cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HABILIDADES PARA EL CUIDADO HUMANIZADO DE ESTUDIANTES DE ENFERMERÍA

Training of nursing students should enhance their skills to provide proper care, linking experience, scientific knowledge, technical skills, values and motivation to work with and for others. There is a risk of dehumanization due to administrative and technical health centers institutional models. Humanized care tends to develop a transpersonal relationship, considers values and higher needs of people who go through the process of health, disease and dignified death. The aim of this study was to identify skills to provide humanized care from the perspective of students. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a population of 98 nursing students of 3rd and 4th year (n = 57; 3rd = 20; 4th = 37) whose consent was requested, and also the authorization of the school authorities. The instrument used was the Care Ability Inventory (CAI), which measures the areas of Knowledge, Courage and Patience corresponding to a value of Cronbach α of 0.74. Statistics like frequency distribution, mean, average and percentages were used (Software SPSS-15). The results show a score of 63% in Patience, 35% Knowledge and only 2% in Courage. Patience requires the exercise of tolerance, respect and adaptation to situational uncertainty, generating a close link between the person and the student; this ability scored the highest. Knowledge includes self-knowledge and knowledge of others; it is less developed, causing a breach in the act of caring. The low value in Courage shows the difficulty in facing the unknown and in one’s ability to care, negatively influencing the development of the necessary strength to face proper care. These results show the need to strengthen nursing students coping skills to everyday situations, especially the dimensions of Knowledge and Courage.
Posttraumatic therapeutic hypothermia alters microglial and macrophage polarization toward a beneficial phenotype

Posttraumatic inflammatory processes contribute to pathological and reparative processes observed after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent findings have emphasized that these divergent effects result from subsets of proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) microglia and macrophages. Therapeutic hypothermia has been tested in preclinical and clinical models of TBI to limit secondary injury mechanisms including proinflammatory processes. This study evaluated the effects of posttraumatic hypothermia (PTH) on phenotype patterns of microglia/macrophages. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent moderate fluid percussion brain injury with normothermia (37℃) or hypothermia (33℃). Cortical and hippocampal regions were analyzed using flow cytometry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at several periods after injury. Compared to normothermia, PTH attenuated infiltrating cortical macrophages positive for CD11b+ and CD45high. At 24 h, the ratio of iNOS+ (M1) to arginase+ (M2) cells after hypothermia showed a decrease compared to normothermia. RT-PCR of M1-associated genes including iNOS and IL-1β was significantly reduced with hypothermia while M2-associated genes including arginase and CD163 were significantly increased compared to normothermic conditions. The injury-induced increased expression of the chemokine Ccl2 was also reduced with PTH. These studies provide a link between temperature-sensitive alterations in macrophage/microglia activation and polarization toward a M2 phenotype that could be permissive for cell survival and repair.
Less warming projected during heavy winter precipitation in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada

Local rates of warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations can be different during heavy precipitation than during other times. This variable warming can influence precipitation extremes through the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship and modulate the rate of snowfall decline. Large ensembles of simulations from a regional climate model were used to project, with high signal-to-noise ratio, changes in the daily winter temperature versus precipitation intensity relationship from the contemporary period to a mid-21st century scenario over the Cascades and Sierra Nevada of the United States. Warming rates decreased with increasing precipitation intensity over all montane regions, with the strongest relationship in the northern Cascades (1.2 °C less warming at 100 mm day−1 than at trace amounts). The relationship may be linked to the projected north Pacific meridional warming gradient, as the moisture of the largest precipitation events originates at lower latitudes where warming is less, though other factors may contribute.
Reef: Exploring the Design Opportunity of Comfort-Aware Eco-Coaching Thermostats

Smart thermostats have been proposed as a way to reduce energy consumption in the home. While occupancy-based thermostat control and scheduling has been shown to provide energy savings, more recent work in comfort-aware thermostats promises to provide even greater savings. Comfort awareness and adaptive thermal comfort models, combined with the mixed-initiative eco-coaching approach to thermostat control, offer a promising approach to optimizing savings by offering both schedule and setpoint recommendations and actionable plans. In this paper, we investigate the design space of comfort-aware eco-coaching thermostats. Through a user enactment study wherein 11 participants encountered fifteen design probes covering various design attributes and interaction scenarios, we uncover insights on how to design such thermostats in a way that respect people's values relating to comfort, sustainability, control, convenience, and allocation of agency while also encouraging more energy efficient behaviors.
Types of investor uncertainty and the cost of equity capital

We jointly test the effects of two types of investor uncertainty, one related to future firm performance and unrelated to accruals (cash flow uncertainty) and one directly related to accrual estimation errors (accounting quality uncertainty). Distinct from prior studies, our uncertainty estimates are based on a matched-firm design that minimizes the mechanical relation between the two uncertainty variables. We find a strong negative relation between cash flow uncertainty and multiple estimates of the cost of equity capital. With respect to accounting quality uncertainty, we find a strong positive association with both expected stock returns and implied costs of equity, but only in settings that control for cash flow uncertainty. Collectively, our results suggest the need to consider different types of investor uncertainty when examining how investor uncertainty affects the cost of equity capital. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Types of Bat-Ball Collisions

Collisions between baseballs, softballs and bats are complex and therefore their models are complex. One purpose of this book is to show how complex these collisions can be, while still being modeled using only Newton’s principles and the conservation laws of physics. This book presents models for the speed and spin of balls and bats. These models and equations for bat-ball collisions are intended for use by high school and college physics students, engineering students, the baseball analytics community and most importantly students of the science of baseball. Unlike models in previous books and papers, these models use only simple Newtonian principles and the conservation laws to explain simple bat-ball collision configurations.
Aristotle’s phantasia : From Animal Sensation to Understanding Forms of Fields

What imagination is cannot be answered apart from understanding its conceptual topology, the articulated framework of basic phenomena and concepts that govern our thinking about it. The second step toward this goal is to grasp how Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) exploited and revolutionized the basic “topography” or “matrix” of being–and–soul that his master Plato had laid down. Aristotle made a claim that became the “default position” about imagination for two millennia: that there is no thinking (thus also no knowing) without images. He shifted the center of gravity for imagination studies from the ontology of images that Plato had emphasized to a physiologically based psychology of imagining, which he first embedded in the psychology of animal being and then modified in the human animal by the presence of reason. Although parts of Aristotle’s philosophy of imagination are elusive—in particular the radical distance between animal and human imagination—and were distorted by later traditions, it makes a great deal more sense when it is seen against the background of his physical theories. An exploration of these connections not only explains his theory’s influence and durability but also why it still provides a unifying basis for understanding contemporary cognitive and biological approaches. Moreover, his theory offers hitherto unexploited resources for more accurately conceiving images as emergent, as variable phenomena that are indispensable for acquiring knowledge and guiding human action.
Privacy analysis for data sharing in *nix systems

Linux and its various flavors (together called *nix) are growing in mainstream popularity and many enterprise infrastructures now are based on *nix platforms. An important component of these systems is the ingrained multi-user support that lets users share data with each other. In this paper, we analyze *nix systems and identify an urgent need for better privacy support in their data sharing mechanisms. In one of our studies it was possible to access over 84 GB of private data at one organization of 836 users, including over 300,000 emails and 579 passwords to financial and other private services websites. The most surprising aspect was the extremely low level of sophistication of the attack. The attack uses no technical vulnerabilities, rather inadequacies of *nix access control combined with user/application's privacy-indifferent behavior.
Modelling in Bioengineering

Bioengineering is a rapidly growing field that has been flourishing during the last decades. It involves a wide diversity of problems ranging from physiological processes, including blood circulation in the body, gas exchange in the lungs, control of cell volume, and metabolic and protein design, to robotics and transport phenomena in biological systems, all of which require bioengineering methods. Bioengineering represents the full collaboration and integration of approaches of Engineering, Biological Sciences, and Mathematical Modelling.
The Value of Regional Ventilation Measurements in the Prediction of Postoperative Pulmonary Function Following Lobectomy

Eleven patients, mean age 62, considered for lobectomy for lung carcinoma underwent regional quantitative ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy. Preoperative selection criteria included an FEV{sub 1} (forced expiratory volume) of 55% predicted or less, and/or an FEV{sub 1}/FVC% (forced vital capacity) of <70%. A patients underwent a complete set of pulmonary function tests including flow rates, lung volumes, diffusing capacity and blood gases. The statistical correlation between the predicted postoperative FEV{sub 1} and actual yielded an r value of 0.67 with a p value of 0.56. There was good correlation between the predicted postoperative FEV{sub 1} utilizing scintigraphy and the actual, but in several cases the predicted postoperative FEV{sub 1} was underestimated. Although the degree of underestimation is insignificant, patients may be excluded from lobectomy when their values are marginal.
Social and economic consequences of black residential segregation by neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: The case of Metropolitan Detroit:

Although research has been done by social scientists on the inability of blacks to use income, like whites, to purchase a home or to rent an apartment in a less disadvantaged neighbourhood, we argu...
A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques to Extract Human Settlements from High Resolution Imagery

Two machine learning techniques were developed to extract human settlements from very high resolution (VHR) satellite images of 3 provinces in Afghanistan: Logar, Panjsher, and Wardak. The results were then compared with analyst verified reference data information known as the LandScan Settlement Layer (LandScan SL).[1] This study attempts to compare settlement mapping results from a support vector machine (SVM) classifier specifically integrated in a current settlement mapping framework and a deep learner utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach. By comparing the results from the SVM and the CNN to the reference data information we demonstrate that the CNN yields more accurate results overall, in terms of overall pixel cells, and the SVM performs more accurately in omission, based on derived statistics against the reference data information.
Reconfigurable Multiband FarIR Notch Filter Employing Phase Change Material

We propose a reconfigurable multiband notch filter in the FarIR band of 7 to 17 μm (40–18 THz) utilizing phase change material. The use of the phase change material, VO 2 , allows the cross shaped FSS to effectively change its resonant frequencies. The FSS unit cell is divided into four quadrants containing two different dimensions of cross dipoles. Dividing the unit cell in this method allows for multiple notches in the transmission response.
Neuropeptide Y and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normally cycling and postmenopausal women: A prospective pilot study.

The purpose was to investigate changes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) protein and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in the plasma and saliva in normally cycling women and women after menopause. We recruited 7 cycling women and 7 postmenopausal women for a cross-sectional, prospective pilot study. Blood via venipuncture and saliva samples were taken at each point in the menstrual cycle (premenopausal) or once per week (postmenopausal) for 2 months. Blood and saliva were analyzed for estrogen, NPY using ELISA and DPP-IV activity using a fluorometric assay. Plasma β-estradiol was an average of 96.45 ± 57.04 pg/mL over 2 cycles in the premenopausal group and 1.72 ± 0.35 pg/mL over 2 months in the postmenopausal group (P < .05). In the cycling group, there were no significant differences in saliva or plasma NPY or DPP-IV over the cycle. For the postmenopausal group, salivary NPY and DPP-IV did not change over 2 months. Plasma NPY was lowest in the middle 2 weeks (average: 0.52 ± 0.10 ng/mL) compared to the first and fourth weeks (average of week 1 and 4: 0.60 ± 0.14 ng/mL; P < .05). Plasma NPY in postmenopausal women was higher overall (0.56 ± 0.13 ng/mL) compared to cycling women (0.30 ± 0.11 ng/mL; P < .05). Plasma DPP-IV activity was unchanged by time in the postmenopausal group. Saliva DPP-IV and saliva NPY in the cycling group had a significant negative correlation (R = -0.95; P < .05). We found that saliva measures of NPY and DPP-IV activity appear to be poor estimates of plasma concentrations and activities, but a larger sample size is required to conform this. Differences in plasma NPY concentrations between the groups and the relationship between salivary NPY and DPP-IV suggests that there may be some unique differences between these groups.
Mechanisms to splay-bend nematic phases

While twist-bend nematic phases have been extensively studied, the experimental observation of two dimensional, oscillating splay-bend phases is recent. We consider two theoretical models that have been used to explain the formation of twist-bend phases---flexoelectricity and bond orientational order---as mechanisms to induce splay-bend phases. Flexoelectricity is a viable mechanism, and splay and bend flexoelectric couplings can lead to splay-bend phases with different modulations. We show that while bond orientational order circumvents the need for higher order terms in the free energy, the important role of nematic symmetry and phase chirality rules it out as a basic mechanism.
A New Species of Sida sect. Ellipticifoliae (Malvaceae)

A new species of Sida sect. Ellipticifoliae, Sida floridana, is described and accommodated in a revised key to the section. Additional notes are provided on selected taxa as an update to the most recent treatment.
Providentia: Using search-based heuristics to optimize satisficement and competing concerns between functional and non-functional objectives in self-adaptive systems

Abstract In general, a system may be subject to a combination of functional requirements (FRs) that dictate behavior and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that characterize how FRs are to be satisfied. NFRs also introduce cross-cutting concerns that may be difficult to predict, where the degree of satisfaction (i.e., satisficement) of one NFR may be impacted by the satisficement of one or more FRs/NFRs. In particular, self-adaptive systems (SASs) can modify system configurations or behaviors at run time to continuously satisfy FRs and NFRs. This paper presents Providentia , a search-based technique to optimize the satisficement of NFRs in an SAS experiencing various sources of uncertainty. Providentia explores different combinations of weighted FRs to maximize NFR/FR satisficement. Experimental results suggest that Providentia -optimized goal models significantly improve the satisficement of an SAS when compared with manually- and randomly-generated weights and subgoals. Additionally, we apply a hyper-heuristic ( Providentia-SAW ) to balance the contribution of NFRs, FRs, and the number of adaptations and further improve the Providentia technique. We apply Providentia and Providentia-SAW to two case studies in different application domains involving a remote data mirroring network and a robotic vacuum controller, respectively.
Swamped: Emergency Department Crowding and Patient Mortality.

Abstract U.S. emergency departments are experiencing extreme levels of crowding. This study estimates the impact of emergency department crowding on patient mortality. Identification relies on the abrupt crowding shocks felt by “old” emergency departments at the time a new emergency department opens nearby. Using death records linked to hospital administrative records, I find that a 10% alleviation of emergency department patient volume significantly lowers the average patient’s chance of mortality. Improvements appear to be realized both inside the hospital and after the patient has left.
Dual function of epaxial musculature for swimming and suction feeding in largemouth bass

The axial musculature of many fishes generates the power for both swimming and suction feeding. In the case of the epaxial musculature, unilateral activation bends the body laterally for swimming, ...
11 – EXPRESSIVE WRITING

Publisher Summary Expressive writing is a psychosocial intervention that promotes written emotional disclosure of stressful or traumatic events in a structured and confidential manner. Written emotional disclosure is used as an intervention to foster emotional expression without regard to social stigma, and encourages individuals to approach and express their emotions through writing in an experimental setting. The effects of this emotional disclosure are usually compared to writing about emotionally neutral writing topics. The use of writing as a form of therapy appears to have evolved from psychotherapeutic traditions that espoused emotional expression. Expressive writing thus provides a means of expressing and processing emotions that can help avoid the barriers and/or negative consequences that might accompany interpersonal disclosure. Structured expressive writing (as opposed to unstructured) focuses on a specific topic of writing, such as stressful or traumatic life experiences. The majority of experimental studies utilize this form of structured writing within the controlled setting of the laboratory. In the prototypical writing study, disclosure is induced in the laboratory by randomly assigning participants to either an expressive writing group or an emotionally neutral writing condition. Participants in both groups are usually assured of confidentiality and encouraged to write without regard to spelling, style, or grammar. The time and attention are matched between conditions in an attempt to equalize all factors except for the experimental manipulation. Therefore, the sole difference between the experimental and the control groups are the writing instructions.
Antioxidant cocktail following a high-sodium meal does not affect vascular function in young, healthy adult humans: a randomized controlled crossover trial

Chronic high sodium intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease as it impairs vascular function through an increase in oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a high-sodium meal (HSM) and antioxidant (AO) cocktail on vascular function. We hypothesized that a HSM would impair endothelial function, and increase arterial stiffness and wave reflection, while ingestion of the AO cocktail would mitigate this response. Healthy adults ingested either an AO cocktail (vitamin C, E, alpha-lipoic acid) or placebo (PLA) followed by a HSM (1500 mg) in a randomized crossover blinded design. Blood pressure (BP), endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation; FMD) and measures of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity; PWV) and wave reflection (augmentation index; AIx) were made at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption. Forty-one participants (20M/21W; 24 ± 1 years; BMI 23.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) completed the study. Mean BP increased at 120 min relative to 60 min (60 min: 79 ± 1; 120 min: 81 ± 1 mmHg; time effect P = .01) but was not different between treatments (treatment × time interaction P = .32). AIx decreased from baseline (time effect P < .001) but was not different between treatments (treatment × time interaction P = .31). PWV (treatment × time interaction, P = .91) and FMD (treatment × time interaction P = .65) were also not different between treatments. In conclusion, a HSM does not acutely impair vascular function suggesting young healthy adults can withstand the acute impact of sodium on the vasculature and therefore, the AO cocktail is not necessary to mitigate the response.
A green and resilient supply chain design model

Green supply chain factors and practices have gained increasing attention from the customers, businesses, and academicians for improving overall business sustainability. Because customers also value reliable business performance in terms of product and services availability, supply chains must be resilient for their sustainability and business continuity. Supply chain (SC) operations are exposed to various internal disasters initiated by humans and external disasters from natural calamity and terrorist activities. This research designs a SC model that incorporates green approach-based product design, procurement, manufacturing, and distribution management. The model also includes resilience planning for these supply chain steps. The objective of the research is to improve overall sustainability performance of the supply chain by integrating contributions of green factors and resilient criteria in all phases of a supply chain. A numerical example illustrates applicability of the model, overall approach of the study, and managerial insights.
Senior WISE intervention: Gender differences in bodily pain and trait anxiety.

Abstract Purpose In this secondary analysis we tested whether 12 h of Senior WISE (Wisdom Is Simply Exploration) memory or health training with older adults would produce better outcomes by gender in perceptions of anxiety and bodily pain and whether the effects of the Senior WISE training on pain were mediated by anxiety. Design An implemented Phase III randomized clinical trial with follow up for 24 months in Central Texas. The sample was mostly female (79%), 71% Caucasian, 17% Hispanic, and 12% African American with an average age of 75 and 13 years of education. Results The effects of the memory intervention on anxiety were consistent across time, with effects present for males but not females at post-treatment and end-of-study. Although males had more anxiety in the health promotion group, the memory training reduced males' anxiety such that no gender difference was present in this group. The Senior WISE intervention reduced pain for both males and females at post-intervention but not at end-of-study. Although gender differences did not depend on the treatment group for pain, females reported somewhat, but not significantly, less pain at post-treatment and end-of-study. Mediation analysis indicated that, for males, the memory intervention indirectly affected pain at post-treatment, in part, by reducing anxiety, which lowered pain. However, at end-of-study, no indirect effect was present. Males responded to memory training. Training tailored to gender may increase the efficacy of the programs and “buy-in” from male participants, especially if tailored to anxiety and pain.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to progressive disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as cellulitis

Histoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rate but lethal disease in immunocompromised hosts. Unusual clinical presentations make diagnosing invasive fungal infection even more challenging. Here we present a case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to progressive disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as cellulitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematous. A high index of suspicion combined with histopathology and molecular diagnostic techniques are important to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients.
The Effect of Fundamental Risk on the Market Pricing of Accruals Quality

Motivated by the theoretical results of Yee (2006), we extend the empirical analysis of Francis, LaFond, Olsson, and Schipper (2005) to test the prediction that the effect of accruals quality on co...
Approximate homomorphisms

We present a survey of ideas and results stemming from the following stability problem of S. M. Ulam. Given a groupG1, a metric groupG2 and e > 0, find δ > 0 such that, iff: G1 →G2 satisfiesd(f(xy),f(x)f(y)) ⩽ δ for allx, y ∈G1, then there exists a homomorphismg: G1 →G2 such thatd(f(x),g(x))⩽e for allx ∈ Gl. For Banach spaces the problem was solved by D. Hyers (1941) with δ = e and $$g(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f(2^n x)/2^n .$$ Section 2 deals with the case whereG1 is replaced by an Abelian semigroupS andG2 by a sequentially complete locally convex topological vector spaceE. The necessity for the commutativity ofS and the sequential completeness ofE are also considered.
Is Proactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Ready for the Spotlight in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Follow the Data.

ABSTRACT As a plethora of data emerges on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease, guidance on its application is needed. In this literature review and consensus statement, the authors recommend reactive TDM for all biologics, summarize concentration targets, and provide guidance on TDM in various scenarios. Proactive TDM with tumor necrosis factor-antagonist monotherapy is recommended as an alternative to the combination of tumor necrosis factor-antagonists with immunomodulators. Although observational data support this approach, randomized controlled trials do not. We argue that there is considerable work left to be performed before embracing proactive TDM as an equivalent alternative to combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Assessing operational impact in enterprise systems by mining usage patterns

Performing impact analysis involves determining which users are affected by system resource failures. Understanding when users are actually using certain resources allows system administrators to better assess the impact on enterprise operations. This is critical to prioritizing system repair and restoration actions, and allowing users to modify their plans proactively. We present an approach that combines traditional dependency analysis with resource usage information to improve the operational relevance of these assessments. Our approach collects data from end-user systems using common operating system commands, and uses this data to generate dependency and usage pattern information. We tested our approach in a computer lab running applications at various levels of complexity, and demonstrate how our framework can be used to assist system administrators in providing clear and concise impact assessments to executive managers.
Evaluation in Dogs of Cross-Circulation in the Treatment of Acute Hepatic Necrosis Induced by Yellow Phosphorus

Abstract The efficacy of cross-circulation in the treatment of acute liver failure has been evaluated in dogs. Four of 5 dogs administered a dose of yellow phosphorus that is lethal 90% of the time survived after treatment by cross-circulation of whole blood for between 1 and 8 hr with a normal dog. In 2 normal unmatched dogs plasma cross-circulations were performed over a period of 31 days without any clinical or laboratory manifestation of hypersensitivity except for lymphocytotoxic antibody titer rise. The results suggest that whole blood cross-circulation is effective and imply that a single donor could be utilized for prolonged periods of plasma cross-circulation with avoidance of immunological consequences of whole blood exchange.
Disruption of classical eyelid conditioning after cerebellar lesions: damage to a memory trace system or a simple performance deficit?

Over the past 10 years, a number of laboratories have reported that classically conditioned skeletal muscle responses, such as conditioned nictitating membrane/eyelid responses, are critically dependent on activity in the cerebellum. For example, unilateral lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus have been shown to prevent acquisition and abolish retention of the conditioned eyelid response on the side ipsilateral to the lesions without affecting conditioned responding (CR) on the contralateral side. Also, recording studies involving the interpositus nucleus have consistently revealed patterns of neuronal discharge that predict execution of the CR. The lesion and recording studies have generally been cited as evidence that plasticity in the cerebellum is critically involved in the learning and memory of classically conditioned responses. This interpretation was recently challenged by Welsh and Harvey (1989a), who claimed that cerebellar lesions simply produced a performance deficit and speculated that the role of the cerebellum was not in learning and memory processes associated with the CR but only in performance of the eye blink response. Presented here are three experiments that provide additional strong evidence for a critical role of the cerebellum in the learning and memory of the Pavlovian CR. These experiments include (1) demonstrations of complete and permanent CR abolition after appropriate interpositus lesions, (2) a failure to find systematic or persisting decrements in the unconditioned response amplitude (i.e., the eye blink reflex) after appropriate interpositus lesion, and (3) observations of differential effects on the CR and unconditioned response after lesions were placed in populations of motoneurons responsible for executing the eye blink response. These data are discussed in the context of performance versus learning issues; evidence presented here rules out the possibility that interpositus lesion abolition of the eye blink CR is simply due to lesion effects on performance.
Factor Structure of Subjective Responses to Alcohol in Light and Heavy Drinkers.

BACKGROUND: Subjective responses (SRs) to alcohol have been implicated in alcoholism etiology, yet less is known about the latent factor structure of alcohol responses. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure of SR using a battery of self-report measures during a controlled alcohol challenge. METHODS: Nontreatment seeking drinkers (N = 242) completed an intravenous alcohol challenge including the following SR measures: Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, Subjective High Assessment Scale, Profile of Mood States, Alcohol Urge Questionnaire, and single items assessing alcohol "Liking" and "Wanting." Ascending limb target breath alcohol concentrations were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06, and descending limb target was 0.04 g/dl. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted separately on estimates of mean and dose responses on the ascending limb and on descending limb data. To examine the generalizability of this factor structure, these analyses were repeated in heavy drinkers (≥14 drinks/wk for men, ≥7 for women; n = 132) and light drinkers (i.e., nonheavy drinkers; n = 110). RESULTS: In the full sample, a 4-factor solution was supported for ascending limb mean and dose responses and descending limb data representing the following SR domains: Stimulation/Hedonia, Craving/Motivation, Sedation/Motor Intoxication, and Negative Affect. This 4-factor solution was replicated in heavy drinkers. In light drinkers, however, SR was better summarized by a 3-factor solution where ascending mean and descending limb responses consisted of Stimulation/Hedonia, Craving/Motivation, and a general negative valence factor, and dose responses consisted of a general positive valence factor, Sedation/Motor Intoxication, and Negative Affect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that SR represents a multifaceted construct with consistent factor structure across both ascending and descending limbs. Further, as drinking levels escalate, more defined Craving/Motivation and negative valence dimensions may emerge. Longitudinal studies examining these constructs are needed to further our understanding of SR as potentially sensitive to alcohol-induced neuroadaptation. Language: en
Current Limiting Conductors: A Distributed Approach for Increasing T&D System Capacity and Enhancing Reliability

This paper presents a new approach for maximizing the capacity of a meshed power system through the use of current limiting conductor (CLiC) modules that clip on to the power line to realize a distributed series impedance. When the CLiC modules sense an overload, they operate in a coordinated manner, without any communications, to gradually increase the line impedance 'pushing' current to other more 'receptive' portions of the network so as to prevent a thermal overload on the line. The resulting network is seen to be self-organizing, automatically diverting current from overloaded to underutilized lines, increasing system capacity and enhancing reliability under (N-1) contingency operating conditions. The simple implementation of the current limiting conductor (CLiC) modules also promises low cost. This paper presents the basic concept, shows simulation and experimental results, and applies the CLiC modules to a 4 bus test system and to the IEEE 39 bus system. The ability to utilize the static and dynamic capacity of the network promises important system-wide benefits including increased line and system capacity utilization; increased reliability; improved operation under contingencies; incremental deployment; and rapid implementation
Dopamine Transporter Imaging in Essential Tremor With and Without Parkinsonian Features (S57.002)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical and dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging data in patients with essential tremor (ET) with and without parkinsonian features. BACKGROUND: Multiple epidemiological, clinical, genetic and pathological studies suggest overlap between ET and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and mild parkinsonian features can be observed in ET patients. Presynaptic striatal dopaminergic deficit is usually detected in PD patients with DAT imaging (DaTscan, GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ). Although DAT imaging is usually normal in ET, some studies found mild dopaminergic deficit in ET patients compared to healthy controls (HC). DESIGN/METHODS: Thirty-nine ET patients with and without parkinsonian features and 13 HC underwent clinical examination by a movement disorders neurologist, including rating of tremor on the TETRAS scale and quantitative assessment of smell. Two independent radiologists blinded to the clinical diagnosis analyzed DaTscan studies visually or using semi-quantitative calculation of striatal binding ratios (SBR) in striatal volumes of interests versus background. RESULTS: ET patients were divided into pure ET group (no parkinsonian features, n=22), ET-P group (1-2 mild parkinsonian features, n=10), ET-PD group (2 or more parkinsonian features, n=7). As expected, ET-PD patients had the lowest SBR. The mean SBR in ET patients was slightly lower than in HC in all striatal regions, especially in caudate, with the exception of posterior putamen. SBR in ET-P was slightly lower than in pure ET in all regions except for caudate. There was no significant correlation between SBR, ET severity or duration of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ET and parkinsonian features are a heterogeneous group that may include a combination of ET and PD and ET with parkinsonian features but without PD. Quantitative assessments of DAT scans in a larger population of patients may show more robust differences in dopaminergic deficit in ET patients with and without parkinsonian features. Study Supported by: by grants from GE Healthcare and National Parkinson Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Waln has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perlman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wendt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., Chelsea Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink: Neurology in Clinical Practice. Dr. Jankovic has received research support from Allergan, Inc, Allon Therapeutics, Ceregene, Inc, Chelsea Therapeutics, Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, EMD Serono, Huntington9s Disease Society of America, Huntington Study Group, Impax Pharmaceuticals, and Ipsen Limited.
Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells

A human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line was used to evaluate the contribution of urease from Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori to its cytotoxicity. Gastric cells cultured in medium supplemented with 20 mM urea were exposed to 5 x 10(6) CFU of H. pylori per ml with or without the addition of a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid. Viabilities of cells exposed to H. pylori for 2, 24, and 48 h, assessed by incorporation of neutral red dye, were 60, 27, and 16%, respectively; however, the viabilities of cells exposed to both H. pylori and acetohydroxamic acid were 92, 46, and 20% after 2, 24, and 48 h, respectively, (P less than 0.001). Therefore, the urease activity of H. pylori may play an important role in its pathogenicity, and inhibition of this enzyme activity may have therapeutic potential.
Methyl p‐Acetylbenzoate

Methyl p-acetylbenzoate reactant: 29–32 g. of unreacted methyl p-ethylbenzoate product: methyl p-acetylbenzoate intermediate: p-ethylbenzoic acid Keywords: oxidation, CH2 CO; catalysts, metal, chromium oxide-calcium carbonate; methyl p-ethylbenzoate, preparation of; extractors, of solutions; filter aids; gas traps, flow regulator; separator, Dean and Stark
Möglichkeiten zur Wasserstoff-Erzeugung mit verminderter Kohlendioxid-Emission für zukünftige Energiesysteme

Hydrogen production possibilities for future energy systems with reduced carbon dioxide emission. All possible hydrogen production methods which are of technical importance or could become technically important have been systematically classified. The conventional processes based on fossil raw materials, as well as hydrogen production from biomass, are considered with a view to the separation of CO2 or the minimization of CO2 emission by using nuclear energy or solar energy, or by using electric energy generated from these primary energies. In addition, possibilities of hydrogen production with carbon separation are investigated. The nonfossil processes using thermal, electric or radiation energy are treated briefly, and water electrolysis is described in more detail. Finally, the hydrogenation of fossil raw materials is discussed, which would lead to mixed carbon-hydrogen energy systems.
Mechanism of the modulation of the phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination of the human erythrocyte by metabolic state.

Abstract The agglutination of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P can be changed depending upon the metabolic state of the cell. The agglutination of intact cells depends upon the ATP content of the cell. Agglutination of resealed membranes from ATP depleted erythrocytes has been shown to be a function of the concentration of the ATP in the resealing media. β,γ-Methylene-ATP competitively inhibits the effect of ATP within resealed membranes. The route of entry of adenosine into the cell was also found to influence agglutinability; in nucleoside transport-inhibited cells, there was a distinct maximum of agglutination vs. adenosine concentration not observed in uninhibited cells. The influence of cell shape on agglutination was also considered and agglutination was found to correlate with the percentage of cells with disc morphology. Alterations of the shape of erythrocytes produced by lyosophosphatidylcholine treatment, however, were not accompanied by any change in agglutinability. An attempt was also made to evaluate the relationship between agglutination and charge of the surface of the cell. Partition of resealed membranes in an aqueous two-polymer phase system which is primarily determined by surface charge decreased as a function of concentration of ATP in the lysis and resealing medium, while agglutination of these preparations on the other hand increased concomitantly. Results suggest that transitions in morphology, surface charge, and phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination of human erythrocytes have at least one ATP-mediated event in common.
Colonial Law and Its Uncertainties

Colonialism was always an uncertain process. Even the imposition of colo nial law was fraught with incomplete application, resistance, and the rein terpretation of European categories in indigenous terms. Magistrates often operated with fragmentary and inaccurate understandings of local cultural practices and rules, seeking to rectify this disadvantage by relying on local experts yet unable to adjust their decisions according to the class and kin interests of these experts. Staffing was often limited, local linguistic knowl edge lacking, and a sociological understanding of how custom operated according to social status and shared knowledge of individuals often miss ing. Colonial officials faced the problem of limited capacity and large populations to manage and govern. Indeed, recognition of distinct regimes of personal law was one solution to the dilemma of the need to control populations at the lowest possible cost. Even though retrospective histories tend to emphasize the transformative power of colonial law, as this
Feminization of channel catfish by oral administration of steroid sex hormones

Abstract Oral administration of 17-β-estradiol or 17-α-ethynyltestosterone to sexually undifferentiated channel catfish Ictaturus punctatus during the first 21 days after yolk-sac absorption resulted in the production of 100% females. The androgen was effective at doses of 6 to 600 μg/g of feed, but not at 0.6 μg/g. Received February 5, 1983 Accepted June 12, 1983
Effects of annealing on the structure and electrical conductivity of CVD alumina films

Alumina films, 160 nm thick, were deposited on (100) -oriented silicon single-crystal substrates by pyrohydrolysis of aluminum chloride. Such films are candidate gate materials for an improved pH ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (pH-ISFET) for industrial and medical pH measurements. The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics of films annealed for 30 min at temperatures of 850, 1000, and 1175 °C were determined, Annealing at 850 °C produced the optimum I–V behavior for the aluminum oxide pH-sensitive films as evidenced by minimum leakage current and maximum breakdown voltage. The structures of the annealed films were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The anneals at 1000 and 1175 °C caused partial and complete transformation, respectively, of the as-deposited α-alumina to the α-alumina phase. Associated with a-alumina formation was the creation of voids along the grain boundaries and in the grain interiors that provided paths of increased electrical conduction through the alumina films and degraded their dielectric behavior.
Dendritic stability in a model of adult-onset IGF-I deficiency.

Abstract Objective A significant decrease in plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is one of the most robust hallmarks of aging and may contribute to functional changes associated with senescence. This study examined the role of IGF-I in the maintenance of adult dendritic morphology. Design We utilized a model of the aging-related decrease in plasma IGF-I to examine whether such a decrease, in itself, leads to dendritic changes in the cerebral cortex. The dw / dw rat, originally of the Lewis strain, suffers from a spontaneous mutation in which growth hormone (GH) production is severely decreased. Since GH is responsible for the production of circulating IGF-I by the liver, these animals are deficient in plasma IGF-I. Homozygous dw / dw rats were administered porcine GH to sustain IGF-I levels during development and then GH injections were stopped as adults in order to examine the effects of adult-onset GH and IGF-I deficiency. Animals sacrificed after two or eight weeks of GH and IGF-I deficiency were compared to age-matched dw / dw animals that received GH both developmentally and throughout adulthood (GH/IGF-I replete). The dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons in cingulate cortex were labeled by intracellular injection and reconstructed in three dimensions. Results Comparing GH/IGF-I replete and deficient dw / dw rats, we found no differences in the apical or basal arbors of either layer two or layer five pyramidal neurons. Conclusions These findings indicate that a decrease in plasma levels of IGF-I is not sufficient in itself to produce dendritic changes like those seen in aging animals.
Special Olympics: the oral health status of U.S. athletes compared with international athletes.

The Healthy Athletes Special Smiles Program provides oral health screening and data collection for athletes with mental retardation who are participating in Special Olympic events. Recently, data regarding international athletes have become available for the first time, allowing a comparison against data collected in the United States. The international athletes from the countries of China, Lebanon, Poland, South Africa, and Turkey were generally younger than those of the United States (mean age 17.4 versus 24.0 years) and were more likely to be males (64.3 versus 54.6%). The international athletes were more likely to have untreated caries (50.1 versus 28.2%), and less likely to have restorations (19.6 versus 62.9%), sealants (1.8 versus 13.5%), fluorosis (3.5 versus 8.8%), signs of gingival disease (27.8 versus 40.1%), or to be edentulous (0.1 versus 3.7%). These relationships persisted after adjustment for sex and age differences between the populations.
Chromite composition in relation to chemistry and texture of ordinary chondrites.

Chromite composition in chondrites using electron microprobe technique, discussing petrographic origin and vanadium abundance