cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-Based Scaffolding Targeting Individual Versus Groups in Problem-Centered Instruction for STEM Education: Meta-analysis

Computer-based scaffolding (CBS) has been regarded as an effective way to help individual students complete and gain skill at completing complex tasks beyond their current ability level. Previous meta-analyses also have demonstrated that CBS for collaborative learning leads to positive cognitive outcomes in problem-centered instruction for STEM education. However, while separate synthesis efforts have been conducted on CBS and collaboration guidance, little work has examined the intersection of these approaches. This study addresses this gap by examining the extent to which the effect of CBS is moderated by the group size in which students work, which type of CBS intervention was used in groups or individually, and whether CBS includes supports for both individual and group works or only individual learning. Results from 145 studies indicate that CBS leads to statistically significant cognitive learning effects when students solve problems individually, as well as working in pairs, triads, and small groups. Moderator analyses indicated that (a) effect sizes are higher when students worked in pairs than when they worked in triads, small groups, or individually; (b) the effect size of metacognitive scaffolding on group activity is higher than other types of scaffolding intervention; and (c) the effect size is higher for groups when scaffolding was present but collaboration support was absent. These results suggest that elaborated design and integration of CBS and collaboration guidance are considered to maximize students’ learning in problem-centered instruction within STEM education.
Energy saving potential in the small business service sector: case study Telheiras neighborhood, Portugal

Studies on the service sector in the European Union have identified an economic saving potential between 20 and 30% of current energy consumption, which remains mostly untapped. Although the topic of energy efficiency has been explored in depth before, there is little organized information about service activities and especially about small business, despite its importance in energy consumption. In Portugal, the service sector is responsible for 12% of final energy and 35% of electricity consumption, half of which by small and medium enterprises. This research explores the energy saving potential in the small business service sector at the local scale. The selected case study was Telheiras, a neighborhood of Lisbon, where 47 establishments, out of a universe of 107, were subject to energy audits. The following activities were covered: retail, food services, health and beauty, print shops, and associations. The energy audits indicated an average savings potential of 27% of current energy consumption, with payback time under 3 years, at the cost of 13 €/MWh saved; and a savings potential of 32% of consumption, with payback under 6 years, at 19 €/MWh saved (far below market electricity prices). The main driver for action is the need to cut costs. Main barriers are insufficient knowledge, low priority given to energy, and funding difficulties. The approach to a whole neighborhood proved effective in promoting dialogue with business managers. The introduction of an energy audit program operating at the local scale could provide the needed support for the adoption of energy efficiency measures.
Cell culture system to efficiently test candidate genes and molecular pathways implicated in congenital diaphragmatic hernias

The mammalian muscularized diaphragm is essential for respiration and defects in the developing diaphragm cause a common and frequently lethal birth defect, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Human genetic studies have implicated more than 150 genes and multiple molecular pathways in CDH, but few of these have been validated because of the expense and time to generate mouse mutants. The pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs) are transient embryonic structures in diaphragm development and a critical cellular source of CDH. We have developed a system to culture PPF fibroblasts from E12.5 mouse embryos and show that these fibroblasts, in contrast to the commonly used NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, maintain expression of key genes in normal diaphragm development. Using pharmacological and genetic manipulations that result in CDH in vivo, we also demonstrate that differences in proliferation provide a rapid means of distinguishing healthy and impaired PPF fibroblasts. Thus, the PPF fibroblast cell culture system is an efficient tool for testing the functional significance of CDH candidate genes and molecular pathways and will be an important resource for elucidating the complex etiology of CDH.
The knowledge construction network of engagement research: Examining scholars’ star collaborators, embeddedness, and influence

Abstract Engagement is not new to the public relations lexicon. Yet, despite its significance in practice and the increasing scholarly attention, engagement has become a convoluted ideograph. Engagement has been critiqued as unorganized, lacking in a unified definition, and absent of a unified method of measurement. Still, it is a fundamental concept to the field. We take a network perspective to examine the construction of knowledge of engagement in the public relations literature. Broadly, we ask how scholars' direct and indirect connections influence our understanding of engagement? Using two bibliometric analysis techniques, we reveal and assess the connections among scholars, theories, concepts, and engagement types to inform future researchers’ scholarly endeavors into engagement.
Surgery Scheduling in a Crisis.

Surgery Scheduling in a Crisis After a New York medical center converted most ORs into ICUs and cut operative time by 90%, clinicians developed a triage system to guide scheduling decisions. Their ...
A Room With a ”Fake” View: Installing Digital Windows in Windowless Offices

As cities become overpopulated and we explore deep seas and outer space, humans will be faced with the inevitable situation of living and working in small spaces that are visually monotonous. It is thus important to understand the psychological effects that enclosed spaces can have on people. In this study, we ran a between-subjects design experiment with people working in windowless offices by installing a digital window that featured a nature landscape video. Quantitative measures of productivity and wellbeing before and after the intervention showed that having a digital window elevated mood and happiness, but did not have a significant effect on work productivity.
Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy

Do policy makers in both parties represent the opinions of the richest Americans, ignoring those of median income? We find that the two political parties primarily represent different interest grou...
Bench Reflections on Healing and Patient Care

Benches are a metaphor for a shared place of rest and reflection for patients and their loved ones as well as for physicians and other health care clinicians. The Healing Bench artwork thus represents the collective unity of communal decision making and reflections, as clinicians deliver compassionate patient care from bench to bedside.
Discovery of photosynthesis genes through whole-genome sequencing of acetate-requiring mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Large-scale mutant libraries have been indispensable for genetic studies, and the development of next-generation genome sequencing technologies has greatly advanced efforts to analyze mutants. In this work, we sequenced the genomes of 660 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acetate-requiring mutants, part of a larger photosynthesis mutant collection previously generated by insertional mutagenesis with a linearized plasmid. We identified 554 insertion events from 509 mutants by mapping the plasmid insertion sites through paired-end sequences, in which one end aligned to the plasmid and the other to a chromosomal location. Nearly all (96%) of the events were associated with deletions, duplications, or more complex rearrangements of genomic DNA at the sites of plasmid insertion, and 1405 genes in total were affected. Functional annotations of these genes were enriched in those related to photosynthesis, signaling, and tetrapyrrole synthesis as would be expected from a library enriched for photosynthesis mutants. Systematic manual analysis of the disrupted genes for each mutant generated a list of 273 higher-confidence candidate photosynthesis genes, and we experimentally validated two genes that are essential for photoautotrophic growth, CrLPA3 and CrPSBP4. The inventory of candidate genes includes 55 genes from a phylogenomically defined set of conserved genes in green algae and plants. Altogether, 68 candidate genes encode proteins with previously characterized functions in photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas, land plants, and/or cyanobacteria, 15 genes encode proteins previously shown to have functions unrelated to photosynthesis, and 190 genes encode proteins without any functional annotation, signifying that our results connect a function related to photosynthesis to these previously unknown proteins. This mutant library, with genome sequences that reveal the molecular extent of the chromosomal lesions and resulting higher-confidence candidate genes, represents a rich resource for gene discovery and protein functional analysis in photosynthesis.
Hierarchical blocking and data flow analysis for numerical linear algebra

The optimization of BLAS2 and BLAS3 for linear algebra on computers with hierarchical memory systems is discussed. A novel blocking strategy called hierarchical blocking and data-flow analysis is proposed, and its applications are given. Numerical results on IBM RISC System/6000 Model 530 are given. It is shown that data flow direction and leading dimensions are crucial factors in optimizing linear algebra programs. Since the proposed method follows the data flow of a program, it can reveal the effect of pipelining between data loading units and computational units.
Weathering State and Local Budget Storms: Fiscal Federalism with an Uncooperative Congress

Throughout most of 2020, state and local governments faced severe budget crises as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased demand for state welfare services and rising state expenses related to controlling the spread of COVID-19 stretched state and local budgets to their breaking points. At the same time, layoffs, business closures, and social distancing measures reduced states’ primary sources of tax revenues. The traditional practice of American fiscal federalism would be for the federal government to step in to provide aid during a national emergency of this magnitude because state and local governments lack the monetary and fiscal powers of the federal government. But during the 2020 national emergency, the majority coalition in control of Congress was skeptical of this traditional practice of the federal government, and federal aid was thus limited and insufficient. Although partisan control of Congress and the Presidency switched in early 2021, at the time of this writing it remains unclear whether the federal government will act sufficiently to resolve the currently ongoing state and local budget crises. Regardless, due to heightened partisan polarization and related factors, it seems highly likely that future national emergencies will occur during times in which the federal government is again controlled by a majority coalition skeptical of the federal government’s traditional role of providing aid to state and local governments during downturns. This Article thus proposes a series of innovative state tax reform measures and other related reform proposals for modernizing the states’ outdated tax bases and for crisis-proofing American institutions of fiscal federalism. These proposals were initially designed as reforms meant for mitigating the harmful state and local budget consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. But a central role of legal academic scholarship should be to develop law-reform solutions for legislatures and for other policymakers, to prepare for possible future emergencies when those solutions may be urgently needed. To that end, this Article elaborates and memorializes proposals initially developed for the 2020 crises, so that these proposals might be further developed to be ready as potential responses for future crises in which the federal government might once again prove unwilling to act sufficiently.
Molecular Profile and Clinical-Pathologic Features of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

The follicular variant (FV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by a follicular growth pattern and cytologic features of papillary carcinoma. ret /PTC rearrangements are common in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and PAX8-PPAR γ and ras mutations in follicular thyroid carcinoma. Their prevalence in FV has not been established. We studied these genetic alterations and clinical-pathologic features in 30 FV cases and compared those with 46 non-FV papillary carcinomas. FV cases revealed 1 ret /PTC rearrangement (3%) and 13 ras mutations (43%). Non-FV cases harbored 13 ret /PTC (28%) ( P = .006) and no ras mutations ( P = .0002). No PAX8-PPAR γ was found in either group. FV cases demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of tumor encapsulation, angiovascular invasion, and poorly differentiated areas and a lower rate of lymph node metastases. These data indicate that the FV of papillary carcinoma has a distinct set of molecular alterations and is characterized by a high frequency of ras point mutations.
Fee-Shifting in Bankruptcy

This Article examines attorney fee-shifting practices in bankruptcy from theoretical, historical, caselaw, statutory, empirical and comparative per-spectives. Although the Supreme Court has insisted that the American Rule remains the applicable background principle in insolvency cases as else-where, insolvency law, for sound equitable and systemic reasons, has always rejected strict application of the American Rule. Fee-shifting among the parties has been, and remains, pervasive in bankruptcy cases. Against this background, the Supreme Court’s position has led to anomalous and unto-ward results in discrete areas where the American Rule continues to apply. This Article argues for a forthright rejection of what little remains of the American Rule in bankruptcy and proposes a modified English Rule giving bankruptcy courts discretion over the award of attorney’s fees to remedy the remaining problems caused by the Supreme Court’s unjustified assumption that the American Rule is the correct background principle in the insolvency context. I go on to identify a set of non-exclusive factors that properly inform the exercise of the bankruptcy court’s discretion over the award of fees. Interestingly, the United Kingdom, starting from the tradition of the English Rule, has created a discretionary fee-shifting regime applicable to insolvency cases that mirrors the discretionary approach advocated here. Whether one’s legal system comes from a tradition starting with the English Rule or the American Rule, the realities of insolvency practice impel both the English and American systems towards a court-supervised discretionary fee-shifting regime in the bankruptcy arena.
Discovering metabolite quantitative trait loci in asthma using an isolated population.

ABSTRACT Background Integration of metabolomics with genetics may advance understanding of disease pathogenesis but has been underutilized in asthma genetic studies. Objective We aimed to discover new genetic effects in asthma and to characterize the molecular consequences of asthma genetic risk through integration with the metabolome in a homogenous population. Methods From fasting serum samples collected on 348 Tangier Island residents, we quantified 2,612 compounds using untargeted metabolomics. Genotyping was performed using Illumina’s MEGA array imputed to the TOPMed reference panel. To prioritize metabolites for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), we performed a metabolome-wide association study with asthma, selecting asthma-associated metabolites with heritability q-value www.jacionline.org Results 60 metabolites were associated with asthma (p 75%) for a shared causal variant between three metabolites and asthma, including the polyamine acisoga and variants in LPP, and derivative leukotriene B4 and intergenic variants in chr10p14. Conclusion We identified novel metabolite quantitative trait loci with asthma associations. Identification and characterization of these genetically-driven metabolites may provide insight into the functional consequences of genetic risk factors for asthma.
Bounds on the performance of coding in partial-band interference

This paper considers bounds on the performance of coded frequency-hop spread spectrum in partial-band interference. It is shown that the cutoff rate is overly pessimistic in its prediction of performance of a turbo-like code. However, the channel capacity is too optimistic and does not account for some limitations of the receiver. Gallager's error exponent is used successfully in modeling the performance of turbo coded systems. This bound is used to predict performance as a function of hop size for receivers that use perfect knowledge of the channel state and those with no knowledge of the channel state. Results for clipping of the decoder inputs and quantization are also shown.
Household-Level Livestock Marketing Behavior Among Northern Kenyan and Southern Ethiopian Pastoralists

Pastoralists in East Africa's arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) regularly confront climatic shocks triggering massive herd die-offs and loss of scarce wealth. On the surface, it appears puzzling that pastoralists do not make extensive use of livestock markets to offload animals when climatic shocks temporarily reduce the carrying capacity of local rangelands, and then use markets to restock their herds when local conditions recover. In recent years, donors and policy makers have begun to hypothesize that investments in livestock marketing systems might quickly pay for themselves through reduced demand for relief aid, by increasing pastoralist marketing responsiveness to temporal variation in range conditions.
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT LOCAL-FIELD FACTOR G(k,ω) FOR A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the specific problem of frequency dependence of the exchange-correlation effects in a 2-D homogeneous electron gas. In the mean-field approach, exchange and correlation effects are generally lumped into the local-field factor G defined through a equation presented in the chapter. Techniques of the many-body theory are used to calculate the function G. The Feynman graphical method although very systematic has not proved very useful because of the mathematical complexities involved in evaluating the higher-order graphs. However, the kinetic equation method offers a natural way to determine the local-field correction. In addition, the results of Holas and Singwi on local-field correction are used to derive an interpolation formula for the complex local-field factor G(k, ω) in a 2-D electron gas, which then immediately lead to an expression for the ω- dependent exchange-correlation potential.
Force and Voltage Sensors in One Structure

To respond to sudden changes in osmolality, most prokaryotes have mechanosensitive channels that open in response to tension and so prevent the cell-membrane from bursting. In their perspective, Bezanilla and Perozo discuss new work (Basset al.) on the structure of a small-conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscS) that provides new insights into how the cell senses and responds to changes in tension and voltage.
Reduction of Fe(III) is required for uptake of nonheme iron by Caco-2 cells

Differentiated cultures of Caco-2 human colonic cells were used to examine the importance of reduction of nonheme ferric iron, Fe(III), for transport across the brush border surface. Cultures accumulated approximately 100 pmol Fe/(h.mg protein) when 10 mumol Fe(III) as the nitrilotriacetic acid complex (1Fe:2NTA) was added to the apical compartment. Ascorbic acid enhanced cellular acquisition of iron in a dose-dependent manner, with a concentration as low as 8 mumol/L ascorbate increasing iron uptake by 50%. Similarly, the rate of iron transport from the apical to the basolateral compartment increased 5.6- and 30-fold when 100 and 1000 mumol/L ascorbic acid, respectively, were present in the apical chamber. Ascorbate-mediated stimulation of iron uptake was temperature dependent and required the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), because it was inhibited by ascorbate oxidase and chelators of Fe(II). Moreover, Caco-2 cells recycled dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid. Ferricyanide and Fe(II) chelators also partially inhibited iron uptake from a medium devoid of ascorbic acid. Intact Caco-2 cells exhibited a ferrireductase activity on the apical surface that accounted for the majority of iron accumulated by cells incubated in the absence of exogenous reductant. These data suggest that reduction of Fe(III) within the lumen or at the cell surface is required for transfer of this essential micronutrient across the intestinal brush border surface.
MaROS strategic relay planning and coordination interfaces

The Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS) is designed to provide planning and analysis tools in support of ongoing Mars Network relay operations. 1 2 Strategic relay planning requires coordination between lander and orbiter mission ground data system (GDS) teams to schedule and execute relay communications passes. MaROS centralizes this process, correlating all data relevant to relay coordination to provide a cohesive picture of the relay state.
Phosphorylation coupled to glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in cerebral mitochondrial systems

Abstract Two cerebral mitochondrial preparations capable of coupling the metabolism of glucose (or fructose) to net phosphorylative processes are described. The first (P-1) requires the addition of crude yeast hexokinase for net phosphorylation. The second carries out an active aerobic glycolysis without the crude yeast material. In its presence, however, aerobic glycolysis is inhibited and phosphorylative efficiency is increased. It is suggested that this represents a shunt from a less efficient glycolytic to a more efficient, oxidatively linked phosphate-transfer system. A large portion of the phosphorylative yield of these systems is coupled to oxidative metabolism. This is indicated by the inhibitory action of cyanide, pentobarbital, dinitrophenol, and anaerobiosis and by the ability of the P-2 system consistently to provide P O ratios above 1. In the P-2 system oxygen consumption, in the presence of DPNH and fluoride, is equivalent to the amount of DPNH added, and some net phosphorylation is obtained. This is considered a reflection of the ability of cerebral as well as liver mitochondria to couple the oxidation of DPNH to phosphorylative processes.
Examining the congruence between predictors of ror and failures to appear

Abstract Pretrial releasing remains a difficult decision for judges to make despite State and Federal guidelines, which outline who would be appropriate to release-on-recognizance (ROR) and who would not. The difficulty arises in balancing the rights of defendants on the one hand, who are presumed innocent before conviction and should not be unnecessarily detained, and ensuring future court appearances and community safety, on the other. Judges make decisions based on pretrial recommendations by prosecutors, defense attorneys, or pretrial agencies, but often without feedback on the consequences of their decisions. This article presents an empirical analysis of the congruence of predictors for ROR and failure-to-appear (FTA) across the four largest boroughs of New York City. Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Pretrial Reporting Program were used. Results show incongruent predictors of ROR and FTA, and highlight the “contextual” nature not only of ROR decisions, but of FTAs as well.
From The Standpoint(s) of Traditionally Muted Groups: Explicating A Co‐cuItural Communication Theoretical Model

Augmenting the concepts inherent in muted group and standpoint theory, this article describes the emergence of a co-cultural communication theoretical model that focuses on how those persons traditionally marginalized in society communicate within dominant societal structures. The article draws from several phenomenological inquiries that inductively gathered lived experiences from 89 p eople of color, women, gay/lesbian/bisexuals, and those from a lower socioeconomic status. Based on oral narratives of these persons, I present and discuss a co-cultural framework, including a model of the process by which communication orientations are adopted.
Contested Construction of Green Building Codes in North America: The Case of the Alley Flat Initiative

Building codes are both an index of social values and a strategy to enforce those values. On these grounds an examination is made of the emergence of green building codes in North America as a category of building codes that is particularly important for sustainable development. The classical defi nition of sustainability proposes that multiple, competing frames of interpretation—economic development, environmental protection and social equity—can, in theory, be balanced. It is found, however, that in practice equity is generally ignored. Through historical and theoretical investigation, it is hypothesised that codes which are successful in incorporating equity as a criterion emerge from public talk and social learning, not abstract speculation. The paper concludes by articulating a change-oriented research design for an ongoing project to test this hypothesis.
The emergence of phonetic structure

To explain the unique efficiency of speech as an acoustic carrier of linguistic information and to resolve the paradox that units corresponding to phonetic segments are not to be found in the signal, consonants and vowels were said to be "encoded" into syllabic units. This approach stimulated a decade of research into the nature of the speech code and of its presumably specialized perceptual decoding mechanisms, but began to lose force as its implicit circularity became apparent. An alternative resolution of the paradox proposes that the signal carries no message: it carries informat~on concerning its source. The message, that is, the phonetic structure, emerges from the peculiar relation between the source and the listener, as a human and as a speaker of a particular language. This approach, like its predecessor and like much recent work in child phonology and phonetic theory, takes the study of speech to be a promising entry into the biology of language. The earliest claim for the special status of speech as an acoustic signal sprang from the difficulty of devising an effective alternative code to use in reading machines for the blind. Many years of sporadic, occasionally concentrated effort have still yielded no acoustic system by which blind (or sighted) users can follow a text much more quickly than the 35 words a minute of skilled Morse code operators. Given the very high rates at which we handle an optical transform of language, in reading and writing, this failure with acoustic codes is particularly striking. Evidently, the advantage of speech lies not in the modality itself, but in the particular way it exploits the modality. What acoustic properties set speech in this privileged relation to language? The concept of "encodedness" was an early attempt to answer this question (Liberman, Cooper, Shankweiler, & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967). Liberman and his colleagues embraced the paradox that, although speech carries a linguistic message, units corresponding to those of the message are not to be found in the signal. They proposed that speech should be viewed not as a cipher on linguistic structure, offering the listener a signal isomorphic, unit for uni t, with the message, but as a code 0 The code collapsed the phonemic segments (consonants and vowels) into acoustic syllables, so that cues to the *Also in Cognition, 1981, 10, 301-306. +Also Queens College and Graduate Center,. City University of New York. Acknowledgment. I thank Alvin Liberman, Ignatius Mattingly, and Bruno Repp for much fruitful discussion and advice. Preparation of the paper was supported in part by NICHD Grant HD 01994 to Haskins Laboratories. [HASKINS LABORATORIES: Status Report on Speech Research SR-67/68 (1981)J
Automated Weighing of Group-housed, Growing-finishing Swine

A system for automated acquisition of the mean pig weight from a group of growing-finishing animals was developed and tested. Each time an animal entered a crate to obtain a drink of water, a time series of weights was recorded. A state machine representation was implemented to capture weight events and to put time series weight recordings into a queue. Three algorithms (mean, histogram, and median) were devised and evaluated to extract animal weight from the time series recording. Four tests were performed—short-term tests included test 1 with 12 animals of 64.5 to 96.4 kg initial weight; test 2 with 8 animals of 70.9 to 75 kg; test 3 with 3 individual animals of 45, 68, and 93 kg; and test 4 was for a full growth period with 10 animals. The first three experiments were used to develop and refine the system, and test 4 was used to assess the long-term performance and feasibility. Comparisons between estimated weight and “spot checks” with a mechanical scale were typically within about ±1% over test 4. The histogram algorithm was found to be the best for estimating average weight. Accuracy was not affected by variation in animal weight (tests 1 and 2); however, different length data windows affected accuracy and a 4-h window was best. A time series queue of at most 150 s of data was found to be adequate and the histogram algorithm was successful with as few as 10 data points. Locating the sole water supply within the weigh crate did not affect growth rate compared to a control group. A change rate (CR) index was devised to compare daily activity and to flag pen health problems
Size and Shape: Morphology's Impact on Human Speed and Mobility

While human sexual dimorphism is generally expected to be the result of differential reproductive strategies, it has the potential to create differences in the energetics of locomotion and the speed at which each morph travels, particularly since people have been shown to choose walking speeds around their metabolic optimum. Here, people of varying sizes walked around a track at four self-selected speeds while their metabolic rate was collected, in order to test whether the size variation within a population could significantly affect the shape of the optimal walking curve. The data show that larger people have significantly faster optimal walking speeds, higher costs at their optimal speed, and a more acute optimal walking curve (thus an increased penalty for walking at suboptimal speeds). Bigger people who also have wider bitrochanteric breadths have lower metabolic costs at their minimum than bigger people with a more narrow bitrochanteric breadth. Finally, tibia length significantly positively predicts optimal walking speed. These results suggest sex-specific walking groups typical of living human populations may be the result of energy maximizing strategies. In addition, testable hypotheses of group strategies are put forth.
Stopping era: A pyrrhic victory

This essay examines the rhetoric of the STOP ERA movement. It traces the elements of a divinely ordained order which STOP ERA advocates perceived in women, families, and societies and explores the contrasting anomalies and anomy which STOP ERA supporters perceive in the opposition. The essay also examines the rhetorical function of the vision offered by STOP ERA to its members and assesses the social impact of the message.
Stereoelectronic switching in single-molecule junctions

A new intersection between reaction chemistry and electronic circuitry is emerging from the ultraminiaturization of electronic devices. Over decades chemists have developed a nuanced understanding of stereoelectronics to establish how the electronic properties of molecules relate to their conformation; the recent advent of single-molecule break-junction techniques provides the means to alter this conformation with a level of control previously unimagined. Here we unite these ideas by demonstrating the first single-molecule switch that operates through a stereoelectronic effect. We demonstrate this behaviour in permethyloligosilanes with methylthiomethyl electrode linkers. The strong σ conjugation in the oligosilane backbone couples the stereoelectronic properties of the sulfur-methylene σ bonds that terminate the molecule. Theoretical calculations support the existence of three distinct dihedral conformations that differ drastically in their electronic character. We can shift between these three species by simply lengthening or compressing the molecular junction, and, in doing so, we can switch conductance digitally between two states.
Heating of the Solar Chromosphere and Corona. I: Generalized Inhomogeneous Wave Equation for Magnetoacoustic Motions

The generalized inhomogeneous wave equation that governs magnetoacoustic, vortical and thermal motions in compressible fluids and that thus is applicable to the problem of the heating of the solar chromosphere and corona is obtained. The effects of kinematic and bulk viscosity, heat conduction, Joule dissipation and magnetic diffusivity are included. Under the usual assumptions, the generalized wave equation reduces to the well-known equations of Lighthill, Kulsrud, Phillips and others. The major problems encountered in applying Lighthill's mechanism to sound generation in turbulent media are reviewed for both the subsonic and supersonic cases.
The gut, stercoral pocket, and hemolymph as potential storage sites of K+ and phosphate for the spider's orb web

Abstract 1. 1. The adhesive spiral of the web of orb weaving spiders contains potassium and inorganic phosphate ions. Kovoor and Zylberberg (1979) ( Zoomorphologie 92 , 217–239) have hypothesized that these ions are transported from the hemolymph into the aggregate duct during construction of the adhesive spiral. 2. 2. We have assayed the hemolymph for K + and inorganic phosphate to estimate the quantities of these available for the construction of the adhesive spiral. 3. 3. Both ions were insufficient, even for the construction of a single orb web; however, the gut and stercoral pocket were identified as potential ion reservoirs. 4. 4. A very active (Na + + K + ) ATPase was observed in homogenates of the aggregate ducts and this would be consistent with the hypothesis of Kovoor and Zylberberg.
Role of insulin-like growth factor-I in esophageal mucosal healing processes

Abstract The current study examines the stimulation of healing processes and signal transduction that is mediated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in an ex vivo esophageal explant model when using tyrphostin inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase. The explant model provides a 3-dimensional cellular environment of multiple interacting cells isolated from the neural and vascular supply. Tyrphostins previously characterized for their interactions with epithelial growth factor (EGF) receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinases were tested for their potential effects on IGF-I growth-promoting activity. Explants of rabbit esophagus were incubated in media with or without IGF-I. Tyrphostins 1, 23, 25, 46, 47, 51, and 63 were added. We assessed DNA synthesis by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Outgrowth from the edge of the primary mucosa of the explant was evaluated on histologic sections, and cell proliferation was confirmed with immunohistology. IGF-I increased the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by 50% to 100%. Tyrphostins 23 and 47 eliminated IGF-I-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Tyrphostins 25, 46, and 51—along with negative controls tyrphostin 1 and tyrphostin 63—were ineffective, inasmuch as IGF-I-stimulated growth remained unchanged in their presence. Proliferative activity demonstrated by PCNA staining was confined to new mucosa. Two of 5 tyrphostins originally developed as EGF receptor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors were effective in inhibiting the actions of exogenous IGF-I. We conclude that IGF-I stimulation may play an important role in repair processes in the esophagus and that this stimulation can be inhibited by using specific tyrphostins.
The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory

The highly influential Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; see also Baddeley, 1986) posited analogical forms of representation that can be broadly characterized as sensorimotor, both for verbal and for visuospatial material. However, difficulties with the model of verbal working memory in particular have led investigators to develop alternative models that avoid appealing either to sensory coding or to motoric coding, or to both. This paper examines the evidence for sensorimotor coding in working memory, including evidence from neuropsychology and from sign language research, as well as from standard working memory paradigms, and concludes that only a sensorimotor model can accommodate the broad range of effects that characterize verbal working memory. In addition, several findings that have been considered to speak against sensorimotor involvement are reexamined and are argued to be in fact compatible with sensorimotor coding. These conclusions have broad implications, in that they support the emerging theoretical viewpoint of embodied cognition.
Quasiperiodic GaAs-AlAs Heterostructures

We report the first realization of a quasiperiodic (incommensurate) superlattice. The sample, grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, consists of alternating layers of GaAs and AlAs to form a Fibonacci sequence in which the ratio of incommensurate periods is equal to the golden mean $\ensuremath{\tau}$. X-ray and Raman scattering measurements are presented that reveal some of the unique properties of these novel structures.
Molecular theory of transport in fluid microstructures: Diffusion in interfaces and thin films

Gradient theory of equilibrium fluid microstructures is extended to nonequilibrium isothermal processes. The theory is applied to steady diffusion across liquid-liquid interfaces. It is shown that local equilibrium across a fluid-fluid interface is maintained even in the presence of very high diffusion fluxes and that the concept of an interface acting as an applied potential energy for a diffusing species is of limited utility. The theory is suited for practical, semiempirical calculations of structure, stress, and isothermal transport in systems containing interfaces.
Is thoracic organ transplantation ready for tolerance

The most recently compiled International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation registry data for 1992 to 2003 [1] show that infection (35.2%) and acute rejection (12.5%) are the leading causes of cardiac transplant recipient death between day 31 and 1 year posttransplant, whereas infection (42.9%) is the overwhelming cause of lung transplant recipient death during the same period. After 5 years, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (16%-30%), malignancy (24%), and infection (10%) account for most cardiac recipient deaths, whereas bronchiolitis obliterans (31%-44%), malignancy (12.7%), and infection (17.7%) are the reasons for lung recipient deaths. Clearly, nonspecific pharmacological immunosuppression as currently practiced extracts a significant toll on patient survival to say nothing of its expense or the additional adverse events that affect the quality of daily life for many of today’s recipients. Thus, the need for strategies that prevent chronic rejection and eliminate the use of long-term immunosuppression is patently clear.
Rotating Tapered Composite Shafts: Forced Torsional and Extensional Motions and Static Strength

Forced torsional and extensional motions and static strength of rotating, tapered, filament-wound composite shafts subject to deflection-dependent cutting forces typical of end-milling and boring operations are studied. The general Galerkin method is used to satisfy spatial dependence in the equations of motion and direct numerical integration is used to determine the system's response. The maximum stress criterion is used to investigate static failure.
Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant

Abstract This study examines the process of technological change at a unionized manufacturing plant. Using both qualitative and survey data from four categories of salaried and hourly employees at a single worksite, it models and tests several hypotheses to determine which of a series of organizational and technological variables best explain employee attitudes toward new technology. The results suggest that these attitudes are most strongly influenced by the position the employees hold in the organizational hierarchy, and by formal advance notification of the planned technology introduction. Organizational and not technological factors emerge as the strongest predictors of attitudes toward newly introduced equipment and systems.
Data partitioning in Bayesian analysis: Molecular phylogenetics of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae)

In this study a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) focused on resolving the higher-level phylogeny of this group is presented. Through the analysis of this dataset, I explore different data-partitioning strategies in Bayesian phylogenetic inference, and find that a partitioning strategy can have a large influence on the results of phylogenetic analysis. Depending on how the data are partitioned, there can be significant differences in branch support. I also test for the existence of the Bayesian star tree paradox, and its importance in this dataset, and find that it appears to inflate support for the clade including Rhobonda gaurisana, Hemerophila houttuinialis, H. diva and H. felis, but plays no role in other cases where the differences between maximum-likelihood bootstraps and Bayesian posterior probabilities are large. The results of all the phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that including Millieriinae in Choreutidae renders the family polyphyletic. The monophyly of the other two subfamilies, Brenthiinae and Choreutinae, as well as their sister-group relationship, is strongly supported. Similarly, the monophyly of all the genera examined except Hemerophila is also well supported. To bring the classification of Choreutidae in line with our current understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in the family, I propose to exclude Millieriinae from Choreutidae, elevate it to Millieriidae Heppner, and place it as incertae sedis within Ditrysia. © 2010 The Author. Systematic Entomology © 2010 The Royal Entomological Society. (Less)
Spectrofluorometric assay for elastolytic enyzmes

Abstract Soluble products of elastin proteolysis exhibit fluorescence at 390 nm (λ excitation 320 nm). A specific and sensitive assay has been developed using the intensity of this fluorescence as a measure of elastolysis.
Performance metrics for depth-based signal separation using deep vertical line arrays

A recent publication by McCargar and Zurk [(2013). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(4), EL320–EL325] introduced a modified Fourier transform-based method for passive source depth estimation using vertical line arrays deployed below the critical depth in the deep ocean. This method utilizes the depth-dependent modulation caused by the interference between the direct and surface-reflected acoustic arrivals, the observation of which is enhanced by propagation through the reliable acoustic path. However, neither the performance of this method nor its limits of applicability have yet been thoroughly investigated. This paper addresses both of these issues; the first by identifying and analyzing the factors that influence the resolution and ambiguity in the transform-based depth estimate; the second by introducing another, much simpler depth estimation method, which is used to determine the target trajectories required for observation of the interference pattern and the array requirements for accurate depth estimation.
Reinfection after two-stage revision for periprosthetic infection of total knee arthroplasty.

Purpose Limited data exist regarding the long-term results or risk factors for failure after two-stage reimplantation for periprosthetic knee infection. The purpose of this retrospective review was to investigate infection-free implant survival and identify variables associated with reinfection after this procedure. Furthermore, a staging system was evaluated as a possible prognostic tool for patients undergoing two-stage reimplantation of infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
LESIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX IMPAIR ACQUISITION OF SERIAL PATTERN LEARNING IN RATS

Normal and amygdala-lesioned rats were trained in a runway to respond to a three-element pattern ending in 2, 12, or 0 Noyes pellets (45 mg), respectively. The amygdalectomized rats' performance was inferior to that of normal controls during the early and middle stages of training, that is, amygdalectomized rats ran more slowly on rewarded trials and developed patterned running later than control rats. In the later stages of training, the lesioned rats demonstrated tracking of the series elements, reflected by differential running times similar to those of the control animals. Results are discussed in terms of some of the current theories involving the role of the amygdaloid complex in learning and reinforcement.
The Effects of DC Current on the Tensile Properties of Metals

When fabricating parts, deformation is commonly conducted in a “warm” or “hot” state in order to reduce the total energy required to form the metal. However, there are several negative effects associated with this method of energy reduction (e.g., high tool/die adhesions, environmental reactivity, etc.) Hence, another more efficient method of reducing the total deformation energy would be very beneficial. This paper examines an alternative means of reducing the energy by applying an electrical current and also determines how the material’s tensile properties are affected while the current is present. Also investigated are the influences of strain rate and cold work on the electrical effects. The stress-strain curves indicate that, when current flows through a metallic specimen, the energy required to cause deformation is greatly decreased; demonstrating that electricity provides a viable alternative to increasing the workpiece temperature. However, the effect of the electricity diminishes with increasing strain rates.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Elimination of nucleolus organizers in a case of 13/14 Robertsonian translocation.

A Robertsonian translocation 45,XY, t(13q; 14q) was detected in the leukocyte cultures of a phenotypically normal male. Silver staining technique for nucleolus organizer regions revealed that both acrocentrics involved in the translocation had lost their nucleolus organizers.
Degrees of Divergence in the E. coli Genome From Correlations Between Dinucleotide, Trinucleotide and Codon Frequencies

Abstract Oligonucleotide and codon frequencies have been determined in published sequences of E. coli DNA totaling 103,100bp with 18,459 reading frame trinucleotides; corresponding to 2.5% of the total genome. Dinucleotide frequencies are in excellent agreement with those determined by nearest neighbor chemical analysis, indicating the computer count of a limited sampling to be a good representation of the overall frequencies in total genomic DNA. The distinctive nonrandom codon pattern is found to be uniformly distributed and contributes to a distinctive nonrandom oligonucleotide pattern; enabling correlations between frequency levels to be extended beyond reading frame sequences. Correlation analysis indicates a surprisingly high degree of correlation everywhere in the genome. Coefficients of correlation between oligonucleotide frequencies overall and those in specific segments vary as follows: primary strands of individual coding sequences >0.9> lambda DNA> noncoding, non-RNA>φiX174 DNA> complementary ...