cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral Image Compression Using Segmented Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is the most efficient spectral decorrelation approach for hyperspectral image compression. In conjunction with JPEG2000-based spatial coding, the resulting PCA+JPEG2000 can yield superior rate-distortion performance. However, the involved overhead bits consumed by the large operation matrix for principal component transform may affect compression performance at low bitrates, particularly when the spatial size of an image patch to be compressed is relatively small compared to the spectral dimension. In our previous research, we proposed to apply the segmented principal component analysis (SPCA) to mitigate this effect, and the resulting compression algorithm, denoted as SPCA+JPEG2000, can improve the rate-distortion performance even when PCA+JPEG2000 is applicable. In this chapter, we investigate the quality of reconstructed data after SPCA+JPEG2000 compression based on the performance in spectral fidelity, classification, linear unmixing, and anomaly detection. The experimental results show that SPCA+JPEG2000 can outperform in terms of preserving more useful data information, in addition to offer excellent rate-distortion performance. Since the spectral partition in SPCA relies on the calculation of a data-dependent spectral correlation coefficient matrix, we investigate a sensor-dependent suboptimal partition approach, which can accelerate the compression process with no much distortion.
Regional interactions between thermosensitive neurons in diencephalic slices.

Rat brain slices were used to investigate regional interactions between thermosensitive neurons in different diencephalic regions. Horizontal tissue slices rested over three thermodes. This permitted independent thermal stimulation of rostral, middle, and caudal regions. Thermocouples measured tissue temperatures in these three locations, and extracellular recordings measured neuronal responses to temperature changes both locally (at the site of the recorded neuron) and in remote regions of the slice. Many of the neurons that were sensitive to remote temperatures were located near the lateral border of the diencephalic nuclei, especially in the perifornical area. All neurons displaying remote thermosensitivity also displayed local thermosensitivity. These neurons usually showed opposite responses to remote and local temperatures; i.e., most of these neurons were locally warm sensitive but showed cold sensitivity to remote temperatures. These findings indicate that thermosensitive synaptic networks extend throughout the diencephalon and may explain the effect of temperature on a variety of homeostatic systems.
Abstract 983: Gas6/Axl mediation of prostate cancer cell dormancy requires cooperation with additional bone marrow niche components

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Early metastatic events are often responsible for the recurrence and lethality of prostate cancer. The most frequent site of metastasis is the bone marrow, where small populations of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) preferentially take residence in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. These micro-metastases may survive in a benign, dormant state for years before they become “reawakened” to form full metastases, and are thus difficult to detect and treat. It is unknown what induces and maintains DTC dormancy, and it remains a key question with regard to metastatic prostate cancer treatment and prevention strategies. An essential component of the HSC niche is the osteoblast population to which DTCs bind for support and uptake of secreted factors. We have previously shown that dormant DTCs in the HSC niche display high levels of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl, and are bound to osteoblasts that secrete its ligand, Gas6. The requirement of Gas6/Axl in DTC dormancy is striking in vivo, but in vitro is not replicable. Addition of Gas6 to prostate cancer cells expressing Axl does not have a significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, suggesting the cooperation with other niche factors absent in culture. As the elements of the DTC niche are still being actively explored, this study further supports the complex nature of the mechanisms governing DTC dormancy and preferential survival in the bone marrow niche. Selective targeting of these elements may allow for long term maintenance of the benign, dormant state of DTCs, or coerced reawakening to a more chemotherapy-sensitive state. Citation Format: Haley Axelrod, Kenneth J. Pienta. Gas6/Axl mediation of prostate cancer cell dormancy requires cooperation with additional bone marrow niche components. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 983. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-983
Writing as Tool and Sign

People have been communicating through symbol systems for quite a long time. The abilities to speak and use language (distinctions made by anthropologists to refer separately to the ability to form sounds audibly and the development of a systematic organization of sounds and symbols into a patterned scheme of communication) have characterized both humans and their antecedent primates since early in their evolutionary development (Fitch, 2000) as a way to produce auditory symbols that represent objects, ideas, actions, and other nonlinguistic referents.
ADAPTIVE SEASONAL VARIATION IN GRASSHOPPER OFFSPRING SIZE.

Offspring size has been reported to vary seasonally in a diverse group of organisms: for example, flowering plants, isopods, cladocerans, insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles (Wellington, 1965; Leonard, 1970; Kerfoot, 1974; Harvey, 1977; Ware, 1977; Howard, 1978; Richards and Myers, 1980; Nussbaum, 1981; Ferguson et al., 1982; Brody and Lawlor, 1984; Cavers and Steel, 1984; Marsh, 1984; Wiklund and Karlsson, 1984; Perrin, 1988; DeMarco, 1989; McGinley, 1989; Dangerfield and Telford, 1990). Seasonal increases and decreases in offspring size are both common, and some populations show even more complex responses. These studies have shown population level changes in offspring size, as well as phenotypic plasticity by individual females, with varying offspring sizes produced among a female's successive clutches. Although there has been some discussion relating observed seasonal changes in offspring size with seasonal changes in biotic and abiotic conditions (e.g., Kerfoot, 1974; Brody and Lawlor, 1984; Perrin, 1988), more work is needed concerning whether these seasonal responses are adaptive or not and, if adaptive, what selective pressures favor such plasticity. Many theoretical models have been developed, beginning with Smith and Fretwell (1974), which predict optimal offspring size, based on the relationship between offspring size and offspring fitness (e.g., Smith and Fretwell, 1974; Brockelman, 1975; Pianka, 1976; Parker and Begon, 1986; Winkler and Wallin, 1987; McGinley et al., 1987). Investing fewer resources per offspring is assumed to allow parents to produce more offspring, increasing a parent's potential fecundity. However, fewer resources per offspring may decrease offspring fitness, with the result that each individual offspring contributes less to parental fitness. The optimal offspring size maximizes parental fitness: the product of offspring number and offspring fitness. One general prediction of these models is that offspring size should increase under conditions that decrease offspring survival and/or future reproduction (Sibly and Calow, 1983; Taylor and Williams, 1984; McGinley et al., 1987). These models have been explicitly applied to seasonal changes in offspring size (McGinley et al., 1987). Offspring fitness may change seasonally due to changing abiotic and biotic conditions (Dixon, 1976; Lacey, 1982; Ohgushi, 1986; Kalisz, 1986). Consistent withinyear variation in environmental conditions affecting
Quantum Dots, Experiments, Theory, Predictions, Tests and Unknowns

There is now a substantial body of data on the intermittent fluorescence of quantum dots (QD), such as CdSe.
Organizational problem solving around digital distraction

Purpose – As digital devices (e.g. laptops, tablets) have become increasingly ubiquitous, so too has students’ potential for digital distraction. It is yet unknown how teachers and schools might effectively handle such challenges. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to explore educators’ encounters with digital distraction among students, including their work toward addressing the problem. Design/methodology/approach – This mixed-methods case study drew upon interview and survey data. Data were analyzed to describe educators’ encounters with and problem solving around digital distraction. This included the use of social network analysis. Specifically, a core-periphery model helped illuminate patterns in collaborative problem solving. Findings – Students’ distractions included online entertainment and sending messages. This added to an overall atmosphere of distractedness in classrooms. Rather than collaborate around digital distraction, teachers tended to handle these issues on their own. If teacher...
Novel Protection Mechanism of Blast and Impact Waves by Using Nanoporous Materials

Recently, a novel nanoporous materials functionalized liquid (NMFL) system was developed to reduce the incident stress wave and keep it lower than the safety threshold efficiently. The inner surface of the nanopores is nonwettable to the liquid phase by applying special surface treatment. When the nanoporous particles are immersed into the liquid, due to the capillary effect, the nanopores remain empty. The blast wave front, typically with the rising time around 100 μs, can generate high local pressure which compresses the liquid into the nanopores in a few microseconds. A significant amount of the incident energy is converted into heat due to the interfacial tension. Moreover, a considerable fraction of the incident energy can be “captured” through a non-dissipative process due to the small ligament length and the effective multilayer structure with large impedance mismatch of the nanoporous structure.
The Use of Temporoparietal Fascial Flap to Eliminate Wound Breakdown in Subtotal Petrosectomy for Chronic Discharging Ears.

Objective To find out if the use of the vascularized temporo-parietal fascial flap (TPFF) reduces postoperative infection or wound breakdown in subtotal petrosectomy for chronic discharging ears. Patients A retrospective review on 26 subtotal petrosectomies with blind pit closures on chronic discharging ears performed by a single surgeon between 2000 and 2015 was performed. All patients had a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Intervention Eleven mastoid cavities were obliterated with abdominal fat, and 15 cavities were obliterated with TPFF. There was no concomitant cochlear implant or middle ear implant. Main outcome measure(s) All postoperative wound infections or delay in wound healing were recorded into a database. The complication rates of the fat obliteration group were compared using Fisher's exact test with those for the TPFF obliteration group. Results In the fat obliteration group, 4 out of 11 patients had documented postoperative complications. Three had wound breakdown with exposure of the fat that required revision surgery. Another patient had postauricular abscess without the wound actually broken down. On the other hand, all the ears in the TPFF obliteration group (100%) were completely free of wound infection, wound breakdown, or any complication. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.022). Conclusion Many authors have encountered postoperative infection or wound breakdown in subtotal petrosectomy with fat obliteration in the treatment of chronic otitis media. Using a richly vascularized temporo-temporal fascial flap to protect the blind pit closure in such patients reduces postoperative infection and wound breakdown.
Young Mr. Lincoln in Ford's Theater

ABSTRACTIn Young Mr. Lincoln, director John Ford and screenwriter Lamar Trotti engage an issue that is central to Ford's films and to Lincoln's political thought. That issue is the tension between individual greatness and the rule of law, a tension heightened in a democracy by the demos's passion for equality. In the film's portrayal of Lincoln, Ford and Trotti suggest a solution to this tension that is fundamentally consistent with the one Lincoln suggested in the Lyceum Address. To remain within the political community, the great man must hold a sincere reverence for the law and be willing to exhibit humility in declaiming his own superiority. In the context of these characteristics, greatness can be a force that preserves the law and protects the community from harm. The film depicts Lincoln as the paradigmatic combination of these characteristics and alludes to his mature leadership based on these commitments in his later career.
Optimal Short-Range Routing of Vessels in a Seaway

An investigation of the optimal short-range routing of a vessel in a stationary random seaway is presented. The calculations are performed not only in head seas but also in oblique waves. The evaluation of the added drag is performed by computing the time average wave force acting on the vessel in the longitudinal direction. Subsequently, the added drag is superimposed on the steady drag experienced by the ship as it advances in calm water. In this manner, the fastest path between the origin point A and the destination point B can be evaluated, taking into account operational constraints. To obtain the fastest path between two points, the underlying structure and properties of the maximum mean attainable speed are analyzed. This detailed analysis allows us to demonstrate the fastest path for the problem without any operational constraints to be a straight line. Subsequently, the solution is reevaluated for scenarios where the original optimal path violates at least one of the operability criteria considered. For that case, a fastest path is found to be a path consisting of one waypoint, that is, a two line segment path. In addition to providing a closed-form fastest-path solution for the case of no operational constraints, a bound is provided for travel time error for more general speed functions in the case where a straight line path is followed.
Sabia on shells; a specialized Pacific-type commensalism in the Caribbean Neogene

In the Recent biota, species of the hipponicid gastropod genus Sabia that excavate characteristic pits on the outer surfaces of shells of reef-dwelling gastropods and hermit crabs occur only in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region and in adjacent warm-temperate parts of Japan and Australia. I report the discovery of Sabia pits in reef-associated gastropod shells from the Cercado (late Miocene) and Gurabo (early Pliocene) Formations of the Dominican Republic. The likely culprit was Hipponix otiosa Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917, a species here reassigned to Sabia Gray, 1840. Pliocene extinction, which was far more severe in the Caribbean and elsewhere in the western Atlantic than in the Indo-West Pacific, selectively eliminated Sabia and its commensalism from Atlantic reef ecosystems. This case is one of several examples indicating the vulnerability of specialized associations to extinction-causing disturbances.
Chiral phase transition and meson melting in a soft-wall AdS/QCD model

We investigate the in-medium behavior of mesons at finite temperature and baryon chemical potential within a soft-wall model of AdS/QCD. We use a quartic scalar potential to obtain the correct form of chiral symmetry breaking. At zero quark mass, the chiral phase transition is second order, becoming a crossover at physical quark mass. At zero baryon chemical potential, we find a chiral transition temperature of 155 MeV in the chiral limit and a pseudotransition temperature of 151 MeV at physical quark mass, consistent with lattice results. In the low-temperature limit, the second-order transition occurs at a baryon chemical potential of 566 MeV while the rapid crossover occurs at 559 MeV. A new parametrization of the dilaton profile results in improved meson spectra. Meson melting occurs at a lower temperature and chemical potential than the chiral phase transition, so the vector-axial vector mass splitting remains constant until the bound states melt.
QoS Performance Evaluation of Disjoint Queue Scheduler for Video-Applications over LTE-A HetNets

Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced) supports both the use of Carrier Aggregation (CA) and the use of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). The main contribution of this paper was in modifying the LTE-Sim simulator to support the use of Disjoint Queue Scheduler (DQS) for a HetNet deployment of a macro-cell and a variable number of pico-cells. Then evaluating and comparing the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of the DQS based MLWDF, with DQS based EXP-Rule, and with SC MLWDF. The QoS performance evaluation is based upon the average users' throughput, Packet Loss Rate (PLR), and average packet delay.Experimental results showed that the use of the DQS can double the pico-cells' users throughput with a loss of fifth of the macro-cell's users throughput. The use of the DQS also increased the PLR and the packet delay values for both type of users. The use of both DQS schedulers, the DQS based MLWDF and DQS based EXP-Rule had a similar fluctuating performance in terms of average users' throughput and PLR. However, the the DQS based MLWDF had a slightly better performance in terms of packet delay.
Situated Redesign in Creative Occupations – An Ethnography of Architects

Interest in creativity and innovation has skyrocketed in the past few decades, yet relatively few researchers have paid attention to what happens after an idea is generated. Drawing on an ethnograp...
A SURVEY OF LTE WI-FI COEXISTENCE IN UNLICENSED BANDS

With the rapid growth of mobile data, many LTE operators are interested in leveraging unlicensed bands to enhance data rates and user experience. Th is paper investigates the problem of the coexistence of LTE and Wi-Fi in 5 GHz unlicensed bands. We fi rst introduce the current rules for the 5 GHz unlicensed bands and the carrier aggregation technique. We then discuss four deployment scenarios and two LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) coexistence scenarios. Further, we provide a feature comparison between LTE and Wi-Fi in the PHY/MAC layers, and review the coexistence methods for LTE-U and Wi-Fi without or with the Listen- Before-Talk (LBT) mechanism. Th is paper is concluded by an examination of Wi-Fi link aggregation and in-device coexistence issues.
Bayesian Learning for Safe High-Speed Navigation in Unknown Environments

In this work, we develop a planner for high-speed navigation in unknown environments, for example reaching a goal in an unknown building in minimum time, or flying as fast as possible through a forest. This planning task is challenging because the distribution over possible maps, which is needed to estimate the feasibility and cost of trajectories, is unknown and extremely hard to model for real-world environments. At the same time, the worst-case assumptions that a receding-horizon planner might make about the unknown regions of the map may be overly conservative, and may limit performance. Therefore, robots must make accurate predictions about what will happen beyond the map frontiers to navigate as fast as possible. To reason about uncertainty in the map, we model this problem as a POMDP and discuss why it is so difficult given that we have no accurate probability distribution over real-world environments. We then present a novel method of predicting collision probabilities based on training data, which compensates for the missing environment distribution and provides an approximate solution to the POMDP. Extending our previous work, the principal result of this paper is that by using a Bayesian non-parametric learning algorithm that encodes formal safety constraints as a prior over collision probabilities, our planner seamlessly reverts to safe behavior when it encounters a novel environment for which it has no relevant training data. This strategy generalizes our method across all environment types, including those for which we have training data as well as those for which we do not. In familiar environment types with dense training data, we show an 80% speed improvement compared to a planner that is constrained to guarantee safety. In experiments, our planner has reached over 8 m/s in unknown cluttered indoor spaces. Video of our experimental demonstration is available at http://groups.csail.mit.edu/rrg/bayesian_learning_high_speed_nav.
Preservation of behavior after fifteen years of isolation: comparisons of wild and captive endangered pupfish in their natural habitat

Endangered species are often maintained in captivity to serve as a safeguard in the event of an extirpation of natural populations. However, wild and captive populations can rapidly diverge in genetic and phenotypic characteristics, including behavior, when maintained in isolation and under different environmental conditions. Here, we compare two populations of the endangered Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus): a captive population maintained at the Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center (SNARRC) and the only remaining wild population. Wild fish in the natural Texan Diamond Y desert spring are remnants of a past reintroduction of captive SNARRC fish, which occurred in 1998. The fifteen years of isolation have led to genetic and morphologic differences between the two populations. To assess the behavioral implications of such divergence, we released previously captive C. bovinus into natural habitat and quantified behaviors under natural conditions and in semi-controlled mesocosms and then replicated these conditions with the established natural population. Both populations exhibited similar levels of reproduction, foraging, and agonistic behavior. Despite divergence in genetic and morphometric characteristics, overall behavioral patterns of C. bovinus remained consistent in similar environments. This stability suggests that captive C. bovinus could again be successful establishing in their natural habitat. It is our hope that this investigation will help focus future conservation efforts towards monitoring the persistence of reintroduced C. bovinus in addition to providing a framework for other recovery plans reintroducing captive stock into ancestral habitats.
Teaching Crowdsourcing: An Experience Report

Crowdsourcing is the process of accomplishing a task by using a typically open call to invite members of the public (the “crowd”) to work on one's task. The authors describe a project assignment in which students received the opportunity of practicing crowdsourcing to accomplish a hummed song recognition task, yielding improved comprehension of the concept and high student satisfaction.
Refinement and resolution of just-in-time requirements in open source software and a closer look into non-functional requirements

Abstract Just-in-time (JIT) requirements are characterized as not following the traditional requirement engineering approach, instead focusing on elaboration when the implementation begins. In this experience report, which is an invited extension of a recently published work [1], we first analyze both functional and non-functional JIT requirements from three successful open source software (OSS) projects, including Firefox, Lucene, and Mylyn, to explore the common activities that shaped those requirements. We identify a novel refinement and resolution process that all studied requirements followed from their inception to complete realization and subsequent release. Noticing some interesting phenomena more specific to non-functional requirements (NFRs), we conduct a second study examining 50 NFRs from the aforementioned three subject systems. This study reveals a slightly different process followed in the refinement and resolution of NFRs. It also provides further evidence that NFR refinement and resolution activities focus more on implementation refinement rather than requirement elaboration in the studied systems. Our research provides new insights into how OSS project teams create quality features from simple initial descriptions of JIT requirements, uncovers activities more particular to JIT requirements engineering (RE) for NFRs, and opens new avenues for further research in the emerging JIT RE field.
A lasting impression: the influence of prior disciplines on educational developers’ research

AbstractCan research on disciplinary socialization and imprinting help us understand the extent to which educational developers bring aspects of their disciplinary training to their educational dev...
Random Gauss–Markov Mobility

The characteristics of the random Gauss–Markov mobility model are analyzed developing the analytical mode, and the simulation results closely match the analytical model. It is shown that a wide range of mobility patterns including RW , FF , and RWP can be modeled using the RGM model. Moreover, the mobility management using the random Gauss–Markov mobility model is explained.
Influence of marijuana components (THC and CBD) on human mononuclear cell cytokine secretion in vitro.

Cytokines are a class of polypeptides produced by cells of the immune system. They coordinate the immune response to an antigenic challenge and play key roles in immunomodulation and host defense (1,2), and exert also metabolic effects (3,4). Therefore, a change in cytokine secretion caused by drugs of abuse could have an impact on immunological systems and metabolism. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, has been shown to modulate virus and mitogen induced cytokine secretion in mice. Intraperitoneal administered THC (5-100 mg/kg) decreased the plasma concentration of alpha-/beta-interferon (IFN) significantly (5). Chronic in vivo exposure of mice to THC (50 mg/kg for 56 days) also reduced the secretion of alpha-/beta-IFN in cultured, mitogen-stimulated spleen cells (6). In vitro culture of murine spleen cells together with THC (2.5–10 M-g/ml) showed dose-dependent responses in the alpha-/beta-IFN secretion. Low concentrations had no effect on alpha-/beta-IFN secretion, while 5 to 10 yg/ml were significantly suppressive (6). However, all these immunomodulatory concentrations were high and well above the pharmacological range of 1-100 ng/ml of THC found in the plasma of human marijuana smokers (7). Friedman et al., also investigated the effect of THC on the secretion of different cytokines by cultured murine spleen cells using bioassays (8). Only concentrations above the pharmacological range were used (5–10 μg/ml). All suppressed in a dose-dependent manner the secretion of cytokines. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of IFN (alpha-/beta) in splenocytes, adherent and nonadherent cells was reduced to 85%, a reduction was also observed by chronic administration of THC to these cells.
National SAFE KIDS Campaign releases 10-year report.

Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children 14 years and under. The National SAFE KIDS Campaign, a nationwide organization aimed at education and prevention of unintentional injury, recently released its 10-year report that describes areas of success, areas in need of improvement, and goals for the future. The full 61-page report is worthy of reading and referencing for all those involved with children and their health care. Highlights of the report are summarized below. Language: en
Maternal High-Fat Diet Effects on Adaptations to Metabolic Challenges in Male and Female Juvenile Nonhuman Primates.

Objective This study aimed to determine whether maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption in nonhuman primates alters the ability of offspring to adapt metabolically to nutrient and caloric challenges. Methods Offspring from Japanese macaque dams fed either a control (CTR) diet or HFD were weaned onto a CTR diet creating two groups: maternal HFD (mHFD, n = 18) and maternal CTR (mCTR) diet (n = 12). Male and female offspring were exposed to a 5-day 30% calorie restriction and to a 35-day HFD challenge (HFDC), at 16 and 24 months of age, respectively. Caloric intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were measured. Results Offspring from both groups showed similar body weight, food intake, and metabolic adaptations to a 5-day calorie restriction. mHFD offspring demonstrated increased food intake and early weight gain in response to a 35-day HFDC; however, group differences in weight dissipated during the challenge. Unlike mCTR animals, the mHFD group had a significant increase in fasting insulin after acute HFD exposure. Conclusions The current findings indicate that offspring exposed to an mHFD show metabolic adaptations to calorie restriction that are largely similar to those of offspring exposed to a mCTR diet but show delayed adaptation upon exposure to an acute HFDC.
Targeted Grazing for Native Forbs in Annual Grasslands

Abstract Targeted grazing is a promising strategy for addressing management issues in annual grasslands. We evaluated targeted cattle grazing strategies for tarweed (Hemizonia fitchii A. Gray) and vinegarweed (Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.). These native annual forbs provide biodiversity to annual grass-dominated landscapes, in addition to being important pollinator plants that discourage yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) invasion. However, these forbs can form dense stands that interfere with grazing. Therefore, we sought grazing strategies that promote sparse stands to maintain livestock production while supporting other ecosystem services. Treatments were 1) early grazing when dominant annual grasses were vegetative, 2) late grazing when grasses were senescing, 3) repeated grazing, and 4) a nongrazed control. These treatments were applied in 2011, 2012, and 2013. In 2012, neither tarweed nor vinegarweed were observed regardless of treatment, likely due to low water availability during their major growth period. In 2011 and 2013, grazing grasses repeatedly throughout the growing season increased tarweed to 3 − 5 plants m− 2, compared with
Clinical Applications of Structural Competency: A Select Bibliography

This bibliography is a compilation of writings relevant to structural competency. Healthcare workers, researchers, and activists have long been working to identify, intervene in, and disrupt systemic oppressions related to health. While there is a wide range of scholarship on health inequalities, this bibliography focuses on articulations and applications of the principles of structural competency. Not every piece in this bibliography explicitly uses the term structural competency; in fact, many predate the use of the term. Instead, this list represents a sample of the intellectual and political inspiration for the structural competency framework and the ways that healthcare can address upstream determinants of health.
Estimating Covariates with Knowledge Spillovers

In this chapter, we estimate the covariates with the intellectual contributions or knowledge spillovers that resulted from the Phase II research projects. As we described in Chap. 5, few businesses were involved in pursuing either copyrights or trademarks. Thus, the knowledge spillovers for which there is sufficient variation to pursue an empirical exercise are patent applications, PatentApp, and publications, Publications.
Left Caputo Fractional Uniform Landau Inequalities

Here we present left Caputo fractional uniform Landau-type inequalities. We give applications and we recover the original Landau inequality on R+. This chapter relies on [3].
Weak phases production and heat generation control fault friction during seismic slip

The triggering and magnitude of earthquakes is determined by the friction evolution along faults. Experimental results have revealed a drastic decrease of the friction coefficient for velocities close to the maximum seismic one, independently of the material studied. Due to the extreme loading conditions during seismic slip, many competing physical phenomena occur (like mineral decomposition, nanoparticle lubrication, melting among others) that are typically thermal in origin and are changing the nature of the material. Here we show that a large set of experimental data for different rocks can be described by such thermally-activated mechanisms, combined with the production of weak phases. By taking into account the energy balance of all processes during fault movement, we present a framework that reconciles the data, and is capable of explaining the frictional behavior of faults, across the full range of slip velocities (10−9 to 10 m/s). Decrease of friction during seismic slip is linked to temperature increase and weak phases production inside the fault core. Here the authors propose a mathematical framework which explains the frictional behaviour of all materials reported in literature and precisely captures material weakening during fault slip.
Incremental Cluster Validity Indices for Online Learning of Hard Partitions: Extensions and Comparative Study

Validation is one of the most important aspects of clustering, particularly when the user is designing a trustworthy or explainable system. However, most clustering validation approaches require batch calculation. This is an important gap because of the value of clustering in real-time data streaming and other online learning applications. Therefore, interest has grown in providing online alternatives for validation. This paper extends the incremental cluster validity index (iCVI) family by presenting incremental versions of Calinski-Harabasz (iCH), Pakhira-Bandyopadhyay-Maulik (iPBM), WB index (iWB), Silhouette (iSIL), Negentropy Increment (iNI), Representative Cross Information Potential (irCIP), Representative Cross Entropy (irH), and Conn_Index (iConn_Index). This paper also provides a thorough comparative study of correct, under- and over-partitioning on the behavior of these iCVIs, the Partition Separation (PS) index as well as four recently introduced iCVIs: incremental Xie-Beni (iXB), incremental Davies-Bouldin (iDB), and incremental generalized Dunn’s indices 43 and 53 (iGD43 and iGD53). Experiments were carried out using a framework that was designed to be as agnostic as possible to the clustering algorithms. The results on synthetic benchmark data sets showed that while evidence of most under-partitioning cases could be inferred from the behaviors of the majority of these iCVIs, over-partitioning was found to be a more challenging problem, detected by fewer of them. Interestingly, over-partitioning, rather then under-partitioning, was more prominently detected on the real-world data experiments within this study. The expansion of iCVIs provides significant novel opportunities for assessing and interpreting the results of unsupervised lifelong learning in real-time, wherein samples cannot be reprocessed due to memory and/or application constraints.
Axonal Transport and Alzheimer’s Disease

The extreme size and polarity of neurons place tremendous demands on the transport and supply systems that physically move large amounts of material from sites of synthesis in the neuronal cell body to synapses; simultaneously, the axon and dendrite must be supplied with ion channels, signaling molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, membrane proteins, organelles, and many other essential components. Deficits in this transport system are expected to lead to neurodegenerative disease. Evidence is accumulating that this transport system is defective at late stages of Alzheimer’s disease, and perhaps at earlier stages as well. Whether defects in axonal transport may be an early event in Alzheimer’s disease is being actively studied and debated.
Usury, Sodomy and Idolatry

This chapter defines the term ‘anti-logos’ by examining its most prominent manifestations: usury, sodomy and idolatry. These three vices share a common opposition to logos, and ‘anti-logocentrism’ is the definitive characteristic of postmodernity. Usury, sodomy, and idolatry have historically been misconceived, however, because they have been wrongly identified with specific groups of people. Usury has been wrongly identified with Jews, sodomy with homosexuals, and idolatry with colonized peoples. This book moves beyond such prejudices, using Aristotle and the Bible to show that these are universal temptations to which all human being are subject. The chapter concludes by noting that the postmodern era is dominated, in every ‘field’ of experience, by the performative sign, connecting this hegemony of performativity to the contemporaneous rise of identity politics.
COVID-19 Burden and Risk Among People With HIV.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated COVID-19 risk and burden among people with HIV (PWH) in a US city with high rates of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 transmissions and examined the interrelationship between psychosocial factors and COVID-19 risk and burden. SETTING: Participants were drawn from an existing consent to contact database of PWH. Database candidates were PWH, adults older than 18 years, people who had received HIV care at the University of Miami HIV clinics, people who spoke English or Spanish, and people who had agreed to be contacted for future research. METHODS: An adapted version of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study/Women's Interagency HIV Study Combined Cohort Study COVID-19 survey was telephonically administered, requiring 15-30 minutes. RESULTS: Psychological stress was a predictor of COVID-19 burden (financial and social burden) and COVID-19 risk (health factors associated with an increased risk of severe health outcomes due to infection with COVID-19). Having a history of traumatic events was associated with increased COVID-19 risk, and stress was associated with increased COVID-19 burden and COVID-19 risk. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results suggest that the intersection of the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics may be most profound among those who have experienced traumatic events; and traumatic events may be associated with heightened vigilance regarding illness and infection.
CRISPR-Cas9 can cause chromothripsis.

Genome editing with CRISPR–Cas9 is beginning to be used clinically; promising results to date inspire hope for broad medical impact and mindfulness about safety. A new study shows that when Cas9 cuts its target, a fraction of the time, the target chromosome experiences a breakage process known as chromothripsis, thus prompting efforts to understand the potential negative consequences of this phenomenon and ways to mitigate them.
Inhibitory control in youth with Tourette's Disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their combination and predictors of objective tic suppressibility.

Abstract The present study investigated inhibitory control deficits in Tourette's Disorder (TD)-only, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-only, and TD+ADHD and explored the degree to which measures of inhibitory control, and tic and ADHD severity predicted objective tic suppressibility. Participants were youth ages 9 to 14 (M = 11.15) with TD-only (n = 24), TD+ADHD (n = 19), ADHD-only (n = 139), and typically-developing controls (n = 59) drawn from a larger study. Groups were compared on computer-based and paper and pencil neurocognitive inhibitory control tasks. Among youth with TD, neurocognitive measures of inhibitory control, subjective tic-suppressibility (Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale, item 10), and ADHD symptom severity were evaluated as predictors of objective tic suppressibility (i.e., laboratory-based tic suppression task), controlling for total tic severity. There were significant group differences on Color-Word inhibition/switching performance, though post-hoc comparisons yielded no significant pairwise group contrasts. Subjective tic suppressibility was the only significant predictor of objective tic suppressibility. The evident intact neurocognitive inhibitory control among youth with TD suggests that individuals with TD may use compensatory neural mechanisms to support typical speed and accuracy of response. The role of cognitive flexibility in mechanisms of tic suppression should also be further explored.
Sexual and Relationship Violence Prevention Programming on Commuter Campuses: Wisdom From Students and Campus Personnel.

Responding to the dearth of literature regarding sexual and relationship violence prevention programming on nonresidential university campuses, this study investigates how students and staff concep...
Measuring accessibility of regional parks: A comparison of three GIS techniques

MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY OF REGIONAL PARKS: A COMPARISON OF THREE GIS TECHNIQUES by Kara Hass The East Bay Regional Park District (EBPRD) staff would like to know how well they are serving the public with the current configuration of regional parks and where the need for new parks is greatest. Many authors have incorporated accessibility measures to analyze the spatial equity of parks using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). However, the types of accessibility measures are numerous, all previous research was local in scale, and the type of park in question was not taken into consideration. To determine the method that best suits the needs of the park district, three common methods were examined and used to measure the accessibility of the parks provided by East Bay Regional Park District. The results of the comparison reveal the cumulative opportunities measure produced a better geographic representation of regional park accessibility when compared to the least cost and minimum distance measures. When used in an equity analysis, the cumulative opportunities measure did not overemphasize highly populated areas, and it identified locations in the region suitable for conservation and regional recreation facilities. Additionally, in regional analysis, using census block data introduced the potential for errors and misinterpretation in rural blocks, as compared to urban blocks.
The Role of Intracellular Calcium for the Development and Treatment of Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the second most common paediatric cancer. It developsfrom undifferentiated simpatico-adrenal lineage cells and is mostly sporadic; however, theaetiology behind the development of neuroblastoma is still not fully understood. Intracellularcalcium ([Ca2+]i) is a secondary messenger which regulates numerous cellular processesand, therefore, its concentration is tightly regulated. This review focuses on the role of[Ca2+]i in differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation in neuroblastoma. It describes themechanisms by which [Ca2+]i is regulated and how it modulates intracellular pathways.Furthermore, the importance of [Ca2+]i for the function of anti-cancer drugs is illuminatedin this review as [Ca2+]i could be a target to improve the outcome of anti-cancer treatmentin neuroblastoma. Overall, modulations of [Ca2+]i could be a key target to induce apoptosisin cancer cells leading to a more efficient and effective treatment of neuroblastoma.
Remodeling of Membrane Properties and Dendritic Architecture Accompanies the Postembryonic Conversion of a Slow into a Fast Motoneuron

The postembryonic acquisition of behavior requires alterations in neuronal circuitry, which ultimately must be understood as specific changes in neuronal structure, membrane properties, and synaptic connectivity. This study addresses this goal by describing the postembryonic remodeling of the excitability and dendritic morphology of an identified motoneuron, MN5, which during the metamorphosis of Manduca sexta (L.) changes from a slow motoneuron that is involved in larval-crawling behavior into a fast adult flight motoneuron. A fivefold lower input resistance, a higher firing threshold, and an increase in voltage-activated K+current contribute to a lower excitability of the adult MN5, which is a prerequisite for its newly acquired behavioral role. In addition, the adult MN5 displays larger Ca2+ currents. The dendrites of MN5 undergo extensive remodeling. Drastic regression of larval dendrites during early pupal stages is followed by rapid growth of new dendrites. Critical changes in excitability take place during the onset of adult dendrite formation. Larval Ca2+currents are absent when dendritic remodeling is most dramatic but increase markedly during later development. Changes in Ca2+ and K+ currents follow different time courses, allowing the transient occurrence of Ca2+ spikes during pupal stages when new dendritic branching ceases. The adult MN5 can produce prolonged Ca2+ spikes after K+ currents are reduced. We suggest that alterations in Ca2+ and K+ currents are necessary for the participation of MN5 in flight behavior and that the transient production of Ca2+ spikes may influence postembryonic dendritic remodeling.
Unconventional Systems for Lunar Base, Power Generation & Storage

Recent advances in thin film solar photovoltaic converters (PV's) can furnish multimegawatt power levels during lunar daylight periods with only modest mass requirements. The extended duration of lunar night (ca. 354 hr) and the high specific mass of Earth-imported energy storage systems (regenerative fuel cells, batteries, etc.) render PV plus import storage power systems non-competitive with nuclear power plants for lunar bases. However, power storage or generation methods which can be constructed using primarily lunar materials, used either alone or with lightweight PV's, can be attractive alternatives to nuclear power. Three separate generic systems which can provide favorable low import mass goals have been identified and studied. These are: 1) Gravitational energy generation using lunar soil, 2) Thermal energy storage using basalt rock or glass, and 3) Electrochemical storage using lunar derived electrodes or fuels. Design, structural and operational features of these methods are described.
RF cavity analysis with spreadsheet software

High power RF systems are commonly used in fusion research. At Princeton, they are required to deliver power in the megawatt range at frequencies of 30 to 80 MHz. As both frequency and power output are increased, circuits composed of conventional inductors and capacitors become difficult to realize. Under these conditions, cavities composed of sections of transmission line are employed as tuned circuits. A simple method is presented, whereby transmission line impedance transformations are calculated utilizing spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel. From these calculations, RF cavity models may be constructed, yielding information such as plate impedance, currents and voltages at various points in the cavity, and bandwidth. This method was used in the design to convert both 80, and 40-80 MHz FMIT sources to 30 MHz, for use on TFTR.