cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping and depression in bulimia nervosa.

Objective: While theoretical models of bulimia have tended to emphasize single dimensions of the disorder, such as cognition or depression, factor analytic studies suggest that bulimia is best represented by a multifactorial model. In this study, we explore whether bulimia nervosa patients with different levels of depression display different types of coping. Method: Bulimia nervosa clinic patients were divided into four subgroups based on level of depression and asked to respond to the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results: The results suggest that avoidant or disengaged coping may be more related to affective symptoms than to bulimia, itself. While problem solving and cognitive restructuring did not appear to differ between the subgroups in this study, there were significant differences in social support seeking among the four groups. Discussion: The findings suggest that bulimic patients who present with the affective and personality disordered dimension of bulimia need interventions that focus on the utilization of social support. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wood-Rotting Fungi of North America

The biology of wood-rotting fungi is reviewed. Discussions are presented in taxonomy, species diversity, North American distribution, developmental response to environmental factors, edibility and toxicity, medical uses, relationships of fungi with insects and birds, the role of fungi as mycorrhiza, pathological relationships with trees, role in wood decay, and ecology. Threats to the continuing existence of these fungi as a result of increased utilization of wood as fuel are also discussed. (ACR)
Common stochastic trends in international stock markets

Abstract This paper presents evidence concerning the number of common stochastic trends in the equity markets of the U.S., Japan, England, Germany, and Canada. Monthly and quarterly data from January 1974 through August 1990 on Morgan Stanley's Capital International indices are used to compute Johansen (1990) tests for common trends. The results indicate the presence of a single common trend driving these countries' stock markets. Estimates of the factor loadings suggest that this trend is most important in the Japanese market and least important in the Canadian market. To interpret this evidence the paper demonstrates that under weak conditions the unit root and cointegration structure of stock prices should mirror the unit root and cointegration structure of their dividend payments. The paper tests this prediction by constructing national dividend series from Capital International's dividend yield data. as well as by using GNP data. As with stock prices, the evidence points to a single common trend, although the stochastic properties and relative importance of this trend differs somewhat from the trend in stock prices.
Functional heterogeneity of the 30S ribosomal subunit of E. coli

When 30S ribosomal subunits from E. coli are incubated with poly U, two separable components are recovered by zonal centrifugation of the incubation mixture. The faster sedimenting component is an aggregate of 30S subunits and poly U, while the slower one corresponds to the 30S ribosomal subunit. One ribosomal protein, protein 30S-1 is predominantly present in the faster sedimenting aggregate. The amount of poly U-30S subunit complex formed in the incubation mixture is limited by the amount of protein 30S-1 present. Consequently the number of ribosomal binding sites available for Phe-tRNA is limited in a similar fashion by the presence of protein 30S-1. When 30S ribosomal subunits are reconstituted in the absence of protein 30S-1, very little poly U or Phe-tRNA binding capacity is manifest under our assay conditions. We conclude that protein 30S-1 is required for maximum capacity of ribosomes to bind mRNA. Since this protein is present only on a fraction of the ribosome at any one time, it must exchange from one ribosome to another during protein synthesis.
Biogenetic and functional frameworks for the assignment of parentage by the courts: Implications for foster caregivers

Abstract Parental authority falls under the established parental-rights doctrine which states that a fit parent possesses a basic right to the custody, care, and companionship of his or her child. Also known as the “natural right” of parenthood, designation as a parent places an individual within a clearly defined sphere of essential constitutional protections and rights. Yet, with technological innovations and shifting marital practices, the definition of individuals who fall within this parental sphere continues to evolve over time. Nondependency case law suggests movement towards an increasingly functional/psychological conceptualization of parentage, stretching far beyond biology. In this article we examine the potential implications of this shift for foster caregivers.
16 Myocardial Expression of Mutant P53 Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Preserves Heart Function.

Doxorubicin, a topoisomerase II inhibitor that is commonly used to treat childhood cancer, induces p53-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis which can ultimately lead to heart failure. We hypothesized that cardiac-restricted expression of a dominant interfering p53 mutant (CB7) would protect cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in vivo. Age-matched CB7 transgenic mice and control non-transgenic (NTG) mice were treated with a total of 20mg/kg of doxorubicin (2 intraperitoneal injections of 10mg/kg at 3-day interval). The prevalence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis was assessed via anti-activated caspase-3 immune reactivity and also via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, a substrate of caspase-3) and the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were also monitored. Cardiac function was assessed using the two dimensional echocardiography. Our results show that the prevalence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis was reduced in CB7 mice as compared to NTG mice following doxorubicin injection (activated caspase 3 immune reactivity: 0.85± 0.14 positive cardiomyocytes/mm2 vs. 1.98±0.24 positive cardiomyocytes/mm2, p<0.05, n=6; TUNEL staining: 0.045±0.006% of total cardiomyocyte nuclei vs. 0.146±0.009%, p<0.01, n=5). In agreement with this, caspase-dependent PARP cleavage was not detected in the doxorubicin-treated CB7 hearts but was detected in the doxorubicin-treated NTG. Bcl-xL expression was induced to a greater extent in CB7 mice as compared to NTG mice. Finally, fractional shortening was better preserved in the CB7 mice as compared to the NTG mice (7.79±1.35% reduction post-injection vs. 28.87±5.48%, p<0.05, n=6). Interestingly, the extent of functional preservation observed in DOX treated CB7 mice appeared to exceed that which would be expected based on the reduced levels of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, cardiac expression of CB7 protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and preserves heart function. The anti-apoptotic effects of CB7 might result from the increased level of Bcl-xL. The disproportionate preservation of cardiac function suggests that antagonization of p53 may engender additional cardioprotective activity.
Comparative Ultrastructure of the Zoospores of Eight species of Characium (Chlorophyta)

Summary Eight species of Characium can be separated into three groups on the basis of zoospore basal body orientation. In group I species, C. starrii, C. fusiforme and C. vacuolatum, the basal bodies are in the clockwise absolute orientation, mature vegetative cells are uninucleate, the pyrenoid is penetrated by thylakoids and the zoospores are covered by a thin cell wall. In group II, C. pseudopolymorphum, C. Hindakii, C. californicum and C. typicum, the basal bodies are directly opposed, mature cells are multinucleate, the pyrenoid is not penetrated by thylakoids and the zoospores are naked or covered by a thin, fuzzy coating. In group III C. perforatum, the basal bodies are counterclockwise, mature cells are uninucleate, the pyrenoid is penetrated by thylakoids and the zoospores are naked. The following taxonomic treatment is proposed: Group I should be included in the genus Chlamydopodium; Characiopodium gen. nov. is erected for the species of Group II; and Fusochloris gen. nov. is erected for Characium perforatum of Group III. It appears that convergence of similar vegetative cell morphology has occurred multiple times among the chlorococcalean algae including a similar combination of features also observed in three groups within the genus “Neochloris” (PI. Syst. Evol. 168, 195–219, 1989;177, 213–219, 1991).
Formation of silver nanoparticles by through thin film ablation

Abstract Well dispersed Ag nanoparticles have been formed by a process denoted Through Thin Film Ablation. The nanoparticles were deposited on room temperature substrates, had a most probable size of 1 nm, and were not agglomerated. The nanoparticle deposit produced by this process showed no evidence of the larger particles commonly observed from conventional pulsed laser ablation that uses a bulk target. Synthesis of nanoparticles by Through Thin Film Ablation should be possible for any material that can be made as a thin film target and may enable the unique properties of isolated, non-agglomerated nanoparticles to be exploited more fully.
An exploratory study of producing non-silicate all-oxide composites by melt infiltration

Abstract The feasibility of producing high temperature non-silicate all-oxide composites by melt infiltration was investigated in the CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 system. Both non-reactive and reactive melt infiltration approaches were explored. Molten CaO.Al 2 O 3 and the CaO.2Al 2 O 3 -MgO.Al 2 O 3 (magnesium spinel) eutectic composition were the usual infiltrants. The melting temperatures are 1602 °C and 1700 °C respectively. Non-reactive infiltration involved infiltrating porous spinel bodies with a molten eutectic composition that was already substantially in equilbirium with the preform material. Reactive infiltration occurred, for example, when molten CaO.Al 2 O 3 was used to impregnate preforms comprised of CaO.6Al 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 , neither of which was in phase equilibrium with the melt. Accordingly the preform phase underwent chemical change as equilibrium became established. Sound composites could be obtained using both approaches. However, the infiltration behaviors were quite different; reactive infiltration was more difficult to control.
Concerted Evolution of the Tandemly Repeated Genes Encoding Primate U2 Small Nuclear RNA (the RNU2 Locus) Does Not Prevent Rapid Diversification of the (CT)n · (GA)n Microsatellite Embedded within the U2 Repeat Unit

The RNU2 locus encoding human U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is organized as a nearly perfect tandem array containing 5 to 22 copies of a 5.8-kb repeat unit. Just downstream of the U2 snRNA gene in each 5.8-kb repeat unit lies a large (CT)n.(GA)n dinucleotide repeat (n approximately equal to 70). This form of genomic organization, in which one repeat is embedded within another, provides an unusual opportunity to study the balance of forces maintaining the homogeneity of both kinds of repeats. Using a combination of field inversion gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction, we have been able to study the CT microsatellites within individual U2 tandem arrays. We find that the CT microsatellites within an RNU2 allele exhibit significant length polymorphism, despite the remarkable homogeneity of the surrounding U2 repeat units. Length polymorphism is due primarily to loss or gain of CT dinucleotide repeats, but other types of deletions, insertions, and substitutions are also frequent. Polymorphism is greatly reduced in regions where pure (CT)n tracts are interrupted by occasional G residues, suggesting that irregularities stabilize both the length and the sequence of the dinucleotide repeat. We further show that the RNU2 loci of other catarrhine primates (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, and baboon) contain orthologous CT microsatellites; these also exhibit length polymorphism, but are highly divergent from each other. Thus, although the CT microsatellite is evolving far more rapidly than the rest of the U2 repeat unit, it has persisted through multiple speciation events spanning > 35 Myr. The persistence of the CT microsatellite, despite polymorphism and rapid evolution, suggests that it might play a functional role in concerted evolution of the RNU2 loci, perhaps as an initiation site for recombination and/or gene conversion.
Earth science: Probing the core's light elements

A fine marriage between seismic data and laboratory experiments carried out at the extreme conditions of Earth's deep interior indicates that the planet's liquid outer core is poor in oxygen. See Letter p.513 Earth's liquid outer core consists mainly of liquid iron alloyed with about 10% (by weight) of light elements. Oxygen has been proposed as a major light element in the core, based on cosmochemical arguments and chemical reactions during accretion, but here Huang et al. report data that virtually rule out oxygen as a major light element in the liquid outer core. They compare density and sound-velocity measurements in shock-wave experiments in the Fe–S–O system of Earth's core with geophysical observations. Their findings are consistent with an oxygen-depleted core, and a reduced environment during early Earth accretion, with important implications for early Earth accretion models.
Flight and diel activity of the threecornered alfalfa hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae).

Threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), flight activity in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and diel activity in alfalfa and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, were monitored with yellow sticky traps and a rotary aerial sweep net. Movement was primarily within 33 cm above the soil surface. Amount of activity and numbers of S. festinus increased as alfalfa grew from stubble to harvestable plants. Activity was significantly greatest between 1000 and 1200 hours, during which temperatures averaged from 33.9 to 37.8°C. Limited flight occurred higher than normal during periods of greatest activity in alfalfa. Significantly more male than female S. festinus were trapped on the sticky traps, contrasting with a more balanced sex ratio found in sweep net samples. Catches were apparently not affected by compass orientation of the sticky traps.
The functional integral for quantum systems with Hamiltonians unbounded from below

Abstract A quantum system with a self-adjoint Hamiltonian has a well-defined unitary time evolution operator even if there is no ground state. However, if the spectrum of the Hamiltonian is unbounded from below, the Brownian (or imaginary time) functional integral may diverge for all times. Working in one-dimensional non-relativistic quantum mechanics with potentials which are unbounded from below at infinity and at the origin, we show how to regulate the Brownian functional integral, analytically continue to quantum mechanical time, and then remove the cutoff to obtain the quantum Green's function associated with any self-adjoint Hamiltonian. Our constructions illustrate the equivalence of the operator and functional integral approaches to quantum mechanics.
Three-dimensional Ising system with long-range interactions: A computer model of Vycor glass.

A computer model for Vycor glass using the three-dimensional Ising model with long range interactions is presented. The effect of the interaction range on the resulting Vycor microstructure is also investigated by measuring the pore size distribution for the q=6 (nearest neighbor) as well as longer-range interaction, i.e., q=26 and 124 Ising models. The discrepancy between the nearest-neighbor Ising model and the experimental results is interpreted in terms of a lattice-induced interfacial energy anisotropy. The influence of the range of interaction on the degree of interfacial energy anisotropy is illustrated by means of two- and three-dimensional Wulff plots (interfacial energy versus interface orientation) for each of the ranges of interaction considered. The shape of the pore size distributions obtained from the longer range Ising models is in agreement with the experimental results. However, the simulation distributions display a shift in the peak location observed as compared to the experimental distribution. The shift in peak location present in the simulation results is explained by a relative abundance of short chords combined with a lack of the large chords, with respect to the experimental results. This abundance of short chords is attributed to the interface roughness introduced by the longer range interaction, while the lack of large chords is attributed to the finite lattice sizes used in this study. A minimum system size and maximum interaction range are suggested, which should lead to a pore size distribution in close agreement with experimental results.
Power Differences between Pairwise Multiple Comparisons

Abstract A number of multiple comparison procedures are studied whose maximum Type I error rate, experimentwise, is limited to a fixed value, the experimentwise level. Some of these procedures are slight revisions of existing methods. The procedures are compared for all-pairs power; i.e., for the probability of simultaneous significance for all pairs which are truly unequal. Results of Monte Carlo simulation show that a revision of Peritz's F method is uniformly the most powerful among all the procedures studied. The revised Peritz F method is substantially more powerful than Tukey's method with a power advantage as high as 0.50. A method due to Welsch (1972, 1977) is also quite powerful and may sometimes be recommended for greater simplicity.
The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief — Is the Emergency Over?

On July 16, the Senate approved legislation that would increase the funding for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) to $48 billion for the next 5 years. Drs. Wafaa El-Sadr and David Hoos examine PEPFAR's achievements, limitations, and lessons for the future. Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr discusses PEPFAR's successes in addressing the HIV epidemic in the developing world, its broader effect on health care systems, and common criticisms of the program. Dr. El-Sadr is the director of the International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs and a professor of clinical medicine and epidemiology at Columbia University, New York.
A multixenobiotic transporter in Urechis caupo embryos: protection from pesticides?

Abstract Much is known about how adult organisms protect themselves from exposure to foreign compounds (xenobiotics), but for a population to successfully colonize a habitat, all life stages of the organism must be able to grow and develop normally in that habitat. In this study, a multixenobiotic transporter is described which is similar to the multidrug transporter in mammalian cells, used by some embryos as protection from natural xenobiotics they may encounter in their environment. It is shown that some moderately hydrophobic pollutants — but not very hydrophobic pollutants — are competitive substrates of the multixenobiotic transporter in the embryos of a marine worm. Multixenobiotic resistance may protect Urechis caupo embryos from certain toxic substances by preventing their entry into cells. In this way the xenobiotics cannot interfere with cellular processes that are crucial for normal development, such as DNA synthesis, cell division, and gene transcription.
Chemical Differences in Hop Varieties vs. Susceptibility to the Twospotted Spider Mite

Differences in population development of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were observed on 5 hop varieties. Data collected from plants grown in the greenhouse and in the field indicated a positive correlation between farnesol content of the host plant and susceptibility to twospotted spider mite infestation.
Future prospects of animal production of fats and protein

Present trends in the global animal production of fats and protein are reviewed. The dominance of the West and the temperate latitudes is underlined, and the uniqueness of China and Japan are analyzed. The global disparities are based primarily on the ample soil resources in the West allowing for extensive production of feed crops, led by oilseeds. A second major input is fish protein, half the catches of fish from the oceans being converted into meal and oil. This kind of secondary or even tertiary production is unlikely to be copied under the parsimonious conditions of the poor world. The relative roles of oilseed and fish proteins are analyzed. Future trends are discussed on the basis of the FAO projections presented in the Indicative World Plan.
The reaction cycle of GroEL and GroES in chaperonin-assisted protein folding

The reaction mechanism of protein folding by the chaperonin GroEL and its regulator GroES has been defined. GroES and substrate protein counteract each other's effects on GroEL: whereas GroES stabilizes GroEL in the ADP-bound state, binding of unfolded polypeptide within the cavity of the GroEL cylinder triggers ADP and GroES release. Upon ADP-ATP exchange, GroES reassociates with GroEL and ATP hydrolysis discharges the bound protein for folding. Partially folded protein rebinds to the chaperonin, thus perpetuating the cycle until folding is complete.
Conversion of Electrostatic Plasma Waves into Electromagnetic Waves: Numerical Calculation of the Dispersion Relation for All Wavelengths

The dispersion curves have been computed for a wide range of wavelengths from electromagnetic waves to electrostatic waves in a magnetoactive warm plasma with a Maxwellian velocity distribution function. The computation was carried out mainly for the perpendicular propagation mode. The upper hybrid resonance is the connection point of the electrostatic waves and the electromagnetic waves. The electrostatic waves not associated with the upper hybrid resonance are subjected to electron cyclotron damping when the wavelength becomes long. Oblique propagation is allowed for the electrostatic waves in a frequency range from the plasma frequency to the upper hybrid resonance frequency in the long-wavelength region where Landau damping can be neglected and where the electrostatic mode smoothly connects to the electromagnetic X-mode. In a slightly inhomogeneous plasma, the Bernstein-mode electrostatic wave can escape by being converted into the O-mode electromagnetic wave; two reflections take place during this escape process.
Stochastic planning for weakly-coupled distributed agents

Partially observable stochastic games (POSGs) provide a powerful framework for modeling multi-agent interactions. While elegant and expressive, this framework has been shown to be computationally intractable [1]. An exact dynamic programming algorithm for POSGs has been developed recently, but due to high computational demands, it has only been demonstrated to work on extremely small problems. Several approximate approaches have been developed [3, 5], but they lack strong theoretical guarantees. In light of these theoretical and practical limitations, there is a need to identify special classes of POSGs that can be solved tractably.
Effect of increased pancreatic islet norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin concentration on insulin secretion in the golden hamster.

The purpose of this study was to determine if increased concentrations of pancreatic islet norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin alter insulin secretion. Golden hamsters received intraperitoneal injections of the norepinephrine precursor DL-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, the dopamine precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, or the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan with and without pretreatment of the hamsters with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine. Administration of the monoamine precursors to animals pretreated with tranylcypromine resulted in a mean increase in plasma glucose of 192% and a mean decrease in plasma insulin of 58%. Using a collagenase isolation technique, islets from control and treated animals were evaluated for monoamine content and insulin secretory capacity. The monoamine concentrations in control islets, in μmol/kg wet weight, were: norepinephrine 42±8; dopamine 8±2; and serotonin 26±9. Administration of the appropriate precursor to control hamsters resulted in a 1.9-fold (norepinephrine), 6-fold (dopamine), and 22-fold (serotonin) increase in monoamines. There was no alteration in the glucose (16.3 mmol/l)-stimulated in vitro insulin secretion from islets obtained from these hamsters. Administration of the precursors to hamsters pretreated with tranylcypromine resulted in a 3.5-fold (norepinephrine), 22-fold (dopamine), and 59-fold (serotonin) increase in monoamines. Glucose-stimulated in vitro insulin secretion from islets obtained from these hamsters was completely blocked. This study suggests that high concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the pancreatic islets can decrease glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
Using agent-based modeling to investigate goal incongruence issues in proposal development: Case study of an EPC project

AbstractA root cause of inefficiency in project proposal development is goal incongruence; i.e., different perceptions of behavioral standards and ranking of management criteria among stakeholders. Given the complexity of the unexpected behavioral and institutional consequences of goal incongruence, better understanding is required about the mechanism and impacts of goal incongruence during proposal development. This paper introduces a case study conducted on a large construction company. A behavioral simulation model previously developed by the authors, virtual organizational imitation for construction enterprises, was tailored to investigate goal incongruence issues in the proposal development of an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) project. Specifically, the direct impacts of goal incongruence were investigated, in addition to the combined implications of time pressure, task dependence, and micromanagement. It was found that an investigation of multiple human behaviors in a more comprehe...
IgH class switching exploits a general property of two DNA breaks to be joined in cis over long chromosomal distances

Antibody class switch recombination (CSR) in B lymphocytes joins two DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) lying 100-200 kb apart within switch (S) regions in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus (IgH). CSR-activated B lymphocytes generate multiple S-region DSBs in the donor Sμ and in a downstream acceptor S region, with a DSB in Sμ being joined to a DSB in the acceptor S region at sufficient frequency to drive CSR in a large fraction of activated B cells. Such frequent joining of widely separated CSR DSBs could be promoted by IgH-specific or B-cell-specific processes or by general aspects of chromosome architecture and DSB repair. Previously, we found that B cells with two yeast I-SceI endonuclease targets in place of Sγ1 undergo I-SceI-dependent class switching from IgM to IgG1 at 5-10% of normal levels. Now, we report that B cells in which Sγ1 is replaced with a 28 I-SceI target array, designed to increase I-SceI DSB frequency, undergo I-SceI-dependent class switching at almost normal levels. High-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing revealed that I-SceI-generated DSBs introduced in cis at Sμ and Sγ1 sites are joined together in T cells at levels similar to those of B cells. Such high joining levels also occurred between I-SceI-generated DSBs within c-myc and I-SceI- or CRISPR/Cas9-generated DSBs 100 kb downstream within Pvt1 in B cells or fibroblasts, respectively. We suggest that CSR exploits a general propensity of intrachromosomal DSBs separated by several hundred kilobases to be frequently joined together and discuss the relevance of this finding for recurrent interstitial deletions in cancer.
Deconstructing Inquiry in the Professional Development School: Exploring the Domains and Contents of Teachers' Questions

Abstract Having facilitated, read, and collected more than 200 teacher research pieces written by prospective and practicing teachers, the authors conducted a systematic analysis of the domains and contents of teachers' questions as they embarked on their first research study. Focusing on the questions teachers ask led to the generation of a typology of “six passions” for teacher inquiry: An individual child; curriculum; teaching strategies and techniques; beliefs about management, teaching, and learning; personal and professional identity; and teaching and learning context. This article shares examples of teacher research in each of the six passions and the process of locating questions for teacher research efforts.
On generalized Kelvin solutions in a multilayered elastic medium

This paper presents fundamental singular solutions for the generalized Kelvin problems of a multilayered elastic medium of infinite extent subjected to concentrated body force vectors. Classical integral transforms and a backward transfer matrix method are utilized in the analytical formulation of solutions in both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. The solution in the transform domain has no functions of exponential growth and is invariant with respect to the applied forces. The convergence of the solutions in the physical domain is rigorously and analytically verified. The solutions satisfy all required constraints including the basic equations and the interfacial conditions as well as the boundary conditions. In particular, singular terms of the generalized Kelvin solutions associated with the point and ring types of concentrated body force vectors are obtained in exact closed-forms via an asymptotic analysis. Numerical results presented in the paper illustrate that numerical evaluation of the solutions can be easily achieved with very high accuracy and efficiency and that the layering material inhomogeneity has a significant effect on the elastic field.
Breadth of Decay Quanta in Gas Lasers

The spectrum of the radiation emitted spontaneously along the axis of a gas laser can be expected to exhibit a fine structure of narrow, Doppler-shifted lines which are substantially free of normal thermal broadening. The widths of these lines depend on the energies and lifetimes of all three of the atomic levels involved in the successive stimulated and spontaneous transitions and on the nonlinear response of the atoms to the laser radiation. Expressions are given for these dependencies for laser oscillations near and far above threshold in the limits that the quanta of energy emitted spontaneously are either much larger or much smaller than the quanta emitted coherently. It is suggested that the fine structure might be useful for precise spectroscopic determinations of a few atomic energy level separations and natural lifetimes and for studies of broadenings arising from atomic collisions and interactions with intense radiation.
Concurrent image processing on hypercube multicomputers

This paper presents a simple and effective method for the concurrent manipulation of linearly ordered data structures on hypercube systems, and extends it to cater to multidimensional images. The method is based on the existence of a binomial search tree rooted at any arbitrary processor node of the hypercube such that (i) every edge of the tree corresponds to a direct link between a pair of hypercube nodes, and (ii) it spans any arbitrary sequence of n consecutive nodes as specified by a gray code ordering, using a fan-out of at most [log2n] and a depth of ([log2n] + 1) . The search trees spanning different processor lists are vertex disjoint and are formed dynamically and concurrently, They can be specified using information local to each node. Thus, they can be used for performing operations such as broadcast and merge simultaneously on image components with non-uniform sizes. The concurrent search reduces the complexity of several low and intermediate-level image processing algorithms to depend on the size of the largest image segment rather than the size of the entire image.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nasal myiasis in an intensive care unit linked to hospital-wide mouse infestation.

A large city hospital experienced an infestation of mice combated in part by broadcasting poisoned baits. Months later there was an invasion of flies into the hospital, and 2 comatose patients in an intensive care unit contracted nasal maggots. Adult flies were trapped and maggots removed from the nares of the second patient. These were identified as the green blowfly ( Phaenicia sericata ). Recent downsizing of hospital personnel had led to the unintended and unrecognized loss of housekeeping services in the canteen food storage areas. A mouse infestation of the hospital occurred, with the epicenter in the canteen area. This was initially addressed by scattering poisoned bait and using rodent glue boards. The result of such treatment was the presence of numerous mouse carcasses scattered throughout the building attracting the green blowfly. Adult gravid female flies trapped in the new intensive care unit (where mice were not present) laid eggs in the fetid nasal discharge of 2 comatose patients. Live trapping of mice and removal of carcasses led to an abatement of the fly infestation. The cause-and-effect nature of the mouse carcasses and flies was underscored a year later when an outbreak of P sericata occurred in the operating department and was linked to the presence of mouse carcasses on glue boards not removed the previous fall. Hence, the disruption or loss of 1 vital link in hospital organization (in this case, housekeeping support) may lead to an unintended and bizarre outcome.
Next Generation DNA Sequencing and Its Application in Clinical Medicine

the reprints of 20 articles were obtained to be used for the references for this review paper. In the beginning of the 20th century, Mendel’s law of inheritance could explain the recurrence of certain diseases in families and it was recognized by Sir Garrod et al. From this point and on, medical genetics grew from a tiny subspecialty dealt with rare hereditary diseases to a fully recognized medical specialty. Medical genetics’ concept and approaches are important components of the diagnosis and management of nearly all disorders. Medical genetics was a front line specialty which believed in evidence based medicine. The diagno sis of genetic disorders is usually proved or supported by genetic testing. Hemoglobin electro phoresis, lipid profiles, karyotype and gene se quences are examples. Biochemical genetics, cytogenetics, and mole­ cular genetics are the 3 recognized laboratory subspecialties by American College of Medical The editor in chief of the Korean Journal of Peri­ natology, Hee­Sup Kim, M.D., Ph.D., invited me to write a review article titled “Next Genera tion DNA Sequencing and Its Application in Clinical Medi­ cine”. In order to write clinically useful re view paper for actively practicing physicians in perinatal medicine area, Medline search under the keyword of next generation DNA sequencing was confined to Journal of the American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gyne­ cology, Pediatrics, Journal of Pediatrics, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gyne­ cology, Genetics in Medicine, and Journal of Peri­ natology which were published between January 01, 2004 and June 30, 2014. Upon careful review 대 한 주 산 회 지 제25권 제3호, 2014 Korean J Perinatol Vol.25, No.3, Sep, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14734/kjp.2014.25.3.133
COMPUTATIONAL COMPARISONS OF SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM METHODS

. In this paper we propose new algorithms for the solution of both general and standard spatial price equilibrium problems, and test their performance with existing algorithms on randomly generated problems. For the standard problem, we propose decomposition schemes based on the concept of “equilibration operator” and compare their performance with the Frank-Wolfe method. For the general problem, we present alternative variational inequality formulations defined over Cartesian products of sets and then exploit these formulations to construct Gauss-Seidel-type serial decomposition methods. We then compare their performance with the projection method. Our computational tests suggest that the new schemes are substantially more efficient than earlier ones.
Efficiency Enhancement for K α X-Ray Yields from Laser-Driven Relativistic Electrons in Solids

High-irradiance short-pulse lasers incident on solid density thin foils provide high-energy, picosecond-duration, and monochromatic ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ x-ray sources, but with limited conversion efficiency $ϵ$ of laser energy into ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ x-ray energy. A novel two-stage target concept is proposed that utilizes ultrahigh-contrast laser interactions with primary ultrathin foils in order to efficiently generate and transport in large quantities only the most effective ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$-producing high-energy electrons into secondary x-ray converter foils. Benchmarked simulations with no free numerical parameters indicate an $ϵ$ enhancement greater than tenfold over conventional single targets may be possible.
Environmentally-specified patterns of movement coordination in normal and split-brain subjects.

Rhythmic movement patterns between the hands in response to environmental signals are studied in normal (musicians and nonmusicians) and split-brain subjects. Only two phase-locked states — in-phase and anti-phase — are shown to be stable for all subjects. Split-brain subjects show an even greater attraction to these patterns, thus providing no support for the notion that reduced cortical interaction between the hemispheres allows for independent visuomotor control of the hands in such tasks. Moreover, differences in trajectories produced by normal individuals and those without an intact corpus callosum are remarkable. The resultant patterns of coordination afford 1) a generalization of previous results on intrisincally generated rhythmic behavior to environmentally-specified movement patterns; and 2) a discussion of neural mechanisms underlying stable phase relations.
The longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation

Available research suggests that fear of negative evaluation and fear of positive evaluation are related but distinct constructs that each contribute to social anxiety, implying a need to focus on these fears in treatment. Yet, this research is almost entirely based on cross-sectional data. We examined the longitudinal relationship between fears of positive and negative evaluation over three time points in a sample of undergraduate students. We tested competing models consistent with two basic positions regarding these fears: (1) that fear of positive evaluation only appears to affect social anxiety because it arises from the same, single underlying trait as fear of negative evaluation, and (2) fears of positive and negative evaluation are correlated, but clearly distinct, constructs. The best-fitting model was an autoregressive latent-trajectory model in which each type of fear had a separate trait-like component. The correlation between these trait-like components appeared to fully account for the relationships between these constructs over time. This investigation adds to the evidence in support of the second position described above: fear of positive evaluation is best interpreted as a separate construct from fear of negative evaluation.
Synthesis of Polymer Brushes on Silicate Substrates via Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Technique

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) has been used to synthesize polymer brushes. Styrene, methyl methacrylate, and N,N-dimethylacrylamide brushes were prepared under RAFT conditions using silicate surfaces that were modified with surface-immobilized azo initiators. Films with controlled thicknesses were produced. RAFT was also used to synthesize PS-b-PDMA and PDMA-b-PMMA block copolymer brushes that displayed reversible surface properties upon treatment with block-selective solvents.
Network intrusion detection through Adaptive Sub-Eigenspace Modeling in multiagent systems

Recently, network security has become an extremely vital issue that beckons the development of accurate and efficient solutions capable of effectively defending our network systems and the valuable information journeying through them. In this article, a distributed multiagent intrusion detection system (IDS) architecture is proposed, which attempts to provide an accurate and lightweight solution to network intrusion detection by tackling issues associated with the design of a distributed multiagent system, such as poor system scalability and the requirements of excessive processing power and memory storage. The proposed IDS architecture consists of (i) the Host layer with lightweight host agents that perform anomaly detection in network connections to their respective hosts, and (ii) the Classification layer whose main functions are to perform misuse detection for the host agents, detect distributed attacks, and disseminate network security status information to the whole network. The intrusion detection task is achieved through the employment of the lightweight Adaptive Sub-Eigenspace Modeling (ASEM)-based anomaly and misuse detection schemes. Promising experimental results indicate that ASEM-based schemes outperform the KNN and LOF algorithms, with high detection rates and low false alarm rates in the anomaly detection task, and outperform several well-known supervised classification methods such as C4.5 Decision Tree, SVM, NN, KNN, Logistic, and Decision Table (DT) in the misuse detection task. To assess the performance in a real-world scenario, the Relative Assumption Model, feature extraction techniques, and common network attack generation tools are employed to generate normal and anomalous traffic in a private LAN testbed. Furthermore, the scalability performance of the proposed IDS architecture is investigated through the simulation of the proposed agent communication scheme, and satisfactory linear relationships for both degradation of system response time and agent communication generated network traffic overhead are achieved.
Analysis of the sudden onset and disappearance of disfluencies in the speech of a 2 1/2-year-old boy

Abstract The male child described in this case study, age 2:4, experienced two episodes of transient disfluent speech during a 50-day period (2/28–4/18). His mother, a speech/language pathologist, kept a written journal in which she recorded significant events preceding, during, and after the time that her child exhibited disfluent speech. She made three videotape recordings of conversations with her child during this period. The onset of disfluencies in this child’s speech appeared, according to the mother’s report, while her son was attended by a 16-year-old caregiver. The mother described the initial speech disfluencies as two to three part- and whole-word repetitions. The severity of the child’s speech disfluencies escalated to struggle behaviors, speech blocking, and verbal complaints about not being able to speak that occurred during the following 10-day period. During days 11 through 14, the frequency of these disfluencies decreased rapidly disappearing by day 14. The speech disfluencies suddenly recurred 12 days later on day 26 when the mother suggested they visit the caregiver. Again, the frequency of the disfluencies gradually decreased and finally ceased to exist 18 days later on day 50. No further speech sound or syllable multiple repetitions or blockages were noted during the ensuing 5 years. Analysis of the data collected by the mother suggests that multiple factors could have contributed to the onset and development of the two episodes of disfluent speech that occurred during the 50-day period.
The effects of economic and population growth on national saving and inequality.

This is a progress report on ongoing research into the effects of economic and population growth on national saving rates and inequality. The theoretical basis for the investigation is the life cycle model of saving and inequality. We report evidence that is conditional on the validity of the model, as well as evidence that casts doubt on it. Using time series of cross-sectional household surveys from Taiwan, Thailand, Britain, and the United States, we show that it is possible to force a life cycle interpretation on the data on consumption, income, and saving, but that the evidence is not consistent with large rate-of-growth effects, whereby economic and population growth enhances rates of national saving. The well-established cross-country link between economic growth and saving cannot be attributed to life cycle saving, nor will changes in economic or population growth exert large effects on saving within individual countries. There is evidence in favor of the life cycle model’s prediction that within-cohort inequality of consumption and of total income—though not necessarily inequality of earnings-—should increase with the age of the cohort. Decreases in the population growth rate redistribute population toward older, more unequal, cohorts, and can increase national inequality. We provide calculations on the magnitude of these effects.
Pricing practices in Japan

This article assembles evidence from the literature and from the author's interviews in Japan to present a varied, though incomplete, picture of pricing practices in various sectors of the Japanese economy. It is shown that there is no uniform rule of pricing because of differences in cost structure, market power, export strategy, and government intervention. Many prices are administered prices or monopolistic prices. Domestic prices tend to be relatively high while export prices tend to be relatively low. In the 1990s, however, competitive market prices have become increasingly important.
Application of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for field detection of the hydrophilic phycotoxins domoic acid and saxitoxin in coastal California

Recent publications have identified the analysis of phycotoxins in sentinel shellfish as a problematic tool for environmental monitoring purposes. Domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by some species of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, can remain undetected in sentinel shellfish stocks during toxic blooms and subsequent marine bird and mammal mass mortality events. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) has previously been described for monitoring of lipophilic toxins, whereas resin-based sampling methods are routinely employed for many other environmental contaminants. Here, we evaluate the applicability of SPATT for monitoring the hydrophilic phycotoxin DA and demonstrate that the same field sampling methods can be used for the detection of saxitoxins. We present laboratory-based adsorption profiles characterizing the performance of SPATT with four resin types: (1) HP20, (2) SP700, (3) SP207, and (4) SP207SS. We present results from 17 mo of approximately weekly SPATT deployments in Monterey Bay, California (USA); this period included two significant toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom events as well as low-level saxitoxin events. SPATT signaled the presence of DA 3 and 7 weeks before the recognition of bloom conditions by traditional monitoring techniques (7 and 8 weeks before shellfish toxicity). Under ambient (non-bloom) conditions, all resins detected DA when its presence was not apparent from traditional monitoring, highlighting the ubiquity of low level or transient toxin events in the environment. This study is the first to evaluate SPATT deployments in U.S. waters, and the first to demonstrate the applicability of SPATT toward detection of hydrophilic phycotoxins in the field.