cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patricia Keeton & Peter Scheckner, American War Cinema and Media Since Vietnam: Politics, Ideology, and Class

Look past the duty to God and country that clothes the U.S. military in an air of mythic heroism and a simple truth emerges: “[S]oldiers are, by and large, workers with weapons and always have been” (Keeton & Scheckner, 2013, p. 6). This truism is the point of departure for Patricia Keeton and Peter Scheckner’s American War Cinema and Media Since Vietnam: Politics, Ideology, and Class, which explores how contemporary American war cinema and media function ideologically, particularly with regard to the representation of social class. For Keeton and Scheckner, war cinema represents a privileged arena for understanding class inequality in American society. As a perennially taboo topic, class is rarely given center stage in popular representations of American wars. Yet class remains a pivotal factor in war, determining “who fights, who is disposable . . . who comes home wounded in body and spirit, and whose profits are guaranteed no matter what the official outcome on the battlefield” (ibid., p. 9). Keeton and Scheckner explore a range of political considerations governing American war cinema and media, but their primary contribution comes in their analysis of how such works negotiate the issue of class.
The tumour necrosis factor/TNF receptor superfamily: therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the body's ability to mount immune attacks on self. This results from recognition of self-proteins and leads to organ damage due to increased production of pathogenic inflammatory molecules and autoantibodies. Over the years, several new potential therapeutic targets have been identified in autoimmune diseases, notable among which are members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. Here, we review the evidence that certain key members of this superfamily can augment/suppress autoimmune diseases.
Parallel Protocol Implementations an Transputers - Experiences with OSI TP4, OSI CLNP, and XTP

The demand for high performance communication subsystems has rapidly increased during the last few years. Emerging applications (e.g., multi-media applications) requiring high performance are one of the driving factors for this development. But still there is a performance gap of at least one order of magnitude between the bandwidth available on the network and the application requirements. This is based on the insufficient processing power inside communication nodes. They cannot serve networks with data rates in the range of Mbps to Gbps. To overcome this so-called transport bottleneck high performance architectures for communication subsystems have to be designed considering hardware and software structure as well as protocol design and service requirements. This paper presents an approach towards high performance communication platforms based on parallel protocol implementations on transputer networks. Thereby standard OSI protocols (TP4 and CLNP) as well as emerging lightweight protocols, such as XTP have been explored. The TP4 implementation is here presented more in detail and some experiences gained within this project are summarized.
The dens-arch synchondrosis versus the Hangman's fracture

The synchondrosis between the dens and arch of C2 is a normal structure in infants and children. It is not visible on lateral views of the cervical spine, but is routinely visible on oblique views. In such cases it has a distinct tendency to mimic a C2-arch fracture. The varying appearance of this synchondrosis and its differentiation from a true fracture of C2 are the subjects of this report.
Synthesis of Nickel Sulfides by Mechanical Alloying

The feasibility and kinetics of synthesizing various nickel sulfides by milling of elemental mixtures of Ni and S in a high-energy shaker mill have been investigated. The phases Ni3S2 and the high-temperature polymorph of NiS are formed readily via such processing. In distinction, it requires prolonged milling to obtain Ni7S6; NiS2 can only be obtained as a minor reaction product; and Ni3S4 cannot be formed by milling for the conditions of this study. Structural evolution during synthesis and the kinetics of Ni3S2 formation are investigated in depth. S coats the Ni particles and sulfide formation takes place at the interface of the elements after a certain degree of microstructural refinement due to the plastic deformation accompanying milling. Ni3S2 forms rapidly at this stage. However, a stasis in the reaction is then observed. This is associated with NiS formation and a slight decrease in the amount of Ni3S2. The stasis is of approximately 5-min duration and is followed by a recurrence in the formation of Ni3S2 and a disappearance of the NiS phase. The kinetics can be mimicked through a model of the mechanical alloying process. The model is able to predict the time dependence of the initial and later stages of Ni3S2 formation and the effect of other parameters, such as mill atmosphere and use of premilled powder, on the reaction kinetics. The microstructures found in the intermediate to later stages of milling are similar to those associated with self-sustaining reactions.
Analyses of stopping power measurements for 0.90–2.50 MeV protons and deuterons traversing Al2O3 targets

Abstract Recently reported measurements of the stopping power of Al 2 O 3 for 0.90–2.50 MeV protons and deuterons have been analyzed in terms of modified Bethe–Bloch theory. Values of the mean excitation energy ( I ) and Barkas-effect parameter ( b ) have been extracted from the data, yielding results for I and b , respectively, of 176.8 eV and 0.83 for protons, and of 182.7 eV and 1.02 for deuterons. These values of I exceed the additivity-based value by 32% for proton data and by 36% for deuteron data. Moreover, both extracted values of b lie well below the expected interval of 1.3–1.5.
Adsorption and stability prior to analysis of simulated nuclear waste leachate

Before analytical compositional analysis can be applied to the evaluation of the nuclear waste leachates, the credibility of the sample must be demonstrated. During the leaching in neutral to basic aqueous conditions the adsorption of metal ions onto the walls of the Teflon leach vessels was demonstrated. The adsorption was found to be variable for both zinc and neodymium. The resolubilization of zinc and neodymium using dilute nitric acid proved effective prior to analysis. Certain elemental groups represented by cesium, barium, and strontium demonstrated resistance to container adsorption during leaching under these conditions. The maintenance of a dissolved analytical sample was followed and demonstrated for at least seven weeks following the postleaching procedure.
A Numerical Soft Fault Model for Iterative Linear Solvers

We present a fault model designed to bring out the "worst" in iterative solvers based on mathematical properties. Our model introduces substantially higher overhead, but smaller variance, than a fault model based on random bit flips. We also relate the statistics from our experiments back to the solvers' configuration, and briefly address the computational effort that each model requires. Our approach requires significantly fewer resources, while punishing our solvers with undetectable errors that require notable overhead for recovery. This work also illustrates the robustness of our resilient algorithms: Not only do we make forward progress in the presence of pathological faults, we always obtain the correct answer.
An evaluation of a fluorescent screen-isocon camera system for x-ray imaging in radiology

A large field format imaging system which utilizes a flat fluorescent screen rather than the traditional image intensifier as the primary x-ray detector is discussed in this paper. A low light level image isocon camera is optically coupled to a rare-earth screen. An overview of the isocon camera and its return beam mode of operation is included. Theoretical limitations to this approach to real time radiographic imaging are discussed in terms of system efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements. The viability of this concept for radiographic imaging is considered with respect to the image intensifier-camera unit. The merits of employing a CsI:Na screen as the primary detector and an isocon tube with an improved SNR are presented as potential areas for further investigation.
Harmonic balance/Galerkin method for non-smooth dynamic systems

Models of non-linear systems frequently introduce forces with bounded continuity resulting in non-smooth (even discontinuous) flow. Examples include systems with clearances, backlash, friction, and impulses. Asymptotic methods require smooth (differentiable) flow and are therefore ill-suited for analyzing non-smooth systems. In these cases, the traditional harmonic balance method may be used to obtain approximate periodic solutions, but the method suffers from extremely slow convergence in general. Generalizations of the traditional harmonic balance method are introduced in this paper that result in superior convergence rates and superior modes of convergence. These improvements derive from the introduction of one or more expansion functions that possesses the same degree of continuity as the exact solution. In particular, forming an infinite series of such functions results in an expansion in the same function space of the exact solution. This expansion converges pointwise to the exact solution and to all derivatives thereof. These improvements are illustrated by example upon re-evaluating a classical single degree-of-freedom model for friction-induced vibration.
Integrated approaches to modeling the organic and inorganic atmospheric aerosol components

A series of modeling approaches for the description of the dynamic behavior of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and their interactions with inorganics is presented. The models employ a lumped species approach based on available smog chamber studies and the UNIquac Functional-group Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) method to estimate SOA water absorption. The additional water due to SOA species can change the partitioning behavior of the semi-volatile inorganics. Primary organic particles significantly influence the SOA partitioning between gas and aerosol phases. The SOA size distribution predicted by a bulk equilibrium approach is biased toward smaller sizes compared with that of a fully dynamic model. An improved weighting scheme for the bulk equilibrium approach is proposed in this work and is shown to minimize this discrepancy. SOA is predicted to increase the total aerosol water in Southern California by 2–13% depending on conditions. However, the effect of SOA water absorption on aerosol nitrate is insignificant for all the cases studied in Southern California.
The influence of psychosocial evaluation on candidacy for liver transplantation.

Context—Although medical factors clearly dominate the evaluation of appropriateness for liver transplant, psychosocial factors are an important dimension in the evaluation process.Objective—To understand more about the weight assigned to psychosocial factors in the decision to list patients for liver transplant and about whether such differences create hidden inequities in the transplant allocation system.Design—We conducted a mail survey of liver transplant surgeons and psychosocial evaluators at busy transplant centers assessing the importance these professionals assigned to psychosocial factors in evaluations for liver transplant candidacy.Participants—Liver transplant surgeons and psychosocial evaluators from the highest volume liver transplant centers in the United States.Intervention—Mail surveyResults—Psychosocial evaluators assigned greater importance to availability of transportation, adaptation to stress, and coping skills than did surgeons. Transplant psychosocial evaluators were less likely th...
Using Mathematics to Solve Service Operations, Industrial, and Logistics Problems

Mathematics has been called the language of science. Mathematics is used to solve many real-world problems in service operations, industry, logistics, the physical sciences, economics, social and human sciences, engineering, and technology, for example. We overview the many service, industrial, and logistics problems that have been solved using fuzzy logic technology, multiobjective metaheuristics, neural networks, tabu search, genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, mathematical programming, decision analysis, Petri nets, and queueing models. This overview could be useful for new faculty and Ph.D. students in Industrial Engineering, Operations Research, and Operations Management who are looking to solve some real problems. Future applications are also described.
A Ten-year Colony of Sericomyrmex urichi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

A 10-yr laboratory colony of the fungus-growing ant, Sericomyrmex urichi Forel, produced a unique record among attine ants of monthly deaths of all 3 castes, monthly amount of substrate used and corresponding size of fungus garden. Natural deaths of 10 yr were 35,604 workers, 2519 ♀ and 16,321 ♂ for a total of 54,444 ants. The garden stayed at 2250 ml, the capacity of the chamber, or slightly below, for nearly all of this period. Yearly totals of about one kg of substrate were used to maintain the garden. The substrate was mostly the pith (albedo) of citrus and a variety of fresh leaves and flowers. After the 2nd-year ♀ and ♂ broods were produced. Maturing of sexes and abortive nuptial flights are described. This is a minor leafcutting ant intermediate in evolution between lower and higher genera but closer to the latter.
Chemoprevention of arylamine-induced colorectal aberrant crypts

Since recombinant human cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes have been shown to activate environmental and dietary carcinogens implicated in human colorectal cancer etiology, we hypothesized that COX-2 inhibitors reduce arylamine-induced aberrant crypts (AC) and foci (ACF), preneoplastic lesions of colorectal cancer. Male weanling F344 inbred rats were fed modified AIN-76A control diet or the same diets supplemented with 320 ppm sulindac or 500, 1000, or 1500 ppm celecoxib. At 7 weeks of age, rats received a subcutaneous injection of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP), an aryl-amine colon carcinogen, once weekly for two weeks. Ten weeks after the initial DMABP or vehicle treatment (at 17 weeks of age), rats were euthanized with CO(2), and the entire colorectum was removed and scored for ACF and AC. ACF possessing one to five AC were identified in the colorectum of rats administered DMABP, whereas no AC/ACF were identified in vehicle-treated controls. Significant reductions (p 0.05). Reductions in both AC and ACF were highest following treatment with 1000 ppm celecoxib. These results provide additional experimental support for the chemopreventive effects of COX inhibitors in arylamine-induced colorectal cancer.
Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns

Abstract Vote buying and political intimidation are characteristic dimensions of African election campaigns. According to survey-based estimates, almost one out of five Nigerians is personally exposed to vote buying and almost one in ten experiences threats of electoral violence. But when, as commonly happens, campaign irregularities are targeted at the rural poor, effects are concentrated. These effects are as follows: violence reduces turnout; and vote buying enhances partisan loyalty. But, perhaps because most citizens condemn campaign manipulation as wrong, compliance with the wishes of politicians is not assured. Defection from threats and agreements is more common than compliance, especially where voters are cross-pressured from both sides of the partisan divide.
Encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles as supports for proteins and recyclable biocatalysts

This paper describes the bioconjugation of histidine-tagged enzymes and other proteins to the surface of composite “magnetomicelles” consisting of magnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles encapsulated within cross-linked polystyrene-block-polyacrylate copolymer micelle shells. Free carboxylic acid groups on the magnetomicelle surface were converted to Cu2+-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) for protein capture. The conjugation of T4 DNA ligase and enhanced green fluorescent protein to magnetomicelles revealed that proteins were captured with a high surface density and could be magnetically separated from reaction mixtures and subsequently released from the nanoparticle surface. Additionally, bioconjugation of T7 RNA polymerase yielded a functional enzyme that maintained its biological activity and could be recycled for up to three subsequent transcription reactions. We propose that protein−magnetomicelle bioconjugates are effective for protein bioseparation and enzymatic recycling and further strengthen the idea that nanopar...
Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification

The goal of this work was instant identification of post-consumer plastics by laser induced plasma spectrometry (LIPS), LIP spectra from plastics in a 200-800 nm spectral window were compared with reference spectral libraries stored in a computer. The libraries consisted of representative spectra from different groups of recycled plastic samples. The plasma emission spectra of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were studied. Simple statistical correlation methods including linear and rank correlations were used. The probabilities of correct identification ranged from 0.8 to 1 with values close to unity for most of the polymers studied.
Almost Exponential Decay of Periodic Viscous Surface Waves without Surface Tension

We consider a viscous fluid of finite depth below the air, occupying a three-dimensional domain bounded below by a fixed solid boundary and above by a free moving boundary. The fluid dynamics are governed by the gravity-driven incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and the effect of surface tension is neglected on the free surface. The long time behavior of solutions near equilibrium has been an intriguing question since the work of Beale (Commun Pure Appl Math 34(3):359–392, 1981). This paper is the third in a series of three (Guo in Local well-posedness of the viscous surface wave problem without surface tension, Anal PDE 2012, to appear; in Decay of viscous surface waves without surface tension in horizontally infinite domains, Preprint, 2011) that answers this question. Here we consider the case in which the free interface is horizontally periodic; we prove that the problem is globally well-posed and that solutions decay to equilibrium at an almost exponential rate. In particular, the free interface decays to a flat surface. Our framework contains several novel techniques, which include: (1) a priori estimates that utilize a “geometric” reformulation of the equations; (2) a two-tier energy method that couples the boundedness of high-order energy to the decay of low-order energy, the latter of which is necessary to balance out the growth of the highest derivatives of the free interface; (3) a localization procedure that is compatible with the energy method and allows for curved lower surface geometry. Our decay estimates lead to the construction of global-in-time solutions to the surface wave problem.
1012 INHIBITION OF HUMAN BACTERICIDAL (BC) ANTIBODY AGAINST NON-TYPABLE (NT) H. INFLUENZAE BY OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN (OMP)

Complement dependent BC antibody directed against NT-HI develops in convalescent sera of children with otitis media caused by NT-HI. These antibodies are present in sera of most healthy adults and we have found that they are represented in both IgG and IgM fractions. OMP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens were prepared from isolates of NT-HI from an adult with pneumonia (S1) and a child with otitis media (S2). These antigens were employed to absorb BC antibody activity from adult sera and the convalescent sera of the two patients; they were used at concentrations shown not to be anti-complementary.
Radial Emission Profiles for a Hollow Cathode Glow Discharge in an Axial Magnetic Field

Spatially resolved emission measurements are used to characterize the changes in plasma structure resulting from the application of an external magnetic field to an Ar hollow cathode plasma. The field is generated by ring-shaped permanent magnets which are coaxial with the cathode. The magnetic field is normal to the cathode surface and thus forms electron traps which reduce the rate of electron transport normal to the cathode surface. At lower lamp pressure, the magnetic field dramatically changes the spatial distribution of the continuum background and Ar ion radiation. Radiation from neutral-atom cathode material also is affected by the field. The magnetic field has less influence at higher pressure where collisional effects are larger.
A Direct Manipulation Interface for 3D Computer Animation

We present a new set of interface techniques for visualizing and editing animation directly in a single three-dimensional scene. Motion is edited using direct-manipulation tools which satisfy high-level goals such as "reach this point at this time" or "go faster at this moment". These tools can be applied over an arbitrary temporal range and maintain arbitrary degrees of spatial and temporal continuity.
Paying attention, digital media, and community-based critical GIS

New web-based architectures and capacities for digital storage have made online social interactions more significant, discursively and materially. Increasingly, these media-centric shifts toward th...
Kinetics of redox polymer-mediated enzyme electrodes.

Oxygen-reducing enzyme electrodes are prepared from laccase of Trametes versicolor and a series of osmium-based redox polymer mediators covering a range of redox potentials from 0.11 to 0.85 V. Experimentally obtained current density generated by the film electrodes is analyzed using a one-dimensional numerical model to obtain kinetic parameters. The bimolecular rate constant for mediation is found to vary with mediator redox potential from 250 s−1 M−1 when mediator and enzyme are close in redox potential to 9.4 × 104 s−1 M−1 when the redox potential difference is large. The value of the bimolecular rate constant for the simultaneously occurring laccase−oxygen reaction is found to be 2.4 × 105 s−1 M−1. The relationship between mediator−enzyme overpotential and bimolecular rate constant is used to determine the optimum mediator redox potential for maximum power output of a hypothetical biofuel cell with a planar cathode and a reversible hydrogen anode. For laccase of T. versicolor (Ee0 = 0.82), the optimum...
Estimates of antiproton production and annihilation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

We describe a simple model developed to study the production and annihilation of antiprotons in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The model can be used to calculate the antiproton yields as functions of global observables such as multiplicity, transverse energy, and zero degree energy. We discuss the predictions of the model, and its relevance to the antiproton measurements at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron facility.
Diagnostic Medical Radiation Dose in Patients After Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery

Background The purpose of this study was to estimate the cumulative radiation dose from computed tomography (CT) scans and upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopic exams in the post-bariatric-surgery population and correlate these values with current concepts of potential radiation-induced cancer risk.
Unified system level reliability evaluation methodology for multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip

Reliability is a growing fundamental challenge in the design of multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). This trend is accelerated by the increasingly adverse process variations and wearout mechanisms that result in an increased number of errors. Previously proposed fault-tolerant techniques are ad-hoc and target processors or Networks-on-Chip (NoC) separately. Because each of these two units may become a reliability bottleneck for NoC based multiprocessor SoCs, it is imperative that the reliability of SoCs be evaluated and addressed in a unified manner, as a combination of communication and computational units. Using this holistic approach, in this paper, we propose a new architecture level unified reliability evaluation methodology for MPSoCs. At the core of the reliability estimation engine lies a Monte Carlo algorithm which works with failure times for time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) modeled as Weibull distributions. To demonstrate its usefulness, we utilize the proposed methodology to explore the impact of NoC router layout on the failure time of the system running the same set of benchmarks. In addition, we investigate the failure time of the system when the NoC as the communication unit of the MPSoC is taken or not - as in previous work - into consideration. Our simulation framework can be very helpful to architecture designers, who could use it to identify architectural characteristics and to develop design techniques meant to improve system's lifetime.
SU-E-T-46: M.D. Anderson Prostate Seed Implant Dose Calculator

Purpose: To develop a prostate seed implant dose calculator for conducting independent verification of Variseed (Varian Medical, Palo Alto, CA) brachytherapytreatment planning system (TPS). Methods: AAPM TG 43 based formalism was used in our method to compute point doses for prostate implant seeds commissioned in Variseed 8.0®. We have investigated four different isotope seeds, I125(Model 6711, 9011), Cs131(Model Cs‐1) and Pd103(Model 200) in this work. Three distinct Methods: point source model using anisotropy factors, line source model using anisotropy factors, and line source model using anisotropy functions were used to develop in‐house dose calculator software. The dose calculator accounts for source strength, geometric dose fall off, attenuation, scatter and time, but does not consider any heterogeneous corrections. Source data parameters obtained from customer technical bulletins were input into both the Variseed TPS and our calculator. Spline and non oscillatory, seed specific fit functions to parameterize dose distribution for these seeds was evaluated for our software. These functions were then imported into the dose calculator to compute point doses as a function of radial distance from various seeds. The functions developed for our modeling were selectively chosen to account for self absorption from the seed's housing. The doses obtained by our secondary dose verification software were then compared against Variseed8.0® computed doses to clinically relevant radial distances. The dose calculator software has been packaged into a GUI module and is currently being tested for its robustness. Results: A good agreement (within 3% for 5 cm radial distance) for the isotopes studied is observed between the TPS and our calculator. Conclusions: We have validated Variseed computed point doses by using our dose calculator. Within all uncertainties as described within TG‐43, our results have been found to be in good agreement between our system and TPS.
The Thermodynamics of Combined Electrical/Mechanical and Thermal Power Producing Systems

A combined electrical/mechanical and thermal power generating system is undoubtedly the way to go for optimum overall efficiency in energy conversion. Traditionally, electric power is generated in centralized power stations and subsequently supplied to consumers via extensive grid distribution networks. Waste heat is a by-product that cannot inexpensively be conveyed to meet the demand for thermal power in the communities served. Consequently, the needed thermal power is produced either using the high grade electricity delivered from the grid supply, or by combustion of expensive fuels such as natural gas and oil. Cogeneration and CHP (Cooling, Heating, and Power) systems are designed to utilize waste heat from in-house electrical/mechanical power producing devices such as micro turbines and diesel engines used in industries that are located in the community or district. The generation of mechanical and thermal power from a single fuel input significantly enhances the overall conversion efficiency, which translates to lower CO2 emissions to the environment. Greater stability and reliability in power supply at the community level is achieved via the deployment of CHP systems that provide power on the required scale as well as meet local demand for cooling and/or heating. The magnitude of efficiency gain for CHP systems is often overstated simply because the quality difference between electrical/mechanical power and thermal power is not factored into the equation. This paper focuses on a complete thermodynamic analysis of CHP systems on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Spectrally Efficient Frequency Hopping System

Frequency hopping systems have been widely used in military communications to prevent hostile jamming, interception and detection. In traditional frequency hopping (FH) systems, the transmitter hops in a pseudo-random manner among available frequencies according to a pre-specified algorithm, and the receiver operates accordingly in exact synchronization with the transmitter's hopping pattern. In multiple access systems, a collision may happen when more than one users transmit in the same frequency band simultaneously. Two major limitations with the conventional frequency hopping systems are: strict requirement on frequency acquisition/synchronization, and very low spectral efficiency due to inefficient utilization of the available bandwidth. In this paper, we introduce a new concept - collision-free frequency hopping (CFFH). Based on the OFDM framework and the secure subcarrier assignment algorithm, the proposed CFFH system can achieve high information capacity through collision-free multiple access, and can successfully resolve the strict synchronization limitation. At the same time, as each user still transmits through a pseudo-random frequency hopping scheme, CFFH can maintain the inherent anti-jamming, anti-interception security features of the conventional FH system.
Essential Roles of the Bcl-2 Family of Proteins in Caspase-2-induced Apoptosis

Caspase-2 is an initiating caspase required for stress-induced apoptosis in various human cancer cells. Recent studies suggest that it can mediate the death function of tumor suppressor p53 and is activated by a multimeric protein complex, PIDDosome. However, it is not clear how caspase-2 exerts its apoptotic function in cells and whether its enzymatic activity is required for the apoptotic function. In this study, we used both in vitro mitochondrial cytochrome c release assays and cell culture apoptosis analyses to investigate the mechanism by which caspase-2 induces apoptosis. We show that active caspase-2, but neither a catalytically mutated caspase-2 nor active caspase-2 with its inhibitor, can cause cytochrome c release. Caspase-2 failed to induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria with Bid–/– background, and the release could be restored by addition of the wild-type Bid protein, but not by Bid with the caspase-2 cleavage site mutated. Caspase-2 was not able to induce cytochrome c release from Bax–/–Bak–/– mitochondria either. In cultured cells, gene deletion of Bax/Bak or Bid abrogated apoptosis induced by overexpression of caspase-2. Collectively, these results indicate that proteolytic activation of Bid and the subsequent induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through Bax/Bak is essential for apoptosis triggered by caspase-2.
Accelerated fatigue crack growth behavior of PWA 1480 single crystal alloy and its dependence on the deformation mode

An investigation of the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of PWA 1480 single crystal nickel base superalloy was conducted. Typical Paris region behavior was observed above a delta K of 8 MPa sq rt of m. However, below that stress intensity range, the alloy exhibited highly unusual behavior. This behavior consisted of a region where the crack growth rate became essentially independent of the applied stress intensity. The transition in the FCG behavior was related to a change in the observed crack growth mechanisms. In the Paris region, fatigue failure occurred along (111) facets; however, at the lower stress intensities, (001) fatigue failure was observed. A mechanism was proposed, based on barriers to dislocation motion, to explain the changes in the observed FCG behavior. The FCG data were also evaluated in terms of a recently proposed stress intensity parameter, K sub rss. This parameter, based on the resolved shear stresses on the slip planes, quantified the crack driving force as well as the mode I delta K, and at the same time was also able to predict the microscopic crack path under different stress states.
The Unfinished Scroll: A Reconsideration of the End of the Temple Scroll

In this study, we will be concerned with one small aspect of the scroll's physical character, namely the question of its last column and the conclusion of the Temple Scroll. We shall endeavor to challenge Yadin's conclusion that the end of the Temple Scroll is "preserved" in the so-called zero lines at the top of the last column. By comparing 11QTa and 4Q524, which preserves additional text from the end of the composition, and analyzing scribal techniques and literary contents, it seems probable that the Temple Scroll is an unfinished copy, from a more complete Vorlage, or an unfinished composition.
The Role of Pressure in GMC Formation II: The H2-Pressure Relation

We show that the ratio of molecular to atomic gas in galaxies is determined by hydrostatic pressure and that the relation between the two is nearly linear. The pressure relation is shown to be good over 3 orders of magnitude for 14 galaxies, including dwarfs, H I-rich, and H2-rich galaxies, as well as the Milky Way. The sample spans a factor of 5 in mean metallicity. The rms scatter of individual points of the relation is only about a factor of 2 for all the galaxies, although some show much more scatter than others. Using these results, we propose a modified star formation prescription based on pressure determining the degree to which the ISM is molecular. The formulation is different in high- and low-pressure regimes, defined by whether the gas is primarily atomic or primarily molecular. This formulation can be implemented in simulations and provides a more appropriate treatment of the outer regions of spiral galaxies and molecule-poor systems, such as dwarf irregulars and damped Lyα systems.
Fears of Hispanic and Anglo Children: Real-World Fears in the 1990s

Fears are a common and normal problem of childhood. An abundant literature exists concerning thefears of middle-classAnglo children. Only afew studies have investigated fears in children of low socioeconomic status (SES) and of non-Anglo ethnic background. In this study, elementary-school-age children of Hispanic/Mexican American and Anglo ethnicity and low to middle-to-upper SES were surveyed as to their fears. The children completed the Childrens Fear Survey Schedule, which was revised to include contemporary fear items. Girls reported a higher level offearfulness and more frequentfears than boys did. Low SES children, in contrast to high SES children, reported more intense and morefrequentfears. Hispanics did not differfromAnglos. The mostfrequentlyfeared items related to danger, death, and physical injury. The majority of the children rated real-life contemporary fears of drive-by shootings, drugs, gangs, and gunshots as very fearful. These findings are discussed with reference to developmental issues...
GaAs thin film nanostructure arrays for III-V solar cell applications

State of art III-V multi-junction solar cells have demonstrated a record high efficiency of 43.5%. However, these cells are only applicable to high concentration systems due to their high cost of substrates and epitaxial growth. We demonstrate thin film flexible nanostructure arrays for III-V solar cell applications. Such nanostructure arrays allow substrate recycling and much thinner epitaxial layer thus could significantly reduce the cost of traditional III-V solar cells. We fabricate the GaAs thin film nanostructure arrays by conformally growing GaAs thin film on nanostructured template followed by epitaxial lift-off. We demonstrate broadband optical absorption enhancement of a film of GaAs nanostructure arrays over a planar thin film with equal thickness. The absorption enhancement is about 300% at long wavelengths due to significant light trapping effect and about 30% at short wavelengths due to antireflection effect from tapered geometry. Optical simulation shows the physical mechanisms of the absorption enhancement. Using thin film nanostructure arrays, the III-V solar system cost could be greatly reduced, leading to low $/W and high kW/kg flexible solar systems.
Study of travelling interplanetary phenomena report

Scientific progress on the topic of energy, mass, and momentum transport from the Sun into the heliosphere is contingent upon interdisciplinary and international cooperative efforts on the part of many workers. Summarized here is a report of some highlights of research carried out during the SMY/SMA by the STIP (Study of Travelling Interplanetary Phenomena) Project that included solar and interplanetary scientists around the world. These highlights are concerned with coronal mass ejections from solar flares or erupting prominences (sometimes together); their large-scale consequences in interplanetary space (such as shocks and magnetic ‘bubbles’); and energetic particles and their relationship to these large-scale structures. It is concluded that future progress is contingent upon similar international programs assisted by real-time (or near-real-time) warnings of solar activity by cooperating agencies along the lines experienced during the SMY/SMA.
The constancy of upper mantle fO2 through time inferred from V/Sc ratios in basalts

Abstract The geochemical behaviors of V and Sc during partial melting are more similar to each other than to most other elements but, in detail, the partitioning of V is redox-sensitive whereas that of Sc is not. The V/Sc ratio in basalts is shown here to be a sensitive and robust recorder of the oxygen fugacity (fO 2 ) of their mantle source regions. The use of V/Sc ratios differs from the use of V and/or Cr elemental systematics in basalts because the latter, strictly speaking, provide information on the fO 2 of the erupted magma and not necessarily that of the mantle source. V/Sc ratios on the other hand can “see through” magmatic differentiation processes, such as olivine crystallization, and therefore, provide a better memory of the fO 2 of the mantle. The V/Sc ratios of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) are shown here to average 6.74±1.11 (1σ), which constrains the fO 2 of the modern mantle to roughly 0.3±0.5 (1σ) log units below the fayalite–magnetite–quartz (FMQ) buffer. Archean basalts (up to 3.5 Ga) are shown to have identical V/Sc ratios (6.34±0.62, 1σ) to within error indicating that the fO 2 of the mantle source to Archean basalts differ from that of modern convecting mantle by no more than 0.3 log unit. The constraints based on V/Sc systematics represent an improvement on studies using V or Cr elemental systematics, which constrain the fO 2 of Archean and modern mantles to be identical, but only to within ±0.5 to 1 log unit. These observations show that there has been little or no secular evolution of the fO 2 of the upper mantle, at least since the early Archean.
Geographically different oceanographic responses to global warming during the Cenomanian–Turonian interval and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

Abstract Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 2 coincided with the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary ~ 93.9 Ma, and was one of the two most prominent and globally significant of the major mid-Cretaceous OAEs. A confluence of global warming, major large igneous province volcanism, and intensified hydrologic cycling preconditioned the earth system for widespread preservation of organic matter during OAE2; however the ultimate necessary ingredient was enhanced nutrient availability in oceanic surface waters. Here we present new Cenomanian–Turonian interval seawater Neodymium isotope data from the proto-Indian Ocean that demonstrates increased water column stratification during the pre- and post-OAE2 interval, punctuated by a transient decrease in this stratification immediately prior to the onset of OAE2 recorded at Ocean Drilling Program Site 763. The direct oceanographic responses to climate change on both longer- and short-term time scales observed in this region are distinct from those recorded in the northern, tropical and southern Atlantic basins. The transient de-stratification of the water column in the eastern proto-Indian Ocean likely did not contribute to the accumulation of organic-rich sediments in the region, indicating that weathering and/or hydrothermal inputs promoted enhanced surface water nutrient levels and hence primary productivity.
No way out: desecuritization, emancipation and the eternal return of the political — a reply to Aradau

Claudia Aradau addresses important issues within the securitization approach of the Copenhagen School. Discussions of security, securitization and desecuritization always involve implicit or explicit stances on political preferences. Unsatisfied with both desecuritization and the identification of security with emancipation, she goes on to develop an alternative take on the problem. De-coupling emancipation from security, Aradau tries to locate emancipation as the counter-strategy to securitization in a realm beyond and outside the reach of exceptional politics, sovereign authority and exclusionary moves. What Aradau underestimates is the central, indeed constitutive, role that security plays in the ontotheology of politics.
Normal human fibroblasts enable melanoma cells to induce angiogenesis in type I collagen

Background We previously reported that fibroblasts induce human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) to differentiate from monolayer to capillarylike morphology. We now test the hypothesis that fibroblasts modulate angiogenesis in melanoma cells. Methods We tested 12 human melanoma lines (2 radial growth phase (RGP), 3 vertical growth phase (VGP), and 7 metastatic (MM)) for ability to induce HMVECs to invade/migrate into collagen and form capillarylike networks. HMVEC monolayers were overlaid with 3-dimensional collagen gels embedded with melanoma cells alone (M), fibroblasts alone (F), or a 1:1 mixture of the 2 cells (M+F). After 5 days, gels were removed, fixed, and HMVEC networks were quantified by von Willebrand's factor (vWF) immunofluorescence. The influence of soluble factors on HMVEC invasion/migration into collagen was assessed with the use of acellular 3-D collagen gels overlaid on HMVEC monolayers, cultured with conditioned media (CM) derived from monolayers of M, F, or M+F. Angiogenic growth factors involved in the observed invasion/migration were identified with the use of a RayBio Cytokine Antibody Array (RayBiotech, Norcross, Ga). Results Cell line–specific variability in melanoma-supported angiogenesis was observed only when in combination with fibroblasts (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that melanoma-supported angiogenesis in collagen is more significantly influenced by normal skin-derived fibroblasts than by the intrinsic biology of the melanoma cell type. Interleukin 8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 are implicated as potential paracrine factors regulating this observed effect.
Detection of change points using rank methods

In this paper, the detection and estimation of change points of local parameters are studied by means of localization procedures and rank statistics. These techniques are also applied to detection and estimation of the change points of scale parameters and that of location parameters of directional data.
Antennal sense organs of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae.

Adult and nymphal antennae of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, contain nine or more different morphological types of sense organs. There is no outwardly apparent sexual dimorphism in adult antennae. Nymphs are dificient in gross numbers of sensilla. Sense organs are classified morphologically by their similarity to known types of sensila and are assigned functions on this basis and preliminary electrophysiological data: Sensilla chaetica (A), thick-walled mechanoreceptive hairs in groups on the antennal base; S. chaetica (B), thick-walled setae which are tactile and probably chemoreceptive, occurring in the antennal base and flagellum; S. trichodea (A), thin-walled chemoreceptive hairs of the flagellum; S. trichodea (B), minute hairs on the scape and pedicel; S. basiconica, thin-walled chemoreceptive pegs, and S. coeloconica („pit-pegs”) of the flagellum; S. campaniformia and scolopidia, mechanoreceptors in the base and flagellum; plus Johnston's organ and/or connective chrodotonal organs in the pedicel. Calculations based on absolute counts of sensilla and their known innervation yield an estimate of about 3.3 × 104 sensilla and 105 cells per antenna.
Analysis of twitter users' sharing of official new york storm response messages.

Background: Twitter is a social network where users read, send, and share snippets of text (“tweets”). Tweets can be disseminated through multiple means; on desktop computers, laptops, and mobile devices, over ethernet, Wi-Fi or cellular networks. This redundancy positions Twitter as a useful tool for disseminating information to the public during emergencies or disasters. Previous research on dissemination of information using Twitter has mostly investigated the characteristics of tweets that are most effective in raising consumer awareness about a new product or event. In particular, they describe characteristics that increase the chance the messages will be shared ("retweeted") by users. In comparison, little has been published on how information from municipal or state government agencies spreads on Twitter during emergency situations. Retweeting these messages is a way to enhance public awareness of potentially important instructions from public officials in a disaster.
IgG4-related inflammatory pseudotumor of the central nervous system responsive to mycophenolate mofetil

Orbital apex and skull base masses often present with neuro-ophthalmic signs and symptoms. Though the localization of these syndromes and visualization of the responsible lesion on imaging is typically straightforward, definitive diagnosis usually relies on biopsy. Immunohistochemistry is important for categorization and treatment planning. IgG4–related disease is emerging as a pathologically defined inflammatory process that can occur in multiple organ systems. We present two patients with extensive inflammatory mass lesions of the central nervous system with immunohistochemistry positive for IgG4 and negative for ALK-1 as examples of meningeal based IgG4-related inflammatory pseudotumors. In both patients, there was treatment response to mycophenolate mofetil.