cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron radiography to detect residual core in investment cast turbine airfoils

Turbine engine blades and vanes for high-temperature applications are generally cooled by internal passages formed by the investment casting process. The cooling efficiency of the airfoil greatly depends on the removal of the ceramic core used to form the cooling passages. The detection of residual core in blades and vanes for operations above 2000/sup 0/F is difficult with standard visual and x-ray techniques because of the complexity of the cooling passages. A technique using neutron radiography for improved residual core detection has been developed. The contrast is enhanced by ''salting'' the ceramic core base material with a 3 percent concentration of gadolinium oxide. Commercial reactors on the west coast are used for this production inspection. Turnaround time is approximately four days. Special fixtures were designed for both shipping and inspection. Neutron radiography is now a standard production technique for high-temperature engines at Detroit Diesel Allison. Recently this inspection has been made a part of the vendor requirements.
Empowerment Issues in Services to Individuals With Disabilities

"Empowerment" has become a widely used term in discussions of disability and rehabilitation issues. However, the term has been given a confusing variety of meanings and interpretations. The meaning...
Electromagnetic Response of a 3-D Earth Due to Vertical Electric Source

The use of a vertical electric source (VES) in a drill hole is intriguing because the vertical magnetic field response is due solely by scattering of two-dimensional (2-D) and threedimensional (3-D) conductivity structures. This also holds for the horizontal magnetic field measured at or above the earths surface. The intent of this numerical simulation is to investigate the resolving capabilities, identify survey design problems, and provide interpretational insight for magnetic field responses arising from a VES in a 3-D earth. Current channeling is the dominant mechanism by which the target is excited. Simulations indicate that eddy currents induced in the target produce a response that is relatively unimportant compared to that of current channeling. This limits the resolving power of the technique in that target conductance cannot be determined, but it does allow for the possibility of detecting a resistive target in a conductive host. To date, we have concentrated on magnetometric resistivity (MMR) responses, but measurements in the time-domain may still be of value and will be evaluated as this study continues. An integral equation formulation (Newman, et al., 1986) is used to simulate the electromagnetic responses of 3-D structures due to a VES. In order to generalize results, three distinct 3-D models are used in this numerical simulation: a vertical tabular body, a horizontal slab and an equi-dimensional prism. All three models have similar current channeling numbers (Edwards and Nabighian, 1981), with a host:target resistivity contrast of 100: 1 and a geometric factor on the order of lo4 m2. Each body is at a depth of 500m, with the transmitter being approximately 200m from the edge of the body and the receiver line crossing over the body, as illustrated for the vertical tabular body in Figure 1. Variations of the basic model are made to illustrate relevant points as in the effect of resistivity contrast in figures 2a and 2b.
An external millisecond timer for the Apple Macintosh with applications to cross-modal lexical priming

The circuit and program described in this report allow researchers to use Macintosh personal computers to conduct research that requires timing with millisecond accuracy. This is accomplished with external response keys and an external clock that sends characters through the Macintosh’s serial port. For researchers interested in cross-modal lexical priming tasks, a tachistoscopic slide shutter is incorporated to allow for accurately timed presentation of visual stimuli. Because the visual display and response keys are external to the computer, display and reaction times are not subject to the timing constraints inherent to the keyboard or the Macintosh Event Manager. All circuit diagrams and code are in the public domain.
The Relation between Adsorption of Additives and Crystal Growth Rate of L-Alanine

Abstract The growth kinetics of L-alanine from solution in the presence and absence of L-phenylalanine and L-leucine has been studied. L-Alanine crystal growth, from crystal size distribution measurements, is independent of the agitation rate suggesting that the growth mechanism is surface controlled. The dependence of growth rate on supersaturation at constant additive concentration suggests that there is no change in the growth mechanism of L-alanine due to the presence of additive. The growth rate of L-alanine is reduced by 50% with a mol fraction of 5 × 10 -5 of L-phenylalanine and 2 × 10 -4 of L-leucine. The solubility of L-alanine is not significantly affected by the presence of these additives in solution. The effect of these additives on the growth kinetics is due to their adsorption onto the growing L-alanine crystals. The extent of this effect is satisfactorily explained assuming both that (i) the inhibition of the growth rate is proportional to the degree of surface coverage and that (ii) the crystal surface is homogeneous with respect to the energy of adsorption sites.
Nodal integral method solutions for Bénard natural convection

The nodal integral method is a relatively new numerical technique that has been used recently to solve both static and dynamic multidimensional problems in heat transfer, fluid flow and neutron transport. The method offers significant advantages in terms of stability, accuracy and efficiency over conventional finite elements when the problem can be adequately modelled in Cartesian co-ordinates. This method was used to investigate bifurcation phenomena in the Benard problem for aspect ratios in the range of one to nine. Automatic search techniques were used with a static version to find the first four critical Rayleigh values for a square cavity, to map the first two critical Rayleigh values as a function of aspect ratio, and to examine the solution types. Accuracy enhancement was obtained by factorization and extrapolation. Critical values, obtained by interpolation, were verified dynamically. Aspect ratio crossover and transition values were found for the first two critical Rayleigh numbers, with an accuracy of the order of ±3 per cent. The precision achieved in the results for Ra* and Ra** as a function of β is usually within 0.1%–0.2% except at high β (i.e. near β=9.0) and at large critical values of Ra (i.e. the first few values of Ra** near β=1). Specific results at β=1.0 are Ra*=2584±0.5, Ra**=6807, Ra3* = 19 734 and Ra4*=22 586.
642 MEDICAL VS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL (GER) IN THE SEVERELY MENTALLY RETARDED

642 MEDICAL VS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL (GER) IN THE SEVERELY MENTALLY RETARDED
Equilibrium Path Bifurcation Due to Strain-Softening Localization in Ellipsoidal Region

The bifurcation occurs when the tangential moduli matrix becomes singular, which coincides with Hill's classical bifurcation condition for localization into an infinite layer. The bifurcation is normally of Shanley type, occurring in absence of neutral equilibrium while the controlled displacements at infinity increase
Incidence of NIDDM and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Hypertensive Subjects: The San Antonio Heart Study

Hypertension often occurs in association with NIDDM and IGT. We examined the association of hypertension at baseline to the 8-yr incidence of NIDDM and IGT in 1471 subjects who participated in the San Antonio Heart Study. Subjects who were hypertensive at baseline had a higher incidence of NIDDM (8.9 vs. 4.9%, P = 0.041) and IGT (25.2 vs. 10.0%, P
High-temperature partition function of the rigid string.

We find that the high-temperature limit of the free energy per unit length for the rigid string agrees dimensionally with that of the QCD string (unlike the Nambu-Goto string). The sign, and in fact the phase, do not agree. While this may be a clue to a string theory of QCD, we note that the problem of the fourth-derivative action makes it impossible for the rigid string to be a correct description.
The weldability of low activation Cr-W steels

Abstract A series of chromium-tungsten ferritic steels patterned on the chromium-molybdenum alloys, case 2 1 4 Cr-1Mo , 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW, were tested for weldability. These steels are being developed as candidates for the first wall and blanket structure of fusion reactors. Use of these materials will minimize the long-term radioactive hazards associated with disposal after service. In these low activation alloys, long half-life elements (Mo and Nb), which become activated during irradiation, are replaced. Autogenous bead-on-plate welds were performed using the gas tungsten arc welding process. Experimental results showed that all welds were free of cracks. Sound welds were achieved in case 2 1 4 and 5% Cr-W low activation steels while loss of ductility was observed in 9 and 12% Cr-W steels. This results suggests that post-weld heat treatment is necessary to restore toughness to the 9–12% Cr-W steels.
Microstructure and properties of an infra-red transmitting chalcogenide glass-ceramic

A chalcogenide glass-ceramic (0.3 PbSe-0.7 Ge1.5 As0.5 Se3) which transmits in the infra-red region between 8 and 12 μm was produced from a phase separated parent glass. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased from 280 to ∼ 340°C by crystallizing the phase with the lowerTg. Further heat-treatment produced a glass-ceramic that was up to 60% crystalline and contained PbSe, PbSe2 and GeSe2 crystals with a gran size of ∼ 0.5 μm. The infra-red transmission of the glass-ceramic decreased with increased crystallinity. The glass-ceramic modulus of rupture (38 MN m−2) was increased to as much as twice that of the glass and the Vickers hardness increased by 30% to ∼ 280 kg mm−2.
Evaluating newly-married couples.

Early marriage represents an important point of personal and social reorganization. The study reports an intensive analysis of 26 newly-married student couples drawn from a random sample of couples with known characteristics. Interview and test data indicate that emancipation from parental relationships and personal autonomy are important issues for the wives and related to judged adequacy of the marriage. Problems for the husbands are more apparent in the sphere of the work and student status, and less adequate sexual relationships. The complexity of the situation and the interrelatedness of the areas of experience are discussed, especially with respect to more simple views of adjustment in marriage.
Duality and statistical tests of optimality for two stage stochastic programs

We present alternative methods for verifying the quality of a proposed solution to a two stage stochastic program with recourse. Our methods revolve around implications of a dual problem in which dual multipliers on the nonanticipativity constraints play a critical role. Using randomly sampled observations of the stochastic elements, we introduce notions of statistical dual feasibility and sampled error bounds. Additionally, we use the nonanticipativity multipliers to develop connections to reduced gradient methods. Finally, we propose a statistical test based on directional derivatives. We illustrate the applicability of these tests via some examples.
Neo-Aristotelian Grammar in 17th-Century England: Bassett Jones' Theory of Rational Syntax

SUMMARYIn his Herm'aelogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of Speaking of 1659 Basset Jones intended to supplement William Lily's (c.1468-1522) popular 16th-century grammar, which had received the endorsement of Edward VI. Written in English and Latin, Lily's grammar through its many editions not only set the standard for Latin grammars, but it also established the style for the first and subsequent grammars of English. Jones realized that Lily's grammatical model, with its emphasis solely on the classification and arrangement of material according to the classic paradigms for conjugation and declension, ignored the philosophy of grammar which was necessary for an understanding of the relationship of language and thought.RESUMEBassett Jones avait destine son livre Herm'aelogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of the Art of Speaking (1659) a servir comme supplement de la grammaire tres populaire de William Lily (c.1468-1522) du siecle precedent. La grammaire de Lily, redigee en anglais et en latin, avait nombre d'editions et s'etait par consequent imposee comme modele pour les grammaires traditionnelles de l'anglais. Selon Jones, la grammaire de Lily, avec son insistance sur l'organisation et presentation des donnees selon les paradigmes classiques de conjugaisons et declinaisons, ignorait la discussion d'une philosophie necessaire pour la comprehension du rapport entre le langage et la pensee. Son ouvrage devrait donc repondre a cette lacune.
Communist socialization and post-communist economic and political attitudes

We investigate the effect of individual exposure to communism on support for democracy and capitalism. We examine whether this effect varies across different types of communism, at different periods of people's lives, in different countries, and across different types of individuals. To do so, we propose a modified approach to solving the APC problem that relies on (a) survey data from multiple countries (b) historically defined cohorts and (c) variation in the time-periods related to these cohorts across countries. We provide a series of robustness tests for the method, and show that results are not very sensitive to panel structure. We conclude that generally communism had an indoctrinating effect, with more exposure to communism resulting in more opposition to democracy and capitalism.
Understanding Confucian Philosophy: Classical and Sung-Ming

Preface Classical Confucian Philosophy The Background for the Emergence of Confucian Philosophy Confucius Mencius The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean The Book of Changes The Transformation of Confucianism since Han Dynasty Sung-Ming Neo-Confucian Philosophy The Characteristics and Contemporary Significance of Sung-Ming Neo-Confucian Philosophy On Chu Hsi's Search for Equilibrium and Harmony Chu Hsi's Understanding of the Mind, the Nature and Feelings The Problem of Orthodoxy in Neo-Confucian Philosophy The Sources and the Proper Understanding of the Philosophy of Wang Yang-ming The Last Neo-Confucian Philosopher: Huang Tsung-hsi Epilogue Selected Bibliography Index
Evaluation of some iodine-containing organic compounds as X-ray contrast media.

Summary1. After intravenous injection into dogs, the following compounds were found to be good cholecystographic dyes: N-(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyl) e-amino-n-caproic acid (Compound 6); 2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-benzyl) benzoic acid (Compound S); 3-cap-roylamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid (Compound 5) and 3-butyrylamino-2,4;6-triiodo-benzoic acid (Compound 4). After oral administration, only Compounds S and 6 produced satisfactory visualization of the gall bladder and biliary tract 16 hr after feeding. 2. Analyses of the tissues of rats after intravenous administration of the compounds (1-6 inclusive and S) gave the following results: In the liver, Compound 6 was present in greater concentration than any of the others tested; in the kidney, Compounds 3-formyl-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, 3-acetylami-no-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, 3-propionylami-no-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, and 3-butyryl-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid were present in high concentration during the initial intervals, but fell to a relat...
General linear systems

We shall consider first linear differential systems $$ {x_{i}}' = \sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n} {{a_{{ij}}}(t){x_{j}}\quad } i = 1,...,n, $$ (3.1.1) i.e., x’ = A(t)x, x = (x1..., x n ), A(t) = [aij(t)], and linear differential equations $$ {x^{{(n)}}} + {a_{1}}(t)\;{x^{{(n - 1)}}} + ... + {a_{n}}(t)\;x = 0, $$ (3.1.2) whose coefficients a ij (t), ai(t) are somehow “asymptotic” to constants a ij , a i [e.g., a ij (t) → or ai(t) → as t→+∞]. A number of important results have been obtained in this line, to the effect that, under convenient hypotheses, more and more general, the solutions of (3.1.1) and (3.1.2) behave, as t→+∞ (or do not) as the solutions of the corresponding system, or equation, with constant coefficients $$ {x_{i}}' = \sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n} {{a_{{ij}}}{x_{j}},\quad } i = 1,2,...,n, $$ (3.1.3) $$ {x^{{(n)}}} + {a_{1}}{x^{{(n - 1)}}} + ... + {a_{n}}x = 0. $$ (3.1.4) A typical theorem of this sort is the following one which may be traced to Lyapunov [3], though it is given here in a more general form.
A new approach to response surface development for detailed gas‐phase and surface reaction kinetic model optimization

We propose a new method for constructing kinetic response surfaces used in the development and optimization of gas-phase and surface reaction kinetic models. The method, termed as the sensitivity analysis based (SAB) method, is based on a multivariate Taylor expansion of model response with respect to model parameters, neglecting terms higher than the second order. The expansion coefficients are obtained by a first-order local sensitivity analysis. Tests are made for gas-phase combustion reaction models. The results show that the response surface obtained with the SAB method is as accurate as the factorial design method traditionally used in reaction model optimization. The SAB method, however, presents significant computational savings compared to factorial design. The effect of including the partial and full third order terms was also examined and discussed. The SAB method is applied to optimization of a relatively complex surface reaction mechanism where large uncertainty in rate parameters exists. The example chosen is laser-induced fluorescence signal of OH desorption from a platinum foil in the water/oxygen reaction at low pressures. We introduce an iterative solution mapping and optimization approach for improved accuracy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 94–106, 2004
Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Biosensors

There is an explosive interest in 1D nanostructured materials for biological sensors. Among these nanometer-scale materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) offer the advantages of possible biocompatibility, size compatibility, and sensitivity towards minute electrical perturbations. In particular, because of these inherent qualities, changes in SWNT conductivity have been explored in order to study the interaction of biomolecules with SWNTs. This Review discusses these interactions, with a focus on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (NTFETs). Recent examples of applications of NTFET devices for detection of proteins, antibody–antigen assays, DNA hybridization, and enzymatic reactions involving glucose are summarized. Examples of complementary techniques, such as microscopy and spectroscopy, are covered as well.
Comparative study of binary intensity mask and attenuated phase shift mask using hyper-NA immersion lithography for sub-45nm era

In this paper, we will present comparison of attenuated phase shift mask and binary intensity mask at hyper-NA immersion scanner which has been the main stream of DRAM lithography. Some technical issues will be reported for polarized illumination in hyper-NA imaging. One att.PSM (Phase Shift Mask) and three types of binary intensity mask are used for this experiment; those are ArF att.PSM ( MoSi:a ), thick Cr ( 1030a ) BIM (Binary Intensity Mask), thin Cr ( 590a ) BIM and multi layer ( Cr:740a / MoSi:930a ) BIM. Simulation and experiment with 1.35NA immersion scanner are performed to study influence of mask structure, process margin and effect of polarization. Two types of DRAM cell patterns are studied; one is an isolation pattern with a brick wall shape and another is a storage node pattern with contact hole shape. Line and space pattern is also studied through 38nm to 50nm half pitch for this experiment. Lithography simulation is done by in-house tool based on diffused aerial image model. EM-SUITE is also used in order to study the influence of mask structure and polarization effect through rigorous EMF simulation. Transmission and polarization effects of zero and first diffraction order are simulated for both att.PSM and BIM. First and zero diffraction order polarization are shown to be influenced by the structure of masking film. As pattern size on mask decreases to the level of exposure wavelength, incident light will interact with mask pattern, and then transmittance changes for mask structure. Optimum mask bias is one of the important factors for lithographic performance. In the case of att.PSM, negative bias shows higher image contrast than positive one, but in case of binary intensity mask, positive bias shows better performance than negative one. This is caused by balance of amplitude between first diffraction order and zero diffraction order light. Process windows and mask error enhancement factors are measured with respect to various design rules, i.e., different k1 levels at fixed NA. In the case of one dimensional line and space pattern, thick Cr BIM shows the best performance through various pitches. But in case of two dimensional DRAM cell pattern, it is difficult to find out the advantage of BIM for sub-45nm. It needs further study for two dimensional patterns. Finally, it was observed that thick Cr binary intensity mask for sub-45nm has advantage for one dimensional line and space pattern.
Metallic stents in the biliary tree

SummaryThis paper outlines the types of metallic biliary stents available for use in malignant biliary disease. The results of various world-wide clinical trials are summarised. The future role of metallic biliary stents in malignant biliary obstruction is discussed.
Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy in Severely Acidotic Diabetic Ketoacidosis

BACKGROUNDThe use of intravenous bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may be considered for patients with a pH less than 6.9 according to the American Diabetes Association. The impact of this therapy on resolution of acidosis in patients with DKA is unclear.OBJECTIVETo determine whether the use of intravenous bicarbonate therapy was associated with improved outcomes in patients with severe DKA who were seen in the emergency department.METHODSThis review was conducted from 2007 to 2011 in the emergency department of a tertiary teaching hospital. Adults diagnosed with DKA with an initial pH less than 7.0 were included. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on receipt of intravenous bicarbonate. The primary study outcome was time to resolution of acidosis, defined as return to pH greater than 7.2. Secondary outcomes included length of stay; continuous infusion insulin use; and intravenous fluid, potassium, and insulin requirements within the first 24 hours of hospital admission, beginning upon a...
Citations versus limitations of citations: beyond Hirsch index

It appears popular, particularly among science administrators, to use citations and various citation measures for ranking scientists, as if such exercises would reflect the scientific potential of the persons considered. In recent time the Hirsch index h in particular has obtained visibility in this respect in view of its simplicity. We consider a possible extension of the concept of selective citations, which in fact is innate to the h index, and propose a simple generalization, indices H and Q, which to a degree supplement the information accompanying the evaluation of h. The H index keeps record of the “history” of citations and the quotient Q = H/h is a measure for the quality of a scientist based on the history of his/her citations.
Functional Proteomic Analysis of Melanoma Progression

Functional proteomics provides a powerful approach to screen for alterations in protein expression and posttranslational modifications under conditions of human disease. In this study, we use protein screening to examine markers of melanoma progression, by profiling melanocyte versus melanoma cell lines using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Eight candidate markers were identified as differentially regulated in transformed cells. In particular, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and nucleophosmin B23 were strongly correlated with melanoma. Nucleophosmin B23 is a nucleolar and centrosome-associated protein, which has been implicated as a target for cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in modulating centrosome duplication and cell cycle control. Western blotting of one-dimensional and two-dimensional gels showed that the form of nucleophosmin B23 that is up-regulated in melanoma represents a posttranslationally modified form, most likely reflecting enhanced phosphorylation in the tumor-derived cells. In contrast, Western analysis of HDGF demonstrated increased expression of all forms in melanoma cell lines compared with melanocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis of human tissue biopsies showed strong expression of HDGF in early and late stage melanomas and low expression in melanocytes and nontumorigenic nevi. Interestingly, biopsies of nevi showed a graded effect in which HDGF immunoreactivity was reduced in nevoid nests penetrating deep into the dermis compared with nests at the epidermal-dermal junction, suggesting that HDGF expression in nevi is dependent on epidermal cell interactions. In contrast, biopsies of melanoma showed strong expression of HDGF throughout the tumor, including cells located deeply within dermis. Thus, expression of this antigen likely reports a reduced dependence of protein expression on epidermal interactions.
Structural Instability and Minimal Realizations

In this note, we consider the structural stability of an unstable plant, feedback stabilized by a controller. It is shown that infinitesimal parameter perturbations in the plant transfer matrix can destabilize the stable feedback control system obtained from a minimal realization of the ?nominal plant.? The remedy for such structural instability consists in using a minimal realization in which the dimension of the ?antistable part? is maximized over the uncertain parameter values. This requires knowledge of the ?correct class? of parametrizations to which the nominal plant transfer matrix belongs.
Targeted leptin receptor blockade: role of ventral tegmental area and nucleus of the solitary tract leptin receptors in body weight homeostasis

The present investigation examined whether leptin stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) has a role in body weight homeostasis independent of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). To this end, recombinant adeno-associated viral techniques were employed to target leptin overexpression or overexpression of a dominant negative leptin mutant (leptin antagonist). Leptin antagonist overexpression in MBH or VTA increased food intake and body weight to similar extents over 14 days in rats. Simultaneous overexpression of leptin in VTA with antagonist in MBH resulted in food intake and body weight gain that were less than with control treatment but greater than with leptin alone in VTA. Notably, leptin overexpression in VTA increased P-STAT3 in MBH along with VTA, and leptin antagonist overexpression in the VTA partially attenuated P-STAT3 levels in MBH. Interestingly, leptin antagonist overexpression elevated body weight gain, but leptin overexpression in the NTS failed to modulate either food intake or body weight despite increased P-STAT3. These data suggest that leptin function in the VTA participates in the chronic regulation of food consumption and body weight in response to stimulation or blockade of VTA leptin receptors. Moreover, one component of VTA-leptin action appears to be independent of the MBH, and another component appears to be related to leptin receptor-mediated P-STAT3 activation in the MBH. Finally, leptin receptors in the NTS are necessary for normal energy homeostasis, but mostly they appear to have a permissive role. Direct leptin activation of NTS slightly increases UCP1 levels, but has little effect on food consumption or body weight.
Model filled polymers. VI. Determination of the crosslink density of polymeric beads by swelling

Abstract : A new method has been developed to characterize the crosslink density of monodisperse polymeric microbeads by equilibrium swelling on an ultrafiltration membrane, followed by the removal of excess solvent by centrifugation. For polystyrene copolymerized with divinylbenzene and polymethyl methacrylate copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, the mole percent of crosslinked units, approximated, but always exceeded, the mole percent of divinyl monomer. Crosslink densities were varied from 1-11%. (jes)
A Review of “Magnanimity and Statesmanship”

Aristotle's magnanimous man understands himself to be great and he truly is great. Such excellence, though, presents the democratic many with a challenge to their deeply cherished egalitarianism. N...
Universal bases for hybridization, replication and chain termination

Several unnatural, predominantly hydrophobic nucleobases that pack efficiently in duplex DNA without hydrogen bonding functionalities are reported to circumvent the hydrogen bonding-based specificity, both during oligonucleotide hybridization and enzymatic DNA synthesis. The reported nucleoside analogs are efficient ‘universal bases’ for hybridization, template directed DNA synthesis and chain termination. Moreover, several of the universal bases function in their biological role, hybridization or replication, with an efficiency not significantly reduced relative to their natural counterparts.
Zircon reveals protracted magma storage and recycling beneath Mount St. Helens

Current data and models for Mount St. Helens volcano (Washington, United States) suggest relatively rapid transport from magma genesis to eruption, with no evidence for protracted storage or recycling of magmas. However, we show here that complex zircon age populations extending back hundreds of thousands of years from eruption age indicate that magmas regularly stall in the crust, cool and crystallize beneath the volcano, and are then rejuvenated and incorporated by hotter, young magmas on their way to the surface. Estimated dissolution times suggest that entrained zircon generally resided in rejuvenating magmas for no more than about a century. Zircon elemental compositions refl ect the increasing infl uence of mafi c input into the system through time, recording growth from hotter, less evolved magmas tens of thousands of years prior to the appearance of mafi c magmas at the surface, or changes in whole-rock geochemistry and petrology, and providing a new, time-correlated record of this evolution independent of the eruption history. Zircon data thus reveal the history of the hidden, long-lived intrusive portion of the Mount St. Helens system, where melt and crystals are stored for as long as hundreds of thousands of years and interact with fresh infl uxes of magmas that traverse the intrusive reservoir before erupting.
The Detection and Exploration of Planets from the Trans‐atlantic Exoplanet Survey

I present the discovery of three transiting planets (TrES-2, TrES-3, and TrES-4) of nearby bright stars made with the ten-centimeter telescope Sleuth as part of the Trans-atlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES). TrES-2 is the first transiting exoplanet detected in the field of view of NASA’s Kepler mission. Of the 20 known transiting exoplanets, TrES-3 has the second shortest period, facilitating the study of orbital decay and atmospheric evaporation. Its visible/infrared brightness makes TrES-3 an ideal target for observations to determine the atmospheric composition. TrES-4 has the largest radius and lowest density of the known transiting planets. These three planets have radii larger than that of Jupiter, and the radius of TrES-4 significantly exceeds predictions from models of hot Jupiters, indicating a possible lack of an energy source in these models. I present the results of Spitzer observations of TrES-2. I reject tidal dissipation of eccentricity as an explanation for the inflated radius, and examine the spectrum for evidence of atmospheric absorption. I have monitored 19 fields each containing 6,000–36,000 stars for evidence of transits. I discuss the rejection of six of my candidate transiting systems from an early field that represent examples of the 67 astrophysical false positives that I encountered in Sleuth data. These six false positives highlight the benefit of a multisite survey such as TrES, and also of comprehensive follow-up of transit candidates. As a further example, I present the candidate GSC 03885-00829 from Sleuth data that was revealed to be a blend of a bright F dwarf and a fainter K-dwarf eclipsing binary. This candidate proved nontrivial to reject, requiring multicolor follow-up photometry to produce evidence of the true binary nature of this candidate. The yield of planets from transit surveys is not yet well constrained or understood. There are numerous factors that affect the predictions such as the amount of correlated photometric noise present in the data. Here I present an analysis of my ability to recover fake transits in TrES data. I examined both the automated transit-search algorithm and my own visual identification process. I find the recovery rate of my visual analysis to be 87% for those transit candidates that had a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio to be flagged by my transit-search algorithm and readily identifiable by eye.
A Comparison of Mechanical and Energetic Estimates of Flight Cost for Hovering Sphinx Moths

Mechanical power output, based on measured power input, is compared with calculated values for aerodynamic and inertial power output in sphinx moths ranging from 350 to 3400 mg. Aerodynamic power output, calculated from momentum and blade-element aerodynamic theories, scales with the 1.08 power of body mass, amounting to about 40% of the mechanical power output of large moths to about 15% in the smallest individuals. Calculated value for the inertial power cost of hovering represents a larger fraction of the mechanical power output than the aerodynamic cost in all moths, with the value increasing as body mass decreases. Independent estimates of inertial power output based on metabolic data are similar to those obtained from calculations of the moment of inertia for the wings. These data suggest that inertial power output represents the largest power requirement for hovering sphinx moths, and that elastic torques do not significantly reduce the mechanical power output. Higher mass-specific power input of small sphinx moths appears to be the result of greater mass-specific inertial power requirements. Estimates of flight cost based on morphology and flight mechanics of sphinx moths yield values for mechanical power output which are similar to values estimated from their flight metabolism.
Sub-centring and Commuting: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area, 1980-90:

Like many large US metropolitan areas, the San Francisco Bay Area has experienced rapid suburban employment growth since 1980, much of it concentrated in sub-centres. This paper shows that, contrary to the co-location hypothesis, employment decentralisation has not been associated with shorter average commute distances or durations in the Bay Area. Combining statistics on shifts in modal splits and average vehicle occupancy levels reveals that parallelling the region's sub-centring trend has been a substantial increase in average commute vehicle miles travelled (VMT) per employee between 1980 and 1990. The largest increases occurred in the fastest-growing and most remote suburban centres. Using decomposition analysis, we found that increasing commute distances contributed the most to rising commute VMT per employee, and the distance factor had proportionately the greatest effect on rising commute VMT rates in the most peripheral work centres. Since shifts in commute VMT per employee are thought to be stro...
Multimodality of the likelihood in the bivariate seemingly unrelated regressions model

SUMMARY We analyse the simplest two-equation seemingly unrelated regressions model and demonstrate that its likelihood may have up to five stationary points, and thus there may be up to three local modes. Consequently the estimates obtained via iterative estimation methods may depend on starting values. We further show that the probability of multi modality vanishes asymptotically. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that multimodality rarely occurs if the seemingly unrelated regressions model is true, but can become more frequent if the model is misspecified. The existence of multimodality in the likelihood for seemingly unrelated regressions models contradicts several claims in the literature.
Chromosomal Changes during Experimental Evolution in Laboratory Populations of Escherichia coli

Short-term rates of chromosome evolution were analyzed in experimental populations of Escherichia coli B that had been propagated for 2,000 generations under four thermal regimens. Chromosome alterations were monitored in 24 independent populations by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA treated with five rarecutting restriction enzymes. A total of 11 changes, 8 affecting chromosome size and 3 altering restriction sites, were observed in these populations, with none occurring in strains cultured at 37°C. Considering the changes detected in these experimental populations, the rate of chromosome alteration of E. coli is estimated to be half of that observed in experimental populations of yeast. Comparisons of the genetic maps of Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 have established that the chromosomes of these enteric species are evolutionarily well conserved (12). Yet, in natural populations of each of these species, chromosome size can differ by as much as 1 Mb‐more than 20% of total chromosome length (5, 22). How quickly do bacterial chromosomes evolve? Despite the observed variation in chromosome lengths, evidence from natural isolates of E. coli and S. enterica suggests that large-scale changes in the size and organization of bacterial genomes are relatively rare events on an evolutionary timescale. This contrasts with the high incidence of spontaneous duplications, deletions, and inversions (2, 3, 11, 20), with the ability of these species to acquire large regions by horizontal transfer (13), and with the finding that very closely related strains of S. enterica serovar Typhi display vast differences in chromosome size and gene arrangement (15, 22). To investigate the short-term rates and patterns of chromo
Carbon Dioxide Angiography: Scientific Principles and Practice

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas which occurs naturally in the atmosphere and human body. With the advent of digital subtraction angiography, the gas has been used as a safe and useful alternative contrast agent in both arteriography and venography. Because of its lack of renal toxicity and allergic potential, CO2 is a preferred contrast agent in patients with renal failure or contrast allergy, and particularly in patients who require large volumes of contrast medium for complex endovascular procedures. Understanding of the unique physical properties of CO2 (high solubility, low viscosity, buoyancy, and compressibility) is essential in obtaining a successful CO2 angiogram and in guiding endovascular intervention. Unlike iodinated contrast material, CO2 displaces the blood and produces a negative contrast for digital subtraction imaging. Indications for use of CO2 as a contrast agent include: aortography and runoff, detection of bleeding, renal transplant arteriography, portal vein visualization with wedged hepatic venous injection, venography, arterial and venous interventions, and endovascular aneurysm repair. CO2 should not be used in the thoracic aorta, the coronary artery, and cerebral circulation. Exploitation of CO2 properties, avoidance of air contamination and facile catheterization technique are important to the safe and effective performance of CO2 angiography and CO2-guided endovascular intervention.
Targeted and nontargeted bone remodeling: relationship to basic multicellular unit origination and progression.

Most discussions of bone remodeling focus on how it is influenced by hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and other molecules, and pay no attention to why it occurs. All physiologic processes are aimed at something, however, and it is impossible to understand how they are regulated without some criteria of success or failure. In this mini-review, I examine the purposes and instruments of bone remodeling and how they are related.
Evaluation and User Studies with Respect to Video Summarization and Browsing

The Informedia group at Carnegie Mellon University has since 1994 been developing and evaluating surrogates, summary interfaces, and visualizations for accessing digital video collections containing thousands of documents, millions of shots, and terabytes of data. This paper surveys the Informedia user studies that have taken place through the years, reporting on how these studies can provide a user pull complementing the technology push as automated video processing advances. The merits of discount usability techniques for iterative improvement and evaluation are presented, as well as the structure of formal empirical investigations with end users that have ecological validity while addressing the human computer interaction metrics of efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. The difficulties in evaluating video summarization and browsing interfaces are discussed. Lessons learned from Informedia user studies are reported with respect to video summarization and browsing, ranging from the simplest portrayal of a single thumbnail to represent video stories, to collections of thumbnails in storyboards, to playable video skims, to video collages with multiple synchronized information perspectives.
Relative Hitchin–Kobayashi Correspondences for Principal Pairs

A principal pair consists of a holomorphic principal G-bundle together with a holomorphic section of an associated Kaehler fibration. Such objects support natural gauge theoretic equations coming from a moment map condition, and also admit a notion of stability based on Geometric Invariant Theory. The Hitchin–Kobayashi correspondence for principal pairs identifies stability as the condition for the existence of solutions to the equations. In this paper we generalize these features in a way which allows the full gauge group of the principal bundle to be replaced by certain proper subgroups. Such a generalization is needed in order to use principal pairs as a general framework for describing augmented holomorphic bundles. We illustrate our results with applications to well known examples. 1 Members of VBAC (Vector Bundles on Algebraic Curves), which is partially supported by EAGER (EC FP5 Contract no. HPRN-CT-2000-00099) and by EDGE (EC FP5 Contract no. HPRN-CT-200000101). Partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-0072073. Partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnoloǵia (Spain) under grant BFM2000-0024. Partially supported by a British EPSRC grant (October-December 2001). Partially supported by an EDGE grant (October-December 2001).
Uncertainties in Bayesian geometric models

Deformable geometric models fit very naturally into the context of Bayesian analysis. The prior probability of boundary shapes as taken to proportional to the negative exponential of the deformation energy used to control the boundary. This probabilistic interpretation is demonstrated using a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) technique, which permits one to generate configurations that populate the prior. One of many uses for deformable models is to solve ill-posed tomographic reconstruction problems, which we demonstrate by reconstructing a two-dimensional object from two orthogonal noisy projections. We show how MCMC samples drawn from the posterior can be used to estimate uncertainties in the location of the edge of the reconstructed object.
Laboratory findings in emergently medicated psychiatry patients.

Abstract Objective To determine routine laboratory differences between patients with severe psychomotor agitation who require emergency intramuscular (IM-medicated patients) medication and those who do not (non–IM-medicated patients). Method A retrospective chart review of patients 18 years or older who went to a psychiatry emergency service over a 30-day period was performed. Demographic and laboratory variables were compared between IM- and non–IM-medicated patients. Results Emergently medicated patients ( n =35) were older than non–IM-medicated patients ( n =179) (42.6 vs 34.3 years, P P =.04), blood urea nitrogen ( P =.001), creatinine ( P =.01), glucose ( P =.009), aspartate aminotransferase ( P P =.01), and electrocardiogram QTc interval ( P =.03). They were also more likely to have abnormal levels of potassium ( P P P P Conclusions Emergently medicated patients in this psychiatry emergency service were more likely to be older and more likely to have abnormal laboratories vs other adult patients.
High-performance high-yield, uniform 32-channel optical receiver array

Many applications for optical interconnection either require more data rate than serial links offer or are architected for parallel line (data bus) implementations. Essential to low-cost optical bus implementations are monolithic arrays of photo-receivers with high yield and uniform properties. We present a 32-channel optical receiver array fabricated in 1.2-/spl mu/m GaAs E/D MESFET technology. Each channel runs at the data rate of 1 Gbit/s, equivalently providing 32 Gbit/s with 32 channels.
Adrian Johnston: Badiou, Žižek, and Political Transformations: The Cadence of Change

In his most recent book, Badiou, Žižek, and Political Transformations: The Cadence of Change, Adrian Johnston offers the reader not only a stunningly clear analysis of the political thought of Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek, but also a convincingly argued corrective to some of the more problematic claims that are made by these two important thinkers. As Johnston adeptly argues, though it is the case that these two thinkers have differing views on many topics, there is a common thread running through their respective philosophical-political projects. They agree that the idea that capitalism has triumphed, that we are living in an era where radical social change is no longer necessary (or even possible), that all that is left to do is modify the system so as to make it more friendly, is nothing more than an ideological trap. They both remain steadfastly committed to a certain type of Marxism, one that asserts that radical change is not only possible, but is in at least in one sense, inevi... Language: en
A Review of “From Generation to Generation: The Adaptive Challenge of Mainline Protestant Education in Forming Faith”

How could congregations of the old Protestant mainline churches fulfill their commitment to educating generations to live faithfully as Christians? In an encyclopedic review of major Christian educ...
Ipse Dixit: The Restatement (Second) of Contracts and the Modern Development of Contract Law

This article considers how courts have responded to the inclusion of six innovative rules in the Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts. It observes that most courts simply have deferred to the new rules. In the vast majority of cases, courts gave no reasons for their decisions to embrace the six rules. They simply cited them as they would cite a statute or code and did not question their authority. This practice raises an important normative question: Should courts follow the Restatement (Second) as readily as they currently do? The article concludes that, although some arguments counsel against deference to an academic work such as the Restatement (Second), on balance, the practice does more good than harm. By deferring to the Restatement (Second), courts have tended to promote uniformity and certainty in the law of contracts and to conserve judicial resources. Although deference to the Restatement (Second) may alter the substance of the law in some jurisdictions, such changes generally do not have deleterious consequences.