cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggression as a Function of Sex of Victim and Male Subject's Attitude toward Women

The relative aggressiveness of male subjects who held either liberal or traditional beliefs concerning females was investigated as a function of provocation by male and female opponents. Both groups of male subjects reacted aggressively to provocation by male opponents and unaggressively to female opponents. The traditional male subjects were generally more aggressive to their opponents than the liberal male subjects.
Solution structure of protegrin-1, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes.

Abstract Background: The protegrins are a family of arginine- and cysteine-rich cationic peptides found in porcine leukocytes that exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and antiviral activities. They are composed of 16–18 amino-acid residues including four cysteines, which form two disulfide linkages. To begin to understand the mechanism of action of these peptides, we set out to determine the structure of protegrin-1 (PG-1). Results: We used two-dimensional homonuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the conformation of both natural and synthetic PG-1 under several conditions. A refined three-dimensional structure of synthetic PG-1 is presented. Conclusions: Both synthetic and natural protegrin-1 form a well-defined structure in solution composed primarily of a two-stranded antiparallel β sheet, with strands connected by a β turn. The structure of PG-1 suggests ways in which the peptide may interact with itself or other molecules to form the membrane pores and the large membrane-associated assemblages observed in protegrin-treated, gram-negative bacteria.
Relationships among Stress, Coping, and Mental Health in High-Achieving High School Students.

This study investigates the relationships among stress, coping, and mental health in 139 students participating in an International Baccalaureate (IB) high school diploma program. Mental health was assessed using both positive indicators (life satisfaction, academic achievement, academic self-efficacy) and negative indicators (psychopathology) of adolescent social-emotional and school functioning. Findings include that students in an IB program perceive significantly more stress than a sample of 168 of their general education peers, and that specific coping styles are differentially related to mental health outcomes in this subgroup of high-achieving high school students. Furthermore, coping styles (specifically, anger and positive appraisal) moderate the influence of stress on global life satisfaction and internalizing symptoms of psychopathology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From advent to easter: catholic preaching in New York City, 1808-1809

The recent interest in reconstructing the history of spirituality and religious belief is nowhere more welcome than in the history of Roman Catholicism in the United States. From the very point of its emergence as a recognizable subdiscipline at the turn of the century and lasting into very recent scholarship, American Catholic history has been a relentlessly “topdown”affair. It focused on the leaders of the church—almost all of them white males—and on official church institutions. Episcopal biography was the preferred form and, as often as not, “progress” was the theme: the hierarchy established itself steadily along the advancing frontier; populations of clergy, religious, and laity all increased heroically; immigrants once despised were transformed into the American mainstream. There was even an inspirational final chapter to the tale, as one American Catholic finally grasped the brass ring of acceptance and moved into the White House. The story was a deliberately edifying one, but it was a story primarily for insiders. Perhaps for that reason alone, American Catholic history seemed to remain, as Leslie Tender has recently observed, “on the margins” of serious scholarly discourse.
Spin-resolved photoemission of surface states of W(110)-(1 × 1)H

The surface electronic states of $\mathrm{W}(110)\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\mathrm{H}$ have been measured using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission. We directly demonstrate that the surface bands are both split and spin-polarized by the spin-orbit interaction in association with the loss of inversion symmetry near a surface. We observe 100% spin polarization of the surface states, with the spins aligned in the plane of the surface and oriented in a circular fashion relative to the $\overline{\mathrm{S}}$ symmetry point. In contrast, no measurable polarization of nearby bulk states is observed.
Promoting Healthy Eating in Children

A Department of Health (DoH) policy is to reduce inequalities in health. Choosing a better diet and how to do so is one of the topics in the Choosing Health White Paper published in November 2004.
Low-energy resonances and bound states of aligned bosonic and fermionic dipoles

The low-energy scattering properties of two aligned identical bosonic and identical fermionic dipoles are analyzed. Generalized scattering lengths are determined as functions of the dipole moment and the scattering energy. Near resonance, where a new bound state is being pulled in, all nonvanishing generalized scattering lengths diverge, with the ${a}_{00}$ and ${a}_{11}$ scattering lengths being dominant for identical bosons and identical fermions, respectively. Implications for the energy spectrum and the eigenfunctions of trapped two-dipole systems and for pseudopotential treatments are discussed.
Direct thermal desorption of semivolatile organic compounds from diffusion denuders and gas chromatographic analysis for trace concentration measurement.

Abstract A novel method for collection and analysis of vapor-phase semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in ambient air is presented. The method utilizes thermal desorption of SOCs trapped in diffusion denuders coupled with cryogenic preconcentration on Tenax-TA and analysis by high resolution gas chromatography (GC)–electron-capture detection (ECD). The sampling and analysis methods employ custom-fabricated multicapillary diffusion denuders, a hot gas spike (HGS) apparatus to load known quantities of thermally stable standards into diffusion denuders prior to sample collection, a custom-fabricated oven to thermally desorb SOCs from the diffusion denuder, and a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet containing a liner packed with Tenax-TA for effective preconcentration of the analytes and water management. High flow rates into the PTV inlet of 750 mL min −1 during thermal desorption are ca. a factor of ten greater than typically used. To improve resolution and retention time stability, the thermal desorption and PTV inlet programming procedure includes three steps to prevent water from entering the analytic column while effectively transferring the analytes into the GC system. The instrumentation and procedures provide virtually complete and consistent transfer of analytes collected from ambient air into the GC evidenced by recovery of seven replicates of four internal standards of 90.7 ± 4.0–120 ± 23% (mean ± 95% confidence interval, CI). Retention time based compound identification is facilitated by low retention time variability with an average 95% CI of 0.024 min for sixteen replicates of eight standards. Procedure details and performance metrics as well as ambient sampling results are presented.
“Musing on the Lamp‐Flame”: Teaching a Narrative Poem in a College‐Level ESOL Class

The intellect and emotions of teachers as well as students can be stimulated by sharing literary texts. In teaching a narrative poem, the logical place to start is with the story—the who, what, when, where, and, since poetry encapsulates human emotions and motivations, the how and why. Cultural references can be clarified through notes, pictures, and guiding questions. Once comfortable with the surface meaning of a poem, students will be ready to explore deeper layers of meaning by considering figurative language and other poetic strategies. In classes where composition is a focus, writing assignments that prompt rereading and reflection help students to extend their understanding and thus their literary pleasure.
A Method for Production of a Localized Gonococcal Infection in the Rabbit's Eye.

SummaryA method is described for the production of a localized gonococcal infection in the rabbit's eye by inoculating gonococci into the anterior chamber. Gonococci were found to invade the tissues of the eye, to multiply there and to produce severe inflammatory reaction. In approximately ⅓ of the animals the infection became chronic and viable gonococci persisted as long as 14 weeks, the maximum period of observation.
Hair in Dominican amber: Evidence for tertiary land mammals in the Antilles

A piece of amber from the Dominican Republic contained approximately 50 strands of mammalian hair. Based on its characteristics and the identification of two species of fossilized ectoparasites that were also present, it is probable that the hair belonged to a rodent. This find represents the earliest fossil remains of land mammals in the Antilles and lends support to the vicariance model of West Indian biogeography.
Recognizing hyperspectral textures using generalized Markov field models

We present a generalized random field model in a random environment to classify hyperspectral textures. The model generalizes traditional random field models by allowing the spatial interaction parameters of the field to be random variables. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data set to a small number of spectral bands that caputure almost all of the energy in the original hyperspectral textures. Using the model we obtain a compact feature vector that efficiently computes within and between band information. Using a set of hyperspectral samples, we evaluate the performance of this model for classifying textures and compare the results with other approaches.
VERTICAL CONTRACTION SCOUR AT BRIDGES WITH WATER FLOWING UNDER PRESSURE CONDITIONS

One of the areas of bridge scour estimation technology that hydraulic engineers, researchers, and scientists generally agree needs more understanding is what happens to the bottom of the channel under a bridge when the low chord becomes inundated and the flow through the opening changes from free surface flow to pressure flow. The vast majority of what is known about local scour in bridge openings has been derived for bridges with water flowing with a free surface. The literature shows that no previously conducted research is capable of being used to predict the component of vertical contraction scour that would be encountered under a full range of sediment transport conditions. In an attempt to fill part of this gap in the field of bridge scour estimation technology, a comprehensive program was developed to investigate pressure flow scour in bridge openings. Data were collected so that a relationship could be developed to predict the scour that would occur across the channel as a result of a vertical flo...
Macrophage colony stimulating factor promotes phagocytosis by murine microglia.

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor are upregulated in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. M-CSF induces activation and proliferation of microglial cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Amyloid beta (Aβ) immunization experiments suggest that microglia have the capacity to aggressively clear Aβ from the brain under certain circumstances. We examined the role of M-CSF in phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres and Aβ by cultured microglia. M-CSF treatment increased microglial cell phagocytosis of both microspheres and of Aβ. Antibody neutralization of M-CSF inhibited Aβ uptake induced by overexpression of the M-CSF receptor on microglia. These results suggest that M-CSF could be important in promoting microglial clearance of abnormal protein aggregates such as Aβ.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the mouse kallikrein-binding protein gene.

A genomic clone (MKBP-10) encoding the mouse kallikrein-binding protein (MKBP) was isolated from a mouse genomic DNA library by screening with a rat kallikrein-binding protein (RKBP) cDNA probe. The total sequenced region of the MKBP gene spans 8615 base pairs. The exon and intron locations of the RKBP gene were identified by similarity with the RKBP gene. The MKBP gene encodes a prepeptide of 417 amino acid residues which exhibits 71% homology with RKBP. A TATA box sequence was located in the 5′ flanking region of the MKBP gene by similarity with the consensus sequence TATAAAA.
Sensors meet the Cloud: Planetary-scale distributed sensing and decision making

Networked sensors and actuators are increasingly pervasive in our daily lives, from tracking inventory in warehouses to monitoring movement of environmental pollutants and helping elderly living a more independent life. The data collected by the sensors needs to be distilled into higher level information and knowledge that must be promptly acted upon by autonomous controllers or humans. The scale of these systems — sometimes called Internet of Things (IOT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), or Sensor Networks (Sensornet) — dwarfs the Internet as we know today. In addition to the challenges of making the sensors small, affordable, and energy efficient, and networking them into a reliable ensemble, the more arduous task is the timely processing of voluminous and streaming sensor data subject to energy and network constraints and uncertainties. To address these challenges, we must leverage the advances in disciplines such as devices, wireless communication, control and decision theory, machine learning, and database, to name a few. Cloud computing provides new opportunities in aggregating sensor data and exploiting the aggregates for greater coverage and relevancy, and yet at the same time exacerbates the issue of privacy and security. A multi-disciplinary, holistic approach is needed.
Secure device pairing using audio

Secure device pairing between mobile devices is a challenging task. The lack of a trusted authority and low computational power make it difficult for mobile devices to establish secure communication channels in ubiquitous computing environments. Solutions have been proposed using locationlimited channels to transmit secure pairing information that can be verified as originating from the intended device, enabling users to establish secure channels over insecure mediums. Of particular interest is using audio as a location-limited channel, due to the widespread deployment of audio capabilities on mobile devices. We describe a solution for secure device pairing using audio, called UbiSound, which only requires a single audio transmission to authenticate both devices. We describe our communication protocol, implementation details and results, and discuss how our solution is resistant to a number of attacks. Additionally, we emphasize how our solution is usable for visually impaired users.
The Mouse Ms6-hm Hypervariable Microsatellite Forms a Hairpin and Two Unusual Tetraplexes

The mouse Ms6-hm microsatellite consists of a tandem array of the pentamer d(CAGGG)n. This microsatellite is extremely hypervariable, showing a germ line mutation rate of 2.5%/gamete. The mechanism responsible for this instability is not known. The ability to form intrastrand structures is a conserved feature of many hypervariable sequences, and it has been suggested that the formation of such structures might account for instability by affecting DNA replication, repair, or recombination. Here we show that this microsatellite is able to form intrastrand structures as well. Under physiological conditions, the Ms6-hmmicrosatellite forms a hairpin as well as two different unusual intrastrand tetraplexes. The hairpin forms in the absence of monovalent cation and contains G·A, G·C, and G·G base pairs in a 1:1:1 ratio. In the presence of K+, a tetraplex is formed in which the adenines are unpaired and extrahelical, and the cytosines are involved in C·C pairs. In Na+, a tetraplex forms that contains C·C+ pairs, with the adenines being intrahelical and hydrogen-bonded to guanines. Tetraplex formation in the presence of Na+ requires both cytosines and adenines and might reflect the altered internal dimensions of this tetraplex, perhaps resulting from the ability of the C·C+ pairs to become intercalated in this sequence context. Our demonstration of the stabilization of tetraplexes by hydrogen bonding between adenines and guanines expands the hydrogen-bonding possibilities for tetraplexes and suggests that the category of sequences with tetraplex-forming potential may be larger than previously appreciated.
In-Situ Infrared (IR) Detection and Heating of the High Pressure Phase of Silicon during Scratching Test

A novel method of in-situ detection of the high pressure phase transformation of silicon during dead-load scratching is described. The method is based on the simple fact that single crystal silicon is transparent to Infrared light while metallic materials are not. Infrared heating during scratching has been performed to thermally soften and deform the transformed metallic material and some promising results were obtained. The sample material used here is silicon, but the same approach can be applied to germanium and other materials, such as ceramics (SiC), which have appropriate optical properties.
OPTICAL, COMPOSITIONAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND X-RAY DATA ON ELEVEN PARTICLES OF AMPHIBOLE FROM LIBBY, MONTANA, U.S.A.

Amphibole crystals from the former vermiculite mine near Libby, Montana, were examined using three different analytical methods: optical and morphological measurements were made using spindle-stage methods, unit-cell refinements were performed using single-crystal X-ray-diffraction techniques, and chemical analyses were performed using an electron microprobe. The eleven samples display a continuum of morphology and conformity to a single crystal, and range from stubby single-crystal cleavage fragments to elongate near-bundles of fibers. Variations in conformity to the properties of a single crystal are reflected in the character of the X-ray reflections on X-ray rotation photographs. Using current nomenclature recommendations, all of the samples examined consist of winchite. Covariance among several properties was observed. The index of refraction and birefringence are dependent on Mg content. There is also a correlation between birefringence and particle morphology. Winchite particles with a high birefringence and high width/thickness aspect ratio tend to be single crystals, whereas samples with a low birefringence and low width/thickness ratio tend to be more polycrystalline.
Starburst: A hybrid algorithm for video-based eye tracking combining feature-based and model-based approaches

Knowing the users point of gaze has significant potential to enhance current human-computer interfaces, given that eye movements can be used as an indicator of the attentional state of a user. The primary obstacle of integrating eye movements into todays interfaces is the availability of a reliable, low-cost open-source eye-tracking system. Towards making such a system available to interface designers, we have developed a hybrid eye-tracking algorithm that integrates feature-based and model-based approaches and made it available in an open-source package. We refer to this algorithm as "starburst" because of the novel way in which pupil features are detected. This starburst algorithm is more accurate than pure feature-based approaches yet is signi?cantly less time consuming than pure modelbased approaches. The current implementation is tailored to tracking eye movements in infrared video obtained from an inexpensive head-mounted eye-tracking system. A validation study was conducted and showed that the technique can reliably estimate eye position with an accuracy of approximately one degree of visual angle.
Preparing Future Faculty: A New Approach at North Carolina State University.

In the fall of 2000 the Department of Sociology at North Carolina State University (NCSU) implemented a Phase IV Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) initiative. The goal of this program was (and is) to ensure that doctoral students anticipating entry into a professional position be prepared for all expectations associated with faculty life in a wide variety of college and university placements. NCSU's program combined in-house research mentoring opportunities as well as off-campus mentoring relationships with faculty at other schools to explore the teaching and service responsibilities of junior faculty members. An evaluation committee assessed the effectiveness of this new initiative. Data were collected using several methods, including surveys, interviews, and focus groups. The committee found the PFF program to be a welcome addition to graduate training; however, the NCSU program experienced struggles that provide insight for other schools that may wish to start a PFF program of their own.
A Type-II Positive Allosteric Modulator of α7 nAChRs Reduces Brain Injury and Improves Neurological Function after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats.

In the absence of clinically-efficacious therapies for ischemic stroke there is a critical need for development of new therapeutic concepts and approaches for prevention of brain injury secondary to cerebral ischemia. This study tests the hypothesis that administration of PNU-120596, a type-II positive allosteric modulator (PAM-II) of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), as long as 6 hours after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia significantly reduces brain injury and neurological deficits in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by a transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were then subdivided into two groups and injected intravenously (i.v.) 6 hours post-MCAO with either 1 mg/kg PNU-120596 (treated group) or vehicle only (untreated group). Measurements of cerebral infarct volumes and neurological behavioral tests were performed 24 hrs post-MCAO. PNU-120596 significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and improved neurological function as evidenced by the results of Bederson, rolling cylinder and ladder rung walking tests. These results forecast a high therapeutic potential for PAMs-II as effective recruiters and activators of endogenous α7 nAChR-dependent cholinergic pathways to reduce brain injury and improve neurological function after cerebral ischemic stroke.
Object initialization in x10

X10 is an object oriented programming language with a sophisticated type system (constraints, class invariants, non-erased generics, closures) and concurrency constructs (asynchronous activities, multiple places). Object initialization is a cross-cutting concern that interacts with all of these features in delicate ways that may cause type, runtime, and security errors. This paper discusses possible designs for object initialization, and the "hardhat" design chosen and implemented in X10 version 2.2. Our implementation includes a fixed-point inter-procedural (intra-class) data-flow analysis that infers, for each method called during initialization, the set of fields that are read, and those that are asynchronously and synchronously assigned. Our codebase of more than 200K lines of code only had 104 annotations. Finally, we formalize the essence of initialization checking with an effect system intended to complement a standard FJ style formalization of the type system for X10. This system is substantially simpler than the masked types of [10], and it is more practical (for X10) than the free-committed types of [12]. This is the first formalization of a type and (flow-sensitive) effect system for safe initialization in the presence of concurrency constructs.
The Development of a Measure of Self-Regulated Practice Behavior for Beginning and Intermediate Instrumental Music Students:

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the construct validity and reliability of a self-report measure of self-regulated practice behaviors for beginning and intermediate instrumentalist...
An idealized assessment of the economics of air capture of carbon dioxide in mitigation policy

Abstract This paper discusses the technology of direct capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere called air capture. It develops a simple arithmetic description of the magnitude of the challenge of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide as a cumulative allocation over the 21st century. This approach, consistent with and based on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), sets the stage for an analysis of the average costs of air capture over the 21st century under the assumption that technologies available today are used to fully offset net human emissions of carbon dioxide. The simple assessment finds that even at a relatively high cost per ton of carbon, the costs of air capture are directly comparable to the costs of stabilization using other means as presented by recent reports of the IPCC and the Stern Review Report.
Assessment of pre- and post-methionine load homocysteine for prediction of recurrent stroke and coronary artery disease in the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention Trial

Abstract Methionine (Met) loading increases total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and assesses homocysteine metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that pre- or post-Met tHcy will predict recurrent stroke or coronary artery disease (CAD) in a subgroup analysis of the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) trial. VISP subjects with non-disabling stroke underwent measurement of tHcy at baseline (fasting pre- and post-Met load) and were randomized to high/low-dose B-vitamin therapy for prevention of recurrent stroke or CAD. In the sample cohort of 2124 subjects, mean ± S.D. tHcy levels in μmol/l were pre-Met 13.2 ± 4.3, post-Met 30.4 ± 9.76, and pre/post-Met Δ 17.1 ± 8.3. The hazard ratio (HR) for recurrent stroke was 1.16 ( p = 0.026) for 1 S.D. higher pre-Met tHcy and 1.15 ( p = 0.054) for 1 S.D. higher post-Met tHcy. For CAD, the HR for 1 S.D. higher pre-Met tHcy was 1.27 ( p = 0.001) and was 1.00 ( p = 0.99) for post-Met tHcy. In survival analyses using pre- or post-Met as covariates, the coefficient of pre/post-Met Δ was not significant for stroke and was only marginally significant for CAD ( p Δ in predicting the risk for stroke and CAD.
Fairness and Justice in Leading-Following Opportunities to Foster Integrity in the First 100 Days

Fairness and justice in living the art of leading-following are explored from the perspective of the humanbecoming school of thought. In particular, fairness and justice are considered in light of the ideas of fostering integrity, being just, and trusting the process.
A case for exploiting subarray-level parallelism (SALP) in DRAM

Modern DRAMs have multiple banks to serve multiple memory requests in parallel. However, when two requests go to the same bank, they have to be served serially, exacerbating the high latency of off-chip memory. Adding more banks to the system to mitigate this problem incurs high system cost. Our goal in this work is to achieve the benefits of increasing the number of banks with a low cost approach. To this end, we propose three new mechanisms that overlap the latencies of different requests that go to the same bank. The key observation exploited by our mechanisms is that a modern DRAM bank is implemented as a collection of subarrays that operate largely independently while sharing few global peripheral structures. Our proposed mechanisms (SALP-1, SALP-2, and MASA) mitigate the negative impact of bank serialization by overlapping different components of the bank access latencies of multiple requests that go to different subarrays within the same bank. SALP-1 requires no changes to the existing DRAM structure and only needs reinterpretation of some DRAM timing parameters. SALP-2 and MASA require only modest changes (&#60; 0.15% area overhead) to the DRAM peripheral structures, which are much less design constrained than the DRAM core. Evaluations show that all our schemes significantly improve performance for both single-core systems and multi-core systems. Our schemes also interact positively with application-aware memory request scheduling in multi-core systems.
Clinical Predictors of Cerebrovascular Occlusion for Patients Presenting With Acute Stroke

Objective: We sought to determine clinical predictors of vascular occlusion in patients with stroke. Methods: From November 1994 to December 1999, 88 patients who were thrombolytic candidates and seen within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset had cerebral angiography. The Oxford Community Stroke Project clinical classification system, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and time from symptom onset until angiography were used to predict vascular occlusion. Results: In all, 79% of patients with total anterior circulation infarctions and 73% with partial anterior circulation infarctions had vascular occlusions, whereas only 29% with lacunar infarcts had occlusion. Strokes were more severe in patients with occlusion than in those without occlusion. Time to angiography was also associated with vascular occlusion. Conclusions: Clinical classification of stroke, stroke scales, and time to angiography are useful screening tools to predict cerebral occlusion in acute stroke patients.
A Review of Plants Used in the Treatment of Liver Disease: Part 1

Botanicals have been used traditionally by herbalists and indigenous healers worldwide for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Clinical research in this century has confirmed the efficacy of several plants in the treatment of liver disease. Basic scientific research has uncovered the mechanisms by which some plants afford their therapeutic effects. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been shown to have clinical applications in the treatment of toxic hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, ischemic injury, radiation toxicity, and viral hepatitis via its antioxidative, anti-lipid peroxidative, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and liver regenerating effects. Picrorhiza kurroa, though less well researched than Silybum, appears to have similar applications and mechanisms of action. When compared with Silybum, the hepatoprotective effect of Picrorhiza was found to be similar, or in many cases, superior to the effect of Silybum.
Measuring ‘tight budgetary control’

Abstract This paper presents an effort to construct a measurement instrument to capture tight budgetary control. While there is not a strong tradition of publishing articles of this nature in the accounting literature, there is a role for this for constructs for which there are no ready-made instruments available from other disciplinary areas. The notion of tight (budgetary) control seems to fall into this category: it has troubled theorists for many years (Simons, R., 1995.Levers of Control: How Managers Use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal , Boston, Harvard Business School Press.), and identifying and calibrating its components has been called a fruitful area for academic inquiry (Chow, C. W., Kato, Y. and Merchant, K. A., 1996. The use of organizational controls and their effects on data manipulation and management myopia: A Japan v. U.S. comparison, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21, 175–192.). In this paper, the tight budgetary control macro-construct is defined, de-composed into its micro-attributes, operationalized into scale-items, and re-composed empirically through factor analysis on data obtained from 153 business units. The data suggest that tight budgetary control involves, in order of importance, low tolerance for interim budget deviations, detailed budget line-item follow-ups, intense discussions of budget results, and strong emphasis on meeting short-run budget targets. Broadly speaking, tight budgetary controls seem more stringent than simply monitoring bottom-line budget deviations in a hands-off management-by-exception basis.
The Circle of Migration: Attachment to Place in Aging

Abstract Despite a substantial literature in elderly migration, little is known about the experience of mobility and place in aging. In this paper we explore the meaning of home, place, and migration among elderly seasonal migrants who circulate between northern (summer) and Sunbelt (winter) residences. The central focus is on evolving attachments and relationships with place over the life course. We conceptualize the circle of migration to and from home places in terms of three phases: separation, experience, and return. These phases illuminate universal themes in attachment to place, including the dialectic of home and journey, expressions of autonomy and identity in aging, sense of belonging through place-making and community formation, and reminiscence centered on home places. We glean three strikingly different life-course trajectories in the migrations and place attachments among elderly seasonal migrants: still rooted in home place (circular), suspended between dual homes (pendular), and footloose ...
Delayed- versus acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.

Purpose To report a large consecutive case series of patients who developed delayed-onset and acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Design Retrospective consecutive case series. Methods The current study is a retrospective consecutive case series of patients treated between January 2000 and December 2009 for culture-proven endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. The study defined 2 groups after cataract surgery: acute-onset endophthalmitis (≤6 weeks after surgery) and delayed-onset endophthalmitis (>6 weeks after surgery). Results A total of 118 patients met study criteria; cases included 26 delayed-onset cases and 92 acute-onset cases. The following clinical features and outcomes occurred in delayed- vs acute-onset cases: 1) the presenting visual acuity was ≤5/200 in 31% vs 89%; 2) hypopyon was found in 46% vs 80%; 3) the most frequent isolate was Propionibacterium acnes (11/26) vs coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (57/92); and 4) patients with the most frequent isolate achieved a visual outcome of ≥20/100 in 91% vs 56%. In delayed-onset cases, the intraocular lens was removed or exchanged in 19 of 26 cases (73%). Of these 19 cases, 13 achieved a visual outcome of ≥20/100. Conclusions Patients with delayed-onset endophthalmitis generally presented with better initial visual acuities, had a lower frequency of hypopyon, and had better visual outcomes compared to acute-onset patients. Propionibacterium acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were the most common organisms cultured in delayed- and acute-onset categories, respectively, and were associated with the best visual acuity outcomes in each group.
Oxalates as qualitative organic analysis derivatives of all classes of amines

Abstract Methods of preparing either the acid or neutral ammonium oxalates of all classes of simple amines are presented. The usefulness of these compounds as qualitative organic analysis derivatives is pointed out. The method is applicable to semimicro analyses.
Orbital rhythms, monsoons, and playa lake response, Olduvai Basin, equatorial East Africa (ca. 1.85–1.74 Ma)

The lithostratigraphy at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary exposed in Olduvai Gorge, East Africa, was used to determine the duration and cause of climate variations (wet-dry periods). The area has rich paleontological and archaeological records, and the time interval is a critical period in human evolution. Five episodes of lake expansion and contraction can be interpreted from a stratigraphic interval (defined by tuffs) between ca. 1.85 and 1.74 Ma, suggesting precession-controlled cyclicity. The geochronometry of the sequence was determined using the paleomagnetic record (top of subchron CN2, 1.785 Ma), the ages of two tuffs (Tuff IB and Tuff IF), and sedimentation rates. Insolation (W/m 2 ) variations calculated as a function of eccentricity and precession predict five cycles of varying insolation (±10%) between 2.0 and 1.5 Ma. Rainfall would have increased by one-third between dry and wet portions of each ∼21,000 k.y. cycle. This study represents the first dated terrestrial record at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary with sufficient resolution to link lake cycles (a climate proxy) to astronomic forcing. The wet-dry climate pendulum may have been a factor in the natural selection processes of hominin evolution and the first wave of hominin migrations out of Africa (1.8 Ma).
Can endogenous hyperinsulinaemia explain the increased risk of cancer development and mortality in type 2 diabetes: evidence from mouse models

There is now convincing evidence of an increased risk of patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes developing cancer. To understand the possible causation, type 2 diabetic muscle lysine to arginine (MKR) mice were studied. Introduction of mammary tumour cell lines resulted in aggressive growth of the mammary tumours in the hyperinsulinaemic MKR female mice. Blocking the insulin receptor activation or reducing the hyperinsulinaemia reduced the mammary tumour burden. Thus, hyperinsulinaemia may be one of the factors in the increased breast cancer risk seen with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
OPTIMUM N:P RATIOS AND COEXISTENCE OF PLANKTONIC ALGAE1

The optimum atomic ratio of N to P, the ratio at which one nutrient limitation changes over to the other, was determined in seven species of freshwater planktonic algae. The ratio varied over a wide range among species; the average for these species was 17. If the cellular nutrient ratios in marine species are comparable with those in freshwater organisms, Redfield's ratio of 15 is remarkably close to the average. Cellular N:P ratios varied over a 24-h period under a light:dark cycle. The variation of the optimum ratio between species and diel change in cellular N:P ratios within a species could play an important role in population dynamics by enhancing the probability of coexistence of species.
The instability and acoustic wave modes of supersonic mixing layers inside a rectangular channel

At high supersonic convective Mach numbers the familiar Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of a thin unconfined two-dimensional shear layer becomes neutrally stable. In this paper, it is shown that when the same shear layer is put inside a rectangular channel the coupling between the motion of the shear layer and the acoustic modes of the channel produces new two-dimensional instability waves. The instability mechanism of these waves is examined. Extensive numerical computation of the properties of these new instability waves has been carried out. Based on these results two classes of these waves are identified. Some of the important characteristic features of these waves are reported in this paper. In addition to the unstable waves, a thorough analysis of the normal modes of a supersonic shear layer inside a rectangular channel reveals that there are basically two other families of neutral acoustic waves. Examples of some of the prominent characteristics of these neutral acoustic waves are also provided in this paper. The new instability waves are the dominant instabilities of a confined mixing layer at high supersonic convective Mach number. As such they are very relevant to the supersonic mixing and combustion processes inside a ramjet engine combustion chamber.
Management of Adult with Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency

The patient with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (COGHD) with growth as the major endpoint of therapy during childhood presents a number of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges once the pediatric indication for treatment ends. This period of going from the pediatric indication to the adult indication has been referred to as the transition period. Not all children entering the transition period remain persistently growth hormone deficient (GHD). These are predominantly in the “idiopathic” COGHD category, while the patients with severe pituitary damage represent the patients who almost always remain GH deficient. Preparation for diagnosing and treating these patients is the subject of this report. The stage for informing the patient and his or her family must remain with the pediatrician taking care of the patient during the pediatric treatment period. “Transitioning” the patient to the adult indication requires consultation even before the pediatric indication is completed so that the patient and family can come to an informed decision to continue or discontinue GH therapy.
Chapter Eight – Academic Honesty

Academic honesty ensures the integrity of scientific information that is used in making clinical decisions about patients. The digital age has led to a huge growth in the amount of information available and such information is easily downloaded, cut, and pasted. “Mouse-click plagiarism” appears to be increasing. Along with it, boundaries around intellectual property seem to be blurring. Multiple online services are available for plagiarism detection and educational efforts are underway to heighten awareness of academic honesty principles. Recommendations are provided for situations in which plagiarism is detected. As Internet research and other academic activities become more prevalent, ensuring academic honesty among health scientists and professionals is particularly important.
Optical Response of Dendrimer-Encapsulated CdS Quantum Dots—Regulation of Inter-Particle Electronic Coupling

Optical properties of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles are sensitively dependent upon electronic coupling between the individual particles. In another work, we have demonstrated the ability to regulate inter-particle electronic coupling between metal nanoparticles based on the solution-phase properties of the dendrimers used to encapsulate and stabilize the particles. Here, we attempt to apply the knowledge derived in those studies of metal nanoparticles to understand the optical response observed in dendrimer-stabilized CdS quantum dots. Absorption and photoluminescence measurements have been combined with TEM to determine if dendrimerrelated aggregation phenomena affect optical response in these systems. The results show that dendrimer-stabilized CdS nanoparticles exhibit quite different aggregation behavior from the analogous metal nanoparticles. In direct contrast to the metal systems, the dendrimer-stabilized CdS nanoparticles tend to flocculate at low pH and are most stable at high pH. The degree of protection offered at high pH is dependent on the terminal functional groups of the dendrimer. Carboxylated dendrimers give higher protection than aminated dendimers and yield significantly higher luminescence efficiencies. The results challenge our prior conclusions regarding aggregation mechanisms in dendrimer nanocomposites and will provide important insight for future efforts to incorporate these nanoparticles into photovoltaic or luminescent devices.
Short-chain ceramides depress integrin cell surface expression and function in colorectal cancer cells.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly metastatic, significantly so to liver, a characteristic that embodies one of the most challenging aspects of treatment. The integrin family of cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion receptors plays a central role in migration and invasion, functions that underlie metastatic potential. In the present work we sought to determine the impact of ceramide, which plays a key modulatory role in cancer suppression, on integrin cell surface expression and function in CRC cells in order to reveal possible ceramide-centric effects on tumor cell motility. Human CRC cells LoVo, HT-29, and HCT-116 were employed, which represent lines established from primary and metastatic sites. A cell-permeable, short-chain analog, C6-ceramide, was used as ceramide mimic. Exposure of cells to C6-ceramide (24 h) promoted a dose-dependent (2.5–10 µM) decrease in the expression of cell surface β1 and β4 integrin subunits in all cell lines; at 10 µM C6-ceramide, the decreases ranged from 30 to 50% of the control. Expression of cell surface αVβ6 integrin, which is associated with advanced invasion in CRC, was also suppressed by C6-ceramide. Decreases in integrin expression translated to diminished cellular adhesion, 50% of the control at 5 µM C6-ceramide, and markedly reduced cellular migration, approximately 30–40% of the control in all cell lines. Physicochemical examination revealed potent efficacy of nano-formulated C6-ceramide, but inferior activity of dihydro-C6-ceramide and L-C6-ceramide, compared to the unsaturated counterpart and the natural d -enantiomer, respectively. These studies demonstrate novel actions of ceramides that may have application in suppression of tumor metastasis, in addition to their known tumor suppressor effects.
Memory Storage with a Few Atoms

High-density magnetic memory is typically fabricated from ferromagnetic materials. As the density is increased and the memory elements are more densely packed, the magnetic fields of neighboring elements interfere with each other. If materials without magnetic fields, referred to as antiferromagnetic, could be manipulated to store data, such limitations theoretically could be overcome. In a breakthrough study, Sebastian Loth, Susanne Baumann, Christopher Lutz, Don Eigler, and Andreas Heinrich used a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to assemble a device with just 12 antiferromagnetic atoms that could be manipulated to one of two states, demonstrating the ability to store data. Until now, about one million atoms have been required to store a digital 0 or 1 in the most advanced magnetic storage systems.
Tunable Graphene–Silicon Heterojunctions for Ultrasensitive Photodetection

We present the photodetection properties of graphene/Si heterojunctions both in the photocurrent and photovoltage modes. Monolayer graphene/Si junctions were found to be excellent weak-signal detectors with photovoltage responsivity exceeding 107 V/W and with noise-equivalent-power reaching ∼1 pW/Hz1/2, potentially capable of distinguishing materials with transmittance, T = 0.9995 in a 0.5 s integration time. In the photocurrent mode, the response was found to remain linear over at least six decades of incident power (P), with tunable responsivity up to 435 mA/W (corresponding to incident photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) > 65%) obtained by layer thickening and doping. With millisecond-scale responses and ON/OFF ratios exceeding 104, these photodiodes are highly suitable for tunable and scalable broadband (400 < λ < 900 nm) photodetectors, photometers, and millisecond-response switching, spectroscopic and imaging devices, and further, and are architecturally compatible with on-chip low-power optoelectro...
Contemplative Engagement with Emotion: Embodied Strategies for Transformation and Change

This chapter proposes and illustrates examples of a contemplative approach to self-study methodology for investigating instructor and student emotions that arise in the process of teaching and researching. Examples are shared from a college English course focused on difference, privilege, and societal oppression. Contemplative practice, particularly in the forms of mindfulness and bodyfulness, allows us to learn from our experiences and to apply that learning to work with our students in an interactive cycle of teaching and research. The insights from these experiences involve understanding how habits surrounding uncomfortable emotions work and how those habits might be transformed. Because contemplative practice consistently familiarizes us with our own experiences of discomfort, our attachment to safety, and the fears that can come from engaging with discomfort, we can be especially attentive to students’ embodied experiences of emotional discomfort in the classroom, and we can guide activities to engage consciously with those experiences. A contemplative approach to self-study can open up spaces for change and transformation as awareness is brought to discomfort and to embodied habits of emotion.