cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis and the selection of children.

For many adults, a central concern in life is the health and welfare of their children. A new baby ushers in decades of dedicated work and anxiety to foster the child’s life, to limit the inevitable pain, and to provide every advantage parents can reasonably afford. For most of human history, this work began at birth1 because, until recently, pregnancy was a black box, largely beyond parental influence other than through prayers and wholesome living. This situation has changed profoundly over the past twenty-five years. An array of technologies now can provide a detailed examination of the embryo and fetus, genetically, biochemically, and anatomically. The day is not yet here when we can effectively change the embryo or fetus from these perspectives, but we can effectively choose to accept or reject what we find. The ability to select our children based on detailed biologic characteristics is new. Efforts to provide the child with every advantage may begin with choosing the desired child at the very beginning. Questions over whether our society should promote or restrict this power also are new. These new capabilities will likely create one of the most difficult and divisive social debates over the next century. This Article examines the debate from a professional perspective. Because those in the medical profession are gatekeepers for prenatal diagnostic technology, one approach to these questions is to ask what
The relationships between muscle, external, internal and joint mechanical work during normal walking.

Muscle mechanical work is an important biomechanical quantity in human movement analyses and has been estimated using different quantities including external, internal and joint work. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between these traditionally used estimates of mechanical work in human walking and to assess whether they can be used as accurate estimates of musculotendon and/or muscle fiber work. A muscle-actuated forward dynamics walking simulation was generated to quantify each of the mechanical work measures. Total joint work (i.e. the time integral of absolute joint power over a full gait cycle) was found to underestimate total musculotendon work due to agonist–antagonist co-contractions, despite the effect of biarticular muscle work and passive joint work, which acted to decrease the underestimation. We did find that when the net passive joint work over the gait cycle is negligible, net joint work (i.e. the time integral of net joint power) was comparable to the net musculotendon work (and net muscle fiber work because net tendon work is zero over a complete gait cycle). Thus, during walking conditions when passive joint work is negligible, net joint work may be used as an estimate of net muscle work. Neither total external nor total internal work (nor their sum) provided a reasonable estimate of total musculotendon work. We conclude that joint work is limited in its ability to estimate musculotendon work, and that external and internal work should not be used as an estimation of musculotendon work.
Homeless Black Youth: A Case of Persistent Unemployment

Black youth growing up in northern central cities during the late fifties and sixties were relegated to enforced idleness due to an unemployment crisis that has persisted over time. This crisis eventuated in their homelessness, social problem that will continue through the next decade.Using data compiled from studies in three northern central cities, the author of this paper suggests that homelessness among today's black youth began four decades ago. This homelessness trend was precipitated mainly by the post World War II baby booni, black southern migration to northern central cities, the subsequent transition of those cities, and the changing technological, labor market demands for which black youth have yet to be prepared.
The effect of vaccination with DNA encoding murine T-cell epitopes on the Der p1 and 2 induced immunoglobulin E synthesis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the vaccination of naked plasmid DNA encoding only T-cell epitopes suppresses the allergic reaction as effectively as naked DNA encoding whole segment of allergen. We immunized mice with naked plasmid DNA encoding the five classes of murine T-cell epitopes on Der p1 and Der p2 three times at weekly intervals via an intramuscular injection. Control mice were injected with the pcDNA 3.1 blank vectors. After 3 weeks, mice were actively sensitized twice and allowed to inhale the Der p extracts intranasally six times at weekly intervals. The vaccinated mice showed a significant attenuated induction of Der p-specific immunoglobulin E synthesis compared to controls. Analysis of the cytokines profile after Der p stimulation of the lymph node cells revealed that the level of the mRNA expression of the interferon-γ gene was higher in the vaccinated mice than in the controls. Histologic studies showed much reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissue of the gene-vaccinated mice than the controls. Thus, gene therapy using T-cell epitope encoding DNA presenting is an ideal way of combating allergic disease in the future.
Closest friendships of black college students: group stability

Abstract Patterns of interaction, attitude and value similarity, as well as structural characteristics of friendships, are found in the literature. Using structural or relational networks of closest friendships as a framework for analyses, the present study attempted to investigate their influences on perceived group stability. Among heterosocial and homosocial closest friendships, dyadic forms of group structure, particularly the dyadic and double dyadic, were found to have the greatest influence on perceived group stability.
Is the rationale for carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients excluded from NASCET/ACAS or eligible for ARCHeR justified?

Abstract Purpose: To compare outcome after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients who would have been excluded from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) or the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) or would have been eligible for Acculink for Revascularization of Carotids in High Risk Patients (ARCHeR), a current high-risk stent registry, with outcome in a similar cohort at low risk. Methods: Records of all CEAs performed at our institution from July 1993 to December 2000 were reviewed. Patients were assigned to groups either eligible or ineligible for NASCET and ACAS or ARCHeR, and criteria were stratified according to whether risk was defined by anatomic or medical problems or whether patients were ineligible according to nonmedical protocol exclusion criteria only. Results: Preoperative and postoperative data were sufficient to determine risk status according to various study criteria in 857 patients. Stroke or death within 30 days, the primary end point, occurred in 2.1% of patients. Rates were similar in patients excluded from (2.7%) or included in (1.6%) NASCET and ACAS and in patients eligible (3.1%) or ineligible (2.1%) for ARCHeR. Rates did not differ according to whether exclusion or inclusion was based on anatomic risk, medical risk, or protocol exclusion, although trends favored worse outcome in the ARCHeR medical risk subgroup. A higher rate of minor complications was found in the elderly; however, stroke and death rates were similar according to age, gender, repeat procedure, or the presence of contralateral occlusion. Conclusions: No statistically or clinically significant differences were found in combined 30-day stroke or death rates after CEA in any group defined by previous surgical trials or current ongoing high-risk stent registry. While high-risk groups may exist, the premise that operative risk is higher in patients excluded from NASCET and ACAS or eligible for ARCHeR is not supported. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:575-81.)
Substance P Hydrolysis by Human Serum Cholinesterase

: Highly purified human serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8, also known as pseudocholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) had peptidase activity toward substance P. Digestion of substance P was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography, which separated three product peptides. The cleavages occurred sequentially. The first peptide to appear was Arg1-Pro2. The Km for this hydrolysis was 0.3 mM; maximum activity was 7.9 nmol min−1 mg−1 of protein, which corresponded to a turnover number of 0.6 min−1. A second cleavage yielded Lys3-Pro4. A third cleavage occurred at the C-terminal, where the amide was removed from Met11 to yield a peptide containing residues 5–11. Both the peptidase and esterase activities of the enzyme were completely inhibited by the anticholinesterase agent, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate. Substance P inhibited the hydrolysis of benzoylcholine (a good ester substrate) with a KI of 0.17 mM, indicating that substance P interacted with cholinesterase rather than with a trace contaminant. Peptidase and amidase activities for serum cholinesterase are novel activities for this enzyme. It was demonstrated previously that the related enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) catalyzed the hydrolysis of substance P, but at entirely different cleavage sites from those reported in the present work. Since butyrylcholinesterase is present in brain and muscle, as well as in serum, it may be involved in the physiological regulation of substance P.
Analysis of Freezing in an Eccentric Annulus

Freezing in an eccentric annulus is investigated numerically by using a temperature transforming model. Since the effect of the heat conduction along the circular direction on the growth of the freezing layer is very small, an analytical solution by employing integral approximate method is proposed. The freezing rate obtained by the analytical solution agreed very well with that of the numerical solution, although the analytical solution is much simpler than the numerical solution. The effects of the eccentric annulus geometric structure on the freezing process is also investigated.
The Importance of following up Library Instruction

At Texas A&M, the technical writing faculty discovered that the biggest weakness of students' long technical reports was lack of research. To remedy this weakness, a library instruction plan, here described, was developed. Because of the intensive nature of the library instruction, devised to aid approximately twenty-one different majors, a followup procedure was necessary. The library research report, also described, was designed to require students to examine the research tools shown them during library instruction. After this report is complete, students can draw from it information necessary to write their proposals for their long reports. Thus, library instruction, the library research report, and the proposal can be made interrelated studies which have both immediate and long-range instructional value for students.
Factors Controlling Gas Cell Failure in Bread Dough

ABSTRACT Stress relaxation in the wall of a gas bubble, as measured by the alveograph, was used to study surface tension at the gas-dough interface of doughs from flours producing differing bread crumb grains. The surface tensions in the various wheat flour doughs were not different. Dough rheological properties, as measured by both dynamic oscillatory rheometry and lubricated uniaxial compression, were not different for doughs made from wheat flours that gave breads with different crumb grains. However, when the effect of starch granule size on gas cell wall stability was tested, the presence of a greater proportion of large starch granules in wheat flour dough was sufficient to result in gas cell coalescence and open crumb grain in the final baked product. This suggests that starch granule size is at least one of the factors that affects the crumb grain of bread.
Process-related classification of acoustic data from the Hudson River Estuary

Acoustic surveying provides valuable information on the distribution of sedimentary environments in subaqueous settings. Frequently, differences in acoustic backscatter strength are used to distinguish sedimentary environments on the basis of their grain size composition. Here, we are presenting acoustic backscatter data from the Haverstraw Bay section of the Hudson River Estuary that has been mapped using sidescan, sub-bottom profiling, and multibeam bathymetry as part of the Benthic Mapping Project of the Hudson River Estuary Program, funded by New York State. In addition, hundreds of gravity cores, and grab samples provide ground truth for a classification of the river bottom into discrete substrate types. Analyses of sedimentary environments reveal patterns in backscatter strength beyond those that can be related to the sediment grain size distribution alone. An integrated interpretation of sidescan, sub-bottom profiling, and high-resolution bathymetry data indicates that the backscatter pattern can be attributed to spatial variations in the modern depositional environments which cause differences in bottom roughness and sediment compaction. Based on an integrated interpretation of the acoustic and sample data sets, we distinguished eight different sedimentary classes. Many of the classes can be linked to dynamic processes including contemporary deposition, erosion, and sediment migration in sand waves. The results provide a better understanding of the dynamic processes of the Hudson River Estuary and improve the interpretation of the acoustic backscatter data from fine grained sedimentary environments.
Design of a novel device for rapid antigen detection

A compact, hand-held device was designed to determine the presence of the C. trachomatis antigen in a sample in under 2 minutes. The point-of-care device uses magnetic assay cell separation techniques involving the molecular interactions between polystyrene beads, C. trachomatis antigen and magnetic beads. In the result of a positive test, a complex forms and induces a color change. In the result of a negative test, no complex forms, and thus, no color change occurs.
Atwater v. City of Lago Vista Police Authority to Make Warrantless Misdemeanor Arrests

Since the early 1990s, the Supreme Court has increased the influence of the police through a series of court cases. Atwater v. City of Lago Vista held that the Fourth Amendment does not forbid a warrantless arrest for a minor criminal offense punishable only by a fine. This case will be discussed as it relates to the current climate of policing and the Supreme Court. The potential implications for police and the public will also be addressed.
ANHYDRIDE FORMATION WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE

(1970). ANHYDRIDE FORMATION WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 321-325.
T lymphocyte recognition of acetylcholine receptor: Localization of the full T cell recognition profile on the extracellular part of the α chain of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor

A series of eighteen consecutive overlapping synthetic peptides, of uniform size and overlaps, which encompass the entire extracellular part (residues 1-210) of the Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor alpha chain were examined in vitro for their ability to stimulate lymph node cells from acetylcholine receptor-primed C57BL/6 (H-2b), C3H/He (H-2k), SWR (H-2q) and SJL (H-2s) mice. The recognition sites (T sites) by acetylcholine receptor-primed lymph node cells from these mouse strains resided within six regions on the extracellular part of the alpha chain. Three of the regions recognized by T cells coincided with regions recognized by antibodies (i.e. B cells) and one of these three regions also coincided with an alpha-neurotoxin-binding region. It is noteworthy that, in addition to sites recognized by both T and B cells, the protein has at least two sites which are recognized exclusively by T cells and to which no detectable antibody responses are directed.
Successor and source of (fuzzy) finite state machines and (fuzzy) directed graphs

A similarity between finite state machines and directed graphs can be seen from the natural way a directed graph can be associated with a finite state machine to describe the state transition of the finite state machine. Likewise, there is a similarity between fuzzy finite state machines and fuzzy directed graphs. As a matter of fact, all four of these concepts, together with that of information retrieval systems and fuzzy systems, share this similarity, namely that of the notion of successor. This paper gives an axiomatic treatment of the notion of successor in such a way that all of the above systems fall under this axiomatic approach.
An Efficient Multiperiod MINLP Model for Optimal Planning of Offshore Oil and Gas Field Infrastructure

In this paper, we present an efficient strategic/tactical planning model for offshore oilfield development problem that is fairly generic and can be extended to include other complexities. The proposed multiperiod nonconvex MINLP (mixed integer nonlinear programming) model for multifield site includes three components (oil, water, and gas) explicitly in the formulation using higher order polynomials, avoiding bilinear and other nonlinear terms. With the objective of maximizing total NPV for long-term planning horizon, the model involves decisions related to FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading) installation and expansions, field–FPSO connections, well drilling, and production rates in each time period. The model can be solved effectively with DICOPT for realistic instances and gives good quality solutions. Furthermore, it can be reformulated into an MILP after piecewise linearization and exact linearization techniques that can be solved globally in an efficient way. Solutions of realistic in...
Study of the electronic structure of molecules. Barriers to internal rotation in polynucleotide chains

Abstract The barrier to internal rotation for the φ″ angle (using Olson and Flory's notation) in the sugar-phosphate-sugar complex, C 10 H 19 O 8 P, has been obtained from ab initio computations. The barrier height at φ″ = 60° is 4.5 kcal/mole, at φ″ = 180° is 3.3 kcal/mole and at φ″ = 310° is 7.5 kcal/mole. The corresponding minima at φ = 0°, 120° and 240° have depths of 1.3 kcal/mole, 3.3 kcal/mole and 3.1 kcal/mole, respectively. The aim of this work is to start testing the validity range of empirical or highly approximate technqiues aimed at the configurational analysis in polymeric materials.
Sneddon-Wilkinson disease treated with etanercept: Report of two cases

Summary Sneddon–Wilkinson disease (SWD), also known as subcorneal pustular dermatosis, is a rare, chronic eruption that is often difficult to treat, particularly in patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate dapsone. Few case reports exist of patients with SWD treated with antitumour necrosis factor-α therapy. We report two patients with SWD refractory to numerous treatments, who responded to etanercept (in combination with low-dose acitretin in one case).
Approximate Models of Multiple Bus Multiprocessor Systems

Two classes of approximate models are developed for multiprocessor systems containing P processors, M memories, and B buses. One class of models is based on the flow equivalence technique for the approximate analysis of queueing networks. A memory invariance principle is presented and used to obtain the parameters of this model. This approach is used to model homogeneous processor systems where memory times are either constant or exponentially distributed random variables. The second class of models is based on the method of surrogate delays also commonly used in the approximate analysis of queueing networks. This approach produces an iterative algorithm which can be used to evaluate heterogeneous systems with exponential memory times. The accuracy of both classes of models is evaluated through simulation. Lastly, as a byproduct of these models, an algorithm is presented with which to determine the distribution of the number of nonempty service centers in a product form queueing network.
Reproductive Cycle of a Neotropical Insectivorous Bat, Myotis nigricans

REPRODUCTIVE patterns in bats fall into three main categories. A synchronous breeding season and monoestry is common in all holarctic bats1. Continual asynchronous breeding is found in some tropical bats of the families Desmodontidae2, Phyllostomatidae3, Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae and Molossidae4. In some palaeotropical bats seasonal polyoestry is the rule, with two synchronized breeding seasons each year4,5.
Chromatographic separation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate from guanylate cyclase reaction mixtures.

Abstract Guanylate cyclase can be assayed by measuring the formation of labeled cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) from labeled guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) in a manner analogous to the assay of adenylate cyclase (1,2,3). The separation of labeled cGMP from unreacted substrate must be complete due to the very low activity of guanylate cyclase in tissue samples. Typically 0.01–0.2% of the substrate is converted to cGMP. Therefore, any contamination with residual substrate would result in a high blank counting rate in the absence of tissue. In addition, labeled cGMP must be separated from unknown radiochemical impurities present in commercial preparations of GTP or generated during the incubation with tissue by the action of interfering enzymes. These compounds may cochromatograph with cGMP and increase the blank counting rate. These problems have been investigated for the separation of cAMP from adenylate cyclase reaction mixtures (4), but have not been specifically evaluated for the assay of guanylate cyclase. We compared three chromatographic separation procedures: alumina alone, sequential chromatography on Dowex AG 50W-X4 (H + ) and alumina, and finally sequential chromatography on alumina and Dowex AG 1-X8 (formate).
Comments on ‘ On the number of roots of an algebraic equation contained between given limits, by C. Hermite ’ † ‡

Abstract Hermite's paper contains an unproved claim that the signature of a bezoutian-like form formed using derivatives of a homogenized prescribed polynomial is equal to the number of real zeros of the polynomial less one. This note proves the result, correcting in the process what appears to be a sign error in its statement.
Some Symbols Recommended for Use in the Classification of Meteorites etc.

AND INTRODUCTION In the first column of the following table are presented some symbols that the writer has found convenient in classifying meteorites etc. and that he would recommend to other workers. The majority of these symbols stand for various classes in the Rose-Tschermak-Brezina system of meteoritic classification1 and are accordingly but revisions of the rather unsatisfactory symbols already in use, while a few are innovations. In the second column of the table is given in each case the corresponding old symbol2 (if such exists) and in the third and last, the term that the preceding symbol or symbols characterize. It is recommended furthermore that all of the symbols in the forenamed system, other than those enumerated in the second column of the accompanying table, be left unchanged until such time as the whole system of classification may be revised.
Comparison of rectus femoris transposition with traditional transfer for treatment of stiff knee gait in patients with cerebral palsy

Purpose To assess the outcome of children with cerebral palsy following reposition of the distal rectus femoris tendon for treatment of stiff knee gait.
The effect of E. coli endotoxin on the developing rat liver. II. Immunohistochemical localization of alpha-fetoprotein in rat liver multinucleated giant cells.

Summary: Immunoperoxidase histochemical staining techniques have been used previously to localize alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocytes from rat and human liver tissues. In this study, we extended these observations by examining liver tissues from rat fetuses exposed to E. coli endotoxin in order to document the presence of AFP in hepatic multinucleated giant cells. Liver sections were examined under light microscopy after incubation with purified antibody-peroxidase conjugates and histochemical stains. These sections showed a positive reaction for AFP in giant cells and hepatocytes that appeared as granular, brown intracytoplasmic deposits in cells throughout the hepatic lobule. Furthermore, a direct correlation was found between the number of positively stained giant cells and the serum concentration of AFP. The findings demonstrated that AFP distribution in endotoxin- induced liver injury is confined to isolated hepatocytes and multinucleated giant cells. This observation provides evidence that the origin of the giant cell in toxin-exposed fetal rat liver may be the hepatocyte.
Boundary-layer flow structures associated with particle reentrainment

Measurements of near-surface longitudinal and vertical wind velocity components associated with particle reentrainment from a flat surface have been examined in a wind tunnel. Sparsely covered particle beds were used to assure that observed reentrainment events resulted primarily from the action of fluid forces. Characteristic velocity patterns were found to be associated with a majority of particle reentrainment events examined. These characteristics have been categorized and examined as ensemble averages. The flow pattern most frequently observed during particle reentrainment was termed Ejection-Sweep (E-S) and is very similar to organized fluid motions previously observed in laboratory flows and in the atmospheric boundary layer. A simple two-tiered E-S pattern recognition scheme is described which strives to identify particle reentrainment events objectively based on flow characteristics alone. The first step is to identify potential E-S patterns using criteria which identify a characteristic longitudinal acceleration, and the second step is to use threshold values of pattern characteristics to accept or reject these first-tier patterns. Pattern recognition results are presented in terms of the ability to identify reentrainment events versus false identifications, and show an exponential growth in false identifications with an increasing number of reentrainment events identified.
Infrared imaging of microwave sources

An IR imaging technique for testing phased array radars at the system level in the field has been defined and demonstrated in a laboratory test setup. The technique uses a thin radar absorbing film material which is placed near the antenna structure to create thermal patterns which are viewed by an infrared imaging sensor. The thin film sheet resistance can be controlled to vary the absorption, reflection, and sheet temperature characteristics. The infrared image is calibrated radiometrically to provide measures of the microwave power density. Additionally, the thermal profiles show the effect of phasing differences between adjacent antenna elements. This paper describes the predicted and measured thermal characteristics of the absorbing material for a particular S-band waveguide source. This demonstration has shown the feasibility of using an imaging infrared sensor to provide rapid diagnostic evaluation of a phased array antenna.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Topographically tagged stimulus control: Maintained generalization and stimulus-specific gradients

In successive discrimination training, pigeons’ responses on an operant key were reinforced in the presence of one wavelength stimulus (555 nm) but not in the presence of another (576 nm). The discriminative stimuli were displayed on a second response key, the signal key. Signal-key responses did not produce reinforcement, and operant-key responses were not reinforced if they followed within 1 sec of a signal-key response. Maintained generalization gradients demonstrated strong stimulus control over responding maintained by both stimulus- reinforcer (signal-key) and response-reinforcer (operant-key) contingencies. Gradients derived from test stimulus presentations preceded by specified wavelengths (stimulus-specific gradients) generally did not vary with the value of the preceding stimulus. Both operant-key and signal- key stimulus-specific gradients exhibited small local behavioral contrast effects, and peak shift occurred for signal-key but not operant-key responding when test stimuli were preceded by wavelengths of 538 nm and 555 nm.
Transvaginal excision of a large rectal stromal tumor: an alternative

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), the specific kit-positive mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, are rarely found in the anorectum and account for only 0.1% of all colorectal tumors. The main stem of therapy remains surgical excision. The standard surgical approach for anorectal GISTs includes transanal resection or enucleation for smaller and anterior or abdominoperineal resection for larger tumors. Methods We present an alternative, transvaginal approach for a local excision of a large rectal GIST. In our case, a 5 × 5 × 8 cm large GIST located 3 cm above the dentate line in the anterior rectal wall was removed through the vagina. Results In our experience, this approach enables a safe alternative even for larger tumors in the anterior rectal wall with a very low morbidity, sparing the patient from an unnecessary abdominoperineal resection.
Stone-Čech remainders of nowhere locally compact spaces

The remainder of a compactification αX of a space X is the space αX - X. For a nowhere locally compact X, it is shown that if αX - X is extremally disconnected, then αX = βX. Conditions on X are obtained which characterize when βX - X is extremally disconnected. Also, conditions are provided which characterize when βX - X is zero-dimensional.
Evaluation of home-based thermal biofeedback treatment of pediatric migraine headache.

Sixteen children and adolescents with migraine headache were treated with thermal biofeedback. Seven were seen individually in the clinic while the other nine participated in a limited-contact, partly home-based regimen. Evaluation of headache diary data from 4-week monitoring periods before and after treatment showed significant (p less than .01) reduction in headaches, with no significant difference in efficacy between the two conditions.
A Cationic Manganic Porphyrin Inhibits Uptake of Paraquat by Escherichia coli

A manganic porphyrin (MnTMPyP), which catalyzed the dismutation of O2-, facilitated the aerobic growth of a sodA sodB strain of Escherichia coli and protected a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-competent parental strain against paraquat. Surprisingly, the latter effect was more complete than the former and the mimic could block the inductions of fumarase C and of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase by paraquat, even though SOD could not. An explanation for these apparent paradoxes was found in the ability of MnTMPyP to inhibit the uptake of paraquat by E. coli. MnTMPyP was accumulated by E. coli until its intracellular concentration was 20-fold greater than the extracellular concentration. This happened in a glucose plus salts medium, but not from a rich LB medium. MnTMPyP was bound onto cellular macromolecules and was maintained in the reduced state within E. coli. The free form of the reduced MnTMPyP was autoxidizable, but the bound form was not. Consequently, the free form could catalyze the oxidation of ascorbate, while the bound form did not.
Innovation through Protection: Does Safeguard Protection Increase Investment in Research and Development?

We perform the first empirical study of the impact of temporary trade protection on firm investment in R&D. Using a firm-level panel of the beneficiaries of safeguard protection between 1975 and 2005, we find support for predictions from the theoretical literature that temporary tariffs stimulate investment in R&D, but we find no evidence that this effect disappears as the termination of protection approaches, as predicted by some models. We also find little evidence that quotas impact firm investment in R&D, which we believe is because of the great deal in variation in how restrictive safeguard-related quota protection has been over the last 35 years.
Management of failed prosthetic grafts at the time of major lower extremity amputation

Abstract During a 2-year period 75 patients underwent 77 major lower extremity amputations for arterial insufficiency deemed untreatable by reconstruction (36 primary and 41 after failed infrainguinal arterial bypass). Patients with nonfunctional prosthetic grafts were randomized prospectively to either partial graft removal or complete graft removal, performed simultaneously with amputation, to determine which technique more effectively reduces delayed wound healing, stump infection, operative revision, and process-related death. Patients with known graft and deep wound infection were excluded from this review, as were patients who had positive graft cultures at the time of amputation. Partial graft removal resulted in an increased rate of delayed wound healing (47.8% vs 7.7%; X 2 5.9, p 2 4.4, p
Plasma NEFA storage in adipose tissue in the postprandial state: sex-related and regional differences

Aims/hypothesis We recently reported that a small fraction of circulating NEFA is stored through direct uptake in subcutaneous fat in postabsorptive humans in vivo and that this pathway may favour lower-body fat distribution in women. Here, we examined sex-related and regional differences in storage of plasma NEFA in subcutaneous adipose tissue during postprandial conditions.
JUMPING FROM A MOVING TRAIN : RISK, MIGRATION AND RIGHTS AT NAFTA'S SOUTHERN BORDER

July 2007. Hundreds of Central American migrants were camped along the railway tracks in Arriaga, Chiapas waiting to for the freight train to leave. Some were eating, perhaps their last food for days, others had bottles of water tied across their shoulders, some attempted to rest under the train cars to escape the hot sun. One young man brushed his teeth under the trees, using the water he carried in a recycled coca-cola bottle, to prepare himself for the journey ahead. Arriaga, a town of 25,000 people, is split in half by the train tracks. The town's tiny plaza, with a small playground, fondas (eateries), and a railway museum, sits on one side of the tracks. The town's church and market lie on the other. These Central American migrants in Arriaga, some 150 miles from Mexico's southern border with Guatemala, were eager to jump the freight train to continue their journey north to the United States. The train had not left Arriaga for a full week and many were desperate as they felt trapped. Their preparatio...
On the use of padé approximation for performance evaluation of maximal ratio combining diversity over Weibull fading channels

We use the Pade approximation (PA) technique to obtain closed-form approximate expressions for the moment-generating function (MGF) of the Weibull random variable. Unlike previously obtained closed-form exact expressions for the MGF, which are relatively complicated as being given in terms of the Meijer G-function, PA can be used to obtain simple rational expressions for the MGF, which can be easily used in further computations. We illustrate the accuracy of the PA technique by comparing its results to either the existing exact MGF or to that obtained via Monte Carlo simulations. Using the approximate expressions, we analyze the performance of digital modulation schemes over the single channel and the multichannels employing maximal ratio combining (MRC) under the Weibull fading assumption. Our results show excellent agreement with previously published results as well as with simulations.
Regulation of cardiac innervation and function via the p75 neurotrophin receptor

Homeostatic regulation of cardiac function is dependent on the balance of inputs from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. We investigated whether the p75 neurotrophin receptor plays a developmental role in cardiac innervation by analyzing sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the atria of p75 knockout and wildtype mice at several stages of postnatal development, and examining the effect on control of heart rate. We found that parasympathetic innervation of the atria in p75-/- mice was similar to wildtype at all time points, but that the density of sympathetic innervation was dynamically regulated. Compared to wildtype mice, the p75-/- mice had less innervation at postnatal day 4, an increase at day 28, and decreased innervation in adult mice. These changes reflect defects in initial fiber in-growth and the timing of the normal developmental decrease in sympathetic innervation density in the atria. Thus, p75 regulates both the growth and stability of cardiac sympathetic fibers. The distribution of sympathetic fibers was also altered, so that many regions lacked innervation. Basal heart rate was depressed in adult p75-/- mice, and these mice exhibited a diminished heart rate response to restraint stress. This resulted from the lack of sympathetic innervation rather than increased parasympathetic transmission or a direct effect of p75 in cardiac cells. Norepinephrine was elevated in p75-/- atria, but stimulating norepinephrine release with tyramine produced less tachycardia in p75-/- mice than wild type mice. This suggests that altered density and distribution of sympathetic fibers in p75-/- atria impairs the control of heart rate.
Vasopressin and oxytocin content of human fetal brain at different stages of gestation

Pituitaries from 38 human fetuses and 5 microdissected hypothalamic areas from each of 14 fetuses were assayed for vasopressin and oxytocin. The fetuses were between 15 and 34 weeks of gestation. Vasopressin and oxytocin were found in all the pituitary glands and all the hypothalamic areas studied. A trend of increasing content of both hormones was found in the pituitary gland towards the end of gestation with a marked increase in vasopressin/oxytocin ratio. The human fetus synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin at least from 15 weeks of gestation and the presence of both hormones in the hypothalamus is not limited to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
Optical navigation system

exible navigation system for deep space operations that does not require GPS measurements. The navigation solution is computed using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) that can accept any combination of range, rangerate, planet chord width, landmark and angle measurements using any celestial object. The UKF employs a full nonlinear dynamical model of the orbit including gravity models and disturbance models. The ONS package also includes attitude determination algorithms using the UKF algorithm with the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The IMU is used as the dynamical base for the attitude determination algorithms. That is, the gyros model is propagated, not the spacecraft model. This makes the sensor a more capable plugin replacement for a star tracker, thus reducing the integration and test cost of adding this sensor to a spacecraft. The linear accelerometers are used to measure forces on the spacecraft. This permits accurate measurement of the accelerations applied by thrusters during maneuvers. The paper includes test results from three cases: a geosynchronous satellite, the New Horizons spacecraft and the Messenger spacecraft. The navigation accuracy is limited by the knowledge to the ephemerides of the measurement targets but is sucient for the purposes of orbit maneuvering.
The MotA protein of E. coli is a proton-conducting component of the flagellar motor

A number of mutants of motA, a gene necessary for flagellar rotation in E. coli, were isolated and characterized. Many mutations were dominant, owing to competition between functional and nonfunctional MotA for a limited number of sites on the flagellar motor. A new class of mutant was discovered in which flagellar torque is normal at low speeds but reduced at high speeds. Hydrogen isotope effects on these mutants indicate that MotA catalyzes proton transfer. We confirmed an earlier observation that overproduction of MotA leads to accumulation of the protein in the cytoplasmic membrane and to significant decreases in growth rate. When nonfunctional mutant variants of MotA were overproduced instead, they accumulated in the cytoplasmic membrane, but growth was not impaired. These results also suggest that MotA conducts protons. This was confirmed by measuring the proton permeabilities of vesicles containing wild-type or mutant MotA proteins.
Participatory constraint analysis regarding the adoption of IPM technologies in pointed gourd cultivation: An empirical study

The empirical study revealed that among the various types of constraints (as perceived by the respondents) regarding the adoption of IPM technologies in the Pointed Gourd ( Trichosan thes dioica Roxb.) production, the lack of knowledge of the respondents about the Economic Threshold Limit (ETL) concept ranked first closely followed by the lack of knowledge of the respondents regarding the bio-pesticides (under the category of knowledge and information constraints) in second position, the lack of knowledge of the respondents about the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques ranked third position, closely followed by lack of training of the respondents on the proper use of pesticides in the fourth position. The result also showed that among six numbers of different categories of perceived constraints, knowledge and information constraints with a rank score of 2769 enjoyed first rank position, distantly followed by administrative and managerial constraints (with a rank score of 1586) in the second position, technological and communication constraints with a rank score of 1249 in the third position, socio-economic constraint (rank score of 828) in the fourth position. Keywords: Adoption of IPM techniques; Constraints; Categories of constraints DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4722 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 219-227, 2009
Traffic Engineering vs. Content Distribution: A Game Theoretic Perspective

In this paper we explore the interaction between content distribution and traffic engineering. Because a traffic engineer may be unaware of the structure of content distribution systems or overlay networks, this management of the network does not fully anticipate how traffic might change as a result of his actions. Content distribution systems that assign servers at the application level can respond very rapidly to changes in the routing of the network. Consequently, the traffic engineer's decisions may almost never be applied to the intended traffic. We use a game-theoretic framework in which infinitesimal users of a network select the source of content, and the traffic engineer decides how the traffic will route through the network. We formulate a game and prove the existence of equilibria. Additionally, we present a setting in which equilibria are socially optimal, essentially unique, and stable. Conditions under which efficiency loss may be bounded are presented, and the results are extended to the cases of general overlay networks and multiple autonomous systems.
Serum Protein Variation in the Bull Shark, Carcharhinus Leucas Müller and Henle, 1841

Abstract 1. 1. A detailed electrophoretic study was made of different developmental stages of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas Muller and Henle, 1841. 2. 2. Both qualitative and quantitative variations were found to exist between newborn and adult bull sharks. 3. 3. Variations in the globulin portion may be related to the development of immunoglobulins.
Immunological detection of isoforms of the somatostatin receptor subtype, SSTR2.

: Somatostatin (SRIF) induces its diverse physiological actions through interactions with different receptor subtypes. Multiple SRIF receptor subtypes have recently been cloned. To analyze the physical properties of receptor subtype SSTR2, two different peptide-directed antibodies were generated against SSTR2. Antibody “2e3,” directed against the peptide SSCTINWPGESGAWYT (residues 191–206), corresponding to a region in the predicted third extracellular domain of mouse SSTR2, and antibody “2i4,” directed against the peptide SGTEDGERSDS (residues 333–343) from the predicted cytoplasmic tail of mouse SSTR2, were developed. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the mouse SSTR2 gene (CHOB), the antibody 2e3 recognized specifically a protein of 93-kDa protein by immunoblotting. No specific immunoreactivity was detected by 2e3 in nontransfected CHO cells or CHO cells stably expressing vector alone or human SSTR1 or mouse SSTR3 genes. The antibody 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated SSTR2 solubilized from CHOB cells that could be labeled with the SSTR2-specific ligand 125I-MK-678. Furthermore, both 2e3 and 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated 93-kDa [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from CHOB cells, indicating that they recognize the same proteins. In contrast to studies in CHOB cells, immunoblotting studies showed that 2e3 detected specifically a single 148-kDa protein from different regions of the rat brain that have previously been shown to express high levels of SSTR2 mRNA and SRIF receptors with high affinity for 125I-MK-678. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was detected in rat kidney, liver, or lung, which do not express SSTR2. No 93-kDa protein was detected specifically in the rat brain. The 148-kDa protein detected by 2e3 is an SRIF receptor because 2e3 and 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated solubilized rat brain SRIF receptors that could be reversibly labeled with 125I-MK-678. As in rat brain, 2e3 interacted specifically with a single 148-kDa protein in rat pituitary, in the rat pancreatic cell line AR42J, and in the HEK 293 cell line derived from human kidney, all of which express SSTR2 mRNA and SRIF receptors with high affinity for 125I-MK-678. These findings indicate that rat brain and pituitary, as well as a pancreatic and a kidney cell line, express primarily a form of SSTR2 different from CHOB cells. The multiple forms of SSTR2 may result from differential post-translational processing of SSTR2 because 2e3 immunoprecipitated 41-kDa in vitro translation products generated from mRNA extracted from CHOB and AR42J cells. This 41-kDa protein has the predicted size of unprocessed SSTR2. These results demonstrate that 2e3 and 2i4 antibodies interact specifically with SSTR2. Detection of two different size proteins by the SSTR2 peptide-directed antibodies suggests the existence of multiple forms of SSTR2.
Graduate Counseling Students' Learning, Development, and Retention of Knowledge.

The present study investigated 52 graduate counseling students' levels of ethical and legal knowledge (Lambie, Hagedorn, & Ieva, 2010) and social- cognitive development (Hy & Loevinger, 1996) at three points: (a) prior to a counseling ethics course, (b) at the completion of the course, and (c) four months later. Students' ethical and legal knowledge scores increased and they retained their learning; however, their social-cognitive development did not change. Implications for the scholarship of teaching and learning are discussed.
Design issues in low-voltage high-speed current-mode logic buffers

A current-mode logic (CML) buffer is based on a simple differential circuit. This paper investigates important problems involved in the design of a CML buffer as well as a chain of tapered CML buffers. A new design procedure to systematically design a chain of tapered CML buffers is proposed. The circuit design issues in regard to the CML buffer are compared with those in a conventional CMOS inverter. It is shown, both through the experiments and by using efficient analytical models, why CML buffers are better than CMOS inverters in high-speed low-voltage applications.
A Metafile for efficient sequential and random display of graphics

Graphics metafiles have been in use at the Los Alamos National Laboratory since early 1977. The first metafile format was defined in 1976 and has been updated several times to allow efficient graphics support in the Los Alamos computing environment. History and current applications of the Common Graphics System (CGS) Metafile are given. Design objectives, details of the format, and random access extensions incorporated in the Metafile are described.