cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Characterization of Calcium Binding in Islet-cell Plasma Membranes

Preliminary characterization of calcium binding was determined in a highly-enriched islet-cell plasma membrane fraction using a membrane filtration technique. Equilibrium calcium binding was specific, concentration dependent and saturable. Scatchard analysis indicated the existence of more than one class of calcium binding sites. The affinity constants and maximum binding capacities were 1.14 ×105 M-1 and 1.2 picomol/μg protein and 1.17× 103 M-1 and 64.8 picomol/μg for the high and low affinity sites, respectively. Bound 45Ca2+ was dissociated from the plasma membranes in a biphasic manner in the presence of excess unlabelled calcium.
Is fibromyalgia a neurologic disease

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by abnormal pain sensitivity in response to diverse stimuli as well as persistent widespread pain and other symptoms such as fatigue and sleep disturbance. Progress has been made in identifying factors that contribute to the etiopathogenesis of abnormal pain sensitivity, but there is no single model of pathophysiology or treatment of FM that has gained wide acceptance among health care professionals.
"An Opportunity to Show Their Epalets and Feathers": The South Carolina Militia During the First Secession Crisis, 1848-1851

In the years between 1848 and 1851 South Carolina experienced a radicalization in its politics. This article attempts to show how the militia played an integral part in this process, in that it provided both internal security and a political forum. The discussion will show that while the military capability of the militia may have decreased, its symbolic value remained important.The article asserts that the mandatory militia gatherings that were held with regularity throughout the state provided an inherent political platform for South Carolina's leadership. The ability to reach the greater part of the state's electorate allowed for the propagation of the secessionist message.
Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis of the tibiofibular joint

We report a case of synovial chondromatosis of the tibiofibular joint in a 25-year-old woman that was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The patient presented with pain in the left knee and a mass in the popliteal fossa. Synovial chondromatosis usually presents with joint symptoms and is often associated with intra-articular loose bodies, whereas presentation as a soft tissue mass is unusual and may raise the clinical suspicion of malignant neoplasm. The diagnosis is commonly confirmed by histopathologic examination of biopsy or excision of the specimen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of synovial chondromatosis of a large joint successfully diagnosed by FNA. Two cases of synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint have been reported in which the diagnosis was suspected on the basis of FNA. In both these cases, the final diagnosis was established by histopathology of the excised specimens.
Partial oxidation of methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide over silica: global reaction kinetics

Abstract Oxidation of methane (848–898 K), methanol (648–748 K), formaldehyde (623–673 K), and carbon monoxide (673–833 K) over a precipitated silica catalyst has been examined over a range of reactant and oxygen partial pressures. Conversion–selectivity relationships are used to assess the reaction network and differential reactor experiments are employed to determine the global reaction kinetics. All reactions exhibited a positive-order dependence on oxygen, partial pressure consistent with reaction of chemisorbed oxygen. This implies that the chemisorption of oxygen on the reduced sites occurs at a rate comparable to that of substrate oxidation, and may therefore limit the oxidation rate. Self-inhibition was observed for oxidation of carbon monoxide, as P CO was increased, the rate of carbon monoxide oxidation decreased. A conceptual model where CO and O 2 compete for surface oxygen vacancies is proposed. Additionally, it is shown that in methane partial oxidation, reactions of methanol, formaldehyde, and CO can consume oxidized surface sites, thought to be the active sites for methane partial oxidation. A simple model of the degree of surface reduction is presented.
Alcohol as a cue for extinction: State dependency produced by conditioned inhibition

A conditioned-emotional-response (CER) paradigm was used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of alcohol on extinction. In both experiments, rats received tone-shock pairings without alcohol and then received extinction trials either with or without alcohol (injections of saline, .75 or 1.5 g/kg ethanol). The high dose of alcohol suppressed baseline barpressing for food reward, but there was only weak evidence (Experiment 2) that it enhanced responding during the tone early in extinction. In both experiments, extinction of CER under the high alcohol dose was found to be state dependent, that is, post-extinction tests after saline injection showed a reinstatement of suppression to the tone. Experiment 2 indicated that this effect could be attributed to alcohol’s becoming a conditioned inhibitory stimulus as a result of its association with extinction. This supports the general suggestion that situational stimuli normally become inhibitory during the course of simple extinction and may have implications for the role that state-dependent learning plays in drug dependence.
Factors influencing readability of rapidly presented text segments

Experiment 1 compared paragraph comprehension for texts shown either as normal pages on a computer terminal screen or as rapid serial visual presentations (RSVPs) of small text segments to a common location. Over several days of practice, reading comprehension was equivalent in the normal presentation mode and the RSVP format. When successive RSVP segments contained some information in common, to mimic the experience of successive parafoveal and foveal views of words in normal reading, comprehension was somewhat worse than when successive segments contained no overlapping information. Experiment 2 used a variety of segment size and segment duration combinations to investigate the optimal means of presenting text in the RSVP format. Across a variety of presentation rates and text difficulties, comprehension was maximal for segments averaging about 12 character spaces in length. In Experiment 3, texts were divided into short idea units or into random segments of equal average length. Comprehension was shown to be greater in the structured condition than in the random condition. An optimal means of presenting text in the RSVP format could be superior to normal presentation methods for reading and other text-processing tasks.
Medical Students' Gender Preference When Selecting a Psychiatrist

Abstract The availability of both a male and a female psychiatrist at the Harvard Medical Area Health Service (MAMHS) provided an opportunity to study medical students' choice of a male or female psychiatrist from July 1980 through June 1984. This paper reports students' choice of their own gender psychiatrist both at the MAMHS and when referred for long-term treatment outside of the MAMHS. An inquiry study of gender preference and other factors that determine students' selection of a psychiatrist at the MAMHS is also reported. Same-gender choice at the MAMHS and upon referral is significant in both men and women. Same-gender choice at the MAMHS is significantly greater in women than in men. Same-gender preference on inquiry is significant in women.
The Relationship between Natural Forested Slopes and Angles of Repose for Sand and Gravel

Students used Brunton compasses to measure the angles of repose in fresh sand and gravel talus exposed in artificial pits in a kame terrace near Willimantic, Connecticut. The angle of repose was found to average 33.08°, and is independent of exposure direction or material type. Measurements also were made on natural forested hillslopes of the same sand and gravel along a terrace scarp where the Nachaug River had cut into it. The hillslope averages 41.29° and is independent of exposure direction. The difference between the angle of repose and the natural hillslope is attributed to the stabilizing influence of the forest vegetation.
New compounds: 5‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)‐benzhydrylamine and Related Compounds

In connection with the chemical-medicinal work 5-chloro-2-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-benzhydrylamine was prepared by a three-step synthesis. Compound I was reacted with epichlorohydrin and the formed 3-(2-benzyl 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropylchloride (II) was then converted to III by free-radical bromination, which was not isolated, but converted to compound V by amination.
Effects of using air temperature as a proxy for potential evapotranspiration in climate change scenarios of Great Lakes basin hydrology

Hydrologic impacts of climate change are regularly assessed with hydrologic models that use air temperature as a proxy to compute potential evapotranspiration (PET). This approach is taken in the Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM), which has been used several times for calculation of the runoff from the terrestrial part of the Great Lakes basin under climate change scenarios, with the results widely cited. However, a balance between incoming and outgoing energy, including the latent heat of evaporation, is a fundamental requirement for a land surface, and is not enforced under this approach. For calculating PET and evapotranspiration (ET) in climate change scenarios, we use an energy budget-based approach to adjusting the PET as an alternative that better satisfies conservation of energy. Using this new method, the increase in ET under enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations has reduced magnitude compared to that projected using the air temperature proxy. This results in either a smaller decrease in net basin supply and smaller drop in lake levels than using the temperature proxy, or a reversal to increased net basin supply and higher lake levels. An additional reason not to rely on a temperature proxy relation is that observational evidence demonstrates that the correlation between air temperature and ET (or PET) is restricted to the mean annual cycle of these variables. This brings into question the validity of air temperature as a proxy for PET when considering non-annual variability and secular changes in the climate regime.
Foreign Students in American Colleges: Time for Change in Policy and Practice.

Institutional characteristics for the total population of more than 2,300 American colleges and universities are related to the proportionate foreign student enrollment in each institution through stepwise multiple-regression analysis. Large proportionate numbers of foreign students are enrolled in American private colleges, in colleges located in the West, and in institutions of high quality (as determined by institutional revenue and average achievement test scores of enrolled students). It is proposed that American institutions of higher education, particularly those which are found to enroll proportionately few foreign students, undertake efforts to increase their ratio of foreign to domestic students. A broad discussion is also presented with respect to the educational experience of foreign nationals in the United States and the institutional and national policies which affect foreign students. Given the greater balance in the supply-demand situation of highly trained American manpower in the 1970s, and the availability of many unfilled student positions in American institutions, the implementation of such policies and programs may allow a greater inflow of foreign students to domestic colleges.
Regulation of Ci and Su(fu) nuclear import in Drosophila

The Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway plays a central role in the development of invertebrates and vertebrates. While much is known about the pathway, the role of Suppressor of fused (Su(fu)), a component of the pathway's signaling complex has remained enigmatic. Previous studies have linked Su(fu) to the cytoplasmic sequestration of the zinc finger transcription factor, Cubitus interruptus (Ci), while other studies suggest a role in modulating target gene expression. In examining the cell biology of the pathway, we have found that like its vertebrate homologue, Drosophila Su(fu) enters the nucleus. Furthermore, we find that the nuclear import of Su(fu) occurs in concert with that of Ci in response to Hh signaling. Here, we examine the mechanism by which Su(fu) regulates Ci import by investigating the importance of the Ci nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the effect of adding an additional NLS. Finally, we demonstrate that Ci can bring Su(fu) with it to a multimerized Ci DNA binding site. These results provide a basis for understanding the dual roles played by Su(fu) in the regulation of Ci.
Cosmic rays and grain alignment

The recent detection of interstellar polarization in the solid CO feature near 4.67 micron shows that CO-mantled grains can be aligned in cold molecular clouds. These observations conflict with a theory of grain alignment which attributes the polarization in molecular clouds to the effects of cosmic rays: according to this theory, oblate spheroidal grains with H_2O and CO_2-dominated ice mantles are spun up to suprathermal energies by molecular evaporation from cosmic ray impact sites but spin up does not occur for CO-mantled grains. Motivated by this conflict, we reexamine the effects of cosmic rays on the alignment of icy grains. We show that the systematic torques produced by cosmic rays are insufficient to cause suprathermal spin. In principle, the random torques due to cosmic rays can enhance the efficiency of Davis-Greenstein alignment by raising the grain rotational temperature. However, a significant enhancement would require cosmic ray fluxes 6--7 orders of magnitude larger than the flux in a typical cold cloud.
Stress‐enhanced dislocation density reduction in multicrystalline silicon

Stress is generally perceived to be detrimental for multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si), leading to dislocation multiplication during crystal growth and processing. Herein, we evaluate the role of stress as a driving force for dislocation density reduction in mc-Si. At high temperatures, close to the melting point (>0.8Tm), we observe that the application of stress as well as the relief of residual stress, can modify the density of pre-existing dislocations in as-grown mc-Si under certain conditions, leading to a net local reduction of dislocation density. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In Search of Non-statistical Effects in Neutron Capture

The reaction mechanism in radiative slow neutron capture has been dominated by the statistical compound nucleus model in which the mode of decay of the compound state is independent of its mode of formation. Because of the complexity of the initial state, the partial radiative amplitudes Γ γij 1/2 , where i and j designate the initial and final states respectively, are normally distributed with zero mean. In most cases, such a notion is born out by experiments carried out on heavy weight nuclei(1).However, in recent years extensive theoretical and experimental investigations have been devoted for a search of simple reaction mechanisms. In order of increasing complexity, these are (1) The direct potential or hard sphere capture in the off resonance region in which the incident S-wave neutron is scattered by the boundary of the nuclear surface into a low-lying P state, and in the process electric dipole radiation is emitted. (2) The channel capture of Lane and Lynn(2) or valence neutron model of Lynn(3) in which the S or P wave neutron is scattered via the resonant state into a low-lying orbit, radiating γ rays. (3) The semi-direct process of Brown(4) or doorway states formations of Estrada and Feshbach(5), whereby an incoming neutron scatters in the target nucleus creating a 2P - 1H state. Subsequently a particle and hole combine to yield enhanced γ radiation. Lane(6) has shown that Γγij’s are correlated with the reduced neutron widths of the initial state. In this category, the giant dipole resonance, which is considered as a coherent superposition of 1P - 1H state, is included.
How many pulmonary alveoli are supplied by a single arteriole and drained by a single venule

A detailed measurement of histological specimens of the lungs of the cat shows that each terminal precapillary vessel (arteriole) supplies, on the average, 24.5 pulmonary alveoli; each terminal postcapillary vessel (venule) drains, on the average, 17.8 alveoli. These numbers link pulmonary alveolar blood flow in capillary sheets with the flow in pulmonary arteries and veins which are cylindrical tubes. They are key numbers needed for hemodynamic analysis. In the literature, these numbers are variously speculated to be 1 or smaller; thus our results correct, even though only for the cat, an important concept.
Ambient pollutant concentrations measured by a mobile laboratory in South Bronx, NY

The objective of this study is to characterize the ambient air quality of the South Bronx, New York City (NYC), having high concentrations of diesel trucks and waste transfer facilities. We employed a mobile laboratory for continuous measurements of concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and gaseous pollutants at 6 locations for three–four weeks each during the period of April 2001–February 2003. Integrated 24-hr PM2.5 samples were also collected for elemental and PAHs analyses. South Bronx PM2.5 and BC levels were compared to those at Bronx PS 154 (NYSDEC site) and at Hunter College in the Lower Manhattan. Although the median daily PM2.5 concentrations agreed within 20%, the median hourly BC concentrations were higher at all South Bronx sites ranging from 2.2 to 3.8m gm � 3 , compared to 1.0–2.6m gm � 3 at Hunter College. Continuous Aethelometer measurements at additional 27 sampling sites in the South Bronx were conducted along major highways. BC concentrations varied within each site, depending on time-of-day, with a large spatial variability from site-to-site. Daily median BC concentrations varied from 1.7 to 12m gm � 3 on the weekdays, and were lower (0.50–2.9m gm � 3 ) on the weekends. Elemental concentrations were higher at all South Bronx sites than those at Hunter College for all measured elements but Ni and V, and at the Hunts Point, an industrial location, were approximately 2.5-fold higher. The average sum of 35 PAHs was 225 ng m � 3 , which is 4.5 times larger than representative regional concentrations in Jersey City, NJ. Among the individual PAHs, 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene had the highest concentrations, and the overall PAH fingerprint differed from signal for Jersey City. Our data indicates that highways encircling the South Bronx are having a measurable adverse influence on residents’ exposure to pollutants compared to other NYC areas. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2004: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year

Signaling experts nominated notable advances in basic science, as well as in the application of cell signaling research to medicine. Cancer research, neuroscience, and immunology emerged as key areas for major breakthroughs in cell signaling in 2004.
Pulse combustion: recent applications and research issues

The state of the art of pulse combustion and its applications are reviewed. Evidence showing that pulsations generally increase the rates of mass, momentum and heat transfer, and destabilize flows at certain unstable frequencies is presented. Next, the operational characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of pulse combustors are discussed. Advantages include simple design, compactness, self aspiration, and low emissions of CO and soot. Results showing that NOx emissions from pulse combustors can be significantly reduced using fuel staging, air staging and exhaust flow recirculation are presented. Noise remains a problem, but it can be damped to acceptable levels using acoustic decouplers and sound insulation. The paper closes with a discussion of a recently developed resonant driving method that utilizes a frequency tunable pulse combustor to excite large amplitude, resonant, pulsations in energy intensive and incineration processes. These pulsations increase the rates of mass, momentum and heat transfer within the process, which generally results in significant fuel savings and productivity increases. Evidence showing the benefits of resonant driving in water evaporation, limestone calcining and metal heating is presented. Finally, data obtained in recent tests in an EPA incinerator showing that resonant driving significantly, reduces soot emissions during the incineration of solid and hazardous wastes are presented.
Cooperative games arising from network flow problems

Abstract We give a new class of mathematical programming games without side payments that have nonempty cores. In these games, players control nodes or arcs in a network and participate in optimizing an objective function while attempting to share the costs or returns. Disjoint paths in the network correspond to alternative production routes or streams of jobs that are concurrently processed and yield costs or returns along the way; the problem of fair cost allocation or profit sharing motivates the formulation of a cooperative game. Our results extend work on games with side payments, and are relevant for situations in which the various players involved have dissimilar and nonlinear utilities for the generated returns. For some games of this type efficient algorithms exist to allocate costs or revenues among the players.
Risk identification and scoring in early-lifecycle concurrent engineering teams

Due to the highly constrained schedules and budgets that NASA missions must contend with, the identification and management of cost, schedule and risks in the earliest stages of the lifecycle is critical. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, it is the concurrent engineering teams that first address these items in a systematic manner. Foremost of these concurrent engineering teams is Team X. Started in 1995, Team X has carried out over 1,000 studies, dramatically reducing the time and cost involved, and has been the model for other concurrent engineering teams both within NASA and throughout the larger aerospace community. The ability to do integrated risk identification and assessment was first introduced into Team X in 2001. In this paper, we describe how the Team X risk process is evolving, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches.
Communication in the intercultural reentry: Student sojourners'perceptions of change in reentry relationship

Abstract This article first presents a theoretical rationale for investigating the role of communication in reentry relationships, then describes the results of a study investigating student sojouners' (N = 173) perceptions of positive and negative changes in three types of reentry relationships (parent, sibling, and friend). Results of statistical analyses revealed that the degree of positive and negative change reported by the sojourners varied with the particular type of relationship. Specifically, relationships with parents and siblings were perceived to have changed more positively than negatively. This somewhat contradicts previous research characterizing reentry relationships as problematic. Relationships with friends were perceived to have changed both negatively and positively. These results are interpreted from various theoretical perspectives and the author speculates on the specific role of communication in each type of reentry relationship.
Determination of the number of proteins bound non-specifically to DNA.

We have determined the change in the number of proteins bound non-specifically to DNA as a function of applied force using force–extension measurements on tethered DNA. Using magnetic tweezers, single molecules of λ DNA were repeatedly stretched and relaxed in the absence and presence of 170 nM λ repressor protein (CI). CI binds to six specific sites of λ DNA with nanomolar affinity and also binds non-specifically with micromolar affinity. The force versus extension data were analyzed using a recently developed theoretical framework for quantitative determination of protein binding to the DNA. The results indicate that the non-specific binding of CI changes the force–extension relation significantly in comparison to that of naked DNA. The DNA tether used in our experiment would have about 640 bound repressors, if it was completely saturated with bound proteins. We find that as the pulling force on DNA is reduced from 4.81 to 0.13 pN, approximately 138 proteins bind to DNA, which is about 22% of the length of the tethered DNA. Our results show that 0.13 pN is not low enough to cause saturation of DNA by repressor and 4.81 pN is also not high enough to eliminate all the repressors bound to DNA. This demonstrates that the force–extension relation provides an effective approach for estimating the number of proteins bound non-specifically to a DNA molecule.
Scalable synthesis of a new enantiomerically pure π-extended rigid amino indanol

Abstract A convenient route to a benzo-fused amino indanol chiral controller is disclosed. The synthesis is based on a newly optimized entry to 3H-benz(e)indene that can be performed on decagram scale with no purification of intermediates. Subsequent oxidation, classical resolution, and Ritter steps give the target synthon in >98% ee. The resolution features (S)-naproxen as an inexpensive and highly crystalline resolving agent. Conversion of the amino alcohol to its bis(oxazolinyl)-propane is also reported. A solid state structure of the CuCl2–box complex shows preservation of the distorted square planar geometry found in the parent CuCl2(indanyl-box) despite greater steric crowding by the blocking groups.
Stress Granule Formation Induced by Measles Virus Is Protein Kinase PKR Dependent and Impaired by RNA Adenosine Deaminase ADAR1

ADAR1, an interferon (IFN)-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific adenosine deaminase, downregulates host innate responses, including activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and induction of IFN-β mRNA. Conversely, PKR amplifies IFN-β induction by measles virus (MV) and inhibits virus protein synthesis. Formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation complexes and RNA-binding proteins, is a host response to virus infection mediated by translation initiation factor eIF2α phosphorylation. We examined the roles of PKR and ADAR1 in SG formation using HeLa cells stably deficient in either PKR (PKRkd) or ADAR1 (ADAR1kd) compared to control (CONkd) cells. Infection with either wild-type (WT) MV or an isogenic mutant lacking C protein expression (Cko) comparably induced formation of SG in ADAR1kd cells, whereas only the Cko mutant was an efficient inducer in control cells. Both ADAR1 and PKR colocalized with SG following infection. MV-induced; SG formation was PKR dependent but impaired by ADAR1. Complementation of ADAR1kd cells by expression of either p150 WT isoform or the p150 Zα (Y177A) Z-DNA-binding mutant of ADAR1 restored suppression of host responses, including SG formation and PKR activation. In contrast, neither the p110 WT isoform nor the p150 catalytic (H910A, E912A) mutant of ADAR1 complemented the ADAR1kd phenotype. These results further establish ADAR1 as a suppressor of host innate responses, including activation of PKR and the subsequent SG response.
Broad substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of Pseudomonas stutzeri L-rhamnose isomerase: insights from QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations.

National Science Foundation of China [20673087, 20733002, 20873105]; Ministry of Science and Technology [2004CB719902]
The military industrial firm, economic control, and local development

Most US military technology is produced by military industrial firms (MIFs). The federal government substantially funds these firms, and provides the principal MIFs with a steady flow of profitable contracts. Unlike civilian-oriented firms, MIFs virtually have guaranteed profits, and need not emphasize cost minimization as a survival strategy. Instead, MIF management strategy focuses on information gathering, lobbying efforts, and marshalling the MIF labor force in order to influence the contract awards process. The operation of MIFs depends upon a set of alliances within defense-dependent communities and among local leaders, MIF management, Congress, and the Pentagon. These relationships empower MIF management, ensure MIF longevity, and provide a community with employment and an economic base. Endogenous control, a commonly cited ingredient of local or regional development, may be achieved in defense-dependent communities, despite external funding. The power and control exercised by MIFs may not, however, represent a sufficient condition for 'development', given problems of inefficiency that tend to characterize these specialized firms.
Gröbner bases with respect to several term orderings and multivariate dimension polynomials

Let D be a ring of Ore polynomials in m variables x 1 ,...,x m over a field K and let a partition of the set {x 1 ,...,x m}into p disjoint subsets be fixed, so that D can be treated as a filtered ring with the natural p-dimensional ltration associated with the partition.We introduce a special type of reduction in a finitely generated free D-module and develop the corresponding Grobner basis technique that allows one to prove the existence and find invariants of a dimension polynomial in p variables associated with a finitely generated D-module. We also outline a method of computation of such a polynomial and obtain an essential generalization of the Kolchin theorem on the dimension polynomial of a differential field extension.
The adsorption and reaction of 2-iodoethanol on Ag(111)

Abstract Oxametallacycles have been previously grafted onto Ag(110) by adsorbing 2-iodoethanol to mimic possible intermediates in the catalytic epoxidation of ethylene. Since Ag(111) has been shown to be a good model catalyst for this reaction under realistic pressures of ethylene and oxygen, this work was extended to studying the chemistry of 2-iodoethanol on Ag(111) using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopies. It was found that iodoethanol reacts at relatively low temperatures to form 2-hydroxyethyl species and co-adsorbed iodine. Hydroxyethyl species react above ∼150 K to eliminate water and evolve equimolar amounts of ethylene. The remaining fragment with stoichiometry C 2 H 4 O reacts with the surface to form predominantly oxametallacycles which thermally decompose at ∼260 K to yield acetaldehyde. A minority species is also identified which thermally decomposes to yield acetaldehyde at ∼315 K and may be due to an oxametallacycle which adopts a different orientation as a function of temperature and coverage or a 2-hydroxyethylidene species.
Two different methods result in the selection of peptides that induce a protective antibody response to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C

Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The presently available capsular polysaccharide vaccine is poorly immunogenic in children under the age of 2 due to its T-independent (TI) nature. Efforts to overcome the TI response elicited by the polysaccharide vaccine have led to the development of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Although a T-dependent (TD) response can be achieved in young children, the response to the polysaccharide still retains characteristics of a TI antibody response. An alternative method of potentially inducing a TD response to a carbohydrate antigen is through peptides that mimic the capsular polysaccharide. Our laboratory, through the production of an anti-idiotypic (anti-id) monoclonal antibody, designated 6F9, has previously identified a peptide mimic of the meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide (MCPS). Using the same selecting monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1E4, we have screened a phage display library and identified 13 unique peptides that bound specifically to mAb1E4. Two peptides, Pep1C and Pep2C, that demonstrated the highest binding to mAb1E4, were selected, complexed to proteosomes, and used to immunize Balb/c mice. Of the 13 peptide motifs, only one peptide motif, that of Pep2C, was found to resemble the immunogenic peptide sequence of the anti-id selected with the same mAb, although many contained several similar amino acid residues. Immunization with Pep2C, but not Pep1C, induced a significant and functional anti-MCPS antibody response that conferred protection from a lethal challenge with meningococci. Our results indicate that immunization with a peptide of N. meningitidis serogroup C, screened with the same mAb that selected an anti-id of MCPS, induces a functional and protective anti-MCPS immune response similar to that of the anti-id. This study demonstrates that two different selection methods, production of an anti-id and biopanning using a phage display library, can be used to select functional and protective peptides of MCPS with similar moieties.
A Systems Approach

Traditionally, the management of manure nutrients has focused primarily on the production, collection, storage, and field application of manure. By contrast, a total systems approach expands this focus to include concerns about human and animal health, odor and fly control, nutrient import and handling, ration balancing and feeding management to optimize dietary nutrient utilization, management of crop harvest and storage to maximize feed palatability and nutrient digestibility, manure processing for export, farm economics of nutrient management, and the broader economic impacts of environmental regulation and enforcement. In the future, the focus of manure and nutrient management must be to optimize nutrient flow and utilization at every point within the total dairy farm system. A total systems approach to nutrient management is vital to the future of the dairy industry. This approach requires a broad spectrum of scientific expertise that includes multidisciplinary teams involving agronomists, dairy scientists, economists, engineers, microbiologists, soil scientists, veterinarians, and regulators to deal successfully with the complex issues pertaining to dairy nutrient management.
On the stability of input-output systems

In this paper the concept of the stability of general functional systems given by M. D. Mesarovic and Y. Takahara is generalized, and the concepts of stability and uniform stability of the generalized model of systems introduced by Yonghao Ma and Yi Lin are given. The relations between the concepts posed by M. D. Mesarovic and Y. Takahara and ours and between the stability and the continuity of functions are studied. In the last section, the preimages of stable systems and uniformly stable systems under homomorphic mappings and system-continuous mappings are studied. Some open questions are posed.
Spin-fluctuation contribution to the high-frequency electrical conductivity of nearly magnetic transition metals

The high-frequency limit of the electrical conductivity of nonmagnetic transition metals is calculated. The conduction electrons are assumed to be scattered by the spin fluctuations in the partially filled $d$ bands. The frequency-dependent conductivity has a Drude-type form, in which the scattering rate is itself frequency dependent. The scattering rate is increased as the magnetic susceptibility is enhanced by the spin fluctuations. The scattering rate exhibits a complicated frequency and temperature dependence. However, in the dc limit it does follow the low-temperature ${T}^{2}$ law of electron-electron collisions followed at higher temperatures by a linear dependence on $T$. On the other hand, at $T=0$, the scattering rate is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ for low frequency.
Tryptic enzymes of chinook salmon

Abstract The esterolytic and/or proteolytic activities of the mixed endopeptidases of extracts of salmon caeca and of partially purified preparations were studied. Two activities were found with properties similar to mammalian trypsin (TSAME activity) and chymotrypsin (ATEE activity). Both activities were stabilized by calcium ions. Both activities were inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor in a manner similar to the inhibition of the mammalian enzymes but with one notable difference in mixtures of enzymes. The fish enzymes were inactivated in acidic solutions in which mammalian enzymes are stable. The optimal pH for proteolysis by the mixed fish enzymes was 9.0 and the optimal temperature under the conditions used was 49 °C.
Estimating single-channel kinetic parameters from idealized patch-clamp data containing missed events.

We present here a maximal likelihood algorithm for estimating single-channel kinetic parameters from idealized patch-clamp data. The algorithm takes into account missed events caused by limited time resolution of the recording system. Assuming a fixed dead time, we derive an explicit expression for the corrected transition rate matrix by generalizing the theory of Roux and Sauve (1985, Biophys. J. 48:149-158) to the case of multiple conductance levels. We use a variable metric optimizer with analytical derivatives for rapidly maximizing the likelihood. The algorithm is applicable to data containing substates and multiple identical or nonidentical channels. It allows multiple data sets obtained under different experimental conditions, e.g., concentration, voltage, and force, to be fit simultaneously. It also permits a variety of constraints on rate constants and provides standard errors for all estimates of model parameters. The algorithm has been tested extensively on a variety of kinetic models with both simulated and experimental data. It is very efficient and robust; rate constants for a multistate model can often be extracted in a processing time of approximately 1 min, largely independent of the starting values.
Effect of spring burning on the surface energy balance in a tallgrass prairie

Abstract Spring burning of dead biomass in tallgrass prairie is a common practice that may influence heat and water vapor transport from the landscape. Bowen ratio methods were used to measure the surface energy balances and evapotranspiration (ET) from burned (B) and unburned (UB) prairie near Manhattan, KS, USA. Data were collected from day of year (DOY) 109–258, 1997 following fire on the B site on DOY 107. Early in the growing season, differences in albedo and surface conductance to water vapor transport ( g s , i.e., mulch effect) caused large variations in energy fluxes between B and UB sites. During a 44-day period immediately after the burn (DOY 109–152), albedo averaged 43% lower on the B compared with the UB site. Consequently, available energy (net radiation minus soil heat flux) was 8.6% higher on the B than on the UB site. The g s during that time was over three times higher on the B site, a result of dead biomass removal by fire. During the same period, the daytime Bowen ratios averaged 0.79 on the B site and 2.89 on the UB site, with ET rates of 2.97 mm per day (B site) and 1.40 mm per day (UB site). By DOY 152, canopy growth had moderated differences in albedo and available energy between sites. However, g s and ET remained higher on the B site between DOY 152 and 181. Green leaf area index averaged 71% higher on the B site, and was the primary cause for this mid-season effect (i.e., differences in transpiration). By DOY 182, the effects of the burn on energy fluxes were negligible. Cumulative estimates of ET during the 150-day period were 503 mm on the B site and 408 mm on the UB site, thus, burning increased seasonal ET by 23.3%. Results suggest that land management or environmental factors that affect dead litter, albedo, or green leaf area will have strong impacts on the water and energy balances of a grassland.
Uniqueness of minimal projections onto two-dimensional subspaces

In this paper we prove that the minimal projections from Lp (1 < p < ∞) onto any two-dimensional subspace is unique. This result complements the theorems of W. Odyniec ([OL, Theorem I.1.3], [O3]) We also investigate the minimal number of norming points for such projections.
The Homeodomain Protein NK-3 Recruits Groucho and a Histone Deacetylase Complex to Repress Transcription

Abstract Transcriptional repression by sequence-specific DNA binding factors is mediated by the recruitment of a corepressor complex to the promoter region. The NK-3 homeodomain protein is a transcriptional repressor that recruits the nuclear protein kinase, homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). Here we show that HIPK2 is a component of a corepressor complex containing Groucho and a histone deacetylase complex. Groucho, like HIPK2, acts as a corepressor for NK-3 and binds to NK-3 and HIPK2. Moreover, HIPK2 appears to regulate the corepressor activity of Groucho. Transcriptional repression by NK-3 and Groucho is relieved by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, and both NK-3 and Groucho directly interact with the histone deacetylase HDAC1 that is associated with mSin3Ain vivo. Recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex by NK-3 decreases the acetylated histones that are associated with the target gene promoter. These results indicate that NK-3 represses transcription by recruiting a complex containing Groucho and a histone deacetylase complex that leads to histone modification on chromatin and suggest that HIPK2 may play a regulatory role in the corepressor complex formation.
Structure of Sphingomyelin Bilayers: A Simulation Study

We have carried out a molecular dynamics simulation of a hydrated 18:0 sphingomyelin lipid bilayer. The bilayer contained 1600 sphingomyelin (SM) molecules, and 50,592 water molecules. After construction and initial equilibration, the simulation was run for 3.8 ns at a constant temperature of 50°C and a constant pressure of 1 atm. We present properties of the bilayer calculated from the simulation, and compare with experimental data and with properties of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. The SM bilayers are significantly more ordered and compact than DPPC bilayers at the same temperature. SM bilayers also exhibit significant intramolecular hydrogen bonding between phosphate ester oxygen and hydroxyl hydrogen atoms. This results in a decreased hydration in the polar region of the SM bilayer compared with DPPC. Since our simulation system is very large we have calculated the power spectrum of bilayer undulation and peristaltic modes, and we compare these data with similar calculations for DPPC bilayers. We find that the SM bilayer has significantly larger bending modulus and area compressibility compared to DPPC.
A Conceptual Model for Obstetric Nursing

The author discusses the need for and purpose of a more comprehensive theoretical basis for nursing practice, research, and education. She then presents her own theoretical model of the pregnancy experience, with implications for nursing intervention. Also included (see box) is a discussion of the definition, development, and use of theory.
IDENTIFICATION OF N5-METHYL-N5-FORMYL-2,5,6-TRIAMINO-4-HYDROXYPYRIMIDINE AS A MAJOR ADDUCT IN RAT LIVER DNA AFTER TREATMENT WITH THE CARCINOGENS, N,N-DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE OR 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

A major and previously undetected carcinogen-DNA adduct was found in the livers of rats given N,N-dimethylnitrosamine or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. This adduct, which accounted for 55% of the total methyl residues in DNA at 72 hours after carcinogen treatment, was chromatographically identical to a synthetic purine ring-opened derivative of 7-methylguanine and could be released from the isolated hepatic DNA by a specific E. coli glycosylase. The synthetic ring-opened adduct was characterized by mass and NMR spectroscopy as N5-methyl-N5-formyl-2,5,6-triamino-4-hydroxypyrimidine and appears to exist in two rotameric forms.
Determination of serum inorganic phosphorus using a discrete analyzer

Abstract Concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone and o -phenylenediamine have been optimized to allow performance of serum inorganic phosphorus using a discrete analyzer, the Vickers M-300. The reagents are stable. The method is precise, accurate, reliable and very sensitive. A precipitate forms in the reaction mixture from some serum specimens containing abnormal globulins.
Deactivation of nickel methanation catalysts induced by the decomposition of iron carbonyl: I. Deactivation via pore-mouth blocking

The deactivation of alumina-supported nickel methanation catalysts due to decomposition of Fe(CO)5 was studied using both reaction kinetics measurements and in situ Mossbauer spectroscopy. Iron carbonyl, enriched in 57Fe for Mossbauer spectroscopy studies, was produced in situ and entrained with the carbon monoxide feed to a methanation reactor operating at temperatures of 620–650 K and H2CO ratios near 7. This incorporation of Fe into the nickel catalyst via the decomposition of Fe(CO)5 resulted in significant catalyst deactivation as well as changes in the parameters of a power law rate expression describing the methanation kinetics. With increasing amounts of Fe deposited on the catalyst, the kinetic parameters were shifted toward those of iron catalysts. These iron-induced phenomena are due to (1) pore-mouth blocking of the Al2O3 micropore structure by iron particles formed during the diffusion-limited decomposition of Fe(CO)5, and (2) interactions between iron and nickel in the macropores of the support. Specifically, the loss of catalyst activity is primarily caused by pore-mouth blocking, while shifts in kinetic parameters are the consequence of both pore-mouth blocking and interactions between iron and nickel. The majority of the iron deposited under methanation reaction conditions has been identified as χ-carbide (Hagg carbide) using Mossbauer spectroscopy at liquid helium temperature.
CCK2 (CCKB/gastrin) receptor mediates rapid protein kinase D (PKD) activation through a protein kinase C‐dependent pathway

Addition of gastrin or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) to cultures of Rat-1 cells stably transfected with the CCK2 (CCKB/gastrin) receptor induced protein kinase D (PKD) activation that was detectable within 1 min and reached a maximum (∼10-fold) after 2.5 min of hormonal stimulation. Half-maximal PKD activation for both CCK-8 and gastrin was achieved at 10 nM. Treatment with various concentrations of the selective PKC inhibitors Ro 31-8220 or GF-I potently blocked PKD activation induced by subsequent addition of CCK-8 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Our results indicate that PKC-dependent PKD activation is a novel early event in the action of gastrin and CCK-8 via CCK2 receptors.