cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normalized Earthquake Damage and Fatalities in the United States: 1900–2005

Damage estimate from 80 U.S. earthquakes since 1900 are normalized to 2005 dollars by adjusting for inflation, increases in wealth, and changes in population. The earthquake damage record is incomplete, perhaps by up to 25% of total events that cause damage, but all of the most damaging events are accounted for. For events with damage estimates, cumulative normalized losses since 1900 total $453 billion, or $235 billion and $143 billion when 1 and 2% mitigation is factored, respectively. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire adjusts to $39–$328 billion depending on assumptions and mitigation factors used, likely the most costly natural disaster in U.S. history in normalized 2005 values. Since 1900, 13 events would have caused $1 billion or more in losses had they occurred in 2005; five events adjust to more than $10 billion in damages. Annual average losses range from $1.3 billion to $5.7 billion with an average across data sets and calculation methods of $2.5 billion, below catastrophe model estimates and estimates of average annual losses from hurricanes. Fatalities are adjusted for population increase and mitigation, with five events causing over 100 fatalities when mitigation is not considered, four (three) events when 1% (2%) mitigation is considered. Fatalities in the 1906 San Francisco event adjusts from 3,000 to over 24,000, or 8,900 (3,300) if 1% (2%) mitigation is considered. Implications for comparisons of normalized results with catastrophe model output and with normalized damage profiles of other hazards are considered.
Power Measurement by the Hook-On Method

THE hook-on method is here defined as the measurement of an electrical quantity, where the current component of such measurement is obtained by encirclement of the current-carrying conductor by a removable magnetic structure. This magnetic structure is thereby subjected to a magnetomotive force, which is a unique function of the current and provides a magnetic flux for a secondary winding or an instrument mechanism. Available self-contained instruments are limited to current measurement. Interest in extending this measurement method to active and reactive power has resulted in the development of the self-contained hook-on wattmeter, illustrated in Figure 1. It was necessary that this instrument meet exacting requirements as to weight, simplicity of operation, and range of full-scale capacities (3 to 300 kw).
The RHJ/Le rhino mutant: description of a unique murine model of autoimmunity.

Abstract The BALB c HuDI-hrrh rhino mutant, which is no longer available, was an unusual murine model with prominent hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. The current report describes the early appearance of hepatic portal tract inflammation and antinuclear antibodies in the RHJ Le mouse, a related rhino mutant which is distributed from a commercial source. All homozygous RHJ Le rhino (hrrh hrrh) mice examined serially from 2 to 18 months of age developed inflammation of hepatic portal tracts. In 81 per cent of mice, portal and central veins were infiltrated with mononuclear cells. Focal infiltrates were found in salivary, Harderian and lacrimal glands and in the pancreas. Isolated animals had myositis involving skeletal muscle and myocardium. Heterogeneous antinuclear antibodies were detected in sera from 100 per cent of rhino mice and antibodies to DNA were present in 28 per cent of mice aged 6 months. Homozygous HRS J hairless ( hr hr ) and BALB c controls failed to show consistent abnormalities in exocrine glands or liver. We conclude that the RHJ Le rhino mutant spontaneously develops antinuclear antibodies and mononuclear cell infiltration in liver and exocrine glands. These animals provide unique opportunities to examine inflammatory lesions localized to specific target organs in an animal model of autoimmunity.
Disequilibrium in Two-Locus Mutation-Selection Balance Models

Equilibrium behavior of two-locus mutation-selection balance models is analyzed using perturbation techniques. The classical result of Haldane for one locus is shown to carry over to two loci, if fitnesses are replaced by marginal fitnesses. If the fitness of the double heterozygote is smaller than would be produced by a multiplicative model, as in additive or quantitative fitness models, the disequilibrium is negative--an excess of gametes with one rare allele. In this case the disequilibrium can be as large as one-half its maximum value possible, if the recombination rate is small, not greater than the strength of selection. If the fitness of the double heterozygote is larger than would be produced by a multiplicative model, the disequilibrium is positive, and is very small relative to its maximum value possible, even if the recombination rate is zero.
Technical Note-Price and Production Decisions with Random Demand

This note studies the problem of setting price and production levels simultaneously in a series of N periods, where price is a parameter in the probability distribution of demand. It develops a simple policy characterized by two stock levels and an optimal price line in the price-inventory plane, gives an algorithm to compute such a policy and check conditions for its optimality, and presents a counterexample to the simple policy, using a small set of allowable prices, along with a discussion of both the counterexample and some characteristics of the model.
Partition-based and sharp uniform error bounds

This paper develops probabilistic bounds on out-of-sample error rates for several classifiers using a single set of in-sample data. The bounds are based on probabilities over partitions of the union of in-sample and out-of-sample data into in-sample and out-of-sample data sets, The bounds apply when in-sample and out-of-sample data are drawn from the same distribution. Partition-based bounds are stronger than the Vapnik-Chervonenkis bounds, but they require more computation.
Diffraction-induced transformation of near-cycle and subcycle pulses

An analytical approach to the theory of diffraction transformation of pulses with superbroad spectra and arbitrary time dependence, in particular half-cycle (unipolar), single-cycle, and multicycle pulses, was developed. Closed-form solutions were found for on-axis propagation of half-cycle pulses with initially Gaussian spatial profiles that have either cosh-1-like or Gaussian time dependence, for single-cycle pulses based on higher modes of these functions, and for multicycle pulses. The far-field propagation demonstrates common patterns of time-derivative behavior regardless of the initial spatiotemporal profile. It is also shown that the time width of an off-axis pulse increases with the angle of observation. Owing to time–space reciprocity, the pulse transformation that is due to diffraction can be reversed, e.g., by reflection of a pulse from a spherical concave mirror.
GenomeRunner: automating genome exploration

Motivation: One of the challenges in interpreting high-throughput genomic studies such as a genome-wide associations, microarray or ChIP-seq is their open-ended nature—once a set of experimentally identified regions is identified as statistically significant, at least two questions arise: (i) besides P-value, do any of these significant regions stand out in terms of biological implications? (ii) Does the set of significant regions, as a whole, have anything in common genome wide? These issues are difficult to address because of the growing number of annotated genomic features (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms, transcription factor binding sites, methylation peaks, etc.), and it is difficult to know a priori which features would be most fruitful to analyze. Our goal is to provide partial automation of this process to begin examining associations between experimental features and annotated genomic regions in a hypothesis-free, data-driven manner. Results: We created GenomeRunner—a tool for automating annotation and enrichment of genomic features of interest (FOI) with annotated genomic features (GFs), in different organisms. Besides simple association of FOIs with known GFs GenomeRunner tests whether the enriched FOIs, as a group, are statistically associated with a large and growing set of genomic features. Availability: GenomeRunner setup files and source code are freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/genomerunner.
Visualizing the global secondary structure of a viral RNA genome with cryo-electron microscopy.

The lifecycle, and therefore the virulence, of single-stranded (ss)-RNA viruses is regulated not only by their particular protein gene products, but also by the secondary and tertiary structure of their genomes. The secondary structure of the entire genomic RNA of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) was recently determined by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). The SHAPE analysis suggested a single highly extended secondary structure with much less branching than occurs in the ensemble of structures predicted by purely thermodynamic algorithms. Here we examine the solution-equilibrated STMV genome by direct visualization with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), using an RNA of similar length transcribed from the yeast genome as a control. The cryo-EM data reveal an ensemble of branching patterns that are collectively consistent with the SHAPE-derived secondary structure model. Thus, our results both elucidate the statistical nature of the secondary structure of large ss-RNAs and give visual support for modern RNA structure determination methods. Additionally, this work introduces cryo-EM as a means to distinguish between competing secondary structure models if the models differ significantly in terms of the number and/or length of branches. Furthermore, with the latest advances in cryo-EM technology, we suggest the possibility of developing methods that incorporate restraints from cryo-EM into the next generation of algorithms for the determination of RNA secondary and tertiary structures.
The Wisdom, the Will, and the Wallet: Leadership on Behalf of Kids and Families

I t has been a genuine pleasure to serve as the president of the Academic Pediatric Association (APA). The APA plays a critical leadership role in setting the agendas that shape clinical care, education, research, and advocacy on behalf of kids and families. Today, I wanted to reflect on leadership lessons I have learned and relate them to the challenges we face to improve the health and well-being of children and families. I refer to these challenges as ‘‘the wisdom,’’ ‘‘the will,’’ and ‘‘the wallet.’’ Clearly, much has changed in the last decades, not only in health care delivery but also in the broader conditions that influence the health of children. Some of these changes have been good, some not so good. It is frequently said that as a profession, we are too often reactive instead of proactive regarding changes in our health system. I contend that there will continue to be dramatic change, and that as leaders and as an organization, we need to envision change, embrace change, and push the change to make sure every child—regardless of the conditions of their birth—has the opportunity to grow up to be a healthy productive adult. We need to be proactive and prepare for the future by shaping the changes necessary to achieve our mission and improve child health and development. The mission of the APA is ‘‘to improve the health of all children and adolescents through leadership in education of child health professionals, research and dissemination of knowledge, patient care, and advocacy, in partnership with patients, families and communities.’’ So today I thought we should take a moment to look into our crystal ball of the future and dream about changing the future for kids and families. What is the needed change? Do we have the wisdom, the will, and the wallet to make change on behalf of children and families? Change is certainly needed. A 2007 UNICEF Innocenti Report Card last year entitled ‘‘An Overview of Child
Belowground processes in forest-ecosystem biogeochemical simulation models

Abstract Numerical simulation models of forest ecosystems synthesize a broad array of concepts from tree physiology, community ecology, hydrology, soil physics, soil chemistry and soil microbiology. Most current models are directed toward assessing natural processes or existing conditions, nutrient losses influenced by atmospheric deposition, C and N dynamics related to climate variation, and impacts of management activities. They have been applied mostly at the stand or plot scale, but regional and global applications are expanding. Commonly included belowground processes are nutrient uptake by roots, root respiration, root growth and death, microbial respiration, microbial mineralization and immobilization of nutrients, nitrification, denitrification, water transport, solute transport, cation exchange, anion sorption, mineral weathering and solution equilibration. Models differ considerably with respect to which processes and associated chemical forms are included, and how environmental and other factors influence process rates. Recent models demonstrated substantial discrepancies between model output and observations for both model verification and validation. The normalized mean absolute error between model output and observations of soil solution solute concentrations, solid phase characteristics, and process rates ranged from 0 to >1000%. There were considerable differences among outputs from models applied to the same situation, with process rates differing by as much as a factor of 4, and changes in chemical masses differing in both direction and magnitude. These discrepancies are attributed to differences in model structure, specific equations relating process rates to environmental factors, calibration procedures, and uncertainty of observations. Substantial improvement in the capability of models to reproduce observed trends is required for models to be generally applicable in public-policy decisions. Approaches that may contribute to improvement include modularity to allow easy alteration and comparison of individual equations and process formulations; hierarchical structure to allow selection of level of detail, depending on availability of data for calibration and driving variables; enhanced documentation of all phases of model development, calibration, and evaluation; and continued coordination with experimental studies.
Interactive task planning through natural language

We describe a learning user interface (LUI) for robot task planning and programming. A robot operator interacts with LUI with commands in a natural-language-like form, and teaches LUI new commands necessary to perform assigned tasks using the programming by demonstration paradigm. LUI has a basic set of commands for moving a robot. When a new form of a command is given along with a demonstration of how to execute the command in terms of a sequence of known commands, LUI abstracts and stores the demonstration sequence. The abstraction involves qualitative reasoning about spatial relationships of the robot and objects involved during the demonstration. LUI allows robot operators to teach and subsequently issue high-level, natural-language-like motion commands rather than precise numeric commands involving coordinate specifications. This capability can speed up robotic operations in many applications in which similar tasks must be carried out repetitively.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis for febrile children who have cardiac lesions and undergo urinary catheterization in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent bacterial endocarditis (BE) in those at risk, the American Heart Association recommends antibiotics for patients who have a known urinary tract infection and are about to undergo urinary catheterization (UC). In young children who have cardiac lesions and undergo UC for fever without a source, the problem with prophylaxis only in the presence of infected urine is that the presence of urinary tract infection is unknown before testing. This study was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of BE prophylaxis before UC in febrile children aged 0-24 months with moderate-risk cardiac lesions. METHODS: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of BE prophylaxis compared with no prophylaxis from the societal perspective. Clinical outcomes were based on BE incidence and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Probabilities were derived from the medical literature. Costs were derived from national and local sources in US dollars for the reference year 2000, using a discount rate of 3%. RESULTS: On the basis of the analysis, prophylaxis prevents 7 BE cases per 1 million children treated. When antibiotic-associated deaths were included, the no-prophylaxis strategy was more effective and less costly than the prophylaxis strategy. When antibiotic-associated deaths were excluded, amoxicillin cost 10 million dollars per QALY gained and 70 million dollars per case prevented. For vancomycin, it was 13 million dollars per QALY gained and 95 million dollars per case prevented. The results were robust to variations in the prophylactic efficacy of antibiotics, incidence of bacteremia after UC, incidence of BE after bacteremia, and costs associated with BE prophylaxis and treatment. CONCLUSION: In the emergency department, BE prophylaxis before UC in febrile children who are aged 0 to 24 months and have moderate-risk cardiac lesions is not a cost-effective use of health care resources.
Linearizing Feedforward/Feedback Attitude Control

This paper introduces a fundamentally new approach to attitude control theory in which a linear form is postulated for the closed-loop rotational error dynamics, then the exact control law required to realise it is derived. The nonminimal (four-component) quaternion form is used for attitude because it is obglobally nonsingular, but the minimal (three-component) quaternion form is used for attitude error because it has no nonlinear constraints to prevent the rotational error dynamics from being linearised, and the definition of the attitude error is based on quaternion algebra. This approach produces the first attitude control law that linearises the closed-loop rotational error dynamics exactly, without any ittitude singularities, even if the control errors become large. The control errors might become large if the attitude commands are physically unachievable, for example, or if large disturbances occur. Therefore we do not have to assure that the commands are always physically achievable, or the disturbances always small, to guarantee stability or to realize linearity.
Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in induced sputum after allergen inhalation in subjects with asthma

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that mediate the response to inhaled allergens. In animal models, the induction and maintenance of allergic airway inflammation is primarily a function of myeloid dendritic cells, whereas the tolerization to inhaled allergens is likely a function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in sputum myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells after allergen inhalation in subjects with asthma. Also, the number of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells expressing both CCR6 and 7 and their chemokine ligands macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha and 3beta were measured in sputum supernatants. METHODS: Sputum was induced from 12 dual-responder subjects with allergic asthma before and 7 hours, 24 hours, and 72 hours after inhalation of diluent and allergen. Dendritic cells were enumerated via flow cytometry and the chemokines by using ELISAs. RESULTS: The number of sputum myeloid dendritic cells was significantly higher 24 hours after allergen challenge compared with diluent. Similarly, sputum plasmacytoid dendritic cells increased significantly at 24 hours after allergen challenge. Also, a significant increase in CCR6(+) myeloid dendritic cells numbers occurred 72 hours after allergen challenge. In contrast, CCR7(+) myeloid dendritic cells, as well as the number of CCR6(+) and CCR7(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells, were not different between challenges. Finally, allergen challenge increased sputum levels of MIP-3alpha, but not MIP-3beta, compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells increase in the sputum of subjects with asthma after allergen challenge, suggesting that both subsets are involved in the pathogenesis of allergen responses in asthma.
Análisis del léxico empleado en los titulares de la prensa popular colombiana

espanolEl objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar el lexico empleado en los titulares de prensa de uno de los periodicos Colombianos mas populares llamado �Q�hubo�. Con este fin, se recopilo un corpus de titulares correspondientes a los anos 2008, 2009 y 2010. El analisis se sustenta en los trabajos de Van Dijk (1983, 1988 y 1997), Sunkel (2001, 2003 y 2006) y Checa (2003). EnglishThe main objective of this research is to analyze the lexicon used in the headlines of one of the most popular Colombian newspapers called �Q�hubo�. With this aim, a corpus was gathered of press headlines published in 2008, 2009, and 2010. The analysis is supported by the works of Van Dijk (1983, 1988, 1997), Sunkel (2001, 2003, 2006), and Checa (2003).
talking about troubles: gender differences in Weyéwa speech use

In the Weyewa highlands of western Sumba, men and women employ a richly metaphorical, poetic form of “ritual speech” in response to sudden misfortune. Men's speech, in the context of divination, placation rites, and celebration songs, tends to be strictly parallelistic, narrative, and indirect, and concerns the continuity of the patriline. Men are regularly paid for their performances, but may be fined for errors. Women's ritual responses to misfortune consist of evocative laments and ululations. While women's speech may influence the immediate social environment, females are not fined for errors. This division of labor in speech relates systematically to the cultural notions of descent as well as the cultural construction of gender in Weyewa society.
Treating Diastolic Heart Failure With Statins “Phat” Chance for Pleiotropic Benefits

Diastolic heart failure (DHF) is a significant healthcare problem.1,2 Nearly 50% of all patients with chronic heart failure have DHF. Once hospitalized for heart failure, patients with DHF have a 50% chance of rehospitalization within 6 months. Patients with DHF have a 5% to 6% yearly mortality rate. It is estimated that treating patients with DHF costs in excess of $3.5 billion/year. Despite the significant impact that DHF has on heart failure incidence, prognosis, and cost, only 1 large randomized clinical trial has been completed that examined the treatment of patients with DHF, Candesartan cilexitil (Atacand) in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction Mortality and morbidity-Preserved (CHARM-Preserved).3 See p 357 The poor clinical outcomes and the limited treatment options for patients with DHF underscore the importance and uniqueness of the Fukuta et al study published in this issue of Circulation .4 In this study, the authors conclude that treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may lower both mortality and morbidity rates in patients with DHF. Enthusiasm for and clinical application of the results of this study must be tempered by the fact that this represents a “preliminary report”; however, if proven effective in large randomized clinical trials, this therapeutic approach will represent an innovation and potentially a paradigm shift in the treatment of patients with DHF. This editorial will focus on addressing 4 questions: (1) Does hyperlipidemia contribute to the pathophysiology of DHF?; (2) Why would these authors believe that statin therapy would reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with DHF?; (3) Are their data sufficiently robust to justify the performance of more definitive studies?; and (4) Does this study provide insights that will help to develop a comprehensive management strategy for patients with DHF? It is generally agreed that patients with chronic heart failure can …
Associations between cervical and scapular posture and the spatial distribution of trapezius muscle activity.

The first aim of this investigation was to quantify the distribution of trapezius muscle activity with different scapular postures while seated. The second aim of this investigation was to examine the association between changes in cervical and scapular posture when attempting to recruit different subdivisions of the trapezius muscle. Cervical posture, scapular posture, and trapezius muscle activity were recorded from 20 healthy participants during three directed shoulder postures. Planar angles formed by reflective markers placed on the acromion process, C7, and tragus were used to quantify cervical and scapular posture. Distribution of trapezius muscle activity was recorded using two high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) electrodes positioned over the upper, middle, and lower trapezius. Results validated the assumption that directed scapular postures preferentially activate different subdivisions of the trapezius muscle. In particular, scapular depression was associated with a more inferior location of trapezius muscle activity (r = 0.53). Scapular elevation was coupled with scapular abduction (r = 0.52). Scapular adduction was coupled with cervical extension (r = 0.35); all other changes in cervical posture were independent of changes in scapular posture. This investigation provides empirical support for reductions in static loading of the upper trapezius and improvements in neck posture through verbal cueing of scapular posture.
Detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus from darkling beetles and their immature stage (lesser mealworms) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation

SUMMARY Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes a respiratory disease of chickens that is important worldwide. Control of ILTV requires biosecurity management and vaccination. However, some live vaccines are not always efficacious and continual infection of susceptible chickens (back passage) can occur, causing the vaccine virus to increase in virulence. In previous studies using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism to check the genomic types of field strains, some outbreaks were derived from chicken-embryo-origin vaccines. Improved biosecurity and management practices may reduce the incidence of ILTV. The lesser mealworm and its adult stage, the darkling beetle, are cosmopolitan insects and are prevalent in poultry facilities. They consume feed, water, poultry carcasses, and feces. They are nocturnal, live in compacted earth and litter, and can damage poultry house structures. They are almost impossible to eliminate, require pest control expenses, and harbor pathogens, and birds may consume beetles rather than feed, resulting in poor feed conversion. This study showed that a field ILTV isolate of vaccine origin could survive on the external surfaces and internal organs of adult beetles and their larvae and could be reisolated in chicken embryos. Additionally, the ILTV from beetles and their larvae were subjected to PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism tests to classify their genomic types. Beetles may be a vector by which ILTV is spread on chicken farms. Therefore, beetle control should be an important part of decontamination of ILTV in chicken houses.
In Vivo Effects of Urinary Extracts of Patients with Aplastic Anemia on Rat Platelet Production and Megakaryocyte Progenitors in Murine Spleen and Bone Marrow

We examined the quantitative changes in the circulating platelets of rats and in the megakaryoctye progenitor content of mouse spleens and bone marrows after administration of urinary extracts from patients with aplastic anemia (AA). Single intraperitoneal injections of 140 μg and 30 μg of protein (65–90% ethanol precipitate of crude urinary preparation) were administered to Sprague-Dawley rats and BDF1 mice, respectively. Circulating platelet counts in rats increased significantly 24 h after the injection. Total megakaryocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-Meg) in mouse spleens increased 24 h post-injection, peaked at 48 h, and returned to normal levels 96 h after the injection. Changes in the number of megakaryocyte colonies showed that colonies composed of five or more megakaryocytes increased significantly 6 h after the single injection; however, colonies with two megakaryocytes began to increase significantly 24 h post-injection, peaked by 48 h, and returned to normal levels after 96 h.
Ultrafast spectroscopy in high magnetic fields (Presentation Recording)

Two-dimensional systems offer a rich array of physical phenomena that include the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, both of which have been observed in multiple materials systems to date. The mitigation and control of coherence in quantum states in 2D systems is an area of great current interest that is critical for the development of the next generation of solid state electronics based on quantum phenomena. In the first experiments that I will discuss, we investigate the terahertz frequency properties of a high mobility (μ ≥ 106 cm2 V-1 s-1) gallium arsenide two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at cyclotron resonance in a perpendicular magnetic field, which results in the formation of a spectrum of Landau levels. Our experiments reveal a strong increase in the decoherence at low temperatures and a power law dependence to the decoherence time from T = 0.4 - 100 K. In the second part of the talk, I will discuss our high fluence, nondegenerate pump-probe spectroscopic experiments of GaAs in the Florida Split Helix magnet at 15 K and 25 T. We model the electronic component of our data with an approximate four level system, from which we have extracted scattering and recombination rates in high magnetic field. We also observe coherent phonons, which were isolated and fitted to a sinusoid with an oscillation frequency of 43.5 GHz at 25 T, which is 3.0% larger than the previously measured zero field frequency.
The Origins of Judaism: A Note of Introduction

this book tells the story of the emergence of judaism out of its biblical roots, a story that took well over a thousand years to run its course. When this book begins there is no “Judaism” and there is no “Jewish people.” By the end, the Jews and Judaism are everywhere in the Roman Empire and beyond, more or less adjusted to the rise of Christianity and ready to absorb the sudden appearance of yet another new religion called Islam. It may be useful to provide a few words of introduction about the name Judaism itself. This book will begin with the religious beliefs and practices of a set of ancient tribes that eventually combined to form a nation called the Children of Israel . Each tribe lived in a territory that was called by its tribal name: the land of Benjamin, the land of Judah, and so on. According to the biblical narrative, these tribes organized and maintained a unified kingdom for most of the tenth century BCE, but then the single tribe of Judah was separated from the others in a kingdom of its own, called the Kingdom of Judah (in Hebrew yehudah ) to distinguish it from the larger Kingdom of Israel to its north. Thus the name Israel was essentially a national or ethnic designation, while the name Judah simultaneously meant a smaller ethnic entity, included within the larger one, and the land where that group dwelt for hundreds of years.
Law and Policy in International Financial Institutions: The Changing Role of Law in the IFIs and the Multilateral Development Banks

In this article I offer a possible framework for our discussions (both written and verbal) in the Journal-sponsored Fall 2007 Symposium on "Law and Policy in International Financial Institutions." I am pleased to have been helping to organize the symposium, mainly because the issues at play are both intrinsically interesting and vitally important to the future of global economic relations, and I wish to thank and compliment the Journal staff, particularly John Foote, for fine work in organizing the symposium and for publishing the participants’ presentations.
Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS) is a clinical entity that was first described in patients with either African or American Burkitt’s lymphoma who suffered sudden death within 2–3 days of treatment with chemotherapy.1 Initial observations suggested that hyperkalemia and renal failure occurring secondary to massive tumor lysis were responsible for patient demise. The syndrome associated with the treatment of tumors with very high rates of growth and rapid cell turnover is now expanded to include metabolic complications of hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia with accompanying hypocalcemia (for recent reviews, see Cohen et al2 and Tsokos et al3) following chemotherapy. Certain of these complications, particularly hyperuricemia and renal failure, may also occur as the result of rapid cell turnover prior to treatment (see Section 2). This syndrome is almost exclusively associated with hematologic malignancies such as acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma, particularly Burkitt’s lymphoma (Table 1), diseases that have rapid cell proliferation but are also potentially curable, requiring aggressive treatment. ATLS in patients with solid tumors has been reported, however.5,9,10
Asymptotic Behavior of Stationary Homogeneous Neuronal Nets

There are many approaches available for the explanation of the behavior of nervous systems. These range from the physiological models of nerve membranes [Rinzel, 1978] to abstract models of learning [Grossberg, 1980]. In an attempt to connect these disparate approaches, one is forced into a somewhat intermediate level of modelling. Over the last five years, we have studied the interactions of simplified neurons in order to deduce more global behavior; such models are called neuronal nets.
Controlling Corporate Misconduct: An Analysis of Corporate Liability Regimes

In this article we examine the structure of the legal regime that should govern a corporation's liability for crimes and intentional torts committed by its managers and other employees. This issue has gained much salience recently as reform initiatives increasingly replace strict liability with nuanced regimes that mitigate liability when firms undertake to monitor employees, and to investigate and report wrongdoing. In addition to inducing optimal activity levels, this article identifies four enforcement functions that corporate liability must often discharge: (1) inducing firms to sanction culpable agents; (2) inducing firms to thwart wrongdoing through preventive technologies and procedures; (3) inducing optimal policing measures such as monitoring, investigating, and reporting misconduct; and (4) and ensuring that employees find credible threats by firms to implement these policing measures. Our analysis reveals that neither traditional strict liability nor duty-based liability can induce firms to monitor, investigate or report wrongdoing optimally. We recommend that the law impose a mixed regime on firms instead. In the special case where firms can always credibly threaten to police their employees, a kind of sliding -- or adjusted -- form of strict liability appears to be the optimal mixed regime. In the general case, however, the optimal mixed regime is a form of composite liability, which holds firms strictly liable for all their agents' wrongs but substantially reduces this liability whenever firms satisfy their monitoring, investigation, and reporting duties. Employing our analysis, we analyze recent liability reform efforts, including the United States Sentencing Guidelines Governing the Sentencing of Organizations, prosecution guidelines for environmental crimes, and environmental audit privileges. We show that although the Guidelines are a step in the right direction, they do not provide firms with optimal incentives to police their employees. In addition, we are critical of the Environmental Protection Agency's new guidelines governing prosecutions of environmental crimes for similar reasons. Finally, we demonstrate that a composite liability regime is likely to be superior to the solution favored by some states of combining an environmental audit privilege with traditional vicarious strict liability for environmental wrongdoing.
Recent Progresses on a Meshless Euler Solver for Compressible Flows

The conventional CFD solvers depend on a mesh to discretize the domain. Due to the flexible nature of meshless methods, which do not require a mesh, we re-examine several meshless solvers for possible applications to moving boundary problems. Like many meshdependent solvers, second order meshless solvers suffer from convergence problems for transonic and supersonic flows with shock waves. In this work we develop a convergent limiter following ideas for finite volume solvers. The meshless solver is tested with a supersonic flow in a channel and subsonic flow over an airfoil and rigid body, and machine zero convergence is achieved for both the testing cases. We plan to run more benchmark problems, and further extend the present meshless solver to handle moving boundary problems.
Mixing-Plane Method for Flutter Computation in Multistage Turbomachines

The mixing-plane method for calculating the three-dimensional flow through multistage turbomachinery is used to perform flutter analysis on a single stage transonic compressor. The turbomachine considered is composed of an inlet guide vane (IGV) and a compressor blade (NASA Rotor 67). The mixing-plane boundary condition enables steady and unsteady computation of the flow through multiple blade rows. This allows incorporation of multi-stage effects without having to perform computationally intensive fully unsteady multi-stage flow computations. Forced motion flutter computations are performed for both the isolated compressor and with the IGV. Comparison between the damping ratio shows a decrease in stability when the IGV is included in the computation.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors

Common mutations found in thyroid cancer are point mutation of the BRAF and RAS genes as well as RET/PTC, PAX8/PPARγ, and TRK chromosomal rearrangements [1–5]. The mutational mechanisms seem to be linked to specific etiologic factors: chromosomal rearrangement or point mutations, which correlate with distinct etiologic factors. Chromosomal rearrangements have strong association with exposure to ionizing radiation and possibly with chromosome fragile sites. Point mutations lack the association with radiation exposure and probably develop as a result of chemical mutagenesis, with a possible influence of dietary iodine excess and exposure to certain chemical events that are present in high concentrations in drinking water from volcanic areas [2, 6]. Papillary carcinomas commonly have activating mutations of genes coding for proteins which signal along the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Hence, it is initiated by one of four distinct molecular events—point mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes and RET/PTC and TRK rearrangements. These genetic alterations rarely overlap and are found in approximately 70 % of cases. The majority of follicular carcinomas are driven by RAS point mutations or PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements. Poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas may harbor mutations involving the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the TP53 and CTNNB1 genes [1–11]
Field Evaluation of Potato Genotypes for Resistance to Powdery Scab on Tubers and Root Gall Formation Caused by Spongospora subterranea

Spongospora subterranea causes root galls and powdery scab on potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.). Host resistance represents an economically suitable and long term approach for the management of the disease; however, the relationship between root and tuber symptoms may vary across potato genotypes. To assess susceptibility differences among genotypes, 30 potato cultivars and 83 advanced clones with varying skin type (market class) were evaluated for powdery scab and root gall formation. Five field experiments were conducted during 2011 and 2012 on naturally infested soils in Minnesota and North Dakota. Differences among genotypes in the degree of susceptibility to tuber and root symptoms were observed (P < 0.001, n = 33 to 80). Higher powdery scab pressure (P < 0.001, n = 90) was observed in North Dakota locations across years. Environmental conditions influenced the formation of root galls and the expression of powdery scab, with greatest variability among white- and red-skinned genotypes. Under high disease pressure, the estimates of broad-sense heritability for powdery scab incidence and severity were 0.76 and 0.63, respectively. Across environments, russet-skinned genotypes resulted in less disease on tubers, but yielded similar levels of root galls as red-skinned genotypes. Tuber scab and root gall formation indices were significantly associated (r = 0.42, P < 0.001, n = 80); however, high levels of disease in roots were observed in genotypes ranked resistant to powdery scab. Cultivars Dakota Trailblazer, Dakota Russet and Karu ranked highly resistant, whereas Shepody, Kennebec and Red LaSoda were highly susceptible to both phases of the disease. Cultivar selection is highly recommended for disease management.
Nachhaltige Lektionen aus der psychotherapeutischen Praxis und Forschung

In diesem kurzen Artikel versuche ich einige wichtige Einsichten aus meiner Laufbahn als Forscher und Praktiker im Bereich der Psychotherapie zu skizzieren: Der Schlussel zu einer erfolgreichen Therapie ist ohne Zweifel die Fahigkeit des Therapeuten, empathisch zuzuhoren, verbunden mit einer Reihe anderer positiver Attribute und sorgfaltig ausgebildeter interpersonaler Fertigkeiten. Ein Blick auf die Sollseite des therapeutischen Geschehens verdeutlicht, das Feindseligkeiten des Patienten haufig eine Gegenfeindseligkeit beim Therapeuten provozieren, die nicht selten zu einem negativen Therapieergebnis fuhrt.
Urachal and non-urachal adenocarcinomas of the bladder

Pure adenocarcinomas of the bladder are a very rare entity. It is important to understand the distinctions between the different types of adenocarcinomas that may be found in the bladder, as it may have an impact on their treatment. Urachal carcinomas, traditionally found in the midline or dome of the bladder, require a surgical procedure that is different from the typical cystectomy. Metastatic adenocarcinomas can occur from direct extension of local organs including the colon and rectum, from drop implants/peritoneal seeding from other adenocarcinomas of the abdominal cavity, and even from hematogenous metastases from primary sites both within and outside the abdominal cavity. Often, a careful medical history of previous cancer, clinical symptoms which are not typically associated with a bladder primary, and radiological findings suggestive of other potential primaries can aid in diagnosing a metastasis to the bladder. Adenocarcinomas of the urethra, which are addressed in a separate chapter, can also invade the bladder base and trigone secondarily. Only when none of these above findings are present should one consider the patient a true primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder.
Obesity and the association with maternal mental health symptoms.

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the association between maternal obesity and mood disorders including depression, anxiety, stress, and pregnancy-specific stress during pregnancy.Study design: This was a planned secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study investigating factors associated with preterm delivery. The cohort included women who initiated prenatal care before 20 weeks with a singleton pregnancy. Maternal mental health was assessed using four standard psychosocial behavioral measures to screen for depression, pregnancy-specific stress, anxiety, and stress. Screen positive scores for each tool were established based on previously published “high” scores.Results: Of the 1010 women included in the cohort, 355 (35.1%) were obese. There was no significant difference in the number of obese women with stress (64.2% versus 68.4%, p = 0.18), pregnancy-specific stress (26.2% versus 22.1%, p = 0.15), or anxiety (38.6% versus 41.2%, p = 0.42); however, a greater number of obese women did report symptoms ...
Assessing the toxicity of the "inert" safener benoxacor toward Chironomus riparius: Effects of agrochemical mixtures.

The environmental effects of safeners, agrochemicals that protect crops from herbicide toxicity, are largely unknown, perhaps because they are classified as inert ingredients. We assessed the toxicity to larvae of Chironomus riparius of 1) the dichloroacetamide safener benoxacor; 2) its degradation product, monochloro-benoxacor; 3) the herbicide with which benoxacor is paired, S-metolachlor; and 4) a mixture of S-metolachlor + benoxacor. Under iron-reducing conditions, benoxacor can undergo reductive dechlorination, producing monochloro-benoxacor. To simulate iron-reducing conditions, we prepared benthic microcosms containing an iron-rich silt–clay sediment amended with cellulose. Larval C. riparius were exposed to single chemicals via spiked sediment at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg. Concentrations of a 1:1 mixture of safener and herbicide ranged from 0.02 to 200 mg/kg. Kinetic modeling of microcosm aqueous-phase concentrations indicated that benoxacor transformed with a half-life of 12 d. Cox proportional hazard models of time to emergence during 28-d experiments showed that females had a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for benoxacor at 1 mg/kg, whereas their LOEC for monochloro-benoxacor was 0.1 mg/kg. For males, the LOEC for all treatments was 100 mg/kg (200 mg/kg for the mixture). Synergistic effects of the mixture were observed only in females, with a LOEC of 0.2 mg/kg. These results suggest that benoxacor presents a low toxicity risk to C. riparius in environmental systems; however, the possibility of synergistic effects between benoxacor and S-metolachlor merits further investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2660–2670. © 2017 SETAC
An overview of measurement techniques for radio frequency nanotechnology (Invited paper)

We present an overview of the historical development and current state-of-the-art in measurement techniques for radio frequency (RF) nanotechnology. The field of RF nanotechnology focuses on the study and engineering of RF and microwave devices that are enabled by nanomaterials and other advances in nanoscience. Measurements play a critical role in this emerging field, enabling the transition from discoveries of new phenomena and new materials to practical engineering and eventual commercial application of RF nanotechnology. One critical challenge is to overcome the inherent impedance mismatch between nanoscale systems and commercial test equipment. Early work focused on the extension of existing guided-wave and on-wafer microwave measurement techniques to nanoelectronic devices. The objective of most of these early techniques was measurement of the complex, two-port scattering parameters of passive devices that incorporated a small number of individual nanoscale building blocks. More recently, local measurement techniques such as near-field scanning microwave microscopy have been developed for broadband characterization of nanomaterials and intradevice measurement of defects, contacts, and interfaces.
Real-time ultrasonography-guided femoral vein catheterization was faster than the landmark-guided technique

Source Citation Hilty WM, Hudson PA, Levitt MA, Hall JB. Real-time ultrasound-guided femoral vein catheterization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Mar;29:331-7.
Measuring social media marketing: moving towards a relationship-marketing approach

Because social media encourage two-way communication and interaction, they are valuable relationship-building tools for the marketer who chooses to use them to build dialogue and engage customers. ...