cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 1600 year long record of solar change derived from atmospheric 14C levels

Tree-ring 14C measurements indicate the long-term solar variations, as modulations of the cosmic ray flux, shown in Figure 1.
A NEW SPECIES OF BRUCELLA: B. RANGIFERI.

Two Russian scientists, Zabrodin and Golosow, have isolated Brucella strains from reindeers. I obtained from them 24 strains and investigated them by help of taxonometry.
A perspective on urban canopy layer modeling for weather, climate and air quality applications

Abstract Environmental issues and impacts to society will be exacerbated with increased population, diminishing resources and climate changes. Current models available for weather, climate and air quality applications are powerful state-of-science modeling systems can be employed to address the impact of these issues. This paper reviews a selected subset of such systems, considered representative of community-based publically available modeling systems and focus on their utilization for urban applications. Special attention is required given the complex and high degree of spatial inhomogeneity of the underlying surface areas. Such applications optimally require relatively fine grid meshes and scale appropriate science description for the varied and complex land surface atmospheric processes commensurate to the fine scale land surface variability structure. This article provides a brief review and perspective on means and science parameterizations for urban focused modeling in these major modeling systems. Several issues, limitations as well as innovative opportunities specific to the optimal operations of these urban systems, with focus on fine mesh size and data needs are identified and discussed.
Magnetic properties of nickel-base alloys at elevated temperatures

Abstract The paramagnetic susceptibility (χ) of binary Ni alloys containing V, Nb, Ta, Si, and Ge satisfy the modified Curie-Weiss law, χ = C (T − θ) + χ 0 , between T ≈ represents the temperature of which the short-range magnetic order disappears. The C values give magnetic moments which are about 0.1 μ B higher than those determined experimentally from spontaneous magnetization data. Our studies support the idea that there are localized magnetic moments in Ni systems at elevated temperatures.
Histamine H1-receptor binding sites in guinea pig brain membranes: regulation of agonist interactions by guanine nucleotides and cations.

: Agonist, but not antagonist, interactions with histamine H2-receptors labeled by [3H]mepyramine are regulated selectively by sodium, divalent cations, and guanine nucleotides. Sodium decreases the affinity of histamine and the agonist 2-amino-ethylpyridine for [3H]mepyramine sites in guinea pig brain membranes up to 10-fold. The effect of sodium is exerted to a lesser extent by lithium, while potassium and rubidium are much weaker. Guanine nucleotides also decrease the affinity of histamine for H1 binding sites about twofold. GTP and its nonmetabolized analogue GMP-PNP as well as GDP exert similar effects, while GMP, ATP, ADP, and AMP are inactive. The effects of GTP and sodium on histamine interactions with H1-receptors are additive. By contrast, certain divalent cations enhance the potency of histamine at H1-receptors. Manganese is most potent, while magnesium is almost as active as manganese and calcium is essentially inactive. Sodium, divalent cations, and guanine nucleotides have negligible effects on the interactions of antihistamines with H1-receptors.
Auden's “September 1, 1939”: An interpreter's analysis

(1956). Auden's “September 1, 1939”: An interpreter's analysis. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Comparison of DNA preservation methods for environmental bacterial community samples.

Field collections of environmental samples, for example corals, for molecular microbial analyses present distinct challenges. The lack of laboratory facilities in remote locations is common, and preservation of microbial community DNA for later study is critical. A particular challenge is keeping samples frozen in transit. Five nucleic acid preservation methods that do not require cold storage were compared for effectiveness over time and ease of use. Mixed microbial communities of known composition were created and preserved by DNAgard™, RNAlater®, DMSO–EDTA–salt (DESS), FTA® cards, and FTA Elute® cards. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis and clone libraries were used to detect specific changes in the faux communities over weeks and months of storage. A previously known bias in FTA® cards that results in lower recovery of pure cultures of Gram-positive bacteria was also detected in mixed community samples. There appears to be a uniform bias across all five preservation methods against microorganisms with high G + C DNA. Overall, the liquid-based preservatives (DNAgard™, RNAlater®, and DESS) outperformed the card-based methods. No single liquid method clearly outperformed the others, leaving method choice to be based on experimental design, field facilities, shipping constraints, and allowable cost.
A hypothesis concerning the sharp pitch discrimination observed in the sleeping cat

Une hypothese est presentee pour expliquer la discrimination tonale precise du chat endormi. Postulats: (A) Un mecanisme de declenchement determine si la reponse aura lieu ou non2; et il faut qu'une quantite minime de neurones de declenchement soit activee. (B) Le nombre de cellules activees par chaque ton est une variable aleatoire avec une distribution qui possede certaines caracteristiques.
Dermatoglyphic features in Prader‐Willi syndrome with respect to chromosomal findings

Dermatoglyphic findings were compared in 38 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patients and 270 normal controls. Twenty-one of the PWS patients had an interstitial deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 and seventeen PWS cases had normal chromosomes. Findings in PWS are not diagnostic but do show some consistent deviations that can be used in the clinical evaluation of PWS patients. These include a displacement of the axial triradius away from the normal proximal position, an excess of whorls primarily on the thumbs, radial termination of the palmar A mainline, and lack of arches on the big toe. Deletion PWS patients were much more homogeneous than non-deletion cases with respect to plantar patterns. The previously reported deficit of plantar pattern intensity was restricted only to deletion PWS and was characterized by a lack of plantar interdigital II-IV patterns with almost exclusively hallucal distal loops.
The mobilization of political discontent

Although political discontent has risen substantially among Americans since the mid-sixties, there is considerable disagreement about the implications of this trend for individual political behavior and system performance. This paper develops a conceptual and theoretical framework within which this question can be examined. Two dimensions of political discontent, low diffuse support and external inefficacy, are hypothesized as motivations for political action when certain other conditions are met. In addition, because each of these orientations should be associated with different styles of political behavior, the mobilizing potential of political discontent may be greater than previous studies have indicated.
Effects of Self-Empowered Teams on Rates of Adverse Drug Events in Primary Care

Background. Most safety issues in primary care arise from adverse drug events. Team Resource Management intervention was developed to identify systemic safety issues to design and implement interventions to address prioritized issues. Objectives. Evaluate impact of intervention on rates of events and preventable events in a vulnerable population. Design. Cluster randomized trial. 12 practices randomly assigned to either: (1) Intervention; (2) Intervention with Practice Enhancement Assistants; (3) No intervention. The intervention took 12 months. Main Outcome Measure. Rate and severity of events and preventable events measured using a Trigger Tool chart review method for the 12-month periods before and after the start of the intervention. Results. In the ''intervention with Assistants" group there was a statistically significant decrease in the overall rate of events and in the rate of moderate/severe events. Analysis of Variance with study arm and time as the factors and moderate/severe events as the outcome showed a significant interaction between arm and time supporting the notion that the ''Intervention with Assistants" practices had a greater reduction in moderate/severe preventable events. Conclusions. The intervention had a significant effect on medication safety as estimated using a trigger tool. Further exploration of role of Assistants and trigger tool is warranted.
Evaluation of reference sites for scalp potentials evoked by painful and non-painful sural nerve stimulation.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate reference sites for recording the middle- and long-latency scalp potentials elicited by painful and non-painful sural nerve stimulation. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from the scalp, the mastoid, the earlobe, the neck, and the wrist. Each site was referenced to the sterno-vertebral (SV) electrode, which is a balanced non-cephalic reference with essentially no ECG contamination. There was little or no activity recorded between the wrist and SV, and the SV was located within a region extending from the rostral neck to the wrist where the potentials were stable over space. Hence, the SV reference is indifferent for the middle- and long-latency potentials evoked by painful and non-painful sural nerve stimulation. There was, however, significant activity recorded from the earlobe and mastoid, sites which are frequently used as references for the SEP. It is important that investigators using these cephalic references to study the middle- and long-latency peaks of the SEP be aware of this activity as it will distort SEPs recorded from single sites and the SEP scalp topography, distortions which could unnecessarily complicate their interpretation.
Suicidal ideation and poverty in First Nations

Eggertson’s article on gas sniffing shines a light on the conditions on the Pikangikum First Nation in Ontario.[1][1] From 2007 to 2008, 25 of Pikangikum’s 2500 residents (1% of the population) took their own lives; 16 were children under the age of 19.[2][2] This would be comparable to about
Role of Insulin-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in the Insulin Signaling Pathway

Oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have been recognized for years to mimic insulin action on glucose transport in adipose cells. Early studies also demonstrated the complementary finding...
Plant Alkaline Fusion Technique Followed by Colorimetric Procedure for the Detection and Quantification of Total Silicon in Ornamental Plants

Silicon (Si)–determination procedures currently available require expensive equipment and must be modified to assess Si concentrations in plant tissues. A Si-determination procedure referred to as the plant alkaline fusion technique, or PAFT, was developed to assess total Si concentrations, specifically in plant tissue. The procedure consists of dry-ashing the plant material, alkaline fusion, solubilization of the fusion cake, dilution, and colorimetric determination to quantify total Si content. The fusion technique for solubilizing plant Si can be performed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nickel crucibles, and Bunsen burners. Silicon concentrations of two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRM) [pine needles (SRM 1575) and peach leaves (SRM 1547)], a rice straw standard (LSU#5), an NIST soil standard (SRM 2709), and five ornamental plant species were all assessed using the PAFT procedure, and then these values were compared to two different inductively cou...
Approaches for improving salespersons' forecasts

Abstract According to several surveys, one of the most widely used methods of sales forecasting is the sales force composite. This is especially true for industrial goods firms. This article suggests strategies for improving the accuracy of the salesperson's forecast, which provides the primary input for this forecasting technique. Some of the major factors addressed are: information provided, time allocation, incentives, forecast adjustment, and organizational changes.
Improving Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric nanowire microstructure via thermal processing

Achieving control of crystalline quality is a key barrier to developing thermoelectric (TE) nanowires. We show that the structural properties of free-standing Bi2(Te.97Se.03)3 nanowire arrays on substrates can be improved by postdeposition annealing. Nanowires were electrochemically deposited into anodized aluminum oxide nanopore templates formed directly on metallized Si(100). The templates were chemically removed prior to annealing in a 3% H2/Ar environment to prevent microcrack formation that results from thermal stresses. Grain sizes grew exponentially with annealing temperature until reaching the full 75-nm diameter of the nanowires at 300 °C; growth was linear above this temperature since grains could grow further only in the axial directions. Crystalline quality, along with the development of the preferred (110) orientation for optimal TE properties, improved with increasing annealing temperature between 200 and 400 °C. However, continued loss of Te composition with annealing led to a mixed phase of Bi2Te3 and Bi4Te3 at 500 °C.
A deep high‐resolution optical log of dust, ash, and stratigraphy in South Pole glacial ice

[1] We describe a new dust logger designed to operate in water-filled IceCube boreholes in South Pole ice, and we give examples of its performance. We recorded optical effects due to bubbles, dust, and volcanic ash in situ from 70 to 2100 meters. Seasonal layering in bubble concentration could also be discerned. Below 1300 m over the interval 25 ka to 70 ka, because of the conversion of all air bubbles to invisible hydrate crystals, and the close match between refractive indices of the surrounding ice and the water in the borehole, scattering from dust provided fine-structure in the depth-dependence of concentration with a resolution of <1 cm. Thin, highly absorptive horizons in the data set confirm there is significant fallout at South Pole of ash from explosive volcanic events. By locating and dating volcanic ash layers in the South Pole dust record, it may be possible to match them to volcanic layers found across Antarctica and in Greenland. Citation: Bramall, N. E., R. C. Bay, K. Woschnagg, R. A. Rohde, and P. B. Price (2005), A deep high-resolution optical log of dust, ash, and stratigraphy in South Pole glacial ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21815,
The effective wavelength promoting light reversal of carbon monoxide-inhibited chromosome rejoining.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. DAN, K., J. Cellular Comp. Physiol. 3, 477 (1933). __ Bid. BUZZ. 66, 247 (1934). ibid. 93, 259 (1947). __ ibid. 93, 267 (1947). GELFANT, S., Proc. Sot. ExptZ. Biol. Med. 29, 58 (1931). HIRAMOTO, Y., Expfl. Cell Research 11, 630 (1956). Bull. Marine BioZ. Sfn. Asamushi TBhoku Univ. (In press.) HORI, R., ZooZ. Mug. (Tokyo) 67, 31 (1958). IIDA, T. T., J. Fat. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ. IV 6, 141 (1943). KAMADA, T. and KINOSITA, H., Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 16, 149 (1940). LUNDBERG, A., Exptl. Cell Research 9, 393 (1955). ROTHSCHILD, LORD, J. ExpptZ. BioZ. 15, 209 (1938). SCHEER, B. T., MONROY, A., SANTANGELO, M. and RICCOBONO, G., Exptl. Cell Research 7, 284 (1954). 14. TYLER, A., MONROY, A., KAO, C. Y. and GRUNDFEST, H., Biol. Bull. 111, 153 (1956).
Presidential Address on Altruism and Sociology

This article concerns the study of altruism. Highlights of the research history of altruism in sociobiology, psychological social-psychology, and sociology are reviewed. Examples from the author's work on kidney and bone-marrow donation are interwoven with this history. The sociological mechanisms producing altruism, particularly normative obligation, are emphasized along with the psychological mechanisms (e.g., empathy). The need for better integration across subareas in sociology is discussed. In addition, it is concluded that some scientific work significantly trivializes altruism.
Simulation of a novel lateral axis micromachined gyroscope in the presence of fabrication imperfections

This paper proposes a method to simulate a lateral axis micromachined gyroscope in the presence of two kinds of fabrication imperfections using finite element simulation. Non-ideal performances caused by lateral over-etching are simulated by modal analysis. Beam width variations are simulated by harmonic analysis. Simulation and discussion of the asymmetric motion caused by beam width variations show the advantage of our design with doubly decoupled structure and special arrangement of sensing capacitors.
Interleukin-10 plays an early role in generating virus-specific T cell anergy

Background Infection of mice with the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMVARM) leads to a robust immune response and efficient viral clearance. This is in contrast to infection with the variant strain LCMVClone13, which causes functional inactivation of effector T cells and viral persistence. The mechanism by which LCMVClone13 suppresses the antiviral immune response and persists in its host is unknown.
The Congressional Pork Barrel in a Republican Era

In this article, we ask what the pattern of distributive spending has been during the 104th. Congress, in which Republicans have been in the majority, compared to the preceding Congress when Democrats were the majority party. We seek to understand the patterns of change in light of four alternative explanations of distributive spending. The changes in the content and recipients of federal domestic outlays between the 103rd and 104th. Congresses are suggestive of a partisan influence. Republican control of Congress does not appear to have significantly altered the politics of domestic spending. However, Republican control has influenced the content of domestic public policy. The House under Republican control produced significantly more contingent liability obligations than the 103rd. Congress-programs that are ideologically and politically compatible with the interests of Republican representatives. Evidence suggests that Republican control has produced a partial shift in the interests that are rewarded b...
Evolutionarily Significant Units of Rare Pygmy Sunfishes (Genus Elassoma)

Abstract Mitochondrial and nuclear gene variation is described from populations representing the range of two species of rare pygmy sunfishes, Elassoma boehlkei and Elassoma okatie, in the Carolinas. Mitochondrial control region sequences provide evidence for a minimum of four Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESU), two each within E. boehlkei and E. okatie. Significant allele frequency differences at a single nuclear gene locus corroborate the distinctiveness of these ESUs. Phylogenies based on control region haplotypes and frequencies of nuclear alleles are inconsistent with the currently described range of E. boehlkei and E. okatie. Despite inconsistency with described species boundaries, the result of this genetic analysis for rare species management is clear: conservation strategies that describe distinct population segments inhabiting individual river systems should be encouraged.
Upper Pennsylvanian Shoreline Deposits from Iowa and Nebraska: Their Recognition, Variation, and Significance

Evidence from stratigraphy, carbonate mineralogy, and primary sedimentary structures indicates that the Rakes Creek Shale, Ozawkie Limestone, and Oskaloosa Shale Members in eastern Nebraska and western Iowa were deposited along the shore of a fluctuating sea Adjacent positive land areas were located to the west (Nehawka Arch) and locally to the south (Redfield Anticline); the subsiding Forest City basin was located to the southeast. Stratigraphic evidence supporting these conclusions includes the progressively decreased thickness, increased insoluble content, and increased amount of red shale in these members toward the west. There is also a general increase in the dolomite content of these rocks from the ancient intertidal to the supratidal zone. Primary sedimentary structures suggestive of supratidal and intertidal origin such as birdseyes, desiccation structures, “worm” trails, and thin, wavy laminations are also more abundant toward the west. However, the most diagnostic shoreline features are the well-developed and varied cryptalgal structures of the lower Ozawkie Member which are arranged in subparallel belts analogous to those in the modern intertidal and supratidal zones of Shark Bay, Western Australia. The cryptalgal structures further indicate that the tidal range was at least 8 in., and the paleoslope of the intertidal-supratidal zone was only about 2 in./mi. The interval from the Rakes Creek to the Oskaloosa Shale is part of a typical midcontinent Pennsylvanian megacyclic sequence, the Deer Creek Megacyclothem (Moore, 1936). The sequence began with the subaerial accumulation of clastic sediments of the Rakes Creek Shale Member followed by marine invasion and deposition of the Ozawkie Limestone Member. The overlying Oskaloosa Shale Member represents a minor regressive phase which ended with a second marine transgression during deposition of the Rock Bluff Limestone Member. Another minor regression with restricted circulation is represented by the lower Larsh Shale Member, which in turn was succeeded by a third transgression during deposition of the upper Larsh and lower Ervine Creek Members. The megacyclic sequence ended with a final major regression at the end of Ervine Creek time.
Women’s physical attractiveness and short-term mating strategies

Abstract The current study examined the relationship between women’s physical attractiveness – as rated by themselves and a set of third-party raters – and their mating strategy and sexual experience. Male ( N = 105) and female ( N = 113) undergraduates rated the attractiveness of face and body photographs of 93 female undergraduates. Attractiveness ratings – particularly bodily attractiveness ratings – were significantly related to women’s mating psychology and behavior. More attractive women reported more sexual experience and a less restricted sociosexual orientation. In addition, some traits better predicted women’s perception of their overall attractiveness, and this pattern was further linked to mating strategy: more sociosexually unrestricted women showed a stronger relationship between bodily traits (i.e., body mass index) and overall attractiveness than less sociosexually unrestricted women. Discussion focuses on the findings that a woman’s mating strategy is linked to both her self-perceived and objective measures of attractiveness, particularly bodily attractiveness.
Single-walled carbon-nanotube forest immunosensor for amplified detection of cancer biomarkers

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a major biomarker used clinically in the detection of prostate cancer. Current commercial immunoassays for detection of this biomarker rely on spectroscopic absorbance and electro-chemiluminescence which are able to detect as low as 0.03 ng/mL of PSA within 100/spl mu/L of serum. In this paper, a novel amplified electrochemical technique for detection of prostate specific antigen is described. This electrochemical approach is a highly sensitive method that can have detection limit of 0.004 ng/mL in only 10 mL of serum, a mass detection limit 75 times lower than current commercial techniques. This highly sensitive, low cost and fast detection method not only allows for detection of cancer biomarkers in serum, but also in tissue and cells. Moreover, immunoassay arrays based on this methodology will be highly promising for application in large-scale clinical screening and point-of-care diagnostics. Characterization of the anti-PSA amplification tag in this amplification system using TEM, AFM, SEM, and CE is also described.
Specific Protein Analysis by Light-Scatter Measurement with a Miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer

A miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer has been modified for fluorescence and light-scatter measurements by using several rotors developed for this purpose. The modified system has been used to evaluate the feasibility of adapting specific protein analyses, such as IgG, IgA, IgM, C'3 complement component, and α-1-antitrypsin, to the Centrifugal Fast Analyzer. A study of reaction conditions has revealed that the addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 (Carbowax) to the dilution medium increases the rate of reaction and allows apparent equilibrium to be achieved in less than 60 s. Furthermore, scatter intensity is enhanced. This system can be used to make rapid immunoglobulin measurements with only microliter volumes of antibody (2-7 µl), without the need of sample blanks. Determination of antigen excess by a method that involves dynamic injection of antibody is also discussed.
...And Then There Were None: The Diminution of the Federal Jury

In a dramatic move sponsored by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, seventeen of the federal district courts will reduce the size of their civil juries from twelve members to six.' Immediately following the Chief Justice's announcement, Representative William Lloyd Scott of Virginia introduced a bill in Congress to provide for six-member juries in all federal trials, both civil and criminal, except in cases involving capital offenses.2 On the state level, the Nev Jersey Supreme Court called for an amendment to the state constitution that would allowv the legislature to reduce the size of all juries and to end jury trials in civil cases. Moreover, at least one of the federal district courts has already been experimenting with six-member juries in criminal trials, albeit by encouraged agreement between prosecution and defense.4 Juries with less than twelve members, of course, are not foreign to our experience. Some state courts try small civil claims and minor criminal cases before six-member juries;5 four states even try non-
New procedure for capturing spectral images of human portraiture

This paper describes a new procedure of capturing spectral images of human portraiture. The designed imaging system was calibrated directly based on real human subjects and has the capability to provide accurate spectral images of human faces, including facial skin as well as the lips, eyes, and hair, from various ethnic races. The facial spectral reflectances obtained were analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA) method. Based on the results of PCA, spectral images using both three and six wide-band spectral sampling were estimated. The reconstructed spectral images for display based on an sRGB display model are evaluated. The results have proved that this new spectral imaging procedure is successful. The results also show that three basis functions are accurate enough to estimate the spectral reflectance of human faces. The derived spectral images can be applied to color-imaging system design and analysis.
Wall clutter mitigation and target detection using Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences

We present a new method for mitigating wall return and a new greedy algorithm for detecting stationary targets after wall clutter has been cancelled. Given limited measurements of a stepped-frequency radar signal consisting of both wall and target return, our objective is to detect and localize the potential targets. Modulated Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS's) form an efficient basis for sampled bandpass signals. We mitigate the wall clutter efficiently within the compressive measurements through the use of a bandpass modulated DPSS basis. Then, in each step of an iterative algorithm for detecting the target positions, we use a modulated DPSS basis to cancel nearly all of the target return corresponding to previously selected targets. With this basis, we improve upon the target detection sensitivity of a Fourier-based technique.
requivalent, Meta-Analysis, and Robustness: An Empirical Examination of Rosenthal and Rubin's Effect Size Indicator

Rosenthal and Rubin introduced a general effect size index, requivalent, for use in meta-analyses of two-group experiments; it employs p values from reports of the original studies to determine an equivalent t test and the corresponding point-biserial correlation coefficient. The present investigation used Monte Carlo—simulated meta-analyses to examine the impact on requivalent effect sizes of research using independent-groups, pooled-variance t tests with that using a less powerful median test. As expected, estimates based on t were higher. These differences were consistent even in the presence of strong variance heterogeneity when data were distributed normally, but not when data were nonnormal. The results suggested that the use of requivalent be confined to combining studies using inferential tests with comparable power and robustness; they also cast doubt on the use of requivalent when data are not distributed normally.
DNA Microarray Experiments: Biological and Technological Aspects

DNA microarray technologies, such as cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays, promise to revolutionize biological research and further our understanding of biological processes. Due to the complex nature and sheer amount of data produced from microarray experiments, biologists have sought the collaboration of experts in the analytical sciences, including statisticians, among others. However, the biological and technical intricacies of microarray experiments are not easily accessible to analytical experts. One aim for this review is to provide a bridge to some of the relevant biological and technical aspects involved in microarray experiments. While there is already a large literature on the broad applications of the technology, basic research on the technology itself and studies to understand process variation remain in their infancy. We emphasize the importance of basic research in DNA array technologies to improve the reliability of future experiments.
Gentamicin inhibits renal protein and phospholipid metabolism in rats: Implications involving intracellular trafficking

Studies were undertaken to characterize the mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. Early time points in gentamicin treatment (1 to 3 d) were used to investigate the development of toxic events without the complication of gross morphologic cellular alterations. Enzyme activities of cortical homogenates and brush border membrane (BBM) preparations documented little effect on specific activities or the ability to isolate representative membrane fractions. In vivo protein synthesis experiments demonstrated that gentamicin reduced cellular protein synthesis after 2 d of treatment. This inhibition increased to 50% on the third day. Total cellular proteins synthesis was inhibited to the same extent as BBM protein synthesis. However, gentamicin had different effects on homogenate versus BBM phospholipids. The total phospholipid contents in cortical homogenates and BBM from treated animals were increased, compared with control animals. A significant decrease in phospholipid synthesis was observed only in homogenates from treated animals. When effects on individual phospholipids were investigated, only an increase in phosphatidylinositol levels was observed in cortical homogenates from treated rats. However, gentamicin treatment was demonstrated to increase the levels of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, while decreasing the level of sphingomyelin (SPH), in BBM. Incorporation of (32)P into SPH, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine was inhibited in cortical homogenates from gentamicin-treated animals; among BBM phospholipids, however, a significant decrease was observed only for SPH synthesis. It was concluded that inhibition of phospholipid degradation was quantitatively the major contributor to the effects of gentamicin on phospholipid metabolism. Confocal microscopic studies, using tracer amounts of fluorescently labeled gentamicin, revealed gentamicin in large, mostly basal structures. Correlative electron microscopic studies, using photo-oxidation techniques, demonstrated that these structures consisted of lysosomal, Golgi complex, and mitochondrial structures. These observations suggest retrograde trafficking of gentamicin and indicate a general mechanism of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
A Trio of Turmoil for Internet Sexually Addicted Men Who Have Sex with Men: Boredom Proneness, Social Connectedness, and Dissociation

This article explores the impact of boredom proneness, social connectedness, and online dissociation in Internet sexually addicted men who have sex with men (MSM). Increased levels of boredom, diminished social connections, and dissociative symptoms while engaged in excessive online sexual activities are conceptualized as components that facilitate and maintain Internet sexual addiction. An overview of the literature pertaining to extreme online sexual behavior among MSM is presented and the constructs of boredom proneness, social connectedness, and dissociation are delineated. Assessment strategies for helping professionals who work with sexually addicted MSM are discussed. Implications for future research are presented.
Symbolic, relational, and ideological signifiers of bias-motivated offenders: toward a strategy of assessment.

Developmental, ideological, and behavioral characteristics of 58 convicted hate crime offenders were examined. Ratings on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, HCR-20, and Bias Motivation Profile (BMP) were made via record review. Offense characteristics were rated on the Cornell Aggression Index and Cormier-Lang Crime Index. Results indicated that offenders with higher BMP scores engaged in more instrumental (i.e., premeditated) aggression and targeted racial-ethnic minority victims. Significant within-group variation in the prominence of offender bias motivation on the BMP was observed.
Minimum Energy Structures of Br - 2 Ar N Clusters: Implications for Dynamics

The dynamics of photexcited dihalide species such as I2 has been extensively studied (1) in small van der Waals molecules with emphasis placed on the role of intramolecular energy transfer (2). In fluids, the geminate recombination dynamics of I2 excited to several electronic states has been studied both experimentally by picosecond spectroscopy and theoretically by molecular dynamics (MD) and other techniques (3), In order to bridge the gap between van der Waals molecules and condensed phases it is necessary to study small clusters of between 5 and 100 molecules in molecular beams. Our previous MD simulation study of photoexcitation dynamics of Br2ArN neutrals under beam condition demonstrated a gradual transition between the small molecule limit and the condensed phase limit as the numberof argon atoms was increased from 6 to 70 (4). For clusters of less than about 20 atoms, the Br2 caging dynamics is extremely sensitive to cluster geometry and loss of argon atoms occurs by impulsive energy transfer from Br2. For two shell cluster (70 atoms), loss of argon occurs by evaporation after the whole cluster is heated.
The bone-specific Runx2-P1 promoter displays conserved three-dimensional chromatin structure with the syntenic Supt3h promoter

Three-dimensional organization of chromatin is fundamental for transcriptional regulation. Tissuespecific transcriptional programs are orchestrated by transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. The RUNX2 transcription factor is required for differentiation of precursor cells into mature osteoblasts. Although organization and control of the bone-specific Runx2-P1 promoter have been studied extensively, long-range regulation has not been explored. In this study, we investigated higherorder organization of the Runx2-P1 promoter during osteoblast differentiation. Mining the ENCODE database revealed interactions between Runx2-P1 and Supt3h promoters in several non-mesenchymal human cell lines. Supt3h is a ubiquitously expressed gene located within the first intron of Runx2. These two genes show shared synteny across species from humans to sponges. Chromosome conformation capture analysis in the murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line revealed increased contact frequency between Runx2-P1 and Supt3h promoters during differentiation. This increase was accompanied by enhanced DNaseI hypersensitivity along with RUNX2 and CTCF binding at the Supt3h promoter. Furthermore, interplasmid-3C and luciferase reporter assays showed that the Supt3h promoter can modulate Runx2-P1 activity via direct association. Taken together, our data demonstrate physical proximity between Runx2-P1 and Supt3h promoters, consistent with their syntenic nature. Importantly, we identify the Supt3h promoter as a potential regulator of the bone-specific Runx2-P1 promoter.
Conceptual design of a magnet system to generate 20 T in a 0.15 m diameter bore, employing an inductor precooled by liquid nitrogen

The research program for an eventual neutrino factory or muon collider needs a magnet of /spl sim/0.15 m diameter bore to generate /spl sim/20 T over a length of /spl sim/0.3 m. Downstream for /spl sim/3 m the held should fall gradually to /spl sim/1.25 T, while the bore increases fourfold inversely as the square root of the field. A conventional magnet would require /spl sim/40 MW; a superconducting or hybrid magnet might cost tens of millions of dollars. An economically feasible system employs a pulse magnet precooled by liquid nitrogen, with two sets of coils energized sequentially. An outer set of coils of /spl sim/12 tons, energized in /spl sim/20 s by a 16 kA, 250 V supply available at Brookhaven National Laboratory, generates a peak field of /spl sim/9 T and stores /spl sim/20 MJ. A resistor of /spl sim/ 1/4 /spl Omega/ inserted across the terminals of the set introduces a voltage drop, initially /spl sim/4 kV, to energize an inner set of coils to /spl sim/10 kA in /spl sim/ 1/4 s. This set adds /spl sim/13 T to the /spl sim/7 T remaining from the enter set, whose current has decayed to /spl sim/12 kA. Complicating the design is a superconducting coil, once part of the PEP-4 detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, that begins only /spl sim/2.2 m downstream and is sensitive to eddy-current heating by rapid flux changes. Therefore the proposed magnet system includes a conventional DC coil of/spl sim/0.7 MW to distance the pulse magnet from the PEP-4 coil. Also, a bucking coil in series with the outer set reduces by an order of magnitude the pulsed flux seen by the PEP-4 coil. The bucking coil serves also to reduce the axial force on the PEP-4 cryostat to below its limit of 200 kN.
Correlated evolution of life-history with size at maturity in Daphnia pulicaria: patterns within and between populations

Summary Explaining the repeated evolution of similar sets of traits under similar environmental conditions is an important issue in evolutionary biology. The extreme alternative classes of explanations for correlated suites of traits are optimal adaptation and genetic constraint resulting from pleiotropy. Adaptive explanations presume that individual traits are free to evolve to their local optima and that convergent evolution represents particularly adaptive combinations of traits. Alternatively, if pleiotropy is strong and difficult to break, strong selection on one or a few particularly important characters would be expected to result in consistent correlated evolution of associated traits. If pleiotropy is common, we predict that the pattern of divergence among populations will consistently reflect the within-population genetic architecture. To test the idea that the multivariate life-history phenotype is largely a byproduct of strong selection on body size, we imposed divergent artificial selection on size at maturity upon two populations of the cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria, chosen on the basis of their extreme divergence in body size. Overall, the trajectory of divergence between the two natural populations did not differ from that predicted by the genetic architecture within each population. However, the pattern of correlated responses suggested the presence of strong pleiotropic constraints only for adult body size and not for other life-history traits. One trait, offspring size, appears to have evolved in a way different from that expected from the within-population genetic architecture and may be under stabilizing selection.
Associations of mood and anxiety disorders with obesity: Comparisons by ethnicity

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to compare the associations of mood and anxiety disorders (12 months and past diagnosis) with obesity among ethnically diverse adults. Methods Data from Caucasians, African American, and Latinos in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), and National Study of American Life (NSAL) were analyzed (n = 17,445). Multivariate logistic regression models tested the associations between 12 month and past diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2). Results Approximately 52% of the sample was female and 24% obese. Among Caucasians, 12-month mood disorder (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.62), past diagnosis of mood disorder (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.69) and 12-month anxiety disorder (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.68) were associated with greater likelihood of obesity. Among African Americans, past year anxiety disorder (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.92, 1.67) was associated with greater likelihood of obesity, and a trend toward an association between 12 month mood disorder (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.92, 1.67) and obesity was observed. Similarly among Latinos, past year anxiety disorder (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.99) was associated with greater likelihood of obesity, and a trend toward an association between 12-month mood disorder (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.94, 2.01) was observed. Tests of statistical interaction to assess heterogeneity of the associations of mood and anxiety disorders with obesity, comparing African Americans and Latinos to Caucasians, suggest differences in the association of past diagnosis of mood disorder with obesity (P Conclusions Results suggest similar associations between 12-month mood and anxiety disorders with obesity across groups.
Multireference many-electron correlation energies from two-electron reduced density matrices computed by solving the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation

Two-electron reduced density matrices (2-RDMs) have recently been directly calculated by solving the anti-Hermitian contracted Schr\"odinger equation (ACSE) to obtain $95$--$100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}%$ of the ground-state correlation energy of atoms and molecules with the accuracy increasing with the size of the one-electron basis set [Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 143002 (2006).] In this paper, the ACSE method is extended to treat strong multireference correlation effects that are often important at nonequilibrium molecular geometries. While previous ACSE calculations have employed an initial 2-RDM from the Hartree-Fock method, we initialize the solution of the ACSE with a 2-RDM guess from a multiconfiguration self-consistent field calculation. Applications are made to multireference correlation in the potential energy surfaces of the molecules $\mathrm{HF}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ in polarized valence double-zeta basis sets while ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is treated in polarized valence double- and triple-zeta basis sets. Accurate ground-state energies and 1-RDM occupation numbers are obtained at both equilibrium and nonequilibrium geometries where the energies are within a few millihartrees of those from full configuration interaction.
Generalization with taxonomic information

This paper studies sorted generalization--the generalization, with respect to an arbitrary taxonomic theory, of atomic formulas containing sorted variables. It develops an algorithm for the task, discusses the algorithm and task complexity, and presents semantic properties of sorted generalization. Based on its semantic properties, we show how sorted generalization is applicable to such problems as abduction, induction, knowledge base vivification, and analogical reasoning. Significant distinctions between this work and related work with taxonomic information arise from the generality of the taxonomic theories we allow, which may be any first-order taxonomic theories, and the semantic completeness properties of sorted generalization.
Alteration of Activation, Growth, and Atresia of Bovine Preantral Follicles by Long-Term Treatment of Cows with Estradiol and Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin

The hypothesis was that long-term treatment of cattle with estradiol (E 2) and bovine somatotropin (bST) would alter the earliest stages of folliculogenesis. Nonlactating Holstein cows (n 5 26) were treated in a 2 3 2 arrangement with E 2 (2 3 24 mg implants, 67.1 6 1.4 days) and bST (Posilac, 63.6 6 1.5 days). At Day 67 6 1.3, one ovary was removed for morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. For each ovary, 388 6 38 microscopic fields (2 3 2 mm) were examined and follicles within each field were classified by histological stage. Fields that contained no follicles were classified as empty. Empty fields (n 5 100 per ovary) were further classified as containing no evidence of follicles or containing atretic remnants of follicles. Approximately 30 4-mm sections per ovary were stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and 150 fields per ovary were evaluated. Additional sections (n 5 10 per ovary) were assessed immunohistochemically for apoptosis, and fluorescence intensity was determined for each follicle. Treatment with bST significantly decreased percentage of empty fields containing atretic remnants. Treatment with E 2 induced activation of follicles as shown by a decrease in percentage of primordial follicles and an increase in percentage of primary follicles as determined by PCNA staining. At the primary follicle stage the combination of bST 1 E 2 decreased apoptosis as shown by decreased fluorescence intensity. Thus, E 2 induced activation of follicles, bST enhanced survival, and the combination lowered atresia. apoptosis, estradiol, follicle, growth hormone, ovary
A Mentoring Program for Inquiry-Based Teaching in a College Geometry Class.

This paper describes a mentoring program designed to prepare novice instructors to teach a college geometry class using inquiry-based methods. The mentoring program was used in a medium-sized public university with approximately 12,000 undergraduate students and 1,500 graduate students. The authors worked together to implement a mentoring program for the first time. One author was an associate professor and experienced using inquiry-based learning. The other author was a graduate student in mathematics education. During the course of the year the graduate student first observed and then taught a college level inquiry-based geometry course for pre-service teachers. This article describes the details of this mentoring program and our reflections on how the program went.