cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land-use regulations as territorial governance in U.S. metropolitan areas

This paper reports findings of a comprehensive survey of local government land use regulations in the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 2003. It demonstrates that the federal system in the United States has produced a great variety of approaches to territorial governance, ranging from "free market" deregulation in Texas, to localist land zoning and planning in most slowly growing metropolitan regions, to advanced systems of growth management and "smart growth" in coastal states. These sets of approaches, termed "families" and "orders" here, associate with widely differing outcomes in land consumption, central city-suburban disparities, and housing affordability. Rather than a direct cause-effect relationship between territorial governance systems and settlement outcomes, however, the article suggests a complex and dynamic coevolution in which land planning and regulation, infrastructure investment, the characteristics of the built and natural environments, local government structure, state and federal laws, and households' and businesses' decisions about where to locate all influence one another. Unraveling this complexity requires new approaches and comparisons both within and beyond the United States.
Deferred Care: How Tax Refunds Enable Healthcare Spending

The JPMorgan Chase Institute draws on its Healthcare Out-of-Pocket Spending Panel (HOSP) to investigate how a specific and important cash infusion—a tax refund payment—drives the timing of out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare. We analyze average out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure on over a dozen categories of healthcare goods and services for each day in the 100 days before and after a tax refund payment, for 1.2 million checking account holders in the JMPCI HOSP who received a tax refund between 2014 and 2016. This represents the first ever daily event study documenting how families’ out-of-pocket healthcare spending responds to the arrival of this significant cash infusion. Our analysis uncovers five key findings illustrating that consumers’ spending on healthcare was significantly affected by cash flow dynamics. First, consumers immediately increased their total out-of-pocket healthcare spending by 60 percent in the week after receiving a tax refund. Spending remained elevated for about 75 days, during which consumers spent 20 percent more out of pocket on healthcare than before the tax refund. Second, in the week after the tax refund, out-of-pocket healthcare spending on debit cards increased by 83 percent, and electronic payments increased by 56 percent. There was no change to credit card spending. This suggests that liquidity from the tax refund enabled the increase in healthcare spending. Third in-person payments to healthcare service providers represented 62 percent of tax refund-triggered additional healthcare spending. This indicates that the timing of a cash infusion affected when consumers received healthcare, not just when they made a healthcare payment. Fourth, the tax refund caused consumers to make visits to dentists’ and doctors’ offices and pay outstanding hospital bills which they had deferred. Finally, Cash flow dynamics had less effect on the out-of-pocket healthcare spending patterns of consumers who had higher balances in their checking account or who had a credit card.
Applying the resources framework of teaching and learning to issues in middle school physics instruction on energy

Our choice of model affects how we interpret what we observe. Students often have difficulties with the ideas of energy, but not all their difficulties are about energy, alone. We present two examples. In the first, student difficulties with mechanical energy seem to be with the system in which energy flows, not energy itself. In the second, students seem to use a substance metaphor of energy, which has been shown to be very productive, but use the “wrong” substance. Accounting for the nuances of student responses suggests the use of a model of knowledge and learning, the resources framework, that takes into account context dependence and the ways in which incorrect answers often contain substantial amounts of correct information.
Intra-arterial Thrombolytics for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Intra-arterial (IA) thrombolytic drugs were used as a primary therapy for recanalization of large vessel occlusions (LVO) with limited success. In recent years, endovascular interventions for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have rapidly evolved to include newer stentriever devices, which are now considered the standard of care for the treatment of AIS secondary to LVO. Although MT with stentriever technology has led to superior reperfusion rates, less than one third of patients achieve complete reperfusion. The role of thrombolytics in modern AIS endovascular therapy is undefined. However, new research suggests that IA thrombolytic use with MT may be beneficial in improving revascularization rates in AIS patients. Large series have shown that IA thrombolysis can be used as an adjunct/rescue therapy to MT, without increasing the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. In this chapter, we provide a brief history of IA thrombolytics, current approaches, and their potential role in modern endovascular therapy.
Determinants of State Audit Delay: An Empirical Analysis

Prior audit delay studies concentrated on municipal government, counties and school districts. This study adds to the literature by examining the determinants of state governments’ timeliness of audit reports. Audit delay determinants found by previous municipal research are used to identify characteristics that may influence state audit delay. This study’s results suggest both agreement and contradiction of prior research audit delay determinants. Financial variables alone do not predict state government audit delay. However, a combination of financial and nonfinancial variables used in municipal audit delay studies do.
Structural insights into coronavirus entry

Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in humans with a fatality rate of 35%. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses that crossed the species barrier using bats/palm civets and dromedary camels, respectively. No specific treatments or vaccines have been approved against any of the six human coronaviruses, highlighting the need to investigate the principles governing viral entry and cross-species transmission as well as to prepare for zoonotic outbreaks which are likely to occur due to the large reservoir of CoVs found in mammals and birds. Here, we review our understanding of the infection mechanism used by coronaviruses derived from recent structural and biochemical studies.
Aberrant von Willebrand factor expression of sinusoidal endothelial cells and quiescence of hepatic stellate cells in nodular regenerative hyperplasia and obliterative portal venopathy

Aims Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) and obliterative portal venopathy (OPV), entities that comprise idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH), are under-recognised diseases of uncertain aetiology and the diagnosis can be easily missed on liver biopsy. The expression of CD34 and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is unknown in NRH and OPV. We sought to investigate the pathogenesis and potential immunomarkers that might aid in making the diagnosis of NRH and OPV. Methods and results Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD34, vWF and ASMA was performed in clinically and histologically well-characterised NRH (n = 15) and OPV (n = 47) liver specimens. Among the 47 OPV cases, 37 (78.7%) had concurrent features of NRH. CD34 positive staining was mainly confined to small vessels in the portal tracts and LSECs in periportal areas, a finding similar to that in non-NRH/OPV livers. However, expression of vWF in LSECs was positive in the compressed sinusoids of NRH and in a patchy or geographic pattern, particularly prominent in the perivenular areas and dilated sinusoids of OPV cases. HSCs were negative for ASMA in all NRH and OPV cases. Conclusion Our findings indicate that NRH may be a subtle but common concurrent morphological feature in OPV. The aberrant expression of vWF in LSECs suggests that endothelial injury may play a role in the pathogenesis, which may thus aid in the recognition and diagnosis of NRH and OPV, particularly when confronted with otherwise apparent normal liver histology on needle biopsy.
Impact of pictorial cigarette warnings compared with surgeon general's warnings on understanding of the negative health consequences of smoking

Introduction The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act requires cigarette packages and advertisements to bear health warnings with "color graphics depicting the negative health consequences of smoking." Aims and methods This study assessed whether new US Food and Drug Administration developed pictorial cigarette warnings (PCW) increased understanding of smoking-related risks relative to the current Surgeon General's (SG) warnings. In March-May 2019, adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers participated in an online experiment with three sessions completed over approximately 2 weeks. Participants viewed 1 of 16 PCW (treatment conditions) or an SG warning (control) on mock cigarette packages and advertisements. Measures assessed whether warnings provided new information, induced thinking about risks, changed smoking-related health beliefs, and were accurately recalled, among other outcomes. Results The majority of PCW (≥13 conditions) resulted in greater learning of new information, higher self-reported learning, and greater reports of thinking about smoking risks; they were viewed as more informative, understandable, and attention-drawing compared with the control condition. Most participants believed the warning were factual, although 8 PCW were perceived as less factual than the control. There were changes toward more agreement with health beliefs for 11 PCW between Sessions 1 and 2 and 7 PCW between Sessions 1 and 3. Participants in all treatment conditions were more likely than control condition participants to correctly recall the warning. Across outcomes, PCW related to addiction, death, and quitting did not perform as well as other PCW. Conclusions Many of the PCW tested increased understanding of the risks associated with cigarette smoking relative to current SG warnings. Implications The Tobacco Control Act requires cigarette packages and advertisements to bear PCW depicting the negative health consequences of smoking. This study tested whether any of 16 newly proposed PCW increased understanding of smoking-related risks relative to existing SG warnings. Results suggest that most PCW tested, particularly those related to less widely known health effects, resulted in greater learning of new information, higher self-reported learning, and greater reports of thinking about smoking risks compared with SG warnings. These results, along with other factors, informed the US Food and Drug Administration's selection of proposed PCW.
Long-term redox conditions in a landfill-leachate-contaminated groundwater

Abstract Indicators of redox conditions; oxygen, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, iron and manganese, and in addition, bicarbonate and total organic carbon were studied in groundwater samples contaminated by leachate emanating from Revdalen Landfill (Norway). Based on these variables, the study aimed to deduce the redox conditions in the aquifer. Literature on landfill leachate contamination of confined aquifers is scarce and to the best of our knowledge, this study, which describes long-term analysis of redox chemistry, is the first of its kind in such an environment. Groundwater samples were monitored for a period of 24 years, enabling us to describe redox conditions on both short-term and long-term bases. Levels of measured parameters in the contaminated aquifer varied spatially and with time, but were generally elevated except oxygen; pH (4.9–8.8), oxygen (0–11.3 mg/L), sulphate (0–28 mg/L), nitrate (0–16 mg N/L), ammonium (0.02–40 mg/L), iron (0–99 mg/L), manganese (0.06–16 mg/L), bicarbonate (22–616 mg/L) and total organic carbon (1.3–47 mg/L). From the result, levels of iron, manganese, nitrate and ammonium violated the Norwegian drinking water norms. However, iron, ammonium, total organic carbon and bicarbonate showed strong attenuation along the groundwater flow path. By contrast, oxygen, nitrate and sulphate increased farther out in the plume. The redox conditions that developed in the aquifer were similar to those previously reported for phreatic aquifers, structuring by proximity to the landfill as sulphate-reducing, iron-reducing, manganese-reducing, nitrate-reducing, and finally aerobic condition. Eventually, there was an apparent breakdown of this system due to ecosystem shift in the landfill when leachable reduced ions were depleted and the landfill became aerobic. Overall, the redox framework provided remarkable attenuation to contaminants, and thus prevented potential degradation of ecological health due to the landfill leachate.
COVID-19 Symptom Monitoring and Social Distancing in a University Population.

This paper reports on our efforts to collect daily COVID-19-related symptoms for a large public university population, as well as study relationship between reported symptoms and individual movements. We developed a set of tools to collect and integrate individual-level data. COVID-19-related symptoms are collected using a self-reporting tool initially implemented in Qualtrics survey system and consequently moved to .NET framework. Individual movement data are collected using off-the-shelf tracking apps available for iPhone and Android phones. Data integration and analysis are done in PostgreSQL, Python, and R. As of September 2020, we collected about 184,000 daily symptom responses for 20,000 individuals, as well as over 15,000 days of GPS movement data for 175 individuals. The analysis of the data indicates that headache is the most frequently reported symptom, present almost always when any other symptoms are reported as indicated by derived association rules. It is followed by cough, sore throat, and aches. The study participants traveled on average 223.61 km every week with a large standard deviation of 254.53 and visited on average 5.77 ± 4.75 locations each week for at least 10 min. However, there is no evidence that reported symptoms or prior COVID-19 contact affects movements (p > 0.3 in most models). The evidence suggests that although some individuals limit their movements during pandemics, the overall study population do not change their movements as suggested by guidelines.
Nonuniform Sampling Rate Conversion:An Efficient Approach

We present a discrete-time algorithm for nonuniform sampling rate conversion that presents low computational complexity and memory requirements. It generalizes arbitrary sampling rate conversion by accommodating time-varying conversion ratios, i.e., it can efficiently adapt to instantaneous changes of the input and output sampling rates. This approach is based on appropriately factorizing the time-varying discrete-time filter used for the conversion. Common filters that satisfy this factorization property are those where the underlying continuous-time filter consists of linear combinations of exponentials, e.g., those described by linear constant-coefficient differential equations. This factorization separates the computation into two parts:one consisting of a factor solely depending on the output sampling instants and the other consists of a summation—that can be computed recursively—whose terms depend solely on the input sampling instants and its number of terms is given by a relationship between input and output sampling instants. Thus, nonuniform sampling rates can be accommodated by updating the factors involved and adjusting the number of terms added. When the impulse response consists of exponentials, computing the factors can be done recursively in an efficient manner.
Surgeon practice patterns in transoral robotic surgery for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.

Abstract Objectives Analyze how otolaryngologists approach HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer in terms of patient selection for transoral surgery, perceptions of treatment related risks and benefits, and adjuvant treatment decisions. Materials and Methods A survey on HPV-related cancer management was distributed to otolaryngologists in the US through RedCap. Differences in responses were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Results A total of 111 out of 143 (77.6%) otolaryngologists completed the survey. Overall, most prefer treating T1/T2 tumors using transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and T3 tumors through primary radiation therapy (RT), though there were significant differences between cohorts. Non-fellowship-trained surgeons and those in community practices favored RT for T1/T2 more than their fellowship-trained and academic counterparts, respectively. For adjuvant treatment, non-fellowship-trained surgeons favored adjuvant CRT, whereas fellowship-trained surgeons preferred only adjuvant RT, for patients with lymphovascular or perineural invasion, >1 lymph node involvement, or close deep margins. TORS was viewed as having less adverse sequelae (i.e. dysphagia, dysphonia, xerostomia). Though the two modalities had similar oncologic outcomes, TORS was perceived as providing better quality of life (QOL). Conclusions There are variations in HPV-related OPSCC management based on surgeon background and preferences across the US. TORS and primary RT are believed to offer similar oncologic control, but the former provides lesser adverse sequelae and better QOL. Additionally, surgeon demographics (i.e. fellowship status, practice type, and region) can affect management decisions, including patient selection for TORS and adjuvant therapy decisions. Further study is required to better understand and standardize appropriate HPV-positive OPSCC management.
Association Between Comorbid Depression and Rates of Postoperative Complications, Readmissions, and Revision Arthroscopic Procedures After Elective Hip Arthroscopy:

Background:Depression and related psychiatric diagnoses are common in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). The effects of depression on postoperativ...
Compaction Comparison Testing Using a Modified Impact Soil Tester and Nuclear Density Gauge

This paper presents a study that compared test results of a modified Impact Soil Tester (IST) on compacted soil with data obtained from the same soil using a nuclear density gauge at the U.S. Army Corp of Engineer's Buena Vista Flood Wall project in Buena Vista, Virginia. This comparison testing demonstrated the credibility of the procedure developed for the IST as a compaction testing device. The comparison data was obtained on a variety of soils ranging from silty sands to clays. The Flood Wall comparison compaction data for 90% Standard Proctor shows that the results of the IST as modified are consistent with the nuclear density gauge 89% of the time for all types of soil tested; however, if the soils are more cohesive, then the results are consistent 97% of the time. These comparison tests are in general agreement with earlier testing using the same techniques and methods on compacted backfill in utility trenches.
Cyclo-Ergodicity, Part I: Application to Spectral Extraction

We consider the problem of estimating the spectral density of an amplitude-modulated random process in the presence of an additive “noise” or “interference” process, and we propose several methods for obtaining consistent estimates. Consistent estimation of almost periodically time-varying probabilistic parameters such as mean and autocovariance is discussed also.
Redistributive Colonialism: Caste, Conflict and Development in India

Prior work on colonialism has shown that colonial institutions can influence modern developments outcomes, but has not examined the distributional effect of colonialism within societies. This chapter examines how the strategic goals of the colonial state altered the distribution of wealth across Indian caste groups, and how these differences have persisted into the post-independence period. While the precolonial agrarian elite could provide a cheap and experienced group of administrators to the colonial state, they were also its most threatening potential rivals. Colonial administrators were thus only likely to transfer formal or informal power to these groups if they were secure militarily. This theory is tested using a new dataset of pre-colonial political conditions in India, and an empirical strategy that uses European wars as an exogenous determinate of colonial military stress. In areas annexed at times of European war, pre-colonial elites have low levels of wealth today relative to other groups, while in areas annexed at times of peace in Europe pre-colonial elites retain a more substantial economic advantage. Similarly, in indirectly ruled areas the caste of the ruler tends to be wealthier than other groups. The results highlight the variable impact of colonialism within societies, the strategic nature of colonial policy choices, and the long term consequences of colonial conquest.
Bayesian matrix factorization with side information and dirichlet process mixtures

Matrix factorization is a fundamental technique in machine learning that is applicable to collaborative filtering, information retrieval and many other areas. In collaborative filtering and many other tasks, the objective is to fill in missing elements of a sparse data matrix. One of the biggest challenges in this case is filling in a column or row of the matrix with very few observations. In this paper we introduce a Bayesian matrix factorization model that performs regression against side information known about the data in addition to the observations. The side information helps by adding observed entries to the factored matrices. We also introduce a nonpara-metric mixture model for the prior of the rows and columns of the factored matrices that gives a different regularization for each latent class. Besides providing a richer prior, the posterior distribution of mixture assignments reveals the latent classes. Using Gibbs sampling for inference, we apply our model to the Netflix Prize problem of predicting movie ratings given an incomplete user-movie ratings matrix. Incorporating rating information with gathered metadata information, our Bayesian approach outperforms other matrix factorization techniques even when using fewer dimensions.
On some electrochemical oscillators at the mercury ∣ water interface

Abstract The principles underlying electrochemical oscillators on mercury have been known for three decades. They are (1) the existence of a negative charge transfer resistance, (2) the general coupling between interfacial kinetics and mass transport, and (3) the inclusion of the effects of additional impedances, such as the double layer capacitance and any series (film, solution, and external) resistances. The charge transfer resistance needs to be defined in general rather than within the confines of a specific model, such as that of Erdey-Gruz and Volmer. The effects of the double layer capacitance and of series resistance can be incorporated by using general stability criteria for electrical circuits. The above effects suffice for a quantitative representation of several types of oscillations observed at the mercury ∣ water interface. Electrochemical oscillations are typically non-linear, and closed-form analytical solutions are not available. Models in which diffusion is approximated in terms of Nernst diffusion layers are useful for experiments enforcing stationary mass transport conditions, as with rotating disk electrodes, but do not apply to measurements on hanging or dropping mercury electrodes. Digital simulations do not require such steady-state approximations.
X-Ray Diffractometric Measurement of Microcrystallite Size, Unit Cell Dimensions, and Crystallinity: Application to Cellulosic Marine Textiles:

Procedures were developed to enable standard x-ray diffractometric equipment to be used to study and compare textile fiber crystallographic characteristics. The approach was based on fitting diffractometric data to the Gaussian distribution by weighted regression analysis, which also supported an assessment of error propagation. Crystallite dimensions were obtained through the Scherrer method using analytically derived spectral line breadths. Percent crystalline component was determined by summing background-corrected amorphous and crystalline components of the spectra. A dif fractometric analysis was made of samples of rare textiles recovered from a 133-year old shipwreck, as well as modem fabrics submerged for three months at the same deep ocean site. The microcrystallite size of the historic textile materials increased, while the percent crystalline component decreased and unit cell dimensions remained con stant. The crystallite sizes of modern linen immersed for three months with iron, copper, or alon...
Treatment and outcomes of left bundle-branch block patients with myocardial infarction who present without chest pain

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the importance of chest pain on presentation as a predictor of in-hospital treatment and mortality in myocardial infarction (MI) patients with left bundle-branch block (LBBB). BACKGROUND Left bundle-branch block patients have a high mortality after MI but are unlikely to receive reperfusion therapy despite evidence from clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Nearly half of MI patients with LBBB present without chest pain. METHODS We studied the clinical features, treatment and in-hospital survival of 29,585 patients with LBBB enrolled in the National Registry of MI 2 (June 1994 through March 1998). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent effect of chest pain on reperfusion decisions and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Left bundle-branch block patients with chest pain were greater than five-fold more likely to receive reperfusion therapy (13.6% vs. 2.6%) than LBBB patients without chest pain; they were also more likely to receive aspirin, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, heparin and nitrates (all p CONCLUSIONS Left bundle-branch block patients with MI who present without chest pain are less likely to receive optimal therapy and are at increased risk of death. Prompt recognition and treatment of this high-risk subgroup should improve survival.
Impact of Caregiving on Family Caregivers of Patients with Heart Failure

Background: Family caregivers play a significant role in the care of patients with heart failure (HF). Little is known about the factors associated with caregiver burden, and social support has never been examined in the context of HF. Moreover, the potential for positive caregiving experiences has been neglected in previous studies. Aims: To identify factors related to caregiver burden and positive experiences of caregiving among family caregivers of HF patients. Methods and Results: Data were collected by interview or self-report from 76 dyads of HF patients (mean 54 6 14 years, 55% male, 55% New York Heart Association class III) and their family caregivers (mean 53 6 16 years, 71% female, 74% spouse). Clinical data were obtained by medical record review. Lack of family support for caregivers was associated with patients’ NYHA class (b 5 .17, p 5 .04), caregivers’ relationships to the patients (b 5 .26, p ! .01), perceived control (b 5 .19, p 5 .04), and social support (b 5 -.49, p ! .01). Non-spousal caregivers perceived that they received less support from other family members compared to spousal caregivers. Financial strain was related to caregivers’ economic status (b 5 -.43, p ! .01), perceived control (b 5 -.24, p 5 .01), and social support (b 5 .26, p 5 .01). Factors associated with disruption of caregivers’ daily schedule included patients’ NYHA class (b 5 .27, p ! .01), the amount of caregiving tasks performed (b 5 .43, p ! .01), and caregivers’ perceived social support (b 5 .37, p ! .01). The impact of caregiving on caregivers’ health was associated with time since patient’s last hospital discharge (b 5 .26, p ! .01), caregivers’ perceived control (b 5 .21, p 5 .03), and social support (b 5 .45, p ! .01). Caregivers’ health was more affected by caregiving responsibilities for those whose family member’s last hospitalization was more recent than for others. Positive experiences of caregiving were related to caregiver race/ethnicity (b 5 .30, p ! .01), social support (b 5 .35, p ! .01), and the number of patient emergency room visits (b 5 .27, p 5 .01). Conclusions: Family caregivers of HF patients experience considerable burden from their caregiving responsibilities, although some report positive experiences as well. The findings suggest the need for interventions aimed at increasing caregivers’ sense of control and social support. The period following discharge from hospital is a critical time for both patients with HF and their caregivers. Health care providers must assess caregiver burden and the resources available to them to optimize the caregiving experience.
Measuring Virtues in Marital Education Programs and Marital Therapy

Traditional marriage evaluations typically focus on marital satisfaction and communication. However, other indicators of marital quality can be used to assess interactions within relationships. The current paper presents an evaluation of the Marital Virtues Profile (MVP), a brief and easy to understand assessment designed to measure virtues in marital relationships. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the hypothesized structure of the MVP and confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore its specific measurement properties. Results indicate that the 15 item MVP is an efficient and reliable measure of both specific marital virtues and an overall marital virtue. Limitations of the current study and applications of the MVP to marital education programs and therapeutic settings are discussed.
Stratospheric ozone response to a solar proton event - Hemispheric asymmetries

Large-scale stratospheric ozone reduction due to precipitating energetic solar protons is examined, based on the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite during the 1972 solar flare. Some chemical equations for the processes are outlined. Distinct asymmetries in the columnar ozone content, the amount of ozone depression, and their temporal variation above 4 mb level (about 38 km) were observed between the two hemispheres. These asymmetries are ascribed to the differences mainly in dynamics and partly in the solar illumination and the vertical temperature structure between the summer and the winter polar atmospheres.
Corona Losses Between Wires at Extra High Voltages-II

Results of corona loss tests upon three sizes of cables at voltages varying from 100 to 620 kv. and spacings from 18 to 38 feet are reported from the Engineering Experiment Station of Purdue University. These tests results, reduced to the standard 1000 feet of transmission line, are compared with corresponding values calculated from Peek's formula for similar conditions of operation. A description of the tower line and method of measurement of the losses in the high-voltage circuit is included. An empirical equation has been developed which approximates quite closely the relation between corona loss and voltage for different spacings. The variations of the empirical coefficient of this equation are indicated for 2/0 and 4/0 cables. Three methods of attacking the problem of modified transmission line design for the elimination of excessive corona losses between wires at extra high voltages have been outlined for further research and study. I. Calculation of Capacity and Corresponding Radius of Equivalent Coronal Conductor and Its Relation to Voltage between Wires. II. Determination of Corona Losses between One Wire and Ground. III. Photographic Reproduction of Equivalent Electrostatic Field Surrounding Model Conductors with Proportional Spacings between Wires and Ground. The paper should be considered a progress report to be enlarged and analyzed further at a later time.
Longitudinal study of changes in blogs

Web-based distributed collections often include links to documents that are expected to change frequently, such as blogs. The study reported here demonstrates that blog changes follow specific patterns. The results also illustrate the substantial role of standardized templates in blog pages. These results extend our earlier models that assess the significance of Web page change from a human perspective. These improved models will enable software systems to assist human collection managers in identifying unexpected changes and aberrant events.
Volcanic mixed avalanches: A distinct eruption-triggered mass-flow process at snow-clad volcanoes

A generally unrecognized type of pyroclastic deposit was produced by rapid avalanches of intimately mixed snow and hot pyroclastic debris during eruptions at Mount St. Helens, Nevado del Ruiz, and Redoubt Volcano between 1982 and 1989. These "mixed avalanches" traveled as far as 14 km at velocities up to ∼27 m/s, involved as much as 10 7 m 3 of rock and ice, and left unmelted deposits of single flow units as thick as 5 m. During flow downslope, heat transfer from hot rocks to snow produced meltwater that partially saturated the mixtures, apparently giving these mixed avalanches mobilities equal to or greater than those of "dry" debris avalanches of similar volume. The avalanches studied for this report began as snow avalanches, triggered during explosive phases of the eruptions by ballistic bombardment of snow slopes by hot pyroclastic debris. Erosion by the avalanches incorporated additional snow, fragments of glacier ice, and other rock debris. Mixed-avalanche deposits were massive, very poorly sorted, and ungraded to inversely graded prior to melting. Although rock debris composed as much as 70 wt% of the frozen samples, the bulk volumetric content of rock debris was only 9% to 36%. Snow and ice composed between 36% and 72% of the frozen samples, with void space making up the remainder of the volume. Deformation and consolidation after melting of the ice content reduced the deposits to loose, porous layers that were only a fraction of their original thickness and that later gave little hint of their origin. After melting and desiccation, the deposits are highly susceptible to erosion and unlikely to be well preserved in the stratigraphic record.
Modeling approach for transit rolling-stock deterioration prediction

An effective public transportation management system (PTMS) requires accurate and efficient models for the prediction of rolling-stock conditions. If the state of any given rolling-stock unit is known, its future condition can be predicted from the corresponding deterioration curves. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate and model the relative importance of factors causing deterioration of rolling stock and, second, to provide projections of future condition to be used in transit capital programming. A methodology was developed for the estimating of rolling-stock deterioration models from condition rating data. Using a rolling-stock inspection data set from Indiana, the capabilities of the proposed methodology are empirically demonstrated. This ordered probit-based methodology provides models that are intuitively appealing, fundamentally sound, and a useful and easy-to-use tool in projecting future rolling-stock condition. The models presented in this paper are a part of the public transit management system being developed in Indiana for determining optimal rolling-stock maintenance, repair, and replacement strategies.
Photochemical tissue bonding: a promising technique for peripheral nerve repair.

Background Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a novel tissue repair technique that uses visible light and a photosensitizing dye to crosslink proteins on tissue surfaces. This technique has been successfully demonstrated in a number of tissue repair models. An ideal nerve repair technique would be atraumatic and avoid placement of foreign bodies at the repair site. The epineurium is suited to photochemical repair as it is thin, translucent and has a relatively high collagen content. This study was designed to determine if PTB could be successfully applied in a peripheral nerve repair model. Material and methods Forty Sprague Dawley rats underwent transection of the sciatic nerve. Animals were then randomized to four treatment groups; epineurial suture repair, epineurial cuff with PTB, epineurial cuff alone, and no repair. Functional recovery was assessed at 10 day intervals using walking track analysis and sciatic function index calculations. At 90 days postoperatively animals were sacrificed and sciatic nerves harvested for histology and histomorphometry. Results Functional recovery in the suture repair and epineural cuff with PTB groups were not significantly different (−70.6 ± 17.8 versus −76.9 ± 10.3, P = 0.64) at 90 days postrepair. Histology showed good axonal regeneration with all repair techniques. Histomorphometric analysis found no significant difference between the repair groups. Conclusions This study illustrates that peripheral nerves can be successfully repaired using a photochemical tissue bonding technique with results similar to those achieved with the current gold standard. With further development and refinement PTB may prove a useful tool in peripheral nerve repair.
Numerical studies of steady, viscous, incompressible flow between two rotating spheres

Abstract A new numerical method, developed for the study of secondary flow in a curved tube, is adapted and extended to the study of viscous, incompressible, steady flow between two rotating spheres. The Navier-Stokes equations are approximated by a triple sequence of linear problems, each of which has a diagonally dominant coefficient matrix. Computer examples are described and discussed.
Concomitants of Playfulness in Early Childhood: Cognitive Abilities and Gender

Summary Previous research has noted a corresponding relationship between young children's play and divergent thinking ability. This research confounds intelligence factors and divergent thought processes and does not take into account sex differences, which have been shown to be pervasive in preschool children's play patterns. This original research is replicated with 92 preschool children who are rated on five components of playfulness, and then administered a battery of standardized tests assessing verbal intelligence and divergent thinking ability. Results were consistent with those found in the original investigation, yet differences emerged when the intelligence factor was partitioned from the analysis. Sex differences were found to mediate this result, with girls showing a positive relationship between play and divergent thinking and boys showing an inverse, and in some cases, absence of a relationship.
Dynamic critical phenomena at a holographic critical point

We study time-dependent perturbations to a family of five-dimensional black hole spacetimes constructed as a holographic model of the QCD phase diagram. We use the results to calculate two transport coefficients, the bulk viscosity and conductivity, as well as the associated baryon diffusion constant, throughout the phase diagram. Near the critical point in the $T\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}$ plane, the transport coefficients remain finite, although their derivatives diverge, and the diffusion goes to zero. This provides further evidence that large-${N}_{c}$ gauge theories suppress convective transport. We also find a divergence in the low-temperature bulk viscosity, outside the region expected to match QCD, and compare the results to the transport behavior of known $R$-charged black holes.
8.2.1 Engineering a Telework Solution

Telework is the application of information technology to enable workers to perform their jobs from home or other locations to avoid commuting through congested rush hour traffic. Successful telework solutions will provide the organization as well as the teleworker with the means to perform their job, potentially more efficiently than before, while achieving increased employee satisfaction, reducing facility costs for the employer, and reducing traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and green-house gasses. This paper describes the concept of telework and outlines a systems engineering approach to implementation of telework solutions that extend beyond casual ad-hoc instances.
Five-degree-of-freedom manipulation of an untethered magnetic device in fluid using a single permanent magnet with application in stomach capsule endoscopy

This paper demonstrates magnetic three-degree-of-freedom 3-DOF closed-loop position and 2-DOF open-loop orientation control of a mockup magnetic capsule endoscope in fluid with a single permanent magnet positioned by a commercial 6-DOF robotic manipulator, using feedback of only the 3-DOF capsule position measured by a localization system, with application in capsule endoscopy of a fluid-distended stomach. We analyze the kinematics of magnetic manipulation using a single permanent magnet as the end-effector of a serial-link robot manipulator, and we formulate a control method that enables the capsule's position and direction to be controlled when the robot manipulator is not in a kinematic singularity, and that sacrifices control over the capsule's direction to maintain control over the capsule's position when the manipulator enters a singularity. We demonstrate the method's robustness to a reduced control rate of 25 Hz, reduced localization rates down to 30 Hz, deviation in the applied magnetic field from that expected, and the presence of manipulator singularities. Five-DOF manipulation of an untethered magnetic device has been previously demonstrated by electromagnetic systems only.
Kap104p: A Karyopherin Involved in the Nuclear Transport of Messenger RNA Binding Proteins

A cytosolic yeast karyopherin, Kap104p, was isolated and shown to function in the nuclear import of a specific class of proteins. The protein bound directly to repeat-containing nucleoporins and to a cytosolic pool of two nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) binding proteins, Nab2p and Nab4p. Depletion of Kap104p resulted in a rapid shift of Nab2p from the nucleus to the cytoplasm without affecting the localization of other nuclear proteins tested. This finding suggests that the major function of Kap104p lies in returning mRNA binding proteins to the nucleus after mRNA export.
Relationship of oxygen consumption and cardiac output to work of breathing

This study examined the relationship between work of breathing and estimated blood flow to and oxygen consumption by the respiratory muscles. Five subjects performed inspiratory loaded breathing and voluntary hyperpnea while ventilatory work, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption were measured. Blood flow to and oxygen consumption by the respiratory muscles were estimated by subtracting the resting from the working values of cardiac output the oxygen consumption, respectively. Loaded breathing increased cardiac output, but there was no significant correlation with work of breathing, while oxygen consumption was significantly correlated with work of breathing. During hyperpnea both cardiac output and oxygen consumption were correlated with work of breathing. Our results indicate that blood flow and oxygen consumption are increased in a regular pattern with increases in work of breathing. These results may be significant in estimating the demand of the respiratory muscles in disease and exercise.
Crises, crude oil and BRIC stock markets

This study complements the debate on the linkages between crude oil and BRIC stock markets. The usage of the most recent data with daily frequency within a period of two economic crises makes this study very timely and its results valuable both for researchers and investors. The main focus of this study is the impact of crude oil price on dissimilar BRIC economies. The main results indicate linear cointegration of Chinese and Brazilian stock markets with crude oil prices, whereas in case of India and Russia threshold cointegration is present. The study also shows that India’s BSE30 precedes crude oil futures, whereas China, Russia and Brazil have a bi-directional causality between the stock markets and crude oil prices.
Secretory potentials in rat submaxillary gland.

SummaryChanges in membrane potential in relation to stimulation (secretory potentials) were investigated in cells of rat submaxillary gland. In acinar cells, stimulation of the parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation evoked secretory potentials which were small in magnitude and inconstant in form. Either hyperpolarization or depolarization occurred when each autonomic branch was separately stimulated. It is suggested that more than one ionic shift occurs across the membrane during stimulation and that the form of the potentials depends upon an algebraic balance of ion movements at any time.
A Mammalian Herpesvirus Uses Noncanonical Expression and Processing Mechanisms to Generate Viral MicroRNAs

Canonical primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) precursors are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and then processed by the Drosha endonuclease to generate approximately 60 nt pre-miRNA hairpins. Pre-miRNAs in turn are cleaved by Dicer to generate mature miRNAs. Previously, some short introns, called miRtrons, were reported to fold into pre-miRNA hairpins after splicing and debranching, and miRNAs can also be excised by Dicer cleavage of rare endogenous short hairpin RNAs. Here we report that the miRNAs encoded by murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68) are also generated via atypical mechanisms. Specifically, MHV68 miRNAs are transcribed from RNA polymerase III promoters located within adjacent viral tRNA-like sequences. The resultant pri-miRNAs, which bear a 5' tRNA moiety, are not processed by Drosha but instead by cellular tRNase Z, which cleaves 3' to the tRNA to liberate pre-miRNA hairpins that are then processed by Dicer to yield the mature viral miRNAs.
Parental Follow-Through of Neuropsychological Recommendations for Childhood-Cancer Survivors

In the past 40 years, outcomes for children with cancer have changed considerably. The survival rate has increased to approximately 80%. With success and survival come detriments that often occur over time called late effects of cancer treatment. When the central nervous system is treated with radiation or chemotherapy, we often see impairment to the senses, cognition, and learning. For children who receive central nervous system treatment, follow-up with a neuropsychological evaluation is an excellent tool to evaluate learning and behavior in relationship to a child’s brain. The authors’ research examined neuropsychological evaluations for common themes related to diagnosis, age, sex, and/or treatment received, and the authors investigated whether the families implemented recommendations suggested in the neuropsychological evaluation. Less than 50% of recommendations from evaluations were implemented. The authors found that families need ongoing support and knowledge to implement the neuropsychological t...