cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma

Women face an earnings penalty associated with motherhood but researchers have paid scant attention to how fatherhood might influence men's long-term earnings. Using multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and employing ordinary least squares regression and fixed effects models we investigate what happens to men who modify their employment for family reasons. Previous research shows that men work longer hours and earn more after becoming fathers, but if men are unemployed or reduce work hours for family reasons, they could experience a “flexibility stigma” depressing earnings and limiting future career opportunities. We find strong support for the flexibility stigma hypothesis. Controlling for the effects of age, race, education, intelligence, occupation, job tenure, work hours, health limitations, marital status, and number of children, we find that men who ever quit work or are unemployed for family reasons earn significantly less than others in the future. Theoretical reasons for observed findings are discussed.
Signal processing and information fusing algorithms for the synthesis of an alternative electromyogram/eye gaze tracking computer cursor control system

This research pursued the conceptualization and real-time verification of a system that allows a computer user to control the cursor of a computer interface without using his/her hands. The target user groups for this system are individuals who are unable to use their hands due to spinal dysfunction or other afflictions, and individuals who must use their hands for higher priority tasks while still requiring interaction with a computer. The system receives two forms of input from the user: Electromyogram (EMG) signals from muscles in the face and point-of-gaze coordinates produced by an Eye Gaze Tracking (EGT) system. In order to produce reliable cursor control from the two forms of user input, the development of this EMG/EGT system addressed three key requirements: an algorithm was created to accurately translate EMG signals due to facial movements into cursor actions, a separate algorithm was created that recognized an eye gaze fixation and provided an estimate of the associated eye gaze position, and an information fusion protocol was devised to efficiently integrate the outputs of these algorithms. Experiments were conducted to compare the performance of EMG/EGT cursor control to EGT-only control and mouse control. These experiments took the form of two different types of point-and-click trials. The data produced by these experiments were evaluated using statistical analysis, Fitts' Law analysis and target re-entry (TRE) analysis. The experimental results revealed that though EMG/EGT control was slower than EGT-only and mouse control, it provided effective hands-free control of the cursor without a spatial accuracy limitation, and it also facilitated a reliable click operation. This combination of qualities is not possessed by either EGT-only or mouse control, making EMG/EGT cursor control a unique and practical alternative for a user's cursor control needs.
Prime spectra of quantized coordinate rings

This paper is partly a report on current knowledge concerning the structure of (generic) quantized coordinate rings and their prime spectra, and partly propaganda in support of the conjecture that since these algebras share many common properties, there must be a common basis on which to treat them. The first part of the paper is expository. We survey a number of classes of quantized coordinate rings, as well as some related algebras that share common properties, and we record some of the basic properties known to occur for many of these algebras, culminating in stratifications of the prime spectra by the actions of tori of automorphisms. As our main interest is in the generic case, we assume various parameters are not roots of unity whenever convenient. In the second part of the paper, which is based on joint work with E. S. Letzter in [The Dixmier-Moeglin equivalence in quantum coordinate rings and quantized Weyl algebras (to appear in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.)], we offer some support for the conjecture above, in the form of an axiomatic basis for the observed stratifications and their properties. At present, the existence of a suitable supply of normal elements is taken as one of the axioms; the search for better axioms that yield such normal elements is left as an open problem.
Experimental meaning of the concept of identical particles

Some of the language used in discussions of identical particles is analyzed and it is found that much of it, along with some of the concepts, is meaningless. The experimental behaviour is studied and shown to be a consequence of quantum meohanics without the need for specific assumptions about the behavior of identical particles, as the special characteristics follow from general principles.
Effects of diet and exercise on energy expenditure in postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 24-wk diet + exercise (DE) or diet-only program on basal metabolic rate (BMR), bone mineral density (BMD), energy expended during daily activities, muscle strength, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) in 40 postmenopausal women. Daily energy need was determined by measuring BMR and assessing physical activity with 8-d self-reported activity records. The DE group consumed 2092 kJ/d less than the daily energy need and walked and performed strength-training exercises during which they expended an additional 837 kJ/d. The two diet-only groups consumed either 2092 kJ/d (D-2092) or 2929 kJ/d (D-2929) less than the daily energy need. BMD, BMR, muscle strength, VO 2 max, and energy expended during lying, sitting, standing, and walking were measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 wk of treatment. A significant decrease in BMR and energy expended during sitting and walking occurred in all groups, with no significant differences observed among groups. Although the declines in BMR were significant, they were small and may not have been physiologically relevant. No changes in BMD or VO 2 max occurred, whereas strength increased significantly in the DE group. The results showed that postmenopausal women significantly improved their body composition over a period of 6 mo without experiencing a large decline in BMR, BMD, or select components of energy expenditure.
Experiences of the first 493 unrelated marrow donors in the National Marrow Donor Program

More than 410,000 people participated in the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) as of October 1, 1991, and more than 850 volunteers had donated marrow. While the incidence of serious morbidity as a result of bone marrow donation is rare, the incidence of lesser complications and the long-term consequences of marrow donation are not known. To determine the incidence of donor complications and measure the recovery time of volunteer, unrelated marrow donors, we analyzed the results of surveys of the first 493 persons who donated marrow through the NMDP. The marrows were collected at 42 centers. The median age of the donors was 37.9 years (range 19.1 to 55.6 years). The median volume of marrow collected was 1,050 mL (range 180 to 2,983 mL). Autologous red blood cells were transfused to 89.8% (439) of donors but only 0.6% (3) of donors received allogeneic blood. Acute complications related to the collection procedure occurred in 5.9% of donors; but a serious complication, apnea during anesthesia, occurred in only one donor. When donors were questioned approximately 2 days following discharge from their hospitalization, most donors described symptoms related to the collection; 74.8% experienced tiredness, 67.8% experienced pain at the marrow collection site, and 51.6% of the donors experienced low back pain. Donors were surveyed repeatedly until they felt that they had recovered completely. Mean recovery time was 15.8 days; however, 42 (10%) donors felt that it took them > or = 30 days to recover fully. The duration of the marrow collection procedure and duration of anesthesia both positively correlated with donor pain and/or fatigue following the collection; but the duration of the collection procedure had the highest correlation with post-collection pain and fatigue. The volume of marrow collected per unit of donor weight was more weakly correlated with donor pain and/or fatigue than the anesthesia and collection times. When multivariate analysis was used to analyze the correlation between donor recovery time and these variables, only the duration of the collection was found to correlate significantly with donor recovery time (P = .001). This analysis demonstrates that marrow donation is well tolerated with few complications. To decrease further the incidence of donor discomfort and recovery time following donation, the duration of the collection procedure, and probably the duration of anesthesia, and the volume of marrow collected, should be kept to a minimum.
Quantitative measurement of cancer metabolism using stimulated echo hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRS.

Purpose Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized substrates allows for the observation of label exchange catalyzed by enzymes providing a powerful tool to investigate tissue metabolism and potentially kinetics in vivo. However, the accuracy of current methods to calculate kinetic parameters has been limited by T1 relaxation effects, extracellular signal contributions, and reduced precision at lower signal-to-noise ratio. Theory and Methods To address these challenges, we investigated a new modeling technique using metabolic activity decomposition-stimulated echo acquisition mode. The metabolic activity decomposition-stimulated echo acquisition mode technique separates exchanging from nonexchanging metabolites providing twice the information as conventional techniques. Results This allowed for accurate measurements of rates of conversion and of multiple T1 values simultaneously using a single acquisition. Conclusion The additional measurement of T1 values for the reaction metabolites provides further biological information about the cellular environment of the metabolites. The new technique was investigated through simulations and in vivo studies of transgenic mouse models of cancer demonstrating improved assessments of kinetic rate constants and new T1 relaxation value measurements for hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate, 13C-lactate, and 13C-alanine. Magn Reson Med 71:1–11, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparison of Free-Standing versus Co-Located Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals

Background Long-term acute care hospitals (LTACs) provide specialized treatment for patients with chronic critical illness. Increasingly LTACs are co-located within traditional short-stay hospitals rather than operated as free-standing facilities, which may affect LTAC utilization patterns and outcomes. Methods We compared free-standing and co-located LTACs using 2005 data from the United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. We used bivariate analyses to examine patient characteristics and timing of LTAC transfer, and used propensity matching and multivariable regression to examine mortality, readmissions, and costs after transfer. Results Of 379 LTACs in our sample, 192 (50.7%) were free-standing and 187 (49.3%) were co-located in a short-stay hospital. Co-located LTACs were smaller (median bed size: 34 vs. 66, p <0.001) and more likely to be for-profit (72.2% v. 68.8%, p = 0.001) than freestanding LTACs. Co-located LTACs admitted patients later in their hospital course (average time prior to transfer: 15.5 days vs. 14.0 days) and were more likely to admit patients for ventilator weaning (15.9% vs. 12.4%). In the multivariate propensity-matched analysis, patients in co-located LTACs experienced higher 180-day mortality (adjusted relative risk: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11, p = 0.04) but lower readmission rates (adjusted relative risk: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75–0.98, p = 0.02). Costs were similar between the two hospital types (mean difference in costs within 180 days of transfer: -$3,580, 95% CI: -$8,720 –$1,550, p = 0.17). Conclusions Compared to patients in free-standing LTACs, patients in co-located LTACs experience slightly higher mortality but lower readmission rates, with no change in overall resource use as measured by 180 day costs.
Asymptotic and uncertainty analyses of a phase field model for void formation under irradiation

Abstract We perform asymptotic analysis and uncertainty quantification of a phase field model for void formation and evolution in materials subject to irradiation. The parameters of the phase field model are obtained in terms of the underlying material specific quantities by matching the sharp interface limit of the phase field model with the corresponding sharp interface theory for void growth. To evaluate the sensitivity of phase field simulations to uncertainties in input parameters we quantify the predictions using the stochastic collocation method. Uncertainties arising from material parameters are investigated based on available experimental and atomic scale data. The results of our analysis suggest that the uncertainty in the formation and migration energies of vacancies are found to have a strong influence on the void volume fraction (or porosity). In contrast, the uncertainty resulting from the void surface energy has minimal affect. The analysis also shows that the model is consistent in the sense that its predictions do not drastically change as a result of small variations of the model input parameters.
Reflections on Failure

The articles in this first installment of a series on choreography that considers the relationship between philosophy and dance interrogate conceptions of the body, movement, and language. Translated for the first time into English, the selection by Jose Gil reads the dancing body as paradoxical through the writings of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari; and the chapter by Peter Sloterdijk examines modernity's impulse toward movement and posits a critical theory of mobilization. An interview with choreographer Hooman Sharifi accompanies a meditation on his recent performance.
PERK EIF2AK3 control of pancreatic β cell differentiation and proliferation is required for postnatal glucose homeostasis

Mutations in PERK (EIF2AK3) result in permanent neonatal diabetes as well as several other anomalies that underlie the human Wolcott-Rallison syndrome, and these anomalies are mirrored in Perk knockout mice. To identify the cause of diabetes in PERK-deficient mice, we generated a series of tissue- and cell-specific knockouts of the Perk gene and performed a developmental analysis of the progression to overt diabetes. We discovered that PERK is specifically required in the insulin-secreting beta cells during the fetal and early neonatal period as a prerequisite for postnatal glucose homeostasis. However, PERK expression in beta cells is not required at the adult stage to maintain beta cell functions and glucose homeostasis. We show that PERK-deficient mice exhibit severe defects in fetal/neonatal beta cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in low beta cell mass, defects in proinsulin trafficking, and abrogation of insulin secretion that culminate in permanent neonatal diabetes.
ARE VARIABLE ANNUITIES THE ANSWER TO INFLATION

THE MAJOR REASON for interest in variable annuities stems from the possibility that they would provide one answer to the problem of hedging against price inflation. Two questions are, of course, involved. Would these, in fact, provide a reasonably adequate hedge against inflation? Is the prospect for chronic price inflation serious enough to warrant this substantial departure from financial orthodoxy? I
A Readability Analysis of Selected Introductory Economics Textbooks

Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure." J. Financial Econ., October 1976, pp. 305-360. . "Rights and Production Functions: An Application of Labor-managed Firms and Codetermination." J. Business, October 1979, pp. 469-506. Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics, 8th ed. London: Macmillan, 1920. Marshall, Leon Carroll. Readings in Industrial Society: A Study in the Structure and Function of Modern Economic Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1918.
Network Centric Operations Impact on Avionics

In network centric operations, avionics on an aircraft will be both a source and destination of information. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has mandated capabilities required for transforming to network centric operations. These capabilities are called out in the Joint Technical Architecture (JTA) Version 6.0 (Ref. 2). The Weapon Systems Domain, Aviation Subdomain, identifies preferred interoperability standards for communications, data links, navigation/landing aids, and identification aids. Communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) avionics systems and functions impacted by the JTA include nearly all avionics hardware, software, and the human system interface. Existing avionics architectures may require major changes for integration in network centric operations. A key question is whether these changes are affordable. The controller pilot data link communication (CPDLC) retrofit into existing commercial aircraft is expensive and many airlines are in bankruptcy or have a weak financial report. Most existing military aircraft have wiring installed during production, with few upgrades since the aircraft went into service. Aircraft still in the design phase will utilize a network centric architecture that will be upgradeable as technology advances provide new “plug and play” processors, displays, and sensors and the cost of new technology such as CPDLC will be built into the aircraft cost. Architecture. Network centric operations require integrated information from many avionics systems that were originally “stand alone” and implemented a function such as navigation, or had an output to the automatic flight control system. Many current avionics systems, both military and civilian, employ a federated architecture. The federated architectures are not highly integrated since they descend from stand-alone systems employed in analog avionics and first generation digital avionics. Current aircraft architectures and avionics compatibility with the capabilities required present interesting data flow challenges. Two key requirements that an architecture must provide are high bandwidth and low data latency. Technologies. Keys to implementation of net centric capabilities are software programmable radios, Gigabit Ethernet, and “smart” displays. The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) software programmable radio plans to provide up to eight channels which must connect with a multiband antenna. The Gigabit Ethernet can be fiber or
A Discussion of the 1986 Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers Professional Profile Survey: Part II

Statistical analyses were carried out on the data from the 1986 Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers Professional Profile Survey. Among other findings, it was determined that men have a higher median salary than women, even after adjusting for such factors as educanal level and job responsibilities, but that the salary discrepancy is apparent only for those with more than 3 years of experience on the job, and only for those working in a hospital, a private office or clinic, or a university medical center. It was also found that non-Caucasian staff sonographers make more than Caucasian staff sonographers, but for those holding positions other than that of staff sonographer, the Caucasian and non Caucasian salaries do not differ. Finally, salaries of those who have a bachelor's degree in ultrasound are comparable to the salaries of those who have a bachelor's degree in an area other than ultrasound, after adjusting for the number of years of experience in the ultrasound field.
An Examination of the Context Effect in Item Sampling.

Item sampling and/or multiple matrix sampling techniques have been recommended for a variety of purposes. For some of these purposes, it must be assumed that examinee performance on a set of items is unaffected by the conditions under which the items are taken (i.e., no context effect exists). In this paper factors that may lead to a context effect among high school students are discussed. The net effect of such factors on examinee scores for an English test and a mathematics test is investigated empirically. For the English test there was little support for the existence of a context effect, However, a definite context effect was found for the mathematics test.
Crossing the several scales of strain-accomplishing mechanisms in the hinterland of the central Andean fold–thrust belt, Bolivia

Depictions of structures at outcrop, regional and tectonic scales enforce horizontal shortening and vertical thickening as the predominant style of deformation at all scales within the hinterland of the central Andean fold–thrust belt. Outcrop-scale structures document a progression of strain that created: (1) flexural-slip folds, (2) fold flattening via axial-planar cleavage, (3) vertical stretching via boudinage and late-stage faulting and, finally, (4) kink folding. These examples of intraformational deformation are generally concentrated just beyond the tip lines of thrust faults, where fault-propagation folds and related structures are well developed. Fault-propagation folding accommodated the accrual of strain indicated by outcrop-scale structures while the structures themselves indicate how deformation developed within each individual fold. Fault-propagation fold geometries at a regional scale emerge from the construction of regional balanced cross-sections. The sections were drawn with careful attention to: (1) known map relationships, (2) field inspection of key contacts, (3) bedding–orientation data, (4) local seismic control, and (5) principles of balance. The pervasive ESE–WNW shortening and vertical elongation seen at the outcrop and regional scales developed during the formation of the central Andean backthrust belt in the hinterland of the Andes. The central Andean backthrust belt is a large-scale west-vergent thrust system along the western side of the Eastern Cordillera in the generally east-vergent Andean fold–thrust belt of Bolivia. Strain accrual within this west-verging zone of deformation is proposed to be a taper-building mechanism that allowed the fold–thrust belt to continue propagating eastward.
Boeing’s Diffusion of Commercial Aircraft Technology to Japan: Surrendering the U.S. Industry for Foreign Financial Support

Japanese firms have become increasingly important first-tier suppliers to the U.S. commercial aircraft industry (large passenger jets). Over time, this relationship has evolved from a simple “build to print” subcontractor arrangement to a turnkey “design and build” risk-sharing partnership. Using the Boeing 767, 777, and 787 as examples, we argue that the motives for Boeing’s commercial outsourcing to Japan are to access the Japanese market, spread risk, gain access to capital, and lower U.S. spending on research and development (R&D). This has clear implications for U.S. trade and employment, in that Japanese-subcontracting boosts foreign imports and reduces the need for domestic production workers and U.S. suppliers. From a trade perspective, however, a troubling feature of allowing the Japanese to produce large commercial aircraft subassemblies is that major Japanese public financial supports are involved which contravene existing international agreements on production subsidies. We review the types of production contracts that Japanese companies have sought on the Boeing 767, 777, and 787 programs. These contracts have allowed the Japanese to develop new capabilities in terms of production capacity, tooling, design, and final assembly. Ultimately, these capabilities imply that Japan will eventually enter the market as a fully-fledged producer of commercial aircraft. This does not bode well for the U.S. commercial aerospace sector.
Landscape development within a young collision zone: implications for post-Tethyan evolution of the Upper Tigris River system in southeastern Turkey

The geomorphic evolution of the upper basin of the Tigris (Dicle) River in southeastern Turkey reflects the interplay of surface processes and the development of topographic relief and lithospheric deformation since the closing of the Southern Neo-Tethyan (formerly Bitlis) Ocean. The study of the Tigris system is a proxy for understanding the deep crustal processes associated with the active Alpine–Himalayan mountain belt. The drainage morphology is linked to the uplift of the eastern Taurus Mountains and deformation of the Arabian foreland system following continent–continent collision. Initial review of landscape features at aerial and field scales confirms that the evolution of the Tigris has been complex, and that valley morphology varies by reach. Within the headwater reach, the Tigris is a transverse river system that flows across metamorphic rocks of the Bitlis–Zagros Suture Zone. Ongoing deformation in the Lake Hazar region bounded by the East Anatolian Fault Zone controls the topographic divide b...
An evaluation of commonly employed central venous catheter kits and their potential risk for complications of excess guidewire introduction

Abstract Study objective To evaluate the components of commonly used central venous catheter kits with respect to the potential for guidewire-mediated complications during catheter placement. Design Prospective, nonrandomized, observational study. Setting Six academic hospitals across the United States. Patients None Interventions None. Measurements and main results 30 commercially manufactured catheter kits (15 tunneled, 15 nontunneled) were opened and evaluated. The catheter or sheath to be introduced was measured and a corresponding ideal guidewire length was calculated. The ideal length was then compared to the actual length, and differences were tabulated. Wire tip configuration and the presence and pattern of distance markings were recorded and, in conjunction with the catheter and wire length discrepancies, were used to grade the relative risk of introducing excess guidewire during catheter placement. Of 30 kits evaluated, 14 (46.7%) had guidewires more than 20 cm longer than necessary. The mean excess wire length was 15 cm (range: 8 to 55 cm) and did not differ significantly between tunneled and nontunneled catheter kits. Only 10 kits (33.3%) had distance markings of any type, and there was no standardization among them; none corresponded to previously published recommendations. There was potential risk of excess wire introduction in 18 catheter kits, of which seven were nontunneled devices designed for bedside placement. Conclusions The design of commonly employed central venous access catheter kits is such that there is a mismatch between guidewire and catheter length and a general lack of guidewire markings. We believe that these designs may predispose to the introduction of excess guidewire and result in guidewire-mediated complications during catheter placement. This risk can likely be reduced by matching the guidewires to the devices placed over them and by standardizing guidewire distance markings.
SU-FF-J-64: Influence of Respiratory Motion On Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) Imaging of Thorax and Abdomen

Purpose: To quantify the interplay between respiratory motion and CBCTimaging in thoracic and abdominal region. Method and Materials: A Varian AcuityCBCT simulator was used to scan a motion‐simulation phantom and three patients (a pancreatic and two lung cases). Motion phase of the phantom or the patients was stamped with a Varian RPM system. For phantom study, three CBCT gantry rotation speeds (5°, 10°, and 15° per second) were used. Several different motion patterns and speeds of the phantom, simulating a variety of clinical situations, were also investigated with CBCT gantry speed of 10°/s. The patient scans were done with 10°/s rotation speed. The resultant images were compared against the 4D‐CT images acquired on a GE LightSpeed scanner. The HU profiles of the two types of images were analyzed.Results: Given the fact that a regular breathing cycle takes ∼4s, a CBCT scan is usually a time‐average over ∼10 breathing cycles. Large artifacts and anatomical distortions were observed in both phantom and patient scans. In the phantom study, the onset of motion artifacts started at very low “breathing” motion rate, suggesting that CBCT is less proof against motion. The CBCTimage quality was worsen as the “breathing” rate increased but this became saturated when the phantom motion rate reached to a certain level. For the patient study, the discrepancies between the CBCT and 4D CTimages were also found to be large. The tumor contours, for example, delineated based on the two types of images can differ up to 1cm Conclusion: Respirator motion greatly degrades the quality of CBCT and presents a problem in thorax and abdomen imaging. It is urgently needed to develop a clinically practical means to minimize the adverse effect of breathing motion.
The computational complexity of pattern formation

The computational complexity of diffusion-limited aggregation and fluid invasion in porous media is studied. The time requirements on an idealized parallel computer for simulating the patterns formed by these models are investigated. It is shown that these growth models are P-complete. These results provide strong evidence that such pattern formation processes are inherently sequential and cannot be simulated efficiently in parallel.
Onboard digital beamforming: Algorithm and results

A one-dimensional digital beam-forming (DBF) algorithm that is suitable for onboard real-time implementation is described in this article. A couple of techniques for generating a set of DBF coefficients will be also proposed to improve radar system performance such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and/or range ambiguity (as a part of multiplicative noise ratio, MNR), and range impulse response parameters including compression gain, range resolution, etc. Results from simulations demonstrate improvement obtained by these techniques at the output of digital beamforming process. Finally, via the proposed onboard DBF algorithm, a processed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image generated from data of airborne SweepSAR experiment [1] is exhibited.
A new route to "bifunctional" chelating agents: conversion of amino acids to analogs of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid.

Abstract Via the amides, α-amino acids can be converted to analogs of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, with retention of configuration at the asymmetric carbon. 1-( p -Carboxymethoxybenzyl)-ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid has been prepared from l -tyrosine and then coupled as the iron(III) chelate to 1,2-diaminoethane or to human serum albumin. The iron(III) chelate is effective in preventing EDTA carboxyl groups from reacting via carbodiimide coupling with amino groups. After the coupling reaction, iron is readily removed from the chelate upon reduction with ascorbate. These new procedures possess several attractive features for the use of “bifunctional” chelating agents in biophysical studies.
Not by Bread Alone: Reversing the Effects of Childhood Malnutrition

Protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) early in life exerts adverse effects on brain growth and psychological development. However, behavioral deficits typically occur as a consequence of the interaction between PEM and environmental deprivation. Human studies strongly suggest that developmental delays are associated with malnutrition in congruence with an impoverished material and social environment. It would seem therefore that enriching the immediate social milieu through persistent and appropriate stimulation of the child physically, mentally, socially and emotionally is a major factor in the reversal and prevention of the developmental consequences of malnutrition. Nutritional supplementation then, while a prerequisite to healthy ontogeny, is by itself insufficient in bringing the child to normal levels of development.
Season, Irrigation, Leaf Age, and Escherichia coli Inoculation Influence the Bacterial Diversity in the Lettuce Phyllosphere

The developmental and temporal succession patterns and disturbance responses of phyllosphere bacterial communities are largely unknown. These factors might influence the capacity of human pathogens to persist in association with those communities on agriculturally-relevant plants. In this study, the phyllosphere microbiota was identified for Romaine lettuce plants grown in the Salinas Valley, CA, USA from four plantings performed over 2 years and including two irrigation methods and inoculations with an attenuated strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7. High-throughput DNA pyrosequencing of the V5 to V9 variable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes recovered in lettuce leaf washes revealed that the bacterial diversity in the phyllosphere was distinct for each field trial but was also strongly correlated with the season of planting. Firmicutes were generally most abundant in early season (June) plantings and Proteobacteria comprised the majority of bacteria recovered later in the year (August and October). Comparisons within individual field trials showed that bacterial diversity differed between sprinkler (overhead) and drip (surface) irrigated lettuce and increased over time as the plants grew. The microbiota were also distinct between control and E. coli O157:H7-inoculated plants and between E. coli O157:H7-inoculated plants with and without surviving pathogen cells. The bacterial inhabitants of the phyllosphere therefore appear to be affected by seasonal, irrigation, and biological factors in ways that are relevant for assessments of fresh produce food safety.
The dual algebra of the Poincaré group on fock space

Abstract The Lie algebra of operators commuting with the Poincare group on the Fock space appropriate for a massive spinless particle is constructed in terms of raising and lowering operators indexed by a Lorentz invariant function. From the assumption that the phase operator is an element of this Lie algebra, it is shown that the scattering operator can be written as a unitary representation operator of the group associated with the Lie algebra. A simple choice of the phase operator shows that the Lorentz invariant function can be interpreted as a basic scattering amplitude, in the sense that all multiparticle scattering amplitudes can be written in terms of this basic scattering amplitude.
Solid-State Replacement for Electromechanical Voltage Regulators

For years no replacement parts have been available for electromechanical voltage regulators supplied by various manufacturers. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has developed a solid-state replacement for these obsolete voltage regulators. This regulator has proven to be reliable and inexpensive compared to other systems provided as alternatives.
On Electron Transfer Reactions in Ferro Electric Polymers

Abstract Electron transfer reactions in ferro electric polymers are considered. The interaction of the electron transfer system with the polymer is discussed using the Landau-Peker Poluron model. It is found that near Tc (i.e. for large dielectric constant) the electron transfer is inhibited by charge self localization. However if fluctuations are included in the calculation electron transfer is still possible. An expression for the fluctuation driven electron transver mean Tc rate is derived.
Catalogue of isolated emission episodes in gamma-ray bursts from Fermi, Swift and BATSE

We report a comprehensive catalog of emission episodes within long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that are separated by a quiescent period during which gamma-ray emission falls below the background level. We use a fully automated identification method for an unbiased, large scale and expandable search. We examine a comprehensive sample of long GRBs from the BATSE, Swift and Fermi missions, assembling a total searched set of 2710 GRBs, the largest catalog of isolated emission episodes so far. Our search extends out to [-1000s,750s] around the burst trigger, expanding the covered time interval beyond previous studies and far beyond the nominal durations (T90) of most bursts. We compare our results to previous works by identifying pre-peak emission (or precursors), defined as isolated emission periods prior to the episode with the highest peak luminosity of the burst. We also systematically search for similarly defined periods after the burst's peak emission. We find that the pre-peak and post-peak emission periods are statistically similar, possibly indicating a common origin. For the analyzed GRBs, we identify 24% to have more than one isolated emission episode, with 11% having at least one pre-peak event and 15% having at least one post-peak event. We identify GRB activity significantly beyond their T90, which can be important for understanding the central engine activity as well as, e.g., gravitational-wave searches.
Evaluation of onion (Allium cepa L.) seed after 10 years of storage at 5, −18, and −196°C

Long-term storage strategies for seed germplasm are needed to assure preservation of diminishing plant genetic resources. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) is being studied as a potential method to reduce the rate of seed deterioration and thus increase the storage life of the seed. Onion (Allium cepa L.) seed was stored for 10 yr at 5, −18, and −196°C (liquid nitrogen) and evaluated for germination, seedling root length, electrolyte leakage, and O 2 uptake to determine long-term storage response. Average germination of seed stored at −18 and −196°C did not decline over the 10 yr period, while germination of seed stored at 5°C dropped from 94 to 68%. Variation in moisture content was observed in seed stored at 5 and −18°C, with no variation noted at −196°C-storage temperature. The variation in moisture content may have influenced seed deterioration at the 5°C-storage temperature. It is less likely that the variation in seed moisture content was a contributing factor at the −18°C-storage temperature. Electrolyte leakage results, an indication of seed membrane integrity, were inconclusive. Average seedling root lengths of 2.8, 5.7, and 6.6 mm and seedling O 2 uptake rates of 124, 156, and 176 pmol mg -1 min -1 (5, −18, and −196°C storage, respectively) were observed, suggesting less physiological deterioration at the −196°C-storage temperature. Based on seedling root length, O 2 uptake rates, maintenance of seed moisture content and seed germination, it was concluded that seed deterioration was greater at 5 > −18 > −196°C. Maintenance of seed germplasm at 5°C in this experiment was not satisfactory. Liquid nitrogen and −18°C storage for up to 10 yr was acceptable. Cryopreservation of seed germplasm appeared to result in superior seed vigor compared with the −18°C storage; however, longer-term experiments are needed to determine if cryopreservation results in extended seed preservation
Parallel hexahedral meshing from volume fractions

In this work, we introduce a new method for generating Lagrangian computational meshes from Eulerian-based data. We focus specifically on shock physics problems that are relevant to Eulerian-based codes that generate volume fraction data on a Cartesian grid. A step-by-step procedure for generating an all-hexahedral mesh is presented. We focus specifically on the challenges of developing a parallel implementation using the message passing interface to ensure a continuous, conformal and good quality hex mesh.
Reply to the comments

Abstract The author is wrong-in assuming that the algorithm in [5] are the same algorithms that were published earlier in [2]. The algorithm in [2] is the conjugate gradient a la “Fletcher Reeves” whereas the algorithm in [5] is a modified version of the algorithm proposed by Towsend and Johnson [6]. To an interested reader, there are many papers in the mathematical literature which elaborate on the different versions of the conjugate gradient algorithm for nonlinear optimization problems. In [6], the difference between the Fletcher algorithm [2] and the algorithm used in [5] is outlined.
Shifting the bell curve: The benefits and costs of raising student achievement

Benefit-cost analysis was conducted to estimate the increase in earnings, increased tax revenues, value of less crime, and reductions in welfare costs attributable to nationwide implementation of rapid assessment, a promising intervention for raising student achievement in math and reading. Results suggest that social benefits would exceed total social costs by a ratio of 28. Fiscal benefits to the federal government would exceed costs to the federal treasury by a ratio of 93. Social benefits would exceed costs to each state treasury by a ratio no lower than 286, and fiscal benefits would exceed costs to each state treasury by a ratio no lower than 5, for all but two state treasuries. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the findings are robust to a 5-fold change in the underlying parameters.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) time series classification: Applications in epilepsy

Epilepsy is among the most common brain disorders. Approximately 25–30% of epilepsy patients remain unresponsive to anti-epileptic drug treatment, which is the standard therapy for epilepsy. In this study, we apply optimization-based data mining techniques to classify the brain's normal and epilepsy activity using intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG), which is a tool for evaluating the physiological state of the brain. A statistical cross validation and support vector machines were implemented to classify the brain's normal and abnormal activities. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to design and develop efficient seizure warning algorithms for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Translational invariance of gravitational wave atom interferometers

We evaluate the transfer function of a novel kind of detector and reconcile our results with previously published calculations (whose conclusions are apparently significantly different from each other) thereby showing the natural equivalence of all considered methods.
Cryptotia repair: a modern update to the trefoil flap

Cryptotia is a congenital anomaly in which the superior aspect of the helical cartilage is buried beneath the scalp, resulting in an absence of the auriculocephalic sulcus. Treatments have included splinting, skin grafts, and a variety of local flaps. We present a modification of the trefoil flap, initially described by Wesser in 1972. The modifications include wider undermining of the opposing trefoil flap (≤2-4 cm), staggering the closure of the helical apices, and expanding the base of the auricular trefoil flap such that it extends over a larger circumference of the helical rim. The senior author (K.S.) has achieved excellent results with this method and has alleviated the need for skin grafts or local preauricular flaps to close the donor site.
Demystifying autoimmune thyroid disease. Which disorders require treatment

PREVIEWAutoimmune thyroid disease can take various forms, from the subtle symptoms of subclinical hypothyroidism to the palpable goiters and extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease. Recognition of the clinical spectrum of these disorders is an important first step in management. In this article, Dr Fatourechi describes the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease and discusses current treatment recommendations.
Causation as a Philosophical Relation in Hume

By giving the proper emphasis to both radical skepticism and naturalism as two independent standpoints in Hume, I wish to propose a more satisfactory account of some of the more puzzling Humean claims on causation. I place these claims alternatively in either the philosophical standpoint of the radical skeptic or in the standpoint of everyday and scientific beliefs. I characterize Hume's radical skeptical standpoint in relation to Hume's perceptual model of the traditional theory of ideas, and I argue that Hume's radical skeptical argument concerning our causal inferences is inextricably linked to his skeptical argument concerning our idea of a necessary connection between cause and effect. I discuss Hume's naturalistic account of the origin of our idea of necessity and offer a new reading of Hume's two “definitions” of cause. I argue along the way against central aspects of two opposing styles of interpretation—Norman Kemp Smith's and Annette Baier's, on the one hand, and Robert Fogelin's, on the other—that in my view do not appreciate the mutual autonomy of radical skepticism and naturalism in Hume.
Strength recovery by diffusive crack healing

Abstract Studies of the morphology and the kinetics of diffusive crack recession in polycrystalline ceramics have suggested an approach for characterizing crack healing and strength recovery. The strength recovery model is shown to be consistent with the available strength recovery data.
Solvent sublation for the removal of hydrophobic chlorinated compounds from aqueous solutions

Abstract Solvent sublation, a surface chemical technique, was used to remove mono-, di-, trichlorobenzenes and a chlorinated pesticide (DDT) from aqueous solutions, Considerable improvement in efficiency of removal as compared to conventional fine bubble aeration was observed when bubbles of very small size (
Electrophysiologic identification of projections from the midbrain to the paraflocculus and midvermis in the rat

Regions of the midbrain in the rat were stimulated electrically with bipolar electrodes to identify responsive, single neurons in the parafloccular lobule of the cerebellum. Eighty four percent (44/52) of the cells recorded in the paraflocculus showed evidence of a modulation in simple spike discharge activity (mossy fiber activations) following stimulation with a bipolar electrode whose tip was placed in the ventral layers of the contralateral superior colliculus. Mossy fiber (MF) evoked responses were indicated by the presence of an excitation followed by an inhibition of simple spike frequency at latencies of 5-16 msec and by the demonstration of responsiveness to stimulus frequencies up to 50 Hz. Ten percent (4/41) of identified Purkinje cells in the paraflocculus demonstrated activation of complex spike potentials following stimulation of regions in the ventral superior colliculus. Experiments involving stimulation of the midbrain and visual cortices indicated that 70% of the parafloccular neurons are responsive to inputs from both the cortex and deep regions of the colliculus. Electrophysiologic evidence also is presented that demonstrates the existence of a midbrain projection to midvermal lobules VI and VII of the cerebellum.
Increasing HDL Cholesterol Levels.

In the past decade, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have emerged as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The key role of HDL as a carrier of excess cellular cholesterol in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway is believed to provide protection against atherosclerosis. In reverse cholesterol transport, peripheral tissues (e.g., vessel-wall macrophages) remove their excess cholesterol through the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) to poorly lipidated apolipoprotein A-I, forming pre-β-HDL. Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase then esterifies free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters, converting pre-β-HDL to mature spherical α-HDL (see Figure). HDL cholesterol is transported to the liver by two pathways: . . .