cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relationships among Doctoral Completion Time, Gender, and Future Salary Prospects for Physical Scientists.

Using data from a national survey of Ph.D.-holding chemists and physicists, time-to-doctoral degree is found to be a strong predictor of salary: each additional year in graduate school corresponds to a significantly lower average salary. This is true even while controlling for standard measures of scientific merit (grant funding and publication rates) and several other factors expected to influence salaries (field of research, type of position and rank, type of employing institution, years of seniority, and age). This picture is complicated by the inclusion of gender in the analysis, which reveals that women earn significantly less than men overall and experience no effect of doctoral completion time on their salaries, while men do see a significant gain in salary stemming from earlier completion times. Further investigation indicates that doctoral completion time is largely unconnected to measures of prior academic success, research independence, and scientific merit. This suggests that doctoral completion time is, to a great extent, out of the control of individual graduate students. Nonetheless, it can be influential on an individual's future career prospects, as can gender-related effects.
Chemical structure of fuel-rich, premixed, laminar flames of trichloroethylene

The chemical structure of atmospheric-pressure, fuel-rich, premixed, laminar flames of C 2 HCl 3 have been investigated using a flat-flame burner. Species mole fraction profiles were determined by using micro-probe sampling coupled with on line mass spectrometry for a flame with the following precombustion composition: 22.6% C 2 HCl 3 , 33.1% O 2 , and 44.3% Ar, corresponding to an equivalence ratio of 1.36. In addition to the major combustion products, which include CO, COCl 2 , HCl, Cl 2 , C 2 Cl 4 , C 2 Cl 2 , CCl 4 , a number of new intermediates including C 2 HCl 3 O, C 2 Cl 4 O, C 3 Cl 4 O, C 2 HCl 5 , C 3 HCl 5 , C 2 Cl 6 , C 3 Cl 4 , C 3 Cl 6 , and C 4 Cl 6 have been identified and quantified. The role of these intermediates, in view of the current ideas of the mechanism of combustion of C 2 HCl 3 is discussed.
Detection and monitoring of internal browning development in ‘Fuji’ apples using MRI

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments were used to detect and monitor the progression of internal browning (IB) in Fuji apples ( Malus domestica Borkh. ). The apples were stored in two different controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions: 3% CO 2 at 0°C and 18% CO 2 at 20°C. The apples stored under 18% CO 2 , were imaged at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days. Apples stored under 3% CO 2 were imaged once a week for the first 7 weeks and then every 2 weeks until the 12th week. Three distinct regions were identified in the MR images of apples with internal browning: normal, light brown and dark brown tissue. Light brown regions, more prominent in apples stored in 3% CO 2 at 0°C, had a lower signal intensity than normal tissue because of lower proton density (PD) and smaller transverse relaxation times ( T 2 ). Dark brown regions predominated in apples stored in 18% CO 2 at 20°C and displayed higher signal intensity than the normal apple tissue because of larger T 2 values. The speed of image acquisition was improved from 5.5 min to 20 s, by reducing the spatial resolution of the images. Both types of IB were detected by images acquired using coarse spatial resolution and correlated well to the IB detected by the images acquired using fine spatial resolution.
Repeated exposure to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) alters nucleus accumbens neuronal responses to dopamine and serotonin.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of repeated exposure to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on responses of neurons in the nucleus accumbens of anesthetized rats to microiontophoretically-applied dopamine and serotonin. In tests conducted 1–4 days or 9–15 days following the last injection of MDMA (20 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 4 days), the inhibitory effects of both dopamine and serotonin on glutamate-evoked firing of nucleus accumbens cells were significantly attenuated compared to effects in control rats that were pretreated with saline injections. The inhibitory effect of the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 was also significantly attenuated in the MDMA-pretreated rats. In contrast, the amount of inhibition of glutamate-evoked firing produced by application of GABA did not significantly differ between the MDMA-pretreated and the saline-pretreated rats. The neurotoxicity of the MDMA treatment regimen was confirmed by demonstrating that 3H-paroxetine binding was significantly decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of the MDMA-pretreated rats. The mechanisms that produce the attenuated inhibitory responses to dopamine and serotonin following repeated injections of MDMA are not known. However, the results of these experiments indicate that repeated MDMA administration induces long-lasting changes in dopaminergic as well as serotonergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens.
Effect of feeding sucrose or starch diets on parameters of glucose tolerance in the LA/N-corpulent rat

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the long-term effects of consuming diets containing sucrose or starch, as the source of dietary carbohydrate, on characteristics of glucose tolerance in a new strain of genetically obese rat, LA/N-corpulent ( cp ). Body weight and glycemic indices were measured in male corpulent ( cp / cp ) and lean ( cp / + or + / + ) littermates fed 54% carbohydrate diets for 1 and 10.5 months. A phenotype effect (corpulent>lean) and a diet effect (sucrose>starch) was observed with body weight, fasting level of serum insulin, and levels of serum insulin and glucose following an oral glucose load. A reduction with age in levels of serum insulin was observed in corpulent rats and in lean rats fed starch. Both corpulent and lean littermates were normoglycemic in the fasting and response states at 10.5 months.
Spectrum sharing across multiple service providers via cognitive radio nodes

The rapid growth of wireless industry and continuous emergence of new applications increase the demand for wireless spectrum. However, currently the spectrum assigned to different organisations is not utilised efficiently. Particularly, when an infrastructure of a service provider is overloaded and cannot accommodate more users because of the channel scarcity, the infrastructures of other service providers operating in the same area might be in under-loaded status. However, without a proper spectrum sharing scheme, the overloaded infrastructure cannot use the channels licensed to other service providers. This leads to low spectrum utilisation efficiency and higher call blocking rate of service providers. Significant research has been conducted to study sharing channels between cells within one service provider; however, sharing spectrum across different service providers is still under investigation. This paper proposes deploying a network of fixed cognitive radio (CR) nodes to maintain spectrum sharing across multiple service providers operating in the same geographical area. These CR nodes estimate the spectrum utilisation in a given area, and cooperate to provide the spectrum usage information for the overloaded infrastructures of service providers. This work discusses the implementation of the proposed CR-based spectrum sharing technique, and studies the impact of spectrum sharing on the service provider's performance. It is shown that the proposed technique reduces the call blocking rate and improves the spectrum utilisation efficiency. This technique removes the need of sensing spectrum in each user. Thus, it reduces the cost, complexity and battery power consumption of user devices.
Resistance on a sphere due to a circular vortex filament in an uniform flow of a perfect liquid

This paper gives a formula for resistance (in series of Legendre functions) on a sphere due to a circular vortex filament in an uniform flow of a perfect liquid. The stream function of the motion has been found by Butler's sphere Theorem and then the resistance on the sphere is calculated by means of Bernoulli's pressure equation. Die Arbeit gibt einen Ausdruck (nach Kugelfunktionen entwickelt) fur den Widerstand an einer Kugel, der bei gleichmasiger Stromung einer idealen Flussigkeit durch einen kreisformigen Wirbelfaden hervorgerufen wird. Zuerst wird mit Hilfe des Butlerschen Kugeltheorems die Stromfunktion gefunden; der Widerstand an der Kugel wird sodann mittels der Bernoullischen Druckgleichung berechnet.
Protein folding in the cell: an inside story.

The final step of information transfer from DNA to effector protein involves the folding of newly translated polypeptide chains into characteristic three-dimensional active structures. In the fall of 1972, while working in a biochemistry laboratory as an undergraduate at Brown University, I heard about an astonishing experiment for which Christian Anfinsen was receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Anfinsen and his co-workers had unfolded purified RNase A by reducing its disulfide bonds and exposing it to a denaturing agent, and then asked whether the protein could find its way back to the enzymatically active native state upon removal of the reducing agent and denaturant1. Amazingly, it did. I was utterly haunted by the beauty of this observation and by the profound conclusion that the primary structure of a protein contains all the information necessary to direct its folding to the native functional state. I could never have imagined that, many years later and in a completely unexpected fashion, I would have something to add to something so fundamentally beautiful. I finished my undergraduate and medical training at Brown and went to Yale for pediatric residency, but, by the second year of training, I was missing the laboratory. I became captivated by the problem of malignant transformation mediated by single viral genes, and, by the end of my residency, I had amassed on my nightstand a stack of several hundred papers on the topic. I then moved to the Salk Institute to work with two masters of the field, Walter Eckhart and Tony Hunter, who taught me molecular biology and biochemistry. I watched Tony discover tyrosine phosphorylation, a fortuitous finding that resulted from his using an aged electrophoresis buffer for separating phosphoamino acids (but as Pasteur noted, “...chance favors the prepared mind”). Observing Tony carry out his own experiments day by day as Protein folding in the cell: an inside story
Pediatric laryngeal trauma: A case series at a tertiary children's hospital

Abstract Background Pediatric blunt or sharp laryngotracheal injuries are infrequent because of the softer cartilages and the protection of the prominent mandible. These injuries usually occur secondary to striking furniture or via the “clothesline” injury. Methods We present five cases of pediatric laryngotracheal injury (thyroid cartilage, true vocal cords, cricoid cartilage, cricotracheal junction, and posterior tracheal wall). Results We examined the need for intubation, need for tracheostomy, length of intubation, length of hospital stay, interval until direct laryngoscopy, use of steroids, post-injury swallowing, and post-injury phonation. Discussion Three of the five patients were intubated either prior to arrival or upon arrival to the emergency department. Two of the patients underwent direct laryngoscopy on the day of arrival. Three patients received steroids. CT (computed tomography) was not helpful in diagnosis or decision regarding treatment. The patients with thyroid cartilage fracture, cricoid cartilage fracture, cricotracheal separation, and posterior tracheal wall tear required open repair. The tracheal wall injury, cricoid fracture, and cricotracheal separation were repaired with sutures and the thyroid cartilage fracture with a plate and screws. One tracheal stent was placed. Two open repairs were performed within 24 h of injury. The patient with posterior tracheal wall injury experienced persistent dysphagia and dysphonia, which may have been secondary to intraoperative dissection. Conclusion Dyspnea was not necessarily indicative of the severity of injury in our patients. CT added little information about the integrity of the larynx not already known by physical examination. Open repair was usually indicated for the blunt neck injuries in our series. Oral intubation proved less difficult than tracheostomy in our patient with cricoid cartilage fracture.
Present Status of the Repeat-Breeder Cow Problem

Summary A repeat-breeder is defined as a clinically normal cow which, other factors being optimal, shows a reduced probability of conception. Both fertilization failure and embryonic loss are major causes of repeat-breeding. Much of the embryonic loss occurs between Days 16 and 25 after breeding. Nonspecific infection and undetermined after-effects, other than gross clinical pathology, have not appeared to be major causes. The uterus of the repeat-breeder during the luteal phase of the estrual cycle appears to be more resistant to bacterial invasion than that of the first-service animal, possibly indicating a deficiency of progesterone action. Therapy with progesterone, however, has not given clear-cut evidence for lessening of repeat-breeding. Poorly developed corpora lutea produced experimentally have been demonstrated to increase embryonic loss. Experimentally produced antibodies have been shown to bring about fertilization failure and, in a somewhat lesser concentration, embryonic loss if they come in direct contact with the sperm. High planes of feeding appear to increase the incidence of breeding difficulties. Genetic causes of lowered fertility have been demonstrated, but heritability is relatively low. The degree of heritability in the Holstein breed may be high enough to give preference to certain A.I. sires on the basis of the breeding performance of their daughters.
Two new species of Protium from French Guiana. Studies in neotropical Burseraceae VIII

Revision of Protium in French Guiana has revealed two new species. Protium gallicum is related to P. aracouchini (Aubl.) Marchand and P. elegans Engl., although its fruits resemble those of P. plagiocarpium Benoist. Protium inodorum, which also occurs in northern Para, Brazil, is related to P. pallidum Cuatrec. and P. cuneatum Swart; it is known only from flowers and very young fruits. Even in relatively well-known regions of tropical forest, botanical exploration continues to yield new taxa.
Optical hyperparametric oscillations in a whispering-gallery-mode resonator: Threshold and phase diffusion

We present a theoretical analysis of optical parametric oscillations through four-wave mixing in a nonlinear high-$Q$ whispering-gallery-mode resonator. It is shown that even a small flux of pump photons is sufficient to reach the threshold of the oscillations. We demonstrate that due to narrow bandwidth of the resonator modes as well as the high efficiency of the resonant frequency conversion the oscillator produces a stable narrow-band beat note of the pump, signal, and idler waves making an all-optical secondary frequency reference feasible.
Reaction of geldanamycin and C17-substituted analogues with glutathione: product identifications and pharmacological implications.

17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) are two derivatives of geldanamycin (GA) that are currently undergoing clinical evaluation as anticancer agents. These agents bind to heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), resulting in the destabilization of client proteins and inhibition of tumor growth. In a search for the mechanism of hepatotoxicity, which is a dose-limiting toxicity for these agents, we found that GA and its derivatives, 17-AAG and 17-DMAG, react chemically (i.e., nonenzymatically) with glutathione (GSH). A combination of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were used to identify the product of this reaction as a GSH adduct in which the thiol group of GSH is substituted in the 19-position of the benzoquinone ring. The reaction proceeds rapidly with GA and 17-DMAG (half-lives of approximately 1.5 and 36 min, respectively) and less rapidly with 17-AAG and its major met...
Self-assembled ordered mesoporous metals

Control over the structure of metals at the mesoscale (2-50 nm) is crucial for emerging applications such as energy conversion, sensing, and information processing. The self-assembly of nanoparticles with block copolymers provides a natural entry point to ma- terials of this length scale. The field's historical development, relevant physical models, and recent results are presented.
Gender, Marriage, and Psychosocial Well-Being

Using national survey data, this article examines gender differences in the relationships of marital status and of marital quality to psychosocial well-being in order to test hypotheses that the former is more important for the well-being of men and the latter is more crucial for the well-being of women. Findings suggest that it is the quality of marital interaction rather than marriage per se that is more important for individual well-being, and that the effects of marital quality are stronger among women than among men. Further examinations of the data find little support for the idea that the effects of marital quality on women's well-being are due to their greater reliance on marriage for self-validation or to a lack of alternate sources of role gratification in comparison with men. The possibility that women's higher expectations for intimacy and emotional support within marriage are implicated in findings of gender differences in the effects of marital quality on well-being are discussed.
Rethinking multi-channel protocols in wireless sensor networks

The availability of multiple frequency channels on modern radios has provided a way to improve networking performance. Nevertheless, current multi-channel protocols lack the architectural consistency and flexibility to support a diverse set of applications. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to integrate channel switching to the emerging wireless sensor network architecture and propose a way to decompose the problem into two reusable components: the channel allocation component that is integrated with network layer protocols and a shared channel synchronization component at the MAC layer. Furthermore, we outline how existing multi-channel protocols can be re-factored to comply with the proposed architecture and present ViR, an initial implementation of the channel synchronization component. Finally, using realistic applications synthesized from existing protocols, we show how ViR reduces conflicts among protocols and reduces packet losses.
Synthesis of sequential circuits for easy testability through performance-oriented parallel partial scan

Testing of sequential circuits is greatly facilitated by using scan techniques to directly control and observe the latches. Adding scan capability after logic synthesis may incur significant area and delay overheads. For such cases, we present a technique called synthesis for parallel partial scan in which latches are incrementally selected for partial scan based on some new structural analysis criteria that we introduce. Delay overhead is minimized, in most cases made zero or nearly zero, by judiciously selecting the latches in the non-critical paths. A heuristic is used to maximally merge the scan logic with the combinational logic of the sequential circuit to minimize the area overhead. The latches used in our scheme are normal, non-scan latches. Experimental results on ISCAS '89 benchmarks resynthesized by our method indicate that we can, in general, achieve the same level of testability with fewer latches selected for partial scan, as compared to previous methods based on structural analysis. >
A Pulse Compression Ring for High Efficiency Electric Propulsion

A high-efficiency power converter has been developed that provides high-voltage pulses to inductively-driven electric propulsion engines for long-duration space travel. High electrical efficiency is achieved using a novel ring topology that recovers unused energy at the load end of a pulse-compression chain. Voltage reversal on energy-storage capacitors is eliminated in the ring topology, resulting in long capacitor lifetimes. System tests were performed at 3.3 kV with a peak current of 20 kA and a current switching rate of 15 kA/mus.
Imiquimod for the treatment of skin cancer

Imiquimod is a topically applied immunomodulator. Although initially approved for genital and perianal warts, dermatologists have prescribed this compound for many neoplastic and nonneoplastic skin conditions. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratoses. This article reviews the literature on imiquimod in the treatment of cutaneous malignancies.
Periventricular destabilization and ventriculomegaly in aging rats: implications for reduced neurogenesis and cognition

Background Cognitive deficits in aging, NPH and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are exacerbated by compromised neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and subventricular zone (SVZ). We previously found beta-amyloid (Aβ) retention in cortex and hippocampus of aged rats and diseased humans, due to greater RAGE and lesser LRP-1 expression of microvascular transporters for Aβ. Now we focus on the periventricular DG and SVZ that harbor stem cells convertible to new neurons in adults. Working hypothesis: Aβ retention in neurogenic zones harms neural stem cells, leading to reduced cognition.
Substituent Constants of Azulene

The ionization constants in water for six 3-substituted azuloic acids were determined spectrophotometrically. Conversion of these physical constants to their pKa values allowed a set of Hammett-type σ values for the substituents on these acids to be calculated. Determination of partition coefficients for nine 1-substituted azulenes allowed Hansch-type π values to be determined, using azulene as the model compound.
Principles of Geodynamics

Twenty years ago, when the second edition of Adrian Scheidegger's Principles of Geodynamics was published, the study of geodynamics, the internal processes of the earth, was a specialist subject. Within a decade, new and old concepts were pulled together in the unifying working hypothesis of plate tectonics, providing a global kinematic model of the upper layer of the earth. Much remains to be learned about geodynamics, but, during the last decade, in the framework of plate tectonics, it has become a valuable tool in our understanding of most dynamic geological processes. In the preface of the third edition, Scheidegger states that, ‘Although the headings of the chapters and sections are much the same as in previous editions, it will be found that most of the material is, in fact, new.’ This new look at the subject is timely, because although many basic concepts of geodynamics have not changed in the past 20 years, our approach to these concepts has been radically reoriented.
Localization and antioxidant capacity of flavonoids from intertidal and subtidal Halophila johnsonii and Halophila decipiens

a b s t r a c t In this study, flavonoid localization, content and total antioxidant capacity in leaves of subtidal Halophila decipiens were compared to intertidal and subtidal Halophila johnsonii. H. johnsonii leaves had significantly higher flavonoid content (3.5 and 3.8 nmol quercetin equivalent mm −2 leaf for intertidal and subtidal H. johnsonii, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (101.7 and 224.2 nmol Trolox equivalent mm−2 leaf for intertidal and subtidal H. johnsonii, respectively) than H. decipiens leaves (1.4 nmol quercetin equivalent mm−2 leaf and 21.0 nmol Trolox equivalent mm−2 leaf). Flavonoid content did not significantly differ between intertidal and subtidal H. johnsonii, however, antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in subtidal plants. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of fresh leaf cross sections indicated that both species contained flavonoids in the cuticle, but only H. johnsonii contained intracellular flavonoids. Intracellular flavonoids are better situated to perform antioxidant functions in planta. These results suggest that flavonoid compounds in H. johnsonii are capable of sunscreen and antioxidant functions while an antioxidant role for flavonoids within H. decipiens is not supported.
EFFECTS OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE GROWTH OF KLUVEROMYCES FRAG I LIS ON CHEESE WHEY

Abstract The fermentation of Kluveromycesfragitis on cheese whey was studied to assess the influence of temperature, pH, aeration rate, and lactose concentration on the biomass yield. The observations were analyzed statistically to determine the optimal operating conditions, A total of 17 experiments were conducted, 16 at the design points and 1 additional run to observe the growth of K.fragilis at the design's center point. The statistically significant factors were the temperature and lactose concentration. The optimal conditions for the growth of K.fragilis were: lactose concentration at 5%, temperature at 303 K, aeration rate at 2.0 vol/vol/min, and pH at 5,
Spatial correlations of interdecadal variation in global surface temperatures

We have analyzed spatial correlation patterns of interdecadal global surface temperature variability from an empirical perspective. Using multitaper coherence estimates from 140-yr records, we find that correlations between hemispheres are significant at about 95 percent confidence for nonrandomness for most of the frequency band in the 0.06-0.24 cyc/yr range. Coherence estimates of pairs of 100-yr grid-point temperature data series near 5-yr period reveal teleconnection patterns consistent with known patterns of ENSO variability. Significant correlated variability is observed near 15 year period, with the dominant teleconnection pattern largely confined to the Northern Hemisphere. Peak-to-peak Delta-T is at about 0.5 deg, with simultaneous warming and cooling of discrete patches on the earth's surface. A global average of this pattern would largely cancel.
WHAT WAS THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK? A RESPONSE

The history of the book is everywhere, so widely diffused that it merits comparison with the famously elusive Scarlet Pimpernel, whose pursuers sought him without success. Like that figure, book history passes among us in disguise, reluctant to reveal its presence even as it gains ever-greater recognition. In some quarters, it lurks within the domain of bibliography, a field of scholarship dedicated to describing the histories of printed texts and, in the service of this enterprise, concerned with the details of book-making. Elsewhere, book history installs itself within descriptions of libraries and education, sharing, with the first of these, a concern for how old books were accumulated and classified and, with the second, for the many ramifications of literacy and the fashioning of schoolbooks. Together with the history of journalism it studies how news was disseminated and ponders the significance of periodicals, be these newspapers or magazines. Political history has been another convenient site of disguise in the wake of efforts to connect the public sphere and concepts of nation with the emergence of print culture. And, of course, book history has enjoyed a long and fruitful kinship with literary history, a relationship freshly energized in recent decades as literary historians turned to describing the rise and remaking of a canon and to emphasizing the mediations that all texts undergo—the “sociology of texts,” to borrow a phrase made famous by D. F. McKenzie. To this list we can add the version of intellectual history that reconstructs the reading of a person or group and employs this data to generalize about the coming of the Enlightenment and similar formations.
Post-transcriptional Mechanisms Contribute Little to Phenotypic Variation in Snake Venoms

Protein expression is a major link in the genotype–phenotype relationship, and processes affecting protein abundances, such as rates of transcription and translation, could contribute to phenotypic evolution if they generate heritable variation. Recent work has suggested that mRNA abundances do not accurately predict final protein abundances, which would imply that post-transcriptional regulatory processes contribute significantly to phenotypes. Post-transcriptional processes also appear to buffer changes in transcriptional patterns as species diverge, suggesting that the transcriptional changes have little or no effect on the phenotypes undergoing study. We tested for concordance between mRNA and protein expression levels in snake venoms by means of mRNA-seq and quantitative mass spectrometry for 11 snakes representing 10 species, six genera, and three families. In contrast to most previous work, we found high correlations between venom gland transcriptomes and venom proteomes for 10 of our 11 comparisons. We tested for protein-level buffering of transcriptional changes during species divergence by comparing the difference between transcript abundance and protein abundance for three pairs of species and one intraspecific pair. We found no evidence for buffering during divergence of our three species pairs but did find evidence for protein-level buffering for our single intraspecific comparison, suggesting that buffering, if present, was a transient phenomenon in venom divergence. Our results demonstrated that post-transcriptional mechanisms did not contribute significantly to phenotypic evolution in venoms and suggest a more prominent and direct role for cis-regulatory evolution in phenotypic variation, particularly for snake venoms.
Language Disorder with Focal Epilepsies

The relationship between language disorder and epileptic seizures was examined in 109 children, ages 5-17 years, attending a national center for epilepsy over a 4 year period and at the University of Manchester, UK.
Discriminability and preference in concept identification

The hypothesis tested in this study was that the relative discriminability of dimensions would determine the rate of concept identification (CI) by determining the order of preference for testing the relevance of dimensions. A reaction time measure of discriminability and the Levine procedure for identifying hypotheses were employed. The results indicated that discriminability had no simple relationship to preference and that neither relative discriminability nor relative preference was predictive of CI rates. An explanation of the results in terms of multiple hypotheses testing is offered.
The Terror Courts: Rough Justice at Guantanamo Bay

Transitional justice literature tends to focus discussions of accountability on the actions of states and international organisations. Typically examined are institutional mechanisms, such as truth commissions and claims commissions, international and internationalised criminal tribunals, and whatever civil or criminal remedies may be available in national courts. On occasion, mechanisms of a less legalistic nature, like monuments, are discussed; even these, however, are often the result of official action. The extent to which popular culture can promote accountability is rarely explored. This is an unfortunate omission. Particularly in the absence of official moves toward accountability for wrongdoing, cultural production – films, plays, paintings, works of fiction and nonfiction – can make essential contributions to the public record. A prime nonfiction example is The Terror Courts: Rough Justice at Guantanamo Bay, Jess Bravin’s gripping and comprehensive book about the trials endured by participants in US military commissions set up in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, attacks frequently discussed under the shorthand term ‘9/11’. Bravin, who covers the US Supreme Court for the Wall Street Journal, puts his journalistic skills to good use in Terror Courts. In rough chronological order, he traces the origins of the plan to try post-9/11 captives by military commissions, the political machinations by which the idea became the proclaimed policy of BOOK REVIEW
Plenty to chew on for mathematical herbivores

The title Pi in the Sky is dear to my heart: have used it myself. But John Barrow runs an obvious risk in attaching it to a book about mathematics in which he has "assiduously avoided doing any mathematics". He intends the title to characterise mathematical Platonism – the notion that mathematics is "a body of discoveries about an independent reality made up things like numbers, sets, shapes, and forth. 'Pi' really is in the sky". But the invites the reviewer to ask whether it might not also characterise the dish Barrow serves up to his readers, a sophisticated surprisingly unmathematical meditation on the nature of mathematics.
Correlation structure selection for longitudinal data with diverging cluster size

Correlation structure selection for non-normal longitudinal data is very challenging for diverging cluster size because of the high-dimensional correlation parameters involved and the complexity of the likelihood function for non-normal longitudinal data. However identifying the correct correlation structure is important because it can improve estimation efficiency and testing power for longitudinal data. We propose to approximate the inverse of the empirical correlation matrix using a linear combination of candidate basis matrices, and select the correlation structure by identifying non-zero coefficients of the basis matrices. This is carried out by minimizing penalized estimating functions, which balance the complexity and informativeness of modelling for the correlation matrix. The new approach does not require estimating each entry of the correlation matrix (except for an initial empirical estimate from the residuals), nor specifying the likelihood function, and can effectively handle non-normal longitudinal data. The derivation of asymptotic theory for model selection consistency and oracle properties is challenging in the framework where the cluster size and the number of basis matrices are both diverging. Our numerical studies show that the proposed method performs satisfactorily for both normal and binary responses in this diverging framework. The Canadian Journal of Statistics XX: 1–18; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada Resume La selection d'une structure de correlation pour modeliser des donnees longitudinales non normales avec un nombre de grappes divergent comporte des defis majeurs dus aux parametres de la correlation en haute dimension et a la complexite de la vraisemblance. L'identification correcte de la structure de correlation permet toutefois d'ameliorer l'efficacite de l'estimation et la puissance des tests. Les auteurs proposent d'approximer l'inverse de la matrice de correlation par une combinaison lineaire de matrices candidates formant une base et de choisir la structure de correlation d'apres les coefficients non nuls de ces matrices. Ils effectuent ces operations en minimisant des fonctions d'estimation penalisees qui font un compromis entre la complexite et la quantite d'information induite par la modelisation de la matrice de correlation. Leur approche, qui ne necessite ni d'estimer chaque valeur de la matrice de correlation (sauf pour un estime empirique initial provenant des residus) ni de specifier la fonction de vraisemblance, permet de traiter des donnees longitudinales non normales de facon efficace. Dans un contexte ou le nombre de grappes et le nombre de matrices candidates divergent tous les deux, le developpement de resultats asymtotiques de convergence pour la selection de modele ou pour les proprietes d'oracle s'avere particulierement difficile. Les auteurs presentent des etudes numeriques montrant que leur methode offre des performances satisfaisantes pour des reponses normales ou binaires dans un contexte de divergence. La revue canadienne de statistique XX: 1–18; 2016 © 2016 Societe statistique du Canada
THE METHODOLOGY OF LIPOSUCTION SURGERY

The author has attempted to analyze the physical characteristics of liposuction surgery. By categorizing liposuction surgery into various types of procedures, the dermatologic surgeon can describe and elucidate the manner of performing liposuction in each anatomic region. The procedures for fat tunneling and harvesting and cannula manipulation will aid in the teaching and understanding of liposuction surgery.
On a Unified and General Specification of Paired Ligands and Molecular Faces

Publisher Summary This chapter hereby presents a simple, unified, and general notation for the specification of paired (geminal) ligands (at tetrahedral and trigonal carbons) and paired molecular faces. Paired geminal isomorphic ligands are necessarily stereotopic. Stereotopic ligands are not necessarily paired; and they may be linked to identical or distinct skeletal/nonskeletal atoms. Similarly, paired molecular faces are necessarily stereotopic. However, stereotopic faces are not necessarily paired; and they may correspond to topologically distinct portions of a molecule. There are five major classes of stereotopic ligands, which include achirohomotopic, chirohomotopic enantiotopic, achirodiastereotopic, and chirodiastereotopic. Achirohomotopic, enantiotopic, and achirodiastereotopic ligands are found in achiral molecules and chirohomotopic and chirodiastereotopic ligands are found only in chiral molecules.
Prediction of Travel Abroad: A Comparison of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior

Travel abroad behavior was predicted by applying consumer behavior theories: theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen...
Rapid Communication: Subclinical bovine respiratory disease – loci and pathogens associated with lung lesions in feedlot cattle

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease of feedlot cattle that is caused by viral and bacterial pathogen members of the BRD complex. Many cases of subclinical BRD go untreated and are not detected until slaughter, when lung lesions are identified. The objectives of this study were to identify which BRD pathogens were associated with the presence of lung lesions at harvest and to identify genomic loci that were associated with susceptibility to lung lesions as defined by consolidation of the lung and/or the presence of fibrin tissue. Steers from a Colorado feedlot ( = 920) were tested for the presence of viral and bacterial pathogens using deep pharyngeal and mid-nasal swabs collected on entry into the study. Pathogen profiles were compared between cattle with or without lung consolidation (LC), fibrin tissue in the lung (FT), a combination of LC and FT in the same lung (lung lesions [LL]), and hyperinflated lungs (HIF) at harvest. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. Genomewide association analyses (GWAA) were conducted using EMMAX (efficient mixed-model association eXpedited), and pseudoheritabilities were estimated. The pathogen profile comparisons revealed that LC ( = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] = 3.37) and LL cattle ( = 0.04, OR = 4.58) were more likely to be infected with bovine herpes virus-1 and that HIF cattle were more likely to be infected with spp. ( = 0.04, OR = 4.33). Pseudoheritability estimates were 0.25 for LC, 0.00 for FT, 0.28 for LL, and 0.13 for HIF. Because pseudoheritability for FT was estimated to be 0, GWAA results for FT were not reported. There were 4 QTL that were moderately associated ( < 1 × 10) with only LC, 2 that were associated with only LL, and 1 that was associated with LC and LL. Loci associated with HIF included 12 that were moderately associated and 3 that were strongly associated (uncorrected P < 5 × 10-7). A 24-kb region surrounding significant lead SNP was investigated to identify positional candidate genes. Many positional candidate genes underlying or flanking the detected QTL have been associated with signal transduction, cell adhesion, or gap junctions, which have functional relevance to the maintenance of lung health. The identification of pathogens and QTL associated with the presence of lung abnormalities in cattle exhibiting subclinical BRD allows the identification of loci that may not be detected through manifestation of clinical disease alone.
Multiple Model Adaptive controller for Partially-Observed Boolean Dynamical Systems

This paper is concerned with developing an adaptive controller for Partially-Observed Boolean Dynamical Systems (POBDS). Assuming that partial knowledge about the system can be modeled by a finite number of candidate models, then simultaneous identification and control of a POBDS is achieved using the combination of a state-feedback controller and a Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) technique. The proposed method contains two main steps: first, in the offline step, the stationary control policy for the underlying Boolean dynamical system is computed for each candidate model. Then, in the online step, an optimal Bayesian estimator is modeled using a bank of Boolean Kalman Filters (BKFs), each tuned to a candidate model. The result of the offline step along with the estimated state by the bank of BKFs specify the control input that should be applied at each time point. The performance of the proposed adaptive controller is investigated using a Boolean network model constructed from melanoma gene expression data observed through RNA-seq measurements.
Characterization of the functional near-infrared spectroscopy response to nociception in a pediatric population.

Background Near-infrared spectroscopy can interrogate functional optical signal changes in regional brain oxygenation and blood volume to nociception analogous to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Aims This exploratory study aimed to characterize the near-infrared spectroscopy signals for oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin from the brain in response to nociceptive stimulation of varying intensity and duration, and after analgesic and neuromuscular paralytic in a pediatric population. Methods We enrolled children 6 months-21 years during propofol sedation before surgery. The near-infrared spectroscopy sensor was placed on the forehead and nociception was produced from an electrical current applied to the wrist. We determined the near-infrared spectroscopy signal response to increasing current intensity and duration, and after fentanyl, sevoflurane, and neuromuscular paralytic. Heart rate and arm movement during electrical stimulation was also recorded. The near-infrared spectroscopy signals for oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin were calculated as optical density*time (area under curve). Results During electrical stimulation, nociception was evident: tachycardia and arm withdrawal was observed that disappeared after fentanyl and sevoflurane, whereas after paralytic, tachycardia persisted while arm withdrawal disappeared. The near-infrared spectroscopy signals for oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin increased during stimulation and decreased after stimulation; the areas under the curves were greater for stimulations 30 mA vs 15 mA (13.9 [5.6-22.2], P = .0021; 5.6 [0.8-10.5], P = .0254, and 19.8 [10.5-29.1], P = .0002 for HbO2 , Hb, and HbT , respectively), 50 Hz vs 1 Hz (17.2 [5.8-28.6], P = .0046; 7.5 [0.7-14.3], P = .0314, and 21.9 [4.2-39.6], P = .0177 for HbO2 , Hb, and HbT , respectively) and 45 seconds vs 15 seconds (16.3 [3.4-29.2], P = .0188 and 22.0 [7.5-36.5], P = .0075 for HbO2 and HbT , respectively); the areas under the curves were attenuated by analgesics but not by paralytic. Conclusion Near-infrared spectroscopy detected functional activation to nociception in a broad pediatric population. The near-infrared spectroscopy response appears to represent nociceptive processing because the signals increased with noxious stimulus intensity and duration, and were blocked by analgesics but not paralytics.
Norton Starr’s 3-Dimensional Tromino Tiling

Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 completely described the rectangles in the plane that are tilable by trominoes. We then transferred the problem from the plane to the 3-dimensional space, and solved it in Exercise 6.10. We restate the result here for your convenience.
Parameter Space Investigation Method

This chapter provides an overview of the parameter space investigation (PSI) method. Sobol’ and Statnikov's PSI method is not a programming method, but a sampling technique for generating approximately non-inferior solutions in problems that might otherwise be approached using a more traditional multi-objective programming method. PSI method is presented as an alternative to traditional multi-objective programming methods, arguing that it offers distinct advantages for certain types of problems. It shares several central characteristics with multi-objective programming methods. While not employing mathematical programming techniques to generate its approximation of the non-inferior set, this method addresses problems having all the features identified in Zionts' typology as characterizing problems subject to a multi-objective programming approach, that is, explicit constraints and consequently implicit, possibly infinitely many solution alternatives.
Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Professional Preparation for Their Role as Collegiate Graduate Assistants

Context: The professional preparation of newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) has been passionately debated. Understanding how newly credentialed ATs feel they are prepared will help enhance ...
The Computation of the Taxable Income

US GAAP takes an asset-liability approach to accounting for income taxes and thus records deferred tax assets and liabilities. A deferred tax liability or asset generally should be recognized for the future tax effects of all temporary differences and carryforward. Deferred taxes are calculated using the asset or liability approach, which is intended to recognize, in the balance sheet, the future tax consequences of events that have been either recognized in the financial statements or the tax return. Accounting Standards Update 2015–2017 requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position (Balance sheet).
Polarization grating exposure method with easily tunable period via dual rotating polarization grating masks

We introduce a new approach, to the best of our knowledge, to record polarization gratings (PGs) based on dual rotating polarization grating masks. In prior approaches, the linear variation of the orientation angle of the PG pattern was accomplished using discrete holographic optics, which require careful precision alignment, and wherein the relative distances between those optics limit the upper range of PG periods that can be made. Conversely, the setup described and demonstrated here as a single stage is very compact and more robust to vibration compared to other approaches. Moreover, this approach can easily tune the PG period while maintaining the compact size of the setup. This technique enables easy fabrication of arbitrarily large-period PGs. In this work, we discuss general design principles and critically evaluate this fabrication method, as compared to the best of prior approaches.
11-year old boy with facial hair, acne and deepened voice

11-year old twin boy found to have idiopathic precocious puberty after routine well-child examination revealed discordant pubertal growth between the two brothers.
Modification of the generalized quasi-likelihood model in the analysis of the Add Health study.

The relationship between the mean and variance is an implicit assumption of parametric modeling. While many distributions in the exponential family have a theoretical mean–variance relationship, it...