cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivation matters: Development and validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale - Short Form (MSS-SF)

Abstract Introduction Motivation is an overlooked but crucial factor in determining whether solitude is psychologically beneficial or risky. This paper describes the development and validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale - Short-Form (MSS-SF), a measure grounded in Self-Determination Theory that differentiates between intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations for solitude. Methods Emerging adult (N = 803) and adolescent (N = 176) participants were recruited in four successive samples from the United States for the purposes of scale development and validation. Participants completed an on-line survey that included the MSS-SF and various well-being and personality measures. Results & conclusions Confirmatory Factor Analyses resulted in a two-factor solution, selfdetermined solitude (SDS) and not self-determined solitude (NSDS), and showed the MSS-SF to be reliable with adolescents and emerging adults, with satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. Engaging in solitude for extrinsic, not self-determined reasons was associated with loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptomatology; in contrast, solitude chosen for intrinsic, self-determined reasons was positively correlated with well-being, for emerging adults in particular. The MSS-SF goes beyond preference for solitude to distinguish two distinctly different motivations for solitude, and in so doing, allows researchers to better understand the affordances and risks of being alone for adolescents and emerging adults.
The Alzheimer's comorbidity phenome: mining from a large patient database and phenome-driven genetics prediction.

Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder and has become a global public health problem. Intensive research has been conducted for AD. But the pathophysiology of AD is still not elucidated. Disease comorbidity often associates diseases with overlapping patterns of genetic markers. This may inform a common etiology and suggest essential protein targets. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) collects large-scale postmarketing surveillance data that provide a unique opportunity to investigate disease co-occurrence pattern. We aim to construct a heterogeneous network that integrates disease comorbidity network (DCN) from FAERS with protein-protein interaction (PPI) to prioritize the AD risk genes using network-based ranking algorithm. Materials and methods We built a DCN based on indication data from FAERS using association rule mining. DCN was further integrated with PPI network. We used random walk with restart ranking algorithm to prioritize AD risk genes. Results We evaluated the performance of our approach using AD risk genes curated from genetic association studies. Our approach achieved an area under a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.770. Top 500 ranked genes achieved 5.53-fold enrichment for known AD risk genes as compared to random expectation. Pathway enrichment analysis using top-ranked genes revealed that two novel pathways, ERBB and coagulation pathways, might be involved in AD pathogenesis. Conclusion We innovatively leveraged FAERS, a comprehensive data resource for FDA postmarket drug safety surveillance, for large-scale AD comorbidity mining. This exploratory study demonstrated the potential of disease-comorbidities mining from FAERS in AD genetics discovery.
Cortical Signal Suppression (CSS) for Detection of Subcortical Activity Using MEG and EEG.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) use non-invasive sensors to detect neural currents. Since the contribution of superficial neural sources to the measured M/EEG signals are orders-of-magnitude stronger than the contribution of subcortical sources, most MEG and EEG studies have focused on cortical activity. Subcortical structures, however, are centrally involved in both healthy brain function as well as in many neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we present a method that can separate and suppress the cortical signals while preserving the subcortical contributions to the M/EEG data. The resulting signal subspace of the data mainly originates from subcortical structures. Our method works by utilizing short-baseline planar gradiometers with short-sighted sensitivity distributions as reference sensors for cortical activity. Since the method is completely data-driven, forward and inverse modeling are not required. In this study, we use simulations and auditory steady state response experiments in a human subject to demonstrate that the method can remove the cortical signals while sparing the subcortical signals. We also test our method on MEG data recorded in an essential tremor patient with a deep brain stimulation implant and show how it can be used to reduce the DBS artifact in the MEG data by ~ 99.9% without affecting low frequency brain rhythms.
Reassembling the Real Person: A Jungian and Mythical–Dramatistic Approach to Human Development:

Carl Jung’s process of individuation (self-realization) can be usefully recast in “mythical–dramatistic” terms in which human development is seen as an exciting story of a trapped and disintegrated...
A tensorial shear stress sensor based on light-emitting GaN nanopillars

A force sensor capable of detecting both the magnitude and direction of the shear stress is proposed and demonstrated. The structure is based on an array of gallium nitride (GaN) light-emitting nanostructures and an off-the-shelf imager. The directional sensitivity originates from symmetry breaking of the nanostructures. Only a common bias is required for all GaN elements, making two-dimensional mapping of the stress relatively simple. As the stress sensing relies only on differential measurements, no stringent uniformity requirement across the sensor array is necessary.
Grace and Grit: A Meditation on Dance Movement Therapy’s Locations and Aspirations: Marian Chace Foundation Lecture 2018

This article examines the concepts of grace and grit, as they apply to the field of dance movement therapy. By understanding these concepts in the moving body, we can find inspiration for our field. As well, we can more deeply understand how these terms inform both our personal and social activism.
Benchmarking and Optimization of Spintronic Memory Arrays

In this article, we present a cross-layer optimization and benchmarking of various spintronic memory devices, including spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), spin-orbit-torque (SOT) MRAM, voltage-controlled exchange coupling (VCEC) MRAM, and magnetoelectric (ME) MRAM. Various material, device, and circuit parameters are optimized to maximize array-level READ and WRITE performances and to benchmark spintronic devices against static random access memory (SRAM). It is shown that the optimized parameters, such as magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) oxide thickness or transistor size, are quite different for various device options. The optimal oxide thickness of VCEC-MRAM is 1.6 nm because it is a voltage-controlled device; thus, thicker oxide gives smaller READ energy-delay product (EDP), whereas, for STT-MRAM, the optimal oxide thickness is 1.3 nm to keep the WRITE voltage low while avoiding READ disturbs. In addition, we find that the co-optimization of material, device, and circuit analyses are critical because it is not enough to identify the most promising material for various device options with only material- or device-level metrics. For instance, SOT materials with the highest spin conductivity may not result in the best array-level WRITE performance because of their large resistivity and, in some cases, READ disturb issues. We also present a new design and cell layout for ME-MRAM in which the number of access transistors depends on the WRITE voltage. The benchmarking results show that SOT-MRAM can be fast and low energy but would suffer from a 25% larger cell area compared with STT-MRAM. VCEC-MRAM can be denser than STT-MRAM (2T1MTJ) and dissipate less energy but would suffer from slower READ operations because of its large oxide thickness. ME-MRAM can be fast, low energy, and dense compared with all other options.
Awareness and Attitudes Around the New Subspecialty Within Ob/Gyn Called Complex Family Planning: A CERA Survey of Family Medicine Chairs.

Background and objectives Family physicians play an important role in delivery of family planning services, but many factors impact scope of practice. One important factor is the development of subspecialties, such as the new subspecialty within obstetrics and gynecology called complex family planning (CFP). Methods In 2019, we conducted a survey of family medicine department chairs as part of the Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance survey. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to test for associations between program and chair characteristics, knowledge of CFP, and attitudes regarding family planning services (complex contraceptive counseling, pregnancy options counseling, first trimester miscarriage management, and pregnancy termination). Results The survey response rate was 54% (105/193). Only 8% of respondents were aware of the CFP subspecialty. The majority of chairs considered all queried family planning services as part of family medicine's scope of practice, including pregnancy termination by medication abortion (77%) and by uterine aspiration (60%). Chairs of departments with a faculty champion in family planning had higher odds of advocating for all queried family planning services as part of family medicine scope of practice (OR 3.0, 1.1-8.2) than those without a faculty champion. Conclusions Few chairs are aware of the new subspecialty of CFP, but most would advocate to maintain some form of abortion care in family medicine's scope of practice. Given family medicine's role in the health care safety net, supporting faculty champions in family planning is important to preserve access to family planning services for marginalized communities.
The enhanced intestinal permeability of infant mice enables oral protein and macromolecular absorption without delivery technology.

Abstract Oral delivery of macromolecular drugs is the most patient-preferred route of administration because it is painless and convenient. Over the past 30 years, significant attention has been paid to oral protein delivery in adults. Unfortunately, there is an outstanding need for similar efforts in infants, a patient population with distinct intestinal physiology and treatment needs. Here, we assess the intestinal permeability of neonatal and infant mice to determine the feasibility of orally delivering peptide and protein drugs without permeation enhancers or other assistance. Using the non-everted gut sac model, we found that macromolecular permeability depended on molecular size, mouse age, and intestinal tissue type using model dextrans. For example, the apparent permeability of 70 kDa FITC-Dextran (FD70) in infant small intestinal tissue was 2-5-fold higher than in adult tissue. As mice aged, the expression of barrier-forming and pore-forming tight junction proteins increased and decreased, respectively. The in vivo oral absorption of 4 kDa FITC-Dextran (FD4) and FD70 was significantly higher in younger mice, and there was a fourfold increase in oral absorption of the 80 kDa protein lactoferrin compared to adults. Oral gavage of insulin (5 IU/kg) reduced blood glucose levels in infants by >20% at 2 and 3 h but had no effect in adults. Oral insulin had 35% and
Do currently prescribed exercises reflect contributing pathomechanics associated with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome? A scoping review.

Abstract Objective Research reports limited, mixed evidence on the effectiveness of physiotherapy management in the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. The purpose of this review was to (1) identify what therapeutic exercises are being utilized in the non-surgical management of patients with FAI syndrome; (2) map the extent to which reported exercises reflect contributory pathomechanics associated with FAI syndrome. Design Scoping Review. Methods MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PEDRO electronic databases were searched for studies that implemented a non-surgical, exercise-based treatment approach in patients with FAI syndrome. Exercises were extracted and analyzed according to elements recognized as contributing to the pathomechanics associated with FAI syndrome. Results 24 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 453 exercises were extracted. Uniplanar exercises accounted for 338/453 or 74.6% of all reported exercises whereas triplanar exercises accounted for 21/453 or 4.6% of all exercises. Non-weight bearing exercises accounted for 220/453 or 48.6% of all exercises. Conclusion The majority of therapeutic exercises were classified as sagittal, uniplanar exercises, utilizing a concentric exercise approach. These findings highlight that exercises utilizing triplanar, eccentric hip control, in a single limb weightbearing position are considerably underrepresented.
External contexts and movement behaviors in ecological momentary assessment studies: a systematic review and future directions

This systematic review synthesized evidence from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies examining associations between external contexts (social, physical, or time-based) and everyday moveme...
Standardizing Discharge Opioid Prescriptions in Kidney Transplant Patients Decreases Opioid Usage

Abstract Background Kidney transplant recipients are frequently prescribed excess opioids at discharge relative to their inpatient requirements. Recipients who fill prescriptions after transplant have an increased risk of death and graft loss. This study examined the impact of standardized prescriptions on discharge amount and number of outpatient refills. Materials and Methods A historical cohort (Group 1) was compared to a cohort without patient-controlled analgesia (Group 2) and a cohort in which providers prescribed no opioids to patients who required none on the day prior to discharge, and 10 pills to those who required opioids on the day prior (Group 3). Demographics, oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) prescribed on the day prior to and at discharge, and outpatient refills were collected. Results 270 recipients were included. There was a nonsignificant trend towards lower OMEs on the day prior to discharge in Groups 2 and 3. Nonopioid adjunct use increased (P Conclusions A protocol targeting discharge opioids significantly reduced the amount of opioids prescribed in kidney transplant recipients; most patients subsequently received no opioids at discharge.
Online Learning-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Mode Selection Exploiting Channel Correlation

Reconfigurable antennas (RAs) emerged as a promising technology that can deal with channel variations and enhance the capacity and reliability of the wireless channel. To fully exploit the advantage of RAs, optimal antenna modes need to be selected in an online manner. However, the channel statistics are unknown a priori. Multi-armed bandit-based online learning algorithms were proposed to address this challenge, but the main drawback of existing approaches are that their regret scales linearly with the number of antenna modes, which converges slowly when the latter is large. To improve the scalability, we first apply an existing algorithm: Thompson sampling via Gaussian process (TS-GP), and propose two new algorithms for antenna mode selection: upper confidence bound with channel prediction (UCB-CP) and Thompson Sampling with channel prediction (TS-CP). TS-GP uses Gaussian prior to model the reward distribution of each antenna mode, as well as the correlation among them. UCB-CP and TS-CP exploit channel modeling to predict the channel conditions of unexplored antenna modes at each time step, by relating the correlation between different channel states to the underlying antenna modes. We prove the finite-time regret bound of UCB-CP and show that it is independent from the number of arms, when the expected channel estimation errors are small enough. We also extend the algorithms to the mobile setting. Both simulation results and real-world experiments show that all of our proposed learning algorithms can significantly improve the convergence rate and yield much lower regret (thus higher throughput) than existing schemes.
From Malthusian Stagnation to Modern Growth

This paper examines the historical evolution of the relationship between population growth, technological change, and the standard of living. It considers several unified models that encompass the transition between three distinct regimes that have characterized the process of economic development: "The Malthusian Regime," "The Post-Malthusian Regime," and the "Modern Growth Regime". We view the unified modeling of this long transition process--from thousand of years of Malthusian stagnation through the demographic transition to modern growth--as one of the most significant research challenges facing economists interested in growth and development.
Shaping Landscapes: Environmental History, Plantation Management and Colonial Legacies in Mauritius

In this study I trace the historical political ecology of Bras d’Eau, a nineteenth-century colonial sugar estate, twentieth-century forest plantation, and contemporary National Park in Mauritius. Via archaeological studies, documentary records, reconstruction of ecological landscapes, and ethnographic interviews, the study shows how environmental and climatic ideologies, structures of power and inequality, and community values intersected to produce the built environment of today’s National Park. Despite massive deforestation and degradation caused by colonial and postcolonial ecological strategies, newly formed forest reserves have become integral to island and community resilience.
Lower Urinary Tract Stenosis Following Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the mechanisms, risk factors, evaluation and current management options for iatrogenic lower urinary tract stenosis, including urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture, caused by surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of iatrogenic stenosis following endoscopic BPH surgery ranges from 0 to 9.7%. New endoscopic techniques and technologies for treating BPH do not appear to substantially mitigate this risk. However, new advances in our understanding of urethral sphincter anatomy combined with both innovative open urethroplasty techniques and utilization of robotic surgery for bladder neck reconstruction, offer promise in improving treatment outcomes for this patient population. Treating patient with stenosis following BPH-related surgery can be challenging, especially in patients with recurrent disease. Optimizing outcomes and patient satisfaction relies on performing a thorough work-up and openly discussing treatment choices, risks and postoperative expectations with patients. Future research and emerging technology in both endoscopic BPH treatment surgical options and management of postoperative stenosis is critical to continuing to improve patient care.
Low numeracy is associated with poor financial well-being around the world

Numeracy refers to the ability to use numbers, including converting percentages (e.g., 10%) into absolute frequencies (e.g., 1 in 10). Studies have suggested that numeracy is correlated to financial outcomes, suggesting its relevance to financial decisions. However, almost all research on numeracy has been conducted in high-income countries in Europe and North America. Our analyses suggest that low numeracy is much more common in low-income countries, thus potentially threatening the financial well-being of the world's poorest. We analyzed data from the Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll, which assessed basic numeracy in 141 countries, including 21 low-income, 34 lower middle income, 43 upper middle income, and 43 high-income countries. Numeracy was associated with being among the poorest 20% of one's country, and with difficulty living on one's income, even after accounting for income, education, and demographics. These findings underscore the importance of worldwide numeracy education.
How do Participants in Research Joint Ventures Diversify

This paper investigates the incentives to participate in research joint ventures from the perspective of overall business diversification behavior. It presents evidence that: (a) RJVs tend to put together industrial activities differently than single firms; and, (b) the diversification decisions of RJV participants are triggered partly differently than the analogous decisions of firms that have not participated in the examined large set of RJVs. The results indicate that RJVs facilitate “experimentation.” They also indicate that the policy debate on inter-firm cooperation in R & D must consider the likely differences in strategic behavior between frequent RJV participants and other firms.
Longitudinal study of semen quality of unexposed workers: sperm head morphometry.

As part of a longitudinal study of human semen characteristics of unexposed workers, sperm head measurements were made using image analysis (Image Technologies Corp., Deer Park, NY). Morphometry was conducted on monthly samples from 45 men for 9 months. Measurements of area, perimeter, length, width, the width-length ratio, and the oval factor (4 [pi] area/perimeter2) of 100 sperm heads per sample were obtained. The variability within a sample, between monthly samples from the same individual, and between individuals were calculated for each parameter. Tolerance intervals for each parameter were calculated, and are expected to contain 75% of all individual measurements. Similar intervals were calculated for the means and coefficients of variation of a semen sample. The largest source of variability was attributed to individual cell variation within a semen sample.
Virtual registers: reducing register pressure without enlarging the register file

This paper proposes a novel scheme to mitigate the register pressure for statically scheduled high-performance embedded processors without physically enlarging the register file. Our scheme exploits the fact that a large fraction of variables are short-lived, which do not need to be written to or read from real registers. Instead, the compiler can allocate these short-lived variables to the virtual registers, which are simply place holders (instead of physical storage locations in the register file) to identify dependences among instructions. Our experimental results demonstrate that virtual registers are very effective at reducing the number of register spills; which, in many cases, can achieve the performance close to the processor with twice number of real registers. Also, our results indicate that for some multimedia and communication applications, using a large number of virtual registers with a small number of real registers can even achieve higher performance than that of a mid-sized register file without any virtual registers.
Colored Petri net models of concurrent Ada programs

A translation is presented of a subset of the programming language Ada to colored Petri nets. The subset contains the Ada rendezvous and dynamic task creation but does not contain loops. The author uses colored nets to cut down the complexity of rendezvous and to include subprocedures and generics. The design of the translation algorithm was influenced by methods of denotational semantics which made the implementation of the algorithm particularly simple in the programming language ML. Properties of a concurrent Ada program can be studied by analyzing the Petri net model. It is possible to determine the possible interleavings of statements and do static dead-lock detection. >
High-Bit-Rate Chaotic Communications with Synchronized Semiconductor Lasers

Chaotic optical communication at 2.5 Gbit/s has been demonstrated, and higher bit rates are possible. In this talk, I will address the various issues from laser dynamics to message decoding to give an overview of research progresses in chaotic optical communications. Most recent experimental and theoretical results will be presented.
neCODEC: nearline data compression for scientific applications

Advances on multicore technologies lead to processors with tens and soon hundreds of cores in a single socket, resulting in an ever growing gap between computing power and available memory and I/O bandwidths for data handling. It would be beneficial if some of the computing power can be transformed into gains of I/O efficiency, thereby reducing this speed disparity between computing and I/O. In this paper, we design and implement a NEarline data COmpression and DECompression (neCODEC) scheme for data-intensive parallel applications. Several salient techniques are introduced in neCODEC, including asynchronous compression threads, elastic file representation, distributed metadata handling, and balanced subfile distribution. Our performance evaluation indicates that neCODEC can improve the performance of a variety of data-intensive microbenchmarks and scientific applications. Particularly, neCODEC is capable of increasing the effective bandwidth of S3D, a combustion simulation code, by more than 5 times.
The Ongoing History of Thermal Therapy for Cancer

Through 5,000 years of practice, physicians, surgeons, clergy, or lay people have utilized thermal therapy to treat mass lesions now known as cancer. The methods have changed dramatically over this time span and certainly the techniques have improved the efficacy and safety, but fundamentally, hyperthermic therapy is usually a local or regional treatment for most cancer patients. Fortunately, hyperthermia used in combination with chemotherapy or ionizing radiation continues to improve outcomes. We will briefly describe the historic role of hyperthermia in cancer care as well as modern expectations based on technological advancements. In particular, we will focus on the role of hyperthermia for cancers that do not have other, more effective treatments.
The role of dynamic recrystallization in the development of lattice preferred orientations in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates

Abstract Experiments on coaxially deformed quartz aggregates show that when dynamic recrystallization involves grain size reduction, the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of the recrystallized grains depends on the recrystallization mechanism. At low temperatures and fast strain rates, strain-induced grain boundary migration recrystallization favors growth of grains oriented poorly for slip on the basal and prism planes, resulting in an LPO of c-axes parallel to the θ1 direction. At higher temperatures or slower strain rates, progressive subgrain rotation produces recrystallized grains which inherit the small-circle girdle LPO of their deformed host grains and which continue to re-orient by slip. At even higher temperatures and slower strain rates, progressive subgrain rotation is accompanied by rapid grain boundary migration, which does not favor grains of any particular orientation; thus the LPO is again similar to that of non-recrystallized grains. In contrast, when dynamic recrystallization involves grain growth driven by surface energy reduction, a strong LPO of c-axes parallel to θ1 develops during grain growth but then evolves with increasing strain toward a small-circle girdle. The correlation of LPOs with recrystallization mechanisms has important implications for the assumption of homogeneous strain in theoretical models of LPOs and for interpreting natural LPOs in recrystallized rocks.
Determination of Statistically Reliable Transport Diffusivities from Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations we determine the composition dependence of the self-diffusivity and transport diffusivity of a methane/ethane mixture at high pressure. We compute the transport diffusivity in two ways. First, the transport diffusivity is generated from the simulated self-diffusivities using an approximation known as the Darken equation. Second, the transport diffusivity is generated from the simulated phenomenological coefficients, based upon linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT). We discuss the relative advantages of the two methods in terms of: (i) accuracy and (ii) computational demands of the approach. We find that the Darken equation gives values of the transport diffusivity within 6% of the more rigorous approach and is subject to substantially less statistical error with less computational effort. We find that the mean and standard deviation of the transport diffusivity obtained from linear irreversible thermodynamics are strong functions of the implementation of the infinite-time limit required in the evaluation. We suggest and implement an algorithm for statistically reliable transport diffusivities from molecular dynamics simulations.
Families of Young Technology-Dependent Children and the Social Worker

Health care social workers are increasingly providing services to young children who are technology-dependent through participation on individualized family service plan (IFSP) teams, as well as in clinical settings. Such participation suggests that new models for assessing the impact of medical technologies on family functioning will, of necessity, also begin to emerge. Assessment implications from a family systems perspective are presented that may be used to guide the development of future assessment strategies for health care social workers.
Cholinergic innervation of the human striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.

The anatomical organization of cholinergic markers such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and nerve growth factor receptors was investigated in the basal ganglia of the human brain. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons and varicosities and their relationship to regional perikarya showed that the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus of the human brain receive widespread cholinergic innervation. Components of the striatum (i.e., the putamen, caudate, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens) displayed the highest density of cholinergic varicosities. The next highest density of cholinergic innervation was detected in the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus. The level of cholinergic innervation was of intermediate density in the globus pallidus and the ventral tegmental area and low in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor receptors (NGFr) was confined to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and their processes. Axonal immunoreactivity for NGFr was therefore used as a marker for cholinergic projections originating from the basal forebrain (Woolf et al., '89: Neuroscience 30:143–152). Although the vast majority of striatal cholinergic innervation was NGFr-negative and, therefore, intrinsic, the striatum also contained NGFr-positive axons, indicating the existence of an additional cholinergic input from the basal forebrain. This basal forebrain cholinergic innervation was more pronounced in the putamen than in the caudate. The distribution of NGFr-positive axons suggested that the basal forebrain may also project to the globus pallidus but probably not to the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, or red nucleus. The great majority of cholinergic innervation to these latter three structures and to parts of the globus pallidus appeared to come from cholinergic neurons outside the basal forebrain, most of which are probably located in the upper brainstem. These observations indicate that cholinergic neurotransmission originating from multiple sources is likely to play an important role in the diverse motor and behavioral affiliations that have been attributed to the human basal ganglia. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrating Power and Cooling into Parallel Performance Analysis

We present a new, integrated approach to parallel performance analysis that integrates traditional application-oriented performance data with measurements of the physical runtime environment. We have developed the needed infrastructure for combined evaluation of system, application, and machine room performance in the high end environment. We illustrate the utility of our approach, with data from our study of the power and cooling impact of the choice of physical location for an application within the machine room. We demonstrate the integration of measured performance data from the application, system, and physical room environment, and discuss the challenges encountered.
Effect of superoxide and superoxide dismutase on lignin peroxidase-catalyzed veratryl alcohol oxidation

We have shown that superoxide (O2.-) is produced during the oxidation of veratryl alcohol by lignin peroxidase (LiP) by the reaction of the veratryl alcohol cation radical with hydrogen peroxide (D. B. Barr, M. M. Shah, and S. D. Aust, 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 241-244). Compound III, an inactive form of peroxidases can be formed by reaction of the ferric enzyme with O2.-. We therefore studied the effects of O2.- and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the veratryl alcohol oxidase activity of LiP. SOD enhanced the rate of veratryl alcohol oxidation by LiP and veratryl alcohol oxidation was inhibited by the addition of KO2. Upon the addition of KO2, activity was also preceded by a lag period. Under steady-state turnover conditions (i.e., for veratryl alcohol oxidation), the addition of KO2 resulted in the formation of LiP compound III. Compound II of LiP was observed following a time period that correlated with the lag prior to veratryl aldehyde formation. The extent of the lag preceding veratryl aldehyde formation increased with increasing concentrations of KO2 and decreased with increasing concentrations of veratryl alcohol. It was postulated that during the lag period the veratryl alcohol cation radical reacted with compound III to regenerate the native enzyme. In this process the veratryl alcohol cation radical was reduced to veratryl alcohol, and thus, no veratryl aldehyde was detected during the lag period.
Negation in early German-English Interlanguage: more Valueless Features in the L2 initial state:

In Eubank (1993/94), I argued that the apparent syntactic optionality one observes in, for example, the placement of medial adverbs vis-a-vis thematic verbs in French-English Interlanguage can be e...
Semicontinuous, pressure-swing distillation

The merits of semicontinuous, pressure-swing, azeotropic distillation are examined. In continuous operation, two columns at different pressures are fed streams having compositions on opposite sides of the azeotropic compositions. The distillates, which approach the azeotropic compositions at high and low pressure, are cycled between the columns. In contrast, semicontinuous operation involves only a single distillation column, which has lower investment costs and, when the mixture to be separated is changed, shorter downtimes. An optimal-control algorithm is employed to determine desirable campaigns, and to schedule pressure switch-over policies. Simulation results for the dehydration of tetrahydrofuran, involving a pressure-sensitive azeotrope, indicate that switch-over between steady states occurs quickly with on-spec product removed during 93% of the campaign. The column achieves production rates near 89% of the maximum throughput of a single column in the continuous process and shows superior performance when compared to reverse-batch operation.
Ethos, ideology, and partisanship: Exploring the paradox of conservative democrats

Despite the increasingly liberal cast of the national Democratic Party, self-identified conservatives continue to represent a significant segment of the party. At least 25 percent of Democratic identifiers considered themselves to be conservatives during the 1972–1988 period. This paper explores the puzzle of why significant numbers of political conservatives continue to identify with the Democratic Party. We argue that conservative Democrats relate to their party not because of political ideology, as do Republicans and to a lesser extent, liberal/moderate Democrats, but because of the symbolic values associated with the main groups in the party—what we refer to as “party ethos.” This proposition is examined by analyzing a new set of open-ended questions included in the 1988 American National Election Study probing citizens' images and assessments of the Republican and Democratic parties.
The biosynthesis of astaxanthin. XVII. Intermediates in the conversion of β-carotene

Abstract 1. 1. β-Carotene was fed to depleted goldfish at the levels of 2 mg. and 10 mg. per g. of food at different time intervals. 2. 2. The administration of β-carotene at 2 mg. per g. of food increased the astaxanthin content of the fish more than fourfold. 3. 3. In addition, isocryptoxanthin, isozeaxanthin, echinenone, and 4-hydroxy-4'-keto-β-carotene were synthesized. 4. 4. These pigments were undoubtedly metabolic products of β-carotene. They were not detected in the depleted fish and they disappeared when the fish fed with β-carotene for 6 days were returned to the non-carotenoid diet for 4 days. 5. 5. Increasing the β-carotene supplement to 10 mg. per g. of food raised the isocryptoxanthin and echinenone concentrations markedly. 6. 6. The data obtained proved that β-carotene is converted by the goldfish to astaxanthin through isocryptoxamhin, isozeaxanthin, echinenone, 4-hydroxy-4'-keto-β-carotene, and possibly canthaxanthin and phoenicoxanthin.
Stem reserves and grain growth in goatgrass, Aegilops tauschii and wheat

Wild diploid goatgrass, Aegilops tauschii Coss., is the D-genome donor to hexaploid bread wheat. Goatgrass has been crossed with tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.) and hexaploid bread wheat (T. aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) to broaden the genetic base of bread wheat. We examined the contribution of main stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and current assimilates to grain yield in one goatgrass relative to those in one durum and four cultivars of bread wheat under well-watered and droughted field conditions across two years. Drought reduced grain yield and its components. Number of tillers per plant was higher in goatgrass, but 55% of tillers produced were sterile. Number of grains per spike was lower in goatgrass. Grain weight was the component severely limiting potential yield in goatgrass. Main stem WSC and concentration was lowest in goatgrass. Linear rate of grain growth in goatgrass was 20 and 17 mg spike−1 day−1 under well-watered and droughted conditions, whereas those in durum and bread wheats ranged from 55 to 73 and from 37 to 60 mg spike−1 day−1, respectively. Current assimilates were the major source of carbon to fill the grains under both irrigation regimes. A large number of goatgrass accessions and adapted durum cultivars should be examined for grain yield and its components to identify promising accessions to be used in producing synthetics.
Diabetes: Shining a light: the role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus.

A new study shows that serum vitamin D concentration is inversely associated with HbA1c levels among adults in the US aged 35–74 years, in line with results from other observational studies. Should adults with diabetes mellitus or at risk of developing this disease take vitamin D to improve glycemia or reduce this risk?
Remission from central nervous system involvement in adults with acute leukemia: effect of intensive therapy and prognostic factors

Eighty-seven adult patients who had achieved bone marrow remission of leukemia developed one or more episodes of meningeal leukemia. Multiple patient characteristics were examined for their effect on probability of achieving complete remission from meningeal disease and for their effect on duration of meningeal remission. Presence of obtundation (P less than 0.01) or other symptoms of meningeal disease (P = 0.02) were associated with a low remission induction rate. Other factors which tended (P = 0.06-0.20) to be associated with low remission induction rates included high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure, absence of splenomegaly at initial diagnosis, high peripheral blood leukocyte count (WBC) at the episode of marrow disease most recently preceding the meningeal disease, and use of only one as opposed to two or more intrathecal drugs as treatment. Factors associated with long duration of meningeal remissions included diagnosis (AML greater than acute undifferentiated leukemia greater than ALL, P = 0.05), absence of symptoms (P = 0.04), low CSF WBC (P = 0.01), rapid attainment of meningeal remission (P = 0.01), rapid attainment of initial bone marrow remission (P = 0.02), and long duration of initial bone marrow remission (P less than 0.01). Absence of cranial or peripheral neuropathies, low CSF protein and opening pressure, and short time interval between diagnosis of marrow and meningeal disease also tended (P = 0.06-0.20) to be associated with long meningeal remissions. Patients treated according to an intensive protocol utilizing cranial irradiation and triple drug treatment via an Ommaya reservoir had substantially longer meningeal remissions than did patients treated with less intensive therapy (P = 0.01). Relapse-free survival curves suggest that some patients are cured of their meningeal disease.
Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women.

Abstract Coronary artery calcium is a marker of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects. Ultrafast ® computed tomography (CT) can detect and quantify coronary calcium, simply and noninvasively, with greater sensitivity than can other techniques. The prevalence and extent of coronary calcium in a large population of asymptomatic men and women were measured and compared. Coronary calcium studies were performed in an asymptomatic population of 1,396 male and 502 female subjects (age range 14 to 88 years). The prevalence of calcium, and the distribution of total calcium scores (which reflect the amount of calcium present) were determined and compared for men and women at 5- and 10-year intervals. The prevalence of calcium in women was half that of men, until the age of 60 years when the difference diminished. The mean total calcium score distributions of men between the ages of 40 and 69 years were virtually identical to those of women between the ages of 50 and 79. The quantitative data obtained by Ultrafast CT showed very close agreement with autopsy studies of coronary calcium. Ultrafast CT is a sensitive technique to measure coronary calcium in both men and women. The differences in prevalence and extent of coronary calcium appear to be parallel to those observed in the clinical incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. Ultrafast CT may have a greater impact on the treatment of women than of men, because it can be used to provide objective evidence of coronary atherosclerosis.
Apprehending Criminals: Genre and Interpretation in Seven:

The film Seven self-consciously explores two methods of discovering and analyzing clues and evidence. These methods work within the film to set up opposing worldviews and work outside the narrative to implicate viewers in the film's interpretive strategies. Seven relies on viewers to situate it in a generic category and plays with its generic status in ways that expand on and undercut viewer expectations. The play with interpretation touches on issues of moral apprehension, personal conviction, and social responsibility. This article examines the anguished pairing of these warring perspectives on a world defined by crime, self-interest, and moral indifference. Seven evinces a longing for a perhaps mythical past in which deep knowledge and thorough analysis of events were privileged over the pragmatic moral shorthand of contemporary modern culture. As it investigates the principal traits of the three protagonists—the spirited convictions of David Mills, the comprehensive despair of William Somerset, and th...
Content-based video indexing and retrieval using the Radon transform and pattern matching

Content-based video indexing and retrieval exhibits many challenging problems. Methods developed for processing of video for content search can be roughly categorized into temporal segmentation, spatial segmentation, and spatio-temporal video segmentation. The temporal segmentation aims to divide video into clips or (usually) camera shots. The spatial segmentation, on the other hand, seeks for the ROI"s (regions of interests) in video frames. The spatio-temporal segmentation is, however, more general since the video data is essentially spatial and temporal domain function in nature. It is expected that spatiotemporal methods describe the video content more completely and accurately as compared to the temporal and spatial segmentation of video independently. In the presented work, we approach the video-indexing problem by means of the spatio-temporal Radon projections. Specific projections are chosen for indexing the extracted features of a video clip. Pattern matching and pattern search are also studied via these projection-based features. Experiments show promising results for our approach.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-Speed, Enhancement-Mode GaN Power Switch With Regrown ${\rm n}+$ GaN Ohmic Contacts and Staircase Field Plates

We report a novel GaN heterojunction field-effect transistor device that incorporates vertically scaled epilayers, a nanoscale gate with integrated staircase-shaped field plates, and regrown ohmic contacts. This device technology has an unprecedented combination of high breakdown (176 V), low ON-resistance (1.2 Ωmm), enhancement-mode operation (VTH=+0.35 V), and excellent high-frequency performance (fT/fmax=50/120 GHz), which enables new applications as a high-frequency power switch or a microwave power amplifier. The gate design manages the electric field at the drain edge of the gate, which mitigates dynamic ON-resistance degradation.