cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taste and Smell

The sections in this article are: 1 Methodological Issues of Importance to Both Taste and Olfaction 1.1 Threshold vs. Suprathreshold Perception 1.2 The Scaling of Perceived Intensity: How Do We Compare Individuals or Groups? 1.3 Magnitude Matching: Another Approach to Comparisons Across Individuals or Groups 2 Taste 2.1 Thresholds 2.2 Magnitude Estimation with a Common Standard Given to all Subjects 2.3 Line Length with no Labels 2.4 Labeled Scales 2.5 Magnitude Matching 2.6 Consistency of Taste Responses 2.7 What Are Appropriate Inferences from the Suprathreshold Studies? 2.8 Sources of Taste Loss 3 Orthonasal Olfaction 3.1 Thresholds 3.2 Odor Identification 3.3 Magnitude Scales with no Labels 3.4 Labeled Scales 3.5 Magnitude Matching 3.6 Sources of Olfactory Loss 4 Retronasal Olfaction 4.1 Thresholds 4.2 Identification 4.3 Magnitude Matching 4.4 Orthonasal vs. Retronasal Perception 4.5 Sources of Retronasal Olfactory Loss 4.6 Summary 5 Conclusions
Counting importance: The case of life satisfaction and relative domain importance

The purpose of this study was to explore whether the use of relative domain importance as a weighting mechanism at the individual level improved the correlation between the global life satisfaction and domain satisfaction measures. Results from telephone interviews with adults 50 years old or above in Chicago suggest that compared to simple average of domain satisfactions, using discrete domain importance rating as a weighting factor did not improve the correlation between global life satisfaction measure and domain satisfactions. However, the correlation was improved by using domain ranking. The findings suggest that the weighted average of domain satisfactions using domain ranking is a better indicator of global life satisfaction than the simple sum or average of domain satisfactions.
Éléments de diagnostic des algies de l’appareil manducateur

Resume Les algies de l’appareil manducateur, affectant les muscles masticateurs et l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM), sont frequentes et representent la deuxieme cause de douleur orofaciale apres les douleurs buccodentaires. Compte tenu de la complexite de l’innervation trigeminale, a l’origine de nombreuses douleurs referees, ces algies posent parfois un probleme de diagnostic differentiel, surtout lorsqu’elles sont localisees dans la region auriculaire ou pre-auriculaire. De meme, le diagnostic differentiel entre les douleurs d’origine musculaire et d’origine articulaire n’est pas toujours evident en raison, notamment, de certains signes cliniques communs comme la limitation de l’ouverture buccale et les douleurs provoquees a la mastication. Cet article se propose de decrire les caracteristiques des principaux symptomes douloureux de l’appareil manducateur representes par les myalgies (aigues ou chroniques) et les arthralgies (ATM) qui se manifestent principalement dans quatre situations cliniques : capsulite, retrodiscite, luxation discale irreductible aigue et crise d’arthrite. L’interrogatoire du patient, qui permettra de preciser la symptomatologie, et l’examen clinique sont determinants pour le diagnostic. Le recours a l’imagerie (IRM, scanner de l’ATM) est peu frequent et reserve a des situations particulieres, ne permettant pas d’etablir un diagnostic fiable.
Calculating the Cultural Significance of American Indian Plants: Paiute and Shoshone Ethnobotany at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Ethnobotanical studies are of interest to ethnographers, ethnobotanists, and cultural historians who study the prehistoric, historic, and contemporary contribution of plants to the sociocultural adaptations of American Indian people. A critical research issue is evaluating the differential contribution of plants to American Indian adaptive strategies. This article takes the first quantitative plant evaluation model and combines it with field data from the Yucca Mountain, Nevada, ethnobotany study to explore the utility of this model for evaluating the cultural significance of botanical resources to contemporary American Indian peoples.
The Technique and Clinical Application of Endometrial Biopsy in the Mare

SUMMARY The author describes a technique for obtaining endometrial biopsy specimens from mares, the normal cyclical histology of the endometrium and an arbitrary classification of the histopathology seen in endometrial biopsy specimens. Previous literature on the subject is cited. Results of endometrial biopsies taken by the author from 134 barren mares, with histories of subfertility are described and classified. The use of the technique and the interpretation of its findings in relation to reproductive performance is discussed. RESUME L'auteur decrit une technique de biopsie de l'endometre chez la jument. Puis indique les variations cycliques de l'endometre et donne une classification des lesions histologiques de l'endometre. La litterature sur ce sujet est indiquee. Les resultats de 134 biopsies de l'endometre pratiquees sur 134 juments vides avec des commemoratifs de sub fertilite sont analyses. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Autor beschreibt die Technik zur Entnahme von Endometrium-Biopsien bei Stuten, die normale Histologie des Endometriums in Abhangigkeit vom Cyclus und auch eine willkurliche Einteilung der histopathologischen Befunde. Die altere Literatur wird besprochen. Die bioptischen Resultate von 134 leeren Stuten mit Fruchtbarkeitsstorungen werden beschrieben und klassiert. Der Gebrauch der Methode und die Interpretation der Resultate in Beziehung zur Fruchtbarkeit werden diskutiert.
Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres

Efficient, numerically stable, methods for the calculation of light-scattering intensity functions for concentrically coated spheres are discussed. Earlier forms of these equations are subject to various numerical difficulties which give rise to significant errors, especially for thin absorbing shells. The present equations are accurate for all refractive indices, for large and small particles, and for cores with any relative size.
Natural orifice vaginal sacrocolpopexy (NOVaS): a cadaver feasibility study

The primary objective was to determine the feasibility of a vaginal approach to sacrocolpopexy using a cadaver model. Secondary objectives were to measure the distance from the vaginal introitus to the sacrum and distances of the sacral fixation elements to other vital structures. Fourteen fresh-frozen cadavers were used. Specialized instruments were developed to optimize visualization and facilitate performance of the procedure. Five cadavers had a transperineal approach (an approach found unfeasible), and eight of the remaining nine had complete or partial completion of the transvaginal approach. The mean distance from the introitus to the promontory was 14.6 cm (12–16.5 cm). The mean distance from the sacral fixation elements to the aorta was 5.2 cm; common iliac artery, 3.5 cm; internal iliac artery, 3.25 cm; middle sacral artery, 1.75 cm, and ureters, 3.5 cm. The position of the sacral fixation elements was consistently at the level of S1–2. Vaginal sacrocolpopexy is feasible in a cadaver model.
Building awareness of dispositions: enhancing moral sensibilities in teaching

The purpose of this paper is to explain why and how dispositions can operate as a mechanism for enhancing teacher candidates’ moral sensibilities. Dispositions conjoin the knowledge and skills of teaching with the commitments one has to achieve intended purposes. Dispositions build candidates’ awareness of their own perceptions (and misperceptions) and how they can best connect their intentions with their practice, given their perception of the specific teaching situation. Teacher education programs foster candidates’ moral sensibilities when they help candidates connect their intention with their perception and with their practice. After exploring a conceptual rationale, three teacher candidates’ case study analyses are presented, illustrating a window into candidates’ inclinations toward particular behaviors and their awareness, or lack of awareness, into how they perceive teaching situations and connect their intention and practice.
Important issues in high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.

The future directions of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell support will focus ultimately on improving survival.5,19 This will come about with improvements in our ability to re-infuse pristine stem cells without tumor contaminants, and to recognize and circumvent the various ways tumor cells employ to remain chemotherapy resistant.
Global N2O cycles--terrestrial emissions, atmospheric accumulation and biospheric effects.

Recent findings concerning the budget and cycles of nitrous oxide on earth are summarized, and the sources and sinks for N2O on land, in the ocean, and in the atmosphere are examined in view of the N2O concentration increase of 0.2-0.4 percent per year, observed over the period of 1975-1982. Possible atmospheric and biospheric consequences of the N2O concentration increase are evaluated. N2O emission values are given for several major ecosystem types, such as forest, desert, cultivated land; values from different sources are compared and discussed. Analysis shows an excess of documented sources over sinks by 0-51 Tg N2O-N/yr.
Isotropies of Partial Connections and a Theorem of Morimoto

Let E be a smooth complex vector bundle over a compact complex manifold M. The complex gauge group G of E is a non-normable complex Frechet Lie group which acts smoothly on the affine Frechet space C″ of all partial (0, 1)-connections in E. The paper establishes a structural result for the isotropies of this action. Specifically, via methods involving the C∞-topology of the gauge group, the isotropies are shown to be finite dimensional closed embedded complex Lie subgroups of G. As an application, a new proof of an earlier result of Morimoto on the finite dimensionality of the group of holomorphic bundle automorphisms of a holomorphic vector bundle is given. The new proof uncovers additional information, namely, that this group is naturally realized as an extension of a closed Lie subgroup of the holomorphic transformations of the base M by the isotropy of the given ∂-operator of the bundle.
Planck-scale unification and dynamical symmetry breaking.

We explore the possibility of unification of gauge couplings near the Planck scale in models of extended technicolor. We observe that models of the form $G\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(3)}_{c}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{U}(1)}_{Y}$ cannot be realized, due to the presence of massless neutral Goldstone bosons (axions) and light charged pseudo Goldstone bosons; thus, unification of the known forces near the Planck scale cannot be achieved. The next simplest possibility, $G\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(4)}_{\mathrm{PS}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{U}(1)}_{{T}_{3R}}$, cannot lead to unification of the Pati-Salam and weak gauge groups near the Planck scale. However, superstring theory provides relations between couplings at the Planck scale without the need for an underlying grand-unified gauge group, which allows unification of the ${\mathrm{SU}(4)}_{\mathrm{PS}}$ and ${\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}$ couplings.
Responsiveness of the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index

Objectives To determine the responsiveness of the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI) by studying its sensitivity to clinically perceptible changes in health over time in men treated for localized prostate cancer. Methods All subjects underwent radical prostatectomy (n = 253), external beam radiotherapy (n = 66), or interstitial seed brachytherapy (n = 73). We assessed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes using the UCLA-PCI to capture disease-specific outcomes and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 to study general HRQOL. We assessed the UCLA-PCI's responsiveness to change by comparison with the health change item of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36. We measured responsiveness by calculating effect sizes and Guyatt statistics when comparing UCLA-PCI scores between baseline and 1 year and between 1 and 2 years. Results Of the 475 men who completed all baseline questionnaires, 392 (83%) completed all surveys at 12-month follow-up. Although sexual function decreased from baseline to 12 months in all groups, the magnitude of the negative change was inversely proportional to general health. For those whose general health worsened, effect sizes were > 0.50 across all 6 domains. Effect sizes and Guyatt statistics were lowest ( Conclusions The UCLA-PCI is responsive to change in assessing HRQOL in men treated for prostate cancer.
A simple procedure for electroluminescent phosphor assessment

Abstract A simple assessment procedure is described which facilitates optimal selection of an electroluminescent phosphor based on the measurement of two optically deduced energies—absorption and emission. These two energies are used as input for an appraisal analysis based on a classical configuration-coordinate diagram model of the phosphor. A phosphor performance figure-of-merit is proposed as a consequence of the formulation of this assessment procedure. This procedure is then used to rationalize the relative performance of five electroluminescent phosphors (ZnS:Mn, BaAl 2 S 4 :Eu, SrS:Ce, SrGa 2 S 4 :Ce, CaGa 2 S 4 :Ce). Additionally, two cathodoluminescent phosphors (ZnS:Ag and ZnS:Cu) are appraised using this methodology, suggesting that this procedure may be of some utility in the evaluation of other types of phosphors.
An Incident Management Preparedness and Coordination Toolkit

Although the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by centrally-located operations staff is well established in the area of emergency response, utilization by first responders in the field is uneven. Cost, complexity, and connectivity are often the deciding factors preventing wider adoption. For the past several years, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been developing a mobile GIS solution using free and open-source software targeting the needs of front-line personnel. Termed IMPACT, for Incident Management Preparedness and Coordination Toolkit, this ORNL application can complement existing GIS infrastructure and extend its power and capabilities to responders first on the scene of a natural or man-made disaster.
Left ventricular electrical activation during right ventricular pacing in heart failure patients with LBBB: visualization by electrocardiographic imaging and implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Abstract Objective Assess effect of right ventricular pacing (RVP) on left ventricular (LV) activation in heart failure patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB). Background LV activation during RVP is regarded as similar to LBBB; hence novel CRT algorithms may avoid RVP by adopting “fusion” pacing with intrinsic RBB-mediated conduction. However, other CRT techniques demand RV paced wavefronts for optimal resynchronization. Appropriate selection may require attention to interaction between RVP-generated wavefronts with preexisting conduction abnormalities posed by LBBB i.e. transseptal delay and LV activation. We hypothesized that LV activation during RVP would differ to LBBB. Methods Eleven patients (59 ± 19 years, 8 male, LV ejection fraction 25 ± 10%; ischemic etiology 45%) were studied 5.4 ± 5 months after CRT implant. All had intact AV conduction with LBBB (PR interval 204 ± 55; QRS 167 ± 27 ms) prior to CRT. None had mid-septal/outflow tract lead positions. Using non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI), LV activation was contrasted in each patient between intrinsic conduction and RVP with minimized AV interval (i.e. committing ventricular excitation to the paced wavefront). Results RVP affected LV activation variably. Transseptal time decreased in 64% of patients. More LV conduction barriers were created than resolved, slowing LV free wall activation from 67 ± 29 ms during intrinsic conduction to 104 ± 24 ms with RVP (p = 0.025). The load of late-activated LV myocardium increased in 73% but decreased in 27% patients. Changes were not reflected by QRS duration. Ultimate action of RVP in any patient depended on summary effects of transseptal breakthrough and following LV activation. If both were enhanced then LV preexcitation occurred. If one was delayed but other accelerated, then the outcome of their balance determined the ultimate effect on LV depolarization. Conclusions RVP may aggravate or resolve LBBB-induced conduction problems at one or more levels. Its avoidance vs integration (or timing relative to LV pacing) during CRT depends on its electrical action in any particular individual.
An approach to the estimation of polyatomic vibrational radiative relaxation rates

Abstract A new method is presented for estimating spontaneous emission rates A(s−1) of polyatomic molecules in highly excited vibrational states. The method is used to calculate these rates as functions of vibrational energy for a variety of molecules. At vibrational energies of 1–5 eV, rates A of 10–103s−1 are calculated that increase with increasing vibrational energy and display a spread of an order of magnitude at each specific energy. For example, the HO2 radical has A ≈ 100 s−1 at 1 eV and A ≈ 600 s−1 at 5 eV whereas C2H4 has A ≈ 15 s−1 at 1 eV and A ≈ 90 s −1 at 5 eV. If mechanical and electrical harmonicity are assumed, A is found to be linearly dependent on vibrational energy if this energy significantly exceeds the zero-point energy. The theory should prove useful in estimating rates of radiative Stabilization in radiative association processes.
New Amplitude Equations for Thin Elastic Rods

The stability of twisted straight rods is described within the framework of the time dependent Kirchhoff equations for thin elastic filaments. A perturbation method is developed to study the linear stability of this problem and find the dispersion relations. A nonlinear analysis results in a new amplitude equation, describing the deformation of the rod beyond the instability, which takes the form of a pair of nonlinear, second-order evolution equations coupling the local deformation amplitude to the twist density. Various solutions, such as solitary waves, are presented. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Synaptic transmission in nucleus tractus solitarius is depressed by Group II and III but not Group I presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in rats.

Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) serve as autoreceptors throughout the CNS to inhibit glutamate release and depress glutamatergic transmission. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic mGluRs have been implicated in shaping autonomic signal transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We sought to test the hypothesis that activation of presynaptic mGluRs depresses neurotransmission between primary autonomic afferent fibres and second-order NTS neurones. In second-order NTS neurones, excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) synaptically evoked by stimulation of primary sensory afferent fibres in the tractus solitarius (ts) and currents postsynaptically evoked by α-amino-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) were studied in the presence and absence of mGluR agonists and antagonists. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) was used to determine whether the genes for the mGluR subtypes were expressed in the cell bodies of the primary autonomic afferent fibres. Agonist activation of Group II and III but not Group I mGluRs reduced the peak amplitude of synaptically (ts) evoked EPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner while having no effect on postsynaptically (AMPA) evoked currents recorded in the same neurones. At the highest concentrations, the Group II agonist, (2S,3S,4S)-CCG/(2S,1′S,2′S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl (l-CCG-I), decreased the amplitude of the ts-evoked EPSCs by 39 % with an EC50 of 21 μm, and the Group III agonist, l(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (l-AP4), decreased the evoked EPSCs by 71 % with an EC50 of 1 mm. mRNA for all eight mGluR subtypes was detected in the autonomic afferent fibre cell bodies in the nodose and jugular ganglia. Group II and III antagonists ((2S,3S,4S)-2-methyl-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (MCCG) and (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate (MSOP)), at concentrations that blocked the respective agonist-induced synaptic depression, attenuated the frequency-dependent synaptic depression associated with increasing frequencies of ts stimulation by 13–34 % and 13–19 %, respectively (P < 0.05, for each). We conclude that Group II and III mGluRs (synthesized in the cell bodies of the primary autonomic afferent fibres and transported to the central terminals in the NTS) contribute to the depression of autonomic signal transmission by attenuating presynaptic release of glutamate.
Fractal-cosysmo systems engineering cost estimation for complex projects

Abstract Cost estimation for engineering projects has advanced beyond the bottom-up counting of costs and the top-down use of analogies. Parametric cost estimation is now employed to estimate volatile software costs, as well as the cost of Systems Engineering (SE) effort in engineering projects. The Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model (COSYSMO) estimates the number of Person-Months (PM) necessary to complete systems engineering projects by using project size and cost parameters. On re-examining the nature of systems engineering and the structures of complex projects that must be built in an orderly fashion on a variety of scales, it is apparent that a parametric formula that employs fractal dimensionality principles should be well suited for their cost estimation. This thesis therefore develops the connections between fractal dimensionality and cost estimation with COSYSMO. The result is Fractal-COSYSMO, a novel cost estimating formulation that can be used to determine the cost of developing systems that show complexity on a broad scale.
Chatter simulation and stability predictions for contour grinding of optical glasses

Chatter marks from 0.1 µm to 2 µm in depth have been observed on glass surfaces that have been deterministically microground in the contouring mode. A model for regenerative chatter during the contour grinding of optical glasses is developed and will be used to identify process parameter combinations that decrease the likelihood of chatter. Measurements of the grinding machine frequency response function and of the grinding stiffness were obtained to predict the stability of the grinding process. Simulation predictions agree well with experimentally observed chatter phenomena.
Stress relaxation in neutron irradiated copper single crystals

Abstract The thermally activated slip mechanism in neutron irradiated copper single crystals has been investigated with stress relaxation measurements from 77 to 420°K. The stress dependence of the strain rate at constant temperature and the temperature dependence of the flow stress at constant strain rate have been established. Using these two quantities, the activation enthalpy and activation volume are calculated as a function of effective stress. The experimental observations of these activation parameters are in good agreement with the theoretical stress dependencies predicted by the Fleischer theory for strengthening by tetragonal distortions. An experimental force-distance curve for the dislocation-defect interaction responsible for neutron irradiation strengthening is also in excellent agreement with Fleischer's theory. The results indicate that the thermally activated, rate controlling mechanism for slip in these crystals can be expressed entirely through the relationship, γ = γ 0 exp − H 0 kT [1 − ( τ ∗ τ 0 ∗ ) 1 2 ] 2 , where γ is the strain rate, γ 0 a constant, H0 (= 3.0 eV) the activation enthalpy at zero effective stress, τ ∗ the effective stress, γ 0 the effective stress at 0°K, and kT has the usual meaning.
Chicks in science! Helping students grok vertebrate embryo morphogenesis, primary literature and biology databases through active and service learning

Goal: to improve a teacher's ability to help her students develop research-related skills and develop their lasting understanding of the foundational concepts of embryology and development. In tonight's session we will work through Kathryn Tosney's Origami Embryo, and see first-hand how a simple, active, 3-dimensional modeling experience that integrates germ layer changes over time can enhance understanding of embryology. Participants will gain confidence useful for teaching with this amazing tool. Students have contacted me 10 years after doing this exercise to share it with their peers or students. We will also work through the new literature-curation effort GEISHA is developing to help students anywhere build their skills for utilizing the primary literature and genomic databases. Bring your laptop. There will be time for discussion with peers interested in active learning over chick snacks.
The relevance of background-error covariance matrix localization: an application to the variational retrieval of vertical profiles from SEVIRI observations

A method to select local statistics for background-error covariance matrix (B) determination is presented and applied to the 1D-Var+nudging assimilation of SEVIRI radiances in the COSMO model. The system is designed as a post-processing algorithm of an ensemble forecast system based on multi-model initial and boundary conditions and perturbations of physical parametrization parameters. Ensemble spread maps are combined to identify regions (‘islands’) inside the model domain of uniform and large error. Thereafter B matrices are calculated using local statistics from the identified islands assuming the ensemble spread to be representative of the background-error dispersion. This calculation is repeated at the beginning of each assimilation cycle to ensure the time evolution of the selected regions and thus the flow-dependency of the background-error covariance matrix statistics. The benefit of calculating B using local statistics is then quantified by comparison to background covariance errors evaluated from global domain statistics. This is done using the same ensemble members over the whole domain, i.e. without applying the localization procedure. The standard NMC approach, which uses long time series of model departures calculated at different forecast times, is also compared for reference. Model departure statistics and comparison of the final analysis to independent observations from surface stations and satellite products highlight the relevance of the localization procedure even though the noisy structure of the variance profiles produces a substantial reduction in the number of valid retrieved profiles. The final findings show that the selective identification of areas of homogeneous spread/error is a suitable approach to characterize local error growth which can bring about sensible improvements in the forecast scores. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Save our bacon

Work this year gave us more information on the efficacy of new pharmacological agents in preventing acute rejection in allograft recipients, improved our understanding of the ethereal goal of immunological tolerance, and highlighted the potential for use of organs from transgenic animals specifically engineered for xenotransplantation. Recent studies have defined the best clinical use of various new immunosuppressants~ Many of the newer immunosuppress ion protocols significantly reduce acute rejection episodes. Pirsch compared tacrolimus-based and cyclosporin-based maintenance immunosuppress ion. Whereas graft and patient survival were similar with both agents, there were significantly fewer acute rejection episodes with tacrolimus (31%) than with cyclosporin (46%). Neurological side-effects were more frequent with tacrolilmus and there was a high incidence of post-transplantation diabetes (20% vs 4%). Halloran described the pooled results of three randomised, prospective blinded trials of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and showed that the adjunctive use of M M F reduced the incidence of acute rejection episodes in cyclosporinA pig with misgivings prednisone based immunosuppressive regimens. Rejection was diagnosed in 41% of both the azathioprine-treated or placebo-treated patients, compared with 20% (2 g/day) and 17% (3 g/day) in the MMF-treated groups. A new microemulsion preparation of cyclosporin (Neoral) in stable renal-transplantation patients was shown to be consistently absorbed and significantly more bioavailable than its predecessor, Sandimmune (Transplantation 1996; 62-" 1744). Investigation of T-ceU co-st imulatory pathways continues. Blockade of the CD40-B7 co-stimulatory pathway with CTLA-4Ig in rodents significantly prolonged allograft survival. Kirk demonstrated the first successful blockade of this pathway in outbred primates by monoclonal antibody directed against CD40 and its T-cell ligand (CD40L). This prolonged allograft survival in the absence of subsequent pharmacological immumosuppression suggests that in future this approach may obviate the need for non-specific maintenance immunosuppress ion after allografting and early
Spontaneous Anterior Neck Hematoma Associated With Rivaroxaban Leading to Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypercalcemia

New anticoagulation agents are now widely used for many indications. Post-marketing surveillance is intended to discover rare medication events that did not occur in clinical trials. The literature cites few reported cases of spontaneous neck hemorrhage while on anticoagulation. We report a case of an 86-year-old female with chronic atrial fibrillation who presented with spontaneous neck hematoma in the area of the parathyroid glands resulting in hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia while taking rivaroxaban. The hematoma spanned the anterior aspects of the neck and was confirmed via CT. The patient’s anticoagulation therapy was discontinued and required intubation for airway protection. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) peaked to 176 mg/dL (upper limit of normal 65 pg/mL) followed by close to normalization of PTH and corrected calcium after appropriate treatment and stabilization of the hematoma, which did not require surgical evacuation. J Med Cases. 2015;6(2):87-90 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc1825w
A comprehensive bibliography of literature pertaining to multiple personality.

The reported incidence of patients with multiple personalities has increased dramatically during the 1970s. It has become important for therapists and researchers to have available a comprehensive bibliography of the literature pertaining to this increasingly important disorder, especially since much of that literature is in sources that are difficult to locate through typical procedures for literature search. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliography of 350 references relating to multiple personality. The articles, books, and paper presentations included in this bibliography are classified into 11 categories: reviews, general references, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, psychological testing, etiology, case reports, biographical and autobiographical accounts, treatment, experimental investigations, medico-legal aspects, and psychophysiological aspects. References that might be especially useful to the reader new to the multiple personality literature are identified.
Competitive exclusion and coexistence of multiple strains in an SIS STD model

In this paper we give a rather complete analysis for a two-sex, susceptible-infective-susceptible (SIS) sexually transmitted disease (STD) model with two competing strains, where the females are divided into two different groups based on their susceptibility to two distinct pathogenic strains. We investigate the existence and stability of the boundary equilibria that characterize the competitive exclusion of the two competing strains; we also investigate the existence and stability of the positive coexistence equilibrium, which characterizes the possibility of coexistence of the two strains. We obtain sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence and global stability of these equilibria. We verify that there is a strong connection between the stability of the boundary equilibria and the existence of the coexistence equilibrium---that is, there exists a unique coexistence equilibrium if and only if the boundary equilibria both exist and have the same stability. This coexistence is globally stable o...
The Pacific/North American Teleconnection Pattern and United States Climate. Part I: Regional Temperature and Precipitation Associations

Abstract The Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection index, a measure of the strength and phase of the PNA teleconnection pattern, is related to the variations of the surface climate of the United States from 1947 through 1982 for the autumn, winter, and spring months when the PNA is a main mode of Northern Hemisphere midtropospheric variability. The results demonstrate that the PNA index is highly correlated with both regional temperature and precipitation. The strongest, most extensive correlations between the index and temperature are observed in winter, but large areas of the country show important associations during the spring and autumn as well. Although the centers of highest correlation migrate systematically with changes in the circumpolar vortex over the course of the annual cycle, the southeastern and northwestern parts of the United States possess consistently high index-temperature correlations. Correlations between the PNA index and precipitation are weaker and less extensive than those...
Bringing the neighborhood back in: The new urban ethnography

Urban ethnography is among the founding traditions of American sociology. From the days of Robert Park and his students until the early 1960s, qualitative studies of urban communities contributed in important ways to the conceptual vocabulary of sociologists. Such studies continue to play a central role in undergraduate curricula and remain among the most widely read works in American social science. Yet from the mid-1960s to the mid1980s they occupied a rather marginal position within the sociological profession. Fine work continued to be done, and several leading practitioners of the ethnographic craft came to be much honored as elder statesmen. Yet few aspiring sociologists were urged to follow in their footsteps. The last few years, however, have seen a minor resurgence of this tradition. Paradoxically, the increased influence of literary and cultural studies within anthropology, while often framed as a critique of ethnography, has served to revitalize interest in the ethnographic approach. Within sociology this ambivalent reconsideration of qualitative methods is evident in Paul Willis's influential Marxian study of British working-class youth,
Signals and molecular pathways involved in apoptosis, with special emphasis on human endometrium

Apoptosis is a selective process for deletion of cells in various biological systems. This event, similar to proliferation, is tightly regulated, with both processes playing essential roles in the homeostasis of renewable tissues. In human endometrium, proliferation and apoptosis occur at opposing poles of the menstrual cycle. The proliferative phase is marked by rapid growth of the endometrial epithelial lining, whereas progressive increase in apoptosis in this tissue is the hallmark of the secretory and menstrual phases. The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the signals and molecular events which are associated with and that may participate in apoptosis. This is followed by a review of the current literature regarding apoptosis in human endometrium.
Comparison of Two Methods of Estimating Age at Death in a Chilean Preceramic Population

A method of histological determination of age at death, using the anterior cortex of the femur, was tested on a group of adult Preceramic skeletons from Chile (ca. 3300–3000 years BP). These skeletons had been previously studied by another investigator who assigned sex and morphological ages. Comparison of the results of the two methods of ageing indicates that, although there is considerable agreement between them at younger ages (20–39 years), discrepancies increase at older ages. It is clear that the morphological method is ‘truncated’, i.e. it does not take into account the possibility that some individuals could live past the age of 45 years. On the other hand, the open-ended histological method gives a realistic age range of 20–65 years for the Preceramic group, but an unrealistic number of individuals are aged 50 years and older. It is concluded that, in spite of certain advantages, the histological method must be used with caution in archaeological studies because exfoliation of peripheral unremodelled bone lamellae can cause over-ageing as deeper, more remodelled areas come to lie nearer the periosteal surface. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CAD Interfaced Simulation Tool for X-Ray NDE Studies

Quantitative nondestructive evaluation, which aims at recovering information regarding certain parameters of the materials from the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) measurements, has attracted attention of the researchers in an increasing manner over the last decade. The work presented here represents the ongoing effort in quantitative nondestructive evaluation in the form of a computer simulation of the image formation process (1,2) and represents the x-ray component of broad effort to model all of the major inspection methods (3). To date one of the major limitation of this process modeling effort is the inability to handle complex part geometries. The developed code targets simulating x-ray inspection of parts designed through computer aided design (CAD) packages. For such a simulation tool to have practical applications, the physics of initial x-ray beam generation, x-ray and target interactions, x-ray and detector interactions should be modelled with sufficient accuracy and flexibility that the effects of the adjustable parameters found on the x-ray inspection systems can be simulated. While the physics in the undertaken work is modelled after well established principles, the information regarding the geometrical representation of the target object is provided by a CAD package through the developed interface.
Observation and shaping learning: A comparison using Long Evans rats

The acquisition of a lever-press response was compared between groups of hooded rats who learned through observation or shaping. The trials-to-criterion data revealed that the observation and shaping techniques did not differ from each other, but that they were superior to the control procedures. Analysis of total number of lever presses demonstrated that the observation technique was superior to the shaping technique and that the shaping technique was superior to the controls. These results are contrary to recent reports, presumably because the present investigation employed a series of procedures to optimize the visual process.
Airway TGF-β1 and oxidant stress in children with severe asthma: association with airflow limitation.

Background TGF-β1 is thought to play a role in airway remodeling in asthmatic subjects. TGF-β1 expression might be mediated by an excessive burden of reactive oxygen species and oxidant stress. Objective Given the profound airway oxidant stress we have previously observed in children with severe asthma, we sought to (1) quantify TGF-β1 protein and mRNA gene expression in the airways of children with mild-to-moderate and severe atopic asthma and (2) determine the relationship of airway TGF-β1 concentrations to oxidant burden (ie, lipid peroxidation), T H 2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation, and airflow limitation. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from 68 atopic children with asthma (severe asthma, n = 28) and 12 atopic adult control subjects. Airway TGF-β1 expression and activation were assessed in relation to airway IL-13, 8-isoprostane, and malondialdehyde concentrations. The relationship of airway TGF-β1 expression to airflow limitation in children with asthma was also assessed. Results Children with severe asthma had higher total airway concentrations of TGF-β1 that were associated with increased protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in airway macrophages and an increase in concentrations of the lipid peroxidation biomarkers 8-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde. TGF-β1 activation was also greater in children with severe asthma and was associated with higher airway 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde, and IL-13 concentrations. Total airway TGF-β1 concentrations were further associated with airflow limitation. Conclusions Children with severe asthma have increased airway TGF-β1 expression and activation associated with an increased airway oxidant burden. Oxidant stress might mediate the effects of TGF-β1 and promote airway remodeling in children with severe asthma.
Ritodrine-induced neutropenia

Ritodrine hydrochloride, a beta-sympathomimetic treatment for premature labor, has been associated with the development of pulmonary edema, various metabolic derangements, myocardial ischemia, and infarction. We present the first reported case of absolute neutropenia after prolonged intravenous administration of ritodrine with rapid, spontaneous reversal once the medication was discontinued.
Dissociated regulation of growth and ornithine decar☐ylase activity by estrogen in the rat uterus

Abstract To evaluate the role of polyamines in mediating the effect of estrogen on growth of the rat uterus, we examined the effect of an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decar☐ylase (ODC), 5α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), on estrogen-stimulated uterine growth. Estradiol alone evoked two major surges of ODC activity at 5 h and at 16 h, and 2-fold increases in the concentration of spermidine in the uterus. When DFMO was administered to either intact or ovariectomized immature (20 day-old) rats for 2 or 6 days prior to and then during the 1 or 3 days of estradiol treatment, uterine ODC activity was completely suppressed as was the associated increase in spermidine concentration, but the magnitude of uterine growth stimulated by estradiol was equally great in the presence or absence of DFMO. These observations suggest that although uterine growth stimulation by estrogen is normally accompanied by marked increases in ODC activity and spermidine accumulation, these changes are not essential for hormonally regulated uterine cell proliferation in vivo .
Effect of Surfactants on Antibiotic Resistance

The effectiveness of surfactants as potentiators of antibiotic activity on several resistant strains of bacteria, selected from clinical sources and laboratory collections, was studied using a tube dilution assay. Bacterial strains included members of the Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Tween 80 (Tw80), a mixture of n-alkyldimethyl betaines (L14), and alpha-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (TCP) were tested in combination with pencillin G (PenG), methicillin (Met), streptomycin (Sm), polymyxin B (PmB), and chlortetracycline (CTC). Growth response to the drug combinations was compared with the response to each drug alone. CTAB and L14 but not Tw80 or TCP were found to potentiate the activity of CTC on strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Studies on the inhibition of protein synthesis by CTC in cells of a strain of E. coli suggested that the surfactants increased the uptake of antibiotic into the cells. CTAB and L14 almost completely sensitized strains of P. mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli to PmB. With the exception of K. pneumoniae, TCP was also effective in potentiating the activity of PmB on the above strains whereas Tw80 showed potentiation only with a strain of E. coli. CTAB and L14 but not TCP or Tw80 potentiated the activity of PenG but not Met on strains of staphylococci. Studies of penicillinase in the cells suggested that the surfactants inhibited the formation of this enzyme possibly at the level of induction. None of the surfactants were found to potentiate the activity of Sm.
Videotaping Child Disclosure Interviews: Exploratory Study of Children's Experiences and Perceptions

ABSTRACT The merits of videotaping child sexual abuse disclosure statements have been debated since technology provided this option. This exploratory study compares the investigatory and legal outcomes of 29 sexually abused children, whose disclosure interviews were videotaped, with a group of 61 non-videotaped sexually abused children. The results revealed that videotaped children were more likely to have fewer interviews and testify less frequently than the non-videotaped group. Offenders of videotaped sexually abused children were more likely to plead to criminal charges than offenders of the non-videotaped children. The overwhelming majority of videotaped sexually abused children (86%) indicated that videotaping was either helpful or had no effect on them.
Is Antarctica melting

Untilrecently,themassbalanceoftheAntarcticicesheetwasnotwellknown. Here, I review recent progress in determining its magnitude and temporal evolution, the physical processes that control the observed changes in ice sheet mass balance, and the important knowledge gaps that remain. The results highlight that the linkage between climate change and the Antarctic ice sheet is more complex than anticipated and that major observational and numerical modeling advances will be needed before we can reliably predict its evolution in a warming climate. At present, the Antarctic ice sheet is losing mass at a rate almost comparable to that of the Greenland ice sheet, about 250 ± 31 Gt/year or 0.7 mm/year sea level rise, and the mass loss is increasing with time, at a rate slightly below that observed in Greenland, at 14 ± 2G t/yr 2 . The Antarctic ice sheet is therefore a major contributor to sea level rise and its contribution is slowly increasing with time.  2011 John Wiley
Substance Use, Health, and Mental Health

The several articles and commentaries in this Special Issue of Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice draw needed attention to the high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders and how these disorders are related to an increase in health problems. In this introduction, we suggest that doctoral programs could be enhanced by training psychologists about the effects that substance use and abuse have on health and mental health problems.
Cross-Linking Reactions in Macro-Defect Free Cement Composites

The key to the processing and properties of Macro-Defect Free (MDF) cement composites is the interaction between the cement and the polymer. In calcium aluminate (CA) / polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) MDF composites, it has been hypothesized that aluminate (Al(OH)4 − ) ions released from the cement cross-link PVA in a manner similar to the well known interaction of the borate (B(OH)4 − ) ions with PVA. In this investigation, stable aluminate/PVA solutions at different concentrations have been studied. Results indicate that the nature of interaction of aluminate ions is not similar to that of borate ions in dilute and semidilute polymer solutions.
Mode of DNA packing within bacteriophage heads.

Abstract Electron micrographs of five different DNA bacteriophages, as prepared by drying in thin films of negative stain, frequently show their heads to be disrupted and flattened. In such cases DNA strands, no larger than 2.5 nm in diameter, become visible, either contained within partially ruptured capsids or completely ejected from severely ruptured ones. Seen in either aspect, the strands appear with circular outline; in some cases a set of concentric circles (or a tightly wound spiral) is evident. Two alternative models of DNA packing within phage heads are proposed. Both are consistent with the electron microscopic observations and, as applied specifically to T4 phage heads, they are also consistent with available data from birefringence studies. One model proposes that the DNA, in simple double-helix form, is wound into a ball. The other suggests that the DNA is wound like a spool, with a greater number of turns in the central region than at the two ends and with the spool axis perpendicular to the axis of the phage particle. The available evidence does not permit a choice to be made between the two models.