cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Updated review of potential medicinal genetic resources in the USDA, ARS, PGRCU industrial and legume crop germplasm collections.

Abstract Twenty-two health functional legumes and industrial crops contain several phytochemicals and extracts which have potential use as medicinal plants or functional foods in the United States and other countries worldwide. The objective of this study was to present a review of several legume species in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit’s (PGRCU) collection for potential use as non-traditional human and veterinary medicinal plants. Specific phytochemicals and extracts from various plant organs will be identified and discussed from these legumes and industrial crops. Potential phyto-pharmaceuticals including flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, cliotides, steroids, and saponin from butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) flowers, seed coats, and roots; saponin, steroids, anthro-quinones, terpinoids, flavonoids, and phlabotanin from Indigofera cassioides Rottler ex DC. leaves; dequelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin, and sumatrol from hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] seeds and roots; L-dopa from velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. and Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight seeds; pachyerosin from jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. seeds; vitexin from blue wiss [Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng] aerial parts and flavonol glycoside from stems; caffeic, ferulic, cinnamic acids, and kaempferol from mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal sprouts; 7S globulins from mungbean (V. radiata (L.) R. Wilczek seeds; defensin, unguilin, trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, 7S globulins from cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp seeds, and plant extracts. These phytochemicals and extracts have been shown to have multiple potential uses including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-asthmatic, anti-tuberculosis, anti-malaria, Parkinson’s disease management, anti-cancer, antioxidant, oxidative stress reduction, cholesterol reduction, anti-Leishmania amazonensi, anti-breast cancer, anti-inflammatory, skin disease inhibition, reducing blood pressure, immunostimulation, myocardial ischemia protection, anthelmintic, improve eye surface protection from dry eye symptoms, and preventing oral bacteria and kidney damage. These species could provide the human and veterinary medicinal and functional food industries with valuable health products and can be used by other scientist’s and breeders for the development of unique germplasm and/or advanced cultivars with one or more of these traits. Furthermore, many more plant species in the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (PGRCU) collection need to be evaluated for the identification, quantification, and variability of potentially and very valuable health traits which are currently unknown.
Challenging the conventional wisdom on diabetic nephropathy: Is microalbuminuria the earliest event?

Abstract Microalbuminuria, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 and less than Low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins are smaller than albumin and less restricted by the glomerular filtration barrier. Normal individuals excrete no >10 to 20 mg/day low-molecular-weight proteins in urine, as they are absorbed in the proximal tubules. Thus, LMW proteinuria, or non-albumin proteinuria (NAP) is a reliable marker of tubular dysfunction in patients without glomerular involvement. In some cohorts of patients with diabetes (DM), tubular proteinuria preceded microalbuminuria, and similar to the findings reported by Han et al. in this issue of the journal, the tubular origin of these proteins was confirmed through correlations with the increased urinary concentrations of N‑Acetyl‑β‑ d ‑Glucosaminidase (NAG), a marker of tubular-lysosomal injury. Observations show significant NAP in the urine of DM patients without microalbuminuria; and that NAP correlates with NAG. In many studies it appears that NAP often precedes microalbuminuria, and is likely not the earliest biomarker of diabetic kidney disease. The conclusion that microalbuminuria is a biomarker of glomerular endothelial injury and that it is the earliest finding in DKD requires a re-appraisal. Data increasingly suggest that in early stages of DKD, NAP precedes microalbuminuria, and that microalbuminuria itself may be a consequence of impaired tubular reabsorption.
Placing Value on Telemedicine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Telemedicine can take a number of forms. A popular approach is the use of telemonitoring, which takes advantage of available technology to follow patients remotely. Cross and colleagues present the results of a well-done randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a telemonitoring program for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. They did not show a difference in disease activity, but this study leads us to question whether we know the appropriate outcomes to follow for telemedicine interventions. If we can show that telemedicine maintains quality of care at lower costs, the value of these types of interventions will ultimately be increased.
A Web Platform for Globally Interconnected 6LoWPANs

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables a variety of application scenarios with daily life objects, some of them equipped with sensors or actuators, connected to the Internet. The standardization of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) on the resource-constrained devices by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) facilitates the integration of low-power wireless networks into the Internet. A full-stack Web application is designed to communicate with the lowpower constrained nodes over globally deployed IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) through CoAP. This Web application is based on Java Spring MVC framework and can be divided into three parts: communicating with the sensors, deploying the database and visualizing the data.
Calculating ground state properties of correlated fermionic systems with BCS trial wave functions in Slater determinant path-integral approaches

We introduce an efficient and numerically stable technique to make use of a BCS trial wave function in the computation of correlation functions of strongly correlated quantum fermion systems. The technique is applicable to any projection approach involving paths of independent-fermion propagators, for example, in mean-field or auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) calculations. Within AFQMC, in the absence of the sign problem, the methodology allows the use of a BCS reference state which can greatly reduce the required imaginary time of projection and improves Monte Carlo sampling efficiency and statistical accuracy for systems where pairing correlations are important. When the sign problem is present, the approach provides a powerful generalization of the constrained-path AFQMC technique which usually uses Slater determinant trial wave functions. As a demonstration of the capability of the methodology, we present benchmark results for the attractive Hubbard model, both spin balanced (no sign problem) and with a finite spin polarization (with sign problem).
Dioxane−Monochloroborane: A New and Highly Reactive Hydroborating Reagent with Exceptional Properties

Dioxane−monochloroborane was prepared by the reaction of dioxane and dioxane−BCl3 with diborane or NaBH4 in 98% purity. The adduct thus obtained is a liquid, 6.2 M in BH2Cl, stable indefinitely at either 0 or 25 °C. The adduct hydroborates simple unhindered olefins to the corresponding dialkylchloroboranes within 0.5 h, while moderately hindered olefins take 1−4 h at room temperature. Hindered tetrasubstituted olefins rapidly hydroborate to the monoalkylchloroborane stage with further hydroboration slow. Regioselectivity studies of representative olefins reveal that this new reagent possesses selectivities similar to those from the monochloroborane−diethyl ether adduct. Consequently, dioxane−monochloroborane can readily substitute for the older hydroborating agents, BH3:THF and BH3:DMS.
Experience-Based Creativity

Calculation is only one side of it. In chess no less important is intuition, inspiration, or, if you prefer, mood. I for example cannot always explain why in one position this move is good, and in another bad. In my games I have sometimes found a combination intuitively simply feeling that it must be there. Yet I was not able to translate my thought processes into normal human language. Former World Champion Mikhal Tal.
Acid/Base Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently causes metabolic acidosis. By stage 4 CKD approximately 40% of patients have metabolic acidosis. This is usually a hyperchloremic acidosis with a near-normal anion gap and normal S[K]. When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 20 mL/min, a classic high anion gap metabolic acidosis ensues. Although a variety of defects in acid–base regulation have been reported, the predominant defect causing acidosis is an inadequate increase in ammonium excretion in the urine. A variety of complications are caused by this acidosis in conjunction with the other consequences of CKD: loss of muscle mass, loss of bone mineral, insulin resistance, and faster loss of GFR. Increased mortality is associated with the acidosis as well. Treatment of the acidosis may be with sodium bicarbonate, citrate, or diets high in fruits and vegetables. A few single-center trials have suggested that treatment of acidosis improves the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and improves muscle function. Similar treatments have been evaluated in a few studies in patients with normal systemic pH and serum bicarbonate concentration. The rationale for such studies is based on some evidence of retained acid in selected patients with CKD.
Development of a non-intrusive radiative heat flux measurement for upward flame spread using DSLR camera based two-color pyrometry

Abstract A non-intrusive flame to fuel surface radiative heat flux measurement technique is developed using two-color pyrometry of front and side images of upward flame spread along poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Commercially available Nikon DSLR cameras are radiometrically calibrated to measure soot temperature from the red and green channels of the color images using two-color pyrometry. A 3D ray tracing algorithm is developed to compute radiative heat flux from a sooting flame to the solid fuel surface. Computed heat fluxes are compared to convection corrected Schmidt–Boelter heat flux measurements located at the center of the sample and are shown to be within ± 6.5%. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first attempt to develop a non-intrusive radiative heat flux measurement using DSLR cameras and two-color pyrometry. Flame height estimates using the computed heat flux values are in good agreement with visual observations and prior measurements reported in the literature.
Identification of the Laplacian Spectrum from Sparse Local Measurements

This paper addresses the problem of identifying the Laplacian spectrum of a network of interconnected dynamical systems based on sparse local measurements. In the case of networks of linear systems, we show that the sparsity pattern of eigenvectors of the Laplacian plays a key role in identifying the corresponding spectrum. For example, our technique determines which part of this spectrum is identifiable from sparse local measurements obtained at a single node. The results are then extended to the problem of identifying the Laplacian spectrum of nonlinear networks using the Koopman operator. In particular, we show that when the nonlinear network admits an invariant Koopman subspace with respect to the nonlinear observable, the sparsity pattern of the eigenvectors of the Laplacian characterizes the identifiability of the corresponding spectrum.
Symptom Profiles of CD and ODD Among Youth With Perinatally Acquired HIV.

Objective Youth with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV) face increased risk for conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and heterogeneous findings indicate that there may be subgroups of youth with PHIV differing in the quality and/or frequency of symptoms. The present study examined symptom profiles of CD and ODD among youth with PHIV and whether profiles differed in terms of parent-child and family correlates. Methods Participants included 314 youth with PHIV, aged 6-17 years (M = 12.88 years, SD = 3.08; 51% male; 85% Black or Latinx), and their caregivers who were recruited from 29 clinics in the US involved in the International Maternal Pediatrics Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) Group's P1055 study. Caregivers reported on youth CD and ODD symptoms, parent-child interactions, and family environment. Results Latent class analysis indicated that a four-class model (i.e., moderate CD/high ODD, high ODD, moderate ODD, low CD/ODD) best fit the data. Ancillary analyses to validate these classes revealed differences for family cohesion and conflict; and child-centeredness, detachment, guilt-induced control, and consistency in parent-child interactions. The low CD/ODD class generally differed from other classes with additional differentiation between some higher risk profiles. Conclusions Findings suggest that homogeneous classes of CD/ODD symptoms can be identified among youth with PHIV, and these profiles differ in terms of family processes, consistent with previous work among chronically ill youth.
Early Women's Rights Activists and the Meaning of the 14th Amendment

The purpose of this paper is to consider the meaning of the 14th Amendment as it applies to women in the United States through the perspective of women’s rights litigants, advocates, and their allies in the 1860s and 1870s. Originalism as a method for constitutional interpretation can take many forms, including giving weight to the original intent of the drafters of the Constitution or its amendments, deferring to the understandings of the ratifiers in state conventions or legislatures, or perhaps giving weight to the “public meaning” or “public understanding” of the documents by considering newspaper editorials, pamphlets, and dictionary definitions in use at the times of their ratifications. In that sense, this paper is an originalist approach to interpreting the 14th Amendment as it was understood by a small group of people who were particularly active in the earliest debates on its meaning. Although their legal arguments ultimately failed and generally did not reflect the intentions of drafters and ratifiers, they nonetheless enjoy some acceptance in modern schools of constitutional thought. Modern interpretations as well as those from contemporaneous statesmen and jurists will be considered to provide some orientation and comparison. To map this analysis broadly, Part I will provide a broad overview of the meaning of the 14th Amendment. Modern scholars argue that it protects some or all categories of individuals within the jurisdiction of the United States, and they variously claim that section 1 protects substantive or procedural civil, political, natural, fundamental, or common law rights. Some even argue it houses the principle of general, social equality. Part II will be divided between political efforts and legal efforts. It will focus first on the political efforts and the accompanying interpretations of the 14th Amendment from some of the most prominent activists during the 1860s and 1870s. It will then explore the legal arguments of women’s rights activists and their attorneys engaged in litigation from three notable cases in the earliest days after the amendment's ratification.
Acquiescence in the face of dispossession in the Mahindra World City Special Economic Zone, Tamil Nadu, India:

Scholarship on community responses to land grabs for Special Economic Zones (SEZs) has overwhelmingly analysed cases of mobilization against SEZs or the subsequent trajectories of anti-dispossessio...
Secure mmWave-Radar-Based Speaker Verification for IoT Smart Home

Voice assistant devices function as interaction gateways in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) smart home. By using voice assistants, users are able to control smart homes via speech commands. However, voice assistants introduce potential security risks and privacy disclosures. For example, malicious actors could impersonate genuine users to send smart home speech commands. Speaker/user verification thus becomes a critical issue for smart home security. This article proposes a secure method for speaker verification in IoT smart homes using millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar. Specifically, we utilize the radar to capture both vocal cord vibration (VCV) and lip motion (LM) as multimodal biometrics for identifying speakers. Traditional voice-based speaker verification methods are vulnerable to impostor attacks, such as replay attacks and voice synthesis attacks, that use recorded or imitated voice audio to spoof the system. Our approach is able to protect IoT smart homes from these attacks by continuously detecting the liveness of the user using mmWave sensing and deep learning techniques. Extensive experiments show that the proposed approach can achieve high verification accuracy and be more robust against imposter attacks.
Gaming Gone Viral: An Analysis of the Emerging Esports Narrative Economy

In this article, we use narrative economics to analyze the social conditions promoting the growth in private investment in esports—specifically in North American esports teams and franchises. Inves...
How Virtual Reality Can Be Used In Archaeology

This paper presents the emergence of VR/MR/XR/AR technology to augment the documentation and publication of archeological historical sites by faculty and students at Utah Valley University, Orem, USA. It presents the methodologies use to create virtual tours of the archeological site Beit Lehi in Israel and outlines the methodology to create 3D digitization of artifacts from this secure site. The paper outlines the use of virtual 360° photography and 360° videography by UVU faculty and students to produce digital artifacts to document the discoveries at the archeological site. Additionally, this paper outlines the nature of the constantly changing VR/MR/XR/AR platform and technologies.
Surveillance of Hypertension Among Women of Reproductive Age: A Review of Existing Data Sources and Opportunities for Surveillance Before, During, and After Pregnancy

Hypertension is one of the largest modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States, and when it occurs during pregnancy, it can lead to serious risks for both the mother and child. There is currently no nationwide or state surveillance system that specifically monitors hypertension among women of reproductive age (WRA). We reviewed hypertension information available in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS) health surveys, the Health care Cost and Utilization Project administrative data sets (National Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, and State Emergency Department Database and the Nationwide Readmissions Database), and the National Vital Statistics System. BRFSS, NHIS, and NHANES and administrative data sets have the capacity to segment nonpregnant WRA from pregnant women. PRAMS collects information on hypertension before and during pregnancy only among women with a live birth. Detailed information on hypertension in the postpartum period is lacking in the data sources that we reviewed. Enhanced data collection may improve opportunities to conduct surveillance of hypertension among WRA.
Examining the Relationship Between CPAP Adherence and Attention/executive functioning Among OSA-Diagnosed Older Adults

Introduction BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a treatable respiratory condition that becomes more prevalent with age. The extant literature suggests OSA is associated with domain-general cognitive dysfunction, though attention/executive skills may be disproportionately affected (Stranks & Crowe, 2016). Meta-analytic data further suggest that treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can result in small to medium improvements in executive function (Olaithe & Bucks, 2013). However, the relationship between CPAP adherence and executive dysfunction in older adults is less clear – an important target of investigation given mounting evidence demonstrating a link between OSA and age-related cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease (Mullins et al., 2020). Accordingly, the current study examined the relationship between self-reported CPAP adherence and attention/executive function, namely basic attention span and executive control, in a mixed clinical sample of older adults with OSA. Methods METHODS: Data were obtained from the McLean Hospital Neuropsychology Data Repository, which is a comprehensive, archival dataset comprised of patients who completed a neuropsychological evaluation as part of routine clinical care. The current study examined a transdiagnostic subset of older adults aged 50+ years with OSA. Data were analyzed using univariate general linear models, with self-reported CPAP adherence (i.e., no CPAP vs full/partial adherence) as a fixed factor, performance on each condition of the WAIS-IV Digit Span task as outcome variables, and age as a covariate. Results RESULTS: Of the sample used (N=52), 52% were either fully or partially CPAP compliant (n=27), whereas 48% were entirely non-compliant (n=25). Significant performance differences (p Conclusions DISCUSSION: These results suggest that at least some degree of CPAP treatment adherence amongst OSA-diagnosed older adults may improve working memory cognitive processes, compared to non-compliancy. Limitations Further research should consider methods for accurately quantifying OSA severity and CPAP treatment (i.e., partial versus full compliancy), distinguishing OSA diagnosis/treatment between different age demographics (i.e., middle adults versus older adults), determining possible relationships between time of diagnosis and initiating treatment/non-treatment, and controlling for co-occurring variables that impact sleep and cognitive functioning (i.e., medication side effects, comorbid vascular and respiratory conditions, psychiatric comorbidities). Future studies should also consider examining larger, age-specific OSA populations, with a more extensive examination of neurocognitive functioning across domains that have been suggested to be strongly influenced by working memory processes (e.g., attention, learning/memory, executive functioning). Funding N/A
Designing Protocol to Manage Influence Activities and Promote Information Transmission

Many organizational relationships are governed by communication "protocols" which specify how parties are to converse with each other as well as who parties are to directly communicate with. This paper presents a model of strategic communication that establishes the use of protocol as a tool for controlling influence activities and information transmission in organizations. In the model, direct communication between any two parties is subject to a two-sided inefficiency, as efforts to influence signals and responsiveness to observed signals are strategic complements. I study the welfare effects of improving modes of communication (e.g. in-person vs. E-mail communication) in organizations, as well as the effects of enforcing communication via strategic intermediaries. The results of the model are applied to study various communication practices observed in organizations, ranging from open-door policies to rigid, hierarchical communication.
Teaching Teachers: Roles for Mathematicians

Este articulo examina el papel que los matematicos pueden desempenar en la educacion matematica de los profesores y por que esta participacion es necesaria. Se presentan algunas observaciones generales sobre este tema y luego se describen las clases de matematicas dirigidas tanto a futuros profesores de primaria como de secundaria que se imparten en una universidad especifica. Luego, se describe y analiza brevemente el papel de los matematicos en la formacion de profesores. Al final del articulo, se considera el desarrollo profesional docente
Non-linear waves in chromatography. I. Waves, shocks, and shapes

Abstract Cause and effect in non-linear chromatography are examined from the point of view of wave theory. This first of four instalments is restricted to single-component systems and examines monotonic concentration variations and chromatographic peaks and bands. It uses the wave equation, which states the velocity at which a given concentration advances, to establish the properties of “waves,” that is, monotonic concentration variations. Depending on the sense of curvature of the isotherm, a wave may be self-sharpening or nonsharpening. A self-sharpening wave remains, or sharpens to become, a shock layer; a nonsharpening wave spreads indefinitely, eventually in proportion to traveled distance. The concentration profile of a shock layer depends on the shape of the isotherm and on the dispersive effect of non-idealities, of which resistance to mass transfer usually is the most important. Mass-transfer resistance in the moving phase causes “fronting:” mass-transfer resistance within the stationary sorbent causes “tailing.” It is therefore in general not possible to model shock layers with only a single, lumped mass-transfer parameter. The concentration profile of a nonsharpening wave depends almost exclusively on the shape of the isotherm. The knowledge of wave behavior is used to examine peak shapes in elution under overload conditions and bands in displacement. The peak shape in elution is almost entirely determined by the degree of overload and the shape of the isotherm. Wave theory confirms a rule previously stated by Knox that, in columns exceeding a certain length, samples containing the same amount of solute give peaks of essentially the same shape under conditions of predominant concentration overload, predominant volume overload, or any combination of the two. In displacement development, the final pattern can be established by determination of the lengths of the bands of the individual components according to Tiselius and separate calculation of the shock-layer profiles.
LPMEME: A Statistical Method for Inductive Logic Programming

This paper describes LPMEME, a new learning algorithm for inductive logic programming that uses statistical techniques to find first-order patterns. LPMEME takes as input examples in the form of logical facts and outputs a first-order theory that is represented to some degree in all of the examples. LPMEME uses an underlying statistical model whose parameters are learned using expectation maximization, an iterative gradient descent method for maximum likelihood parameter estimation. The underlying statistical model is described and the EM algorithm developed. Experimental tests show that LPMEME can learn first-order concepts and can be used to find approximate solutions to the subgraph isomorphism problem.
Is there a ϱ in the O(4) λø44 theory

Abstract A Monte Carlo simulation of the O (4) λo 4 theory in the broken phase is performed on a hypercubic lattice in search of an I =1, J =1 resonance. The region of the cutoff theory where the interaction is strong is investigated since it is there that a resonance would be expected to have a better chance to form. In that region the presence of an I =1, J =1 resonance with mass below the cutoff is excluded.
The Public Policy Doctrine and Interjurisdictional Recognition of Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships

Interjurisdictional recognition of same-sex marriages and quasi-marital statuses is an issue of major legal and cultural significance. The conflict of laws issues though are fairly easy to resolve. This paper considers whether a same-sex couple from a state that does not permit same-sex marriages, civil unions, or domestic partnerships who enter into such a relationship in a state where such relationships are legal and then returns to the state where the couple resides will be able to have the relationship enforced. My conclusions can be easily summarized. First, the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution does not require a state to honor laws of other states that are contrary to its public policy. Second, in a conflict of laws analysis, the public policy doctrine affords states the freedom to refuse recognition of same-sex marriages, civil unions, or domestic partnerships. To the extent these quasi-marital statuses are treated as marriages, the public policy doctrine provides adequate support for the refusal to recognize these relationships if a state chooses to adopt a policy of non-recognition. To the extent these relationships are treated as contracts, public policysimilarly affords support for the refusal to recognize these relationships. Finally, a state’s exercise of the public policy exemption is not unconstitutional discrimination against the laws of a sister state.
Prediction of surface roughness in end milling using swarm intelligence

A new technique from EC (evolutionary computation), PSO (particle swarm optimization), is implemented to model the end milling process and predict the resulting surface roughness. Data is collected from CNC cutting experiments using DOE approach. The data is used for model calibration and validation. The inputs to the model consist of feed, speed and depth of cut while the output from the model is surface roughness. The model is validated through a comparison of the experimental values with their predicted counterparts. A good agreement is found. The proved technique opens the door for a new, simple and efficient approach that could be applied to the calibration of other empirical models of machining.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymers

Abstract Static or low-damage secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with charged or neutral particle (fast atom bombardment (FAB)) beams have been used to characterize thin and thick films of polymers, respectively. Results are presented for polystyrene which yield fragment ions similar to those observed in pyrolysis GC/MS. A series of plasticizers studied show characteristic ions; additionally, an intriguing time-dependent metal complex was observed as [2M+Ag].
Pedigree analysis for quantitative traits : variance components without matrix inversion

Recent developments in the animal breeding literature facilitate estimation of the variance components in quantitative genetic models. However, computation remains intensive, and many of the procedures are restricted to specialized designs and models, unsuited to data arising from studies of natural populations. We develop algorithms that allow maximum likelihood estimation of variance components for data on arbitrary pedigree structures. The proposed methods can be implemented on microcomputers, since no intensive matrix computations or manipulations are involved. Although parts of our procedures have been previously presented, we unify these into an overall scheme whose intuitive justification clarifies the approach. Two examples are analyzed: one of data on a natural population of Salivia lyrata and the other of simulated data on an extended pedigree.
Cell birthdays in Xenopus laevis retina

Using an in vitro differentiation system, we reevaluated the stages of development during which retinal neurons become postmitotic in Xenopus laevis. We also examined whether retinal detachment and removal of the pigment epithelium stimulated proliferation of previously postmitotic retinal cells. Retinas with and without an adherent pigment epithelium (stages 24–40 and stage 33/34, respectively) were removed from X. laevis embryos, placed in culture and allowed to differentiate in the presence of 3H-thymidine. After 2 days, eyes were fixed and processed for autoradiography. The proportion of labeled to unlabeled nuclei in the posterior pole of the retina was determined for each of the three cell layers. Early in development, most unlabeled cells were found in the ganglion cell layer; at stage 24, 53% of the cells showed no labeling, but by stage 32–33/34 all of the cells present were unlabeled. Within the outer nuclear layer, 17% of the cells failed to incorporate the 3H-thymidine at stage 24 and by stage 33/34, 100% of the cells were unlabeled. Within the inner nuclear layer, 13.5% of the cells failed to show labeling at stage 24, whereas at stage 40, none of the cells were labeled. There was no difference in the proportion of labeled to unlabeled nuclei in any of the cell layers when retinas were allowed to differentiate either with or without an adherent pigment epithelium. These results indicate that as early as stage 24, some cells that will become positioned in each of the nuclear strata fail to incorporate 3H-thymidine, suggesting that these cells become postmitotic very early in neurogenesis. In addition, removal of the pigment epithelium does not stimulate mitosis in retinal cells that have previously left the mitotic cycle.
Compton suppression neutron activation methods in environmental analysis

An overview of Compton suppression neutron activation analysis (NAA) is given. The basic theory of the technique, its experimental design, uniqueness, and limitations are discussed. Experimental data showing its usefulness for the low level determination of several key elements in environmental samples that can not be obtained using conventional non-destructive neutron activation is deliberated.
Epstein–Barr virus BRLF1 inhibits transcription of IRF3 and IRF7 and suppresses induction of interferon-β

Abstract Activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 3 and 7 is essential for the induction of Type I interferons (IFN) and innate antiviral responses, and herpesviruses have evolved mechanisms to evade such responses. We previously reported that Epstein–Barr virus BZLF1, an immediate-early (IE) protein, inhibits the function of IRF7, but the role of BRLF1, the other IE transactivator, in IRF regulation has not been examined. We now show that BRLF1 expression decreased induction of IFN-β, and reduced expression of IRF3 and IRF7; effects were dependent on N- and C-terminal regions of BRLF1 and its nuclear localization signal. Endogenous IRF3 and IRF7 RNA and protein levels were also decreased during cytolytic EBV infection. Finally, production of IFN-β was decreased during lytic EBV infection and was associated with increased susceptibility to superinfection with Sendai virus. These data suggest a new role for BRLF1 with the ability to evade host innate immune responses.
Regional dynamics of technical change in the U.S. structural fabricated metals industry

Abstract Techniques of production are measured in the structural fabricated metals industry across 35 states of the U.S. between 1964 and 1992. Contrary to life-cycle models and equilibrium-based theories of technology diffusion and competition, production coefficients vary markedly between regions and these differences show little sign of diminishing over time. Further investigation reveals that states have tended to occupy relatively similar positions in ‘technology-space’ over the last thirty years or so. These findings support evolutionary hypotheses about the path-dependent nature of technological change. The impacts of innovation, imitation, selection and firm entry/exit on aggregate technical change in the structural fabricated metals industry are separated. Innovation is shown to be responsible for about 45% of the improvement in techniques of production since 1964.
Vibrant Student Voices: Exploring Effects of the Use of Clickers in Large College Courses

Teachers have begun using student response systems (SRSs) in an effort to enhance the learning process in higher education courses. Research providing detailed information about how interactive technologies affect students as they learn is crucial for professors who seek to improve teaching quality, attendance rates and student learning. This study investigates social, educational and emotional effects of the use of SRSs – clickers – at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Methods include participant observation, survey data from over 2000 students enrolled in three semesters of General Chemistry, and in‐depth interviews exploring the nature of student experiences with clickers. Findings suggest clickers significantly alter the social environment experienced by students as they learn. Clickers create learning environments characterized by greater activity, cooperation and conceptual application compared to traditional, lecture‐based instruction. Gender also influences whether students choose to work wit...
Hydraulics of Sheetlike Solution Cavitiesa

The sheetlike solution cavities that supply water to most wells in central Tennessee are 100 to 2,500 feet wide and less than 0.2 inch high. These dimensions have a scale similar to those in Hele-Shaw models. Both logical and mathematical evidence indicate laminar ground-water flow, except close to pumping wells. The Theis nonequilibrium formula may be used to analyze aquifer-test data and to calculate significant values for transmissivity and storage. The Navier-Stokes equation and the Darcy equation for steady-state conditions may be used to estimate cavity dimensions.
Probing GRB Jet Structure from Prompt Emission

Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission contains information that can be used to infer structure of the relativistic outflow. Spectral lags, the Internal Luminosity Function (ILF), and Color-Color Diagrams are attributes that provide diagnositcs with which jet structure can be studied. These attributes help delineate properties of internal shocks originating in the large Lorentz factor, tightly-beamed central core of the jet and external shocks resulting when the jet slows down by decelerating into the external medium. The external shock signature has a smaller Lorentz factor and a larger beaming angle than the central jet core, yet both components are present in the prompt emission of some GRBs.
A simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to native DNA☆

A simple and highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of anti-native DNA (anti-nDNA) antibodies in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A solid-phase support for the assay was provided by coating wells of polystyrene microtiter plates with native salmon sperm DNA at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml. For standard determinations, test sera at a dilution of 1 : 100 were incubated in the DNA-coated wells which were then assayed for bound immunoglobulin using an alkaline phosphatase conjugated rabbit anti-human IgG reagent. The colorimetric yield at 400 nm was used as a measure of the content of anti-nDNA antibodies. Proof that the bound antibodies detected in this assay were directed toward native DNA was derived primarily from observations that: (1) purified native DNA blocked the binding of antibody from SLE sera; and (2) there was a correlation between determinations by the ELISA assay and a filter binding assay specific for anti-nDNA antibodies. Assay of serial samples from the same patient showed a close correlation between determinations by the ELISA and filter binding assays, suggesting the utility of the ELISA method as part of the evaluation of disease activity over time. The advantages of the ELISA methodology-sensitivity, convenience, speed, independence of radioactivity, and quantitative determination of antibody as opposed to protein-should make this assay a useful tool in clinical and experimental studies on SLE as well as the routine assay of anti-nDNA antibodies.
An empirical comparison of one-zero, focal-animal, and instantaneous methods of sampling spontaneous primate social behavior

InJ. Altmann's review of methods used to sample spontaneously occurring social behavior, the one-zero method, which has a history of over 40 years of use with human and animal research, was severely criticized and was the only technique for which no use whatsoever was recommended. Substantial justification for this recommendation would raise serious questions about widely cited primate research from laboratories at Cambridge, Wisconsin, and elsewhere, where one-zero sampling has been often used.Altmann's nonempirical consideration of one-zero sampling is based upon assumptions which are sometimes unnecessarily limiting or probably incorrect and which are not supported by any data. An empirical comparison of one-zero sampling with two techniques considered useful byAltmann reveals contradictions in her recommendations and suggests that the one-zero method is a convenient way to combine the actual rate and duration of a spontaneously occurring behavior into a single index of social relatedness.
Forensic hypnosis with children

Although hypnosis with children has been used for many decades as a therapeutic modality, there has been a paucity of reports of such applications utilized as an investigative tool for the retrieval of memories of child victims and witnesses. Three investigative cases are described in which forensic hypnosis was instrumental in aiding their solution. There is a discussion of the unique factors to be considered when working with children, and guidelines are offered for effective practical use.
CARDIAC REHABILITATION AND SECONDARY PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR ELDERLY CARDIAC PATIENTS

The utility of cardiac rehabilitation for elderly cardiac patients is controversial, and cost, logistic barriers, and encumbering comorbidities often seem disproportionate. Many clinicians view the emphasis of cardiac rehabilitation on behavior modification and risk-factor reduction as irrelevant for very old adults and consider pure exercise programs as appropriate alternatives. The strong rationale for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention is elucidated, and available corroborating data are presented. The benefits of exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation and synchronized risk-factor reduction are pertinent to aging and age-related heart disease, including coronary heart disease and heart failure.
Pattern of Performance and Attributions of Ability and Gender

In a single experiment, 92 subjects corrected a multiple choice test in which a phantom stimulus person (SP) correctly answered 15 out of3O questions in either a descending or ascending pattern of success. Subjects were then asked to make judgments concerning the person's performance, intelligence, and gender. Contrary to expectations, the lack of cues about the person and nature of the test problems enhanced rather than diminished the primacy effect for ability attribution found by earlier investigators. The performer with the descending success rate was perceived as having correctly solved more problems, as being more intelligent, and was expected to perform better on future problems. Subjects exposed to the descending pattern of success were also significantly more willing to attribute a particular sex to the stimulus person. The discussion of the results centered around the relative importance of person cues for confidence in making ability attributions, as well as possible differences in the subjecti...
Surgery for wolff-parkinson-white syndrome interrupts efferent vagal innervation to the left ventricle and to the atrioventricular node in the canine heart

The hypothesis that cardiac surgery to interrupt accessory pathways also interrupts autonomic nerves to the canine ventricle and to the atrioventricular node was tested in four groups of dogs. Group 1 (n = 6) underwent dissection of the atrioventricular fat tissue and cryolesion created by application of a cryoprobe at -60 degrees C for 2 min along the lateral left atrioventricular groove, the same surgical procedure as carried out in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with accessory pathways located in the left ventricular free wall. Group 2 (n = 6) underwent dissection of the atrioventricular fat pad alone and group 3 (n = 6) dissection and cryolesion along the posterior left atrioventricular groove as performed in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with accessory pathways located in the posterior paraseptal area. Group 4 consisted of 11 non-operated control dogs. Four to 13 days after surgery the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) was determined during bilateral ansae subclaviae stimulation (4 ms pulses, 2-3 Hz, and 2-3 mA), noradrenaline infusion (0.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), and bilateral vagal stimulation (4 ms pulses, 20 Hz, and current strength to induce asystole or complete atrioventricular block). Atrioventricular nodal conduction (AH interval) and spontaneous sinus cycle length were also determined in group 3 dogs. Ansae subclaviae stimulation and noradrenaline infusion shortened effective refractory period significantly at each left ventricular test site. The amount of effective refractory period shortening induced by ansae subclaviae stimulation did not differ among the test sites except for the posterior left ventricle in group 1 dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bacteriophage Resistance in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis Using Antisense Ribonucleic Acid

Antisense RNA against a conserved bacteriophage gene when expressed in a Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis strain renders it resistant to bacteriophage infection. Two open reading frames have been identified in a L. lactis ssp. lactis bacteriophage that are conserved in a majority of isolates. They code for an 18-kDa (designated GP18C) protein and a 24-kDa (GP24C) protein, respectively, which are arranged along with previously identified open reading frames in a tandem motif similar to other bacteriophages. The presence of gp18C and gp24C in a number of bacteriophage isolates was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for these regions. Plasmids bearing various fragments of gp18C, gp24C, or both were constructed such that the respective open reading frames were positioned in the antisense direction relative to the Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris Wg2 promoter, p59. These antisense RNA-producing vectors inhibited the efficiency of plaquing of L. lactis ssp. lactis bacteriophage phi 7-9 up to 50%; the resulting plaques were extremely small and irregular in shape. The replication of the bacteriophage was severely inhibited, and the total number decreased over the first 3 h during infection in strains expressing antisense RNA compared with the host strain alone, in which the bacteriophage number increased 10(4)-fold.
Testosterone replacement therapy in the setting of prostate cancer treated with radiation

A lack of consensus and few data support testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in hypogonadal men who have been treated for prostate cancer (CaP), particularly those who have received radiation therapy. We performed retrospective review of 13 hypogonadal men with CaP, treated with brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy who were subsequently treated with testosterone (T) between 2006 and 2011. Serum T, free T (FT), estrogen (E), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) values were evaluated approximately every 3 months after TRT initiation up to 67 months of follow-up. Prostate biopsies demonstrated four men with Gleason (Gl) 6, 7 with Gl 7 and 2 with Gl 8 disease. Median (interquartile range) age at TRT initiation was 68.0 (62.0-77.0) years, initial T 178.0 (88.0-263.5) ng dl(-1), FT 10.1 (5.7-15.0) pg ml(-1) and PSA 0.30 (0.06-0.95) ng ml(-1). Median follow-up after TRT initiation was 29.7 months (range 2.3-67.3 months). At median follow-up, a significant increase in mean T (368.0 (281.3-591.0) ng dl(-1), P=0.012) and SHBG were observed, with no significant increases in Hgb, Hct, E, FT, or PSA (0.66 (0.16-1.35) ng ml(-1), P=0.345). No significant increases in PSA or CaP recurrences were observed at any follow-up interval. TRT in the setting of CaP after treatment with radiation therapy results in a rise in serum T levels and improvement in hypogonadal symptoms without evidence of CaP recurrence or progression.