cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of SP60 mRNA during development of Dictyostelium discoideum

The accumulation of mRNA recognized by oligonucleotides coding for a portion of the spore coat protein, SP60, was determined throughout development of Dictyostelium discoideum. The 1.8 kb mRNA first appears at the tipped aggregate stage and accumulates until culmination. This mRNA is present in pre-spore cells but absent from pre-stalk cells. A cDNA clone was selected by the oligonucleotides and found to be homologous to this mRNA. Although the oligonucleotides were designed to match the sequence coding for a hexapeptide repeat at the amino-terminus of SP60, they were able to recognize a similar repeated region at the carboxy-terminus of the protein coded by the cDNA clone. The SP60 gene appears to be subject to temporal and cell-type-specific transcriptional controls that are coordinate with those of SP96, another spore coat gene.
Elihu Thomson: Electrical engineer

The “partially direct and partially indirect but ineradicable influence on electrical engineering” left by the first Edison Medalist is here surveyed by the 1938 recipient of that award.
Right Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area: Is There an Optimal Level for Cannulation?

Abstract Background Perioperatively, the preferred site for central venous access by anesthesia providers is the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). Maneuvers such as Trendelenburg position and positive end-expiratory pressure are commonly performed to increase the size of the RIJV and increase the success rate of cannulation. Methods We evaluated the size of RIJV at various anatomic levels in the neck to assess the most advantageous level for cannulation with patients in a flat, supine position without use of Trendelenburg. In this study 18 healthy subjects were placed in a flat, supine position for measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the RIJV using vascular ultrasound. Three measurements were obtained at each of the 5 anatomic levels of the neck. The first baseline measurement was taken at the level of cricoid cartilage (0 cm), followed by measurements at 4 other levels: cephalad to the cricoid cartilage at +1 and +2 cm, and caudad to the cricoid cartilage at –1 and –2 cm. The measurements of the CSA in centimeters2 were electronically calculated after manual anatomic outlining of the vein. Factors that may influence the RIJV size, including age, gender, and body surface area, were included in the data analysis. Results The average CSA of the RIJV at the 5 levels measured (from +2 to –2 cm) were 0.91, 0.97, 1.06, 1.10, and 1.14 cm2, respectively. The CSA of the RIJV was significantly larger at every 1-cm interval from the most cephalad level at +2 cm to the –2 cm most caudad level, except for the 0 to the –1 cm interval. Statistically significant difference in the CSA (P Conclusions The anatomic level of the neck in relation to the cricoid cartilage at which jugular puncture is performed should be considered together with other maneuvers that may increase RIJV size. Success of RIJV cannulation may be increased by accessing the vein at a point with the largest CSA—1 to 2 cm caudad of the cricoid cartilage—especially in cases when the patient does not tolerate Trendelenburg position or ultrasound guidance is not available.
NMR study of vinyl chloride–vinylidene chloride copolymer

A study of the proton magnetic resonance spectra of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), and vinyl chloride–vinylidene chloride (VC–VDC) copolymer has resulted in a clearer understanding of the copolymer NMR spectra. Comparison of the homopolymer spectra with the copolymer spectra, including information obtained from decoupling experiments, indicated that the chain structure of the eight copolymers studied were of two different types. The simplest type copolymer chain contained head-to-tail VDC sequences, head-to-head or tail-to-tail VDC sequences, and VC-VDC sequences. The second type copolymer contained all of the sequences of type I copolymers and, in addition, contained VC sequences. The average length of these VC sequences was less than four VC units. The composition of seven of the copolymers was determined by chlorine analysis and by an NMR method of analysis which was based on the above conclusions. The agreement between the results of the two methods of analysis was quite good.
Principals: Proponents of High School Guidance Programs.

The effective principal should under stand the school guidance function and encourage collaboration and sharing among all groups to define problems and develop strategies that serve the students and the school community.
Kähler-Einstein metrics with non-positive scalar curvature

We have seen that the Ricci curvature represents the first Chern class. In this section, we will consider the converse problem, namely, given a Kahler class [ω] ∈ H2 (M, ℝ) ∩ H1,2 (M, ℂ) on a compact Kahler manifold M and any form Ω representing the first Chern class, can we find a metric ω ∈ [ω] such that Ric(ω) = Ω? This is known as the Calabi conjecture and it was solved by Yau in 1976. We will state it here as a theorem and refer to it as the Calabi-Yau Theorem.
Heat-transfer characteristics of magnetofluidized beds of pure and admixtures of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles

Abstract The hydrodynamic behavior of an iron and iron-sand beds is investigated in the presence of an externally applied uniform magnetic field collinear with gas flow. In addition heat-transfer measurements from a horizontal electrically heated probe are conducted. The gas velocity is varied over a wide range to bring about different regimes for different magnetic-field intensity values in the range 0–9641 A m −1 . The minimum bubbling velocity and heat-transfer coefficient values are discussed and correlated. It is found that bed voidage and segregation of admixture components play a very important role in establishing the hydrodynamic and heat-transfer characteristics of the magnetofluidized beds.
Learning Styles VS. Teaching Styles—Studying The Relationship:

Education majors clearly display learning style preferences, say these researchers, who discuss the results of their work at the University of Idaho.
Soft pion theorems, meson exchange currents, and pion double charge exchange

Abstract Meson exchange current (MEC) contributions to pion double charge exchange (DCX) scattering at low energies are studied using soft pion theorems. A general form for the scattering amplitude on any scalar-isovector target is derived and applied as a constraint on the pion-nucleus DCX scattering amplitude. One result is an estimate that for a nuclear target with two excess valence neutrons, the MEC amplitude is less than ∼ 10 −2 fm. Second, a consistency condition on different MEC contributions is obtained, which exhibits the requirement of cancellations among these, and leads to a sum rule for evaluating all contributions of one type of exchanged meson. Consequences for vector meson exchange are discussed.
Sequence of C. elegans lag-2 reveals a cell-signalling domain shared with Delta and Serrate of Drosophila

The lin-12 and glp-1 genes of Caenorhabditis elegans encode members of the Notch family of transmembrane proteins. Genetic studies indicate that the lin-12 and glp-1 proteins act as receptors in specific developmental cell interactions and that their functions are partially redundant. lin-12 glp-1 double mutants display certain embryonic defects not found in either single mutant. The phenotype of this double mutant is called Lag, and recessive mutations in either of the genes lag-1 or lag-2 can also result in the Lag phenotype, indicating that these two genes may participate in the same cell interactions that require lin-12 or glp-1. We report here that lag-2 encodes a predicted transmembrane protein of 402 amino acids. The predicted extracellular region of lag-2 is similar to amino-terminal regions of Delta and Serrate, two Drosophila proteins that are thought to function as ligands for Notch. The region of similarity includes sequences related to epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats. We have isolated lag2(sa37), a dominant allele that shows specific genetic interactions with lin-12. The sa37 mutation causes a Gly-->Asp change in a conserved residue of an EGF motif. Because of its overall structure, its sequence similarity to Delta and Serrate, and its genetic interactions, we suggest that lag-2 encodes an intercellular signal for the lin-12 and glp-1 receptors.
Cognitive deficits precede motor deficits in a slowly progressing model of parkinsonism in the monkey.

Five adult Macaca fascicularis monkeys were trained to perform tests of cognitive and motor functioning that included a complex visual pattern discrimination task, an object retrieval task, a test of task persistence, and a timed motor task. Once stable baseline performance was achieved, monkeys were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at doses of 0.05 to 0.075 mg/kg, 2 to 3 times per week for a total of 24 weeks. Animals were assessed weekly for performance on the previously learned tasks. All monkeys developed performance deficits in a predictable pattern with behavioural and cognitive deficits (i.e. deficits in task persistence and the cognitive component of object retrieval) appearing in advance of measurable motor deficits. Deficits in visual pattern discrimination never appeared. These results show that specific cognitive dysfunction pre-dates motor dysfunction in a chronic, slowly progressing parkinson model in monkeys and support the contention that cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease may precede the motor signs of the disorder and may not be caused by them.
Personality Inventory for Children Profiles for Learning Disabled, Emotionally Disturbed,and Intellectually Handicapped Children

The scores of 70 learning disabled (LD), 47 emotionally disturbed (ED) and 24 intellectually handicapped (IH) children were compared on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). The data were submitted to a series of 2 x 2 x 3 ANOVAs. The results indicated that the IH group was differentiated from the others on PIC scales reflecting cognitive weaknesses (Intellectual Screening and Development) and limited reality testing (Psychosis), and that the ED group was discriminated from the LD group on scales which predict general maladjustment (Adjustment) and from the IH group on scales which predict hyperactive behavior (Hyperactivity). When the protocols were analyzed using actuarial guidelines, the majority of children in all three groups showed significant elevations on scales intended to measure cognitive deficits and general maladaptive behavior (e.g. 100 percent of the IH group had significant scores on the Intellectual Screening and Development scales; a similarly high proportion of ED children had m...
Regulation of T‐cell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and poroelastic cytoplasm

The actin cytoskeleton plays essential roles in modulating T-cell activation. Most models of T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering signalosome assembly and immune synapse formation invoke actin-dependent mechanisms. As T cells are constitutively motile cells, TCR triggering and signaling occur against a cytoskeletal backdrop that is constantly remodeling. While the interplay between actin dynamics and TCR signaling have been the focus of research for many years, much of the work in T cells has considered actin largely for its 'scaffolding' function. We examine the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in TCR signaling and immune synapse formation with an emphasis on how poroelasticity, an ensemble feature of actin dynamics with the cytosol, relates to how T cells respond to stimulation.
Legalise Insider Trading

‘Insider Trading’ has been widely condemned by the press and politicians as immoral and damaging both to investors and to the reputation of the City of London. S. Hugh High, of Massey University in New Zealand, rebuts calls for tightening the law against insider trading; indeed, he argues, existing laws are both unenforceable and may trample on basic political liberties.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in South Carolina

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and associated characteristics among children in South Carolina (SC). ASDs include autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified. Methods The SC Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) program is part of the CDC's on-going ADDM Network, a multi-state active, multiple-source, records-based surveillance program among children aged 8 years in specified study years. SC's catchment area consists of 21 counties in the coastal half of the state, utilizing records from 41 school districts, 21 SC Department of Disabilities and Special Needs Boards, and clinics at the area's two major universities. Cases from the first two study years (2000 and 2002) have been combined for this analysis. Results A total of 296 children met criteria for ASD, yielding a prevalence of 6.2 per 1000. The racial distribution of cases was similar to that of 8 year olds in the catchment area: 50% white, 42% black, 2% other, 6% unknown. Males were more commonly affected than females (2.9:1); however, females were more often cognitively impaired than males (4.1:1, male to female, in the average/above average range, 1.8:1 in the moderate/severe/profound range). Regression (loss of previously acquired skills) was noted in 19% of cases and an additional 3% experienced a developmental plateau. In addition to social and communication delays and atypical behaviors, other commonly observed features among cases were: hyperactivity/attention problems (82%), delayed motor functioning (62%), abnormality in mood/affect (55%), abnormality in eating/drinking/sleeping (54%), temper tantrums (53%), argumentative/oppositional/defiant behavior (51%). Developmental concerns were noted before 36 months in 85% of cases, with earliest evaluation with an ASD diagnosis at median 57 months. Seventy-eight percent of cases were served in special education. Conclusion Because this is an ongoing study, these estimates establish a baseline for assessment of changes in ASD prevalence over time.
Lifespan differences in the social networks of prison inmates

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) (Carstensen, 1992, 1993) accounts for lifespan changes in human social networks and for the motivations which underlie those changes. SST is applied in this research with 256 prison inmates and non-inmates, ages 18-84, from Mississippi, Kansas, and New Mexico. Two research questions sought to identify (a) whether inmate networks change in size, and (b) whether overall closeness within an inmate's network changes over the adult years. Results indicate that older inmates, much like older non-inmates, have few peripheral partners, are buffered from the wider population of prisoners, and interact within a small group of very close partners. Although older inmates are not completely isolated, they do maintain fewer network partners as age increases, like their non-incarcerated counterparts, and overall are as emotionally close to network members as non-inmates.
Regulation of T‐cell progenitor survival and cell‐cycle entry by the pre‐T‐cell receptor

Pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) functions and the study of early thymocyte development continue to fascinate immunologists more than 10 years after the first description and cloning of the receptor. Although multiple reports have addressed several aspects of pre-TCR signaling and function, its ability to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, survival, and allelic exclusion of the TCR-beta locus, remains an open question. What fascinates us is its central role in the fine balance between physiological differentiation and thymocyte transformation that leads to T-cell leukemia and lymphomas. In this review, we integrate pre-TCR signaling pathways and study their effects on the regulation of T-cell progenitor cell-cycle entry and cell survival. We also connect aberrant pre-TCR signaling to deregulated proliferation and apoptotic balances and thymocyte transformation.
Some comparisons between induced and spontaneous mutation rates in mouse sperm and spermatogonia

Abstract The induciton of histocompatibility gene mutations in BALB/cKh mouse sperm was determined following doses fo 0, 350, or 350 + 300 rad (24 h apart) of 250 kV X-rays. The mutation rate is significantly lower than predicted on the basis of the seven-locus test and is not significantly different from the very low rate of H-loci in BALB/cKh spermatogonia. Furhtermore, selection and repair are important in determining mutation rates per viable progeny of H-loci during both spermatogenesis and gestation.
Dispesitional Bias in Trained Therapists' Diagnoses: Does It Exist?1

Therapists have been charged with a dispositional bias in their diagnoses of clients' problems. While a, review of prior research revealed considerable evidence that at least some trained therapists were more dispositional in their diagnoses than nonprofessionals, there was no clear evidence that therapists' dispositional diagnoses were in error. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to try to detect error in trained therapists' diagnoses. Twelve trained therapists and 16 untrained nonprofessionals each conducted intake interviews with two clients (confederates). Employing a technique based on attribution theory, one client presented a problem that was relatively situational; the other presented a problem that was relatively dispositional. Consistent with previous research, trained therapists were more dispositional in their diagnoses than were untrained nonprofessionals, suggesting that some bias did exist. But there was no clear evidence that therapists were less sensitive than nonprofessionals to differences between situational and dispositional problems. It was concluded that, to the degree that bias implies error, the charge of bias in therapists' diagnoses remains unproven.
Loss of function of Trp53, but not Apc, leads to the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in mice with jejunoesophageal reflux.

Abstract Introduction. APC and TP53 are tumor suppressor genes known to be altered frequently in human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which arises as a complication of reflux disease. To determine the functional role of these genes in the development of EAC, we have created reflux in mice gene-targeted for either Trp53 or Apc. Methods. Wild-type (WT), p53-knockout ( Trp53 −/− ), or Apc -mutated ( Apc Min/+ ) mice were generated in our breeding colony. Total gastrectomy with esophagojejunostomy was performed at 6 weeks of age, creating jejunoesophageal reflux. Unoperated control mice were maintained under identical conditions. Mice were sacrificed at 30 weeks of age. Histology of the esophagus and jejunal anastamosis or gastroesophageal junction was reviewed by a single pathologist blinded to the genotype of the animal. Results. The esophagus was normal in all of the unoperated mice (6 Apc Min/+ , 6 WT, and 6 Trp53 −/− ). All operated mice (6 Apc Min/+ , 12 WT, and 4 Trp53 −/− ) had esophagitis, with squamous hyperplasia and early focal ulceration. Barrett's metaplasia was identified in 33% of the operated Apc Min/+ (2/6) and 25% of the Trp53 −/− (1/4) mice, but not in the WT mice. Of 4 operated Trp53 −/− mice, all developed severe dysplasia of the squamous epithelium and 2 (50%) had EAC on histology, although no gross tumors were seen. No severe dysplasia or carcinoma was identified in any of the Apc Min/+ or WT mice. Conclusions. Loss of either Trp53 or Apc leads to the development of columnar metaplasia, whereas loss of Trp53, but not Apc, leads to development of cancer in mice with jejunoesophageal reflux.
Labor supply under uncertainty: A comment and extension

This paper has argued that it is inappropriate to use the unemployment rate as a theoretical measure of the probability of unemployment. The labor supply decision was shown to be dependent upon the real wage rate, the real unemployment benefits rate, the existence and level of alternative real wage rates, real non-wage income, and the probability of employment. It was argued that the unemployment rate may be used as a proxy for the probability of unemployment in empirical specification. However, it would be better if a more precise measure of the probability of unemployment could be found, perhaps by maximum likelihood estimation. The standard income-leisure derivation of labor supply was shown to be a special case of the stochastic wage model under certainty when no alternative wage rates exist. If the labor supply curve is positively sloped, an increase in the probability of unemployment causes a shift to the left in the labor supply curve as a function of the real wage rate. The existence of unemployment benefits tends to mitigate that shift.
Development and validation of an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication

Background Accurate determination of colonoscopy indication is required for managing clinical programs and performing research; however, existing algorithms that use available electronic databases (eg, diagnostic and procedure codes) have yielded limited accuracy. Objective To develop and validate an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication that uses comprehensive electronic medical data sources. Design We developed an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication by using commonly available electronic diagnostic, pathology, cancer, and laboratory test databases and validated its performance characteristics in comparison with a comprehensive review of patient medical records. We also evaluated the influence of each data source on the algorithm's performance characteristics. Setting Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system. Patients A total of 300 patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2007 and 2010. Interventions Colonoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements Algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) for classifying screening, surveillance, and diagnostic colonoscopies. The reference standard was the indication assigned after comprehensive medical record review. Results For screening indications, the algorithm's sensitivity was 88.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.4%-91.7%), specificity was 91.7% (95% CI, 87.0%-95.1%), and PPV was 83.3% (95% CI, 74.7%-90.0%). For surveillance indications, the algorithm's sensitivity was 93.4% (95% CI, 86.2%-97.5%), specificity was 92.8% (95% CI, 88.4%-95.9%), and PPV was 85.0% (95% CI, 76.5%-91.4%). The algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, and PPV for diagnostic indications were 81.4% (95% CI, 73.0%-88.1%), 96.8% (95% CI, 93.2%-98.8%), and 93.9% (95% CI, 87.2%-97.7%), respectively. Limitations Validation was confined to a single healthcare system. Conclusion An algorithm that uses commonly available modern electronic medical data sources yielded a high sensitivity, specificity, and PPV for classifying screening, surveillance, and diagnostic colonoscopy indications. This algorithm had greater accuracy than the indication listed on the colonoscopy report.
Analysis of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as P504S, is a recently identified molecular marker for prostate cancer. The expression of AMACR/P504S has also been observed in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a precursor lesion of prostate cancer. However, a detailed study focusing on the analysis of AMACR/P504S expression in high-grade PIN has not been performed. In this study, we analyzed AMACR/P504S expression by immunohistochemistry in 3954 prostatic ducts and acini with high-grade PIN from 140 prostatectomy specimens. AMACR/P504S immunoreactivity was measured as negative (0), weakly positive (+1), moderately positive (+2), and strongly positive (+3). AMACR/P504S immunoreactivity was detected in 90.0% (126/140) of high-grade PIN cases, although only 41.5% (1642/3954) of prostatic glands involved by PIN showed AMACR/P504S immunoreactivity. A significantly higher AMACR/P504S-positive rate (56.0%) was found in isolated high-grade PIN glands adjacent to cancer (distance less than 5 mm) compared with those away from cancer (distance more than 5 mm; 14%, P < 0.0001). High-grade PIN glands adjacent to cancer also showed a higher (P < 0.0004) AMACR/P504S intensity (1.62) than did those away from cancer (1.11). Our results suggest that PIN strongly positive for AMACR/P504S might be more closely associated with cancer than PIN negative or weakly positive for AMACR/P504S. This study provides additional evidence to link high-grade PIN as a precursor lesion to prostatic adenocarcinoma.
How similar are personality scales of the “same” construct? A meta-analytic investigation

Abstract An underlying assumption of meta-analysis is that effect sizes are based on commensurate measures. If measures across studies do not have the same empirical meaning, then our theoretical understanding of relations among variables will be clouded. Two indicators of scale commensurability were examined for personality measures: (1) correlations among different scales with similar labels (e.g., different measures of extraversion) and (2) score reliability for different scales with similar labels. First, meta-analyses of correlations between many commonly-used scales were computed, both including and excluding scales classified as non-Five-Factor Model measures. Second, subgroup meta-analyses of reliability were examined, with specific personality scale as moderator. Results reveal that assumptions of commensurability among personality measures may not be entirely met. Whereas meta-analyzed reliability coefficients did not differ greatly, scales of the “same” construct were only moderately correlated in many cases. Some improvement to this meta-analytic correlation occurred when measures were limited to those based on the Five-Factor Model. Questions remain about the similarity of personality construct conceptualization and operationalization.
Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection

Background. The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are increasing, and previously described interventions for controlling the spread of CDI are not easily generalized to multiple healthcare institutions. Objective. We tested prevention and treatment bundles to decrease the incidence of CDI and the mortality associated with CDI at our hospital. Design. Observational before‐after study of adult patients admitted to a tertiary care, university‐affiliated hospital during the period from January 2004 through December 2008. Methods. In January 2006, we launched an educational campaign and introduced a prevention bundle—a series of specific processes aimed at preventing the transmission of C. difficile among hospitalized patients, including enhanced isolation practices, laboratory notification procedures, and steps coordinating infection control and environmental services activities. In April 2006, we implemented a treatment bundle—a set of hospital‐wide treatment practices aimed at ...
Kinetic studies of hyperimmune 7S globulins in allogenic rats bearing Walker 256 tumors.

Kinetic studies of I131-labeled rat anti-Walker 256 antibodies are described. The anti-tumor antibody is a 7S globulin. The presence of tumor diminishes the level of circulating antibody. When the tumor is removed, the antibody level rises to a measurable amount. Ouchterlony in-gel diffusion studies as well as I131-globulin uptake data on subcellular tumor fractions indicate that the antigen is probably located on the cell membrane. Whether the antigen studied is a transplantation rather than tumor-specific type was not determined. It is felt that the techniques described are useful for studying the human patient with autochthonous tumor as well as the cross-immunotherapy patient.
Analysis of a cloned Francisella tularensis outer membrane protein gene and expression in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of fopA from Francisella tularensis. Using the polymerase chain reaction fopA was detected in high and low virulence biotypes of F. tularensis. fopA was stably maintained in pBluescript in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium where FopA was expressed and located in the outer membrane. This recombinant will be suitable for studies on the role of FopA in immunity against tularaemia.
Using equilibrium frequencies in models of sequence evolution

The f factor is a new parameter for accommodating the influence of both the starting and ending states in the rate matrices of "generalized weighted frequencies" (+gwF) models for sequence evolution. In this study, we derive an expected value for f, starting from a nearly neutral model of weak selection, and then assess the biological interpretation of this factor with evolutionary simulations. An expected value of f = 0.5 (i.e., equal dependency on the starting and ending states) is derived for sequences that are evolving under the nearly neutral model of this study. However, this expectation is sensitive to violations of its underlying assumptions as illustrated with the evolutionary simulations. This study illustrates how selection, drift, and mutation at the population level can be linked to the rate matrices of models for sequence evolution to derive an expected value of f. However, as f is affected by a number of factors that limit its biological interpretation, this factor should normally be estimated as a free parameter rather than fixed a priori in a +gwF analysis.
Replicase Genes of Murine Coronavirus Strains A59 and JHM Are Interchangeable: Differences in Pathogenesis Map to the 3′ One-Third of the Genome

The important roles of the spike protein and other structural proteins in murine coronavirus (MHV) pathogenesis have been demonstrated; however, the role of the replicase gene remains unexplored. We assessed the influence of the replicase genes of the highly neurovirulent MHV-JHM strain and the hepatotropic and mildly neurovirulent A59 strain in acute infection of the mouse. Analysis of chimeric A59/JHM recombinant viruses indicates that the replicase genes are interchangeable and that it is the 3′ end of the genome, encoding the structural proteins, rather than the replicase gene, that determines the pathogenic properties of these chimeras.
STAT3 targets suggest mechanisms of aggressive tumorigenesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that, when dysregulated, becomes a powerful oncogene found in many human cancers, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and has two major subtypes: germinal center B-cell−like and activated B–cell—like. Compared with the germinal center B-cell−like form, activated B-cell−like lymphomas respond much more poorly to current therapies and often exhibit overexpression or overactivation of STAT3. To investigate how STAT3 might contribute to this aggressive phenotype, we have integrated genome-wide studies of STAT3 DNA binding using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing with whole-transcriptome profiling using RNA-sequencing. STAT3 binding sites are present near almost a third of all genes that differ in expression between the two subtypes, and examination of the affected genes identified previously undetected and clinically significant pathways downstream of STAT3 that drive oncogenesis. Novel treatments aimed at these pathways may increase the survivability of activated B-cell−like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Novel crystalline core optical fibers

This work discusses advances in fabricating glass-clad crystalline core optical fibers. Of greatest significance is that these crystalline core fibers were produced using scalable and commercially accepted optical fiber draw processes.
On the construction of the minimum cost content-based publish/subscribe overlays

Content-based publish/subscribe overlay is gaining popularity in large-scale content distribution applications for its flexibility and anonymity. Since such overlays are built on top of diverse infrastructures, minimizing the cost of using bandwidth in the overlays is a complicated task. In this paper, we tackle this task using a combinatorial optimization approach. We assume that each user can simultaneously be publisher and subscriber, and brokers are dedicated servers. We first formulate a two-stage optimization problem, which captures the cost of routing traffic in different parts of the overlay. Our solution is obtained by separately approximating the problem of each stage and then combining the results of sub-problems. In order to achieve better results, we further propose a novel formulation based on sub-channeling and steiner tree/star problem, which simplifies the analysis of content-based routing and facilitate an intuitive randomized approximation algorithm. This algorithm is then translated into a decentralized one that dynamically adjusts the overlay connections when the network undergoes dynamisms. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms substantially reduce the cost of constructing content-based publish/subscribe overlay.
On the observed duration distribution of gamma-ray bursts from collapsars

The duration of the prompt emission of long gamma-ray bursts is generally considered to be fairly similar to the duration of the activity of the engine in the center of the progenitor star. Here, we investigate the relation between the duration of the engine activity and that of the observed light curve, using inputs from both numerical simulations and observations. We find that the observed burst duration is a good proxy for the engine duration after the time necessary for the jet to break out the star's surface is subtracted. However, the observed duration is a function of the viewing angle and can be significantly shorter than the duration of the engine activity. We also show that the observed, redshift-corrected burst duration evolves only moderately with redshift for both observations and synthetic light curves. We conclude that the broad distribution of the observed duration of long BATSE gamma-ray bursts is mostly accounted for by an engine lasting ~20 s, the dispersion being due to viewing and redshift effects. Our results do not rule out the existence of engines with very long duration. However, we find that they are constrained to be a small minority of the BATSE detected bursts.
The digital space shuttle, 3D graphics, and knowledge management

The Digital Shuttle is a knowledge management project that seeks to define symbiotic relationships between 3D graphics and formal knowledge representations (ontologies). 3D graphics provides geometric and visual content, in 2D and 3D CAD forms, and the capability to display systems knowledge. Because the data is so heterogeneous, and the interrelated data structures are complex, 3D graphics combined with ontologies provides mechanisms for navigating the data and visualizing relationships.
Stress and deformation analysis of the metal extrusion process

Abstract A complete stress analysis of a metal-forming process is necessary in order to assess the onset of metal-forming defects such as the initiation of internal or surface cracks or the generation of residual stresses. This demands elasticplastic analysis. A program to evaluate complete stress distributions has been developed and applied to the extrusion process. Such solutions have not previously been obtained for general two- and three-dimensional problems encompassing the technologically important steady state processes, although these solutions are essential for the rational assessment of limits on process variables which will ensure a satisfactory metal-forming procedure. The stress fields obtained for the extrusion process exhibit features which are consistent with the known development of extrusion defects, such as the appearance of surface cracks.
Biosynthesis of polyketides the synthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid and triacetic acid lactone in Penicillium patulum

Abstract An enzyme fraction from P. patulum has been prepared which will synthesize 6-MSA 5 and fatty acids from acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA and NADPH. The 6-MSA synthetase was purified threefold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and catalyses the formation of 0.86 nmoles of 6-MSA per minute per mg of protein. Chemical degradation of 14C-6-MSA biosynthesized from 1,3-14C-malonyl CoA, acetyl CoA and NADPH gave a ratio of 2.39 1 for the radioactivity in the aromatic ring to that in the terminal carboxyl group. This is consistent with the acetatepolymalonate origin of 6-MSA; the deviation from the theoretical value of 2 1 is probably due to malonyl CoA decarboxylase activity leading to the formation of 1-14C-acetyl CoA. The rate of synthesis of 6-MSA was generally about ten times faster than the rate of fatty acid synthesis, but this ratio varied with the preparation. The 6-MSA synthetase is inhibited by isodoacetamide and N-ethymaleimide, which suggests that the synthetase activity contains sulphydryl groups in the active sites. The 6-MSA synthetase activity is inhibited by the following acetylenic thioesters: 3-pentynoyl-NAC, 3-hexynoyl-NAC and 2-hexynoyl-NAC. The activity is not inhibited by 3-hexynoic acid. The synthesis of 6-MSA can be abolished at a concentration of 10−4 M 3-hexynoyl-NAC without affecting the synthesis of free palmitic and stearic acid. The synthesis of 6-MSA by P. patulum under in vivo conditions is also inhibited by 3-hexynoyl-NAC. The syntheses of 6-MSA and TAL (in the presence of NADPH) are inhibited to comparable extents by 5 × 10−5 M 3-hexynoyl-NAC while the synthesis of fatty acids is not inhibited below 10−4 M. The mechanism of 6-MSA synthesis is discussed in relation to the formation of TAL and to the possible mode of action of the acetylenic thioester inhibitors.
A new epacteriscid copepod (Calanoida: Epacteriscidae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, with comments on the biogeography of the family

ABSTRACT The calanoid copepod family Epacteriscidae is represented by species from tropical marine and anchialine environments. Surveys of the anchialine invertebrate fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, have resulted in a number of interesting records of crustaceans during the last decade, but no records of Epacteriscidae. However, recent collections from hypogean environments of the Yucatan have yielded specimens of a new species of the previously monotypic genus Balinella. The specimens were included in this genus by having three outer spines on the third exopodal segment of legs 3 and 4, a biramous mandibular palp, and an antennal endopod longer than the exopod, among other characters. The new species, B. yucatanensis, is described on the basis of male and female specimens collected in caves associated with three different karstic sinkholes. The new species is distinguished from its only known congener, B. ornata Fosshagen, Boxshall and Iliffe, 2001, by the strong asymmetry of the caudal rami in fe...
A New Phase of QED in Strong Coupling: A Guide for the Perplexed

Recently, Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) in strong coupling has attracted much attention. By numerical and analytical techniques it has been found that a phase transition takes place separating the “normal” (weak coupling) phase of QED from a. region where chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken in the massless limit (strong coupling). This critical point (second order phase transition) opens the possibility of a. nontrivial continuum limit for QED. In these lectures I will briefly review lattice gauge theories results in strongly coupled electrodynamics. The motivation is presented, lattice techniques and results are described and the physical interpretation of the numerical data is discussed. Many other topics like QED in three dimensions, QED in strong fields, different nonperturbative techniques, etc. are also briefly reviewed. Most, of this work has been done in collaboration with A. Kocic, J. Kogut and S. Hands.
Trader Selectivity and Measured Catch-Up Growth of American Slaves

Critics who doubt the sources and meaning of some four inches of catch-up growth claim that market-based distortions created by slave traders biased measured heights of children and adolescents. Here we analyze this possible bias using a new database of all slave manifests available at the National Archives. Employing procedures to match names of shippers with known or suspected professional traders, we find that biases in height by age due to trader selectivity were negligible relative to the four inches of catch-up growth.
DEVELOPEMENT AND APPLICATION OF LOCALIZED ARC FILAMENT PLASMA ACTUATORS FOR JET FLOW AND NOISE CONTROL

Active control of high Reynolds number and high-speed jets and consequently acoustic radiation from the jets has been hampered due to the lack of suitable actuators. Some of the attributes that would make an actuator suitable for such flows are: high amplitude; high bandwidth; small size for distribution around jet; phase-locking ability for jet azimuthal mode forcing; and sufficient ruggedness for the harsh environment of a jet exhaust system. We have been developing a class of actuators termed ‘localized arc filament plasma actuators,’ which seem to possess such characteristics. In this paper, we will present and discuss some results on the development and characterization of these actuators as well as some quite preliminary results on their applications in Mach 0.9 and ideally expanded Mach 1.3 jets with Reynolds number ~ 6x10 10. The results include limited flow images and far-field acoustic data.
Factors affecting food behavior and the quality of husbands' and wives' diets.

One hundred sixteen husband-wife couples were interviewed to determine: (a) The influence of socioeconomic factors on their food behavior and (b) the relationship between these factors and the quality of their diets. According to the respondents, important sources of influence were: Personal preference, as determined by concern for taste and nutrition; influences of the immediate family; and cost. Factors external to the family, i.e., nutrition courses, the mass media, and reference groups, were perceived as having only slight influence. Factors which were significantly related to a better diet included the influence of the wife, a concern for personal and family health, nutrition classes, and nutritional information from the mass media.
Synthesis and structural analyses of phenylethynyl-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines and their copper(II) complexes

Three new tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-based ligands possessing phenylethynyl units have been prepared using Sonogashira couplings and substitution reactions. Copper(II) complexes of those tetradentate ligands have also been synthesized. Solid-state structures of the six new compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Examination of the molecular structures of the ligands revealed the expected triangular geometries with virtually undeformed carbon–carbon triple bonds. While the tertiary nitrogen of the free ligands seem to be prevented from participation in supramolecular non-covalent interactions by the pyridyl hydrogen at the 3-position, the pyridyl nitrogens play a crucial role in the packing mode of the crystal structure. The nitrogens form weak hydrogen bonds, varied in length between 2.32 and 2.66 A, with the pyridyl hydrogen of its neighbouring molecule. The [N⋯H–C] contacts enforce one-dimensional columnar assemblies on ligands that organize into wall-like structures, which in turn assemble into three-dimensional structures through CH–π interactions. Structural analyses of Cu(II) complexes of the ligands revealed propeller-like structures caused by steric crowding of three pyridine ligands. The copper complexes of the ligands having three phenylethynyl substituents showed a remarkably deformed carbon–carbon triple bond enforced by a steric effect of the three phenyl groups. Most significantly, a total of seventy non-covalent interactions, classified into twelve types of hydrogen-involving short contacts, were identified in this study. The phenylethynyl substituent participated in forty-two interactions as a hydrogen bond acceptor, and its role was more distinctive in the crystal structures of the Cu(II) complexes.
Coupling Between Shelf-Edge Architecture and Submarine-Fan Growth Style In A Supply-Dominated Margin

The linkage between relative sea-level change, shelf-edge architecture, and evolution of Maastrichtian basin-floor fans in the Washakie Basin, Wyoming, has been investigated at the scale of lobes, lobe complexes, and submarine fans using 630 wireline logs. The basin-floor fan deposits of two adjacent clinothems form lobate shapes on the toe of slope and basin floor. The earlier lobe complexes of the two clinothems are only weakly developed (from no deposition to up to 3.9 km3 respectively in Clinothems 9 and 10), indicating small volumes of sandy sediment delivered to deep water. The lobe complexes (up to 6.4 km3 of each lobe complex) of Clinothem 9 aggraded with fixed slope channels and without strong basinward or lateral migration (40–170 m aggradation, 4–8 km progradation with 4 km lateral shift) and did so in concert with a highly aggradational shelf edge (50 m/100 ky with 5.5 km progradation) during a period of interpreted relative sea-level rise. In contrast, the deep-water lobe complexes (up to 11.5 km3 of each lobe complex) of Clinothem 10 prograded continuously for 15–18 km on the basin floor (with 60–210 m aggradation) coeval with a flattish shelf-edge progradation (25 km/100 ky with 25 m aggradation) and an interpreted minimal sea-level rise or stillstand. The depocenters of lobe complexes in Clinothem 10 switched laterally (7–14 km) by compensational stacking and slope-channel avulsions. During the late development of both clinothems, the deep-water lobe complexes became smaller (up to 1.9 and 6.1 km3 respectively in Clinothems 9 and 10) or retreated concurrently with shelf flooding. Washakie Basin deep-water fans thus evolved through stages of initiation, aggradation or progradation, and retreat of lobe complexes. The submarine-fan growth stages of these deep-water depocenters were surprisingly well linked to coeval changes in shelf-edge trajectory between successive, ca. 100 ky maximum flooding events on the shelf. We suggest that the close linkage of lobe-complex stacking pattern with shelf-edge behavior was because the Washakie Basin formed under greenhouse conditions with a continuously high, Laramide sediment discharge to the deep-water fans while the feeder deltas were at the shelf edge, despite significant sediment reworking of shelf-edge deltas by waves and tides.