cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Repetitive Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Background The most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is repetitive monomorphic VT (RMVT), which is characterized by frequent ventricular ectopy and salvos of nonsustained VT with intervening sinus rhythm. Unlike most other forms of idiopathic VT, this tachycardia typically occurs at rest and is nonsustained. The mechanism of RMVT is undefined. Because of a common site of origin, the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), we hypothesized that RMVT is mechanistically related to paroxysmal sustained, exercise-induced VT, which has been shown to be consistent with cAMP-mediated triggered activity. Therefore, in this study, we sought to identify (1) the mechanism of RMVT at the cellular level by using electropharmacological probes known to activate either stimulatory or inhibitory G proteins and thereby modify intracellular cAMP levels, (2) potential autonomic triggers of RMVT through analysis of heart rate variability, and (3) whether well-characterized somatic activating mutations in t...
Tridione therapy in epilepsy; a review of results in 156 patients with petit mal epilepsy with special reference to side reactions.

Summary 1. One hundred fifty-six patients with petit mal epilepsy were treated withTridione. One hundred four, or 62 per cent showed a definite improvement. Fifty-two either failed to respond favorably or manifested serious toxic effects requiring withdrawal of the drug. 2. Sixty-two patients, or 39 per cent, developed undesirable reactions while taking Tridione. It was necessary to discontinue the Tridione in thirty-eight of these patients. 3. Eleven of the sixty-six patients with petit mal epilepsy developed theirfirst grand mal seizure soon after starting Tridione. 4. In thirteen of the ninety patients with mixed type of seizures (grand mal and petit mal) the grand mal seizures became more frequent and more severe soon after starting Tridione.
Involvement of PGE2 and PGDH but not COX-2 in thrombin-induced cortical neuron apoptosis

The pathways that contribute to thrombin-induced neuron death have been incompletely defined. Induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in prostaglandin synthesis, promotes neuronal injury. PGE2, a downstream product of COX-2 metabolism, is neurotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and is thought to be the bioactive mediator responsible for COX-2 neurotoxicity. The objective of this study is to determine the ability of thrombin to affect PGE2 metabolism in cultured neurons. The data show that in thrombin-induced apoptosis of cultured neurons, PGE2 release increases when COX-2 is absent, and is regulated by prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), a key enzyme that degrades PGE2. NS398, a COX-2 specific inhibitor, protects neurons against thrombin toxicity, by inducing active PGDH. These data implicate PGDH in thrombin-mediated neuronal cell death.
Motor Schema: The Structure of the Variability Session

Abstract The generality of the variability in practice prediction, arising from Schmidt's schema theory (1975) of motor learning was tested on young children. More specifically, the structure of the variability session and its subsequent influence on transfer performance to a novel variation of the task was examined. Children tossed a weighted bean bag to a fixed target location. Three groups experienced variability in practice with four bean bags of varying weights (3, 4, 5, and 6 oz.); however, the trial-by-trial presentation of each weight was different for each group. One group received a random presentation of each weight from trial to trial while another experienced random presentations of a weight for blocks of three trials. The third variability group received blocked practice with six trials per block for each weight. All variability groups experienced the same amount of practice at each weight. A constant practice group experienced only a single weight. Following 24 practice trials, all subjects...
Disconformities and paleoceanography in the southeast Indian Ocean during the past 5.4 million years

Biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy are used to identify deep-sea disconformities in the southeast Indian Ocean. The hiatuses are used to define periods of increased bottom-water activity and to indicate deep-sea circulation patterns during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Seven zones of hiatus are restricted to areas confined by topographic restrictions or by water-depth control on bottom-water flow. An analysis of hiatus frequency reveals that a water depth of about 4,200 m separates disconformities formed by Antarctic Bottom Water (>4,200 m) and Circumpolar Deep Water (< 4,200 m). Hiatus zones in deep basins occur in the Tasman, Emerald, Balleny, and South Indian Basins and east of the Macquarie Ridge. Shallow-water hiatus zones (< 4,200 m) occur at the junction of the Southeast Indian Rise, the Macquarie Ridge, and the Tasman Basin and along the Antarctic Margin. Changes in the extent of these regional hiatuses are examined by analysis of hiatus occurrence in seven time slices during the past 5.4 m.y. Although the timing of hiatuses produced by deep and shallow water masses are not synchronous, the causes of increased bottom-water activity may be correlated with paleoclimatic events. Southern Ocean cooling and the proposed re-establishment of the West Antarctic ice sheet and its fringing ice shelves in the late Gilbert Chron (t ≃ 4.2 to 3.6 m.y. B.P.) were accompanied by increased Antarctic Bottom Water and Circumpolar Deep Water activity as revealed by the frequency of both shallow and deep disconformities. The formation of the Northern Hemisphere Barents Ice Sheet at ∼3.5 m.y. B.P., however, led to a decrease in Antarctic Bottom Water production by inhibiting the formation of saline North Atlantic Deep Water, which combines with cold Antarctic shelf water to form Antarctic Bottom Water. Cool Southern Ocean climatic conditions that culminated in the late Matuyama Chron (t = 1.66 to 0.72 m.y. B.P.) resulted in a widespread disconformity produced by increased Circumpolar Deep Water activity and a more restricted disconformity produced by Antarctic Bottom Water. The areal extent of both deep and shallow disconformities was reduced after the late Matuyama Chron (t⩽0.72 m.y. B.P.) in response to decreased bottom-current activity.
In vivo X-ray Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography of Osteoarthritis in the Knee Joints

This pilot clinical study shows for the first time that x-ray guided diffuse optical tomography is a potential tool to image osteoarthritis in large joints such as the knee.
Asymptomatic chlamydia during pregnancy.

Data were collected by certified nurse midwives during routine antepartum visits for 111 low-income women. There was a significant difference between the incidence of chlamydia n = 25 (22.5%) and gonorrhea n = 2 (1.8%), Z-score = 4.7; p less than .01. If current practices for selective screening were used 19 of the 25 women who had a positive chlamydia would not have been tested. Given the complications associated with chlamydia for women and their offspring, early detection, treatment, and education programs are justified.
EPR studies of n-π* triplet states and the comparison of the n-π* triplet states of aromatic carbonyl compounds☆

EPR detection of the photoexcited n-π* triplet state of 3,4-dimethylacetophenone in durene single crystal is reported. The D and E values, principal directions of fine structure tensor, phosphorescence spectrum and the life of the n-π* state of 3,4-dimethylacetophenone are discussed. The comparison between these properties and those for π-π* triplet states of similar aromatic carbonyl compounds is discussed.
Theory of initially twisted, composite, thin-walled beams

An asymptotically correct theory for initially twisted, thin-walled, composite beams has been constructed by the variational asymptotic method. The strain energy of the original, three-dimensional structure is first rigorously reduced to be a two-dimensional energy expressed in terms of shell strains. Then the two-dimensional strain energy is further reduced to be expressed in terms of the classical beam strain measures. The resulting theory is a classical beam model approximating the three-dimensional energy through the first-order of the initial twist. Consistent use of small parameters that are intrinsic to the problem allows a natural derivation for all thin-walled beams within a common framework, regardless of whether the section is open, closed, or strip-like. Several examples are studied using the present theory and the results are compared with a general cross-sectional analysis, VABS, and other published results.
Diurnal, Photoperiodic, and Age-Related Changes in Plasma Growth Hormone Levels in the Golden Hamster

The golden hamster has been used extensively as an animal model for the study of both circadian and seasonal rhythms, and their regulation by the light-dark (LD) cycle. More recently, this species has been used to examine how the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms are altered in advanced age. Recent studies in both humans and rodents indicate that age-related changes in the diurnal rhythm of pituitary growth hormone (GH) release may mediate some of the adverse effects of aging on a variety of physiological systems. As a first step in determining whether or not age-related changes in circulating GH levels are associated with changes in the regulation and/or expression of circadian rhythms, the effects of age on both the ultradian and diurnal patterns of plasma GH levels were determined in 3- to 22-month-old male hamsters that were bled every 15 min for a 24-hr period while entrained to an LD 14:10 light cycle. An additional study involving a similar blood collection protocol examined whether o...
Static and dynamical properties of the ferromagnetic Kondo model with direct antiferromagnetic coupling between the localized t 2 g electrons

The phase diagram of the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian with ferromagnetic Hund's coupling in the limit where the spin of the localized ${t}_{2g}$ electrons is classical is analyzed in one dimension as a function of temperature, electronic density, and a direct antiferromagnetic coupling ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ between the localized spins. Studying static and dynamical properties, a behavior that qualitatively resembles experimental results for manganites occurs for ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ smaller than 0.11 in units of the ${e}_{g}$ hopping amplitude. In particular a coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic excitations is observed at low-hole density in agreement with neutron scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}2x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1+2x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ with $x=0.4$. This effect is caused by the recently reported tendency to phase separation between hole-rich ferromagnetic and hole-undoped antiferromagnetic domains in electronic models for manganites. As ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ increases metal-insulator transitions are detected by monitoring the optical conductivity and the density of states. The magnetic correlations reveal the existence of spiral phases without long-range order but with fairly large correlation lengths. Indications of charge ordering effects appear in the analysis of charge correlations.
Brownian motion of particles in concentrated suspensions

Abstract An intuitive treatment of Brownian motion is described, mainly based on the Langevin and generalized Smoluchowsky equation. It is assumed that spherical particles undergo Brownian forces as well as mutual hydrodynamic and intreparticle interactions when in thermal equilibrium. The velocity auto-correlation function summarizes the temporal behavior and the effects on the function due to Brownian forces and particle interactions are represented by parameters called a Brownian relaxation time, τB, a hydrodynamic relaxation time, τH, and an interaction relaxation time, τI. The function is closely related to the mean square displacement of the particles. The mean square displacement is directly related to the average scattering of light from Brownian particles. The resulting effect is, in the frequency domain, the frequency broadening and, in the time domain, the intensity fluctuation. The latter is more suited in experimental observations of the temporal behavior of Brownian motion, although the detector size must be limited within the coherence area.
A toolkit for event analysis and logging

This report describes the Toolkit for Event Analysis and Logging that came out of IBM's effort to converge its support for low level HPC event analysis. The toolkit is designed as a pluggable processing pipeline that allows different components to use connectors to log events, have analyzers evaluate the events to get closer to the root cause, report and log these as alerts, and deliver the alerts to interested parties via filters and listeners. A number of plug-ins are provided with the toolkit, including a filter that removes duplicate alerts and a rule driven event analyzer, which has a new rules language that allows for a higher level location centric specification of event analysis. In order to work with the HPC community to enhance the toolkit and expand it to more platforms, it is available as open source on sourceforge.
EMPLOYEES THAT THINK AND ACT LIKE OWNERS: EFFECTS OF OWNERSHIP BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

A model of the psychological experience of employee ownership in work groups was developed to investigate antecedents (participation in a 401 (k) program and a climate of self-determination) and consequences (employee attitudes and financial performance) of psychological ownership. Based on data from a large retail organization, results showed that working in a climate supporting self-determination and 401(k) participation were positively related to the level of ownership beliefs in the 204 work groups studied. Ownership beliefs were positively related to ownership behaviors and employees' attitudes toward the organization, whereas ownership behaviors were positively related to financial performance. Implications of psychological ownership for organizational behavior and performance are discussed.
Atomistic model of the spider silk nanostructure

Spider silk is an ultrastrong and extensible self-assembling biopolymer that outperforms the mechanical characteristics of many synthetic materials including steel. Here we report atomic-level structures that represent aggregates of MaSp1 proteins from the N. Clavipes silk sequence based on a bottom-up computational approach using replica exchange molecular dynamics. We discover that poly-alanine regions predominantly form distinct and orderly beta-sheet crystal domains while disorderly structures are formed by poly-glycine repeats, resembling 31-helices. These could be the molecular source of the large semicrystalline fraction observed in silks, and also form the basis of the so-called “prestretched” molecular configuration. Our structures are validated against experimental data based on dihedral angle pair calculations presented in Ramachandran plots, alpha-carbon atomic distances, as well as secondary structure content.
Learning to Use an Alphabetic Writing System.

Gaining facility with spelling is an important part of becoming a good writer. Here we review recent work on how children learn to spell in alphabetic writing systems. Statistical learning plays an important role in this process. Young children learn about some of the salient graphic characteristics of written texts and attempt to reproduce these characteristics in their own productions even before they use letters to represent phonemes. Later, children apply their statistical learning skills to links between phonemes and spellings, including those that are conditioned by context and morphology. Children use what they know about language and about letter names when learning about spelling, and learning to spell in turn influences their ideas about language. Although children learn about some aspects of spelling implicitly, explicit instruction has an important role to play. We discuss some implications of the research for the design of that instruction.
Enhanced production of poxvirus vectors by high speed rolling.

The amount of CPE produced by vaccinia vectors in cultures rolled at 96 revolutions per minute (rpm) was significantly enhanced when compared to cultures rolled at 2 rpm or held stationary. Cultures rolled at 96 rpm had significantly more foci (46.3 ± 8.4) than cultures held stationary (16.3 ± 6.5) or rolled at 2 rpm (27.6 ± 2.8). The size of foci in cultures rolled at 96 rpm was also significantly larger than foci in cultures rolled at 2 rpm or held stationary (F = 12.65, P < 0.01). Cultures infected with a low multiplicity of infection and rolled at 96 rpm developed maximum CPE 4 days earlier than stationary cultures. When compared to stationary conditions, cultures rolled at 2 rpm had a 7.0-fold geometric mean increase in viral yield. However, cultures rolled at 96 rpm had a 75-fold geometric mean increase in viral yield. These data suggest that cultures inoculated with vaccinia vectors should be rolled to maximize viral replication.
Towards numerically estimating Hausdorff dimensions

This paper gives a numerical method for estimating the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension where this differs from the fractal (or capacity or box-counting) dimension. The method has been implemented, and numerical results obtained for the set {1/n | n ∈ N} and the Cantor set. Comments about the practical use of the estimation algorithms are made.
2-Oxo-2-(2-thien­yl)acetic acid

The structure of the title compound, C6H4O3S, displays inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding dimers. The structure exhibits a thienyl-ring flip disorder of the main mol­ecule [occupancy ratio = 91.3 (2):8.7 (2)].
Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and clinical fracture risk in a multiethnic cohort of women: The women's health initiative (WHI)

Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels have been linked to hip fracture in white women. To study the association of 25(OH)D with risk of fracture in multiethnic women, we performed a nested case-control study within the prospective Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study. Incident fractures were identified in 381 black, 192 Hispanic, 113 Asian, and 46 Native American women over an average of 8.6 years. A random sample of 400 white women who fractured was chosen. One control individual was selected per case and matched on age, race/ethnicity, and blood draw date. 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) were measured in fasting baseline serum. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. In multivariable models, higher 25(OH)D levels compared with levels less than 20 ng/mL were associated with a lower risk of fracture in white women (20 to <30 ng/mL: OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.58–1.16; ≤30.0 ng/mL: OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90; p trend = 0.02). In contrast, higher 25(OH)D (≥20 ng/mL) compared with levels less than 20 ng/mL were associated with a higher risk of fracture in black women (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.06–1.98; p trend = 0.043). Higher 25(OH)D (≥30.0 ng/mL) was associated with higher fracture risk in Asian women after adjusting for DBP (OR = 2.78, 95% CI 0.99–7.80; p trend = 0.04). There was no association between 25(OH)D and fracture in Hispanic or Native American women. Our results suggest divergent associations between 25(OH)D and fracture by race/ethnicity. The optimal level of 25(OH)D for skeletal health may differ in white and black women. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Active site modification of isocitrate lyase.

Abstract β-Bromopyruvate (BrP) alkylates isocitrate lyase at the active site as indicated by the following: (1) the irreversible alkylation shows saturation kinetics, (2) substrate, isocitrate, is a competitive inhibitor of inactivation by BrP, (3) the combination of products, glyoxylate and succinate, or a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, oxalate, or glyoxylate plus itaconate (a succinate analogue) all protect against inactivation by BrP, (4) the rate of inactivation can be increased by EDTA, an initiator of the catalytic reaction in the presence of activated (reduced) enzyme and substrate. About four carboxyketomethyl residues are incorporated per mole of inactivated enzyme which implies four catalytic sites in the tetrameric enzyme. Amino acid analysis after H2O2 treatment of the alkylated enzyme demonstrates that one cys/monomer is being alkylated.
CAPTAN: A hardware architecture for integrated data acquisition, control, and analysis for detector development

The Electronic Systems Engineering Department of the Computing Division at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has developed a data acquisition system flexible and powerful enough to meet the needs of a variety of high energy physics applications. The system described in this paper is called CAPTAN (Compact And Programmable daTa Acquisition Node) and its architecture and capabilities are presented in detail here.
Effects of urban land use on pollinator (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) communities in a desert metropolis

Summary We compared the species richness and abundance of pollinator (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) communities in two seasons (September 1998 and April 1999) among four types of urban land use in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area (xeriscaped residential yards, mesiscaped residential yards, urban desert-remnant parks, and natural desert parks on the fringe of the metropolitan area). Richness and abundance of bees were generally lower in residential areas than in desert areas, with desert areas on the fringe of the metro area possessing the highest diversity of all sites. Residential yards that utilized xeric landscaping had a more diverse bee community (with proportionally more rare species) than did mesic (turf grass) yards, particularly in late summer (September). Although bee community structure was apparently unaffected by the density of local habitat features (native and exotic trees, shrubs, cacti, and herbaceous plants in addition to human-built structures), the types of habitat features do appear to influence the number and types of bees present in an area. These results suggest that urban development can be designed to promote the conservation of bees. Specifically, preservation of desert and greater use of xeric landscaping rather than mesiscaping may help preserve this ecologically and economically vital group of organisms. Wahrend zwei verschiedener Jahreszeiten (September 1998 und April 1999) verglichen wir den Artenreichtum und die Abundanz von Bienengemeinschaften zwischen vier Arten stadtischer Landnutzung in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, im grosstadtischen Raum (Xerophyten- und Mesophytengarten, stadtische Parks mit Resten von Wustenraum und naturliche Wustenparks am Rand des grosstadtischen Gebiets). Im Allgemeinen waren der Reichtum und die Abundanz der Bienen in Wohngegenden niedriger als in Wustengebieten, wobei die Wustengegenden am Rande von Stadtgebieten die groste Vielfalt von allen Platzen besasen. Garten in Wohngegenden, die sich auf xerische Landschaftsbebauung verlegt hatten, spiegelten eine vielfaltigere Bienengemeinschaft (mit verhaltnismasig eher selteneren Arten) wider, als solche, die mesische (Rasen)garten angelegt hatten, und dies besonders im Spatsommer (September). Obwohl der Aufbau der Bienengemeinschaft offensichtlich unbeeinflust blieb von der Dichte der Habitat-Merkmale (einheimische und exotische Baume, Straucher, Kakteen und krautartige Pflanzen zusatzlich zu von menschenhand errichteten Strukturen), scheinen die Habitattypen hingegen, den Lebensraum zu pragen und die Anzahl als auch die Art der im Gebiet angesiedelten Bienen zu beeinflussen. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, das eine stadtische Entwicklung so geplant werden kann, das sie die Erhaltung der Bienen fordert. Insbesondere kann die Erhaltung von Wustengebieten und eine grosere Nutzung von xerischem statt mesischem Gartenbau dazu beitragen, diese okologisch und okonomisch lebenswichtige Gruppe von Organismen zu erhalten.
Fracture surface energy determination in {1 1 0} planes in silicon by the double torsion method

The fracture surface energy of {110} planes of silicon were determined by the double torsion method on thin samples. Elastic anisotropy was taken into account in the calculations. The determined value of 1.81 J m−2 compared well with other data in the literature.
Agreement of Immunoassay and Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Cortisol and Free T4: Interpretation and Implications for Clinicians

Objective. To quantify differences in results obtained by immunoassays (IAs) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) for cortisol and free thyroxine (FT4). Design & Patients. Cortisol was measured over 60 minutes following a standard ACTH stimulation test (n = 80); FT4 was measured over time in two cohorts of pregnant (n = 57), and nonpregnant (n = 28) women. Measurements. Samples were analyzed with both IA and MSMS. Results. Results for cortisol by the two methods tended to agree, but agreement weakened over the 60-minute test and was worse for higher (more extreme) concentrations. The results for FT4 depended on the method. IA measurements tended to agree with MSMS measurements when values fell within “normal levels”, but agreement was not constant across trimester in pregnant women and was poorest for the extreme (low/high) concentrations. Correlations between MSMS measurements and the difference between MSMS and IA results were strong and positive (0.411 < r < 0.823; all P < .05). Conclusions. IA and MSMS provide different measures of cortisol and FT4 at extreme levels, where clinical decision making requires the greatest precision. Agreement between the methods is inconsistent over time, is nonlinear, and varies with the analyte and concentrations. IA-based measurements may lead to erroneous clinical decisions.
High resolution coronal imaging with multilayers

Abstract Since the 1960s, when on-disk coronal imaging became possible, progress in the field has consisted largely in improving the spectral spatial and temporal resolution of the observations. With the development of normal-incidence, soft X-ray and XUV multilayer optics in the 1980s, a dramatic improvement in the first two of these occurred, and with the development of better detectors the temporal resolution (along with the sensitivity) also improved. In this paper we discuss recent results from The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer ( TRACE ), which is providing observations of the solar outer atmosphere with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The new views of coronal structure and dynamics being obtained indicate that: (i) the corona is filled with flows of both hot and cool material, (ii) instead of “loops,” the basic coronal structures are threads, and (iii) threads of hot plasma appear to form as parallel bundles on surfaces, which may correspond to dissipation at quasi-separatrix layers. We conclude with a discussion of the possible next generation of high resolution missions.
Implementing Random Assignment: A Computer-Based Approach in a Field Experimental Setting

A good deal of recent literature has focused on the utility of randomized experimental design principles for the evaluation of social programs. One of the major concerns has been the problem of successfully carrying out the random assignment process under field conditions. The present study addresses this issue m the context of an experimental evaluation of a criminal justice program. The authors discuss the successful design implementation and evaluation of a computer-based random assignment procedure. The utility of the procedure for application in other research settings is also discussed.
Communication complexity of PRAMs

We propose a model for the concurrent read exclusive write PRAM that captures its communication and computational requirements. For this model, we present several results, including the following:
Comments on the inverse scattering transform for the forced toda lattice

Abstract it is demonstrated that the standard procedure for treating initial value problems with the IST almost works also for boundary value problems. The only remaining difficulty preventing one from solving integrable systems with boundary values such as the forced Toda lattice is the determination of one set of scattering data from the boundary value. Once this would be known, then the forced Toda lattice would become completely integrable.
Determination of internuclear potentials from heavy-ion fusion excitation functions

The internuclear potential determined from published fusion barrier parameters is compared with the proximity potential of Blocki et al. Discussion is given of the uncertainties introduced into the data analysis by the effects of friction and errors in the barrier radii.
Enzyme Induction by Coumarins

The sodium pentobarbital sleeping time in mice was studied after pretreatment with coumarins (coumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, acenocoumarol, bis-hydroxycoumarin, phenprocoumon and w...
An elastic–plastic interface constitutive model: application to adhesive joints

Abstract An interface constitutive model which accounts for both reversible elastic, as well as irreversible inelastic separation-sliding deformations at the interface prior to failure has been developed and implemented in a finite-element computer program. A set of experiments has been conducted to determine the constitutive parameters in the interface model for adhesively-bonded components made from an aluminum alloy and a ductile polymeric adhesive. The constitutive model and the computational capability are shown to reasonably well predict the macroscopic deformed geometries and the load–displacement curves in: (a) T-peel experiments; (b) four-point bend experiments on bonded bi-layer edge-notch specimens; (c) lap-shear experiments.
Seismic refraction study of the continental edge off the eastern united states

Abstract Three long, strike-parallel, seismic-refraction profiles were made on the continental shelf edge, slope and upper rise off New Jersey during 1975. The shelf edge line lies along the axis of the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA), while the continental rise line lies 80 km seaward of the shelf edge. Below the unconsolidated sediments (1.7–3.6 km/sec), high-velocity sedimentary rocks (4.2–6.2 km/sec) were found at depths of 2.6–8.2 km and are inferred to be cemented carbonates. Although multichannel seismic-reflection profiles and magnetic depth-to-source data predicted the top of oceanic basement at 6–8 km beneath the shelf edge and 10–11 km beneath the rise, no refracted events occurred as first arrivals from either oceanic basement (layer 2, approximately 5.5 km/ sec) or the upper oceanic crust (layer 3A, approximately 6.8 km/sec). Second arrivals from 10.5 km depth beneath the shelf edge are interpreted as events from a 5.9 km/sec refractor within igneous basement. Other refracted events from either layers 2 or 3A could not be resolved within the complex second arrivals. A well-defined crustal layer with a compressional velocity of 7.1–7.2 km/sec, which can be interpreted as oceanic layer 3B, occurred at 15.8 km depth beneath the shelf and 12.9 km beneath the upper rise. A well-reversed mantle velocity of 8.3 km/sec was measured at 18–22 km depth beneath the upper continental rise. Comparison with other deep-crustal profiles along the continental edge of the Atlantic margin off the United States, specifically in the inner magnetically quiet zone, indicates that the compressional wave velocities and layer depths determined on the U.S.G.S. profiles are very similar to those of nearby profiles. This suggests that the layers are continuous and that the interpretation of the oceanic layer 3B under the shelf edge east of New Jersey implies progradation of the shelf outward over the oceanic crust in that area. This agrees with magnetic anomaly evidence which shows the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly landward of the shelf edge off New Jersey and with previous seismic reflection data which reveal extensive outbuilding of the shelf edge during the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, probably by carbonate bank-margin accretion.
Human Meiosis: Model Organisms Address the Maternal Age Effect

Studies in Drosophila support the view that a failure of cohesion between sister chromatids may contribute to meiotic nondisjunction in humans. Moreover, the demonstration of a meiotic aneugen in mice provides important clues to the higher frequencies of nondisjunction observed in older women.
Self-assembled two-dimensional protein arrays in bionanotechnology: from S-layers to designed lattices

Although the crystalline S-layer arrays that form the exoskeleton of many archaea and bacteria have been studied for decades, a long-awaited crystal structure coupled with a growing understanding of the S-layer assembly process are injecting new excitement in the field. The trend is amplified by computational strategies that allow for in silico design of protein building blocks capable of self-assembling into 2D lattices and other prescribed quaternary structures. We review these and other recent developments toward achieving unparalleled control over the geometry, chemistry and function of protein-based 2D objects from the nanoscale to the mesoscale.
Computational insights on the challenges for polymerizing polar monomers.

Taking Pd di-imine catalysts as an example, we use first principles density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*) to investigate the chain propagation steps for polymerization of polar monomers. We start with the complex formed from insertion of ethylene into the polymer chain and consider insertion into the Pd−C bond for each of four polar monomers: methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile. We find 2,1-insertion is favored in each case (by 3 to 5 kcal/mol), resulting in a product with a strong interaction of the polar group for the growing polymer chain with the metal. Next, we insert another unit of the same polar monomer or an ethylene unit (except for acrylonitrile). We optimize the structures for all important intermediates and transition states using a continuum dielectric to account for solvation effects. These studies pinpoint the critical difficulties in designing catalysts to polymerize polar monomers.
Effect of prolonged exercise training without weight loss on high-density lipoprotein metabolism in overweight men

This study examined the effect of exercise training without weight loss on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in overweight men. We evaluated HDL metabolism using 125I-radiolabeled autologous HDL in 17 overweight men aged 40 +/- 7 years (mean +/- SD) before and after 1 year of exercise training. Subjects consumed defined diets in a metabolic kitchen during the metabolic studies. They performed endurance exercise under supervision for 1 hour four times weekly and maintained their pretraining body weight. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) increased 27% (P < .001) with exercise training. HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I increased 10% and 9%, respectively (P < .001 for both), whereas triglycerides and apo B decreased 7% and 10%, respectively (P < .05). Postheparin lipoprotein lipase increased 11% (P = NS). Hepatic triglyceride lipase activity (HTGLA) decreased 12% (P < .05). The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL protein and of apo A-I decreased 5% and 7%, respectively (P < .05 for both). The synthetic rate of apo A-I increased 13% (P < .01). Increased HDL after exercise training is associated with both decreased HDL protein catabolism and increased HDL apo A-I synthesis. Weight loss is not required to increase HDL-C with exercise training in overweight men, but without weight loss, even prolonged exercise training produces only modest changes in HDL-C concentrations.
BLACK BRITISH STUDIES IN THE VICTORIAN PERIOD

WHEN I WAS ASKED by the editors of Victorian Literature and Culture to write a review essay assessing current trends in what they called the field of Anglo-African literature, I was delighted but I was also a little skeptical. First, I wondered how they or I would define such a field. Second, I wondered whether the field was in fact so well-established as to embody its own set of trends as opposed to merely consisting of a bunch of people plugging away at their different pieces of work.
Restricting growth of cattle without depressing lactation

Abstract Eight pairs of identical-twin heifers of mixed breeding and 34 pairs of non-twin purebred Holstein and Jersey heifers were used in a comparison of effects of slow growth and normal growth on lactation. Normal growth heifers received some concentrates up to 18 months of age and hay (or pasture) ad libitum. The slow growth heifers were limited to 69.5% of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of the controls up to 91 wk, during which time they gained 81.3% as much body weight as the controls. In the 12-wk prepartum period, concentrates were fed to the slow growth heifers but not the controls. The supplemental prepartum feeding accelerated growth rate of the slow growth heifers above the controls, so that they were approaching the controls in body weight at calving. First lactation milk yields of the slow growth heifers averaged slightly, but not significantly, higher than those of the controls. Fat-corrected-milk (FCM) yields of the twins, purebred Holsteins, and purebred Jerseys, respectively, averaged 3,403, 4,696, and 2,837 kg for the controls, and 3,501, 4,796, and 3,337 kg for the slow growth heifers. A slow growth rate will not affect first lactation yield if prepartum supplemental feeding to improve body condition is practiced. Overall TDN savings of 20 to 25% of standard may be attained.
Global transcriptional profiling using RNA sequencing and DNA methylation patterns in highly enriched mesenchymal cells from young versus elderly women

Age-related bone loss in humans is associated with a decrease in bone formation relative to bone resorption, although the mechanisms for this impairment in bone formation with aging are not well understood. It is known that the precursors for the bone-forming osteoblasts reside in the mesenchymal cell population in bone marrow. Thus, in an effort to identify relevant genetic pathways that are altered with aging, we examined the gene expression and DNA methylation patterns from a highly enriched bone marrow mesenchymal cell population from young (mean age, 28.7 years) versus old (mean age, 73.3 years) women. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from these women were depleted of hematopoietic lineage (lin) and endothelial cells using a combination of magnetic- and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, yielding a previously characterized mesenchymal cell population (lin-/CD34-/CD31- cells) that is capable of osteoblast differentiation. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of freshly isolated cells (without in vitro culture) identified 279 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, false discovery rate [q]< 0.10) between the young and old subjects. Pathway analysis revealed statistically significant (all p < 0.05) alterations in protein synthesis and degradation pathways, as well as mTOR, gap junction, calcium, melatonin and NFAT signaling pathways. Further, Reduced Representational Bisulphite sequencing (RRBS DNA methylation sequencing) revealed significant differences in methylation between the young and old subjects surrounding the promoters of 1528 target genes that also exhibited significant differences in gene expression by RNAseq. In summary, these studies provide novel insights into potential pathways affected by aging in a highly enriched human mesenchymal cell population analyzed without the confounding effects of in vitro culture. Specifically, our finding of alterations in several genes and pathways leading to impaired protein synthesis and turnover with aging in bone marrow mesenchymal cells points to the need for further studies examining how these changes, as well as the other alterations with aging that we identified, may contribute to the age-related impairment in osteoblast formation and/or function.
Drug delivery via aerosol systems: concept of "aerosol inhaled".

ABSTRACT The mass of aerosol inhaled is primarily a function of the patient's breathing pattern and the aerosol delivery system. Once inhaled, deposition is governed by factors related to the properties of the aerosol and the individual characteristics of the patient (e.g., particle size distribution, airway geometry, and residence time). This paper will center upon the actual generation and delivery of clinical aerosols by jet nebulizers and assess variability in aerosol delivery. Because of the practical difficulties in predicting nebulizer function from first principles, it will be advocated that nebulizer function be directly measured for each clinical situation. Terms like "nebulizer output", "efficiency", etc. are to be avoided. The following definition is proposed: "aerosol inhaled" represents that quantity of drug actually delivered by a given nebulizer for a defined breathing pattern and period of time. The concept of "aerosol inhaled" allows a direct comparison of the quantity of drug delivered ...
A new theoretical framework for the formulation of general, nonlinear, multiscale plate theories

Abstract A new type of general, theoretical framework for the development of comprehensive, nonlinear, multiscale plate theories for laminated structures is presented. The theoretical framework utilizes a generalized two scale description of the displacement field based on a superposition of global and local effects where the functional forms for the global and local displacement fields are arbitrary. The two scale nature of theory allows it to explicitly consider the layered nature of the structure. The subsequent development of the governing equations for the theory is carried out using the general nonlinear equations of continuum mechanics referenced to the initial configuration. The equations of motion and the lateral surface boundary conditions for the theory are derived using the method of moments over the different scales subject to an orthogonality constraint. The theory satisfies the interfacial constraints and the top and bottom surface boundary conditions in a strong sense. Delamination effects are incorporated into the theory through the use of cohesive zone models (CZMs). Arbitrary CZMs can be incorporated into the theory without the need for reformulation of the governing equations. The theory is formulated in a sufficiently general fashion that any type of history-dependent material can be used to describe the inelastic response of the materials composing the layers. Furthermore, as a result of the multiscale nature of the theory it can be specialized to single scale theories of the equivalent single layer (ESL) or discrete layer (DL) types in a unified fashion and without the need for any reformulation. While the starting point for the proposed theory is the same as used by Williams [Williams, T.O., 1999. A generalized multilength scale nonlinear composite plate theory with delamination. Int. J. Solid Struct. 36, (20) 3015–3050; Williams, T.O., 2001. Efficiency and accuracy considerations in a unified plate theory with delaminations. Comp. Struct. 52, (1) 27–40; Williams, T.O., 2005. A generalized, multilength scale framework for thermo-diffusionally-mechanically coupled, nonlinear, laminated plate theories with delaminations. IJSS 42, (5–6) 1465–1490] the subsequent formulation is significantly different. The differences in the two theories allow the currently proposed theory to improve on the capabilities of the previous theory; particularly in the satisfaction of the traction continuity constraints at the interfaces. It is shown that the theory is capable of providing accurate predictions for all of the fields in perfectly bonded and delaminated plates even for relatively low orders of displacement approximations. In particular, the theory is shown to provide accurate predictions for the transverse stresses that are continuous across the interfaces directly from the constitutive relations.
Dimensional models of personality disorder: coverage and cutoffs.

Two major challenges that must be addressed by dimensional models, if they are to be considered viable alternatives to the present categorical system for diagnosing personality disorders, involve the issues of coverage and cutoffs. Several dimensional models of personality and personality pathology are evaluated with these issues in mind. There is growing consensus for the relevance of at least four higher-order domains of personality functioning that are clearly related to personality pathology: neuroticism/negative a ffectivity/emot ional d ysregulation, extraversion/positive emotionality, dissocial/antagonistic behavior, and constraint/compulsivity/conscientiousness. A proposal for developing a dimensionally based diagnostic system for personality disorders incorporating these higher–order traits is offered. In order to justify and to facilitate the adoption of a dimensional model of personality disorder, the dimensional perspective must be embraced by both the psychopathologists who study these disorders as well as by clinicians who assess and treat these conditions. Some feel that dimensional models are more cumbersome and less user–friendly. Many prefer categorical systems because clinical decisions are often categorical as well (e.g., to diagnose or not, to treat or not). However, as is well known, dimensional systems can be converted to suit one’s “categorical” needs provided the appropriate cutoffs are available as well as decision algorithms. Furthermore, to the extent that dimensional models provide a more reliable and valid description of patients, these models will be preferred by clinicians and researchers alike. Finally, and discussed later in this article, guidelines for how to use dimensional models to characterize psychopathology are beginning to appear (Trull & Durrett, 2005). These efforts will make it more likely that mental health researchers and professionals will be open to considering alternatives to the current categorical DSM system of describing personality pathology. Two major challenges that must be addressed by dimensional models, if they are to be considered viable alternatives to the present categorical system for diagnosing personality disorders, include coverage and cutoffs .R e
Optical Absorption Spectra of Clay Minerals

A preliminary survey of electronic absorption spectra of clay minerals reveals the utility of u.v.-visible spectroscopy in the elucidation of structural, physical, and chemical properties of such systems. Spectra, which were obtained in the suspension, film, and single crystal states (where applic- able), are interpreted in terms of iron-associated transitions. Microcrystalline clay minerals typically show Fe(lll) in octahedral oxo-ligand geometry whereas mica-type minerals may show a range of iron species, including octahedral Fe(III), tetrahedral Fe(IlI), and octahedral Fe(I1). Iron affects the local site geometry and in "high iron" minerals may dictate layer geometry and subsequently the crystalline form.
Arthur Lewis's Contribution to Development Thinking and Policy

Arthur Lewis' seminal 1954 paper and its emphasis on dualism appeared at a time when neither the work of Keynes or Harrod-Domar nor the later neoclassical production function of Solow seemed relevant for developing countries. As a consequence, his model, rooted in the classical tradition, plus its many extensions, generated an extensive literature at the center of development theory. The approach also encountered increasingly strong criticism, some of the red herring variety, but some, spearheaded by neoclassical microeconomists like Rosenzweig, also raised serious challenges, focused especially on its labor market assumptions. This paper reviews this landscape and asks what theoretical or policy relevance the Lewis model retains for today's developing countries.