cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White noise distribution theory

Introduction to White Noise What is White Noise? A Simple Example Background Abstract Wiener Spaces Countably-Hilbert Spaces Nuclear Spaces Gel'fand Triples White Noise as an Infinite Dimensional Calculus White Noise Space A Reconstruction of the Schwartz Space The Space of Test and Generalized Functions Some Examples of Test and Generalized Functions Constructions of Test and Generalized Functions General Ideas for Several Constructions Construction from a Hilbert Space and an Operator General Construction of Kubo and Takenaka Construction of Kondratiev and Streit The S-Transform Wick Tensors and Multiple Weiner Integrals Definition of the S-Transform Examples of Generalized Functions Continuous Versions and Analytic Extensions Continuous Versions of Test Functions Growth Condition and Norm Estimates Analytic Extensions of Test Functions Delta Functions Donsker's Delta Function Kubo-Yokoi Delta Function Continuity of the Delta Functions Characterization Theorems Characterization of Generalized Functions Convergence of Generalized Functions Characterization of Test Functions Wick Product and Convolution Integrable Functions Differential Operators Differential Operators Adjoint Operators Multiplication Operators Gross Differentiation and Gradient Integral Kernel Operators Heuristic Discussion Integral Kernel Operators Gross Laplacian and Number Operator Lambda Operator Translation Operators Representation Theorem Fourier Transforms Definition of the Fourier Transform Representations of the Fourier Transform Basic Properties Decomposition of the Fourier Transform Fourier-Gauss Transforms Characterization of the Fourier Transform Fourier-Mehler Transforms Initial Value Problems Laplacian Operators Semigroup for the Gross Laplacian Semigroup for the Number Operator Levy Laplacian Levy Laplacian by the S-Transform Spherical Mean and the Levy Laplacian Relationship Between Gross and Levy Laplacians Volterra Laplacian Relationship with the Fourier Transform Two-Dimensional Rotations White Noise Integration Informal Motivation Pettis and Bochner Integrals White Noise Integrals An Extension of the Ito Integral Generalization of Ito's Formula One-Sided White Noise Differentiation Stochastic Integral Equations White Noise Integral Equations Feynman Integrals Informal Derivation White Noise Formulation Explicit Calculation Positive Generalized Functions Positive Generalized Functions Construction of Lee Characterization of Hida Measures Appendix A: Notes and Comments Appendix B: Miscellaneous Formulas Bibliography List of Symbols Index
INTEGRATED CATTLE FEEDING HEDGING STRATEGIES, 1972-1976

Most major crop and livestock prices became considerably more variable after 1972, resulting in increased producer price risk. Uncertainty in cattle feeding was compounded in that both input (feeder cattle and feed) and product (fed cattle) prices became quite variable after 1972. This uncertainty, accompanied by considerable losses in cattle feeding during the 1973-1975 period, has made hedging a more desirable option [1, 9]. Several studies have examined a short hedge on live cattle at the beginning of the feeding period as a means of reducing risk and increasing returns to cattle feeders. Selective hedging strategies generally reduced the variance of returns per head as well as improved returns during periods when cash feeding was unprofitable [2, 5]. Routine hedging of every pen clearly reduced profits during periods when cattle prices were rising while providing some protection during cash-feeding loss periods [6]. Feeding live cattle on a cash basis was more profitable than routine hedging prior to 1973 [6].
Arctic Plants Feel the Heat

The article discusses research on the effects of climate change on the Arctic and sub-Arctic. It notes research accommodated by thousands of aerial photographs that were taken of the Naval Petroleum Reserve in northern Alaska during World War II. Climate change is said to be affecting the inhabitants of the Arctic. The article discusses the challenges of monitoring climate change based on changes in vegetation. The author discusses the use of the aforementioned aerial photographs to examine Arctic tundra characterized by short vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil.
Biotechnology Texas style.

New biotechnology initiatives in Texas will lay the foundation for the growth and expansion of the industry in the southern state.
Interactions Between Thermal Ground or Excited Atoms in the Vapor Phase: Many-Body Dipole-Dipole Effects, Molecular Dissociation, and Photoassociation Probed By Laser Spectroscopy

Atom–atom and atom–molecule interactions in the absence or presence of an optical radiation field are among the fundamental processes in atomic, molecular, and optical physics. This review addresses recent advances that provide insight into the dynamics of many-body fipole–dipole interactions between excited atoms at long range, and the production of a transient molecule from a pair of thermal, ground state atoms by photoassociationphotoassociation at small atomic separations (<5 A). Ultrafast pump–probe experiments have probed the dipole–dipole interactions within ensembles of excited alkali atoms by combining wavepacket (Ramsey) interferometry with a coherent nonlinear optical process. Monitoring the temporal behavior of quantum beating in the atomic species with parametric four (or six) wave mixing,four wave mixing for example, provides an in situ probe of the net interaction between two or more excited atoms, and the coherence of the nonlinear process preserves phase information. In the Fourier domain, the dipole–dipole interaction is manifested by the appearance of sidebands associated with the quantum beating frequency. Analysis of the sideband splittings observed as the mean atom–atom separation is varied suggests that nn-atom ensembles (2≤n≤5)(2≤n≤5) are detected. Quantum beating in the atomic species also serves as a sensitive detector of molecular dissociationmolecular dissociation by monitoring the approach of atomic fragmentsatomic fragments through the dipole–dipole interaction. With this new spectroscopic tool, the predissociation of electronic excited states of Rb2 and Na2 have been observed and nascent excited state distributions determined. Control of the Rb2 dissociation process so as to yield Rb fragments in a specific atomic excited state has been accomplished through varying the chirp of the pump and probe pulses. Complementary experiments on the nanosecond time scale have recorded the excitation spectra for the photoassociation of thermal pairs of ground state rare-gas–halogen atoms. Analysis of the experimental Kr–F and Xe–I photoassociative excitation spectra, acquired at ambient temperature, by coupled vibration–rotation (VR) calculations yields molecular excited state (B2Σ+)(B2Σ+) constants more precise than those available from perturbative theoretical models or bound → free emission spectroscopy. An application of the photoassociation of thermal atomic pairs to the operation and efficiency of high temperature, metal-halide arc lamps is presented.
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

STRESS CORROSION CRACK GROWTH RATES (DA/DT) AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR (K) WERE DETERMINED OVER A WIDE RANGE OF ELECTRODE POTENTIALS FOR AISI 4340 STEEL (200-KSI YIELD STRENGTH LEVEL) IN DEAERATED 3.5 PERCENT SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION BUFFERED TO PH 3.8. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON CONDUCTING THE STRESS CORROSION TESTS UNDER WELL DEFINED ELECTROCHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL CONDITIONS. AT INTERMEDIATE K LEVELS, DA/DT WAS ESSENTIALLY INDEPENDENT OF K, SUGGESTING THAT CRACK GROWTH IS LIMITED BY MASS TRANSPORT. CRACK GROWTH IS APPARENTLY DOMINATED BY LOCALIZED MECHANICAL RUPTURING AT HIGH K LEVELS WHERE DA/DT INCREASED RAPIDLY WITH INCREASING K. EXCEPT AT A VERY CATHODIC POTENTIAL, DA/DT AT INTERMEDIATE K LEVELS WAS ALSO INDEPENDENT OF POTENTIAL, IMPLYING THAT THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS AT THE TIP OF THE STRESS CORROSION CRACK ARE NOT THE SAME AS THOSE OUTSIDE THE CRACK. THE TENDENCY FOR THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKS TO BRANCH WAS FOUND TO BE ELECTROCHEMICALLY, AS WELL AS MECHANICALLY, CONTROLLED.
Adaptive inverse control

Methods for adaptive control of plant dynamics and for control of plant disturbance for unknown linear plants are described. In addition, extension of control of plant dynamics to nonlinear plants using neural networks is presented. For their proper application, the plant must be stable. An unstable plant could first be stabilized with feedback, then adaptively controlled. >
Advance Directives for Older Adults in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background: It has been more than two decades since the passage of the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) of 1991, an act that requires many medical points of care, including emergency departments (EDs), to provide information to patients about advance directives (ADs). Objective: The study objective was to determine the prevalence of ADs among ED patients with a focus on older adults and factors associated with rates of completion. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Medline, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were selected according to the following criteria: (1) population: adult ED patients; (2) outcome measures: quantitative prevalence data pertaining to ADs and factors associated with completion of an AD; (3) location: EDs in the United States; and (4) date: published 1991 or later. Results: Of the 258 references retrieved as a result of our search, six studies met inclusion criteria. Rates of patient-reported AD completion ranged from 21% to 53%, while...
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Bis(allyl)calcium Complex [Ca{C3(SiMe3)2H3}2⋅(thf)2]

Two η3-allyl ligands in an anti configuration are present in the title compound (structure depicted). Even though the Ca−C bonds are about the length expected for cyclopentadienyl complexes, the bis(trimethylsilyl)allyl anion displays hydrogen-atom distortions similar to those found in other main group and transition metal π-allyl complexes.
Growth inhibition and regression of human prostate and breast tumors in athymic mice by tea epigallocatechin gallate

The human prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 (androgen-insensitive) and LNCaP 104-R (androgen-repressed) were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice to produce prostate tumors. Intraperitoneal injection of green tea (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate but not structurally related catechins, such as (-)epicatechin-3-gallate, inhibited the growth and rapidly reduced the size of human prostate tumors in nude mice. (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate also rapidly inhibited the growth of tumor growth formed by the human mammary cancer cell line MCF-7 in nude mice. It is possible that there is a relationship between the high consumption of green tea and the low incidence of prostate and breast cancers in some Asian countries.
Prescription Drugs And The Changing Concentration Of Health Care Expenditures

Health care expenditures are highly concentrated in the United States, with a small fraction of the population accounting for a large share of total health spending. This concentration has proved remarkably stable over time; however, the degree of concentration has declined over the past decade. Using data from the 1996–2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we explore why. We find that rapid growth in prescription drug spending, which is diffused over a large fraction of the population, versus slower growth in spending for inpatient care largely accounts for the recent change in concentration. We discuss the potential implications for current cost containment and reform efforts.
Regulation of cyclin A localization downstream of Par-1 function is critical for the centrosome orientation checkpoint in Drosophila male germline stem cells.

Male germline stem cells (GSCs) in Drosophila melanogaster divide asymmetrically by orienting the mitotic spindle with respect to the niche, a microenvironment that specifies stem cell identity. The spindle orientation is prepared during interphase through stereotypical positioning of the centrosomes. We recently demonstrated that GSCs possess a checkpoint (“the centrosome orientation checkpoint”) that monitors correct centrosome orientation prior to mitosis to ensure an oriented spindle and thus asymmetric outcome of the division. Here, we show that Par-1, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates polarity in many systems, is involved in this checkpoint. Par-1 shows a cell cycle-dependent localization to the spectrosome, a germline-specific, endoplasmic reticulum-like organelle. Furthermore, the localization of cyclin A, which is normally localized to the spectrosome, is perturbed in par-1 mutant GSCs. Interestingly, overexpression of mutant cyclin A that does not localize to the spectrosome and mutation in hts, a core component of the spectrosome, both lead to defects in the centrosome orientation checkpoint. We propose that the regulation of cyclin A localization via Par-1 function plays a critical role in the centrosome orientation checkpoint.
LT(R192G), a non-toxic mutant of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, elicits enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses associated with protection against lethal oral challenge with Salmonella spp.

Abstract In the current study we examined the ability of a novel mucosal adjuvant, LT(R192G), to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses against killed Salmonella spp. and to affect protection against lethal oral challenge with wild-type organisms. Mice orally immunized with killed S. dublin in conjunction with LT(R192G) were protected against lethal oral challenge and had higher IFN-γ, IL-2 and IgG responses than did mice orally immunized with killed S. dublin alone which were not protected. This study demonstrates that the function of LT(R192G) in protection against typhoid-like disease is to upregulate/enhance the Th1 arm of the immune response against killed organisms. When used as a mucosal adjuvant, LT(R192G) enables the use of killed bacteria or viruses as vaccines by enhancing the overall humoral and cellular host immune response to these organisms, especially the Th1 arm of the immune response. These finding have significant implications for vaccine development and further support the potential of LT(R192G) to function as a safe, effective adjuvant for mucosally administered vaccines.
Psychological Realism, Morality, and Chimpanzees

The parsimonious consideration of research into food sharing among chimpanzees suggests that the type of social regulation found among our closest genetic relatives can best be understood as a form of morality. Morality is here defined from a naturalistic perspective as a system in which self-aware individuals interact through socially prescribed, psychologically realistic rules of conduct which provide these individuals with an awareness of how one ought to behave. The empirical markers of morality within chimpanzee communities and the traditional moral traits to which they correspond are (1) self-awareness/agency; (2) calculated reciprocity/obligation; (3) moralistic aggression/blame; and (4) consolation/empathy.
Preferential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins- 1, -3, and -5 during early diabetic renal hypertrophy in rats

The renal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal hypertrophy, altered hemodynamics, and extracellular matrix expansion associated with early diabetes. The relative abundance of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the renal microenvironment may modulate IGF-I actions. However, the precise IGFBPs expressed in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments during diabetic renal growth have not been characterized. In the present study, in situ hybridization studies were performed to examine the expression of IGFBP-1 to -6 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) 3, 7, and 14 days after streptozotocin (STZ) injection in rats. In control, nondiabetic kidneys, all six IGFBP mRNAs were differentially expressed with a predominance of IGFBP-5. The onset of renal hypertrophy in STZ-induced diabetes was associated with a rapid and site-specific induction of IGFBP-1, -3, and -5 mRNAs. In contrast, basal expression of IGFBP-2, -4, and -6 mRNAs was not altered in diabetic rats. IGFBP-5 mRNA expression increased in diabetic glomeruli, cortical, and inner medullary peritubular interstitial cells at days 3, 7, and 14. Although normal glomeruli failed to express IGFBP-3, it was induced concomitantly with IGFBP-5 in diabetic glomeruli and cortical peritubular interstitial cells. IGFBP-1 mRNA levels also increased in cortical tubular cells at each time point tested. Peak induction of IGFBP-3 and -5 was observed at day 3, whereas IGFBP-1 was delayed until day 7. IGFBP-1, -3, and -5 mRNA levels declined by day 14, but remained persistently elevated above control. By immunoperoxidase staining, similar alterations in the pattern of IGFBP-3 and -5 protein expression were observed at each time point. The preferential and site-specific increase in IGFBP-1, -3, and -5 suggest that these IGFBPs may regulate the local autocrine and/or paracrine actions of IGF-I and contribute to the pathogenesis of the early manifestations of diabetic nephropathy.
Probing Hydrogen bonding and proton mobility in dicyanoimidazole monomers and polymers

Hydrogen bonding and proton mobility are important features in many polymers. In this work, hydrogen bonding is studied in both monomers and polymers of dicyanoimidazoles using infrared and solid-s...
The Synthesis Of Some Substituted Thianaphthene-2-Carboxamides And Their Antifungal Properties

Thianaphthene-2-carboxylic acid, thianaphthene-2-carboxamide and nineteen substituted thianaphthene-2-carboxamides were prepared. All of the compounds were screened for their antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and those compounds which appeared to be equal to or more active than undecylenic acid were tested against three other pathogenic fungi. The in vitro activity of the compounds was compared to the activity of three known antifungal agents: undecylenic acid, salicylanilide, and 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline. Of all of the compounds tested, N-(2-methylpiperidyl)-thianaphthene-2-carboxamide, N-cyclohexylthianaphthene-2-carboxamide, and N-morpholinylthianaphthene-2-carboxamide were the most active against all four of the fungi.
Signaling via the type I IL-1 and TNF receptors is necessary for bacterially induced preterm labor in a murine model

Objective We have shown previously that interleukin 1 (IL-1) signaling is not necessary for bacterially induced preterm delivery in mice. We now test whether combined signaling of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for this process. Study design Female mice lacking the type I receptors for IL-1 and TNF ( Il1r1/Tnfrsf1a double-knockouts) and normal controls underwent intrauterine inoculation with killed Escherichia coli bacteria on day 14.5 of a 19- to 20-day gestation. Preterm delivery rates within 48 hours were recorded and gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Il1r1/Tnfrsf1a double-knockout mice had significantly lower rates of preterm delivery than controls (8% vs 69% with 7 × 10 7 bacteria, P = .002, and 52% vs 81% with 1.4 × 10 8 bacteria, P = .003) and significantly lower myometrial levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, but not COX-1 mRNA. There were no genotype- or treatment-related differences in cervicovaginal and lower uterine expression of mRNAs for a variety of genes associated with cervical ripening. Conclusion The combination of IL-1 and TNF signaling plays a critical role in bacterially induced labor and myometrial COX-2 production in the mouse. Cervical gene expression patterns during bacterially induced preterm labor suggest fundamental differences from spontaneous term labor in the cervical ripening process.
Singular perturbation modeling of nonlinear processes with nonexplicit time-scale multiplicity

Abstract In this article, a modeling framework is proposed for two-time-scale chemical processes modeled by nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with large parameters of the form 1 e , to obtain a standard singularly perturbed representation where the slow and fast variables are explicitly separated. Initially, a result is derived that provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and the explicit form of an e -independent coordinate change that transforms the two-time-scale process into a standard singularly perturbed form. Whenever these conditions are not satisfied, it is established that an e -dependent coordinate change, singular at e =0, has to be employed to obtain a standard singularly perturbed representation of the original two-time-scale process, and the construction of such a transformation is addressed. The application of the proposed framework in deriving standard singularly perturbed representations and its significance in the synthesis of well-conditioned controllers is demonstrated through chemical reactor applications.
Left atrial septal pouch in cryptogenic stroke.

Background: The left atrial septal pouch (LASP), an anatomic variant of the interatrial septum, has uncertain clinical significance. We examined the association between LASP and ischemic stroke subtypes in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods: We determined the prevalence of LASP among consecutive patients who underwent TEE at our institution. Patients identified with ischemic strokes were further evaluated for stroke subtype using standard and modified criteria from the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). We compared the prevalence of LASP in ischemic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, and non-stroke patients using prevalence ratios (PR). Results: The mean age of all 212 patients (including stroke and non-stroke patients) was 57 years. The overall prevalence of LASP was 17% (n=35). Of the 75 patients who were worked-up for stroke at our institution during study period, we classified 31 as cryptogenic using standard TOAST criteria. The prevalence of LASP among cryptogenic stroke patients (using standard and modified TOAST criteria) was increased compared to the prevalence among other ischemic stroke patients (26% vs. 9%, p=0.06; PR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1-3.1 and 30% vs. 10%, p=0.04; PR=2.2, 95% CI=1.2-4.1, respectively). Conclusions: In this population of relatively young patients, prevalence of LASP was increased in cryptogenic stroke compared to stroke patients of other subtypes. These findings suggest LASP is associated with cryptogenic stroke, which should be verified by future large-scale studies.
Highly methanol-tolerant non-precious metal cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell

Abstract This work reports on the oxygen reduction activity of several non-precious metal (non-PGM) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the fuel cell cathode, including pyrolyzed CoTPP, FeTPP, H2TMPP, and CoTMPP. Of the studied catalysts, pyrolyzed CoTMPP (Co-tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin) was found to perform significantly better than other materials. The catalyst underwent a thorough testing in both hydrogen–air polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). It was found that CoTMPP cathode can sustain currents that are only 2–3 times lower than those obtained with a conventional Pt-black cathode in an H2–air PEFC. DMFC experiments, including methanol crossover and methanol tolerance measurements, indicate high ORR selectivity of the CoTMPP catalyst. Based on results obtained to date, the CoTMPP-based catalyst offers promise for the use in conventional and mixed-reactant DMFCs operating with concentrated methanol feeds. However, hydrogen–air fuel cell life data, consisting of over 800 h of continuous cell operation, indicate that improvement to long-term stability of the CoTMPP catalyst will be required to make it practical.
Boys in the Club: Exploring Positive Male Archetypes with Preschool Males

Relatively unexplored by research is how young boys transact and respond to literacy experiences during read-alouds. Some teachers perceive boys to be less interested in literacy and to prefer diff...
Management of pediatric blunt splenic injury: Comparison of pediatric and adult trauma surgeons

Abstract The majority of injured children requiring hospitalization in the United States are cared for by nonpediatric surgeons. To determine whether there are differences in the management strategies (frequency of operative intervention) of pediatric and nonpediatric surgeons caring for children with blunt splenic injury, the data for children with this injury from the entire state of Vermont and the National Pediatric Trauma Registry were compared. From January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1991, 817 children (aged P v 13%; P P
Disparity between formation of conditioned flavor aversions and neophobia during grooming in rats and mice

Mice (Mus musculus) allowed to groom a paste containing saccharin from their fur before injection with lithium chloride displayed a saccharin aversion in subsequent drinking preference tests. No attenuation of neophobia was observed in mice grooming saccharin because the animals failed to display a neophobia towards saccharin in drinking tests. Rattus norvegicus displayed neophobia towards saccharin in two- and single-bottle drinking tests but this neophobia was not attenuated by grooming experience with the saccharin paste. Rats apparently learn that if a taste is hazardous in the grooming context it is also likely hazardous in an appetitive context. Learned safety in grooming, however, does not generalize into the appetitive context. The results support the view that neophobia and learned taste aversion depend upon different mechanisms.
Globally sustainable management: a dynamic model of IHRM learning and control

Purpose – After a thorough literature review on multinational learning, it is apparent organizations “learn” when they capitalize on expatriate management, a “learning strategy” (international work teams, employee involvement and other human resource policies), technology transfer and political environment and cross‐cultural adaptation. This suggests learning is possible when control mechanisms are relaxed or reduced, resulting in an ambiguous relationship between multinational learning and control. There has been no research on the relationship between learning and control largely due to this assumption of ambiguity and this paper attempts to overcome this gap by presenting a holistic approach to multinational learning and control. This paper posits that focusing on optimizing learning and control through flexible IHRM policies is a globally sustainable approach to MNE management. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework designed to address two major issues in international manageme...
Mutual synergistic folding in recruitment of CBP/p300 by p160 nuclear receptor coactivators

Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that are essential for development, reproduction and homeostasis. The hormone response is mediated through recruitment of p160 receptor coactivators and the general transcriptional coactivator CBP/p300, which function synergistically to activate transcription. These coactivators exhibit intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity, function in the remodelling of chromatin, and facilitate the recruitment of RNA polymerase II and the basal transcription machinery. The activities of the p160 coactivators are dependent on CBP. Both coactivators are essential for proper cell-cycle control, differentiation and apoptosis, and are implicated in cancer and other diseases. To elucidate the molecular basis of assembling the multiprotein activation complex, we undertook a structural and thermodynamic analysis of the interaction domains of CBP and the activator for thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors. Here we show that although the isolated domains are intrinsically disordered, they combine with high affinity to form a cooperatively folded helical heterodimer. Our study uncovers a unique mechanism, called 'synergistic folding', through which p160 coactivators recruit CBP/p300 to allow transmission of the hormonal signal to the transcriptional machinery.
Dopamine does not limit fetal cerebrovascular responses to hypoxia

Dopamine is used clinically to stabilize mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in sick infants. One goal of this therapeutic intervention is to maintain adequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and perfusio...
Memory for Activities for Young,Young-Old, and Old Adults

Adult age differences in memory for activities have frequently been reported. However, the age range of the older sample has varied from as young as 56 to as old as 89. The present memory for activities study distinguished between the performance of young-old adults (60 to 70) and old adults (71 to 82) in comparison to young adults (18 to 34). Nineteen tasks were administered over a 2-day period, and individuals were asked to recall them immediately or after a 24-h delay. Young-old adults' memory for activities was comparable to the young adults' for both immediate and delayed recall. Both the young and the young-old groups outperformed the old adults. The results suggest that researchers must consider the age of the individuals in the ''old" group before drawing conclusions about adult age differences in memory for activities.
Pulsed ion beam irradiation of silicon

Abstract The effects of intense pulsed H + , B + and Ba + beam irradiation of single crystal Si and of ion implantation damaged Si have been studied by spreading resistance measurement, backscattering and channeling, and TEM. This paper reports the measurements and their correlation. The observations are fully consistent with ordinary melting and solidification of the upper layers of Si.
Publish or Perish? [Microwave Surfing]

While doing research on the Nobel laureate P.A.M. Dirac (1902-1984) for his last column, the author came across some interesting bits in the history of science. He noticed that Newton, Dirac, and Hawking were all holders of the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University, England. The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics was deeded in December 1663 at Cambridge University, England, as a result of a gift from Henry Lucas, M.P. for the university. The first holder of the Lucasian Chair was Isaac Barrow (1630-1677), who made fundamental theoretical contributions to geometrical optics. He was followed by Sir Isaac Newton as the second holder of the chair and then some three hundred years later by Stephen Hawking, who occupied the chair for thirty years (1979-2009), retiring from the chair on 1 October 2009 at the age of 67 (as required by the university rules). The current holder of the chair is Michael Green, a cofounder of string theory. Many holders of this prestigious academic chair have made important contributions to the field of electromagnetics. The author summarizes the contributions of several other famous holders of the chair and their publishing output. [Note: This column first appeared in the December 2009 issue of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.]
Asymptotic Solution for the Viscous Radiating Shock Layer

The viscous flow of a transparent radiating gas in a stagnation region is studied by means of matched asymptotic expansions. The boundary-layer equations are taken as the appropriate model of the shock layer. An exact solution is obtained for a special case; by considering asymptotic expansions of this solution in terms of Reynolds number, the interaction of the viscous and in viscid regions is clarified. With this solution as a model, the asymptotic solution for the general case is constructed by the method of matched inner and outer expansions. Owing to the coupling between velocity and enthalpy profiles, the inner expansion is characterized by powers and logarithms of Reynolds number, rather than the usual square root dependence. To first order, the boundary layer is shown to be exactly equivalent to that on a body having larger nose radius and lower flight speed in a nonradiating gas. The asymptotic results are compared with solutions obtained by direct integration using an electronic computer.
The Remarkable Sunsets

THE recent sunsets were nearly or quite as remarkable in the Rocky Mountain region as they were in Europe, and the phenomena were very similar. There was the same peculiar fire-red after-glow continuing for two hours after sunset, &c. These unusual appearances began to attract attention soon after the middle of November. They were most brilliant during the last week of November, but continued at intervals until early in January. The carefully kept meteorological record of Prof. F. H. Loud, of Colorado College, shows that the atmospheric pressure varied considerably during the latter part of November, but there was no apparent accompanying change in the after-glow. The sunrises were also quite brilliant, but less so than the sunsets. Late in November I began to observe the wide chromatic belt which surrounded the sun, and at midday usually reached from near the sun to the horizon. Somewhat similar appearances and chromatic halos are not uncommon here, and it was not until after several weeks of comparison of colours that I became convinced that the tints seen around the sun during the time of the remarkable sunsets were somewhat different from those ordinarily seen. By degrees the brick, or fire-red, and other abnormal tints of the twilight hours have given place to the ordinary prismatic colours, and a similar but less marked change could be seen in the colours observed near the sun during the daytime. These day colours were brightest when the sky was overcast with thin clouds or filmy cirri, though plainly visible when there was no cloud to be seen. The prevailing day tint is usually a peculiar dull purple, but during the time of the red after-glow the common colour was duller, more like a yellowish brick-dust.
Sedimentation and deformation in a Pliocene–Pleistocene transtensional supradetachment basin, Laguna Salada, north‐west Mexico

This study examines a thick section of Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary rocks exposed in the footwall of an active normal fault (Canon Rojo fault) near its intersection with the dextral-normal Laguna Salada fault in north-western Mexico. These rocks are situated in the upper plate of an inactive strand of the Canada David detachment fault, which is cut on the north-east by the Laguna Salada fault. The stratigraphy is divided into three unconformity-bounded sequences: (1) marine mudstone of the Pliocene Imperial Formation; (2) nonmarine Pliocene–Pleistocene redbeds, consisting of sedimentary breccia, conglomerate, conglomeratic sandstone (all un-named) and fine-grained sandstone and mudstone of the Palm Spring Formation; and (3) uncemented Pleistocene boulder gravel. Coarse deposits of the redbeds sequence were deposited in fault-bounded, high- and low-gradient alluvial fans that passed laterally into a low-energy fluvial plain of the ancestral Colorado River (Palm Spring Formation) which occupied the present-day Laguna Salada. Detailed mapping reveals convergence and lap-out of bedding surfaces in the redbeds sequence onto the west limb of a large anticline cored by Imperial Formation. These geometries, combined with fanning dips and thickening of stratigraphy into the flanking syncline, indicate that the anticline grew during deposition of the redbeds. Fold axes of the growth anticline and smaller related folds trend N to NNE, parallel to the strike of associated normal faults and perpendicular to the extension direction. Based on its orientation, large size and relationship to neighbouring structures, the anticline is interpreted to be a fault-bend fold that grew in response to slip of the upper plate over a bend in the Canada David detachment fault during deposition in a transtensional supradetachment basin. Localized subsidence in the flanking syncline resulted in deposition of >1000 m of alluvial sediments near its intersection with the Laguna Salada fault. Sedimentary detritus is derived exclusively from the north-east (footwall) side of the dextral-normal Laguna Salada fault, indicating that topographic relief was high in the Sierra Cucapa and was subdued or negligible in the footwall of the coeval Canada David detachment. Following deposition of the redbeds and grey gravel units, the northern part of the detachment fault was abandoned and the modern Canon Rojo fault was initiated, producing rapid footwall uplift and erosion of previously buried stratigraphy. Slip rate on the Canon Rojo fault is estimated to be ≈2–4 mm yr−1 since middle Pleistocene time, similar to the late Pleistocene to Holocene rate determined in previous studies.
Southern Women at the Seven Sister Colleges: Feminist Values and Social Activism, 1875-1915

This book describes southern womanhood and liberal northern education.From the end of Reconstruction and into the New South era, more than one thousand white southern women attended one of the Seven Sister colleges: Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Bryn Mawr, Radcliffe, and Barnard. Joan Marie Johnson looks at how such educations - in the North, at some of the country's best schools - influenced southern women to challenge their traditional gender roles and become active in woman suffrage and other social reforms of the Progressive Era South.Attending one of the Seven Sister colleges, Johnson argues, could transform a southern woman indoctrinated in notions of domesticity and dependence into someone with newfound confidence and leadership skills. Many southern students at northern schools imported the values they imbibed at college, returning home to found schools of their own, women's clubs, and woman suffrage associations. At the same time, during college and after graduation, southern women maintained a complicated relationship to home, nurturing their regional identity and remaining loyal to the Confederacy.Johnson explores why students sought a classical, liberal arts education, how they prepared for entrance examinations, and how they felt as southerners on northern campuses. She draws on personal writings, information gleaned from college publications and records, and data on the women's decisions about marriage, work, children, and other life-altering concerns.In their time, the women studied in this book would eventually make up a disproportionately high percentage of the elite southern female leadership. This collective biography highlights their important role in forging new roles for women, especially in social reform, education, and suffrage.
Second generation questions about senescent neuron loss

Coleman and Flood's review emphasizes the emerging consensus about the magnitude and location of senescent neuron loss. The nature of the findings point to the most pressing questions to ask next. These concern the mechanisms of selective neuron death and of compensation for the death, the functional consequences of neuronal shrinkage and loss of neuronal density, and the sources of individual variability in these factors.
Religious and Non-Religious Pathways to Stress-Related Growth in Cancer Survivors

While religiousness and spirituality are important to many cancer survivors, relations of religiousness and spirituality with the stress-related growth commonly reported by survivors have not been well documented. In the present study, we examined the linkages between personal religiousness, religious control appraisals for the cancer, and religious coping with subsequent stress-related growth, and compared them with a parallel secular pathway, hope, self-control appraisals, and active coping. In all, 172 young to middle-aged adult survivors (113 women, 59 men, mean age = 45 years) of a variety of types of cancer who had been diagnosed approximately 2.5 years prior were assessed twice across a 1-year period. A structural equation model indicated that while both pathways predicted stress-related growth, the religious pathway was a much stronger predictor of subsequent stress-related growth than was the secular pathway. We suggest that more attention should be given to the influence of multiple dimensions of religiousness and spirituality on growth to better understand the transformative processes reported by many survivors.
Computer vision needs a core and foundations

I argue that computer vision needs a core of techniques and foundational research to enable it to build on its current successes and achieve its enormous potential."How do I know what papers to read in computer vision? There are so many. And they are so different." Graduate Student. Xi'An. China. November, 2011.
Scaling of Favorable Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers With Eventual Relaminarization

Applying similarity analysis to the RANS equations of motion for a pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, Castillo and George [1] obtained the scalings for the mean deficit velocity and the Reynolds stresses. Following this analysis, Castillo and George studied favorable pressure gradient (FPG) turbulent boundary layers. They were able to obtain a single curve for FPG flows when scaling the mean deficit velocity profiles. In this study, FPG turbulent boundary layers are analyzed as well as relaminarized boundary layers subjected to an even stronger FPG. It is found that the mean deficit velocity profiles diminish when scaled using the Castillo and George [1] scaling, U∞ , and the Zagarola and Smits [2] scaling, U∞ δ*/δ. In addition, Reynolds stress data has been analyzed and it is found that the relaminarized boundary layer data decreases drastically in all components of the Reynolds stresses. Furthermore, it will be shown that the shape of the profile for the wall-normal and Reynolds shear stress components change drastically given the relaminarized state. Therefore, the mean velocity deficit profiles as well as Reynolds stresses are found to be necessary in order to understand not only FPG flows, but also relaminarized boundary layers.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Adherence without access to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa?

We would like to compliment Gill et al. on their article No room for complacency about adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. We agree with their concern that adherence to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries will probably decline as treatment access expands. We suggest however that future declines in adherence will be less related to publication bias as suggested by the authors than to the end of a honeymoon period defined by two phenomena. First the initial individuals who gained access to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings may possess greater resources heightened motivation and are probably not representative of the larger HIV epidemic. As treatment access expands beyond this select group population adherence levels will probably fall (although not to the levels of 60-70% reported in north America). (excerpt)
Soil management effects on the nonlimiting water range

Water, oxygen, temperature, and mechanical resistance (MR) are soil physical properties that directly affect plant growth. In this research, the nonlimiting water range (NLWR), defined as the range of soil water content in which neither water, oxygen, nor MR is limiting for plant growth, was measured on soil samples from three field experiments. Undisturbed soil core samples were collected from an experimental field on Wasco silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Torriorthents) amended with dairy manure (25 and 50 ton/ha), sludge composting biosolids/green waste (25 and 50 ton/ha), and a control treatment from Shafter Field Experiment Station, Kern County. Similar samples were collected from a Reiff loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Mollic Xerofluvents) and Yolo silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Mollic Xerofluvents) treated with conventional 4-year rotation, conventional 2-year rotation, low-input, and organic farming systems in the Sustainable Agricultural Farming System (SAFS) in Davis, CA. The third set of samples were from a fine sandy soil (mixed, thermic, Typic Haplargid) irrigated with four saline waters with EC values of 0.5, 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 dS m−1 in a pistachio orchard located at Paramount Farms, Kern County, CA. The core samples were used to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention at −1500 kPa (wilting point) and −10 kPa (field capacity) to calculate the available water content and the NLWR. Oxygen diffusion rates (ODRs) were measured on the soil cores after they were equilibrated to field capacity, and MR was measured using an automated mini-penetrometer after the soil was equilibrated to −1500 kPa. The results showed that organic amendments did not significantly change the ODR, MR, NLWR, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Mean values of MR and ODR were not significantly different in the four agricultural systems either, but soil under organic farming system had a relatively narrow NLWR because less water was retained at field capacity, indicating that the soil surface under this farming system has more large pores. The mean Ks was significantly higher in conventional 4- and 2-year rotations than in organic and low-input treatments. Increasing irrigation water salinity above 4 dS m−1 progressively decreased the saturated hydraulic conductivity but had relatively little effect on other physical properties. In general, the treatment variables had relatively little effect on the NLWR, ODR, MR, or Ks of surface soils, except for a decrease in Ks when irrigated with waters with more than 4 dS m−1.
Deleuze, Bakhtin, and the ‘Clamour of Voices’1

This paper pursues two goals. The first concerns clarifying the relationship between Deleuze and the Russian linguist and culturologist, Mikhail Bakhtin. Not only does Deleuze refer to Bakhtin as a primary source for his emphasis on voice and indirect discourse, both thinkers valorise heterogeneity and creativity. I argue Deleuze's notions of ‘deterritorialisation’ and ‘reterritorialisation’ parallel Bakhtin's idea of ‘heteroglossia’ and ‘monoglossia’. Clarifying the relationship between Deleuze and Bakhtin leads directly to the second of my two other goals. I will argue that an important difference in their characterisation of voice reveals a strong point in Deleuze's philosophy, one related to the political sphere. At the same time, however, Deleuze's particular way of articulating this point conceals a weakness, one related to the idea of the subject. I will conclude my paper by suggesting a way to address this weakness.
Organic compounds in the Forest Vale, H4 ordinary chondrite.

Abstract We have analyzed the H4 ordinary chondrite Forest Vale for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using two-step laser mass spectrometry (L 2 MS) and for amino acids using a standard Chromatographic method. Indigenous PAHs were identified in the matrices of freshly cleaved interior faces but could not be detected in pulverized silicates and chondrules. No depth dependence of the PAHs was found in a chipped interior piece. Amino acids, taken from the entire sample, consisted of protein amino acids that were nonracemic, indicating that they are terrestrial contaminants. The presence of indigenous PAHs and absence of indigenous amino acids provides support for the contention that different processes and environments contributed to the synthesis of the organic matter in the solar system.
Electrochemical detection in bioanalysis

This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of amperometric electrochemical detectors in bioanalytical chemistry. Topics covered include microdialysis and ultrafiltration membranes for in-vivo sampling; microbore liquid chromatography; capillary electrophoresis; enzyme, photochemical, and chemical post-column reactions; electrochemiluminescence; and thin-film electrode materials. Selected references are cited.