cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE LIGHT-INDUCED CHLOROPLAST SHRINKAGE*

Both Class I (intact) and Class II (without the outer plastid membrane) chloroplasts of Spinacea oleracea exhibit a shrinkage of the thylakoid volume under conditions which lead to the well known light-induced light scattering increases. In the present report this shrinkage has been measured on micrographs prepared by the freeze-etch technique. In cloroplasts kept in darkness through the freezing or in those treated with DCMU prior to exposure to red light, the thylakoids are in a slightly swollen condition: in plastids exposed to red light and no inhibitor, the thylakoid membranes are closely appressed, giving the thylakoid a shrunken appearance relative to the control. It is further shown that Class I chloroplasts which are actively fixing CO2 do not give appreciable light scattering changes, but lowering the pH away from the optimum for ATP formation (and CO2 fixation) or adding the uncoupler quinacrine restores the light-induced scattering increases.
GENETICS OF STERILITY IN HYBRIDS BETWEEN TWO SUBSPECIES OF DROSOPHILA.

Hybrids between D. pseudoobscura bogotana and D. pseudoobscura pseudoobscura are fertile except for males produced in one of the two reciprocal crosses. As there is no premating isolation between these subspecies, nonreciprocal male sterility represents the first step in speciation. Genetic analysis reveals two causes of hybrid F, sterility: a maternal effect and incompatibilities between chromosomes within males. The maternal effect appears to play the greatest role in hybrid sterility. The X chromosome has the largest effect on fertility of any chromosome, a ubiquitous result in analyses of hybrid sterility and inviability in Drosophila. This effect is entirely attributable to a region comprising less than 30% of the X chromosome. These results are compared to those from a similar study of D. pseudoobscura-D. persimilis hybrids, an older and more reproductively isolated species pair in the same lineage. Such com- parisons may allow one to identify the genetic changes characterizing the early versus late stages of speciation.
Discovering vulnerabilities in control system human-machine interface software

As educators plan for curriculum enhancement and modifications to address the net-generation of software engineers, it will be important to communicate the necessity of considering software security engineering as applications are net-enabled. This paper presents a case study where commonly accepted software security engineering principles that have been published and employed for approximately 30 years, are not often seen in an important class of application software today. That class of software is commonly referred to as control system software or supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software which is being used today within critical infrastructures and being net-enabled as it is modernized. This circumstance is driven by evolution and not intention. This paper details several vulnerabilities existing in a specific software application as a case study. These vulnerabilities are a result of not following widely-accepted secure software engineering practices which should have been considered by the software engineers developing the product studied. The applicability of these lessons to the classroom are also established with examples of how they are integrated into software engineering and computer science curricula.
Influence of hydrostatic pressure on the insulator-metal transition in BaCo0.9Ni0.1S1.9.

High-pressure studies of BaC${\mathrm{o}}_{0.9}$N${\mathrm{i}}_{0.1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1.9}$, a layered transition-metal--sulfide alloy that exhibits a unique antiferromagnetic insulator to paramagnetic metal transition with decreasing temperature, are reported. Resistance measurements as a function of temperature (2--300 K) and pressure (0--0.8 GPa) are used to determine the phase diagram relating the metallic phase and several insulating phases.
Metacarpal-phalangeal joint arthroplasty of the rheumatoid thumb

Fifty patients with rheumatoid arthritis had 59 Swanson implants of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the thumb. Eleven patients (15 implants) have since died and only 1 patient (1 implant) has been lost to follow-up leaving 43 implants available for study. The most common preoperative deformity was a boutonniere deformity with a flexible interphalangeal joint. All thumbs had less pain after operation. The average range of active motion is 25 degrees, with a flexion arc from 15 to 40 degrees. There is an average key pinch strength of 4 pounds (range, 0.5 to 10). Improvement in activities of daily living were noted in 40 hands. One thumb required reoperation for instability; the implant was removed and a metacarpal-phalangeal arthrodesis was done. Radiographic progression of disease was noted in only one thumb at the interphalangeal joint and in two other thumbs at the carpometacarpal joint. None of these have required further operations. The maintenance of motion appears to help in activities of daily living as stability and pinch strength are often adequate.
Molting in an amphibian, diemyctylus

The shedding of epidermis in this species, as in most amphibia, is periodic. A single outer layer of cells separates nearly simultaneously over the whole body; two hours to ten days may be required for the process. In the first three months of laboratory existence the average frequency of molting was 9 per cent. In nature the frequency was only 2 per cent; this increased during the life in confinement in five months up to 25 per cent. Death in the laboratory was usually preceded by numerous molts. The time of a molt is not normally determined by any one of a number of ordinary external conditions which were modified; but nevertheless several means were found of inducing molting. These were, in order of their efficacy: bandaging with gauze on body or tail, wrapping the body with thread, stitching the body wall, applying hot water, and transplanting skin. Molting frequencies up to 98 per cent may thus be obtained. Since molting is periodic and simultaneous, it is evidently coordinated. Experimental induction requires a latent period of six to ninety-six hours, depending upon the stimulus. Recent skin grafts molt with the host, so that the coordination is probably chemical. The primary significance of molting in all groups of animals is possibly the getting rid of unautolyzable waste materials, i.e., worn epithelial structures.
Polynomial Fits to Saturation Vapor Pressure.

Abstract The authors describe eighth- and sixth-order polynomial fits to Wexler's and Hyland-Wexler's saturation-vapor-pressure expressions. Fits are provided in both least-squares and relative-error norms. Error analysis is presented. The authors show that their method is faster in comparison with the reference expressions when implemented on a CRAY-YMP.
Preparation of Zeolite UTD-1 Films by Pulsed Laser Ablation: Evidence for Oriented Crystal Growth

Oriented films of the high-silica zeolite UTD-1 were prepared using pulsed laser ablation (248 nm, KrF*) of as-synthesized UTD-1 onto polished silicon wafers followed by hydrothermal treatment in a UTD-1 synthesis gel. Densely packed aggregates of elongated UTD-1 crystals grow from the ablated surface with the zeolite channels oriented perpendicular to the substrate.
Post-Totalitarianism in The Lives of Others

Abstract This article argues that The Lives of Others contains a particularly powerful portrait of what the Czech dissident–philosopher Vaclav Havel called “post-totalitarianism.” I will explore Havel's understanding of this concept and the film's evocation of its key features. In Havel's view, these regimes preserve themselves through the principle of “social auto-totality.” They make every person, every citizen, an accomplice in their own oppression. Even more troubling for Havel is that these regimes do not continue to exist because of the evil will and historical misunderstandings of their originators. He suggests these horrors “can happen and did happen only because there is obviously in modern humanity a certain tendency toward the creation, or at least the toleration, of such a system.” Donnersmarck's brilliant film explores how it is that people are capable of living within a lie. This leads to a consideration of an important but heretofore unexplored question: What is the meaning of the movement ...
Early knee motion after open and arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The hypothesis proposed in this study was that the initiation of active and passive knee motion within 48 hours of major intraarticular knee ligament surgery would not have the deleterious effects of increasing knee effusion, hemarthrosis, periarticular soft tissue edema, and swelling. We conducted a prospective study with randomized assignment of 18 patients into two groups: 9 patients in the "motion" group began 10 hours of daily continuous passive motion (CPM) on the 2nd postoperative day, while the remaining 9 in the "delayed motion" group used a soft hinged knee brace with knee hinges locked at 10 degrees of flexion and entered into the motion program on the 7th postoperative day. All knees were allowed full 0 degrees to 90 degrees of motion except for a total of seven knees with concomitant mensicus repairs and extraarticular reconstructions where 20 degrees to 90 degrees of motion was allowed, limiting the last 20 degrees of knee extension for the first 4 postoperative weeks to protect the repair. In all other respects, the rehabilitation program after surgery was the same for the two groups, including postoperative compression dressings, exercises, and weight-bearing status. Ten of the eighteen patients had acute ACL disruptions and 8 had chronic ACL insufficiencies. There was an even distribution of acute and chronic knee cases and of open and arthroscopic ligament procedures in the early and delayed motion groups. Associated surgery included four meniscus repairs, three medial collateral ligament repairs, and one lateral collateral ligament repair. Special suturing and fixation techniques were used at surgery to maintain the integrity of ligament and meniscus structures, allowing the surgeon to feel safe in subjecting the joint to early postoperative motion. The objective parameters measured were KT-1000 arthrometer measurements, Cybex isokinetic testing, girth measurements at four lower limb locations, range of motion goniometer measurements, postoperative pain medications, and days of hospitalization. Starting intermittent passive motion on the 2nd postoperative day did not increase joint effusion, hemarthrosis, or soft tissue swelling. In both motion groups, postoperative joint effusions were absent after the 14th postoperative day. There was no statistically significant difference in knee extension or flexion limits, pain medication used, or hospital stay in comparing the two knee motion programs. An important finding of this study was the significant decreases in thigh circumference that occurred within the first few weeks of surgery, which progressed despite a closely supervised inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The excreta of spiders.

Abstract 1. 1. The reported diversity of excretory products of spiders and the small number of species investigated in this regard prompted a reinvestigation of the excreta of these arthropods. 2. 2. Guanine was the only purine detected in the chromatographic analysis of excreta obtained from 34 species representing 17 families. Amino acids and urea were not detected in the chromatographic analysis of excreta of 4 species. Nesslerization of the excreta of 3 species did not reveal the presence of ammonium salts. 3. 3. Spectral analysis of individual extracts of excreta from 10 species confirmed chromatographic evidence and indicated that guanine made up 34–76 per cent of the excreta by weight. 4. 4. Kjeldhal determinations of these extracts revealed that guanine accounted for 73–87 per cent of the excreted nitrogen. 5. 5. The lack of certain enzymes in spiders was offered as a possible reason to explain the difference between uric acid excretion in insects and guanine excretion in spiders.
Chromium-associated 32P-labeling of proteins

Abstract The incubation of proteins with chromium (Cr3+ or Cr6+) in the presence of 32P ([γ-32P]ATP or H332PO4) at room temperature for 10–30 min resulted in the labeling of these proteins with 32P. The 32P-labeled proteins could be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by exposure to X-ray film. The characteristics of this procedure included: (1) the optimal chromium concentration was 100 μM; (2) the minimum requirement of each protein was 1 μM, (3) the optimal pH value was between 6 and 8; (4) metal ions such as V5+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ strongly inhibited the effect of chromium, whereas Ca2+ and Mg2+ had litte effect. It was concluded that chromium binds to the protenis and forms a complex with 32P to achieve the 32P-labeling of the proteins. This technique can be applied for the rapid preparation of 32P labels on protein markers for gel electrophoresis and for the identification of unknown proteins species.
Increased cancer risk for individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma and their associated screening recommendations and practices

Prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma are three malignancies that appear to have strong genetic components that can confer additional risk to family members. Screening tools, albeit controversial, are widely available to potentially aide in early diagnosis. Family members are now more attuned to the risks and benefits of cancer screening, thus, it is imperative that physicians understand the screening tools and how to interpret the information they provide. We reviewed the current literature regarding the cancer risks for individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma, the current screening recommendations for family members, and actual screening practices of individuals with a family history of these malignancies. This review should serve as a guide for physicians and cancer control planners when advising their patients and the public regarding screening decisions.
Incorporation of Aggregate Breakup in the Simulation of Orthokinetic Coagulation.

The agglomeration and breakup of floc aggregates formed in orthokinetic coagulation is examined. By considering local flow strain-rate, a breakup rate kernel is derived based on flow-induced normal stresses. The new breakup kernel is included in a population size class balance for floc aggregates. The resulting population balance was solved numerically over a wide range of parameters to obtain a variety of floc size distributions. Results indicate that the inclusion of a breakup kernel in orthokinetic coagulation modeling eliminates the computational growth to a maximum size class, producing more realistic distributions. The breakup kernel was rigorously compared to prior research and found to be consistent with the earlier theories of coagulation agglomeration and breakup.
Extracellular acidosis and high levels of carbon dioxide suppress synaptic transmission and prevent the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength induced by high frequency stimulation. LTP may participate in learning and memory formation. In many synaptic systems, LTP is dependent on intact function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. NMDA receptors may be inhibited in different conditions involving also extracellular acidosis. A decrease in the extracellular pH accompanies many pathological states such as ischemia, hypoxia, and the CNS injury. The study was designed to determine whether comparable extracellular acid-base imbalances are able to interfere with the LTP induction. Hippocampal slices from adult rats were stimulated with high frequency stimulation (1 × 100 Hz/1 s) at Schaffer collateral-commissural synaptic system in the environment with different pH (6.7–7.8) and the field responses were recorded in CA1. Acidosis was achieved by supplying excessive CO2 or by HCO3-decrease in standard bicarbonate-containing buffer or by a direct acidification of the buffer containing Na-HEPES. Invariably, all forms of acidification suppressed the efficacy of normal, low frequency synaptic transmission and prevented the induction of LTP in a reversible manner; i.e., after reperfusion of the slices at pH 7.3 and restimulation, there was a return of synaptic transmission back to baseline, and a significant amount of LTP occurred. In contrast, alkalization to pH 7.8, although enhancing synaptic transmission efficacy, did not further increase the LTP magnitude compared to control environment with pH 7.3. The results suggest that extracellular acidosis associated with several pathological conditions in the CNS may significantly diminish the LTP induction, and thus negatively affect all physiological processes that utilize LTP. Hippocampus 1998;8:24–32. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exterior boundary value problems as limits of interface problems

Abstract It is proved that the solution to exterior Neumann boundary value problem can be obtained as the limit of the solutions of some problems in the whole space.
Treatment of HIV infection with raltegravir.

Background: Raltegravir, an inhibitor of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme, is now available for the treatment of drug-resistant virus. Objective: To establish raltegravir as an effective addition to the existing antiretroviral armamentarium by reviewing pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety and tolerability. Methods: Data from pharmacokinetic, Phase II and III clinical trials were reviewed. Results/conclusions: Results from clinical trials indicate that raltegravir is safe and highly effective in the treatment of both antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients.
Cl2 deposition on soil matrices

Abstract Deposition of chlorine gas, Cl2, on synthetic soil sample matrices was examined in a small chamber to ascertain its potential significance as a chemical sink during large-scale releases. The effects of organic matter, clay and sand mass fractions of the soil matrix, soil packing, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light on the observed Cl2 deposition were examined. Organic matter content was found to be the dominant soil variable investigated that affected Cl2 deposition; all other variables exhibited no measurable effect. Analytical results from the top 8.5 mm of soil columns exposed to Cl2 were fit to a simple kinetic model with six adjustable parameters. The kinetic model included two reactive bins to account for fast- and slow-reacting material in the soil matrices. The resulting empirical equation agreed with the data to within a factor of two and accurately predicted results from soil mixes not used to optimize the adjustable parameters. Total Cl2 deposition, assuming a penetration depth of 8.5 mm, was calculated to be as high as 160 metric tons per square kilometer for soil with an organic content of 10%, and inferred deposition velocities were as high as 0.5 cm/s for organically rich soil.
Filtering information from human experts

The authors propose a model, or filter, for debiasing opinions from multiple experts and combining them into a single consistent estimate of some variable of interest. A distinguishing feature of the approach consists of making the calibration of experts an integral part of filtering. This enables the filter to learn from previous experience with the experts. The theoretical development takes a Bayesian perspective, using B. de Finetti's notion of exchangeability (1964). Experimental results with a preliminary computer implementation of the filter show that its estimates are better than those from comparable filters that do not involve calibration. >
The Games of Logic and the Games of Inquiry

Truth-definitions play a crucial role in the foundations of logic and semantics. Tarsik-type truth-definitions are not possible to formulate in a usual first-order language for itself, and they have been criticized because they do not account for what makes them definitions of truth. It has been suggested that truth should instead be characterized by reference to the «language-games» of verification and falsification. The author’s game-theoretical semantics (GTS) here explained for formal first-order languages, can be thought of as a realization of this idea. More technically speaking, GTS can also be thought of as a systematization of the well-known «epsilon-delta» definitions in the foundations of analysis. In GTS, truth is not defined by reference to winning a play of a game, but as the existence of a winning strategy in the game for the verifier. In a first-order language, the game-theoretical truth-condition of a sentence S can accordingly be expressed by an explicit second-order (sigma-one-one) sentence asserting the existence of the Skolem function of S.
An effective approach to determine the dynamic source parameters

In this study, we present a new and effective method to determine the dynamic source parameters (i.e., stress drop and strength distribution). We first assume that the kinematic source parameters, i.e., the slip and rupture time distributions on the fault plane, are known from the previous source inversion studies. Then, using the seismic source representation theorem we determine the dynamic stress field on a fault plane from known kinematic parameters. Finally, we determine the strength of the fault defined as the peak stress just before the rupture. We have tested the validity of this method by using an illustrative two-dimensional analytical example. To assess the applicability of this method, we have applied it to study the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, and obtained consistent results with those of Miyatake’s (1992) and Quin’s (1990). Compared with previous methods, this new method is simple, straightforward and accurate, and needs much less calculation. Therefore, it is expected to be useful in exploring the seismic source process.
The use of innovative computer technology for teaching social communication to individuals with autism spectrum disorders

For individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the use of technology to provide intervention, particularly targeting the core social–communication deficits of the disorder, is promising. This literature review will examine studies that have used innovative technology, such as interactive computer programs and virtual reality, to deliver direct intervention focused on the development of social and communication skills to individuals with an ASD. Given that the study and use of such programs is still relatively new, the majority of the published literature is descriptive or exploratory in nature. As such, this review will provide a summary of these initial studies and preliminary findings, and provide suggestions for the future development and evaluation of similar programs.
Prolactin suppresses luteinizing hormone secretion and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by a direct action at the anterior pituitary

In pathological or experimental hyperprolactinemia, the elevated circulating levels of PRL are the usual cause of the impairment in gonadotropic function. The present study was undertaken to determine whether PRL could suppress basal LH secretion and LHRH-stimulated LH release by a direct action at the anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitaries from ovariectomized rats were incubated in medium 199 alone or in medium 199 containing ovine PRL, and basal and the LHRH-stimulated LH release were followed for 2 or 3 h in vitro. Ovine PRL at 40 and 80 micrograms/ml suppressed basal LH release by 41% and 72%, respectively, at 2 h of incubation. This suppressive effect of both concentrations of PRL continued to the third hour of incubation. LHRH at 5 ng/ml increased the release of LH from pituitaries incubated in medium alone by 57%, 61%, and 107% at 1, 2, and 3 h of incubation, respectively. However, in the pituitaries treated with 40 micrograms/ml ovine PRL, the stimulatory effects of LHRH were diminished at all time points measured. Pretreatment of anterior pituitaries with ovine PRL for 6 h significantly inhibited by 81% the LHRH (5 ng/ml) stimulation of LH release at 2 h of incubation. On the other hand, inhibition of endogenous PRL release by 10(-6) M bromocriptine enhanced the stimulatory effects of 5 ng/ml LHRH by 2.5-fold at 2 h of incubation. The inhibitory effects of PRL on basal and stimulated LH secretion appeared unique, since neither BSA nor vasopressin could elicit similar suppressive effects on LH. These results suggest that in anterior pituitaries exposed to elevated levels of PRL, LH secretion and pituitary responsiveness to LHRH could be impaired. This phenomenon may contribute in part to the antigonadotropic effects of PRL.
Effects of chaotropic anions on bicuculline inhibition of high affinity γ-aminobutyric acid binding in bovine retina and rat brain membranes

Chaotropic anions (ions that favour transfer of apolar groups to water) increased bicuculline inhibition of (3)H-?-aminobutyric acid binding to bovine retinal membranes as previously reported for rat forebrain membranes. The increased bicuculline inhibition was reversible when the chaotropic anion was removed thus ruling out the possibility that 'endogenous regulators' were being removed by the chaotropic anions. Another possible explanation for the enhanced bicuculline inhibition is an increase in the solubility of bicuculline, an organic compound that is sparingly soluble in water; however, when bicuculline-methiodide, a more water soluble form of bicuculline was used, no difference was noted in this enhancement. Although the chaotropic anions temporarily increase the bicuculline inhibition of ?-aminobutyric acid binding, they do not increase (3)H-?-aminobutyric acid receptor binding as previously suggested. Thiocyanate or perchlorate have no effect on (3)H-?-aminobutyric acid receptor binding to rat forebrain or cerebellar membranes. Although thiocyanate slightly inhibits ?-aminobutyric acid receptor binding to bovine retinal membranes, perchlorate has no effect. The previous observation that sodium perchlorate enhanced ?-aminobutyric acid binding in bovine retina was due to the enhancement of sodium-dependent binding to a nipecotic acid-sensitive binding site (perhaps an uptake site). The mechanism of action of chaotropic anions in vitro on ?-aminobutyric acid binding may be through an alteration in the interaction of the receptor with the antagonists, bicuculline or bicuculline-methiodide, but is not through the removal of a component that blocks the binding site or regulates the receptor's properties, as evidenced by the reversibility of the chaotropic anion effect and the lack of effect on agonist binding.
The Effects of School, Family, and Community Support on the Academic Achievement of African American Adolescents

This study explores the effects of teacher, family, and church support on the school-related attitudes, behaviors, and academic achievements of African American urban adolescents. To achieve this objective, 827 students in an urban school district in the Southeastern United States were surveyed. Interviews were conducted with a subset of the research population to enhance and aid in the interpretation of the questionnaire data. The analyses show that students' perceptions of teacher and parental academic support and church involvement indirectly influence achievement through their positive and significant influences on students' academic self-concepts and school behaviors. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Cosmological dispersion, the corrected redshift formula, and large-scale structure.

We calculate the exact frequency redshift for both massless and massive scalar fields coupled to gravity in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker backgrounds. The exact redshift expression factorizes and is proportional to the naive Doppler shift times a term representing diffractive effects. These diffractive or dispersive corrections can be large for field modes with wavelengths on the order of the horizon size. The corresponding mode amplitudes undergo amplification or deamplification, with respect to conformally coupled scalars, depending on the value of the coupling to gravity. Implications for cosmological density perturbations are discussed.
Design and Commissioning of a Dual Visible/Near-IR Echelle Spectrograph for the AEOS Telescope

The Institute for Astronomy has developed and recently installed a high-resolution cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph for use at one of the coude foci of the AEOS 3.7-meter telescope, operated by the Air Force Space Command atop Mt. Haleakala on the island of Maui. The spectrograph features an optical arm for the wavelength range 0.5 - 1.0 μm and an infrared arm for the range 1.0 - 2.5 μm. We review the spectrograph design and present commissioning results obtained with both the visible and infrared arms. Both channels use a white-pupil collimator design to maximize grating efficiency and to limit the size of the camera optics. The visible arm of the spectrograph uses deep-depletion CCDs optimized for operation near 1.0 μm. The infrared detector is a 2048 x 2048 HgCdTe array (HAWAII-2) that has been developed by the Rockwell Science Center for this project. Both channels are equipped with slit-viewing cameras for object acquisition and control of a fast guiding tip-tilt mirror located at a pupil image in the spectrograph fore optics.
Acute Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Hunger and Eating in Male and Female Smokers

Abstract Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced body weight, an effect which has often been attributed to acute anorectic actions of nicotine. In this study, male and female smokers (n = 10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, participated in three 2-h sessions, involving intermittent, controlled exposure to their usual cigarette (mean yield = 0·75 mg nicotine), a very low nicotine cigarette (0·1 mg) or an unlit cigarette. Hunger and cigarette craving were assessed throughout each session, which ended with ad libitum consumption of a variety of food items ("lunch"). Plasma nicotine analyses confirmed successful control of nicotine exposure via smoking. Results indicated no differences across cigarette conditions in hunger, in contrast to the sharp differences in cigarette craving. There were no differences in total caloric intake, or in macronutrient or taste selection. There were also no differences in any responses to smoking condition as a function of gender. These findings cast into question the commonly held notion that nicotine or smoking has acute anorectic in smokers.
Total dose and single event testing of the Intersil ISL70227RH low-noise operational amplifier

We report the results of low and high dose rate total dose and SEE testing of the Intersil ISL70227RH low-noise operational amplifier together with a discussion of the part's electrical specifications and wafer fabrication process.
Computational study of the hydrolysis of degradable polysaccharide biomaterials: substituent effects on the hydrolytic mechanism

Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives are absorbable polysaccharides which are used extensively in cosmetics and as biomaterials. Two possible mechanisms of degradation, involving an oxocarbenium ion and the corresponding radical cation, are examined by modeling of the saccharide ring and the effects of various ring substituents on the two possible mechanisms. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diet and cholesteremia. III. Effect of dietary proteins with particular reference to the lipids in wheat gluten.

The effects of different dietary levels of several proteins on the serum cholesterol concentration of the rat have been determined. With diets containing casein, serum cholesterol concentration was lowest when the protein level was 30–40%. The cholesteremic effects of fibrin and pork were similar to that of casein. Zein exerted a marked hypercholesteremic effect which could be counteracted by replacing it in part with casein. A soybean protein (Drackett) fed at high levels led to lower, and fed at lower levels, led to higher serum cholesterol concentrations than were observed with comparable levels of casein.Wheat gluten fed to rats on a hypercholesteremic regimen caused a marked lowering of serum cholesterol concentration. However, when cholesterol and cholic acid were excluded from the diet, the substitution of wheat gluten for casein as the dietary protein caused a rise in serum cholesterol concentration. Extraction of wheat gluten with absolute ethanol led to the separation of lipid-like material poss...
Evaluation and Prediction of 17th Street Canal I-Wall Stability Using Numerical Limit Analyses

Numericallimitanalyseshavebeenusedtoevaluatethestabilityofthe17thStreetCanalI-wallleveeduringHurricaneKatrina.The potential formation of a water-filled gap along the canal-side soil-wall interface at failure is included in both the lower- and upper-bound for- mulations. The analyses replicate published two-dimensional (2D) cross sections and soil properties developed in forensic investigations car- ried out by the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET) and by the Independent Levee Investigation Team (ILIT). The current results provide anindependent basis forunderstanding andevaluating the proposedfailure mechanisms anddemonstrate that awater-filled gap is a necessary condition for the critical I-wall failure mechanism. Further limit-analysis calculations produce credible estimates of the surge elevation that caused failure of the 17th Street Canal I-wall as well as predictions of a consistent failure mechanism. The numerical limit anal- yses show clearly how differences in the stability of the I-wall are linked to different interpretations of the stratigraphy and undrained shear strengths by IPET and ILIT. The analyses also show that effects of a thin layer of weak organic clay as postulated by ILIT are not necessary to explain the I-wall failure. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000814. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Drainage; Walls; Clays; Lateral loads; Levees and dikes; Louisiana; Hurricanes; Structural stability. Author keywords: Upper- and lower-bound limits; Undrained stability; Walls; Clays; Limit equilibrium; Lateral loading.
Role of cellular factors in the replication of human retroviruses: recent insights

We and others have described the use of genome-wide screenings for cellular factors that contribute to HIV-1 replication [1,2]. One aspect of the HIV-1 life cycle important to viral replication is the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 gene expression. In HIV-1 biology, a key step in gene expression is the post-transcriptional export of intron-containing viral RNAs which bypass the normal mechanism(s) that retain cellular intron-containing RNAs in the nucleus. Specific signals on the viral RNAs, such as instability sequences (INS) and Rev responsive element (RRE), are binding sites for viral and cellular factors that serve to regulate RNA-export. The HIV-1 encoded viral Rev protein binds to the RRE found on unspliced and incompletely spliced viral RNAs. Binding by Rev directs the export of these RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previously, Rev co-factors have been found to include cellular factors such as CRM1, DDX3, PIMT and Matrin3 [3,4]. I will discuss these and other cellular factors that influence HIV-1 replication.
Upper Bounds for Correlations between Binary Outcomes and Probabilistic Predictions

Abstract There are many types of diverse models that yield probabilistic predictions for outcomes that are binary. We show that a correlation between the 0, 1 binary outcomes and the prediction probabilities can yield meaningful results. The upper bound for the resulting R2 turns out to be a surprisingly simple expression for a class of situations which contain a quite general assumption on the distribution of the prediction probabilities. Some implications for subjective probability estimates are also given.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassay for visceral toxicosis of catfish and botulinum neurotoxin serotype E

Visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC), a sporadic disease of cultured channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) often with high mortality, is caused by botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E). Presumptive diagnosis of VTC is based on characteristic clinical signs and lesions, and the production of these signs and mortality after sera from affected fish is administered to sentinel catfish. The diagnosis is confirmed if the toxicity is neutralized with BoNT/E antitoxin. Because small catfish are often unavailable, the utility of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) was evaluated in BoNT/E and VTC bioassays. Channel catfish and zebrafish susceptibilities were compared using trypsin-activated BoNT/E in a 96-hr trial by intracoelomically administering 0, 1.87, 3.7, 7.5, 15, or 30 pg of toxin per gram of body weight (g-bw) of fish. All of the zebrafish died at the 7.5 pg/g-bw and higher, while the catfish died at the 15 pg/g-bw dose and higher. To test the bioassay, sera from VTC-affected fish or control sera were intracoelomically injected at a dose of 10 µl per zebrafish and 20 µl/g-bw for channel catfish. At 96 hr post-injection, 78% of the zebrafish and 50% of the catfish receiving VTC sera died, while no control fish died. When the VTC sera were preincubated with BoNT/E antitoxin, they became nontoxic to zebrafish. Histology of zebrafish injected with either VTC serum or BoNT/E demonstrated renal necrosis. Normal catfish serum was toxic to larval zebrafish in immersion exposures, abrogating their utility in VTC bioassays. The results demonstrate bioassays using adult zebrafish for detecting BoNT/E and VTC are sensitive and practical.
An Optical-Digital Computer for Parallel Processing of Images

An optical-digital computer (ODC) that enables parallel processing of images is discussed. A number of optical and analog electronic preprocessing operations are described. These include the use of the texture variance to separate objects in an image on the basis of texture, application of autocorrelation techniques to find hidden periodicities in images, masking on the basis of color, Fourier analysis, and planimetric analysis of color scenes. A particular design of an ODC is discussed. The computer consists of an optical system, an image analyzer, a bandwidth compressor and digitizer, and a digital computer. A number of applications are furnished. Emphasis is given to processing aerial and radiographic imagery.
Photoelectrochemistry of core–shell tandem junction n–p+-Si/n-WO3 microwire array photoelectrodes

Tandem junction (n–p^+-Si/ITO/WO_3/liquid) core–shell microwire devices for solar-driven water splitting have been designed, fabricated and investigated photoelectrochemically. The tandem devices exhibited open-circuit potentials of E_(∝) = −1.21 V versus E^0′(O_2/H_2O), demonstrating additive voltages across the individual junctions (n–p^+-Si E_(∝) = −0.5 V versus solution; WO_3/liquid E_(∝) = −0.73 V versus E^0′(O_2/H_2O)). Optical concentration (12×, AM1.5D) shifted the open-circuit potential to E_(∝) = −1.27 V versus E^0′(O_2/H_2O) and resulted in unassisted H_2 production during two-electrode measurements (anode: tandem device, cathode: Pt disc). The solar energy-conversion efficiencies were very low, 0.0068% and 0.0019% when the cathode compartment was saturated with Ar or H_2, respectively, due to the non-optimal photovoltage and band-gap of the WO_3 that was used in the demonstration system to obtain stability of all of the system components under common operating conditions while also insuring product separation for safety purposes.
Empirical Models of Cultural Transmission

This paper discusses several issues concerning an empirical analysis of the endogenous formation of preferences, as well as cognitive and psychological traits. In particular we show by means of examples how, with existing data, it is possible to i) identify empirically the distinct insuence of family and society at large in the determination of cultural traits, and ii) disentangle genetic heritability from cultural and environmental factors determining cognitive and psychological traits.
A Wideband Patch Antenna With Dual-Cylindrical Probe Feed

A broadband air-loaded patch antenna is presented in this letter. The antenna is differentially fed by two capacitively coupled thick cylindrical probes carefully integrated with the radiator to enhance the overall mechanical integrity. The coupling between the ports is reduced by a metallic wall symmetrically placed between the probes and firmly attached to the patch. The designed antenna has 48% bandwidth defined for broadside gain above 8 dBi, VSWR 11 dB. This bandwidth increases to 56 % if desired gain is above 5 dBi. High levels of crosspolarization rejection and pattern stability are also demonstrated. The design is conducted using commercial finite-element software, and the performance is verified with thorough measurements.
Stevensite oolites from the Green River Formation of central Utah

ABSTRACT The Green River Formation (Eocene) in Sanpete Valley, central Utah, contains many thin beds of shiny brown oolites in a very sparse to abundant matrix of calcite and minor quartz. Analytical techniques revealed that the oolites are composed primarily of the smectite stevensite. The brown color of the oolites is a result of organic matter. The stevensite oolites probably were precipitated in place in Lake Uinta.
Shape evolution by surface diffusion and surface attachment limited kinetics on completely faceted surfaces

Abstract The evolution of two-dimensional shapes to equilibrium shapes is investigated for two kinetic mechanisms, surface diffusion and surface attachment limited kinetics. Qualitative differences are found that may be used in experiments for easy distinction among the two mechanisms, and find topological changes not expected for the corresponding isotropic problems. We take advantage of the mathematical developments for surface evolution and equilibration problems when surface energy anisotropy is “crystalline”, so extreme that crystals are fully faceted. We confirm the prediction that with this anisotropy these problems are more easily solvable than for lesser anisotropies, and the techniques developed may even be useful for approximating isotropic problems.
The Evolution of Theory: A Case Study

International attention is currently focused on alleviating health disparities through the adoption of new paradigms of research and the development of culturally relevant theories of health and illness. Yet, in spite of consistent calls to inform these deficiencies, the methodological trajectory from problem identification to theoretical development has remained relatively elusive. In this article, the authors present a case study of a systematic research methodology that resulted in a refined theory of social capital with practical relevance for health disparities research. Their purpose is to demonstrate how the stages and strategies of the hybrid model of concept development were extended as a research trajectory.
Parents found it difficult to obtain objective information and advice about the combined mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine

(2001) Br J Gen Pract 51, 904; Evans M, Stoddart H, Condon L, et al. . Parents’ perspectives on the MMR immunization: a focus group study. . Nov; . : . –10 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTION: What factors influence parents’ decisions about whether to accept the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunisation for their children? 6 focus groups. Avon and Gloucestershire, UK. 48 parents who were 22–48 years of age (mean age 35 y, 90% mothers). Parents had accepted (3 focus groups) or not accepted (3 focus groups) MMR immunisation for their youngest child (14 mo to 3 y of age). A moderator facilitated each group and asked open ended questions about child health, attitudes towards immunisation, the decision making process, the effects of the media and other influences on immunisations, and issues that were important to parents. The 1–2 hour discussions were tape recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed using the constant comparative method until theoretical saturation was reached. 4 key factors influenced parents’ decisions about MMR immunisation. Beliefs about the risks and benefits of immunisation compared with the risks associated with contracting measles, mumps, or rubella : immunisers tended to stress the benefits of immunisation and the dangers … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBritish%2BJournal%2Bof%2BGeneral%2BPractise%26rft.stitle%253Dbjgp%26rft.issn%253D0960-1643%26rft.aulast%253DEvans%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D51%26rft.issue%253D472%26rft.spage%253D904%26rft.epage%253D910%26rft.atitle%253DParents%2527%2Bperspectives%2Bon%2Bthe%2BMMR%2Bimmunisation%253A%2Ba%2Bfocus%2Bgroup%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11761204%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bjgp&resid=51/472/904&atom=%2Febnurs%2F5%2F4%2F122.atom
The role of the ventral dentate gyrus in olfactory pattern separation

Dorsoventral lesion studies of the hippocampus have indicated that the dorsal axis of the hippocampus is important for spatial processing and the ventral axis of the hippocampus is important for olfactory learning and memory and anxiety. There is some evidence to suggest that the ventral CA3 and ventral CA1 conduct parallel processes for pattern completion and temporal processing, respectively. Studies have indicated that the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) is importantly involved in processes reflecting underlying pattern separation activity for spatial information. However, the ventral DG is less understood. The current study investigated the less-understood role of the ventral DG in olfactory pattern separation. A series of odor stimuli that varied on only one level, number of carbon chains (methyl groups), was used in a matching-to-sample paradigm in order to investigate ventral DG involvement in working memory for similar and less similar odors. Rats with ventral DG lesions were impaired at delays of 60 sec, but not at delays of 15 sec. A memory-based pattern separation effect was observed performance was poorest with only one carbon chain separation between trial odors and was highest for trials with four separations. The present study indicates that the ventral DG plays an important role in olfactory learning and memory processes for highly similar odors. The results also indicate a role for the ventral DG in pattern separation for odor information, which may have further implications for parallel processing across the dorsoventral axis for the DG in spatial (dorsal) and olfactory (ventral) pattern separation.