cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensing small interaction forces through proprioception.

Understanding the human motor control strategy during physical interaction tasks is crucial for developing future robots for physical human–robot interaction (pHRI). In physical human–human interaction (pHHI), small interaction forces are known to convey their intent between the partners for effective motor communication. The aim of this work is to investigate what affects the human’s sensitivity to the externally applied interaction forces. The hypothesis is that one way the small interaction forces are sensed is through the movement of the arm and the resulting proprioceptive signals. A pHRI setup was used to provide small interaction forces to the hand of seated participants in one of four directions, while the participants were asked to identify the direction of the push while blindfolded. The result shows that participants’ ability to correctly report the direction of the interaction force was lower with low interaction force as well as with high muscle contraction. The sensitivity to the interaction force direction increased with the radial displacement of the participant’s hand from the initial position: the further they moved the more correct their responses were. It was also observed that the estimated stiffness of the arm varies with the level of muscle contraction and robot interaction force.
Contingency adduction of "symbolic aggression" by pigeons.

This study addressed the question: Can novel social behavior arise even though the organism has had no explicit training in that particular social pattern? Seven pigeons were trained individually to peck keys for brief access to food. Four of these birds were also trained to peck two “switching keys” which, at first, raised or lowered the requirements on their own food keys. Later, these switching keys no longer affected an animal’s own requirements, but raised or lowered the requirements imposed on a second pigeon working concurrently for food in an adjacent chamber. The second animal was trained only on the food key. In each such pair, the pigeon trained on the switching keys reliably pecked whichever one raised its partner’s schedule-requirements. This novel pattern of behavior did not directly benefit the first bird, arose spontaneously as a recombination of previously established nonsocial repertoires, and seemed to be maintained entirely by its effects on the animal in the adjacent chamber.
Chapter 6 - The Foundations of Oceanic Dynamics and Climate Modeling

Abstract The main goal of this article is to derive the mathematical foundations for oceanic dynamics, with applications to the study of the climate of the Earth. This article builds upon the work of Pliss and Sell, [ 55 ], in which the physical basis for the related mathematical model is presented. A key feature described herein is an infinitesimal Interface Model for the ocean. The role of this model is to aggregate the net effects of all the relevant atmospheric activity at the surface of the ocean. The Interface Model contains an important aspect of the boundary forces acting on the ocean. The basic model is a system of partial differential equations, consisting of the 3D Navier–Stokes equations and two transport equations for the temperature and the salinity. Since the boundary forces acting on the ocean vary with time, the oceanic equations are—of necessity—nonautonomous equations. We assume here the Quasi Periodic Ansatz (QPA), which states that all the time-dependent forces acting on the ocean are quasi periodic functions of time. The associate frequency vector is determined by the natural frequencies of the planetary motion in the solar system. The resulting inhomogeneous boundary conditions describe forces which may add energy to the ocean. This includes the transfer of radiant heat and other atmospheric effects. We calculate an upper bound on the latent energy absorbed by the ocean from the boundary forces, see (3.37) . If the boundary forces are too strong, this can destabilize the dynamics of the ocean. The existence and uniqueness theory for the strong solutions is fully developed in this article. Our approach is based on the method of Leray and Hopf for the Navier–Stokes equations. The QPA enables one to obtain a skew product semiflow π(t) on Tk+1 × V 1, see Theorem 4.1 . An important dynamical property of this semiflow is the QP-Herculean Theorem 4.2 , see Section 4 . Among other things, the latter theorem states that any bounded, invariant set in Tk+1 × V 1 is contained in Tk+1 × V 2, where V 2 is the domain D (A) of the related Stokes operator for the oceanic equations. Finally we show that related research in the area of thin domain dynamics offers a hopeful sign for obtaining good information concerning the global attractor for the oceanic dynamics, and thereby for the climate of the Earth.
Pneumococci Producing Beta Hemolysis on Agar

Abstract Fifty-six strains of pneumococci were studied for hemolysis on blood-agar Twenty-two (39%) of these strains produced beta hemolysis on agar containing horse red cells, six (11%) were beta hemolytic for sheep cells, and none lysed human or rabbit red cells. The substance producing beta hemolysis appeared after 24 hr of anaerobic incubation. Subsequent exposure to air at low temperature (6 to 20 C) for 48 hr was needed to activate it. There was no relation between serological type and beta hemolysis production. This substance appears to be different from the pneumococcal hemolysin previously described.
Using Implementation Intentions to Increase New Product Consumption: A Field Experiment

People often form good intentions that never reach fruition. New Year's resolutions, promises, and assurances are often quickly forgotten before they have a chance to influence behavior. Intentions are particularly ineffective when forgetting, procrastination, or distraction from other goals or activities increase the difficulty of self-regulation. One way to overcome these obstacles is to form implementation intentions, or intentions that are supplemented with detailed plans and contextual cues that serve as reminders to perform intention-relevant activities (Gollwitzer, 1999). In addition to specifying a desired end state, implementation intentions link goals to situations by taking the form, "I intend to do y whenever situation z is encountered." If sufficiently strong action-situation associations are formed in memory, the action is performed automatically whenever the relevant situation is encountered. When this occurs, behavioral control shifts from the individual to the situation.
α‐Amino Acetals: 2,2‐Diethoxy‐2‐(4‐Pyridyl)Ethylamine

α-Amino acetals: 2,2-diethoxy-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylamine reactant: Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (25.0 g, 0.36 mol) reactant: 4-acetylpyridine (36.3 g, 0.30 mol) intermediate: E- and Z-isomers of 4-acetylpyridine oxime intermediate: E-4-acetylpyridine oxime product: 2,2-Diethoxy-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylamine. intermediate: E)-4-acetylpyridine tosylate (55.1 g, 0.19 mol Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; rearrangements; sulfonation, O-sulfonation; p-toluenesulfonyl chloride; potassium
A model space calculation of the quasiparticle interaction for nuclear matter

Abstract Landau's theory of Fermi liquids is outlined and a microscopic approach to the calculation of the quasiparticle interaction f(k1, k2) for nuclear matter is detailed. A model space is introduced in order to take especial care of the contribution of low-lying states to f(k1, k2). The model space is constructed to include only those states in which all particles have momentum less than 2kF. The effect of the high momentum states is absorbed into the definition of the effective interaction to be used within the model space. An examination of Brueckner-Bethe theory leads to the choice of a truncated G-matrix as a good approximation for this model interaction. A simple perturbative approach is attempted within the model space. The quasiparticle interaction is calculated to second order (in the model interaction). Good values are obtained for the effective mass and symmetry energy, but the calculated compression modulus is too small. It is hoped that third-order corrections will improve the results, but no definitive statement about the convergence of this approach is possible at this stage.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LVIII. Acetyltrypsin, a stable trypsin derivative☆

Abstract Acetylated trypsin is homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and presents a slight inhomogeneity in electrophoretic migration. Its isoelectric point is about pH 3.8. Owing to blocking of the ϵ-amino groups of lysine, acetylated trypsin is stable in alkaline media and is not subject to self-digestion. Its stability in acid media is, however, smaller than that of the unmodified enzyme. Its thermal stability is also slightly lower than that of trypsin. Ca++ ions stabilize both enzymes. The pH optimum of digestion for casein is shifted to more alkaline pH values when the enzyme is acetylated. The temperature optimum is slightly lower. The Michaelis-Menten constant for trypsin and acetyltrypsin with casein is Km = 4.4 × 10−6M and Km = 3 × 10−5M, respectively. Acetyltrypsin combines also with ovomucoid and is inhibited by it, though to a much lesser degree than the unmodified enzyme. The dissociation constant of the equimolecular acetyltrypsin-ovomucoid is 1.3 × 10−6M using hemoglobin as substrate, and 3.5 × 11−7M with casein. The inhibition seems therefore to be competitive.
Phase stability and thermodynamic modeling of the Re–Ti system supplemented by first-principles calculations

Abstract A new thermodynamic description of the Re–Ti binary system has been developed by complimenting the CALPHAD modeling technique with first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Finite temperature thermodynamic properties of the confirmed compound in this system, Re24Ti5, are calculated using the Debye–Gruneisen model for the sake of simplicity and efficiency. The hcp solid solution phase was predicted from first-principles calculations of special quasirandom structures to have a positive enthalpy of mixing, indicating the existence of a miscibility gap. The bcc solid solution phase was also predicted from the use of special quasirandom structures to have a negative enthalpy of mixing indicating a strong tendency for Re solubility in bcc-Ti. Phonon calculations based on the supercell approach are used to investigate finite temperature properties of the reported ReTi compound. By combining the first-principles results and existing experimental phase equilibria data, the Gibbs energy functions of individual phases in the Re–Ti system have been evaluated with and without the ReTi compound. The calculated phase diagram without the ReTi compound shows good agreement with the available experimental data from the literature. Results from the modeling version with the ReTi compound show poorer agreement with the bcc solidus experimental data. The modeling also indicates that ReTi is stable, but could be metastable when the uncertainty of the first-principles calculations is taken in to account.
Theology and Democratic Futures

The essays in this special issue of Political Theology engage in a vigorous and wide-ranging conversation between theology and theologically inspired forms of critical thought and the possible futures of democracy as an idea(l) and as a political practice. This collection seeks to provide some key coordinates for thinking through the linkages and disjunctures between the theological and the political in formulating new conceptual frameworks that obtain a critical purchase for understanding the multiple meanings of democracy in the (post)modern world. By posing the question, "What is the fate of theology in a post-theological moment?" this introductory essay focuses our attention on the contemporary configurations of intellectual and political power that animates so much of our discourse on the interrelationships between theology and politics and proceeds to provide a brief rehearsal of the essays included in this special issue.
Differences in glial and neuronal labeling following [3H]proline or [3H]leucine injections into the dorsal column nuclei of cats.

Abstract The differential incorporation of the amino acids proline and leucine by cells in the cat cuneate nucleus was investigated with electron microscopic autoradiography. Following [ 3 H]leucine injections into the cuneate nucleus, all neurons located in either its clusters or non-clusters portion were densely labeled. In contrast, following [ 3 H]proline injections, no neurons, regardless of their size and shape, were densely labeled in the clusters region. In the non-clusters region, some smaller neurons were labeled, but only at a moderate density. At all [ 3 H]proline injection sites outside the area damaged by the pipette, the only densely-labeled cells were macroglial cells, both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Some densely labeled macroglial cells were also found at [ 3 H]leucine injection sites, but fewer than at [ 3 H]proline injection sites. Microglial cells were at most only sparsely labeled at both sites. These results suggest that most of the ‘small cells’ which were densely labeled by [ 3 H]proline in earlier light-microscopic experiments ( Kunzle & Cuenod , 1973; Felix & Kunzle , 1974; Berkley , 1975; Groenewegen & Voogd , 1977) are macroglial cells. The preferential incorporation of [ 3 H]proline by macroglial cells in the cuneate nucleus could be taken to indicate that proline serves as a neurotransmitter in the cuneate nucleus, either directed towards or produced by its neurons. Although the results of other experiments so far do not support this suggestion, they are insufficient to eliminate it. It is also possible that the unusual [ 3 H]proline uptake pattern reflects regional variations in neuronal or glial metabolic needs. These and a number of other possible explanations for proline's incorporation pattern are discussed but none of them is as yet more appropriate than the others. Whatever the explanations prove to be, the results have implications for the use of proline in auto-radiographic tracing studies of neuronal projections. As shown earlier, unlike [ 3 H]leucine, [ 3 H]proline alone cannot always be relied upon to demonstrate all of the projections of a group of neurons. In addition, although neurons in the clusters region of the cuneate nucleus fail to be densely labeled by [ 3 H]proline, dense labeling still can be observed in one of the terminal targets of the cuneate nucleus, the inferior olive ( Berkley , 1975). This result suggests that, along with neurons, glial cells may also be involved in the transfer of certain incorporated amino acids from one region of the brain to another.
Genetic interactions indicate a role for Mdg1p and the SH3 domain protein Bem1p in linking the G-protein mediated yeast pheromone signalling pathway to regulators of cell polarity.

The pheromone signal in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae is transmitted by theβ andγ subunits of the mating response G-protein. TheSTE20 gene, encoding a protein kinase required for pheromone signal transduction, has recently been identified in a genetic screen for high-gene-dosage suppressors of a partly defective Gβ mutation. The same genetic screen identifiedBEM1, which encodes an SH3 domain protein required for polarized morphogenesis in response to pheromone, and a novel gene, designatedMDG1 (multicopy suppressor ofdefectiveG-protein). TheMDG1 gene was independently isolated in a search for multicopy suppressors of abem1 mutation. TheMDG1 gene encodes a predicted hydrophilic protein of 364 amino acids with a molecular weight of 41 kDa that has no homology with known proteins. A fusion of Mdg1p with the green fluorescent protein fromAequorea victoria localizes to the plasma membrane, suggesting that Mdg1p is an extrinsically bound membrane protein. Deletion ofMDG1 causes sterility in cells in which the wild-type Gβ has been replaced by partly defective Gβ derivatives but does not cause any other obvious phenotypes. The mating defect of cells deleted forSTE20 is partially suppressed by multiple copies ofBEM1 andCDC42, which encodes a small GTP-binding protein that binds to Ste20p and is necessary for the development of cell polarity. Elevated levels ofSTE20 andBEM1 are capable of suppressing a temperature-sensitive mutation inCDC42. This complex network of genetic interactions points to a role for Bem1p and Mdg1p in G-protein mediated signal transduction and indicates a functional linkage between components of the pheromone signalling pathway and regulators of cell polarity during yeast mating.
The role of autophagy in mitochondria maintenance: characterization of mitochondrial functions in autophagy-deficient S. cerevisiae strains.

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process. Organisms bearing deletions of the essential autophagy genes exhibit various pathological conditions, including cancer in mammals and shortened life span in C. elegans. The direct cause for these phenotypes is not clear. Here we used yeast as a model system to characterize the cellular consequence of ATG (autophagy-related) gene deletions. We found that the atg mutant strains, atg1∆, atg6∆, atg8∆ and atg12∆, showed defects related to mitochondrial biology. These strains were unable to degrade mitochondria in stationary culture. In non-fermentable medium, which requires mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for survival, these atg strains showed a growth defect with an increased cell population at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The cells had lower oxygen consumption rates and reduced mitochondrial electron transport chain activities. Under these growth conditions, the atg strains had lower mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, thes...
Rotation measurement with the use of a pulsed Er-doped fiber laser with integrated optic circuit: Proposal, simple theory, and experiment

We propose a noel pulsed fiber laser rotation sensor with a LiNbO integrated optic circuit, Sagnac fiber loop, Er-doped fiber, and 3 semiconductor pumping lasers. A simple analysis is completed and the output equation is deried. Theariance of the output pulse when rotation occurs is also analyzed. In addition, we also conducted a related experiment for rotation measurement. When the gain of the fiber ampli- fier is oer the round-trip loss and the phase modulation frequency satisfies the total round-trip time, this optical system produces the laser emission in a pulse state. The rotation rate is measured from the shift of the peak position of the output pulse. It is shown that the resolution of rotation measurement increases if we use a smaller phase modulation depth. But the sharpness of the optical pulse must be maintained by () reducing the losses or increasing the gain of optical amplifier in the whole optical system. Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15: 311)315, 1997. laser modes 6 . In this research we propose a novel fiber-optic rotation sensor with an integrated optic circuit, a Sagnac fiber loop, and an Er-doped fiber amplifier. This optical system produces a laser emission in the pulse state if the gain of fiber amplifier is greater than the whole round-trip transmis- sion loss, and if the frequency of phase modulator and the total loop length satisfy a certain mode-lock condition. The measurement of rotation rate is based on the peak shift of output pulse induced by the Sagnac effect.
Thermodynamics of solution using gas-liquid chromatography. Alkane solutes in n-tetracosane and n-nonadecylcyclohexane at 333.15 K

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of solution of five n -alkanes and four cyclic alkanes have been measured in n -tetracosane and n -nonadecylcyclohexane at 333.15 K using g.l.c. The enthalpies of solution are very nearly the same in both solvents for a given solute, being slightly ( th mol −1 ) more negative in the latter. Entropies of solution are slightly more negative therein as well. The effect of entropy is dominant, leading to solute equilibrium vapor pressures up to 9 per cent higher over the nonlinear solvent, depending on the size and shape of the solute molecule.
Liquid Single-Phase Flow in an Array of Micro-Pin-Fins—Part I: Heat Transfer Characteristics

This is Paper I of a two-part study concerning thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid single-phase flow in an array of micro-pin-fins. This paper reports the heat transfer results of the study. An array of 1950 staggered square micro-pin-fins with 200X200 μm 2 cross-section by 670 μm height were fabricated into a copper test section. De-ionized water was used as the cooling liquid. Two coolant inlet temperatures of 30°C and 60°C and six maximum mass velocities for each inlet temperature ranging from 183 to 420 kg/m 2 s were tested. The corresponding inlet Reynolds number ranged from 45.9 to 179.6. General characteristics of average and local heat transfer were described. Six previous conventional long and intermediate pin-fin correlations and two micro-pin-fin correlations were examined and were found to overpredict the average Nusselt number data. Two new heat transfer correlations were proposed for the average heat transfer based on the present data, in which the average Nusselt number is correlated with the average Reynolds number by power law. Values of the exponent m of the Reynolds number for the two new correlations are fairly close to those for the two previous micro-pin-fin correlations but substantially higher than those for the previous conventional pin-fin correlations, indicating a stronger dependence of the Nusselt number on the Reynolds number in micro-pin-fin arrays. The correlations developed for the average Nusselt number can adequately predict the local Nusselt number data.
Analysis of 45 kb of DNA located at the left end of the chlorella virus PBCV-1 genorne

Abstract Forty-five kilobases of DNA, including the previously sequenced 2.2-kb inverted repeat region, located at the left terminiof the 330-kb Chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome were sequenced and analyzed. Eighty-five complete open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 195 nucleotides were identified. Thirty-seven of the 85 ORFs, which are densely packed on both strands of the DNA, were considered major ORFs. Fifteen of the major ORFs have similarity to genes in the databases, including bacterial glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, bacteriophage T4 endonuclease V, d -isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, and β-alanine synthetase and bacterial nitrilases. Two major ORFs resemble the virus major capsid protein. Three major ORFs contain three or more ankyrin-like repeat elements and four ORFs encode proline-rich proteins.
Differential relationships of childhood abuse and neglect subtypes to PTSD symptom clusters among adolescent inpatients

This article investigates whether childhood abuse and neglect subtypes (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect) differentially predict the severity of individual posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and overall posttraumatic stress. Eighty-nine patients admitted to the short-term adolescent treatment unit of a psychiatric hospital completed a battery of psychological assessments. Findings of multiple regression analyses showed that emotional and sexual abuse rather than physical abuse, emotional neglect, or physical neglect is related to individual symptom cluster severity and overall posttraumatic stress. Results suggested that a greater level of specificity is necessary when assessing child abuse and posttraumatic stress because each level provides more specific information about how to intervene to reduce the risk of negative outcomes.
Integrating Human Caring Science into a Professional Nursing Practice Model

This article shares the results of a 4-year project to reduce work intensity for hospital nurses and create a human caring environment in the acute care workplace. The research consisted of a two-phase interventional study using four medical units and four surgical comparison units at four hospitals within the Inova Health System. Key caring interventions were selected for implementation into professional nursing practice with measurement of patient satisfaction, nurse satisfaction and turnover, and registered nurses' vacancy rates on the pilot units. Results revealed a statistically significant increase in the nurses' perception of the health care environment overall, improvement in relationships with coworkers, and improvement in workload perception. Qualitative data revealed themes of improvement in nurses' job fulfillment because of the ability to spend time caring for their patients.
Analytical relations between elastic-plastic fracture criteria

Abstract The equation of the normalised COD design curve recently proposed in the UK as a basis for determining allowable crack sizes is derived from the Equivalent Energy approximation for the J Integral. It is also shown that another approximation for the J Integral recently proposed by Begley et al . 8 is mathematically equivalent to the normalised COD approach.
Preparation of calcium silicate absorbent from recycled glass

Calcium silicate hydrates were prepared from hydrated lime and post-consumer recycled glass in an aqueous slurry. These high surface area solids have shown promise as alkaline sorbents for environmental gas cleaning applications. Surface area was monitored at a variety of reaction conditions. The rate of surface area formation was found to be directly proportional to the initial surface area of the glass. At 92 C, the addition of gypsum to the system had a significant positive effect, forming solids with surface areas up to 125 m{sup 2}/g over long reaction times. Increasing the temperature from 92 C to 120 C increased the initial rate of surface area formation, however the rate decreased over time and the ultimate surface area was higher at 92 C. The addition of gypsum or calcium chloride to the reaction at 120 C increased the ultimate surface area, but not to the extent of the 92 C product. Up to a surface area of {approximately}100 m{sup 2}/g, sorbents formed at 92 C with gypsum were not affected by agitation, nor by solids content between 20--50% under non-agitated conditions. At reaction times after this point, surface area increased slightly with water content and more significantly with agitation.more » In addition, the dissolution of silica from glass was measured and was found to be faster than the rate of sorbent formation.« less
A Case Study in Creative Problem Solving in Engineering Design

The senior design sequence at Louisiana State University is a two semester, design, build and test experience. Groups of two, three or four students work together in a team setting to produce a functioning prototype which meets predetermined design goals. One particular project, which had as its goal the requirement to extend the reach of an occupant confined to a standard sized wheelchair, was used as a mechanism to integrate the development of critical and creative thinking skills necessary to solve technical problems into the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum. Special attention was paid to the nature of creativity and exercises were introduced in order to facilitate this historically neglected aspect of engineering education. The result of this effort was a unique wheelchair, which provides the occupant access to shelves located over their head or objects on the floor via an adjustable height seat.
Testing Complex Correlational Hypotheses with Structural Equation Models.

It is often of interest to estimate partial or semipartial correlation coefficients as indexes of the linear association between 2 variables after partialing one or both for the influence of covariates. Squaring these coefficients expresses the proportion of variance in 1 variable explained by the other variable after controlling for covariates. Methods exist for testing hypotheses about the equality of these coefficients across 2 or more groups, but they are difficult to conduct by hand, prone to error, and limited to simple cases. A unified framework is provided for estimating bivariate, partial, and semipartial correlation coefficients using structural equation modeling (SEM). Within the SEM framework, it is straightforward to test hypotheses of the equality of various correlation coefficients with any number of covariates across multiple groups. LISREL syntax is provided, along with 4 examples.
SU-E-J-269: Assessing the Precision of Dose Delivery in CBCT-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Lung and Soft Tissue Metastatic Lesions

Purpose: Ensuring reproducibility of target localization is critical to accurate stereotactic body radiation treatment (SBRT) for lung and soft tissue metastatic lesions. To characterize interfraction variability in set-up and evaluate PTV margins utilized for SBRT, daily CBCTs were used to calculate delivered target and OAR doses compared to those expected from planning. Methods: CBCT images obtained prior to each fraction of SBRT for a lung and thyroid metastatic lesion were evaluated. The target CTV/ITV and OARs on each of 8 CBCT data sets were contoured. Using MIM fusion software and Pinnacle{sup 3} RTP system, delivered dose distribution was reconstructed on each CBCT, utilizing translational shifts performed prior to treatment. Actual delivered vs. expected doses received by target CTV/ITV and adjacent critical structures were compared to characterize accuracy of pre-treatment translational shifts and PTV margins. Results: The planned CTV/ITV D95% and V100% were 4595cGy and 91.47% for the lung lesion, and 3010cGy and 96.34% for the thyroid lesion. Based on CBCT analysis, actual mean D95% and V100% for lung ITV were 4542±344.4cGy and 91.54±3.45%; actual mean D95% and V100% for thyroid metastasis CTV were 3005±25.98cGy and 95.20±2.522%. For the lung lesion, ipsilateral lung V20, heart V32 (cc) and spinal cord (.03more » cc) max were 110.15cc, 3.33cc, and 1680cGy vs. 110.27±14.79cc, 6.74±3.76cc, and 1711±46.56cGy for planned vs. delivered doses, respectively. For the thyroid metastatic lesion, esophagus V18, trachea (.03 cc) max, and spinal cord (.03 cc) max were 0.35cc, 2555cGy, and 850cGy vs. 0.16±0.13cc, 2147±367cGy, and 838±45cGy for planned vs. delivered treatments, respectively. Conclusion: Minimal variability in SBRT target lesion dose delivered based on pre-treatment CBCT-based translational shifts suggests tighter PTV margins may be considered to further decrease dose to surrounding critical structures. Guidelines for optimal target alignment during CBCT-guidance for lung and soft tissue metastatic lesions treated with SBRT are being established.« less
A Fli in the ointment

Comment on Masuya et al, page [95][1] Transcription factors that are aberrantly activated in leukemias often play a seminal role in blood lineages other than the malignant cell population. Knowing the full spectrum of transcription factor actions should inform our understanding of leukemia
The effects of nitrogen-heme-iron coordination on substrate affinities for cytochrome P450 2E1

Abstract A descriptor based computational model was developed for cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) based on inhibition constants determined for inhibition of chlorzoxazone, or 4-nitrophenol, metabolism. An empirical descriptor for type II binding was developed and tested for a series of CYP2E1 inhibitors. Inhibition constants where measured for 51 different compounds. A fast 2-dimensional predictive model was developed based on 40 compounds, and tested on 8 compounds of diverse structure. The trained model (n = 40) had an r2 value of 0.76 and an RMSE of 0.48. The correlation between the predicted and actual pKi values of the test set of compounds not included in the model gives an r2 value of 0.78. The features that described binding include heme coordination (type II binding), molecular volume, octanol/water partition coefficient, solvent accessible surface area, and the sum of the atomic polarizabilities. The heme coordination parameter assigns an integer between 0 and 6 depending on structure, and is a new descriptor, based on simple quantum chemical calculations with correction for steric effects. The type II binding parameter was found to be important in obtaining a good correlation between predicted and experimental inhibition constants increasing the r2 value from 0.38 to 0.77.
Rechargeable batteries: challenges old and new

The challenges for rechargeable batteries are cost, safety, energy, density, life, and rate. Traditional rechargeable batteries based on aqueous electrolytes have good rate capabilities but limited energy density because the voltage for a long shelf-life is restricted to 1.5 V. The discovery of fast Na ion conductivity in β-alumina in 1967 introduced the novel concept of a solid oxide electrolyte and molten electrodes: the sodium–sulfur battery operates at 350 °C. Interest in rechargeable batteries with aprotic electrolytes was further stimulated by the first energy crisis in the early 1970s. Since protons are not mobile in aprotic electrolytes, the Li+ ion was the logical choice for the working ion, and on-going work on reversible Li intercalation into layered sulfides suggested the TiS2//Li cell, which was shown in 1976 to have a voltage of V ≃ 2.2 V and good rate capability. However, the organic liquid carbonates used as electrolytes are flammable, and dendrites growing across the electrolyte from the lithium anode on repeated charge/discharge cycles short-circuited the cells with disastrous consequences. Safety concerns caused this effort to be dropped. However, substitution of the layered oxides LiMO2 for the layered sulfides MS2 and reversible intercalation of Li into graphitic carbon without dendrite formation at slow charging rates gave a safe rechargeable lithium ion battery (LIB) of large-enough energy density to enable the wireless revolution. Although carbon-buffered alloys now provide anodes that allow a fast charge and have a higher capacity, nevertheless a passivation layer permeable to Li+ forms on the anode surface, and the Li+ in the passivation layer is taken irreversibly from the cathode on the initial charge. Since the specific capacity of a cell with an insertion-compound cathode is limited by the latter, strategies to increase the specific capacity for a LIB powering an electric vehicle or storing electricity from wind or solar farms include a return to consideration of a solid electrolyte.
Comparison of the Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiota in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women with or without Bacterial Vaginosis

Background This study investigated whether HIV-infection is associated with a change in diversity of genital microbiota in women.
An impedance based fault location algorithm for tapped lines using local measurements

The tapped lines are usually used to supply a customer such as small communities or industrial facilities with an economic solution that is less expensive than building a full substation. Locating faults in such lines are difficult due to the effect of infeed/outfeed current from tapped lines as well as reactance effect. The proposed method applies generalized models of fault loop voltage and current to formulate the fault location algorithm. The derived algorithm has a very simple first-order formula and does not require knowledge of data from the other ends. This feature becomes more significant in the case of isolated rural areas where communicational link to exchange data with other ends may not exist. The result of the algorithm performance evaluation using simulations verifies the high accuracy of the method with regard to various equivalent source impedances, fault inception angles, fault resistances and locations as well as fault types.
Shape analysis and stereopsis for human depth perception.

The perceived relative depth of two isolated short parallel lines in the center of a scene is known to depend on the disparities and positions of other items in the scene, as well as on their own disparities. We demonstrate here that the shapes of these other items also contribute significantly to the perceived depth, and that these non-disparity influences on depth judgements may already be evident when only three dots are presented as stimuli. When two short vertical test lines are surrounded by a trapezoidal "picture frame", the perceived relative depth of the test lines is affected by the shape of the trapezoid as well as by the disparities assigned to its vertical parallel sides. The influence of the trapezoidal frame can be interpreted as an effect of perspective. The induced relative depth of the test lines is measured by recording the amount of "compensating disparity" that must be given to one of the lines in order for observers to judge the two test lines to be equidistant from the observer's viewing position. Surprisingly, for fixed disparities of the vertical edges of the surrounding picture frame, the induced depth of the test lines increases as the difference in the lengths of the vertical sides increases, regardless of whether the perspective interpretation of the difference in the lengths is consistent with or in conflict with the disparity-defined slant. Shape-related apparent depth changes are especially sensitive to the shape of the trapezoid if it is nearly rectangular, and are comparable in magnitude to those resulting from changes in disparity of the surrounding frame. When a pair of short vertical parallel test lines is presented alone, without a surrounding frame or any other items in the scene, excellent relative depth discrimination is displayed by most subjects. However, if the lines are replaced by squares, trapezoids, triangles, single horizontal lines, or other figures of about the same size as the original test lines, the slant discrimination threshold for these plane figures for naive observers become poorer by a factor of 20-100. By the use of a feedback signal, observers can be trained to use only disparity cues and ignore shape effects. Some observers have difficulty ignoring the shapes of some figures, the "difficult" figures being different for each observer. After training, the relative depth thresholds for most figures approach those of the original unconnected parallel test lines.
Use of a differentiable model for localization of ventricular surface activation map critical points: Numerical simulations and animal experiments

A new approach to rendering the ventricular surface activation isochrones has been proposed wherein the array of body surface potentials (BSP) is used to localize critical points of ventricular surface activation individually, thereby constraining and regularizing the full inverse problem while avoiding the need to specifically treat ill-conditioned transfer matrices. The method relies on time differentiation of BSP, a very noise-amplifying process. Using numerical simulations, regularization of differentiation, and taking advantage of the method's inherent opportunities for employing model-based parameter estimation methods, we have found that the general signal-to-noise requirements of the approach are within the known capabilities of electrocardiogra-phy. While a principal theoretical difficulty of the approach relates to the ability to recognize "step discontinuities" in spatially averaged time derivatives of BSP, experiments in five pigs found consistent associations between steep deflections in the averaged derivatives and critical points of concurrently recorded epicardial activation maps, also supporting the practical feasibility of the method.
Metabolism of formate in the rat.

Formate oxidation in the rat in vivo is not altered by catalase inhibition with 3‐amino‐i,2,4‐triazole (A T) or by ethanol. However, the oxidation of formate in rats with folate deficiency is markedly reduced. These results suggest that, in the untreated rat, formate is oxidized through the one‐carbon pool. However, in rats with folate deficiency, A T and ethanol did produce an inhibition of formate oxidation, results that suggest the catalase‐peroxidative system may serve as an alternative pathway for formate oxidation. The importance of these data in studies on methanol poisoning is discussed.
Beyond brainstorming: The effectiveness of computer-mediated communication for convergence and negotiation tasks

Although a considerable body of research in information systems has established that computer-mediated communication (CMC) is beneficial for brainstorming (idea generation) tasks, less is known about its effectiveness for more complex decision-making tasks. This paper reports the results of two experiments comparing the performance of face-to-face and CMC teams in decision-making tasks that move beyond brainstorming. In the first experiment, the performance of face-to-face and computer-mediated teams was compared in two tasks: one requiring participants to engage in convergent thinking and a second brainstorming task requiring divergent thinking. Consistent with predictions derived from McGrath's task circumplex model, the results of experiment one reveal that participants using computer-mediated communication perform significantly better than those interacting face-to-face on the divergent (brainstorming) task. On the convergent task, computer-mediated and face-to-face teams performed equally well; i.e., there was not a significant difference in their performance. In the second experiment, the performance of face-to-face and computer-mediated teams was again compared in two tasks: an integrative negotiation task and an idea-generation task. The results of the second experiment were similar to those of experiment one, in that computer-mediated teams significantly outperformed face-to-face teams in the idea-generation task, while computer-mediated and face-to-face teams performed equally well on the integrative negotiation task. These experiments contribute to the literature by shedding additional light on the conditions under which computer-mediated communication is as effective as, and in some cases more effective than, face-to-face interaction.
Multiband Theory of Inelastic Neutron Scattering by Ferromagnetic Metals at Low Temperatures

We have examined the behavior of the inelastic neutron scattering cross section of ferromagnetic metals at temperature $T=0$ as a function of scattering vector When spin-orbit coupling is negligible, because of invariance of the metals under rotation of the total spin of the system, there will be no inelastic neutron scattering at K=0. In those ferromagnetic metals for which hybridization with the conduction band is unimportant, this effect is shown to occur for K=a reciprocal-lattice vector ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{n}$. It is argued that, for $\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{n}$, there should still be no interband spin wave, optical spin wave, or Stoner-mode inelastic scattering, but only acoustic spin-wave scattering for ferromagnetic metals with magnetic bands sufficiently narrow to be nearly described by a Heisenberg model. It is shown by explicit calculation on a simplified multiband model that for wider-band ferromagnetic metals, if there exist optical and interband spin waves in addition to an acoustic spin-wave mode, it should still be difficult to observe Stoner modes. The effect of conduction-band-$d$-band hybridization on the inelastic neutron scattering from $3d$-series metals is examined: Its effect in nickel is shown to be small, but its effect is argued to be larger for iron. It is concluded that it should be easier to observe interband and optical spin waves and Stoner modes in iron than in nickel because this metal is further from being described by a Heisenberg model than nickel.
Using video data for the analysis and training of medical personnel

This paper describes a set of studies that use audio---visual recording in an actual environment (surgery) to study the effectiveness of various patient safety interventions. Video is used in several different ways: as the intervention in one of the studies, and as a means to capture team behavior during surgeries for the other two studies. This paper summarises the logistical, legal, regulatory, technical, financial, social and methodological factors that must be considered and discusses solutions to many of these potential barriers. Although audio---visual recording has a long history in human factors research, only now are the technical, financial and logistic barriers less of a concern, as all data can now be stored and analysed electronically, making many previously cumbersome factors less so through the use of technology. Perhaps the most challenging areas that require more research are the methodological difficulties encountered when observing teams in an uncontrolled environment.
d-3-phospholycerate dehydrogenase. Further studies on the enzyme isolated from chicken liver

Abstract 1. 1.|Additional purification of d -3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase ( d -3-phosphoglycerate: NAD oxidoreductase) from chicken liver has been achieved. By the criteria of ultracentrifugation, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-200, and starch-gel electrophoresis, the protein preparation is of a high degree of purity. 2. 2.|Chicken-liver phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase has a molecular weight of approx. 2·105. The enzyme exhibits a multiplicity of enzymatically active zones on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is reported.
Electrical resistivity of carbon films

The electrical resistivity along 500 A thick carbon films has been measured from 1.2 to 1100°K. The electrical resistivity measurements at high temperature indicate a change in the structure of the film beginning at about 670°K. In the theory of non-crystalline solids by Mott, the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity σ, at low temperature, is given by In σ = A —BT−14 where A and B are constants. Whereas previous investigators have shown general agreement with Mott's relation, the present result at low temperature shows deviation from the In σ α T−14 relation.
The effects of reserpine on a strongly conditioned emotional response.

Twenty-six Wistar albino rats were conditioned to inhibit a leverpresssig response during a 4-minute tone period which was terminated by a strong electric shock (CER). Two groups of 10 animals, matched on the basis of rate during the pre-tone and tone periods, were tested concurrently throughout the experiment. The experimental group was administered a daily and periodically increasing dose of reserpine (0.2–0.6 mg/kg) for a period of 18 consecutive days. It was found that reserpine produced no significant effects on the CER when compared with that of the matched control group, although an increase in the restoration of lever pressing as a function of time was found to be significant for both groups. It was concluded that the partial restoration of the lever-pressing response with time was a function of partial extinction of the CER, and that reserpine does not significantly reduce a strongly conditioned emotional response.
Particulate Cytochromes of Mung Bean Seedlings

Efforts have been made to solubilize cytochrome components from particulate fractions of etiolated mung bean seedlings. Low temperature spectrophotometry reveals that the cytochrome composition of mitochondria isolated from whole seedlings is the same as that reported by Bonner for mung bean hypocotyls. On the basis of the identity in position of the α-bands in low temperature difference spectra for mitochondria, for a partially purified haemoprotein from mitochondria, and for purified cytochrome b -555, it is suggested that cytochrome b -555 is an intrinsic component of mung bean mitochondria. Difference spectra show that both the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions contain at least 2 b -type cytochromes. Cytochrome b -555 is almost certainly present in the microsomes, since the low temperature difference spectrum for the cytochrome is identical with the spectrum for this particulate fraction. By freezing and thawing mung bean mitochondria in 4% cholate and centrifuging, cytochrome oxidase activity can be concentrated in the supernatant fraction, although it is not completely solubilized. The oxidase is inhibited by high concentrations of cytochrome c . A particle-bound cytochrome c can be obtained from mitochondria by digestion with snake venom. However, the autoxidizability of the preparation indicates that the cytochrome has been solubilized in a modified form. A CO-binding pigment can be obtained from mung bean microsomes by digestion with snake venom.