cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning to Listen: Confronting Two Meanings of Language Loss in the Contemporary White Mountain Apache Speech Community

This article describes a controversy that emerged around a language maintenance program with which the author was involved on the White Mountain Apache Reservation in Arizona. It argues that the controversy had its source in conflicts between two language ideologies, each informing a different pedagogical model within the local speech community. One had its locus in the educational institutions, and the other was more broadly dispersed throughout families and homes, extending to other contexts of everyday life in which Apache standards of communicative competence set the tone for interactions. The article argues that language education programs were perceived by some as threatening to replace Apache pedagogical practices and to undermine relations of authority between younger and older Apache generations. It concludes that language maintenance cannot be narrowly construed as such, but must take into account local meanings of the problems of language loss and survival in the formulation of solutions.
Effects of lateral terrain variations on tropospheric radar propagation

The numerical simulation of long-distance, over-terrain propagation of electromagnetic waves has received considerable attention due to its strong impact on radar and communication technology. One highly desirable feature of the methods currently used in these simulations is numerical efficiency, which is typically achieved by approximating the actual three-dimensional (3-D) propagation medium by a two-dimensional (2-D) medium. In this medium, the atmospheric variations are confined to the range/altitude (x/z) propagation plane while terrain variations are confined to the range direction (one-dimensional terrain). With an additional, paraxial assumption, these models arrive at an extremely efficient, scalar parabolic wave equation (PWE) that can be solved with marching techniques. A significant drawback, however, is that the 2-D approximation discards propagation effects associated with the lateral variations of the 2-D terrain-namely lateral diffraction, lateral scattering and depolarization. These effects may have substantial impact on clutter modeling in radar detection and imaging. In this paper, the propagation effects associated with lateral terrain variations are examined via 3DVPWE, a full 3-D numerical model based on the vector PWE. A notional urban terrain configuration, as well as a realistic digital-map terrain example is considered. The 3DVPWE results are then compared to results from 2-D PWE model to assess the performance of this commonly used approximation. The main emphasis of the paper will be placed on lateral diffraction and scattering. The examination of depolarization effects will be deferred to a future publication.
Clay mineral cycles identified by diffuse spectral reflectance in Quaternary sediments from the Northwind Ridge: implications for glacial–interglacial sedimentation patterns in the Arctic Ocean

A Quaternary record of fine-grained sediment composition is used to investigate Arctic Ocean climate variability on glacial–interglacial time scales. Diffuse spectral reflectance data from sediment core P1-92AR-P25 from the Northwind Ridge, north of Alaska, demonstrates cyclic variations in mineralogy. Varimaxrotated R-mode factor analysis of down-core data revealed three major mineralogical assemblages, which were then compared with the content of manganese, a proxy for basin ventilation, and thus glacial–interglacial cycles. Results indicate that factor 1, a smectite + chlorite clay assemblage, was delivered to the core site during interglacials, either by fluvial discharge or sea-ice drift from Siberian rivers or inflow from the Bering Sea. Factor 2, an illite + goethite assemblage, is related to glacial periods, and was probably transported from the Laurentide Ice Sheet by icebergs or meltwater. Factor 3, glauconite, might have been sourced from the North Slope region of Alaska during deglacial intervals, or from dolomites associated with Laurentide iceberg-discharge pulses. The observed variations in sediment source and transport mechanisms arise from glacial–interglacial changes in sea level, the size of the terrestrial ice sheets surrounding the Arctic Ocean, the extent of sea-ice cover and altered atmospheric circulation. The reconstructed glacial– interglacial circulation patterns from the Late Quaternary show some similarity with modern circulation changes presumably related to the monthly- to decadally-fluctuating Arctic Oscillation. However, because the Arctic Oscillation operates on much shorter time scales, further research is necessary to better understand the driving mechanism for the changes observed over glacial– interglacial cycles, and the potential role of ocean–atmospheric interaction.
Spectrum of passive scalars of high molecular diffusivity in turbulent mixing

We consider the mixing of passive scalars transported in turbulent flow, with a molecular diffusivity that is large compared to the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. This particular case of mixing has not received much attention in experiment or simulation even though the first putative theory, due to Batchelor, Howells & Townsend (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 5, 1959, pp. 134–139), is now more than 50 years old. We study the problem using direct numerical simulation of decaying scalar fields in steadily sustained homogeneous turbulence as the Schmidt number (the ratio of the kinematic viscosity of the fluid to the molecular diffusivity of the scalar) is allowed to vary from to for two values of the microscale Reynolds number, and 240. The simulations show that the passive scalar spectrum assumes a slope of in a range of scales, as predicted by the theory, when the Schmidt number is small and the Reynolds number is simultaneously large. The observed agreement between theory and simulation in the prefactor in the spectrum is not perfect. We assess the reasons for this discrepancy by a careful examination of the scalar evolution equation in the light of the assumptions of the theory, and conclude that the finite range of scales resolved in simulations is the main reason. Numerical issues specific to the regime of very low Schmidt numbers are also addressed briefly.
An attempt to increase efficacy of moth mating disruption by co-releasing pheromones with kairomones and to understand possible underlying mechanisms of this technique.

ABSTRACT Pheromone-based mating disruption is used worldwide for management of the internal fruit feeding codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). There has been recent interest in the potential of improving mating disruption of C. pomonella, and potentially other insect species in general, by broadcasting combinations of pheromone and attractive host-plant kairomones. Given that such kairomones are attractive by themselves (often to both sexes), and also enhance male moth response to their pheromone, it is possible that the effects of competitive attraction and potentially other mechanisms of disruption might be increased. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that mating disruption of C. pomonella could be enhanced by co-deploying pheromone with either of two kairomones: (2E, 4Z)-2, 4-decadienoate (pear ester), or (E)-β-farnesene, as compared with various pheromone blend components alone. When deployed individually, each kairomone caused a low level of synthetic lure trap disruption and (E) -β-farnesene also caus...
A Bodian method for mounted frozen sections.

For application of the Bodian method to frozen sections, cut frozen peripheral nerve or muscle at 10μm and mount. Fix for 4 days in 18% parts 80% ethanol, 1 part 10% formalin, and 1 part glacial acetic acid. Fix central nervous tissue in the same mixture prior to freezing and sectioning, and after mounting postfix for 4 days. Impregnate by the Bodian procedure. The results equal Bodian stains of paraffin sections. The technique is simple and reliable. The use of 10μm frozen sections produces little artifact and allows alternate serial sections to be stained with other techniques.
Adequate Schools and Inadequate Education: The Life History of a Sneaky Kid

Following a life history approach, this paper presents the story of "Brad," a twenty-year-old school dropout who found himself living figuratively and literally at the edge of society and who could seem to find neither reasons nor help to get back in. The author uses the case to dramatize the importance of viewing education as comprising far more than schooling. Although Brad's involvement in school was marginal and his academic accomplishments modest, he did acquire basic literacy skills. And although he bounced "from pillar to post" as a child, the world view he described was largely consonant with that of mainstream society. But neither Brad nor the author could find any systematic, constructive educational effort being made on behalf of the community to guide, support, or influence the course of this alienated young adult's life once away from the purview of the school. As the author points out, we leave things to chance, and we take our chances. EDUCATION; ENCULTURATION; LEARNING; LIFE HISTORY; SCHOOLING. "I guess if you're going to be here, I need to know something about you, where you're from, and what kind of trouble you are in," I said to the lad, trying not to reveal my uncertainty, surprise, and dismay at his uninvited presence until I could learn more about his circumstances. It wasn't much of an introduction, but it marked the beginning of a dialogue that lasted almost two years from that moment. Brad (a pseudonym, although as he noted, using his real name wouldn't really matter, since "no one knows who I am anyway") tersely stated his full name, the fact that his parents had "split up" and his mother was remarried and living in Southern California, the local address of his father, and that he was not at present in any trouble because he wasn't "that stupid." He also volunteered that he had spent time in the state's correctional facility for boys, but quickly added, "It wasn't really my fault." It was not our meeting itself that was a surprise; it was that Brad already
Influence of Low Humidity, Pseudacteon Flies (Diptera: Phoridae), and Competition by Solenopsis xyloni on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is a serious pest in the southeastern United States. It has caused economic losses in agricultural products, stings can cause anaphylactic shock, and it has reduced biodiversity. S. invicta has displaced native ant species throughout its range, presumably by competitive exclusion. In 1998, S. invicta populations were confirmed in southern New Mexico, resulting in a quarantine of Dona Ana County. Although large populations of the native southern fire ant, S. xyloni McCook, are common in the Mesilla Valley, only two small populations of S. invicta have been found since the initial quarantine. It is unclear why these populations have not become more dominant. This research studied the influence of the fire ant parasitoid Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Phoridae), low humidity, and competition with S. xyloni on the survival and fitness of S. invicta. Competitive and noncompetitive foraging experiments with and without parasitoids were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate food retrieval and worker activity of each species. Overall, S. invicta was able to retrieve more food than S. xyloni. Pseudacteon flies reduced foraging and worker activity of S. invicta under low humidity. S. invicta dominated at high and low humidity in the absence of P. tricuspis. However, S. xyloni dominated at high humidity and coexisted with S. invicta at low humidity when P. tricuspis was present. This may help explain the lack of establishment and spread of S. invicta in the southwestern United States and encourage the use of Pseudacteon flies as a control option in arid environments.
The editorial gatekeepers of the accounting academy

Proposes to evidence the colonization of the accounting knowledge production process by a relatively few elite institutions in the USA. By examining the doctoral origins of the editorial board members of six major accounting research journals between 1963 and 1994, demonstrates the extent of the colonization and its potential to bring closure to the knowledge production process. As such, the results are consistent with previous studies by Lee (1995) and Williams and Rodgers (1995), and improve our understanding of the history of the professionalization of accounting research.
Workplace Health Promotion: A Commentary on the Evolution of a Paradigm

Reports of workplace health promotion programs are reviewed in light of Kuhn's views on paradigmatic advances in science. Such reports fall into two categories: (1) those which describe single health-habit interventions (e.g., smoking cessation, weight control, or stress management) and (2) those which describe comprehensive efforts to incorporate many single health-habit interventions into integrated programs. Com mon to virtually all of these programs in their focus on the modification of the health behavior of individuals. Consideration of such organizational-level factors as work design or climate which are beyond the control of the individual, yet may contribute heavily to illness and absenteeism of employees, is typically omitted. It is concluded that workplace health promotion in the United States has achieved the status of a paradigm and that this paradigm is associated with several limitations and ethical prob lems in light of the programs' objectives: to reduce organizations' medical-care costs ...
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase administration in newborns decreases systemic inflammatory cytokine expression in a neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model.

Abstract Background Supplementation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), an endogenous protein expressed in the intestines, decreases the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)–associated intestinal injury and permeability. We hypothesized that IAP administration is protective in a dose-dependent manner of the inflammatory response in a neonatal rat model. Materials and methods Pre- and full-term newborn Sprague–Dawley rat pups were sacrificed on day of life 3. Control pups were vaginally delivered and dam fed. Preterm pups were delivered via cesarean section and exposed to intermittent hypoxia and formula feeds containing lipopolysaccharide (NEC) with and without IAP. Three different standardized doses were administered to a group of pups treated with 40, 4, and 0.4 U/kg of bovine IAP (NEC + IAP40, IAP4, or IAP0.4 U). Reverse transcription-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on liver and lung tissues and serum cytokine analysis for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were performed. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests, expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean and P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results Levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased significantly in NEC versus control, returning to control levels with increasing doses of supplemental enteral IAP. Hepatic and pulmonary TNF-α and iNOS messenger ribonucleic acid expressions increased in NEC, and the remaining elevated despite IAP supplementation. Conclusions Proinflammatory cytokine expression is increased systemically with intestinal NEC injury. Administration of IAP significantly reduces systemic proinflammatory cytokine expression in a dose-dependent manner. Early supplemental enteral IAP may reduce NEC-related injury and be useful for reducing effects caused by a proinflammatory cascade.
Cumulative Radiation Dose in Patients Admitted with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Study Using a Self-Developing Film Badge

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While considerable attention has been directed to reducing the x-ray dose of individual imaging studies, there is little information available on the cumulative dose during imaging-intensive hospitalizations. We used a radiation-sensitive badge on 12 patients admitted with SAH to determine if this approach was feasible and to measure the extent of their x-ray exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After obtaining informed consent, we assigned a badge to each of 12 patients and used it for all brain imaging studies during their ICU stay. Cumulative dose was determined by quantifying exposure on the badge and correlating it with the number and type of examinations. RESULTS: The average skin dose for the 3 patients who had only diagnostic DSA without endovascular intervention was 0.4 Gy (0.2-0.6 Gy). The average skin dose of the 8 patients who had both diagnostic DSA and interventions (eg, intra-arterial treatment of vasospasm and coiling of aneurysms) was 0.9 Gy (1.8-0.4 Gy). One patient had only CT examinations. There was no effort made to include or exclude the badge in the working view during interventions. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to incorporate a film badge that uses a visual scale to monitor the x-ray dose into the care of hospitalized patients. Cumulative skin doses in excess of 1 Gy were not uncommon (3/12) in this group of patients with acute SAH. This approach could provide a measure of the cumulative dose and is a convenient tool to quantify the effect of dose-reduction strategies.
Condom accessibility: the moderating effects of alcohol use and erotophobia in the information-motivation-behavioral skills model.

Objective. The information–motivation–behavioral skills model was used to investigate which factors were associated with condom accessibility among undergraduate college aged adults. Our aim was to...
Comparison of the effects of millimeter wave irradiation, general bath heating, and localized heating on neuronal activity in the leech ganglion

The use of electrically-induced neuromodulation has grown in importance in the treatment of multiple neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, epilepsy, chronic pain, cluster headaches and others. While electrical current can be applied locally, it requires placing stimulation electrodes in direct contact with the neural tissue. Our goal is to develop a method for localized application of electromagnetic energy to the brain without direct tissue contact. Toward this goal, we are experimenting with the wireless transmission of millimeter wave (MMW) energy in the 10-100 GHz frequency range, where penetration and focusing can be traded off to provide non-contact irradiation of the cerebral cortex. Initial experiments have been conducted on freshly-isolated leech ganglia to evaluate the real-time changes in the activity of individual neurons upon exposure to the MMW radiation. The initial results indicate that low-intensity MMWs can partially suppress the neuronal activity. This is in contrast to general bath heating, which had an excitatory effect on the neuronal activity. Further studies are underway to determine the changes in the state of the membrane channels that might be responsible for the observed neuromodulatory effects. © (2013) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical history and visual assessment of diagnostic tests in radiology.

The radiologist needs access to the clinical history in order to provide maximum interpretive accuracy.
Characteristics Of Decisional Participation By Nurses

The article discusses a 1977 study on the decision-making involvement of nurses in the health care industry. The conceptualization of decisional participation was done by means of a construct contr...
Mineral Oil and Preservation of Fungous Cultures

(1949). Mineral Oil and Preservation of Fungous Cultures. Mycologia: Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 632-636.
Ontogeny of Blood Pressure in the Inbred Dahl Hypertension-Sensitive and -Resistant Rat

The inbred S/JR rat is characterized by a genetic predisposition to NaCl-induced hypertension. Although mature S/JR but not R/JR rats develop hypertension when fed a high NaCl-containing diet, this effect has not been examined during early neonatal development. S/JR and R/JR dams were maintained on 0.15% (w/w) or 8% (w/w) NaCl diets throughout gestation and lactation. Measurements of mean abdominal aortic blood pressure (MAP) were obtained in anesthetized offspring at 5, 15, and 25 days of age. This was greater in neonatal S/JR rats than R/JR rats at 5, 15, and 25 days of age. A hypertensinogenic effect of 8% NaCl was seen in R/JR at 5 and 15 days. The results indicate that the ontogeny of MAP can be influenced by pre- and postnatal dietary NaCl. More importantly, elevated MAP in the S/JR strain is a distinguishing characteristic evident throughout the neonatal period of development.
Failure at the Tibial Cement-Implant Interface With the Use of High-Viscosity Cement in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Recent literature has shown debonding of the tibial implant–cement interface as a potential cause for implant loosening. The purpose of this case series is to report this phenomenon in a historically well-performing implant when used with high-viscosity cement (HVC). Methods Thirteen primary cemented Biomet Vanguard total knee arthroplasties were referred to 1 of 2 institutions with complaints of persistent pain after their index procedure. A radiographic and infectious work-up was completed for each patient. All 13 patients underwent a revision of the index surgery with intraoperative diagnosis of tibial component debonding at the implant–cement interface. HVC (Cobalt, DJO Surgical, Vista, CA and Depuy HVC; Depuy Inc, Warsaw, IN) was used in all index cases. Results The average time to revision surgery for the 13 patients was 2.7 ± 1.9 years from the index surgery. Laboratory infectious markers were within normal in most cases, and all intra-articular aspirations showed no bacterial, fungal, or anaerobic growth. Eleven of 13 patients showed no radiographic evidence of loosening; however, all cases demonstrated tibial component debonding intraoperatively. Conclusion Given our institution's experience and previously reported data demonstrating excellent survivorship with this total knee arthroplasty prosthesis, we propose that the early failures seen in this case series may be associated with the use of HVC cement. In the setting of a negative infectious work-up and no radiographic evidence to suggest loosening, the surgeon should consider debonding of the tibial component as a potential cause for persistent pain if HVC cement was used with this prosthetic design.
A new species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Heilongjiang province, China

A new species of the genus Culicoides, C. heiheensis sp. nov. was described in Heihe, Heilongjiang, China. The new species was closely allied to male C. longlinensis (Yu, 1982), but distinctly different in the number of pale spots in its wing cell M1 and cell A. The ninth sternum had wide caudomdian excavation, its ninth tergum had no apical lobes, and the parameres shape was different from male C. longlinensis (Yu, 1982). The type specimen was deposited in the Entomology Collection Gallery of Heilongjiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Harbin 150001,China.
Una Revisión De 'Liberalismo Político' De Rawls (Rawls's 'Political Liberalism'. A Reassessment)

Spanish Abstract: La obra Liberalismo politico de John Rawls ha sido objeto de una amplia y profunda literatura filosofica, la mayoria de una excelente calidad. En este escenario es dificil decir algo nuevo sobre los topicos mas relevantes de su trabajo y salir airosa de los debates por ella suscitados. Por tanto, he decidido concentrar mi atencion en algunos topicos donde existe la posibilidad de una aproximacion alternativa que pueda generar lecturas remozadas del texto de Rawls: la distincion entre doctrinas comprehensivas “razonables” e “irrazonables”; los fundamentos psicologicos del liberalismo politico; y la posibilidad de que el liberalismo politico pueda extenderse mas alla del pequeno grupo de sociedades occidentales que Rawls identifico como su centro de atencion, segun se desprende de sus referencias historicas. Tambien he incluido un excurso sobre el polemico tema de la razon publica y la civilidad que dificilmente puede ser evitado dada su relevancia en el contexto de recepcion del libro. El presente escrito debe leerse no como una descripcion comprehensiva del trabajo de Rawls, sino como el intento personal por atrapar, de forma imperfecta e incompleta, la esencia de estos temas, tan caros para la filosofia y tan urgentes para la humanidad. English Abstract: Since Rawls’s Political Liberalism is by now the subject of a wide and deep philosophical literature, much of it excellent in quality, it would be foolhardy to attempt to say something about each of the major issues of the work, or to sort through debates that can easily be located elsewhere. I have therefore decided to focus on a small number of issues where there is at least some chance that a fresh approach may yield some new understanding of the text: Rawls’s distinction between “reasonable” and “unreasonable” comprehensive doctrines; the psychological underpinnings of political liberalism; and the possibility that political liberalism might be extended beyond the small group of modern Western societies that Rawls’s historical remarks suggest as its primary focus. I also include a discussion of the much-debated issue of civility and public reason, which could hardly be avoided given its prominence in the book’s reception. This paper should therefore be read not as a comprehensive account of the work but as one person’s attempt to grapple, very incompletely and imperfectly, with a book that is as great as any philosophy has seen on this topic of great human urgency.
Marijuana smoking: factors that influence the bioavailability of tetrahydrocannabinol.

Marijuana smoking is the most commonly used method for the selfadministration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the active principle of marijuana. The inhalation of marijuana smoke induces subjective effects (“high”) that are rapidly perceived by the smokers. The perception of these effects allows smokers the capacity to achieve, within certain limits, their desired level of high by changing the puff volume, the interval between puffs, and the number of puffs taken. Therefore, the manner in which marijuana cigarettes are smoked (smoking dynamics) is probably the mast important factor in determining the bioavailability of THC. However, the following factors are also important: (1) the potency of the marijuana smoked; (2) the amount of unchanged THC present in the smoke inhaled (i.e., the amount of THC not destroyed by pyrolysis); (3) the amount of THC lost in side-stream smoke; (4) the method of smoking (cigarette vs. pipe smoking); and (5) the amount of THC trapped in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. A review of the experiments we have conducted that permit evaluation of the relative importance of these factors is presented in this chapter.
A Selective, Cell-Permeable Nonphosphorylated Bicyclic Peptidyl Inhibitor against Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase Pin1

Pin1 regulates the levels and functions of phosphoproteins by catalyzing phosphorylation-dependent cis/trans isomerization of peptidyl–prolyl bonds. Previous Pin1 inhibitors contained phosphoamino acids, which are metabolically unstable and have poor membrane permeability. In this work, we report a cell-permeable and metabolically stable nonphosphorylated bicyclic peptide as a potent and selective Pin1 inhibitor, which inhibited the intracellular Pin1 activity in cultured mammalian cells but had little effect on other isomerases such as Pin4, FKBP12, or cyclophilin A.
Seedorf: A small Allen complex assemblage in eastern Colorado

Forty-two lithic artifacts were collected during four visits to a blowout in Yuma County, Colorado during the spring of 1977. Diagnostic projectile points and fragments are of the Allen type, with one exception, and it is assumed that this collection represents part of an Allen assemblage. Description of this material provides documentation for one of few Allen assemblages currently known. Comparisons are made with other Allen sites in the region.
Characterization of gag and pol sequences from long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Abstract We previously identified a group of 10 long-term survivors (LTS) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Extensive biological analysis revealed that some of these individuals do well, at least in part, because they possess weakened or attenuated viruses. Also, previously, to determine the genotype associated with the attenuated phenotype in vivo, we characterized nef, vif, vpr, vpu, env, and LTR in our cohort of LTS. In this study, we analyzed gag and pol genes derived from eight individuals in our cohort. For each subject, multiple full-length gag and pol clones were obtained for analysis. In most cases, the sequences derived from the LTS had an intact open reading frame. At the protein level, there were no discernible differences between the sequences derived from LTS and those derived from patients with AIDS. Thus, no common defect in gag and pol was found in our cohort. One individual (subject SF), however, had only Gag-defective proviral sequences (10 of 10) in his peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, longitudinal studies of the samples collected from SF over a 2-year period showed that all p17 gag clones sequenced (24 of 24) were defective due to G-to-A hypermutations. This viral defect in Gag may provide the molecular basis for this individual's extremely low viral load and long-term asymptomatic state. These results, together with previous findings in our LTS cohort, reinforce the notion that it is unlikely that a single common viral genetic determinant accounts for the lack of disease progression in all cases. Multiple host and viral factors undoubtedly contribute to the well-being of LTS of HIV-1 infection.
Real-time assimilation of radar-based precipitation data and streamflow observations into a distributed hydrological model

Along with uncertainty in quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF), uncertainties in quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) and in soil moisture states represent arguably the biggest sources of error in real-time hydrological prediction. To deal with these uncertainties, some form of state updating is employed in practice, that assimilates real-time streamflow observations. The purpose of this work is to explore real-time assimilation of radar-based QPE and streamflow observations into a distributed hydrological model via variational assimilation (VAR). The particular VAR formulation examined in this work deals with the inverse problem of estimating grid cell-specific initial model soil moisture states and spatially-uniform (but time-varying) multiplicative adjustment factors to QPE and potential evaporation (PE) based on real-time observations of streamflow, radar-based QPE and climatological estimates of PE.
Diagnosis and management of food allergy

Food allergy is estimated to affect 2%–10% of the population, with higher rates among children than among adults.[1][1] The prevalence of childhood food allergies has apparently increased, with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reporting an increase from 3.4% to 5.1% between 1997
Suppression of MOSFET reverse short channel effect by N/sub 2/O gate poly reoxidation process

We show that an N/sub 2/O oxynitride post-gate poly reoxidation process is effective in suppressing the reverse short channel effect (RSCE). A significant reduction in RSCE (/spl sim/30%) was obtained experimentally for the N/sub 2/O reoxidation process compared to the standard O/sub 2/ thermal reoxidation. A reduced level of interstitial injection by the oxynitridation of silicon interface is believed to be responsible for counteracting the local oxidation enhanced lateral diffusion. We further identify the critical trade-offs in channel profile engineering. That is, transistors with high channel mobility suffers from more pronounced RSCE if subject to interstitial injection after the gate definition. Excellent sub-half micron CMOS device and low-voltage ring oscillator performance are demonstrated using this process. >
Abstract 46: High-Density Lipoproteins Control Monocyte Differentiation Through microRNA Intercellular Communication

Many HDL-microRNAs (miRNA) are well-characterized post-transcriptional regulators of inflammation, and are significantly increased on HDL with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in humans and mice. Therefore, we hypothesize that inflammatory cells uniquely control their own gene expression through cellular miRNA export to HDL and then regulate recipient cell gene expression through HDL-mediated miRNA delivery. To test this hypothesis, we used high-throughput proteomics, Open Arrays, small RNA sequencing, and gene expression microarrays. Human monocytes (plasma elutriation) were differentiated into dendritic cells and multiple macrophage phenotypes. Each cell-type was incubated with pure reconstituted HDL (rHDL), which was then purified from culture media by apolipoprotein A-I immunoprecipitation after 24 h, and both cellular and HDL-miRNAs were profiled using TaqMan Open Arrays. Macrophages were found to export high levels of miRNAs to HDL that inhibit monocyte/macrophage differentiation (miR-146a, miR-223); however, monocytes were also found to export many miRNAs associated with differentiation, including miR-92a, miR-222, miR-17, miR-20a, miR106a, and miR-21. Furthermore, many miRNAs were found to be transcribed in inflammatory cells, but completely exported to HDL and not retained in the cell. Most interestingly, HDL treatment was found to induce miR-223 transcription in monocytes, as determined by primary miR-223 transcript levels; however, intracellular levels of the mature form (miR-223) did not change. These results suggest that HDL induces the export of miRNAs it transports. PAR-CLIP with high-throughput small RNA sequencing was used to demonstrate that miRNAs are transferred from macrophages to endothelial cells and loaded onto cellular Argonaute 2-continaining RNA-induced silencing complexes. To demonstrate this in mice, human HDL, containing endogenous levels of miR-223, were injected into miR-223-null mice and inflammation-associated miRNA delivery was mapped in vivo. In summary, we found profound differences in the cellular response to HDL treatment and HDL-miRNA communication amongst inflammatory cell phenotypes that are physiologically relevant to cardiovascular disease.
Renal Calcium Metabolism

Although bone harbors almost all of the body stores of calcium, the kidneys serve as the regulator of calcium homeostasis. Calcium filtered at the glomerulus is extensively reabsorbed by proximal tubules. This recovery proceeds without hormonal regulation and is governed by driving forces established by sodium absorption. Physiological adjustment of calcium transport occurs in distal tubules, where parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates absorption. PTH also acts on proximal tubules to stimulate the formation of Vitamin D, which acts on intestine to promote calcium uptake. Hypercalcemia arises from primary or secondary excessive formation of PTH or the PTH-related peptide. Most diuretics augment calcium excretion, though thiazide diuretics dissociate sodium and calcium transport resulting in diminished calcium excretion. Other factors regulating renal calcium recovery include extracellular fluid volume, phosphate loading, and acid-base balance.
NLDN responses to rocket-triggered lightning at Camp Blanding, Florida, in 2004–2009

We evaluated performance characteristics of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) using rocket-triggered lightning data acquired in 2004–2009 at Camp Blanding, Florida. A total of 37 negative flashes, that contained leader/return stroke sequences (a total of 139) were triggered during these years. For all the return strokes, locations of channel terminations on ground were known exactly, and for 122 of them currents were measured directly using non-inductive shunts. The NLDN recorded 105 Camp Blanding strokes in 34 flashes. The resultant flash and stroke detection efficiencies were 92% and 76%, respectively. The median absolute location error was 308 m. The median NLDN-estimated peak current error was -6.1%, while the median of absolute value of current estimation error was 13%. The results are applicable to negative subsequent strokes in natural lightning.
Predictors and Outcomes of Twelve-Step Sponsorship of Stimulant Users: Secondary Analyses of a Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective:This secondary data analysis explored predictors and outcomes of having a 12-step sponsor among individuals receiving treatment for stimulant use disorders, inclusive of four types of 12-step groups (Narcotics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous, and Crystal Meth Anonymous).Method:For a multisite randomized clinical trial, participants (N =471; 59% women) were recruited among adult patients in 10 U.S. community treatment programs. Participants were randomized into treatment as usual (TAU) or a 12-step facilitation (TSF) intervention: Stimulant Abuser Groups to Engage in 12-Step (STAGE-12). Logistic regression analyses explored the extent to which participants obtained sponsors, including the extent to which treatment condition and other predictors (12-step experiences, expectations, and beliefs) were associated with having a sponsor. The relationship between end-of-treatment sponsorship and follow-up substance use outcomes was also tested.Results:Participants were more likely to h...
Experimental and modeling study of CO and hydrocarbons light-off on various Pt-Pd/γ-Al2O3 diesel oxidation catalysts

Abstract A global kinetic model is developed for the oxidation of mixtures of CO, C 2 H 4 (ethylene), C 7 H 8 (toluene), C 6 H 14 (hexane), and C 2 H 6 (ethane) over Pt-Pd/γ-Al 2 O 3 diesel oxidation catalysts with different Pt/Pd molar ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). The kinetic model is based on bench flow reactor data obtained by temperature-programmed oxidation, ramping up the feed gas temperature at a fixed rate of 8 °C/min. The kinetic model is developed in stages starting with pure CO oxidation, followed by oxidation of the individual hydrocarbons (HCs) and then mixtures over all Pt/Pd ratios. Examination of the inhibition terms containing the effect of CO, HCs, and NO shows that CO has the most dominant inhibition effect on light-off over the range of conditions investigated. The kinetic model is validated with experimental data at different feed concentrations and is found to simulate the light-off behavior for all catalyst compositions with acceptable accuracy. Comparison of the light-off temperatures and trend investigation for kinetic parameters of CO, C 2 H 4 , and C 7 H 8 in the mixture over all Pt/Pd ratios is also presented. Considering trade-offs between having a low light-off temperature, low deactivation impact on the catalyst, and higher conversion of HCs within the temperature domain of interest, the Pt/Pd (1:1) molar ratio is found to be the optimal catalyst under the conditions examined.
Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality

We present novel designs for virtual and augmented reality near-eye displays based on phase-only holographic projection. Our approach is built on the principles of Fresnel holography and double phase amplitude encoding with additional hardware, phase correction factors, and spatial light modulator encodings to achieve full color, high contrast and low noise holograms with high resolution and true per-pixel focal control. We provide a GPU-accelerated implementation of all holographic computation that integrates with the standard graphics pipeline and enables real-time (≥90 Hz) calculation directly or through eye tracked approximations. A unified focus, aberration correction, and vision correction model, along with a user calibration process, accounts for any optical defects between the light source and retina. We use this optical correction ability not only to fix minor aberrations but to enable truly compact, eyeglasses-like displays with wide fields of view (80°) that would be inaccessible through conventional means. All functionality is evaluated across a series of hardware prototypes; we discuss remaining challenges to incorporate all features into a single device.
Review of Democracy , Deliberation and Education by Robert Asen (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015)

Review of Democracy, Deliberation and Education by Robert Asen (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015)
Diversity of ulvan and cellulose depolymerizing bacteria associated with the green macroalgae Ulva Spp

Ulva spp is a green macroalgae with high cell wall polysaccharide content Ulvan and cellulose are the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp breakdown products of which have potential applications in the biofuel and fine chemical industry Bacteria attached to Ulva spp potentially possess enzymes that have the capability to depolymerize these polysaccharides Ulvan and cellulose depolymerizing bacterial communities associated with fresh and rotting green macroalgae Ulva spp collected from Aberystwyth shore Wales United Kingdom were studied with the aim of understanding the breakdown of these polysaccharides in nature Polysaccharide breakdown capability was investigated by the screening of these organisms for various enzymes involved in the breakdown of cellulose and ulvan Positive organisms were identified using the S rRNA homology approach by amplification and sequencing of their S rRNA gene using universal primers followed by homology analysis using NCBI BLAST Phylum Proteobacteria with class Gammaproteobacteriapredominated the community and was represented by species of orders Oceanospirillales Vibrionales Alteromonadales and phylumBacteroidetes was represented singly by a species belonging to orderFlavobacteriales A synergistic mechanism was observed towards the breakdown of these polysaccharides with different sets of organisms contributing towards different enzymes required for the complete saccharification of ulvan and cellulose
Diving deeper: Exploring the feasibility of lowering Cassini's final orbits

During the final five orbits of Cassini's mission, the spacecraft will get closer to Saturn than it has ever been. These five orbits were designed to be as deep in the atmosphere as Cassini could safely fly; however, recent occultation data of Saturn's atmosphere suggest that it is contracting. Given this contraction, the primary concern during these orbits has shifted from spacecraft health and safety to loss of science value. This paper explores a scenario for modifying the Cassini spacecraft's trajectory, during these final orbits, such that it dips deeper into Saturn's atmosphere. This scenario describes the method for in-situ detection of Saturn's atmospheric state, the locations and sizes of maneuvers that would reduce the final periapsis altitudes, the effects of such maneuvers on the remaining trajectory, and the risks involved. The result is that a periapsis-lowering, “pop-down” maneuver is feasible during Cassini's final orbits. Risk to the spacecraft is minimized by using the attitude control thrusters as density detectors during the first three atmospheric transits of the final five orbits. Should these transits reveal sufficiently low density and should sufficient propellant remain, then the Cassini project will consider performing the maneuver.
Oscillatory and streaming flow between two spheres due to combined oscillations

The flow induced by the combined torsional and transverse oscillations of a sphere with amplitude ratio and phase difference in a concentric spherical container is examined. Analytical solutions of the leading-order flow field and shear stress profiles have been obtained. Steady streaming flows are also analysed not only for the case of unrestricted Womersley number , but also in the low-frequency and high-frequency ( ) limits. At high frequency, the flow field has been divided into three regions: two boundary layers and the outer region. The streaming flow field is determined for the limiting case of the streaming Reynolds number . The results are compared with those of single torsional or transverse oscillation, and found to match very well. The amplitude ratio and phase difference , in determining the streaming, are also discussed. The number and direction of steady streaming recirculation on the – plane depend on value of the amplitude ratio . The phase difference plays a dominant role in the azimuthal velocity of steady streaming. When is approximately , vanishes under low-frequency oscillation, while steady streaming has a recirculation on the – plane under higher-frequency oscillation.
Assessing critical gaps in implementation of WHO and UNICEF'S 7-point diarrhea control and prevention strategy in Uttar Pradesh, India.

Context: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five mortality globally and also in India. In the state of Uttar Pradesh, the prevalence of childhood diarrhea is 12.43% and only around half of the children with diarrhea have access to health-care services. Aims: The aim of this study is to understand the critical gaps at the public health system and community levels for the effective implementation of comprehensive diarrhea control. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in the rural settings and data collection was done at health facility and community levels. Subjects and Methods: A mixed methodology was used to conduct this study. Quantitative data were collected through a household survey with 1350 households in four districts and qualitative data were collected through focused group discussions and in-depth interviews at health facility and community levels. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS was used for quantitative data analysis. Thematic analysis was performed for qualitative data. Results: Mothers are largely aware of use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) but only a third of the children with diarrhea were treated with ORS. Only a fifth of the mothers knew about the use of zinc and just 7% of children with diarrhea were treated with zinc. Majority of the mothers do not wash their hands with soap at critical times. The use of toilet and safe drinking water were also found minimal. There were challenges related to procurement, supply chain of ORS and zinc and also with respect to health human resource capacity at facility and community level. Conclusions: For comprehensive diarrhea control and prevention, health systems and community-level barriers largely related to supplies, training of staff, and community behavior and practices should be addressed.
Early Childhood Behavioral Health: Can the Medical Neighborhood Move Us Forward?

The importance of early childhood experiences in setting the foundation for long-term health and behavioral outcomes has been well established. It has been maintained that the science of child development and the core capabilities of adults highlight several principles that can be used to improve outcomes for children and families. To assure optimal outcomes, we must support responsive relationships for children and adults, strengthen core life skills, and reduce sources of stress in the lives of children and families.1 In this issue of Pediatrics , Brown et al2 report their findings in “Preventive Behavioral Health Programs in Primary Care: A Systematic Review.” They focus on studies of preventive behavioral health for children 0 to 5 years old. The authors use the guidelines from the Society for Prevention Research3 to examine the efficacy, effectiveness, and readiness for scale-up of preventive interventions considered applicable … Address correspondence to John C. Duby, MD, CPE, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children’s Hospital, 1 Children’s Plaza, Dayton, OH 45404. E-mail: john.duby{at}wright.edu