cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The whole history of kinship terminology in three chapters Before Morgan, Morgan, and after Morgan

The article questions the current consensus that kinship terminologies evolve from something like the Dravidian to something like the English terminology, examining it over three time periods. Before Morgan the study of kinship terminology was embedded within a comparative study of core vocabularies to determine historic relations among nations (e.g. Leibniz). Morgan's breakthrough was to disembed the terms of kinship from the vocabulary list and conceptualize them as a set. His vision of their evolution had two phases. Before the revolutionary expansion of ethnological time in the mid-19th century, he developed an evolutionary view of the Indo-European kinship terminology that was very acute but tied to a short chronology for world history that the time revolution shortly exploded; after the time revolution he conceived the Iroquois and the English (as types of the Classificatory and the Descriptive) terminologies as an evolutionary series caused by successive reformations of the marriage rule. After Mor...
Dynamic turning of 13 cm robot comparing tail and differential drive

Rapid and consistent turning of running legged robots on surfaces with moderate friction is challenging due to leg slip and uncertain dynamics. A tail is proposed as a method to effect turns at higher yaw frequencies than can be obtained by differential velocity drive of alternate sides. Here we introduce a 100 mm scale dynamic robot - OctoRoACH - with differential-drive steering and a low-mass tail to investigate issues of yaw rate control. The robot without tail is underactuated with only 2 drive motors and mass of 35 grams including battery and control electronics. For some surface conditions, OctoRoACH can maintain heading or turning rate using only leg velocity control, and a basic rate-gyro-based heading control system can respond to disturbances, with a closed-loop bandwidth of approximately 1 Hz. Using a modified off-the-shelf servo for the tail drive, the robot responds to turning commands at 4 Hz and up to 400°/sec.
Interactions between drugs and occupied receptors

This review has 2 parts. Part I deals with isobolographic procedures that are traditionally applied to the joint action of agonists that individually produce overtly similar effects. Special attention is directed to newer computational procedures that apply to agonists with dissimilar concentration-effect curves. These newer procedures are consistent with the isobolographic methods introduced and used by Loewe, however, the present communications provides the needed graphical and mathematical detail. A major aim is distinguishing super and sub-addictive interactions from those that are simply additive. The detection and measurement of an interaction is an important step in exploring drug mechanism and is also important clinically. Part II discusses a new use of isoboles that is applicable to a single drug or chemical whose effect is mediated by 2 or more receptor subtypes. This application produces a metric that characterizes the interaction between the receptor subtypes. The expansion of traditional isobolographic theory to this multi-receptor situation follows from the newer approaches for 2-drug combination analysis in Part I. This topic leads naturally to a re-examination of competitive antagonism and the classic Schild plot. In particular, it is shown here that the Schild plot in the multi-receptor case is not necessarily linear with unit slope. Both parts of this review emphasize the quantitative aspects rather than the many drugs that have been analyzed with isobolographic methods. The mathematical exposition is rather elementary and is further aided by several graphs. An appendix is included for the reader interested in the mathematical details.
Rethinking the Scientific and Legal Implications of Developmental Differences Research in Juvenile Justice

A recent string of Supreme Court cases now ensures that fewer juveniles will be subjected to our most extreme punitive sanctions, a sign of forward movement toward evolving standards of decency in our culture and jurisprudence. However, this article will argue that there are potential long-term costs associated with the interpretation of developmental differences research relied upon by the Court, not only to juveniles and adults accused and convicted of serious crimes, but to the credibility of science and the legitimacy of the criminal law. The article draws on cutting-edge scientific research to argue that juveniles should indeed be treated differently than we currently treat adults for criminal offenses. However, the primary reason we should treat them differently is not because they are developmentally immature (which many of them may indeed be), but because our retributive justifications for adult punishment do not and will not stand up to scientific scrutiny and the ongoing, inevitable advances in the behavioral and biological sciences. Adolescent immaturity is just one example of the growing number of diminished capacities taking aim at the legitimacy of retributive justifications for punishment. As philosophical and commonsense explanations for criminal behavior give way to scientific and empirical analyses across biological, psychological, and social levels, the justification for and responses to criminal responsibility will need to shift from retribution and just desert toward more forward-looking, consequentialist approaches with both juveniles and adults.
Correlation of proliferation indices, apoptosis, and related oncogene expression (bcl-2 and c-erbb-2) and p53 in proliferative, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrium

Abstract Background: The various morphological groupings of endometrial pathology are often difficult to distinguish from each other. The endometrium is an actively proliferating tissue and there is an overlap in cell proliferation fraction (CPF) between benign proliferative endometrium (BPE) and endometrial carcinoma (EC). Apoptosis in benign cycling endometrium is related to the menstrual cycle. In this study we evaluated CPF, apoptosis, and oncogenes that relate to cell turnover (bcl-2, p53, and c-erbB-2) in the spectrum of endometrial pathology. Methods: We examined a total of 64 cases consisting of 10 cases of BPE, 18 cases of simple endometrial hyperplasia (SEH), 18 cases of complex hyperplasia (CEH; including eight cases with atypical hyperplasia), and 18 cases of EC, FIGO grade 1. CPF was measured by the mitotic index (MI) and by the percentage of Ki-67 positive nuclei (Ki-67 index). Apoptotic index (AI) was determined on hematoxylin and eosin sections. Results: MI was 2.48% in BPE, 0.65% in SEH, 0.6% in CEH, and 0.91% in EC (P
Characterization of Transplanted Green Fluorescent Protein+ Bone Marrow Cells into Adipose Tissue

Following transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled bone marrow (BM) into irradiated, wild-type Sprague-Dawley rats, propagated GFP(+) cells migrate to adipose tissue compartments. To determine the relationship between GFP(+) BM-derived cells and tissue-resident GFP(-) cells on the stem cell population of adipose tissue, we conducted detailed immunohistochemical analysis of chimeric whole fat compartments and subsequently isolated and characterized adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) from GFP(+) BM chimeras. In immunohistochemistry, a large fraction of GFP(+) cells in adipose tissue were strongly positive for CD45 and smooth muscle actin and were evenly scattered around the adipocytes and blood vessels, whereas all CD45(+) cells within the blood vessels were GFP(+). A small fraction of GFP(+) cells with the mesenchymal marker CD90 also existed in the perivascular area. Flow cytometric and immunocytochemical analyses showed that cultured ASCs were CD45(-)/CD90(+)/CD29(+). There was a significant difference in both the cell number and phenotype of the GFP(+) ASCs in two different adipose compartments, the omental (abdominal) and the inguinal (subcutaneous) fat pads; a significantly higher number of GFP(-)/CD90(+) cells were isolated from the subcutaneous depot as compared with the abdominal depot. The in vitro adipogenic differentiation of the ASCs was achieved; however, all cells that had differentiated were GFP(-). Based on phenotypical analysis, GFP(+) cells in adipose tissue in this rat model appear to be of both hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin; however, infrequent isolation of GFP(+) ASCs and their lack of adipogenic differentiation suggest that the contribution of BM to ASC generation might be minor.
THE LIKELIHOOD OF SPERM COMPETITION IN MANATEES-EXPLAINING AN APPARENT PARADOX

Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are promiscuous, with multiple males mating with individual females. This suggests manatees are sperm competitors. Surprisingly, manatee testes are not relatively large. For adult males in non-winter, testicular size is approximately twice what is expected, based on allometry, for “typical” (i. e., non-sperm competitor) male mammals of similar size; for these manatees, combined testicular weight represents 0.19% of the body weight (n= 27 manatees). Testicular weight was generally largest in manatees older than 7 yr in non-winter. Testicular size of some sperm competitors is as much as an order of magnitude (or more) larger than expected in a “typical” species. Perhaps in compensation for the testes not being remarkably large, the seminal vesicles of mature manatees may be larger than the testes. Production of notably large volumes of seminal fluid characterizes sperm competitor primate species and may have positive energy consequences for species such as the manatee that have extremely low metabolic rates. Another possible explanation for the observed relationship between testicular mass and body mass in manatees is that selection for a greatly expanded hindgut and extremely dense, heavy integument could make the body mass of manatees “artificially” high, and the relative testicular mass “artificially” low.
The simultaneous determination of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in human biofluids using gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method employing solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography has been developed for the quantitative determination of propoxyphene simultaneously with its major metabolite norpropoxyphene. Norpropoxyphene is analyzed following its conversion to a stable product, norpropoxyphene amide. Using an initial volume of 4 ml the method can detect as little as 0.010 μg of propoxyphene and 0.050 μg of norpropoxyphene per ml of plasma. Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene plasma levels were determined in samples from a normal volunteer following a single oral dose of propoxyphene and from patients and volunteers after multiple oral doses. During the first 6 h after drug administration, propoxyphene rapidly disappeared from the plasma of the normal volunteer. In contrast, the plasma level of norpropoxyphene was more persistent. Subjects receiving multiple doses of propoxyphene were found to have a plasma level of norpropoxyphene that was, on the average, three times greater than the corresponding plasma level of propoxyphene.
The Aftermath of Remedial Math: Investigating the Low Rate of Certificate Completion among Remedial Math Students.

Nationally, a majority of community college students require remedial assistance with mathematics, but comparatively few students who begin the remedial math sequence ultimately complete it and achieve college-level math competency. The academic outcomes of students who begin the sequence but do not complete it are disproportionately unfavorable: most students depart from the community college without a credential and without transferring to a four-year institution. Interestingly, however, many of these students continue to attend the community college after they exit the remedial math sequence, sometimes for an extended period. One is led to ask why students who do not complete the sequence generally are not finding their way to an alternative credential objective that does not require college-level math competency, such as a career and technical education certificate, sometimes referred to as a vocational certificate. In this study, I explore three possible answers to this question, including difficulty navigating to the alternative credential, declining participation in the community college, and declining academic performance. I find that all three of these explanations contribute (to varying degrees) to explaining the low rate of certificate completion among remedial math students who do not achieve college-level math competency.
Modeling sensorineural hearing loss. I. Model and retrospective evaluation

The present article describes an approach to the evaluation of psychoacoustic data from the hearing impaired. The results obtained from the hearing impaired in several studies of frequency resolution, temporal resolution, and speech recognition are compared to the results expected for noise‐masked normal listeners. It is presumed in this approach that the hypothetical noise‐masked normal listeners have masked thresholds that agree perfectly with the quiet thresholds of the hearing‐impaired subjects. Using this approach, most of the results obtained from impaired ears on spectral‐resolution and speech‐recognition tasks could be accurately predicted, an exception being results from spectral‐resolution paradigms using fixed‐level signals. Some of the data from hearing‐impaired listeners on temporal‐resolution tasks, on the other hand, could not be adequately described with this approach. The latter data, however, were much more limited. Additional data are needed to better evaluate the adequacy of this approach in describing the performance of the hearing impaired on temporal‐resolution tasks.
Criteria for oscillation and growth of nonoscillatory solutions of forced differential equations of even order

and are, for the most part, analogies of Grimmer’s results for the superlinear and linear cases. The topic of oscillation of solutions of forced equations has been considered in a number of papers. Those by Kartsatos [5, 61, and Kartsatos and Manougian [7] are particularly significant for the purposes of this paper. Others that concern forced ordinary differential equations are [3, 4, 8, 12-13, 141, while [I, 7, lo] consider equations involving a delay. In the equations considered by most of the papers cited, it is assumed that the time-space variables are separable, as is exemplified in the case of
Effect of elastic stress on the resistivity and Tc of (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Can−1CunOx

Abstract We have measured the effect of elastic uniaxial stress σ in the a direction on the superconducting transition temperature T c of (Bi, Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O χ (2212) and (Bi, Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O χ (2223). We find dT / dσ 11 =-10±2 K/GPa for 2212 and -6±2K/ GPa for the 2223 compound. Combining these results with those of others on d T c /d P we find that dT c / dσ 33 =+ 18 K/GPa. An estimate of the elastic constants of these compounds from the work of others together with these results implies that the change in T c with a fractional change in the c -axis spacing is probably positive, although the uncertainties in the elastic constants make this estimate subject to a large uncertainty. The resistance changes by less than 1 part in 12 000 for strains up to 0.5%, implying that dln ϱ / dσ 11 =-76 x 10 -3 GPa -1
Precocious Puberty Following Treatment in a Six-Year-Old Male with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Studies of Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Plasma Testosterone1

Subsequent to hydrocortisone therapy, serum LH, serum FSH and plasma testosterone concentrations were followed for 178 days in a 6.3-yr-old boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and a bone age of 13 yr. One day following the initiation of therapy, plasma testosterone concentration decreased from 346.8 ng/100 ml to 68.3 ng/100 ml. The lowest testosterone concentration (20.8 ng/100 ml) occurred on the 7th day following the initiation of therapy. An increase of serum LH (from 3.0 mIU/ml to 13.5 mIU/ml) and serum FSH (from 2.9 mIU/ml to 5.8 mIU/ml) concentrations into the adult male range (mean ± sd) LH 10.9 ± 4.0 mIU/ml and FSH 7.4 ± 1.9 mIU/ml) was observed on the 8th day. Mean (± sd) LH and FSH concentrations for the period extending from the 15th through the 124th day following the initiation of therapy were 12.7 ± 1.2 mIU/ml and 6.7 ± 0.8 mIU/ml, respectively. Mean (± sd) testosterone concentration for this period was 151.7 ± 76.4 ng/100 ml. By the 178th day following the initiation of therapy a signif...
Creation of a subcutaneous tunnel for Broviac and Hickman catheters.

The use of the Cordis shunt tunneler has simplified the creation of the subcutaneous tunnel for chronic venous access catheters. The tunneling maneuver is rapid, is associated with little patient discomfort, and in a series of 25 consecutive patients has not been associated with hematoma formation. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition9: 225, 1985)
Progressive hyperglycemia across the glucose tolerance continuum in older obese adults is related to skeletal muscle capillarization and nitric oxide bioavailability.

Muscle capillarization is impaired with advancing glucose intolerance, and plasma nitric oxide may provide a marker of this progression.
A study of the average run length characteristics of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.

This study examines the statistical properties (that is, false positive and negative signals) in detecting unusual patterns of reported cases of diseases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Control charts are applied to the residuals of one-step ahead forecasts based on Box-Jenkins models of reported cases of disease. Simulation and analytical techniques are used to study the average run length characteristics of these control charts for various types of changes in the levels of the series, including spike, trend and step changes. The average run lengths for the highly correlated disease series are much longer than for the usual independent data case. This increase in the average run lengths is strongly influenced by the type of change in the level of the series and by the type of control chart. Understanding the average run length characteristics of the control charts can lead to timely detection of changes in the levels of disease series, and subsequent timely public health actions to decrease unnecessary morbidity and mortality.
Category theory of structural sets with application to mathematical modelling and systems analysis

Abstract The extension of N. Bourbaki's structural sets theory is suggested as an effective method for mathematical modelling. Canonical morphisms are introduced for structures of given species. Structural sets and their canonical morphisms constitute the category of a given structure. These constructions permit applications of effective algebraic methods of category theory to analysis of models. The methods developed in the article are applied to the systems theory suggested by author previously. Some results of the systems theory are presented. Applications of the developed methods are demonstrated in examples-a simplified hospital system, for instance.
Design and operation of a multiple readout CCD camera controller

The increased number of pixels in CCD sensors has meant a corresponding increase in the time required to read out the sensor with low noise. Therefore two to four readout circuits are now being included on a single CCD. The CCD image can be broken up into sections and moved separately to each readout amplifier, reducing the overall readout time. This creates the need for CCD camera controllers that can control more than one CCD readout at a time. The system architecture of such a controller is described. The two major boards - a digital timing board shared between all the readouts, and a mostly analog readout dedicated one per readout - are discussed in detail. The timing board contains a fast digital signal processor that contains the readout program and timing information in internal memory and updates the CCD clocks at a 10 MHz rate. The performance of the analog cicuitry and a sample readout program described.
Infrared spectrum of NaNO3—I. Longitudinal and transverse internal modes

Abstract The absorption spectrum of single-crystal NaNO 3 has been determined as a function of temperature (25–573°K), pressure (0–72 kbar), crystal orientation, polarization, and isotopic composition between 600 and 4000 cm −1 . An observed dependence of the longitudinal optical frequencies on the direction of propagation, the difference between the frequencies of the u and g modes corresponding to a given fundamental, the widths of the combination bands, and the qualitative pressure-dependence of the fundamental frequencies are rationalized with the aid of dipole derivatives deduced from the spectra.
The modified barrier function method for linear programming and its extensions

Abstract We applied the modified barrier function (MBF) method and its new extensions to the linear programming (LP) problem and compared with the known LP barrier method. We then extended to the MBF LP method the worst case estimate O(L√m) for the computational cost of the solution of an LP problem (having input size L and the number of constraints and variables m) in terms of the number of Newton's steps (such an estimate is well-known for the LP barrier methods), and we showed the improved numerical stability of Newton's steps compared with the LP barrier methods.
Valuing the benefits and costs of improved food safety and nutrition

Assuring the quality of food products, especially their safety and nutrition levels, is an increasing focus for governments, companies, and international trade bodies. In choosing quality assurance programs, public and private decision-makers must assess the benefits and costs of expected improvements in food safety and nutrition. This article discusses methods for measuring these benefits and costs as well as how these valuations are related to the mix of voluntary and mandatory quality management systems used in particular countries or trading blocs. These relationships are illustrated by a short case study of safety assurance systems for meat and poultry products.
Cation effect on anion separations by aza-crown ligands in liquid membranes

Abstract New carriers have been prepared based on the aza-18-crown-6 structure to facilitate membrane transport of ions. One of these incorporates four aza-18-crown-6 molecules bonded to a resorcinarene ring. The other, aza-18-crown-6 bonded to an undecyl chain, was studied as a monomeric analog. These carriers have been included in dichloromethane bulk liquid membranes (BLMs) to assess cation influence on competitive transport among anions (ReO 4 − , NO 3 − , ClO 4 − ). ReO 4 − was investigated as a non-radioactive analog of the pertechnetate anion, which is of interest in nuclear waste separations. The permeability values and selectivity for ReO 4 − and ClO 4 − were the greatest when neutral source and receiving phases were used with K + as the co-transported cation. The carriers also showed selectivity for ReO 4 − and ClO 4 − over NO 3 − with K + and Na + as the co-transported cations using neutral and basic aqueous phase solutions. It was also found that some cations inhibit anion transport.
Vertically aligned and interconnected nickel oxide nanowalls fabricated by hydrothermal route

Vertically aligned and well interconnected NiO nanowalls with thin nanodiscs of cubic NiO as the in situ formed building blocks were fabricated via a template-free approach. The alkaline solution of ammonium hydroxide was used as a reductant and Ni foil as both source material and substrate for the nanowall synthesis. Surface morphology analysis confirmed the formation of 15 nm thick and 0.2–1.5 μm wide nanowalls. The nanowalls had the crystal structure of cubic NiO with their growth plane along the [111] direction. An optical band gap of about 3.8 eV for the NiO nanowalls was obtained from the optical absorption measurement. NiO nanowalls exhibited a broad UV emission band centered at around 390 nm. This simple, but efficient synthesis technique can facilitate the growth of well aligned 2D nanostructures with large surface area for possible applications in nanoscale devices. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Endophthalmitis: classification and current management

Endophthalmitis remains an important cause of visual morbidity, even with appropriate and prompt treatment. Infectious endophthalmitis may be categorized by the cause of the infection and the characteristic timing of clinical symptoms and signs. The differential diagnosis includes noninfectious inflammation, such as toxic anterior segment syndrome, as well as pseudohypopyon composed of triamcinolone acetonide or dehemoglobinized intraocular hemorrhage. Two relatively newly appreciated categories of endophthalmitis that are becoming more prevalent are endophthalmitis associated with microbial keratitis and endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study provides useful guidelines for the management of endophthalmitis. Prompt administration of antimicrobials is usually associated with better visual outcome making early diagnosis important. Advances in the management and prevention of endophthalmitis will probably come from improved antibiotic coverage, more effective r...
Mass Spectrometry at High Temperatures. XVIII. The Stabilities of the Mono‐ and Difluorides of Scandium and Yttrium

Mono‐, di‐, and trifluorides of Sc and Y have been identified in the vapors over mixtures of the corresponding metals and CaF2 in Ta‐Knudsen cells at high temperatures. Equilibria among these molecules and Ca and CaF have been studied by a mass spectrometer and their dissociation energies have been determined.
History of sea arches and remnant stacks of La Jolla, California, and their bearing on similar features elsewhere

Abstract In the past there has been little attempt made to describe and explain the various types of sea arches that are found along the coasts of the world. Since we have some good examples of arches, shown in old photographs around the Point La Jolla area in southern California, it is desirable to consider the history of these arches as a model for a theoretical study of arches found elsewhere. Using the excellent compilation of photographs of the previous one hundred years, we have been able to make reasonable explanations for these La Jolla arches and have found that they were formed partly as the result of exposure of an irregular coastline due to block-fault uplift of quite recent date. However, a somewhat different cause has accounted for the development of each case, as opposed to any one process such as the cutting on two sides of a projecting point, as suggested by Johnson (1925, 1938) for several arches. The only arch still intact in the La Jolla area is apparently the result of the submergence of the west end of a series of coastal caves where an embayment due to land and sea erosion intersected the cave at its head. Large southerly storms in the early 19th century may account for the undercutting of emergent hogbacks (Dana, 1969), and elsewhere surge channels cutting under hard layers in soft material have played a role in the formation of arches, but only one example of erosion on two sides of a point is indicated. Comparing our information from Point La Jolla to arches in other areas we find that there are several examples where projecting points of land indicate recent diastrophism and arches are developed which are similar to those at La Jolla, but we know little about them. We agree with Johnson that many arches have been the result of wave erosion on the two sides of projecting points. Probably an equal number have formed as the result of surge channels where currents have penetrated weak layers capped by more resistant formations. Although we have no good examples, we feel sure that some arches are largely the result of exposure of both ends of solution caverns.
Potassium uptake in atrazine-treated roots of sensitive and resistan plants

Abstract The action of atrazine and its biodegradation products on the membrane transport of potassium in roots was evaluated in both sensitive and resistant plants. Excised roots of maize and oat showed inhibition of potassium uptake efficiency in the presence of 1.4 × 10−4 M atrazine and 1.4 × 10−4 M deethylated atrazine. Other biodegradation products such as 2-chloro-4-amino-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine,2-chloro-4,6-,bisamino-1,3,5-triazine, and 2-chloro-4-amino-1,3,5-triazine showed no inhibitory effect on the K+ uptake capacity. Two maize hybrids showing different uptake efficiency were inhibited differently by atrazine. We suggest that atrazine and deethylated atrazine inhibited the K+ transport interacting directly with the plant cell membranes without discerning between resistant and sensitive plants.
Nickel solubility and precipitation in soils: a thermodynamic study

The formation of mixed-metal-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) phases similar to hydrotalcite has been identified as a significant mechanism for immobilization of trace metals in some environmental systems. These precipitate phases become increasingly stable as they age, and their formation may therefore be an important pathway for sequestration of toxic metals in contaminated soils. However, the lack of thermodynamic data for LDH phases makes it difficult to model their behavior in natural systems. In this work, enthalpies of formation for Ni LDH phases with nitrate and sulfate interlayers were determined and compared to recently published data on carbonate interlayer LDHs. Differences in the identity of the anion interlayer resulted in substantial changes in the enthalpies of formation of the LDH phases, in the order of increasing enthalpy carbonate<sulfate<nitrate. Substitution of silica for carbonate resulted in an even more exothermic enthalpy of formation, confirming that silica substitution increases the stability of LDH precipitates. Both mechanical mixture and solid-solution models could be used to predict the thermodynamic properties of the LDH phases. Modeling results based on these thermodynamic data indicated that the formation of LDH phases on soil mineral substrates decreased Ni solubility compared to Ni(OH)2 over pH 5–9 when soluble Al is present in the soil substrate. Over time, both of these precipitate phases will transform to more stable Ni phyllosilicates.
The greatest regular subalgebra of certain Banach algebras of vector-valued functions

Given an arbitrary commutative complex Banach algebraA, it is shown that, for various classical Banach algebras ofA-valued functions, the greatest regular subalgebra consists precisely of those functions which map into the greatest regular subalgebra ofA. The main result covers the case of continuous and differentiable functions, Lipschitz functions, and Bochner integrable functions on a locally compact abelian group. The principal tools are from the theory of tensor products of Banach algebras.
Heating and radiation effects on optical and mössbauer spectra of Fe-bearing cordierites

Optical spectroscopy indicated that the partial oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ on heating natural cordierites above ∼500° C was not sensitive to oxygen partial pressure. This result suggested that the partial oxidation takes place by loss of mobile charge compensators such as protons. Ionizing radiation also produced partial oxidation of the minor-site Fe2+ to Fe3+, but this effect could be reversed by annealing at ∼300° C and so was due only to an electronic redistribution. Mossbauer spectroscopy confirmed these results, although there were complications due to apparent thermal decomposition in localized regions of the cordierites on heating in air.
Laser light scattering and microscopic properties of milkfat globules in Swiss cheese whey low density lipid-containing fraction

Abstract Improved utilization of cheese whey, a by-product of cheese manufacture, is a major concern of the cheese industry. Large amounts of whey and whey products are used as nutritional and functional ingredients by the food and dairy industry. However, the residual lipids that remain in the whey interfere with the manufacture of whey protein concentrates by ultrafiltration processing and also adversely affect the functional properties and flavor stability of whey protein concentrate and other dried whey products. Information on the size and microstructure of residual whey lipid particles should allow the food industry to develop new and improved processing technologies to remove them from whey and utilize them as a novel food ingredient. Residual whey lipid from Swiss cheese whey has been fractionated by high speed centrifugation into: (a) low-density lipid-containing fraction (LDLF); (b) medium-density lipid-containing fraction (MDLF); and (c) high-density lipid-containing fraction (HDLF). Our objective for this study was to investigate the size and microstructural properties of the smallest-sized LDLF particles recovered from Swiss cheese whey by high-speed centrifugation using laser light scattering spectrophotometry (LLSS), light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. LLSS results revealed that the size of LDLF particles ranged from
Retrieval from software libraries for bug localization: a comparative study of generic and composite text models

From the standpoint of retrieval from large software libraries for the purpose of bug localization, we compare five generic text models and certain composite variations thereof. The generic models are: the Unigram Model (UM), the Vector Space Model (VSM), the Latent Semantic Analysis Model (LSA), the Latent Dirichlet Allocation Model (LDA), and the Cluster Based Document Model (CBDM). The task is to locate the files that are relevant to a bug reported in the form of a textual description by a software developer. We use for our study iBUGS, a benchmarked bug localization dataset with 75 KLOC and a large number of bugs (291). A major conclusion of our comparative study is that simple text models such as UM and VSM are more effective at correctly retrieving the relevant files from a library as compared to the more sophisticated models such as LDA. The retrieval effectiveness for the various models was measured using the following two metrics: (1) Mean Average Precision; and (2) Rank-based metrics. Using the SCORE metric, we also compare the retrieval effectiveness of the models in our study with some other bug localization tools.
Griep, M. T., W. M. Ford, and B. C. Chapman (eds.). 2007. The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy, Durham, North Carolina, 546 pp. ISBN 978-0-9802012-0-8, price (spiral), $40.

M. T. Griep, W. M. Ford, B. C. Chapman (eds.). 2007. The Land Manager's Guide to Mammals of the South. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy, Durham, North Carolina, 546 pp. ISBN 978-0-9802012-0-8, price (spiral), $40. This collaborative venture between the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (Southern Region) and The Nature Conservancy is the 3rd in a series of land manager's guides to vertebrate communities in the southern United States. Covering 13 states and 101 mammalian species, this is a thorough, well-organized, and well-presented guide for the target audience—land managers—as well as for students and other researchers in the region. A larger collaborative effort than the guides to birds (Hamel 1992) and herpetofauna (Wilson 1995), this book draws upon the contributions of 14 established researchers and educators in the southern and mid-Atlantic United States. The 3 editors, all well qualified to manage such a venture, contribute substantially to the content of the book, as well. The introduction (Chapter 1) provides a brief history of wildlife management in the South and clarifies the purpose of guide, which is to provide land managers with straightforward information concerning the life history and habitat associations of the mammals in the region. Included are tables of threatened and endangered species (federal and state), as well as the conservation status (global and state rankings) for all species in the text. The 2nd chapter provides a helpful description of 17 terrestrial and 5 aquatic vegetative communities, broken down by geologic ecoregions. This section contributes to the uniqueness of this guide. Because most field guides for a state or group of neighboring states provide similar information …
Null sub-carrier based carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDMA uplink systems

We propose a null sub-carrier based carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation technique for OFDMA uplink systems. We discuss the effect of multi-user interference and channel nulls on the identifiability of CFO estimation. We also derive the CFO acquisition range of the algorithm and the optimum location of the null sub-carriers. We prove that the identifiability due to multi-user interference is guaranteed under the CFO estimation range supported by the algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is also evaluated through simulation results.
Baumol's Curse on Medicine

A national press worrying everyone over rising health care costs or the inflation-adjusted decline of our science budget is persistent and beleaguering. Government planners are diligently chipping away at growth rates of Medicare and Medicaid while imploring small businesses to expand private
Enterprise IT trends and implications for architecture research

The last decade has seen several changes in the structure and emphasis of enterprise IT systems. Specific infrastructure trends have included the emergence of large consolidated data centers, the adoption of virtualization and modularization, and an increased commoditization of hardware. At the application level, both the workload mix and usage patterns have evolved to an increased emphasis on service-centric computing and SLA-driven performance tuning. These, often dramatic, changes in the enterprise IT landscape motivate equivalent changes in the emphasis of architecture research. In this paper, we summarize some recent trends in enterprise IT systems and discuss the implications for architecture research, suggesting some high-level challenges and open questions for the community to address.
Potential Synergy of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention: Mechanism of Action

Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is strongly associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. It is now widely believed that the actions of the antioxidant nutrients alone do not explain the observed health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, because taken alone, the individual antioxidants studied in clinical trials do not appear to have consistent preventive effects. Work performed by our group and others has shown that fruits and vegetable phytochemical extracts exhibit strong antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and that the major part of total antioxidant activity is from the combination of phytochemicals. We proposed that the additive and synergistic effects of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables are responsible for these potent antioxidant and anticancer activities and that the benefit of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is attributed to the complex mixture of phytochemicals present in whole foods. This explains why no single antioxidant can replace the combination of natural phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables to achieve the health benefits. The evidence suggests that antioxidants or bioactive compounds are best acquired through whole-food consumption, not from expensive dietary supplements. We believe that a recommendation that consumers eat 5 to 10 servings of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables daily is an appropriate strategy for significantly reducing the risk of chronic diseases and to meet their nutrient requirements for optimum health.
Acoustic instability - influence of and on the solid phase

In simple terms, acoustic instability in solid propellant rockets is observed as acoustic oscillations in the characteristic modes of the gas cavity driven by the combustion process at the gas-solid interface The effectiveness of the driving process, conveniently characterized by the effective acoustic admittance of the interface, may be significantly changed by transmission of acoustic energy into the solid Such changes can, in principle, be calculated from a knowledge of the viscoelastic properties of the solid Experiments employing 10-cm and longer grains in a T-burner show that relevant viscoelastic properties, inferred from burning data, can be used to calculate the solid phase contribution to the acoustic admittance The experiments show further that the viscoelastic properties change during the firing Apparently, the acoustic oscillations cause a large decrease in both the elastic modulus and the viscosity of the solid propellant
Antioxidant activity of apple peels

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to be effective in the prevention of chronic diseases. These benefits are often attributed to the high antioxidant content of some plant foods. Apples are commonly eaten and are large contributors of phenolic compounds in European and North American diets. The peels of apples, in particular, are high in phenolics. During applesauce and canned apple manufacture, the antioxidant-rich peels of apples are discarded. To determine if a useful source of antioxidants is being wasted, the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of the peels of four varieties of apples (Rome Beauty, Idared, Cortland, and Golden Delicious) commonly used in applesauce production in New York state were investigated. The values of the peels were compared to those of the flesh and flesh + peel components of the apples. Within each variety, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the peels, followed by the flesh + peel and the flesh....
Progression of interdigital infections from simplex to complex

The dynamics of symptomatic toe web infections often involve an ecologic interplay in which an initial dermatophyte infection provides a hospitable niche for subsequent colonization by bacteria. Several studies suggest that exacerbation of a mild dermatophyte infection (dermatophytosis simplex) can arise in the occlusive environment of the toe web space. Fungal infection induces damage to the stratum corneum, which allows overgrowth of resident bacteria and maceration, itching, and often malodor at the site (dermatophytosis complex). Because fungi frequently elaborate antibacterial substances, the superinfecting bacteria generally are resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics. A flourishing bacterial superinfection may mask the underlying fungal cause, making it difficult to obtain a positive fungal culture.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of monocytes in vitro stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses relevant to those in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) has been associated. Cpn is an obligate intracellular respiratory pathogen that may enter the central nervous system (CNS) following infection and trafficking of monocytes through the blood-brain barrier. Following this entry, these cells may secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that have been identified in the AD brain, which have been thought to contribute to AD neurodegeneration. The objectives of this work were: (i) to determine if Cpn infection influences monocyte gene transcript expression at 48 hours post-infection and (ii) to analyze whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced and secreted from these cells over 24 to 120 hours post-infection. Gene transcription was analyzed by RT-PCR using an innate and adaptive immunity microarray with 84 genes organized into 5 functional categories: inflammatory response, host defense against bacteria, antibacterial humoral response, septic shock, and cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Student's t-test. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered to be significant. ELISA was performed on supernatants from uninfected and Cpn-infected THP1 monocytes followed by statistical analysis with ANOVA. When Cpn-infected THP1 human monocytes were compared to control uninfected monocytes at 48 hours post-infection, 17 genes were found to have a significant 4-fold or greater expression, and no gene expression was found to be down-regulated. Furthermore, cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) appears to be maintained for an extended period of infection. Utilizing RT-PCR and ELISA techniques, our data demonstrate that Cpn infection of THP1 human monocytes promotes an innate immune response and suggests a potential role in the initiation of inflammation in sporadic/late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Vertical distribution of bivalve larvae along a cross-shelf transect during summer upwelling and downwelling

Previous time-series studies of meroplankton abundances in the LEO-15 research area off Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA (39°28′N, 74°15′W) indicated short-lived (6–12 h) pulses in larval surfclam (Spisula solidissima Dillwyn) concentration often associated with the initiation of downwelling. To examine possible larval surfclam (and other bivalve) concentrating mechanisms during upwelling and downwelling, six sets of adaptive mobile zooplankton pump samples were taken in July 1998 at different depths at five to six stations along a 25-km transect perpendicular to the coastline and crossing Beach Haven Ridge at LEO-15. Sampling was guided by near real-time, satellite imagery of sea surface temperature overlain by sea surface currents from a shore-based ocean surface current radar (OSCR) unit. A Seabird CTD on the mobile pump frame near the intake provided information on thermocline depth, and sampling depths were adjusted according to the temperature profiles. Near shore, the thermocline was tilted down during downwelling, and up during upwelling. The highest concentrations of surfclam larvae occurred near the bottom at a station near Beach Haven Ridge during downwelling, and just above the thermocline 3 km further offshore during well-developed upwelling. For other bivalve taxa, the larvae were concentrated near the thermocline (Anomia simplex Orbigny and Pholadidae spp.) or concentrated upslope near the bottom (Mytilidae spp.) during upwelling, and the larvae were concentrated near the bottom or were moved downslope during downwelling. Donax fossor Say larvae were found near the surface or above the thermocline during upwelling and downwelling. The general patterns of larval bivalve distribution appear to be influenced by water mass movement during upwelling and downwelling. The larval concentration patterns of individual species are likely a consequence of advection due to upwelling and downwelling circulation, vertical shear in the front region, species-specific larval behaviors, and larval sources.
Sex Differences in Jealousy: An Evolutionary Perspective on Online Infidelity

This study examined whether sex differences in jealousy would generalize to online infidelity. Based on the evolutionary psychological explanation for sex differences in jealousy (ancestral men's challenge of paternal uncertainty vs. ancestral women's challenge of ensuring paternal investment), we expected that men and women would perceive online infidelity similarly to conventional infidelity. The experimental design was a 2 (Infidelity Context: online or conventional) × 2 (Participant Sex) × 2 (Infidelity Type: emotional vs. sexual) mixed factorial. Participants were 332 (132 male, 200 female) undergraduates who completed a questionnaire assessing their responses to potential infidelity. As predicted, online and conventional infidelity elicited the same sex difference in jealousy. Implications for social scientists who study online behavior are discussed.