cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentials of frequency agile Ka and W band cloud radars

To study the potential for frequency agile techniques of Ka and W band cloud radars, a simple case of two frequency agile radars with two close frequencies is considered. It is shown that power measurements at two wavelengths separated by 10% in frequency can be used to estimate the maximal size of scattering particles. This difference is due to the resonance effects which are considered at Ka and W bands widely used in cloud remote sensing. The Doppler spectra at vertical incidence are analyzed as well. Additionally, power spectral differences in the Doppler spectra measured at close wavelengths can reach several dB. The differences do not depend on the mean wind velocity in the radar volume and allow obtaining particles' size distributions. We also describe a frequency agile Ka band radar with the bandwidth from 30 to 36 GHz.
RSS-Based Location Estimation with Unknown Pathloss Model

Recently, received signal strength (RSS)-based location estimation technique has been proposed as a low-cost, low-complexity solution for many novel location-aware applications. In the existing studies, radio propagation pathloss model is assumed known a priori, which is an oversimplification in many application scenarios. In this paper we present a detailed study on the RSS-based joint estimation of unknown location coordinates and distance-power gradient, a parameter of pathloss model. A nonlinear least-square estimator is presented and the performance of the algorithm is studied based on CRB and various simulation results. From simulation results it is shown that the proposed joint estimator is especially useful for location estimation in unknown or changing environments
Digoxin and Its Related Endogenous Factors

The digitalis drugs are plant-derived cardenolide compounds used medicinally for several hundred years. These drugs elicit inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, but they also affect many other tissues. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of the ion-transport activity of a membrane-associated protein called Na, K-ATPase (sodium pump). Present theory holds that the sodium pump is the principal molecular receptor for the digitalis drugs. Recent evidence indicates the presence of naturally occurring digitalis-like compounds in mammals. It is believed these compounds, collectively known as either digitalis-like (DLF) or ouabain-like (OLF) factors, may be endogenous hormones regulating the biological activity of the sodium pump and its isoforms. The presence of deglycosylated and other congeners of one specific DLF, the digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF), has very recently been described in humans. Digoxin as a drug is the most widely prescribed digitalis in the U.S., and its measurement in serum has established a model for present-day therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Historically, the accurate measurement of digoxin in blood has been difficult. This article focuses on the present understanding of the clinical use of digoxin, factors that affect the accuracy of measuring digoxin, the principle of measuring metabolically active species of digoxin, and the effects of DLIF and other interfering substances in digoxin immunoassay.
A Comprehensive Study of Pressure Distribution in the Ankle Joint with Inversion and Eversion

The understanding of load transfer characteristics is the baseline for biomechanics of the ankle joint. Changes in contact patterns of the articular cartilage from the norm may indicate pathologic conditions. Measurement of the contact in human cadaver ankles provides a direct measurement for this understanding. The force transfer characteristics of the three facets of the ankle joint were investigated. Five fresh-frozen cadaver lower extremities were tested in 12 positions under three axial loads of 490, 686, and 980 N. Fuji film served as the pressure transducer and the prints were analyzed by a computerized video digitizer. The results demonstrated that as the foot was moved into inversion or eversion with the ankle in neutral flexion or dorsiflexion, there was a decrease in total contact area and an increase in the average high pressure. In plantarflexion, the contact area was lower and the average high pressure was higher, indicating a greater force per unit area as compared with dorsiflexion and neutral flexion. In plantarflexion, however, little change was noted with inversion or eversion. In dorsiflexion, the total contact area was higher and the average high pressure slightly lower as compared with neutral flexion. With inversion, the contact area of the medial facet of the ankle increased and with eversion it increased on the lateral facet, especially in dorsiflexion. With an increase in loading, the pressure did not significantly increase but the contact area did increase. The centroid of the contact moved anteriorly to posteriorly on the talus as the joint moved from dorsiflexion to plantar-flexion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An exploration of fixed and random effects selection for longitudinal binary outcomes in the presence of nonignorable dropout

We explore a Bayesian approach to selection of variables that represent fixed and random effects in modeling of longitudinal binary outcomes with missing data caused by dropouts. We show via analytic results for a simple example that nonignorable missing data lead to biased parameter estimates. This bias results in selection of wrong effects asymptotically, which we can confirm via simulations for more complex settings. By jointly modeling the longitudinal binary data with the dropout process that possibly leads to nonignorable missing data, we are able to correct the bias in estimation and selection. Mixture priors with a point mass at zero are used to facilitate variable selection. We illustrate the proposed approach using a clinical trial for acute ischemic stroke.
DNA polymerase δ stalls on telomeric lagging strand templates independently from G-quadruplex formation

Previous evidence indicates that telomeres resemble common fragile sites and present a challenge for DNA replication. The precise impediments to replication fork progression at telomeric TTAGGG repeats are unknown, but are proposed to include G-quadruplexes (G4) on the G-rich strand. Here we examined DNA synthesis and progression by the replicative DNA polymerase d/proliferating cell nuclear antigen/replication factor C complex on telomeric templates that mimic the leading C-rich and lagging G-rich strands. Increased polymerase stalling occurred on the G-rich template, compared with the C-rich and nontelomeric templates. Suppression of G4 formation by substituting Li + for K + as the cation, or by using templates with 7-deaza-G residues, did not alleviate Pol d pause sites within the G residues. Furthermore, we provide evidence that G4 folding is less stable on single-stranded circular TTAGGG templates where ends are constrained, compared with linear oligonucleotides. Artificially stabilizing G4 structures on the circular templates with the G4 ligand BRACO-19 inhibited Pol d progression into the G-rich repeats. Similar results were obtained for yeast and human Pol d complexes. Our data indicate that G4 formation is not required for polymerase stalling on telomeric lagging strands and suggest that an
Redundant Bit Vectors for Robust Indexing and Retrieval of Electronic Ink

This paper presents a redundant bit vector approach for indexing and retrieval of handwritten words captured using an electronic pen or tablet. Handwritten words (cursive or print) are first segmented into strokes and each stroke is featurized using a neural network. Oriented principal component analysis (OPCA) is used for dimensionality reduction while ensuring robustness to handwriting variation (noise). Redundant bit vectors are used to index the resulting low dimensional representations for efficient storage and retrieval. Experimental results on large datasets with 898,652 handwritten words show good retrieval performance that is robust to handwriting variations and generalizes well over different writers and writing styles.
Organic acid toxicity, tolerance, and production in Escherichia coli biorefining applications

Organic acids are valuable platform chemicals for future biorefining applications. Such applications involve the conversion of low-cost renewable resources to platform sugars, which are then converted to platform chemicals by fermentation and further derivatized to large-volume chemicals through conventional catalytic routes. Organic acids are toxic to many of the microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, proposed to serve as biorefining platform hosts at concentrations well below what is required for economical production. The toxicity is two-fold including not only pH based growth inhibition but also anion-specific effects on metabolism that also affect growth. E. coli maintain viability at very low pH through several different tolerance mechanisms including but not limited to the use of decarboxylation reactions that consume protons, ion transporters that remove protons, increased expression of known stress genes, and changing membrane composition. The focus of this mini-review is on organic acid toxicity and associated tolerance mechanisms as well as several examples of successful organic acid production processes for E. coli.
Mobility aware path maintenance in ad hoc networks

Current research on routing in ad hoc networks consider route discovery as the main problem and literature describes numerous on-demand protocols that discover a path between a source-destination pair. In contrast, the route maintenance phase is relatively neglected, and most protocols resort to route discovery as a result of route failure. We argue that this approach is inefficient, due to the fact that these protocols treat route failures in the same way as route discovery, and hence, the quality of service suffers from the additional delays resulting from the route rediscovery overhead. For data sessions over long periods of time, there is a good chance that the initial route discovered will fail before the session ends. Thus, an intelligent protocol should be more proactive in maintaining routes so that packets may be readily switched to an alternate route when the route failure occurs, rather than wait for the route to break to restart the route discovery process. In this paper, we describe an efficient protocol that carries out route maintenance using path reliability information, and analyze the effect of using reliability information in path selection. Simulations results show that our approach outperforms AODV in terms of increased throughput and reduced overhead. Our approach can be an useful enhancement to on-demand routing protocols to increase their overall efficiency.
Wall shear stress association with rupture status in volume matched sidewall aneurysms.

Objective Flow induced tangential wall shear stress (WSS) is thought to be involved in aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture. Low WSS was previously associated with rupture, but definitive quantitative analyses remain scant as larger aneurysms are associated with lower WSS regardless of rupture status, and ruptured aneurysms are larger than unruptured aneurysms. Here, the intra-dome WSS was evaluated on 18 internal carotid artery aneurysms, volume matched as ruptured/unruptured pairs in order to remove the confounding effect of size dependence. Methods Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed and WSS was evaluated at peak systole, end diastole, and as time averaged over the cardiac cycle. WSS logarithmic scaling was applied to refine value discrimination at extrema. Ruptured/unruptured lesions were statistically evaluated using pairwise t test analysis. The effect of size on WSS was evaluated in parametric models. Results In parametric data, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between volume and WSS values. In patient data, mean WSS was not statistically significant but low range WSS values were significantly lower for ruptured aneurysms, regardless of WSS evaluation (time averaged, peak systole, end diastole). Statistically, logarithmic WSS performed better than WSS, with minimum logarithmic WSS at end diastole being the best rupture status discriminator (p=0.001, area under the curve=0.98). Higher range and maximal WSS were not significantly significant. Conclusions Aneurysm size is a confounding factor to WSS rupture discrimination, and volume matched analysis is necessary for unbiased evaluation. While these results lend support to the hypothesis that lower WSS induces wall changes which may be associated with rupture, it raises questions regarding the extent of this association, which requires further exploration.
High assurance bio-medical device control

Software faults are a major reliability concern in medical devices. They are the result of logical complexity that exceeds developers' ability to specify, design, develop and verify. An effective way is to use simple and reliable control software to ensure the essential functionality and integrity of medical devices controlled by complex software.
Structure, Ultrastructure, and Function of the Preoral Heart‐Kidney in Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) Including New Data on the Stomochord

The heart-kidney of Saccoglossus kowalevskii, which is situated within the anterior preoral proboscis coelom (protocoel), consists of the stomochord, pericardium, heart sinus, and glomerulus. The stomochord, a diverticulum of the gut, is characterized by vacuolated epithelial cells surrounded by basal lamina and connective tissue. The pericardium, a myoepithelium, lies dorsal to the central heart sinus. Opening into the protocoel and connecting with the outside via the proboscis pore is the protocoel duct, which is, in part, composed of multiciliated absorptive epithelial cells. Perfusion of the dorsal trunk vessel with vital dyes reveals a rapid flow of blood into the glomerular blood vessels. Examination of the permeability characteristics of the extracellular matrix underlying the glomerular podocytes reveals the movement of iron dextran (mol. wt 5000 daltons) from the central heart sinus into the protocoel. Iron dextran uptake by glomerular cells and protocoel lining cells is demonstrated. These results suggest that vascular fluid is filtered by the glomerulus, producing a primary urine in the protocoel which may be modified as it passes over the peritoneum, through the protocoel duct, and out of the proboscis pore. New data concerning the morphology of the stomochord are presented. The controversial homology between the hemichordate stomochord and the chordate notochord is addressed.
The Relation of Ceramics Processing to Materials Properties for Electronic Applications

General properties of electronic ceramics are examined, noting especially their influence upon fabrication economics and quality. Particular emphasis is placed upon the preparation of sinterable powders to attain high densification. The effects of fabrication technique and powder preparation upon ceramic quality and dimensional control are pointed out. Recent developments and possible future trends in electronic ceramic materials are discussed briefly.
Factors that Influence the Kinetics of the Degradation of Poly(vinyl Chloride)

Abstract The degradation of five samples of PVC having different degrees of polymerization has been studied by a technique that permits a precise measurement of the rate of hydrogen chloride elimination as % HCl/min. All samples followed acceleratory kinetics at both low and high conversions. The conversion rate, which changed from the beginning to the end of a degradation, depended primarily upon the fraction of chains producing hydrogen chloride. The fraction of producing chains and the kinetic pattern were influenced by the presence of hydrogen chloride, the physical state of the sample, the previous degradation history, and the presence of intentionally added substances. Zipper kinetics permit the reproduction of kinetic data in terms of three parameters: k1, the fraction of chains initiating per second, k2, the fraction of a zip chain that zips per second, and k3, an arbitrary parameter that accounts for residual hydrogen chloride after degradation has ceased.
Effect of mailbag design on musculoskeletal fatigue and metabolic load.

The need for an alternative mailbag to the conventional U.S. postal mailbag, which hangs at the side over one shoulder, was investigated. Based on the results of a pilot study, two types of alternative mailbags, both including waist support and one that splits the load into two parts, are recommended. The metabolic energy requirement and lateral trunk muscle fatigue resulting from the use of the alternative mailbags were compared with those resulting from the conventional U.S. postal mailbag. The alternative mailbags resulted in no significant change in metabolic load. Both alternative mailbags resulted in significantly less lateral trunk muscle fatigue. It is proposed that this reduction in fatigue would result in reduced musculoskeletal stress and reduced potential for back injury.
Are we on the threshold of a new theory of disease? Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance and its relationship to addiction and abdiction:

'Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance' (or TILT) describes a two-step disease process in which (1) certain chemical exposures, e.g., indoor air contaminants, chemical spills, or pesticide applications, cause certain susceptible persons to lose their prior natural tolerance for common chemicals, foods, and drugs (initiation); (2) subsequently, previously tolerated exposures trigger symptoms. Responses may manifest as addictive or abdictive (avoidant) behaviors. In some affected individuals, overlapping responses to common chemical, food, and drug exposures, as well as habituation to recurrent exposures, may hide (mask) responses to particular triggers. Accumulating evidence suggests that this disease process might underlie a broad array of medical illnesses including chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, depression, asthma, the unexplained illnesses of Gulf War veterans, multiple chemical sensitivity, and attention deficit disorder.
Surgical salvage of renal cell carcinoma recurrence after thermal ablative therapy.

Purpose: Thermal ablative therapies, including cryoablation and radio frequency ablation, have become viable options for the management of small renal tumors. However, initial data have suggested higher local recurrence rates for ablation compared to partial nephrectomy. We evaluated options for salvage of ipsilateral tumor recurrence after previous ablation.Materials and Methods: Records of renal surgeries performed at our institution between September 1997 and December 2006 were reviewed to identify patients with ipsilateral tumor recurrence after radio frequency ablation or cryoablation, and clinical characteristics and treatment were defined.Results: Recurrence rates at our hospital were 13 of 175 (7.4%) after cryoablation and 26 of 104 (25%) after radio frequency ablation, and 3 additional cases of post-cryoablation recurrence were referred from elsewhere. Overall repeat ablation was performed in 26 patients who experienced post-ablative recurrence. However, 12 patients (33%) were not candidates for ...
Growth and development in children born very low birthweight

Objective To examine the relationships between growth (birth to age 2 years) and developmental outcomes in children born with very low birthweight (VLBW). Design Motor and mental development in children born with VLBW were regressed on anthropometric measurements at birth, 9 months and 2 years using multivariable regression. Setting The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort, a longitudinal cohort, community sample, designed to be representative of children born across the USA. Patients 950 children born with VLBW ( Main Outcome Measures Motor and cognitive scores on the Bayley Scales at 9 months and 24 months chronological age. Results A high proportion of children exhibited poor growth, with length-for-age z-scores −2, children with growth shortfalls in head circumference, length and weight had a higher adjusted OR (aOR) of low Bayley motor scores at 9 months and 2 years (aOR ranging from 1.8 to 3.3, all p cognitive scores were predicted by 9-month deficits in length and weight (aOR 2.0 and 2.4, respectively, both p Conclusion Anthropometric measures of growth were linked to current and future neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born with VLBW. While careful length measures may be a particularly useful marker, deficits in all anthropometric measures were risk factors for developmental delays.
Balancing Act: Respecting the Required Curriculum While Honouring the Real Curriculum

Two authors from different disciplines share their views on meeting both the curriculum set forth by the institution and honouring the meaning that students make of their own learning. Believing in the importance of learning that reaches beyond that which is taught, the real curriculum, the authors discuss the challenge of finding a balance between assessing required course content and honouring individual growth in our assessment-laden society.
Relationship maintenance behaviors

Canary, D. J., & Dainton, M. (Eds.) (2003). Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
A Case of Recurrent Rudimentary Horn Ectopic Pregnancies Managed by Methotrexate Therapy and Laparoscopic Excision of the Rudimentary Horn

This report presents a case of a 31-year-old woman successfully treated medically for a noncommunicating rudimentary horn ectopic pregnancy who presented with a second, successive rudimentary horn pregnancy. Patient underwent laparoscopic excision of right rudimentary horn and right salpingectomy after failed methotrexate therapy. Given the potential for rupture and recurrence, serious efforts should be made to excise a uterine rudimentary horn.
Uncertainty Analysis in Geospatial Merit Matrix–Based Hydropower Resource Assessment

AbstractHydraulic head and mean annual streamflow, two main input parameters in hydropower resource assessment, are not measured at every point along the stream. Translation and interpolation are used to derive these parameters, resulting in uncertainties. This study estimates the uncertainties and their effects on model output parameters: the total potential power and the number of potential locations (stream-reach). These parameters are quantified through Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) linking with a geospatial merit matrix–based hydropower resource assessment (GMM-HRA) model. The methodology is applied to flat, mild, and steep terrains. Results show that the uncertainty associated with the hydraulic head is within 20% for mild and steep terrains, and the uncertainty associated with streamflow is around 16% for all three terrains. Output uncertainty increases as input uncertainty increases. However, output uncertainty is around 10–20% of the input uncertainty, demonstrating the robustness of the GMM-HRA m...
Intensive Family-Based Therapy During an Acute Medical Admission for Anorexia Nervosa A Case Report

Family-based therapy (FBT) is the evidence-based treatment of choice for anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescents, with numerous studies providing support for its efficacy in the outpatient realm. This...
Analysis of the Epidemic Situation of Malaria in Shiyan City during 1995—2006

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic situation of malaria in Shiyan city,and explore countermeasures for the control and prevention.[Methods] Retrospective epidemiological method was applied to analyze the epidemic situation of malaria in Shiyan during 1995—2006.[Results] During the 12 years,259 cases of malaria were reported in Shiyan with the annual morbidity of 0.32/lakh~0.92/lakh;the epidemic situation showed seasonal and regional characters;the patients were mainly between 15 and 44 years old;males were more than females,which were mainly peasants and worker;most of them were input cases with little regional ones.[Conclusion] The morbidity maintains a continuously descending tendency;the morbidity is greatly influenced by the floating population;comprehensive preventive countermeasures have brought remarkable effect;to strengthen the management of floating population,improve the epidemic surveillance work and enhance the surveillance quality are the emphasis of the future prevention work against malaria.
Potential Future Requirements for Immunotoxicology Testing of Pesticides

The thoughts presented above comprise a possible approach for revising Subdivision F guidelines with respect to testing of chemical pesticides as immunotoxicants. The main points of this report can be summarized as follows: 1. The tier system approach to Subdivision M guidelines allows for an effective screen (Tier I), and for in-depth (Tier II) evaluation of biochemical pesticides as immunotoxic agents. 2. Subchronic and chronic studies in Subdivision F guidelines can be modified to provide a more effective screen for evaluating the immunotoxic potential of chemical pesticides. 3. Addition to Subdivision F of studies to measure certain specific and non-specific cell-mediated immune responses might be considered appropriate for an immunotoxicity screen and, if included, would render Subdivision F data requirements analogous to those of Subdivision M. 4. When considered necessary, further studies can be done with chemical pesticides to provide sufficient data for an in-depth immunotoxicological risk evaluation. These studies would not necessarily be performed routinely (i.e., would not be included as data requirements in Subdivision F), but rather would be reserved for pesticides for which the immune system is shown to be a sensitive target of toxicity.
Stability Landscape of Power-Grid Synchronization

Abstract Frequency synchronization of power generators is a necessary condition for the operation of power-grid networks. The robustness of synchronous states to disturbances can be quantified in terms of their stability Here, applying a combination of perturbative analysis and numerical optimization techniques, we explore the landscape of synchronization stability in the space of generator parameters. We find that there are assignments of the parameter values that maximize stability beyond what has been found for identical parameters—the best previously known assignment. We suggest that this discovery may lead to a systematic approach for identifying parameter choices that can enhance synchronization of any given power grid.
The predictive value of self-report questions in a clinical decision rule for pediatric lead poisoning screening.

OBJECTIVE We derived a clinical decision rule for determining which young children need testing for lead poisoning. We developed an equation that combines lead exposure self-report questions with the child's census-block housing and socioeconomic characteristics, personal demographic characteristics, and Medicaid status. This equation better predicts elevated blood lead level (EBLL) than one using ZIP code and Medicaid status. METHODS A survey regarding potential lead exposure was administered from October 2001 to January 2003 to Michigan parents at pediatric clinics (n=3,396). These self-report survey data were linked to a statewide clinical registry of blood lead level (BLL) tests. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and then used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the equation. RESULTS The census-block group prediction equation explained 18.1% of the variance in BLLs. Replacing block group characteristics with the self-report questions and dichotomized ZIP code risk explained only 12.6% of the variance. Adding three self-report questions to the census-block group model increased the variance explained to 19.9% and increased specificity with no loss in sensitivity in detecting EBLLs of ≥ 10 micrograms per deciliter. CONCLUSIONS Relying solely on self-reports of lead exposure predicted BLL less effectively than the block group model. However, adding three of 13 self-report questions to our clinical decision rule significantly improved prediction of which children require a BLL test. Using the equation as the clinical decision rule would annually eliminate more than 7,200 unnecessary tests in Michigan and save more than $220,000.
TU-D-201-09: Is the MS Degree Still a Viable Option for Clinical Medical Physics Education and Training?

Purpose: Recent publications have questioned the value of the MS degree and its future in medical physics education. This study investigates the residency placement rate (RPR) for CAMPEP-accredited MS programs as a metric to evaluate this degree as judged by residency programs. Methods: By CAMPEP Standard 2.10, accredited graduate programs must present placement data on their program webpage and update it annually. We used these data to calculate the RPR of 43 programs into CAMPEP-accredited residency programs over a five year period (2010–2014). We further analyzed these rates by length of accreditation and degree program, when available. These placement data were validated against annual CAMPEP reports. Results: The cumulative RPR for MS graduates over the past five years is 22.4%. For individual programs, high placement was correlated with accreditation duration. Six graduate programs have never placed a resident – all were accredited after 2010. Of the 43 programs examined, only 4 have placed >40% of their graduates into residencies while placing at least 3 residents per year. These programs account for 39% of all MS residents placed, have a combined 51% placement for their MS graduates, and place MS graduates at rates significantly higher than the RPR for PhD graduates (36.2%). The RPR of the remaining 37 MS programs is 16%. Conclusion: The MS degree remains a viable option for clinical medical physics education and training, at least at several very successful programs. Thus, contrary to the perception among many entrants to medical physics education, one doesn't need a PhD to obtain a residency. However, prospective students are encouraged to carefully evaluate individual program statistics prior to entry. Moving forward, the profession should evaluate the relative success of MS medical physicists in both residency and clinical practice to determine whether to eliminate or cultivate this aspect of our educational infrastructure.
Conclusion: Related research projects and future directions

As the conclusion of the book, state-of-the-art research regarding legged locomotion and the application to daily activities are presented in this chapter. By comparing engineered legged systems with animals we address how far we are from nature. The recent technologies on assistive devices demonstrate the applicability of the scientific methods to fill this gap by developing products usable in human life. An overview of current research on legged locomotion presented in this chapter depicts the roadmap for future research.
Janus Compounds, 5-Chloro-N4-methyl-N4-aryl-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-2,4-diamines, Cause Both Microtubule Depolymerizing and Stabilizing Effects

While evaluating a large library of compounds designed to inhibit microtubule polymerization, we identified four compounds that have unique effects on microtubules. These compounds cause mixed effects reminiscent of both microtubule depolymerizers and stabilizers. Immunofluorescence evaluations showed that each compound initially caused microtubule depolymerization and, surprisingly, with higher concentrations, microtubule bundles were also observed. There were subtle differences in the propensity to cause these competing effects among the compounds with a continuum of stabilizing and destabilizing effects. Tubulin polymerization experiments confirmed the differential effects and, while each of the compounds increased the initial rate of tubulin polymerization at high concentrations, total tubulin polymer was not enhanced at equilibrium, likely because of the dueling depolymerization effects. Modeling studies predict that the compounds bind to tubulin within the colchicine site and confirm that there are differences in their potential interactions that might underlie their distinct effects on microtubules. Due to their dual properties of microtubule stabilization and destabilization, we propose the name Janus for these compounds after the two-faced Roman god. The identification of synthetically tractable, small molecules that elicit microtubule stabilizing effects is a significant finding with the potential to identify new mechanisms of microtubule stabilization.
Adolescent Siblings of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities With and Without Comorbid Mental Health Problems: A Preliminary Comparison of Sibling Perceptions

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The presence of comorbid mental illness in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has been shown to have additional negative impact on parents and caregivers. However, the impact of such dual diagnoses on typically developing siblings has yet to be examined. Methods: Parents and typically developing adolescent siblings of a child with IDD from 49 families completed online surveys about the presence or absence of comorbid mental illness, target-child behavior problems, impact on the family, and sibling emotions toward the child with IDD. T-tests were used to compare results of families with a child with both IDD and MI and families with a child with IDD only. Results: Parents reported more behavior problems in children with comorbid IDD and MI, and a greater overall impact on the family. Adolescent siblings in the comorbid IDD/MI group reported higher levels of hostility, anxiety, and dysphoria toward their sibling, though there were no group differences in...
From theory to practice: Cyberbullying theory and its application to intervention

Abstract Cyberbullying perpetration has emerged as a world-wide societal issue; however, the majority of the research testing the predictors of cyberbullying behavior and the interventions that claim to reduce cyberbullying have inadequately applied sound theoretical reasoning. To assist education administrators, intervention specialists, social scientists, and others, we review the postulates of a recently developed theory that is unique to cyberbullying – the Barlett and Gentile Cyberbullying Model (BGCM). Specifically, we delve into the need for such a theory and how other similar theories may be inadequate in predicting cyberbullying above and beyond traditional bullying. Then we describe the learning-based theoretical foundation that helped to build the BGCM before reviewing research that validates such theoretical tenants. Finally, we conclude with how the BGCM can inform intervention efforts to hopefully reduce cyberbullying.
AP2 α modulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function in the human intestine

Abstract Background AP2 is a clathrin-based endocytic adaptor complex comprising α, β2, μ2 and σ2 subunits. μ2 regulates CFTR endocytosis. The α subunit interacts with CFTR in the intestine but its physiologic significance is unclear. Methods CFTR short circuit current was measured in intestinal T84 cells following shRNA knock down of AP2α (AP2αKD). Clathrin-coated structures (CCS) were immunolabeled and quantified in AP2αKD intestinal Caco2BBe (C2BBe) cells. GST tagged human AP2α appendage domain was cloned and its interaction with CFTR determined by GST pull down assay. Result AP2αKD in T84 cells resulted in higher CFTR current (57%) compared to control, consistent with increased functional CFTR and delayed endocytosis. Depletion of AP2α reduced CCS in C2BBe cells. Pull down assays revealed an interaction between human AP2α appendage domain and CFTR. Conclusion AP2 α interacts with and modulates CFTR function in the intestine by participating in clathrin assembly and recruitment of CFTR to CCS.
MECHANISMS OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE : III. THE REFRACTORY STATE DURING CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF ENDOTOXIN

Bacterial endotoxins were administered by continuous intravenous infusions at constant rates to normal man and rabbits. An initial progressive febrile reaction was followed by progressive defervescence to baseline. The resulting pyrogenic refractory state was characterized as follows: (a) reticuloendothelial blockade with thorotrast neither prevented nor reversed its course; (b) passive transfer was unsuccessful with refractory phase plasma; (c) infusions of normal plasma or fresh whole blood failed to restore responsiveness; (d) a minimum of 4 hours of continuous endotoxin infusion was required for full development of unresponsiveness; (e) circulating antibody titers to endotoxin remained unaltered; (f) peripheral leukocytosis appeared; (g) infusion of febrile phase plasma reevoked an immediate, monophasic fever; (h) endotoxinemia could be demonstrated by pyrogen bioassay; (i) 10-fold increases in endotoxin infusion rates reevoked fever; (j) impaired responsiveness extended to heterologous endotoxins; (k) dermal inflammatory responses to endotoxin were suppressed in man while tuberculin reactivity remained unimpaired; dermal inflammatory responses to endotoxin were enhanced in rabbits; and (l) pyrogenic reactivity to endotoxin reappeared within 24 hours in man; refractoriness persisted in rabbits. It is concluded that the pyrogenic refractory state reflects an inability of the host to continue to mobilize endogenous pyrogen during sustained endotoxinemia. Such observations, together with previous studies, are consistent with two distinct immunologic mechanisms of resistance to endotoxin pyrogenicity: (a) desensitization at the cellular level; and (b) elaboration of circulating antibodies which assist reticuloendothelial clearance and destruction of endotoxin. Whereas both such mechanisms may contribute to pyrogenic tolerance, the characteristics of the pyrogenic refractory state suggest the participation only of the former.
Evidence for uridine 5′-(α-D-galactopyranosyl pyrophosphate):NAD 2-hexosyl oxidoreductase in Penicilliumcharlesii

Abstract A heat labile fraction from Penicillium charlesii was isolated which catalyzes the oxidation of UDP-galactose in the presence of NAD+ with the formation of NADH and a 2-keto sugar presumably attached to UDP. A portion of this sugar is in the furanosyl form. A mechanism for conversion of the pyranosyl to furanosyl ring form is proposed and UDP-2-ketogalactopyranoside and UDP-2-ketogalactofuranoside are suggested as intermediates in the conversion of uridine 5′-(α-D-galactopyranosyl pyrophosphate) to uridine 5′-(α-D-galactofuranosyl pyrophosphate).
Remembering qualitative analysis. The 175th Anniversary of Fresenius’ Textbook: Part I

Part I of this two-part article on the history of the teaching of qualitative analysis to undergraduate chemistry majors covers the origins of the course, its theoretical rationale, the impact of spot analysis and tailored organic reagents, and its transformation from a macro scheme to a semi-micro scheme.
Enhancing the Usability of an Optical Reader System to Support Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostic Testing: An Iterative Design Approach.

Background: In today’s health care environment, increasing costs and inadequate medical resources have created a worldwide need for more affordable diagnostic tools that are also portable, fast, and easy to use. To address this issue, numerous research and commercial efforts have focused on developing rapid diagnostic technologies; however, the efficacy of existing systems has been hindered by usability problems or high production costs, making them infeasible for deployment in at-home, point-of-care (POC), or resource-limited settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to create a low-cost optical reader system that integrates with any smart device and accepts any type of rapid diagnostic test strip to provide fast and accurate data collection, sample analysis, and diagnostic result reporting. Methods: An iterative design methodology was employed by a multidisciplinary research team to engineer three versions of a portable diagnostic testing device that were evaluated for usability and overall user receptivity. Results: Repeated design critiques and usability studies identified a number of system requirements and considerations (eg, software compatibility, biomatter contamination, and physical footprint) that we worked to incrementally incorporate into successive system variants. Our final design phase culminated in the development of Tidbit, a reader that is compatible with any Wi-Fi-enabled device and test strip format. The Tidbit includes various features that support intuitive operation, including a straightforward test strip insertion point, external indicator lights, concealed electronic components, and an asymmetric shape, which inherently signals correct device orientation. Usability testing of the Tidbit indicates high usability for potential user communities. Conclusions: This study presents the design process, specification, and user reception of the Tidbit, an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable optical reader for fast, accurate quantification of rapid diagnostic test results. Usability testing suggests that the reader is usable among and can benefit a wide group of potential users, including in POC contexts. Generally, the methodology of this study demonstrates the importance of testing these types of systems with potential users and exemplifies how iterative design processes can be employed by multidisciplinary research teams to produce compelling technological solutions. [JMIR Hum Factors 2017;4(4):e29]
WHERE HAS ALL THE POWER GONE? ENERGY PRODUCTION AND LOSS IN VOCALIZATION

Abstract Human voice production for speech is an inefficient process in terms of energy expended to produce acoustic output. A traditional measure of vocal efficiency relates acoustic power radiated from the mouth to aerodynamic power produced in the trachea. This efficiency ranges between 0.001% and 1.0% in speech-like vocalization. Simplified Navier–Stokes equations for non-steady compressible airflow from trachea to lips were used to calculate steady aerodynamic power, acoustic power, and combined total power at seven strategic locations along the airway. A portion of the airway was allowed to collapse to produce self-sustained oscillation for sound production. A conversion efficiency, defined as acoustic power generated in the glottis to aerodynamic power dissipated, was found to be on the order of 10%, but wall vibration, air viscosity, and kinetic pressure losses consumed almost all of that converted power. Thus, the acoustic power, reflected back and forth in the airway was dissipated at a level on the order of 99.9%, with a small fraction being radiated to the listener.
Abstract WP361: Nursing Education improves activation of Code Stroke in Cardiac Patients with Inhospital Stroke

Background: Inhospital stroke (IHS) is defined as an acute ischemic infarction that occurs during hospitalization in a patient originally admitted for another diagnosis or procedure. Approximately ...
Review of Lifestyle and CAM for Miscellaneous Urologic Topics (Bladder Cancer, CP/CPPS, IC/PBS, Kidney Cancer): Part One

Multiple lifestyle changes have the ability to prevent bladder cancer (smoking cessation, reduce arsenic concentrations in water, increase cruciferous vegetable intake, etc.), and some dietary supplements, such as Lactobacillus casei Shirota, have the ability to reduce recurrence rates after superficial bladder cancer treatment from three randomized clinical trials. Chewing gum could be an option for patients post-cystectomy to improve bowel recovery time. Exercise could be a treatment option for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), and a variety of dietary supplements (quercetin complex, cernilton, etc.) are currently being utilized as part of the greater UPOINT conventional treatment paradigm. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) has also being utilized CAM with some good efficacy and compliance. For example, elimination and restriction diets based on triggers as well as calcium glycerophosphate, glucosamine, chondroitin, hyaluronate, and quercetin complex may help patients with IC/PBS. And kidney cancer, compared to almost any other cancer, has some of the strongest associations with cardiovascular risk factors, especially obesity, smoking and hypertension, and a reduction in risk with exercise and dietary changes. Multiple urologic disease risks and even outcomes could be positively or negatively affected by CAM and should be objectively discussed with patients.
Late High Plains Archaic

Relative Time Period: Follows the Middle High Plains Archaic tradition, precedes the High Plains Late Prehistoric tradition.
Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Composition of Orogenic Andesites

Comparing orogenic andesites within and between volcanic arcs or over time requires (1) choosing a reference point such as a specified wt.% SiO2 or FeO*/MgO ratio to normalize effects of within-suite differentiation, (2) averaging or generalizing data for individual volcanoes or entire arcs, and (3) comparing data obtained from different laboratories or methods. All introduce error. I have tried to minimize these errors by summarizing analyses of Quaternary rocks by volcano (Appendix) and then averaging these by arc segment (Table 7.1). Some consistent patterns emerge from the comparisons and provide additional constraints on genetic theories.
Sustainable Fish and Invertebrate Meals for Methionine and Protein Feeds in Organic Poultry Production

SUMMARY Organic poultry production is based on ecological processes, such as nutrient cycling, and reduces the use of synthetic inputs. High-quality protein feeds are needed to provide essential amino acids for poultry, particularly methionine. Although synthetic methionine is currently allowed in poultry feeding in the US organic program, sources that are natural are needed. Fishmeal is a high-quality protein and contains methionine; however, fishmeal sources are limited and may not be sustainable or local. A possible source of fishmeal in the USA is Asian carp fishmeal. Asian carp have invaded the Mississippi river basin with negative impacts on native fish and riparian ecosystems, and harvesting the carp may be a management strategy to help control it. Additional options for high-quality protein feeds include invertebrate meals from mass insect production, such as black soldier fly larvae, and worms. These can be raised sustainably for poultry feed by using crop by-products, residues, or recycled food to reduce food waste. Alternative feeding methods may be helpful to utilize these innovative feeds. Alternative protein feeds can contribute to ecological poultry production and have an important role under certified organic standards.
The Web-enhanced Instruction Mode: Evidence from Undergraduate Finance Graduates with Embedded Online Assessments

This paper examines applications of the web-enhanced instruction mode. Giving online quizzes does appear to be a better use of class seat time. Results of the embedded online assessment given in a undergraduate finance capstone course delivered by this instruction mode are analyzed. Students’ learning achievement of this newer pedagogical method is evident. Most students perceive this method as beneficial to their studies in finance. Hence, university administrators should provide encouragements and incentives for finance faculty members to use Internet-based technologies in face-to-face instructions.