cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Personality Variables, Prior Experience, and Training on Sales Agents' Internet Utilization and Performance

ABSTRACT Emerging literature on the impact of the Internet on business-to-business (B2B) marketing has primarily focused on examining this issue from the perspective of manufacturers and buyers. This study focuses on the sales agent, a third prominent actor in B2B markets, and tests a conceptual model that relates a sales agent's personality, demographic, and user-situational constructs to that sales agent's Internet utilization for selling activities. Further, the model tested in this study relates a sales agent's Internet utilization to perceived sales performance. Findings in this study indicate that internal locus of control, learning orientation, and sales related Internet training relate positively to a sales agent's Internet utilization, and that a sales agent's age relates negatively to Internet utilization. Further, the results support a positive relationship between a sales agent's Internet utilization and sales performance. This study emphasizes that the Internet can be a productive tool for sa...
Resistance in infusing minority content in social work education

(1981). Resistance in infusing minority content in social work education. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 216-225.
Specific hyposensitization therapy in children.

(1966). Specific Hyposensitization Therapy in Children. Journal of Asthma Research: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 57-60.
Long-term outcomes in heart transplantation using donors with a history of past and present cocaine use

OBJECTIVES Organ donors with a history of cocaine use are thought to be less favourable for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). This study examined long-term survival in OHT using donors with a history of cocaine use. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was examined for primary, adult heart transplants from 2000 to 2010. Cox proportional hazards analysis using covariates associated with mortality was used to examine survival. RESULTS There were 19 636 total OHTs with 2274 (11.6%) using donors with a history of dependent cocaine use (DCU). Of these, 1008 (44.3%) donors were current cocaine users. Recipients of DCU were more likely to be male (79.0 vs 75.7%, P < 0.001), more likely diabetic (16.5 vs 14.8%, P = 0.003) and were less likely to be sex mismatched (23.0 vs 28.6%, P < 0.001). DCU donors were older (32.5 vs 31.4 years, P < 0.001), more likely male (79.7 vs 69.8%, P < 0.001) and had higher ischaemic times (3.27 vs 3.20 h, P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, DCU was not associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.03, P = 0.22]. Variables associated with mortality included recipient body mass index, sex mismatch, race mismatch, black race, ischaemic time, recipient creatinine, donor age, donor smoking history and mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygen as a bridge to transplantation. On subset analysis, CCU was not associated with mortality (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.89-1.05, P = 0.42). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, median survival was not different when comparing current (3890.0 days), past (3,889.0 days) and non-cocaine using donors (4165.0 days); P = 0.54. CONCLUSIONS Use of carefully selected donors with a history of past and current cocaine use does not result in worse outcomes.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bridged epothilone D analogues

Six epothilone D analogues with a bridge between the C4-methyl and the C12-methyl carbons were prepared in an attempt to constrain epothilone D to its proposed tubulin-binding conformation. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was employed as the key step to build the C4-C26 bridge. In antiproliferative assays in the human ovarian cancer (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, and also in tubulin assembly assay, all these compounds proved to be less active than epothilone D.
Viewpoint stabilization for live collaborative video augmentations

We present a method for stabilizing live video from a moving camera for the purpose of a tele-meeting, in which a participant with an AR view onto a shared canvas collaborates with a remote user. The AR view is established without markers and using no other tracking equipment than a head-worn camera. The remote user is allowed to directly annotate the local user's view in real time on a desktop or tablet PC. The planar homographies between the reference frame and the other following frames are maintained. In effect, both the local and remote participants can annotate the physical meeting space, the local AR user through physical interaction, the remote user through our stabilized video. When tracking is lost, the remote user can still continue annotating on a frozen video frame. We tested several small demo applications with this new form of transient AR collaboration that can be established easily, on a per need basis, and without complicated equipment or calibration requirements.
An in vitro assay for the selective endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation of an unglycosylated secreted protein.

Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents the first compartment into which nascent secreted proteins traffic, and not coincidentally the ER lumen houses a high concentration of factors that facilitate protein folding, such as molecular chaperones. To off-set the potentially lethal consequences of mis-folded secreted protein accumulation, aberrant proteins may be selected for degradation via a process known as ER associated degradation (ERAD). After their selection ERAD substrates are retro-translocated back to the cytoplasm and then degraded by the 26S proteasome. Key features of the selection, retro-translocation, and degradation steps that constitute the ERAD pathway were elucidated through the development of an in vitro ERAD assay. In this assay the fates of two yeast proteins can be distinguished after their translocation, or import into ER-derived microsomes. Whereas a wild type, glycosylated protein (“GpαF”) is stable, a non-glycosylated version of the same protein (“pαF”) is rapidly degraded when microsomes containing radiolabeled forms of these substrates are incubated in cytosol and ATP. The purpose of this chapter is first to discuss the experimental findings from the use of the in vitro assay, and then to describe the assay in detail. Finally, future potential uses of the in vitro system are illustrated.
Cardiopulmonary Effects of Intrathoracic Insufflation in Dogs

This study was designed to quantify the effects of incremental positive insufflation of the intrathoracic space on cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (AP), central venous pressure (CVP), and percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SPO2) in anesthetized dogs. Seven healthy, adult dogs from terminal teaching laboratories were maintained under anesthesia with isoflurane delivered with a mechanical ventilator. The experimental variables were recorded before introduction of an intrathoracic catheter, at intrathoracic pressures (IP) of 0 mm Hg, 3 mm Hg insufflation, and additional increments of 1 mm Hg insufflation thereafter until the SPO2 remained <85% despite increases in minute volume. Finally the variables were measured again at 0 mm Hg IP. The cardiac output and systolic and diastolic AP significantly (P<0.05) decreased at 3 mm Hg IP. Significant decreases in SPO2 were seen at 10 mm Hg IP. Significant increase in CVP was noted at 6 mm Hg IP. Heart rate decreased significantly at...
The effects of body image and self-esteem on frequency of closet cleaning

The purpose of this study was to examine divestment of clothing and its relationship to psychological characteristics (body image and self-esteem) and demographic characteristics (gender and age) of the consumer. The relationship between frequencies in closet cleaning to categories selected for body image (Appearance Orientation, Appearance Evaluation, Body Areas Satisfaction, Subjective Weight, and Weight Preoccupation) were calculated using Pearson's Correlation and Analysis of Variance. Frequencies in closet cleaning were also compared to the overall score from responses to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The relationship between disposal frequency and Appearance Orientation was statistically significant for both gender groups, particularly among groups 18–25 years. Individuals with a higher Appearance Orientation tended to dispose clothing more frequently than others. When comparing men to women, body image accounted for garment disposal more among men, suggesting women have more varied reasons to dispose of clothing. Self-esteem measures were not related to disposal frequency among all groups. The findings contribute to knowledge and have implications related to self-concept and consumption behavior post purchasing. For example, results were similar between young men and women suggesting men may have similar clothing and appearance oriented behavior to women. In another example, those with high appearance orientation could be targeted for campaigns related to sustainable disposal strategies.
Mutagens in Cooked Food: Chemical Aspects

This paper is a review of published and unpublished work which was presented at the Pacific Conference on Chemistry and Spectroscopy in San Francisco, CA on October 27, 1982. Part of this work was also presented at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, September 12–17, 1982 in Kansas City, Missouri.
The Timeliness of the Bond Market Reaction to Bad News Earnings Surprises

The purpose of this study is to investigate how bondholders’ limited upside potential impacts the timeliness of the bond market reaction to bad news earnings surprises. We find that bond prices anticipate the majority of the information in bad news earnings surprises, but none of the information in good news earnings surprises, well before the earnings announcements. This contrasts sharply with stock prices, which anticipate only a relatively modest amount of both good and bad news prior to the announcements. We also find that bond prices, but not stock prices, anticipate bad news surprises about financial statement components that are commonly used in debt covenants. These findings are consistent with bond prices impounding bad news more quickly than good news, and with the bond market interpreting bad news more negatively and expending more resources to discover bad news than the stock market. These findings contribute to the literature by improving our understanding of the role of accounting information in the bond market, and how it systematically differs from its role in the stock market.
Message Futures: Fast Commitment of Transactions in Multi-datacenter Environments

of large Internet services is increasingly de- ployed for better data locality and fault tolerance. Main- taining consistency across datacenters is expensive and re- quires wide-area communication. This renders current so- lutions to either settle for weaker forms of consistency or suffer from large delays. In this work we present Message Futures, a strongly consistent concurrency control manager with low commit latency to ensure mutual consistency of replicas across datacenters. By judicial message passing of relevant information and at opportune time intervals, Mes- sage Futures can also enforce different priority levels of ac- cess, where each datacenter experiences a commit latency relative to its priority. In fact, in many common cases, transactions can be committed locally without the need for any communication. An experimental evaluation of Message Futures on a geo-replicated multi-datacenter setting is pre- sented. We show that Message Futures achieves a commit latency around one RTT (Round-Trip Time) for datacenters with identical priority, and a latency comparable to commit- ting locally for high priority datacenters.
The Shark Research Panel

FROM April 8 to 11, 1958, the AIBS, in conjunction with Tulane University, sponsored a conference on Basic Research Approaches to the Development of Shark Repellents. At this conference, supported by the Navy Department through the Office of Naval Research, a broad scientific program was formulated which would deal with the shark hazard problem, and a series of recommendations was subsequently published in the AIBS Bulletin (Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 17-19). It was the conviction of those who prepared the recommendations that basic studies dealing with the taxonomy, behavior, and the functional anatomy of sharks was essential to an understanding of the shark hazard problem and that research on sharks both at home and abroad should be encouraged and coordinated. To expedite and activate the recommendations drawn up at New Orleans and to serve as a clearing house for all information related to the field of elasmobranch biology in general, and the shark hazard problem in particular, the AIBS Shark Research Panel, composed of Leonard P. Schultz, Stewart Springer, and Perry W. Gilbert, Chairman, was established on June 25, 1958. Subsequently, on December 7, 1958, the Shark Research Panel became affiliated with the AIBS Hydrobiology Committee and now functions as a panel of that committee. Broadly speaking, the Shark Research Panel is concerned with all aspects of the biology of elasmobranch fishes. To its bi-monthly meetings, usually in Washington, D. C., one or more consultants from at home or abroad are invited. During the calendar year 1959, the Panel has initiated, or has served in an advisory capacity to, the following projects:
Long-Term Fire Effects on Native and Invasive Grasses in Protected Area Sagebrush Steppe☆

ABSTRACT Following western settlement, fire was suppressed directly and indirectly by Euro-American land management practices. Currently, reintroduction of fire into sagebrush steppe systems may be desirable, but long-term fire effects are not well-known. In this 15-year study we used a generalized linear mixed modeling approach to analyze the response of native and invasive grass species to fire in anan Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis (Wyoming big sagebrush) community in north-central Oregon, United States. This study examined responses of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass), and Poa secunda (Sandberg bluegrass) along gradients of community type and topography through time post fire. Community types were identified as either A. tridentata subsp. wyomingensis dominant (brush plots) or Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) dominant (woodland plots). Cover of B. tectorum was greatest in brush plots. B. tectorum cover increased significantly 5 yr post burn...
Anticalculus effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride/zinc gluconate mucoadhesive gel: results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.

Objective This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial investigated the anticalculus effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride/ zinc gluconate (CPC/ZG) mucoadhesive gel. Methodology The 80 adults from the San Francisco area who fulfilled the enrollment criteria were stratified based on total Volpe-Manhold Index (VMI) scores (low, medium, or high), gender, and other demographic data. Within these strata, they were randomly assigned to the CPC/ZG gel group or the placebo gel group, and underwent a baseline oral soft tissue (OST) examination. Subjects were dispensed Oral-B Indicator 35 Compact Head soft toothbrushes and Colgate Cavity Protection MFP toothpaste, and instructed to brush twice daily using these products. Every night for three months, following the nighttime brushing and just before retiring, subjects applied their assigned treatment gel to the lingual surfaces of the six mandibular anterior teeth. They were instructed not to eat or drink until morning and to avoid using other methods of interdental cleaning between the treated teeth, except to remove impacted food. Total VMI scores and OST examination findings obtained at three months were compared with baseline findings. Results Seventy-eight (78) of the 80 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. After three months of treatment, the CPC/ZG group showed a 30% decrease in mean VMI score compared with a 0% decrease in the placebo group. OST examination at three months revealed no serious adverse events in either group. Conclusion Results of this clinical trial indicate that regular use of the CPC/ZG gel, with or without the use of floss or other interdental cleaning products, yields a statistically significant reduction in calculus.
An applied multilevel model used in the study on behavior of smoking

OBJECTIVE To introduce the nature and its application of a multilevel model. METHODS Data was analyzed from a baseline survey of smoking behavior among middle school students sponsored by a WHO smoking controll project. Multilevel analysis was used on available data and to compare the results from logistic regression. RESULTS The outcomes of null multilevel model approved that there was hierarchical structure on data. The influencing factors of middle school students smoking appeared to be gender, age, attitude, environment and public education at schools. When the variable of public education by classes was not included, the standard errors by multilevel analysis became smaller than the corresponding standard errors through logistic regression method. CONCLUSION Multilevel model seemed a good method for analyzing data with hierarchical or cluster structure, it could be applied in stratified or cluster sampling of epidemiological or community-based investigation.
Anesthetic and operative considerations for laparoscopic liver resection

We enumerate the broad range of anesthetic considerations that affect the outcome of patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection. Key elements for excellent outcomes after laparoscopic liver resection are careful patient selection and risk stratification, appropriate monitoring, techniques to reduce blood loss and transfusion, and active recovery management. Although some of these key elements are the same for open liver operation, there are specific anesthetic considerations of which both the surgical and anesthesia teams must be aware to achieve optimal patient outcomes after laparoscopic liver resection. While unique advantages of laparoscopic liver resection typically include decreased intraoperative bleeding, transfusion requirements, and a lower incidence of postoperative ascites, specific challenges include management of the complicated interplay between low-volume anesthesia and increased intraabdominal pressure due to pneumoperitoneum, with additional considerations regarding circulatory support to treat acute blood loss with need for emergent conversion in some cases. This article will address in detail the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative anesthetic considerations for patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection that both the surgical and anesthesia team should be aware of to optimize outcomes.
Bromobenzene metabolism in the rabbit: specific forms of cytochrome P-450 involved in 2,3- and 3,4-epoxidation.

Previous studies in our laboratory indicated that phenobarbital treatment of rats caused a significant increase in both 2,3- and 3,4-epoxidation of bromobenzene in their hepatic microsomes and that 3-methylcholanthrene or β-naphthoflavone caused a selective increase in the 2,3-epoxidation pathway. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of microsomes revealed multiple forms of cytochrome P-450, in keeping with the notion that different species of the heme protein catalyzed the "nontoxic" 2,3-epoxidation and the "toxic" 3,4-epoxidation of this environmental chemical. The present study describes the metabolism of bromobenzene with highly purified cytochrome P-450 and P-448 isolated from rabbit hepatic microsomal preparations. This study involved the enzymatic conversion of bromobenzene to o -bromophenol via 2,3-epoxidation and p -bromophenol via 3,4-epoxidation in a reconstituted mixed-function oxygenase system. Evidence is presented that purified rabbit cytochrome P-450 (LM2) prepared from animals treated with phenobarbital specifically catalyzes the 3,4-epoxidation of bromobenzene to p -bromophenol. Furthermore, evidence is given that purified rabbit cytochrome P-448 (LM4) prepared from animals treated with β-naphthoflavone specifically catalyzes the 2,3-epoxidation of bromobenzene to o -bromophenol. These data represent an interesting example of two epoxidation pathways involved in the metabolism of a common substrate, one of which leads to cellular damage, i.e., phenobarbital-inducible 3,4-epoxidation; the other, i.e., β-naphthoflavone-inducible 2,3-epoxidation of bromobenzene, is not particularly detrimental. Each epoxidation pathway preferentially requires a different and specific form of the heme protein. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Dr. Minor J. Coon, Mr. L. Gorsky, Mr. L. Cooke, and Ms. S. Pawlowski of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan, for their generous gift of purified rabbit cytochrome P-450 LM2 and LM4, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and dilauroylglyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine.
Writing Tenure Review Letters

Tenure review letters are a crucial part of the tenure process, but academic communities don’t often discuss how to write them. This essay offers my top 10 suggestions for how to conceptualize and write helpful tenure review letters.
Reliable low power Distributed Arithmetic filters via N-Modular Redundancy

Due to supply voltage reduction and process variations effects, the error free margin for dynamic voltage scaling has been drastically reduced. Thus, supply-Voltage Over Scaling (VOS) has emerged as an efficient means to achieve ultra-low energy efficient systems, that tradeoff energy efficiency and reliability. Recently, N-Modular Redundancy (NRM) has been used as an effective fault-tolerant design method in which N copies of an unreliable block are employed and a voting strategy such as majority, median or mean is deployed to select an output. This paper presents a novel NMR voting algorithm based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) and the statistics of output bit-failure rate. The design of Distributed Arithmetic (DA) filters is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique and show the trade-offs between the robustness of the system and the power savings. Simulation results show significant enhancement in terms of output signal to noise (error) ratio and reliability as compared to other NMR fault tolerant techniques. A case study of a low-pass DA filter employed in a simple communication system shows that up to 12% power savings could be achieved when compared to the conventional NMR while satisfying the system bit-error performance.
Influence of biological carbon export on ocean carbon uptake over the annual cycle across the North Pacific Ocean

We evaluate the influences of biological carbon export, physical circulation, and temperature-driven solubility changes on air-sea CO2 flux across the North Pacific basin (35°N–50°N, 142°E–125°W) throughout the full annual cycle by constructing mixed layer budgets for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2, determined on 15 container ship transects between Hong Kong and Long Beach, CA, from 2008 to 2012. Annual air-sea CO2 flux is greatest in the western North Pacific and decreases eastward across the basin (2.7 ± 0.9 mol C m−2 yr−1 west of 170°E, as compared to 2.1 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 yr−1 east of 160°W). East of 160°W, DIC removal by annual net community production (NCP) more than fully offsets the DIC increase due to air-sea CO2 flux. However, in the region west of 170°E influenced by deep winter mixing, annual NCP only offsets ~20% of the DIC increase due to air-sea CO2 flux, requiring significant DIC removal by geostrophic advection. Temperature-driven solubility changes have no net influence on pCO2 and account for <25% of annual CO2 uptake. The seasonal timing of NCP strongly affects its influence on air-sea CO2 flux. Biological carbon export from the mixed layer has a stronger influence on pCO2 in summer when mixed layers are shallow, but changes in pCO2 have a stronger influence on air-sea CO2 flux in winter when high wind speeds drive more vigorous gas exchange. Thus, it is necessary to determine the seasonal timing as well as the annual magnitude of NCP to determine its influence on ocean carbon uptake.
Biofeedback: Theory and Application to Speech Pathology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses biofeedback, which is an intervention technique that uses electronics to monitor and amplify body functions that may be too subtle for normal awareness. Electronic instruments sense bioelectrical signals emitted by subliminal body behavior and deliver information back to the subject via sensory modalities—usually auditory, visual, tactile, or a combination. In essence, subconscious internal cues are made explicit, and, through interaction and clinical practice, the client can develop control over specific body functions. Unlike the traditional medical model, which places the responsibility on the physician to cure the illness, biofeedback places responsibility on the patient in a self-control model. The chapter describes the principles underlying biofeedback procedures as they relate to speech pathology and explores the limitations of biofeedback techniques. Biofeedback can be defined as the use of instrumentation to provide moment-to-moment information about a specific physiological system that is under control of the nervous system but not clearly or accurately perceived. Biofeedback derives its effectiveness by making ambiguous internal cues explicit, thereby providing accurate information about changes in target responses during training so that instrumental control of the response is facilitated.
ENTREPRENEURS AND SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY: DO THEY HAVE AN OVERLAPPING SET OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, SKILLS, AND ABILITIES?

This study compares a number of personal dimensions that have been identified in the existing literature as characteristic of both entrepreneurs and sales representatives. A total of 257 subjects consisting of 156 entrepreneurs and 101 sales representatives in Germany and the United States completed a survey consisting of previously published instruments addressing targeted dimensions that include the Big-Five personality factors, emotional intelligence, risk propensity, conceptual ability, and innovativeness. The survey results suggested that entrepreneurs and sales representatives in both countries do differ with respect to personality characteristics, skills, and abilities; although not all differentiating characteristics were the same in both countries.
Does Individual Stigma Predict Mental Health Funding Attitudes? Toward an Understanding of Resource Allocation and Social Climate.

BACKGROUND: The uneven progression of mental health funding in the United States, and the way that the funding climate seems to be influenced by local and regional differences, raises the issue of what factors, including stigma, may impact mental health funding decisions. Criticisms that mental health stigma research is too individually-focused have led researchers to consider how broader, macro-level forms of stigma - such as structural stigma - intersect with micro-level forms of individual stigma. While some studies suggest that macro and micro stigma levels are distinct processes, other studies suggest a more synergistic relationship between structural and individual stigma. METHOD: Participants in the current study (N = 951; national, convenience sample of the U.S.) completed a hypothetical mental health resource allocation task (a measure of structural discrimination). We then compared participants' allocation of resources to mental health to participants' endorsement of negative stereotypes, beliefs about recovery and treatment, negative attributions, intended social distancing, microaggressions, and help-seeking (measures of individual stigma). RESULTS: Negative stereotyping, help-seeking self-stigma, and intended social distancing behaviors were weakly but significantly negatively correlated with allocating funds to mental health programs. More specifically, attributions of blame and anger were positively correlated to funding for vocational rehabilitation; attributions of dangerousness and fear were negatively correlated to funding for supported housing and court supervision and outpatient commitment; and attributions of anger were negatively correlated to funding for inpatient commitment and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Individual stigma and sociodemographic factors appear to only partially explain structural stigma decisions. Future research should assess broader social and contextual factors, in addition to other beliefs and worldviews (e.g., allocation preference questionnaire, economic beliefs). Language: en
Teachers’ civic socialization practices and children’s civic engagement

ABSTRACTWe examined the degree to which civic learning activities and civic discussion in the classroom were associated with children’s civic engagement in the upper elementary grades. We also explored the types of civic activities used by teachers during middle childhood. Survey data were collected from 359 ethnically and economically diverse 4th–6th grade students (M age = 10.56, 56% female), their parents, and teachers (n = 20) from six public schools in Southern California. The results of path analyses showed that teachers’ greater use of civic learning activities was associated with higher levels of social responsibility to people and civic values in students. However, general civic discussion was not associated with any indicators of children’s civic engagement. Additionally, teachers reported using numerous types of civic activities, thus showing the diversity in “civic learning” across classrooms. Practical implications for elementary civic education are discussed.
"I Am the Master": Some Popular Culture Images of AI in Humanity's Courtroom

Both serious literature and popular culture are flooding us with discussions of the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). As we note the rise of the subject of robot law and particularly the question of whether AI could possibly become sentient we begin to take seriously concerns about the regulation of the use of robots and the possibility that AI might pose a threat to the physical safety and privacy of human beings. In particular, we are beginning to wonder how we might control this new technology, which seems both more intelligent and more powerful than human beings. Suppose unethical or negligent programmers create situations in which AI escapes human controls and thus contravenes human norms or rules? Can we bring that AI to account? Ought we to do so, particularly if that AI is sentient or approaches sentience? At first, we might think that the answer should be “yes,” because after all we have created the AI and we should continue to control it. But the question is, I would submit, more complicated. We have created computers and robots as useful tools, but we have continued to develop them as far more — as devices that far outstrip our own capacities to decipher the mysteries of the Universe. If we deliberately endow them with characteristics that mimic our own, if they develop those independently, or develop others by analogy allowing them to function in ways that mirror human activities, can we continue to insist that we should treat them as property and that they should do our bidding? If at some point, they make some demand for the right not to follow commands that we issue, for whatever reason, ought we to ignore that demand? Novelists, filmmakers, and other artists who create popular culture have already considered this question for decades, if not centuries. In this Article, I discuss some of the ways in which some of them have thought about these issues and the insights they have had, which could guide us as we move through this important area.
The National Science Education Standards

The National Research Council desired a system of science standards available for all of those involved in science instruction from students in elementary school and high schools, to policy makers, administrators, and science teachers (Bybee, 1995).
Group Summary: Simulation II

The workshop participants hosted by this group were: Alvin Bayliss (Northwestern Univeristy), Surya Dinavahi (Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.), Abdelkades Frendi (Analytical Services Materials, Inc.), Daniel Henningson (M.I.T.), Lucio Maestrello (NASA Langley Research Center), C. David Pruett (Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.), Peter Schmid (M.I.T.), Bart Singer (High Technology Corporation), and Thomas Zang (NASA Langley Research Center).
Intermediate syndrome of platelet dysfunction

We studied eight patients with intermittent bleeding episodes usually following trauma and associated with the ingestion of medicine known to interfere with platelet function. All patients had a normal or minimally prolonged baseline bleeding time. All had a normal platelet count, glass bead retention test, and platelet serotonin content and a variable pattern of abnormalities in prothrombin consumption and platelet factor 3 availability. However, all showed abnormal platelet aggregation reactions using epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen. Following the administration of 975 mg aspirin, our patients' bleeding times became prolonged to a greater extent than the bleeding times of normal controls (range 13 to greater than 20 min). Review of the literature showed approximately 5% of “normal” controls had findings similar to those we report. We believe we are describing a group of individuals with an intermediate form of platelet dysfunction. Although their bleeding diathesis is not as severe as that of patients with platelet dysfunction syndromes previoulsy described, they do bleed significantly when subjected to trauma following the ingestion of drugs such as aspirin. We propose that this defect is common and should be screened for. The aspirin tolerance test is a simple test for detecting these patients.
Artificial microvascular graft thrombosis: the consequences of platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib inhibition and thrombin inhibition

Early thrombosis of artificial microvascular grafts (AMG, grafts < or = 2 mm internal diameter) prevents their reliable clinical use. The present studies were undertaken to examine the effect of hirudin, a thrombin-specific inhibitor, and of the F(ab')2 fragment of PG-1, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against guinea pig platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), on AMG patency in an animal model. One- centimeter long segments of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), 0.88 mm internal diameter, were serially implanted as interposition grafts in the guinea pig femoral arterial systems bilaterally. A control group was treated with 0.5 mL saline intravenously (IV) 30 minutes before limb 1 and limb 2 graft implantation. Three experimental groups were treated with 0.5 mL saline IV before limb 1 graft implantation as an animal control and with either 0.5 mL saline containing 1.25 mg/kg IV PG-1 F(ab')2, (which inhibits ristocetin- induced platelet agglutination and von Willebrand factor binding), hirudin 1 mg/kg IV, or a combination of both agents before limb 2 graft implantation. GPIb inhibition, thrombin inhibition, and the combination resulted in a significant prolongation of AMG patency (P < .005). Whereas thrombin inhibition with hirudin prolonged AMG patency similar to that observed with GPIb inhibition, the combination of GPIb and thrombin inhibition provided the overall longest prolongation of AMG patency. These results indicate that both platelet membrane GPIb and thrombin play a role in AMG thrombosis.
Intergenerational Continuity in Adverse Childhood Experiences and Rural Community Environments.

Objectives. To understand the role of the community environment on intergenerational continuity in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a rural White sample.Methods. Parents in 12 counties in...
Loss Analysis and Mapping of a SiC MOSFET Based Segmented Two-Level Three-Phase Inverter for EV Traction Systems

Emerging wide-bandgap based power semiconductor devices are gaining popularity in power electronic systems for automotive applications with the aim of increased power density, reduced weight and increased efficiency. In this work, loss analysis and mapping of a segmented two-level inverter based on SiC MOSFETs are presented in order to identify the challenges in design of power electronics and electric machines for EV applications. The paper starts with description of the EV traction system that is chosen as the study case, followed by segmented inverter topology, power device selection and sizing. The theoretical switching, conduction and dead-time conduction loss analysis for the SiC MOSFETs in the segmented two-level inverter topology are presented under any given operating condition. The analysis is followed by loss mapping of the motor, inverter and overall EV traction system. The loss maps of the inverter and the motor show that each component has different thermal loading trends under given torque-speed characteristics. Therefore, various operating conditions have to be considered for the design of traction system components to ensure reliability and high performance, which are critical requirements for EV systems.
Epidemiology of Cervical Injuries in NCAA Football Players.

Study Design.Descriptive epidemiology study.Objective.The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of cervical spine injuries in collegiate football players.Summary of Background Data.The incidence and etiology of cervical spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCA
Utility Transformer Health Monitoring using a Single Chip Impedance Analyzer

Dissolved gas analysis and oil sample analysis have been established as effective ways of determining the transformer oil health. In this paper, we present a new approach to diagnose the oil condition towards utility transformer health monitoring based on using the AD5933 single chip impedance analyzer from Analog Devices. We propose an integrated smart infrastructure monitoring with the results from the impedance analyzer transmitted, logged, and processed via a cloud computing interface. The transformer oils are characterized and monitored by analyzing their impedance values over a range of frequencies from 1 kHz to 100 kHz.
Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis Due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin

A previously healthy 19 month old female, former 34-week gestational age, was admitted to the acute care floor after a one month history of daily fevers to 39.4 C-40.0 C and new onset ataxia. She was seen on multiple occasions by her pediatrician for fever, initially diagnosed with a viral illness, and later completed a ten day course of amoxicillin for otitis media. Along with persistent daily fevers, she was noted by her mother to be progressively more irritable and off-balance, progressing to the point that she was unable to ambulate. She was living in Houston, …
Gender‐Based Pay Discrimination in Otolaryngology

Male and female otolaryngologists all attend the same accredited medical schools, complete the same accredited residency programs, and take the same board certification exams; however, female otolaryngologist are paid 77 cents on the dollar compared to their male colleagues. Even after accounting for age, experience, faculty rank, research productivity, and clinical revenue, significant gender pay gaps exist across all professor levels. The goal of this review is to improve our understanding of how and why the gender pay gap and discrimination exists, the harm caused by tolerance of policies that perpetuate gender pay inequity, and what is and can be done to correct gender-based pay gaps and discrimination. The review presents the current status of gender pay inequity in the United States and reports on how otolaryngology compares to other professions both within and outside of healthcare. The gender pay gap is shown to have a negative impact on economic growth, institutional reputation and financial success, retention and recruitment of faculty, and patient care. Many historically incorrect reasons used to explain the causes of the gender pay gap, including that women work less, have less research productivity, or produce lower-quality care, have been be disproved by evaluation of current research. Potential causes of gender pay inequities, such as gender bias, organization culture, fear of retaliation, promotions inequalities, lack of transparency, and senior leadership not being held accountable for equity and diversity concerns, will be explored. Finally, examples of best practices to achieve pay equity will be presented. Laryngoscope, 131:989-995, 2021.
Physics-Aware Processing of Rotational Micro-Doppler Signatures for DBN-Based UAS Classification Radar

This paper describes hardware, signal processing, and machine learning methods for Doppler radar-based accurate and robust detection of micro unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Typical detection accuracy of ∼98% was obtained in over-the-air tests with a 2.4 GHz continuous wave (CW) radar and a variety of commercially-available micro-UAS devices. Several methods are described for further improving detection performance, including multi-beam synthesis with uniform circular arrays to provide 360° azimuthal sensitivity; dielectric lens antennas and focal plane arrays at mm-wave frequencies (28 GHz) for improved spatial resolution; and polyspectra-based feature extraction methods for improved modeling of nonlinear phase modulation processes within the measured Doppler signatures.
Reflections from the editors on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Gerontological Society of America.

This special section features the voices of gerontology and geriatrics scholars at all stages of their careers reflecting on why age matters to them and how they have been shaped by mentors through...
Acid Stability and Demetalation of PGM-Free ORR Electrocatalyst Structures from Density Functional Theory: A Model for “Single-Atom Catalyst” Dissolution

Platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) materials based on pyrolyzed M–N–C precursors offer a promising approach to replacing rare and expensive platinum group metal-based oxygen reduction reaction (O...
Photoacoustic tomography reconstruction using lag-based delay multiply and sum with a coherence factor improves in vivo ovarian cancer diagnosis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer, and it is the deadliest of all gynecological cancers. Diagnosing ovarian cancer via conventional photoacoustic delay-and-sum beamforming (DAS) presents several challenges, such as poor image resolution and low lesion to background tissue contrast. To address these concerns, we propose an improved beamformer named lag-based delay multiply and sum combined with coherence factor (DMAS-LAG-CF). Simulations and phantom experiments demonstrate that compared with the conventional DAS, the proposed algorithm can provide 1.39 times better resolution and 10.77 dB higher contrast. For patient data, similar performance on contrast ratios has been observed. However, since the diagnostic accuracy between cancer and benign/normal groups is a significant measure, we have extracted photoacoustic histogram features of mean, kurtosis and skewness. DMAS-LAG-CF can improve cancer diagnosis with an AUC of 0.91 for distinguishing malignant vs. benign ovarian lesions when mean and skewness are used as features.
Aiding Rhinoplasty Surgeons with 3D Imaging and a Rule-Based Adjustment Algorithm

Rhinoplasty surgery is considered one of the most complex cosmetic surgeries because of its uncertainty. Therefore, plastic surgeons need to use modern-day technology to aid them in conducting such a procedure. The recent advances in 3-D imaging and software-aided tools present invaluable opportunities for rhinoplasty. In this paper, we will explain how the combination of using an algorithm and 3D imaging tool is helpful in the preoperative stage of a rhinoplasty procedure. We present a rule-based adjustment algorithm that utilizes 3D facial models to assist rhinoplasty surgeons. Our system uses an existing web application that gives us the database of people that act as viable patients. This data helps show the algorithm's general usage paired with the 3D modeling tool. The system assists surgeons by giving them the difference in measurements needed to change the patient's nose and aid the patients in visualizing what they will look like after those said measurements. The system outputs numeric values that will assist the surgeon in the rhinoplasty procedure, and it will also output the 3D model of the patient's face where the points of the new nose exist on the model. We ran the algorithm for all patients in the database and calculated the differences; the 3D modeling software makes it simple to visualize the reliable, quantified suggestions of the system.
Impact Loads on Tension Composite Multi-Strings of Insulator after a Single String Breaks

The dynamic impact load after a single insulator of a tension composite multi-strings of insulator (MSI) set has failed is a key factor that should be considered in design. In this paper, an experimental method to obtain the dynamic tensile impact factor (DTIF) is established by considering a typical double-strings set, which is commonly used in practical engineering. A nonlinear numerical simulation method based on the finite element model, which is convenient for cases that are more complex than the double-strings set, is proposed to calculate the DTIF and demonstrated through the experimental results. The values of the DTIF on the unbroken insulator string obtained by the experimental models fall between 2.6 and 3.3, which should be a very valuable reference for the design of composite MSI sets. The size of connection fittings is a key factor that influences the DTIF, and the yoke height between the insulator strings and the conductors is the most sensitive parameter. The application of the proposed method to calculate the DTIF can improve the existing design approach to ensure the safety of the tension composite MSI sets, especially for high voltage transmission lines.
Evapotranspiration and Runoff Patterns Across California's Sierra Nevada

Spatially resolved annual evapotranspiration was calculated across the 14 main river basins draining into California’s Central Valley, USA, using a statistical model that combined satellite-greenness, gridded-precipitation, and flux-tower measurements. Annual evapotranspiration across the study area averaged 529 mm. Average basin-scale annual precipitation minus evapotranspiration was in good agreement with annual runoff, with deviations in wet and dry years suggesting withdrawal or recharge of subsurface water storage. Evapotranspiration peaked at lower elevations in the colder, northern basins, and at higher elevations in the southern high-Sierra basins, closely tracking the 12.3 °C mean temperature isocline. Precipitation and evapotranspiration are closely balanced across much of the study region, and small shifts in either will cause disproportionate changes in water storage and runoff. The majority of runoff was generated below the rain-snow transition in northern basins, and originated in snow-dominated elevations in the southern basins. Climate warming that increases growing season length will increase evapotranspiration and reduce runoff across all elevations in the north, but only at higher elevations in the south. Feedback mechanisms in these mountain basins, plus over-year subsurface storage, with their steep precipitation and temperature gradients, provide important buffering of the water balance to change. Leave-one-out cross validation revealed that the statistical model for annual evapotranspiration is sensitive to the number and distribution of measurement sites, implying that additional strategically located flux towers would improve evapotranspiration predictions. Leave-one-out with individual years was less sensitive, implying that longer records are less important. This statistical top-down modeling of evapotranspiration provides an important complement to constraining water-balance measurements with gridded precipitation and unimpaired runoff, with applications such as quantifying water balance following forest die-off, management or wildfire.