cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A random coefficient probit model with an application to a study of migration.

Abstract This paper extends the ordered response polytomous probit model to a possibly more realistic framework in which the coefficients are allowed to be random. The new method is then used to analyze family migration behavior. It is seen that the new method allows us to make inferences that were not possible in the fixed coefficient model.
How Ant Nests Increase Soil Biota Richness and Abundance: A Field Experiment

Although many studies have shown that ant nests tend to increase soil nutrient concentrations, only a few have examined ant impact on soil biota. To date, no one has examined the mechanism behind this complex ‘ant effect.’ In this study, we employed a 2 × 2 complete factorial design (water × food) in the field to mimic the effects of harvester ant nests (Messor andrei) on soil. We hypothesized that, in the absence of ants, addition of moisture and food (seeds and insects) would interact to produce conditions found in ant nests. Our results indicated that the addition of food to the soil (regardless of water addition) best mimicked the conditions found inside M. andrei nests. Both food-treated and ant-nest soils supported higher numbers of bacteria, nematodes, miscellaneous eukaryotes, and microarthropods compared to the other soil treatments. Microbial richness was also highest in ant and food-treated samples. Moreover, the ant effect in our experiment occurred in just two months. Because ants are a widespread, abundant group with many long-lived species, they could substantially influence soil properties and belowground food webs and may have important restoration/conservation implications for terrestrial communities.
Computer Simulations: An Overview of Monte Carlo Methods for Fluid Simulation

In computational studies of complex fluids, Monte Carlo simulations play a valuable role. Such simulations can be divided into two classes: those related to efficient data analysis and those aimed at improving the samples' statistical quality.
Effects of Succession on Nitrogen Export in the West-Central Cascades, Oregon

This study examined impacts of succession on N export from 20 headwater stream systems in the west central Cascades of Oregon, a region of low anthropogenic N inputs. The seasonal and successional patterns of nitrate (NO3−N) concentrations drove differences in total dissolved N concentrations because ammonium (NH4−N) concentrations were very low (usually < 0.005 mg L−1) and mean dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were less variable than nitrate concentrations. In contrast to studies suggesting that DON levels strongly dominate in pristine watersheds, DON accounted for 24, 52, and 51% of the overall mean TDN concentration of our young (defined as predominantly in stand initiation and stem exclusion phases), middle-aged (defined as mixes of mostly understory reinitiation and older phases) and old-growth watersheds, respectively. Although other studies of cutting in unpolluted forests have suggested a harvest effect lasting 5 years or less, our young successional watersheds that were all older than 10 years still lost significantly more N, primarily as NO3−N, than did watersheds containing more mature forests, even though all forest floor and mineral soil C:N ratios were well above levels reported in the literature for leaching of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. The influence of alder may contribute to these patterns, although hardwood cover was quite low in all watersheds; it is possible that in forested ecosystems with very low anthropogenic N inputs, even very low alder cover in riparian zones can cause elevated N exports. Only the youngest watersheds, with the highest nitrate losses, exhibited seasonal patterns of increased summer uptake by vegetation as well as flushing at the onset of fall freshets. Older watersheds with lower N losses did not exhibit seasonal patterns for any N species. The results, taken together, suggest a role for both vegetation and hydrology in N retention and loss, and add to our understanding of N cycling by successional forest ecosystems influenced by disturbance at various spatial and temporal scales in a region of relatively low anthropogenic N input.
The 2003 ASBMB-Avanti Award in Lipids Address: Applications of novel synthetic lipids to biological problems.

Abstract This paper is an overview of the 2003 Avanti Award in Lipids address that was presented by Robert Bittman at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) Annual Meeting held in San Diego, CA in conjunction with meetings of five other FASEB Societies, April 15, 2003. The theme of the lecture is: “How can the chemical synthesis of unnatural lipids provide insights into problems ranging from cell biology to biophysics?” The following examples are presented: (1) novel ceramide analogs as experimental anticancer agents, (2) photoactivatable sphingosine 1-phosphate analogs as probes of protein targets of this bioactive lipid, (3) a 13 C -enriched cerebroside as a quantitative probe of glycosphingolipid (GSL) transbilayer distribution in bilayers with and without sphingomyelin, (4) cis and trans unsaturated sphingomyelin analogs as modulators of the existence of cholesterol-enriched microdomains (rafts) that may facilitate fusion of alphaviruses with target membranes, (5) ceramide as an indirect enhancer of the permeabilization of membranes induced by cholesterol-specific cytolysins, (6) fluorescent GSL analogs of widely disparate structure as probes of the molecular features responsible for the selective internalization of GSLs in caveolae of living mammalian cells, (7) enantiomeric lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) analogs as probes of receptor subtypes that mediate LPA signaling, and (8) phosphonocholine analogs of the antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 as tools for discerning the primary targets that are critical for cytotoxic activity in tumor cells.
DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH N-METHYL BENZOTHIAZOLONE HYDRAZONE.

Abstract N -Methyl benzothiazolone hydrazone reacts with various carbonyl compounds. The azine and “osazine” derivatives formed under defined conditions have characteristic spectra which permit the identification of saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, keto acids, and many other related compounds in a simple spectrophotometric assay. The azines of aldehydes can be further reacted with the oxidized form of MBTH to give rise to tetraazopentamethine cyanine dyes used in a colorimetric procedure. The sensitivity of both methods is such that microgram amounts of a carbonyl compound can be identified and measured rapidly and accurately. Since carbohydrates having pyranose structures are unreactive in the colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods, many aldehydes and ketones can be measured in their presence.
A Step towards Energy Efficient Computing: Redesigning a Hydrodynamic Application on CPU-GPU

Power and energy consumption are becoming an increasing concern in high performance computing. Compared to multi-core CPUs, GPUs have a much better performance per watt. In this paper we discuss efforts to redesign the most computation intensive parts of BLAST, an application that solves the equations for compressible hydrodynamics with high order finite elements, using GPUs BLAST, Dobrev. In order to exploit the hardware parallelism of GPUs and achieve high performance, we implemented custom linear algebra kernels. We intensively optimized our CUDA kernels by exploiting the memory hierarchy, which exceed the vendor's library routines substantially in performance. We proposed an auto tuning technique to adapt our CUDA kernels to the orders of the finite element method. Compared to a previous base implementation, our redesign and optimization lowered the energy consumption of the GPU in two aspects: 60% less time to solution and 10% less power required. Compared to the CPU-only solution, our GPU accelerated BLAST obtained a 2.5× overall speedup and 1.42× energy efficiency (green up) using 4th order (Q_4) finite elements, and a 1.9× speedup and 1.27× green up using 2nd order (Q2) finite elements.
Collisions of relativistic clusters and the formation of black holes.

We perform numerical simulations of head-on collisions of relativistic clusters. The cluster particles interact only gravitationally, and so satisfy the collisionless Boltzmann equation in general relativity. We construct and follow the evolution of three classes of initial configurations: spheres of particles at rest; spheres of particles boosted towards each other; and spheres of particles in circular orbits about their respective centers. In the first two cases, the spheres implode towards their centers and may form black holes before colliding. These scenarios thus can be used to study the head-on collision of two black holes. In the third case the clusters are initially in equilibrium and cannot implode. In this case collision from rest leads either to coalescence and virialization, or collapse to a black hole. This scenario is the collisionless analog of colliding neutron stars in relativistic hydrodynamics.
Positional plagiocephaly: an analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of current guidelines

Object. Positional plagiocephaly (PP) has been on the rise in recent years. In this review, the authors’ aim was to assess the effectiveness of current recommendations to parents on this exceedingly common problem through a comprehensive literature search. Additionally, the current treatment options and the most recent studies on PP are reviewed. Methods. A search of the existing literature was conducted to obtain all relevant studies on guidelines, recommendations, parental and clinician practices, and epidemiological aspects. Results. Although the incidence and risk factors for PP have been well delineated, there continues to be debates on its management and association with developmental delays. Current guidelines and recommendations on prevention set by the American Association of Pediatrics may not be easily followed by both parents and clinicians. There is also evidence that certain populations, including those with lower education, socioeconomic status, and in particular geographic regions may be more affected by the condition. Additionally, the marketing and financial aspects of PP treatments exist and should be addressed. Conclusions. Better awareness and education are necessary to inform the population as a whole, although certain populations should be given special attention. Additionally, current guidelines and recommendations can be modified to foster a better grasp of the condition by both parents and clinicians. Adjusting current recommendations, introducing initiatives, and offering elaborate educational campaigns would help deliver these aims. Educating parents on PP as early as possible through clearer guidelines and close monitoring is central to preventing and managing this common condition.
Optimal dynamic pricing of inventories with stochastic demand over finite horizons

In many industries, managers face the problem of selling a given stock of items by a deadline. We investigate the problem of dynamically pricing such inventories when demand is price sensitive and stochastic and the firm's objective is to maximize expected revenues. Examples that fit this framework include retailers selling fashion and seasonal goods and the travel and leisure industry, which markets space such as seats on airline flights, cabins on vacation cruises, and rooms in hotels that become worthless if not sold by a specific time. We formulate this problem using intensity control and obtain structural monotonicity results for the optimal intensity resp., price as a function of the stock level and the length of the horizon. For a particular exponential family of demand functions, we find the optimal pricing policy in closed form. For general demand functions, we find an upper bound on the expected revenue based on analyzing the deterministic version of the problem and use this bound to prove that simple, fixed price policies are asymptotically optimal as the volume of expected sales tends to infinity. Finally, we extend our results to the case where demand is compound Poisson; only a finite number of prices is allowed; the demand rate is time varying; holding costs are incurred and cash flows are discounted; the initial stock is a decision variable; and reordering, overbooking, and random cancellations are allowed.
Library Orientation And Instruction—1981

The following annotated bibliography of materials on orienting users to libraries and on instructing them in the use of reference and other resources covers publications from 1981. A few items from 1980 have been included because information about them was not available in time for the 1980 listing. A few items have not been annotated because the compiler was unable to secure copies of these items.
Leadership in extreme contexts: A groupthink analysis of the May 1996 Mount Everest disaster.

Groupthink, as traditionally conceived, is a failure in group decision making that occurs in highly cohesive groups. In the current case study, we propose an alternative potential form of groupthink in which the group's cohesiveness results from the shared pursuit of a collective goal rather than from strong interpersonal bonds between members. Our model, recognizing the multifaceted nature of cohesion, assumes that a group whose members are united in pursuit of a valued collective goal while guided by a directive leader may experience breakdowns in the decision process. Specifically, drawing on reviews of personal accounts, media descriptions, online interviews, and past empirical papers, we propose that the May 1996 Mount Everest disaster can be understood in part from a groupthink perspective. Applications for the proposed model are discussed, along with implications for leaders seeking to improve organizational decision-making practices.
PATH PROPERTIES OF THE LINEAR MULTIFRACTIONAL STABLE MOTION

The linear multifractional stable motion (LMSM) processes Y = {Y(t)}t∈ℝ is an α-stable (0 < α < 2) stochastic process, which exhibits local self-similarity, has heavy tails and can have skewed distributions. The process Y is obtained from the well-known class of linear fractional stable motion (LFSM) processes by replacing their self-similarity parameter H by a function of time H(t). We show that the paths of Y(t) are bounded on bounded intervals only if 1/α ≤ H(t) < 1, t ∈ ℝ. In particular, if 0 < α ≤ 1, then Y has everywhere discontinuous paths, with probability one. On the other hand, Y has a version with continuous paths if H(t) is sufficiently regular and 1/α < H(t), t ∈ ℝ. We study the Holder regularity of the sample paths when these are continuous and establish almost sure bounds on the pointwise and uniform pointwise Holder exponents of the (random) function Y(t,ω), t ∈ ℝ, in terms of the function H(t) and its corresponding Holder exponents. The Gaussian multifractional Brownian motion (MBM) processes are LMSM processes when α = 2. We obtain some new results on the Holder regularity of their paths.
Relaxation of in-plane and out-of-plane oH2 pairs

Previous measurements of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time for nearest neighbor oH2 pairs have been analyzed. The analysis has yielded the relaxation time for both in-plane and out-of-plane pair configurations. The relaxation time for the in-plane pairs was found to be 97ms and that for out-of-plane pairs was 12 ms. An analysis of the pair signal amplitude versus time indicated that the equilibrium time constant for the formation of in-plane pairs was over an order of magnitude longer than that for out-of-plane pairs.
Hybridization analysis of RNA transported from rat liver nuclei in response to 35 kDa normal and 60 kDa messenger RNA transport factors.

Abstract The transport of messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to normal adult (35 kDa) and oncofetal (60 kDa) transport factors has been studied in a reconstituted cell-free system. Poly(A) + mRNA sequences transported by the 35 kDa and 60 kDa transport factors were compared by cDNA:RNA hybridization kinetics. Heterologous hybridization reactions indicated that a proportion of messengers transported in response to the 35 kDa factor were absent or at a markedly reduced abundance in the mRNA released by the 60 kDa factor. Recombinant DNA probes containing cDNA inserts were used to quantitate transport of rat-liver-specific α 2 μ -globulin and albumin mRNA from isolated nuclei in presence of the normal and tumor-specific transport factors. More α 2 μ -globulin and albumin messenger sequences were transported in response to the 35 kDa transport factor as compared to the 60 kDa factor. These results indicate that the 35 kDa transport protein isolated from rat liver cytosol and the 60 kDa transport protein isolated from hepatoma cytosol, differ significantly in specificity for the classes of RNA sequences released from nuclei. Monoclonal antibodies against the 60 kDa factor do not cross-react with the 35 kDa factor or other proteins as determined by the immunobioassay and by the Western blot technique.
Response by Dr Molloy

We agree with Parr et al. that our finding of linkage to 21q in relative pairs affected with autism and regression needs to be replicated. However, it is our hypothesis that regression represents a modification of disease presentation that may not be present in all relatives affected by autism. The goal of our study was to identify markers that segregated with regression. Thus, it was important to examine only those pairs concordant for regression. In this study, Parr and colleagues examined 86 autism affected relative pairs in which at least one had a history of regression, but only 12 of those pairs were concordant. They found no evidence of linkage, and this concurs with our analysis of the larger AGRE data set of affected relative pairs in which one or both had a history of regression (n=136). Defining the phenotype as autism in this group, we found only nominal evidence of linkage on chromosome 21. It is our hope that the large consortiums for genetic studies of autism will accrue large enough samples to conduct an analysis of affected relative pairs concordant for autism and regression that would replicate our study.
β-Secretase (BACE) as a drug target for alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Evidence suggests that the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is central to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Amyloid plaques, primarily composed of Aβ, progressively develop in the brains of AD patients, and mutations in three genes (APP, PS1, and PS2) cause early on-set familial AD (FAD) by increasing synthesis of the toxic Aβ42 peptide. Given the strong association between Aβ and AD, therapeutic strategies to lower the concentration of Aβ in the brain should prove beneficial for the treatment of AD. Aβ is a proteolytic product of the large TypeI membrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP). Two proteases, called β- and γ-secretase, cleave APP to generate the Aβ peptide. For over a decade, the molecular identities of these proteases were unknown. Recently, the γ-secretase has been tentatively identified as the presenilin proteins, PS1 and PS2, and the β-secretase has been shown to be the novel transmembrane aspartic protease, β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1; also called Asp2 and memapsin2). BACE2, a novel protease homologous to BACE1, was also identified, and the two BACE enzymes define a new family of transmembrane aspartic proteases. BACE1 exhibits all the properties of the β-secretase, and as the key enzyme that initiates the formation of Aβ, BACE1 is an attractive drug target for AD. This review discusses the identification and initial characterization of BACE1 and BACE2, and summarizes our current understanding of BACE1 post-translational processing and intracellular trafficking. Finally, recent studies of BACE1 knockout mice, the BACE1 X-ray structure, and implications for BACE1 drug development will be discussed.
A comment on the reactivity of methoxymethyl (mom) and β-methoxyethoxymethyl (mem) esters.

Abstract A cumulative negative inductive effect, not internal chelation of metal ions, is invoked to explain the enhanced reactivity of MEM and MOM esters.
Raman spectroscopic study of barium fluorapatite

Abstract The vibrations of phosphate (PO−34) ions in single crystals of hexagonal Ba5(PO4)3F (B-FAP) have been investigated by means of polarized Raman scattering and compared to Raman frequencies observed in fluoroapatite analogs Sr5(PO4)3F (S-FAP) and Ca5(PO4)3F (FAP). The Raman vibrational frequencies decrease upon substitution of Ba2+ for Sr2+ or Ca2+ in the lattice, asymtotically approaching the Raman frequencies for vibrations of the free ion. Splitting of the vibrational Raman frequencies is also observed. The observed splitting is in accord with predictions made by a group theory analysis of the factor group of the unit cell. The effects of the host lattice environment on the magnitude of the Davydov splittings and frequency shifts of crystals within the fluorapatite structure are demonstrated to be inversely proportional to the unit cell volume and proportional to the crystal field in the host crystal.
Reduced PDX-1 expression impairs islet response to insulin resistance and worsens glucose homeostasis.

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and an inadequate pancreatic β-cell response to the demands of insulin resistance lead to impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Pancreatic du...
Development and utilization of a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel to assign NotI linking probes to the long arm of human chromosome 6

A somatic cell hybrid mapping panel that defines seven regions of the long arm and one region of the short arm of human chromosome 6 has been developed. Utilizing this panel, 17 NotI boundary clones from a NotI linking library were regionally assigned to the long arm of chromosome 6. The majority of these clones (11) were found to localize within band regions 6q24-q27. The nonuniform distribution of NotI sites may indicate a cluster of HTF islands and likely represents a coincidence of coding sequences in this region of chromosome 6. Cross-hybridization of these linking clones to DNA from other species (zoo blots) provides further evidence for transcribed sequences in 7 of the NotI clones. These NotI clones were also used to identify corresponding NotI fragments using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, facilitating further physical mapping of this region. Finally, regional assignment of five polymorphic probes to the long arm of chromosome 6 is also presented. These hybrids and probes should facilitate the construction of a physical and genetic linkage map to assist in the identification of disease loci along chromosome 6.
In vivo pump-probe microscopy of melanoma: characterizing shifts in excited state photodynamics with respect to invasiveness

Pump-probe microscopy is a multiphoton technique that generates molecular contrast from absorptive pigments, such as melanin. It holds the potential to be used as a non-invasive screening tool to discern whether a given early-stage melanoma has acquired the capacity for metastasis. Here, we examined lesions in a Braf(V600E)-driven model of melanoma to assess whether loss of the tumor suppressor gene Pten in a is accompanied by a shift in pigment expression, as measured in vivo by pump-probe microscopy. The data were analyzed to determine differences in the excited-state lifetime of melanins expressed in Pten-competent and Pten-loss pigmented lesions. Loss of the tumor suppressor Pten was found to be accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in pixel-average excited state lifetime (p = 1.3e-4).
Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges: Implications for Policy and Practice.

This study examines factors associated with community college transfer rates. Regression models are developed using community college data at the institution level. The analyses employ two different definitions of the transfer rate and two different time spans over which to observe transfer behavior. Holding constant other factors expected to influence differences in transfer rates, the results reveal disparities in transfer rates according to the racial/ethnic composition of the student body. Community colleges with higher percentages of either Latino or African American students have lower 6-year transfer rates. The findings also confirm the results of other studies: community colleges with higher transfer rates tend to have younger student populations, students with higher socioeconomic status and better academic preparation, and a greater focus on academic programs. The important policy implications of these findings for states where the percentages of students of color are increasing are discussed.
A tutorial on the extended perturbation analysis

Abstract In this paper, we explain the simple idea of infinitesimal and extended perturbation analysis, the motivation of the new technique, the difficulties, as well as the advantages and contributions.
Time course of histological progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the time course over which patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) progress through the histological stages of the disease. METHODS: One hundred seven patients with PSC who had at least two liver biopsies were identified. The stage information from two consecutive biopsies formed one observation and a continuous time Markov model was used to describe the rate of progression between biopsies. RESULTS: Three hundred seven liver biopsies were performed in the 107 patients giving a total of 200 observations. At 1 yr, 42% of patients in stage II disease progress, 66% at 2 yr, and 93% at 5 yr; whereas 14% of patients in stage III progress at 1 yr, 25% at 2 yr, and 52% at 5 yr. The frequency of progression of stage I disease could not be determined because of the small number of patients in stage I. Regression of histological stage was observed in 30 of 200 total observations (15%), and in 30 of 85 observations (35%) in which there was a change in stage. CONCLUSIONS: These data regarding histological progression in PSC may be potentially helpful in determining the number of patients and length of time necessary to appreciate a treatment effect in clinical trials. However, the high degree of sampling variability in PSC may restrict the usefulness of serial liver biopsies as a means of evaluating treatment efficacy.
Cross-listing in the home market after going public in the U.S.

This study analyzes the impact of cross-listing on the abnormal returns of a unique sample of 34 Israeli stocks that went public in the U.S. and then cross-listed in their home market, Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). The behavior of abnormal returns around cross-listing date implies that cross-listing in TASE is an effective mechanism in reducing market segmentation between the U.S. and the Israeli capital markets. Risk assessment following cross-listing suggests a decline in the risk exposure, which further supports a higher degree of integration between the two markets due to cross-listing.
Non-invasive process temperature monitoring using laser-acoustic techniques

A method of temperature measurement is studied that is suitable for in situ monitoring of semiconductor wafer temperature, based on the temperature dependence of acoustic waves. The change in the dispersion relations of the plate modes through the wafer as a function of temperature is exploited to provide a viable temperature-monitoring scheme with advantages over both thermocouples and pyrometers. Temperature based on the velocity dependence of acoustic waves through a thin layer of ambient directly above the silicon wafer is expected to be important in better controlling processes where the mass transport mechanisms and the effects of stagnant layers play a significant part in the process. The information about the temperature of the layer of ambient can also be used to obtain the wafer bulk temperature. Because of the high temperature sensitivity of the acoustic wave velocity in gases, this system can be used as a practical in situ temperature measurement scheme with sensitivities better than p1dC
A History of Prejudice: Race, Caste, and Difference in India and the United States

The comparison of race and caste – of African Americans in the US and Dalits in India – has long been a source of inspiration and camaraderie for some, and confusion and concern for others. This am...
Residence probability control

Abstract The problem of controlling the residence probability of linear stochastic systems in a bounded domain is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a controller that makes the residence probability positive (weakly residence probability controllable systems) and arbitrarily close to one (strongly residence probability controllable systems) are derived. The approach is based on the modern large deviations theory for systems perturbed by small white noise.
Improving the inaccuracies of clinical staging of patients with NSCLC: a prospective trial.

Background Clinical stage affects the care of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Methods This is a prospective trial on patients with suspected resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer. All patients underwent integrated positron emission tomographic scanning and computed tomographic scanning, and all suspicious metastatic sites were investigated. A, T, N, and M status was assigned. If N2, N3 and M1 were negative, patients underwent thoracotomy and complete thoracic lymphadenectomy. Results There were 383 patients. The accuracy of clinical staging using positron emission tomographic scanning and computed tomographic scanning was 68% and 66% for stage I, 84% and 82% for stage II, 74% and 69% for stage III, and 93% and 92% for stage IV, respectively. N2 disease was discovered in 115 patients (30%) and was most common in the subcarinal lymph node (30%). Unsuspected N2 disease occurred in 28 patients (14%) and was most common in the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes (subcarinal, 38%; posterior aortopulmonary, 15%). It was found in 9% of patients who were clinically staged I (58% in the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes) and in 26% of patients clinically staged II (86% in posterior mediastinal lymph nodes). Conclusions Despite integrated positron emission tomographic scanning and computed tomographic scanning, clinical staging remains relatively inaccurate for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Recent studies suggest adjuvant therapy for stage Ib and II nonsmall cell lung cancer; thus the impact on preoperative care is to find unsuspected N2 disease. Unsuspected N2 disease is most common in posterior mediastinal lymph nodes inaccessible by mediastinoscopy. Thus one should consider endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration, especially for patients clinically staged as I and II, even if the nodes are negative on positron emission tomographic scanning and computed tomographic scanning.
A Novel Breakable Cross-Linker and pH-Responsive Star-Shaped and Gel Polymers

A bifunctional methacrylate monomer, namely, ethylene glycol di(1-methacryloyloxy)ethyl ether (1), was prepared through the addition reaction between ethylene glycol divinyl ether and methacrylic acid. 1 was used as a cross-linker in the preparation of a star-shaped poly(methyl methacrylate) [poly(MMA)], a branched soluble poly(MMA), and a polymer gel. The addition of 1 to an anionically prepared living poly(MMA) solution generated a star-shaped polymer with a central poly(1) gel core and several poly(MMA) arms. On the other hand, when MMA and 1 were simultaneously added to a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of an anionic initiator, a branched soluble poly(MMA) or a polymer gel was obtained, depending on the amount of 1. The cross-linking points in the above polymers could be easily broken by hydrolysis under acidic conditions, leading to linear polymers. In contrast to the common polymer gels, the present polymer gel could be broken to soluble polymers in an acidic medium. However, it was just swollen in a...
Chlorotetracycline-induced fluorescence from atherosclerotic plaque with uv laser excitation☆

Abstract We have investigated the fluorescence from post mortem atherosclerotic and normal aortic valve segments and coronary arteries induced by pulsed and cw lasers at various wavelengths in an attempt to examine the long wavelenght shift from calcified plaque stained with chlorotetracycline-hydrogen chloride. Fluorescence measurements were made at 351.9 nm cw UV excitation as well as 351, 308, and 248 nms pulsed excimer excitation. The typical native normal tissue fluoresced at ∼460 nm while plaque fluoresced at ∼475 nm. After staining the normal tissue had a peak maximum which red-shifted slightly while the calcified plaque now had a fluorescence maximum close to 540 nm, a very large red shift in the peak maximum. These results indicate that chlorotetracycline-hydrogen chloride clearly binds preferentially to calcified regions of aortic valves and arteries, and in doing so generates a long wavelength emission with any ultraviolet laser source, pulsed or cw. Thus, the long wavelength peak at 540 nm might be used to pinpoint calcific atherosclerotic lesions in cardiovascular tissue before removing it by laser ablation.
Vehicle automation: A remedy for driver stress?

The present study addressed the effects of stress, vehicle automation and subjective state on driver performance and mood in a simulated driving task. A total of 168 college students participated. Participants in the stress-induction condition completed a 'winter' drive, which included periodic loss of control episodes. Participants in the no-stress-induction condition were not exposed to loss of control. An additional, independent manipulation of vehicle speed was also conducted, consisting of two control conditions requiring manual speed regulation and a third in which vehicle speed was automatically regulated by the simulation. Stress and automation both influenced subjective distress, but the two factors did not interact. Driver performance data indicated that vehicle automation impacted performance similarly in the stress and no-stress conditions. Individual differences in subjective stress response and performance were also investigated. Resource theory provides a framework that partially but not completely explains the relationship between vehicle automation and driver stress. Implications for driver workload, safety and training are discussed.
Development of Peritoneal Adhesions in Macrophage Depleted Mice

Background We present a new mouse model for the study of peritoneal adhesions using macrophage Fasinduced apoptosis (Mafia) transgenic mice expressing a Fas-FKBP construct under control of the murine c-fms promoter. Mafia mice allow systemic macrophage depletion by dimerization of Fas with a synthetic dimerizer, AP20187. Results demonstrate that macrophage depletion in Mafia mice induces peritoneal adhesion formation when the peritoneal cavity is also exposed to an irritant. The Mafia mouse model presents a reproducible, non-surgical approach for research in adhesion formation and prevention. Materials and methods Mafia mice were treated with AP20187 using an intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Control groups included mock-treated Mafia mice and both AP20187 and mock-treated wild type mice. Seven days after treatment, mice were observed for the presence of adhesions. Results After i.p. injection with AP20187, 76% of Mafia mice developed adhesions whereas none of the mock-treated Mafia or wild-type mice developed adhesions, and only one AP20187-treated wild-type mouse (5.8%) developed a mild adhesion. Mafia mice treated with AP20187 i.v. exhibited macrophage depletion not significantly different than i.p. treated mice, but did not develop adhesions. In contrast, Mafia mice treated with AP20187 i.v. developed adhesions when diluent was also injected into the peritoneal cavity, whereas i.p diluent alone had no effect. Conclusion Macrophage depletion, combined with a peritoneal irritant, results in peritoneal adhesion formation in transgenic Mafia mice. Macrophages appear to play a protective role in the development and/or repair of peritoneal adhesions.
Band structure of Bi88Sb12

Abstract Interpretation of Shubnikov-De Haas data for Bi 88 Sb 12 requires a generalized four band dispersion relation.
Lower extremity blood flow and responses to occlusion ischemia differ in exercise-trained and sedentary tetraplegic persons

Abstract Objective: To test whether lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic responses to vascular occlusion differ among electrically stimulated exercise trained and sedentary tetraplegic persons and subjects without tetraplegia (control). Design: Blinded cross-sectional comparison, control group. Setting: Academic medical center. Participants: Ten sedentary tetraplegic men, 10 tetraplegic persons previously habituated to electrically stimulated cycling exercise for 0.4 to 7 years, and 10 nondisabled controls. Outcome Measures: Subjects underwent quantitative Doppler ultrasound examination of the common femoral artery (CFA). End-diastolic arterial images and arterial flow-velocity profiles obtained at rest and following five minutes of suprasystolic thigh occlusion were computer digitized for analysis of heart rate (HR), CFA peak systolic velocity (PSV), CFA cross-sectional area (CSA), flow velocity integral (FVI), and computed CFA inflow volume (IV). Results: No group main effects were observed for resting HR or FVI. At rest, trained tetraplegic men had 14.9% greater PSV, 29.8% larger CSA, and 51.3% greater IV ( p values p p values p Conclusion: Tetraplegic persons conditioned by electrically stimulated cycling have greater lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic responses to occlusion than do their sedentary counterparts.
Vectorial analysis of the static equilibrium of forces generated in the mandible in centric occlusion, group function, and balanced occlusion relationships

Mechanical analyses supporting various and prevailing stomatognathic concepts of occlusal function are sparse. This study, using a mechanical model, simulates a system in function and provides a vectorial analysis based on a static equilibrium of forces generated in a mandible at 10 different positions. The positions analyzed were one in centric occlusion and nine in eccentric positions. Four eccentric positions were in a balanced occlusal relationship and five were in group function. Among other conclusions that were drawn, the most relevant seems to be the finding that cusp inclines and condylar path inclination have a profound influence on the forces acting within the joints and dentition.
Everyday Understandings of Citizenship in Germany

Most scholarship on citizenship focuses on institutional and structural analyses and extrapolates these to individual citizens' experiences. This renders citizenship a static and uniform concept that is divorced from individuals' understandings. Data gathered during qualitative and ethnographic fieldwork in Berlin, Germany, in 2000–01 show how ordinary Germans' understandings of citizenship challenge an oversimplified narrative about “Germanness” which has assigned a static notion of German citizenship as based on “blood”, or principles of jus sanguinis. By analyzing interviews with 60 working-class youth, this article demonstrates that these young people construct understandings of citizenship based primarily on cultural criteria. These findings redefine prevailing assumptions about Germans' understandings of citizenship and demonstrate that citizenship and naturalization policies cannot be used as a measure of the meaning of citizenship for ordinary citizens. Citizenship is not a static or uniform conce...
Beneficial Insect Borders Provide Northern Bobwhite Brood Habitat

Strips of fallow vegetation along cropland borders are an effective strategy for providing brood habitat for declining populations of upland game birds (Order: Galliformes), including northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), but fallow borders lack nectar-producing vegetation needed to sustain many beneficial insect populations (e.g., crop pest predators, parasitoids, and pollinator species). Planted borders that contain mixes of prairie flowers and grasses are designed to harbor more diverse arthropod communities, but the relative value of these borders as brood habitat is unknown. We used groups of six human-imprinted northern bobwhite chicks as a bioassay for comparing four different border treatments (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) as northern bobwhite brood habitat from June-August 2009 and 2010. All field border treatments were established around nine organic crop fields. Groups of chicks were led through borders for 30-min foraging trials and immediately euthanized, and eaten arthropods in crops and gizzards were measured to calculate a foraging rate for each border treatment. We estimated arthropod prey availability within each border treatment using a modified blower-vac to sample arthropods at the vegetation strata where chicks foraged. Foraging rate did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Total arthropod prey densities calculated from blower-vac samples did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Our results showed plant communities established to attract beneficial insects should maximize the biodiversity potential of field border establishment by providing habitat for beneficial insects and young upland game birds.
Acid/Base Components in the Molecular Theory of Adhesion

Abstract A method has been devised to determine the acid/base parameters of reference liquids as absolute numbers, and not as values relative to a conventional set of parameters for water. Contact angle measurements are employed, using three liquids on three solids. The theory calls for the solution of nine simultaneous, nonlinear equations in nine variables–and unreasonably formidable task. A preliminary set of solutions has been computed, for one set of polar liquids on five solids. These results must be rejected on grounds of physical reasonableness. They also fail the test of predicting liquid-liquid interfacial tension, which for miscible liquids must be negative or zero.
cooperation, competition, and synergy: information‐sharing groups among Southeast Alaskan salmon seiners

The salmon seine fishery of Southeast Alaska is a tightly regulated and very competitive commercial enterprise. Despite relations marked by competition, small groups of skippers cooperate with one another to the extent of sharing information as they scout for salmon just in advance of legal seine periods. This paper analyzes these voluntary action groups in terms of the role they play in helping skippers to discharge their most important responsibility: deciding where to fish. The size, timing of activities, and limited purpose of the groups are then explicated with respect to the cultural ecology of the seine fishery. [maritime anthropology, voluntary action, cultural ecology, decision processes]
Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers

There is an increasing need in many chemical sensing applications ranging from industrial process control to environmental science and medical diagnostics for fast, sensitive, and selective gas detection based on laser spectroscopy. The recent availability of novel pulsed and CW quantum cascade distributed feedback (QC-DFB) lasers as mid-infrared spectroscopic sources address this need. A number of spectroscopic techniques have been demonstrated worldwide by several groups. For example, the authors have employed QC-DFB lasers for the monitoring and quantification of several trace gases and isotopic species in ambient air at ppmv and ppbv levels by means of direct absorption, wavelength modulation, and cavity enhanced and cavity ringdown spectroscopy.
Analysis of High Affinity Self-Association by Fluorescence Optical Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation of Labeled Proteins: Opportunities and Limitations

Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV) is a powerful first-principle technique for the study of protein interactions, and allows a rigorous characterization of binding stoichiometry and affinities. A recently introduced commercial fluorescence optical detection system (FDS) permits analysis of high-affinity interactions by SV. However, for most proteins the attachment of an extrinsic fluorophore is an essential prerequisite for analysis by FDS-SV. Using the glutamate receptor GluA2 amino terminal domain as a model system for high-affinity homo-dimerization, we demonstrate how the experimental design and choice of fluorescent label can impact both the observed binding constants as well as the derived hydrodynamic parameter estimates for the monomer and dimer species. Specifically, FAM (5,6-carboxyfluorescein) was found to create different populations of artificially high-affinity and low-affinity dimers, as indicated by both FDS-SV and the kinetics of dimer dissociation studied using a bench-top fluorescence spectrometer and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer. By contrast, Dylight488 labeled GluA2, as well as GluA2 expressed as an EGFP fusion protein, yielded results consistent with estimates for unlabeled GluA2. Our study suggests considerations for the choice of labeling strategies, and highlights experimental designs that exploit specific opportunities of FDS-SV for improving the reliability of the binding isotherm analysis of interacting systems.
Electron-induced Ti-rich surface segregation on SrTiO3 nanoparticles

Atomic surface structures of nanoparticles are of interest in catalysis and other fields. Aberration-corrected HREM facilitates direct imaging of the surfaces of nanoparticles. A remaining concern of surface imaging arises from beam damage. It is important to identify the intrinsic surface structures and the ones created by electron beam irradiation in TEM. In this study, we performed aberration-corrected HREM and EELS to demonstrate that TiO and bcc type Ti islands form due to intense electron irradiation. The formation of Ti-rich islands is in agreement with previous high temperature annealing experiments on the surfaces of SrTiO3 single crystals.
Technology, human interaction, and complexity: reflections on vehicular traffic science

This paper is based on the second Philip McCord Morse Lecture given May 14, 1991, at the TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting in Nashville. It traces the author's involvement in the development of vehicular traffic science over the last 35 years. After some historical background, the paper discusses highlights of this work: developing and testing car-following theory, traffic theory for multilane highways, the behavior of traffic in towns, the relationship of trip decisions to traffic-system dynamics, and fuel consumption in urban areas. Throughout these discussions, particular attention is paid to the role of complexity and collective effects. The paper continues with comments on the importance of viewing traffic in the context of the overall infrastructure as well as its technology and environment. It concludes with some reflections on the state of the scientific enterprise in our society.
Enabling real-time distributed virtual simulation over the Internet using host-based overlay multicast

Many-to-many multicast transmission is an essential network capability for scalable distributed simulation. The many open issues that make network-layer multicast impractical over the Internet today are likely to continue to be insurmountable and to prevent deployment in a manner that will meet the quality of service (QoS) and many-to-many multicast needs of real-time distributed virtual simulation (RT-DVS). We propose an alternative approach, whereby the IP multicast function is relocated to the simulation host computer and also used to provide for QoS enabled services on a priority basis. This paper explores the concept of such a host-based multicast system with QoS and its suitability for RT-DVS. The paper defines the basic requirements of a host-based multicast protocol to support RT-DVS and proposes a quantitative model for evaluation of system alternatives.