cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Order or Justice: The Denshawai Incident and British Imperialism

On the afternoon of 13 June 1906 five British officers entered the Egyptian village of Denshawai to go pigeon shooting. An intended sporting event quickly turned into an altercation that resulted in casualties among both the British army of occupation and the villagers of Denshawai. This incident represented a turning point in the British occupation, a point in which the British officials in Egypt were faced with the decision to pursue order or justice and chose order. Concerned with growing nationalist sentiment, Egyptian officials seized upon the Denshawai incident as an opportunity to make an example of the consequences of resistance and confirm the strength of British rule. Their decision ultimately undermined this strength by inflaming public opinion in both Great Britain and Egypt. As a result of Denshawai, British imperialism in Egypt was painted in stark relief and found wanting.
Interactive Effects of Procedural Justice and Outcome Negativity on Victims and Survivors of Job Loss

Three studies respectively explored the interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on the victims of job layoffs, on survivors, and on lame ducks, employees who knew they woul...
Two new species of Calycolpus (Myrtaceae) from Brazil

Two new species of Calycolpus from Brazil are described and illustrated, C. andersonii from Para and C. sessiliflorus from Bahia.
Etiological Significance of Associations Between Childhood Trauma and Borderline Personality Disorder: Conceptual and Clinical Implications

Numerous studies over the past decade have pointed to the frequent occurrence of trauma and neglect in the childhood experience of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Advancing research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Dissociative Disorders offers further insight into understanding shared clinical phenomena with BPD. Drawing upon attachment theory, models of learned helplessness, and early primate deprivation, empirical, theoretical and clinical data are integrated to conceptualize the role of trauma and neglect in the etiology of BPD.
The Ultra Cruel: Comparing Human Rights Violators

Worst of the Worst: Dealing with Repressive and Rogue Nations. Edited by Robert I. Rotberg. Cambridge, MA: World Peace Foundation, and Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2007. 342 pp., $59.95 cloth (ISBN-13: 978-0-8157-7566-9). The Worst of the Worst: Dealing with Repressive and Rogue Nations , edited by Robert I. Rotberg, examines some of the worst human rights violating states in the early twenty-first century. The book combines two quantitative chapters with nine descriptive chapters focused on some of the worst offenders. The case studies represent nearly every world region. The volume includes states in Asia (North Korea and Burma), the former Soviet region (Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), Sub-Saharan Africa (Equatorial Guinea, Togo, and Zimbabwe), North Africa (Tunisia), and the Middle East (Syria). Latin America is notably absent, demonstrating how far that region has come in turning around its human rights record. There can be little doubt that these regimes are horrific. For example, in North Korea, “babies born in prison were killed at birth.” In the natural gas rich country of Turkmenistan, “most hospitals outside the capital had been shut down … condemning thousands to death from common, treatable illnesses such as tuberculosis” (p. 19). Each of the volume's case studies, all of them interesting and well written, assume little knowledge of the particular state and thus are most useful for scholars interested in comparing violators but whose knowledge is limited to one or a handful of states. The case studies are complimented by an introductory chapter on the question of quantifying rogue states’ misdeeds …
Monitoring processed, mature Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 particles immediately following treatment with a protease inhibitor-containing treatment regimen

Protease inhibitors (PIs) block HIV-1 maturation into an infectious virus particle by inhibiting the protease processing of gag and gag-pol precursor proteins. We have used a simple anti-HIV-1 p24 Western blot to monitor the processing of p55gag precursor into the mature p24 capsid immediately following the first dosage of a PI-containing treatment regimen. Evidence of PI activity was observed in plasma virus as early as 72 hours post treatment-initiation and was predictive of plasma viral RNA decrease at 4 weeks.
Therapeutic Ultrasound Affects IGF-1 Splice Variant Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle

Background: Animal models of skeletal muscle damage and repair demonstrate that therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) enhances muscle force recovery after damage, increases satellite cell proliferation, and decreases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 splice variant (mechano growth factor) gene expression. However, these effects have not been verified in humans.Purpose: This study was undertaken to examine the 3 known splice variants of the IGF-1 gene in human skeletal muscle after damage and TUS treatment.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Sixteen healthy men (18-29 years of age), physically active, were randomized to either a control (CON) or experimental group (EXP). The EXP group underwent 200 lengthening contractions (muscle damage) of the quadriceps of both legs, 48 hours before TUS. Both groups received TUS, delivered for 10 minutes on a standardized area of the vastus lateralis of only 1 leg (1.0 MHz, 1.5 W/cm2). Bilateral muscle biopsy samples were taken from all participants, 6 hours afte...
What Does “Water Quality” Mean?

In January 2005, the Jordan Valley Water Conser-vancy District (JVWCD), a public agency that supplieswater to much of Salt Lake County, Utah, drilled anexploratory test well. The well proved to be reasonablyproductive, and chemical analyses of the water showedthat it met all primary water-quality maximum contami-nant levels (MCLs) and most secondary standards fordrinking water as established by the Utah Division ofDrinking Water. But despite this, the water was not con-sidered to be of sufficient quality for Salt Lake County’spublic water supply. The problem was that the water’stemperature, as high as 83 F (28 C), made it too warmfor the taste of JVWCD’s customers. Much of the groundwater available in the Jordan Valley is recharged fromsnowmelt originating in the nearby Wasatch Range and isrelatively cold (Thiros and Manning 2004). TypicalJVWCD water supplies have temperatures ranging from50 Fto60 F(10 Cto15 C). However, upwelling hydro-thermal waters associated with faulting that formed theJordan Valley were apparently affecting the test well, caus-ing the unusually warm temperature. When people turn onthe ‘‘cold’’ water tap, they expect the water to be cool, notwarm. The quality of the water from the new test well,therefore, was too poor to be put into distribution.The term ‘‘water quality’’ has been in general use forthe last hundred years or so. But to many people, thisterm is somewhat vague and poorly defined. Does‘‘good’’ water quality mean the absence of man-made ornatural contaminants? Does it mean that such contami-nants may be present, but that the concentrations arebelow MCLs? Or, as in the example just given, does itmean that it simply satisfies the expectations (cold vs.warm) of the people drinking it? In other words, doeswater quality depend on the characteristics of the wateritself, or is it merely what people happen to like?
Invasion of Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) Following Disturbance: Evaluating Change in a State-and-Transition Model

Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. & Rusby) is an aggressive native invasive species that thrives after disturbance in semiarid rangelands of the western United States. A 5-yr (2002–2006) study was initiated following grazing and fire disturbances on an Upland Gravelly Loam ecological site in the sagebrush steppe of northern Utah, to evaluate broom snakeweed invasion in different plant communities. The study site originally had two plant communities: a sagebrush/bunchgrass community that received alternate-year, fall cattle grazing, and was dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass (Elymus spicatus) and an open stand of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis), and a sagebrush community that received continuous, annual, spring cattle grazing that removed the bunchgrasses, leaving a dense stand of Wyoming big sagebrush with an understory of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). Portions of these two plant communities were burned in a wildfire in 2001, removing the sagebrush, and creating two additional communities. The burned portion of the sagebrush/bunchgrass community became a bluebunch wheatgrass–dominated community, and the burned portion of the sagebrush community became a snakeweed-dominated community. Foliar cover, aboveground biomass, and sagebrush and snakeweed densities were compared among the four communities. Mature snakeweed plants that existed in the sagebrush/bunchgrass community were eliminated in 2003, because of drought conditions. Snakeweed was eliminated in the bluebunch wheatgrass community by the wildfire in 2001, and there was no reestablishment. Snakeweed density and cover remained constant in the sagebrush community. Snakeweed cover increased from 2% to 31% in the snakeweed community, despite the presence of Sandberg bluegrass. The data were used to evaluate and update the current Upland Gravelly Loam (Wyoming big sagebrush) ecological site description in the Great Salt Lake Major Land Resource Area and its state-and-transition model to reflect vegetation changes associated with snakeweed invasion.
Effects of seasonal hydrologic patterns in south Florida wetlands on radar backscatter measured from ERS-2 SAR imagery

Abstract A multi-year study was carried out to evaluate ERS synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery for monitoring surface hydrologic conditions in wetlands of southern Florida. Surface conditions (water level, aboveground biomass, soil moisture) were measured in 13 study sites (representing three major wetland types) over a 25-month period. ERS SAR imagery was collected over these sites on 22 different occasions and correlated with the surface observations. The results show wide variation in ERS backscatter in individual sites when they were flooded and non-flooded. The range (minimum vs. maximum) in SAR backscatter for the sites when they were flooded was between 2.3 and 8.9 dB, and between 5.0 and 9.0 dB when they were not flooded. Variations in backscatter in the non-flooded sites were consistent with theoretical scattering models for the most part. Backscatter was positively correlated to field measurements of soil moisture. The MIchigan MIcrowave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model predicts that backscatter should decrease sharply when a site becomes inundated, but the data show that this drop is only 1–2 dB. This decrease was observed in both non-wooded and wooded sites. The drop in backscatter as water depth increases predicted by MIMICS was observed in the non-wooded wetland sites, and a similar decrease was observed in wooded wetlands as well. Finally, the sensitivity of backscatter and attenuation to variations in aboveground biomass predicted by MIMICS was not observed in the data. The results show that the inter- and intra-annual variations in ERS SAR image intensity in the study region are the result of changes in soil moisture and degree of inundation in the sites. The correlation between changes in SAR backscatter and water depth indicates the potential for using spaceborne SAR systems, such as the ERS for monitoring variations in flooding in south Florida wetlands.
Arrestin mRNA expression, biosynthesis, and localization in degenerating photoreceptors of mutant rds mice retinas.

The retinal photoreceptors of the mutant rds mouse are unable to form normal outer segments. Eventually the abnormal cells die in the months following birth. The genetic defect in the rds mouse was recently localized to the peripherin gene that encodes a protein in the outer segment disc margin. Although this mutation may explain the morphogenetic defect, i.e., the failure to form outer segments, the reason for subsequent cell death is not clear. Previously, we demonstrated that the capability to synthesize opsin, an outer segment integral membrane protein, is not compromised by the morphogenetic defect although the opsin steady-state content is considerably reduced, since it is not incorporated into an organized outer segment. We have now studied arrestin, a cytoplasmic protein that is part of the phototransduction cascade and appears to shuttle between the inner and outer segment during the light/dark cycle. Since rds mice lack outer segments, it was of interest to determine the effects of the photoreceptor abnormality on arrestin gene expression. Arrestin mRNA levels and protein synthetic rates were high in young rds retinas. When corrected for cell loss, the steady-state arrestin content per cell in the rds retina was comparable to normal. However, in the absence of an outer segment, the total amount of arrestin is concentrated in the remaining inner segment. Consequently, a relatively high level of arrestin is present in the rds inner segment throughout the light/dark cycle. We suggest that the morphogenetic defect indirectly precipitates secondary effects such as the persistent presence of high levels of arrestin or other soluble proteins in the abnormal photoreceptor inner segment, nucleus, and synaptic terminal. This condition, if toxic to the cells, may compromise photoreceptor viability in the rds retina.
Numerical Study of the Higher Order Moments of Conductance Fluctuations in Mesoscopic Structures

It is well-known that the conductance of a disordered mesoscopic structure exhibits sample-specific fluctuations in a magnetic field due to quantum interference effects [1]. The magnetic field changes the phase-relationships between the various Feynman trajectories in the structure thereby causing the conductance to fluctuate. In this paper, we have performed a numerical study of conductance fluctuations. Instead of using a magnetic field, we have induced the fluctuations by randomly altering the impurity configuration within the structure. Changing the impurity configuration has the same effect as applying a magnetic field since both alter the phase-relationships between the various Feynman paths which causes the conductance to fluctuate1. In addition to studying the fluctuations, we have also examined the probability distribution of the 2-probe Landauer conductances and calculated various moments of the distribution. As expected, we find that the second moment of the distribution (the standard deviation or the rms value of the fluctuations) is close to the claimed universal value of e 2 /h [2], but its exact magnitude is somewhat affected by the presence of evanescent states.
Mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II

We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) exhibit several traits associated with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, including increased atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and IR. The skeletal muscle appeared to be the insulin-resistant tissue in the apoA-II transgenic mice. We now demonstrate a decrease in FA oxidation in skeletal muscle of apoA-II transgenic mice, consistent with reports that decreased skeletal muscle FA oxidation is associated with increased skeletal muscle triglyceride accumulation, skeletal muscle IR, and obesity. The decrease in FA oxidation is not due to decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, because oxidation of palmitate and octanoate were similarly decreased. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression demonstrated that the decrease in FA oxidation may be explained by a decrease in medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated that HDLs from apoA-II transgenic mice exhibit reduced binding to CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in FA metabolism. However, studies of combined apoA-II transgenic and CD36 knockout mice suggest that the major effects of apoA-II are independent of CD36. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly ameliorated IR in the apoA-II transgenic mice, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms of IR in this animal model may share common features with certain types of human IR.
Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-Induced Preleukemic Thymic Atrophy and Enhanced Thymocyte Apoptosis Correlate with Disease Pathogenicity

Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) is a replication-competent, simple retrovirus that induces T-cell lymphoma with a mean latency of 3 to 4 months. During the preleukemic period (4 to 10 weeks postinoculation) a marked decrease in thymic size is apparent for M-MuLV-inoculated mice in comparison to age-matched uninoculated mice. We were interested in studying whether the thymic regression was due to an increased rate of thymocyte apoptosis in the thymi of M-MuLV-inoculated mice. Neonatal NIH/Swiss mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) with wild-type M-MuLV (approximately 10 5 XC PFU). Mice were sacrificed at 4 to 11 weeks postinoculation. Thymic single-cell suspensions were prepared and tested for apoptosis by two-parameter flow cytometry. Indications of apoptosis included changes in cell size and staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D or annexin V. The levels of thymocyte apoptosis were significantly higher in M-MuLV-inoculated mice than in uninoculated control animals, and the levels of apoptosis were correlated with thymic atrophy. To test the relevance of enhanced thymocyte apoptosis to leukemogenesis, mice were inoculated with the Mo+PyF101 enhancer variant of M-MuLV. When inoculated intraperitoneally, a route that results in wild-type M-MuLV leukemogenesis, mice displayed levels of enhanced thymocyte apoptosis comparable to those seen with wild-type M-MuLV. However, in mice inoculated s.c., a route that results in attenuated leukemogenesis, significantly lower levels of apoptosis were observed. This supported a role for higher levels of thymocyte apoptosis in M-MuLV leukemogenesis. To examine the possible role of mink cell focus-forming (MCF) recombinant virus in raising levels of thymocyte apoptosis, MCF-specific focal immunofluorescence assays were performed on thymocytes from preleukemic mice inoculated with M-MuLV and Mo+PyF101 M-MuLV. The results indicated that infection of thymocytes by MCF virus recombinants is not required for the increased level of apoptosis and thymic atrophy.
Observing terrestrial gamma ray flashes

Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Workshop; Huntsville, Alabama, 13–14 July 2011 Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) were the focus of a workshop held at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), with observation and theory well represented by the 38 attendees. Discovered in 1991 as brief (submillisecond), bright flashes of gamma rays detected over regions of thunderstorm activity by the spaceborne Burst And Transient Source Experiment, TGFs may be entering an observational golden era. Three space-based gamma ray telescopes currently make TGFs a scientific priority.
Metformin therapy in a hyperandrogenic anovulatory mutant murine model with polycystic ovarian syndrome characteristics improves oocyte maturity during superovulation

Background: Metformin, an oral biguanide traditionally used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, is widely used for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related anovulation. Because of the significant prevalence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PCOS patients, and their putative role in ovulatory dysfunction, the use of metformin was touted as a means to improve ovulatory function and reproductive outcomes in PCOS patients. To date, there has been inconsistent evidence to demonstrate a favorable effect of metformin on oocyte quality and competence in women with PCOS. Given the heterogeneous nature of this disorder, we hypothesized that metformin may be beneficial in mice with aberrant metabolic characteristics similar to a significant number of PCOS patients. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the in vitro and in vivo effects of metformin on oocyte development and ovulatory function. Methods: We utilized metformin treatment in the transgenic ob/ob and db/db mutant murine models which demonstrate metabolic and reproductive characteristics similar to women with PCOS. Results: Metformin did not improve in vitro oocyte maturation nor did it have an appreciable effect on in vitro granulosa cell luteinization (progesterone production) in any genotype studied. Although both mutant strains have evidence of hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and hyperinsulinemia, only db/db mice treated with metformin had a greater number of mature oocytes and total overall oocytes compared to control. There was no observed impact on body mass, or serum glucose and androgens in any genotype. Conclusions: Our data provide evidence to suggest that metformin may optimize ovulatory performance in mice with a specific reproductive and metabolic phenotype shared by women with PCOS. The only obvious difference between the mutant murine models is that the db/db mice have elevated leptin levels raising the questions of whether their response to metformin is related to elevated leptin levels and/or if a subset of PCOS women with hyperleptinemia may be responsive to metformin therapy. Further study is needed to better define a subset of women with PCOS that may be responsive to metformin.
Peer review and evidence-based dental practice.

As dentists, we are proud of the relationships we develop with our patients. Indeed, establishing rapport is the determining characteristic of building a practice. Attempts to collect unpaid bills, delivering care that does not meet the expectation of a patient, and disparaging remarks made by another dentist are most common causes in jeopardizing the once amicable relationship. Consider this scenario: A patient of record requests redoing of his/her FPD and holds you financially responsible for endodontic treatment now necessary on one of the abutments. This patient also claims that the FPD Byou placed[ has caused his/her jaw to ache and his/her bite disharmony. Of course this happens on a Friday afternoon with a tone that violates the very core of your pleasantry. Dismiss the patient’s request and allegations of hopes of him/her going away I Not likely! There are several avenues of recourse, such as:
A 2mW CMOS MICS-band BFSK transceiver with reconfigurable antenna interface

A 0.18µm CMOS MICS-band transceiver with a reconfigurable RF front-end is presented, reusing the same circuit core for super-regenerative wake-up receiver, receive-mode LNA, and transmit power amplifier, eliminating the need for an external T/R switch. The transceiver uses an All Digital Frequency Locked-Loop (ADFLL) for LO signal generation and transmitter's modulation. The OOK wake-up receiver sensitivity is −80dBm @ 50kbps, while the BFSK receiver's sensitivity is −97dBm for a 75kbps signal and 2mW power consumption. The nominal output power of the transmitter is −5dBm.
ED administration of thienopyridines in non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from the NCDR ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Objective American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines recommend that patients with definite unstable angina or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) receive dual antiplatelet therapy on presentation to the hospital when undergoing early invasive management or "as soon as possible" after admission when being managed conservatively. The guidelines do not specify whether these medications should be administered in the emergency department (ED). Our aim was to determine whether ED administration of a thienopyridine was associated with clinical outcomes among patients with NSTEMI. Methods We examined thienopyridine use in 39454 patients with NSTEMI who received a thienopyridine within 24 hours of presentation in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry's Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network–Get With The Guidelines Registry from January 2007 to June 2010. Patients who were not seen initially in the ED, were transferred in, or were missing time data were excluded. We analyzed the association between ED administration of thienopyridines and outcomes and patient demographics. Results Of the cohort receiving a thienopyridine within 24 hours, 9534 (24.2%) received it in the ED. Emergency department administration of a thienopyridine was not associated with in-hospital major bleeding (multivariable adjusted odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.09) or in-hospital mortality (adjusted 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.20). Independent predictors most strongly associated with ED thienopyridine administration were elevated troponin, ED length of stay, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, and initial electrocardiogram showing ischemic changes. Conclusions There was no association between ED thienopyridine administration and in-hospital major bleeding or mortality. Emergency department length of stay, electrocardiographic changes, and elevated troponin were associated with ED thienopyridine administration.
Newly synthesized dopamine as the precursor for norepinephrine synthesis in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells.

The precursor pool of dopamine for norepinephrine synthesis was investigated in cultured bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells incubated with [14C]tyrosine. Under conditions where the intracellular [14C]tyrosine specific activity was constant and [14C]dopamine synthesis was maximal, [14C]dopamine and [14C]norepinephrine accumulated over time, and the total intracellular dopamine content more than doubled within 120 min. When [14C]norepinephrine synthesis was calculated at different times based on the specific activity of [14C]dopamine, this rate was approximately equal to the rate of [14C]dopamine synthesis and was, thus, inconsistent with the observed dopamine accumulation. However, the rate of [14C]norepinephrine synthesis based on the [14C]tyrosine specific activity accounted for the dopamine accumulation, an observation suggesting that newly synthesized dopamine, i.e., dopamine with a specific activity equivalent to that of its precursor, [14C]tyrosine, is preferentially utilized for norepinephrine synthesis. Further studies showed that the subcellular distribution of [14C]dopamine was identical to that of norepinephrine and epinephrine and that the accumulated [14C]dopamine could be converted to norepinephrine within the chromaffin vesicle if dopamine uptake was blocked. Taken together, these results suggest that a small intravesicular dopamine pool, rapidly replenished by newly synthesized dopamine, serves as the substrate for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Several mechanisms to account for this observation are discussed.
Communication through optical scattering channels: An introduction

The theoretical possibilities of communicating through scattering channels are considered in the context of digital communication. Direct-detection, heterodyne, and optimum receivers are discussed and the near optimality of direct-detection systems is noted. It is found that the error probability depends only upon the total received signal energy if certain noise thresholds are exceeded; below these thresholds the performance deteriorates rapidly. It is often difficult to exceed the thresholds with present-day technology, but it should become possible to do so as the technology evolves.
Pharmacogenomics in Drug Development and Clinical Research

Pharmacogenomics research typically aims to find genetic variants that affect the pharmacokinetics or the pharmacodynamics of a drug. Pharmacokinetic-related genetic variants can cause loss of function for a metabolic enzyme that can in turn decrease the rate at which a drug is metabolized. This increases the amount of drug delivered to the active site, as well as the half-life of the drug in the system. Pharmacodynamic variants can change the binding properties of a receptor to which a drug is targeted, and can therefore affect activity. Alternatively, a variant can simply alter the level of expression of some protein, which can lead to an indirect effect on drug action. Variants can cause cis effects, meaning that a variant in the gene has a direct effect on the gene’s expression level. Alternatively, the effect can be trans, meaning that variation in the gene affects expression levels for other genes. Genes causing such trans effects can be far removed from pathways directly involved in drug action.
Understanding Judges’ Sentencing Decisions

To paraphrase Hogarth (1971), judicial sentencing is a process involving human judgment and decision making with all its pitfalls and limitations. Examining how judges organize, interpret, and use information about offenders is crucial to the explanation of this process and its outcomes. As Lawrence (1984) has noted, however, “little empirical evidence has been available on how judicial decisions are made” (p. 319). Since 1984, a few studies have investigated the decisionmaking processes underlying judicial sentencing; nonetheless, empirical research and conceptual development in the area are still very limited.
12: Inflammatory mediators in cervicovaginal secretions and association with HIV infectivity among pregnant and non-pregnant women

CONCLUSIONS: In a preterm nonhuman primate model, chorioamnionitis and umbilical vasculitis are highly correlated with fetal inflammation and injury even in the absence of bacterial invasion within the amniotic fluid. These results support the connection between placental and fetal systemic inflammation. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to determine whether this correlation holds with advancing gestation when chorioamnionitis is fairly common. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Learners will be able to identify how placental histopathologic markers of inflammation and infection correlate with fetal lung injury in a model of chorioamnionitis.
Motor training at 3 months affects object exploration 12 months later

The development of new motor skills alters how infants interact with objects and people. Consequently, it has been suggested that motor skills may initiate a cascade of events influencing subsequent development. However, only correlational evidence for this assumption has been obtained thus far. The current study addressed this question experimentally by systematically varying reaching experiences in 40 three-month-old infants who were not reaching on their own yet and examining their object engagement in a longitudinal follow-up assessment 12 months later. Results revealed increased object exploration and attention focusing skills in 15-month-old infants who experienced active reaching at 3 months of age compared to untrained infants or infants who only passively experienced reaching. Further, grasping activity after - but not before - reaching training predicted infants' object exploration 12 months later. These findings provide evidence for the long-term effects of reaching experiences and illustrate the cascading effects initiated by early motor skills.
Behavioral Toxicology in Risk Assessment: Problems and Research Needs

Behavioral methods are being used with increasing frequency in toxicology to assess the deleterious effects of chemicals to which we are exposed. The impetus for the use of behavioral techniques in risk assessment resulted from the presumption that they were more sensitive than other tests in detecting toxicity. A more logical reason for the use of behavioral tests is the fact that behavior is the functional indicator of the net sensory, motor, and integrative processes occurring in the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, the functional capacity of the nervous system cannot be determined independent of behavioral analysis. Some of the problems confronting behavioral toxicology are (1) the translation of human subjective complaints into behavioral tests in animals; (2) determining subtle effects on the nervous system in the face of the well-known functional reserve and adaptability of the system; (3) dealing with the variety of statistical problems resulting from the use of multiple tests, multiple measurements using the same test and the (relatively) large variability inherent in some behavioral phenomena; and (4) selecting the proper tests. Three critical research needs in behavioral toxicology as they relate to risk assessment are (1) development and validation of methods, (2) determining subpopulations atmore » greatest risk, and (3) developing a strategy for determining interactions between two or more agents.« less
Cataract-webbed Peromyscus I. Genetics of cataract in P. maniculatus

Cataract--webbed (cw) in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is a recessive mutant that is manifested by syndactyly (involving soft tissues) and eye defects including cataract. Within cw/cw mice, the age at which cataract first appears is genetically controlled. Evidence for the activity of genetic modifiers is the early appearance of cataracts in the offspring of parents that developed cataracts at early ages.
Comment, a Reappraisal of Juvenile Delinquent Proceedings in New York

This article was prompted by the often ignored fact that the juveniles who come under the delinquency jurisdiction of the Family Court are an unrepresentative sample of our youth, with the poor and the black appearing in disproportionate numbers. Professor Paulsen has noted that this phenomenon “transforms the court into a class institution, a fact which may inhibit its development and indeed, may have an impact on all sorts of legislative choices.” This article will attempt to look at some of the provisions of the act which may work an unintended injustice on the impoverished or minority group child and his family and to suggest changes in the statutes. These suggestions are offered in spite of the realization that procedural due process alone cannot solve the problems of the juvenile court system. “The failure of the juvenile court to fulfill its rehabilitative and preventive promise stems in important measure from a grossly over-optimistic view of what is known about the phenomenon of juvenile criminality and what even a fully equipped juvenile court can do about it.” It is submitted that there is a great need for further research into means of protecting society against destructive acts, while at the same time protecting children against unwarranted intervention with their freedom.
Comment on Uses of Homologous-point Measures in Systematics: a Reply to Bookstein Et Al.

In their recent article discussing the use of homologous interpoint distances for the measurement of form, Bookstein et al. (1982:92) summarily dismissed orthogonal decomposition procedures such as the Fourier function representation of biological shapes on the grounds that these procedures make "systematic differences in form ... uninterpretable." One would expect that such a sweeping dismissal would be derived deductively from a theory of biological shape measurement and comparison, not just based on a few artificial examples of shapes, particularly since Bookstein (1978, 1982) has written extensively and informatively about the form such theory should take. The examples presented by Bookstein et al. (1982) do yield coefficients clearly unsuitable for a meaningful biological interpretation, but are not representative of the full range of biological forms. Had the remarks of the authors just been cautionary, then we not only would agree with them, but could provide biological examples in further support of their warnings. However, this is not the case. They want to dismiss the Fourier method as inappropriate in "most morphometric applications" and state that it is "defensible only in the absence of all allometries and all information about biological homology" (p. 92, italics added). Their preferred method consists of homologous-point measures and homologous-point transformations as advocated by Bookstein (1978, 1982). We do not necessarily disagree with Bookstein's and his coworkers' concern with, as well as emphasis upon, homologous points as basic to any system of shape representation. Rather, our disagreement lies with their dismissal of the Fourier function representation, with its goal of recovering biological information expressed in the shape outline (particularly between homologous points), in order to emphasize the biological importance of the homologous points: "There are more data in the outline than the mere curve of its points . . ." (Bookstein et al., 1982:92, italics added). In contrast to the viewpoint expressed in the article by Bookstein et al. (1982), Bookstein (e.g., 1982:467) elsewhere has made clear the need for a measurement system rich enough to encompass both aspects of the biological shape: the homologous points and the boundary curve. When Bookstein (1984:517) concluded that "We need computational techniques ... that take into account the curving of form in-between the landmarks," we could not be more in agreement. We have made a tentative foray in this direction through the vector-representation system given in the Appendix. The goal using this ap-
Chemical Bonding of Fluorine Atoms in Siof Alloys: Microscopic Mechanisms for Reductions in the Dielectric Constant Relative to SiO2

Si-O-F alloys have static dielectric constants (es) significantly lower than SiO2. Infrared absorption spectra provide the basis modeling the molecular structure of these alloys. Contributions of electronic and vibrational transitions to es are discussed in terms of an empirical chemical bonding model. Ab initio calculations are then used to identify inductive effects of Si- F bonds on the properties of Si-O-Si groups that are back-bonded to the Si atom of the Si-F group. These calculations provide a theoretical framework for understanding how relatively low concentrations of F atoms produce the significant decreases in es reported for Si-O-F alloys.
Rapid Indirect Trajectory Optimization of a Hypothetical Long Range Weapon System

This investigation illustrates that complex, highly constrained hypersonic trajectory optimization can be performed for long range weapon systems using indirect optimization methods. It is shown that initial guesses to the optimal solutions can be effectively constructed using analytic ballistic trajectory solutions. The evolution to complex optimal trajectories from these initial guesses is made possible by overcoming the historical challenges of indirect optimization methods in a largely automated approach. The manner in which indirect mathematical information is integrated into the automated design methodology to solve this type of problem is described. Example mission design scenarios illustrate the speed of the methodology and quality of the optimal solutions to support practical aerospace conceptual design studies.
Some storage characteristics of potato cultivar Atlantic

The cultivars Atlantic, Kennebec and Katahdin were compared as to their storability and cooking qualities for the storage seasons 1974–75 and 1975–76. The studies show Atlantic was equal to Katahdin and Kennebec with regard to storability, except that at storage temperatures above 40°F (4.5°C) for 6 months, sprouting was excessive. Storage losses due to Fusarium tuber rots from natural infection were higher in Atlantic than either Katahdin or Kennebec. The processing quality for chips and French fries of Atlantic was equal or slightly better when compared to the other varieties tested.
ADHD Comorbidity, Behavior, and Tic Severity

The association of disruptive behavior with social, adaptive, and family functioning in Tourette syndrome (TS), with and without comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), was evaluated in 207 children (144 boys and 63 girls) between the ages of 7 and 18 years, in a study at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
Overview of the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge

This chapter contains sections titled: Purpose of the SWEBOK Guide Structure of the Knowledge-Based Organization Summary
Engineered Proteins for Controlling Gene Expression

This chapter describes the potential uses of natural transcriptional regulators, enhancement of these regulators through molecular engineering, and the engineering of entirely synthetic transcription factors for targeted gene regulation. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. HIF-1β is constitutively expressed in an active form in the nucleus of oxygen-sensing cells and HIF-1α is highly inducible by hypoxia, primarily through post-translational regulation. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is rapidly degraded through hydroxylation of proline residues in the N- and C-terminal oxygen-dependent degradation domains (NODDD and CODDD). This post-translational modification is mediated by a family of three HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylases that use oxygen as a substrate such that enzymatic activity is tightly regulated by oxygen concentration. Hydroxylated proline residues are recognized by the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), which targets HIF-1α for proteosomal proteolysis via ubiquitin ligation. Artificial transcription factors based on zinc finger proteins are engineered to regulate a variety of genes relevant to regenerative medicine such as a zinc finger transcription factor is designed to regulate the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is known to stimulate the formation of new blood vessels necessary for wound healing and the repair of injured cardiovascular tissues.
Intravenous β-blockers for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Abstract Background The efficacy and safety of intravenous β-blockers in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are not well known. Methods Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials that compared intravenous β-blocker use with routine care or placebo in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Summary estimates risk ratios (RR) were constructed using DerSimonian and Laird model. Results Four randomized trials with 1149 Killip class I or II STEMI patients were included. Intravenous β-blockers were associated with a reduction in the risk of ventricular arrhythmias during hospitalization (RR 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–0.69, P=0.001). The risk of cardiogenic shock (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.31–1.97, P=0.61), bradycardia (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.35–6.81, P=0.57), all-cause mortality (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.19–3.17, P=0.72), and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.35–2.48, P=0.88) during hospitalization was similar in both groups. There was a trend towards a lower risk of future heart failure hospitalizations with intravenous β-blockers (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10–1.05, P=0.06). Conclusion Intravenous β-blockers, in STEMI patients (Killip class I or II) undergoing primary PCI, appear to be safe. Intravenous β-blockers were associated with a reduced risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Due to the small number of patients, the impact on other outcomes could not be determined. Therefore, future trials are recommended to establish the efficacy of intravenous β-blockers in primary PCI.
An Overview of "Doing Gender" in Women's Organizations

Using a focus of practice-based studies and the phenomenon of gender as a practice, this paper examines how the practice of gender effects women’s organizations through exploring the impacts of gendered individuals within organizations, challenging the contemporary literature on organizing as an inherently masculine space through an examination of predominately female run organizations, and looking at how gendered organizing impacts predominately female-based organizations in their interactions with male dominated organizations. In conclusion, utilizing a practice-based approach to organizing which includes a gendered analysis of practice is ultimately the best route to understanding gender within organizations.
Safety of repeated un-manipulated peripheral blood stem cell haploidentical transplant for graft failure.

Safety of repeated un-manipulated peripheral blood stem cell haploidentical transplant for graft failure
Outcomes of Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Who Switch to Imatinib Following Optimal Response to Second Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Abstract The second-generation TKIs (2G-TKIs) Dasatinib (DAS) and Nilotinib (NIL) yield faster responses in newly diagnosed chronic phase (CP) CML as compared to Imatinib (IM) however, long-term safety of these agents is a growing concern. We identified 10 patients with CP CML diagnosed between 08/2013 and 06/2015 who initiated 2G-TKIs and were then switched after optimal response at 3 months to IM. DAS was administered to 8 patients at 100 mg/d and NIL in two patients at 300 mg twice a day. Response to TKI was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for BCR-ABL1. Response to 2G-TKIs after 3 months was as follows: CHR (n=10), 1 log ( NIL was discontinued due to grades 2-3 non-hematological toxicities in both patients. DAS was discontinued due to patient or physicians' preference or drug availability. Median time to discontinuation of 2G-TKIs and initiation of IM was 103 days (range, 92 - 120) from diagnosis. IM was started at 400 mg/d and was well tolerated except in 2 patients who required dose-reduction and discontinuation due to grade 2 skin rash (1) and grade 2 anxiety (1). Both patients switched back to DAS at 54 and 228 days after initiation of IM respectively. 9/10 patients that switched to IM were evaluable with a follow up of at least 3 months. These patients have shown a continuous response with 9/9(100%) achieving a 2 log reduction at 6 months. With a median follow-up from initiation of IM of 8 months (range 2-20 months), 5/9 (55.5%) evaluable patients achieved MMR at 6 months and 3/6 MR5 at 9 months from diagnosis. In conclusion, this retrospective analysis shows that IM can be safely and effectively administered following optimal response to 2G-TKIs. Longer follow-up is needed, but with up to 20 months follow-up, all patients showed continuous decrease in their transcripts (Figure 1) and no losses of major molecular response or progression to blast phase were observed. A strategy of induction with 2G-TKIs followed by maintenance with IM is worth evaluating in a prospective trial. Download : Download high-res image (81KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . BCR-ABL1 qPCR (IS value) at diagnosis and follow-up after a switch to IM at 3 months from 2G-TKIs. Disclosures Kota: Leukemia Lymphoma Society: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.