cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-mapping orbit search for mission design at ocean worlds using parallel computing

A cell-mapping approach is implemented and parallelized to analyze three-body problem orbits in the vicinity of icy moons (Europa and Enceladus). The cell-mapping method is developed for studying nonlinear dynamics with periodic motions. The method does not require previously known solutions as inputs, which is an essential requirement of continuation approaches, and does not impose symmetric constraints. As major strengths of the method, multiple-period periodic solutions and bifurcation studies can be easily performed. This method is especially applicable to a systematic periodic orbit search over a region of interest using an integration time of one period. The parallelized cell-mapping method facilitates a rapid understanding of the global dynamics.
Rapidly progressive and fatal distant spontaneous gas gangrene due to Clostridium septicum after biopsy of malignant cecal mass

Clostridium species are known to cause myonecrosis and gas gangrene which are often fatal infections in the setting of trauma but also spontaneously in certain populations such as colorectal malignancy, immunosuppression, and neutropenia. We report a case of an 83-year-old male who developed fatal and rapidly progressive gas gangrene due to Clostridium septicum within 48 h after biopsy of suspected malignant cecal mass. To our knowledge, such a drastic, rapid and fatal presentation after a diagnostic biopsy of malignant mass has not been previously reported and is something to be watchful for in suspected colon cancer cases.
Attracting the Arabs? Promoting ‘Muslim’ China to Boost Regional Development in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

On September 24, 2016, a caravan of twenty motorized vehicles left Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, to drive 11,000 km along the Silk Road from China to the Middle East: ‘An event entitled Driving along Silk Road, a Journey of China-Arab States Friendship aiming at promotion of cultural exchanges between China and the Arab States’ (China.org 2016).
Urban Margins and the Global Intimate

The papers in this themed issue draw on the feminist analytic of the global intimate to center ongoing practices of world making and offer conceptual and emancipatory possibilities for feminist urbanism. Collectively, the papers interrogate and challenge scalar and discursive notions of the ‘center,’ analyze the significance and limitations of the urban as a site of aspiration, and present strategies adopted for world making and urban belonging. Looking from Ladakh and other Indian cities, Yucatan in Mexico, and the cities of Tehran and Mashhad in Iran, the papers facilitate a dialogue across South-South contexts and contribute to reframing the process of knowledge production.
SiOC coatings on yttria stabilized zirconia microspheres using a fluidized bed coating process

Abstract In this study, defect-free SiOC coatings were prepared on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) microspheres by a fluidized bed coating process. Effects of the rheological properties of the coating solution on the coating process were elucidated. An impact regime diagram was constructed, which demonstrated that the coating mechanisms were collision/impact. During the fluidized bed coating, longer spouted time resulted in wider dispersion, longer residence time, and more circulatory motion of particles; the fluid distributed more uniformly throughout the column, as demonstrated in our Multiphase Flow with Interface eXchange (MFiX) simulations. Two-step pyrolysis in Ar achieved complete coating layers, which were comprised of SiOC, SiO2, SiC, and graphite. The two stage mass loss during the pyrolysis corresponded to simultaneous reactions due to depolymerization and hydrocarbon loss from 400 to 600°C. Carbon cluster size in the pyrolyzed samples was calculated to be 25 ± 2 A. This work provides a new method for producing SiOC coatings on micron spheres, with nuclear TRISO fuel particles as the application.
Parallel Multispectral Image Segmentation for Computer Aided Thyroid Cytology

Cancer continues to remain a major health problem in the United States, with one of two men and one of three women developing cancer in their lifetime. Thyroid nodule is one of many common cancers. Nodules are more common in women and increase in frequency with age and with decreasing iodine intake. It has been estimated that up to 20% of the world population [1, 2] and approximately 50% of 60-year-old persons [4] have palpable thyroid nodule or nodules. In the US, up to 7% of the adult population has a palpable thyroid nodule [3]. The clinical spectrum ranges from the incidental, asymptotic, small, solitary nodule, in which the exclusion of cancer is a major concern, to the large, partly intrathoracic nodule that causes pressure symptoms, for which treatment is warranted regardless of cause [4, 5] . The most common cytologic diagnoses of thyroid nodules are colloid nodules, cysts, thyroiditis, follicular neoplasm, and thyroid carcinomas. Colloid nodules are the most common and do not have an increased risk of malignancy, therefore, the choice of management is conservative. Follicular neoplasm includes follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma, which cannot be distinguished visually from each other based on cytology and the management remains controversial [2, 4, 5]. Thyroid carcinoma occurs in roughly 10% of all palpable nodules and the management is surgical removal [41].
Hypothermic preservation of hepatocytes. I. Role of cell swelling.

Hepatocytes from isolated rat livers were hypothermically incubated (5 degrees C) in an oxygenated environment with continuous shaking (to simulate organ perfusion preservation). The incubation solution was either a tissue culture medium (L-15), an organ preservation perfusate (UW gluconate), or a simple cold-storage solution used for organ preservation (UW lactobionate). Hepatocyte viability was assessed from the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the incubation medium. Cell swelling (due to the uptake of water) was also measured. Within 24 hr, hepatocytes hypothermically stored in each of the three incubation solutions became swollen (30 to 40% water gain) and lost a significant amount of LDH (as much as 60%). The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG; relative molecular mass 8000; 5 g%) to the solutions suppressed cell swelling and allowed the incubated hepatocytes to remain relatively well preserved (30% LDH release) for as long as 120 hr. Adding either dextran (relative molecular mass 10,000 to 78,000; 5 g%) or saccharides (100 mmol/liter) instead of PEG neither prevented cell swelling nor prevented the cells from dying. The results of this study suggest (i) there is a direct correlation (r = 0.873) between hypothermia-induced cell swelling and cell death (i.e., the suppression of cell swelling prevents cell death); (ii) the mechanism by which PEG prevents cell swelling (and thus maintains cell viability) is not related to the osmotic or oncotic properties of the molecule but instead is apparently related to some unknown interaction between PEG and the cell, an interaction that provides stability during hypothermic incubation; and (iii) hypothermia-induced cell swelling must be prevented if isolated hepatocytes are to be used as a model for studying the mechanism by which cell damage occurs during hypothermic organ preservation. By eliminating cell death due to cell swelling, the biochemical mechanisms of cell death can be studied.
Fostering Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in China: A Policy Review

Entrepreneurship has become vital to the success of a company and economic growth. There is increasing evidence to show significant correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. Countries in the world are experiencing a surge of interest in the formation of new businesses especially in the developing world. This escalating interest of entrepreneurship has become a focal strategy of regional and national economic development in many regions and countries. Strong emphasis on enterprise development as a platform for economic development is thus an important dimension in development policy.
Qualitative Simulation for Process Modeling and Control

Qualitative simulation is a promising technique for analyzing dynamic systems with incomplete knowledge. The QSIM algorithm provides a framework for constructing qualitative versions of process models normally represented by ordinary differential equations. In this work, a qualitative model is developed for a first-order system with a PI controller without precise knowledge of the process or controller parameters. Simulation of the qualitative model yields all of the solutions to the system equations. In developing the qualitative model, a necessary condition for the occurrence of oscillatory behavior is identified. Initializations that cannot exhibit oscillatory behaviors produce a finite set of behaviors. When the phase space behavior of the oscillatory behaviors is properly constrained, these initializations produce an infinite but comprehensible set of asymptotically stable behaviors. While the predictions include all possible behaviors of the real system, a class of spurious behaviors has been identified. When limited numerical information is included in the model, the number of predictions is significantly reduced.
Immunochemistry of sperm-whale myoglobin. XIX. Accurate delineation of the single reactive region in sequence 54-85 by immunochemical study of synthetic peptides.

Abstract In previous reports from this laboratory it was shown that a single antigenic reactive region existed within the sequence 54–85 of myoglobin (Mb). The reactive region was most likely located around sequence 56–63. In the present communication, strong support for the location of the reactive region is provided from an independent approach by studying the immunochemistry of synthetic peptides corresponding to various parts of the region. Five peptides corresponding to sequences 56–62, 54–62, 57–63, 56–63 and 54–63 were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified, characterized and their immunochemical interaction with four different antisera to Mb studied. Towards each of the antisera studied here, Glu-54, Met-55 and Lys-63 were not essential parts of the reactive region. On the other hand deletion of Lys-56 without change in size of peptide (by addition of Lys-63, i.e. peptide 57–63) impairs the immunochemical reactivity of the peptide appreciably. The results, therefore showed that, for each of the antisera studied, the reactive region occupied precisely sequence 56–62. This is a small (seven residues) highly accessible surface location on the corner between helices D and E of Mb.
Design methodology for hardware-efficient fault-tolerant nanoscale circuits

In this paper, we propose to use ensemble dependent matrices for describing combinatorial nanoscale circuits. We then apply various signal-processing techniques, including eigen analysis, and the use of mutual information, for hardware-efficient fault-tolerant nanoscale design at the system level. We find that the condition of an ensemble matrix product determines the circuit's fault-tolerant capability. If the product matrix is ill-conditioned, the combinatorial circuit is more error-prone. The knowledge gained from this project can be used eventually to develop computer-aided design tools for optimal nanoscale circuit and system design.
The genetic analysis of a chromosome-specific meiotic mutant that permits a premature separation of sister chromatids in Drosophila melanogaster.

mei- G87 is a recessive meiotic mutant that increases second chromosome nondisjunction in both males and females. A significant proportion of the diplo -2 exceptions are equational . In females, diplo -2 reductional exceptions are usually noncrossovers , but, in equational exceptions, crossover frequency and distribution are the same as that found in the haplo-2 controls. The frequencies of nondisjunction are relatively low: 0.6% in females and 1.3% in males. Nondisjunction frequency is affected by environmental conditions (possibly humidity). The defect in mei- G87 , as in other "second division" mutants, appears to be a failure to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion. mei- G87 increases nondisjunction of only the second chromosome. This may indicate either a weak mutant with only the second chromosome being sensitive enough to misbehave or it may indicate that chromosome-specific regions responsible for sister-chromatid cohesion exist.
Phytochemicals as anticancer and chemopreventive topoisomerase II poisons

Phytochemicals are a rich source of anticancer drugs and chemopreventive agents. Several of these chemicals appear to exert at least some of their effects through interactions with topoisomerase II, an essential enzyme that regulates DNA supercoiling and removes knots and tangles from the genome. Topoisomerase II-active phytochemicals function by stabilizing covalent protein-cleaved DNA complexes that are intermediates in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. As a result, these compounds convert topoisomerase II to a cellular toxin that fragments the genome. Because of their mode of action, they are referred to as topoisomerase II poisons as opposed to catalytic inhibitors. The first sections of this article discuss DNA topology, the catalytic cycle of topoisomerase II, and the two mechanisms (interfacial vs. covalent) by which different classes of topoisomerase II poisons alter enzyme activity. Subsequent sections discuss the effects of several phytochemicals on the type II enzyme, including demethyl-epipodophyllotoxins (semisynthetic anticancer drugs) as well as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, catechins, isothiocyanates, and curcumin (dietary chemopreventive agents). Finally, the leukemogenic potential of topoisomerase II-targeted phytochemicals is described.
Thyroxine in human amniotic fluid

Total and free T3 and T4 concentrations were measured in human amniotic fluid and in fetal and maternal blood. Before 20 weeks, the mean AF-T4 level was 0.24 μg/dl; there is a progressive increase in concentration with gestational age. At term, the mean AF total T4 level was much less (0.64 μg/ dl) than in fetal or maternal serum (9.3 and 11.3 μg/dl, respectively). Most of the T4 (99.4%) in AF is protein bound, presumably to TBG as in serum, but the mean FT4 concentration in AF at term (4.13 ng/dl) was significantly greater than the levels in fetal or maternal serum (2.67 or 2.56 ng/dl, respectively). The mean TBG level in AF at term was 0.26 mg/dl. T3 was not measurable in AF (
A technqiue for fabrication of a custom tracheostomy prosthesis

A technique is described for using an endotracheal tube to make an impression of the intratracheal anatomy for fabrication of a custom-fitted tracheostomy prosthesis.
Personal innovativeness in technology, related knowledge and experience, and entrepreneurial intentions in emerging technology industries: a process of causation or effectuation?

Drawing on previous literatures in entrepreneurship and information systems, we examine how entrepreneurial intentions develop in emerging technology industries. We find that in addition to traditional determinants of intention such as perceived desirability and perceived feasibility, personal innovativeness in technology and related knowledge and experience of the entrepreneur act as key drivers. Further, our results of the mediation analysis suggest entrepreneurial intentions in emerging technology industries develop through a process incorporating both causation and effectuation principles.
Item Response Theory with Estimation of the Latent Density Using Davidian Curves.

Davidian-curve item response theory (DC-IRT) is introduced, evaluated with simulations, and illustrated using data from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Entitlement scale. DC-IRT is a method for fitting unidimensional IRT models with maximum marginal likelihood estimation, in which the latent density is estimated, simultaneously with the item parameters of logistic item response functions, as a Davidian curve. Simulations compare DC-IRT with Ramsay-curve IRT (RC-IRT) and the empirical histogram method (EHM) for a normal, bimodal, or skewed latent distribution. When the latent density was nonnormal, any of the three density estimation methods improved on the normal model. Both DC-IRT and RC-IRT produced more-accurate results than did the EHM.
Theory of oscillations of respiration rate in continuous culture of Klebsiella aerogenes

Abstract The mechanism leading to oscillations of respiration rate in Klebsiella aerogenes in continuous culture is described qualitatively. This is based on the following three conditions: (1) the respiration rate of the culture is inhibited by oxygen; (2) the respiration rate depends on the concentration of oxidizable substrate, which is lowered at high respiration rates and increased at low respiration rates; (3) the uptake of oxygen from the gas to the liquid phase is diffusion limited. These three conditions are analogous to the conditions leading to oscillations in electrochemical systems. The mathematical model for electrochemical oscillations is also applicable in the present case.
Natural convection heat transfer between concentric spheres

Abstract An experimental investigation is described concerning natural convection between two isothermal concentric spheres of various diameter ratios ranging from 1.09 to 2.81. The convecting fluids used were water and two silicone oils yielding Prandtl numbers in the range of 4.7–4148 and Rayleigh numbers, based on gap width, in the range of 1.3 × 103−5.8 × 108. Measured temperature profiles are analyzed in detail with reference to five typical characteristics of the profile shapes. All features of the profiles are explained in terms of postulated convective flow patterns which represent extensions of work previously reported for air under similar conditions. A k eff k vs. Rayleigh number heat transfer correlation is presented for each of the three fluids individually, and an overall expression based solely on a modified Rayleigh number is presented which correlates all three liquids as well as air. The correlations fit the data with an average deviation of less than 16 per cent.
PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FOCK'S CONFORMAL HYPOTHESIS.

Fock reinterpretation of Einstein general relativity theory leads to disagreement with gravitational red shift experiments
Chaos/Complexity Theory, Constructivism, Interdisciplinarity and Early Childhood Teacher Education

(1997). Chaos/Complexity Theory, Constructivism, Interdisciplinarity and Early Childhood Teacher Education. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 43-48.
Neuropathie Pain-Definition and Implications for Research and Therapy

AbstractNeuropathic pain has increasingly become focus of basic scientists and clinicians because it has been one of the most productive areas of basic research and clinical practice. At the same time boundaries as to what neuropathic pain is or is not have become blurred. This is in part because while it is the peripheral and central nervous system which under normal circumstances conveys the information about tissue injury which is felt as pain, when it is diseased itself, it becomes the source of the pain in some patients. This has created in part a conceptual and in part linguistic challenge. However, we have to start with the acknowledgement that the underlying pathology determines the course of the disease and therefore manifestation of pain symptoms, then next step is to dissect what constitutes primarily pathological neuropathic mechanisms from primary pain mechanisms that characterize neuropathic pain. In addition, neuropathic pain should be viewed within the full context of dynamic complexity wi...
Light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis: A model system for the study of plant photomorphogenesis

The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in plant tissues either requires light or is enhanced by it. Light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis has been extensively used as a model system for studies of the mechanism of photoregulation of plant development. Two components can be distinguished in the action of light on anthocyanin production. The first component is the red-far red reversible, phytochrome-mediated response induced by short irradiations; the amount of anthocyanin formed in response to a single, short irradiation is small. The second component is the response to prolonged exposures; the formation of large amounts of anthocyanin requires prolonged exposures to high fluence rates of visible and near-visible radiation (290 to 750 nm) and shows the typical properties of the “High Irradiance Reaction” (HIR) of plant photomorphogenesis. Phytochrome is involved in the photoregulation of the HIR response and is the only photoreceptor mediating the action of prolonged red and far red irradiations. The response to prolonged ultraviolet and blue radiation is probably mediated, at least in some systems, by two photoreceptors: phytochrome and cryptochrome, the latter being a specific ultraviolet-blue-light photoreceptor. The nature of the interaction between phytochrome and cryptochrome in the regulation of plant photomorphogenic responses is still unclear.
Malignant cervical schwannoma: An unusual pelvic tumor.

Abstract Background. Primary malignant cervical schwannomas (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors) are extremely rare tumors that grossly may resemble many other more common lesions. The diagnosis, management, and follow-up of a malignant cervical schwannoma are presented with a review of the literature. Case. A 51-year-old female presented with a 3-year history of perimenopausal vaginal bleeding. A 3 × 3 cm friable, spongy lesion was noted on the posterior aspect of the cervix. Frozen-section analysis could not rule out a malignant smooth muscle tumor. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy aided in the final diagnosis of a malignant cervical schwannoma. The patient is alive and well 1 year from her definitive surgery. Another patient with the same tumor received the same surgical management. This patient is now 10 years from her surgery and is alive with no evidence of disease. Conclusion. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are useful in the diagnosis of a malignant cervical schwannoma. This case and long-term follow-up from another case provide evidence that simple hysterectomy may be sufficient therapy for this uncommon lesion.
Bounds on oscillating physics from solar system experiments

Abstract We show that the model based on oscillating atomic lines which has recently been proposed to explain the observed periodicity in the galaxy distribution in a pencil beam survey is in effect ruled out by the experiment of Braginskii and Panov.
Neutron-induced gamma-ray measurements on soft landers

Abstract Gamma-ray spectra provide useful data in the study of the development of planets. Measurements made on landers overcome many of the limitations of orbital measurements, especially for solar-system bodies where atmospheres interfere with obtaining orbital data. Elemental compositions can be inferred from the spectra, produced by neutron interactions with nuclei of the planetary body. The cosmic ray flux yields a relatively low neutron flux requiring long integration times (sometimes as long as a year) to obtain a statistical accuracy allowing elemental compositions to be inferred to determine different mineral compositions and to characterize the nature of the area studied. A recent advance is the combination of a gamma-ray spectrometer with a compact, pulsed neutron generator, which increases the neutron flux by orders of magnitude. Such a device is used on Earth and its capability is being extended to operate within the low weight and power requirements of typical lander missions. A pulsed source permits data accumulation by type of reaction, increasing the sensitivity for detecting many elements. The enhanced speed of measurement makes many new studies possible, such as time-dependent measurements to detect seasonal or diurnal changes from active processes. Where motion is provided, either around the lander or on a rover, data can be obtained at different positions to evaluate heterogeneities. The use of a pulsed neutron generator provides increased quality of elemental data and provides many additional options for system design to provide more useful information for understanding the creation and evolution of our solar system.
Optimal root profiles in water-limited ecosystems

The vertical distribution of roots in the soil is of central importance to the mass and energy exchange between the land and the atmosphere. It has been demonstrated that the vertical root profiles which maximize transpiration in numerical experiments reflect well the characteristics of root profiles observed in nature for water-limited ecosystems. Previous research has demonstrated how the optimal vertical root profile depends on both the mean annual precipitation (MAP) and the soil texture. Recently, in the climate literature, it has been suggested Chou et al. (2012) [5] that increased greenhouse forcing in the tropics can lead to a simultaneous decrease in the frequency and increase in the intensity of precipitation. In this paper we demonstrate how such a change in the statistical structure of rainfall, even with no change to MAP, requires deeper root distributions to maintain optimal water use. These results raise interesting questions for future studies of nutrient dynamics, the cost of additional below ground carbon allocation, and inter plant functional type competition.
Edward jenner and the small pox vaccine.

Edward Jenner, who discovered that it is possible to vaccinate against Small Pox using material from Cow Pox, is rightly the man who started the science of immunology. However, over the passage of time many of the details surrounding his astounding discovery have been lost or forgotten. Also, the environment within which Jenner worked as a physician in the countryside, and the state of the art of medicine and society are difficult to appreciate today. It is important to recall that people were still being bled at the time, to relieve the presence of evil humors. Accordingly, this review details Jenner’s discovery and attempts to place it in historical context. Also, the vaccine that Jenner used, which decreased the prevelance of Small Pox worldwide in his own time, and later was used to eradicate Small Pox altogether, is discussed in light of recent data.
Pediatric hospitalist systems versus traditional models of care: effect on quality and cost outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric hospitalist systems are increasing in popularity, but data regarding the effects of hospitalist systems on the quality of care has been sparse, in part because rigorous metrics for analysis have not yet been established. We conducted a literature review of studies comparing the performance of pediatric hospitalists and traditional attendings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of pediatric hospitalists on quality and outcome metrics such as length of stay, cost, patient satisfaction, mortality, readmission rates, and use of evidence-based medicine during care. RESULTS: A Medline literature search identified 11 studies that met criteria for inclusion. Five previously reviewed studies reported lengths of stay between 6% and 14% shorter for hospitalists. Five of the new studies evaluated lengths of stay, with 1 showing significantly lower length of stay and cost for a faculty model, 1 showing lower length of stay for hospitalists for all conditions, 1 for certain conditions only, and 2 showing no statistical difference. Six studies reported on readmission rate, with 4 showing no difference, 1 showing decreased readmissions for hospitalists, and 1 showing decreased readmissions for a traditional faculty service. Hospitalists self-report higher use of evidence-based guidelines. Few differences in patient satisfaction were reported. Mortality on the pediatrics wards is rare, and no studies were adequately powered to evaluate mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Hospitalists can improve the quality and efficiency of inpatient care in the pediatric population, but the effect is not universal, and mechanisms underlying demonstrated improvements are poorly understood. We propose 4 components to improve quality and value in hospital medicine systems: investment in comparative effectiveness research involving delivery system interventions, development and implementation of pediatric quality measures, better understanding of improvement mechanisms for hospital medicine systems, and increased focus on quality and value delivered by hospital medicine groups and individuals. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
How and why side cooling of high-heat-load optics works

The temperature gradients in a side-cooled mirror would create a thermal bending moment along the mirror length. For a slender side-cooled mirror with longitudinally uniform incident beam, the tangential slope error is primarily due to the bowing deformation caused by this thermal bending moment. The thermal bending moment depends on the temperature distribution, which is a function of the mirror geometry, heat load, and cooling design. Optimal design of a side-cooled mirror can achieve a “favorable” temperature profile to make the thermal bending moment, with respect to the substrate neutral plane, approach zero, so that the bowing deformation of the mirror is minimized. To understand the deformation of a side-cooled mirror and achieve an optimal design, a theoretical formulation is developed.
Concentration-dependent augmentation of anti-K562 activity following short-term culture of null cell-enriched human blood lymphocyte populations

The increase in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 cells following short-term culture (e.g. 12 hours) of null cells was dependent upon the concentration of cells during incubation. The increased lytic activity by cells cultured at higher concentrations was associated with increased numbers of target-binding cells. It occurred with a variety of serum supplements in the medium. The augmentation of natural killer activity required close cellular proximity or contact and was not associated with detectable increased release of interferon or interleukin 2, although the participation of these molecules cannot be excluded. The lower recovery of lytic activity from cells incubated at lower concentrations was not associated with increased PGE synthesis.
Sensory Organ Remodeling in Caenorhabditis elegans Requires the Zinc-Finger Protein ZTF-16

Neurons and glia display remarkable morphological plasticity, and remodeling of glia may facilitate neuronal shape changes. The molecular basis and control of glial shape changes is not well understood. In response to environmental stress, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enters an alternative developmental state, called dauer, in which glia and neurons of the amphid sensory organ remodel. Here, we describe a genetic screen aimed at identifying genes required for amphid glia remodeling. We previously demonstrated that remodeling requires the Otx-type transcription factor TTX-1 and its direct target, the receptor tyrosine kinase gene ver-1. We now find that the hunchback/Ikaros-like C2H2 zinc-finger factor ztf-16 is also required. We show that ztf-16 mutants exhibit pronounced remodeling defects, which are explained, at least in part, by defects in the expression of ver-1. Expression and cell-specific rescue studies suggest that ztf-16, like ttx-1, functions within glia; however, promoter deletion studies show that ztf-16 acts through a site on the ver-1 promoter that is independent of ttx-1. Our studies identify an important component of glia remodeling and suggest that transcriptional changes may underlie glial morphological plasticity in the sensory organs of C. elegans.
Treatment of concurrent PTSD and OCD: A commentary on the case of Howard

The complexity inherent in treating patients diagnosed with multiple disorders often leaves clinicians feeling unsure of how best to encourage change, or even where to begin. The present commentary discusses the interplay between the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder ( Kimble, 2000 ). Focusing on the need to assess the interplay of the two symptom clusters, the paper presents a model for understanding the etiological and functional relations that could link the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Further, the paper discusses ways in which a clinician might approach such complex cases in order to address all of the client's needs in an effective and efficient manner.
Adherence to Treatment in a Behavioral Intervention Curriculum for Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Parents (N = 21) of children with autism spectrum disorders responded to a survey on adherence to skills instruction and problem behavior management strategies they had previously been observed to master in a standardized training curriculum based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. Survey items were guided by existing models of and research in treatment adherence. Parents reported adherence below observed mastery criteria in five of six skill areas. Three independent variables indexing caregiver perception were significantly correlated with reported adherence: perceived effectiveness as a behavior change agent, confidence in the intervention to produce meaningful change, and acceptance of child in family and community. Perceived confidence significantly predicted adherence in a regression model (p < .05). Implications of caregiver perception in explanatory frameworks for adherence are discussed, and next steps in the measurement and study of treatment adherence in behavior analysis are proposed.
Arrangement of the highly reiterated DNA sequences in the centric heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster evidence for interspersed spacer DNA

Abstract We have investigated the arrangement of the highly reiterated centromeric DNA sequences in Drosophila melanogaster by studying the physical properties of sequences obtained after the hydroxyapatite isolation of rapidly renaturing molecules. It was found that the fraction of material recovered as partially renatured varied with the molecular weight of the starting material, although conservative length corrections on the chosen C 0 t values were made. On banding in a CsCl gradient a bimodal distribution for the renatured molecules was found. This bimodal distribution was also sensitive to the molecular weight of the single strand material. The peaks were shown to consist of respectively: h.a.r.r.DNA † sequences and renatured h.a.r.r.DNA sequences with attached unrenatured “spacer” sequences. From melting curve data, RNA-DNA hybridization and kinetic analysis other explanations for the increased yield and bimodal distribution of the renatured molecules could be ruled out. Computer simulation of a random shear process on a DNA sequence which alternates an h.a.r.r.DNA sequence from one to three times larger than the spacer sequence can be seen to fit the experimental situation. We conclude that the constitutive heterochromatin is composed of blocks of extremely simple sequences stretching from 1.5 to 6 million daltons interspersed by a more complex sequence of molecular weights of approximately 2 to 4 million daltons. A similar interspersion of sequences for the mouse satellite DNA was found, though preliminary data suggest that the stretches of mouse satellite may be much longer. The occurrence of a more complex DNA at this locus of the Drosophila chromosome raises some interesting possibilities for both the genetic potential of this area and for chromosomal “housekeeping” functions.
Osteoid osteoma: Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation

PURPOSE: To evaluate a percutaneous technique for in situ destruction of osteoid osteoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radio-frequency ablation was performed in 18 patients with osteoid osteoma (17 male, one female; age range, 8-42 years). Diagnosis was established by means of clinical and radiographic features and confirmed by means of needle biopsy findings. No attempt was made to remove the lesion. A small radio-frequency electrode introduced into the lesion through the biopsy track was used to produce thermal necrosis of a 1-cm sphere of tissue. RESULTS: Symptoms were completely relieved in 16 (89%) of 18 patients. In one patient, a second procedure was required for pain relief. All but two patients underwent treatment as outpatients: These two were hospitalized for 1 night only. All patients resumed normal daily activities immediately. No casts or external supports were required; there were no complications. Twelve patients were followed up for more than 1 year. There were no recurrences CONCLUSION: Radio-...
Semiempirical bound on the 37Cl solar neutrino experiment.

The Kamiokande measurement of energetic $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ neutrinos from the Sun is used to set a lower bound on the contribution of the same neutrinos to the signal in the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ experiment. Implications for $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ neutrinos are discussed.
Unit Process Life Cycle Inventory Models of Hot Forming Processes

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used tool to evaluate the environmental profile of a product or process, and can serve as a starting point for product and process improvement. Using LCA to support sustainable product design and sustainable manufacturing has recently attracted increasing interest. Unfortunately, the available life cycle inventory databases have very limited coverage of manufacturing processes. To make matters worse, the available datasets are either highly aggregated or consider only selected processes and process conditions. In addition, in the case of the latter, the data provided may be based on limited measurements or even just estimates. This raises questions on applicability of these databases to manufacturing process improvement where different operating parameters and conditions are adopted. Recently a novel methodology called “unit process life cycle inventory” or “uplci” has been proposed to address these issues, and models for several machining processes (e.g., turning, milling, and drilling) and joining (e.g, submerged arc welding) have been developed. This paper follows the uplci approach and develops models for a series of hot forming processes, including billet heating, performing, and indirect extrusion. It is shown that the model predictions on energy consumption are in good agreement with data measured on a production line. For hot forming processes, the results suggest that billet heating dominates the overall energy consumption and the carbon footprint relative to the deformation steps.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
When the Hands Are Many: Community Organization and Social Change in Rural Haiti

When the Hands Are Many: Community Organization and Social Change in Rural Haiti. Jennie M. Smith Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. ix. 229 pp., photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Understanding stress in children.

Such reactions are often critical to sur- vival and are not necessarily detrimen- tal. This is usually the case for mild ev- eryday stress, except when it piles onto an already stressed individual. More demanding stresses can prod an individ- ual to develop new strengths, although perhaps at a cost. Stress reactions can be harmful when they are of extraordinary proportions, cumulative, or unremitting. Mediated by physiologic HPA axis and ANS responses, prolonged reactions can increase risks to physical health (eg, hypertension, altered immune responses such as 'pro-infl ammatory' states, meta- bolic changes associated with obesity, di- abetes, and arterioclerosis) and to mental health (eg, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, as well as motor hy- peractivity, impaired attention, concen- tration, and other learning and behavioral challenges). 1,2 Recent studies have shown that specifi c 5-HTT (5-hydroxytrypta- mine serotonin transporter) gene alleles code for increased vulnerability to de- pression secondary to early childhood stress suggest that early environmental infl uences such as stress can alter mani- festations later in life. Studies also sug- gest that environmental factors can pro- tect against expression of genetic risk. 3
Effect of chlorpromazine on stress induced adrenal ascorbic acid depletion.

WE HAVE previously summarized our results on the effects of Dibenzyline, adrenal cortex extract, and morphine on stress induced adrenal ascorbic acid depletion (1). Since various reports (2–7) on the effects of chlorpromazine on pituitary-adrenal function have been somewhat conflicting, we have extended our investigations to include this agent. White male rats, descendants of the Wistar strain, weighing 150–200 gm., were used for all experiments. In all except one experiment the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneally (4.0–5.0 mg. per 100 gm.). The stresses applied to induce adrenal ascorbic acid depletion were sham adrenalectomy, unilateral adrenalectomy, 1-epinephrine injected subcutaneously, and vasopressin injected intravenously. In each case the time from the onset of stress, or injection of corticotropin, to termination of the experiment was one hour. Chlorpromazine2 (dissolved in physiological saline) was injected subcutaneously. In testing for the effects of chlorpromazi...
CHANGING ONE'S MIND FOLLOWING GROUP DISCUSSION: SEX DIFFERENCES AS A FUNCTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF OPINION

When individuals make decisions in group settings, the group decision tends to reflect a polarization of the average ~nitial position of the individual group members (Myers & Lamm, 1976). Thls group polarization phenomenon has been used to explain shifts toward either risk or cautlon by groups following a discussion among group members. In addition to the average initial position of group members, there will be some variability in these positions reflecting the differences in opinions within the group. Is this variability imporcanc in determining the degree or direction of group polarization? To assess this question, 75 male and 120 female college students were divided into 25 all male groups and 50 all female groups with two to four members each. Subjects were presented a series of brief, but increasingly loud and aversive noises. They were asked to select the loudest level of these noises that they would be willing ro experience over a 15-min. interval while learning a list of nonsense syllables in exchange for varying amounts of extra credit. After rating the intensities individually, subjects then met with their groups to determine a single level satisfactory to each member of the group. Males were more likely to select higher noise levels both individually and following group discussion (F = 21.32, df = 1/73, p < .001). There were no sex differences in the amount of change between the average of the individual ratings and the group consensus scores (F < 1.0). For males, however, there was a significant Pearson productmoment correlation between the variance of the individual scores and the squared difference of the average of the individual scores and the group consensus score (r = .45, 9 < .05 ) . No such relationship existed for the females (T = .05 ) . These results suggest that for males, greater diversity in individual positions leads to greater polarization in the group decision. For females, there appears to be no consistent relationship between variability of initial individual positions and the degree of group polarization. These findings further suggest that the sex of the group members and the variability of viewpoints should be considered when predicting the effects of group discussion upon group decisions.
Writing for academia: getting your research into print: AMEE Guide No. 74.

The authors identify and describe strategies for success in writing for publication, including how to choose an educational research topic, define the question and choose the correct design, know the anatomy of a research paper, write each of the sections, optimize the writing before publication, choose a journal, and respond to editors and reviewers. The research question should be focused, modest, and achievable given the constraints of the setting, significant, and appropriately imbedded in the available literature. The choice of methods is determined by the nature of the educational research question and should conform to ethical standards. Specific strategies for writing include starting where it is easiest to do so, spontaneously and uncritically writing the first paragraphs through, minimizing external impediments to the work, and knowing how each section of a manuscript is routinely structured. All papers require a number of revisions with careful attention to accuracy and detail as well as to spe...
Cholinergic brainstem mechanisms of REM sleep in the rat.

Abstract Injection of carbachol into the brainstem of rats produced an increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which was site- and dose-dependent. Effective locations for carbachol to stimulate REM sleep included the pontine reticular formation at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus and the dorsal parabrachial area in the caudal midbrain. The carbachol effect in the caudal pons was dose-dependent. Additionally, this effet was blocked by concomittant administration of the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Control experiments suggested that the drug-induced phenomenon appeared to be an increase in normal physiological REM sleep.
A Procedure for Cross Sectioning Specific Semiconductor Devices for Both SEM and TEM Analysis

The procedures described in this paper allow both SEM and TEM analysis to be performed on the same, device specific, semiconductor cross section. In order to accomplish this, a number of tools and fixtures have been constructed that allow the user to polish into the sample to a predetermined plane-of-polish, bisecting the device or feature of interest for SEM analysis. After SEM examination, the specimen is prepared for TEM analysis by first affixing a grid to the just-examined surface, inverting the specimen and parallel-polishing the backside of the specimen until the specimen's total thickness is in the 0.5 to 1.0μm range using the described tools. A subsequent one to ten minute ion milling step cleans the specimen. A very considerable positive side-effectof this method is the nearelimination of artifacts arisingfrom the use of strong chemicals and lengthy ion milling. The method has been extended to the preparation of plan-view device samples and non-semiconductor specimens.
Ontogenetic change of prey preference in the generalist predator Zelus renardii and its influence on predator–predator interactions

1. Two field experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the intensity of predation by a generalist predator on two species of prey changes with the developmental stage of the predator. The generalist predator studied was Zelus renardii Kolenati (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the prey were the lacewing larva, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. 2. Zelus renardii and lacewings feed on aphids, thereby acting as potential competitors. In addition, Z. renardii feeds on lacewings. Thus, Z. renardii is an intraguild predator of lacewings. 3. Zelus renardii exhibited changes in prey preferences across developmental stages. The older stages of Z. renardii exerted greater mortality on lacewings and fed on larger lacewing larvae than did the younger stages. 4. Lacewings suppressed aphid population growth strongly. In contrast, none of the stages of Z. renardii was an effective control agent of the cotton aphid. 5. The addition of Z. renardii frequently disrupted the effective control of aphids generated by lacewings. In one of the two replicates of the experiment, the disruption increased with the developmental stage of Z. renardii, paralleling the increase in lacewing mortality. 6. Although the developmental stage of Z. renardii can influence the prevalence of intraguild predation and the intensity of the disruption of the aphid biological control, these experiments have demonstrated that even the youngest instars of Z. renardii can cause substantial lacewing mortality and release aphid populations from regulation.