cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of the MyoD/p21 Pathway in Rhabdomyosarcoma.

Purpose. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an embryonal tumor thought to arise from skeletal muscle cells that fail to differentiate terminally. The majority ofRMSs express MyoD, a protein essential to the differentiation of skeletal muscle. It was recently shown that during myogenesis, MyoD activates the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi), p21, which itself plays a critical role in normal muscle development. To investigate the integrity ofthe MyoD/p21 pathway in RMS, we analyzed p21 and its relationship to MyoD expression in RMS. Methods. A panel ofRMS samples was assembled from primary biopsies and from cell lines. Integrity ofp21 was analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. Expression of p21 and MyoD was determined by Northern blot analysis, and the ability of exogenous p21 to arrest the cell cycle of RMS cell line was determined by transfection studies. Results. Our analysis indicates that although p21 is wild type in RMS, there is an inverse correlation between the levels of p21 and MyoD in these tumors. Tumors that express significant amounts ofMyoD fail to express p21. This does not appear to be the result of mutations within the potential CACGTG sites present in the p21 promoter region or in the coding region of p21. An additional group of RMSs express very high levels of p21 but express little, if any, MyoD. Furthermore, RD, a RMS cell line which expresses high levels of endogenous p21, undergoes withdrawal from the cell cycle following forced expression of p21, suggesting that the pathway which would lead to G1 arrest from endogenous p21 activity is defective. Discussion. These data suggest that the interaction between p21 and MyoD is defective in RMS although the precise nature of the defect remains to be elucidated.
Subsonic jet noise reduction by microjets - a parametric study

The effect of injecting tiny secondary jets (‘μjets’) on the radiated noise from a subsonic primary jet is studied experimentally. The μjets are injected on to the primary jet near the nozzle exit with variable port geometry, working fluid and driving pressure. A clear reduction in the overall sound pressure level in the direction of peak noise radiation is observed that improves with increasing μjet pressure. It is found that smaller diameter ports with higher driving pressure, but involving less thrust and mass fraction, can produce better noise reduction. A collection of data from the present as well as past experiments is examined in an attempt to correlate the noise reduction with the operating parameters. The results indicate that the OASPL reduction, as monitored at a shallow angle, correlates with the ratio of μjet to primary jet driving pressures normalized by the ratio of corresponding diameters (pμd/pjD). With gaseous injection, the spectral amplitudes decrease at lower frequencies while an inc...
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of quaternized promazine and promethazine derivatives

Abstract Quaternized chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, and promethazine derivatives were synthesized and examined as antitubercular agents against both actively growing and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Impressively, several compounds inhibited non-replicating M. tuberculosis at concentrations equal to or double their MICs against the actively growing strain. All active compounds were non-toxic toward Vero cells (IC 50 > 128 μM). N -Allylchlorpromazinium bromide was only weakly antitubercular, but replacing allyl with benzyl or substituted benzyl improved potency. An electron-withdrawing substituent on the phenothiazine ring was also essential. Branching at the carbon chain decreased antitubercular activity. The optimum antitubercular structures possessed N -(4- or 3-chlorobenzyl) substitution on triflupromazine.
Ultrastructural Studies of the Round-Window Membrane of the Cat

• An ultrastructural study of eight round-window membranes of four normal cats disclosed three basic layers: an outer epithelium (middle ear), a middle core of connective tissue, and an inner epithelium (inner ear). Morphologic evidence suggests that these layers participate in absorption and secretion of substances to and from the inner ear, such that the entire membrane could play a role in an inner ear "defense system." A comparison of morphologic features of roundwindow membranes from cats, rodents, and human beings suggests that the cat is a superior animal model for experimental studies. Cationic ferritin, placed for two hours in the round-window niche of four normal cats, was observed to traverse the round-window membrane through pinocytotic vesicles into the connective tissue layer. Evidence of exocytosis of tracer by the inner epithelial layer into the scala tympani is presented. When placed in perilymph, this same tracer was incorporated by inner epithelial cells, suggesting absorptive capabilities of the round-window membrane. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:617-624)
Bubble‐Induced Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Glass

Evidence that bubbles can cause annular nucleation and subsequent crystal growth on the surface of Bao-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2, glasses is presented. The crystalline rings were identified as hexacelsian, BaAl2Si2O8 (the hexagonal or high-temperature polymorph of celsian). Size, character, and suggestions as to the genesis of these rings are given.
Computer vision for automatic inspection of a high density grid of pads on multi-chip modules (MCM-D)

Computer vision techniques have been developed and implemented for automatic optical inspection (AOI) of multichip modules with thin films. A case study, detailing the application of the techniques based on an Orbot TF501 visual inspection system platform for a high density grid of circular pads, is presented. The techniques presented here are capable of detecting electrical and non-electrical defects such as near shorts, wrong metallurgy, contamination, etc. >
The Psychiatrist’s Guide to Right and Wrong: Part III: Postpartum Depression and the “Appreciation” of Wrongfulness

Whether or not the psychiatrist testifies on the ultimate issue in insanity defense cases, it is critically important that he familiarize himself with the applicable legal standards and interpretations in order properly to relate his clinical findings to the relevant criteria for insanity and thereby enhance the probative value of his testimony. This is the third in a series of articles which attempts to explicate judicial and statutory standards of insanity and correlate them with the psychiatrist's findings of psychopathology. This article analyzes the Model Penal Code formulation of insanity, with special emphasis on the all important distinction between "know" and "appreciate." This formulation permits the defendant possessed of mere surface knowledge or cognition to be exculpated, requiring that he have a deeper affective appreciation of the legal and moral import of the conduct involved if he is to be held criminally responsible. The Model Penal Code approach more readily lends itself to application as a standard of responsibility in cases involving affective disorders. An important disorder within this group, postpartum depression, is discussed in the context of raising the insanity defense in a case of infanticide.
TRIANGULATING JOB ATTITUDES WITH INTERPRETIVE AND POSITIVIST MEASUREMENT METHODS

Interpretive research methods were used to gather and interpret employees’unstructured, written expressions of satisfying and dissatisfying job experiences. Clinical judgments were made of the categories of meaning and the overall affect expressed in the written passages. The judgments and interpretations then were correlated with both traditional, positivist, self-report satisfaction scales and objective measures of work behavior. It was found that the language employees used to describe their job experiences converged significantly with the structured satisfaction measures and work behaviors. The results provide evidence for the construct validity of some traditional methods for assessing job satisfaction. Strengths and weaknesses of interpretive and positivist approaches to job satisfaction measurement are discussed.
Default reasoning and inheritance mechanisms on type hierarchies

Type hierarchies abound in Artificial Intelligence, Data Bases and Programming Languages. Although their size, use and complexity differs, all share a central inference mechanism: Inheritance of information, their raison d'etre. This paper discusses various types of type hierarchies and inheritance mechanisms, concluding with a proposed generalized inheritance mapping approach to resolve issues of lateral and upward inheritance (to augment the traditional downward approach), as well as default reasoning and limited non-monotonic inference.
EFFECTS OF BOT FLY (CUTEREBRA FONTINELLA) PARASITISM ON A POPULATION OF WHITE-FOOTED MICE (PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS)

Bot flies are common parasites of Peromyscus leucopus, although determination of a cost to the host has been elusive. The goal of this study was to further explore the potential costs of bot fly parasites for a population of P. leucopus. We investigated the effects of parasitism on host condition (mass after controlling for parasite mass and host body length) and survivorship (the number of days animals persisted on trapping grids). Parasitism was quantified by prevalence (proportion of the population infected), intensity (the number of parasites per infected host), and dispersion of parasites within hosts (clumped, regular, or random). In addition, we searched for spatial and temporal patterns in infection. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between population demography and parasitism. Contrary to expectations, we found that infected mice persisted longer on trapping grids and were in better condition than uninfected mice. Also, we discovered that when considering overall infection levels, parasites were clumped within hosts, but when considering the number of simultaneous infections, parasites were randomly distributed among hosts. Although most animals had single infections, there was a high incidence of reinfections, leading to bimodal patterns of parasitism. Prevalence was not correlated with host density, sex ratio, or proportion reproductive, but there were significant relationships between intensity and density and sex ratio in 1 year. In addition, prevalence and proportion of reproductively active animals were asynchronous. These results suggest that bot flies do not impose an obvious cost to their hosts, and hosts may express some degree of tolerance for bot fly parasitism.
Persistent Client-Server Database Sessions

Database systems support recovery, providing high database availability. However, database applications may lose work because of a server failure. In particular, if a database server crashes, volatile server state associated with a client application's session is lost and applications may require operator-assisted restart. This prevents masking server failures and degrades application availability. In this paper, we show how to provide persistent database sessions to client applications across server failures, without the application itself needing to take measures for its recoverability. This offers improved application availability and reduces the application programming task of coping with system errors. Our approach is based on (i) capturing client application's interactions with the database server and (ii) materializing database session state as persistent database tables that are logged on the database server. We exploit a virtual database session. Our procedures detect database server failure and re-map the virtual session to a new session into which we install the saved old session state once the server has recovered. This integrates database server recovery and transparent session recovery. The result is persistent client-server database sessions that survive a server crash without the client application being aware of the outage, except for possible timing considerations. We demonstrate the viability of this approach by describing the design and implementation of Phoenix/ODBC, a prototype system that provides persistent ODBC database sessions; and present early results from a performance evaluation on the costs to persist and recover ODBC database sessions.
Hepatocytes maintain greater fluorescent bile acid accumulation and greater sensitivity to drug-induced cell death in three-dimensional matrix culture

Primary hepatocytes undergo phenotypic dedifferentiation upon isolation from liver that typically includes down regulation of uptake transporters and up regulation of efflux transporters. Culturing cells between layers of collagen in a three-dimensional (3D) “sandwich” is reported to restore hepatic phenotype. This report examines how 3D culturing affects accumulation of fluorophores, the cytotoxic response to bile acids and drugs, and whether cell to cell differences in fluorescent anion accumulation correlate with differences in cytotoxicity. Hepatocytes were found to accumulate fluorescent bile acid (FBA) at significantly higher levels than the related fluorophores, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, (4.4-fold), carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (4.8-fold), and fluorescein (30-fold). In 2D culture, FBA accumulation decreased to background levels by 32 h, Hoechst nuclear accumulation strongly decreased, and nuclear diameter increased, indicative of an efflux phenotype. In 3D culture, FBA accumulation was maintained through 168 h but at 1/3 the original intensity. Cell to cell differences in accumulated FBA did not correlate with levels of liver zonal markers L-FBAP (zone 1) or glutamine synthetase (zone 3). Cytotoxic response to hydrophobic bile acids, acetaminophen, and phalloidin was maintained in 3D culture, and cells with higher FBA accumulation showed 12–18% higher toxicity than the total population toward hydrophobic bile acids (P < 0.05). Long-term imaging showed oscillations in the accumulation of FBA over periods of hours. Overall, the studies suggest that high accumulation of FBA can indicate the sensitivity of cultured hepatocytes to hydrophobic bile acids and other toxins.
Src-mediated Inter-receptor Cross-talk between the Na+/K+-ATPase and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Relays the Signal from Ouabain to Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases

Binding of ouabain to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activates tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Src, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in both cardiac myocytes and A7r5 cells. Here, we explored the roles of Src and the EGFR in the ouabain-invoked pathways that lead to the activation of MAPKs. Exposure of A7r5 and LLC-PK1 cells to ouabain caused a dose-dependent inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, which correlated well with ouabain-induced activation of Src and MAPKs in these cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ouabain stimulated Src binding to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in a dose- and time-dependent manner and increased phosphorylation of Src at Tyr(418) but had no effect on Tyr(529) phosphorylation. Ouabain failed to activate MAPKs in A7r5 cells that were pretreated with the Src inhibitor PP2 and in SYF cells in which Src family kinases are knocked out. Preincubation with AG1478, but not AG1295, also blocked the effects of ouabain on p42/44 MAPKs in A7r5 cells. Significantly, both herbimycin A and PP2 abrogated ouabain-induced but not epidermal growth factor-induced Src binding to the EGFR and the subsequent EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. Ouabain also failed to affect tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR in SYF cells. In addition, unlike epidermal growth factor, ouabain did not increase EGFR autophosphorylation at Tyr(1173). These findings clearly indicate that ouabain transactivates the EGFR by activation of Src and stimulation of Src binding to the EGFR. Furthermore, we found that the transactivated EGFR was capable of recruiting and phosphorylating the adaptor protein Shc. This resulted in increased binding of another adaptor protein Grb2 to the Src-EGFR complex and the subsequent activation of Ras and MAPKs. Taken together, these new findings suggest that Src mediates the inter-receptor cross-talk between Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and the EGFR to transduce the signals from ouabain to the Ras/MAPK cascade.
Crystallinity and heats of crystallization of cellulose: A microcalorimetric investigation

We have used a sensitive adiabatic microcalorimeter to study cellulose dissolution in its metal complex solvents cadoxen and ferric sodium tartrate (FeTNa). Heats of crystallization of cellulose I and II have thereby been estimated and range from −4.07 kcal/mol to −5.43 kcal/mol. A solvent-dependent heat of reaction factor has been invoked to explain differences in the heats of crystallization obtained by the two solvents. Conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II is an exothermic process with an enthalpy change of about −6.0 cal/g cellulose. The crystallinities of various cellulose samples have been determined using these thermodynamic data and have been found to be generally consistent with values given by more traditional means.
Low temperature (300°C) formation of thermodynamically stable NiSi2 contacts to SiC

Thermodynamically stable, low specific contact resistance electrical contacts to SiC are essential to the application of such devices in high power or high temperature applications. However, thermal budgets impose processing constraints due to interfacial reactions and dopant profiles during device fabrication. Nickel disilicide (NiSi2) is useful for metallization of SiC, as stable contacts can be formed on SiC by reacting a fugitive layer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) with sputtered nickel at 300°C. NiSi2 forms directly upon reacting nickel with a-Si; this is not the case when nickel is reacted with crystalline silicon, where more nickel-rich silicides form first. Specific contact resistances as low as 5.6×10−5 Ωcm2 have been measured using NiSi2 circular TLM contacts so formed on APCVD 3C-SiC thin films deposited on a silicon wafer.
Dosing Errors in the Use of Antiepileptic Drug Suspensions

Liquid forms of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be syrups or elixirs (in which the AED is in solution in water or alcohol, respectively) or suspensions. Suspensions consist of finely divided medication dispersed in an inactive carrier. The following are common reasons for the use of liquid forms of AEDs: 1) ease of measurement of doses that do not correspond to available tablet or capsule form; 2) ease of administration to children or adults who are unable to swallow or chew capsule, tablet, or chewable tablet forms of the drug; and 3) for persons who must receive all enteral medications through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes.
La distribución rango-tamaño en la región fronteriza de Sonora y Arizona

Esta presentacion aborda el estudio de la formacion de las redes regionales y urbanas, que ayudan a explicar el comportamiento de la sociedad en sus distintas etapas historicas. Para el analisis se selecciono a 21 ciudades del noroeste de Mexico y suroeste de los Estados Unidos de America, de acuerdo a la importancia e impacto que ciudades a ambos lados de la frontera han tenido sobre el desarrollo socioeconomico de la region, el cual se identifica como un sistema urbano-regional. Es importante entender la ciudad como una forma historica, como una expresion del desarrollo de la sociedad en el territorio, como un clasico producto de ciertas relaciones sociales, pero tambien como portadora y reproductora de relaciones sociales en si misma.
Increasing Access to Evidence Based Lactation Resources Through an Intranet Portal.

In order to increase the provision of evidence-based lactation support and care, it is essential to provide resources that are easily accessible and that allow clinicians to effectively educate, support, and teach breastfeeding families. WHEN ONE CONSIDERS technologies in the clinical arena, an automatic conclusion is the value of immediate resources such as the Internet. Clinicians and families often access the Internet for research and clinical information. Within The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), the majority of bedside and front line clinicians depend on the utility of the hospital's internal Website, the CHOP Intranet. Like many hospitals, CHOP aims to facilitate a one stop shop for information, resources, clinical pathways, protocols, standards and procedures related to a particular area via the Intranet. One of these areas is breastfeeding and the provision of human milk. The“Lactation, Breastfeeding andBreast Pumping” page on the CHOP Intranet provides information for hospital clinicians on the provision of human milk and breastfeeding. This Webpage is updated monthly by the CHOP Lactation Director and Supervisor to ensure that current and accurate information is available to clinicians at all times. Themajority of hospitals in the United States do not employ lactation professionals on the same 24-hourmodel as practicing providers and nurses. Thus to fill this void, the Lactation Director curated the “Lactation, Breastfeeding and Breast Pumping” Intranet page. Research has reported that one of the major barriers for women reaching their personal breastfeeding goals is inconsistent or inaccurate information from health professionals (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). In order to increase provision of evidence based lactation support and care, it is essential to provide resources that are easily accessible and that allow clinicians to
Entomology in the Pacific Branch—Plus and Minus Fifty Years: Regulatory Aspects

The basic purpose of regulatory entomology in the Western States has not changed during the past fifty years. It has been and still is, concerned with controlling the movement of those materials which might carry new insect pests into new areas. It has been of major importance in the Western States, where geographical barriers minimize the possibility of natural spread.
Fishing under troubled waters: The northeast asia fisheries controversy∗

Abstract Japanese fishing in the coastal waters of China and Korea has often caused serious disputes and was, at times, held by these two countries as a political pawn against Japan. Fishery disputes between Japan and Korea date from the fifteenth century, but culminated in an unprecedented hostility over fourteen years up to 1965. The fisheries agreement of 1965 restored peace between the parties, but is in need of review. Since 1955 fishery relations between China and Japan are regulated by nongovernmental arrangements. Preparations are under way for a formal agreement, whereupon Japan will seek to remove some of the restrictions imposed on its fishermen by China. An ideal method to regulate fishing in such enclosed waters as the Yellow and East China Seas is to conclude a multilateral treaty. Apart from the political relations among the coastal states, the outcome of the Third Law of the Sea Conference may improve the prospect.
Late isolated metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in the left ventricular myocardium

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) involving the heart is a rare phenomenon. We present a case of late metastasis of RCC in the left ventricular myocardium, 23 years after the patient had a nephrectomy for 'organ-confined' primary disease. Open surgical biopsy was required to confirm the diagnosis in this patient. Surgical management or resection of such a metastasis depends on the location and relationship of the tumor to the important local structures. Targeted systemic therapy may be useful for patients in whom complete resection of tumor is not possible.
Modeling adsorption–desorption hysteresis in shales: Acyclic pore model

Abstract Existing conventional measurements face challenges in characterizing transport properties of a shale because they are designed originally for formations with relatively wide pores and high permeability. The integrated analysis of such measurements helps us better understand the connected pore system of a shale formation when they are sensitive to the pore topology and cover a wider range of pore size. Here, we analyze nitrogen adsorption–desorption and mercury intrusion measurements to characterize the pore space of a shale. We determine pore-body size distribution by interpreting adsorption–desorption experiments. We also calculate pore-throat size distribution from mercury intrusion. We adopt the acyclic pore model, which embraces limited pore connectivity, and account for the connected path of the pores at the core scale. Our study distinguishes the pore size relevant to the storage and the flow conductance for the shale.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments of Home-Based Child Care: What Hispanic Providers Have to Say

Abstract Background: It is important to understand the perceptions and beliefs of family child care providers (FCCPs) regarding which factors influence children's physical activity (PA), screen-time (ST), and dietary behaviors in order to develop and implement appropriate obesity prevention interventions. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the aforementioned perceptions and beliefs of FCCPs in Rhode Island. Methods: Four focus groups (n = 30) were held with FCCPs. Providers were female, Hispanic, and Spanish speaking. Providers were asked about different aspects of feeding, PA, and ST behaviors. Themes were coded using NVivo10 (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia). Content analysis was used to analyze final themes. Results: Providers understood the importance of providing opportunities for healthy eating and PA for the children they cared for, but there was room for improvement, especially with regard to certain feeding and ST practices. Several barriers were evident, i...
Finding Gender-Inclusiveness Software Issues with GenderMag: A Field Investigation

Gender inclusiveness in computing settings is receiving a lot of attention, but one potentially critical factor has mostly been overlooked -- software itself. To help close this gap, we recently created GenderMag, a systematic inspection method to enable software practitioners to evaluate their software for issues of gender-inclusiveness. In this paper, we present the first real-world investigation of software practitioners' ability to identify gender-inclusiveness issues in software they create/maintain using this method. Our investigation was a multiple-case field study of software teams at three major U.S. technology organizations. The results were that, using GenderMag to evaluate software, these software practitioners identified a surprisingly high number of gender-inclusiveness issues: 25% of the software features they evaluated had gender-inclusiveness issues.
Intercrossing methods, mutagenesis treatments, and tissue culture techniques for expanding the genetic diversity of flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.)

Persistence on acidic soils makes flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) a potentially valuable crop species for many parts of the world. Use of this high yielding, perennial legume for forage, however, has been limited because of the large quantity of a neurotoxin, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), in the plant. Cultivar development has been hindered by the narrow germplasm base and the lack of information about the breeding behavior of the plant and the applicability of mutagenesis treatments and tissue culture procedures for production of low-DABA variants. This study showed that pollen dehiscence occurs at early-bud stage when petal color is first evident. Mid- or late-stage flowers produced the highest levels of germinable pollen. Tripping of the stigma was required for pollination. Cross- pollination resulted in significantly higher seed set than selfing. Intercrossed progeny produced by honeybee pollination exhibited a lower mean concentration of foliar DABA than that of the accessions used as parents. Within the effective range of 10.0 to 17.5 kR for gamma irradiation of Lathco flatpea seeds, reduction of both seedling height and plant survival was a linear function of dose. A procedure was developed to regenerate flatpea plants from hypocotyl-derived callus cultures. Callus was initiated on a modified Schenk-Hildebrandt, low-ammonium medium containing 50 μM indole acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 μM zeatin. After two subcultures on this medium, calli were transferred to morphogenesis medium containing 0.1 μM IAA and 1.0 μM zeatin. Although rhizogenesis was the primary morphogenetic response, infrequent and variable whole-plant regeneration was observed. Regenerated plants did not show substantial reduction in DABA concentration.
When Franchisee's Service Affects Demand: An Application to the Car Radiator Market and Resale Price Maintenance

It is well understood that franchisee service is important to the study of franchising because it affects demand and channel performance. Many academic works address the service provision of franchisees, but that service has been difficult to quantify empirically as data are often scarce. I propose an empirical framework exploring the effect of the franchisee’s unobserved endogenous service on demand in conjunction with price and other marketing mix variables. I apply it to a unique data set from a franchise network in the car radiator market and find the economic value of unobserved franchisee service to be approximately $11–$16 for a radiator costing $105. I then explorer maximum resale price restraint and show that it can increase channel profit and franchisor royalty income as long as franchisees do not overly reduce service. Ignoring that the service provision is a franchisee's endogenous decision may result in misleading policy recommendations.
A Comparison of Vacuum Packaging Systems and Films on the Physical Characteristics of Beef Cuts

One hundred and fifty beef knuckles, 140 beef ribs, and 60 arm chucks were vacuum packaged by two systems (nozzle and chamber vacuumizing machines) in bags manufactured from films differing in oxygen and moisture vapor transmission rates. Primal cuts in each system were randomly assigned to storage periods of 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35 days. In addition, leaker packages were assigned storage periods of 7, 14. or 21 days. At the termination of each storage period, cuts were evaluated for degree of vacuum, appearance of fat cover, surface discoloration, and total desirability. The combination of a chamber vacuumizing machine and use of a packaging film with a low oxygen transmission rate resulted in superior fat appearance ratings, reduced surface discoloration, and higher total desirability scores. Cuts from leaker packages usually received the lowest ratings for these attributes.
Early and Late Loss of the Cytoskeletal Scaffolding Protein, Ankyrin G Reveals Its Role in Maturation and Maintenance of Nodes of Ranvier in Myelinated Axons

The mechanisms that govern node of Ranvier organization, stability, and long-term maintenance remain to be fully elucidated. One of the molecular components of the node is the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein, ankyrin G (AnkG), which interacts with multiple members of the nodal complex. The role of AnkG in nodal organization and maintenance is still not clearly defined as to whether AnkG functions as an initial nodal organizer or whether it functions as a nodal stabilizer after the nodal complex has been assembled. Using a mouse model system, we report here that perinatal and juvenile neuronal ablation of AnkG has differential consequences on nodal stability. Early loss of AnkG creates immature nodes with abnormal morphology, which undergo accelerated destabilization within a month, resulting in rapid voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel and βIV spectrin loss with reduced effects on neurofascin 186. On the other hand, late ablation of AnkG from established nodal complexes leads to slow but progressive nodal destabilization over 10 months, primarily affecting βIV spectrin, followed by NaV channels, with modest impact on neurofascin 186. We also show that ankyrin R and βI spectrin are not sufficient to prevent nodal disorganization after AnkG ablation. Additionally, nodal disorganization in both early and late AnkG mutants is accompanied by axonal pathology and neurological dysfunction. Together, our results suggest that AnkG plays an indispensable role in the maturation and long-term stabilization of the newly assembled nodal complex, and that loss of AnkG after nodal stabilization does not lead to rapid nodal disassembly but to loss of specific nodal components in a time-dependent manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nodes of Ranvier are the myelin-free gaps along myelinated axons that allow fast communication between neurons and their target cells by propagating action potentials in a saltatory manner. The cytoskeletal scaffolding protein ankyrin G (AnkG) has been thought to play an important role in node formation; however, its precise role in nodal assembly, stability, and maintenance is still not clear. By using spatiotemporal ablation of AnkG, we report its differential role in nodal maturation and stabilization. We show that early AnkG-deficient nodes fail to mature and undergo rapid destabilization. In contrast, nodes that assemble with AnkG are much more stable and undergo gradual disintegration with sequential loss of nodal components in the absence of AnkG.
A dynamic model for the energy management of microgrid-enabled production systems

Abstract In recent years, industrial facilities are devoting ever greater attention to the importance of energy in their operations. It directly supports the challenges of high availability, quality excellence, and compliance with ever more ambitious sustainability targets. Such objectives are often beyond the scope of local electric utilities, and so this work, instead, considers microgrid-enabled production systems . In such a case, the production enterprise is motivated to in-source its energy supply so as to tailor its management and delivery to the needs of its production system. The introduction of microgrids to a production system setting opens several new industrial energy management activities. Here, the microgrid's dynamic power balancing activities in the operations time scale are of greatest importance. The power supply, which may potentially be variable, must be matched to the industrial loads which are a byproduct of production activities. Therefore, this article seeks to develop a Dynamic Energy Management Model for Microgrid-Enabled Production Systems. The model is based on a hetero-functional graph theory rooted in the Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and timed Petri nets. The static stability of the microgrid is analyzed using power flow analysis. The resulting model is applied to an illustrative example in which a multi-resource production system is coupled to a microgrid with several types of power generation. The outcomes of the example show that the variable electricity demand imposed by production activities is ill accommodated by renewable energy sources alone. Consequently, the stability of the microgrid is maintained by a dispatchable generator. This holistic model, therefore, includes the impact of the production schedule on greenhouse gas emissions.
Associations of Four Community Factors With Longitudinal Change in Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of community factors with glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We identified patients with type 2 diabetes who had an HbA 1c ≥7.5% (58 mmol/mol) and subsequent HbA 1c testing within 90–270 days. We used mixed-effect models to assess whether treatment intensification (TI) and community domains (community socioeconomic deprivation [CSD], food availability, fitness assets, and utilitarian physical activity favorability [quartiled]) were associated with HbA 1c change over 6 and 24 months, controlling for demographics, HbA 1c , BMI, and time with evidence of type 2 diabetes. We evaluated whether community domains modified associations of TI with HbA 1c change using cross product terms. RESULTS There were 15,308 patients with 69,818 elevated HbA 1c measures. The average reduction in HbA 1c over 6 months was 0.07% less in townships with a high level of CSD (third quartile versus the first). Reductions were 0.10% greater for HbA 1c in townships with the best food availability (versus worst). HbA 1c reductions were 0.17–0.19% greater in census tracts in the second and third quartiles of utilitarian physical activity favorability versus the first. The association of TI with 6-month HbA 1c change was weaker in townships and boroughs with the worst CSD (versus best) and in boroughs with the best fitness assets (versus worst). The association of TI with 24-month HbA 1c change was weaker in census tracts with the worst CSD (versus third quartile) and strongest in census tracts most favorable for utilitarian physical activity (versus worst). CONCLUSIONS Community domains were associated with HbA 1c change and blunted TI effectiveness.
A Bayesian Approach to Subkilometer Crater Shape Analysis Using Individual HiRISE Images

The ages of terrains on other planetary bodies are chiefly determined using crater size–frequency distributions. However, primary impacts can generate numerous secondary craters that can affect the crater population. Classifying impact craters as primary or secondary is commonly done via time-consuming manual inspection, which limits the areas that can be analyzed at high resolution. We present a parametric model for characterizing small (100–600 m diameter) impact craters, where the model parameters have implications for describing the physical processes involved in their formation and modification. We infer these parameters from craters in images captured by the high-resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. For each crater within the appropriate size range, our algorithm creates a 3-D surface for a parametrically modeled crater and a 2-D rendering using illumination metadata, including emission, phase, and solar incidence angles at the time when the image was captured. A function describes the likelihood of each set of model parameters in terms of the geometry of craters in a given HiRISE image. These values are then optimized using a Metropolis–Hasting Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. We evaluated three different prior probability distributions over the parameter space and two different likelihoods: one for digital terrain models and the other for images. We show that after applying t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) over the inferred crater parameters, t-SNE is able to project the multidimensional crater parameters into a 2-D space where secondary craters cluster together and are separable from primary craters.
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' expectations for transfusion medicine in health care organizations.

Abstract This article provides an overview of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' standards related to transfusion medicine found in its hospital, laboratory, and home care accreditation manuals. Hospital standards focus on the review and evaluation of the entire transfusion process from the order through the outcome to the patient, with special attention to the blood use review process. Laboratory standards provide the structure for the detailed review of the technical procedures and practices for collecting, processing, storing, testing, and transporting blood products. Home care standards relate to policies and procedures, infection control practices, education of the patient and family, and monitoring of adverse events and complications for transfusions of blood products performed in the home.
Therapeutic Modalities in Early-Stage Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinomas, Carcinosarcomas, Clear-Cell and Mixed Histology Carcinomas

The entities covered in this chapter are uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC), carcinosarcoma, and clear-cell carcinoma together with tumors of mixed histology. Overall, these represent 3–5% of all endometrial cancers but they are responsible for a significant percentage of endometrial cancer mortality. Recent strides in chemotherapy of some of these cancers offer hope that their addition, either alone or as part of combined modality treatment including radiation, will lead to improvements in survival.
Study on the correlation of clinical neuropathy with metabolic activity (MA) and metabolic volumetric product (MVP) of the diabetic foot

1377 Objectives: The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) is designed to screen for the presence of diabetic neuropathy in the outpatient setting with a higher score (maximum of 13) indicating a greater severity of neuropathic complications. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between the MNSI to metabolic activity (MA) and to metabolic volumetric product (MVP) in the diabetic foot. Methods: 20 non-consecutive diabetic subjects with prior lower extremity FDG-PET and MR imaging were selected for analysis. Diabetic subjects with neurodegenerative osteoarthropathy, osteomyelitis, focal foot abnormalities, and severe atherosclerosis were excluded. Region of interests (ROIs) were drawn over multiple axial slices through the entire foot, and recorded maximal SUVs were averaged. Using coronal and axial MR images, length, width, and height values of the foot were recorded to approximate foot volumes using the formula for volume of a prolate ellipsoid. Foot metabolic volumetric products (MVPs) were then calculated by multiplication of foot average maximum SUV by foot volume. Results: Foot MA assessed by the corrected maximum foot SUV was statistically significantly correlated (p Conclusions: As the severity of neuropathic complications increases based on the MNSI, MA and MVP of the diabetic foot tends to increase. Elevation of FDG uptake of the diabetic foot can be considered as an indicator of the severity of neuropathy related to an increase in tissue glycolysis. Research Support: This study was funded by an NIH grant.
How Start-Up Firms Innovate: Technology Strategy, Commercialization Strategy, and their Relationship

A successful start-up firm makes two important strategic innovation choices during its early life. It must decide upon a 'technology strategy' -- whether to specialize or generalize in the allocation of its research and development efforts -- and a 'commercialization strategy' -- whether to cooperate or compete with incumbents to secure the investment it will need to commercialize its inventions. In this paper, I advance a 'system vs. components' theory of innovation, which supposes that technological products are based on systems of complementary components. A pattern of specialize-and-cooperate and generalize-and-compete then occurs naturally as entrepreneurs maximize their expected profits given both the available technological opportunity and the state of technology in their industry. I derive measures of technology strategy for patent-holding start-up firms, and use the choice to sell the firm in an acquisition or to raise investment through an initial public offering (IPO) as prototypical examples of cooperate versus compete commercialization strategies. I then show that measures of technology strategy Granger-cause commercialization strategies in cross sectional analyses. I also address the endogeneity issue that arises because forward-looking start-up firms chose their technology strategy in anticipation of their commercialization strategy by using the introduction of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) as a shock to the relative costs of an IPO. I provide evidence that successful start-up firms altered their technology strategies to favor component specialization following the introduction of SOX.
Oxylipins from marine invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are a surprisingly rich source of oxidized fatty acid-derived substances known as oxylipins. They occur in many phyla of marine invertebrates, including Porifera, Coelenterata, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Urochordata. Many of the oxylipins obtained from these life forms are structurally unique and have no direct parallel to oxylipins from other sources. Consequently, the biosynthetic pathways responsible for their formation are also unique. Even those oxylipins of comparable structure to those occurring terrestrially are produced by novel biosynthetic pathways in marine organisms. Hence, biosynthetic studies of marine oxylipins are providing fundamental new insights into the scope and nature of oxylipin chemistry and metabolism. Further, study of the ecological and potentially useful pharmacological properties of these unique substances continues to provide new opportunities in medicine and biology.
Peukert's Law for Supercapacitors With Constant Power Loads: Applicability and Application

This paper examines the applicability of Peukert's law to supercapacitors with constant power loads and the application of this relationship in predicting the supercapacitor discharge time during a constant power discharge process. Originally developed for lead-acid batteries, Peukert's law states that the delivered charge increases when the discharge current decreases. This paper shows that Peukert's law applies to supercapacitors when the discharge power is above a certain threshold and does not apply anymore when the discharge power is sufficiently low. This pattern is due to the combined effects of three aspects of the supercapacitor physics: porous electrode structure, charge redistribution, and self-discharge. Based on the applicability study, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of Peukert's law in predicting the supercapacitor discharge time during a constant power discharge process by conducting extensive experiments using three supercapacitor samples with different rated capacitances from different manufacturers at various voltages.
Bread and Circuses: Sports and Public Opinion in China

Sports victory constitutes an important part of propaganda in authoritarian states. The heavy state investment in sports industries and sports culture in China illustrates the political importance of sports. However, few studies have systematically examined the exact impact of sports propaganda on public opinion. Using a survey experiment conducted in two Chinese cities, this article finds that broadcast highlighting national sports achievements has significant positive effects on general satisfaction and compliance with the local governments. These results expand on the small, but growing, literature on the effects of sports on political opinions and help detail the specific ways in which sports can affect political attitudes.