cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable dissolved organic matter in a temperate and a tropical stream determined from ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry

We investigated dissolved organic matter (DOM) metabolism by employing plug-flow biofilm reactors and ultra‐ high resolution mass spectrometry of DOM isolated by C18 extraction in two forested stream ecosystems, a low DOM tropical stream sampled at baseflow and a higher DOM temperate stream sampled during a storm. On passage through the bioreactors, DOM concentrations in the tropical stream sample declined by 22%, whereas they declined by 42% in the temperate stream sample. The extracted DOM was subjected to electrospray ionization coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to obtain information on molecular weight distributions and elemental compositions for the thousands of compounds whose masses are calculated with sufficient accuracy to allow calculation of unique elemental formulas. In both streams, metabolism modifies DOM to lower molecular weight molecules, and oxygen-rich molecules are selectively biodegraded. Applying van Krevelen analyses for the unique elemental formulas of DOM constituents revealed that hydrogen-deficient molecules with low H : C ratios (assigned to black carbon‐derived molecules) are present and generally not metabolized. Black carbon molecules are refractory to biodegradation compared with other components of DOM, supporting the suggestion that black carbon molecules in DOM flow to the ocean without experiencing significant microbial degradation.
Efficacy and Value of Prophylactic vs. Integrated Pest Management Approaches for Management of Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Wheat and Ramifications for Adoption by Growers

Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., can be effectively managed in southeastern U.S. wheat, Triticum aestivum L., with scouting and a single insecticide treatment, applied at the recommended economic threshold. However, many growers eschew this approach for a prophylactic treatment, often tank mixed with a nitrogen application before wheat growth stage 30. The efficacy of a prophylactic and an integrated pest management (IPM) approach was compared for 2 yr using small plot studies in North Carolina and regional surveys across North Carolina and Virginia. Economic analyses were performed, comparing the total cost of management of each approach using the regional survey data. From a cost perspective, the prophylactic approach was riskier, because when cereal leafbeetle densities were high, economic loss was also high. However, fields under the prophylactic approach did not exceed threshold as often as fields using IPM. Total cost of prophylactic management was also $20.72 less per hectare, giving this approach an economic advantage over IPM. The majority of fields under the IPM approach did not exceed the economic threshold. Hence, from an economic perspective, both the prophylactic and IPM approaches have advantages and disadvantages. This helps explains the partial, rather than complete, adoption of IPM by southeastern U.S. wheat growers. Cereal leaf beetle was spatially aggregated across the region in 2010, but not in 2011. As a result, from an economic standpoint, prophylaxis or IPM may have a better fit in localized areas of the region than others. Finally, because IPM adoption is favored when it has a strong economic advantage over alternative management approaches, more emphasis should be placed on research to reduce costs within the IPM approach.
Population Biology of Aging in the Wild

Empirical studies reveal aging occurs in wild populations. Consideration of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these findings is critical for many areas of research, including life-history evolution, sexual selection, behavior, and applied ecology. Variation in the patterns of age-dependent declines of phenotypic traits has been found both within and among individuals, and this raises future questions aimed at understanding what determines these trajectories across traits and across the tree of life. The presence of older, aging, individuals in populations can have transgenerational effects on offspring and can influence how individuals interact. In some species older individuals in populations can have positive impacts, influencing knowledge and leadership, postreproductive care, and population cycle stabilization. Aging and long life span also need to be recognized in an applied ecology context including management plans, vector-borne disease transmission, and ecotoxicology.
Predictors of Change in Calcium Intake in Postmenopausal Women after Osteoporosis Screening

Osteoporosis is a serious public health concern. Understanding the extent to which a bone density assessment affects change in dietary intake in postmenopausal women is needed. This study investigated whether results of bone density screening tests resulted in reported initiation or change in either dietary and/or supplemental calcium intake. Between 1997 and 2000, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) screening was conducted on 1468 postmenopausal women as part of an ancillary study of the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study in Buffalo, New York. One year after bone density testing, a questionnaire was sent to determine change in lifestyle behaviors and dietary intake. Participants included in this analysis were 923 Caucasian women who had not had a prior bone density screening test, reported no prior diagnosis of osteoporosis and were not taking medication (other than hormone therapy) for osteoporosis. Of these, according to WHO T-score criteria, 36% had osteoporosis, 48% had osteopenia, and 17% had normal bone density. Factors associated (P , 0.05) with increase in calcium intake in crude analyses included: BMI, follow-up consultation with a health care provider, and osteopenia or osteoporosis compared with normal T-score level. In multivariate adjusted analyses, both osteopenia [OR ¼ 2.37, 95% CI (1.45–3.89); P ¼ 0.001] and osteoporosis [OR ¼ 3.86, 95% CI (2.30–6.46); P ¼ ,0.001] found on DXA were strong independent predictors of women’s decision to start or increase calcium intake. This study provided evidence that the results of osteoporosis DXA screening influence postmenopausal women’s decisions to increase calcium intake. J. Nutr. 137: 1968–1973, 2007.
Patient-specific rhytidectomy: finding the angle of maximal rejuvenation.

Background: Rhytidectomy is fundamentally an operation of tissue release and resuspension, although the manner and direction of suspension are subject to perpetual debate. Objectives: The authors describe a method for identifying the angle of maximal rejuvenation during rhytidectomy and quantify the resulting angle and its relationship to patient age. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled; demographic data, history, and operative details were recorded. Rhytidectomies were performed by the senior author (AAJ). After complete elevation, the face-lift flap was rotated in a medially-based arc (0-90°) while attention was given to the submental area, jawline, and midface. The angle of maximal rejuvenation for each hemiface was identified as described, and the flap was resuspended. During redraping, measurements of vertical and horizontal skin excess were recorded in situ. The resulting angle of lift was then calculated for each hemiface using trigonometry. Symmetry between sides was determined, and the effect of patient age on this angle was assessed. Results: Three hundred hemifaces were operated (147 women; 3 men). Mean age was 60 years (range, 37–80 years). Mean resulting angle for the cohort was 60° from horizontal (range, 46–77°). This was inversely correlated with patient age ( r = −.3). Younger patients (<50 years, 64°) had a significantly more vertical angle than older patients (≥70 years, 56°; P < .0002). No significant intersubject difference was found between hemifaces ( P = .53). Conclusions: The authors present a method for identifying the angle of maximal rejuvenation during rhytidectomy. This angle was more superior than posterior in all cases and is intimately related to patient age. Lasting results demand a detailed anatomical understanding and strict attention to the direction and degree of laxity. Level of Evidence: 2 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Measurements of synchro-betatron coupling by an RF cavity in CESR

It is shown that the synchro-betatron resonances encountered in CESR (Cornell Electron Storage Ring) operation are not related to integer tunes, making quantitative analysis difficult. They are strongly affected by closed orbit bumps in the RF cavity. A measurement of the strength of the parasitic deflecting modes using the kick imparted to the beam is in reasonable agreement with a computer calculation of the transverse wake function. >
Emergency Department Diagnostic Imaging: The Journey to Quality

Priorities in health care delivery are shifting, with a greater focus on enhancing value, incentivizing quality, and advancing population health. While measurement of quality in emergency department (ED) care is still in its infancy, performance measures are increasingly being linked to reimbursement to encourage the delivery of high-value care. With such changes, there will be growing oversight of diagnostic imaging in all clinical settings, including the ED. Here, the authors examine the current state of quality measurement as it pertains to ED imaging. The authors review relevant policies and discuss both the associated challenges and the facilitators of using quality measures to help optimize ED imaging. Understanding such factors will help ensure the delivery of diagnostic imaging that is appropriate, high-quality, and patient-centered.
Influencing the salesforce through perceived ethical leadership: the role of salesforce socialization and person–organization fit on salesperson ethics and performance

With today's emphasis on building strong customer relationships in the business-to-business sales environment, appropriate leadership is necessary to instill ethical and provide the proper guidance among employees to ensure ethical decision-making and improve sales performance. This research examines the role of perceived ethical leadership as it relates to both formal and informal marketing control mechanisms (i.e. salesforce socialization) that influence person–organization fit, and how this fit relates to salesperson unethical intent and performance. Results from a study of 408 business-to-business salespeople suggest that perceived ethical leadership both directly, and indirectly via salesforce socialization, affects salesperson ethical values person–organization fit, which in turn affects salesperson performance. Based on these findings, both theoretical and managerial implications are provided, as well as directions for future research.
Can Single-Reference Coupled Cluster Theory Describe Static Correlation?

While restricted single-reference coupled cluster theory truncated to singles and doubles (CCSD) provides very accurate results for weakly correlated systems, it usually fails in the presence of static or strong correlation. This failure is generally attributed to the qualitative breakdown of the reference, and can accordingly be corrected by using a multideterminant reference, including higher-body cluster operators in the ansatz, or allowing symmetry breaking in the reference. None of these solutions are ideal; multireference coupled cluster is not black box, including higher-body cluster operators is computationally demanding, and allowing symmetry breaking leads to the loss of good quantum numbers. It has long been recognized that quasidegeneracies can instead be treated by modifying the coupled cluster ansatz. The recently introduced pair coupled cluster doubles (pCCD) approach is one such example which avoids catastrophic failures and accurately models strong correlations in a symmetry-adapted frame...
Accelerated project-based introduction to EECS for high school students

Introducing students to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) can be difficult to implement within the limited time constraints often encountered in high school summer programs because of the large amount instruction and theory needed to enable suitably complex projects. Projects of meaningful complexity require carefully balancing how much theory and design is left to the students or provided by the instructor. Here we present a short one-week project-based course developed in the summer of 2011 that introduced rising high school seniors to core concepts in EECS. Three days of instruction and teaching labs were followed by two days where students designed and constructed devices used in creating a solar-powered mobile health clinic. A carefully balanced environment enabled students to progress steadily through the entire process of designing, constructing, and testing their projects. Students then presented their work in a conference-style talk. Details of the course outline, methodology, projects, and results, are presented.
Encouraging Personal Saving and Investment: Changing the Tax Treatment of Unrealized Capital Gains

To increase personal saving and investment and to promote tax neutrality among various investment vehicles, the tax treatment of capital gains unrealized by shareholders should be modified. The current practice of forcing distributions of capital gains to mutual fund shareholders should be changed. Until the shareholder realizes a capital gain through the sale of an asset, no tax liability should incur. With respect to regulated investment companies, the realization point that triggers a capital gains tax liability should be moved from the corporate level down to the individual shareholder level. Since mutual funds are a popular vehicle for saving and investment of middle-income households, this tax reform would greatly increase the incentives for these people to invest and save for their future by increasing their pre liquidation rate of return. The current tax treatment of mutual funds causes the average mutual fund investor to lose between 10 percent and 20 percent a year of their pre-liquidation rate of return. On a $10,000 investment earning a 10 percent annual rate of return, a 2.3 percentage point reduction in the pre-liquidation rate of return would cost a mutual fund investor almost $82,000 over a 30 year period - on a $26,000 investment a mutual fund investor would forego approximately $213,000 over a 30 year period. A change in the tax treatment of mutual funds would have a beneficial impact on all owners of mutual funds, but the benefits would primarily help those making less than $100,000 a year, with 43% of households owning mutual funds earning less than $50,000 a year.
The Class-Based Animus Requirement of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3): A Limiting Strategy Gone Awry?

Section 1985(3) of the Civil Rights Act protects individuals from government action motivated by a class based animus. The Supreme Court, however, has never identified the “classes” protected by this section. This article explores the legislative history of the Civil Right Act, concluding that this section of the law should be read in harmony with the Court’s jurisprudence regarding protected classifications.
An Instrumentation Grade MEMS Condenser Microphone for Aeroacoustic Measurements

This paper presents improved results of an instrumentation-grade dual-backplate condenser microphone. This device is designed for aeroacoustic applications that require a high dynamic range and large bandwidth. Previous testing of the microphone with a charge amplifler to reduce attenuation due to parasitic capacitance yielded an unacceptably high noise ∞oor. In this study, the noise ∞oor of the microphone is lowered through the use of a low-noise voltage amplifler. With bias voltages of §9:3 V , a sensitivity of 172 „V=Pa and a noise ∞oor of 22:5 dB= p Hz are obtained. The noise ∞oor is reduced to below that of other MEMS-based aeroacoustic microphones while maintaining su‐cient bandwidth and maximum pressure.
Research design: sampling techniques

Conditions affecting the decision of whether to take a census or a sample; the major types of sampling procedures, both probability and nonprobability;; and the statistical approaches to sample size determination for simple random samples are discussed. An overview of selected terms and symbols used in sampling literature and a checklist of basic questions to guide a researcher interested in using sampling for a study are provided. While the researcher can control sampling error by increasing the sample size, the concern should be the magnitude of the total error for the study (both sampling and nonsampling errors).
Stakeholder Perspectives on Creating and Maintaining Trust in Community–Academic Research Partnerships

Community-academic research partnerships aim to build stakeholder trust in order to improve the reach and translation of health research, but there is limited empirical research regarding effective ways to build trust. This multisite study was launched to identify similarities and differences among stakeholders' perspectives of antecedents to trust in research partnerships. In 2013-2014, we conducted a mixed-methods concept mapping study with participants from three major stakeholder groups who identified and rated the importance of different antecedents of trust on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Study participants were community members ( n = 66), health care providers ( n = 38), and academic researchers ( n = 44). All stakeholder groups rated "authentic communication" and "reciprocal relationships" the highest in importance. Community members rated "communication/methodology to resolve problems" ( M = 4.23, SD = 0.58) significantly higher than academic researchers ( M = 3.87, SD = 0.67) and health care providers ( M = 3.89, SD = 0.62; p < .01) and had different perspectives regarding the importance of issues related to "sustainability." The importance of communication and relationships across stakeholders indicates the importance of colearning processes that involve the exchange of knowledge and skills. The differences uncovered suggest specific areas where attention and skill building may be needed to improve trust within partnerships. More research on how partnerships can improve communication specific to problem solving and sustainability is merited.
On the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance

It is impossible to make sense of persistent controversy over certain forms of decision-relevant science without understanding what happens in the vastly greater number of cases in which members of the public converge on the best available evidence without misadventure. In order to live well — or just to live, period — individuals must make use of much more scientific information than any (including a scientist) is in a position to comprehend or verify for him- or herself. They achieve this feat not by acquiring even a rudimentary level of expertise in any of the myriad forms of science essential to their well-being but rather by becoming experts at recognizing what science knows — at identifying who knows what about what, at distinguishing the currency of genuine scientific understanding from the multiplicity of counterfeit alternatives. Their rational recognition of valid science, moreover, is guided by recourse to cues that pervade their everyday interactions with other non-experts, whose own behavior convincingly vouches for the reliability of whatever scientific knowledge their own actions depend on. Cases of persistent controversy over decision-relevance science don’t stem from defects in public science comprehension; they are not a result of the failure of scientists to clearly communicate their own technical knowledge; nor are they convincingly attributable to orchestrated deception, as treacherous as such behavior genuinely is. Rather such disputes are a consequence of one or another form of disruption to the system of conventions that normally enable individuals to recognize valid science despite their inability to understand it. To preempt such disruptions and to repair them when they occur, science must form a complete understanding of the ordinary processes of science recognition, and democratic societies must organize themselves to use what science knows about how ordinary members of the public come to recognize what is known to science.
Induction of leukotriene B4 metabolism by cancer chemopreventive agents.

Dithiolethiones and other cancer chemopreventive agents inhibit the production of experimentally produced tumors by elevating the expression of several genes that encode for known cytoprotective enzymes1. Complementary DNA clones representing dithiolethione-inducible gene-1 (DIG-1*) were isolated from rat liver via differential hybridization screening2. The deduced amino acid sequence of DIG-1 was found to have 80% identity with the human liver enzyme leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4 DH)3,4. DIG-1, purified >400-fold from the liver of rats dosed with l,2-dithiole-3-dithiolethione (D3T), possessed an NADP+-dependent activity to convert LTB4 to 12-oxo-LTB4 similar to LTB4DH 3. The formation of 12-oxo- LTB4 by LTB4 DH is the first step in the catabolism of LTB4 4,5. Subsequent conversion of 12-oxo- LTB4 to 10,11-dihydro-12-oxo- LTB4 (Met I) and 10,11,14,15-tetrahyro- 12-oxo- LTB4 (Met II) by as yet unidentified reductases has been described in liver and kidney cytosolic preparations as shown in Fig. 16. These metabolic products of LTB4 have diminished pro-inflammatory capacities, such as enhancing the mobilization of intracellular calcium, putatively via antagonism of the LTB4 receptor7. Suppression of the pro-inflammatory actions of LTB4, such as stimulation of neutrophil chemotaxis and Superoxide anion generation, suggests that the catabolism of LTB4 is a cytoprotective process.
Participation in an Intensive Longitudinal Study with Weekly Web Surveys Over 2.5 Years

Background: Technological advances have made it easier for researchers to collect more frequent longitudinal data from survey respondents via personal computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Although technology has led to an increase in data-intensive longitudinal studies, little is known about attrition from such studies or the differences between respondents who complete frequently administered surveys in a timely manner, and respondents who do not. Objective: We examined respondent characteristics and behaviors associated with continued and on-time participation in a population-based intensive longitudinal study, using weekly web-based survey interviews over an extended period. Methods: We analyzed data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study, an intensive longitudinal study that collected weekly web-based survey interviews for 2.5 years from 1003 18- and 19-year-olds to investigate factors shaping the dynamics of their sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and pregnancies. Results: Ordinary least squares and logistic regression analyses showed background respondent characteristics measured at baseline were associated with the number of days respondents remained enrolled in the study, the number of interviews they completed, and the odds that they were late completing interviews. In addition, we found that changes in pregnancy-related behaviors reported in the weekly interviews were associated with late completion of interviews. Specifically, after controlling for sociodemographic, personality, contact information, and prior experience variables, we found that weekly reports such as starting to have sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.32, P=.01), getting a new partner (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.53-2.03, P<.001), stopping the use of contraception (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.49, P=.001), and having a new pregnancy (OR 5.57, 95% CI 4.26-7.29, P<.001) were significantly associated with late survey completion. However, young women who reported changes in pregnancy-related behaviors also had lower levels of study attrition, and completed more interviews overall, than did their counterparts. Conclusions: We found that measures of participation in a longitudinal study with weekly web surveys varied not only by respondent characteristics, but also by behaviors measured across the surveys. Our analyses suggest that respondents who experience the behaviors measured by the study may maintain higher participation levels than respondents who do not experience those behaviors. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(6):e105]
Application: A new look at Olduvai Gorge

This chapter presents a new look at Olduvai Gorge and its application areas. Criteria for diagnosis were employed using patterns of breakage and levels of destruction. Several characteristics of the Olduvai assemblages were recognized. Many of the assemblages were missing parts, not primarily because of destruction of parts in situ, but rather because of the parts having been introduced or deleted from assemblages through transport. A patterned arrangement of assemblages, from those relatively complete to those suffering attrition, was recognized as nearly identical to a distribution noted for wolf kill assemblages. Patterns of survivorship and destruction of long-bone elements were essentially identical to those of the control material, suggesting that the agent of destruction when active was an animal destroying bones through gnawing rather than a man breaking bones open for marrow. The most powerful analysis was the modeling of assemblages judged representative of the five and a half sets of cases isolated as internally similar by the “Q” mode factor analysis. The den-associated assemblages grouped by factor one were found to be best approximated by the inverse general utility index developed from anatomical studies of sheep and caribou. The Olduvai factor one cases are faunal palimpsests created by animals dragging bones of low food utility away from kill locations. The analysis of these assemblages through the applications of multivariate techniques in the context of a method of residues set of tactics illustrates perhaps more than anything else the potential of the approach advocated.
Energy Metabolism in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

The general features of the energy metabolism of living myocytes reversibly injured by ischemia are reviewed in this paper. Most of the studies presented involve hearts subjected to very severe regional ischemia, i.e., subendocardial tissue receiving arterial collateral flows ranging between 0 and 4% of control flow. Where appropriate, results from myocardium made totally ischemic in vitro also are presented.
CHAPTER 24 – DNA Replication, Repair, and Mutagenesis

DNA is the permanent repository for all genetic information in every cell and, thus, must maintain the fidelity of that information from one cell generation to the next as well as from one human generation to the next. Over billions of years of biological history, cells have developed intricate mechanisms to ensure faithful replication of DNA molecules and for the detection and repair of errors in the sequence of bases when they do occur. On the one hand, DNA must replicate itself with the utmost accuracy, and on the other hand, it must allow a low frequency of genetic change to occur during each round of replication, particularly during meiosis, which produces the cells (sperm and ova) that pass DNA to succeeding generations. This apparent paradox is resolved by the mechanisms of mutation and recombination that provide for a small but essential amount of genetic change to occur in each generation. Mutations occur spontaneously during DNA replication because not all of the replication errors or damage to templates are detected and repaired by the enzymes responsible for proofreading and repairing DNA. The rate of mutations can be markedly increased by ionizing radiation (X-rays), mutagenic chemicals (cigarette smoke), or retroviruses that integrate in DNA (HIV). Recombination occurs primarily in germ cells of eukaryotes and during cell division in partially diploid prokaryotes. In general, recombination does not occur in mitosis of eukaryotic cells. However, recombination is an integral part of meiosis, in which recombinant sperm and ova provide new genotypes and phenotypes in each generation, which may be favored by natural selection.
A New Aulacus (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) from the Philippines

Abstract. Aulacus canlaon, new species, is described from Negros Island, Philippines. The species is illustrated and separated from the other three species of Aulacus known from the Oriental Region. It is the second species of Aulacus recorded from the Philippines.
Lateral Femoral Epicondylar Osteotomy for Correction of Fixed Valgus Deformity in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Technical Note

Abstract Background Multiple surgical techniques exist to restore limb alignment and to balance soft tissues in valgus knees during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). One technique is to perform a lateral femoral epicondylar osteotomy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients with a fixed valgus deformity that was corrected with a lateral femoral epicondylar osteotomy during TKA. Preoperative and postoperative Knee Society Knee Scores, knee stability, range of motion, and radiographic alignment were recorded. Results Ten patients (3 male and 7 female) underwent 12 TKAs by a single surgeon using a lateral femoral epicondylar osteotomy to correct a fixed valgus deformity. Implants used included 7 posterior stabilized, 3 constrained posterior stabilized, and 2 constrained condylar knees. Average age was 68 years (range 48-89) and average follow-up was 34.7 months (4-109). Average postoperative range of motion was 125° of flexion (range 95°-145°). The mean radiographic preoperative and postoperative anatomic tibiofemoral angles were 16.4° of valgus (range 12°-26°) and 5.5° of valgus (range 4°-7°), respectively. The mean preoperative knee society objective, satisfaction, expectation, and functional activity scores were 71, 20, 11, and 30, respectively. The mean postoperative knee society objective, satisfaction, expectation, and functional activity scores were 88, 34, 13, and 64, respectively. There was 1 postoperative deep vein thrombosis and 1 temporary peroneal nerve palsy. Conclusion Lateral femoral epicondylar osteotomy is a useful technique to restore mechanical alignment in fixed valgus deformities in TKA.
U1 snRNP telescripting regulates a size-function-stratified human genome.

Genome-wide analyses of the effects of U1 snRNP inhibition in human cells shows that telescripting suppresses premature cleavage and polyadenylation in long introns to sustain expression of large genes important for cell cycle and development. U1 snRNP (U1) functions in splicing introns and telescripting, which suppresses premature cleavage and polyadenylation (PCPA). Using U1 inhibition in human cells, we show that U1 telescripting is selectively required for sustaining long-distance transcription elongation in introns of large genes (median 39 kb). Evidence of widespread PCPA in the same locations in normal tissues reveals that large genes incur natural transcription attrition. Underscoring the importance of U1 telescripting as a gene-size-based mRNA-regulation mechanism, small genes were not sensitive to PCPA, and the spliced-mRNA productivity of ∼1,000 small genes (median 6.8 kb) increased upon U1 inhibition. Notably, these small, upregulated genes were enriched in functions related to acute stimuli and cell-survival response, whereas genes subject to PCPA were enriched in cell-cycle progression and developmental functions. This gene size–function polarization increased in metazoan evolution by enormous intron expansion. We propose that telescripting adds an overarching layer of regulation to size–function-stratified genomes, leveraged by selective intron expansion to rapidly shift gene expression priorities.
Complex Instruction: A Model for Reaching Up—and Out:

Complex Instruction is a multifaceted instructional model designed to provide highly challenging learning opportunities for students in heterogeneous classrooms. The model provides a rationale for ...
Residual and Negative Symptoms in Treatment with Neuroleptics

The term “negative” symptoms is most frequently attributed to the neurologist Hughlings Jackson; however, other individuals also attempted to conceptualize this aspect of phenomonology in schizophrenia (Reynolds 1858). Kraepelin (1919) and Bleuler (1950) considered blunted affect and emotional withdrawal as core features of this illness. Though the presence of apathy, anergia, alogia and blunted affect have always been considered as frequent aspects of schizophrenia, they have received varying attention and weight in different eras as criteria for diagnosis. To some extent this reflects the difficulty in reliably defining and measuring them, in contrast to positive symptoms. There is currently a renewed interest in negative symptoms because of their potential value in helping to subclassify patients in ways which might be useful from both a prognostic and pathophysiologic perspective. In addition, increasing efforts to develop antipsychotic compounds either with a broader or novel spectrum of activity have focused more attention on residual and negative symptoms. Since these are the symptoms that may remain most salient after optimal neuroleptic treatment, they contribute enormously to the chronic disability associated with schizophrenia.
On Classifier Systems, Disintegrated Representation and Robust Data Mining

Let x be a boolean vector of predictors and y a scalar response associated with it. Consider the problem of learning the relationship between predictors and response on the basis of a sample of observed pairs (x,y). Various proposed models for automated inference in this case are discussed, and some general dimensions for comparison among them are laid out. These dimensions are inspired by basic characteristics of (inductive) human learning. For example, our ability to receive, encode and modify knowledge in an unlimited number of ways would require a highly flexible representation, while our ability to detect and not be misguided by exceptional phenomena would entail some kind of uncertainty assessment. Systems that emulate such features of human learning may inherit some of its intrinsic robustness.
Joint Navigation and Multitarget Tracking in Networks

Situational-awareness provided by navigation and multitarget tracking (MTT) will change services and applications for modern convenience, public safety, and the military. This paper presents a Bayesian method for joint navigation and MTT in mobile agent networks, where the joint inference is performed through a factor graph formulation. Performing the sum-product algorithm (SPA) on the presented joint factor graph enables a probabilistic information transfer between the navigation and MTT stages that can improve the performance of both stages. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in navigation and MTT accuracy compared to an approach where navigation and MTT are formulated and solved as separate inference problems.
Child Abuse and Neglect

Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and various forms of neglect of children are associated with substantially increased risk for concurrent and subsequent psychopathology and are among the common problems encountered by clinicians in many clinical settings. Such cases pose additional challenges for clinicians because of the many complex family and system forces that engulf these children and their families. Assessing maltreated children generally requires more time than evaluations of children who have not experienced maltreatment. Young children, who experience the highest rates of maltreatment, present especially complex assessments because they are so dependent upon their caregiving environments. Treatment of psychopathology associated with maltreatment, which is often multimodal, requires addressing a variety of external factors that may perpetuate or exacerbate symptoms and impaired functioning. We suggest that the more clinicians understand the different cultures of the legal and child protective services systems will help them advocate more effectively for maltreated children's bests interests so that the complexity of their problems is matched by the comprehensiveness of our efforts to minimize their suffering, enhance their development, and promote their competence.
Hospital Planning and Response to an Active Shooter Incident: Preparing for the n = 1.

Changing patterns of violence in the United States and around the world are increasingly manifest as acts of mass violence and acts of terrorism. Preventing such attacks, reducing harms, and maintaining operations following such events requires the bolstering of key infrastructure facilities, such as hospitals, and developing response plans capable of detecting and withstanding such attacks. Attacks occurring in a hospital or clinic present unique challenges that differ from workplaces or schools. This article provides an overview of active shooter incidents occurring within health care facilities, and the fundamental knowledge on how to respond and manage these challenging situations.
DNA mismatch repair is required for the host innate response and controls cellular fate after influenza virus infection

Despite the cytopathic nature of influenza A virus (IAV) replication, we recently reported that a subset of lung epithelial club cells is able to intrinsically clear the virus and survive infection. However, the mechanisms that drive cell survival during a normally lytic infection remained unclear. Using a loss-of-function screening approach, we discovered that the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is essential for club cell survival of IAV infection. Repair of virally induced oxidative damage by the DNA MMR pathway not only allowed cell survival of infection, but also facilitated host gene transcription, including the expression of antiviral and stress response genes. Enhanced viral suppression of the DNA MMR pathway prevented club cell survival and increased the severity of viral disease in vivo. Altogether, these results identify previously unappreciated roles for DNA MMR as a central modulator of cellular fate and a contributor to the innate antiviral response, which together control influenza viral disease severity.
Nature and social work pedagogy: How U.S. social work educators are integrating issues of the natural environment into their teaching

ABSTRACTThe article presents a study of how U.S. social work educators are including discussion, exercises, readings, and other pedagogical approaches to the natural environment into their classroo...
Sustainability driven multi-criteria project portfolio selection under uncertain decision-making environment

Abstract As competition in the global market has increased over the past decades, new projects are setting the foundation for organizational success. Effective project selection is becoming more complicated to implement; new measures of performance must be examined and integrated into projects to ensure their successful completion. One solution to this problem is the implementation of Project Portfolio Selection (PPS). PPS involves the utilization of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in combining multi-criteria decision-making methods to analyze and compare the potential success of different projects regarding various dimensions of an organization. Among these KPI, sustainability becomes increasingly important and attracts more attention in society. This study adopts a three-pillar concept: economic, environmental, and social sustainability to investigate and measure sustainability. The main purpose of this study is to target project selection from the perspective of sustainability in an uncertain decision-making environment. To achieve this purpose, a fuzzy logic model based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach is used to incorporate sustainability under uncertainty to obtain the most sustainable solution. A large-scale paper manufacturing company case study is presented to demonstrate the applications.
A long view of cumulative technological culture

We agree that the emergence of cumulative technological culture was tied to nonsocial cognitive skills, namely, technical-reasoning skills, which allowed humans to constantly acquire and improve information. Our concern is with a reading of the history of cumulative technological culture that is based largely on modern experiments in simulated settings and less on phenomena crucial to the long-term dynamics of cultural evolution.
Molecular Materials with Short Radiative Lifetime for High-Speed Light-Emitting Devices

Summary Optical communication and interconnects utilize high-speed light sources for information transmission. The modulation frequency of light-emitting devices operating through spontaneous emission is fundamentally limited by the material intrinsic radiative lifetime. In this perspective, we examine the radiative lifetime of different materials and identify the superradiant molecular J aggregates as a promising class of materials for high-speed light-emitting devices. These molecular aggregates are relatively unexplored for electroluminescent devices and can have short radiative lifetime on the order of 10 ps while maintaining high photoluminescence quantum yield. The relation between intermolecular interactions, molecular packing geometry, and radiative lifetimes is presented theoretically in the context of Frenkel excitons and is corroborated with experimental examples. We further demonstrate the potential of designing superradiant materials through molecular engineering. We believe that these superradiant molecular materials will open up new opportunities in the fabrication of efficient and high-speed light-emitting devices.
REACHing Out: connecting EMS patients to social services

The burden of untreated physical and behavioral health issues leads to significant morbidity and mortality among individuals who are homeless and unstably housed. In King County, Washington, the Em...
Sparse balance: excitatory-inhibitory networks with small bias currents and broadly distributed synaptic weights

Cortical circuits generate excitatory currents that must be cancelled by strong inhibition to assure stability. The resulting excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance can generate spontaneous irregular activity but, in standard balanced E-I models, this requires that an extremely strong feedforward bias current be included along with the recurrent excitation and inhibition. The absence of experimental evidence for such large bias currents inspired us to examine an alternative regime that exhibits asynchronous activity without requiring unrealistically large feedforward input. In these networks, irregular spontaneous activity is supported by a continually changing sparse set of neurons. To support this activity, synaptic strengths must be drawn from high-variance distributions. Unlike standard balanced networks, these sparse balance networks exhibit robust nonlinear responses to uniform inputs and non-Gaussian statistics. In addition to simulations, we present a mean-field analysis to illustrate the properties of these networks.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Fibroblasts: Promise and Challenge.

Introduction Fibroblasts maintain tissue and organ homeostasis through output of extracellular matrix that affects nearby cell signaling within the stroma. Altered fibroblast signaling contributes to many disease states and the extracellular matrix secreted by fibroblasts has been used to stratify patient by outcome, recurrence and therapeutic resistance. Recent advances in imaging mass spectrometry allow access to single cell fibroblasts and their ECM niche within clinically relevant tissue samples. Areas covered We review biological and technical challenges as well as new solutions to proteomic access of fibroblast expression within the complex tissue microenvironment. Review topics cover conventional proteomic methods for single fibroblast analysis and current approaches to accessing single fibroblast proteomes by imaging mass spectrometry approaches. Strategies to target and evaluate the single cell stroma proteome on the basis of cell signaling are presented. Expert opinion The promise of defining proteomic signatures from fibroblasts and their extracellular matrix niches is the discovery of new disease markers and the ability to refine therapeutic treatments. Several imaging mass spectrometry approaches exist to define the fibroblast in the setting of pathological changes from clinically acquired samples. Continued technology advances are needed to access and understand the stromal proteome and apply testing to the clinic.
Stress Diminishes BDNF-stimulated TrkB Signaling, TrkB-NMDA Receptor Linkage and Neuronal Activity in the Rat Brain.

Abstract Exposure to intense or repeated stressors can lead to depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neurological changes induced by stress include impaired neurotrophin signaling, which is known to influence synaptic integrity and plasticity. The present study used an ex vivo approach to examine the impact of acute or repeated stress on BDNF-stimulated TrkB signaling in hippocampus (HIPPO) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Rats in an acute multiple stressor group experienced five stressors in one day whereas rats in a repeated unpredictable stressor group experienced 20 stressors across 10 days. After stress exposure, slices were incubated with vehicle or BDNF, followed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays to assess protein levels, activation states and protein–protein linkage associated with BDNF-TrkB signaling. Three key findings are (1) exposure to stressors significantly diminished BDNF-stimulated TrkB signaling in HIPPO and PFC such that reductions in TrkB activation, diminished recruitment of adaptor proteins to TrkB, reduced activation of downstream signaling molecules, disruption of TrkB-NMDAr linkage, and changes in basal and BDNF-stimulated Arc expression were observed. (2) After stress, BDNF stimulation enhanced TrkB-NMDAr linkage in PFC, suggestive of compensatory mechanisms in this region. (3) We discovered an uncoupling between TrkB signaling, TrkB-NMDAr linkage and Arc expression in PFC and HIPPO. In addition, a robust surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in both regions after repeated exposure to stressors. Collectively, these data provide therapeutic targets for future studies that investigate how to reverse stress-induced downregulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling and underscore the need for functional studies that examine stress-related TrkB-NMDAr activities in PFC.
Mitigate self-compensation with high crystal symmetry: A first-principles study of formation and activation of impurities in GaN

Abstract Formation and activation energies of common impurities: silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), carbon (C), beryllium (Be), and magnesium (Mg) in wurtzite (wz-) and zincblende (zb-) GaN are investigated by first–principles calculations. Si and Ge are excellent donors with low activation energies ( 300 meV) and the latter has a strong self-compensation effect (the formation energy of Bei compensating donor is negative). Bei is energetically abundant in zb-GaN because it has a 0.66 eV lower formation energy than wz-GaN. This is attributed to the coherence of the symmetricity between the s-orbitals and the interstitial site. The acceptor activation energy of Mg in zb-GaN is found to be 153 meV, which is smaller than its value in wz-GaN, 226 meV. Vibrational analysis suggests that Mgi compensating donor is less favorable to form in zb- than wz-GaN, since the higher symmetricity of the interstitial site in zb-GaN renders a much smaller vibrational entropy. Contrarily, the differences are insignificant for the impurities residing on Ga sites due to the same tetrahedral symmetricity. The results evidence the importance of self-compensation effects, which can be mitigated by the higher crystal symmetry of zb-GaN.