cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Lake Rudolf as an Iconic Colonial Space

Lake Rudolf, which is also known as Lake Turkana, lies in the eastern arm of the great Rift Valley. It is primarily fed by the Omo River, which flows south from the Ethiopian highlands and sits in an inhospitable landscape of dormant volcanoes, wind-driven semidesert, and old lava flows. During the morning hours, strong gusts of wind usually blow from the east down the slopes of Mount Kulal and across the surface of the lake. This unrelenting wind creates large, whitecapped waves on the lake's surface and makes navigation almost impossible. It also gives the lake a bluish color, reflecting the clear sky above. However, when the wind dies down in the afternoon, the lake takes on the color of green jade, due to algae that rise to the surface when the waters are calm. It is because of this afternoon and evening color that the lake has long been known as the Jade Sea (Imperato: 1998:3).
Physicians' attitudes toward guidelines for the treatment of hospitalized nursing home-acquired pneumonia.

Objectives To assess physician awareness, attitudes, and barriers toward the 2005 American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for the treatment of hospitalized nursing home–acquired pneumonia (NHAP). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 522 health care providers. The survey assessed the practice setting characteristics, physicians' attitudes, and reported awareness of the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines. Factor analysis was conducted to identify scales of variables, and a reliability analysis was performed to verify the reliability of the identified scales. Results Three hundred and ten completed the survey. Most responders (88%) reported familiarity with the practice guidelines in their field, but less than half were familiar with the ATS/IDSA NHAP guidelines. Although attitude scores regarding clinical practice guidelines did not differ significantly among various disciplines ( P = .63), there were 2 characteristics that correlated with positive attitudes toward the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines in a multivariate analysis: being a pulmonary specialist ( P ≤ .001) and time spent on CME activity per month ( P = .03). The main barriers to the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines implementation were lack of awareness, concerns about practicality of using the recommended regimens, increased cost, lack of documented improved outcomes, and potential conflict with other guidelines. Conclusion The study indicates low levels of awareness with the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines for treatment of hospitalized NHAP. Targeted intervention efforts including outcome assessment and cost-effective analysis may be necessary to improve adherence with the proposed guidelines.
Coagulopathy and Anticoagulation During Thoracic Surgery

Coagulopathy and bleeding in thoracic surgery may be compounded by the chronic use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. Timely preoperative cessation and postoperative resumption of these antithrombotic drugs are critical in reducing the risks of perioperative major bleeding and thromboembolism. This article describes the various strategies for the optimal perioperative management of antithrombotics based on individual assessment of each patient and the most recent multisociety guidelines.
ADC spurious signal mitigation in radar by modifying the LO

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) used in MTI or pulse Doppler radars generate spurious signals from large clutter echoes because of the non-linear ADCs. These spurious signals can appear as real moving targets in the Doppler passband of a radar. The paper shows mathematically how these spurious signals are mitigated and a means of implementing the process is provided.
Does transesophageal echocardiography improve postoperative outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract The incidence and characteristics of ischemic episodes as detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and their relationship to postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) and adverse clinical outcome were studied in patients under-going coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Seventeen of 50 patients had 21 TEE-defined ischemic episodes: 4 patients (8%) had 4 ischemic episodes in the pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period, and 15 patients (30%) had 17 ischemic episodes in the post-CPB period, whereas 19 patients had 20 ECG ischemic episodes: 3 patients (6%) had 3 ischemic episodes in the pre-CPB period and 17 (34%) had 17 ischemic episodes in the post-CPB period. In 14 patients, ischemic episodes were detected by both TEE and ECG. Clinicians were made aware of the TEE data and appropriate treatments were undertaken during ischemic episodes: of the 15 patients with TEE-defined post-CPB ischemia, 4 had an additional saphenous vein graft placed, 8 had an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) inserted, 3 were given sublingual nifedipine, and 13 received nitroglycerin. These treatments resulted in improvement in regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) by the end of surgery in 11 of the 15 patients (73%), including the 4 with postoperative MI and 2 who died with cardiogenic shock. The authors conclude that: (1) significantly more patients had TEE-defined ischemic episodes in the post-CPB period (30%) than in the pre-CPB period (8%); (2) a poor graft and/or inadequate myocardial protection were strongly suggestive of post-CPB ischemia, which was significantly related to adverse outcome; and (3) TEE was a useful tool enabling detection of problem areas at an early stage and timely and appropriate treatment to support and sustain patients.
Factors Influencing Reproductive Output and Egg Size in a Southern Population of Gopher Tortoises

Abstract Comparative life-history data are needed to develop effective conservation plans for Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise), a threatened species that inhabits diverse ecosystems throughout its range. In 2010–2011, we measured and radiographed 27 female Gopher Tortoises occupying Florida scrub and mesic flatwoods habitats at Avon Park Air Force Range in south-central Florida. Counter to predictions of optimal egg size theory, both clutch size and mean egg width (measured via x-rays) increased significantly with body size. Furthermore, our data suggest the presence of a non-pelvic constraint on egg size in this species. Despite greater cover of grasses and forbs in flatwoods, clutch size, egg width, and female body condition were similar in flatwoods and scrub. Thus, the relatively low density of juvenile-sized burrows in flatwoods is not a result of low fecundity. Body condition tended to be higher in the wetter spring of 2010, although seasonal differences were not statistically significant. Clut...
Design of a ceramic dielectric resonator for NMR microimaging at 14.1 tesla

Radiofrequency coil design for magnetic resonance becomes increasingly challenging at high magnetic field strengths due to resonator dimensions being a significant fraction of the electromagnetic wavelength, as well as the increased radiative and component losses intrinsic to higher frequencies. In this article an inductively fed dual-disk ceramic dielectric resonator was constructed from barium strontium titanate, which has a high relative permittivity of 323, for operation at 600 MHz (14.1 tesla). The design is very simple, avoids wavelength issues, uses high Q-materials, and has the additional advantage of being able to change the resonator's effective diameter. Preliminary images show a significantly higher signal-to-noise than obtained using a similarly-sized conventional saddle coil. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 109–114, 2008
An electrohydrodynamically driven microfabricated actuator for the study of miniature ion propulsion engine and electric wind devices

For the study of miniature ion propulsion engine and electric wind devices, we have developed an electrohydrodynamically (EHD) driven microfabricated actuator. It consumes a maximum power of 100 mW and has a maximum resultant driving force of 0.45 /spl mu/N in the first observed driving mode. The actuator consists of a mass/spring configuration fabricated with dual ion drives for propulsion. DC partial electrical discharge produces and accelerates the ions. Electric wind is generated by the momentum transfer from the ions to the air. Momentum is also transferred by virtue of the formation of intermittent space charge near the ionization zone. A selection between single and dual ion drives allows observation of various oscillation modes beginning at 896 Hz. The maximum out-of-plane oscillation amplitude measured was approximately 2 /spl mu/m.
Two Reasons to Make Aggregated Probability Forecasts More Extreme

When aggregating the probability estimates of many individuals to form a consensus probability estimate of an uncertain future event, it is common to combine them using a simple weighted average. Such aggregated probabilities correspond more closely to the real world if they are transformed by pushing them closer to 0 or 1. We explain the need for such transformations in terms of two distorting factors: The first factor is the compression of the probability scale at the two ends, so that random error tends to push the average probability toward 0.5. This effect does not occur for the median forecast, or, arguably, for the mean of the log odds of individual forecasts. The second factor—which affects mean, median, and mean of log odds—is the result of forecasters taking into account their individual ignorance of the total body of information available. Individual confidence in the direction of a probability judgment (high/low) thus fails to take into account the wisdom of crowds that results from combining ...
Bidirectional Perception-Production Relations in Phonological Development: Evidence from Positional Neutralization.

Many children who neutralize phonemic contrasts in production exhibit diminished perception of the same contrasts. It is usually difficult to determine whether the perception deficit caused the production error, or vice versa; however, the direction of causation has implications for treatment planning. This study examines perception–production relationships in the phenomenon of neutralization in strong position, where children neutralize only in perceptually salient contexts. To test a hypothesis that this phenomenon arises from a child-specific pattern of perceptual sensitivity, a non-word discrimination task was administered to a 4-year-old boy with neutralization in strong position in production. Contrary to the perceptual hypothesis, his discrimination accuracy was greatest for contrasts in initial/strong position, where his production errors occurred. Independent of position, however, his perception of a phonemic contrast he neutralized was decreased relative to other contrasts. This case is argued t...
Consumption of a Legume-Enriched, Low-Glycemic Index Diet Is Associated with Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation among Men at Risk for Colorectal Cancer

The Legume Inflammation Feeding Experiment is, to our knowledge, the first randomized crossover feeding trial testing the effects of a legume-enriched, low-glycemic index (GI) diet among men characterized for colorectal adenomas and insulin resistance (IR) status. This study was designed to test the effects of a legume-enriched diet compared with a healthy American (HA) diet under weight-stable conditions. The primary objective was to assess effects on C-reactive protein (CRP) and C-peptide levels. The secondary objective was to assess changes by IR status or history of adenomas. A total of 64 men who completed a colonoscopy within the previous 2 y consumed 2 diets in random order each for 4 wk separated by a washout period. The diets were a legume-enriched (250 g/d), low-GI (GI 38) diet and a high-GI (GI 69) HA diet. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, CRP, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors I and II (sTNFRI/II) at the beginning and end of the diet periods. Participants who consumed both the legume and HA diets had favorably improved CRP (-20.2 and -18.3%) and sTNFRI (-3.7 and -4.4%) concentrations, respectively. The sTNFRII concentrations declined marginally during the legume diet period (-3.8%; P = 0.060) and significantly during the HA diet period (-5.1%; P < 0.001). Fasting glucose increased significantly during both the legume (+1.8%) and HA (-2.2%) diet periods. Only the changes in glucose differed between the diet periods. Serum C-peptide and plasma insulin levels did not change in participants consuming either diet. Healthful dietary changes can improve biomarkers of IR and inflammation.
Corrosion of dental burs in sterilizing and disinfecting solutions

Potentiodynamic anodic polarization, SEM, and energy dispersive microanalysis techniques were used to determine electrochemical aggressiveness of disinfecting and sterilizing solutions on carbide and stainless steel burs. The importance of galvanic cell formation in carbide burs caused by mixed metal coupling was examined. The following conclusions were reached. 1. Anodic polarization methods are an effective means for discriminating among the relative corrosiveness of sterilizing and disinfecting agents on dental instruments, particularly dental burs. 2. The relative degree of corrosiveness on stainless steel burs shows Omni II and Omnicide solutions the best, Sterall and Sporicidin solutions the poorest, and Glutarex solution intermediate. Omnicide and Glutarex solutions show the least degree of corrosiveness on the carbide burs. 3. SEM analysis of ground, polished, and treated surfaces shows corrosion deposition over the soldered joint of the carbide burs. The stainless steel shank is a cathodic component of a three-way galvanic cell, whereas the silver soldered joint is an anodic component.
Mechanism of Action of the Arylomycin Antibiotics and Effects of Signal Peptidase I Inhibition

Clinically approved antibiotics inhibit only a small number of conserved pathways that are essential for bacterial viability, and the physiological effects of inhibiting these pathways have been studied in great detail. Likewise, characterizing the effects of candidate antibiotics that function via novel mechanisms of action is critical for their development, which is of increasing importance due to the ever-growing problem of resistance. The arylomycins are a novel class of natural-product antibiotics that act via the inhibition of type I signal peptidase (SPase), which is an essential enzyme that functions as part of the general secretory pathway and is not the target of any clinically deployed antibiotic. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of SPase inhibition or how bacteria may respond to mitigate the associated secretion stress. Using genetically sensitized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as model organisms, we examine the activity of arylomycin as a function of its concentration, bacterial cell density, target expression levels, and bacterial growth phase. The results reveal that the activity of the arylomycins results from an insufficient flux of proteins through the secretion pathway and the resulting mislocalization of proteins. Interestingly, this has profoundly different effects on E. coli and S. aureus. Finally, we examine the activity of arylomycin in combination with distinct classes of antibiotics and demonstrate that SPase inhibition results in synergistic sensitivity when combined with an aminoglycoside.
Distributed Power Amplifier with electronic harmonic filtering

Providing all band power amplification and harmonic rejection are objectives with orthogonal implementations. This paper is a review of a new Distributed Power Amplifier (DPA) architecture using programmable frequency dispersion. This frequency domain dispersion is designed to achieve electronic harmonic filtering within the intended frequency band. Tunable reactive components are not practical in a high power transmitter network. Instead vector signal combining is used to provide very narrow band destructive harmonic cancellation while the vector signal processing for the fundamental is constructive. This is a novel technology that enables an all band Software Defined Transmitter suitable for portable battery power communications equipment.
Adapting Impressionism: Hou Hsiao-hsien’s Le Voyage du ballon rouge

The 2007 release of a film directly inspired by a beloved French children’s movie made fifty years earlier would have been surprising enough without the additional fact that the adaptation was the work of a Taiwanese filmmaker who had never before filmed outside Asia and who spoke no French. Hou hsiao-hsien’s Le Voyage du ballon rouge is not only a startling original film in its own right but it is also richly illustrative of the value of broadening our understanding of the intricate dialogic relations among texts. Hou’s reinterpretation of Lamorisse’s film intersects not only with his own recurrent stylistic preferences and prior work as a filmmaker but also with a variety of self-reflective art works ranging from Chinese puppet shows to the statues in the Luxembourg garden to scenes from an internal remake of Le Ballon rouge to a visit to the Musee d’Orsay to see Felix Vallotton’s “Le Ballon.” In keeping with the extraordinary focus within the film on lighting and the color red, Hou’s homage to Lamorisse is all about allusion, reflections, and impressions. Appropriately, one of the works it evokes is the Claude Monet painting, “Impression, soleil levant,” whose reddish sun looks strikingly like a red balloon floating through the sky and whose title named a movement which has not only endured but expanded to include analogous styles in a variety of visual arts and other media.
Effects of spontaneous heating on estimates of total digestible nutrients for alfalfa-orchardgrass hays packaged in large round bales.

Abstract Large round or large square hay packages are more likely to heat spontaneously during storage than hay packaged in conventional (45kg) bales, and the effects of this phenomenon on the associated energy estimates for these hays can be severe. Our objectives for this project were to assess the relationship between estimates of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and spontaneous heating and to describe any important differences in energy estimates that may result specifically from 2 methods of estimating truly digestible fiber (TD-Fiber). Using the summative approach to estimate TDN, TD-Fiber can be estimated from inputs of protein-corrected neutral detergent fiber (NDFn) and acid detergent lignin (TD-FiberLIG) or from NDFn and 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (TD-FiberNDFD). Throughout 2006 and 2007, mixed alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) hays from 3 individual harvests were obtained from the same 8.2-ha research site near Stratford, Wisconsin. Both options for estimating TD-Fiber (TD-FiberLIG or TD-FiberNDFD) were then used independently via the summative approach to estimate the total TDN concentrations (TDN-LIG or TDN-NDFD, respectively) within these hays. Estimates of both TDN-LIG and TDN-NDFD then were related to heating degree days >30°C accumulated during storage by various regression techniques. Changes (poststorage – prestorage) in TDN-LIG that occurred during storage (ΔTDN-LIG) were best fitted with a nonlinear decay model in which the independent variable was squared [Y=(11.7 × e −0.0000033×x×x ) − 11.6; R 2 =0.928]. For changes in TDN-NDFD (ΔTDN-NDFD), a quadratic regression model provided the best fit (Y=0.0000027x 2 − 0.010x+0.4; R 2 =0.861). Generally, ΔTDN-LIG estimates were 2.0 to 4.0 percentage units lower than ΔTDN-NDFD estimates when heating exceeded 500 HDD. For regressions on maximum internal bale temperature, both ΔTDN-LIG (Y=−0.38x+16.3; R 2 =0.954) and ΔTDN-NDFD (Y=−0.25x+10.2; R 2 =0.848) were best fitted by linear models with heterogeneous ( P
The influence of social programs in source countries on various classes of U.S. immigration.

Abstract This article uses a unique set of pooled cross-sectional and time series data to examine the annual rate of U.S. immigration during 1972–1991 from 60 source countries. One distinguishing feature of the article is that it breaks out and cross-classifies various classes of immigrants—numerically limited versus numerically exempt and new immigrant versus adjustment of status. A second distinguishing feature is that it utilizes a unique vector of variables relating to the presence and characteristics of various social programs in source countries. The models developed here emphasize the importance of both differential economic advantage and the ease with which a prospective migrant can transfer skills to the U.S. labor market. Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable estimates of the coefficients indicate that in addition to other factors, social programs in source countries are significant determinants of immigration to the U.S.A.
DFsn collaborates with Highwire to down-regulate the Wallenda/DLK kinase and restrain synaptic terminal growth

The growth of new synapses shapes the initial formation and subsequent rearrangement of neural circuitry. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the ubiquitin ligase Highwire restrains synaptic terminal growth by down-regulating the MAP kinase kinase kinase Wallenda/dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK). To investigate the mechanism of Highwire action, we have identified DFsn as a binding partner of Highwire and characterized the roles of DFsn in synapse development, synaptic transmission, and the regulation of Wallenda/DLK kinase abundance. We identified DFsn as an F-box protein that binds to the RING-domain ubiquitin ligase Highwire and that can localize to the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Loss-of-function mutants for DFsn have a phenotype that is very similar to highwire mutants – there is a dramatic overgrowth of synaptic termini, with a large increase in the number of synaptic boutons and branches. In addition, synaptic transmission is impaired in DFsn mutants. Genetic interactions between DFsn and highwire mutants indicate that DFsn and Highwire collaborate to restrain synaptic terminal growth. Finally, DFsn regulates the levels of the Wallenda/DLK kinase, and wallenda is necessary for DFsn-dependent synaptic terminal overgrowth. The F-box protein DFsn binds the ubiquitin ligase Highwire and is required to down-regulate the levels of the Wallenda/DLK kinase and restrain synaptic terminal growth. We propose that DFsn and Highwire participate in an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase complex whose substrates regulate the structure and function of synapses.
The Meaning of Probability Judgments: An Essay on the Use and Misuse of Behavioral Economics

In this essay, Professor Yablon challenges the assumption that behavioral heuristics - such as the availability heuristic - constitute "biases" that necessarily lead to errors in probability judgments. He notes that there are many different concepts of probability and, in many contexts, no agreed-upon method for determining the correctness of inconsistent probability judgments. Yet many legal academics and policymakers ignore these complex aspects of probability theory, assuming that statistical or frequentist probabilities are always to be preferred over subjective judgments of probability. Professor Yablon argues that choosing between frequentist and subjective approaches to probability judgments in policymaking can only be done with great sensitivity to context and the quality of the information available. He provides examples of current policy debates where statistical probability is to be preferred, such as environmental protection, others where subjective probability judgments are preferable, such as settlement of litigation, and a third important category, including products liability, where neither approach is clearly superior.
Triassic-Jurassic atmospheric CO2 spike.

I question the claim by Tanner et al.1 that atmospheric CO2 levels remained constant across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary on the grounds of problems with stratigraphic completeness and contamination with atmospheric methane. Because methanogenic CH4 has a light isotope composition and oxidizes readily to CO2, methane–clathrate dissociation and oxidation events cannot be detected by palaeobarometers that use the carbon-isotope composition of palaeosol carbonate.
Micromechanical silicon instrument and systems development at Draper Laboratory

Draper Laboratory has been developing miniature micromechanical instruments for over 10 years, using silicon microfabrication techniques to achieve high yields in a batch processing environment. During this time, considerable progress has been made in the development and fabrication of micromechanical gyroscopes, accelerometers, and acoustic sensors. Gyroscopes and accelerometers have been fabricated with measurement ranges from 50 to 500 deg/s and 10 to 100,000 g, respectively. Current design efforts center on the tuning fork gyro and the pendulous accelerometer configurations. These units have successfully performed across a temperature range of -40 to 85 deg C, and have survived 80,000 to 120,000-g shock tests along all axes. Integrated Micromechanical Inertial Sensor Assembly and GPS receiver configurations are being developed for applications from projectile guidance to small satellites. (Author)
Phosphine Ligand Attack at Both the Methylidyne Cap and the CpNi Center in HCCo2NiCp(CO)6 by 2,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic Anhydride (bma): P−C Bond Cleavage Reactivity, Kinetics, and X-ray Structures of the Zwitterionic Clusters Co2NiCp(CO)4(μ-CO)[μ2,η2,η1-C(H)PPh2CC(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)] and Co2NiCp(CO)4[μ2,η2,σ-C(H)PPh2CCC(O)OC(O)](μ2-PPh2)

Thermolysis of the hydrogen-capped cluster HCCo2NiCp(CO)6 (1) with the redox-active diphosphine 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) in DCE at ca. 80 °C affords the zwitterionic cluster (2) as the first observable product. Cluster 2 is not stable and transforms into the phosphido-bridged cluster (3). Both clusters 2 and 3 have been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopies, and the solid-state structures of both 2 and 3 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Cluster 2 exhibits an open Co2Ni core having one Co−Co and Co−Ni bond. The bma ligand is attached to the hydrocarbyl and CpNi moieties via the PPh2 groups, and one of the Co centers is tethered to the π bond of the bma ligand. The opened Co2Ni core of cluster 3 is structurally similar to 2 and consists of a μ2-PPh2 ligand that spans the Co−Co bond and a Ni−C σ bond resulting from the formal coupling of the maleic anhydride residue with the CpNi moiety. The reaction involving the conversion of 2 to 3 wa...
Progressive electrical surface failure in the presence of conducting liquid contaminant

In recent years, the increased use of plastics and elastomers as insulation for applications in areas where heavy surface contamination occurs both indoors and out has resulted in the development of tests to investigate the failure of materials under such conditions. Relatively few such tests have become accepted as standard and often even these are considered to be limited in scope or difficult to interpret in terms of service requirements. Much confusion has arisen because a test designed initially to evaluate one type of electrical surface failure has been indiscriminantly used to evaluate another or even "all" types.
Factoring with qutrits: Shor's algorithm on ternary and metaplectic quantum architectures

We determine the cost of performing Shor's algorithm for integer factorization on a ternary quantum computer, using two natural models of universal fault-tolerant computing: (i) a model based on magic state distillation that assumes the availability of the ternary Clifford gates, projective measurements, classical control as its natural instrumentation set; (ii) a model based on a metaplectic topological quantum computer (MTQC). A natural choice to implement Shor's algorithm on a ternary quantum computer is to translate the entire arithmetic into a ternary form. However, it is also possible to emulate the standard binary version of the algorithm by encoding each qubit in a three-level system. We compare the two approaches and analyze the complexity of implementing Shor's period-finding function in the two models. We also highlight the fact that the cost of achieving universality through magic states in MTQC architecture is asymptotically lower than in generic ternary case.
Nitrate uptake across biomes and the influence of elemental stoichiometry: A new look at LINX II

Considering recent increases in anthropogenic N loading, it is essential to identify the controls on N removal and retention in aquatic ecosystems because the fate of N has consequences for water quality in streams and downstream ecosystems. Biological uptake of nitrate (NO3−) is a major pathway by which N is removed from these ecosystems. Here we used data from the second Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment (LINX II) in a multivariate analysis to identify the primary drivers of variation in NO3− uptake velocity among biomes. Across 69 study watersheds in North America, dissolved organic carbon:NO3− ratios and photosynthetically active radiation were identified as the two most important predictor variables in explaining NO3− uptake velocity. However, within a specific biome the predictor variables of NO3− uptake velocity varied and included various physical, chemical, and biological attributes. Our analysis demonstrates the broad control of elemental stoichiometry on NO3− uptake velocity as well as the importance of biome-specific predictors. Understanding this spatial variation has important implications for biome-specific watershed management and the downstream export of NO3−, as well as for development of spatially explicit global models that describe N dynamics in streams and rivers.
CIO Turnover, IS Alignment and Revolutionary Change

Information systems (IS) alignment is an important aspect in using information technology to gain business value. A critical part of this process is the existence of a good relationship between the CEO and CIO. However, this relationship is disrupted due to CIO turnover. Using a punctuated equilibrium model perspective, this study examines the organizational impact of CIO turnover and its effects on IS alignment. The study uses secondary data drawn from InformationWeek 500 and Compustat databases to test the hypotheses. The results show that, on average, CIO turnover does not lead to revolutionary change in the firm and has little impact on IS alignment.
Legal Design for the 'Good Man'

Consequentialist analysts of legal rules tend to focus their attention on Holmes’s “bad man,” who conforms to legal rules only out of fear of legal sanctions. On this view, legal rules should be designed to give self-interested legal subjects sufficient reason to choose socially optimal actions. But many people conform to legal rules simply because they are the rules, even when their self-interest dictates doing otherwise.At first glance, this focus on the bad man seems to make sense. Lawmakers, it is plausible to suppose, don’t have to worry about the “good man” when designing legal rules because he will do what they want him to do anyway by conforming to the law. In other words, good man analysis of law is simple and so can be safely ignored.But good man analysis of law is much more complex than scholars have previously supposed, and ignoring the good man will therefore lead consequentialist lawmakers to err. People are motivated to comply with legal rules for various different kinds of reasons, and this variety matters for their behavior by affecting both their short-run responses to legal rules and their long-run attitudes towards the law. A lawmaker ought to design legal rules in a way that attends to this variety if her aim is to design socially optimal rules.This Article systematically analyzes the problem of legal design in the face of the diversity of motivational types that exist in the population of legal subjects. Part I develops a typology of good persons by exploring the causes and consequences of legal norm internalization—the ways in which a person’s preferences are transformed such that he comes to value complying with legal rules for the sake of the rules. Part II argues that a good person’s type matters for his behavior in a number of important ways. For example, it affects the way in which he chooses among actions that conform to legal norms and the ways in which he responds to the various kinds of uncertainty to which the legal system exposes him. Part III derives normative implications of my analysis for consequentialist lawmakers, while also addressing the converse worry that good man analysis of law is too complex to be tractable. The overall aim is to systematically examine the ways in which a diversity of motivations in the population complicates the problem of legal design for legislators, judges, and administrative officials, and to develop an organizing framework that can be used to think about the problem rigorously, which I illustrate by exploring some examples.
- Mercury Cadmium Telluride (Hg 1-x Cd x Te)

Mercury cadmium telluride (Hg1-xCdxTe) is an II-VI ternary alloy semiconductor that belongs to the zinc-blende family and hence, has much in common with other known semiconductors—such as GaAs and InP. The overall shape of the dielectric functions are similar for most of the materials of the same family, but the precise energy positions of the various spectroscopic features vary from one material to the other. The uniqueness of Hg1-xCdxTe arises from the fact that the direct gap can be varied all the way from 0 to 1.6 eV. The band gap can therefore be reduced below the lowest limit attainable within the III-V family. Hence, Hg1-xCdxTe has found widespread use in the fabrication of quantum infrared detectors. The optical properties of Hg1-xCdxTe are investigated by many investigators. More recent investigations, particularly using scanning ellipsometry, have yielded optical data with substantially improved accuracy. In the context of advances in materials technology, the recent reports of absorption measurements performed on epitaxial films with well-controlled properties, in particular x and its uniformity, are more dependable.
Treatment of Severe Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Infection with Continuous Infusion of High Dose Acyclovir Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Abstract 2224 Poster Board II-201 Although acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) occurs in healthy patients, higher rates have been reported in 7-27% of immunocompromised patients, particularly in the setting of acyclovir prophylaxis. Infection due to ACV-resistant HSV (ACV-R HSV) is frequently severe and poses challenges to treatment, particularly following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Unfortunately, currently available alternative therapies including foscarnet, cidofovir, and ganciclovir are frequently limited by their toxicity profile. We present a series of five HCT patients from 1997-2008 with severe infections due to ACV-R HSV who were successfully treated with continuous infusion of high dose acyclovir. A Pubmed search of published literature from 1948-2009 confirmed this as the first report of ACV-R HSV in HCT patients treated with this regimen. The characteristics of the patients are summarized in the table. Patients ranged in age from 24 to 55 and had undergone an allogeneic HCT following a myeloablative preparative regimen. All grafts were composed of peripheral blood hematopoietic cells. Underlying diseases included acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and essential thrombocytosis. Four of the five patients were receiving treatment for GVHD of the skin (grades 2-4), with regimens that included varying doses of prednisone. Infection was due to HSV-1 in three patients and HSV-2 in two. In vitro testing revealed that high median inhibitory concentrations were necessary to inhibit viral replication by 50% (MIC50) for all five isolates consistent with resistance to acyclovir, ganciclovir, and foscarnet. Failed HSV treatment regimens included standard, intermittent doses of acyclovir (5-10 mg/kg IV every eight hours), foscarnet, cidofovir, and/or famciclovir. Adverse reactions to these agents included severe renal insufficiency, hyponatremia, and neutropenia. The doses of ACV administered via continuous infusion ranged from 30 to 50 mg/kg per day, and time to resolution of lesions ranged from 1 week to 2 months. No patients experienced toxicity associated with continuous infusion of high dose acyclovir and therapy could be continued as an outpatient when appropriate. Conclusions: Continuous infusion of high dose acyclovir for acyclovir resistant HSV is an attractive and more tolerable alternative for patients failing standard dose intermittent infusion acyclovir or intolerant of alternative standard therapies such as foscarnet, cidofovir, or ganciclovir. At this time it is not clear how the altered pharmacokinetics that results from continuous infusion of high doses of acyclovir overcomes viral resistance. We are currently investigating the mechanisms by which the sustained levels of ACV provide this therapeutic advantage. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
3D activity localization with multiple sensors: poster abstract

We present a deep learning framework for fast 3D activity localization and tracking in a dynamic and crowded real world setting. Our training approach reverses the traditional activity localization approach, which first estimates the possible location of activities and then predicts their occurrence. Instead, we first trained a deep convolutional neural network for activity recognition using depth video and RFID data as input, and then used the activation maps of the network to locate the recognized activity in the 3D space. Our system achieved around 20cm average localization error (in a 4m × 5m room) which is comparable to Kinect's body skeleton tracking error (10--20cm), but our system tracks activities instead of Kinect's location of people.
On the variance of recurrent traffic flow for statistical traffic assignment

Abstract This paper generalizes and extends classical traffic assignment models to characterize the statistical features of Origin-Destination (O-D) demands, link/path flow and link/path costs, all of which vary from day to day. The generalized statistical traffic assignment (GESTA) model has a clear multi-level variance structure. Flow variance is analytically decomposed into three sources, O-D demands, route choices and measurement errors. Consequently, optimal decisions on roadway design, maintenance, operations and planning can be made using estimated probability distributions of link/path flow and system performance. The statistical equilibrium in GESTA is mathematically defined. Its multi-level statistical structure well fits large-scale data mining techniques. The embedded route choice model is consistent with the settings of O-D demands considering link costs that vary from day to day. We propose a Method of Successive Averages (MSA) based solution algorithm to solve for GESTA. Its convergence and computational complexity are analyzed. Three example networks including a large-scale network are solved to provide insights for decision making and to demonstrate computational efficiency.
New basic linear algebra methods for simulation on GPUs

We have used Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to accelerate the solution of the types of equations typically encountered in dynamic system simulators. Compared to commercial matrix solvers that run on a CPU, we realized speedups ranging from 5 (for system size ≈ 700) to 460 (for system size ≈ 5800). While calculation time for the commercial matrix solver increased with matrix size ≈ O(N)2.3, our new GPU-based Preconditioned Generalized Minimal Residual (PGM-RES) technique yielded scaling as ≈ O(N)1.2. A significant component of this performance was achieved by development of new Basic Linear Algebra routines for the NVIDIA Tesla GPU that directly address characteristics typical of matrices that describe the time domain response of naturally-coupled dynamic systems.
Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder.

Although antisocial personality disorder (APD) is one of the most researched personality disorders, it is still surprisingly resistant to treatment. This lack of clinical progress may be partly due to the failure to view APD as a neurodevelopmental disorder and to consider early interventions. After first defining what constitutes a neurodevelopmental disorder, this review evaluates the extent to which APD meets neurodevelopmental criteria, covering structural and functional brain imaging, neurocognition, genetics and epigenetics, neurochemistry, and early health risk factors. Prevention and intervention strategies for APD are then outlined, focusing on addressing early biological and health systems, followed by forensic and clinical implications. It is argued both that APD meets criteria for consideration as a neurodevelopmental disorder and that consideration should be given both to the possibility that early onset conduct disorder is neurodevelopmental in nature, and also to the inclusion of psychopath...
The Midterm Results of the Delta Xtend Reverse Shoulder System: A Five-Year Outcome Study

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the mid-term functional outcomes, radiographic results, and revision rates of patients treated with the Delta Xtend Reverse Shoulder System for both primary and revision arthroplasty indications. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of records for all individuals who underwent a reverse shoulder arthroplasty using the Delta Xtend Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis at a single institution. Radiographic analysis as well as pain and functional measures using the ASES, Quick DASH, SST, SF-12, Penn, SANE, EQ-5D and VAS, and VR-12 scores. Patients were evaluated for five-year outcomes. Results Fifty patients were available for 5-year outcomes. Thirty-three cases were primary arthroplasty cases and 17 were revision arthroplasty cases. Postoperative radiographs at five years out from surgery were available for 46 patients. The mean AGT overall was 32.6mm: 31.7mm the primary cases and 34.8mm for revision cases. Sirveaux scapular notching was: 65.2% (30/46) at Grade 0, 23.9% (11/46) at Grade 1, and 10.9% (5/46) at Grade 2. Overall, 32/46 of stems were in neutral position, 10/46 were in valgus position, and 4/46 were in varus position. There was no significant correlation between stem position and scapular notching. The mean outcome scores for all patients at five years were good to excellent. Two revision patients demonstrated loosening of the humeral stem on radiographs. Nine patients demonstrated calcification of the long head of the triceps tendon. Conclusion In conclusion, the Delta Xtend Reverse Shoulder System has shown to be a reliable arthroplasty system for patients with CTA or failed prior arthroplasty. Patients are generally quite functional at five years out from their reverse shoulder arthroplasty using this implant. Radiographic measures used to interpret the status of the implant demonstrate that AGT is well maintained and scapular notching is minimal for the majority of cases. Level of evidence IV.
Non-linear capacitor based variable capacitor for self-tuning resonant converter in wireless power transfer

In wireless power transfer (WPT) system, the resonant frequency of primary side and secondary side should be matched to maximize the power transferred and efficiency. However, in mass production, the variation of each component in the resonant circuit results in poor matching. One solution is to utilize a variable capacitor for self-tuning to compensate the variation. To implement a variable capacitor on a linear capacitor in power converters, most of the solutions chop part of the rated current by an auxiliary circuit. Therefore, the power rating of the auxiliary circuit is proportional to the percentage of capacitance variation, which generates considerable loss. On the other hand, non-linear capacitor, ceramic capacitor as an example, can change capacitance by varying DC bias. The auxiliary circuit to hold the DC bias only needs to supply the leakage current of the nonlinear capacitor, which is negligible. In this paper, an almost lossless auxiliary circuit for continuously varying DC bias is proposed. It is suitable for high power applications such as electric vehicles wireless charger. Experimental results based on a 100-W scale-down series resonant converter (SRC) with 20-cm air gap between the primary and secondary side are presented to illustrate the mechanism of this method.
1073 Specific causation in occupational medicine: proposed modifications to the decision-making process with practical applications and examples

Introduction The process of determining occupational aetiology of a disease in an individual patient (etiologic diagnosis or Specific Causation) is central to the current practice of occupational medicine. We typically need to determine Specific Causation to assist us in decision-making related to safe return-to-work, prevention of worsening of disease or re-injury of a patient, as well as wage replacement and reimbursement of medical care expenses for patients with disabling diseases potentially of occupational aetiology. Incorrectly attributing or denying occupational causes of disease can each cause serious harm to patients, their families, their employers, coworkers, and society. Potential contributors to inaccurate determination of Specific Causation include diagnostic, toxicologic, mechanistic and exposure-related uncertainties as well as scientific limitations of medicolegal concepts, including the ‘probability of causation’ and ‘more likely than not’ criteria sometimes used in workers’ compensation decision-making. Improving accuracy of determination of Specific Causation is deserving of additional research attention. Methods We review the current status of causal inference at the individual level in occupational medicine and apply some of the recently developed concepts in causal inference theory from epidemiology and statistics to the decision-making process in clinical occupational medicine. Results We illustrate with examples of patients with cancer, respiratory disorders or chemical toxicity some of the limitations of the current decision-making process. We propose some modifications in approach to determination of Specific Causation that may better address issues of multiple additive or interacting causal factors, acceleration of phenotypic expression of a disease, aggravation of pre-existing disease, and challenges of applying medicolegal criteria that do not account for these factors. Discussion We discuss alternative approaches to Specific Causation that incorporate recent scientific developments in causal inference, explicitly address some of the existing inadequacies, and aim to enable more fair and accurate decision-making with respect to occupational disease causation in individuals.