cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) from methanol dehydrogenase and tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) from methylamine dehydrogenase.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two well-characterized representative members of each class of these enzymes, the Pyrroloquinoline quinine (PQQ)-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MEDH) and the tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ)-dependent methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH). The chemical reaction mechanisms for catalysis by PQQ- and TTQ dependent enzymes are very similar to those used by other enzymes that possess carbonyl cofactors, such as pyridoxal phosphate-, topaquinone-, and pyruvoyl-dependent enzymes. The studies on these two classes of enzymes are facilitating a great deal of learning about mechanisms of carbonyl catalysis by enzymes, mechanisms of longrange interprotein electron transfer, and mechanisms of protein biosynthesis and posttranslational modification. PQQ and TTQ enzymes have an interesting common mechanistic feature of coupling active-site chemistry to surface-mediated electron transfer reactions. With the recent determinations of high-resolution crystal structures of more enzymes, and the development of systems for expression and site-directed mutagenesis of these enzymes, further insight into these fundamental biochemical processes is anticipated.
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia

Just as Islam spread from the Middle East to Inner Asia and from Afghanistan to India, in the late thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries it spread from various parts of India and Arabia to the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago. Whereas the history of Islamic societies in other parts of Asia can be told in terms of empires and contiguous geographical areas, maritime Southeast Asia is a region of scattered peninsulas and islands. The sea was the connection among them. The region held a central position on the trade routes that connected China to the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. The population of the region included not only local peoples but Chinese, Indians from Gujarat, and Arabs from Hadramawt. Hadramawtis were especially active as teachers, traders, judges, and officials and married and sired children with local women. Whereas in other regions Islam was established by Arab or Turkish conquests, it was introduced into Southeast Asia by traveling merchants and Sufis, often coming from Arabia and western India. Whereas in the Middle East and India, Muslim regimes were founded by new political elites, in Southeast Asia existing regimes were consolidated by conversion to Islam. The continuity of elites gave strong expression to the pre-Islamic components of Southeast Asian–Islamic civilization. The royal culture of Java seems more local and less Muslim than the corresponding royal culture of the Mughal Empire was Indian. At the same time there were Muslim merchant communities typical of international Islam and also syncretisms of Islam and village cultures. Whereas Muslims remained a minority in India, in Indonesia and Malaya they became the overwhelming majority.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) researcher perspectives on neural data ownership and privacy.

Objective Brain-computer interface (BCI) research and commercially available neural devices generate large amounts of neural data. These data have significant potential value to researchers and industry. Individuals from whose brains neural data derive may want to exert control over what happens to their neural data at study conclusion or as a result of using a consumer device. It is unclear how BCI researchers understand the relationship between neural data and BCI users and what control individuals should have over their neural data. Approach An online survey of BCI researchers (n = 122) gathered perspectives on control of neural data generated in research and non-research contexts. The survey outcomes are discussed and other relevant concerns are highlighted. Main results The study found that 58% of BCI researchers endorsed giving research participants access to their raw neural data at the conclusion of a study. However, researchers felt that individuals should be limited in their freedom to either donate or sell these data. A majority of researchers viewed raw neural data as a kind of medical data. Survey respondents felt that current laws and regulations were inadequate to protect consumer neural data privacy, though many respondents were also unfamiliar with the details of existing guidelines. Significance The majority of BCI researchers believe that individuals should have some but not unlimited control over neural data produced in research and non-research contexts.
Manipulating the perception of time affects voluntary breath-holding duration.

In this study, we examined how time perception, a psychological factor, impacts the physiological response to prolonged, voluntary breath holding. Participants (n = 26) held their breath while watching a distorted timer that made it appear as though time was moving up to 40% faster or slower than real time. We monitored total breath-holding duration under different time manipulation conditions as well as the onset of involuntary breathing movements. This physiological breaking point marks the end of the "easy-going" phase of apnea and the start of the "struggle" phase. Based on prior work showing that psychological factors, such as attention and motivation, can influence the length of the struggle phase, we hypothesized that manipulating the perception of time would affect overall breath-holding duration by changing the duration of the struggle phase, but not the easy-going phase. We found that time perception can be successfully manipulated using a distorted timekeeper, and total breath-holding duration correlated with perceived time, not actual time. Contrary to our hypothesis, this effect was attributable to changes in the onset of the physiological breaking point, not changes in the length of the struggle phase. These results demonstrate that unconscious psychological factors and cognitive processes can significantly influence fundamental physiological processes.
Reservoir of Fibroblasts Promotes Recovery From Limb Ischemia.

Background: The angiogenic response to ischemia restores perfusion so as to preserve tissue. A role for mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition in the angiogenic response is controversial. This study...
Optimization of Membranes in High Purity Water Systems for Semiconductor Manufacturing

Large volumes of ultrapure water are required for semiconductor manufacturing at IBM's Essex Junction, Vermont facility. To produce this water, numerous stages of treatment are required.Cost savings have been realized by improving the membrane units at several stages. This presentation outlines the experiences and quality for the optimum system and the test methods to verify the performance.
Technical services librarians and outreach: Communicating our value to engage students in critical thinking about information

The work of technical services is often invisible to users, even as it ensures their seamless discovery of and access to curated content. In order to address the invisibility of their work, technical services librarians in academic library settings increasingly seek opportunities to communicate its importance and impact on student learning and engagement. Initiatives to make the work of technical services visible increasingly appear in the scholarly literature and in academic library outreach.
Image-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Adipocytic Tumors: Diagnostic Accuracy and Concordance With Final Surgical Pathology.

OBJECTIVE. Diagnostic accuracy of core needle biopsy (CNB) for adipocytic tumors can be low because of sampling error from these often large, heterogeneous lesions. The purpose of this study was to...
Assessing the Causal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Hyperuricemia and Gout Using Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization

OBJECTIVE Hyperuricemia is closely associated with insulin resistance syndrome (and its many cardiometabolic sequelae); however, whether they are causally related has long been debated. We undertook this study to investigate the potential causal nature and direction between insulin resistance and hyperuricemia, along with gout, by using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. METHODS We used genome-wide association data (n = 288,649 for serum urate [SU] concentration; n = 763,813 for gout risk; n = 153,525 for fasting insulin) to select genetic instruments for 2-sample MR analyses, using multiple MR methods to address potential pleiotropic associations. We then used individual-level, electronic medical record-linked data from the UK Biobank (n = 360,453 persons of European ancestry) to replicate our analyses via single-sample MR analysis. RESULTS Genetically determined SU levels, whether inferred from a polygenic score or strong individual loci, were not associated with fasting insulin concentrations. In contrast, genetically determined fasting insulin concentrations were positively associated with SU levels (0.37 mg/dl per log-unit increase in fasting insulin [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.15, 0.58]; P = 0.001). This persisted in outlier-corrected (β = 0.56 mg/dl [95% CI 0.45, 0.67]) and multivariable MR analyses adjusted for BMI (β = 0.69 mg/dl [95% CI 0.53, 0.85]) (P < 0.001 for both). Polygenic scores for fasting insulin were also positively associated with SU level among individuals in the UK Biobank (P < 0.001). Findings for gout risk were bidirectionally consistent with those for SU level. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence to clarify core questions about the close association between hyperuricemia and insulin resistance syndrome: hyperinsulinemia leads to hyperuricemia but not the other way around. Reducing insulin resistance could lower the SU level and gout risk, whereas lowering the SU level (e.g., allopurinol treatment) is unlikely to mitigate insulin resistance and its cardiometabolic sequelae.
D Minus Months: Strategic Planning for Weather-Sensitive Decisions

General Eisenhower’s decisions to postpone and, one day later, to launch the “D-Day” invasion of Normandy are a gripping illustration of sequential decisions under uncertainty, suitable for any int...
Polymorphic transitions of V-type amylose upon hydration and dehydration

Abstract V6, V7 and V8 amylose were prepared, their crystalline polymorphic transitions upon hydration at different moisture conditions examined by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), and the relative degrees of crystallinity calculated. Upon the formation of V7 or V8 crystals, the WAXS peaks shifted to lower Bragg angles as compared to V6h due to the expansion of the amylose helices. Conditioning at 75% equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) transformed V6a and V7 amyloses to the V6h pattern. Long-term vapor hydration at 100% ERH or total hydration by immersion in water transformed all V-type WAXS patterns to the B-type with decreased degrees of crystallinity. Upon dehydration by ethanol wash, the relative crystallinities of all V-type amyloses were increased, while the crystalline patterns remained mostly unchanged. Such explicit study of polymorphic transitions revealed by WAXS can help establish optimal conditions for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds with V-type amyloses and provide insights for novel food product developments.
A Fixed-Radius Point Count Method for Nonbreeding and Breeding-Season Use

-We provide a detailed description of a fixed-radius point count method that carries fewer assumptions than most of the currently popular methods of estimating bird density and that can be used during both the nonbreeding and breeding seasons. The method results in three indices of bird abundance, any of which can be used to test for differences in community composition among sites, or for differences in the abundance of a given bird species among sites. These indices are (1) the mean number of detections within 25 m of the observer, (2) the frequency of detections within 25 m of the observer, and (3) the frequency of detections regardless of distance from the observer. The overall ranking of species abundances from a site is similar among the three indices, but discrepancies occur with either rare species that are highly detectable at great distances or common species that are repulsed by, or inconspicuous when near, the observer. We argue that differences in the behavior among species will preclude an accurate ranking of species by abundance through use of this or any other counting method in current use. Received 3 September 1985, accepted 2 February
Panel Surveys: Uses and Applications

A panel survey makes similar measurements on the same units (e.g., individuals, firms) at different points in time. Analytic advantages of panel as opposed to cross-sectional survey data include the ability to measure components of individual change, the ability to collect a wider range of data on each sampled element, and the provision of high-quality intergenerational data and measurements of the frequency, timing, and duration of events. Problems with panel but not cross-sectional surveys are panel nonresponse and, in some cases, panel conditioning, where responses in a given interviewing round may be conditioned by participation in prior rounds of interviews. Examples of panel data analysis include poverty dynamics, the intergenerational transmission of economic status, unemployment and labor turnover, and antecedents of life events.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Marr, Allen G. (University of California, Davis) and John L. Ingraham. Effect of temperature on composition of fatty acids in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 84:1260–1267. 1962.—Variations in the temperature of growth and in the composition of the medium alter the proportions of individual fatty acids in the lipids of Escherichia coli. As the temperature of growth is lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids) increases. The increase in content of unsaturated acids with a decrease in temperature of growth occurs in both minimal and complex media. Cells harvested in the stationary phase contained large amounts of cyclopropane fatty acids (methylenehexadecanoic and methylene octadecanoic acids) in comparison with cells harvested during exponential growth. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of ammonium salts, show a much higher content of saturated fatty acids (principally palmitic acid) than do cells harvested from an exponentially-growing batch culture in the same medium. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of glucose, show a slightly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids than cells from the corresponding batch culture. The results do not indicate a direct relation between fatty acid composition and minimal growth temperature.
Plate Tectonic History of Southern California with Emphasis on the Western Transverse Ranges and Northern Channel Islands

Abstract The Channel Islands occupy the southern edge of the Transverse Ranges block and thus the islands share and illuminate the history of this block. In the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, the Transverse Ranges block was oriented north-south, so that the Channel Islands probably lay near San Diego. The block occupied the forearc region of a subduction zone, collecting continental shelf sediments equivalent to those in the Great Valley belt farther north. In the mid-Cenozoic, a spreading center approached the trench in this region, contributing to the uplifts recorded by the Sespe Formation terrestrial rocks. Between 27 and 18 Ma, the Pacific plate made contact with North America and continental pieces began to break off and join the Pacific plate, gradually establishing the modern San Andreas plate boundary. In the early stage of plate boundary evolution (Miocene, 18-12 [-5?] Ma), the northern plate boundary lay within and inboard of the Salinian block, but then bent south-westward through the Southern California Borderland in a transtensional geometry. This transtensional phase is responsible for the extension and reconfiguration of the continental rim, including the onset of rotation and left lateral shearing of the Transverse Ranges block and deposition of San Onofre-type breccias, eruption of Conejo-age volcanics, and deposition of marine basin sediments including the Monterey and Sisquoc Formations. In a late stage (Plio-Pleistocene, 5-0 Ma), Baja California joined the Pacific plate and began to obliquely ram into southern California. This transpressional phase is responsible for ongoing folding, uplift, tilting, and faulting of the modern Channel Islands.
Superconductivity in Thin Films

For decades, researchers have looked for improved or novel superconducting properties in thin films. In his Perspective, [Chiang][1] highlights the report by [ Guo et al .][2], who show that film thickness can indeed affect superconducting behavior. The experiment was performed on lead films deposited on silicon surfaces. Special care in sample preparation resulted in atomically uniform films with exactly known numbers of atomic layers. The measurements show convincingly that the superconducting transition temperature oscillates with film thickness. The period of oscillation agrees with expectation based on quantum confinement of electrons in the films. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5703/1900 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5703/1915
Sexo pensante, sexo cambiante: la educación media y superior de las españolas en los años cincuenta

The Spanish university under Francoism was regulated by Law of 1943. This law defined the scholar identity the next thirty years. In this article the author argues that although the law did not exclude women explicitly from higher learning the definition of “True Catholic womanhood” was intrinsically opposite to the scholar subjectivity. Through a Foucaldian reading of the LOU of 1943 as well as the laws issued in the 1950s to regulate the middle education women were discouraged to pursue higher learning or in the best case pursue a career appropriate for her sex. The article focuses in the period of the 1950s when the regime experiences a transition from autarchy to consumerism and gender roles need to be redefined for the new economy.
Assessment of cell proliferation and muscular structure following surgical tongue volume reduction in pigs

Objectives: Tongue volume reduction is an adjunct treatment in several orofacial orthopaedic procedures for various craniofacial deformities; it may affect structural reconstitution and functional recovery as a result of the repair process. The aim of this study was to investigate myogenic regeneration and structural alteration of the tongue following surgical tongue volume reduction. Materials and methods: Five 12-week-old sibling pairs of Yucatan minipigs (three males and two females) were used. Midline uniform glossectomy was performed on one of each pair (reduction); siblings had identical incisions without tissue removal (sham). All pigs were raised for a further 4 weeks and received 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injection intravenously 1 day before killing. Tissue sections of tongues were stained with anti-BrdU antibody to evaluate numbers of replicating cells. Haematoxylin and eosin plus trichrome staining were performed to assess muscular structure. Results: Reduction tongues contained significantly more BrdU+ cells compared to sham tongues (P < 0.01). However, these BrdU+ cells were mostly identified in reparative connective tissues (fibroblasts) rather than in regenerating muscle tissue (myoblasts). Trichrome-stained sections showed disorganized collagen fibres linked to few intermittent muscle fibres in the reduction tongues. These myofibres presented signs of atrophy with reduced perimysium and endomysium. Matrix between reduced perimysium and endomysium was filled with fibrous tissue. Conclusions: Fibrosis without predominant myogenic regeneration was the major histological consequence of surgical tongue volume reduction.
Evaluation of Primary Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Children: Comparison of Radionuclide Perfusion Lung Scan and Angiography

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of radionuclide perfusion lung scanning in the evaluation of primary pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) in pediatric patients by comparing it with angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively identified pediatric patients with primary PVS who underwent both lung scanning and angiography. A cohort of 34 patients was evaluated. The presence of PVS in the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower pulmonary veins on angiograms was recorded. Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated the lung scans for perfusion defects. Agreement between lung scan and angiographic findings was assessed with contingency tables. Sensitivity and specificity of lung scanning for accurate detection of PVS with angiographic findings as the reference standard were assessed by ROC analysis. RESULTS. Angiography depicted PVS in 90 of the total 136 pulmonary veins (66%). Lung scans correctly depicted 65 (72%) of the cases of PVS diagnosed with angiography. ...
A Fundamental Analysis of Korean Stock Returns

Korea has one of the largest stock markets in the world and is in the process of being opened to foreign investors. In an investigation of the relations between stock returns and fundamental variables in Korea, annual stock returns during the 1982–93 period were positively related to book–market, sales–price, and debt–equity ratios, negatively related to firm size, and not significantly related to the earnings–price ratio or beta. These results add to the growing international evidence that value stocks outperform growth stocks over long periods. Also for Korean stocks, book–market and sales–price ratios are more efficient indicators of value than the earnings–price ratio, and the debt–equity ratio is a more reliable proxy for risk than beta.
Evaluation of Nd:YAG Laser Membranectomy in Blocked Tubes After Glaucoma Tube-Shunt Surgery

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of Nd:YAG laser membranectomy for reopening blocked glaucoma tube shunts and maintaining the patency over time. Methods We reviewed retrospectively the records of 13 patients (13 eyes) who, during the period January 1990 through June 1996, underwent Nd:YAG laser membranectomy in an attempt to reopen a blocked glaucoma tube shunt. Intraocular pressure and tube patency were evaluated at each follow-up visit. Results Nd:YAG laser membranectomy effectively opened the blocked glaucoma tube shunts in 11 (84.6%) of 13 eyes. Two tubes could not be reopened. Reblockage occurred in seven eyes (53.8%) within the first 11 weeks; four tubes (30.8%) remained patent through follow-up periods of 39, 82, 106, and 169 weeks. Postlaser complications were moderate anterior chamber reaction in four eyes (30.8%), hyphema in two eyes (15.4%), corneal edema in two eyes (15.4%), pressure spike in one eye (7.7%), and shallow anterior chamber in one eye (7.7%). Conclusions Nd:YAG laser membranectomy is effective in reopening blocked glaucoma tube shunts but is associated with a relatively high rate of subsequent reblockage in the initially successful cases.
Use of fecal elastase-1 to classify pancreatic status in patients with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that some patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are misclassified as pancreatic insufficient, using fecal elastase-1 (FE-1) to define pancreatic status. Study design Subjects with CF at 33 CF centers filled out questionnaires and submitted a stool specimen that was analyzed for FE-1. Subjects taking pancreatic enzyme supplements (PES) were asked to discontinue them and perform a 3-day fecal fat balance study if their FE-1 was >200 μg/g stool and they had never had pancreatitis. Results The median value for FE-1 in 1215 subjects was 0 μg/g stool (range, 0-867). There was a significant difference between patients who had been prescribed PES (n = 1131) and those who had FE-1 Conclusions FE-1 is an accurate, easily obtained screening test to classify pancreatic status in patients with CF. This information is important for prognostication, treatment, and to avoid misclassification in clinical research. Measurement of FE-1 should become a standard of care for patients with CF.
Antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from white-tailed deer blood samples dried on paper strips.

The feasibility of using dried blood samples for serologic testing of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) for antibodies to blue-tongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was tested with matched samples of serum and eluted dried whole bood. Results from matched serum virus neutralization (SN) tests indicated that a 1-ml elution from a 1- × 2-cm section of filter paper strip containing dried blood approximated a 1:10 serum dilution. Neutralizing antibody titers detected from 34 matched titrations of serum and dried blood samples were equivalent in 25 (74%) titrations and were within a single dilution in the remaining nine (26%) titrations. Eluted blood samples from SN-positive deer, however, did not produce detectable precipitin lines on agar gel immunodiffusion tests for antibodies to either BTV or EHDV. In a trial using serum and dried blood samples from 108 hunter-killed deer from five locations in Georgia (USA), antibody prevalence and serotype distribution results were s...
Treatment of trichuriasis with a new drug, mebendazole.

Effectiveness of mebendazole, a new anthelminthic drug recommended for treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, was evaluated in 50 children attending a pediatric outpatient clinic in New York City. Mebendazole, 100 mg, administered orally twice daily for three days resulted in an apparent cure of 48 children. Posttreatment stools of the remaining two children had a substantial reduction in the number of eggs. A second course of treatment, identical to the first, led to the elimination of eggs in the stool specimens of these two children. Mebendazole appears to be an effective drug against, Trichuris trichiura .
A generalized resultant matrix for polynomial matrices

We present a generalized resultant matrix and a fast algorithm for testing the coprimeness of two polynomial matrices, extracting their great common divisor, finding the McMillan degree and the observability indices of the associated minimal realization.
DNA curvature and deformation in protein–DNA complexes: A step in the right direction

The sequence target of E2 has the general form ACCGNNNNCGGT, where N4 is variable and does not contact the protein. Binding of the protein yields bends toward the major grooves at the dyad-symmetric ACCG/CGGT elements (4, 5). The bends result primarily from roll, which measures rotation of a base pair plane about its long axis. This motion creates an angle, narrowing toward the major groove for positive roll, between two otherwise parallel adjacent base pairs. Because the centers of the two ACCG/CGGT sequences are less than a full helical turn apart, a writhed curve rather than a planar bend of the DNA axis results.
Treatment of newly diagnosed diffuse brain stem gliomas in children: in search of the holy grail

Diffuse brain stem glioma is the most devastating of pediatric malignancies. Virtually all children with this disease die within 1-2 years of diagnosis. After three decades of exhaustive research, the key to controlling this malignancy still eludes us. Attempts to improve survival using radiation, chemotherapy and biologic agents have yet to culminate in meaningful advances. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to the development of more targeted therapies, which are now being introduced in clinical trials for children with brain stem glioma. As our understanding of the biology of this disease improves, so too will our ability to target it more effectively. Real strides in improving the lives of children with brain stem glioma may finally be within our grasp.
Single Event Upset cross sections at various data rates

We present data which show that Single Event Upset (SEU) cross section varies linearly with frequency for most devices tested. We show that the SEU cross section can increase dramatically away from a linear relationship when the test setup is not optimized, or when testing near the maximum operating frequency. We also observe non-linear behavior in some complex circuit topologies. Knowledge of the relationship between SEU cross section and frequency is important for estimates of on-orbit SEU rates.
Guest Editorial Special Section on the 2011 International Symposium on Physical Design

The eight papers in this special section are extended versions of papers presented at the 2011 International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD 2011), held in Santa Barbara, CA.
Phase-field modeling of the beta to omega phase transformation in Zr–Nb alloys

Abstract A three-dimensional elastoplastic phase-field model is developed, using the finite element method (FEM), for modeling the athermal beta to omega phase transformation in Zr–Nb alloys by including plastic deformation and strain hardening of the material. The microstructure evolution during athermal transformation as well as under different stress states, e.g. uni-axial tensile and compressive, bi-axial tensile and compressive, shear and tri-axial loadings, is studied. The effects of plasticity, stress states and the stress loading direction on the microstructure evolution as well as on the mechanical properties are studied. The input data corresponding to a Zr – 8 at% Nb alloy are acquired from experimental studies as well as by using the CALPHAD method. Our simulations show that the four different omega variants grow as ellipsoidal shaped particles. Our results show that due to stress relaxation, the athermal phase transformation occurs slightly more readily in the presence of plasticity compared to that in its absence. The evolution of omega phase is different under different stress states, which leads to the differences in the mechanical properties of the material. The variant selection mechanism, i.e. formation of different variants under different stress loading directions, is also nicely captured by our model.
Bartonaspis new genus, a trilobite species complex from the base of the Upper Cambrian Sunwaptan Stage in North America

Despite being reported widely from basal Sunwaptan strata, Dellea? punctata Palmer, 1965, is known from only four figured cranidia. New material from Nevada, Utah and Oklahoma, including librigenae and pygidia, indicate that specimens assigned previously to D.? punctata are best interpreted as a complex of related species that are assigned to a new genus, Bartonaspis. This genus is diagnosed by punctate sculpture, a pair of fossulae at the anterior corners of the glabella, and by a subelliptical pygidium with a short convex axis composed of three segments. Three new species, B. fredericksoni, B. palmeri, and B. wilsoni, are described and B. punctata (Palmer) is restricted to its holotype. Bartonaspis is known only from the Irvingella major Zone, and its first appearance defines the base of the Sunwaptan Stage. Dellea Wilson, 1949, is related to Bartonaspis and is differentiated from it primarily by pygidial morphology. In contrast to Bartonaspis, the pygidium of Dellea has an axis composed of four, rather...
Monte Carlo theoretical trials of methods for assessing statistical significance for differences between adjusted odds ratios

Odds are generally defined as the number of successes divided by the number of failures in a given number of trials. An odds ratio is the ratio of one odds divided by another. Odds ratios can be adjusted to reflect associations with the outcome independently of the influence of associations with other variables. These are adjusted odds ratios. There are several well known methods for comparing odds ratios and testing for statistically significant differences between them. Analogous methods for adjusted odds ratios are not well known or well documented. One method for comparing adjusted odds ratios is explained by Hosmer and Lemeshow (Applied logistic regression, 2000). This method is used for the odds ratios for two variables from the same data set. The purpose of this analysis was to apply this method to a different situation: comparing odds ratios for the same variable from two different data sets. Monte Carlo trials were used to assess the performance of the method and these indicated the method performed well.
The causes of cyclic excessive convergence at the longwall tailentry

Longwall panel layouts in the USA differ from other countries in that each panel is blocked out at both sides by at least three parallel panel entries separated by chain pillars. The panel entries may vary in width up to 90 m depending on local conditions.
Silicon nitride joining using rare-earth reaction sintering

One of the key technological challenges to be overcome in order for ceramics to be used as high temperature structural materials is the ability to join it to other materials. A commonly used joining route is through an interlayer. In Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} ceramics, conventional sintering aids such as MgO, Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} have been widely used as the joint interlayers. While exhibiting good room temperature strength these soften rapidly at high temperatures, because at elevated temperatures (T > 1,000 C), the sintering aid forms a glassy silicate or oxynitride phase, promoting grain boundary sliding. The objective of the earlier work on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} sintering was to use additives that would sinter via a liquid phase and would crystallize on cooling. The sintering agents that achieve these objectives were shown to be rare-earth oxides (Re{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and silica (SiO{sub 2}). During the sintering process, reaction occurs to form Re{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} as the intergranular phase. The advantage of this crystalline grain boundary phase is that it greatly reduces viscosity and intergranular creep. The material therefore retains 90% of its room temperature strength at high temperatures (T {approximately} 1,400 C).
A single dominant gene controlling resistance to soil zinc deficiency in common bean

Cultivated soils often are either deficient or possess toxic concentrations of one or more mineral elements that adversely affect emergence, growth, maturity, production potential, and/or nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Our objective was to study the inheritance of resistance to soil Zn deficiency. The resistant 'Matterhorn' was crossed with the susceptible 'T-39'. The F 1 was backcrossed to Matterhorn (BC 1 ) and T-39 (BC 2 ), and advanced to the F 2 . The two parents, F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 , and BC 2 were evaluated in a Zn deficient field trial at Kimberly, Idaho in 2001. Plants were classified as tall-healthy or stunted with chlorotic leaves. Leaves were sampled from the two types of plants at flowering and analyzed for Zn concentration. The tall plants had an average leaf Zn concentration of 22.5 mg kg -1 . In contrast, stunted plants had a Zn concentration of 15.0 mg kg -1 . All F 1 plants were tall resembling Matterhorn, except that unlike Matterhorn (white flowers and seeds) they had purple flowers and black shiny seeds. Thus, the resistance to Zn deficiency was dominant. A segregation of 45 resistant (R) to 20 susceptible (S) plants was observed in the F 2 , giving a good fit to 3 R:1 S (X 2 = 1.1538, P = 0.28). All plants in BC 1 were resistant. In BC 2 , 142 R and 139 S plants were observed, giving a ratio of 1 R to 1 S (X 2 = 0.032, P = 0.86). This supports a single dominant gene controlling soil Zn deficiency resistance. The symbol Znd is proposed for the dominant allele controlling resistance to soil Zn deficiency, and znd for its susceptible counterpart.
The outlook for mathematics on the web

Cooperation among major software providers to adopt industry-wide standards and ongoing advances in hardware and software will greatly expand the range and power of mathematics on the Internet. Recent technological developments are changing the web environment so that files with mathematical content will soon be easily loaded, sent, received, and processed. To make this possible, mathematics files will contain both typesetting information on how math notation should appear and structural information on how notation should be interpreted. That is, math files on the web will contain both presentation and semantic information to allow math expressions to be transported, evaluated, tested, simplified, graphed, and even graphically animated. This article discusses some of the technological advances that will empower webbased mathematics by making it interactive and portable. Some background on files is discussed first to explain how solutions to certain technological problems will lead to great improvements in the utilization of mathematics on the web.
Corporate Accountability and Rorty’s Utopian Liberalism

Addresses the lack of any coherent intellectual perspective for establishing a theory of corporate accountability that is neither extreme right‐wing nor anti‐liberal. Insights derived from Rorty′s Contingency, Irony and Solidarity are employed to develop a new perspective on the relationship between corporate activities and the public interest. This perspective is then joined with Dewey′s view of social intelligence and Barber′s notion of Strong Democracy to argue for an expansion of corporate social accountability.
Landfill management for double alkali sulfur dioxide scrubber sludge

Based on the results of extensive laboratory tests on two different scrubber sludges from double alkali sulfur dioxide control systems and observations and measurements made at two different field sites, various alternative schemes are presented to dispose of this material in managed landfills. The dry density of loosely placed material ranges from about 25 pcf to 35 pcf (400 kg/m³ to 560 kg/m³), but a small compactive effort usually increases the dry density to 50 pcf or 60 pcf (800 kg/m³ to 960 kg/m³). The addition of fly ash to the scrubber sludge significantly increases its strength and decreases its compressibility, but fixation is not needed to provide sufficient mechanical stability to construct a landfill in much the same manner as followed with a number of soils. Although the coefficient of permeability is on the order of 10\u-\u4 cm/s to 10\u-\u6 cm/s (depending on the dry density), the effect of leachates and associated ground-water contamination can be minimized or virtually eliminated by proper landfill management during and after the disposal operation; impermeable seals may not be required.
Tumor Cell Interactions with Stromal Elastin and Type I Collagen: The Consequences of Specific Adhesion and Proteolysis

Elastin and collagen are abundant fibrous molecules in the stroma. Tumor cells invading the stroma are in contact with fibers of both types much of the time. Both may serve as footholds for the traction required for movement. Elastin has an additional role. Elastin peptides are known to stimulate receptor signaling and chemotaxis, which could explain the morphometric changes (membrane and organelle polarization and cell volume shrinkage) that we have reported for certain tumor cell lines invading elastic lamina. Elastin and its peptides emerge as possible invasion enhancers for some tumor cells. In ongoing work we are screening human tumors that contact elastin (e.g., breast carcinomas) to see if the presence of elastin receptors correlates with early dissemination of metastatic tumor cells.
Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in many human cases with a high fatality rate. Poultry are the likely source of infection for humans on the basis of sequence analysis and virus isolations from live bird markets, but it is not clear which species of birds are most likely to be infected and shedding levels of virus sufficient to infect humans. Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Embden geese with 106 50% egg infective doses of the A/Anhui/1/2013 virus resulted in infection but no clinical disease signs. Virus shedding was much higher and prolonged in quail and chickens than in the other species. Quail effectively transmitted the virus to direct contacts, but pigeons and Pekin ducks did not. In all species, virus was detected at much higher titers from oropharyngeal swabs than cloacal swabs. The hemagglutinin gene from samples collected from selected experimentally infected birds was sequenced, and three amino acid differences were commonly observed when the sequence was compared to the sequence of A/Anhui/1/2013: N123D, N149D, and L217Q. Leucine at position 217 is highly conserved for human isolates and is associated with α2,6-sialic acid binding. Different amino acid combinations were observed, suggesting that the inoculum had viral subpopulations that were selected after passage in birds. These experimental studies corroborate the finding that certain poultry species are reservoirs of the H7N9 influenza virus and that the virus is highly tropic for the upper respiratory tract, so testing of bird species should preferentially be conducted with oropharyngeal swabs for the best sensitivity. IMPORTANCE The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in a number of human infections with a high case fatality rate. The source of the viral outbreak is suspected to be poultry, but definitive data on the source of the infection are not available. This study provides experimental data to show that quail and chickens are susceptible to infection, shed large amounts of virus, and are likely important in the spread of the virus to humans. Other poultry species can be infected and shed virus but are less likely to play a role of transmitting the virus to humans. Pigeons were previously suggested to be a possible source of the virus because of isolation of the virus from several pigeons in poultry markets in China, but experimental studies show that they are generally resistant to infection and are unlikely to play a role in the spread of the virus.
Isolation and partial characterization of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 58 kDa extracellular glycoprotein which is recognized by human immune sera

A novel 58 kDa antigenic determinant of the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a panel of species-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Western immunoblot analysis, deglycosylation studies and isoelectric focusing indicated that this 58 kDa antigen is a glycoprotein, with a pI of approximately 5.2. The molecule was purified from P. brasiliensis culture filtrate and yeast cytoplasmic antigens by membrane ultrafiltration, liquid isoelectric focusing and gel filtration; N-terminal amino acid sequence data revealed no substantial homology with known proteins. The presence of the antigen in the cytoplasm of both yeast and mycelial forms of the fungus was demonstrated when these MAbs were used as markers in immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase and immunoalkaline phosphatase techniques to label P. brasiliensis in cryostat sections. These MAbs also recognized the cytoplasm of P. brasiliensis yeast forms in paraffin-embedded pathological specimens from human cases. A preparation of the 58 kDa component from yeast cytoplasmic antigen was reacted by Western immunoblotting with 26 different serum samples from paracoccidioidomycosis patients, and 81% of them recognized it.
Being judge and jury: a new skill for emergency physicians.

The treatment of pain in the emergency department (ED) is frequently initiated without the benefit of a long-standing patient-physician relationship and in an environment of limited time and resources. Although pain is a common reason for patients to seek care, the ED is a common destination for both patients seeking pain relief and those seeking to obtain prescription opioids for nonmedical use. The majority of patients who receive opioid pain relievers from the ED do not have a concerning history of receiving such prescriptions, but a substantial number have received multiple prescriptions for them. Despite these challenges, emergency physicians have done an admirable job avoiding suboptimal opioid prescribing patterns, though we remain among the top opioid prescribers across all specialties in patients younger than 40 years. Through the use of prescription drug monitoring programs, we can refine our prescribing practices and continue to improve our patients’ safety and the public health. Prescription drug monitoring programs are a heterogeneous group of state-administered programs that track the prescribing of controlled substances by providers and dispensing from pharmacies. Despite significant variability, these systems collect, at a minimum, the following data: medication, dosing regimen, prescriber, and dispensing pharmacy. The purpose of the programs is to support the legitimate use of controlled substances while limiting their abuse, misuse, and diversion. Depending on state-specific laws, the data available from the programs can be used by clinicians to support safe prescribing during individual patient encounters, by public health officials to identify at-risk populations and monitor interventions, by regulators and industry to evaluate the abuse potential and safety of available products, and finally by law enforcement and medical boards to identify prescribers who prescribe irresponsibly or illegally. In some states, prescription histories are available to providers in “real time,” and legislators have suggested, and in some states mandated, prescription drug monitoring program review before prescribing a controlled substance. In this issue of Annals, Weiner et al report on a study comparing the use of clinician gestalt to opioid prescription p
Host-associated fitness trade-offs do not limit the evolution of diet breadth in the small milkweed bug Lygaeus kalmii (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Theoretical models of evolution in a temporally variable environment predict that genotypes with low variance in fitness across generations will be favored. When host use varies temporally and fitness trade-offs exist among hosts, such that an increase in performance on one host results in a correlated decrease on the other, selection for low variance in fitness across generations will favor genotypes which are generalists. Before predictions such as this can be extended to natural herbivore populations, however, it is necessary to understand the extent to which performance trade-offs limit simultaneous adaptation to multiple hosts. The experiment reported here compares two populations of the common milkweed bug, Lygaeus kalmii (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) which differ in patterns of host usage. One population is largely restricted to milkweed (Asclepias spp.) when milkweed seeds are available, but becomes a scavenger on a large assortment of available seeds when milkweed seeds are unavailable. The second population is restricted largely to dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), without access to milkweed. We examine these populations to test for host-associated genetic trade-offs between specialization on dandelion (Taraxacum) and two species of milkweed, Asclepias fascicularis, which is low in cardiac glycoside content, and A. speciosa, which is high in cardiac glycoside content. Despite the difference in patterns of host use of the two L. kalmii populations, the populations did not differ in their performance on any of the host plants. Within each population, bugs performed nearly as well on each host, except that bugs had significantly lower survivorship on dandelion than on either milkweed species. Trade-offs in performance among hosts were not present in either population: estimated genetic correlations across hosts were strongly positive. The inability of this study to detect host-associated fitness trade-offs is consistent with most published data on this topic.
Mastication and Maturity: A Longitudinal Study in Pigs

The electromyography af mastication was studied longitudinally in miniature pigs, and the effects of age and food type were assessed. Within-individual variation was large relative to between-individual variation. Duration of chewing strokes increased with age and with more resistant foods. The results are compared with data on human beings and other animals.