cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The brain and computer: The neurosurgical interface

Neurosurgery has always had a strong interest in innovating new technologies to improve neurological function and quality of life. Now, novel interventions that modulate central nervous system activity at the nanoparticle, molecular, genetic, cellular, and network level all seem to be on the horizon. Advances in biomedical engineering, including imaging techniques, sensor technologies, bio-signal analyses and classification, and prosthetics, have particularly accelerated the development brain-computer interfaces (BCI). Clinical translation of BCI technology will require multidisciplinary collaboration and effort to develop all necessary components, including advanced sensor technologies, sophisticated and real-time signal analyses and classifications, and complex effector technologies. Although the field has primarily been driven by basic scientists, neurosurgeons need to play a critical role in the further development of each component of these technologies because of our unique access to the awake and behaving human brain, our perspective with respect to the practicalities of technology implementation in the clinical setting, and because of our historical commitment to improving neurological function and quality-of-life. The current state of BCI research, the challenges, and the critical role that neurosurgeons must play in BCI development are briefly reviewed to advocate for increased neurosurgical involvement and commitment to this emerging translational field.
Multiple feedback queue as a model of general purpose multiprocessor systems

In this paper an approach toward modeling a multi-programmed general purpose multiprocessor system which links concurrent job structure with processor system structure is proposed. This new approach preserves the property of task precedence relations associated with a family of concurrent processes and yet provides a simple way to evaluate performance of a job and the system.
Quantum gravity in 2 + ε dimensions

Abstract We examine quantum gravity in 2 + e dimensions, where the theory is formally renormalizable. Paying due attention to surface integrals (which prove crucial), we calculate the one-loop counterterms and establish a criterion for asymptotic freedom. We find, incidentally, that the β function vanishes to one-loop order for all models which are supersymmetric in two dimensions.
Partial coupling of the cell cycles of neighboring imaginal disc cells.

Abstract Imaginal wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster were pulse-labelled with [ 3 H]thymidine, dissociated with citric acid and prepared for autoradiography. The citric acid did not dissociate the tissue completely, and small clumps of cells could frequently be identified after autoradiography. By examining such clumps it was found that if one cell was in S phase then the probability of a neighboring cell also being in S phase was far higher than random.
Evolution of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt computed with the VERB code

[1] Three-dimensional simulations of the dynamics of outer radiation belt electrons with the recently developed Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code are presented. Simulations are preformed for an idealized storm with geomagnetic activity–dependent wave amplitudes that are parameterized as a function of the level of geomagnetic activity. Numerical experiments using the VERB code with various scattering processes (pitch angle diffusion, radial diffusion, and energy diffusion) indicate that diffusive processes are strongly coupled with each other and that they all should be included in realistic simulations of the radiation belts. We show that during storms, inward radial diffusion can produce significant accelerations to relativistic energies, while pitch angle scattering and energy diffusion produce a decrease and an increase in fluxes, respectively. We show that in the presence of high-latitude and low-latitude chorus, peaks in the radial profile of phase space density are formed between L of 4 and 6 during the recovery phase of a storm and are later smoothed by radial diffusion. Sensitivity experiments show that geomagnetic control of wave intensities plays a controlling role in the dynamics of radiation belt electrons. Numerical simulations indicate that electrons of 10–100 keV near geosynchronous orbit can reach MeV energies in the heart of the radiation belts by combined radial diffusion and in situ acceleration. We present two scenarios of acceleration of the plasma sheet electrons: (1) in the range of hundreds of keV by means of radial diffusion and (2) in the range of tens of keV by means of radial diffusion combined with local acceleration.
Application of multivariate optical computing to near-infrared imaging

Rapid quantitative imaging of chemical species is an important tool for investigating heterogenous mixtures, such as laminated plastics, biological samples and vapor plumes. Using traditional spectroscopic methods requires difficult computations on very large data sets. By embedding a spectral pattern that corresponds to a target analyte in an interference filter in a beamsplitter arrangement; the chemical information in an image can be obtained rapidly and with a minimal amount of computation. A candidate filter design that is tolerant to the angles present in an imaging arrangement is evaluated in near-infrared spectral region for an organic analyte and an interferent.
Foramen magnum meningioma: Dysphagia of atypical etiology.

INTRODUCTION We present a case of a foramen magnum meningioma that highlights the importance of the neurologic exam when evaluating a patient with dysphagia. A 58-year-old woman presented with an 18-month history of progressive dysphagia, chronic cough and 30-pound weight loss. Prior gastroenterologic and laryngologic workup was unrevealing.
Primer and interviews: promises and realities of induced pluripotent stem cells.

In 2006, Yamanaka's group announced they had discovered the proverbial “fountain of youth” for human cells, forever changing the field of stem cell research. After misexpressing within them a cocktail of four genes, adult somatic cells revert into an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like state. These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types, seemingly bypassing the need for politically charged ESCs. However, iPSCs differ from ESCs in potentially deleterious ways, precluding their use in regenerative medicine. In this primer and adjoining discussion with iPSC biologists William Lowry, PhD, and Clive Svendsen, PhD, we explore these issues as well how iPSCs promise to contribute to the understanding of developmental biology and the etiology, and treatment, of human diseases. Developmental Dynamics 240:2034–2041, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A latent transition analysis of academic intrinsic motivation from childhood through adolescence

A longitudinal modeling approach was utilized to determine the existence of latent classes with regard to academic intrinsic motivation and the points of stability and transition of individuals between and within classes. A special type of latent Markov Chain model using Mplus was fit to data from the Fullerton Longitudinal Study, with academic intrinsic motivation measured from ages 9 through 17. Model fit using the Bayesian Information Criterion index was examined. The best fit involved a 3-class model, with classes designated as motivationally gifted, intermediate, and at-risk. Transitions between classes occurred mainly during childhood, whereas stability ensued by age 13. Methodological contributions are discussed, as well as theory and applications of the findings with regard to academic intrinsic motivation.
Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on yield, growth and foliar injury of several crops

Abstract This study was designed to reveal patterns of response of major United States crops to sulfuric acid rain. Potted plants were grown in field chambers and exposed to simulated sulfuric acid rain (pH 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0) or to a control rain (pH 5.6). At harvest, the weights of the marketable portion, total aboveground portion and roots were determined for 28 crops. Of these, marketable yield production was inhibited for 5 crops (radish, beet, carrot, mustard greens, broccoli), stimulated for 6 crops (tomato, green pepper, strawberry, alfalfa, orchardgrass, timothy), and ambiguously affected for 1 crop (potato). In addition, stem and leaf production of sweet corn was stimulated. Visible injury of tomatoes might have decreased their marketability. No statistically significant effects on yield were observed for the other 15 crops. The results suggest that the likehood of yoeld being affected by acid rain depends on the part of the plant utilized, as well as on species. Effects on the aboveground portion of crops and on roots are also presented. Plants were regularly examined for foliar injury associated with acid rain. Of the 35 cultivars examined, the foliage of 31 was injured at pH 3.0, 28 at pH 3.5, and 5 at pH 4.0. Foliar injury was not generally related to effects on yield. However, foliar injury of swiss chard, mustard greens and spinach was severe enough to adversely affect marketability.
Post-transcriptional stimulation of the assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B lipoproteins in a mouse with selective deficiency of brown adipose tissue, obesity, and insulin resistance.

A mouse model of insulin resistance and its associated dyslipidemia was generated by crossing mice expressing human apolipoprotein B (apoB) with mice lacking only brown adipose tissue (BATless). On a high fat diet, male apoB/BATless mice became obese, hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic, and hyperinsulinemic compared with control apoB mice. Fast performance liquid chromatography revealed increased triglyceride concentrations in intermediate density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Inhibition of lipolysis by the drug, tetrahydrolipostatin, demonstrated that very low density lipoprotein-sized particles were initially secreted. Metabolic studies employing Triton WR-1339 and either [3H]glycerol or [3H]palmitate showed that the hypertriglyceridemia in apoB/BATless mice was due to the increased synthesis and secretion of triglyceride. Furthermore, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities were not defective. ApoB was also secreted at increased rates in the apoB/BATless mice. Similar levels of apoB mRNA in apoB and apoB/BATless mice indicated that apoB secretion was regulated post-transcriptionally. LDL receptor mRNA was increased in the apoB/BATless mice, indicating that the observed increase in apoB-lipoprotein secretion was not due to their decreased reuptake. Finally, mRNA levels of the large subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, a required component for very low density protein assembly, were not different between apoB and apoB/BATless mice. This rodent model should prove useful in exploring mechanisms underlying the regulation of apoB secretion in the context of insulin resistance.
Modification of the Regula Falsi method to accelerate system convergence in the prediction of trace quantities of atmospheric pollutants

Abstract The Regula Falsi method is applied to prediction of trace quantities of air pollutants produced by combustion reactions such as those found in industrial point sources. Equilibrium quantities of uncombusted fuel generally are quite small, due to the exothermic nature of combustion reactions. Accordingly, calculating the maximum theoretical efficiency which may be achieved in a combustion process is difficult since the equations describing the equilibrium state are stiff. After reducing the system to that of one equation and one unknown, the Regula Falsi method may be applied in its modified form. The Regula Falsi method is modified through the introduction of an under-interpolation factor, which accelerates convergence of the numerical procedure in a manner similar to the Marquardt method of successive over-relaxation (SOR). Analogously, such a modification of the Regula Falsi method is referred to in this work as successive under-interpolation (SUI). Results indicate an excellent correlation between the under-interpolation factor and the number of iterations required to converge upon a solution.
Reaction kinetics of interfacial polycondensation of polyarylate

Etude de la cinetique en variant le rapport molaire bisphenol A/chlorure d'isophtaloyle. Deduction de la forme integree de l'equation de vitesse pour des reactions non stœchiometriques a partir de l'equation R=d[B]/dt=K[B][I]. Bon accord entre les donnees de l'equation
Carrier envelope offset frequency of a 10 GHz etalon-stabilized comb source

We report CEO frequency measurements of a 10 GHz harmonically modelocked, etalon stabilized comb source using a multi-heterodyne beating technique. Also, preliminary results from an attempt at f-2f self referencing measurement are presented.
Performance comparison of O-based and Cu-based ReRAM for high-density applications

The resistive switching memory (ReRAM) landscape encompasses several cell technology options. Filamentary systems that employ oxygen ion motion (O-ReRAM) or metal ion motion (M-ReRAM) and systems that employ uniform oxygen ion motion are being widely studied as potential candidates for next generation of non-volatile memory systems (NVM). While comparisons between different systems have been made at single-cell level, enabling a future NVM technology mandates an evaluation of a statistically significant population of bits. This paper presents an array-level comparison of two filamentary systems: O-ReRAM and Cu ion based M-ReRAM. The key factors for enabling a manufacturable product are compared, such as read window, noise, variability, endurance and retention.
Risk assessment and management of animal disease-related biosecurity

Animal agriculture is vulnerable to both intentional and unintentional biological threats. Outbreaks, especially intentional attacks, could cause enormous consequences extending well beyond agriculture. Nations, including the USA, are consolidating and coordinating efforts to protect against these biological threats. The efforts employed largely fall into the categories of ex ante prevention/preparedness and ex post response/recovery. The optimal mix across these strategies depends on the event probability, expected economic consequences, costs and effectiveness of strategies, and disease spread rates along with other factors. We review the literature discussing vulnerability and mitigation strategies and issues of relevance to agricultural security and then develop strategic recommendations based on economic analyses. These recommendations address (1) what categories of mitigation strategies are likely to be most effective (2) what implementation obstacles exist and how these implementation challenges could be managed or overcome and (3) what leverages can be done on technology, scientific advancement and education.
Dendritic orientation and laminar architecture in the rabbit auditory thalamus.

A laminar organization composed of the dendritic fields of principal neurons and afferent axonal arbors has been proposed as the anatomical substrate for the frequency map at several levels of the mammalian central auditory system, including the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body (MGB). In contrast to the auditory thalamus in most mammals, the ventral division of the rabbit medial geniculate body (MGV) has cellular laminae visible in routine Nissl stains, allowing a direct comparison of the laminar organization with the dendritic architecture and frequency organization. In total 30 presumptive relay neurons in the MGV were labeled with the juxtacellular recording method, and their dendritic arbors were fully reconstructed from serial sections with the aid of a computer microscope. The spatial organization of MGV dendritic fields was analyzed using the dendritic prism, dendritic stick, and fan-in projection methods. Quantitative spatial analyses revealed that, for MGV neurons in the central pars lateralis subdivision, the major axis of the dendritic fields (approximately 29 degrees relative to the horizontal plane) was closely aligned with that of the Nissl laminae (approximately 25 degrees). Both were oriented orthogonally to the tonotopic axis. In contrast, cells in the pars ovoidea had their major axis of orientation parallel to the anteroposterior axis of the brain. Although a bitufted dendritic field was the norm, it was not uncommon for MGV neurons to have pronounced spatial asymmetries in their dendritic fields. A model is presented that incorporates cellular laminae and oriented dendritic growth to form frequency-related slabs within the MGV.
Laboratory identification of lupus anticoagulants

Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are acquired autoantibodies that can cause antiphospholipid syndrome. LAs prolong phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests, acting as nonspecific inhibitors that are neutralized in the presence of excess phospholipid. However, there is no gold standard test and the testing is influenced by a number of variables. This article summarizes laboratory testing for LAs, with particular focus on technical issues and limitations of testing. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New strategies for system design

With complexities of systems-on-chip (SOCs) rising almost daily, the design community has been searching for a new methodology that can handle given complexities with increased productivity and decreased time-to-market. The obvious solution that comes to mind is increasing levels of abstraction, or in other words, increasing the size of the basic building blocks. However, it is not clear what these basic blocks should be and what should be the strategy for creating a SOC out of these basic blocks. To make things more difficult, the difference between software and hardware is becoming indistinguishable which, in turn, requires sizable change in the industrial and academic infrastructure. In order to find the solution, we will look first at the system gap between SW and HW designs and derive requirements for the system design flow that includes software as well as hardware. In order to enable new tools for model generation, simulation, synthesis and verification, the design flow has to be well defined with unique abstraction levels, model semantics and model transformations that correspond to design decisions made by designers. We will introduce the concept of model algebra that supports this approach and can serve as an enabler for the extreme makeover of system design and, consequently, system industry. We will support this concept with hard data and finish with a prediction and a roadmap toward the final goal of increasing productivity by several orders of magnitude while reducing expertise level needed for design of billion-transistor systems to the basic principles of design science only.
The Performance Edge: Strategic and Value Dissensus

The study discussed in this article deals with the effects of strategic and value consensus on the performance of management teams in operating units at a large multinational company. The results showed that diversity of views on objectives, competitive methods, and values are positively related to objective measures of performance but negatively related to manager's own perceptions of their operating units' performance. This suggests that diversity of views may allow managerial employees to fulfill their responsibilities more effectively by improving their units' performance. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in the concluding section of this article.
PREPARING FOR THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION: EXCERPTS FROM THE KEYNOTE ADDRESS, 1993 NATIONAL ONLINE MEETING

A word of caution to users of online databases — do not rest on your laurels. Though you may be users of online information you must ask yourself, how much of your information is available online? We are all aware of the countless studies that have shown anywhere from 93–95% of all information used by organizations today is in paper format. More importantly, research conducted by the Delphi Consulting Group has shown that less than one tenth of 1% of the information stored electronically is under the control of a text retrieval system. If that concerns you — it should. But it should not concern you as much as the fact that the overwhelming majority of full‐text retrieval front ends to online databases do not utilize state‐of‐the‐art functionality and features. If you believe that as an early adopter of online technology you are guaranteed a place among the victors of the information revolution, you are in for a rude awakening.
Effects of initial age and size on sex reversal of Oreochromis niloticus fry using methyltestosterone

Abstract The influence of age and size of Oreochromis niloticus fry at the initiation of hormone treatment on production of phenotypic male populations was investigated. A population of fry was divided into two lots. The first (Age I) was graded into four size categories: 11 mm and less, 12–13 mm, 14–16 mm, and greater than 16 mm total length. The second lot (Age II) was held an additional 10 days then graded into the same size categories. All groups were given methyltestosterone at 60 mg per kg of feed for 28 days. Initial size was a more significant factor than age in affecting the percentage of phenotypic males observed. The duration of hormone treatment while fry were less than 18 mm length was significantly related to the percent males obtained, fish receiving less than 14 days of treatment had a lower percentage of males.
PostScript drawing: an economist's guide

Economists like to support their theoretical arguments with drawings. When these drawings are intended to illustrate very precise geometrical relationships, the PostScript page description language is often an appropriate drawing tool. PostScript is an easy-to-learn, powerful, flexible tool for drawing. A few quick lines of PostScript can often replace the frustrating experimentation or tedious repetition required by a point-and-click environment. This article is an economist's introduction to PostScript drawing.
System Reform and Job Satisfaction of Juvenile Justice Teachers

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of five years of system-wide reform on factors associated with the job satisfaction of juvenile justice teachers. Prior to this research, no data were available on the effect of reform on the job satisfaction of this population. A comprehensive survey was administered to teachers who had been in the juvenile justice system since 1998 when reform measures were implemented. Completed surveys were received from 151 of 158 teachers for a response rate of 96%. Overall, juvenile justice teachers reported being satisfied with the results of the system-wide reforms. The greatest areas of dissatisfaction were in the areas of behavior management and increased stress. Future research directions and implications for practice are described.
Monodisperse hydrolyzed poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads as a stationary phase for normal-phase HPLC.

The basic characteristics of a rugged, stable, and highly efficient polymeric stationary phase for normal-phase HPLC prepared by hydrolysis of porous monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads have been studied and compared with those of bare Nucleosil silica and Nucleosil silica-diol. As a result of their overall chemical composition and the more than 10-fold larger surface coverage with hydroxyl groups, the polymer beads provide much higher retention of model solute molecules. In contrast to silica hydroxyls, all of the polymer surface diol groups are chemically equal and homogeneously distributed over all of the surface. In addition, they are less acidic than typical silanol functionalities. The exceptional selectivity of the polymeric column can be controlled by the composition of the mobile phase, as demonstrated with a broad spectrum of separations involving positional isomers of benzene derivatives, nonpolar isobutylene copolymers with minute composition differences, ...
Macroinvertebrate colonization and biofilm development on leaves and wood in a boreal river

SUMMARY 1 Biofilms, the accumulation of micro-organisms, exoenzymes, and detritus particles on submerged surfaces, may change the quality of leaves and wood as sources of food and/or habitat for invertebrates. We examined the relationship between macroinvertebrate assemblages and biofilm development on leaves and wood in a boreal river. 2 Arrays of white birch ice-cream sticks and sugar maple leaves were placed at fast- and slow-current sites. Samples were collected periodically, and assayed for microbial biomass (ATP, ergosterol, chlorophyll a) and macroinvertebrate colonizers. 3 Microbial biomass and macroinvertebrate density were consistently greater on wood than leaves. Taxon richness was similar for all substratum/current combinations, but taxon density (number of taxa m−2) was greater on wood. Macroinvertebrate density and taxon richness correlated with all microbial indicators when data from both substrata were pooled. 4 Leaves did not support as great a density of invertebrates as wood perhaps because of their faster breakdown rate and truncated biofilm development. Greater stability and the potential for surface complexity may make wood a site of higher macroinvertebrate diversity than leaves.
The thermal stability of copper cluster ions of the type Cu(I)8 Cu(II)6 L12 Cl5−, where L is d-penicillamine

Abstract Mixed valence copper cluster ions which form when Cu(II) reacts with d-penicillamine in the presence of chloride ion are relatively stable. The hydrated sodium salt of the copper cluster decomposed at 169 °C, based on differential scanning calorimetry. The analogous silver/nickel and silver/palladium clusters decomposed at 143 and 138 °C, respectively. In aqueous solutions the copper cluster undergoes an accelerated decomposition in the presence of counter- ion Cu(II), but this reaction may be prevented by sequestering Cu(II), which is released in the decomposition, with the resin Chelex-100. The cluster's stability is enhanced in the presence of Chelex-100, such that the reaction is 150-fold slower at 100 °C relative to a mixture containing 1.0 x 10−4 M Cu(II). In the absence of Cu(II) counterion the rate law is second order with respect to the cluster, with k= 1023 ± 104 exp(−40 600 ± 1000/Rt; (R=1.987 cal/K mol)(Ea=40.6 kcal/mol).
Asymmetric Synthesis using Organoboranes. Relative Effectiveness of the B-Halobis(terpenyl)boranes for the Enantioselective Halogenative Cleavage of Representative meso-Epoxides ∗

A comparative study of the relative effectiveness of various Ter2BX, such as dEap2BX, lEap2BX, 2-dIcr2BX, 4-dIcr2BX, and lCleap2BX along with dIpc2BX for the asymmetric ring opening of three representative meso-epoxides (cyclohexene, cyclopentene, and cis-2,3-butene oxides) is reported. Among all the reagents studied, 2-dIcr2BCl (78–80%) demonstrated significant improvement in enantiomeric excess over a previously explored reagent, dIpc2BCl (41%), especially for meso-cyclohexene oxide. Although all these three reagents, dIpc2BBr, dEap2BBr, and 2-dIcr2BBr provided comparable enantiomerically enriched 2-bromocyclohexan-1-ol (76–86%) from meso-cyclohexene oxide, the carene-based reagent, 2-dIcr2BBr showed considerable improvements in enantiomeric excesses in the cases of meso-cyclopentene oxide (67%) and meso-cis-2,3-butene oxide (78%) than those achieved with previously reported reagent, dIpc2BBr (57 and 61% respectively). The enantioselectivity of the reaction was observed to be highly substrate dependent. The present study represents a significant advance in asymmetric synthesis using the chiral organoborane chemistry.
Framing expectations in early HIV cure research.

Language used to describe clinical research represents a powerful opportunity to educate volunteers. In the case of HIV cure research there is an emerging need to manage expectations by using the term ‘experiment’. Cure experiments are proof-of-concept studies designed to evaluate novel paradigms to reduce persistent HIV-1 reservoirs, without any expectation of medical benefit.
Structure of carbon nanorings

Abstract A new family of carbon nanorings with circular centerlines is predicted. The ring structure is parametrized by the chirality of the precursor graphene sheet that is rolled to produce a nanotube and then bent to form a nanoring, and by the number of repeated units defining the ring diameter. The individual atomic positions over rings with zig-zag, armchair, and intermediate chiralities are found by minimizing the Tersoff–Brenner potential with respect to the Cartesian coordinates of the carbon atoms. Rings with large diameters have nearly circular cross-sectional shapes, whereas rings with small diameters have elliptical, wedding-band, and dog-bone cross-sectional shapes. The inside surface of a chiral (10, 5) ring develops periodic ripples in a range of intermediate diameters. The flattened shapes uncovered are similar to those of inorganic nanorings recently observed in the laboratory.
Social Group Work with Cardiac Patients by Fisher, M. C.

The purpose of this book is to give practicing social workers a comprehensive understanding of the impact of cardiac disease on people with it, and to develop and refine social group workers' pract...
Stimulation of polydnavirus replication by 20-hydroxyecdysone

During oviposition the endoparasitic waspCampoletis sonorensis, introduces a polydnavirus into parasitized insects where viral gene expression is required for endoparasite survival. The polydnavirus is integrated into wasp chromosomal DNA and replicates only in the ovary. Ecdysteroids regulate the developmental expression of many insect genes and may regulate polydnavirus replication. Direct verification of viral replication was performed by dot blot hybridization and by amplifying DNA sequences containing the viral integration site; this ‘junction’ fragment cannot be amplified from integrated virus. Thoracic ligations and in vitro ecdysteroid treatments of wasp ovaries support the hypothesis that polydnavirus DNA replication is regulated by ecdysteroid during parasite development.
Distance between the substrate and regulatory reduced coenzyme binding sites of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase by resonance energy transfer.

Bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase is known to bind reduced coenzyme at two sites/subunit, one catalytic and one regulatory; ADP competes for the latter site. The enzyme is here shown to be catalytically active with the thionicotinamide analogue of NADPH ([SINADPH). For native enzyme, ultrafiltration studies revealed that [SINADPH reversibly occupies about two sites/enzyme subunit in the absence of other ligands; by the addition of ADP, [SINADPH binding can be limited to one molecule/subunit. The enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by reaction with 4-(iodoacetamido)salicylic acid (ISA) at lysineLZ6 within the 2-oxoglutarate binding site [Holbrook, J. J., Roberts, P. A. & Wallis, R. B. (1973) Biochem. J. 133, 165- 1711. ISA-modified enzyme binds 1 molecule [S]NADPH/subunit in the absence of ADP, suggesting that reaction at the substrate site blocks binding at the catalytic, but not at the regulatory site. The fluorescence spectrum of ISA-modified enzyme overlaps the absorption spectrum of [SINADPH allowing a distance measurement between these sites by resonance energy transfer. [SINADPH quenches the emission of ISA-modified enzyme, yielding 3.2 nm as the average distance between sites. ADP competes for the [SINADPH site but does not affect the fluorescence of ISA-modified enzyme, indicating that [SINADPH quenching is attributable to energy transfer rather than to a conformational change. The 3.2 nm thus represents the distance between the 2-oxoglutarate and reduced coenzyme regulatory sites of glutamate dehydrogenase.
Prolactin Receptors in an Estrogen Receptor-Deficient Mammary Carcinoma

We demonstrate for the first time the presence of specific high-affinity receptors for prolactin in rat mammayy carcinoma. There appear to be no significant differences between normal rat mammary tissue and the transplantable, estrogen receptor-deficient R3230AC tumor with regard to the number of binding sites, the affinity of the receptor for prolactin, or the specificity of binding.
Fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator based target detection and tracking in forward looking infrared image sequence

The joint transform correlator (JTC) technique has been found to be suitable for real time pattern recognition applications. Among the various JTC techniques proposed in the literature, the fringe-adjusted JTC has been found to yield better correlation output for target detection. We propose a generalized fringe-adjusted JTC (GFJTC) based algorithm for efficient detection and tracking of a target in a video sequence. The proposed algorithm has been found to be suitable for near real-time recognition and tracking of a static or moving target, while accommodating the detrimental effects of background variations as well as other artifacts. The performance of the proposed technique has been verified with real life forward looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences.
Clinical, classroom, or personal education: attitudes about health literacy

Purpose: This study explores how diverse attitudes about health literacy are assessed by medical librarians and other health care professionals. Procedures: An online survey of thirty-six items was conducted using Q methodology in two phases in spring 2005 and winter 2006. Respondents (n = 51) were nonrandomly self-selected from a convenience sample of members of the Medical Library Association and a group of environmental health consultants to the National Library of Medicine. Findings: Three factors were identified. Factor 1 is optimistic and supportive of health literacy's transformative sociocultural and professional potential, if clinical settings become a launching point for health literacy activities. Factor 2 is less optimistic about health literacy's potential to improve clinical or patient outcomes and prefers to focus health literacy initiatives on classroom education settings. Factor 3 supports improving the nation's health literacy but tends to support health literacy initiatives when people privately interact with health information materials. Conclusions: Each factor's attitudes about the appropriate educational venue to initiate health literacy activities are different and somewhat mutually exclusive. This suggests that health literacy is seen through different perceptual frameworks that represent a possible source of professional disagreement.
SIMSCRIPT II.5 and simanimation, a tutorial

The SIMSCRIPT 11.5 programming language is described, and a complete simulation example is presented.
Diverse Mechanisms and Consequences of Immunoadoption of Neuromediator Systems

Modern investigations of the mechanisms of both neuroregulation of immunity and neural effects of immune reactions have focused on identification of the mediators, their receptors, and signal transduction pathways in both systems. Less attention has been directed to delineation of the tissue context of neuroregulation of immunity that determines the principal sources of neuromediators, the physiological consequences of integration of neural and immune activities, and possible approaches to pharmacological manipulation. To illustrate these points, we describe here the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) axes. When generated by the hypothalamus in response to inflammation or other stresses, CRH is immunosuppressive through its ability to increase levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. In contrast, CRH from peripheral nerves and immune accessory cells is immunostimulatory in tissue immune responses through direct effects on macrophages and lymphocytes. VIP released from several sets of nerves is immunosuppressive as a result of actions on macrophages and T cells in lymphoid organs, whereas VIP from immune cells in local tissue responses to antigen enhances development of some types of memory T cells and effector Th17 cells. Better understanding of how tissue context establishes the nature of neuroregulation of immunity will improve neuropharmacological and other neurotherapeutic approaches to immune diseases.
4-leucine-oxytocin: Natriuretic, diuretic, and antivasopressin polypeptide

During water diuresis in anesthetized rats, 4-leucine-oxytocin increased the urine output and the rates of sodium and chloride excretion. The potassium excretion rate was only slightly increased. During vasopressin-suppressed water diuresis, 4-leucine-oxytocin produced similar effects on urine and electrolyte excretions. In addition, it inhibited the vasopressin-induced free-water reabsorption, and it could reverse reabsorption to freewater clearance.
Time-Efficient Methods of Measuring the Impact of Targeted Dietary Intervention Campaigns

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe assessment tools that measure the impact of targeted campaigns within a dietary intervention trial. Dietary intervention trials face the challenge of maintaining changes over long periods of time. In addition to supporting behavior change, interventions need timely ways to assess the impact of both short- and long-term strategies in order to efficiently address problems. These considerations were pertinent in the Polyp Prevention Trial (PPT), a randomized trial that tests the effect of a low-fat (20% kcal from fat), high-fiber (18 gms fiber/1000 kcal), high fruit/vegetable (5-8 daily servings based on caloric intake) eating plan on the recurrence of large bowel adenomatous polyps, the precursor lesion for most colorectal cancers. Half of the 2079 PPT participants were randomized to the intervention group and provided with ongoing nutrition/behavioral counseling to help them maintain the eating plan for 4 years. Participants complete Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) and 4-Day Food Records annually to measure dietary changes, but to prevent study bias, only trial averages are shared with participants and staff. At the end of Year 1, participants made marked progress toward goals, but plateaued in Year 2 with respect to fruits/vegetables(F/V) and showed a slight drift upward in fat percent. To encourage participants to reach and maintain goals, 3 targeted campaigns (each lasting 6 to 8 months) were launched sequentially: first a fat campaign (to lower fat); then the Fruit & Veg-a-thon (to increase F/V intake); and finally the PPT On My Mind campaign (to support progress toward all 3 goals). Campaign messages were delivered via phone, in-person sessions, and mail using a variety of print and non-print materials. While post-fat campaign FFQ data showed slight reductions in fat, it was difficult to attribute this decrease directly to the campaign. Furthermore, there was no way to give participants feedback about individual progress. Therefore, time-efficient methods to evaluate campaign impact were incorporated into the second and third campaigns. First, FFQ data were used to identify food group sources that differentiated goal achievers from those not reaching goals. On routine campaign contacts, previous day's intake information related only to these specific foods was collected and tracked and a simple impact analysis was performed monthly. This focused data collection provided information about the short-term impact of targeted intervention efforts (e.g., monthly changes in mean F/V intake during the Fruit & Veg-a-thon varied from +1.5 to 2 servings over pre-campaign levels) while taking less than 10minutes/participant on average (vs. 60 to 90minutes for an FFQ). These measures also offered a way to provide frequent feedback to participants to encourage further behavior changes.
Curriculum Analysis of Home Health Content in Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nursing Education

A statewide study was done with five associate degree (ADN) and five baccalaureate degree (BSN) nursing programs in Georgia to examine the similarities and differences in curriculum based on a nationally used model. From this overall study, select content related to community/home health care was evaluated in the sample programs. Professional standards for community and home health care nursing practice, as well as other published literature on the topic, provided a basis to determine competence to practice. Data were collected through a taped telephone interview to all program chairpersons (N = 10) and mailed questionnaires to faculty involved with all required courses (N = 110). Content analyses of responses allowed for evaluation of frequency of these learning activities between ADN and BSN programs and among BSN programs in the areas of family, teaching, interdisciplinary collaboration, physical assessment, and leadership. Overall, the results indicated lack of conclusive data to support a distinct difference in these educational components between the ADN and BSN sample or among BSN programs. The study was intended to service as a basis for home health care curriculum development in the future.
Detection of Coronary Artery Disease With Upright Bicycle Exercise Echocardiography

This study examined the advantages and limitations of upright bicycle exercise echocardiography in the evaluation of a large series of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The study population consisted of 309 patients (231 men, mean age 57 ± 11 years) who underwent exercise echocardiography within 8.5 ± 16.1 days of coronary angiography. All stress electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic data were reinterpreted in a blinded manner by the investigators. No patient was excluded because of poor echocardiographic image quality. Wall motion was analyzed at baseline, peak exercise, and immediately after exercise with a 16-segment model, and a regional wall motion score index was calculated at each stage. Abnormalities were ascribed to the distribution of the three coronary arteries and correlated with qualitative angiography. There were 126 patients with wall motion abnormalities at rest and 211 (75%) with coronary artery disease. The stress electrocardiogram (ECO) was negative in 61, positive in 144, and nondiagnostic in 104, yielding a sensitivity of 40% and a specificity of 89%. Echocardiography was normal in 76 of 98 patients without coronary disease (78% specificity) and abnormal in 193 of 211 patients with disease (91% sensitivity). Sensitivity was higher among patients with multivessel disease compared with those with single vessel disease (95% versus 86%, respectively, p = 0.03). Among patients with normal wall motion at rest ( n = 183), sensitivity was 83% and specificity was 84%. Of the 104 patients with a nondiagnostic stress ECO, echocardiography correctly identified 95% of those with coronary disease and 75% of those without disease. Among 82 patients with a wall motion abnormality at rest, an additional exercise-induced wall motion abnormality developed in 32 of 46 patients (70%) with multivessel disease and seven of 32 (22%) with single-vessel disease. Overall, echocardiography detected 258 of 392 (66%) individual coronary lesions. Accuracy was higher for lesions in the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries (both 79%) compared with the left circumflex artery (36%, p
Increased length of terminal dendritic segments in old adult rats' somatosensory cortex: an environmentally induced response.

Abstract In a previous study we reported longer lengths of terminal dendritic segments of superficial pyramidal neurons in the rat visual cortex for neurons from 630-day-old animals that had been exposed to enriched environments. The present investigation extends that finding to the somatosensory cortex.
Improved mass measurement using the boundary of many-body phase space

We show that mass measurements for new particles appearing in decay chains can be improved by determining the boundary of the available phase space in its full dimensionality rather than by using one-dimensional kinematic features for each stage of the cascade decay. This is demonstrated for the case of one particle decaying to three visible and one invisible particles in a two-stage cascade, but our methods also apply to a more general set of decay topologies. We show that not only mass differences but also the overall scale of masses can be determined with high precision without having to rely on cross section information. The improvement arises from the properties of the higher-dimensional phase space itself, independent of the matrix element for the decay, and it is not weakened by the presence of intermediate on-shell particles in the cascade. Our results are particularly significant for the case of low signal statistics, a distinct possibility for new physics searches in the near future.
Mechanisms, Chemical Carcinogenesis, and Risk Assessment: Cell Proliferation and Cancer

Mechanisms of carcinogenesis-and in particular chemically associated carcinogenicity-have attracted considerable scientific and public attention in the last decade. Much insight has been gained that will lead to more reasoned and better prevention, intervention, and treatment for the reduction of environmentally caused cancers. However, there seems to be an exaggerated tendency to embrace “mechanisms” not yet fully characterized, completely tested, unequivocally proven, and consensus accepted. More than 100 agents and exposure circumstances have been identified as causally or strongly associated with human cancers; for many the evidence was discovered first in experimental animals. More chemicals have been uncovered as carcinogenic in experimental animals, with as yet no or little available information in exposed human populations. Additional and expanded mechanistic and epidemiological studies should further elucidate the relevance of these agents to adverse human health effects, including cancers. Claims are being posed that certain chemical-specific “mechanisms’ ’ in experimental systems are irrelevant to humans, and thus chemicals thought to be aberrantly carcinogenic in animals would present no cancer hazard to exposed humans. Nonetheless before undeniable proof becomes available, we must continue to proceed with sensitive and responsible caution. This commentary offers a central and personal view of one such mechanism: cell proliferation and cancer. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
A Photographic Rain Recorder for Studying Showers in Marine Air

Abstract This recorder was designed primarily as a means for answering the following questions about shower rains: What is the duration and time of occurrence of showers, and how do these quantities vary from day to day over periods of many weeks? Emphasis in construction was placed upon recording frequently the occurrence or the absence of rains of a relatively low intensity, upon long periods of unattended operation remote from power sources, and upon portability. It had been shown that the standard recording rain gauges detect only about one-third of the showers of the type under study. The instrument developed detects even the very light showers, for it makes a photographic record each thirty seconds of most of the range of raindrop sizes which may be falling. Drops in the size range of 0.3 to 2.0 mm diameter can be photographically recorded on 120-m rolls of film over a period of five days without a servicing of the instrument. Rain records are presented illustrating the capacity of the instrument to...