cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Polarization, Radical Politics and Minority Accommodation

How can we explain variation in support for radical right parties over time and across post-communist democracies? This project suggests that support for radical right parties is driven by the politics of accommodation, and is aimed at counteracting the political inroads, cultural concessions and economic gains of politically organized minorities. It differs from other studies of extremist politics in three primary respects: (1) Unlike current approaches that focus on competition between the extreme and mainstream parties, I emphasize dynamics between the radical right party and non- proximate parties that promote minority rights. (2) Several approaches argue that xenophobia drives support for the radical right, whereas I show that xenophobia is not a distinct feature of the radical right party support base; what differentiates radical right voters from other voters is opposition to governmental transfers towards politically organized minorities. (3) I endogenize issue salience and identify coalition politics - i.e., coalitions of mainstream parties and parties supporting minority protection - as a key mechanism that increases the salience of identity issues in political competition, and benefits radical right parties. The project tests these propositions empirically, and finds supportive evidence using an original party-election-level data set covering all post-communist democracies.
Analysis of Toxin- and Toxicant-Induced Biomarker Signatures Using Microarrays

Abstract Traditional analysis of biological samples to characterize the biological effects of toxin or toxicant exposure often focuses on the appearance of one or a small number of molecular markers that indicate changes to the behavior or performance of the cell, tissue, organ, or individual that has been exposed to these agents. These individual markers can be informative, for example, as indicators of passage into a death cascade, or as a hallmark of shifts in the developmental progression of a target cell population. In humans, variability in the magnitude of marker expression on exposure, heterogeneity of baseline expression in unexposed individuals, and the fact that multiple toxicants can elicit expression of the same marker often make interpretation of these markers uncertain. As a consequence, there are few individual biomarkers that are currently approved by the FDA as indicators of toxicant exposure (Campion et al, 2013). With the development of technologies that enable simultaneous assessment of large sets of markers or combinations of marker types (e.g., proteins, RNAs, lipids), new approaches for the evaluation of exposure and the consequences of this exposure are possible. This chapter will explore some of the more commonly used technologies for biomarker signature measurement, discuss the constraints on how this data can be interpreted, and describe some new technologies on the horizon.
School Personnel's Bystander Action in Situations of Teen Relationship Abuse and Sexual Assault: Prevalence and Correlates

BACKGROUND Relationship abuse (RA) and sexual assault (SA) are major problems among high school students, and school personnel are an important part of preventing RA and SA among youth. Therefore, we examined the rates and correlates of bystander intentions among school personnel in situations of RA and SA. METHODS School personnel (N = 1150) from 25 high schools in New England completed surveys that assessed their RA and SA knowledge, perceptions of school climate specific to RA and SA, and RA and SA bystander efficacy and bystander intentions. RESULTS Across each type of bystander behavior measured, the vast majority of school personnel reported intentions to intervene. In the multilevel regression analyses, both proactive and reactive bystander intentions were related to higher levels of RA and SA bystander efficacy and perceptions of a more positive school climate and lower levels of RA and SA barriers to intervene. CONCLUSIONS These data support the utility of school-based interventions that seek to improve school climate and teach school personnel skills that enhance bystander efficacy and reduce bystander barriers in student situations of RA and SA. Although they would need to be evaluated, such interventions could promote positive bystander action among school personnel and untimely contribute to reductions in RA and SA among high school youth.
The concentration and control of cytoplasmic free inorganic pyrophosphate in rat liver in vivo.

The concentration of cytoplasmic free pyrophosphate was calculated in freeze-clamped livers of rats from the measured concentration of reactants and Keq. of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction (UDP–α-d-glucose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.9). The Keq. of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction was redetermined at 38°C, pH7.0, I=0.25mol/l and free [Mg2+]=1mm, and was 4.55 in the direction of glucose 1-phosphate formation. The activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in rat liver was between 46 and 58μmol of glucose 1-phosphate formed/min per g fresh wt. in the four dietary conditions studied. A fluorimetric assay with enzymic cycling was developed for the measurement of glucose 1-phosphate in HClO4 extracts of rat liver. The calculated free cytoplasmic PPi concentration in nmol/g fresh wt. of liver was 2.3±0.3 in starved, 3.8±0.4 in fed, 4.9±0.6 in meal-fed and 5.2±0.4 in sucrose-re-fed animals. These values agree well with recently determined direct measurements of total PPi in rat liver and suggest that there is not a large amount of bound or metabolically inert PPi in rat liver. The cytoplasmic [ATP]/[AMP][PPi] ratio is 103 times the cytoplasmic [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] ratio and varies differently with dietary state. The reaction PPi+H2O→2Pi catalysed by inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) does not attain near-equilibrium in vivo. PPi should be considered as one of the group of small inorganic ions which is metabolically active and capable of exerting a controlling function in a number of important metabolic reactions.
Graduate Student Experiences with Sexual Harassment and Academic and Social (Dis)engagement in Higher Education

Graduate students are in a unique position where they are both university employees and students, causing a complex power differential. Experiences of harassment specific to graduate students are u...
Objects, Storytelling, Memory and Living Histories: Curating Islamic Art Empathically in an Era of Trauma and Displacement

The recent global surge of public- and museum-initiated interest in Islamic art has been interpreted broadly as having a direct correlation with diplomatic imperatives. Since the onslaught of the so-called migrant crisis, German institutions, in particular, have sought to socially engage refugees with the existing collections of Islamic arts and artefacts in Germany. But how can museums showcase and contextualise the arts of Islamic lands across time and space, in a way that is attentive to the traumatic experiences of displacement, migration and forced exile? In assessing various integrationist and assimilationist discourses, this chapter seeks to examine the gravity and consequences of museums’ pivotal role in providing an empathic and dignified space in society, where it is otherwise absent.
Biomarker profile in stable Fontan patients

Abstract Background As the population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) grows, cardiologists continue to encounter patients with complex anatomies that challenge the standard treatment of care. Single ventricle Fontan palliated patients are the most complex within CHD, with a high morbidity and mortality burden. Factors driving this early demise are largely unknown. Methods and results We analyzed biomarker expression in 44 stable Fontan outpatients (29.2 ± 10.7 years, 68.2% female) seen in the outpatient Emory Adult Congenital Heart Center and compared them to 32 age, gender and race matched controls. In comparison to controls, Fontan patients had elevated levels of multiple cytokines within the inflammatory pathway including Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (p Conclusion Multiple clinical and molecular biomarkers are upregulated in Fontan patients, suggesting a state of chronic systemic dysregulation.
Non-uniform space filling (NUSF) designs

Space-filling designs are a convenient and effective approach for exploring the input space for experiments. However, standard choices for these designs strive to provide uniform density of points ...
Blood, Sweat, and Cheers: The Martyrdom Effect Increases Willingness to Sponsor Others’ Painful and Effortful Prosocial Acts

Previous research has found that people generally contribute more to a charitable or collective cause when they expect to endure pain and exert effort for that cause (Olivola & Shafir, 2013; see also Olivola, 2010). That is, the prospect of their own pain and effort led them to donate more to the cause – a phenomenon called the 'martyrdom effect' (Olivola & Shafir, 2013). This paper shows that the martyrdom effect extends beyond the self: Enduring pain and effort for a charitable cause also motivates others to contribute more to that cause. Across five experiments, we test this hypothesis, consider alternative accounts, and examine the underlying mechanism. The martyrdom effect extended to others has important implications for designing successful charity fundraisers. Common sense and many theories of human behavior assume that people prefer that others – especially close others – not endure pain and effort, and would therefore prescribe making the fundraising experience as easy and enjoyable for people as possible in order to get their friends, family, and colleagues to donate. However, our results suggest that people are more – not less – willing to sponsor a close other’s fundraising when the fundraising process is painful and effortful. Therefore, making a person’s fundraising experience challenging is often the best way to attract donations, whereas making the experience easy and enjoyable is likely to backfire in many cases.
How do forest landscapes respond to elevated CO 2 and ozone? Scaling Aspen‐FACE plot‐scale experimental results

The Aspen-FACE (Free-Air Carbon Enrichment) experiment was an 11-yr study of the effect of elevated CO2 and ozone (alone and in combination) on the growth productivity of model aspen communities (pure aspen, aspen-birch, and aspen-maple) in the field in northern Wisconsin, USA. Uncertainty remains about how these short-term plot-level responses might play out at landscape scales where climate change, competition, succession, and disturbances interact with tree-level responses. In this study, we used a recent physiology-based approach (PnET-Succession v3.1) within the forest landscape model LANDIS-II to scale the site-scale FACE results to landscape extents by mechanistically accounting for the globally changing drivers of CO2, ozone, temperature, and precipitation. We conducted a factorial simulation experiment to test five hypotheses about the effects of three treatments (CO2 concentration, cumulative ozone exposure, and disturbance). CO2 was clearly the dominant driver of landscape response, with disturbance also having a large effect. Ozone was not a dominant driver of landscape dynamics or total landscape biomass, but its negative effect on mean landscape biomass was nevertheless significant. We found that CO2 mitigation of water stress may not have a major effect on species composition or biomass accumulation. We found that species diversity was somewhat decreased by elevated CO2 as expected, but somewhat increased by O3, contrary to expectations. The spatial pattern of the landscape was minimally affected by the treatments. While rising CO2 concentrations have some mitigating effect on the negative O3 effect on the species studied, additional research is needed to confirm whether researchers and managers can be justified in disregarding O3 as a primary driver of forest dynamics in other ecosystems. Our results also add more support to the growing consensus that projections of climate change effects must include robust, direct links between CO2 and tree growth and competition; temperature effects (as demonstrated elsewhere) appear to be less by comparison.
Intestinal extracellular vesicles are altered by vertical sleeve gastrectomy.

This is the first study that investigates the impact of bariatric surgery on protein composition of intestinal extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicle composition is greatly altered after ver...
Becoming postmedieval: The stakes of the global middle ages

The concept of the ‘medieval’ emerged as a node of colonialist ideology that placed Africa, Asia, and the Americas into a backward and uncivilized – premodern – time. Even as it demarcates Western Europe as its purview, the ‘Middle Ages’ has also implicated the rest of the world as an invisible ‘other.’ This article argues that as Medieval Studies develops a ‘Global Middle Ages,’ it must necessarily account for this racial colonial project. Drawing from Sara Ahmed’s theories of institutional diversity work, my analysis contextualizes the global turn as a public relations campaign that repairs and protects the field’s reputation after white supremacists displayed their love for the Middle Ages in Charlottesville in 2017. I caution against a ‘Global Middle Ages’ that makes a platform of diversity its focal point, and I call for a coupling of the ‘global’ and the ‘medieval’ that confronts the field’s deeply entrenched Eurocentrism and breaks the ‘Middle Ages’ apart from within.
Scientific Discoveries: Real and Imagined

The history of science reveals a consistent undercurrent of data manipulation and self-aggrandizement, even among some of the most famous scientists. Alterations of data may be innocuous much of the time, but some false reports influence science for decades. Beyond data manipulation, there are known historical examples of scientific fraud and extreme bias. While systematic alteration or intentional cover-up of a distortion of the record is relatively rare, it can cause us to question certain areas of scientific inquiry. Nonetheless, science is a collective endeavor with robust review and cross checking. Because of this contradiction, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a visionary, bold thinker from someone who is creating a false narrative of a breakthrough. The scientific community must confront the fact that a certain number of apparent advances or breakthroughs are either self-deceptions or even fabrications. As statistical analysis, post-publication peer review and retraction monitoring have become more common an astonishing number of falsified reports has been revealed. Gaussian or frequentist statistics is an ethical minefield becase of the all-of-nothing nature of the evaluations. Bayesian statistics is a more natural way to evaluate experimental outcomes and is gaining favor. While I will argue that the great majority of scientists are scrupulously honest, the small minority that has started down the slippery slope of self-deception can still do great harm to the scientific community. There is an evident need for a new approach to evaluating science in a more objective manner.
Anisotropic Oldroyd-type models for non-colloidal suspensions of viscoelastic particles in Newtonian and yield-stress fluids via homogenization

Abstract This paper makes use of homogenization to generate a fairly general class of rheological models for non-colloidal suspensions of particles undergoing finite deformations and rotations under Stokes flow conditions. The particles can be nonlinear viscoelastic, or elasto-viscoplastic, while the suspending fluid can be Newtonian or viscoplastic. The microstructure is described by two microstructural ellipsoids, which are allowed to evolve with the flow, characterizing the shape and orientation of the inclusions and the angular dependence of their distribution in space. The models account for particle interactions through the two-point correlation function for the particle centers, in a way that reproduces exactly classical and more recent estimates for dilute suspensions. While special cases of the models have been considered in earlier publications, novel features of this work include the possibility of multiple inclusion families, physically motivated evolutions laws for the particle distributions and more general rheological behaviors for the matrix and inclusions. The resulting models can be viewed as anisotropic generalizations of Oldroyd’s invariant models accounting for statistical measures of the microstructure and their evolution.
Topology and contribution to the pore channel lining of plasma membrane-embedded S. flexneri type 3 secretion translocase IpaB

Abstract Shigella spp. are human bacterial pathogens that cause bacillary dysentery. Virulence depends on a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), a highly conserved structure present in multiple important human and plant pathogens. Upon host cell contact, the T3SS translocon is delivered to the host membrane, facilitates bacterial docking to the membrane, and enables delivery of effector proteins into the host cytosol. The Shigella translocon is composed of two proteins, IpaB and IpaC, which together form this multimeric structure within host plasma membranes. Upon interaction of IpaC with host intermediate filaments, the translocon undergoes a conformational change that allows for bacterial docking onto the translocon and, together with host actin polymerization, enables subsequent effector translocation through the translocon pore. To generate additional insights into the translocon, we mapped the topology of IpaB in plasma membrane-embedded pores using cysteine substitution mutagenesis coupled with site-directed labeling and proximity-enabled crosslinking by membrane permeant sulfhydryl reactants. We demonstrate that IpaB function is dependent on post translational modification by a plasmid-encoded acyl carrier protein. We show that the first transmembrane domain of IpaB lines the interior of the translocon pore channel such that the IpaB portion of the channel forms a funnel-like shape leading into the host cytosol. In addition, we identify regions of IpaB within its cytosolic domain that protrude into and are closely associated with the pore channel. Taken together, these results provide a framework for how IpaB is arranged within translocons natively delivered by Shigella during infection. Importance Type 3 secretion systems are nanomachines employed by many bacteria, including Shigella, which deliver into human cells bacterial virulence proteins that alter cellular function in ways that promote infection. Delivery of Shigella virulence proteins occurs through a pore formed in human cell membranes by the proteins IpaB and IpaC. Here, we define how IpaB contributes to the formation of pores natively delivered into human cell membranes by S. flexneri. We show that a specific domain of IpaB (transmembrane domain 1) lines much of the pore channel and that portions of IpaB that lie in the inside of the human cell loop back into and/or are closely associated with the pore channel. These findings provide new insights into the organization and function of the pore in serving as the conduit for delivery of virulence proteins into human cells during Shigella infection.
Maturation and differentiation of cultured fetal stomach. Effects of corticosteroids, pentagastrin, and cytochalasin B.

Abstract Gastric mucosa of fetal rats undergoes striking developmental changes during the last few days of gestation in utero. To investigate some aspects of this process, gastric explants from 18-day fetuses (4 days before birth) were maintained in organ culture for 3 days, then assessed by light and electron microscopy. The epithelia from base line uncultured stomachs were stratified and morphologically undifferentiated. During culture in basic medium (Leibovitz L 15), modest maturation of antral and fundic architecture occurred, characterized by epithelial invagination to produce small pit-glands. Secretory granules appeared in occasional epithelial cells, and cytochemistry indicated that most were mucous granules. Addition of pentagastrin (10 −9 to 2 × 10 −7 M) did not induce further morphological maturation in this system. However, addition of cortisol (10 −6 to 10 −5 M) resulted in a marked, dose-related increase of pit-gland formation and of cytological differentiation (appearance of secretory granules). This cortisol-induced architectural maturation was completely inhibited by the mold metabolite cytochalasin B (10 −5 M). The results indicate that fetal gastric maturation can be partially reproduced by culture in chemically defined media, and also suggest that corticosteroids may plan an important role in gastric organogenesis.
Resources for using lego mindstorms

LEGO® Mindstorms™ Robotic Invention System (RIS)™ is a programmable toy with uses in education. This paper describes the basic features of the RIS. It supplies the reader with URL's (Universal Resource Locator) to the online community of LEGO users. In addition, the paper supplies the reader with a list of freeware and commercial products available for programming the RIS. The primary purpose of the paper is to be a resource for educators considering the use of the RIS in their classes. Hence, the paper includes a section on how educators are currently using the RIS and on how they are being used in computer science classes.
FATIGUE DAMAGE FACTOR IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN

When the structure is subjected to repeated stresses with cyclic constant magnitudes, the resulting fatigue life is known to be random. In reality, structures are subjected to various levels of repeated stresses. To facilitate the design of a structure subjected to a stress history with given load repetitions at each of several stress levels, a fatigue damage factor and a damage index are introduced as design parameters. The problem is formulated with the use of the Palmgren-Miner's cumulative damage theorem, by treating the denominators in the theorem as random variables rather than constants. The design diagrams suggested can be constructed from single stress-level fatigue test data. The design approach needs only to draw parallel lines in the design diagrams in the case of structural design against multi-stress-level fatigue. To illustrate the relationship of the fatigue damage factor to cyclic stresses, number of cycles and failure probabilities, two numerical examples are also given.
Nutrition and Cancer

Impaired nutritional status, a significant contributor to cancer mortality, can result from both biological and behavioral factors. Comprehensive nutritional intervention requires consideration of the physical, behavioral, and social variables that determine food consumption. In general, the potential for psychosocial clinicians and researchers to contribute to the understanding and management of cancer-related nutritional problems has been unexplored. This article describes the mechanisms involved in the regulation of eating and the specific ways that cancer and its treatment can disrupt this process. Suggestions for nutritional assessment and intervention are offered together with recommendations for future research.
Mitochondrial Inheritance and Natural Phenotypic Variation among Caenorhabditis briggsae Populations

i Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iv List of Figures v Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Phenotypic Variation among Natural Isolates of Caenorhabditis briggsae....6 Background 6 Methods 11 Results 16 Discussion 22 Chapter 2 Inter-Population Hybrids of Caenorhabditis briggsae Natural Isolates.......27 Background 27 Methods 31 Results 39 Discussion 62 Conclusion 66 References 68
Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV‐I)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
Positive Feedback Regulation of Type I IFN Production by the IFN-Inducible DNA Sensor cGAS

Rapid and robust induction of type I IFN (IFN-I) is a critical event in host antiviral innate immune response. It has been well demonstrated that cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an important role in sensing cytosolic DNA and triggering STING dependent signaling to induce IFN-I. However, it is largely unknown how cGAS itself is regulated during pathogen infection and IFN-I production. In this study, we show that pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands, including lipid A, LPS, poly(I:C), poly(dA:dT), and cGAMP, induce cGAS expression in an IFN-I-dependent manner in both mouse and human macrophages. Further experiments indicated that cGAS is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), and two adjacent IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) in the promoter region of cGAS mediate the induction of cGAS by IFN-I. Additionally, we show that optimal production of IFN-β triggered by poly (dA:dT) or HSV-1 requires IFNAR signaling. Knockdown of the constitutively expressed DNA sensor DDX41 attenuates poly(dA:dT)-triggered IFN-β production and cGAS induction. By analyzing the dynamic expression of poly(dA:dT)-induced IFN-β and cGAS transcripts, we have found that induction of IFN-β is earlier than cGAS. Furthermore, we have provided evidence that induction of cGAS by IFN-I meditates the subsequent positive feedback regulation of DNA-triggered IFN-I production. Thus, our study not only provides a novel mechanism of modulating cGAS expression, but also adds another layer of regulation in DNA-triggered IFN-I production by induction of cGAS.
Effect of exercise training intensity on adipose tissue hormone sensitive lipase gene expression in obese women under weight loss

Abstract Background Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is an enzyme that regulates adipose tissue lipolysis and plays an important role in chronic exercise-induced changes in adipose tissue metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic exercise intensity influences abdominal adipose tissue HSL gene expression in obese women under weight loss. Methods Thirty women (body mass index (BMI) = 33.0 ± 0.7 kg/m 2 , age = 58 ± 1 years) completed one of three 20-week interventions: caloric restriction alone (CR only, n = 8), CR plus moderate-intensity exercise (CR + moderate-intensity, 45%–50% heart rate reserve (HRR), 3 day/week, n = 9), or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise (CR + vigorous-intensity, 70%–75% HRR, 3 day/week, n = 13). Each group had a similar prescribed energy deficit comprised of underfeeding alone (2800 kcal/week for CR only) or underfeeding (2400 kcal/week) plus exercise (400 kcal/week). Body composition and maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) were measured, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected before and after the interventions. Adipose tissue HSL gene expression was measured by real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results All three interventions reduced body weight, fat mass, percent fat, and waist to a similar degree (all p 2 max, but increased relative VO 2 max ( p p HSL gene expression, but CR + vigorous-intensity significantly increased adipose tissue HSL gene expression ( p HSL gene expression levels in the CR + vigorous-intensity group were significantly different from those in the CR only ( p p HSL gene expression correlated positively to changes in absolute ( r = 0.55, p r = 0.32, p = 0.09) VO 2 max. Conclusion These results support a potential effect of aerobic exercise training intensity on hormone sensitive lipase pathway in adipose tissue metabolism in obese women under weight loss.
Acute methyl iodide exposure with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae: Report of a case

Background Methyl iodide is a monohalomethane used as an analytic and organic chemistry reagent, as a methylating agent in organic chemical synthesis, and as a fumigant. In an acute exposure, methyl iodide is a pulmonary and dermal irritant. Chronic neurotoxicity has been reported in survivors of acute exposure. Methods A review of the 11 case reports of methyl iodide poisoning in the medical literature of the 20th century found that six of the patients experienced a chronic neurological syndrome characterized primarily by delayed psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive sequelae. Results The case patient experienced a massive exposure to methyl iodide with resulting life-threatening burns. During convalescence, various cognitive and behavioral deficits became apparent. The results of a comprehensive evaluation at our occupational toxicology clinic, which included sequential neuropsychometric testing, are described. Conclusion The findings in the case patient may advance our understanding of the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of chronic neurotoxicity after exposure to methyl iodide. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:550–556, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eastern Michigan University's Automated Storage and Retrieval System: 10 Years Later

Automated storage/retrieval systems (ASRSs) are playing an integral part in today's library operations and collections management. Eastern Michigan University installed an ASRS as part of the new Halle Library, which opened in May 1998, to provide “storage” for up to 800,000 items. Over the past 10 years our policies and procedures have been modified to provide the best, most efficient access to our patrons. This article presents our learning experiences, current policies and statistics, and plans for the future.
Classification of lexical stress using spectral and prosodic features for computer-assisted language learning systems

A system for classification of lexical stress for language learners is proposed.It successfully combines spectral and prosodic characteristics using GMMs.Models are learned on native speech, which does not require manual labeling.A method for controlling the operating point of the system is proposed.We achieve a 20% error rate on Japanese children speaking English. We present a system for detection of lexical stress in English words spoken by English learners. This system was designed to be part of the EduSpeak? computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software. The system uses both prosodic and spectral features to detect the level of stress (unstressed, primary or secondary) for each syllable in a word. Features are computed on the vowels and include normalized energy, pitch, spectral tilt, and duration measurements, as well as log-posterior probabilities obtained from the frame-level mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) are used to represent the distribution of these features for each stress class. The system is trained on utterances by L1-English children and tested on English speech from L1-English children and L1-Japanese children with variable levels of English proficiency. Since it is trained on data from L1-English speakers, the system can be used on English utterances spoken by speakers of any L1 without retraining. Furthermore, automatically determined stress patterns are used as the intended target; therefore, hand-labeling of training data is not required. This allows us to use a large amount of data for training the system. Our algorithm results in an error rate of approximately 11% on English utterances from L1-English speakers and 20% on English utterances from L1-Japanese speakers. We show that all features, both spectral and prosodic, are necessary for achievement of optimal performance on the data from L1-English speakers; MFCC log-posterior probability features are the single best set of features, followed by duration, energy, pitch and finally, spectral tilt features. For English utterances from L1-Japanese speakers, energy, MFCC log-posterior probabilities and duration are the most important features.
Performing the Field Necropsy Examination

This article is designed to aid the practitioner by maximizing the effectiveness of field postmortem diagnostic investigations. Contents include an outline of the procedure for field necropsy of ruminants, recommended tools and supplies, and guidelines for sample collection and submission.
Inherited absences of purine recycling enzymes associated with defects of immunity

Abstract The inherited absence of adenosine deaminase or purine nucleoside phosphorylase, two enzymes acting consecutively in the reutilization of purines, is associated with immune deficiency. These discoveries emphasise the role of purine, and in particular deoxypurine, metabolism to normal immune function, and enable a biochemical interpretation of immune deficiency.
Task differences on conservation and transitivity problems

Abstract Task differences were assessed with 120 first graders in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial design combining Socioeconomic level (middle vs lower), Concepts (conservation of length, transitivity of length, and conservation of continuous quantity), and Tasks (three tasks for each concept selected on the basis of frequency of usage). As predicted, task by concept interactions were found on all four task response measures. This finding is consistent with Piaget's concept of horizontal decalage and with Flavell and Wohlwill's competence-performance model, which proposes that intermediate phases of stage transition are characterized by considerable intertask differences and initial and final phases by intertask consistency in performance. The importance of investigating the effects of task variables on multiple dependent measures at various age levels and points in time was emphasized. Concept, task, and socioeconomic class differences were also found on some of the measures.
Successful Implementation of a Cost-Effective Head Ultrasound Screening Program in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Successful Implementation of a Cost-Effective Head Ultrasound Screening Program in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
An online coupled meteorological and air quality modeling study of the effect of complex terrain on the regional transport and transformation of air pollutants over the Western United States

Abstract One of the most prominent of characteristics of the western United States that affects its meteorology is the complexity of its mountainous terrain. The meteorological Mesoscale Model, version 5 with Chemistry (MM5-Chem), an online-coupled atmospheric chemistry model, was used to investigate the effect of this terrain on a high air pollution event in the free troposphere. The simulations were evaluated by comparisons with data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Complex terrain was shown to have an important influence on the vertical transport of air pollutants on the regional scale; emissions from ground level were vertically mixed as high as 5 km above sea surface level for the wintertime conditions simulated. The simulations showed that the vertical transport of emissions from the Earth's surface could have a more significant effect on mid and upper level chemical concentrations than chemical production. The vertical transport was caused predominately by terrain forced flow over the mountains’ ridge-line and the terrain forced flow was affected by the mountain peak height and the complexity of the terrain downwind.
Plasminogen activator secretion in relation to Schwann cell activities.

Abstract The molecular characterization of neural secretory plasminogen activators and their possible association with two well-defined Schwann cell activities (mitosis and migration) were investigated. Schwann cells from peripheral sensory ganglion roots were established as primary cultures of high purity. Conditioned culture medium was fractionated by gel electrophoresis and assayed for plasminogendependent in situ caseinolytic activity. Both tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators were detected early in culture. The amount of the tissue-type form decreased with increasing time in culture. Proliferative ability measured as [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into the nucleus varied under several culture conditions and was lowest in defined serum-free medium; however, these serum-free cultures expressed the highest level of plasminogen activator secreting cells. Combined autoradiography/fibrin overlay assays allowed for a direct analysis at the single cell level; interestingly the findings did not support the idea of an obligatory expression of the enzyme in replicating cells. Cell motility was assayed in combined gold particle clearing/fibrin overlay assays and likewise no obligatory association of protease secretion and cell movement could be demonstrated. The results are discussed in relation to previous tudies in this field.
Rationality, practical reasonableness, and the social and moral foundation of a legal system

Soulevant la question du fondement du systeme juridique dans la cadre de la theorie du droit naturel, l'A. montre que la these positiviste defendue par H.L.A. Hart aboutit a la separation du droit et de la moralite, ainsi qu'a la distinction entre les notions de rationalite, pratique raisonnable et raison d'agir.
Septal afterdischarges and their modification by the cerebellum

Abstract Evoked response studies indicate a projection from the cerebellar vermis (via nucleus fastigii) to the septum with peak latency of 5–6 msec for the small wave and 16–24 msec for the large wave. A projection from septum to cerebellum shows peak latencies of 4–6 msec and 15–20 msec. Septal afterdischarges can be shortened and/or abolished by stimulation of the vermis, regardless of whether the afterdischarges are locally produced or whether they invade the septum from the hippocampus or amygdala. Hippocampal afterdischarges can be prevented from invading the septum by appropriate cerebellar stimulation. The threshold for suppression is lower for tonic than for clonic discharges. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, to alter the effectiveness of the ascending norepinephrine system, can abolish or suppress the cerebellar influences, whether they be evoked responses or afterdischarges. Bilateral fastigial lesions also abolish the effects of vermian stimulation.
Stimulation and inhibition of synthesis of ovulating hormone (OH) in organ culture by subcellular fractions of rat medial basal hypothalami.

Subcellular fractions of rat medial basal hypothalami were examined for their ability to stimulate the synthesis of ovulating hormone (OH) in a pituitary organ culture system. The hypothalamic stimulator(s) of OH synthesis (HOHS) was associated with the 1–15,000 × g participates and was not retained by a 0.5 μ (diameter pore size) Nuclepore filter. This fraction appeared to contain many of the electron dense vesicles present in this region of the hypothalamus. Sepharose 2B gel filtration of these participates revealed not 1 but 2 zones of HOHS activity separated by a clear, distinct area containing an inhibitor of OH synthesis. Similar data were obtained using the Bogdanove- Gay ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay for LH in place of the ovulating hormone assay. That the hypothalamus may, in addition to producing gonadotropin releasing factors, be producing gonadotropin inhibitory substances is discussed. Such inhibitory substances provide a means whereby gonadotropin production could be suppressed. (End...
Survivorship Programs and Care Plans in Practice: Variations on a Theme

This study looks at four Los Angeles–based cancer survivorship programs and finds that the Institute of Medicine–recommended survivorship care plan document can be successfully adapted for use in varied settings to inform and educate both patients and providers.
Abstract 54: Differential plectin isoform expression correlates with aggressive prostate cancer phenotypes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer amongst men and the second most common cause of cancer related-deaths in the US. Although PCa has a long latent period of development, clinically, the disease has very heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from indolent asymptomatic cases to very aggressive metastatic life threatening and lethal forms. The most critical clinical challenge in the management of the patients is identifying those individuals at risk of developing aggressive metastatic disease. Currently there are no biomarkers that accurately predict the aggressiveness of PCa based solely on standard clinicopathologic features. Our long term objective is to identify the molecules and characterize the mechanisms that are involved in PCa metastasis. We recently demonstrated that plectin is upregulated in aggressive versus non-aggressive forms of syngeneic prostate cancer cell lines. In this study, we show that PCa aggressive phenotype correlates with the over expression of specific plectin isoforms. Understanding the mechanism and roles of different plectin isoforms in the progression of PCa will potentially better discriminate the more aggressive metastatic forms and provide better treatment and clinical management opportunities of the disease. Methods: We have compared the mRNA and protein expression profiles of plectin isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines and prostatectomy tissues with different ethnic backgrounds and malignancy phenotypes. Validations of differentially expressed isoforms have been done by Western blot, qRT-PCR, siRNA knockdowns, proliferation assays and invasion assays, flow cytometry, IHC and IFA. Results: We demonstrate the correlation between the expression of specific isoforms with aggressive PCa. This was validated by Western blot, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. SiRNA knockdown of specific plectin isoforms suppresses the invasive and migratory capacity of PCa cells. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that differential expression of plectin isoforms correlates with the invasion and metastasis in PCa. Conclusions: We have identified plectin isoforms that are differentially expressed in PCa cells lines and prostatectomy tissues with different malignancy phenotypes. These findings are currently being validated using disease stratified TMAs. Further studies are focusing on uncovering the mechanisms responsible for progression and metastasis of PCa that are modulated by specific plectin isoforms. These could assist in the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the disease. Citation Format: Tanya C. Burch, Johng S. Rhim, Julius O. Nyalwidhe. Differential plectin isoform expression correlates with aggressive prostate cancer phenotypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 54. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-54
Hyperspectral-Multispectral Line-Scan Imaging System for Automated Poultry Carcass Inspection Applications for Food Safety

A hyperspectral-multispectral line-scan imaging system was developed for differentiation of wholesome and systemically diseased chickens. In-plant testing was conducted for chickens on a commercial evisceration line moving at a speed of 70 birds per minute. Hyperspectral image data was acquired for a calibration data set of 543 wholesome and 64 systemically diseased birds and for a testing data set of 381 wholesome and 100 systemically diseased birds. The calibration data set was used to develop the parameters of the imaging system for conducting multispectral inspection based on fuzzy logic detection algorithms using selected key wavelengths. Using a threshold of 0.4 for fuzzy output decision values, multispectral classification was able to achieve 90.6% accuracy for wholesome birds and 93.8% accuracy for systemically diseased birds in the calibration data set and 97.6% accuracy for wholesome birds and 96.0% accuracy for systemically diseased birds in the testing data set. By adjusting the classification threshold, 100% accuracy was achieved for systemically diseased birds with a decrease in accuracy for wholesome birds to 88.7%. This adjustment shows that the system can be feasibly adapted as needed for implementation for specific purposes, such as paw harvesting operations or prescreening for food safety inspection. This line-scan imaging system is ideal for directly implementing multispectral classification methods developed from hyperspectral image analysis.
An optimization algorithm for estimation of microbial survival parameters during thermal processing

Isothermal microbial survival curves are usually described by either linear or nonlinear time-dependent models, from which non-isothermal survival curves can be generated if the parameters describing the survival kinetics of the microbial population are known. In order to estimate these parameters, an algorithm based on the steepest decent optimization method was developed. The algorithm searches the values of the survival parameters which minimize the sum of the squared differences between the experimental data and the calculated values provided by the model. The difference of the proposed algorithm with a typical optimization technique is that each data point used is not necessarily coming from the same thermal treatment; instead, data from different non-isothermal processes can be used. The developed algorithm was tested by using published non-isothermal survival data of Salmonella. The data showed that the survival curves can be described by the Weibull model, an already accepted and frequently used nonlinear model. Salmonella's survival parameters were estimated from the end points and all data points, respectively, of three non-isothermal survival curves. The results obtained showed that the number of survival data points must be sufficiently large to obtain true or statistically sound values of the survival parameters. A suitable way to achieve this is to implement the algorithm using all data points of multiple non-isothermal survival curves or a large number of end points of non-isothermal treatments. Mathematically, the developed algorithm should be applicable to any microbial survival kinetics accurately describing the inactivation of the microorganisms because no specific survival kinetics has to be pre-assumed to run the algorithm.
When Courtship Persistence Becomes Intrusive Pursuit: Comparing Rejecter and Pursuer Perspectives of Unrequited Attraction

Two hundred forty-one undergraduates described their experiences with unrequited love, both as pursuers (actors) and love interests (targets). As expected, targets and actors perspectives differed. As targets, participants reported being on the receiving end of more unwanted courtship tactics, violent and nonviolent, than they reported using as pursuers. Further, participants in the actor role—particularly men—tended to overreport receiving signals that their love interest was reciprocating, and to underreport receiving rejections. Meanwhile, targets—particularly women—claimed numerous attempts to reject, including explicitly stating “I am definitely not interested in you,” and indicated minimal positive reactions to the unwanted pursuit. Implications of these differences, and others, in perspectives for understanding difficulties in differentiating persistence from stalking are discussed.
Optimum performance levels for minimax filters, predictors and smoothers

Abstract For both discrete and continuous-time linear time-varying systems, we obtain the achievable performance levels for minimax filters, predictors and smoothers, in terms of the finite escape times of some related (discrete and continuous-time) Riccati equations. Our game-theoretic approach also yields an alternative derivation for the corresponding minimax estimators which were first obtained in [1]. They are all Bayes estimators with respect to particular Gaussian distributions, and admit recursive structures.
A crystallization method for the determination of saturated fatty acids in soybean oil

A crystallization method has been developed for the determination of saturated fatty acids in soybean oil. The method is simple and rapid. The results obtained by this method agree quite well with those obtained by the use of the Bertram oxidation method and are about 2 percent higher than those obtained by the use of the modified Twitchell method. The procedure recommended seems to give satisfactory results on soybean and cottonseed oils, but it will probably have to be modified for use with highly unsaturated oils such as perilla, or with oils such as olive which contain large amounts of oleic acid.