cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of poly(dimethylsiloxane) oligomers with pendant amine groups via co‐equilibration anionic polymerization reactions

The present study describes a method of incorporating amine functional groups on poly(dimethylsiloxane) chains as pendant groups on silicon atoms. This method allows for independent control of the molecular weight and the amine content of the oligomer. The new molecular design was achieved by co-equilibration of the cyclic tetramer octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) with a new cyclic siloxane monomer containing aliphatic amine substituents on the silicon atoms. The co-equilibration of the two cyclic siloxanes was carried out in the presence of a silanolate catalyst, using the nonfunctionalized hexamethyldisiloxane as the end-capper. The distribution of the molecular species at thermodynamic equilibrium and the efficiency of incorporation of siloxane units containing pendant amine functionalities into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) chains were investigated as a function of oligomer chemical composition and molecular weight.
Tetracyclines Inhibit Connective Tissue Breakdown by Multiple Non-Antimicrobial Mechanisms

A seminal experiment involving a germ-free rat model of connective tissue breakdown (followed soon thereafter by a series of in vitro studies) identified an unexpected non-antimicrobial property of tetracyclines (TCs). This ability of TCs to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as collagenase was found to reflect multiple direct and indirect mechanisms of action, and to be therapeutically useful in a variety of dental (e.g., adult periodontitis) and medical (e.g., arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer) diseases. The site on the TC molecule responsible for its MMP-inhibitory activity was identified which led to the development of a series of chemically modified non-antimicrobial analogs, called CMTs, which also have therapeutic potential but do not appear to induce antibiotic side-effects. Longitudinal double-blind studies on humans with adult periodontitis have demonstrated that a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (previously reported to suppress collagenase activity in the periodontal pocket) is safe and effective and has recently been approved by the FDA as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.
Titin and nebulin content in human skeletal muscle following eccentric resistance exercise

We measured titin and nebulin content in muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis before and 24 h after one bout of high-intensity eccentric knee extensor resistance exercise in seven men (26 ± 3 years). Titin and nebulin content were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced after exercise by 30 and 15%, respectively. These results suggest that the structural com- ponents of the myofibrillar apparatus are degraded following high-intensity eccentric resistance exercise in humans. Loss of these proteins may have important implications for the mechanisms regulating the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise.
Combined Inhibitory Effects of Curcumin and Phenethyl Isothiocyanate on the Growth of Human PC-3 Prostate Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Earlier studies using prostate cancer cells in culture showed that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and curcumin have significant chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic effects. However, their in vivo effects are still lacking. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the possible in vivo efficacy of prostate cancer-prevention as well as cancer-therapeutic treatment by PEITC and curcumin alone or in combination. We evaluated the effects on tumor growth in vivo, using NCr immunodeficient (nu/nu) mice bearing s.c. xenografts of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Molecular biomarkers representing proliferation and apoptosis were determined. Continued i.p. injection of curcumin or PEITC (6 and 5 mumol; thrice a week for 28 days), beginning a day before tumor implantation significantly retarded the growth of PC-3 xenografts. Combination of i.p. administration of PEITC (2.5 mumol) and curcumin (3 mumol) showed stronger growth-inhibitory effects. Next, we evaluated the cancer-therapeutic potential of curcumin and PEITC in mice with well-established tumors, and the results showed that PEITC or curcumin alone had little effect, whereas combination of curcumin and PEITC significantly reduced the growth of PC-3 xenografts. Immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot analysis revealed that the inhibition of Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways could contribute to the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Taken together, our results show that PEITC and curcumin alone or in combination possess significant cancer-preventive activities in the PC-3 prostate tumor xenografts. Furthermore, we found that combination of PEITC and curcumin could be effective in the cancer-therapeutic treatment of prostate cancers.
Reactivity ratios of some monomer pairs

To continue the study of the effect of structure on reactivity, an experimental investigation of the free radical copolymerization behavior of eight monomer pairs has been made. The monomer pairs include: vinyl acetate-methyl vinyl ketone; vinyl acetate-1,3-acetoxybutadiene; acrylonitrile-1,3-acetoxybutadiene; methylacrolein-acrylonitrile; vinylsulfonic acid-methyl methacrylate; 2,5-dichlorostyrene-2,5-dimethylstyrene; vinyl acetate-fumaryl chloride; and styrene-fumaryl chloride.
Hrr25/CK1δ-directed release of Ltv1 from pre-40S ribosomes is necessary for ribosome assembly and cell growth.

Casein kinase 1δ/e (CK1δ/e) and their yeast homologue Hrr25 are essential for cell growth. Further, CK1δ is overexpressed in several malignancies, and CK1δ inhibitors have shown promise in several preclinical animal studies. However, the substrates of Hrr25 and CK1δ/e that are necessary for cell growth and survival are unknown. We show that Hrr25 is essential for ribosome assembly, where it phosphorylates the assembly factor Ltv1, which causes its release from nascent 40S subunits and allows subunit maturation. Hrr25 inactivation or expression of a nonphosphorylatable Ltv1 variant blocked Ltv1 release in vitro and in vivo, and prevented entry into the translation-like quality control cycle. Conversely, phosphomimetic Ltv1 variants rescued viability after Hrr25 depletion. Finally, Ltv1 knockdown in human breast cancer cells impaired apoptosis induced by CK1δ/e inhibitors, establishing that the antiproliferative activity of these inhibitors is due, at least in part, to disruption of ribosome assembly. These findings validate the ribosome assembly pathway as a novel target for the development of anticancer therapeutics.
Individual differences in nonverbal behavior: Dimensions of style.

Style, which is also known as expressive movement, refers to the way in which behavior is performed. Two studies were conducted to develop measures of style, explore their dimensionality, and assess the validity of the dimensions. In the 1st study, Ss'style was rated by peers in everyday situations. A factor analysis produced four dimensions - Expressiveness, Animation, Expansiveness, and Coordination - which were internally consistent, stable over time, and stable across raters. In the 2nd study, style was assessed both by trained raters and by peers
Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece* Blinding and Binning in Histopathology Methods in the Biomarker Qualification Process

Both, the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have released documents discussing histopathology methods in biomarker qualification studies. These documents appear to disagree on two critical and controversial aspects of methodology; blinding of pathologists and binning of data (Burkhardt et al. 2011; U.S. FDA 2011). Upon closer examination, however, both documents propose that blinded evaluation of biomarker studies is appropriate under similar strict criteria. However, they differ in their recommendations on the binning of data (i.e., individual binning of all changes vs. common binning of changes observed in control animals), seemingly based on different perceptions of study objectives and the role of the pathologist. This article offers a personal opinion on blinded evaluations and data binning in the context of biomarker qualification studies.
Recent advances in pediatric dialysis: a review of selected articles.

Important discoveries and studies that help inform us about the best methods to evaluate and manage children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continue to emerge. This review addresses a number of recent publications regarding important clinical issues for children with ESRD. Despite advances made in previous years, many clinical problems remain in the care of the pediatric dialysis patient. This review covers five topics of recent interest: three articles that address important patient outcome measures such as dialysis adequacy and hemoglobin; two articles that address growth failure in a chronic dialysis patients; five articles that address cardiovascular (CV) morbidity, mortality, and interventions to reduce CV risk in children; two articles that address mineral-bone disorder (MBD) and evidence that past strategies for MBD in children may have increased CV disease; and two articles that address nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, a recently described disorder in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients that occurs in children as well as adults. Using a concise consistent format, each of the 14 key publications is summarized, and the “conclusion” for the practitioner is identified. The goal of this review is to highlight important work done in this area and focus attention on the important issues raised by each article.
Order-recursive Gaussian elimination (ORGE) and efficient CAD of microwave circuits

Planar circuit elements in millimeter-wave integrated circuits (MMIC's) typically consist of one or more discontinuities (e.g. stubs) connected to a number of transmission lines. In the computer-aided design (CAD) and optimization of such passive elements using the method of moments, it is necessary to iteratively simulate many subproblems involving dimensional changes to various parts of the circuit. On examining the simulation problem closely, it can be seen that there is a considerable overlap of data in various subproblems. In practice, each subproblem is solved independent of others, without taking into account the duplication of data. This leads to an inefficient design technique. In this paper, we present a design technique that effectively exploits the duplication of data by employing a recursive variant of Gaussian elimination, called order-recursive Gaussian elimination (ORGE). The potential utility of ORGE in microwave circuit simulation and CAD is demonstrated by applying it to the design of a microstrip filter.
Transcriptional regulation of α-synuclein: insights from blood?

Evaluation of: Scherzer CR, Grass JA, Liao Z et al.: GATA transcription factors directly regulate the Parkinson’s disease-linked gene α-synuclein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(31), 10907–10912 (2008). Based on genetic and pathological information, the vesicular protein α-synuclein has recently emerged as one of the key proteins involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In elegant studies in blood and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, Scherzer et al. identified novel mechanisms that regulate α-synuclein expression, and suggest the possibility of coregulation of α-synuclein levels, a likely contributor to PD risk, and iron, which has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disorder. These data point to a new potential molecular target for delaying PD onset or progression.
Evolutionary trends in rigid body dynamics

Abstract This paper addresses certain trends in rigid body dynamics evolving from analytical methods into a combination of analytical, computational and measurement methods. It explores implications of these trends in modeling, stability, actuation and control of a single rigid body. These trends are feasible because of recent technical developments in hardware and theory Electronic hardware is currently available for computation, for sensing, and for the combination of the two. Powerful state space methods and large-dimensional system theory have been developed in concept and in software. The availability of modular, efficient and light weight sensors, computer chips and information processors, and the ease of integration of the electrical and mechanical components make the approach presented here more feasible and applicable to a variety of robotic, humanoid, biorobotic and human modeling applications. The approach is based on simultaneous representation of a rigid body in four state spaces. Intelligent choice of one or more of these models at any time is possible. The underlying intelligence can switch the system from one to the other when the system gets close to that representation’s singular points or manifolds. Combinations of two or more such state spaces are possible for having a redundantly formulated system. The paper presents the approach, the state spaces involved, and the Lyapunov stability of the system for a single rigid body.
Inferior Frontal Regions Underlie the Perception of Phonetic Category Invariance

The problem of mapping differing sensory stimuli onto a common category is fundamental to human cognition. Listeners perceive stable phonetic categories despite many sources of acoustic variability. What are the neural mechanisms that underlie this perceptual stability? In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, a short-interval habituation paradigm was used to investigate neural sensitivity to acoustic changes within and between phonetic categories. A region in the left inferior frontal sulcus showed a pattern of activation consistent with phonetic invariance: insensitivity to acoustic changes within a phonetic category and sensitivity to changes between phonetic categories. Left superior temporal regions, in contrast, showed graded sensitivity to both within- and between-category changes. These results suggest that perceptual insensitivity to changes within a phonetic category may arise from decision-related mechanisms in the left prefrontal cortex and add to a growing body of literature sugge...
Citalopram Enhances B Cell Numbers in a Murine Model of Morphine‐Induced Immunosuppression

Patients with chronic pain are often challenged with depression stemming from the long-term psychophysiological effects of their condition. Consequently, patients with chronic pain are often treated with morphine, which can induce immunosuppression, along with an antidepressant. The antidepressant citalopram (CTP; Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Thus, we investigated whether CTP administration impacted immunity in morphine-treated animals. Adult mice were pretreated for 7 days with either saline or CTP (10 or 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections twice daily), followed by subcutaneous implantation of a 25 mg morphine pellet for 48 hours. Spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes were harvested to analyze total cell numbers, relative lymphocyte populations, and lymphocyte function. In this study, CTP had no effect on either total cell counts or lymphocyte populations in the thymus. However, in the spleen, total splenocyte numbers in all CTP-treated animals displayed an increasing trend over saline-treated animals. Interestingly, although more cells were found in the spleen, distribution of splenic lymphocyte populations did not differ between treatments. Despite no increase in total cell number, a high dose of CTP (30 mg/kg) resulted in a significantly higher B cell population in the lymph nodes, while T cell and NK cell numbers were not different. CTP did not significantly reverse morphine-induced weight loss or splenic B cell antibody secretion in vitro. Additionally, CTP treatment demonstrated a slight but not significant increase in both splenic B and T cell mitogen-induced proliferation in vitro. In summary, CTP may have a specific potential in the attenuation of morphine's immunosuppressive effect by enhancing splenocyte numbers and lymph node B cell populations.
Replication cache: a small fully associative cache to improve data cache reliability

Soft error conscious cache design has become increasingly crucial for reliable computing. The widely used ECC or parity-based integrity checking techniques have only limited capability in error detection and correction, while incurring nontrivial penalty in area or performance. The N modular redundancy (NMR) scheme is too costly for processors with stringent cost constraints. This paper proposes a cost-effective solution to enhance data reliability significantly with minimum impact on performance. The idea is to add a small fully associative cache to store the replica of every write to the L1 data cache. Due to data locality and its full associativity, the replication cache can be kept small while providing replicas for a significant fraction of read hits in L1, which can be used to enhance data integrity against soft errors. Our experiments show that a replication cache with eight blocks can provide replicas for 97.3 percent of read hits in L1 on average. Moreover, compared with the recently proposed in-cache replication schemes, the replication cache is more energy efficient, while improving the data integrity against soft errors significantly.
Fermentation Phase Detection Using Fuzzy Clustering Techniques and Neural Networks for Improved Control

Phase detection is important for supervision and control of fermentation processes. A new approach for phase detection is developed and applied to simulations of a Gluconic acid fermentation. The method uses fuzzy clustering to identify culture phases off-line. Using clustering results, neural networks are trained and used for on-line phase detection. The fermentation industry is becoming increasingly important as many
Multi-radio integration into scaled CMOS SoCs

The trend of merging computation and wireless communications into SoCs has its reflection on the underlying circuits. Integrating multiple radios into an advanced CMOS process has the potential to reduce costs, ease platform integration and enable further area scaling over technology nodes. This is the case, however, only if the radios are designed with a completely new mindset: Focusing on “digital CMOS-friendly” implementations, robust against interference and process variation. Radio architectures have to be reconsidered to enhance their linearity, while reducing analog and RF complexity where possible. Process scaling lowers the cost of digital signal processing, which can be exploited for digitally assisted analog, Build-In-Self-Test (BIST) and calibration, leading to small, scalable, reliable and low power CMOS radios.
Inhibition of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)–Rapamycin and Beyond

Rapamycin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunosuppressant and anticancer agent discovered in the soil of Easter Island in the early 1970s. Rapamycin is a potent and selective inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase, which acts as a central integrator of nutrient signaling pathways. During the last decade, genetic and pharmaceutical inhibition of mTOR pathway signaling has been found to promote longevity in yeast, worms, flies, and mice. In this article, we will discuss the molecular biology underlying the effects of rapamycin and its physiological effects, evidence for rapamycin as an antiaging compound, mechanisms by which rapamycin may extend life span, and the potential limitations of rapamycin as an antiaging molecule. Finally, we will discuss possible strategies that may allow us to inhibit mTOR signaling safely while minimizing side effects, and reap the health, social, and economic benefits from slowing the aging process.
Lymphedema of the Penis and Scrotum

The problem of genital lymphedema is commonly secondary to filariasis in most regions of the world. In the Western Hemisphere surgical manipulations usually exacerbate this significant problem. Lower leg edema may also result from these interventional procedures.
The role of endogenous lung neuropeptides in regulation of the pulmonary circulation.

Vascular resistance in the mammalian pulmonary circulation is affected by many endogenous agents that influence vascular smooth muscle, right ventricular myocardium, endothelial function, collagen and elastin deposition, and fluid balance. When the balance of these agents is disturbed, e.g. by airway hypoxia from high altitude or pulmonary obstructive disorders, pulmonary hypertension ensues, as characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure (P(PA)). Among neuropeptides with local pulmonary artery pressor effects are endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (AII), and substance P, and among mitigating peptides are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), adrenomedullin (ADM), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ET-3. Moreover, somatostatin28 (SOM28) exacerbates, whereas SOM14 decreases P(PA) in hypoxic rats, with lowering and increasing of lung CGRP levels, respectively. Pressure can also be modulated by increasing or decreasing plasma volume (VIP and ANP, respectively), or by induction or suppression of vascular tissue remodeling (ET-1 and CGRP, respectively). Peptide bioavailability and potency can be regulated through hypoxic up- and down- regulation of synthesis or release, activation by converting enzymes (ACE for AII and ECE for ET-1), inactivation by neutral endopeptidase and proteases, or by interaction with nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, altered receptor density and affinity can account for changed peptide efficacy. For example, upregulation of ET(A) receptors and ET-1 synthesis occurs in the hypoxic lung concomitantly with reduced CGRP release. Also, receptor activity modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) has been shown to confer ADM affinity to the pulmonary calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR). We recently detected the mRNA encoding for RAMP2, CRLR, and the CGRP receptor RDC-1 in rat lung. The search for an effective, lung selective treatment of pulmonary hypertension will likely benefit from exploring the imbalance and restoring the balance between these native modulators of intrapulmonary pressure. For example, blocking of the ET-1 receptor ET(A) and vasodilation by supplemental CGRP delivered i. v. or via airway gene transfer, have proven to be useful experimentally.
Control of Rest–Activity Behavior by the Central Clock in Drosophila

Our current understanding of circadian rhythms comes from advances in many different species. Remarkably, basic features of these rhythms and their underlying mechanisms are conserved across organisms, thereby allowing a unique cross-disciplinary approach. On the molecular and cellular level, the contributions of research done in Drosophila are unquestionable. The molecular clock mechanism and some of the clock genes first deciphered in Drosophila have now even been implicated in human circadian disorders. Here we review the basic elements of the circadian system that drives rest–activity behavior in flies. We describe the molecular basis of the clock, the mechanisms by which the clock entrains to environmental signals, and the brain clock circuit, in which different groups of clock neurons subserve distinct aspect of the behavioral rhythm. Studies in these different areas are providing a comprehensive understanding of how rhythmic behavior is generated.
Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges attributed to oblique mantle divergence

Mantle flow beneath mid-ocean ridges was thought to respond passively to plate motions. Analysis of seismic data from ridges reveals a skew between the directions of plate motion and mantle flow, implying mantle flow may stress the plates.
Induction immunosuppression for combined heart-lung transplantation.

Background Research on induction immunosuppression in patients undergoing combined heart-lung transplantation (HLTx) is limited. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried from 2000 to 2013 to examine the influence of induction immunosuppression for combined HLTx in adult (≥18 years) and adolescent (≥12 and <18 years) recipients. Results Of 394 eligible combined HLTx cases (361 adults, 33 adolescents), 384 were included in univariate Cox analysis and 116 in the multivariate Cox model. Univariate analysis demonstrated no differences in survival by induction medication, and no difference among the most common maintenance immunosuppression regimens. Adjusting for use of corticosteroids, multivariate analysis demonstrated no benefit of basiliximab (HR=3.582; 95% CI: 0.966, 13.279; p=0.056), thymoglobulin/anti-lymphocyte globulin(ALG)/anti-thymocyte globulin(ATG) (HR=0.808; 95% CI: 0.134, 4.888; p=0.817), alemtuzumab (HR=0.369; 95% CI: 0.087, 1.563; p=0.176), or other induction medications (HR=1.511; 95% CI: 0.146, 15.610; p=0.729), compared to no induction medication, with respect to mortality hazard post-HLTx. There were also no differences in treated acute rejection episodes by type of induction immunosuppression. Conclusions Induction immunosuppression with contemporary agents does not improve survival after combined HLTx. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Motivations for tipping: How they differ across more and less frequently tipped services

Abstract Analyses of survey data from U.S consumers found that the average frequency with which an occupation is tipped reliably affects motivations for tipping members of that occupation such that (i) people reporting stronger service/esteem motives for tipping are more likely to tip rarely or occasionally tipped occupations, but not frequently tipped occupations, (ii) people reporting stronger altruistic motives for tipping are more likely to tip all occupations, but especially those that others tip only occasionally, and (iii) people reporting a stronger duty motive for tipping are more likely to tip frequently tipped occupations, but not rarely or occasionally tipped occupations. It also found that people reporting stronger reciprocity motives for tipping are not more likely to tip any occupation other than bartenders, but surprisingly are even less likely than others to tip rarely tipped occupations. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in along with directions for future research.
Rare B Decays at BABAR and Belle

We report on searches of rare B meson decays at the BABAR and Belle experiments using their full datasets. A recent search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decays B! p‘ + ‘ and B! h‘ + ‘ (‘ = e or m) from BABAR is discussed. Both BABAR and Belle have updated results on their searches for the flavor-changing neutral-current decays B! K ( ) nn. Belle also performed B!h ( ) nn searches of other final-state hadrons h ( ) , and BABAR searched for the invisible decays J=y ! nn and y(2S)! nn. Results from a heavy neutrino search at Belle are also presented.
Description of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp

A new species of the genus Euderus Haliday, Euderus setsp. n., is described and illustrated from the southeastern United States, where it parasitizes the crypt gall wasp, Bassettia pallida Ashmead, 1896, on live oaks in the genus Quercus (subsection Virentes). This is the 1st species of the genus reported from the southeastern United States to parasitize cynipid gall wasps and the 3rd species of the genus reported to attack cynipids in North America. Modified sections of the identification keys to subgenera and species of Euderus (Yoshimoto, 1971) are included to integrate the new species.
Women Planning to Major in Computer Science: Who Are They and What Makes Them Unique?.

AbstractDespite the current growing popularity of the computer science (CS) major, women remain sorely underrepresented in the field, continuing to earn only 18% of bachelor’s degrees. Understanding women’s low rates of participation in CS is important given that the demand for individuals with CS training has grown sharply in recent years. Attracting and retaining more women to high-paying fields like CS may also help narrow the gender pay gap. Further, it is important that women participate in developing new technology so that technology advances serve the needs of both women and men. This paper explores the background characteristics, career aspirations, and self-perceptions of 1636 female first-year college students in the United States who intend to major in CS and compares them with 4402 male CS aspirants as well as with 26,642 women planning to major in other STEM sub-fields. The findings reveal a unique profile of women who pursue the CS major and notes many significant differences between men and...
Stability of Turing-Type Patterns in a Reaction–Diffusion System with an External Gradient

We investigate the stability of Turing-type patterns in one spatial dimension in a system of reaction–diffusion equations with a term depending linearly on the spatial position. The system is a generic model of two interacting chemical species where production rates are dependent on a linear external gradient. This is motivated by mathematical models in developmental biology. In a previous paper, we found analytic approximations of Turing-like steady state patterns. In the present article, we derive conditions for the stability of these patterns and show bifurcation diagrams in two small parameters related to the slope of the external gradient and the ratio of the diffusion coefficients.
The Expansive (Dis)Integration of Electrical Engineering Education

This paper examines the history of electrical engineering education, leveraging the concept of “expansive (dis)integration” to frame a number of key trends and challenges in the field. Our account is organized historically, starting with the origins and early development of electrical engineering education beginning in the late 1800s, and then tracing out the rise of new subfields and specialties during the inter-war and post-WWII periods. The development of computer engineering as a field is given special attention as a case study in disciplinary (dis)integration, while setting the stage for a discussion of broader trends associated with the rising influence of digital techniques and technologies across electrical engineering. The final sections of this paper report on some contemporary challenges and opportunities that may further transform the field in upcoming years and decades, with particular emphasis on issues of demographic diversity and perceptions of broader relevance and impact. The approach of this paper is largely historical, drawing on a wide variety of primary and secondary source materials. It is expected that this paper will be of interest to anyone who would like to know more about the historical development of electrical engineering education, including in relation to more contemporary currents in the field.
Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy

How do democracies form and what makes them die? Daniel Ziblatt revisits this timely and classic question in a wide-ranging historical narrative that traces the evolution of modern political democracy in Europe from its modest beginnings in 1830s Britain to Adolf Hitler's 1933 seizure of power in Weimar Germany. Based on rich historical and quantitative evidence, the book offers a major reinterpretation of European history and the question of how stable political democracy is achieved. The barriers to inclusive political rule, Ziblatt finds, were not inevitably overcome by unstoppable tides of socioeconomic change, a simple triumph of a growing middle class, or even by working class collective action. Instead, political democracy's fate surprisingly hinged on how conservative political parties – the historical defenders of power, wealth, and privilege – recast themselves and coped with the rise of their own radical right. With striking modern parallels, the book has vital implications for today's new and old democracies under siege.
Cord Blood Transplants for Myeloid Malignancies in Children

Pediatric myeloid malignancies include diagnoses such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). While rare, they have been associated with poor outcomes and often require hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for cure. In the effort to expand the donor pool and offer HCT to more patients, cord blood is being used more frequently in recent history. The role of cord blood HCT for each of these pediatric myeloid malignancies is reviewed as well as the advantages and disadvantages relative to other donor sources.
Exploring Offline Context and Consciousness in Everyday Social Media Use

Much social media research has been done to understand interactions and communication on social media, while less attention has been paid to the offline contexts of social media use. How do offline contexts influence everyday social media use? This paper presents an interview study with a focus on Chinese citizens’ use of social media in everyday activities. The study found that informants’ use of social media and attention on social media was intricately related to their offline social and physical contexts, as well as their varying levels of consciousness. The work draws on activity theory to analyze the interplay between informants’ consciousness, everyday social media use, and offline contexts. Implications for design and social media research are provided.
Planning, Politics of

Planning—current efforts to affect future outcomes—is a ubiquitous human activity. By delineating precise goals, planners seek to reduce uncertainty. Planning is inescapably political because it reflects and reinforces social values. Yet planning and politics can also be in tension with one another. At its most heroic, planning seeks to pre-commit major aspects of a society in a particular long-term direction designated by central elites. Yet knowledge is always partial and social conditions inevitably change. Heavy reliance on central planning thus risks reducing opportunities for social learning and partisan mutual adjustment, processes that are essential to a well-functioning polity. At least three (overlapping) dimensions of government planning may be distinguished. First is whether the objective of the plan is to shape the future operations of the overall economy (economic planning) or, alternatively, primarily to affect the government's own internal administrative operations (administrative planning). A second important dimension concerns the scope of the plan—whether the intellectual demands, and aspirations, of the planning effort are large (synoptic or comprehensive planning) or relatively modest (strategic planning). Finally, one can distinguish between plans that rely on coercion to effect change and those that seek to achieve their goals through voluntary compliance (indicative planning). The challenge is to recognize the essential place of planning in social activity while keeping it in that place.
Leading Teacher Teams: Bridging the Divide Between Data Inquiry and Instructional Change:

This case is designed to highlight issues related to data inquiry in education, the role of leaders (specifically building-level administrators) in setting conditions for effective data conversations on teams, and the challenge of developing and deepening data use in a school over time. It was created based on interviews with a real elementary school in a district in the southwestern United States; however, all names of places and people are pseudonyms. The case challenges educators to consider how school leaders can create stronger connections between information about student learning and teachers’ instructional decisions.
Fundamental aspects of the structural and electrolyte properties of Li 2 OHCl from simulations and experiment

Solid-state electrolytes that are compatible with high-capacity electrodes are expected to enable the next generation of batteries. As a promising example, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{OHCl}$ was reported to have good ionic conductivity and to be compatible with a lithium metal anode even at temperatures above $100{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$. In this work, we explore the fundamental properties of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{OHCl}$ by comparing simulations and experiments. Using calculations based on density functional theory, including both static and dynamic contributions through the quasiharmonic approximation, we model a tetragonal ground state, which is not observed experimentally. An ordered orthorhombic low-temperature phase was also simulated, agreeing with experimental structural analysis of the pristine electrolyte at room temperature. In addition, comparison of the ordered structures with simulations of the disordered cubic phase provide insight into the mechanisms associated with the experimentally observed abrupt increase in ionic conductivity as the system changes from its ordered orthorhombic to its disordered cubic phase. A large Haven ratio for the disordered cubic phase is inferred from the computed tracer diffusion coefficient and measured ionic conductivity, suggesting highly correlated motions of the mobile Li ions in the cubic phase of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{OHCl}$. We find that the OH bond orientations participate in gating the Li ion motions which might partially explain the predicted Li-Li correlations.
CompressPoints: An Evaluation Methodology for Compressed Memory Systems

Current memory technology has hit a wall trying to scale to meet the increasing demands of modern client and datacenter systems. Data compression is a promising solution to this problem. Several compressed memory systems have been proposed in the past years [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . Unfortunately, a reasonable methodology to evaluate these systems is missing. In this paper, we identify the challenges for evaluating main memory compression. We propose an effective methodology to evaluate a compressed memory system by proposing mechanisms to: (i) incorporate correct virtual address translation, (ii) choose a region in the application that is representative of the compression ratio, in addition to regular metrics like IPC and cache hit rates, and (iii) choose a representative region for multi-core workloads, bringing down the correlation error from 12.8 to 3.8 percent.
On the merits of using multi-stage and counterflow electrodialysis for reduced energy consumption

Abstract The cost of electrodialysis (ED) systems can be decreased by decreasing their power consumption. Such reductions may be achieved by using degrees of freedom in the system's configuration to obtain a more uniform spatial distribution of the rate of entropy generation, as explained by the theorem of equipartition of entropy generation. In this paper, we study possible improvements to the energy efficiency of electrodialysis through the use of two electric stages with different voltages, and through operation in a counterflow configuration. We first consider how a two-stage ED system should be operated. In particular, we look at how the voltages and current densities should be chosen. In addition, we quantify the effect of operating under two voltages in brackish-water desalination and in high-salinity brine concentration. Finally, we quantify the effect of operating ED in counterflow for the same applications. We show that high ED fixed costs prevent the achievement of significant improvements in energy efficiency. If fixed costs are reduced, and larger systems become cost-effective, we show that a power reduction of up to 29% is possible by going from a single-stage to a two-stage configuration.
Prognosis for patients with prenatally diagnosed posterior urethral valves.

AbstractChildren in whom posterior urethral valves are diagnosed shortly after birth are at higher risk for renal failure than children in whom posterior urethral valves are diagnosed later in life. The influence of prenatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves on clinical outcome has not been established. We collected data on children with posterior urethral valves treated since birth at our hospital between 1975 and 1990. The clinical outcomes for 8 patients diagnosed prenatally and 15 diagnosed neonatally were compared. Of the 8 patients in the prenatal group 5 (64%) had renal failure compared to 5 of 15 (33%) in the neonatal group (p >0.05). Nadir creatinine of more than 1.2mg./dl. correlated with the development of renal failure in all patients in the neonatal and prenatal groups. There was 1 death in the prenatal group. In our experience prenatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves has grave implications, including a 64% incidence of progressive renal failure and a 64% incidence of transient pu...
Husserl and Realism

Reference was made in the last chapter to the fact that one of the difficulties in determining whether a thinker such as Husserl is a realist or idealist is the multitude of senses with which those terms are used. It is, for example, no small irony that in the Middle Ages those who most vigorously defended a realist position were the inheritors of a position sometimes called idealistic. These medieval realists, of course, defended the Platonic or strong position that universals had an ideal existence separate from individuals, and they were opposed by the nominalists who claimed that only individuals, including general terms, exist. Intermediate positions were certainly available. We must, for example, consider Aristotle a realist, although his realism regarding universals is a moderate form asserting that universals have a real existence only as principles or abstract moments of individuals. Similarly, we must consider Abelard’s conceptualism a nominalism, although general terms refer not directly to collections of individuals but to an individual idea, whose extension ranges over similar individuals.
A polyethylene glycoldextran procedure for the isolation of chromatin proteins (histones and nonhistones) from wheat germ

Abstract A new procedure is described for the isolation of both histone and nonhistone chromatin proteins, based on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) dextran two-phase partition system. Chromatin is solubilized in high salt (5 M NaCl) and mixed with PEG and dextran to separate proteins (partitioned into the upper, PEG-rich phase) from nucleic acids (DNA recovered almost exclusively in the lower, dextran-rich phase). The proteins are then adsorbed onto Bio-Rex 70 by dialysis to low salt (0.05 M NaCl), followed by salt elution to recover first nonhistone proteins (
Adorno and Marcuse at the Barricades?: Critical Theory, Scholar-Activism, and the Neoliberal University

When Marx proclaimed the importance of not just interpreting the world but actually changing it, he initiated an important imperative that has existed within all forms of critical theory up to toda...
Effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of a silicon carbide-silica composite

Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) is an inert material with excellent thermomechanical properties for many optoelectronic, structural, and ballistic applications. However, manufacturing SiC components is challenging due to the high temperatures (> 2000 deg C) and pressures (1000-2000 atm) required for traditional sintering processes. The objective of the present research study is to enable the additive manufacture of SiC components using a new powder bed, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) binder-jetting process. The innovation is the secondary crystal growth (SiO2) that serves to bridge and close the gaps between the SiC particles via a chemical attack (oxidation) of their surfaces by the NaOH solution. To evaluate the process, SiC powder was mixed with a NaOH-water solution at room temperature and shaped into 10 mm diameter by 15 mm long cylinders in a mold with compaction by hand pressure only. This approach was implemented to simplify testing while still mimicking the eventual powder bed, binder-jetting process where moderate pressure is applied by the roller from one powder layer to the next. Samples were thermally treated at moderate temperatures (approximately 1000 deg C) for a few hours. As the thermal treatment temperature and duration increased, the density also increased. In conjunction with the increase in density, the compressive strength increased. Scanning electron microscopy results are presented to validate the formation of secondary crystal growth.
Vilazodone poisoning: a systematic review.

Introduction: Vilazodone is a novel antidepressant approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A partial agonist. It may lead to a mo...
Use of a Boson Mapping to Elucidate the Relationship Between the IBM and the Bohr Collective Hamiltonian and Between a Simplified Shell Model and the Bohr Collective Hamiltonian

The solution of two problems is outlined: (i) Given the phenomenological boson model, IBM 1, what is the equivalent Bohr Collective Hamiltonian? (ii) Given a generalized Meshkov-Glick-Lipkin model with n levels, what is the equivalent Bohr Collective Hamiltonian? The basic tool in each case is a well-known boson mapping for the symmetric representation of SU(n).
Contested and Cemented Borders: Understanding the Implications of Overseas Indian Citizenship

Although the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) schemes have existed for some time, they began to serve a political and economic purpose for the Republic of India with the arrival of the twenty-first century. The OCI status asserts “Indianness” as a legible quality in diasporic memory. It does the work of cementing political Indo-Pakistani and Indo-Bangladeshi borders, while coopting the language of transnationalism to bolster the fundamentally nationalist regime of capitalism at work in the Republic of India. The goal of this regime is to promote a functionally nationalist, and thus, anti-transnational reality. As more generations of South Asians live and grow up abroad, creating a legible “Indianness” functions as a service to the capitalist Indian economy. These individuals abroad are encouraged to identify as diasporic “Indians” who must engage with their “motherland.” Thus, the transnationalist discourse of decreasing territoriality is exploited by the Indian state to serve goals that function in ideological opposition to transnationalism. As this discourse of legible “Indianness” becomes more successful, there will be increasing incentives for the ruling party in India to further privilege OCIs. In the end, the language and capital of the OCIs affirms the powers of capitalism contemporary Indian nation-state.
Slavery Throughout History

For millennia, slavery was an accepted and often respected institution throughout the world. The enslavement of Africans by Europeans was one of the last examples of widespread slavery and proved one of the most obnoxious forms. Changing attitudes toward slavery demonstrated that what was considered ethical in business changed across time and place. A small group of Quakers and others began to agitate against slavery around 1750 and succeeded in, if not totally eradicating, abolishing slavery throughout most of the world.