cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflectance studies of healthy, maize dwarf mosaic virus-infected, and Helminthosporium maydis-infected corn leaves

Abstract Healthy, maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)-infected, and Helminthosporium maydis -infected leaves possessed similar reflectivities in the visible range (0.4–0.75 μ) but significantly different reflectivities in the near infrared range (0.8–2.60 μ). Leaves infected with MDMV but not yet showing symptoms possessed significantly lower reflectivities than healthy leaves. At sample thickness comparable to canopy densities (3 leaves or more), healthy leaves consistently possessed significantly higher reflectivities than MDMV-infected leaves which possessed significantly higher reflectivities than H. maydis -infected leaves.
Rapid immunostaining in Mohs: current applications and attitudes.

Background Rapid immunostaining in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has been extensively reviewed in the recent literature. Despite the recent attention, there is relatively little information on how frequently these techniques are actually utilized and the current attitudes of the Mohs community towards immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. Objective We attempted to obtain information on the utilization and attitudes towards the use of rapid immunostaining in Mohs through a survey of fellowship-trained Mohs surgeons. Materials and Methods A twenty-five question survey was sent to members of the American College of Mohs Surgery (ACMS) through various methods including SurveyMonkey®, email, fax, and Metrofax®. Results A total of 378 surveys were completed. These responses represent a cross-section of fellowship-trained members of the ACMS. Conclusions The vast majority of respondents felt as though IHC stains could be used reliably in Mohs. A subset of responses indicated that the most common reasons for not using IHC stains are time consumption, lack of education, and startup and/or maintenance costs. An increase in immunostain usage over 10 years ago appears to correlate with the activity in the literature. There may be an underutilization of IHC staining in fellowship programs, as indicated by respondents' opinions.
Treating Preschool Children Who Stutter: Description and Preliminary Evaluation of a Family-Focused Treatment Approach

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present a detailed description of a family-focused treatment for preschool children who stutter that addresses communication behaviors and attitudinal reac...
Stem Cells Bleed into Brown Fat

The cellular origins and molecular determinants of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are the focus of renewed attention. Serendipitous studies examining hematopoiesis in human pluripotent stem cell cultures (Nishio et al., 2012, in this issue of Cell Metabolism) now identify cytokines capable of inducing BAT differentiation from these human stem cells and suggest a link between BAT and blood cells.
Present knowledge of point defects in pure metals

Abstract Present knowledge about self-interstitials and vacancies in fcc, bcc, and hexagonal metals is reviewed. Places where we lack information are pointed out.
Listening Perception Accuracy of ESL Learners as a Variable Function of Speaker L1

U As we incorporate into our ESL speaking classes a greater number of interactive tasks involving nonnative-speaker/nonnative-speaker (NNS/ NNS) dyads or groups, trying to create the optimum conditions for learners to benefit from negotiated input (Long, 1983; Doughty & Pica, 1986), we have tended to move away from exercises that focus on linguistic form, particularly in terms of the pronunciation and perception of English sound contrasts at the syllable or word level. This would seem to be justified if we could be sure that, as an inevitable part of receiving negotiated input, learners were in fact developing sufficient accuracy in the production and perception of those features of spoken English that play a crucial part in comprehension. According to Long and Porter (1985), accuracy does not suffer when learners take part in interactive pair work with other NNSs. However, this claim was primarily based on the use of grammatical structures and seems, in our experience, to be less tenable when we think of some learners whose accuracy in spoken production does seem to be subject to some variation. We do not know of any studies focusing specifically on level of pronunciation and perception accuracy in NNS/NNS pair work, but we have observed that learners seem to get by with fairly inaccurate pronunciations (in terms of the target) when their NNS partner is very familiar with their speech, particularly in the EFL context where interlocutors share the same L1 (Kenworthy, 1987). We wondered if ESL learners actually found it easier to identify English words when these were spoken by other learners than when they were spoken by English native speakers. In an attempt to answer this question, we designed a listening perception exercise to investigate whether learners became more or less accurate in their identification of English words as a function of the Li of the speaker.
STUDENTS' VIEWS OF INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES: IMPLICATIONS FOR INCLUSION

This study examined middle- and high-school students' perceptions of teacher adaptations to meet the special learning needs of students in the general education classroom. Individual interviews were conducted with 95 middle- and high-school students who represented the following groups: low achievers, average achievers, high achievers, learning disabilities, and English as a second language. All students felt they needed further teacher assistance to learn from their textbooks and that they would benefit from using learning strategies. Students also identified grouping preferences and the types of teacher adaptations they perceived as most helpful. Implications of the findings for inclusion of students with learning disabilities in general education classrooms are provided.
Microbial flora and clinical parameters in phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth.

The effect of phenytoin therapy on periodontal indices, plaque microbiology, and gingival overgrowth was studied. Plaque, gingivitis, and calculus indices and pocket depth were recorded for anterior and posterior teeth of 89 subjects partitioned into 5 groups, a control group, and 4 groups of patients receiving phenytoin therapy with differing severity of gingival overgrowth. A survey of the major oral microorganisms present in marginal plaque was also done. The clinical indices increased with increasing severity of overgrowth. Patients with no or minimal overgrowth had clinical indices equal to or less than those of controls. The proportions of the major oral genera in marginal plaque samples from the groups were similar except for the patients with the most severe gingival overgrowth (mentally retarded and institutionalized). The microbe proportions from neither anterior nor posterior sites had a distinct relationship to severity of gingival overgrowth. Furthermore, no differences were found between clinical parameters or plaque microbiology at the anterior sites of patients who had greater anterior than posterior overgrowth. More frequent Correlations occurred among clinical parameters than among microbial percentages or between microbial percentages and clinical indices. This study does not support a specific marginal plaque etiology for phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth.
1521 INDICATIONS FOR CRANIAL ULTRASOUND IN THE NURSERY

To determine the indications for routine cranial ultrasound in the nursery, we reviewed the scans of 813 inborn neonates. The neuropathology was separated into intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or congenital structural anomalies (CSA), and the patients were grouped according to clinical status. We also evaluated a subset of 174 consecutive births of <2250 g BW to determine the indications for cranial ultrasound scanning based on specific BW. The results are listed below*. The 813 patients scanned were categorized using the first applicable diagnosis in the listing below and were listed only once: We conclude that routine cranial ultrasound is indicated for infants with BW<2kg, dysmorphology, Apgar scores<7, seizures, and macrocephaly, but not routinely for the term non-asphyxiated infant with jitteriness, abnormal neurological examination, Cephalohematoma, or split sutures.
Analytical Solutions to Simple Models of Condensation and Coalescence

Abstract The kinetic equation for the evolution of particle size spectra by condensation and coalescence is considered. The condensation rate, the rate of increase of the particle mass ẋ, is taken as (i) a(t)x and (ii) a(t), where a(t) is an arbitrary non-negative function of the time. In case (i) it is shown that, for a homogeneous kernel, the solution of the kinetic equation for condensation and coalescence can be reduced to that for pure coalescence by simple transformations. In case (ii) the solution is expressed as an infinite series, the terms of which involve convolutions of arbitrary order of the initial distribution and a function of the condensation rate. The central limit theorem of probability theory is used to obtain an expansion for the convolutions, and an approximate analytical expression for the sum of the infinite series is obtained for large x. A few numerical evaluations of the solutions are presented.
The use of national board scores in selecting residents for obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract The performance of 29 residents in obstetrics and gynecology on parts 1 and 2 of the national board examinations, which they had taken to graduate from medical school, was compared to their performance on the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination taken during the third year of residency. There was a statistically significant correlation between results of part 1 of the national board and results of the Council on Resident Education examination (r = 0.45, p
Containment of misinformation spread in online social networks

With their blistering expansions in recent years, popular on-line social sites such as Twitter, Facebook and Bebo, have become some of the major news sources as well as the most effective channels for viral marketing nowadays. However, alongside these promising features comes the threat of misinformation propagation which can lead to undesirable effects, such as the widespread panic in the general public due to faulty swine flu tweets on Twitter in 2009. Due to the huge magnitude of online social network (OSN) users and the highly clustered structures commonly observed in these kinds of networks, it poses a substantial challenge to efficiently contain viral spread of misinformation in large-scale social networks.In this paper, we focus on how to limit viral propagation of misinformation in OSNs. Particularly, we study a set of problems, namely the β1T -- Node Protectors, which aims to find the smallest set of highly influential nodes whose decontamination with good information helps to contain the viral spread of misinformation, initiated from the set I, to a desired ratio (1 − β) in T time steps. In this family set, we analyze and present solutions including inapproximability result, greedy algorithms that provide better lower bounds on the number of selected nodes, and a community-based heuristic method for the Node Protector problems. To verify our suggested solutions, we conduct experiments on real world traces including NetHEPT, NetHEPT_WC and Facebook networks. Empirical results indicate that our methods are among the best ones for hinting out those important nodes in comparison with other available methods.
Industries, Occupations, and Trade Policy Preferences

The nature of one’s work, not just who one works for, is central to political and economic life. Yet models of trade policy preferences mostly ignore occupation, focusing exclusively on industries (perhaps because industries are the usual organizing dimension of economic policymaking). This article proposes new measures of how much risk trade imposes on different workers based on how diversified their occupation is across industries, thus considering both industry and occupation. Having a job specific to any sector appears to encourage protectionism, regardless of that sector’s comparative advantage, supporting the idea that public opinion may treat trade policy as insurance.
Frequency Response Properties of Forced Climatic SST Anomaly Variability in the North Atlantic

Abstract Frequency response properties of North Atlantic (5°–57°N) sea surface temperature anomaly (Tsa) variability with periods of several months to 20 years are characterized using the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Significant direct forcing of Tsa variability by the anomalous wind field (primarily through the resulting anomalous surface turbulent heat flux) is observed in the westerly wind and trade wind belts. To characterize properties of the large-scale climatic Tsa response to this forcing over the entire frequency band resolved, it is necessary to consider the dual role of anomalous surface heat flux as both the dominant local forcing mechanism and the dominant damping mechanism, the latter through a negative linear feedback (Newtonian relaxation). At frequencies where wind forcing is important, good agreement exists between the frequency response function estimated from data and the same function theoretically predicted by a simple stochastic forcing model where the locally fo...
Performance of Hungarian phylloxera strains on Vitis riparia rootstocks

:Vitis riparia and other rootstocks were used in excised root- and plantlet culture-bioassays to test the performance of Hungarian colonies of phylloxera. Phylloxera colonies from America and Germany were used as comparisons. The Hungarian colonies had a higher level of performance on V. riparia in contrast with the American and German colonies. Plantlet assays found the performance of a Hungarian strain on V. riparia equivalent to that on Vitis vinifera, AXR#1 and 41B root types. In contrast, the American colonies did not survive on V. riparia. Collections of Hungarian gallicole colonies from cultivated and escaped rootstock leaves were assayed using excised roots of the rootstock Teleki 5C. Results indicated that performance of phylloxera collected from feral rootstocks was higher than performance of colonies collected from cultivated rootstock leaves. Lastly, when the attached roots of field-grown V. riparia vines were damaged by girdling, phylloxera performance was much higher than on undamaged roots, suggesting cultural conditions can increase the risk of related vine damage. These laboratory and field results show that V. riparia is capable of supporting phylloxera on its roots. Escaped, feral vines may select for phylloxera with increased virulence on roots. This is of significance in regions such as Hungary where feral rootstock is common.
E‐mail decay rates among corresponding authors in MEDLINE

In an ironic twist, the e‐mail address for J.E. Grissom was printed incorrectly on page 127 in the …
An additional clinical observation in two cases of vertical root fracture

Abstract Cases involving vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth can present difficulties in diagnosis. There are clinical and radiographic signs that, when present, can make diagnosis easier. In the two cases presented here, displacement of portions of the root occurred long after obturation of the canal. This spreading apart or movement of the apical portions of the root could be a result of pressure from the proliferating chronic granulation tissue that was present. The radiographic finding of displacement of apical portions of the root can be an additional diagnostic sign that a vertical root fracture had occurred.
Surface charge, fluidity, and calcium uptake by rat intestinal brush-border vesicles

Abstract Biological membrane outer surfaces are negatively charged and interact with positively charged calcium ion during calcium uptake. Positively charged polycations such as polyarginine bind to membranes with high affinity, displacing bound calcium from the membrane. We tested the effect of polyarginine on uptake of calcium by brush-border membrane vecicles and examined the responses in terms of membrane fluidity by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Polyarginine inhibited the saturable component of calcium uptake by a mechanism combining inhibition characteristics of strontium (competitive) and magnesium (non-competitive). Unlike the inhibition of non-saturable calcium uptake by strontium and magnesium, polyarginine increased k D , the rate constant for non-saturable calcium uptake, by a concentration dependent mechanism. These effects of polyarginine on calcium uptake were associated with decreased membrane fluidity at the uptake temperature. These findings are consistent with a role for surface negative charge in determining both saturable and non-saturable calcium uptake. Increased membrane fluidity is associated with decreased saturable and increased non-saturable calcium uptake. Although increased fluidity might be involved in the increased k D for non-saturable uptake, the concentration-specific stimulating effect of polyarginine suggests a gating mechanism.
Composite risk index to predict adverse cardiac outcomes in pregnant women with congenital heart disease

WOMEN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE DAVID W. OUYANG, PAUL KHAIRY, SUSAN FERNANDES, KATHERINE ECONOMY, AVIVA LEE-PARRITZ, MICHAEL LANDZBERG, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston Medical Center, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts OBJECTIVE: A composite risk index to predict maternal cardiac complications has been proposed as a contemporary approach to risk stratify pregnant women with heart disease. We sought to independently validate this risk index in women with congenital heart disease. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective, single center, cohort study examining maternal outcomes in women with congenital heart disease who delivered between 1998-2004. Patients received 1 point for each of the following predictors: Previous cardiac event (h/o CHF/stroke/arrhythmia); baseline NYHA class >2 or central cyanosis; LV outflow tract obstruction; and LVEF ! 40%. The cardiac event rates were stratified by the risk index scoring system and compared to the predicted rate. The predicted rate of a primary cardiac event in pregnancies with 0, 1, and R2 points is 5%, 27% and 75% respectively. Primary events were defined as CHF; sustained arrhythmia; stroke; cardiac arrest; and cardiac death. RESULTS: 53 patients were studied who completed a total of 83 pregnancies. All patients had a baseline NYHA class %2. Six patients had a h/o CHF, eleven had a h/o arrhythmia and one patient had a h/o stroke. No patients had central cyanosis or LVEF !40%. A primary cardiac event occurred in 15 pregnancies, all of which were cases of CHF (n = 9) and arrhythmia (n = 8). In two pregnancies, both CHF and arrhythmia were observed. The predicted rate of a primary cardiac event based on the composite risk index was similar to the observed rate (Table). CONCLUSION: This study represents the largest single institution experience evaluating cardiac outcomes in pregnant women with congenital heart disease. It provides the first independent validation of the risk index scoring system proposed to predict adverse cardiac events in pregnant women with heart disease.
Barrelene–semibullvalene rearrangement induced by visible light: synthesis of dicorannulenosemibullvalene dimethyl dicarboxylate

Abstract A clean, quick conversion of biscorrannulenobarrelene dicarboxylate to the respective semibullvalene is observed upon irradiation of solutions of the former with a sun lamp. This represents the first reported example of such rearrangement induced by visible light. Hybrid density functional theory calculations predict the exo – endo conformer of the semibullvalene as the most stable, with the bis- exo and bis- endo conformers being higher in energy by ca. 1 and 4 kcal/mol, respectively.
The utilization of specific interactions to enhance the mechanical properties of polysiloxane coatings

Moisture-curable polysiloxanes were modified with ionic groups to enable specific interactions between the polysiloxane matrix and silica nanoparticle reinforcement. A trimethoxysilane-functional quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) was used to modify the polysiloxane matrix. A comparison of the mechanical properties of coatings containing QAS modification to analogous coatings without QAS modification showed that QAS modification resulted in a dramatic improvement in mechanical properties of silica nanoparticle-reinforced coatings. QAS modification provided major enhancements in both tensile modulus and toughness. The coatings were characterized using positron annihilation spectroscopy, photo-acoustic FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy. The characterization results suggested that the QAS moieties present in the polysiloxane matrix undergo specific interactions with the surface of silica nanoparticles enabling an enhancement in interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the nanoparticles. Most likely, the specific interaction that provided the enhanced mechanical properties was an ion–dipole interaction involving silanol groups present on the surface of the silica nanoparticles. The enhanced modulus and toughness of these polysiloxane materials may enable their application as a fouling-release coating for ship hulls, since current polysiloxane-based fouling release coatings suffer from poor mechanical properties and durability.
Environment, safety, and health impact of HTS power equipment

In this article, the authors are concerned with the potential environment, safety and health (ES&H) consequences of successful engineering, not the engineering itself nor the economic benefits to the utility customer or utility owner who uses high-temperature superconducting power equipment. Consistent with the general aspects of ES&H, this description is qualitative or semiquantitative.
Complex sphingolipid synthesis in plants: characterization of inositolphosphorylceramide synthase activity in bean microsomes.

Abstract Complex glycophosphosphingolipids present in plants are composed of ceramide, inositolphosphate, and diverse polar oligosaccharide substituents. The activity of inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase (phosphatidylinositol:ceramide inositolphosphate transferase), the enzyme proposed to catalyze the initial committed step in the formation of these complex sphingolipids, was characterized in wax bean hypocotyl microsomes. Enzyme activity was assayed by monitoring the incorporation of fluorescent NBD-C6 ceramide or [3H]inositolphosphate from radiolabeled phosphatidylinositol (PI) into product identified by TLC. IPC synthase was found to utilize nonhydroxy fatty acid-containing ceramide, hydroxy fatty acid-containing ceramide, and NBD-C6 ceramide as substrate. Maximum product formation was observed at PI concentrations in excess of 600 μM (with half-maximum activity at approximately 200 μM). Both endogenous PI and ceramide appeared to serve as substrates. Aureobasidin A and rustmicin, two potent inhibitors of fungal IPC synthase, inhibited enzyme activity in bean microsomes with values for IC50 of 0.4–0.8 and 16–20 nM, respectively. IPC synthase activity appeared most closely associated with the Golgi based on results using selected marker enzymes. Enzyme activity was detected in a variety of plant tissues. This report, the first to characterize IPC synthase in plant tissues, demonstrates the similarities between the plant enzyme and its yeast counterpart, and provides insight into plant glycophosphosphingolipid biology.
The value of a database in surveillance and vaccine selection

Abstract The Influenza Sequence Database (ISD) is a curated, specialized database of influenza genomic and protein sequences, and influenza-specific sequence analysis tools that have a web interface available to the public http://www.flu.lanl.gov ). Contents are primarily those influenza sequences that have been deposited in GenBank. A growing number of sequences are deposited directly into the ISD by WHO surveillance sites around the world. The core function of the interface is a database search. Analysis tools are a combination of developments by ISD staff and adaptation of existing, freely available software. Future developments of the database and its web site will be driven by user needs and by output from our in-house research. Projects underway include a layered, secure interface with the database to allow variable access privileges to sensitive data, and clickable mapping of a homology model if Influenza B hemagglutinin.
The Comparison of GPA Regression Equations for Regularly Admitted and Disadvantaged Freshmen at the University of Illinois.

The regression equations of first semester grade point average (GPA) on high school percentile rank (HSPR) and verbal and quantitative score on the Cooperative School and College Ability Tests (SCAT) were significantly different for men and women regularly admitted freshmen and men and women freshmen admitted to the Special Educational Opportunities Program (SEOP) at the University of Illinois. HSPR and SCAT verbal scores were useful predictors of GPA for all groups. However, separate regression equations for the prediction of GPA were indicated, since there were significant differences in the regression coefficients of all of the independent variables among the four groups.
Theoretical analysis of the cycloaddition of ethylene

Abstract The cycloaddition of ethylene is theoretically analyzed for portions of the excited singlet and triplet hypersurfaces using a combination of semi-empirical and intermediate level ab initio techniques. The semi-empirical UHF calculations on the addition of triplet ethylene and methyl radical to ethylene showed that these two reactions have comparable theoretical parameters, including activation energies, spin transfer and spin polarization at the transition state. For the 2S + 2S excited singlet state surfaces, the results of both the ab initio and semi-empirical calculations are qualitatively the same and correspond to the classical ideas generated from orbital symmetry rules. At the ab initio level the results are quantitatively poor, partially due to the use of an intermediate level configuration interaction treatment. In particular, it was not possible to obtain other than a small fraction of the total estimated valence correlation energy in cyclobutane. The configuration interaction problem for both ab initio and semi-empirical calculations is discussed in detail.
Gene duplication and paleopolyploidy in soybean and the implications for whole genome sequencing.

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is a well documented paleopolyploid. What remains relatively under characterized is the level of sequence identity in retained homeologous regions of the genome. Recently, the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute and United States Department of Agriculture jointly announced the sequencing of the soybean genome. One of the initial concerns is to what extent sequence identity in homeologous regions would have on whole genome shotgun sequence assembly. Seventeen BACs representing ~2.03 Mb were sequenced as representative potential homeologous regions from the soybean genome. Genetic mapping of each BAC shows that 11 of the 20 chromosomes are represented. Sequence comparisons between homeologous BACs shows that the soybean genome is a mosaic of retained paleopolyploid regions. Some regions appear to be highly conserved while other regions have diverged significantly. Large-scale "batch" reassembly of all 17 BACs combined showed that even the most homeologous BACs with upwards of 95% sequence identity resolve into their respective homeologous sequences. Potential assembly errors were generated by tandemly duplicated pentatricopeptide repeat containing genes and long simple sequence repeats. Analysis of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of 80,000 randomly chosen JGI-DOE sequence traces reveals some new soybean-specific repeat sequences. This analysis investigated both the structure of the paleopolyploid soybean genome and the potential effects retained homeology will have on assembling the whole genome shotgun sequence. Based upon these results, homeologous regions similar to those characterized here will not cause major assembly issues.
Partial purification and characterization of the alkaline protease of sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) nematocyst venom

Abstract 1. Sea nettle alkaline protease (SNP) was purified 13-fold by sequential chromatography on hexylamine Sepharose and CM-Sephadex gels. 2. SNP had a pH and temperature optimum of 9.3 and 37°C respectively and a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons. 3. SNP activity was inhibited by most divalent ions, EGTA, EDTA and o -phenanthroline. Calcium ion reversed the inhibition of the chelators. These factors suggest that the enzyme is a metallopeptidase.
MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

This paper describes the Multiagent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology. MaSE is a general purpose, methodology for developing heterogeneous multiagent systems. MaSE uses a number of graphically based models to describe system goals, behaviors, agent types, and agent communication interfaces. MaSE also provides a way to specify architecture-independent detailed definition of the internal agent design. An example of applying the MaSE methodology is also presented.
Landau-Ginzburg theories as orbifolds

It is shown that subclasses of a recently constructed set of Landau-Ginzburg/Calabi-Yau string compactifications can be described as orbifolds of simpler superpotentials. This construction allows for a systematic identification of dual pairs that appear naturally in this class of string vacua. The strange duality of Arnold appears as a special case of these constructions.
FcϵRI Aggregation Induces Tyrosine Phosphorylation of a Novel 72 kDa Protein Downstream of Syk

Abstract Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is critical for the FcϵRI-induced signal transduction that leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. Here we report the isolation of a monoclonal antibody, mAb BD2, to a 72 kDa protein that becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after FcϵRI aggregation. By immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and/or protease digestion this 72 kDa protein was different from the previously identified 68–76 kDa tyrosine phosphorylated proteins Btk, paxillin, SLP-76 or Syk. The phosphorylation of this 72 kDa protein was detectable within 15 sec after receptor aggregation and was independent of Ca 2+ influx or the activation of protein kinase C. By in vitro kinase reaction, the 72 kDa protein did not autophosphorylate, which suggests that it is not a kinase, but is associated with a 140 kDa protein that was strongly phosphorylated. Studies in Syk deficient and Syk transfected variants of the RBL-2H3 cells demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of this 72 kDa protein was downstream of Syk. These data indicate that the 72 kDa protein precipitated by mAb BD2 is a novel phosphoprotein involved in FcϵRI signaling.
Volunteer Phone Calls Can Increase Turnout: Evidence From Eight Field Experiments

Gerber and Green argue that get-out-the-vote phone calls do not increase turnout based upon field experiments testing nonpartisan professional phone banks. This article argues that the quality of the phone calls matter and that brief, nonpartisan phone calls can raise voter turnout if they are sufficiently personal. To test this hypothesis, a series of eight volunteer nonpartisan phone campaigns to mobilize voters were studied using randomized, controlled experiments. The campaigns targeted voters across six different cities in 2000 and 2001. Contra Gerber and Green, the phone calls are found to boost turnout 3.8 percentage points. Based on these estimates, volunteer phone calls produce one vote for every $26 per vote, which is cost competitive with door-to-door canvassing. Differences between the professional phone banks previously studied by Gerber and Green and the volunteer phone banks herein are also discussed.
HREELS of H/GaN(0001): evidence for Ga termination

Abstract Two issues relevant to the growth and processing of GaN are the termination of the GaN(0001) surface and its reaction with hydrogen. We have used high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to study the adsorption of hydrogen on MOCVD-grown GaN(0001). LEED of the sputtered and annealed surface shows evidence of facetting. No adsorbate vibrations are observed on the clean surface by HREELS, only Fuchs–Kliewer phonons at intervals of 700 cm −1 . Following exposure of the clean GaN surface to hydrogen atoms, HREEL spectra show adsorbate loss peaks at 2580, 3280, and 3980 cm −1 . The Ga–H stretching vibration at 1880 cm −1 becomes evident when the HREEL spectrum is deconvoluted to remove the phonon multiple-loss peaks. We assign the 2580, 3280, and 3980 cm −1 peaks to combination modes of the Ga–H stretch and phonon(s). Upon dosing with deuterium, the Ga–D bending mode is observed at 400 cm −1 . No vibrational peaks due to N–H (N–D) species are observed after H (D) exposure. We conclude that sputtered and annealed GaN(0001) is Ga-terminated.
A comparative study of BK and JC virus infections in organ transplant recipients

JC virus (JCV) rarely causes kidney disease, whereas BK virus (BKV) is a known cause of viral nephropathy. Existing studies on prevalence of JCV in healthy and transplanted subjects have reported only qualitative detection of viral DNA. We used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess JC viral load in transplant recipients and non-immunosuppressed controls, and compared JCV loads to BKV loads. JC viruria was seen in 8/23 (34.7%) controls, 23/103 (22.3%) renal, and 10/44 (22.7%) liver transplant patients. No patient developed JC viremia. BK viruria was seen in 2/23 (8.7%) controls, 36/103 (34.9%) renal, and 7/44 (15.9%) liver transplant patients. BK viremia was seen only in the kidney (8/103 = 7.7%) patients. The mean BKV urinary load was higher in kidney compared to liver patients and controls (4.22E + 07 vs. 2.88E + 05 vs. 4.39E + 02 copies/ml), whereas JC viral load was similar for all three patient groups (1.55E + 06 vs. 2.66E + 06 vs. 2.13E + 06 copies/ml). JCV viral loads were surprisingly high in all patient categories studied, but did not result in viremia or viral nephropathy. Although both BKV and JCV are widely latent in patients accepted for transplantation, concurrent reactivation of both viruses was infrequent. BKV viremia was seen in kidney but not liver recipients. The mechanisms underlying these notable phenomena remain to be investigated.
III−V Nanowire Growth Mechanism: V/III Ratio and Temperature Effects

We have studied the dependence of Au-assisted InAs nanowire (NW) growth on InAs(111)B substrates as a function of substrate temperature and input V/III precursor ratio using organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy. Temperature-dependent growth was observed within certain temperature windows that are highly dependent on input V/III ratios. This dependence was found to be a direct consequence of the drop in NW nucleation and growth rate with increasing V/III ratio at a constant growth temperature due to depletion of indium at the NW growth sites. The growth rate was found to be determined by the local V/III ratio, which is dependent on the input precursor flow rates, growth temperature, and substrate decomposition. These studies advance understanding of the key processes involved in III−V NW growth, support the general validity of the vapor−liquid−solid growth mechanism for III−V NWs, and improve rational control over their growth morphology.
The relevance of identity in responding to BIID and the misuse of causal explanation.

The primary reason cited for wanting amputation of healthy limbs is that “the amputation would correct a mismatch between the person's anatomy and sense of his or her ‘true’ self” (First 2005, 922)...
Increasing the yield and viscosity of exopolysaccharides secreted by Sphingomonas by augmentation of chromosomal genes with multiple copies of cloned biosynthetic genes.

Certain bacteria of the Sphingomonas genus secrete structurally related capsular polysaccharides. Due to their unique properties, three (gellan, welan and rhamsan) are produced commercially by submerged fermentation and are used as modifiers of aqueous rheology and as gelling agents. However, conversion of glucose into these polysaccharides is relatively inefficient. To identify general methods for increasing the productivity of Sphingomonas, we augmented the normal chromosomal copy of the phosphoglucomutase gene (pgm) and the cluster of genes (sps) required for assembly of the carbohydrate repeat unit for strain S7 with multiple copies of plasmids carrying these genes. Although a sixfold increase in Pgm activity only lead to a small percentage increase in conversion of glucose to the S-7 polysaccharide, multiple sps genes caused a nearly 20% increase in the yield from glucose and an even larger increase in culture viscosity. The increased viscosity was accompanied by a change in the sugar composition of the secreted polymer. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 49–57.
Evidence of Natural Reproduction by Stocked Lake Trout in Lake Ontario

Seventy-five lake trout fry (Salvelinus namaycush) were captured in Lake Ontario using emergent fry traps. The capture of these fry provides the first evidence of sizable natural reproduction of hatchery-origin lake trout in Lake Ontario since stocking was begun in 1973. The average catch of lake trout fry per trap in Lake Ontario (0.04 fry/trap day) was similar to that reported from Lake Huron (0.02), but lower than the catch per effort reported from Lake Michigan (0.27) and Lake Superior (0.46). Suction sampling and trawling were also conducted in the same area where fry traps were set. No fry were captured using these methods.
Phosphoregulation of Cbk1 is critical for RAM network control of transcription and morphogenesis

The budding yeast regulation of Ace2 and morphogenesis (RAM) network integrates cell fate determination and morphogenesis. Its disruption impairs polarized growth and causes mislocalization of the transcription factor Ace2, resulting in failure of daughter cell–specific transcription required for cell separation. We find that phosphoregulation of the conserved AGC family kinase Cbk1 is critical for RAM network function. Intramolecular autophosphorylation of the enzyme's activation loop is critical for kinase activity but is only partially required for cell separation and polarized growth. In marked contrast, phosphorylation of a C-terminal hydrophobic motif is required for Cbk1 function in vivo but not for its kinase activity, suggesting a previously unappreciated level of control for this family of kinases. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal site is regulated over the cell cycle and requires the transcription factor Ace2 as well as all RAM network components. Therefore, Ace2 is not only a downstream target of Cbk1 but also reinforces activation of its upstream regulator.
Relating the Microscopic and Macroscopic Response of a Polymeric Fluid in a Shearing Flow

The microscopic and macroscopic response of a polymer solution in start-up shear flow was investigated using fluorescence microscopy of single molecules, bulk viscosity measurements, and Brownian dynamics simulations. An overshoot in viscosity was observed upon flow inception and understood via the observed molecular extension and by simulation findings. Increasing the polymer concentration up to six times the overlap concentration ( C(*)) has no effect on the character of the dynamics of individual molecules.
Development and validation of a computer adaptive test for measuring dyspnea in heart failure

Abstract Background Dyspnea is a common symptom among patients with heart failure. Currently, there is no standardized, rapid, precise method to assess dyspnea. Methods and Results From a review of the literature, we pooled questions from various questionnaires assessing dyspnea. A total of 201 patients with heart failure completed all questions in the preliminary item bank. Each item asks how much shortness of breath the patient had when doing an activity. Medical charts were reviewed for hospitalization within 1 or 3 months of completing the questions. We created a dyspnea item bank of 44 items. Computer adaptive tests (CAT) generated from this item bank can assess dyspnea by administering on average 10 questions. Simulation CAT scores were generated to compare with the item bank scores. The CAT scores had a correlation of 0.98 with item bank scores. Logistic regression models predicting the probability of being hospitalized from the dyspnea score were statistically significant ( P Conclusions This computer-based tool for dyspnea assessment obtains similar precision to that of answering the entire dyspnea item bank with less patient burden.
Factors responsible for impedance rise in high power lithium ion batteries

Abstract High-power, 18,650 lithium-ion cells have been designed and fabricated in order to understand the factors limiting the calendar life of the lithium-ion system. Each cell consisted of a LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 positive electrode, a blend of MCMB-6 and SFG-6 carbon negative electrode, and a LiPF6 in EC:DEC (1:1) electrolyte. These cells, which initially meet the power requirement set by the partnership for a new generation of vehicles (PNGV), were subjected to accelerated calendar life and cycle life testing. After testing at elevated temperatures, the cells experienced a significant impedance rise and loss of power. The fade rate of power in these cells was dependent of the state of charge and the temperature of testing. Micro-reference electrode and ac-impedance studies on symmetrical cells have confirmed that the interfacial resistance at the positive electrode was the main reason behind the impedance rise in the high power cell.
Low-pressure/spinal fluid leak headache.

Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure results in neurologic deficits, of which the most common manifestation is headache. Typically, the headache is postural – and specifically, orthostatic – in presentation. There are three hypotheses to explain the occurrence of headache associated with low CSF fluid. The first is traction on pain-sensitive intracranial and meningeal structures; the second is CSF hypovolemia; and the third is spinal loss of CSF resulting in increased compliance at the caudal end of the CSF space. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), once believed to be rare, is now more commonly recognized. It is typically associated with orthostatic headache (although initially it may not be) and one or more other symptoms such as alterations in hearing, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, diplopia, and visual field cuts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadolinium is the first study of choice, which typically reveals diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement and, frequently, cerebellar tonsillar descent and posterior fossa crowding. Epidural blood patch (EBP) is the treatment of choice. Surgery and epidural fibrin glue injection are options for those who fail conservative therapy and/or EBP.
Thermal electrons and Watson Crick AT(

The adiabatic electron affinity of adenine/thymine, AT, is >1.1 eV from the onset in the anion photoelectron spectrum. We demonstrate that the Watson Crick hydrogen bonded base pair is consistent with this onset using the experimental adiabatic electron affinities of adenine, 1.08(5) eV, and thymine, 0.93(5) eV, and the quantum mechanically predicted electron affinity of AT, 1.4 eV. This differs from the literature assignment to a non-biologically significant proton transferred form. The anion spectra of thymine and hydrated thymine are compared with that of AT. Herschbach Ionic Morse Person Empirical Curves are calculated for thymine anions.
On the association of common and rare genetic variation influencing body mass index: a combined SNP and CNV analysis.

As the architecture of complex traits incorporates a widening spectrum of genetic variation, analyses integrating common and rare variation are needed. Body mass index (BMI) represents a model trait, since common variation shows robust association but accounts for a fraction of the heritability. A combined analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV) was performed using 1850 European and 498 African-Americans from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment. Genetic risk sum scores (GRSS) were constructed using 32 BMI-validated SNPs and aggregate-risk methods were compared: count versus weighted and proxy versus imputation. The weighted SNP-GRSS constructed from imputed probabilities of risk alleles performed best and was highly associated with BMI (p = 4.3×10−16) accounting for 3% of the phenotypic variance. In addition to BMI-validated SNPs, common and rare BMI/obesity-associated CNVs were identified from the literature. Of the 84 CNVs previously reported, only 21-kilobase deletions on 16p12.3 showed evidence for association with BMI (p = 0.003, frequency = 16.9%), with two CNVs nominally associated with class II obesity, 1p36.1 duplications (OR = 3.1, p = 0.009, frequency 1.2%) and 5q13.2 deletions (OR = 1.5, p = 0.048, frequency 7.7%). All other CNVs, individually and in aggregate, were not associated with BMI or obesity. The combined model, including covariates, SNP-GRSS, and 16p12.3 deletion accounted for 11.5% of phenotypic variance in BMI (3.2% from genetic effects). Models significantly predicted obesity classification with maximum discriminative ability for morbid-obesity (p = 3.15×10−18). Results show that incorporating validated effect sizes and allelic probabilities improve prediction algorithms. Although rare-CNVs did not account for significant phenotypic variation, results provide a framework for integrated analyses.
Political‐Administrative Relations: Impact of and Puzzles in Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman, 1981

Political-administrative relations became an issue once politicians and administrators came to be considered as distinct actors in the public realm. This happened in the late eighteenth century, and several authors since then explored the nature of this relationship in normative and/or juridical terms. But it took almost two centuries before it became an object of systematic empirical study in a comparative perspective: Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman (APR 1981). The APR study was the first to use survey methods and to advance empirically based theory. In this article we discuss the intellectual attention for this topic since the early nineteenth century, APR's findings and impact and—given APR's influence upon methods—some intriguing problems with the framework that they developed. Finally we list some potential new avenues of research.
Echelle class spectroscopy with a single holographic grating

There are several problems in astrophysics that cannot be addressed until very high resolution spectroscopy ((lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) > 100,000) in the far ultraviolet ((lambda) < 2000 angstroms) can be achieved simultaneously with high efficiency. Issues such as atomic isotopic abundances in the interstellar medium, velocity structure in interstellar clouds, and fine and hyperfine line structure in atomic transitions require 100,000 - 200,000 class resolution and high sensitivity; a capability that currently does not exist. Historically, resolutions this high have been obtained with echelle spectrographs, which require two gratings, and must suffer the losses due to reflective efficiency and diffraction efficiency on both gratings. These losses are much more significant in the far ultraviolet than in the visible. We present a means of obtaining very high resolution spectroscopy in the far ultraviolet with a single, holographic grating, which should be significantly more efficient than classic echelle designs.