cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detachable strong cation exchange monolith, integrated with capillary zone electrophoresis and coupled with pH gradient elution, produces improved sensitivity and numbers of peptide identifications during bottom-up analysis of complex proteomes.

A detachable sulfonate-silica hybrid strong cation-exchange monolith was synthesized in a fused silica capillary, and used for solid phase extraction with online pH gradient elution during capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CZE-MS/MS) proteomic analysis. Tryptic digests were prepared in 50 mM formic acid and loaded onto the strong cation-exchange monolith. Fractions were eluted using a series of buffers with lower concentration but higher pH values than the 50 mM formic acid background electrolyte. This combination of elution and background electrolytes results in both sample stacking and formation of a dynamic pH junction and allows use of relatively large elution buffer volumes while maintaining reasonable peak efficiency and resolution. A series of five pH bumps were applied to elute E. coli tryptic peptides from the monolith, followed by analysis using CZE coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer; 799 protein groups and 3381 peptides were identified from 50 ng of the di...
Analysis on breast feeding and anemia status among infants under 2 years old in rural areas of Hubei province

Objective To find out breast feeding and anemia status among infants under 2years old in rural areas of Hubei province. Methods 1 197infants under 2years old were investigated using cluster random sampling method in 8 cities(counties)in rural areas of Hubei.Data of breast feeding were collected using questionnaire,and 20μL peripheral blood were collected to measure haemoglobin concentration value. Results 1 125of the 1 197(94.0%)infants had a history of breast feeding,and 965(85.8%)of those had been fed colostrum.The majority of infants(61.8%)were weaned during 7~ 12months old,only 6.1% were weaned after 12months.The prevalence of anemia among the infants was 32.7%.There were no significant differences on anemia prevalence between different age and sex.The anemia prevalence was lower in infants who had been fed colostrum.But results between whether having breastfeeding history,and between the different time of weaning,did not have significant differences. Conclusion Colostrum feeding is strongly recommended due to its benefit in reducting the prevalence of anemia.
The monitor to tap water quality of China's naval medical rescue team resident in Philippines after typhoon disaster

Objective For the protection of the personnel drinking water safety in special environment,after Typhoon"Haiyan"hitting the Philippines,the tap water quality of Leyte Provincial Hospital( the China's naval medical rescue team resident) was monitored. Methods Rapid detection cases( model's SL- 12) made by Zhong Wei company for physical indicators of water was used to determine the tap water quality. The results of determination were analyzed and evaluated according to Standard for Drinking Water Quality( GB 5749- 2006). Results The lead content of tap water in China's naval medical rescue team resident went seriously beyond the standard limits,and changed greatly in different time,but all determination results of the lead content were all beyond the limits. The remaining physicochemical and microbiological indicators were in line with drinking water hygiene requirements. Conclusion The lead content level of tap water in Leyte Provincial Hospital is too high,Long- term drinking will have a greater impact on human health. Given the drinking water of Leyte Provincial Hospital shares the same water supply system with Tacloban City and the neighboring provinces and cities,we suggest the local government should check the source of water supplying and the water pipes to Tacloban City and the surrounding areas,make some corrective measures to protect the safety of drinking water.
On the Point of Cultural Development and Prosperity Basic

Cultural development and prosperity is an important foundation and practical needs of the scientific development and social progress,civilization,cultural development and improve attention should be paid to do a good job relating to culture and the construction of "trivial".Articles on cultural construction,development of point and basic content such as doing the more required to analyze and put forward some of the thinking and recommendations;their contents have: cultural development,prosperity and non-substance of something more important,necessary and must be;cultural construction and development to be in enhance the quality of people do something to contribute;cultural construction and prosperity should pay attention to the purity,optimize and beautify the mother tongue;cultural development from the ideas,methods clear the Great Leap Forward thinking and pursuit;popularity of natural science,social science knowledge and Zhimin Hui people is the hard task of cultural construction.
A Comparative First-Principles Study on Sodiation of Silicon, Germanium, and Tin for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have recently received great attention as a potential complement to existing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology. Because of the difference between Na and Li in nature, what has been an attractive anode material for LIBs may or may not be utilized for NIBs. Using density functional theory calculations, we examine and compare the sodiation behaviors of Si, Ge, and Sn, in comparison also to their lithiation processes if needed. We evaluate single Na incorporation in the host matrices (M = Si, Ge, Sn) and also discuss the formation of Na–M alloys in terms of structural evolution and energetics, along with their mechanical and diffusion properties. While the alloy systems considered in this work appear to undergo similar transformation during sodiation and lithiation, the M networks tend to lose connectivity more rapidly in the former. At Na/Li:M = 1:1 ratio, the M networks in a-NaM alloys already disintegrate into compact isolated clusters while those in a-LiM still maintain exte...
Determination of Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-Stimulated Phosphodiesterase Activity in Intact Cells

Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-stimulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs) constitute a large family (PDE1 family) of enzymes. All members of the PDE1 family can be stimulated by Ca(2+) in the presence of CaM in vitro. It has been shown that the Ca(2+)/CaM-stimulated PDE activity present in the vessel wall or vascular smooth muscle cells can be stimulated in vivo by contracting reagents that increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. We describe in detail a technique used to estimate the extent of PDE1 activation in vivo by measuring in vitro the PDE activity that represents the extent of association between Ca(2+)-CaM and PDE1 in vivo. The technique involves the extraction and rapid assay of enzyme activity at a low temperature and in the presence of trifluoperazine to minimize the changes in association between Ca(2+)-CaM and the PDE1 family member during cell lysis and assaying activity. This technique can be used to measure Ca(2+)/CaM-stimulated PDE activity in cultured cells or tissues.
Entwicklung von Geschäftsmodellen in Multinationalen Unternehmen

Die Entwicklung von Geschaftsmodellen selbst und die Entwicklung von Geschaftsmodellen innerhalb multinationaler Unternehmen sind von einer hohen Komplexitat gekennzeichnet. Die Forschung zu Geschaftsmodellen im internationalen Kontext ist als sehr jung zu bezeichnen. Wurden in den letzten Jahren immer starker Versuche unternommen, Einflussfaktoren auf die Geschaftsmodellgestaltung sowie das grundsatzliche Management von Geschaftsmodellen aufzuzeigen, so sind vor allem in den Jahren ab 2008 neue Ansatze u. a. von Hurth (2008) (Vgl. Hurth (2008), S. 52 ff.), Sanchez/Ricart (2010) (Vgl. Sanchez/Ricart (2010), S. 138 ff.), Dunford/Palmer/Benveniste (2010) (Vgl. Dunford/Palmer/Benveniste (2010), S. 655 ff.) etc.
Work-Up of the Patient with Hyperammonemia

Hyperammonemia is the hallmark of the disorders of the urea cycle but occurs episodically also in organic acidurias and disorders of fatty acid oxidation. Routine clinical chemistry is helpful in pointing the direction of the work-up of a patient. Patients with urea cycle defects are alkalotic or normal; those with organic acidurias or disorders of fatty acid oxidation are acidotic. The next step toward a definitive differential diagnosis is the quantitative assay of the concentrations of amino acids in plasma (glutamine, citrulline, arginine) and urine (argininosuccinic acid, orotic acid) or dry blood (argininosuccinic acid).
Effects of localized interactions and surface properties on stability of protein-based therapeutics.

Objectives Protein-based therapeutics garner significant attention because of exquisite specificity and limited side effects and are now being used to accomplish targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs. This review identifies and highlights individual chemical attributes and categorizes how site-specific changes affect protein stability based on published high-resolution molecular analyses. Key findings Because it is challenging to determine the mechanisms by which the stability of large, complex molecules is altered and data are sparse, smaller, therapeutic proteins (insulin, erythropoietin, interferons) are examined alongside antibody data. Integrating this large pool of information with the limited available studies on antibodies reveals common mechanisms by which specific alterations affect protein structure and stability. Summary Physical and chemical stability of therapeutic proteins and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is of critical importance because insufficient stability prevents molecules from making it to market. Individual moieties on/near the surface of proteins have substantial influence on structure and stability. Seemingly small, superficial modification may have far-reaching consequences on structure, conformational dynamics, and solubility of the protein, and hence physical stability of the molecule. Chemical modifications, whether spontaneous (e.g. oxidation, deamidation) or intentional, as with ADCs, may adversely impact stability by disrupting local surface properties or higher order protein structure.
Sequence Specific Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 2 (SSBP2) Is a Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activity

Abstract 1384 Interstitial deletions of chromosome 5q are common, non-random anomalies in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). While most deletions are large, spanning 5q13–33, a subset of patients deletes only the 5q11–14 region. We isolated SSBP2 , a candidate gene from a critical region of loss at 5q14. SSBP2 expression is undetectable in AML cell lines, primary AML and MDS samples with chromosome 5q deletions. Decreased Ssbp2 expression due to viral integration has been reported in a case of primate AML resulting from HOXB4 retroviral transduction 1 . We have established SSBP2, to be a member of Lim Domain Binding Protein (LDB1)-Lim Only 2(LMO2)- TAL1/LYL1containing transcriptional complexes. SSBP2-LDB1, interactions promote gene expression by protecting LDB1 from proteosomal degradation 2,3 . LDB1-LMO2-bHLH complexes are also critical regulators of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), a target of transformation in MDS and AML. The transcriptional cofactor LDB1 is required for hematopoiesis as part of an autoregulatory loop, which maintains the expression of TAL1, LMO2, E2A and GATA1 4 . Since Ssbp2 is a candidate gene from 5q and an in vivo regulator of LDB1 stability 3 , we sought to determine its role in hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. In normal marrow, Ssbp2 expression is highest in Lin − , Sca1 + , c-Kit + (LSK) cells and decreases during lineage commitment. Ssbp2 −/− mice are apparently normal upto six months of age although multiple hematopoitic tissues exhibit modest hypoplasia. However, hematopoietic recovery from 5-Fluoro uracil treatment is considerably delayed in these mice. Furthermore, competitive repopulation assays reveal significantly reduced short and long-term engraftment with Ssbp2 −/− bone marrow. Enforced expression of Ssbp2 rescues the competitive repopulating activity. Increased expression of E2A and its9 transcriptional target CDKN1A in Ssbp2 −/− LSK cells appears to underlie the impaired stem cell activity. Our results identify SSBP2 to be a novel regulator of HSC function by maintaining the LDB1 mediated regulatory loop. Furthermore, these findings suggest defective stem cell homeostasis in the absence of SSBP2 , when combined with mitogenic signals might contribute to the evolution of MDS/AML in a subset of patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Three-Stage Resource Allocation Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks

In this paper, we investigate the energy efficiency of downlink transmissions in heterogeneous networks. Our objective is to satisfy the rate requirement of users while maximizing the energy efficiency of the network. We employ the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme to increase the energy efficiency of downlink transmissions and to eliminate outages for the cell-edge users. We formulate the joint cell-center boundary selection for FFR, scheduling, and power allocation problems. This formulation gives us a mixed discrete (selection of the cell-center boundary selection for FFR and scheduling) and continuous (power allocation) optimization problem which is hard to solve jointly. In order to solve this problem, we propose a three-stage resource allocation algorithm. In the first stage, we propose a dynamic method to determine the cell-center region boundaries. In the second stage, we employ the Lagrangian-directed scheduler algorithm to incorporate the rate requirements of users. The third stage solves the power allocation subproblem using the Levenberg–Marquardt method combined with dual decomposition. In order to make the base stations further reduce intercell interference, interference pricing mechanism is applied. This scheme penalizes the utility of a base station with the interference it creates. The performance of the proposed algorithm is simulated in a long-term evolution (LTE) network simulation tool. Our numerical results reveal that significant gains in terms of energy efficiency can be achieved with the proposed algorithm. The outage probability is also significantly reduced.
Composition, Processing and Properties of Composite Ceramic Sickle Blades from Mesopotamia

Ceramic tools were made in lowland Mesopotamia from about 4500 to 2750 B.C.E. At first hammers, adzes, axes and sickles were made. By about 3300-3100 B.C.E., only sickles were made. We reverse engineered the technology to show that local, salty montmorillonite clay and quartz sand were formed into a composite blade and handle from a biconical coil and fired to 1120-1170°C based on analysis of refiring tests. At 1200°C the montmorillonite clay transforms to glass, so the firing range was right on the edge of slumping the ceramic into a useless mass. To prevent plastic deformation of the clay about 25-33 vol% of quartz sand was added. The extensive glassy matrix phase enabled the best blades to be resharpened by pressure flaking. The compositions, phase assemblage, firing temperature range, material limits on processing, and properties have been characterized for 15 sickle samples from Nippur using Xeroradiography, SEM-EDS, EPMA, and analysis of refiring tests. Strength and hardness tests and toughness calculations were conducted on replicate test tiles made using clay from Pit M at Nippur, Iraq, and sand. Based on finds of small groups of well-fused sickles that were overfired and melted together and our experiments that demonstrated the difficulty of controlling peak temperature range and firing time for the somewhat variable raw material, the sickles probably were fired in small groups, of perhaps 10-15, in small arched, tunnel kilns that achieved high temperatures by facing somewhat predictable oncoming wind flows that provided natural draft. No evidence of workshops has been located, but, based on the archaeological finds at Nippur and our analyses, we propose that sickle-making may have been practiced as a local, seasonal, popular technology with tools being made by farmers or part-time specialists who fired in small, temporary tunnel kilns in fields or near settlements during the dependable seasonal winds. This research investigated the sickles as a well-engineered, but risk-prone ceramic manufacture that fulfilled an important a societal need, agricultural success. The technological choices of craftsmen were narrowed by raw material constraints, risk-taking, practice and workmanship to achieve desired properties and performance characteristics.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Gene Testing: Go Big?

Heredity strongly influences multiple cardiovascular disorders, including arrhythmia syndromes, aortic aneurysms, dyslipidemias, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Genetic testing has emerged as an effective clinical tool, especially in the cardiomyopathies, because it provides information useful for diagnosis and stratification.1 Genetic testing for clinical diagnosis currently relies on gene panels, where many genes are sequenced simultaneously. With gene panel sequencing, the coding regions of specific genes are first captured and then sequenced. Most mutations detected with this method are single nucleotide polymorphisms or small insertions/deletions. It is also possible to detect larger exonic-level deletions or duplications. Most cardiomyopathy mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and these methods can detect heterozygous variants. See Article by Cirino et al Cardiomyopathy gene panels have grown in size and scope, and it has now become commonplace to evaluate 50 to 120 genes in a single test, depending on the specific cardiomyopathy subtype and accompanying cardiac arrhythmias.2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a more genetically restricted disease compared with dilated cardiomyopathy. The majority of HCM arises from heterozygous mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins with MYH7 and MYBPC3 accounting for 70% to 80% of familial HCM. The limited yield of larger panels combined with the enrichment of MYH7/MYBPC3 mutations has prompted the suggestion that genetic testing for HCM should first focus on these 2 genes.3,4 In contrast, dilated cardiomyopathy is linked to many more genes, with 1 gene, TTN , accounting for 20% of genetic dilated cardiomyopathy, and ≥80 genes explaining an additional fraction.5–7 This genetic heterogeneity has led some to suggest that >1 variant may contribute to disease onset, supporting an oligogenic pathogenesis. The sensitivity of genetic panels for cardiomyopathies ranges from 30% to 50%, depending on the subtype. The rate of variant discovery should improve as …
Learning from the Past: The Women Writers Project and Thirty Years of Humanities Text Encoding

In recent years, intensified attention in the humanities has been paid to data: to data modeling, data visualization, “big data”. The Women Writers Project has dedicated significant effort over the past thirty years to creating what Christoph Schoch calls “smart clean data”: a moderate-sized collection of early modern women’s writing, carefully transcribed and corrected, with detailed digital text encoding that has evolved in response to research and changing standards for text representation. But that data—whether considered as a publication through Women Writers Online, or as a proof of the viability of text encoding approaches like those expressed in the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guideline s—is only the most visible part of a much larger ecology. That ecology includes complex human systems, evolving sets of tools, and a massive apparatus of documentation and organizational memory that have made it possible for the project to work coherently over such a long period of time. In this article we examine the WWP’s information systems in relation to the project’s larger scholarly goals, with the aim of showing where they may generalize to the needs of other projects.
Carcinogenic Responses to Air Pollutants

Publisher Summary The complexity of the respiratory tract makes the elucidation of the carcinogenic processes in the respiratory organ a great challenge. A major complication in identifying airborne agents that are carcinogenic is the high background level of lung cancer and other respiratory tract cancers caused by cigarette smoking. This is evident from the controversy surrounding estimates of lung cancers for residential exposure to the well-established carcinogens, radon, and its progency. The vast majority of lung cancer cases estimated to be attributable to radon occur in smokers. There is a high degree of uncertainty associated with the lung cancer risk estimates for nonsmokers. These same difficulties extend to assessing the cancer hazards of other air pollutants based on epidemiological observations. For new materials proposed for introduction to commence, increased attention must be given to proactive approaches to identifying potential carcinogens through laboratory animal and in vitro assays and structure-activity evaluations. The identification of such compounds early in development provides the opportunity to select alternative compounds that do not pose a carcinogenic hazard or to design engineering controls to limit human exposures.
Turbulent Boundary Layers II

In this chapter, asymptotic analysis is used to consider various aspects of turbulent boundary layers in the limit of large Reynolds number. Turbulent wall-bounded shear flows are common in engineering practice and, although such motions can be very complex, generic trends are exhibited over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. In such circumstances, asymptotic theory is an essential tool for revealing the critical aspects of boundary-layer structure, as well as the dominant physical processes in the turbulence. In the following six sections, specific issues related to both the prediction and physics of turbulent shear flows near walls will be addressed. In §2, some of the classical results for two-dimensional incompressible flows will be reviewed and extended; special emphasis is placed on the minimum information and the numerical algorithms that are required to structure a prediction scheme for such flows; this chapter forms a basis for the more complicated types of boundary layers considered in subsequent sections. In §3, a model for the mean flow profile in the near-wall region of the boundary layer is described; this model is based on the observed coherent structure of the wall-layer flow and provides a simple alternative to conventional mixing-length formulations. In §4, the case of incompressible two-dimensional flow with heat transfer at the wall is addressed; the asymptotic theory constrains the types of models that can be used in the energy equation and provides an effective way to determine the heat transfer at the surface in a prediction method.
Periodic and Chaotic Dynamics in Childhood Infections

Most biologists, when confronted with a time series, assume that the dynamical possibilities are quite limited. Either a system sits still, presumably at equilibrium, or it may oscillate with a fixed period. Anything else, they will probably tell you, is evidence of noise — observational error or chance perturbations from without. By these criteria, most biological systems, especially at the population level, are extremely noisy. Hence, it is no accident that mathematical biology places a heavy emphasis on stochastic models as well as on statistical techniques designed to extract the “deterministic” component of the signal.
Understanding partial saturation in paper microfluidics enables alternative device architectures

Paper-microfluidic devices are becoming more common due to their ability to automate diagnostic assays at low cost. Increasingly, paper-microfluidic devices automate more complex, multi-step assays, with the aim of bringing these assays out of the laboratory to the point-of-care. However, some common assay procedures have resisted easy automation by paper-microfluidic devices. Sample preparation procedures in particular, due to the complexity of real biological samples, still largely involve the manual execution of multiple user steps before addition to a paper device, often with the aid of specialized equipment. In the laboratory, most sample types are exposed to (bio)chemical treatment to release target species, which often requires additional purification steps prior to detection. Some samples, such as urine, also require concentration of target species; others, such as nasal swabs or blood, also require removal or dilution of non-target species that interfere with downstream assay steps. Additionally, the samples used in many laboratory assays require volumes (milliliter scale) too large to process efficiently with paper devices. To broaden the effectiveness and availability of point-of-care testing, we have developed and characterized a technique that automates either the concentration or dilution of large-volume samples in paper-microfluidic devices. Here we demonstrate its simplicity and broad utility in two ways: (1) an automated parallel dilution system for an immunoassay detection antibody and (2) an automated DNA extraction and concentration system for mL-sized samples. This and similar techniques rely on an improved understanding of how fluids wet porous materials and flow through multi-material networks; they confer important new capabilities to paper-microfluidic devices, the most important of which is the integration of complex sample preparation with downstream biomolecule detection.
Regulation of Plastid Gene Expression

Complete and partial sequencing of plastid DNAs from several plants has revealed the existence of 120 to 135 genes encoded in the plastid genome (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The genes encode proteins involved in photosynthesis, proteins required for transcription and translation, potential proteins with homology to the mitochondrial NADH oxidoreductase, and a number of open reading frames (ORFs) for proteins of unknown functions which share homology with proteins in E. coli. Most of the plastid genes are organized into polycistronic transcription units in higher plants, which reflects the prokaryotic origin of chloroplasts. Some of the transcription units encode only proteins for photosynthetic electron transport complexes, or genes involved in transcription and translation. The organization of genes for proteins with related functions into transcription units may allow these groups of genes to be co-regulated and could facilitate the coordinated production of subunits for a single protein complex. Other transcription units contain genes for photosynthetic proteins together with genes for tRNAs or ribosomal proteins.
Adding Proprioceptive Feedback to Virtual Reality Experiences Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

We present a small and lightweight wearable device that enhances virtual reality experiences and reduces cybersickness by means of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). GVS is a specific way to elicit vestibular reflexes that has been used for over a century to study the function of the vestibular system. In addition to GVS, we support physiological sensing by connecting heart rate, electrodermal activity and other sensors to our wearable device using a plug and play mechanism. An accompanying Android app communicates with the device over Bluetooth (BLE) for transmitting the GVS stimulus to the user through electrodes attached behind the ears. Our system supports multiple categories of virtual reality applications with different types of virtual motion such as driving, navigating by flying, teleporting, or riding. We present a user study in which participants (N = 20) experienced significantly lower cybersickness when using our device and rated experiences with GVS-induced haptic feedback as significantly more immersive than a no-GVS baseline.
How do adolescents approach social relationships?: The cost of perfectionistic concerns.

Abstract The current study examined perfectionism and social motivation in adolescents. Seventh and eighth grade students (N = 169) completed surveys on perfectionism and social motivation. Concern over mistakes (COM) were related to maladaptive social motivation such as social demonstration avoidance goals. COM also had a negative relationship to nurturance goals and a positive relationship to dominance goals. However, high levels of personal standards (PS) diminished the negative relationship between COM and nurturance goals and the relationship between COM and dominance goals. Perfectionistic strivings may serve as a buffer against the adoption of maladaptive social motivational tendencies.
Transport studies in a gate-tunable three-terminal Josephson junction

Josephson junctions with three or more superconducting leads have been predicted to exhibit topological effects in the presence of few conducting modes within the interstitial normal material. Such behavior, of relevance for topologically protected quantum bits, would lead to specific transport features measured between terminals, with topological phase transitions occurring as a function of phase and voltage bias. Although conventional, two-terminal Josephson junctions have been studied extensively, multiterminal devices have received relatively little attention to date. Motivated in part by the possibility to ultimately observe topological phenomena in multiterminal Josephson devices, as well as their potential for coupling gatemon qubits, here we describe the superconducting features of a top-gated mesoscopic three-terminal Josephson device. The device is based on an InAs two-dimensional electron gas proximitized by epitaxial aluminum. We map out the transport properties of the device as a function of bias currents, top gate voltage, and magnetic field. We find a very good agreement between the zero-field experimental phase diagram and a resistively and capacitively shunted junction computational model.
The Production of High-Frequency Ambient Noise by Capillary Waves

The quantitative characterization of noise sources in the ocean is a task which has attracted growing attention in recent years. In the absence of breaking gravity waves, capillary waves may contribute to the generation of high-frequency ambient noise. Surface profiles of capillary water waves are peaked downward in the troughs and relatively flat at the crests. At a limiting amplitude given by H/λ ≈ 0.73 (where H and λ are the wave height and wavelength, respectively) the free surface in the trough may fold onto itself, encapsulating an air bubble. By blowing air over a water-filled, plexiglass tank, bubble-producing capillary waves can be generated in the laboratory. Underwater acoustic emissions from these bubbles were monitored and a visual record of their formation was established via high-speed video tape. The initial findings of an experimental study of the generation, size distribution, and acoustic emissions of bubbles produced by capillary water waves is presented.
A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia.

Alcyonacean (Gorgonian) coral species from Holaxonia (not previously reviewed in this three-part work), family Plexauridae, as well as species in Calcaxonia were reviewed. Specimens examined were collected from the California Bight and adjacent areas, many now held in the research collection of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH). The collection has incorporated numerous specimens collected by the Allan Hancock Foundation (AHF) ‘Velero’ Expeditions of 1931–1941 and 1948–1985. This historic collection displays an emphasis on species belonging to the Holaxonia, particularly gorgoniids and plexaurids. This third part of the larger work presented a thorough, in-depth discussion of at least one genus (Swiftia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) in the Plexauridae found within the California Bight that has generated some taxonomic confusion; in that discussion are comments on other genera (such as Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868a, to which several species had been previously ascribed). The discussion of Swiftia includes description of a morphological trend (encompassing colony form, color and sclerite form), likely influenced by geography and ecology, not noted or discussed previously. Additionally, a preliminary discussion of the genus (Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) was presented; this genus, both historically and currently, has not been fully examined in California waters. Finally, a short review was given for the few species of Calcaxonia represented in the SBMNH research collection. This paper, Part III of the full review, continued and concludes the systematic examination of species represented in the SBMNH research collection begun in Part I, continued in Part II, focusing on all species of gorgonian coral held in the SBMNH research collection, known to currently inhabit the California Bight and adjacent areas.
Twenty-First Century Employers

The most fundamental question in labor and employment law is whether an employment relationship exists. Often, this questions centers on whether a worker is classified as an employee covered by a relevant statute. But even when there is no issue about a statute’s jurisdiction over workers and firms involved in a dispute, determining whether an employment relationship exists can still pose challenges. This is especially true when multiple firms are involved in the supply or use of labor, such as through contracting, franchising, leasing, and other similar business models. Although these business forms can have legitimate and beneficial corporate justifications, they can also lead to a “fissured” employment relationship that is fraught with problems, including the inability of workers to hold their primary or official employers liable for workplace violations; exclusion of workers from the often superior working conditions and benefits enjoyed under traditional work relationships; a decrease in cooperation between workers and firms; an increase in workplace accidents; and frustration of workers’ attempts to engage in collective bargaining. The practice of firms using indirect or fissured labor is not a new one. Courts have long struggled to determine firms’ liability under various workplace laws pursuant to the joint-employer concept. Technology, however, has greatly exacerbated this issue, as it has made it easier for firms to use contingent workers and to enter into shared operational relationships like franchising. The salience of this issue was brought home by the NLRB General Counsel’s recent case against McDonald’s, arguing that the corporation was a joint employer along with many of its franchisees. This chapter explores these issues and proposes an alternative analysis that renews the focus on the primary purpose of labor law’s joint-employer doctrine — ensuring meaningful collective bargaining. The central inquiry under this test would be whether the official employer, by itself, is able to effectively bargain over the work conditions at issue or whether a third-party firm’s absence thwarts employees’ right to engage in good-faith bargaining over their work conditions. If a third party is needed for an employer to alter or make a concession over a term of employment, then that third party should be considered a joint employer and have to bargain over that term. This proposed test compares favorably to current common-law tests by maintaining more focus on the issues in dispute, by typically involving a more streamlined application, and by providing third-party firms more control over their potential status as a joint employer.
Unique Collaboration between Inpatient Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Unit and Outpatient Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Clinic to Address Staffing Challenges

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Fluctuating patient census often requires inpatient nurses to float to other units in the hospital. When nurses float to unfamiliar units, it increases stress, anxiety and frustration which can negatively impact quality of care and patient safety. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Due to concerns voiced by nurses on the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) inpatient unit at an academic medical center, a unique collaboration was initiated between the inpatient HSCT unit and the outpatient HSCT clinic. Nurses from the HSCT inpatient unit floated either to a unit in the hospital or to the outpatient HSCT clinic. Staffing assignments were reviewed from January to September of 2019 to identify the frequency of floating in the HSCT inpatient nurse. Surveys regarding floating were constructed and emailed to HSCT inpatient and outpatient nurses and collected for 2 weeks. Findings & Interpretation Inpatient HSCT nurses floated 89 times (65 times to outpatient HSCT clinic, 6 times to different units during day shift, and 18 times to different units during night shift) during the assessment period. Inpatient nurses preferred to float to the outpatient HSCT clinic due to familiar patient population and the feeling of competence and confidence in providing quality nursing care for these patients. Inpatient nurses also experienced less distress with floating to the HSCT outpatient clinic. The outpatient clinic nurses reported that benefits of having HSCT inpatient nurses include familiarity with the HSCT patient population and improved continuity of care. Outpatient nurses added that because inpatient HSCT nurses are familiar with the processes of HSCT, they tend to need less help which takes less time away from patient care. Discussion & Implications When nurses are floated to an environment where they feel competent, the nurses' perception of stress, anxiety and frustration are greatly decreased. Due to the frequency of floating to the outpatient HSCT clinic, the importance of a more structured orientation to the clinic was discussed with leadership. Next steps would include reviewing the safety data over the trial timeframe to explore the number of safety events and developing a more systematic orientation to increase inpatient HSCT nurse competence in the outpatient clinic.
Recent developments in metal additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing has revolutionized the modern metal manufacturing industry. AM technology allows for fabrication of highly customized 3D objects where both shape and composition can be tailored. Compared to traditional methods, metal AM technology has advantages in saving time and cost. Recent developments in metal AM systems include upgrades in energy source and part resolution, which leads to better part quality and improved reliability. This brief review article summarizes recent developments in metal AM technologies as well as the current challenges and future trends.
A Methodology of Eye Gazing Attention Determination for VR Training

Many systems have successfully used virtual reality (VR), eye tracking system and applied behavioral analysis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) therapies. Recognizing eye gazing patterns is critical. When people look at different objects, their eyes may stay on some objects for a long time or glance at some objects. This paper proposes a methodology of eye gazing attention determination which uses different time thresholds to track the eyes pattern of autistic children in adaptive virtual environments therapy systems. Moreover, by setting up hierarchical structure of virtual objects, we increase the reliability and immersion of the eye gaze attention determination methodology in VR attention training.
Multi Fluxon Storage and its Implications for Microprocessor Design

One of the main challenges for single flux quantum (SFQ) technology to successfully implement a microprocessor is to have a compact and robust on-chip memory that can be used for register files and cache memory. In this context, we designed high capacity destructive readout (HC-DRO) cells. The design is based on our insight that each cell can store more than one SFQ pulse with the same area footprint of a regular DRO cell. In our current design, we demonstrate a single HC-DRO cell that can store up to three SFQ pulses thereby enabling us to store the equivalent of two bits of memory in a single cell. We have designed a register file (RF) architecture for a microprocessor and used the HC-DRO cells to reduce the Josephson junction count required for its implementation. The RF architecture presented in this work can also be used for implementing cache memories. We also demonstrate the benefits of doubling the storage density with HC-DRO cells by designing a 2-bit branch predictor circuit block for a 5-stage pipeline microprocessor that dramatically improves the cycles per instruction metric of an SFQ based microprocessor. All the design details are presented in the paper by verifying the design concepts through JSIM simulations and Verilog simulations.
A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults

In this review, we examine the known and suspected toxicity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in adolescents and young adults, to improve awareness of risks and identification of complications of their use. The use of e-cigarettes, or "vaping," is exploding among the pediatric population. E-cigarettes heat a solution containing a psychoactive compound, most commonly nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with flavorings and other additives to a vapor, which users inhale. Since their introduction in the early 2000s, e-cigarette use is now prolific among youth, per the Monitoring the Future survey, with over 40% of high school seniors reporting use within the past year. Adolescents are vulnerable to the risks of e-cigarettes, as they are targeted as new consumers with advertisements and flavoring compounds, and are not utilizing them as a means to smoking cessation. The pulmonary risks of vaping are rapidly emerging, with the most immediately alarming being the condition electronic-cigarette/vaping associated lung injury (EVALI). Additionally, there have been more recent studies showing extrapulmonary effects including cardiovascular, immunologic and neuro-developmental effects. Many of these effects are likely dose-dependent. Public health efforts are urgently needed to decrease or eliminate new e-cigarette initiation, and support should be established to assist current e-cigarette users with cessation. We strongly advocate for the elimination of e-cigarette flavorings and advertising directed at adolescents, and call for physicians to be cognizant of this expanding epidemic.
Pseudophakic Dysphotopsia: Review of Incidence, Cause, and Treatment of Positive and Negative Dysphotopsia.

We reviewed the literature concerning positive dysphotopsia (PD) and negative dysphotopsia (ND) regarding cause, incidence, and clinical and surgical management. In addition, we summarized our surgical experience in managing dysphotopsia. A PubMed review, limited to English language articles, yielded 149 citations; multifocal (diffractive optic) and phakic intraocular lens (IOL) dysphotopsia were excluded. Overall, 39 articles were determined to be relevant for the objectives of this investigation. Regarding PD, 7 articles corroborated that the cause of PD is related primarily to internal reflection of oblique light rays that strike the square (truncated) edge of the IOL and are reflected onto the retinal surface. No round-edged foldable IOLs are available in the United States at this time, although IOLs modified with a round anterior edge and square posterior edge show a trend toward decreased incidence of PD. High index of refraction (I/R), surface reflectivity, and IOL optic design are additional causative factors for PD. Regarding the authors’ surgical experience, changing the optic material to have a lower I/R improved PD symptoms in the large majority of patients. The cause of ND seems to be multifactorial and less well understood, with some disparity between clinical and laboratory findings. Four articles that explore using ray-tracing optical modeling suggest an “illumination gap,” in which some temporally incident light rays to the nasal retina pass anterior to the IOL and some are refracted posteriorly by the IOL, resulting in a gap and resultant temporal shadow. However clinically, ND is associated invariably with well-centered in-the-bag IOLs. Other implicating factors include nasal anterior capsule override, haptic orientation, large-angle κ value, and high hyperopia. Persistent ND has been treated successfully or reduced with reverse (anterior) optic capture, sulcus IOL placement, piggyback IOLs, and neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet nasal capsulectomy. Two articles reference a new optic edge designed to capture the anterior capsulotomy, mimicking reverse optic capture. Persistent dysphotopsia after cataract surgery is a significant cause for patient dissatisfaction. The cause and management of both ND and PD are of significance, and new IOL designs and alternative surgical strategies may help to mitigate these unintended side effects of IOL implantation.
Organisational crisis resource management: Leading an academic department of emergency medicine through the COVID-19 pandemic

In the midst of a surge of acutely ill patients, sirens blare, signalling the arrival of another critical patient to the emergency department (ED). The sound activates an internal script for the physician in charge as she plans for a resuscitation. It’s March 2020, in New York City (NYC), and we are here in the Department of Emergency Medicine at Columbia University, serving at the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. Emergencies are fundamentally chaotic, but the standard scripts and choreography learnt for patient stabilisation provide a road map for the orderly approach to managing that chaos. Collectively the principles of crisis resource management (CRM) are designed to help teams organise and coordinate efficient and effective care during an emergency. CRM was derived from crew resource management which was developed to mitigate human factors in aviation safety. Crew or cockpit resource management was conceived in the 1970s in response to the Tenerife disaster and has subsequently become a standard training for aviators.1 Fundamentally, crew resource management is a structured approach to leveraging all resources in a time-sensitive situation in order to minimise errors and optimise performance.2 The primary foci of crew resource management training are (1) direct communication irrespective of hierarchy, (2) defined roles for leaders and followers, and (3) maintaining situational awareness. In healthcare, clinicians have adapted this model, particularly in the fields of anaesthesiology and medical education and simulation, and promulgated the effective principles of CRM: leadership and followership, communication, teamwork, adaptability, resource use and situational awareness.3 This organisational framework allows for safe, effective care in high-pressure situations. The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in NYC with great force and speed, swelling to over 130 000 confirmed cases in a little over a month. We saw historic increases in patient volumes and admitted four times as …