cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE TACTILE DETECTION RESPONSE TASK: PRELIMINARY VALIDATION FOR MEASURING THE ATTENTIONAL EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE LOAD

Traffic crashes due to secondary task performance while driving can potentially be reduced with improved measures of the attentional effects of cognitive load. This study seeks to validate the Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT), a newly proposed measure, for assessing the attentional effects of cognitive load. Validity is tested using two task types, one that causes cognitive load (sensitivity test) and one that causes visual load (specificity test). The results of the study validate both the sensitivity and specificity of the TDRT, with sensitivity shown for a hard vs. easy cognitive task and specificity shown by a lack of sensitivity to a visual load increase for a hard vs. easy visual-manual task. Keywords: Driver distraction;
NNLSF: A fast and informative fitting method for XANES chemical mapping analysis

Full field X-ray spectroscopy imaging in NSLS-II will provide unprecedented insights into 2D/3D chemical compositions of nanomaterials. Spectra fitting which decomposes the experimental spectra data into chemical compositions plays a key role in the technique. Existing fitting methods including Brute Force (BF) and Constrained Least Square Fitting (CLSF) rest upon fitting fractions and suffer two problems: 1) loss of the thickness information; 2) demands for filtering. In this paper, we propose a new fitting method Non-Negative Least Square Fitting (NNLSF), which directly fit thicknesses instead of fractions. Our experiments in both simulation and real datasets show that, NNLSF 1) provides more information in fitting results than current approaches, 2) saves the efforts of filtering, and also 3) is 6∼96 times faster than alternatives. All the methods (BF, CLSF, NNLSF) were implemented as open-source software with a friendly GUI.
Where Science Meets the Arts

Beethoven9s Anvil Music in Mind and Culture. William Benzon. Basic Books (HarperCollins), New York, 2001. 352 pp. $27.50, £19.99. ISBN 0-465-01543-3. Exploring links between music and the brain, Benzon argues that music, dance, ritual, and religion were intermixed in early humans. He concludes that by engaging many parts of the brain, music "literally keeps the brain in tune with itself and with the brains of others."
Oral zinc reduces amyloid burden in Tg2576 mice

The aggregation of amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease can be affected by free transition metals such as copper and zinc in the brain. Addition of copper and zinc with amyloid acts to increase aggregation and copper additionally promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species. We propose that reduction of brain copper by blocking uptake of copper from the diet is a viable strategy to regulate the formation of insoluble amyloid-β in the brain of Tg2576 mice. Mice were treated with regimens of zinc acetate, which acts with metallothionein to block copper uptake in the gut, at various times along their lifespan to model prevention and treatment paradigms. We found that the mice tolerated zinc acetate well over the six month course of study. While we did not observe significant changes in cognition and behavior, there was a reduction in insoluble amyloid-β in the brain. This observation coincided with a reduction in brain copper and interestingly no change in brain zinc. Our findings show that blocking copper uptake from the diet can redistribute copper from the brain and reduce amyloid-β aggregation.
The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind

In this book, Gregory Feist reviews and consolidates the scattered literatures on the psychology of science, then calls for the establishment of the field as a unique discipline. He offers the most comprehensive perspective yet on how science came to be possible in our species and on the important role of psychological forces in an individual's development of scientific interest, talent, and creativity. Without a psychological perspective, Feist argues, we cannot fully understand the development of scientific thinking or scientific genius. The author explores the major subdisciplines within psychology as well as allied areas, including biological neuroscience and developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychology, to show how each sheds light on how scientific thinking, interest, and talent arise. He assesses which elements of scientific thinking have their origin in evolved mental mechanisms and considers how humans may have developed the highly sophisticated scientific fields we know today. In his fascinating and authoritative book, Feist deals thoughtfully with the mysteries of the human mind and convincingly argues that the creation of the psychology of science as a distinct discipline is essential to deeper understanding of human thought processes.
Gastric lipase: localization in the human stomach.

The aim of this study was to determine the range of activity and the location of lipase in the human stomach. The range of lipase activity in gastric mucosa of surgical specimens from the fundic area of 22 subjects was 594 to 3350 mU [mean, 1598 ± 144 mU tri[3H]olein, (1 mU-1nmol [3H]oleic acid released from tri[3H]olein per minute per milligram protein)]. For localization of activity, pinch biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa from 6 subjects were taken from the greater and lesser curvatures within 2 cm of the gastroesophageal junction (upper greater curvature and upper lesser curvature) and within 2 cm of the pylorus (lower greater curvature and lower lesser curvature). Lipase activity was higher in the upper greater curvature (405 ± 92 mU) than in the upper lesser curvature (32 ± 13 mU) and lowest in the antral area (16 ± 9 mU in the lower lesser curvature and 10 ± 2 mU in the lower greater curvature). The data show that in the human, lipase activity is localized primarily in the fundic area of the stomach. Comparison of the lipase activity levels in the gastric mucosa with lingual lipase activity levels in specimens of lingual serous glands indicates that in humans, gastric lipase is the main lipase active in the stomach.
Protein Calculation from Food Diaries of Adult Humans Underestimates Values Determined Using a Biological Marker

We evaluated the ability of a biological marker (nitrogen excretion expressed as protein) to accurately reflect the protein intake of 12 healthy subjects consuming a low protein diet (0.6 g protein/kg standard body wt). In this crossover study, protein intake was confirmed by chemically analyzing a duplicate of the constant diet each subject consumed for 3 d and by calculating protein content of self-selected diets recorded during two additional 3-d periods. Diet analysis matched excretion (difference 0.03 ± 0.04 g protein/kg standard body wt, means ± SEM). Self-selected intake manually calculated by subjects using educational materials matched the prescription [0.60 (0.42, 0.86) g protein/kg standard body wt, median (range)], but underestimated excretion by 0.18 ± 0.02 g protein/kg standard body wt (means ± SEM). Self-selected intake recalculated by the authors using a computerized database was only +0.05 (-0.08, +0.44) g protein/kg standard body wt higher than subjects' calculations, suggesting that discrepancies between databases and/or subject calculation errors only partially accounted for how greatly self-selected intake underestimated excretion. In a secondary analysis of self-selected intake, the three dietitian subjects consumed more energy and excreted less protein than nondietitians (137 ± 4.9 vs. 94 ± 3.5 kJ/standard body wt ; 0.72 ± 0.02 vs. 0.83 ± 0.02 g protein/kg standard body wt), suggesting that adequate energy intake and/or additional training might improve agreement between intake and excretion. Thus, discrepancies between protein excretion and reported intake may reflect factors other than willful noncompliance. J. Nutr. 125 : 2333-2340, 1995.
RFID Implementation and Enterprise Management in the Healthcare Sector

Abstract- This article presents our method of applying radio frequency identification (RFID) technology within healthcare organizations, with the key concept of treating it as a supply chain enterprise. We present past research relating to the pertinent elements, including RFID, supply chain reference model (SCOR model), healthcare supply chains. We then present our methodology for evaluating the supply chain, understanding where to possibly implement RFID, evaluate how it would impact the enterprise metrics and processes, evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of these, evaluate the cross-dependency, choose areas to proceed forward with implementation, and finally begin implementation. Additionally, we present the results of a recent company where this was implemented. Keywords- “Enterprise management”, “SCOR model”, “RFID”, healthcare, hospital.
Quantifying the Effect of the Surrogate Marker by Information Gain

Statistical validation of a surrogate marker has been studied for more than a decade. Recently, Alonso et al. (2004, Biometrics 60, 724-728) proposed a quantity called the likelihood reduction factor (LRF) to evaluate the validity of a surrogate marker. However, as pointed out in the present article, the LRF may not correctly validate a surrogate marker. Therefore, a new quantity, the proportion of information gain (PIG) using the Kullback-Leibler information, is proposed. Simulations show that under some model assumptions, the PIG precisely reflects the role of a surrogate marker.
Central Limit Theorems for the Non-Parametric Estimation of Time-Changed Lévy Models

. Let {Zt}t0 be a Levy process with Levy measure ν and let be a random clock, where g is a non-negative function and is an ergodic diffusion independent of Z. Time-changed Levy models of the form are known to incorporate several important stylized features of asset prices, such as leptokurtic distributions and volatility clustering. In this article, we prove central limit theorems for a type of estimators of the integral parameter β(ϕ):=∫ϕ(x)ν(dx), valid when both the sampling frequency and the observation time-horizon of the process get larger. Our results combine the long-run ergodic properties of the diffusion process with the short-term ergodic properties of the Levy process Z via central limit theorems for martingale differences. The performance of the estimators are illustrated numerically for Normal Inverse Gaussian process Z and a Cox–Ingersoll–Ross process .
Neuroglobin: an endogenous neuroprotectant.

Cerebral hypoxia and ischemia trigger endogenous protective mechanisms that can prevent or limit brain damage. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to new therapeutic strategies for stroke and related disorders. Neuroglobin (Ngb), a recently discovered protein that is distantly related to hemoglobin and myoglobin, is expressed predominantly in brain neurons, and appears to modulate hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Evidence includes the observations that neuronal hypoxia and cerebral ischemia induce Ngb expression, that enhancing Ngb expression reduces — and knocking down Ngb expression increases — hypoxic neuronal injury in vitro and ischemic cerebral injury in vivo, and that Ngb-overexpressing transgenic mice are resistant to cerebral infarction. However, the mechanisms that underlie hypoxic induction of Ngb and neuroprotection by Ngb are still unclear.
The sky is falling.

ONE YEAR AGO you did me the honor of selecting me president of the Western Surgical Association. I had planned an active and productive year both as your president and as your representative to the Advisory Council for Surgery of the American College of Surgeons. The Good Lord had other plans for me, however, so that I spent a quarter of the year in the intensive care unit of the University of Chicago. I extend to the membership my regrets for being less than a full-time president, and to our secretary, Dr Jon van Heerden, a heartfelt thanks for his immediate and capable assumption of the duties and chores I had left undone. I also thank so many of you for your calls, cards, notes, visits, and prayers. They worked. And thank you, Lord, for allowing me to return to my family and my profession. There is also a long
Cross-Flow Filtration Performance During the Washing of a Simulated Radioactive Waste Stream

Bechtel National, Inc. has been contracted by the Department of Energy to design a Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) to stabilize liquid radioactive waste that is stored at the Hanford Site as part of the River Protection Project (RPP). Because of its experience with radioactive waste stabilization, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) of the Westinghouse Savannah River Company is working with Bechtel and Washington Group International, to help design and test certain parts of the waste treatment facility. One part of the process is the separation of radioactive solids from the liquid wastes by cross-flow ultrafiltration. To test this process a cross-flow filter was used that was prototypic in porosity, length, and diameter, along with a simulated radioactive waste slurry, made to prototypically represent the chemical and physical characteristics of a Hanford waste in tank 241-AY-102/C-106. To mimic the filtration process the waste slurry undergoes several steps, including dewatering and washing. During dewatering the concentration of undissolved solids (UDS) of the simulated AY102/C106 waste is increased from 12 wt% to at least 20 wt%. Once at the higher concentration the waste must be washed to prepare for its eventual receipt in a High Level Radioactive Waste Melter to be vitrified. This paper describes the process of washing and filtering a batch of concentrated simulated waste in two cycles, which each containing 22 washing steps that used approximately 7.7 liters of a solution of 0.01 M NaOH per step. This will be the method used by the full-scale WTP to prepare the waste for vitrification. The first washing cycle started with the simulated waste that had a solids concentration of 20 wt% UDS. This cycle began with a permeate filter flux of 0.015 gpm/ft2 (3.68 cm/hr) at 19.6 wt% UDS with a density of 1.33 kg/L, consistency of 19.1 mPa·s, and yield stress of 8.5 Pa. At the end of the 22 washing steps the permeate filter flux increased to 0.023 gpm/ft2 (5.64 cm/hr) at 20.1 wt% UDS with a density of 1.17 kg/L, consistency of 12.6 mPa·s, and yield stress of 10.4 Pa. The average permeate filter flux during the 7 hours of Cycle 1 washing was 0.018 gpm/ft2 (4.41 cm/hr). During Cycle 2 the simulated waste started at a permeate filter flux of 0.025 gpm/ft2 (6.13 cm/hr). Note that the starting flux for Cycle 2 was greater than the ending flux for Cycle 1. The period between the cycles was approximately 12 hours. While no filtering occurred during that period either solids dissolution continued and/or the filter cake was dislodged somewhat with the stopping and starting of filter operation. At the end of the second set of 22 washing steps, the permeate filter flux increased to 0.032 gpm/ft2 (7.84 cm/hr) at 20.6 wt% UDS with a density of 1.16 kg/L, consistency of 9.0 mPa·s, and yield stress of 8.2 Pa. The average permeate filter flux during the 4 hours of Cycle 2 washing was 029 gpm/ft2 (7.11 cm/hr).© 2005 ASME
Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related pollutant exposure for the East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study

Abstract The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study is examining associations between traffic-related pollutant exposures and respiratory health among children who reside and attend schools at varied proximity to northern California freeways. Chronic exposures are being inferred from outdoor pollutant concentrations at neighborhood schools. This paper reports primarily weeklong integrated NO2 and NOX concentrations measured with passive samplers placed outside at 10 elementary schools during 14 weeks in spring and 8 weeks in fall 2001. Measurements were also made outside selected student residences to examine spatial variability within three school neighborhoods. Regional concentrations of NO2 and NOX varied widely from week to week. School site data were normalized to measurements at a nearby regional monitoring station to facilitate analysis of relative pollutant exposures at the neighborhood schools. Normalized concentrations were consistent at each school throughout the study. Schools located upwind or far downwind of freeways were generally indistinguishable from one another and regional pollution levels. For school and neighborhood sites within 350 m downwind of a freeway, concentrations increased with decreasing downwind distance. The highest normalized concentrations occurred at a school located directly adjacent to a major freeway and a shopping center. In this case, normalized NO2 and NOX were ∼60% and ∼100% higher than regional background levels. At three schools within 130–230 m downwind of a freeway, normalized NO2 and NOX were ∼20–30% and ∼50–80% higher than regional levels. Validation testing of the passive samplers indicated precision of better than 5% for both NO2 and NOX when samplers were deployed outside for 1-week periods. Passive sampler results agreed with co-located chemiluminescence measurements to within 8% for NO2 and 3% for NOX.
Slowly developing drought stress increases photosynthetic acclimation of Catharanthus roseus

Our understanding of plant responses to drought has improved over the decades. However, the importance of the rate of drought imposition on the response is still poorly understood. To test the importance of the rate at which drought stress develops, whole-plant photosynthesis (P(net) ), respiration (R(dark) ), daily carbon gain (DCG), daily evapotranspiration (DET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of vinca (Catharanthus roseus), subjected to different drought imposition rates, were investigated. We controlled the rate at which the substrate dried out with an automated irrigation system that allowed pot weight to decrease gradually throughout the drying period. Fast, intermediate and slow drying treatments reached their final pot weight [500 g, substrate water content (θ) ≈ 0.10 m³ m(-3) ] after 3.1, 6.6 and 10 days, respectively. Although all drying treatments decreased P(net) and R(dark) , slow drying reduced P(net) and R(dark) less than fast drying. At a θ < 0.10 m³ m(-3) , DCG and DET in the slow drying treatment were reduced by ≈50%, whereas DCG and DET in the fast drying treatment were reduced by 85 and 70% at a θ of 0.16 m(3) m(-3) . Plants exposed to slow drought imposition maintained a high WUE, even at θ < 0.10 m³ m(-3) . Overall, physiological responses to low θ were less severe in plants subjected to slow drying as compared with fast drying, even though the final θ was lower for plants exposed to slow drying. This suggests that the rate at which drought stress develops has important implications for the level of acclimation that occurs.
Creating accessible PDFs for conference proceedings

A responsibility we have as researchers is to disseminate the results of our research widely. A primary way we do this is through research publications. When these publications are not accessible to everyone, some readers will be excluded and the impact of our research limited. In this paper, we explore this problem in two ways. First, we report on the accessibility of 1,811 papers in the technical program of several top conferences related to accessibility and human-computer interaction. Second, we reflect on our experience making papers accessible for any CHI 2015 author who requested it. We offer thoughts on research challenges and future work that may make our community's research more accessible.
Genetic and cytokine changes associated with symptomatic stages of CLL

The pathogenesis and drug resistance of symptomatic CLL patients involves genetic changes associated with the CLL clone as well as changes within the microenvironment. To further understand these processes, we compared early stage CLL to symptomatic late stage using gene expression and serum cytokine profiling to gain insight of the genetic and microenvironment changes associated with the most severe form of the disease. Patients were classified into low stage (Rai stage 0/I/II) and high stage (Rai stage III/IV). Gene expression profiles were obtained on pretreatment samples using the HG-U133A 2.0 Affymetrix platform. A comparison of low versus high stage CLL revealed a set of 21 genes differentially expressed genes. 15 genes were up regulated in the high stage compared to low stage while 6 genes were down regulated. Analysis of GO molecular function revealed 9 of 21 genes were involved in transcription factor activity. Serum cytokine profiles showed six cytokines to be significantly different in high stage patients. Two chemokines, SDF-1/CXCL12 and uPAR known to be involved in stem cell mobilization and homing were increased in serum of high stage patients. This study has identified therapeutic targets for symptomatic CLL patients.
Direct and indirect selection for grain yield in oats (avena sativa L.)

Direct and indirect selection for increased grain yield were carried out on a population of 678 F2-derived lines of oats. A selection intensity of 10% was used with direct selection (selection for grain yield itself) and with indirect selection using three criteria, harvest index, vegetative growth rate, and the index of harvest index + vegetative growth rate. Expected gains from 1978 evaluations were compared to actual gains measured in 1980. Actual grain yield increases were 4, 8, 7, and 6% from selection via harvest index, vegetative growth rate, grain yield, and harvest index + vegetative growth rate, respectively. Thus, indirect selection via vegetative growth rate gave a greater increase in grain yield than did direct selection. Heritability values computed via components of variance ranged from 0.50 to0.57 for the three traits, harvest index, vegetative growth rate, and grain yield, whereas regression heritabilities ranged from 0.41 to 0.55. Realized heritabilities were 0.33, 1.00 and 0.89 for the three traits, respectively. Selection via all criteria caused significant changes in nearly all agronomic traits except weight per volume. Vegetative growth rate, which gave the greatest gain in grain yield, caused less drastic changes in days to anthesis, plant height, biological yield, and vegetative yield than did direct selection for grain yield.
Why Bilingual Education Policy Is Needed: A Philosophical Response to the Critics.

What role does bilingual education policy have in the educational opportunity structure for heritage language (HL) students? In what ways might bilingual education enhance students’ selfdetermination? In this article, I shall argue that the various criticisms against bilingual education policy are myopic and focused on nostalgic notions of Americanization and assimilation, which often cost heritage language students a secure sense of cultural identity, an expansive social context of choice, and consequently, their selfdetermination. When students have a secure sense of authenticity in their cultural identity, and a favorable social context within which to make important life choices, they then have the best chance of become self-determining. Thus, I examine how bilingual education policy should be justified based on the principle of selfdetermination.
Genetic engineering and lignin biosynthetic regulation in forest tree species

Genetic engineering of forest tree species is regarded as a strategy to reduce worldwide pressure on natural forests, to conserve genetic resources and ameliorate stress on global climate, and to meet growing demand for forest wood and timber products. Genetic engineering approaches toward the control or management of fungal pathogens, arthropod herbivores, bacterial and viral diseases, the use of pest resistance genes, and weed competitors are being studied. Although the production of transgenic trees is relatively recent and only a few species have been successfully genetically engineered in forest tree species, very useful and valuable information is available on the application of transgenic trees. Genes involved in important agricultural traits such as herbicide resistance, insect resistance, and wood quality have been isolated and have been used to genetically engineer trees. New technologies of plant molecular biology and genomics now make it possible high-efficient genetic improvement of forest trees. Genetic engineering promises to expand greatly the potential for genetic manipulation as new genes of commercial interest are discovered and utilized. Lignification is a process essential to the nature and evolution of vascular plants that is still poorly understood, even though it has been studied for more than a century. Recent studies on mutant and transgenic plants indicate that lignification may be far more flexible than previously realized. Rines with a mutation affecting the biosynthesis of the major lignin precursor, coniferyl alcohol, show a high level of an unusual subunit, dihydroconiferyl alcohol. It is also unusual as a plant polymer in that there are no plant enzymes for its degradation. These results have significant implications regarding the tradiational definition of lignin, and highlight the need for a better understanding of the lignin precursor biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we describe the progress made recently in genetic engineering of forest tree species.
Reproduction of the Blacktip Shark in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Reproductive and age data were collected for Blacktip Sharks Carcharhinus limbatus in the Gulf of Mexico from fishery-dependent and -independent sources from 2006 to 2011 for stock assessment. A total of 757 Blacktip Sharks were sampled for reproductive analysis (399 females, 358 males), of which 741 were aged. Additional length and age data from a previous age and growth study on Blacktip Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico (207 females, 161 males) were incorporated into the size- and age-at-maturity analyses. The results indicated that Blacktip Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico have a synchronous, seasonal reproductive cycle and that females exhibit a biennial ovarian cycle. Male and female mating and parturition peaked from March to May. Length at 50% maturity was estimated to be 105.8 and 119.2 cm FL for males and females, respectively, while age at 50% maturity was calculated as 4.8 and 6.3 years. Near-term pups averaged 38 cm FL, and gestation was approximately 12 months. Litter size was 4.5 pups per f...
Heat stress and the tuberization stimulus

Heat stress may lower potato tuber yields through reduction in the net amount of photosynthate available for total plant growth and through reduced partitioning to the tubers. The latter effect is generally more serious and is the main subject of this paper. High temperatures have much the same effect on partitioning as do long days, and there are significant genetic differences in response to both factors. Both affect the total morphology of the plant. A cutting technique may be used to rapidly screen seedling populations for reaction to temperature or photoperiod. Although progress has been made in studying the nature of the hypothetical “tuberization stimulus”, more needs to be done to clarify the physiological and biochemical changes involved during tuber induction.
Late Quaternary, redeposited loess-soil developmental sequences, South Yemen

Abstract Episodic desert loess and paleosol sequences in South Yemen provide a late Pleistocene to Holocene record of climatic change and soil development. At Sana, one paleosol based on its thickness and development formed during mid or early Holocene time in approximately four thousand years. The 2Akb horizon sample of this paleosol has a 14 C age of 7750 ± 300 years. At Ibb the 2ABtb horizon of another paleosol has a 14 C age of > 33,100 years. Deposition (silt + very fine sand + clay) for the Sana site calculates to average 110 g m −2 yr −1 and includes 3.3 g or less of CaCO 3 m −2 yr −1 This rate of desert loess and carbonate deposition is probably 2 to 5 times greater than that in the Lahontan Basin of the United States during the last 13 kyr, and about 2 to 5 times higher than that in the southwestern United States today. It is about the same as the 12 cm kyr −1 (170 g m −2 yr −1 estimated for central North Iran and the 10 cm kyr −1 (0.1 mm yr −1 estimated for the Netivot section of the Negev of Israel but some 7 to 9 times less than the rate estimated for Wisconsinan loess in Iowa. Thickness of desert loess examined and the calculated rate of deposition indicate that the crater has been receiving desert loess for at least 15 kyr, and that the crater is pre Holocene. Pedogenic development of the Camborthids and Haplargids in the ground soils and that of the argillic horizons in the Sana paleosols suggest that these soils formed in a somewhat more humid phase than the present warm-tropical, semi-arid environment. The occurrence of mollic epipedons in the Sana paleosols, but not in the ground soils is evidence of a more humid past climate (mid or early Holocene). The Ibb paleosol, which formed at least partly during a more humid part of the late Pleistocene, is even more strongly developed than the mid or early Holocene Sana paleosols.
CT evaluation of gallstones in vitro: correlation with chemical analysis.

With the advent of chemical dissolution and lithotripsy for the treatment of gallstones, use of imaging techniques to determine the chemical composition of gallstones has become important. In vitro CT scans were performed on gallstones removed at surgery from 70 patients. The CT appearances were as follows: dense (20%), faint (10%), isodense with saline (nonvisualized) (26%), rimmed (30%), and laminated (14%). Stones from 50 patients were subjected to chemical analysis, and the results were compared with the appearance of the stones on CT. Among stones grouped by CT appearance, a significant difference in cholesterol content was found, but calcium content did not differ significantly among most groups. The inverse correlation between CT attenuation values and cholesterol was stronger (r = -.82) than the correlation between CT attenuation values and calcium (r = .64). The results show that gallstones can be divided into those with high cholesterol content and those with low cholesterol content on the basis...
Molecular Interactions and Functionality of a Cold-Gelling Soy Protein Isolate

A soy protein isolate (SPI) was thermally denatured at a critical concentration of 8% protein for 3 h at 95 degrees C, resulting in a powder that was readily reconstituted at ambient temperature and that demonstrated improved heat stability and cold-set gel functionality when compared to a control SPI. When SPI was heated at 3% protein equivalently, prior to reconstitution to 8% protein, the final viscosity was about 3 orders of magnitude less than the original sample. The viscosity of SPI heated at 3% protein was still nearly 2 orders of magnitude less than the original sample after both samples were reheated at 8% protein. These results suggested that heat denaturation at low protein concentrations limited network formation even after the protein concentration and interaction sites increased, impacting the isolate's cold gelling ability. Gelation was prevented upon treatment of SPI with iodoacetamide, which carbaminomethylated the cysteine residues, establishing the role of disulfide bonds in network formation. The viscosity of the 8% protein dispersion was also reduced by 2 orders of magnitude when treated with 8 M urea, and when combined with 10 mM DTT the gel viscosity was decreased by another order of magnitude. These results suggested that hydrophobic interactions played a primary role in gel strength after disulfide bonds form. The need for a higher concentration of protein during the heating step indicated that the critical disulfide bonds are intermolecular. Ultimately, the functionality produced by these protein-protein interactions produced a powdered soy protein isolate ingredient with consistent cold-set and thermal gelation properties.
Privacy advocacy groups versus Intel: a case study of how social movements are tactically using the Internet to fight corporations

In the wake of 1999, three privacy advocacy groups waged a campaign against Intel’s controversial launch of the Pentium III® processor. Approached as a case study, the conflict between the privacy groups and Intel demonstrates how social movements manipulate the Internet to their advantage when fighting powerful organizations. This article follows the presentation of each of the five strategic dimensions in Charles Euchner’s revised model—time, place, force, mind, and culture—with the Internet tactics used by the privacy advocates in the realm of each dimension. After a description of all the new cyber-protest tactics used in this campaign, an evaluation of both the groups’ success and Intel’s handling of the crisis is provided. The events surrounding the Melissa virus are mentioned due to important similarities and differences between the two cases. Concluding the article is a discussion of how the new protesting capabilities in the hands of social movements change existing paradigms for them as well as ...
A methodology for integrating heterogeneous data bases in a hospital environment

Abstract The proliferation of advanced information technology into hospitals has enhanced the development of a wide variety of applications in a hospital environment. One of the pitfalls of this trend is the fragmentation of a hospital's applications portfolio among separate, stand-alone systems in different computing environments. This usually results in a heterogeneous data base environment that limits the ability to share data among various users in a hospital. This paper describes the problem of heterogeneous data bases, discusses the need for an integrated hospital information system and provides a five-step methodology for integrating heterogeneous data bases in a hospital environment. Its goal is to provide data base integators with a systematic approach and an understanding of the issues involved for successful integration. The scope of this methodology facilitates bottom-up integration of medical, administrative, and fiscal information elements of a hospital into a unified environment.
Intermittent and continuous cocaine administration: residual behavioral states during withdrawal.

Abstract Rats were pretreated with 40 mg/kg/day cocaine for 14 days by either subcutaneous injections or osmotic minipumps. Rats were then withdrawn from the pretreatment regime for 1 or 7 days and given a 20-mg/kg IP cocaine challenge (day 1) or a 0-, 20-, 40-, or 40-mg/kg IP cocaine challenge (day 7). The results indicate that rats receiving intermittent, daily injections exhibited sensitization to the behavioral effects of a cocaine challenge on days 1 and 7 of withdrawal. In contrast, rats receiving continuous cocaine exhibited tolerance to the behavioral effects of a cocaine challenge on days 1 and 7 of withdrawal. The present results support and extend previous research that indicates that the route and temporal pattern of administration influences the effects of chronic cocaine. Furthermore, the present results indicate that the continuous infusion paradigm may represent an alternative animal model of some aspects of high-dose cocaine abuse, as compared to the typical procedure of single, or multiple, daily cocaine injections.
Imaging for Uterine Myomas and Adenomyosis

Uterine myomas and adenomyosis are common findings, in particular in patients with symptoms of abdominal enlargement, pelvic pressure, abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. Diagnosis and differentiation between the 2 entities are critical in establishing treatment options and the operative approach for surgical management. Herein are reviewed diagnostic options, their relative accuracy, and the effect of accurate diagnosis on treatment. A review was performed using PubMed, MdConsult, OVID, and reviews including cross-referenced articles and prospective and retrospective studies published from 1980 to 2013. Also reviewed are use of ultrasound with its various methods, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis, pretreatment evaluation, and differentiation of myomas and adenomyosis.
Beyond the Teachable Moment

IOMEDICAL RESEARCH IS ADVANCING AT A FANTASTIC pace, regularly yielding new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches. “Personalized medicine” at last seems to be a realistic research product in the not-too-distant future. Yet despite great biomedical advances that continue to be applauded by the public, there isincreasedtensioninthebroaderrelationshipbetweenscience and the rest of society. This tension is a symptom of at least 2 factors: a lack of understanding by the general public related to the nature of science and scientific evidence, with a concomitant reluctance to demand an evidence base for medical treatments and the increasing encroachment of science on issues related to core human values and beliefs. Forsciencetotrulyservesociety,biomedicalscientistsneed to take advantage of all opportunities to engage more fully with the public.
Stability of extemporaneously prepared sodium phenylbutyrate oral suspensions.

Purpose. In an effort to minimize barriers to compliance and adherence and to improve the accuracy of dosage measurement, sugar-containing and sugar-free sodium phenylbutyrate suspensions were formulated, and the stability of these products over a 90-day period was determined. Methods. An oral suspension of sodium phenylbutyrate 200 mg/mL was prepared by thoroughly grinding 12 g of Sodium Phenylbutyrate Powder, USP, in a glass mortar. Thirty milliliters of Ora-Plus and 30 mL of either Ora-Sweet or Ora-Sweet SF were mixed and added to the powder to make a final volume of 60 mL. Three identical samples of each formulation were prepared and placed in 2-oz amber plastic bottles with child-resistant caps and were stored at room temperature. A 500-μL sample was withdrawn from each of the six bottles with a micropipette immediately after preparation and at 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days. After further dilution to an expected concentration of 100 μg/mL with the mobile phase, the samples were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Stability was defined as the retention of at least 90% of the initial concentration. Results. At least 95% of the initial sodium phenylbutyrate concentration remained throughout the 90-day study period in both preparations. There were no detectable changes in color, odor, taste, and pH and no visible microbial growth in any sample. Conclusion. Extemporaneously compounded suspensions of sodium phenylbutyrate, 200 mg/mL, in a 1:1 mixture of Ora-Plus and Ora-Sweet or Ora-Sweet SF were stable for at least 90 days when stored in 2-oz amber plastic bottles at room temperature.
On magnetically induced orientation and self-organization in ferrofluids

Abstract Magnetic field-induced anisotropy of diluted ferrofluid γ-Fe 2 O 3 has been studied by optical and magnetic resonance methods. The angular and field dependences obtained in the optical experiments were found to be similar to those obtained by electron magnetic resonance. It was shown that the model accounting for an individual nanoparticle anisotropy as a main source of the field-induced anisotropy does not describe experimental data, and the formation of chains through dipole–dipole interaction must be taken into account.
Differential interaction of ADP-ribosylation factors 1, 3, and 5 with rat brain Golgi membranes.

Abstract Six mammalian ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) identified by cDNA cloning were expressed as recombinant proteins (rARFs) that stimulated cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Microsequencing of soluble ARFs I and II (sARFs I and II), purified from bovine brain, established that they are ARFs 1 and 3, respectively. Rabbit antibodies (IgG) against sARF II reacted similarly with ARFs 1, 2, and 3 (class I) on Western blots. ARFs 1 and 3 were distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities. Antiserum against rARF 5 cross-reacted partially with rARF 4 but not detectably with rARF 6 and minimally with class I ARFs. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[gamma S]) increased recovery of ARF activity and immunoreactivity in organelle fractions separated by density gradient centrifugation, after incubation of rat brain homogenate with ATP and a regenerating system. ARF 1 accumulated in microsomes plus Golgi and Golgi fractions, whereas ARF 5 seemed to localize more specifically in Golgi; the smaller increment in ARF 3 was distributed more evenly among fractions. On incubation of Golgi with a crude ARF fraction, GTP[gamma S], and an ATP-regenerating system, association of ARF activity with Golgi increased with increasing ATP concentration paralleled by increases in immunoreactive ARFs 1 and 5 and, to a lesser degree, ARF 3. Golgi incubated with GTP[gamma S] and purified ARF 1 or 3 bound more ARF 1 than ARF 3. Based on immunoreactivity and assay of ARF activity, individual ARFs 1, 3, and 5 appeared to behave independently and selectively in their GTP-dependent association with Golgi in vitro.
Continuous wave terahertz transmission imaging through near-field aperture funnels

We report high throughput, continuous wave terahertz imaging using a near-field funnel aperture with adjustable output diameter. The frequency dependence of the output power and resolution immediately following the aperture are reported, as are the propagation and resolution characteristics as a function of distance from the aperture.
Energy and power characteristics of lithium-ion cells

Abstract We describe below the electrochemical performance characteristics of cylindrical (18 650) and prismatic (48.26×25.4×7.62) lithium-ion cells at ambient and sub-ambient temperatures. Ragone plots of power and energy data for these cells are compared, and indicate that at room temperature, the ∼500 mAh prismatic lithium-ion cells exhibit higher specific power and power density than the ∼1100 mAh cylindrical cells. Over the temperature range from 35 to −20°C, the cell impedance is almost constant for both cell types. These cells at 100% state-of-charge (s.o.c.) show very little voltage drop for current pulses up to 1 A.
Photomechanics of light-activated polymers

Abstract Light-activated polymers are an exciting class of modern materials that respond mechanically when irradiated by light at particular wavelengths. While details of the mechanisms that connect the optical excitation to mechanical behavior are complex and differ from material to material, there is sufficient commonality among them to permit the development of a generalized modeling framework to describe the photomechanics. The features shared by light-activated polymers involve light interacting with the material, which triggers photochemical reactions that alter the structure of the crosslinked polymer network. Many such structural alterations result in an evolution of the polymer network, and subsequent macroscopic deformation. When this process is appropriately executed it can enable a photomechanical shape-memory effect. In this paper, we develop a three-dimensional finite-deformation modeling framework to describe the photomechanical response of light-activated polymer systems. This framework integrates four coupled phenomena that contribute to macroscopic photomechanical behavior: photophysics, photochemistry, chemomechanical coupling, and mechanical deformation. The chemomechanical coupling consists of chemically induced structural alterations of the crosslinked network that result in subsequent deformation. We describe this behavior through a decomposition of the crosslinked network into two components consisting of an original network and a photochemically altered network; both evolve during photomechanical deformation. The modeling framework presented in this paper is sufficiently general that it is applicable to light-activated polymer systems that operate with various mechanisms in each of the four areas. Using this modeling approach, we develop constitutive models for two recently developed light-activated polymer systems [Lendlein, A., Hongyan, J., Junger, O., Langer, R., 2005. Light-induced shape-memory polymers. Nature 434 (7035) 879; Scott, T.F., Schneider, A.D., Cook, W.D., Bowman, C.N., 2005. Photoinduced plasticity in crosslinked polymers. Science 308 (5728) 1615]. For the material developed by Scott and his co-workers we validate our model by measuring and numerically simulating photo-induced stress relaxation and bending deformation and obtain good agreement between measurements and predictions. Finally, we use the model to study the effects of photomechanical parameters (applied strain magnitude, irradiation time and intensity, and photoabsorber concentration) and the behavior of the network evolution rule on the material response.
A method of invaginating the facial vein for inferior alveolar nerve repair.

Autogenous vein grafting has been previously described as a successful method of bridging defects in the inferior alveolar and peripheral nerves.1,2 Neuronal elements are able to grow along the lumen of the vein graft. However, animal studies have shown that the contact between the endothelial cells of the transplanted venous segment and nervous tissue initiates the development of connective tissue and may cause constriction of the nerve. This process may begin before axons can regenerate and compromise full regeneration of the nerve. Collagen and laminin have been shown to promote nerve regeneration. The vein wall consists of 3 layers: the endothelial layer containing a laminin-rich basal lamina, the media containing a thin muscle layer that is also rich in laminin, and the adventitia that is rich in collagen. Turning the vein inside-out such that the adventitia forms the lumen of the conduit has been shown in animal studies to expose the regenerating axons directly to the collagen-rich adventitia, allowing permeability of external factors and trophic and neurite-promoting factors that line the adventitia.3,4 Invaginated vein grafts have been reported to significantly increase regenerative axonal counts, with greater extent of early myelination and richer blood supply compared with conventional nerve grafting and standard vein grafts.4-6 In electromyographic studies on inside-out vein grafts, Wang et al5 showed faster conduction velocities compared with nerve grafting, the gold standard of peripheral nerve gap repair. Therefore, in theory, inverting the vein may release the full potential growth of the nerve fascicles anastomosed to the vessel. The following is a method for the inversion of small-caliber veins (eg, the facial vein) that we have successfully used. An 18-gauge angiocatheter with saline syringe is
Transferrin-oligomers as potential carriers in anticancer drug delivery.

Purpose. To investigate if the cross-linking of transferrin receptor (TfR) induced by Tf-oligomers alters the endocytosis of receptor-ligand complexes in cultured tumor cells and hence increases intracellular drug release.
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoworms for Tumor Targeting and Imaging.

The application of nanotechnology to medicine is providing new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.[1–14] Ultrasensitive imaging for early detection of cancers and efficient delivery of therapeutics to malignant tumors are two primary goals in cancer bionanotechnology; however, the development of nontoxic, functional nanoparticles that can successfully home to tumors presents some significant challenges. Dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles are of particular interest because they show relatively low toxicity and long circulation, and dramatically enhance hydrogen T2 relaxation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[5,11,15–20] The clinical power of these materials may be amplified by improving MRI relaxivity, blood circulation times, and the homing of such nanoparticles to tumors. Efforts to increase MRI sensitivity have focused on development of new magnetic core materials,[6,12] or on improvements in nanoparticle size[21] or clustering.[7,22] However, most efforts to improve the morphological characteristics of these nanoparticles have resulted in materials with relatively short circulation half-lives owing to incomplete additional hydrophilic coatings.[6,12,21]