cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards predictive models of technology impact on software design productivity

In order to advance software engineering research, agencies should fund pilot studies for calibrating software design productivity impacts of potential technology advances. We need a predictive model of technology impacts in order to advocate technology programs and to select individual projects that provide most benefit to society. Current software cost estimation models can provide a starting point, but in the long run are inadequate because they are based on current methods and technologies for software development. Ultimately, the predictive models need to be rooted in fundamental factors affecting productivity, ranging from cognitive facility of different programming language paradigms, mathematical underpinnings for reuse and compositional approaches, and organizational psychology for large development projects. Such a productivity model would enable development of metrics for individual facets of software design productivity, and an understanding of how even narrow technology advances contribute to overall software design productivity.
Capital Budgeting Practices for R&D: A Survey and Analysis of Business Week's R&D Scoreboard

ABSTRACT This paper discusses results of a survey of U.S. Corporations regarding the extent of the utilization of standard capital budgeting measures of investment worth to evaluate R&D projects. This study analyzes responses by three types of R&D activity: Basic, Applied and Development research. The results indicate that discounted cash flow methods are widely utilized in the evaluation of Development projects, and the analysis of Development projects is as sophisticated as the evaluation of non-R&D projects. The use of discounted cash flow analysis techniques for Applied projects is considerably less widespread than for Development projects. However, the utilization of Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return increases with firm size. Basic research projects are much less likely to be subjected to a formal economic analysis and are generally thought of as being “strategic” investments. This research also indicates that post-audits of Applied and Development projects are based on economic measures,...
A direct synthetic approach to functionalized divinylcyclopropanes and cycloheptadienes.

Aus den Organo-lithiumverbindungen (I) mit einer Vinylcyclopropanstruktur erhalt man mit dem Cyclopentandion-monoenolather (II) die Carbinole (III), die mit Ammoniumionen zu den substituierten Cyclopentenonen (IV) reagieren.
Convergent beam electron microdiffraction from small crystals

Diffraction spots in convergent beam electron diffraction patterns obtained with a coherent incident beam show a characteristic fine structure when the incident beam is close to a small crystal or the edge of a larger crystal. The fine structure may take the form of a splitting of the spot into two or more sharp spots or else a bright annulus with a dark spot in the middle. It is shown that this fine structure results from coherent interference effects for an asymmetrically placed crystal and reflects the sensitivity of the relative phases of the diffraction pattern amplitudes to the absolute position of the diffracting object.
Gold-titania interactions: Temperature dependence of surface area and crystallinity of TiO2 and gold dispersion

Abstract The influence of temperature on the BET surface area, crystallinity, and anatase/rutile phase transformation of blank TiO 2 and Au/TiO 2 catalysts is studied. Presence of gold delays the recrystallization of anatase and the phase transformation into rutile. In turn, high gold dispersions are stabilized by TiO 2 up to a temperature of 700 °C. Agglomeration of gold into large particles coincides with the phase transformation into rutile at 800 °C. The stability of the gold dispersion does not seem to be due to an SMSI effect. The low metal loading used to impregnate a high-surface-area TiO 2 may be responsible for either an incorporation of gold atoms in interstitial positions of the TiO 2 lattice, or the trapping of small gold particles in micropores.
Impact of in-hospital enteroviral polymerase chain reaction testing on the clinical management of children with meningitis.

BACKGROUND: Enteroviral meningitis is a common cause of meningitis in children which requires only supportive care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of implementing an in-hospital enteroviral polymerase chain reaction (EVPCR) testing protocol on the clinical management of children with meningitis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. POPULATION: Children <19 years old with meningitis. INTERVENTION: EVPCR testing differed by time period: send-out testing protocol from July 1, 2006–June 23, 2008 (pre-period) versus in-house testing protocol from June 24, 2008–June 30, 2010 (post-period). MEASUREMENTS: Test turnaround time, test utilization, length of stay, and duration of parenteral antibiotics. RESULTS: Of the 441 study patients, 216 (49%) presented during the post-period. Median age was 2.9 months (interquartile range, 1.5–96 months). Test turnaround time decreased with the in-house test (53 hours pre vs 13 hours post, P < 0.001), and test utilization increased (28% pre vs 62% post, P < 0.001). Among children with a positive EVPCR test, both length of stay (44 hours pre vs 28 hours post, P = 0.005) and duration of parenteral antibiotics (48 hours pre vs 36 hours post, P = 0.04) decreased in the post-period. No change in either of these outcomes was observed in children with meningitis and a negative EVPCR test. CONCLUSION: In-house EVPCR testing reduced test turnaround time, increased test utilization, and reduced both length of stay and duration of parenteral antibiotics for children with a positive result. Clinicians caring for children with meningitis should have access to in-hospital EVPCR testing. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio and echocardiographic left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE study

Abstract Background Albuminuria, reflecting systemic microvascular damage, and left ventricular (LV) geometric abnormalities have both been shown to predict increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the relationship between these markers of cardiovascular damage has not been evaluated in a large hypertensive population. Methods The urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) and echocardiographic measures of LV structure and function were obtained in 833 patients with stage I to III hypertension and LV hypertrophy determined by electrocardiogram (ECG) (Cornell voltage-duration or Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria) after 14 days of placebo treatment. Results Patients' mean ages were 66 years, 42% were women, 23% had microalbuminuria, and 5% had macroalbuminuria. Patients with eccentric or concentric LV hypertrophy had higher prevalences of microalbuminuria (average 26%-30% vs 9%, P P P P P P P P P Conclusions In hypertensive patients with ECG LV hypertrophy, abnormal LV geometry and high LV mass are associated with high UACR independent of age, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, and race, suggesting parallel cardiac and microvascular damage. (Am Heart J 2002;143:319-26.)
Parent Attendance and Homework Adherence Predict Response to a Family–School Intervention for Children With ADHD

This study examined the relative contribution of two dimensions of parent engagement, attendance and homework adherence, to parent and child treatment response and explored whether early engagement was a stronger predictor of outcomes than later engagement. The sample consisted of parents of participants (n = 92; M age = 9.4 years, SD = 1.27; 67% male, 69% White) in a 12-session evidence-based family-school intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Attendance was assessed using clinician records, and homework adherence was measured by rating permanent products. Outcomes included parent and teacher ratings of family involvement in education, parenting practices, and child functioning. Accounting for the contributions of baseline scores and attendance, homework adherence was a significant predictor of parental self-efficacy, the parent-teacher relationship, parenting through positive involvement, and the child's inattention to homework and homework productivity. Accounting for the contribution of baseline scores and homework adherence, attendance was a significant predictor of one outcome, the child's academic productivity. Early homework adherence appeared to be more predictive of outcomes than later adherence, whereas attendance did not predict outcomes during either half of treatment. These results indicate that, even in the context of evidence-based practice, it is the extent to which parents actively engage with treatment, rather than the number of sessions they attend, that is most important in predicting intervention response. Because attendance is limited as an index of engagement and a predictor of outcomes, increased efforts to develop interventions to promote parent adherence to behavioral interventions for children are warranted.
United States steerage legislation: the protection of the emigrants en route to America.

The immigrant experience of travelling to America was fraught with discomfort and often with danger. Legislation regarding minimum standards of comfort and safety by the late nineteenth century related mainly to sailing ships: by this time, most immigrants travelled under steam power. This article charts the concerns and responses of the US government over the conditions of the immigrants en route. Legal decisions, Congress investigations and reports from other interested bodies all played a part in producing legislation to further regulate and improve the passage to America in the period 1880–1924.
The development of the isthmo-optic nucleus in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) I. Changes in cell number and cell size during normal development

The pattern of the development of the isthmo-optic nucleus from day 8 of incubation to shortly after hatching was studied in duck embryos (Anas platyrhynchos). Primordial neuroblasts which aggregate to form the isthmo-optic nucleus appear to arise from the neuroepithelial layer of the caudal midbrain. The nucleus attains numerical completion and migrates to the dorsolateral edge of the tegmentum around day 15. In the next few days the nucleus undergoes a massive cellular degeneration. The surviving cells increase in size, undergo rearrangement, and a delicate intranuclear fiber plexus chiefly derived from the optic tectum is formed. Shortly before hatching the cell number becomes relatively stable, the nucleus is now cytoarchitectonically differentiated and resembles more closely the adult nucleus. The only change in the nucleus thereafter through hatching is a progressive increase in the size of its cells.
The Free Dynamics of Pulsars

THE rotational dynamics of freely spinning pulsars are discussed below; the effect of pulsar nonrigidity and some possible consequences of viscosity are included. Expressions given for the period of the Eulerian free oscillation (or free precession) of pulsars are of particular interest. This oscillation is a permitted solution of the free rotational dynamics because, as a result of centrifugal effects, pulsars are somewhat oblate, and any nonspherically symmetric body, which is not a perfect fluid and is spinning freely in space, will wobble about the constant direction of its angular momentum vector. It will be mentioned that this phenomenon may account for some of the amplitude and time variations seen in pulsar signals and, if observed, could give the first fairly accurate measurement of a pulsar's size.
Effects of Feed Composition, Feed Moisture, and Barrel Temperature on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Snack‐like Products Prepared from Cowpea and Sorghum Flours by Extrusion

Decorticated meals made from grain sorghum and cowpeas and 33-67% blends of the two were hydrated to 20.5, 23.0, and 25% moisture and extruded at 175°, 190°, and 205°C. Effects of composition, feed moisture, and barrel temperature on product temperature, residence time, expansion ratio, unit bulk density, product moisture, Warner-Bratzler shear force, stress and energy and sensory hardness and brittleness were determined. Most properties could be described by a generalized second order model. Individual models differed widely; however, composition (or its interaction terms) was significant in most cases in which it was a variable. Considering all compositions, temperature was most often significant. Effect of moisture was more significant as the proportion of cowpea in the mixtures increased. Textural properties were compared to those of three commercial snack foods. Experimental extrudates were somewhat tougher than commercial snacks although not drastically different from them.
Using Support Vector Machines to Formalize the Valid Input Domain of Predictive Models in Systems Design Problems

Predictive modeling can be a valuable tool for systems designers, allowing them to capture and reuse knowledge from a set of observed data related to their system. An important challenge associated with predictive modeling is that of describing the domain over which model predictions are valid. This is necessary to avoid extrapolating beyond the original data, particularly when designers use predictive models in concert with optimizers or other computational routines that search a model’s input space automatically. The general problem of domain description is complicated by the characteristics of observational data sets, which can contain small numbers of samples, can have nonlinear associations among the variables, can be nonconvex, and can occur in disjoint clusters. Support vector machine (SVM) techniques, developed originally in the machine learning community, offer a solution to this problem. This paper is a description of a kernel-based SVM approach that yields a formal mathematical description of the valid input domain of a predictive model. The approach also provides for cluster analysis, which can lead to improved model accuracy through the decomposition of a data set into multiple subsets that designers can model independently. This paper includes a mathematical presentation of kernel-based SVM methods, an explanation of the procedure for applying the approach to predictive modeling problems, and illustrative examples for applying and using the approach in systems design.
On linear ordinary differential equations with functionally commutative coefficient matrices

A system of linear ordinary differential equations x=A(t)x, t ∈ I, is called semiproper if A(t)A(τ)=A(τ)A(t), t,τ ∈ I [also known as functional commutativity of A(t)]. It is known that a semiproper system has a closed-form fundamental solution matrix XA(t)=exp∫tA(τ)dτ, where the matrix exponential is defined by the power series exp(·)=Σ∞k=1(·)kk!. Therefore the problem of solving a semiproper system amounts to that of finding a finite-form expression for the matrix exponential. Based on some recent results obtained by the authors for decomposing semiproper matrix functions, a systematic approach is developed for finding a finite-form analytical solution for the entire family of semiproper systems. This solution is then used to derive a number of important and practical stability criteria for semiproper systems. Applications of the new results are also discussed.
Evaluation of Larvadex, a new IGR for the control of pestiferous flies on poultry ranches.

The triazine-type insect growth regulator Larvadex, or CGA-72662 ( N -cyclopropy]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine), was evaluated against domestic flies breeding in poultry manure. A 5% soluble concentrate formulation was diluted with water and sprayed onto manure surfaces, at rates of 0.4 and 0.8 g of AI per m2. The lowe dosage yielded excellent control of Musca domestica (L.) larvae for a period of 4 weeks. It significantly inhibited emergence of adult flies from pupae resulting from larvae in treated plots for 9 weeks. Control of larvae of Fannia femoralis (Stein) found at low population densities was obtained for a period of 6 weeks, and the inhibition of adult emergence was suppressed significantly for about 5 weeks. When populations of Fannia were heavy, significant reduction in larval populations in the treated plots lasted for about 33 days, whereas significant inhibition of emergence was noted for only 13 days. This suggests that the efficacy of this material is possibly short lived when heavy density of F. femoralis exists. At the higher rate (0.8 g/m2) applied twice, larvae of muscoid flies other than Fannia , and consisting primarily of M. domestica , were controlled for about 9 weeks, whereas inhibition of adult emergence was significantly reduced for 69 days after the second treatment. F. femoralis larvae were suppressed for about 4 weeks, whereas inhibition of emergence continued for about 9 weeks. Larvadex provides control of larvae, but also shows delayed activity during transformation from larvae to pupae and pupae to adult. This IGR offers a practical option for the control of manure-breeding flies in poultry operations.
Failure of phototherapy to reduce serum bilirubin in newborn infants

P H o T O T H ~. g A V Y is effective in lowering the serum bi l i rubln concentra t ion in many low-bir th-weight infants wi th physiologic or id iopa th ic j a u n d i c e ? -~ Serum bi l i rubin values may be decreased in both Caucas ian and Negro newborn in fan t sJ Pho to the rapy has also been repor ted to lower serum bi l i rubin concentrat ions in hemolyt ic disease due to A B O incompat ibi l i ty . 7 T h e purpose of this repor t is to call attent ion to a group of newborn infants who d id not show a significant clinical response to pho to the rapy and were therefore considered pho to the rapy failures. As this was no t a control led study, r igid cr i ter ia were not used to de te rmine the ind ica t ion for photo therapy. I n general , the decision was based on the clinical history, serum bi l i rubin values above 12 rag. pe r 100 ml., and ind iv idua l evaluat ion of each patient, F ive infants, born a t Cook County Hospi ta l , were exposed to eight 40 wa t t b lue fluorescent lights, 5 and 3 infants, born at Univers i ty of Ill inois Hospi ta l , were exposed to eight 20 wa t t Vi ta l i te f luorescent lights. Pho to the rapy was in t e rmi t t en t as previously repor ted. 5
Procedures and errors in quantitative historadiography.

Abstract A thorough discussion of the procedures and errors in quantitative historadiography is presented. Accessory apparatus is described for obtaining accurate values for the X-ray absorption constants used in the calculation of mass. Theoretical considerations are made of the accuracy achieved in measuring X-ray absorption with varying tube potential and mass of the unknown structure. The use of relative transmittance procedures is described for increased accuracy in photometry. Results from an experimental determination of the mass of standards are presented.
Successful pregnancy following both endometrial ablation and uterine artery embolization.

Objective To present a description of the management of a pregnancy in a woman who had undergone endometrial ablation and uterine artery embolization for fibroids. Design Case report. Setting Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine within a tertiary community-based teaching hospital. Patient(s) A 43-year-old G2P1 woman who had undergone a hydrothermal ballon ablatation and a bilateral, nonselective embolization. Intervention(s) Management of a high-risk pregnancy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Successful pregnancy. Result(s) The patient was prophylactically treated with 250 mg of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone intramuscularly weekly, beginning at 16 weeks gestation, received a rescue McDonald cerclage at 22 weeks and 4 days, and remained on modified bed rest at home. Ultrasonically estimated fetal weights were in the 30th to 40th percentile. At 35 4/7th weeks she presented with uterine pain. Ultrasound revealed fundal elevation of the amniotic membranes, estimated fetal weight had decreased to the 20th percentile and a biophysical profile score of 4/10 was obtained. A cesarean resulted in the delivery of a vigorous infant weighing 2466 g. Conclusion(s) With aggressive therapy, successful pregnancy is possible in similar patients.
A Case of Delayed Presentation of Thigh Compartment Syndrome

Abstract Background Thigh compartment syndrome is a rare and devastating process. It generally occurs within hours to days of a traumatic event, although cases have been reported nearly 2 weeks after the initial event. Objectives To evaluate the literature describing the timing between inciting event and presentation of thigh compartment syndromes, with a focus on delayed presentations of this rare condition. To describe the unique properties of thigh compartments, and finally, to review the anatomy and techniques needed to measure the compartment pressures of the thigh. Case Report A case of a 54-year-old man is presented. He sustained trauma to his thigh 17 days prior to presenting to our ED with severe, sudden-onset pain in his right thigh. Compartment pressures were measured and confirmed the diagnosis of compartment syndrome caused by two large intramuscular hematomas. No other contributing events were identified. Conclusions Compartment syndrome in the thigh should be considered in patients with a concerning examination and a history of recent trauma. This particular case represents the longest reported time between injury and development of a thigh compartment syndrome.
An empirical analysis of sustained advantage in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry: impact of firm resources and capabilities

The authors test a model of the relationships among firm resources, firm capabilities, and sustained competitive advantage between 1971 and 1989. Sustained comparative advantage was captured by two variables: therapeutic differentiation and global NCEs. The results show that R&D and salesforce expenditures have indirect and direct effects, respectively, on sustained competitive advantage. Firm capabilities were differentiated into component and integrative capabilities. Component capabilities were captured by the firm’s internal R&D efforts and therapeutic market focus, while integrative capabilities were concerned with the firm’s ability to obtain FDA approvals and to develop radical new drugs. Findings on each of these four capabilities on therapeutic differentiation and global NCEs are mixed. The direct and indirect effects of these resources and capabilities on therapeutic differentiation and global NCEs suggest important managerial implications in the way firms coordinate and combine their assets so as to achieve sustained competitive advantage. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Informed Instructional Adjustments in RTI Models: Essentials for Practitioners

School-based response to intervention (RTI) teams must gather, organize, chart, and interpret essential instructional information to make effective adjustments to meet the academic needs of struggling learners. Quantified data such as student proficiency scores, rate of progress trends, and achievement gap results provide the foundation for making multitiered decisions in RTI models. In addition to these quantified results, several key qualitative instructional aspects exist in every teaching and learning environment that warrant consideration when making instructional decisions. This article describes key quantitative and qualitative instructional essentials necessary to make informed academic adjustments for struggling learners. Identification of the essentials discussed is based on literature review and fieldwork completed with school-based RTI problem-solving teams in their efforts to implement RTI.
Mo1380 Early ERCP Placement of Short Self-Expanding Metal Biliary Stents (SSEMS) in Locally-Advanced Pancreatic Cancer With Biliary Obstruction Improves Success and Outcomes of Neoadjuvant Therapy

clinical difference statistically, newly developed uncovered double bare metallic stent have trend toward longer patency duration compared to conventional uncovered metallic stent. More sample size and follow-up period are required in order to verify these results.
Pulse Steroid Therapy Inhibits Murine Subglottic Granulation

ObjectiveUsing a functional model of airway granulation tissue in subglottic stenosis, we investigated changes in inflammatory markers within granulation tissue in response to intraperitoneal dexamethasone injections. Changes in inflammatory markers will allow us to identify potential targets for immunological therapy.Study DesignInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee–approved animal study.SettingPhiladelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center animal research facility.Subjects and MethodsLaryngotracheal complexes of donor mice underwent direct airway injury and were transplanted into subcutaneous tissue of 19 recipient mice in 2 groups: steroid treated and untreated, with sample sizes of 10 and 9, respectively. The steroid-treated arm received intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone for 3 weeks. Laryngotracheal complexes were then harvested, and granulation formation was measured. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 and interleukin (IL)–1 was quantified.R...
MICROBIAL ENZYME SHIFTS EXPLAIN LITTER DECAY RESPONSES TO SIMULATED NITROGEN DEPOSITION

Some natural ecosystems near industrialized and agricultural areas receive atmospheric nitrogen inputs that are an order of magnitude greater than those presumed for preindustrial times. Because nitrogen (N) often limits microbial growth on dead vegetation, increased N input can be expected to affect the ecosystem process of decomposition. We found that extracellular enzyme responses of a forest-floor microbial community to chronically applied aqueous NH4NO3 can explain both increased and decreased litter decomposition rates caused by added N. Microbes responded to N by increasing cellulase activity in decaying leaf litter of flowering dogwood, red maple, and red oak, but in high-lignin oak litter, the activity of lignin-degrading phenol oxidase declined substantially. We believe this is the first report of reduced ligninolytic enzyme activity caused by chronic N addition in an ecosystem. This result provides evidence that ligninolytic enzyme suppression can be an important mechanism explaining decreased ...
Is HP1 an RNA detector that functions both in repression and activation

Heterochromatin is defined as regions of compact chromatin that persist throughout the cell cycle (Heitz, 1928). The earliest cytological observations of heterochromatin were followed by ribonucleotide labeling experiments that showed it to be transcriptionally inert relative to the more typical euchromatic regions that decondense during interphase. Genetic studies of rearrangements that place euchromatic genes next to blocks of heterochromatin also pointed out the repressive nature of heterochromatin (Grigliatti, 1991; and references therein). The discovery of the heterochromatin-enriched protein heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)* by Elgin and co-workers in the mid-1980s suggested that the distinct cytological features of this chromatin may be related to its unique nucleoprotein composition (James and Elgin, 1986; James et al., 1989). HP1 immunostaining on polytene chromosomes from Drosophila larval salivary glands was used to show enrichment of the protein in pericentric heterochromatin. Since that initial discovery, HP1 homologues have been found in species ranging from fission yeast to humans where it is associated with gene silencing (Eissenberg and Elgin, 2000; and references therein). A number of euchromatic sites of localization were also reported in this original study. It has been generally assumed that these sites might constitute euchromatic sites of transcriptional repression by HP1. Indeed, several genes located at one of these sites (cytological region 31) have increased transcript levels in mutants for HP1 (Hwang et al., 2001).
Some thoughts on rational expectations models, and alternate formulations☆

Abstract We present, in this paper, an alternative, optimization based formulation for “forward looking” models in economics, more commonly known as rational expectations models. For one basic scalar model, we study both finite and infinite horizon formulations under two different information patterns, and in each case we obtain explicit expressions for the unique solution without making any a priori assumptions on its structure. We then compare these results with other possible solutions obtainable using the traditional approach to rational expectations. The approach introduced here can handle higher order models as well as nonlinear ones, and also those where there is an additional exogeneous input controlled by a different set of agents. Some of these possible extensions are briefly discussed in the latter part of the paper; others are left as challenging but highly promising problems for future research.
The Statistical Properties of Partially Polarized Light

The focus which the end-point of the electric vector describes at a fixed point in space is an ellipse characterized by three parameters: the sum of the squares of the amplitudes of the two electric vector components, the angle which the major axis makes with the reference coordinate system, and the ratio of the minor to the major axis. The joint and marginal probability densities of these random variables are determined as a function of the degree of polarization. Results are obtained numerically for the mean, variance and marginal probabilities of these random variables as a function of the degree of polarization.
Therapy-Induced Senescence in Cancer

Cellular senescence is a response to nonlethal stress that results in persistent cytostasis with a distinct morphological and biochemical phenotype. The senescence phenotype, detected in tumors through the expression of mRNA and protein markers, can be generated in cancer cells lacking functional p53 and retinoblastoma protein. Current research suggests that therapy-induced senescence (TIS) represents a novel functional target that may improve cancer therapy. TIS can be induced in immortal and transformed cancer cells by selected anticancer compounds or radiation, and accumulating data indicate that TIS may produce reduced toxicity-related side effects and increased tumor-specific immune activity. This review examines the current status of TIS-regulated mechanisms, agents, and senescence biomarkers with the goal of encouraging further development of this approach to cancer therapy. Remaining hurdles include the lack of efficient senescence-inducing agents and incomplete biological data on tumor response. The identification of additional compounds and other targeted approaches to senescence induction will further the development of TIS in the clinical treatment of cancer.
Annual Abundances, Diversity and Growth Potential of Gymnamoebae in a Shallow Freshwater Pond

. Abundance and diversity of gymnamoebae were assessed at monthly intervals for one year in the sediment surface layer of a shallow, highly productive, freshwater pond located in northeastern United States using laboratory culture enumeration techniques. The range in total abundance was 81/ml in January to 1,568/ml in June (spring peak) and 1,813/ml in October (autumn peak). The latter is equivalent to over 1.8 million per liter, one of the highest values reported for gymnamoebae from a freshwater pond. Maximum diversity (H = 3.3) occurred in April, July, and August. The growth potential of the gymnamoebae was determined in laboratory cultures (20° C) containing only the pond water (control culture) and pond water emended with malt-yeast extract and glucose (nutrient culture) using pond water collected in December. The total abundance of gymanmoebae increased from 363/ml in the initial pond water sample to approximately 1,800/ml in each of the culture conditions in the first week. Therafter, abundances reached 5,678/ml (control culture) and 8,016/ml (nutrient culture) by the third week indicating the vigorous growth potential from winter standing stock.
The alterations of tonus and movements through the interplay between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum.

This paper deals with the experimental production of involuntary movenients and abnormal tonus in macaques (Macacu mulatta) and their alterations in these animals and in children with cerebral palsy and other cerebral lesions. The first major subdivision of the paper has three parts. The first part describes the effects of lesions in the macaque cerebral hemispheres, ranging from a small destructive lesion in area 4 to an essentially complete bicortectomy. The case histories of a few patients document some of the results. The second part reports the effects of lesions in the macaque cerebellum ranging from small vermal injuries to complete cerebellectomies. The third part is concerned with successive lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of macaques and with planned cerebellar lesions in a few children with grave hypertonicity and marked involuntary movements. This subdivision is illustrated with photographs of the monkeys and the children at various stages of the procedures, photographs of many monkey brains at postmortem, and some photomicrographs showing lesions. The second major subdivision has a discussion of the anatomic and the physiologic bases for the experimental results obtained and for the operations on the children. It correlates the material presented with data from the literature and is illustrated with photomicrographs of degenerated tracts and with diagrams. The paper stresses the balancing of cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar discharges in the regulation of tonus and in the stabilizing of movements. It discusses the possibility of producing more effective tonus by making carefully planned lesions in cerebellar areas of animals or of children with highly handicapping hypertonicity.
Sub-angstrom atomic-resolution imaging from heavy atoms to light atoms.

Three decades ago John Cowley and his group at ASU achieved high-resolution electron microscope images showing the crystal unit cell contents at better than 4Angstrom resolution. Over the years, this achievement has inspired improvements in resolution that have enabled researchers to pinpoint the positions of heavy atom columns within the cell. More recently, this ability has been extended to light atoms as resolution has improved. Sub-Angstrom resolution has enabled researchers to image the columns of light atoms (carbon, oxygen and nitrogen) that are present in many complex structures. By using sub-Angstrom focal-series reconstruction of the specimen exit surface wave to image columns of cobalt, oxygen, and lithium atoms in a transition metal oxide structure commonly used as positive electrodes in lithium rechargeable batteries, we show that the range of detectable light atoms extends to lithium. HRTEM at sub-Angstrom resolution will provide the essential role of experimental verification for the emergent nanotech revolution. Our results foreshadow those to be expected from next-generation TEMs with Cs-corrected lenses and monochromated electron beams.
A novel cache design for vector processing

This paper introduces an innovative cache design for vector computers, called prime-mapped cache. By utilizing the special properties of a Mersenne prime, the new design does not increase the critical path length of a processor, nor does it increase the cache access time as compared to a direct-mapped cache. The prime-mapped cache minimizes cache miss ratio caused by line interferences that have been shown to be critical for numerical applications by previous investigators. We show that significant performance gains are possible by adding the proposed cache memory into an existing vector computer provided that application programs can be blocked. The performance gain will increase with the increase of the speed gap between processors and memories. We develop an analytical performance model based on a generic vector computation model to study the performance of the design. Our preliminary performance analysis on various vector access patterns shows that the prime-mapped cache can provide as much as a factor of 2 to 3 performance improvement over the conventional direct-mapped cache in the vector processing environment. Moreover, the additional hardware cost introduced by the new mapping scheme is negligible.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the assessment of suspected myocardial ischemia in children and young adults.

Pediatric ischemic heart disease, occurring in Kawasaki disease, heart transplantation, arterial switch operation for transposition of the great vessels, and congenital coronary anomalies 1‐4 may become more problematic as patients survive longer. The diagnosis of myocardial ischemia can be difficult because pediatric cardiologists have often relied on arteriography, a test defining anatomy, to diagnose ischemia, which is a problem of physiology. Exercise echocardiography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during stress provide physiologic information but are limited because of limited patient applicability, cost, and/or radiation exposure. 3‐5 Dobutamine can provoke myocardial ischemia if coronary flow reserve inadequately meets the increased demand. This manifests itself by the induction of a regional wall motion abnormality demonstrated by echocardiography. In adult patients, dobutamine stress echocardiography is a safe and accurate method for detecting ischemia. 6 Its use in children has been explored to a limited
Monitoring Cucumber Beetles in Sweetpotato and Cucurbits with Kairomone-Baited Traps

Seven kairomone formulations (Trece, Inc., Salinas, CA) were evaluated for their effectiveness as attractants for luring three species of cucumber beetles into Pherocon CRW traps (Trece, Inc.) in cucurbit and sweetpotato fields. The spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber; the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte; and the striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), were captured in this study. TRE8276 (TIC mixture: 500 mg of 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 500 mg of indole, and 500 mg of trans-cinnamaldeyde) and TRE8336 (500 mg of 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 500 mg of trans-cinnamaldeyde, 500 mg of 4-methoxyphenethanol) were the most effective lures for spotted and striped cucumber beetles. None of the kairomone lures was very effective for attracting banded cucumber beetles. Three population peaks of spotted cucumber beetles were observed in cucurbit and sweetpotato fields at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (Charleston, SC). The efficacy of TRE8276 declined rapidly after 2 wk in the field. An improved design of the Pherocon CRW trap, with a yellow bottom and more-tapered top section, was more effective for capturing cucumber beetles than the original trap design made entirely of clear plastic. Banded cucumber beetles were not captured in sweetpotato fields at inland locations in North Carolina or South Carolina.
Understanding The Logic Of Knowledge Service Sustainability: Customer Alliances

A central theme in knowledge services is the critical role of customer alliances play in the competitive sustainability of these firms. In this chapter, the focus is on the particular nature of customer alliances and its advantages for reducing the clouding effects of providing services solutions to customers that are of high heterogeneity and intangibility. A classification of customer alliances − problem focused and lateral differentiation − is presented as strategies that are vitality important for developing novel solutions to customer priorities and building knowledge stocks. The distinct strategies are discussed as adaptive mechanism for anticipating customer priorities and the sustained viability of knowledge services.
Building hazard resilience through collaboration: the role of technical partnerships in areas with hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipelines

AbstractAlthough long-term planning can be improved by full stakeholder participation that generates consensus, there are some planning problems that lack interest from a large and diverse group of...
Quantum Mechanics and Hilbert Space

(1957). Quantum Mechanics and Hilbert Space. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 64, No. 8P2, pp. 45-57.
Using an environmentally friendly process combining electrocoagulation and algal cultivation to treat high-strength wastewater

Abstract This study investigated an alternative approach to treat a high-strength organic wastewater — anaerobic digestion effluent. Electrocoagulation (EC) and algal assemblage cultivation were integrated to carry out the treatment. An algal assemblage was cultured on the electrocoagulation (EC) treated liquid anaerobic digestion effluent to reduce excess nutrients and turbidity in the effluent as well as to accumulate algal biomass for potential chemical and/or biofuel production. Batch culture demonstrates similar maximum growth rates (0.201–0.207 g TS L − 1 day − 1 ) from the EC solution with two dilutions (2 × and 5 ×). In addition, communities of the fresh water algal assemblage significantly changed in the media with different dilutions after 9-day cultivation. Semi-continuous culture established steady biomass productivities and nitrogen removal in 2 × and 5 × EC media. However, both conditions exhibited an increase of phosphorus removal rate which could be explained by the luxury uptake theory. Biomass composition analysis indicates that algae cultured in medium with higher nitrogen concentration accumulated more proteins but less carbohydrates and lipids.
Exponential stability and instability in multiple delays difference equations

We use Lyapunov functionals and obtain sufficient conditions that guarantee exponential stability of the zero solution of the difference equation with multiple delays begin{equation*} x(t+1) = a(t)x(t)+sum^{k}_{j=1}b_j(t)x(t-h_j). end{equation*} The novelty of our work is the relaxation of the condition $|a(t)| <1$, in spite of the presence of multiple delays. Using a slightly modified Lyapunov functional, we obtain necessary conditions for the unboundedness of all solutions and for the instability of the zero solution. We provide an example as an application to our obtained results.
The Problem Solution about Wrinkle and Rrupture for Large Plate Stamping

Plate material stamping is influenced by die adjustment state,fatigue loss and plate forming factors such as physical properties,the parts occur in wrinkling and rupture defects in continuous mass production.combined with practical experience in stamping die technology and theory analysis,put forward solutions of stamping mould repairing about wrinkle and rupture problem.
Laser Use in Laparoscopic Surgery

Gynecologists have found the argon and CO2 lasers very valuable for performance of pelviscopic surgery. Their interest was born from the complications initially seen with electrosurgical pelviscopic procedures and from the unique features of the laser for treatment of endometriosis. Laser technology was applied to laparoscopic cholecystectomy from its inception. This article reviews the arguments for laser and electrosurgical use in the many laparoscopic procedures--established and in evolution.
Parkinsonism Driven by Antipsychotics Originates from Dopaminergic Control of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons.

Typical antipsychotics can cause disabling side effects. Specifically, antagonism of D2R signaling by the typical antipsychotic haloperidol induces parkinsonism in humans and catalepsy in rodents. Striatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are major regulators of motor activity through their signaling on striatal projection neurons and interneurons. We show that D2R signaling on cholinergic interneurons contributes to an in vitro pause in firing of these otherwise tonically active neurons and to the striatal dopamine/acetylcholine balance. The selective ablation of D2R from cholinergic neurons allows discrimination between the motor-reducing and cataleptic effects of antipsychotics. The cataleptic effect of antipsychotics is triggered by blockade of D2R on cholinergic interneurons and the consequent increase of acetylcholine signaling on striatal projection neurons. These studies illuminate the critical role of D2R-mediated signaling in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons and the mechanisms of typical antipsychotic side effects.
Femtosecond IR studies of alkane C-H bond activation by organometallic compounds

The mechanism of alkane C-H bond activation by transition metal complexes such as CpM(CO)2 (M=Rh, Ir) has been intensely studied because it represents a first step in a catalytic process using unreactive hydrocarbons.[1] The bond activation reaction starts with the formation of monocarbonyl intermediates such as CpRh(CO). These species have been detected in the gas phase[2] and in liquefied rare Kr and Xe[3] by μs time resolved IR spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the subsequent oxidative insertion of CpRh(CO) into the C-H bond is not well understood due to its rapid rate and low quantum yield (~1%) for formation of the C-H activated product. These properties have hindered previous femtosecond and picosecond time-resolved studies of activation reaction in room temperature alkane solution. [4]
Standard redox potentials, pKas, and hydricities of inorganic complexes under electrochemical conditions and implications for CO2 reduction.

We use computational chemistry to systematically study the thermodynamic stabilities of protonated and reduced intermediate states for Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3, Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)3, and Ru(phen)2(pyrido[3′,4′:5,6] pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) in aqueous solutions. Following our previous studies of aromatic N-heterocycle molecules, we report pKas, standard redox potentials, and hydricities as well as computationally derived Pourbaix diagrams that show which states would be thermodynamically stable at different conditions of pH and applied potential. Locations of added electrons within ligands and complexes after reductions are also shown with electron density difference plots. As with other aromatic N-heterocycle molecules implicated in CO2 reduction, we find that several of the boundary lines from the Pourbaix diagrams are in close proximity to the thermodynamic redox potentials for CO2 electroreductions, making them thermodynamically appropriate for energetically efficient hydrogen shuttling.
Angry Rats and Scaredy Cats: Lessons from Competing Cognitive Homologies

There have been several recent attempts to think about psychological kinds as homologies. Nevertheless, there are serious epistemic challenges for individuating homologous psychological kinds, or cognitive homologies. Some of these challenges are revealed when we look at competing claims of cognitive homology. This paper considers two competing homology claims that compare human anger with putative aggression systems of nonhuman animals. The competition between these hypotheses has been difficult to resolve in part because of what I call the boundary problem: boundaries between instances of psychological kinds (e.g., anger and fear) cannot be directly observed. Thus, there are distinctive difficulties for individuating psychological kinds across lineages. I draw four conclusions from this case study: First, recent evidence from the neuroscience of fear suggests that one of the proposed homologies involves a straightforward conflation of anger and fear. Second, this conflation arises because of the boundary problem. Third, there is an implicit constraint on the operational criteria that is easy to overlook in the psychological case. In this case, ignoring the constraint is part of the problem. Fourth, this is a clear case in which knowledge of homology cannot be accumulated piecemeal. Identifying homologs of human anger requires identifying homologs of fear.