cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF WING MELANIN PATTERN IN PIERIS BUTTERFLIES.

Do genetic correlations among phenotypic characters reflect developmental organization or functional coadaptation of the characters? We test these hypotheses for the wing melanin pattern of Pieris occidentalis butterflies, by comparing estimated genetic correlations among wing melanin characters with a priori predictions of the developmental organization and the functional (thermoregulatory) organization of melanin pattern. There were significant broad-sense heritabilities and significant genetic correlations for most melanin characters. Matrix correlation tests revealed significant agreement between the observed genetic correlations and both developmental and functional predictions in most cases; this occurred even when the overlap between developmental and functional predictions was eliminated. These results suggest that both developmental organization and functional coadaptation among melanin characters influence the genetic correlation structure of melanin pattern in this species. These results have two important implications for the evolution of melanin pattern in P. occidentalis and other butterflies: 1) most phenotypic variation in pattern may reflect variation among, rather than within, sets of developmentally homologous wing melanin characters; and 2) in a changing selective environment, genetic correlations may retard the disruption of functionally coupled melanin characters, thus affecting the evolutionary response to selection.
Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond by Tan Chee-Beng (ed.)

Originating as a set of conference papers in 2007, this ten-chapter volume edited by Tan Chee-Beng aims to describe the historical contribution of Chinese cuisine to current Southeast Asian foodway...
Chemical Characterization of High-Temperature Arc Gasification Slag with a Focus on Element Release in the Environment

High-temperature arc gasification (HTAG) has been proposed as a viable technology for the generation of energy and the production of saleable byproducts from municipal solid waste (MSW). Total concentrations of elements in HTAG slag were assessed and indicated a high partitioning of trace elements (Pb, Cd, and As) into the flue gas, an issue of concern when assessing the air pollution control residues (APCR) status as a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste leaching tests [such as the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)] were performed and confirmed that the slag did not meet U.S. criteria for a hazardous waste. Leaching was assessed using batch and column tests; the results revealed that Sb and Al were elevated in respect to risk-based regulatory thresholds. Slag samples were carbonated to simulate weathering effects, and although leachable concentrations of Al did decrease by an order of magnitude, Sb concentrations were found to increase. Low total concentrations of certain trace elements (As,...
Unusual complications of spinal surgery: A report of life-threatening vascular injury

Kyphoplasty and lumbar spine fusion are rarely associated with significant vascular damage and internal bleeding. However, anaesthesiologists must maintain vigilance in order to detect rare, but potentially lifethreatening haemorrhagic complications of these procedures which may present intra-operatively or in the immediate post-operative period. We present two cases of life-threatening haemorrhagic complications of spine surgery, one from T12 kyphoplasty and the other from a redo lumbar laminectomy and fusion. In both cases, prompt recognition of vascular injuries with internal or covert bleeding which presented shortly after surgery allowed timely and life-saving treatment.
Toward an Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Chronic Laryngitis.

Chronic laryngitis, characterized by inflammation of the laryngeal tissues, is the most commonly diagnosed organic voice disorder, yet treatments targeting suspected etiologic factors have demonstr...
A genetic algorithm based approach for multi-objective hardware/software co-optimization

Abstract We develop a genetic algorithm based autotuning strategy in this paper. Autotuning is a platform independent code optimization process in which different hardware and software parameters of the code being optimized are identified and the parameter space explored to arrive at an alternative implementation that optimizes characteristics such as performance and energy consumption. The main advantage of our approach is that the number of possible compilations and executions that are explored in the configuration space is substantially smaller than exhaustive search. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach to the underlying small matrix multiplication routines in spectral element solvers. The latter are an important class of higher order methods that are expected to be computationally intensive portion of the next generation of large scale CFD simulations. Our experimental results were conducted on a variety of existing platforms as well as on gem5 simulator platform with different cache configurations. On an existing platform, AMD Fusion, the genetic algorithm is able obtain 34% improvement in performance and 37% reduction in energy consumption over existing versions of the code. The fact that a very small fraction of the entire configuration space needs to be explored becomes very useful as algorithmic exploration is combined with exploration of cache configuration resulting in hardware/software co-optimization. We used the micro-architectural simulator, gem5, to evaluate different cache configurations for energy and performance trade-offs for out-of-order x86 cores at the micro-architectural level for small matrix multiplications. Our results show how genetic algorithm based autotuning strategy can come up with a close to optimal variant analyzing only about 0.25% of the exploration space.
The Curve of an Emotion: The Years of the Portrait , 1904–1914

Joyce began the earliest versions of what was ultimately to become A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man even before the first of the Dubliners stories. He wrote a sketch, or story, which Stanislaus suggested he call ‘A Portrait of the Artist’, in one day, 7 January 1904, after he heard that a new journal was being started, called Dana. He showed it to one of the editors, W. K. Magee (also called ‘John Eglinton’, as in Ulysses) one evening at the National Library; Magee records that he read it in Joyce’s presence and then ‘handed it back to him with the timid observation that I did not care to publish what was to myself incomprehensible’ (Workshop 200). The sketch is indeed dense, and one could be forgiven for feeling that not much was lost to the world of literature when Magee turned it down (aside from Magee’s chance to publish the future Great Writer); in fact the rejection gave Joyce the impetus to pursue his subject — himself — at length, in an autobiographical novel. He began, Stanislaus reports in his diary, ‘half in anger, to show that in writing about himself he has a subject of more interest than their aimless discussion’. Again, it was Stanislaus who supplied his brother with his working title: Stephen Hero (Diary 12), after the unlikely name of its protagonist, Stephen Daedalus.
Localization and preformationism

This chapter discusses the concept of localization and performationism. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, certain striking observations on the part of embryologists concerned with the cell theory of devolpment led to the espousal of theories of ontogeny that were regarded at the time as antithetical to the principle that development occurs in an epigenetic manner, that is, by means of the progressive construction of more complex systems from less complex levels of organization.. The concept of precocious segregation of morphogenetically significant egg cytoplasmic substances and other allied hypotheses led to the growth of interest in the embryology of animals in which, unlike the case in the chick, the fate of each cell lends itself to study. The essence of neopreformationism was the belief that the embryo is in some mysterious manner foreshadowed in the egg, and this concept that was found uncomfortable by most of the writers.
Sentiment and Satire: The Language of Flowers in Fanny Fern's RUTH HALL

An unflinching, no-holds-barred American newspaper columnist and novelist of the nineteenth century, Fanny Fern was an anomaly who told “what she felt to be the truth about her society, without cov...
Unintentional Misreporting on Self-Report Measures of Sexually Aggressive Behavior: An Interview Study.

The development of effective sexual aggression prevention programs for men relies on data garnered from studies using self-report measures of sexual aggression perpetration. However, few studies have focused on understanding and improving self-report measures of sexual aggression perpetration. The current study used open-ended interviews to explore the nature and frequency of community men’s (N = 34) unintentional misreporting—including both overreporting and underreporting—on two self-report measures of sexual aggression perpetration: the Sexual Experiences Survey–Long Form Perpetration (SES-LFP; Koss et al., 2007) and the Sexual Strategies Scale (SSS; Strang, Peterson, Hill, & Heiman, 2013a). Item misinterpretation led to both overreporting and underreporting of sexual aggression, although underreporting was more common. Men’s interpretations of items, decision-making processes, and reasons for producing discrepant reports across measures were analyzed and discussed. Results could help inform efforts to...
Globalism and cultural tensions: Discursive constructions of the English language in China’s print media

Based on a corpus of 200 articles from the People’s Daily and the People’s Daily Overseas Edition collected from 2010 to 2012, we examined the representation of English, applying framing theory ( Chong & Druckman, 2007 ). The results indicate four dominant frames shared by both newspapers: exclusion/oppression, warfare/protection, yardstick/benchmark, and bridge/needs. Both papers perceive the English language as a resource while constructing a Chinese identity fundamentally in competition with a Western identity reinforced by the English language. However, while both papers project the image of China as a unified, benign country proud of its linguistic and cultural heritage, the Overseas Edition seems more conscious in representing China as a motherland in need of protection from the threatening socio-cultural force of English. The article seeks to contribute to the growing body of research on language and identity in China, English and globalization, and the perception of English in the expanding circle.
Statistical study of latitudinal beaming of Jupiter's decametric radio emissions using Juno

Synoptic decametric (DAM) radio observations at Jupiter were made in a broad Jovicentric latitudinal range of −21∘ to +15∘ by the Juno polar orbiting spacecraft from 21 June to 10 December, 2016. We investigated the occurrence probability of non-Io-related DAM. At 19.5 MHz, as Juno's latitude varies from +15∘ to −21∘, a peak of non-Io-B occurrence probability at 175∘ System III central meridian longitude (CML) gradually shifts in longitude to 140∘ CML. Also, another peak occurs at 110∘ CML between −15∘ and −9∘, merging into the bottom edge of the former peak. This J-shaped feature is similarly seen at 16.5 MHz. Using the Jovian magnetic field models, the fixed hollow cone model can reasonably account for the J-shaped structure for radio sources traced along active magnetic flux tubes onto Jupiter's surface projected at about 135∘–149∘ System III longitude. Moreover, these non-Io-B spectral profiles extend from 13.5 to 23.5 MHz.
PETER DUFF: ACCOUNTANT AND EDUCATOR

Peter Duff, an accountant in Pittsburgh, was the author of several books on accounting and also the founder of a school for bookkeepers and accountants in 1840. The Duff school is significant because of its early beginnings and the fact that the school still operates today, having outlived many of its noted competitors.
Predicted thermal stresses in a TSV design

Physically meaningful and easy-to-use analytical predictive stress models are developed for a through-silicon-via (TSV) design using theory-of-elasticity based approach. Two extreme cases of the TSV height-to-diameter ratios are considered: disc-like vias, with the aspect ratios below 0.25 (plane stress approximation can be employed in this case), and rod-like-vias, with aspect ratios, above 2.5 (plane strain approximation is applicable in this case). The objectives of the analysis are 1) to evaluate the effect of the size of the opening in the silicon (Si) material on the pressure at its boundary with the disc/rod, when the TSV structure is heated up, and the Si material is in tension because of the elevated circumferential stresses, and 2) to assess the incentive for using a compliant surrogate layer to relieve the shearing stresses at the Cu-Si interface. While the pressure at the Si opening is important from the standpoint of the strength of the Si material, the level of the interfacial stress is critical from the standpoint of the adhesive and cohesive strength of the TSV structure.
Foundations of performance – factors that contribute to excellence in equine exercise

Horses are renowned for their incredible capacity for a range of athletic activities, and participation in athletic events arguably represents the most critical strut of the equine industry. Successful performance is typically a primary focus during participation in competitive athletic events, and relies upon a variety of innate physiological and structural factors of the athlete. However, a wide range of external factors also influence performance, and many of these can be readily manipulated. Therefore, thorough assessment of the individual’s inherent capacity for a specific athletic discipline must be combined with optimisation of external factors including nutrition and training to promote excellent performance. Recent progress in methods of athlete selection and monitoring of training responses are assisting continued improvements in equine performance.
Role of Oleoresin Flow in Initial Colonization of Loblolly Pine by Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial colonization by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was manipulated mechanically so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover after near cessation. Beetles were introduced by means of mesh cages attached to the mid-bole of trees and left until the end of the longest wounding treatment. In trees where resin flow was reduced, significant increases in number of attacks, total gallery length, and length of gallery free of resin occurred.
Predictive factors for suicidal ideation in patients with unresectable lung carcinoma. A 6-month follow-up study.

BACKGROUND. Despite serious concern over the suicidality of cancer patients in clinical oncology practice, few studies have addressed this issue. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and predictive factors of suicidal ideation in patients with unresectable lung carcinoma in a follow-up setting. METHODS. Patients with newly diagnosed unresectable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma participated in this study. Their suicidal ideation was assessed 6 months after disclosure of the cancer diagnosis. Predictive factors for suicidal ideation were investigated by assessing a broad range of biomedical and psychosocial factors between the time of disclosure and start of cancer therapy (baseline) and 6 months after disclosure of the cancer diagnosis (follow-up). RESULTS. Although strong suicidal ideation was rare in this population, 13 (15%) of the 89 subjects who completed the baseline and follow-up ratings had some degree of suicidal ideation 6 months after disclosure of the cancer diagnosis. Univariate analysis revealed that significant predictive factors for suicidal ideation were pain at baseline, declining physical function, and the development of a depressive disorder. Multivariate analysis indicated that pain at baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 3.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-14.69, P = 0.04) and the development of a depressive disorder (OR =27.97, 95% CI = 5.18-214.14, P = 0.0003) were the final significant predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS. Suicidal ideation among unresectable lung carcinoma patients should not be neglected because it is not rare. Comprehensive care consisting of at least earlier pain management and appropriate psychiatric intervention is indispensable to prevent subsequent suicidal ideation.
Pictograph Support For The Smoke Signal Hypothesis

(1985). Pictograph Support For The Smoke Signal Hypothesis. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 30, No. 108, pp. 165-166.
Physiological Emotion Regulation in Children with ADHD with and without Comorbid Internalizing Disorders: a Preliminary Study

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience deficits in emotion regulation that can be measured physiologically under environmental stress conditions by examining respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a marker of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) withdrawal. The current pilot study examined the impact of comorbid internalizing disorders and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) on emotion regulation in children with ADHD by measuring RSA as an indicator of dysregulated emotional reactivity. Twenty-four 7–10 year old children with ADHD participated in the current study. Children completed a 5-min resting attending baseline while electrocardiogram data (ECG) were recorded to examine baseline RSA. Children then completed a stress inducing, blocked goal, Card Sorting Task to measure RSA reactivity to stress. Results revealed a significant effect of internalizing disorder status on RSA difference score, F (1, 18) = 5.83, p = .03, η2 = .25. Children in the comorbid internalizing disorder group had a significantly greater decrease in RSA from the baseline time period to the card sorting task. There was no significant effect of ODD diagnostic status on RSA difference score, p > .05. The results of this preliminary study suggest that among children with ADHD, the presence of a comorbid internalizing disorder predicts greater withdrawal of the PNS. These findings represent an important step in understanding autonomic functioning of children with ADHD and comorbid disorders.
Chart Review Study of Prescription of Antipsychotic Medication in College Students Referred for Psychopharmacologic Evaluation

ABSTRACTThe present study involved detailed chart review for a sample of college students referred to a psychiatrist for pharmacologic evaluation to obtain information about clinical decisions to prescribe antipsychotic medication. Six colleges and universities referred 540 students to an off-campus consulting psychiatrist, and 40 of these students (7.4%) had been prescribed antipsychotic medication at some point in their treatment. Results indicated that approximately 33% of students who had been prescribed an atypical antipsychotic had a diagnosis consistent with FDA-approved use. In addition, roughly 33% of students who had been prescribed an atypical antipsychotic had diagnoses (e.g., eating or anxiety disorders) for which there is weak or little empirical evidence that these agents are effective. Another 33% of the sample presented with an uncertain or unusual combination of symptoms that were difficult to diagnose. Even though this study found that off-label use of atypical antipsychotics was common...
ELECTRON-ION RECOMBINATION PROCESSES - A GENERAL OVERVIEW

The subject of recombination process is nearly 100 years old, as beautifully summarized by Professor Bates in the opening talk of this workshop. This review will therefore concentrate mostly on the development of the past ten years. The foundation of the recent work was laid by many earlier works, and we only emphasize the key milestones: In the 1920’s by Kramers1 on the first quantum mechanical derivation of the radiative recombination (RR) cross section and the rates; In the 30’s by Breit and Wigner2 on the nuclear and optical resonance theories which helped later developments of the resonance processes; In the 40’s with the first suggestion of the resonant dielectronic recombination (DR) by Masseyand Bates3.
The relationship of inflammation and initiation of autoimmune disease: role of TNF super family members.

In normal people, autoreactive T cells can be deleted, either in the thymus or in the periphery, following presentation of self-peptides by host antigenpresenting cells (APCs) to self-reactive T cells (Kurts et al. 1996, 1998a,b). Breakdown in this putative tolerance mechanism is believed to contribute to autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals. Type I diabetes mellitus is characterized by infiltration of the islets of Langerhans by immune cells, which ultimately destroy the insulin-producing β-cells by T cellmediated mechanisms. The T cell-mediated nature of this autoimmunity requires that APCs not only have to present islet antigen released from β-cells but also have to deliver signals that promote survival of the self-reactive T cells. Identification of the cells and events that initiate and maintain this anti-islet inflammatory response is vital in the development of therapeutic strategies towards diabetes.
GHz-Bandwidth Nonpolar InGaN/GaN Micro-LED Operating at Low Current Density for Visible-Light Communication

We demonstrate a high-speed nonpolar InGaN/GaN micro-LED with a record −3dB bandwidth of 1.5 GHz at a current density of 1 kA/cm2. The high-speed at low current density is attributed to the large electron-hole wavefunction overlap in nonpolar QWs leading to a shorter carrier lifetime.
One Tool in the Toolkit Is Not Enough: Making the Case for Using Multisensory Approaches in Aural Habilitation of Children With Reduced Hearing

Purpose This article proposes modifications to current rehabilitation methods for infants and children who are deaf or have reduced hearing. The widespread implementation of newborn hearing screeni...
3D ultrasound biomicroscopy (3D-UBM) imaging and automated 3D assessment of the iridocorneal angle for glaucoma patients

We created a new high resolution (50-MHz) three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscopy (3D-UBM) imaging system and applied it to the measurement of iridoconeal angle, an important biomarker for glaucoma patients. Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, often results from poor drainage of the fluid from the eye through structures located at the iridiocorneal angle. Measurement of the angle has important implications for predicting the course of the disease and determining treatment strategies. An angle measured at a particular location with conventional 2D-UBM can be biased due to tilt in the hand-held probe. We created a 3D-UBM system by automatically scanning a 2D UBM with a precision translating stage. Using 3D-UBM, we typically acqure several hundred 2D images to create a high-resolution volume of the anterior chamber of the eye. Image pre-processing included intensity based frame-to-frame alignment to reduce effects of eye motion, 3D noise reduction, and multi-planar reformatting to create rotational views along the optic-axis with the pupil at the center, thereby giving views suitable for measurement of the iridiocorneal angle. Anterior chambers were segmented using a semantic-segmentation convolutional neural network, which gave folded “leave-one-eye-out” accuracy of 98.04%±0.01%, sensitivity of 90.97%±0.02%, specificity of 98.91%±0.01%, and Dice coefficient of 0.91±0.04. Using segmentations, iridiocorneal angles were automatically estimated using a modification of the semi-automated trabecular- iris-angle method (TIA) for each of ∼360 rotational views. Automated measurements were compared to those made by four ophthalmologist readers in eight images from two eyes. In these images, an insignificant difference (p = 0.996) was shown between readers and automated results.
Industrial Applications of Lasers

The unique non-contact nature of laser welding and the ability to join both similar and dissimilar metals with a minimal heat affected zone is proving very popular in many assembly operations. Laser welding has enabled one company, Fischer Porter Co, of Warminster, PA, to simplify product designs and to salvage previously unrepairable expensive subassemblies for their line of process control systems. The cost savings are such that this numerically controlled laser welding system will pay for itself in 15 months.
Editorial for “Long-Term Health Effects of the 9/11 Disaster” in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The call for articles on the long term health effects of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11) has resulted in twenty-three papers that add a significant amount of information to the growing body of research on the effects of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster almost two decades later [...].
Simulation Model to Support Security Screening Checkpoint Operations in Airport Terminals

Since 2001 the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has implemented security screening checkpoints (SSCPs) in the terminals of 440 airports in the U.S.A. The purpose of SSCPs is to prevent ...
Preoperative Stratification of Liver Transplant Recipients: Validation of the LTRS.

BACKGROUND The liver transplant risk score (LTRS) was developed to stratify 90-day mortality of patients referred for liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to validate the LTRS using a new cohort of patients. METHODS The LTRS stratifies the risk of 90-day mortality of LT recipients based on their age, body mass index, diabetes, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and need for dialysis. We assessed the performance of the LTRS using a new cohort of patients transplanted in the United States between July 2013 and June 2017. Exclusion criteria were age <18 years, ABO incompatibility, redo or multivisceral transplants, partial grafts, malignancies other than hepatocellular carcinoma and fulminant hepatitis. RESULTS We found a linear correlation between the number of points of the LTRS and 90-day mortality. Among 18 635 recipients, 90-day mortality was 2.7%, 3.8%, 5.2%, 4.8%, 6.7%, and 9.3% for recipients with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 points (P < 0.001). The LTRS also stratified 1-year mortality that was 5.5%, 7.7%, 9.9%, 9.3%, 10.8%, and 15.4% for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 points (P < 0.001). An inverse correlation was found between the LTRS and 4-year survival that was 82%, 79%, 78%, 82%, 78%, and 66% for patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 points (P < 0.001). The LTRS remained an independent predictor after accounting for recipient sex, ethnicity, cause of liver disease, donor age, cold ischemia time, and waiting time. CONCLUSIONS The LTRS can stratify the short- and long-term outcomes of LT recipients at the time of their evaluations irrespective of their gender, ethnicity, and primary cause of liver disease.
Auratic Facsimile: The Print Novel in the Age of Digital Reproduction

This analysis of S., a novel by J. J. Abrams and Doug Dorst designed to look like an old, annotated book, illuminates the genre’s position in the digital media ecology. The chapter argues that S. epitomizes aspects of book culture that remain compelling to contemporary audiences: a nostalgic, bookish aesthetic; the ability to connect readers; and the perception that books are particularly auratic. It argues further that S.’s paradoxes usefully complicate the print/digital binary. Finally, it contends that the history of the novel—a genre that has long appropriated the conventions of non-fictional genres—models how emerging literary genres written for new media, like podcasts, might similarly obscure their ontological status as fiction by manipulating readers’ expectations about the facticity of media.
Hepatitis C Seroprevalence Among Consecutive Labor and Delivery Admissions in Two New York City Hospitals

Background Rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among women of childbearing age have increased as a result of the opioid epidemic, especially in the nonurban white population. Recently updated US Preventative Services Task Force and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance have recommended universal HCV screening during pregnancy, but obstetrics societies have not yet endorsed this recommendation. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HCV among pregnant women in an inner-city population, compared rates with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) screened for during pregnancy, and evaluated factors associated with HCV positivity. Methods We performed a prospective seroprevalence study of consecutive labor and delivery admissions (both antepartum complications and delivery admissions) by testing serum samples for HCV antibody over 9 months at 2 major hospital settings in New York City. Results Fifty-six of 7373 (0.75%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.98) patients screened positive for HCV, with 28 of 4013 (0.70%; 95% CI, 0.46%-1.01%) and 28 of 3413 (0.82%; 95% CI, 0.55%-1.18%) at each hospital. Forty-one percent of HCV-positive patients had any reported HCV risk factors. Hepatitis C virus-positive patients were less likely to have private insurance and more likely to have a history of cannabis, cocaine, and injection drug use (P < .001). The HCV rates were higher among antepartum admissions compared with delivery admissions and higher than that of hepatitis B virus (0.65%; 95% CI, 0.48-0.86), human immunodeficiency virus (0.27%; 95% CI, 0.16-0.42), and syphilis (0.16%; 95% CI, 0.08-0.28). Conclusions We found a higher than expected HCV seroprevalence among pregnant women and higher than most other STIs routinely screened for in pregnancy. Most patients had no risk factors. These findings support universal screening for hepatitis C during pregnancy.
Estimating genetic correlation jointly using individual-level and summary-level GWAS data

With the increasing accessibility of individual-level data from genome wide association studies, it is now common for researchers to have individual-level data of some traits in one specific population. For some traits, we can only access public released summary-level data due to privacy and safety concerns. The current methods to estimate genetic correlation can only be applied when the input data type of the two traits of interest is either both individual-level or both summary-level. When researchers have access to individual-level data for one trait and summary-level data for the other, they have to transform the individual-level data to summary-level data first and then apply summary data-based methods to estimate the genetic correlation. This procedure is computationally and statistically inefficient and introduces information loss. We introduce GENJI (Genetic correlation EstimatioN Jointly using Individual-level and summary data), a method that can estimate within-population or transethnic genetic correlation based on individual-level data for one trait and summary-level data for another trait. Through extensive simulations and analyses of real data on within-population and transethnic genetic correlation estimation, we show that GENJI produces more reliable and efficient estimation than summary data-based methods. Besides, when individual-level data are available for both traits, GENJI can achieve comparable performance than individual-level data-based methods. Downstream applications of genetic correlation can benefit from more accurate estimates. In particular, we show that more accurate genetic correlation estimation facilitates the predictability of cross-population polygenic risk scores.
Advancing the Design and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Education through Continuous Improvement

With the rapid rise of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd), multiple stakeholders are questioning AI’s capability to make fair and trustworthy decisions that improve teaching and learning. We suspect that unfair and unreliable outcomes might stem from lack of systematic collaboration between the developers of AIEd systems and the educators tasked with their implementation. In a profession that is underresourced, teachers don’t merely need technology-centered solutions. Rather they and the students they serve need useful tools that work in culturally and socially complex instructional environments. In this article, the authors argue that FATE in AIEd-related issues must be addressed as the system evolves with users and the local context. This requires supporting the development of users’ ownership over AIEd systems that is needed to adapt them to their local contexts. It is in this process of gaining ownership that significant issues related to the FATE of AIEd systems present themselves. Inspired by continuous improvement approaches, we propose that the pursuit of FATE of AIEd lays broadly in: (a) promoting systematic inquiry and collaboration between educators, developers, and researchers; (b) exploring, through collaborative efforts, how on-the-ground realities influence the implementation of AIEd; and (c) using variation as an opportunity to learn how to make a system work reliably and across contexts. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of continuous improvement for research, development, and practice of AIEd.
Comparative Outcomes of Central and Ultracentral Lung Tumors Managed With Five-Fraction Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Central (CLT) and ultracentral (UCLT) lung tumors can be at higher risk for treatment related mortality following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and the preferred dose and fractionation is unclear. We assessed the toxicity and outcomes of patients with CLT and UCLT who underwent definitive five-fraction SBRT. MATERIALS/METHODS We reviewed the charts of patients with either CLT or UCLT managed with SBRT from June 2010-April 2019. CLT were defined as gross tumor volume within 2 cm of either the proximal bronchial tree, trachea, mediastinum, aorta, or spinal cord. UCLT were defined as GTV abutting any of these structures. Toxicity was graded by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Propensity score matching was performed for gender, performance status, and history of prior lung cancer. Survival outcomes evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier estimation. RESULTS Within this cohort of 83 patients, the median age was 73.1 years with a median follow up of 29.9 months. All patients underwent 5 fraction SBRT, with dose range of 50-60 Gy. Most patients had T1 tumors (68.7%) and 43 (51.8%) were considered UCLT. In 20 (50%) patients with CLT, the proximal bronchial tree was the closest central structure while the aorta was the closest structure in 16 (37.2%) of UCLT patients. Grade 2+ toxicity was similar between the two groups, 11 (27.5%) for CLT and 13 (30.2%) (P = 0.78) for UCLT patients. Furthermore, there was no difference in grade 3 toxicity with 3 (7.5%) CLT and 4 (9.3%) UCLT patients (P = 0.77) and no observed grade 4+ events. There was no difference in crude local failure (5% vs 7.0%) (P = 0.34) or recurrence rates (22.5% vs 9.3) (P = 0.09). Multivariate analysis adjusting for gender, performance status, prior lung cancer, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, and prescription volume revealed UCLT to be associated with worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.02) but not freedom from progression (FFP). Using propensity score match pairing, 29 match pairs were generated finding UCLT to correlate with reduced non-cancer related survival (NC-OS) and OS, but not FFP. CONCLUSION Definitive 5 fraction SBRT yielded similar toxicity profiles for CLT and UCLT. Despite no difference in FFP, UCLT were associated with worse (NC-OS) and OS.
Recent Advances in Elucidating the Genetic Mechanisms of Nephrogenesis Using Zebrafish

The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insights about nephrogenesis.
The View from Russia of the Soviet-Designed Reactor Safety Program of the U.S. Department of Energy

The Soviet-Designed Reactor Safety Program of the U.S. Department of Energy is a cooperative effort with nine countries to reduce risks at Soviet-designed nuclear power plants. Projects are organized into the areas of management and operational safety, engineering and technology, plant safety assessment, fuel-cycle safety, nuclear safety regulatory and institutional framework, and Chonobyl initiatives. Those projects being carried out in Russia are reviewed.
Development of biomarkers in Phase I trials of targeted therapies: The reality of the clinical research forefront

B74 Background: The approval of molecular therapies to treat cancer is changing the design of Phase I trials. Along with toxicity, multiple endpoints like biomarkers are being tested to assist in determining response, selecting the optimal population, and selecting the optimal biologic dose. Biomarkers analyzed in Phase I trials may be validated in Phase II trials. We describe the biomarkers tested in Phase I/II trials of biological therapies done at our institution in the last 3 years.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the protocols that involve molecular targeted therapies in monotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy, and in combination with other targeted drugs. Drugs were classified by their pharmacological features (e.g. small molecules, antibodies, immunoconjugates, antisense oligonucleotides) and by the targeted pathway (e.g. angiogenesis, signal transduction, apoptosis, immunotherapy). Biomarkers were also classified by sample source, analytic technique used, and by mechanistic class. The mechanistic classification was further subclassified as pathway-specific, high-throughput analysis, drug-specific target, and unclassifiable.Results: From 102 trials, 61 protocols involved targeted therapies utilizing a total of 46 different drugs (80.3% in monotherapy, 19.7% in combination; 75.4% PhI, 4.9% PhI/II, 18% PhII, 1.6% PhIII) from 36 different sponsors. From a total of 203 analytic tests, immunohistochemistry was the most used technique (28.6%) followed by pharmacogenomic analysis (16.7%), serum pharmacodynamics (10.3%), and molecular imaging (6.4%). The most common specimens used for analysis involved tumor biopsies (36.4%) followed by serum/plasma (30.1%), peripheral blood cells (20.2%) and skin biopsies (13.3%). From a total of 212 biomarkers examined in the studies, pathway-specific endpoints were most often tested (61.8%, with a predominance of angiogenesis and signal transduction pathways), followed by high-throughput analysis (13.7%), and drug-specific targets (9.4%). Unclassifiable biomarkers were also very prevalent (15.1%). 15 protocols did not test any surrogate endpoints other than the traditional RECIST and Maximal Tolerated Dose (MTD) determination. Out of the 46 different drugs reviewed, currently 34 have a recommended dose for Phase II (12 are ongoing). Only 1 study had the dose recommendation based on biomarkers.Conclusions: In phase I studies of targeted therapies, biomarker analysis is frequently incorporated. Although an important diversity of techniques, specimens and biomarkers were examined, we did not find any significant associations in our analysis. In the current state of clinical trials, biomarkers are rarely used in establishing the recommended dose of targeted therapies.
A Mental Health Policy Lesson About Sequential Change on Spaceship Earth

I was taken with the metaphor of the “trim tab” in the editorial about Linda Rosenberg's perspectives about health care reform (Merrens & Drake, 2013); so when asked to comment on it from the persp...
Studies on the biogenesis of mitochondrial protein components in rat liver slices.

Abstract Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver slices, which had been incubated with (14C)leucine, and fractionated into water-soluble, KCl-soluble, and KCl-insoluble proteins. After a 30-min incubation, all fractions contained radioactivity. Addition of an excess of unlabeled leucine at this time followed by another 30- to 90-min incubation caused a cessation of incorporation into the KCl-insoluble fraction; however, the specific activity of the soluble fractions increased 40 to 90% during this time. Labeling of the water-soluble proteins reached its maximum 30 min after addition of the chase, while the KCl-soluble proteins continued to increase at a linear rate for 90 min after chase addition. The addition of puromycin after a pulse label gave identical results. In time studies, (14C)lysine was incorporated into the KCl-insoluble proteins after 15 min. A lag of 30 min occurred before significant incorporation was observed in the soluble proteins. Chloramphenicol (0.6 to 1.2 mm) inhibited incorporation into the KCl-insoluble proteins but had little effect on that of the soluble proteins. The inhibition of leucine incorporation into the KCl-insoluble proteins and into isolated mitochondria in vitro was specific for the d isomer of chloramphenicol. High concentrations of either the d or l isomer of chloramphenicol inhibited labeling of all of the mitochondrial fractions and the microsomes. This inhibition appeared to result from an effect on respiration since, in isolated mitochondria, respiration of DPNH-linked substrates is inhibited equally by these concentrations of the d or l isomer of chloramphenicol. During short term experiments at low temperatures, cycloheximide inhibited incorporation into the KCl-insoluble proteins less than that into the soluble proteins or microsomes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the biogenesis of mitochondria involves the initial synthesis of certain insoluble proteins by the mitochondria and the subsequent integration of soluble protein synthesized outside the mitochondria.
NICMOS observations of two classic AGNs

As part of the Hubble Space Telescope, (HST), Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer, (NICMOS), Guaranteed Time Observational, (GTO), program we obtained observations of two classic AGNs, NGC 1068 and NGC 4151. These particular galaxies are the closest bright representatives of their class and offer the best opportunity for detailed morphological studies of the continuum and line emitting regions. This manuscript reviews some of the highlights gained from those observations. In particular we will discuss the limits on the size of the nuclear point sources of the galaxies and discuss the line emission morphology in NGC 1068. Of particular interest is the morphology of the [Si VI] emission in NGC 1068.
Effect of corn condensed distillers solubles or corn dried distillers grains during gestation or lactation on cow performance, milk production, and preweaning progeny growth1

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to assess the performance of gestating (Exp. 1) or lactating (Exp. 2) beef cows fed increasing concentrations of condensed corn distillers solubles (CDS). In Exp. 1, Angus × Simmental first- (n = 40) and second-parity (n = 8) females were fed 1 of 4 diets starting on d 181 of gestation until 2 wk before calving. In Exp. 2, another set of Angus × Simmental first- (n = 40) and second-parity (n = 8) females were fed diets similar to Exp. 1 from calving until 93 d postpartum. Diets consisted of a corn silage and haylage–based control, a corn stover plus dried distillers grains with solubles diet, and 2 corn stover plus CDS diets fed at a low (LD) or high (HD) dietary inclusion. Inclusion of CDS and distillers grains decreased DMI in both experiments (P
Temporal evolution of soil moisture statistical fractal and controls by soil texture and regional groundwater flow

Abstract Soil moisture statistical fractal is an important tool for downscaling remotely-sensed observations and has the potential to play a key role in multi-scale hydrologic modeling. The fractal was first introduced two decades ago, but relatively little is known regarding how its scaling exponents evolve in time in response to climatic forcings. Previous studies have neglected the process of moisture re-distribution due to regional groundwater flow. In this study we used a physically-based surface-subsurface processes model and numerical experiments to elucidate the patterns and controls of fractal temporal evolution in two U.S. Midwest basins. Groundwater flow was found to introduce large-scale spatial structure, thereby reducing the scaling exponents (τ), which has implications for the transferability of calibrated parameters to predict τ. However, the groundwater effects depend on complex interactions with other physical controls such as soil texture and land use. The fractal scaling exponents, while in general showing a seasonal mode that correlates with mean moisture content, display hysteresis after storm events that can be divided into three phases, consistent with literature findings: (a) wetting, (b) re-organizing, and (c) dry-down. Modeling experiments clearly show that the hysteresis is attributed to soil texture, whose “patchiness” is the primary contributing factor. We generalized phenomenological rules for the impacts of rainfall, soil texture, groundwater flow, and land use on τ evolution. Grid resolution has a mild influence on the results and there is a strong correlation between predictions of τ from different resolutions. Overall, our results suggest that groundwater flow should be given more consideration in studies of the soil moisture statistical fractal, especially in regions with a shallow water table.
Time course and quantitative analysis of the adaptive responses to 85% oxygen in the rat lung and heart

Abstract The phenomenon of oxygen tolerance (resistance to 100% O2 in rats previously exposed to 85% O2) constitutes one of the few models of adaptive responses to oxidative stress in mammals. In vitro studies suggest that reactive oxygen species mediate this response. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we followed the time course of oxidative stress, enzyme induction, and edema in the lung, heart and liver of rats exposed to 85% O2 for 1 to 5 days. Interestingly, not only the lung, but also the heart of rats exposed to 85% O2 showed increases in the production of O⋅−2 (aconitase inactivation) early during the exposure. Increases in O⋅−2 were associated to oxidative stress (increased in situ chemiluminescence) and transient edema in both tissues. Both the lung and heart displayed induction of superoxide dismutase and reversion of the oxidative stress and damage. The adaptive response in the heart was faster and more efficient, suggesting that this tissue is at a more critical risk when exposed to elevated O2 concentrations.
Can You Help Me Become the “Me” I Want to Be? The Role of Goal Pursuit in Friendship Formation

Individuals' relationships often provide pathways to self-change. One pathway involves individuals using others to help them pursue important, self-relevant goals. Past research has demonstrated that individuals prefer existing friends who can help them pursue important goals. The current research expands upon these findings in two studies by demonstrating the role that goal pursuit plays in friendship formation. The current work demonstrates that individuals prefer, largely without their own awareness, to approach potential friends that can help them achieve their goals over those who cannot. The findings also demonstrated that simply expressing the preference for potential friends who could help them achieve their goals predicted individuals feeling that they were subjectively closer to their desired self than they had been previously.