cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of cell and fiber lamination in the mouse superior colliculus

The emergence of laminar organization in the superior colliculus was investigated in the mouse with several anatomical methods, including tritiated-thymidine autoradiography, Golgi impregnation, and general stains for cell bodies and for fibers. The sequence of neurogenesis, cell migration, and early morphological differentiation of neurons was shown to exhibit a discontinuity between the lower and upper divisions (i.e., between the deep and intermediate "gray" and "white" layers and the superficial "gray" and "white" layers). These events proceed in an inside-out order within the lower division, but the same events within the upper division commence in advance of the completion of this progression. Thus, peak generation times for layers of the lower division proceed from (embryonic day) E11 to E13 and for the upper division from E12 to E13. Cell migration, as monitored with tritiated-thymidine labelling, reflects closely the pattern of cytogenesis. This is most clearly evident on E15 when a population of E11-labelled cells is divided into superficial and deep layers (the strata superficiale and profundum--SS and SP) by the interposition of E13-labelled cells at an intermediate level (stratum intermedium--SI). A contingent of the latter cells continue their migration and join their predecessors within the SS on E17, a time point when cell migrations are largely complete. Paralleling this sequence of arrival of neurons and the formation of three primary layers, both the time course of accumulation of fiber fascicles and the early morphological differentiation of neurons in the interval from E13 to E17 tends to proceed from SP to SS and from SS to SI. Thus, the transverse fiber system and large multipolar neurons of SP develop in advance of the longitudinal fiber system and vertically oriented neurons of SS, which in turn develop precociously with respect to the longitudinal fibers and medium-sized multipolar neurons of SI. In contrast, later events of differentiation that underly a major radial growth and an architectonic sublamination of the primary strata proceed in a simpler inside-out sequence from E17 to (postnatal day) P6. The major morphogenetic events underlying the establishment of statification in the colliculus appear to involve the operation of relatively independent programs of assembly for the two basic subdivisions. It is probable that selective cell-cell interactions contribute to the delivery of concurrently generated neurons to different laminae as well as to the deployment of axons in a manner that respects laminar boundaries.
Mercury deposition in the Adirondacks: A comparison between precipitation and throughfall

Abstract The volume-weighted mean (VWM) Hg concentrations and the total cumulative fluxes in deciduous throughfall (6.6 ng L −1 and 12.0 μg m −2 , respectively) were statistically higher than in precipitation (4.9 ng L −1 and 11.6 μg m −2 , respectively) during 2 years of sampling at the Huntington Wildlife Forest in Newcomb, NY. Seasonally, the VWM Hg concentrations and the Hg fluxes in both precipitation and throughfall were lowest in winter and highest in summer. Due to the wash-off of dry deposition and foliar leaching, concentrations in throughfall were almost 50% higher than those in precipitation during the leaf-on period, while concentrations in throughfall were slightly higher than (or similar to) those in precipitation during the leaf-off period. During the 2 years of sampling, the total deposited cumulative flux in precipitation and deciduous throughfall were very similar (11.6 μg Hg m −2 and 12.0 μg Hg m −2 , respectively), because the higher concentrations in throughfall were offset by smaller throughfall depths. Meteorological analysis indicated that the precipitation events resulting in the highest Hg fluxes were associated with trajectories that passed through regions of Midwest where major Hg sources including coal/oil-fired power plants and waste incinerators are located.
Induction of C/EBP?-Thr266 Phosphorylation by HCV Infection is Indispensable for the Zone-3 Phenotype and Proliferation in Cultured Human Hepatocytes

Liver acinar zonation allows for diverse functions to be performed on demand by specialized hepatocytes. Therefore, understanding how hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may modulate the acinar zone phenotypes should provide insights into the pathophysiology of HCV infection. We assessed the effects HCV infection in the highlydifferentiated primary human hepatocyte culture that we have developed for the efficient replication of intact HCV virions. We found that HCV genotype 1 infection stimulated the zone-3 phenotype after 72 hr since the cultured hepatocytes expressed GS, β-Catenin and HIF-1α , markers of zone-3 hepatocytes. HCV infection also induced phosphorylated-C/EBPβ-Thr266 and proliferation in these cultured hepatocytes. A peptide designed to selectively inhibit phosphorylation of C/EBPβ-Thr266 blocked this phosphorylation, the zone-3 phenotype and hepatocyte proliferation induced by HCV infection in these cultured human hepatocytes. In addition, we found that in normal, uninfected human hepatocytes, unphosphorylated-C/EBPβ-Thr266 was associated with protein von Hippel Lindau (pVHL) and Axin (inhibitors of HIF-1α and β-catenin activation, respectively). These associations were blocked by the HCV infection since phosphorylated C/EBPβ-Thr266 was not associated with either pVHL or Axin. The inhibition of C/EBPβ-Thr266 phosphorylation normalized the association of unphosphorylatable C/EBPβ-Thr266 with pVHL and Axin, which is expected to inhibit the activation of HIF-1α and β−catenin. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that C/EBPβ-Thr266 phosphorylation is indispensable for the activation of GS, HIF-1α and β-catenin, and the induction of zone-3 phenotype in HCV-infected human hepatocytes.
Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Potential for Cytokine- Directed Therapies

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is an acute episode of overwhelming inflammation characterized by activation and expansion of T lymphocytes and hemophagocytic macrophages. In rheumatology, it occurs most frequently in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and systemic lupus erythematosus. The main clinical manifestations include cytopenias, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy resembling disseminated intravascular coagulation, and extreme hyperferritinemia. Clinically and pathologically, MAS bears strong similarity to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and some authors prefer the term secondary HLH to describe it. Central to its pathogenesis is a cytokine storm, with markedly increased levels of numerous proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNFα, and IFNγ. Although there is evidence that IFNγ may play a central role in the pathogenesis of MAS, the role of other cytokines is still not clear. There are several reports of SJIA-associated MAS dramatically benefiting from anakinra, a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, but the utility of other biologics in MAS is not clear. The mainstay of treatment remains corticosteroids; other medications, including cyclosporine, are used in patients who fail to respond.
Architecture and protocol of a passive optical packet-switched metropolitan/wide area network using WDMA

The feasibility and architectures of applying wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) techniques to establish a passive optical packet-switched metropolitan/wide area network are investigated. A passive optical network architecture that contains no switching and buffering elements inside the network and can support a multi-gigabit data rate per channel is proposed. In addition, a simple media access protocol based on using both tunable transmitter and tunable receiver is proposed and analyzed. Performance study shows that the maximum average throughput of each transmitter or receiver approaches 50% with small header packet size (as compared to the data packet). >
The effectiveness of an ED-based violence prevention program.

Abstract Background Youth violence continues to be a problem in the United States, most prominent in the inner-city minority youth population. The recurrence rate for repeat violence has been reported from 6% to 44% with a 5-year mortality of 20%. This study describes the results of a program to reduce violence recurrence based in the ED. Methods Patients aged 10 to 24 years who were victims of interpersonal violence (excluding child abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence) were randomly enrolled in the study in level 1 trauma center. The control group was given a written list of services, and the treatment group received an assessment and case management for 6 months. Both groups were evaluated 6 and 12 months after enrollment in the study. The primary indicators of the success of the intervention were reduction of self-reported revictimization or arrest and state-reported incarceration and reinjury. The study was approved by the institutional review board. The results compared the change in treatment and control groups over the time using a combination of χ 2 and analysis of covariance. Results One hundred eighty-eight victims of interpersonal violence met the criteria and had the initial evaluation completed. By χ 2 analysis, the treatment group (96 subjects) and the control group (92 subjects) were similar in age, sex, and racial composition. The average age was 18.6 years (range, 11-24), and 82.5% were boys. Most youth were African Americans (65.4%), followed by Hispanic (31.4%), whites (1.6%), or others (1.5%). A reduction in the self-reported reinjury rate was significantly reduced over time in the treatment group ( χ 2 3.87, P = .05). There were no differences between the groups in the number of self-reported arrests, state-reported reinjuries via the trauma registry, or state-reported incarcerations ( P Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated a reduction in self-reported reinjury rate in the intervention group. Further research is needed to confirm if ED-based violence prevention programs are effective in reducing other determinants for revictimization.
Bioretention Outflow: Does It Mimic Nonurban Watershed Shallow Interflow?

Bioretention, a key structural practice of low impact development (LID), has been proved to decrease peak flow rates and volumes, promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and improve water quality. Exactly how well bioretention mimics predevelopment (or “natural”) hydrology is an important research question. Do bioretention outflow rates mirror shallow groundwater interevent stream recharge flow associated with natural or nonurban watersheds? Streamflow from three small, nonurban watersheds, located in Piedmont, part of central North Carolina, was compared with bioretention outflow from four cells also in North Carolina’s Piedmont region. Each benchmark watershed drained to a small stream, where flow rate was monitored for an extended period of time. After normalizing the flow rates and volumes by watershed size, data were combined to form two data sets: bioretention outflow and stream interevent flow. Results indicate that there is no statistical difference between flow rates in streams draining unde...
Evaluating the performance of flood-d: a tool for efficiently replicating Internet information services

Internet information services replicate their servers to improve availability, response time, and fault tolerance. Traditional replication algorithms do not address the scale and administrative decentralization of today's internetworks. We have proposed and implemented a scalable and efficient tool to replicate wide-area, autonomously managed services. We target replication degrees of thousands of weakly consistent replicas. The main goal of our replication tool is to make traditional replication services scale in today's exponentially growing, autonomously managed internetworks. Our tool, which we call flood-d, allows servers to be organized in multiple replication groups. For each replication group, flood-d builds a logical update topology that is resilient to server failure, and tries to minimize the communication cost and propagation time needed to transmit updates. Flood-d's logical topologies are computed based on communication latency and available network bandwidth. This paper describes flood-d, and presents simulation results obtained when using flood-d to extend existing replication algorithms. Our results show the gains of organizing service replicas into multiple, smaller replication groups, and using network-cognizant logical topologies to propagate updates. We argue that existing as well as emerging Internet information services can benefit from flood-d's services.
Athyrium tejeroi Mickel, a renaming of Athyrium tripinnatum Mickel & Tejero

Abstract Athyrium tejeroi Mickel, a renaming of Athyrium tripinnatum Mickel & Tejero. Brittonia 56: 199. 2004.
DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme of Escherichia Coli: An Asymmetric Dimeric Replicative Complex Containing Distinguishable Leading and Lagging Strand Polymerases

The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the major replicative enzyme in Escherichia coli (for a review see ref. 1). A final definition of the enzyme’s structure has not yet been accomplished, but it is apparent that it contains at least seven different subunits: α, e, θ, β, δ, γ and τ (2–4). The holoenzyme contains a catalytic core, termed DNA polymerase III, composed of the α, e and θ subunits. DNA polymerase III can catalyze limited synthesis in short gaps created by nuclease treatment of duplex DNA, but it is inactive in reconstituted natural Escherichia coli replication systems (3, 5).
Discriminative motifs

This paper takes a new view of motif discovery, addressing a common problem in existing motif finders. A motif is treated as a feature of the input promoter regions that leads to a good classifier between these promoters and a set of background promoters. This perspective allows us to adapt existing methods of feature selection, a well studied topic in machine learning, to motif discovery. We develop a general algorithmic framework that can be specialized to work with a wide variety of motif models, including consensus models with degenerate symbols or mismatches, and composite motifs. A key feature of our algorithm is that it measures over-representation while maintaining information about the distribution of motif instances in individual promoters. The assessment of a motif's discriminative power is normalized against chance behaviour by a probabilistic analysis. We apply our framework to two popular motif models, and are able to detect several known binding sites in sets of co-regulated genes in yeast.
Effect of Injection Slot Location on Die-Detached Tapered Injection Chamber in Resin Injection Pultrusion

This study seeks to continuously improve the wetout and thus the quality and productivity of pultruded parts for the tapered injection pultrusion process for an injection chamber "detached" from the pultrusion die. Complete wetout of the dry fibre reinforcement by the liquid resin depends strongly on the axial location of the injection slot within the injection chamber. This investigation was conducted for a high pull speed with a fibre volume fraction and resin viscosity for a nominal polyester/glass roving composite. A 3-D finite volume technique was developed to simulate the flow of polyester resin through the glass rovings. The results show the impact of the axial location of the injection slot on the minimum injection pressure necessary to achieve complete fibre matrix wetout and the resin pressure within the injection chamber for a tapered injection chamber which is "detached" upstream of the pultrusion die. Injection chamber design information is presented.
Approximate Analytical Solution for Laminar Flow Over a Backward Step

Analytical solution of Navier-Stokes equations are extremely difficult and rare. It is one of the unsolved Clay Millennium problems in mathematics. Many solutions that exist are examples of degenerate cases where the nonlinearity is controlled. In this paper we explore the application of Bezier functions to solve the two-dimensional laminar fluid flow over a backward step. The Bezier functions provide a mesh free alternative to domain discretization methods that are currently used to solve such problems. The Navier-Stokes equation are handled directly without transformation and the setup is direct, simple, and involves minimizing the error in the residuals of the differential equations along with the error on the boundary conditions over the domain. The solutions for the velocity and pressure are available in polynomial form. They are single continuous functions over the entire domain. The procedure employs a combination of symbolic and numeric calculation in MATLAB. Two problems are explored. The first is the flow in a 2D channel to illustrate the technique. The second is the flow over the backward step. The solutions are compared to the corresponding finite element solutions from COMSOL Multiphysics software.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Radial Distribution Function Studies of the Structure of C60

Neutron diffraction measurements extending to high Q values of 45−1 have provided direct information on the structure of C60 at both 300K and 10K. Radial distribution functions (rdf) indicate relatively undistorted fullerenes whose bond distances are found to be independent of temperature. Improved double and single bond distances of 1.39A and 1.46A are obtained from the rdfs. The rdfs exhibit subtantial narrowing of longer range correlations for r >8A, due to hindered rotations at low temperature.
Illustrations of Fungi—XVII

Pileus ovoid to convex, at length expanded, 6-12 cm. broad, surface adorned with numerous thin, floccose or farinose warts, variable in color, always tinged with reddish or brownish-red, changing slowly to reddish when bruised, margin smooth or faintly striate; context white, changing slowly to reddish when bruised, with a pleasant odor and taste; lamellae free or slightly adnexed, crowded, nearly plane, white, characteristically chalkywhite when dry; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, o-I I X 6-7 u; stipe equal or slightly tapering upward, usually bulbous, squamulose, whitish suffused with red, becoming reddish when bruised, stuffed, 6-20 cm. long, 6-I2 mm. thick; annulus superior, ample, white, easily torn; volva very fragile, most of the fragments appearing on the surface of the pileus, while a few remain clinging to the margin of the bulb. Found commonly in woods and groves from Maine to Alabama and west to Ohio. It contains poisons when raw, but these are disorganized by cooking or digestion. Although edible, I cannot advise any one to eat it, since many of its near relatives are so
Abstract B42: Lack of chemopreventive effects of metformin in azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis

Metformin, an insulin-lowering agent, has been associated with decreased cancer risk in epidemiologic studies in diabetic patients. Short-term preclinical and clinical observations also supported inhibition of colonic precancerous lesions. However, recent meta-analysis studies show that metformin or related drugs may reduce risk of pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinoma but a non-significant inverse correlation with colon cancer risk. The present study explores a systematic analysis of chemopreventive efficacies of metformin on a well established model of colon carcinogenesis, using colonic preneoplastic lesions and adenocarcinomas as end points. Effect of dietary metformin (100 ppm, 400 ppm, 800 ppm to 1,600 ppm) on AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development; and a dietary metformin (500 ppm and 1,000 ppm) on AOM-induced colon adenocarcinoma was studied in F344 rats. ACF and tumor efficacy endpoints were carried out on AOM-treated 8-week-old rats (48 per group) fed the control AIN-76A diet. Either three days (ACF Study) or 4 weeks (adenocarcinoma study) after carcinogen treatment, rats were fed the diets containing different doses of metformin. ACF and colon adenocarcinomas were determined at 8 and 48 weeks after AOM-treatment, respectively. Dietary metformin at 100 and 400 ppm had no significant effect on the colonic ACF formation; whereas at higher doses a significant increase was observed in the total ACF (37%) and multicrypt ACF by 43%. In long term bioassay, dietary metformin at 500 and 1,000 ppm had no significant effect on adenocarcinoma incidence. With regard to colon adenocarcinoma multiplicity, metformin at both dose levels failed to provide any inhibitory effect, albeit, modest increase (∼20%) in adenocarcinoma multiplicity at high dose level was seen. Similarly, dietary metformin fail to show any inhibitory effect on colon tumor volume. Rats that were fed with metformin fail to show significant effects on markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis in colonic tumors. These observations show, for the first time, that metformin tested at different dose levels does not provide chemopreventive effects at the preneoplastic lesion stage or at adenocarcinoma stages in a well-established rat colon cancer model. Further studies are warranted to understand the discrepancies between preclinical models and more so in human clinical observations on the potential beneficial effects of metformin for colon cancer risk. {This work is supported by NCI-N01 CN-53300} Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B42.
Synthesis of 2,5-Substituted Siloles and Optical Study of Interactions with Mercury(II), Copper(II), and Nickel(II) Cations

Several 2,5-diaryl-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylsiloles (with aryl = p-cyanophenyl (1), m,p-bis(methylthio)phenyl (2), p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl (3), 2,2′-bipyridin-6-yl (4)) were synthesized and characterized by UV–vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy, along with crystal structure determinations for 1 and 2. Compounds 1–4 in methylene chloride were combined with 1–10 equiv of M(ClO4)2 (M = Ni, Cu, Hg) in methanol, and the resulting solutions were monitored by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Compound 1 showed slight effects for each metal, 2 exhibited fluorescence quenching selectively for Hg(II), 3 showed significant changes for all cations, and 4 generally demonstrated fluorescence quenching for all cations. A discussion of the causes behind these changes is also presented.
Tibial shaft fractures treated with functional braces. Experience with 780 fractures

We have reviewed our recent results with functional bracing of tibial shaft fractures in adults in order to define its role in management. We also analysed several parameters of these fractures to discover those which influence healing. A total of 780 tibial fractures treated in prefabricated functional braces were followed to union; shortening of less than 10 mm and angulation of less than 5 degrees in any plane were our parameters for successful treatment. The average time before applying a brace was 3.8 weeks for closed fractures and 5.2 weeks for open ones. Closed fractures healed in an average of 17.4 weeks and open fractures in an average of 21.7 weeks, 90% of them with 10 mm of shortening or less. Varus angulation and posterior angulation were the most common deformities encountered at union. There were 20 nonunions (2.5%) and 46 braces were discontinued during treatment. We found no association between fracture healing and the patient's age, the mechanism of injury or the fracture location. The degree of soft tissue injury appeared to have most influence on the speed of fracture healing. Fracture comminution and initial displacement, the condition of the fibula and the time from injury to bracing also appeared to affect the speed of union.
Test of De-Icing Operating Mode for UHVDC Power Transmission System and Its Practice in Engineering Commissioning

The topological structure of parallel converter is applied in the de-icing operation mode for ±800 kV UHVDC power transmission project from Xiangjiaba to Shanghai and ±800 kV UHVDC power transmission project from Jinping to Suzhou, and the current margin control strategy for multi-terminal direct current(MTDC) is adopted in the de-icing operation mode. Such problems appear during the commissioning process of de-icing operation mode for UHVDC transmission project as the higher steady state DC current, trip-out caused by the action of metallic return longitude differential protection(MRLDP) during the deblocking of pole II and the de-icing operation mode trip for pole II during the blocking of pole I and so on are analyzed in depth, and the solutions for these problems such as using higher tap changer position of converter transformer at inverter side under the de-icing operation mode and forbidding the function of MRLDP and so on are proposed. The proposed solutions are verified by both off-line EMTDC simulation and on-site commissioning of UHVDC transmission project from Jinping to Suzhou, and verification results show that the proposed solutions are effective.
Congress and the Cold War: The Triumph of the Armed Services Committee

Politically, the 1978 Senate races previewed the 1980 election, which concluded with the GOP capturing control of the Senate for the first time since 1955. Ideologically, they revealed a change in public opinion that had profound institutional effects. Since the early 1960s, the new internationalists had attempted to use the institutional powers of the upper chamber to alter foreign policy – quite successfully so in the early and mid-1970s. Voters rejected this approach in 1978, producing a less active and less ideologically consistent Senate, which in turn accelerated the upper chamber's decline vis-a-vis the House. With John Sparkman's retirement, Frank Church inherited the Foreign Relations Committee chairmanship. The Idaho senator appointed William Bader, a Carl Marcy protege, as chief of staff; he looked to reverse the decline of both the Senate and the new internationalists by reinvigorating the committee. The task was impossible: the bipartisan Foreign Relations Committee that Arthur Vandenberg and Henry Cabot Lodge had dominated during the Truman administration and that J. William Fulbright and Stuart Symington had used so effectively to challenge Nixon's foreign policy no longer existed. Clifford Case's defeat removed him as the committee's ranking member; though the similarly inclined Jacob Javits took his place, three conservative Republicans – Jesse Helms, S. I. Hayakawa, and Richard Lugar – joined the committee. For the first time in the Cold War, conservatives formed the majority of the committee's GOP contingent; invoking its authority under the 1970 Legislative Reorganization Act, the minority hired its own staff, abandoning the committee's tradition of nonpartisan personnel policy.
The effect of online fan community attributes on the loyalty and cooperation of fan community members: The moderating role of connect hours

Abstract Global fans spontaneously look up their favorite celebrity-related news coverage via the online community and/or by subscribing to fan pages on social media. Unlike social media, which is an open space for everyone including fans and anti-fans, the online fan community is a closed space only for avid fans who are willing to pay an annual membership fee. Since online community users tend to have a common identity and purpose, they feel a bond with the other members. In the meantime, the members may have different motivations for feeling attachment. For the study, the sample was collected from the “Girls' Generation” (GG) online fan community. The empirical results showed that social interaction significantly influenced fan community identification (FCI) and fan community trust (FCT). Information quality had positive effects on FCI, FCT, and celebrity trust (CT). Contents significantly affected CT and FCT. FCI had positive effects on CT, FCT, loyalty, and cooperation. CT and FCT significantly influenced loyalty and cooperation, respectively. Further, connect hours moderated the paths between FCI to CT; FCI to FCT; FCI to loyalty; and FCT to cooperation. This study provides added value for online fan community members and improves marketing strategies for entertainment management agencies.
Design Features in Games for Health: Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Expert Perspectives

Games for health (G4H) aim to improve health outcomes and encourage behavior change. While existing theoretical frameworks describe features of both games and health interventions, there has been limited systematic investigation into how disciplinary and interdisciplinary stakeholders understand design features in G4H. We recruited 18 experts from the fields of game design, behavioral health, and games for health, and prompted them with 16 sample games. Applying methods including open card sorting and triading, we elicited themes and features (e.g., real-world interaction, game mechanics) around G4H. We found evidence of conceptual differences suggesting that a G4H perspective is not simply the sum of game and health perspectives. At the same time, we found evidence of convergence in stakeholder views, including areas where game experts provided insights about health and vice versa. We discuss how this work can be applied to provide conceptual tools, improve the G4H design process, and guide approaches to encoding G4H-related data for large-scale empirical analysis.
Nonuniform surround suppression of visual responses in mouse V1

Perception of visual scenes requires active integration of both local and global features to successfully segment objects from the background. Although the underlying circuitry and development of p...
Assessing Value Differences Between Leaders of Two Social Venture Types: Benefit Corporations and Nonprofit Organizations

This study considers key value differences between leaders of two types of social ventures: for-profit social benefit corporations and nonprofit organizations. The research question asks to what degree the value sets of leaders of benefit corporations are congruent with those of similarly situated individuals in nonprofit organizations. The results show the values of leaders working in benefit corporations and nonprofit organizations are in many ways aligned, but there are notable statistical differences. A sectoral association of values is also present with employees in both types of organization, especially when the previous work experience of employees is considered.
Embedding Syntactic Tree Structures into CNN Architecture for Relation Classification

Relation classification is an important task in natural language processing (NLP) fields. State-of-the-art methods are mainly based on deep neural networks. This paper proposes a new convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture which combines the syntactic tree structure and other lexical level features together for relation classification. In our method, each word in the input sentence is first represented as a k-size word sequence which contains the context information of the considering word. Then each of such word sequence is parsed into a syntactic tree structure and this kind of tree structure is further mapped into a real-valued vector. Finally, concatenated with the attention features for the words among the marked entities, all of these features are fed into a CNN model for relation decision. We evaluate our method on the SemEval 2010 relation classification task and experimental results show that our method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods under the condition of without using external linguistic resources like WordNet.
Impairment of gallbladder emptying in diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Individuals with diabetes mellitus are reported to have a twofold to threefold increase in the incidence of cholesterol gallstones. A frequently cited but unproven pathophysiologic mechanism for this phenomenon is reduced gallbladder muscle function, which results in stasis and allows for cholesterol gallstone crystal formation and gallstone growth. To date, gallbladder motor function has not been investigated in a well-characterized diabetic population. Therefore, using radionuclide cholescintigraphy, gallbladder filling and subsequent emptying produced in response to an infusion of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin in 30 diabetic patients and 20 control individuals were studied. No difference in any parameter used to assess gallbladder filling was demonstrated in the diabetics when compared with controls. In contrast, gallbladder emptying induced with cholecystokinin-octapeptide (20 ng/kg body wt · h) was reduced in diabetics compared with controls (55% ± 5% vs. 74% ± 4%, p
The Practical Self

In this paper, I examine Bret Easton Ellis’ fictional portrayal of a serial killer named Patrick Bateman. I argue that Patrick Bateman exemplifies a post-humanistic Foucauldian subject. However, his practices of self-constitution and his comportment towards them are problematic. They lead us to question the liberating possibilities of Foucault’s ethics of self-care. To frame this literary analysis, I will summarize Foucault’s provocative conclusions about the death of man and survey the alternative suggestions he offers for conceiving the human in the wake of this critique.
Using the Reaction Path Concept to Obtain Rate Constants From ab initio Calculations

Even after so many years of progress in theoretical chemistry, the accurate first-principles description of chemical reactions still poses a major challenge. Under the BornOppenheimer approximation, the dynamics of an elementary chemical reaction are determined by the sum of the electronic energy plus the internuclear coulomb repulsion energy as a function of the nuclear geometry, i.e., the potential energy surface (PES). (Although we shall restrict the present section to bimolecular elementary gas-phase reactions occurring on a single PES, the concepts and methodologies discussed below are applicable to unimolecular reactions as well as to processes occurring in condensed phases or at phase interfaces; for some examples of such applications, see [1].) For example, given the entire PES for a particular reaction, the thermal rate constant can be obtained through a Boltzmann average of the reaction cross section [2,3], which can be approximated with classical trajectory [3-5] or quantum mechanical coupled-channel calculations [6,7]. More recently, a discrete variable representation approach [8] to the calculation of the cumulative reaction probability has also shown great promise. However, since such methods require a great deal of information about the PES, and, in addition, are generally not practical for three-dimensional studies of reactions involving more than three (or, perhaps, four) atoms, the most common approach for calculating thermal rate constants is transition state theory.
Characterization of membrane-bound sulfane reductase: A missing link in the evolution of modern day respiratory complexes.

Hyperthermophilic archaea contain a hydrogen gas–evolving,respiratory membrane–bound NiFe-hydrogenase (MBH) that is very closely related to the aerobic respiratory complex I. During growth on elemental sulfur (S°), these microorganisms also produce a homologous membrane-bound complex (MBX), which generates H2S. MBX evolutionarily links MBH to complex I, but its catalytic function is unknown. Herein, we show that MBX reduces the sulfane sulfur of polysulfides by using ferredoxin (Fd) as the electron donor, and we rename it membrane-bound sulfane reductase (MBS). Two forms of affinity-tagged MBS were purified from genetically engineered Pyrococcus furiosus (a hyperthermophilic archaea species): the 13-subunit holoenzyme (S-MBS) and a cytoplasmic 4-subunit catalytic subcomplex (C-MBS). S-MBS and C-MBS reduced dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) with comparable Km (∼490 μm) and Vmax values (12 μmol/min/mg). The MBS catalytic subunit (MbsL), but not that of complex I (NuoD), retains two of four NiFe-coordinating cysteine residues of MBH. However, these cysteine residues were not involved in MBS catalysis because a mutant P. furiosus strain (MbsLC85A/C385A) grew normally with S°. The products of the DMTS reduction and properties of polysulfides indicated that in the physiological reaction, MBS uses Fd (Eo′ = −480 mV) to reduce sulfane sulfur (Eo′ −260 mV) and cleave organic (RSnR, n ≥ 3) and anionic polysulfides (Sn2−, n ≥ 4) but that it does not produce H2S. Based on homology to MBH, MBS also creates an ion gradient for ATP synthesis. This work establishes the electrochemical reaction catalyzed by MBS that is intermediate in the evolution from proton- to quinone-reducing respiratory complexes.
Endoscopy Is Relatively Safe in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) is reported to occur in 1–8% of patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS is considered to be a relative contraindication to GIE. Evaluate the outcomes of gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) in patients hospitalized with AIS and GIH. Patients hospitalized with AIS and GIH were included from the National Inpatient Sample 2005–2014. Primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS and GIH who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy. Secondary outcomes were (1) resource utilization as measured by length of stay (LOS) and total hospitalization costs and (2) to identify independent predictors of undergoing GIE in patients with AIS and GIH. Confounders were adjusted for by using multivariable regression analysis. A total of 75,756 hospitalizations were included in the analysis. Using a multivariate analysis, the in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients who underwent GIE as compared to those who did not [aOR: 0.4, P 65 years, Asian or Pacific race, hypovolemic shock, need for blood transfusion and admission to urban non-teaching hospital. Gastrointestinal endoscopy can be safely performed in a substantial number of patients with AIS and GIH.
Extending Accurate Time Distribution and Timeliness Capabilities Over the Air to Enable Future Wireless Industrial Automation Systems

Many industrial automation systems rely on time-synchronized (and timely) communication among sensing, computing, and actuating devices. Advances in Ethernet enabled by time-sensitive networking (TSN) standards, being developed by the IEEE 802.1 TSN Task Group, are significantly improving time synchronization as well as worst case latencies. Next-generation industrial systems are expected to leverage advances in distributed time coordinated computing and wireless communications to enable greater levels of automation, efficiency, and flexibility. Significant progress has been made in extending accurate time synchronization over the air (e.g., 802.1AS profile for IEEE 802.11/Wi-Fi). Given the inherently unreliable, varying capacity and latency prone characteristics associated with wireless communications, proving the feasibility of worst case latency performance over the wireless medium is a major research challenge. More specifically, understanding what levels of capacity, reliability, and latency could be guaranteed over wireless links with high reliability are important research questions to guide the development of new radios, protocols, and time coordinated applications. This paper provides an overview of the potential applications, requirements, and unique research challenges to extend TSN capabilities over wireless. The paper also describes advances in wireless technologies (e.g., next-generation 802.11 and 5G standards) toward achieving reliable and accurate time distribution and timeliness capabilities. It also provides a classification of wireless applications and a reference architecture for enabling the integration of wired and wireless TSN capabilities in future industrial automation systems.
Probabilistic Kernel Support Vector Machines

Author(s): Chen, Yongxin; Georgiou, Tryphon T; Tannenbaum, Allen R | Abstract: We propose a probabilistic enhancement of standard kernel Support Vector Machines for binary classification, in order to address the case when, along with given data sets, a description of uncertainty (e.g., error bounds) may be available on each datum. In the present paper, we specifically consider Gaussian distributions to model uncertainty. Thereby, our data consist of pairs $(x_i,\Sigma_i)$, $i\in\{1,\ldots,N\}$, along with an indicator $y_i\in\{-1,1\}$ to declare membership in one of two categories for each pair. These pairs may be viewed to represent the mean and covariance, respectively, of random vectors $\xi_i$ taking values in a suitable linear space (typically $\mathbb R^n$). Thus, our setting may also be viewed as a modification of Support Vector Machines to classify distributions, albeit, at present, only Gaussian ones. We outline the formalism that allows computing suitable classifiers via a natural modification of the standard "kernel trick." The main contribution of this work is to point out a suitable kernel function for applying Support Vector techniques to the setting of uncertain data for which a detailed uncertainty description is also available (herein, "Gaussian points").
The structure and conformational plasticity of the nonstructural protein 1 of the 1918 influenza A virus

Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional virulence factor of influenza virus. The effector domain (ED) of influenza viruses is capable of binding to a variety of host factors, however, the molecular basis of the interactions remains to be investigated. The isolated NS1-ED exists in equilibrium between the monomer and homodimer. Although the structural diversity of the dimer interface has been well-characterized, limited information is available regarding the internal conformational heterogeneity of the monomeric NS1-ED. Here, we present the solution NMR structure of the NS1-ED W187R of the 1918 influenza A virus, which caused the "Spanish flu." Structural plasticity is an essential property to understand the molecular mechanism by which NS1-ED interacts with multiple host proteins. Structural comparison with the NS1-ED from influenza A/Udorn/1972 (Ud) strain revealed a similar overall structure but a distinct conformational variation and flexibility. Our results suggest that conformational flexibility of the NS1-ED might differ depending on the influenza strain.
Optical In Vivo Imaging in Tuberculosis Research

Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest challenges to global health, making the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for tuberculosis a high priority. However, the unique cause, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, demonstrates a number of characteristics that have hindered progress in tuberculosis research. These challenges include an unusually slow growth rate that makes traditional microbiological methods time consuming, a unique glycolipid-rich cell wall that causes bacterial aggregation and complicates enumeration of bacterial loads, and a highly variable disease progression including both acute and chronic stages of infection that can complicate in vivo studies due to variation between infected animals. One strategy that has proven to be remarkably successful in overcoming these challenges is the application of in vivo optical imaging to the study of M. tuberculosis. This approach allows the progress of an infection to be followed in individual animals over time, enabling researchers to better understand this important pathogen and assay new vaccines, treatments, and diagnostic tests more accurately. In this chapter, we discuss the techniques and tools that have been developed to facilitate application of bioluminescent and fluorescent in vivo imaging to tuberculosis research. We also summarize the progress and potential contributions of real-time imaging to the tuberculosis field. Based on recent progress, optical imaging has the potential to transform the field, leading to more rapid discovery of therapeutics, vaccines and mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Development of Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortex Interactions through Adolescence.

Significant improvements in cognitive control occur from childhood through adolescence, supported by the maturation of prefrontal systems. However, less is known about the neural basis of refinements in cognitive control proceeding from adolescence to adulthood. Accumulating evidence indicates that integration between hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports flexible cognition and has a protracted neural maturation. Using a longitudinal design (487 scans), we characterized developmental changes from 8 to 32 years of age in HPC-PFC functional connectivity at rest and its associations with cognitive development. Results indicated significant increases in functional connectivity between HPC and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), but not dorsolateral PFC. Importantly, HPC-vmPFC connectivity exclusively predicted performance on the Stockings of Cambridge task, which probes problem solving and future planning. These data provide evidence that maturation of high-level cognition into adulthood is supported by increased functional integration across the HPC and vmPFC through adolescence.
Atomic structures of closed and open influenza B M2 proton channel reveal the conduction mechanism

The influenza B M2 (BM2) proton channel is activated by acidic pH to mediate virus uncoating. Unlike influenza A M2 (AM2), which conducts protons with strong inward rectification, BM2 conducts protons both inward and outward. Here we report 1.4- and 1.5-A solid-state NMR structures of the transmembrane domain of the closed and open BM2 channels in a phospholipid environment. Upon activation, the transmembrane helices increase the tilt angle by 6° and the average pore diameter enlarges by 2.1 A. BM2 thus undergoes a scissor motion for activation, which differs from the alternating-access motion of AM2. These results indicate that asymmetric proton conduction requires a backbone hinge motion, whereas bidirectional conduction is achieved by a symmetric scissor motion. The proton-selective histidine and gating tryptophan in the open BM2 reorient on the microsecond timescale, similar to AM2, indicating that side chain dynamics are the essential driver of proton shuttling. Solid-state NMR structures of the influenza B M2 (BM2) proton channel transmembrane domain in a phospholipid environment reveal open and closed conformations and indicate that side chain dynamics are essential for proton shuttling by BM2.
Syntheses, theoretical studies, and crystal structures of [Ni(II)SSRRL](PF6)2 and [Ni(II)SRSRL](Cl)(PF6) that contains anagostic interactions

The syntheses of two square planar nickel complexes containing the condensation and subsequently reduced products obtained by reacting [Ni(en)3](BF4)2 and acetone are reported. The complexes 5,5,7,...
Large Integer Programs: Projection and Inverse Projection

In this chapter we continue with the theme of generating better mixed integer model formulations.
A 4G-Connected Micro-Rover With Infinite Range

The development of micro-rover technology could enable multiple applications. However, the range of control so far has been limited to the radio system used. If cellular (4G/5G) connectivity could be used, its control range would be practically infinite. This work describes the design of such a system. The micro-rover is controlled by an onboard GPS linked STM32 32-bit ARM-based microcontroller, which communicates with an onboard Linux computer. The control is over a 4G/LTE network, which can provide full manual (throttle and steering) or full autonomous (GPS waypoint controlled) navigation. A live HD video stream is used for driver awareness and navigation. With this approach, in this work, we demonstrate a 4G-connected micro-rover with semi-autonomous driving capability and a prototype command and control architecture with encryption that can punch through firewalls at the driver and rover end. At 0.3 m in length and 900-g weight, this is the smallest 4G-connected autonomous micro-rover ever demonstrated. Because of the 4G connectivity, its control range is practically infinite.