cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Degree Distance Based Topological Indices of Chemical Trees

Let $\mathcal {G}=(V_{\mathcal {G}},E_{\mathcal {G}})$ be a simple and connected graph. The eccentric connectivity index of $\mathcal {G}$ is represented as $\xi ^{c}(\mathcal {G})=\sum _{x\in V_{\mathcal {G}}}\deg _{\mathcal {G}}(x)ec_{\mathcal {G}}(x)$ , where $\deg _{\mathcal {G}}(x)$ and $ec_{\mathcal {G}}(x)$ represent the degree and the eccentricity of $x$ , respectively. The eccentric adjacency index of $\mathcal {G}$ is represented as $\xi ^{ad}(\mathcal {G})=\sum _{x\in V_{\mathcal {G}}}\dfrac {S_{\mathcal {G}}(x)}{ec_{\mathcal {G}}(x)}$ , where $S_{\mathcal {G}}(x)$ is the sum of degrees of neighbors of $x$ . In this paper, we determine the trees with the smallest eccentric connectivity index when bipartition size, independence number, and domination number are given. Furthermore, we discuss the trees with the largest eccentric adjacency index when bipartition size, matching number, and independence number are given.
Microstructure evolution in MA956 neutron irradiated in ATR at 328 °C to 4.36 dpa

Abstract MA956 is an iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy produced by mechanical alloying. The alloy was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at 328 °C up to 4.36 dpa with both thermal and fast neutrons. The microstructures before and after irradiation were investigated by various TEM techniques. The size and number density of dislocation loops, voids, and oxides were analyzed. The results showed that both 1/2 and loops were generated in irradiated materials. The number density of dislocation loops reached up to 7.17 × 1021/m3. Cavities/voids were formed during irradiation. Argon bubbles were observed in unirradiated materials attached to the surface of oxide particles. The swelling rate was estimated to be 0.08% without subtracting pre-existed Ar bubbles. The oxide particles could maintain crystal structure during irradiation. The oxides had small decrease in size but half reduction in number density after irradiation. Calculation estimated that loops and dislocation lines contributed most to hardening. Alpha prime precipitates were suggested to be formed by comparing to the calculated hardening. Dislocation lines are demonstrated not forming tangles in irradiated specimens.
Frost-free zone on macrotextured surfaces

Numerous studies have focused on designing functional surfaces that delay frost formation or reduce ice adhesion. However, solutions to the scientific challenges of developing antiicing surfaces remain elusive because of degradation such as mechanical wearing. Inspired by the discontinuous frost pattern on natural leaves, here we report findings on the condensation frosting process on surfaces with serrated structures on the millimeter scale, which is distinct from that on a conventional planar surface with microscale/nanoscale textures. Dropwise condensation, during the first stage of frosting, is enhanced on the peaks and suppressed in the valleys, causing frost to initiate from the peaks, regardless of surface chemistry. The condensed droplets in the valley are then evaporated due to the lower vapor pressure of ice compared with water, resulting in a frost-free zone in the valley, which resists frost propagation even on superhydrophilic surfaces. The dependence of the frost-free areal fraction on the geometric parameters and the ambient conditions is elucidated by both numerical simulations based on steady-state diffusion and an analytical method with an understanding of boundary conditions independent of surface chemistry. We envision that this study would provide a unified framework to design surfaces that can spatially control frost formation, crystal growth, diffusion-controlled growth of biominerals, and material deposition over a broad range of applications.
Controlling the Spatial and Momentum Distributions of Plasmonic Carriers: Volume vs Surface Effects.

Spatial and momentum distributions of excited charge carriers in nanoplasmonic systems depend sensitively on optical excitation parameters and nanoscale geometry, which therefore control the effici...
Concurrent Versus Staged Procedures for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt and Cranioplasty: A 10-Year Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Surgical Outcomes.

Background Many patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy will develop persistent hydrocephalus before cranioplasty. Therefore, surgeons must decide whether to perform ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement and cranioplasty simultaneously or in staged procedures. With limited, conflicting data reported, this decision has often been made by personal preference. The objective of the present study was to compare the surgical outcomes between patients undergoing concurrent or staged VPS placement and cranioplasty. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective comparative analysis of patients who had undergone either simultaneous or staged VPS placement and cranioplasty at a tertiary academic medical center. Results Of the 40 patients, 18 had undergone concurrent procedures and 22 had undergone VPS placement before a separate cranioplasty procedure. The concurrent group was significantly older, had more often had the VPS placed in the external ventricular drain site, and had had more patients taking aspirin at surgery. The rates of infection, resorption, and reoperation did not differ significantly, although reoperation showed a trend toward occurring less frequently in the concurrent group. Hospital-acquired infection occurred significantly less frequently in the concurrent patients. The rate of VPS-associated outcomes did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusions Because of the trend toward a reduced reoperation rate, the significantly reduced rate of hospital-acquired infection, and the reduction in the number of surgeries, we recommend that patients awaiting cranioplasty in the setting of persistent hydrocephalus undergo concurrent VPS placement and cranioplasty rather than staged procedures.
Examining Learners’ Reflections over Time During Game-Based Learning

Reflections are critical components of game-based learning environments (GBLEs) as learners must accurately use and monitor self-regulatory pro- while learning with instructional materials. Within this study, we examined how middle-school students (N = 35) learned with Crystal Island, a microbiology-based GBLE where learners are required to diagnose a disease infecting researchers on an island. This study aimed to identify how learners’ time reflecting changed during gameplay and is related to learners’ scientific reasoning actions (e.g., information gathering, note-taking, hypothesis formation and testing) and whether this was related to learning gains. Results from a multilevel growth model indicated that time spent reflecting increased over time, but the specific timing of reflection prompts (e.g., after submitting a diagnosis) was related to the time learners reflected over time. Further, time engaging in scientific actions and learning gains moderated the relationship between time spent reflecting between different reflection prompts but does not have a main effect on time spent reflecting. This paper discusses implications for when and how reflection prompts should be triggered during game-based learning and designing GBLEs capable of intelligently and dynamically modeling, scaffolding, and fostering reflective thinking.
Correlates of financial toxicity in adult cancer patients and their informal caregivers

Financial toxicity is commonly reported by cancer patients, but few studies have assessed caregiver perceptions. We aimed to validate the modified Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) in cancer caregivers, identify factors associated with financial toxicity in both patients and caregivers, and assess the association of caregiver financial toxicity with patient and caregiver outcomes. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 dyads of adult cancer patients and a primary caregiver visiting outpatient oncology clinics (Jan–Sep 2019) were recruited. We assessed the internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity of the modified COST. Multivariable analyses identified correlates of financial toxicity. Association of financial toxicity with care non-adherence, lifestyle-altering behaviors (e.g., home refinance/sale, retirement/saving account withdrawal), and quality of life (QOL) was investigated. Recruited patient vs. caregiver characteristics were as follows: mean age: 60.6 vs. 56.5; 34% vs. 46.4% female; 79% vs. 81.4% white. The caregiver COST measure demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.91). In patients, older age (B, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1–0.4]) and higher annual household income (B, 14.3 [95% CI, 9.3–19.4]) correlated with lower financial toxicity (P < 0.05). In caregivers, lower patient financial toxicity (B, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2–0.6]) and cancer stages 1–3 (compared to stage 4) (B, 4.6 [95% CI, 0.4–8.8]) correlated with lower financial toxicity (P < 0.05). Increased caregiver financial toxicity correlated with higher care non-adherence in patients, increased lifestyle-altering behaviors, and lower QOL in patients and caregivers (P < 0.05). The COST measure can also be used to assess caregiver financial toxicity. Caregivers’ financial toxicity was associated with negative outcomes for both dyad members.
Predictors of Satisfaction with Autism Treatment Services During COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges and disruptions for autistic individuals receiving specialized treatment services. This caregiver-report survey study (n = 339) explored predictors of satisfaction with autism services during COVID-19 to improve perceived support for these families. Specifically, we investigated whether service delivery medium (telehealth vs. in person), child's emotional functioning, and caregiver stress would predict satisfaction with the most highly utilized services. Satisfaction ratings for ABA/behavioral, speech/language, and occupational therapy were lower when delivered via telehealth as compared to in person. Caregivers who reported higher emotional dysregulation in their children were less satisfied with behavioral therapy services. These results provide a critical caregiver-informed perspective on factors influencing satisfaction with specialized autism services during COVID-19.
A correlational investigation of variables associated with the integration time of the eye

Two studies were conducted in an attempt to demonstrate a relationship between the integration time of the eye (binocular) and motor skills, perception time, lighting preference, and left and right eye integration times. With a combined sample of only 32 subjects, the studies showed a relationship with motor skills and left and right eye integration times. Language: en
Hybrid Automata with Finite Bisimulatioins

The analysis, verification, and control of hybrid automata with finite bisimulations can be reduced to finite-state problems. We advocate a time-abstract, phase-based methodology for checking if a given hybrid automaton has a finite bisimulation. First, we factor the automaton into two components, a boolean automaton with a discrete dynamics on the finite state space \(\mathbb{B}\) m and a euclidean automaton with a continuous dynamics on the infinite state space ℝ n . Second, we investigate the phase portrait of the euclidean component. In this fashion, we obtain new decidability results for hybrid systems as well as new, uniform proofs of known decidability results.
Formulation and computational aspects of a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model

This paper considers the formulation and numerical implementation of a geometrically exact resultant based shell model for the analysis of large deformations of thin and moderately thick shells. The model is essentially a single extensible director Cosserat surface. Variable thickness and thickness stretch effects are properly modeled via the extensibility condition on the director field. A simple linear elastic constitutive model is given which possesses the correct asymptotic limits as the thickness tends to zero and recovers the plane stress constitutive relations in the thin shell limit. On the computational side, a configuration update procedure for the director field is presented which is singularity free and exact regardless of the magnitude of the director (rotation and thickness stretch) increment. The performance of the shell model is assessed through an extensive set of numerical examples.
Evidence-Based Research on China

China has been undergoing a social transformation whose scope, rapidity, and significance in impact are unprecedented in human history. I present evidence pertaining to three most important social changes in China over the last 30-40 years: economic growth, increased educational attainment, and completion of a demographic transition. Many other important social changes have also taken place that merit the attention of social science researchers. Dramatic social changes in China present challenges as well as opportunities to social scientists today. We have a unique opportunity to document and preserve this portion of China's social history. Thus, conducting evidence-based research on China is a historical imperative for present-day social scientists.
Differentiation of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Monolayer Culture

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising cell source for cardiac tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for heart repair because they can be expanded in vitro and differentiated into most cardiovascular cell types, including cardiomyocytes. During embryonic heart development, this differentiation occurs under the influence of internal and external stimuli that guide cells to go down the cardiac lineage. In order to differentiate PSCs in vitro, these or similar stimuli need to be provided in a controlled manner. However, because it is not possible to completely recapitulate the embryonic environment, the factors essential for cardiac differentiation of PSCs in vitro need to be experimentally determined and validated. Since PSCs were first developed, significant progress has been made in optimizing techniques for their differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in these techniques, with particular focus on monolayer-based methods that have improved the efficiency and scalability of cardiomyocyte differentiation.
THE STATUS OF THE GENUS LEPTOPELIS (AMPHIBIA ANURA HYPEROLIIDAE) IN ETHIOPIA, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

SUMMARY The present work recognises six species of the genus Leptopelis in Ethiopia, of which two, L. yaldeni n. sp. and L. susanae n. sp., are described for the first time. Pseudocassina ocellata Ahl, 1924 and P. rugosa Ahl, 1924 are synonyms of Leptopelis gramineus (Boulenger, 1898). Five of the six species are known only from Ethiopia; an unusually high proportion of endemics which is explained by the fact that four (L. gramineus, L. ragazzii, L. yaldeni and L. susanae) are montane forms having their lower limits of distribution at about 2000 m or above, and there is a marked tendency for different species to be associated with different massifs. The remaining endemic is L. vannutellii, a species of lowland forest in southwestern Ethiopia. Leptopelis bocagei (Gunther, 1864) appears to be a more widely distributed form, although the application of this name to Ethiopian specimens is provisional since their relationship with typical bocagei from further south remains to be clarified. Even within Ethiopia...
Minimization of multioutput TANT networks for unlimited fan-in network model

A program for the minimization of multi-output three-level Boolean networks from NAND gates of unlimited fan-in is described. This model includes don't care states. The algorithm is fast and creates good-quality approximate solutions, and its efficiency increases with the percentage of don't cares. It has been tried on about 40 Boolean functions of not more than 14 inputs, and yielded correct results. The realized circuits (on PLH501 and PLH502 PLDs) required up to 68% (on the average 35%) less gates than the corresponding PLAs. The program can consider tradeoffs between the solution-cost and the processing speed by using various type of the source data. >
Semi-automated dialogue act classification for situated social agents in games

As a step toward simulating dynamic dialogue between agents and humans in virtual environments, we describe learning a model of social behavior composed of interleaved utterances and physical actions. In our model, utterances are abstracted as {speech act, propositional content, referent} triples. After training a classifier on 100 gameplay logs from The Restaurant Game annotated with dialogue act triples, we have automatically classified utterances in an additional 5,000 logs. A quantitative evaluation of statistical models learned from the gameplay logs demonstrates that semiautomatically classified dialogue acts yield significantly more predictive power than automatically clustered utterances, and serve as a better common currency for modeling interleaved actions and utterances.
Radioimmunoassay of group I pepsinogens in serum.

A radioimmunoassay for the group I pepsinogens (PG I) in human serum has been developed. The standard PG I was isolated from human urine, and, when labeled with 125 I, was shown to be immunochemically homogeneous by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoprecipitation. The antiserum was obtained from rabbits immunized with partially purified PG I. Standard PG I and serum give parallel inhibition curves against the labeled antigen. The sensitivity of the assay is in the order of 2 ng per ml of serum. The reproducibility of the determinations was demonstrated. PG I in serum is stable when stored at - 20 C for at least 7 months. The mean( ± sd) serum PG I levels in 69 healthy control subjects and in 71 hospitalized control patients were 102.7 ± 32.5 and 96.2 ± 41.9 ng per ml, respectively. In 14 patients with pernicious anemia and in 12 patients with total gastrectomy, mean serum PG I levels were 10.2 ± 6.4 and 3.8 ± 2.9 ng per ml, respectively. In 5 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the mean level was 456.1 ± 187.3 ng per ml.
Streamlining user experience design and development: roles, tasks and workflow of applying rich application technologies

The adoption of Rich Application Technologies (RATs), such as Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) or Adobe Flex, not only significantly enriches the user interface (UI) technology, but also can boost the collaborations among user experience (UX) specialists, designers and developers. Many books and plenty of online resources have described and discussed the technical capability and details of various RATs. However, how to effectively incorporate RATs into the process of UX design and development has not been systematically addressed. In this paper, we report our experience of applying RATs to develop several complex enterprise software systems. A new role, integrator, is introduced to support the communications among UX specialists, designers, and developers. We discuss the responsibilities and task assignments for each role, and propose a new workflow to streamline the design and development. We also discuss the challenges and the lessons learned from applying different RATs.
THE AMERICAN CONSCIENCE FROM PRAGUE TO HIROSHIMA: PEACE PSYCHOLOGY TOWARD A NUCLEAR-FREE WORLD WITHOUT FIRING A SHOT

The 9/11 and the subsequent Afghanistan and Iraq Wars failed to meet the ardent but sincerest expectations of all the people in the world who longed for the world peace. The 20th century was characterized by the most tragic inhumanity of the never-ending wars: the two world wars and the subsequent Cold War: wars in Korea, Vietnam, central America and elsewhere. It was as if the two superpowers had displaced their conflicts to avoid a nuclear war erasing the human race. The height of the Cold War during the 1980s also brought about the nuclear disarmament movement by people across the globe while one of the two superpowers, an “evil empire” (Reagan,1983), was falling as best symbolized by the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989. During the disappearing of the “enemy” and the building of world peace in the early 21st century, the author argues, the only superpower has come to a standstill in leading the way to defeat the “new enemy” or win the world peace, not due to the lack of its military might, but because of its reckoning filtered through the Cold War, an old mindset proved wrong: “[M]oral leadership is more powerful than any weapon,” according to President Obama’s Prague speech, the Noble Peace Prize recipient in 2009. This research presents such variables as nationalism, nuclear politics, powerlessness and conscience. The author points to America’s declaration in Hiroshima of “no first-use of a nuclear bomb” as the way to world peace in the 21st century.
Decreased protein synthesis of transforming lymphocytes from aged humans: Relationship to impaired mitogenesis with age

Recent studies have indicated that the decline in mitogenesis during the aging process may be related to intracellular defects that become apparent when the cells are subjected to the metabolic stress of cell transformation. We provide the first report of an age-related decline in protein synthesis in human lymphocytes exposed to phytohemagglutinin. This impairment in protein synthetic capacity from aged subjects' transforming cells is apparent from 24 to 72 h of culture. By 72 h of culture the incorporation of radiolabeled leucine in stimulated cells from elderly subjects is about half that for the young. However, cells from the aged have an increased protein content in the face of decreased synthesis suggesting a degradation defect. Since protein synthesis may be necessary for the induction of key effectors which activate glycolysis (which is necessary for transformation), we sought to relate the impaired protein synthesis to the impaired glycolytic enzyme induction with age. Cycloheximide totally inhibited glycolytic enzyme induction as well as cell transformation. A defect in protein synthesis with age may interfere with new enzyme synthesis which is necessary to activate requisite pathways for mitogenesis such as glycolysis.
Empirical evaluation of a queueing network model for semiconductor wafer fabrication

This paper concerns performance modeling of semiconductor manufacturing operations. More specifically, it focuses on queueing network models for an analysis of wafer fabrication facilities. The congestion problems that plague wafer fabrication facilities are described in general terms, and several years' operating data from one particular facility are summarized. A simple queueing network model of that facility is constructed, and the model is used to predict certain key system performance measures. The values predicted by the model are found to be within about 10% of those actually observed. These results suggest that queueing network models can provide useful quantitative guidance to designers of wafer fabrication facilities, and we discuss refinements and extensions of our elementary model that are likely to be important in other settings. However, an even more important benefit to be gained from queueing theory is the simple qualitative point that congestion and delay in wafer fabrication are caused by variability in the operating environment. To significantly reduce manufacturing cycle times, one must reduce that variability.
Selected Correlates of Computer Arcade Game Play

Empirical research on correlates of computer arcade game play has been extremely limited, notwithstanding social and legal controversy regarding these games. The present study employed speeded cognitive measures and personality measures to determine selected correlates of game play. Although one cognitive variable had noteworthy predictive power, the personality variables had more appreciable explanatory power in both reported analyses.
The ins and outs of fatty acids on the pancreatic β cell

Abstract Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) augment glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell via intracellular metabolism and generation of lipid-derived molecules. The recent observation, simultaneously reported by three independent groups, that long-chain FAs activate GPR40, a G-protein-coupled cell-surface receptor, indicates that they can also act as extracellular receptor ligands. The physiological relevance of this novel mechanism of action of FAs remains to be confirmed.
Rapid separation and quantitation of 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides and 5'-nucleotides in phosphodiesterase reaction mixtures using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A simple, rapid high-performance liquid-chromatography system for the fractionation and direct quantitation of substrates and products in crude phosphodiesterase reaction mixtures is described. Phosphate buffers and a pellicular anion exchange resin are used at ambient temperature. The method is sensitive, measuring picomoles of products with ultraviolet detection and femtomoles with isotopic measurement, and offers several advantages over the more popular batch sorption and manual methods for measuring phosphodiesterase activity. The time required for analysis, less than 8 min for single substrate reaction mixtures, is a fraction of that required with other chromatographic systems, and precision is ±5%. Results of studies with an activatable form of phosphodiesterase demonstrate the accuracy, precision and utility of the procedure for biomedical analyses.
A holder for simultaneous carbon-coating of 33 glass slides in one evaporation cycle.

The holder consists of a dome-shaped metal frame whose center of curvature is located at the arc of the carbon electrodes. The top of the dome is made with flanged bars, so spaced that the flanges support the slides, with all slides equidistant from the arc. The dome and its supports fit within a standard evaporator unit and provide the means for obtaining a uniform coating of evaporated carbon on all slides.
Harmonic analysis on real reductive groups I the theory of the constant term

Abstract This paper studies the asymptotic behavior of tempered and K -finite eigenfunctions of 3 on a real reductive group.
Reliable MAC layer multicast in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Multicast/broadcast is an important service primitive in networks. It is supported by all IEEE 802.x standards, including 802.11. The IEEE 802.11 multicast/broadcast protocol is based on the basic access procedure of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). This protocol does not provide any media access control (MAC) layer recovery on multicast/broadcast frames. As a result, the reliability of the multicast/broadcast service is reduced owing to the increased probability of lost frames resulting from interference or collisions. Recently, a few MAC protocols have been proposed to enhance the reliability and the efficiency of the 802.11 multicast/broadcast protocol. In this paper, we observe that these protocols are still unreliable or inefficient. To redress the problems of reliability and efficiency, we propose a reliable Batch Mode Multicast MAC protocol (BMMM), which in most cases reduces the number of contention phases from n to 1, where n is the number of intended receivers in the multicast/broadcast. This considerably reduces the time required for a multicast/broadcast. We then propose a Location Aware Multicast MAC protocol (LAMM), which uses station location information to further improve upon BMMM. Extensive analysis and simulation results validate the reliability and efficiency of our multicast MAC protocols. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empowering Targeted Therapy: Lessons from Rituximab

Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the B cell-specific protein CD20, has revolutionized lymphoma treatment by providing a highly effective form of therapy with relatively mild toxic side effects. Effective as a single agent against some forms of B cell lymphoma, rituximab also has a chemosensitizing effect, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy against other forms of the disease. Although the mechanisms whereby rituximab achieves its effects remain incompletely understood, these seem to involve at least three distinct phenomena: (i) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, (ii) complement-mediated cell lysis, and (iii) stimulation of apoptosis in target cells. The latter occurs through interaction of complexes of rituximab and CD20 in lipid rafts, with elements of a signaling pathway involving Src kinases. Effector molecules trigger various gene expression events, leading to sensitization of malignant cells to proapoptotic stimuli. Lessons learned from the research on rituximab may be applied to the rational development of antibody-based therapies against other forms of cancer.
Chloride penetration of concrete impregnated with various linseed oil/mineral spirits combinations

Abstract Concrete test cylinders (3 × 6 in., or 7.6 × 15.2 cm) dried in a forced air oven or with a gas fired infrared heater were impregnated with different boiled linseed oil/mineral spirits mixtures. The impregnated cylinders, along with nonlinseed oil impregnated cylinders, were contaminated with a saturated sodium chloride solution. Chloride content determinations were performed on mortar specimens obtained at various depths from the surface of the cylinders. Chloride contents determined on the controls indicated chloride levels much higher than probably would have occurred in actual field concrete. The data on linseed oil mixture impregnated concrete indicate that chloride ion penetration into the concrete is significantly reduced as compared to the control specimens.
Role of quantization effects in the operation of ultrasmall MOSFETs and SOI device structures

The continued scaling of devices towards the ultimate limit of 50-nm MOSFET by the year 2007 necessitates the use of higher substrate doping densities in both conventional devices and in the alternative device technologies. The higher substrate doping density, on the other hand, gives rise to pronounced space quantization effects that must be taken into account when modeling these novel device structures. One way to include space quantization is via solution of the Schrodinger equation coupled to conventional drift-diffusion, hydrodynamic or Monte Carlo particle-based simulators. An alternative way is to use the recently proposed effective potential approach. In this work, we apply the effective potential approach when modeling a conventional 50-nm MOSFET device and an SOI device structure. For the SOI device we also utilize the Landauer's approach to calculate the current and estimate the device threshold voltage increase due to the lateral quantization.
Evaluating Differences in Harvest Data Used in the Sex‐Age‐Kill Deer Population Model

Abstract A steady increase in archery hunting participation and frequent changes in hunter regulations led to an evaluation of harvest data used in a common white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population model. Our goal was to determine if model parameters and population estimates traditionally estimated solely by firearm harvest data were biased with respect to altered sex and age ratios brought about by increases in archery hunting and harvest success. The sex-age-kill (SAK) model, commonly used by state agencies, was developed in the mid-1900s when deer numbers were low and firearm harvest was predominant. Management actions were concentrated on increasing deer numbers, and model assumptions relied heavily on a stable age distribution and a minimal antlerless deer harvest. We evaluated the reliance of SAK in a modern hunting scenario using a 10-year dataset obtained from Michigan, USA, that encompassed a variety of climatic regions, hunting seasons, and regulation scenarios. We found that firear...
Application of Transiograms to Markov Chain Simulation and Spatial Uncertainty Assessment of Land-Cover Classes

The recently proposed two-dimensional (2-D) Markov chain conditional simulation approach has the advantage of incorporating interclass dependences into simulation of categorical variables, which is crucial for spatial prediction and uncer- tainty assessment of multinomial land-cover classes. To work with sampled point data, the key step is to effectively model experimental transiograms, which are esti- mated from sampled point data and serve as parameter input to a Markov chain sim- ulation. However, it is difficult to fit complex curve shapes of experimental transiograms using mathematical models. In this paper we suggest a linear interpola- tion method to efficiently interpolate experimental transiograms into continuous models so that the 2-D Markov chain model works with sampled point data. Case studies show that: (1) land-cover patterns are captured in simulated realizations con- ditioned on point data using transiograms; (2) spatial uncertainty of land-cover classes, particularly the uncertainty of class polygon boundaries, is clearly revealed in occurrence probability maps; and (3) complex features of transiograms are repro- duced in simulated realizations. It is concluded that the method may provide a prac- tical way of using complex transiograms in 2-D Markov chain simulations of multinomial classes.
Optimizing nonlinear electro-optic polymer devices through cladding layer design and selection

An analysis of the design and function of multi-layer electro-optic (EO) device structures is presented. Some alternate methods of enhancing electro-optic capabilities of existing, well-studied EO materials are investigated. Through analysis of the electronic and linear optical properties of these components, some possible enhancements have been demonstrated. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the relative conductivity and electrical properties of the cladding and guiding layers play a crucial role in the function of electro-optic, guided wave devices. The addition of relatively conductive cladding layers in a device structure has been shown to reduce external poling voltage and delay catastrophic breakdown at high effective poling fields, thus enhancing the achievable EO coefficients and reducing the necessity for high poling voltages. Similarly, material studies have also indicated that the incorporation of a thin interplay between guiding and cladding layers can lead to enhanced guiding and poling in electro-optic guided wave devices. Thus modifications of the non-active components in existing device structures are shown to enhance both waveguide function and EO characteristics of these polymer guided-wave devices.
State HMO accreditation and external quality review requirements: implications for HMOs serving rural areas.

: The purpose of this article is to analyze state regulations regarding health maintenance organization (HMO) accreditation and external quality review; to briefly describe states’experiences implementing these regulations; and to discuss the implications of these regulations for HMOs serving rural areas. The incorporation of HMO accreditation and external quality review requirements into state HMO licensure processes and state employee contracting raises many policy issues, including several that are especially relevant to HMOs serving rural populations. A key issue is whether the linkage of accreditation and external quality review requirements to HMO licensure will be an additional deterrent to the development of new HMOs or the expansion of existing HMOs into rural areas. Other issues relate to the costs and benefits of accreditation for HMOs serving rural populations, and the potential impact of HMO accreditation requirements on efforts to expand managed care enrollment of rural Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries and rural state employees. Nine states were identified that have regulations requiring HMOs to seek accreditation or to undergo an external quality review as a condition of licensure. Four states were identified as implementing requirements that an HMO be accredited in order to serve state employees. Many of these requirements are still in the early stages of implementation. Several states with the requirements have significant rural populations and will provide opportunities to evaluate their impact on HMOs serving rural areas, rural providers and rural consumers.
Estimation of semivariogram parameters and evaluation of the effects of data sparsity

Semivariogram parameters are estimated by a weighted least-squares method and a jackknife kriging method. The weighted least-squares method is investigated by differing the lag increment and maximum lag used in the fit. The jackknife kriging method minimizes the variance of the jackknifing error as a function of semivariogram parameters. The effects of data sparsity and the presence of a trend are investigated by using 400-, 200-, and 100-point synthetic data sets. When the two methods yield significantly different results, more data may be needed to determine reliably the semivariogram parameters, or a trend may be present in the data.
The historical basis of fire resistance testing — Part II

This review summarizes the history of fire resistance testing and its impact on the formulation of the present standard. It focuses on studies from the 1880s to 1918.
Photoinduced charge separation in self-assembled cofacial pentamers of zinc-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(perylenediimide)porphyrin.

A bichromophoric electron donor–acceptor molecule composed of a zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) surrounded by four perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) chromophores (ZnTPP-PDI4) was synthesized. The properties of this molecule were compared to a reference molecule having ZnTPP covalently bound to a single PDI (ZnTPP-PDI). In toluene, ZnTPP-PDI4 self-assembles into monodisperse aggregates of five molecules arranged in a columnar stack, (ZnTPP-PDI4)5. The monodisperse nature of this assembly contrasts sharply with previously reported ZnTPP-PDI4 derivatives having 1,7-bis(3,5-di-t-butylphenoxy) groups (ZnTPP-PPDI4). The size and structure of this assembly in solution was determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using a high flux synchrotron X-ray source. The ZnTPP-PDI reference molecule does not aggregate. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that laser excitation of both ZnTPP-PDI and (ZnTPP-PDI4)5 results in quantitative formation of ZnTPP+˙-PDI−˙ radical ion pairs in a few picoseconds. The transient absorption spectra of (ZnTPP-PDI4)5 suggest that the PDI−˙ radicals interact strongly with adjacent PDI molecules within the columnar stack. Charge recombination occurs more slowly within (ZnTPP-PDI4)5 (τ = 4.8 ns) than it does in ZnTPP-PDI (τ = 3.0 ns) producing mostly ground state as well as a modest yield of the lowest triplet state of PDI (3*PDI). Formation of 3*PDI occurs by rapid spin–orbit induced intersystem crossing (SO-ISC) directly from the singlet radical ion pair as evidenced by the electron spin polarization pattern exhibited by its time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum.
Saturated Forced-Convective Boiling Heat Transfer With Twisted-Tape Inserts

Etude experimentale de l'influence de pieces d'insertion sous forme de ruban torsade sur le transfert de chaleur a l'ebullition du freon 113 en ecoulement ascendant dans un tube vertical en acier inoxydable
QoS and resource management in distributed interactive multimedia environments

Quality of Service (QoS) is becoming an integral part of current ubiquitous Distributed Interactive Multimedia Environments (DIMEs) because of their high resource and real-time interactivity demands. It is highly influenced by the management techniques of available resources in these cyber-physical environments. We consider QoS and resource management influenced by two most important resources; the computing (CPU) and networking resources. In this paper, we survey existing DIME-relevant QoS and resource management techniques for these two resources, present their taxonomy, compare them, and show their impacts on DIMEs. Finally, we discuss appropriateness of those techniques in a sample DIME scenario.
2D‐patterned ferromagnetic III‐Mn‐V semiconductors for planar spintronics

We demonstrate planar patterning techniques to produce isolated regions of ferromagnetic Ga1–xMnxAs embedded in a GaAs host. One technique consists of ion-implantation through lithographically defined resist, followed by pulsed-laser melting. Planar Hall-bar structures of Ga1–xMnxAs formed by this process show a large anomalous Hall signal along with negative magnetoresistance associated with the well-known hole-mediated ferromagnetic phase. In another technique patterning is achieved by selective hydrogenation of Ga1–xMnxAs, rendering exposed regions electrically insulating and magnetically inactive. The planar nature of these Hall-bars allows for tuning the ferromagnetism by the integration of lateral gates to modulate the exchange-mediating hole population in the Ga1–xMnxAs region, hence creating junction-FET functionality. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental solubility data of various n-alkane waxes: effects of alkane chain length, alkane odd versus even carbon number structures, and solvent chemistry on solubility

Abstract Solubility data were measured for eight different n-alkanes ranging from tetracosane to tetratetracontane (C24H50–C44H90). Included are: (1) solubility data in toluene for all the n-alkanes studied and (2) solubility data of n-hexatriacontane (C36H74) in several solvent and solvent mixture systems. Illustrated in the data are the effects on solubility of alkane chain length, alkane odd versus even carbon number structures, and solvent chemistry. The measurements were made to provide fundamental equilibrium data.
Androgenic regulation of ventral epithelial bud number and pattern in mouse urogenital sinus

The ventral urogenital sinus (UGS) of control male mice has two rows of 3–4 prostatic buds at birth, but how androgens regulate ventral bud (VB) number and patterning is unclear. VBs in both sexes appeared to be a mixture of prostatic and urethral buds. UGSs from Tfm male and antiandrogen (flutamide)-exposed mice had small VBs, suggesting that initiation of some VBs is androgen independent. Tfm male mice are widely considered completely androgen insensitive yet their UGSs were 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)- responsive. VBs (6–8) were generally distributed bimodally on the left-right axis at both minimal and normal male androgen signaling. Yet control females and DHT-exposed Tfm males had 13–14 VBs, whose left-right distribution was fairly uniform. These results suggest that VB number and distribution respond biphasically as androgen signaling increases from minimal, and that androgens regulate bud specification. Complete VB agenesis by the selective budding inhibitor 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) required high androgen signaling. Developmental Dynamics 239:373–385, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.

Summary Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy offers numerous advantages when compared with the traditional open approach. For the donor, it has resulted in a shorter hospital stay, fewer postoperative analgesic requirements, earlier return to activities of daily living and employment, and decreased financial loss owing to absence from the workforce. For the recipient, the procedure does not adversely impact on allograft function, graft survival, or patient survival.
Inhibition of Blastogenesis by Native and Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Asparaginases from Escherichia Coli and Vibrio Succinogenes

The in vitro blastogenic response of rat splenocytes to concana-valin A stimulation is inhibited by inclusion of asparaginase in the culture medium. The glutaminase-free asparaginase from Vibrio succinogenes is as potent an inhibitor as the Escherichia coli enzyme which has 2% glutaminase activity. The polyethylene glycol-modified forms of both enzymes are also inhibitory. We suggest that previously proposed explanations for the ability of asparaginases to inhibit blasto-genesis are not likely to be correct and propose that asparaginase interacts with a mitogenic factor.
Gaucher's cells in acute leukemia of childhood

Summary Morphologically typica Gaucher's cells were found in the marrow and liver of a 9 1/2-year-old Causcasian girl with acute leukemia. Occurrence of these cells in an established phenomenon in chronic adult myelocytic leukemia, and the Gaucher's cells in these circumstances should be recognized as probably representing a “secondary” phenomenon rather than a distinct genetically determined enzyme defect.
Fibrinolytic activity of euglobulins precipitated from normal or factor XII-deficient plasma in the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Addition of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids to normal or Factor XII-deficient human plasma markedly increased their euglobulin fibrinolytic activity. Differences in the effects of saturated and unsaturated acids were of a quantitative rather than a qualitative nature. The activities obtained with the fatty acids approached those obtained by the precipitation of euglobulins in the presence of dextran sulphate.
ROLE OF LIGHT AND THE CELL CYCLE ON THE INDUCTION OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN A CENTRIC DIATOM1

The centric diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii Grun., can be induced to undergo spermatogenesis by exposing cells maintained at saturating levels of continuous light to either dim light or darkness. Using flow cytometry to determine the relative DNA and chlorophyll content per cell, the number of cells within a population that responded to and induction signal was measured. From 0 to over 90% of a population differentiated into male gametes depending upon both the induction trigger and the population examined, regardless of the average cell size of the population. Through the use of synchromized cultures, we demonstrated that responsiveness to an induction trigger was a function of cell cycle stage; cells in early G1 were not yet committed to complete mitosis and were induced to form male gametes, whereas cells further along in their cell cycle were unresponsive to these same cues. A simple model combining the influence of light on the mitotic cell cycle and on the induction of spermatogenesis is proposed to explain the observed diversity in population responses to changes in light conditions.
Poetry inspired by mathematics: a brief journey through history

This article explores one of the many manifestations of the link between mathematics and poetry—the phenomenon of poetry inspired by mathematics. Such poetry responds to the mathematical concerns and accomplishments of the day. Covering a variety of time periods and mathematical subjects, the selection of poems in this article takes the reader on a journey through the history of mathematics, highlighting along the way mathematical ideas and achievements that inspired both mathematicians and poets. We conclude with a brief discussion on the use of such poetry in the mathematics classroom.