cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation stability of cations in ionic liquids. 1. Alkyl and benzyl derivatives of 5-membered ring heterocycles.

In order to use hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) as diluents in nuclear separations for advanced fuel cycles, it is desirable to reduce the breakdown of the constituent ions caused by ionizing radiation. In this series, we survey radiation stability for different classes of organic cations used to formulate ILs. While radiolysis of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations has been extensively studied, there have not been complementary studies of 1-benzyl derivatives of these cations nor organic cations that are derived from 5-membered ring heterocycles other than imidazole, such as 1,2,4-triazole and thiazole. In part 1, we establish the fragmentation pathways for such cations and quantify product yields for 2.5 MeV electron beam radiolysis of these aromatic cations. Radiolytic reduction of 1-benzyl cations derived from imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole is shown to cause the elimination of benzyl radicals from their electron adducts, whereas this elimination does not occur in the thiazole derivative...
Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

The incidence of metabolic bone disease (MBD) in preterm infants has been declining due to advances in nutritional care. Although the terms osteopenia and rickets have been used in the literature, MBD of prematurity is the preferred terminology for this condition. Despite the use of human milk fortifiers and commercial infant formulas specified for this population, MBD remains an important cause of morbidity in preterm infants. This review focuses on the physiology of intrauterine bone growth, the development of MBD in preterm infants, the various risk factors for MBD, pitfalls in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MBD. The use of speed of sound (SOS) ultrasonography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis also is discussed.
An empirical study examining medication management among individuals with visual impairments

Medication management can often be a challenging task for individuals adhering to a strict regimen. In response, a number of technologies have been developed to remind the user when to take medication and to record how often medications have been consumed. Many of these technologies have not been designed with visually impaired users in mind, making the process of access more difficult for individuals with sight loss. This study serves to identify the day-to-day issues faced by individuals with visual impairments when managing multiple medications. Strategies to identify, locate and consume medications are described. Findings from this study offer guidance to developers interested in creating more inclusive medication management solutions.
Survey on sanitary status of public appliances in hotels in tai'an city in 2007—2011

Objective To have a understanding of disinfection and sanitary status of hotel appliances in Tai'an,so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring the public health.Methods Eighty different types of hotels were randomly selected in Tai'an in years 2007-2011 for the testing of disinfection of public appliances and hygienic evaluation.Results A total of 7 165 copies of public appliances were tested,of which 6 113 were qualified,with a qualified rate of 85.28%.The qualified rate of samples was 81.69%,86.54%,87.40% and 89.75% respectively in teacup,glass,gargle cup and bedclothes.The qualified rate of teacup,glass and gargle cup in each year showed significant differences(all P0.05),but no significant difference was found on bedclothes(all P0.05).There was no significant difference on the qualified rate of teacup,glass and gargle cup in large,medium and small size hotels(all P0.05).Conclusions The overall sanitary conditions are good in hotel public appliances in Tai'an,but poor in small and medium-sized hotels,for which management and supervision should be strengthened.
Applied of Macro Absorption Resin to Control Quality of Ammonium Chloride and Glycyrrhiza Mixture

Objective:To introduce a method for quantitative determination of Ammonium Chloride and Glycyrrhizae Mixture by Macro Absorption Resin. Methods:To get rid of the impurity by absorption resin, and then titration by mole method. Results:The average recovery rate of Ammonium Chloride was 100.14%, with RSD=0.893% (n=5). Conclusion:The method is simple, accurate and can be used for control quality.
Quantification of vaginal motion associated with daily endorectal balloon placement during whole pelvis radiotherapy for gynecologic cancers

Abstract Background and purpose To quantify intra-treatment vaginal motion in women treated with daily endorectal balloon (ERB) placement and external beam radiotherapy for gynecologic cancers. Materials and methods Eighteen post-hysterectomy women with gynecologic cancers underwent computed tomography (CT) simulation scans and daily treatment with ERB. Fiducial markers were placed at the vaginal apex prior to simulation and patients were counseled on a pre-treatment bladder filling protocol. Weekly to biweekly verification CT scans were used to calculate the intra-treatment change in bladder volumes, rectal volumes, and fiducial coordinates along all axes. The planning target volume (PTV) margins required to encompass 95% of intra-treatment fiducial movement were calculated using the van Herk margin recipe. Results The median bladder volume was 223 (range, 29–879)cc for verification CT scans. Mean intra-treatment fiducial displacements were 1.7 (range, 0–9.1)mm, 2.9 (range, 0–15.5)mm, and 2.5 (range, 0–11.8)mm along the left–right (L/R), superior–inferior (S/I), and anterior–posterior (A/P) axes, respectively. The van Herk PTV margins were 3mm (L/R), 10mm (S/I) and 7mm (A/P). Conclusion When compared to existing studies, the use of daily ERB with post-hysterectomy radiotherapy reduces vaginal motion along the A/P axis. The impact of variable bladder filling on vaginal motion is most evident along the S/I axis.
Transitional housing for veterans with a psychiatric diagnosis

1. Veterans with a psychiatric diagnosis needed affordable housing and emotional support to successfully reintegrate into the community. 2. A supervising nurse established a structured, transitional housing program with a housing manager and mandatory weekly meetings. 3. The focus of the house program was centered on resident independence and responsibility. 4. The housing program is cost effective and has shown a 79% success rate in assisting clients to become productive members of the community.
Transforming Growth Factor: β3 Regulates Cell Metabolism in Corneal Keratocytes and Fibroblasts

Corneal keratocytes (HCKs) are specialized cells that reside in the corneal stroma, the largest layer of the human cornea. HCKs play a major role in corneal transparency and orchestrate corneal wound healing upon injury. Following an injury to the cornea HCKs adjacent to the wound undergo apoptosis and HCKs outside the wound area are activated, and they assume the role of remodeling the damaged stroma. Once activated the cells are termed fibroblasts (HCF). One of the key factors of this activation is thought to be transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Five TGF-β (-β1,-β2,-β3,-β4, and -β5) have been identified and three (-β1,-β2, and -β3) are found in humans. We have recently identified TGF-β3 as a growth factor that can reduce or rescue corneal fibrosis in vitro. In this chapter, we present evidence that TGF-β3 plays a major role in regulating the metabolism of both HCKs and HCFs in vitro. We investigated both a conventional monolayer 2D system and a 3D self-assembled extracellular matrix (ECM) model. We targeted a total of 256 endogenous water-soluble metabolites by LC-MS/MS of which more than 60 were significantly regulated between different groups. These findings are expected to help achieve a better understanding of the specific and redundant functions of these metabolites.
The World as the Body of God: Rāmānuja on What is Ultimately Real

For the Śrīvaiṣṇavas of South India, who are devotees of the God Viṣṇu and his consort Śrī, the physical world constitutes the body of Viṣṇu. One of the founders of this tradition, Rāmānuja (1057–1137 CE), articulates this conception of reality in his writings, the Vedārthasaṃgraha, the Śrībhāṣya, and the Bhagavadgītābhāṣya (Known as the Summary of the Essence of the Veda, the Commentary on the Brahmasūtras, and the Commentary on the Bhagavadgītā respectively. In addition to these main theological works, three devotional hymns, a manual on ritual worship, and two smaller philosophical texts are attributed to Rāmānuja (Carman JB, The Theology of Rāmānuja. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 49–64, 1974). Rāmānuja’s theology is a type of Vedānta philosophy called Viśiṣṭādvaita (unity-of–the-differenced) (Vedānta is a philosophy based on the Upaniṣads, which are the last portions of early Hindu (Brahmanical) scripture, the Veda. For more on Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta, see Carman (1974), Dasgupta SN (A history of Indian philosophy, Vol. 1–4. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, Reprint 1991), Kumarappa B (The Hindu conception of the deity. Luzac and Company, London, 1934), Lacombe O (L’Absolu Selon Le Vedānta: Les notions de Brahman et d’Atman dans les systeme de Śaṅkara et Rāmānuja. Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1966), Lipner JJ (Philosophy East and West January 28, 1986), and Srinivasachari PN (The Philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita. Adyar Library, Madras, 1978)), meaning that the one ultimate reality, the God Viṣṇu, encompasses the world of matter along with a plurality of individual souls. Viṣṇu’s relationship to the universe is similar to the association between a soul and a body. As a result, there is nothing that exists outside of this differenced unity comprised of Viṣṇu, individual souls, and matter. In examining this concept of the world as the body of Viṣṇu, this paper first presents issues in Vedānta philosophy relevant to Rāmānuja’s theological enterprise. Second, it examines the way in which Rāmānuja conceives of the world as the body of Viṣṇu as well as some implications of such an understanding of reality.
The Impact of Western Man

The importance of Christopher Columbus is not that he discov­ered America. America had been discovered long before 1492.1 His importance lies in the fact that he began a process whereby western man extended his influence across the entire earth. By the end of the eighteenth century — whether in the cause of God, greed or glory — most of the world’s seas and coastlines had been explored by Europeans; the first stages of western colonialism and global integration had been completed.
John Keats (1795–1821)

In Benjamin Robert Haydon’s letter to Wordsworth (31 December 1816), a poem by Keats was enclosed. Haydon wrote that the young poet who had written it wanted to convey his ‘Reverence’ (Haydon was not exaggerating). The opening lines illustrated Keats’s strong and sincere desire to please Wordsworth: Great Spirits now on Earth are sojourning He of the Cloud, the Cataract, the Lake Who on Helvellyn’s summit wide awake Catches his freshness from archangels wing …
Functional identification and evolutionary conservation of the yme1L1 mitochondrial integrity gene promoter

Abstract Yme1-like 1 (yme1L1) is a mouse ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yme1p, a protein that degrades unfolded or misfolded mitochondrial gene products and is essential for protecting mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial genome integrity. Other yme1L1 gene family members are responsible for several human paralytic diseases, suggesting yme1L1 may eventually be linked to a paralytic disease that is currently of unknown etiology. Although the mouse and human YME1L1 promoters show evolutionary conservation of sequences, the mouse yme1L1 promoter does not have target consensus sequences for the MURE1, CHOP, and MURE2 transcription factors as found in the human promoter. Bioinformatics analyses allowed for the identification of the mouse yme1L1 promoter, several conserved and potentially important transcription factor binding sites, the promoter as a CpG island, and confirmation of evolutionary conservation among ten orthologous species promoter regions. Isolation and initial characterization through 5′ RACE and transient transfection has identified the dispersed start sites of transcription for this TATA-less promoter and confirmed proximal and core promoter activity.
El bilingüismo en el mundo hispanohablante

Segun el Censo Nacional del ano 2010, EEUU se convirtio en el segundo pais con mas hispanohablantes en el mundo—50 millones—superando inclusive a Espana y solamente precedido por Mexico. Quizas est...
Cooking at Home: A Strategy to Comply With U.S. Dietary Guidelines at No Extra Cost.

Introduction Cooking at home is associated with better diet quality. This study examined the frequency of home-cooked dinners versus eating out in relation to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and food expenditures. Methods The Seattle Obesity Study used a stratified random sample of 437 King County adults. In-person computer-assisted interviews collected sociodemographic and behavioral data during 2011–2013. HEI-2010 and 2005 were computed using Food Frequency Questionnaires. Multivariable regression analyses, conducted in 2015, examined associations among HEI scores, food expenditures, and frequency of cooking at home versus eating out variables. Results Frequent home-cooked dinners were associated with being married, unemployed, larger households, presence of children aged p p p p =0.001), and higher away-from-home expenditures. Conclusions Home-cooked dinners were associated with greater dietary guideline compliance, without significant increase in food expenditures. By contrast, frequent eating out was associated with higher expenditures and lower compliance. Home cooking may be a component of nutrition resilience.
Future Wireless Challenges for Integrated Circuits

The popularity of mobile communications has created a large demand for both end user equipment and the integrated circuits inside them. While early cellular and cordless phones had relatively low complexity chips with discrete circuits implementing many functions, modern phones have highly integrated baseband sections and increasingly integrated radio sections. The next challenge for the industry is to successfully bring mobile communications to the consumer market. Semiconductor technology is a key enabler to meet that goal. The future of integrated circuits will include highly integrated radio solutions, including integration of key filters. Baseband sections will have communications-specific DSP solutions and highly integrated audio sections. These advances will enable very small handsets to be built at a lower cost than ever before.
Feasibility of Photosensitized Reactions with Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles in the Presence of Volatile Organic Compounds.

The ability of a complex mixture of organic compounds found in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to act as a photosensitizer in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was investigated. Different types of SOAs were produced in a smog chamber by oxidation of various biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs. The SOA particles were collected from the chamber onto an inert substrate, and the resulting material was exposed to 365 nm radiation in an air flow containing ∼200 ppbv of limonene vapor. The mixing ratio of limonene and other VOCs in the flow was observed with a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The photosensitized uptake of limonene was observed for several SOA materials, with a lower limit for the reactive uptake coefficient on the scale of ∼10–5. The lower limit for the uptake coefficient under conditions of Los Angeles, California on the summer solstice at noon was estimated to be on the order of ∼10–6. Photoproduction of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) resulting from...
The continuing significance of masculinity

In the years since Ethnic and Racial Studies published my paper, “Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations”, I have continued to be interested in men. What began a...
Investigating the Relationship between University Students' Psychological Flexibility and College Self-Efficacy.

For many, college is a period of transition, marked with acute stress, threats to success, and decreases in self-efficacy. For certain groups of students, the risk of these poor outcomes is elevate...
Rapid alterations to marine microbiota communities following an oil spill

Field data from the first several days after an oil spill is rare but crucial for our understanding of a spill's impact on marine microbiota given their short generation times. Field data collected within days of the Texas City "Y" oil spill showed that exposure to crude oil can rapidly imbalance populations of marine microbiota, which leads to the proliferation of more resistant organisms. Vibrionales bacteria were up to 48 times higher than background concentrations at the most impacted sites and populations of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum texanum increased significantly as well. Laboratory microcosm experiments with a natural plankton community showed that P. texanum grew significantly faster under oiled conditions but monocultures of P. texanum did not. Additional laboratory experiments with natural communities from Tampa Bay, Florida showed similar results although a different species dominated, P. minimum. In both cases, tolerance to the presence of crude oil was enhanced by higher sensitivity of grazers led to a release from grazing pressure and allows Prorocentrum species to dominate after an oil spill. The results suggest careful monitoring for Vibrionales and Prorocentrum during future spills would be beneficial given the potential implications to human health.
Determining a geographic high resolution supply chain network for a large scale biofuel industry

Abstract This research combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model to determine feedstock supply, preprocessing facility, and biorefinery locations at a highly resolved spatial scale with the objective of meeting a large-scale annual biofuel production and demand goal for Tennessee, USA. Simultaneous determination of this supply chain network using MIP is computationally expensive. Memory limitation of typical personal computers constrain the network problem. High Performance Computing environments may require days to solve, and without any assurance of a feasible solution. This paper proposes a two-stage optimization procedure to overcome these computational challenges while maintaining theoretical consistency with conventional firm location theory paradigms. The two-stage procedure assumes that firms first identify biorefinery locations with comparative advantage in terms of supplying biomass. Step two entails determining if costs can be lowered with the addition of preprocessing facilities, and their optimal location relative to the biorefinery sites. In contrast, a single step optimization procedure siting multiple biorefineries and concomitantly preprocessing units and biomass supply areas assumes a different strategy for a single firm. Results suggest that the two-stage optimization approach is able to identify a feasible solution of multiple feedstock areas, feedstock preprocessing and fuel production locations using high-resolution spatial layers over a relatively large geographic region in a fraction of the computer resources required to solve a single, simultaneous location problem. The optimal supply chain network solutions generated from the two-stage and single simultaneous approaches are different. The absolute difference in the smaller scaled models’ objective values is less than 1%.
Bryostatin-1 alleviates experimental multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder targeting the central nervous system (CNS). The relapsing-remitting phase of MS is largely driven by peripheral activation of autoreactive T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 lymphocytes. In contrast, compartmentalized inflammation within the CNS, including diffuse activation of innate myeloid cells, characterizes the progressive phase of MS, the most debilitating phase that currently lacks satisfactory treatments. Recently, bryostatin-1 (bryo-1), a naturally occurring, CNS-permeable compound with a favorable safety profile in humans, has been shown to act on antigen-presenting cells to promote differentiation of lymphocytes into Th2 cells, an action that might benefit Th1-driven inflammatory conditions such as MS. In the present study, we show that bryo-1 provides marked benefit in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental MS animal model. Preventive treatment with bryo-1 abolishes the onset of neurologic deficits in EAE. More strikingly, bryo-1 reverses neurologic deficits after EAE onset, even when treatment is initiated at a late stage of disease when peak adaptive immunity has subsided. Treatment with bryo-1 in vitro promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype in antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macrophages, and to a lesser extent, lymphocytes. These findings suggest the potential for bryo-1 as a therapeutic agent in MS, particularly given its established clinical safety. Furthermore, the benefit of bryo-1, even in late treatment of EAE, combined with its targeting of innate myeloid cells suggests therapeutic potential in progressive forms of MS.
State of the Art Review: Evolution and Ongoing Challenges of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy

Despite significant improvements in pharmacotherapy as well as coronary and electrophysiological interventions, prognosis of advanced heart failure remains poor with 1-year mortality rates as high ...
Changes in Gene Expression during the Transition from Compensated Hypertrophy to Heart Failure

With the advancement in molecular techniques for characterizing genes and the use of animal models as tools to study heart failure, considerable progress has been made in improving our understanding of the regulation and function of genes associated with heart failure. Studies now indicate that autocrine/paracrine factors including neurohormones such as norepinephrine, angiotensin II, proinflammatory cytokines and peptide growth factors produced locally in the heart may affect myocyte growth and function through intricate signaling mechanisms. While changes in gene expression for the proteins involved in cell signaling may lead to myocyte hypertrophy and/or apoptosis, alteration in calcium homeostasis, excitation-contraction coupling and the extracellular matrix also contribute to systolic and diastolic dysfunction leading to heart failure. Thus, heart failure is a complex process, which involves changes in expression of multiple genes. With the advent of new techniques involving microarray and gene chip technology, it is now possible to define and/or identify sets of genes involved in heart failure. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of molecular signals, intracellular signaling mechanisms and the changes in gene expression associated with the transition from compensated hypertrophy to failure.
Dynamical Scaling in a Model Structural Glass

There is a current active debate on the mechanisms of freezing in model glasses. Experimental freezing temperatures, derived from susceptibilities, are often found to vary approximately linearly with the logarithm of the measuring frequency. The theoretical problem being far from settled, experiments are much in need. To be definitive, they must cover extremely broad frequency ranges. The present paper summarizes the experimental situation for a model glass,1 mixed crystals of rubidium-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which have allowed measurements covering an unprecedented 17 orders of magnitude in frequency.2,3 The experimental results indicate that dynamics derived from the Vogel-Fulcher (VF) law4 provide the most appropriate phenomenological description, while dynamics adapted from other current theoretical models of spin-glasses5,6 seem inadequate for this system.
'Exceptional and Unimportant'? The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Externalities in Economic Analysis

Economists typically locate the origins of the theory of externalities in A.C. Pigou’s The Economics of Welfare (1920, 1932), where Pigou suggested that activities which generate uncompensated benefits or costs—e.g., pollution, lighthouses, scientific research—represent instances of market failure requiring government corrective action. According to this history, Pigou’s effort gave rise to an unbroken Pigovian tradition in externality theory that continues to exert a substantial presence in the literature to this day, even with the stiff criticisms of it laid down by Ronald Coase (1960) and others beginning in the 1960s. This paper challenges that view. It demonstrates that, almost immediately after the publication of The Economics of Welfare, economists largely stopped writing about externalities. On the rare occasions when externalities were mentioned, it was in the context of whether a competitive equilibrium could produce an efficient allocation of resources and to note that externalities were an impediment to the attainment of the optimum. When economists once again began to take up the subject of externalities in a serious way, the very real externality phenomena—pollution, etc.—that had concerned Pigou were not in evidence. Instead, the analysis was targeted at identifying how and why externalities violated the necessary conditions for an optimal allocation of resources in a competitive system. In short, externalities were conceived very differently in the welfare theory of the 1950s than they had been in Pigou’s treatise. It was only when economists began to turn their attention to environmental and urban problems that we see a return to a conception of externalities as real, policy-relevant phenomena—that is, to the type of externality analysis that had preoccupied Pigou and that characterizes the economic analysis of externalities today. Even then, however, the approach to externality policy was anything but straightforwardly Pigovian in nature. The history of externality theory is therefore not a history of a continuous tradition but of changing conceptions of externalities, framed by changing ideas about what economic theory is attempting to achieve.
Media theory

This paper reviews and extends previous results of the first author concerning a particular semigroup of transformations on a finite set of states. The noun 'medium' given to this semigroup stems from an important application in which the transformations formalize the effects, on an individual, of 'tokens' of information delivered by the environment--i.e, the 'medium'--thereby modifying his or her opinions. The axioms containing the semigroup actually capture a wide variety of examples ranging from convex analysis to combinatorics. A common characteristic is that any transformation of a state---if it is effective--leaves a trace which is a partially defining feature of the state produced. For instance, the family of all strict partial orders on a finite set, equipped with the set of transformations consisting in adding (or removing) an ordered pair to (or from) a partial order to form another partial order is an instance of a medium. As suggested by this example, while these transformations are never one-to-one functions, each transformation has a unique 'reverse' transformation undoing its actions. We introduce the concepts of 'orientation' and 'closure' for a medium and derive some consequences. A recently published application of media theory to the analysis of opinion polls data is briefly discussed.
Canonically Open, Quasi-Desargues Paths

We wish to extend the results of [5-6] to right-Eratosthenes, partially ultra-Sylvester, ultra-stable lines. A useful survey of the subject can be found in [7].
Mixed draw solutions for improved forward osmosis performance

Reverse salt flux (RSF) of ions from the draw solution (DS) to the feed is a major drawback of forward osmosis (FO). RSF is reduced when divalent ion salts such as MgCl2 and MgSO4 that have larger hydrated radius are used instead of salts with monovalent ions only (e.g., NaCl). However, using divalent ion DSs comes with a cost – namely lower water flux compared to NaCl DS at similar osmotic pressures. The objective of this study was to enhance FO by lowering RSF while maintaining high water flux by adding low concentrations of divalent ions or organic ions to NaCl DS. We have demonstrated that water flux was similar for pure NaCl DS and mixed salts DS having low concentrations of divalent or organic ions at the same osmotic pressure of pure NaCl DS. Simultaneously, the average RSF was lower for all mixed salts DSs tested compared to pure NaCl DS. Results from a student t-test comparing the average RSF of the mixed salts DSs to the pure NaCl DS revealed that although the average RSF was lower for all the mixed DSs tested, only the mixed salts DS containing MgCl2 had RSF significantly lower than the pure NaCl DS.
Are Certain Health Centers Better Patient-Centered Medical Homes for People with Severe Mental Illness?

Patient-centered medical homes based at federally-qualified health centers (FQHCs) can benefit patients with complex health needs, such as severe mental illness (SMI). However, little is known about FQHC characteristics associated with changes in health care expenditures and utilization for individuals with SMI. Using North Carolina Medicaid claims and FQHC data from the Uniform Data System, multivariate regression identified FQHC characteristics associated with total expenditures, medication adherence and emergency department utilization among adults with SMI, controlling for time-invariant differences by health center. Few of the FQHC-level factors affected the outcomes—not even offering on-site behavioral health services. Although the FQHCs in the analysis sample exhibited considerable variation in the provision of specialty behavioral services and in staffing configurations, it may be the case that the examination of average effects across a heterogeneous group of adults with SMI mask benefits of FQHCs to certain subgroups. These findings support the conclusion that there is no “one-size-fits-all” model that works best for this diverse patient population. Study results are relevant for practices embarking on expanded medical home services for people with SMI.
A Hologenomic Approach to Animal Behavior

The hologenome concept of evolution posits that animals and their symbiotic microbes are emergent individuals, or holobionts, exhibiting synergistic phenotypes that are subject to evolutionary forces. Its premises are that interactions between animals and their microbes affect the fitness of holobionts, in both beneficial and deleterious ways, and that microbes and their functional genes can persist across animal host generations with fidelity. Covariance between the host genome and the microbiome can thus be maintained and holobiont phenotypes encoded by the microbiome can be subject to selection and drift within holobiont populations. Animal behavior researchers have historically underappreciated the beneficial effects of symbiotic microbes on animals’ behavioral phenotypes, but this is changing. Symbiotic microbes can protect their host animals from predators, increase their foraging efficiencies and reproductive outputs, and mediate their chemical communication systems. The objectives of this chapter are to introduce the hologenome concept of evolution and, within the framework of the concept’s premises, to present highlights of the current understanding of how symbiotic microbes contribute to animals’ behavioral phenotypes and how animals facilitate transmission of beneficial microbes to their offspring and kin. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how behavioral ecologists, in particular, are well-positioned to evaluate the explanatory value of host-microbial evolutionary models, such as the hologenome concept.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ with Diffuse Growth Distribution: A Potentially Lethal Subtype of “Preinvasive” Disease

PURPOSE: The current trend in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) research is towards treatment de-escalation. Problematically, prognostic indicators for patients at high risk of breast cancer mortality (BCM), rather than recurrence, have not been identified. We aim to identify prognostic factors for the development of metastatic disease and mortality. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patients diagnosed with DCIS in a local cancer registry as well as in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program were assessed for factors prognostic of metastatic disease, overall, and breast-cancer specific survival. Cox and competing risks regressions were developed. RESULTS: Among 5 patients who developed distant metastatic disease in the cancer registry, 3 had identifiable growth distribution; all 3 were diffuse type. None had in-breast invasive or DCIS recurrences before metastasis. In NCDB and SEER, cumulative incidence of any cause mortality (ACM) and BCM at 10 years was 12%/5.0% for diffuse lesions; 8%/3.6% for patients with microinvasive disease, 7.4%/2.3% for lesions >5 cm, 5.6%/1.4% for lesions 2-5 cm and 5.5%/1.5% for lesions <2 cm. Multivariate hazard ratios for ACM in NCDB and BCM in SEER were 2.0 and 5.3 (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Among patients with diffuse lesions, cumulative incidence ACM at 10 years was 15.0% among those undergoing unilateral mastectomy vs. 2.5% among those undergoing bilateral mastectomy (p=0.11). CONCLUSION: Diffuse DCIS represents an uncommon but deadly subtype for whom treatment escalation, rather than de-escalation, is likely necessary. Further studies elucidating the mechanism of metastasis and best treatment course are needed.
Patient Pain Sketches Can Predict Surgical Outcomes in Trigger-Site Deactivation Surgery for Headaches.

BACKGROUND Patient selection for headache surgery is an important variable to ensure successful outcomes. In the authors' experience, a valuable method to visualize pain/trigger sites is to ask patients to draw their pain. The authors have found that there are pathognomonic pain patterns for each site, and typically do not operate on patients with atypical pain sketches, as they believe such patients are poor surgical candidates. However, a small subset of these atypical patients undergo surgery based on other strong clinical findings. In this study, the authors attempt to quantify this clinical experience. METHODS Patients were prospectively enrolled and completed pain sketches at screening. One hundred six diagrams were analyzed/categorized by two independent, blinded reviewers as follows: (1) typical (pain over nerve distribution, expected radiation); (2) intermediate (pain over nerve distribution, atypical radiation); or (3) atypical (pain outside of normal nerve distribution, atypical radiation). Preoperative and postoperative Migraine Headache Index was compared between subgroups using unpaired t tests. RESULTS Migraine Headache Index improvement was 73 ± 38 percent in the typical group, 78 ± 30 percent in the intermediate group, and 30 ± 40 percent in the atypical group. There was a significant difference in Migraine Headache Index between the typical and atypical groups (p = 0.03) and between the intermediate and atypical groups (p < 0.01). The chance of achieving Migraine Headache Index improvement greater than 30 percent in the atypical group was 20 percent. CONCLUSIONS Patient pain sketches classified as atypical (facial pain, atypical pain point origin, diffuse pain) can predict poor outcomes in headache surgery. As the authors continue to develop patient selection criteria for headache surgery, patient sketches should be considered as an effective, cheap, and simple-to-interpret tool for selecting candidates for surgery.
Therapy of Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Clinical Practice

Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) represents a wide range of disease burden. Patients with different levels of liver function, tumor size, and number of lesions may all have intermediate-stage disease according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. Several minimally invasive image-guided locoregional therapies are available for the treatment of intermediate-stage HCC, including conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE), drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE), yttrium-90 radioembolization (Y-90 RE), thermal ablation, bland embolization, and combination therapy. Available clinical evidence points to cTACE as the current gold standard for the locoregional treatment of intermediate-stage HCC. DEB-TACE is at best non-inferior to cTACE in terms of survival benefit. Y-90 RE is a maturing therapy, and some institutions have adopted it as first-line therapy for intermediate-stage HCC. Thermal ablation combined with TACE may be used in select patients, while bland embolization has only limited evidence for its use. The combination of locoregional therapy with VEGF inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors has also been explored. This article will examine in detail the clinical evidence supporting available locoregional treatment options for intermediate-stage HCC.
Acute chest syndrome in pediatric sickle cell disease: Associations with racial composition and neighborhood deprivation

Background Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of death for children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Recurrent ACS has detrimental effects on pulmonary health and health care costs. Neighborhood characteristics affect the outcomes of many pediatric chronic diseases, but their role in SCD is not well studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of area-level socioeconomic deprivation and racial composition on the recurrence of ACS. Study design We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of clinical data from a large pediatric SCD center. Patients' residential addresses were geocoded and linked to a composite area deprivation index (ADI) and percent African American population at the level of Census block groups. The association of recurrent ACS with neighborhood characteristics was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results The sample included 709 children with SCD. Residence in a socioeconomically deprived neighborhood was associated with 27% less risk of recurrent ACS, and residence in a predominantly African American neighborhood was associated with 41% less risk of ACS recurrence. The racial composition explained the protective effect of living in a high-deprivation area after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical covariates. Demographic and clinical factors associated with recurrent ACS included older age, male gender, asthma, hydroxyurea use, and chronic transfusion therapy. Conclusions This is the first study to report a protective effect of residing in a predominantly African American community for ACS recurrence. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the association and to understand the mechanisms of such relationship.
Budapest Declaration: On the Rights, Health and Well-being of Children and Youth on the Move

Background: UNICEF reported in 2016, that up to 50 million children have migrated across borders or been forcibly displaced (1). Pediatricians have critical roles to play in response to the unprecedented global displacement of children. As such, in 2017 the International Society of Social Pediatrics (ISSOP) adopted the Budapest Declaration on the Rights and Health of Children on the Move as the architecture for a global pediatric response to the epidemic of children on the move (2). Objective: To establish: a) The Declaration as a blueprint for pediatricians to advance …
On the competitive effects of multimarket contact

Abstract Changes in the extent of multi-market contact (MMC) between firms often affect market outcomes – quantities and prices. We show that a strategic but purely competitive effect of changes in MMC can change the quantity provided in a market by a firm by as much as 50%, and the prices a firm sets by as much as 20%. This may have important welfare implications, specifically with regards to horizontal mergers. Studying mergers that span several markets, we show that a myopic merger policy may thwart a surplus-increasing merger wave. The analysis does not rely on any tacit or explicit collusive behavior by the firms.
Protein Kinase CK2 Regulates B Cell Development and Differentiation

Protein kinase CK2 (also known as Casein Kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase composed of two catalytic subunits (CK2α and/or CK2α') and two regulatory CK2β subunits. CK2 is overexpressed and overactive in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphomas, leading to inappropriate activation of the NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and tumor growth. However, whether CK2 regulates normal B cell development and differentiation is not known. We generated mice lacking CK2α specifically in B cells (using CD19-driven Cre recombinase). These mice exhibited cell-intrinsic expansion of marginal zone B cells at the expense of transitional B cells, without changes in follicular B cells. Transitional B cells required CK2α to maintain adequate BCR signaling. In the absence of CK2α, reduced BCR signaling and elevated Notch2 signaling activation increased marginal zone B cell differentiation. Our results identify a previously unrecognized function for CK2α in B cell development and differentiation.
Intraoperative 3 T MRI is more correlative to residual disease extent than early postoperative MRI.

Extent of resection of low grade glioma (LGG) is an important prognostic variable, and may influence decisions regarding adjuvant therapy in certain patient populations. Immediate postoperative magnetic resonance image (MRI) is the mainstay for assessing residual tumor. However, previous studies have suggested that early postoperative MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (within 48 h) may overestimate residual tumor volume in LGG. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) without subsequent resection may more accurately assess residual tumor. Consistency in MRI techniques and utilization of higher magnet strengths may further improve both comparisons between MRI studies performed at different time points as well as the specificity of MRI findings to identify residual tumor. To evaluate the utility of 3 T iMRI in the imaging of LGG, we volumetrically analyzed intraoperative, early, and late (~ 3 months after surgery) postoperative MRIs after resection of LGG. A total of 32 patients with LGG were assessed retrospectively. Residual tumor was defined as hyperintense T2 signal on FLAIR. Volumetric assessment was performed with intraoperative, early, and late postoperative FLAIR via TeraRecon iNtuition. Perilesional FLAIR parenchymal abnormality volumes were significantly different comparing intraoperative and early postoperative MRI (2.17 ± 0.45 cm3 vs. 5.47 ± 1.07 cm3, respectively (p = 0.0002)). A significant difference of perilesional FLAIR parenchymal abnormality volumes was also found comparing early and late postoperative MRI (5.47 ± 1.07 cm3 vs. 3.22 ± 0.64 cm3, respectively (p = 0.0001)). There was no significant difference between intraoperative and late postoperative Perilesional FLAIR parenchymal abnormality volumes. Intraoperative 3 T MRI without further resection appears to better reflect the volume of residual tumor in LGG compared with early postoperative 3 T MRI. Early postoperative MRI may overestimate residual tumor. As such, intraoperative MRI performed after completion of tumor resection may be more useful for making decisions regarding adjuvant therapy.
Polymer–Plasticizer Coatings for BTEX Detection Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Sensing films based on polymer-plasticizer coatings have been developed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere at low concentrations (ppm) using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). Of particular interest in this work are the VOCs benzene, ethylbenzene, and toluene which, along with xylene, are collectively referred to as BTEX. The combinations of four glassy polymers with five plasticizers were studied as prospective sensor films for this application, with PEMA-DINCH (5%) and PEMA-DIOA (5%) demonstrating optimal performance. This work shows how the sensitivity and selectivity of a glassy polymer film for BTEX detection can be altered by adding a precise amount and type of plasticizer. To quantify the film saturation dynamics and model the absorption of BTEX analyte molecules into the bulk of the sensing film, a diffusion study was performed in which the frequency-time curve obtained via QCM was correlated with gas-phase analyte composition and the infinite dilution partition coefficients of each constituent. The model was able to quantify the respective concentrations of each analyte from binary and ternary mixtures based on the difference in response time (τ) values using a single polymer-plasticizer film as opposed to the traditional approach of using a sensor array. This work presents a set of polymer-plasticizer coatings that can be used for detecting and quantifying the BTEX in air, and discusses the selection of an optimum film based on τ, infinite dilution partition coefficients, and stability over a period of time.
Utilizing an On-Line Computer System for Patient Classification and Staff Determination

This paper describes an on-line patient classification program operated from each nursing care unit. The patients are evaluated according to CRT screen menus of care needs by the care unit nurses. The program then weights each patient and assigns a care level. Daily summaries of these weights and their attendant staffing levels are available to administrators for guidance and justification in assigning personnel, establishing costs of care, and future planning. The logic and input/output of this program are a joint development between nursing and computer personnel.
Antibotulinal properties of selected aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes

Several aromatic and aliphatic ketones were tested for inhibitory activity against Clostridium botulinum spores and cells. Six-tenths mM 3-heptanone, 3-hexanone, or benzophenone delayed spore germination in botulinal assay medium (BAM) broth at 32°C. Sporicidal activity was observed for 1,250 mM 2,3-pentanedione, while 2-octanone, 3-octanone, or benzophenone were effective at 2,500 mM. In general, higher concentrations were required to inhibit vegetative cells than to prevent spore germination. Maximum activity against vegetative cells was observed at 25 mM acetanisole (4'-methoxyacetophenone), 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-pentanone, or benzophenone, and inhibition was independent of pH. Five-tenths mM acetanisole inhibited dipicolinic acid release, 100 mM reduced 20 min 80°C thermal resistance, and 5.0 mM delayed toxigenesis in BAM broth at 32°C. Furthermore, inhibitory activity of acetanisole was comparable to that observed in BAM broth when tested in commercially prepared chicken and beef broths. The spectrum of antibotulinal activity was dependent upon carbon chain length, carbonyl position, number of carbonyls, and aromaticity. The inhibitions observed suggest that aliphatic and aromatic ketones might have potential as novel antimicrobial agents.
Brain acetylcholine and habituation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses experiments on habituation. Habituation is evidently a relatively primitive form of learning and refers to the fact that the effects of a stimulus disappear under certain conditions. This loss of stimulus effectiveness follows two simple rules. First, relatively protracted exposure to the stimulus is required. Second, the stimulus must not itself be a biologically significant one nor can it be associated with a second stimulus having such significance. Brain acetylcholine (ACh) might be critical in the process of habituation. One of the problems in investigating the idea is to develop a scheme that would provide a behavioral index of habituation. Another problem is to find a means for altering the normal activity of brain acetylcholine. Well established pharmacological techniques are, of course, available; the action of anticholinergics like scopolamine and atropine is to attenuate the muscarinic activity of ACh. If ACh activity is, in fact, required for habituation, then habituation should be drastically attenuated when Ach activity is attenuated by the anticholinergics.