cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-stressor fatigue assessment of steel sign-support structures: A case study in Iowa

Abstract A multi-stressor perspective is essential for the analysis and design of structural systems to ensure their long-term safety and performance under various environmental stressors that they are exposed to. Although such a perspective has been adopted to some extent for buildings and bridges, there is a gap in the body of knowledge concerning how this can be extended to the structures that support highway signs, luminaries, and traffic signals. This gap motivated the current study to investigate the fatigue performance of steel Dynamic Message Sign (DMS)-support structures under the effects of both diurnal temperature changes and natural wind excitations. Upon recording the necessary field data for one year, detailed information for a variety of parameters that contribute to the fatigue life of DMS-support structures was obtained. The parameters of interest included strain, temperature, and wind speed and direction. The field monitoring program was then paired with rigorous finite-element (FE) simulations. After the validation of the developed FE models, individual and combined effects of the contributing stressors were quantified to understand the vulnerability of DMS-support structures to fatigue under multiple stressors of different nature. This led to the identification of the most fatigue-critical elements, which vary based on temperature and wind load effects. The study was then extended to use historical temperature and wind data to evaluate long-term environmental effects. The outcome of this systematic effort provided a holistic fatigue life assessment of DMS-support structures, especially taking into consideration their recent transition from aluminum to steel materials.
Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity.

Pathogen challenges are often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to differentiate impacts of reduced feed intake from impacts of pathogen on various response parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) and feed intake on parameters of jejunal function and integrity in growing pigs. Twenty-four pigs (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) were randomly selected and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 8 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRSV naive, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRSV-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRSV naive, pair-fed to the PRRS+ pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At 17 days post inoculation, all pigs were euthanized and the jejunum was collected for analysis. At days post inoculation 17, PRRS+ and PF pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) transepithelial resistance compared with Ad pigs; whereas fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa permeability was not different among treatments. Active glucose transport was increased (P < 0.05) in PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs. Brush border carbohydrase activity was reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs for lactase (55%; P = 0.015), sucrase (37%; P = 0.002), and maltase (30%; P = 0.015). For all three carbohydrases, Ad pigs had activities intermediate that of PRRS+ and PF pigs. The mRNA abundance of the tight junction proteins claudin 2, claudin 3, claudin 4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 were reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs; however, neither the total protein abundance nor the cellular compartmentalization of these tight junction proteins differed among treatments. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the changes that occur to intestinal epithelium structure, function, and integrity during a systemic PRRSV challenge can be partially explained by reductions in feed intake. Further, long term adaptation to PRRSV challenge and caloric restriction does reduce intestinal transepithelial resistance but does not appear to reduce the integrity of tight junction protein complexes.
Patient-Specific Modeling for Structural Heart Intervention: Role of 3D Printing Today and Tomorrow CME

Structural heart interventions (SHIs) are increasingly applicable in a wide range of heart defects, but the intricate and dynamic nature of cardiac structures can make SHIs challenging to perform. Three-dimensional (3D) printed modeling integrates advanced clinical imaging and 3D printing technology to replicate patient-specific anatomy for comprehensive planning and simulation of SHIs. This review discusses the basic principles of patient-specific 3D print model development, print material selection, and model fabrication and highlights how cardiovascular 3D printing can be used in preprocedural planning, device sizing, enhanced communication, and procedure simulation.
When People of Color Are Left out of Research, Science and the Public Loses

In “Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies Across Different Situations,” authors Dinh, Humphries, and Chatterjee (2020) use a research design that relies on an overwhelming majority of Whit...
Ficción y cientificismo: "Opendoor" y "Paraísos" de Iosi Havilio y "La comemadre" de Roque Larraquy

The presence of late 19th century scientific positivism is evident in novels by Roque Larraquy (especially La comemadre, 2010) and Iosi Havilio (Opendoor, 2006 and Paraisos, 2011), set in part or entirely in the 21st century. I argue that Larraquy finds a narrative tone and character type in turn-of-the-century institutions and archives, whereas Havilio procures a motivation for a protagonist otherwise devoid of passions. For both novelists, the archive functions more as a narrative device than as a search for knowledge or meaning (as it does in boom novels). In this way, both the institutions created in the late 19th century (a psychiatric residence, a hospital, a zoo) and the textual remnants of the time (a botanical encyclopedia, an inaugural speech in a fin-de-siecle ward, a travel narrative, the magazine Caras y Caretas) are retrieved in these contemporary novels through light affective responses, such as curiosity and interest, and spaces of serendipity and abandonment, like the attic.
POKY: a software suite for multidimensional NMR and 3D structure calculation of biomolecules.

Summary The need for an efficient and cost-effective method is compelling in biomolecular NMR. To tackle this problem, we have developed the Poky suite, the revolutionized platform with boundless possibilities for advancing research and technology development in signal detection, resonance assignment, structure calculation, and relaxation studies with the help of many automation and user interface tools. This software is extensible and scalable by scripting and batching as well as providing modern graphical user interfaces and a diverse range of modules right out of the box. Availability Poky is freely available to non-commercial users at https://poky.clas.ucdenver.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Stroke Prevention After Cryptogenic Stroke.

Cryptogenic stroke represents a heterogenous but clinically important collection of stroke etiologies for which our understanding continues to grow. Here, we review our current knowledge and most recent recommendations on secondary prevention for common causes of cryptogenic stroke including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, atrial cardiopathy, patent foramen ovale, and substenotic atherosclerotic disease as well as the under-recognized mechanisms of occult malignancy, heart failure, and, most recently, infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results from recent observational studies and randomized clinical trials have provided greater insight into the causal relationship and attributable risk of these suspected etiologies and have identified potential strategies to reduce the rates of recurrence. However, further clinical trials are needed to confirm the benefits of specific stroke prevention strategies, including the patient populations most likely to benefit from anticoagulation. There is ongoing research aimed at both reducing the proportion of ischemic strokes classified as cryptogenic and resolving much of the clinical equipoise that still exists. The results of these studies have the potential to provide us with a better understanding of these occult mechanisms and allow for more targeted interventions.
Rossby waves on the Sun as revealed by solar 'hills'

It is a long-standing puzzle that the Sun's photosphere--its visible surface--rotates differentially, with the equatorial regions rotating faster than the poles. It has been suggested that waves analogous to terrestrial Rossby waves, and known as r-mode oscillations, could explain the Sun's differential rotation: Rossby waves are seen in the oceans as large-scale (hundreds of kilometres) variations of sea-surface height (5-cm-high waves), which propagate slowly either east or west (they could take tens of years to cross the Pacific Ocean). Calculations show that the solar r-mode oscillations have properties that should be strongly constrained by differential rotation. Here we report the detection of 100-m-high 'hills' in the photosphere, spaced uniformly over the Sun's surface with a spacing of (8.7 +/- 0.6) x 10(4) km. If convection under the photosphere is organized by the r-modes, the observed corrugated photosphere is a probable surface manifestation of these solar oscillations.
A random walk on an ontology: Using thesaurus structure for automatic subject indexing

Relationships between terms and features are an essential component of thesauri, ontologies, and a range of controlled vocabularies. In this article, we describe ways to identify important concepts in documents using the relationships in a thesaurus or other vocabulary structures. We introduce a methodology for the analysis and modeling of the indexing process based on a weighted random walk algorithm. The primary goal of this research is the analysis of the contribution of thesaurus structure to the indexing process. The resulting models are evaluated in the context of automatic subject indexing using four collections of documents pre-indexed with 4 different thesauri (AGROVOC [UN Food and Agriculture Organization], high-energy physics taxonomy [HEP], National Agricultural Library Thesaurus [NALT], and medical subject headings [MeSH]). We also introduce a thesaurus-centric matching algorithm intended to improve the quality of candidate concepts. In all cases, the weighted random walk improves automatic indexing performance over matching alone with an increase in average precision (AP) of 9% for HEP, 11% for MeSH, 35% for NALT, and 37% for AGROVOC. The results of the analysis support our hypothesis that subject indexing is in part a browsing process, and that using the vocabulary and its structure in a thesaurus contributes to the indexing process. The amount that the vocabulary structure contributes was found to differ among the 4 thesauri, possibly due to the vocabulary used in the corresponding thesauri and the structural relationships between the terms. Each of the thesauri and the manual indexing associated with it is characterized using the methods developed here.
An Overview of Practical Applications of Protein Disorder Prediction and Drive for Faster, More Accurate Predictions

Protein disordered regions are segments of a protein chain that do not adopt a stable structure. Thus far, a variety of protein disorder prediction methods have been developed and have been widely used, not only in traditional bioinformatics domains, including protein structure prediction, protein structure determination and function annotation, but also in many other biomedical fields. The relationship between intrinsically-disordered proteins and some human diseases has played a significant role in disorder prediction in disease identification and epidemiological investigations. Disordered proteins can also serve as potential targets for drug discovery with an emphasis on the disordered-to-ordered transition in the disordered binding regions, and this has led to substantial research in drug discovery or design based on protein disordered region prediction. Furthermore, protein disorder prediction has also been applied to healthcare by predicting the disease risk of mutations in patients and studying the mechanistic basis of diseases. As the applications of disorder prediction increase, so too does the need to make quick and accurate predictions. To fill this need, we also present a new approach to predict protein residue disorder using wide sequence windows that is applicable on the genomic scale.
Measure Theory and Integration

Introduction and Preliminaries Measurability and Measures Measurable Functions Classical Integration Differentiation and Duality Product Measures and Integrals Nonabsolute Integration Capacity Theory and Integration The Lifting Theorem Topological Measures Some Complements and Applications Appendix References Index of Symbols and Notation Author Index Subject Index
Further Time-Dependent Examples

The constructive (or synthetic) methods of Chaps. 4–6 often require considerable ingenuity. Solving a given diffusion problem depends on our ability to match certain known elementary solutions of the diffusion equation to the initial and boundary conditions. It thus requires detailed knowledge of the behavior of these solutions. In contrast, this last chapter describes deductive (or analytic) methods, based mainly on the Laplace transform, that can be applied with ease to a wide variety of problems.
The acquisition of human planning expertise

Publisher Summary This chapter describes DAEDALUS, a planning system designed with human behavior in mind. Unlike most recent work on learning and planning, DAEDALUS employs a combination of forward chaining and means ends search, represents knowledge in a probabilistic framework, stores both cases and abstractions, and learns through an incremental process of concept formation. DAEDALUS represents each operator in a similar manner, specifying its preconditions as a set of state descriptors and its effects as a set of differences. Like most planning systems, DAEDALUS must solve problems that involve transforming an initial state into a desired state through the application of operators. The system describes each state as a set of literals—predicates with arguments—and it describes each problem or subproblem as an initial state conjoined with a set of differences that must be eliminated. DAEDALUS represents each operator in a similar manner, specifying its preconditions as a set of state descriptors and its effects as a set of differences. The system operates within a problem-space framework, but when domain-specific knowledge is available, it uses this information to constrain search.
Calculating photocount distributions by saddlepoint methods

Probability generating functions of the number of photoelectrons emitted by a detector during a given interval can often be relatively easily calculated from a physical model of the emissive processes, but inverting them analytically to obtain the distributions of the number of so-called “photocounts” is usually complicated or impossible. Techniques for computing those distributions can be based on numerical evaluation of the inversion integral along a suitably chosen contour passing through a saddlepoint of the integrand and lying as close as possible to a path of steepest descent of that integrand. The method can be extended to include the effects of additive Gaussian noise, intersymbol interference, and postdetector filtering.
Hybrid Procedure for a Descending Thoracic and Subclavian Artery Aneurysm in a Patient with Previous Abdominal Aortic Surgery: Case Report

Introduction. Hybrid procedures represent staged or simultaneous endovascular and open surgical techniques in the treatment of complex pathologies of the thoracic and abdominal aorta. We are presenting a patient with previous abdominal aortic surgery in whom hybrid vascular procedure for descending aorta and left subclavian artery aneurysm was performed. Case Outline. A 63-year-old female patient was admitted for computed tomography angiography. Descending aorta aneurysm (7.6 cm) as well as aneurysm of the left subclavian artery (LSA) was noted. Eight years ago she underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm resection and aortoiliac bypass. Standard TEVAR (thoracic endovascular aortic repair) procedure couldn’t be done due to small dimensions of previous “Y” graft (12.6 mm), so first we did LSA transposition and after three days hybrid procedure. After “Y” graft exposure, anastomosis between the corps of “Y” graft and tubular graft 10 mm was created and through this conduit thoracic stent-graft was placed followed by complete “Y” graft replacement. After 6 months angiography showed regular postoperative findings. Conclusion. Combined surgical and endovascular procedures in thoracic aorta pathology treatment could be useful solutions with favorable outcome. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 41002]
α,α‐Dibromotoluene

[618-31-5] C7H6Br2 (MW 249.93) InChI = 1S/C7H6Br2/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7H InChIKey = VCJZTATVUDMNLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for the introduction of a benzylidene group) Alternate Name: benzal bromide. Physical Data: bp 154–156 °C at 31 mm Hg, d 1.845 g cm−3. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid, widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions. Benzal bromide causes burns and is toxic by inhalation, in contact with the skin, and if swallowed. The reagent should be handled using suitable protective equipment in a well ventilated fume hood. This compound is incompatible with strong bases and strong oxidizing agents.
Arsenic toxicosis and suspected chromium toxicosis in a herd of cattle

Arsenic toxicosis and suspected chromium toxicosis were diagnosed in a herd of cattle that ingested ashes from lumber treated with copper, chromium, and arsenic. Findings included peracute death, depression, ataxia, weakness, recumbency, and watery diarrhea. Chemical analyses of liver, kidney, abomasal contents, rumen contents, and ashes revealed high concentrations of arsenic and chromium. Histologically, specimens of abomasum and duodenum had diffuse mucosal degeneration and engorged capillaries. Epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and distal collecting tubules of the kidney were swollen and had mild granular cytoplasmic degeneration. Burning lumber treated with copper, chromium, and arsenic does not remove the heavy metals from them, and ingestion of the ashes from the wood constitutes a hazard to livestock health.
s‐Triazines. I. Linear, sulfur bridged‐s‐triazine oligomers

A number of new thioether and disulfide oligomers of s-triazine have been prepared and identified. The reactions between 2,4-diphenyl-s-triazine-6-thiol and chloro substituted-s-triazines are described. A suggested mechanism for the formation of 2,2′-thiobis-(4,6-diphenyl-s-triazine) from 2,4-diphenyl-s-triazine-6-thiol is discussed.
Towards automatic collection of the US census

We describe a study to determine the feasibility of using automatic speech recognition to collect information over the telephone for the Year 2000 census in the United States. The stages of research are protocol development, speech data collection and transcription, system development, and system evaluation. We developed a rapid prototyping methodology to produce two protocols now being used to collect data from callers solicited by the bureau of the census. We have collected speech from over 1000 callers, with a goal of 3000 complete calls. Two hundred calls have been transcribed at the word level. Initial results are reported for a baseline system tested on the transcribed calls. The baseline system is both speaker and vocabulary independent-it has not been trained on words from the recognition vocabulary. The system's error rate ranges between 2% and 21% for responses to the different prompts. We describe research now underway intended to produce a system that is sufficiently accurate and graceful to demonstrate feasibility of a voice response questionnaire. >
Similarity in Context: Cognitive Representation and Violation of Preference and Perceptual Invariance in Consumer Choice☆

A recent stream of research has demonstrated that the relative preference ordering among any two alternatives is influenced by the context or the set of alternatives under consideration. A parallel stream of research has suggested that judgments of similarity or perceived distance also vary with the composition of the stimulus set. In this paper, we suggest that context-induced violations of invariance in preference and in similarity judgments are based on changes in the underlying cognitive representation. Using the case of attraction effect as our example, we demonstrate experimentally that (i) similarity or the distance between two brands changes as a function of new brand introduction and (ii) rather precise predictions can be made as to the pattern of changes in the distance between brands and changes in preference ordering. Furthermore, the effect of context on similarity judgment patterns allows us to identify new effects on preference for previously untested location of new brands, providing additional support for the claim that preference and similarity judgments involve common processes.
The Impact of Culture upon Child Rearing Practices and Definitions of Maltreatment.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between a childhood history of abuse that a parent may have experienced and the cultural beliefs/factors that an individual may subscribe to with current parenting behaviors and attitudes. It was hypothesized that cultural factors would be more predictive of parenting behaviors and attitudes than ethnicity as a demographic label. Method: Using a survey design, 150 parents of Hispanic, African American and European American descent participated. Participants completed the Conflict Tactics Scale, a Familism Scale, a Machismo Scale, a Valuing Children Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and assigned seriousness ratings to vignettes depicting child maltreatment. Results: A history of childhood abuse was found to be predictive of the use of both physical and verbal punishment by mothers, but not for fathers. Cultural factors/beliefs were predictive of fathers’ parenting behaviors, but not mothers’. Ethnicity, as a demographic variable, continued to be a significant predictor of parenting behaviors and attitudes for all parents, controlling for cultural factors. Discussion: The present study adds to our understanding of diverse parenting styles, of definitions of child abuse and neglect, and of ethnicity. The findings indicate that ethnicity is a complex factor, one demanding further examination with regard to its components.
Group-4 η1-Pyrrolyl Complexes Incorporating N,N-Di(pyrrolyl-α-methyl)-N-methylamine

Syntheses and properties of group-4 complexes incorporating the tridentate, dianionic ligand N,N-(dipyrrolyl-α-methyl)-N-methylamine, dpma, have been investigated. Addition of 1 equiv of H2dpma to Ti(NMe2)4 and Zr(NMe2)4 results in transamination with 2 dimethylamides providing Ti(NMe2)2(dpma) and Zr(NMe2)2(NHMe2)(dpma), respectively. Addition of 2 equiv of H2dpma to Zr(NMe2)4 and Hf(NMe2)4 results in production of the homoleptic complexes Zr(dpma)2 and Hf(dpma)2. Conversely, treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 with 2 equiv of H2dpma does not provide Ti(dpma)2, which was available by addition of 2 Li2dpma to TiCl4. The properties of the isostructural series M(dpma)2 were investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, 14N NMR, and other techniques. By 14N NMR, it was found that the pyrrolyl resonance chemical shift changes approximately linearly with the electronegativity of the metal center, which was attributed to π-interaction between the pyrrolyl nitrogen lone pair and the metal. Other comple...
Simulation-based maximum likelihood median pragmatic A-Basis and B-Basis statistical tolerance limits given fatigue datum values with no censoring or with potential or actual type i censoring

This technical note introduces the author’s simulation-based maximum likelihood median pragmatic A-basis or B-basis statistical tolerance limit calculation methodology. It presents websites that provide exemplar outputs of microcomputer programs that employ this methodology to compute these statistical tolerance limits given (i) replicate Weibull and loge-normal fatigue life datum values pertaining to a material without an endurance limit and (ii) s-N data with either linear and quadratic models pertaining to a material without an endurance limit or with a two-segment straight-line model pertaining to a material with an endurance limit.
Nanoplasmonics from attoseconds to terahertz

SPASER was proposed as a quantum generator of coherent ultrafast and intense optical fields localized on the nanoscale [1], see also [2]. SPASER is a missing active device in nanoplasmonics, greatly needed to build nanoplasmonic circuits. It will allow compensation of losses, active modulators, logical elements and ultrafast memory elements. Recently, there has been a great interest and progress in both understanding fundamentals of SPASER and demonstrating a working device. We will present recent results showing generation kinetics and switching in SPASER.
Simulation optimization and correlation with multi stage Monte Carlo optimization

The importance of simulation in our complex computer laden 21st century cannot be overstated. Also optimization is of vital concern in business, industry, engineering and science. These fields frequently require analyzing sets of data to see whether variables are correlated or can be used in forecasting. Presented here is an attempt to combine these three areas with a new correlation statistic for single or multivariate, linear or nonlinear work that can be calculated using the multistage Monte Carlo optimization algorithm in our computer age. Several examples will be presented along with an explanation of how to simulate the sampling distributions for subsequent testing of correlation hypotheses.
Measurements of adiabatic film and overall cooling effectiveness on a turbine vane pressure side with a trench

Film cooling performance is typically quantified by separating the external convective heat transfer from the other components of the conjugate heat transfer that occurs in turbine airfoils. However, it is also valuable to assess the conjugate heat transfer in terms of the overall cooling effectiveness, which is a parameter of importance to airfoil designers. In the current study, adiabatic film effectiveness and overall cooling effectiveness values were measured for the pressure side of a simplified turbine vane model with three rows of showerhead cooling at the leading edge and one row of body film cooling holes on the pressure side. This was done by utilizing two geometrically identical models made from different materials. Adiabatic film effectiveness was measured using a very low thermal conductivity material, and the overall cooling effectiveness was measured using a material with a higher thermal conductivity selected such that the Biot number of the model matched that of a turbine vane at engine conditions. The theoretical basis for this matched-Biot number modeling technique is discussed in some detail. Additionally, two designs of pressure side body film cooling holes were considered in this study: a standard design of straight, cylindrical holes and an advanced design of “trenched” cooling holes in which the hole exits were situated in a recessed, transverse trench. This study was performed using engine representative flow conditions, including a coolant-to-mainstream density ratio of DR = 1.4 and a mainstream turbulence intensity of Tu = 20%. The results of this study show that adiabatic film and overall cooling effectiveness increase with blowing ratio for the showerhead and pressure side trenched holes. Performance decreases with blowing ratio for the standard holes due to coolant jet separation from the surface. Both body film designs have similar performance at a lower blowing ratio when the standard hole coolant jets remain attached. Far downstream of the cooling holes both designs perform similarly because film effectiveness decays more rapidly for the trenched holes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Malignant Effusive Disease of the Pleura and Pericardium

Malignant pleural and pericardial effusions are a common problem in the treatment of patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, or lymphoma and may occur with any malignancy. These effusions are frequently symptomatic and, in the case of the pleural space, may be the presenting sign of cancer. In other patients, they represent markers of recurrent, disseminated, or advanced disease. Given the poor prognosis of most patients presenting with these effusions, reducing symptoms and improving quality of life are the primary goals of treatment. Permanent drainage and/or obliteration of the pleural or pericardial space are crucial to the effective management of the effusion and will provide long-term palliation. Immediate relief can be accomplished via external drainage, but definitive therapy may often also require interventional radiology, cardiology, and thoracic surgery, as well as medical and radiation oncology. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant pleural and pericardial effusions are discussed in this article.
Salinity effects on glucose uptake and catabolism in the obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium Vibrio marinus

Studies on the effects of various salinities on the uptake and catabolism of glucose in Vibrio marinus MP-1 revealed several significant shifts in total uptake and respiration as the cells were subjected to increasingly greater concentrations of NaCl. As the salinity increased from 0.30 to 1.0 M NaCl, there was a decrease in the C6/C1 (CO2) ratio. The resulting patterns suggests that the relative participation of the hexose monophosphate pathway in glucose catabolism was altered. This pathway is apparently shut down in the region of the minimum-growth salinity, and may be related to growth limitation at rower salinities. The shift in C6/C1 ratio was not affected by changing the incubation temperature, nor was it dependent specifically on the presence of Na+ or Cl-. As the salinity increased from 0.15 to 0.30 M NaCl, there was a shift in the total uptake patterns which suggests the formation and loss of metabolic by-products derived from the first, second, sixth, and presumably fifth carbons of glucose.
An integrated, intelligent design environment

An integrated, intelligent design environment was designed and implemented. The heart of the environment is a userfriendly, menu-driven CAD system integrated with an information controller. The system allows the engineer to design in a feature-based, object-oriented manner. Designs are stored in a data base and checked for manufacturability and assembly by an expert system. This paper describes the design of the information integration controller and the man-machine interfaces of the intelligent design system.
Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men.

BACKGROUND Previous studies of genetic variants of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been conflicting and the modifying effects of lifestyle factors that affect PON1 activity are uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS In parallel nested case-control studies, the prospective associations between PON1 polymorphisms Q192R and L55M and incident CHD were examined among participants in the Nurses' Health and Health Professionals Follow-up Studies. Women were followed for 8 years and men for 6 years, and 249 women and 266 men were documented with incident CHD. Neither polymorphism was associated with risk of CHD in either sex, and neither monounsaturated fat intake nor smoking interacted with genotype. Among women, there was a possible interaction of Q192R with alcohol intake (P interaction 0.06) and a suggestion of a similar interaction with the L55M genotype (P interaction 0.11). In analyses of both polymorphisms, alcohol intake > or =2.5 g/day was associated with lower risk among all women (odds ratio 0.45), except those with the Q192Q/L55M genotype (OR 1.33; P 3-way interaction 0.07). CONCLUSIONS PON1 polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of CHD nor do they interact with smoking or monounsaturated fat intake. A possible gene-alcohol interaction should be considered in future studies of PON1 and CHD.
The development of a micro-Faraday array for ion detection

Abstract A micro-Faraday array detector was evaluated for use as an ion detector for mass spectrometry. This charge-integrating detector was based upon the merging of technologies from the fields of CCDs and infrared (IR) multiplexers. Measurements were performed by exposing the detector to an Ar+ ion beam of low flux. The array detector responds to both positive and negative charges and preliminary results indicate a detection limit of 100 ions. Current data indicate that the linear dynamic range of the device is over five orders of magnitude. The capability of the device to perform specialized charge read out modes could theoretically both lower the detection limit by a factor of seven and increase the linear dynamic range to nine orders of magnitude using non-destructive read outs.
Effects of Delayed Audio-Based Self-Monitoring on Teacher Completion of Learning Trials

Although instructors may teach effective instructional behaviors in pre-service training programs, pre-service teachers frequently do not generalize those behaviors to classroom practicum settings. Feedback within the practicum setting is necessary to promote generalization, but is often limited by university supervisors’ availability. Using a multiple-probe design across 3 pre-service teachers, we investigated audio self-monitoring as a method to provide feedback on the number of learning trials completed during the prior learning review section of lessons. A completed learning trial represented an opportunity for the students to both respond to a prompt and receive feedback from the pre-service teacher and represents the smallest unit of complete instruction. Results indicated that self-monitoring increased the percentage of learning trials completed by pre-service teachers, but had modest effects on rate of learning trials delivered. These findings are discussed in light of the need for methods that help bridge the gap between university-based training and classroom application of key instructional skills.
Geochemical implications of the lipid composition of Thioploca spp. from the Peru upwelling region—15°S

Thioploca, a genus of colorless, sulphur-oxidizing, filamentous bacteria, constitutes as much as 80% of the biomass in dysaerobic surface sediments ([O2] < 0.1 ml/l bottom water) in the coastal upwelling regimes of Peru and Chile. The lipid composition of Thioploca collected from sediments from the oxygen minimum zone in the Peru upwelling region near 15°S is presented here, and we provide the first assessment of the influence of Thioploca on organic compound distributions in upwelling regime sediments. Since marine species of Thioploca have been found only in dysaerobic surface sediments of upwelling regimes, biomarkers for this organism may be useful in identifying similar depositional conditions in the sedimentary record. Thioploca (dry) was found to be ≈3.8–4.1 wt% lipid. Three fatty acids: cis 16:1Δ9, 16:0 and cis 18:1Δ11 accounted for 69–72% of this lipid. Hydroxy fatty acids, hopanoids and hydrocarbons were conspicuously absent from the Thioploca. The Thioploca was found to contain cyclolaudenol, a C31 sterol with an unusual structure; diagenetic alteration products of this sterol may serve as markers for Thioploca input to sedimentary organic matter, and hence as markers for paleo-upwelling depositional environments in the sedimentary record.
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. A clinicopathological study

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a rare tumor of cartilagenous origin, with only 41 previously reported cases. It has a distinctive histologic pattern and should be distinguished from chondrosarcoma of bone because of its different behavioral pattern. The light microscopic, histo-chemical and electron microscopic features of such a tumor are reported.
Ultrathin, Layered Polyamide and Polyimide Coatings on Aluminum

Ultrathin, passivating films are attractive for protecting metal surfaces without completely masking substrate properties. Alternating polyelectrolyte deposition of layered poly(acrylic acid)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAA/PAH) films on Al produces ultrathin coatings that protect Al from Cl--induced corrosion. Although the resistance of these films is minimal, they form a passivating layer on the surface oxide and increase oxide resistance by 2−3 orders of magnitude. Heating of PAA/PAH yields cross-linked polyamides that have film resistances of about 5 MΩ cm2, even when the film is only 10-nm thick. Although the resistance of these films is high, reductions in corrosion current due to cross-linked films are still primarily due to passivation of the surface oxide as oxide resistance is larger than film resistance. Layer-by-layer covalent deposition of Gantrez/poly(allylamine) films yields ultrathin amic acid-linked layers that can be imidized by heating. Impedances of Al electrodes coated with Gantre...
Experimental transmission and biological comparison of strains of Trypanosoma rangeli

Abstract The infectivity of strains of Trypanosoma rangeli is compared under experimental conditions. The various strains react differently in the white rat, a vertebrate host, as well as in Rhodnius prolixus, an invertebrate host. The survival of T. rangeli in the bloodstream of the rat and infections in the intestine, hemolymph, and salivary glands of R. prolixus are discussed. Evidence suggests that R. prolixus may not be the natural invertebrate host for all strains of T. rangeli or that trypanosomes designated as T. rangeli actually represent more than one species. Passage through the insect host enhanced the ability of one strain to invade the salivary glands following inoculation into the hemocoele. Maintenance of the strain was thus possible by cyclical transmission.
Towards a Political Ecology of Education: The Educational Politics of Scale in Southern Pará, Brazil.

Social movements have initiated both academic programs and disciplines. I present ethnographic data that I gathered during 17 months of fieldwork with the Brazilian Landless Workers’ Movement (MST) in southeastern Para, Brazil, to explore the MST’s role in creating agroecological education opportunities. My analysis highlights three factors in southeastern Para that initiate environmental education opportunities. First, activist professors are key players, serving as mediators between the state and social movements. Second, recurring events incubate environmental educational institutions and degree programs. Third, by collaborating with institutionalized education, movements are able to develop their own radical educational spaces. These three factors result in a gradual anti-neoliberal transformation in southeastern Para’s rural educational opportunities. I develop a theoretical perspective of the political ecology of education to understand the relations between these three factors and educational chang...
On becoming human

Marshall H. Klaus and John H. Kennell. Maternal‐Infant Bonding: The Impact of Early Separation or Loss on Family Development. Saint Louis, Missouri: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1976. ix + 257 pp. Figures, tables, references, and index. $8.95.
Dimensions of social competence : personality and coping style correlates

Abstract Many measures of social competence have arisen of late. Yet little evidence is available as to the extent of their empirical overlap, as well as their relationships with other individual difference variables. In this study we examine three constructs: functional flexibility, self-complexity and Lennox and Wolfe's (1984; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349–1364) Revised Self-Monitoring Scale and concern for appropriateness. Results indicate, at best, only moderate degrees of overlap among these dimensions of competence. Self-complexity failed to correlate with any other measure in the study. Functional flexibility yielded a pattern of relationships indicating, if anything, hostility and maladjustment, as well as a disinclination toward the use of passive coping styles. The Lennox and Wolfe measures provided a wealth of relationships that are fairly consistent with their portrayal as reflecting independent styles of acquisitive and protective self-presentation. However, some of the results suggest caution in accepting this interpretation. We discuss the various implications of these results.
Tribological reactions of perfluoroalkyl polyether oils with stainless steel under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature

The reaction between three types of commercial perfluoroalkyl polyether (PFPE) oils and stainless steel 440C was investigated experimentally during sliding under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature. It is found that the tribological reaction of PFPE is mainly affected by the activity of the mechanically formed fresh surfaces of metals rather than the heat generated at the sliding contacts. The fluorides formed on the wear track act as a boundary layer, reducing the friction coefficient.
Effect of condylotomy on DNA synthesis in cells of the mandibular condylar cartilage in the rat.

Abstract The role of articular forces and the periosteal envelope in the regulation of condylar cartilage growth is uncertain. Transaction of the condylar neck, or condylotomy, influences both by a temporary reduction of articular forces and a transient release of the ramus periosteal envelope. To investigate the effects of this procedure on proliferative activity of the prechondroblast layer of the condylar cartilage, bilateral condylotomies were performed on 29-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. A surgical control group underwent identical incision without condylotomy and a non-operated third group also served as controls. Eighteen hours after surgery, there was no difference in [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation among the different treatment groups. However, by two days after surgery, [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation was significantly higher in the condylotomy group than in either surgical or untreated controls. Incorporation values remained significantly higher in condylotomy animals at seven days after surgery, but declined to control levels by 14 days after surgery. These findings support other radioautographic and cephalometric evidence of an increased growth rate of the condylar cartilage after condylotomy, but suggest that the increase may be transient and perhaps related to the disruption and restoration of articular function.
Lymphohematopoietic cancers induced by chemicals and other agents and their implications for risk evaluation: An overview

Lymphohematopoietic neoplasia are one of the most common types of cancer induced by therapeutic and environmental agents. Of the more than 100 human carcinogens identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, approximately 25% induce leukemias or lymphomas. The objective of this review is to provide an introduction into the origins and mechanisms underlying lymphohematopoietic cancers induced by xenobiotics in humans with an emphasis on acute myeloid leukemia, and discuss the implications of this information for risk assessment. Among the agents causing lymphohematopoietic cancers, a number of patterns were observed. Most physical and chemical leukemia-inducing agents such as the therapeutic alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and ionizing radiation induce mainly acute myeloid leukemia through DNA-damaging mechanisms that result in either gene or chromosomal mutations. In contrast, biological agents and a few immunosuppressive chemicals induce primarily lymphoid neoplasms through mechanisms that involve alterations in immune response. Among the environmental agents examined, benzene was clearly associated with acute myeloid leukemia in humans, with increasing but still limited evidence for an association with lymphoid neoplasms. Ethylene oxide and 1,3-butadiene were linked primarily to lymphoid cancers. Although the association between formaldehyde and leukemia remains controversial, several recent evaluations have indicated a potential link between formaldehyde and acute myeloid leukemia. The four environmental agents examined in detail were all genotoxic, inducing gene mutations, chromosomal alterations, and/or micronuclei in vivo. Although it is clear that rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of leukemogenesis, many questions remain for future research regarding chemically induced leukemias and lymphomas, including the mechanisms by which the environmental agents reviewed here induce these diseases and the risks associated with exposures to such agents.
Dioxygen-Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of a Series of Dicopper(I) Complexes with Bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine Tridendate Chelators Forming Side-On Peroxo-Bridged Dicopper(II) Adducts

Copper-dioxygen interactions are of interest due to their importance in biological systems as reversible O2- carriers, oxygenases, or oxidases and also because of their role in industrial and laboratory oxidation processes. Here we report on the kinetics (stopped-flow, -90 to 10 degrees C) of O2-binding to a series of dicopper(I) complexes, [Cu2(Nn)(MeCN)2]2+ (1Nn) (-(CH2)n- (n = 3-5) linked bis[(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine, PY2) and their close mononuclear analogue, [(MePY2)Cu(MeCN)]+ (3), which form mu-eta 2:eta 2-peroxodicopper(II) complexes [Cu2(Nn)-(O2)]2+ (2Nn) and [(MePY2)Cu]2(O2)]2+ (4), respectively. The overall kinetic mechanism involves initial reversible (k+,open/k-,open) formation of a nondetectable intermediate O2-adduct [Cu2(Nn)(O2)]2+ (open), suggested to be a CuI...CuII-O2- species, followed by its reversible closure (k+,closed/k-,closed) to form 2Nn. At higher temperatures (253 to 283 K), the first equilibrium lies far to the left and the observed rate law involves a simple reversible binding equilibrium process (kon,high = (k+,open/k-,open)(k+,closed)). From 213 to 233 K, the slow step in the oxygenation is the first reaction (kon,low = k+,open), and first-order behavior (in 1Nn and O2) is observed. For either temperature regime, the delta H++ for formation of 2Nn are low (delta H++ = -11 to 10 kJ/mol; kon,low = 1.1 x 10(3) to 4.1 x 10(3) M-1 s-1, kon,high = 2.2 x 10(3) to 2.8 x 10(4) M-1 s-1), reflecting the likely occurrence of preequilibria. The delta H degree ranges between -81 and -84 kJ mol-1 for the formation of 2Nn, and the corresponding equilibrium constant (K1) increases (3 x 10(8) to 5 x 10(10) M-1; 183 K) going from n = 3 to 5. Below 213 K, the half-life for formation of 2Nn increases with, rather than being independent of, the concentration of 1Nn, probably due to the oligomerization of 1Nn at these temperatures. The O2 reaction chemistry of 3 in CH2Cl2 is complicated, including the presence of induction periods, and could not be fully analyzed. However, qualitative comparisons show the expected slower intermolecular reaction of 3 with O2 compared to the intramolecular first-order reactions of 1Nn. Due to the likelihood of the partial dimerization of 3 in solution, the t1/2 for the formation of 4 remains constant with increasing complex concentration rather than decreasing. Acetonitrile significantly influences the kinetics of the O2 reactions with 1Nn and 3. For 1N4, the presence of MeCN inhibits the formation of a previously (Jung et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3763-3764) observed intermediate. Small amounts of added MeCN considerably slow the oxygenation rates of 3, inhibit its full formation to 4, and increase the length of the induction period. The results for 1Nn and their mononuclear analogue 3 are presented, and they are compared with each other as well as with other dinucleating dicopper(I) systems.
A constitutive relation for compressible plastic materials

In this note a yield criterion and its associated stress-strain increment relations dependent on isotropic pressure, are presented, for a non-hardening elastic-plastic compressible material.