cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How comfortable do first-year medical students expect to be when taking sexual histories?

Summary. The authors assessed the expected degree of comfort among first-year students at two California medical schools in taking a sexual history from four types of patients: heterosexual men; heterosexual women; homosexual (men and women combined); and an AIDS patient. Data were from questionnaires administered at two California medical schools (response rate=87%). Students expected to be significantly more comfortable with heterosexual patients who were the same sex as the student. Students who had previously taken a sexual history anticipated relatively more comfort with heterosexual patients. The lowest expected comfort was for the AIDS patient. Older students expected to be more comfortable with the AIDS patient, independent of the student's personal sexual experience. Students with a homosexual friend anticipated more comfort with both the AIDS patient and the homosexual patients.
Proximal vaginal flap and needle suspension procedure in management of large urethral fistulas in females

Abstract We present a surgical technique for the management of large urethral fistulas associated with urinary incontinence in the female. The repair consists of the development of a well-vascularized proximal vaginal flap and a needle suspension procedure. Two females underwent such repair and are incontinence free with normal micturition.
13C CP/MAS of LDLL mixtures of amino acids

Abstract A unit cell in which three isomers are in an l configuration and one is in a d configuration is inherently asymmetrical. For ldll mixtures of amino acids with identical chemical structures (apart from chirality), the inter- and intramolecular interactions observed from the 13 C CP/MAS NMR spectra are even larger than those which have been observed with mixtures of diastereoisomers in the solid state. This occurs even though the chemical composition of these molecular clusters consists only of nearest neighbor enantiomers. Because d and l isomers have identical chemical shifts, changes in chemical shift and peak intensities of these asymmetrical solid mixtures cannot be unamiguously assigned to either the d or one of the l isomers. In lldl mixtures of amino acids in which half is l isomers and the other half is dl isomers, the NMR spectra clearly depend upon which amino acid contains the d isomer. Any further structural interpretation of these molecular clusters is equivocal without assigning chemical shifts to the d isomer (or alternatively designated the R , [−] or [+] isomer). Both more rigorous mathematical analysis and new NMR experiments are required which link interactions at chiral centers with NMR spectra of lldl mixtures in the solid state.
Complex of an Active μ-Opioid Receptor with a Cyclic Peptide Agonist Modeled from Experimental Constraints†

Site-directed mutagenesis and design of Zn2+-binding centers have been used to determine a set of specific tertiary interactions between the μ-opioid receptor, a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and its cyclic peptide agonist ligand, Tyr1-c(S-Et-S)[d-Cys2-Phe3-d-Pen4]NH2 (JOM6). The binding affinity of the tetrapeptide is strongly dependent on the nature of its first and third residues and on substitutions at positions 213, 216, 237, 300, 315, and 318 of the μ-opioid receptor. His1 and His3 analogues of the ligand were able to form metal-binding complexes with the V300C and G213C/T315C receptor mutants, respectively. Direct contact of the Phe3 residue of JOM6 with Gly213, Asp216, Thr315, and Trp318 of the receptor was suggested by the binding affinities of His3-, Nle3-, Leu3-, Aci3-, ΔEPhe3-, and ΔZPhe3-substituted peptides with the G213C/T315C, D216V, T315C, and W318L mutants. The improved binding affinity of the free carboxylate analogue of JOM6 for binding to the E229D mutant revealed ...
Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting.

Part 1 Understanding critical thinking in adult life: what it means to think critically recognizing critical thinking learning to think critically in adult life how critical thinking sustains a healthy democracy. Part 2 Practical approaches for developing critical thinkers: effective strategies fro facilitating critical thinking helping others examine the assumptions underlying their thoughts and actions techniques for developing alternative ways of thinking. Part 3 Helping adults to think critically in different arenas of life: using the workplace as a resource for thinking and learning analyzing political issues and commitments developing critical judgements about television reporting encouraging active learning through personal relationships being a skilled facilitator of critical thinking. Epilogue: the risks and rewards to helping others learn to think critically. Abbreviations. References. Indexes: name subject.
Physical and numerical verification of discharge calculations

Calculations of radio frequency discharge parameters, and to a lesser extent DC discharge parameters, are apparently highly sensitive to the physical model used. The testing of numerical schemes for error, considering alternative formulations and simple physical models, is carefully considered. Within kinetic models a number of options exist, having different capabilities, the implications of which are examined. Particle simulations are discussed, and mesh-based kinetic calculations are considered in detail. An efficient and accurate mesh-based kinetic model which closely replicates the physical processes taking place is presented. Ways to improve its accuracy, which is limited by the resolution of the mesh, and their effects are presented. Cross-checking of various numerical formulations shows that the results for each are essentially the same. Physical reasoning and simple estimates of discharge parameters are used to further substantiate the predictions for a particular discharge, and the processes taking place in an RF discharge in helium are described in detail. >
Ionosphere: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry

Good books on space physics are hard to find. Instructors teaching courses in this field often must pull material from many books, papers, and other resources to compile a useful set of lecture notes. There is also the task of developing homework sets and test questions. Developing appropriate problems for a graduate-level course is one of the most difficult tasks facing an instructor. Therefore, when a good, inclusive book comes along, it is a noteworthy occasion and should be celebrated by the community.
Event classification for personal photo collections

People take more and more photos at different time and different events, however, these photos are often put into one giant folder and they are seldom annotated or organized. As the result, people often find it difficult to find photos they want. The problem of media organization and management of such personal photo collections is becoming a much more pressing issue. Event is one of the most important elements of people's life and memories. Such events include Christmas, Halloween parties, Birthday parties, sports match, beach fun, etc. A collection of an event typically consists of a series of photos that constitute the event. Automatic classification of photo collections into pre-defined event types is of critical importance to personal photo management. In this paper, we propose a system that utilizes metadata embedded into each photo as well as the visual features describing the image content to classify each photo. In order to aggregate the information from individual photos to obtain the collection level event annotation, we propose a probabilistic fusion framework that integrates the prediction from individual photos to obtain the collection level prediction. The proposed approach is designed to be scalable so that adding new event categories do not need algorithm redesign. Experiments show promising results of the approach.
Dislocation dynamics simulations in a cylinder

In this work we describe how to perform dislocation dynamics simulations in a cylindrical geometry. An algorithm for computing the image stress is given in detail including methods for handling the singularity. Additional remesh rules address the problems of the cylindrical geometry and the required self consistency with mobility laws. Numerical studies benchmark the accuracy of the algorithms and the importance of handling the singularity correctly.
The relation between problems in large-scale concurrent systems and distributed databases

We first describes the state of the art in models of concurrency. The models are analyzed along two dimensions: communication and computation. The paper then discusses some problems which make it difficult to realize large-scale concurrent systems. Such problems include compositionality, heterogeneity, debugging, resource management, and concurrency control. Some useful comparisons are drawn to problems in distributed databases and it is argued that solutions to these problems cross disciplinary boundaries. Finally, the paper discusses trends in building concurrent computers and provides some expectations for the future.
An assessment of several potential enrichment devices for feedlot cattle

The behavior of Charolais cross heifers kept in experimental feedlot pens (3 pens, N=10 per pen) was observed for frequency and duration of use of and percentages of animals interacting with, five environmental potential enrichment devices (PEDs) over a period of 22 days. The PEDs consisted of a scratching/rubbing walkway, a moveable scratching/rubbing device, a milk-scent releasing device, a lavender-scent releasing device and a control non-scented device. The scratching/rubbing devices had higher durations and frequencies of use than the scent devices (P<0.05). Use of the scratching/rubbing walkway decreased in frequency and duration but this stabilized by day 16 (P<0.05). Use of the moveable scratching/rubbing PED fluctuated but there were no differences between day 2 and day 22, the last day of the trial. The scratching/rubbing walkway and the moveable scratching/rubbing device were also used by more animals (75.0 and 75.8%) than the milk, lavender and blank-scent devices (50.0, 20.0 and 15.8%, pooled S.E.=3.98, P<0.05). Frequency and duration of use of the milk-scent and lavender-scent device was higher on day 2 than for the blank-scent device but there were virtually no differences between the three devices for the remainder of the trial. These results indicate that the scratching/rubbing devices are good environmental enrichment candidates while cattle quickly lost interest in the tested scent devices.
Planning units in text editing behavior

The organization of text editing behavior can be characterized by graph structures containing goals, subgoals, goal outcomes, and actions. Here we propose a model to represent the goals and plans of text editor users based on goal-fate analysis (Schank & Abelson, 1977). The representation captures relationships between a user's multiple goals and shows how errors can result from badly formed plans. We discuss some data from a psychological experiment which supports the hypothesis that text editing behavior is chunked into distinct plan units. The cognitive components of pause times between keystrokes were revealed by statistically removing the physical time required between keystrokes. Finally, we suggest how a system which builds goal-fate graphs from keystroke input might be useful in providing specific help information that is keyed to a user's intentions.
Frequency-domain full waveform inversion with plane-wave data

We derived an efficient frequency-domain full waveform inversion (FWI) method using plane-wave encoded shot records. The forward modeling involved application of position dependent linear time shifts at all source locations. This was followed by propagation of wavefields into the medium from all shotpoints simultaneously. The gradient of the cost function needed in the FWI was calculated first by transforming the densely sampled seismic data into the frequency-ray parameter domain and then backpropagating the residual wavefield using an adjoint-state approach. We used a Gauss-Newton framework for model updating. The approximate Hessian matrix was formed with a plane-wave encoding strategy, which required a summation over source and receiver ray parameters of the Green’s functions. Plane-wave encoding considerably reduces the computational burden and crosstalk artifacts are effectively suppressed by stacking over different ray parameters. It also has the advantage of directional illumination of the selected targets. Numerical examples show the accuracy and efficiency of our method.
Molecular Phylogeny of Uncultivated Crenarchaeota in Great Basin Hot Springs of Moderately Elevated Temperature

Uncultivated Crenarchaeota are distributed widely in low temperature (< 30°C) environments, and it has been hypothesized that they evolved from (hyper)thermophilic species thriving in marine hydrothermal vents or terrestrial hot springs. To further our understanding of the environmental distributions of Crenarchaeota, we studied mat samples collected from hot springs of moderately elevated temperature (∼ 49–67°C) in California and Nevada, USA. Clone libraries of archaeal 16S rRNA genes were constructed for selected samples using a PCR-based approach. Sequences from the Nevada hot springs (Rick's Hot Creek and Hard to Find) were closely related to uncultivated Crenarchaeota found near deep sea hydrothermal vents or from the subsurface geothermal system; sequences from the California hot spring (Surprise Valley), on the other hand, were closely related to sequences from freshwater sediments. Statistical analysis showed that the community structure of Archaea was significantly different between any two sprin...
Androgen treatment and muscle strength in elderly men: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To review published, randomized trials examining the effect of androgen treatment on muscle strength in older men. DESIGN: Systematic review using meta-analysis procedures. SETTING: Computerized and manual searches. PARTICIPANTS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Register were searched for trials. Key words included testosterone, androgen, sarcopenia, muscle loss, aged, aging, elderly, older, geriatric, randomized controlled trials, and controlled clinical trials. Sixty-five nonoverlapping studies were found. Meta-analysis methods were used to evaluate the 11 randomized, double-blind trials. INTERVENTION: Testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) replacement therapy in healthy men aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Tests of muscle strength. RESULTS: The studies included 38 statistical comparisons. The mean g-index (gi) adjusted for sample size was 0.53 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.21–0.86). Subanalyses revealed larger effects for measures of lower extremity muscle strength (gi=0.63, 95% CI=0.03–1.28) than for upper extremity muscle strength (gi=0.47, 95% CI=0.12–0.84). A larger mean g-index was found for injected (gi=0.95, 95% CI=0.33–1.58) than topical (gi=0.26, 95% CI=0.08–0.42) or oral (gi=−0.21, 95% CI=−1.40–1.02) administration of testosterone/DHT. Effect sizes were related to study characteristics such as subject attrition and design-quality ratings. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the elimination of one study reduced the mean g-index from 0.53 to 0.23. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that testosterone/DHT therapy produced a moderate increase in muscle strength in men participating in 11 randomized trials. One study influenced the mean effect size.
Linking Parent Involvement With Student Achievement: Do Race and Income Matter?

Parent involvement in children's learning at school and at home is considered a key component of school reform, but more information is needed about how the effects of this involvement vary for students from disparate racial-ethnic and economic backgrounds. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (Ingels, Abraham, Karr et al., 1990; Ingels, Abraham, Resinski et al., 1990) were used to examine the relationship between 12 types of parent involvement and 8th-grade mathematics and reading scores. Ordinary least-squares regression indicated that statistically significant differences existed in the relationship between parent involvement and student achievement according to the students' race-ethnicity (i.e., Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White) and family income (i.e., low and middle), as well as according to how achievement was measured, type of involvement, and whether it was reported by the student or parent.
ON THE U.S. BUDGET DEFICIT

By the end of 1985 the USA will bo the most heavily indebted nation on the planet. Professor G. K. Shaw of the University of Buckingham and Geoffrey Wood of the City University Business School differ on Reagan's budgetary policy.
Modifier loci condition autoimmunity provoked by Aire deficiency

Loss of function mutations in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy patients and mutant mice lead to autoimmune manifestations that segregate as a monogenic trait, but with wide variation in the spectrum of organs targeted. To investigate the cause of this variability, the Aire knockout mutation was backcrossed to mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. The background loci strongly influenced the pattern of organs that were targeted (stomach, eye, pancreas, liver, ovary, thyroid, and salivary gland) and the severity of the targeting (particularly strong on the nonobese diabetic background, but very mild on the C57BL/6 background). Autoantibodies mimicked the disease pattern, with oligoclonal reactivity to a few antigens that varied between Aire-deficient strains. Congenic analysis and a whole genome scan showed that autoimmunity to each organ had a distinctive pattern of genetic control and identified several regions that controlled the pattern of targeting, including the major histocompatibility complex and regions of Chr1 and Chr3 previously identified in controlling type 1 diabetes.
Teaching for "Global Telephony": A Case Study of a Community School for India's 21st Century.

Although controversial, perhaps no piece of legislation has the potential to transform India’s future more than the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE). Upon the passage an...
Some Stochastic Bounds for Dams and Queues

Let X = {Xt, t > 0} be a process of the form Xt = Zt-ct, where c is a positive constant and Z is an infinitely divisible, nondecreasing pure jump process. Assuming E[Xt] < 0. let U be the d.f. of M = sup Xt. As is well known, U is the contents distribution of a dam with input Z and release rate c. If Z is compound Poisson, one can alternately view U as the waiting time distribution for an M/G/1 queue or 1-U as the ruin function for a risk process. Letting X and X0 be two processes of the indicated form, it is shown that U ≤ U0 if the two jump measures are ordered in a sense weaker than stochastic dominance. In the case where EM = EM0, a different condition on the jump measures yields E[fM] ≤ E[fM0] for all concave f, this resulting from second-order stochastic dominance of the supremum distributions. By way of application, processes with deterministic jumps are shown to be extremal in certain ways, and those with exponential jumps are shown to be extremal among the class having IFR jump distribution. Finally, an extremal property of Brownian Motion which is not among the class of processes considered is demonstrated, this yielding simple bounds for E[fM] with f concave or convex. It is shown how all the bounds obtained for U or E[fM] can be further sharpened with additional computation.
Enhancement of Muscle Gene Delivery with Pseudotyped Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Correlates with Myoblast Differentiation

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based muscle gene therapy has achieved tremendous success in numerous animal models of human diseases. Recent clinical trials with this vector have also demonstrated great promise. However, to achieve therapeutic benefit in patients, large inocula of virus will likely be necessary to establish the required level of transgene expression. For these reasons, efforts aimed at increasing the efficacy of AAV-mediated gene delivery to muscle have the potential for improving the safety and therapeutic benefit in clinical trials. In the present study, we compared the efficiency of gene delivery to mouse muscle cells for recombinant AAV type 2 (rAAV-2) and rAAV-2cap5 (AAV-2 genomes pseudo-packaged into AAV-5 capsids). Despite similar levels of transduction by these two vectors in undifferentiated myoblasts, pseudotyped rAAV-2cap5 demonstrated dramatically enhanced transduction in differentiated myocytes in vitro (>500-fold) and in skeletal muscle in vivo (>200-fold) compared to rAAV-2. Serotype-specific differences in transduction efficiency did not directly correlate with viral binding to muscle cells but rather appeared to involve endocytic or intracellular barriers to infection. Furthermore, application of this pseudotyped virus in a mouse model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy also demonstrated significantly improved transduction efficiency. These findings should have a significant impact on improving rAAV-mediated gene therapy in muscle.
The effects of timing jitter and tracking on the performance of impulse radio

Impulse radio (IR) is a promising ultra-wideband technique for tactical military communications. A key feature of time-hopping IR are the very narrow pulses used to convey information. Analysis of such time-hopping schemes under a variety of assumptions have been reported in the literature. However, none of these studies to date consider the effects of timing jitter and tracking on time-hopping in a ultra-wideband (UWB) setting. We consider the effects of timing jitter and tracking on the performance of binary and 4-ary UWB communications. We find that the performance of IR is very sensitive to timing jitter and tracking, at least in part due to the very narrow pulses. We also find that in the presence of timing jitter and tracking, orthogonal 4-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) out performs binary offset PPM at all jitter levels in thermal and pulse noise. Simulation results are presented that quantify the sensitivity of binary and 4-ary IR to timing jitter and tracking error.
Multiple oral re-reading treatment for alexia: It works, but why?

In the Multiple Oral Re-reading (MOR) technique (Moyer, 1979), patients with alexia are asked to practice reading aloud simple text passages multiple times for a set number of days. Speed of reading practiced and unpracticed passages is recorded. Although Moyer initially reported improved reading of unpracticed text for a patient with pure alexia (PA), MOR’s role in the rehabilitation of alexia remains unclear in light of equivocal findings in subsequent studies (Moody, 1988; Tuomainen & Laine, 1991; Beeson & Insalaco, 1998). Conflicting results in these studies were possibly due to applying MOR to different types of alexia and to insufficient control of stimuli. We sought to remedy this in the current study by developing tightly controlled text passages to address questions of how and on what type of words the MOR technique might be having its effect, and for what type(s) of alexia.
Controlled megakaryocytic gene expression

Comment on Nguyen et al, page [1559][1] Megakaryocytic-specific gene expression gets a boost from the Escherichia coli tetracycline-resistance operon. Transgenic mice expressing a tetracycline-controlled transactivator in megakaryocytes permit an antibiotic-dependent control of megakaryocyte and
Nitroxygenation of quercetin by HNO

Abstract The flavonol quercetin undergoes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions with nitroxyl (HNO/NO − ), similar to analogous reactions with dioxygen, but in which N is regioselectively found in the ring-cleaved product. Here we report on kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the non-enzymatic nitroxygenation reaction in water, which is orders of magnitude faster than the comparable dioxygenation. The second order rate constants were determined from variable temperature reactions, which allowed determination of the reaction activation enthalpy (Δ H ≠ = 9.4 kcal/mol), entropy (Δ S ≠ = −8.3 cal/mol K), and free energy (Δ G ≠ = 11.8 kcal/mol). The determined standard state energy (Δ G o ) and activation free energy, as well as the low entropic energy of reaction, are consistent with a proposed single electron transfer (SET) rate determining step.
Abolitionists and the Eloquence of Abuse: Revisiting Status and Rhetoric in Social Movements

Current discussions of contentious performances profitably draw upon a revival of theories of culture, emotion, and performance. Yet status theory and status claims-making continue to be neglected in the mix because of their received associations with classical tension theory and unpopular functionalist models of collective behavior. Because most social movement participants are outsiders to the ‘halls of power,’ their dependence upon the rhetoric of status in cultivating moral influence is much more fundamental than previously acknowledged, although this relation is hinted at in Tilly's notion of contentious performances. Efforts to recover status theory navigate between two major mistakes in past theories of collective behavior: the voluntaristic overemphasis of affective manipulation by charismatic leaders, and the deterministic conflation of status with large reified social structures. The concept of reception fields is proposed to refer to the relational, fluid, social–psychological status dynamics b...
Behavioral and hematologic consequences of marginal iron-zinc nutrition in adolescent monkeys and the effect of a powdered beef supplement

BACKGROUND The adolescent growth spurt and menarche increase iron and zinc needs and could precipitate functional deficiencies if dietary sources are inadequate. OBJECTIVE The effects of mild, combined zinc and iron deprivation during the growth spurt and the ability of meat as a common dietary source of zinc and iron to reverse these effects was studied. DESIGN Pubertal female rhesus monkeys were fed control diets (n = 8) or diets marginally deficient in zinc (2 microg/g diet; n = 8) and iron (10 microg/g diet; n = 8) for 3 mo. A powdered beef supplement (104 microg Zn/g and 43 microg Fe/g, 11 +/- 2 g/d) was then fed daily to half of the deprived group for 3 additional months. RESULTS Growth and hematology were not affected significantly by iron-zinc deprivation, but plasma zinc and iron were somewhat lower in the deprived group than in the control group after 3 mo. The deprived monkeys reduced their participation in behavioral testing, responded more slowly and less frequently to test stimuli, and were less active. The beef supplement increased participation in testing and stabilized activity levels, but response times remained depressed. Plasma ferritin was lower in the nonsupplemented deprived monkeys than in the controls by the end of the experiment. Four of 8 of the deprived monkeys had iron deficiency anemia compared with none of the controls and 1 of 8 who received the beef supplement. CONCLUSIONS Marginal zinc and iron deprivation in early adolescence can lead to behavioral and hematologic dysfunction in nonhuman primates and dietary beef supplements can prevent and reverse some of these effects.
A Device for Sub-slab Pressure Injection of Insecticides

One of the problems pertaining to the application of insecticides, fumigants, and other economic poisons as well as certain beneficial soil chemicals, is the insertion and dispersion of such materials in the soil beneath concrete slabs and other solid barriers placed over earth. Among the current needs which exist is that in termite control operations where soil beneath slab floors, porches, steps and sidewalks must be chemically protected or fumigated. Penetration of such soil by chemicals is often inhibited by a combination of soil type, porosity, organic content, and moisture level, making application difficult or virtually impossible.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of cabled beams

A cabled beam model is presented in which the cable is modeled as a shear beam attached to an Euler-Bernoulli beam through connections that include both linear and rotational stiffness and damping; the solution is developed through the use of the distributed transfer function method. Tension in the cable is included and a variety of damping mechanisms are incorporated. The experimental data for cabled beams is analyzed and the developed model is compared to experimental data, showing improvement over an existing distributed mass model.
Rapid Sol–Gel Fabrication of High-Quality Thin-Film Stacks on Planar and Curved Substrates

A versatile and rapid sol–gel technique for the fabrication of high quality one-dimensional photonic bandgap materials was developed. Silica/titania multilayer materials are fabricated by a sol–gel chemistry route combined with dip-coating onto planar or curved substrates. A shock-cooling step immediately following the thin-film heat-treatment process is introduced. This step was found crucial in the prevention of film crack formation—especially in silica/titania alternating stack materials with a high number of layers. The versatility of this sol–gel method is demonstrated by the fabrication of various Bragg stack-type materials with fine-tuned optical properties by tailoring the number and sequence of alternating layers, the film thickness and the effective refractive index of the deposited thin films. Measured optical properties show good agreement with theoretical simulations, confirming the high quality of these sol–gel fabricated optical materials.
Phenology and degree-day relationships of the obscure scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and associated parasites on pin oak in Kentucky

Seasonal phenology of the obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), was monitored for 4 yr on Quercus palustris M. in Lexington, Ky., and emergence of adult males and crawlers was related to physiological time (i.e., degree-days [DD]). This scale is univoltine in Kentucky and both sexes overwinter as second instars. Date of first hatch of crawlers during 1984-1986 ranged from 22 June to 6 July, corresponding to a mean accumulation of 1,521 DDC (2,737 DDF) calculated from a base of 4.44°C (400°F). This value accurately predicted crawler hatch dates in West Lafayette, Ind., and College Park, Md., in 1986, and in Lexington in 1987. Six species of primary parasites and one hyperparasite species were reared from scale-infested twig samples. Parasite flight periods were determined from sticky trap collections within tree crowns. Application of insecticidal sprays during July for control of obscure scale crawlers would unfortunately coincide with peak activity of the scale’s primary parasites.
Determination of Diphenyl, o-Phenylphenol and Thiabendazole in Citrus Fruits and Banana

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the simultaneous quantitative determination of diphenyl (DP), o-phenylphenol (OPP) and thiabendazole (TBZ) in citrus fruits and banana. Dibasic sodium phosphate and anhydrous sodium sulfate were added to homogenized samples. The three food additives were extracted with ethyl acetate. They were separated within 20min on a 15cm reverse phase “Zorbax ODS” column with methanol-0.1N ammonia water as the mobile phase. DP was detected spectrophotometrically at 254nm. OPP and TBZ were detected spectrofluorometrically at an excitation wavelength of 285 or 305nm, with emission at 350nm. Recoveries of DP, OPP and TBZ from orange were 92.2%, 96.4% and 91.4%, respectively.
A model-based evaluation of the single-breath CO2 ventilatory response test

The accuracy of the single-breath CO2 inhalation test as a method for determining peripheral chemoreflex gain (Gp) is evaluated through computer simulations using a mathematical model of the closed...
Growth,Development and Nutritional Status of 0～6-year-old Children in Rural Areas of Liaocheng,Shandong

Objective To analyze the growth,development and nutritional status of 0～6-year-old children in the rural areas of Liaocheng. Methods With the lamination random sampling method,we extracted the district (county) firstly and then randomly selected three townships(towns) from the district(county) as the investigation places for this survey.According to the different age paragraphs and taking a close 1:1 ratio,we randomly selected not less than 300 children aged from 0 to 5 years as the surveyed subjects.With the uniform questionnaire developed by The Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,household interview and measurement,the children were surveyed by the trained investigators. Results The under-weight rate,stunting rate,wasting rate and anaemia rate of the children under the age of 6 were 1.13%,0.56%,1.41% and 22.25%,respectively. Conclusions The results show that the time,quality and quantity of supplementary feeding of the children should be further improved.Besides the reason of poverty,the low awareness of nutrition knowledge among the parents may explain the prevalence of malnutrition among the children under 6 years old in these areas.
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Self-Organized Critical State in Running-Grid Section

Self-organized criticality of power system can be viewed in the two aspects, the long-running evolution process and static running section of grid. For study on the long evolution process of the grid is more mature, but still cascading failure model research for static running section is less. A cascading failure model is put forward based on OPA model which is removed slow dynamic process and is used to simulate cascading failure process for static running section of grid in this paper. This model does not consider the slow dynamics of the power system, but the calculation is based on a static simulation section. After completion of a single simulation, system restore to the original section. After the completion of several simulations, large power outage distribution data is obtained under this section. According to the data, the method of maximum likelihood and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are applied to fit the distribution law and determine whether the grid is self-organized critical state under this section. Then for self-organized critical state in a different system, self-organized critical state risk quantitative indicators is proposed to characterize the risk of self-organized critical state.
Legal Differences in State Non-Discrimination Laws and the Effect of Employment Protections for Gay Men

This paper studies the impact of legal differences in state-level employment nondiscrimination acts (ENDAs) for gay men on their labor market outcomes. I focus on what effect legal differences have on cohabiting gay men. Using a differences-in-differences approach, the results show that ENDAs increased the wages of gay men when enacted. When treating all laws as the same, ENDAs increase hourly wages by 3.4% and have no effect on employment. When we control for legal differences between laws, the wage increase of ENDAs is shown to be 5.7% in states with damages and not statistically significant in states without damages. ENDAs increase employment by 1.4% in states that do not allow plaintiffs to recoup attorney's fees. In states with the attorney's fees provision, employment declines by 2.7%. Caps on damages result in positive employment growth for gay men. There are significant differences in the effect of ENDAs across demographic groups and geographies.
The Utility of Postoperative Radiographs 2 Years After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Radiographs are routinely used to evaluate patients postoperatively after total knee arthroplasty, but no evidence-based guidelines exist regarding their use. The purpose of this study is to quantify the use of radiographs within 2 years of primary total knee arthroplasty by one surgeon and to determine if routine studies in asymptomatic patients altered patient management. Methods Patients undergoing consecutive primary total knee arthroplasties between 2008 and 2010 were identified. Patients undergoing revision or additional simultaneous procedures or those with less than 6 months of radiographic follow-up were excluded. Operative and clinic notes, radiographs, and radiology reports were reviewed. Results A total of 263 patients were identified; each patient had an average of 13.5 ± 3.8 individual radiographs obtained in 6.5 ± 1.7 series. Twelve radiographic series were noted to have abnormal findings by either the attending surgeon or by radiology report. Three of these patients underwent reoperation directly related to the findings; 2 for deep infections and 1 for extensor mechanism disruption. All 3 patients had reported abnormal symptoms when their films were obtained. The remaining 9 abnormal radiographic findings included focal lucencies or osteolysis, asymmetric spacer wear, a healing stress fracture, an inferior patellar avulsion fracture, and heterotopic ossification. No patient had symptoms attributable to these findings when the radiographs were obtained, and in no case was the management altered based on these finding. Conclusion This study suggests that the observed frequency of routine postoperative radiographs in asymptomatic patients may not be necessary in the first 2 years after primary total knee arthroplasty.
Gender, Fear, and Public Places: How Negative Encounters with Strangers Harm Women

Research repeatedly shows that women are frequent targets of sexual harassment in public, ranging from catcalls to sexual assault. However, we know very little about the impacts of less obviously gendered rude behavior. Using nationally representative survey data from Australia (N = 1621), we investigated gender differences in the experience of generic public incivilities such as tailgating, pushing in crowded spaces, and yelling or cursing. We employed a series of logistic regression models to assess the relationship between gender and stranger incivility and to adjust for key demographic and event attributes. Results demonstrated that women were significantly more likely to report recent experiences of public incivility than were men and that women were significantly more likely to report negative impacts on their emotional well-being, particularly when the rude stranger was a man. Findings also showed that women were significantly more likely than were men to report limiting their use of public places as a result of experiencing public incivility. Much like sexual harassment, generic forms of uncivil behavior exact a gender-specific tax on women’s access to public places, compromising women’s capacity to fully engage in the public sphere. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Structure-Function Analysis of the ϕX174 DNA-Piloting Protein Using Length-Altering Mutations.

UNLABELLED Although the ϕX174 H protein is monomeric during procapsid morphogenesis, 10 proteins oligomerize to form a DNA translocating conduit (H-tube) for penetration. However, the timing and location of H-tube formation are unknown. The H-tube's highly repetitive primary and quaternary structures made it amenable to a genetic analysis using in-frame insertions and deletions. Length-altered proteins were characterized for the ability to perform the protein's three known functions: participation in particle assembly, genome translocation, and stimulation of viral protein synthesis. Insertion mutants were viable. Theoretically, these proteins would produce an assembled tube exceeding the capsid's internal diameter, suggesting that virions do not contain a fully assembled tube. Lengthened proteins were also used to test the biological significance of the crystal structure. Particles containing H proteins of two different lengths were significantly less infectious than both parents, indicating an inability to pilot DNA. Shortened H proteins were not fully functional. Although they could still stimulate viral protein synthesis, they either were not incorporated into virions or, if incorporated, failed to pilot the genome. Mutant proteins that failed to incorporate contained deletions within an 85-amino-acid segment, suggesting the existence of an incorporation domain. The revertants of shortened H protein mutants fell into two classes. The first class duplicated sequences neighboring the deletion, restoring wild-type length but not wild-type sequence. The second class suppressed an incorporation defect, allowing the use of the shortened protein. IMPORTANCE The H-tube crystal structure represents the first high-resolution structure of a virally encoded DNA-translocating conduit. It has similarities with other viral proteins through which DNA must travel, such as the α-helical barrel domains of P22 portal proteins and T7 proteins that form tail tube extensions during infection. Thus, the H protein serves as a paradigm for the assembly and function of long α-helical supramolecular structures and nanotubes. Highly repetitive in primary and quaternary structure, they are amenable to structure-function analyses using in-frame insertions and deletions as presented herein.
On-demand Grid Storage Using Scavenging.

Increasingly scientific discoveries are driven by analyses of massively distributed bulk data. This has led to the proliferation of high-end mass storage systems, storage area clusters and data centers as storage fabric elements for the Grid, offering excellent price/performance ratio and good storage speeds, but increasing maintenance and administrative costs. A promising alternative then, is to harness the collective storage potential of individual workstations much as we harness the idle CPU cycles due to the affordable economics in aggregating commodity storage and low usage to available space ratio. However, such aggregated commodity storage is prone to volatility, machine failures, performance concerns and trust issues. In this paper, we address several of the aforementioned issues and present our design on the construction of scalable aggregated commodity storage through scavenging; providing availability through aggressive replication; revering user autonomy and his authority to reclaim space; and enabling Grid access to such storage.
Freeriding in Shared Spectrum Markets

Cellular spectrum is a limited natural resource becoming scarcer at a worrisome rate. To satisfy users’ expectation from wireless data services, researchers and practitioners recognized the necessity of more utilization and pervasive sharing of the spectrum. Though scarce, spectrum is underutilized in some areas or within certain operating hours due to the lack of appropriate regulatory policies, static allocation and emerging business challenges. Thus, finding ways to improve the utilization of this resource to make sharing more pervasive is of great importance. There already exists a number of solutions to increase spectrum utilization via increased sharing. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) enables a cellular operator to participate in spectrum sharing in many ways, such as geological database and cognitive radios, but these systems perform spectrum sharing at the secondary level (i.e., the bands are shared if and only if the primary/licensed user is idle) and it is questionable if they will be sufficient to meet the future expectations of the spectral efficiency. Along with the secondary sharing, spectrum sharing among primary users is emerging as a new domain of future mode of pervasive sharing. We call this type of spectrum sharing among primary users as “pervasive spectrum sharing (PSS)”. However, such spectrum sharing among primary users requires strong incentives to share and ensuring a freeriding-free cellular market. Freeriding in pervasively shared spectrum markets (be it via government incentives/subsidies/regulations or self-motivated coalitions among cellular operators) is a real techno-economic challenge to be addressed. In a PSS market, operators will share their resources with primary users of other operators and may sometimes have to block their own primary users in order to attain sharing goals. Small operators with lower quality service may freeride on large operators’ infrastructure in such pervasively shared markets. Even worse, since small operators’ users may perceive higher-than-expected service quality for a lower fee, this can cause customer loss to the large operators and motivate small operators to continue freeriding with additional earnings from the stolen customers. Thus, freeriding can drive a shared spectrum market to an unhealthy and unstable equilibrium. In this work, we model the freeriding by small operators in shared spectrum markets via a game-theoretic framework. We focus on a performance-based government incentivize scheme and aim to minimize the freeriding issue emerging in such PSS markets. We will present insights from the model and discuss policy and regulatory challenges.
Infectious polymorphic toxins delivered by outer membrane exchange discriminate kin in myxobacteria

Myxobacteria are known for complex social behaviors including outer membrane exchange (OME), in which cells exchange large amounts of outer membrane lipids and proteins upon contact. The TraA cell surface receptor selects OME partners based on a variable domain. However, traA polymorphism alone is not sufficient to precisely discriminate kin. Here, we report a novel family of OME-delivered toxins that promote kin discrimination of OME partners. These SitA lipoprotein toxins are polymorphic and widespread in myxobacteria. Each sitA is associated with a cognate sitI immunity gene, and in some cases a sitB accessory gene. Remarkably, we show that SitA is transferred serially between target cells, allowing the toxins to move cell-to-cell like an infectious agent. Consequently, SitA toxins define strong identity barriers between strains and likely contribute to population structure, maintenance of cooperation, and strain diversification. Moreover, these results highlight the diversity of systems evolved to deliver toxins between bacteria.
Poetic Inquiries of the 2016 Election: Teacher Candidates in Multicultural Education:

This article describes how an assistant professor addressed complicated, politically charged issues of social justice during the 2016 Presidential Election to primarily first-year teacher candidate...
Non-Magnetic Data Storage: Principles, Potential, and Problems

To complement and possibly replace conventional magnetic data storage, alternative data storage concepts are being explored. Examples are probe-tip-based storage schemes with atomic resolution or a variety of volumetric optical data storage such as holographic data storage. These techniques boast high storage densities, fast access times, and high data rates. Underlying principles and the status of these data storage schemes will be reviewed and the open issues will be discussed.
The impact of targeted data collection on nonresponse bias in an establishment survey: A simulation study of adaptive survey design

Nonresponse rates have been growing over time leading to concerns about survey data quality. Adaptive designs seek to allocate scarce resources by targeting specific subsets of sampled units for additional effort or a different recruitment protocol. In order to be effective in reducing nonresponse, the identified subsets of the sample need two key features: 1) their probabilities of response can be impacted by changing design features, and 2) once they have responded, this can have an impact on estimates after adjustment. The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) is investigating the use of adaptive design techniques in the Crops Acreage, Production, and Stocks Survey (Crops APS). The Crops APS is a survey of establishments which vary in size and, hence, in their potential impact on estimates. In order to identify subgroups for targeted designs, we conducted a simulation study that used Census of Agriculture (COA) data as proxies for similar survey items. Different patterns of nonresponse were simulated to identify subgroups that may reduce estimated nonresponse bias when their response propensities are changed.