cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating knowledge of contract law into the computer science curriculum

The practicing computer scientist will likely deal with contracts at some point in his career, yet computer science (CS) curricula based upon recommendations by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) do not address this issue. This deficiency is of particular concern to aspiring software engineers, who may discover implications of the law only after suffering some loss due to lack of basic knowledge. While it is not the place of a CS program to produce lawyers, a basic understanding and knowledge of the law will increase awareness of potential pitfalls when entering into binding commitments. Increased understanding will also facilitate communication with lawyers when legal assistance is needed. This paper discusses aspects of contract law that should be addressed within the curriculum and suggests an approach for doing so in the software engineering course.
Genetically encoded split luciferase biosensors to measure endosome disruption in real time in live cells

Abstract Endosomal escape is a critical step in intracellular delivery of biomacromolecular drugs, but quantitative, high throughput study of endosomal vesicle disruption remains elusive. We designed two genetically encoded split luciferase “turn on” reporters that can be assayed rapidly in well plates on live cells using a luminometer. Both systems use non-luminescent N-terminal and C-terminal luciferase fragments which can reconstitute a functional luminescent enzyme when they are held in proximity by their fusion partners. The first system uses Gal8 and CALCOCO2 fused to these fragments, which interact following endosome disruption and facilitate complementation of the split luciferase fragments to produce significant luminescence when luciferin is added. The second system uses the N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal8 (G8-NCRD) fused to both luciferase fragments. Following endosome disruption, G8-NCRD binds to exposed glycans inside endosomes, concentrating both fragments there to reconstitute active luciferase. Additionally, and in contrast to recently reported Gal8 intracellular tracking with fluorescent microscopy, these split luciferase-based assays enable simultaneous identification and downselection of cytotoxic test conditions because the luciferase reaction requires intracellular ATP. Further, we demonstrate that the lead luminescent cell line is more sensitive to detection of endosomal disruption at lower doses of an endosome disrupting drug carrier than the previously reported Gal8-YFP fluorescent system. These systems represent a first-in-class luminescent assay to detect endosome disruption in high throughput while excluding toxic formulations. Endosome disruption screening with these “turn on” systems has potential as a tool in the discovery and development of intracellular biologic drug delivery formulations. Graphical Abstract
Cabozantinib Inhibits Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Auto- and Paracrine MET Signaling in Heterotypic Pancreatic Microtumors

Extensive desmoplasia is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which frequently associates with treatment resistance. Recent findings indicate that a combination of photodynamic therapy and the multi-kinase inhibitor cabozantinib achieved local tumor control and a significant decrease in tumor metastases in preclinical PDAC models, but the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. This study elucidates the molecular basis of this multi-agent regimen, focusing on the role of MET signaling. Since MET activation stems from its interaction with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is typically secreted by fibroblasts, we developed heterotypic PDAC microtumor models that recapitulate these interactions. In these models, MET signaling can be constitutively activated through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Photodynamic therapy caused significant elevations in HGF secretion by fibroblasts, suggesting it plays a complex role in the modulation of the paracrine HGF-MET signaling cascade in desmoplastic tumors. Blocking MET phosphorylation with adjuvant cabozantinib caused a significant improvement in photodynamic therapy efficacy, most notably by elevating spheroid necrosis at low radiant exposures. These findings highlight that adjuvant photodynamic therapy can augment chemotherapy efficacies, and potentially achieve improved management of desmoplastic PDAC in a more tolerable manner.
Fracking and the NIMBY Syndrome

With the pro-fossil fuel disposition of the Trump administration, the momentum surrounding the recent rebound in fracking operations in the United States is likely to be sustained. Thorny questions about fracking will also remain and retain considerable force. The NIMBY phenomenon predates shale oil and gas development, but because of the potential for inflicting tremendous damage on residential property values, the extraction of these natural resources through hydraulic fracturing presents a new theater for NIMBY protests. This article examines the adverse effects of shale gas development in residential areas and how the inveterate tension among home owners, residents and energy companies can be resolved. The article proposes the resolution of the conflicts pertaining to property value diminution and deleterious impact on quality of life by the introduction of a mix of public policy and private tools, consisting of limited purpose agreements and disruption payments. This approach assures that the benefits of shale gas development are retained while its inconveniences are given the desired attention.
Quantum Control of Microwave-to-Optical Transducers for Inhomogeneous Broadening Compensation

We use numerical optimization to design the temporal shape of the laser field driving an inhomogeneous ensemble of quantum emitters in order to restore superradiance effects and improve single photon microwave-to-optical transduction efficiencies.
An obligatory role for lung infiltrating B cells in the immunopathogenesis of obliterative airway disease induced by antibodies to MHC class I molecules.

Using a murine model, we demonstrated that endobronchial administration of antibodies (Abs) to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I results in cellular infiltration, epithelial metaplasia, fibrosis and obstruction of the small airways (obliterative airway disease [OAD]) mediated predominantly by Th17 responses to self-antigens. This resembles bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome developed following human lung transplantation. Since B cells play a crucial role in induction of autoimmune responses, we defined the role of B cells and its antigen presenting properties in induction of OAD in this study. Anti-MHC class I was administered endobronchially in B−/− and wild-type mice. In contrast to wild type, B−/− animals did not demonstrate cellular infiltration, epithelial metaplasia and obstruction of airways following anti-MHC. Frequency of K-α1 tubulin and CollagenV-specific IL-17 cells was significantly decreased in B−/− mice. As expected, Abs against self-antigens and germinal center formation were not developed in B−/− mice. Thus, we conclude that B cells and its antigen presenting capacity play an important role in induction of immune responses to self-antigens and immunopathogenesis of OAD following the administration of anti-MHC. Therefore, strategies to block B-cell and its antigen presenting functions should be considered for preventing the development of chronic rejection.
Generating original structure in regulatory documents

As technology and society continue to evolve, the size of the corpus of government policies and procedures continues to more than keep pace. The U.S. Federal Tax Code today consumes over 2.8 million words or 6000 pages. There are more than 20,000 cross-references both within the code itself and to external regulations. Navigating the sea of information is a daunting task for the IRS let alone a well-intentioned tax payer, or policy-maker seeking to eliminate redundancies, inconsistencies, or loopholes. While tools for tasks such as compliance checking or query answering have long held promise, automated reasoning, however intelligent, needs something to reason upon, a formalized knowledge base of some kind. In other domains people may be the primary targets of knowledge engineering; in the policy realm, much of the requisite knowledge resides in legal and regulatory documents.
Gastric Motor-Stimulating Activity of Gastrin Tetrapeptide in Dogs

The effect of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin was studied, in anesthetized dogs, for stimulation of gastrointestinal motor activity. It was found to be a potent stimulant of gastric antral motility, but did not significantly affect circular duodenal, ileal, or colonic contractile activity, while both carbachol and histamine were found to stimulate all areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrin pentapeptide and hog gastrin II were also found to stimulate gastric antral motility and were more potent than the tetrapeptide on a milligram basis. Dose-response studies with both gastrin tetra- and pentapeptide indicate that a peak response is present at doses of 1 to 10 μg per kg intravenously with a leveling of the dose-response curve. These and other data indicate that there is both acute tolerance to the motor effects and also a limit to the contractile response which may be elicited by these peptides. Hog gastrin II was capable of eliciting a greater response than either of the peptides. Some anticholinergics, such as atropine and propantheline, antagonize the motor stimulant effect of the peptide, but in doses 5 to 10 times higher than doses blocking carbachol. However, chlorpromazine, which had anticholinergic activity, did not block gastrin tetrapeptide at any dose tested. Morphine blocked gastrin tetrapeptide but not carbachol. It is likely that gastrin tetrapeptide is not acting directly on smooth muscle but on nervous elements in the stomach wall.
Evaluation of Compost Activators for Composting Grass Clippings

The effects of seven manufactured commercially available activators were evaluated for their efficiency in the composting of yard trimmings (grass clippings/wood chip mixture). Two naturally available additives, and a control (absence of activator) were also evaluated. Four measures of composting efficiency were used to compare the overall decomposition response for each activator: weight loss, volume reduction, volatile solids decrease, and oxygen uptake rate. Four experimental blocks were set up in the field, and two experimental blocks were set up in the laboratory. The physical/chemical characteristics of the compost material were monitored as a function of time for each additive. Interrelationships between measures of composting efficiency were also evaluated. Results showed that grass clippings can be composted as efficiently with naturally available materials such as topsoil or mature compost, as with commercially available compost activators, or an unactivated control. The cost of commercially ava...
Early Orthodontic Treatment is no More Effective in Treating Prominent Upper Front Teeth (Class II malocclusion) Than Late Treatment

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Orthodontic Treatment for Prominent Upper Front Teeth in Children Harrison JE, O'Brien KD, Worthington HV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;(3): CD003452. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003452.pub2 Level of Evidence 1 Strength of Recommendation Grade A Purpose This study tested whether orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) was more effective when begun early (ages 7 to 9) rather than waiting until children reached adolescence to begin treatment. Source of Funding External support: • NHS National Primary Dental Care R&D programme PCD97-303, UK Internal support: • The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK • The University of Manchester, UK • Cochrane Oral Health Group, UK Potential Conflict of Interest: One author (Kevin O'Brien) was involved in acquiring funding, running, and reporting of 2 of the trials included in this review. Type of Study/Design Systematic review
The hydrophobicity of coal macerals

Abstract The captive bubble and sessile drop contact angle techniques have been used to evaluate the hydrophobicity of petrographically identified coal macerals. The magnitude of the contact angle on vitrinite is shown to be a function of coal rank (%C, %O and % vitrinite reflectance), increasing with increasing rank to a maximum for low volatile bituminous rank coals then decreasing for anthracite. The least data scatter is found when vitrinite reflectance is used as a rank parameter. Contact angles measured or estimated for other discrete macerals, indicate a variation in hydrophobicity based on coal type. These data correlate well with known flotation results.
Intraocular hemorrhages associated with endoscopic spinal surgery

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the occurrence of intraocular hemorrhages in association with endoscopic spinal surgery. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 40-year-old patient noted severe visual loss in both eyes after epidural endoscopy, epidurography, and endoscopic adhesiolysis. Ophthalmic examination showed a best-corrected visual acuity of RE: 20/800, and LE: counting fingers, and extensive subhyaloid, retinal, and subretinal hemorrhages in both eyes. The hemorrhages resolved over a period of 8 weeks and the best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/40 in both eyes after 4 months. CONCLUSION: A syndrome of visual loss and intraocular hemorrhages after an endoscopic spinal procedure is studied.
A forward algorithm and planning horizon procedure for the production smoothing problem without inventory

Abstract We develop a forward algorithm for solving and finding planning horizons for the infinite horizon version of the deterministic production smoothing problem without inventory. This model approximates the real world situation for highly obsolescent or perishable commodities such as newspapers and fresh produce. Computational results show that the algorithm is linear in problem length while linear programming is at least quadratic.
Text planning with opportunistic control

This report describes the current state of our central research thrust in the area of natural language generation. We have already reported on our text-level theory of lexical selection in natural language generation ([59, 60]), on a unification-based syntactic processor for syntactic generation ([73]) and designed a relatively flexible blackboard-oriented architecture for integrating these and other types of processing activities in generation ([60]). We have implemented these ideas in our prototype generator, Diogenes — a DIstributed, Opportunistic GENEration System — and tested our lexical selection and syntactic generation modules in a comprehensive natural language processing project — the KBMT-89 machine translation system ([15]). At this stage we are developing a more comprehensive Diogenes system, concentrating on both the theoretical and the system-building aspects of a) formulating a more comprehensive theory of distributed natural language generation; b) extending current theories of text organization as they pertain to the task of planning natural language texts; c) improving and extending the knowledge representation and the actual body of background knowledge (both domain and discourse/pragmatic) required for comprehensive text planning; d) designing and implementing algorithms for dynamic realization of text structure and integrating them into the blackboard style of communication and control; e) designing and implementing control algorithms for distributed text planning and realization. In this document we describe our ideas concerning opportunistic control for a natural language generation planner and present a research and development plan for the Diogenes project.
Quantum yield determination for photolysis of photoimageable polymer in thin films

We have established a procedure for quantum yield determination for the photolysis of photoimageable polymers in thin films. Previously, we have discovered that electron transfer in polymers bearing benzophenone ammonium borate salt pendants is followed by bond cleavage leading to the formation of the polymeric amine. A measured solid state quantum efficiency of 0.15 makes this class of compounds interesting as precursors for polymeric amine generation.
Invariance results for linear, time-invariant, discrete-time systems

Abstract We establish a general invariance result for linear, time-invariant, discrete-time systems. This result, which constitutes necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability in the large is very general and yields several important variants. The results presented herein are in the same spirit as the authors’ earlier results for linear, time-invariant continuous-time systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the present results by means of a specific example.
N.E. HYPOTHYROIDISM COLLABORATIVE: Neonatal Thyroid Screening: Effects on IQ

63 infants with hypothyroidism diagnosed on neonatal screening and treated at age 25±15 days before clinical manifestations had Stanford-Binet IQ measurements at 3 or 4 years of age. 21 had ectopic radioactive uptake, 12 eutopic (with increased uptake in 6) and 17 had no uptake. The mean IQ at 3 or 4 years for 18 normal siblings and 39 euthyroid children who had low T4 but normal TSH concentrations on screening was 106±15. That of the 63 infants was 106±16 with normal distribution. The IQs of an additional 4 infants with sufficient manifestations to be diagnosed clinically on the day of birth were 110, 50, 64, and 76. The last had an euthyroid twin with an 80 IQ. The only factor that influenced the IQ scores of the 63 infants treated with thyroxine before clinical diagnostic manifestations was inadequate treatment in the first year of life. This was defined as a decrease in T4 to less than 8mcg/dl with simultaneous elevation of TSH on at least two occasions. The normal mean and distribution of IQs in the 63 infants demonstrate that mental retardation is a result of thyroid deficiency and not a concomitant and that whatever protects the child from developing clinical signs of hypothryoidism in utero also protects against mental retardation.
GATHERING STYX : PHOSPHATASE-LIKE FORM PREDICTS FUNCTIONS FOR UNIQUE PROTEIN-INTERACTION DOMAINS

The effects of tyrosine phosphorylation are manifested and regulated through protein domains that bind to specific phosphotyrosine motifs. STYX is a unique modular domain found within proteins implicated in mediating the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo. Individual STYX domains are not catalytically active; however, they resemble protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domains and, like PTPs, contain core sequences that recognize phosphorylated substrates. Thus, the STYX domain adds to the repertoire of modular domains that can mediate intracellular signaling in response to protein phosphorylation.
Photoionization of 4f electrons from rare-earth atoms at a surface

Measurement of photocurrent versus frequency of 4f electrons from surface-rare-earth atoms is proposed as a means for identifying refraction effects in photoelectron spectroscopy. The idea of using surface-rare-earth-atom 4f electrons takes advantage of the fact that since their wave functions are atomiclike (even though their binding energies are typically only a few eV) any unusual behavior of the photoyield versus frequency will not be ascribable to poorly known surface-electron wave functions, but will have to be associated with dielectric interface effects. Jellium-model calculations are presented which show qualitatively how surface dielectric phenomena should appear in the frequency variation of the ratio of photoyields with p-polarized and s-polarized light.
Rewriting semantics of production rule sets

This paper is about the semantics of production rule sets, a language used to model asynchronous digital circuits. Two formal semantics are developed and proved equivalent: a set-theoretic semantics that improves upon an earlier effort of ours, and an executable semantics in rewriting logic. The set-theoretic semantics is especially suited to meta-level proofs about production rule sets, whereas the executable semantics can be used with existing tools to establish, automatically, desirable properties of individual circuits. Experiments involving several small circuits are detailed wherein the executable semantics and the rewriting logic tool Maude are used to automatically check two important properties: hazard and deadlock freedom. In doing so, we derive several useful optimizations that make automatic checking of these properties more tractable.
Incidence of complications in twin-twin transfusion syndrome after selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation: a single-center experience

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of complications after selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Study Design One hundred fifty-two cases of TTTS were treated with selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation from 2005-2008. Complications were TTTS recurrence, amniotic band syndrome, iatrogenic monoamnionicity, and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence. Data were placed in the following categories: no complications; early complications ≤7 days; late complications >7 days; both early and late complications. Results The incidence of early, late, and both early and late complications was 31%, 39%, and 10%. Complications included 2 cases (1.3%) of monoamnionicity, 3 cases (2.0%) of recurrent TTTS, 3 cases (2.0%) of twin anemia-polycythemia sequence, and 5 cases (3.3%) of amniotic band syndrome. Cases with TTTS with early complications had a lower number of superficial arteriovenous vascular anastomoses and 1 or both fetus survival (70.2% vs 96.7%; P Conclusion The incidence of early, late, and both early and late complications was 31%, 39%, and 10%, respectively. Close postoperative surveillance is important.
A Residual Stress Measurement Technique for Turbine Blade Dovetails

In aeroengines or industrial gas turbine blades, it is important to estimate the residual stresses at the surface of the blade root to ensure the structural integrity of the part. Most turbine blades are investment cast superalloys and it is difficult to apply the standard X-ray diffraction method to measure the residual stresses, because of the presence of a coarse grain size in these parts. Therefore a special technique was adopted to enable an estimate of the residual stresses at the surface of the turbine blade dovetail, which is a typical feature of the blade root. This method consists of a combination of the curvature method and the FE analysis. After obtaining a good agreement between the results using this method with the standard X-ray diffraction method in wrought Alloy 718 that possesses a very fine grain size, the residual stress distributions in the subsurface region of cast turbine blade dovetails were successfully obtained.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Development and validation of a Clostridium difficile infection risk prediction model.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a risk prediction model that could identify patients at high risk for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) before they develop disease.
Isolation of transgenic progeny of maize by embryo rescue under selective conditions

Fertile transgenic maize plants (T0) and progeny (T1) were obtained using microprojectile bombardment and callus selection on hygromycin B. To quickly identify progeny expressing the transgene, embryos from T3 generation kernels were excised 20 days after pollination and exposed to different concentrations of hygromycin B. Surviving and non-surviving embryos were assayed for the presence of the hygromycin phosphotransferase (aphIV) gene using polymerase chain reaction. Embryos that germinated and survived on 25, 50, or 100 mg/liter hygromycin possessed theaphIV gene. Embryos that did not germinate lacked the gene. Progeny surviving selection were transferred to the greenhouse and tested for expression of the gene using a leaf disc assay. The results demonstrated that the gene construct was expressed in both embryo and leaf tissue and that selection during germination successfully eliminated progeny lacking the gene of interest. This method is also useful for rapid-cycling of maize generations.
Fast motion estimation algorithm for MPEG-2 video encoding

In this paper a fast motion estimation algorithm is proposed for the MPEG-2 video encoding. This algorithm is based on a hybrid use of the block matching technique and gradient technique. For estimation a motion vector, the block matching technique is used for selecting the initial vector from the spatial neighboring macroblocks and the temporally co-located macroblock, then the gradient technique is applied to obtain the final vector by a pixel-recursive refinement of the initial vector. In addition, an adaptive scheme to determine the search range is developed to enable the low latency motion estimation when the gradient technique is involved. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm shares a high speed of while preserves the coding efficiency compared with the full search block matching technique.
Heterozygosity for an inactivating mutation in low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 6 (Lrp6) increases osteoarthritis severity in mice after ligament and meniscus injury

Summary Objective Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an integral and complex role in cartilage development and maintenance. β-catenin signaling has been linked to osteoarthritis (OA), but the role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling during OA remains unexplored. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptors 5 and 6) result in skeletal abnormalities, which tend to be more severe in Lrp6 mutant mice. We examined OA development, chondrocyte and osteoblast behavior, and β-catenin signaling after ligament and meniscus damage in mice with global heterozygous deletion of Lrp6 . Design Ligament and meniscus damage was surgically induced in Lrp6 +/− and wild-type (WT) mice, and evidence of joint disease was assessed by Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and catabolic enzyme activity were measured. Results Relative to WT mice, Lrp6 +/− mice had lower nuclear β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage. After surgery, osteophytes and reduced articular cartilage were apparent in WT mice, but more severe in Lrp6 +/− animals. Impairments to trabecular bone geometry occurred for WT and Lrp6 +/− mice after surgery. Relative to WT mice, Lrp6 +/− mice had reduced trabecular BMD and thickness, and Cyclin D1 and Lrp6 gene expression after surgery. There was an increase in apoptotic cells and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) for Lrp6 +/− mice after surgery, but no differences in cell proliferation occurred. Conclusions Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Lrp6 leads to less β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage and to increased degenerative joint disease after ligament and meniscus injury. Modulation of Lrp6 function could attenuate joint disease after damage to ligaments and the meniscus.
Social media practices and support in U.S. public libraries and school library media centers

Many U.S. teens spend hours each day communicating with friends via social technologies like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Flickr. To develop a better understanding of the state of library support of teens' social technology practices, we are conducting a national survey of a representative sample of 750 public and 750 school libraries in the United States about their current policies and social media strategies. Preliminary results indicate that public and school libraries' use of social media differ in terms of policy and strategies, and that rather than enabling libraries to harness the power of social networking tools, library policies often serve as use barriers.
Immunostimulatory DNA sequences inhibit respiratory syncytial viral load, airway inflammation, and mucus secretion.

Abstract Background: Immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) activate the innate immune system to generate antiviral cytokines, such as IFN-γ. Objective: This study investigated whether ISS could reduce viral load, mucus secretion, airway inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity to methacholine in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Methods: Mice were pretreated with ISS 6 days before RSV infection, and lung indices of RSV viral load (viral titer and PCR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines (IFN-γ), airway inflammation (peribronchial inflammation and periodic acid-Schiff–positive mucus cells), and airway hyperreactivity (methacholine responsiveness) were assessed 4 to 6 days after RSV infection. Results: ISS induced the expression of the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ in the lung, and this was associated with significantly reduced RSV viral titers, mucus secretion, and peribronchial inflammation. ISS reduced, but did not significantly inhibit, RSV-induced airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. Conclusion: Because ISS induced significant levels of lung IFN-γ, an immunization strategy based solely on the administration of IFN-γ may be insufficient to inhibit RSV-induced airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, an endpoint important in the subset of RSV-infected subjects with asthma. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:697-702.)
Production of thiobarbituric acid reactive products during photooxidation in S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate-treated wheat

Abstract Linolenic acid (18:3) content is decreased in plants treated with S -ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC). Light intensity influences the response of plants to EPTC. Thus, photooxidation might explain EPTC-induced 18:3 decreased contents. In wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Holley), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, and 18:3 contents were correlated with malonaldehyde (MAL) formation. MAL formation was light-intensity dependent in the correlation with 18:3 content. Since MAL formation did not increase in EPTC-treated wheat, the EPTC influence on 18:3 content is an inhibition of synthesis and not an increased photooxidation.
Pulsed laser induced deformation in an Fe-3 Wt Pct Si alloy

The plastic deformation produced by laser induced stress waves was investigated on an Fe-3 wt pct Si alloy. The intensity and duration of the stress waves were varied by changing the intensity and pulse length of the high energy pulsed laser beam, and also by using different overlays on the surfaces of the specimens. The resulting differences in the distribution and intensity of the deformation caused by the stress waves within the samples were determined by sectioning the specimens and etching (etch pitting) the transverse sections. The magnitude of the laser shock induced deformation depended on the laser beam power density and the type of surface overlay. A combination transparent plus opaque overlay of fused quartz and lead generated the most plastic deformation. For both the quartz and the quartz plus lead overlays, intermediate laser power densities of about 5×108 w/cm2 caused the most deformation. The shock induced deformation became more uniform as the thickness of the material decreased, and uniform shock hardening, corresponding to about 1 pct tensile strain, was observed in the thinnest specimens (0.02 cm thick). 200 ns laser pulses caused some surface melting, which was not observed for 30 ns pulses, the pulse length used in most of the experiments. Deformation of the Fe-3 wt pct Si alloy occurred by both slip and twinning.
Upper-bound estimate of paramagnon effects in Nb3Sn from tunneling

Abstract The recent scaling theory of Daams et al. incorporating paramagnon terms in the Eliashberg equations, is used to provide an upper-bound estimate of the paramagnon coupling λ S and true electron-phonon coupling λ ph of Nb 3 Sn, using recent tunneling data.
On non-Huygens flame configuration in stagnation flow

The stagnation flow has been extensively used for stretched flame analysis because the flow field is defined by a single parameter, namely the stretch rate. Thus when the flame exists in the planar configuration the effects of stretch on the flame response can be studied without complications due to flame curvature. However, a recent theoretical study has demonstrated that several nonplanar configurations are also possible in such a flow. The analysis further shows the presence of flame surface discontinuities in the form of sharp edges. This discontinuous behavior is in variance with experimental observations that these edges, while appearing sharp, are smooth. It is reasonable to expect that such discontinuities are caused by the Huygens assumption of a constant flame speed over the flame surface, and they would be rounded off when flame stretch effects are accounted for. The objective of this communication is to extend the Huygens limit analysis of these stagnation flame configurations to include the effect of stretch. In particular the authors shall show that the inner structure of these edges is identical to that of the Bunsen flame tip, hence providing a unified understanding of the properties of these sharply curved flames.
Abstract 4614: The organic panic

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL In today's market place organic foods have become a very popular topic of discussion. Some studies have compared the different benefits of organic foods vs. conventional foods in disease prevention, including cancer. Although differences have been examined, no broad or concrete conclusions have been reached. Studies have shown that consumption of antioxidants can decrease the risk of oxidative damage, degenerative conditions, and cancer. In this study, antioxidant levels between organic blueberries and conventional blueberries were analyzed and compared in their skin, seed, and juice using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay (ORAC). Data indicate that, in each sample category, conventional samples showed higher antioxidant activities overall when compared to organic samples. 15 organic samples and 15 conventional samples were taken for measurement of antioxidant activity. All values are reported as Trolox Equivalents per 100 grams sample (TE/100g). Conventional blueberry skin revealed highest overall antioxidant activity (7258 TE/100g, s=1024), while organic blueberry seed revealed the lowest (494 TE/100g, s=160). Conventional skin (7258 TE/100g, s=1024) revealed higher values than organic skin (3891 TE/100g, s=288). Conventional seed (1308 TE/100g, s=597) revealed higher values than organic seed (494 TE/100g, s=160). Conventional juice (5077 TE/100g) revealed higher values than organic juice (2205 TE/100g, s=276). Student's t-test analysis revealed statistically significant differences between conventional and organic samples in all three groups (organic vs. conventional skin, p=1.3×10-5, organic vs. conventional seed, p=0.008; organic vs. conventional juice, p=0.022). Data from this study suggest that consumption of organic fruits may not provide higher antioxidant protection when compared to consumption of conventional samples; consumption on conventional blueberries may prove to be most beneficial. Further studies on other fruit samples may provide additional insight on the antioxidant benefits of organic and conventional fruits and vegetables. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4614. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4614
Fathers and Sons in Synge's the Playboy of the Western World

(2007). Fathers and Sons in Synge's the Playboy of the Western World. The Explicator: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 18-21.
Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Belts in China: Major Progress in the Past Several Years

The Triassic Dabie-Sulu collision zone along with recently identified ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) and high-pressure (HP) metamorphic terranes of the western Tianshan, Altyn Tagh, northern Qaidam, and northern Qinling belts forms a huge chain of orogens from northwestern to east-central China. The western Tianshan HP/UHP terrane formed by Pacific-type subduction of a Paleozoic South Tianshan ocean, and was exhumed to higher crustal levels during collision of the Tarim and Yili-central Tianshan plates. HP/UHP recrystallization took place either at ~345 Ma or 232-215 Ma. The Altyn Tagh, northern Qaidam, and northern Qinling UHP belts are Early Paleozoic collisional orogens. Coesite-bearing eclogites, garnet peridotites, and the country rock gneisses in the Dabie-Sulu UHP terrane were subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism based on the presence of abundant coesite inclusions in zircons and identical metamorphic ages in both eclogite and gneiss. Some garnet peridotites are crust-hosted whereas others were mantle d...
Mechanism of Work Hardening in Hadfield Manganese Steel.

When Hadfield manganese steel in the single-phase austenitic condition was strained in tension, in the temperature range - 25 to 300 °C, it exhibited jerky (serrated) flow, a negative (inverse) strain-rate dependence of flow stress and high work hardening, characteristic of dynamic strain aging. The strain rate-temperature regime of jerky flow was determined and the apparent activation energies for the appearance and disappearance of serrations were found to be 104 kJ/mol and 146 kJ/mol, respectively. The high work hardening cannot be a result of mechanical twinning because at -50 °C numerous twins were produced, but the work hardening was low and no twins were formed above 225 °C even though work hardening was high. The work hardening decreased above 300 °C because of the cessation of dynamic strain aging and increased again above 400 °C because of precipitation of carbides. An apparent activation energy of 138 kJ/mol was measured for static strain aging between 300 and 400 °C, corresponding closely to the activation energies for the disapperance of serrations and for the volume diffusion of carbon in Hadfield steel. Evidence from the present study, together with the known effect of manganese on the activity of carbon in austenite and previous internal friction studies of high-manganese steels, lead to the conclusion that dynamic strain aging, brought about by the reorientation of carbon members of C-Mn couples in the cores of dislocations, is the principal cause of rapid work hardening in Hadfield steel.
Methods for projecting the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases in ageing populations: application to Alzheimer's disease

Projections of the incidence and prevalence of disease are important for public health planning. This paper describes methods for projecting the incidence and prevalence of a chronic disease in ageing populations. The approach uses age-specific disease incidence rates together with assumptions about survival to reconstruct disease prevalence. The methods can be used to evaluate the potential impact of public health interventions that may prevent disease or prolong survival. We used the methods to project the future prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States. We found that the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease will nearly quadruple over the next 50 years. Although projections of the absolute prevalence are sensitive to assumptions about the age-specific incidence rates of disease, the proportionate growth is relatively insensitive. The increase in prevalence results from the ageing of the U.S. population. In order to perform the calculations, we have assembled U.S. Census population projections and U.S. mortality rates into computer software that is available from the authors at www.jhsph.edu/Departments/Biostats/software.html.
Hypertonic saline resuscitation of head injury: effects on cerebral water content.

Ideal resuscitation would simultaneously replete intravascular volume and minimize cerebral edema. We assessed the effects of hypertonic saline (HS) shock resuscitation on cerebral edema after head injury. Rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (40 mm Hg for 1 hour) in the presence or absence of m
Effect of alloy grain size and silicon content on the oxidation of austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si alloys in pure O2

Austenitic Fe-18Cr-20Ni-1.5Mn alloys containing 0, 0.6, and 1.5 wt.% Si were produced both by conventional and rapid solidification processing. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloys were studied at 900°C in pure O2 to elucidate the role of alloy microstructure and Si content on oxidation properties. The conventionally-processed, large-grained alloy that contained no silicon formed Fe-rich nodules during oxidation. The nodule formation was effectively eliminated by either reducing the alloy grain size by rapid solidification or by adding Si to the alloy. The lowest weight gains were achieved when a continuous silica layer formed between the alloy and the external chromia scale. The formation of the continuous silica layer required a ombination of fine alloy grain size and high Si content. The presence of S in the alloy was found to be detrimental to oxide scale adherence when the silica layer was continuous.
The limb analysis of countably infinite electrical networks

Abstract A method, called “limb analysis,” for analyzing certain countably infinite electrical networks was developed in a prior publication. It consisted of two parts, a graph-theoretic decomposition of the network and an analysis wherein Kirchhoff's node and loop laws were applied. The present paper is primarily devoted to proving that every countable network possesses the required graphtheoretic decomposition. In addition, it also establishes a sufficient set of conditions under which the analytic portion of limb analysis has a solution.
Monocular deprivation alters the morphology of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes in the rat visual cortex

Monocular deprivation was used to examine the experience-dependent structural plasticity of astrocytes in Oc1M and Oc1B visual cortex of young and adult rats. Stereological techniques were employed to assess the numerical density (Nv) of cells and surface density (Sv) of processes immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein in laminae II/III, IV, V and VI in the hemisphere opposite the deprived eye. In one group of pups eyelids were sutured on postnatal day 12 (P12) and maintained until P80 (MD), while a second group had the sutures removed at P75 followed by 5 days of light exposure (MD + L). An unoperated light experienced group was used for comparisons (L). The Sv of astrocytic processes in lamina IV but not laminae II/III, V and VI was significantly decreased in the MD group. The ratio of Sv to the Nv of neurons, an estimate of the amount of astrocytic membrane per neuron, was also significantly decreased in layer IV. The Nv of astrocytes was not significantly different among the three groups. In adults that were monocularly deprived for 5, 10 and 30 days the Nv of astrocytes and Sv of their processes were not significantly altered in layer IV. There was however an increase in the Nv of all types of glial cells combined in layer IV following 10 and 30 days. These results indicate that the structure of astrocytes is influenced by visual experience during development whereas merely altering the level of visually-driven activity in the adult was not sufficient to induce astrocytic structural change.
Synthesis and Vibrational Spectroscopy of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane and Its 13C2 and d2 Isotopomers†

The 13C2 and d2 isotopomers of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFEA) have been synthesized. Raman spectra of these new species have been recorded, and infrared spectra of all three isotopomers, including some regions with high-resolution at −100 °C, have also been recorded. Guided by recently published calculations of frequencies and infrared intensities and the new spectra, we have revised the previous assignments of fundamentals for the two rotamers of the normal species of TFEA. Assignments of the fundamentals for both rotamers of the 13C2 and d2 isotopomers are proposed. The anti rotamer is the more abundant species in the gas phase and, to a lesser extent, in the liquid phase and the only species in the crystal phase. Thus, the assignments of the anti rotamer of all three isotopic species are complete and supported by isotope product rules, but the assignments for the gauche rotamers are incomplete. Estimates of the missing frequencies for the gauche rotamer of the normal species are supplied.
Evaluating a Patient With Leg Pain A Clinical Guide

Leg pain is a common indication to refer patients for vascular sonography. Before the introduction of duplex and, subsequently, color Doppler imaging, the diagnosis and assessment of lower extremit...
A Note on Low-Frequency Equatorial Basin Modes

Abstract A new low-frequency standing equatorial wave mode is described. It is composed solely of long Kelvin and Rossby waves, whereas previously described low-frequency modes involved short, eastward propagating Rossby waves. It is argued that these short waves travel too slowly to allow such modes to set up. A simple closed form expression is given for the new basin mode; this is also a new form for the sum of a Kelvin wave and its eastern boundary reflection.
Delayed and Persistent ERK1/2 Activation Is Required for 4-Hydroxytamoxifen-induced Cell Death

Tamoxifen (Tam), and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT), compete with estrogens for binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Tam and OHT can also induce ER-dependent apoptosis of cancer cells. 10-100nM OHT induces ER-dependent apoptosis in approximately 3 days. Using HeLaER6 cells, we examined the role of OHT activation of signal transduction pathways in OHT-ER-mediated apoptosis. OHT-ER activated the p38, JNK and ERK1/2 pathways. Inhibition of p38 activation with SB203580, or RNAi-knockdown of p38alpha, moderately reduced OHT-ER mediated cell death. A JNK inhibitor partly reduced cell death. Surprisingly, the MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD98059, completely blocked OHT-ER induced apoptosis. EGF, an ERK1/2 activator, enhanced OHT-induced apoptosis. OHT induced a delayed and persistent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 that persisted for >80h. Addition of PD98059 as late as 24h after OHT largely blocked OHT-ER mediated apoptosis. The antagonist, ICI 182,780, blocked both the long-term OHT-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and OHT-induced apoptosis. Our data suggests that the p38 and JNK pathways, which often play a central role in apoptosis, have only a limited role in OHT-ER-mediated cell death. Although rapid activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is often associated with cell growth, persistent activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is essential for OHT-ER induced cell death.
Power and the ability to define the situation

Symbolic interactionism suggests that one of the main tasks for individuals in interaction is the establishment of a definition of the situation. Individuals can control this definition in three main ways: by behaving in ways consistent with their identity, by influencing the behavior of others, and by resisting the identities that others, in turn, seek to impose on them. It is unlikely, however, that individuals are equally able to control meanings in the situation. Using a sample of newly married couples, this research examines how husbands' and wives' relative structural and relationship power affects their ability to control meanings in the situation. Results suggest that those with more power are more able to behave in ways consistent with their identity, more able to impose an identity on their spouse, and more able to resist the identity that the spouse, in turn, seeks to impose. Occupying an advantaged position in both structures confers even greater ability to control meanings in the situation.