cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Injury in Sleep Apnea

Sleepiness has long been recognized as a presenting symptom in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but persistent neurocognitive injury from sleep apnea has been appreciated only recently. Although therapy for sleep apnea markedly improves daytime symptoms, cognitive impairments may persist despite long-term therapy with continuous positive airway pressure. We know now that certain groups of neurons, typically those that are more metabolically active, are more vulnerable to injury than others. Animal models of sleep apnea oxygenation patterns have been instrumental in elucidating mechanisms of injury. The hypoxia/reoxygenation events result in oxidative, inflammatory, and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in susceptible neural groups. With molecular pathways being fleshed out in animal models, it is time to carefully and systematically examine neural injury in humans and test the applicability of findings from animal models. To succeed, however, we cannot view sleep apnea as an isolated process. Rather, injury in sleep apnea is more likely the consequence of overlapping injuries from comorbid conditions. The progress in elucidating mechanisms of neural injury is palpable, and it now seems we indeed are closer to developing therapies to prevent and treat neural injury in obstructive sleep apnea.
Structure and catalytic mechanism of human steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1)

Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo–keto reductase (AKR) 1D1) catalyzes reduction of Δ4-ene double bonds in steroid hormones and bile acid precursors. We have reported the structures of an AKR1D1–NADP+ binary complex, and AKR1D1–NADP+–cortisone, AKR1D1–NADP+–progesterone and AKR1D1-NADP+–testosterone ternary complexes at high resolutions. Recently, structures of AKR1D1–NADP+–5β-dihydroprogesterone complexes showed that the product is bound unproductively. Two quite different mechanisms of steroid double bond reduction have since been proposed. However, site-directed mutagenesis supports only one mechanism. In this mechanism, the 4-pro-R hydride is transferred from the re-face of the nicotinamide ring to C5 of the steroid substrate. E120, a unique substitution in the AKR catalytic tetrad, permits a deeper penetration of the steroid substrate into the active site to promote optimal reactant positioning. It participates with Y58 to create a “superacidic” oxyanion hole for polarization of the C3 ketone. A role for K87 in the proton relay proposed using the AKR1D1–NADP+–5β-dihydroprogesterone structure is not supported.
Approximation algorithms for maximum target coverage in directional sensor networks

Target coverage is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. To preserve energy, the minimum coverage problem, which aims at covering a given area or a set of interesting points with the minimum number of sensors, has been extensively studied for general sensor networks with omni-directional sensors. In this paper we address the coverage problem in directional sensor networks in which sensors have tunable directions and can only cover one direction at a time. Given a set of target points and a set of sensors, we investigate the problem of assigning directions to the sensors such that the number of target points in the sensing area is maximized. We prove the greedy algorithm is a polynomial time 1 over 2-factor approximation solution for this maximization problem and provide a tight example for this ratio. We also investigate a variant of this problem and provide an approximation solution for it with similar performance guarantee.
Plasmodium berghei: inhibition by splenectomy of a paralyzing syndrome in infected rats.

Abstract In recent attempts to isolate the factor causing paralysis in rats infected with a mousepassed KBG 173 strain of Plasmodium berghei Splenectomy was employed. The effects of Splenectomy on the paralyzing syndrome are discussed in the present report. Paralysis was inhibited in rats splenectomized prior to inoculation. Serial bloodpassaging of the strain in the splenectomized host however, apparently enhanced its virulence. Spleen-intact rats used as controls exhibited a marked increase in incidence of paralysis. Rats splenectomized a day before paralysis became evident were paralyzed significantly more frequently than those splenectomized a day earlier, indicating the apparent requirement of an incubation period for the expression of the paralytic effect. The enhanced virulence did not appear to be related to the level of parasitemia of the splenectomized rats used as donors. The spleen appears to provide the optimal conditions required for the elaboration of the paralyzing factor.
Investigation of the representativeness of a single endometrial sample and the use of trichrome staining to aid in the detection of endometrial fibrosis in the mare

The uteri of five mares were removed and endometrial samples were procured from 12 specific locations in the uteri and the samples were processed and duplicate sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome stains. The samples were interpreted in a blind manner by one person, and pathologic changes were classified according to Kenney (1). An assessment of stromal fibrous connective tissue and focal periglandular fibrosis or fibrotic nests was made. There were no significant differences in luminal epithelial cell heights or in the occurrence and severity of stromal fibrous connective tissue, focal periglandular fibrosis, or lymphatic lacunae among locations (P > 0.05). There was an effect of location on the occurrence and severity of inflammation (P 0.05). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of type of stain on the ability to detect incidence and severity of focal periglandular fibrosis. There was an effect (P < 0.05) of type of stain on the ability to detect the incidence and severity of stromal fibrous connective tissue. The use of the trichrome stain showed slightly increased distribution of stromal fibrous connective tissue.
Visualizing metabolically labeled glycoconjugates of living cells by copper-free and fast huisgen cycloadditions.

Azides, which are extremely rare in biological systems, are emerging as attractive chemical handles for bioconjugation.[1–5] In particular, the CuI catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cyclization of azides with terminal alkynes to give stable triazoles[6, 7] has been employed for the tagging of a variety of biomolecules,[8–12] activity-based protein profiling,[13] and the chemical synthesis of microarrays and small molecule libraries.[14]
Hyperosmotic arabinose solutions open the tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture

Abstract Tight junctions between bovine brain capillary endothelial cells in primary cell culture are impermeable to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after 5 min of incubation. However, following 1–5 min of exposure to 1.6 M arabinose, HRP penetrates the extracellular space between successive tight junctions. Endothelial cells in control cultures contain a small number of cytoplasmic pits and vesicles containing HRP which do not increase in number after hyperosmotic treatment.
The Role of Social Capital in Health Communication Campaigns: The Case of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign

Using a two-round longitudinal panel data set from the National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY), the present study examined the roles of antidrug-related community activities at both individual and aggregate levels in the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. This study found a main effect of parent’s antidrug-specific community activities on targeted parent-child communication about drugs. More interestingly, parents who did not actively participate in antidrug-related community activities were more likely to talk about drugs with their offspring after being exposed to the antidrug campaign ads than were their counterparts. In contrast, there was little evidence for a contextual effect of aggregate-level antidrug-specific community activities on targeted parent-child communication or for its cross-level interaction with campaign exposure. The implications of these findings for communication research and public health intervention efforts were discussed.
Jovian Proton Aurora

Auroral and polar cap emissions in a model Jovian atmosphere are determined for proton precipitation. The incident protons, which are characterized by representative spectra, are degraded in energy by applying the continuous slowing down approximation. All secondary and higher generation electrons are assumed to be absorbed locally and their contributions to the total emissions are included. Volume emission rates are calculated from the total direct excitation rates with corrections for cascading applied. Results show that most molecular hydrogen and helium emissions for polar cap precipitation are below the ambient dayglow values. Charge capture by precipitating protons is an important source of Lyman alpha and Balmer alpha emissions and offers a key to the detection of large fluxes of low energy protons.
Recycling Polyurethane Materials: A Comparison of Polyol from Glycolysis with Micronized Polyurethane Powder in Particleboard Applications

Three different types of recycled polyurethane (PUR) material, two in powder form from a pulverizing process (one < 50 µm and one < 250 µm) and one in polyol form from a glycolysis process, were used as substitutes for polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin at 5%, 15%, and 30% ratio, respectively, to replace the pMDI resin for particleboard manufacturing at 8% resin loading. The reactions between pMDI resin and recycled PUR powder and polyol were investigated with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was found that 5% substitution of pMDI with recycled PU powder of < 50 µm resulted in significantly higher panel internal bonding (IB) strength than pure pMDI resin, which also tended to increase panel modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Polyol did not show advantages over PUR powder in particleboard application. Increasing the size of recycled PUR powder from < 50 µm to < 250 µm decreased the panel IB, which also tended to decrease MOR and MOE. Recycling PUR materials in either powder or polyol form in particleboard manufacturing did not improve panel thickness swelling, but did appear to improve panel water absorption.
Preoperative Testing for Exotropia

The conservative goals of any preoperative assessment of exotropia are first and foremost to accurately predict the target angle, thus avoiding unplanned under- or overcorrections. The clinician al...
cJUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation mediates islet amyloid-induced beta cell apoptosis in cultured human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mouse islets

Aims/hypothesis Aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) as islet amyloid is associated with increased beta cell apoptosis and reduced beta cell mass in type 2 diabetes. Islet amyloid formation induces oxidative stress, which contributes to beta cell apoptosis. The cJUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is a critical mediator of beta cell apoptosis in response to stress stimuli including oxidative stress and exogenous application of hIAPP. We determined whether amyloid formation by endogenous hIAPP mediates beta cell apoptosis through JNK activation and downstream signalling pathways.
Multivariate calibration standardization across instruments for the determination of glucose by Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometry.

The transfer of multivariate calibration models is investigated between a primary (A) and two secondary Fourier transform near-infrared (near-IR) spectrometers (B, C). The application studied in this work is the use of bands in the near-IR combination region of 5000−4000 cm-1 to determine physiological levels of glucose in a buffered aqueous matrix containing varying levels of alanine, ascorbate, lactate, triacetin, and urea. The three spectrometers are used to measure 80 samples produced through a randomized experimental design that minimizes correlations between the component concentrations and between the concentrations of glucose and water. Direct standardization (DS), piecewise direct standardization (PDS), and guided model reoptimization (GMR) are evaluated for use in transferring partial least-squares calibration models developed with the spectra of 64 samples from the primary instrument to the prediction of glucose concentrations in 16 prediction samples measured with each secondary spectrometer. ...
Growth and death of cells of the mesencephalic fifth nucleus in Xenopus laevis larvae

Positions, numbers, and cell and nuclear sizes of mesencephalic fifth nucleus (M-V) cells were determined in Xenopus laevis larvae in stages 47 through the end of metamorphosis at stage 66. M-V cells may be found at every tectal level, from the rostralmost section almost to the caudal pole, and in the anterior medullary velum. A large majority of the cells lie between 15 and 65% caudad of the rostral tip of the tectum. At anterior and middle tectal levels the cells lie lateral to but mainly above the optic ventricle. At posterior levels, to which the ventricle does not extend, a few cells may be seen at middle and lower tectal levels, as if in transition to the anterior medullary velum. At stage 47 fewer than ten cells are seen in each animal. The numbers rise to 20-40 by stage 50, and are uniformly above 100 after stage 51. Initially many M-V cells were small, i.e., 6-7 microns in diameter, but grew to a mean diameter of about 19 microns at stage 59, with a maximum value of 29 microns. A single individual at stage 57 had 581 cells. The peak of mean cell numbers, 387, occurred at stage 59, which was also the stage with the highest mean values for nuclear and cell sizes. Pyknotic M-V cells at low frequency were seen at stages 55 and 57, and at all stages thereafter. Cell death frequency peaked at stage 62, but continued through stage 66. By stage 66 mean cell numbers had been reduced to about 240, indicating survival of about 60% of cells present at stage 59.
Comparison of patient comprehension of rapid HIV pre-test fundamentals by information delivery format in an emergency department setting

Two trials were conducted to compare emergency department patient comprehension of rapid HIV pre-test information using different methods to deliver this information. Patients were enrolled for these two trials at a US emergency department between February 2005 and January 2006. In Trial One, patients were randomized to a no pre-test information or an in-person discussion arm. In Trial Two, a separate group of patients were randomized to an in-person discussion arm or a Tablet PC-based video arm. The video, "Do you know about rapid HIV testing?", and the in-person discussion contained identical Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-suggested pre-test information components as well as information on rapid HIV testing with OraQuick®. Participants were compared by information arm on their comprehension of the pre-test information by their score on a 26-item questionnaire using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. In Trial One, 38 patients completed the no-information arm and 31 completed the in-person discussion arm. Of these 69 patients, 63.8% had twelve years or fewer of formal education and 66.7% had previously been tested for HIV. The mean score on the questionnaire for the in-person discussion arm was higher than for the no information arm (18.7 vs. 13.3, p ≤ 0.0001). In Trial Two, 59 patients completed the in-person discussion and 55 completed the video arms. Of these 114 patients, 50.9% had twelve years or fewer of formal education and 68.4% had previously been tested for HIV. The mean score on the questionnaire for the video arm was similar to the in-person discussion arm (20.0 vs. 19.2; p ≤ 0.33). The video "Do you know about rapid HIV testing?" appears to be an acceptable substitute for an in-person pre-test discussion on rapid HIV testing with OraQuick®. In terms of adequately informing ED patients about rapid HIV testing, either form of pre-test information is preferable than for patients to receive no pre-test information.
Humanizing education in the Soviet Union: A plea for caution in these postmodern times

In this article, the author problematizes the process of “humanizing education” in the era of perestroika and glasnost. Identifying herself as a “democratic socialist,” Kohli invites her Soviet colleagues to acknowledge the criticisms of liberal capitalism before they move headlong in that direction. In deconstructing such taken-for-granted concepts as individualism, democracy, market economy, and community, Kohli suggests that both the West and the East could benefit from re-visiting their respective revolutionary traditions at this crucial historical time.
Oscillatory fracture in polymeric materials

Abstract A “stick slip” fracture model based on an “inertia-dependent” modified equation of motion for the crack tip and a “non-monotonic” fracture toughness velocity curve is presented and analyzed with the aid of techniques commonly used in non-linear dynamics. As a result of an analysis for constant applied extension rate fracture tests, macroscopic stick-slip fracture oscillations (with crack jump increments larger than the length of the “fracture process zone”) are shown to be self-oscillations and described by a limit cycle in the energy release rate-crack tip velocity plane. Numerical results are presented and compared with experimental stick slip fracture observations.
Information and Communication Technology ICT for Emergency Services: A Survey of Texas Emergency Services Districts

While most would suggest that more effective use of ICT bodes well for emergency services, there are issues associated with the introduction of such use. To explore these issues in Texas, the authors administered a survey of Texas Emergency Services Districts ESDs. These districts are charged with delivery of emergency and medical services throughout the state and receive modest tax revenue to fund operations. The results show that in Texas ESDs political and organizational factors are important. Budgets are closely related to the political process in the ESDs, so politics plays a central role. Organizational culture and prevailing sentiments in Texas ESDs are generally supportive of ICT adoption and use. While ICT is seen as essential to service delivery, survey results show that problems of interoperability of communication systems is an issue. The most commonly used ICTs include email, GPS, Google Maps, standard web pages, Wi-Fi networks, smart phones, reverse 911, emergency alerts, Facebook, and database management. GIS, You Tube, VOIP, Cloud Computing, Twitter, LinkedIn, Digital Billboards, 311 for non-emergency disaster, 3D mapping, blogs, podcasts, and Wikis were used by few ESDs. When social media are used, they are not used in such a way as to encourage wider participation of the community in information gathering rather they are used only as an alternative traditional delivery service from the ESDs to the community. Data analysis of past events is used to improve performance. Data management issues of significant concerns include privacy and security.
The HIV Dementia Scale: predictive power in mild dementia and HAART.

Abstract Background HIV-associated dementia (HIV-D) is a subcortical dementia consisting of cognitive and motor symptoms that ultimately affects as many as 20% of patients with AIDS and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the use of sensitive and efficient screening tests for HIV-D continue to be needed for identifying individuals who develop this disorder. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) with comprehensive neuropsychological procedures in detecting both minor cognitive and motor disorder (MCMD) and HIV-D in a population of patients with varying durations of HAART. Methods Forty-six HIV-seropositive patients completed both the HDS and a battery of neuropsychological tests as they enrolled in a MRI study. Each person was also assigned a MSK score based on clinical neurological examination. HDS score of ≤ 10 were considered cognitively impaired and scores > 10 were considered cognitively unimpaired. Two separate sensitivity analyses were performed. Global Z scores (NPZ8) averaged from eight individual neuropsychological subtests were compared to the HDS score for each subject. An NPZ8 score − 2.0 standard deviations (S.D.) below the mean was used to define HIV-D. Additionally, HIV-D, defined as − 2.0 S.D. below the mean on one test or − 1.0 S.D. below the mean on two or more tests from the NPZ8, were also compared to the HDS. Finally, performance on these cognitive measures was used to predict duration of HAART in this sample. Results Using the average NPZ8 score based on American Academy of Neurology consensus criteria yielded a test sensitivity of 30%, a specificity of 0%, a positive predictive value of 0%, and a negative predictive value of 58% when compared to clinical MSK ratings. Comparison of the number of impaired tests with MSK severity yielded a test sensitivity of 43%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 83%, and a negative predictive value of 61%. HDS scores were less efficient in predicting the presence of subtle and mild HIV-D in this sample. Conclusion While the HDS is a useful bedside test that a physician may quickly administer to HIV seropositive patients to assist in diagnosing suspected cases of frank HIV-D, the HDS, as a screen, is not as accurate in detecting HIV-D as a more thorough neuropsychological examination. With an increasing prevalence of HIV-D and minor cognitive/motor disorder (MCMD) following the introduction of HAART, the development of more sensitive bedside measures is essential in order to identify individuals with these disorders and monitor treatment regimens.
High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes and Hybrid Vehicles

This paper describes the use of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes by inherently low-emission vehicles (ILEVs) and hybrid vehicles. On the basis of the provisions of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, at least 10 states approved legislation allowing ILEVs to use HOV lanes without meeting the vehicle-occupancy requirements. The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) allows states also to exempt qualifying hybrid vehicles from vehicle-occupancy requirements. Since the passage of SAFETEA-LU, FHWA has granted conditional approvals to Arizona, California, and New York for hybrid use of some or all HOV lanes in those states. Contrary to federal legislation, hybrid vehicles have been allowed to access HOV lanes in Virginia since 2000. As described in this paper, few ILEVs are in operation, and thus use of HOV lanes by ILEVs is minimal. On the basis of the experience in Virginia, California, and New York, however, owners of hybrid vehicle...
Structural and electronic properties of LaO δ-doped SrTiO3 caused by biaxial strain

δ-doping in SrTiO3 plays a pivotal role for oxide electronics. By first-principles density functional calculations, we reveal that the electronic and structural properties of LaO δ-doped SrTiO3 can be drastically altered by compressive biaxial inplane strains. We predict the existence of a critical inplane strain (ηc) above which many interesting phenomena occur, including (i) a profound symmetry breaking to the doping-induced electron states, (ii) a dramatic decline of the electron potential over a short distance of 2.5 A near the doping layer, (iii) a new structure pattern of cation-anion displacements, and (iv) the emergence of unusual downward dispersions in the conduction bands with negative effective masses for electrons. The microscopic insight for these interesting phenomena is provided. Our study demonstrates that biaxial inplane strain can effectively modify the electronic properties in δ-doped SrTiO3 for the purpose of oxide electronics.
Finding readings for scientists from social websites

Current search systems are designed to find relevant articles, especially topically relevant ones, but the notion of relevance largely depends on search tasks. We study the specific task that scientists are searching for worth-reading articles beneficial for their research. Our study finds: users' perception of relevance and preference of reading are only moderately correlated; current systems can effectively find readings that are highly relevant to the topic, but 36% of the worth-reading articles are only marginally relevant or even non-relevant. Our system can effectively find those worth-reading but marginally relevant or non-relevant articles by taking advantages of scientists' recommendations in social websites.
Keyblock probabilities and size distributions: A first model for impersistent 2-D fractures

Keyblock size distributions are of fundamental importance in many branches of applied rock mechanics, including tunnelling, mining and rock slope engineering. While strongly dependent on discontinuity parameters such as spacing, persistence (or size) and orientation, keyblock size distributions and occurrence probabilities depend additionally on the size, shape and orientation of the free surface. Previous analytical models for keyblock size have been based on the assumption of infinite (persistent) discontinuities. In this paper a general model for the size distribution and probability of occurrence of simple 2-D keyblocks for arbitrary distributions of discontinuity size is developed. The method is appropriate for blocks formed by sparse fractures in tunnels or slopes. Closed form solutions are obtained for discontinuities of constant size. Application to the 3-D case is discussed and extension of the method to 3-D outlined. The results, which may depart significantly from predictions based on the assumptions of infinite fractures, are directly applicable to rock support and excavation design.
Seismic attributes on frequency-enhanced seismic data

Summary Seismic data are usually contaminated by both random and coherent noise, even when the data have been migrated reasonably well and are multiple-free. Seismic attributes are particularly effective at extracting subtle features from relatively noise-free data. Certain types of noise can be addressed by the interpreter through careful structure-oriented filtering or post migration footprint suppression. However, if the data are contaminated by multiples or are poorly focused and imaged due to inaccurate velocities, the data need to go back to the processing team to alleviate those problems. Another common problem with seismic data is their relatively low bandwidth. Significant efforts are made during processing to enhance the frequency content of the data as much as possible to provide a spectral response that is consistent with the acquisition parameters. Ironically, the interpreters can be somewhat more aggressive in their filtering. The interpreters will have a better understanding of the geology, the play concept, access to any well data, and therefore be better able to keep or reject alternative filter products that are consistent or inconsistent with the interpretation hypothesis. We begin our discussion by reviewing alternative means of suppressing random noise on our migrated seismic images, with the most promising methods being various implementations of structure-oriented filtering. Next, we address acquisition footprint, which may appear to be random in the temporal domain but is highly correlated to the acquisition geometry in the spatial domain. After running the data through the cleaning phase, we evaluate alternative methods for frequency enhancement of the input seismic data. We illustrate the impact of these preconditioning steps on the computation of the attributes such as coherence and curvature on data volumes from Alberta, Canada. We conclude with a summary on the choice of the frequency-enhancement methods on the basis of the examples generated with different workflows.
Applying innovative technology to the needs of the distant learner

Academia is changing rapidly; the concept of attaining a college degree now encompasses not only the traditional ideas of attending classes on‐site at campuses but also through state‐of‐the‐art methods that deliver telecourses, now referred to as distance education. Distance education has opened the door of opportunity to a population of potential students who, not so long ago, felt a college degree was an impossible endeavor because of geographic location or personal restrictions. This boon to the students has posed a new set of challenges for libraries in providing academic support for the students engaged in distance learning. The Eastern Oregon Information Network (EOIN) was developed to provide dial‐in, remote access to CD‐ROM indexes, an interlibrary loan module, and an electronic mail system, which bridges the critical gap for the off‐campus student.
Ethyl N-dienyl pyroglutamates: Novel asymmetric dienes

Abstract Conversion of L -glutamic acid to S -ethyl pyroglutamate allows reaction with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to give the N-dienyl derivative. The resulting dienyl pyroglutamates are new asymmetric dienes which show excellent diastereoselectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction with electron deficient alkenes.
Transport properties of high-Tc superconductors: Fermi-liquid local-density electronic-structure predictions.

Transport properties of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ are calculated by solving the Boltzmann equation using the electronic energy-band structures obtained with the local-density full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. For ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ the calculated Hall coefficient ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{H}}$ is (two times) larger than experiment and has the correct (negative) sign. For ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ a positive Hall coefficient is obtained for the magnetic field oriented perpendicular to the Cu-O planes. This is to be compared with a negative experimental value found for x0.18 and recent experiments that show a change of sign of this Hall coefficient (from negative to positive with increasing x) for x=0.18. These results indicate a trend (previously found for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$) towards a regime in which the conventional band-theoretical description comes into better agreement with experiment. The highly anisotropic nature of the resistivity of ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ is discussed.
Measuring inequality change in an economy with income growth

Abstract This paper analyzes how to measure changes in inequality in an economy with income growth. The discussion distinguishes three stylized kinds of economic growth: 1. (1) high income sector enrichment, 2. (2) low income sector enrichment, 3. (3) high income sector enlargement, in which the high income sector expands and absorbs persons from the low income sector. Th e two enrichment types pose no problem for assessing inequality change in the course of economic growth: for high income sector enrichment growth, inequality might reasonably be said to increase, whereas for low income sector enrichment, inequality might be said to decrease. These adjustments are non-controversial and non-problematical. Where problems arise is in the case of high income sector enlargement growth. In that case, the two alternative approaches have been shown in this paper to yield markedly results: 1. (1) The traditional inequality indices generate an inverted-U pattern of inequality. That is, inequality rises in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and falls thereafter. 2. (2) The new approach suggested here, based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality, generates a U pattern of inequality. That is, inequality falls in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and rises thereafter. The discrepancy between the familiar indices and the alternative approach based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality bears further scrutiny. Two courses of action are possible. One might try to axiomatize inequality in ways that generate an inverted-U pattern in high income sector enlargement growth, thereby rationalizing the continued use of the usual inequality indices with the inverted-U property. Alternatively, one might retain the axioms proposed here, embed them into a more formal structure, and construct a family of inequality indices consistent with them. Others might wish to pursue the first course; I am at work on the second.
A theory of acoustic measurement of the elastic constants of a general anisotropic solid

An acoustic wave approach is presented for the measurement of the twenty-one independent elastic constants of the most general linearly elastic anisotropic solid. The method requires that one be able to measure the density of the material, the velocities of the three modes of wave propagation in each of six directions, and the particle displacements associated with each of those modes.
A finite capacity queueing model with primary and secondary jobs

Abstract We consider a queueing model consisting of a primary buffer of capacity K and a secondary buffer of capacity N . Upon completion of the primary service, customers enter the secondary buffer for one additional service with probability p , 0 ⩽ p ⩽ 1, or leave the system with probability q = 1 − p . The server exhaustively processes the jobs from the secondary buffer whenever the primary buffer becomes empty or the secondary buffer fills up. The service times of the primary customers are assumed to follow a phase type distribution and those of the secondary jobs follow an exponential distribution with parameter μ 2 . Customers arrive to the system according to a homogeneous Poisson process of rate λ. Using Markov chain theory, we discuss numerically stable algorithms to compute various steady-state system performance measures such as throughput, the fraction of time the server is busy, the fraction of time a primary customer is blocked, the fraction of time new customers are lost, expected numbers of customers waiting in the primary and secondary buffers. A number of numerical examples are presented.
Intracellular delivery of acetyl‐histone peptides inhibits native bromodomain–chromatin interactions and impairs mitotic progression

Bromodomains present in Brd4 and other chromatin proteins interact with acetylated histones to regulate transcription and cell growth. To study Brd4-chromatin interactions in vivo, histone H4 tail peptides were fused to a synthetic protein transduction domain (PTD) derived from the human immunodeficiency virus Tat and delivered into cultured cells. Acetyl-H4 peptides, but not unacetylated H4 peptides inhibited real time Brd4-chromatin interactions in living cells as assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays. The acetyl-H4 peptides also inhibited an interaction of Brd4 with chromosomes during mitosis and reduced cell growth potential. Together, PTD-based delivery of histone tail peptides offers a novel means to study the mechanism and biological significance of bromodomain-chromatin interactions in vivo.
Child care for preschoolers: Differences by child’s age

Because of the high rates of employment of mothers, a large and increasing number of preschool children receive regular care from someone else. This article develops and tests hypotheses about the choice of child care arrangements for younger and older preschool children, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women. We argue that appropriate care depends on the age of the child. It includes care by the mother or a paid provider in the child’s home for children aged 0–2 and mother care and nursery school or center care for those 3–5. We estimate models of the mother’s employment and choice of child care separately for younger and older preschoolers. Our results show that need for care, presence of substitutes for the mother, financial resources, and preferences all affect both full-time care by the mother and the type of child care chosen by working women, although they affect these two decisions in different ways.
The Phenomenology of Attention

Abstract The effect of attention on perceived brightness and contrast was investigated in eight experiments. Attention was manipulated by engaging observers in an attention-demanding concurrent task (letter detection) or by directing attention to a location with a peripheral cue. In all of the dual-task manipulations, attention reduced the variability of responses. However, attention did not affect the brightness of stimuli, nor did it affect the amount of simultaneous brightness contrast. Results with peripheral location cues were similar; however, the effect of attention in these experiments could be attributed to nonperceptual factors. The metaphorical “spotlight” of attention reduces observers' uncertainty about the brightness of a stimulus, but it does not “illuminate” in terms of brightness or contrast.
A field study to estimate the energy requirements of modern Belgian and Percheron horses

Summary Digestible energy requirements for maintenance and fattening of 14 mature, purebred Belgian and Percheron horses were estimated in a 98-day feeding trial. Horses were fed Bermuda grass hay and varying amounts of oats to achieve variation in weight change. The horses were weighed at weekly intervals, and the regression of weight on day of the trail was calculated to determine daily weight change. Digestible energy requirements for maintenance and fattening were estimated by regression analyses of digestible energy consumption vs. weight change. The estimated digestible energy required for maintenance was 27 kcal/kg body weight (144 kcal/kg75). The estimated digestible energy requirement for fattening was 16.02 Mcal/kg of gain.
Comparing Candidates and Citizens in the Ideological Space

Little is known about the ideological relationship between the Swiss political elite and the general public. Based on the Selects 2007 candidate and voter surveys, we compare the value orientations of both groups by applying ordinal factor analysis. First, we test whether political leaders or their supporters are more ideologically polarized. Second, we investigate whether ideological congruency between the electorate and representatives varies from party to party. Third, we examine whether winning candidates are ideologically more remote from their party supporters than unsuccessful candidates. We find that ideological polarization is larger within the political elite than within the general public. As a consequence, representatives of parties with rather extreme value orientations represent the moderate electorate rather poorly. Similarly, successful candidates are found to be more distant from their party supporters than unsuccessful candidates. These findings challenge traditional spatial voting theory but accord nicely with the directional model of voting behavior.
Centralized end-to-end identity and access management and ERP systems: A multi-case analysis using the Technology Organization Environment framework

System security is a top issue facing global organizations. This study investigates the constraints and benefits of a successful centralized end-to-end identity and access management (CIAM) implementation and the moderating role that ERP systems have in the implementation. We apply the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework to a case study approach. We find that organizational and technological factors result in lapses in IT governance and act as barriers to CIAM. Environmental factors also hinder CIAM implementation. Additionally, ERP systems facilitate the development of a CIAM due to integration and standardization of identities and automated provisioning. When the ERP system supports CIAM, the organization and its employees experience significant benefits including single sign-on capabilities, increased security and privacy, efficiencies in user provisioning and password management, and audit process improvement. Our results will be of value to any organization implementing CIAM and ERP. Researchers can also use our findings to further study IAM, ERP or extensions to the TOE framework.
Cytokine profiles in patients receiving wide-field + prostate boost radiotherapy (xRT) for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract As a result of the association between ionizing irradiation and the induction of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, circulating levels of IL-1α, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and TGFβ were measured in a group of 37 patients who presented with well-defined adenocarcinoma of the prostate and were treated with wide-field pelvic (WFP) + prostate boost (PB) radiotherapy (xRT) according to RTOG protocols 94-08 and 94-13. First and foremost, patients with prostate cancer (PC) were found to have a significantly ( p
Retroviral Transfer of T-Cell Receptor Genes Produces Cells with a Broad Range of Lytic Activity

The ability to transfer the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigen using a retroviral vector has opened the door to a new paradigm for T-cell-based immunotherapy. Using recombinant TCRs, a population of activated T cells can now be redirected to recognize and lyse cellular targets according to the specificity afforded by the transduced TCR genes. To examine the range of lytic activity displayed by the transduced TCRs, transduced T cells were re-cloned by limiting dilution and quantitatively analysed for lytic activity. The lytic activity of the transduced TCRs varied considerably, as determined by the Km and Vmax of lysis. The lytic activity seen in the secondary clones generated from vector-transduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell demonstrated that one of the clones approached the lytic activity of the parental 'TCR donor' cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) clone, whereas the remainder demonstrated either reduced Vmax or reduced Vmax and Km. Thus, the lytic activity of a transduced TCR depends not only on its genetic sequence but also on the cellular context within which it is expressed. Analysis of TCR Vbeta transcript levels by real time polymerase chain reaction revealed that while total Vbeta gene expression was fairly constant, expression of the retrovirally transduced Vbeta chain varied greatly in transduced CD8+ CTL clones.
Productivity Metrics and Models for High Performance Computing

Historically, high performance computing has been measured in terms of peak or delivered performance, and to a lesser extent to performance to cost. Such metrics fail to capture the impact on the usefulness and ease of use of such systems. Productivity has been identified as a new parameter for high end computing systems that include both delivered system performance and the programmability of the system. System productivity is directly affected by many factors contributing to the achieved performance, the speed with which users construct application programs, and the availability of the system to perform user applications. This paper explores the concept of productivity as a quantifiable; parameter through a series of analytical models and considers the factors that contribute to it.
Comparative potentiation of malathion by triorthotolyl phosphate in four classes of vertebrates.

The in vivo anticholinesterase action of various doses of malathion (O,O-dimethyl S-1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl phosphorodithioate) was compared in control or triorthotolyl phosphate (TOTP)-pretreated mice, quail, frogs, sunfish, and bullheads. TOTP pretreatment alone did not significantly affect cholinesterase activity, but it potentiated the anticholinesterase action of malathion by 29-fold in mice, 17-fold in quail, 100-fold in frogs, 11-fold in sunfish, and 12-fold in bullheads. Species differences in the anticholinesterase action of malathion in control animals and in the degree of potentiation by TOTP did not vary in a predictable, quantitative manner with variations in liver carboxylesterase activities that were observed in previous investigations. The results indicate that variation in the levels of liver carboxylesterase activity is not the only factor that determines species differences in susceptibility to poisoning by malathion or differences in the degree of its potentiation by TOTP.
Procedures for computerized testing

The concept of tailored testing is defined in general terms and in terms of its major components: item calibration, item selection, and ability estimation. Each of the components is described and the available methods are summarized. The end result is a 12-category classification scheme based on the component parts. Four specific procedures are described. References are presented to suggest that the more adaptive procedures are capable of more precise measurement.
Radiology of acute diffuse lung disease in the immunocompetent host.

Summary The differential diagnosis of diffuse acute lung disease in the immunocompetent patient includes hydrostatic and permeability edema (with or without DAD), infectious pneumonia, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and acute interstitial pneumonitis. Although there is much overlap among the radiologic appearance of these diseases, the combination of several CT or radiographic findings can suggest the correct diagnosis. CT findings of diffuse opacity with a gravitational gradient are most consistent with ARDS from an extrapulmonary source. Acute hydrostatic pulmonary edema may have a similar appearance on CT but typically also shows evidence of septal and bronchovascular thickening. Acute interstitial pneumonitis may also have a similar appearance to ARDS but may be differentiated by evidence of fibrosis as manifest by traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion. Infections are a common cause of ARDS. The CT scans of patients with ARDS caused by pulmonary infection may show nondependent dense opacities rather than a gravitational gradient. Less severe infections may be suggested by the presence of segmental opacities or patchy centrilobular nodules and centrilobular branching structures (impacted bronchioles). Diffuse, ill-defined centrilobular nodules, especially when combined with ground-glass opacities or air trapping, favor hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The presence of lobular opacities is nonspecific and may be caused by infections and several other disease states. Recognition of concurrent radiologic or clinical findings may suggest the correct diagnosis. The combination of lobular opacities and septal thickening can be seen in hydrostatic edema, eosinophilic pneumonia, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Pleural effusions, however, or extensive septal thickening are much more common in the first 2 diseases. Evolution of lung opacities from alveolar to interstitial over time would instead suggest the diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage. Diffuse acute lung disease in immunocompetent hosts is most often caused .by pulmonary edema (cardiogenic or noncardiogenic) and or infection. Despite the imaging findings described in this article, our ability as radiologists to differentiate between these conditions is imperfect. The radiologist's input is most important in those cases in which the diagnosis of pulmonary edema or infection is clouded by conflicting clinical findings. Less common diseases, such as AIP, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, and hypersensittivity pneumonitis may not be initially considered by clinicians. It will continue to be our role to raise the possibility of these diagnoses when characteristic radiologic findings are detected.