cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renting in Rural America

While the overwhelming majority of Americans are homeowners, there are more than 17 million people living in rental housing in small towns and rural places. Home to a wide variety of households, rental housing provides an essential shelter option that supports family well-being as well as providing a substantial contribution to the rural economy. The purpose of this review was to highlight the importance of rental housing for the well-being of rural families and the economic development of rural communities. I begin with an overview of housing in rural America emphasizing the availability, adequacy, and affordability of rural rental housing. Then, I explain who rents in rural America and the characteristics of rural rental households. Public policies and programs to address housing needs in rural areas are described in the next section. The fourth section focuses on barriers to rural rental housing development. I conclude by presenting theoretical explanations for the conditions of rural rental housing and provide suggestions for research.
Enhancement of low-mt kaons in heavy ion collisions at AGS energies

Abstract In the relativistic transport model, we show that the recently observed enhancement of low-mt kaons (K+ and K−) in Si+Pb collisions at AGS can be explained if a density isomer is introduced in the nuclear equation-of-state.
Thermal enhancement of surface mount electronic packages with heat sinks

Surface mount plastic packages are a cost effective way to package integrated circuit chips. However, plastics have poor thermal conductivity and therefore, plastic packages are not suitable for packaging high powered chips. Recently several variations of surface mount plastic packages have been developed for improving the thermal performance. These various techniques for improving the thermal performance can be broadly classified into two categories: internal enhancement of the package and external enhancement. For internal enhancement, high conductivity materials are used to improve heat spreading within the package. Examples of such enhancement include plastic packages with molded and exposed heat spreaders, packages made from metals like aluminium, and ceramic packages. For external enhancement, the thermal performance is improved by attaching a suitable heat sink to the package. This paper discusses the thermal performance of the various surface mount packages with and without heat sinks. It is shown that with a suitable heat sink, the thermal performance of a plastic package is similar to that of a metal or a plastic package with exposed heat spreader. In terms of cost, heat sink attachment offers the most cost effective way of improving the thermal performance of the plastic package, provided there is some space available for the heat sink. >
The relationship between birth weight and feeding maturation in preterm infants

Aim—To report changes in ingestive behaviour from 35 to 40 weeks post-conceptual age and examine the association between birth weight and feeding maturation in preterm infants. Methods—One hundred and four preterm infants born 24 to 34 weeks gestational age were studied. Feeding maturation was assessed as the change from 35 to 40 weeks post-conceptual age in the number of sucks over 5 min, sucking bursts, sucks per burst, time between bursts and maximum pressure during a suck (Pmax). The association between birth weight and each sucking behaviour was examined after adjusting for potential confounders. Results—Significant changes in feeding maturation occurred between 35 and 40 weeks. Birth weight was positively associated with change in Pmax and change in number of sucks per burst for extremely premature infants born 24 to <29 weeks gestational age but not for very premature infants born ≥29 to 34 weeks. The association between birth weight and change in Pmax for extremely premature infants remained significant after adjustment (adjusted beta = 0.128 mmHg increase in change in maximum sucking pressure per every 1 g of birth weight, 95% CI = 0.017, 0.239, p = 0.03).
Expanded niche for white sharks

Until the advent of electronic tagging technology1,2,3,4, the inherent difficulty of studying swift and powerful marine animals made ecological information about sharks of the family Lamnidae5,6 difficult to obtain. Here we report the tracking of movements of white sharks by using pop-up satellite archival tags, which reveal that their migratory movements, depth and ambient thermal ranges are wider than was previously thought.
Culex pipiens: Species Versus Species Complex – Taxonomic History and Perspective

Abstract The taxonomic history of Culex pipiens (1758–present) is reviewed. The central question is whether Cx. pipiens is a single polytypic species or a complex of sibling species? The taxon traditionally known as the Cx. pipiens complex is referred to as the Pipiens Assemblage to avoid difficulties associated with the meaning of the word “complex”. Neotype specimens have been designated to fix the morphological identities of Cx. pipiens, Cx. molestus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. pallens is represented by a holotype, but whether these nominal forms represent one or more biological species remains controversial. Despite extensive morphological and physiological/behavioral variation, there is no indication of subspecific or racial differences in geographically separated populations of Cx. pipiens. Introgression occurs where populations of Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus overlap, but the retention of parental epiphenotypes outside the zone of introgression provides evidence of independent specie...
Structural basis for proteolysis-dependent activation of the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

The active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of poliovirus, 3Dpol, is generated by cleavage of the 3CDpro precursor protein, a protease that has no polymerase activity despite containing the entire polymerase domain. By intentionally disrupting a known and persistent crystal packing interaction, we have crystallized the poliovirus polymerase in a new space group and solved the complete structure of the protein at 2.0 A resolution. It shows that the N-terminus of fully processed 3Dpol is buried in a surface pocket where it makes hydrogen bonds that act to position Asp238 in the active site. Asp238 is an essential residue that selects for the 2′ OH group of substrate rNTPs, as shown by a 2.35 A structure of a 3Dpol–GTP complex. Mutational, biochemical, and structural data further demonstrate that 3Dpol activity is exquisitely sensitive to mutations at the N-terminus. This sensitivity is the result of allosteric effects where the structure around the buried N-terminus directly affects the positioning of Asp238 in the active site.
Phases of the work of the past year based on the New England states, which concern the section of oceanography

A report on the continuance of the joint work on the north Atlantic by the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University and by the Bureau of Fisheries. A report was also made of the Bureau of Fisheries having received from the Navy a new vessel, to be renamed Albatross II, for this work.
Analysis of the Interactions Between Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, or Carbenicillin and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Enhanced activity against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was demonstrated with piperacillin, ticarcillin, and carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia as a cause of neonatal respiratory distress: Implications for the neonatologist

We report two cases of term infants who presented with prolonged respiratory distress, rhinitis, and situs inversus. A high index of suspicion led to the diagnosis of Kartagener Syndrome, which is a subgroup of primary ciliary dyskinesia, in the immediate neonatal period.
Saccharine preference in rats as a function of age and early experience

Preference for a 0.13% saccharine solution over tap water in five groups of rats was seen to vary as a function of age at the start of preference testing, and age when removed from the mother. Previous experience with saccharine had little or no effect on saccharine preference. Rats given 165 successive days of exposure to saccharine showed no tendency for saccharine preference to decline over time. The results suggest that saccharine preference in rats occurs because the sweet taste of saccharine is a primary reward; however, preference magnitude appears to depend upon maturational factors.
How global brands create firm value: the 4V model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework – the 4V model – for better understanding how global brands create firm value. Organized around the global brand value chain, the 4V model includes four sets of value-creating activities: first, valued brands; second, value sources; third, value delivery; and fourth, valued outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is conceptual with illustrative examples. Findings – The sources of global brand value and the processes through which global brands contribute to firm value differ systematically across types of global brands. This paper highlights interrelations and how different activities built upon and reinforce each other. Research limitations/implications – The 4V model ties together broad strands of research conducted to date and offers insights into ways the paper might better understand and study global brands. It should inspire empirical research on the associations between the 4Vs. Practical implications – Internatio...
Strip Extensiometry for Comparison of the Mechanical Response of Bovine, Rabbit, and Human Corneas

Specimens of bovine, rabbit, and human corneas were systematically tested in uniaxial tension to experimentally determine their effective nonlinear stress-strain relations, and hysteresis. Cyclic tensile tests were performed over the physiologic load range of the cornea, up to a maximum of 10 percent strain beyond slack strain. Dimensional changes to corneal test specimens, due to varying laboratory environmental conditions, were also assessed. The measured stress-strain data was found to closely fit exponential power function relations typical of collagenous tissues when appropriate account was taken of specimen slack strain. These constitutive relations are very similar for rabbit, human and bovine corneas; there was no significant difference between the species after preconditioning by one cycle. The uniaxial stress strain curves for all species behave similarly in that their tangent moduli increase at high loads and decrease at low loads as a function of cycling. In the bovine and rabbit data, there is a general trend towards more elastic behavior from the first to second cycles, but there is little variation in these parameters from the second to third cycles. In comparison, the human data demonstrates relatively little change between cycles. Increases in width of corneal test specimens, up to a maximum of 2 percent were found to occur under 95 percent relative humidity test conditions over 10 minutes elapsed time test periods, while specimens which were exposed to normal laboratory conditions (45 percent RH) were found to shrink in width up to a maximum of 9.5 percent over the same elapsed time period. The thickness of the test specimens were observed to decrease by 3 percent in 95 percent relative humidity and by 12 percent in 45 percent relative humidity over the same elapsed time period.
Thionium Ion Initiated Medium-Sized Ring Formation: The Total Synthesis of Asteriscunolide D

The first synthesis of the biologically active humulene natural product asteriscunolide D has been accomplished in nine steps without the use of protecting groups. The challenging 11-membered ring was forged via a diastereoselective thionium ion initiated cyclization, which constitutes a formal aldol disconnection to form a strained macrocycle. A stereospecific thioether activation-elimination protocol was developed for selective E-olefin formation, thus providing access to the most biologically active asteriscunolide. The absolute stereochemical configuration was established by the Zn-ProPhenol catalyzed enantioselective addition of methyl propiolate to an aliphatic aldehyde to afford a γ-hydroxy propiolate as a handle for butenolide formation via Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling.
Histologic effects of noise in the hearts of laboratory rats exposed to lead and cadmium

Abstract The combined actions of chemical agents (lead and/or cadmium) and a physical agent (noise) was studied in laboratory rats. There were non‐histological effects that were first observed in the experimental groups such as fur discoloration (brown pigmentation), ruffled fur, the absences of fecal droppings at certain times during the noise exposure period, and a decrease in the total weight gained. In addition to the nonhistological effects, the combined effects of low level white noise, with a sound pressure range of 68–72 dB(A) and low level lead and/or cadmium produced substantial histological changes in the hearts of the experimental rats which were characterized by marked hypertrophy, muscle fiber fragmentation and sarcolysis. The analysis of variance showed that the decrease in the total weight gained in the experimental groups compared to that in the control groups was due to the additive effect of noise combined with lead and cadmium. Interestingly, the analysis of variance on the histologie ...
Thermal analyses of SIM-25 and VS1.6 land mines

Estimating the temperature of bulk explosives in landmines is necessary for an optimally designed Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance explosive detection system, a technology that holds promise for mine detection system false alarm reduction. Pursuant to this objective it is necessary to study the heat conduction and temperature profiles of buried mines over diurnal cycles. Finite element models are constructed and a thermal analysis is performed for buried SIM-25 (landmine simulant) and VS 1.6 anti-tank landmine. The Ansys finite element software is used to create, to solve and to post-process the thermal models. Transient thermal analyses with various boundary conditions and simple soil models are performed. We report on the bulk explosive temperature, thermal flux and thermal gradients for these mine models over diurnal cycles.
Failure of somatostatin to inhibit tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion in patients with insulinomas: a possible diagnostic tool.

The effects of somatostatin on tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release were studied in 4 patients with insulin-producing tumors of the pancreas and in 6 normal subjects, in contrast to its effective inhibition of insulin release in normal subjects, somatostatin, without exception, failed to inhibit tolbutamideinduced insulin release in the patients with pancreatic £-cell tumors. This differential effect of somatostatin may prove useful in the diagnosis of insulin-producing tumors of the pancreas.
Extinction of Laminar Counterflow Diffusion Flames of CH4 and C3H8 Fuels with Inert Jet Impingement

Experimental results of N2-diluted counterflow diffusion flames of CH4 and C3H18 vs, air with local extinction are reponed. The local extinction was caused by inert jet impingement on flames at selected locations either from the fuel or oxidizer side of the reaction zone. This was done to simulate how local extinction affects flame extinction over a larger flame area. The results are: (1) Local extinction of both CH4 and C3H8 flames occurs at a lower strain rate when the inert jet impingement originates from the airside. (2) The global extinction strain rate for CH4 flames is insensitive to the location and number (one vs. three) of local extinction sites. (3) For C3H8 flames, one single inert jet impinging from the airside along the centerline is more effective in causing global extinction than three inert jets impinging at regions away from the centerline. This suggests that flame extinction over a larger area may depend on strategically selected smaller local extinction sites. Furthermore, since simila...
2010: A Century of Drosophila Genetics Through the Prism of the white Gene

In January 1910, a century ago, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered his first Drosophila mutant, a white-eyed male (Morgan 1910). Morgan named the mutant gene white and soon demonstrated that it resided on the X chromosome. This was the first localization of a specific gene to a particular chromosome. Thus began Drosophila experimental genetics. The story of the initial work on white is well known but what is less well appreciated is the multiplicity of ways in which this gene has been used to explore fundamental questions in genetics. Here, I review some of the highlights of a century's productive use of white in Drosophila genetics.
Perspectives on demarketing during the energy crisis

This article has attempted to outline the antecedent conditions which produced a gasoline shortage in the United States and describe the demarketing strategies employed by Shell and Exxon. The effectiveness of their respective strategies and the oil industry, in general, in stimulating de-consumption was also examined.
Protein partners of C/EBPε

CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-e (C/EBPe) is a nuclear transcription factor implicated in the regulation of terminal myeloid differentiation. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, potential interaction partners of C/EBPe involved in myeloid development were identified. C/EBPe was found to associate with other C/EBP family members, including C/EBPe and CHOP as well as other proteins that are known to contain a leucine-zipper protein interaction motif including CREB2, LDOC1, E6TP1, and AF-17. In addition, C/EBPe demonstrated the potential for interaction with proteins that do not possess a leucine-zipper motif, including proteins that may be involved in sumoylation (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 [PIAS1] and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I). As expected, the association of C/EBPe with other C/EBP family members depends on the presence of a functional leucine-zipper motif. Mapping studies of C/EBPe with PIAS1 (as an example of a nonleucine-zipper–containing protein) showed that C/EBPe interacts with the amino-terminal domain of PIAS1. The function of C/EBPe interacting proteins was further investigated. Co-expression of C/EBPe with C/EBPδ resulted in potent transactivation in a lactoferrin reporter system. A gel mobility shift assay suggests that C/EBPe, C/EBPα, and C/EBPδ proteins can bind as heterodimers to a C/EBP consensus DNA-binding site. As CHOP is known to represent a transcriptional repressor, the functional interaction between C/EBPe and CHOP was investigated. Co-expression of C/EBPe and c-Myb with CHOP caused marked transcriptional repression of target reporter genes. Our results suggest heterodimeric partners of C/EBPe modulate the function of C/EBPe in mediating gene transcription during myelopoiesis.
WE-C-224A-05: Patient Modeling and Organ Dose Calculations Using Monte Carlo Methods

The risk for a patient to develop secondary cancers from non‐target exposures can be assessed from the equivalent doses to various radiosensitive organs. To determine organdoses, a computational model or physical phantom that represents the whole patient anatomy must be used. Physical phantoms (such as the RANDO and ATOM phantoms) have tiny cavities on each of the tissue‐equivalent slices for inserting TL and MOSFET dosimeters. When beam is delivered according to a patient's treatment plan, the dosimeters are processed to provide organdose information. The experimental procedures can be time‐consuming and expensive, especially when various patients and treatment plans are studies. Virtual patient models, on the other hand, can be combined with a Monte Carlo code to simulate the transport of radiation in the body. These models cover the entire body and typically contain a large number of defined organs. Coupled with a model of the accelerator, one can calculate detailed information about secondary dose distributions in the patient body. Whole‐body models are classified into three types: 1) Stylized models that are based on surface equations, 2) Tomographic models that are derived from medical images, and 3) Hybrid equation‐voxel models that describe organ boundaries using advanced primitives such as the NURBS for realtime deformation (4D simulations). To date, more than 20 tomographic models have been developed for radiation protection and nuclear medicine applications. An international consortium on computational human models (www.virtualphantoms.org) has been recently formed to promote research in this area. A team of researchers from Rensselaer, Vanderbilt, University of Florida, Massachusetts General Hospital and Johns Hopkins University is working on a project to standardize a library of age‐ and gender‐specific models. This lecture presents the current status of patient modeling and the application of various tools to study secondary doses from radiation treatment involving both photons and protons. Detailed information on the VIP‐Man model developed from the Visible Human Project is presented. Segmentation of more than 80 organs, including the red bone marrow, and the implementation of the VIP‐Man model into EGS, MCNP/X and GEANT4 are discussed. Finally, organdoses and effective doses for protontreatment plans using various adult and pediatric patient models are presented. Educational Objectives of this symposium are: 1. Understanding new tools of Monte Carlo‐based patient and accelerator modeling for secondary dose studies. 2. Understanding the effective dose data for various modalities.
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN LINEAR PROGRAMMING –AN EXAMPLE IN SCHEDULING POSTAL RESOURCES

This paper describes a methodology to treat multiple objectives in a mathematical programming problem. A linear programming model is developed for the short-term manpower scheduling problem in a post office so as to get a desirable balance between mail transit times and resource expenditures. The scheduling problem is of particular interest because of 1) the multiplicity of objectives, 2) the existence of several mail classes, each having different arrival patterns, routings, and dispatch times, and 3) the complexity of the different scheduling options available. The paper demonstrates how the model can be used experimentally to obtain model parameters which, in the judgment of management, achieve a desirable balance between objectives. Once the parameters are determined, the model prescribes how to vary the overtime usage, reassign workers to the various work stations, and adjust the priorities of the mail classes. The model has indirect use in studying the effects of changing work capacities, dispatch schedules, and mail arrival patterns.
Culturing two‐ to eight‐cell caprine embryos using domestic chicken eggs

Early-stage caprine embryos were placed in the chick embryo amnion to determine if this culture method would support the development of embryos from a farm animal species. Following superovulation and natural mating, two- to eight-cell embryos were surgically collected from crossbred donor goats. Embryos were allotted to in vitro culture treatments across two different experiments (EXP). In EXP-I, embryos allotted to Treatment A (control) were cultured in Ham's F-10 with 10% fetal calf serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (HF-10). Embryos in Treatment B were placed on a bovine fetal uterine fibroblast monolayer in HF-10, embryos allotted to Treatment C were agarose embedded and injected into the amniotic cavity of a day-4 chick embryo and those placed in Treatment D were co-cultured in HF-10 with day-15 caprine trophoblastic vesicles. In EXP II Treatments A, B, and C were the same; however Treatment D was omitted. EXP-I and EXP-II also differed in that chick embryo co-culture was for 72 hr in EXP-I but was extended to 96 hours in EXP-II. Additionally, the monolayer co-culture was limited to 96 hr in EXP-II; whereas, embryos in EXP-I remained on monolayer culture for 96 hr plus an additional 72 hr for subsequent embryo evaluation. Results indicate that the amniotic cavity of the developing chick embryo enhanced the development of two- to eight-cell caprine embryos through to hatching blastocysts when compared with that of the control medium alone. In addition, the beneficial effects of monolayer co-culture appeared to be lost when the caprine embryos were removed from the monolayer, whereas, the in vitro viability of these embryos cultured in the chick embryo amnion was maintained after removal from the amniotic cavity.
Quantifiers in the formulation of multiple objective decision functions

Abstract We discuss the interpretation of linguistically quantified statements using fuzzy sets. We indicate that there are two methods of interpreting these statements, the algebraic approach and the substitution approach. We then use quantified statements to express overall decision functions involving multiple objectives. These statements are of the type “A solution should satisfy many of the objectives”. Using the algebraic and substitution approach, we develop a whole family of forms for combining multiple objectives. We show that algebraic approach corresponds to situations in which we are unconcerned about the allocation of satisfaction amongst the objectives but just interested in getting much satisfaction. The substitution approach on the other hand leads to forms which are dependent upon the allocation of satisfaction between the objectives.
NaCaCl relations in basinal fluids

Abstract A new mathematical transformation of Na, Ca, and Cl concentrations in numerous basinal fluids around the world produces a linear slope of unity between the mill iequivalencies of Na and Ca cations. The transformation entails a simple milliequivalent comparison between the excess Ca and the Na deficit relative to seawater reference ratios. The relevant parameters are: Ca excess = [ Ca means − ( Ca/Cl ) sw Cl means ] 2 40.08 , Na deficit = [( Na/Cl ) sw Cl means − Na means ] 1 22.99 , where the concentrations (in mg/L) of the ions measured (meas) in a sample are referred to those in seawater (sw), and the numerical constants convert the results to meq/L. For >800 samples from numerous fluid reservoirs, with Cl concentrations that range from approximately 1–300 g/L and host lithologies from carbonates to granites, a highly correlated regression termed the Basinal Fluid Line (BFL) is found: Caexcess = 0.967 (Nadeficit) + 140.3R = 0.981. The unit slope of the BFL indicates a net cation exchange ratio of 2 Na for 1 Ca. The excess-deficit parameters show no correlation to Mg or K. If a single predominating reaction is presumed to control the BFL, only albitization of plagioclase by 2 Na for 1 Ca exchange is plausible. The BFL offers no support for a predominating reaction involving the 1:1 exchange of Na for Ca that has also been proposed for albitization reactions, nor for the hypothesis that dolomitization produces the elevated Ca contents of basinal fluids. The BFL may incorporate the effects of other water-rock reactions provided that they involve a net exchange of 2 Na for 1 Ca in sedimentary basins. The small y-intercept of 140.3 of the BFL is generally consistent with an origination of the brines from seawater, which would plot at the origin of an excess-deficit graph. However, for regressions derived for fluids from individual basins, the y-intercepts increase with increasing salinity of their fluids, consistent with model predictions for dissolution of halite into either a seawater or freshwater parent, followed by 2 Na for 1 Ca exchange. Because the hydrosphere is dominated by seawater and the upper crust by feldspar minerals, the BFL arguably represents the overall product of cation exchange of high salinity fluids in deep continental environments.
E-records readiness in the ESARBICA region: Challenges and the way forward

Managing e-records is one area that has always challenged archivists and records managers, especially in the developing countries, partly because of the following reasons: • Their creation, use and preservation requires acquisition of costly hardware and software. • The archivist and records manager may be required to undergo re-training in the use of information technology in order to be conversant with the management of e-records. • Preservation of e-records is determined by the storage media which are quickly becoming obsolete. • Training institutions where archivists and records managers are being trained locally may be lacking in personnel to teach e-records management. However, today a lot of government records are being created with the use of information technology. There is also an increase in online transactions through e-mails and the internet. Such transactions need to be captured in the institutional records management system for accountability and good governance. National archives in the ESARBICA region, however, seems to be shying away from their core responsibility of safeguarding the documented heritage of their respective countries in whatever format (including electronic). This article, therefore, endeavours to examine the e-readiness of each of the ESARBICA national archives and establish the reasons that may have contributed to the current state of affairs.
Rad53 FHA Domain Associated with Phosphorylated Rad9 in the DNA Damage Checkpoint

The Rad53 protein kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for checkpoints that prevent cell division in cells with damaged or incompletely replicated DNA. The Rad9 protein was phosphorylated in response to DNA damage, and phosphorylated Rad9 interacted with the COOH-terminal forkhead homology–associated (FHA) domain of Rad53. Inactivation of this domain abolished DNA damage–dependent Rad53 phosphorylation, G2/M cell cycle phase arrest, and increase of RNR3 transcription but did not affect replication inhibition–dependent Rad53 phosphorylation. Thus, Rad53 integrates DNA damage signals by coupling with phosphorylated Rad9. The hitherto uncharacterized FHA domain appears to be a modular protein-binding domain.
Something a Little Out of the Ordinary: Reflections on Becoming an Interpretivist Researcher in Special Education

Qualitative research is both a set of methods for gathering and analyzing data and a worldview or paradigm about the nature of knowledge and inquiry. As a set of methods, qualitative research has increasingly gained acceptance in special education, although it is still not as common as more traditional quantitative methods. As an epistemological paradigm, however, the qualitative (or interpretivist) perspective remains much more controversial and rare in the field of special education research. Early career researchers face the dual challenge, then, of not only becoming comfortable with new methods commonly associated with qualitative research, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews, but also learning about a worldview that challenges some of the basic assumptions of traditional research in the social and behavioral sciences. The article describes one way of addressing both challenges through a process of self-reflection as well as methodological virtuosity. The author argues that not onl...
17O NMR spectra of equatorial and axial hydroxycyclohexanes and 5‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxanes and their methyl ethers

17O chemical shifts of axial hydroxyl groups in cyclohexanols are upfield of those of corresponding equatorial groups, but in 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxanes the opposite is observed: the axial OH resonates downfield of the equatorial OH. The situation is the same in the corresponding methyl ethers and is, thus, not a result of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the axial 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane, but appears to parallel the effect on 13C and 19F shifts observed in corresponding equatorial and axial 5-methyl- and 5-fluoro-1,3-dioxanes, which has been attributed to an upfield shifting effect of the antiperiplanar γ-located heteroatoms. Surprisingly, the reciprocal effect is not seen in the ring 17O shifts of the 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxanes. A δ compression shift is seen in the 17O spectrum of trans-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol (syn-axial OH and CH3), analogous to the effect earlier reported in 13C spectra. Conversion of four of the alcohols to methyl ethers produces a large upfield effect on the 17O shift, larger in the cyclohexanols than in the 1,3-dioxane-5-ols. Similar upfield shifts have been recorded in the literature; their extent depends on whether the alcohols are primary, secondary or tertiary.
Thermal cycling studies of a cross-plied P100 graphite fibre-reinforced 6061 aluminium composite laminate

Response to thermal cycling of a 0/90 cross-plied P100 Gr-6061 aluminium composite laminate was studied between a minimum temperature (T min) of 25 ‡C and maximum temperatures (T max) of 100 and 540 ‡C. Strain hysteresis was observed between the heating and cooling half-cycles and was attributed to anelastic strains induced by matrix residual stresses. A residual plastic strain was also observed after the first cycle, and was seen to disappear after subsequent cycles. Alteration of the thermal residual stress state of the matrix via heat treatments was found to change significantly the magnitude of the plastic strain. These results were compared with those of studies on unidirectionally reinforced P100 Gr-6061 aluminium composites, and the differences were explained on the basis of the residual stresses resident in the matrix. Optical and electron microscopy were also utilized to observe thermal damage, which occurred predominantly along improperly bonded fibre-matrix interfaces.
Phase Representation of Analytic Functions

The phase representation which expresses an analytic function essentially in terms of its phase (not imaginary part) along the cuts is discussed. In particular, the precise conditions under which this phase representation is valid and also the asymptotic behavior of the phase representation are studied in detail. It is proved that the asymptotic behavior is essentially the same at infinity in all directions. The derivation of the high-energy behavior of scattering amplitudes and the $\frac{N}{D}$ representation of the partial-wave amplitude are discussed as applications of the phase representation. Finally, the phase representation is used in determining the total numbers of zeros of the forward pion-nucleon scattering amplitudes. It is found that the charge nonexchange amplitude has either 2 or 4 zeros, depending upon the signs of the $S$-wave scattering lengths, while the charge exchange amplitude has 11 zeros.
The potential impacts of pollution on a nondrizzling stratus deck : Does aerosol number matter more than type?

[1] In this paper results from a cloud-resolving model that can efficiently examine the impact of aerosol on nondrizzling stratus clouds will be shown. Because the model tracks aerosol and cloud droplets in a Lagrangian framework, it does not suffer from numerical errors associated with advection, and unlike most Eulerian approaches, the method can track cloud boundaries as they move across a grid cell. After illustrating the capability of the model to reproduce various observed cloud statistics such as the cloud water mixing ratio and the mean cloud droplet radius from the DYCOMS-II field program, the ability of the model to assess the impact of changes in aerosol number and composition on a stratus deck will be highlighted. Specifically, by using activation curves appropriate for soluble, insoluble, or a mixture of both types of aerosol and for certain extreme aerosol regimes, i.e., a majority of the aerosol are hydrophobic carbon aerosol, limiting situations were examined to bound their impact on clouds. However, though these situations may be somewhat extreme, they could occasionally occur in the atmosphere, e.g., an oceanic stratus field downwind of a large ship or an urban area. Not unexpectedly, results from these simulations support previous ship track observations that for increasing aerosol numbers, cloud droplet number concentrations increase, whereas cloud droplet radii decrease. However, these simulations also suggest that the correlation between cloud droplet number concentration and aerosol number concentration may be not only a function of aerosol number concentration but also aerosol types and/or cloud dynamics.
Laminar, mixed convection heat transfer for flow between horizontal parallel plates with asymmetric heating

Abstract An experimental study has been conducted to determine hydrodynamic and thermal conditions in laminar water flow between horizontal parallel plates with uniform, asymmetric heat fluxes. Flow visualization and temperature measurements reveal the existence of a buoyancy driven flow which strongly influences bottom plate conditions but has a weak influence on top plate conditions. Heat transfer at the top plate is dominated by forced convection, while heat transfer at the bottom plate is characterized by mixed convection and can be correlated in terms of the parameter Ra H 3 4 /Gz H for top to bottom heat fluxes less than 2. For the range of heat fluxes considered, top and bottom plate flow conditions are independent of the heat flux at the opposite plate.
Highly Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay of Human Interferon-β1

Abstract A highly sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human interferon-β 1(HuIFN-β 1) was developed. HuIFN-β 1-containing samples and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled mouse anti-HuIFN-β1 monoclonal antibody (Fab') were incubated overnight at 2–10°C in the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate, onto which affinity-purified rabbit anti-HuIFN-β 1 polyclonal antibody was coated. The EIA was able to detect 0.5 IU/m1 of HuIFN-β1, thus showing higher sensitivity than bioassay. The values obtained by the EIA closely paralleled those obtained by bioassay in the concentration which bioassay can detect. In order to detect the concentration below 0.5 IU/ml of HuIFN-β 1, the avidin/biotin-amplified EIA was also developed. The use of biotinylated mouse anti-HuIFN-β 1 monoclonal antibody (F(ab')2) and HRP-avidin in the EIA made it possible to detect 0.1 IU/ml of HuIFN-β1. These EIAs were applied for the studies such as process control of HuIFN-β 1 production, pharmacokinetics of HuIFN-β 1, and determination of s...
“My Fries were the Size of an iPhone®”: How Portion Size is Reported in the Fuel 2 Fight Study

Abstract Capturing portion size estimates is a constant challenge. Our objective was to characterize reported portion size during face-to-face and telephone 24-hour diet recalls among career fire fighters in the Fuel 2 Fight study. Trained nutritionists reviewed recalls and categorized reported portion size into weights, household measures, servings & items (including common alternatives for portion size), or food models. Two-dimensional models were most frequently used in face-to-face recalls, whereas household measures, and servings & items were more frequently used in telephone recalls. Thus, expanding use of common non-food objects with a known volume could be an important portion size alternative for telephone recalls.
Functional genomics: RNA sets the standard

One way of finding out what genes do is to inactivate them, and to study the effects, in 'model' organisms. That has now been done for many thousands of worm genes in two large-scale analyses.
Lecithin synthesis during microbody biogenesis in watermelon cotyledons.

Abstract During the normal development of watermelon seedlings, leaf peroxisomes succeed glyoxysomes as the major microbody component in the cotyledons. The possibility has thus been raised that the two organelles are ontogenetically related; that leaf peroxisomes are derived from glyoxysomes. The behavior of lecithin, an important constituent of the membranes of both kinds of organelle was examined in this study. Using labeled choline as a precursor of lecithin, its incorporation into various membrane fractions was followed during the period when glyoxysomal activity was declining and that of leaf peroxisomes increasing after exposure to light. The results showed that glyoxysomal membrane was selectively destroyed during this period. Furthermore, from double-labeling experiments using [ 14 C]- and [ 3 H]choline it was shown that newly synthesized lecithin was incorporated into the membranes of the developing leaf peroxisomes. These results support the thesis that leaf peroxisomes are not derived from glyoxysomes and instead represent two distinct microbody populations.
Spatially dependent cluster dynamics modeling of microstructure evolution in low energy helium irradiated tungsten

In fusion reactors, plasma facing components (PFC) and in particular the divertor will be irradiated with high fluxes of low energy (~100 eV) helium and hydrogen ions. Tungsten is one of the leading candidate divertor materials for ITER and DEMO fusion reactors. However, the behavior of tungsten under high dose, coupled helium/hydrogen exposure remains to be fully understood. The PFC response and performance changes are intimately related to microstructural changes, such as the formation of point defect clusters, helium and hydrogen bubbles or dislocation loops. Computational materials modeling has been used to investigate the mechanisms controlling microstructural evolution in tungsten following high dose, high temperature helium exposure. The aim of this study is to understand and predict helium implantation, primary defect production and defect diffusion, helium-defect clustering and interactions below a tungsten surface exposed to low energy helium irradiation. The important defects include interstitial clusters, vacancy clusters, helium interstitials and helium-vacancy clusters. We report results from a one-dimensional, spatially dependent cluster dynamics model based on the continuum reaction–diffusion rate theory to describe the evolution in space and time of all these defects. The key parameter inputs to the model (diffusion coefficients, migration and binding energies, initial defect production) are determined from a combination of atomistic materials modeling and available experimental data.
The nephelometric determination of selenium with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene

Abstract A nephelometric determination of selenium has been developed in the concentration range from 10 to 300 ppm based on the reaction of Se(IV) with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. The method is inexpensive, simple, and requires little operator time or skill.
Film Cooling Effectiveness for Short Film Cooling Holes Fed by a Narrow Plenum

The adiabatic, steady-state liquid crystal technique was used to measure surface adiabatic film cooling effectiveness values in the near-hole region (X / D < 10). A parametric study was conducted for a single row of short holes (L / D ≤ 3) fed by a narrow plenum (H / D = 1). Film cooling effectiveness values are presented and compared for various L / D ratios (0.66 to 3.0), three different blowing ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5), two different plenum feed configurations (co-flow and counter flow), and two different injection angles (35° and 90°). Injection hole geometery and plenum feed direction were found to significantly affect short hole film cooling performance. Under certain conditions, comparable or improved coverage was achieved with 90° holes as with 35° holes. This result has important implications for manufacturing of thin-walled film-cooled blades or vanes.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Clinics, Communities, and Cost Recovery Primary Health Care and Neoliberalism in Postapartheid South Africa

Upon coming to power in 1994, South Africa’s first postapartheid government launched its ambitious Reconstruction and Development Programme with several major primary health care initiatives. Two years later, it adopted a macroeconomic policy that put neoliberal reforms ahead of redistributive goals. Based on ethnographic research in one urban health district, this article examines the consequences of this discordant national policy configuration as manifested in the micropolitics of four community clinics. The article examines contrasting experiences of desegregation in two formerly ‘White’ facilities, and contrasting community responses to two newly built township clinics. The article finds that, in general, South Africa’s neoliberal shift undermined its health policy objectives. However, in exceptional cases where strong nurse leadership combined with relatively uncontentious local class relations, some community clinics did succeed in becoming sites for the local pursuit of health and development goals.
Proteasome activity in a naïve mosquito cell line infected with Wolbachia pipientis wAlbB.

We used Wolbachia pipientis strain wAlbB from Aedes albopictus Aa23 cells to infect clonal Ae. albopictus TK-6 cells, which are resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Infected TK-6 cells were cultured in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine to select against Aa23 cells that might have persisted in the inoculum. Infected TK-6 lines retained the Wolbachia infection for 5 mo, indicating that their metabolic processes support Wolbachia growth and multiplication. To investigate early events after Wolbachia infection, we labeled infected cells with 35S[methionine/cysteine]. Patterns of labeled proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels were similar in control and infected cells, with the exception of a 29-kDa protein. Tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the 29-kDa band included α and β subunits of the 26S proteasome. Independent confirmation of the up-regulation of the proteasome was established by probing Western blots with a monoclonal antibody to the proteasome-associated co-factor, ubiquitin. Wolbachia’s loss of metabolic pathways for the synthesis of most amino acids and retention of pathways for their uptake and metabolism suggest that proteasome activation provides a mechanism whereby controlled degradation of intracellular host proteins would increase availability of amino acids to support establishment and maintenance of the Wolbachia infection.
Risk Factors for Tachycardia Events Caused by Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Experience From the ESVEM Trial.

Background: In the Electrophysiology Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) trial, up to seven antiarrhythmic drugs were randomly assigned to 486 patients with a history of sustained ...
CONSUMPTION AND PLATE WASTE OF REGULAR AND TOTAL TRIM ROASTED PORK LOINS

Regular or total trim roasted pork loin was served to 175 diners to determine the effects of trim level and serving size on consumption and plate waste. Diners ate more total trim pork because they selected similar serving sizes of the two fat trim levels, yet trimmed excess fat from regular trim pork. Therefore, close trimming of pork may increase consumption. Caloric intakes were similar for diners served regular and total trimmed pork because diners trimmed separable fat from fatter pork. Shifting from a fatter to a closely trimmed product may not reduce cholesterol consumption because of similar cholesterol contents of cooked separable lean and fat. To reduce the fat content of cooked muscle, trim subcutaneous and intermuscular fat before cooking.
Local Government Fiscal Burden in Nonmetropolitan America

Rising fiscal pressure on local governments in rural areas of the United States is documented in this study. The level of fiscal burden on taxpayers to support local governments in nonmetropolitan areas is found to be higher than that in metropolitan areas between 1977 and 1987. Using a model from the urban fiscal literature, the level of fiscal burden in nonmetropolitan areas is found to be influenced by a combination of demographic, socioeconomic, intergovernmental, and historical factors. Intergovernmental revenue transfers from the state and federal government play a critical role in determining the level of fiscal burden rural taxpayers bear. These findings have implications for rural economic development and for understanding how rural areas are influenced by the larger society.
Effects of Rate of Speech and Linguistic Stress on Auditory Paragraph Comprehension of Aphasic Individuals

Auditory comprehension performance of 20 aphasic and 8 nonaphasic subjects was analyzed in a paragraph comprehension task in which rate of speech and linguistic stress were systematically altered. ...