cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic classification of zooplankton

Work on the forward problem in zooplankton bioacoustics has resulted in the identification of three categories of acoustic scatterers: elastic-shelled (e.g. pteropods), fluid-like (e.g. euphausiids), and gas-bearing (e.g. siphonophores). The relationship between backscattered energy and animal biomass has been shown to vary by a factor of —19,000 across these categories, so that to make accurate estimates of zooplankton biomass from acoustic backscatter measurements of the ocean, the acoustic characteristics of the species of interest must be well-understood. This thesis describes the development of both feature based and model based classification techniques to invert broadband acoustic echoes from individual zooplankton for scatterer type, as well as for particular parameters such as animal orientation. The feature based Empirical Orthogonal Function Classifier (EOFC) discriminates scatterer types by identifying characteristic modes of variability in the echo spectra, exploiting only the inherent characteristic structure of the acoustic signatures. The model based Model Parameterisation Classifier (MPC) classifies based on correlation of observed echo spectra with simplified parameterisations of theoretical scattering models for the three classes. The Covariance Mean Variance Classifiers (CMVC) are a set of advanced model based techniques which exploit the full complexity of the theoretical models by searching the entire physical model parameter space without employing simplifying parameterisations. Three different CMVC algorithms were developed: the Integrated Score Classifier (ISC), the Pairwise Score Classifier (PSC) and the Bayesian Probability Classifier (BPC); these classifiers assign observations to a class based on similarities in covariance, mean, and variance, while accounting for model ambiguity and validity. These feature based and model based inversion techniques were successfully applied to several thousand echoes acquired from broadband (-350 kHz - 750 kHz) insonifications of live zooplankton collected on Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine to determine scatterer class. CMVC techniques were also applied to echoes from fluid-like zooplankton (Antarctic krill) to invert for angle of orientation using generic and animal-specific theoretical and empirical models. Application of these inversion techniques in situ will allow correct apportionment of backscattered energy to animal biomass, significantly improving estimates of zooplankton biomass based on acoustic surveys.
Survival Analysis With Heterogeneous Covariate Measurement Error

This article is motivated by a time-to-event analysis where the covariate of interest was measured at the wrong time. We show that the problem can be formulated as a special case of survival analysis with heterogeneous covariate measurement error and develop a general analytic framework. We study the asymptotic behavior of the naive partial likelihood estimates and analytically demonstrate that under the heterogeneous measurement error structure and the assumption that all components of the covariate vector and the measurement error vector combined are mutually independent, these naive estimates will shrink toward 0, and that the degree of attenuation increases as the measurement error increases. We also give counterexamples for reverse attenuation when the independence conditions are violated. We use our analytical results to derive a simple bias-correcting estimator that performs well in simulations for small and moderate amounts of measurement error. Our framework can be used to provide insight into th...
Zirconium Borohydride as a Zirconium Boride Precursor

Synthesis of zirconium boride, ZrB2, from zirconium borohydride, Zr(BH4)4, has been explored by a variety of methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in a hot tube, laser CVD with both continuous-wave (cw) and pulsed lasers, and cw-laser synthesis of fine powders. In all cases, ZrB2 was the only crystalline product identified. Products made at high temperature contained excess boron, while those made at low temperature were boron-deficient.
Inhibition by Acetylcholine of Adrenergic Neurotransmission in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Changes in the isometric tension of isolated strips of cutaneous, femoral, mesenteric, pulmonary, and muscle arteries and veins were recorded at 37°C in an organ bath. Acetylcholine (5 x 10-8 and 10-7g/ml) caused relaxation of strips from the saphenous veins, the femoral veins, and all of the arteries after contraction by norepinephrine released from nerve terminals by electrical stimulation (2-5 Hz); in the pulmonary and mesenteric veins, acetylcholine caused a further increase in tension. Pulmonary artery and mesenteric vein strips were incubated with [3H] norepinephrine and mounted for superfusion (3 ml/min) and isometric tension recording. Electrical stimulation increased the tension and the total radioactivity released in both preparations. Acetylcholine (2 x 10-7 g/ml) depressed the contractions of the pulmonary artery strips but augmented those of the mesenteric vein strips; it diminished the efflux of radioactivity in both, indicating that acetylcholine inhibits adrenergic neurotransmission. In th...
Advanced CMOS protection device trigger mechanisms during CDM

The charged device model (CDM) is now considered to be an important stress model for defining electrostatic discharge (ESD) reliability of integrated circuit (IC) chips. This paper examines the CDM performance for three different advanced protection devices in an 0.35-/spl mu/m LDD complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Through failure analysis and device simulations, the behavior of these protection devices during the CDM event is investigated. The results will enable devices to be designed for improved CDM protection levels.
Beyond the average effects: The distributional impacts of export promotion programs in developing countries☆

article i nfo Do all exporters benefit the same from export promotion programs? Surprisingly, no matter how obvious this question may a priori be when thinking of the effectiveness of these programs, there is virtually no empirical evidence on how they affect export performance in different parts of the distribution of export outcomes. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature. We assess the distributional impacts of trade promotion activities performing efficient semiparametric quantile treatment effect estimation on assistance, total sales, and highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Chilean exporters over the 2002-2006 period. We find that these activities have indeed heterogeneous effects over the distribution of export performance, along both the extensive and intensive margins. In particular, smaller firms as measured by their total exports seem to benefit more from export promotion actions. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Performance of generalized selection combining over Weibull fading channels

The literature is relatively sparse in performance analysis of diversity combining schemes over Weibull fading channels, despite the fact that the Weibull distribution is often found to be suitably fit for empirical fading channel measurements. In this paper, we capitalize on some interesting results due to Lieblein on the order statistics of Weibull random variables to derive exact closed-form expressions for the combined average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as amount of fading (AF) at a generalized selection combining (GSC) output over Weibull fading channels. We also use some simple AF-based mappings between the fading parameters of the Weibull distribution and those of the Nakagami, Rice, and Hoyt distributions to obtain the approximate but accurate average SNR and AF of GSC over these types of channels. The mathematical equations are validated and illustrated by some numerical examples for scenarios of practical interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A MILD TCHEBOTAREV THEOREM FOR GL(n)

It is well known that the Tchebotarev density theorem implies that an irreducible l-adic representation ρ of the absolute Galois group of a number field K is determined (up to isomorphism) by the characteristic polynomials of Frobenius elements at any set of primes of density 1. In this Note we make some progress on the automorphic side for GL(n) by showing that, for any cyclic extension K/k of number fields of prime degree p, a cuspidal automorphic representation π of GL(n,A_K) is determined up to twist equivalence, even up to isomorphism if p=2, by the knowledge of its local components at the (density one) set S_(K/k) of primes of K of degree 1 over k. The proof uses the Luo–Rudnick–Sarnak bound, certain L-functions of positive type, Kummer theory, and automorphic descent along suitable nested sequences of cyclic p^2-extensions.
Incentive-compatibility in large games

Abstract We argue that large games are of analytical interest partly because they can be understood in terms of a unifying condition of incentive-compatibility, strategy-proofness. In contrast to finite games, strategy-proofness applies not only to dominant-strategy equilibria, but also to a large class of Nash equilibria and to Bayesian Nash equilibria with independent types. For games of incomplete information with a countably infinite number of players and independent types it is shown that as a consequence of Kolmogorov's zero-one law Bayesian Nash equilibria coincide with a class of Nash equilibria.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF BLOWUP SOLUTIONS FOR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS WITH EXPONENTIAL NONLINEARITY AND SINGULAR DATA

We consider a sequence of blowup solutions of a two-dimensional, second-order elliptic equation with exponential nonlinearity and singular data. This equation has a rich background in physics and geometry. In a work of Bartolucci–Chen–Lin–Tarantello, it is proved that the profile of the solutions differs from global solutions of a Liouville-type equation only by a uniformly bounded term. The present paper improves their result and establishes an expansion of the solutions near the blowup points with a sharp error estimate.
Tailoring tripodal ligands for zinc sensing

Zinc plays an important role in biological processes. It is implicated in many diseases, including those affecting the brain. Imaging zinc is becoming crucial to the elucidation of zinc concentration, distribution, kinetics and functions in cells and tissues. This review highlights recent advances in the development of picolylamine-based tripodal compounds as zinc sensors, especially our work in the field of sensing “invisible” Zn(II) using steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetimes and chiroptical spectroscopy. Our approach has emphasized creative ligand design and detection schemes. Utilizing tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-based N4 tripodal ligands has provided a flexible system for engineering zinc sensors with improved sensitivity, selectivity and contrast. Also included are results with tripodal ligands that have focused more on applications.
Efficient inference in multivariate fractionally integrated time series models

Summary A computationally simple maximum likelihood procedure for multivariate fractionally integrated time series models is introduced. This allows, e.g., efficient estimation of the memory parameters of fractional models or efficient testing of the hypothesis that two or more series are integrated of the same possibly fractional order. In particular, we show the existence of a local time domain maximum likelihood estimator and its asymptotic normality, and under Gaussianity asymptotic efficiency. The likelihood-based test statistics (Wald, likelihood ratio and Lagrange multiplier) are derived and shown to be asymptotically equivalent and chi-squared distributed under local alternatives, and under Gaussianity locally most powerful. The finite sample properties of the likelihood ratio test are evaluated by Monte Carlo experiments, which show that rejection frequencies are very close to the asymptotic local power for samples as small as n= 100.
Zeptogram-Scale Nanomechanical Mass Sensing

Very high frequency (VHF) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) provide unprecedented sensitivity for inertial mass sensing. We demonstrate in situ measurements in real time with mass noise floor ∼20 zg. Our best mass resolution corresponds to ∼7 zg, equivalent to ∼30 xenon atoms or the mass of an individual 4 kDa molecule. Detailed analysis of the ultimate sensitivity of such devices based on these experimental results indicates that NEMS can ultimately provide inertial mass sensing of individual intact, electrically neutral macromolecules with single-Dalton (1 amu) resolution.
Measurement of charge distribution of highly charged particles by E-SPART analyzer

Many industrial and biomedical processes involve powders and droplets; the electrostatic charges in these powders and droplets often play an important role in the process involved. The electrical single particle aerodynamic relaxation time (ESPART) analyzer has been shown to measure the particle size distribution and the electrostatic charge distribution of particles and droplets very accurately. Improvements in the E-SPART analyzer enable the measurement of the net charge-to-mass ratio up to /spl plusmn/80 /spl mu/C/g. Highly charged particles and droplets were generated using a spinning disk aerosol generator and subsequent sampling was done by the E-SPART analyzer.
China and the Manufacturing Terms-of-Trade of African Exporters

China's export expansion is commonly associated with lower global manufacturing prices. For most countries, lower prices heighten global competition but also allow importing a cheaper and wider set of inputs and consumer goods. This paper investigates the balance of these two forces in Kenya, Mauritius and the Southern Africa Customs Union, the largest exporters of manufactured goods in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper uses the economic geography model of Redding and Venables (in Economic geography and international inequality, Journal of International Economics, 62, 53-22, 2004) to decompose the import growth of a large number of countries into supply and demand capacities. This decomposition allows for analysis of the extent to which China's export growth has altered manufacturing import and export prices for the selected countries. The study finds that China has significantly decreased world prices in major markets for manufactures, especially textiles, wearing apparel and footwear, potentially displacing the clothing exports of the selected African countries. As a consequence of China's export growth, these focus countries have also seen substantial reductions in their import prices across all manufacturing sectors. However, an estimation of their terms-of-trade suggests that the reductions in export prices outweigh the decrease in import prices and the countries are deemed to lose from China's manufactures export expansion. http://jae.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/ejp004
Agriculture and Trade Opportunities for Tanzania : Past Volatility and Future Climate Change

Given global heterogeneity in climate-induced agricultural variability, Tanzania has the potential to substantially increase its maize exports to other countries. If global maize production is lower than usual due to supply shocks in major exporting regions, Tanzania may be able to export more maize at higher prices, even if it also experiences below-trend productivity. Diverse destinations for exports can allow for enhanced trading opportunities when negative supply shocks affect the partners' usual import sources. Future climate predictions suggest that some of Tanzania's trading partners will experience severe dry conditions that may reduce agricultural production in years when Tanzania is only mildly affected. Tanzania could thus export grain to countries as climate change increases the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in other countries while simultaneously decreasing the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in Tanzania. Trade restrictions, like export bans, prevent Tanzania from taking advantage of these opportunities, foregoing significant economic benefits.
New Coins From Old: Computing With Unknown Bias

Suppose that we are given a function f : (0, 1)→(0,1) and, for some unknown p∈(0, 1), a sequence of independent tosses of a p-coin (i.e., a coin with probability p of “heads”). For which functions f is it possible to simulate an f(p)-coin? This question was raised by S. Asmussen and J. Propp. A simple simulation scheme for the constant function f(p)≡1/2 was described by von Neumann (1951); this scheme can be easily implemented using a finite automaton. We prove that in general, an f(p)-coin can be simulated by a finite automaton for all p ∈ (0, 1), if and only if f is a rational function over ℚ. We also show that if an f(p)-coin can be simulated by a pushdown automaton, then f is an algebraic function over ℚ; however, pushdown automata can simulate f(p)-coins for certain nonrational functions such as $$f{\left( p \right)} = {\sqrt p }$$. These results complement the work of Keane and O’Brien (1994), who determined the functions f for which an f(p)-coin can be simulated when there are no computational restrictions on the simulation scheme.With an appendix by Christopher Hillar‡, University of California, Berkeley, 970 Evans Hall #3840, Berkeley, CA 94720-3840, USA, chillar@math.berkeley.edu
Meteorologically Defined Limits to Reduction in the Variability of Outputs from a Coupled Wind Farm System in the Central US

Abstract Studies suggest that onshore wind resources in the contiguous US could readily accommodate present and anticipated future US demand for electricity. The problem with the output from a single wind farm located in any particular region is that it is variable on time scales ranging from minutes to days posing difficulties for incorporating relevant outputs into an integrated power system. The high frequency (shorter than once per day) variability of contributions from individual wind farms is determined mainly by locally generated small scale boundary layer. The low frequency variability (longer than once per day) is associated with the passage of transient waves in the atmosphere with a characteristic time scale of several days. Using 5 years of assimilated wind data, we show that the high frequency variability of wind-generated power can be significantly reduced by coupling outputs from 5 to 10 wind farms distributed uniformly over a ten state region of the Central US in this study. More than 95% of the remaining variability of the coupled system is concentrated at time scales longer than a day, allowing operators to take advantage of multi-day weather forecasts in scheduling projected contributions from wind.
Borel's conjecture in topological groups

We introduce a natural generalization of Borel's Conjectu re. For each infinite cardinal numberκ, let BCκ denote this generalization. Then BCℵ0 is equivalent to the classical Borel conjecture. We obtain the following consistency results: (1) If it is consistent that there is a 1-inaccessible cardin al then it is consistent that BCℵ1 holds. (2) If it is consistent that BCℵ1 holds, then it is consistent that there is an inaccessible cardinal. (3) If it is consistent that there is a 1-inaccessible cardin al withω inaccessible cardinals above it, then¬BCℵω + (∀n<ω)BCℵn is consistent. (4) If it is consistent that there is a 2-huge cardinal, then i t is consistent that BCℵω holds. (5) If it is consistent that there is a 3-huge cardinal, then i t is consistent that BCκ holds for a proper class of cardinalsκ of countable cofinality. A metric space (X, d) is strong measure zeroif there is for each sequence (ǫn : n< ω) of positive real numbers a corresponding sequence (Un : n<ω) of open sets such that for each n the set Un has d-diameter at mostǫn, and{Un : n< ω} covers X. Strong measure zero metric spaces are necessarily separable. E. Borel (5) conjectured that strong measure zero sets of real numbers are countable. The metric notion of strong measure zero has a natural generalization to non-metric contexts. Rothberger (15) introduced a generalization to the class of topological spaces. We consider a generalization to the class of topological groups. Most of our results can be presented in the more general context of uniformizable spaces, but we found no advantage to presenting it thus. Borel's Conjecture also has natural generalizations to the se non-metric contexts. These generalizations expose, as in the metric case, interesting connections with the foundations of mathematics. The generalization of Borel's Conjecture c onsidered here is quite different from what Halko and Shelah considered in (10). After a brief introduction of notation and terminology we define Rothberger bounded- ness and Rothberger spaces in Section 1. In Section 2 we introduce a generalization of Borel's Conjecture and in Section 3 explore connections bet ween it and other combina- torial structures. In Section 4 we give a number of consistency and independence results regarding the generalization introduced in the earlier sec tions. By a well-known theorem of Kakutani a topological group is T0 if, and only if, it is T 3 1 1 . Throughout this paper we shall assume, without further notice, that all groups considered are T3 1 . Correspondingly, all topological spaces we consider here are assumed to be T31 . Let (G,∗) be a topological group with identity element 1. For nonempty subsets A and B of G and for g∈ G the symbol A∗ B denotes the set{a∗ b : a∈ A and b∈ B}, and g∗ A denotes{g}∗ A. The symbolO denotes the set of all nonempty open covers of G.
Structure and performance of polycrystalline thin film solar cells

Abstract A review of recent advances in polycrystalline thin film solar cells is presented. A comparison of the fundamental mechanisms and the performance of heterojunction, Schottky barrier, metal-insulator-semiconductor, inversion layer and p-n junction devices is given. The emphasis is placed on devices fabricated by low temperature processes, and the influence of grain boundaries on carrier recombination and transport is discussed.
Design of a 50 MHz annular array using fine-grain lead titanate

An annular array with equal area elements has been fabricated and tested. The elements are made from a novel fine-grain lead titanate which was micromachined using a laser to form the kerfs. Resonance methods showed the lead titanate exhibited electromechanical properties similar to bulk materials, including a thickness coupling k/sub t/ of 0.49 and low permittivity (/spl epsiv//sub 33//sup S///spl epsiv//sub 0/=178). An average center frequency of 53 MHz with 40% bandwidth was obtained across all the elements. Crosstalk levels were below -20 dB in water. Good agreement was obtained between the measured results and a finite element model.
Index Fundamentalism Revisited

A structured global optimization model budgets a fund9s total active risk (tracking error) among its asset classes or across investment managers. Its objective is to maximize total fund expected excess return (over benchmark) for a given level of total fund tracking error (the active risk budget), assuming that total fund and asset class tracking errors are controlled solely through the selection of investment managers with various active risk profiles. The key innovations are, first, that the efficient frontier (expected excess return versus tracking error) of each asset class is fitted to a functional form, and then the optimal active risk level for each asset class is determined using the asset class efficient frontier functions as inputs. The model compares well to a structured global linear model and an unstructured global model that optimizes with respect to all investment managers simultaneously.
Preparation, thermal processing behavior, and characterization of YBCO from freeze-dried nitrate precursors

YBCO was synthesized using atomically mixed nitrate precursors. Atomic mixing was achieved using a freeze-dried process which is fully discussed here. The thermal processing behavior of these precursors is fundamentally different from that of mechanical mixtures of the Y, Ba, and Cu oxides and it is examined in detail. Ba2Cu3O5+x (normally considered a high oxygen pressure phase) and Y2O3 formed as nitrate decomposition products at ambient atmospheric conditions. Subsequent reaction of these materials (2 h at 925 °C) produced polycrystalline YBCO. Without any post-processing of the powders, product YBCO powders consisted of 30 μm agglomerates composed of crystals 1–3 μm on an edge. The powdered products exhibited a magnetic susceptibility greater than 90% – 1/4π.
Frustration of antiferromagnetism in the t-t'-Hubbard model at weak coupling

The perfect-nesting instability towards antiferromagnetism of the Hubbard model is suppressed by next-nearest neighbor hopping t′. The asymptotic behavior of the critical coupling Ut (t′) at small t′ is calculated in dimensions d = 2,3, ∞ using Hartree theory; this yields the exact result at least in d >> 2. The order of the transition is also determined. A region of stability of a metallic antiferromagnetic phase in d = 3 is identified.
ILC undulator based positron source, tests and simulations

An undulator based positron source allows generation of polarized positrons in quantities required by ILC. Here we describe the results of modeling and testing of elements for such a system.
Psycholegal standards and the role of psychological assessment in personal injury litigation

Conceptual and procedural aspects of the forensic practitioner's role in personal injury litigation are identified relative to the provision of evaluative, consultative, and court-related services. A model is presented for comprehensive clinical and psychodiagnostic assessment consistent with concepts of legal relevance and probative value. The model facilitates rendering psycholegal formulations and opinions regarding compensatory damages when retained to examine mental and emotional elements entered as causes of action in tort. The differential contribution of state and trait level conditions, and of proximate, pre-existing, and coexisting factors to the causal nexus of impairment is considered in this context toward establishing preincident baseline functioning and making pre-post comparisons. Approaches toward delineating the range and severity of impairments that are related to the instant event, and separating these from nonproximate factors and from the dynamics of primary and secondary gain, are considered. Language: en
A new and improved method for deglycosidation of glycopeptide antibiotics exemplified with vancomycin, ristocetin, and ramoplanin

A general method for the deglycosidation of glycopeptide antibiotics has been developed. Treatment of vancomycin, ristocetin, and ramoplanin with anhydrous HF results in efficient cleavage of the sugars to provide the corresponding aglycons in high yield.
A formula for non-equioriented quiver orbits of type a

We prove a positive combinatorial formula for the equivariant class of an orbit closure in the space of representations of an arbitrary quiver of type A. Our formula expresses this class as a sum of products of Schubert poly- nomials indexed by a generalization of the minimal lace diagrams of Knutson, Miller, and Shimozono. The proof is based on the interpolation method of Feher and Rimanyi. We also conjecture a more general formula for the equi- variant Grothendieck class of an orbit closure.
A Simulator Study of a Two-Parameter Adaptive System

The use of sinusoidal parameter perturbation applied to a feedback control system to obtain an adaptive scheme which optimizes the system for changes in inputs and/or system parameters is discussed. It is shown that if a parameter perturbation signal is cross- correlated with the system error squared, the corre lator output can be used to adjust the parameter to minimize the mean-square error. Other error meas ures may also be used. Two or more parameters may be simultaneously adjusted, if they are perturbed at different frequencies and each is provided with an independent adaptive loop. A computer simulation of a third-order system having two adjustable param eters was examined for a variety of inputs including random signals. It is shown that the scheme mini mizes the mean-square error in all cases.
"Cup-patch" technique of ileocystoplasty for bladder enlargement or partial substitution.

THE IDEA of enlarging or replacing the urinary bladder with isolated segments of bowel is not new in urologic surgery. However, Scheele’s description (1923) of his “ring plastik” to enlarge the bladder was more or less forgotten until Couvelaire in 1950 initiated the present era of interest in bladder enlargement and partial substitution by isolated loops of ileum. Various types of ileocystoplasty have been tried and enthusiastically reported by European authors, viz., Cibert, Tasker, Pyrah, Annis, May and associates, Schwartz, Glaser, and Jacobs. Couvelaire’s review of the literature, from the time of Mikulicz in 1898, is the best summary of the literature to that time. In 1957, Quenu presented the most recent complete review. In the American literature, however, there are to date fewer articles concerning this useful operation. Shoemaker and co-workers described experimental and clinical studies in which they used isolated ileac loops, denuded of mucosa and turned inside out, to form seromuscular grafts for bladder and ureteral replacement. This procedure is said to obviate difficulty with mucus formation and electrolyte exchange. Shoemaker’s article with Marucci19 contains a review of the background literature to be found in American journals. Campbell recently described an equivocal success with Shoemaker’s technique, but the procedure has not yet found wide acceptance. Ferris has succinctly reported his success with a patch type of ileocystoplasty (similar to that described by Tasker) in 2 patients treated at the Mayo Clinic. Our own interest in this problem began in 1953 when animal experiments were initiated to study partial substitution of the bladder with isolated segments of both ileum and sigmoid colon in the dog.22 To date we have employed ileocystoplasty in 17 patients utilizing a more complex variant of the “patch” technique described by Tasker. The surgical procedures have been technically satisfactory. There has been 1 death from coronary thrombosis. There have been no serious complications related to the surgery. Late results of the procedure are to be described elsewhere. In the present article the technique is described in detail as we have used it.
FORMATION, SURVIVAL, AND DETECTABILITY OF PLANETS BEYOND 100 AU

Direct imaging searches have begun to detect planetary and brown dwarf companions and to place constraints on the presence of giant planets at large separations from their host star. This work helps to motivate such planet searches by predicting a population of young giant planets that could be detectable by direct imaging campaigns. Both the classical core accretion and the gravitational instability model for planet formation are hard pressed to form long-period planets in situ. Here, we show that dynamical instabilities among planetary systems that originally formed multiple giant planets much closer to the host star could produce a population of giant planets at large (≈ 10^2-10^5 AU) separations. We estimate the limits within which these planets may survive, quantify the efficiency of gravitational scattering into both stable and unstable wide orbits, and demonstrate that population analyses must take into account the age of the system. We predict that planet scattering creates detectable giant planets on wide orbits that decreases in number on timescales of ~ 10 Myr. We demonstrate that several members of such populations should be detectable with current technology, quantify the prospects for future instruments, and suggest how they could place interesting constraints on planet formation models.
A simulation study on spatial filters for cortical source imaging from EEG

The objective of this study was to explore suitable spatial filters for inverse estimation of cortical equivalent dipole layer from the scalp EEG. The performance of the Weiner filter and the projection filter as a restoration filter was examined by computer simulations. The parametric Weiner filter (PWF) and the parametric projection filter (PPF) were applied to an idealized 3D head model under the various noise conditions in order to estimate the dipole layer distribution from scalp potentials. The PPF and PWF algorithms were compared with commonly used inverse regularization techniques, such as the general inverse using the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) and the Tikhonov regularization (TKNV). The present simulation results suggest that the PWF and PPF perform better than that of the TSVD and the TKNV in the condition of edge-concentrated non-uniform noise when the correlation between the signal and noise is low.
Synthesis of (+)‐Discodermolide by Catalytic Stereoselective Borylation Reactions

The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide was first isolated in 1990 and, to this day, remains a compelling synthesis target. Not only does the compound possess fascinating biological activity, but it also presents an opportunity to test current methods for chemical synthesis and provides an inspiration for new reaction development. A new synthesis of discodermolide employs a previously undisclosed stereoselective catalytic diene hydroboration and also establishes a strategy for the alkylation of chiral enolates. Furthermore, this synthesis of discodermolide provides the first examples of the asymmetric 1,4-diboration of dienes and borylative diene-aldehyde couplings in complex-molecule synthesis.
The doctor as the second opinion and the internet as the first

People who use the Internet for health information often obtain their first opinion that way, and then, if they go to a doctor, the doctor's advice is relegated to the second opinion. Using the Internet, or Dr. Google, as a first opinion can be problematic due to misinformation, misinterpretation of valid information, and the fears that can arise due to lack of medical knowledge, inexperience, and limited perspectives. When patients do visit their doctor for a second opinion, some do not disclose the fact they already received their first opinion and often their doctors do not ask. The result is that patients may suffer needlessly if their fears, concerns, misunderstandings, and misinterpretations are not addressed by the healthcare providers with the expertise and skills to assist them. A pernicious disconnect exists between many patients who use the Internet for health information and the medical professionals who care for them. The medical profession can alleviate this disconnect by taking the lead in establishing guidelines for systematically talking to patients about, and guiding, their Internet research. Human-computer interaction professionals can collaborate with the medical community in ensuring credible health Web sites become the gold standard that patients use to achieve better health.
On the Capacity and Energy Efficiency of Training-Based Transmissions Over Fading Channels

In this paper, the capacity and energy efficiency of training-based communication schemes employed for transmission over a priori unknown Rayleigh block-fading channels are studied. Initially, the case in which the product of the estimate error and transmitted signal is assumed to be Gaussian noise is considered. In this case, it is shown that bit energy requirements grow without bound as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) goes to zero, and the minimum bit energy is achieved at a nonzero SNR value below which one should not operate. The effect of the block length on both the minimum bit energy and the SNR value at which the minimum is achieved is investigated. Flash training and transmission schemes are analyzed and shown to improve the energy efficiency in the low-SNR regime. In the second part of this paper, the capacity and energy efficiency of training-based schemes are investigated when the channel input vector in each coherence block is subject to peak power constraints. The capacity-achieving input structure is characterized and the magnitude distribution of the optimal input is shown to be discrete with a finite number of mass points. The capacity, bit energy requirements, and optimal resource allocation strategies are obtained through numerical analysis. The improvements in energy efficiency when on-off keying (OOK) with fixed peak power and vanishing duty cycle is employed are studied.
A note on the economics of biological invasions

Despite the rising concern over the economic costs of biological invasions, no general modelling approach of these costs has been developed. The purpose of this note is to develop such a framework, and to demonstrate how conventional bioeconomic models of interspecific competition, such as the predator–prey model, are essentially special cases. A model of the economic consequences of the biological invasion must therefore be based on two principles. First, the economic impacts imposed by the invader will depend on the exact nature of the interspecific interaction, and secondly, the correct measure of these impacts should be based on a comparison of the ex post and ex ante invasion scenarios. An important consideration is determining whether the spread, or dispersal, of the invading species in turn affects the location and movement of the resident species in the pre-existing habitat, or whether the interspecific competition occurs solely in the same habitat area without diffusive movement of either species, or finally, whether both species dispersal and some form of interspecific competition might occur as a result of an invasion.
On the Design of Peer Punishment Experiments

Some peer punishment technologies may bias experimental results in unwanted ways. A critical parameter to consider in the design is the “fine-to-fee” ratio, which measures the income reduction for the targeted subject relative to the cost for the subject who requested the punishment. We show that a punishment technology commonly used in experiments embeds a variable fine-to-fee ratio and show that it could confound the empirical findings about why, whom, and how much subjects punish.
A rock physics strategy for quantifying uncertainty in common hydrocarbon indicators

We present a strategy for quantifying uncertainties in rock physics interpretations by combining statistical techniques with deterministic rock physics relations derived from the laboratory and theory. A simple example combines Gassmann's deterministic equation for fluid substitution with statistics inferred from log, core, and seismic data to detect hydrocarbons from observed seismic velocities. The formulation identifies the most likely pore fluid modulus corresponding to each observed seismic attribute and the uncertainty that arises because of natural variability in formation properties, in addition to the measurement uncertainties. We quantify the measure of information in terms of entropy and show the impact of additional data about S-wave velocity on the uncertainty of the hydrocarbon indicator. In some cases, noisy S data along with noisy P data can convey more information than perfect P data alone, while in other cases S data do not reduce the uncertainty. We apply the formulation to a well log example for detecting the most likely pore fluid and quantifying the associated uncertainty from observed sonic and density logs. The formulation offers a convenient way to implement deterministic fluid substitution equations in the realistic case when natural geologic variations cause the reference porosity and velocity to span a range of values.
Flow Speed Measurement and Rheometry by Pulsed Neutron Activation

Pulsed Neutron Activation (PNA) is a means of noninvasive flow velocity measurement based on tagging the flowing medium with a short-lived radioactivity. Previous work with salt or dye-tagging showed poor accuracy in turbulent and failed in laminar flow when conventional data processing was used. However, use of a data acquisition and processing scheme that is based on tag dispersion modelling can produce absolute values over a wide range of flow speeds and regimes with high accuracy. For non-Newtonian/laminar flow, rheological information can also be obtained. The inherently non-intrusive nature of PNA tagging makes this scheme available for slurry measurements.
Recreational demand for clean water: evidence from geotagged photographs by visitors to lakes

More than 41 000 water bodies are listed as impaired by the US Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Water Act. Implementation and enforcement of regulations designed to address these impairments can be costly, raising questions about the value of the public benefits derived from improved surface water quality. Here, we assess the recreational value of changes in water quality using freely available geotagged photographs, taken by members of the public, as a proxy for recreational visits to lakes. We found that improved water clarity is associated with increased numbers of visits to lakes and that lake users were willing to incur greater costs to visit clearer lakes. Lake users were willing to travel 56 minutes farther (equivalent to US$22 in travel costs) for every one-meter increase in water clarity in Minnesota and Iowa lakes, when controlling for other lake attributes. Our approach demonstrates the potential for social-media data to inform socialâecological research, including assessment of the recreational benefits of improvements in water quality.
[Perfluorosulfonate ionomer]/[SiO2‐TiO2] nanocomposites via polymer‐in situ sol‐gel chemistry: Sequential alkoxide procedure

In situ sol-gel chemistry was used to create inorganic/perfluoro-organic hybrids wherein titanium oxide outer regions of SiO2[1—x/4](OH)x nanoparticles, which were preformed in Nafion® membranes, were created by postreaction with tetrabutyltitanate (TBT). U-shaped Si and Ti distributions across the membrane thickness direction were determined via x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Ti/Si ratio profiles are also U-shaped, indicating more Ti relative to Si in near-surface regions. IR spectroscopy verified structural bonding of TiO4 units onto SiO2 nanoparticles and indicated that alkoxide hydrolysis is not complete. Reacted silicon oxide nanophases retain the topological unconnectedness possessed by the corresponding unreacted phase. IR bands signifying molecular loops and linear fragments of Si(SINGLE BOND)O(SINGLE BOND)Si groups are seen. 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy indicated that, for an inorganic uptake of 16.3 wt %, the Q3 state of SiO4 is most populated although Q4 is only slightly less prominent and Q2 and Q1 are either small or absent. The silicon oxide component, although not being predominantly linear, retains a measure of uncondensed SiOH groups. Tensile stress vs. strain analyses suggested that TBT postreaction links nanoparticles, causing them to be contiguous over considerable distances. This percolative intergrowth occurs in near-surface regions generating a glassy zone. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gerstenhaber Algebras and BV-Algebras in Poisson Geometry

The purpose of this paper is to establish an explicit correspondence between various geometric structures on a vector bundle with some well-known algebraic structures such as Gerstenhaber algebras and BV-algebras. Some applications are discussed. In particular, we find an explicit connection between the Koszul–Brylinski operator and the modular class of a Poisson manifold. As a consequence, we prove that Poisson homology is isomorphic to Poisson cohomology for unimodular Poisson structures.
SUSTAINING COOPERATION IN TRUST GAMES

It is well known in evolutionary game theory that population clustering in Prisoner's Dilemma games allows some cooperative strategies to invade populations of stable defecting strategies. We adapt this idea of population clustering to a two-person trust game. Without knowing it, players are typed based on their recent track record as to whether or not they are trusting (Players 1) and whether or not they are trustworthy (Players 2). They are then paired according to those types: trustors with trustworthy types, and similarly non-trustors with untrustworthy types. In the control comparisons, Players 1 are randomly repaired with Players 2 without regard to type. We ask: are there natural tendencies for people to cooperate more frequently in environments in which they experience more cooperation in comparison with controls?
Holographic entropy inequalities and gapped phases of matter

We extend our studies of holographic entropy inequalities to gapped phases of matter. For any number of regions, we determine the linear entropy inequalities satisfied by systems in which the entanglement entropy satisfies an exact area law. In particular, we find that all holographic entropy inequalities are valid in such systems. In gapped systems with topological order, the “cyclic inequalities” derived recently for the holo-graphic entanglement entropy generalize the Kitaev-Preskill formula for the topological entanglement entropy. Finally, we propose a candidate linear inequality for general 4-party quantum states.
Neutron studies of the iron-based family of high TC magnetic superconductors

We review neutron scattering investigations of the crystal structures, magnetic structures, and spin dynamics of the iron-based RFe(As, P)(O, F) (R = La, Ce. Pr, Nd), (Ba,Sr,Ca)Fe2As2, and Fe1+x(Te-Se) systems. On cooling from room temperature all the undoped materials exhibit universal behavior, where a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic/monoclinic structural transition Occurs, below which the systems become antiferromagnets. For the first two classes of materials the magnetic structure within the a-b plane consists of chains of parallel Fe spins that are coupled antiferromagnetically in the orthogonal direction, with an ordered moment typically less than one Bohr magneton. Hence these are itinerant electron magnets, with a spin structure that is consistent with Fermi-surface nesting and a very energetic spin wave bandwidth similar to 0.2 eV. With doping, the structural and magnetic transitions are suppressed in favor of superconductivity, with Superconducting transition temperatures up to approximate to 55 K. Magnetic correlations are observed in the Superconducting regime, With a Magnetic resonance that follows the Superconducting order parameter just like the cuprates. The rare earth moments order antiferromagnetically at low T like 'conventional' Magnetic Superconductors, while the Cc crystal field linewidths are affected when superconductivity sets in. The application of pressure in CaFe2As2 transforms the system from a magnetically ordered orthorhombic material to a 'collapsed' non-magnetic tetragonal system. Tetragonal Fe1+xTe transforms to a low T monoclinic structure at small x that changes to orthorhombic at larger x, which is accompanied by a crossover from commensurate to incommensurate magnetic order. Se doping Suppresses the magnetic order, while incommensurate magnetic correlations are observed in the superconducting regime. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.