cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restrictions on permissible paths for changing efficiencies of operation of flow reactors.

Abstract Sometimes a continuous flow stirred tank reactor can exhibit two or more different states of chemical reaction for the same flow rate. If such a situation is possible, a state of low reactive efficiency can be converted to one of higher efficiency by first decreasing the flow rate and then increasing it to the original value. This transition can never be accomplished by first increasing and then decreasing the flow rate. Similarly, a state of high reactive efficiency can be converted to one of lower efficiency only by first increasing and then decreasing the flow rate. These restrictions on permissible order of operations seem to differ from restrictions on efficiencies of cyclic heat engines and on directions of chemical change in closed systems as derived previously from thermodynamics.
Temperature dependence of light absorption by water

Abstract A model is described that relates the temperature coefficient of the optical absorption spectrum of pure water to the frequency derivative of that spectrum and two parameters that quantify the dependence of a peak's amplitude and its position on temperature. When applied to experimental temperature coefficients, it provides a better understanding of the process than the analysis currently in use.
Hearing voices: The promise of participatory action research for animals

This article posits it is possible to extend participatory action research (PAR) beyond human beings to include other-than-human animals. This research method and philosophy offers a radical and revolutionary opportunity for trans-species communication. The goal is to highlight the ethical impetus that undergirds PAR, as a form of action research, and suggest it as an appropriate methodology for gaining an understanding not only of the value of the approach, but also how it can be used as a tool with which to ‘hear’ and consider the conditions of animals’ marginalized voices. If the primary purpose of action research is to ‘produce practical knowledge that is useful to people in the everyday conduct of their lives’ (Reason & Bradbury, 2006, p. 2) can we not also extend this goal to include animals? I argue trans-species psychology, in concert with PAR, is an ethics-based method for attaining this goal. For, as Cheney (2002, p. 91) observes, ‘to articulate an epistemology is to articulate an ethical practice’. Two examples of prototypal PAR research are discussed as practice indicators that set a challenge for researchers to fully envision those who are silenced.
MULTI-DECADAL IMPACTS OF GRAZING ON SOIL PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN SOUTHEAST UTAH

Many soils in southeastern Utah are protected from surface disturbance by biological soil crusts that stabilize soils and reduce erosion by wind and water. When these crusts are disturbed by land use, soils become susceptible to erosion. In this study, we compare a never-grazed grassland in Canyonlands National Park with two historically grazed sites with similar geologic, geomorphic, and geochemical characteristics that were grazed from the late 1800s until 1974. We show that, despite almost 30 years without livestock grazing, surface soils in the historically grazed sites have 38–43% less silt, as well as 14– 51% less total elemental soil Mg, Na, P, and Mn content relative to soils never exposed to livestock disturbances. Using magnetic measurement of soil magnetite content (a proxy for the stabilization of far-traveled eolian dust) we suggest that the differences in Mg, Na, P, and Mn are related to wind erosion of soil fine particles after the historical disturbance by livestock grazing. Historical grazing may also lead to changes in soil organic matter content including declines of 60–70% in surface soil C and N relative to the never-grazed sites. Collectively, the differences in soil C and N content and the evidence for substantial rock-derived nutrient loss to wind erosion implies that livestock grazing could have long-lasting effects on the soil fertility of native grasslands in this part of southeastern Utah. This study suggests that nutrient loss due to wind erosion of soils should be a consideration for management decisions related to the long-term sustainability of grazing operations in arid environments.
Instinctive drift in nondomesticated rodents

In the first experiment, Mongolian gerbils were studied under gradually increasing and decreasing fixed-ratio schedules of food reinforcement. Most of the animals showed a permanent displacement of the leverpress response by more genetically based behaviors, such as scratching and biting, as the ratio requirement increased. This type of phenomenon has been referred to as instinctive drift. The change in response topography resulted in high response rates and brief postreinforcement pauses, which remained relatively constant despite changes in the ratio. The few animals that maintained the leverpress response, which had initially been shaped, showed the usual direct relationship between ratio size and duration of the postreinforcement pause. The above effects were independent of the type of manipulandum, which included an omnidirectional lever, a conventional rectangular lever, and a metal chain suspended from the ceiling of the test chamber. In the second experiment, a group of nondomesticated cotton rats was studied under conditions similar to those employed in Experiment 1, except that higher ratios were included. All of these animals quickly developed instinctive drift, with the leverpress being displaced by scratching and biting. Response topographies of the rats were quite similar to those displayed earlier by the majority of gerbils. The duration of postreinforcement pauses remained relatively constant as the ratio increased, except for a marked increase in the mean pause at the highest ratio (90) studied. The overall results suggest that a dual system of control may operate during appetitive schedules, with responding being influenced by both elicitation and reinforcement mechanisms.
The effects of varying short visual exposure times to a phobic test stimulus on subsequent avoidance behavior.

Abstract The present study was designed to determine whether the effects of different exposure times to a phobic test stimulus affected S s, avoidance behavior. Forty highschool girls who were unable to touch an indigo snake during a pretest period were assigned to either a 0, 15, 30 or 45 minute exposure condition. The group receiving a 15-min exposure period displayed the most fear as indexed by the contact and distance measures. Reliable differences were not found among the remaining conditions or indices tested. An interpretation of the data was provided, along with a suggestion that serious consideration be given to controlling the length of pretest exposure time in analogue studies.
Community Entry in Conducting Rural Focus Groups: Process, Legitimacy, and Lessons Learned

This article explores the value of community collaboration in a qualitative study of diabetes. In 1999, the Appalachian Diabetes Coalition of West Virginia University's Prevention Research Center employed a statewide effort to conduct focus groups in West Virginia to elicit cultural perspectives on diabetes and its management. The success of this research depended on community participation at many levels, particularly because of the rural, often geographically isolated community structure of the state. The researchers' entry into small communities and the involvement of local residents in focus groups was possible with the collaboration of the West Virginia Rural Health Education Partnerships program and the West Virginia University Extension Service, both of which played primary roles as community gatekeepers in helping the research team access and involve rural areas. This collaboration reinforced the value of a two-tiered approach in enlisting local resources. These relationships resulted in beneficial outcomes to all partners. Researchers benefited by gaining entry to communities, and the community organizations benefited by gaining a better understanding of the diabetic population to assist in planning programs. Working with well-established community groups with strong community ties is crucial when gaining entry for research and interventions. The identification and involvement of trusted, accessible members of rural communities gives research local legitimacy, ensures adequate participation and effective data collection, and permits entry into remote communities.
A quasi-continuous record of atmospheric opacity at λ = 1.1 mm over 34 days at Mauna Kea observatory

A quasi-continuous record of atmospheric attenuation is obtained. The data were gathered during a 24-day period in September and October 1982 and a 10-day period in December of that year. The opacity is arrived at by measuring the thermal emission of the atmosphere over a bandwidth of approximately 300 MHz. Using an experimental relationship established by Zammit and Ade (1981), opacity measurements at 1.1 mm are converted to the precipitable water vapor column overhead. With the precipitable water vapor, estimates of opacity due to water vapor can be made for other mm and FIR wavelengths. These estimates require model absorption curves for the atmosphere.
The cultural cul-de-sac of Western medicine (towards a curvilinear compromise?)

Abstract Modern Western culture has its roots in the Industrial Revolution. It may be categorised as “linear” and has a self-image as being direct, efficient-seeming, dramatic, numerically-provable and speedy. In medicine the tremendous scientific advances of the second half of the last century in bacteriology, radiology etc. lead to modern medicine being hospital-laboratory-curative in dominance and with training of health staff being hospital-based and with exaggerated prestige and emphasis on the laboratory. What is now termed “medicine” is, in fact, “allopathic” (or reacfive) medicine, with little emphasis on prevention. This type of Western medicine was so successful with a segment of diseases (especially infections) that it had been incorrectly assumed that its approaches were universally appropriate. All cultures in the world, including those of the West until the Industrial Revolution, are “bio-traditional”—that is based on biological adaptations and on customs evolved by the community over generations. Biotraditional cultures may be categorised as “curved”—with almost the opposite characteristics to those of linear Westernism, with approaches that are more biologically based, slower, and not so concerned with precise numerical proof. Some methods of healing and techniques of social support in bio-traditional cultures are often more effective in some conditions in which linear Westernism has been shown to have only partial value. Neither linear Westernism nor curved bio-traditional cultures have a monopoly of answers for health. The real need is to develop syntheses between Western medicine (“allopathy”) and other healing systems, and between the direct linear and the improved curved bio-traditional.
Aerodynamic Optimization of Rocket Control Surface Geometry Using Cartesian Methods and CAD Geometry

Aerodynamic design is an iterative process involving geometry manipulation and complex computational analysis subject to physical constraints and aerodynamic objectives. A design cycle consists of first establishing the performance of a baseline design, which is usually created with low-fidelity engineering tools, and then progressively optimizing the design to maximize its performance. Optimization techniques have evolved from relying exclusively on designer intuition and insight in traditional trial and error methods, to sophisticated local and global search methods. Recent attempts at automating the search through a large design space with formal optimization methods include both database driven and direct evaluation schemes. Databases are being used in conjunction with surrogate and neural network models as a basis on which to run optimization algorithms. Optimization algorithms are also being driven by the direct evaluation of objectives and constraints using high-fidelity simulations. Surrogate methods use data points obtained from simulations, and possibly gradients evaluated at the data points, to create mathematical approximations of a database. Neural network models work in a similar fashion, using a number of high-fidelity database calculations as training iterations to create a database model. Optimal designs are obtained by coupling an optimization algorithm to the database model. Evaluation of the current best design then gives either a new local optima and/or increases the fidelity of the approximation model for the next iteration. Surrogate methods have also been developed that iterate on the selection of data points to decrease the uncertainty of the approximation model prior to searching for an optimal design. The database approximation models for each of these cases, however, become computationally expensive with increase in dimensionality. Thus the method of using optimization algorithms to search a database model becomes problematic as the number of design variables is increased.
Sandstone Petrology and Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Northwest California and Southwest Oregon Coast Ranges

Projection of Mesozoic terrane boundaries of Blake et al. (1985b) from Oregon into California permits the subdivision of the late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex into units correlative to the Eastern and Central Franciscan (CE) belts. Eastern belt rocks may be further divided into those correlative to the Pickett Peak terrane, and an eastern (EYB) and western (WYB) facies of the Yolla Bolly terrane. At Crescent City, the contact between these Yolla Bolly subterranes is depositional. All other terrane boundaries are faults. In southwest Oregon, the Upper Jurassic Otter Point Complex (OP) is faulted against the Yolla Bolly terrane. Detrital modes determined by the Gazzi-Dickinson point-count method for largely unfoliated Otter Point and Franciscan sandstones are as follows: % QtFL = 15-30-55 (OP), 36-36-28 (EYB), 31-37-32 (WYB), and 34-30-36 (CE); % QmFLt = 5-30-65 (OP), 22-36-42 (EYB), 20-37-43 (WYB), and 19-30-51 (CE); % QpLvLsm = 14-81-5 (OP), 30-60-10 (EYB), 26-66-8 (WYB), and 28-64-8 (CE); and % QmP = 13-87 (OP), 38-62 (EYB), 35-65 (WYB), and 41-59 (CE). No significant compositional, diagenetic or metamorphic differences exist among Franciscan sandstones counted. All are albitized and contain pumpellyite. Otter Point sandstones differ significantly in composition and alteration, and contain an average 3% detrital clinopyroxene. Although Franciscan sandstones were likely derived from the partially dissected Sierran-Klamath magmatic arc, Otter Point sandstones were derived from a less dissected arc which may have been allocthonous with respect to surrounding Franciscan rocks.
A novel metric representation for low-complexity log-MAP decoder

In this paper, we propose a novel state metric representation of log-MAP decoding which does not require any rescaling in both forward and backward path metrics and LLR (log-likelihood ratio). In order to guarantee the metric values to be within the range of precision, rescaling has been performed both for forward and backward metric computation, which requires considerable arithmetic operations and decoding delay. In this paper, by applying the homomorphism in a finite abelian group Z/sub b/ associated with modulo 2/sup b/ addition, we show that the proposed metric representation does not need any rescaling in metric and LLR computation. In this general observation, we show that the Hekstra's scheme is a special case for the path metric rescaling. Besides the fact that the proposed technique saves design time considerably, we show through complexity analysis that proposed technique saves the ACSU (add-compare-select unit) complexity and reduces the critical path delay of the decoder significantly.
Neural events underlying learning in insects: changes in pacemaker.

Computer-controlled operant-conditioning training procedures were used to raise (up-learning) or lower (down-learning) the mean frequency of discharge of the anterior adductor coxa motoneurone of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Intracellular recordings were made from the soma of the motoneurone during training. The neurone appeared capable of spontaneous discharge in the absence of synaptic input since its mean pacemaker rate was measured after blocking synaptic inputs by infusing high Mg$^{2+}$/zero Ca$^{2+}$ saline into the neuropile associated with the neurone. Rates were determined before and after the training procedure was applied. It was found that a stable increase in the mean frequency of the pacemaker occurred during up-learning and a decrease during down-learning. The pacemaker shift accounted for a little over half the overall learning change. The remainder was attributed to changes in the activities of interneurones that directly, or indirectly, affect the motoneurone pacemaker. Conventional synaptic potentials that could have accounted for the remainder were not conspicuous in the soma recordings.
Learning Disabilities A Multidimensional Perspective

The heterogeneity of children with learning disorders is discussed. Subtypes of learning disabilities based on neuropsychological, developmental, and behavioral perspectives are reviewed. Each approach is examined in terms of its particular definition and explanation of learning disorders as well as its strengths and weaknesses and implications for intervention. A multidimensional perspective that integrates aspects of these three views is proposed. Within this broader perspective a distinction is drawn between production and mediational subtypes of learning disorders, and emphasis is placed on an idiographic approach to assessment and treatment.
Dreams of an Antimetaphysical Physicist

No Time To Be Brief A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli. By Charles P. Enz. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. 561 pp. $60, £35. ISBN 0-19-856479-1. This biography combines an account of Pauli9s life with analyses of his research and the development of his thinking. Enz, Pauli9s last assistant, offers a close-up view that captures Pauli9s sarcastic wit and his interest in dreams and their interpretation.
The fragile X prevalence paradox

Although fragile X syndrome (FXS; OMIM 300624) is generally regarded as the most common inherited form of cognitive impairment,1–3 there is little consensus as to its prevalence in the general population or to sex-specific differences in prevalence. Estimates of FXS prevalence (∼1/4000–1/8000) that are based on population projections from cohorts of children with special education needs (SEN) generally underestimate the extent of clinical involvement (for a comprehensive summary, see Song et al 4), as many individuals affected by the behavioural, emotional and/or learning disabilities of FXS have IQs in the normal or borderline range.5 6 The latter may not be included in cohorts that use cognitive impairment as an inclusion criterion, a problem that is particularly marked for girls, with the majority having IQs within the normal range.7 A second difficulty with population studies is the tendency to conflate disease prevalence (projections from SEN cohorts) with allele/carrier frequencies within the general population, as prevalence estimates will only approach carrier frequencies for complete penetrance. Thus, seemingly paradoxical results among studies of prevalence may reflect the effects of selection bias, conflation and differing defining criteria for FXS across studies. Aspects of this “paradox” are exemplified by two important screening studies of Israeli women. Using the same cut-off point (55 CGG repeats) for premutation (PM) carriers, Toledano-Alhadef et al 8 found a higher frequency of carriers (127/14 334 = 1/113) than did Pesso et al 9 (62/9459 = 1/152), despite the fact that Pesso et al reported a higher frequency for full mutation (FM) alleles (4 FM carriers; 1/2365) than did Toledano-Alhadef et al (3 FM carriers; 1/4778). Although the numbers of FM alleles in the two studies are too small to attach significance to the difference in frequencies, the trend is consistent with the exclusion of individuals with a family history of …
Persistent sets via Lyapunov functions

A modeler may understand the basic dynamics of a biological system, but there are always some forces, perhaps due to the effects of a random environment, that he does not understand or cannot predict. In this situation it may not be feasible to predict exact trajectories of the system, but it may be important to determine whether the system stays in an acceptable subset of the state space (e.g. that certain species do not go extinct). Let x ∈ R n be a vector of state variables of a system whose dynamics are given by x = f ( x ) + g ( t , x ) where f is a known function but g is only known to be a member of a set of functions G , and represents the influence of an unpredictable environment.
Volumetric Scene Reconstruction from Multiple Views

A review of methods for volumetric scene reconstruction from multiple views is presented. Occupancy descriptions of the voxels in a scene volume are constructed using shape-from-silhouette techniques for binary images, and shape-from-photo-consistency combined with visibility testing for color images.
Studies of Incorporation of Radioactivity into Lipids by Human Blood: II. Pattern of Incorporation of Radioactivity into Fatty Acids by Platelets from Normal Subjects and Patients in Diabetic Acidosis

Platelets from diabetics in acidosis incorporate significantly less C-14 into fatty acids than do platelets from control subjects. This decrease in incorporation of C-14 into fatty acids is not uniform. Incorporation of C-14 into myristic and palmitic acids, fatty acids presumably made by de novo synthesis, is suppressed to a much greater extent than is incorporation into other fatty acids. Since some of these abnormalities of incorporation of C-14 by platelets from comatose diabetics could represent isotope dilution effects, we have been particularly interested in the analysis of these data in terms of percentage of total fatty acid C-14 incorporated into the various groups of fatty acids. Platelets from diabetics in acidosis have a pattern of incorporation of C-14 into platelet fatty acids which is much different from that of normal platelets. There is a great decrease in percentage of C-14 in myristic and palmitic acid with a relative increase in percentage of C-14 in fatty acids with retention time corresponding to arachidic acid (20:0) or greater. A significant increase in relative percentage of C-14 in fatty acids containing ten carbons or less is also seen. These findings presumably mean that the cytoplasmic or malonyl CoA pathway, which is involved primarily in synthesis of palmitic and myristic acids, is suppressed greatly in diabetic acidosis, while the mitochondrial or chainlengthening pathway is suppressed to a much smaller degree, or is actually stimulated. It is, therefore, important to consider qualitative as well as quantitative alterations in fatty acid synthesis in diabetes.
Unified power flow controller using the cascade multilevel inverter

Power flow control is important in power systems and recently becomes more urgent because of the deregulation and 2003 blackout. This paper presents a novel configuration of unified power flow controller. The proposed configuration has several unique features and advantages over the conventional configuration. As a result, cascade multilevel inverter can be used in the new configuration to lower the cost, volume, and increase the reliability of the system. Analysis and simulation results will be presented.
Approximations to the norm of the singular part of a measure

Let G be a non-discrete LCA group with dual group Γ. Denote by M(G) the usual convolution algebra of bounded Borel measures on G and M a ( G ) those μ ∈ M(G) which are absolutely continuous with respect to m G —the Haar measure on G .
The Amniotic Fluid Transcriptome as a Guide to Understanding Fetal Disease

Numerous recent studies have shown the power of cell-free fetal RNA, obtained from amniotic fluid supernatant, to report on the development of the living fetus in real time. Examination of these transcripts on a genome-wide basis has led to new insights into the prenatal pathophysiology of multiple genetic, developmental, and environmental diseases. Each studied condition presents a unique, characteristic fetal transcriptome, which points to specific disrupted molecular pathways. These studies have also improved our knowledge of the normal development of the human fetus, revealing gestational age-related dynamic gene expression from a variety of organs. Analysis of the fetal transcriptome in normal and abnormal development has led to novel approaches for in utero prenatal treatment.
Quality-of-Service Driven Power and Rate Control in Mobile Wireless Networks

We propose a Quality-of-Service (QoS) driven power- and rate-control scheme in mobile wireless networks. Specifically, the proposed scheme aims at maximizing the system throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. Over the block fading channel, we derive the optimal adaptation policy by integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity. The analyses demonstrate that there exists a fundamental tradeoff between spectral efficiency and QoS provisioning. When the QoS constraint is loose, the optimal power control policy converges to the well-known water-filling scheme, where the Shannon capacity can be achieved. On the other hand, when the QoS constraint is stringent, the optimal policy converges to the total channel inversion such that the system operates with a constant service rate.
Mouse Brca1: localization, sequence analysis and identification of evolutionarily conserved domains

The human genes BRCA1, conferring susceptibility to early-onset breast and ovarian cancer, has recently been isolated. Here we describe isolation of cDNAs, sequence analysis, and genomic localization of the murine homolog, Brac1. The mouse cDNA sequence predicts a protein of 1812 amino acids; a number of small gaps account for the 51 fewer residues in the mouse protein relative to human BRCA1. While the predicted mouse and human proteins display on the whole a high level of homology (58% identity, 73% similarity), the regions of greatest homology are at the respective amino and carboxyl termini. Most reported disease-associated missense mutations in human BCRA1 occurred within these more highly conserved terminal regions. A predicted zinc-building RING finger domain near the amino terminus lies within a 50 amino acid stretch that is perfectly conserved in both species. The strong conservation during mammalian evolution argues for the importance of this domain, perhaps mediating a role for BRCA1 in DNA and/or protein binding. We have also identified a conserved highly acidic domain in the carboxyl terminal half of the BCRA1 protein resembling acidic transactivation domains of certain transcription factors. Using an interspecific backcross panel, Brca1 was mapped to a region of mouse chromosome 11 that exhibits conserved linkage with 17q21. The sequence and isolated cDNAs will provide useful reagents for studying the expression of Brca1 in the mouse, and for testing the importance of the evolutionarily conserved domains.
Precise physical models of protein–DNA interaction from high-throughput data

A cell's ability to regulate gene transcription depends in large part on the energy with which transcription factors (TFs) bind their DNA regulatory sites. Obtaining accurate models of this binding energy is therefore an important goal for quantitative biology. In this article, we present a principled likelihood-based approach for inferring physical models of TF-DNA binding energy from the data produced by modern high-throughput binding assays. Central to our analysis is the ability to assess the relative likelihood of different model parameters given experimental observations. We take a unique approach to this problem and show how to compute likelihood without any explicit assumptions about the noise that inevitably corrupts such measurements. Sampling possible choices for model parameters according to this likelihood function, we can then make probabilistic predictions for the identities of binding sites and their physical binding energies. Applying this procedure to previously published data on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TF Abf1p, we find models of TF binding whose parameters are determined with remarkable precision. Evidence for the accuracy of these models is provided by an astonishing level of phylogenetic conservation in the predicted energies of putative binding sites. Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments also provide highly consistent characterizations of Abf1p, a result that contrasts with a previous analysis of the same data.
Molecular Population Genetics of Sex Determination Genes: The transformer Gene of Drosophila melanogaster

The transformer locus (tra) produces an RNA processing protein that alternatively splices the doublesex pre-mRNA in the sex determination hierarchy of Drosophila melanogaster. Comparisons of the tra coding region among Drosophila species have revealed an unusually high degree of divergence in synonymous and nonsynonymous sites. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the tra gene will be polymorphic in synonymous and nonsynonymous sites within species by investigating nucleotide sequence variation in eleven tra alleles within D. melanogaster. Of the 1063 nucleotides examined, two synonymous sites were polymorphic and no amino acid variation was detected. Three statistical tests were used to detect departures from an equilibrium neutral model. Two tests failed to reject a neutral model of molecular evolution because of low statistical power associated with low levels of genetic variation (Tajima/Fu and Li). The Hudson, Kreitman, and Aguade test rejected a neutral model when the tra region was compared to the 5'-flanking region of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh). The lack of variability in the tra gene is consistent with a recent selective sweep of a beneficial allele in or near the tra locus.
Symptomatic swallowing-induced paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia*

A 55 year old woman with palpitations during ingestion of food or drink was evaluated with surface, esophageal and dynamic electrocardiographic techniques. Recordings documented the consistent induction of supraventricular tachycardia by swallowing; no definable gastrointestinal or other cardiac abnormality was present. Nine previously reported cases are reviewed, with special reference to the role of vagovagal reflexes in the pathogenesis of this unusual clinical syndrome.
Lower-extremity joint kinematics and muscle activations during semi-reclined cycling at different workloads in healthy individuals

Background: A better understanding of lower-extremity muscles’ activation patterns and joint kinematics during different workloads could help rehabilitation professionals with prescribing more effective exercise regimen for elderly and those with compromised muscles. We examined the relative contribution, as well as activation and co-activation patterns, of lower-extremity muscles during semi-reclined cycling at different workloads during a constant cadence. Methods: Fifteen healthy novice cyclists participated at three 90-second cycling trials with randomly assigned workloads of 0, 50, and 100 W, at a constant cadence of 60 rpm. During all trials, electromyograms were recorded from four lower-extremity muscles: rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius medialis (GT). Joint kinematics were also recorded and synchronized with the EMG data. Muscle burst onset, offset, duration of activity, peak magnitude, and peak timing, as well as mean joint angles and mean ranges of motion were extracted from the recorded data and compared across workloads. Results: As workload increased, BF and TA displayed earlier activations and delayed deactivations in each cycle that resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of activity at higher workloads. RF showed a significantly longer duration of activity between 0 and 50 W as well as 0 and 100 W (p < 0.05); however, the activity duration of GT was not appeared to be affected significantly by workload. EMG peak-magnitude of RF, BF, and TA changed significantly (p < 0.05) as workload increased, but no changes were observed in the EMG peak-timing across workloads. Durations of co-activation in the RF-BF pair as well as the RF-TA pair increased significantly with workload, while the RF-TA and TA-GT pairs were only significantly different (p < 0.05) between the 0 and 100 W workload levels. Increased workload did not lead to any significant changes in the joint kinematics. Conclusions: Muscles’ activity patterns as well as co-activation patterns are significantly affected by changes in cycling workloads in healthy individuals. These variations should be considered during cycling, especially in the elderly and those with compromised musculoskeletal systems. Future research should evaluate such changes specific to these populations.
An empirical study of harmonic broadcasting protocols

Harmonic broadcasting protocols provide an efficient way to distribute on demand videos that are simultaneously watched by many viewers. Despite this, they were too often considered to be of marginal importance, due to the large numbers of independent data streams they require. We built a TCP/IP based client–server pair to measure the performance of the Cautious Harmonic Broadcasting protocol on conventional Fast Ethernet networks and found that a server with 512 MB of RAM could support up to 2,400 video streams and achieve a waiting time of less than six seconds for a three–hour video
On the Extension of Mass Transfer j-Factor Correlation to the Collection Efficiency of Fibrous Filters

Filtration of submicrometer aerosols in fibrous beds was considered as a mass transfer process. Earlier experimental data on the single-fiber collection efficiency of aerosols collected in fibrous filters were used to calculate j-factors for mass transfer. A correlation for j-factors as a function of the modified Reynold's number in the bed was developed. Comparison of the j-factors based on both experimental data and various correlations for mass transfer in packed beds indicated that aerosol filtration in the submicrometer regime possesses strong similarities to mass transfer in packed beds. Also, the experimental j-factors obtained from aerosol filtration were obtained over a larger range of void fractions of the fibrous filters (from 0.6 to 0.992) than mass transfer data and hence provide a more complete set of data to develop a comprehensive correlation.
Fractionation of Human Urine by Gel Chromatography

High-resolution anion-exchange chromatography of human urine can resolve more than 150 constituents that absorb ultraviolet light. Prefractionation of urine on Sephadex G-10 helped us identify the constituents and simplified the anion-exchange chromatogram. The material associated with the 13 peaks obtained by gel chromatography was pooled and concentrated into six fractions, which were subsequently analyzed by high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography. Each of these fractions contained from 13 to 63 ultraviolet-absorbing constituents.
Energy amplification in a parallel Blasius boundary layer flow subject to free-stream turbulence

We perform an input-output analysis of transition in boundary layers subject to free-stream turbulence, which is modeled as a stochastic excitation to the Navier-Stokes equations linearized around a parallel Blasius base flow. The second order statistics of this excitation are determined by modeling energy spectrum of the homogeneous isotropic turbulence using the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. Our variance-amplification analysis identifies the near- plate streamwise streaks as the most energetic flow structures and theoretically predicts prevailing length-scales. The results of our analysis are in good agreement with the experimental and numerical studies of the free-stream-turbulence-induced boundary layer transition.
Surface recovery of silicone rubber used for HV outdoor insulation

Results of a study performed to obtain a better understanding of the material characteristics responsible for hydrophobicity recovery leading to a high wet surface resistance in silicone rubbers used for outdoor HV insulation, are reported. The samples were obtained from new and artificially aged HV insulators using HTV silicone rubbers (3 different formulations) as weathershed and RTV silicone rubbers (2 different formulations) as a protective coating. The main experimental facilities employed consist of a salt fog chamber for artificially aging the insulators, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for material studies. New results of practical significance that have emerged from this study are: (1) hydrophobicity recovery, predominantly due to diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) silicone polymer chains, occurs with only a fraction ( >
Frontal Atrophy and Attention Deficits in Older Adults with a History of Elevated Depressive Symptoms

Studies of older adults with depressive disorders indicate greater cognitive deficits and brain alterations than would be expected for their age. There is some evidence that these findings are present after a single episode of depression, but this work has been cross-sectional in nature. We investigated both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between a history of elevated depressive symptoms (HDS), frontal lobe volumes, and cognitive performance within the context of normal age-related changes over time in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. After controlling for age, HDS was associated with smaller total frontal gray matter volumes and with smaller regional volumes in the cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex. Men, but not women, with HDS showed deficits in auditory attention span at older ages. Results confirm previous reports that even a single episode of depression is associated with adverse outcomes in older adults but suggest that HDS does not affect longitudinal trajectories of cognitive and brain volume change.
One-Dimensional Surface Plasmon Photonic Crystal Slab (SPPCS) for a Nanophotodiode

For miniaturization of a photodiode, we present a new design concept to increase photogeneration rate in a small active domain by using subwavelength structures consisting of surface plasmon photonic crystal slab (SPPCS) acting like a near-field generator and an antireflection coating. The polarizability of rectangular metallic cylinder predicts surface plasmon (SP) resonance frequency in the SPPCS photodiode. Thus, the enhanced near-field intensity arising from SP resonant oscillation has a potential to solve the low photogeneration problem. In addition, photonic band structure dramatically changes TM photonic maps with extraordinary transmission and low reflection, thereby leading to an efficient nanophotodiode.
Using a risk and resilience framework and feminist theory to guide social work interventions with adolescent mothers

Adolescent mothers and their children are among the most vulnerable and challenging clients that social workers serve. With the profession's strong commitment to evidence-based practice in mind, we...
Phase II study of intravenous (IV) bevacizumab and paclitaxel, and intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin, followed by bevacizumab consolidation for advanced ovarian (O) or peritoneal (P) cancers

5540 Background: Excessive toxicity and difficulty in completing prescribed cycles are cited as factors behind the lack of routine acceptance of IP therapy in O/P cancer. In an effort to increase t...
Identification of bacteria causing acute otitis media using Raman microspectroscopy

Otitis media (OM) is the leading cause of acute physician visits and prescription of antibiotics for children. Current standard techniques to diagnose acute otitis media (AOM) are limited by their ability to probe only changes in symptoms of the bacterial infection that cause AOM. Furthermore, they are not able to detect the presence of or identify bacteria causing AOM, which is important for diagnosis and proper antibiotic treatment. Our goal is to detect the presence of and identify the pathogens involved in causing AOM based on their biochemical profile using Raman spectroscopy (RS). An inVia confocal Raman microscope (Renishaw) at 785 nm was used to detect bacteria causing AOM in vitro. The three main bacteria that cause AOM, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were cultured in chocolate agar and Mueller-Hinton agar to determine which agar type would minimize Raman signal from the growth agar. Preliminary results identified specific Raman spectral features characteristic of S. pneumoniae. RS has the potential to accurately diagnose AOM, which will help in identifying the antibiotic that will be most beneficial for the patient and ultimately decrease the course of infection.
THE INDICATIONS, SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF TEMPORARY TRANSVENOUS PACING IN A LARGE TERTIARY CENTER CORONARY CARE UNIT

Temporary transvenous pacing (TTP) is a critical life-saving procedure. We sought to evaluate the indications, safety, and efficacy of TTP at our large, tertiary Coronary Care Unit (CCU). We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent placement of a TTP lead at the Cleveland Clinic
A RANS-LES Study of Swirling and Non-Swirling Jets

Studying swirling turbulent jet flows is important for both application-driven reasons and increasing our fundamental understanding of turbulence. Although experimental and numerical studies of swirling jet flows provided some insights into the processes causing the mixing enhancement of momentum and scalars, a definite understanding is still not achieved. The paper describes the development of a combined RANS/LES method for the investigation of the structure of swirling turbulent jet flows. Comparisons with experimental data provide evidence for the suitability of this combined RANS/LES approach.
49 SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN AFRICAN AMERICANS WITH HEART FAILURE AND MILD TO MODERATE RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Purpose Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) has been reported in African Americans (AAs) hospitalized with untreated congestive heart failure (CHF) that suggests that the elevation in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not simply furosemide-related urinary wasting of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . SHPT has also been found in AAs hospitalized with CHF who had been treated medically. In patients with chronic renal failure, a marked decline in creatinine clearance of Methods and Results At the time of admission, serum PTH (pg/mL) and calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl; mL/min) by Cockcroft-Gault formula were determined in 68 AAs followed at the Regional Medical Center in Memphis: 18 were inpatients (11 M, 7 F; 53.7 ± 2.9 years) with CHF of protracted duration (D ≥ 4 weeks) and 19 were inpatients (13 M, 6 F; 50.7 ± 2.7 years) with CHF of shorter (1-2 weeks) duration (D 1-2 weeks) at the time of admission, each of whom had reduced ejection fraction (EF) ( Conclusions SHPT was found in all AAs with CHF of a protracted nature and 59% with CHF of a shorter duration but not in those with compensated failure or non-HF controls. Renal dysfunction was present in AAs with decompensated failure and in whom SHPT was present. However, based on calculated CrCl, renal dysfunction was considered to be of either mild or moderate severity. Thus, renal insufficiency is not likely a major covariant contributing to the appearance of SHPT in AAs with CHF.
Discussion on Application of Smart Power Consumption Technology

By introducing representative smart two-way metering technology,smart apparatus and socket technology,smart power consumption terminal technology,smart power consumption information management system and interactive power consumption technology,the article analyzes characteristics of each power consumption technology and important functions they undertake in smart grid.It can be predicted that smart grid will be considerably enriched and developed in the future and play an increasingly important role in human life.
Motor load modeling for voltage recovery delay phenomenon

Since the traditional load model cannot reflect the voltage recovery delay phenomenon of power system,an improved load model is proposed,which adds the models of motor with locked rotor and motor with low-voltage protection to the traditional integrated load model and adopts the idea of statistical synthesis method to consider the impacts of motor with locked rotor,motor with low-voltage protection and self-starting phenomenon after rotor lock on the voltage recovery of system. Simulative results show that,the proposed load model can incarnate the dynamic process of slow voltage recovery,instead of the dynamic process of instant voltage recovery by the traditional integrated load model.
Demo Abstract: SURE: An Experimentation and Evaluation Testbed for CPS Security and Resilience

In-depth consideration and evaluation of security and resilience is necessary for developing the scientific foundations and technology of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). In this demonstration, we present SURE [1], a CPS experimentation and evaluation testbed for security and resilience focusing on transportation networks. The testbed includes (1) a heterogeneous modeling and simulation integration platform, (2) a Web-based tool for modeling CPS in adversarial environments, and (3) a framework for evaluating resilience using attacker-defender games. Users such as CPS designers and operators can interact with the testbed to evaluate monitoring and control schemes that include sensor placement and traffic signal configuration.
Tolerance to opioid analgesics: clinical aspects

Tolerance is a complex phenomenon with important therapeutic implications. Understanding of its clinical aspects has been hampered by inadequate communication between clinicians, who have acquired striking observations relevant to the stability of the dose-response relationship in patients with pain, and investigators who have extensively studied animal models or drug effects in former addicts. In the clinical setting, it is now clear that the loss of analgesic effects over time has a differential diagnosis, only one component of which is tolerance. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that true pharmacological tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids is an uncommon cause for the need to escalate the opioid dose to maintain analgesic effects. Tolerance to non-analgesic effects appears to occur more reliably, but this phenomenon, too, is neither uniform nor simple. Some patients who appear to have developed tolerance to these adverse effects demonstrate a remarkable lack of tolerance when the pain is eliminated by some unrelated mechanism. The disparity between these clinical observations and the experimental literature on tolerance suggests that mechanisms related to the pain itself may have an important modulating effect on these phenomena. From the clinical perspective, the disparity emphasizes the need to avoid generalization from the laboratory to the clinic without adequate confirmation.
Hurricane Katrina Disaster, Stress Effects of

Hurricane Katrina, the costliest and most devastating natural disaster in U.S. history, struck the coastal areas of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi on August 29, 2005, as a category 3 storm causing a substantial number of deaths, infrastructure damage, and untold human misery. The initial deleterious impact of the storm was exacerbated by extensive flooding and the subsequent dysfunctional response by government agencies. Protracted relocation and recovery issues classify this disaster as a multiple-stressor event.