cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Fuzzy Luenberger Observer for Performance Evaluation of a Sensorless Induction Motor Drive

The subject of the paper is design and analysis of fuzzy Luenberger observer for simultaneous estimation of rotor speed and stator resistance of induction motor drive supplied by a Three-level inverter for operating in a high-performance drives environment. The introducing of fuzzy Luenberger observer in the system helps to achieve a good dynamic response, disturbance rejection and low to plant parameter variations of the A.C drive. The fuzzy Luenberger Observer combine the advantages of both, fuzzy controller and Luenberger observer . In order to verify the performances of the proposed observer and to test behavior of the controlled system, numerical experiments are achieved. To demonstrate the potential and practicality of the presented approache.
Faster estimates of the mean of bounded random variables

Abstract This work presents a new adaptive algorithm for robustly estimating the mean of a bounded random variable with unknown variance. Previous algorithms came within a constant factor of the best possible average number of samples for this problem, but the constant was large enough to discourage use. Here we present an algorithm that uses at most 40% as many samples on average as the previous approach, and runs as quickly as Central Limit Theorem based heuristic estimates (to first order) on a large class of problems. The method is illustrated using a network reliability problem and importance sampling.
The Confucian Legalist State and Theory Building Based on Ideal-Type Set

In this essay, I address two major concerns raised by the reviewers of my recent book The Confucian-Legalist State. The first is on the theory of social change that I have developed in my book, and...
Strategies to Increase Heterologous Protein Expression in Rice Grains

Production of heterologous proteins for human therapeutics in plant-based platform is becoming commercially acceptable. Plant expression systems have several advantages, such as lower capital investment, low maintenance cost, absence of human pathogens, and complex posttranslational glycosylation capabilities. Recently, significant advances have been achieved in expression capacity, regulatory, gene-to-product development time, and protein glycosylation, although upstream technological achievements have not been matched by downstream processing advancements except in a few successful examples. Rice (Oryza sativa) grain have been used to produce recombinant proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, multi-subunit proteins, vaccine antigens, fusion proteins, and enzymes, and have become one of the most potential recombinant protein expression platforms. This chapter evaluates important factors that enhance heterologous protein expression, specifically using rice grains as a platform, and advaces in posttranslational glycan modifications that are critical and usually required for preferred biological activity.
CCTM - Cloud Computing Trust Model

Trust is an important factor to consider when selecting a cloud computing provider. While some security models have failed to provide extended trustworthy in this space, this paper aims to propose a new approach to entering and trusting cloud computing. The proposed approach consists of developing a cloud computing trust model (CCTM) through a cloud computing security solution called H-AES. CCTM is designed with security features in mind and contains elements that are needed to build trust in a cloud computing environment. The CCMT model was derived heuristically based on literature review and surveying IT professionals. H-AES is a hardware implementation of the advanced encryption standard (AES) for data in transmission and is able to encrypt, decrypt and transmit information in a real time communication mode.
WT1 as an immunotherapy target for thymic epithelial tumors: a novel method to activate anti-tumor immunity.

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are family of rare cancers that exhibit diverse histology and variable clinical behavior (1). A significant fraction of patients, especially those with thymic carcinoma, have locally-advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis that is often unresectable (1). Chemotherapy is associated with objective response rates (ORR) of 50–90% in the front-line setting, but limited benefit is observed in patients with recurrent disease (1,2). With few exceptions, biological agents have not demonstrated clinically meaningful activity in relapsed or refractory TETs (3). A low tumor mutation burden and paucity of actionable biological targets creates challenges for the development of targeted therapies for TETs (4,5). Hence, there is a pressing need to develop new treatments, especially for patients with advanced thymic carcinomas.
Half of Unplanned Readmissions Following One or Two-Level Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion Are Unrelated to Surgical Site.

MINI: In this study we analyze rates of readmission, and the timing and reasons for readmission after one to two level anterior cervical decompression and fusion. Among 18,833 patients who underwent anterior cervical decompression and fusion, 3% were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days. 39.5% of readmissions were for reasons related to surgical site. Study design Retrospective review of a national database. Objective In this study we analyze rates of readmission, and the timing and reasons for readmission after one to two level anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF). Summary of background data The safety profile of ACDF has been previously described with readmission rates typically between 2% and 4%. However no studies have investigated the primary diagnoses driving readmission, and whether these diagnoses are related to the surgical site. Methods Demographics, comorbidities, and procedural characteristics were collected for all patients undergoing one or two-level ACDF for degenerative indications identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. The incidence of 30-day complications and readmissions was calculated, and the reasons for readmission as well as the timing of readmission were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with complications or readmissions within 30 days of surgery. Results Eighteen thousand eight hundred thirty three patients underwent ACDF (15,464 single-level and 3369 two-level, mean age 53.7 yrs, standard deviation [SD]: 11.6; 50% male). Postoperative complication rate of was 4.3% in two-level fusions and 3.5% in single-level fusion (P = 0.027). Five hundred sixty nine unplanned readmissions were identified (3.0%), of which 39.5% were related to the surgical site and 49.7% were unrelated to the surgical site (10.5% unknown cause of readmission). The most frequent reason for 30-day readmission was pneumonia (9.3%, mean time to readmission of 11.3 d) followed by dysphagia (7.4%, 6.3 d), and acute postoperative pain (7.2%, 11.4 d). Conclusion In this nationwide analysis of 18,833 ACDF cases, 3.0% of patients were readmitted within 30 days, of which at least 49.7% were for reasons unrelated to the surgical site. Level of evidence 3.
Negative Sequence Component Elimination with M-STATCOM for Versatile FACTS

Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) based Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM) is used for voltage regulation in transmission and distribution system. On the other hand, Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) based STATCOM (M-STATCOM) is now well accepted technology in large STATCOM applications due to high modularity, scalability, and low generation of harmonics. This paper investigates negative sequence component elimination with M-STATCOM on New York Power Authority (NYPA)'s Convertible Static Converter (CSC) along with three-bus AC system on Marcy substation in the State of New York. Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is used for providing the results of the study.
Learning from Power Sector Reform : The Case of the Arab Republic of Egypt

The challenge of power sector reform in the Arab Republic of Egypt has long been dominated by extremely high subsidies, with prices set well below the costs of supply. These subsidies have taken a variety of forms: explicit subsidies in the government budget, implicit subsidies in the underpricing of fuel supply (particularly natural gas) to the power sector, accumulation of arrears from the sector, poorly-maintained physical capital, and cross-subsidies across customer classes. Egypt's social contract was linked to expanding energy access with good quality supply based on public financing and huge subsidies. Egypt has been able to achieve universal access with more or less reliable power over the entire period, except when chronic underinvestment in the sector caused blackouts in 2011–14 at time of severe political uncertainty. The social compact came under pressure in 2014 when energy subsidies reached 6.8 percent of gross domestic product. Since then, the reform process has been revived based on new electricity, gas, and renewable energy laws; price and subsidy adjustments; structural reforms with a deliberately long time frame; and greater emphasis on the role of the private sector.
Application of Fresnel press-on prism in concomitant esotropia in children

Objective To investigate the effect of Fresnel press-on prism for concomitant esotropia in children. Methods Forty children with concomitant esotropia were included,among them,16cases of refractive accommodative esotropia,11 of part accommodative esotropia,5 of secondary esotropia,8 of mini angle of esotropia.Press-on prism prescripted in one eye according to the amblyopia and strabismus deviation for 3-6 months. Results After 3-6 months of press-on prism,vision increasd in 18 cases,unchanged in 12 cases,decreased in 10 cases; esotropic deviation increased in 10 cases,unchanged in 15 cases,decreased in 15 cases; binocular vision improvd in 32 cases measured with synoptophore. Conclusions Press-on prism may be helpful for binocular vision recovery in concomitant esotropia,so as improve the surgical success rate. Key words: Press-on prism; Concomitant esotropia; Binocular vision
The Specific Molecular Composition and Structural Arrangement of Eleutherodactylus Coqui Gular Skin Tissue Provide Its High Mechanical Compliance.

A male Eleutherodactylus Coqui (EC, a frog) expands and contracts its gular skin to a great extent during mating calls, displaying its extraordinarily compliant organ. There are striking similarities between frog gular skin and the human bladder as both organs expand and contract significantly. While the high extensibility of the urinary bladder is attributed to the unique helical ultrastructure of collagen type III, the mechanism behind the gular skin of EC is unknown. We therefore aim to understand the structure–property relationship of gular skin tissues of EC. Our findings demonstrate that the male EC gular tissue can elongate up to 400%, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1.7 MPa. Species without vocal sacs, Xenopus Laevis (XL) and Xenopus Muelleri (XM), elongate only up to 80% and 350% with UTS~6.3 MPa and ~4.5 MPa, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and histological staining further show that EC tissues’ collagen fibers exhibit a layer-by-layer arrangement with an uninterrupted, knot-free, and continuous structure. The collagen bundles alternate between a circular and longitudinal shape, suggesting an out-of-plane zig-zag structure, which likely provides the tissue with greater extensibility. In contrast, control species contain a nearly linear collagen structure interrupted by thicker muscle bundles and mucous glands. Meanwhile, in the rat bladder, the collagen is arranged in a helical structure. The bladder-like high extensibility of EC gular skin tissue arises despite it having eight-fold lesser elastin and five times more collagen than the rat bladder. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the structural and molecular mechanisms behind the high compliance of EC gular skin. We believe that these findings can lead us to develop more compliant biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine.
World-building and the predicaments of our time:

Throughout his contributions to an expanding body of scholarship on the work of Hannah Arendt, James Bernauer has maintained that the concept of amor mundi, or love of the world, is foundational in...
Microwave Eddy-Current Techniques for Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

The objectives of this work were to develop an electromagnetic scattering model that can be used to predict the scattering from a crack in a conducting surface and to evaluate the feasibility of using this model in conjunction with microwave-measurement techniques to determine the dimensions of such a crack. Such a theory has been developed, and its derivation is presented. Theory and experiment are compared for rectangular slots measured at 100 GHz, and the agreement is found to be good. The necessary measurement protocol for determining the dimensions of a crack is discussed, and an example of inverting the measured data to determine the dimensions of a rectangular slot is presented.
Chapter 5.1 sychiatric genetics current perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the current perspective of psychiatric genetics. The chapter illustrates that psychiatric disorders is a major focus of genetic investigation. They are among the most common disorders for which predominantly genetic etiologies have been suggested by family and twin studies, they are causes of severe morbidity and mortality, and there are essentially no other specific pathophysiological clues, so that genetic linkage studies have seemed justified despite the many obstacles to the detection of loci underlying genetically complex disorders. The most intensively-studied of these disorders are schizophrenia and bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder, with panic disorder, autism and alcoholism also receiving substantial attention. Published estimates of lifetime risk in the general population, risk to siblings of probands, MZ concordance and heritability for some of these disorders are highlight in chapter. The discussion focuses primarily on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to illustrate the issues currently facing this field of research.
Recuperating First Amendment Doctrine

Contemporary First Amendmentjurisprudence seeks to protect the abstract fact of communication. In this essay, Professor Post argues that this ambition has led to deep doctrinal incoherence. He illustrates this incoherence by examining two specific areas of First Amendment law-the question of what triggers First Amendment scrutiny, and the issue of time, place, and manner regulations. The essay asserts that the doctrinal disarray in these two areas of First Amendment law stems from the fact that the Court has attempted to locate constitutional value in speech itself But, Professor Post contends, the constitutional values actually recognized by First Amendment jurisprudence inhere instead in discrete social practices. Professor Post argues that First Amendment doctrine will continue to flounder until the Court establishes a new frameworkfor First Amendment jurisprudence, one in which particular forms of social structure form the basic units of analysis rather than speech as such.
Performance of Multichannel Receivers

In this chapter, we extend the MGF-based approach developed for the performance of single-channel receivers in Chapter 8 to the performance of diversity (i.e., multichannel) receivers. The coverage is broad in the sense that several combining techniques are presented and analyzed in terms of average combined SNR, outage probability, and average probability of error. A particular focus is placed on how the performance of these techniques is affected by various channel fading characteristics such as fading severity, power delay profile, and fading correlation. But first, in order to understand the concepts and terminology used, we briefly summarize the basic principles of diversity then review the different types of combining techniques in the remainder of this introductory section.
Hepatitis B virus p25 precore protein accumulates in Xenopus oocytes as an untranslocated phosphoprotein with an uncleaved signal peptide.

Abstract We have analyzed the translocation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore (PC) proteins by using Xenopus oocytes injected with a synthetic PC mRNA. The PC region is a 29-amino-acid sequence that precedes the 21.5-kDa HBV capsid or core (C) protein (p21.5) and directs the secretion of core-related proteins. The first 19 PC amino acids provide a signal peptide that is cleaved with the resultant translocation of a 22.5-kDa species (p22.5), in which the last 10 PC residues precede the complete p21.5 C polypeptide. Most p22.5 is matured to 16-20 kDa species by carboxyl-terminal proteolytic cleavage prior to secretion. Here we show that some four unexpected PC proteins of 24 to 25 kDa are produced in addition to the secretion products described above. Protease protection and membrane cosedimentation experiments reveal that all PC proteins behave as expected for proteins that are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum except for the single largest PC protein (p25), which is not translocated. Like p21.5, p25 is a phosphoprotein that localizes to the oocyte cytosol and nucleus, and protease digestion studies suggest that the two molecules have similar two-domain structures. Radiosequencing of immobilized p25 demonstrates that it contains the intact PC signal peptide and represents the unprocessed translation product of the entire PC/C locus. Thus, while many HBV PC protein molecules are correctly targeted to intracellular membranes and translocated, a significant fraction of these molecules can evade translocation and processing.
Abstract 2704: Simultaneous targeting of androgen receptor (AR) and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) dependent translation initiation by RAMBA Retinamides promotes apoptosis and impedes cell growth, cell proliferation and matrix invasion in androgen sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancers

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most leading cause of cancer-related death in Western male population. Although initially counteracted by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), PCa cells eventually progress to a hormone-independent state thereby limiting treatment options and rendering the discovery of new therapeutic approaches a clinical priority. Direct targeting of translational machinery has gained enormous attention in recent years for treating castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPC). The present study aims to investigate the effect of our novel retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBA) retinamides (RRs) on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) translational machinery and androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancers. Methods: Androgen-sensitive (LNCaP), androgen-resistant (PC-3, C4-2B and CWR22Rv1), enzalutamide resistant (MR49F) prostate cancer cells and normal prostatic epithelial cells (PWR-1E) were used analyzing the effect of RRs on prostate cancers. Results: 24 h treatment of PCa cells to RRs resulted in substantial down-regulation of androgen receptor (AR), degradation of MAPK-interacting kinases (MNK), and attenuation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) cap dependent translation initiation. Down-regulation of AR and MNK mediated eIF4E translation initiation by RRs in PCa cells were in turn associated with inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, induction of cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis, and inhibition of matrix invasion and metastasis. Most importantly, the effects of our RRs on AR degradation, eIF4E translation initiation and subsequent oncogenic program were far more potent than the clinically relevant retinoids, established MNK inhibitors (CGP 57380 and/or cercosporamide) and the FDA approved PCa drugs (Casodex, Enzalutamide and Abiraterone acetate). Conclusion: RAMBA retinamides which can exclusively target the degradation of both AR and MNK- the two divergent axes in PCa, at pharmacologically feasible concentrations are novel therapeutic compounds for treatment of both androgen-sensitive and androgen-resistant prostate cancers. Citation Format: Vidya priyadarsini Ramamurthy, Senthilmurugan Ramalingam, Lalji Gediya, Vincent C.O Njar. Simultaneous targeting of androgen receptor (AR) and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) dependent translation initiation by RAMBA Retinamides promotes apoptosis and impedes cell growth, cell proliferation and matrix invasion in androgen sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2704. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2704
O fim da tradução

O presente artigo trata da questao da traducao, discutindo, em autores como Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger e Gadamer, a possibilidade e o sentido da traducao. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Traducao. Hegel. Nietzsche. Heidegger. Gadamer. ABSTRACT This paper focuses the question of translation, by discussing the possibility and the sense of translation in Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger e Gadamer. KEY WORDS – Translation. Hegel. Nietzsche. Heidegger. Gadamer.
Fat Metabolism in Higher Plants XLVIII. PROPERTIES OF OLEYL COENZYME A DESATURASE OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS

A membrane-bound oleyl coenzyme A desaturase from maturing Carthamus tinctorius seeds specifically catalyzed the conversion of oleyl-CoA to linoleyl-CoA. Any modification of the substrate, that is, a trans double bond, a shift in the position of the cis double bond, chain length, and the substitution of acyl carrier protein for CoA as the thioester moiety resulted in complete loss of activity. The system was strongly inhibited by a number of —SH reagents and metal chelators; carbon monoxide at various concentrations was ineffective; cyanide partially inhibited. Although DPNH and molecular oxygen were components of the system, DPNH could be replaced by photochemically reduced ferredoxin. This result would suggest that DPNH did not interact directly with molecular oxygen and the desaturase but served only as a source of electrons. Attempts at solubilization were unsuccessful.
Anchoring the potential energy surface of an important atmospheric van der Waals dimer, the H2O⋯O2 complex

Abstract The focus of this paper is the weakly-bound H2O⋯O2 van der Waals dimer. The global minimum has an electronic dissociation energy of 0.70 kcal mol−1 at the spin unrestricted CCSD(T) level of theory (UCCSD(T)) in conjunction with a correlation consistent quadruple-zeta basis set augmented with diffuse functions on all heavy atoms, denoted haQZ (i.e., cc-pVQZ for H and aug-cc-pVQZ for O). Eleven other stationary points are also characterized at the UCCSD(T)/haQZ level of theory, all of which lie within 0.5 kcal mol−1 of the global minimum and have at least one imaginary frequency (ni ⩾ 1). The spin unrestricted MP2 method (UMP2) yields very similar structures and energies for the twelve stationary points. However, the UMP2 vibrational frequencies provide a qualitatively different description of the potential energy surface (more than a single minimum), of the frequency shifts upon complexation and of the resulting infrared intensities of the complex. The UCCSD(T)/haQZ computations indicate only one of the twelve H2O⋯O2 structures is a minimum and that it exhibits appreciable infrared intensity for one of the lowest energy intermolecular vib rational modes, unlike the related H2O⋯N2 system.
Synthesis and desulfurization-decarboxylation of cyclic thionocarbonates of glycerol 1-ethers

A method is described for the synthesis of cyclic thionocarbonates of 1-O-alkyl glycerols in quantitative yield. These derivatives of glycerol ethers can be quantitated by UV absorbance, analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, or quantitatively converted to allyl alkyl ethers for gas-chromatographic analysis.
Space-Variant Polarization States of Photons

We prepare heralded single photons in qubit-qutrit polarization-spatial nonseparable states and diagnose them in the transverse position basis via imaging polarimetry. Polarization patterns of projected transverse positions reveal C-point polarization singularities.
Specific binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate is not associated with preganglionic motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

The present study evaluates the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]QNB, as a measure of cholinergic muscarinic binding in six areas of the rat medulla oblongata associated with the cranial nerves. In an experimental group, the right vagus nerve was severed in the neck in order to determine whether the specific muscarinic binding sites might be located on cells that contribute efferent fibers to the vagus nerve. The level of activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) also was determined in the same six areas. Additional experiments utilizing the retrograde transport of toxic ricin, a 60,000 dalton agglutinin that acts as a potent ribosomal toxin, was carried out to further evaluate localization of specific muscarinic binding in the DMN after destruction of the preganglionic efferent cells. These results support the conclusion that specific binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]QNB observed in the DMN of the vagus of the rat is not associated with the large cells that contribute efferent fibers into the vagus nerve. We suggest that the specific cholinergic muscarinic binding is located on interneuronal cell surfaces, on afferent terminals of local circuit neurons, or on afferent terminals of long projection axons which arise from neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, or forebrain.
Inhibitory effects of omission training

In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to peck red or blue keys for food reinforcement at variable intervals, while food was contingent on withholding key pecks in the presence of a vertical line (omission training). When the line was briefly superimposed on red or blue in a compound test, responding was reduced. When the orientation of the line was varied during extinction, generalization gradients were variable but often had most responding at or near vertical. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained in a discrete trials procedure that made food contingent upon pecking in the presence of triangle, and upon the absence of pecking in the presence of red (omission training). Food was never given on green-key trials (extinction). When red or green backgrounds were presented with the triangle in a compound test, responding was reduced similarly in the presence of both key colors. Subsequent resistance to auto-shaping was also similar for red and green. These data, taken together with reports in the literature, suggest that the inhibitory effects of omission training are quite similar to those of extinction. Thus, the crucial condition for obtaining inhibitory effects is not a negative stimulus-reinforcer correlation, as in extinction, but simply the establishment of low rates of responding to the inhibitory stimulus.
The Not-so-Skinny on Muscle Cancer

The childhood cancer embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma can arise in tissue without skeletal muscle elements. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Hatley and colleagues report that non-skeletal muscle progenitors can be a cell of origin for Sonic Hedgehog-driven embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an adipocyte-restricted conditional mouse model.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS OF RABBITS : PREPARATION OF ELEMENTARY BODIES AND STUDIES OF SEROLOGICALLY ACTIVE MATERIALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE.

From the results of the experiments described in this paper it is obvious that large amounts of elementary bodies of myxoma can be obtained in a relatively pure state by means of the methods used. Furthermore, it is evident that infectious myxomatosis is a viral disease in which elementary bodies of the same order of magnitude as vaccinal elementary bodies play a conspicuous ro1e in that they either represent the etiological agent or are intimately associated with it. The bodies are specifically agglutinated by antimyxoma serum and are agglutinated to a less extent by serum from rabbits convalescing from fibroma, a disease closely related to myxoma. In virus-free filtrates of emulsions prepared from infected skin there is a soluble precipitinogen or precipitinogens specific for the malady. Moreover, a specific precipitinogen or precipitinogens are demonstrable in virus-free serum of animals acutely ill as a result of extensive infection with myxoma virus. It is believed that this is the second viral disease, yellow fever (14) being the first, in which a specific soluble antigen free from virus has been found in the serum of ill animals.
Palliative medicine in the elderly

Cancer is primarily a disease of the elderly and the palliation of both disease- and treatment-related symptoms is of importance in the practice of cancer medicine in all patients. Many older patients are treated within community hospitals, in which anticancer therapies are less likely to be given and in which the palliation of symptoms should be of primary importance. Many oncologists struggle with the palliation of symptoms in patients who are near the end of life. This is despite the considerable energies that are spent in palliating symptoms in patients who are receiving anticancer therapies at all disease stages. The management of pain has advanced considerably recently with improvements in pain assessment and pharmacologic interventions. However, elderly patients are less likely than younger patients to receive proper pain management. Elderly patients also are less likely to take opioids for pain because of their attitudes and beliefs. Fatigue, dyspnea, and psychologic issues also are of importance in the management of elderly cancer patients both during anticancer therapy and near the time of death. Some elderly cancer patients die in the care of a hospice, although many are not referred to this service. There are many barriers to the provision of palliative medicine and these may be related to health practitioners, to the patients themselves, or to the health care system of which they are part. The increased educational efforts of health professionals are needed to ensure that all patients, including the elderly, have adequate palliation of their cancer-related symptoms.
Comparative characterization of monoclonal antibodies to carbonic anhydrase

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were generated to avian carbonic anhydrase-C and characterized; their reactivity with human, murine, bovine, chicken and fish erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase-C, and with human carbonic anhydrase-B was investigated by ELISA and electroblot techniques. Reactivity of the Mabs with native and SDS-denatured carbonic anhydrase was compared. Mabs that recognize antigenic determinants shared by all the carbonic anhydrases examined were identified. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of these particular probes for investigating various aspects of function, evolution, development and regulation of this important, but not well understood group of enzymes.
Relative effects of age and compromised vision on driving performance

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of age and compromised vision on driving-related skills and on-road accidents. A total of 107 subjects were tested. They represented four groups that varied in age and visual status, as follows: (1) a younger, normally sighted group; (2) an older, normally sighted group; (3) a younger, visually compromised group; and (4) an older, visually compromised group. Driving performance was assessed by self-reported and state-recorded accident frequency and by an evaluation of performance on an interactive driving simulator. The older groups had poorer driving-related skills, as measured with our interactive driving simulator, than had the younger groups, but they did not have significantly higher on-road accident rates than the younger groups. The older subjects and those with compromised vision had reduced risk-taking scores, as measured with a self-report questionnaire. In addition, all older drivers had increased eye movements and had slower simulator driving speeds, which suggests that behavioral compensation is made for visuocognitive/motor deficits. Regression analyses showed that compromised vision and visual field loss predicted real-world accidents in our study population.
Use of allograft cellular bone matrix in multistage talectomy with tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis: a case report.

Surgical treatment for traumatic dislocation of the talus is a challenging procedure that is often associated with complications. Application of allograft cellular bone matrix with viable mesenchymal stem and osteoprogenitor cells can eliminate the need for autograft and may increase fusion rates in procedures such as tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis. This report describes the treatment of an adult man who presented with a right ankle fracture and subtalar joint dislocation after a motor vehicle accident. After initial treatment with open reduction and internal fixation, the patient developed avascular necrosis of the talus and septic arthritis of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. After treatment of the infection, the patient was ultimately treated with multistage talectomy and tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis augmented with a cellular bone allograft. Approximately 3 months after the final operation, plain radiographs and computed tomography confirmed solid fusion at the arthrodesis interface. The patient’s recovery was uneventful thereafter, and amputation was avoided. This case, which presented additional challenges because of the large defect created by the infection, suggests that use of an allograft cellular bone matrix has the potential to replicate the bone-healing properties of autograft without the constraints and morbidity associated with autograft harvesting.
Hemodynamic studies in a case of carcinoid cardiovascular syndrome.

A case of malignant carcinoid metastatic to the liver with the typical features of the carcinoid cardiovascular syndrome has been presented. Hemodynamic data obtained at cardiac catheterization indicated the presence of tricuspid insufficiency, low cardiac output, and slight pulmonary hypertension. Unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion studies were reported that suggest the absence of intrinsic pulmonary vascular disease in this syndrome. The paradox of infrequent instances of significant pulmonary hypertension in the presence of serotonin in the reported cases of carcinoid cardiovascular syndrome was discussed. The effect of reserpine on pulmonary artery pressure was reported.
Model-Independent Steady-State Plasma Level Predictions in Autonomic Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics I: Derivation and Theoretical Analysis

Current drug level predictions in nonlinear pharmacokinetics are based on specific pharmacokinetic models in contrast to the model-independent (structureless), dose-linearity, and superposition principles used in linear pharmacokinetics. Such model-dependent methods may not provide reliable predictions due to their inherent nonuniqueness, computational complexity, and often unrealistic kinetic assumptions. Some novel model-independent methods for predicting the steady-state drug levels of extravascular, intravenous bolus, and intravenous infusion administrations are presented that should overcome such disadvantages. The methods only assume an autonomic nonlinear kinetic behavior, which implies that following an intravenous bolus administration the derivatives of the drug concentration-time profile at arbitrary drug levels are independent of the dose given. Such a kinetic behavior is found for any nonlinear pharmacokinetic system when the rate of change of the drug level following an intravenous bolus administrations depends only on the drug level, i.e., dC/dt = −q(C), where q can be any function dependent only on C and time-invariant kinetic parameters. The basic approach presented represents a novel alternative which avoids the very difficult and often impractical task of identifying and incorporating the numerous kinetic parameters and processes responsible for the observed drug concentration data into a useful pharmacokinetic model. The focus in the kinetic analysis is instead on two much simpler processes: (a) fitting empirical functions to estimate the mean drug disposition behavior of the subject or population and (b) testing the validity of the assumptions involved.
Essential and Non‐essential Measures: Delegation of Powers in EU Securities Regulation

This article examines the new regulatory process in the regulation of EU securities markets, as proposed by the Wise Men Committee and welcomed by the Council and the Parliament. The new structure involves inter alia the creation of a ‘comitology’ committee and recognises two layers of legislation: essential measures that will be enacted through the normal co‐decision process on the one hand, and more detailed technical and ‘non‐essential’ measures, which will be decided by the new committee and the Commission, on the other. It is believed that the new structure will respond to the need for speed, efficiency and flexibility in securities regulation. However, the starting point for discussion and the decisive question is how one can distinguish between these two levels of legislative measures. Although the Wise Men Committee does not give sufficient guidance on this issue, it is alleged that the success of the proposed regime will heavily depend on the clear definition and distinction between essential and non‐essential measures. The theoretical exercise of this article involves an analysis of the delegation issues arising from the proposal and the identification of some potentially useful guiding principles and criteria derived from primary and secondary Community legislation and case law as well as from inter‐institutional agreements. Its ultimate goal is a proposal for the adoption of common principles, criteria and dividing lines at EU level.
The enzymatic preparation of [α-32P]nucleoside triphosphates, cyclic [32P]AMP, and cyclic [32P]GMP☆

A method has been developed for the enzymatic preparation of alpha-(32)P-labeled ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, cyclic [(32)P]AMP, and cyclic [(32)P]GMP of high specific radioactivity and in high yield from (32)Pi. The method also enables the preparation of [gamma-(32)P]ATP, [gamma-(32)P]GTP, [gamma-(32)P]ITP, and [gamma-(32)P]-dATP of very high specific activity and in high yield. The preparation of the various [alpha-(32)P]nucleoside triphosphates relies on the phosphorylation of the respective 3'-nucleoside monophosphates with [gamma-(32)P]ATP by polynucleotide kinase and a subsequent nuclease reaction to form [5'-(32)P]nucleoside monophosphates. The [5'-(32)P]nucleoside monophosphates are then converted enzymatically to the respective triphosphates. All of the reactions leading to the formation of [alpha-(32)P]nucleoside triphosphates are carried out in the same reaction vessel, without intermediate purification steps, by the use of sequential reactions with the respective enzymes. Cyclic [(32)P]AMP and cyclic [(32)P]GMP are also prepared enzymatically from [alpha-(32)P]ATP or [alpha-(32)P]GTP by partially purified preparations of adenylate or guanylate cyclases. With the exception of the cyclases, all enzymes used are commerically available. The specific activity of (32)P-labeled ATP made by this method ranged from 200 to 1000 Ci/mmol for [alpha-(32)P]ATP and from 5800 to 6500 Ci/mmol for [gamma-(32)P]ATP. Minor modifications of the method should permit higher specific activities, especially for the [alpha-(32)P]nucleoside triphosphates. Methods for the use of the [alpha-(32)P]nucleoside phosphates are described for the study of adenylate and guanylate cyclases, cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic nucleotide binding proteins, and as precursors for the synthesis of other (32)P-labeled compounds of biological interest. Moreover, the [alpha-(32)P]nucleoside triphosphates prepared by this method should be very useful in studies on nucleic acid structure and metabolism and the [gamma-(32)P]nucleoside triphosphates should be useful in the study of phosphate transfer systems.
Closure models for multimaterial cells in arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian hydrocodes

High-speed multimaterial flows with strong shear deformations occur in many problems. Due to the nature of shock wave propagation in complex materials, the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods are currently the only proven technology to simulate such problems. In ALE methods, the mesh does not move with the fluid, so that it is unavoidable that mixed cells containing two or more materials will appear; such mixed cells require a special closure model to be well posed. In this paper, we will discuss some of the possible models. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Language Counts in Literature Discussion? Exploring Linguistic Mediation in an English Language Arts Classroom

As classrooms across the U.S. are becoming increasingly more multilingual and multicultural, there is a need for research that provides insight into literacy instruction that builds on students' linguistic knowledge. The qualitative study of a fourth-grade dual-language classroom examined the ways that peer mediation in Spanish and English impacted participation in literature discussion groups. The study findings indicated that in the discussion groups students developed forms of linguistic mediation, enabling them to take risks in using their language of lesser proficiency, and promote a higher level of engagement of members within the discussion groups. Literacy instruction that engages students in negotiating multiple languages and language forms enables bilingual students to demonstrate the depth of their communicative and linguistic knowledge, increases participation of all students, and challenges the hegemony of English.
Microstructure of epitaxial AlN layers on sapphire substrates deposited by physical vapor deposition

Asymmetric (10L) XRD peaks have been employed as a measure of epitaxial quality for aluminum nitride (AlN) nucleation layers (NL) deposited on sapphire substrate. Epitaxial AlN films have been deposited on 2-6” sapphire substrate by reactive sputtering. FWHM of AlN (103) and (105) were found to be an excellent indicator of quality of AlN films for GaN growth. AlN films produced nucleation layers with highly reproducible microstructure and GaN film growth. NLs had in-plane and out-of-plane texture as evident by the pole-figure results and selected area diffraction pattern. Based on electron microscopy results, AlN film thickness for complete atomic ordering was estimated to be 6-7 nm and most of the edge dislocations were seen in the first 20 nm of the film. Excellent thickness and texture uniformity were seen on planar and patterned sapphire substrates. A compressive stress of 2.9±0.2 GPa was seen in our BKM films. The maximum screw and edge dislocation densities of films were found to be ~3 × 108 cm−2 and ~9 × 109 cm−2 respectively. The root mean square roughnesses of A-polar films were found to be < 0.3 nm.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomeric amines

Separations of twelve different racemic amines were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in several column-solvent combinations. Relative retentions, which show some dependence upon the substitution at the asymmetric centers, are reported for the amines which were examined as the (+)-10-camphorsulfonamides.
Posterior facet cartilage injury in operatively treated intra-articular calcaneus fractures.

Background:Direct visualization of the posterior facet in displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (DIACF) frequently shows partial or full thickness cartilage delamination. This is felt to be secondary to the depression of an osteoarticular segment of the posterior facet within the calcaneal body and the subsequent contact with fracture edges as it impacts caudally. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of cartilage injury and if it correlates with fracture classification.Methods:A single surgeon prospective, observational series of 28 patients with 28 DIACFs was reviewed for patient demographic and injury data, radiographic fracture characterization, and intraoperative observation of articular injury size, depth, and location over the time period of February 2010 to December 2012. Observations were correlated with the OTA and Sanders classification systems.Results:Age, sex, mechanism of injury, and depth and location of cartilage injury were not significantly different between th...
A diagnostic delay of 5 hours increases the risk of death after blunt hollow viscus injury

Background:Hollow viscus injuries (HVI) are uncommon after blunt trauma, and accomplishing a timely diagnosis can be difficult. Time to operative intervention has been implicated as a risk factor for mortality, but reports are conflicting.Methods:All blunt trauma admissions to an academic level 1 tr
Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes.

Accommodation has long been suspected to be involved in the development of myopia because near work, particularly reading, is known to be a risk factor. In this study, we measured several dynamic characteristics of accommodative behavior during extended periods of reading under close-to-natural conditions in 20 young emmetropic and stable myopic subjects. Accommodative responses, errors, and variability (including power spectrum analysis) were analyzed and related to accommodative demand and subject refractive error. All accommodative behaviors showed large inter-subject variability at all of the reading demands. Accommodative lags and variability significantly increased with closer demands for all subjects (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Myopes had significantly greater variability in their accommodation responses compared to emmetropes (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and had larger accommodative lags at further reading distances (unpaired t test p < 0.05). Power spectrum analysis showed a significant increase in the power of accommodative microfluctuations with closer demands (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and with increasing myopia at the closest reading demand (ANOVA, p < 0.01). The difference in the stability of the accommodative behavior between individuals with different refractive states suggests a possible relationship between variability in accommodation and the development of myopia.
QSARs for selected aliphatic and aromatic amines.

Abstract The relative toxicity of 24 selected amines was evaluated in the 48 h Tetrahymena pyriformis static population growth impairment assay and compared with literature data for the 96 h Pimephales promelas flow-through mortality assay. Chemicals selected included normal and branched aliphatic primary amines, 4-position alkyl-substituted primary aromatic amines, as well as secondary and tertiary amines. Three amines were not toxic at saturation in the Tetrahymena system, whereas one amine was not toxic at saturation in th Pimephales system. Due to the aberrantly high toxicity of aniline observed in the Tetrahymena system, this chemical was not included in the analyses. For QSAR development, toxicity measured as log IGC 50 −1 and log LC 50 −1 respectively, was regressed against the log of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log K ow ). Both toxicity and hydrophobicity varied over five orders of magnitude. The model, log IGC 50 −1 = 0.72(log K ow ) - 1.64 ( n = 20, r 2 = 0.92) (1), was found to be a good predictor of toxicity in the Tetrahymena system. Similarly, the model, log LC 50 −1 = 0.80(log K ow ) - 1.80 ( n = 23, r 2 = 0.96) (2), was found to be a good predictor of toxicity in the Pimephales system. A comparison of Eqns (1) and (2) showed the models to be very similar. Therefore, as seen by the model, log LC 50 −1 = 1.11(log IGC 50 −1 ) - 0.01 ( n = 20, r 2 = 0.93) (3), a regression of the log toxicities gave a slope of one, an intercept of zero and a high correlation.