cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid online quantification of tip-sample interaction for high-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscope imaging

His paper presents a numerical-experimental integrated framework for rapid online estimation of the tip sample interaction forces for high speed AFM dynamic imaging. Quantifying the tip-sample interaction in AFM dynamic imaging is crucial towards achieving high-speed dynamic-mode AFM imaging with minimized tip-sample forces, particularly when imaging live biological samples in liquid media. Large tip-sample interactions can result in sample deformation or even destruction of the live biological samples. In this article, we propose an ultra-fast inversion strategy based on parallel algorithms implemented on Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). The tip-sample interaction estimation problem is posed as an inverse problem and is solved in near-real time using GPUs. We investigate several cost-functional formulations to ensure quality of reconstruction while maintaining a high rate of reconstruction. The computational scheme is verified with preliminary experimental results.his paper presents a numerical-experimental integrated framework for rapid online estimation of the tip sample interaction forces for high speed AFM dynamic imaging. Quantifying the tip-sample interaction in AFM dynamic imaging is crucial towards achieving high-speed dynamic-mode AFM imaging with minimized tip-sample forces, particularly when imaging live biological samples in liquid media. Large tip-sample interactions can result in sample deformation or even destruction of the live biological samples. In this article, we propose an ultra-fast inversion strategy based on parallel algorithms implemented on Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). The tip-sample interaction estimation problem is posed as an inverse problem and is solved in near-real time using GPUs. We investigate several cost-functional formulations to ensure quality of reconstruction while maintaining a high rate of reconstruction. The computational scheme is verified with preliminary experimental results.T
Quaternary highstands in Bear Lake Valley, Utah and Idaho

Surficial deposits in Bear Lake Valley, Utah and Idaho, demonstrate that Bear Lake and its surrounding wetlands expanded and contracted several times during the Quaternary Period. Deposits in 40 outcrops and the geomorphology of the valley were studied to reconstruct the water-level history. Temporal control was provided by amino acid geochronology on 29 samples of aquatic mollusks, calibrated by 14 C dating and tephrochronology. Samples of three molluscan genera were heated and analyzed to determine intergeneric differences in aspartic (Asp) and glutamic (Glu) acid racemization. The covariance of Asp and Glu racemization in these genera was used to identify aberrant amino acid analyses. The rate of Glu racemization was calibrated by using a parabolic model that was used to estimate sample ages. Although the paucity of exposures, uncertainty of the depositional setting, and postdepositional uplift of deposits hamper an accurate reconstruction of water level in Bear Lake Valley, several conclusions can be drawn. During the middle Pleistocene, lacustrine or wetland environments in northern Bear Lake Valley may have extended up to 1830 masl (meters above sea level; ∼6000 ft) twice between ca. 1000–100 ka (Bear Hollow phase). During the late Pleistocene, the shoreline of Bear Lake transgressed at least three times: (1) to 1817 masl (∼5960 ft) at 47–39 cal. (calendar-year-corrected) ka (Jensen Spring phase); (2) to 1814 masl (5950 ft) at ca. 16–15 cal. ka (Raspberry Square phase); and (3) to 1814 masl at ca. 9 cal. ka (Willis Ranch phase). Bear River currently bypasses Bear Lake, but flowed into the lake during highstands and allowed the water level to rise to the valley threshold at Nounan narrows. Water levels have lowered to 1806 masl (5923 ft) since the middle Pleistocene, likely because of downcutting by Bear River at Nounan narrows. Because downcutting at Nounan narrows controls the maximum attainable water level in Bear Lake Valley, effects of climate change on lake level are limited, and Bear Lake may actually have been smaller than today when Lake Bonneville transgressed to its maximum shoreline during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Effects of sequential osteoporosis treatments on trabecular bone in adult rats with low bone mass.

Summary We used an osteopenic adult ovariectomized (OVX) rat model to evaluate various sequential treatments for osteoporosis, using FDA-approved agents with complementary tissue-level mechanisms of action. Sequential treatment for 3 months each with alendronate (Aln), followed by PTH, followed by resumption of Aln, created the highest trabecular bone mass, best microarchitecture, and highest bone strength.
Correlated photoluminescence spectroscopy investigation of grain boundaries and diffusion processes in nanocrystalline and amorphous silicon (nc-Si:H) mixtures

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra obtained with correlated set of experiments investigating grain boundary characteristics and diffusion processes in nanocrystalline silicon alloys (nc-Si:H), provide insight regarding formation and passivation of electronic defects in these regions. Based upon current results and previous works we believe thermally driven processes induce a PL band centered at 0.7 eV upon thermal annealing, and most likely involve diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen near interfaces. A nc-Si:H sample set with varied crystal volume fraction, Xc, was subject to thermal annealing treatments at different temperatures – each exceeding the deposition temperature. Fourier-transform photoluminescence (FTPL) and Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to correlate the relative 0.7 eV defect band emergence with compositional changes indicative of Si–Hx and Si–O species, for each sample, at each temperature, respectively. Hydrogen effusion data provide additional perspective. We find the Xc to strongly affect susceptibility of nc-Si:H to oxygen related effects. The higher the Xc, the more readily oxygen penetrates the nc-Si:H network. We attribute this relationship to elevated diffusivity of oxygen in highly crystalline nc-Si:H materials, owing to their abundance of gain boundaries and interfaces, which serve as pathways for impurity migration. These findings corroborate the expectation that oxygen impurities and diffusion processes contribute to development of microstructural features giving rise to radiative recombination through deep defects in nc-Si:H.
Sigma-delta encoding for efficient equalization of prefilter based FIR filters

It is well known that the computational workload of finite impulse response (FIR) filters can be significantly reduced using the prefilter-equalizer approach. A technique for rounding the tap coefficients of the equalizer to a single power-of-two (or a small combination of powers-of-two) with little or no degradation in overall filter performance is described. Using error spectrum shaping, the equalizer coefficient truncation error is moved to higher frequencies where it is attenuated by the prefilter. The resulting equalizer requires no multiplications and is typically only of slightly higher order than an optimal direct form equalizer with infinite precision coefficients. Examples are given showing a 4*decrease in arithmetic complexity over previous prefilter-equalizer approaches and a 1.5*decrease over optimal interpolated FIR approaches. >
Occipitoparietal contributions to recognition memory: stimulus encoding prompted by verbal instructions and operant contingencies.

Many human neuroimaging investigations on recognition memory employ verbal instructions to direct subject's attention to a stimulus attribute. But do the same or a similar neurophysiological process occur during nonverbal experiences, such as those involving contingency-shaped responses? Establishing the spatially distributed neural network underlying recognition memory for instructed stimuli and operant, contingency-shaped (i.e., discriminative) stimuli would extend the generality of contemporary domain-general views of recognition memory and clarify the involvement of declarative memory processes in human operant behavior. Fifteen healthy adults received equivalent amounts of exposure to three different stimulus sets prior to neuroimaging. Encoding of one stimulus set was prompted using instructions that emphasized memorizing stimuli (Instructed). In contrast, encoding of two additional stimulus sets was prompted using a GO/NO-GO operant task, in which contingencies shaped appropriate GO and NO-GO responding. During BOLD functional MRI, subjects completed two recognition tasks. One required passive viewing of stimuli. The second task required recognizing whether a presented stimulus was a GO/NO-GO stimulus, an Instructed stimulus, or novel (NEW) stimulus. Retrieval success related to recognition memory was isolated by contrasting activation from each stimulus set to a novel stimulus (i.e., an OLD > NEW contrast). To explore differences potentially related to source memory, separate contrasts were performed between stimulus sets. No regions reached supralevel thresholds during the passive viewing task. However, a relatively similar set of regions was activated during active recognition regardless of the methods and included dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior and posterior parietal regions and the occipitoparietal region, precuneus, lingual, fusiform gyri and cerebellum. Results also showed the magnitude of the functional response in the occipitoparietal region was inversely correlated with reaction times (RTs), such that the largest functional response and slowest RTs occurred to Instructed stimuli and the smallest functional response and fastest RTs occurred to GO stimuli, with effects to NO-GO stimuli intermediate. The inverse relation was also present bilaterally in the parahippocampus and hippocampus. Comparisons between stimulus sets also revealed regional differences potentially related to source memory. Recognition of stimuli previously associated with instructions and operant contingencies (i.e., discriminative stimuli) generally recruited similar inferior frontal and occipitoparietal regions and right posterior parietal cortex, with the right occipitoparietal region showing the largest effect. These findings suggest domain-general views of recognition memory may be applicable to understanding the neural correlates of control exerted by discriminative stimuli and suggest declarative memory processes are involved in human operant behavior.
Mycosis Fungoides Involving the Cervical Esophagus

• Review of the otolaryngologic literature reveals no case reports of mycosis fungoides involving the esophagus. Postmortem studies report 12 cases of esophageal involvement in 131 autopsies of patients with mycosis fungoides. We describe a 54-year-old man with mycosis fungoides involving the larynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus. Treatment consisted of radiation to this area, with resolution of the patient's hoarseness and dysphagia. The charts of 96 patients with mycosis fungoides treated at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Three additional cases involving the aerodigestive tract, but not the esophagus, were found. Esophageal mycosis fungoides was an incidental finding in two of seven autopsies at our institution. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:690-693)
Prognostic Value of Brain Diffusion Weighted Imaging After Cardiac Arrest

Objective Outcome prediction is challenging in comatose post-cardiac arrest survivors. We assessed the feasibility and prognostic utility of brain diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) during the first week.
Applications of ultra-stable fiber optic distribution systems

Present and future applications of fiber-optic frequency distribution systems are discussed and it is noted that for applications requiring distribution stability greater than one part in 10/sup 15/ at 1000 s averaging times, a stabilized fiber optic link is the only choice presently available. A stabilized fiber optic system that can improve distribution stability by more than 100 times is also described. It uses a cable delay compensator. >
Student Engagement and Teacher Practices: Using Hillary Clinton's Presidential Campaign for Learning Purposes.

In this article, I reflect on the pedagogical decisions I made when I taught a course on gendered literacies during the 2008/2009 presidential campaign. I specifically focus on what I term the “Hillary” phenomenon, the media’s often negative and unflattering portrayal of presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. I start with a brief exploration of my goals for teaching current events; I then discuss student perceptions of Hillary Clinton’s role in politics, and I show the importance of paying attention to students’ social influences that, in Arizona, are often marked by “fear and trepidation” when it comes to political change. I show the importance of using examples from Clinton’s writing, and I point toward pedagogical reasons for engaging students in discussions that address our positionalities in a variety of discourse communities. I conclude by pointing out that we need to encourage students to think critically about their own roles in perpetuating current value systems by challenging their assumptions about gender roles, race relations, sexual orientation, or class systems.
Projective Pre-Conditioners for Improving the Behavior of a Homogeneous Conic Linear System

We present a general theory for transforming a homogeneous conic system F: Ax = 0, x in C, x non-zero, to an equivalent system via projective transformation induced by the choice of a point in a related dual set. Such a projective transformation serves to pre-condition the conic system into a system that has both geometric and computational properties with certain guarantees. There must exist projective transformations that transform F to a system whose complexity is strongly-polynomial-time in m and the barrier parameter. We present a method for generating such a projective transformation based on sampling in the dual set, with associated probabilistic analysis. Finally, we present computational results that indicate that this methodology holds the promise to markedly reduce the overall computation time for conic feasibility problems; for instance we observe a 46% decrease in average IPM iterations for 100 randomly generated poorly-behaved problem instances of dimension 1000 x 5000.
Selection and Standardization of Speed Tests

Abstract Many tests of the speed factor in fitness have been used. Herein we describe tests found unsatisfactory in order that others may profit from our findings. The 60-yard run, in addition to providing a speed test, was used as the exercise for the pulse recovery test. Originally, it was the short run for the drop-off score, too. It was timed in .01 minutes because this increased the number of frequency classes and, furthermore, facilitated the calculations of the drop-off score.
POTENTIATING EFFECT OF FRACTIONS OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS ON INTERFERON PRODUCTION.

SummaryInterferon production by infective EEE virus in chick cell cultures was potentiated by preincubation of cultures with inactivated EEE virus. Components responsible for this potentiating effect were obtained by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centri-fugation of EEE virus and were found to be distinct from the fraction representing peak infectivity.
Field Studies of Microctonus aethiopoides, a Parasite of the Adult Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica, in New York

Field populations of overwintered alfalfa weevil adults were studied in central New York from 1971–73 to measure the impact of the parasite Microctonus aethiopoides on ovipositIOn of selected alfalfa weevil populations. Seasonal peak parasitism of overwintered weevils ranged from 20–88% and oviposition by parasitized alfalfa weevil populations was reduced an avg of 47%. Host oviposition reduction was due to sterilization of female weevils and their subsequent premature death as compared to unparasitized weevils. The timing and magnitude of parasite oviposition relative to that of host oviposition was the key factor in determining the impact of this parasite on the oviposition potential of its host.
Exploring the Tourist Experience: A Sequential Approach

The current study explores the central elements comprising memorable tourism experiences. It does so by adopting a sequential data collection process along three main successive travel stages: (a) pre-, (b) during, and (c) posttravel. Findings suggest that while participants vividly recalled the process of collecting and negotiating information for travel planning as well as interactions with others, what they most recalled posttravel (i.e., once their travels were over) were unique and unexpected personal experiences that differentiated their experiences from others’ experiences. The implications of such findings for the understanding of memorable tourism experiences are discussed.
Oxidation and ablation behaviours of ZrC modified carbon/carbon composites

Adopting ZrOCl2·8H2O as modification additive precursor, ZrC modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were fabricated via in situ reaction between zirconium and carbon matrix. The anti-ablation and anti-oxidation behaviors of the specimen were investigated by oxygen-acetylene firing and thermal analysis experiments, the ablation morphology and zirconium distribution of the C/C composites with or without modification were observed by XRD and SEM. The results show that ZrC, in shape of small particles, distributes uniformly in carbon matrix. The oxidation-ablation rate of ZrC modified C/C composites reduces by 43.6% compared with that before modified.
Anaerobically digested dairy fiber in soilless potting media for poinsettias

Purpose Sphagnum peat moss has been a primary component of soilless potting media for decades. Concerns over the sustainability of harvesting peat have fostered a search for renewable media components. Anaerobically digested dairy fiber (ADDF), a by-product of methane production, shows promise as an alternative to peat.
Planting a Forest: The Legacy of Louise Douce

Louise Douce has been a leader in the field of counseling psychology and, more specifically, college student mental health for over 40 years. Her long-standing involvement in the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP) or Division 17 of the American Psychological Association through a variety of leadership roles—including fellows chair, vice president of education and training, president, and SCP council representative—demonstrate her covenant with the values and spirit of counseling psychology. She is renowned for her endless passion for diversity and inclusion, her role as a visionary, her commitment to creating change on college campuses around mental health issues, and her excellence as a mentor. These themes come to life through the eyes of those who have been mentored and inspired by her important work on behalf of all counseling psychologists.
Pigments and Inclusions

This chapter will cover a variety of mostly uncommon conditions that leave their mark by depositing material within the liver parenchyma. Some of this material is pigmented and can be quickly spotted, while others are blander cytoplasmic inclusions that may require careful scrutiny or additional staining to detect.
The surface dynamics of the transient oxidation stages of Cu and Cu binary alloys

The transient stages of oxidation — from the nucleation of the metal oxide to the formation of the thermodynamically stable oxide — represent a scientifically challenging and technologically important terra incognito. These issues can only be understood through detailed study of the relevant microscopic processes at the nanoscale in situ. We are studying the dynamics of the initial and transient oxidation stages of a metal and alloys with in situ methods, including ultra-high vacuum (UHV) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In situ methods permits direct visualization of the nucleation, growth and morphological evolution of oxides at the nanoscale under reaction environments, where the UHV environment provides controlled surface conditions necessary for quantitative insights.
Microsensors vs. integrated circuits: a study in contrasts

The author examines the contrasts between conventional IC design paradigms and the corresponding paradigms for microsensors in four areas: system partitioning, technology constraints, packaging constraints, and CAD (computer-aided design) requirements. It is found that many of the driving forces for smaller feature sizes, higher levels of integration, higher I/O count, and standardized packages and process sequences in the IC domain have corresponding driving forces in the microsensor domain, but often with opposite direction: maintain larger feature sizes for dimensional precision, keep the level of integration and I/O count minimal, and assume that process technologies and packages may be application specific. In the CAD area, there are many similarities, but the need in the microsensor domain for mechanical performance prediction requires two CAD capabilities: the ability to predict mechanical properties and residual stresses from a description of the process sequence and the ability to construct a 3-D solid model of the fabricated device in a format suitable for mechanical analysis with finite-element-method codes. >
Mental health and psychiatry training in primary care residency programs: Part II. What skills and diagnoses are taught, how adequate, and what affects training directors' satisfaction?

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to describe the psychiatric skills and diagnostic categories taught in primary care training programs, their adequacy, the perceived needs and desires for curriculum enhancement and the factors affecting training directors' satisfaction. Method All 1365 directors of accredited residency training programs in Internal Medicine (IM), Family Practice (FP), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob/Gyn), Pediatrics (Peds) and psychiatry received a 16-item anonymous questionnaire about psychiatry training in their program. Responses to the questionnaire to items concerning the skills and diagnostic categories taught, assessment of adequacy of teaching and desires for curriculum enhancement for specific skills and diagnostic categories were analyzed. The factors affecting training directors' satisfaction were explored. Results Interviewing skills were taught by a majority of all training programs and were considered adequate by 81% of FP and 54% of IM programs, in contrast to less than a majority of Ob/Gyn and Peds programs (P The overall satisfaction rate for psychiatric training across specialties was 46% (n=657). Sixty-four percent of FP programs were satisfied compared to 31% of non-FP programs. Satisfaction was associated with increased amount of psychiatric training, diversity of training formats, venues, faculty and settings, the amount of contribution to teaching by psychiatry departments and the presence of current teaching in interviewing skills. There were specialty-specific differences in factors associated with satisfaction. In general, a smaller size of residency program was associated with satisfaction except in IM, where larger size was associated with satisfaction. Satisfaction was associated with the opinion that primary care physician should be ready and willing to treat more psychiatric conditions. Conclusion Most primary care training programs currently offer training in most psychiatric skills and disorders, but a majority of training directors are dissatisfied with their psychiatry training. There is a difference in the estimation of adequacy concerning training between FP, which consistently rates their teaching to be adequate, and all other primary care programs, which consider their teaching inadequate. This difference may be partly due to actual differences in amount and diversity of training as well as differences in the threshold for satisfaction. A vast majority of primary care training programs desire more training in almost all aspects of psychiatry, and there may be specialty-specific needs and areas of curriculum enhancement. To enhance satisfaction, we should improve the quality as well as the quantity of training, as well as the diversity in training formats, venues and faculty.
Triglyceride synthesis by the human placenta. II. The effect of cyanide and fluoride on the incorporation of labeled palmitate into placental triglycerides.

Abstract Incorporation of labeled palmitate into triglycerides of incubated human placenta slices was investigated. Anaerobiosis reproduced by incubation in cyanide-containing buffer accelerated glucose disappearance from the solution and slightly decreased palmitate incorporation into tissue triglycerides. Inhibition of glycolysis by addition of sodium fluoride caused an almost complete cessation of glucose disappearance from the buffer and a marked decrease of palmitate incorporation into triglycerides. Glucose removal was greater when cyanide and fluoride were added to the medium than fluoride alone; however, triglyceride synthesis from palmitate did not show a parallel increase. It is concluded that fatty acid esterification by the placenta is resistant to anoxia but requires a functioning glycolytic pathway to produce α-glycerophosphate to which fatty acids are joined. The necessity of other energy-yielding processes was suggested by the lack of increase in esterification when the effects of cyanide and fluoride were compared to the effect of fluoride alone; since the combination of the two inhibitors actually increased glucose uptake from the medium, they probably increased glycerophosphate availability for esterification also.
Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation

Summary Extensive empirical work has demonstrated local adaptation to discrete environments, yet few studies have elucidated the genetic and environment mechanisms that generate it. Here, we advocate for research that broadens our understanding of local adaptation beyond pattern and towards process. We discuss how studies of local adaptation can be designed to address two unresolved questions in evolutionary ecology: Does local adaptation result from fitness trade-offs at individual loci across habitats? How do agents of selection interact to generate local adaptation to discrete contrasting habitats types and continuous environmental gradients? To inform future investigations of the genetic basis of local adaptation, we conducted a literature review of studies that mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fitness in native field environments using reciprocal transplant experiments with hybrid mapping populations or Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) panels. We then reviewed the literature for field experiments that disentangle the contributions of various agents of selection to local adaptation. For each question, we suggest future lines of inquiry and discuss implications for climate change and agriculture research. (i) Studies in the native habitats of five biological systems revealed that local adaptation is more often caused by conditional neutrality than genetic trade-offs at the level of the QTL. We consider the ramifications of this result and discuss knowledge gaps in our current understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation. (ii) We uncovered only five studies that identified the agents of selection that contribute to local adaptation, and nearly all were conducted in discrete habitats rather than across the continuous environmental gradients that many species inhabit. We introduce a novel experimental framework for illuminating the processes underlying local adaptation. A holistic view of local adaptation is critical for predicting the responses of organisms to climate change, enhancing conservation efforts, and developing strategies to improve crop resilience to environmental stress. Experiments that manipulate agents of selection in native field environments using pedigreed populations or GWAS panels offer unique opportunities for detecting the genetic and environmental mechanisms that generate local adaptation.
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation- XXVIII: On the Occurrence of the Non-marine Genus Mytilopsis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Material collected from the Chipola Formation , Early Miocene, at Tulane locality 459 on the east bank of the Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida, has yielded seven valves of Mytilopsis, a genus primarily known from the lower reaches and mouths of rivers within the tropical zone of the Western Hemisphere. Associated with these valves in the collection are more than 100 specimens of a small species of the fresh-water gastropod Planorbis, plus many valves of what appears to be a new species of the estuarine genus Mulinia, abundant donacids, and other forms indicative of a shallow-water environment adjacent to the mouth of a small fresh-water stream. This is the only locality in our Chipola collections with a fauna suggesting such a depositional environment.
Pneumocephalus after the Treatment of an Inoperable Superior Sulcus Tumor with Chemoradiation.

Background. Pneumocephalus is a rare phenomenon that can occur as a complication after operations involving the thoracic discs, following thoracotomy for tumor resection, and after an intracranial operation or cranial trauma. This complication frequently occurs when a tumor is located in the costovertebral angle and an operative intervention creates a tear in the dura resulting in a pleural-dural fistula. Case Presentation. We describe the case of a 58-year-old man with an inoperable superior sulcus tumor who developed pneumocephalus after the initiation of chemoradiation secondary to a pleural-dural fistula. Conclusions. Although a rare occurrence, pneumocephalus should be considered when patients with tumors in the superior sulcus treated with radiation develop neurologic symptoms characteristic of increased intracranial pressure.
Adaptive isogeometric analysis in structural frames using a layer-based discretization to model spread of plasticity

Abstract A distributed plasticity isogeometric frame model utilizing a layer-based discretization is formulated to capture the plasticity growth in large-deformation frames. In our formulation, B-spline basis functions are employed to define the deformation along the length, while a layer-based through-the-thickness discretization is adopted to capture the gradual plastification of the section. This separation of the thickness integration from the length direction enables the full 2D yielding development to be captured while maintaining a 1D data structure. The member-level geometrically nonlinear effects are also included. By introducing a continuity constraint in between two patches, rigid connection between two members is achieved in a multi-patch analysis setting. The formulation includes an adaptive analysis in which knots are inserted based on yield locations. In comparison to conventional layer-based finite elements, fewer degrees of freedom are needed to achieve the same level of accuracy due to the high-order smoothness of B-splines. Compared to existing isogeometric beam elements, the appealing feature is its capability of adaptively capturing the 2D spread of plasticity while maintaining a 1D data structure. The performance of the proposed model is assessed through several numerical examples involving gradual yielding of beams and frames under small and large deformations.
Things Are Not What They Seem

Colour is a puzzling phenomenon. Perhaps nothing could be more obvious than colour; but one thing that Modern Philosophy has taught us is that, concerning colour, things are not what they appear. We all naively think that things exist in the world with their objective colours. Grass in green; the sky is blue; coal is black. But in reality, colour is merely the way that things with certain objective properties—notably the ability to reflect, emit, or absorb electromagnetic radiation of particular frequencies—appear to sensory apparatuses of certain species-specific (and even individual-specific) kinds.
Tolerance of Chickpeas to Postemergence Broadleaf Herbicides

Chickpea producers currently have no POST applied herbicides labeled for broadleaf weed control and rely heavily on PRE herbicides to manage weeds. Severe crop losses from broadleaf weed competition and harvest losses from weeds impeding harvest can occur when PRE herbicides perform poorly. Chickpea tolerance to POST applications of acifluorfen at 0.42 kg ai ha-1 and fomesafen at 0.28 kg ai ha-1 was tested at two sites in 2015. In 2016, both herbicides were tested on chickpeas when applied alone and in combination with pyridate at three sites. Acifluorfen and fomesafen injured chickpeas from 8 to 25% at 1 week after treatment (WAT) and 3 to 8% at 4 WAT in 2015 and from 16 to 40% at 1 WAT and 2 to 36% at 4 WAT in 2016. Pyridate applied POST at 1.00 kg ai ha-1 did not injure chickpeas or reduce yields. When pyridate was tank mixed with either acifluorfen or fomesafen, chickpea injury increased, but chickpeas recovered and yielded similar to nontreated checks or pyridatetreated plots. A low rate of metribuzin at 0.06 kg ai ha-1 tank mixed with pyridate had little impact on chickpea injury or weed control. In 2015, Russian thistle was controlled 100% by acifluorfen and fomesafen at Prosser at 28 DAT and both herbicides controlled the weed only 63% at Wilbur at 25 DAT. In 2016, all herbicide treatments reduced broadleaf weed densities equally ranging from 95 to 100% at Paterson, 50 to 100% at Prosser, and 78 to 98% at Wilbur. Chickpea yield was similar among POST herbicide treatments in all site-years. Acifluorfen, fomesafen, and pyridate have potential to improve control of susceptible broadleaf weeds that escape PRE herbicides chickpea production, but the potential for crop injury with acifluorfen and fomesafen warrant further evaluation.Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; fomesafen; metribuzin; pyridate; chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.
Measurement of intense continuous and flash radiographic sources with Compton spectrometers

Our team at Los Alamos National Laboratory has successfully employed Compton spectrometers to measure the x-ray spectra of intense radiographic sources, both continuous and flash. In this method, a collimated beam of x-rays incident on a convertor foil ejects Compton electrons. A collimator may be inserted into the entrance of the spectrometer to select the angular acceptance of the forward-scattered electrons, which then enter the magnetic field region of the spectrometer. The position of the electrons at the magnet's focal plane is proportional to the square root of their momentum, allowing the x-ray spectrum to be reconstructed. Two spectrometers have been fielded since 2013; a neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet with an energy range of 500 keV to 20 MeV, and a new samarium-cobalt magnet with an energy range of 50 keV to 4 MeV. Measured spectra were produced by x-ray generating machines of various intensities (~5 rad at 1 m per 50 ns pulse to >2000 rad/min at 1 m) and different endpoints (range of 2.25 to 20 MeV). Preliminary analysis of the electron spectra produced at two different facilities with various beryllium converter foil thicknesses is presented in these proceedings.
Blunt multifocal aortic injury with abdominal aortic intimointimal intussusception.

Abstract Blunt abdominal aortic injury is an infrequent occurrence after blunt trauma. The majority of these injuries result from deceleration forces sustained in motor vehicle collisions. Effects of these forces on the thoracic aorta are well described, but associated spinal compression or distraction can also lead to injury of the affixed abdominal aorta. We present a case of multifocal blunt thoracic and abdominal aortic injury with circumferential abdominal aortic dissection, resulting in aortoaortic intussusception associated with a thoracolumbar spinal injury. The unique diagnostic challenge and subsequent successful endovascular management of a rare nonocclusive abdominal aortic intussusception are herein discussed.
In reply: ‘Non-criteria’ antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis (February 2018)

We appreciate the response of Drs. Maharaj, Chang, and Shaikh. Antiphospholipid antibody testing and the diagnosis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome are quite complex. We recognize that there is controversy with regard to the role of antiphosphatidylserine (aPS) antibodies, antiprothrombin
Racial Dimensions of Property Value Protection Under the Fair Housing Act

Nearly fifty years after the passage of the Fair Housing Act, race-based residential segregation remains remarkably persistent, as do significant racial disparities in economic well-being. This Comment argues that one contributing factor to the persistence of segregation is different access to legal protections for property value enjoyed by minority and white homeowners. Historically, local land use regulations like zoning effectively served as legally permissible “race-neutral” means of replacing expressly race-based means of keeping “undesirables” out of white middle-class neighborhoods. Congress enacted the Fair Housing Act in 1968 to counter this deeply entrenched form of discrimination and to help achieve “truly integrated and balanced living patterns.” But in practice, many federal courts interpreting this civil rights statute have come to see themselves as the guardians of the property interests of middle-class and white families, overprotecting these families from perceived threats to property value caused by government efforts to promote integration. At the same time, these courts underprotect low-income and minority families from property value depreciation and displacement caused by “environmental segregation” and redevelopment. A closer look at the disparity in judicial treatment reveals a critical bias: an unquestioning acceptance of the assertion that the very presence of low-income and minority families can lead to the loss of property value. In order to move beyond the zero-sum game that pits the property interests of middle-class and white residents against those of low-income and minority residents, courts
Homogeneous Kinetics of Metal Species over Wide Temperature Ranges: Techniques, Measurements, and Correlations

Abstract The HTFFR (high–temperature fast-flow reactor) and Metals–HTP (high–temperature photochemistry) techniques for measurements of the kinetics of metallic species in the 300 to 1900 K temperature range are described. Their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The most extensive data set obtained by the HTFFR technique concerns the oxidation reactions of Al, AlO and AlCl. The various temperature dependences observed for these are summarized and discussed. The pre–exponentials of the rate coefficients of several of these reactions are compared to each other and to those obtained from HTFFR measurements on BCl oxidation reactions. HTP results for the Na/O 2 /N 2 and Cr/O 2 /Ar systems, as well as the Cu + N 2 O reaction, are given. It is shown that for various groups of metal atom + N 2 O reactions and for reactions of AlCl, BCl, BF and BH with various oxygen oxidants, the activation barriers correlate well with the ionization potentials plus the s–p (or σ–π) promotion energies of the metal species minus the electron affinities of the oxidants. These correlations can be explained on the basis of resonance theory and together constitute a generalization of more limited correlations for activation energies, already in common use. Semi–empirical calculations of the barrier energies based on the present approach are shown to agree well with experiment.
Novel tricyclic glycal-based TRIB1 inducers that reprogram LDL metabolism in hepatic cells

Increased expression of the Tribbles pseudokinase 1 gene (TRIB1) is associated with lower plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, higher levels of HDL cholesterol and decreased risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. We identified a class of tricyclic glycal core-based compounds that upregulate TRIB1 expression in human HepG2 cells and phenocopy the effects of genetic TRIB1 overexpression as they inhibit expression of triglyceride synthesis genes and ApoB secretion in cells. In addition to predicted effects related to downregulation of VLDL assembly and secretion these compounds also have unexpected effects as they upregulate expression of LDLR and stimulate LDL uptake. This activity profile is unique and favorably differs from profiles produced by statins or other lipoprotein targeting therapies. BRD8518, the initial lead compound from the tricyclic glycal class, exhibited stereochemically dependent activity and the potency far exceeding previously described benzofuran BRD0418. Gene expression profiling of cells treated with BRD8518 demonstrated the anticipated changes in lipid metabolic genes and revealed a broad stimulation of early response genes. Consistently, we found that BRD8518 activity is MEK1/2 dependent and the treatment of HepG2 cells with BRD8518 stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In agreement with down-regulation of genes controlling triglyceride synthesis and assembly of lipoprotein particles, the mass spectrometry analysis of cell extracts showed reduced rate of incorporation of stable isotope labeled glycerol into triglycerides in BRD8518 treated cells. Furthermore, we describe medicinal chemistry efforts that led to identification of BRD8518 analogs with enhanced potency and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo studies.
Updated results of frontline ofatumumab-hyper-CVAD in adults with CD20+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

7033Background: Chemoimmunotherapy is an effective frontline therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Ofatumumab (O) binds to a proximal small-loop epitope on CD20 and is more potent in vitr...
An opposite approach to steam generation using solar power: cooler for more

We proposed a cold vapor generation beyond the input solar energy limit. The vapor was produced at a temperature below that of ambient, resulting in ~2.2 kg m−2h−1 generation rate under one sun.
The use of fluoroquinolones and macrolides for sinusitis: a retrospective cross-sectional study

β-Lactam antibiotics are the recommended first-line treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis. Fluoroquinolones are recommended in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, and macrolide antibiotics are no longer recommended. The objectives of this study were to understand whether outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices adhere to treatment guidelines and to describe rates of fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotic prescribing for the treatment of sinusitis. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data. The prevalence of antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis was estimated, and the antibiotic prescribing pattern was measured. Additionally, significant factors associated with various antibiotic prescribing during the visits related to sinusitis were identified. Among physician visits related to sinusitis from 2013 to 2016 (n = 2739), 66.4% involved antibiotic prescribing. Visits with antibiotic prescribing showed greater proportions of patients aged < 18 years (21.7 vs 11.1%, p < 0.001), patients reporting fever (79.8 vs 50.7%, p < 0.001), and patients seeing family physicians or internal medicine specialists (68.4 vs 44.8%, p < 0.001) than those without antibiotic prescribing. Penicillins, macrolides, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones were prescribed in 42.2%, 30.6%, 15.2%, and 9.5% of the visits involving antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis, respectively. The odds of fluoroquinolone/macrolide prescribing were reduced by 73% if patients visited pediatricians and by 59% with otolaryngologists. Macrolides were the most common inappropriate antibiotic class prescribed for sinusitis. This study identifies a need for more focused attention to improve prescribing for sinusitis and adherence to the treatment guidelines.
Initial estimate for minimum energy pathways and transition states using velocities in internal coordinates

Abstract Many reaction pathway finding algorithms require an initial estimate of the minimum energy path (MEP). This initial estimate is usually computed variationally and must be seeded from an even simpler path, where care must be taken to avoid atomic intersections. As an alternative, we estimate the MEP by integrating a velocity vector projected from redundant internal coordinates into the Cartesian manifold. We compare this method to the image dependent pair potential, the geodesic method, linear synchronous transit, and linear Cartesian interpolation. In our first test, rotation of a methyl group in ethane, a zero-temperature string calculation seeded with our method converged to the MEP significantly faster than from any other method. In our second test, HCN → HNC tautomerization, only the geodesic method slightly outperformed ours. In the third test, HONO elimination from dimethylnitramine, our method produced an estimate for the transition state that was geometrically the closest to the true transition state and converged the fastest.
Microwave Device Inspired by Fiber-Optic Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer: A Novel Ultra-Sensitive Sensing Platform

The fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI) is one of the simplest sensing configurations and is widely used in various applications. Inspired by the EFPI, we report a novel and universal ultra-sensitive microwave sensing platform based on an open-ended hollow coaxial cable resonator. Two highly-reflective microwave reflectors were fabricated in a coaxial cable to form a microwave Fabry–Perot etalon. Although the operating wavelength of the proposed device is increased by five orders of magnitude compared to the fiber-optic EFPI (e.g., from 1500 nm to 150 mm), the resolution regarding the “ pseudo cavity length” of the proposed device is as high as 0.6 nanometer, which is comparable to that of the EFPI. The resolution can be further increased by high-precision machining of the device. Due to its low cost, high sensitivity, all-metal structure, robustness, and ease of signal demodulation, it is envisioned that the proposed device will revolutionize the sensing field and enable many important sensing applications that take place in harsh environments.
Preference for Solution Methods and Mathematical Performance: A Critical Review

Preferences for solution methods have an important implication teaching and learning mathematics and students’ mathematical performances. In the domain of learning mathematics, there are two modes of processing mathematical information: verbal logical and visual-pictorial. Learners who process mathematical information using verbal logical and visual -pictorial modes are respectively called verbalizers and visualizers. Based on the verbalizer-visualizer continuum, students can be placed in a continuum with regard to their preference for solution methods and correlation between the two modes of thought. They belong to one of three categories: (a) visualizers (geometric), who have a preference for the use of visual solution methods, which involve graphic representation (i.e., figures, diagrams, and pictures); (b) verbalizers (analytic), who have a preference for the use of nonvisual solution methods, which involve algebraic, numeric, and verbal representation; and (c) harmonics (mixer), who use visual and verbal methods equally. Several research studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between preferences for solution methods and mathematical performances; however, no conclusive findings were reported. Regardless of inconclusive findings, it is important for students to develop preferences for both solution methods: visual and nonvisual. The mathematical instructional strategies need to equally incorporate preferences for both solution methods, utilizing different modes of mathematical representations, in order to enhance learning mathematics.
Two-beam coupling at the epsilon-near-zero wavelength in indium tin oxide

Two-beam coupling enables tailoring of the optical nonlinearity in hot electron based nonlinear materials. Polarization- and chirp-dependent pump-probe measurements in indium tin oxide are found to be in good agreement with theory.