cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and practical considerations on detection performance of time domain, Fourier domain, and swept source optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) based on spectral interferometry has recently been examined, with authors often suggesting superior performance compared with time domain approaches. The technologies have similar resolutions and the spectral techniques may currently claim faster acquisition rates. Contrary to many current opinions, their detection parameters may be inferior. The dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) correlate with image penetration, the contrast as a function of depth. This work examines the theoretical sensitivity, dynamic range, and SNR of the techniques, within the practical limits of optoelectronics, taking into account often ignored or misunderstood classical factors that affect performance, such as low frequency noise, analog to digital (AD) conversion losses, and methods for potentially improving sensitivity, including fast laser sweeping. The technologies are compared relative to these parameters. While Fourier domain OCT has some advantages such as signal integration, it appears unlikely that its disadvantages can ultimately be overcome for nontransparent tissue. Ultimately, time-domain (TD)-OCT appears to have the superior performance with respect to SNR and dynamic range. This may not be the case for transparent tissue of the eye. Certain positive aspects of swept source OCT leave the possibility open that its performance may approach that of (TD)-OCT in nontransparent tissue.
Thiophene/Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Co-oligomers: Fused-Ring Analogues of Sexithiophene

A series of six-ring oligothiophenes containing one to three degrees of ring fusion were assembled by a combination of metal-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling and oxidative homocoupling reactions. The effect of position and extent of ring fusion on the electronic properties was studied by UV−vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and these data were interpreted in the context of TD-DFT computational analysis. Within each set of regioisomers, a slight red shift is revealed in the onset of the UV−vis absorption spectra when the fused-ring unit is located nearer to the periphery of the oligomer, indicating a narrower HOMO−LUMO gap. Incorporation of the unit of ring fusion toward the interior of the oligomer results in a decrease in the longest wavelength emission maximum and a reduced Stokes shift, and is accompanied by an increase in fluorescence quantum yield.
SELF‐REPORTED MEMORY PROBLEMS AMONG THE BLACK ELDERLY

In a sample of 240 black elderly people, 52% reported poor memory and forget‐fulness to be either very (15.4%) or somewhat (36.6%) serious problems for them. Regression analysis revealed that those black elderly people who had more chronic illnesses, who used a higher number of psychotropic drugs, who were older, and who expressed a higher level of loneliness were more likely to complain about their memory. Loneliness was found to be the strongest predictor of self‐reported memory problems among the black elderly. These findings are discussed.
A 4.5mW Closed-Loop /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ Micro-Gravity CMOS-SOI Accelerometer

A force-rebalanced high-order DeltaSigma micro-g accelerometer has been implemented in CMOS-SOI. The measured acceleration resolution is 4mug/radicHz, which is equivalent to a capacitive resolution of 2aF with a dynamic range of 95dB at 20Hz (resolution BW=3Hz). Measured sensitivity is 5pF/g (gain of 30V/g). The IC consumes 4.5mW from a 3V supply and uses 2.25mm2
Density functional theory investigation of interaction of zigzag (7,0) single-walled carbon nanotube with Watson–Crick DNA base pairs

A first-principles investigation of interaction of DNA base pairs on the outer surface of zigzag (7,0) single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) was carried out at the M05-2X/6-31G(d) level of geometry optimization and BSSE corrected interaction energy calculation using the same theoretical level and the 6-311G(d,p), cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ basis sets. Study revealed that CNT forms complexes of similar strength with both base pairs. Electron density maps suggest that complexes are characterized by stacking interaction through coupling of π-charge clouds of base pairs and CNT. BSSE corrected interaction energies and density of states calculations indicated the weak nature of interaction between base pairs and CNT.
Intraoperative radioisotope injection for sentinel lymph node biopsy

Preoperative injection of technetium-99 m sulfur colloid (Tc-99) in the Nuclear Medicine Department for localizing sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) can be extremely painful for the patient. The difficulties in scheduling and the delay in starting surgery can be frustrating for the patient and the surgeon. We hypothesized that intraoperative injection facilitated by the subareolar technique would obviate the problems associated with preoperative injection. We performed an institutional review board-approved prospective study of patients with operable breast cancer who were candidates for an SLN biopsy from October 2002 to January 2006 at our institution. After induction of general anesthesia, patients underwent a subareolar injection of 1 mCi Tc-99 unfiltered and blue dye. Data comparing preoperative cost were collected. A total of 236 patients had 252 intraoperative SLN procedures. The mean patient age was 57.3 (range, 24-88) years. The mean ± standard deviation time from injection to incision was 25.5 ± 16.2 minutes. Identification rate was 96%, and the number of SLNs identified per patient was 1.6 ± .8. The count of SLN was 60,313 ± 134,692 with 20% SLN positivity. Tumor staging distribution was standard staging terminology for an in situ cancer (Tis) = 17 with 0% (+) SLN, T1 = 115 with 11% (+) SLN, T2 = 56 with 29% (+) SLN, T3 = 19 with 37% (+) SLN, and T4 = 4 with 50% (+) SLN. Maximum exposure to the surgeon was well below maximum, at 100 μSV/mo. Preoperative injection had an additive charge of $1325 associated with it for imaging, injection, and interpretation of images by physician. Intraoperative subareolar injection of Tc-99 localizes the SLN and avoids the pain, vasovagal events, delays, and cost associated with preoperative procedure.
To disassemble or not: a computational methodology for decision making

Environmentally conscious manufacturing is an important paradigm in today’s industrial practices and disassembly is a crucial factor in implementing this paradigm. Disassembly allows the reuse and recycling of parts and products that reach their “death” after their life cycle ends. There are many questions that must be answered before a disassembly decision can be reached. The most important question is economical. The cost of disassembly versus the cost of scrapping a product is always considered. This paper develops a computational methodology that allows decision-makers to calculate the disassembly cost of a product before it is built. The methodology makes it simple to perform “what if” scenarios fairly quickly. A Java based application has been developed to implement this methodology and it uses computational algorithms and a graphical user interface to enable designers to simulate product designs. The front end user interface is a Java based application while the back-end is the combination of a data parser and disassembly engine, which also makes use of Java and XML technologies. The disassembly engine performs calculations based on data represented in an XML data store and runs as the back-end component of the computational tools. The user interface has the ability to display a dynamically configurable disassembly tree. The disassembly knowledge is represented in XML format to allow robust and scalable parsing and processing of the various disassembly alternatives that correspond to the configurable disassembly tree. Examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation and capabilities of the computational design methodology presented in this paper.
Effect of Hypothermia on the Chlorpromazine-Induced Bradycardia and Hypotension in the Rat

The administration of chlorpromazine (0.5 mg./Kg.) caused a rapid fall in blood pressure and a decreased heart rate in rats. A significant potentiation in both the extent and the duration of the heart rate effects was observed in hypothermic animals as compared to normothermic animals. No significant differences were observed in the blood pressure effects during the period of observation. It was also established that fatty acid mobilization, reflexly induced by chlorpromazine's hypotensive action, was inhibited in hypothermic animals but not in normothermic animals. These data suggest that chlorpromazine more effectively inhibits adrenergic mechanisms in the hypothermic animal and this mechanism may explain the potentiation of heart rate effects observed in this study.
Pain, qualia, and the explanatory gap

Abstract This paper investigates the status of the purported explanatory gap between pain phenomena and natural science, when the “gap” is thought to exist due to the special properties of experience designated by “qualia” or “the pain quale” in the case of pain experiences. The paper questions the existence of such a property in the case of pain by: (1) looking at the history of the conception of pain; (2) raising questions from empirical research and theory in the psychology of pain; (3) considering evidence from the neurophysiological systems of pain; (4) investigating the possible biological role or roles of pain; and (5) considering methodological questions of the comparable status of the results of the sciences of pain in contrast to certain intuitions underpinning “the explanatory gap” in the case of pain. Skepticism concerning the crucial underlying intuitions seems justified by these considerations.
Distribution, Habitat, and Behavior of the Kentucky Cave Shrimp Palaemonias Ganteri Hay

ABSTRACT The Kentucky cave shrimp Palaemonias ganteri is known only from base level cave passages in the Mammoth Cave System, Kentucky. Since the shrimp was not seen between 1967 and 1979, it was assumed to be extinct. Between May 1979 and February 1981, 1 looked for shrimp in base level pools by searching visually or by seining and dip netting once a month. SCUBA divers on four occasions searched deep pools and submerged cave passages. No live shrimp were found in residual pools, where they were readily observed before 1967. A few shrimp were found in deep pools of streams and in submerged passages. Foraging at the water surface was observed.
The lowest excited states of BH

Digital computer calculations in SCF MO approximation on the two lowest excited states of BH, 1σ22σ23σ4σ, 3Σ+ and 1Σ+, from 2.0 a.u. out to dissociation are reported. As shown previously by Grimaldi and coworkers [1], these are stable Rydberg states, but it is now shown that the 3Σ+ potential curve on increasing the interatomic distance R goes over a maximum and then becomes a repulsion curve dissociating to normal atoms. The changing characteristics of the 2σ, 3σ and 4σ orbitals as a function of R are described and discussed.
Interpolating scattered multivariate data as a function of time

Abstract Two classes of methods are presented for interpolating scattered data sampled in a spatial domain at different times. Instead of treating time as another Euclidean variable, time is treated as a special variable in our two approaches. These methods make use of scattered data interpolants over the spatial domain and univariate interpolants over the time domain. When compared with existing scattered data interpolation methods, the new methods are more effective.
Failure to detect collateral sprouting of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons during early postnatal development

Abstract Using biochemical parameters the present study sought to assess the normal development pattern of the dopaminergic innervation of the olfactory tubercle (OT) and how it is affected by olfactory bulbectomy. In rats, the adult pattern of cellular organization is achieved in the OT gradually over the first 7 days after birth. On the other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) uptake, while present at low levels, start to increase rapidly only after the first 7 days reaching adult levels by 40 and 20 days after birth, respectively. TH in dopamine (DA) cell bodies of A10 was already high, 40% of adult value, at virth, reached 150% by day 14 and decreased back to adult values by day 21 after birth. In 10-day-old rats, bulbectomy resulted, 30 days later, in an increase to 123% of control in TH activity and 137% in [3H]DA uptake within the OT. Comparable changes were found following bulbectomy in adults. However, bulbectomy in 1-day-old rats did not produce any significant changes 40 days later. The findings suggest that during postnatal growth TH activity is increased in DA cell bodies, preceding the changes in DA terminals of the OT, resembling the changes occurring during collateral sprouting in adults. In addition, changes indicative of collateral sprouting do not occur in response to deafferentation of the OT in 1-day-olds but do in 10-day-olds or older animals, a phenomenon probably related to a critical developmental period of the OT.
Global continuation and asymptotic behaviour for periodic solutions of a differential-delay equation

The singularly perturbed differential-delay equation $$\varepsilon \dot x(t) = - x(t) + f(x(t - 1))$$ is studied. Existence of periodic solutions is shown using a global continuation technique based on degree theory. For small ɛ these solutions are proved to have a square-wave shape, and are related to periodic points of the mapping f:R→R.When f is not monotone the convergence of x(t) to the square-wave typically is not uniform, and resembles the Gibbs phenomenon of Fourier series.
Resonant radiative recombination: A new atomic process in dense plasmas?

Abstract The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the existence of threshold resonances in the s-wave channel of screened Coulomb potentials which are likely to give rise to enhanced free-bound transitions which should be observable in dense plasmas. The accompanying radiation is discussed with respect to possible applications in the density diagnostic of plasmas.
Festival, vacation, war: Roger Caillois and the politics of paroxysm

I trace the evolution of Roger Caillois' theories of paroxysm and festival and his early sense of the political somatic structure of the social organism. I attempt to systematise his category of the paroxysmic, a mutation of Durkheimian effervescence, and examine it in relationship to his theory of the sacred as a vertiginous space of order/disorder. I then carefully explore Caillois' phenomenological anthropology that narrates the decline of the social and the sacred from the primitive to the modern and also critically explore his dialectic of festival, vacation and war. I demonstrate that Caillois' propositions, while grounded in the history of religions, reveal a political ontological hermeneutic that remains a vital critique of the modern nation-state.
The Costs of Nurse Turnover: Part 1: An Economic Perspective

Nurse turnover is costly for healthcare organizations. Administrators and nurse executives need a reliable estimate of nurse turnover costs and the origins of those costs if they are to develop effective measures of reducing nurse turnover and its costs. However, determining how to best capture and quantify nurse turnover costs can be challenging. Part 1 of this series conceptualizes nurse turnover via human capital theory and presents an update of a previously developed method for determining the costs of nurse turnover, the Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Method. Part 2 (January 2005) presents a recent application of the methodology in an acute care hospital.
Effect of Pro-Oxidants upon Reproduction in Rats

SummaryIt has not been possible to interfere with the process of reproduction in female rats on an adequate diet by administering various oxidation products of fats, by mouth, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally. These products included rancid animal fats, their volatile oxidation products with extremely high peroxide content, the unsaponifiable portion of irradiated fats and some aldehydes. Mortality of the young was very great. Unlike mice, rats were not susceptible to the damaging effect of heptaldehyde on reproduction; unless the mothers succumbed to systemic intoxication they bore litters even with serious lesions at the site of injection. An adequate stock diet (Purina dog chow, finely ground) treated with ethereal ferric chloride supported reproduction in the second generation, indicating that the coupled oxidation of tocopherol in the presence of rancid fats requires adequate contact for an adequate time.
Characterization of agonist-induced vasoconstriction in mouse pulmonary artery.

In recent years, transgenic mouse models have been developed to examine the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of lung disease and pulmonary vascular disease, such as asthma, pulmonary th...
Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer among postmenopausal women in the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Purpose Studies have indicated that diabetes is a risk factor for bladder cancer; however, many failed to adjust for confounding variables. An earlier publication from the Iowa Women’s Health Study reported a positive association of baseline diabetes with bladder cancer risk between 1986 and 1998, although the number of cases was small (n = 112). We re-examined the diabetes–bladder cancer risk association by accounting for 12 more years of follow-up and assessed whether the association varied by diabetes duration, body mass index, or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).
Rotational evaluation of a long-period spherical harmonic ocean tide model

By exchanging angular momentum with the solid earth, tidal variations in ocean currents and sea level cause the rotation of the solid earth to change. Observations of earth rotation variations can therefore be used to evaluate ocean tide models. The rotational predictions of a spherical harmonic ocean tide model that is not constrained by any type of data are compared here to the predictions of numerical ocean tide models and to earth rotation observations from which atmospheric and non-tidal oceanic effects have been removed. The spherical harmonic ocean tide model is shown to account for the observed variations at the fortnightly tidal period in polar motion excitation but not in length-of-day. Overall, its long-period polar motion excitation predictions fit the observed tidal signals better than do the predictions of the numerical ocean tide models studied here. It may be possible to improve its agreement with length-of-day observations by tuning certain model parameters, as was done to obtain the close agreement reported here between the modeled and observed polar motion excitation; alternatively, the discrepancy in length-of-day may point to the need to revise current models of mantle anelasticity and/or models of the oceanic response to atmospheric pressure variations.
Hydrolysis of magnesium methoxide. effects of toluene on gel structure and gel chemistry

The hydrolysis of magnesium methoxide in methanol or methanol−toluene solvents with a water-to-methoxide molar ratio of 2 has been studied. The gel obtained from the hydrolysis of magnesium methoxide appears to be polymeric based on the mass fractal dimensions and TEM micrographs. The presence of toluene accelerates the hydrolysis and gelation processes. The fractal dimensions of the wet gels obtained in the absence and in the presence of toluene were 2.22 and 1.80, respectively. Both of these observations indicate that the presence of toluene changes the fractal growth from a reaction-limited to a diffusion-limited growth. In either case, the hydrolysis is only completed partially and produces an intimate gel of MgO−Mg(OH)2−Mg(OH)(OCH3). The N2 BET surface area of the dry gel, obtained with a toluene to methanol volume ratio of 1.60, is 1011 m2/g, which is 1.74 times as large as that of the gel obtained in the absence of toluene.
Push and Pull Forces Away from Front Porch Use

Observational and survey data were collected from a pre-World War I and a post-1970s neighborhood to assess the influence of push and pull forces away from front porch use. The findings indicate th...
Developmental Depression in Adolescents: A Potential Sub-type Based on Neural Correlates and Comorbidity

Diagnosis of depression has low reliability (kappa = 0.28) due to “covert heterogeneity,” making the identification of sub-types a focus of research. Very high rates of moderate or sub-threshold depression among adolescents (35–45 % beyond the 20–25 % with MDD), prompt consideration of a potential sub-type of moderate sub-threshold depression, linked to adolescent development. Previously, developmental depression (DD) has been proposed as sub-type of moderate depression that is a normative developmental process of spiritual individuation, the integration of existential and spiritual experience. DD as a potential sub-type is supported both by clinical observation and by an emerging body of research identifying a common physiology to underlie both depression and spirituality (neurotransmitters, structural MRI and long-term clinical course), as well as research showing a surge of spirituality in adolescence (concomitant with window of risk of depression). We test for unique patterns of comorbidity and neural correlates as support for a sub-type. Based upon existing literature, we propose that DD will be (1) associated with the unique neural correlate of increased volume in the occipital region and (2) co-morbid with symptoms of affected regulation and processing. A sample of 125 adolescents (64 girls and 61 boys; ages 15–19 years) from the larger National Institute of Health Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study of Normal Brain Development (Evans in Neuroimage 30(1):184–202, 2006) was assessed using the Cloninger Self-Transcendence Scale to examine correlates of sub-threshold mild to moderate symptoms of depression. Findings lend support to the possibility of a DD. Sub-threshold depression was associated with greater volume in the occipital region, as well as comorbidity with symptoms of affected regulation and processing (mania, ADHD, anxiety). By contrast, in adolescents with a low level of transcendence, sub-threshold depression was associated with conduct disorder and heavy substance use, both of which previous research have found to be associated with low levels of personal spirituality.
Linear theory of stratified hydrostatic flow past an isolated mountain

The stratified hydrostatic flow over a bell-shaped isolated mountain is examined using linear theory. Solutions for various parts of the flow field are obtained using analytical and numerical Fourier analysis. The flow aloft is composed of vertically propagating mountain waves. The maximum amplitude of these waves occurs directly over the mountain but there is also considerable wave energy trailing downstream along the parabolas y 2 = Nzax/U Near the ground, the asymmetric pressure field causes the incoming streamlines to split to avoid the mountain and this lateral deflection persists downstream. The horizontal divergence associated with this lateral deflection is balanced by the descent of potentially warmer air from aloft. The relationship of linear theory to other three-dimensional models is discussed. The approach to the two-dimensional infinite ridge limit and non-hydrostatic effects are also discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00962.x
Fine structure formation in the electronic spectra of larger molecules

Abstract Approximate formulas, derived by use of Gora's asymptotic method, are given for rigid asymmetric rotor eigenvalues in the regions where they are degenerate in either K a or K c . The formulas are used to describe the various ways in which a resolved (or resolvable) rotational fine structure in the electronic spectra of larger molecules can arise. The formation of fine structures in the spectra of planar or near-planar molecules (such that the inertial defect, Δ, is much less than I C ) is examined in detail.
A Proposed Framework for Designing Sustainable Communities for Knowledge Management Systems

Despite considerable academic and practitioner interest in knowledge management, success of knowledge management systems is elusive. This chapter provides a framework which suggests that KM success can be achieved by designing sustainable communities of practice. Communities of practice have proven to have significant economic and practical implications on organizational practices. A growing body of literature in KM recognizes the importance of communities that foster collaborative learning in organizations and almost all KMS have a â€˜networkâ€™ component that facilitates connecting people in communities of practice. Evidence has shown that communities have been a key element in KMS of many companies including Xerox PARC, British Petroleum Co., Shell Oil Company, Halliburton, IBM, Proctor and Gamble, and Hewlett Packard.
Crop residue effects on nitrogen yield in water and sediment runoff from two tillage systems

Abstract Simulated rainfall was used on experimental plots to study the effects of three crop residue levels (0, 750, and 1500 kg ha−1) on nitrogen yield in runoff from no-till and conventional tillage systems. The study site was located near Blacksburg, Virginia. Soil type at the research plots belong to Grose-close Series which is predominant in southwest Virginia. Approximately 100 mm of simulated rainfall with a 50 mm h−1 intensity was applied to 12 experimental field plots. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 147 kg ha−1 prior to rainfall simulation. Water and sediment samples were collected from H-flume discharge at the base of each plot and were analyzed for nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen yield was calculated from nitrogen concentration and the corresponding flow rate at sampling time. Results indicated that at all residue levels, the no-till system was more effective in reducing nitrogen in water and sediment compared to conventional tillage. For both systems, crop residue levels at 750 kg ha−1 were very effective in reducing nitrogen yield in runoff. However, at 1500 kg ha−1 residue level higher nitrogen yields were observed. It was demonstrated that no-till system combined with appropriate residue management could reduce nitrogen yield in runoff and therefore can be considered an effective measure for reducing nitrogen input to surface water bodies. However, the relative effects of tillage practices on groundwater quality cannot be deduced from this study.
An economic study of energy utilization in plant growth rooms—Comparison of sunlit units with conventional types and glasshouses

Abstract Energy exchange factors were compared for three designs of sunlit phytotron units, one with glass-block roof and two with plastic roof and windows; one plastic room is stationary and the other rotates to follow the sun. Heat loss per ft2 of plant space is 1 3 − 1 2 that of a simple glasshouse. Heating and cooling curves were determined from power required to maintain temperatures different from outdoors. Effectiveness of selective temperature regulator for saving power was demonstrated by long experiments. Apparent heat capacities were estimated from rates of temperature change. Measured and calculated equivalents of sunlight were compared. Many long experiments, totalling about a year and employing a wide range of temperatures with many plants, permitted comparison with three groups of commercial artificially-lighted growth chambers. Sunlight was very effective and economical, often being useful for heating. Capital costs per unit of plant space were lower for the stationary room than for commercial units by a factor of 3. The rotating feature doubled the initial cost and provided 86% more sunlight per year but with similar operating costs; the rotating room approximates outdoor light intensities averaged over the year. Operation power costs for light and its refrigeration were less per light unit for the sunlit rooms than for commercial units by factors of 66–124. Average daily power requirements in practical use for research problems were 87–100 kWh for sunlit rooms 12×18×8–13 ft, a low price for sunlight at high intensities in space that accommodates large and tall plants under controlled temperature conditions.
Radio-Wave Propagation between World Wars I and II

The period between World Wars I and II, 1918 to 1941, is particularly noteworthy for the significant developments that led to a comprehensive understanding of the factors that control the propagation of radio waves through the atmosphere. In slightly over two decades it became possible to identify the basic physical mechanisms with the aid and correlation of theory and experiment, so that by the end of this period it was possible to prepare predictions of future propagation conditions covering a wide variety of frequencies, transmission paths, for day and night, and seasonal variations. During the entire period, numbers of scientists were working toward the calculation of field strengths of radio waves propagated by both the ground wave and the ionosphere. Watson's paper in 1918 initiated the ground wave calculations by considering the propagation over a perfectly conducting sphere. It was soon recognized that the ground could not be treated as perfectly conducting, and the theory of propagation for an imperfectly conducting ground was not produced in usable form until the 1937-1941 period. Watson's predictions for field strengths in the shadow zone proved to be much lower than experimental values. This led to increased interest in the ionosphere as a possible explanation. Effective work on ionospheric problems began in 1924 with the development of the Eccles-Larmor theory of electronic behavior. The effect of the earth's magnetic field extended this theory to include doubly refracting layers and ionospheric layer anistropy.
Singular Integrals of Convolution Type

The topic of singular integrals is motivated by its intimate connection with some of the most important problems in Fourier analysis, such as that of the convergence of Fourier series.
Differentiation of direct and remote connectivities in phase-sensitive double-quantum spectra of proteins by variation of the multiple-quantum excitation period

In recent years double-quantum spectroscopy has become a useful tool for the analysis of the crowded ‘H NMR spectra of proteins (1-3). The technique has some unique advantages in comparison with conventional COSY spectroscopy. Doublequantum spectra are free of diagonal peaks and thus connectivities can be established between resonances which are almost degenerate. In addition, the presence of remote connectivities (4) provides information similar to that obtained in relayed coherence transfer experiments (5). The remote peaks originate from double-quantum coherence between two spins which is transferred to singlequantum coherence on a third passive spin. While the direct connectivities are represented in the double-quantum spectrum by pairs of signals arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the virtual diagonal ((4 = 2~~) the remote connectivities give rise to isolated peaks. In principle, these differences allow the two types of peaks to be distinguished. In practice, however, it is frequently the case that only one of the pair of expected peaks characterizing direct connectivities is observed, inviting possible erroneous assignments. In the present paper we show that distinction between direct and remote peaks is always possible if phase-sensitive doublequantum spectra are recorded, due to predictable variations in the phase and intensity of the cross peaks as a function of the multiple-quantum preparation period r. The phase variations greatly facilitate spin system analysis for resonances in crowded spectral regions. This is illustrated for myoglobin, a protein of molecular weight 18,000. Phase-sensitive double-quantum spectra were measured on a Bruker AM500 spectrometer equipped with digital phase-shifting hardware (phase resolution at 500 MHz is 0.53”) using the pulse sequence (4)
Offshore winds mapped from satellite remote sensing

Around 2000 wind turbines in 58 offshore wind farms produce wind energy in the Northern European seas and many new wind farms are foreseen. The wind resource assessment is costly to observe using traditional meteorological masts and therefore atmospheric modeling is state of the art. However, to reduce the uncertainty on the model results on the offshore wind resource, it is necessary to compare model results with observations. Observations from ground-based wind lidar and satellite remote sensing are the two main technologies that can provide new types of offshore wind data at relatively low cost. The advantages of microwave satellite remote sensing are (1) horizontal spatial coverage, (2) long data archives, and (3) high spatial detail both in the coastal zone and of far-field wind farm wake. Passive microwave ocean wind speed data are available since 1987 with up to six observations per day with near-global coverage. The data are particularly useful for investigation of long-term wind conditions. Scatterometer ocean surface wind vectors provide a continuous series since 1999 with twice-daily near-global coverage. Both types of data have grid cells around 25 km. In contrast, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wind maps can be retrieved at 1-km grid resolution. SAR-based wind maps have been used for wind resource assessment far offshore and in the coastal zones with good results when compared to e.g., meteorological data and mesoscale model results. High-resolution SAR data show very long far-field wind farm wakes. Thus wind farm wake loss is foreseen in wind farm clusters. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:594–603. doi: 10.1002/wene.123 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Simulated Ischemia Does Not Protect Against Efferent Sympathetic Denervation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Canine Hearts

Effect of Simulated Preconditioning on Neural Response During Ischemia. Introduction: Preconditioning the myocardium with brief episodes of ischemia preserves efferent autonomic responsiveness of noninfarcted myocardium apical to a site of acute transmural ischemia by mechanism(s) still unknown. We hypothesized that repeated brief exposure of the myocardium to a simulated ischemic milieu including hypoxia, high K. low pH, and adenosine would be as effective as brief coronary occlusions in creating this protection. Methods and Results: Open chest anesthetized dogs received an extra corporeal bypass between the left carotid artery and a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. We analyzed the effects of simulated ischemia on the time course and extent of efferent sympathetic denervation during a subsequent 3-hour sustained ischemia in three groups of dogs: two groups of dogs underwent four cycles of 5-minute intracoronary perfusion with either hypoxic altered Tyrode's solution (12 mM K+, 6.8 pH, and 10 μ adenosine; n = 11) or normal Tyrode's solution mil. Each Tyrode's perfusion was separated by 5 minutes of blood perfusion prior to permanent coronary occlusion by latex remobilization of the annulated coronary artery. A third group received a continuous 3-hour blood perfusion before the final ischemic episode (n = 5). Shortening of effective refractory periods (ERPs) induced by bilateral ansae subelaviae stimulation (2 to 4 Hz) basal and apical to the intervention site was determined before and after perfusions and 20, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after sustained occlusion. In all groups, sympathetically-induced ERP shortening was unchanged at basal sites throughout the experiment. ERP shortening at apical sites was unchanged after perfusions with either the altered or normal Tyrode's solution or after a continuous 3-hour blood perfusion. However, EKP shortening became significantly attenuated at apical sites after coronary occlusion in all groups. Neither the size in reduction of sympathetically-induced ERP shortening at apical test sites nor the cumulative percentage of denervated apical test sites (≤ 2-msec shortening) during a 3-hour period of permanent ischemia differed significantly among groups (P = 0.052 and P = 0.752, respectively). The degree of subepicardial involvement in the myocardial infarction was comparable among groups. Conclusion: Thus, brief exposure of the left ventricular myocardium to ischemic metabolites prior to a subsequent permanent coronary occlusion does not trigger mechanism(s) that are responsible for protection against efferent sympathetic denervation apical to an area of trans-mural myocardial infarction/ischemia.
Meiotic recombination within the centromere of a yeast chromosome

In order to examine the frequency of nonreciprocal recombination (gene conversion) within the centromere of the yeast chromosome, we constructed strains that contained heterozygous restriction sites in the conserved centromere sequences of chromosome III in addition to heterozygous markers flanking the centromere. One of these markers was the selectable URA3 gene, which was inserted less than one kb from the centromere. We found that meiotic conversion of the URA3 gene occurred at normal frequency (about 2% of unselected tetrads) and that more than one-third of these convertants coconverted the markers within the centromere. In addition, we observed tetrads in which conversion events extended through the centromere to include a marker on the opposite side from URA3. We conclude that meiotic conversion events occur within the centromere at rates similar to other genomic sequences.
Response of a Native Perennial Grass Stand to Disturbance in California's Coast Range Grassland

To assess the potential for enhancing an existing stand of native perennial grasses on a California Coast Range Grassland site, we experimentally manipulated the seasonal timing and presence of grazing for 3 years (1994 through 1996) and of autumn burning for 2 years (1994 and 1995) and measured species cover for 6 years (1993 through 1998). We subjected the species matrix to classification (TWINSPAN) andordination(CCA)andtestedtheordinationsitescoresas well as diversity indices with linear mixed effects models. Four distinct plant community groups emerged from the classification. Two of these were dominated by annual grasses and two by perennial grasses. No treatment effects were observed on diversity. For composition, temporal and spatial random effects were important mixed effects model parameters, as was the fixed effect covariate, pre-treatment CCA site score, indicating the importance of random environmental variation and initial starting conditions. Incorporation of these random effects and initial condition terms made for more powerful tests of the fixed effects, grazingseason,andburning.Wefoundnosignificantburning effects.Grazingremovalimparteda shiftinplant community from more annual-dominated toward more perennialdominated vegetation. Individual perennial grass species responded differently according to genus and species. Nassella spp. increased gradually over time regardless of grazing treatment. Nassella pulchra (purple needlegrass) increase was greatest under spring grazing and N. lepida (foothill needlegrass) was greatest with grazing removal. Danthonia californica (California oatgrass) had little response over time under seasonal grazing treatments, but increased with grazing removal. Under relatively mesic weather conditions it appears that grazing removal from Coast Range Grasslands with existing native perennial grass populations can increase their cover. However if N. pulchra is the sole existing population, spring season-restricted grazing should be equally effective at enhancing cover of the native grass species.
Factors Associated with Audit Client Relationships “At Risk”

Abstract On occasion, rather than having a successful relationship, an audit client relationship is “at risk” -the client is giving consideration to changing auditors in the next few years. Can client relationships “at risk” be predicted or at least identified early enough to minimize the damage? This exploratory study provides insight into this important question. Based on a large sample of Fortune 1000 companies, the results indicate that client satisfaction, corporate controller work experience, and audit firm executive involvement in the engagement all are important determinants of the success of the relationship.
Retinoid Receptors and Their Coregulators

Retinoids regulate gene transcription by binding to the nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs), and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RARs and RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors for the regulation of RA-responsive genes. The actions of RARs and RXRs on gene transcription require a highly coordinated interaction with a large number of coactivators and corepressors. This review focuses on our current understanding of these coregulators known to act in concert with RARs and RXRs. The mechanisms of action of these coregulators are beginning to be uncovered and include the modification of chromatin and the recruitment of basal transcription factors. Challenges remain to understand the specificity of action of RARs and RXRs and the formation of specific transcription complexes consisting of the receptors, coregulators, and other unknown factors.
Pathways of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis in SW13 cells in the presence and absence of vimentin intermediate filaments

We reported previously that the incorporation of sugars into glycosphingolipids (GSL) is diminished in SW13 cells that lack a vimentin intermediate filament (IF) network (vim-) compared to vim+ cells. To further analyze the nature of this abnormality, we double-labeled cells with 3H-serine and 14C-sugars. There was no difference between vim+ and vim- cells in the incorporation of serine into GSL, although the usual difference in sugar incorporation was observed. This indicated that the defect in vim- cells was not in the incorporation of sugars into ceramide synthesized de novo by acylation of sphinganine (pathway 1). Sugars can also be incorporated into ceramide synthesized from sphingosine that is derived from catabolism of sphingolipids (pathway 2), and into GSL that recycle through the Golgi apparatus from endosomes (pathway 3). The amount of galactose and glucosamine incorporated into GSL in these three pathways was analyzed by the use of two inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis. beta-Chloroalanine inhibits the de novo synthesis of sphinganine (pathway 1), and fumonisin B1 inhibits the acylation of sphinganine and sphingosine (pathways 1 and 2). We were surprised to observe that in both vim+ and vim- cells only 20-40% of sugar incorporation into GSL took place in pathway 1, and 60-80% of sugar incorporation took place in the recycling pathways. Moreover, in contrast to larger GSL, GlcCer was not synthesized in pathway 3. Our observations indicate that vimentin IF facilitate the recycling of GSL and sphingosine, and that the differences between vim+ and vim- cells are predominantly in pathways 2 and 3. Furthermore, although it is generally believed that virtually all GSL are synthesized in the de novo pathway, these data indicate that the recycling pathways predominate in the incorporation of sugars into GSL in SW13 cells.
A software-hardware hybrid steering mechanism for clustered microarchitectures

Clustered microarchitectures provide a promising paradigm to solve or alleviate the problems of increasing microprocessor complexity and wire delays. High- performance out-of-order processors rely on hardware-only steering mechanisms to achieve balanced workload distribution among clusters. However, the additional steering logic results in a significant increase on complexity, which actually decreases the benefits of the clustered design. In this paper, we address this complexity issue and present a novel software-hardware hybrid steering mechanism for out-of-order processors. The proposed software- hardware cooperative scheme makes use of the concept of virtual clusters. Instructions are distributed to virtual clusters at compile time using static properties of the program such as data dependences. Then, at runtime, virtual clusters are mapped into physical clusters by considering workload information. Experiments using SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks show that our hybrid approach can achieve almost the same performance as a state-of-the-art hardware-only steering scheme, while requiring low hardware complexity. In addition, the proposed mechanism outperforms state-of-the-art software-only steering mechanisms by 5% and 10% on average for 2-cluster and 4-cluster machines, respectively.
The Navajo Progressive in Discourse: A Study in Temporal Semantics.

The Navajo Progressive in Discourse:. Study in Temporal Semantics. Sally Midgette. History and Language, 6. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. 252 pp.
Nonlinear surface waves interacting with a linear shear current

To describe the evolution of fully nonlinear surface gravity waves in a linear shear current, a closed system of exact evolution equations for the free surface elevation and the free surface velocity potential is derived using a conformal mapping technique. Traveling wave solutions of the system are obtained numerically and it is found that the maximum wave amplitude for a positive shear current is much smaller than that in the absence of any shear while the opposite is true for a negative shear current. The new evolution equations are also solved numerically using a pseudo-spectral method to study the Benjamin-Feir instability of a modulated wave train in both positive and negative shear currents. With a fixed wave slope, compared with the irrotational case, the envelope of the modulated wave train grows faster in a positive shear current and slower in a negative shear current.
Explaining the Relationship between Employment and Juvenile Delinquency

Most criminological theories predict an inverse relationship between employment and crime, but teenagers' involvement in paid work during the school year is positively correlated with delinquency and substance use. Whether the work-delinquency association is causal or spurious has long been debated. This study estimates the effect of paid work on juvenile delinquency using longitudinal data from the national Monitoring the Future project. We address issues of spuriousness by using a two-level hierarchical model to estimate the relationships of within-individual changes in juvenile delinquency and substance use to those in paid work and other explanatory variables. We also disentangle effects of actual employment from preferences for employment to provide insight about the likely role of time-varying selection factors tied to employment, delinquency, school engagement, and leisure activities. Whereas causal effects of employment would produce differences based on whether and how many hours respondents worked, we found significantly higher rates of crime and substance use among non-employed youth who preferred intensive versus moderate work. Our findings suggest the relationship between high-intensity work and delinquency results from preexisting factors that lead youth to desire varying levels of employment.
Manufacturing digital ICs with GaAs-the push for 100% yield

The strategy, implementation, and results of a yield enhancement program implemented during the start-up of a captive 100 mm GaAs IC manufacturing line for producing MSI to LSI complexity digital ICs for the Cray-3 Supercomputer System are described. This program was aimed at three major targets, namely, wafer breakage, parametric yield, and random defects associated with interconnect processes. The fruits of these efforts quickly resulted in sustained improvements which exceeded expectations in all target areas. In particular, wafer breakage rates are averaging below 7%. The development of a computerized, two step gate recess process has resulted in dramatic improvements in targeting pinchoff voltage and drain current such that parametric yields are now exceeding 90%. The issue of random defects and interconnect yields was addressed through the use of statistical yield enhancement drop-in PCMs. >