cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
States in 12B and primordial nucleosynthesis: (I). Spectroscopic measurements

Abstract The 9 Be(α, p) 12 B and 11 B(d, p) 12 B reactions have been used to determine excitation energies, total widths and spin-parities for states which could correspond to astrophysically significant resonances in the 8 Li(α, n) 11 B reaction. Six such states are observed at E x = 10.199, 10.417, 10.564, 10.880, 11.328 and 11.571 MeV. None of these states corresponds to the broad resonance observed in the 11 B(n, α) 8 Li reaction. However, we find no evidence that such a resonance exists.
Identification Of Proteins Involved In Orai1 Trafficking By Mass Spectrometry-based Approach.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ influx pathway essential for many physiological functions. Dysregulation of SOCE causes disruption in Ca2+ homeostasis leading to cellular pathology of several diseases. Orai1, a key regulator of SOCE, constitutively recycles at steady state in the frog oocyte and internalizes into an intracellular vesicular compartments during meiosis, leading to inactivation of SOCE. Previous data showed a role for Orai1 C-terminus in its internalization during meiosis. However, the minimal region required for Orai1 internalization at steady state and during meiosis is not known. In this study we investigate the molecular determinants of Orai1 trafficking in Xenopus oocytes by comparing the localization of multiple Orai1 C-terminal mutants 1-266, 1-275, and 1-285 intracellularly. Orai1 mutants 1-275 and 1-285 were both present in endosomes and were internalized during meiosis behaving similarly to WT. However, Orai1 1-266 was enriched at the plasma membrane and showed decreased localization to the endosomal compartment at steady state. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type Orai1, it was not internalized during oocyte maturation. To identify proteins interacting with Orai1 and involved in its trafficking, we co-immunoprecipitated Orai1 complexes from oocytes expressing WT Orai1 and Orai1 1-266 and analyzed complexes by mass spectrometry. Our preliminary data identified several candidate proteins co-immunoprecipitating with WT Orai1 but not with Orai1 1-266 mutant. To summarize, our results show that the region of Orai1 containing residues 267-275 is likely essential for Orai1 localization to endosomes suggesting a role for this domain in Orai1 intracellular distribution. Mass spectrometry analysis on co-immunoprecipitation of Orai1 WT identified several candidates that are missing in Orai1 1-266 co-IPs, suggesting a role for these candidates in Orai1 trafficking.
A key to copepod nauplii

A key for the identification of the developmental stages of the most common planktonic and benthic copepod nauplii is presented. The key is based on external morphological characteristics. The orders Cyclopoda, Calanoida, Polyarthra and Oligoarthra are covered in the key.
Role of Rheological Behavior in Sensory Assessment of Foods and Swallowing

Sensory perception of foods is based on the integration of information about numerous aspects of a food, through a number of senses that reach the brain. Among these, the structural information plays an important role. The surface structure of a food product is first perceived by vision, and then the bulk structure is assessed by tactile and kinaesthetic senses combined with hearing while the food is chewed. In spite of the fact that texture is a perceived attribute, which is dynamically evaluated during consumption, many attempts have been done to gain insights into the texture of foods through rheological and structural studies. Several reviews have been published, by (1978), (1982), (1987), and (1988).
Relationship Between Prophage Induction and Transformation in Haemophilus influenzae

Abstract The interaction between transformation and prophages of HP1c1, S2, and a defective phage of Haemophilus influenzae has been investigated by measurement of (i) the effect of prophage on transformation frequency and (ii) the effect of transformation on phage induction. The presence of any of the prophages does not appreciably alter transformation frequencies in various Rec+ and Rec− strains. However, exposure of competent lysogens to transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may induce phage but only in Rec+ strains, which are able to integrate transforming DNA into their genome. Transformation of Rec+ lysogens with DNA irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light causes the production of even more phage than results from unirradiated DNA, but this indirect UV induction is not as effective as direct induction by UV irradiation of lysogens. Both types of UV induction are influenced by the repair capacity of the host. Wild-type cells contain a prophage and can be induced by transformation to produce a defective phage, which kills a small fraction of the cells. Defective phage in wild-type cells are also induced by H. parainfluenzae DNA, and a much larger fraction of the cells is killed. Strain BC200, which is highly transformable but is not inducible for defective phage, is not killed by H. parainfluenzae DNA, suggesting that wild-type cells are killed by killed by this DNA because of phage induction. A minicell-producing mutant, LB11, has been isolated. Some phage induction occurs in this strain when the cells are made competent, unlike the wild type. A large majority of LB11 cells surviving the competence regime are killed by exposure to transforming DNA.
Preparation and properties of Pb2+ beta″ alumina: Development of a new method for mapping ion distribution in solid electrolytes

Abstract Point-by-point X-ray absorption mapping is a simple and non-destructive technique for mapping the distribution of mobile ions in the beta aluminas and related materials. It can be used to study the diffusion of many different ions into and out of solid electrolytes and is a powerful technique for studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of ion exchange reactions. The results demonstrate the unreliability of weight change measurements as an indicator of the extent of ion exchange in the beta aluminas, particularly when multivalent transition metals or lanthanide ions are involved.
STAGE-SPECIFIC AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION AND TROUT ON A HEADWATER STREAM SALAMANDER

In species with complex life cycles, stage-specific effects of environmental conditions combine with factors regulating stage-specific recruitment to determine popu- lation-level response to habitat disturbance. The abundance of the stream salamander Gyr- inophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae) is negatively related to both logging-associated sedimentation and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in headwater streams throughout New Hampshire, USA. To understand the mechanisms underlying these patterns, we investigated stage-specific and interactive effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus. We conducted quantitative surveys of salamanders, brook trout, and substrate embeddedness in 15 first-order streams and used a controlled experiment to test the direct and interactive effects of these factors on larval growth and survival. G. porphyriticus larvae and adults had opposite patterns of response to sediment and brook trout. Multiple regression analysis of our survey data indicated that abundance of larvae was negatively related to brook trout abundance, but unrelated to substrate embeddedness. In contrast, abundance of adults was primarily related to substrate embeddedness. Consistent with the field pattern of larval abundance, brook trout had a negative effect on growth and survival of larvae in the experiment. However, there was no effect of sediment and no interaction between brook trout and sediment. Larval and adult abundances were not significantly correlated in the study streams, indicative of the independent effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus populations. These results suggest that adult resistance to fish may facilitate G. porphyriticus coexistence with brook trout, and that larval resistance to sedimentation can buffer populations from extinction in fishless streams impacted by logging. In streams with brook trout, where larval abundances are low, reductions in adult abundance caused by logging impacts may pose a risk to species persistence. Our findings underscore the value of information on species life history, demography, and community ecology in as- sessing sensitivity to anthropogenic perturbation.
An analysis of human and computer decision-making capabilities

Abstract Decision theory is a formal basis for considering human decision making. It has typically focused on humans and even if the decision-maker is assisted in the process, it is assumed that the assistance is provided by another human. However, in the computer age the decision-maker is assisted more often than not by a computer. Hence in this paper we explore the rationale for an integrated human-computer information processor and consider the information processing capabilities of the human and the computer within a formal model of decision-making. The analysis for the computer is done assuming it has at least the capabilities of a decision support system.
Simultaneous detection of perchlorate and bromate using rapid high-performance ion exchange chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and perchlorate removal in drinking water

Perchlorate and bromate occurrence in drinking water causes health concerns due to their effects on thyroid function and carcinogenicity, respectively. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to advance a sensitive method for simultaneous rapid detection of perchlorate and bromate in drinking water system, (2) to systematically study the occurrence of these two contaminants in Missouri drinking water treatment systems, and (3) to examine effective sorbents for minimizing perchlorate in drinking water. A rapid high-performance ion exchange chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPIC-MS/MS) method was advanced for simultaneous detection of perchlorate and bromate in drinking water. The HPIC-MS/MS method was rapid, required no preconcentration of the water samples, and had detection limits for perchlorate and bromate of 0.04 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively. The method was applied to determine perchlorate and bromate concentrations in total of 23 selected Missouri drinking water treatment systems during differing seasons. The water systems selected include different source waters: groundwater, lake water, river water, and groundwater influenced by surface water. The concentrations of perchlorate and bromate were lower than or near to method detection limits in most of the drinking water samples monitored. The removal of perchlorate by various adsorbents was studied. A cationic organoclay (TC-99) exhibited effective removal of perchlorate from drinking water matrices.
Neural correlates of self-evaluative accuracy after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) often exhibit an array of cognitive deficits, yet perhaps most maladaptive of these sequelae is the frequent occurrence of reduced insight into one's own condition. In such cases, TBI individuals may overestimate their post-injury level of socio-cognitive functioning, leading to disparities between how they perceive themselves and what others observe. This functional MRI (fMRI) investigation examined the relationship between level of insight into one's post-injury condition (i.e. trait/ability status) and neural activation evoked during an fMRI task involving self-appraisal of one's traits and abilities. Twenty TBI patients (8–12 weeks post-injury, ER Glasgow Coma Scale Average = 10.9 ± 2.8) were selected on the criterion that they overestimate their current trait/abilities (as detected on the patient competency rating scale, PCRS). fMRI activation on the self-appraisal task was compared between the TBI patients and 20 matched controls. For both groups, the fMRI task evoked activation at mid-line prefrontal and retrosplenial cortices. TBI patients exhibited greater signal change in the anterior cingulate, precuneus and right temporal pole. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was conducted for the TBI group, with the PCRS and a measure of cognitive speed entered as predictor variables to determine the selective effect of insight on self-evaluative brain activation. A more accurate level of trait/ability-based insight was related to increased signal change in the right anterior dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results suggest that one's post-injury level of self-referential insight is related to a network inclusive of the medial and right dorsal PFC.
Real-time dual-microphone noise classification for environment-adaptive pipelines of cochlear implants

This paper presents an improved noise classification in environment-adaptive speech processing pipelines of cochlear implants. This improvement is achieved by using a dual-microphone and by using a computationally efficient feature-level combination approach to achieve real-time operation. A new measure named Suppression Advantage is also defined in order to quantify the noise suppression improvement of an entire pipeline due to noise classification. The noise classification and suppression improvement results are presented for four commonly encountered noise environments.
PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN FOLIAR TRICHOMES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN QUERCUS

Scanning electron microscopy of leaf trichomes of the forty two native species of oaks in eastern North America indicates five patterns of variability: 1) Eight trichome types are evident among the species and each species possesses a definite complement of trichome types. Certain trichomes are restricted to particular subgenera and series. 2) An obvious seasonal loss of trichomes occurs during leaf maturation. This loss may be both quantitative in terms of trichome density and qualitative in terms of trichome type. 3) There is an obvious difference between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The adaxial side of most oak leaves is dark green, lustrous, and glabrous or glabrate. The abaxial surface either remains pubescent, becomes glabrate or glabrous, or maintains trichomes along the midrib or in the axils of major secondary veins. There are also initial quantitative and qualitative trichome differences between the two sides. 4) Geographical and ecological variations are due in part to non-genetic ecophenic modifications, ecotypic differentiation, and random genetic differences not necessarily correlated with environmental conditions. Trichome types are considered to be less affected by environment than is trichome density. 5) Hybridization and introgression within a subgenus leads to localized variability. Trichomes of hybrids are usually a combination of the parental types. These five patterns of variation are predictable and appear to be held within rather narrow limits. The complement of foliar trichomes, therefore, is a reliable character in the taxonomy of the oaks. VESTITURE and types of foliar trichomes have
Basic Drug Screen and Quantitation of Five Toxic Alkaloids in Milk, Chocolate Milk, Orange Juice, and Blended Vegetable Juice

A convenient and general method for the determination of alkaloids in processed foods and a screen for basic drugs is presented. The food matrix is removed by mixing the sample with a buffered ion-pair reagent followed by centrifugation. The alkaloids are solid phase extracted from the supernatant. The extracted alkaloids are eluted and then analyzed by HPLC using reversed phase ion-pair chromatography. The run is isocratic. A photodiode array detector allows the simultaneous collection of signals at optimum wavelengths for a series of alkaloids in the same sample. The mean percent recovery across five alkaloids in four matrices was 87%. Keywords: Foods; alkaloids; solid phase extraction; HPLC
Neurostimulation for bladder evacuation: Is sacral root stimulation a substitute for microstimulation?

Objective To determine by anatomical and functional studies whether stimulation of sacral rootlets might permit selective stimulation of autonomic fibres, thus avoiding the detrusor/sphincter dyssynergia characteristic of current techniques of neurostimulation for bladder evacuation. Materials and methods In 10 male mongrel dogs, the S2 root was isolated and its constituent rootlets followed from their origin in the spinal cord to the point of exit from the dura. The entire root and the individual rootlets were then stimulated, including intra- and extra-dural stimulation and at proximal, mid and distal levels. Results Neuroanatomical and histological findings showed that the rootlets of ventral S2 maintain their identity throughout their intradural course; some carry predominantly autonomic fibres, some predominantly somatic and some a mixture of the two. Conclusion It appears surgically feasible to identify, isolate and sever the predominantly somatic rootlets intradurally, sparing the predominantly autonomic rootlets for inclusion in extradural electrode placement around the entire sacral root, thus eliminating sphincteric interference with detrusor contraction for voiding at low pressure.
INVARIANT IMBEDDING AND TRANSPORT THEORY: A UNIFIED APPROACH

Invariant imbedding formulations of several important transport problems are derived from the reduction of twopoint value problems to initial value problems. The results of this derivation are applied to a classical problem of transport in a slab, assuming discrete angular dependence. The results suggest analogous results for continuous angular dependence in the transport in the slab, and the formulations are also applied to this problem. The results are also obtained for time-dependent problems. In all these formulations, the functions are assumed tinuous and differentiable to justify the operations performed. This formalism is discussed and the possibility of putting the invariant imbedding method on a rigorous basis is analyzed. (N.W.R.)
Factoring spectral matrices in linear-quadratic models

A spectral factorization method that yields closed form solutions for symmetric matrix functions that arise in linear-quadratic economic models is presented. The method builds on a preliminary factorization using the zeroes of the matrix.
Chemisorption rates by chromatography—Hydrogen on cobalt

Abstract Chemisorption rates for hydrogen on a cobalt/kieselguhr catalyst were measured by a Chromatographic technique. Using deuterium as a tracer with continuous flow of hydrogen ensured that the rates corresponded to constant surface coverage. Data were obtained at atmospheric pressure over the range −34 to 23.5 °C. The method could not be applied at high temperatures because of nonequilibrium behavior, possibly due to tightly bound hydrogen which was not desorbable at low temperature. The equilibrium adsorption from −34 to 23.5 °C was 4–5 times less than that for a similar nickel/kieselguhr catalyst. The rates of adsorption of hydrogen on nickel and cobalt were about equal at the lower temperature level but that for cobalt was an order of magnitude less at 23.5 °C. The corresponding activation energies were 5.2 kcal/g mole (cobalt) and 13.8 (nickel). These differences were much greater than expected from the difference in surface area for the two catalysts.
Detailed modelling of combustion systems

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with some of the basic principles of detailed modelling as applied to combustion systems. Detailed modelling is also known as numerical simulation. It can be used to describe the chemical and physical evolution of a complex reactive flow system by solving numerically the governing time-dependent conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy. Solving these equations requires input data such as the species present, the chemical reactions that can occur, transport coefficients for viscosity, thermal conductivity, molecular diffusion, and thermal diffusion, the equation of state for the various materials present, and a set of boundary, source and initial conditions. Given this information, the equations contain in principle all the information we might want from the largest macroscopic space scales down to the point where the fluid approximation itself breaks down. Flame, detonation, turbulence phenomena, and all multidimensional effects are included in the solutions of these equations. An important goal of detailed modelling is to develop a computational model with a well-understood range of validity. This model can then be used in a predictive role to evaluate the feasibility and validity of new concepts. It can also be used to interpret experimental measurements, to extend our knowledge to new parameter regimes, and perhaps as an engineering design tool. Throughout these various applications, the model may serve as an excellent way to test our understanding of the interactions of the individual physical processes which control the behavior of a reactive flow system.
Hypersurfaces in Einstein-Riemann space and their compatibility conditions

Abstract The following article deals with the differential geometry of those three-dimensional hypersurfaces Σ which are associated with the boundaries of moving bodies in the general theory of relativity. Compatibility conditions of the second and third orders are formulated for arbitrary coordinate systems under the assumption that second order discontinuities in the metric structure occur over the hypersurfaces Σ. The space-time representations of the various general results are considered with particular attention to the case of stationary surfaces since it is anticipated that the theory of discontinuities over such surfaces will provide the mathematical groundwork for physically significant new developments.
Influence of physiological state and experience on the responsiveness of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to aphid honeydew and to host plants.

The effect of physiological state (hunger) and experience on the responsiveness of the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson), to clean and honeydew-contaminated host plants was investigated in laboratory bioassays. Both fed and unfed parasitoids spent significantly longer examining honeydew-contaminated plants compared to uncontaminated controls, but the presence of honeydew did not influence attack latency (i.e., the speed with which naive parasitoids found and attacked hosts). Hunger, however, had a significant negative effect on attack latency, presumably as a result of a physiologically based shift from host- to food-location behavior in starved parasitoids. The parasitoid 's response to clean plants was significantly increased as a result of classical conditioning procedures, whereas the response to honeydew-contaminated plants was not.
On boundary conditions for hyperbolic difference schemes

Abstract We describe an investigation, largely experimental, to determine stable approximations for the boundary conditions of hyperbolic systems. We are concerned with the fully discrete leapfrog scheme, and also with the method of lines which uses a finite difference approximation in space and an ODE solver in time. We are especially interested in schemes which have fourth order accuracy. Our discussion concerns problems in only one space dimension. We describe a modification of the scheme developed by Oliger [7] to stabilize the leapfrog scheme when a fourth order spatial difference approximation is used. We analyze boundary approximations for the method of lines by a numerical study of the eigenvalues and norm of the matrix for the semi-discrete system. These are checked by integrations of the system using an ODE solver. We also study the use of boundary conditions which are differentiated in time. This is done in order to obtain a system to which an ODE solver can be conveniently applied.
Higher Medical Morbidity Burden Is Associated with External Locus of Control

Objectives: To describe the association between an increasing number of coexisting conditions and locus of control (LOC), a psychological construct reflecting the degree to which one perceives circumstances to be controlled by personal actions (internal LOC) versus outside factors (external LOC) in older adults. Design: Cross-sectional study using survey data from the North Carolina Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (NC EPESE) data set. Setting: Community. Participants: Three thousand two hundred twelve community-dwelling adults aged 68 and older. Measurements: Nine common medical conditions were assessed according to self-report. LOC was measured using a standard questionnaire. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, functional status (self-reported activities of daily living), cognition (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire), and depression score (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Results: A higher number of chronic conditions was associated with external LOC (? = 0.37, P < .001). This relationship persisted after adjustment for age, race, sex, functional status, cognition, and depression (? = 0.17, P < .001). Most individual conditions were not associated with LOC, although vision impairment (P < .001) and arthritis (P = .02) were associated with more-internal LOC. Conclusion: These results suggest that medically complex patients tend to exhibit a more-external LOC, meaning that they perceive little personal control over circumstances and environment. Clinicians should be aware of this tendency, because external LOC may impede an older adult's willingness to engage in the considerable task of managing multiple chronic conditions.
Nocardiosis in childhood

Summary 1. A fatal case of nocardiosis, clinically simulating tuberculosis, in a 45-month-old male is presented. This represents the twelfth reported case of nocardiosis in the pediatric age group. 2. The bacteriology, clinical features, pathology, and treatment of nocardial infections are reviewed. 3. The morphological, cultural, biochemical, antigenic, and pathogenic similarities of Nocardia and the tubercle bacillus are emphasized. 4. Nocardia may become predominant and invasive as a result of prolonged antibiotic therapy. 5. The saprophytic nature of the organism, its low grade pathogenicity for man, and its in vitro sensitivity to multiple antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents are pointed to as factors which probably give a significant incidence of clinically inapparent infections. 6. Nocardia is sensitive in vitro to multiple antibiotics and, although clinically ineffective, these agents may interfere with cultural detection of the organism. 7. It is suggested that the disease be considered in all chronic suppurative disease, in all cases of obscure bronchopulmonary disease unresponsive to antibiotics, and in all cases of suspected tuberculosis where a bacteriological diagnosis is lacking. 8. The diagnosis of nocardiosis is bacteriological. The survival rate is related to early diagnosis and institution of appropriate therapy. Sulfonamide drugs, alone or in combination with penicillin and appropriate surgery, represent the treatment of choice.
Stress wave propagation in maxwell fluid contained in rigid spherical shells

Abstract For stress wave propagation in a rigid spherical shell containing Maxwell fluid subjected to translational and rotational acceleration, the solutions to the governing equations are obtained by employing a finite difference technique, when the input acceleration is a unit step function. The solutions can be extended to accelerations which are general functions of time with the proper discretization of the input acceleration curve. The radial and temporal distribution of the stress waves in both cases are presented. The solutions are also specialized for the case of purely viscous fluids. The applicability of this model for brain injury simulation is briefly discussed.
Changes in quality of life among persons with HIV infection

Health-related quality of life (QOL) is an important component of the evaluation of patient outcome in HIV infection where disease is progressive and debilitating. This paper compares patient-reported QOL obtained from questionnaires which cover functional ability, social functioning, cognition, mental health, disability days, disease symptoms, and overall health in the previous 3 months. These scales have been validated on HIV populations. We compared changes in health status over 12 months for 669 patients with varying HIV disease severity: 134 asymptomatic, 416 symptomatic (previously termed ARC), and 119 AIDS. Groups were evaluated at baseline for demographic and health status differences (i.e., age, CD4+). Declines in health status and psychosocial status were found over the year for all persons. Individuals with symptomatic disease or AIDS had significant declines of 10–20% (p<0.001) in all aspects of role functioning (social, daily activities, energy, and global health) and increased disease symptoms, but no significant declines in cognition or mental health. Persons with AIDS had greater declines than those with symptomatic disease. AIDS and symptomatic patients also reported significantly fewer hours at work and more disability days than asymptomatic patients. The impact that HIV disease has on the health status of non-AIDS symptomatic patients is especially striking.
Measuring and improving the quality of hospital language services: insights from the Speaking Together collaborative.

In 2006, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched Speaking Together: National Language Services Network, an initiative designed to improve the quality and availability of language services in US hospitals. Speaking Together works with hospitals that were selected through a competitive application process with multiple levels of review. The selection process targeted hospitals with substantial numbers of limited English-proficient (LEP) patients and well-established language programs that could complete a complex project with rigorous data collection requirements. The result is a group of 10 hospitals (Table 1) whose language services are more robust than the average hospital and that bring enthusiasm to the process of performance improvement in language services, dedication to working collaboratively through interdisciplinary project teams, and strong commitment from senior leadership to support their efforts. Table 1 Speaking Together Hospitals In this Commentary, I offer personal insights from my role as Director of the National Program Office for Speaking Together. First, I discuss the process of developing and some of the challenges of implementing performance measures for hospital language services. Then, I offer some lessons learned from my own “field experience” with the Speaking Together project thus far about what I consider key elements for creating and implementing effective language services programs.
The effects of oxygen on superconducting A15 NbSi

The addition of oxygen during electron‐beam evaporation of NbSi enhances the stability of the A15 phase and increases the onset of the superconducting transition from 6 to 8.3 K. Phase diagrams have been prepared for films evaporated with and without oxygen. Films of up to 600‐A thickness have also been studied to learn the effects of oxygen on the early stages of film growth. A comparison of the role of oxygen in NbSi with the roles suggested for oxygen in NbGe is made, and additional models for the role of oxygen are presented.
Theory of operation of the double-heterostructure optoelectronic switch operating as a laser

A theoretical description for the operation of the thyristor laser is developed based upon the unique current equations for the thyristor ON-state conduction. The laser equations are based upon the assumption of no k selection and allow closed-form solutions for the Fermi energies and the lasing frequency. The results are compared to the corresponding results for the p-n diode laser, and the thyristor is shown to have a slight advantage in threshold current and efficiency. The results are compared to experiment, and favorable agreement with the predictions is obtained.
Joseph Sandler's Contributions to The Concept of Countertransference

A few months before Joe Sandler's death, he participated in an American Psychoanalytic Association panel that focused on the Controversial Discussions that occurred in the British Psychoanalytic Society from 1941 to 1945. Our plan was to revisit the controversies in the context of British psychoanalysis some 50 years later. As we designed the panel, I suggested that we have one Kleinian panelist, one contemporary Freudian panelist, and a third panelist representing the Independents.
Matching preclusion and conditional matching preclusion for bipartite interconnection networks II: Cayley graphs generated by transposition trees and hyper-stars

The matching preclusion number of a graph with an even number of vertices is the minimum number of edges whose deletion results in a graph that has no perfect matchings. For many interconnection networks, the optimal sets are precisely those induced by a single vertex. It is natural to look for obstruction sets beyond those induced by a single vertex. The conditional matching preclusion number of a graph is the minimum number of edges whose deletion results in a graph with no isolated vertices that has no perfect matchings. In this companion paper of Cheng et al. (Networks (NET 1554)), we find these numbers for a number of popular interconnection networks including hypercubes, star graphs, Cayley graphs generated by transposition trees and hyper-stars. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Second version of a constant-fraction trigger redesigned with new integrated circuits and results with semiconductor detectors☆

Abstract A design of the constant-fraction trigger with recently introduced integrated circuits is given. Results are quoted for the time resolution with germanium detectors. These were obtained with a circuit modification to suppress tails in the time spectra associated with slow rising pulses.
Periodic changes in the oxidation state of manganese in photosynthetic oxygen evolution upon illumination with flashes.

Abstract The pattern of manganese released from chloroplast membranes by a rapid temperature shock after various illumination regimes indicates that changes in the oxidation state of bound manganese occur during photosynthesis. Continuous illumination decreases by 35–40% the amount of Mn(II) released in the presence of K3Fe(CN)6 compared with a dark-adapted control. Following illumination and heat treatment, the addition of the reductant H2O2 to the samples causes an increase in the level of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-detectable manganese. The pH dependence of the H2O2 reduction indicates that the non-EPR-detectable manganese present in the heated sample after illumination is in the form of higher oxidation state compounds, e.g. MnO2. The light-induced Mn(II) decrease is reversible in the dark with t 1 2 approx. 40 s and can be prevented by the presence of the Photosystem II inhibitors 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea or fluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone during the illumination period. After a series of brief flashes of light the Mn(II) released by heat treatment oscillates over periods of four flashes. The pattern is similar to the O2 yield flash pattern and suggests that a cycling of manganese oxidation states is involved in the O2 evolution mechanism. The oscillations in the Mn(II) release are analyzed in terms of the current four-step model for O2 evolution. The analysis suggests that manganese is successively oxidized in the first two steps, but undergoes a partial reduction on the third step. This result is consistent with the concept that water undergoes a partial oxidation prior to the release of O2 from the water-splitting complex.
Cross sections for ionization of gases by 5-4000-keV protons and for electron capture by 5-150-keV protons

Using the parallel-plate-capacitor method and a capacitance manometer to determine pressures, total cross sections for the production of positive and negative charges were measured for 5-4000-keV-proton impact on He, Ne, Ar, Kr, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. From these, ionization and electron-capture cross sections were obtained and fitted to semiempirical equations describing the energy dependence in terms of a few parameters. At high energies very good agreement is obtained in the comparison of the ionization cross sections to earlier proton- and electron-impact measurements and with theoretical treatments where they are available, but discrepancies exist for some targets at low energy. Above 10 keV the electron-capture cross sections are in agreement with earlier work for all the targets except CO and C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ for which they are (20-40)% higher.
Rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants

Naturalistic, longitudinal observations of 20 normal infants biweekly during their first year showed that they performed a great quantity and variety of rhythmical and highly stereotyped behaviours. Forty-seven movement patterns are described involving the legs and feet; the head and face; the arms, hands, and fingers; and the whole torso in various postures. These behaviours showed developmental regularities as well as constancy of form and distribution. Groups of stereotypies involving particular parts of the body or postures had characteristic ages of onset, peak performance, and decline. The onset of particular stereotypy groups was highly correlated with motor development. It is proposed that rhythmical stereotypies are manifestations of incomplete cortical control of endogenous patterning in maturing neuromuscular pathways.
Fine structure of the nucleolus in the young oocyte of a centipede.

The young oocyte of the centipede Scutigera forceps possesses numerous nucleoli which vary considerably in size. The electron microscope reveals them to be composed of small ribosome-like granules (probably RNP), relatively dense matrix, and, in some cases, a poorly defined nucleolonema.
Effects of thermal aging on 12Cr-1Mo steel

Abstract A study of the microstructural evolution during thermal aging was made on two heats of 12Cr-1Mo steel (HT-9) at various temperatures from 500 to 800°C for times of 30–10,000 h. Optical microscopy examination showed that for increasing temperature, the time of aging dictates changes in microstructure. Generally, an aging temperature of 650°C with times of greater than 600 h was required before precipitation reactions became noticeable. Aging at 800°C for times greater than 3,000 h produced an austenitic transformation product. This signifies that the lower temperature boundary of the austenitic region was exceeded. The slower aging rate of one heat is attributed to the presence of delta ferrite in the as-received material.
Dynamic Responses to Leptin Secretagogues in Lean, Obese, and Massively Obese Men and Women

Background/Aim: Basal plasma leptin levels are higher in women than in men and also higher in obese than in lean subjects, but the dynamic leptin secretion has not been well studied
Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer Experiment

The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer (GPMS) is a Probe instrument designed to measure the chemical and isotopic composition including vertical variations of the constituents in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The measurement will be performed by in situ sampling of the ambient atmosphere in the pressure range from approximately 150 mbar to 20 bar. In addition batch sampling will be performed for noble gas composition measurement and isotopic ratio determination and for sensitivity enhancement of non-reactive trace gases.
Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion

Background A 20-year old, otherwise healthy, female college student presented in an unresponsive state with respiratory distress after ingesting ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). She had initial plasma sodium concentration of 117 mmol/l. Investigations Physical examination, blood chemistry panel, urinary osmolality and electrolytes, arterial blood gas, chest X-ray, and CT scan of the brain. Diagnosis Hyponatremia associated with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and cerebral edema. Management Administration of a total of 6.8 l of isotonic saline and 0.245 l of 3% hypertonic saline with sporadic administration of intravenous furosemide. The patient died approximately 12 h after admission.
Implementing economic policy reforms: Policies and opportunities for donors

Abstract African countries, trying to cope with crippling economic problems by liberalizing their economies, are facing major problems in implementing the reforms. International organizations are responding by offering technical assistance. Typically, however, the assistance is based on limited and technocratic models that overlook the fact that many of the reforms are “unimplementable.” Reforms are complex and uncertain, they impose significant political costs, their values are generally incompatible with the prevailing political philosophy, they involve changing roles, they alter power relations within the government, and they are identified with outsiders. The dominant approaches to implementation — privatization, training, and enhanced control by central ministries — underestimate the extent to which the reforms undermine traditional practices. The study recommends a fourth approach to address these challenges. It relies on designing reforms in collaboration with those who will be in charge of implementing them.
Concurrent simulation: an alternative to distributed simulation

The advent of a new generation of multiprocessors allows new approaches to parallel simulation. Previous work in this area has concentrated on distributed simulation; this approach uses spatial decomposition to allow simulations to be run on networks of machines, where the message flow between processors in the network is related closely to the topology of the system being simulated. This paper presents an alternate approach, concurrent simulation, which is based on temporal decomposition. This allows natural use to be made of the shared memory facilities and load-balancing capabilities of the new multiprocessors, and it overcomes some fundamental limitations of the distributed approach.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

In recent years, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have become widely used in engineering applications due to their simplicity in use and high power density. These smart materials are characterized by their unique temperature dependent phase transformations. An accurate heat transfer model is of the utmost importance for modeling the SMA actuator dynamics. This is due to the SMA constitutive and phase kinetic behaviors being directly dependent on the heat transfer model. The research shown in this paper was conducted to investigate the adequacy of the exiting heat transfer models for SMA wire actuators. Particularly, the convection heat transfer for SMA wires with diameter of a few hundred micrometers is studied. To this end, an SMA wire actuating a dead weight was used to experimentally determine how the heat transfer coefficient varies during transformation at varying levels of applied current. These results are then compared to several existing heat transfer models. In the experiments, the temperature of the wire was measured along with the strain and stress of the SMA wire. A detailed discussion of the theoretical models and experimental findings is presented in this paper.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
MC SCF calculations on the lowest triplet state of H2O

Recent electron impact work on H2O has shown a broad absorption peak near 4.5 eV which has generally been attributed to the lowest triplet (3B1) state of H2O. However, the results of SCF and multi-configuration SCF (MC SCF) calculations reported here indicate that the 3B1 state is unbound with respect to the dissociative asymptotes H(2S) + OH (2Π) and O(3P) + H2(1Σ+g, in disagreement with experimental interpretation.
Foucault's Nietzsche: A ‘Lofty’ Sign when Putting Power into Question

(2012). Foucault's Nietzsche: A ‘Lofty’ Sign when Putting Power into Question. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 43, Foucault: Politics, Power, Pleasure, pp. 92-107.
Students as leaders and learners: towards self-authorship and social change on a college campus

In this article, we present a case study of undergraduate students’ experiences in several leadership programmes at Bryn Mawr College. Through a collaborative action research study, we identified three interrelated sets of practices in which student participants engage: discerning differences and bringing those differences into dialogue; revising their sense of themselves and becoming more serious students; and revising leadership relationships and creating community. We offer this study as an illustration of and commentary on Baxter Magolda’s theory of self-authorship and students’ development as leaders for social change – an illustration that highlights the close connection between self-development and leadership development.
The Tensor Product of Generalized Sample Spaces Which Admit a Unital Set of Dispersion-Free Weights

Techniques for constructing the tensor product of two generalized sample spaces which admit unital sets of dispersion-free weights are discussed. A duality theory is developed, based on the 1-cuts of the dispersion-free weights, and used to produce a candidate for the tensor product. This construction is verified for Dacification manuals, a conjecture is given for other reflexive cases, and some adjustments for nonreflexive cases are considered. An alternate approach, using graphs of interpretation morphisms on the duals, is also presented.
Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System 1660–1800

This book examines the development of the English patent system and its relationship with technical change during the period between 1660 and 1800, when the patent system evolved from an instrument of royal patronage into one of commercial competition among the inventors and manufacturers of the Industrial Revolution. It analyses the legal and political framework within which patenting took place and gives an account of the motivations and fortunes of patentees, who obtained patents for a variety of purposes beyond the simple protection of an invention. It includes the first in-depth attempt to gauge the reliability of the patent statistics as a measure of inventive activity and technical change in the early part of the Industrial Revolution, and suggests that the distribution of patents is a better guide to the advance of capitalism than to the centres of inventive activity. It also queries the common assumption that the chief goal of inventors was to save labour, and examines contemporary criticism of the patent system in the light of the changing conceptualisation of invention among natural scientists and political economists.
Oxidation behavior of surface-modified titanium for titanium-ceramic restorations

Abstract Statement of problem. Titanium-ceramic bonding is an unsolved problem for the current use of titanium-ceramic restorations. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to characterize oxide formation on titanium surfaces at porcelain sintering temperatures and to determine the effect of chromium coating methods on titanium oxide formation. Material and methods. Sputter coating and electroplating methods of chromium application were compared and combined. Results. Porous, weak titanium oxide formation on uncoated samples was demonstrated at porcelain sintering temperatures. Groups with chromium coating as an oxygen diffusion barrier exhibited lower oxidation rates, except samples coated by sputtering alone. Temperature effect was found to have the greatest significance on titanium oxidation rate. The overall lowest oxidation rate was located in the group that had chromium coating by the combined coating method and was oxidized at 750° C. Conclusion. The electroplating method requires further investigation and development so that a uniform chromium layer can be deposited on titanium. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:423-34.)