cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization

The study of thermoelectric materials spans condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering, and solid-state chemistry. The diversity of the participants and the inherent complexity of the topic mean that it is difficult, if not impossible, for a researcher to be fluent in all aspects of the field. This review, which grew out of a one-week summer school for graduate students, aims to provide an introduction and practical guidance for selected conceptual, synthetic, and characterization approaches and to craft a common umbrella of language, theory, and experimental practice for those engaged in the field of thermoelectric materials. This review does not attempt to cover all major aspects of thermoelectric materials research or review state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. Rather, the topics discussed herein reflect the expertise and experience of the authors. We begin by discussing a universal approach to modeling electronic transport using Landauer theory. The core sections of the review are focused on bulk inorganic materials and include a discussion of effective strategies for powder and single crystal synthesis, the use of national synchrotron sources to characterize crystalline materials, error analysis, and modeling of transport data using an effective mass model, and characterization of phonon behavior using inelastic neutron scattering and ultrasonic speed of sound measurements. The final core section discusses the challenges faced when synthesizing carbon-based samples and the measuring or interpretation of their transport properties. We conclude this review with a brief discussion of some of the grand challenges and opportunities that remain to be addressed in the study of thermoelectrics.
Fundamental Concepts of Somatosensory and Motor Evoked Potentials

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) evaluate the function of the ascending sensory pathways that moderate light touch, proprioception, and vibration. The SEPs may be useful in the evaluation of peripheral nerves, vertebral column contents, and cranial contents. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs), on the other hand, reflect function of the descending motor pathways. This technique is still experimental but shows promise in multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis, spinal cord injury, and intraoperative moni-toring. Both SEPs and MEPs are reflections of neurophysiological function and provide information that is different from, and usually complementary to, that obtained by structural (imaging) studies.
BONDING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SULFUR ATOM

The bonding of sulfur in its various valence states is considered from the viewpoint of sigma bonds with varying amounts of strengthening by pi bonding. This pi bonding is based upon wave-functions having the directional properties of the hydrogen 3d functions, with modification due to the different character of the sulfur kernel and some use of modified 4p functions. The importance of such supplementary pi bonding depends upon the number and polarity of the sigma bonds and the electronic character of the atoms bonded to sulfur. Although quantitative discussions are not quite feasible, the various sulfur bonds can be understood in terms of electronic probability patterns, with opinions monitored by known chemical and physical properties of the pertinent compounds. While the emphasis is upon carbon-sulfur bonding, the bond-types of certain novel compounds within the author's areas of research also are discussed.
Perioperative Complication Rates After Colpopexy in African American and Hispanic Women.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if race affects complication rates after colpopexy. METHODS This was an observational study exempt from institutional review board review. Data were obtained from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2010 to 2015. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify patients with a history of colpopexy. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: White, Hispanic, and African American. Descriptive statistics were reported as means with standard deviations. Three-group comparison was performed using Kruskal-Wallis or 1-way analysis of variance. Pairwise analysis was performed with Student t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, χtest, or Fisher exact test. Stepwise backward multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the composite complication rate. RESULTS A total of 13,206 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven hundred thirty-eight patients (5.5%) were African American, and 1210 (9.2%) were Hispanic. The overall complication rate for African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites was 15.0%, 12.0%, and 11.5% (P = 0.006), respectively. The most common complication in the African American group was postoperative transfusion. Multivariable logistic regression found significant associations with perioperative complications and being African American (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.29), higher body mass index (aOR, 1.02), inpatient status (aOR, 1.45), coagulopathy (aOR, 2.77), preoperative transfusion (aOR, 5.09), American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 or higher (aOR, 1.45), higher preoperative white blood cell count (aOR, 1.04), concomitant sling placement (aOR, 1.19), longer operating time (aOR, 1.003), and longer length of stay (aOR, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS African Americans are at an increased risk of perioperative complications after colpopexy, although the reason for this increase is unknown.
Embedded Classifiers for Energy-Constrained IoT Network Security

We discuss the impact of physical computing techniques to classifying network security issues for ultra-low power networked IoT devices. Energy-constrained IoT systems, such as wearable devices, are already sensor rich and processing/computation constrained. The digital energy efficiency wall constrains the amount of signal processing possible at energy-constrained nodes. One rarely has any computational resources left to consider network security, leaving devices exposed. Fortunately many of these devices have infrequent wireless communication with very constrained command structures, but they still exhibit a system vulnerability, particularly when monitoring or controlling physical infrastructure. Physical computing approaches enable at least a factor of 1000 improvement in computational energy efficiency empowering a new generation of local computational structures for embedded IoT devices. These techniques offer computational capability to address network security concerns.
The Schr\"odinger Equation Describes a Particular Quantum Geometry

This paper posits the existence of, and finds a candidate for, a variable change that allows quantum mechanics to be interpreted as quantum geometry. The Bohr model of the Hydrogen atom is thought of in terms of an indeterministic electron position and a deterministic metric and the motivation for this paper is to try to change variables to have a deterministic position and momentum for the electron and nucleus but with an indeterministic (quantum) metric that reproduces the physics of the Bohr model. This mapping is achieved by allowing the metric in the Hamiltonian to be different to the metric in the space-time distance element and then representing the two metrics with vierbeins and assuming they are canonically conjugate variables. Effectively, the usual Schrodinger space-time variables have been re-interpreted as four of the potentially sixteen parameters of the metric tensor vierbein in the distance element while the metric tensor vierbein in the Hamiltonian is an operator expressible as first-order derivatives in these variables or vice versa. I then argue that this reproduces observed quantum physics at the sub-atomic level by demonstrating the energy spectrum of electron orbitals is exactly the same as the usual relativistic Bohr model for the Hydrogen atom in a certain limit. Next, by introducing a single dimensionless running coupling that shows up in the analogous place as, but in addition to, Planck's constant in the commutator definition I argue that this allows massive objects to couple to the physical space-time geometry but not massless ones - no matter coupling value. This claim is based on a fit to the Schwarzschild metric with a few simple assumptions and thus obtaining an effective theory of how the quantum geometries at nearby space-time points couple to one another. This demonstrates that this coupling constant is related to Newton's gravitational constant.
Content Analysis in Science Education

Summaries English The analysis of subject matter (content analysis) is an important facet of science education, especially in connection with studies of learning, student evaluation and curriculum planning. Of the various methods suggested for such analysis, the authors have adopted the semantic network technique by Rumelhart and Norman and by Lindsay and Norman. In this article, they describe this technique and explore its application to the area of genetics.
Ischemic preconditioning induces cortical microglial proliferation and a transcriptomic program of robust cell cycle activation

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a subthreshold ischemic insult applied to the brain reduces damage caused by a subsequent more severe ischemic episode. Identifying key molecular and cellular mediators of IPC will provide critical information needed to develop novel therapies for stroke. Here we report that the transcriptomic response of acutely isolated preconditioned cortical microglia is dominated by marked upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle activation and cellular proliferation. Notably, this transcriptional response occurs in the absence of cortical infarction. We employed ex vivo flow cytometry, immunofluorescent microscopy, and quantitative stereology methods on brain tissue to evaluate microglia proliferation following IPC. Using cellular colocalization of microglial (Iba1) and proliferation (Ki67 and BrdU) markers, we observed a localized increase in the number of microglia and proliferating microglia within the preconditioned hemicortex at 72, but not 24, hours post-IPC. Our quantification demonstrated that the IPC-induced increase in total microglia was due entirely to proliferation. Furthermore, microglia in the preconditioned hemisphere had altered morphology and increased soma volumes, indicative of an activated phenotype. Using transgenic mouse models with either fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-haploinsufficiency or systemic type I interferon signaling loss, we determined that microglial proliferation after IPC is dependent on fractalkine signaling but independent of type I interferon signaling. These findings suggest there are multiple distinct targetable signaling pathways in microglia, including CX3CR1-dependent proliferation that may be involved in IPC-mediated protection.
Light Detection and Pattern Recognition: Some Comments on the Growth of Visual Sensation and Perception

The point of this paper is to distinguish energy detection from pattern recognition; I believe neonates capable only of energy detection. Early structuralists viewed perception as the connection of elementary sensations and memories. Gestalt psychology assumed we see structure by innate organization. I think we begin with energy detection and painfully program our pattern recognition device. The mechanisms required to detect energy are simple: a set of counters and a criterion for separating signal and noise. However, pattern recognition is more difficult: We need many counters to accumulate information, we need smoothing and sharpening processes; we need template matching; and we need networks which extract distinctive features for analysis and categorization. Two conceptions or detection and recognition exist: Some see detection as a byproduct of recognition; however, I believe detection develops first and feeds the recognition device. Evidence from neonatal and infant studies shows the human newborn is not sensitive to brightness changes and his visual acuity is comparable to adults' rod vision. Also, anatomical evidence suggests the neonate's fovea does not work. I propose a simultaneous detection and recognition paradigm, a signal detection analysis, and a way to avoid muddy or cloudy developmental data to study energy detection and pattern recognition.
Using Activity Theory and Task Structure Charts to Model Patient-Introduced Online Health Information into the Family Physician/Patient Examination Process

This research study was undertaken to gain a richer understanding of the use of patient-introduced online health information during the physician/patient examination and communication process. Utilizing qualitative data obtained from ten family physician interviews and workflow modeling of the data using activity diagrams and task structure charts, this study uncovered the frequency of patient-introduced online health information, physician suggested online resources, use of email for physician/patient communication, use of electronic medical records, along with tasks involved and methods used by the physicians to work the online health information into the physician/patient examination and knowledge transfer process.
Bridge frequency estimation strategies using smartphones

Bridges are susceptible to deterioration and damage as they age and should be routinely assessed to evaluate their integrity and safety for service. Traditionally, structural monitoring has comprised visual inspections, however this is both time and labor intensive. Researchers have shown that sensors on moving vehicles may provide insight into the dynamic behavior of bridges. Accelerometers within smartphones may serve as the sensors from which data is collected; thus, enabling massive data collection from a fleet of potential monitoring vehicles. This paper presents four postprocessing strategies for estimating bridge frequencies from smartphone acceleration data streams with no a priori information about the mass or stiffness of the bridge or vehicle. These techniques utilize the DFT and MUSIC algorithms to calculate vehicle acceleration frequency spectrums from which the fundamental bridge vibration frequency may be estimated. Both single-vehicle and crowdsourced postprocessing techniques are investigated. Utilizing the MUSIC algorithm within a crowdsourcing framework, the correct bridge frequency was identified in all analytical simulations within 4% error, representing a significant increase in performance over single-vehicle estimations made using MUSIC. The effect of user interaction with the smartphone is studied by including superimposed acceleration signals on 25–100% of analytical results; the superimposed user events included a dropped smartphone and talking on a smartphone. Increasing the percentage of noisy signals in the pool of evaluated accelerations generally reduces performance with the exception of crowdsourced estimations made using the MUSIC algorithm, which proved to be robust against user interaction with the smartphone.
Outcomes Following Mangling Upper Extremity Trauma

Mangling injuries involve multiple tissue types and present a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. While multiple reconstructive techniques have been described for bones, vessels, nerves, and soft tissues, there are few studies examining the long-term functional outcomes of patients with mangled upper extremities. As a result, there are few evidence-based management paradigms to improve functional outcomes. This paper is a review of the literature throughout the past decade on the management of upper extremity trauma, with seven studies focused on long-term functional outcome measures. While there is little consensus in the medical literature on the preferred functional outcome measure for upper extremity trauma, even patients with the most severe injuries can achieve a reasonable functional outcome, with the ability to maintain employment and perform basic functions of daily living with their injured limb.
Bangladeshi Muslims in Mississippi: Impression management based on the intersectionality of religion, ethnicity, and gender

The existing literature on Muslims in post-9/11 America largely focuses on cities where Muslims are organized and visible in large numbers. This interview-based qualitative study instead focuses on...
Law against the Rule of Law: Assaulting Democracy

This article examines how authoritarian contenders use law to advance an agenda geared to exclusive state power in light of a paradigmatic case: the National Socialists’ takeover of the German state apparatus in spring 1933. This case highlights two ways in which an office holder is able to expand his power in an authoritarian fashion through legal dispositions. A conjunctural use of law for authoritarian purposes draws on legal statutes to undercut the political capacity of opponents and competitors, hollow out institutional checks, and crucially hamper civil freedoms. Taking advantage of constitutional provisions that make institutional subversion from within possible (‘constitutional Trojan horses’), a structural use of legal statutes reorders the power structure by reallocating decisional rights. In both cases, law serves as a weapon against the rule of law. These considerations raise the question of the standards by which we are to judge the legality of such acts. Contemporary instances of democratic backsliding are cases in point.
Venous Injury in Patients with Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury: Retrospective Analysis of a National Cohort.

Cerebral venous injury (CVI) includes injury to a dural venous sinus or major vein and leads to poorer outcomes for patients with blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI). We sought to identify the incidence, associated factors, and outcomes associated with CVI in a large national cohort. Adult patients with blunt TBI were identified from the National Trauma Databank (2013–2017). Outcomes included inpatient mortality, discharge disposition, stroke, length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit LOS, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Multivariate regression models were used to identify the association between exposure variables and CVI, as well as each outcome. There were 619,659 patients with blunt TBI who met the inclusion criteria. CVI occurred in 1792 (0.3%) patients. Mixed intracranial injury type had the strongest association with CVI (odds ratio [OR] 2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.38–3.50), followed by isolated TBI (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.54–2.02) and skull fracture (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.55–1.91). CVI was associated with increased odds of mortality (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.19–1.60), nonroutine discharge (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12–1.40), and stroke (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.33–2.86). It was also associated with longer LOS (β 2.02, 95% CI 1.55–2.50) and intensive care unit LOS (β 0.14, 95% CI 0.13–0.16). Among locations of venous injury, superior sagittal sinus injury had significant associations with mortality (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.62–5.30) and nonroutine discharge disposition (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.12–3.35), whereas the others did not. We identified a 0.3% incidence of CVI in all-comers with blunt TBI as well as several injury-related variables that may be used to guide investigation for dural venous sinus injury. CVI was associated with poorer outcomes, with superior sagittal sinus injury having the strongest association.
Difficulties Detecting Clinically Relevant Factor Xa Inhibitor Levels Prior to Reversal With Andexanet Alfa for Intracranial Hemorrhage

Coagulation factor Xa (recombinant), inactivated-zhzo (andexanet alfa) is approved for reversal of life-threatening bleeding with rivaroxaban and apixaban use. Clinical decision-making to initiate ...
Joint Information and Mechanism Design for Queues with Heterogeneous Users.

We consider a queue with an unobservable backlog by the incoming users. There is an information designer that observes the queue backlog and makes recommendations to the users arriving at the queue whether to join or not to join the queue. The arriving users have payoff relevant private types. The users, upon arrival, send a message, that is supposed to be their type, to the information designer if they are willing to hear a recommendation. The information designer then creates a recommendation for that specific type of user. The users have to pay a tax in exchange for the information they receive. In this setting, the information designer has two types of commitments. The first commitment is the recommendation policy and the second commitment is the tax function. We combine mechanism design and information design to study a queuing system with heterogeneous users. In this setting, the information designer is a sender of the information in the information design aspect and a receiver in the mechanism design aspect of the model. We formulate an optimization problem that characterizes the solution of the joint design problem. We characterize the tax functions and provide structural results for the recommendation policy of the information designer.
Free oscillations of the moon and observations by a long-period seismograph system.

If excited, the free oscillations of the moon can be recorded by a long-period seismograph, gravimeter, or tiltmeter placed on the lunar surface, andthe gross aspects of the moon’s internal structure can be deduced by comparing observed frequencies of vibration with those predicted theoretically for various assumed lunar models. Low order oscillations involve the body as a whole, and the higher order oscillations depend principally on the physical properties of the body at successively shallower depths. Numerical calculations for the spheroidal and torsional oscillations are discussed for several assumed lunar models and demonstrate the sensitivity of the periods of vibration to variations in assumed internal structure. Torsional vibrations involve shear type motions only; spheroidal vibrations involve radial displacements also and disturb the gravitational field. The rate at which the amplitudes of oscillation decay with time will allow important inferences to be made concerning the elastic or inelastic behaviour of the material inside the moon. The higher order free oscillations may be regarded as dispersive surface waves, and ob-servations of surface wave trains by a long-period seismograph will allow a separation to be made between plausible internal lunar structures. Because of the simplicity of the observations, passive seismic experiments should rank high in priority for future exploration of the moon and planets.
Effects of parent and child pre-intervention characteristics on child skill acquisition during a school readiness intervention

200 preschool children in Head Start (55% girls; 20% Hispanic, 25% African-American, 55% European American; M age = 4.80 years old) participated in a randomized-controlled trial of a home visiting intervention designed to promote their emergent literacy skills (the Research-based Developmentally Informed parent [REDI-P] program). This study explored concurrent changes in levels of parent support and child literacy skills that occurred over the course of the intervention, and examined the impact of pre-intervention parent support and child literacy skills as potential moderators of parent and child outcomes. Cross-lagged structural equation models and follow-up analyses indicated that intervention had the strongest impact on child literacy skills when parents were high on support at the pre-intervention assessment. Conversely, the REDI-Parent program promoted the greatest gains in parent support when parents entered the program with low levels. These findings suggest that families may benefit from home visit school readiness interventions in different ways: child skill acquisition may be greatest when parents are initially high in support, whereas parenting may improve most when parents are initially low in support.
Ultraviolet Polarization Measurements of Mars and the Opacity of the Martian Atmosphere

Ground-based Polarimetric data taken near maximum elongation are presented. These data are analyzed assuming an optically thin, Rayleigh scattering atmosphere, and a surface whose polarization varies inversely as the surface albedo. The best fit to the data yields an optical depth for Rayleigh scattering corresponding to a surface pressure of 6 ± 1 mb, if carbon dioxide is the principal constituent. There is no need to postulate the existence of fine dust in the Martian atmosphere. This method is potentially capable of resolving elevation differences on the Martian surface.
Excitatory amino acid-mediated responses and synaptic potentials in medial pontine reticular formation neurons of the rat in vitro.

Neurons of the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) are involved in the execution of numerous behaviors including initiation of locomotion, eye movements, startle responses, and rapid eye movement sleep phenomena. Approximately half of the afferent projections to mPRF neurons come from within the reticular formation (Shammah-Lagnado et al., 1987). In spite of the importance of reticulo-reticular connections, virtually nothing is known about transmitters mediating these synapses. In order to identify a candidate excitatory neurotransmitter, the actions of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) on the membrane properties of mPRF neurons recorded in rat brainstem slices in vitro were studied. Standard intracellular recording methods, including single-electrode voltage clamp, were used to examine the postsynaptic actions of EAAs. We also tested whether EAA antagonists block EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation in the slices. mPRF neurons responded to both non-NMDA and NMDA agonists. NMDA- induced conductances were voltage dependent and depressed by physiological concentrations of magnesium. Stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation elicited EPSPs that were depressed by the general EAA antagonist kynurenate. Evoked EPSPs were partially depressed by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The evoked EPSP was further reduced by the NMDA antagonist (+/-)-2-amino-5- phosphonopentanoic acid in some cases. These results suggest that excitatory reticulo-reticular neurotransmission is mediated by an EAA. Both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors contribute to EAA neurotransmission in the mPRF formation and play an integral role in reticular formation function.
Intravenous versus oral rehydration during a brief period: stress hormone responses to subsequent exhaustive exercise in the heat.

The purpose of this study was to determine if intravenous fluid rehydration, versus oral rehydration, during a brief period (20 min) differentially affects plasma ACTH, cortisol, and norepinephrine concentrations during subsequent exhaustive exercise in the heat. Following dehydration (DHY) to Eth 4% of body weight, 8 nonacclimated highly trained males (age = 23.5 +/- 1.2 years, VaO2peak = 61.4 +/- 0.8 ml a kg a min-1, % body fat = 13.5 +/- 0. 6%) cycled to exhaustion at 74% VaO2peak in 36.8 C on three different occasions. These included: (a) no fluid (NF), where no fluid was provided during the rehydration period; (b) DRINK, where oral rehydration (0.45% NaCl) was provided equal to 50% of the prior DHY; and (c) IV, where intravenous infusion (0.45% NaCl) was provided equal to 50% of the prior DHY. Exercise time to exhaustion was not different (p =.07) between the DRINK (34.86 +/- 4.01) and IV (29.48 +/- 3.50) trials, but both were significantly (p .05) were found for any of the hormone measures among trials. The endocrine responses at exhaustion were similar regardless of hydration state and mode of rehydration, but rehydration prolonged the exercise time to exhaustion.
Polyalkylene sulfides. XIII. Polymers from 4‐vinyl‐1‐cyclohexene and d‐limonene

4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene and d-limonene have been converted to dimercaptans by the addition of thiolacetic acid and subsequent hydrolysis. These dimercaptans have been added to the original nonconjugated diolefins to give low melting highly viscous polymers. In the case of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene two monoaddition products of thiolacetic acid have been isolated and characterized. The ratio of the two products indicates two parts of adduct to the cyclohexene double bond to three parts of adduct to the vinyl group double bond are produced in the addition reaction.
Large magnetic scattering in Fe doped Pd based alloys

Abstract The low temperature electrical resistivity of several paramagnetic Pd based alloy systems with about 1000 ppm Fe has been measured. A very large contribution to the resistivity by the Fe impurity is observed for both the Pd(Rh) and Pd(Pt) series.
Temporal coding in neural networks

The 'rules' by which information is temporally encoded within biological and artificial neural networks remains poorly understood. To better understand the 'problem' we tested the temporal encoding and extrapolation (generalization) of artificial neural networks on the spiking patterns of 55 simultaneously recorded neurons. The results indicated that to optimize performance a 4-layer network works best both for a feedforward and a recurrent architecture. Further, the results indicate that both hidden layers should have roughly 2 n units and that the learning rate between the input and first hidden layer should be roughly an order of magnitude larger than the learning rates for subsequent layers. Interestingly, the number of hidden units in the final network is consistent with the known histology and function of the neural tissue from which the recordings were obtained. The results suggest that the fan-out architectures typically found in this neural tissue may be crucial to the ability of this organism to function well under novel conditions. And, these results indicate that temporal data may be encoded best in a highly distributed fashion across large numbers of hidden units where the weighted interconnections are largest, more deterministic, in the early layers and smallest, more statistical, in the final layers of the network. Further, the same architectural guidelines developed herein are shown to apply directly to other temporal problems where the information is encoded in a spatially distributed fashion.
Mediation of serum-induced changes in cyclic nucleotide levels in cultured fibroblasts by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

CELL cultures of untransformed fibroblasts can be maintained in a stationary or relatively quiescent state by adjusting serum concentrations to suboptimal levels1. Addition of excess serum to quiescent cell cultures causes a rapid decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP and a rapid increase in cyclic GMP levels2–5. These alterations in cyclic nucleotide concentrations precede the changes in macromolecular synthesis (such as RNA, protein and DNA synthesis) and growth induced by serum, and constitute one of the earliest steps in the sequence of events before the initiation of growth. The mechanism responsible for altering cyclic nucleotide concentrations in response to serum or other growth stimuli has not been elucidated however. We show here that a rapid alteration in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity occurs when serum is added to quiescent fibroblasts and demonstrate that this alteration could mediate the changes in cyclic nucleotide levels.
Bipartite-mixed-states of infinite-dimensional systems are generically nonseparable

Given a bipartite quantum system represented by a Hilbert space ${\mathcal{H}}_{1}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\mathcal{H}}_{2},$ we give an elementary argument to show that if either $\mathrm{dim}{\mathcal{H}}_{1}=\ensuremath{\infty}$ or $\mathrm{dim}{\mathcal{H}}_{2}=\ensuremath{\infty},$ then the set of nonseparable density operators on ${\mathcal{H}}_{1}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\mathcal{H}}_{2}$ is trace-norm dense in the set of all density operators (and the separable density operators nowhere dense). This result complements recent detailed investigations of separability, which show that when $\mathrm{dim}{\mathcal{H}}_{i}l\ensuremath{\infty}$ for $i=1,2,$ there is a separable neighborhood (perhaps very small for large dimensions) of the maximally mixed state.
The Absorption of Simple Lysins at Cell Interfaces

The existing theory for the action of haemolysins treats the phenomenon as the result of an irreversible reaction between the lysin and some component of the cell membrane, this leads to a loss of semi-permeability of the cells, which are supposed to have different resistances to the destructive effect of the lysin. Up to now the justification for this theory is that the equation in which it is expressed describe time-dilution curves and percentage haemolysis curves satisfactorily, but no attempt has been made to follow the changes in lysin concentration which accompany the lytic process. So far as the present theory is concerned, these might be of three kinds. (1) The concentration of free lysin in the system should fall as a result of the lysis, haemoglobin and other cell membrane. (2) During the process of lysis, haemoglobin and other cell contents are liberated, and these may react with the lysin, producing either inhibition or acceleration. (3) On the addition of the lysin to the cells, some of the former may be “absorbed” or “fixed” at the cell surfaces, just as sensitizing agents and complement are “absorbed” (see ponder, 1932, a , 1933). Further, the quantity so absorbed may change as time goes on. This paper is concerned with some of these questions.
School administrators' perceptions of factors that influence children's active travel to school.

BACKGROUND: Increasing children's active travel to school may be 1 strategy for addressing the growing prevalence of obesity among school age children. Using the School Travel Survey, we examined South Carolina school district leaders' perceptions of factors that influence elementary and middle school students walking to school. METHODS: Frequency distributions and chi-square tests were used to analyze the survey responses; open-ended questions were reviewed qualitatively for recurring topics and themes. RESULTS: School and district leaders (N = 314) most often reported street crossing safety (54.0%) and number of sidewalks (54.0%) as priority factors that should be addressed to increase students' active travel to school, followed by distance to school (46.0%), traffic volume (42.4%), parental attitudes (27.0%), traffic speed (26.7%), neighborhood condition (24.4%), and student attitudes (10.0%). Several respondents expressed concerns about liability issues related to students' active travel to school while others reported that schools are not responsible for students' safety once students leave school grounds. Independent of their comments about liability, respondents were concerned about the safety of students while walking to school. CONCLUSIONS: Those promoting active travel to school may benefit from addressing those factors perceived as most important by school and district leaders, including street crossing safety, number of sidewalks, and by educating school and district leaders about liability and safety issues related to students walking to school. Language: en
Raman spectra of crystalline carbon suboxide

Raman spectra of the two crystalline phases of carbon suboxide were recorded in an attempt to identify overtones of v2 and v7. The results are discussed with regard to the v2 and v7 potentials in condensed phases, and a recently proposed structure of the high temperature crystal form of C3O2 is considered in view of the observed spectra.
A recent meteorite shower in Antarctica with an unusual orbital history

The Antarctic meteorite collection has proved to be a source of many important discoveries, including a number of previously unknown or very rare meteorite types. A thermoluminescence (TL) survey of meteorite samples recovered by the 1988/89 European expedition and pre-1988 American expeditions to the Allan Hills Main blue ice field resulted in the discovery of 15 meteorites with very high TL levels (greater than 100 krad at 250 C in the glow curve). It is likely that these samples are fragments of a single meteoroid body which: (1) fell very recently and (2) experienced a decrease in orbital perihelia from greater than or equal to 1.1 AU to 1 AU within the last 10(exp 5) yr. Carbon-14 data for two of the samples confirm their young terrestrial age compared to most Antarctic meteorites. Studies of the cosmogenic isotopes in at least one non-Antarctic meteorite which also has very high natural TL, Jilin, indicate that the meteorite experienced a multi-stage irradiation history, the most recent stage being 0.4 Ma in duration following a major break-up of the object. These meteorites, and the few equivalent modern falls, are the only documented samples from bodies which were recently in Earth-approaching (Amor) orbits (i.e., with perihelion greater than 1.0 AU), as opposed to the Earth-crossing (Apollo) orbits which are the source of most other meteorites. Their rarity indicates that such rapid orbit changes are unusual for meteoroid bodies and may be the result of isolated, large break-up events.
A new function of rhabdites: Mucus production for ciliary gliding

Rhabdites are rod-shaped secretory products characteristic of the Turbellaria but also found in nemerteans, gastrotrichs and annelids. Their functions are poorly understood. The structure, synthesis and secretion of rhabdites were studied in one archiannelid (Protodrilus sp.), and three turbellarians (Alloioplana californica, Polycladida;Monocelis cincta, Alloeocoela;Polychoerus carmelensis, Acoela). InAlloioplana, Monocelis andPolychoerus the rhabdites are the only, or most common, secretory product released on the ventral locomotor sole and therefore they are thought to form the viscous mucus used in locomotion by ciliary gliding. InProtodrilus, rhabdites are released along the ventrolateral margin of the worm and are secreted only when the worm tries to move by ciliary gliding against strong water currents. It is proposed that the principal function of rhabdites in the worms studied, is adhesion.
Iridium film growth with indium tris-acetylacetonate: oxygen and substrate effects

Oxygen and substrate effects on iridium film growth have been investigated by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), insitu X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Iridium trisacetylacetonate, Ir(CH3COCHCOCH3)3, was used as the Ir precursor. High purity CVD Ir films were obtained when this precursor was codosed with oxygen. Without oxygen, the Ir film contains noticeable carbon. The presence of oxygen not only removes carbon, but also prevents carbon incorporation from other reactive gas components, such as acetone. Oxygen also controls the film deposition rate and has a significant impact on the film morphology. Substrate effects on the initial growth rate are evidenced by the fact that the growth rate on a titanium-carbonitride (TiCN) surface is significantly higher than that on an SiO2 surface. Selective deposition in the presence of oxygen was also observed: compared to SiO2 and Ta2O5 substrates, no deposition (or very slow deposition) was observed on sapphire at 400°C. The topography of films grown on the various substrates was compared using AFM. Ir was roughest when deposited on SiO2 using a low oxygen flow rate. This is because the initial growth of Ir films on SiO2 follows a three-dimensional growth mode on isolated islands,
Transposon sequences drive tissue-specific expression of the maize regulatory gene R-s

Summary The R family of genes in maize encodes transcription factors that activate anthocyanin synthesis. The R-r complex at the r locus contains two components, of which one, the aleurone-pigmenting R-s subcomplex, is an unusual promoter flanked by two head-to-head, nearly identical coding regions. The central region of the promoter, designated σ, contains inverted terminal repeats and subterminal repeats, both of which are features of the CACTA transposon family. Transcription from the R-s promoter was strongest in aleurone but transcripts had a surprisingly variable initiation site and splicing pattern. Microprojectile bombardment indicated that the sequences introduced by transposition act as an enhancer of transcription in aleurone but not in coleoptile or mesocotyl tissue. Moreover, the region containing the subterminal repeats was able to activate expression when fused to a minimal promoter, suggesting that a factor that binds to the repeats may be responsible. Regions downstream of σ encode a leader containing three ORFs, two of which are variably removed by splicing. The results presented here show that transposons can mediate the rearrangement of genes and confer new splicing and expression patterns. In the case of the r complex, this has resulted in a new phenotype, the pigmentation of aleurone cells.
Conformation and stability of two recombinant human interferon‐α analogs

Structural features of a recombinant E. coli derived interferon-alpha analog, interferon consensus1, was studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Circular dichroic spectra of the purified protein showed that it has about 70% alpha-helix and a distinct tertiary structure. These structural features are similar to those for a natural interferon-alpha subtype, interferon-alpha 2, indicating that the amino acid substitutions in interferon consensus1 apparently did not alter the protein structure. Another analog, interferon consensus5, which has Ser instead of Cys at residues 1 and 99 but is otherwise identical to interferon consensus1, was prepared to study the role of the disulfide bond between Cys 1 and 99. Circular dichroic and fluorescence spectra indicated similarity in the structure of these two analogs. However, interferon consensus1 was significantly more stable than interferon consensus5 against denaturation. pH unfolding experiments indicated that the former protein is more stable in the transition region by about 1.6 kcal/mol, which was interpreted in terms of the increased free energy of the denatured state due to an extra disulfide bond in interferon consensus1.
Observations on the hypothermic effect of metrazol in the conscious cat

Abstract In the unanesthetized cat maintained at an ambient temperature of 22–24°C, metrazol injected intraperitoneally in doses from 60–90 mg/kg first caused restlessness followed by autonomic changes and tonic-clonic convulsions. During these convulsions a simultaneous rise in temperature of 0.3–0.5°C occurred that lasted for about 90 min. Thereafter, a long-lasting hypothermia of about 6 hr duration developed. Within 24 hr the temperature returned to its normal level. Pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital sodium (50.0–150.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to metrazol prevented the long-lasting fall in temperature, as well as the autonomic phenomena and tonic-clonic convulsions. The initial transient hyperthermia was not observed when the temperature was lowered by prior treatment with phenobarbital. The hypothermic effect of metrazol is probably the consequence of its direct action on thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus.
Lipid rescue for bupivacaine toxicity during cardiovascular procedures.

Bupivacaine toxicity is a recognized complication of procedures done under local anesthetic infiltration. While local anesthetic toxicity is rare, it is potentially catastrophic and life-threatening.1 A 20% lipid emulsion has been used to resuscitate patients after bupivacaine overdose or inadvertent intravascular injection.2–7 While the use of lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity has been reported extensively in the anesthesia literature,8 it has not yet been reported in the cardiology literature. We report a case of local anesthetic toxicity resulting in pulseless electrical activity during an electrophysiology procedure that was successfully treated by infusion of 20% lipid emulsion.
46.1: Invited Paper: Advances in Contrast Enhancement for DLP Projection Displays

Increased contrast ratios are essential to the continued success of DLP™ products in the marketplace, from rear projection televisions and home theatre systems to large venue displays and DLP Cinema™. The contrast of DLP projection systems has increased steadily over the past 5 years due to improvements in illumination and projection optics, as well as changes to the DMD itself. The authors will present an overview of contrast performance of DLP projectors over time as well as describe illumination and projection techniques that optimize the performance of the DMD.
Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase genotype affects steady-state distribution and clearance of arsenic in arsenate-treated mice.

Arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) catalyzes formation of mono-, di-, and tri-methylated metabolites of inorganic arsenic. Distribution and retention of arsenic were compared in adult female As3mt knockout mice and wild-type C57BL/6 mice using a regimen in which mice received daily oral doses of 0.5 mg of arsenic as arsenate per kilogram of body weight. Regardless of genotype, arsenic body burdens attained steady state after 10 daily doses. At steady state, arsenic body burdens in As3mt knockout mice were 16 to 20 times greater than in wild-type mice. During the post dosing clearance period, arsenic body burdens declined in As3mt knockout mice to {approx} 35% and in wild-type mice to {approx} 10% of steady-state levels. Urinary concentration of arsenic was significantly lower in As3mt knockout mice than in wild-type mice. At steady state, As3mt knockout mice had significantly higher fractions of the body burden of arsenic in liver, kidney, and urinary bladder than did wild-type mice. These organs and lung had significantly higher arsenic concentrations than did corresponding organs from wild-type mice. Inorganic arsenic was the predominant species in tissues of As3mt knockout mice; tissues from wild-type mice contained mixtures of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Diminishedmore » capacity for arsenic methylation in As3mt knockout mice prolongs retention of inorganic arsenic in tissues and affects whole body clearance of arsenic. Altered retention and tissue tropism of arsenic in As3mt knockout mice could affect the toxic or carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to this metalloid or its methylated metabolites.« less
Social Mobility and Its Discontents: The Center-Periphery Cleavage of Turkey

Social Mobility and Its Discontents: The Center-Periphery Cleavage of Turkey Abstract This study analyzes effects of the center-periphery cleavage on the relationship between state and religion in Turkey during the period of 2002 and 2012. The confrontation between center and periphery is one of the most important social cleavages underlying Turkish politics that has lasted since the late Ottoman period. This study suggests that the social cleavages between the center and the periphery are still prominent factors shaping discussions on the state’s interaction with religion. That the periphery has gained more social capital since the 1980s has fueled these discussions. In recent years, the Republican People’s Party, the armed forces, and the higher judiciary have represented the centrist coalition, while the Justice and Development Party has established itself as the main representative of the periphery. During this period, the previous elites have lost more power on the state level, a development that can be read as the conservative periphery displacing the secular center to some extent.
A comparison of morphine and food deprivation on wheel activity

Morphine-addicted rats, tested under four different abstinence periods on wheel activity, showed no changes as did a group undergoing analogous periods of food deprivation. Several hypotheses are discussed concerning why morphine withdrawal might be expected to differ from hunger in its effect on activity.