cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drama therapy techniques in one-to-one treatment with disturbed children and adolescents

Drama therapy involves the “intentional use of creative drama toward the psychotherapeutic goals of symptom relief, emotional and physical integration, and personal growth” (Johnson, 1982). Because drama therapy is grounded in the creative process, dealing with hypothetical situations and fantasy and using primarily projective techniques, this serves to distance the client from the material and create a safe environment where the client does not feel exposed and threatened. Psychodrama, on the other hand, is direct and confrontive, dealing primarily with actual scenes from an individual’s life, and using psychodramatic techniques (i.e., doubling, concretization) that confront the client and serve to underdistance. Because drama therapy uses creative drama techniques, the exercises and material draw heavily from creative drama practitioners exemplified in the work of McCaslin (1984), Siks (1961), and Ward (19.57), as well as educational drama leaders in England, including Heathcote (1971) and Way (1967). Although drama therapists use creative drama techniques, these techniques focus on achieving specific goals (i.e., relieving symptoms, emotional and physical integration, and personal growth). The drama therapist’s specialized training in both psychology and theatre equip one to use drama therapeutically with a variety of populations and treatment settings. On the other hand, creative drama is approached artistically as participants become involved in the creative process and experience the drama as an art form. The psychotherapeutic approach that underlies the drama therapy process presented here is based on the humanistic model, represented in the philosophy of Maslow (1973), Rogers (1973), and Rogers and Meador (1984). The therapist focuses on the here and now and aims for the achievement of the following goals:
A prototype theory approach to internationalizing information design in health and medical communication

As health and medical communication become increasingly international in scope, information designers need to find ways to create visuals that best address the expectations of different cultural audiences. Doing so can be challenging, particularly if the related content is on health or medical topics. Prototype theory, however, can provide a foundation for a framework information designers can use to better understand such issues. This entry provides an overview of how prototype theory can be used to address such factors.
Control of laminar separation bubble on NACA 0009 airfoil using electroactive polymers

Control of a laminar separation bubble on a two-dimensional NACA 0009 was investigated experimentally in an open-return wind tunnel using particle image velocimetry measurements at a range of chord-based Reynolds numbers ReC between 2.0·104 and 3.0·104. In this study, flow control was accomplished through a row of surface-mounted electroactive polymers, centered at 20% of the airfoil chord. A three-dimensional separation bubble was seen to exist when the airfoil’s angle of attack was set at 5 deg, in agreement with the literature. Furthermore, the streamwise and cross-stream extents of the bubble decrease with the increase of the Reynolds number. To mitigate the separation bubble, the electroactive polymers were actuated at a frequency corresponding to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the separated mixing layer. This frequency was found by applying the solution to the Michalke spatial stability analysis to the experimental data. Activation of the electroactive polymers resulted in mitigation of the sep...
Harm reduction for alcohol problems: Moving beyond the controlled drinking controversy *

Controlled drinking has long been a controversial topic in behavior therapy. The historical context of this debate is reviewed, with special attention paid to the pioneering research conducted by Mark and Linda Sobell (the first behavior therapists to publish a controlled trial of controlled drinking with alcoholics). After updating the research findings and predictors of controlled drinking with alcohol-dependent drinkers, literature on the effects of moderation training (including brief interventions) designed to reduce the risks of alcohol abuse is reviewed. As an illustration of this approach, preliminary data are presented from an ongoing study investigating the effects of a stepped-care secondary prevention program for high-risk adolescent and young-adult drinkers. Throughout the paper, harm reduction is presented as an overarching model of behavior change that encompasses both controlled drinking for alcohol dependence and moderation training in the prevention and treatment of alcohol abuse. Unlike abstinence-only or “zero-tolerance” approaches, the harm-reduction model supports any behavior change, from moderation to abstinence, that reduces the harm of problems due to alcohol.
The purification and concentration of influenza A virus (PR8) by a method of continuous extraction with glycine of a zinc-virus precipitate.

rected toward high recovery of the unaltered virus through techniques similar to those of protein purification and requiring minimum manipulation. Cohn et al (1952) and Gurd and Goodman (1952) demonstrated that zinc ion rendered insoluble the proteins contained in human and bovine plasma which could then be chemically fractionated. The problem of dissolution of the protein from the zinc-protein corn-
Determintion of saccharides in biological materials by high-performance anion-exchange chromtography with pulsed amperometric detection

Abstract High-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) coupled pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) under alkaline conditions (pH 9–13) separates aminosaccharides, neutral saccharides and glycuronic acids based upon their molecular size, saccharide composition and glycosidic linkages. Carbohydrates were extracted by utilizing 0.5 M H2SO4 (neutral monosaccharides), 025 M H2SO4 coupled with enzyme catalysis (glycuronic acids) and 3 M N2SO4 (aminosaccharides). Solid-phase extraction with strong cation and strong anion resins was used to partition the cationic aminosaccharides and anionic glycuronic acids and to deionize acid extracts for neutral saccharides. Separation was conducted on a medium-capacity anion-exchange column (36 mequiv.) utilizing sodium hydroxide (5–200 mM and sodium acetate (0–250 mM) as the mobile phase. The saccharides were detected by oxidation at a gold working electrode with triple-pulsed amperometry. HPAEC—PAD was found superior to high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index (RI) detection for neutral monosaccharides and aminosaccharides and to low-wavelength UV detection for glycuronic acids in terms of resolution and sensitivity. HPAEC—PAD was not subject to interferences as was the case for low UV detection (210 nm) or RI analyses and was highly selective for mono- and aminosaccharides and glycuronic acids. The use of HPAEC—PAD was applied for the determination of the saccharide composition of organic materials (plant residues, animal wastes and sewage sludge), microbial polymers and soil.
Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Anti-Infective Dry Foams

To improve local therapeutic techniques for the massively burned patient, the concept of topical films was utilized to formulate a hydrophilic dry foam. An amphoteric surfactant, sorbitol solution, dextran, and water were selected as components for the dosage form. The release of therapeutic agents in vitro from medicated dry foam formulations was compared with that of corresponding ointment bases utilizing a modified agar diffusion method. When using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the test bacteria, these tests showed that silver nitrate and silver sulfadiazine produced significantly larger zones of inhibition when used as the dry foam rather than as the ointment. Mafenide acetate and gentamicin sulfate produced equivalent release rates from both the dry fcam and the ointment, while nitrofurazone was without effect.
Personality differences between one-time and recidivist unwed mothers.

Summary Social science literature reveals the consistent recurrence of illegitimacy and attendant social problems. Various explanations have been posited, but this study chose to focus on personality traits of one-time and recidivist unwed mothers. The MMPI was given to 37 unwed mothers, 21 one-time, and 16 recidivists. These two groups were compared with a normal group of girls. The recidivist group differed significantly from the norm group on eight scales: F, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma; the one-time unwed mother group differed from the norm group significantly on four scales: F, Pd, Sc, and Ma. The recidivist group differed from the one-time group in the direction of less adjustment of five scales: Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Es.
Low-dimensional magnetic ordering and Ising- and XY-like anisotropy of Er3+ in the system ErBa2Cu3Ox with 6<x<7.

Magnetic ordering of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{ErBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{8}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ with 6.12\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}6.91 has been studied for both orthorhombic and tetragonal phases by means of magnetic-susceptibility and heat-capacity measurements. Superconductivity in the orthorhombic phase samples was confirmed by the onset of a diamagnetic susceptibility. The superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ was observed to decrease from 92 to 55 K as x was reduced from 6.91 to 6.31. The tetragonal samples with x=6.23 and 6.12 remained paramagnetic down to 1.2 K and showed no overt trace of diamagnetism. The states of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{ErBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{ErBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ were calculated by means of crystalline electric field (CEF) theory using both a point-charge model and scaled inelastic neutron scattering results for ${\mathrm{HoBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$.
Myeloid Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis and Tumor Inflammation

Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid cells in promoting tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, we describe a subset of myeloid cells with immunosuppressive activity (known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells). Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy.
Rapid, High-Yield Recovery of a Recombinant Digoxin Binding Single Chain Fv from Escherichia coli

We have isolated milligram quantities of active single chain antibody from the insoluble fraction of Escherichia coli cultures. The system relies on high-level expression from a T7 RNA polymerase-directed gene construct, 8 M urea to dissolve the desired protein out of the insoluble fraction, presumably inclusion bodies, isolation and concentration of the desired protein by nickel chelate [IDA-Ni(II)] immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), and removal of urea from column fractions by dialysis directly into storage buffer. Routinely, about 50% of the protein loaded onto an IMAC column is recovered as single chain Fv at a concentration of approximately 0.7 mg/mL. As little as 3 days are required to obtain 10 mg of final product when starting with an overnight inoculum.
RADIATION DOSIMETRY BY A NEW SOLID-STATE EFFECT.

Ionizing radiation can induce strong electrical polarization phenomena in dielectic solids. These radiation-induced thermally activated depolarization (RITAD) effects are quite different from radioelectret effects. For nominally pure calcium fluoride samples, the RITAD signals show a signal-to-noise power advantage of 40 decibels over that of thermoluminescence signals measured under the same experimental conditions. Ease of measurement, very high radiation sensitivity, and simple sample fabrication requirements give the RITAD phenomena a great potential for use as a new solid-state dosimetry technique.
Differentiation of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor is associated with induction of transin synthesis and release

We have identified and characterized a calcium-dependent metalloproteinase which is induced in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) during differentiation with nerve growth factor (NGF). Assays of proteolytic activity in media from differentiated PC12 cell cultures revealed a NGF-dependent increase in the activity of a proteinase which has a molecular weight of 62 kDa. Studies using serine, thiol, and metalloproteinase inhibitors demonstrated that the secreted enzyme is a metalloproteinase. Treatment of culture supernatants with aminophenylmercuric acid (APMA), a known activator of metalloproteinases, resulted in a decrease in the molecular weight of the proteinase. Western blot analysis of culture media from NGF-treated PC12 cells using an antibody directed against a synthetic peptide of rat transin identified this metalloproteinase as transin. Treatment of PC12 cells with acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) resulted in distinct morphological changes as well as transin release. Incubation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) did not induce transin release. Dexamethasone inhibited the induction of transin release by NGF. 35S-methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized proteins from culture supernatants confirmed that NGF induced the synthesis of this enzyme 8 hr after NGF treatment. The NGF-dependent induction of transin, a calcium-dependent metalloproteinase which degrades type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin suggests that transin may function to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix during the invasive process of axonal elongation in neuronal development thereby allowing the movement of growth cones and axons toward specific targets.
Sentence coordination in Japanese and English.

Structural and contextual constraints on coordination in child speech are discussed. An elicited production study with English- and Japanese-speaking children in which these constraints were manipulated is reported. Results show referential context to be an important determinant of conjunction structure. In addition, structural parameters also influenced the extent to which redundancy is expressed in utterances. A preliminary model of coordination production based on a conjunction rule is proposed.
The ‘Kameradschaft USA’

A most interesting and rather bizarre episode in the relationship of the Bund with the Deutsches Ausland-Institut was the decision of some Bund members to return to Germany in the years prior to the outbreak of the war with the United States in 1941. The number of Germans who returned to Germany in this period is rather difficult to determine, 1 however, there were enough of them who had held Bund membership in the United States to suggest the formation of some kind of club or organization, and thus was born the “Kameradschaft USA.” 2 The year was 1938.
Effects of molecular structure and equivalent weight on facilitated transport of alkenes in Ag(I)–PFSI membranes

Abstract Fluxes and separation factors are reported for the facilitated transport of a variety of C6 alkenes and dienes through two Ag(I)-exchanged polyfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes. For acyclic dienes, the largest separation factors are observed between those compounds with the greatest difference in spacing of the double bonds, and those with completely external versus internal double bonds. For cases where the spacing of the double bonds is the same, the compound with at least one terminal double bond exhibited a higher flux. The trends in fluxes for cyclic dienes is quite different; 1,4-cyclohexadiene is transported more slowly than cyclohexene while 1,3-cyclohexadiene is transported almost eight times more rapidly than cyclohexene. Methyl-substituents on the carbons comprising double bonds have minor effects on the transport properties. As anticipated, PFSI materials that contain more ion-exchange sites and absorb greater quantities of water exhibit slightly greater fluxes and separation factors for most alkene separations.
Relation of melanin concentrating hormone levels to sleep, emotion and hypocretin levels.

We thank the editor 1 and commentators 2-5 for their kind remarks on our human microdialysis paper 6 and for integrating the results of all three papers. 6-8 Our findings in the human are quite compatible with Konadhode et al. 7 They found that optogenetic activation of MCH neurons decreased sleep onset latency and increased total sleep time. We see a great increase in MCH levels in the human brain at sleep onset and a smaller elevation of MCH levels throughout sleep. These microdialysis data together with Konadhode et al.’s stimulation data establish a causal link between MCH release and normal human sleep. In contrast, we see that Hcrt level, assessed from the same aliquots of microdialysis fluid, decreases prior to sleep onset. We agree with the commentators’ suggestion that our findings of elevated MCH level after eating may be related to postprandial relaxation, although this increase is clearly occurring in a waking state and may simply be linked to satiety. An important finding of our study was that whereas MCH and Hcrt are often inversely related to each other, this is not always the case. For example, MCH and Hcrt levels were both markedly decreased while the subjects were experiencing pain during waking. We found a strong link between Hcrt release and emotion, especially positive emotion. No such emotional link was seen with MCH levels with the same assays in the same aliquots. These unique human data thus highlight another difference between MCH and Hcrt: Hcrt is strongly related to positive affect, whereas MCH is not related to positive or negative affect within waking, but rather to sleep onset and satiation or postprandial relaxation. We directly addressed the role of Hcrt neurons in a wide range of behaviors in prior studies in the dog, cat, rat, and mouse. 9-14 These studies all point to a role for Hcrt in maintaining arousal during positively motivated behaviors such as play or bar pressing for food or water. Our human data are consistent with that conclusion. CITATION Blouin AM; Siegel JM. Relation of melanin concentrating hormone levels to sleep, emotion and hypocretin levels. SLEEP
Plasma and serum L-selectin and clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

L-selectin has been suggested to play a role in atherosclerosis. Previous studies on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and serum or plasma L-selectin are inconsistent. The association of serum L-selectin (sL-selectin) with carotid intima-media thickness, coronary artery calcium, ankle-brachial index (subclinical CVD), and incident CVD was assessed in 2403 participants in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Regression analysis and the Tobit model were used to study subclinical disease; Cox proportional hazards regression, for incident CVD. Mean age was 63 ± 10 years and 47% were male. Mean sL-selectin was significantly different across ethnicities. Within each race/ethnicity, sL-selectin was associated with age and sex; among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans, it was associated with smoking status and current alcohol use. sL-selectin levels did not predict subclinical or clinical CVD after correction for multiple comparisons. Conditional logistic regression models were used to study the association of plasma L-selectin and CVD in 154 incident CVD cases, and 306 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects. The median follow-up time was 8.5 years. L-selectin levels in plasma were significantly lower than in serum and the overall concordance was low. Plasma levels were not associated with CVD. In conclusion, in this large, multiethnic population, soluble L-selectin levels did not predict clinical or subclinical CVD.
Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion following cardiac arrest

Rats were subjected to cardiac arrest and resuscitation, 90 min of reperfusion, and in situ perfusion fixation. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was included in the aldehyde-free perfusion fixative, the TBA reaction was driven in situ by heating, and fluorescence microscopy was utilized to characterize the location of products of the TBA reaction. Absorbance-difference spectra were performed on butanol-extracted brain homogenates to confirm in situ formation of TBA adducts with aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation. Nissl-stained sections revealed good cellular fixation without shrinkage artifacts. Fluorescence was not seen microscopically when TBA was omitted from the perfusion fixative, and little fluorescence was present in normal brains or brains after ischemia only. However, after 90-min reperfusion, intense granular fluorescence was seen in the neuronal perikarya (especially at the base of the apical dendrite) of numerous pyramidal neurons in cortical layers 5 and 6 and in the pyramidal layer of Ammon's horn in the hippocampus. The nuclei of these cells exhibited no fluorescence. Fluorescence was also present in some striatal neurons, but was absent in the adjacent radial bundles. Neither glia nor white matter exhibited similar fluorescence. These observations indicate that neurons in the selectively vulnerable zones of the cortex and hippocampus are early and specific targets of lipid peroxidation during post-ischemic reperfusion.
Computed tomography of nonopaque renal pyelocalyceal filling defects: Report of eleven cases

Abstract Eleven patients with nonopaque renal pyelocalyceal filling defects were studied with computed tomography (CT). Final diagnosis was proven by surgery, stone passage, or by radiographic follow-up. Five patients have nonopaque calculi with CT numbers ranging from 171 to 365 HU. Five patients had transitional cell carcinoma presenting as an intraluminal mass (27 to 36 HU), while one had blood clot (30 HU). CT is a valuable diagnostic modality in the investigation of nonopaque pyelocalyceal filling defects. Nonopaque calculus diagnosis is simplified. Differentiation of tumor and blood clot is not possible in all cases, as both may present as intraluminal mass with similar CT numbers. CT findings which may allow differentiation of tumor and blood clot are discussed.
Closure theorems for orientor fields and weak convergence

In the theory of optimization, in connection with ordinary and partial differential equations, a number of closure and lower closure theorems have been obtained in different contexts and under a variety of conditions and modes of convergence. In particular "seminormali ty" conditions (property (Q) and its variants) have played different roles. In this paper we first prove closure and lower closure theorems for orientor fields in a rather abstract context, all based on weak convergence and MAZUR'S theorem (w167 and 5). In the context of orientor fields, these theorems can be given the most satisfactory formulation and simplest proofs (see, e.g., th. (4.i), (5.i)). Furthermore, in the present new approach, the interplay of "seminormali ty" conditions and modes of convergence can be easily seen: the stronger the mode of convergence, the weaker are the "seminormali ty" conditions that are needed. From these theorems we then derive, as corollaries, closure and lower closure statements for Mayer and Lagrange problems (~ 6 and 7) and lower semicontinuity statements for free problems (w Under suitable hypotheses, no seminormality condition (or property (Q)) is needed. Further theorems without seminormality conditions, as well as other details, are discussed in [3]. In particular, we show that seminormality conditions can be removed, not only under standard Lipschitz requirements, as expected, but also under much more satisfactory simple growth conditions, as proposed some time ago by E. H. ROTHE for free problems. Applications to multidimensional Lagrange problems are discussed in [8].
Nuclear localization signal receptor affinity correlates with in vivo localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) target proteins into the nucleus through mediating interactions with nuclear import receptors. Here, we perform a quantitative analysis of the correlation between NLS receptor affinity and the steady-state distribution of NLS-bearing cargo proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of live yeast, which reflects the relative import rates of various NLS sequences. We find that there is a complicated, but monotonic quantitative relationship between the affinity of an NLS for the import receptor, importin α, and the steady-state accumulation of the cargo in the nucleus. This analysis takes into consideration the impact of protein size. In addition, the hypothetical upper limit to an NLS affinity for the receptors is explored through genetic approaches. Overall, our results indicate that there is a correlation between the binding affinity of an NLS cargo for the NLS receptor, importin α, and the import rate for this cargo. This correlation, however, is not maintained for cargoes that bind to the NLS receptor with very weak or very strong affinity.
Precise pattern of recombination in serotonergic and hypothalamic neurons in a Pdx1-cre transgenic mouse line

Multicellular organisms are characterized by a remarkable diversity of morphologically distinct and functionally specialized cell types. Transgenic techniques for the manipulation of gene expression in specific cellular populations are highly useful for elucidating the development and function of these cellular populations. Given notable similarities in developmental gene expression between pancreatic β-cells and serotonergic neurons, we examined the pattern of Cre-mediated recombination in the nervous system of a widely used mouse line, Pdx1-cre (formal designation, Tg(Ipf1-cre)89.1Dam), in which the expression of Cre recombinase is driven by regulatory elements upstream of the pdx1 (pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1) gene. Single (hemizygous) transgenic mice of the pdx1-creCre/0 genotype were bred to single (hemizygous) transgenic reporter mice (Z/EG and rosa26R lines). Recombination pattern was examined in offspring using whole-mount and sectioned histological preparations at e9.5, e10.5, e11.5, e16.5 and adult developmental stages. In addition to the previously reported pancreatic recombination, recombination in the developing nervous system and inner ear formation was observed. In the central nervous system, we observed a highly specific pattern of recombination in neuronal progenitors in the ventral brainstem and diencephalon. In the rostral brainstem (r1-r2), recombination occurred in newborn serotonergic neurons. In the caudal brainstem, recombination occurred in non-serotonergic cells. In the adult, this resulted in reporter expression in the vast majority of forebrain-projecting serotonergic neurons (located in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei) but in none of the spinal cord-projecting serotonergic neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei. In the adult caudal brainstem, reporter expression was widespread in the inferior olive nucleus. In the adult hypothalamus, recombination was observed in the arcuate nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Recombination was not observed in any other region of the central nervous system. Neuronal expression of endogenous pdx1 was not observed. The Pdx1-cre mouse line, and the regulatory elements contained in the corresponding transgene, could be a valuable tool for targeted genetic manipulation of developing forebrain-projecting serotonergic neurons and several other unique neuronal sub-populations. These results suggest that investigators employing this mouse line for studies of pancreatic function should consider the possible contributions of central nervous system effects towards resulting phenotypes.
Wilderness is dead: Whither critical zone studies and geomorphology in the Anthropocene?

Abstract Numerous studies document the extent and intensity of human appropriation of ecosystem services and the manipulation of Earth's surface and fluxes of water, sediment and nutrients within the critical zone of surface and near-surface environments. These studies make it increasingly clear that wilderness is effectively gone. This paper explores the implications for critical zone studies and management from a geomorphic perspective. Geomorphologists possess knowledge of the long history of human alteration of the critical zone. This knowledge can be applied to characterizing: historical range of variability and reference conditions; fluxes of matter and energy; and integrity and sustainability of critical zone environments. Conceptual frameworks centered on connectivity, inequality, and thresholds or tipping points are particularly useful for such characterizations, as illustrated by a case study of beaver meadows in the Front Range of Colorado, USA. Specifically, for connectivity, inequality, and thresholds, geomorphologists can identify the existence and characteristics of these phenomena, quantify and predict changes resulting from past or future human manipulations, and recommend actions to restore desirable conditions or prevent development of undesirable conditions. I argue that we should by default assume that any particular landscape has had greater rather than lesser human manipulation through time. This history of manipulation continues to influence critical zone process and form, and geomorphologists can use knowledge of historical context in a forward-looking approach that emphasizes prediction and management.
Supporting Soft Real-Time DAG-Based Systems on Multiprocessors with No Utilization Loss

In work on globally-scheduled real-time multiprocessor systems, analysis is lacking for supporting real-time applications developed using general processing graph models. In this paper, it is shown that bounded deadline tardiness can be ensured for such applications on a multiprocessor with no utilization loss. This result is general: it is applicable to periodic, sporadic, and rate-based directed-acyclic-graph (DAG) models and allows sophisticated notions of precedence to be supported (particularly, notions allowed by the processing graph method). This paper is the first to show that bounded tardiness can be ensured for globally-scheduled DAG-based applications without utilization loss.
Linear-Input Logic

Techniques are developed for the logical design of magnetic core circuits to produce arbitrary single-output combinational switching functions. The approach is based on the relationship of a single magnetic core circuit to a linearly separable switching function. A synthesis procedure is developed which uses a pair of logical primitives, AND with NOT and OR with NOT, which are similar to the STROKE primitive and its inverse. Procedures are developed for the synthesis of symmetric functions which require no more than the integral part of (n+3)/2 cores, approximately half the number used in previously published procedures. The synthesis of arbitrary switching circuits is treated as a linear programming problem, and a table of all four-variable circuits is presented in which no circuit requires more than three cores.
Phosphorylation at a Single Site in the Rat Brain Sodium Channel Is Necessary and Sufficient for Current Reduction by Protein Kinase A

Voltage-gated sodium channels respond to excitatory inputs in nerve cells, generating spikes of depolarization at axon hillock regions and propagating the initial rising phase of action potentials through axons. It previously has been shown that protein kinase A (PKA) attenuates sodium current amplitude 20‐ 50% by phosphorylating serines located in the I‐II linker of the sodium channel. We have tested the individual contributions of five PKA consensus sites in the I‐II linker by measuring sodium currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes during conditions of PKA induction. PKA was induced by perfusing oocytes with a cocktail that contained forskolin, chlorophenylthio-cAMP, dibutyryl-cAMP, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Phosphorylation at the second PKA site (serine-573) was necessary and sufficient to diminish sodium current amplitude. Phosphorylation at the third and fourth positions (serine-610 and serine-623) reduced current amplitude, but the effect was considerably smaller at those positions. Introduction of a negative charge at site 2 by substitution of serine-573 with an aspartate constitutively reduced the basal level of sodium current, indicating that the attenuation of sodium current by phosphorylation of site 2 by PKA results from the introduction of a negative charge at this site.
Effects of Diet Composition on Feed Intake and Growth of Chicks under Heat Stress I. Dietary Fat Levels

Abstract In five experiments an attempt was made to reduce the effects of heat stress on broiler chicks by lowering the heat increment of the diet. Percent of energy derived from fat was increased by replacing corn starch with fat, calorie for calorie, which reduced formula weight and increased diet density. In one treatment total protein level was reduced also while maintaining adequate essential amino acid levels. The effect of caloric and nutrient density was separated from that of “percent fat calories” by the use of a non-nutrient filler in one diet. Experimental rations were fed to male broiler chicks from 4 to 7 weeks of age in hot (31.1 ± 2 C) vs. cool (20.0 ± 2 C) controlled temperature chambers. In all experiments, metabolizable energy (ME) intake was increased when fat calories replaced carbohydrate (CHO) calories. In the high fat treatments, chicks gained significantly more body weight than did the high CHO control groups. This increase, however, was similar at both temperatures, indicating that the beneficial effect of dietary fat was independent of temperature. A portion of the improvement in ME intake and weight gains resulting from increased ratio of fat to non-fat calories was retained when diet density was equalized. Heat production measured by energy balance studies was numerically lower in chicks fed diets with the high ratio of fat to non-fat calories.
Fault simulation and random test generation for speed-independent circuits

We develop a fault simulator for input stuck-at faults in Speed-Independent circuits by extending Eichelberger's method. In order to achieve higher accuracy, a 13-valued algebra is adopted, the relative order of causal signal transitions is maintained, and time frames are unfolded in a careful manner. Based on this simulator, we propose a random test generation algorithm which reduces the probability that the circuit finds itself in non-deterministic states and helps it recover when this happens. Experimental results show that the combination of the two techniques achieves an average improvement of 18% in fault coverage.
First generation expert systems: a review of knowledge acquisition methodologies

This paper reviews a wide range of knowledge acquisition techniques in the context of attempts to achieve a systematic methodology. These have been poorly documented by expert system builders, who are often inclined to overvalue textbooks and the ways experts themselves claim they solve problems. No one method has a universal advantage; each has some value. Techniques should be selected to suit the domain, the task, the expert and the knowledge engineer. Knowledge acquisition involves creating a conceptual model of expert knowledge and reasoning, from analysis of data elicited by these techniques. A survey of the literature indicates increasing emphasis on tools for knowledge acquisition, used directly by experts. Several projects currently directed towards providing a proper epistemological foundation for knowledge acquisition are discussed and compared. None has yet produced a complete epistemologically sound methodology; however, recognition of the need to create a conceptual model at the knowledge level (rather than the symbol level) is an important advance. An extensive bibliography is appended.
Beauty or brains? The braincase of Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum and its utility for species-level distinction in the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus

The centrosaurine ceratopsid taxon Pachyrhinosaurus is the most speciose of centrosaurines, being represented by at least three species (P. canadensis, P. lakustai, and the recently described P. perotorum) from the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian of North America. The species are readily distinguished from one another by details of easily visible cranio-facial and frill ornamentation, features commonly used to differentiate ceratopsid taxa. Braincase material is also known for all three taxa. We describe the braincase of P. perotorum based on specimens from the Kikak–Tegoseak Quarry of the North Slope of Alaska. We then compare it to braincase and endocranial descriptions of the other Pachyrhinosaurus taxa to test whether there may be useful species-level differences present in these robust parts of the ceratopsid skull. Braincase morphology, including cranial nerve paths through the braincase walls in P. lakustai and P. perotorum, were found to be very similar. Two potential diagnostic differences between taxa were found, although tests based on larger sample sizes will be necessary to verify them. This reinforces the importance of highly visual cranio-facial and frill ornamentation as the best tool for species recognition and phylogenetic reconstruction in ceratopsid dinosaurs.
Short pulse laser surgery and new diagnostics/therapies for stroke treatment

Summary form only given. I will discuss the engineering and scientific expertise currently being applied to the development of new technologies for use in disease diagnosis and treatment. Specifically, in the use of short pulse lasers in surgery and new diagnostics/therapies for stroke treatment.
Wavelet-based image indexing techniques with partial sketch retrieval capability

This paper describes WBIIS (Wavelet-Based Image Indexing and Searching), a new image indexing and retrieval algorithm with partial sketch image searching capability for large image databases. The algorithm characterizes the color variations over the spatial extent of the image in a manner that provides semantically-meaningful image comparisons. The indexing algorithm applies a Daubechies' wavelet transform for each of the three opponent color components. The wavelet coefficients in the lowest few frequency bands, and their variances, are stored as feature vectors. To speed up retrieval: a two-step procedure is used that first does a crude selection based on the variances, and then refines the search by performing a feature vector match between the selected images and the query. For better accuracy in searching, two level multiresolution matching may also be used. Masks are used for partial-sketch queries. This technique performs much better in capturing coherence of image, object granularity, local color/texture, and bias avoidance than traditional color layout algorithms. When tested on a database of more than 10,000 general-purpose images, WBIIS is much faster and more accurate than traditional algorithms.
Pax-3 expression in segmental mesoderm marks early stages in myogenic cell specification.

Specification of the myogenic lineage begins prior to gastrulation and culminates in the emergence of determined myogenic precursor cells from the somites. The myoD family (MDF) of transcriptional activators controls late step(s) in myogenic specification that are closely followed by terminal muscle differentiation. Genes expressed in myogenic specification at stages earlier than MDFs are unknown. The Pax-3 gene is expressed in all the cells of the caudal segmental plate, the early mesoderm compartment that contains the precursors of skeletal muscle. As somites form from the segmental plate and mature, Pax-3 expression is progressively modulated. Beginning at the time of segmentation, Pax-3 becomes repressed in the ventral half of the somite, leaving Pax-3 expression only in the dermomyotome. Subsequently, differential modulation of Pax-3 expression levels delineates the medial and lateral halves of the dermomyotome, which contain precursors of axial (back) muscle and limb muscle, respectively. Pax-3 expression is then repressed as dermomyotome-derived cells activate MDFs. Quail-chick chimera and ablation experiments confirmed that the migratory precursors of limb muscle continue to express Pax-3 during migration. Since limb muscle precursors do not activate MDFs until 2 days after they leave the somite, Pax-3 represents the first molecular marker for this migratory cell population. A null mutation of the mouse Pax-3 gene, Splotch, produces major disruptions in early limb muscle development (Franz, T., Kothary, R., Surani, M. A. H., Halata, Z. and Grim, M. (1993) Anat. Embryol. 187, 153–160; Goulding, M., Lumsden, A. and Paquette, A. (1994) Development 120, 957–971). We conclude, therefore, that Pax-3 gene expression in the paraxial mesoderm marks earlier stages in myogenic specification than MDFs and plays a crucial role in the specification and/or migration of limb myogenic precursors.
Candidate Selection Procedures, Seniority, and Vote-Seeking Behavior:

It has been argued that inclusive and decentralized selection procedures create greater incentives for parliamentarians to enhance their personal reputations. However, while the observable implications of this theory are at the level of individual members, the empirical data often brought to bear on this question to date have been collected at an aggregate level—the partisan bloc or legislative term. Despite some previously positive aggregate results, the author finds no discernible support for the connection between candidate selection procedures and vote-seeking behavior in Israel at the individual parliamentarian level. The author suggests an alternative theory—based on the stage of the legislative career—that explains both individual-level behavior and the aggregate-level trend.
Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy of Liquids and Solids with a Fiber-Optic Sampler, Diode Laser, and CCD Detector

Fluorescence interference often present in conventional Raman techniques may be considerably reduced by moving from a visible laser source to one in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) performed at 1064 nm dramatically reduces fluorescence background and extends the utility of Raman spectroscopy to a wider range of samples. However, FT-Raman exhibits a lower signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) than visible Raman because of reduced scattering (due to the v4 factor) and higher noise associated with detectors useful in the range above 1064 nm. An alternative procedure for NIR Raman involves a 783-or 830-nm GaAlAs diode laser, a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector, and a single-grating spectrograph. Excellent reduction of fluorescence background has been achieved, yet Raman spectra are obtained at wavelengths within the quantum efficiency range of the CCD detector. Because the CCD detector is shot-noise limited, a much higher S/N is attained in comparison with FT-Raman, permitting the use of low laser power and weakly scattering samples. The approach is similar to other CCD Raman spectrometers based on He-Ne11 or NIR dye lasers, and exhibits a trade-off between quantum efficiency and fluorescence reduction since the laser wavelength is extended into the NIR.
Hidden phase approaches in recovering images from coherently illuminated objects

Phase differences on a sampled grid in the pupil plane of a coherent imaging system are used in conjunction with a hidden phase approach to estimate images of coherently illuminated objects in the presence of additive Gaussian noise. The imaging system is located in the far-field with respect to the illuminated objects. Conventional least squares and minimum variance image reconstruction approaches are shown to fail because of the presence of point discontinuities in the far-field speckle pattern. Conventional phase reconstruction techniques can not properly sense the phase effects resulting from these point discontinuities or branch points. However, these conventional image reconstruction techniques can be made to work with the addition of a hidden phase term that accounts for the phase effects resulting from the branch points. The hidden phase term is added to the results of both the least squares and minimum variance phase reconstructors and the addition of the hidden phase term is shown to successfully recover the images of several types of extended objects.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Privacy and Security of Patient Information

Imagine your discomfort and eventual lack of patients if the following scenario were to occur. As you and your spouse are in the kitchen doing dishes, you mention that a lovely high school girl consulted you for information on how to discreetly terminate an unplanned pregnancy. One of your children happens to overhear you and the next day remarks to his best friend that it is a tragedy for one of the most popular girls in the school to be pregnant. The friend immediately starts a guessing game of elimination and can tell when your son refuses to confirm or deny the ultimate candidate. Two days later the entire school knows, and ultimately the girl’s parents hear the gossip. She knows that you are the only one she told.
Complex Litigation: Dueling Class Actions

Commentary and analysis of the problem of multiple, conflicting class actions in state and federal courts, and judicial approaches to dealing with the phenomenon. The article focuses on the problem of copy-cat or repetitive class actions and the strategic reasons for the propagation of competing class actions. Dueling class actions come into existence when a class litigation filed in one forum is copied or duplicated by the same or other attorneys in another federal or state forum. This situation raises serious problems relating to a race to judgment, res judicata effects of a class judgment or settlement, and adequacy of representation. In addition, the possibility of the Rule 23(b)(3) opt-out class engenders novel opportunities for attorneys to attempt to configure new class actions consisting of opt-out claimants from an existing class action. The federal courts have been in the vanguard of devising innovative ways to deal with duplicative or copy-cat litigation in federal and state courts. The article surveys procedural mechanisms such as MDL procedure (the multidistrict litigation statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1407); the federal Anti-Injunction Act (28 U.S.C. § 2283), and the All Writs statute (28 U.S.C. 1651),a s well as a variety of judicial decisions from federal and state court attempting to manage, regulate, or repudiate attempts at duplicative litigation.