cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Support for the domain specificity of implicit beliefs about persons, intelligence, and morality

Abstract Implicit theories are beliefs that pertain to the nature of person attributes. Entity theorists believe that a person's attributes are fixed entities, whereas incremental theorists believe that a person's attributes are malleable. Here, the theory was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and examining the relationship between the broad constructs of implicit beliefs about intelligence, persons, and morality and specific measures related to the broad domains. A model drawn from the theory provided strong evidence for implicit theories. Further, evidence in support of domain specific measures was also found. An additional study investigated a hypothesis regarding incremental belief endorsement. Discussion centers on the usefulness of implicit belief measures for basic and applied research.
LOW MACH NUMBER MODELING OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE. III. REACTIONS

We continue the description of a low Mach number hydrodynamics algorithm for reacting, full star flows. Here we demonstrate how to accurately incorporate reactions using a second-order accurate Strang-splitting technique. We also improve the fidelity of the model by allowing the base state to evolve in response to large-scale convection as well as large-scale heating, taking care to account for the compositional changes to the base state as well. The new algorithm is tested via comparisons with a fully compressible code and shown to be in good agreement. The resulting code, MAESTRO, once extended to incorporate a spherically symmetric base state, will be used to study the convection and ignition phases of Type Ia supernovae.
Explaining racial/ethnic differences in adolescent substance abuse treatment completion in the United States: a decomposition analysis.

Abstract Purpose To identify contributors to racial/ethnic differences in completion of alcohol and marijuana treatment among adolescents at publicly funded providers. Methods The 2007 Treatment Episode Data Set provided substance use history, treatment setting, and treatment outcomes for youth aged 12–17 years from five racial/ethnic groups (N = 67,060). Individual-level records were linked to variables measuring the social context and service system characteristics of the metropolitan area. We implemented nonlinear regression decomposition to identify variables that explained minority-white differences. Results Black and Hispanic youth were significantly less likely than whites to complete treatment for both alcohol and marijuana. Completion rates were similar for whites, Native Americans, and Asian-Americans, however. Differences in predictor variables explained 12.7% of the black-white alcohol treatment gap and 7.6% of the marijuana treatment gap. In contrast, predictors explained 57.4% of the Hispanic-white alcohol treatment gap and 19.8% of the marijuana treatment gap. While differences in the distribution of individual-level variables explained little of the completion gaps, metropolitan-level variables substantially contributed to Hispanic-white gaps. For example, racial/ethnic composition of the metropolitan area explained 41.0% of the Hispanic-white alcohol completion gap and 23.2% of the marijuana completion gap. Regional differences in addiction treatment financing (particularly use of Medicaid funding) explained 13.7% of the Hispanic-white alcohol completion gap and 9.8% of the Hispanic-white marijuana treatment completion gap. Conclusions Factors related to social context are likely to be important contributors to white-minority differences in addiction treatment completion, particularly for Hispanic youth. Increased Medicaid funding, coupled with culturally tailored services, could be particularly beneficial.
Synthese und Strukturbestimmung von [AsPh4][Ru6H(μ-OCNMe2)2(μ-CO)4(CO)14]·Me2CO; ein cyclisches Hydrido-Hexametall-Anion

Das vollstandige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 198. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198301980
Improved detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oscillations within human neutrophils.

Kinetic studies of NAD(P)H autofluorescence have been conducted in adherent neutrophils using an improved microscopic photometry system incorporating low noise excitation and detection systems. Dynamic autofluorescence oscillations were found with periods ranging from ~ four minutes to ~10 seconds. The largest portion of the population of oscillating neutrophils (32%) had periods near two minutes. The next largest group at 25% exhibited periods of one minute or less. These oscillations could not be accounted for by instrument artifacts, cell shape changes away from the focal plane, or other factors. They disappeared when detergent was added to oscillating cells. Higher frequency oscillations disappeared as cells changed shape, indicating a correlation between these two processes. This approach provides a reliable method to monitor this cellular property.
The ascidian sperm reaction: Ca2+ uptake in relation to H+ efflux.

During the ascidian sperm reaction the single large cylindrical mitochondrion which lies next to the nucleus in the head swells, becomes spherical, and migrates along the tail to be lost when it reaches the end. This sequence is initiated by eggs, egg water, high pH, low Na+, or the ionophore X537A. Accompanying the sperm reaction induced by low Na+ are H+ efflux and Ca2+ influx in a ratio of near 100:1 as determined by 45Ca2+ and atomic absorption analysis. Simultaneous pH and Ca2+ electrode measurements suggest that the movement of H+ begins 10–13 sec before the movement of Ca2+. Ca2+ uptake can be inhibited by verapamil without affecting H+ efflux or the sperm reaction. Acid release and Ca2+ uptake are proportional to the initial pH of the medium when the reaction is triggered by high pH. Acid release initiated by low Na+ is proportional to Ca2+ concentrations above 2 mM. H+ and Ca2+ movements differ in magnitude, kinetics, and inhibition by verapamil, thus suggesting that H+ is probably not exchanged for Ca2+. Instead we propose that loss of H+ triggers the uptake of Ca2+, which initiates the sperm reaction.
The beginnings of mathematics in a howling wilderness

Abstract This paper analyzes factors that influenced the development of mathematics in Anglo-America, particularly New England, before the Revolutionary War. It discusses the effects on the emerging nation of the development of mathematics in Europe.
Reference solutes for isopiestic and dynamic vapor pressure osmometry in organic solvents: Triphenylmethane, azobenzene, and benzil in dry benzene

Abstract The vapor pressure lowering of benzene solutions of azobenzene (AZO), triphenylmethane (TPM), and benzil (BZL) was measured at 20°C by two methods, one a direct differential measurement of the difference between vapor pressures of solution and solvent, and the other a direct measurement of the total vapor pressure of the solution. The results were cross-checked by isopiestic measurements at 25°C on the three pairs of benzene solutions, AZOTPM, AZOBZL, and TPMBZL. Each solute-benzene system shows some deviation from ideality. The osmotic coefficients are well-fitted by φ TPM = 0·9847−0·1120m TPM +0·00077 (m TPM +0·0504 φ AZO = 0·8795−0·0530m AZO +0·0520 (m AZO +0·4313 φ BZL = 0·7713−0·0112m BZL +0·1200 (m BZL +0·5247 The non-ideality of these solutions is not accounted for by regular solution theory, and only partially by assumption of association. With TPM (but not with AZO or BZL) it is well-accounted for by Guggenheim's lattice model.
Carbapenems: special properties contributing to their activity.

Abstract Imipenem is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits most clinical isolates of staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and streptococci, excluding enterococci, at 1 μg/ml or less. Resistance can develop in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, albeit infrequently. Pseudomonas maltophilia is intrinsically resistant to imipenem. Many strains of Enterobacter cloacae, Clostridium freundii, and S. marcescens resistant to the aminothiazolyl cephalosporins are susceptible to imipenem, but tend to have higher minimal inhibitory concentrations. In general, imipenem inhibits organisms resistant to other beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. Imipenem binds to PBP-2 and rapidly kills most bacteria which it inhibits. Imipenem is highly stable against attack by beta-lactamases of both plasmid and chromosomal origin, and is more stable by several thousand-fold than earlier beta-lactamase stable compounds. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of beta-lactamases. Imipenem does induce beta-lactamases, but the activity of imipenem against isolates containing induced beta-lactamases is not decreased and it appears not to be susceptible to the trapping that occurs with some of the cephalosporins. Imipenem acts synergistically with aminoglycosides against a wide variety of bacteria, but this is most readily demonstrated for Streptococcus faecalis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa organisms which show a difference between inhibition and killing. Overall, the excellent activity of imipenem is the result of (1) the lack of a permeability barrier; (2) high affinity for PBP-2, a critical protein in cell wall synthesis in gram-negative bacteria, and for critical penicillin-binding proteins of gram-positive species; and, above all, (3) its great beta-lactamase stability.
A cross‐cultural test of the work‐family interface in 48 countries

This study tests a cross-cultural model of the work-family interface. Using multigroup structural equation modeling with IBM survey responses from 48 countries (N = 25 380) results show that the same work-family interface model that fits the data globally also fits the data in a four-group model composed of culturally related groups of countries as well as a two-group gender model. This supports a transportable rather than a culturally specific or gender-specific work-family interface model: notably job flexibility related to reduced work-family conflict reduced family-work conflict and enhanced work-family fit. Work-family fit related to increased job satisfaction. Findings suggest that investment by multinational companies in job flexibility initiatives may represent a dual-agenda way to benefit men women and businesses in diverse cultures. (authors)
Shallow seismic reflection profile of the Meers Fault, Comanche County, Oklahoma

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com”.
Age-dependent mortality in the pilocarpine model of status epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute neurological emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Age has been shown to be a critical factor in determining outcome after SE. Understanding the causes of this increased mortality with aging by developing an animal model to study this condition would play a major role in studying mechanisms to limit the mortality due to SE. Here we employed pilocarpine to induce SE in rats aged between 5 and 28 weeks. Similar to clinical studies in man, we observed that age was a significant predictor of mortality following SE. While no deaths were observed in 5-week-old animals, mortality due to SE increased progressively with age and reached 90% in 28-week-old animals. There was no correlation between the age of animals and severity of SE. With increasing age mortality occurred earlier after the onset of SE. These results indicate that pilocarpine-induced SE in the rat provides a useful model to study age-dependent SE-induced mortality and indicates the importance of using animal models to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to SE-induced mortality and the development of novel therapeutic interventions to prevent SE-induced death.
Functional residues at the active site of angiotensin converting enzyme.

Abstract A series of chemical modification reactions have been carried out with rabbit pulmonary angiotensin converting enzyme (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, EC 3.4.15.1) in order to identify amino acid residues essential for its catalytic activity. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by nitration with tetranitromethane and by O-acetylation with N-acetylimidazole. Deacylation with hydroxylamine restores activity to the acetylated enzyme, while the inhibitor, β-phenylpropionyl-L-phenylalanine, protects against acetylimidazole inactivation. These results indicate the presence of functional tyrosyl residues at the active site of the enzyme. Reaction with butanedione decreases activity, an effect that is markedly enhanced by the presence of borate, indicating essential arginyl residues. In addition, activity is diminished by the carboxyl reagent, cyclohexylmorpholinoethyl carbodiimide. Thus, the three functional residues long known to be components of the active site of bovine carboxypeptidase A, tyrosyl, arginyl, and glutamyl, have counterparts in the angiotensin converting enzyme. The effects of pyridoxal phosphate and a number of other reagents demonstrate that the converting enzyme also contains an important lysyl residue.
A simple demonstration of how controlled creation and absorption of tachyons violates causality

Tachyons are the hypothetical particles which travel faster than light, and only faster than light. When an excited atom returns to the ground state, a photon is spontaneously created, going at the speed of light. There is no meaningful question as to how it got to tha t speed. Similarly, an excited atom might emit a tachyon, spontaneously, at the same time. I t would travel at a speed greater than light and carry away energy and m o n ~ t u m . Photons are their own antiparticle. If we picture an electron in space and time (1) and mathematically bend its path backward in time, then we reinterpret the physical result associated with this diagram. We say that an electron and positron (antielectron) were created at an earlier event. The forward time moving antielectron appears on the diagram as the (~ original ~> electron moving backward in time. This (( reinterpretation ~> principle can be applied to tachyons as well. A tachyon which looks to be moving backward in time should physically correspond to an antitaehyon moving the other direction through space as time increases (in the psychological sense) for human observers. Some researchers, particularly RECAMI and MIGNANI have claimed that this reinterpretation eliminates all paradoxes except possibly where macroscopic phenomena are involved. We shall develop a simple macroscopic experiment to show that atoms must be able to ( at the left end and a target flower at the right end. A short lever sticks out of the side of the (~laser ~>. If we trip the lever, the tachyon laser emits a very sharp, intense burst of tachyons for which we measure a speed of, let us say, 2c. These taehyons hit the flower 4 minutes later and blast it into hundreds of pieces. The flower absorbs all the tachyons in the pulse as it explodes, so the tachyons disappear, (just as absorbed light disappears). We recheck the experiment repeatedly. The delay between the trigger trip and the iiring of the laser is, let us say, 10 =9 seconds, reproducibly. Now we tow the sled far out into space to the right and accelerate it up to an incomingspeedof V x ~ ~c, relative to our frame, then turn off its rocket engines. The <~ charged ~) tachyon laser and flower are traveling along attached to it. No tachyons
Bond cleavage during isobutanol thermal decomposition and the breaking of C-C bonds in alcohols at high temperatures.

Isobutanol was thermally decomposed in a single pulse shock tube under conditions where chain processes were suppressed. The main reaction is the breaking of C–C bonds. Literature rate expressions, experimentally determined, are found in some cases to be in disagreement. The rate expressions for the decomposition processes at temperatures of 1090 to 1240 K and pressures of 1.5 and 6 atm are k(isobutanol → isopropyl + hydroxymethyl) + k(isobutanol → methyl + 1-hydroxypropyl-2) = 1016.7±0.3 exp(−41097 ± 750) s–1, where k(isobutanol → isopropyl + hydroxymethyl) = 1016.45 ±0.3 exp(−40910 ± 750/T) s–1 and k(isobutanol → methyl + 1-hydroxypropyl-2) = 1016.38±0.3 exp(-41560 ± 750/T) s–1. These values permit comparisons with recent estimates including those from ab initio calculations. A new procedure is presented that uses information on the kinetics of bond breaking reactions of alkanes and the effect of OH substitution to derive rate coefficients for similar reactions of alcohols. This leads to the following r...
Detection of electromagnetic waves using MEMS antennas

We describe the design, fabrication and characterization of simple micromechanical structures that are capable of sensing static electric time varying electromagnetic fields. Time varying electric field sensing is usually achieved using an electromagnetic antenna and a receiver. However, these antenna-based approaches do not exhibit high sensitivity over a broad frequency (or wavelength) range. An important aspect of the present work is that, in contrast to traditional antennas, the dimensions of these micromechanical oscillators can be much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. We characterized the fabricated micromechanical oscillators by measuring their responses to time varying electric and electromagnetic fields.
Discriminating Bases by Stretching Double-Stranded DNA in a Nanopore

We report a new method for trapping a single molecule of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in a solid-state nanopore in SiNx membrane and describe the prospects for sequencing it. It is possible to trap a single dsDNA molecule in a nanopore <3nm in diameter by first applying a voltage larger than this threshold and forcing the molecule to translocate through the pore. If the electric field is then rapidly switched to a value below threshold, the DNA becomes trapped for seconds in the pore, compared to a sub-millisecond translocation if the field is maintained above threshold. Moreover, if the duration in the trap is commensurate with the bandwidth we can discriminate distinct signatures of C-G and A-T base-pairs by simply measuring the pore current. Molecular dynamics simulations of these experiments reveal that, when trapped, the dsDNA is stretched in the pore in a specific tilted orientation, depending on the orientation of the leading nucleotides, while the B-form canonical structure is preserved outside the pore. Finally, we show using streptavidin bound biotinylated dsDNA (Fig. 1a) that it's possible to discriminate stretched basepairs in the trapped configuration (Fig. 1b,c) between A-T and C-G.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Effects of hyperthermia on the auditory-evoked brainstem responses in mice

This study investigated the effects of increased body temperature on the latencies and amplitudes of the auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) in mice. Six eleven-week-old male CBA/CaJ mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital and screened for normal hearing. Hyperthermia was induced by placing the animal in a thermostatically controlled chamber; a thermistor connected to a digital thermometer measured the rectal temperature. ABRs were evoked with broad-band clicks presented at repetition rates of 21.1/s and 61.1/s. The latencies and amplitudes of waves I-V were measured at 1-degree and/or 0.5-degree intervals between 37 and 42 degrees C. Temperature elevation between 37 and 41 degrees C shortened the latencies of all the ABR waves, the effect being linear and cumulative across the time window. Change in this trend occurred between 41 and 42 degrees C, whereby the latencies of all the waves stabilized or showed minimal prolongation. Amplitudes of the most robust waves I and II showed a trend similar to the latencies, whereas the later waves showed erratic and uninterpretable changes. These findings in the mouse may be indicative of the physiological limit of thermal tolerance and as such may be regarded as a premonitory signal of permanent damage.
Programmed Adsorption and Release of Proteins in a Microfluidic Device

A microfluidic device has been developed that can adsorb proteins from solution, hold them with negligible denaturation, and release them on command. The active element in the device is a 4-nanometer-thick polymer film that can be thermally switched between an antifouling hydrophilic state and a protein-adsorbing state that is more hydrophobic. This active polymer has been integrated into a microfluidic hot plate that can be programmed to adsorb and desorb protein monolayers in less than 1 second. The rapid response characteristics of the device can be manipulated for proteomic functions, including preconcentration and separation of soluble proteins on an integrated fluidics chip.
Anxious and depressive disorders and their comorbidity: effect on central nervous system noradrenergic function.

Background Although comorbidity of anxiety with depression is common, investigations of physiologic abnormalities related specifically to comorbidity are rare. This study examined relationships of DSM-IV-defined depression, anxiety, and their comorbidity to noradrenergic function measured by blunting of the growth hormone (GH) response to the alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonist (and imidazoline receptor agent) clonidine and by blood pressure and symptom responses. Methods Fifteen subjects with pure social anxiety or panic disorder, 15 with pure major depression, and 18 with both depression and anxiety were compared with healthy control subjects matched for age and gender. Other factors known to affect GH (weight, menstrual status, prior antidepressant, or other drug exposure) were controlled. Results Anxiety produced GH blunting, but depression was associated with normal GH responses. The comorbid state did not affect results beyond the impact of anxiety. Preclonidine stress-related GH elevations were observed, to the greatest degree in anxious subjects. Relevant symptom, but not blood pressure, changes were significantly associated with blunting. Conclusions With use of pure depression and anxiety groups and careful control of other factors known to affect GH, these results demonstrate central nervous system noradrenergic dysfunction in anxiety disorders. In contrast to less rigorously controlled studies, noradrenergic function in depression was normal.
Testing a multi-group model of culturally competent behaviors among underrepresented nurse practitioners†

Diversifying the health professional workforce and enhancing cultural competence are recommended for decreasing health disparities. We tested a structural equation model of the predictors of culturally competent behaviors in a mailed survey of three groups of underrepresented nurse practitioners (n = 474). Our model had good fit and accounted for 29% of the variance in culturally competent behaviors. Life experiences with diversity had direct effects on awareness/sensitivity and behaviors, and diversity training had a direct effect on behaviors. Cultural awareness/sensitivity mediated the relationship between life experiences with diversity and culturally competent behaviors; all paths remained after controlling for covariates. For unique experiences that contribute to workplace diversity, life experiences with diversity, and diversity training are important for culturally competent behaviors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:327–341, 2011
Relative quantum yields of O(1D) in Ozone Photolysis in the region between 250 and 300 nm

Abstract Relative quantum yields of O( 1 D 2 ) formation, φ rel , for ozone photolysis in theregion of 250–300 nm have been determined in the gas phase at 23°C. The NO * 2 chemiluminescence resulting from the photoexcitation of an O 3 /N 2 O mixture was usedin monitoring the O( 1 D 2 ) formation. The results show that the value of Φ rel remains constant throughout the photolysis wavelength range studied at 2–5 nm intervals.
Structure of mullite coatings grown by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Dense mullite coatings have been deposited on SiC and Si 3 N 4 substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The coatings were compositionally graded with the Al/Si ratio increasing from 1.5 at the substrate/coating interface, to a value of 8 at the coating surface. This gradation of composition is discussed in light of changes in the concentration of oxygen vacancies, ordering of the vacancies, formation and size of domains and the observed changes in lattice parameters.
Flexibility of the Zeolite RHO Framework. In Situ X-ray and Neutron Powder Structural Characterization of Cation-Exchanged BePO and BeAsO RHO Analogs†

This is an extensive study of the non-aluminosilicate analogs of the zeolite RHO. This molecular sieve is of great interest commercially because of its catalytic properties. In the absence of rigid supporting structural subunits (smaller cages or channels), the aluminosilicate RHO exhibits atypical framework flexibility with large displacive rearrangements. The beryllophosphate and berylloarsenate analogs are easily synthesized under very mild reaction conditions and therefore may be of interest for inexpensive and rapid commercial production. However, they have decreased thermal stability. In an effort to increase thermal stability and explore framework flexibility, we have synthesized and characterized a series of analogs of the non-aluminosilicate RHO framework. All materials crystallize in the space group I23, ranging from a = 13.584(2) A for Li-BePO RHO to a = 14.224(4) A for Ba-RbBeAsO RHO for hydrated phases. The extra framework cations are distributed over the double 8-ring, single 8-ring, and two...
Planar Meta-Optics

The control of phase plays a fundamental role in wave propagation. Metasurfaces (thin metamaterial layers) can introduce an additional spatially non-uniform phase in the incoming wave, thereby affecting its propagating characteristics. A metasurface consisting a plasmonic nano-antenna array can introduce an abrupt phase discontinuity at the interface and therefore have unparalleled wave-front control over the incident light. We experimentally demonstrate a computer generated hologram operating at a visible wavelength by a metasurface consisting of Babinet-inverted nano-antennas perforated on a 30-nm-thick gold film. Micrometer-sized metasurface lenses (metalenses) are made with the same technique.
Graphing the grammar of motives in National Security Strategies: Cultural interpretation, automated text analysis and the drama of global politics

Abstract The literary theorist Kenneth Burke (1945) outlined a methodology for identifying the basic “grammar of motives” that operate within texts. His strategy was to identify the logical form that is used for attributing meaning to human situations. We imagine how a variant of Burke's method might be applied in the era of automated text analysis, and then we explore an implementation of that variant (using a combination of natural language process, semantic parsers and statistical topic models) in analyzing a corpus of eleven U.S. “National Security Strategy” documents that were produced between 1990 and 2010. This “automated process” for textual coding and analysis is shown to have much utility for analyzing these types of texts and to hold out the promise for being useful for other types of text corpora, as well—thereby opening up new possibilities for the scientific study of rhetoric.
Comparability and biosimilarity: considerations for the healthcare provider.

AbstractBackground:Healthcare providers use recombinant biologics such as monoclonal antibodies to treat a variety of serious illnesses. Manufacturing of approved biotechnology products is complex, and the quality of the resulting biologic is dependent on careful control of process inputs and operating conditions. Biosimilars, which are similar but not identical to innovator biologics, are entering regulatory evaluation, approval, and marketing in regions with biosimilar approval pathways.Scope and findings:This article describes the evaluation and potential impact of manufacturing process changes and biosimilar product development, and explores the similarities and distinctions between the two. Regulatory agencies generally require a comparability exercise following a manufacturing process change. This comparability is focused primarily on analytical characterization of the approved product before and after the manufacturing process change, with non-clinical and clinical confirmation required when determ...
Total variation regularisation of images corrupted by non-Gaussian noise using a quasi-Newton method

The aim is to obtain efficient algorithms for image regularisation optimised for removing different types of noise. One can accomplish this by combining total variation regularisation with a noise-specific way to measure the fidelity between the noisy and the denoised images. To obtain a minimum of the resulting functional, a quasi-Newton method is proposed, which converges faster than the commonly used method of gradient descent. A unified algorithmic and theoretical framework for a general class of data-fidelity terms is presented. As examples, we consider Poisson noise and impulse noise.
Aqua-(μ-cone-26,28-dibut-oxy-25,27-bis-{N-[5-(dimethyl-amino)-naphthalene-1-sulfon-yl]carbamoylmeth-oxy}-5,11,17,23-tetra-kis-(1,1-dimethyl-eth-yl)calix[4]arene(2-))disodium acetonitrile tetra-solvate.

The structure of the title complex, [Na2(C80H98N4O10S2)(H2O)]·4CH3CN, obtained after crystallization from aceto­nitrile, contains two formula units in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2) and an estimated four mol­ecules of acetonitrile per calixarene moiety. It is unusual for two Na+ ions to occupy the lower rims of the cone calix[4]arene, as in this case, with one Na+ ion forming two O→ Na+ coordinate bonds with the two but­oxy groups and four such bonds with the two N-dansyl carboxamide groups, forming six dative bonds between Na+ and O. On the other hand, the other Na+ ion forms only five O→Na+ coordinate bonds on the far end of the calix[4]arene lower rim, bringing the two dansyl groups in close proximity with each other. There also appears to be an O→Na+ coordination coming from a dangling water mol­ecule. The structure contained both resolved and poorly resolved solvent mol­ecules. The latter were treated using the SQUEEZE routine in PLATON [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155].
The languages we use

Members of the Society for Computers in Psychology (SCP) responded to a survey concerning their program­ ming practices and language use. Most of the questions were software oriented, but hardware use was surveyed as well. Particular attention was directed toward the use of various rules and procedures of "structured program­ ming" and the logic of language choice. Questionnaires were sent to over 300 SCP members. The cover letter and questionnaire invited recipients to make copies of the survey for students, assistants, or other non-SCP mem­ bers. The questionnaire was accompanied by a postage­ paid return envelope.
A single, sequential, genome-wide test to identify simultaneously all promising areas in a linkage scan.

Inflation of type I error occurs when conducting a large number of statistical tests in genome-wide linkage scans. Stringent α-levels protect against the high numbers of expected false positives but at the cost of more false negatives. A more balanced tradeoff is provided by the theory of sequential analysis, which can be used in a genome scan even when the data are collected using a fixed-sample design. Sequential tests allow complete, simultaneous control of both the type I and II errors of each individual test while using the smallest possible sample size for analysis. For fixed samples, the excess N “saved” can be used in a confirmatory, replication phase of the original findings. Using the theory of sequential multiple decision procedures [Bechhoffer et al., 1968], we can replace the series of individual marker tests with a new single, simultaneous genome-wide test that has multiple possible outcomes and partitions all markers into two subsets: the “signal” versus the “noise,” with an a priori specifiable genome-wide error rate. These tests are demonstrated for the Haseman-Elston approach, are applied to real data, and are contrasted with traditional fixed-sampling tests in Monte Carlo simulations of repeated genome-wide scans. The method allows efficient identification of the true signals in a genome scan, uses the smallest possible sample sizes, saves the excess to confirm those findings, controls both types of error, and provides one elegant solution to the debate over the best way to balance between false positives and negatives in genome scans. Genet. Epidemiol. 19:301–322, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Challenges Facing Nurse-Led Disease Management for Heart Failure

The positive results of several randomized controlled trials of nurse-led disease management (DM) for heart failure have led to considerable growth in the use of DM programs in such patients. However, many aspects of the protocols used in randomized trials of DM for heart failure have differed, and there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of what makes DM work and for whom. Four important unresolved issues are: (i) what components of multifaceted DM protocols for heart failure are effective; (ii) whether a face-to-face meeting with the nurse is necessary for successful DM; (iii) what type of patients benefit from DM; and (iv) who should provide and pay for nurse-led DM. Our understanding of why nurse-led DM works would be enhanced if researchers systematically described each component of the intervention, measured the patient or clinician behavior that each component was designed to modify, and reported the trial’s success or failure at achieving that modification. Almost all randomized trials to-date have recruited hospitalized patients at relatively high risk of decompensation and have provided them with face-to-face contact with the DM team. More research is needed to document the effectiveness of DM protocols that use purely telephonic contact with patients, and those that recruit lower-risk patients from ambulatory settings. Finally, instead of assessing whether DM reduces costs or yields an adequate return on investment, more emphasis should be placed on cost-effectiveness research, which assesses whether DM improves patient health-related quality of life for a reasonable cost. Research along these lines will fill the gaps in our knowledge regarding the utility of DM for heart failure, and will contribute to making nurse-led DM for heart failure more effective, efficient, and commonplace.
The Slaveholders' War: The Secession Crisis in Kanawha County, Western Virginia, 1860-1861

est Virginia's historians have tended to minimize the importance of slavery in the state's formation. With fewer than fifteen thou- sand slaves in the forty-eight counties that formed the state in 1863, the scarcity of the institution appeared to have had little hold over the region. Charles Ambler and George E. Moore contrasted the slave-based planta- tion economy of eastern Virginia with that of the free labor-based small farms and factories in the west to explain the state's formation. Richard Orr Curry's revisionist work shared this view. The slavery issue, he argued, arose only during debates on emancipation at the statehood conventions, not before. Since then, scholars have placed individual counties under the microscope to examine sectional loyalties at the local level. First, James H. Cook's study of Harrison County argued that Unionists consisting of former Whigs and some Democrats tried to thwart secessionist forces led by local elites. They succeeded by only ten votes. Second, John W. Shaffer's study of remote Barbour County argued that personal issues like marriage and kin- ship mattered more than wealth or community in choosing sides. 1 Third, Ken Fones-Wolf revealed how the threat of free-labor ideology added to the strong kinship and community ties among the small number of Wheeling secessionists. These studies have identified many new issues that divided western Virginians on the issue of secession except one: slavery. The time has come to bring slavery into the debate on how West Virginians chose sides in the Civil War. With over two thousand slaves, one-sixth of the total in the forty-eight counties, Kanawha County pro- vides a useful example to show how slavery affected political, social, and economic relations among its residents. While salt furnaces substituted for cotton plantations there, local slaveholders exhibited many of the same traits as their eastern counterparts. The institution affected whites as much as slaves. As Eugene Genovese has pointed out, "the paternalism of the planters towards their slaves was reinforced by the semi-paternal relation-
Effects of celecoxib on ionic currents and spontaneous firing in rat retinal neurons.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the side effects of celecoxib, widely used to treat muscle and joint pain, may be mediated in part through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) independent mechanisms, such as inhibition of ion channels. In this study we report effects of celecoxib on ionic currents and neuronal activity in isolated rat retinal neurons. We found that celecoxib suppressed voltage-gated potassium currents in retinal bipolar cells with an effective concentration to inhibit 50% of function (EC50) of 5.5 μM. In retinal amacrine and ganglion cells, celecoxib inhibited voltage-dependent sodium channels with an EC50 of 5.2 μM, and voltage-dependent transient and sustained potassium currents with EC50s of 16.3 and 9.1 μM, respectively. Notably, the rate of spontaneous spike activity was dramatically suppressed in ganglion and amacrine cells with an EC50 of 0.76 μM. All actions of celecoxib on ionic currents and action potentials occurred from the extracellular side and were completely reversible. These findings indicate that inhibition of ion channels by celecoxib in the CNS may affect neuronal function at clinically relevant concentrations.
Diffusive flux and magnetic manipulation of nanoparticles through porous membranes.

Measurement of transport of nanometer scale particles through porous media is important to begin to understand the potential environmental impacts of nanomaterials. Using a diffusion cell with two compartments separated by either a porous alumina or polycarbonate membrane as a model system, diffusive flux through mesoporous materials is examined. Experiments are performed as a function of particle size, pore diameter, and solvent, and the particle fluxes are monitored by the change in absorbance of the solution in the receiving cell. Using the measured extinction coefficient and change in absorbance of the solution as a function of time, the fluxes of 3, 8, and 14 nm diameter CoFe2O4 particles are determined as they are translocated across pores with diameters 30, 50, 100, and 200 nm in hexane and aqueous solutions. In general, flux decreases with increasing particle size and increases with pore diameter. We find that fluxes are faster in aqueous solutions than in hexane, which is attributed to the hydrop...
Environmental Protection Versus Economic Development: A False Trade-Off?

Is a trade-off between the social benefits of regulation and the economic benefits of development inevitable? We argue that environmental regulation may deter economic growth in some contexts, however, in other contexts the benefits of regulation may be obtained with little or no economic loss. We develop an explanation of the economic impacts of state environmental policy based on a model of public influence on private resource allocation decisions. In this model, we assume utility-maximizing firms will make investment choices based upon the projected profits on their investments and their willingness to accept the risk associated with the investments. We assert that state policies and administrative institutions influence perceptions of risk by increasing or decreasing uncertainty over future environmental policy and influence return on investments at particular locations by affecting firm-level production costs. Our results confirm that certain administrative arrangements for environmental regulation may enhance, rather than impede, economic development.
Understanding the barriers to the dissemination of medical expulsive therapy.

Purpose: Increasing trial evidence suggests that a course of medical expulsive therapy is warranted for patients with ureteral stones who are amenable to conservative treatment, and that this efficacious process of care is underused. To better understand the barriers to the dissemination of medical expulsive therapy we analyzed health care claims of working age adults with urinary stone disease.Materials and Methods: Using MarketScan® data (2002 to 2006) we identified patients with urinary stone disease who were treated in the emergency department. We characterized differences between patients who were prescribed medical expulsive therapy and those who were not. After assigning patients to their principal providers we determined how much of the variation in medical expulsive therapy prescribing rates was attributable to patient vs provider level factors.Results: A total of 79,688 patients were seen for an acute stone episode. They received care from 12,328 providers. In general those patients prescribed m...
MRI-based measurements of aerosol deposition in the lung of healthy and elastase-treated rats

Aerosolized drugs are increasingly being used to treat chronic lung diseases or to deliver therapeutics systemically through the lung. The influence of disease, such as emphysema, on particle deposition is not fully understood. With the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the deposition pattern of iron oxide particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.2 μm was assessed in the lungs of healthy and elastase-treated rats. Tracheostomized rats were ventilated with particles, at a tidal volume of 2.2 ml, and a breathing frequency of 80 breaths/min. Maximum airway pressure was significantly lower in the elastase-treated (Paw = 7.71 ± 1.68 cmH2O) than in the healthy rats (Paw = 10.43 ± 1.02 cmH2O; P < 0.01). This is consistent with an increase in compliance characteristic of an emphysema-like lung structure. Following exposure, lungs were perfusion fixed and imaged in a 3T MR scanner. Particle concentration in the different lobes was determined based on a relationship with the MR signal decay rate, R2 (*). Whole lung particle deposition was significantly higher in the elastase-treated rats (CE,part = 3.03 ± 0.61 μm/ml) compared with the healthy rats (CH,part = 1.84 ± 0.35 μm/ml; P < 0.01). However, when particle deposition in each lobe was normalized by total deposition in the lung, there was no difference between the experimental groups. However, the relative dispersion [RD = standard deviation/mean] of R2 (*) was significantly higher in the elastase-treated rats (RDE = 0.32 ± 0.02) compared with the healthy rats (RDH = 0.25 ± 0.02; P < 0.01). These data show that particle deposition is higher and more heterogeneously distributed in emphysematous lungs compared with healthy lungs.
Interstimulus interval (ISI) discrimination of the conditioned eyeblink response in a rodent model of autism

Rats exposed to valproic acid (VPA) on gestational day 12 (GD12) have been advanced as a rodent model of autism [Arndt TL, Stodgell, Rodier PM. The teratology of autism. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005;23: 189-99.]. These rats show cerebellar anomalies and alterations in eyeblink conditioning that are associated with autism. Autistic humans and VPA-exposed rats show normal responses to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, but they show marked differences from comparison groups in acquisition, magnitude, and timing of the conditioned response (CR). This study examined VPA-induced eyeblink CR timing differences by training rats on an interstimulus interval (ISI) discrimination task, in which two distinct conditioned stimuli (CS; tone and light) are paired with the same unconditioned stimulus (US; periocular shock) at two distinct CS-US intervals. Previous findings suggest that this task would produce abnormally large and prematurely timed CRs for VPA-exposed rats relative to controls. Adult male Long-Evans rats that were exposed to either VPA or saline on GD 12.5 were trained on an ISI discrimination task [Brown KL, Pagani JH, Stanton ME. The ontogeny of interstimulus interval (ISI) discrimination of the conditioned eyeblink response in rats. Behav Neurosci 2006;120: 1057-70.]. In support of earlier findings, we observed early acquisition and enhanced magnitude of the CR in VPA rats compared with controls on long CS trials. VPA rats also showed prematurely timed CRs to long- CS trials, but not to short- CS trials. The ISI discrimination procedure used in the current study reveals differential timed responses in this animal model of autism not previously seen.
Induced and natural regulatory T cells in human cancer.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that FOXP3+CD25highCD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) which accumulate in cancer may have beneficial or unfavorable effects on prognosis. The presence in tumor-associated inflammatory infiltrates of two subsets of Treg with distinct phenotypic and functional profiles might explain these conflicting observations. Areas covered: Human inducible (i) Treg arising by tumor-driven conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells are highly suppressive, therapy-resistant Treg which down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses, promoting tumor growth. Natural (n) Treg, normally responsible for maintaining peripheral tolerance, control cancer-associated inflammation, which favors tumor progression. This division of labor between nTreg and iTreg is not absolute, and overlap may be common. Nevertheless, iTreg play a critical and major role in cancer and cancer therapy. The tumor microenvironment determines the type, frequency and suppression levels of accumulating Treg. Expert opinion: In cancer, a s...
Determination of 3‐quinuclidinyl benzilate impurity in clidinium bromide by thin‐layer chromatography and single ion monitoring after gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A simple gas chromatographic mass spectrometric determination of the impurity 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate in the anticholinergic agent clidinium bromide (3-hydroxy-1-methylquinuclidinium bromide benzilate) is not feasible because clidinium bromide decomposes to 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate in the injection port of the gas chromatograph; the trimethylsilyl derivative of clidinium bromide also decomposes to the trimethylsilyl derivative of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate. Therefore, a quantitative thin-layer chromatographic gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method has been developed for determining 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate in clidinium bromide, using β-piperidylethyl benzilate as an internal standard. A band containing only 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and β-piperidylethyl benzilate can be eluted from the thin-layer chromatographic plate. The samples are analyzed by single ion monitoring of m/z 255 produced by the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and β-piperidylethyl benzilate which are separated by gas chromatography. A level of 0.03% of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate can be determined with a precision of about 6%; the lower limit of detection of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate alone is about 1 ng on the thin-layer chromatographic plate. Analysis of a reference standard of clidinium bromide by the thin-layer chromatographic gas chromatographic mass spectrometric procedure showed that it contained no detectable 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate. One commercial bulk sample of clidinium bromide contained about 0.018% of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, while a formulated sample of clidinium bromide contained no detectable 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate. Commercial samples of clidinium bromide containing chlordiazepoxide can be analyzed for 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate only with difficulty using this method.