cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forward Curve Bias and Optimization Errors

We derive optimal hedging ratios for interest rate risk under different assumptions that underpin the relationship between the forward rate and the expected future spot rate. In some instances, full hedging is optimal, and the conditions for the optimality of a partial hedge are identified. Less hedging (more floating debt in our model) is more optimal under the liquidity preference model than under the unbiased expectations hypothesis. This indicates that in times of higher preference for liquidity less hedging is optimal. Higher preference for liquidity correlates with larger term spreads (a steeper yield curve) and periods of monetary easing. Comparison of the analytical results with historical data indicates that partial hedging for interest rate risk is generally preferable over full hedging strategies with some exceptions. Lastly, the paper shows the role of market timing on hedging decisions.
Evaluating Gene Drive Approaches for Public Benefit

Gene drive approaches—those which bias inheritance of a genetic element in a population of sexually reproducing organisms—have the potential to provide important public benefits. The spread of selected genetic elements in wild populations of organisms may help address certain challenges, such as transmission of vector-borne human and animal diseases and biodiversity loss due to invasive animals. Adapting various naturally occurring gene drive mechanisms to these aims is a long-standing research area, and recent advances in genetics have made engineering gene drive systems significantly more technically feasible. Gene drive approaches would act through changes in natural environments, thus robust methods to evaluate potential research and use are important.
Yukon Flats Basin Tectono-Sedimentary Element, East-Central Alaska

Abstract Yukon Flats is a vast and remote lowland that straddles the Arctic Circle and is located along the Yukon River in east-central Alaska. Seismic reflection and gravity indicate that low-density sedimentary strata beneath Yukon Flats are as thick as 8 km and are underlain by Jurassic to Devonian oceanic rocks of the Angayucham-Tozitna terrane. On the basis of shallow core hole penetrations and by analogy with nearby outcrops, the low-density strata are thought to consist of fluvial and lacustrine deposits of Neogene, Paleogene, and possibly Late Cretaceous age. No deep petroleum exploration wells have been drilled in Yukon Flats, but a coalbed methane test reached a total depth of nearly 700 m and found small amounts of microbial methane. Geochemical data from outcrops and shallow core holes suggest that potential source rocks include nonmarine coal, mudstone, and shale, whereas potential reservoirs include nonmarine sandstone and conglomerate. Numerous potential structural and stratigraphic traps are evident on seismic profiles. The United States Geological Survey estimates that undiscovered, technically recoverable oil resources in the Yukon Flats Basin tectono-sedimentary element range from zero to almost 600 million barrels (MMBO) and that undiscovered, technically recoverable gas resources range from zero to almost 15 trillion cubic feet (TCF).
Solutions of Problems: Systems of Equations

In this chapter, the problems of the third chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
Glycemic Variability Within 1 Year Following Surgery for Stage II-III Colon Cancer.

OBJECTIVE To examine glycemic variability within 1 month and 1 year following surgery among adult patients, with and without Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), treated for stage II-III colon cancer. METHOD A retrospective analysis of electronic health record data was conducted. Glycemic variability (i.e., standard deviation [SD] and coefficient of variation [CV] of > 2 blood glucose measures) was assessed within 1 month and within 1 year following colon surgery. Chi-square (χ2), Fisher's exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for the analyses. RESULTS Among the sample of 165 patients with stage II-III colon cancer, those with T2D had higher glycemic variability compared to patients without T2D (p < .001), with values within 1 month following surgery (SD = 44.69 mg/dL, CV = 27.4%) vs (SD = 20.55 mg/dL, CV = 17.53%); and within 1 year following surgery (SD = 45.04 mg/dL, CV = 29.04%) vs (SD = 21.36 mg/dL, CV = 18.6%). Associations were found between lower body mass index and higher glycemic variability (i.e., SD [r = -.413, p < .05] and CV [r = -.481, p < .01]) within 1 month following surgery in patients with T2D. Higher preoperative glucose was associated with higher glycemic variability (i.e., SD r = .448, p < .01) within 1 year in patients with T2D. Demographic and clinical characteristics were weakly associated with glycemic variability in patients without T2D. CONCLUSIONS Patients with stage II-III colon cancer with T2D experienced higher glycemic variability within 1 month and within 1 year following surgery compared to those without T2D. Associations between glycemic variability and demographic and clinical characteristics differed by T2D status. Further research in prospective studies is warranted.
International Access to the Petroleum Abstracts Information System

The Petroleum Abstracts Information System, which has operated since 1961, consists of two services: the weekly current awareness bulletin, Petroleum Abstracts, and the information retrieval service of printed indexes and magnetic tapes. Both services are supported by subscriptions from 53 major subscribers in the United States and in 18 other countries, and by 148 minor subscribers, mostly in the United States. In addition to this widespread coverage, some major subscribers also supply materials of the Petroleum Abstracts System to their offices in various localities around the world. Since October 1975 access, on an international basis, has been through the System Development Corporation (SDC) computer in Santa Monica, California. Major European points of access are London and Paris. Some major subscribers outside the United States use their own or Tulsa University computer programs locally to search the Master Record Tapes. Currently the level of search time for the SDC TULSA File is approximately 90 hours of computer time per month, of which 21 percent originates outside the United States. When the EURONET and SCANNET Systems become operative, an evaluation will be made of possible impact upon the present structure of the retrieval capabilities of the Petroleum Abstracts System. In the future, a more complete coverage of the literature of energy resources (wind, ocean currents and thermal differences, solid wastes, etc.) technology and economic minerals will be offered by the Petroleum Abstracts Information System.
Identification of mouse NMDA receptor subunit NR2A C‐terminal tyrosine sites phosphorylated by coexpression with v‐Src

The protein tyrosine kinase Src is known to regulate NMDA receptors in native neurons. While NR2A, NR2B and NR2D are known to be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, the exact sites have remained unidentified. Immunoprecipitation of NMDA receptor subunits followed by western blotting was used to analyze the state of tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant NMDA receptor subunits expressed in HEK293 cells. Using antiphosphotyrosine antibody PY20, we find that on expression in HEK cells, v-Src and Fyn cause detectable tyrosine phosphorylation only of NR2A. Because a stronger signal was produced by the constitutively active v-Src, the general region of v-Src phosphorylation was delimited by expression of a series of truncation mutants of NR2A. Site-directed mutagenesis on candidate sites within the likely region allowed identification of three sites, Y1292, Y1325, and Y1387 that account for a significant fraction of the total PY20 signal. Two of these sites, Y1292 and Y1387, were suggested to control current modulation by Src in previous studies of HEK cells expressing NR1/NR2A. One of these sites, Y1325, has not yet been evaluated for effects on receptor current. A unique tyrosine site, Y1267, was shown not to be a site of detectable phosphorylation, in accordance with its Src-independent regulation of receptor currents.
The Market Reaction to Arthur Andersen's Shredding of Documents: Loss of Reputation or Confounding Effects?

This paper tests the hypothesis that negative client stock returns following the revelation that Enron documents had been shredded are attributable to confounding effects as opposed to a loss of Andersen's reputation. We find that a sharp decline in oil prices along with a disproportionate share of energy clients combine to produce significantly more negative returns for Andersen clients relative to other Big 4 clients, and for Andersen's Houston office clients relative to its clients in other locations. Further, the returns of Andersen clients are no different from those experienced by Big 4 clients in nine out of ten industry sectors. Additional tests of earnings response coefficients reveal no change in the market's valuation of clients' earnings after the shredding announcement. Overall, we conclude the market reaction surrounding the shredding date is attributable to market-wide news events rather than the loss of Andersen's reputation.
Identifying Reduced-Order Models for Large Nonlinear Systems with Arbitrary Initial Conditions and Multiple Outputs using Prony Signal Analysis

Presented in this paper is a method of identifying accurate reduced-order linear models for large nonlinear plants operating in the neighborhood of an equilibrium point. The method is based on Prony signal analysis which has recently received considerable attention in the study of power system electro-mechanical oscillations. System initial conditions also are identified using the proposed method which allows the system to be in a transient state prior to the identification process. A technique of applying the Prony based method to single-input multi-output systems is discussed. Two examples on how the identification method may be used are given.
Extended Temperature Range Studies for Dry Heat Microbial Reduction

This paper will present the lethality data that has been collected at this time and the planned future studies. The results show that rapid ramp-up heating times are critical to obtaining valid lethality data at high temperatures because an extensive number of spores are killed before reaching the target temperature. Exploratory experiments have also been performed using a laser to rapidly heat coupons.
Electronic studies of Cu(II) complexes of amino acids—V: Bonding in some Cu(II) X-Schiff base coordination compounds

Abstract Three series of Cu and Cu:Zn coordination compounds of X -salicylaldehyde-amino acid Schiff bases were prepared with X  4OH, H, 5NO 2 , 5Cl and glycine, alanine and phenylglycine. The magnetic and spectral parameters were obtained and utilized in the calculation of molecular orbital coefficients for these coordination compounds. Simple Huckel molecular orbital calculations of the imine model (I) and carbanion model (II) were used to rationalized the observed trends. It was observed that the R  CH 3 and X  OH, H, NO 2 and Cl were fitted well by model (I) while the R  H and C 6 H 5 and X  NO 2 were better correlated with model (II), showing the C(10)-H bond in these latter compounds to be particularly labile.
Software Patterns for Modelling Discrete-Part Manufacturing Systems Using Objects

A manufacturing system consists of entities that relate to one another through some type of transaction. Entities exhibit specific behaviours. The essential modelling problem is to reproduce the aggregate effect of individual behaviours, typically by representing all the relevant entities, their behaviours, and their transactions. Simulation software provides the means for creating, executing, and observing these representations. While modern simulation languages provide many useful modelling constructs, they suffer from several limitations in modelling manufacturing systems. These include having incomplete or inconsistent mapping of software abstractions to the system being modelled, having limited modules for representing decision-making, and not being able to explicitly accommodate human supervisory control. In this article we discuss the development and application of an object-oriented architecture for manufacturing modelling and simulation. The architecture is derived from an explicit domain analysis of discrete-part manufacturing systems from a material flow perspective, and provides software patterns for representing entities and their interactions. The architecture also supports the development of real-time, interactive simulations of manufacturing systems with a high degree of fidelity, incorporating supervisory control, and it provides software abstractions for representing manufacturing decision-making and control.
The Existential Sources of Phenomenology: Heidegger on Formal Indication

: This article contributes to the contemporary debate regarding the young Heidegger's method of formal indication. Theodore Kisiel argues that this method constitutes a radical break with Husserl—a rejection of phenomenological reflection that paves the way to the non-reflective approach of the Beitrage. Against this view, Steven Crowell argues that formal indication is continuous with Husserlian phenomenology—a refinement of phenomenological reflection that reveals its existential sources. I evaluate this debate and adduce further considerations in favor of Crowell's view. To do so, I analyze the young Heidegger's account of phenomenological communication and argue that it further reflects the continuity that Crowell identifies: as he does with reflection, Heidegger refines Husserl's account of phenomenological communication and sheds light on its existential sources.
MDM2 Inhibitor, Nutlin 3a, Induces p53 Dependent Autophagy in Acute Leukemia by AMP Kinase Activation

MDM2 (mouse double minute 2) inhibitors that activate p53 and induce apoptosis in a non-genotoxic manner are in clinical development for treatment of leukemias. P53 can modulate other programmed cell death pathways including autophagy both transcriptionally and non-transcriptionally. We investigated autophagy induction in acute leukemia by Nutlin 3a, a first-in-class MDM2 inhibitor. Nutlin 3a induced autophagy in a p53 dependent manner and transcriptional activation of AMP kinase (AMPK) is critical, as this effect is abrogated in AMPK -/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Nutlin 3a induced autophagy appears to be pro-apoptotic as pharmacological (bafilomycin) or genetic inhibition (BECLIN1 knockdown) of autophagy impairs apoptosis induced by Nutlin 3a.
Free-text collection-level subject metadata in large-scale digital libraries: a comparative content analysis

Metadata is central for information organization in digital libraries. A growing number of digital libraries worldwide are now generating metadata to describe not only individual objects but entire digital collections as integral wholes. However, collection-level metadata has not yet been empirically evaluated. This paper reports results of the study that used an in-depth comparative content analysis to assess free-text collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital cultural heritage aggregations in the United States and Europe. As observed by this study, the emerging best practices include encoding a variety of information about a digital collection in free-text collection-level Description metadata element. This includes both subject-specific (topical, geographic and temporal coverage, and types/genres of objects in a digital collection) and non-subject-specific information: title, size, provenance, collection development, copyright, audience, navigation and functionality, language of items in a digital collection, frequency of additions, institutions that host a digital collection or contribute to it, funding sources, item creators, importance, uniqueness, and comprehensiveness of a digital collection.
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND SUBJECTIVE NORM-BEHAVIOR CONSISTENCY

We found support for the hypothesis that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, subjective norms measured after group interaction can affect behavior directly. Perceived subjective norms converged within groups for subjects in a discussion condition, and these “normalized” subjective norms affected behavior directly. Based upon previous research, we expected that attitudes and subjective norms can influence behavior directly because ill-formed intentions are inconsistent with behavior. Instead, we found that attitudes and subjective norms affected behavior directly for discussion subjects even when ill-formed intentions were, consistent with behavior. The findings indicate that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, the manner of attitudes and subjective norm formation may be more crucial for predicting behavior than the strength of the intention-behavior relationship.
Androgen and gonadotropin effects on male mate calls in South African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis.

Mate calling is a prominent reproductive behavior of male South African clawed frogs. Calls consist of alternating slow- and fast-amplitude-modulated trills. Each trill is made up of a series of clicks. The effects of administration of exogenous gonadotropin and androgen on mate calling were studied in male Xenopus laevis. Males were paired with unreceptive female frogs to elicit maximal calling. The amount of time each animal spent calling during the testing period, the peak fundamental frequency of the calls, the rate of calling, and the interclick interval (ICI, a measure of the temporal patterning of the calls) were measured in intact, castrated, and hormone-replaced frogs. Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) into intact frogs increased the amount of time spent calling and the ICI relative to measures taken after water injection. Castrated males did not call even when given HCO. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatment reinstated calling in castrates and increased circulating levels of androgens. When androgen-replaced castrated males were injected with HCG, the amount of time spent calling increased and approached levels of intact, HCG-injected males. The above results suggest that androgens are necessary for the production of calls. Gonadotropins appear to play an important role in mate calling, a role at least partly independent of effects on testicular androgen synthesis.
Adsorption and stability of arsenic(III) at the clay mineral-water interface

Adsorption and oxidation reactions of arsenite (As(III)) at the mineral−water interface are two important factors affecting the fate and transport of arsenic in the environ ment. Numerous studies have concluded that As(III) is more soluble and mobile than arsenate (As(V)) in soils, though very little experimental work has demonstrated the differences in reactivity and stability of As(III) and As(V) at the mineral−water interface. In this investigation, As(III) adsorption on kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, and amorphous aluminum hydroxide (am-Al(OH)3) was studied as a function of pH and ionic strength and was compared with As(V) adsorption. High-performance liquid chromatog raphy−hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HPLC−HGAAS) was employed for direct determination of As(III) and As(V). In addition, surface complexation modeling was used to describe As(III) and As(V) adsorption on the four minerals. It was revealed that alkaline solutions (pH > 9) without mineral solids caused homoge...
Hierarchical Bayesian methods for integration of various types of genomics data

We propose methods to integrate data across several genomic platforms using a hierarchical Bayesian analysis framework that incorporates the biological relationships among the platforms to identify genes whose expression is related to clinical outcomes in cancer. This integrated approach combines information across all platforms, leading to increased statistical power in finding these predictive genes, and further provides mechanistic information about the manner of the effect on the outcome. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach (including improved estimation via effective estimate shrinkage) through a simulation, and finally we apply our method to a Glioblastoma Multiforme dataset and identify several genes significantly associated with patients' survival.
Flavonol glycosides and novel iridoid glycoside from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia

One new iridoid glycoside and five known flavonol glycosides have been isolated from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia. The new iridoid exists as an epimeric mixture in solution. Complete assignments of the proton and carbon chemical shifts for the individual epimers were accomplished on the basis of high-resolution 1D and 2D NMR data. Their antioxidative activities were measured. All of these compounds showed DPPH free radical scavenging activity at the concentration of 30 microM.
Anisotropic electromagnetic features of a grain-aligned YBa2Cu3Ox bulk superconductor.

The anisotropic electromagnetic features of a grain-aligned ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ bulk sample derived from a process of long-time partial melt growth were investigated by the measurements of dc magnetization (at 77 K) and ac susceptibility as a function of temperature, with the fields applied parallel and perpendicular to the c axis, respectively. The extended Bean model was further studied and applied to explain the experimental results. Upon comparison of the grain-aligned sample with pure single-crystal materials, it is concluded that, because of the existence of more effective pinning sites in the grain-aligned sample, not only its critical current density perpendicular to the c axis is improved, but the one parallel to the c axis is improved even more significantly. The anisotropy in the critical current densities in the grain-aligned sample at 77 K is at least 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than in the pure single crystal. The measurement of anisotropy of ac susceptibility as a function of temperature, especially its imaginary part, shows that there are still some residues of interlayer weak links in the grain-aligned samples, but they are quite different from and far less serious than the weak links in the sintered samples.
Molecular cloning and expression of rat connexin40, a gap junction protein expressed in vascular smooth muscle

Gap junctions contain intercellular channels which are formed by members of a group of related proteins called connexins. Connexins contain conserved transmembrane and extracellular domains, but unique cytoplasmic regions which may provide connexin-specific physiologic properties. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and cDNA library screening to clone DNA encoding a novel member of this gene family, rat connexin40 (Cx40). The derived rat Cx40 polypeptide contains 356 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 40,233 Da. Sequence comparisons suggest that Cx40 is the mammalian homologue of chick connexin42, but it has predicted cytoplasmic regions that differ from previously described mammalian connexins. Southern blots of rat genomic DNA suggest that Cx40 is encoded by a single copy gene containing no introns within its coding region. Northern blots demonstrate that Cx40 is expressed in multiple tissues (including lung, heart, uterus, ovary, and blood vessels) and in primary cultures and established lines of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cx40 is coexpressed with connexin43 in several cell types, including A7r5 cells, which contain two physiologically distinct gap junctional channels. To demonstrate that Cx40 could form functional channels, we stably transfected communication-deficient Neuro2A cells with Cx40 DNA. These Cx40-transfected cells showed intercellular passage of microinjected Lucifer yellow CH. The expression of multiple connexins (such as Cx40 and Cx43) by a single cell may provide a mechanism by which cells regulate intercellular coupling through the formation of multiple channels
Identification of structural-borne noise components by the use of time-frequency filtering

In this paper it is shown that a time-frequency analysis of a structural impulse response may be used to identify the wave types carrying significant energy through a structure. The identification of various wave types is possible since each is characterized by its own dispersion relation, with the result that each wave type may be associated with characteristic features in the time-frequency domain representation of an impulse response. In the work described here, the Wigner Distribution has been used to obtain appropriate time-frequency representations of impulse responses. Practical aspects of the calculation of the Wigner Distribution are discussed briefly and examples of its application to the analysis of structural impulse responses are given. Additionally, filtering techniques are described that can be used both to detect the presence of and to quantify the energy carried by both nondispersive and dispersive waves.
Chebyshev analysis of stress concentrations

A specialized method of Chebyshev polynomial curve fitting is developed for stress-concentration analysis. The method is shown to be both economical and highly accurate.
(Un)Necessary Toughness?: Those "Loud Black Girls" and Those "Quiet Asian Boys"

This article examines the process of identity construction and its relationship to discursive and representational acts in producing students as academic and social beings. Drawing on Judith Butler's work on gender performativity, I focus on two student populations—black females and Southeast Asian American males—and analyze the symbolic and material effects of the production of them as racialized, gendered Other through the repeated stylization of their bodies and behavior. The materialization of the students as "loud black girls" and "quiet Asian boys," however, opens up the potential for disrupting the hegemonicfbrces of regulatory norms.
Energy coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere

A description is given of the path leading to the first approximation expression for the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling function (epsilon), which correlates well with the total energy consumption rate (U sub T) of the magnetosphere. It is shown that epsilon is the primary factor controlling the time development of magnetospheric substorms and storms. The finding of this particular expression epsilon indicates how the solar wind couples its energy to the magnetosphere; the solar wind and the magnetosphere make up a dynamo. In fact, the power generated by the dynamo can be identified as epsilon through the use of a dimensional analysis. In addition, the finding of epsilon suggests that the magnetosphere is closer to a directly driven system than to an unloading system which stores the generated energy before converting it to substorm and storm energies. The finding of epsilon and its implications is considered to have significantly advanced and improved the understanding of magnetospheric processes.
New lithologies in the Zagami meteorite: evidence for fractional crystallization of a single magma unit on Mars

Abstract Zagami consists of a series of increasingly evolved magmatic lithologies. The bulk of the rock is a basaltic lithology dominated by pigeonite (Fs 28.7–54.3 ), augite (Fs 19.5–35.0 ) and maskelynite (Ab 42–53 ). Approximately 20 vol.% of Zagami is a basaltic lithology containing FeO-enriched pyroxene (pigeonite, Fs 27.0–80.8 ) and mm- to cm-sized late-stage melt pockets. The melt pockets are highly enriched in olivine-bearing intergrowths, mesostases, phosphates (both whitlockite and water-bearing apatite), Fe,Ti-oxides and sulfides. The systematic increases in abundances of late-stage phases, Fs and incompatible element (e.g., Y and the REEs) contents of pigeonite, Ab contents of maskelynite, and FeO concentrations of whitlockite all point to a fractional crystallization sequence. The crystallization order in Zagami and the formation of these various lithologies was controlled by the abundances of iron, phosphorus, and calcium. During fractional crystallization, iron and phosphorus enrichment occurred, ultimately forcing the crystallization of calcium phosphates and olivine-bearing intergrowths. The limited amount of calcium in the melt and its partitioning between phosphates and silicates controlled the crystallization of phosphates, plagioclase, pigeonite, and augite. The presence of these FeO-enriched, water-poor late-stage lithologies has important implications. Discrepancies between experimental and petrologic studies to infer the history of basaltic shergottites may be partially explained by the use of starting compositions which are too FeO-poor in the experimental studies. The water-poor nature of the late-stage melt pockets suggests crystallization from a very dry magma, although whether this magma was always dry or experienced significant near-surface degassing remains an open question. Finally, the presence of fractional crystallization products within Zagami suggests that this may be a relatively common process on Mars.
Dynamic-Absorption Spectral Contours: Vibrational Phase-Dependent Resolution of Low-Frequency Coherent Wave-Packet Motion of IR144 on the Ground-State and Excited-State π → π* Surfaces

We have characterized the femtosecond dynamic-absorption spectrum from the tricarbocyanine dye IR144 with the aid of a new approach that uses time-probe-wavelength contour lines to project the phase relationships between the coherent wave-packet motions on the ground-state and excited-state potential-energy surfaces. The distinct phase of the waveform carried by a dynamic-absorption contour line reports the motion of a single wave packet. The spectrum from IR144 exhibits four regions of alternating contour phase; simulations show that this interference pattern results from the antiphase motion and partial spectral overlap of the ground-state depletion and stimulated-emission spectra and the narrowing of the spectra that occurs when the excited-state and ground-state wave packets reach their turning points. The Fourier-magnitude spectra of contour lines and intensity transients observed in the spectral region, which are assigned to the turning point of the ground-state wave packet, have been compared to those obtained in the long-wavelength-limit spectral region that is associated with the excited-state wave packet. The intensities and frequencies of eleven modes observed over the 15-634 cm - 1 region suggest that the excited-state wave packet rapidly moves from the Franck-Condon geometry to a region of the potential-energy surface that is relatively flat with respect to the global normal coordinates that bend and twist the conjugated polyene backbone of IR144. These coordinates are evidently anharmonically coupled to high-frequency modes that are not impulsively excited by the 12-fs pulses used in the dynamic-absorption experiments.
Improving Data Quality: Actors, Incentives, and Capabilities

This paper examines the construction and use of data sets in political science. We focus on three interrelated questions: How might we assess data quality? What factors shape data quality? and How can these factors be addressed to improve data quality? We first outline some problems with existing data set quality, including issues of validity, coverage, and accuracy, and we discuss some ways of identifying problems as well as some consequen ces of data quality problems. The core of the paper addresses the second question by analyzing the incentives and capabilities facing four key actors in a data supply chain: respondents, data collection agencies (including state bureaucracies and private organiza tions), international organizations, and finally, academic scholars. We conclude by making some suggestions for improving the use and construction of data sets.
Pathogenesis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex 2 Disease in a Mouse Model Is Dependent on Entry Receptor Expression and Route of Inoculation

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenesis in mice differs based on availability of the principal entry receptors herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) and nectin-1 in a manner dependent upon route of inoculation. After intravaginal or intracranial inoculation of adult mice, nectin-1 is a major mediator of neurologic disease, while the absence of either receptor attenuates disease after ocular infection. We tested the importance of receptor availability and route of infection on disease in mouse models of neonatal HSV. We infected 7-day-old mice lacking neither or one principal HSV receptor or both principal HSV receptors with HSV-2 via a peripheral route (intranasal), via a systemic route (intraperitoneal), or by inoculation directly into the central nervous system (intracranial). Mortality, neurologic disease, and visceral dissemination of virus were significantly attenuated in nectin-1 knockout mice compared with HVEM knockout or wild-type mice after intranasal inoculation. Mice lacking both entry receptors (double-knockout mice) showed no evidence of disease after inoculation by any route. Nectin-1 knockout mice had delayed mortality after intraperitoneal inoculation relative to wild-type and HVEM knockout mice, but virus was able to spread to the brain and viscera in all genotypes except double-knockout mice. Unlike in adult mice, HVEM was sufficient to mediate disease in neonatal mice after direct intracranial inoculation, and the absence of HVEM delayed time to mortality relative to that of wild-type mice. Additionally, in wild-type neonatal mice inoculated intracranially, HSV antigen did not primarily colocalize with NeuN-positive neurons. Our results suggest that differences in receptor expression between adults and newborns may partially explain differences in susceptibility to HSV-2.
On the transition state in the Xα method

Abstract The total energy in the Xα method is expanded in a power series involving derivatives with respect to occupation numbers, and it is shown that this allows accurate computation of energy differences with very little additional labor over a single total energy calculation.
Identification and characterization of two enzymes involved in the intracellular metabolism of cobalamin. Cyanocobalamin β-ligand transferase and microsomal cob(III) alamin reductase

Abstract Two enzymes involved in the intracellular metabolism of cobalamin have been identified and characterized: cyanocobalamin β-ligand transferase and microsomal cob(III)alamin reductase. The β-ligand transferase is a cytosolic enzyme utilizing FAD, NADPH and reduced glutathione. The product of the reaction has been identified as glutathionylcobalamin. NADH-linked cob(III)alamin reductase has been found in two subcellular fractions: microsomal and inner mitochondrial membrane. The product of the reduction catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme has been identified as cob(II)alamin. In cbl C mutant fibroblasts, the specific activities of cyanocobalamin β-ligand transferase and cob(III)alamin reductase were markedly decreased and have varied from 3%–30% and 36%–42% of normal, respectively. The specific activity of mitochondrial cob(III)alamin reductase was only 30% of normal in two cbl C mutants and normal in remaining mutant cell lines. In the cbl D cells, the specific activities were 33% and 55%. Mitochondrial cob(III)alamin reductase was not affected by cbl D mutation. Methionine synthase, L -methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and microsomal cytochrome c and b5 reductases are not affected by both mutations. The cbl E mutation affects only the activity of methionine synthase. These results support the hypothesis that the early enzymatic steps of intracellular metabolism of cobalamin are similar in the synthesis of both methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin and these steps are altered by the cbl C and cbl D mutations.
On the distribution of the nearly unstable AR(1) process with heavy tails

We consider a nearly unstable, or near unit root, AR(1) process with regularly varying innovations. Two different approximations for the stationary distribution of such processes exist: a Gaussian approximation arising from the nearly unstable nature of the process and a heavy-tail approximation related to the tail asymptotics of the innovations. We combine these two approximations to obtain a new uniform approximation that is valid on the entire real line. As a corollary, we obtain a precise description of the regions where each of the Gaussian and heavy-tail approximations should be used.
Assessing and Improving your Listening Skills

Beginning with caring about what the other person has to say and continuing through giving feed back to the speaker, school administrators can become more effective listeners.
A Study on Pubmed Search Tag Usage Pattern: Association Rule Mining of a Full-day Pubmed Query Log

The practice of evidence-based medicine requires efficient biomedical literature search such as PubMed/MEDLINE. Retrieval performance relies highly on the efficient use of search field tags. The purpose of this study was to analyze PubMed log data in order to understand the usage pattern of search tags by the end user in PubMed/MEDLINE search. A PubMed query log file was obtained from the National Library of Medicine containing anonymous user identification, timestamp, and query text. Inconsistent records were removed from the dataset and the search tags were extracted from the query texts. A total of 2,917,159 queries were selected for this study issued by a total of 613,061 users. The analysis of frequent co-occurrences and usage patterns of the search tags was conducted using an association mining algorithm. The percentage of search tag usage was low (11.38% of the total queries) and only 2.95% of queries contained two or more tags. Three out of four users used no search tag and about two-third of them issued less than four queries. Among the queries containing at least one tagged search term, the average number of search tags was almost half of the number of total search terms. Navigational search tags are more frequently used than informational search tags. While no strong association was observed between informational and navigational tags, six (out of 19) informational tags and six (out of 29) navigational tags showed strong associations in PubMed searches. The low percentage of search tag usage implies that PubMed/MEDLINE users do not utilize the features of PubMed/MEDLINE widely or they are not aware of such features or solely depend on the high recall focused query translation by the PubMed’s Automatic Term Mapping. The users need further education and interactive search application for effective use of the search tags in order to fulfill their biomedical information needs from PubMed/MEDLINE.
Elastic magnetic scattering of electrons from /sup 13/C

The form factor for elastic magnetic scattering of electrons from /sup 13/C has been measured to a maximum momentum transfer of 3.29 fm/sup -1/. No reasonable p-shell model, with or without one-pion exchange currents, could be found to explain the relative enhancement observed in the M1 form factor above qapprox. =2 fm/sup -1/.
Distribution studies in CD-1 mice administered [14C]muconaldehyde.

Trans,trans-muconaldehyde (muconaldehyde, MUC), a microsomal hematotoxic ring-opened metabolite of benzene, has been proposed to play a role in benzene hematotoxicity. In the present study, [14C]-muconaldehyde was administered to CD-1 mice and the distribution of [14C]muconaldehyde equivalents was investigated. The study was carried out to evaluate whether [14C]muconaldehyde equivalents could reach the bone marrow. [14C]Muconaldehyde at a dose of 2 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally (3.4 μCi/mouse) and by intravenous injection (2.7 μCi/mouse). The amount of [14C]muconaldehyde equivalents was measured in the bone marrow, blood, liver, lung, kidney and spleen at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h after [14C]MUC administration. The results indicate that 0.044% or 0.018% of the total dose administered when given i.v. or i.p., respectively, reached the bone marrow. The elimination of the radioactivity in all organs had at least two phases. The bone marrow, kidney, and lung had a rapid first phase (t1/2 0.5–1.2 h) and a slower second phase (t1/2 2.8–15.7 h). In the liver, a slow first phase (t1/2 3.7 h) was followed by a more rapid second phase (t1/2 1.5 h). The level of radioactivity in blood and bone marrow was significantly higher when [14C]muconaldehyde was administered intravenously compared with intraperitoneally, demonstrating that the route of administration affects the distribution of [14C]muconaldehyde equivalents.
Determination of mutation rates in bacteriophage T4 by unneighborly base pairs: genetic analysis.

Abstract Earlier studies showed that the 2-aminopurine-induced mutation rate at a particular base pair can be influenced by the base adjacent to, or one additional base-pair removed from, the measured site (Koch, 1971). The present study extends to 0.3 map unit (about 30 base pairs) the distance at which a single base-pair substitution can exert such an effect. A particular base-pair substitution (defined as a ts mutation in the rIIA gene of bacteriophage T4) reduces the spontaneous, 2-aminopurine-induced and nitrous acid-induced reversions of an rIIA amber mutation approximately threefold. The ts mutation also reduces the 2-aminopurine-induced conversion of the corresponding ochre codon to amber (UAA → UAG) about twofold and to opal (UAA → UGA) about eightfold. The 2-aminopurine-induced reversion of the ochre codon to a glutamine codon (UAA → CAA), however, is not affected. Control experiments demonstrate that these observed reductions in mutation frequency do not result from unacceptable pathways of reversion in the presence of the ts allele.
Sense-Perception and Recollection in the Phaedo

At Phaedo 72e4-77a5 Socrates attempts to persuade Simmias that the human soul exists prior to its present physical incarnation. The passage and the difficulties it contains are justly famous. One of those difficulties, however, has not received sufficient attention, although it lies at the heart of the doctrine of recollection as Plato formulates it in the Phaedo and at the core of the anamnesis argument for the soul's prenatal existence. The difficulty I have in mind concerns the type of sense experience that gives rise to knowledge of the Forms. The problem is this: when Plato says that experience of sensible objects somehow leads to recollection, what kind of sense experience is he referring to?' The importance of this problem can be clarified by comparing the
Local Oscillator Noise Affects Noise Figure Measurement Accuracy

Noise figure measurements are affected by amplitude modulated noise from local oscillators used in noise figure test systems. When testing microwave amplifiers or mixers/receivers, an external local oscillator(LO) is needed. For microwave amplifiers, the LO downconverts the noise to the noise figure meter's frequency range; while for mixers/receivers, the LO provides a drive signal to the mixer's L port. The LO adds noise to the testing in the form of AM noise. This AM noise elevates the system noise figure when testing amplifiers causing increased measurement uncertainty. For mixers and receivers, the LO noise adds directly to the measurement and causes erroneous results. The AM noise is reduced by placing a filter between the LO and the mixer. This filter limits noise reaching the noise figure meter. The LO AM noise affects the microwave amplifier noise figure measurement uncertainty and falsely elevates mixer/receiver noise figure measurements.
Vitamin E Activity of Selenium in Turkey Hatchability

Abstract INTRODUCTION A NUMBER of workers have reported the vitamin E-like activity of selenium in preventing exudative diathesis in chicks (Schwartz et al., 1957; Reid et al., 1958; and Patterson et al., 1957). Schwartz et al. (1957) reported dried brewers yeast and vitamin-free casein completely prevented symptoms of exudative diathesis and promoted good growth when fed at the 10% level in the diet of rats. They also reported the presence of a factor 3, which they described as, “The biologically active, selenium containing component, or components, present in nutrients and other materials of biological origin,” to be present in dried brewers yeast. Creech et al. (1957) showed that exudative diathesis, produced in Beltsville Small White turkey poults, could be prevented by the addition of alpha-tocopherol acetate to the diet. Dried brewers yeast was also found to prevent this condition. These investigators determined the relationship between serum protein of the poult and the…
Nonlocal interactions: a jammerian analysis

It is general practice to describe a microsystem by means of a model characterized by probability amplitudes possessed at each spacetime point between preparation and measurement events. Recent developments initiated by Bell's theorem indicate that any such model must in some cases be considered as participating in nonlocal interactions. Adapting ideas originated by Jammer, this paper asserts that that conclusion may be indicative only of limitations in the applicability of physical properties in the modelling of microsystems and thus might not lead to inferences about the microsystems in themselves. Recent discussions of the Aharanov-Bohm effect further exemplify the difference in these alternative interpretations of nonlocality.
THE PARAMETER SPACE OF A QUADRATIC FAMILY OF POLYNOMIAL MAPS OF ℂ2

In this paper, we study the parameter space of the quadratic polynomial family fλ,μ(z, w) = (λz + w2, μw + z2), which exhibits interesting dynamics. Two distinct subsets of the parameter space are studied as appropriate analogs of the one-dimensional Mandelbrot set and some of their properties are proved by using Lyapunov exponents. In the more general context of holomorphic families of regular maps, we show that the sum of the Lyapunov exponents is a plurisubharmonic function of the parameter, and pluriharmonic on the set of expanding maps. Moreover, for the family fλ,μ, we prove that the sum of the Lyapunov exponents is continuous.
Identification of two distinct electron binding motifs in the anionic water clusters: a vibrational spectroscopic study of the (H2O)6- isomers.

Photoelectron spectroscopy of the water cluster anions, (H2O)n-, has revealed that several isomeric forms are present for most sizes, and here, we use vibrational spectroscopy to address the structure of the (H2O)6- isomer that more weakly binds the extra electron. To overcome the severe line broadening that occurs in the OH stretching region of this isomer caused by fast electron autodetachment, we concentrate on the low-energy bending modes of the perdeutero isotopomer. Sharp spectroscopic signatures are recovered for two isomers using argon predissociation spectroscopy, and the resulting bands are heavily overlapped. To extract their independent contributions to the observed spectra, we exploit the substantial dependence of their relative populations on the number of attached argon atoms in the (D2O)6-·Arm clusters, determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. The vibrational spectra of each isomer can then be isolated by spectral subtraction, which is implemented with a covariance mapping approach. The r...
Chlorinated Contaminants in Surficial Sediments of Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie: Implications Regarding Sources Along the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers

Abstract Surficial sediments from southern Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie have been analyzed for a broad spectrum of chlorinated organics including PCBs, chlorobenzenes, and several pesticides. The differences between sediment contaminant concentrations in Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair indicated sources of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, octachlorostyrene, and several other chlorinated benzenes along the St. Clair River. Similar differences between sediment PCB concentrations in Lakes Huron/St. Clair and Lake Erie indicated major PCB sources along the Detroit River. Specific PCB congener analysis revealed that PCBs discharged to the Detroit River contained especially high concentrations of highly chlorinated hexa-, hepta-, and octachloro-biphenyls which are major constituents of the industrial mixture Aroclor 1260. The analysis of individual PCB congeners made it possible to trace PCBs of Detroit River origin to the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie, and to estimate the contribution of the Detroit River to the PCB burden in sediments of these basins.