cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O VALOR CULTURAL DA LEITURA NA REGIÃO DE COLONIZA-ÇÃO ITALIANA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Breve exposicao considerando algumas relacoes existentes entre as praticas de leitura e as condicoes socioeconomicas e culturais da Regiao de Colonizacao Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul (RCI-RS). A leitura nessa regiao – como em grande parte do pais – ainda nao e uma pratica valorada pela so-ciedade de um modo geral, dificultando, dessa forma, sua caracterizacao como uma pratica cultural. Mesmo que a leitura seja entendida como uma atividade importante e necessaria, ela e realizada pelo prazer de ler e por ini-ciativa propria apenas em raras excecoes, pois ainda carrega a ideia de ativi-dade exclusivamente escolar. Tendo tracado o quadro, e valido perceber e congratular todos os esforcos que vem sendo realizados, tanto por institui-coes de ensino e por professores em carater singular quanto por orgaos pu-blicos e pela midia, na tentativa de transformar a leitura em uma das praticas culturais caracteristica da RCI-RS.
Magnetic Ordering in RbNi Cl 3

The magnetic structure of RbNi${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ has been carefully reexamined by single-crystal neutron-diffraction techniques in light of a discrepancy between two previously reported powder neutron-diffraction results. Data were taken on a small single crystal at 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and were corrected for absorption and extinction. The results confirm the basic picture of a multidomain triangular arrangement with the moments lying in a plane perpendicular to the basal plane of the hexagonal crystal. However, a slight modification of this structure consistent with the symmetry and the presence of a small $c$-axis anisotropy yields a significantly better fit to the data. The magnetization was measured from 4.5 to 11.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K [${T}_{N}=(11.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K], and an attempt was made to determine the exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$. The best fit to a simple power law gives $2\ensuremath{\beta}=0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. However, a reasonable correction to the power law yields $2\ensuremath{\beta}=0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ moment extrapolated to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is $(1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, indicative of very substantial zero-point effects.
Seasonal Changes in Color Preferences Are Linked to Variations in Environmental Colors: A Longitudinal Study of Fall.

People form associations between colors and entities, which influence their evaluations of the world. These evaluations are dynamic, as specific associations become more or less active in people’s ...
American Exceptionalism in Crime and Punishment: Broadly Defined

In the mid and late 20th century, the U.S. diverged markedly from other Western nations first in its high rates of serious violent crime, and soon after in the severity of its governmental responses. This has left an appalling legacy of American exceptionalism in crime and punishment (“AECP”) for the new century. When the U.S. is compared with other Western countries, and criticized as an outlier in criminal justice policy, the conversation usually narrows to two subjects: (1) high incarceration rates; and (2) the nation’s continued use of the death penalty. One goal of this book is to broaden the scope of AECP inquiry to include sanctions beyond incarceration and the death penalty. From what we know, the U.S. imposes and administers probation, parole, economic sanctions, and collateral consequences of conviction with a heavier hand than other developed democracies. “Mass punishment” in America goes well beyond “mass incarceration,” and severe racial disparities exist across the full spectrum of criminal penalties. In addition, the book insists that any discussion of AECP should focus on serious violent crime in the U.S. along with the nation’s penal severity. More often than not, American crime is discounted in the academic literature as having little or no causal influence on the harshness of American criminal punishment. With respect to homicide and other serious violence, this is a mistake. The chapter starts with a brief tour of the conventional AECP subject areas of incarceration and the death penalty. Next, it introduces claims that a wider menu of sanction types should be included in AECP analyses. Finally, it speaks to the importance of late-twentieth-century crime rates to U.S. punitive expansionism.
What is new in the battle against postoperative nausea and vomiting

The issue of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) still poses a significant burden on our patients. Although rarely associated with a life-threatening condition, it is consistently considered as one of the most undesirable side effects of surgery and anesthesia. There are well-established risk factors for the development of PONV that include patient-related factors, anesthetic technique, use of volatile anesthetics, use of nitrous oxide, duration of anesthesia, opioid administration, and type of surgery. Because pharmacologic interventions for PONV are not without risks, practitioners must assess patient's risk status from low to high and consider the benefits of treatment. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge related to PONV and provides a practical approach toward risk assessment, prevention, and numerous treatment strategies.
A perturbational approach to magneto-thermal problems of a deformed sphere levitated in a magnetic field

This paper presents a perturbation method for the solution of the electromagnetic and thermal problems of a deformed sphere levitated in an alternating magnetic field. The analytical solutions of the electromagnetic field distribution, the Joule heat generation, the magnetic lifting force and the temperature field are obtained based on a linear perturbation theory. The Maxwell equations are first simplified in terms of the vector potential and then solved by the method of separation of variables. The time-averaged Joule-heat source is calculated and coupled to the Fourier heat-conduction equation. The coupled equation is solved for temperature distributions within the deformed sphere by a combined approach of series expansion and variation of parameters. Both asymptotic and numerical analyses are provided. The total power absorption and temperature field for both single and multiple coils are also discussed.
Transitions in Basic Medical Science Teaching

This chapter will trace changes in the goals, instruction and governance of basic science education over the last century. In the first half of the 20th century basic science departments organized by discipline (e.g. anatomy, physiology, pathology) and did their best to teach medical students the basic science facts and concepts which basic science faculty thought were necessary for the practice of medicine. This included utilizing the scientific method to solve problems relative to their discipline. By the end of the 20th century, in some medical schools the basic science content was being defined by interdisciplinary groups and taught in more integrated ways with the expectation that this would enable students to be better able to recall, integrate and utilize their basic science knowledge in clinical situations. Research which suggested that problem solving skills are less generalizable than originally thought, promoted the teaching of problem solving in each discipline or sub-discipline, e.g. gastroenterology and nephrology.
The Solar Dynamo: Axial Symmetry and Homegeneity Broken

The Sun is a natural site for a dynamo. In fact, the dynamo concept was introduced by Larmor in his 1919 report to the British Association for Advanced Science entitled”How could a rotating body as the Sun become magnetic?” Cowling’s famous anti-dynamo theorem appeared in his paper ”Magnetic fields of sunspots” (MNRAS. 94, 39 ,1934). Yet the origin of the Sun’s magnetic field is not well understood. Some scientists still challenge the dynamo as the source of solar magnetic field [7].
The Banks, Media, and Social Distress

We live in a society that relentlessly attempts to litigate and legislate morality, yet the spirit of this age does not encourage morality. Such a situation inevitably results in superficial moral codes that dictate conflicting values. The attitudes of our times are the result of a social character that has, in a sense, overextended itself in such a way that everything has become possible and the rules of the game are constantly mutating. Morality is viewed as something we can invest in for our own personal profit, not that of society. This corresponds to Moynihan’s idea of defining deviancy “down,” which is related to our concept of social distress.1
Memorability: How what we see influences what we remember

Abstract Everyone has a unique set of individual experiences that make up their memories. However, we all also continuously encounter some items that are incredibly easy to remember and others that are too easy to forget. Indeed, recent work has found that the intrinsic memorability of an image can be quantified and used to predict memory behavior broadly across people, despite our diverse experiences. In this chapter, I describe memorability as an intrinsic stimulus property from the perspectives of psychology, neuroscience, and real-world applications. First, I compare past and new perspectives on memorability as a means to quantify an image. I discuss how it relates to other stimulus attributes and other cognitive phenomena such as attention and cognitive control, and show that memorability effects are largely distinct. Next, I describe the current understanding based on recent neuroimaging research of how, where, and when the brain distinguishes memorable versus forgettable images. Finally, I explore real-world applications of memorability in clinical and computational modeling domains, and present potential avenues for future exploration.
Fast cation flux from Torpedo californica membrane preparations: implications for a functional role for acetylcholine receptor dimers.

Abstract Closed membrane vesicles derived from the innervated face of Torpedo californica electroplax respond to the cholinergic agonist carbamylcholine by a rapid efflux of cations. This response is detected by release of 22Na enclosed within the vesicles and is considerably faster than previously reported for this in vitro system. It is considered likely that the rapid response is analogous to physiological phenomena since it has the appropriate pharmacological characteristics; it desensitizes upon prolonged contact with the agonist and it has a dose-response curve in a physiological range. It is further shown that a dimeric form of the acetylcholine receptor, stabilized by chemical modification methods, is fully active in terms of the carbamylcholine elicited response.
Factors affecting MeHg bioaccumulation in stream biota: the role of dissolved organic carbon and diet

The bioaccumulation of the neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg) in freshwater ecosystems is thought to be mediated by both water chemistry (e.g., dissolved organic carbon [DOC] and dissolved mercury [Hg]) and diet (e.g., trophic position and diet composition). Hg in small streams is of particular interest given their role as a link between terrestrial and aquatic processes. Terrestrial processes determine the quantity and quality of streamwater DOC, which in turn influence the quantity and bioavailability of dissolved MeHg. To better understand the effects of water chemistry and diet on Hg bioaccumulation in stream biota, we measured DOC and dissolved Hg in stream water and mercury concentration in three benthic invertebrate taxa and three fish species across up to 12 tributary streams in a forested watershed in New Hampshire, USA. As expected, dissolved total mercury (THg) and MeHg concentrations increased linearly with DOC. However, mercury concentrations in fish and invertebrates varied non-linearly, with maximum bioaccumulation at intermediate DOC concentrations, which suggests that MeHg bioavailability may be reduced at high levels of DOC. Further, MeHg and THg concentrations in invertebrates and fish, respectively, increased with δ15N (suggesting trophic position) but were not associated with δ13C. These results show that even though MeHg in water is strongly determined by DOC concentrations, mercury bioaccumulation in stream food webs is the result of both MeHg availability in stream water and trophic position.
Endoscopic retrieval of gastric and oesophageal foreign bodies in 52 cats.

Objectives To assess the outcomes and major complications in cats that require oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal. Materials and methods The medical records of 52 cats with oesophageal and gastric foreign bodies that underwent endoscopic foreign body retrieval during a 13-year period (2006 to 2018) were retrospectively reviewed to characterise the clinical and radiographic signs, endoscopic findings, outcomes and major complications. Results Endoscopic foreign body retrieval was successful in 49 of the 52 cats (94.2%). Radiographs confirmed the foreign material in 24 of the 50 cats (48%). Major complications occurred in eight of the 52 cats (15.4%) and included pleural effusion (n=2), aspiration pneumonia (n=2), unsuccessful removal of foreign material with endoscopy (n=3), oesophageal stricture formation (n=3) and cardiopulmonary arrest (n=1). Cats with oesophageal foreign bodies were more likely to experience major complications than those with gastric foreign bodies. Clinical significance Endoscopic foreign body removal in cats was associated with good overall outcomes and a low complication rate in this study sample. These results will help veterinarians better understand the outcomes of endoscopic foreign body removal in cats.
Automatic Process Control

Publisher Summary Automatic control has long been a significant feature of the process industries, but only recently has there been any attempt to treat process control problems quantitatively. This chapter discusses automatic process control in the chemical engineering picture. It identifies and evaluates the possibilities of intelligent development of the field. The important broad concepts are presented in a general description of the nature of control. These concepts are applied to the solution of typical process control problems in an elucidation of available techniques. The theoretical developments in the field of servomechanisms and governors are generally applicable to process control problems. A great variety of measuring devices for determining the chemical composition of process flow streams is now available, and many of these instruments are being incorporated in automatic control systems. The developments that can treat control problems are dynamic characterization of processes from normal operating methods of attacking problems involving nonlinear systems; and proved techniques for sampled data systems. The analytic control problem deals with the appraisal of existing control systems. On the other hand, the synthetic problem is the design of the whole control system, including in its broadest implication the design of process, as well as the specification of, control instruments. Before the synthetic problem can be tackled intelligently, the criteria of satisfactory control must be identified. While doing process control, only a few types of control action, that is, control modes are important, namely: on-off or two-position control; proportional control; integral control or automatic reset; and derivative or rate action.
Tautology of the Object

Johns continues to describe this new form of determinism found in the tautological power of the object. He primarily credits this power to the objects themselves; a realist position which ascribes certain autonomous powers to the objects in our world. Johns uses Sartre’s dictum ‘existence precedes essence’ to classify the majority of objects in our immediate environment (man-made objects) as objects which harbour concepts in them which stand-in for our own conceptual workings of concept, use and classification. Johns then prods further into the existence of such objects; their relations to humans but also their relations to each other. Following Graham Harman, Johns argues that the tautological object comes into contact with another tautological object as a specific entity and not as merely the indifferent effect of causality (such as Hume’s ‘billiard balls’ example). Johns finishes the chapter by showing how this tautological description of objects is miles away from the idealism found in phenomenology.
Transcendence and Immanence in Contemporary Psychotherapies: Trends, Tensions, and Treatment:

Psychotherapies, beginning with psychoanalysis, came of age in the waning years of the modern age. As our world has been turned by a new paradigm we call the postmodern critique, psychotherapy theo...
The Flexibility of Section 5 and the Politics of Disaster in Post-Katrina New Orleans

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina ravaged the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, drowning the City of New Orleans and threatening to eternally unbalance New Orleans' political landscape. Rising floodwaters and emergency mass evacuations displaced nearly 375,000 New Orleanians, approximately 272,000 of whom were African American. The year before Katrina's onslaught, Orleans Parish had both the highest number and the second highest concentration of African-American voters in Louisiana. By July 2008, sixty percent of New Orleans's population had been regained. Astonishingly, despite being appallingly disproportionately displaced, African Americans have heroically redeemed near-pre-Katrina population status, now constituting sixty percent of New Orleans' population. Although the overall population demographic of New Orleans has virtually returned to pre-Katrina levels, the percentage of African Americans registered to vote and participating in elections in Orleans Parish post-Katrina fails to complement New Orleans' population restoration. Before Katrina, African Americans controlled a majority vote in New Orleans.This is no longer the case. Active voter registration percentages and numbers of voters participating in elections are now lower among African-American voters. These altered voting patterns first became most obvious in the 2008 elections following the reinstatement of Louisiana's annual canvass.
Pathogenese der Vaskulitis mittlerer und großer Gefäße

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), is a systemic vasculitis which preferentially targets large and medium branches of the upper-body aorta. Typical clinical manifestations result from arterial stenosis/occlusion causing blindness, stroke and aortic arch syndrome. Aortic involvement leads to dissection and aneurysm. On the cellular and molecular level, GCA is a sequel of abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses that occur in the specialized tissue niche of the arterial wall. Based on recent pathogenic studies, a novel disease model for GCA is emerging. It is now understood that the series of pathogenic events begins with dendritic cells (DC) indigenous to the artery's outer wall, leading to inflammatory vasculopathy. Placed close to the vasa vasorum, vascular DC are highly sensitive in recognizing pathogen-associated motifs assigning immune monitoring functions to blood vessels. Thus the large vessels are actively involved in immune monitoring. Each vascular territory expresses a unique profile of pathogen-sensing receptors, emphasizing functional diversity amongst structurally similar arteries. Innate immune stimulators can transform vascular DC into efficient antigen-presenting cells, attracting, activating, and instructing T lymphocytes to acquire tissue-invasive features. Macrophages provide critical tissue-damaging effector functions, directly injuring wall-residing cells and promoting a remodeling process that leads to intimal hyperplasia and luminal occlusion. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to GCA need to focus on the key position of vascular DC and the signals that break the immunoprivileged state of the vessel wall.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CAVOPULMONARY ASSIST DEVICE FOR THE FAILING FONTAN PATIENTS

DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CAVOPULMONARY ASSIST DEVICE FOR THE FAILING FONTAN PATIENTS By Jugal Yatinkumar Kapadia, M.S. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Major Director: Dr. Amy L. Throckmorton Qimonda Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering The long term objective of this research is to develop a collapsible, percutaneously inserted, axial flow blood pump to improve blood flow in the cavopulmonary circulation. Through this research, the experimental evaluation of five blood pump prototypes and hemolysis testing of one blood pump prototype were
Interrater reliability of the cervicothoracic and shoulder physical examination in patients with a primary complaint of shoulder pain

Abstract Objective Examine the interrater reliability of cervicothoracic and shoulder physical examination in patients with a primary complaint of shoulder pain. Design Single-group repeated-measures design for interrater reliability. Setting Orthopaedic physical therapy clinics. Participants Twenty-one patients with a primary complaint of shoulder pain underwent a standardized examination by a physical therapist (PT). A PT conducted the first examination and one of two additional PTs conducted the 2nd examination. Main outcome measures The Cohen κ and weighted κ were used to calculate the interrater reliability of ordinal level data. Intraclass correlation coefficients model 2,1 (ICC2,1) and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the interrater reliability. Results The kappa coefficients ranged from −.24 to .83 for the mobility assessment of the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. The kappa coefficients ranged from −.20 to .58 for joint mobility assessment of the cervical and thoracic spine. The kappa coefficients ranged from .23 to 1.0 for special tests of the shoulder and cervical spine. Conclusions The present study reported the reliability of a comprehensive upper quarter physical examination for a group of patients with a primary report of shoulder pain. The reliability varied considerably for the cervical and shoulder examination and was significantly higher for the examination of muscle length and cervical range of motion.
Teacher Development in the Digital Age.

Within the rapid changes in communication techniques, culture, pedagogy, and developments in knowledge, it is vital that educators are familiar with new educational changes, mainly those changes which are connected to technology. Change can be accompanied by fear, and thus some teachers might resist changing (Fullan, 2006). In the digital age, some teachers might be reluctant to change because they feel they are immigrants in the digital world (Prensky, 2001). In developing countries, such as Algeria and Libya, teachers might feel more frustrated because of the digital gap in their countries and because of the digital gap with the students (Warschauer, 2003). This conceptual paper aims at exploring the main factors that inhibit teachers from change. This paper focuses on teachers from kto college teachers in general. The rationale behind dealing with teachers in general, and not teachers of a specific discipline is to explore the way teachers in low technology areas could see their development from a digital perspective. It is also assumed that digital education is needed in all fields of education as there are already policies about the integration of technology in education (Hamdy, 2007). In the context of this paper, change is defined as switch from Mindset 1 to Mindset 2. Educators with Mindset 1 consider the digital age as an extension of the industrial world; whereas educators with Mindset 2 believe the digital age is a post-industrial era, and the changes that are happening should be approached as new.
The Galilean satellites - New near-infrared spectral reflectance measurements /0.65-2.5 microns/ and a 0.325-5 micron summary

New near-infrared (0.65-2.5 microns) reflectance spectra of the Galilean satellites are presented. These spectra more precisely define the water ice absorption features previously identified on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto at 1.55 and 2.0 microns. In addition, previously unreported spectral features due to water ice are seen at 1.25, 1.06, 0.90, and 0.81 microns on Europa, and at 1.25, 1.04, and possibly 0.71 microns on Ganymede. Unreported absorption features in Callisto's spectrum occur at 1.2 microns, probably due to H2O, and a weak, broad band extending from 0.75 to 0.95 microns due possibly to other minerals. The spectrum of Io has only weak absorption features at 1.15 microns and between 0.8 and 1.0 microns. No water absorptions are positively identified in the Io spectra, indicating an upper limit of areal water frost coverage of 2% (leading and trailing sides). It is found for Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa that the water ice absorption features are due to free water and not to water bound or absorbed onto minerals. The areal coverage of water frost is approximately 100% on Europa (trailing side), approximately 65% on Ganymede (leading side), and 20-30% on Callisto (leading side). An upper limit of approximately 5% bound water (in addition to the 20-30% ice) may be present on Callisto, based on the strong 3-micron band seen by other investigators. A summary of spectra of the satellites from 0.325 to about 5 microns to aid in laboratory and interpretation studies is also presented.
Dipeptidyl Arylamidase II of the Pituitary PROPERTIES OF LYSYLALANYL-β-NAPHTHYLAMIDE HYDROLYSIS: INHIBITION BY CATIONS, DISTRIBUTION IN TISSUES, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION

Abstract An enzyme is described that was observed in extracts of rat and bovine pituitary glands. This enzyme, named dipeptidyl arylamidase II, catalyzes the cleavage of the dipeptide moiety from Lys-Ala-β-naphthylamide at pH 5.5, but not from monoamino acid arylamides. Dipeptidyl arylamidase II exhibits no metal, halide, or sulfhydryl dependences, and its specificity is restricted to substrates having an unsubstituted NH2-terminus. Lower but significant rates of hydrolysis were also exhibited at pH 5.5 on the β-naphthylamides of Arg-Ala and Leu-Ala, with only traces of activity on the arylamides of Ala-Ala, Gly-Pro, and Ser-Met. No activity was detected on the β-naphthylamides of benzylodicarbonyl-Lys-Ala, Lys-Lys, Arg-Arg, Gly-Arg, Gly-Phe, Ser-Tyr, or His-Ser. Cations were exceptionally inhibitory to the hydrolysis of Lys-Ala-β-naphthylamide by dipeptidyl arylamidase II, and the sensitivity of the enzyme increased with the size of the cation: Li+ l Na+ l K+ l Tris l puromycin aminonucleoside l puromycin. A 50 mm concentration of Tris, pH 5.5, in the assay system gave a 96% inhibition of arylamidase II activity, while puromycin at 1 mm gave a 76% inhibition. A Km of 1.1 x 10-5 m was determined for the hydrolysis of Lys-Ala-β-naphthylamide at pH 5.5 at 37°. The inhibition by cations was competitive for all cations tested, with Ki values at pH 5.5 and 37° of 1.8 x 10-3 m for Na+, 3.2 x 10-4 m for Tris, 1.9 x 10-5 m for puromycin, and 3.0 x 10-5 m for puromycin aminonucleoside. Dipeptidyl arylamidase II activity was detected in tissues other than pituitary; thyroid, spleen, and kidney were relatively rich sources, whereas liver, pancreas, and serum were poor. The hydrolysis of Lys-Ala-β-naphthylamide at pH 5.5 by all tissues tested showed the same sensitivity to Tris ions. As indicated by studies with sucrose homogenates of fresh rat pituitary glands, and with subcellular fractions prepared by differential and density gradient centrifugation, dipeptidyl arylamidase II was located, along with acid phosphatase, in pituitary lysosomes. However, unlike acid phosphatase, arylamidase II appeared to be located almost exclusively in the lysosomes, and exhibited a functional latency of about 91 to 95%. Ser-Tyr arylamidase (dipeptidyl arylamidase I) was also found to be lysosomal, whereas Arg-Arg arylamidase (dipeptidyl arylamidase III) was cytoplasmic. The aminopolypeptidase and dipeptidase activities measured on Lys- and Arg-β-naphthylamide were predominantly (90 to 95%) cytoplasmic.
Gegenwind für die Erneuerbaren – Räumliche Neuorientierung der Wind-, Solar- und Bioenergie vor dem Hintergrund einer verringerten Akzeptanz sowie zunehmender Flächennutzungskonflikte im ländlichen Raum

Der starke Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien hat innerhalb nur weniger Jahre eine Kulturlandschaft neuen Typs hervorgebracht. Gewohnte Landschaftsbilder, die vor allem von parzellierten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflachen, inselartigen Waldgebieten und raumlich konzentrierten Siedlungsflachen gepragt waren, werden in zunehmendem Mase durch dezentrale Kraftwerke wie Windparks, Photovoltaik-Freiflachenanlagen und Biomassekraftwerke erganzt. Von einer Entwicklung hin zu reinen Energielandschaften, wie es seitens Heimatpflegevereinen und Naturschutzverbanden befurchtet wird, ist man jedoch weit entfernt. Eine gegenuber den erneuerbaren Energien restriktive Regionalplanung, jahrliche Korrekturen an der Vergutungsstruktur des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes sowie eine degressiv ausgerichtete Forderung setzen einem regenerativen Energiesystem deutliche raumliche Grenzen. Dennoch hat der bisherige Ausbau den Nutzungsdruck auf den landlichen Raum stark erhoht und zu neuen Dimensionen der Flachennutzungskonkurrenz gefuhrt. Diskussionen um die zukunftige Bedeutung des landlichen Raumes als Standort fur neue Technologien erscheinen daher angebracht.
William Harvey on Anatomy and Experience

The goal of this essay is to explore the meaning of experience in William Harvey’s work. I begin by expanding on Andrew Cunningham’s argument (2002, 2003) that for Harvey, anatomy was an experience-based science of final causes. Observation and reason are united through experience (experientia) for Harvey, that is, by the repeated exercise of these capacities. Thus through the training and use of these abilities, Harvey thinks he can learn the final causes of living things and their parts. Harvey thinks that anatomy is the skill (facultas) by which one is able to make justified inferences to these causes. Finally, such inferences are based on a large set of rationally organized anatomical observations (historia), not upon direct, singular observations alone.
A NEW MEASURE FOR ASSESSING YOUTH PROGRAM PARTICIPATION

Participation in after-school programs is an important lever to improve adolescents' health and well-being; however, well-defined measurement of the quality of participation in these programs is limited. The present study validated a newly designed measure of participation in a sample of urban youth enrolled in community-based after-school programs. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the structure of the 20-item Tiffany-Eckenrode Program Participation Scale (TEPPS). Results suggest that the scale is comprised of four subscales (Personal Development, Voice/Influence, Safety/Support and Community Engagement). The TEPPS was also correlated with several commonly used measures of program participation. Findings from this paper provide support for the use of the newly designed scale as a valid and reliable measure of quality program participation by youth.
Network structure and properties of imidazole-cured epoxy novolac adhesives

The structural characteristics of four epoxy adhesives, obtained by crosslinking an epoxy novolac with various levels of a substituted imidazole curing agent, were investigated and correlated with thermal and mechanical properties. Variations in network structure were characterized by measuring crosslink densities and by qualitatively assessing glassy state free volume from densities and coefficients of thermal expansion. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to obtain glass transition temperatures, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was used to follow primary (alpha) and secondary (beta) transitions. Bulk behavior was characterized by tensile modulus, strength, and toughness, together with compressive modulus and yield strength. The effect of sub-Tg aging on compressive yield strength was investigated as well. As the level of imidazole increased, crosslink density, and hence network packing efficiency and free volume, decreased. For fully cured networks, both the glass and the alpha transition temperatures increased with crosslink density. Calculated activation enthalpies and entropies indicated significant degrees of network cooperativity in the alpha transitions, particularly for the more highly crosslinked systems. Beta transition temperatures, however, were found to be independent of crosslink density. Bulk properties generally showed a dependence both on crosslink density and free volume. Yield stress, for example, was highest for the network with lowest crosslink density and free volume. Volume relaxation associated with physical aging also caused yield stress to increase.
Drugs that cause Torsades de pointes and increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.

Torsades de pointes (TdP) is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia associated with not only antiarrhythmic drugs, but noncardiac drugs of many different classes. All these drugs prolong the QT interval by their blocking of the potassium channel IKr, and many are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4. Polypharmacy with other drugs utilizing the same enzyme, or inhibiting CYP3A4, can lead to TdP. A consistent finding of all the QT-prolonging drugs is predominance of TdP in women. Other risk factors for QT prolongation and TdP include hypokalemia, congestive heart failure, and structural heart disease. Knowledge of potential drug interactions and other risk factors for TdP can help in reducing the number of adverse events associated with the use of QT-prolonging drugs.
Raman spectroscopy based identification of flame retardants in consumer products using an acquired reference spectral library.

Abstract Flame retardants (FRs), a class of commonly used chemical additives in consumer products such as polyurethane foams, are well known for their persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity [1] . In order to address the potential health concerns and environmental impacts associated with the wide-spread use these chemicals, it is essential to identify them efficiently in the environment and consumer products. Raman spectroscopy (RS) offers an attractive option for the non-invasive, in-situ identification of flame retardants in a variety of sample formats [2] , [3] , [4] . RS based chemical identification relies on the availability of spectral libraries for identification through spectral matching with reference chemicals. Here we present the application of Raman spectroscopy for identifying FR additives in select consumer products using an acquired spectral library of commonly used FRs. The RS based method described here enables simultaneous identification of multiple components within a sample, which can offer important insights into the sources of FR contamination, in addition to identification of the FR component itself. The availability of Raman spectral library of commercially used FRs, such as the one presented here, will facilitate the identification of these chemicals in consumer products.
Effects of glucagon on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism in nondiabetic humans.

The present experiments sought to determine whether glucagon concentrations mimicking those observed in people with diabetes mellitus alter postprandial carbohydrate metabolism in nondiabetic humans. We measured the gastric emptying of solids and liquids, the systemic rate of appearance of ingested glucose, and endogenous glucose production either when postprandial suppression of glucagon was prevented by infusing glucagon at a rate of 0.65 ng/kg/min, when postprandial glucagon concentrations were elevated by infusing glucagon at a rate of 3.0 ng/kg/min, or when postprandial suppression of glucagon was permitted by infusion of saline. Despite marked differences in glucagon concentrations, postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ on any occasion. Although gastric emptying of liquids and solids was comparable on all three occasions, the high-dose, but not the low-dose, glucagon infusion caused a slight delay in the systemic appearance of ingested glucose and a significant decrease (P < .01) in postprandial d-xylose concentrations, suggesting a delay in carbohydrate absorption. However, this was offset by an increase (P < .05) in endogenous glucose production, resulting in no difference in postpradial glucose appearance. We conclude that in the absence of insulin deficiency, neither a lack of suppression of glucagon nor an elevation of glucagon to levels encountered in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus cause postprandial hyperglycemia in nondiabetic humans.
Sensitivity to ultrasound in an identified auditory interneuron in the cricket: a possible neural link to phonotactic behavior

1. In the cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicns, an identified auditory interneuron, interneuron-1 (int-1), is described morphologically and physiologically (Figs. 1,2). There is one such neuron in each hemiganglion of the prothoracic ganglion. The medial dendrites of int-1 overlap part of the terminal field formed by the auditory afferent axons from the ear and int-1's axon ascends to the brain, terminating on the same (ipsilateral) side (Fig- 2). 2. The neuron has a two-part frequency response characteristic: (1) its spontaneous activity is suppressed by low frequencies (3 to 8 kHz) at threshold-to-moderate intensities (Fig. 9 B), and (2) it is strongly excited at high frequencies, especially ultrasonic, from 15–100 kHz (Fig. 3). 3. Int-1 produces more spikes per tone pulse (Fig. 4) and its reponse latency decreases (Fig. 5), with increasing levels of intensity when stimulated by ultrasound. 4. Two-tone inhibition occurs in int-1. When a 30 kHz (normally excitatory) tone is combined with a 5 kHz tone (which suppresses spontaneous activity), the combination tone results in a diminished response, compared to the response to the excitatory tone alone (Fig. 6). 5. The excitation of int-1 shows lateralization. Excitation is stronger in the neuron ipsilateral to the sound source, than in the contralateral int-1 (Fig. 9). 6. Int-1 responds to electronically-generated pulse trains that simulate bat-echolocation signals. The neuron is responsive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies that are contained in the echolocation signals of insectivorous bats (Fig. 11). 7. In light of its response characteristics, we speculate that int-1 plays a role in the detection of ultrasonic signals emitted in the cricket's normal environment by hunting bats.
Mean-time-to-failure study of flip chip solder joints on Cu/Ni(V)/Al thin-film under-bump-metallization

Electromigration of eutectic SnPb flip chip solder joints and their mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) have been studied in the temperature range of 100 to 140 °C with current densities of 1.9 to 2.75×104 A/cm2. In these joints, the under-bump-metallization (UBM) on the chip side is a multilayer thin film of Al/Ni(V)/Cu, and the metallic bond-pad on the substrate side is a very thick, electroless Ni layer covered with 30 nm of Au. When stressed at the higher current densities, the MTTF was found to decrease much faster than what is expected from the published Black’s equation. The failure occurred by interfacial void propagation at the cathode side, and it is due to current crowding near the contact interface between the solder bump and the thin-film UBM. The current crowding is confirmed by a simulation of current distribution in the solder joint. Besides the interfacial void formation, the intermetallic compounds formed on the UBM as well as the Ni(V) film in the UBM have been found to dissolve completely into...
Comparison of Orthogonal and Collinear Geometric Approaches for Design of a Laboratory Constructed Diode Laser Induced Fluorescence Detector for Capillary Electrophoresis

This work describes the design and construction of two sensitive fluorescence detectors for capillary electrophoresis employing a semiconductor diode laser as the light source. The two systems employed different geometric approaches – an orthogonal design and a collinear design, for collection of the fluorescence. The systems were evaluated using Cy5.29 carboxylic acid, a far-red dicarbocyanine dye. A limit of detection (LOD), calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank signal, of 7.4 × 10−11 M was obtained using the orthogonal system. The precision and accuracy of the assay determined using the orthogonal system were within 10% RSD and 10 % DFN (deviation from nominal) respectively. The collinear design yielded a LOD of 1.2 × 10−12 M.
Tuning assembly size in Peptide-based supramolecular polymers by modulation of subunit association affinity.

Nature uses proteins and nucleic acids to form a wide array of functional architectures, and scientists have found inspiration from these structures in the rational design of synthetic biomaterials. We have recently shown that a modular subunit consisting of two α-helical coiled coil peptides attached at their midpoints by an organic linking group can spontaneously self-assemble in aqueous solution to form a soluble supramolecular polymer. Here we explore the use of coiled-coil association affinity, readily tuned by amino acid sequence, as a means to predictably alter properties of these supramolecular assemblies. A series of dimeric coiled-coil peptide sequences with identical quaternary folded structures but systematically altered folded stability were designed and biophysically characterized. The sequences were cross-linked to generate a series of branched, self-assembling biomacromolecular subunits. A clear relationship is observed between coiled-coil association affinity and apparent hydrodynamic dia...
Determining effects of sodicity and salinity on switchgrass and prairie cordgrass germination and plant growth

Abstract Marginal and degraded lands are expected to be important resources in the production of biofuel feedstocks in order to avoid real or perceived competition with food, feed and fiber production. Globally, there are millions of hectares of salt-affected land available for lignocellulosic feedstock production. Greenhouse experiments determined the effects of irrigating with water having different levels of salinity and sodicity on seedling emergence, plant growth, and cation balance in plant tissues in several populations of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) and prairie cordgrass ( Spartina pectinata Link). The effect of salt stress on seedling emergence was more pronounced in switchgrass than prairie cordgrass with 31 and 15% reduction, respectively, compared with pure water. In a two-season greenhouse pot experiment, aboveground dry biomass production in control treatments was 8 and 21% higher in prairie cordgrass pc17-102 and pc17-109, respectively, than in EG 1102 switchgrass. Switchgrass EG 1102 produced greater biomass than prairie cordgrass populations when irrigated with moderately saline (5 dS m −1 ) water, although differences were not detected with highly saline water (10 dS m −1 ). Switchgrass EG 2101 emergence, plant growth and cation balance were severely affected by increasing levels of salinity. Overall, several prairie cordgrass populations and lowland switchgrass cultivars were found to have good emergence and high biomass production under moderate to high salt stress and may be good candidates for lignocellulosic feedstocks on salt-affected land.
Identifying well-formed biomedical phrases in MEDLINE® text

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? We study extraction of well formed and high quality biomedical phrases from MEDLINE. ? Syntactic and statistical features are employed. ? Machine learning is applied using sets of known good phrases. ? Over 85% of such extracted candidates are humanly judged to be of high quality. In the modern world people frequently interact with retrieval systems to satisfy their information needs. Humanly understandable well-formed phrases represent a crucial interface between humans and the web, and the ability to index and search with such phrases is beneficial for human-web interactions. In this paper we consider the problem of identifying humanly understandable, well formed, and high quality biomedical phrases in MEDLINE documents. The main approaches used previously for detecting such phrases are syntactic, statistical, and a hybrid approach combining these two. In this paper we propose a supervised learning approach for identifying high quality phrases. First we obtain a set of known well-formed useful phrases from an existing source and label these phrases as positive. We then extract from MEDLINE a large set of multiword strings that do not contain stop words or punctuation. We believe this unlabeled set contains many well-formed phrases. Our goal is to identify these additional high quality phrases. We examine various feature combinations and several machine learning strategies designed to solve this problem. A proper choice of machine learning methods and features identifies in the large collection strings that are likely to be high quality phrases. We evaluate our approach by making human judgments on multiword strings extracted from MEDLINE using our methods. We find that over 85% of such extracted phrase candidates are humanly judged to be of high quality.
Practising citizenship in new spaces: Rights and realities of charter school activism

In the past two decades, the role of the state and the role of the citizen have changed in public education in the US. In order to give parents the ‘right to choose’ their children's schools, feder...
Grain Boundary Structure and Diffusion Induced Grain Boundary Migration

We present a review of systematic studies of diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM). The results are compared with structural models for the grain boundaries in order to assess the effects of structure upon DIGM. The nucleation of DIGM is also assessed in the light of grain boundary structure and it is demonstrated that changes of grain boundary solute concentration can induce large enough energy changes to drive novel grain boundary dissociation reactions.
Fabricius's and Harvey's representations of animal generation.

Summary Fabricius ab Aquapendente commissioned coloured paintings of the reproductive parts and foetuses of a vast spectrum of animals. His published works on generation feature corresponding engravings. In contrast, his student William Harvey questioned the accuracy and usefulness of anatomical illustrations and used alternative approaches to represent his observations. I discuss these anatomists' criteria for selecting specimens, their techniques of investigation, and how these decisions affected their observations and representations of animal generation. I consider what each medium—paintings, intaglios, written accounts—discloses or highlights and also their respective limitations. My study of Fabricius's colour plates also reveals the possibility that they served as inspiration for the first colour anatomical prints: a copy of the illustrations of foetuses is bound with drafts of Aselli's plates, and I suggest a possible link between the colour images.