cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Typical Shipment Consolidation Programs: Structural Results

Shipment consolidation, a commonly used strategy in freight transportation, is the practice of consolidating several small items and then dispatching them on the same vehicle. If applied appropriately, a shipment consolidation program may drive out substantial costs in the logistics supply chain. However, the optimal policy for such a consolidation program in a random setting is not yet fully investigated in the literature. In this paper, we study three alternative systematic shipment consolidation programs: Time Policy, Quantity Policy, and Hybrid Policy. We consider, for one echelon of a logistics supply chain, a freight-arrival process that is Poisson and unit-sized. Accordingly, we analyze these policies and obtain structural results for which one policy is superior to the others, on the basis of total cost per order. Key Words: Stochastic modeling; Logistics supply chain; Freight transportation; Quantity- based / time-based dispatching
Enzymatic passaging of human embryonic stem cells alters central carbon metabolism and glycan abundance

To realize the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in regenerative medicine and drug discovery applications, large numbers of cells that accurately recapitulate cell and tissue function must be robustly produced. Previous studies have suggested that genetic instability and epigenetic changes occur as a consequence of enzymatic passaging. However, the potential impacts of such passaging methods on the metabolism of hESCs have not been described. Using stable isotope tracing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we have explored how different passaging reagents impact hESC metabolism. Enzymatic passaging caused significant decreases in glucose utilization throughout central carbon metabolism along with attenuated de novo lipogenesis. In addition, we developed and validated a method for rapidly quantifying glycan abundance and isotopic labeling in hydrolyzed biomass. Enzymatic passaging reagents significantly altered levels of glycans immediately after digestion but surprisingly glucose contribution to glycans was not affected. These results demonstrate that there is an immediate effect on hESC metabolism after enzymatic passaging in both central carbon metabolism and biosynthesis. HESCs subjected to enzymatic passaging are routinely placed in a state requiring re-synthesis of biomass components, subtly influencing their metabolic needs in a manner that may impact cell performance in regenerative medicine applications.
Skin Carcinogenesis Studies Using Mouse Models with Altered Polyamines

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a major health concern worldwide. With increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and patients taking photosensitizing medications, the incidence of NMSC continues to rise. Mouse models of NMSC allow us to better understand the molecular signaling cascades involved in skin tumor development in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the models designed to determine the role of the polyamines in NMSC development and maintenance. Elevated polyamines are absolutely required for tumor growth, and dysregulation of their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes has been observed in NMSC. Studies using mice with genetic alterations in epidermal polyamines suggest that they play key roles in tumor promotion and epithelial cell survival pathways, and recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of polyamine metabolism show promise in individuals at high risk for NMSC.
Translation and the Problem of Sway

Douglas Robinson, Translation and the Problem of Sway . Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2011, 227 pages.
Medication adherence for HIV positive women caring for children: in their own words.

Few studies have directly focused on adherence to highly active antiretroviral medication (HAART) in HIV positive women caring for children. These women may have unique barriers and facilitators to taking medication, and a deeper understanding of their adherence patterns could enhance intervention strategies. A total of 36 HIV positive women who care for children less than 18 years of age were interviewed regarding their patterns and decision around taking HAART. The study group was comprised of 19 Latinas, 10 Euro-Americans, 5 African Americans and 2 Cape Verdeans. The mean length of time the women knew they were HIV positive was 11.15 years. Adherence patterns shifted over the course of the women's HIV history. The participants continually discussed medication adherence within the context of events and relationships that either upset or stabilized their adherence. The following themes emerged: (1) shifting adherence patterns; (2) reasons for adherence; (3) reasons for non-adherence; (4) the relationship...
Leisure and type A-B behavior

Of 334 undergraduates, 152 scoring greater than or equal to 8 were classified as Type A and 182 scoring less than 8 as Type B. The groups did not differ in attitudes toward leisure activity, but Type A scorers claimed to spend significantly more time weekly in leisure activities than Type B scorers. This suggests Type A people live more intensely relative to type B scorers.
Integral Equations and Operator Theory

A complex number λ is an extended eigenvalue of an operator A if there is a nonzero operator X such that AX = λ XA. We characterize the set of extended eigenvalues, which we call extended point spectrum, for operators acting on finite dimensional spaces, finite rank operators, Jordan blocks, and C0 contractions. We also describe the relationship between the extended eigenvalues of an operator A and its powers. As an application, we show that the commutant of an operator A coincides with that of A n , n ≥ 2, n ∈ N if the extended point spectrum of A does not contain any n–th root of unity other than 1. The converse is also true if either A or A* has trivial kernel.
Tracer tests and contaminant transport rates in dual-porosity formations with application to the WIPP

Transport of contaminants was analyzed for dual-porosity formations in which advection occurs only through fractures, but contaminants can diffuse into the rock matrix porosity. Transport was shown to occur in three distinct regimes: fracture, dual-porosity and total porosity transport. In the fracture transport regime, contaminant transport is controlled by fracture porosity alone. This was shown to end too quickly to have any significance for nuclear waste repositories like the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Dual-porosity transport, in which contaminants are predominantly inside the matrix porosity and in the process of diffusing deeper into the rock, was shown to be controlled by a single formation parameter, called here the transport length, which can be estimated from tracer tests. Although conventional two-well tracer tests yield ambiguous values for fracture width and porosity, they provide useable estimates of the transport length. The effect on tracer tests of random heterogeneity and anisotropy in the formation was analyzed; the arithmetic mean of inferred values from different tests is the correct average for the transport length and the harmonic mean is the correct average for the kinematic porosity. Data were analyzed from nine tracer tests in a dual-porosity dolomite in the Culebra formation above the WIPP repository, including one test repeated at a different flow rate. The effect of dual-porosity on the mean transport rate of contaminants potentially leaking from the WIPP repository was shown to be negligible. Thus, for off-site transport at the WIPP, the formation is adequately modeled as a single-porosity, matrix-only medium.
Activity coefficient and polymerization of aqueous silica at 800 °C, 12 kbar, from solubility measurements on SiO 2 -buffering mineral assemblages

The activity coefficient of aqueous silica was determined at 800 °C and 12 kbar by measuring the concentration of total dissolved aqueous silica (SiO2(t)) in H2O in equilibrium with four buffering mineral assemblages: quartz (Q), kyanite–corundum (KC), enstatite–forsterite (EF), and forsterite–rutile–geikielite (FRG). SiO2(t) concentrations were determined by reversed equilibration of synthetic minerals with H2O using a weight gain/weight loss technique, yielding molalities of SiO2(t) (m s) of Q, 1.413(1); KC, 0.984(43); EF, 0.276(9); FRG, 0.079(1) (1σ errors). The solubility data can be fitted well according to the homogeneous equilibrium 2 SiO2 monomers (m) = 1 Si2O4 dimer (d) assuming ideal mixing, such that the equilibrium constant (K md ) is K md =X d /X m 2 , where X represents the mole fraction of SiO2(t) occurring as the subscripted species. This formulation is valid irrespective of the hydration states of the silica species because of the small silica concentration at these conditions (≤2.5 mol%). For a standard state of unit activity of the hypothetical pure monomer solution at the P and T of interest, the monomer–dimer model leads to γ s =X m /X s and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy % 0Hgip5wzaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbb % f9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq % -He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaea % aakeaacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gacaWGKbaabeaakiabg2da9maa % laaabaWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0Iaeq4SdC2aaSbaaSqaaiaado % haaeqaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaabaGaaGOmaiabeo7aNnaaDaaaleaa % caWGZbaabaGaaGOmaaaakiaadIfadaWgaeWcbaGaam4Caaqabaaaaa % aa!49A2! $$ {K_{{md}} = {{{\left( {1 - \gamma _{s} } \right)}} \over {2\gamma ^{2}_{s} X_{s} }}} $$ where γ s and X s are the activity coefficient and mole fraction of total silica. Our data yield % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy % 0Hgip5wzaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbb % f9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq % -He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaea % aakeaacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gacaWGKbaabeaakiabg2da9iaa % igdacaaI1aGaaGynamaaDaaaleaacqGHsislcaaIZaGaaGyoaaqaai % abgUcaRiaaikdacaaI1aaaaaaa!446C! $$ {K_{{md}} = 155^{{ + 25}}_{{ - 39}} } $$ at 800 °C and 12 kbar, in excellent agreement with results from in situ Raman spectroscopy of a quartz-saturated solution at the same P–T. In the system SiO2–H2O, a solution in equilibrium with quartz at 800 °C, 12 kbar, contains 2.5 mol% silica, of which 70% occurs in dimers, and γ s is small (0.30). Even at the low concentration of the FRG buffer (0.1 mol%), the activity coefficient is only 0.75 and the dissolved silica is substantially polymerized (25%).
Techniques to determine test protocol performance.

This paper considers the problem of determining the performance of test protocols, i.e., combinations of diagnostic tests. Two techniques are developed which provide quantitative measures of performance. First, protocol performance can be calculated from clinical data. This technique is simple and straightforward. The primary limitation is that the necessary clinical data may not be available. A second technique is developed to predict protocol performance based on (1) protocol design, (2) individual test performance, and (3) test correlation. This second technique is applied to two types of audiological protocols: those to determine retrocochlear site-of-lesion, and those to identify hearing loss in newborns. Both techniques provide information essential to the design and selection of test protocols. The ability to predict performance is extremely important because clinical studies to evaluate protocols can take years to complete, or may be impractical.
Comment on "From isotropic to anisotropic superconductors: A scaling approach"

A Comment on the Letter by Blatter, Geshkenbein, and Larkin, Phys. Rev. Lett 68, 875 (1992).
Acetylcholine in the treatment of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.

Summary Five infants critically ill with IRDS were treated with acetylcholine. Three of them died. The Pa CO 2 and pH were not favorably affected by the drug in any of the 5 infants and the Pa O 2 either remained unchanged or fell. These observations suggest that the course of fully developed IRDS is not altered by acetylcholine, and use of this drug in these circumstances may even be harmful.
Ethical Tensions in Mentoring: Introduction

Assessments of performance, achievement, and aptitude in the form of tests abound in today's educational systems. Some assessment results are used to determine the level of achievement for a group ...
Non-invasive testing for Helicobacter pylori in patients hospitalized with peptic ulcer hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Guidelines recommend routine invasive screening for Helicobacter pylori in patients with peptic ulcer hemorrhage (PUH). However, compliance with screening remains suboptimal. The aim of this study was to determine if a simplified approach based on noninvasive screening is cost effective in PUH. In the base case, post-endoscopy urea breath test (UBT) dominated the invasive testing with 34 fewer hemorrhages and cost savings of $406,600 in a cohort of 10,000 patients. When compliance with invasive testing decreases to 60%, post-endoscopy UBT leads to 109 fewer hemorrhages and cost savings of $1,089,600. The invasive strategy becomes the preferred choice if the sensitivity of UBT reduces to <75%, such as in patients taking proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) before hospitalization. Post-endoscopy UBT is cost effective in PPI-naive patients presenting with PUH. This strategy, once prospectively validated, can prove to be a preferred approach in institutions where compliance with invasive testing is suboptimal.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrophobic, Organically-Soluble Gold Nanocrystals Functionalized with Primary Amines

We report on the synthesis and characterization of 25−70 A diameter amine-capped gold nanocrystals. In particular, we show how these particles can be prepared by a simple procedure and confirm the particle composition (including the identity of the amine surface passivant) through several materials characterization techniques that include infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. All physical characterizations are consistent with a charge−neutral amine/gold surface interaction described by a weak covalent bond. The stability of the particles appears to be largely kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, in nature. Comparison of these nanocrystals to amines adsorbed onto bulk Au surfaces indicates that the stability of the nanocrystal/amine system is a finite-size effect.
Transport of dust particles in glow-discharge plasmas.

A theory is presented for the transport of dust particles in glow-discharge plasmas. The forces which act on the negatively charged dust particles are examined and estimated. The dominant force is shown to be dependent upon the particle size and location within the discharge.
Empowering Museum Educators to Evaluate

(2015). Empowering Museum Educators to Evaluate. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 40, Empowering Museum Educators to Evaluate, pp. 3-7.
An institute for managers of publicly owned utilities

An important and valuable service can be rendered by an organizaitn which would prescribe representative and accepted standards of administration for municipal utilities.
An adult model of preschool children's speech memory.

In previous work, it has been demonstrated that phonetic similarity among the items in a spoken list interferes with recall much more in school-aged children than in preschool children. The basis of this developmental change, however, is unclear. In the present study we examined the possibility that a developmental increase in the use of covert verbal rehearsal accounts for the change in the effects of phonetic similarity. Adults who recalled lists of spoken words during articulatory suppression tasks that blocked covert rehearsal were found to display patterns of recall that resembled those ordinarily found in 5-year-old children. The specific aspects of rehearsal responsible for these effects also were investigated.
Family Involvement in School and Low-Income Children's Literacy: Longitudinal Associations between and within Families.

Longitudinal data from kindergarten to 5th grade on both family involvement in school and children's literacy performance were examined for an ethnically diverse, low-income sample (N = 281). Within families, increased school involvement predicted improved child literacy. In addition, although there was an achievement gap in average literacy performance between children of more and less educated mothers if family involvement levels were low, this gap was nonexistent if family involvement levels were high. These results add to existing evidence on the value of family involvement in school by demonstrating that increased involvement between kindergarten and 5th grade is associated with increased literacy performance and that high levels of school involvement may have added reward for low-income children with the added risk of low parent education. As such, these results support arguments that family involvement in school should be a central aim of practice and policy solutions to the achievement gap between lower and higher income children.
ST Segment Analysis as an Adjunct to Electronic Fetal Monitoring, Part I: Background, Physiology, and Interpretation

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) ST segment analysis (STAN) was approved in 2005 in the United States as an adjunct to electronic fetal heart rate monitoring to determine whether obstetrical intervention is warranted when there is an increased risk for developing metabolic acidosis. STAN has utility in the reduction of fetal acidosis at birth, decreased need for fetal scalp blood sampling during labor, and decreased need for operative vaginal delivery and emergency cesarean delivery for fetal indications. This article discusses specific fetal ECG changes and their significance and the use of the STAN system.
Corrosive esophageal injuries. I. A study of nine cases of concurrent accidental caustic ingestion

Treatment of corrosive injuries of the esophagus remains largely unsatisfactory, and severe esophageal burns still frequently result in stricture with accompanying morbidity or death. The nine patients presented here with 3-year follow-up accidentally drank a concentrated alkaline solution. All were teenagers or young adults who drank from the same bottle while at a party. The problems encountered in these patients led us to conclude that all patients with moderate to severe corrosive injury of the esophagus should have assessment of the entire esophagus and stomach at the time of initial assessment. Six patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy and one underwent thoracotomy as well for assessment of his esophageal injuries. Had we followed the traditional approach of esophagoscopy only to the level of the first circumferential burn, more severe and potentially life-threatening injuries would have been missed. Early endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach remains the standard for diagnosis; however, complete assessment may require laparotomy or thoracotomy. Early resection of necrotic tissue in the esophagus or stomach can lead to increased survival.
A simple route to thiacrowns. Catalytic macrocyclization of thiirane by cationic manganese carbonyl complexes

Thiirane is transformed catalytically into the symmetric thiacrowns: 1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane, 12S4; 1,4,7,10,13-pentathiacyclopentadecane, 15S5; and 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane, 18S6, when treated with the manganese carbonyl monocations: [Mn(CO)4(L)(NCMe)]+, L=CO, PPh3, PMe2Ph and PEt3 at room temperature. 12S4 is the major thiacrown product. Considerable amounts of polymer are also formed. The phosphine-substituted catalysts are considerably more active and give better yields of the thiacrowns than the parent carbonyl, but they also give more polymer side product.
“Topics” as Ontologigal metaphor in contemporary rhetorical theory and criticism

Our usual reading of “topos” is shaped by an ontological “place” metaphor capable of two different readings: an objective “place” where ideas may be “found,” “stored,” “discovered,” and “retrieved” or an existential “place” where one may be situated within a horizon, affording a unique but limited point of view. The latter interpretation has received less attention by theorists and is less familiar to us, although it is recognizable in some instances of criticism. Elaboration of this second interpretation can provide new critical possibilities, demonstrating how rhetors publicly perform their intellectual and communicative individuality.
Surface-density and orientation effects on immobilized antibodies and antibody fragments.

The binding parameters of randomly immobilized protein 315 and Fv fragments, as well as site-specifically immobilized Fab′ fragments, have been measured for a small hapten (MW=341 Daltons) and a large synthetic antigen (MW=50 kD). Immobilized Fv fragments had the highest binding capacities; hence, removing unnecessary protein domains can be beneficial for improving the total capacity of an immunosorbent. For all immunosorbents, high protein loadings led to relatively low specific activities (n values). This effect was reversible, however, as the loss of immobilized antibody upon prolonged storage partially restored the specific activity. At high loadings the specific activity of immobilized whole antibody was lower for the large antigen than for the small hapten, whereas no effect of hapten size on n was evident for either immobilized Fab′ or Fv fragments. Although a fraction of immobilized antibody was inactive at the higher loadings, EPR spectroscopy revealed no significant changes in the conformation of active immobilized antibody.
Nodal and leaf anatomy of Xanthophyllum (Polygalaceae)

The nodal anatomy of Xanthophyllum is unilacunar with a single broad trace departing the cauline stele. The “stipular glands” or extra floral nectaries of some species are vascularized by bundles originating from the base of the leaf trace. Considerable variation exists among species in petiole vasculature with siphonosteles, steles with medullary bundles and simple, flat traces present. The lamina also shows variation in the presence or absence of a hypodermis, nature of vein sheathing, presence or absence of abaxial epidermal papillae, amount of intercellular spaces, and mature stomatal patterns which range from anisocytic and paracytic to those in which no subsidiary cells are discernible. Of nearly uniform occurrence throughout the genus are extraordinary tracheoid foliar idioblasts, which are confined to the veins in terminal or subterminal positions. The large amount of variation in leaf anatomy is shown to be taxonomically significant within the genus.
Dynamic patterns of neurotrophin 3 expression in the postnatal mouse inner ear

Recent studies indicate that neurotrophin 3 (NT3) may be important for the maintenance and function of the adult inner ear, but the pattern of postnatal NT3 expression in this organ has not been characterized. We used a reporter mouse in which cells expressing NT3 also express beta-galactosidase, allowing for their histochemical visualization, to determine the pattern of NT3 expression in cochlear and vestibular organs. We analyzed animals from birth (P0) to adult (P135). At P0, NT3 was strongly expressed in supporting cells and hair cells of all vestibular and cochlear sense organs, Reissner's membrane, saccular membrane, and the dark cells adjacent to canal organs. With increasing age, staining disappeared in most cell types but remained relatively high in inner hair cells (IHCs) and to a lesser extent in IHC supporting cells. In the cochlea, by P0 there is a longitudinal gradient (apex > base) that persists into adulthood. In vestibular maculae, staining gradients are: striolar > extrastriolar regions and supporting cells > hair cells. By P135, cochlear staining is restricted to IHCs and their supporting cells, with stronger expression in the apex than the base. By the same age, in the vestibular organs, NT3 expression is weak and restricted to saccular and utricular supporting cells. These results suggest that NT3 might play a long-term role in the maintenance and functioning of the adult auditory and vestibular systems and that supporting cells are the main source of this factor in the adult.
Hydrogen production via the catalytic cracking of ethane over Ni/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract The catalytic decomposition (“cracking”) of ethane was studied over a Ni/SiO2 catalyst at temperatures ranging between 450 and 650 °C. In addition to hydrogen and filamentous carbon, methane is also formed during this process as a by-product. SEM images of the spent catalyst indicate the formation of carbon filaments of approximately 50 nm in diameter, almost identical to the original Ni particle size in the fresh catalyst. Measurements conducted at different temperatures and space velocities suggest that hydrogen is the primary product, while methane is formed in a secondary step, presumably the hydrogenation of surface carbon or CHy fragments. Almost complete initial conversion of ethane is observed at a space velocity of 18 000 mL/g h at temperatures above 500 °C. Although the initial yield of hydrogen increases with temperature, the rate of catalyst deactivation also increases at higher temperatures. As a result, the overall amounts of hydrogen produced and ethane converted over the lifetime of the catalyst reach maxima at 500 °C.
Tools and techniques for color image retrieval

The growth of digital image and video archives is increasing the need for tools that effectively filter and efficiently search through large amounts of visual data. Towards this goal we propose a technique by which the color content of images and videos is automatically extracted to form a class of meta-data that is easily indexed. The color indexing algorithm uses the back- projection of binary color sets to extract color regions from images. This technique provides for both the automated extraction of regions and representation of their color content. It overcomes some of the problems with color histogram techniques such as high-dimensional feature vectors, spatial localization, indexing and distance computation. We present the binary color set back-projection technique and discuss its implementation in the VisualSEEk content- based image/video retrieval system for the World Wide Web. We also evaluate the retrieval effectiveness of the color set back-projection method and compare its performance to other color image retrieval methods.
A purification and some properties of two proteases from papaya latex

Two proteases, one of which is papaya peptidase A and the other a previously unknown enzyme in papaya latex have been purified to homogeneity in a simple two stage process. Both are markedly less reactive than papain or chymopapain. Each has a molecular weight of 24,000, N-terminal sequences commencing Leu-Pro-Glu, and contains no carbohydrate. Their amino acid compositions differ for several residues. The essential -SH groups of the enzymes examined appear to be 'masked' in the native state.
What's in a Name? A Response to Barry Chiswick

Let me begin by congratulating Professor Chiswick on receiving the distinguished Marshall Sklare Award. Like the late Professor Sklare, Chiswick is something of a lone wolf in the field. Only a handful of scholars today—none more important than Chiswick—study the economics of the American Jewish community. In many respects, we know less about the economic structure of the American Jewish community today than we did back in the 1950s. Today, for example, we know almost nothing about the annual budget of the American Jewish community: how much money comes in, how much is distributed, and how that distribution has changed over time. For almost three decades, from 1951 to 1980, Arnold Gurin and then S. P. Goldberg collected and published a good deal of these data in the American Jewish Year Book section devoted to "Jewish Communal Services: Programs and Finances." Today, so far as I know, nobody publishes these data— and we are all the poorer for that omission (Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds 1951; Gurin 1955; Goldberg 1956).1 We also, today, know all-too-little about the economic structure of the American Jewish community: the income level of Jews, their occupational structure, and the like. Simon Kuznets, Arcadius Kahan, Jacob Lestschinsky, and others once published luminous and widely read articles covering these subjects (Kuznets 1960, 1972; Lestschinsky 1946; Kahan 1986, pp. 101-148; Goldberg 1947; Reich 1972; Ginzberg 1978). Today, in contrast, Professor Chiswick and his wife, Carmel, stand almost alone in the academy in promoting the importance of economics to the social
Social Structure and Political Competition: The Italian Case

With the end of the Fourth French Republic and the apparently effective performance of the Fifth Republic, France no longer provides an obvious touchstone for studies of “unstable” democracies. Perhaps as a result of the search for another such example, there has been an increase in American scholarly interest in Italy. Recent research—when combined with the studies of LaPalombara, Barnes, and Zariski, and with the studies conducted by Italian political scientists—provides a fund of organized and readily available information which may be used to test both general hypotheses and specific ones about Italian politics.
Simulation in coronary artery anastomosis early in cardiothoracic surgical residency training: The Boot Camp experience

Objective We evaluated focused training in coronary artery anastomosis with a porcine heart model and portable task station. Methods At "Boot Camp," 33 first-year cardiothoracic surgical residents participated in 4-hour coronary anastomosis sessions (6–7 attending surgeons per group of 8–9 residents). At beginning, midpoint, and session end, anastomosis components were assessed on a 3-point rating scale (1 good, 2 average, 3 below average). Performances were video recorded and reviewed by 3 surgeons in a blinded fashion. Participants completed questionnaires at session end, with follow-up surveys at 6 months. Results Ten to 18 end-to-side anastomoses with porcine model and task station were performed. Initial assessments ranged from 2.11 ± 0.58 (forceps use) to 2.44 ± 0.48 (needle angles). Midpoint scores ranged from 1.76 ± 0.63 (forceps use) to 1.91 ± 0.49 (needle angles). Session end scores ranged from 1.29 ± 0.45 (needle holder use) to 1.58 ± 0.50 (needle transfer and suture management and tension; P 0.5). All respondents agreed that task station and porcine model were good methods of training. At 6 months, respondents noted that the anastomosis session provided a basis for training; however, only slightly more than half continued to practice outside the operating room. Conclusions Four-hour focused training with porcine model and task station resulted in improved ability to perform anastomoses. Boot Camp may be useful in preparing residents for coronary anastomosis in the clinical setting, but emphasis on simulation development and deliberate practice is necessary.
Cdk1 Inhibition Induces Mutually Inhibitory Apoptosis and Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells are predominantly infected by the latent form of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), with virus reactivation occurring in a small percentage of cells. Latency enables KSHV to persist in the host cell and promotes tumorigenesis through viral gene expression, thus presenting a major barrier to the elimination of KSHV and the treatment of PEL. Therefore, it is important to identify cellular genes that are essential for PEL cell survival or the maintenance of KSHV latency. Here we report that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) inhibition can induce both apoptosis and KSHV reactivation in a population of PEL cells. Caspases, but not p53, are required for PEL cell apoptosis induced by Cdk1 inhibition. p38 kinase is activated by Cdk1 inhibition and mediates KSHV reactivation. Interestingly, upon Cdk1 inhibition, KSHV is reactivated predominantly in the nonapoptotic subpopulation of PEL cells. We provide evidence that this is due to mutual inhibition between apoptosis and KSHV reactivation. In addition, we found that KSHV reactivation activates protein kinase B (AKT/PKB), which promotes cell survival and facilitates KSHV reactivation. Our study thus establishes a key role for Cdk1 in PEL cell survival and the maintenance of KSHV latency and reveals a multifaceted relationship between KSHV reactivation and PEL cell apoptosis.
Tips for New Graduate Students [The GOLD Report]

Before starting the article, I would like to congratulate the students who received the best paper awards, all the students whose papers were selected in the Student Paper Contest, and the students whose papers received special mention. I take this opportunity to thank all the students and advisors and IEEE GOLD (Graduates of the Last Decade) members who attended the Student Reception held Sunday, July 11, 2010, at the IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNCIURSI National Radio Science Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. While meeting other PhD students and staff members at the meeting and with my personal experience as graduate student, I would like to dedicate this article to all the new students who will be starting their graduate student life in the near future, and also for those who have started their graduate life in the fall semester, 2010
Using genetic algorithms to learn reactive control parameters for autonomous robotic navigation

This article explores the application of genetic algorithms to the learning of local robot navigation behaviors for reactive control systems. Our approach evolves reactive control systems in variou...
How DRGs hurt academic health systems.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Academic health centers continue their mission of clinical care, education, and research. This mission predisposes them to accept patients regardless of their individual clinical variation and financial risk. The purpose of this study is to assess the variation in costs and the attendant financial risk associated with these patients. In addition, we propose a new reimbursement methodology for academic health center high-end DRGs that better aligns financial risks. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed clinical and financial data from the University of Michigan data warehouse for FY1999 (n = 39,804). The diagnosis-related groups were classified by volume (group 1, low volume to group 4, high volume). The coefficient of variation for total cost per admission was then calculated for each DRG classification. A regression analysis was also performed to assess how costs in the first 3 days estimated total costs. A hybrid methodology to estimate costs was then determined and its accuracy benchmarked against actual Medicare and Blue Cross reimbursements. RESULTS: Low-volume DRGs ( CONCLUSIONS: Academic health centers receive a disproportionate number of admissions to low-volume, high-variation DRGs. This clinical variation translates into financial risk. Traditional risk management strategies are difficult to use in health care settings. The application of our proposed reimbursement methodology better distributes risk between payers and providers, and reduces adverse selection and incentive problems ("moral hazard").
Incidence of Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity to Centruroides Antivenom

Abstract Study objective: To assess the incidence and course of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to Centruroides antivenom. Methods: We performed a 12-month prospective observation study, with telephone follow-up, evaluating the incidence of anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions and serum sickness after Centruroides antivenom administration. The setting for the study was a poison control center and tertiary care toxicology treatment center. Participants included all patients who received Centruroides antivenom, and no interventions were performed. Results: For immediate hypersensitivity reactions, 116 patients with grade III or IV envenomation received Centruroides antivenom; 77 of these patients were younger than 13 years. Three patients completed the infusion despite development of rash. A fourth patient with a history of atopy and asthma received epinephrine infusion and an inhaled β-agonist for transient wheezing that quickly resolved; she was admitted for observation. Nine patients without hypersensitivity reactions were admitted for social reasons, for inappropriate sedation from drugs used before antivenom, or to rule out aspiration; all were discharged within 24 hours. The remaining 106 patients were discharged from the emergency department after resolution of symptoms. Thus 4 of 116 patients had immediate reactions. For patients with delayed reactions, 17 patients were lost to follow-up. Of 99 remaining patients, serum sickness developed in 61% (n=60), as defined by using liberal criteria. Serum sickness responded to oral steroids, antihistamines, or both; mean duration of symptoms with medication was 2.8 days. Conclusion: Anaphylactic reactions are uncommon after Centruroides antivenom infusion. Self-limited serum sickness that is easily controlled with corticosteroids and antihistamines commonly follows the use of Centruroides antivenom. [LoVecchio F, Welch S, Klemens J, Curry SC, Thomas R: Incidence of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to Centruroides antivenom. Ann Emerg Med November 1999;34:615-619.]
Simulation of a turbulent channel flow with an entropic Lattice Boltzmann method

The Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate turbulent channel flow. Two simulations are performed. One uses high enough grid resolution in order for it to be considered a direct numerical simulation (DNS). LBM in its traditional form is adopted for this simulation. The other simulation uses lower resolution for which the original method becomes unstable. An entropy condition is used to render this simulation stable. Results from these two numerical experiments are compared with the results from a DNS performed with traditional numerical techniques. It is concluded that LBM can be used as tool to simulate turbulent flows and entropy stabilized LBM schemes can be used to achieve accurate results with reasonably low grid resolution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross-Correlation Chromatography Applied to Gas-Solid Adsorption Studies

Abstract : The use of cross correlation techniques on multiple injection gas chromatography as a means to describe gas-solid interactions has been demonstrated. A deconvolution technique using the Fourier transform of both the cross correlation of the output and the auto correlation of the input series has been developed. The deconvolution allows the differentiation between correlation noise due to an imperfectly random input series and actual correlation peaks due to column interaction. The relationship between sample size and the resulting column overloading and the size of secondary correlation peaks is discussed. (Author)
Extraction of statistically significant malware behaviors

Traditionally, analysis of malicious software is only a semi-automated process, often requiring a skilled human analyst. As new malware appears at an increasingly alarming rate --- now over 100 thousand new variants each day --- there is a need for automated techniques for identifying suspicious behavior in programs. In this paper, we propose a method for extracting statistically significant malicious behaviors from a system call dependency graph (obtained by running a binary executable in a sandbox). Our approach is based on a new method for measuring the statistical significance of subgraphs. Given a training set of graphs from two classes (e.g., goodware and malware system call dependency graphs), our method can assign p-values to subgraphs of new graph instances even if those subgraphs have not appeared before in the training data (thus possibly capturing new behaviors or disguised versions of existing behaviors).
Malignant hyper- thermia: a possible new variant

A young healthy male, who had three consecutive episodes of postoperative hyperthermia was anaesthetized with special precautions to prevent malignant hyperthermia. Despite neuroleptic anaesthesia and dantrolene pretreatment, the patient experienced post-anaesthetic hyperthemia. The patient’s clinical picture was almost identical to the symptoms experienced by two of his maternal relatives. All three experienced nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and high fever which occurred between five to seven hours after general anaesthesia. The serum potassium (K) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels determined during the hyperthermic episode and on the next day were not elevated. On the basis of the patient’s family history, his clinical picture, and his laboratory data, we speculate that this patient might have a form of malignant hyperthermia or a possible new variant.
Characterization of molybdenum/silicon multilayers deposited by ion beam sputtering and rf magnetron sputtering

Molybdenum/silicon multilayers were deposited by ion beam sputtering and radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. X-ray reflection, transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy studies were performed to characterize these multilayers. There was a difference in soft x-ray reflectivity. The reason for the difference was found to be the difference in the thickness of silicide layers which were formed at each interface of the multilayers.
On the size of closed unbounded sets

Abstract We study various aspects of the size, including the cardinality, of closed unbounded subsets of [λ]
Water velocity and turbulence measurements by pulse coherent doppler sonar

A five-beam pulse-to-pulse coherent Doppler sonar capable of high space-velocity resolution measurements of water current mean velocity and turbulence has been developed and used extensively to monitor the characteristics of water flow. One beam is vertical thus providing direct measurements of the vertical component, w, of water velocity and turbulence. Horizontal velocity and turbulence measurements are made using two tilted beams contained in a vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal flow, and two other beams also tilted but contained in a plane perpendicular to that longitudinal flow. The paper presents the system and its performance including techniques to extend the maximum unambiguous range-velocity limits by use of dual-or tri-interleaved pulse repetition periods assisted by signal processing methods. Fast switching of the five beams, together with high elevation angle of the tilted beams (five degrees from vertical), reducing the horizontal separation distance between the five beams, allows individual estimates of the variance and covariance-Reynolds stress terms which both contribute to the measured Doppler spectrum variance.
Reliability and validity of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire

This study investigates the reliability and validity of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF). The SCSORF and religiosity measures (i.e., Age Universal Religious Orientation Survey, Religious Life Inventory, and the God Control measure from the Belief in Personal Control Scale) were administered to three samples. Results suggest that the SCSORF is both reliable and valid.
Components of hypothalamic obesity: bipiperidyl-mustard lesions add hyperphagia to monosodium glutamate-induced hyperinsulinemia

Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions in the general region of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) nucleus develop hyperinsulinemia, excessive food intake and obesity. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) destroys neurons of the arcuate hypothalamic (AH) nucleus and produces hyperinsulinemic but hypophagic obesity. Bipiperidyl mustard (BPM) primarily destroys VMH neurons, but has produced only a slight obesity even when rats were maintained on high-fat diets. In the present study, rats treated with MSG (AH lesion) were hyperinsulinemic, moderately obese and hypophagic; BPM rats (primarily VMH lesion) were not different from controls when fed standard chow diets. However, MSG/BPM rats (AH + VMH lesion) were hyperinsulinemic, massively obese and hyperphagic. Thus, two components of the electrolytic lesion syndrome previously attributed to VMH damage (hyperinsulinemia and obesity) were reproduced simply by MSG treatment alone. The third component (hyperphagia) occurred only when both AH and VMH were lesioned, suggesting that neurons in both nuclei may perform a satiety function and may be able to substitute for one another in this respect. Since MSG treatment is required for all components of both obesity syndromes described here, this underscores the importance of MSG-sensitive neurons in mechanisms of obesity. The combined treatment approach also represents the first rat model of hyperinsulinemic, hyperphagic obesity that can be entirely produced by systemic administration of neurotoxins.
Echocardiographic study on diastolic posterior wall movement and left ventricular filling by disease category

Abstract The diastolic characteristics of the left ventricle with special reference to the patterns of left ventricular filling and diastolic posterior wall movement were studied echocardiographically in 95 patient with various cardiac conditions including constrictive pericarditis, idiopathic cardiomyopathy (CCM, HCM), valvular aortic stenosis (AS), mitral stenosis (MS), hypertension (HT), aortic insufficiency (AI), mitral insufficiency (MI), and in 20 normal subjects. 1. 1. Various types and severities of LV diastolic abnormalities were revealed by analyzing the patterns of posterior wall movement and LV filling in three diastolic phases-rapid filling period, slow filling period, and atrial filling period, respectively. 2. 2. Disturbances of posterior wall distension and LV filling during the rapid filling period with a compensatory augmentation of atrial contribution of LV filling were observed in most patients. These patients also showed a markedly decreased posterior wall velocity and LV filling rate during rapid filling period. 3. 3. E-F slope was significantly decreased in patients with MS, AS, and HCM. E-F slope correlated well with DPWV and RFR in most patients. In MS, however, DDR decreased to a disproportionate degree with a decrease in DPWV and RFR, probably due to the structural changes and decreased mobility of the mitral valve. From this study, we conclude that the patterns of the left ventricular filling and posterior wall movement during three phases of diastole obtained by echocardiography is useful in detecting left ventricular diastolic abnormalities.