cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
513 BRISTOL BAY HEALTH EDUCATION PROJECT.

Project Background The Bristol Bay region encompasses an area in southwestern Alaska the size of the state of Ohio. Less than 15,000 people are spread out between 33 mostly Yup9ik villages and the regional hub town of Dillingham. Few roads exist, and most people live a subsistence lifestyle. Purpose of Project The purpose of my project was to reach a broad audience in the Bristol Bay area with basic health education on a select number of topics. I accomplished this through a series of newspaper articles published in the region9s weekly newspaper. Methods I wrote a series of articles for The Bristol Bay Times that correspond to national health observances. For instance, the month of November is American Diabetes Month, and I wrote an article on diabetes awareness to coincide with that observance. The other topics were immunizations, eye injury prevention, cholesterol, smoking, and depression. The subject material for all articles arose from my experiences in clinical encounters with patients during a month-long preceptorship in the region that I completed during summer of 2005. Writing these articles began with research in the selected area and then formulation of drafts that were submitted for review to physicians, hospital staff, and/or community readers before being sent to the newspaper for publication. Results The articles are to be printed during the fall months of 2005 as the appropriate National Health Observances come to pass. Prior to my departure from Dillingham only the article on eye injury prevention, called “River Bugs, Fish Guts, and Mom9s Favorite Advice,” had been published. The feedback I received from community readers on this article was positive. Through increased health awareness and prevention I hope that these articles will be beneficial to such a warm and welcoming community as that of Bristol Bay.
Effect of abdominopelvic abscess drain size on drainage time and probability of occlusion.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to determine whether larger abdominopelvic abscess drains reduce the time required for abscess resolution or the probability of tube occlusion. Methods 144 consecutive patients who underwent abscess drainage at a single institution were reviewed retrospectively. Results Larger initial drain size did not reduce drainage time, drain occlusion, or drain exchanges ( P > .05). Subgroup analysis did not find any type of collection that benefitted from larger drains. A multivariate model predicting drainage time showed that large collections (>200 mL) required 16 days longer drainage time than small collections ( Conclusions 8 F drains are adequate for initial drainage of most serous and serosanguineous collections. 10 F drains are adequate for initial drainage of most purulent or bloody collections.
Sexual selection drives floral scent diversification in carnivorous pitcher plants (NA Sarraceniaceae)

Plant volatiles mediate vital ecological services, including pollination and herbivory. Empirical studies show that both pollinators and herbivores exert strong selective pressures on plant phenotypes, leading to the expectation that volatiles from floral and vegetative tissues should exhibit the respective signatures of sexual and natural selection. We tested this hypothesis in the North American pitcher plants, which have modified leaves to capture prey and provide an ideal opportunity to understand the evolution of scent compounds across different plant organs. We collected a comprehensive dataset of floral and vegetative volatiles from across the NA Sarraceniaceae, and used multivariate analysis methods to investigate scent evolution in this unique taxon. Our major findings revealed that (i) flowers and traps produced highly distinct scent profiles, consistent with the hypothesis that volatiles alleviate trade-offs due to incidental pollinator-consumption; (ii) across species, floral scent separated into distinct regions of scent space, while traps were showed little evidence of clustering - this may be due to convergence on a generalist strategy for insect capture; and (iii) floral scent evolved much more rapidly than trap scent, showing that even in carnivorous taxa, our framework for phenotypic evolution should incorporate pollinator-mediated sexual selection, and herbivore-mediated natural selection.
A Narrative Review of Lumbar Fusion Surgery With Relevance to Chiropractic Practice

Abstract Objective The purpose of this narrative review was to describe the most common spinal fusion surgical procedures, address the clinical indications for lumbar fusion in degeneration cases, identify potential complications, and discuss their relevance to chiropractic management of patients after surgical fusion. Methods The PubMed database was searched from the beginning of the record through March 31, 2015, for English language articles related to lumbar fusion or arthrodesis or both and their incidence, procedures, complications, and postoperative chiropractic cases. Articles were retrieved and evaluated for relevance. The bibliographies of selected articles were also reviewed. Results The most typical lumbar fusion procedures are posterior lumbar interbody fusion, anterior lumbar interbody fusion, transforaminal interbody fusion, and lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Fair level evidence supports lumbar fusion procedures for degenerative spondylolisthesis with instability and for intractable low back pain that has failed conservative care. Complications and development of chronic pain after surgery is common, and these patients frequently present to chiropractic physicians. Several reports describe the potential benefit of chiropractic management with spinal manipulation, flexion-distraction manipulation, and manipulation under anesthesia for postfusion low back pain. There are no published experimental studies related specifically to chiropractic care of postfusion low back pain. Conclusions This article describes the indications for fusion, common surgical practice, potential complications, and relevant published chiropractic literature. This review includes 10 cases that showed positive benefits from chiropractic manipulation, flexion-distraction, and/or manipulation under anesthesia for postfusion lumbar pain. Chiropractic care may have a role in helping patients in pain who have undergone lumbar fusion surgery.
Social capital as a framework for community based participatory research in cancer prevention and control

B41 Purpose: The aim of this research was to explore whether key dimensions of social capital might inform the community based participatory research (CBPR) approach to cancer prevention and control interventions that target low-income African American communities. Methodology: Focus groups were conducted at community health centers located in Nashville, Chattanooga, and Memphis. African American men and women, representing low-income urban communities, participated in 54 focus groups. The focus groups used semi-structured questions integrating multiple health-related constructs of social capital with community perceptions centering on the facilitators and barriers to cancer control and prevention. These constructs included community groups, neighborhoods, networks, collective action, communication, and leadership. Results: Participants characterized community as going beyond physical boundaries to interactions among neighbors. Varied beliefs were expressed about the decline in neighborhood cohesion that included changes in racial or ethnic composition and gentrification. Church pastors and politicians were considered leaders of the community; however, church leaders were perceived as more active in the health-related needs of their communities. The poor health of communities was attributed to a lack of motivation by community members to change lifestyles and behaviors. Perceptions surrounding cancer included the belief that cancer was a death sentence and people generally did not want to know if they had cancer. On the other hand, some believed that an early diagnosis of cancer might improve one’s survival, and that there needed to be greater communication of this fact. Major barriers to cancer-related screening included the fear of cancer screening outcomes and the general lack of knowledge related to health screening guidelines. Conclusion: Findings suggest the need for greater awareness of the social processes affecting the health of communities. This heightened awareness can improve the understanding of health and health inequalities affected by social capital. The assessment of social capital, as a health-related construct, may enhance community based participatory research focusing on cancer disparities by creating opportunities for individual and group interactions that facilitate effective and sustainable community health action. Funded by NIH 5P20 MD 000516 (EXPORT), NCI U01 CA114641 (Community Networks Program)
On the Relationship between Strain and Chemical Reactivity of Torsionally Distorted Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds

In an effort to develop relationships between the strain of a carbon-carbon double bond and its chemical reactivity, a series of bridgehead alkenes containing torsionally distorted bridgehead double bonds have been synthesized. A combination of computational, spectroscopic and structural studies have provided information regarding the manner and degree of strain in these molecules. In addition, the rates of expoxidation of these double bonds have been obtained. The relationship between strain energy, reaction exothermicity and other spectroscopic parameters to the rate of epoxidation are examined in an effort to identify the chemical manifestations of strain.
Implicit Candidate‐Trait Associations in Political Campaigns

While the study of political attitudes has incorporated implicit processes in its theoretical models, the predominant approach to candidate-trait perception focuses exclusively on explicit processes. Our novel, dual-process approach to candidate perception sees voters as holding both conscious, explicit impressions of candidate traits and automatic, implicit candidate-trait associations that cannot be measured using traditional self-report techniques. We examine implicit candidate-trait associations for the first time using data from a three-wave online panel conducted in the last month of the 2012 U.S. presidential election. First, we demonstrate that implicit candidate-trait associations exist. Second, we show that implicit associations of warmth and competence with the candidates predict explicit candidate evaluations, economic evaluations, and vote choice, above and beyond conventional political science controls and explicit trait perceptions. Finally, we find that these effects are strongest among nonpartisans and partisans with conflicted feelings about their party's nominee. We suggest future directions for implicit political cognition research, including trait perception.
Isothermal Sulfur Condensation into Carbon Scaffolds: Improved Loading, Performance, and Scalability for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes

Here we demonstrate an isothermal technique that enables rapid vapor infiltration of sulfur into carbon templates to overcome scalability and performance bottlenecks associated with common melt infiltration techniques. Building on straightforward thermodynamic principles of capillary condensation, self-limited sulfur loadings up to 82 wt % can be achieved in as little as 10 min at temperatures between 155 and 175 °C. We demonstrate a broad range of device performance criteria using a carbon black–single-walled carbon nanotube binder-free cathode framework, including a side-by-side comparison to melt infiltrated electrodes with 74 wt % loading that shows improved capacity (1015 mAh/g vs 768 mAh/g), ∼92% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and ∼98% Coulombic efficiency as a result of enhanced uniformity and conductivity. Further, we demonstrate this technique over a range of different electrodes (1) electrodes with high sulfur loading (82 wt %) with high initial discharge capacity of 1340 mAh/g, (...
System-Level Shared Governance Structures and Processes in Healthcare Systems With Magnet®-Designated Hospitals: A Descriptive Study.

Objective The purpose was to identify and describe structures and processes of best practices for system-level shared governance in healthcare systems. Background Currently, more than 64.6% of US community hospitals are part of a system. System chief nurse executives (SCNEs) are challenged to establish leadership structures and processes that effectively and efficiently disseminate best practices for patients and staff across complex organizations, geographically dispersed locations, and populations. Methods Eleven US healthcare SCNEs from the American Nurses Credentialing Center's repository of Magnet®-designated facilities participated in a 35-multiquestion interview based on Kanter's Theory of Organizational Empowerment. Results Most SCNEs reported the presence of more than 50% of the empowerment structures and processes in system-level shared governance. Conclusions Despite the difficulties and complexities of growing health systems, SCNEs have replicated empowerment characteristics of hospital shared governance structures and processes at the system level.
Tumor necrosis factor-α, kidney function, and hypertension

Hypertension is considered to be a low-grade inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of various proinflammatory cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a constituent of the proinflammatory cytokines that is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) and related renal injury. Elevated angiotensin II (ANG II) and other factors such as oxidative stress conditions promote TNF-α formation. Many recent studies have provided evidence that TNF-α exerts a direct renal action by regulating hemodynamic and excretory function in the kidney. The cytokine incites a strong natriuretic response and plays a part in regulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. The exact mechanistic role of TNF-α in the development of SSH is as yet poorly understood. While TNF-α antagonism has been shown to attenuate hypertensive responses in many hypertensive animal models, contrasting findings demonstrate that the direct systemic administration of TNF-α usually induces hypotensive as well as natriuretic responses, indicating a counterregulatory role of TNF-α in SSH. Differential activities of two cell surface receptors of TNF-α (receptor type 1 and type 2) may explain the contradictory functions of TNF-α in the setting of hypertension. This short review will evaluate ongoing research studies that investigate the action of TNF-α within the kidney and its role as an influential pathophysiological variable in the development of SSH and renal injury. This information may help to develop specific TNF-α receptor targeting as an effective treatment strategy in this clinical condition.
Creation is Incarnation: The Metaphysical Peculiarity of the Logoi in Maximus Confessor†

Maximian logoi or the “principles” of created being are often virtually identified with Platonic ideas or forms. This assumption obscures what is distinctive about Maximus's concept of the logoi. I first note two metaphysical peculiarities of his doctrine, and then propose that these only make sense if we follow Maximus's own directive to read the logoi through Christology proper – that is, as describing creation as the Word's cosmic Incarnation. This suggests, in creative tension with a good deal of twentieth-century philosophical theology, that the God-world relation is not fully exhausted by the analogia entis: Maximus divines a still deeper hypostatic (not natural) identity between Word and world that actually generates natural difference – for perhaps the first and only time in the history of Christian thought. Here I assay a first step toward retrieving that relation.
Transcriptional factors for stress signaling, oxidative protection, and protein modification in ipt-transgenic creeping bentgrass exposed to drought stress

Abstract Overexpressing the cytokinin (CK)-synthesizing gene, isopentenyl transferase ( ipt ), is known to elevate endogenous CK levels and positively regulate drought tolerance. The objective of this study was to identify transcriptional factors (TFs) and their down-stream genes responsive to ipt overexpression which are associated with improved drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ). Transcriptomic profiling was conducted in both the wild type (WT) (cv. ‘Penncross’) and ipt -transgenic creeping bentgrass exposed to well-watered condition and drought stress. A total of 65 TFs showed significantly increased and 62 TFs decreased expression levels in ipt -transgenic compared to the WT exposed to drought stress. The down-stream genes of 15 TFs were also differentially expressed between ipt -transgenic and WT plants. In addition, ipt -transgenic and WT exposed to drought stress also showed differential expression of genes for receptor kinases, stress defense, protein modification, and protein degradation. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that overexpressing ipt gene caused transcriptional changes with central hubs of bHLH148 and MYB4/4-like and WRKY28/53/71 . Such TFs also showed to be associated with the up-regulation of transcripts that are involved in jasmonic acid signaling and down-regulation of abscisic acid signaling and antioxidant response, as well as efficient MAPKKK-mediated protein modification and RNA degradation. The changes in the aforementioned pathways could contribute to the transcriptional regulation of CK for improving drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass.
Whistle While You Work? A Review of the Effects of Music in the Workplace

Abstract The effects of music on human performance have been studied across many disciplines. Music has been shown to impact task performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, and learning (i.e., training), but the implications of the study of music in the workplace have not yet been fully realized. Therefore, we conduct an interdisciplinary review of research on music relevant to the field of management. We also offer a solution to the lack of theoretical grounding in previous work by applying activation theory to understand the effects of music in the workplace. Taken together, the literature shows that music works through the mediator of mood and emotion. Findings also illustrate the consequences of extraversion, task complexity, and listening autonomy in relation to individual affective reactions to music. While the evidence suggests music may potentially have significant value in the workplace, more research is needed to understand how music might be effectively utilized by organizations.
Providing Comprehensive Medication Management in Telehealth

The goal of this white paper is to provide direction for clinical pharmacists providing telehealth. Telehealth care is rapidly emerging to improve patient access to health care and optimize patient health outcomes. With the increasing ability to access electronic health record portals, as many as 75 million telehealth encounters are expected in North America annually. Although electronic "point of access" undoubtedly increases the use of medical and pharmacy services, the real value of telehealth lies in improved access to patients in remote areas lacking adequate medical and pharmacy services and to high-risk patients requiring frequent monitoring. This document is intended to serve as a guide for those interested in or already using telehealth to provide direct patient care. Specifically, it focuses on general concepts of telehealth and demonstrates how the delivery of comprehensive medication management (CMM) by telehealth aligns with the Standards of Practice for Clinical Pharmacists set forth by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Although clinical pharmacists must be appropriately credentialed and privileged to provide CMM, their process of care must also be adapted to suit the remote patient. Patient assessment, evaluation of medication therapy, development and implementation of a plan of care, follow-up, monitoring, and documentation of all processes of care are influenced by the technology available, the collaborations established, and the applicable regulations and requirements for telehealth practice.
Girls’ Education and Child Marriage in West and Central Africa: Trends, Impacts, Costs, and Solutions*

Within the context of women’s lack of empowerment, the issues of child marriage and low educational attainment for girls are prominent, especially in West and Central Africa. Using survey data for ...
How research becomes impact: Librarians helping faculty use scholarly metrics to select journals

Many librarians support faculty with the publishing process, which includes journal selection and evaluating the impact of their scholarly output. While large universities have the resources for en...
De la traición al entusiasmo, otras perspectivas de una historia

Women are increasingly expressing their account of historical events in cultural productions such as novels and memoirs. This article examines a text by Laura Restrepo as an example of women shaping the narrative of the peace process in Colombia. Through the use of a feminine voice a distinct perspective of historical events in Colombia disrupts in the official and supposedly objective account of History.
Design and Compliance Considerations of Dietary Intervention Trials

Clinical trials are widely used and accepted as the best method to evaluate the effect of therapy or prophylactic interventions. The design of cancer prevention trials are based on the same principles as cancer therapy trials (Peto, et al, 1976). However, there are a number of important differences in the methodology, logistics and costs of prevention trials as contrasted to therapy trials. A clear recognition and careful consideration of such differences provide a better study design resulting in improved evaluation of cancer prophylactic interventions.
Odours and spatialities: designing sensory experiences

Smell is a chemical phenomenon, historically signified and culturally shared; it creates deep interactions, enforcing social structures or transgressing them. From natural environments to urban spaces, the large variety of odours can stimulate olfactory senses and evoke experiences, in which pleasant and unpleasant, and even non-smelling scents, are combined as parameters of spatial limits. The main aim of this paper is to contextualize some chemical and cultural aspects of smells, and their potential to create and reconfigure spatial orientations. Based on Constance Classen, David Howes, and Anthony Synnott's researches, odours are understood as cultural classification systems, and therefore they are possible modes of ordering the world. At the end, some projects and scent maps are brought since odours are considered an aesthetic medium to design evocative experiences and perceptive access modes.
Structuring Documentation to Support State Search: A Laboratory Experiment about Protocol Programming

Application Programming Interfaces APIs often define object protocols. Objects with protocols have a finite number of states and in each state a different set of method calls is valid. Many researchers have developed protocol verification tools because protocols are notoriously difficult to follow correctly. However, recent research suggests that a major challenge for API protocol programmers is effectively searching the state space. Verification is an ineffective guide for this kind of search. In this paper we instead propose Plaiddoc, which is like Javadoc except it organizes methods by state instead of by class and it includes explicit state transitions, state-based type specifications, and rich state relationships. We compare Plaiddoc to a Javadoc control in a between-subjects laboratory experiment. We find that Plaiddoc participants complete state search tasks in significantly less time and with significantly fewer errors than Javadoc participants.
Community organizations and mental health after the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings.

Abstract Objective Disasters are place-based traumatic events, yet contemporary understandings of disaster recovery often do not consider the role of community organizations. We examine organization type and proximity as they relate to post-disaster mental health in a longitudinal study following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. Method Residents of metropolitan Boston (N = 846) were recruited via a probability-based sampling strategy within weeks of the bombings and were surveyed several times over a two-year period. Residents of metropolitan New York (N = 941) were recruited and surveyed at the same time and used for comparison due to similarities in community demographics, geography, and disaster histories. We identified six different organization types nearby resident: safety-based organizations, religious organizations, educational organizations, child- and family-promoting organizations, health-based organizations, and voluntary community organizations. With possible environmental detriments (crowds and noise) or benefits of organizations amplified in areas closest to the resident, the concentration of these local organization types was examined at different distance-based boundaries. Contextual data for both communities came from the U.S. Census, Google Places API, and Guidestar. Results For Boston metropolitan area residents, having more safety-based organizations within a half-mile to one-mile area in the aftermath of the bombings was associated with poorer functioning six to seven months later and greater psychological distress two years later. However, the presence of more safety-based organizations in the one to three mile area was associated with decreased psychological distress two years later. More health-based and voluntary community organizations in the half-mile to one-mile area were also associated with fewer fears and worries about future adversity two years post-bombing. Exposure to the bombings and other community traumas moderated this relationship among Boston area participants. Conclusion Results suggest that local community organizations are not merely buildings or structures but ecological sources of support to those in need after a disaster.
30 day readmissions in cancer patients in United States.

6577Background: National estimates of 30 day readmissions in cancer patients in US are unknown. Objective of our study was to identify 30 day readmission rates, predictors of readmissions and econo...
Quick Fix: Using the Circle Question Format to Promote Pre-reading for Individual and Collaborative Critical Thinking

Instructors assign pre-class readings to help students ask effective questions during class (Marcell 2008) and to help students perform well on assessments (Dobson 2008). However, effective pre-cla...
Disrupting the medial prefrontal cortex alters hippocampal sequences during deliberative decision making

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus interact during deliberative decision making. Disruption of the mPFC impaired hippocampal processes, including the local and nonlocal representat...
Crystal structure, Raman spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations of a new bialkali alanate K2LiAlH6.

A new bialkali alanate K2LiAlH6 was synthesized at 320−330 °C and 100−700 bar. It was structurally characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in space group R3m (No. 166) with unit cell parameters a = 5.62068(8) and c = 27.3986(6) A. The Li and K cation sites are mutually exclusive, and Rietveld refinement finds no cation mixing. First-principles total energy calculations were performed for nine competing database structures of the stoichiometry A2BCX6, taken from fluoride and oxide compounds in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). The relaxed structures were compared via their total energies and their agreement with experimental diffraction spectra. Two database structures K2LiAlF6 (R3m) and Cs2NaAlF6 (C2/m) were found to have the lowest total energies, but with the Rietveld method the K2LiAlF6 structure type was shown to be the most favorable. Ab initio total energy calculations support the validity of the structure determination. First-principles calculations also indicate...
Value of Lymphadenectomy in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effect on survival of extent of lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy for patients undergoing multimodality (neoadjuvant) therapy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction using Worldwide Esophageal Cancer Collaboration data. Summary background data Previous worldwide data demonstrated that optimum lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy alone for esophageal cancer provides accurate staging and maximum survival. However, for patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma, its value is unclear, leading to wide practice variability. Methods A total of 3859 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction received neoadjuvant therapy. The endpoint was all-cause mortality, reported as gain or loss of lifetime within 10 years. Lifetime predicted for each regional lymph node resected used quantile survival random forest methodology. Results Across all post-neoadjuvant ypTNM cancer categories, some degree of lymphadenectomy was associated with longer lifetime, but in a nonlinear fashion. For patients with ypN0 cancers, there was a modest gain in lifetime up to 25 lymph nodes resected and an incremental loss in lifetime as >25 were resected. For patients with ypN+ cancers, there was a robust gain in lifetime up to 30 lymph nodes resected and then an incremental loss in lifetime. Conclusions Worldwide data for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction demonstrate that lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy is a valuable component of neoadjuvant therapy. Survival is maximized when an optimum range of nodes is resected.
A new materialist perspective to studying L2 instructional interactions in engineering

This article responds to a call for applied linguistics and bilingualism research from a spatial repertoires perspective informed by new materialism. It focuses on the ways international faculty me...
A single N6-methyladenosine site in lncRNA HOTAIR regulates its function in breast cancer cells

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant RNA modifications with important roles in normal and cancer biology, but knowledge of its function on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains limited. In this study, we investigate whether m6A plays a role in regulating the function of the HOTAIR lncRNA which contributes to multiple pro-tumor phenotypes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. We identify 14 individual m6A sites within HOTAIR, with a single site (A783) being consistently methylated. Mutation of A783 impairs cellular proliferation and colony formation in TNBC cells. We find that HOTAIR interacts with the nuclear m6A reader YTHDC1 at methylated A783 and additional sites. Interestingly, we determine that modifications at different sites in HOTAIR have differential effects on HOTAIR regulation. Specifically, m6A at A783 regulates HOTAIR localization to chromatin, whereas other m6A sites mediate high HOTAIR levels. We further find that YTHDC1-HOTAIR interactions are required for gene repression, independent of expression level and chromatin recruitment. Altogether, our work suggests a mechanism whereby m6A regulates the function of HOTAIR via mediating the interaction of YTHDC1 with specific m6A sites, promoting chromatin-mediated repression and breast cancer cell aggressiveness.
COVID-19: Prevent the Spread a Review of www.cdc.gov/coronavirus

COVID-19 started out as a novel virus before quickly turning into a global pandemic. It is highly contagious and is mainly spread through air droplets, respiratory droplets produced when an infecte...
Systematic Evaluation of Emerging Wastewater Nutrient Removal and Recovery Technologies to Inform Practice and Advance Resource Efficiency

Advancing nutrient recovery from idea to implementation requires reporting practices that facilitate comparison among diverse nutrient removal and recovery (NRR) technologies and enhance the transl...
Using Channel Physical Relationships in pHEMT Modeling

In this paper, we establish relationships of a few key process control monitors (PCMs) based on device physics and a design of experiment (DOE); these relations can simplify the pHEMT device model and increase its accuracy.
Cannabis Use and Electrocardiographic Myocardial Injury.

Multiple observational studies have demonstrated an association with cannabis use and acute myocardial infarction, especially among young adults. However, little is known about the connection with subclinical or electrocardiographic myocardial injury. We hypothesized that cannabis use would be associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury as defined by the cardiac infarction and/or injury score (CIIS). This analysis included 3,634 (age 48.0 ± 5.9 years, 47.1% male, 68.7% Caucasians) participants from the Third National Health and Examination Survey. Cannabis use was defined by self-report. Those with history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. Myocardial injury was defined as electrocardiographic CIIS ≥ 10. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between cannabis use and myocardial injury. The consistency of this association was tested among subgroups stratified by race, gender, tobacco smoking status, and comorbidities. About 26.0% (n = 900) of participants were ever-cannabis users and 15.5% (n = 538) had myocardial injury. In a model adjusted for potential confounders, ever-cannabis users had 43% increased odds of myocardial injury compared to never users (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.43 (1.14, 1.80); p = 0.002). This association was stronger among participants with a history of hypertension versus those without (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.83 (1.36, 2.47) vs 1.17 (0.83, 1.64), respectively; interaction p value 0.04). Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury among those without cardiovascular disease with effect modification by co-existent hypertension. These novel findings underscore the harmful effects of cannabis use on cardiovascular health and also merit a personalized risk assessment when counseling patients with hypertension on its use.
Leibniz and the Plurality of Space-Time Frameworks

Leibniz advocated a theory of space (and time) as “relative” —that is, as relative to the physical things ordinarily said to be located within space (and time). He opposed the doctrine of Newton’s Principia which cast space and time in the role of containers existing on their own and having a make-up that is indifferent to the things emplaced in them. Owing to the general tenor of his theory, Leibniz is sometimes seen as a precursor of Einstein and modern relativity theory. But this view is mistaken or, at any rate, misleading. For Leibniz — unlike Einstein and the modern relativists — is not thinking of the relativity of dynamical principles to the choice of a coordinate system within nature, so that we are involved in a situation of comparison from the perspective of various world-included frameworks. Rather, Leibniz’s thesis that “space is relative to the things in it” has regard to the perspective of various alternative possible worlds taken as a whole. The mutual attunement of whatever is included in a common world is the foundation for space and time, which have no existence apart from the concordance of the mutual “perceptions” of substances (in Leibniz’s sense of this term).
Discoveries of isotopes by fission

Of the about 3000 isotopes presently known, about 20% have been discovered in fission. The history of fission as it relates to the discovery of isotopes as well as the various reaction mechanisms leading to isotope discoveries involving fission are presented.
On the Wealth and Risk Effects of the Glass-Steagall Overhaul: Evidence from the Stock Market

The replacement of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act by the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 offers a unique opportunity for empirical analysis of the economic arguments concerning product diversification and consolidation within the financial services industry. This paper analyses the stock price response of firms in the banking, securities, and insurance industries to examine the wealth and risk effects of this deregulation. We find an increase in the collective market value of financial services firms, while the magnitude of the wealth effects differ across industries and size groups. Large securities firms, large insurance companies, and bank holding companies (BHCs) with pre-existing subsidiaries operating in the securities business (section 20 subsidiaries), experienced significant increases in the market value. This reflects market anticipation of gains from product diversification possibly arising from cross-product synergies and the potential extension of "too big to fail" guarantees for the largest financial services firms. We also find that the market accurately predicted the type of BHCs that would engage in product expansion after the repeal.
Some general bounds for one-dimensional scattering

One-dimensional scattering problems are of wide physical interest and are encountered in many diverse applications. In this paper I establish some very general bounds for reflection and transmission coefficients for one-dimensional potential scattering. Equivalently, these results may be phrased as general bounds on the Bogolubov coefficients or statements about the transfer matrix. A similar analysis can be provided for the parametric change of frequency of a harmonic oscillator. A number of specific examples are discussed. In particular I provide a general proof that sharp step function potentials always scatter more effectively than the corresponding smoothed potentials. The analysis also serves to collect together and unify what would otherwise appear to be quite unrelated results. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Study on a Prognosis Algorithm for PEMFC Lifetime Prediction based on Durability Tests

Of the fuel cells being studied, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is viewed as the most promising for transportation. Yet until today, the commercialization of the PEMFC has not been widespread in spite of its large expectation. Poor long term performances or durability, and high production and maintenance costs account for the main reasons. For the final commercialization of fuel cell in transportation field, the durability issue must be addressed, while the costs should be further brought down. In the meantime, health-monitoring and prognosis techniques are of great significance in ensuring the normal operation of the fuel cell and preventing or predicting its likely abrupt and catastrophic failure.
Utilization of inverse approach in the design of materials over nano- to macro-scale

In the light of recent developments in computer technology, a promising and efficient way to design a material with a desired property would be to solve the inverse problem: use a physical property to predict structure. Here, we discuss the basic idea and mathematical foundation of the inverse approach, and proposed strategies for its utilization in the design of materials over nano- to macro-scales. At the nano-scale, analyzed strategies include scanning of a high-dimensional space of chemical compounds for those compounds that have a targeted property, and identification of correlations in large databases of materials. However, unlike utilization of inverse approach at nano-scale where full structural information - atoms and their positions- is linked to targeted properties, at the meso- and macro-scale, only partial structural information, manifested via structural motifs or representative volume elements, is available. We discuss the role of partial structural information in the inverse approach to the design of materials at those scales. Risks and limitations of the inverse approach are analyzed and dependence of the approach on factors such as structure parametrization, approximations in theoretical models, and feedback from structural characterization, is addressed.
Human papillomavirus type 11 E2 proteins repress the homologous E6 promoter by interfering with the binding of host transcription factors to adjacent elements.

Abstract The E6 promoter of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) trophic for epithelia for the lower genital tract and the upper respiratory tract is regulated in vitro by homologous and heterologous papillomaviral E2 proteins that bind to a consensus responsive sequence (E2-RS) ACCN6GGT. When HPV type 11 (HPV-11) expression is examined in epithelial cell lines, the HPV-11 E2-C protein, which lacks the amino-terminal transactivating domain of the full-length E2 protein, invariably represses the homologous viral E6 promoter. In contrast, when the novel constitutive enhancer (CE) CE II is deleted, not only is the basal promoter activity much reduced, it is further repressed by the intact HPV-11 E2 protein (M. T. Chin, T. R. Broker, and L. T. Chow, J. Virol. 63:2967-2976, 1989). Here, we demonstrated that, when expressed from a stronger surrogate promoter, the HPV-11 E2 protein represses the E6 promoter effectively, regardless of CE II. By performing systematic mutational analyses of the four highly conserved copies of the HPV-11 E2-RS and of the adjacent enhancer-promoter elements, we show that the furthest upstream, promoter-distal E2-RS copy 1 plays no apparent role in E6 promoter regulation. Repression by the homologous HPV-11 E2 proteins is mediated through each of the three promoter-proximal copies of the E2-RS, but the presence of CE II abrogates the full-length E2 protein repression exerted at E2-RS copy 2. Repression is alleviated when the two (for E2) or three (for E2-C) promoter-proximal copies of E2-RS are mutated. We specifically demonstrate that repression exerted at E2-RS 3 is due to preclusion of binding of the host transcription factor Sp1 or Sp1-like proteins to a nonconsensus sequence AGGAGG located 1 bp upstream of the tandem E2 protein binding sites 3 and 4. A 3-bp insertion between the adjacent Sp1 and E2-RS 3 sites permits both Sp1 and E2 proteins to bind, with a concomitant relief of E2-RS 3-mediated repression. Similar mutational analyses show that proteins that bind to the GT-1 motif near the upstream E2-RS 2 help abrogate repression by the E2 protein in the presence of CE II. The implications of these results with respect to the viral infectious cycle and during viral oncogenesis are discussed.
Non-fatal workplace violence injuries in the United States 2003-2004: a follow back study.

Objective: Contribute to the prevention of workplace violence by providing information about the nature and circumstances of nonfatal assaults among U.S. workers. Methods: Data were collected from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work), a stratified probability sample of U.S. hospitals. Workplace violence victims identified from NEISS-Work voluntarily completed a followback interview detailing the nature and circumstances surrounding their workplace violence incident. Results: The majority of workplace violence injuries treated in emergency departments resulted from simple assaults that did not involve any lost time from work. Almost two-thirds of these workplace violence victims filed only an internal report. Eighty percent of the victims returned to their same jobs and will not change the way they do their jobs as a result of the violent incident. Conclusions: Nonfatal workplace violence is an important risk for U.S. workers, particularly in some occupations and industries. Prevention strategies need to be tailored by occupation and work environment. Results from the healthcare section of this survey indicate high numbers of incidents during times when the healthcare workers were assisting patients with medical and non-medical needs. Language: en
Building large knowledge-based systems: Representation and inference in the cyc project

Abstract The book under review here, Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project, describes progress so far in an attempt to build a system that is intended to exhibit general common-sense reasoning ability. This review first discusses aspects of the Cyc system, with a focus on important decisions made in designing its knowledge representation language, and on how claims about the performance of the system might be validated. ‡ The review then turns to the book itself, discussing both its merits and its faults.
Identification of reflex and intrinsic mechanical properties in stroke and spinal cord injury

We used system identification techniques to characterize the mechanical abnormalities associated with spasticity and to identify the contribution of intrinsic and reflex stiffness to these abnormalities. Modulation of intrinsic and reflex stiffness of elbow flexor muscles in hemiparetic stroke, spinal cord injured (SCI), and normal subjects was studied by applying perturbations to the elbow at different initial joint angles with subjects' muscles relaxed. We found that intrinsic stiffness was larger in SCI than normal subjects, whereas it was within normal range in stroke arms. Reflex stiffness was similar in spastic SCI and stroke subjects and was significantly larger than in normal subjects. However, the reflex relative contribution to overall joint stiffness was smaller in SCI than stroke group due to greater increase in intrinsic stiffness in SCI subjects. Both reflex and intrinsic stiffness were strongly position dependent; they both increased with increasing elbow extension but reflex stiffness declined at full extension. The mechanical properties of the contralateral arms in stroke subjects were not normal; reflex stiffness was larger and intrinsic stiffness was lower. These findings demonstrate that although increased reflex stiffness is a common mechanical abnormality in SCI and stroke the major mechanical abnormalities of the spastic elbow are enhanced intrinsic contribution in the SCI subjects and increased reflex contribution in stroke subjects. Moreover, the findings suggest that the contralateral side of stroke subjects is also affected and cannot be used as reliable control.
Copper K-extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies of oxidized and reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Confirmation of a sulfur ligand to copper(I) in the reduced enzyme.

The structure of the copper sites in oxidized and reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase has been studied by extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy using a restrained refinement approach to data analysis. An histidine-rich active site has been found to be present with an average histidine coordination of between two and three histidine ligands per copper. In the oxidized protein, the data support four-coordination, involving two to three imidazole groups at 1.99 A with additional ligands derived from water or exogenous O-donor groups at an average distance of 1.94 A. Studies on the reduced enzyme have focused on resolving the controversy in the literature (Scott, R. A., Sullivan, R. J., De Wolfe, W. E., Dolle, R. E., and Kruse, L. I. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 5411-5417; Blumberg, W. E., Desai, P. R., Powers, L., Freedman, J. H., and Villafranca, J. J. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6029-6032) as to whether a S/Cl scatterer is a ligand to Cu(I). Five independent samples of reduced enzyme prepared under conditions designed to probe the Cu(I) ligand environment have been measured and analyzed. All five samples gave identical spectra and could be simulated by two to three imidazoles (1.93 A) and 0.5 S/Cl (2.25 A) per Cu(I). The spectra were insensitive to the presence of added bromide or to exclusion of chloride during preparation. The results establish that the heavy atom scatterer is derived from a sulfur donor. Some evidence was found for an additional O/N scatterer at 2.6 A in the reduced enzyme. A hypothesis for the structure of the copper sites has been proposed involving inequivalent CuA(His)3(H2O)...CuB-(His)2X(H2O) coordination in the oxidized enzyme, which upon reduction loses coordinated water and coordinates a sulfur probably from a methionine.