cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Model of the Torque and Heat Generation Rate in Tapered Roller Bearings Under Excessive Sliding Conditions

The equations for the internal speeds, frictional torque, and heat generation rates are derived for a tapered roller bearing in which one or more rollers are partially or fully jammed. The simplified differential equations of the motion of the rollers and cage are derived based on an equivalent bearing mechanism concept. Representative data for the steady-state heat generation rates and axle torque are given based on this simplified model. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference In San Diego, California, October 19–21, 1992
Angiographic embolization for arrest of bleeding after penetrating trauma to the abdomen.

Abstract Background: Angiographic embolization is an effective technique to control bleeding after blunt trauma to the liver or pelvis. Its role in penetrating trauma to the abdomen has not been studied. Methods: From January 1992 to May 1998, 40 patients underwent angiography for bleeding resulting from intra-abdominal penetrating injuries (33 gunshot wounds, 7 stab wounds). Angiographic embolization of intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal vessels was performed by standard angiographic techniques with gelatin sponge and/or coils. Data were extracted from medical records, radiology data bank, trauma registry, and morbidity/mortality records, and compared by Student's t test and chi-square test. The main outcome measures were failure of angiographic embolization to control bleeding and complications of angiographic embolization. Results: Angiography was performed during a course of nonoperative management in 6 patients (group A), because of failure to control bleeding surgically in 23 (group B), and because of late vascular complications after an initially successful operation in 11 more (group C). In 32 patients, angiography revealed active bleeding; 29 (91%) underwent successful angiographic embolization. Of the remaining 3 patients, 2 were successfully managed surgically (1 each from groups A and B) and 1 died despite multiple surgical maneuvers (group B). One patient who developed postoperatively a large, bleeding superior mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysm, suffered extensive bowel necrosis after angiographic embolization. No other significant complication was related to angiographic embolization. Conclusions: Angiographic embolization after penetrating injuries to the abdomen is safe and effective for a small number of selected patients. It is a valuable tool for bleeding control when surgery has failed. It may be ideal for control of late vascular complications when reoperation is not desirable. It may prove to be a useful adjunct in the nonoperative treatment of selected injuries.
EARLY TRIASSIC MICROBIAL SPHEROIDS IN THE VIRGIN LIMESTONE MEMBER OF THE MOENKOPI FORMATION, NEVADA, USA

Abstract Lower Triassic carbonate sedimentary rocks exhibit fabrics and facies indicative of reduced bioturbation and reduced abundance of skeletal animals and algae relative to their Permian counterparts. Widespread microbial mounds are one widely cited example. Micritic spheroids of probable microbial origin occur at a few horizons in the Spathian (uppermost Lower Triassic) Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, exposed in southern Nevada. These spheroids (3–12 mm) consist of an irregular framework of micrite clots up to 100 μm in diameter and micrite-walled filaments ∼10 μm wide and <500 μm long. Based upon their microstructure, we suggest that these microbial spheroids formed through the rapid microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater. As such, they probably represent unattached analogues of Early Triassic microbial mounds. The microbial spheroids formed and lithified rapidly in shallow-water, high-energy settings. Their presence, in concert with other carbonate microbiali...
Effects of surfactant on biochemical and hydrothermal conversion of softwood hemicellulose to ethanol and furan derivatives.

Abstract This study was to explore the effects of surfactant on biochemical and hydrothermal conversion of hemicellulose into biofuels and value-added co-products. It was found that extraction of loblolly pine with 0.4% H 2 SO 4 (w/w) at 150 °C for 2 h can dissolve most of hemicellulose. The addition of surfactant (0.4% w/w) showed significant improvement on hemicellulose extraction, hemicellulose yield increased from 8.14 ± 0.16% to 10.15 ± 0.02% (w/w) based on raw biomass. Pre-extracted hemicellulose was fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In the presence of 0.4% surfactant, the glucose consumption rate in the hydrolysate fermentation increased from 0.28 g g −1 h −1 to 0.46 g g −1 h −1 , and mannose consumption rate increased from 0.30 g g −1 h −1 to 0.35 g g −1 h −1 . The final ethanol concentration increased from 7.45 ± 0.18 g/L to 10.68 ± 0.26 g/L. It was also observed that the hemicellulose extract could be effectively converted to levulinic acid at low pH (∼2) by a hydrothermal process. Under the condition of 200 °C for 45 min, 38.61 ± 1.06% of hexoses from the hydrolysate extracted by 0.4% of sulfuric acid converted to HMF, and 64.48 ± 1.20% of pentoses to furfural. The addition of surfactant (0.4% w/w) significantly increased the selectivity of furan by 41% for HMF and 30% for furfural.
Calculation of kinetic energy functions for the ring-puckering vibration of asymmetric five-membered rings

Abstract The use of vectors simplifies the representation of the molecular structures resulting from the ring puckering of asymmetric five-membered rings. The kinetic energy (inverse reduced mass) functions have been calculated for several ring molecules including 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,3-dihydrothiophene, 2-cyclopenten-1-one, and 2-phospholene. The structures used for the calculations were determined from molecular mechanics calculations. The accurate determination of the kinetic energy terms has made it possible to calculate the one-dimensional ring-puckering potential functions for these molecules in dimensional form.
Industry and the environment: Chief executive officer attitudes, 1976 and 1986

This research considers the question of changing environmental values within the leadership of firms responsible for the management of pollution as an unwanted byproduct. Information was obtained from a pair of surveys mailed to the chief executive officers (CEOs) of the 50 largest firms listed within the mining and manufacturing directories of Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming in 1976 and again in 1986. The authors found that industry CEOs were more supportive of environmental concerns in 1986 than 1976, suggesting that ecological values have become institutionalized to some extent. Yet, there is little indication that this attitudinal shift in environmental concern among CEOs has been accompanied by a willingness to spend a larger proportion of the company budget on pollution control or to improve working relationships with federal regulatory officials.
THEORIZING ABOUT WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS:: Reply to Comments by Hanna Papanek

I am gratified that a scholar of Hanna Papanek's stature in cross-national studies has commented so thoughtfully on my article. A response such as hers is what I hoped the article would elicit. Professor Papanek was generous enough to read an early version of the article and write a long critique. I incorporated some of her corrections in the final version, acknowledging her assistance there. But I thought her substantive comments, especially those on the summary hypotheses, deserved full exposure; therefore, I suggested she submit them to Gender & Society as a Comment. I am most happy she did. Because I had the opportunity to make changes, some of Professor Papanek's criticisms do not apply to the final version. I did state explicitly that the article was limited to readily available English-language materials and that they were used illustratively; no exhaustive review was intended. I am sure also that Professor Papanek is correct about the ideological dangers of using a single source for one country or region and I hope that I and others will be able to avoid this pitfall in the future. In response to Professor Papanek's comments on the term 'Third World," I tried to remove it from my text by using geographical terms instead. I could not, of course, change the language in quoted material. Even the geographical terms I used can be faulted as being insensitive to class and rural-urban differences within nations and regions. I am not aware that anyone has yet discovered a language that can simultaneously allow us broad analytical concepts and the specificity of fine differences. (Social science awaits its Seurat.) Finally, I want to clarify the point about violence against women. It is, I still think, a more urgent issue than economic equality. Although the latter is important, women must be able
Congenital folliculopustular eruption.

Summary A case of congenital folliculopustular eruption occurring in an infant delivered by cesarean section is reported. Clumped cocci were seen on direct smears taken from the lesions, and staphylococci were cultured. An epidemic of clinically similar but less extensive cases developed following the introduction of this infant into the general nursery. The literature on congenital pustular eruptions is reviewed.
Resolving bathymetric components of the upper shoreface on a wave-dominated coast

Abstract The bathymetric components of a wave- and storm-dominated shoreface were examined as a key to understanding the controlling effects of hydrodynamic processes and geological factors that maintain the shoreface. Results of empirical orthogonal function analysis applied to bathymetric data from the upper shoreface of Long Island's south shore between Fire Island Inlet and Montauk Point show that this area can be divided morphologically into a headland section and a barrier island section. The headland section is characterized by well organized (well correlated) bathymetry in contrast to the barrier island section, which has more complex and less organized (less correlated) bathymetry. The first three spatial eigenfunctions (modes) account for nearly 90% of the variance among the headland shoreface bathymetry data, whereas the first three eigenfunctions of the barrier island section account for 82% of the variance among the data. The headland shoreface is steeper than the barrier island shoreface and is dominated by a primary nearshore bar mode, which accounts for 70% of the variance among the shoreface bathymetry data for this section. Secondary bathymetric components of the headland shoreface account for less than 20% of the remaining variance. The bathymetry of the barrier island shoreface is dominated by a terrace mode. This mode accounts for only 54% of the variance among the bathymetric data, however, and secondary bathymetric components account for more than 27% of the remaining variance. Underlying factors determining the differences in shoreface bathymetry between the barrier island and headland sections of the study area include topographic control by the outwash plain backing much of the headland section and proximity to sediment source. The factor directly responsible for differences in bathymetric components, however, is the relative difference in dissipative conditions between the two sections with respect to incident wave energy. Both sections have an outer dissipative domain and a more resonant inner domain. However, the barrier island section is twice as dissipative as the headland section.
Management issues of internet/web systems

Both rapid development and the ways they are used make managing Internet/Web systems different from managing traditional computer systems. Understanding the differences is important for developing and managing these systems.
Initiation of translation is impaired in E. coli cells deficient in 4.5S RNA.

The 4.5S RNA of Escherichia coli is a small, stable RNA that is essential for cell growth but its function is not yet known. Its biosynthesis is stringently controlled, and it is processed by RNase P, a transfer RNA processing enzyme1–3. To identify the biological role of the 4.5S species, we have characterized the physiological changes that occur when the bacterial cell is depleted of this RNA. We used a strain of E. coli in which synthesis of the 4.5S RNA can be turned off by removing an inducer of the lac operon, resulting in cell death4. We report here that an early consequence of depriving the cell of 4.5S RNA is the accumulation of translationally-defective ribosomes, which maintain their ability to elongate polypeptide chains, but can no longer participate in the initiation of protein synthesis.
Bacterial associations of coniferous mycorrhizae

A study was made of the bacterial flora associated with mycorrhizae and non-mycorrhizal roots ofPicea engelmanni, P. pungens, Pinus aristata, P. flexilis, andPseudotsuga menziesii seedlings up to 3 dm in height. A total of 369 bacterial isolations were made, of which 116 cultures were lost, mainly as a result of dying out. Fifty-one species were recognized from the surviving cultures. Of these, 22 were associated with only mycorrhizae and seven with only non-mycorrhizal roots. Most species grew best on media containing glucose.Picea engelmanni andPinus aristata were hosts to the greatest variety of bacterial species.
Steady-state kinetics of the hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from Tritrichomonas foetus: the role of threonine-47.

Tritrichomonas foetus, an anaerobic flagellated protozoan, causes urogenital trichomoniasis in cattle. Hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGXPRTase), an essential enzyme in T. foetus required for salvaging exogenous purine bases, has been regarded as a promising target for anti-tritrichomonial chemotherapy. The steady-state kinetic analyses of synthesis and pyrophosphorolysis of IMP, GMP, and XMP and product inhibition studies have been used to elucidate the reaction mechanisms. Double-reciprocal plots of initial velocities versus the varying concentrations of one substrate at a fixed concentration of the other show intersecting lines indicating a sequential mechanism for both the forward and the reverse reactions. In terms of the kcat/Km ratios, hypoxanthine is the most effective substrate whereas guanine and xanthine are converted equally well into their corresponding nucleotides. The minimum kinetic model from the data in product inhibition studies is an ordered bi−bi mechanism, ...
A Design Methodology Based Process for Robotic Gripper Design

Designing effective end-effector tooling for robotic systems is necessary for all robotics applications. These tools, ranging from specialty items such as grinders and welders to more universal tools such as grippers, represent a critical component in the operations of a robotic system. Performance limitations of a robotic gripper impose performance limitations upon the operations of the system as a whole. By applying classical design methods to the design of a robotic gripper, a robotic gripper that meets the performance requirements and specifications of a system can be developed. This paper demonstrates the use of existing design methods to develop a band gripper design for Los Alamos National Laboratory and presents a robust design process that can yield satisfactory gripper designs. The developed gripper is subsequently tested and evaluated based on the project requirements and specifications to validate the design. The resulting gripper met or exceeded project design requirements and specifications.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Sub-mesoscale coastal eddies observed by high frequency radar : A new mechanism for delivering nutrients to kelp forests in the Southern California Bight

[1] Sub-mesoscale eddies are described along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel based on observations from a network of high frequency (HF), current-measuring radars and near-shore moorings. The eddies are 4–15 km in diameter and typically last about 2 days, although some last up to 6 days. Most eddies within the radar coverage area are anti-cyclonic with relative vorticities of −0.4 f to −0.8 f where f is the Coriolis parameter, but cyclonic eddies are also observed. Moored observations over the inner shelf (12 m water depth) of a sequence of two eddies in December 2001 show an increase in nitrate plus nitrite from the background levels of 1–2 μM to a maximum of 10–12 μM when the eddies are present. We speculate that these eddies are an important transport mechanism for nutrients and biogenic particles to inner shelf ecosystems of the Southern California Bight.
Bone mass in Rett syndrome: association with clinical parameters and MECP2 mutations.

Rett Syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. In 49 female RTT children, ages 1.9–17 years, bone mass was assessed and correlated with clinical parameters and mutations involving the MECP2 gene. We also studied 5 adult females, ages 20–33 years, and one male, age 6 years. Lumbar spine bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were correlated with weight, height, body mass index, clinical severity, degree of scoliosis, use of anticonvulsants and ambulatory status. L1–L4 BMD and BMC showed that 48.9% of them had BMD values greater than 2 SD below age-related norms. BMD values were in the osteoporotic range in the 5 adult females with RTT. Eleven percent of the children and adults with RTT experienced fractures. Low bone mass was correlated with marginal significance to clinical severity and ambulation, but not to scoliosis or anticonvusant use. Lowest bone mass occurred in patients with T158M or R270X mutations but without statistical significance. Studies in a murine model of RTT confirmed low bone mass as an inherent component of this syndrome. MECP2 mutations and clinical parameters impact bone mass in RTT but an association with a specific mutation was not demonstrable.
Evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid deficiency as a preventable risk factor for recurrent affective disorders: current status, future directions, and dietary recommendations.

Abstract Major recurrent affective disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, represent a growing public health crisis in the United States. Evidence from cross-national and cross-sectional epidemiological surveys, comparative peripheral and central composition studies, and placebo-controlled intervention trials suggest that n-3 fatty acid deficiency may contribute to the pathoaetiology of affective disorders. These data are reviewed with the objective of estimating a daily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) intake value that is projected to be efficacious in mitigating vulnerability. It is proposed that daily DHA intake sufficient to increase erythrocyte DHA composition to a level found in healthy subjects from Japan (7%), where the lifetime prevalence rates of MDD and bipolar disorder are several fold lower than the US, represents an appropriate target. To achieve this target, preliminary DHA intervention trials indicate that a daily dose of 400–700 mg/d in children and 700–1000 mg/d in adults would be required. Based on the results of placebo-controlled intervention trials, a higher daily DHA dose in the order of 1000–1500 mg/d in a 2:1 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3):DHA ratio may be optimal for the treatment of established affective disorders. These recommendations are intended to guide future dose-ranging placebo-controlled DHA intervention trials in patients with established affective disorders, as well as in asymptomatic subjects at elevated risk for developing affective disorders. Such early intervention studies are currently feasible and will ultimately be required to definitively evaluate whether DHA is a required nutrient for the prevention of affective disorders.
The types of Flatidae (Homoptera) in the Stockholm Museum described by Stat, Melichar, Jacobi and Walker

Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for species of flatid planthoppers described by StAl, Melichar, Jacobi and Walker. The location of other syntypes known to exist is given. The genitalia of lectotype males are illustrated. NEW SYNONYMY (junior synonym first), as follows: Colgaroides circumcincta Jacobi = Colgaroides acuminala (Walker); Mesophylla inclinala Melichar = Phylliana serva (Walker); Copsyrna leucophaea StAl = Bythopsyrna lineoides (Olivier); Hypsiphanta minax Jacobi = Euphanta munda (Walker); Euphanta obscura Jacobi = Euryphantia tristis (Kirkaldy); Idume plicala Melichar = Idurne deducta (Walker); Phromnia rubescens StAl = Flatida floccosa (Guerin-Meneville. NEW COMBINATIONS (previous combination first), as follows: Poeciloptera cereris StAl = Cromna sinensis (Walker); Paratella fusconigra Melichar = Sephena fusconigra (Melichar); Phyllyphanla hyalinata StAl= Colgar peracuta (Walker); Paratella modesta Melichar = Sephena modesta (Melichar); Delostenopium rubripes Jacobi = Euphanta rubripes (Jacobi); Microflata stictica Melichar = Mimophantia sliclica (Melichar). NEW STATUS: Melicharia alba (Melichar) not a varitey of Melicharia deducta (Melichar); Lawana inornata (Melichar) not a variety of Lawana candida (Fabricius); Cerynia maria lutescens Melichar not a variety of Cerynia maria (White); Melicharia pallida (Melichar) not a synonym of Melicharia lactifera (Walker).
Understanding insect life histories and senescence through a resource allocation lens.

Summary 1Resource acquisition and allocation are the physiological mechanisms integrating foraging and life-history traits. An understanding of the patterns of acquisition and allocation in different environments and organisms is critical to a predictive theory of life history. 2Here I develop an allocation framework, which provides a template for conceptualizing the interactions among resource acquisition, allocation and life-history traits. The framework describes the process through which food is taken in by an organism at specific life stages, then allocated to growth, survival (including maintenance, defence, dispersal, etc), reproduction and further foraging. 3I use the allocation framework to examine allocation to life-history traits in insects under both benign and stressful environments. Stressful environments result from resource scarcity or harsh environmental conditions. I consider effects of consistent stress or variable stress across time. 4Several broad generalizations emerge from empirical studies, viewed in the allocation framework. First, resource congruence, or the requirement for specific nutrient ratios in, for example, eggs, results in different limiting nutrients for each life-history trait. Second, the timing of resource acquisition affects both allocation patterns and the identity of limiting nutrients for a given life-history trait. Third, physiological trade-offs may occur across, not just within, life stages. Fourth, apparent trade-offs may be driven by differences among traits in resource congruence constraints and deleterious effects of excess nutrients on a particular trait. Fifth, allocation response to environmental stress shows age-specific and sex-specific patterns. Sixth, physiological trade-offs are often more pronounced under environmental stress. Finally, even within insects, there is considerable variability in allocation response to environmental stress. We do not yet have sufficiently diverse and thorough case studies to understand why this is so. Studies in the wild, or relating laboratory conditions to wild environments, are also needed. 5Senescence can also be understood in an allocation framework. The present approach provides a necessary functional basis for understanding patterns of senescence in diverse organisms and environments. 6The allocation framework fosters a mechanistic understanding of life-history patterns, and the beginning of an understanding of the processes underlying those patterns.
Genesis of a Cerium Oxide Supported Gold Catalyst for CO Oxidation: Transformation of Mononuclear Gold Complexes into Clusters as Characterized by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

CeO2-supported mononuclear gold species synthesized from Au(CH3)2(acac) catalyzed CO oxidation at 353 K, with a turnover frequency of 6.5 × 10−3 molecules of CO (Au atom s)−1 at CO and O2 partial pressures of 1.0 and 0.5 kPa, respectively. As the catalyst functioned in a flow reactor, the activity increased markedly so that within about 10 h the conversion of CO had increased from about 1% to almost 100%. Activated catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and found to incorporate clusters of gold, which increased in size, undergoing reduction, with increasing time of operation. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum of the catalyst used for the longest period was indistinguishable from that characterizing gold foil. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure data characterizing the catalyst after the longest period of operation indicated the presence of clusters of approximately 30 Au atoms each, on average. The evidence that the catalytic activity increased as the clu...
Crack-tip stresses as computed from strains determined by stereoimaging

Measurements of the three in-plane elements of the strain tensor near a crack tip have been combined with the material constitutive behavior to compute the three inplane elements of the stress tensor and the mean stress. The method is illustrated with fatigue-crack plasticity results for 7075-T651 aluminum alloy.
Nevus of Ota with associated palatal involvement

Abstract The nevus of Ota is a macular discoloration of the face which is most commonly found in the Japanese. The sclera is also often affected. The oral cavity is less commonly involved in the Japanese and is rarely affected in non-Orientals. The present case is only the seventh reported in a non-Oriental patient with clinical oral involvement and the first to illustrate the histopathologic features of an oral lesion.
Abstract 2802: Evaluation of metabolic changes induced by loss of extracellular matrix attachment using 13C Flux analysis

Recent studies from our laboratory revealed the importance of extracellular matrix in regulating cellular metabolism. Briefly, detachment of mammary epithelial cells from extracellular matrix (ECM) causes a significant reduction in ATP levels due to reduced glucose uptake. ErbB2 overexpression restores ATP levels by maintaining glucose uptake in ECM detached cells. The loss of glucose uptake also increases ROS levels, and unexpectedly, antioxidants rescue the metabolic defect, by relieving an ROS-mediated inhibition of ATP generation by fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggest that ECM contact is an important regulator of cellular metabolism, and that tumor cells may be able to circumvent the requirement for ECM-attachment via overexpression of certain oncogenes. We used 13 C metabolic flux analysis to more thoroughly investigate the metabolic changes induced by ECM detachment and ErbB2 overexpression in the immortalized, non-transformed human mammary epithelial cell-line, MCF10A. Our results show that matrix-detachment leads to a dramatic decrease in nutrient uptake, including glucose, glutamine and pyruvate. Interestingly, we found that there is a substantial decrease in glucose flux to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; this is due both to the decreased glucose uptake, as well as an increased diversion of glucose towards lactate production (aerobic glycolysis). ErbB2 overexpression partially reverses these defects in the ECM-detached cells. Glucose entrance to the TCA cycle is regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which are in turn negatively regulated by PDH kinases (PDK1-4). Interesting, we find a dramatic increase in PDK4 levels in ECM-detached cells, which is partially prevented by ErbB2 overexpression. While PI3K signaling has previously been shown to negatively regulate PDK4 expression, we find that Mek, but not PI3K, regulates PDK4 levels in our system. Ongoing studies will further examine the regulation of glucose and pyruvate metabolism by ErbB2 and ECM. These analyses will allow us to identify unpredictable nodes of metabolic regulation by ErbB2 and ECM and may provide rational treatment approaches for targeting tumor metabolism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2802. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2802
Ensemble Weight Enumerators for Protograph-Based Generalized LDPC Codes

Protograph-based LDPC codes have the advantages of a simple design (or search) procedure and highly structured encoders and decoders. These advantages have also been exploited in the design of protograph-based generalized LDPC (G-LDPC) codes. Recently, a technique for computing ensemble weight enumerators for protograph-based LDPC codes has been published. In the current paper, we extend those results to protograph-based G-LDPC codes. That is, we first derive ensemble weight enumerators for finite-length G-LDPC codes based on protographs, and then we consider the asymptotic case. The asymptotic results allow us to determine whether or not the typical minimum distance in the ensemble grows linearly with codeword length.
Flow characteristics inside MHD seawater thrusters

A three-dimensional MHD fluid-flow computer model has been developed and applied to study the concept of MHD seawater propulsion. The effects of strong magnetic fields on the current and electrical fields inside the MHD duct and their interaction with the flowflelds, particularly those in the boundary layers, have been investigated. Results of parametric studies for variables influencing the flowfield characteristics and the overall performance of the propulsion systems are discussed. Such parameters include the magnetic field and electrical loading of the MHD thruster. The results of the calculations performed indicate the sensitivity of the thruster performance to the load factor and wall friction. The nonuniform distribution of the current density in the Hartmann layers of the insulating sidewalls causes the flattening of the velocity profiles on the sidewalls relative to the velocity profiles over the electrode walls. These nonuniformities in the flowfield give rise to nonuniform distribution of the skin friction along the walls of the thrusters, where higher values are predicted over the sidewalls relative to those over the electrode walls. Although the discrepancies of the velocity profiles between the different walls of the MHD thruster are not significant, careful considerations should be given to the calculation of the frictional losses because of their adverse effect on the electrical efficiency of the thruster.
Land-use Controls, Fiscal Zoning, and the Local Provision of Education

Considerable prior analysis has gone into the study of zoning restrictions on locational choice and on fiscal burdens, but none addresses the level and distribution of public goods provided under fiscal zoning. Our analysis emphasizes the interplay between land-use restrictions and public good provision, focusing on schooling outcomes. We extend existing general equilibrium models of location and the provision of education so that fiscal zoning can be put into Tiebout choice. Some households create a fiscal burden, motivating the use of exclusionary land-use controls by local governments. We then analyze the market effects of different land-use controls (minimum lot size [MLS] zoning, local public finance with a head tax, and growth restrictions through fringe zoning) and demonstrate how household behavior directly affects the equilibrium outcomes and the provision of the local public good.
Effects of body weight gain in early pregnancy on feed intake, gain, body condition in late pregnancy and lamb weights

Abstract Body fat was subjectively assessed in mature Rambouillet × Finnsheep ewes immediately following a 6 week breeding season. Ewes were stratified by condition score into 3 groups. For the first 109 days, groups were fed to gain differently. During the remaining 40 days all ewes were fed the same diet. Body weight gains (0.3, 3.2 and 6.2 kg) and condition scores (1.7, 2.3, and 2.5) were significantly different ( P P > 0.10) different among the body weight gain groups. As a percentage of body weight, ewes which gained more during the first period consumed less during the last period. The experiment suggests that the pregnant ewe can, to some degree, compensate in late pregnancy for restricted feeding in early pregnancy.
NIGHT-TIME BEHAVIOR OF STABLED AND PASTURED PERI-PARTURIENT PONIES

Abstract Pregnant and lactating pony mares were observed in two environments, stable and pasture. Twenty-six pony mares were observed on pasture for 2 weeks before and after parturition. The behavior of each mare was recorded every 30 min from 18.00 to 06.00 h. The mutually exclusive behaviors were standing (either standing alert or standing at rest with a hindlimb flexed), grazing (prehending or masticating grass), walking, lying in sternal recumbency and lying in lateral recumbency. The total time-budget for prepartum mares on pasture was 55.3 ± 4.1% grazing, 32.9 ± 3.3% standing, 6.0 ± 1.5% lying in sternal recumbency, 2.7 ± 0.7% walking and 1.4 ± 0.6% lying in lateral recumbency. Grazing and standing occurred at all times, but grazing was most common from 18.00 to 21.00 h and after 05.00 h. Lying was most common between 01.00 and 04.00. Lying in lateral recumbency occurred only after dark, in pre-partum mares. The total time-budget for post-partum mares on pasture was 68.6 ± 4.0% grazing, 22.5 ± 3.0% standing, 4.7 ± 1.0% walking, 4.2 ± 1.2% lying in sternal recumbency and 0.2 ± 0.2% lying in lateral recumbency. Lying in lateral recumbency was seen only at 18.00 h. Lying in sternal recumbency occurred between 21.00 and 04.30 h. More time was spent grazing by the post-partum mares than by the pre-partum mares. The same behaviors were recorded for stabled pony mares except that eating hay rather than grazing constituted the ingestive behavior quantified. The total time-budget for pregnant stabled ponies was 71 ± 3% standing, 15 ± 3% eating, 0.5 ± 0% lying in lateral recumbency, 0.5 ± 0.2% walking and 12.1 ± 2.3% lying in sternal recumbency. Eating decreased and standing increased during the night. Most lying was seen between 01.30 and 05.00 h. Lying in lateral recumbency occurred between 19.30 and 03.30 h. The total nocturnal time-budget of post-partum stalled ponies was 67 ± 3% eating, 19 ± 3% standing and 13.0 ± 2.3% lying in sternal recumbency. Post-partum mares were not observed to walk or to lie in lateral recumbency. The change in behavior after parturition may reflect: (1) nutritional demands of lactation; (2) maternal protective behavior; (3) response to seasonal changes in the environment.
Nucleotide binding of the C-terminal domains of the major histocompatibility complex-encoded transporter expressed in Drosophila melanogaster cells.

Abstract The C-terminal domains of the mouse transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) were expressed as soluble proteins in Drosophila melanogaster cells and labeled by [α-32P]8-azido-ATP after UV-irradiation. The relative potencies of the nucleotides in preventing azido-ATP labeling were in the order of ATP > GTP > CTP > ITP > UTP for both the TAP1 and TAP2 C-terminal domains, suggesting ATP to be the natural substrate of the transporter. Our data provide the first evidence that the individual C-terminal domain of either TAP1 or TAP2 can be expressed as a functional ATP-binding protein.
Further Investigation of Vowel Items in Multiple-Choice Speech Discrimination Testing

A list of 25 vowel-test items employing a multiple-choice (or closed-set) response system was presented to 94 patients with hearing impairments and 10 with normal hearing listening through a low-pa...
Imposex induction in Nucella lima (Gmelin) via mode of exposure to tributyltin

Abstract Exposure of Nucella lima (Gmelin) to seawater or Mytilus trossulus (Gould) flesh containing tributyltin (TBT) for 4 months resulted in the development of imposex, the superimposition of male reproductive tract characteristics in female snails, in a time-dependent manner. Specific imposex characteristics measured in female snails included growth of a penis and vas deferens, and an increase in the magnitude of two imposex indices, relative penis size (RPS) and the vas deferens sequence (YDS) index. Imposex characteristics developed to a similar degree in snails fed TBT-contaminated mussels (0.362 μg TBT/g wet weight) or exposed to 0.064 μg TBT/1 in seawater by the 2nd month of exposure. After exposure to TBT for 4 months, intensification of imposex characteristics continued during a subsequent 10-month recovery period when snails were held in TBT-free laboratory seawater and fed TBT-free mussels. No significant differences in mortality and feeding rates occurred between control snails and those exposed to 0.064 μg TBT/1 seawater or those exposed to TBT-laden mussels; significant mortality and a decreased feeding rate occurred in snails exposed to 0.914 μg TBT/1 seawater, indicating that this concentration is close to the long-term LC50. TBT was bioaccumulated from both food and seawater in direct relationship to concentration and length of exposure. Debutylization of TBT occurred at a slow rate in all experimental groups, but a higher proportion of TBT was metabolized to DBT and MET in snails exposed to 0.914μg TBT/1 seawater. For N. lima, TBT bioaccumulation from food and resulting imposex responses are equivalent to low level exposures to TBT in seawater.
Extrinsic neural contribution to ileal peptide YY (PYY) release.

Abstract Peptide YY (PYY) release into the ileal lumen is stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose ingestion. Previous data have implicated vagal activity in the mediation of PYY release into both the systemic circulation and the ileal lumen. The present study was designed to evaluate extrinsic neural involvement in CCK and glucose-stimulated circulating and ileal intraluminal PYY release. Distal ileal Thiry-Vella loops (TVL) of 25 cm were created in seven mongrel dogs. On separate days fasted dogs were given continuous infusions of CCK at 500 ng/kg/hr during the first hour of the study or an oral glucose (1.5 g/kg) tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Peripheral blood samples and ileal effusates were collected before tests and following either CCK or glucose stimulation for 120 min at 20-min intervals. Ileal PYY recoveries were measured by the instillation and collection of 20 cc of normal saline from the TVL for each 20-min period. The dogs were again tested after surgical denervation of the TVL. OGTT resulted in a significant rise of PYY recovery from the TVL (P
A case study in automated theorem proving: Finding sages in combinatory logic

We present in this article an application of automated theorem proving to a study of a theorem in combinatory logic. The theorem states: the strong fixed point property is satisfied in a system that contains the B and W combinators. The theorem can be stated in terms of Smullyan's forests of birds: a sage exists in a forest that contains a bluebird and a warbler. Proofs of the theorem construct sages from B and W. Prior to the study, one sage, discovered by Statman, was known to exist. During the study, with much assistance from two automated theorem-proving programs, four new sages were discovered. The study was conducted from a syntactic point of view because the authors know very little about combinatory logic. The uses of the automated theorem-proving programs are described in detail.
THE SIZE OF THE AZTEC CITY OF YAUTEPEC Urban survey in central Mexico

In 1992 we conducted an intensive archaeological surface survey in and around the modern town of Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico. Our goals were to determine the size and extent of the Aztec-period city of Yautepec, and to gather data on its spatial organization. This article describes the methods used and the results obtained toward achieving the first goal. Aztec Yautepec covered approximately 209 ha; this area is partly covered by the modern town and partly by open fields. Late Postclassic settlement was clustered around a structure that today is the largest known Aztec palace in central Mexico. We generate ethnohistoric and archaeological population estimates for Yautepec and discuss the city in relation to other Aztec urban settlements in Morelos and the Basin of Mexico.
The sweetwater rattlesnake round-up : a case study in environmental ethics

Abstract: This study is an ethical analysis and evaluation of an ecologically and environmentally intrusive social phenomenon, the Sweetwater (Texas) Jaycees Rattlesnake Round-Up, an annual event that results in the killing of thousands of rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). The largest and most publicized of several such festivals in the United States, the Sweetwater Round-Up has developed into a huge community extravaganza with lucrative benefits to the local economy. After overviews of the Round-Up and of recent biological research, the main reasons justifying the practice are evaluated from both a local and environmental perspective. Because the annual take has remained high, the proponents claim that the Round-Ups are not reducing the rattlesnake population but are in fact “helping the balance of nature.” Although probably false due to lost reproductive potential, this claim cannot be decisively refuted due to a lack of reliable scientific data. Therefore, recommendations are made for restructuring the rattlesnake hunt to obtain scientifically credible data. Paramount is that the time span and territory be limited, because otherwise conclusions based on annual take cannot be made. Recommendations are also presented for conducting additional research and for limiting the ecological impact of the festival while at the same time preserving its economic and social benefits.
Biologic and Chemical Terrorism in Children: An Assessment of Residents' Knowledge

This study was conducted to determine the baseline fund of knowledge of pediatric and emergency medicine residents at a single institution in the medical management of pediatric victims of biologic and chemical terrorism. A test covering essential content was developed and validated by experts. The test was given anonymously to volunteer pediatric and emergency medicine residents at a single institution. The test was readministered 5 months after a lecture on the content. The 34 pediatric residents and 15 emergency medicine residents scored a median of 65% and 73%, respectively (P = .03). Residents from both specialties combined scored a median of 70% correct versus those residents who did not attend the lecture. Pediatric and emergency medicine residents are significantly unprepared to manage pediatric victims of biologic and chemical terrorism. Education curriculums on this topic must be incorporated into these residencies. The traditional lecture format may not be the most effective technique.
A West Nile Virus DNA Vaccine Induces Neutralizing Antibody in Healthy Adults during a Phase 1 Clinical Trial

Background—West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquitoborne flavivirus that can cause severe meningitis and encephalitis in infected individuals. We report the safety and immunogenicity of a WNV DNA vaccine in its first phase 1 human study. Methods—A single-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the premembrane and the envelope glycoproteins of the NY99 strain of WNV was evaluated in an open-label study in 15 healthy adults. Twelve subjects completed the 3-dose vaccination schedule, and all subjects completed 32 weeks of evaluation for safety and immunogenicity. The development of a vaccine-induced immune response was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, neutralization assays, intracelluar cytokine staining, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results—The vaccine was safe and well tolerated, with no significant adverse events. Vaccineinduced T cell and antibody responses were detected in the majority of subjects. Neutralizing antibody to WNV was detected in all subjects who completed the 3-dose vaccination schedule, at levels shown to be protective in studies of horses, an incidental natural host for WNV. Conclusions—Further assessment of this DNA platform for human immunization against WNV is warranted. Trial registration—ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00106769.
Thin specialty glass for reliable thin film PV modules

Glass has long been used for photovoltaic (PV) module covers and thin-film (TF) module substrates and superstrates. These applications typically use float glass of soda-lime-silica composition and thickness ≥ 3.2 mm. Thin specialty glass is being considered as a replacement for substrates and superstrates for dual-glass laminated TF PV modules. This study focuses on module in-service stresses and their impact on mechanical reliability when using thin specialty glass. Substrate and superstrate thicknesses as low as 0.7 mm were analyzed using various support conditions. Hail impact tests were conducted according to IEC 61646 with standard ice balls (25mm diameter at 23 m/sec). Wind and snow loads as described in IEC 61646 were studied by finite element analysis. Reliability analyses were performed using experimental results, modeled stress levels, initial glass strength, and strength decrease over time (fatigue). This study concludes that thin specialty glass is reliable in the variety of configurations analyzed. Wind and snow load stresses increased systematically as glass thickness decreased. However, support structure configuration showed a greater influence on stress and reliability levels than glass thickness. High speed wind tests on full sized laminates with complete support structures provided validation of performance under realistic conditions. Thin specialty glasses are shown to be a reliable option for thin-film photovoltaic module substrates and superstrates.
Reinventing heterochromatin in budding yeasts: Sir2 and the origin recognition complex take center stage

The transcriptional silencing of the cryptic mating-type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the best-studied models of repressive heterochromatin. However, this type of heterochromatin, which is mediated by the Sir proteins, has a distinct molecular composition compared to the more ubiquitous type of heterochromatin found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, other fungi, animals, and plants and characterized by the presence of HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1). This review discusses how the loss of important heterochromatin proteins, including HP1, in the budding yeast lineage presented an evolutionary opportunity for the development and diversification of alternative varieties of heterochromatin, in which the conserved deacetylase Sir2 and the replication protein Orc1 play key roles. In addition, we highlight how this diversification has been facilitated by gene duplications and has contributed to adaptations in lifestyle.
Breastfeeding and Children's Early Cognitive Outcomes

Abstract This paper investigates whether breastfeeding affects 5- to 6-year old children's cognitive development using three U.S. longitudinal data sets. The results for the full samples roughly point to a dose-response effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive outcomes, with breastfeeding six months or more associated with about one-tenth of a standard deviation increase in cognitive test scores. The breastfeeding effects do not appear to be due to differences in maternal employment, cognitive ability, or parenting skills. In contrast, within-sibling results show no statistically significant breastfeeding effect.