cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser surface alloying: a bibliography

Laser alloying is a material processing method which utilizes the high power density available from focused laser sources to melt metal coatings and a portion of the underlying substrate. Since the melting occurs in a very short time and only at the surface, the bulk of the material remains cool, thus serving as an intimate heat sink. Large temperature gradients exists across the boundary between the melted surface region and the underlying solid substrate. The result is rapid self-quenching and resolidification. Quench rates as great as 1011 K sec−1 and concomitant resolidification velocities of 20 m sec−1 have already been realized. What makes laser surface alloying both attractive and interesting is the wide variety of chemical and microstructural states that can be retained because of the rapid quench from the liquid phase. These include chemical profiles where the “alloyed” element is highly concentrated near the atomic surface and decreases in concentration over shallow depths (hundreds of nanometers), and uniform profiles where the concentration is the same throughout the entire melted region. The types of microstructures observed include extended solid solutions, metastable crystalline phases, and metallic glasses. This bibliography is a compilation of published work in this area.
Research and applications modules /RAM/ - A family of payload carriers.

RAM is a family of payload carriers, pressurized, unpressurized and pressurizable, that operate in conjunction with the Space Shuttle and associated space systems to provide modular facilities to conduct manned or man-tended research in low earth orbit. RAM family elements are discussed as the next step in evolution from the Sortie Laboratory required to provide a significant increase in experimental capability, flexibility, and economy necessary to meet the needs of an expanding program of research and applications activities. Examples of RAM missions and operations as sortie mission laboratories and observatories, and free-flying man-tended observatories are illustrated.
Hemoglobin C modulates the surface topography of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.

There is a well-established clinical association between hemoglobin genotype and innate protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In contrast to normal hemoglobin A, mutant hemoglobin C is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of severe malaria in both heterozygous AC and homozygous CC individuals. Irrespective of hemoglobin genotype, parasites may induce knob-like projections on the erythrocyte surface. The knobs play a major role in the pathogenesis of severe malaria by serving as points of adherence for P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelia. To evaluate the influence of hemoglobin genotype on knob formation, we used a combination of atomic force and light microscopy for concomitant topographic and wide-field fluorescence imaging. Parasitized AA, AC, and CC erythrocytes showed a population of knobs with a mean width of ∼70 nm. Parasitized AC and CC erythrocytes showed a second population of large knobs with a mean width of ∼120 nm. Furthermore, spatial knob distribution analyses demonstrated that knobs on AC and CC erythrocytes were more aggregated than on AA erythrocytes. These data support a model in which large knobs and their aggregates are promoted by hemoglobin C, reducing the adherence of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature and ameliorating the severity of a malaria infection.
Functional Assessment and Intervention for Transition Difficulties

This study investigated the use of functional assessment for transition difficulties. The participant was an 11-year-old girl who engaged in “flopping” to the ground during transitions. Assessment ...
Structural health monitoring using parameter identification methods

ABSTRACT A structural health monitoring method for determination of damages in structural system is developed using state variablemodel. A time-domain identification method, the subspace system identification algorithm, is first applied to get a state-spacemodel of the structure. The identified state-space model is then transformed to two special realization forms, for determinationof the equation of motion of multiple-degrese-freedom of the structure. The parameters of equation of motion, mass andstiffness matrices or damage indices are used to determine the location and extent of the damage. This method is also extendedfor the health monitoring of substructural system. Unlike the health monitoring of the whole structure, the health monitoring ofsubstructure uses localized parameter identification which only involves the measurement of substructure parameters. Usingthis method, the number of unknown parameters and the computational requirement for each identification can be significantlyreduced, hence the accuracy of estimation can be improved. Illustrative cases studies using both numerical and experimentalstructures are presented.Keywords: State-space model; Equation of motion of structure; Subspace identification; Substructure identification; Elementdamage indices; Damage estimation
Determination of Optimum Ingredients for Phosphogypsum Composite Stability under Marine Conditions-Response Surface Analysis with Process Variables

The construction of mixture designs and the methods of response surface analysis of mixture data are discussed and applied for determining the optimum ingredients for stabilized phosphogypsum (PG) composites conducive to marine application. Of particular importance is the ability of the composites to maintain physical integrity when submerged. Therefore, potential indicators for the survivability of the stabilized PG composites were also screened. The triangular coordinate system was used to present the three ingredient components of the PG composites as well as their dependent variables. The augmented simplex centroid design with pseudocomponents was used in determining mixture ingredient composition. A quadratic model with two process variables was used to analyze the experimental results and predict the optimum ingredient composition. The model predicts that a series of PG: class C fly ash:portland type II cement ingredients, such as 62%:35%:3% PG:class C fly ash:portland type II cement and 65%:31%:4% ...
A Method for Motivating Rigorous Discussion in any Discipline

I have found that games are effective pedagogical tools. The following is a simple game that can be used to motivate students to carefully debate answers to review questions. Set up: A class divide...
Image-guided optical spectroscopy provides molecular-specific information in vivo: MRI-guided spectroscopy of breast cancer hemoglobin, water, and scatterer size

A multimodality instrument that integrated optical or near-infrared spectroscopy into a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) breast coil was used to perform a pilot study of image-guided spectroscopy on cancerous breast tissue. These results are believed to be the first multiwavelength spectroscopic images of breast cancer using MRI-guided constraints, and they show the cancer tumor to have high hemoglobin and water values, decreased oxygen saturation, and increased subcellular granularity. The use of frequency-domain diffuse tomography methods at many wavelengths provides the spectroscopy required for recovering maps of absorbers and scattering spectra, but the integration with MRI allows these data to be recovered on an image field that preserves high resolution and fuses the two data sets together. Integration of molecular spectroscopy into standard clinical MRI can be achieved with this approach to spectral tomography.
TH‐A‐213CD‐01: Compton Scatter in X‐Ray Fluorescence CT Imaging

Purpose: To design an x‐ray fluorescenceCT (XFCT) imaging system for high‐sensitivity molecular imaging of gold and platinum probes by means of minimizing Compton scatter contamination using Monte Carlo(MC) simulations. Methods: XFCT and conventional CTimages of 5‐cm diameter phantoms containing solutions of gold and platinum were simulated in a modified version of the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc MC code. In our MC model, fluorescence x‐rays excited by heavily filtered 110 kVp x‐ray pencil beam were detected by photon‐counting detectors arranged in a number of geometries with the aim to vary the contribution of Compton scatter. XFCT images were reconstructed based on sinograms generated using the net number of fluorescence x‐rays with simple back‐projection. The extraction of the net number of fluorescence x‐rays and XFCT image quality as a function of MC‐estimated Compton scatter for a range of scattering angles was investigated. A number of detector arrangements (angular distributions and thicknesses) as well as their energy resolution were studied. Results: We found that the imaging sensitivity significantly increases when forward Compton scattered photons are excluded from data acquisition. For 2‐cm wide detectors with 1 % energy resolution and a dose of ∼5 cGy, the imaging sensitivity for a full detector ring was 0.086% and 0.060% for gold and platinum, respectively, and it increased to 0.057% and 0.037% when x‐rays scattered by less than 90° and 45° degrees were excluded from data acquisition. Moreover, we observed a decrease in sensitivity with decreasing the detector width and its energy resolution. Conclusions: XFCT data acquisition geometry should be carefully chosen for each combination of excitation x‐ray spectrum, detector energy resolution, and imaging probe to minimize the contribution of Compton scatter in order to maximize XFCT imaging sensitivity. Based on our MC simulations, the design of an x‐ray fluorescenceCT scanner will be proposed.
Study of enhanced bit error rate and "bit skipping" due to parasitic coupling in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Cavity interactions due to lateral fringe field overlap or "stray" reflections from optical elements in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array based interconnects are studied. Interacting cavity pairs act as coupled oscillators. Depending on the bit sequence the cavity that switches on first acts as a master oscillator that affects the switch on jitter for the other. Earlier analytic formalism for the bit error rate (BER) is extended to include the influence of the cavity coupling strength on the switch on jitter. Analytic results, including pre-biasing, demonstrate the potential for a large degradation in BER at small coupling strengths, if anti-phasing develops during bit coupling. Numerical results show that extreme cases result into complete pulse suppression (bit skipping). On the other hand, achieving in-phase coupling among bits improves BER.
Impact of mGluR5 during amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned hyperactivity in differentially reared rats

Rationale 3-((2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP) is a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist that may alter drug sensitivity in differentially reared rats due to its involvement in the psychostimulant reward pathway and plasticity.
Emulating full-converter wind turbine by a single converter in a multiple converter based emulation system

A real-time reconfigurable hardware test-bed is being constructed to emulate a transmission network of a power system by modular regenerative converters. This test-bed enables flexible research scenarios without the necessities of using the actual power system equipment. This paper presents the emulation of a full-converter wind turbine using a single converter in order to investigate the impact of renewable energy penetration. By integrating physical models and control strategies into the converter controller, the emulator can imitate the behaviors of the wind turbine accurately. Simulation and experiments performed in the test-bed validate the effectiveness of the emulation, and demonstrate the performance of the emulated wind turbine during different power system scenarios.
The Role of Classroom Quality in Ameliorating the Academic and Social Risks Associated with Difficult Temperament.

The present study examines the moderating role first grade classroom quality may have on the rela tions between children’s difficult temperament (assessed in infancy) and their academic and social out comes in early elementary school (first grade). Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, 1032 children were rated by their mothers at 6 months of age on difficult temperament. The quality of first grade class room environments were then observed and rated along three domains: emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support. Regression analyses examined the statistical interactions between difficult temperament and classroom quality domains on children’s academic and social out comes. Results indicate high-quality classroom environments may ameliorate the academic and social risks associated with having a difficult temperament.
Amorphous particles produced by spark erosion

Abstract Particles were prepared by spark erosion in dodecane (CH3(CH2)10CH3) from alloys containing up to four transition metals and metalloids. The necessary conditions for producing amorphous particles of up to 40 μm diameter were determined. The particles were examined by electron and optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. It was established that the quench rate for the spark-eroded particles is substantially higher than that for ribbons prepared by melt quenching. The crystallization temperature of the particles was higher than that of ribbon of similar dimensions and increased with decreasing particle size. The results of this study indicate a decrease in the chemical short-range order of the particles compared with that in the ribbon. The degree of disorder increases with decreasing particle size.
Recent Trends in Utilization of Procedures in Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery

The development of minimally invasive techniques and increasing performance of surgery in outpatient settings have had a major influence on otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OLHNS), but little is known about the extent to which these forces have affected the overall distribution and total rate of performance of OLHNS procedures. The aims of this study were to determine whether there has been a change in the total number of people undergoing OLHNS procedures between 1989 and 1992 in Maryland and to identify those procedures for which there has been a significant change in utilization. Data were obtained on 171,579 patients undergoing OLHNS procedures between 1989 and 1992 in Maryland's nonfederal, acute care hospitals, hospital-based outpatient centers, and freestanding multispecialty surgical centers. Age-adjusted annual surgical rates were calculated by direct standardization using 1990 Maryland census data, and changes in rates over time were examined using linear regression. From 1989 to 1992, there was no significant change in the total age-adjusted annual rate of performance of the most commonly performed OLHNS procedures (P>0.05), yet there was a significant increase (P 0.05) in the rate of rhinoplasty from 44/100,000 to 36/100,000. The data show an annual average decrease in inpatient surgery of 5.2% (P=0.006), and a corresponding increase in outpatient surgery of 5.1% (P=0.005). Maryland surgery rates for commonly performed procedures in OLHNS remained stable overall, except for an increase in sinus surgery and septoplasty rates and a decrease in rhinoplasty rates.
Effects of Dietary Catfish and Menhaden Oils on Hybrid Striped Bass Production

Abstract Hybrids of female striped bass Morone saxatilis and male white bass M. chrysops were stocked at 14,000 fish/ha in earthen ponds and fed an experimental diet supplementally sprayed (2.5% by weight) with either catfish oil (CO) or menhaden oil (MO). The sprayed diet contained n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, with four or more double bonds) at 1.10% and 1.54% of diet for CO and MO, respectively. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 212 d in three replicate 0.05-ha ponds per diet. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between CO and MO diets in mean total weight offish at harvest (590 and 585 g, respectively), percent weight gain (584% and 576%), survival (87% and 91%), or feed conversion (weight of feed as fed/fish weight gain: 2.50 and 2.31). Mean intraperitoneal fat (IPF) to body weight ratios of fish were not different (4.8% for CO and 4.4% for MO). Females had a significantly higher IPF ratio (5.2%) than males (4.7%) across both diets. There were no significant...
Deformation-Dependent Enzyme Cleavage of Collagen

Collagen degradation is a mechanism for normal musculoskeletal development and extracellular matrix (ECM) maintenance, and in response to trauma, disease and inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, 8, and 13, the collagenases) are the primary enzymes that act to degrade collagen. These MMPs gain access to the collagen triple helix by binding to the enzyme’s attachment domain along the α-chains, followed by separation (unwinding) of the α-chains to expose the 3/4–1/4 cleavage site, and then cleavage of the α-chain by the enzyme’s catalytic domain [3, 5].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Stress-induced septicemia as an impediment to laboratory rearing of the fruit fly parasitoid Biosteres (opius) longicaudatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract High pupal mortality experienced during laboratory rearing of Biosteres longicaudatus , a parasitoid of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa was attributed primarily to the action of two species of opportunistic pathogens, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These bacteria were best able to overwhelm both parasitized and nonparasitized fly larvae and pupae when they were subjected to thermal stress (rearing temperatures >30°C). Methenamine mandelate chemotherapy had no prophylactic effect, but potentially deleterious side effects (aberrant fly premating sounds) were caused by incorporation of this antibiotic in the A. suspensa larval rearing medium. Control was effected by optimizing the cultural conditions rather than by the use of antibiotics.
Electrochemical factors controlling the patterning of metals on SAM-coated substrates

Alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been used in electrochemical microfabrication processes. The reductive desorption potential of alkanethiol SAMs, Edes, can be comparable to, greater than, or less than the metal reduction potential during electrodeposition, Emet. As a result, the SAM layer can passivate the surface or desorb simultaneously with metal deposition. We show that these electrochemical traits can be combined with a rastering microjet electrode to pattern SAMs directly and create patterned metal films without lithography steps. For the case of copper deposition on 1-octanethiol (OT)- and 1-dodecanethiol (DT)-coated substrates, Edes is significantly negative of Emet, resulting in high-resolution metal patterns with poor nucleation and poor adhesion to the substrate. However, nickel patterns deposited on 1-butanethiol (BT), OT, and DT have traits similar to bare gold (excellent nucleation and adhesion) because Edes is positive of Emet. Substrates with SAMs also suppress adventitiou...
Imaging with evanescent waves in diffraction tomography

Abstract The possibility of incorporating evanescent wave components of the scattered field into diffraction tomo-graphic reconstruction algorithms offers new options to improve the resolution in reconstructive diffractiontomography. Evanescent wave information has however not been incorporated into diffraction tomographicreconstruction algorithms due to special difficulties that they present. Here we present a generalization ofthe filtered backpropagation algorithm that incorporates evanescent wave data to improve the resolutionlimit beyond the usual half wavelength limit. 1. Introduction In the research reported here we revisit recent work of ours1 on superresolution in DT from a differentperspective and, in particular, show that the super-resolving filtered backpropagation (FBP) algorithm,derived in Reference 1, can be viewed as the implementation of a new inverse Fourier transform theoremthat uses Fourier transform data from real and complex spatial frequencies. 1.1 Motivation The resolution of the images generated by current diffraction tomographic DT reconstruction algorithms islimited to roughly a half wavelength due to the neglection of the evanescent wave components of the scat-tered wave by these algorithms. Although the evanescent waves attenuate exponentially with propagationdistance from scattering centers within the object and, hence, have much lower signal levels at the receiver( measurement) arrays than do the homogeneous (propagating) waves there exist a number of applicationswhere it is both possible and desirable to measure and employ evanescent waves in the DT reconstructionalgorithms. An example of this is in geophysical electromagnetic tomography where the wavelength canbe on the order of thirty meters or longer and where the distance of the object (inclusion in the geologicalformation) to be imaged can be ten or less meters from the receiver array2. Indeed, the conductivity and,hence, absorption of wet geological formations can vary with the fourth power of frequency so that it isdesirable to reduce the operating frequency of the probing wavefields so as to increase penetration depthof the tomographic survey. In such cases then it is essential to overcome, or at least relieve, the wave-length limitation on resolution and this, in turn, requires that the diffraction tomographic reconstructionalgorithms be restructured to incorporate evanescent waves.
Nutraceuticals and social ethics: An introductory inquiry into the relationship between functional foods and economic justice

ABSTRACT Given current trends in the nutraceutical industry, from scientific research and product development to labeling and marketing, this field raises a variety of ethical questions which can be couched in terms of economic justice. This introductory article will outline three traditional definitions of economic justice (commutative, distributive and social) used widely by social ethicists and apply each of the three to particular characteristics of and developments in the nutraceutical industry, namely health claims and labeling, distribution and access, and marketing. In so doing, this article seeks to offer an initial ethical evaluation by raising questions concerning potential benefits and challenges the industry presents to the common good, particularly in light of the current phenomenon of globalization. It will argue that nutraceuticals, foods with proven health benefits whether preventative or otherwise, bolster the categorization of food as a human right as dictated by the United Nations Decl...
No More Excuses: Toward a Workable System of Dispositive Motions in International Arbitration

This article focuses on the potential uses of dispositive motions in international arbitration. Although dispositive motions have been used sporadically in arbitration in recent years, the prevailing practice remains that arbitral claims are typically adjudicated through full documentary disclosure, the submission of witness statements, and an evidentiary hearing with testimony by fact and expert witnesses. For claims that could have been resolved on pretrial dispositive motions had they proceeded in court rather than in arbitration, this practice undermines the alleged advantage of efficiency and speed that is a selling point of arbitration. The article advocates for a workable system of dispositive motions that fits into the existing framework of international arbitration practice and institutions. It addresses some of the most commonly raised objections to the practice of dispositive motions in international arbitration, which range from the necessity of increased fact discovery to problems of enforceability. It then explains why these objections do not pose a major stumbling block. The article concludes with a discussion of possible rule changes and agreement clauses that can provide for dispositive motions.
Dual-phase CT findings of groove pancreatitis.

Abstract Purpose Groove pancreatitis is a rare focal form of chronic pancreatitis that occurs in the pancreaticoduodenal groove between the major and minor papillae, duodenum and pancreatic head. Radiologic appearance and clinical presentation can result in suspicion of malignancy rendering pancreaticoduodenectomy inevitable. This study reports dual phase CT findings in a series of 12 patients with pathology proven groove pancreatitis. Materials and methods Retrospective review of preoperative CT findings in 12 patients with histologically proven groove pancreatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Size, location, attenuation, presence of mass or cystic components in the pancreas, groove and duodenum, calcifications, duodenal stenosis and ductal changes were recorded. Clinical data, laboratory values, endoscopic ultrasonographic and histopathological findings were collected. Results Soft tissue thickening in the groove was seen in all patients. Pancreatic head, groove and duodenum were all involved in 75% patients. A discrete lesion in the pancreatic head was seen in half of the patients, most of which appeared hypodense on both arterial and venous phases. Cystic changes in pancreatic head were seen in 75% patients. Duodenal involvement was seen in 92% patients including wall thickening and cyst formation. The main pancreatic duct was dilated in 7 patients, with an abrupt cut off in 3 and a smooth tapering stricture in 4. Five patients had evidence of chronic pancreatitis with parenchymal calcifications. Conclusion Presence of mass or soft tissue thickening in the groove with cystic duodenal thickening is highly suggestive of groove pancreatitis. Recognizing common radiological features may help in diagnosis and reduce suspicion of malignancy.
New Agents for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To review the activity of 3 new agents approved for the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, and abiraterone acetate.DATA SOURCES:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1977-June 2012) and abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2000–2012) using the terms castration-resistant and hormone-refractory prostate cancer, sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone, Provenge, Jevtana, and Zytiga. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Articles identified from the data sources in English on human subjects were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESIS:Options for patients with CRPC have been limited, with little to offer those who failed or could not tolerate docetaxel-based therapy. Three new drugs, with very different mechanisms of action, have changed that and will undoubtedly change the treatment paradigm for these patients. Each agent has demonstrated an impact on patient surviva...
Phosphorylation of pea chloroplast acetyl‐CoA carboxylase

We have examined whether chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a phosphoprotein. Pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of [gamma-33P]-ATP and radiolabeled proteins were examined after immunoprecipitation with antibodies against all four known subunits of heteromeric chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The beta-subunit of the carboxyltransferase was found to be labeled by 33P. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the immunoprecipitated beta-subunit of the carboxyltransferase indicates that it is phosphorylated on serine residues. Incorporation of 33P into carboxyltransferase beta-subunit decreased in chloroplasts transferred to dark conditions after labeling in the light. Dephosphorylation of pea chloroplast extracts by an alkaline phosphatase-agarose conjugate reduced in vitro acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity by 67%. Furthermore, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and its carboxyltransferase half-reaction were reduced in dephosphorylated extracts, the biotin carboxylase half-reaction was not inhibited. The evidence presented here points to the carboxyltransferase beta-subunit of chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase as a candidate for regulation by protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
State laws governing school meals and disparities in fruit/vegetable intake

Background Home access to fruits/vegetables (FV) is a consistent predictor of adolescent FV intake, but many adolescents face barriers to home access. Purpose To determine if state laws that require FV in school meals are positively associated with FV intake, particularly among students with limited home access to FV. Methods Student data on home food access and FV intake were obtained from the National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study ( n =9574) and linked to state laws regarding FV requirements for school meals. All data were collected in 2010. Ordinary least-squares models were utilized in 2012 to estimate differences in intake between states with different FV laws, overall and by whether students had access to various foods at home (FV, unhealthy snacks). Models were weighted to account for the sample design and controlled for race, gender, age, fast-food intake, and school lunches consumed per week. Results The association between FV requirement laws and FV intake was strongest among students without regular home access to FV. Particularly among students who had home access to only unhealthy snacks and who regularly consumed school meals, mean FV intake was 0.45 and 0.61 cups/day higher, respectively (95% CIs=0.07, 0.84 and 0.21, 1.00), in states with FV requirements. Students with access to healthier foods at home tended to consume more FV, but such disparities in intake were smaller in states with FV laws. Conclusions Laws that require FV in school meals may improve FV intake, particularly among students with limited access to healthy foods at home.
Cutaneous protothecosis. Successful treatment with amphotericin B.

• A patient had cutaneous protothecosis because of the alga-like organism, Prototheca wickerhamii . In vitro sensitivity tests showed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin B, and the patient was treated successfully with this polyene antibiotic. As with treatment of some fungal infections, a clinical response was achieved when therapy with low doses of amphotericin B was given during a short period of time. The basis of the amphotericin B response may have been due to a combination of its immunostimulatory and antibiotic properties. ( Arch Dermatol 112:1749-1752, 1976)
Review of longitudinal perturbation formalism

The foundation of the beam perturbation formalism was established on the Sacherer integral equation. The original solution was obtained by using simplified radial functions, and the results can be used to explain several important beam instability problems. To solve the instabilities caused by high beam intensities calls for more complete solution and the extension to the formalism as well. For the non-coupled perturbation problem without frequency spread, two different eigenvalue type solutions were proposed. The formalism is also modified to solve the azimuthal mode coupling instability and the beam instability with synchrotron frequency spread, where both dispersion type and eigenvalue type solutions were proposed. In this article, a brief review of longitudinal perturbation formalism based on Sacherer integral equation is given. Some perspectives will also be discussed.
ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN8 encodes an F-box protein localized to the nucleolus in Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis encodes six nuclear actin-related proteins (ARPs), among them ARP8 is unique in having an F-box domain and an actin homology domain. Analysis of the ARP8 promoter–b-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion suggests that ARP8 is ubiquitously expressed in all organs and cell types. Immunocytochemical analysis with ARP8-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that ARP8 protein is localized to the nucleolus in interphase cells and dispersed in the cytoplasm in mitotic cells. The cell cycle-dependent subcellular patterns of distribution of ARP8 are conserved in other members of Brassicaceae. Our findings provide the first insight into the possible contributions of plant ARP8 to nucleolar functions.
Regulation of Myofibroblast Differentiation by Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a post-translational protein modification effected by enzymes belonging to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily, mainly by PARP-1. The key acceptors of poly(ADP-ribose) include PARP-1 itself, histones, DNA repair proteins, and transcription factors. Because many of these factors are involved in the regulation of myofibroblast differentiation, we examined the role of PARylation on myofibroblast differentiation. Overexpression of PARP-1 with an expression plasmid activated expression of the α-SMA gene (Acta2), a marker of myofibroblast differentiation in lung fibroblasts. Suppression of PARP-1 activity or gene expression with PARP-1 inhibitors or siRNA, respectively, had the opposite effect on these cells. PARP-1–deficient cells also had reduced α-SMA gene expression. DNA pyrosequencing identified hypermethylated regions of the α-SMA gene in PARP-1–deficient cells, relative to wild-type cells. Interestingly, and of potential relevance to human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, PARP activity in lung fibroblasts isolated from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients was significantly higher than that in cells isolated from control subjects. Furthermore, PARP-1–deficient mice exhibited reduced pulmonary fibrosis in response to bleomycin-induced lung injury, relative to wild-type controls. These results suggest that PARylation is important for myofibroblast differentiation and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
Intracerebroventricular injection of leukotriene B4 attenuates antigen-induced asthmatic response via BLT1 receptor stimulating HPA-axis in sensitized rats

Basic and clinical studies suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the neuroendocrine-immnue pathway that functionally regulates the chronic inflammatory disease including asthma. Our previous studies showed corresponding changes of cytokines and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) between brain and lung tissues in antigen-challenged asthmatic rats. Here, we investigated how the increased LTB4 level in brain interacts with HPA axis in regulating antigen-induced asthmatic response in sensitized rats. Ovalbumin-sensitized rats were challenged by inhalation of antigen. Rats received vehicle, LTB4 or U75302 (a selective LTB4 BLT1 receptor inhibitor) was given via intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v) 30 min before challenge. Lung resistance (R L) and dynamic lung compliance (C dyn) were measured before and after antigen challenge. Inflammatory response in lung tissue was assessed 24 h after challenge. Expression of CRH mRNA and protein in hypothalamus were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western Blot, and plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were measured using the ELISA kits. Antigen challenge decreased pulmonary function and induced airway inflammation, evoked HPA axis response in sensitized rats. Administration of LTB4 via i.c.v markedly attenuated airway contraction and inflammation. Meanwhile, LTB4 via i.c.v markedly increased CORT and ACTH level in plasma before antigen challenge, and followed by further increases in CORT and ACTH levels in plasma after antigen challenge in sensitized rats. Expression of CRH mRNA and protein in hypothalamus were also significantly increased by LTB4 via i.c.v in sensitized rats after antigen challenge. These effect were completely blocked by pre-treatment with BLT1 receptor antagonist U75302 (10 ng), but not by BLT2 antagonist LY255283. LTB4 administered via i.c.v down-regulates the airway contraction response and inflammation through activation of the HPA axis via its BLT1 receptor. This study expands our concept of the regulatory role of intracranial inflammatory mediators in inflammatory diseases including asthma. The favourable effects of LTB4 on the HPA axis may help to explain the phenomenon of self-relief after an asthmatic attack.
The Need for Manganese in Bone Development by the Rat.

SummaryThe length, density, breaking strength, and phosphatase content of the bones of manganese-deficient rats were lower than in pairmates of the same weight receiving adequate manganese. There was no difference between the two groups in percentage of ash, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the fat-free dry bone.
Development of a model to study Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of in ovo injected broiler eggs.

Abstract A model was developed to examine the proliferation of Aspergillus fumigatus on the air cell membrane of broiler hatching eggs and to assay the effectiveness of fungal control strategies that may be used in conjunction with late embryonic egg injection. Egg yolk was identified as the nutritive media required to sustain fungal growth. Incubation was required to predispose the egg to fungal infection by allowing the yolk to come into contact with the air cell membrane. Infertile eggs and eggs containing embryos that died before 4 d of incubation (early-dead) that had been subsequently incubated for 9 d or more were equally susceptible to fungal infection. In order to evaluate potential methods of control, these eggs were punched through the blunt end of the shell with a 16-gauge needle, placed into forced-air incubators (hatchers), and exposed to air-dispersed pure cultures of A. fumigatus. The frequency of eggs exhibiting mold growth on the air cell membrane 72 h after exposure was subjected to a Chi-square analysis model. The effect of egg position within an incubator flat in relationship to the A. fumigatus source culture, the variation between flats (levels) within a given hatcher, the variation between hatchers, and the variation between replicate trials were measured and found to be potential sources of experimental error that must be minimized in order to accept the results of an evaluation. A statistically valid model was developed that can be used to evaluate various types of fungicidal treatments of hatching eggs and their relative efficacy in association with egg injection.
The potential of off-stream livestock watering to reduce water quality impacts

Small commercial and non-commercial animal enterprises (SCAEs) are often located in suburban watersheds. Such operations raise a small number of animals on a few acres and have potential water quality impacts from their manure management. A typical pollution abatement practice includes fencing livestock from streams and providing an off-stream watering area. However, if there is a large stream to land area ratio, this practice becomes very costly for implementation and maintenance. An alternative is to provide off-stream watering areas without fencing to lure animals from the stream. This project demonstrated that off-stream watering areas are an effective alternative to stream fencing. They reduce the time animals spend at the stream under small acreage grazing conditions. In addition, an animal-operated pasture pump was demonstrated to be a viable off-stream watering device. The animal-operated tested pump pulled water from the creek and held the water in a small basin accessible to the animals. It is a usable alternative where conventional watering systems are inconvenient or expensive.
Long Wavelength Characterization of Internal Quantum Efficiency in LT-GaAs MSM Photodiodes

Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) photodiodes fabricated from low temperature all grown GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy have been characterized for wavelengths extending out to 1.5{mu}m. External quantum efficiencies on the order of 0.5 % have been measured for subbandgap wavelengths, which translates to internal quantum efficiencies of 2--4 % for the interdigitated electrode structure with 1{mu}m finger spacing and width. Although the effective lifetime of the LT-GaAs has been determined to be
Critical Concepts of Mentoring in an Urban Context.

Given the increasing challenges faced by high-poverty urban schools, mentoring has become the panacea for policy makers interested in a quick-fix solution to the teacher quality dilemma. As a result, mentoring programs have experienced exponential growth with little empirical attention during the last decade. This 16-month qualitative investigation within a large city in the northeastern United States, sought to better understand the work of mentors in high-poverty urban schools. Analysis of the data collected led to the identification of three assertions that highlight the interplay that occurs in the urban teacher mentoring context between four critical concepts: novice teacher survival, novice teacher success, onus of responsibility, and a social justice stance. Implications are discussed related to the need for adequate resources, placement, and preparation of mentors in high-poverty schools. Additionally, the study also asserts the role that a passion for or a disposition toward social justice plays ...
Corticocancellous olecranon autograft for metacarpal defect reconstruction: a case report

Background High-energy injuries to the hand frequently lead to bone defects as well as soft tissue loss. Early bone grafting of defects is well established in the literature; however, few options are available for autologous corticocancellous grafts. Most frequently cited studies describe the iliac crest or the distal radius donor sites.
MEK targeting in N-RAS mutated metastatic melanoma

Background Gain of function mutations in B-RAF and N-RAS occur frequently in melanoma, leading to mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation, and this pathway is the target of drugs in development. Our purpose was to study clinical characteristics of patients with mutations in this pathway and to determine activity of inhibitors of B-RAF and MEK in short term cultures grown from tumors of some of these patients.
The Effects of Mental Models and Expertise on Running Memory and Clinical Handoff Effectiveness

THE EFFECT OF MENTAL MODELS AND EXPERTISE ON RUNNING MEMORY AND CLINICAL HANDOFF EFFECTIVENESS Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya Old Dominion University, 2015 Director: Dr. Mark W. Scerbo The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of mental models and expertise on the ability to process handoffs of information. In addition, the role of active or passive processing was examined. Three groups of participants participated, differing in their level of clinical expertise to represent a novice, intermediate, and expert population. Participants performed an abstract running memory span task and two tasks resembling real world activities, an air traffic control (ATC) handoff task, and a clinical handoff task. For all tasks list length and the amount of information to be recalled was manipulated. Further, in the ATC and the clinical handoff tasks, information was presented in an organized or unorganized sequence. Recall scores decreased as list length increased on all tasks. Regarding processing strategy, all participants used passive processing for the running memory span and ATC tasks. The novices also used passive processing for the clinical task. The experts, however, appeared to use more active processing as they recalled more relevant than irrelevant items. Irrelevant information negatively impacted all participants, resulting in lower handoff scores and decreased recall of relevant items. Regarding organization, experts had lower handoff scores for the clinical unorganized lists while intermediates and novices were not significantly affected. There was no effect of organization on the groups for the ATC task. Overall, the results indicated that individuals with clinical expertise and a developed mental model rely more on active processing of incoming information while individuals with little or no knowledge rely on passive processing. Further, presenting irrelevant information and unorganized information incongruent with a developed mental model can negatively impact performance.
Interdicting Gq Activation in Airway Disease by Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Mechanisms

Gαqβγ heterotrimer (Gq), an important mediator in the pathology of airway disease, plays a central role in bronchoconstriction and airway remodeling, including airway smooth muscle growth and inflammation. Current therapeutic strategies to treat airway disease include the use of muscarinic and leukotriene receptor antagonists; however, these pharmaceuticals demonstrate a limited clinical efficacy as multiple Gq-coupled receptor subtypes contribute to these pathologies. Thus, broadly inhibiting the activation of Gq may be an advantageous therapeutic approach. Here, we investigated the effects of broadly inhibiting Gq activation in vitro and ex vivo using receptor-dependent and receptor-independent strategies. P4pal-10 is a protease activated receptor 4-derived pepducin that exhibits efficacy toward multiple Gq-coupled receptors. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that P4pal-10 selectively inhibits all G protein coupling to several Gq-coupled receptors, including protease activated receptor 1, muscarinic acetylcholine M3, and histamine H1 receptors, while demonstrating no direct effect on Gq. We also evaluated the ability of FR900359, also known as UBO-QIC, to directly inhibit Gq activation. FR900359 inhibited spontaneous Gαq nucleotide exchange, while having little effect on Gαsβγ, Gαiβγ, or Gα12/13βγ heterotrimer activity. Both P4pal-10 and FR900359 inhibited Gq-mediated intracellular signaling and primary human airway smooth muscle growth, whereas only FR900359 effectively interdicted agonist-promoted airway contraction in human precision cut lung slices. These studies serve as a proof of concept that the broad-based inhibition of Gq activation may be a useful therapeutic approach to treat multiple common pathologies of airway disease.
Ocular Trauma From Dog Bites: Characterization, Associations, and Treatment Patterns at a Regional Level I Trauma Center Over 11 Years.

PURPOSE: Canine bites frequently result in periocular injury. The authors aimed to further characterize the dog breeds, types of injuries inflicted, and treatment outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all dog bites recorded in the University of Washington trauma registry from 2003 to 2013. Cases involving ocular injury were further investigated to identify ocular tissues affected, treatment patterns, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 342 dog bite victims were identified, of whom 91 sustained ocular trauma (27%). The mean age of patients with ocular injuries was significantly lower than those without (14.1 ± 1.9 vs. 30.0 ± 1.3 years, p CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the largest to date to report the incidence and characteristics of ocular injuries sustained from dog bites. These injuries were disproportionately more common in children and have a high incidence of canalicular laceration. Though rare, globe injuries and orbital fractures were seen in this population. Importantly, this study establishes that pit bulls are the most frequent breed associated with ocular injuries from dog bites. Language: en