cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Judiciary, Diversity, and Justice for All

I am honored to be recognized by such a prestigious institution as the California Law Review ("CLR"). The honor flows not only from the fact that CLR is such an important part of my alma mater, but also because it played such an important role in my development as a lawyer. CLR helped me to sharpen and refine what I consider the most important skills in the legal profession-thorough legal research, sound legal analysis, and clear and organized writing. Most cases are won or lost on the papers. At the same time, we the members of CLR produced, and continue to produce, a journal of outstanding quality. In this way, CLR also speaks to the power and effectiveness of students acting independently of faculty supervision and without any outside help.' I marvel at students' ability to complete the countless tasks necessary to organize and publish high-quality journals such as CLR-all in their "spare time." I am equally honored to have this Speech published in the Asian Law Journal ("ALJ"). ALJ's inaugural issue included an article copublished with CLR in which Professor Robert Chang discussed the growing number of Asian Pacific American legal scholars who were bringing new voices to academia.2 How appropriate, then, that for ALJ's ten-year anniversary issue I have an opportunity to express my views on the need for racial and ethnic diversity in the judiciary.
The Ethics of Blawging: A Genre Analysis

Lawyers are blogging. As of October 16, 2009, the website Blawg.com tracked 2,788 legal blogs ("blawgs"). Another blawg directory compiled 4,622 blawgs in 69 substantive categories. When lawyers communicate, by whatever medium, ethical dilemmas arise; when lawyers blog, ethical dilemmas arise that are unique to blogging. The most visible ethical debate inspired by this new genre is the issue of whether to treat a lawyer's blog as advertising. Surprisingly, given the popularity of blawging, there are few resources addressing the full range of its ethical ramifications. This Article applies genre theory to blawging in order to highlight certain characteristics of the genre that can pose ethical temptations. This Article then discusses the potential ethical problems in terms of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in order to determine whether certain blawg behavior could violate the Rules. This Article draws upon empirical analysis of the ABA Journal Blawg 100,
High-order Adaptive Time Stepping for Vesicle Suspensions with Viscosity Contrast☆

Abstract We construct a high-order adaptive time stepping scheme for vesicle suspensions with viscosity contrast. The high-order accuracy is achieved using a spectral deferred correction (SDC) method, and adaptivity is achieved by estimating the local truncation error with the numerical error of physically constant values. Numerical examples demonstrate that our method can handle suspensions with vesicles that are tumbling, tank-treading, or both. Moreover, we demonstrate that a user-prescribed tolerance can be automatically achieved for simulations with long time horizons.
Fair and Balanced? Quantifying Media Bias through Crowdsourced Content Analysis

It is widely thought that news organizations exhibit ideological bias, but rigorously quantifying such slant has proven methodologically challenging. Through a combination of machine-learning and crowdsourcing techniques, we investigate the selection and framing of political issues in fifteen major US news outlets. Starting with 803,146 news stories published over twelve months, we first used supervised learning algorithms to identify the 14 percent of articles pertaining to political events. We then recruited 749 online human judges to classify a random subset of 10,502 of these political articles according to topic and ideological position. Our analysis yields an ideological ordering of outlets consistent with prior work. However, news outlets are considerably more similar than generally believed. Specifically, with the exception of political scandals, major news organizations present topics in a largely nonpartisan manner, casting neither Democrats nor Republicans in a particularly favorable or unfavorable light. Moreover, again with the exception of political scandals, little evidence exists of systematic differences in story selection, with all major news outlets covering a wide variety of topics with frequency largely unrelated to the outlet’s ideological position. Finally, news organizations express their ideological bias not by directly advocating for a preferred political party, but rather by disproportionately criticizing one side, a convention that further moderates overall differences.
Precisely Answering Multi-dimensional Range Queries without Privacy Breaches

This paper studies the privacy breaches caused by multi-dimensional range (MDR) sum queries in online analytical processing (OLAP) systems. We show that existing inference control methods are generally infeasible for controlling MDR queries. We then consider restricting users to even MDR queries (that is, the MDR queries involving even numbers of data values). We show that the collection of such even MDR queries is safe if and only if a special set of sum-two queries (that is, queries involving exactly two values) is safe. On the basis of this result, we give an efficient method to decide the safety of even MDR queries. Besides safe even MDR queries we show that any odd MDR query is unsafe. Moreover, any such odd MDR query is different from the union of some even MDR queries by only one tuple. We also extend those results to the safe subsets of unsafe even MDR queries.
Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression

Aims: Both aerobic and resistance exercise training promote skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Acute aerobic exercise increases several pro-angiogenic pathways, the best characterized being increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We hypothesized that acute resistance exercise also increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor [VEGF and angiopoietin (Ang)] expression. Methods: Seven young, sedentary individuals had vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and blood drawn prior to and at 0, 2 and 4 h post-resistance exercise for the measurement of VEGF; VEGF receptor [KDR, Flt-1 and neuropilin 1 (Nrp1)]; Ang1 and Ang2; and the angiopoietin receptor – Tie2 expression. Resistance exercise consisted of progressive knee extensor (KE) exercise to determine one repetition maximum (1-RM) followed by three sets of 10 repetitions (3 × 10) of KE exercise at 60–80% of 1-RM. Results: Resistance exercise significantly increased skeletal muscle VEGF mRNA and protein and plasma VEGF protein at 2 and 4 h. Resistance exercise increased KDR mRNA and Tie2 mRNA at 4 h and Nrp1 mRNA at 2 and 4 h. Skeletal muscle Flt-1, Ang1, Ang2 and Ang2/Ang1 ratio mRNA were not altered by resistance exercise. Conclusions: These findings suggest that acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle VEGF, VEGF receptor and angiopoietin receptor expression. The increases in muscle angiogenic growth factor expression in response to acute resistance exercise are similar in timing and magnitude with responses to acute aerobic exercise and are consistent with resistance exercise promoting muscle angiogenesis.
Ten Conversations about Identity Preservation: Implications for Cooperatives

Motivation: While it appears the modern economy demands ever increasing amounts of differentiation, opportunities for grain producers to create and capture significant new sources of value remains elusive. Opportunities appear to loom large to help remove risk and improve quality in the grain supply chain through preservation of product identity, producers, producer groups, and cooperatives are frustrated at the low level of value available to them from IP demand. Why do premiums remain low? And, what is the role of group action in these new differentiated markets? Objectives: This research report helps to explain this apparent paradox underlying the economics of the value proposition for IP grains. Methodology: Needs assessments were conducted on procurement executives using a semi-structured instrument. Results: The study demonstrates that understanding identity preservation business opportunities requires an understanding of the buy-side proposition. Respondents described how they balance the risk mitigation and market uplift features of a supply offering with the risks of narrowing the supply base. A model of the buyer's calculus is constructed. The results show how for producers and producer groups to drive value up the chain they need to shift away from solely a new product focus. Instead attention needs to be directed towards technologies, delivery systems, and organizational models that when bundled with new products make end-users more competitive. A second insight was the limited role of group action in meeting end-user needs. Where value markets existed, internalized groups rather than "arm's length" group transactions were the norm. Plan for Discussion: The cooperative movement was grounded in group action giving individual producers power in the market. The motivation to unite was very clear. In the post-industrial agrifood system though, why do buyers want to purchase from a group? What is the role of the group, from a buy-side perspective, in the modern economy? How should effective groups be structured? Key Words: identity preservation, supply chain management, value creation, group action
Preview: optimizing view materialization cost in spatial data warehouses

One of the major challenges facing a data warehouse is to improve the query response time while keeping the maintenance cost to a minimum. Recent solutions to tackle this problem suggest to selectively materialize certain views and compute the remaining views on-the-fly, so that the cost is optimized. Unfortunately, in case of a spatial data warehouse, both the view materialization cost and the on-the-fly computation cost are often extremely high. This is due to the fact that spatial data are larger in size and spatial operations are more complex and expensive than the traditional relational operations. In this paper, we propose a new notion, called preview, for which both the materialization and on-the-fly costs are significantly smaller than those of the traditional views. Essentially, to achieve these cost savings, a preview pre-processes the non-spatial part of the query, and maintains pointers to the spatial data. In addition, it exploits the hierarchical relationships among the different views by maintaining a universal composite lattice, and mapping each view onto it. We optimally decompose a spatial query into three components, the preview part, the materialized view part and the on-the-fly computation part, so that the total cost is minimized. We demonstrate the cost savings with realistic query scenarios.
Adaptive and dynamic adaptive procedures for false discovery rate control and estimation

Summary. Many methods for estimation or control of the false discovery rate (FDR) can be improved by incorporating information about π0, the proportion of all tested null hypotheses that are true. Estimates of π0 are often based on the number of p-values that exceed a threshold λ. We first give a finite sample proof for conservative point estimation of the FDR when the λ-parameter is fixed. Then we establish a condition under which a dynamic adaptive procedure, whose λ-parameter is determined by data, will lead to conservative π0- and FDR estimators. We also present asymptotic results on simultaneous conservative FDR estimation and control for a class of dynamic adaptive procedures. Simulation results show that a novel dynamic adaptive procedure achieves more power through smaller estimation errors for π0 under independence and mild dependence conditions. We conclude by discussing the connection between estimation and control of the FDR and show that several recently developed FDR control procedures can be cast in a unifying framework where the strength of the procedures can be easily evaluated.
Dynamic symmetry breaking restarted

Symmetry breaking by dominance detection (SBDD) [4,6,1,12], has proven to excel on problems that contain large symmetry groups. The core task of SBDD is the dominance detection algorithm. The first automated dominance detection algorithms were based on group theory [7], while the first provably polynomial-time dominance checkers for specific types of value symmetry were devised in [15]. This work was later extended to tackle any kind of value symmetry in polynomial time [13]. Based on these results, for specific “piecewise” symmetric problems, [14] showed that breaking variable and value symmetry can be broken simultaneously in polynomial time. The method was named structural symmetry breaking (SSB) and is based on the structural abstraction of a given partial assignment of values to variables.
An A-Prolog Decision Support System for the Space Shuttle

The goal of this paper is to test if a programming methodology based on the declarative language A-Prolog and the systems for computing answer sets of such programs, can be successfully applied to the development of medium size knowledge-intensive applications. We report on a successful design and development of such a system controlling some of the functions of the Space Shuttle.
On the complexity of mixed discriminants and related problems

We prove that it is #P-hard to compute the mixed discriminant of rank 2 positive semidefinite matrices. We present poly-time algorithms to approximate the ”beast”. We also prove NP-hardness of two problems related to mixed discriminants of rank 2 positive semidefinite matrices. One of them, the so called Full Rank Avoidance problem, had been conjectured to be NP-Complete in [23] and in [25]. We also present a deterministic poly-time algorithm computing the mixed discriminant D(A1,..,AN) provided that the linear (matrix) subspace generated by {A1,..,AN } is small and discuss randomized algorithms approximating mixed discriminants within absolute error.
What is the Relationship between Competition and Productivity

We demonstrate the usefulness of our results by using them to shed light on the existing empirical evidence. In particular, we argue that the studies of Syverson (2004), Schmitz (2005), and Lagakos (2007) are examples of how differences in the market size affect productivity. Our results are consistent with the positive relationship between competition and productivity that these studies find. In contrast, the study of Aghion et al (2005) is an example of how differences in entry costs affect productivity. Our results are consistent with the inverted U shape relationship that this study finds.
Data refinement and the transform

We discuss data refinement, along with the related idea of a coordinate transformation. We develop a language feature to support the coordinate transformation, called the transform, and discuss its use in developing and re-using programs.
On the relation between the market risk premium and market volatility

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) suggests that the market risk premium should be positively related to the market systematic risk as measured by the market variance. However, the empirical evidence is conflicting. While some studies find a significantly positive relation, others find an insignificant or a significantly negative relation. This article attempts to resolve the market risk and return relation puzzle by recognizing that the market volatility is stochastic and should be treated as an important source of systematic risk – volatility risk. Investors demand a risk premium for bearing the market volatility risk in addition to the market systematic risk. As a result, the market risk premium consists of two components, both related to the market volatility. After taking into account the volatility risk premium, we find strong evidence of a significantly positive relation between the market risk premium and the market systematic risk. We also find that the volatility risk premium is negative and...
Direct numerical simulations of instability-wave generation and propagation in supersonic boundary layers

Stringent requirements for component performance plus economic and environmental challenges for supersonic aircraft leave little room for inefficiencies in airframe design [1], making it necessary to have accurate and reliable prediction tools for boundary-layer transition to turbulence. To help develop and calibrate such tools, direct numerical simulations (DNS) of various stages during transition over both model and realistic flow configurations are necessary. This paper describes the application of a DNS solver based on high-order compact differences to supersonic swept-wing configurations. Specifically, spatial simulations of crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary layers have been performed and validated against predictions based on the simpler but nearly equally accurate parabolized stability equations. The excitation of crossflow modes due to localized surface disturbances is also investigated. To help increase the efficiency of crossflow simulations for infinite-span swept wings, a simple modification to the DNS procedure is shown to significantly reduce the total grid requirement.
Fields of Dreamers and Dreamed-up Fields: Functional and Fake Perimetry

Purpose: Hysterical and malingering patients can manifest visual field defects on perimetry (visual field testing), including defects suggestive of true visual pathway pathology. It has been shown that control subjects can easily imitate some pathologic defects with automated, computed perimetry. The authors sought to determine whether subjects could imitate the same pathologic defect with manual and automated perimetry. Method: Six subjects posed as patients with neurologic problems. They had manual perimetry with both an experienced and an inexperienced technician followed by automated perimetry. They were later interviewed about the methods of the technicians and the difficulty of the exercise. Results: Four of six subjects easily imitated the assigned defects with both technicians on manual perimetry and with automated perimetry. These included quadrantic, altitudinal, hemianopic, and enlarged blind-spot defects. Two subjects who were assigned cecocentral and paracentral scotomas instead produced enlarged blind spots by manual perimetry and defects suggestive of chiasmal pathology by automated perimetry. Paradoxically, some subjects found that experienced technicians were easier to fool than inexperienced technicians because of the systematic way in which experienced technicians defined defects. Conclusions: With minimal coaching, some subjects can imitate visual fields with enlarged blind spots, quadrantic, hemianopic, and altitudinal defects with ease and reproducibility by both automated and manual perimetry. Cecocentral and paracentral scotomas are harder to imitate but may be mistaken as representing chiasmal pathology. Paradoxically, experienced technicians may not be better at detecting hysterical or malingering individuals.
Deductive verification of real-time systems using STeP

We present a modular framework for proving temporal properties of real-time systems, based on clocked transition systems and linear-time temporal logic. We show how deductive verification rules, verification diagrams, and automatic invariant generation can be used to establish properties of real-time systems in this framework. We also discuss global and modular proofs of the branching-time property of non-Zenoness. As an example, we present the mechanical verification of the generalized railroad crossing case study using the Stanford Temporal Prover, STeP.
Quantifiable Software Architecture for Dependable Systems of Systems

Software architecture is a critical aspect in the successful development and evolution of dependable systems of systems (DSoS), because it provides artifactual loci around which engineers can reason, construct, and evolve the software design to provide robustness and resilience. Quantifiably architecting DSoS involves establishing a consensus of attributes of dependability (from different stakeholders’ perspectives) and translating them into quantifiable constraints. Unfortunately, there are few established approaches for quantifiably architecting such systems with dependability concerns considered at the architectural level. This paper presents a quantifiable architectural approach for evolving hybrid systems into DSoS so that the attributes of dependability can be justifiably translated into constraints and attached to architectural artifacts. Furthermore, it provides a means of quantitatively assessing these characteristics throughout the DSoS development/evolution process. Basically, this approach strengthens system composition in combination with explicit architecting and quantifiable constraints attached to the subsequent artifacts so as to improve the dependability of the intended systems through design inspection via static checking at the architectural level and dynamic monitoring at runtime.
Cognitive-behavioral approaches to ADHD treatment in adulthood

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence and adulthood is a chronic, distressing, and interfering neurobiologically based disorder that is primarily treated with medications. However, most individuals treated with medications continue to evidence at least some residual symptoms and functional impairments. These residual symptoms may be amenable to a structured, cognitive-behavioral treatment approach. Recommendations for treatment of ADHD in adolescents and adults therefore call for psychosocial intervention concomitant with medications. This article is a review of the extant research on outcome studies of psychosocial interventions for adults with ADHD, including the successful randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) my colleagues and I conducted. The article also includes a presentation of our model of treatment of residual ADHD in adulthood, which includes initiating CBT after medication stabilization, and an overview of the components of our specific CBT approach for residual ADHD that is geared toward adults and, potentially, adolescents.
The Spatial Distribution of Satellite Galaxies Within Halos: Measuring the Very Small Scale Angular Clustering of SDSS Galaxies

We measure the angular clustering of galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 in order to probe the spatial distribution of satellite galaxies within their dark matter halos. Specifically, we measure the angular correlation function on very small scales (7??320?) in a range of luminosity threshold samples (absolute r-band magnitudes from ?18 up to ?21) that are constructed from the subset of SDSS that has been spectroscopically observed more than once (the so-called plate overlap region). We choose to measure angular clustering in this reduced survey footprint in order to minimize the effects of fiber collision incompleteness, which are otherwise substantial on these small scales, and we discuss the possible impact that fiber collisions have on our measurements. We model our clustering measurements using a fully numerical halo model that populates dark matter halos in N-body simulations to create realistic mock galaxy catalogs. The model has free parameters that specify both the number and spatial distribution of galaxies within their host halos. We adopt a flexible density profile for the spatial distribution of satellite galaxies that is similar to the dark matter Navarro?Frenk?White (NFW) profile, except that the inner slope is allowed to vary. We find that the angular clustering of our most luminous samples ( < ?20 and ?21) suggests that luminous satellite galaxies have substantially steeper inner density profiles than NFW. Lower-luminosity samples are less constraining, however, and are consistent with satellite galaxies having shallow density profiles. Our results confirm the findings of Watson et al. while using different clustering measurements and modeling methodology.
Selectively Instantiating Definitions

When searching for proofs of theorems which contain definitions, it is a significant problem to decide which instances of the definitions to instantiate. We describe a method called dual instantiation, which is a partial solution to the problem in the context of the connection method; the same solution may also be adaptable to other search procedures. Dual instantiation has been implemented in TPS, a theorem prover for classical type theory, and we provide some examples of theorems that have been proven using this method. Dual instantiation has the desirable properties that the search for a proof cannot possibly fail due to insufficient instantiation of definitions, and that the natural deduction proof which results from a successful search will contain no unnecessary instantiations of definitions. Furthermore, the time taken by a proof search using dual instantiation is in general comparable to the time taken by a search in which exactly the required instances of each definition have been instantiated. We also describe how this technique can be applied to the problem of instantiating set variables.
Testing the Impact of Corporate Farming Restrictions on the Nebraska Hog Industry

This paper evaluates the implications of corporate restrictions on production agriculture using the case of the Nebraska hog industry. Corporate farming restrictions prohibit the acquisition or operation of agricultural land by nonfamily farm or ranch corporations. A partial adjustment model with a variable coefficient of adjustment is used to study the policy change. The results of the study support the hypothesis that the corporate farming restrictions in Nebraska have reduced the Nebraska hog industry's ability to adjust its inventory to target levels. A significant shift in inventory adjustment behavior is shown to coincide with the enactment of the corporate restrictions.
Relative efficiency with equivalence classes of asymptotic covariances

Abstract White’s (1984, Asymptotic Theory for Econometricians. Academic Press (Har court Brace Jovanovich), Orlando). Concept of asymptotic variance is shown to allow some ambiguities when used to study asymptotic efficiency. These ambiguities are resolved with some mild conditions on the estimators being studied, because then White’s asymptotic variance is an equivalence class in which efficiency conclusions are invariant across members of the class. Among the extant efficiency definitions, the lim inf-based definition ( White, 1994 . Estimation, Inference and Specification Analysis. Econometric Society Monograph, vol. 22, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 136) is most informative even though identical conclusions can be obtained under our conditions with earlier definitions, but there are still some notions of efficiency allowed by White’s asymptotic variance that can only be detected by weaker efficiency definitions.
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on China's Grain Sector and International Trade

This study analyzes the potential impact of climate change on China's corn, wheat, and rice, domestic agricultural markets, and the international markets out to the year 2050. The study provides a brief background and reviews research literature of climate change effects on China's crop yields. The paper presents the potential impact of climate change on China's yields and attempts to quantify the domestic and global market impacts. The analysis has four scenarios, which assumes two future levels of greenhouse gas emissions with the effects of CO2 fertilization and no CO2 fertilization. A 27-country commodity partial equilibrium simulation mathematical programming model (PEATSim) is used for this analysis. Results indicate under CO2 fertilization, which increases yields, China's grain imports may decrease leading to a decrease in international prices. Under no CO2 fertilization, yields decrease, China's grain imports may increase leading to increased international prices.
Hierarchy of players in swap robust voting games and minimal winning coalitions

Ordinarily, the process of decision making by a committee through voting is modelled by a monotonic game the range of whose characteristic function is restricted to f0; 1g: The decision rule that governs the collective action of a voting body induces a hierarchy in the set of players in terms of the a-priori inuence that the players have over the decision making process. In order to determine this hierarchy in a swap robust game, one has to either evaluate a number-based power index (e.g., the Shapley-Shubik index, the Banzhaf-Coleman index) for each player or conduct a pairwise comparison between players in order to nd out whether there exists a coalition in which player i is desirable over another player j as a coalition partner. In this paper we outline a much simpler and more elegant mechanism to determine the ranking of players in terms of their a-priori power using only minimal winning coalitions, rather than the entire set of winning coalitions. Keywords Simple game, Swap robust game, Desirability, Weak desirability, Lexicographic ordering. JEL classi cation C71, D71 Email: mbishnu@iastate.edu yEmail: sroy@iastate.edu
Monopoles and the Galactic Magnetic Field

Polarization of starlight, discovered thirty years ago, was the earliest evidence for an interstellar magnetic field. It remains the only optical manifestation of a general galactic field. Radioastronomy has provided several other lines of evidence. These include observation of synchrotron radiation, of Faraday rotation of radiation from extragalactic sources, a few observations of Zeeman “splitting” in the 21 cm hyperfine line of H, and the measurement of Faraday rotation combined with dispersion in the radiation from pulsars. Here we shall summarize briefly what is known about the interstellar magnetic field, emphasizing aspects relevant to questions about GUT monopoles. Then we shall consider the motion of monopoles in such a field and discuss the limits on monopole flux implied by the existence of the field we observe.
The Nazarov Cyclization: A Valuable Method to Synthesize Fully Substituted Carbon Stereocenters

The synthesis of fully substituted carbon stereocenters remains a challenging task in organic chemistry. Recent developments in the design of substrates that undergo the Nazarov cyclization have enabled this reaction to become a valuable way to form elaborately substituted cyclopentane rings containing fully substituted carbon stereocenters. Three major strategies have been utilized in this endeavor. Here we provide an overview of these three areas that should give insight into the usage of the Nazarov reaction for the challenging task of forming fully substituted carbon stereocenters.
EX ANTE VS. EX POST BIOTERRORISM MITIGATION: BETTER SAFE THAN SORRY?

This article examines a tradeoff between ex ante mitigation costs and ex post costs of response to a potential introduction of animal disease such as Foot and Mouth (FMD). In a simplified case study setting we examine the conditions for optimality of enhanced detection systems considering various characteristics of a potential FMD outbreak, costs of program implementation, severity of the disease outbreak, and relative effectiveness of surveillance and response strategies. We show that the decision to invest in ex ante detection activities depends on such factors as likelihood of disease introduction, disease spread rate, relative costs, ancillary benefits and effectiveness of mitigation strategies. While for slow spreading disease the investment in surveillance and detection was found to be optimal only for high probabilities of introduction, the investment was optimal even for low probabilities of outbreak occurrence for fast spreading disease.
MetaBAT, an efficient tool for accurately reconstructing single genomes from complex microbial communities

Grouping large genomic fragments assembled from shotgun metagenomic sequences to deconvolute complex microbial communities, or metagenome binning, enables the study of individual organisms and their interactions. Because of the complex nature of these communities, existing metagenome binning methods often miss a large number of microbial species. In addition, most of the tools are not scalable to large datasets. Here we introduce automated software called MetaBAT that integrates empirical probabilistic distances of genome abundance and tetranucleotide frequency for accurate metagenome binning. MetaBAT outperforms alternative methods in accuracy and computational efficiency on both synthetic and real metagenome datasets. It automatically forms hundreds of high quality genome bins on a very large assembly consisting millions of contigs in a matter of hours on a single node. MetaBAT is open source software and available at https://bitbucket.org/berkeleylab/metabat.
Supralattices: another dimension in materials science—theoretical investigation

Regular 3D arrays of nanosize clusters can be synthesized in the cages of zeolite frameworks. The appeal to use zeolites mainly comes from the periodic nature of channels and cages in these structures. Alumino silicate zeolite frameworks have wide electronic band gaps, and thus are transparent which opens up the possibility of forming new guest electronic states within the gap. Fisrt we discuss the properties of related materials—pure silicon clathrates doped with alkali metals. Caged structures of clathrates are similar to those of zeolites and can house alkali metal atoms in a periodic fashion with spacing varying from 5 to 15 . We investigate theoretically atomic geometries, energetics and electronic properties of small semiconducting clusters in silica-sodalite, and Na clusters in the β-cage of sodalite. The β-cage of sodalite is a building block common to the structure of many important zeolites. We find that introducing semiconductor clusters within the cages of the host materials gives rise to flat electronic bands in the band gap of the host. The electronic properties are found in many cases to be dominated by many-body electronic correlation effects.
Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices

Nanowires and nanotubes carry charge and excitons efficiently, and are therefore potentially ideal building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics. Carbon nanotubes have already been exploited in devices such as field-effect and single-electron transistors, but the practical utility of nanotube components for building electronic circuits is limited, as it is not yet possible to selectively grow semiconducting or metallic nanotubes. Here we report the assembly of functional nanoscale devices from indium phosphide nanowires, the electrical properties of which are controlled by selective doping. Gate-voltage-dependent transport measurements demonstrate that the nanowires can be predictably synthesized as either n- or p-type. These doped nanowires function as nanoscale field-effect transistors, and can be assembled into crossed-wire p-n junctions that exhibit rectifying behaviour. Significantly, the p-n junctions emit light strongly and are perhaps the smallest light-emitting diodes that have yet been made. Finally, we show that electric-field-directed assembly can be used to create highly integrated device arrays from nanowire building blocks.
Measuring HIV infectivity

We have developed a mathematical model that quantifies lymphocyte infection by HIV and lymphocyte protection by blocking agents such as soluble CD4. We use this model to suggest standardized parameters for quantifying viral infectivity and to suggest techniques for calculating these parameters from well-mixed infectivity assays. We discuss the implications of the model for our understanding of the infectious process and virulence of HIV in vivo.
Three-Dimensional Combustion in Type Ia Supernovae

Turbulent combustion is three-dimensional. Turbulence in a Type Ia supernova is driven on large scales by the buoyancy of burning products. The turbulent cascade penetrates down to very small scales, and makes the rate of deflagration independent of the microphysics. The competition between the turbulent cascade and the freeze-out of turbulent motions due to stellar expansion determines the largest scale participating in the cascade. This sets the bulk rate of a deflagration in a supernova. The freeze-out limits the bulk rate of deflagration to a value that makes a powerful explosion impossible. Two-dimensional simulations cannot capture these essential elements of turbulent combustion, even in principle.
Accurate and efficient radiation transport in optically thick media -- by means of the Symbolic Implicit Monte Carlo method in the difference formulation

The equations of radiation transport for thermal photons are notoriously difficult to solve in thick media without resorting to asymptotic approximations such as the diffusion limit. One source of this difficulty is that in thick, absorbing media thermal emission is almost completely balanced by strong absorption. In a previous publication [SB03], the photon transport equation was written in terms of the deviation of the specific intensity from the local equilibrium field. We called the new form of the equations the difference formulation. The difference formulation is rigorously equivalent to the original transport equation. It is particularly advantageous in thick media, where the radiation field approaches local equilibrium and the deviations from the Planck distribution are small. The difference formulation for photon transport also clarifies the diffusion limit. In this paper, the transport equation is solved by the Symbolic Implicit Monte Carlo (SIMC) method and a comparison is made between the standard formulation and the difference formulation. The SIMC method is easily adapted to the derivative source terms of the difference formulation, and a remarkable reduction in noise is obtained when the difference formulation is applied to problems involving thick media.
Africa and Arab Gulf states : divergent development paths and prospects for convergence

In spite of the similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab Gulf region (Gulf Cooperation Council states), development policies implemented in these two regions of the world have produced markedly different and even divergent outcomes. While Gulf Cooperation Council states have drawn on hydrocarbon revenues to dramatically transform their economic landscape, Sub-Saharan African countries have exhibited abysmal economic and social outcomes. The remarkable increase in personal income and large current account surpluses in Arab Gulf states is in sharp contrast with widespread poverty and recurrent balance of payments crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the possible causes of these divergent development paths and discusses the prospects for economic convergence in the new globalization landscape of growing trade ties between the two regions. In particular, it shows that development models underpinned by institutional continuity and intergenerational accountability could enhance long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and income convergence between the two regions.
Income Distribution and the Demand Constraint

This paper argues that the interaction between inequality and the demand patterns for goods is a potential source of persistent inequality. Income distribution, in the presence of non-homothetic preferences, affects the demand for goods and, due to differences in factor intensities across sectors, it alters the return to factors of production and the initial distribution of income. Low inequality leads to high demand for medium skilled intensive goods, providing a bridge over which low skill dynasties may transition to the high-skilled sector in the long run. Under high inequality however, the initial lack of demand for medium skilled labor breaches this bridge from poverty to prosperity and inequality persists. This paper examines the dynamic interaction between the income distribution in an economy and patterns of demand. It shows that such interaction is a potential source of persistence in initial inequality, that affects (human) capital accumulation and growth. These effects arise because of two factors. First, with non-homothetic preferences, the income distribution affects the pattern of demand for goods and services. Second, due to differences in factor intensities of goods, this demand pattern affects the distribution of factor returns as well. Low initial inequality, through greater demand for less skilled labor, creates a virtuous cycle that carries low income families from poverty to prosperity. Under high initial inequality however, a lack of such demand vitiates this virtuous cycle, resulting in low human capital accumulation and growth. Links between income inequality and growth have received much attention in the the- oretical literature in recent years. Benabou (1996) identifies two broad strands of this literature—one that links inequality and growth through political economy aspects of de- velopment and the other, through the role of capital market imperfections (CMI). Our set up here is closer to the latter approach, particularly to the work on inequality and human capital accumulation. Briefly, the CMI approach examines how the lack of easy access to credit can affect aggregate capital investment and economic growth under high inequality. It has been shown that even though poor families could be hindered by credit constraints in the short run, they could still catch up with richer families in the long run by gradually accumulating (human) capital over time. 1 Yet, such catch up will not happen if there are indivisibilities in the initial level of investment necessary to acquire any human capital. This is because poor families may never accumulate enough to meet such a threshold. 2
On the V-filtration of D-modules

In this mostly expository note we give a down-to-earth introduction to the V-filtration of M. Kashiwara and B. Malgrange on \(D\)-modules. We survey some applications to generalized Bernstein-Sato polynomials, multiplier ideals, and monodromy of vanishing cycles.
Bringing the Cloud Down to Earth: Transient PCs Everywhere

The convergence of cloud computing with mobile computing opens the door to the creation of new applications and services that can be delivered to users at any time and any place. At the heart of this convergence lies a delicate balance between centralization and decentralization. We explore the forces underlying this balance, and examine the role of virtual machine (VM) technology. We observe that a VM-based model of cloud computing called a Transient PC offers an approach to “carry-nothing” mobile computing that harnesses the full power of local hardware at the edges of the Internet. In particular, we show how a zero-install Transient PC implementation can safely use local storage.
The isomorphism problem for multiparameter quantized Weyl algebras

In this note we solve the isomorphism problem for the multiparameter quantized Weyl algebras, in the case when none of the deformation parameters $$q_i$$ is a root of unity, over an arbitrary field.
Open Rotor Aeroacoustic Modelling

Owing to their inherent fuel efficiency, there is renewed interest in developing open rotor propulsion systems that are both efficient and quiet. The major contributor to the overall noise of an open rotor system is the propulsor noise, which is produced as a result of the interaction of the airstream with the counter-rotating blades. As such, robust aeroacoustic prediction methods are an essential ingredient in any approach to designing low-noise open rotor systems. To that end, an effort has been underway at NASA to assess current open rotor noise prediction tools and develop new capabilities. Under this effort, high-fidelity aerodynamic simulations of a benchmark open rotor blade set were carried out and used to make noise predictions via existing NASA open rotor noise prediction codes. The results have been compared with the aerodynamic and acoustic data that were acquired for this benchmark open rotor blade set. The emphasis of this paper is on providing a summary of recent results from a NASA Glenn effort to validate an in-house open noise prediction code called LINPROP which is based on a high-blade-count asymptotic approximation to the Ffowcs-Williams Hawkings Equation. The results suggest that while predicting the absolute levels may be difficult, the noise trends are reasonably well predicted by this approach.
Relational bayesian networks

A new method is developed to represent probabilistic relations on multiple random events. Where previously knowledge bases containing probabilistic rules were used for this purpose, here a probability distribution over the relations is directly represented by a Bayesian network. By using a powerful way of specifying conditional probability distributions in these networks, the resulting formalism is more expressive than the previous ones. Particularly, it provides for constraints on equalities of events, and it allows to define complex, nested combination functions.
Casson towers and filtrations of the smooth knot concordance group

The n‐solvable filtrationfFng 1D0 of the smooth knot concordance group (denoted by C ) due to Cochran, Orr and Teichner has been instrumental in the study of knot concordance in recent years. Part of its significance is due to the fact that certain geometric attributes of a knot imply membership in various levels of the filtration. We show the counterpart of this fact for two new filtrations of C due to Cochran, Harvey and Horn; the positive and negative filtrations, denoted byfPng 1D0 andfNng 1D0 respectively. In particular, we show that if a knot K bounds a Casson tower of height nC2 in B 4 with only positive (resp. negative) kinks in the base-level kinky disk, then K2 Pn (resp. Nn ). En route to this result we show that if a knot K bounds a Casson tower of height nC2 in B 4 , it bounds an embedded (symmetric) grope of height nC2 and is therefore n‐solvable. We also define a variant of Casson towers and show that if K bounds a tower of type .2;n/ in B 4 , it is n‐solvable. If K bounds such a tower with only positive (resp. negative) kinks in the base-level kinky disk then K2 Pn (resp. K2 Nn ). Our results show that either every knot which bounds a Casson tower of height three is topologically slice or there exists a knot in T Fn which is not topologically slice. We also give a 3‐dimensional characterization, up to concordance, of knots which bound kinky disks in B 4 with only positive (resp. negative) kinks; such knots form a subset of P0 (resp. N0 ). 57M25
Institutional Activism: Reconsidering the Insider/Outsider Dichotomy

Social movements are conventionally understood as a means by which groups seek to resolve collective grievances outside of the regular political process. With this in mind, I explore the important role of ‘‘institutional activists’’ – insiders with access to resources and power – who proactively take up causes that overlap with those of grassroots challengers. This article focuses on the history of, and recent developments in, the study of institutional activism, situating the concept within existing social movement theory and providing examples of the varying roles of institutional activists in mobilization.