cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hammer and the Carpenter: Lessons from the Field for Effective Professional Development by Teaching Artists.

ABSTRACTThis article draws on lessons from the field to offer further guidance for arts organizations and teaching artists leading professional development.
Model-centric computation abstractions in machine learning applications

We categorize parallel machine learning applications into four types of computation models and propose a new set of model-centric computation abstractions. This work sets up parallel machine learning as a combination of training data-centric and model parameter-centric processing. The analysis uses Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) as an example, and experimental results show that an efficient parallel model update pipeline can achieve similar or higher model convergence speed compared with other work.
Vascular cell interactions modulate the expression of endothelin-1 and platelet-derived growth factor BB.

Endothelin (ET)-1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB are important regulators of vascular cell growth and contractile function. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between endothel...
Management of short bowel syndrome in postoperative very low birth weight infants

Short bowel syndrome is a potentially devastating morbidity for the very low birth weight infant and family with a high risk for mortality. Prevention of injury to the intestine is the ideal, but, if and when the problem arises, it is important to have a systematic approach to manage nutrition, use pharmaceutical strategies and tools to maximize the outcome potential. Safely maximizing parenteral nutrition support by providing adequate macronutrients and micronutrients while minimizing its hepatotoxic effects is the initial postoperative strategy. As the infant stabilizes and starts to recover from that initial injury and/or surgery, a slow and closely monitored enteral nutrition approach should be initiated. Enteral feeds can be complemented with medications and supplements emerging as valuable clinical tools. Engaging a multidisciplinary team of neonatologists, gastroenterologists, pharmacists, skilled clinical nutrition support staff including registered dietitians and nutrition support nurses will facilitate optimizing each and every infant's long term result. Promoting intestinal rehabilitation and adaptation through evidence-based practice where it is found, and ongoing pursuit of research in this rare and devastating disease, is paramount in achieving optimal outcomes.
Propagation Measurements for UHF Spread Spectrum Communications

The analysis and prediction of UHF spread spectrum communications system performance in tactical environments has revealed a great deal of uncertainty relating to the applicability of narrowband propagation models and the effects of terrain irregularity and vegetation on broadband signals. This paper presents an overview of an ongoing Army program utilizing wideband pulse response measurements to characterize ground-to-ground, tactical, UHF spread spectrum propagation channels. Recently acquired experimental data is used to demonstrate the potential of this program for improving available tools for prediction and analysis of tactical UHF spread spectrum systems employing bandwidths of hundreds of MHz.
In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of tensile deformation of neutron-irradiated polycrystalline Fe-9%Cr alloy

Abstract The effect of neutron irradiation on tensile deformation of a Fe-9wt%Cr alloy was investigated using in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction during room-temperature uniaxial tension tests. New insights into the deformation mechanisms were obtained through the measurements of lattice strain evolution and the analysis of diffraction peak broadening using the modified Williamson-Hall method. Two neutron-irradiated specimens, one irradiated at 300 °C to 0.01 dpa and the other at 450 °C to 0.01 dpa, were tested along with an unirradiated specimen. The macroscopic stress–strain curves of the irradiated specimens showed increased strength, reduced ductility and reduced work-hardening exponent compared to the unirradiated specimen. The evolutions of the lattice strain, the dislocation density and the coherent scattering domain size in the deformation process revealed different roles of the submicroscopic defects in the 300 °C/0.01 dpa specimen and the nanometer-sized dislocation loops in the 450 °C/0.01 dpa specimen; the dislocation loops were more effective in dislocation pinning. While the work hardening rate of stage II was unaffected by irradiation, significant dynamic recovery in stage III in the irradiated specimens led to the early onset of necking without stage IV as observed in the unirradiated specimen.
Persistence of psychosis spectrum symptoms in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort: a prospective two‐year follow‐up

Prospective evaluation of youths with early psychotic-like experiences can enrich our knowledge of clinical, biobehavioral and environmental risk and protective factors associated with the development of psychotic disorders. We aimed to investigate the predictors of persistence or worsening of psychosis spectrum features among US youth through the first large systematic study to evaluate subclinical symptoms in the community. Based on Time 1 screen of 9,498 youth (age 8-21) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a subsample of participants was enrolled based on the presence (N=249) or absence (N=254) of baseline psychosis spectrum symptoms, prior participation in neuroimaging, and current neuroimaging eligibility. They were invited to participate in a Time 2 assessment two years on average following Time 1. Participants were administered the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, conducted blind to initial screen status, along with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and other clinical measures, computerized neurocognitive testing, and neuroimaging. Clinical and demographic predictors of symptom persistence were examined using logistic regression. At Time 2, psychosis spectrum features persisted or worsened in 51.4% of youths. Symptom persistence was predicted by higher severity of subclinical psychosis, lower global functioning, and prior psychiatric medication at baseline. Youths classified as having psychosis spectrum symptoms at baseline but not at follow-up nonetheless exhibited comparatively higher symptom levels and lower functioning at both baseline and follow-up than typically developing youths. In addition, psychosis spectrum features emerged in a small number of young people who previously had not reported significant symptoms but who had exhibited early clinical warning signs. Together, our findings indicate that varying courses of psychosis spectrum symptoms are evident early in US youth, supporting the importance of investigating psychosis risk as a dynamic developmental process. Neurocognition, brain structure and function, and genomics may be integrated with clinical data to provide early indices of symptom persistence and worsening in youths at risk for psychosis.
Gleevec shifts APP processing from a β-cleavage to a nonamyloidogenic cleavage

Neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) are major drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are formed by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (BACE) and γ-secretase. Our previous study showed that the anticancer drug Gleevec lowers Aβ levels through indirect inhibition of γ-secretase activity. Here we report that Gleevec also achieves its Aβ-lowering effects through an additional cellular mechanism. It renders APP less susceptible to proteolysis by BACE without inhibiting BACE enzymatic activity or the processing of other BACE substrates. This effect closely mimics the phenotype of APP A673T, a recently discovered mutation that protects carriers against AD and age-related cognitive decline. In addition, Gleevec induces formation of a specific set of APP C-terminal fragments, also observed in cells expressing the APP protective mutation and in cells exposed to a conventional BACE inhibitor. These Gleevec phenotypes require an intracellular acidic pH and are independent of tyrosine kinase inhibition, given that a related compound lacking tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity, DV2-103, exerts similar effects on APP metabolism. In addition, DV2-103 accumulates at high concentrations in the rodent brain, where it rapidly lowers Aβ levels. This study suggests that long-term treatment with drugs that indirectly modulate BACE processing of APP but spare other BACE substrates and achieve therapeutic concentrations in the brain might be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of AD and could be safer than nonselective BACE inhibitor drugs.
Clinical next-generation sequencing to identify actionable alterations in a phase I program.

11115 Background: Due to affordable high-throughput technologies Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified next-generation sequencing platforms for genomic characterization have e...
Characterization of a newly isolated freshwater Eustigmatophyte alga capable of utilizing far-red light as its sole light source

Oxygenic phototrophs typically utilize visible light (400–700 nm) to drive photosynthesis. However, a large fraction of the energy in sunlight is contained in the far-red region, which encompasses light beyond 700 nm. In nature, certain niche environments contain high levels of this far-red light due to filtering by other phototrophs, and in these environments, organisms with photosynthetic antenna systems adapted to absorbing far-red light are able to thrive. We used selective far-red light conditions to isolate such organisms in environmental samples. One cultured organism, the Eustigmatophyte alga Forest Park Isolate 5 (FP5), is able to absorb far-red light using a chlorophyll (Chl) a-containing antenna complex, and is able to grow under solely far-red light. Here we characterize the antenna system from this organism, which is able to shift the absorption of Chl a to >705 nm.
Control of Redundant Manipulators Using Reduced-order Model

Abstract An approach to both resolving the redundancy and controlling redundant manipulators in a unified manner is proposed, The redundancy is resolved by imposing additional constraints on the redundant arm's motion, The constraints may be physical constraints or they can arise from necessary conditions for an optimization problem, The proposed formulation leads to a dynamical model of the manipulator motion described in the reduced-order space, The variables of the reduced-order space may be selected to be the task variables, A control architecture is specified based on the reduced-order model so as to decouple the task space variables and the forces of constraints.
Navigating the Paradoxes of Neoliberalism: Quiet Subversion in Mentored Service-Learning for the Pre-Health Humanities.

In describing the foundations of our pedagogical approaches to service-learning, we seek to go beyond the navel-gazing—at times, paralyzing—paradoxes of neoliberal forces, which can do “good” for students and their communities, yet which also call students into further calculative frameworks for understanding the “value” of pre-health humanities education and social engagement. We discuss methods to create quiet forms of subversion that call for a moral imagination in extending an ethics of care to students as well as to the communities with which they engage. While we recognize the partiality and limitations of our attempts, framing mentored service-learning in unexpected ways can help students and practitioners to understand their role within broader social, historical, cultural, and emotional contexts and encourage them to act intentionally toward the communities they seek to serve in response to this new self-knowledge. To that end, we outline an academically rigorous service-learning intervention at one of our universities.
Tree Structures and Algorithms for Physical Design

Tree structures and algorithms provide a fundamental and powerful data abstraction and methods for computer science and operations research. In particular, they enable significant advancement of IC physical design techniques and design optimization. For the last half century, Prof. T. C. Hu has areas in computer science, including network flows, integer programming, shortest paths, binary trees, global routing, etc. In this article, we select and summarize three important and interesting tree-related topics (ancestor trees, column generation, and alphabetical trees) in the highlights of Prof. T. C. Hu's contributions to physical design.
On Anderson's Probability Inequality

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some modifications, generalizations, and consequences of Anderson's probability inequalities. The convolution of two functions, each of which is a positive mixture of symmetric unimodal functions, is ray-unimodal. The closed convex cone C 3 generated by indicator functions of symmetric compact convex sets in R n is closed under convolution. A distribution P on R n is called—central convex UM, if it is the closed convex hull of the set of all uniform distributions on symmetric compact convex bodies in R n . A central convex UM distribution and a monotone UM distribution is symmetric. Every distribution in R n with symmetric unimodal density is monotone UM. As log-concavity of measures is closed under convolution, the class of symmetric unimodal functions of Kanter is closed under convolution.
DNA SYNTHESIS AND CELL DIVISION IN DIFFERENTIATING AVIAN ADRENERGIC NEUROBLASTS

Differentiation of avian adrenergic neuroblasts is marked by a stage of rapid formation of catecholamine-containing cells. These neuroblasts, identified by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence contribute to development of sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. It is generally believed that the cells arise from an indifferent population of stem cells. Consistent with this is the idea that differentiation begins after cell division ceases. The early appearance of CA fluorescence in neuroblasts and the rapid increase in their number suggest that differentiation, judged by synthesis and storage of CA, might not be incompatible with cell division. The possibility that differentiating adrenergic neuroblasts could proliferate was tested using autoradiography to follow DNA synthesis and direct observation to identify mitosis. Chick embryos 5½-12 days of development were injected with thymidine-3H, incubated for 1 h, and then prepared for formaldehyde-induced fluorescence to demonstrate CA or electron microscopy to identify dense-core granules. The simultaneous presence of CA fluorescence and silver grains, representative of isotopically labeled DNA, was examined by combining darkfield-tungsten and reflected ultraviolet illumination. Incorporation of thymidine-3H by CA fluorescent neuroblasts took place at all stages examined. Labeled neuroblasts were seen in paravertebral, para-aortic, and adrenal medullary positions. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed isotopically labeled nuclear DNA in cells containing dense-core granules. In addition, mitotic figures were seen in cells identified by the presence of dense-core granules. These observations indicate that initiation of differentiation by adrenergic neuroblasts does not preclude their proliferation. The suggestion that such cells might contribute significantly to multiplicative growth in the sympathetic system is discussed.
Pregnancy and Stones: Stubborn Stone Situation

When a pregnant patient presents with a stone, many will declare that it feels like a double delivery! Some women will swear that the “delivery was easier and less painful than passing my stone.” Fortunately, the incidence of pregnancy and stones is no greater than the general population, with a 1:1,500 risk. Pregnancy and nephrolithiasis can pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges during different stages of the pregnancy. The purpose of this chapter is to review urolithiasis and pregnancy, with an understanding of the symptoms, different types of work up and various treatment options to manage you and your fetus during this period.
A Neurodevelopmental Perspective on Hallucinations

We present a review of neurodevelopmental factors implicated in hallucinations with a focus on pediatric populations. Epidemiological, neuroanatomical, and toxicological studies in pediatric populations experiencing both benign and clinical hallucinations are discussed. The literature on Childhood Onset Schizophrenia (COS) is considered in the context of the current studies available discussing neurodevelopmental clues to the onset of psychosis. Hallucination rates (across modalities) in our NIMH COS sample, as well as their link to Intelligence Quotient and other measures of functioning, are presented. Recent epidemiological and brain imaging studies of children experiencing hallucinations support a dimensional developmental model of these hallucinatory phenomena.
Opening Remarks by Chairman

The attendance of this meeting at this early hour testifies to the interest in tritium. Each of you probably has his own special interest in tritium which we hope will be discussed by one or more of our speakers. However, I think a few general remarks about tritium might be in order.
Rotating Detonation Engine Using a Wave Generator and Controlled Mixing

A rotating detonation engine with two unique features, a wave generator and radial injection of fuel and oxidizer, has been designed and tested. The wave generator, consisting of a number of equidi...
Condensed-phase low temperature heterogeneous hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol

A low-temperature CH3OH synthesis was achieved at 120–170 °C using tertiary amine and alcohol in the presence of a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst by CO2 hydrogenation. A series of 1°, 2° and 3° amines and alcohols were screened to study their influence on the formation of CH3OH. Particularly, 3° amines such as NEt3 in combination with EtOH formed CH3OH with 100% yield with respect to the amine. Unlike the traditional gas-phase heterogeneous metal catalyzed CO2-to-CH3OH reactions, no CO is used in the feed gas mixture in this method. In addition, the hydrogenation gives good selectivity (>95%) to CH3OH and only trace amounts of CO and CH4 are formed. The presence of CO in the gas mixture was attributed to the decomposition of the CH3OH product, which was confirmed by high-temperature and high-pressure MAS NMR. The reaction was performed in the condensed phase at relatively lower temperatures, thus the RWGS reaction, which typically operates at >250 °C, was significantly reduced at these temperatures (120–170 °C). The first in situ spectroscopic evidence for the condensed phase hydrogenation of alkylcarbonate to CH3OH via ammonium formate and alkylformate intermediates was also presented under the experimental conditions.
Excellent Locoregional Control in Inflammatory Breast Cancer With a Personalized Radiation Therapy Approach

Abstract Purpose Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has been characterized by high locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates even after trimodality therapy. We recently reported excellent locoregional control among patients treated since formal dedication of an IBC-specific clinic and research program in 2006. Institutionally, a standard twice-daily (BID) dose escalation regimen for all patients with IBC was de-escalated in select cases in 2006 after review demonstrated that young age, incomplete response to neoadjuvant therapy, and positive margins identified subsets with maximal benefit from dose escalation. We report local control and toxicity rates specific to BID versus once-daily (QD) radiation therapy approaches. Methods and Materials From a prospectively collected database, we identified 103 patients with nonmetastatic IBC who received trimodality therapy at our institution from 2007 to 2015. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study cohort and compare retrospectively extracted rates of radiation therapy–associated toxicity. The actuarial rate of LRR-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results The median follow-up is 3.6 years. Thirty-nine patients (37.9%) received postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) to the chest wall and undissected regional lymphatics in QD fractions (median dose, 50.0 Gy in 25 fractions [fx]; median boost dose, 10.0 Gy in 5 fx) and 64 patients (62.1%) received BID PMRT (median dose, 51.0 Gy in 34 fx; median boost dose, 15.0 Gy in 10 fx). Crude rates of toxicity were not different between patients treated with QD or BID PMRT. Two BID patients (3.1%) and no QD patients (0.0%) experienced LRR (P = .53). The 3- and 5-year LRR-free survival were 95.1% and 100.0% for BID and QD patients, respectively (P = .25). Conclusions Tailoring radiation therapy to clinical risk factors was associated with excellent locoregional control. De-escalation of PMRT from BID to QD was not clearly associated with reduced toxicity compared with BID, although retrospective data collection may limit this comparison.
Biochemical characterization of TyrA dehydrogenases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ascomycota) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycota).

Abstract L-Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid necessary for protein synthesis in all living organisms and a precursor of secondary (specialized) metabolites. In fungi, tyrosine-derived compounds are associated with virulence and defense (i.e. melanin production). However, how tyrosine is produced in fungi is not fully understood. Generally, tyrosine can be synthesized via two pathways: by prephenate dehydrogenase (TyrAp/PDH), a pathway found in most bacteria, or by arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrAa/ADH), a pathway found mainly in plants. Both enzymes require the cofactor NAD+ or NADP+ and typically are strongly feedback inhibited by tyrosine. Here, we biochemically characterized two TyrA enzymes from two distantly related fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScTyrA/TYR1) and Pleurotus ostreatus (PoTyrA), respectively. We found that both enzymes favor the prephenate substrate and NAD+ cofactor in vitro. Interestingly, while PoTyrA was strongly inhibited by tyrosine, ScTyrA exhibited relaxed sensitivity to tyrosine inhibition. We further mutated ScTyrA at the amino acid residue that was previously shown to be involved in the substrate specificity of plant TyrAs; however, no changes in its substrate specificity were observed, suggesting that a different mechanism is involved in the TyrA substrate specificity of fungal TyrAs. The current findings provide foundational knowledge to further understand and engineer tyrosine-derived specialized pathways in fungi.
A Supervised Learning Approach to Water Quality Parameter Prediction and Fault Detection

Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen and turbidity play a key role in policy decisions regarding the maintenance and use of the nation’s major bodies of water. In particular, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains a massive suite of sensors throughout the nation’s waterways that are used to inform such decisions, with all data made available to the public. However, the corresponding measurements are regularly corrupted due to sensor faults, fouling, and decalibration, and hence USGS scientists are forced to spend costly time and resources manually examining data to look for anomalies. We present a method of automatically detecting such events using supervised machine learning. We first present an extensive study of which water quality parameters can be reliably predicted, using support vector machines and gradient boosting algorithms for regression. We then show that the trained predictors can be used to automatically detect sensor decalibration, providing a system that could be easily deployed by the USGS to reduce the resources needed to maintain data fidelity.
Inhaled steroids associated with decreased macrophage markers in nonasthmatic individuals with sickle cell disease in a randomized trial.

Inhaled mometasone was shown to improve pain scores and decrease soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) concentration in a randomized controlled trial of nonasthmatic patients with sickle cell disease. We sought to explore potential changes in systemic inflammation as a mechanism underlying this effect. Serum samples from 41 trial participants (15 placebo- and 26 mometasone-treated) were analyzed using a 92 inflammatory marker panel at baseline and after 8 weeks of mometasone therapy. Individual marker analysis and correlation analysis were conducted. Adjusted for age, the mometasone-treated group decreased the concentration of CXCL9, CXCL11, CD40, IL-10, and IL-18 relative to placebo-treated participants. Hierarchical clustering and correlation analysis identified additional evidence for a decrease in cytokines linking to macrophage signaling and migration. There was no statistically significant change in markers of asthma and allergy, indicating that the improvement was unlikely mediated by modulation of occult reactive airway disease. This analysis of inflammatory markers suggests that decrease in macrophage activity may be involved in the mediation of the clinical benefit seen with use of inhaled mometasone in nonasthmatic patients with sickle cell disease. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02061202.
“Circle Yourself and Your Island”: The “O” as a Generative Tension in Derek Walcott’s Omeros

Derek Walcott’s work often operates within a dynamic tension that simultaneously seeks to bear witness to the trauma the Caribbean world has experienced, pursuing an affirmative way forward that resists further displacement, while seeking to develop Caribbean culture. Walcott demonstrates this formation of culture in generative tensions like hybridity and mimicry, both of which are well known within postcolonial scholarship. Yet he also identifies alternative sites of tension in his work, particularly through his use of “O” in his epic poem Omeros, an image that depicts personal, cultural, and geographical wounds, while ultimately seeking a sense of healing and belonging. The “O” moreover functions as both sound and signifier in the poem, giving voice to colonial and postcolonial injustices, and providing the creative labor to develop a culture and sense of belonging from these circumstances. Out of this tension, Walcott therefore pursues a knowledge of woundedness, healing, and cultural understanding, engaging in transnational and transatlantic maneuvers that recover and evolve the St. Lucian identity personally, culturally, and geographically. Walcott realizes this recovery through his frequent use of the “O” in Omeros,which serves as a circular image that demonstrates both Walcott’s and St. Lucia’s identity, or when it is fractured, how it indicates a lack of development.
Case report of synchronous post-lung transplant colon cancers in the era of colorectal cancer screening recommendations in cystic fibrosis: screening “too early” before it’s too late

The increasing life expectancy of individuals with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is likely to be associated with new age-related challenges, colorectal cancer (CRC) most notably; recent consensus recommendations for CRC screening published in 2018 represent an important early step in addressing the emerging awareness of CF as a gastrointestinal cancer syndrome. These recommendations, however, need to be further refined based on more systematic data. We discuss an illustrative first-ever case of synchronous CRC arising in a post-lung transplant individual with CF within the recommended surveillance interval after a well-documented prior normal colonoscopy. A 51-year-old female individual with homozygous F508del CF, presents to clinic with abdominal discomfort and intermittent blood in stools. She had previously undergone bilateral lung transplantation 18 years earlier, as well as two kidney transplants related to immunosuppression-related nephrotoxicity. A diagnostic colonoscopy was performed which revealed the presence of two separate synchronous colon cancers in the cecum and transverse colon; she had undergone a colonoscopy three years prior to this exam which was structurally normal. Endoscopic quality indicators, including a good quality bowel preparation, colonoscopic withdrawal time > 12 min, and quarterly Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR) ranging from 50 to 70% for both male and female patients for the endoscopist from both colonoscopic exams, as well as secondary retrospective comparative review of the pertinent case images, diminish the risk for a “missed” cancer or advanced lesion on the index exam. These cancers did not demonstrate any immunohistochemical features suggestive of Lynch Syndrome, though the rapid progression to cancer within the surveillance interval (possibly non-polypoid in nature) is similar. This cancer presentation within the newly-established recommended colon cancer screening interval warrants concern. This case prompts serious discussion regarding the length of surveillance intervals in the post-transplant CF population (a population at 20–30 times greater risk for CRC compared to the general non-CF population), as well as the importance of documenting endoscopic quality benchmarks, particularly if a narrative of interval CRC development continues to develop with further prospective monitoring and multi-center experience.
On the three-dimensional sound fields from a moving monopole source above a non-locally reacting ground.

This study derives an accurate analytic solution for sound fields due to a moving point monopole source above a non-locally reacting ground. Based on the property of the invariant phase function, the acoustic pressure and normal particle velocity are matched across the air/ground interface in the frequency–wave number domain. Expressions for the integral form of the sound fields in three different frames are used to analyze and compare the original physical frame in the reception time geometry, the Lorentz frame, and the emission time frame. For ease of interpretation, the final form of the asymptotic solution is expressed in the geometry of the emission time frame. The accuracy of the asymptotic solution is validated using the direct numerical integration technique. The three-dimensional point source solution derived from the current study is compared with that of the two-dimensional line source solution. Explicit comparisons of the cylindrical and spherical wave reflection coefficients are available, allowing a better understanding of the impact of the ground wave term in the vicinity of a non-locally reflecting plane. Finally, contour plots are presented that demonstrate the need to employ the asymptotic formula for the non-locally reacting ground instead of approximating it with a locally reacting property.
CHAPTER 4 – ARCHITECTURES AND ALGORITHMS FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL, SPEECH, AND IMAGE PROCESSING

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the papers that attest to the number and variety of ways in which algorithmic specialization, in the form of parallelism, can be exploited. A paper by Barnwell and Hodges addresses the design of optimal parallel implementations of a large class of digital signal processing algorithms. The architecture model used is the Skewed SIMD synchronous mode of parallelism, in which all processors execute the same program, but with a unit time skew from one processor to the next. SSIMD architectures can achieve time-optimality with the minimum possible number of processors for many classes of recursive digital filters. A paper by Bronson and Jamieson moves into the area of continuous speech understanding. The proposed architecture is a distributed pipeline at the macroscopic level, in which each stage in the pipe is a potentially parallel architecture to perform the tasks of one knowledge source component of a speech understanding system. The knowledge source architectures are derived from the speech algorithms used and the real-time constraints. DeMori's paper also deals with architecture for speech under-standing but tackles the problem of deriving a computational model for the interaction among the system's knowledge sources.
Progress in genetics of NPHP related signaling pathway

Nephronophthisis(NPHP), an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause for end stage renal failure in the first thirty years of life.NPHP can be caused by Mutations in 22 genes(NPHP1-20, NPHPL1, NPHPL2), with abnormal structure or function of primary cilia, involved in Hh, Wnt, Hippo, DDR signaling pathways.Elucidating the pathogenic genes and possible pathogenesis would make a difference in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and genetic counseling of NPHP.This article reviews the pathogenic genetics and related signaling pathways. Key words: Nephronophthisis; Hh signal pathway; Wnt signal pathway; Hippo signal pathway; DDR signal pathway
Erwinia persicina as the new causal agent of lettuce soft rot

Water-soaked large spots on leaves, severe rot on the head and tissue collapse symptoms were observed on field-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in one of the most important lettuce growing areas in central Anatolia during 2018–2019. Bacteria were isolated from symptomatic lettuce plants. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on a curly lettuce variety, and the pathogenic strains were examined with biochemical tests, including antibiotic susceptibility, cultivar reactions, reactions to copper-based compounds and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated bacterial strains were Gram negative, oxidase negative, fermentative, positive for fermentation of sorbitol and negative for D-xylose, and the strain produced a water-soluble pink pigment on nutrient agar. Some of the strains were resistant to different antibiotics. All the strains were resistant to different levels of copper-based compounds. Sumarnas and Calorina were the most susceptible varieties, and Bachus was the least susceptible variety to infection. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed that the causative bacterium of lettuce soft rot in this study was Erwinia persicina.
Bounds on the Superconducting Transition Temperature: Applications to Twisted Bilayer Graphene and Cold Atoms

Theoretical work reveals upper bounds on the superconducting transition temperature for a wide range of two-dimensional materials.
Mice Do Not Have a Thermoneutral 'Zone': Revising the Definition of Thermoneutrality

The thermal physiology of humans and mice is radically different due to their 3000-fold difference in body size. In a cool environment, mice expend energy to maintain body temperature, while this is limited in adult humans. Here we map the mouse thermoneutral zone (TNZ) using indirect calorimetry with continuous body temperature monitoring. Unexpectedly, we found no range of environmental temperatures over which both metabolic rate and body temperature were constant. Rather, body temperature increased when the ambient temperature was warm enough that cold-induced thermogenesis was no longer required. This result was reproduced in male, female, C57BL/6J, 129, chow-fed, diet-induced obese, and ob/ob mice as well as Trpv1-/-;Trpm8-/-;Trpa1-/- mice with thermal sensory channel deletions. We propose a new upper limit of the TNZ in mice, the point at which body temperature increases, and a new general definition of the TNZ. Thus, the mouse TNZ is not the “zone” of textbooks, but rather a thermoneutral point of 29 °C in the light phase. These observations suggest changes for how mice are used to model human energy physiology and drug development.
Physiotherapy in reducing migraine symptoms: literature review

Migraine or megrim affects more than 31 million people in Brazil in all age groups, some with a higher prevalence. In the search for new forms of treatment, physiotherapy is on the rise, with promising results. In this context, this work aimed to investigate whether physical therapy adds effective results in the treatment of migraine symptoms. A literary review was carried out, using Scielo, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Google academic databases as review sources of the research, using the descriptors: Migraine, treatment, and physiotherapy. More than 500 articles were found, which were submitted to pre-established criteria for inclusion and exclusion, and, in the end, 5 articles were selected. The use of manual techniques, as stretching and mobilization in the skull bones was highlighted among the physiotherapy techniques used. The results obtained are encouraging, bringing benefits to patients and opening doors for further studies in the area.
MKLP2 functions in early mitosis to ensure proper chromosome congression

Mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 (MKLP2) is a motor protein with a well-established function in promoting cytokinesis. However, our results with siRNAs targeting MKLP2 and small molecule inhibitors of MKLP2 (MKLP2i) along with the observations of others suggested a function earlier in mitosis, prior to anaphase. In this study we provide direct evidence that MKLP2 facilitates chromosome congression in prometaphase. We employed live imaging to observe HeLa cells with fluorescently tagged histones treated with MKLP2i and discovered a pronounced chromosome congression defect. We show that MKLP2 inhibited cells had a significant increase in unstable kinetochore-microtubule attachments due to impaired error correction of syntelic attachments. We propose that MKLP2 mediates kinetochore microtubule attachment stability by regulating Aurora Kinase and a downstream target, pHEC1 (Ser 55). Lastly, we show that MKLP2 inhibition results in aneuploidy, confirming that MKLP2 safeguards cells against chromosomal instability.
Neural Nets, Temporal Composites, and Tonality

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the neural nets, temporal composites, and tonality. The chapter outlines a framework in which aspects of cognition can be understand as the result of the neural association of patterns. Subsequent advances helps in understanding that how these neural associations can be learned. Models based on these mechanisms are called neural net models. Neural net models have a number of properties that recommend them as models of music cognition. Neural net models are not intended to be statements of fact about how the brain is wired. Like all models, they are systematic hypotheses based on available data, and they represent attempts to account for known phenomena and guide further research. Some neural net models are sufficiently closely tied to known physiology that they serve as hypotheses of actual neural circuitry. The chapter helps in gaining knowledge that different types of neurons are interconnected within the parts of the brain that are thought to play major roles in cognition, namely, the cerebral cortex, and the cerebellum. The chapter concludes that either neural nets are implementations of grammars, or grammars are formal descriptions of neural nets. Future research need to bridge the gap either way.
Should standard medical therapy for angina include a statin

Although a wealth of evidence supports the use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) in patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease, these agents are still underutilized. Statins are the most effective agents in reducing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol among lipid-lowering drugs, and studies have recently shown that they improve endothelial function and plaque stabilization, and induce regression of atherosclerotic lesions. This article reviews the most recent evidence and guideline recommendations supporting the use of statins in chronic stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of an unnatural tetramethyl cobalt corphinoid.

The chemoenzymatic synthesis and structural characterization by 13C NMR of a tetramethyl cobalt–corphinoid produced by methylation of cobalt-precorrin-3 using CbiF are described.
Novel Non-equilibrium Zero-resistance States in the High Mobility GaAs/AlGaAs System

We illustrate various experimental features of the recently discovered radiation-induced zero-resistance states in the high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs system, with a special emphasis on the interplay between the radiation induced changes in the diagonal resistance and the Hall effect. Results examining the effect of simultaneous excitation at two radiation frequencies are also presented, along with reflection characteristics.
Teaching Children with Autism through Task Variation in Physical Education

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the technique of task variation (with maintenance tasks interspersed) (TV) is more effective in the acquisition of gross motor skills for students with autism than a constant task (CT) condition in a physical education setting. Subjects were 12 male students with autism, ages 11 to 15 years. The study included pretest-posttest administration of the I CAN assessment of Gross Motor Skills to assess skills such as overhand throw, kick, and vertical jump. After a 6-week treatment period, the TV condition was significantly more effective than the CT condition, at the .05 level.
The test distribution of modularity statistics: a correction and clarification.

In a recent article ([Mezey et al. 2000][1]) three of us (J. G. Mezey, J. M. Cheverud, and G. P. Wagner) proposed two statistics for testing the hypothesis that the genotype-phenotype map is modular. Specifically, the hypothesis tested is that the effects of mutations are more prevalent among
Flexible, general data input for computational electromagnetics

Summary form only given. Data entry for computational electromagnetics is a time-consuming part of modeling systems under test. Currently, it can be quite tedious to map a geometry into NEC (a method of moments code) or a finite-element code and then map the same geometry by hand into a finite-difference time domain (FDTD) or transmission line matrix code. The paper looks at what the EM community could do to facilitate geometry and material model entry for multiple simulation engines (FDTD, FEA, MoM, etc).
Prospective audit examing the resting energy expenditure (REE) of paediatric patients with CF

REE represents the calories required over a 24-hour period by the body during an inactive period. REE is 10-20% greater in CF patients than in healthy controls (Vaisman N et al. J pediatr, 1987, 111, 496-500: Buchdahl RM et al. J App Phys, 1988, 64, 1810-16). The reasons for this are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors that may influence REE in CF. REE was measured with indirect calorimetry in 35 patients (females = 12) at respiratory baseline (9.5yrs-15.2yrs) during routine review. Other parameters collected at this time point included lung function (FEV1), weight, height, genotype and PEG. Mean REE was 107% predicted. The increase was greater in females (110%) than males (102%). There was no significant difference in REE in the pubertal group. A small positive association was found between age and REE. There was a small positive correlation between FEV1 and REE. Increased weight was associated with higher REE. There was no association between height and REE. Those homozygous for Delta f508 (17/35) had lower % REE than those with other genotypes (105 v 121) but these results were not statistically significant. Those with PEG tubes (12/35) had lower REE than those without (105 V 115) and also had a lower FEV1 (60% V 91%). Overall, while REE was elevated it was lower than seen in other studies. The higher REE seen in females is well documented in other studies. The higher REE seen in those with better FEV1 and non homozygous delta f508 genotypes should in future be interpreted alongside body composition and physical activity levels. It is possible that those with PEG have lower REE due to reduced physical effort as a result of decreased lung function.
Model for Electroluminescence in GaN

A model to explain dc electroluminescence in GaN diodes is presented. The voltage applied to the diode is partially localized at sharp points and ridges at the cathode. Electrons, tunnel-injected into the active material at the points and ridges, gain sufficient kinetic energy in the high field to cause impact excitation of the luminescent center either directly or indirectly (electron-hole-pair impact excitation across the GaN gap with subsequent hole capture by the luminescent center).
Illusory visual direction during and after backward head tilts

When the head is returned to upright after prolonged backward tilt, people who are asked to look straight ahead look higher than they did before the backward tilting. One explanation attributes the illusory visual direction to a change in muscle responsiveness which develops after the head is returned to upright. According to this explanation, the illusory shift should be absent, or at least reduced, if the subjects are not returned to upright before testing. In the present study, the illusion was the same whether subjects remained tilted for testing or were returned to upright.
Defining the Regulatory Role of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Our division is in a privileged position to study the usefulness of ABPM in the clinical development of antihypertensive agents. Most trials involving ABPM are commercially sponsored, and in due course, much of that data is presented to the Division. As such studies become more prominent in drug development, the Agency must make decisions on how such data are analyzed and interpreted. These should be seen as this project's short-term goals. In the longer term, the accumulation of ABPM data from clinical trials will be a valuable resource that researchers can use to address questions about what aspects of hypertension are most associated with prognosis and which treatments affect those aspects.
Ultrafast Upconversion Probing of Lasing Dynamics in Single ZnO Nanowire Lasers

The ultrafast lasing dynamics of single zinc oxide nanowires are studied by time-resolved upconversion of the lasing emission as a function of the ultraviolet excitation intensity. Induction times for stimulated emission in individual nanowires are observed to be 1−5 ps or 3−15 roundtrips for nominal 20 μm long nanowires, depending on the 267 nm excitation intensity. In separate experiments, transient absorption profiles are also obtained for time-delayed 800 and 400 nm pulses to elucidate the carrier dynamics, such as rapid decay (2−3 ps) of the electron−hole plasma (EHP) states at high carrier densities during lasing in the nanowire and the slower exciton decay component (15−60 ps) at lower excitation densities. The dynamics of the lasing wavelength dependence on carrier density is also studied and related to the band gap renormalization in the EHP regime.
Desertification treaty includes key role for scientists

When Lois Barber, executive director of the non-profit group EarthAction, began efforts to press for U.S. Senate ratification of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification several years ago, the treaty's purpose tripped up some people, she said. They wondered whether it might be a treaty related to military personnel who had abandoned their service, de-certification of something or other, or even an overabundance of after-dinner treats. While the issue may not yet rate highly on the U.S. radar screen, U.S. Senate ratification of the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) on November 17, 2000 and entry into force of the treaty in the United States on February 2, 2001, could bring additional focus on desertification from the scientific community and policy-makers, according to a number of experts involved with the issue. The treaty now has been ratified by 174 countries.