cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Mere Exposure Mediate Sensitivity to Bitter Taste on Consumer Liking and Acceptability of Whole Grain Foods

Health benefits of whole grains (WG) are well known, yet consumption by Americans falls far short of recommended amounts. A key barrier to WG consumption may be related to taste. Roughly 75% of Ame...
The Structure of the Cold Neutral Interstellar Medium on 10-100 AU Scales

We have used the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and the Very Large Array (VLA) to image Galactic neutral hydrogen in absorption toward four compact extragalactic radio sources with a resolution of 10 mas. Previous VLBA data published by Faison et al. have shown the existence of prominent structures in the direction of the extragalactic source 3C 138 with scale sizes of 10–20 AU and changes in H I optical depth in excess of 0.8 ± 0.1. We confirm the small-scale H I optical depth variations toward 3C 147 suggested earlier at a level up to 20% ± 5%. The sources 3C 119, CJ1 2352+495, and CJ1 0831+557 show no significant change in H I optical depth across the sources with 1 σ limits of 30%, 50%, and 100%. Of the seven sources recently investigated with the VLBA and VLA, only 3C 138 and 3C 147 show statistically significant variations in H I opacities. Deshpande and collaborators have attempted to explain the observed small-scale structures as extensions of the observed power spectra of structures on parsec-size scales. The predictions by Deshpande are consistent with the VLBA H I data observed in the directions of a number of sources, including 3C 147, but they are not consistent with our previous observations of the H I opacity structure toward 3C 138.
Abstract 14639: Incremental Prognostic Utility of Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Patients with Significant Aortic Stenosis

Background: We sought to determine the incremental prognostic utility of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) & left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) in patients with moderate-severe & severe aortic stenosis (AS) & preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods: We studied 531 AS patients between 1/07-12/08 with aortic valve area (AVA) Results: Mean Euroscore, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) & median BNP were 8±3, 73±35 ml/min/1.73 m2 & 141 [60-313] pg/ml; while 78% were in New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) ≥II. Mean LV-stroke volume index & LV-GLS were 39±10 ml/m2 & -13.9±3 %. At 4.7 ± 2 years, 405 patients (76%) underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) & there were 131 deaths (30%). On multivariable survival analysis, age (Hazard ratio or HR 1.46), NYHA class (HR 1.27), coronary artery disease (HR 1.72), decreasing GFR (HR 1.15), increasing BNP (HR 1.16), worsening LV-GLS (HR 1.13) & AVR (time dependent covariate analysis) (HR 0.34) were independent predictors of survival. Results of net reclassification improvement (NRI) are shown in Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curves of NYHA class vs BNP &/or LV-GLS & AVR vs BNP &/or LV-GLS are shown in Figures 2a-b. Conclusions: In patients with significant AS & preserved LVEF, BNP & LV-GLS independently predict mortality, providing improved risk classification, independent of clinical & echo variables. Assessment of LV-GLS & BNP improves risk stratification of AS patients with a preserved LVEF, especially asymptomatic or deemed at a low risk.
A modified data input procedure for the Fry 5.8 strain analysis application

Abstract -Fry version 5.8 is an application for doing Fry strain analysis (Fry 1979) on the Macintosh computer. This short contribution describes an improved data entry procedure which resolves problems in identifying object centers when data is derived from digitized documents. The user's ability to accurately locate object centers is greatly improved if the template is converted to color. The digitizing cursor then shows up in a complementary color. The procedure described requires a color monitor and the Aldus SuperPaint™ application.
Compact Radio Sources: Their Use and Size

Compact radio sources are both interesting from an astrophysical point of view and useful for geophysics. They propose some very interesting astrophysical questions as to their energy generation and transport. Their small size allows the measurement of their positions to unprecedented accuracy (< 0″.01) extending astrometric measurements of parallax and proper motions to further distances. These celestial “beacons” may be used to establish an almost inertial reference frame against which positions on the earth and the earth’s motions such as Universal Time (UT1) and polar motion may be measured to centimeter scale accuracy. Finally these sources when used in conjunction with radio interferometry can allow precise time synchronization over global distances at subnanosecond accuracy.
Tubular daylighting devices. Part I: Development of an optical model (1415-RP)

Tubular daylighting devices are systems that collect and channel daylight from building roofs into deep interior spaces. To meet high standards of building energy efficiency and glare-free indoor environments, tubular daylighting device technologies have been rapidly and continuously evolving over the past two decades. However, this pace has been counteracted by a lack of reliable computer design tools. This article presents the development of analytical models to compute the optical characteristics (transmittance, reflectance, and layer absorptances) of various types of complex tubular daylighting devices New metrics for the optical and lighting performance are developed. The optical models are based on the ray-tracing technique, and account for the spectral (monochromatic) or broad-band optical properties of tubular daylighting device glazing panes. Experimental validation of these models is presented in an accompanying paper (Laouadi et al., 2013c).
Seksueel getint gedrag van twee- tot twaalfjarigen

Seksueel getint gedrag van kinderen wordt regelmatig onterecht als grensoverschrijdend beoordeeld. Dit kwantitatieve onderzoek geeft nieuw inzicht in wat ouders aan seksueel getint gedrag waarnemen bij hun kind en wat de rol van seksuele opvoeding, attitudes en demografische factoren daarbij zijn. In totaal hebben 1360 ouders een digitale vragenlijst over hun oudste kind tussen de twee en twaalf jaar ingevuld. Verschillende gedragingen, bijvoorbeeld de geslachtsdelen aanraken of bekijken, worden bij een meerderheid van kinderen waargenomen. De resultaten laten verschillen zien naar sekse en leeftijd van het kind, opleidingsniveau, culturele achtergrond en religie. Tevens is er een positief verband gevonden tussen permissieve seksuele attitudes van en seksuele communicatie door de ouders en waargenomen seksueel getint gedrag. Op veel punten verschilt de prevalentie van waargenomen seksueel getint gedrag met het voorlaatste onderzoek in Nederland van 1990. De nieuwe resultaten kunnen bijdragen aan seksuele opvoedingsondersteuning en ontwikkeling of revisie van systemen voor de beoordeling van seksueel getint gedrag bij kinderen.
Investigating Esperanto's statistical proportions relative to other languages using neural networks and Zipf's law

Esperanto is a constructed natural language, which was intended to be an easy-to-learn lingua franca. Zipf's law models the statistical proportions of various phenomena in human ecology, including natural languages. Given Esperanto's artificial origins, one wonders how "natural" it appears, relative to other natural languages, in the context of Zipf's law. To explore this question, we collected a total of 283 books from six languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Esperanto. We applied Zipf-based metrics on our corpus to extract distributions for word, word distance, word bigram, word trigram, and word length for each book. Statistical analyses show that Esperanto's statistical proportions are similar to those of other languages. We then trained artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify books according to language. The ANNs achieved high accuracy rates (86.3% to 98.6%). Subsequent analysis identified German as having the most unique proportions, followed by Esperanto, Italian, Spanish, English, and French. Analysis of misclassified patterns shows that Esperanto's statistical proportions resemble mostly those of German and Spanish, and least those of French and Italian.
Unconventional localization transition in high dimensions

We study noninteracting systems with a power-law quasiparticle dispersion ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathbf{k}}\ensuremath{\propto}{k}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and a random short-range-correlated potential. We show that, unlike the case of lower dimensions, for $dg2\ensuremath{\alpha}$, there exists a critical disorder strength (set by the bandwidth), at which the system exhibits a disorder-driven quantum phase transition at the bottom of the band that lies in a universality class distinct from the Anderson transition. In contrast to the conventional wisdom, it manifests itself in, e.g., the disorder-averaged density of states. For systems in symmetry classes that permit localization, the striking signature of this transition is a nonanalytic behavior of the mobility edge, which is pinned to the bottom of the band for subcritical disorder and grows for disorder exceeding a critical strength. Focusing on the density of states, we calculate the critical behavior (exponents and scaling functions) at this novel transition, using a renormalization group, controlled by an $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}=d\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\alpha}$ expansion. We also apply our analysis to Dirac materials, e.g., Weyl semimetals, where this transition takes place in physically interesting three dimensions.
A Network Flow Model for Allocation of Land Uses to Sectors

An efficient approach to the problem of minimizing total construction and utility distribution network costs in a region while still meeting projected land use demands is presented. The region is modelled as a directed network with land represented by nodes and utility links by branches. When bounds and costs are placed on levels of land uses and on utility flows in links, the problem becomes a linear programming problem with a special structure. An application of this approach for three utilities and eighty zones is presented together with a discussion on the validity of many assumptions.
“America is Safe While its Boys and Girls Believe in its Creeds!”: Captain America and American Identity Prior to World War 2

In this paper I engage with the literature on nationalism and popular culture to discuss the role of Captain America Comics in the production of American national identity and national interest pri...
CORP: An Efficient Protocol to Prevent Data Loss in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Data replication increases data availability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Preventing data loss and increasing data availability in MANETs is a nontrivial problem due to their low-cost hardware, harsh working environments, node mobility, failure of mobile devices from battery exhaustion and node compromise attacks. In addition, different routing algorithms and larger size of the network can cause communication links to fail creating several disjoint partitions which causes data loss. The typical fault-tolerant systems would fail in these conditions. Existing approaches fail due to the limitations caused by their dependence on lower node mobility or constrained by node distribution, unpredictable partitions and routing mechanisms. In this paper, we propose Combinatorial Replication and Partition (CORP) of data which is a combinatorial arrangement with pair wise balanced design property to prevent data loss and increase data availability. Our scheme provides low access latency and reduces communication overhead. By partitioning and replicating data in such a combinatorial arrangement, our scheme directly supports object-oriented constructs in distributed fault-tolerant networks.
Mechanistic investigation and implications of a sacrificial aniline for the tandem cascade synthesis of 4-aza-podophyllotoxin analogues

Abstract Mechanistic investigations were pursued to determine a plausible mechanism in the cascade reaction involving tetronic acid with aldehydes and anilines to generate the 4-aza-2,3-dehydropodophyllotoxin core structure. The mechanistic driven hypothesis paved the way for a new reaction design using for the first time a sacrificial electron deficient aniline leading to an optimized cascade protocol (up to threefold yield improvement) for the synthesis of novel 4-aza-2,3-dehydropodophyllotoxin analogues.
A Teacher's Perspective of Using PBS in a Classroom for a Girl with Multiple Disabilities

This article shares the perspective of a teacher involved in a collaborative team that utilized the process of positive behavior support in an effort to improve the behavior and quality of life of ...
Industry perceptions of solar energy policy in the American southwest

The American southwest has among the best solar resources in the world. For this reason, the solar industry monitors the progress of solar energy development there closely. Yet, meaningful adoption has been slow, particularly in the state with the richest resource, Arizona. This article reports on the results of internet surveys and personal interviews to explain why this is true. We focused on identifying industry-perceived barriers to solar adoption. We asked three questions: (1) Which industry factors slow the speed of adoption of solar energy in Arizona? (2) Are there unmet workforce needs that slow adoption in Arizona? (3) Which policy incentives are needed to accelerate solar development? We identified a need for the following steps: establish financial security for projects with newly created and targeted statutory instruments, develop standardized college-level solar curriculum to train a local workforce, and provide conspicuous government support and supportive policy commitments that are sustain...
Advances in liver regeneration.

Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is the only example of a regenerative process in mammals in which the organ/body weight ratio returns to 100% of the original when the process is complete. The adjustment of liver weight to the needs of the body suggests a complicated set of control points, a ‘hepatostat’. There has been much progress in elucidation of mechanisms involved in initiation of liver regeneration. More recent studies have focused on termination pathways, because these may be the underlying controls of the hepatostat and their elimination may be relevant to hepatic neoplasia. When the standard regenerative process is thwarted due to failure of either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells to proliferate, each of the two epithelial compartments can function as a source of facultative stem cells for the other.
Gastrocutaneous fistula in children after removal of gastrostomy tube: incidence and predictive factors.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Removal of a gastrostomy tube may result in a persistent gastrocutaneous fistula. The authors reviewed their experience to determine the incidence of this event in children, and the factors that contribute to its occurrence. Methods: Over a 3-year period, 32 children had a gastros-tomy tube placed that was subsequently removed. Of these, 18 sites closed spontaneously and 14 had a persistent gastrocutaneous fistula (44%). The groups were similar with respect to age, sex, and diagnosis. Mean time from insertion to removal of the tube was 6.5 ± 2 months in the group with spontaneous closure, and 29.8 ± 8 months in the gastrocutaneous fistula group ( P Results: One of 17 (6%) children who had tubes removed within 8 months of insertion had a fistula, compared with 13 of 15 (87%) of those who had one removed after 9 or more months ( P v 55%, not significant), although PEGs also tended to be in place for a shorter time before removal (12.6 v 21.1 months). Steroids did not increase the likelihood of a fistula (50% v 42%, not significant). Conclusions: The incidence of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula is high after gastrostomy tube removal in children. The most important factor predisposing to this problem appears to be the length of time the tube is in place before its removal. Almost all tubes removed within 8 months will close spontaneously.
2008 Special Issue: Sensory adaptation in human balance control: Lessons for biomimetic robotic bipeds

This paper describes mechanisms used by humans to stand on moving platforms, such as a bus or ship, and to combine body orientation and motion information from multiple sensors including vision, vestibular, and proprioception. A simple mechanism, sensory re-weighting, has been proposed to explain how human subjects learn to reduce the effects of inconsistent sensors on balance. Our goal is to replicate this robust balance behavior in bipedal robots. We review results exploring sensory re-weighting in humans and describe implementations of sensory re-weighting in simulation and on a robot.
Dynamic QoS management for chip multiprocessors

With the continuing scaling of semiconductor technologies, chip multiprocessor (CMP) has become the de facto design for modern high performance computer architectures. It is expected that more and more applications with diverse requirements will run simultaneously on the CMP platform. However, this will exert contention on shared resources such as the last level cache, network-on-chip bandwidth and off-chip memory bandwidth, thus affecting the performance and quality-of-service (QoS) significantly. In this environment, efficient resource sharing and a guarantee of a certain level of performance is highly desirable. Researchers have proposed different frameworks for providing QoS. Most of these frameworks focus on individual resource for QoS management. Coordinated management of multiple QoS-aware shared resources at runtime remains an open problem. Recently, there has been work that proposed a class-of-serviced based framework to jointly managing cache, NoC and memory resources simultaneously. However, the work allocates shared resources statically at the beginning of application runtime, and do not dynamically track, manage and share shared resources across applications. In this article, we address this limitation by proposing dynamic resource management policies that monitor the resource usage of applications at runtime, then steals resources from the high-priority applications for lower-priority ones. The goal is to maintain the targeted level of performance for high-priority applications while improving the performance of lower-priority applications. We use a PI (Proportional-Integral gain) feedback controller based technique to maintain stability in our framework. Our evaluation results show that our policy can improve performance for lower-priority applications significantly while maintaining the performance for high-priority application, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our dynamic QoS resource management policy.
Studies on Ozone Bleaching. I. The Effect of PH, Temperature, Buffer Systems and Heavy Metal-Ions on Stability of Ozone in Aqueous Solution

Abstract Ozone was found to be reasonably stable at moderately low pH (∼pH 3) and ambient temperature in acetic, sulfuric and nitric acid solutions. In these cases, the exact kinetic order of ozone decomposition could not be established. However, second order with respect to ozone was preferred on the basis of statistical analysis of the data. At pH 3, the ozone decomposition rate was found to be slightly higher at 15°C and moderately higher at 35°C than at 25°C for all three buffer systems. At lower concentration level (∼ 0.5 ppm), only Co(II) ion enhanced decomposition of ozone in sulfuric acid solution at pH 3 and 25°C. In contrast, at the higher concentration level (∼ 3.0 ppm), Ca(II), Cr(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were found to contribute the decomposition of ozone; the effect of Co(II) and Fe(II) ions was very pronounced as compared to the other ions. Using acetic acid instead of sulfuric acid as buffer reagent resulted in drastic and moderate reductions of the ozone decom...
Ionization Readout Electronics for SuperCDMS SNOLAB Employing a HEMT Front-End

The SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment seeks to deploy 200 kg of cryogenic Ge detectors employing phonon and ionization readout to identify dark matter interactions. One of the design challenges for the experiment is to provide amplification of the high impedance ionization signal while minimizing power dissipation and noise. This paper describes the design and expected performance of the ionization readout being developed for an engineering model of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB Ge Tower System. The readout features the use of a low-noise HEMT front end transistor operating at 4 K to achieve a power dissipation of 100 \(\mu \)W per channel, local grounding to minimize noise injection, and biasing circuitry that allows precise control of the HEMT operating point.
20,25-diazacholesterol myotonia: an electrophysiological study.

The electrophysiological characteristics of the myotonic syndrome produced syndrome produced in mammalian skeletal muscle by administration of 20,25-diazacholesterol (20,25-D) were studied in detail. In vivo electromyographic recordings confirmed widespread repetitive electrical activity, but delayed relaxation was evanescent and required isotonic rather than issometric conditions, with long recovery periods between stimuli, for clear demonstration. Subsequent administration of a potent inhibitorof membrane chloride conductance (Gci) induced profound delays in relaxation different from that after chornic 20,25-D alone. Intracellular passive cable analysis revealed only a small decrease in membrane Gci and none in potassium conductance. Potassium current-voltage relationships did not differ in control and treated animals. Intracellular microelectrode recordings consistently showed multiple driven action potentials during long depolarizations but no spontaneous myotonic discharges after cessation of the stimulus. Variations in temperature, buffer, and external ionic concentrations also failed to produce spontaneous activity. Anode break excitation under mild depolarizing conditions, however, did elicit repetitive membrane electrical activity. The myotonia induced by 20,25-D is not due to low membrane Gci. The relationship between delayed mechanical relaxation and membrane repetitive electrical activity remains to be clearly established in this myotonic syndrome.
Academic outcomes of a community-based longitudinal integrated clerkships program

AbstractBackground: Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) receive recognition internationally as effective, innovative alternatives to traditional block rotations (TBRs) in undergraduate medical education. No studies of LICs in the USA have assessed how students perform on all the standardized exams.Aim: To compare performance on standardized tests of students in the first four years of LICs at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine–Asheville (UNC SOM–Asheville) with students from UNC SOM’s Chapel Hill main campus in TBRs.Methods: LIC and TBR students’ previous academic performance was considered using Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores. Step 1 exam tests students’ pre-clinical, basic science knowledge. Outcome measures included all eight standardized National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Subject Shelf Examinations and USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) examinations, which are used widely in the US to assess ...
Effect of cranial irradiation on seizure frequency in adults with low-grade astrocytoma and medically intractable epilepsy

We report the effect of cranial irradiation on seizure frequency in five adults with unresected (biopsy-proven) cerebral hemisphere low-grade astrocytoma and medically intractable epilepsy. Seizures were refractory to standard antiepileptic drugs for 7 months to 27 years. Treatment with 5,400 cGy to 6,120 cGy focal radiation reduced seizure frequency by more than 90% in three patients (one of whom became seizure-free) and by more than 75% (but less than 90%) in one patient. One patient had no response. Brain CT or MRI showed a partial tumor response to radiation in three of the four patients with reduced seizure frequency. In three patients, the reduced seizure frequency continued to the most recent follow-up of 1 to 1.5 years. In the patient who became seizure-free, seizures recurred at 8.2 years and were associated with tumor progression. Irradiation can reduce seizure frequency in some patients with unresected cerebral hemisphere low-grade astrocytoma and medically intractable epilepsy.
Availability of Residual Phosphorus in Manured Soils

In many areas with confined animal operations, continual manure application has increased soil P above amounts sufficient for optimum crop yields. In these areas, it is of economic and environmental importance to determine how long high-P soils will remain above crop sufficiency and identify soils where P contents would decrease most rapidly under similar management conditions. Thus, the surface 5 cm of 23 high-P soils (85-419 mg kg -1 Mehlich-3 P) in Oklahoma and Texas, which had received beef feedlot, poultry, or swine manure (90-1880 kg P ha -1 yr -1 for up to 35 yr) were successively extracted with Fe-oxide-impregnated paper strips to investigate residual soil P availability. A decrease in strip P with successive extractions followed the equation: Strip P = a(extraction number) -b (r 2 of 0.88-0.98). The rate of P release to strips (exponent b) decreased more rapidly as soil P sorption saturation increased (R 2 of 0.79). Phosphorus saturation also accounted for 85% of the variation in the total amount of P released to strips from manured soils in 15 successive extractions (51-572 mg kg - 1). Fractionation of soil P before and after strip extraction showed bicarbonate inorganic P contributed most of the P released to strips (46%). The above equation also described soil P release in several published field studies (r 2 of 0.77-0.98). Thus, successive strip extraction of soil has the potential to describe soil factors controlling the availability of residual P and identify soils where high P contents may be less buffered and, thus, decrease more rapidly than others under similar management conditions.
Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by SKF 525-A and metyrapone.

Abstract To determine whether agents which inhibit cytochrome P-450 enzymes also inhibit lipoxygenase, the effects of metyrapone and SKF 525-A were assessed on soybean lipoxygenase using a spectrophotometric technique which allows for measurement of both the rate and magnitude of product formation. Both SKF 525-A and metyrapone inhibited the rate of product formation and the final amount of product formed in 5 min incubations SKF 525-A was 5 to 6 times more potent than metyrapone, with the IC 50 for SKF 525-A 40 uM and for metyrapone between 150 and 200 uM as determined by the total product formation in 5 minutes. Analysis of the reduced product by HPLC confirmed that the substances monitored were those generated by the 15-lipoxygenase enzyme.
Treatment planning optimization for linear accelerator radiosurgery.

Abstract Purpose: Linear accelerator radiosurgery uses multiple arcs delivered through circular collimators to produce a nominally spherical dose distribution. Production of dose distributions that conform to irregular lesions or conformally avoid critical neural structures requires a detailed understanding of the available treatment planning parameters. Methods and Materials: Treatment planning parameters that may be manipulated within a single isocenter to provide conformal avoidance and dose conformation to ellipsoidal lesions include differential arc weighting and gantry start/stop angles. More irregular lesions require the use of multiple isocenters. Iterative manipulation of treatment planning variables can be difficult and computationally expensive, especially if the effects of these manipulations are not well defined. Effects of treatment parameter manipulation are explained and illustrated. This is followed by description of the University of Florida Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatment Planning Algorithm. This algorithm organizes the manipulations into a practical approach for radiosurgery treatment planning. Results: Iterative treatment planning parameters may be efficiently manipulated to achieve optimal treatment plans by following the University of Florida Treatment Planning Algorithm. The ability to produce conformal stereotactic treatment plans using the algorithm is demonstrated for a variety of clinical presentations. Conclusion: The standard dose distribution produced in linear accelerator radiosurgery is spherical, but manipulation of available treatment planning parameters may result in optimal dose conformation. The University of Florida Treatment Planning Algorithm organizes available treatment parameters to efficiently produce conformal radiosurgery treatment plans.
Transcriptional Repression Mediated by the WT1 Wilms Tumor Gene Product

The wt1 gene, a putative tumor suppressor gene located at the Wilms tumor (WT) locus on chromosome 11p13, encodes a zinc finger-containing protein that binds to the same DNA sequence as EGR-1, a mitogen-inducible immediate-early gene product that activates transcription. The transcriptional regulatory potential of WT1 has not been demonstrated. In transient transfection assays, the WT1 protein functioned as a repressor of transcription when bound to the EGR-1 site. The repression function was mapped to the glutamine- and proline-rich NH2-terminus of WT1; fusion of this domain to the zinc finger region of EGR-1 converted EGR-1 into a transcriptional repressor.
Studies of the microwave resistivity of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl

Abstract We have performed temperature dependent measurements of the surface impedance of κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Cl in both directions, parallel and perpendicular to the highly conducting planes. In both orientations the microwave resistivity basically follows the dc behavior for T > 15 K: the crystal undergoes a broad metal-insulator transition at around 50 K. While there are no indications of superconductivity at ambient pressure found in the dc resistivity and by ac susceptibility, the microwave resistivity clearly drops at 13 K and again at 5 K, indicating two superconducting phases. When pressure is applied by embedding it in grease, only the well known superconducting phase transition at T c = 13 K remains.
The Neurobiology of Trust

This is the first report that endogenous oxytocin in humans is related to social behaviors, which is consistent with a large animal literature. Subjects are put into a social dilemma in which absent communication, cooperative behavior can benefit both parties randomly assigned to a dyad. The dilemma arises because one participant must make a monetary sacrifice to signal the degree of trust in the other before the other's behavioral response is known. We show that receipt of a signal of trust is associated with a higher level of peripheral oxytocin than that in subjects receiving a random monetary transfer of the same average amount. Oxytocin levels were also related to trustworthy behavior (sharing a greater proportion of the monetary gains). We conclude that oxytocin may be part of the human physiology that motivates cooperation.
A closure study of extinction apportionment by multiple regression

Abstract Multiple regression has been widely used to apportion particle light scattering among distinct chemical species. The resulting scattering budgets are shown here to be unbiased estimates under certain theoretical conditions. The theory allows species’ particle size distributions and water uptakes to vary from sample to sample, as they are known to do in reality. The sole constraint is that variations in each species’ characteristics be statistically independent of all species’ concentrations. Individual violations of this condition cause identifiable biases, and multiple violations can offset each other to yield regression estimates that are accurate by accident. Detailed and summary accountings of statistical errors are illustrated using a mechanistic model derived from measurements in southern California.
Ring conformations of 2‐substituted 2‐oxo‐4‐methyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinanes. Evidence for a boat conformation in equilibrium with two interconverting chairs

The 220 MHz proton NMR spectra of three isomeric pairs of 2-R-2-oxo-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes, where R = methoxy (1a, b), methyl (2a, b) and dimethylamino (3a, b) (a represents the trans and b the cis arrangement of R and the 4-methyl group) were analyzed by iterative computer techniques. Ten ring conformations, two chairs, two half-chairs and six boats were initially considered as being possible contributors to the overall solution conformations. Compounds 1a, 2a, 2b and 3b were all concluded to exist as single chair conformations with the 4-methyl group equatorially oriented (eqch). In addition to 68% of compound 3a being in that eqch conformation, however, significant concentrations of the chair form containing an axially oriented 4-methyl group (axch, 16%) and a boat conformation containing an equatorially oriented 4-methyl group with phosphorus and C-5 serving as the bow and stern (eq25, 16%) were also postulated. Similarly, it was suggested that 1b contained 60% eqch, 20% axch and 20% of the boat eq25. From the data for compounds 2a and b it was concluded that in the chair conformations of 2-oxo species the phosphorus substituent orientation has little effect upon the 3J(POCH) coupling constants.
Psychometric properties of the mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire in patients with chronic pain.

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire is able to discriminate between depressive and anxious symptoms. Factor analysis of the scale has revealed 3 factors: general distress, positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal. However, the properties of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire have not been extensively examined in medical populations, in which the measurement of depressive and anxious symptoms is complicated by the presence of comorbid physical symptoms such as pain. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire in patients with chronic pain. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 persons with chronic musculoskeletal pain were recruited from a multidisciplinary pain clinic (n = 110) and a large urban community (n = 120). Participants completed the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire and were interviewed for the presence of depressive disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Factor analyses, scale reliability analyses, and discriminative function analyses were performed on the data. Results: Utilizing principal factor analysis and orthogonal rotation, the factor structure of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire in both chronic pain samples was similar to previously reported factor analyses. Three factors emerged: positive affect, general distress, and physiological hyperarousal. Coefficients of congruence calculated from the factor structures of each subsample of persons with chronic pain suggested that the factors were highly similar (0.83‐0.93). Given that the factor structures were comparable in both populations, a final analysis was conducted on the entire sample. Again, this analysis revealed a 3-factor solution. Examination of the factor loadings and item-to-total correlations revealed that some of the original scale items failed to load on or correlate with a specific factor, or correlated highly with 2 or more factors (thus lacking discriminatory power). A revised scale, eliminating items with low factors loadings and/or high cross loadings, was examined. Reliabilities for the subscales were high, and the subscales demonstrated the ability to predict clinical diagnoses of depression in a hypothesized fashion. Discussion: The results support the utility of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire with samples of patients with chronic pain and provide further support for the tripartite model of anxiety and depression.
Heat transfer coefficients for a cup-like cavity rotating about its own axis

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally for the cylindrical and base surfaces of a cup-like rotating cavity. The experiments encompassed three cavity length-diameter ratios and rotational Reynolds numbers which covered a fifteen-fold range. Two variants of the thermal boundary conditions were investigated. In one, both the cylindrical and base surfaces were thermally active, while in the other, heat transfer was confined to the cylindrical surface. The heat transfer coefficients for the cylindrical surface decrease with increasing cavity depth, the extent of the decrease being greater when there is no heat transfer at the base. The base-surface coefficients were found to be independent of cavity depth at the higher Reynolds numbers but decreased for deeper cavities at lower Reynolds numbers. In addition, at high Reynolds numbers, the base-surface coefficients were in excellent accord with those for an unshrouded rotating disk while at low Reynolds numbers they fell below the unshrouded-disk values. Excellent correlations of the data were achieved with power-law representations. Supplementary experiments involving a rotating disk showed that the accuracy of the data was in the 2–3% range or better.
Alkylxanthine-induced recovery of respiratory function following cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats.

Abstract Previous investigations from our laboratory have demonstrated qualitatively that a latent respiratory pathway can be activated by systemic theophylline administration to restore function to a hemidiaphragm paralyzed by an upper (C2) cervical spinal cord hemisection in adult rats. The present study seeks to extend the previous investigations by contrasting and quantitating the actions of theophylline, 8-phenyltheophylline, enprofylline, and 8( p -Sulfophenyl)theophylline in restoring function 24 h after hemidiaphragm paralysis. The alkylxanthines were selected based on their diverse pharmacologic profiles to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie functional recovery after spinal cord injury. To quantitatively assess the magnitude of recovery, electrophysiological experiments were conducted on pancuronium-paralyzed, hemisected animals under standardized recording conditions. The total absence of respiratory-related activity in the phrenic nerve ipsilateral to the hemisection and paralyzed hemidiaphragm was used as the index of a functionally complete hemisection. Thereafter, drug-induced recovered activity in the phrenic nerve ipsilateral to hemisection was quantified and expressed either as a percentage of contralateral phrenic nerve activity in the same animal prior to drug administration or as a percentage of predrug activity in the homolateral nerve in noninjured animals. With either approach, theophylline (5–15 mg/kg) and 8-phenyltheophylline (5–10 mg/kg) dose-dependently induced respiratory-related recovered activity. Enprofylline, a potent bronchodilator, and 8( p -Sulfophenyl)theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist with limited access to the central nervous system, were ineffective. Maximal recovery was attained with theophylline (15 mg/kg) and 8-phenyltheophylline (10 mg/kg). At these doses, theophylline and 8-phenyltheophylline induced recovery that was 70.0 ± 2.5 and 69.3 ± 4.1% of predrug contralateral nerve activity respectively. When expressed as a percentage of activity in the homolateral nerve in noninjured animals, the magnitude changed to 32.9 ± 4.9 and 35.7 ± 6.9%, respectively. Involvement of adenosine receptors in the alkylxanthine-induced actions was confirmed in experiments with the adenosine analog, N6 ( l -2-phenylisopropyl) adenosine (L-PIA). It is concluded that central adenosine receptor-mediated mechanisms are implicated in the recovery of respiratory-related activity after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, our results suggest a potential for a new therapeutic approach in the rehabilitation of spinal cord patients with respiratory deficits.
Why Aren't the Stars Aligned? An Analysis of Online Review Content and Star Ratings

Consumer-generated product evaluations posted on online retailer or third party web-sites have been shown to increase buyer trust and aid consumer decision making. These online reviews typically have two components: star ratings and review text. This can communicate a complex, conflicting message to consumers, as the text of a review carries more nuance than what can be communicated through a simple numerical score. Misalignment between the star rating and the text can lead to increased consumer cognitive processing costs, suboptimal purchase decisions, and lower overall utility of the review site. This study seeks to understand where this misalignment is mostly likely to occur. We find that star rating/review text misalignment occurs more often for (1) experience goods, and (2) goods that receive high star ratings. Misalignment is especially pronounced for experience goods with high star ratings.
Facing death in the fly: genetic analysis of apoptosis in Drosophila

Apoptosis, a gene-directed form of cell death, occurs normally during development and plays a major role in many diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular genetic studies in Drosophila have revealed the existence of three novel apoptotic activators, reaper, head involution defective and grim. Additionally, Drosophila homologs of evolutionarily conserved IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) and CED-3/ICE-like proteases have been identified and characterized. Through the combined use of genetic, molecular, biochemical and cell biological techniques in Drosophila it should now be possible to elucidate the precise mechanism by which apoptosis occurs, and how the death program is activated in response to many distinct death-inducing signals.
Collecting fragmentary authors in a digital library

This paper discusses new work to represent, in a digital library of classical sources, authors whose works themselves are lost and who survive only where surviving authors quote, paraphrase or allude to them. It describes initial works from a digital collection of such fragmentary authors designed not only to capture but to extend the ontologies that traditional scholarship has developed over generations: the aim is representing every nuance of print conventions while using the capabilities of digital libraries to extend our ability to identify fragments, to represent what we have identified, and to render the results of that work intellectually and physically more accessible than was possible in print culture.
Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index nc in SbSI Through the Ferroelectric–Paraelectric Transition

Single crystals of SbSI have shown large changes in refractive index through the paraelectric–ferroelectric transition for light polarized parallel to the ferroelectric c axis. Near the absorption edge, the observed change is discontinuous. Large changes in refractive index can also be induced by pulsed electric fields along the c axis. The extreme anisotropy of SbSI is indicated by the large partial birefringences observed in the paraelectric phase.
Pediatric carve outs: The use of disease-specific conditions as risk adjusters in capitated payment systems

Objective: To address the issue of adverse selection in capitated payment systems by developing a list of diseasespecific pediatric conditions (ie, "carve outs") to be considered for separate reimbursement. Design: A descriptive study using a large Medicaid database. Intervention: With the use of fiscal year 1993 Washington State Medicaid cost data for 302 240 pediatric patients, a list of disease-specific carve outs was developed to meet the following criteria: high cost, low variability in cost, and association with a large proportion of medical spending. Results: Six-hundred seventy-three patients (0.2%) in the database had annual costs totaling $25 000 or more. Ten percent of the cases accounted for approximately two thirds of spending, while the least expensive 70% of cases made up only 15% of the expenditures. Prematurity and complications of prematurity, neoplasms, congenital heart disease, organ transplantations, congenital anomalies, and respiratory problems were general categories of disease that met our criteria for a carve out. The association of a major surgical procedure with a diagnosis increased the predictive accuracy for high cost. Conclusion: Lists of disease-specific carve outs such as this one can be used by Medicaid plans and other insurers who are concerned about risk selection to identify conditions for separate reimbursement in capitated payment systems. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:236-242
Simultaneous scoring of 10 chromosomes (9,13,14,15,16,18,21,22,X, and Y) in interphase nuclei by using spectral imaging

Numerical aberrations involving parts of or entire chromosomes have detrimental effects on mammalian embryonic, and perinatal development. Only few fetuses with chromosomal imbalances survive to term, and their abnormalities lead to stillbirth or cause severely altered phenotypes in the offspring (such as trisomies involving chromosomes 13, 18, 21, and anomalies of X, and Y). Because aneuploidy of any of the 24 chromosomes will have significant consequences, an optimized preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD) test will score all the chromosomes. Since most cells to be analyzed will be in interphase rather than metaphase, we developed a rapid procedure for the analysis of interphase cells such as lymphocytes, amniocytes, or early embryonic cells (blastomeres). Our approach was based on in situ hybridization of chromosome-specific non-isotopically labeled DNA probes and Spectral Imaging. The Spectral Imaging system uses an interferometer instead of standard emission filters in a fluorescence microscope to record high resolution spectra from fluorescently stained specimens. This bio-imaging system combines the techniques of fluorescence optical microscopy, charged coupled device imaging, Fourier spectroscopy, light microscopy, and powerful analysis software. The probe set used here allowed simultaneous detection of 10 chromosomes (9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, Y) in interphase nuclei. Probes were obtained commercially or prepared in-house. Following 16 - 40 h hybridization to interphase cells and removal of unbound probes, image spectra (range 450 - 850 nm, resolution 10 nm) were recorded and analyzed using an SD200 Spectral Imaging system (ASI, Carlsbad, CA). Initially some amniocytes were unscoreable due to their thickness, and fixation protocols had to be modified to achieve satisfactory results. In summary, this study shows the simultaneous detection of at least 10 different chromosomes in interphase cells using a novel approach for multi-chromosome analysis.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.