cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion-neutral coupling during deep solar minimum

Abstract The equatorial ionosphere under conditions of deep solar minimum exhibits structuring due to tidal forces. Data from instruments carried by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) which was launched in April 2008 have been analyzed for the first 2 years following launch. The Planar Langmuir Probe (PLP), Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) and Vector Electric Field Investigation (VEFI) all detect periodic structures during the 2008–2010 period which appear to be tides. However when the tidal features detected by these instruments are compared, there are distinctive and significant differences between the observations. Tides in neutral densities measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite were also observed during June 2008. In addition, Broad Plasma Decreases (BPDs) appear as a deep absolute minimum in the plasma and neutral density tidal pattern. These are co-located with regions of large downward-directed ion meridional velocities and minima in the zonal drifts, all on the nightside. The region in which BPDs occur coincides with a peak in occurrence rate of dawn depletions in plasma density observed on the Defense Meterological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft, as well as a minimum in radiance detected by UV imagers on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) and IMAGE satellites.
PAM: a photographic affect meter for frequent, in situ measurement of affect

The assessment of emotion, or affect, is critical for anyone trying to understand human behavior. But there is a problem: affect as a state is frequently changing and difficult to recall and express, yet in research, we typically only assess it via a single questionnaire at the end of a study. This work presents PAM, the Photographic Affect Meter, a novel tool for measuring affect in which users select from a wide variety of photos the one which best suits their current mood. Our findings indicate that PAM-which takes seconds to complete and is designed to run on modern mobile phones and mobile computing devices-demonstrates strong construct validity across two studies and is very well suited for frequent sampling in context. This work provides a tool to researchers in need of frequent assessment of affect and guidance to others interested in developing similar measurement tools.
Legionella cardiaca sp. nov., isolated from a case of native valve endocarditis in a human heart.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated H63T, was isolated from aortic valve tissue of a patient with native valve endocarditis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that H63T belongs to the genus Legionella , with its closest neighbours being the type strains of Legionella brunensis (98.8 % similarity), L. londiniensis (97.0 %), L. jordanis (96.8 %), L. erythra (96.2 %), L. dresdenensis (96.0 %) and L. rubrilucens , L. feeleii , L. pneumophila and L. birminghamensis (95.7 %). DNA–DNA hybridization studies yielded values of <70 % relatedness between strain H63T and its nearest neighbours in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, indicating that the strain represents a novel species. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) and RNase P (rnpB) genes confirmed that H63T represents a distinct species, with L. brunensis being its closest sister taxon. Fatty acid composition and biochemical traits, such as the inability to ferment glucose and reduce nitrate, supported the affiliation of H63T to the genus Legionella . H63T was distinguishable from its neighbours based on it being positive for hippurate hydrolysis. H63T was further differentiated by its inability to grow on BCYE agar at 17 °C, its poor growth on low-iron medium and the absence of sliding motility. Also, H63T did not react with antisera generated from type strains of Legionella species. H63T replicated within macrophages. It also grew in mouse lungs, inducing histopathological evidence of pneumonia and dissemination to the spleen. Together, these results confirm that H63T represents a novel, pathogenic Legionella species, for which the name Legionella cardiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H63T ( = ATCC BAA-2315T = DSM 25049T = JCM 17854T).
Social Protest Novels in Management Education: Using Hawk’s Nest to Enhance Stakeholder Analysis

This article examines the potential of the social protest novel as a teaching tool in the management classroom. It suggests that the social protest novel provides a uniquely powerful medium in that it effectively captures the student’s imagination and interest with an engrossing narrative, personalizes the importance of management issues and decisions through a student’s identification with the characters, and utilizes its grounding in real world events to demonstrate the capacity for change. This article introduces Hubert Skidmore’s Hawk’s Nest as a powerful social protest novel for use in the management classroom, with specific applications in stakeholder analysis and business ethics.
Neurologic emergencies in cancer patients.

Neurologic emergencies are common among cancer patients. In one study, neurologic symptoms and signs were present in 38% of oncology-related emergency department visits at a community teaching hospital. 146 The most common neurologic diagnoses in cancer patients are brain metastases (16% of all consultations Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center), metabolic encephalopathy (10%), painful bone metastases (10%), and epidural tumor (8%). 28 In this chapter we review the acute neurologic complications that occur in cancer patients.
Identifying the major proteome components of Haemophilus influenzae type‐strain NCTC 8143

With the completion of the Haemophilus influenzae Rd genomic sequence, we know the identity of most of the theoretical proteins in the proteome of this bacterium. However, the most abundant components of the actual proteome are unknown. Using mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), we sequenced and analyzed the most abundant proteins observed in the ATCC reference strain of H. influenzae, NCTC 8143 (303 of approximately 400 Coomassie-stained 2-DE spots). To automate the identification of 2-DE spots, we coupled a liquid autosampler to a microcolumn liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer capable of identifying 22 spots per day. From the 303 sequenced spots, we identified 263 unique proteins. Most of the abundant proteins lie in an isoelectric point range of pH 4-7 and a molecular mass range of 10-100 kDa. Of the observed proteins, the most abundant is the outer membrane protein P2. Based on variety and abundance, proteins involved in energy metabolism and macromolecular synthesis are the dominant classes of proteins. Unexpectedly, tryptophanase was identified as a highly abundant protein in the strain NCTC 8143 whose sequence is not present in the genome of the Rd strain. By searching the tandem mass spectra against the translated genomic sequence, we identified several proteins which were not annotated in the genomic sequence. Surprisingly, 22% of the identified 2-DE spots represent isoforms in which gene products with the same primary sequence have different observed pI and M(r), indicating that these proteins are post-translationally processed. Although most proteins' predicted and observed isoelectric points and molecular masses show reasonable concordance, the observed values for several proteins deviate significantly from the predicted values. These anomalies may represent either highly processed proteins or misinterpretations of the genomic sequence. Using the technology developed in this project, the protein expression of other strains of H. influenzae grown under different environmental conditions can be compared to identify differences in their proteomes.
Models of Horizontal Eye Movements, Part I:Early Models of Saccades and Smooth Pursuit

There are five different types of eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. The purpose of this book is focused primarily on mathematical models of the horizontal saccadic eye movement system and the smooth pursuit system, rather than on how visual information is processed. A saccade is a fast eye movement used to acquire a target by placing the image of the target on the fovea. Smooth pursuit is a slow eye movement used to track a target as it moves by keeping the target on the fovea. The vestibular ocular movement is used to keep the eyes on a target during brief head movements. The optokinetic eye movement is a combination of saccadic and slow eye movements that keeps a full-field image stable on the retina during sustained head rotation. Each of these movements is a conjugate eye movement, that is, movements of both eyes together driven by a common neural source. A vergence movement is a non-con ugate eye movement allowing the eyes to track targets as they come closer or farther away. In this book, early models of saccades and smooth pursuit are presented. The smooth pursuit system allows tracking of a slow moving target to maintain its position on the fovea. Models of the smooth pursuit have been developed using systems control theory, all involving a negative feedback control system that includes a time delay, controller and plant in the forward loop, with unity feedback. The oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basic elements of the saccadic system. The oculomotor plant consists of three muscle pairs and the eyeball. A number of oculomotor plant models are described here beginning with the Westheimer model published in 1954, and up through our 1995 model involving a 4$^{th}$ order oculomotor plant model. The work presented here is not an exhaustive coverage of the field, but focused on the interests of the author. In Part II, a state-of-art model of the saccade s stem is presented, including a neural network that controls the system. Table of Contents: Introduction / Smooth Pursuit Models / Early Models of the Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movement System / Velocity and Acceleration Estimation / 1995 Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model
Predation on Artificial Nests of Northern Bobwhites, Colinus virginianus , by Mammalian Mesopredators: Does the Problem-Individual Paradigm Fit?

Using mark/recapture procedures, predation on artificial nests of Northern Bobwhites ( Colinus virginianus ) by mammalian mesopredators (Raccoons, Procyon lotor ; Virginia Opossums, Didelphis virginiana ; and Striped Skunks, Mephitis mephitis ) was assessed in relation to the “problem-individual” paradigm. The paradigm, which is untested among mammalian mesopredators, predicts that most predation on a prey species is by a small number of individuals repeatedly involved. By examining number of captures and recaptures on artificial nests during non-nesting and nesting periods in 2000-2003, predation within and among species were gauged. Results varied by species, sampling period, and year; however, predation was by a small percentage of individuals and only within the population of Striped Skunks were individuals (2 of 49) captured on an artificial nest more than once. Raccoons, Virginia Opossums, and Striped Skunks were responsible for 10, 2, and 12% of the loss of all nests available to predators, respectively. Based on low occurrences of individuals repeatedly involved in predation on nests, the problem-individual paradigm was unsubstantiated. Although Raccoons, Virginia Opossums, and Striped Skunks (as individual predators) had only moderate impact on the population of Northern Bobwhites, they had a much greater impact collectively (preying upon 24% of all nests available). To maximize Northern Bobwhite success, the most productive management is probably best directed toward a vertebrate guild that includes mammalian, avian, and reptilian predators, and management strategies that use multiple techniques.
The Adequacy of Student Reports of Parental Ses Characteristics

In this study, the reliability and validity of student reports of parental SES characteristics was investigated. Using panel data for student reports and independent surveys of both mothers and fathers, it was found that student reports were relatively stable over time and were more reliably measured for parental education than for either father's income or occupation. The validities of the reports were, for all but income reports, moderate. The validity of income reports was very low. It was concluded that student reports should be utilized with some caution, and, where possible, direct measures of parental SES should be used.
The use of nanosecond fluorometry in detecting conformational transitions of an allosteric enzyme

Analysis of the time decay of fluorescence of 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate bound to phosphorylase b reveals the presence of two components with different decay times. In glycylglycine buffer, pH 7.0, the addition of the activators AMP or IMP, or the conversion to phosphorylase a results in a preferential decrease in the amplitude of the component of longer decay time, arising probably from a preferential dissociation of 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate from the corresponding site as a consequence of a change in molecular state.
In vitro genotoxicity testing of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane, a metabolite of β-chloroprene

Abstract (1-Chloroethenyl)oxirane (CEO) is a metabolite of β-chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, CD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro mutagenic and clastogenic (chromosome breaking) potential of CEO. For comparative purposes, the study also included an evaluation of the racemic compounds, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). Mutagenicity was evaluated in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames), using the pre-incubation method in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolism system (Aroclor ® -induced rat liver S9). Four Salmonella typhimurium tester strains, TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA1535 were used. The exposure concentrations in the sealed incubation vials ranged from 0 to 69 mM for CEO, 0 to 102 mM for EB, and 0 to 83 mM for DEB. All three compounds showed signs of toxicity, with DEB being substantially more toxic than either CEO or EB. Mutagenic activity was observed with all three chemicals in primarily the base pair substitution strains ( S. typhimurium TA100 and TA1535), but some activity was also seen in the frameshift elimination strains ( S. typhimurium TA97a and TA98). The observed mutagenic responses after exposure with CEO or EB were greater than the observed response for DEB, most likely because of the higher toxicity of DEB. Generally, the mutagenic responses were unchanged in the frameshift strains and base pair substitution strains in the presence of S9 metabolism. In vitro clastogenicity was evaluated using the cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. The test was conducted without S9 metabolism because of the absence of substantial changes in the Ames test. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.943 mM for CEO, 0 to 3.0 mM for EB, and 0 to 0.035 mM for DEB, with the upper exposure concentrations dictated by cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity, measured as a reduction in the proportion of binucleated cells and altered cell morphology, was observed for CEO at concentrations ≥0.175 mM. Exposure to EB led to a reduced proportion of binucleated cells at concentrations ≥2.0 mM, and cell death was observed after DEB exposure at concentrations ≥0.025 mM. No clastogenicity was observed in the V79 cells when tested up to cytotoxic concentrations of CEO, whereas an elevated frequency of micronuclei was observed after exposure to either EB (≥1.0 mM) or DEB (≥0.0125 mM). These results suggest that CEO-induced mutagenicity, but not clastogenicity, may contribute to the observed β-chloroprene-induced carcinogenicity in the rodent bioassay studies.
Kidney transplantation in the United States: economic burden and recent trends analysis.

Objective—As kidney transplant is the preferred mode of management of advanced kidney disease and economic trends for kidney transplant procedures are not well known, data were analyzed to assess these trends.Data Source—Annual data for 1998 to 2008 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality were used to analyze characteristics of patients discharged from hospitals in the United States with kidney transplant as the primary procedure.Data Synthesis/Results—The population more than 65 years old had the most significant increase in hospitalizations for kidney transplant procedures (P< .01). The mean length of stay decreased by 2.8 days over the period studied (P= .02). Mean hospital charge increased despite a decrease in length of stay resulting in a 225% increase in charge per day of hospitalization, from $6907 in 1998 to $22 484 in 2008. The national aggregate hospital charges for kidney transplant procedures rose from $0.9 bill...
Tuberculosis among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1993-2002.

Objectives. I examined trends in and epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) within the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population of the United States and compared TB trends and characteristics in that population with TB trends and characteristics within other racial/ethnic groups. Methods. I analyzed all verified cases of TB reported to the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2002. Results. From 1993 through 2002, 196133 TB cases were reported, 2612 (1.3%) of which were in the AIAN population. During this period, TB case rates declined 40.4% among AIAN peoples, the smallest decrease among any US-born racial/ethnic group. In 2002, 15075 TB cases (5.2 per 100000 population) were reported, 180 of which were in the AIAN population (8.4 per 100000 population)—almost 6 times the rate for non-Hispanic Whites (1.5 per 100000 population). Conclusions. TB continues to be a significant health problem for the AIAN population. Vigilance an...
Constrained Formation of Object Representations

Viewers were presented with a rapid sequence of very brief stimulus pairs, each of which consisted of a pictured object followed by a related or unrelated word. The form of relatedness between the picture and word was manipulated across experiments (identical concept, associated concept, ink color of the picture). Recognition memory for the pictures was affected not only by whether or not paired items were conceptually identical or semantically related, but also by whether or not the words named an irrelevant feature, ink color. These results show that sequential items are integrated on the basis of similarity at whatever level is available, so that the stability of the memory representation of one or both items is increased. We propose that a common mechanism may underlie integration, priming, and selective attention.
CMOS implementation of a multiple-valued logic signed-digit full adder based on negative-differentiaI-resistance devices

This paper presents a fully integrated implementation of a multivalued-logic signed-digit full adder (SDFA) circuit using a standard 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The radix-2 SDFA circuit, based on two-peak negative-differentiaI-resistance (NDR) devices, has been implemented using MOS-NDR, a new prototyping technique for circuits that combine MOS transistors and NDR devices. In MOS-NDR, the folded current-voltage characteristics of NDR devices such as resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) are emulated using only nMOS transistors. The SDFA prototype has been fabricated and correct function has been verified. With an area of 123.75 by 38.7 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and a simulated propagation delay of 17 ns, the MOS-NDR prototype is more than 15 times smaller and slightly faster than the equivalent hybrid RTD-CMOS implementation.
Amiodarone-induced bone marrow granulomas: an unusual cause of reversible pancytopenia

Bone marrow infiltration by granulomas rarely presents with cytopenias and is usually a result of atypical infections, lymphomas, or sarcoidosis. Drugs are also an important but often overlooked causal agent of bone marrow granulomas. Although rare, amiodarone has been associated with bone marrow granuloma formation. This case report describes a 73-year-old male who presented with pancytopenia during a preoperative evaluation. Amiodarone therapy was suspected to be the causal agent after diagnostic evaluation and exclusion of other causes. After cessation of amiodarone, the patient's pancytopenia gradually resolved over a period of several months. Our report illustrates an often overlooked yet important cause of reversible pancytopenia owing to suspected amiodarone-induced bone marrow granuloma formation, and guides clinicians in an expected timeline for blood count improvement after cessation of this drug.
African-american race is a predictor of seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of the study was to determine whether racial differences exist in the pattern of local disease progression among men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa), which is currently unknown. In this study we evaluated the pattern of adverse pathologic features in an identical cohort of African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CS) men with PCa. Patients and Methods The overall cohort consisted of 1104 men (224 AA, and 880 CS) who underwent RP between 1990 and 2012. We compared preoperative factors and pathologic outcomes after RP across race groups. Multivariate analysis was used to identify factors predictive of adverse pathologic outcomes. The effect of race on adverse pathologic outcomes and biochemical control rate (BCR) was evaluated using multivariate regression model and Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results The 10-year BCR was 59% versus 82% in AA and CS men, respectively ( P = .003). There was no significant difference in extraprostatic spread ( P = .14), positive surgical margin ( P = .81), lymph node involvement ( P = .71), or adverse pathologic features ( P = .16) across race groups. However, among patients with ≥ 1 adverse pathologic features, AA men had higher rate of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) compared with CS men (51% vs. 30%; P = .01). After adjusting for known predictors of adverse pathologic features AA race remained a predictor of SVI. Conclusion AA men have an increased risk of SVI after RP, particularly among men with Gleason ≤ 6 disease. This might represent racial differences in the biology of PCa disease progression, which contribute to poorer outcomes in AA men.
An experiment with WWW interactive learning in university education

Abstract The World Wide Web coupled with user friendly Web browsers now provide access to multimedia Web pages in universally accepted formats that can be accessed world wide easily via inexpensive desk-top computers. Everyone appears to agree that this technology will revolutionize how students, faculty, researchers, and the public access and use information. Consequently university educators are now enjoying, for the first time in history, a new way to customize and share their unique approaches to teaching and information resources in the form of text, graphics, and sound—to students both on and off campus and, with concern for the future, across time. In this paper we discuss our exploration with the use of interactive learning on the Web in an Introduction to C Programming Course taught in the Department of Computer and Information Science at Cleveland State University, and compare results with the same course taught a previous semester using no interactive WWW learning.
Reluctant horses at the digital river

Mastery of the changing bank of information needed to practice at the cutting edge will require the exploitation of emerging informatics and communication technologies. Whether their limitless promise will be embraced or forgone will depend as much on human as on technological practice.
Effects of Phytase Addition with or Without a Trace Mineral Premix on Growth Performance, Bone Response Variables, and Tissue Mineral Concentrations in Commercial Broilers

Abstract Microbial phytase has been shown to increase the availability of Ca, P, ME, amino acids, and trace minerals in diets of broilers. By increasing the availability of trace minerals, phytase may be able to replace the trace mineral premix in diets for broilers. Therefore, a 43-d floor pen study that included diets with and without phytase and with and without supplemental trace minerals was conducted to evaluate this possibility. The Ca and nonphytate P concentrations were decreased by 0.10% in diets with phytase. Growth performance was not affected in chicks fed diets with or without the trace minerals, but adding phytase had positive effects on growth performance. Removal of the trace minerals had a negative effect on bone strength. Removal of the trace minerals, addition of phytase, or both had variable effects on tissue trace mineral concentrations.
Autonomic Effects on Noise Recorded During Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of autonomic stimulation and blockade on noise levels and to compare the noise measurements in the ST and TP segments of the signal-averaged ECG. Five-minute electrocardiographic data were recorded in 14 normal volunteers (8 males and 6 females; mean age 28.5 +/- 5.0 years) on two separate days (day 1-baseline, epinephrine infusion, isoproterenol infusion, beta-blockade, and combined adrenergic and parasympathetic blockade; day 2-baseline, phenylephrine infusion, parasympathetic blockade, and during phenylephrine infusion following atropine). Signal averaging was done off-line on 100 beats and noise was measured in both the ST and TP segments as the standard deviation of voltage in the segment of interest. For all conditions tested, the mean noise level measured in the ST segment (0.46 +/- 0.16 microV) was significantly less than that measured in the TP segment (0.52 +/- 0.24 microV; P = 0.0003), but there was good correlation between the noise measured in the ST and the TP segment (R2 = 0.62, P < 0.0001). Noise increased with isoproterenol infusion and decreased following adrenergic blockade. In addition, day 2 baseline noise was less than baseline noise on day 1. Finally, neither parasympathetic stimulation or blockade nor alpha-adrenergic stimulation significantly affected signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) noise levels. Thus, the data support the notion that enhanced sympathetic tone increases noise levels and beta-adrenergic blockade may decrease noise levels, likely due to effects from muscle sympathetic nerve activity. These findings are important since the target population for the SAECG are patients with myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, conditions associated with increased sympathetic tone, which may in turn impact on the reproducibility or technical aspects of the SAECG. In addition, because noise in the ST and TP segments are highly correlated and the noise measured in the ST segment is less than that in the TP segment, uniform adoption of noise measurement in the ST segment seems most appropriate.
Downstream mediators of the intratumoral interferon response suppress antitumor immunity, induce gemcitabine resistance and associate with poor survival in human pancreatic cancer

The cancer microenvironment allows tumor cells to evade immune surveillance through a variety of mechanisms. While interferon-γ (IFNγ) is central to effective antitumor immunity, its effects on the microenvironment are not as clear and have in some cancers been shown to induce immune checkpoint ligands. The heterogeneity of these responses to IFNγ remains poorly characterized in desmoplastic malignancies with minimal inflammatory cell infiltration, such as pancreatic cancer (PC). Thus, the IFNγ response within and on key cells of the PC microenvironment was evaluated. IFNγ induced expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II on PC cell lines, primary pancreatic cancer epithelial cells (PPCE) and patient-derived tumor-associated stroma, concomitant with an upregulation of PDL1 in the absence of CD80 and CD86 expression. As expected, IFNγ also induced high levels of CXCL10 from all cell types. In addition, significantly higher levels of CXCL10 were observed in PC specimens compared to those from chronic pancreatitis, whereby intratumoral CXCL10 concentration was an independent predictor of poor survival. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a subset of CXCR3-positive cancer cells in over 90 % of PC specimens, as well as on a subset of cultured PC cell lines and PPCE, whereby exposure to CXCL10 induced resistance to the chemotherapeutic gemcitabine. These findings suggest that IFNγ has multiple effects on many cell types within the PC microenvironment that may lead to immune evasion, chemoresistance and shortened survival.
Justice in Moscow

AbstractThe article explores Russians’ satisfaction with their experiences in court and with the legal system more generally. The analysis draws on a nationally representative survey of Russians, fielded by the Levada Center in 2010. The results show that most court veterans believe that the decision in their case was just, and that the judge treated them well. But these positive feelings do not extend beyond their case. Russians who have no court experience tend to have more favorable views about the legal system than do court veterans. These findings serve to remind us of the difficulty of building confidence in the legal system in post-Soviet Russia.
The Stadium Gambit and Local Economic Development

In recent years, sports franchises have frequently used their monopoly power to extract rents from state and local governments. Taxpayers in cities all over the country foot the bill for new stadiums, improvements to existing stadiums, or infrastructure needed to make new stadiums or arenas as attractive as possible. Despite the beliefs of local officials and their hired consultants about the economic benefits of publicly subsidized stadium construction, the consensus of academic economists has been that such policies do not raise incomes. The results that describe in this article are even more pessimistic, that is, subsidies of sports facilities may actually reduce the incomes of the alleged beneficiaries.
786 Isolated Right Ventricular Assist Device Support Does Not Predict Better Survival over Biventricular Support for Primary Graft Failure after Orthotopic Heart Transplant

Isolated Right Ventricular Assist Device Support Does Not Predict Better Survival over Biventricular Support for Primary Graft Failure after Orthotopic Heart Transplant J.A. Yang, Y. Naka, M.S. Koeckert, B.P. Shulman, J. Jiang, T. Horai, T. Ota, N. Uriel, P. Colombo, U.P. Jorde, D.M. Mancini, H. Takayama. Division of Cardiac Surgery, Dept of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Dept of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes

Anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant are strongly associated with thrombosis and appear to be the most common of the acquired blood protein defects causing thrombosis. Although the precise mechanism(s) whereby antiphospholipid antibodies alter hemostasis to induce a hypercoagulable state remain unclear, several theories have been advanced. The commonest thrombotic events associated with anticardiolipin antibodies are deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus (type I syndrome), coronary or peripheral artery thrombosis (type II syndrome), or cerebrovascular/retinal vessel thrombosis (type III syndrome), and occasionally patients present with mixtures (type IV syndrome). The relative frequency of anticardiolipin antibodies in association with arterial and venous thrombosis strongly suggests that these should be looked for in any individual with unexplained thrombosis; all three idiotypes (IgG, IgA, and IgM) should be assessed. Also, the type of syndrome (I through IV) should be defined if possible because this may dictate both type and duration of immediate and long-term anticoagulant therapy. In contrast to those with anticardiolipin antibodies, patients with primary lupus anticoagulant thrombosis syndrome usually suffer venous thrombosis. Because the aPTT is unreliable in patients with lupus anticoagulant (prolonged in only about 40% to 50% of patients) and is not usually prolonged in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies, definitive tests (ELISA for anticardiolipin antibody and the dRVVT for lupus anticoagulant) should be immediately ordered when suspecting antiphospholipid syndrome or in individuals with otherwise unexplained thrombotic or thromboembolic events.
Study on Preventive Maintenance

The idea, principal framework and function of the Preventive Maintenance System (PMS) are introduced. A strong emphasis is laid on the working flow and methods of maintenance analysis as well as the correlative items such as FMECA, RCMA, LORA and MTA. The final PMS work and the maintenance source supply are determined based on the analysis results.
Secondhand smoke: A comparison of exposure to bar employees in a state with smoking bans and a state without smoking bans

Background: Only 28 states have comprehensive laws prohibiting smoking in public places including all bars and restaurants. This project studied secondhand smoke (SHS) in bars in Covington, KY, where it is still legal to smoke indoors versus air quality in Cincinnati, OH bars where it is not legal to smoke indoors. Previous studies took samples from bars before and after smoking bans were put in place, but outdoor air quality in general could have changed in the areas over time. Materials and Methods: Air samples were taken in eight bars, four in Ohio where smoking is prohibited and four in Kentucky where smoking is permitted. All samples were taken on the same evening spending 30 min in each location with the instrument as close to the center of the room as possible. Results: Environmental conditions in Cincinnati, OH, and Covington, KY were very similar on the sampling evening. This along with the fact that the two cities are adjacent across the state line means that the bars in question should be subjected to similar outdoor air influences on air quality. However, the overall average time-weighted average (TWA) in Ohio was found to be 0.019 while the average TWA in Kentucky was 16 times higher at 0.303 mg/m 3 . Conclusion: Smoking bans have been shown to reduce the levels of exposure of SHS to the employees of bars and restaurants along with the patrons of these establishments. This reduces the risk of disease that may result from such exposure.
The zebrafish genome editing toolkit.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a unique model organism at the functional intersection between a high fecundity and conserved vertebrate physiology while being amenable to a multitude of genome editing techniques. The genome engineering field has experienced an unprecedented rate of growth in the recent years since the introduction of designer endonucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–Cas9 systems. With the ever-evolving toolset available to the scientific community, the important question one should ask is not simply how to make a mutant line, but rather how best to do so. For this purpose, understanding the toolset is just one end of the equation; understanding how DNA is repaired once double-strand breaks are induced by designer endonucleases, as well as understanding proper fish handling and line maintenance techniques, are also essential to rapidly edit the zebrafish genome. This chapter is outlined to provide a bird's-eye view on each of these three components. The goal of this chapter is to facilitate the adoption of the zebrafish as a model to study human genetic disease and to rapidly analyze the function of the vertebrate genome.
Kinetic Insights into the Binding between the nSH3 Domain of CrkII and Proline-Rich Motifs in cAbl

The interaction between CrkII and cAbl is implicated in diverse cellular processes. This interaction starts with the binding of the N-terminal Src homology 3 (nSH3) domain of CrkII to the proline-rich motifs of cAbl (PRMscAbl). Despite its critical importance, the detailed binding mechanism between the nSH3 domain and PRMs remains elusive. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill relaxation dispersion experiment to study the binding kinetics between the nSH3 domain of CrkII and PRMscAbl. Our results highlight that the nSH3 domain binds to three PRMscAbl with very high on- and off-rate constants, indicating the transient nature of the binding. To further characterize the binding transition state, we conducted the Eyring and linear free energy relationship analyses using temperature-dependent kinetic data. These data indicate that the binding transition state of the nSH3 domain and PRM is accompanied by small activation enthalpy, owing to partial desolvation of the transition state. These results also highlight the similarity between the transition and free states, in terms of structure and energetics. Although the binding of the nSH3 domain and PRM displays the features consistent with a diffusion-limited process within our experimental conditions, further tests are necessary to determine if the binding is a true diffusion-limited process.
The new VW Passat CC

The VW Passat CC combines the elegant appearance of a Coupe with the comfort of a classic Sedan. This concept is implemented in a four-door four-seater vehicle. Numerous assistance systems complete the convenience of this model.
Digital Circuit Vulnerabilities to Hardware Trojans

Integrated Circuits (ICs) are the core of any modern electronic systems, and their security grounds the security of the entire system. Notwithstanding the central impact of ICs security, the horizontal IC design process is extensively practiced as electronic chip, board and system designers nearly always face cost pressures, and tight time-to-market windows. To meet development schedules, they often resort to reuse of their own and/or the third party intellectual property (IP). Using external IPs, however, exposes a design to 3PIPs intentionally modified by inserting a hardware Trojan to tamper with the design and causes its malfunction under very rare circumstances. A hardware Trojan can be realized such that it rarely interferes circuit functionalities at the gate-level and it incurs inconsiderable footprints at the layout-level. This chapter introduces vulnerability analysis flows at the gate- and layout-levels to quantitatively determine susceptibility of a gate-level netlist and a circuit layout’s region to hardware Trojan insertion.
Acknowledging and Overcoming Nonreproducibility in Basic and Preclinical Research

The evidence for nonreproducibility in basic and preclinical biomedical research is compelling. Accumulating data from diverse subdisciplines and types of experimentation suggest numerous problems that can create a fertile ground for nonreproducibility.1 For example, most raw data and protocols are often not available for in-depth scrutiny and use by other scientists. The current incentive system rewards selective reporting of success stories.
Seven new species and new distributions of Old World Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), with a redescription, key to genera, and species checklist for the tribe

Seven new species of Chiasmini are described, some of which, in combination with generic synonymies included here, substantially extend the known ranges of their genera. The new species are Pratura ceylona sp.nov. from Sri Lanka, Leofa thompsoni sp.nov. from Rwanda and Uganda, L. kumasamba sp.nov. from Zambia, L. pedunculata sp.nov. fromthe Democratic Republic of Congo, L. palearctica sp.nov. from Spain, Exitianus ghaurii sp.nov. from South Africa, and E. apophysisiosus sp.nov. from Madagascar. The classification of Chiasmini is reviewed. Some new characters defining the tribe are described, and of particular importance are those of the female genitalia. A description of the tribe and a list of included genera are provided. Baileyus Pruthi and Gurawa Distant are transferred from Aphrodini to Chiasmini. Leofa Distant 1918 is transferred from Stenometopiini to Chiasmini, and Oneratulus Vilbaste 1975, Prasutagus Distant 1918, and Tortotettix Theron 1982 are considered junior synonyms of Leofa. Leofa is interpreted to include four subgenera: the nominotypical subgenus, Prasutagus, Tortotettix, and Edmundiana subgen.nov. Pratura Theron 1982 is transferred from Deltocephalini to Chiasmini, and Doraturella Emeljanov 2002 is considered a junior synonym. Picchusteles Linnavuori and DeLong, originally included in Macrostelini, is included in Chiasmini. A checklist of the 323 species and subspecies in the tribe, including partial information on distribution and holotype depositories, is provided.
Magnetism and transport of CuCr2Se4 thin films

Abstract We report on the successful synthesis, magnetism and transport of highly spin-polarized chalcogenide thin films of CuCr 2 Se 4 , which are promising candidates for spin-based electronic applications. We also present electronic structure calculations for CuCr 2 Se 4 that, together with magnetic and transport data, imply that the stoichiometric compound is a metallic ferromagnet with a relatively low density of hole-like carriers at the Fermi energy. These calculations also predict that a deficiency of Se will deplete the minority density of states at the Fermi energy perhaps leading to a half-metal. We have successfully grown thin films of CuCr 2 Se 4 by pulsed laser deposition on isostructural MgAl 2 O 4 substrates followed by an anneal in a Se-rich environment. X-ray diffraction confirms the structure of CuCr 2 Se 4 on MgAl 2 O 4 substrates as well as a secondary phase of Cr 2 Se 3 . X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that the chemical structure at the surface of the films is similar to that of bulk CuCr 2 Se 4 single crystals. Magnetization measurements indicate that these films saturate with a magnetic moment close to 5 μ B /f.u. and a Curie temperature ( T c ) above 400 K. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements show that magnetic order persists to the surface of the film. Resistivity and Hall effect measurements are consistent with p-type ferromagnetic metallic behavior and with the electronic structure calculations.
Electron Mobility in AlxGa1−xAs Based Square-Parabolic Double Quantum Well HEMT Structure − Effect of Asymmetric Doping Profile

We study the asymmetric doping dependence of electron mobility µ in an AlxGa1−xAs based square-parabolic double quantum well (SPDQW) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure. We consider the square (parabolic) well and doping concentration Nd1 (Nd2) in the barrier toward the substrate (surface) of the structure. Keeping Nd1 fixed, variation of Nd2 leads to the resonance of subband states of the individual wells at a Nd2 > Nd1. The mobility is calculated as a function of Nd2 by considering ionized impuritiy (ii-), interface roughness (ir-) and alloy disorder (al-) scatterings. We show that near resonance of the subband states, the dip in µ arises due to the substantial change in the ir- and al-intersubband scattering rate matrix elements. The dip in μ is significant in SPDQW because of the sharp variations of subband wave functions between the wells due to the asymmetric potential profiles. Enhancement of the well width and central barrier width increases μ and sharpness of the dip in μ. Keeping Nd2 constant and Nd1 varying, the resonance occurs at Nd1 < Nd2 with similar nonlinearities in μ. Our results of µ can be utilized for the analysis of the performance of the HEMT devices.
The Effects of Neuronal Modeling Parameters on the Auditory Nerve Image: an Exploration of Parameter Space

In this work we have looked at the effects of neuronal modeling parameters on the images generated by ensembles of neurons. It is clear that the parameters have an effect on the response behavior of single units and it is often not difficult to ascertain these effects quantitatively or through simple reasoning. The effects on neuronal populations are often harder to obtain in this manner requiring simulation of the population response dynamics. Since peripheral sensory systems usually rely on population coding, it is instructive to explore the effects of single unit modeling parameters on the population response.
Cumulative herbivory outpaces compensation for early floral damage on a monocarpic perennial thistle

Floral herbivory represents a major threat to plant reproductive success, driving the importance of plant tolerance mechanisms that minimize fitness costs. However, the cumulative insect herbivory plants experience under natural conditions complicates predictions about tolerance contributions to net fitness. Apical damage can lead to compensatory seed production from late season flowering that ameliorates early season fitness losses. Yet, the compensation realized depends on successful development and herbivore escape by later season flowers. Using monocarpic perennial Cirsium canescens, we quantified seed-reproductive fitness of plants with vs. without experimental damage to the early-developing large apical flower head, with and without a 30–40% herbivory reduction on subsequent flower heads, for two flowering cohorts. Plants with reduced herbivory clearly demonstrated the release of apical dominance and compensation, not overcompensation, for apical damage via greater seed maturation by later flower heads. In contrast, plants that experienced ambient herbivory levels on subsequent heads undercompensated for early apical damage. Individuals had lower total seed set when the apical head was damaged. Compensation was, therefore, possible through a small increase in total flower heads, caused by a higher rate of floral bud survival, and a higher seed maturation rate by subsequent heads, leading to more viable seeds per matured flower head. With ambient cumulative floral herbivory, compensation for apical damage was not sufficient to improve fitness. Variation in the intensity of biological interactions played a role in the success of plant tolerance as a mechanism to maximize individual fitness.
Quantitative Characterization of Microstructures in the Context of Effective Properties

In heterogeneous materials, physical fields—stresses, strains, temperature—are variable at microscale. The effective properties interrelate volume averages of these fields. In the context of the elastic properties, this means relations between average stresses and average strains; in the context of thermal conductivity—relations between average temperature gradient and average heat flux; similar definitions apply to other physical properties.
Discussion on a reasonable measurement method of harmonic energy allocation based on the adaptive impedance

The paper studied a method of power measurement in order to solve the problem of the electrical energy measurement and the electricity tariff reasonable allocation under harmonics condition. The paper firstly analyzed the generation of harmonics power and the influence on electrical energy measurement, found out the cause of the electrical energy unreasonable metering and put forward a new method of the electrical energy measurement. The measurement method was different from the fundamental-wave measurement and full-wave measurement. Its advantage was to apportion the harmonics power of each load, and then calculated the total power of each load. The key of this method was to calculate the weight coefficients, so as to share the harmonic power between the loads. Therefore, the paper used the adaptive impedance method. The methods firstly selected the sample sizes and the packets, and then calculated the harmonic impedance, finally determined the weight coefficients. Based on the measured data, this paper took 5, 9, 7 and 11 harmonic as an example to compare power, which showed the rationality of the power allocation. By comparing with the former method, the advantage of this measurement method was embodied.