cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of phosphorus on Si(111): Structure and chemical reactivity.

We have investigated the adsorption and reaction of ${\mathrm{PH}}_{3}$ on Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) between 100 and 900 K. The topology, electronic structure, and chemical reactivity of the resulting P-doped surface was studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and ion-scattering spectroscopy. The P-doped surface has a P:Si(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) structure where P substitutes for the first Si-layer atoms of the Si(111) surface. This surface has no dangling bonds and is chemically inert.
Lymphocyte response to virus antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus.

The cell-mediated immune response of lymphocytes to rubella, measles, parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3, varicella-zoster, and herpes virus type 1 virus antigens was evaluated in 15 SLE patients and 15 matched controls by incorporating 3H-thymidine in whole blood cultures as a measure of blastic transformation. SLE patients were less responsive than normal individuals to six of eight virus antigens tested. Culture of washed SLE cells in AB plasma did not reverse the hyporesponsiveness. The results indicated that a functional impairment of the circulating lymphocytes appeared to be responsible for the in vitro hyporesponsiveness of SLE patients to virus antigens.
Angiodysplasia of the cecum: colonoscopic diagnosis

Arteriography was performed to determine if similar vascular malformations could be detected in the small bowel. Selective superior mesenteric injection demonstrated the cecal vascular malformation which was supplied by the cecal branch of the ileocolic artery and displayed typical early venous filling. No additional lesions were detected by superior or inferior mesenteric angiographic studies. At operation, the cecal lesion was not found even by careful inspection. Because of the preoperative documentation of a vascular malformation in the cecum, a right hemicolectomy was performed. Gross pathologic inspection was unrewarding, and attempts at arteriography in the resected specimen were unsuccessful. However, the lesion was identified after serial microscopic sectioning. Outpatient followup of the patient for 6 months revealed resolution of the anemia. Neither black nor bloody stools have been noted, and tests for occult blood in the stool have been negative. MORPHOLOGIC FINDINGS The specimen received in the laboratory consisted of a segment of cecum and ascending colon 30 cm in length with a normal appendix and a 4.5 cm segment of terminal ileum. Preliminary inspection showed no mucosal or mural abnormalities throughout. Utilizing information provided by the endoscopist and radiologist, a 3 cm broad crescentic strip of colon over a radius 7 cm from the ileocecal valve was isolated and inspected under a dissecting microscope. This disclosed a 1.2 cm area of faint hypervascularity without mucosal defect. The entire strip of colon was step-sectioned revealing, in this latter region, microscopic evidence of a fairly discrete vascular abnormality. The lesion consisted of a submucosal tangle of dilated arterial and venous, thick-walled blood vessels indicative of marked tortuosity (Figure 2). At one plane of cut, an artery and vein were found in very close juxtaposition, and the possibility of their communicating was suggested strongly. Although a small vein in one section suggested organizing thrombotic material with early angiomatoid formation, no overt embolization was discovered. Irregular and eccentric diffuse hyperplastic sclerosis of the intima of both arteries and veins was noted. Thin-walled vascular channels penetrated the muscularis mucosa terminating in acongeries ofendothelial lined, dysplastic appearing, lake-like spaces throughout the tunica propria in this area. Capillary telangiectasia was noted likewise throughout the muscularis propria and serosa. There was an area of healed erosion of the overlying mucosa. DISCUSSION Previous to the studies reported by Baum and his colleagues7,. a decade ago, reports of vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract were rare."g,'0 However, since that Angiodysplasia of the cecum: colonoscopic diagnosis Richard M. Skibba, MD* William A. Hartong, MD Frank A. Mantz, MD Daniel R. Hinthorn, MD James B. Rhodes, MD Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pathology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
Track effects in high-let radiation chemistry

Abstract A model for the initial distribution of reactive chemical species produced by absorption of radiation with high linear energy transfer (LET) is discussed in relation to the basic physics that underlies computer simulation of track structure. The model is shown to be consistent with experimental data on the yield of hydrated electrons in track segments of ions with the same stopping power but different velocity and charge.
Mobile Robot for Uneven Terrain

This paper outlines the details of the development of a mobile robot than can navigate uneven terrain. The robot incorporates a combination of wheels and legs. The legs are based on a parallel-drive 2-R linkage that allows the motors to be located on the robot frame. The legs are driven through servo motors while the wheels are powered through DC motors. A PIC microcontroller is used to control the system, while a novel IR-based communication module allows the user to remotely control the device. In the proof-of-concept prototype, a human operator can control the approximately 6×9×4 inches (15.24×22.86×10.16 cm) and approximately 8 lb. (3.63 kgs) robot (with onboard electronics and control systems) to climb and descend steps. Future versions can be expected to autonomous and equipped with cameras and ad hoc networking cards for field operations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Auditory event-related potentials during stage 2 NREM sleep in humans.

SUMMARY Event-related potential (ERP) recordings were used to investigate the nature of auditory stimulus evaluation during stage 2 sleep. Frequent and rare stimuli, differing in intensity and frequency, were presented to six adult subjects while awake and asleep. The latency and voltage distribution of one of the long-latency components evoked during sleep resembled the P3 component evoked while awake. However, it was attenuated in voltage and superimposed on N3, a large late negative component, most probably the slow potential of the K complex. The identification of a P3-like potential during sleep suggests that the P3 potential is not solely a marker of active cognitive processes, but contains a small component which reflects automatic, pre-attentive evaluation of deviant stimuli.
Fluid-structure interaction analysis of flexible turbomachinery

Abstract A method for the performance computation of an expandable-impeller pump is developed and validated. Large deformations of the highly flexible pump impellers result in a strong coupling between the impeller and fluid flow. The computational method therefore requires simultaneous solution of fluid flow and structural response. OpenFOAM provides the flow and mesh motion solvers and is coupled to an author-developed structural solver in a tightly coupled approach using a fixed-point iteration. The structural deformations are time-dependent because the material exhibits stress relaxation. The time-constant of the relaxation, however, is very large, thereby allowing quasi-steady simulations. A water-tunnel test of a viscoelastic hydrofoil is employed to validate the solver. Simulations of the test problem show good agreement with the experimental results and demonstrate the need for several sub-iterations of the solver even for the quasi-steady simulations.
Neutrino beams from muon storage rings: Characteristics and physics potential

High-intensity high-energy neutrino beams could be produced by exploiting a very intense future muon source, and allowing the muons to decay in a storage ring containing a long straight section. Taking the parameters of muon source designs that are currently under study, the characteristics of the neutrino beams that could be produced are discussed and some examples of their physics potential given. It is shown that the neutrino and antineutrino beam intensities may be sufficient to produce hundreds of charged current interactions per year in a detector on the far side of the Earth.
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Manifestations of Antilesbian and Gay Prejudice: An Application of Personal Construct Theory.

This study extended research on prejudice against lesbian and gay (LG) persons by examining theoretically grounded links between intrapersonal and interpersonal manifestations of such prejudice. On the basis of G. A. Kelly’s (1955/1991a, 1955/1991b) conceptualization of threat, the authors operationalized intrapersonal homophobia, or LG threat, as the extent to which the notion of being LG was perceived to cause undesirable change in the construal of self. Consistent with hypotheses, results with 175 participants indicated that level of LG threat was correlated positively with anti-LG attitudes. Furthermore, LG threat moderated the link of anti-LG attitudes with positive self-perception and self-presentation such that for persons with high levels of LG threat, anti-LG attitudes were related positively, whereas for persons with low levels of LG threat, anti-LG attitudes were related negatively to positive self-perception and self-presentation. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts to reduce anti-LG prejudice are explored, and directions for future research are discussed.
Human Cord Blood-Derived AC133+ Progenitor Cells Preserve Endothelial Progenitor Characteristics after Long Term In Vitro Expansion

Background Stem cells/progenitors are central to the development of cell therapy approaches for vascular ischemic diseases. The crucial step in rescuing tissues from ischemia is improvement of vascularization that can be achieved by promoting neovascularization. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the best candidates for developing such an approach due to their ability to self-renew, circulate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells (ECs). Studies showed that intravenously administered progenitors isolated from bone marrow, peripheral or cord blood home to ischemic sites. However, the successful clinical application of such transplantation therapy is limited by low quantities of EPCs that can be generated from patients. Hence, the ability to amplify the numbers of autologous EPCs by long term in vitro expansion while preserving their angiogenic potential is critically important for developing EPC based therapies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of cord blood (CB)-derived AC133+ cells to differentiate, in vitro, towards functional, mature endothelial cells (ECs) after long term in vitro expansion. Methodology We systematically characterized the properties of CB AC133+ cells over the 30 days of in vitro expansion. During 30 days of culturing, CB AC133+ cells exhibited significant growth potential that was manifested as 148-fold increase in cell numbers. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that CB AC133+ cells' expression of endothelial progenitor markers was not affected by long term in vitro culturing. After culturing under EC differentiation conditions, cells exhibited high expression of mature ECs markers, such as CD31, VEGFR-2 and von Willebrand factor, as well as the morphological changes indicative of differentiation towards mature ECs. In addition, throughout the 30 day culture cells preserved their functional capacity that was demonstrated by high uptake of DiI fluorescently conjugated-acetylated-low density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL), in vitro and in vivo migration towards chemotactic stimuli and in vitro tube formation. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that primary CB AC133+ culture contained mainly EPCs and that long term in vitro conditions facilitated the maintenance of these cells in the state of commitment towards endothelial lineage.
HIV-1 actively replicates in naive CD4(+) T cells residing within human lymphoid tissues

Although HIV-1 gene expression is detected in naive, resting T cells in vivo, such cells are resistant to productive infection in vitro. However, we found that the endogenous microenvironment of human lymphoid tissues supports de novo infection and depletion of this population. Cell cycle analysis and DNA labeling experiments established that these cells were definitively quiescent and thus infected de novo. Quantitation of the "burst size" within naive cells further demonstrated that these cells were productively infected and contributed to the local viral burden. These findings demonstrate that lymphoid tissues support active HIV-1 replication in resting, naive T cells. Moreover, these cells are not solely reservoirs of latent virus but are permissive hosts for viral replication that likely targets them for elimination.
Simplified renal preservation

Abstract There is a rising need for effective renal preservation to support the increasing number of cadavaric renal transplants and to allow the development of extracorporeal renal bench surgery. A simple and readily available method, as previously described in the literature, was experimented on and the results indicate its effectiveness as a promising technique for renal preservation that can be used in any hospital.
Judging a part by the size of its whole: : The category size bias in probability judgments

Whereas prior research has found that consumers' probability judgments are sensitive to the number of categories into which a set of possible outcomes is grouped, this article demonstrates that categorization can also bias predictions when the number of categories is fixed. Specifically, five experiments document a category size bias in which consumers perceive an outcome as more likely to occur when it is categorized with many rather than few alternative possibilities, even when the grouping criterion is irrelevant and the objective probability of each outcome is identical. For example, participants in one study irrationally predicted being more likely to win a lottery if their ticket color matched many (vs. few) of the other gamblers' tickets—and wagered nearly 25% more as a result. These findings suggest that consumers' perceptions of risk and probability are influenced not only by the number of categories into which possible outcomes are classified but also by category size.
Symmetry of the N D − 1 Solutions for Coupled Scattering Amplitudes

We prove that the $N{D}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ matrix solutions for coupled scattering amplitudes are symmetric provided the given discontinuity of the scattering matrix across the unphysical cut is symmetric.
Why Does It Go Up? The Impact of the MARS Curriculum as Revealed through Changes in Student Explanations of a Helium Balloon

The Model-Assisted Reasoning in Science (MARS) project created a model-centered, computer-supported sixth-grade science curriculum organized around the theme balance of forces. To help monitor effectiveness during implementation in a public middle school, individual student interviews were conducted after each of the curriculum's three sections. In each interview, students were asked to explain why a helium balloon floats up. This article describes an analysis of student responses to the balloon question and what it reveals about the impact of the curriculum. The article begins with an overview of research on children's ideas about floating and sinking. Following a description of MARS instruction, procedures used to analyze responses to the balloon question are described, and results of the analysis are presented and discussed. The article concludes by examining implications for science education. J Res Sci Teach 35: 547–567, 1998.
Characterization and Inhibition of Nitrite Uptake in Shortnose Sturgeon Fingerlings

Abstract Efforts are underway to culture the endangered shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum for possible reintroduction. As part of a larger project to develop culture techniques for this species, the uptake of nitrite was evaluated in fingerlings (16.5 ± 4.85 g; mean ± SD). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased significantly with exposure time (0–5 d) and dose (0–4 mg nitrite-N/L). Shortnose sturgeon fingerlings were able to concentrate nitrite in their plasma to more than 63 times the environmental concentration. Chloride, as either sodium chloride or calcium chloride, partially inhibited nitrite uptake. However, calcium chloride was a better inhibitor. After previous exposure (2 d at 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L) plasma nitrite-N decreased from 165.5 to 36.7 mg/L during a 3-d simultaneous exposure to 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L and treatment with 40 mg chloride/L as calcium chloride. The addition of calcium chloride to the water appeared to be an effective means of preventing nitrite uptake and ...
DISLOCATION INERTIAL EFFECTS IN THE PLASTICITY OF SUPERCONDUCTORS.

It is shown that radiation damping is weak enough so that all dislocation segments in superconductors are underdamped at low enough temperatures. Consequently, a dislocation impinging on a barrier in the superconducting state overshoots its static-equilibrium position, exerting an additional force on the obstacle, thereby increasing the plasticity. The inertial model gives a quantitative account of available observations on the size of the effect and its dependence on temperature, magnetic field, deformation, and purity.
IFN-γ Mediates Enhancement of HIV Replication in Astrocytes by Inducing an Antagonist of the β-Catenin Pathway (DKK1) in a STAT 3-Dependent Manner

Typically, IFN-γ is an antiviral cytokine that inhibits the replication of many viruses, including HIV. However, in the CNS, IFN-γ induces HIV-productive replication in astrocytes. Although astrocytes in vitro are refractory to HIV replication, recent in vivo evidence demonstrated that astrocytes are infected by HIV, and their degree of infection is correlated with proximity to activated macrophages/microglia. The ability of IFN-γ to induce HIV replication in astrocytes suggests that the environmental milieu is critical in regulating the permissiveness of astrocytes to HIV infection. We evaluated the mechanism by which IFN-γ relieves restricted HIV replication in astrocytes. We demonstrate that although astrocytes have robust endogenous β-catenin signaling, a pathway that is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, IFN-γ diminished β-catenin signaling in astrocytes by 40%, as evaluated by both active β-catenin protein expression and β-catenin-mediated T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer reporter (TOPflash) activity. Further, IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of β-catenin signaling was dependent on its ability to induce an antagonist of the β-catenin signaling pathway, Dickkopf-related protein 1, in a STAT 3-dependent manner. Inhibition of STAT3 and Dickkopf-related protein 1 abrogated the ability of IFN-γ to enhance HIV replication in astrocytes. These data demonstrated that IFN-γ induces HIV replication in astrocytes by antagonizing the β-catenin pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report to point to an intricate cross-talk between IFN-γ signaling and β-catenin signaling that may have biologic and virologic effects on HIV outcome in the CNS, as well as on broader processes where the two pathways interface.
Current epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in the United States: Low seroprevalence in the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey

Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) 1988-1994 dataset found a relatively high seroprevalence (21%) of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in the U.S. general population. Using data obtained within the NHANES 2009-2010 survey, where a high performance assay for HEV was used, we estimated the weighted seroprevalence of HEV infection among U.S. individuals 6 years and older. We also evaluated factors associated with HEV seropositivity. A total of 8,814 individuals were included in the analysis. The median age of study participants was 37 years (interquartile range [IQR] 17-58 years), with 51.2% being female. The weighted national seroprevalence of HEV was 6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.1%-6.9%). About 0.5% of those with HEV had evidence of recent exposure (immunoglobulin M-positive). In the univariate analyses, factors associated with HEV seropositivity were increasing age (P-trend 10 times/month). No significant association was observed with low socioeconomic status, water source, or level of education. In the multivariate analysis, only older age remained predictive of HEV seropositivity. Conclusion: The weighted national seroprevalence of HEV in the U.S. is much less than previously reported. Using data obtained with a high performance assay, the seroprevalence of HEV was estimated at 6.0% in the U.S. Based on these results, the seroprevalence of HEV is only one-third as high as previously reported. (Hepatology 2014;60:815–822)
Deep Brain Stimulation for Substance Abuse

Substance abuse represents a significant public health issue, yet current standard treatments are largely ineffective. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery may offer an effective interventional approach to treat substance abuse by enabling direct manipulation of neural circuits. DBS has been successfully used in patients with movement disorders and, more recently, in select psychiatric conditions. The ability of DBS surgery to address addictive behavior, however, critically relies upon fundamental knowledge of reward pathways within the brain. Recent evidence has provided insight into those pathways, and studies using DBS surgery in animal models of addiction and reports describing the successful use of DBS in humans with substance abuse disorders provide encouraging support for the feasibility of DBS in treating addiction. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms of addiction and the currently available literature on the application of DBS for substance abuse.
“I Tell You, It’s a Journey, Isn’t It?” Understanding Collaborative Meaning Making in Qualitative Research

While collaboration is common in qualitative inquiry, few studies examine the collaborative process in detail. In our study, we adopt an interpretive, reflexive stance to explore our process as a collaborative qualitative research team. We analyzed transcripts of eight research meetings for aspects and assumptions underlying our collaboration. Three overarching aspects of our process emerged from the analysis: position-taking, meaning making, and producing. We adopt a learning stance in our work together and make meaning through an iterative, dialogic process that foregrounds and backgrounds key elements of the research process. While some scholars have questioned whether truly collaborative research ever occurs among peers, we illustrate through our findings what such a process can look like.
Relations between anhedonia and smoking motivation.

Introduction: A growing literature suggests that anhedonia — an affective dimension related to the inability to experience pleasure — is associated with poor smoking cessation out- comes. Despite these fi ndings, research of the motivational mechanisms linking anhedonia and smoking has been limited. Accordingly, the present study examined (a) relationships between anhedonia and motivationally relevant smoking char- acteristics and (b) whether anhedonia moderated the effects of tobacco deprivation on appetitive and aversive aspects of smoking urges. Methods: Smokers ( N = 212; ≥ 5 cigarettes/day) fi rst attended a baseline session during which measures of anhedonia and smok- ing characteristics were completed. Prior to a subsequent ex- perimental session, a portion of participants were randomized to one of two groups: (a) 12-hr tobacco deprivation before the session ( n = 51) and (b) ad libitum smoking ( n = 69). Results: Smokers with higher levels of anhedonia reported a greater number of past failed quit attempts and a higher propor- tion of quit attempts that ended in rapid relapse within 24 hr, r s > .20, p s < .05. Anhedonia did not consistently correlate with smoking heaviness, chronicity, and dependence motives. Anhe- donia signifi cantly moderated the infl uence of tobacco depriva- tion on appetitive smoking urges, such that deprivation effects on appetitive urges were stronger in high anhedonia smokers ( b = .64) than in low anhedonia smokers ( b = .23). Anhedonia did not moderate deprivation effects on aversive smoking urges. This pattern of results remained robust when controlling for baseline negative affect.
Hydration behaviors before and after an educational and prescribed hydration intervention in adolescent athletes.

Context: The effectiveness of education in modifying hydration behaviors in adolescent athletes is unclear. Objective: To assess the hydration status and behaviors of female athletes before and aft...
Color and texture based segmentation of molecular pathology images usING HSOMS

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, excluding skin cancer. It is diagnosed by histopathology interpretation of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections. Gland and nuclei distributions vary with the disease grade, and the morphological features vary with the advance of cancer. A tissue microarray with known disease stages can be used to enable efficient pathology slide image analysis. We focus on an intuitive approach for segmenting such images, using the Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (HSOM). Our approach introduces the use of unsupervised clustering using both color and texture features, and the use of unsupervised color merging outside of the HSOM framework. The HSOM was applied to segment 109 tissues composed of four tissue clusters: glands, epithelia, stroma, and nuclei. These segmentations were compared with the results of an EM Gaussian clustering algorithm. The proposed method confirms that the self-learning ability and adaptability of the HSOM, coupled with the information fusion mechanism of the hierarchical network, leads to superior segmentation results for tissue images.
Are nestlings the cue for reduction of the adrenocortical response to stress in Male Yellow Warblers breeding at high latitude

Abstract Abstract. Acute corticosterone secretion helps individuals survive perturbation, particularly when faced with unpredictable conditions. However, elevated corticosterone is often incompatible with reproduction. Male Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) breeding at high latitude avoid this conflict by exhibiting a reduced adrenocortical response while provisioning nestlings. To determine if this reduction is cued by nestlings, in June 2000 we switched clutches between nest pairs to manipulate hatching date. We sampled males with early-hatching clutches for the adrenocortical response 24 hr after nestlings hatched, but 24 hr prior to the premanipulated (original) hatching date. Similarly, we sampled males with late-hatching clutches 24 hr after the original hatching date, but prior to nestlings hatching. Males with early-hatching clutches (n = 6) showed no reduced adrenocortical response, while males with late-hatching clutches (n = 6) appeared to show a reduced response even without nestlings, ...
Acid stress, starvation, and cold stress affect poststress behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli.

The effects of acid shock, acid adaptation, starvation, and cold stress of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895), an rpoS mutant (FRIK 816-3), and nonpathogenic E. coli (ATCC 25922) on poststress heat resistance and freeze-thaw resistance were investigated. Following stress, heat tolerance at 56°C and freeze-thaw resistance at -20 to 21°C were determined. Heat and freeze-thaw resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli was enhanced after acid adaptation and starvation. Following cold stress, heat resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli was decreased, while freeze-thaw resistance was increased. Heat and freeze-thaw resistance of the rpoS mutant was enhanced only after acid adaptation. Increased or decreased tolerance of acid-adapted, starved, or cold-stressed E. coli O157:H7 cells to heat or freeze-thaw processes should be considered when processing minimally processed or extended shelf-life foods. Les effets d'un stress (acidite, restriction nutritive, froid) sur le comportement d'escherichia coli O157:H7, le mutant rpoS, et E.coli non pathogene ont ete etudies. La resistance a la decongelation et la resistance thermique d'E.coli O157:H7 et d'E.coli non pathogene augmentent apres traitement acide et restriction nutritive. Apres un traitement par le froid, leur resistance thermique diminue, tandis que la resistance a la decongelation augmente.
Bis(acrylonitrile)nickel(0)

[12266-58-9] C6H6N2Ni (MW 164.82) InChI = 1S/2C3H3N.Ni/c2*1-2-3-4;/h2*2H,1H2; InChIKey = ZPFZQRQDUOHLJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (source of nickel(0) useful for the oligomerization of strained alkanes and alkenes,2 and the cyclooligomerization of alkynes3) Alternate Name: Ni(AN)2. Physical Data: mp 105 °C dec (N2). The structure of this complex has been thoroughly investigated.4 Solubility: sol pyridine, n-butylamine. Only sparingly sol most other organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR: νcn 2200, νcc 1446 cm−1.1 Preparative Method: under a CO2 condenser, 2.6 g Tetracarbonylnickel (caution: extremely toxic, volatile) was refluxed with 25 mL of freshly distilled Acrylonitrile for 4 h with collection of evolved CO gas. The resultant bright red solid was collected under N2, washed with methanol and ether, and dried.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly oxygen sensitive: pyrophoric. Special inert-atmosphere techniques must be used.6 Should be stored at 0 °C.
“I Ain't Gonna Let No One Disrespect Me” Does the Code of the Street Reduce or Increase Violent Victimization among African American Adolescents?

The authors extended Elijah Anderson's “code of the street” thesis to explain victimization among a longitudinal sample of 720 African American adolescents from 259 neighborhoods. Specifically, the authors assessed whether the street code promotes greater safety or aggravates the risk for victimization. Anderson portrayed the code of the street, which encourages individuals to appear aggressive and tough, as an adaptation necessary for safely functioning in a disadvantaged, high-crime community. He theorized that adopting the street code promotes respect among one's peers and would-be attackers, thereby increasing one's safety against victimization. The authors found no support for the idea that adopting the street code reduces victimization. Instead, their findings suggest that individuals who adopt the street code have higher levels of victimization. Furthermore, adopting the street code exacerbates the risk for victimization beyond what would be the case from living in a dangerous and disorganized neig...
Global seismic monitoring as probabilistic inference

The International Monitoring System (IMS) is a global network of sensors whose purpose is to identify potential violations of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), primarily through detection and localization of seismic events. We report on the first stage of a project to improve on the current automated software system with a Bayesian inference system that computes the most likely global event history given the record of local sensor data. The new system, VISA (Vertically Integrated Seismological Analysis), is based on empirically calibrated, generative models of event occurrence, signal propagation, and signal detection. VISA exhibits significantly improved precision and recall compared to the current operational system and is able to detect events that are missed even by the human analysts who post-process the IMS output.
Tissue engineering: state of the art in oral rehabilitation

More than 85% of the global population requires repair or replacement of a craniofacial structure. These defects range from simple tooth decay to radical oncologic craniofacial resection. Regeneration of oral and craniofacial tissues presents a formidable challenge that requires synthesis of basic science, clinical science and engineering technology. Identification of appropriate scaffolds, cell sources and spatial and temporal signals (the tissue engineering triad) is necessary to optimize development of a single tissue, hybrid organ or interface. Furthermore, combining the understanding of the interactions between molecules of the extracellular matrix and attached cells with an understanding of the gene expression needed to induce differentiation and tissue growth will provide the design basis for translating basic science into rationally developed components of this tissue engineering triad. Dental tissue engineers are interested in regeneration of teeth, oral mucosa, salivary glands, bone and periodontium. Many of these oral structures are hybrid tissues. For example, engineering the periodontium requires growth of alveolar bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament. Recapitulation of biological development of hybrid tissues and interfaces presents a challenge that exceeds that of engineering just a single tissue. Advances made in dental interface engineering will allow these tissues to serve as model systems for engineering other tissues or organs of the body. This review will begin by covering basic tissue engineering principles and strategic design of functional biomaterials. We will then explore the impact of biomaterials design on the status of craniofacial tissue engineering and current challenges and opportunities in dental tissue engineering.
Design and implementation of a high-speed matrix multiplier based on word-width decomposition

This paper presents a flexible 2/spl times/2 matrix multiplier architecture. The architecture is based on word-width decomposition for flexible but high-speed operation. The elements in the matrices are successively decomposed so that a set of small multipliers and simple adders are used to generate partial results, which are combined to generate the final results. An energy reduction mechanism is incorporated in the architecture to minimize the power dissipation due to unnecessary switching of logic. Two types of decomposition schemes are discussed, which support 2's complement inputs, and its overall functionality is verified and designed with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture can be easily extended to a reconfigurable matrix multiplier. We provide results on performance of the proposed architecture from FPGA post-synthesis results. We summarize design factors influencing the overall execution speed and complexity.
A primitive Halobia (Bivalvia: Halobioidea) from the Triassic of northeast British Columbia

Halobia daonellaformis new species is described from the lowermost Carnian of northeast British Columbia. Halobia daonellaformis n. sp. is regarded as a primitive Halobia characterized by external ornamentation similar to Daonella lommeli, but with a poorly developed anterior auricle. Morphologic characters of H. daonellaformis n. sp. suggest that Halobia may be not a natural taxon but a polyphyletic group with one or more ancestors from Daonella and Aparimella and/or other posidoniid(s). The sudden appearance of Halobia throughout the marine Triassic suggests a rapid dispersal mechanism following a Ladinian origin. Larval shell morphology indicates a planktotrophic developmental strategy for H. daonellaformis n. sp., and by extension to other halobiids, which may explain the widespread distribution of many halobiid species.
Permissive Parenting, Deviant Peer Affiliations, and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence: the Moderating Role of Sympathetic Nervous System Reactivity

The present study examined two measures of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity as moderators of the indirect path from permissive parenting to deviant peer affiliations to delinquency among a community sample of adolescents. Participants included 252 adolescents (M = 15.79 years; 53 % boys; 66 % European American, 34 % African American). A multi-method design was employed to address the research questions. Two indicators of SNS reactivity, skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) and cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity (PEPR) were examined. SNS activity was measured during a baseline period and a problem-solving task (star-tracing); reactivity was computed as the difference between the task and baseline periods. Adolescents reported on permissive parenting, deviant peer affiliations, externalizing behaviors, and substance use (alcohol, marijuana). Analyses revealed indirect effects between permissive parenting and delinquency via affiliation with deviant peers. Additionally, links between permissive parenting to affiliation with deviant peers and affiliation with deviant peers to delinquency was moderated by SNS reactivity. Less SNS reactivity (less PEPR and/or less SCLR) were risk factors for externalizing problems and alcohol use. Findings highlight the moderating role of SNS reactivity in parenting and peer pathways that may contribute to adolescent delinquency and point to possibilities of targeted interventions for vulnerable youth.
A model-based framework for risk assessment in human-computer controlled systems

The rapid growth of computer technology and innovation has played a significant role in the rise of computer automation of human tasks in modem production systems across all industries. Although the rationale for automation has been to eliminate "human error" or to relieve humans from manual repetitive tasks, various computer-related hazards and accidents have emerged as a direct result of increased system complexity attributed to computer automation. The risk assessment techniques utilized for electromechanical systems are not suitable for today's software-intensive systems or complex human-computer controlled systems. This thesis will propose a new systemic model-based framework for analyzing risk in safety-critical systems where both computers and humans are controlling safety-critical functions. A new systems accident model will be developed based upon modem systems theory and human cognitive processes to better characterize system accidents, the role of human operators, and the influence of software in its direct control of significant system functions. Better risk assessments will then be achievable through the application of this new framework to complex human-computer controlled systems.
Wet Paint

A city worker is in for a surprise when his routine graffiti clean-up takes an unexpected turn for the bizarre. When he encounters a particularly stubborn and difficult painting, his appreciation for art is put to the test.
When does national identity matter? Convergence and divergence in international business ethics.

Integrative social contracts theory has multilevel implications for similarities and differences in ethical attitudes between and among members of national groups. This theory identifies two condit...
Chemical Manipulation of Magnetic Ordering in Mn1–xSnxBi2Se4 Solid–Solutions

Several compositions of manganese–tin–bismuth selenide solid–solution series, Mn1–xSnxBi2Se4 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.75), were synthesized by combining high purity elements in the desired ratio at moderate temperatures. X-ray single crystal studies of a Mn-rich composition (x = 0) and a Mn-poor phase (x = 0.75) at 100 and 300 K revealed that the compounds crystallize isostructurally in the monoclinic space group C2/m (no.12) and adopt the MnSb2Se4 structure type. Direct current (DC) magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range from 2 to 300 K indicated that the dominant magnetic ordering within the Mn1–xSnxBi2Se4 solid–solutions below 50 K switches from antiferromagnetic (AFM) for MnBi2Se4 (x = 0), to ferromagnetic (FM) for Mn0.7Sn0.3Bi2Se4 (x = 0.3), and finally to paramagnetic (PM) for Mn0.25Sn0.75Bi2Se4 (x = 0.75). We show that this striking variation in the nature of magnetic ordering within the Mn1–xSnxBi2Se4 solid–solution series can be rationalized by taking into account: (1) changes in the...
Producing 3004 aluminum alloy deep-drawing slabs by casting-rolling method

This thesis analyzed the internal structure of 3004 aluminum alloy produced by cast-rolling method,and explained the cause for crack when 3004 aluminum alloy plates were deep drawn.Through various experimental plans,specific measures were put forward to improve the mechanical properties of 3004 aluminum alloy plates and to achieve excellent deep-drawing effect.
Sanitation Examinationon Food in Chong'an District in Wuxi City,2010-2013

Objective To understand the state of food sanitation in Chong'an district and to provide references for food sanitation monitoring and management. Methods The detection results of foods sold in school canteens and catering units in the district were statistically analyzed. Results The annual qualified rate in 2010-2013 were successively 57. 7%,76. 2%,63. 2% and 67. 9%. The qualified rate of different kinds of foods showed statistical difference: qualified rate of fast food salted vegetables cooked meat product non-fermented soy products( χ2= 23. 74,P 0. 01). Conclusion The food sanitary monitoring should be strengthened to improve the food sanitary status,especially monitoring on cooked food in loose packing.
Communication: modeling charge-sign asymmetric solvation free energies with nonlinear boundary conditions.

We show that charge-sign-dependent asymmetric hydration can be modeled accurately using linear Poisson theory after replacing the standard electric-displacement boundary condition with a simple nonlinear boundary condition. Using a single multiplicative scaling factor to determine atomic radii from molecular dynamics Lennard-Jones parameters, the new model accurately reproduces MD free-energy calculations of hydration asymmetries for: (i) monatomic ions, (ii) titratable amino acids in both their protonated and unprotonated states, and (iii) the Mobley “bracelet” and “rod” test problems [D. L. Mobley, A. E. Barber II, C. J. Fennell, and K. A. Dill, “Charge asymmetries in hydration of polar solutes,” J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 2405–2414 (2008)]. Remarkably, the model also justifies the use of linear response expressions for charging free energies. Our boundary-element method implementation demonstrates the ease with which other continuum-electrostatic solvers can be extended to include asymmetry.
Beam Methods for the Profile Hidden Markov Model.

The Pro le Hidden Markov Model (PHMM) is commonly used to represent biological sequences. We present a method for transforming the Pro le HMM into an equivalent standard HMM where each transition is associated with a single emission. Using this transformation, we develop a beam method, which includes a novel variational adaptation of the in niteHMM beam sampling technique, to create a fast inference algorithm. We evaluate our algorithm on both synthetic data and protein sequence datasets, showing that our beam method can lead to considerable improvements in runtime while maintaining the model's ability to concisely represent sequences.
Regulation of Expression of the Human Pre-Provip Gene

Many of the classical studies of endocrinology have been directed towards determining the mechanisms involved in intercellular communication. Within the last decade, a new endocrinology of intracellular communication has evolved. This new endocrinology addresses the pathways that transduce signals from the surface of the cell membrane to the nucleus. New techniques in molecular biology, coupled with recent insights into the biochemistry of signal transduction, have allowed investigators to begin to understand the mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression. This review will focus on the elucidation of a DNA element located upstream from the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) gene, which mediates the regulation of gene expression through the protein kinase A and protein kinase C pathways.
Adaptive Filtering Systems

This chapter focuses on adaptive filtering, illustrated with the help of two adaptive systems—system identification and noise cancellation. In context to system identification system, a seventh-order infinite impulse response (IIR) bandpass filter is used, which acts as the unknown system. An adaptive FIR filter is designed to adapt to the response of this system. Point-by-point processing is relevant to system identification system and refers to a scalar type of data processing, which is suitable for real-time data processing tasks, such as signal filtering, as it allows inputs and outputs to be synchronized. A noise cancellation system takes two inputs—a noise corrupted input signal and a reference noise signal. The point-by-point processing feature is employed in noise system using a Get Waveform Components function together with an Index Array function at the output of the noise and signal sources. All the necessary steps are then followed to ensure that the numerical operations are done in a point-by-point fashion.
Puncturing the Silence: Teaching The Laramie Project in the Secondary English Classroom

Emert describes a collaborative research project in which he partnered with four grade 9–12 English teachers who were introducing an explicitly queer text in their classrooms for the first time. The teachers developed instructional units on The Laramie Project, a documentary-style play about the brutal 1998 attack on gay college student Matthew Shepard in Laramie, Wyoming. The play is often produced in high school theaters but is rarely studied in English classes. The compelling narrative engaged and moved the students and invited them to converse about the sociocultural constructions of identity, society’s expectations regarding gender, and issues of justice and personal responsibility. The chapter details the teachers’ experiences, offers an exemplar assignment, and summarizes reflections written by the participating teachers and their students.
Large Format Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimized for Enhancement and Uniformity.

Gratings have been widely investigated both theoretically and experimentally as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, exhibiting, under appropriate circumstances, increased far-field extinctions and near-field intensities over those of an appropriately equivalent number of isolated particles. When the grating order transitions from evanescent to radiative, narrow resonance peaks are observed in the extinction spectrum whose properties can be manipulated by controlling the grating’s geometric parameters. Here we report the application of the architectural principles of grating fabrication using a square two-dimensional array of gold-coated nanostructures that achieves SERS enhancements of 107 uniformly over areas of square centimeters. The high-performance grating substrates were fabricated using commonly available foundry-based techniques that have been chosen for their applicability to large-scale wafer processing. Additionally, we restricted ourselves to a parametric regime that optimiz...
Netpredictor: R and Shiny package to perform Drug-Target Bipartite network analysis and prediction of missing links.

Netpredictor is an R package for prediction of missing links in any given bipartite network. The package provides utilities to compute missing links in a bipartite and well as unipartite networks using Random Walk with Restart and Network inference algorithm. The package also allows computation of Bipartite network properties, visualization of communities for two different sets of nodes, and calculation of significant interactions between two sets of nodes using permutation based testing. The R standalone package (including detailed introductory vignettes) and associated R Shiny web application is available under the GPL-2 Open Source license and is freely available to download from github Netpredictor repository and Shiny Netpredictor repository respectively.