cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) of the Upper Midwest using PCR melt curve analysis

Cryptic species pairs including white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, are difficult to identify using morphological and laboratory techniques. To improve rapid and accurate determination of these species, we developed an assay reliant on differences in PCR-product melt curves (MCA). We differentiated 235 P. maniculatus gracilis and 78 P. leucopus using our assay. We compared this to morphological identification using ear length, which also provided reliable species identification. We find that MCA accurately differentiates these species and provides more reliable identifications than certain morphological measures, therefore making our approach ideal for identification of these species.
Distinct neuronal patterns of positive and negative moral processing in psychopathy

Psychopathy is a disorder characterized by severe and frequent moral violations in multiple domains of life. Numerous studies have shown psychopathy-related limbic brain abnormalities during moral processing; however, these studies only examined negatively valenced moral stimuli. Here, we aimed to replicate prior psychopathy research on negative moral judgments and to extend this work by examining psychopathy-related abnormalities in the processing of controversial moral stimuli and positive moral processing. Incarcerated adult males (N = 245) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol on a mobile imaging system stationed at the prison. Psychopathy was assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R). Participants were then shown words describing three types of moral stimuli: wrong (e.g., stealing), not wrong (e.g., charity), and controversial (e.g., euthanasia). Participants rated each stimulus as either wrong or not wrong. PCL-R total scores were correlated with not wrong behavioral responses to wrong moral stimuli, and were inversely related to hemodynamic activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the contrast of wrong > not wrong. In the controversial > noncontroversial comparison, psychopathy was inversely associated with activity in the temporal parietal junction and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that psychopathy-related abnormalities are observed during the processing of complex, negative, and positive moral stimuli.
Clinical Aspects of Hair Pulling, Skin Picking, and Nail Biting

Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) include conditions such as hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting, lip or cheek chewing/biting, thumb or finger sucking, and nose picking. Hair pulling, skin picking, and nail biting have received the most attention in the empirical literature. BFRBs are believed to reduce emotional states such as anxiety, tension, or boredom, through negative reinforcement (e.g., [1]), or to satisfy a need for sensory stimulation, through positive reinforcement (e.g., [2]). For individuals with these disorders who have impaired functioning from these behaviors, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy are to be considered. The results for CBT interventions are generally favorable, whereas pharmacology interventions have shown mixed results. Habit reversal training (HRT) in particular, and interventions that have been used to enhance HRT, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and the comprehensive behavioral model (ComB), appear to show the most promise for BFRBs, especially for individuals who use these behaviors to control unwanted thoughts, urges, and emotions. Research on predictors of maintenance of treatment gains in hair pulling suggests that abstinence from pulling is an important factor in maintaining gains and preventing relapse. Thus, it is recommended that therapists continue treatment with patients until they are abstinent from hair pulling, which may generalize to skin picking and nail biting as well.
Ultrafast dynamics of single ZnO nanowires using ultraviolet femtosecond Kerr-gated wide-field fluorescence microscopy

The ultrafast temporal dynamics of a single ZnO nanowire is probed using an ultraviolet femtosecond Kerr-gated wide field fluorescence microscope. The microscope is a comprehensive tool that not only operates in steady state and transient mode but can also function as both an ultrafast imaging instrument as well as a femtosecond fluorescence spectrometer. The sub 90 femtosecond temporal resolution and sub micron spatial resolution facilitate the measurement of ultrafast dynamics of single nanostructures. The steady state and temporal emission from a single ZnO nanowire is observed at different fluences. At high fluences the carrier density exceeds that of the Mott density and bandgap renormalization is observed in the transient spectra. Morphological anomalies resulted in enhanced localized emission from regions along the nanowire. Selective area analysis facilitated extraction of emission dynamics from a single region on the nanowire and provided insight into how structural inhomogeneities affect ultrafast phenomenon occurring in a single nanowire.
Impact of a Student-Led Rheumatology Interest Group on Medical Student Interest in Rheumatology.

Objectives. This observational study was designed to evaluate the impact of a student-led Rheumatology Interest Group on medical student interest in rheumatology. Methods. The mean numbers of student-rheumatology interactions per six months were assessed for elective enrollment, abstract submissions, and manuscripts, in the pre- and postinterest group period. Results. Enrollment in the rheumatology elective increased from 2.0 ± 0.36 per six months in the preintervention period to 6.2 ± 1.24 per six months in the postintervention period (p=0.0064). Abstract submissions increased from 0.5 ± 0.34 to 5.86 ± 1.49 (p=0.0077), and manuscript submissions from 0.16 ± 0.16 to 1.57 ± 0.37 (p=0.074). Conclusion. The Rheumatology Interest Group significantly increased medical student engagement in rheumatology.
Non-Disjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity

Page 15, table 1, column 4, for "158" read "138". Page 16, line 7, for "1146" read "1246". Page 30, table 16, heading, for "we" read "w". Page 42, table 34 A , pedigree 1320, under heading wevf s, for "— —" read "47". Page 43, table 34 C , pedigree 1348, under sf, for "49" read "39". Page
The Influence of the Reagent on Organic Reactivity

It is unfortunately true that when a substrate and a reagent are mixed, the chemist is still unable to predict with any certainty which of several possible reactions will occur. Also in most cases it cannot be estimated with any accuracy how long a reaction time may be needed. These remarks are particularly true of organic chemistry.
The Real Housewives, gendered affluence, and the rise of the docusoap

In this paper we position gendered affluence as a representational trend in dramatic comedies (e.g., Sex and the City [SATC]) and docusoaps (e.g., The Real Housewives [TRH]) that coalesces around t...
Abstract 218: Endothelial Fc gamma Receptor IIB Activation Blunts Insulin Transport to Skeletal Muscle to Cause Insulin Resistance in Mice

Modest elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with type 2 diabetes. We previously revealed in mice that increased CRP causes insulin resistance, and mice globally deficient in the CRP receptor Fcγ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) were protected from the disorder. Having determined that FcγRIIB is expressed in endothelium, here we investigated how endothelial FcγRIIB influences glucose homeostasis. Floxed FcγRIIB mice were crossed with VECadherin-driven Cre recombinase and CRP transgenic mice to yield mice with elevated CRP expressing or lacking endothelial FcγRIIB. Whereas increased CRP caused insulin resistance in mice expressing endothelial FcγRIIB, mice deficient in the endothelial receptor were protected. The insulin resistance with endothelial FcγRIIB activation was due to impaired skeletal muscle glucose uptake caused by attenuated skeletal muscle insulin delivery. In culture, CRP suppressed endothelial cell insulin transcytosis via FcγRIIB activation and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) antagonism. Furthermore, in knock-in mice harboring constitutively-active eNOS, elevated CRP did not invoke insulin resistance. Collectively these findings reveal that by inhibiting eNOS, endothelial FcγRIIB activation by CRP blunts insulin transport to skeletal muscle to cause insulin resistance. Thus, a series of mechanisms in endothelium that impairs insulin transport has been identified that may contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis.
Monitoring E. coli in a changing beachscape

Abstract Increased emphasis on protection of recreational water quality has led to extensive use of fecal indicator bacteria monitoring of coastal swimming waters in recent years, allowing for long-term, widespread retrospective studies. These studies are especially important for tracking environmental changes and perturbations in regional waters. We show that E. coli concentrations (EC) have decreased in Lake Michigan over the last 15 years, coincident with the rapid invasion of Eurasian quagga mussels (Dreissenidae). While median water clarity in Lake Michigan increased by 32% from 2000 to 2014, median EC decreased by 34.9%. Of the 45 Lake Michigan beaches studied, 42 (93.3%) showed a relative decrease (76% significantly, p E. coli between pre- and post-2007. As a result, Lake Michigan beach advisory frequency decreased by 40.0% ( p p E. coli densities in Lake Michigan. The trends and explanatory factors reported here may have important public health, management and ecological implications.
Development, implementation, and evaluation of a Community Engagement Advisory Board: Strategies for maximizing success.

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the formation, operation, and evaluation of a Community Engagement Advisory Board (CEAB) that serves as a resource of the University of Illinois at Chicago's (UIC) Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS). Methods Current CEAB roles and functions, operating procedures for research consultations and program evaluation strategies were described. Investigators receiving a consultation from 2009 to 2017 (n = 91, response rate 78%) were surveyed via an online survey immediately after the consultation and at 12-month follow-up. Results Overall, CEAB members were viewed as having sufficient information (92%) and expertise (79%) to provide consultation. Satisfaction levels with the specific consultation received and the overall consultation service were high. The majority of investigators indicated that they would come back to the CEAB for a future consultation, if needed, and would recommend a consultation to others (93% and 96%, respectively). At 12-months, 87% of respondents indicated they had implemented at least some of the recommendations received and 93% said that the consultation influenced their subsequent research. Conclusions Data from recent annual evaluations highlight the benefits of CEAB for consulting investigators. Our model can be used to inform the development of future CEAB boards.
Hybrid Mobile Testing Model

In order to obtain higher quality mobile applications, greater attention should be devoted to the testing activity throughout the development process and effective models, methods, techniques and tools for testing should be available for testers. In particular, cost-effective, rapid, and automated testing processes should be executed when possible, in order to cope with the fundamental necessity of the rapid delivery of these applications. In this paper focuses on the problem of automatic testing of mobile applications developed for the Hybrid platform. We also describe the services as a test idea generator for software testers new to testing mobile applications, and to broaden the risk analysis that guides the testing of this new breed of application. A risk-based software tester can choose the categories of interest from this structured risk profile, explore the mobile application under test, and create more powerful tests designed to detect potential failures.
Intersecting ethics of responsibility: Childless academic women and their ambivalence in reproductive decision-making

Abstract Neoliberalism has transformed both higher education and society generally; professors are to be self-sufficient, putting the university before everything else, while citizens must care for themselves, so the state does not have to. This creates a tension for academic women, who are least likely among highly educated professional women to have children – a tension between the essentialist imperative that all women embrace motherhood, and the academic imperative that faculty give the university their undivided attention. Drawing from interviews with Canadian academic women about their reproductive decision-making, this article uses Thematic Analysis to develop the concept of “responsible ambivalence” as a framework for understanding their childlessness. It shows how conflicting ethics of responsibility – to the self and to others – intersect and coexist within their accounts and inform the women's reproductive decision-making. In rejecting the ideology of maternal femininity, this article shows how the women's childlessness is consistent with the responsibilizing imperatives of neoliberal academic culture.
Investigation of the mechanical response of single crystal magnesium considering slip and twin

Abstract The mechanical response of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) materials are highly anisotropic due to the inherently asymmetric slip and twin systems in the HCP atomic structure. The slip and twin systems in the HCP atomic structure, i.e., slip/twin directions and planes, are not isotropic in terms of geometry. This inhomogeneous directionality produces various stress-strain responses along different loading directions. The question of which slip/twin systems are available in a specific HCP material has not been well understood and needs further experimental investigation. Since there was lack of experimental evidence that the pyramidal I slip is activated in single crystal magnesium, the pyramidal I slip has not been considered as the major slip mode in the computation research of single crystal magnesium. However, recent experimental and atomistic simulation works indicate that the pyramidal I slip is the dominant slip mode in the deformation of single crystal magnesium. Taking into account these recent findings on the pyramidal I slip in magnesium, this research aims to investigate the mechanical response of single crystal magnesium using the most number of slip/twin systems ever explored, including the pyramidal I slip system, tensile twin, compressive twin and etc. To quantify the contribution of each slip and twin system to overall deformation, i.e, the total shear strain amount, the plane strain compression experiment of single crystal magnesium performed by (Kelley and Hosford, 1967, 1968) is reproduced using crystal plasticity (CP) simulations. The computation scheme employed uses a standard crystal plasticity framework that takes into account the slip process and has an additional feature to implement the twinning process. Findings from the CP simulations indicate that the contribution of the pyramidal I slip mode to the overall shear strain in the deformation of single crystal magnesium is significant and comparable to that of the pyramidal II slip mode if their CRSS (Critical Resolved Shear Stress) are of similar magnitudes. The findings indicate as well that the pyramidal I slip mode will be dominant over pyramidal II in real experiments since the CRSS of pyramidal I has been reported to be smaller than that of pyramidal II by the recent experimental and atomistic simulation researches.
GOALS FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT IN OBESITY AND PREDIABETES: IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR BOTH

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this review is to expose the surprising prevalence of diabetes-related complications in people with persistent prediabetes, and hence, to expand the paradigm of d...
HER2 Signaling Implicated in Regulating Alveolar Epithelial Permeability with Cyclic Stretch

Mechanical ventilation can be damaging, and can cause or exacerbate ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) ligand neuregulin-1 (NRG1) activates HER2 heterodimerization with HER3, and has been implicated in inflammatory injuries. We hypothesized that HER2 activation contributes to VILI. We analyzed a database of differentially expressed genes between cyclically stretched and unstretched rat alveolar epithelial cells (RAEC) for HER ligands and validated the differential expression. The effect of the ligand and HER2 inhibition on RAEC permeability was tested, and in vivo relevance was assessed in a rat model of VILI. Analysis of our expression array revealed the upregulation of NRG1 and amphiregulin (AREG) with stretch. NRG1 protein, but not AREG, increased after stretch in culture media. Treatment with an NRG1-cleavage inhibitor (TAPI2) or an inhibitor of NRG1-binding (anti-HER3 antibody) reduced HER2 phosphorylation and partially mitigated stretch-induced permeability, with the upregulation of claudin-7. The results were reproduced by treatment with a direct inhibitor of HER2 phosphorylation (AG825). The transfection of microRNA miR-15b, predicted to negatively regulate NRG1, also attenuated stretch-induced permeability, and was associated with lower NRG1 mRNA levels. In rats ventilated at damaging tidal volumes, AG825 partly attenuated VILI. We concluded that cyclic stretch activates HER2 via the HER3 ligand NRG1, leading to increased permeability. Outcomes were mitigated by the downregulation of NRG1, prevention of NRG1 binding, and most strongly by the direct inhibition of HER2. In vivo HER2 inhibition also attenuated VILI. Ligand-dependent HER2 activation is a potential target for reducing VILI.
Cyclicity and Models

The work of Chapter 6 on eigenvalues and Schroder’s equation led us to the idea of representing univalent self-maps of U by simpler ones that act on more complicated domains, where the subtleties of the original map appear coded into the geometry of the new domain. In this chapter we extend our study of cyclicity by exploiting this idea to develop a method for transferring the linear fractional results of the last chapter to more general situations. In Chapter 9 we will accomplish something similar for the compactness problem.
Radiation Effects Characterization of TI THS4541-SP Rail-to-Rail Output 850 Mhz Fully Differential Amplifier

THS4541-SP is a Rail-to-Rail Output 850Mhz Fully Differential Amplifier being released for Space applications. THS4541-SP has been characterized to pass Total Dose (TID) of 100 krad(Si) under both high and low dose rates. It is shown to be Latch-up immune upto 93.98 MeV-cm2/mg.
Is internal mammary artery graft beneficial in emergent coronary artery bypass surgery? A Society of Thoracic Surgeons national database analysis.

BACKGROUND Often, only saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) are used in emergent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures to provide quicker myocardial revascularization despite its lower long-term patency relative to the internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. We examined differences between IMA and non-IMA graft recipients in emergent CABGs and its impact on in-hospital outcomes. METHODS Retrospective review of Society of Thoracic Surgeon National Database was done to identify patients age ≥18 years undergoing primary emergent isolated CABG between 2013 and 2016. Emergent salvage, non-LAD disease, subclavian stenosis and revascularization with other arterial grafts were excluded. The study population was divided in two groups: IMA and non-IMA groups. Demographics, preoperative, intraoperative factors and postoperative outcomes were analyzed between the groups. RESULTS Of 18,280 emergent CABGs during the study period, 16281 had IMA used and 1999 had only vein grafts. The IMA group was younger, more likely to be male, had lower creatinine and higher ejection fraction. The non-IMA and IMA groups were then propensity risk matched with ratio of 1:2 which showed significantly higher in-hospital mortality in the non-IMA group (15% vs. 7%, P<0.0001). The non-IMA groups also had higher rates bleeding (5% vs. 3%, P<0.01), renal failure (10% vs.6%, P<0.0001) and prolonged vent (44% vs. 30%, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS IMA grafts in primary isolated emergent CABGs are associated with significantly lower rates of in-hospital mortality. Even for emergent CABG there may be a clinical benefit in using IMA grafts rather than SVGs only.
Learning steatosis staging with two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks: comparison of accuracy of clinical B-mode with a co-registered spectrogram representation of RF Data

We explore the potential of ultrasound raw data as an alternative for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) staging based on two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Learning is performed on a stacked spectral representation of RF data and compared to co-registered clinical B-mode patches. Our initial results show a superior accuracy with RF data compared to B-mode. Early steatosis stages were classified more accurately than advanced steatosis stages.
Delete Your Account

Social media cannibalizes its users. Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are fraught with traps at every turn, which can cause even their most religious adherents to burn out or self destruct. These dangers run the gamut from the irritations of misinterpreted posts to combating those on a sole mission to goad co-users, to the career-ending, offensive statements that users regret for years-- or will seek penance for years from now. The perils of social media are something of a running joke among users who often comment that the best wisdom is to “never tweet” or who reply disapprovingly to a post with a curt “delete your account.” Notwithstanding the ironic title and the severe pitfalls associated with social media use, this essay stands to praise these platforms’ ability to democratize the law and encourages members of the legal community to harness its power to educate the public responsibly. It is the goal of this short symposium contribution to square the ideals associated with legal practice and social media use. The essay will then offer some basic norms for legal professionals’ consideration while using social media to communicate to the public.
Automated Detection and Quantification of Gas Influx Velocity in Wellbore from Fiber-Optic Sensor Data

Early detection of gas influx into a wellbore is crucial to prevent catastrophic blowout. An automated workflow is presented to detect gas influx and estimate velocity from fiber-optic sensor data, in a 5025 ft deep wellbore.
REVIEW OF DNA VACCINE APPROACHES AGAINST THE PARASITE TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that affects both humans and livestock. Transmitted to humans through ingestion, it is the second-leading cause of foodborne illness-related death. Currently, there exists no approved vaccine for humans or most livestock against the parasite. DNA vaccines, a type of subunit vaccine which uses segments of the pathogen's DNA to generate immunity, have shown varying degrees of experimental efficacy against infection caused by the parasite. This review compiles DNA vaccine efforts against Toxoplasma gondii, segmenting the analysis by parasite antigen, as well as a review of concomitant adjuvant usage. No single antigenic group was consistently more effective within in vivo trials relative to others.
Early Recollections as a Counseling Technique

Most undergraduate psychology students remember Alfred Adler as being a "student" of Freud and originating the term "inferiority complex." More advanced students may remember such concepts as "lifestyle" and "social interest." School counselors may be acquainted with DUSO (Dinkmeyer, 1973), STEP (Dinkmeyer, 1976), teacher consultation techniques Uacques, 1983; Jacques & Fuston, 1982), and the four goals of misbehavior (Dreikurs & Soltz, 1964). Many family counselors may have learned about the family constellation (Nikelly, 1972). More recently, Adlers contribution to the field of psychology has received greater credit (Eckstein, 1980). Several texts provide an excellent introduction to the theory and application of Adlerian Psychology (Dinkmeyer, Pew, Dinkmeyer, 1979; Nikelly, 1972; Sweeney, 1981). Members of the LDS Church would be especially interested in Allred's book (1968) as it applies to child rearing within the Church. Early Recollections One of the primary responsibilities of an Adlerian counselor is to uncover the client's style of life. One assessment tool used in this process is the collecting and interpreting of early recollections (ER's). The purpose of the Life Style Assessmen t is to become aware of the unique beliefs, motives, and pa tterns of an individual (Mosak, 1958). A basic belief of Adlerian Psychology is that people only remember those events from early childhood that are consistent with their present views of themselves and the world (Dinkmeyer, Pew, Dinkmeyer, 1979). In other words, memories are not random, insignificant occurrences, but are an expression of the "story of my life." Kopp and Dinkmeyer (1975) presented a standardized procedure that can be used.
Antisociality, substance dependence, and the DRD5 gene: A preliminary study

A pilot population-based study of a microsatellite polymorphism at the DRD5 locus in adult European-Americans showed its association with childhood symptom counts for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in males and females and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in females. No association with childhood conduct disorder symptom count was observed. ODD mediated the genotype-ASPD relationship in females. Neither ODD nor ASPD significantly mediated the relationship between the genotype and the liability to substance dependence (SD). The data suggest involvement of the DRD5 locus in the variation and sexual dimorphism of SD liability and antisociality and in the developmental continuity of antisociality.
Arithmetic Optimization Techniques for Hardware and Software Design: Fundamentals of digital arithmetic

Chapter overview This chapter describes some of the basic ideas in digital arithmetic that are necessary to understand the polynomial and linear system optimizations presented in the later chapters. The chapter is divided into five sections.Section 5.2 discusses elementary properties of number systems, focusing on binary number representations including signed digit representations. It provides a high-level overview of both fixed and floating point representations. Section 5.3 gives background material on two-operand addition including ripple carry, carry propagate, and pipelined addition architectures. Then Section 5.4 provides an overview of multiple-operand addition. It gives details on sequential and parallel carry propagate multiple-operand architectures, as well as redundant digit summations using carry save adders and other higher-order counters and compressors. The section ends with a discussion on distributed arithmetic architecture for multiple-operand summations that are typically found in dot product operations. Section 5.5 summarizes the chapter. Basic number representation Number representation plays an important role in the design of algorithms for digital arithmetic. This section provides a brief and concise discussion on number representations that serves as a basis for understanding the topics presented in this book. There are a number of textbooks on digital arithmetic that deal with these topics in great detail [1–3]. Properties of number systems Before we consider specific number representations, we should discuss fundamental properties that can be used to characterize a number system.
Blossoming and Divided Difference

Blossoming and divided difference are shown to be characterized by a similar set of axioms. But the divided difference obeys a cancellation postulate which is not included in the standard blossoming axioms. Here the blossom is extended to incorporate a new set of parameters along with a cancellation axiom. Both the standard blossom and the divided difference operator are special cases of this new extended blossom. It follows that these dual functionals all satisfy a similar collection of formulas and identities, including a Marsden identity, a recurrence relation, a degree elevation formula, a multirational property, a differentiation identity, and expressions for partial derivatives with respect to their parameters. In addition, formulas are presented that express the divided differences of polynomials in terms of the blossom. Canonical examples are provided for the blossom, the divided difference, and the extended blossom, and general proof procedures are developed based on these characteristic functions.
Visualizing Elections using Saari Triangles

Students sometimes have difficulty calculating the result of a voting system applied to a particular set of voter preference lists. Saari triangles offer a way to visualize the result of an electio...
Semianalytic Models of Two-Phase Disk Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei with Combined Hydromagnetic and Radiative Driving

(abridged) We present a semianalytic model of steady-state magnetically and radiatively driven disk outflows in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) consisting of a continuous wind with embedded clouds. The continuous outflow is launched from the disk surface as a centrifugally driven wind, whereas the clouds are uplifted from the disk by the ram pressure of the continuous outflow. In addition, the continuous wind and clouds are subject to both line and continuum radiative acceleration. We describe this model in detail, outline the tests used to verify its accuracy, and compare it to other outflow models, showing possible difficulties with some past line-driven models. We then perform a comprehensive parameter study to explore the dependence of the continuous wind on the relevant physical parameters. We find that clouds have a significant impact on the geometry, density, and velocity in the continuous wind, changing the terminal velocity by up to 50%. Furthermore, line driving is the dominant acceleration mechanism for clouds; continuum driving can also become important for dusty clouds. We find that radiative acceleration can have a significant impact on the velocities in the continuous wind and note that the radiative acceleration comes largely from continuum opacities, not from line driving as in some previous models. When the continuous winds are dusty, their terminal velocities change by approximately 20% to 30% (depending on the type of dust).
Decomposition of the Factors That Govern Binding Site Preference in a Multiple Rotaxane

A particularly interesting class of multiple rotaxanes consists of complexes where one long shaft threads two rings. If the shaft contains three or more potential binding sites for the rings, multiple co-conformations are possible. Such a complex is a molecular topological analogue to an abacus. Here we address the question, how does strength of ring binding to the shaft vary with respect to position on the shaft? Previous studies have found that a shaft with three binding sites exhibits strongest ring binding at the center site. Here a five-binding-site shaft is studied. We employ a novel method to partition the total energy of the system into contributions from intercomponent binding and intracomponent distortion. The method uses the output of quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations to determine fitting parameters in a set of coupled equations. The solution of the equations yields the energy partitioning and reveals the influence of long-range intercomponent interactions.
An in vitro evaluation of a metal reinforced orthodontic ceramic bracket

The objectives of the present study were to measure and compare the bond strength and failure sites of a currently available ceramic bracket (Transcend 3M-Unitek) with the new metal reinforced ceramic bracket (Clarity 3M-Unitek) and to evaluate the amount of composite left on the tooth using the Adhesive Remnant Index in the teeth that were debonded with pliers recommended for this purpose. In addition, the presence or absence of enamel damage after debonding was also assessed. One hundred and twenty extracted premolar teeth were divided into 4 groups of 30 each. Two groups of 30 teeth had Transcend 6000 brackets bonded, and the other 2 groups had Clarity brackets bonded. Shear bond strength was carried out on 30 Transcend 6000 brackets and 30 Clarity brackets, whereas the other 2 groups of 30 teeth bonded with Transcend 6000 and Clarity brackets were debonded with debonding pliers recommended by the manufacturer of both ceramic brackets. The mean shear bond strength of the Clarity brackets was 13.27 MPa, whereas that of the Transcend 6000 was 21.19 MPa. Both brackets failed mostly at the bracket-adhesive interface (75%), indicating a possible reduction of the chances of enamel damage. Six of the premolars, bonded with Transcend 6000 brackets and debonded with the plier, showed an increase in the number or length of enamel cracks as evaluated by an optical microscope (Micro-Vu); one premolar, bonded with Clarity brackets and debonded with the pliers, showed an increased enamel crack length. Gross enamel damage, assessed by enamel dislodgment, was not evident in any specimen. Results of this study suggest that the new metal reinforced ceramic bracket (Clarity) may be recommended for clinical use because of its acceptable shear bond strength and possible reduced chances of enamel damage during bracket removal.
Acquisition of an Insertion Peptide for Efficient Aminoacylation by a Halophile tRNA Synthetase

Enzymes of halophilic organisms contain unusual peptide motifs that are absent from their mesophilic counterparts. The functions of these halophile-specific peptides are largely unknown. Here we have identified an unusual peptide that is unique to several halophile archaeal cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases (CysRS), which catalyze attachment of cysteine to tRNACys to generate the essential cysteinyl-tRNACys required for protein synthesis. This peptide is located near the active site in the catalytic domain and is highly enriched with acidic residues. In the CysRS of the extreme halophile Halobacterium species NRC-1, deletion of the peptide reduces the catalytic efficiency of aminoacylation by a factor of 100 that largely results from a defect in kcat, rather than the Km for tRNACys. In contrast, maintaining the peptide length but substituting acidic residues in the peptide with neutral or basic residues has no major deleterious effect, suggesting that the acidity of the peptide is not important for the kcat of t...
Discrete Complexes Immobilized onto Click-SBA-15 Silica: Controllable Loadings and the Impact of Surface Coverage on Catalysis

Azidopropyl functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 were prepared with variable azide loadings of 0.03–0.7 mmol g–1 (∼2–50% of maximal surface coverage) through a direct synthesis, co-condensation approach. These materials are functionalized selectively with ethynylated organic moieties through a copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or “click” reaction. Specific loading within a material can be regulated by either the azide loading or limiting the alkyne reagent relative to the azide loading. The immobilization of ferrocene, pyrene, tris(pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), and iron porphyrin (FeTPP) demonstrates the robust nature and reproducibility of this two-step synthetic attachment strategy. Loading-sensitive pyrene fluorescence correlates with a theoretically random surface distribution, rather than a uniform one; site-isolation of tethered moieties ∼15 A in length occurs at loadings less than 0.02 mmol g–1. The effect of surface loading on reactivity is observed in the oxygenation of SBA-15-[...
Effects of pH on kinetics of the structural rearrangement that gates the electron-transfer reaction between zinc cytochrome c and plastocyanin. Analysis of protonation states in a diprotein complex

Electron transfer from zinc cytochrome c to copper(II)plastocyanin in the electro- statically-stabilized complex Crnogorac MM, Shen C, Young S, Hansson O, Kosti} NM (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16465-74. We study this rearrangement in four complexes Zncyt/pc(II), which zinc cytochrome c makes with the wild-type form and the single mu- tants Asp42Asn, Glu59Gln, and Glu60Gln of plastocyanin. The rate constant for the rear- rangement,k F , differs for the four forms of plastocyanin but is independent of pH from 5.4 to 9.0 in all four cases. That kF is affected by the single mutations but not by pH changes sug- gests that the residues Asp 42, Glu59, and Glu60 in the wild-type plastocyanin remain deprotonated (i.e., as anions) within the Zncyt/pc(II) complex throughout the pH range ex- amined. This fact agrees with the notion that loss of salt bridges in the initial (redox-inactive) configuration of the complex is compensated by formation of new salt bridges in the rear- ranged (redox-active) configuration.
Muramyl dipeptide and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro

Abstract Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is an immunostimulatory agent that has been shown repeatedly to provide protection against the effects of some forms of experimental surgical infection. The mechanisms of this protection are incompletely understood, and in order to further define them, the impact of MDP upon in vitro polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis was examined in the presence of both normal and opsonic depleted serum. We have also evaluated the effect of MDP as a chemoattractant itself and the response of neutrophils along with MDP to a standard chemoattractant, n -formyl- l -methionyl- l -leucyl- l -phenyl-alanine (FMLP), using the agarose assay for chemotaxis. MDP has weak but significant chemotactic activity itself, with a peak effect at a concentration of 5 × 10 −8 μg/ml for neutrophils. These effects are enhanced by the addition of 10% serum. MDP more strongly enhances neutrophil chemotaxis to FMLP. The enhancement of chemotaxis may be a factor in the protection that MDP exerts against some experimental bacterial challenges.
Proton Induced Radioactivities

Results are tabulated of the radioactivities produced by 4 Mev protons in targets of 7N, 8O, 20Ca, 24Cr, 27Co, 30Zn, 34Se, 42Mo, 46Pd, 48Cd, 49In. In most cases the reactions are of the p-n type, and lead to isotopes which emit either + or - electrons. A detailed study was made of O, Zn and Se. The reaction O18(p, n)F18 (107 min.) shows a threshold at 2.56 Mev and a positron energy of 0.74 Mev in good agreement with the energy relations. The cross section for the reaction at 4 Mev is about 2×10^-25 cm^2 and there is a resonance maximum at 3.55 Mev. The cross section for the reaction O16(p, γ)F17 is 4000 times smaller. The isomeric Br80 periods (17.4 min. and 4.45 hr.) are observed in the reaction Se80(p, n)Br80. At 4 Mev the ratio of the short to long period activities for infinite bombardment is about 15 but the thresholds are at about 3.0 and 3.2 Mev, respectively. The cross section for the reaction is about 0.6×10^-26 cm^2 at 4 Mev.
The nuclear signaling of NF-κB: current knowledge, new insights, and future perspectives

The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor plays a critical role in diverse cellular processes associated with proliferation, cell death, development, as well as innate and adaptive immune responses. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by a family of inhibitory proteins known as inhibitors of NF-kappaB (IkappaBs). The signal pathways leading to the liberation and nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB, which can be activated by a wide variety of stimuli, have been extensively studied in the past two decades. After gaining access to the nucleus, NF-kappaB must be actively regulated to execute its fundamental function as a transcription factor. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of nuclear signaling in the regulation of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. A non-Rel subunit of NF-kappaB, ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), and numerous other nuclear regulators of NF-kappaB, including Akirin, Nurr1, SIRT6, and others, have recently been identified, unveiling novel and exciting layers of regulatory specificity for NF-kappaB in the nucleus. Further insights into the nuclear events that govern NF-kappaB function will deepen our understanding of the elegant control of its transcriptional activity and better inform the potential rational design of therapeutics for NF-kappaB-associated diseases.
A facile synthesis of Te nanoparticles with binary size distribution by green chemistry

Our work reports a facile route to colloidal Te nanocrystals with binary uniform size distributions at room temperature. The binary-sized Te nanocrystals were well separated into two size regimes and assembled into films by electrophoretic deposition. The research provides a new platform for nanomaterials to be efficiently synthesized and manipulated.
Diabetes-related complications and practices of foot inspections: NHANES 2009-2010

Abstract Objective: The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 was utilized to examine risk factor variables of diabetes-related complications and foot inspection practices of health care
How far is too far? Lessons for business from ultra‐high‐performing military teams

Management in organizations has a common focus on achieving goals in the most productive, efficient way. Many managers use teams as powerful tools in focusing on and achieving goals. It has been claimed that everyone in an organization belongs to one or more teams. In parallel to the development of business teams, the US military has developed high‐performance teams to achieve discreet goals in ultra‐stressful, dangerous circumstances. Teams in business and the military are focused on goals that require in‐depth training, high personal investment by team members, deep commitment to the team, complementary skills, and high performance under pressure. Can business leaders learn from military teams who have lives depending on their performance? The research and analysis points to the conclusion that some lessons from military teams can be valuable for managers in business organizations, but also suggests that high performance may not be as desirable as it seems.
Effectiveness of Alarm–Distress Calls for Frightening Herons from a Fish Rearing Facility

Abstract We evaluated the effectiveness of using alarm-distress calls of the black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax and the great blue heron Ardea herodias for frightening these piscivorous bird species from a rearing unit for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Heron alarm–distress calls reduced black-crowned night heron numbers 48% during the 11-d treatment period, compared with the pretreatment period, but did not affect the number of great blue herons. The number of black-crowned night herons using the rearing unit and the proportion that remained immediately after the broadcast of alarm–distress calls increased from nights 1 through 11 of the treatment period, which indicates that this predator quickly habituated to the calls. We did not find any differences between the proportions of black-crowned night herons and great blue herons that remained on the rearing unit immediately after playing calls of the respective species. Alarm–distress calls were mostly ineffective in reducing heron predat...
Two-phase flow: Models and methods

Abstract A variety of two-phase flow models can be derived following a few basic principles, which are here illustrated which no more generality than is essential. Among the models derived is one already widely used in applications, even though it is ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard. Final assessment of such models remains a distant goal, but will clearly involve numerical solutions; several methods in current use are discussed with a guide to selecting the one appropriate to a particular problem.
Effects of red cell shape and orientation on propagation of sound in blood

In this paper, the red blood cell (RBC) is assumed to have an oblate spheroidal shape and the same volume (87 micrometer3) and about the same sphericity index (0.7) as a typical human RBC. The acoustic field is assumed to be either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the spheroid, and a wave equation is formulated for a dilute RBC suspension. Because of the small density difference between the RBC and plasma (about 5%), the assumption of spherical shape of the RBC suffices for computation of the velocity and the scattering of sound in blood. For all practical purposes, scattering of sound in blood follows Rayleigh's law of scattering. However, the viscous absorption coefficient at 1 MHz for a spheroidally shaped RBC oscillating broadside and edgewise to an acoustic field is about 40% and 136%, respectively, of that for a spherically shaped RBC. These results illustrate the significant effects of RBC shape and orientation on the viscous loss of sound energy in blood.
Corporate travel medicine: benefit analysis of on-site services.

Background: Corporations with employees who travel internationally address their travel-related medical needs in a variety of ways. Options utilized include corporate medical departments, local health departments, and local clinics, both contracted and independent. Methods: A travel clinic at a university medical center routinely provided preventive travel medicine services for many of the local companies. Two of these companies had on-site medical clinics which routinely saw patients for occupational and personal health reasons. At these companies, the university travel clinic assisted in moving employee travel medicine services to the on-site clinic. Direct and indirect costs for new, predeparture employee travel care at each company were compared before, and after, the move on-site. Results: When measured per patient, total cost savings associated with the on-site travel clinic were greater than 15% at both companies (17%, 25%), primarily due to the value of the employees’ time saved with decreased travel. Utilization increased at one company by 24% over the first 8 months and lead to higher overall cost, but this cost increase was only 4%. Informal assessments of the value of the on-site service at both companies was uniformly positive. Conclusion: For certain corporate settings, on-site clinics may be effective ways of providing travel medicine services.
Change in African therapeutic systems

Abstract The contrast between the closed intellectual system of traditional African thought and the open one of Western science is misleading as applied to medicine. Since the seventeenth century in Europe, the range of therapeutic alternatives has narrowed. Recent work on Africa shows a broad therapeutic pluralism in both the explanations of misfortune and treatments of illness. The breadth of therapeutic pluralism had been obscured by studies elucidating particular theories of causation, then assuming that one theory was equivalent to the thought of an entire society. The only way to insure a full picture of the varieties of therapy is to define disease from outside the cultural and social system, and then find all the ways of dealing with it. In comparing the decline of pluralism in seventeenth century England and the situation in contemporary Africa, two mechanisms for selecting among alternative therapies lead to two processes of change in health care patterns. In the first, each segment of the population tends to choose its own appropriate kind of therapy. If one segment grows more rapidly, its preferred therapy will carry greater weight. In the second, the therapy managing group of the sick person's kinsfolk and neighbors select the therapy. Here therapy will change with the managers' changing perception of threats to health and of the efficacy of competing therapies. Both approaches must be analyzed with regard to a society's productive base, and the manner in which therapeutic resources and decisions are linked to units of production.