cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutionalization, Behavior and International Adoption: Predictors of Behavior Problems

Since the mid-1990s, over 10,0000 children have immigrated to the United States annually via international adoption. These children bring to their families unique strengths, as well as the possibility, for some, of physical, emotional and behavioral health risks, and challenges. This article presents predictive models on behavioral health problems for one group of international adoptees from Romania (nD 216). It is a companion piece to an earlier article that described behavior issues and compared the international adoptees to a group of children adopted through the public child welfare system using a cross-sectional approach. This article illustrates that a history of institutionalization had minimal long-term adverse effects on a child’s behavioral health. The parent‐child relationship was a strong resource for parents at both time periods. However, there was a strong relationship between parental negative reports with the relationship and child behavior problems.
Relation of structure of synthetic muscarines and muscarones to their pharmacological action.

Summary1. Comparison of the potency of muscarine and synthetic congeners on smooth muscle (gut, bladder, iris) and on skeletal muscle demonstrated equal potency of synthetic and natural L-(+) muscarine. 2. The potency of muscarine is stereospecific; D-(+) muscarine and all racemic stereoisomers (epi, allo, epiallo) possess only a fraction of the potency of dl-muscarine. 3. Keto analogues of muscarine (muscarones) are more potent than muscarine in stimulating smooth muscle; in addition, they possess, on frog skeletal muscle, remarkable nicotinic activity of which the muscarines are almost devoid. 4. The potency of the muscarones is not stereospecific. Both + and - muscarones are more potent than L-(+) muscarine, and dl-allo muscarone is only slightly less potent than dl-muscarone.
Renal transplantation in patients with indwelling continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters.

AbstractControversy exists regarding management of the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter in patients undergoing renal transplantation. We performed 30 transplants (23 cadaveric and 7 living related) in 27 patients with indwelling continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters. Dialysis was necessary in the immediate post-transplantation period in 9 of 30 patients (30 per cent). Of these 9 patients 3 had temporary hemodialysis and 6 resumed continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with the indwelling catheter. Two postoperative complications clearly were related to the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter: 1 patient required abdominal exploration for control of bleeding related to disruption of peritoneal adhesions at the time the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter was removed and 1 suffered an abscess at the catheter site 1month after the catheter was removed. No patient experienced peritonitis during immunosuppression after transplantation. We support ...
USNC/TAM in IUTAM Leadership Positions

Complete listings of USNC/TAM members who served IUTAM as Members-at-Large, Members of the Bureau, Members of the Congress Committee, Members of the Executive Committee of the Congress Committee, and Members of the Fluids and Solids Symposium Panels are provided in Appendix G. Following is a summary of the leadership positions held by USNC/TAM members. A brief bio is included for those individuals whose background has not been described previously.
The Undertones of Culture in American Education

As the world increasingly becomes a global village, and more and more countries are investing in transnational education, there is a growing necessity for transcultural knowledge. Considering the different experiences gained from studying and working with students from a wide variety of backgrounds and abilities in diverse educational settings, this study aligns with research that advocates the need for a deliberate effort in the understanding the indigenous values of people.
Design features of wearable ar information display for surgery and anesthesiology

The medical community is constantly looking for technological solutions to reduce use-error and improve procedures to benefit the healthcare system worldwide. One area that has seen frequent improv...
Cell Culture Systems for Propagation of HCV

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is seen worldwide and is a significant cause of severe chronic liver diseases. Recently, a large number of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have been developed against HCV infection, resulting in significant improvements in treatment efficacy. Rapid progress in HCV research has been largely dependent of the development of HCV culture systems and small animal infection models. In the development of HCV cell culture systems, the discovery of the JFH-1 clone, an HCV strain isolated from a fulminant hepatitis C patient, was a key finding. The JFH-1 strain was the first infectious HCV strain belonging to genotype 2a. JFH-1 replicated efficiently in cultured cell lines without acquiring adaptive mutations, providing the secretion of infectious viral particles into the culture medium. Other HCV strains, including JFH-2, that also were reported to be infectious in cultured cells. However, these other isolates proved to require adaptive mutations for replication. These infectious HCV systems has provided a powerful tool to study the viral life cycle, to construct anti-viral strategies, and to develop effective vaccines.
Building a Sustainable Global Surgery Nonprofit Organization at an Academic Institution.

Abstract Background Surgical Outreach for the Americas is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization providing surgical care to those in need in developing countries of the Western Hemisphere. Every year since its inception in 2008, teams of surgeons, nurses, and allied health professionals have traveled to areas of need and performed primarily hernia repair surgeries for those without access to affordable health care. Methods Surgical Outreach for the Americas (SOfA) began as a general concept based on World Health Organization statistics claiming that 11% of the global burden of disease can be resolved via surgery. Armed with this information, a group of compassionate and selfless health care professionals planned the first trip, to the Dominican Republic, in January 2009. Building on what was first just an ambition to help others, we now also train surgeons, surgery residents, and nurses in the countries we serve. Findings To date, SOfA has successfully treated 734 patients, with 899 total surgical procedures performed (693 of these under general anesthesia). These procedures include inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, testicular masses, orchiectomies, and various general surgical procedures. Conclusions Through the efforts of a great many talented individuals and robust fundraising efforts, the SOfA message continues to gain momentum. SOfA not only considers the health and well-being of the disadvantaged through capacity-building efforts but strives to educate and improve the skills of health care professionals in the countries we visit. Our goal is to increase the number of missions each year and begin a 2-fold educational program that (a) provides surgical resident education through participation in mission work and (b) provides local surgeon education in the areas served.
Refining, Solidification, and Finishing of Metals

Consider a metal produced by one of the pyrometallurgical operations described in Chapter 8. The metal would be molten and in a few instances it may be of sufficient purity to cast (solidify) immediately. Usually, however, the metal will contain sufficient impurities that a further refining step must be carried out to remove these impurities. This point (prior to the first solidification) may also be a good one at which to add other metals to produce an alloy. Finally, this might be an appropriate point to add recycled metal, because any impurities (e.g., paint or corrosion products) may be removed along with those present in the virgin metal.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia masquerading as cutaneous indeterminate dendritic cell tumor: Expanding the spectrum of skin lesions in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm exhibiting both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features. Cutaneous involvement by CMML is critical to recognize as it typically is a harbinger of disease progression and an increased incidence of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Cutaneous lesions of CMML exhibit heterogeneous histopathologic features that can be challenging to recognize as CMML. We describe a 67-year-old man with a 3-year history of CMML who had been managed on single-agent azacitidine with stable disease before developing splenomegaly and acute onset skin lesions. Examination of these skin lesions revealed a dense infiltrate of histiocytic cells morphologically resembling Langerhans type cells (lacking frank histopathologic atypia), and with the immunophenotype of an indeterminate cell histiocytosis (S100+ CD1a+ and langerin-). Given the history of CMML, next-generation sequencing studies were performed on the skin biopsy. These revealed a KRAS (p.G12R) mutation identical to that seen in the CMML 3 years prior, establishing a clonal relationship between the 2 processes. This case expands the spectrum for and underscores the protean nature of cutaneous involvement by CMML and underscores the importance of heightened vigilance when evaluating skin lesions of CMML patients.
American Presidents, Deportations, and Human Rights Violations: From Carter to Trump

Of the many issues polarizing societies today, immigration is one of the most contentious. In the United States, as in Europe, immigration was a defining issue in recent national elections. Immigration not only involves government policies but also the human rights of millions of people. American Presidents, Deportations, and Human Rights Violations studies how recent immigration policies in the United States developed during the Obama administration and are now being expanded in the first months of the Trump presidency. Documenting the harsh treatment of immigrants over the past twenty years, Bill Ong Hing shows how mass detention and deportation of immigrants, from Clinton's two terms and the Bush administration, have escalated even higher. This book questions what price the United States is willing to pay for such harsh immigration policies in terms of our national values, and the impact on the lives of the millions of immigrants who deserve the full protection of universal human rights obligations.
New York City pharmacists and OBRA '90: one year later.

Abstract New York state regulations to implement patient counseling mandated by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 took effect in December 1992, yet one year later, little was known about how successfully the counseling mandate was being implemented. To begin assessing the impact, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 300 New York City pharmacists and pharmacy interns in the fall of 1993; a 650% (194) response rate was achieved. The opinions of interns and pharmacists differed on whether the counseling requirement had been implemented correctly ( p
Radon-Induced Transformation

The perception of radiation hazards in society must be completely re-evaluated as a result of the recent realization that radon represents the largest source of natural background radiation to the U.S. population (1). Studies designed to identify a link between lung cancer and radon in the home, by seeking a correlation between lung cancer incidence and variations in regional radon levels, have produced results that are equivocal. In epidemiological studies, uraninum miners exposed for many years to high radon levels in the mines show an enhanced incidence of lung cancer (2–4). The perceived risk to the public from breathing lower levels of radon in the home are based on an extrapolation from the high concentrations experienced by the miners. However, extrapolating from the uranium miner data involves complications because most miners studied were also heavy cigarette smokers. The number of non-smoking miners is too small to separate the effects of radon from those of the cigarette smoke.
Conductance spectroscopy of high- T c single-grain-boundary junctions in the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ system

We have measured the conductance spectra of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ thin-film grain-boundary junctions. For voltages between 2 and 12 meV there are two sets of sharp structures. One appears at nearly regular multiples of 2.4 mV, out to 9.5 mV; the conductance peak at 9.5 mV is split in a magnetic field parallel to the film ab planes. A second set of peaks with spacing 0.1--0.2 mV extends from low voltages to V\ensuremath{\sim}11.5 mV; these peaks are insensitive to magnetic fields but merge into the background noise at about 50 K. At higher voltages (Vg12 mV) peaks at roughly the phonon energies appear. We speculate on the origins of these features.
Stochastic Models and their Deterministic Limits

In the previous chapters, we have used deterministic models to derive congestion control schemes and AQM schemes that are fair and achieve high utilization. However, in the real Internet, there are many sources of randomness: unresponsive flows which do not respond to congestion indication, the probabilistic nature of packet marking by an AQM scheme, asynchronous updates among sources, the inability to precisely model window flow control mechanism, and the initial ramp-up phase (for example, slow start in TCP flow control) of the congestion control mechanism.
Feasibility of Passive Eavesdropping in Massive MIMO: An Experimental Approach

Massive MIMO has the potential to thwart passive eavesdropping as the signals transmitted by a large antenna array become highly focused. Indeed, the impact of passive eavesdropping has been shown to be negligible when the number of base station (BS) antennas approaches infinity for independent Rayleigh channels. In this paper, we experimentally explore eavesdropping in Massive MIMO incorporating real-world factors including a limited BS antenna array size, potential correlation in over-the-air channels, and adaptation of modulating and coding schemes (MCS) over a discrete and finite set. Using a 96-antenna ArgosV2 BS, we (i) explore scaling the array size; (ii) identify eavesdropper advantages due to channel correlation and the resulting increase in array size required to mitigate this advantage; (iii) identify the “MCS saturation regime” as a vulnerability even with high SNR, (iv) characterize transmit power control counter strategies at the BS, and (v) explore the impact of a nomadic eavesdropper that moves to find the most favorable position.
Advocating for Sustainability: A Report on and Critique of the Undergraduate Capstone Course

The authors provide an overview of what capstone courses do by presenting information from across the field based on materials received from and interviews with technical and professional communica...
Culturally Responsive Interviewing Practices

As communities and school populations continue to become more culturally, economically, and linguistically diverse, the need for comprehensive training and explicit guidelines for culturally responsive school mental health practices also grows. School Psychologists are both expected and ethically responsible to competently assess and serve diverse student and family populations, regardless of potential language or cultural barriers. The current article is focused on describing background and rationale for culturally responsive interviewing practices as they pertain to the roles and responsibilities of School Psychologists. Building on the guidelines and principles of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), developed by the American Psychiatric Association, authors describe the potential applicability of the interviewing format for use with culturally and linguistically diverse students and families. Practical implications for use of culturally responsive interviewing strategies and culturally competent communication skills are discussed.
Integrating cognitive and emotion paradigms to address the paradox of aging

Thirty years ago, the subfields of emotion and cognition operated relatively independently and the associated science reflected the tacit view that they were distinct constructs. Today, questions a...
Predictable and Unpredictable Aspects of U.S. West Coast Rainfall and El Niño: Understanding the 2015/16 Event

AbstractCalifornia experienced record-setting drought from 2012 to 2017. Based on both seasonal forecast models and historical associations, there was widespread expectation that the major El Nino ...
America’s Health Care System is Broken: What Went Wrong and How We Can Fix It. Part 4: The Pharmaceutical Industry

As is true for most aspects of the US health care system, we pay much more for medications than do patients in any other country. Not only are new "breakthrough" products expensive, but existing products see price increases that regularly outstrip general inflation, making the pharmaceutical industry very profitable and resulting in many patients skipping or cutting the doses of such critical medicines as insulin. There is little relation between the effectiveness and the price of many medications. Drug firms like to cite the high cost of research and development but spend more on marketing than on research and development. The firms also spend large sums on lobbying and to influence medical thought leaders to keep their profits high. We are alone in spending billions of dollars on pharmacy benefit managers that add little value. With new gene-based therapies on the horizon, the price of therapeutics may be unsustainable.
Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

ImportancePerinatal posttraumatic stress disorder (P-PTSD) occurs in approximately 3% to 15% of women in the postpartum period. It is often underrecognized, poorly characterized, and undertreated. If untreated, it can lead to maternal and infant morbidity.ObjectiveThe aim of this review article is t
The prognostic value of regadenoson stress: Has the case been made?

1.1% in the regadenoson group and 1.7% in the adenosine group (P = 0.090) and the annual cardiac death rate was 0.9% and 1.15% (P = 0.404), respectively. In propensity score matched analysis of 505 patients from each group, the respective annual event rates in the regadenoson and adenosine groups were 0.7% and 1.3% (P = 0.257) for the primary outcome, and 0.5% and 0.7% (P = 0.763) for cardiac death. Thus, the study effectively demonstrated that, as with normal adenosine MPI, a normal regadenoson MPI predicts very low event rates. 4 More recently, Hage et al evaluated the prog
Abstract 1851: Novel roles of DNA-PK in metabolic regulation in prostate cancer

DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK) is a multifunctional kinase involved in repairing double-strand DNA breaks through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), with parallel roles as a master transcriptional regulator of gene networks supporting cell migration and invasion. In prostate cancer (PCa), DNA-PK was found to be highly upregulated and hyperactivated. Strikingly, DNA-PK is the most deregulated kinase in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and is independently predictive of metastasis and overall survival in patients with high-risk disease. Combined, these findings highlight the importance of understanding DNA-PK functions beyond DNA repair and transcriptional regulation, which promote the acquisition of aggressive tumor phenotypes. Rapid immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins (RIME) was performed to identify the DNA-PK interactome, which uncovered novel DNA-PK interactors that play key roles in metabolism. To assess the role of DNA-PK in regulation of metabolism, metabolic profiles of CRPC models were investigated upon DNA-PK modulation. Data presented will describe novel roles of DNA-PK in cancer metabolism and subsequent effects of DNA-PK modulation in key metabolic pathways. Citation Format: Emanuela Dylgjeri, Jonathan Goodwin, Ayesha Shafi, Vishal Kothari, Giorgia Zadra, Erin Seifert, Felix Feng, Karen Knudsen. Novel roles of DNA-PK in metabolic regulation in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1851.
A proof of a conjecture of Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau and Schelp on subgraphs of minimum degree $k$

Abstract Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau and Schelp observed the following fact for every fixed integer k ≥ 2 : Every graph on n ≥ k − 1 vertices with at least ( k − 1 ) ( n − k + 2 ) + ( k − 2 2 ) edges contains a subgraph with minimum degree at least k. However, there are examples in which the whole graph is the only such subgraph. Erdős et al. conjectured that having just one more edge implies the existence of a subgraph on at most ( 1 − e k ) n vertices with minimum degree at least k, where e k > 0 depends only on k. We prove this conjecture, using and extending ideas of Mousset, Noever and Skoric.
The pharmacist's role in disaster research response.

Purpose The need for high-quality research during disaster responses has been well described in the literature, and such research is supported by efforts at the federal level through the National Institutes of Health Disaster Research Response (DR2) Program. This article describes the fourth DR2 workshop with a specific focus on opportunities for pharmacists to get involved with disaster research efforts. Summary Pharmacists have historically played a significant role in disaster planning and response, and there are a number of opportunities for pharmacists to bring their unique perspective, positioning, and skills to disaster research response (ie, onsite and other research on the medical and public health aspects of disasters and public health emergencies). In February 2019, the fourth DR2 workshop was held in Tucson, AZ, in conjunction with the University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, the university's Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, and the university's Bio5 Institute to explore clinical and population-based research in a simulated disaster setting. This article describes the workshop and discusses several opportunities for pharmacists to design, lead, and support research efforts during disaster scenarios through involvement in research areas including clinical, operational, educational, and logistic aspects of pharmacy practice. Conclusion Due to their positioning throughout health systems, unique perspective, training, and skills, pharmacists are uniquely situated to play an important role in disaster research response.
Learning disciplinary literacy teaching: An examination of preservice teachers’ literacy teaching in secondary subject area classrooms

Abstract In this study, we sought to articulate observable features of literacy teaching in subject area classrooms and to explore possibilities for teacher education design focused on disciplinary literacy teaching. We analyzed video records of practice of two cohorts of secondary undergraduate teaching interns (N = 60) who were enrolled in their first semester of a three-semester university-based program. To conduct our analysis, we developed a coding scheme that reflected sociocultural theories framing inquiry and literacy as social practice. We found that interns, with support, attempted important moves related to disciplinary literacy teaching.
Management of Patellofemoral Disorders in Basketball

Basketball injuries are most prevalent in the lower extremity, especially ankle and knee. Most basketball injuries are orthopedic in nature, including both acute and overuse injuries. The most prevalent overuse injury of the knee is patellar tendinopathy, which comprises up to 30% of knee injuries seen in sports medicine clinics [1–5]. These injuries are typically associated with the movements of basketball—cutting, pivoting, sudden acceleration/deceleration, and jumping, which explains the colloquially used term “jumper’s knee” describing patellar tendinosis. These repetitive basketball movements can cause excessive loading of the extensor mechanism of the knee, primarily at the patellofemoral joint [3, 5–7], and is a frequent cause of anterior knee pain. Chronic anterior knee pain can be troublesome and resistant to treatment; indeed, up to 53% of athletes attribute anterior knee pain as a factor in the decision to quit their sport [1, 8, 9]. In this chapter, the management of patellofemoral (PF) disorders in basketball will be discussed.
Thermoelastic modeling and comparative analysis of biomass sensors under rippling deformation and magnetic field

Abstract This study is intended for investigating the linear and nonlinear responses of carbon nanotube-based mass sensors in thermal and magnetic environment. For accurate modeling, the carbon nanotube rippling deformation effect is considered and various representations for the thermal expansion are examined and compared to each other. By utilizing Euler-Bernoulli beam theory assumptions and Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory, the nonlinear reduced-order model is developed on the basis of the extended Hamilton's principle. The results show that the natural and resonant frequencies and frequency shifts of the system are strongly dependent on the magnetic field and thermal expansion representation. The method of multiple scale is used to determine the modulation equation including the von Karman and rippling nonlinearities. The results show a very good agreement between the perturbation solution and the numerical integration results for specific conditions of the forcing, temperature difference, and quality factor. A comparative study between the linear and nonlinear mass sensing approaches is performed to show their limits of applicability. It is demonstrated that the linear approach may result in erroneous detection of the deposited mass. The obtained results indicate that the longitudinal magnetic field enhances the dynamic stability of the carbon nanotube mechanical resonator in the pre-buckling oscillation regime, while the dynamic stability of the nanoscale resonator is decreased in the presence of the magnetic field for the post-buckling configuration. Also, the ripple-based nonlinearity is accompanied by an increase in the mass responsivity of the resonator. On the contrary, mass sensitivity of the carbon nanotube resonator is diminished by considering the von Karman geometric nonlinearity. This study shows the importance of considering the nonlinear effects on the system's sensitivity from frequency and amplitude sensing techniques.
Parabiosis: Assessing the Effects of Circulating Cells and Factors on the Skeleton

The circulatory system carries within it numerous types of cells, proteins, and other factors that are able to influence the local biology of tissues. Within this chapter, we present a protocol for parabiosis, a surgical model which results in shared circulation between two mice. Such chimeras have recently been used to probe the impact of age-associated changes in the circulation on skeletal, muscular, and neural biology. In conjunction with transgenic mouse models, parabiosis can be used as a tool to investigate the effects of specific factors on local tissues. Here we discuss our adaptation of this surgical procedure including technique details, pitfalls, and suggestions for optimization.
Financial Literacy and the Design of Retirement Plans

We design and administer a financial literacy test tailored to a specific defined contribution plan. We find that participants show fairly good knowledge of the basic mechanics of the plan, but are unable to differentiate among various investment options. Knowledge is particularly low among women, low income and low education employees. We also find some evidence that personal contributions lead to more knowledge. These results support plan designs that have few investment options and encourage personal contributions.
Self-aligned metal-SiO2-InP based MISFETs having modulation doped channels

A novel metal-SiO 2 -InP MISFET (metal-insulator semiconductor field effect transistor) structure, incorporating a modulation doped channel and the self-aligned gate feature of Si MOSFETs, is proposed. Analytical results on current-voltage and transconductance characteristics are presented. Significant enhancement of performance over conventional MISFETs, employing SiO 2 as an insulator, is reported.
Reflections, revisions, and resistance

I write these words during socially and culturally troubling times. These words are marked with fear, and they embody and reflect anxieties. As the educators who conceptualized this forum in 2020, ...
Computational Optimization of Mechanical Energy Transduction (COMET) Toolkit

Ultrasonic transducers can be leveraged to transmit power and data through metallic enclosures such as Faraday cages for which standard electromagnetic methods are infeasible. The design of these systems features a number of variables that must be carefully tweaked for optimal data and power transfer rate and efficiency. The objective of this work is to present a toolkit, COMET, standing for Computational Optimization of Mechanical Energy Transduction, in which the design process and analysis of such transducer systems is streamlined. The toolkit features flexible tools for introducing an arbitrary number of backing/bonding layers, material libraries, parameter sweeps, and optimization.
MicroRNA in prostate cancer: Practical aspects.

In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and prediction of treatment response and have earned a promising role in prostate cancer (PCa) management. A plethora of studies have been conducted on miRNA expression in PCa compared to non-neoplastic prostatic tissue, in PCa of different histologic grades and pathologic stages, in castration resistance prostate cancer (CRPC), in metastatic disease and in response to therapy, with evidence pointing towards distinctive miRNAs differentially expressed in each of these phases. In addition to tissue, MiRNA can be detected in blood, serum, and urine. The aim of this review is to survey studies conducted on human prostate tissue and biofluids and to consolidate trustworthy data on the role of miRNA in the occurrence and progression of PCa, with a delineation of differentially expressed miRNAs and an analysis of their association with PCa prognosis, progression to CRPC and metastatic disease, as well as their correlation with response to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Changes in circulating miRNAs may represent potentially useful non-invasive biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, staging and prediction of outcome
Replication-Competent Influenza Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Luciferase Reporter Strains Engineered for Co-Infections Identify Antiviral Compounds in Combination Screens

Myxoviruses such as influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major human pathogens, mandating the development of novel therapeutics. To establish a high-throughput screening protocol for the simultaneous identification of pathogen- and host-targeted hit candidates against either pathogen or both, we have attempted co-infection of cells with IAV and RSV. However, viral replication kinetics were incompatible, RSV signal window was low, and an IAV-driven minireplicon reporter assay used in initial screens narrowed the host cell range and restricted the assay to single-cycle infections. To overcome these limitations, we developed an RSV strain carrying firefly luciferase fused to an innovative universal small-molecule assisted shut-off domain, which boosted assay signal window, and a hyperactive fusion protein that synchronized IAV and RSV reporter expression kinetics and suppressed the identification of RSV entry inhibitors sensitive to a recently reported RSV pan-resistance mechanism. Combined with a replication-competent recombinant IAV strain harboring nanoluciferase, the assay performed well on a human respiratory cell line and supports multicycle infections. Miniaturized to 384-well format, the protocol was validated through screening of a set of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection (NCC) in quadruplicate. These test screens demonstrated favorable assay parameters and reproducibility. Application to a LOPAC library of bioactive compounds in a proof-of-concept campaign detected licensed antimyxovirus therapeutics, ribavirin and the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, and identified two unexpected RSV-specific hit candidates, Fenretinide and the opioid receptor antagonist BNTX-7. Hits were evaluated in direct and orthogonal dose-response counterscreens using a standard recRSV reporter strain expressing Renilla luciferase.
A Unified Framework for Image-Derived Invariants

We propose a general framework for computing invariant features from images. The proposed approach is based on a simple concept of basis expansion. It is widely applicable to many popular basis representations, such as wavelets, short-time Fourier transform, and splines.
An Empirical Assessment of the Potential for Will Substitutes to Improve State Intestacy Statutes

This article uses an empirical study to test whether, in the absence of a will, beneficiary designations in will substitutes provide reliable evidence for determining decedents' donative intent in an intestacy statute. No previous scholarship has explored the relationship between will substitute beneficiary designations and intestacy statutes. Throughout this project, we remained mindful that the import of will substitute designations can be ambiguous when it comes to imputing intent with regard to an intestate decedent's probate estate. The empirical study used a factorial research design in which interviewers asked respondents contacted by telephone to react to a series of hypothetical vignettes that differ along one or more dimensions. The survey tested two central hypotheses. The first hypothesis, which we call the new heir hypothesis, was that, if a will substitute beneficiary is not otherwise an heir, the will substitute reveals a decedent's intent to create a new heir. The second hypothesis, which we call the advancement hypothesis, was that, if a will substitute beneficiary is otherwise an heir, the will substitute reveals a decedent's intent to treat the proceeds from the will substitute as an advancement on that heir's share of the probate estate, resulting in a greater portion of the probate estate passing to the decedent's other heirs. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate the data. This project goes a long way to identify the issues that must be resolved for will substitutes to play a role in the distribution of an intestate decedent's probate estate. In general, will substitutes should affect the distribution scheme of intestacy statutes only for decedents who die without a surviving spouse or a descendant. These decedents are the very people who we know least about in terms of their likely donative intent, and they should be the focus of any future empirical study regarding will substitutes and inheritance law. Although more empirical study is necessary, based on this study, there is little support for the advancement hypothesis. The results of this study do suggest that the more distantly related the decedent's heirs determined under a traditional intestacy statute, the more likely a decedent would want a will substitute beneficiary who is not otherwise an heir to be treated as a new heir and a will substitute beneficiary who is otherwise an heir to be treated as a favored heir. The results of our empirical study further suggest that the number of will substitute designations and, to a lesser extent, the value of those will substitutes relative to the probate estate matter. Any law reform would have to establish some threshold number and value before taking into account will substitutes in determining the distribution of a decedent's estate. This empirical study has opened up the possibility for a major reform of the intestacy statutes in this country. The question no longer is whether will substitutes should be integrated into intestacy schemes, but how.
High power, efficient Al-free InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs diode lasers

We report on the optimization of InGaAs/InGaAsP/InGaP strained-layer quantum well laser structures through the use of the broad-waveguide concept for maximizing the CW output power. The Al-free DQW laser structures are grown by low-pressure MOCVD. Record CW performances (8.1 W front-facet power for a cavity length L=4 mm; and 59% wallplug efficiency for L=0.5 mm) are obtained from broad-area (100 /spl mu/m-wide-stripe) devices. Catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD) values from LR/HR facet-coated devices under CW operation (i.e. /spl sim/15 MW/cm/sup 2/) are found to be similar to those for InGaAs/A1GaAs facet-coated lasers, indicating that the quantum-well material (i.e. strained-layer InGaAs), and not the cladding/confinement layer material, primarily determines the COMD value.
Anti‐Fat Attitudes

Human beings are among the fattest of all mammals and unlike other mammals that primarily use fat as insulation, humans tend to use fat as an energy reserve. Unfortunately, in today's rapidly modernizing world, neither use of fat has the survival value that it once had. In understanding anti-fat attitudes, it is worth noting three social epidemiological facts about obesity. First, females are more at risk of becoming obese and therefore more likely to be the target of anti-fat attitudes. Second, obesity is rare in primitive populations but increases rapidly with modernization and as a result anti-fat attitudes are more likely in industrialized societies. Finally, obesity is related to social class – in some cultures the relationship is positive but in affluent societies, the relationship is negative. Thus, anti-fat attitudes are related to the value a culture places on body weight. Keywords: attitudes; health
Nitrite is a vascular store of NO which mediates hypoxic signaling and protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract The circulating anion nitrite, once thought to be a physiologically inert byproduct of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, has been proposed to be a vascular storage form of bioactive NO. Nitrite is reduced to bioactive NO along a physiological oxygen and pH gradient by its reaction with deoxygenated hemoglobin and other hemoproteins. Through this mechanism, nitrite plays a role in hypoxic vasodilation and is capable of inhibiting mitochondrial respiration during hypoxia. Accumulating data demonstrate that nitrite is a potent mediator of cytoprotection after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several organs, including the heart, liver, and brain. However, the mechanisms of nitrite-dependent cytoprotection remain unknown. In this article, we review the role of nitrite as a hypoxic source of NO and discuss the potential mechanisms of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection from I/R injury.
Cardiac mediated cerebral blood flow changes in chronic hydrocephalus

Meeting abstracts - A single PDF containing all abstracts in this supplement is available here .
Collaborative creativity-group creativity and team innovation

Publisher Summary It is apparent that a broad range of factors can increase innovation in teams. It appears that with the right people, the right supporting, motivational and task contexts, and effective social and cognitive processes, teams can be highly innovative. This outcome is probably not surprising and to some extent states the obvious. Such excellence may not be inevitable in teams, since this configuration adds a level of complexity. Team members have to coordinate effectively, efficiently and adequately share and combine their relevant knowledge, select the best ideas, and effectively implement them. It may take considerable training and experience for teams to excel at team creativity. There is a need for studies that provide objective measures of processes and outcomes in real world settings with appropriate comparison groups. Laboratory studies of creativity in short-term groups suggest that groups will often under perform and will exceed non-interactive baselines only under conditions that are optimal for group idea exchange. However, the fact that laboratory studies have been able to find synergy with ad-hoc groups in short-term settings suggests that teams which involve members suited for teamwork, who have worked together for some time and have the diverse perspectives needed for a problem, should also be able to achieve synergistic outcomes under the right conditions.
Interactions between wild-type and mutant Ras genes in lung and skin carcinogenesis

Ras oncogenes (Hras, Kras and Nras) are important drivers of carcinogenesis. However, tumors with Ras mutations often show loss of the corresponding wild-type (WT) allele, suggesting that proto-oncogenic forms of Ras can function as a suppressor of carcinogenesis. In vitro studies also suggest that WT Ras proteins can suppress the tumorigenic properties of alternate mutant Ras family members, but in vivo evidence for these heterologous interactions is lacking. We have investigated the genetic interactions between different combinations of mutant and WT Ras alleles in vivo using carcinogen-induced lung and skin carcinogenesis in mice with targeted deletion of different Ras family members. The major suppressor effect of WT Kras is observed only in mutant Kras-driven lung carcinogenesis, where loss of one Kras allele led to increased tumor number and size. Deletion of one Hras allele dramatically reduced the number of skin papillomas with Hras mutations, consistent with Hras as the major target of mutation in these tumors. However, skin carcinoma numbers were very similar, suggesting that WT Hras functions as a suppressor of progression from papillomas to invasive squamous carcinomas. In the skin, the Kras proto-oncogene functions cooperatively with mutant Hras to promote papilloma development, although the effect is relatively small. In contrast, the Hras proto-oncogene attenuated the activity of mutant Kras in lung carcinogenesis. Interestingly, loss of Nras increased the number of mutant Kras-induced lung tumors, but decreased the number of mutant Hras-induced skin papillomas. These results show that the strongest suppressor effects of WT Ras are only seen in the context of mutation of the cognate Ras protein, and only relatively weak effects are detected on tumor development induced by mutations in alternative family members. The data also underscore the complex and context-dependent nature of interactions between proto-oncogenic and oncogenic forms of different Ras family members during tumor development.
Magnetoresistance and the spin-flop transition in single-crystal La 2 CuO 4 + y

Measurements are reported of the magnetoresistance (MR) for fields up to 23 T in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ single crystals, which order antiferromagnetically at ${T}_{N}$\ensuremath{\sim}240 K, and in which the conductivity at low temperature is characterized by hopping in localized states. Using the MR, the phase diagram of the spin-flop transition, observed when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the zero-field staggered magnetization, is mapped out. Two transitions of the background ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ spins are observed, which are governed by the symmetric and antisymmetric anisotropic components of the superexchange tensor. The antiferromagnetic propagation vector changes from \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\parallel}a at zero field to \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\parallel}c at the highest fields. This subtle change in the ordering of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ spins is accompanied by a large enhancement of the interlayer hopping conductivity up to a factor 2. We show that the magnetoconductance is proportional to the three-dimensional staggered moment with \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\parallel}c direction. In an appendix we discuss the possible relevance of these results to the behavior of superconducting ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$(Sr,Ba${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Compaction of Sediments

The initial water content of sediments varies with the fineness of the constituent particles. A tentative estimate indicates that it is approximately 45 per cent in well sorted fine-grained sands, 60 per cent in silts, 80 per cent in clays, and more than 90 per cent in colloids. In general, deposits that accumulate over submerged ridges are coarser than those that form in basins. Consequently, sediments deposited on submarine topographic "highs" should compact less than those that accumulate in "lows."
Design of half-reentrant SRF cavities

Abstract The shape of a TeSLA inner cell can be improved to lower the peak surface magnetic field at the expense of a higher peak surface electric field by making the cell reentrant. Such a single-cell cavity was designed and tested at Cornell, setting a world record accelerating gradient [V. Shemelin et al., An optimized shape cavity for TESLA: concept and fabrication, 11th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Travemunde, Germany, September 8–12, 2003; R. Geng, H. Padamsee, Reentrant cavity and first test result, Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity Workshop, Argonne National Laboratory, September 22–24, 2004]. However, the disadvantage to a cavity is that liquids become trapped in the reentrant portion when it is vertically hung during high pressure rinsing. While this was overcome for Cornell’s single-cell cavity by flipping it several times between high pressure rinse cycles, this may not be feasible for a multi-cell cavity. One solution to this problem is to make the cavity reentrant on only one side, leaving the opposite wall angle at six degrees for fluid drainage. This idea was first presented in 2004 [T.L. Grimm et al., IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 15(6) (2005) 2393]. Preliminary designs of two new half-reentrant (HR) inner cells have since been completed, one at a high cell-to-cell coupling of 2.1% (high- k cc HR) and the other at 1.5% (low- k cc HR). The parameters of a HR cavity are comparable to a fully reentrant cavity, with the added benefit that a HR cavity can be easily cleaned with current technology.
The Italian fight against world hunger. A critical analysis of Italian aid for development in the 1980s.

Abstract During the 1980s, Italy expanded its development assistance, soon becoming the fifth largest donor. Italian development cooperation directed much effort to alleviate hunger, malnutrition and their health consequences. This paper provides an evaluation of Italy's fight against world hunger considering the political environment in which the policy was conceived and implemented, the organizational structure behind the policy, and the available quantitative indicators of outcome. The analysis shows how powerful humanitarian drives, supported by inchoate thinking about development problems and priorities, and by institutional and technical confusion, gave rise to development programs below accepted standards. Poor financial planning and the absence of proper mechanisms for project appraisal facilitated the capture of some programs by domestic political and commercial interests. In 1992, Italian magistrates began investigations into the extent of corruption in development assistance; preliminary reports documented widespread waste and ineffectiveness in major aid projects. Substantial changes in organization and priorities are needed in order to control past practices of corruption, improve the effectiveness of projects, and redirect Italian aid towards development goals.