cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynorphin and prodynorphin mRNA changes in the striatum during nicotine withdrawal.

Nicotine withdrawal causes somatic and negative affective symptoms that contribute to relapse and continued tobacco smoking. So far, the neuronal substrates involved are not fully understood, and an opioid role has been suggested. In this regard, the opioid dynorphin (Dyn) is of interest as it produces aversive states and has been speculated to play a role in the nicotine behavioral syndrome. These studies explore whether Dyn metabolism is altered during withdrawal following chronic administration of nicotine. Mice were administered nicotine, 2 mg/kg, s.c., four times daily for 14 days, and Dyn and prodynorphin (PD) mRNA estimated in selective brain regions at various times (30 min to 96 h) following drug discontinuation. The content of Dyn, estimated by RIA, was decreased in the striatum for a protracted time, from 30 min to over 72 h. In contrast, the mRNA for PD, evaluated by Northern blot, was elevated, appearing by 8 h and lasting over 96 h. Dyn was decreased in both ventral and dorsal striatum, and PD mRNA was differentially increased in the two striatal compartments as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. PD message was predominantly augmented in the nucleus accumbens, rostral pole, core, and shell, and the medial aspects of caudate/putamen. We interpret these data to indicate increased activity of striatal, particularly accumbal, dynorphinergic neurons during nicotine withdrawal resulting in enhanced peptide release and compensatory synthesis. Heightened dynorphinergic tone might be responsible, in part, for the emergence of the negative affective states observed during nicotine withdrawal. Synapse 62:448–455, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A full-Eulerian solid level set method for simulation of fluid–structure interactions

We present a full Eulerian method, termed solid level set (SLS) method, for modeling of a class of fluid–structure interactions (FSI) problems soft solid body can deform significantly but remains nearly incompressible. The SLS method is based on the unified momentum equation framework in which the solid–fluid interactions are modeled by introducing a solid body force term and a solid–fluid interfacial force term into the Navier–Stokes equation. The key idea of the SLS method is that the deformation of the solid body is no longer tracked using a Lagrangian mesh. Instead, the solid body is tracked by introducing a reference coordinate for describing the reference state of the solid body and by introducing three dynamic level set functions on the Cartesian coordinate and one static level set functions on the reference coordinate. The SLS method is easy to implement and addresses several challenges in the simulation of FSIs in which a fixed Cartesian mesh is used for fluid flow and a Lagrangian mesh is used for tracking the solid deformation. The effectiveness of the SLS method is demonstrated by studying two FSI problems. The method is suitable for studying a wide range of problems in microfluidics, e.g., manipulation of cells in confined space and ink-jet printing of biological samples.
Generalized resource sharing

Resource sharing is one of the main tasks in high-level synthesis, and although many algorithms have addressed the problem there are still several limitations which restrict the generality and applicability of current algorithms. Most clique-partitioning-based algorithms use local and inaccurate cost-functions which result in inefficient results. This paper presents algorithms for the resource sharing problem on registers and functional units, and shows how they overcome the limitations of existing algorithms. The main characteristics of this work are: interleaved register and functional unit merging in a global clique partitioning based framework, accurate merging cost estimation, accurate interconnect cost estimation, relative control cost taken into account and efficient false loop elimination. The results obtained show significant improvements in the delay of designs, while also minimizing area, specially for large designs with many sharing possibilities.
The olfactory responses of the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and their sensitivity to blockage of nitric oxide synthase

The relative sensitivities of the olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata, were assessed using simultaneous electroantennograms (EAGs) and electropalpograms (EPGs). In general, the antennae and maxillary palps were more sensitive to odors related to animals (blood extract and saturated carboxylic acid) than to odors that were plant-derived (citral, hexenol, hexenal). In addition, the maxillary palps were relatively less sensitive to plant-derived odorants than the antennae, perhaps related to their anatomical position. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the types of sensilla found on the two organs. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used in an attempt to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the antenna and the maxillary palps. We found evidence of NADPH-diaphorase staining in both organs, with localized staining in the antennal cells and more general staining in the maxillary palps. When NOS was selectively blocked using the antagonist L-NAME, the amplitude of the EAGs and EPGs to odorants fell by 30-50%. In contrast, application of the inactive enantiomer, D-NAME, did not change the amplitude of the EAGs or the EPGs. Our results indicate that NOS is involved in the function of olfactory receptor cells in the fleshfly.
Circuit-Level and Layout-Specific Interconnect Reliability Assessments

We have developed a methodology and a prototype tool for making computationally efficient circuit-level assessments of interconnect reliability. A key component of this process has been the development of simple analytic models that relate the reliability of the complex structures in layouts to the simpler straight, junction-free lines of uniform width that are typically used in lifetime tests. We have considered interconnect trees as the fundamental reliability units, where trees can have multiple junctions and limbs, and can also have width variations. We have developed analytic methods for identifying trees which are immune to failure, and have demonstrated that computationally simple techniques lead to the identification of a large fraction of the trees in a circuit as immune to failure (i.e., that they are ‘immortal’). These trees therefore need not be considered in further analyses. Using simulations and analytic treatments we have also developed default models which allow estimation of the reliability of the remaining trees. These models have been tested and validated them through experiments on simple tree structures with junctions and line-width transitions. Our prototype circuit-level reliability analysis tool projects the reliability of circuits based on specific layouts, and provides a rank listing of the reliability of mortal trees. This allows the user to accept the assessment as is, to carry out more accurate but computationally-intensive analyses of the least reliable trees, or to modify the layout or process to address reliability concerns and reanalyze the reliability.
Effects of different post-crystallization soaking conditions on the diffraction of Mtcp1 crystals.

The crystal structure of human Mtcp1 was determined at 2 A resolution after the X-ray diffraction limit was improved by post-crystallization soaking in 2.0 M ammonium sulfate for 1–5 months. The effects of varying the ammonium sulfate concentration and addition of polyethylene glycol to the soaking solution were examined in order to understand the phenomenon and to reduce the soaking time. Soaking the crystal for one week in a solution of 1.5 M ammonium sulfate and 2% PEG 3400 gave the desired improvement in diffraction quality. Therefore, different soaking conditions should be explored when crystals show disordered and low-resolution diffraction.
Nitrogen fertilizer influence on greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) dynamics and damage to sorghum

Field experiments carried out in Texas between 1974 and 1980 showed that densities of Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) on sorghum increased in direct relation to the rate of application of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 45, 90, 135, 180 and 225 kg/ha) and to increase in plant dry matter. Damage ratings related to the density of the pest indicated that nitrogen fertilizer did not alter natural tolerance of sorghum to attack. The dynamics of S. graminum responded positively to ammonium nitrogen content in leaves. These results indicated that increasing nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the suitability of sorghum as a food-plant for S. graminum. However, the rate of aphid increase diminished at higher nitrogen concentrations
Automotive Materials: Technology Trends and Challenges in the 21st Century

The following article is an edited transcript based on the plenary talk given by Alan I. Taub of General Motors Corp. on November 28, 2005, at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston. Fuel economy requirements, emissions regulations, and the push for energy independence are key factors driving the auto industry to increase vehicle efficiency. The main avenues to efficiency improvement are powertrain enhancements and mass reduction. This presentation details how General Motors is developing advanced propulsion systems and using lightweight materials to achieve greater vehicle efficiency. Taub, who is executive director of General Motors Research and Development, outlines GM’s strategy for advancing propulsion technology, from improvements in the internalcombustion engine to hybridization to full vehicle electrification. He then describes the company’s efforts to use lightweight materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, high-strength steels, and composites to reduce vehicle weight. Also highlighted is GM’s success in employing novel materials in the development of advanced vehicle and powertrain systems to achieve additional efficiencies. One example is the application of smart materials, which enable new features and functions by way of mechamatronic solutions (the integration of smart materials with mechanical systems and electronics). Key technical hurdles that must be overcome to increase the use of these materials by the automotive industry are also discussed.
Brain region‐specific gene expression changes after chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and early withdrawal in C57BL/6J mice

Neuroadaptations that participate in the ontogeny of alcohol dependence are likely a result of altered gene expression in various brain regions. The present study investigated brain region-specific changes in the pattern and magnitude of gene expression immediately following chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure and 8 hours following final ethanol exposure [i.e. early withdrawal (EWD)]. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix 430A 2.0, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and bioinformatics analysis were used to characterize gene expression and function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HPC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Gene expression levels were determined using gene chip robust multi-array average followed by statistical analysis of microarrays and validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Results indicated that immediately following CIE exposure, changes in gene expression were strikingly greater in the PFC (284 genes) compared with the HPC (16 genes) and NAc (32 genes). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the transcriptionally responsive genes in the PFC were involved in Ras/MAPK signaling, notch signaling or ubiquitination. In contrast, during EWD, changes in gene expression were greatest in the HPC (139 genes) compared with the PFC (four genes) and NAc (eight genes). The most transcriptionally responsive genes in the HPC were involved in mRNA processing or actin dynamics. Of the few genes detected in the NAc, the most representatives were involved in circadian rhythms. Overall, these findings indicate that brain region-specific and time-dependent neuroadaptive alterations in gene expression play an integral role in the development of alcohol dependence and withdrawal.
Does timing of cytoreductive nephrectomy impact patient survival with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era? A multi-institutional study.

Objective To compare outcomes of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients who underwent primary cytoreductive nephrectomy (CRN), followed by adjuvant sunitinib therapy, vs those who underwent primary sunitinib therapy before planned CRN. Methods This was a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 35 mRCC patients from June 2005 to August 2009 (median follow-up, 28.5 months): 17 underwent primary CRN, followed by adjuvant sunitinib (group 1); 18 underwent primary sunitinib therapy, followed by planned CRN (group 2). Response to therapy was determined using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Group 2 patients who had partial response (PR)/stable disease (SD) proceeded to CRN (group 2 +CRN). Group 2 patients who progressed were treated with salvage systemic therapy (group 2 no-CRN). Primary and secondary outcomes were disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results Patient demographic and tumor characteristics were similar. The groups had similar rates of DSS and OS on univariate analysis ( P = .318 and P = .181). In group 2, 11 (61%) had PR/DS; 7 (39%) progressed. Mean times to disease-specific death in group 1, group 2 (+CRN), and group 2 (no-CRN) were 29.2, 4.6, and 28.7 months, respectively ( P = .025). Kaplan-Meier analysis of DSS and OS demonstrated significant improvement in group 2 (+CRN) vs group 1 vs group 2 (no-CRN; P Conclusion Nonresponders to primary sunitinib therapy had a poor prognosis. Offering CRN, if safely feasible, combined with sunitinib, was associated with improved disease-specific outcome in mRCC. Responders to primary sunitinib who underwent CRN had better DSS and OS than patients who underwent primary CRN, followed by sunitinib. Further investigation is required to assess the role, timing, and sequencing of targeted therapy and CRN in treatment of mRCC.
Final-Stage Diversion: A Safety Net for Offenders With Mental Disorders

Diversion programs for offenders with mental disorders typically focus on early intervention as the ideal avenue for redirecting individuals from the criminal justice system. Although this approach...
Perspectives on Organizational Communications: Finding Common Ground

The article reviews the book “Perspectives on Organizational Communication: Finding Common Ground,” edited by Steven R. Corman and Marshall Scott Poole.
Energy and Fructose From Beverages Sweetened With Sugar or High-Fructose Corn Syrup Pose a Health Risk for Some People

Sugar intake in the United States has increased by >40 fold since the American Revolution. The health concerns that have been raised about the amounts of sugar that are in the current diet, primarily as beverages, are the subject of this review. Just less than 50% of the added sugars (sugar and high-fructose corn syrup) are found in soft drinks and fruit drinks. The intake of soft drinks has increased 5-fold between 1950 and 2000. Most meta-analyses have shown that the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome are related to consumption of beverages sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup. Calorically sweetened beverage intake has also been related to the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and, in men, gout. Calorically sweetened beverages contribute to obesity through their caloric load, and the intake of beverages does not produce a corresponding reduction in the intake of other food, suggesting that beverage calories are "add-on" calories. The increase in plasma triglyceride concentrations by sugar-sweetened beverages can be attributed to fructose rather than glucose in sugar. Several randomized trials of sugar-containing soft drinks versus low-calorie or calorie-free beverages show that either sugar, 50% of which is fructose, or fructose alone increases triglycerides, body weight, visceral adipose tissue, muscle fat, and liver fat. Fructose is metabolized primarily in the liver. When it is taken up by the liver, ATP decreases rapidly as the phosphate is transferred to fructose in a form that makes it easy to convert to lipid precursors. Fructose intake enhances lipogenesis and the production of uric acid. By worsening blood lipids, contributing to obesity, diabetes, fatty liver, and gout, fructose in the amounts currently consumed is hazardous to the health of some people.
Viscosity of saturated liquid methane

Abstract The results of absolute measurements of the viscosity of saturated liquid methane using a torsionally vibrating quartz crystal are reported for temperatures from 95 to 190K. Comparisons are made with other data, all of which have been obtained with techniques different from that of the present work.
Toward a biaxial model of "bipolar" affective disorders: further exploration of genetic, molecular and cellular substrates.

Abstract Current epidemiologic and genetic evidence strongly supports the heritability of bipolar disease. Inconsistencies across linkage and association analyses have been primarily interpreted as suggesting polygenic, nonMendelian and variably-penetrant inheritance (i.e., in terms of interacting disease models). An equally-likely explanation for this genetic complexity is that trait, locus and allelic heterogeneities (i.e., a heterogeneous disease model) are primarily responsible for observed variability at the population level. The two models of genetic complexity are not mutually-exclusive, and are in fact likely to co-exist both in trait determination and disease expression. However, the current model proposes that, while both types of complex genetics are likely central to observable affective trait spectra, inheritance patterns, gross phenotypic categories and treatment-responsiveness in affective disease (as well as the widespread inconsistencies across such studies) may be primarily explained in terms of a heterogeneous disease model. Gene–gene, gene–protein and protein–protein interactions, then, are most likely to serve as trait determinants and ‘phenotypic modifiers’ rather than as primary pathogenic determinants. Moreover, while locus heterogeneity indicates the presence of multiple susceptibility genes at the population level, it does not necessitate polygenic inheritance at the individual or pedigree level. Rather, it is compatible with the possibility of mono- or bigenic determination of disease susceptibility within individuals/pedigrees. More specifically, the biaxial model proposes that integration of specific findings from genetic linkage and association studies, ion channels research as well as pharmacologic mechanism, phenotypic specificity and effectiveness studies suggests that each gene of potential etiologic significance in primary affective illness might be categorized into one of two classes, according to their primary role in neuronal functioning—neuroelectrical and neurochemical. The class(es) of primary genetic alteration (i.e., neuroelectrical, neurochemical or both) determines the type, while the locus and specific allelic variant determines the direction, of pathologic trait alteration(s). In addition to the class, locus and allelic variant of the primary genetic alteration, the cellular- and system-level expressions—including functional trait interaction therein—determine the nature and degree of clinical expression of each trait. Finally, the type, direction and presence of functional interaction between pathologic alterations would indicate the most appropriate pharmacology.
Health Care Students Who Frequently Use Facebook Are Unaware of the Risks for Violating HIPAA Standards A Pilot Study

Social networking creates easy opportunities to violate HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). The purpose of this study is to determine if students who frequently update thei...
Effect of Quinidine and Pronethalol on Acetylstrophanthidin-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmia in Cats Treated with Reserpine

With pronethalol, quinidine, and reserpine it was necessary to increase the dose of acetylstrophanthidin which produced arrhythmia in combination with vagal stimulation. However, in reserpine-treated animals, quinidine and pronethalol were ineffective. The capability of large doses of acetylstrophanthidin to produce ventricular arrhythmia was not diminished by quinidine, pronethalol, or reserpine. While pronethalol decreased the S-A nodal rate in normal animals, it failed to produce an effect on rate after reserpine pretreatment. Since after catecholamine depletion by reserpine, pronethalol and quinidine did not affect acetylstrophanthidin-induced ventricular arrhythmia, it is suggested that the antidigitalis effect of these agents is related to their actions to diminish adrenergic nervous activity.
OCEAN WARMING EFFECTS ON GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND SURVIVORSHIP OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ABALONE

Traditional fisheries management in southern California has failed, in part because it is based on an assumption of an unvarying environment and is focused on size limits rather than insuring the persistence of aggregations of large fecund individuals. The combined effect of low frequency climatic variability and anthropogenic perturbations can have dramatic consequences for abalone in southern California. Abalone species are tightly linked to kelp forest ecosystems that, besides furnishing habitat, also provide the main food source for abalone. In southern California, kelp canopies are very sensitive to oceanographic climate because the kelp depend upon high nutrients in the water column. Oceanic warming, in turn, results in decreased nutrients in the surface water, and this is correlated with marked reductions in giant kelp biomass. Here we address the additive effects of ocean warming on two species of California abalone (the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens; and the green abalone, H. fulgens) by subjecting them to varied environmental conditions similar to cool, normal, and warm phases of the California current in the southern California Bight. Our experimental design simultaneously tested the synergistic effects of temperature and food quantity and quality on survivorship, growth, and reproduction. For red abalone, warm temperatures increased the onset of with- ering syndrome, a fatal abalone disease, and halted growth and reproduction. In contrast, green abalone survivorship, growth, and reproduction were relatively robust irrespective of temperature, while their growth and reproduction were most strongly influenced by food quantity. We found clear evidence suggesting that, combined with overfishing, California abalone populations are adversely affected by ecosystem responses to ocean warming: Cool- water red abalone suffer stronger consequences in warm water than do green abalone. Conservation, restoration, and recovery plans of remnant California abalone populations
One tunnel is (often) enough

A longstanding problem with the Internet is that it is vulnerable to outages, black holes, hijacking and denial of service. Although architectural solutions have been proposed to address many of these issues, they have had difficulty being adopted due to the need for widespread adoption before most users would see any benefit. This is especially relevant as the Internet is increasingly used for applications where correct and continuous operation is essential. In this paper, we study whether a simple, easy to implement model is sufficient for addressing the aforementioned Internet vulnerabilities. Our model, called ARROW (Advertised Reliable Routing Over Waypoints), is designed to allow users to configure reliable and secure end to end paths through participating providers. With ARROW, a highly reliable ISP offers tunneled transit through its network, along with packet transformation at the ingress, as a service to remote paying customers. Those customers can stitch together reliable end to end paths through a combination of participating and non-participating ISPs in order to improve the fault-tolerance, robustness, and security of mission critical transmissions. Unlike efforts to redesign the Internet from scratch, we show that ARROW can address a set of well-known Internet vulnerabilities, for most users, with the adoption of only a single transit ISP. To demonstrate ARROW, we have added it to a small-scale wide-area ISP we control. We evaluate its performance and failure recovery properties in both simulation and live settings.
Hyperconjugative effects on carbon-carbon bond lengths in molecular mechanics (MM4)

The hyperconjugative result of bond stretching in alkenes has been studied with MM4. A low-temperature crystallographic study of 1,2-diarylindane[a]indane has been carried out, together with ab initio (MP2/6-31G*) calculations on model systems. The results are well reproduced with a force field designed to explicitly include hyperconjugation (MM4), and they show beyond doubt that hyperconjugative bond elongations exist both in theory and by experiment. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Online Control Strategies for Highly Coupled Cooperative UAVs

The underlying problem is how to cooperatively use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to generate a coherent phantom track for a radar network to make it track a vehicle that does not exist. The UAVs need to plan a phantom track that is feasible given challenging nonlinear constraints on speed and heading, and optimal in terms of their aggregate costs and some global costs on the phantom. Models are formulated for the UAVs, wind, and the phantom. We develop practical methods for guiding the phantom and UAVs by first using optimal control and then either 1) adding smooth penalty functions to the cost, or 2) using control parametrization. The first method is compared through simulations with the second, which deals with state constraints more efficiently. The results are useful as a benchmark and for comparing more heuristic cooperative control algorithms. Because of its performance and fast solution times, the second method may also be used online.
Sharp constants for Moser-Trudinger inequalities on spheres in complex space ℂn

The main results of this paper concern sharp constants for the Moser-Trudinger inequalities on spheres in complex space C n . We derive Moser-Trudinger inequalities for smooth functions and holomorphic functions with different sharp constants (see Theorem 1.1). The sharp Moser-Trudinger inequalities under consideration involve the complex tangential gradients for the functions and thus we have shown here such inequalities in the CR setting. Though there is a close connection in spirit between inequalities proven here on complex spheres and those on the Heisenberg group for functions with compact support in any finite domain proven earlier by the same authors [17], derivation of the sharp constants for Moser-Trudinger inequalities on complex spheres are more complicated and difficult to obtain than on the Heisenberg group. Variants of Moser-Onofri-type inequalities are also given on complex spheres as applications of our sharp inequalities (see Theorems 1.2 and 1.3). One of the key ingredients in deriving the main theorems is a sharp representation formula for functions on the complex spheres in terms of complex tangential gradients (see Theorem 1.4). c 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurobiological Basis of Personal Wisdom

Personal wisdom is an ancient concept. Although personal wisdom has been subject to varying definitions within recent literature, several component qualities are common to these descriptions. These include prosocial attitudes and behaviors, social decision-making, emotional homeostasis, reflection, tolerance, and dealing effectively with uncertainty and ambiguity. These qualities are similar to those emphasized in descriptions of wisdom within ancient religious/philosophical literature, underscoring the antiquity of the concept of wisdom and highlighting its cross-cultural veneration. Modern neuroscientific advances have improved our ability to study brain systems important for these traits in humans. In addition, animal studies of homologous behavioral components and brain regions may begin to allow us to further understand the underlying neurocircuitry. This chapter will examine data on the neurobiology of these qualities in humans and briefly review studies that point to the basic neurobiology in other species. These data add to a burgeoning interest in the neuroscience of wisdom and provide a speculative template on which further experiments specifically focused on uncovering neurobiological foundations of personal wisdom may be initiated.
Conflicto y vida: La recuperación del Centauro en el pensamiento de Roberto Esposito

La recuperacion de la figura mitica del Centauro presente en El principe de Nicolas Maquiavelo por parte de un grupo de pensadores pertenecientes a la Italian Theory , pretende tensionar el campo de lo politico a traves del posicionamiento del conflicto como condicion propia de este campo. Esta escena filosofica,en la que participa Roberto Esposito,cuestiona las categorias politicas de la modernidadmediante la articulacion de un horizonte antropologico en el cual el registro de la vida humana se compenetra con el constante movimiento de fuerzas del campo de lo politico. De modo tal que la figura del Centauro,en el pensamiento de Esposito,permitira entrecruzar conflicto y vida y, a partir de ello, explorar en algunas conclusiones acerca de las caracteristicas que configuran la vida politica del ser humano y la especificidad del pensamiento politico italiano contemporaneo. Palabras claves: Maquiavelo, Esposito, conflicto, politica y vida
Wavelength scanning achieves pixel super-resolution in holographic on-chip microscopy

Lensfree holographic on-chip imaging is a potent solution for high-resolution and field-portable bright-field imaging over a wide field-of-view. Previous lensfree imaging approaches utilize a pixel super-resolution technique, which relies on sub-pixel lateral displacements between the lensfree diffraction patterns and the image sensor’s pixel-array, to achieve sub-micron resolution under unit magnification using state-of-the-art CMOS imager chips, commonly used in e.g., mobile-phones. Here we report, for the first time, a wavelength scanning based pixel super-resolution technique in lensfree holographic imaging. We developed an iterative super-resolution algorithm, which generates high-resolution reconstructions of the specimen from low-resolution (i.e., under-sampled) diffraction patterns recorded at multiple wavelengths within a narrow spectral range (e.g., 10-30 nm). Compared with lateral shift-based pixel super-resolution, this wavelength scanning approach does not require any physical shifts in the imaging setup, and the resolution improvement is uniform in all directions across the sensor-array. Our wavelength scanning super-resolution approach can also be integrated with multi-height and/or multi-angle on-chip imaging techniques to obtain even higher resolution reconstructions. For example, using wavelength scanning together with multi-angle illumination, we achieved a halfpitch resolution of 250 nm, corresponding to a numerical aperture of 1. In addition to pixel super-resolution, the small scanning steps in wavelength also enable us to robustly unwrap phase, revealing the specimen’s optical path length in our reconstructed images. We believe that this new wavelength scanning based pixel super-resolution approach can provide competitive microscopy solutions for high-resolution and field-portable imaging needs, potentially impacting tele-pathology applications in resource-limited-settings.
Application of the Indirect Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Microtest to the Detection and Surveillance of Animal Diseases

The rapid, indirect enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microplate test has been developed as a diagnostic and surveillance tool to aid in the control of animal disease. The test has been applied to viral (hog cholera), parasitic (trichinosis), and bacterial (brucellosis) diseases of animals. A correlation of greater than 95% was observed between the hog cholera ELA test and the serum neutralization test for hog cholera in greater than 2,000 field samples obtained during the 1976 epizootic in New Jersey. Serum samples from all of 56 swine naturally infected with Trichinella spiralis at a level considered dangerous to humans were ELA-positive, whereas only one of 360 packinghouse sera negative for T. spiralis was ELA-positive. Preliminary experiments with bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) indicate that the ELA test is more sensitive than other test methods currently in use. ELA procedures should soon become tests of choice for the detection of antibodies to animal disease agents.
On the Rapid Oxidation of Allene-Containing Phosphines

Allene-containing phosphines have recently been shown to serve as effective ligands in transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective reactions. Surprisingly, (2-allenylphenyl)diphenyl phosphines rapi...
Inspection,Test and Strengthening of Minsheng Bridge in Ezhou

This paper presents the methods and results of inspection and test of Minsheng Bridge in Ezhou. Based on the inspection and test results, the load-carrying capacity of the Bridge was evaluated, and the Bridge was then strengthened with several methods in order to secure its structural safety and durability. One of the methods used with steel hoops to wrap the vertical, diagonal members and ribs of the truss arch in the Bridge strengthening is quite original in conception, convenient for construction, cost effective and also yields sound results of strengthening.
Current cardiovascular outcomes trials in type 2 diabetes: Perspectives and insight

Abstract Aims The increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes has been known for many years. However, until recently the cardiovascular (CV) impact of glucose lowering strategies has been inadequately understood. Major clinical trials have now investigated the impact of intensification of glycemic control upon CV outcomes, as well as the CV effects of glucose management with newer antihyperglycemic agents. Data synthesis Key findings from recently completed CV outcomes trials of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors completed thus far are reviewed and summarized. Conclusions Multiple trials designed to meet regulatory requirements for CV safety of antihyperglycemic medications have been initiated. The results of several completed CV outcomes trials clarify the risks and benefits associated with newer medications used to manage hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly in individuals at high CV risk. Important differences have been noted with respect to heart failure outcomes within the DPP4 inhibitor class, and thus far one agent in the SGLT2 inhibitor class has been found to significantly reduce rates of important CV outcomes. Robust safety related information from trials designed to assess the CV effects of diabetes therapies will permit the incorporation of outcomes-based evidence into the formulation of diabetes care guidelines.
Oral SIV, SHIV, and HIV type 1 infection

Several strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), including uncloned and molecularly cloned SIV strains, can cross intact mucosal surfaces after oral exposure in both adult and neonatal rhesus macaques, resulting in viremia and disease. Cell-free SIV strains as well as infected whole blood have resulted in systemic infection after oral inoculation. Neonatal macaques, exposed orally to the chimeric SHIV-vpu+, a derivative of SIVmac239 that encodes the env gene of the T cell-tropic HIV-IIIB, have also become persistently infected. These data indicate that oral exposure to various virus strains, including T cell-tropic variants, leads to infection. After nontraumatic inoculation, the oral route was more efficient than the rectal route in permitting SIV entry in adult macaques. Infection and AIDS resulting from oral exposure of adult macaques have implications for the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during oral-genital contact.
IR GENE COMPLEMENTATION IN THE MURINE T-LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE

ABSTRACT The immune responses to poly(Glu 55 Lys 36 Phe 9 ) [GLO 9 ], poly(Glu 57 Lys 38 Tyr 5 ) [GLT 5 ], and pigeon cytochrome c . are controlled by two major histocompatibility (MHC)-linked immune response (Ir) genes, one mapping in the I-A subregion, the other in the I-E/C subregion. In the case of pigeon cytochrome c the major antigenic determinant has been localized through cross-stimulation experiments involving species variants and cyanogen bromide-cleavage fragments of the molecule. The determinant was shown to be composed of at least three amino acids, Ile-3, Gln-100 and Lys-104, which lie adjacent to one another in a linear array on the back surface of the molecule. Therefore, two complementing Ir genes control the response to a single antigenic determinant. Furthermore, in one cross-reaction, that obtained with tobacco hornworm moth cytochrome c , the stimulation was greater than that achieved with the immunogen, thus demonstrating for the first time a heteroclitic T cell response. The cellular sites of expression of these complementing Ir genes has been examined in several ways. Re-constitution of lethally irradiated high responder F 1 mice with a mixture of bone marrow cells from both low responder parental strains failed to generate chimeras which could respond to GLO 9 . This suggested that at least one cell type involved in the immune response had to express both gene products. That the antigen-presenting cell (APC) was one such cell type was demonstrated by presenting GLO 9 to primed F 1 T cells on nonimmune spleen cells. Only high responder F 1 spleen cells could present; low responder parental spleen cells, possessing only one of the two high responder alleles, failed to present even when both parental types were added together. However, possession of a high responder genotype was not always sufficient to generate a response. In the case of GLT 5 , gene dosage effects appeared to prevent the B10 and B10.A strains from complementing to produce a responder F 1 strain. In the case of GLO 9 , histocompatibility restrictions limited antigen presentation. Genetic identity at the I-A subregion was required between the T cells and the APCs but identity at I-E/C was not required. B10.A(5R) responder T cells could be stimulated by GLO 9 -pulsed spleen cells from F 1 progeny of B10 crossed with B10.A, B10.BR, B10.D2, B10.P, and B10.RIII but not B10.Q, B10.M and B10.BSVS. This pattern correlates with the data of others on the serological presence of Ia.7 and the biochemical presence of an I-E/C subregion gene product in these strains. The data suggest that the Ia.7-bearing, I-E/C gene products of the complementing strains are all similar and that this molecule (presumably an Ia α chain) is critically involved in the presentation of GLO 9 . Overall the experiments support the conclusion that both complementing Ir gene products must interact at the molecular level in the same APC in order to generate a T-lymphocyte proliferative response.
RF Spectra: Summary, Conclusions, and the Future

Summarizing our studies of RF spectroscopy, we have showed that two common but qualitatively distinct pictures of RF spectroscopy—one based on sum rules, and one based on single particle Green’s functions—emerge as special limits of a more complete calculation, depending on the final state interactions through the quantity U ab ? U aa/t a . In the deep Mott and superfluid limits, we have extended our calculations to finite temperature. We have also discussed how RF spectra with interactions beyond on-site may be used to probe full joint number distributions on multiple sites; candidates with appropriate interactions are Rydberg excitations or molecular gases.
A Bayesian-Influence Model for Error Probability Analysis of Combine Operations in Harvesting

Harvesting is one of the most important agricultural operations because it captures the value from the entire cropping season. In modern agriculture, grain harvesting has been mechanized through the combine harvester. A combine harvester enables highly productive crop harvesting. Combine harvesting performance depends on the highly variable skill of combine operators and associated operator error. An approach was developed to analyze the risk of the combine harvesting operation as it relates to operator error. Specifically, a risk analysis model was built based on a task analysis from operator interviews and estimates of the probability of operator error. This paper employs a Bayesian approach to assess risks in combine operation. This approach applies a Bayesian Belief Network to agriculture operations, which represents a new application for this risk analysis tool. Sensitivity analysis of different errors and operator skill levels was also performed. The preliminary results indicate that a reduction of ...
Movement-Induced Seizures

Recurrent partial tonic postural seizures precipitated by slow movements unrelated to cognitive tasks are reported in a 16-year-old right-handed boy treated at Instituto di Clinica delle Malattie Nervose e Mentali, Rome, Italy.
“Our Troubled Neighbour Across the River”: Transborder Journalism in a Canadian–US Border Region

AbstractCoverage of the city of Detroit's 2013 bankruptcy by international and national journalists has been criticized for its sensationalism and distortion. Journalists from Windsor, Ontario, just across the river, cover the Detroit story as simultaneously international and local news. Analysis of Windsor newspaper and broadcast content indicates general avoidance of those tendencies. Elements of strong transborder connectedness, but also complex and sometimes conflicted sentiments appear in professional journalistic narratives as well as in user comments on a humorous online news poll.
Film Review: S. Leo Chiang’s Mr. Cao Goes to Washington

S. Leo Chiang’s documentary-biopic, Mr. Cao Goes to Washington , opens in New Orleans in 2010 as Joseph Cao closes out his two years in the U.S. House of Representatives and hopes desperately but doubtfully for re-election—a situation Cao likens to “waiting to see a dentist before you get your teeth pulled out.” Part character study and part expose of the current state of partisan politics in Congress, the film tells the story of Cao’s 2008 victory—the biggest upset of the 2008 Congressional elections—and his two years of service. During his term, Congressman Cao goes from enthu- siastic idealist to a man whose face registers the alarm of one who has mistakenly but irreversibly offered himself up to the machinations of a sadistic dentist.
Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer

Over the past decade, some studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and the opposite effects of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs on several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Research demonstrates the safety of these naturally occurring ingredients. Of particular interest, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs possess a therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports have indicated that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of the antineoplastic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that ω-6 PUFAs induce progression in certain types of cancer. In this review, we discuss epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the relationship between the development of some types of cancer, including colon and colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and neuroblastoma, and the ingestion to ω-3 and ω-6 (PUFAs). We also discuss the clinical data, addressing the therapeutic role of omega-3 PUFA against different types of cancer.
Column anion arrangements in chemically zoned ternary chlorapatite and fluorapatite from Kurokura, Japan

The substitution of F, OH, and Cl in apatite has recently gained increased attention due to the complex nature of incorporation of these three constituents and the implications of apatite column anion chemistry, such as apatite’s contribution to the water budget of the Moon and Mars and the use of apatite anion chemistry as an indicator of halogen and water activities. The solid solutions among F, OH, and Cl are complex because the end-member atomic arrangements cannot fully explain the ternary and binary substitutions of these constituents due to differing atomic radii and the resulting steric constraints in the structure. Three structural variations have recently been reported for the OH-Cl binary solid solution in synthetic samples. This study elucidates column anion arrangements in a chemically zoned ternary apatite from Kurokura, Japan. The structures of the compositionally different core and rim were solved (R1 = 0.0158 and R1 = 0.0143, respectively) in space group P 6 3 /m using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The chemistry of these apatites was analyzed using electron microprobe analysis and crystal structure refinement. The core of the Kurokura crystal is a naturally occurring example of the OH ≈ Cl apatite structural variation in a ternary chlorapatite, with four column anion sites (one for F, two for Cl and one for both OH and Cl). The rim exhibits a previously unseen apatite structural variation in a ternary OH-rich fluorapatite (with only a trace Cl component) with three column anion sites (one each for F, OH, and Cl). Both structural variations show a splitting of the Ca2 site that enables reasonable column anion bond distances with Ca2 atoms. A sequence of anions that provides reasonable anion-anion distances while simultaneously enabling reversal of the anion sites relative to the mirror planes at z = ¼ and z = ¾ exists for both structure variations. This study demonstrates the structural complexity of natural ternary apatites, and that a structural variety of OH-Cl apatite occurs over a wider range of chemistry than initially anticipated. The results have implications regarding the poorly understood (and potentially complex) crystallization history of apatite from Kurokura, Japan.