cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of pyriproxyfen on off-host water-balance and survival of adult lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).

Abstract Newly engorged nymphs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), were continuously exposed to 4 μg/cm2 of pyriproxyfen residues in glass vials. Treatment of engorged nymphs (n = 285) resulted in significant molting inhibition, with more than one-fourth (26.7%, n = 76) of nymphs dying before or during ecdysis. Treatment effects were evident among ticks that molted to the adult stage, with 26.7% (n = 76) of females, and 17.9% (n = 51) of males exhibiting moribund physical characteristics (i.e., lethargy; dull, discolored and desiccated cuticles; lacking full locomotor competency). A few molted adult ticks (10 males, four females) were dead upon inspection. Only 11.2% of pyriproxyfen treated, emergent females (n = 32), and 11.5% of treated emergent males (n = 25) from 285 ticks treated as engorged nymphs, exhibited “normal” physical appearance and possessed a full range of locomotor activity. Treated adult ticks maintained within a desiccating environmental chamber at 0% RH and 23°C, had sign...
Regulation of Extrasynaptic GABAA α4 Receptors by Ethanol-Induced Protein Kinase A, but Not Protein Kinase C Activation in Cultured Rat Cerebral Cortical Neurons

Ethanol produces changes in GABAA receptor trafficking and function that contribute to ethanol dependence symptomatology. Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAA-R) mediate inhibitory tonic current and are of particular interest because they are potentiated by physiologically relevant doses of ethanol. Here, we isolate GABAA α4δ receptors by western blotting in subsynaptic fractions to investigate protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) modulation of ethanol-induced receptor trafficking, while extrasynaptic receptor function is determined by measurement of tonic inhibition and responses evoked by 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP). Rat cerebral cortical neurons were grown for 18 days in vitro and exposed to ethanol and/or PKA/PKC modulators. Ethanol exposure (1 hour) did not alter GABAA α4 receptor abundance, but it increased tonic current amplitude, an effect that was prevented by inhibiting PKA, but not PKC. Direct activation of PKA, but not PKC, increased the abundance and tonic current of extrasynaptic α4δ receptors. In contrast, prolonged ethanol exposure (4 hours) reduced α4δ receptor abundance as well as tonic current, and this effect was also PKA dependent. Finally, PKC activation by ethanol or phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PdBu) had no effect on extrasynaptic α4δ subunit abundance or activity. We conclude that ethanol alters extrasynaptic α4δ receptor function and expression in cortical neurons in a PKA-dependent manner, but ethanol activation of PKC does not influence these receptors. These results could have clinical relevance for therapeutic strategies to restore normal GABAergic functioning for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
Obsessional thoughts in postpartum females and their partners: Content, severity, and relationship with depression

Only a few studies have examined the development or exacerbation of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) during pregnancy and the postpartum. Although the available literature suggests that OCD symptoms, particularly obsessional problems, develop at higher than expected rates among postpartum females, the overall prevalence of such symptoms in the postpartum remains unknown. Previous findings also suggest that intrusive distressing thoughts related to situational stressors are common in the general population. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the presence and phenomenology of postpartum obsessive-like intrusive thoughts, images, and impulses in a large sample of parents with very young infants. Surveys were mailed to 300 childbearing women and their partners. Results were obtained from approximately one fifth of the sample; and 65% of respondents indicated the presence of obsessional intrusive thoughts. Intrusions were similar to “normal obsessions” as reported in previous research. Results are discussed in terms of the content of intrusive thoughts, their relationship to depression, and implications for etiological models of OCD and perinatal education.
Notes on Types of Mosquitoes in the Hungarian National Museum (Diptera, Culicidae)

Through the kind cooperation of Dr. F. Mihalyi, of the Hungarian National Museum, I have been able to examine types of a number of heretofore unrecognized or dubiously identified mosquitoes described by F. V. Theobald (1905). In addition, types of three species described by F. W. Edwards (1922) were sent me by Dr. Mihalyi. This paper presents notes on the 28 nominal species and one variety described in the publications cited. Type material of two of the Theobald species was not available for study and is apparently lost.
Viral Gene Detection in Oral Neoplasms Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Eighty-four squamous cell proliferative lesions of the oral cavity and six examples of normal oral squamous mucosa were investigated for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers and type specific probes. Human papillomavirus was identified in 1 of 6 histologically normal biopsy specimens, 2 of 4 hyperplasias, 2 of 5 inflammatory lesions, 9 of 36 cases of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, and 7 of 39 carcinomas. All of the specimens found positive for HPV using the PCR were confirmed using slot blot hybridizations. All HPV-positive cases contained HPV 16. In addition, 2 were co-infected with HPV 11 and 1 was co-infected with HPV 18. Types 6 and 33 were not found. The same genotypes that infect the uterine cervix also were found in the oral cavity. This is the first time universal primers that allow for the detection of HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51-59, and at least 25 other novel types have been used on oral tumors, and represents the largest number of oral samples analyzed by the PCR at this time. Due to lack of clear correlation between HPV infection and histologic findings, however, the role of this virus in oral carcinogenesis remains uncertain.
Osteoid Osteoma of the Tarsal Cuboid Presenting with Recurrent Ankle Sprains in an Adolescent: A Case Report:

This case report illustrates an unusual cause of recurrent ankle sprains in a high school wrestler—osteoid osteoma of the cuboid bone in which the initial bone scan obtained was negative.
372 COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM FOR OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN IN URBAN SEATTLE.

Purpose of Study Odessa Brown Children9s Clinic provides health care to a largely minority, lower-income, underserved community. National rates of obesity have been increasing at higher rates within lower socioeconomic classes and for African Americans. The incidence and prevalence of most obesity-related diseases are higher in this population and are expected to climb further. This study is aimed at improving understanding of the term “body mass index” (BMI) and enhancing receptivity to overweight management interventions. Methods A community partnership program had already been initiated to educate overweight and at-risk-for-overweight children and refer them to outside services. BMI is the measurement looked at for overweight diagnosis. The existing material provided by the clinic did not include an explanation of BMI and patients and their families demonstrated a lack of understanding of the term and its implications. Results A BMI insert was designed to provide a clear and concise explanation of this key concept and complement existing materials. A review of existing materials and discussion with clinic providers guided the insert structure and language level appropriate for the patient population with relatively low literacy. Content was derived from the CDC and American Obesity Association Web sites. Literature review provided background and a more complete picture of the pediatric overweight epidemic, preventive care, and treatment approaches. Discussion The insert will provide clarification of the BMI measurement. An understanding of BMI is key to patients9 acknowledgment of its value in their overweight diagnosis and thus to their commitment to changing their lifestyle and achieving a healthier body.
DETERMINATION OF SPACE GROUP OF INCOMMENSURATE MODULATION STRUCTURE PHASES IN Bi HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS

The investigation of microstructures of the Bi–2212 and Bi–2223 phases in Bi high temperature superconductors is very significant for improving technology of production and researching superconducting properties and mechanisms. The determination of space groups for the Bi–2212 and Bi–2223 phases is a key problem, which is very complicated because of their incommensurate modulation structures. The supercell structures of the Bi–2212 and Bi–2223 phases with incommensurate modulation structures were determined by convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). The point group of the supercell of the Bi–2212 phase with type A modulation structure is 2mm, its space group is I2mm. The point group of the supercell of the Bi–2223 phase with type B modulation structure is mmm, its space group is Ibmm. The effects of the rocking curve for the symmetries of CBED patterns were discussed according to experimental results. The simulation results of CBED patterns for the Bi–2212 phase confirmed the symmetries of CBED patterns to be the symmetries of the supercell with modulation structure, but not to be the symmetries of the subcell structure. * F>[\)+8!!D℄P[\!! /2 AE S DE–AC02–76CH00016 6jJ' j : 2008–11–19, 6j !' j : 2009–03–16 lo : jL, W, 1950 ` , 'AE[, %,
Haldane’s Rule: Genetic Bases and Their Empirical Support

There are few patterns in evolution that are as rigidly held as Haldane's rule (HR), which states, "When in the first generation between hybrids between 2 species, 1 sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is always the heterogametic sex." Yet despite considerable attention for almost a century, questions persist as to how many independent examples exist and what is (are) the underlying genetic cause(s). Here, we review recent evidence extending HR to plants, where previously it has only been documented in animals. We also discuss recent comparative analyses that show much more variation in sex-chromosome composition than previously recognized, thus increasing the number of potential independent origins of HR dramatically. Finally, we review the standing of genetic theories proposed to explain HR in light of the new examples and new molecular understanding.
Prostate Brachytherapy Case Volumes by Academic and Nonacademic Practices: Implications for Future Residency Training.

Purpose The use of prostate brachytherapy has continued to decline in the United States. We examined the national practice patterns of both academic and nonacademic practices performing prostate brachytherapy by case volume per year to further characterize the decline and postulate the effect this trend might have on training the next generation of residents. Methods and Materials Men diagnosed with prostate cancer who had undergone radiation therapy in 2004 to 2012 were identified. The annual brachytherapy case volume at each facility was determined and further categorized into ≤12 cases per year (ie, an average of ≤1 cases per month), 13 to 52 cases per year, and ≥53 cases per year (ie, an average of ≥1 cases per week) in academic practices versus nonacademic practices. Results In 2004 to 2012, academic practices performing an average of ≤1 brachytherapy cases per month increased from 56.4% to 73.7%. In nonacademic practices, this percentage increased from 60.2% to 77.4% ( P Conclusions Both academic and nonacademic radiation oncology practices have demonstrated a significant reduction in the use of prostate brachytherapy from 2004 to 2012. With the case volume continuing to decline, it is unclear whether we are prepared to train the next generation of residents in this critical modality.
Prospective validation of an initial cholecystectomy strategy for patients at intermediate-risk of common bile duct stone

Background and Aims Initial cholecystectomy for patients at intermediate risk of common bile duct (CBD) stones (including increased liver function tests but bilirubin Methods Initial cholecystectomy has become the standard management strategy at Geneva University Hospitals since July 2013 for patients at intermediate risk of CBD stones admitted with acute gallstone-related conditions. Between July 2013 and December 2014, length of stay, number of CBD investigations, and number of adverse events were recorded for these patients and compared with the data of the patients in the randomized controlled trial. Results Data for 161 consecutive newly assessed patients at intermediate risk of CBD stones confirmed shorter length of stay (7.6 vs 9.8 days; P P P = .14 including all adverse events; 3.1% vs 8%, P = .22 including only grade ≥III adverse events, defined by endoscopic/surgical reintervention or intensive care unit admission) compared with the previously reported group of patients who underwent preoperative CBD investigations. Conclusions These data confirm that initial cholecystectomy results in a shorter length of stay without increased morbidity among patients at intermediate risk of CBD stones compared with sequential CBD assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy. This approach may change current guidelines.
Model Selection in Finite Mixture Models: A k-Fold Cross-Validation Approach

Finite mixture models, whether latent class models, growth mixture models, latent profile models, or factor mixture models, have become an important statistical tool in social science research. One...
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-alkoxycarbonylallyl esters as potential anticancer agents

The reaction of carboxylic acids with Baylis-Hillman reaction derived α-bromomethyl acrylic esters readily provide 2-(alkoxycarbonyl)allyl esters in good to excellent yields. These functionalized allyl esters have been evaluated for their cell proliferation inhibition properties against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) and pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa-2) cell lines to explore their potential as anticancer agents. Several of the synthesized derivatives exhibit good potency against all three cancer cell lines. Our structure activity relationship (SAR) studies on 2-carboxycarbonyl allyl esters indicate that substituted aromatic carboxylic acids provide enhanced activity compared to substituted aliphatic carboxylic acid analogs. Di- and tri-allyl esters derived from di-and tri-carboxylic acids exhibit higher inhibition of cell proliferation than mono esters. Further SAR studies indicate that the double bond in the 2-(alkoxycarbonyl)allyl ester is required for its activity, and there is no increase in activity with increased chain length of the alkoxy group. Two lead candidate compounds have been identified from the cell proliferation inhibition studies and their preliminary mechanism of action as DNA damaging agents has been evaluated using epifluorescence and western blot analysis. One of the lead compounds has been further evaluated for its systemic toxicity in healthy CD-1 mice followed by anticancer efficacy in a triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenograft model in NOD-SCID mice. These two in vivo studies indicate that the lead compound is well tolerated in healthy CD-1 mice and exhibits good tumor growth inhibition compared to breast cancer drug doxorubicin.
A high-performance Slow-Wave CPW with ESD protection for ultraflat band millimeter-Wave applications

A high performance Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) with distributed small pieces of ESD diodes in advanced CMOS process is presented to match 50Ω characteristic impedance. Optimized design of each segmented diode pairs and its Lateral Pickups experimentally achieves a very low RF loss of −1.55dB at 60GHz while passing at least 2.6kV HBM level. Its ultraflat frequency response up to 90GHz makes it also favourable for ultrafast digital I/Os with bit rate as high as 64Gb/s.
Class, Race Issues, and Declining White Support for the Democratic Party in the South

The Democratic Party in the South has experienced a major loss of white voters in recent decades. Two major hypotheses have been proposed to explain this change. The dominant explanation in recent years has been that race issues have driven whites from the Democratic Party in the South. In this view, defections from the Democratic Party have occurred because whites oppose the party's positions on race issues. In contrast, others have suggested that class divisions have emerged as important, with affluent whites increasingly supportive of the Republican Party because they find its positions more compatible with their interests. Using NES data, this article assesses the evidence for these hypotheses, examining the impact of income position and race issues on partisan behavior since 1952. While both factors affect partisan support, income has come to have a relatively greater effect on partisan support than race issues. The evidence clearly indicates that class divisions in the South have steadily increased and that affluent whites have steadily shifted to the Republican Party. The implications are significant for understanding the dramatic changes in the South in recent decades. Much has been made of the tensions over race issues, and the findings presented here lend further support to the importance of race issues in southern electoral politics. However, these findings also suggest that class divisions are a steadily increasing source of political cleavage in this region. The current state of electoral politics in the South cannot be properly understood unless both of these factors are taken into account.
Cruel Environments: Sexual Abuse and Harassment in the Academy

If any human society—large or small, simple or complex, based on the most rudimentary hunting and fishing or on the whole intricate interchange of manufactured product—is to survive, it must have a pattern of social life that comes to terms with the differences between the sexes. (Margaret Mead, 1996, p. 163)
Estrogen occurrence and persistence in vernal pools impacted by wastewater irrigation practices

Abstract Planned beneficial re-use of water has become an increasingly common conservation practice worldwide, sparking questions about the degree of water treatment needed to mitigate negative environmental impacts. Since the early 1980s, as an alternative to surface discharge, the Pennsylvania State University has spray-irrigated all of its treated wastewater effluent via land application onto an environmental setting known as the “Living Filter” site (∼245 ha). The impacts of spray irrigation on nearby ephemeral wetlands, known as vernal pools, were explored. The pools gain water from both natural rainfall and spray-irrigation of the University’s treated wastewater. The occurrence and persistence of estrogens in three vernal pools were quantified by analyzing >137 water samples collected from the pools over an eight-week period coincident with the development period of native amphibian larvae. Additionally, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, water level, water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and rainfall data were measured continuously throughout the study period within each pool. Further, the treated wastewater effluent was sampled during each weekly spray-irrigation event. Estrone was detected in nearly 100% of the vernal pool samples, with concentrations up to 6.2 ng L−1. Additionally, 17α-estradiol was not detected in the wastewater effluent, but was present in 52% of the vernal pool samples. 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol were detected in fewer than 10% of the vernal pool samples. The findings of this research have important implications for management practices that can help protect these critical habitats.
Using hybrid systems to explore the evolution of tolerance to damage

Hybridization is common and important to the adaptive evolution of plants. Hybridization has resulted in the formation of new species and the introgression of traits between species. This paper discusses the advantages of using hybrid systems to explore the evolution of tolerance to herbivore damage (i.e., the ability to diminish the negative effects of damage on fitness). The major consequence of hybridization likely to make it influential for tolerance evolution is that hybridization generates broad variation in traits that can be selected for or against. In addition to generating greater variation in tolerance to damage and its putative traits (e.g., traits associated with allocation patterns and meristem production), hybridization can generate greater independence among tolerance traits and between tolerance and defense traits. Greater independence may provide a greater ability to discern mechanisms of tolerance, give a greater probability of detecting allocation costs of tolerance, and provide an effective means to evaluate tradeoffs between tolerance and defense. Interspecific hybrid systems can also be used to evaluate the importance of co-adaptation of tolerance traits. Moreover, recombinant hybrids can be used in selection studies focusing on tolerance to damage to discern whether parental combinations of tolerance traits are favored over novel combinations. Research in hybrid systems that investigate the selective importance of tolerance, the patterns of inheritance of tolerance traits, and the genetic architecture of plant species involved can be vital to our evaluation of the adaptive role of tolerance to damage.
Fluid Sorption Data and Modeling

A qualitative correlation between temperature T, penetrant activity a, and the forms of fluid penetration into polymers is given in the map depicted in Fig.4.1
Climbing the Mountain of Criminal Procedure

Comparative Criminal Procedure1 is a collection of essays that analyze mechanisms of criminal procedure across jurisdictions and over time. The book contains an introduction by the editors, fourteen essays addressing aspects of criminal procedure within or across countries, and an epilogue by Maximo Langer that responds to these essays and analyzes the field of comparative criminal procedure more broadly. A common assumption among the authors is that a jurisdiction’s criminal procedure does more than merely effectuate the policy goals underlying substantive criminal law. Rather, criminal procedure reflects or constitutes deeper normative and political commitments. There is no single best way to run...
Experimental Evidence of Suppression of Subterahertz Phonons and Thermal Conductivity in GaAs/AlAs Superlattices Due to Extrinsic Scattering Processes

We report on the lifetimes of zone-center longitudinal phonon modes in GaAs/AlAs superlattices with varying period thicknesses. By measuring the lifetimes at 78 K and room temperature, we separate ...
Domain Decomposition Methods

Domain decomposition is a major focus of contemporary research in numerical analysis of partial differential equations. Among the reasons for considering domain decomposition are: parallel computing, modeling of different physical phenomena in different subregions and complicated geometries, and its solid and elegant theoretical foundation. In this text, we provide an introduction to domain decomposition methods. We describe a general variational framework to construct and analyze domain decomposition methods in terms of subspaces and projectionlike operators. This allows a unified analysis of both Schwarz methods (where there is overlap of subregions) and substmcturing methods (where there is no overlap). We also discuss important ingredients commonly used in this research area such as inexact solvers, coarse spaces and nonnested spaces. We provide the basics of the abstract Schwarz theory, giving several proofs, in order to demonstrate the requirements needed for designing good preconditioners.
Three decades of on-road mobile source emissions reductions in South Los Angeles

ABSTRACTIn May 2018, the University of Denver repeated on-road optical remote sensing measurements at two locations in Lynwood, CA. Lynwood area vehicle tailpipe emissions were first surveyed in 19...
On the Dependability of a Popular Procedure for Studying Measurement Invariance: A Cause for Concern?

A theoretically and empirically important multiple-population setting is discussed where a highly popular procedure for studying measurement invariance (MI) can fail. A numerical counter-example is...
When (In)Consistency Matters: Racial Identification and Specification:

Sociologists who rely on survey research have begun exploring the implications of racial inconsistency for not only multiracial identification but also for other social outcomes. Using the National...
Loving Writing/Ovid's Amores

This book offers a fresh reading of the Amores centered on the aggressive, opportunistic, endlessly fluent, pleasure-seeking character, the poet-lover of the collection, here called Naso. Resisting the scholarly tendency to segregate the poet from the lover, Ellen Oliensis teases out the compromising affiliations between Naso's most 'poetic' performances and his seamy erotic adventures and shows that his need to write the script of his own subjection, far from delegitimizing his desire, tallies with other features of his generally masochistic profile. The book concludes with an exploration of the masochistic pleasures of the elegiac writing project as such, thereby effectively re-uniting Ovid with his surrogate within the collection.
Critical Disability Studies and Fiction on the Right-to-Life Issues: Carlos Fuentes' Christopher Unborn (1987), Lois Lowry's The Giver (1993), and the Million Dollar Baby Franchise

After supplying examples of the jargon-laden academic discussion of critical disability studies, this paper summarizes major ideas which constitute the literary theory. Critical disability studies is the newest literary theory which students of literature can use in their analysis and appreciation of literature. Although surprising, since one would think that disability critics would be vocal in their criticism of politicians who support the killing of the handicapped person (whether he or she is unborn or born), searches on academic databases for critical disability studies on the three right-to-life issues yielded dismally few results.
Trace element concentrations in horn: Endogenous levels in keratin and susceptibility to exogenous contamination

As a recorder containing both physiological and environmental information, keratinized tissues, such as hair and feather, can be used to reveal geographical information, to monitor the exposure to pollutants, and to reconstruct dietary history. However, trace element analysis of keratinized tissues is complicated by the lack of reference endogenous ranges of trace element and the lack of understanding of the susceptibility of each element to exogenous contamination. The interior of animal horn is the cleanest of all keratinized tissues with minimum exogenous contamination because of its large size. Thus, the trace element concentrations in horn interior samples can provide reliable endogenous concentration ranges. Here we measured the concentrations of trace elements in horn interior samples of cattle and wild animals, which we propose to be used as the reference ranges for endogenous levels of trace elements in keratin. We calculated the enrichment factors of 30 trace elements in horn interior samples relative to the continental crust, which we considered the average exogenous contamination. We compared the ranges of elemental concentrations measured in horn interior samples, in the order of decreasing enrichment factor, to their reference ranges in hair, fingernails, and toenails, as well as their concentrations in caprine horns. Such comparison validates the use of the enrichment factor as an indicator of the susceptibility of an element to contamination: an element with a high enrichment factor is generally less likely to be affected by contamination and vice versa.
Efficient inhibition of RNA self-primed extension by addition of competing 3'-capture DNA-improved RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase.

In vitro synthesized RNA is used widely in studies of RNA biology, biotechnology and RNA therapeutics. However, in vitro synthesized RNA often contains impurities, such as RNAs with lengths shorter and longer than the expected runoff RNA. We have recently confirmed that longer RNA products are formed predominantly via cis self-primed extension, in which released runoff RNA folds back on itself to prime its own RNA-templated extension. In the current work, we demonstrate that addition of a DNA oligonucleotide (capture DNA) that is complementary to the 3' end of the expected runoff RNA effectively prevents self-primed extension, even under conditions commonly used for high RNA yields. Moreover, the presence of this competing capture DNA during 'high yield' transcription, leads to an increase in the yield of expected runoff RNA by suppressing the formation of undesired longer RNA byproducts.
An FSO-Based Drone Assisted Mobile Access Network for Emergency Communications

Deploying drone mounted base stations (DBSs) can quickly recover communications of mobile users (MUs) in a disaster struck area. That is, DBSs can act as relay nodes to transmit data from remote working base stations (which are located out of the disaster struck area) to MUs. Since DBSs could be deployed very close to MUs, the access link data rates between DBSs and MUs are well provisioned. However, DBSs may be far away from the remote working base stations, and thus the backhaul link data rate between a DBS and the remote working base station could be throttled. Free Space Optics (FSO), which has been demonstrated to provision high speed point-to-point wireless communications, can be leveraged to improve the capacity of the backhaul link. Since FSO requires line-of-sight between a DBS and a remote working macro base station, DBSs have to be carefully deployed. In this paper, we design a QoS awa R e dron E base S tation pla C ement and mobile U ser association strat E gy (RESCUE) in the context of FSO based drone assisted mobile access networks to jointly optimize the DBS deployment, MU association, and bandwidth allocation such that the number of served MUs in the disaster struck area is maximized. The performance of RESCUE is validated via extensive simulations.
Age-related changes in the cartilage of the temporomandibular joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is closely associated with aging; however, little is known about the age-related degeneration in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) of the TMJ. Our objective was to examine whether a correlation exists between aging and degeneration of the MCC of the TMJ. Thirty-two male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were aged to 2, 12, 18, and 25 months old. The mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation and were dissected and examined by micro-CT and histology. Sagittal sections of the condyles were stained for tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, safranin O, picrosirius red, and toluidine blue. In addition, immunostaining for BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, PRG4, and MMP13 was performed. Bone volume fraction and tissue density significantly increased with the age of the animals. There was a significant increase in the Osteoarthritis Research Society International histopathological score and mineralization of the noncalcified cartilage in the aged animals. There was a decrease in cartilage thickness, proteoglycan distribution, and cellularity in the aged animals. Additionally, we noted increased picrosirius red staining with the increase in the age of the animals. Our protein expression showed increased BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, and MMP13, whereas there was a decrease in PRG4 expression in the aged animals. As the animal ages, there is decreased proteoglycan secretion, decreased cellularity, decreased cartilage thickness, increased fibrillation, and increased proteolytic activity. A better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the degeneration of the MCC in the older animals could provide novel ways to slow the development of OA.
CHAPTER TEN – FURTHER TOPICS

Publisher Summary The autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) and vector ARMA representations for a time series are quite easily interpreted and are convenient for many forecasting purposes; however, there is an alternative representation, called the state-space form and Kalman filter that is also capable of useful interpretation and model generalization. There are a number of immediate uses for the Kalman filter. If one has identified an ARMA model, this model can be estimated and evaluated, and forecasts can be produced from it by transforming the model into the state-space form. Another application of state-space models and the Kalman filter is to the development of computationally efficient algorithms for the likelihood function of time series model. The third immediate use of Kalman filters is with time-varying parameter models, which have been discussed in this chapter. The state-space representation is also useful for the formulation of nonlinear models.
Innovative Method to Build Robust Prediction Models When Gold-Standard Outcomes Are Scarce

Postsurgical hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are viewed as a quality benchmark in healthcare due to their association with morbidity, mortality and high cost. The prediction of HAIs allows for implementing prevention strategies at early stages to reduce postsurgical complications. In the United States, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) maintains a registry considered a “gold-standard” for HAIs outcome reporting, but it relies heavily on costly manual chart review and therefore only includes a small percent of surgery cases from each participating site. Most HAI prediction models rely on a wide range of weak risk factors, which are combined into models with many parameters and require larger sample sizes than available from NSQIP at a single health system. In this study, we propose an alternative approach to develop a robust prediction model, using the few NSQIP cases efficiently. Rather than training the HAIs prediction models directly on the small number of NSQIP patients, we leverage a simple detection model which detects HAIs after the fact on postoperative data and use this detection model to label a large non-NSQIP perioperative dataset on which prediction models are constructed. Detection models rely on strong signals requiring fewer samples to learn. We evaluate this approach in a single academic health system with 115,202 surgeries (10,354 in NSQIP). The prediction models were evaluated on the NSQIP “gold-standard” labels. While organ-space surgical site infection showed comparable performance, the proposed model demonstrated better performance for prediction of superficial surgical site infection, sepsis or septic shock, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection.
Separable roles for RanGTP in nuclear and ciliary trafficking of a kinesin-2 subunit.

Kinesin is part of the microtubule-binding motor protein superfamily, which serves important roles in cell division and intraorganellar transport. The heterotrimeric kinesin-2, consisting of the heterodimeric motor subunits, kinesin family member 3A/3B (KIF3A/3B), and kinesin-associated protein 3 (KAP3), is highly conserved across species from the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas to humans. It plays diverse roles in cargo transport including anterograde (base to tip) trafficking in cilia. However, the molecular determinants mediating trafficking of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 itself are poorly understood. It has been previously suggested that ciliary transport is analogous to nuclear transport mechanisms. Using Chlamydomonas and human telomerase reverse transcriptase-retinal pigment epithelial cell line, we show that RanGTP, a small GTPase that dictates nuclear transport, regulates ciliary trafficking of KAP3, a key component for functional kinesin-2. We found that the armadillo-repeat region 6 to 9 (ARM6–9) of KAP3, required for its nuclear translocation, is also necessary and sufficient for its targeting to the ciliary base. Given that KAP3 is essential for cilium formation and there are the emerging roles for RanGTP/importin β in ciliary protein targeting, we further investigated the effect of RanGTP in cilium formation and maintenance. We found that precise control of RanGTP levels, revealed by different Ran mutants, is crucial for cilium formation and maintenance. Most importantly, we were able to provide orthogonal support in an algal model system that segregates RanGTP regulation of ciliary protein trafficking from its nuclear roles. Our work provides important support for the model that nuclear import mechanisms have been co-opted for independent roles in ciliary import.
Alcohol and Neural Dynamics: A Meta-analysis of Acute Alcohol Effects on Event-Related Brain Potentials.

Abstract Background An understanding of alcohol’s acute neural effects could augment our knowledge of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related cognitive/motor impairment and inform interventions for addiction. Focusing on studies employing event-related brain potential methods, which offer a direct measurement of neural activity in functionally well-characterized brain networks, we present the first meta-analysis to explore acute effects of alcohol on the human brain. Methods Databases were searched for randomized laboratory alcohol-administration trials assessing brain activity using event-related potentials. Hedges’ g coefficients were pooled using 3-level random-effects meta-regression. Results Sixty independent randomized controlled trials met inclusion (total N = 2149). Alcohol’s effects varied significantly across neural systems, with alcohol leading to reductions in event-related potential components linked with attention (P3b), g = −0.40, 95% CI (−0.50, −0.29), automatic auditory processing (mismatch negativity), g = −0.44, 95% CI (−0.66, −0.22), and performance monitoring (error-related negativity), g = −0.56, 95% CI (−0.79, −0.33). These effects were moderated by alcohol dose, emerging as significant at doses as low as 0.026% blood alcohol concentration and increasing to moderate/large at 0.12%. In contrast, irrespective of dose, relatively small or nonsignificant alcohol effects emerged in other processing domains, including those linked to executive control (N2b responses) and stimulus classification (N2c responses). Conclusions Contrary to traditional conceptualizations of alcohol as a “dirty drug” with broad central nervous system depressant effects, results instead support accounts positing targeted alcohol effects in specific processing domains. By identifying alcohol effects on brain systems involved in performance monitoring and attention, results move toward the identification of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related impairment as well as factors reinforcing addiction.
Brief Psychosocial Intervention to Address Poststroke Depression May Also Benefit Fatigue and Sleep-Wake Disturbance.

Purpose This study aimed to determine if brief psychosocial/behavioral therapy directed to reduce poststroke depression would decrease fatigue and improve sleep-wake disturbance. Design A preplanned secondary data analysis from a completed clinical trial was conducted. Methods One hundred participants received usual care, in-person intervention, or telephone intervention. Depression, fatigue, and sleep-wake disturbance were measured at entry, 8 weeks, 21 weeks, and 12 months following the intervention. Findings Fatigue (within: p = .042, between: p = .394), sleep disturbance (within: p = .024, between: p = .102), and wake disturbance (within: p = .004, between: p = .508) decreased over the 12 months in the intervention groups, but not in the control group. This difference was clinically meaningful for wake disturbance and approached the clinically important difference for fatigue. Conclusions/clinical relevance Reduction in wake disturbance was consistent with clinically meaningful difference standards for patient-reported outcomes, warranting further research in larger samples.
Using zebrafish to elucidate glial-vascular interactions during CNS development

An emerging area of interest in Neuroscience is the cellular relationship between glia and blood vessels, as many of the presumptive support roles of glia require an association with the vasculature. These interactions are best studied in vivo and great strides have been made using mice to longitudinally image glial-vascular interactions. However, these methods are cumbersome for developmental studies, which could benefit from a more accessible system. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are genetically tractable vertebrates, and given their translucency, are readily amenable for daily live imaging studies. We set out to examine whether zebrafish glia have conserved traits with mammalian glia regarding their ability to interact with and maintain the developing brain vasculature. We utilized transgenic zebrafish strains in which oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (olig2) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) identify different glial populations in the zebrafish brain and document their corresponding relationship with brain blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that olig2 and gfap zebrafish glia have distinct lineages and each interact with brain vessels as previously observed in mouse brain. Additionally, we manipulated these relationships through pharmacological and genetic approaches to distinguish the roles of these cell types during blood vessel development. olig2 glia use blood vessels as a pathway during their migration and Wnt signaling inhibition decreases their single-cell vessel co-option. By contrast, the ablation of gfap glia at the beginning of CNS angiogenesis impairs vessel development through a reduction in Vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), supporting a role for gfap glia during new brain vessel formation in zebrafish. This data suggests that zebrafish glia, akin to mammalian glia, have different lineages that show diverse interactions with blood vessels, and are a suitable model for elucidating glial-vascular relationships during vertebrate brain development.
Comparative Effectiveness of Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass Versus Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy for Sustained Remission of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery results in rapid weight loss and resolution of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to determine whether the type of surgical procedure—vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)—was associated with sustained remission from T2DM, and to identify other independent predictors of sustained remission. Methods Using the IBM MarketScan database of privately insured patients in the United States, we performed a retrospective cohort study on individuals aged 18-65 y with T2DM on hypoglycemic medication, who underwent either VSG or RYGB from 2010 to 2016. Remission was defined as no refill of antidiabetic medication 180 d after a patient's medication was expected to run out and recurrence as medication refill after at least 180 d of remission. Results Of 5119 patients in our cohort, 4127 (81%) experienced remission of T2DM, and 816 (19.8%) of the 4127 patients experienced recurrence. Patients who underwent RYGB had a 24% (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.32) increased probability of achieving remission compared with VSG. RYGB had a 36% (HR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.74) decreased risk of recurrence compared with VSG. A higher number of diabetic medications at the time of surgery and a higher Charlson index score were associated with decreased probability of remission and an increased risk of recurrence of T2DM. Conclusions While both procedures are initially effective, RYGB may be better than VSG at providing lasting remission of T2DM.
Know Family, Know Self: Exploring the Influence of Family on Vietnamese American College Students’ Experiences

Much of the existing literature on Vietnamese Americans focuses on experiences of previous generations and does not capture the perspectives of the current generation of Vietnamese Americans, more specifically those who are college students. The present study examined the role of family influence on college experiences for Vietnamese American students. This study utilized qualitative methodology, analyzing data collected from semi-structured, in-person individual interviews conducted with six Vietnamese American college students (VACS) attending a large, predominantly white institution (PWI). Results from this study reveal not only how VACS construct meaning of their family influences and college experiences, but also how they come to understand their own Vietnamese American identity. Major findings from this study reveal that VACS exist between two worlds: the life of a second-generation immigrant Vietnamese American, and the life of an American college student. This article provides implications for higher education and student affairs practitioners to understand the unique experiences of this underrepresented and under-researched student population. Implications for further research are also discussed.
Conserved and Divergent Principles of Planar Polarity Revealed by Hair Cell Development and Function.

Planar polarity describes the organization and orientation of polarized cells or cellular structures within the plane of an epithelium. The sensory receptor hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear have been recognized as a preeminent vertebrate model system for studying planar polarity and its development. This is principally because planar polarity in the inner ear is structurally and molecularly transparent and therefore easy to visualize. Inner ear planar polarity is also functionally significant because hair cells are mechanosensors stimulated by sound or motion and planar polarity underlies the mechanosensory mechanism, thereby facilitating the auditory and vestibular functions of the ear. Structurally, hair cell planar polarity is evident in the organization of a polarized bundle of actin-based protrusions from the apical surface called stereocilia that is necessary for mechanosensation and when stereociliary bundle is disrupted auditory and vestibular behavioral deficits emerge. Hair cells are distributed between six sensory epithelia within the inner ear that have evolved unique patterns of planar polarity that facilitate auditory or vestibular function. Thus, specialized adaptations of planar polarity have occurred that distinguish auditory and vestibular hair cells and will be described throughout this review. There are also three levels of planar polarity organization that can be visualized within the vertebrate inner ear. These are the intrinsic polarity of individual hair cells, the planar cell polarity or coordinated orientation of cells within the epithelia, and planar bipolarity; an organization unique to a subset of vestibular hair cells in which the stereociliary bundles are oriented in opposite directions but remain aligned along a common polarity axis. The inner ear with its complement of auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia allows these levels, and the inter-relationships between them, to be studied using a single model organism. The purpose of this review is to introduce the functional significance of planar polarity with regards to auditory and vestibular hair cell function and our contemporary understanding of the developmental mechanisms associated with organizing planar polarity at these three cellular levels.