cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: Part 2. Geochemistry of the pore water

Abstract Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important source of dissolved elements to the ocean, yet little is known regarding the chemical reactions that control their flux from sandy coastal aquifers. The net flux of elements from SGD to the coastal ocean is dependent on biogeochemical reactions in the groundwater–seawater mixing zone, recently termed the “subterranean estuary.” This paper is the second in a two part series on the biogeochemistry of the Waquoit Bay coastal aquifer/subterranean estuary. The first paper addressed the biogeochemistry of Fe, Mn, P, Ba, U, and Th from the perspective of the sediment composition of cores Charette et al. [Charette, M.A., Sholkovitz, E.R., Hansell, C.M., 2005. Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: Part 1. Geochemistry of the permeable sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 2095–2109]. This paper uses pore water data from the subterranean estuary, along with Bay surface water data, to establish a more detailed view into the estuarine chemistry and the chemical diagenesis of Fe, Mn, U, Ba and Sr in coastal aquifers. Nine high-resolution pore water (groundwater) profiles were collected from the head of the Bay during July 2002. There were non-conservative additions of both Ba and Sr in the salinity transition zone of the subterranean estuary. However, the extent of Sr release was significantly less than that of its alkaline earth neighbor Ba. Pore water Ba concentrations approached 3000 nM compared with 25–50 nM in the surface waters of the Bay; the pore water Sr-salinity distribution suggests a 26% elevation in the amount of Sr added to the subterranean estuary. The release of dissolved Ba to the mixing zone of surface estuaries is frequently attributed to an ion-exchange process whereby seawater cations react with Ba from river suspended clay mineral particles at low to intermediate salinity. Results presented here suggest that reductive dissolution of Mn oxides, in conjunction with changes in salinity, may also be an important process in maintaining high concentrations of Ba in the pore water of subterranean estuaries. In contrast, pore water U was significantly depleted in the subterranean estuary, a result of SGD-driven circulation of seawater through reducing permeable sediments. This finding is supported by surface water concentrations of U in the Bay, which were significantly depleted in U compared with adjacent coastal waters. Using a global estimate of SGD, we calculate U removal in subterranean estuaries at 20 × 106 mol U y−1, which is the same order of magnitude as the other major U sinks for the ocean. Our results suggest a need to revisit and reevaluate the oceanic budgets for elements that are likely influenced by SGD-associated processes.
Effects of Reputation, Relational Satisfaction, and Customer–Company Identification on Positive Word-of-Mouth Intentions

By combining the growing body of knowledge on organizational reputation and organization—public relationships with insights from marketing literature on customer–company identification, this study develops and tests models of customers' positive word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions. Specifically, this study examines the effects of organizational reputation and relational satisfaction on customers' positive WOM intentions, and the critical mediation role of customer–company identification in such effects. The proposed models illustrate tenable data-model fits, and the results indicate that organizational reputation and relational satisfaction predict customers' positive WOM intentions. More important, customer–company identification mediates the influence of organizational reputation on positive WOM intentions. The findings of this study suggest that, to promote customers' positive WOM intentions, companies need to obtain a favorable reputation held by customers and cultivate a satisfactory relationship with cus...
The flow of incoming nectar through a honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony as revealed by a protein marker

The flow of incoming nectar in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies was simulated by feeding a sucrose solution labeled with a novel protein (rabbit IgG) marker and then analyzing bee and colony samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The labeled sucrose solution was quickly transported to food storage and brood combs. Within 2h, equal percentages of worker bees from food storage combs, nurse bees and nectar samples tested positive for the marker. Percentages of nurse bees and larvae testing positive also were equal within the first 2 h of feeding it to a colony and these percentages increased over time. Our results suggest that workers with nectar loads deposit them into cells on either food storage or brood comb with equal frequency. The labeled sucrose solution transported to the brood comb is subsequently used by nurse bees to feed larvae. How the deposition of incoming nectar in brood comb might possibly integrate the activities of foragers and nurse bees is discussed.
Graphite crystals grown within electromagnetically levitated metallic droplets

Abstract Various graphite morphologies were observed to grow within the electromagnetically levitated nickel–carbon melts, including primary flakes and spheres, curved surface graphite and eutectic flakes, as well as engulfed and entrapped particles. As the supersaturated metallic solutions were cooled within the electromagnetic (EM) levitation coil, the primary graphite flakes and spheres formed and accumulated near the periphery of the droplet due to EM circulation. The primary graphite islands, moreover, nucleated and grew on the droplet surface which eventually formed a macroscopic curved graphite crystal covering the entire liquid. Upon further cooling, the liquid surrounding the primary graphite went under a coupled eutectic reaction while the liquid in the center formed a divorced eutectic due to EM mixing. This brought about the formation of graphite fine flakes and agglomerated particles close to the surface and in the center of the droplet, respectively. The graphite morphologies, growth mechanisms, defects, irregularities and growth instabilities were interpreted with detailed optical and scanning electron microscopies.
Data subset algorithm for computationally efficient reconstruction of 3-D spectral imaging in diffuse optical tomography

Three-dimensional (3-D) models of light propagation in diffuse optical tomography provide an accurate representation of scattering in tissue. Here the use of spectral priors, shown to improve quantification of functional parameters in 2-D, has been extended to 3-D. To make 3-D spectral imaging computationally tractable, a novel technique is presented to deal with the large data set. The basic principle consists of using a dynamic criterion to select optimal data subsets that capture the major changes in the imaging domain. Results from three test cases showed comparable image quality and accuracy with less than 4% difference between the uses of data subset approach versus the entire dataset. Tested on simulated data from two different models, the algorithm was able to discern multiple objects successfully with an average error of 30% in quantifying multiple regions and less than 1% in quantifying the background.
Measuring Icon symbolic Classification: It doesn't MAP out

The iconic-symbolic (I-S) subtest of the Muma Assessment Program (MAP), designed for use as a clinical tool for identifying representational processes in children, is based on the Bruner (1966) model of development. The current study was intended to develop normative data, especially the ability of the I-S to identify adult subjects as preforming at the higheest of Bruner's cognitive states (the symbolic level). The I-S was administered to 80 unimpaired adult subjects under two instruction conditions; those recommended in the I-S protocols and a revised version more akin to instructions used in classic studies of classification ability. Using the I-S instructions, only a minority of subjects (18 of 80) functioned at the symbolic level as defined by the I-S procedures. Contingent analysis revealed the revised instructions to be significantly more successful in evoking the expected symbolic performance. Even so, surprisingly few addult subjects demonstrated a symbolic pattern. Findings are discussed in term...
Sleep patterns of pubertal males.

Extract: Comparisons of three groups of normal subjects between the ages of 8 and 31 years, all of whom were studied under similar conditions, revealed certain common sleep characteristics. During the second and third decades of life, normal sleep is characterized by a concentration of stage 4 during the first third of the night and of stage 1-REM during the last third; and, during the first part of the night, by a progression from wakefulness down through stage 4. Percentages of stages 0, 1, 1-REM, and 3 do not differ significantly among age groups. There are, however, a significant increase in stage 2 and a significant decrease in stage 4 between the ages of 15 and 20 years. Speculation: The psychopathologic problems of adolescence may be related to qualitative changes in sleep patterns. An understanding of adolescent psychologic problems may be aided by further study of their relation to sleep changes and corresponding changes in human growth hormone.
Are MLS Graduates Being Prepared for the Changing and Emerging Roles that Librarians Must Now Assume Within Research Libraries

ABSTRACT The focus of research libraries is changing to include digital resources, improving the information literacy level of patrons, and creating new partnerships on and off campus, among other things. This creates a need to recruit librarians trained in these areas and open to these changes. Library science training is a necessary foundation for preparing graduates to qualify for and excel in changing and emerging new roles. This article explores current recruitment efforts to articulate new roles and to successfully hire graduates with the skills and aptitude to fill them.
History of miscarriage and increased incidence of fetal aneuploidy in subsequent pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between history of spontaneous abortion and aneuploidy in a subsequent pregnancy. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent fetal karyotype analysis with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling at a single prenatal diagnosis center. Information on spontaneous abortions, parity, maternal age, ethnicity, type of prenatal diagnosis, and karyotype was assessed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 46,939 women were included in our analysis. Women with no prior spontaneous abortions had a 1.39% risk for any aneuploidy. In women with one prior spontaneous abortion, this risk increased to 1.67%; for women with 2 previous spontaneous abortions, the risk increased to 1.84%; and for those women who had had 3 or more prior spontaneous abortions, the risk increased further to 2.18% (P < .007). When controlling for maternal age, parity, ethnicity, and mode of prenatal diagnosis and compared with women with no prior spontaneous abortions, women with one prior spontaneous abortion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.47) or 3 or more prior spontaneous abortions (AOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02-2.25) had a statistically significant increase in aneuploidy in a subsequent pregnancy. Women with 2 prior spontaneous abortions had an AOR of 1.26 for aneuploidy, but the 95% CI contained unity. CONCLUSION: An increased risk of karyotypic abnormality identified at the time of prenatal diagnosis is demonstrated in patients with an increasing number of spontaneous abortions. This study provides information regarding this risk among women presenting for prenatal diagnosis. According to our data, for a woman with an a priori risk of 1 in 300 for Down syndrome, 3 prior spontaneous abortions would increase that risk by 47% to 1 in 204. These results should be confirmed in low-risk populations.
Random record processes and state dependent thinning

Abstract Suppose that a point process N t = T 1 , T 2 , … if [0, ∞) is thinned by independently retaining Tn with probability pn. Our main examples are the classical p-thinning (pn ≡ p) and the random record process ( p n = 1 n ). When N t is a mixed, nonhomogeneous Poisson process, we find conditions under which the thinned process is Poisson. When N t is a pure birth process (gamma-mixed Poisson with exponential rate), we show that the record process is Markov renewal, with an interesting structure, and we compare this with related asymptotic results. When N t is a Mittag-Leffler renewal process (the homogeneous Poisson is a special case), we give a “Deheuvels-type” representation of the record process (Deheuvels, 1982) and related characterization results.
Heart failure. Unfinished business — a possible role for vasodilators

During the last decade significant progress has been made in the drug treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Large trials, which were previously not thought possible, have been designed and completed. New treatments have been shown not just to ameliorate symptoms, but to reduce mortality. In 1986 the first Veterans Administration Cooperative Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT I), demonstrated that, compared with placebo, a combination of the direct-acting vasodilators hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate significantly reduced mortality over a 2-year period, in patients with mild to moderate heart failure who were treated with diuretics and digoxin [ 11. This was the first large randomised study to show an effect of a drug intervention on mortality in a population of patients with heart failure. The following year the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) reported a significant reduction in mortality at 6 months and 1 year after treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, given in addition to conventional therapy to patients with severe congestive heart failure [2]. More recently, the Studies
Possible enhancement in bolometric response using free-standing film of YBa2Cu3Ox

Improvement of the sensitivity in infrared detectors made of high Tc superconducting films is discussed. Usually these films are grown on a substrate which results in reduced sensitivity due to additional heat capacity of the substrate. A five-fold increase of the noise equivalent power is calculated if free-standing superconducting films are used. A new technique for preparation of thin films of YBa2Cu3Ox without a substrate is also described. The film material is deposited by pulsed laser ablation on a thin carbon film. When the film is annealed in situ in oxygen, the carbon burns off, leaving a free-standing film. The film area can be large as 10X10 mm2 and less than one-half micron thick. They have the correct stoichiometry, the orthorhombic phase and an onset temperature of about 85 K.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The classification and pathogenesis of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws

Abstract Although fibrous dysplasia is accepted by many as a pathologic entity, there is need for clarification and extension of the original concept. This is particularly true of fibrous dysplasia, as it is encountered in the mandible and maxilla. Lesions such as nonostegoenic fibroma, ossifying fibroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoma, and others, which have been regarded by many as separate entities, are here integrated and identified with fibrous dysplasia. On the basis of the histologic interrelationships of the various forms and the emergence of a recognizable pattern from their study, a classification of fibrous dysplasia has been devised. The classification permits an estimation of the growth potential of any lesion as well as an indication of its expected clinical behavior. For convenience, lesions are grouped into three stages correlating the growth potential with the proliferative, differentiative, and maturative capabilities of these lesions. The stages are discussed in detail to develop the concept that fibrous dysplasia represents a dynamic developmental process. A group of representative cases is presented to illustrate the clinical, radiographic, and histologic appearance of osseous dysplasia of the jaws.
Demonstration of second harmonic generation in all-epitaxially grown orientation-patterned AlGaAs waveguides

We have developed an all-epitaxial technique employing GaAs/Ge/GaAs polar-on-nonpolar epitazy for fabrication of orientation-patterned semiconductor templates and used it in combination with epitaxial regrowth to produce orientation-patterned nonlinear optical waveguide devices. We report here the first second harmonic generation experiments performed in these AlGaAs waveguides using a tunable 1.5 µm optical parametric oscillator.
Polarization in multiple scattering using random stokes vectors

Abstract A method is developed for obtaining the state of polarization of multiply scattered radiation by using Stokes vectors as random variables in a Monte Carlo type of calculation. The method is used to obtain known results for Rayleigh scattering, as a check, and then is applied to Lyman-α resonance radiation under some limited conditions. Doppler redistribution of frequencies and the doublet nature of the Lyman-α line are taken into account.
Experimental meningoencephalitis in Trypanosoma brucei infection of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). A light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopic study.

Adult deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1×103 Trypanosoma brucei organisms. Chronic disease was induced consistently in those mice not killed early in infection. Infected mice were killed between 6 and 222 post-inoculation days (PID) and brains were prepared for light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination revealed extreme variability in brain lesion composition in deer mice infected withT. brucei. Considering all cases, several histopathologic features were frequently encountered, including: (1) lymphocytic and histiocytic meningitis, choroiditis, and encephalitis, (2) astrocytic and microglial gliosis, (3) spongiform leukoencephalopathy (lower white matter), (4) presence ofT. brucei in choroids, blood vasculature, and neuropil, and (5) thrombosis with infarction. The importance of these factors, both in quantity and distribution, varied from case to case, especially in mice inoculated longer than PID 30. Frozen sections of brains from deer mice infected withT. brucei were stained with fluorescein-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgM and IgG. In no case was specific fluorescence found as compared with positive control renal sections from the same infected animals. Thus, we are unable to confirm the improtance of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of brain lesions in this laboratory animal model of African sleeping sickness. Electron microscopy (EM) was used to examine one lesion only, that being the spongiform lesion of lower white matter. Ultrastructurally, the spongiform lesion was defined as splitting of myelin lamellae at the interperiod line with subsequent vacuole formation.
Evolution of petaloid sepals independent of shifts in B-class MADS box gene expression

Attractive petals are an integral component of animal-pollinated flowers and in many flowering plant species are restricted to the second floral whorl. Interestingly, multiple times during angiosperm evolution, petaloid characteristics have expanded to adjacent floral whorls or to extra-floral organs. Here, we investigate developmental characteristics of petaloid sepals in Rhodochiton atrosanguineum, a close relative of the model species Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). We undertook this in two ways, first using scanning electron microscopy we investigate the micromorphology of petals and sepals, followed by expression studies of genes usually responsible for the formation of petaloid structures. From our data, we conclude that R. atrosanguineum petaloid sepals lack micromorphological characteristics of petals and that petaloid sepals did not evolve through regulatory evolution of B-class MADS box genes, which have been shown to specify second whorl petal identity in a number of model flowering plant species including snapdragon. These data, in conjunction with other studies, suggests multiple convergent pathways for the evolution of showy sepals.
Health policy making in a revolutionary context: Nicaragua, 1979–1981

Abstract The revolutionary regime in Nicaragua has made great strides toward the achievement of the central goals of equity of access to health services, emphasis on preventive rather than curative services. and encouragement of community participation. Nevertheless, during the first year of the regime choices were made which were inconsistent with the full achievement of these goals. Equity of access increased much more for urban than rural areas and major efforts in hospital reconstruction and education of physicians began. This article suggests that as militant Sandinistas take more important roles in the Ministry of Health, a shift in emphasis is possible—especially if budgetary constraints are taken into consideration.
STUDENT PREPARATION AND TAPE RECORDING OF COURSE LECTURES AS A METHOD OF INSTRUCTION.

The problem was to test the effectiveness of having students prepare and tape-record course lectures as a method of instruction. Seventy-one students in four separate psychology courses learned by the student-lecture method, and their course achievements were compared with those of controls of similar ability and training who learned with the same instructor using traditional methods. The results indicate that the student-lecture method offers considerable promise for improving the quality of student learning; however, the general applicability of the findings is restricted by the exploratory nature of the research.
Absolute and Site-Specific Abstraction Rate Coefficients for Reactions of Cl with CH3CH2OH, CH3CD2OH, and CD3CH2OH between 295 and 600 K

Absolute rate coefficients for reactions of Cl atoms with selectively deuterated ethanols have been measured between 295 and 600 K by a laser-photolysis/CW infrared absorption method. Yields of HCl are determined by comparison with the Cl + ethane or Cl + propane reaction, permitting site-specific branching fractions to be derived. Smog chamber experiments with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) detection are performed to determine products of the room-temperature Cl + C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH reaction. The rate coefficients for all ethanols display only a slight temperature dependence and can be parameterized by simple Arrhenius expressions: k{sub CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH} = (9.4 {+-} 1.4) x 10{sup {minus}11}e{sup (45 {+-} 32)/T}, k{sub CD{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH} = (6.6 {+-} 0.9) x 10{sup {minus}11}e{sup (90 {+-} 40)/T}, and k{sub CH{sub 3}CD{sub 2}OH} = (6.9 {+-} 0.7) x 10{sup {minus}11}e{sup ({minus}76 {+-} 40)/T} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1} (error bars {+-}2{sigma}). Combining the results from the present work with literature data, the authors recommend k{sub CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH} = (9.5 {+-} 1.9) x 10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1} at 298 K. The room-temperature contribution of abstraction at the methyl site is found to be 0.07 & 0.02 from FTIR product analysis of themore » Cl + CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH reaction and 0.08 {+-} 0.02 from laser photolysis/CW infrared absorption measurements (error bars {+-}2{sigma}). Abstraction of the hydroxyl hydrogen is negligible. A small but significant amount of HCl ({nu} = 1) is produced in the Cl + CD{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH and Cl + CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}OH reactions at room temperature.« less
Sex of Person Drawn by Japanese, Navajo, American White, and Negro Seven-Year-Olds

Summary Navajo, Japanese, American white and Negro 7-year old drawings were compared for proportions of self-sex to opposite-sex figures drawn. When the sexes were pooled across the four races, chi-squares showed a highly significant difference between the sexes in the proportions of self-sex figures drawn. Girls drew self-sex more frequently than boys. However, both boys and girls drew their own sex more frequently than the opposite. The tendency to draw self-sex was strongest among the Japanese.
Experimental study and modeling of shock tube ignition delay times for hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures at low temperatures

Abstract Recent literature has indicated that experimental shock tube ignition delay times for hydrogen combustion at low-temperature conditions may deviate significantly from those predicted by current detailed kinetic models. The source of this difference is uncertain. In the current study, the effects of shock tube facility-dependent gasdynamics and localized pre-ignition energy release are explored by measuring and simulating hydrogen–oxygen ignition delay times. Shock tube hydrogen–oxygen ignition delay time data were taken behind reflected shock waves at temperatures between 908 to 1118 K and pressures between 3.0 and 3.7 atm for two test mixtures: 4% H2, 2% O2, balance Ar, and 15% H2, 18% O2, balance Ar. The experimental ignition delay times at temperatures below 980 K are found to be shorter than those predicted by current mechanisms when the normal idealized constant volume (V) and internal energy (E) assumptions are employed. However, if non-ideal effects associated with facility performance and energy release are included in the modeling (using CHEMSHOCK, a new model which couples the experimental pressure trace with the constant V, E assumptions), the predicted ignition times more closely follow the experimental data. Applying the new CHEMSHOCK model to current experimental data allows refinement of the reaction rate for H + O2 + Ar ↔ HO2 + Ar, a key reaction in determining the hydrogen–oxygen ignition delay time in the low-temperature region.
Computer-aided detection of polyps in CT colonography based on geometric features

CT colonography is a promising technique with a long-term goal to provide mass screening for colorectal carcinoma. Colorectal screening by CT colonography requires that the examination be cost-effective. The correct interpretation time is excessive for a screening test. Therefore, a computerized detection method capable of indicating regions of suspicion is attractive as a diagnostic aid for radiologists. We have developed a new CAD scheme for automated detection of polyps based on CT colonographic data sets. Our method characterizes polyps by geometric features of volumetric data including the volumetric shape index and curvedness. Polyps were detected by fuzzy clustering in a feature space generated by the feature values and spatial coordinates, followed by a rule-based test in the feature space. In an analysis of 41 patients, 9 of whom had at least one biopsy-proved polyp, our CAD scheme detected 100% of polyps with 2.5 false positives per patient. Our preliminary result indicates that the CAD scheme is potentially useful for highlighting areas of suspicion in the colon and, therefore, facilitates widespread screening by reducing the reading time substantially.
Deuteron elastic scattering, photo- and electro-disintegration

Abstract I present a very brief review of our understanding of the structure of the deuteron in three exclusive photo-reactions: elastic scattering and photo- and electro-disintegration. I point out several nice, recent results, along with outstanding issues.
Can paramedics safely decide which patients do not need ambulance transport or emergency department care

Objectives. To determine whether paramedics can safely decide which patients do not require ambulance transport or emergency department (ED) care. Methods. This was a prospective survey and linked medical record review. Paramedics completed a brief questionnaire for each patient they transported to a university hospital ED during a one-month period. A faculty emergency physician masked to the survey results reviewed hospital records. Ambulance transport was defined as “needed” if the charted differential diagnosis included diagnoses that could necessitate treatment in an ambulance. ED care was defined as “needed” if treatment of these diagnoses would necessitate resources not available in local urgent care centers (UCCs). Results. Two hundred thirty-six patients were transported; 183 corresponding ED charts were found. Agreement between paramedics and need determined by ED chart review was low for both transport method [kappa (κ) = 0.47, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.34-0.60] and ED care (κ = 0.32,...
Case Study Atypical Outcome in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This report describes the course of psychiatric illness in two boys. Both presented with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in midchildhood; after puberty, one boy developed a schizophrenic illness while the other boy developed a major affective illness. Although the major ADHD outcome studies have found no link between the childhood occurrence of ADHD and psychosis in adulthood, occasionally such a link may exist. The theoretical and practical implications of this finding are discussed. It should be noted, however, that such outcome is highly atypical and very rare.
CT-Enterography May Identify Small Bowel Tumors Not Detected by Capsule Endoscopy: Eight Years Experience at Mayo Clinic Rochester

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is widely accepted as the preferred diagnostic test in the evaluation of small bowel diseases. However, small bowel tumors (SBT) are sometimes missed by CE. Preliminary studies suggest that CT-enterography (CTE) may play a role in detecting SBT. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of CE and CTE in detecting SBT This was a single center, retrospective study. Patients treated at the Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 2000 and December 2008 with a discharge diagnosis of SBT and negative initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy were identified through a search of the electronic medical records. Among 103 identified patients, 41 had undergone CE, CTE or both, and comprised our study group. The exact binomial sensitivity of CE and CTE in detecting SBT was calculated. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, results of diagnostic tests, and tumor characteristics were recorded for each patient. CTE and CE detected 38/41 (sensitivity 92.7%; 95% CI 80.1–98.5) and 8/27 (sensitivity 29.6%; 95% CI 13.8–50.2) of the SBT identified at Mayo Clinic Rochester, respectively. Seventeen patients had both CTE and CE. In this subgroup of patients, CTE detected SBT in 16/17 (sensitivity 94.1; 95% CI 72.7–99.9) and CE in 6/17 (sensitivity 35.3%; 95% CI 13.3–59). The matched paired difference in the sensitivity of two techniques in detecting SBT was statistically significant (P = 0.004). CTE may identify SBT not diagnosed by CE.
CT and MRI of ovarian cancer

Among the gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer is second most common in incidence. However, unlike the other gynecologic cancers, its mortality has decreased only minimally during the last two decades [1]. Only recently, preliminary studies suggest promising results for ovarian cancer screening using transvaginal ultrasound in combination with serum Ca 125 levels [22, 23]. Exploratory laparotomy has been the mainstay in the management of ovarian cancer, as it offers histopathological evaluation as well as cytoreduction. However, it is limited by its inaccuracy with understaging in 30–40% at initial presentation. Cross-sectional imaging contributes valuable information toward preoperative surgical and management planning. The proper surgical approach can be selected, the need for preoperative chemotherapeutic debulking can be assessed, and the surgeon will be forewarned of the need for assistance from a gynecologic oncologic surgeon or gastrointestinal oncologic surgeon if a complicated surgical procedure or bowel resection is indicated. CT is established as the primary imaging modality for characterization of ovarian tumors and ovarian cancer staging, while MR is emerging as a problem-solving modality. MR seems to be superior to CT in lesion characterization, in evaluation of local extent of tumor, and in tumor implants involving the hemidiaphragm and liver surface. The role of spiral CT has yet to be explored.
New Look at the Code of Ethics

The ASCE code of ethics has been revised many times since its adoption in 1914. The Code began as a virtual copy of the code of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London that was adopted in 1912. Its primary emphasis was on controlling the practice of engineering and engineer-to-engineer relationships. Over time, especially with the adoption of the ABET fundamental principles in 1975, it has moved to an emphasis on the obligation of the engineer to promote health, safety, and welfare of the public. Unfortunately, the code is now a mixture of a code of professional practice and a code of ethics under the heading of a code of ethics. Pete Wisely called this mixing ethic with etiquette. This paper suggests a new code of ethics and accompanying guidelines to professional practice.
Effective management of posthemorrhoidectomy secondary hemorrhage using rectal irrigation.

PURPOSE: How to manage posthemorrhoidectomy secondary hemorrhage, a rare but serious complication, effectively remains controversial. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using rectal irrigation as an initial treatment for posthemorrhoidectomy secondary hemorrhage. METHODS: Among 4,880 patients on whom elective closed hemorrhoidectomy for symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease was performed, 45 (0.9 percent) developed posthemorrhoidectomy secondary hemorrhage. The 45 patients were divided into two groups based on the initial treatment in the stoma therapy room (n = 25) or in the operating room (n = 20). Patients in the stoma therapy room group were treated with rectal irrigation, whereas those in the operating room group were examined under anesthesia and the bleeding point (if any) was under-run using a suture. The two groups were then compared with respect to the cost-effectiveness of treatment, rehospitalization stay, and satisfaction with treatment. RESULTS: The two groups (stoma therapy room vs. operating room groups) were comparable with respect to the mean age of patients (44 vs. 38 years), interval of hemorrhage (9.4 vs. 7.8 days), and estimated amount of blood loss (560 vs. 520 ml). Bleeding effectively stopped in 22 (88 percent) patients in the stoma therapy room group but only in 12 (60 percent) patients in the operating room group (P = 0.010). The rehospitalization stay was three days in the stoma therapy room and 4.9 days in the operating room group (P = 0.016). In addition, the stoma therapy room group had a greater satisfaction rate than the operating room group did (80 vs. 10 percent, P < 0.001). Moreover, the average cost of treatment in the operating room group was six-fold higher than that in the stoma therapy room group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that rectal irrigation is an effective initial treatment for posthemorrhoidectomy secondary hemorrhage and offers a high rate of patient satisfaction with a reduced hospital cost.
A Continuous Professional Development Process for First-Year Pharmacy Students

Objectives. To develop, pilot test, and evaluate a continuous professional development (CPD) process for first-year pharmacy (P1) students. Design. Students and faculty members were introduced to the important elements of the CPD process via a live training program. Students completed the year-long 4-step CPD cycle by identifying a learning objective, creating a plan, completing the learning activity, evaluating their learning outcome, documenting each step, and meeting with their faculty advisor for feedback and advice. Assessment. Seventy-five first-year students (100%) successfully completed the CPD process during the 2009-2010 academic year. The students spent an average of 7 hours (range 2 to 20 hours) on the CPD process. The majority of faculty members (83%) completing the survey instrument found the process valuable for the students and would like to see the program continued. Conclusion. Integrating a CPD requirement for students in a college or school of pharmacy is feasible and valuable to students’ developing life-long learning skills. Effective and frequent training of faculty members and students is a key element in the CPD process.
Structural Components of the Nonstriated Contractile Apparatuses in the Caenorhabditis elegans Gonadal Myoepithelial Sheath and Their Essential Roles for Ovulation

Ovulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by complex signal transduction pathways and cell–cell interactions. Myoepithelial sheath cells of the proximal ovary are smooth muscle-like cells that provide contractile forces to push a mature oocyte into the spermatheca for fertilization. Although several genes that regulate sheath contraction have been characterized, basic components of the contractile apparatuses of the myoepithelial sheath have not been extensively studied. We identified major structural proteins of the contractile apparatuses of the myoepithelial sheath and characterized their nonstriated arrangement. Of interest, integrin and perlecan were found only at the dense bodies, whereas they localized to both dense bodies and M-lines in the striated body wall muscle. RNA interference of most of the myofibrillar components impaired ovulation in a soma-specific manner. Our results provide basic information that helps understanding the mechanism of sheath contraction during ovulation and establishing a new model to study morphogenesis of nonstriated muscle. Developmental Dynamics 236:1093–1105, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antiplatelet Agents in Stroke Prevention

Platelets contribute to arterial thrombosis by multiple mechanisms that promote blood clotting, favor vasoconstriction, activate the procoagulant capacity of endothelium, and stimulate inflammation. T
A fast neural net training algorithm and its application to speech classification

Abstract This paper describes a fast training algorithm for feedforward neural nets, as applied to a two-layer neural network to classify segments of speech as voiced, unvoiced, or silence. The speech classification method is based on five features computed for each speech segment and used as input to the network. The network weights are trained using a new fast training algorithm which minimizes the total least squares error between the actual output of the network and the corresponding desired output. The iterative training algorithm uses a quasi-Newtonian error-minimization method and employs a positive-definite approximation of the Hessian matrix to quickly converge to a locally optimal set of weights. Convergence is fast, with a local minimum typically reached within ten iterations; in terms of convergence speed, the algorithm compares favorably with other training techniques. When used for voiced-unvoiced-silence classification of speech frames, the network performance compares favorably with current approaches. Moreover, the approach used has the advantage of requiring no assumption of a particular probability distribution for the input features.
LigaSure Hemorrhoidectomy for Symptomatic Hemorrhoids: First Pediatric Experience

Hemorrhoids are uncommon in children. Third and fourth degree symptomatic hemorrhoids may be surgically excised. We describe the first experience of using LigaSure (Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts, United States) to perform hemorrhoidectomies in children. LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy has been well described in adults and is found to be superior in patient tolerance as compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy.
Item Interference and Time Delays in Working Memory: Immediate Serial Recall

Limitations on immediate recall span have been related by some to temporal limitations of an articulatory rehearsal loop (Baddeley, 1986), and by others to retroactive interference from subsequent items (Lewandowsky & Murdock, 1989; Neath & Nairne, 1995). In the current study, the number of intervening items and retention delays were partially decoupled by varying presentation rate and materials sets. Recently, memory span effects often attributed to temporal limits in rehearsal were shown to be directly related to the output delays during the act of recall (Dosher & Ma, 1998). A functional model of working memory provides a framework within which to evaluate the relative contributions of item interference and retention delays in the accuracy of recall at each serial position. Output delays during recall and interference from items during study were the primary factors in limiting recall, with small additional effects of time delays during study. Les limites de l'empan, en rappel immediat, ont ete reliees...
Mechanical Properties and Consequences of Stereocilia and Extracellular Links in Vestibular Hair Bundles

Although knowledge of the fine structure of vestibular hair bundles is increasing, the mechanical properties and functional significance of those structures remain unclear. In 2004, Bashtanov and colleagues reported the contribution of different extracellular links to bundle stiffness. We simulated Bashtanov's experimental protocol using a three-dimensional finite element bundle model with geometry measured from a typical striolar hair cell. Unlike any previous models, we separately consider two types of horizontal links: shaft links and upper lateral links. Our most important results are as follows. First, we identified the material properties required to match Bashtanov's experiment: stereocilia Young's modulus of 0.74 GPa, tip link assembly (gating spring) stiffness of 5,300 pN/microm, and the combined stiffness of shaft links binding two adjacent stereocilia of 750 approximately 2,250 pN/microm. Second, we conclude that upper lateral links are likely to have nonlinear mechanical properties: they have minimal stiffness during small bundle deformations but stiffen as the bundle deflects further. Third, we estimated the stiffness of the gating spring based on our realistic three-dimensional bundle model rather than a conventional model relying on the parallel arrangement assumption. Our predicted stiffness of the gating spring was greater than the previous estimation.
Ten years of clinical experience with adult meningitis at an urban academic medical center.

The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical presentation and bacteriology of adult patients admitted to an urban academic medical center with bacterial meningitis over a 10-year period. In this retrospective review, we identified all adult patients discharged from a tertiary care facility between November 1992 and March 2003 with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Data regarding demographics, vital signs, presenting symptoms, seven predisposing factors, body fluid cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, and mortality were abstracted. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. We identified 38 cases. Overall mortality rate was 18.4% (95% confidence interval 7.7–34.3%). The most common of the seven predisposing factors was an immunocompromised state (31.6%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.3%), other streptococcus species (24.3%), and Gram-negative rods (16.2%) were the most commonly identified organisms. The classic meningitis triad (fever, neck stiffness, mental status change or headache) was present in only 21.1% of cases. CSF analysis demonstrated WBC ≥ 100/mm3 in 81.3%, decreased glucose ( 45 mg/dL) in 91.2%. With increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients, atypical presentations of bacterial meningitis seem to be more common. A higher percentage of bacterial meningitis cases seem to be caused by Gram-negative rods and Streptococcus species other than Streptococcus pneumomiae. The classic meningitis triad occurred in fewer cases than previously described.
Practical implications of nonlinear effects in risk-assessment harmonization.

Cancer and noncancer health effects have traditionally been handled differently in quantitative risk assessment. A threshold (i.e., safe exposure) has been assumed for noncancer health effects, and low-dose linearity without a threshold has been assumed for cancer. “Harmonization” attempts to reconcile these contrasting assumptions under one paradigm. Recent regulatory initiatives suggest that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may be leaning toward a harmonized, probabilistic/linear approach for noncancer health effects. Proponents of this approach cite variability in human susceptibility as an argument against thresholds (i.e., some individuals may be exquisitely sensitive at exposures well below threshold levels). They also cite the results of epidemiological models that suggest low-dose linearity for noncancer health effects. We will discuss the implications of these arguments and compare them to what is known about human biological variability in general. We will also touch on the regulatory implications of hormesis within this framework.
Empiric therapy for pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit.

Abstract Empiri c therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in surgical patients should be based on intensive care unit (ICU)–specific surveillance data, because microbial flora patterns vary widely between geographic regions as well as within hospitals. Surgical ICUs have higher VAP rates than other units. Data from the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System report Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to be the most frequent isolates (each 17.4%). Data from the NNIS documents high resistance patterns in ICUs compared with hospitals at large, as well as unit-specific patterns. VAP risk factors for surgical patients include thoracoabdominal surgery, altered level of consciousness, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prior antibiotic administration. Promising prevention strategies include restricting ventilator circuit changes, in-line heat moisture exchange filters, semi-recumbant positioning, and continuous subglottic aspiration. Pharmacodynamics should be considered when choosing antibiotic regimens. Postantibiotic effect and time-dependent versus concentration-dependent killing should be studied in clinical trials. Current guidelines for choosing regimens have been well developed by the American Thoracic Society.
Variations in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Training in Adult and Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Programs

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate adult congenital heart disease (CHD) training among U.S. cardiology fellowship programs. Background Although training recommendations for caring for adults with CHD exist, the educational patterns and numbers of specialists remain unknown. Methods We surveyed U.S. directors of 170 adult cardiology and 45 pediatric cardiology (PC) fellowship programs. Adult program surveys contained 1 single-response and 10 multiple-choice questions; pediatric program surveys contained 1 single-response and 13 multiple-choice questions. Results Ninety-four adult cardiology fellowship directors (55%) and 34 PC directors (76%) responded. Of adult programs, 70% were in university hospitals and 40% were associated with PC groups. Those with PC-affiliation had more adult CHD clinics (p Conclusions Adult CHD didactic and clinical experiences for cardiology fellows vary widely. Few programs offer advanced CHD training, and the number of specially trained physicians is unlikely to meet projected workforce requirements. Adult cardiology programs with PC affiliation have increased CHD experience and might provide good educational models.
Ethnic Slurs or Free Speech? Politics of Representation in a Student Newspaper

This article analyzes the conflict between free speech and equality in higher education at public universities. Borrowing from the anthropology of representation and critical legal theory, it explores the social consequences of racial slurs in the student press. Confronted by Supreme Court decisions against speech codes, how can a campus promote respect and discourage stigmatizing practices? This case study suggests that what cannot presently be accomplished through the courts may be achieved by community action and peer pressure.