cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving management of windrow composting systems by modeling runoff water quality dynamics using recurrent neural network

Abstract The recurrent neural network is a tool that can provide valuable insights when forecasting future likelihood of events using dynamic time series. One of the challenging research problems is to extend the black-box modeling into white-box modeling in order to gain insights into the physical processes. Sensitivity analysis has shown a great contribution in overcoming this challenge. The main objective of this study was to perform a detailed sensitivity analysis of recurrent neural network in order to identify parameters that are important for predicting water quality constituents. We used a windrow composting pad located at UGA Bioconversion center, Athens, GA, USA as our study site. Runoff from windrow composting pad was collected in order to prevent the discharge of organic pollutants. We used time series data from nine years of precipitation, temperature, pond volume, material volume on the pad, total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrate (NO 3 ) concentration levels of stored runoff in the collection pond. Previously, we applied recurrent neural network for predicting TSS, BOD and NO 3 as well as performed auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis (Shim and Tollner, 2014). We used first eight years of data (from January 2001 to December 2008) to build the model and last year of data (from January 2009 to December 2009) to evaluate the model. Within this paper, we showed that the detailed sensitivity analysis of recurrent neural network can allow a better understanding of water quality dynamics of collected runoff and assist in identifying strategies for better management of windrow composting systems.
Inferior Vena Cava Filter Insertion

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for inferior vena cava filter insertion procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications, and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Physical effects of the gravitational Θ-parameter

We describe the effect of the gravitational Θ-parameter on the behavior of the stretched horizon of a black hole in (3 + 1)-dimensions. The gravitational Θ-term is a total derivative, however, it affects the transport properties of the horizon. In particular, the horizon acquires a third-order parity violating, dimensionless transport coefficient which affects the way localized perturbations scramble on the horizon. In the context of the gauge/gravity duality, the Θ-term induces a nontrivial contact term in the energy–momentum tensor of a (2 + 1)-dimensional large-N gauge theory, which admits a dual gravity description. As a consequence, the dual gauge theory in the presence of the Θ-term acquires the same third-order parity violating transport coefficient.
Making a global sensation: Vanilla flavor, synthetic chemistry, and the meanings of purity

How did vanilla, once a rare luxury, become a global sensation? Rather than taking the vanilla flavor of vanilla beans as a pre-existing natural fact, this essay argues that the sensory experience that came to be recognized as vanilla was a hybrid artifact produced by an expanding global trade in a diverse set of pleasurable substances, including cured beans from artificially pollinated vanilla orchids, synthetic vanillin, sugar, and a far-flung miscellany of other botanical and chemical materials. Global trade and large-scale production resulted not in the production of a homogenous, stable commodity, but in a range of local vanillas, heterogeneous mixtures with a range of qualities and virtues. As local commercial and regulatory interests competed to define the origins, and thus the market value, of authentic vanilla flavor, scientific experts were called upon to adjudicate these rival claims. In the United States, these debates played out in the context of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, where efforts to define and chemically enforce a 'standard' vanilla extract, in contradistinction from adulterated, 'imitation' extracts, clashed with the interests of makers and users of both synthetic and 'genuine' vanilla flavorings. As regulatory chemists grappled with the growing variety of vanillas, they were required to determine the appropriate chemical components of genuine vanilla, and consequently to delimit the subjective sensory effects proper to the flavor. Nonetheless, the materials, experiences, and meanings popularly associated with vanilla flavor continued to exceed the limits prescribed by officials.
Vanadium(V)-mediated rearrangement/halogenation cascade: Synthesis of α-haloenones from propargyl alcohols

Abstract A method is described for the oxidative Meyer–Schuster-type rearrangement of propargylic alcohols to ( Z )-α-chloro- and α-iodoenones using VOCl 3 as a multifunctional reagent. The vanadium reagent is found to serve as rearrangement promoter as well as an active chlorenium ion donor. Yields are improved when VOCl 3 is employed in conjunction with N -halosuccinimide reagents, giving some insights into the complex mechanism.
Factors Influencing Consent Rates in a Sleep Medicine Randomized Control Trial

The success and timeliness of clinical research studies depends on the enrollment of eligible participants. Various demographic factors such as race, education level, socioeconomic status, and gender have been found to influence a person’s decision to consent for participation in clinical trials, however, the effect of each of these factors have been found to vary among each study. The purpose of this quality improvement study was to analyze the effect of age and other demographic factors such as gender, race, education level, and insurance type on consent rates in the SAVE CPAP trial, a sleep medicine randomized control trial. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 558 patients that had been eligible for SAVE CPAP over a year span. We found that age did not have an effect on consent rate whether it was treated as a categorical or continuous variable, and that the demographic factors that were collected also did not have a statistically significant effect on consent rates. In addition, we collected the reasons why patients did not consent and found that they provide insight on how to remove obstacles that impede consent. Our study also identified that standardizing the consent process across technicians, and changing paperwork delivery may increase patient satisfaction and participation in the SAVE CPAP trial.
Current Indications and Overview of Molecular Imaging Techniques in Stem Cell Transplantation

Stem cell transplant has been a focus of clinical research for a long time given its immense promise to treat several difficult to treat and incurable diseases like hematological malignancies, diabetes mellius and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Recently there has been a renewed interest in this technique and expansion in applications due to advancement in various stem cell technologies. Traditionally viewed as a core research area; the study of stem cells and cell-based therapies is no longer limited to basic researchers and scientists and is fast getting into the paradigm of clinical care.
Eliminating contention bottlenecks in multithreaded MPI

Abstract We explore in this paper the advantages that accrue from avoiding the use of wildcards in MPI. We show that, with this change, one can efficiently support millions of concurrently communicating light-weight threads using send-receive communication. This is achieved through a streamlined implementation of MPI and a tight coupling between the communication runtime and the thread scheduler.
Culture and community: Perspectives from first-year, first-generation-in-college Latino students

This qualitative study explores the college choice process and first-year experiences of first-generation college Latino students. Case study analysis was used with one-on-one interviews, revealing...
Measurement of carotid artery viscoelasticity in young and older individuals using acoustic radiation force-induced waves and Fourier analysis

Techniques that can quantitatively measure viscoelastic mechanical properties in arteries may be very useful to detect early disease processes. We propose the use of inducing waves in the arterial walls with acoustic radiation force (ARF) and measuring their propagation characteristics to solve for the viscoelastic material properties.
Staff Response Times in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit: A Study of Diurnal/Nocturnal Variability.

ABSTRACTAlthough inpatient epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) are generally safe, seizures in this setting can still produce significant morbidity. The MORTEMUS (MORTality in Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Study) study revealed that the most feared consequence of an unattended seizure—sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)—does occur rarely in the EMU. Nearly all cases identified in that study occurred in the evening. The hypothesis for this study is that unwitnessed seizures would be more likely to occur during the night shift, and that response times to seizures would be slower at night, due to multiple variables. A retrospective video-EEG review of all seizures captured in our EMU during a 4-week period in 15 patients admitted was conducted. The time between seizure onset and the arrival of an attendant at the bedside was measured. There were 16 diurnal and 14 nocturnal seizures identified. The median response time during the day shift was approximately 22 ± 28 (0–80) seconds during the day shift, and 49 ...
Acuted Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an acute event, typically with encephalopathy, in which diffuse CNS involvement occurs. It may follow an infectious event and occurs more commonly in young children. Pulse steroid treatment is frequently used to treat ADEM. Although ADEM is typically described as a benign condition, with children generally recovering motor function and resolution of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), residual cognitive deficits may occur. This chapter aims to review the clinical features, typical presentation, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ADEM.
Character Actor: Design and Evaluation of Expressive Robot Car Seat Motion

How might an actuated car seat become an expressive robot? To explore the possibilities of this novel interaction, we conducted a full design exploration from prototyping to validation, drawing on methods for embodied physical interaction design. First, we applied physical and digital puppeteering techniques to explore how a car seat can display emotional affect through movement with limited degrees of freedom in a semi-structured design workshop. Second, prototyped emotions were formalized with the Laban Effort framework and translated into computer animations. Third, we tested if lay users understood the expressions communicated by the animations in an online validation study on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants generally agreed with our interpretation of six prototyped expressive states for the robot car seat (Neutral, Aggressive, Confident, Cool, Excited, and Quirky), and reported quantitative and qualitative reactions to each including perceived safety, which varied across conditions. Participants reported more implied cognition for higher valence expressions, and also were more likely to agree with our design intent. This specific case of physical interaction design and evaluation serves as a vignette for how to design and validate novel physical expressions in non-anthropomorphic robot interfaces.
Characteristics of early acute respiratory distress syndrome in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute respiratory complications occur frequently during the early phase of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but information on the most severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is lacki...
Multi–input Multi–output Active Vibration Control for High Frequency Random Vibration

Electromagnetic shakers and closed loop control systems are commonly used in qualification tests for environmental vibration conditions. However, at high frequencies shakers have resonances and anti-resonances. Resonances can be beneficial in that the shaker needs to exert less force to achieve the desired environment, but they can make it more challenging for the control system to match the desired environment. Anti-resonances are more problematic because they represent frequencies where the voltage input to the shaker causes little motion (at some locations on the slip table or adapter plate). Hence, these can cause the system to require driver voltage levels above the controller capacity and cause the test to abort. Furthermore, an anti-resonance is in essence a motion that is unobserved at the point(s) of interest, and hence they may lead to damage if internal components experience much higher vibration levels than the control accelerometer. This paper proposes and characterizes a hybrid shaker system that would use a piezoelectric actuator in addition to the electromagnetic shaker to create a MIMO control system. It is hoped that the additional control effort introduced by the piezoelectric actuator could be used to expand the frequency range over which the desired environment can be achieved.
Performance and Interpretation of CTC

It has been almost 30 years since Coin proposed that computed tomography (CT) scanning had the potential to be used as a screening tool for the detection of colonic polyps [1]. Yet it was not until 1994 that Vining and coworkers were able to employ the new technology of spiral/helical CT and modern computer graphics, catalyzing extensive research and clinical efforts that molded the field that we now call CT colonography (CTC) or “virtual colonoscopy.” [2] Owing to these efforts, reasonable consensus now exists on the optimal means by which to prepare the patient, acquire the CT data, and interpret the resulting images, though some healthy debates do persist. The goal of this chapter is to describe these technical factors in CTC and to give the reader a perspective on current techniques and alternatives. We review the best evidence for current practices and recommendations. With this information, we hope the reader will have a thorough understanding of what is required to set up a high-quality clinical operation for performance of CTC.
Generally cylindrical orthotropic constitutive modeling of matrix-filled carbon nanotubes: Transverse mechanical properties and responses:

The main objective of this article is to introduce exact analytical closed-form solutions for the prediction of effective transverse Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of a matrix-filled nanotube (i...
Bully-Victims: An Analysis of Subtypes and Risk Characteristics:

Bully-victims are often found to be the most high-risk group involved in bullying, yet limited prior research has explored differences among bully-victims. This study aims to fill that gap by exploring within-group differences of youth involved in both bullying perpetration and victimization. In a nationally representative sample of 165 youth ages 5 to 17, four bully-victim types were created using cutoff points based on the amount of perpetration and victimization reported: high bully-victims ( n = 38), aggression predominant bully-victims ( n = 67), victimization predominant bully-victims ( n = 23), and moderate bully-victims ( n = 37). Analyses revealed distinct differences among the groups, particularly relating to traumatic symptoms, types of bullying involvement, and nonvictimization adversity. The findings confirm that there is heterogeneity among bully-victims. The most substantial difference was found between the high group and the moderate group, with the high group significantly more likely to report depression ( p < .05) and anxiety symptoms ( p < .05), and more than two times more likely to experience past-year adversity than the moderate group. The findings from this study indicate that youth involved in high amounts of both perpetration and victimization are considerably more at risk of traumatic symptoms and nonvictimization adversity than youth involved in fewer bullying behaviors. These findings can be used to inform both research and practice, particularly in regard to targeted evidence-based interventions that meet the unique needs of each type.
Keynes’s Fatal Conceit

The central thesis of this paper is that John Maynard Keynes was a tragic victim of the fatal conceit. The opening section explains the fatal conceit and why scholars have failed to associate it with Keynes. The next section gives an overview of Keynes’s personality and character, with an emphasis on his intellectual arrogance and his sense of omniscience. Then the paper discusses Keynes’s supremacism as reflected in his sexism, eugenicism, racism, and impe-rialism. Finally, the paper shows that Keynes was a non-Marxist socialist, and his non-Marxist socialism was an intellectual error resulting from intellectual pride. Keywords: John Maynard Keynes, Fatal Conceit, Eugenics, Imperialism, Non-Marxist Socialism. JEL Classification: E12, B24, P20. Resumen: La tesis central de este articulo es que John Maynard Keynes fue una tragica victima de la fatal arrogancia. La seccion inicial explica la fatal arro-gancia y por que los academicos no la han asociado con Keynes. La siguiente seccion ofrece una vision general de la personalidad y el caracter de Keynes, con enfasis en su arrogancia intelectual y su sentido de omnisciencia. Posteri-ormente, el documento analiza el supremacismo de Keynes que se refleja en su sexismo, eugenesia, racismo e imperialismo. Finalmente, el documento muestra que Keynes fue un socialista no marxista, y su socialismo no marxista fue un error intelectual resultante del orgullo intelectual. Palabras clave: John Maynard Keynes, Fatal Arrogancia, Eugenesia, Imperial-ismo, Socialismo no marxista Clasificacion JEL: E12, B24, P20.
Rollen und Aufgaben der Corporate Communications in der digitalen Transformation

Seit gut funf Jahren wird die digitale Transformation stark thematisiert. Benutzt wird der Begriff primar fur die Beschreibung von durch Informationstechnologien ausgelosten Veranderungsprozessen in Unternehmen und Organisationen, wahrend mit digitalem Wandel die gesellschaftlichen Veranderungen bezeichnet werden (Janowitz 2016).
The Development of the Material Point Method for Simulating Nonlocal Failure Evolution Involved in Multi-phase Interactions

The evolution of interfacial failure between different materials such as concrete and soil has the nonlocal feature. As a result, local constitutive models cannot predict the real physics associated with the interfacial failure evolution. Since its first journal paper was published in 1994, the Material Point Method (MPM, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Point_Method), which is a spatial discretization extension from computational fluid dynamics to solid dynamics, has evolved with applications to different areas in Simulation-Based Engineering Science (SBES). We are developing a particle-based computer test-bed for multiscale and multiphysics modeling and simulation to advance SBES, with a focus on the multiphase interactions involving failure evolution. In this conference, the very recent results in improving the MPM will be presented with applications to nonlocal failure events, and future research and development directions will be discussed to promote international collaboration.
Macroprudential Policy: What We've Learned, Don't Know, and Need to Do

Over the last decade, macroprudential policy has made important advances and become more widely used. We have a better understanding of its goals and tools, and are accumulating evidence that it can be effective on its direct targets, albeit often with unintended leakages and spillovers. There has been less progress, however, in terms of understanding: the ramifications of these leakages and spillovers, the optimal calibration of various tools, and how to identify the next risks as the financial system evolves. A top priority is better understanding the new vulnerabilities developing as risks shift outside the perimeter of existing regulations.
Maintenance of long-term blood pressure control and vascular health by low-dose amiloride-based therapy in hyperaldosteronism.

Whether aldosterone itself contributes directly to macro- or microcirculatory disease in man or to adverse cardiovascular outcomes is not fully known. We report our long-term single-practice experience in an unusual group of five patients with chronic hyperaldosteronism (HA, including three with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism, GRA) treated with low-dose amiloride (a specific epithelial sodium channel [ENaC] blocker) 5-10 (mean 7) mg daily for 14-28 (mean 20) years. Except for one GRA diagnosed in infancy, all had severe resistant hypertension. In each case, BP was normalized within 1-4 weeks after starting amiloride and office BP's remained well controlled throughout the next two decades. 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring with pulse wave analysis (cardiac output, vascular resistance, augmentation index, reflection magnitude), regional pulse wave velocities, pulse stiffening ratio, ankle-brachial index, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and spot urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were measured after a mean of 18 years; all of these indicators were essentially normal. Over two additional years of observation (100 patient-years total), no cardiovascular or renal event occurred. We conclude that long-term ENaC blockade with amiloride can normalize BP and protect macro- and microvascular function in patients with HA. This suggests that either (a) putative vasculopathic effects of aldosterone are mediated via ENaC or (b) aldosterone may not play a direct role in age-dependent vasculopathic changes in humans independent of blood pressure. These findings, coupled with our literature review in both animal and human results, underscore the need for additional studies.
Using BioDepot-workflow-builder to Access Public Databases in a Containerized Environment

Modern day analyses of biomedical data typically involves a series of computational tasks called workflows. Each of these modules could be written by different laboratories and thus, potentially requires different computing environments. Reproducible analyses of biomedical data is a growing field of interest [1]. This makes it important to develop tools to facilitate analyses in a reproducible manner. Software containers have been used to increase reproducibility in bioinformatics analyses [2]. However, these software containers often use command line tools, requiring expertise that make them inaccessible to many biomedical scientists.
22 An Upper Bound for the Variance of Kendall’s “Tau” and of Related Statistics

Let X 1, X 2, …, X n be independent and identically distributed random variables (real- or vector-valued). Let f(X 1, X 2) denote a bounded function such that f(X 1, X 2) =f(X 2, X 1). With no loss of generality we shall assume that the bounds are Let
A qualitative examination of graduating nurses' response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Background:Currently, graduating nurses face pandemic-related uncertainty including gaps in risk perception, unexpected Covid-19 moral dilemmas, and distress surrounding personal health risk.Resear...
Main Flux Path Calculations Using Magnetic Circuits

Having determined the MMF forcing function, it is now necessary to calculate the fluxes and MMF drops in the main magnetic circuit of an induction machine. This chapter serves as one of the two key elements in the design of an electrical machine, namely the determination of the magnetizing flux paths in the machine portions. The magnetizing flux, interacting with the induced rotor current, determines, in essence, the developed torque in an induction machine. The chapter then considers three key areas of the magnetic circuit: the air gap, the teeth, and the core. It further considers the calculation of the MMF drop in the air gap and rotor teeth over one tooth pitch. The total MMF drop around the magnetic circuits is obtained by summing up the individual MMF drop around the entire magnetic circuit comprised of two air gaps, two stator and rotor teeth, and the stator core and the rotor core.
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage

Wealth inequality is at a historic high in the United States. Yet little is known about the implications of wealth on children’s development because research has focused mainly on the role of wealth in shaping outcomes in adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 8,095), we examine how family wealth relates to achievement and behavior problems during early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Further, we explore whether links between wealth and children’s development vary by level of income and income volatility. Results show that wealth, controlling for income level and volatility, is uniquely related to both academic and behavioral development in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Moreover, evidence suggests that wealth plays a buffering role when it comes to protecting children’s development from the deleterious effects of low family income, especially as children grow older.
2020 Constitutional Reform Country Report: The USA

The struggle over the scope and meaning of equal citizenship, which engulfed the American public during the Trump presidency, intensified during 2020. The conflicts over health inequality, court capture, and access to the ballot were also conflicts over the scope and nature of equal citizenship for minority groups. The major events of 2020--the impeachment of President Trump, the nation's response to COVID-19, the George Floyd protests, a conservative SCOTUS, and the election of a woman of color as the vice-president --were embedded in this larger struggle to define the contours of full American citizenship. Part of these debates played out in the form of proposed constitutional amendments. As a result, this chapter explores how formal and informal methods of constitutional change were deployed to advance competing conceptions of equal citizenship in response to the controversies of the day.
Feedforward and Feedback Control of a Copolymerization Reactor

This paper uses the detailed mathematical model for the solution copolymerization of vinyl acetate and methylmethacrylate in a continuous stirred tank reactor presented previously by Congalidis, Richards, and Ray (2). Kinetic parameters and reactor operating conditions are obtained from the open literature. The model is extended to include equipment to recycle unreacted monomers and solvent. This recycle stream introduces disturbances to the reactor feed, which perturb the polymer properties. A feedforward control strategy is proposed to counter these disturbances and its effectiveness is demonstrated using the model. In addition, the feedback strategy proposed previously by the authors is added to compensate for any unmeasured reactor disturbances.
Significance of mediastinal mass in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A mediastinal mass (MM) is found at the time of diagnosis in 10% to 15% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).1 In view of the frequent progression of childhood mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma (MLL) to leukemia,2,3 ALL + MM may be MLL with early bone marrow involvement. We have found that MLL is a T cell tumor, while ALL is a tumor of cells with neither T nor B cell characteristics.4 Therefore, if ALL + MM is a leukemic stage of MLL, patients with ALL + MM and ALL may differ in their clinical characteristics and responses to therapy. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective study to compare children with ALL + MM and ALL followed in this clinic over the last seven years.
Toxicological assessment of hexachlorobiphenyl isomers and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in chicks: I. Relationship of chemical parameters

Abstract Five hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) isomers and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) were fed to chicks for 21 days. Liver weights increased, with the smallest increase produced by 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-HCB and the largest by 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-HCB. Weight gain was decreased by 2,3,4,2′,3′,4′-, 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-, and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-HCB, while 1μg/kg of TCDF did not affect body weight or liver weight. Pathological changes in the liver were greatest in the 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-HCB group, moderate in the 2,3,4,2′,3′,4′- and 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-HCB groups, and mildest in the 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-, 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-HCB, and 5μg/kg TCDF groups, with no significant effect for the 1μg/kg TCDF group. Thymic involution and edema were observed with 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′ HCB and TCDF. 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-HCB and 5μg/kg of TCDF were lethal. HCB retention indices from gas chromatography correlated well with adipose-tissue concentration, with the exception of the 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-isomer, which had the smallest retention index but relatively high tissue accumulation. Extraction p -values correlated poorly, but the 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-HCB gave the smallest p -value, whereas the 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-HCB p -value was next to the highest. The HCB retention indices generally correlated with their overall biological response and were highest in isomers with 3,4-substitution.
1 Word Processors Devoted to Scientific Publishing

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses word processors devoted to scientific publishing. The scientific publication process is essential for communication of research results. Chemists, particularly those involved with computers, welcomed the opportunity to use the computer for text processing. The appearance of micro computers with desk-top dot matrix printers and letter-quality daisy-wheel printers gave the chemist the opportunity to create excellent looking hard copy with upper and lower case characters, but without drawings and with a limit of 96 characters. The IBM personal computer (PC) increased the offerings to include many new software packages with increased power. The chapter discusses methods of obtaining graphics, including character matrix graphics, inclusion graphics, formatter graphics, on-screen integrated graphics, and so on. ChemText operates on an IBM PC or clone with 640 Mbyte memory, a mouse, and a variety of printers ranging from Epson to HP LaserJet and Postscript printers such as the Apple Laserwriter, NEC LC-890, and Linotype. ChemText provides the wide range of special symbols and fonts for scientific documents, which is presented in the chapter. The molecule editor is a chemically responsible drawing system. It knows the periodic table, the valence of atoms that bonds end at atoms so all bonds to an atom automatically meet at a point, and can add or remove hydrogens. When one inserts an image of molecule from the Molecule Editor into a ChemText document, one actually inserts a computable representation of the structure.
Technical Note: Semi-automated effective width extraction from time-lapse RGB imagery of a remote, braided Greenlandic river

River systems in remote environments are of- ten challenging to monitor and understand where traditional gauging apparatus are difficult to install or where safety con- cerns prohibit field measurements. In such cases, remote sensing, especially terrestrial time-lapse imaging platforms, offer a means to better understand these fluvial systems. One such environment is found at the proglacial Isortoq River in southwestern Greenland, a river with a constantly shift- ing floodplain and remote Arctic location that make gaug- ing and in situ measurements all but impossible. In order to derive relevant hydraulic parameters for this river, two true color (RGB) cameras were installed in July 2011, and these cameras collected over 10 000 half hourly time-lapse images of the river by September of 2012. Existing approaches for extracting hydraulic parameters from RGB imagery require manual or supervised classification of images into water and non-water areas, a task that was impractical for the volume of data in this study. As such, automated image filters were de- veloped that removed images with environmental obstacles (e.g., shadows, sun glint, snow) from the processing stream. Further image filtering was accomplished via a novel auto- mated histogram similarity filtering process. This similarity filtering allowed successful (mean accuracy 79.6 %) super- vised classification of filtered images from training data col- lected from just 10 % of those images. Effective width, a hy- draulic parameter highly correlated with discharge in braided rivers, was extracted from these classified images, producing a hydrograph proxy for the Isortoq River between 2011 and 2012. This hydrograph proxy shows agreement with historic flooding observed in other parts of Greenland in July 2012 and offers promise that the imaging platform and processing methodology presented here will be useful for future moni- toring studies of remote rivers.
Disrupting the notch pathway with gamma-secretase inhibitors suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of sarcoma cell lines with constitutively active ras and notch signaling pathways

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4033 An urgent need exists for novel therapies to treat soft tissue sarcomas. Not only has the mortality rate remained unchanged for the past twenty years, but the incidence rate has increased annually as well. Of the sarcoma subtypes, a highly aggressive form is the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), which usually presents at an advanced stage, limiting therapeutic options. Notch signaling has been implicated in ras transformation, and MPNSTs may be especially susceptible to notch inhibition as they have active ras and notch signaling. The notch pathway may be disrupted by inhibiting the cleavage of notch into its transcriptionally active form by the gamma-secretase protein complex. We hypothesized that inhibition of notch signaling by gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) would cause growth suppression of MPNSTs, despite constitutive ras activation. In two MPNST cell lines, MPNST and ST88, which have activated ras and mutant p53, the Notch1 pathway is also activated, as indicated by expression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD). The Notch1 ligand Jagged1 is also over-expressed. When treated with two novel GSIs (JC34 and JC18) identified in a screening library, both MPNST cell lines show decreased cell viability up to 50%, as assessed by a sulforhodamine B assay. This effect was both time- and dose-dependent with concentrations ranging from 10 to 25 μM. The selectivity of the GSIs upon the notch pathway was then examined. Using an NICD-specific antibody, we show that the NICD decreased in MPNST and ST88 at 24 hours after treatment with GSIs (10 to 25 μM). As a negative control, Jagged1 was not affected. The activity of Hes1, a transcriptional downstream target of Notch1, was also examined, using a luciferase reporter with the Hes1 promoter. Hes1 activity decreased 40% following GSIs for 24 hours. The decrease in viability resulted from apoptosis, as shown by PARP cleavage and nuclear fragmentation by DAPI staining. The apoptotic mechanism was attributed to up-regulation of pro-apoptotic NoxA in a p53-independent manner and down-regulation of the pro-survival protein Akt. Therefore, notch disruption results in growth inhibition and apoptosis in MPNST cell lines with constitutively active ras signaling. Studies are on-going to examine the combination of ras inhibitors with GSIs. Targeting the notch pathway with GSIs represents a novel approach to treating MPNSTs and has implications for developing new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of solid tumors with activated ras and notch pathways.
Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3C-Like Protease Cleaves a 22-Kilodalton Protein from the Open Reading Frame 1a Polyprotein in Virus-Infected Cells and In Vitro

The 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is predicted to cleave at least 11 sites in the 803-kDa gene 1 polyprotein, resulting in maturation of proteinase, polymerase, and helicase proteins. However, most of these cleavage sites have not been experimentally confirmed and the proteins have not been identified in vitro or in virus-infected cells. We used specific antibodies to identify and characterize a 22-kDa protein (p1a-22) expressed from gene 1 in MHV A59-infected DBT cells. Processing of p1a-22 from the polyprotein began immediately after translation, but some processing continued for several hours. Amino-terminal sequencing of p1a-22 purified from MHV-infected cells showed that it was cleaved at a putative 3CLpro cleavage site, Gln_Ser4014 (where the underscore indicates the site of cleavage), that is located between the 3CLpro domain and the end of open reading frame (ORF) 1a. Subclones of this region of gene 1 were used to express polypeptides in vitro that contained one or more 3CLpro cleavage sites, and cleavage of these substrates by recombinant 3CLpro in vitro confirmed that amino-terminal cleavage of p1a-22 occurred at Gln_Ser4014. We demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal cleavage of the p1a-22 protein occurred at Gln_Asn4208, a sequence that had not been predicted as a site for cleavage by MHV 3CLpro. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant MHV 3CLpro in identifying and confirming cleavage sites within the gene 1 polyprotein. Based on our results, we predict that at least seven mature proteins are processed from the ORF 1a polyprotein by 3CLpro and suggest that additional noncanonical cleavage sites may be used by 3CLpro during processing of the gene 1 polyprotein.
A structural framework for modeling multi-stage network attacks

Incidents such as Solar Sunrise and Nimda demonstrate the need to expressively model distributed and complex network attacks. To protect information systems, system administrators must be able to represent vulnerabilities in a way that lends itself to correlation, analysis, and prediction. State of the art intrusion detection and attack analysis systems struggle to effectively represent sophisticated attacks. Strategic models express exploits as goal-oriented attack trees. Attack trees represent adversarial behavior by connecting events in 'AND'-'OR' tree structures. However these structures need to be enhanced and expressed in a formal manner in order to adequately represent the complexity of recent cyber attacks. This paper provides a methodology for capturing the structure of various network vulnerabilities and multi-stage attacks. By extending the attack tree paradigm, we provide a context sensitive attack modeling framework that, through abstraction, supports incident correlation, analysis, and prediction.
A Global Approach to Star and Galaxy Formation

We present a new method to compute the cosmic emissivity e v and background intensity J v . Our method is based entirely on data from quasar absorption-line studies, namely, the comoving density of HI and the mean metallicity and dust-to-gas ratio in damped Lyα galaxies. These observations, when combined with models of cosmic chemical evolution, are sufficient to determine the comoving rate of star formation as a function of redshift. From this, we compute e v and J v using stellar population synthesis models. Our method includes a self-consistent treatment of the absorption and reradiation of starlight by dust. In all of our calculations, the near-UV emissivity declines rapidly between z ≈ 1 and z = 0, in agreement with estimates from the Canada-France Redshift Survey. The background intensity is consistent with a wide variety of observational limits and with a tentative detection at far-IR wavelengths.
Three-dimensional broadband omnidirectional acoustic ground cloak

The control of sound propagation and reflection has always been the goal of engineers involved in the design of acoustic systems. A recent design approach based on coordinate transformations, which is applicable to many physical systems, together with the development of a new class of engineered materials called metamaterials, has opened the road to the unconstrained control of sound. However, the ideal material parameters prescribed by this methodology are complex and challenging to obtain experimentally, even using metamaterial design approaches. Not surprisingly, experimental demonstration of devices obtained using transformation acoustics is difficult, and has been implemented only in two-dimensional configurations. Here, we demonstrate the design and experimental characterization of an almost perfect three-dimensional, broadband, and, most importantly, omnidirectional acoustic device that renders a region of space three wavelengths in diameter invisible to sound.
Extension of the Radioactive Series, Z=N+/-1

The radioactive positron emitters ${\mathrm{Si}}^{27}$, ${\mathrm{S}}^{31}$ and ${\mathrm{A}}^{35}$ were produced by 15-Mev alpha-particles while ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{41}$ was obtained by 8-Mev deutrons. The half-lives of these elements have been determined as 4.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 seconds, 3.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 seconds, 1.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 seconds, and 0.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 seconds, respectively. The upper limit of the energies of the positrons emitted by ${\mathrm{S}}^{31}$, ${\mathrm{A}}^{35}$, and ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{41}$ were measured and found to be 3.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 Mev, 4.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 Mev, and 4.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 Mev, respectively. The Coulomb energies of the "extra proton" of the nuclei of the $Z\ensuremath{-}N=1$ were calculated according to two nuclear models. The variations in the Coulomb energies indicate a nuclear "shell" structure similar to that given by the Hartree model of the nucleus.
Communication delay co-design in ℌ 2 decentralized control Using atomic norm minimization

It has been shown that ℌ2 decentralized control subject to delay constraints induced by a strongly connected communication graph can be solved by decomposing the controller into a centralized but delayed component, and a decentralized finite impulse response component, the latter of which can be solved for via a linearly constrained quadratic program. In this paper, we propose an atomic norm minimization based variant of this quadratic program that can be used for the co-design of a communication graph that is well suited for the control task.
Rapid prediction of gross energy and utilizable energy in cereal food products using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used in foods for the rapid assessment of several macronutrients; however, little is known about its potential for the evaluation of the utilizable energy of foods. Using NIR reflectance spectra (1104-2494 nm) of ground cereal products (n = 127) and values for energy measured by bomb calorimetry, chemometric models were developed for the prediction of gross energy and available energy of diverse cereal food products. Standard errors of cross-validation for NIR prediction of gross energy (range = 4.05-5.49 kcal/g), energy of samples after adjustment for unutilized protein (range = 3.99-5.38 kcal/g), and energy of samples after adjustment for unutilized protein and insoluble dietary fiber (range = 2.42-5.35 kcal/g) were 0.053, 0.053, and 0.088 kcal/g, respectively, with multiple coefficients of determination of 0.96. Use of the models on independent validation samples (n = 58) gave energy values within the accuracy required for U.S. nutrition labeling legislation. NIR spectroscopy, thus, provides a rapid and accurate method for predicting the energy of diverse cereal foods.
Positioning System For Multiple-Slit Array In Digital Radiography

In order to reduce the effects of scatter from the object and those of veiling glare from the image intensifier (I.I.)-T.V. system in digital radiographic images, we have employed a multiple-slit x-ray beam imaging technique. For reconstruction of a final image, a multiple-slit assembly (MSA) was moved under the x-ray tube by a microprocessor-driven stepper motor. The accuracy of the movement was to be kept within ±10 μm with the aid of a shaft encoder. The MSA was moved over the required distance (0.1 mm to 2.0 mm) in 100 msec, corresponding to the time between x-ray exposures. Positional errors as well as construc-tion errors in the MSA contributed to artifacts in the image. We determined that positional errors were kept below the ±10 μm limit; this was confirmed by the size of the artifacts observed in the reconstructed images and by direct measurements of the MSA position with a dial indicator.
1707 URONET™: A NOVEL DEVICE FOR MANAGING PATIENTS WITH BLADDER AND RENAL STONES

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: For patients treated for large bladder and renal stones, open lithotomy, percutaneous approach and transurethral cystolithalapaxy have been the standard of care. Complete removal of these stones is paramount to eliminate stone burden and to help prevent stone recurrence. We describe our experience with a new device for evacuation of large bladder stones by percutaneous cystolithalapaxy and staghorn renal stone(s) removal by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: We treated 20 patients who presented with bladder stones (10) and/or renal stones (12). The mean stone burden was 6 cm and 3 cm for bladder and renal stones, respectively. The mean age of patients was 56 years with male predominance of 9:1 in the bladder stone group and parity of gender with 5:5 ratio for renal stones. Extraction of stones following cystoscopy/laser lithotripsy (7), percutaneous cystolithalapaxy (2) or stone manipulation (1) of bladder stones and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (12) for renal stones were performed with the UroNetTM (US Urology, Cleveland, Ohio). Stones were extracted using the 5.4F or 9.6F UroNetTM mesh (3.0cm x 1.25cm) device for percutaneous cystolithalapaxy or PCNL, respectively. RESULTS: The smaller UroNetTM device was ideal for removal of bladder stones and the larger device successfully removed stones within the kidney. The UroNetTM was ideal for removal of stones between 2-10mm in size and the softer, sludge-like stones. In one patient undergoing a PCNL procedure, extraction of 108 renal stones was completed with 25 passages of the UroNetTM. Smaller particles were extracted by aspiration techniques. All patients had successful treatment of stones without any complications. Stone composition included Calcium Oxalate (9), Calcium Phosphate (5), Struvite (2), Uric Acid Stones (3) and mixed type stones (3). CONCLUSIONS: The UroNetTM is a safe, reliable and efficient disposable device to remove multiple stone fragments with each passage of the device. The limited passage of instruments helps minimize trauma to the bladder, urethra and kidney during cystolithalapaxy and PCNL procedures. More efficient stone extraction also decreased operative and anesthesia times. Prospective studies are currently underway to compare classic stone baskets to the UroNetTM.
Validation of a Modern Activity Hand Survey with Respect to Reliability, Construct and Criterion Validity:

This study validates a novel, modern wrist and hand functional assessment: the Modern Activity Subjective Survey of 2007 (MASS07). In total, 326 patients visiting an academic tertiary-care orthopaedic hand clinic (April 2006-April 2007) were recruited to complete the MASS07 questionnaire, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) to assess construct validity, criterion validity and test-retest reliability of the MASS07. MASS07 correlated strongly with both PRWE (0.81) and DASH (0.85) even when adjusted for age, sex and history of hand problems (P<0.001). MASS07 scores compared for 42 patients with repeated visits indicated no statistically significant difference between MASS07 scores at the patients' first and second clinic visit. We conclude that the newly constructed MASS07 instrument is valid and reliable with respect to the outpatient population with a wide spectrum of hand and wrist pathologies for fast and effective assessment of patient-reported hand function during modern daily activities.