cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenomenological Theory for Phase Turbulence in Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard Convection

We present a phenomenological theory for phase turbulence (PT) in Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard convection, based on the generalized Swift-Hohenberg model. We apply a Hartree-Fock approximation to PT and conjecture a scaling form for the structure factor $S(k)$ with respect to the correlation length $\xi_2$. We hence obtain {\it analytical} results for the time-averaged convective current $J$ and the time-averaged mean square vorticity $\Omega$. We also define power-law behaviors such as $J \sim \epsilon^\mu$, $\Omega \sim \epsilon^\lambda$ and $\xi_2 \sim \epsilon^{-\nu}$, where $\epsilon$ is the control parameter. We find from our theory that $\mu = 1$, $\nu \ge 1/2$ and $\lambda = 2 \mu + \nu$. These predictions, together with the scaling conjecture for $S(k)$, are confirmed by our numerical results.
The cardiac troponin T alternative exon contains a novel purine-rich positive splicing element

We have characterized a novel positive-acting splicing element within the developmentally regulated alternative exon (exon 5) of the cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene. The exon splicing element (ESE) is internal to the exon portions of the splice sites and is required for splicing to the 3' splice site but not the 5' splice site flanking the exon. Sequence comparisons between cTNT exon 5 and other exons that contain regions required for splicing reveal a common purine-rich motif. Sequence within cTNT exon 5 or a synthetic purine-rich motif facilitates splicing of heterologous alternative and constitutive splice sites in vivo. Interestingly, the ESE is not required for the preferential inclusion of cTNT exon 5 observed in primary skeletal muscle cultures. Our results strongly suggest that the purine-rich ESE serves as a general splicing element that is recognized by the constitutive splicing machinery.
A Measure of Perceived Fatigue among Nurses in Western North Carolina

Such policies have not been implemented in nursing. The current trend in nursing is working 12hour shifts (Beyea, 2004; Dickson & Witkoski, 2010). Working long hours and overtime can lead to fatigue, which leads to patient care errors (Bae, 2012). Fatigue leads to decreased alertness, slowed reaction time, impaired communication, reduced motivation, lower productivity, lapses of attention to detail, compromised problem solving, increased risk of injury, and loss of empathy (Aker & Biddle, 2011; Campbell, et al., 2011; Hughes & Rogers, 2004; Garrett, 2008; The Joint Commission, 2011).
Characterization of the interface between gamma and epsilon subunits of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase.

The interaction faces of the γ and e subunits in the Escherichia coli F1-ATPase have been explored by a combination of cross-linking and chemical modification experiments using several mutant e subunits as follows: eS10C, eH38C, eT43C, eS65C, eS108C, and eM138C, along with a mutant of the γ subunit, γT106C. The replacement of Ser-10 by a Cys or Met-138 by a Cys reduced the inhibition of ECF1 by the e subunit, while the mutation S65C increased this inhibitory effect. Modification of the Cys at position 10 with N-ethylmaleimide or fluoroscein maleimide further reduced the binding affinity of, and the maximal inhibition by, the e subunit. Similar chemical modification of the Cys at position 43 of the e subunit (in the mutant eT43C) and a Cys at position 106 of the γ subunit (γT106C) also affected the inhibition of ECF1 by the e subunit. The various e subunit mutants were reacted with TFPAM3, and the site(s) of cross-linking within the ECF1 complex was determined. Previous studies have shown cross-linking from the Cys at positions 10 and 38 with the γ subunit and from a Cys at position 108 to an α subunit (Aggeler, R., Chicas-Cruz, K., Cai, S. X., Keana, J. F. W., and Capaldi, R. A.(1992) Biochemistry 31, 2956-2961; Aggeler, R., Weinreich, F., and Capaldi, R. A.(1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1230, 62-68). Here, cross-linking was found from a Cys at position 43 to the γ subunit and from the Cys at position 138 to a β subunit. The site of cross-linking from Cys-10 of e to the γ subunit was localized by peptide mapping to a region of the γ subunit between residues 222 and 242. Cross-linking from a Cys at position 38 and at position 43 was with the C-terminal part of the γ subunit, between residues 202 and 286. ECF1 treated with trypsin at pH 7.0 still binds purified e subunit, while enzyme treated with the protease at pH 8.0 does not. This identifies sites around residue 70 and/or between 202 and 212 of the γ subunit as involved in e subunit binding.
A reaction rate study in hydrofluoric acid of the dissolution of titanium and the alpha solid solution of oxygen in titanium

Abstract Studies were conducted into the mechanism of dissolution in hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid mixtures of titanium and of alpha solid solution specimens of oxygen in titanium. Special precautions were taken to preserve the trivalent state of titanium. For titanium a rate order of 0.76 and an activation energy of 6.9 ± 0.5 kcal was found and for titanium in TiO x a rate order of 0.83 and an activation energy of 6.6 ± 0.5 kcal. Furthermore, the oxygen content of TiO x , within the range studied, had no effect on the rate of hydrogen evolution; all specimens evolved hydrogen at the same fixed rate per unit area for a given temperature. It is concluded that a diffusionally controlled reaction can best explain the results.
Selenium is critical for cancer‐signaling gene expression but not cell proliferation in human colon Caco‐2 cells

Selenium (Se) is a potential anticarcinogenic nutrient, and the essential role of Se in cell growth is well recognized but certain cancer cells appear to have acquired a survival advantage under conditions of Se-deficiency. To understand the molecular basis of Se-anticancer effects at nutritional doses (nmol/L) for cultured cells, we generated Se-deficient colon Caco-2 cells by gradually reducing serum in media because serum contains a trace amount of Se. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity of Se-deficient Caco-2 cells was 10.8 mU/mg protein compared to 133.6 approximately 146.3 mU/mg protein in Caco-2 cells supplemented with 500 nmol/L selenite, SeMSC or SeMet (three tested Se-chemical forms) after 7-d culture in serum free media. Interestingly, there were no detectable differences in cell growth, cell cycle progression between Se-deficient cells and cells supplemented with 500 nmol/L Se. To examine differential cancer signaling-gene expression between Se-deficient and Se-supplemented cells, we employed a cancer signal pathway-specific array assay coupled with the real time PCR analysis. Our data demonstrate that although Caco-2 cells are resistant to Se deprivation, Se may exert its anticancer property through increasing the expression of humoral defense gene (A2M) and tumor suppressor-related genes (IGFBP3, HHIP) while decreasing pro-inflammatory gene (CXC L9, HSPB2) expression.
Expression and regulation of the sodium-calcium exchanger in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells.

1. The sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis. In the heart, NCX participates in the control of contraction and relaxation and in large vessel endothelial cells some data suggest that NCX could influence nitric oxide (NO) generation. In this context, the cardiac microvasculature has received considerable attention as a mediator of myocardial performance, via the release of paracrine acting factors such as NO. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to characterize NCX expression and regulation in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC). The NCX expression was also examined in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes where aspects of its function and regulation have been well characterized. 2. The presence of functional NCX in CMEC was confirmed by the presence of a consistent rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to removal of extracellular Na+. Furthermore, NCX mRNA expression was readily detectable in CMEC. 3. In order to examine the role of possible physiological regulators of NCX expression, the effect of intracellular Ca2+ loading, caused by 24 h exposure to 10 μmol/L ouabain, was investigated. In Ca2+-loaded CMEC, there was a substantially greater rise in [Ca2+]i during exposure to Na+-free buffer: 33±6 versus 124±25 nmol/L% (P < 0.05), consistent with increased protein expression. Consistent with these findings, northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of a two-fold increase in NCX mRNA in these cells. 4. These data indicate the presence of functional NCX in CMEC and identify [Ca2+]i as a potential physiological regulator of expression.
An infinite fraction.

Pressure in the vessels of his lungs-- A push, an incessant crush, a river rising. Vacuuming becomes a luxurious Pastime, past time and a moment somewhere Else, anywhere but here. I can smell him, he says. My father-- When he was sick and dying he had this scent. I smell it on me, he weeps. He feels what Approaches. His wife caresses his back, A palmed sanctuary to sweep away the knowing. A sky full of air and facile strength are memorialized Only a short breath ago, only yesterday. He cannot stop grasping the air, but to catch it Is far less easy with what he’s got. And then there is a mind, still Unmercifully awake to face each bare day, Each measured inhalation and exhalation To feed a heart and crowded, unwanted thoughts. He pushes the vacuum cleaner like it’s going to inhale the future and all the millimeters Of mercury flying high in those lungs. I want to tell him that life has a limited allotment Of terror and grief. Look closely, I want to say. Look at her. In the absence of dread, in the seconds of An easy sigh, I see it. An infinite fraction Of peace.
A 96 Mbit/sec, 15.5 pJ/bit 16-QAM modulator for UHF backscatter communication

We describe a low power vector backscatter modulator capable of transmitting 16-QAM at a rate of 96 Mbps while consuming only 1.49 mW (15.5 pJ/bit). While designed around a center frequency of 915 MHz, the modulator is capable of operation over the worldwide 868–950 MHz UHF band. We present experimental results from the modulator operating in 4-QAM/4-PSK, 4-PAM, and 16-QAM modes. Achieved data rates are comparable to WiFi (IEEE 802.11) with a measured tag-side power consumption over 50 times lower than a WiFi chipset. Potential applications for low power, high bit rate modulators include biotelemetry, high-bandwidth data transfer from camera tags or audio tags, uplink from mass storage tags, and exchange of large amounts of encryption or authentication data. Given a +36 dBm EIRP transmitter operating at 915 MHz, the semi-passive (battery-assisted) prototype tag is return link limited and has a theoretical maximum operating range of 17.01 m at 96 Mbps or 21.25 m at 40 Mbps.
Novel delivery methods bypassing the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and carries a grave prognosis. Despite years of research investigating potentially new therapies for GBM, the median survival rate of individuals with this disease has remained fairly stagnant. Delivery of drugs to the tumor site is hampered by various barriers posed by the GBM pathological process and by the complex physiology of the blood-brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. These anatomical and physiological barriers serve as a natural protection for the brain and preserve brain homeostasis, but they also have significantly limited the reach of intraparenchymal treatments in patients with GBM. In this article, the authors review the functional capabilities of the physical and physiological barriers that impede chemotherapy for GBM, with a specific focus on the pathological alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in this disease. They also provide an overview of current and future methods for circumventing these barriers in therapeu...
Flexible Organizations, Innovation and Gender Equality: Writing for the US Film Industry, 1907–27

Why did women writers do so well in the early American film industry? Content analysis of articles published in Moving Picture World and the New York Times, 1907–27, shows early film studios were flexible in job assignments and collaborated with other studios. This non-bureaucratic configuration was more conducive to female screenwriters than the hierarchical studio system that emerged later in the 1920s. Women writers had more visibility and authority in this network form of organization than in the large bureaucratic studio system. Investigating a case prior to World War II suggests how organizational arrangements affect women's place in the labor market when odds are against equality.
Transient Thermal Bubble Formation on Polysilicon Micro-Resisters

Transient bubble formation experiments are investigated on polysilicon micro-resisters having dimensions of 95 μm in length, 10 μm or 5 μm in width, and 0.5 μm in thickness. Micro resisters act as both resistive heating sources and temperature transducers simultaneously to measure the transient temperature responses beneath the thermal bubbles. The micro bubble nucleation processes can be classified into three groups depending on the levels of the input current. When the input current level is low, no bubble is nucleated. In the middle range of the input current, a single spherical bubble is nucleated with a waiting period up to 2 sec while the wall temperature can drop up to 8°C depending on the magnitude of the input current. After the formation of a thermal bubble, the resister temperature rises and reaches a steady state eventually. The bubble growth rate is found proportional to the square root of time that is similar to the heat diffusion controlled model as proposed in the macro scale boiling experiments. In the group of high input current, a single bubble is nucleated immediately after the current is applied
Limits on risks for healthy volunteers in biomedical research

Healthy volunteers in biomedical research often face significant risks in studies that offer them no medical benefits. The U.S. federal research regulations and laws adopted by other countries place no limits on the risks that these participants face. In this essay, I argue that there should be some limits on the risks for biomedical research involving healthy volunteers. Limits on risk are necessary to protect human participants, institutions, and the scientific community from harm. With the exception of self-experimentation, limits on research risks faced by healthy volunteers constitute a type of soft, impure paternalism because participants usually do not fully understand the risks they are taking. I consider some approaches to limiting research risks and propose that healthy volunteers in biomedical research should not be exposed to greater than a 1% chance of serious harm, such as death, permanent disability, or severe illness or injury. While this guideline would restrict research risks, the limits would not be so low that they would prevent investigators from conducting valuable research. They would, however, set a clear upper boundary for investigators and signal to the scientific community and the public that there are limits on the risks that healthy participants may face in research. This standard provides guidance for decisions made by oversight bodies, but it is not an absolute rule. Investigators can enroll healthy volunteers in studies involving a greater than 1% chance of serious harm if they show that the research addresses a compelling public health or social problem and that the risk of serious harm is only slightly more than 1%. The committee reviewing the research should use outside experts to assess these risks.
THICKNESS EFFECTS ON THE STABILITY OF THIN WALLED STRUCTURES

Abstract A consistent method for the analysis of bifurcation instabilities in shells of arbitrary thickness has been proposed. The advantages of this method, as compared to the classical approach followed so far, are the independence of the results on the nonlinear shell theory employed as well as the possibility of finding the dependence of the critical load and eigenmode on the shell's thickness up to any degree of accuracy desired. A brief description of the general method, which is asymptotic with respect to the shell's thickness, is followed by its application to the case of an internally or externally pressurized infinite cylindrical tube for which an analytical solution of the resulting asymptotic problem is possible. Critical loads and modes compare very favorably with a numerical solution of the exact three dimensional problem even for relatively thick tubes. The presentation is concluded with a short discussion on the application of this technique to the general wrinkling instability problem in metal forming.
''So Big'': The Development of Body Self-Awareness in Toddlers

Early development of body self-awareness was examined in 57 children at 18, 22, or 26 months of age, using tasks designed to require objective representation of one’s own body. All children made at least one body representation error, with approximately 2.5 errors per task on average. Errors declined with age. Children’s performance on comparison tasks that required them to reason about the relative size of objects and about objects as obstacles, without considering their own bodies, was unrelated to performance on the body awareness tasks. Thus, the ability to represent and reflect on one’s own body explicitly and objectively may be a unique dimension of early development, a distinct component of objective self-awareness that emerges in this age period.
Psychosocial adjustment of low-income African American youth from single mother homes: the role of the youth-coparent relationship.

African American youthw from single mother homes are at greater risk for internalizing and externalizing problems relative to their peers from two-parent homes. Although the predominance of psychosocial research on these youth has focused on maternal parenting and mother–child relationship quality, far less attention has been devoted to the quality of the relationships that youth have with “nonmarital coparents,” or other adults and family members who assist African American single mothers with childrearing. This study examined the contribution of the youth–coparent relationship to psychosocial adjustment among African American youth from single mother families (n = 141). Findings revealed that maternal parenting and youth–coparent relationship quality interacted to predict both youth internalizing and externalizing problems. Specifically, greater youth–coparent relationship quality enhanced the protective role of maternal positive parenting. Findings suggest the potential role of broader familial and soc...
Absorption from the relaxed excited state by FA and FB centers in sodium-doped KCl

Abstract In contrast to optical absorption from the ground state, transient absorption from the relaxed excited state of the F A and F B centers in KCl is observed to be very similar to that of the F center and is only very weakly dichroic.
HMAX image processing pipeline with coupled oscillator acceleration

In this paper we report on the performance of a coupled oscillator based implementation of the HMAX image-processing pipeline. Within this pipeline we have used coupled oscillator arrays to replace traditional Boolean logic with a Degree-of-Match (DoM) function that measures the L2 distance squared between two vectors in an n-dimensional space. We show that this operation can be used in three stages of the pipeline: 1) as a substitute for convolution in filtering operations, 2) as a computational kernel for pattern matching, and 3) as a distance function in a nearest neighbor classification algorithm. In this study, we have modeled the performance of the latter two and report our recognition results over a test set from the Neo Vision2 image database.
Temporal Representation and Reasoning

Artificial intelligence research in temporal reasoning focuses on designing automated solutions to complex problems in computation involving time. TIME-97, the 4th International Workshop on Temporal Representation and Reasoning, held in Daytona Beach, Florida — like the three workshops that preceded it — had the objective of creating an international forum for the exchange of information among the many researchers and knowledge engineers who are developing and applying techniques in temporal reasoning.
Idiopathic colonic ulcer: report of a case diagnosed preoperatively.

A case of a solitary nonspecific idiopathic ulcer of the sigmoid colon was diagnosed preoperatively and photographed through the fiberoptic colonoscope. Limited resection has been followed by no recurrence in more than two years.
The U.S. Supreme Court on victimized children: the constitutional rights of the defendant versus the best interests of the child

In deciding seven recent landmark child abuse cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has addressed and sought to balance the inherent conflict between the constitutional rights of the defendant and the best interests of the child. In four of the cases, the Court found that the interests of the child superseded the rights of the defendant. In three cases, the Court gave more validity to the constitutional rights of the defendant. The author examines the lengthy nature of such legal proceedings and the reasoning forming the basis for the Supreme Court's decisions.
A study of rapid hydrogen exchange in nucleic acids.

Newly discovered classes of slowly exchanging hydrogens in DNA are reported. These hydrogens exchange at a rate faster than that of those slowly exchanging hydrogens previously observed in nucleic acids, and were detected by use of a high-speed chromatographic technique in which billion-fold reductions in the specific activity of tritiated water are accomplished in as little as six seconds. Kinetic curves covering short exchange times were obtained both in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+, and the systems studied included native DNA from calf thymus, Escherichia coli, λ phage, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and Clostridium perfringens, as well as poly d(A-T), poly (rI) · (rC), and neutral poly rA. From the dependence of the total number of slowly exchanging hydrogens upon base composition, it is concluded that these hydrogens include not only those involved in base-pairing hydrogen bonds, but the other amino hydrogens of the DNA bases as well. Implications of this finding are discussed in terms of DNA hydration in general and dynamic properties of the amino group in particular. The conclusions of this study may increase the usefulness of hydrogen exchange measurements for quantitating hydrogen bonding and secondary structure in nucleic acids.
Situational variables related to aggression in institutional settings

Abstract For decades, aggressive behavior among psychiatric inpatients has been identified as disruptive to the therapeutic environment and a workplace hazard. Most previous research has focused on individual patient risk factors with less attention paid to the situational, environmental, or therapeutic milieu factors that could influence violence rates. This review outlines the prominent areas discussed in situational factor research and presents recent theoretical models that integrate these factors. Based on the identified shortcomings in the available literature, suggestions for future research directions are offered.
Links between physics and set theory

Abstract The mathematics used in physics is derivable from set theory. But do basic underlying constructs of set theory — individual axioms, objects such as infinite sets, and theorems — have any bearing on physical reality? Cited responses from set theorists typically give decidedly negative answers. This paper examines a large number of instances suggesting, to the contrary, that such constructs have direct roles in the accepted physical reality. After a brief precis of relevant set theoretic notions, applicable analogies, examples and research topics are explored to support this contrary conclusion, examining direct links between physics and set theory. Notably, many of these direct links occur in quantum mechanics. Potential implications are sketched for allied questions of mathematical realism, and of interrelations of physics and mathematics. A substantial number of the topics noted appear to warrant further study; it is hoped future researchers will take up these challenges.
Close linkage between bovine prolactin and BoLA-DRB3 genes: genetic mapping in cattle by single sperm typing.

Abstract The major histocompatibility complex and prolactin (PRL) genes are syntenic in humans and cattle but the genetic distance between these loci has not been determined for either species. In this study, the sperm typing technique was used to measure the recombination frequency between the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 and PRL loci. A total of 300 sperm were typed from one doubly heterozygous bull for segregation of DRB3 and PRL alleles. Sperm typing was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme cleavage of the PCR products, followed by resolution of the restriction fragments in polyacrylamide gels. Digestion with the restriction endonuclease Rsa I allowed the unambiguous discrimination of alleles for both loci. The maximum likelihood estimation of the recombination fraction θ = 0.04, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.01 to 0.07. Close linkage between PRL and DRB3 has important implications for marker-assisted selection in animal breeding since PRL has been shown to be closely linked to a locus that affects milk yield, and BoLA loci influence susceptibility to a number of infectious diseases. Our results demonstrate the general applicability of the sperm typing procedure for gene mapping in species other than humans and provide an example of how parallel efforts to map the genomes of agriculturally important species of animals can have a positive impact on the development of a primary human linkage map.
A Bayesian approach to modeling associations between pulsatile hormones.

Summary. Many hormones are secreted in pulses. The pulsatile relationship between hormones regulates many biological processes. To understand endocrine system regulation, time series of hormone concentrations are collected. The goal is to characterize pulsatile patterns and associations between hormones. Currently each hormone on each subject is fitted univariately. This leads to estimates of the number of pulses and estimates of the amount of hormone secreted; however, when the signal-to-noise ratio is small, pulse detection and parameter estimation remains difficult with existing approaches. In this article, we present a bivariate deconvolution model of pulsatile hormone data focusing on incorporating pulsatile associations. Through simulation, we exhibit that using the underlying pulsatile association between two hormones improves the estimation of the number of pulses and the other parameters defining each hormone. We develop the one-to-one, driver–response case and show how birth–death Markov chain Monte Carlo can be used for estimation. We exhibit these features through a simulation study and apply the method to luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones.
Alternation between attachment mechanisms by limpets in the field

The attachment mechanism used by limpets in the rocky, wave-swept intertidal zone of California was determined during high tide and low tide. The two mechanisms that limpets are known to use, suction and glue-like adhesion, were distinguished by measuring the limpets' attachment forces in shear and by staining for glue-like residues where the limpets had been attached. The results show that ≈ 73% of limpets at high tide use suction, while the rest use glue-like adhesion. Conversely, ≈ 75% of limpets at low tide use glue-like adhesion, while the rest use suction. The normal tenacity of limpets was also measured at high and low tide. The mean tenacity at high tide was significantly less than that at low tide. From these data it was estimated that the mean tenacity of glue-like adhesion is ≈ 0.23 MN·m−2 and the mean tenacity of suction adhesion is ≈ 0.09 MN·m−2. It is hypothesized that the cycle of alternating attachment mechanisms is linked to the limpets foraging cycles.
Limitations of 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in N1 detection in patients with pathologic stage II-N1 and implications for management.

Background The definitive use of 18F-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to detect nodal metastasis in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being evaluated for local nonsurgical management, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy and minimally invasive percutaneous ablative therapies, underscores the importance of diagnosing N1 disease by FDG-PET. The purpose of this study was to evaluate FDG-PET in the detection of N1 disease and to determine if FDG-PET–positive N1 disease predicts poor survival in patients with pathologic stage II-N1 NSCLC. Methods We reviewed all patients who underwent surgical resection for lung cancer at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2000 to 2011 who had pathologic stage T1 to T2 and N1 disease and a preoperative FDG-PET. We compared the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients who had PET-positive N1 and PET-negative N1 disease. Results A total of 104 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pathologic stage in 87 patients was IIA (T1a N1, T1b N1 or T2a N1) and in 17 patients was IIB (T2b N1). Only 25 of 104 patients (24%) had PET-positive N1 disease. There was no clinical or pathologic difference between the patients who had PET-positive N1 and PET-negative N1 disease. No significant difference was found in the survival rates between patients from the PET-positive N1 and the PET-negative N1 groups ( p = 0.9). Conclusions FDG-PET has poor sensitivity in detecting N1 disease, and N1-positive disease on FDG-PET does not have an effect on survival. FDG-PET should not be used alone to determine management in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer being evaluated for local nonsurgical management.
Randomly reinforced composites: properties, failure and aspects of material design

This article concerns several aspects of mechanical properties and tensile failure of randomly reinforced, chopped fiber strand, polymeric composites. Scatter in material properties and their dependence on sample size are investigated by means of an analytical/computational model and compared against the experimental data. Predictions are also provided for deviations from isotropy and homogeneity. Failure is modeled in a manner akin to the methodology employed for laminated composites and predictions are compared against the experimental data. The model is utilized to select combinations of multi-size strands so as to minimize material inhomogeneity.
Algorithm partition and parallel recognition of general context-free languages using fixed-size VLSI architecture

Abstract Recognition of general context-free languages has been very important in language processing and syntactic pattern recognition. Many researchers have attempted to speed-up the recognition procedure. Recently, several VLSI implementations of context-free language recognition have been proposed. The main disadvantage of these proposed VLSI systems is that the size of the processor array is critical to the performance. That is, an n × n upper triangular array can only process strings with length not longer than n. In this paper we propose two algorithms which can recognize general context-free languages without restriction on the length of input string. The first one has time complexity O( n 4 k 2 ) using k × k processing elements to recognize n input symbols; if k = n, its time complexity will be O(n2). The second one, if using k × k processing elements to recognize n input symbols, has time complexity O( n 3 k 2 ) ; if k = n, the time complexity will be O(n). If there are several such modules, we can perform parallel recognition of general context-free languages. Since these algorithms essentially speed-up the dynamic programming procedure by using highly pipelining and parallelism of VLSI architecture, the proposed algorithms may also be useful for other problems solvable by dynamic programming.
The management of antithrombotic medication in skin surgery.

Background Approximately one in four patients undergoing dermatologic surgery takes an antithrombotic medication. When approaching the management of antithrombotic agents, procedural dermatologists must balance surgical outcomes, bleeding risks, and cardiovascular protection. Continuing antithrombotics during surgery increases the risk hemorrhage, but discontinuation of these agents may increase the risk of thrombotic events. Despite increasing evidence for continuation of antithrombotics during dermatologic surgery, few official guidelines exist, and clinicians have been slow to integrate new evidence into clinical practice. A study in 2007 reported that more than 40% of dermatologic surgeons sometimes discontinue warfarin for surgery. Objective This article reviews antithrombotic agents in the United States and summarize perioperative management recommendations of antithrombotic agents in skin surgery. Materials and Methods A review of the literature was performed focused on antithrombotic medications commercially available in the United States, including the two newest agents, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Conclusion Although there are concerns regarding bleeding, there are no reports of life-threatening hemorrhage from continued antithrombotic therapy in dermatologic surgery. Furthermore, potentially fatal cardiovascular events after cessation of medically indicated antithrombotic medications are increasingly recognized, leading to the growing acceptance that the risk of stopping most antithrombotics may outweigh the risks of bleeding incurred by continuing antithrombotic therapy.
Graphical Interpretation of Exergy

Exergy is a system thermodynamic property defined only with respect to the system’s surroundings. For a specified system state, exergy is the maximum potential useful work available from the system as it achieves equilibrium with the surroundings. For students exergy can be a very abstract concept. This paper presents a graphical means to clarify the concept of exergy for a closed system, demonstrating exergy at any state i corresponds to the sum of the net work of a power cycle that incorporates a process from system state i to the dead state and the net work of a refrigeration/heat pump cycle required to move the system from the dead state to state i.
Sensory perception thresholds in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Objectives To compare sensory thresholds in different nerve-fiber types in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and healthy controls, using thermal sensory testing and measuring current perception thresholds (CPT). Methods We enrolled 22 men with CPPS and 20 healthy control participants. We determined the thermal sensory perception thresholds of C and Aδ nerve fibers on the perineum and left posterior thigh. To test CPT, we used sine wave electrical stimulation at 5, 250, and 2000 Hz, resulting in the selective depolarization of small unmyelinated C fibers, small myelinated Aδ, and large myelinated Aβ fibers, respectively. We bilaterally tested the hypothenar surface of the palms, medial parts of soles, midshaft of penis, and 1 site in the midperineum, for a total of 7 sites. Results The mean age of men with CPPS was similar to that of controls [42.8 (standard deviation, 9.4) and 40.4 (standard deviation, 13.2) years, respectively, P = .548]. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for thermal perception thresholds in both the perineum and left thigh (P >.05). There was also no difference between the 2 groups for CPT values of all 3 frequencies of stimuli in each area tested (P >.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions The absence of sensory threshold differences between men with CPPS and controls, with either thermal stimulation of C and Aδ fiber afferents or electrical stimulation of C, Aδ, and Aβ fiber afferents, discounts the existence of a peripheral neuropathy as a cause for pain in men with CPPS.
White clover growth patterns during the grazing season in a rotationally grazed dairy pasture in New York.

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important stoloniferous pasture legume in the Great Lakes region of the United States, but it often has limited persistence. Researchers in New Zealand and Wales have found that in spring, compared with other seasons, white clover plants have reduced branching complexity and have the fewest buds that produce leaves. They therefore suggested that in spring the plants are most vulnerable to grazing and climatic stress. Because of severe winter and cool, wet spring weather in New York State, it was hypothesized that white clover plants would also be of low branching complexity, smaller and have low axillary bud activity in spring compared with later in the grazing season. To test this, growth of white clover was monitored in an orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.)/white clover pasture in New York that was rotationally grazed with dairy cows during the 1993 and 1994 grazing seasons. Three sets of plants were sampled. The first set consisted of forty random plants sampled before each grazing event. Stolon branching order, number of each stolon branching type and area the plant occupied were determined. Approximately each month before one grazing event, a separate set of 32 random plants was measured in the field to determine the area they occupied; these plants were then removed to the laboratory for the measurement of stolon order, number of each stolon type, stolon lengths, total number of growing points, number of taproots and adventitious roots, root position and above-ground dry matter. Once a month, 12 additional plants were removed to measure axillary bud activity at each node. Leaf development from nodes tended to increase from spring to summer. However, the stolon branching order of white clover plants was not simpler in spring compared with summer or autumn. In 1994 during and after a dry and hot period, white clover plants were smaller, of lower stolon branching order and had fewer roots. Climate and associated soil organism activity appear to explain the different white clover growth patterns observed in New York and New Zealand. Severe winters in New York limit earthworm activity and stolon burial, which is important in contributing to stolon/plant breakdown in New Zealand. During the years of this study in New York, a hot and dry period had the most negative effect on the growth pattern of white clover.
An Assessment of the Dietary Habits of College Hockey Players

Abstract While significant research exists on the nutritional patterns of football players, soccer players, bodybuilders, and runners there appears to be a gap in the literature regarding nutrition and hockey players. This descriptive study, with a 77% response rate, utilized a 3-day food record, eating and lifestyles patterns questionnaire, and height and weight measurements to assess the dietary habits of 30 male college hockey players in the Western New York area . Computerized analysis of the food records showed a mean caloric intake of 2759. The US recommended energy intake for males aged 19 to 24 years old, assuming medium activity is 2900 kilocalones (± 20%). On average these subjects were not meeting their basic calorie needs. In fact, only 12 of the 30 subjects consumed at least 2900 kilocalories. Of the mean reported caloric intake, 15% of kilocalories were from protein, and 25% from fat which meets recommendations for those nutrients. The subjects did not meet the dietary goal of 55 to 60% of calories from carbohydrates with an average of only 53%±6.4. Sports nutrition guidelines suggest intakes of 60 to 70% of caloric intake. Only 4 of the 30 player's intakes met that recommendation. On average these subjects did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances or other recommendations for calories, carbohydrates, vitamins A, D, E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Responses to the lifestyles patterns questionnaire found the meal patterns and routines of the subjects to be acceptable. The implications from the findings of this study is that the nutritional status of athletes, especially college athletes, can not be assumed to be superior to the non-athletic population. There is a need for sports dietitians to help athletes meet their recommended intake for both macro- and micronutrients. These results suggest that intervention is needed to educate athletes about proper nutrition for optimal athletic performance. Comprehensive nutritional assessments of athletes' eating practices should be a standard component of athletic training to determine the potential risk to health and athletic performance.
Comparison of a model for air fluorescence via electron beam excitation with experimental data

Abstract Air fluorescence is a process that is important in a variety of subject areas including sprites, plasmas, cosmic ray showers, and Teller light from nuclear detonations. In 1968, Davidson and O’Neil published the results of an experiment that measured fluorescence efficiencies from about 300 to 1000 nm. In this paper, we model an electron beam from first principles and compare our air fluorescence efficiency results to these measurements.
Vibrissae amputation in mice and completion of a learned food-acquisition task

The effect of vibrissae amputation on completion of a learned food-acquisition excursion was tested. The mice were trained to pass from a startbox through a tunnel to a food box. The vibrissae of one group were amputated, and the running time of that group was compared to the times of three control groups. The difference in running times between groups was not significant, indicating that vibrissae removal in mice does not significantly inhibit performance of a function vital to survival.
Cathode Uniformity of New Square Photomultiplier Tubes

Square photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) should have better light collection than round PMTs when used in square or rectangular Anger-type ?-ray or neutron position detectors. Photocathode response uniformity of new RCA square PMTs type S83003E (51.5×51.5 mm2) was measured and compared with conventional round PMTs. The PMTs were scanned with a small scintillation source while the anode signal amplitudes were processed in a computer-based multichannel analyzer. The analyzer was programmed in a mode which virtually eliminates effects due to statistical fluctuations in source rate and output amplitude. Pulse heights as a function of source position on the PMT face are shown for typical tubes. The response uniformity of 64 square PMTs and 21 round ones was evaluated. It is shown that the center region of the square PMTs is as uniform as that of the round ones and that the response in the corners is comparable to that in the center. Thus square PMTs appear to have an advantage for use in square or rectangular position detectors.
Comparison of digital nerve sensory recovery after repair using loupe or operating microscope magnification.

Our purpose was to determine whether there was a significant difference in sensory recovery after digital nerve repair using loupe magnification or an operating microscope. We identified patients aged 21–75 who had primary proper digital nerve repairs at least 24 months before our study. A total of 12 patients with 13 digital nerve injuries repaired with loupe magnification and nine patients with 12 digital nerve injuries repaired using the operating microscope, agreed to return for assessment by a therapist blinded to treatment. We found no significant difference in sensory recovery between the two groups as measured by static two-point discrimination, moving two-point discrimination, and Semmes–Weinstein monofilament. There were also no significant differences in average Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand or visual analogue pain scores.Level of evidence: IV
Surface imaging by positron emission

Monoenergetic (/open quote/slow/close quote/) positrons are becoming available in the form of beams having brightness sufficiently high for use in microscope and microprobe applications. When slow positrons are injected into certain solid materials they are re-emitted without need for an externally applied extraction field. This property suggests that a positron emission microscope will have useful capabilities and be less severely impaired by problems that extraction fields impose on electron emission devices. The principles involved in a positron emission microscope are discussed, and an estimate of resolutions that might be achieved in the near future is made. 10 refs., 2 figs
Neuromorphic optical sensor chip with color change-intensity change disambiguation

In this paper, we describe the development of a novel, retina-like neuromorphic chip that has an array of two types of retina 'cells' arranged to mimic the fovea structure in certain animals. One of the two retina cell types performs irradiance detection and the other can perform color detection. Together, via the two parallel pathways the retina chip can perform color change intensity change disambiguation (CCICD). The irradiance detection cell has a wide-dynamic detection range that spans almost 3 orders of magnitude. The color detection cell has a buried double junction (BDJ) photodiode as the photoreceptor followed by two parallel logarithmic I-V convertors. The output from this is a color response which has at least a 50nm resolution for wavelengths from 400nm to 900nm. With these two cells, the array can perform color change -intensity change disambiguation (CCICD) to determine if a change in the output of the irradiance pathway is because of irradiance change, color change, or both. This biological retina-like neuromorphic sensor array is implemented in ON-SEMI 0.5μm technology, a standard CMOS fabrication process available at MOSIS.
Race and Hegemony: The Neoliberal Transformation of the Black Urban Regime and Working-Class Resistance

A central locus of social scientific research throughout the past two decades has been the reorganization of capitalist control within various institutions and societies in the post-Fordist era. This study examines the process within the context of a majority Black city in the United States. Drawing on the theory of hegemony and the Black urban regime, the author examines the mix of consensual and authoritarian practices the regime employs to impose the neoliberal agenda. Findings suggest that regime elites, in lieu of any real material con-cessions, are increasingly relying on authoritarian and ideological forms of control.
The Prussian Landwehr and Its Critics, 1813–1819

The Prussian Landwehr, the citizen militia improvised in 1813 and placed on an equal footing with the army of the line by the Defense Act of 1814, lasted in its original form for only five years. Its subordination to the regular army in 1819 has usually been seen as the victory of aristocrat over bourgeois, conservative over liberal, Potsdam over Weimar. This approach has been increasingly popular in recent years as scholars tend to study military history in its social and political context. The Landwehr's loss of status, however, reflected the circumstances of its origin as well as the malice of its enemies. The Defense Act of 1814 did not create a new institution; it formalized an existing one. The structure, the image, the character of the Landwehr had already been fixed and tempered by two years of battle. In those two years the Landwehr had established solid impressions of its potential as a military instrument among critics and supporters alike. It had established equally solid impressions of the best means of maintaining that potential.