of information objects linked by augmented reality is addressed, including the...
A microdialysis study of ventral striatal dopamine during sexual behavior in female Syrian hamsters

Microdialysis was used to study the effects of exposure to a male hamster on extracellular concentrations of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the ventral striatum of ovariectomized female Syrian hamsters pretreated with either estradiol and progesterone, or a similar regimen of oil injections. The hormone-treated females showed high levels of lordosis throughout the hour of exposure to the male. In hormone-treated females, there was a rapid elevation of dialysate dopamine within the first 15 min of exposure to the male. Dialysate dopamine gradually declined over the next 45 min, though remaining significantly above baseline during the entire period of exposure to the male. None of the oil-treated females showed any indication of lordosis, and the addition of the male produced only a small increase in dopamine at 30 min, after which dopamine returned to pre-male basal levels. DOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA were all elevated following introduction of the male for both groups of females. These results suggest that ovarian hormones modulate the responsivity of ventral striatal dopamine to incentive stimuli associated with mating behavior in females, although extracellular levels of dopamine in the ventral striatum do not seem to be directly coupled to the display of lordosis.
Underuse of Pregnancy Testing for Women Prescribed Teratogenic Medications in the Emergency Department

Objectives The objectives were to estimate the frequency of pregnancy testing in emergency department (ED) visits by reproductive-aged women administered or prescribed teratogenic medications (Food and Drug Administration categories D or X) and to determine factors associated with nonreceipt of a pregnancy test. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using 2005 through 2009 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data of ED visits by females ages 14 to 40 years. The number of visits was estimated where teratogenic medications were administered or prescribed and pregnancy testing was not conducted. The association of demographic and clinical factors with nonreceipt of pregnancy testing was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 39,859 sampled visits, representing an estimated 141.0 million ED visits by reproductive-aged females nationwide, 10.1 million (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.9 to 11.3 million) estimated visits were associated with administration or prescription of teratogenic medications. Of these, 22.0% (95% CI = 19.8% to 24.2%) underwent pregnancy testing. The most frequent teratogenic medications administered without pregnancy testing were benzodiazepines (52.2%; 95% CI = 31.1% to 72.7%), antibiotics (10.7%; 95% CI = 5.0% to 16.3%), and antiepileptics (7.7%; 95% CI = 0.12% to 15.5%). The most common diagnoses associated with teratogenic drug prescription without pregnancy testing were psychiatric (16.1%; 95% CI = 13.6% to 18.6%), musculoskeletal (12.7%; 95% CI = 10.8% to 14.5%), and cardiac (9.5%; 95% CI = 7.6% to 11.3%). In multivariable analyses, visits by older (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.79), non-Hispanic white females (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.93); visits in the Northeast region (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.86); and visits during which teratogenic medications were administered in the ED only (AOR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.97) compared to prescribed at discharge only were less likely to have pregnancy testing. Conclusions A minority of ED visits by reproductive-aged women included pregnancy testing when patients were prescribed category D or X medications. Interventions are needed to ensure that pregnancy testing occurs before women are prescribed potentially teratogenic medications, as a preventable cause of infant morbidity.
Locus of Control and Depression as a Function of Sex Role Orientation in Two Age Groups of Mental Health Nurses

The purpose of the study reported in this article was to examine the relationships between locus of control and level of depression in younger adult and midlife registered mental health nurses (MHNs) in relation to each other and as a function of sex role orientation. On the basis of C. G. Jung's (1954) theory of individuation, the following hypotheses were derived: (a) MHNs with an androgynous sex role orientation will have a higher internal locus of control than MHNs with a nonandrogynous sex role orientation; (b) MHNs with an androgynous sex role orientation will be less depressed than nonandrogynous sex role-oriented MHNs, and (c) midlife MHNs will be more androgynous in sex role orientation than younger MHNs. Thirty-six participants, all working female registered mental health nurses between the ages of 30 and 59, were placed in the midlife group (age 41-59) or the young adult group (age 31-40) on the basis of self-indicated age. Two groups of female MHNs (younger adult and midlife women) were compared with each other by means of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975), used to assess sex role orientation (androgynous or nonandrogynous: cross-typed, sex-typed, or undifferentiated); Rotter's (1966) Locus of Control Scale, used to assess internal or external (I-E) locus of control; and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), used to assess level of depression. In regards to all three hypotheses, no statistically significant associations were found among the study variables. The strengths and weakness of the present study were reviewed. The theoretical and practical implications of the results were discussed, and directions for future research were considered.
Wireless harsh-environment oxygen sensors

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors fabricated on high-temperature piezoelectric substrates can be applied as harsh-environment oxygen sensors. In this paper we report recent results on the stability of the response of ZnO/ langasite SAW sensors. We also describe the development of conjugate-matched compact antennas for wireless sensing.
ALTERATION OF RELATIVE PREFERENCE FOR SUGAR AND SACCHARINE CAUSED BY VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS.

Lorsque l'on determine le pourcentage de choix de solutions de saccharine et de sucre chez le rat, on trouve que la preference pour le sucre est diminuee quand les animaux ont acces a leur nourriture pendant le test. La destruction de la region ventromediale hypothalamique diminue aussi la preference relative pour le sucre. Ces resultats confirment l'idee que l'un des facteurs de la preference pour le sucre depend de l'integrite de la fonction des recepteurs hypothalamiques.
Corrigendum to "the Lattice of Ideals Of The Nearring of Coset Preserving Functions"

We correct an error in [2] by exhibiting another ideal in the lattice of ideals when the normal subgroup used in the construction of the nearring has order two. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 16Y30 Quaestiones Mathematicae 25 (2002), 141-145
Comparative phospholipid compositions of adult female Xyleborus ferrugineus and its mutualistic fungal ectosymbionts

Abstract 1. 1. Phospholipid compositions of adult female Xyleborus ferrugineus beetle and its fungal ectosymbionts, Fusarium solani, Cephalosporium sp. and Graphium sp., were analyzed and compared. 2. 2. There was similarity in the qualitative phospholipid composition among the three fungi, and between the fungi and X. ferrugineus. 3. 3. Major components were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). 4. 4. PC and PE accounted for over 60 per cent of the phospholipids in Cephalosporium sp. and F. solani, but for more than 80 per cent in Graphium sp. and the beetle because of larger PE content. 5. 5. In terms of lipid phosphorus per unit dry weight, there was a 2 : 3: 4 ratio for F. solani : Cephalosporium sp.: Graphium sp.; and 10 μmoles/g of beetle.
Copper(II)-Assisted Enantiomeric Analysis of D,L-Amino Acids Using the Kinetic Method: Chiral Recognition and Quantification in the Gas Phase

Chiral recognition of d- and l-amino acids is achieved and mixtures of enantiomers quantified in the gas phase, using the kinetics of competitive unimolecular fragmentations of trimeric Cu(II)-bound complexes. Singly charged copper(II)−amino acid cluster ions [CuII(A)(ref*)2−H]+ (A = amino acid; ref* = chiral reference ligand, selected from among the natural α-amino acids) undergo competitive collision-induced dissociation (CID) in a quadrupole ion trap to form the dimeric complexes [CuII(A)(ref*)−H]+ and [CuII(ref*)2−H]+. The abundance ratio of these fragment ions depends strongly on the stereochemistry of the ligands in the precursor [CuII(A)(ref*)2−H]+ complex ion and specifically on the chirality of the analyte amino acid. The chiral selectivity, the ratio of the two fragment ion abundances for the complex containing one enantiomer of analyte expressed relative to that for the fragments of the corresponding complex containing the other enantiomer, ranges from 0.47 to 11. An energy quantity, Δ(ΔCuIIBDE...
5. Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57 (March): 45–56 Cited 457 times.

In just 13 pages, Warren Miller and Donald Stokes's “Constituency Influence in Congress” established the agenda for the next half-century of research on congressional representation. Along with its sister paper, “Party Government and the Salience of Congress” (Stokes and Miller 1962), “Constituency Influence” famously documents the general impoverishment of voters' knowledge of Congress and its members. Of at least equal importance is its analysis of congressional behavior as a response to oft-ambiguous constituency views, incorporating rich interview data of the sort not seen since. It is no wonder that Miller and Stokes' paper is among the most heavily cited—and influential—of all papers that have graced the pages of the Review.
Competitive effects and interactions during sorption of SMP fractions on activated carbon: Response surface approach for visualization of sorption profiles

Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the significance of the effects and interactions for during competitive sorption of soluble microbial products (SMP). Batch experiments were conducted to assess the competitive sorption characteristics and individual affinity of glucose (carbohydrate) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (protein) as two representative fractions of SMP. The influence of surface availability was investigated by using carbon particles with different particle sizes (5−75 μm, 75−850 μm, and 850−1000 μm) and different carbon amounts. Competitive effects and interactions were evaluated for each adsorbate and surface availability. Competitive sorption mechanisms were quantified in relation to surface affinity of the SMP fractions. Sorption capacity profiles of the SMP fractions at equilibrium were developed using second-degree polynomial models for the experimental data and compared with the estimates obtained from the modified Langmuir-like model which uses single parameter sorption data to estimate competitive sorption profiles of systems with two adsorbates. Adequacy limitations of the modified Langmuir-like model for each SMP fraction were evaluated based on the significance of the synergistic and antagonistic effects between the two SMP fractions and the carbon surface availability.
Water movement in soils

The physical phenomena associated with water movements in soils are examined through a series of simple and concrete examples. Two general analytical tools are used systematically to obtain quantitative results. The first is appropriate for transient effects and the second for gravity effects with finite size cavities. A theoretical description of this kind helps understand the nature of the phenomena, but the solutions are not always adequate for outdoor conditions. The neat description of a soil in terms of well defined properties may be appropriate for laboratory experiments under controlled conditions, but does not take into account the large fluctuations, both with time and position, in properties observed in the field. Often it is not possible to describe a soil in the field by more than a few average features, e.g., moisture content under typical conditions, average diffusivity, and conductivityat saturation. With this in mind, drastic simplifications have been made whenever possible to simplify more ‘rigorous’ solutions. The simpler results become more practical since they are expressed in terms of properties that can be measured in the field.
Detection of localized moments of the 3d series by electron energy-loss spectra

Abstract The transmission spectra of electrons from the 3p→3d transition of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni have been measured and analyzed to obtain information about the localization of the d states. By combining this data with soft X-ray emission data we obtain the interband exchange splitting for Fe, Co and Ni to be ≈1.7 eV/μB.
Direct contact evaporation of nearly saturated R 114 in water

Abstract This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation on direct contact boiling of immiscible liquids. The continuous phase, water, is under stagnant conditions, while the dispersed one, Freon 114, is injected in the test section with different velocity and thermodynamic conditions through a nozzle. The injection system has been designed to vary the quantity of injected refrigerant and/or the liquid injection velocity. The test section is a Plexiglas vertical cylinder 72 mm i.d., 2.0 m long. Experimental data are obtained from high-speed movies of the continuous phase level during and after the Freon 114 injection, as well as from the movies of the rising boiling dispersed phase (injected under nearly saturation conditions). Vaporization rate has been characterized as a function of thermal hydraulic conditions (i.e. water temperature, system pressure and Freon mass flow rate). Direct contact boiling efficiency was derived by the evaluation of the fraction of Freon that did not undergo the boiling process during the transit in the test section.
Intrapartum fetal subcutaneous tissue/femur length ratio: An ultrasonographic clue to fetal macrosomia

Objective: Our purpose was to compare the accuracy of ultrasonographic intrapartum measurement of fetal abdominal circumference, estimated fetal weight, and fetal subcutaneous tissue/femur length ratio in predicting large-for-gestational-age fetuses. Study Design: A cross-sectional analysis of 173 normal patients delivered of normal, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants (group 1) was performed to determine the normal changes of standard fetal biometric parameters and subcutaneous tissue throughout pregnancy. Measurements of fetal subcutaneous tissue were made at the level of the femoral diaphysis. A second group of 101 well-dated patients had these measurements obtained within 24 hours of delivery (group 2). Large for gestational age was defined as a birth weight > 90th percentile for gestational age. The sensitivity and specificity for prediction of large for gestational age of an intrapartum measurement of an abdominal circumference > 90th percentile, estimated fetal weight > 90th percentile, and fetal subcutaneous tissue/femur length ratio > 2 deviations of the mean was calculated. Results: In group 1 the mean gestational age was 31.4 ± 5.4 weeks (range 17 to 41 weeks). The femur length, abdominal circumference, and fetal subcutaneous tissue correlated well with gestational age ( p R 2 0.09). In group 2 mean gestational age was 38 ± 2.5 weeks (range 30 to 42 weeks). Mean birth weight was 3280 ± 740 gm (range 1513 to 4801 gm). Nineteen (19%) fetuses were large for gestational age. Significant differences were found between the appropriate- and large-for-gestational-age fetuses for birth weight, abdominal circumference, estimated fetal weight, and fetal subcutaneous tissue/femur length ratio ( p Conclusion: The fetal subcutaneous tissue/femur length ratio is a gestational age-independent parameter that has a greater sensitivity than the fetal abdominal circumference or estimated fetal weight formula for the intrapartum identification of large-for-gestational-age fetuses.
An analysis of sweep patterns for a handheld demining system

Handheld sensors are commonly used to assist in landmine location and removal. A number of computer systems aimed at assisting humans in discriminating between buried mines and other objects have been developed. Each such system requires some protocol that involves sweeping the sensor over a region of ground using some set of patterns to search for objects (detection) and determine the nature of those objects (discrimination). The work reported here is an effort to determine an acceptable sweep pattern for mine/nonmine discrimination that provides good performance while still being simple for the operator to use. The paper describes a series of data collections and case studies employing a combined radar and metal detection sensor. The system was evaluated first using a robotic operator and later human operators. We discuss the application of a supervised learning system discriminator to each data set, and evaluate discrimination performance. We found that using a relatively simple sweep pattern, computer algorithms can achieve better discrimination performance than an expert human operator, and that (at least up to ten sweeps) our computer algorithm performs better with more sweeps over target.
Genetic analysis of exoenzyme S expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the bloodstream increases the likelihood of developing fatal sepsis. In experimental models, the ability to disseminate is linked to expression of the exoenzyme S pathway. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the pathway has led to the identification of the two structural genes encoding exoenzyme S, exoS and exoT. A key regulator of several loci of the pathway has been identified as a DNA-binding protein with transcriptional activation properties. Preliminary evidence suggests that exoenzyme S and the Yop virulence determinants of yersiniae share homology among proteins involved in their synthesis and secretion. With the addition of exoS and exoT to the molecular arsenal, questions concerning in vivo toxicity and target specificities of exoenzyme S can be directly addressed.
Hydrogen Fuels Cells in the Gut

As automakers warm to the virtues of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for cars, it is intriguing to realize that some bacteria have seen the value of hydrogen as fuel all along. Resident anaerobic bacteria in the colon release molecular hydrogen (H2) as a metabolic end-product of carbohydrate fermentation, creating an opportunity for other bacteria to scavenge the leftover H2 as a fuel for growth. Now, Maier and colleagues begin to identify mechanisms by which Salmonella Typhimurium ( S . Tm) invades the colonic microbiota and replicates in the early stages of infection before inflammation-derived nutrients are available. Using an unbiased competitive-infection screening approach, the authors found that S . Tm strains with mutations in genes that encode a membrane-bound hydrogenase complex—which is used to split H2 to provide electrons for the electron transport or respiratory chain—displayed a colonization defect in mice. To confirm this finding, they constructed a site-directed S . Tm mutant strain ( S . Tmhyb) that lacked all structural genes for the hydrogenase complex and evaluated the fitness of this strain in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the S . Tmhyb strain was outcompeted by wild-type S . Tm when H2 was available, but not in the absence of H2. In vivo, the S . Tmhyb strain showed a growth and colonization defect, relative to wild-type hydrogenase strains, in the early stages of infection (before any host inflammatory response) that disappeared in germ-free mice and with pretreatment by antibiotics or a competing H2 consumer. This study provides insight into the mechanisms by which Salmonella and presumably other H2-consuming bacteria gain entry into the dense and competitive colonic ecosystem in the early stages of colonization before other established virulence factors come into play. Additional studies are needed to investigate the role of diet and interindividual differences in gut microbiota composition on H2 levels in the colon and the risk of Salmonella infection. Treatment with nonpathogenic H2-consuming bacteria is a potential strategy to decrease the risk of enteric infection. L. Maier et al ., Microbiota-derived hydrogen fuels Salmonella Typhimurium invasion of the gut ecosystem. Cell Host Microbe 14 , 641–651 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/retrieve/pii/S1931312813004034
Cooling effects on a model rennet casein gel system: part I. Rheological characterization.

The gelation of a model rennet casein system was studied during cooling at different rates. During cooling, casein network structure development was proposed to evolve over a few steps at different length scales: molecules, particles, flocs, or network. Rennet casein flocs are fractal in nature, and fractal dimension and floc size are two variables affecting the rheology and microstructure of a rennet casein gel. Casein structure formation during cooling from 80 to 5 °C at four different rates (0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 °C/min) was monitored by dynamic rheological tests, and a stronger gel developed at a slower cooling rate. During different cooling schedules, similar fractal dimensions were observed due to a lack of difference in the colloidal interactions. Differences among rheological data were possibly caused by variability in floc size, as observed in the second part of this paper. A larger number of smaller-sized flocs enabled gelation at a higher temperature and created a stronger network at a slo...