cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The past as propaganda: totalitarian archaeology in Nazi Germany,

An important element to the future of archaeology in the ex-Communist countries of central Europe will be the freeing of archaeological ideas from the constraints of a particular set of social theories built into the fabric of the state, as Milisauskas noted in the last ANTIQUITY (64: 283–5). This is a timely moment to look at the interference of a different set of social theories in the same region some decades ago
Efficient policy-based routing without virtual circuits

The inclusion of multiple metrics in a routing computation is called policy-based routing. Previous work on solutions to this problem have focused on virtual-circuit-based solutions, and have resulted in computationally expensive algorithms. This paper presents a number of advances in the provision of policy-based routing services in networks and internetworks. An integrated policy-based routing architecture is formulated where the general problem is decomposed into a traffic engineering problem of computing routes in the context of administrative traffic constraints, and a quality-of-service (QoS) problem of computing routes in the context of performance-related path constraints. A family of routing algorithms are presented for computing routes in the context of these constraints which achieve new levels of computational efficiency. Lastly, a forwarding architecture is presented that efficiently supports hop-by-hop forwarding in the context of multiple paths to each destination, which is required for policy-based routing.
Electrophysiological studies of the isolated posterior moiety of the electroplax of the electric eel.

Intracellular microelectrodes were used to measure resting and action potentials of electric eel electroplax cells from which the middle portion of the anterior moiety had been removed. External electrode studies of this preparation have been described by Chagas and Esquibel (C. R. Acad. Sc., Paris, 260: 3172 ('65)). In the present studies it was found that the resting and action potentials were almost as large as normal in the intact portion of the preparation, whereas these potentials were greatly reduced in the areas from which the anterior moiety had been removed. The reduction in amplitude was greater the farther the microelectrode was from the intact portion, indicating the possibility of decremental spread from the intact portions. The action potentials measured with external electrodes appeared to be an average of potentials from the various areas of the preparation. In other experiments the entire anterior moiety of the electroplax was removed, leaving only the innervated plasma membrane plus some adhering cytoplasm and extracellular material. Various high K+ solutions were used to bathe the inner surface. No action potentials could be elicited from these preparations, but resting potentials as high as 51 mV were observed using external electrodes. The resting potential could be reduced reversibly by carbamylcholine applied to the outer surface. Carbamylcholine applied to the inner surface had no effect.
Using simulation for policy evaluation in the electric utility industry

A system dynamics model has been used in policy evaluation for the U.S. investor-owned electric utility industry. We pro vide a brief description of the model assumptions and major applications. Illustrative results include (1) an analysis of the advantages of constructing power plants with short lead times and (2) the effects on electricity rates of an overbuilding pro gram designed to reduce dependence on oil or natural gas. We conclude with a discussion of model validation and current research.
Father‐Daughter and Father‐Son Family Business Management Transfer Comparison: Family FIRO Model Application

The purpose of the study was to investigate power structures and interactions among father-daughter and father-son family business decision teams experiencing management transfer. Analytic induction was the methodology used to test the family FIRO theory. Support was found for the theoretical premise of sequential and developmental relationships among the three dimensions (inclusion, control, and integration). The women in the father-son business experienced feelings of exclusion, incidents of higher conflict among family members, which produced less shared meaning, and lower levels of integration among family members. On the other hand, women in the father-daughter business experienced feelings of inclusion, resulting in lower conflict that created high levels of shared meaning, collaboration, and integration among family members. In management transfer consultations, if the entire family business decision team is not included in information gathering, and if the decision team is not observed interacting...
CED-3 caspase acts with miRNAs to regulate non-apoptotic gene expression dynamics for robust development in C. elegans

Genetic redundancy and pleiotropism have limited the discovery of functions associated with miRNAs and other regulatory mechanisms. To overcome this, we performed an enhancer screen for developmental defects caused by compromising both global miRISC function and individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Among 126 interactors with miRNAs, we surprisingly found the CED-3 caspase that has only been well studied for its role in promoting apoptosis, mostly through protein activation. We provide evidence for a non-apoptotic function of CED-3 caspase that regulates multiple developmental events through proteolytic inactivation. Specifically, LIN-14, LIN-28, and DISL-2 proteins are known miRNA targets, key regulators of developmental timing, and/or stem cell pluripotency factors involved in miRNA processing. We show CED-3 cleaves these proteins in vitro. We also show CED-3 down-regulates LIN-28 in vivo, possibly rendering it more susceptible to proteasomal degradation. This mechanism may critically contribute to the robustness of gene expression dynamics governing proper developmental control.
Critical factors for successful ERP implementation: exploratory findings from four case studies

As more and more organizations move from functional to process-based IT infrastructure, ERP systems are becoming one of today's most widespread IT solutions. However, not all firms have been successful in their ERP implementations. Using a case study methodology grounded in business process change theory, this research tries to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of ERP projects. The results from our comparative case study of 4 firms that implemented an ERP system suggest that a cautious, evolutionary, bureaucratic implementation process backed with careful change management, network relationships, and cultural readiness have a positive impact on several ERP implementations. Understanding such effects will enable managers to be more proactive and better prepared for ERP implementation. Managerial implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Of sustainability, elephants and Prefab Sprouts

Industrial symbiosis and the qualitative optimisation of chemical fabrication methods are described as the means to attaining eco-friendly technologies. However, it is argued that the sustainability of any organised pattern of human interference with the supporting natural substrates could not be predicted with the absolute accuracy. The overwhelming complexity of ecological relationships prevents a perfect deduction of the complete spectra of effects that human pathways of production and/or consumption bring forth. As a solution, the restoration of approaches that take into sustainability accounts the deepest aspirations lying at the foundations of human strivings towards the improvement of life qualities is suggested. The major thesis of this work is, thereupon, in sympathy with the idea that the key to achieving truly sustainable networks of human creativity may lie not only in apparent causes initiated by human deeds, but also in the benevolence and grace of impalpable and ineffable sprouts of our actions in the world.
Estimating Spring Salamander Detection Probability Using Multiple Methods

Abstract Many studies suffer from imperfect detection probability, i.e., species are not detected when individuals may be present. In occupancy studies, detection probability is often treated as a nuisance variable. When used as a primary variable of interest, detection probability can be examined as a function of sampling covariates with the goal of maximizing the probability of encountering target species. Efforts to determine which methods maximize detection probability will benefit monitoring programs, particularly for species that are difficult to detect. We used three sampling methods, leaf litter bag (LLB) surveys, visual encounter surveys (VES), and flip and search (FS) methods to detect larval Spring Salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). We estimated occasion-specific estimates of detection and used an analysis of variance to determine if detection probability varied among sampling methods. We found the FS method yielded higher detection estimates than did the LLB and VES. In addition, occupa...
Why Non-Marital Children in the MENA Region Face a Risk of Statelessness

International law guarantees each individual the right to a nationality. However, this right is not always realized in reality, and the Middle East is home to several of the world’s chronic stateless populations. Problematic laws and policies in the region also result in new cases of individual statelessness. This article argues that a combination of gender discriminatory nationality laws, civil registration requirements, criminal penalties for adultery, and societal attitudes prevent or deter unwed parents from registering their children’s births or transmitting nationality to their children. Reforming laws that discriminate on the basis of nationality will do much to end statelessness in the Middle East, but cannot eradicate statelessness until unwed parents and their children are no longer threatened with violence and rejection.
Economic Benefits of Kalman Filtering for Insect Pest Management

The efficiency and potential economic gains of filtering techniques for pest management problems are demonstrated by applying them to a life cycle model of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcate (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Kalman filter estimator utilized combined information from sample data with a model of a dynamic system to obtain estimates of the current state of the system. The sample data were obtained by a two-stage sampling scheme. Specifically, the west-southwest district of Illinois was the area of concern. Four primary sampling units (PSU) were chosen, and from each PSU, 10 samples were drawn. This process was repeated four times throughout the 1980 growing season. For the particular data set considered, use of a model of bean leaf beetle dynamics results in substantial gains in estimate efficiency and a reduction in the number of fields required to be sampled.
The Effect of Environmental Chemistry on the Pb Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Mill-Annealed Alloy 22 and GTAW Weldments

The susceptibility of mill-annealed (MA) and gas tungsten arc welded (GTAW) Alloy 22 to Pb-assisted stress corrosion cracking (PbSCC) was evaluated in supersaturated PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 solutions. The solution chemistries and pH were varied to evaluate the effects of specific Pb-bearing species on the SCC resistance of GTAW Alloy 22 double U-bend samples. Anodic polarization tests in acidic and basic supersaturated Pb(NO3)2 solutions indicated that the passive current densities generally increased with applied potential. These results were then compared to previous anodic polarizations results for supersaturated acidic PbCl2 solutions. Constant deformation SCC tests indicate that MA and GTAW Alloy 22 were resistant to PbSCC in supersaturated PbCl2 (16,000ppm Pb, 95°C, pH 0.5, and Eapplied = -100, -50, 0, and 50mVSCE) and Pb(NO3)2 (16,000ppm Pb, 95°C, pH 3.9 and 10.7 and Eapplied = 50 and 140mVSCE, respectively). The overall results from this PbSCC investigation suggest that MA and GTAW Alloy 22 are resistant to SCC in supersaturated PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 solutions at 95°C. Provided that these high Pb concentrations are not attainable in the anticipated repository environments, Alloy 22 is unlikely to be susceptible to SCC by the presence of Pb.
BILIRUBIN AS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR INOTROPE REQUIREMENT IN PATIENTS POST LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION

Right entricular failure is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Daily measurement of total Bilirubin(TB) is used as a marker of right heart function and its trend is plotted to ascertain worsening or improvement of right
Intravenous Tigecycline Facilitates Cure of Severe Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) After Failure of Standard Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review of Tigecycline Use in CDI

Standard treatment for severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is oral vancomycin with metronidazole. After failure of this standard regimen, treatment becomes challenging. A young woman treated for septic shock developed CDI. Standard treatment failed and she was ineligible for fecal transplant. Addition of tigecycline to her regimen resulted in cure.
A meta-analysis of HIV and heart rate variability in the era of antiretroviral therapy.

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to assess autonomic dysfunction since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. Although autonomic failure was commonly detected in HIV and AIDS patients prior to the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the effect of HIV on HRV in the current era of widespread ART availability is more ambiguous. A systematic search and review was conducted on cross-sectional observational and case–control studies published in the era of ART (1996–2015) that compared HRV between HIV + individuals treated with ART and HIV − controls. Eight out of the 20 studies identified, enrolling a total of 292 HIV + adults (mean age 38.7 years) and 201 HIV seronegative controls (mean age 35.1 years), were included in a meta-analysis based on stringent methodological criteria. At rest, individuals with HIV showed lower HRV in the time (g) = −0.72, 95 % CI (−1.03 to −0.42) and low-frequency (LF) domain (g) = −0.51, (−0.81 to −0.21); markers of lower parasympathetic tone in the time (g) = −0.55, (−0.85 to −0.25) and high-frequency (HF) domain (g) = −0.42, (−0.71 to −0.12); and higher LF:HF ratio (g) = 0.46, (0.12–0.86) in the frequency domain, suggestive of parasympathetic withdrawal. This meta-analysis confirmed, within a relatively young cohort of HIV + adults on ART, a general reduction in autonomic function with a shift toward sympathetic dominance. This shift may predispose HIV patients to early and elevated risk of arrhythmias, cardiac events, and accelerated HIV disease progression.
Abstract 5096: Development of a decellularized tumor model for the evaluation of breast carcinomas

Breast cancer recurrence is a clinical manifestation of tumor progression in patients which has been shown to significantly increase mortality rates. While up to one-fifth of breast cancer patients will experience recurrence, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Recently, gene expression profiling of human tumor metastasis and recurrence demonstrated that the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions pathway was enhanced. In breast carcinomas, the ECM is known to vary with cancer progression. The ECM acts as a chemical reservoir, structural component, and mediator of tumorigenesis to tumors. To date, the ECM of breast carcinomas has been evaluated within the context of a seeded cellular population, i.e. intact tumor. Here we demonstrate for the first time a mechanism to evaluate the ECM devoid of breast cancer cells. We have employed a model of tissue decellularization to breast cancer cell line derived tumors and demonstrate that tumor ECM architecture remains intact when devoid of cells. Validation of loss of cell content is evident through DNA quantification, nuclear DAPI stain, and HE 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5096.
Reliability of a Single 24-Hour Urine Testing for the Detection of Abnormal Stone-Forming Risk Factors

There continues to be an important role for the medical evaluation and management of recurrent urolithiasis. Appropriate therapy depends upon identification of underlying physiologic or environmental defects which might account for the stone disease. Several protocols have been devised to investigate basic underlying metabolic and environmental abnormalities.
The Proportionality Principle and the (Amount in) Controversy

This paper, part of a forthcoming book with Yale University Press, addresses unique features of the American system of civil procedure that place it at a competitive disadvantage relative to the rest of the world. Taking a comparative approach, it focuses on questions of both pleading and discovery. Discarding the traditional criticisms of the American legal system, it argues that the true fault lies not with issues of notice pleading or burdensome discovery per se but, instead, with lack of proportionality between the processes for resolving disputes and the amount in controversy. It urges resuscitation of the proportionality principle and provides a blueprint for a workable integration of that principle into the federal rules.
Solar flares, Ampere's Law, and the Search for Units in Scale-Free Processes

One of the most powerful SOC tools - the wavelet transform modulus maxima approach to calculating multifractality - is connected to one of the most powerful equations in all of physics - Ampere's law. In doing so, the multifractal spectra can be expressed in terms of current density, and how current density can then be used for the prediction of future energy release from such a system.
Configuring Oracle Access Manager

All required components have now been installed. You have created a domain for each of the components in separate Middleware Homes. This simplifies future upgrades and maintenance. After completing this set of operations, the actual components need to be configured and prepared for the actual integrations. The configuration process consists of setting up the components relative to your environment. The following pages discuss how to configure OAM to support single sign-on (SSO) in your environment.
PSA levels of >1.5-4 ng/mL in a men’s health evaluation as a method for informed decision making.

e16039 Background: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is one of the most important tumor markers in oncology. However, its use is controversial for early detection of prostate cancer due in part to ov...
Prophylactic hydration to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy: much ado about nothing?

Clinical guidelines recommend prophylactic hydration to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients, including those with chronic kidney disease. A recent single-center randomized trial showed no significant difference in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in ambulatory patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease who were randomized to no prophylactic hydration versus normal saline hydration. While these results may identify patients who are less likely to benefit from prophylactic hydration, nephrologists and interventionalists should carefully consider the generalizability of these results to individual patients.
Physical functioning and risk for sleep disorders in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2014.

Abstract Objectives Sleep disorders (SDs), particularly problems with falling asleep or daytime sleepiness, have negative impact on health and longevity. Sleep deprivation is also associated with a decline in physical functioning (PF) that mediates the ability to perform activities of daily living. But it remains unknown if deterioration in PF can predict the risk of having a SD. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to assess the risk of SD associated with PF status in the US adult population. Study design Cross-sectional study design with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from year 2005 to year 2014. Methods PF limitation is assessed by reported difficulty in performing 10 tasks selected from PF questionnaire. SD is identified by subjective description of presence of doctor diagnosed SD. Also, five categories of comorbidities that caused difficulty in carrying out these tasks were created. Results The adults with self-reported PF limitation have 41% higher odds of having a SD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–1.59). Moreover, participants having cognitive problems and cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders as secondary conditions that cause difficulty in PF have 145% and 28% higher odds (OR = 2.45 and 1.28; 95% CI = 2.01–3.01 and 1.08–1.53, respectively) of having a SD. Also, females have a 27% lower odds of having a SD than males (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.63–0.83). Conclusion Risk for SD is associated with increasing level of functional disability. We advocate the importance of engagement in physical activities to prevent or delay the onset of SD.
Quantitatively Witnessing Exceptionally Large High-Dimensional Entanglement in Photon Pairs

We develop new uncertainty relations that efficiently quantify entanglement in high-dimensional and continuous-variable systems using the experimental data of correlations between pairs of complementary observables. We predict that over 10 ebits of entanglement can be verified between SPDC photon pairs.
Investigation of Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibition by Staphylococcus aureus EapH1: The Key Role Played by Arginine 89.

Staphylococcus aureus secretes a family of potent, noncovalent inhibitory proteins that selectively target the neutrophil serine proteases neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G, and proteinase-3. A majority of our understanding of these so-called EAP domain proteins has come from structure/function studies on EapH1 and its effects on human neutrophil elastase (hNE). Inspection of the EapH1/hNE cocrystal structure suggested that EapH1 residues R89, E94, and K95 are positioned near the EapH1/hNE interface and might contribute to the potent inhibition of hNE by EapH1. In this study, we used site directed mutagenesis, kinetic evaluation, and surface plasmon resonance to probe the individual contributions of R89, E94, and K95 to EapH1 function. We found that the wild-type EapH1/hNE complex is characterized by a fast association rate (2.0 × 106 M-1 s-1) and a very slow dissociation rate (4.3 × 10-5 s-1), yielding an apparent inhibition constant of 21 pM. The slow dissociation rate of EapH1 from hNE resulted in a time-dependent inhibition pattern. Although conservative mutants E94Q and K95M, as well as the E94Q/K95M double mutant, had on- and off-rates comparable to wild-type EapH1, mutation of R89 to methionine resulted in a 15,000-fold decrease in inhibition (321 nM) and loss of the time-dependent inhibition characteristic. The double mutants R89M/E94Q and R89M/K95M, as well as the triple mutant R89M/E94Q/K95M were similarly perturbed. Mutation of R89 to lysine restored a portion of the inhibition of hNE (27 nM). Given these observations, we conclude that R89 is a primary contributor to EapH1 function vis-a-vis time-dependent inhibition of hNE.
Full Field Strain Measurement of Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Parts with Solid and Sparse Infill Geometries

Full field strain during tensile deformation is measured in parts produced by material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) using digital image correlation. Many studies have been conducted to examine stress and strain at the part level; however, local levels of stress and strain within MEAM parts remain largely unexplored. This study documents the effects of tensile loading on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts fabricated with MEAM using both solid and sparse infill geometries. The effects of different toolpath orientations on local tensile strain are also studied. A novel build strategy for creating sparse infill geometry to improve part strength is introduced and tested.
On partitions classified by smallest missing part

In this paper, we study partitions classified by its smallest missing part. Our main theorem is an inequality related to the parity of the smallest missing part of partitions. We also prove the positivity of the coefficients in the generating function of cubic partition and use the main theorem for a partial proof. Finally we elaborate the connection between our main result and the concatenatable spiral, self-avoiding walks.
Tobacco smoke exposure disparities persist in U.S. children: NHANES 1999-2014.

Abstract Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) is a common modifiable hazard to children. The objective was to investigate how the prevalence of TSE varied from 1999 to 2014 among U.S. children and to calculate differences between sociodemographic characteristics and TSE by two-year increases. We also assessed associations between sociodemographics and TSE in 2013–2014. A secondary analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014 was performed including 14,199 children 3–11 years old from nationwide. We conducted logistic regression analyses to assess TSE trends, and associations between sociodemographics and TSE in 2013–2014. TSE prevalence declined from 64.5% to 38.1% during 1999–2014 (a relative reduction of 44.4%). TSE declined among all sociodemographics. In 2013–2014, differences in TSE were found by race/ethnicity, family monthly poverty level [FPL], and house status. Non-Hispanic black children were 1.85 times more likely (95%CI[1.39–2.47]) to be exposed to tobacco smoke than non-Hispanic white children, whereas Non-Hispanic other (OR = 0.71, 95%CI[0.52–0.96]), Hispanic other (OR = 0.42, 95%CI[0.30–0.59]), and Hispanic Mexican (OR = 0.27, 95%CI[0.21–0.35]) children were at lower risk of exposure. Compared to those in the highest FPL category (>185%), children with FPL ≤130% were 3.37 times more likely (95%CI[2.73–4.15]) and children with FPL 131–185% were 1.80 times more likely (95%CI[1.31–2.49]) to be exposed. Children who lived in rented homes were 2.23 times more likely (95%CI[1.85–2.69]) to be exposed than children who lived in owned homes. Targeted tobacco control efforts are needed to reduce existing TSE disparities among children, especially those who are non-Hispanic black, low socioeconomic status, and live in rented homes.
Active Learning in CS2 and Discrete Mathematics

Over the past decade, active learning pedagogical approaches have increased in popularity among multiple STEM disciplines, including Computer Science (CS). The purpose of this experience report is to reflect on the efforts taken to incorporate active learning into some of the undergraduate CS courses at the University of Georgia. This report describes the implementation details of two courses, CS2 and Discrete Mathematics, as taught during the Spring semester in 2019 with a total initial enrollment count of 551, and it summarizes the results of a common set of anonymous exit survey responses collected by the instructors on a subset of that population. In these courses, active learning was implemented using a flipped classroom model with undergraduate peer learning assistants. The surveyed population consisted of 163 CS2 students and 125 Discrete Mathematics students. The responses suggest that students either understand or believe that the active learning activities they participated in helped with their learning, especially regarding confidence and question formation. However, 67.36% of responses reported a high degree of state anxiety when receiving new assignments. Additionally, while 89.58% of responses expressed a desire to take a class with peer learning assistants in the future, only 40.63% indicated a preference for active learning when compared to traditional lecture. The course instructors discuss how they will use the insights ascertained via the exit surveys as evidence when deciding changes for future iterations of the courses.
Semiparametric Inference For Causal Effects In Graphical Models With Hidden Variables

The last decade witnessed the development of algorithms that completely solve the identifiability problem for causal effects in hidden variable causal models associated with directed acyclic graphs. However, much of this machinery remains underutilized in practice owing to the complexity of estimating identifying functionals yielded by these algorithms. In this paper, we provide simple graphical criteria and semiparametric estimators that bridge the gap between identification and estimation for causal effects involving a single treatment and a single outcome. First, we provide influence function based doubly robust estimators that cover a significant subset of hidden variable causal models where the effect is identifiable. We further characterize an important subset of this class for which we demonstrate how to derive the estimator with the lowest asymptotic variance, i.e., one that achieves the semiparametric efficiency bound. Finally, we provide semiparametric estimators for any single treatment causal effect parameter identified via the aforementioned algorithms. The resulting estimators resemble influence function based estimators that are sequentially reweighted, and exhibit a partial double robustness property, provided the parts of the likelihood corresponding to a set of weight models are correctly specified. Our methods are easy to implement and we demonstrate their utility through simulations.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Enzymes

The application of immunological methods to problems in enzymology has a long history and a very extensive literature. For the most part, this deals with studies using antisera raised against purified enzymes in animals of species other than those from which the enzymes were derived. The use of monoclonal antibodies is, of course, much more recent. Such antibodies have so far only been produced against a modest number of enzymes, though new reports are appearing at an increasing pace and there is little doubt that before long, such antibodies will become the reagents of choice for a wide variety of studies in enzyme immunochemistry. The analytic power of monoclonal antibodies in enzymology largely derives from the fact that each antibody is directed to an antigenic determinant that represents only a small region on the surface of the enzyme protein. Consequently, many antibodies with distinctive specificities can in principle be raised against a single enzyme. This contrasts with antisera, which contain a complex mixture of antibodies directed to different determinants on the enzyme surface and occurring in unknown proportions. The other important advantage is that monoclonal antibodies are single immunoglobulin species, which can, in principle, be produced in unlimited quantities by continued culture of the hybridoma cells that secrete them, whereas the antibody composition of antisera will vary in any particular animal during the course of immunization and will vary from animal to animal immunized with the same antigen.
There must be more to life than this: The impact of highly-accessible exemplars on self-evaluation and discontent

We examine how self-assessments are influenced by readily-accessible extreme exemplars that embody specific traits, skills, or behavioral tendencies. Because individuals who live especially active ...
Oral histories of Exum Mountain Guides who began guiding between 1947 and 1965

Exum Mountain Guides is the oldest climbing guide service in North America. Exum guides have been integral to the growth of guiding as a profession as well as mountaineering in Grand Teton National Park, across the United States, and internationally. However, no comprehensive history of the guides and the guide service exists, nor have individual stories been consistently captured. This project conducted oral histories with guides, clients, and staff of Exum Mountain Guides, and then used those interviews to look at the pathways taken to become a guide, common experiences and characteristics between the guides, and what guiding life was like for those guides who began guiding prior to 1965. Future research is needed to collect additional oral histories and analyze the histories of guides who began guiding after 1965, as well as those of office staff, clients, and others and investigate changes that have occurred over time. Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.
Another Look at the Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

Our examination of the cross-section of expected returns reveals economically and statistically significant compensation (about 6 to 9% per annum) for beta risk when betas are estimated from time-series regressions of annual portfolio returns on the annual return on the equal-weighted market index. The relation between book-to-market equity and returns is weaker than that in Fama and French (1992a). We conjecture that book-to-market results using COMPUSTAT data are affected by a selection bias and provide indirect evidence.
Intake Fractions for Volatile Organic Compounds in Two Occupied California Residences

Experimental estimates of residential intake fractions for indoor volatile organic compound (VOC) releases are scarce. We evaluated individual intake fractions (iFᵢ, mass inhaled by an individual per unit mass emitted) using approximately five months of time-resolved VOC measurements acquired at two residences. First, we directly estimated iFᵢ using inert tracer gases that were released at fixed rates. Tracer gas iFᵢ values were generally consistent between occupants and comparable across seasons. Furthermore, iFᵢ for sources released on different floors of a residence were statistically indistinguishable, suggesting that source location within the living space was not strongly influential. Emissions from living space sources (iFᵢ ∼ 0.3% = 3000 ppm) contributed to occupant exposures at rates 2–4 times higher than crawl space sources (iFᵢ ∼ 1000 ppm) and greater than 40 times higher than attic sources (iFᵢ < ∼70 ppm). Second, we indirectly estimated iFᵢ for 251 VOCs using net emission rates estimated by indoor–outdoor material balance. Although emission patterns varied between compounds, all VOC-specific iFᵢ estimates were clustered near the values of the living space tracer gases. These experimental observations substantiate the theoretical expectation that iFᵢ values are largely independent of analyte characteristics, a useful simplification for exposure assessments.
Diminishing returns with successive device passes in mechanical thrombectomy for stroke.

BACKGROUND Multiple device passes are associated with complications and poor functional outcomes following mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO). OBJECTIVE To characterize the relationship between number of device passes, complications, angiographic outcomes, and clinical outcomes in MT for ELVO. METHODS This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Individual device passes for MT were evaluated for any change in Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score, successful revascularization (TICI 2b or 3), and complications. Outcomes were compared among groups requiring multiple passes with various cut-off points. Risk factors for unfavorable clinical outcome [90 day modified Rankin Scale > 2] were assessed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Successful revascularization was achieved in 75% of 163 patients and 36% required only one device pass. After the second pass, the likelihood of angiographic improvement significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Using multiple cut-off points, higher post-procedural NIHSS scores, mortality rates, and unfavorable 90-day outcomes were associated with a greater number of passes. Multivariate analysis revealed ICA thrombus (comparison: M2, OR: 25, 95% CI 2-275, p = 0.01) and failed revascularization (OR: 68, 95% CI 3.12-1489, p = 0.01) as the only significant predictors of unfavorable clinical outcome. Nonetheless, the likelihood of favorable clinical outcome was higher in patients with an ICA occlusion who were revascularized in < 2 vs. ≥ 2 (44 vs 4%, p = 0.01) or < 3 vs. ≥ 3 (32 vs. 0%, p = 0.02) passes. CONCLUSION The likelihood of angiographic improvement in patients with ELVO significantly decreases after the second pass. A greater number of passes is associated with worsened clinical outcomes.
Rapid statistical discrimination of fluorescence images of T cell receptors on immobilizing surfaces with different coating conditions.

The spatial organization of T cell receptors (TCRs) correlates with membrane-associated signal amplification, dispersion, and regulation during T cell activation. Despite its potential clinical importance, quantitative analysis of the spatial arrangement of TCRs from standard fluorescence images remains difficult. Here, we report Statistical Classification Analyses of Membrane Protein Images or SCAMPI as a technique capable of analyzing the spatial arrangement of TCRs on the plasma membrane of T cells. We leveraged medical image analysis techniques that utilize pixel-based values. We transformed grayscale pixel values from fluorescence images of TCRs into estimated model parameters of partial differential equations. The estimated model parameters enabled an accurate classification using linear discrimination techniques, including Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD) and Logistic Regression (LR). In a proof-of-principle study, we modeled and discriminated images of fluorescently tagged TCRs from Jurkat T cells on uncoated cover glass surfaces (Null) or coated cover glass surfaces with either positively charged poly-L-lysine (PLL) or TCR cross-linking anti-CD3 antibodies (OKT3). Using 80 training images and 20 test images per class, our statistical technique achieved 85% discrimination accuracy for both OKT3 versus PLL and OKT3 versus Null conditions. The run time of image data download, model construction, and image discrimination was 21.89 s on a laptop computer, comprised of 20.43 s for image data download, 1.30 s on the FLD-SCAMPI analysis, and 0.16 s on the LR-SCAMPI analysis. SCAMPI represents an alternative approach to morphology-based qualifications for discriminating complex patterns of membrane proteins conditioned on a small sample size and fast runtime. The technique paves pathways to characterize various physiological and pathological conditions using the spatial organization of TCRs from patient T cells.
The Intertemporal Exercise and Valuation of Employee Options

We propose a multiperiod model to value employee options allowing for the possibility that a risk‐averse employee strategically exercises her options over time rather than at a single date. Our results describing the representative employee's option exercise behavior are broadly consistent with existing empirical evidence. The value of options to the employee and their effective cost to the firm are significantly different from the predictions of a constrained model that assumes “single date” strategic option exercise. The constrained model substantially underestimates the cost of options to the firm when, ceteris paribus, the employee's relative risk aversion and/or the time to maturity and/or the stock volatility exceed respective thresholds. Hence, the incorporation of “multiple‐date” exercise has important economic and accounting consequences.
Spatial Cognition and Memory in Captive Chimpanzees

A thoroughgoing mechanistic approach to location and motion would, by definition, assume that the question of where a particular entity is located at any given instant and why it is there rather than elsewhere is, at least in principle, answerable purely in terms of immediate or “efficient” causation and the relevant universal laws of nature. Almost all current students of animal behavior would assume that, in addition to this, teleonomic principles (e.g., function, adaptation) that apply only to specialized classes of objects (i.e., living beings) are necessary in their discipline. And a very sizable and increasing number of these investigators would argue that, even beyond this,. more specifically cognitive considerations are necessary. The analysis. of how chimpanzees move about an outdoor field relative to one another and to hidden objects does not necessarily “force” one into the last position, but a cognitive vocabulary certainly seems to provide the most succinct, intelligible, and comprehensive account of the available data.
Washed and Volume-Reduced Components

Publisher Summary Reactions of patients to the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and other blood components are commonly categorized as febrile, allergic, volume related, or not related to transfusion. Washing and/or volume-reducing cellular blood components are manipulations designed to remove presumed or potential offending plasma proteins or to make the infused volume compatible with the patient's size or cardiovascular status. Patients who are IgA-deficient and have anti-IgA can experience life-threatening anaphylactic transfusion reactions. When neither IgA-deficient donors nor frozen PRBCs are available, it is recommended that liquid PRBCs should be used (washed twice with a liter of saline per PRBC unit). Platelets as well as PRBCs may be washed on automated cell washers without functional compromise—a fact that has clear-cut implications with respect to the management of allergic transfusion reactions. However, platelet viability and function appear to be affected by the composition of the wash solution, and the number of platelets in the product is substantially reduced following washing. Further, the modification of component volume is a common practice in pediatric transfusion because components are dosed not in units but in milliliters per kilogram and are often administered by syringe or “pedi unit.” In adults, units of PRBCs and other components can be split or centrifuged to allow excess plasma to be extracted manually to reduce the volume infused to patients at risk of volume overload because of severe congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy.
The neurobiology of persistent pain and its clinical implications.

Publisher Summary New findings have occurred in the areas of sensory coding, descending modulation, and activity-induced plasticity. This chapter discusses the recent findings in these three areas that help in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of persistent pain and its clinical implications. The mystery of chronic pain begins at the site of injury. Information about tissue damage is transmitted through multiple central nervous system (CNS) pathways to the cerebral cortex. The temporal and spatial distribution of this activity ultimately results in the sensation of pain and its emotional, motivational, attentional, and cognitive components. The intensity of persistent pain as a result of injury is modulated by descending pathways. The early facilitation may function to enhance nocifensive escape behavior, whereas the dominant late inhibition may provide a mechanism by which the movement of the injured site is suppressed or reduced to aid in healing and recuperation. The chapter presents evidences that show that descending modulation undergoes time-dependent changes following persistent inflammation. There is an initial decrease and a subsequent increase in the excitability of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) involving facilitation and inhibition.
Ontogeny of endocrine control of osmoregulation in chick embryo. I. Role of pituitary gland in distribution of water and ions among embryonic and extraembryonic compartments.

Distribution of water and of Na+ and Cl- ions in blood and in allantoic, amniotic, and yolk sac fluids were observed during ontogeny of the chick embryo. A possible osmoregulatory role for pituitary hormones was inferred from differences in ionic concentrations and volumes of these compartments in partially decapitated (hypophysectomized) embryos and in intact and windowed-control embryos observed on Day 16.5 of incubation (20-21 days to hatching). Na+-K+-ATPase activity was also measured in both mesonephric and metanephric kidneys in control and in hypophysectomized and pituitary transplanted embryos. Some osmoregulatory defects in hypophysectomized embryos were reversed by transplantation of anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary for 1 week beginning on Day 9 of incubation. Allantoic fluid volume was reduced and Na+ and Cl- concentrations were elevated in this compartment in hypophysectomized embryos. Pituitary transplantation restored both measurements to control values. Amniotic fluid volume was not significantly changed by hypophysectomy when compared with windowed controls. Amniotic Clconcentration was also insensitive to hypophysectomy. Pituitary transplantation lowered amniotic fluid volume slightly, but elevated its Cl- concentration significantly. Hypophysectomy reduced the percentage water content in yolk sac and significantly increased hydration of the embryo. Pituitary transplantation partially restored fractional water content of yolk to control levels and reversed body hydration. Hypophysectomy and transplantation had no significant effects on serum Na+ concentrations in the 165day-old embryo. Activities of renal Na+-K+-ATPase were not significantly changed in mesonephros or metanephros by hypophysectomy or transplantation of one pituitary gland. Hormones of the pituitary gland appear to be required for normal distribution of water and ions in the chick embryo at 16.5 days of incubation. Possible target organs include both embryonic kidneys, but activities of renal Na+-KC-ATPase seem to be independent of pituitary hormones. Certain corrective actions obtained in response to metabolic hormones (thyroxine and corticosterone) suggest that some osmoregulatory defects observed in hypophysectomized embryos could result from impaired metabolism and a reduced rate of maturation rather than from the absence of specific osmoregulatory hormones of the pituitary gland.
Cleaning Up the Financial Crisis of 2008: Prosecutorial Discretion or Prosecutorial Abdication?

When finance professionals play fast and loose, big problems result. Indeed, the 2008 Financial Crisis resulted from people in the real estate finance industry ignoring underwriting criteria for mortgages and structural finance products. That malfeasance filled the financial markets with mortgage-backed securities (MBS) that were worth a small fraction of the amount issuers represented to investors. It also loaded borrowers with liabilities that they never had a chance to satisfy.Despite all the wrongdoing that caused the financial crisis, prosecutors have been slow to bring charges against individuals who originated bad loans, pooled bad mortgages, and sold bad MBS. Unfortunately, the lack of individual prosecutions signals to participants of the financial industry that wrongdoing not only will go unpunished but will likely even be rewarded financially. Without criminal liability, we risk a repeat of the type of conduct that brought us to the edge of financial ruin.