cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weilby Technique for Interpositional Arthroplasty of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint

Thumb interposition is an accepted technique for the treatment of stage 2-4 arthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb. With the usage of the Weilby suspension technique, the flexor carpi radialis is used to suspend the thumb metacarpal using an intertendinous weave rather than bony tunnels. This method allows early range of motion and decreased splint usage, maximizing outcomes, and recovery.
A comparison of the orexin receptor distribution in the brain between diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) and nocturnal mice (Mus musculus)

The neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin regulates a wide range of behaviors and physiology through its receptors OX1R and OX2R, or HCRTR-1 and HCRTR-2. Although the distributions of these receptors have been established in nocturnal rodents, their distributions in the brain of diurnal species have not been studied. In the present study, we examined spatial patterns of OX1R and OX2R mRNA expression in diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) by in situ hybridization and compared them with those in nocturnal mice (Mus musculus). Both receptors showed similar spatial patterns between species in most brain regions. However, species-specific expression was found in several regions that are mainly implicated in regulation of sleep/wakefulness, emotion and cognition. OX1R expression was detected in the caudate putamen and ventral tuberomammillary nucleus only in grass rats, while it was detected in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part only in mice. The distribution of OX2R mRNA was mostly consistent between the two species, although it was more widely expressed in the ventral tuberomammillary nucleus in grass rats compared to mice. These results suggest that neuronal pathways of the orexin system differ between chronotypes, and these differences could underlie the distinct profiles in behaviors and physiology between diurnal and nocturnal species.
A Research Framework for Operationalizing Measures of Enterprise Integration

This paper develops a research framework to investigate measures of enterprise integration. In our view the term enterprise integration is an umbrella term that incorporates what we term integration types. The integration types are connectivity, information sharing, interoperability, coordination, and alignment. To determine which technology and/or enterprise integration method is best in a given situation we believe measures of integration are needed and must be grounded in empirical findings.
Positron Imaging in the Evaluation of Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction

One of the longstanding goals in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction has been to limit infarct size using interventions that improve myocardial perfusion, reduce oxygen demands, or decrease inflammation in the infarct.(1) Unfortunately, there have not been diagnostic modalities for the rapid differentiation of reversible from irreversible ischemic injury.(2) Radionuclide imaging with thallium-201 can be used to assess relative perfusion of the myocardium. Redistribution images obtained 3–4 hours after initial images are related to viability of the myocardium but a delay of several hours is required to determine whether there is reversible ischemic injury. Thus, it does not provide a suitable guide for clinical therapy in an individual patient.(3,4) Tc-99m pyrophosphate can be used to localize a zone of necrosis and thus has prognostic implications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, it cannot identify the region of myocardium at risk for subsequent damage.(5,6,7)
Minority rights, majority rule: Measuring party behavior

Any study of partisan behavior over time in Congress must come to terms with two vexing problems. First, there is no single way to measure partisanship, and second, there is no single way to identify political parties and their congressional rosters. Decisions made on both counts will affect assessments of party strength and conclusions drawn about the nature of partisan behavior over time. In this appendix, I explore these measurement concerns in greater detail and describe appropriate solutions. Measuring party strength In measuring party strength, two characteristics of partisanship have generally been of interest to Congressional scholars: the degree of intraparty cohesion (party unity) and the extent of interparty differences (party divisiveness) exhibited in congressional roll-call data. Consequently, studies of the impact of party on congressional voting have used a variety of different measures intended to capture either dimension or both in concert. Brady, Cooper, and Hurley (1979), for example, argue that the true influence of party on voting can be captured only by weighing both interparty conflict and intraparty unity. Thus, as a measure of party strength, they interact party voting levels with Rice party cohesion scores. To this mix of party measures, Clubb and Traugott (1977) add a party unlikeness score that measures the extent of differences between the two parties across roll-call votes. Whereas the party voting score for a Congress taps the frequency of party conflict on the floor, the party unlikeness measure captures the mean distance between the two major parties across all roll-calls.
Examination of atmospheric hydrological processes in RCM simulations

iv CHAPTER 1 : GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN REGIONAL 22 CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS OF THE CENTRAL UNITED STATES FLOOD OF JUNE-JULY 1993 CHAPTER 3 : EXAMINATION OF MESOSCALE 72 CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS IN A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUSION 127 APPENDIX A. RCM VALIDATION STUDIES 136 APPENDIX B. STUDIES THAT COUPLE RCMS TO OTHER 138 MODELS APPENDIX C. RCM STUDIES OF FUTURE CLIMATE 139 APPENDIX D. RCM PROCESS STUDIES 141 APPENDIX E. WAVELET ANALYSIS 144
Pseudotumor Cerebri (PTC)

Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by headache and visual dysfunction. It is associated with high intracranial pressure without intracranial mass lesions or ventricular obstruction. This article describes the epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation of PTC. Treatment methods, including the option of endovascular stenting in appropriately selected patients, are also reviewed.
Mapping causal pathways from genetics to neuropsychiatric disorders using genome‐wide imaging genetics: Current status and future directions

Imaging genetics aims to identify genetic variants associated with the structure and function of the human brain. Recently, collaborative consortia have been successful in this goal, identifying and replicating common genetic variants influencing gross human brain structure as measured through magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we contextualize imaging genetic associations as one important link in understanding the causal chain from genetic variant to increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. We provide examples in other fields of how identifying genetic variant associations to disease and multiple phenotypes along the causal chain has revealed a mechanistic understanding of disease risk, with implications for how imaging genetics can be similarly applied. We discuss current findings in the imaging genetics research domain, including that common genetic variants can have a slightly larger effect on brain structure than on risk for disorders like schizophrenia, indicating a somewhat simpler genetic architecture. Also, gross brain structure measurements share a genetic basis with some, but not all, neuropsychiatric disorders, invalidating the previously held belief that they are broad endophenotypes, yet pinpointing brain regions likely involved in the pathology of specific disorders. Finally, we suggest that in order to build a more detailed mechanistic understanding of the effects of genetic variants on the brain, future directions in imaging genetics research will require observations of cellular and synaptic structure in specific brain regions beyond the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging. We expect that integrating genetic associations at biological levels from synapse to sulcus will reveal specific causal pathways impacting risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Mastectomy in Transgender and Cisgender Patients: A Comparative Analysis of Epidemiology and Postoperative Outcomes

Background Mastectomy is a commonly requested procedure in the transmasculine population and has been shown to improve quality of life, although there is limited research on safety. The aim of this study was to provide a nationwide assessment of epidemiology and postoperative outcomes following masculinizing mastectomy and compare them with outcomes following mastectomy for cancer prophylaxis and gynecomastia correction in cisgender patients. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2005 to 2017 was queried using International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes to create cohorts of mastectomies for 3 indications: transmasculine chest reconstruction, cancer risk-reduction (CRRM), and gynecomastia treatment (GM). Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were compared between the 3 cohorts. Multivariable regression analysis was used to control for confounders. Results A total of 4,170 mastectomies were identified, of which 14.8% (n = 591) were transmasculine, 17.6% (n = 701) were CRRM, and 67.6% (n = 2,692) were GM. Plastic surgeons performed the majority of transmasculine cases (85.3%), compared with the general surgeons in the CRRM (97.9%) and GM (73.7%) cohorts. All-cause complication rates in the transmasculine, CRRM, and GM cohorts were 4.7%, 10.4%, and 3.7%, respectively. After controlling for confounding variables, transgender males were not at an increased risk for all-cause or wound complications. Multivariable regression identified BMI as a predictor of all-cause and wound complications. Conclusion Mastectomy is a safe and efficacious procedure for treating gender dysphoria in the transgender male, with an acceptable and reassuring complication profile similar to that seen in cisgender patients who approximate either the natal sex characteristics or the new hormonal environment.
Real-Time Aerodynamics Hybrid Simulation: A Novel Wind-Tunnel Model for Flexible Bridges

AbstractDespite rapid development in computational fluid dynamics, semiempirical analyses based on parameters identified from spring-mounted sectional models are still widely used to examine wind-i...
Small deformation theory for two leaky dielectric drops in a uniform electric field

A small deformation theory for two non-identical spherical drops freely suspended in an ambient fluid and subjected to a uniform electric field is presented. The three phases are assumed to be leak...
Bcl6 and Blimp1 reciprocally regulate ST2+ Treg–cell development in the context of allergic airway inflammation

Background Bcl6 is required for the development of T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells that regulate germinal center responses. Bcl6 also affects the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Objective The goal of this study was to define the functions of Bcl6 in Treg cells, including Tfr cells, in the context of allergic airway inflammation. Methods We used a model of house dust mite sensitization to challenge wild-type, Bcl6fl/fl Foxp3-Cre, and Prdm1 (Blimp1)fl/fl Foxp3-Cre mice to study the reciprocal roles of Bcl6 and Blimp1 in allergic airway inflammation. Results In the house dust mite model, Tfr cells repress the production of IgE and Bcl6+ Treg cells suppress the generation of type 2 cytokine–producing cells in the lungs. In mice with Bcl6-deficient Treg cells, twice as many ST2+ (IL-33R+) Treg cells develop as are observed in wild-type mice. ST2+ Treg cells in the context of allergic airway inflammation are Blimp1 dependent, express type 2 cytokines, and share features of visceral adipose tissue Treg cells. Bcl6-deficient Treg cells are more susceptible, and Blimp1-deficient Treg cells are resistant, to acquiring the ST2+ Treg–cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo in response to IL-33. Bcl6-deficient ST2+ Treg cells, but not Bcl6-deficient ST2+ conventional T cells, strongly promote allergic airway inflammation when transferred into recipient mice. Lastly, ST2 is required for the exacerbated allergic airway inflammation in Bcl6fl/fl Foxp3-Cre mice. Conclusions During allergic airway inflammation, Bcl6 and Blimp1 play dual roles in regulating Tfr-cell activity in the germinal center and in the development of ST2+ Treg cells that promote type 2 cytokine responses.
A novel bioaugmentation technique effectively increases the skin-associated microbial diversity of captive eastern hellbenders

Captive environments are maintained in hygienic ways that lack free-flowing microbes found in animals' natural environments. As a result, captive animals often have depauperate host-associated microbial communities compared to conspecifics in the wild and may have increased disease susceptibility and reduced immune function. Eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) have suffered precipitous population declines over the past few decades. To bolster populations, eastern hellbenders are reared in captivity before being translocated to the wild. However, the absence of natural microbial reservoirs within the captive environment diminishes the diversity of skin-associated bacteria on hellbender skin and may negatively influence their ability to defend against pathogenic species once they are released into the wild. To prepare hellbenders for natural bacteria found in riverine environments, we devised a novel bioaugmentation method to increase the diversity of skin microbial communities within a captive setting. We exposed juvenile hellbenders to increasing amounts of river water over 5 weeks before translocating them to the river. We genetically identified and phylogenetically compared bacteria collected from skin swabs and river water for alpha (community richness) and beta (community composition) diversity estimates. We found that hellbenders exposed to undiluted river water in captivity had higher alpha diversity and distinct differentiation in the community composition on their skin, compared to hellbenders only exposed to well water. We also found strong evidence that hellbender skin microbiota is host-specific rather than environmentally driven and is colonized by rare environmental operational taxonomic units in river water. This technique may increase hellbender translocation success as increasing microbial diversity is often correlated with elevated disease resistance. Future work is necessary to refine our methods, investigate the relationship between microbial diversity and hellbender health and understand how this bioaugmentation technique influences hellbenders' survival following translocation from captivity into the wild.
A STUDY ON CUSTOMER'S BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF USED CARS IN COIMBATORE CITY

The automobile industry today is the most lucrative industry. Due to increase in disposable income in both rural and urban sector and availability of easy finance are the main drivers of high volume car segments. Second hand car business is influenced by the presence of many factors like reliability, cost etc. Studying these factors will enable a clear understanding of customers. This paper presents analysis of research in the area of Consumer Buying Behavior of used Cars in Coimbatore. Proper understanding of consumer buying behavior will help the marketer to succeed in the market. This research studies the buying behavior of different customers with different tastes and preference. This research also attempts to consolidate findings & suggestions to overcome present scenario of stagnancy in sales and cultivate future demand for used car market .
Fraction-variant beam orientation optimization for intensity-modulated proton therapy.

Purpose To achieve a superior balance between dosimetry and the delivery efficiency of intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) using as few beams as possible in a single fraction, we optimally vary beams in different fractions. Methods In the optimization, 400~800 feasible noncoplanar beams were included in the candidate pool. For each beam, the doses of all scanning spots covering the target volume and a margin were calculated. The fraction-variant beam orientation optimization (FVBOO) problem was formulated to include three terms: two quadratic dose fidelity terms to penalize the deviation of planning target volume fractional dose and organs at risk (OAR) cumulative doses from prescription, respectively; an L2,1/2-norm group sparsity term to control the number of active beams per fraction to between 1 and 4. The Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm (FISTA) was applied to solve this problem. FVBOO was tested on a patient with base-of-skull (BOS) tumor of 5 fractions (5f) and 30 fractions (30f) with an average number of active beams per fraction varying between 4 and 1. In addition, one bilateral head-and-neck (H&N) patient, and one esophageal cancer (ESG) patient of 30f were tested with about three active beams per fraction. The results were compared with IMPT plans that use fixed beams in each fraction. The fixed beams were selected using the group sparsity term with a fraction-invariant BOO (FIBOO) constraint. Results Varying beams were chosen in either the 5f or 30f FVBOO plans. While similar number of beams per fraction was selected as the FIBOO plan, the FVBOO plans were able to spare the OARs better, with an average reduction of [Dmean, Dmax] from the FIBOO plans by [0.85, 2.08] Relative Biological Effective Gy (GyRBE) in the 5f plan and [1.87, 4.06] GyRBE in the 30f plans. While reducing the number of beams per fraction in the BOS patient, a three-beam/fraction 5f FVBOO plan performs comparably as the four-beam FIBOO plan and a two-beam/fraction 30f FVBOO plan still provides superior dosimetry. Conclusion Fraction-variant beam orientation optimization allows the utilization of a larger beam solution space for superior dose distribution in IMPT while maintaining a practical number of beams in each fraction.
Diffusion Equations on Graphs.

In brain imaging, the image acquisition and processing processes themselves are likely to introduce noise to the images. It is therefore imperative to reduce the noise while preserving the geometric details of the anatomical structures for various applications. Traditionally Gaussian kernel smoothing has been often used in brain image processing and analysis. However, the direct application of Gaussian kernel smoothing tend to cause various numerical issues in irregular domains with boundaries. For example, if one uses large bandwidth in kernel smoothing in a cortical bounded region, the smoothing will blur signals across boundaries. So in kernel smoothing and regression literature, various ad-hoc procedures were introduce to remedy the boundary effect. Diffusion equations have been widely used in brain imaging as a form of noise reduction. The most natural straightforward way to smooth images in irregular domains with boundaries is to formulate the problem as boundary value problems using partial differential equations. Numerous diffusion-based techniques have been developed in image processing. In this paper, we will overview the basics of isotropic diffusion equations and explain how to solve them on regular grids and irregular grids such as graphs.
Topological cascade laser for frequency comb generation in PT-symmetric structures

The cascade of resonant PT-symmetric topological structures is shown to emit laser light with a frequency comb spectrum. We consider optically active topological lattices supporting edge modes at regularly spaced frequencies. When the amplified resonances in the PT-broken regime match the edge modes of the topological gratings, we predict the emission of discrete laser lines. A proper design enables the engineering of the spectral features for specific applications. Topological protection makes the system very well suited for a novel generation of compact frequency comb emitters for spectroscopy, metrology, and quantum information.
#FlavorsSaveLives: An Analysis of Twitter Posts Opposing Flavored E-cigarette Bans

BACKGROUND Starting in 2019 policies restricting the availability of flavored e-cigarette products were proposed or implemented in the United States to curb vaping by youth. People took to Twitter to voice their opposition, referencing the phrase "Flavors Save Lives." This study documented the emerging themes pertaining to "Flavors Saves Lives" over a 12-month period. METHODS The study period was from May 1, 2019, to May 1, 2020. A stratified sampling procedure supplied 2500 tweets for analysis. Posts were classified by one or more of the following themes: (1) Political Referendum; (2) Institutional Distrust; (3) Individual Rights; (4) Misinformation; (5) THC Vaping is the Real Problem; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Adult Use; and (8) Not a Bot. The temporal pattern of tweets over the year was examined. RESULTS Political Referendum (76.5%) and Institutional Distrust (31.3%) were the most prominent themes, followed by Not a Bot (11.0%), Individual Rights (10.4%), Adult Use (8.0%), Smoking Cessation (6.6%), Misinformation (5.9%), and THC Vaping is the Real Problem (3.5%). Total tweet frequencies increased in September 2019 and peaked in November 2019 before returning to relatively low numbers. Political Referendum and Institutional Distrust were consistently the most prevalent themes over time. CONCLUSION Twitter posts with the phrase "Flavors Save Lives" commonly discussed voting against political incumbents and mentioned distrust of government representatives. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opposition to flavor bans. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control information campaigns in the future. IMPLICATIONS (a) Starting in 2019 policies restricting the availability of flavored e-cigarette products were proposed or implemented in the United States to curb vaping by youth. (b) This study content analyzed Twitter posts with the phrase "Flavors Save Lives" from a 12-month period to understand opposition to flavor restrictions. (c) Twitter posts commonly discussed voting against political incumbents and mentioned distrust of government representatives. (d) Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opposition to flavor bans, and contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of different sub-population's responses to current and proposed tobacco control information policies.
Trust Models and Risk in the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is envisaged to be a large-scale, massively heterogeneous ecosystem of devices with varying purposes and capabilities. While architectures and frameworks have focused on functionality and performance, security is a critical aspect that must be integrated into system design. This work proposes a method of risk assessment of devices using both trust models and static capability profiles to determine the level of risk each device poses. By combining the concepts of trust and secure device fingerprinting, security mechanisms can be more efficiently allocated across networked IoT devices. Simultaneously, devices can be allowed a greater degree of functionality while ensuring system availability and security. This paper describes the integration of risk assessment into a prototype IoT network. The purpose of this prototype is to explore whether finer-grained security policies based on risk can adequately protect the network while also allowing for efficiency and system functionality to a greater extent than traditional security protocols permit. Furthermore, we demonstrate how identification, trust, and risk can be synthesized to provide a finer degree of control over system security.
Benchmark and Analysis of Path Planning Algorithms of “ROS MoveIt!” for Pick and Place Task in Tomato Harvesting

This article describes a benchmark of motion planners available in ROS MoveIt!. The benchmark exercise has been done with planners’ configured to be optimal for a planning scene imitating conditions in a greenhouse during the real process of picking a tomato with a robotic arm. It provides an overview of the available motion planners, analysis of benchmark results and further validation of the most suitable planners with the use of a real 6 DOF robotic arm. Presented experimental results include time of planning, time of generated plan simplification, time of plan execution and time of processing in a cycle composed of start-goal-start poses movement. Obtained results allow to compare efficiency, repeatability and usefulness of particular planners in a use case of robotic tomato harvesting or in similar pick and place tasks.
Heterogeneous delivery across the blood-brain barrier limits the efficacy of an EGFR-targeting antibody drug conjugate in glioblastoma.

Background Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as depatuxizumab mafodotin (Depatux-M), is a promising therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma (GBM) but recent clinical trials did not demonstrate a survival benefit. Understanding the mechanisms of failure for this promising strategy is critically important. Methods PDX models were employed to study efficacy of systemic vs intracranial delivery of Depatux-M. Immunofluorescence and MALDI-MSI were performed to detect drug levels in the brain. EGFR levels and compensatory pathways were studied using quantitative flow cytometry, Western blots, RNAseq, FISH and phosphoproteomics. Results Systemic delivery of Depatux-M was highly effective in nine of 10 EGFR-amplified heterotopic PDXs with survival extending beyond one year in eight PDXs. Acquired resistance in two PDXs (GBM12 and GBM46) was driven by suppression of EGFR expression or emergence of a novel short-variant of EGFR lacking the epitope for the Depatux-M antibody. In contrast to the profound benefit observed in heterotopic tumors, only two of seven intrinsically sensitive PDXs were responsive to Depatux-M as intracranial tumors. Poor efficacy in orthotopic PDXs was associated with limited and heterogeneous distribution of Depatux-M into tumor tissues, and artificial disruption of the BBB or bypass of the BBB by direct intracranial injection of Depatux-M into orthotopic tumors markedly enhanced the efficacy of drug treatment. Conclusions Despite profound intrinsic sensitivity to Depatux-M, limited drug delivery into brain tumor may have been a key contributor to lack of efficacy in recently failed clinical trials.
Androgen signaling connects short isoform production to breakpoint formation at Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1

Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) encodes a multifunctional protein that can cooperate with the transcription factor ERG to promote prostate cancer. The EWSR1 gene is also commonly involved in oncogenic gene rearrangements in Ewing sarcoma. Despite the cancer relevance of EWSR1, its regulation is poorly understood. Here we find that in prostate cancer, androgen signaling upregulates a 5' EWSR1 isoform by promoting usage of an intronic polyadenylation site. This isoform encodes a cytoplasmic protein that can strongly promote cell migration and clonogenic growth. Deletion of an Androgen Receptor (AR) binding site near the 5' EWSR1 polyadenylation site abolished androgen-dependent upregulation. This polyadenylation site is also near the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint hotspot, and androgen signaling promoted R-loop and breakpoint formation. RNase H overexpression reduced breakage and 5' EWSR1 isoform expression suggesting an R-loop dependent mechanism. These data suggest that androgen signaling can promote R-loops internal to the EWSR1 gene leading to either early transcription termination, or breakpoint formation.
Permutation invariant graph-to-sequence model for template-free retrosynthesis and reaction prediction.

Synthesis planning and reaction outcome prediction are two fundamental problems in computer-aided organic chemistry for which a variety of data-driven approaches have emerged. Natural language approaches that model each problem as a SMILES-to-SMILES translation lead to a simple end-to-end formulation, reduce the need for data preprocessing, and enable the use of well-optimized machine translation model architectures. However, SMILES representations are not an efficient representation for capturing information about molecular structures, as evidenced by the success of SMILES augmentation to boost empirical performance. Here, we describe a novel Graph2SMILES model that combines the power of Transformer models for text generation with the permutation invariance of molecular graph encoders that mitigates the need for input data augmentation. As an end-to-end architecture, Graph2SMILES can be used as a drop-in replacement for the Transformer in any task involving molecule(s)-to-molecule(s) transformations. In our encoder, an attention-augmented directed message passing neural network (D-MPNN) captures local chemical environments, and the global attention encoder allows for long-range and intermolecular interactions, enhanced by graph-aware positional embedding. Graph2SMILES improves the top-1 accuracy of the Transformer baselines by $1.7\%$ and $1.9\%$ for reaction outcome prediction on USPTO_480k and USPTO_STEREO datasets respectively, and by $9.8\%$ for one-step retrosynthesis on the USPTO_50k dataset.
Storage at the State Level: Promotion and Obstruction

Although the primary statutory framework remains unchanged, a series of court decisions is altering the balance between federal and state jurisdiction over the electric power system. The “Platonic ideal” of a bright line between systems subject to FERC jurisdiction and systems subject to state jurisdiction is “smudging,” as entities located within the traditional zone of state control are increasingly capable of providing services in the FERC-regulated wholesale markets. FERC’s recent assertion of jurisdiction over energy storage resources located on the distribution system or behind the meter (“BTM”) is indicative of the changing landscape. The introduction of federal authority carries with it the possibility of preemption and defines the extent to which states can take action. Several states, most notably California, are already promoting BTM storage. This paper uses the California experience as evidence for a broader theory: the emerging “collaborative federalism” creates a much broader space for promoting energy storage resources than it does for limiting their proliferation. In Part I, the paper briefs the cases that define federal/state authority in electricity law under the emerging, functionalist or “collaborative federalism” approach. Part II explains why FERC’s Order 841, which asserts jurisdiction over storage resources on the distribution system and BTM, is probably lawful under the new approach. The section also explores Order 841’s potential opening for obstructive state policies. Part III examines California’s ongoing energy storage process to show how the “collaborative federalism” approach drives increasing cooperation between the states and the federal government. The section also identifies areas where jurisdictional details are being contested. The paper concludes by arguing states have significant room to promote energy storage but limited ability to restrain its growth. As storage proliferates, states should be proactive in collaborating with federal authorities to ensure the system delivers cheap power and remains reliable. If the states are not proactive, they risk losing authority over local reliability.
A Formal Definition of Hierarchical Predicate Transition Nets

Hierarchical predicate transition nets have recently been introduced as a visual formalism for specifying complex reactive systems. They extend predicate transition nets with hierarchical structures so that large systems can be specified and understood stepwisely, and thus are more suitable for real-world applications. In this paper, we provide a formal syntax and an algebraic semantics for hierarchical predicate transition nets, which establish the theory of hierarchical predicate transition nets for precise specification and formal reasoning.
Are Virtual Markets Efficient Predictors of New Product Success? The Case of the Hollywood Stock Exchange*

Defining effective methods for determining consumer preferences for products prior to their launch has been a mainstay of marketing and management literature for decades. Virtual Stock Markets (VSMs) is an emerging method in new product forecasting that has been shown to produce reliable new product sales estimates by combining individual preferences via market-based aggregation mechanisms. Due to the emerging popularity of VSMs among practitioners, this cross-disciplinary study (combining insights from finance, marketing, and new product development fields) uses the example of the Hollywood Stock Exchange (HSX) and examines its predictive validity and potential systematic biases in its predictions to help think about the general applicability of these forecasting methods to other product areas, or how forecasts in other product areas may need to be modified to be more precise. This study finds evidence of overestimating the sales potential associated with products on the low end of the revenue expectation spectrum, which could be linked to the fact that in artificial exchanges, where no money changes hands, people tend to gamble hoping to make excessive returns. However, this explanation is weakened by the introduction of additional variables linked to the negative influence of information search costs (harder to utilize information is not fully reflected in the stock prices) and over-utilization of highly visible/conspicuous information. Practical implications for managers considering using VSMs for new product forecasting in creative gestalt-like settings are discussed.
Gonadotropin binding and stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3': 5' monophosphate and testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells

Gonadotropin binding and stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation and testosterone synthesis were studied in collagenase-dispersed interstitial cells from the adult rat testis. Binding of 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by isolated Leydig cells was of high affinity (Ka = 10(10) M-1) and low capacity, equivalent to approximately 6000 sites/cell. The binding data were consistent with the presence of a single order of receptors, with no interaction between binding sites. Stimulation of testosterone synthesis by increasing concentrations of hCG was completely dissociated from changes in cyclic AMP formation, and maximum activation of steroidogenesis was induced by hCG concentrations which had no effect upon cyclic AMP production. Kinetic analysis of gonadotropin-induced responses in dispersed Leydig cells also showed a marked dissociation between steroidogenesis and cyclic nucleotide formation. Low concentrations of hCG caused maximum stimulation of testosterone production which was not accompanied by a rise in cyclic AMP formation at any time after addition of gonadotropin. Higher concentrations of hCG caused marked elevations of cyclic AMP at progressively earlier time intervals, but did not alter the 20 to 30 min lag period required for induction of testosterone synthesis. These observations indicated that occupancy of gonadotropin receptors occurs over a much wider range of hCG concentration than that required for maximum steroidogenesis.
Larval and early juvenile development in the Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) reared under laboratory conditions

Summary Four zoeal, the megalopal and the first crab stage are described and illustrated for Placetron wosnessenskii Schalfeew (Hapalogastrinae). Morphological differences found in some of the developmental sequences between members of the two subfamilies of the Lithodidae are reviewed.
Medication cart-filling time, accuracy, and cost with an automated dispensing system

Medication cart filling with an automated dispensing system was compared with manual cart filling with respect to personnel time, costs, and accuracy. At a 650-bed tertiary-care medical center, technician cart filling and pharmacist cart checking were timed for the existing manual system and for the Baxter ATC-212 automated dispensing system. Subsequently, carts filled with each system were checked for accuracy of dispensing. On the basis of drugs used in the automated system over three months, drug acquisition and dispensing costs were calculated for automated and manual cart filling; the costs of personnel time were also compared. Daily cart filling time for technicians was significantly less with the automated system. The savings of pharmacist time was not significant; pharmacists had to cut the strip-packaged drugs into individual doses as they checked patients' medications. For both systems, errors were found in fewer than 1% of the doses (0.84% for the manual system and 0.65% for the automated system). Drug costs were higher with the automated system; acquisition prices for the bulk drugs purchased for use in the dispensing machine were higher than the prices of the same products in unit dose packaging. Personnel time saved amounted to less than 0.5 full-time equivalent. With the automated system, overall time savings was not great enough to substantially affect pharmacy operations, and drug costs were higher.
Corporate social responsibility and power relations: Impediments to community development in post-war Sierra Leone diamond and rutile mining areas

Abstract This article examines the influence of transnational mining companies’ (TNMCs) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives in diamond and rutile dredge-mining areas in post-war Sierra Leone. The CSR framework applied encompasses the social license to operate, community engagement and accountability, and a critical lens of power dynamics. Key informant interviews and secondary sources provided data for the study. Findings from the research reveal that with the exception of the establishment of Kimbadu, the resettled town, implementation of CSR initiatives facilitated minimal, and at times, unsustainable, community development. It is argued that such ‘development’ outcomes are primarily due to asymmetrical power relations between TNMCs (i.e. Octea Mining and Sierra Rutile Limited) and the mining communities in which these companies engage in pre-defined development projects that are, in many instances, at variance with community needs. Moreover, the social structure at the local level impedes community development. The study recommends active engagement of disparate groups within the community in decision making at all stages of mining-driven community development rather than the extant social structure that gives exclusive powers to traditional leaders. It also calls for the establishment of an independent regulatory team to ensure enforcement of legal responsibilities in mining areas.
A surface micromachined light modulator based on vanadium dioxide array

Vanadium dioxide (VO/sub 2/) thin film undergoes a semiconductor-to-metal phase transition at about 68/spl deg/C, which is accompanied with an abrupt transformation from a transparent semiconductor phase to a highly reflective metallic state. To exploit this phase-transition related thermo-optical switching, low-thermal-mass pixels suspended with long and thin legs were micromachined above substrate to achieve good thermal isolation between pixels and fast enough switching speed. VO/sub 2/ thin film was fabricated by e-beam evaporation of vanadium metal film followed by oxidation. It exhibits a grain structure and undergoes a phase transition at 65/spl deg/C. A surface micromachining process was developed to realize a light modulator in 64/spl times/64 array. The testing results demonstrate the light switching and modulation ability of the VO/sub 2/ array. Further study shows that acceptable optical properties have been maintained throughout the micromachining process.
Within-subject variability of measures of beta cell function derived from a 2 h OGTT: implications for research studies.

Knowledge of the within-subject variability of a parameter is required to properly design and calculate sample sizes for longitudinal studies. We sought to determine the day-to-day variability of measures of beta cell function derived from an OGTT. Thirty-seven adults (13 with normal glucose tolerance, ten with impaired glucose tolerance, 14 with type 2 diabetes) underwent a standard 2 h 75 g OGTT on two separate days (median time between tests, 7 days; range, 5–14). From these data, the reproducibility of several indices of beta cell function were determined: insulinogenic index (ΔI0–30/ΔG0–30), early C-peptide response (ΔCP0–30/ΔG0–30), incremental AUC insulin to glucose response (incAUCins/incAUCglu), integrated insulin secretion response from 0 to 120 min (IS/Glu0–120) and indices of beta cell function derived from a mathematical model. Within-subject variability for ΔI0–30/ΔG0–30 (CV 57.1%) was higher than ΔCP0–30/ΔG0–30 (CV 34.7%). Measures integrated over the full 120 min of the OGTT, incAUCins/incAUCglu (CV 24.9%) and IS/Glu0–120 (CV 17.4%), demonstrated less variability. The mathematical model-derived measures of beta cell glucose sensitivity (CV 20.3%) and potentiation (CV 33.0%) showed moderate variability. The impact of the different measures’ variability on sample size (30% change from baseline) is demonstrated by calculated sample sizes of 89 for ΔI0–30/ΔG0–30, 37 for ΔCP0–30/ΔG0–30, 21 for incAUCins/incAUCglu and 11 for IS/Glu0–120. Some OGTT-derived indices of beta cell function, in particular the insulinogenic index, demonstrate high within-subject variability. Integrated measures that utilise multiple time points and measures that use C-peptide show less variability and may lead to a reduced sample size requirement.
Receptors for Complement on Langerhans Cells

A population of guinea pig epidermal cells, identified as Langerhans cells, formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes coated with IgM immunoglobulin and C 3 b \( E A C 1 ¯ − 3 b \) but not with intermediates carrying only C 1 ¯ , C 1 ¯ 4 b , or C 1 ¯ 4 b 2 a . These findings were unusual since most other cells expressing C3b receptors also express C4b receptors. To investigate whether these results were the consequence of a limited number of C4b molecules on the cells, EAC 1 ¯ 4 b cells were prepared with increased amounts of C4b (15 to 250 μg on 10 9 cells). EAC 1 ¯ 4 b rosette formation was found with a maximal number when there were 3,000 molecules per cell, a 6-fold excess over that found in previous experiments. One could inhibit this rosette formation by fluid phase C3b as well as by fluid phase C4b, suggesting proximity or possible identity of these 2 receptors.
The argument from biogenesis: Probabilities against a natural origin of life

No evidence exists that the accidental origin of life is too improbable to have occurred naturally, but there are numerous attempts to argue so. Dizzying statistics are cited to show that a god had to be responsible. This paper identifies the Argument from Biogenesis, then explains why all these arguments so far fail, and what would actually have to be done to make such an argument succeed. Describes seven general types of error, with examples. Includes a table of forty-seven statistics used by over twenty authors to date.
Understanding Cultures: Perspectives in Anthropology and Social Theory

Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 2. Anthropological Ancestors and Interpretation Theory: Boas, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard. 3. Peter Winch and Ordinary Language Philosophy. 4. The Neo-Popperians and the Logic of One Science: I.C. Jarvie and Robin Horton. 5. Ordinary Language Philosophy in Question: Steven Lukes and Alasdair MacIntyre. 6. Beyond Explanation and Understanding: The Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur. 7. Hermeneutics and Critical Anthropology: The Synthesis of Practical and Critical Reason. 8. Modernism and Postmodernism in Anthropology. 9. Bounded Cultures - Bounded Selves: The Challenge of Cultural Diasporas. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Helping Youth Transition into an Alternative Residential School Setting: Exploring the Effects of a Wilderness Orientation Program on Youth Purpose and Identity Complexity

This mixed-methods study examines the relationship between adolescent identity complexity (Clin Social Work J 21(1):11–24 1991) and youth purpose related to participation in a wilderness experience program at an alternative, residential boarding school in Colorado. Students in this study (N = 55) completed an adapted version of the Self-Worth Index (Ment Health Relig Cult 4(2):103–108 2001) before and after participation in a wilderness experience program. Youth in the study also completed a pre- and post-test eight-item index measuring identity complexity, with each item assessed on a five-point Likert scale. Likewise, qualitative, face-to-face interviews with each student were conducted to triangulate findings and further explore the impact of the wilderness program on identity complexity and youth purpose for youth labeled “high risk.” Data analysis revealed that the wilderness program contributed to students’ positive sense of identity and purpose in their lives, and helped them transition into the residential school culture successfully.
Cholest‐5‐ene‐3β,26‐diol: Synthesis and biomedical use of a deuterated compound

To further studies of the metabolism of 26-hydroxycholesterol in fetal and neonatal life, a deuterated compound was prepared from kryptogenin by Clemmensen reduction. The spectra of the deuterated 26-hydroxycholesterol showed that five to nine deuterium atoms were incorporated per 26-hydroxycholesterol molecule, with the maximum incorporation of eight deuterium atoms. The deuterated compound was recovered unchanged from the feces of a child following oral administration. Comparison of the ratio of deuterated to protium compound indicated the presence of an endogenous pool of 26-hydroxycholesterol. Parenteral administration of the compound to a hamster indicated metabolism to deuterated chenodeoxycholic acid. The compound is useful as an isotope tracer for studies of the endogenous metabolism of 26-hydroxycholesterol.
A Sampler for Simultaneously Measuring Drift and Upstream Movements of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

ABSTRACT A simple sampler for concurrently collecting drifting as well as upstream-moving organisms is described. It is constructed of inexpensive, readily available material and can be used in high discharge and low flow lotic environments. The five-sectioned trap is designed for equal quantitative sampling of drifting and upstream-moving organisms. Collecting nets can be quickly attached or removed without disturbing the trap or substrate being sampled.
DELAY MODELS FOR MIXED PLATOON AND SECONDARY FLOWS

A mathematical model is described for estimating approach delays at pretimed, signalized, coordinated intersections. The delay models incorporate the size of and flow rate within the progression bandwidth. Platoon dispersion and secondary flows are considered via a simplified platoon‐dispersion algorithm calibrated from the TRANSYT‐7F model. The basic premise in this study is that traffic is assumed to arrive at the progressed approach in two average flow rates, one within the progression bandwidth, and another outside of it. This modeling concept represents a middle ground between bandwidth models that assume a constant flow rate in the dispersed platoon and TRANSYT‐like techniques where arrival flow rates vary in each time slice of the cycle length. The delay models are evaluated with Webster's delay formula for random arrivals and with simulated data in NETSIM; in both cases the results compare very favorably. Pending field validation of the delay estimates, an immediate application of the models is th...