cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy relational kernel clustering with Local Scaling Parameter Learning

We introduce a new fuzzy relational clustering technique with Local Scaling Parameter Learning (LSPL). The proposed approach learns the underlying cluster dependent dissimilarity measure while finding compact clusters in the given data set. The learned measure is a Gaussian similarity function defined with respect to each cluster that allows to control the scaling of the clusters and thus, improve the final partition. We minimize one objective function for both the optimal partition and for the cluster dependent scaling parameter. This optimization is done iteratively by dynamically updating the partition and the scaling parameter in each iteration. This makes the proposed algorithm simple and fast. Moreover, as we assume that the data is available in a relational form, the proposed approach is applicable even when only the degree to which pairs of objects in the data are related is available. It is also more practical when similar objects cannot be represented by a single prototype.
An X-ray filter assembly for fluorescence EXAFS measurements

Abstract Fluorescence detection, in principle, permits the detection of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of more dilute atoms than can be obtained in absorption. To take advantage of this it is necessary, in practice, to eliminate the background that normally accompanies the fluorescence signal. We describe an X-ray filter assembly that accomplishes this purpose. The unique characteristic of the assembly is a slit system that minimizes the fluorescence background from the filter. The theory of the slit assembly is presented and is found to agree with measurements made on the Fe EXAFS of a dilute sample. The filter assembly has a better effective counting rate in this case than that of a crystal monochromator design.
Properties of scleroderma fibroblasts in culture.

Skin fibroblasts from normal control subjects and subjects with scleroderma were compared for growth characteristics in culture. Optimal growth for the scleroderma fibroblasts, unlike that for controls, was observed to be dependent on elevated levels of fetal calf serum. Culturing scleroderma fibroblasts in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum resulted in: a) an increased population-doubling time over control, (b) a failure to attain contact -inhibited confluence, and (c) an altered cell morphology. Both elevated levels of serum and Ham's F12 nutrient mixture successfully restored normal control culture growth characteristics to the scleroderma cultures.
Notes on The Biology of The Tenrecidae

Laboratory and field observations provide data on the life history and growth of Hemicentetes, Centetes, Echinops and Setifer . Comments on Geogale, Microgale ( Nesogale ) and Limnogale are also included. Similarities in courtship and agonistic behavior are noted. Some data on torpor indicate the irregularity of its occurrence, particularly in Hemicentetes semispinosus . A comparison of age at which the eyes open in four insectivore families indicates that tenrecs mature earliest, about 14 to 22 days in Talpidae, Soricidae and Erinaceidae, 7 to 13 days in Tenrecidae. Hemicentetes semispinosus and Echinops telfairi attain adult size at 6 to 8 weeks of age under laboratory conditions.
Cubic spline fit to the 19584He scale of temperatures

We present a fit to the T58 scale of temperatures using a cubic spline representation of the vapor pressure as a function of temperature. A discussion of the use and accuracy of the fit is included.
Performance and function of a high-speed multiple star topology image management system at Mayo Clinic Scottsdale.

Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (MCS) is a busy outpatient facility (150,000 examinations per year) connected via asynchronous transfer mode (ATM; OC-3 155 MB/s) to a new Mayo Clinic Hospital (178 beds) located more than 12 miles distant. A primary care facility staffed by radiology lies roughly halfway between the hospital and clinic connected to both. Installed at each of the three locations is a high-speed star topology image network providing direct fiber connection (160 MB/s) from the local image storage unit (ISU) to the local radiology and clinical workstations. The clinic has 22 workstations in its star, the hospital has 13, and the primary care practice has two. In response to Mayo’s request for a seamless service among the three locations, the vendor (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) provided enhanced connectivity capability in a two-step process. First, a transfer gateway (TGW) was installed, tested, and implemented to provide the needed communication of the examinations generated at the three sites. Any examinations generated at either the hospital or the primary care facility (specified as the remote stars) automatically transfer their images to the ISU at the clinic. Permanent storage (Kodak optical jukebox, Rochester, NY) is only connected to the hub (Clinic) star. Thus, the hub ISU is provided with a copy of all examinations, while the two remote ISUs maintain local exams. Prefetching from the archive is intelligently accomplished during the off hours only to the hub star, thus providing the remote stars with network dependent access to comparison images. Image transfer is possible via remote log-on. The second step was the installation of an image transfer server (ITS) to replace the slower Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-based TGW, and a central higher performance database to replace the multiple database environment. This topology provides an enterprise view of the images at the three locations, while maintaining the high-speed performance of the local star connection to what is now called the short-term storage (STS). Performance was measured and 25 chest examinations (17 MB each) transferred in just over 4 minutes. Integration of the radiology information management system (RIMS) was modified to provide location-specific report and examination interfaces, thereby allowing local filtering of the worklist to remote and near real-time consultation, and remote examination monitoring of modalities are addressed with this technologic approach. The installation of the single database ITS environment has occurred for testing prior to implementation.
Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar "Middle Kingdom" in the Fourteenth Century

The activities of European missionaries of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, who penetrated Asia under protection afforded by the Pax Mongolica, provide a case history which illustrates the central role played by the silk route in facilitating cross-cultural contact. Using the accounts of the missionaries themselves, as well as correspondence and reports concerning their activities, this essay focuses on the mission in Chaghatai Khanate, a key part of the Mongol Empire, but one relatively neglected in histories of the Mongol world and of evangelizing.
Development of Quantum Chemistry-Based Force Fields for Poly(ethylene oxide) with Many-Body Polarization Interactions

A methodology for consistent development of the quantum chemistry-based force fields with and without many-body polarizable terms is described. Adequate levels of theory and basis sets for determination of the relative conformational energetics, repulsion and dispersion nonbonded parameters, dipole moments, and molecular polarizability are established. Good agreement between the quantum chemistry-based repulsion and dispersion parameters and those previously obtained by fitting crystal structures of poly(oxymethylene) is obtained. Hartree−Fock (HF) calculations with augmented correlation consistent basis sets are adequate for the determination of repulsion parameters, whereas a double extrapolation to improved treatments of electron correlations and larger basis sets is needed to obtain dispersion parameters. Partial charges are obtained by fitting to the electrostatic grid of model compounds. Atomic polarizabilities are fitted to reproduce polarization energy around the model compounds. The density funct...
Development of a specific radioimmunoassay for neuropeptide K: Its application to Siberian hamster tissues

Abstract In this report we describe the development of a radioimmunoassay for neuropeptide K (NPK) that is not influenced by the presence of free neurokinin A (NKA) or neuropeptide γ (NPG). The antisera for the radioimmunoassay were obtained by immunizing rabbits with β-preprotachykinin A fragment 69–91. This fragment contains the sequence 1–20 of NPK and has only the sequence 18–20 (Gly-His-Gly) in common with NPG. Two antisera were obtained, neither cross-reacting with NKA or NPG. The specificity of these antisera was confirmed by the finding of a major immunoreactive peak in the eluates obtained from HPLC separation, corresponding to NPK. This radioimmunoassay was applied to the determination of NPK in hypothalamic and anterior pituitary extracts from Siberian hamsters. Hypothalami from male and female hamsters contained similar concentrations of NPK, although slightly higher in males. NPK levels in the hypothalamus of female Siberian hamsters showed few fluctuations during the estrous cycle, with the levels measured at estrus being significantly lower than at proestrus, diestrus I, and diestrus II. In anterior pituitaries from Siberian hamsters the concentrations of NPK were significantly lower in females than in males. This radioimmunoassay has demonstrated the presence of NPK in the anterior pituitary gland of the Siberian hamster, and it should be very useful for future studies on mechanisms of regulation of NPK secretion in different tissues.
Combining System Safety & Reliability to ensure NASA CoNNeCT's success

Hazard Analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), the Limited-Life Items List (LLIL), and the Single Point Failure (SPF) List were applied by System Safety and Reliability engineers on NASA's Communications, Navigation, and Networking reConfigurable Testbed (CoNNeCT) Project. The integrated approach involving cross reviews of these reports by System Safety, Reliability, and Design engineers resulted in the mitigation of all identified hazards. The outcome was that the system met all the safety requirements it was required to meet.
Gastroschisis and extreme prematurity: a report of two survivors

Extreme prematurity is not commonly associated with gastroschisis, and there are no reports of babies surviving with both gastroschisis and extreme prematurity. We report 2 such cases.
Spectrum of the Syndrome of the Isolated Fourth Ventricle in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of the Premature Infant

Ten patients who were premature born and had intracranial/intraventricular hemorrhage and developed hydrocephalus in early life were treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts because of progression of
Magnetic order in rare earth bromates below 0. 1 K

Magnetic order inferred from dc susceptibility measurements is reported for Gd, Er, and Yb bromates. No order is seen in Nd bromate at temperatures above ∼6.5 mK. Erbium bromate orders in a fashion outwardly similar to the structurally related Er ethyl sulfate.
The early stages of void and interstitial loop evolution in pulsed fusion reactors

Abstract A hierarchy of rate equations describing the concentrations of small voids and interstitial loops is used to analyze the effects of radiation pulsing on the early stages of void and interstitial loop evolution. The number of necessary rate equations for the complete description of the clustering process is found to be dependent upon the irradiation time and is obtained by solving an atom conservation equation. Irradiation environments representative of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Reactors of the tokamak-type, Pulsed Heavy Ion Accelerators and Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors (ICFR's) are considered in this study. At the same average damage rate, it is shown that the high instantaneous atom displacement rate, such as in Pulsed Accelerators or ICFR's, produces high density void and loop clusters of small average sizes. The implications of point defect clustering under pulsed conditions on void nucleation and the embrittlement of the first wall material are discussed.
New fluorescent probes for visual proteins

Dual fluorescent compounds, derivatives of DMABN, are described which bear a spacer and an aldehyde group enabling their use as fluorescent probes in proteins containing amino functions. They are designed to be incorporated into the chromophore-binding pocket of the visual pigment rhodopsin or of the bacterial proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. The present study describes the synthesis and photophysical properties. The dual fluorescence observed is similar to that of the compound without attachment linker but the presence of several conformers and isomers brings in complications such as excitation wavelength dependence, spectral red shifts and low fluorescence quantum yields.
Prepsychotic personality in alcoholic psychoses

1. In the more acute phases of alcoholic psychoses, the toxic factors apparanetly predominate. 2. In the more protracted forms of alcoholic psychoses, the introverted personalities seem to predominate, although organic deterioration cannot be disregarded. 3. There appears to be need for a subdivision in the group of alcoholic psychoses to be designated “alcoholic personality disorders”. 4. At times it is difficult to distinguish between psychotic, psychoneurotic or psychopathic individuals who drink, and alcoholic individuals with severe personality disorders. 5. The traits listed above (See Table 2) in order of their frequency are indicative of the maladjustments found in the personality of alcoholism. 6. Complicating organic factors as well as personality integration may influence the severity of the prognosis.
Major depression and the environment : A psychiatric genetic perspective

Genetic factors can interact with environmental factors to influence the vulnerability to major depression (MD) in subtle ways. I explore two such mechanisms: "genetic control of sensitivity to the environment," and "genetic control of exposure to the environment." "Genetic control of sensitivity to the environment" suggests that genes, in part, render individuals relatively vulnerable or relatively invulnerable to the pathogenic effects of environmental stress. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is presented that the depressogenic effect of stressful life events is substantially greater in those at high versus low genetic risk to the MD. "Genetic control of exposure to the environment" suggests that genetic factors influence the probability that individuals will select themselves into high vs. low risk environments. In support of this hypothesis, evidence from a population based twin study suggests that certain classes of stressful life events are modestly heritable. The genetic risk factors for MD in part express themselves by influencing the probability that individuals will experience stressful life events, particularly of an interpersonal nature.
Thermal Characteristics of Thin Film VCSELs for Fully Embedded Chip-to-Chip Guided-Wave Optical Interconnection

The thermal characteristics of a thin film VCSEL are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis of thermal via effects is performed to determine optimized thickness range of VCSEL for the fully embedded structure.
Ladder pyrrolone structures with anthraquinone recurring units

1,2,4,5-Tetraaminoanthraquinone and 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride react in dimethylacetamide to give a tetrameric prepolymer with balanced endgroups of anhydride and diamine. When this prepolymer is carefully treated with polyphosphoric acid at elevated temperature it is converted to a soluble polypyrrolone type structure with an inherent viscosity of 2.3–2.7. Polymers of this molecular weight can be wet-spun into pliable fibers from methanesulfonic acid. The TGA curve in air shows little weight loss below 550°C. The polymer can also be solubilized by reduction with sodium dithionite in alkaline aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide.
Making Sense of Infant Categorization: Stable Processes and Changing Representations☆☆☆

Abstract Although two decades of research have demonstrated the remarkable sophistication of infants' categorization abilities, researchers have been unable to formulate a coherent description of the nature and development of these abilities. In the current paper, we demonstrate the need for a process-oriented, constructivist approach to understanding early categorization. We suggest that one of the obstacles to forging such an approach has been the emphasis on the distinction between perceptual and conceptual categorization. We propose a more microanalytic consideration of the features available to infants at different points in development and a more process-oriented exploration of how these features are used in making categorization judgments. We conclude that categorization is a stable process that takes advantage of the increasing availability of new sources of information across development.
Formation of dense silicon carbide by liquid silicon infiltration of carbon with engineered structure

Fully dense and net-shaped silicon carbide monoliths were produced by liquid silicon infiltration of carbon preforms with engineered bulk density, median pore diameter, and chemical reactivity derived from carbonization of crystalline cellulose and phenolic resin blends. The ideal carbon bulk density and minimum median pore diameter for successful formation of fully dense silicon carbide by liquid silicon infiltration are 0.964 g cm−3 and approximately 1 μm. By blending crystalline cellulose and phenolic resin in various mass ratios as carbon precursors, we were able to adjust the bulk density, median pore diameter, and overall chemical reactivity of the carbon preforms produced. The liquid silicon infiltration reactions were performed in a graphite element furnace at temperatures between 1414 and 1900 °C and under argon pressures of 1550, 760, and 0.5 Torr for periods of 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 300 min. Examination of the results indicated that the ideal carbon preform was produced from the crystalline cellulose and phenolic resin blend of 6:4 mass ratio. This carbon preform has a bulk density of 0.7910 g cm−3, an actual density of 2.1911 g cm−3, median pore diameter of 1.45 μm, and specific surface area of 644.75 m2 g−1. The ideal liquid silicon infiltration reaction conditions were identified as 1800 °C, 0.5 Torr, and 120 min. The optimum reaction product has a bulk density of 2.9566 g cm−3, greater than 91% of that of pure β–SiC, with a β–SiC volume fraction of approximately 82.5%.
Improving student processing and assimilation of conceptual information: GSS-supported collaborative learning vs. individual constructive learning

A great deal of time in the traditional classroom environment is spent gathering information (taking notes) rather than processing the information and assimilating the information. The traditional learning model goes from the gathering to recall stage without regard for whether the information is actually comprehended (processed and assimilated). This paper examines whether technology-enabled collaborative learning involving case analyses is superior to individual constructive learning involving individual case analyses, where the goal of both methods is to increase student interest in the course, increase student understanding of the material, and enhance student performance. The study found that students working collaboratively in either small or large groups were more interested in the material and perceived themselves to learn more than students that worked individually but that students that worked individually outperformed students that collaborated in small or large groups before working individually.
Flocculation of biological cells: Experiment vs. theory

Flocculation of biological cells is important in the biotechnology industry, as it could lead to improved efficiencies for bioreactor harvesting operations such as microfiltration. Experimental studies for flocculation of yeast and CHO cells using cationic polyelectrolytes suggest the existence of a steady-state, self-similar floc size distribution. The experimentally determined floc size distributions were modeled using a population balance approach. For flocculated yeast suspensions, the variation of the floc volume fraction with dimensionless particle diameter is predicted by the population balance model assuming a binary breakage distribution function. However, the variation of floc number fraction with dimensionless particle diameter is better predicted assuming a log normal fragment distribution function probably due to the presence of submicron-sized yeast cell debris. For CHO cell flocs, the floc volume and number fractions are predicted using a log normal fragment distribution function. CHO cells are far more fragile than yeast cells. Thus, individual CHO cells in a CHO cell floc can lyse leading to the formation of a number of small particles.
Re-evaluating niche conservatism versus divergence in the Woodland Salamander genus Plethodon: a case study of the parapatric members of the Plethodon glutinosus species complex

The Woodland Salamander genus Plethodon Tschudi, 1838, consists of terrestrial lungless salamanders, has been cited as an exemplar of a lineage characterized by niche conservatism. This conclusion ...
Radiolysis of resist polymers. III. Copolymers of methyl-α-chloroacrylate and trihaloethylmethacrylates

Homopolymers of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl(methacrylate) (TFEMA) and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl-(methacrylate) (TCEMA) and copolymers with methyl-α-chloroacrylate (MCA) in a range of compositions were synthesized. The reactivity ratios were obtained; the two copolymerizations were close to ideal. Poly(MCA) showed Gs = 7.4 and Gs = 0.9 by γ-radiolysis. On the other hand, poly(TFEMA) and poly(TCEMA) and Gs values of 2.0 and 2.4, respectively, and Gx = 0. Radiolysis of copolymers was initiated to a large degree by dissociative electron capture by the halogen atoms in both comonomers, as revealed by the ESR spectra of radicals derived from them. Germinal recombinations in irradiated poly(TFEMA) suggested the presence of radicals in proximity. This process was absent in the copolymers. GC-MS analysis of volatile products and other supporting evidence showed that TFEMA monomers tended to depolymerize; the TCEMA monomers did not. The radiolysis yields varied monotonically with the comonomer composition for the MCA–TFEMA system but the yield–composition relationship was irregular in MCA–TCEMA copolymers. Four noncrosslinking systems are potential radiation resists arranged in increasing order of promise: poly(TFEMA) (Gs = 2.0, Tg = 70°); poly(TCEMA) (Gs = 2.7, Tg = 142°); poly(94MCA-co-6TCEMA) (Gs = 2.7, Tg = 142°); and poly(68MCA-co-32TFEMA) (Gs = 3.0, Tg = 112°). These materials merit further investigation for E-beam or x-ray lithographic applications. Mechanisms of radiolysis for these materials, based on ESR, GC-MS, and radiolysis yield data, were discussed.
Role of independent study in creating an effective graduate-level program in electronic packaging

The Whiting School of Engineering at The Johns Hopkins University runs one of the largest part-time graduate engineering programs in the nation. The current enrollment is approximately 7,000 students and, in the 2001-2002 academic year, over 425 master’s degrees were awarded. While not a degree specialty at Johns Hopkins, electronic packaging and related courses are none-the-less key elements in the electrical engineering curriculum. Because of the limited number of advanced electronic packaging courses and the infrequency of some of the offerings, independent study is utilized to meet student needs. This paper describes the mechanism for the implementation of the independent study option as an important adjunct to the regularly scheduled electronic packaging courses. Details of the approval process, project selection (course of study), mechanics of course operation, progress monitoring, and independent study course grading are presented below. In addition, details of typical independent study projects and their technical results are discussed.
A cone-beam filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm for cardiac single photon emission computed tomography

A filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm was developed for cardiac single photon emission computed tomography with cone-beam geometry. The algorithm reconstructs cone-beam projections collected from 'short scan' acquisitions of a detector traversing a noncircular planar orbit. Since the algorithm does not correct for photon attenuation, it is designed to reconstruct data collected over an angular range of slightly more than 180 degrees with the assumption that the range of angles is oriented so as not to acquire the highly attenuated posterior projections of emissions from cardiac radiopharmaceuticals. This sampling scheme is performed to minimize the attenuation artifacts that result from reconstructing posterior projections. From computer simulations, it is found that reconstruction of attenuated projections has a greater effect upon quantitation and image quality than any potential cone-beam reconstruction artifacts resulting from insufficient sampling of cone-beam projections. With nonattenuated projection data, cone beam reconstruction errors in the heart are shown to be small (errors of at most 2%). >
Dengue: Update on Epidemiology

The epidemiology of dengue fever has undergone major shifts in recent decades. The global distribution has expanded to include more geographic areas. The intensity of transmission and the severity of infections have increased in areas where infection was already endemic. Multiple studies provide a clearer picture of the epidemiology and allow mapping of its distribution and change over time. Despite major efforts to control transmission, competent vectors now infest most tropical and subtropical regions; Aedes albopictus, also a competent vector, is able to survive in temperate areas, placing parts of Europe and North America at risk for local transmission. Many research teams in dengue-endemic areas are working to identify key local weather, vector, and other variables that would allow prediction of a likely epidemic early enough to permit interventions to avert it or blunt its impact.
Ferromagnetism and Near-infrared Luminescence in Neodymium and Erbium Doped Gallium Nitride via Diffusion

In this study, we report on the diffusion of neodymium (Nd) and erbium (Er) into n-type and undoped GaN and subsequent measurements of the room-temperature (RT) magnetic and optical properties. The diffusion profile has been measured via secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with rare-earth (RE) concentration yields of up to 1×1018/cm3. The ferromagnetic properties were measured using an alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) giving a saturation magnetization (Ms) of up to 3.17emu/cm3 for the RE-diffused layer. The photoluminescence (PL) emission of the Nd-diffused and Er-diffused GaN is observable in the near-infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum, respectively. The Nd-diffused GaN samples show NIR emission at 1064nm and 1350nm, while Er-diffused GaN samples have IR emission at 1546nm. This appears to be the first successful result of Nd diffusion doping into GaN crystals, and the first demonstration of above RT ferromagnetism involving GaN diffused with Nd. Details of our ferromagnetic and optical emission studies, related to the RE diffusion into GaN, are presented.
Factors and Taxa, Traits and Types, Differences of Degree and Differences in Kind

ABSTRACT A taxon is a nonarbitrary class whose existence is conjectured as an empirical question, not a mere semantic convenience. Numerous taxa are known to exist in nature and society (chemical elements, biological species, organic diseases, geological strata, kinds of stars, elementary particles, races, cultures, Mendelizing mental deficiencies, major psychoses, vocations, ideologies, religions). What personality types, if any, occur in the nonpathological population remains to be researched by sophisticated methods, and cannot be settled by fiat or “dimensional” preference. The intuitive concept of taxonicity is to be explicated by a combination of formal-numerical and causal criteria. Taxometric methods should include consistency tests that provide Popperian risk of strong discorroboration. In social science, latent class methods are probably more useful than cluster algorithms.
Synthesis and Properties of 8-CN-flavin Nucleotide Analogs and Studies with Flavoproteins

A high potential analog of riboflavin with a cyano function at the 8-position was synthesized by employing novel reaction conditions, starting from 8-amino-riboflavin. This was converted to the FAD level with FAD synthetase. The reduced 8-CN-riboflavin, unlike normal reduced flavin, has a distinctive absorption spectrum with two distinctive peaks in the near ultraviolet region. The oxidation-reduction potential of the new flavin was determined to be -50 mV, ∼160 mV more positive than that of normal riboflavin. The 8-CN-riboflavin and 8-CN-FMN were found to be photoreactive and need to be protected from exposure to light. However such complications were not encountered with protein-bound flavins. The apoproteins of flavodoxin and Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) were reconstituted with the 8-CN-FMN and apoDAAO was reconstituted with 8-CN-FAD. Spectral properties of the enzyme-bound neutral and anionic semiquinones were determined from these reconstituted proteins. In the case of 8-CN-FMN-OYE I, it was shown that the comproportionation reaction of a mixture of reduced and oxidized enzyme bound flavin is very rapid, compared with the same reaction with native protein, resulting in ∼100% thermodynamically stable anionic semiquinone. In the case of 8-CN-OYE I, it was shown that the rate of reduction of the enzyme bound flavin by NADPH is ∼40 times faster, and the rate of reoxidation of reduced enzyme bound flavin by oxygen is an order of magnitude slower than with the normal FMN enzyme. This is in accord with the high oxidation-reduction potential of the flavin, which thermodynamically stabilizes the reduced enzyme.
Quantum sensors, computing, metrology, and imaging

Quantum states of light can be used to make measurements and produce images beyond classical limits. We review recent advances in producing such states of light using ideas from optical quantum computing.
A review of nanobioscience and bioinformatics initiatives in North America

This paper provides an overview of nanobioscience and bioinformatics initiatives in North America. The paper's format consists of an introduction followed by two sections providing scientific as well as financial, business, and entrepreneurial perspective with regard to nanobioscience and bioinformatics, respectively, in the United States and Canada. These sections are then followed by thumbnail sketches of the broad range of North American university-level research in nanobioscience and bioinformatics.
INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHATE SOURCE ON VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OF BOUTELOUA GRACILIS

SUMMARY Non-mycorrhizal and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal Bouteloua gracilis infected with Glomus fasciculatus were grown in defined media containing different phosphate sources and compared with respect to phosphate content and form, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and root phosphatase activity. The phosphate sources were sodium monobasic phosphate, a mixture of sodium monobasic phosphate and calcium phytate, and calcium phytate. Inositol and inositol plus calcium were added to the sodium phosphate medium as additional treatments. Mycorrhizal infection was highest in roots of plants grown in the presence of phytate (75%). Lower root infection levels were noted in plants from the sodium phosphate (19%) and mixed phosphate (22%) media. No penetration by fungi occurred in plants from the sodium phosphate plus inositol or inositol and calcium media. Dry wts of non-mycorrhizal plants were highest when grown in media containing phytate and sodium phosphate plus inositol and calcium followed in decreasing order by sodium phosphate plus inositol, mixed phosphates, and sodium phosphate. Mycorrhizal infection increased leaf dry wt in plants from the sodium phosphate medium and root dry wt from the phytate medium. Phosphate concentrations in the plants were highest when grown in mixed phosphate medium followed by sodium phosphate and phytate. Mycorrhizal infection always increased significantly leaf phosphate concentrations but increased root phosphate concentrations only in the phytate medium. Phosphates were found predominantly as organically-bound compounds in leaves of mycorrhizal plants whereas in leaves of non-mycorrhizal plants, most of the phosphate was inorganic. Chlorophyll concentrations increased significantly with mycorrhizal infection with no change in a/b ratios. Mycorrhizal plants grown in the phytate medium had substantially higher alkaline phosphatase activity than did non-mycorrhizal plants; acid phosphatase activity was not affected by mycorrhizal condition. These results suggest that form of the phosphate in the root environment influences mycorrhizal establishment and effect of mycorrhizae on plant growth.
External fixation or closed medullary pinning for unstable Colles fractures

Fifty patients with complex distal radial fractures treated by primary external fixation were compared with 50 with similar fractures treated by closed medullary pinning. All the patients had Frykman type-VIII injuries. The two groups were similar in regard to demographic characteristics and the method of treatment was randomly chosen. All the fractures healed within three months. In the external fixation group 92% of fractures healed in excellent alignment as did 88% of the medullary pinning group. Both groups had similar results with respect to eventual function, range of motion, and grip strength. Complications and complaints were fewer and the estimated costs of treatment were significantly less in the medullary pinning group. More patients were satisfied with closed medullary fixation than with external fixation.
Embedded and Bound: How the Spatial Concentration of Nonprofits Effects Sector Size

This paper explores the relationship between concentrated poverty and the prevalence of anti-poverty nonprofits by analyzing the location patterns of 2,721 nonprofits that provide assistance to the homeless in 26 metropolitan areas from 1989-2002. We find that anti-poverty nonprofits are more spatially concentrated in cities with greater inequality. Metropolitan areas with sharp distinctions of economic and racial inequality have a greater concentration of services in poor neighborhoods, while metropolitan areas with economically diverse neighborhoods have services spread more evenly dispersed across the metro. The distribution of poverty affects the number of nonprofits due to the carrying capacity of poor neighborhoods. When poverty and services are heavily concentrated in a few neighborhoods, these geographic boundaries box in and constrain growth much like a plant stuck in a small pot.
An Automated Grading Spreadsheet for Reports or Presentations

An Excel workbook is described that automates and simplifies the use of any grading rubric for written reports or oral presentations. The accompanying workbook can be modified to include a user’s specific rubric and grading scheme.
Investigation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Concentrations in Combined Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Runoff

Since the first identified Cryptosporidium outbreaks occurred in the 1980s and the massive 1993 Milwaukee, WI outbreak affected more than 400,000 people (Fox & Lytle 1996), the concern over the public health risks related to protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia has grown. Both organisms are recognized causative agents of gastrointestinal illnesses linked to the consumption of contaminated surface or groundwater. This study, part of a planned series to estimate the urban contribution to the total Cryptosporidium and Giardia load to surface waters, focused on combined sewer overflow (CSO) and stormwater. Limited data had been available for assessing the loads of these two pathogens in CSOs. CSO samples were collected from six outfalls in five municipalities in the U.S. and analyzed using a modified U.S. EPA Method 1623 that addressed the high solids content of CSO. Results showed that CSO from urban areas was not a significant contributor of Cryptosporidium to surface waters; it was found to be a Giardia source. Stormwater samples were collected from three stormwater outfalls. Each outfall was sampled during two separate rain events. Sample locations were chosen based on United States Geological Society (USGS) land use/land cover classifications. Cryptosporidium was found in small quantities at 50% of the locations, and Giardia was significantly found at 75% of the locations.
A 9-year retrospective evaluation of 102 pressure ulcer reconstructions.

• Objective: Several pressure ulcer (PU) risk factors including paralysis and age greater than 70 have been identified, while others such as nutrition are debated. The object of this study is to id...
Emission profiles of torch generated plasmas

Emission spectroscopic techniques are employed to investigate and characterize the spectral output from a 75-kW dc arc. Torch parameters such as stability, temperature, and electron density were determined. After initially characterizing and optimizing the system, we investigated the composition of plasma spectral emissions with the intent of designing and testing a novel electrode health monitor. A prototype device was built and tested. The results presented clearly demonstrate that such a device is capable of providing early warning of impending electrode failure and has the potential of playing a significant role in system control and maintenance. (Author)
Communication with multiple senders: An experiment

We implement multi‐sender cheap talk in the laboratory. While full‐information transmission is not theoretically feasible in the standard one‐sender–one‐ dimension model, in this setting with more senders and dimensions, full revelation is generically a robust equilibrium outcome. Our experimental results indicate that fully revealing outcomes are selected in particular settings, but that partial‐information transmission is the norm. We uncover a number of behavioral patterns: On the one hand, senders follow exaggeration strategies, qualitatively similar to those predicted by a special case for the fully revealing equilibrium. Receivers, on the other hand, follow differing heuristics depending on the senders' biases, which are not always sequentially rational. When full revelation is observed it can be explained as the intersection of the receiver heuristics with the equilibrium response. Information transmission cheap talk multiple senders full revelation C72 C92 D83 D84
The Application of Embedded Database SQLite in Java

Running in application procedures,embedded database implements a zeroconfiguration operation mode with less resources occupation and fast speed.On many occasions embedded database can replace currently popular large and medium-sized database,such as MySQL and SQLServer.In this paper,the author introduces the embedded database SQLite and descripts the methods how to use SQLite to develop procedures in Java.
The Joseph Erlanger collection at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis.

Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965), who shared with Herbert S. Gasser the 1944 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for discoveries concerning nerve fibers, was a leading figure in the maturation of American physiology during the first four decades of this century. After undergraduate studies at the University of California, he graduated as a high-ranking member of one of the pioneering classes at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (M.D. 1899). There he learned physiology from W. H. Howell, and rose to associate professor in the department (1900-1906). He became the professor of physiology at Wisconsin briefly (1906-1910) before taking the same position at the newly reorganized Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. There he taught until his retirement in 1946, joining with such colleagues as George Dock (medicine), Eugene Opie (pathology), Gasser (pharmacology), Edward Doisy, and Carl and Gerty Cori (biochemistry) to raise the school to the first rank among medical research institutions.' Erlanger's laboratory career was divided into two almost equally distinguished parts, dealing with cardiovascularand neurophysiology. From 1904 to 1921 he published on blood pressure, did experiments on the conduction of excitation in the heart, and completed a long series of war-related studies with Gasser on the nature and treatment of traumatic shock. Especially noteworthy were his experiments of 1905 producing an artificial "heart block" in dogs, thereby firmly establishing the dependence of auriculoventricular conduction upon the bundle of His.2 In 1920 Erlanger's protege Gasser, working in the physiology
Differences in Membrane Binding Cooperativity between the Tandem C2 Domains of Synaptotagmin 1 and Synaptotagmin 7

Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), a Ca2+ sensor involved in exocytosis in pre-synaptic neurons, contains a characteristic tandem C2 sequence (C2AB) which inserts into anionic membranes in the presence of Ca2+. Previous studies have shown that the C2AB fragment of Syt1 inserts into target membranes more deeply than either individual C2A or C2B domain, suggesting cooperative interaction between C2A and C2B in the membrane-docked state. This behavior stands in apparent contrast to that of another family member, Syt7, whose C2A and C2B domains have been shown to bind membranes independently. To compare the cooperative behaviors of the C2 domains in these two isoforms, the dissociation kinetics (off-rates) of protein-liposome complexes were measured upon addition of the Ca2+ chelator EDTA using stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. Using liposomes composed of a 1:1 mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (PC/PS), the Syt1 C2AB tandem domain exhibits a much slower off-rate than either of the single domains. In contrast, dissociation kinetics for Syt7 C2AB were best fit to a two-step model in which each rate constant matches those from the individual domains. This preliminary result supports the presence of interdomain interactions in the membrane-docked state of Syt1 C2AB but not Syt7 C2AB. These experiments were performed with protein domains purified using affinity chromatography with high-salt washes and verified to be >95% free of nucleic acid contaminants; ongoing work aims to assess effects of polyanions on this apparent cooperative behavior, including ion-exchange steps in the protein purifications.
College Student Reactions to 9/11: Civilian, ROTC, and Military Academy Undergraduates

Many scholars in the 1990s forecasted that the military and the larger society had headed into divergent directions in terms of social attitudes between the military and the larger society. Subsequent empirical research concluded the differences less then acute as originally speculated. Indeed, the modest gap that had existed may have since narrowed even more. The aftermath of the so-called Global War on Terrorism following the September 11,2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, other terrorist attacks around the world, and new quasi-military groups under the umbrella of homeland security, have ushered a new understanding of the intersection of the armed forces and society.
Entwicklung des Fahrzeugunterbodens vor dem Hintergrund CO2-Effizienz

Durch die zukunftige CO2-Gesetzgebung werden Aerodynamik und Leichtbau von Kraftfahrzeugen stark an Bedeutung gewinnen. Dieser Vortrag beschreibt mogliche Potenziale im Bereich des Fahrzeugunterbodens und wie man diese mittels eines Materialbaukastens anforderungsgerecht realisieren kann. Dabei wird beschrieben, wie der Fahrzeugunterboden im Spannungsfeld Aerodynamik, Kosten und Leichtbau optimal ausgestaltet werden kann und welche Herausforderungen es dabei gibt.
Isolated n-decane droplet combustion – Dual stage and single stage transition to “Cool Flame” droplet burning

Abstract Observations of “ Cool Flame ” burning for large diameter isolated droplets on board the International Space Station have stimulated interest in combustion initiation/generation of non-premixed combustion modes. For a number of n -alkane fuels at large initial droplet diameters, the initiation process was observed to first establish a hot flame condition that radiatively extinguished, followed by a quasi-steady, “ Cool Flame ” droplet burning mode. However, recent large diameter n -decane experiments show that depending on the ignition energy supplied, the first stage hot flame condition was absent, with an apparent, direct establishment of a “ Cool Flame ” burning mode that continued to diffusive extinction. Here we report these experimental observations and elucidate the underlying parameters resulting in dual and single stage “ Cool Flame ” burning. Detailed, transient sphero-symmetric droplet combustion modeling is applied to interpret the experiments. The simulations indicate that the balance and duration of the ignition energy applied, the energy release associated with reaction of partially premixed fuel vapor surrounding the droplet, heat flux to the drop surface, and far field diffusive heat loss all play key roles as to whether a dual stage, radiatively extinguished hot-flame-to- Cool - Flame -transition for only large droplets or direct establishment of “ Cool Flame ” burning for all droplet sizes occurs. The rate at which the reactive partially premixed vapor layer surrounding the droplet is formed, its volume, and its subsequent reaction significantly influence the observed transition to “ Cool Flame ” burning. The initial droplet temperature relative to saturation and flash point temperatures of the fuel and the liquid phase heat capacity contribute to the thermal transport requirement at the droplet surface for establishing the partially premixed reactive layer surrounding the droplet, which through its reaction history defines whether a transition to “ Cool Flame ” burning can be initiated without a requirement for radiative extinction of a hot flame burning mode.
Room-temperature self-organised In0.5Ga0.5As quantum dot laser on silicon

The first room-temperature operation of In/sub 0.5/Ga/sub 0.5/As quantum dot lasers grown directly on Si substrates with a thin (/spl les/2 /spl mu/m) GaAs buffer layer is reported. The devices are characterised by J/sub th//spl sim/1500 A/cm/sup 2/, output power >50 mW, and large T/sub 0/ (244 K) and constant output slope efficiency (/spl ges/0.3 W/A) in the temperature range 5-95/spl deg/C.
An Analysis of Family Dynamics on High School Adolescent Risky Behaviors in Ghana

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between family dynamics and student engagement in consumption of alcohol, smoking of cigarettes, and use of illicit drugs in Ghana, West Africa. Adolescents who reported that their parents consumed alcohol were more likely to do likewise. Parental consumption of alcohol increased the adolescent probability of doing the same irrespective of the gender. Adolescence is a formative period during which health risk behaviors may be learned and solidified. Policies and subsequent interventions to address health risk behaviors should not be limited to school setting. Parental engagement and monitoring outside of school significantly mediates the extent to which students engage in health risk behaviors.
VLSI for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things provides exciting new capabilities as well as an alternative model for semiconductors--the deployment of vast numbers of small chips-but its success will require solving new VLSI design challenges.