cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Applied Linguistic Research and Language Policy for Bilingual Education

Currently, restrictive-language policies seem to threaten bilingual education throughout the USA. Anti-bilingual education initiatives have passed easily in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, while one was closely defeated in Colorado, and federal education policy has re-invigorated the focus on English education for English language learners, while concomitantly obfuscating the possibility of native language maintenance and developmental bilingual education. This is the educational landscape within which bilingual education researchers, educators, and students must face the formidable challenge of preserving educational choice and bilingual education. Thus, substantive research is needed on how bilingual educators navigate this challenging ideological and policy landscape. Based on an ethnographic study of bilingual education language policy, this article takes up this challenge by focusing on how beliefs about Applied Linguistics research influence the interpretation and appropriation of federal language policy in one US school district. The results have implications for the relationship between the Applied Linguistic research community and language policy processes.
Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies of Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH inhibitors

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on two classes of recently explored compounds with known YopH inhibitory activities. Docking studies were employed to position the inhibitors into the YopH active site to determine the probable binding conformation. Good correlations between the predicated binding free energies and the inhibitory activities were found for two subsets of phosphate mimetics: a-ketocarboxylic acid and squaric acid (R 2 = 0.70 and 0.68, respectively). The docking results also provided a reliable conformational alignment scheme for 3D-QSAR modeling. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed based on the docking conformations, giving q 2 of 0.734 and 0.754 for CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. The 3D-QSAR models were significantly improved after removal of an outlier (q 2 = 0.829 for CoMFA and q 2 = 0.837 for CoMSIA). The predictive ability of the models was validated using a set of compounds that were not included in the training set. Mapping the 3D-QSAR models to the active site of YopH provides new insight into the protein-inhibitor interactions for this enzyme. These results should be applicable to the prediction of the activities of new YopH inhibitors, as well as providing structural implications for designing potent and selective YopH inhibitors as antiplague agents. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Presidential Address to The American Association of Immunologists The Road Less Traveled by: The Role of Innate Immunity in the Adaptive Immune Response

The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was
Molecular and Cell-Based Therapies for Protection, Rescue, and Repair of Ischemic Myocardium Reasons for Cautious Optimism

Despite the significant therapeutic advances of the past 25 years, coronary ischemic artery disease (CAD) remains the predominant cause of premature death.1,2 The prevalence of the disease imposes enormous financial strain on the healthcare system,2,3 calling for new approaches for treatment of CAD. The availability of cardiotropic vectors capable of long-term and stable protein expression4 and the recent isolation of progenitor cells with regenerative and angiogenic potential5,6 may provide opportunities for the design of novel therapies for protection and rescue of the myocardium from ischemia and failure. Cardioprotective gene therapy strategies have been effective in animal models of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury,7,8 and gene transfer of proangiogenic cytokines has been used as a strategy for rescuing ischemic myocardium.9 Transplantation of autologous progenitor cells is emerging as a potential option for the revascularization and repair of ischemic and infarcted myocardium.6 Notwithstanding these promising findings, there is pressing need for the development of safer and more effective vectors and the optimization and standardization of gene- and cell-based therapies. In this article, we discuss the current preclinical and clinical advances in gene- and cell-based therapies for protection, rescue, and repair of the ischemic myocardium, with emphasis on strategies for protection of the myocardium from ischemia and reperfusion injury and for neovascularization and regeneration of ischemic and infarcted myocardium. The development of gene therapies for acute myocardial infarction (MI) is not possible with the current vectors because the time required for transcription and translation of therapeutic genes exceeds the time window for successful intervention. For this reason, gene transfer of anticoagulant genes is not feasible as primary thrombolytic therapy for acute MI. Alternatively, a gene therapy strategy may be devised to provide long-term myocardial protection from ischemia-induced injury. This novel preventive gene therapy concept would protect …
Development, growth and egg production of Centropages abdominalis in the eastern subarctic Pacific

Centropages abdominalis is a neritic, omnivorous, temporally abundant copepod present throughout the subarctic Pacific and its marginal seas. The two main objectives of this study were to determine how temperature influences the development of C. abdominalis and whether growth rates of in situ populations may be limited by available food. At 6.9°C median development time from eggs laid to 50% adults was 42 days and the average weight-specific somatic growth rate was 0.17 d -1 . At 4.6°C median development time to adult was 59 days (projected) and growth rate averaged 0.08 d -1 , suggesting that 4.6°C may be approaching the lower temperature for development and growth in this species. The functional relationship between development time and temperature was established over the temperature range that this species occurs. The in situ adult growth rates between 10 and 13°C averaged 0.14 d -1 , and were generally lower than the laboratory-reared juvenile growth rates, which may indicate that adult C. abdominalis are food limited in the field during summer and autumn.
Polarization effects on the interfacial conductivity in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures: a first-principles study.

We studied the influence of uniaxial [100] strain (−1% to +1%) on the electron transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the n-type interface of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3(LAO/STO) heterostructure (HS)-based slab system from the perspective of polarization effects via first-principles density functional theory calculations. We first analyzed the unstrained system, and found that the induced polarization toward the vacuum in the LAO film leads to a small charge carrier density on the order of 1013 cm−2 (less than the theoretical value of 3.3 × 1014 cm−2 from the superlattice-model-based polar catastrophe mechanism), which is in excellent agreement with the experimental values of oxygen-annealed LAO/STO HS samples. Upon applying [100] tensile strain on the STO substrate, we found a significant reduction of the induced polarization in the LAO film. This reduction weakens the driving force against charge transfer from LAO to STO, causing an increase in the interfacial charge carrier density. The uniaxial strain also leads to a decrease of the effective mass of interfacial mobile electrons, resulting in a higher electron mobility. These findings suggest that applying uniaxial [100] tensile strain on the STO substrate can significantly enhance the interfacial conductivity of the LAO/STO HS system, which gives a comprehensive explanation for experimental observations. In contrast, compressively strained LAO/STO systems show stronger LAO film polarization than the unstrained system, which reduces the interfacial charge carrier density and increases the electron effective mass, thus suppressing the interfacial conductivity.
Infectious Emergencies in Dermatology

While most infections with dermatological manifestations are self-limited, there are clinical scenarios when infectious cutaneous diseases are associated with life-threatening systemic symptoms. These diseases may be difficult to diagnose, but a dermatologist can use visual cues to create a differential. The majority of infectious emergencies in dermatology are due to a bacterial pathogen; however, select viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause severe disease. This chapter focuses on cutaneous infections where prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment are paramount. We highlight the main cutaneous patterns, individuals at risk, diagnostic modalities applicable to the dermatologist, and treatment options for each infectious emergency in dermatology.
Multi-Disciplinary ALS Clinics Are Cost-Effective within the Veterans Health Administration (P03.170)

Objective: To determine if multi-disciplinary Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) clinics within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) are cost-effective. Background A 2003 prospective study regarding multi-disciplinary ALS clinics (Traynor et.al.) showed that such clinics increase survival by 7.5 months and decrease mortality by 29.7% when compared to general neurology clinics. The cost of these clinics is considerable as multiple different specialties (neurology, pulmonary, GI, PT, OT, social work) are involved with extended visit times. There have not been many studies to determine the cost-effectiveness of these clinics. The VHA is a unique system in that patients receive all their care within a single payer system, which allows for reliable cost analysis. Design/Methods: Multi-disciplinary ALS clinics were identified within the VHA. Data was obtained retrospectively for fiscal year (FY) 2010 through the Corporation Data Warehouse (CDW). Data merging and analysis were done through scrambled SSN; no patient identifiable information was used. ALS patients were identified by ICD-9 codes from the inpatient, outpatient and fee files. Results: There were 2752 patients with the diagnosis of ALS within the VHA in FY10 and 824 of these patients received care in multi-disciplinary clinics. The total average cost of ALS care per patient within the VHA for FY2010 was $41,529 versus $32,601 in multi-disciplinary ALS clinics. The average inpatient cost, outpatient cost and fee expenditure per patient was $15,421, $19,272, and $6836 nationally versus $12,222, $14,906 and $5205 in the multi-disciplinary clinics. Conclusions: Multi-disciplinary ALS clinics may be cost-effective when compared to traditional neurology clinics within the VHA. There is a 23% reduction in cost associated with the care provided in the multi-disciplinary clinics. There is no difference in the percentage of outpatient versus inpatient cost as a share of total cost in general neurology clinics as compared to multi-disciplinary clinics. Disclosure: Dr. Khokhar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patwa has nothing to disclose.
Pacing for the prevention of atrial fibrillation

Nonpharmacological methods are being evaluated for the prevention of atrial fibrillation. The role of atrial pacing has been extensively examined in a large number of retrospective and prospective studies, and recently in randomized multicenter trials. The populations examined have varied from patie
The Identification of Rubber Compounding Ingredients by Using Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract TLC is a quick, easy method to the identification of rubber compounding ingredients. Both silica gel absorbent and C18 absorbent are suitable for these identifications. With the mobile phases used in this study, a better separation of antioxidants is possible using silica gel absorbent. Work should be continued on finding suitable mobile phases for the C18 absorbent, since the Rf values are more reproducible. For those separations that require a separation of compounds of varying molecular weight, the C18 absorbent is superior to silica gel absorbent. The visualization systems that have been developed for use with silica gel absorbent are suitable for use with C18 absorbent. These systems give the same colors for either absorbent.
Extramedullary acute myelogenous leukemia

Extramedullary leukemia (EM AML), also known as myeloid sarcoma, is a rare manifestation of acute myelogenous leukemia and often accompanies bone marrow involvement. EM AML is diagnosed based on H&E stains with ancillary studies including flow cytometry and cytogenetics. Isolated EM AML is often misdiagnosed as large cell lymphoma or other lymphoproliferative disorder. The clinical presentation is often dictated by the mass effect and the location of the tumor. The optimal treatment remains unclear. High-dose chemotherapy, radiation, surgical resection, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation are all modalities that can be incorporated into the therapy of EM AML. Cytarabine-based remission induction regimens have been the most commonly used in the upfront setting. There are limited data about the optimal consolidation. Transplantation is ideally offered for high risk disease or in the relapsed setting. In this manuscript, we will review the recent literature about EM AML, focusing on therapy and proposing a treatment algorithm for managing this rare form of leukemia. Further studies addressing risk stratification, role of molecular and genetic aberrations, and optimal treatment strategies are warranted.
The use of court objects by Lawes' Parotia

Males of Lawes' Parotia (Parotia lawesii), a lek-breeding bird of paradise, collected objects at their terrestrial display courts. These included shed snake skin, mammal scats, chalk, mammal fur, feathers, and bone fragments. The objects were not used by males in their courtship display but were rubbed on the display perch and may have had indirect effects on display. Females searched for and took the objects when visiting courts, and males stole them from each other and placed them at their own courts. Experiments showed that objects were removed quickly by females, usually within 24 hr, and once taken, they were not brought back. Females only took objects during the nesting season, and we suspect that females used the shed snake skin as nest-lining material and ate the chalk as a mineral supplement. Collection of the items was not related to mating success in males but may have influenced female visitations.
Coronary artery calcium testing: exploring the need for a randomized trial.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) imaging with noncontrast cardiac computed tomography has emerged as a robust method to reclassify atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.1 Rigorously conducted observational studies have consistently demonstrated marked increases in ASCVD events in those with elevated CAC.2–4 In addition, the absence of CAC on cardiac computed tomographic imaging is common and defines a low-risk group who seem unlikely to benefit from ASCVD prevention pharmacotherapies.5,6 There are also modest data demonstrating that CAC-based management leads to improvements in downstream risk factors (cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference).7,8 Similarly, CAC may inform decision making in persons who have difficulty tolerating statin therapy or in those with personal aversion to lifelong statin therapy.9 In this context, CAC imaging is endorsed by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology to help reclassify ASCVD risk and guide statin allocation, particularly in persons in whom the patient–doctor risk discussion leads to treatment uncertainty.10 Article see p 655 However, there are no adequately powered prospective clinical trials of CAC-guided ASCVD prevention therapy to inform these guideline recommendations. Indeed, there has never been a trial demonstrating that randomization to preventive therapy using a risk-based assessment (either by risk prediction equations,11 novel biomarkers,12 or by subclinical atherosclerosis imaging) leads to reduced ASCVD events.13 Nonetheless, the limited data we do have suggest that CAC-based treatment allocation, specifically with statin therapy, may lead to improved clinical outcomes.14 In the single-center St Francis Heart study, participants underwent CAC screening, and those with CAC >80th percentile for age and sex (n=1007) were randomized to placebo or atorvastatin 20 mg daily. Despite a clear trend toward benefit, the trial failed to show a statistically significant difference in the incidence of major …
The Assessment Process

A comprehensive, methodical, and objective evaluation of the adolescent with psychoactive substance use disorder (APSUD) is necessary for the development of an effective treatment plan. A detailed assessment of the adolescent, caretakers, and referral systems is important to understanding the functioning of the adolescent in various life domains, his or her motivation for treatment, severity of APSUD, medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and more. This chapter reviews the referral and evaluation process, decisions for triage (patient—treatment matching), and the assessment of APSUDs and other comorbid disorders utilizing rating scales.
The College Experiences of First-Generation College Latino Students in Engineering

Latinos continue to be underrepresented among students entering and completing engineering programs and overrepresented among first-generation college students; however few studies have examined the intersections between generational status and college major. I propose that to enhance the postsecondary persistence of first-generation college Latino students who pursue engineering baccalaureate degrees, it is necessary to understand their college experiences. I therefore interviewed eight undergraduate senior first-generation college Latino students majoring in engineering and analyzed these interviews guided by a psychosociocultural model (PSC) to address the context specific psychological, social, and cultural factors that shape the college experiences of these students. The findings revealed that: wanting to do well for themselves and their families enhanced participants' desires to do well academically and persist to graduation; the accessibility of professors played a role in whether or not participan...
RAM: Radar-based activity monitor

Activity recognition has applications in a variety of human-in-the-loop settings such as smart home health monitoring, green building energy and occupancy management, intelligent transportation, and participatory sensing. While fine-grained activity recognition systems and approaches help enable a multitude of novel applications, discovering them with non-intrusive ambient sensor systems pose challenging design, as well as data processing, mining, and activity recognition issues. In this paper, we develop a low-cost heterogeneous Radar based Activity Monitoring (RAM) system for recognizing fine-grained activities. We exploit the feasibility of using an array of heterogeneous micro-doppler radars to recognize low-level activities. We prototype a short-range and a long-range radar system and evaluate the feasibility of using the system for fine-grained activity recognition. In our evaluation, using real data traces, we show that our system can detect fine-grained user activities with 92.84% accuracy.
INTEGRATED PRIMARY CARE MENTAL HEALTH QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INTERVENTION

Background About 20% of US children face mental health (MH) problems that interfere with functioning. Few receive treatment. Many providers (PCPs) screen for MH problems, but coordination systems are sparse. Objectives To improve systems for identifying, assessing and treating children, 5–12 years old, presenting to primary care with MH problems, using an integrated QI intervention. To test whether an algorithm based stepped care model increases service enrollment. Methods An interdisciplinary team starting 10/1/14 implemented the intervention using PDSA cycles. The stepped care model included identification of MH problems using structured screening, secondary assessment, triage to increasingly complex care levels: (1) PCP directed, (2) integrated SW or psychologist treatment, (3) community treatment and (4) specialty psychiatry. An algorithm directed PCPs to page SWs for same day assessments for anxiety, depression, grief, externalizing behaviors, and trauma. Control charts measured PCP compliance with the algorithm; secondary assessments and connection to treatment by 3 months. Results Between 1/1/15 and 7/30/16, both PCP compliance with the algorithm and secondary screens showed special cause variation increasing from 56% to 92% and 38% to 58% respectively. Treatment enrollment increase out of control but fell in the last 2 measurement periods due to access barriers. Level of assigned care was PCP directed 16%, brief treatment 20%, community-based 47%, and specialty care 16%. Conclusions An integrated MH model with same day SW assessments of children with positive MH screens shows promise for improving MH assessments. A referral algorithm directing stepped care assignments facilitated this process. Assess to community-based therapy was rate limiting.
Using Adapted Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to Treat Challenging Behaviors, Emotional Dysregulation, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in an Individual With Mild Intellectual Disability:

Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are at increased risk of presenting challenging behaviors and comorbid mental illness. Preliminary findings show decreased challenging behaviors and ov...
Evaluating Argumentative and Narrative Essays using Graphs

This work investigates whether the development of ideas in writing can be captured by graph properties derived from the text. Focusing on student essays, we represent the essay as a graph, and encode a variety of graph properties including PageRank as features for modeling essay scores related to quality of development. We demonstrate that our approach improves on a state-of-the-art system on the task of holistic scoring of persuasive essays and on the task of scoring narrative essays along the development dimension.
Supporting Sixth Grade History Projects

A small academic library supports elementary school history projects by coordinating local resource presentations with a public library and historical society as well as offering individualized res...
Perinephric white adipose tissue inflammation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

507Background: High body mass index (BMI) is an established risk factor for developing ccRCC but is associated with better survival in clinical studies. The obesity paradox may be influenced by met...
Environmental variability indicates a climate-adaptive center under threat in northern Mozambique coral reefs

A priority for modern conservation is finding and managing regions with environmental and biodiversity portfolio characteristics that will promote adaptation and the persistence of species during times of rapid climate change. The latitudinal edges of high-diversity biomes are likely to provide a mixture of environmental gradients and biological diversity that meet the portfolio criteria needed for adaptive systems. Northern Mozambique and the Quirimbas Islands represent the edge of a coral reef diversity center with limited potential to expand because of geologic and oceanographic limits on the southern edges. This region does, however, have the potential to be its own discrete adaptive center if it contains climate refugia and there are environmental gradients that promote acclimatization, ecological reorganization, and natural selection. Consequently, to evaluate this potential we tested for strong regional environmental spatial heterogeneity that might indicate a climate-adaptive center. Additionally, we evaluated human influences and environmental and demographic data on finfish, coral, and sea urchins in 66 reefs across ~4° of latitude to evaluate ecological changes and human threats. A number of clear gradients in environmental and human influences were observed. For example, temperature increased and became more centralized and right-skewed, while water quality decreased to the south. Coral communities susceptible to thermal stress were found in the north where dispersed temperatures indicated a location with either tolerance to or refugium from recent thermal disturbances. Nevertheless, high coral diversity was found in southern deep-water channels. Further, spatial patterns for corals and fish differed indicating complex geographic-fishing-biodiversity gradients. Consequently, environmental conditions for an adaptive portfolio exist and include refugia for preserving climate-sensitive and for numbers of coral taxa. Fishing and urban threats were observable as reduced fish biomass, diversity, and body sizes but higher biomass of sea urchins. We observed that many remote and protected areas had fish biomass values lower than expected or near maximum sustainable yields. This indicates low compliance and widespread migratory fishing, which is reducing fish diversity below maximum levels. Recommendations to sustain this adaptive center are to maintain fish biomass >500 kg/ha by increasing fisheries restrictions and compliance.
Role of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) in regulating plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Abstract Background and aims Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) has emerged as a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Homozygous loss of ANGPTL3 function causes familial combined hypolipidemia characterized by low plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). While known effects of ANGPTL3 in inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase contribute to the low TG and HDL-C, respectively, the basis of low LDL-C remains unclear. Our aim was to explore the role of ANGPTL3 in modulating plasma LDL-C. Methods We performed RNAi-mediated gene silencing of ANGPTL3 in five mouse models and in human hepatoma cells. We validated results by deleting ANGPTL3 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Results RNAi-mediated Angptl3 silencing in mouse livers resulted in very low TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, a pattern similar to the human phenotype. The effect was observed in wild-type and obese mice, while in hCETP/apolipoprotein (Apo) B-100 double transgenic mice, the silencing decreased LDL-C and TG, but not HDL-C. In a humanized mouse model (Apobec1−/− carrying human ApoB-100 transgene) deficient in the LDL receptor (LDLR), Angptl3 silencing had minimum effect on LDL-C, suggesting the effect being linked to LDLR. This observation is supported by an additive effect on LDL-C between ANGPTL3 and PCSK9 siRNAs. ANGPTL3 gene deletion induced cellular long-chain TG and ApoB-100 accumulation with elevated LDLR and LDLR-related protein (LRP) 1 expression. Consistent with this, ANGPTL3 deficiency by gene deletion or silencing reduced nascent ApoB-100 secretion and increased LDL/VLDL uptake. Conclusions Reduced secretion and increased uptake of ApoB-containing lipoproteins may contribute to the low LDL-C observed in mice and humans with genetic ANGPTL3 deficiency.
Detection of Temporal Insider Threats to Relational Databases

The mitigation of insider threats against databases is a challenging problem as insiders often have legitimate access privileges to sensitive data. Therefore, conventional security mechanisms, such as authentication and access control, may be insufficient for the protection of databases against insider threats and need to be complemented with techniques that support real-time detection of access anomalies. The existing real-time anomaly detection techniques consider anomalies in references to the database entities and the amounts of accessed data. However, they are unable to track the access frequencies. According to recent security reports, an increase in the access frequency by an insider is an indicator of a potential data misuse and may be the result of malicious intents for stealing or corrupting the data. In this paper, we propose techniques for tracking users' access frequencies and detecting anomalous related activities in real-time. We present detailed algorithms for constructing accurate profiles that describe the access patterns of the database users and for matching subsequent accesses by these users to the profiles. Our methods report and log mismatches as anomalies that may need further investigation. We evaluated our techniques on the OLTP-Benchmark. The results of the evaluation indicate that our techniques are very effective in the detection of anomalies.
The Contribution of Administrative and Experimental Data to Education Policy Research.

The economists last decade addressing has seen the a surge impact in empirical of school reform research poliby economist a dressing the impact of school reform policies. This wave of research dates back to Card and Krueger (1992) and a series of analyses that look across the United States to test the effects of school inputs on outcomes such as achievement, educational attainment, and earnings. Many of these studies use either Census data (Heckman, Layne-Farrar, and Todd, 1996) or national longitudinal surveys (Betts 1996; Loeb and Bound, 1996; Grogger, 1996) to estimate input effects. Since then, much of the research has turned from the nation to states and cities, using local administrative and experimental data to focus on specific policy initiatives.1 The shift in emphasis from the national to the local has enabled researchers to incorporate greater institutional and policy detail into their analyses. Local data often follow individuals over time, allowing researchers to use empirical techniques not possible with pooled cross-sectional Census data. At the same time, the administrative data provide deep coverage of local areas, which national surveys that sample only a small portion of any locality, do not. While local administrative data provide advantages over census and survey data for estimating the causal effects of some policies, experimental data alleviate the perennial concern that correlational analyses have not established causality. However, experiments are not easy to implement in education, they can't be used to address all types of education policy, and they tend to be too small to elicit the responses generated by large-scale reforms. As data have improved and studies have proliferated, the recent literature is more characterized by seemingly inconsistent results than by increased consensus over the impact of education policy reforms. Estimates of the impact of similar policies across analyses, datasets, and localities often vary. For example, there appear to be inconclusive results surrounding the impact of class size on student achievement. Hoxby (2000a) finds no effect, while Angrist and Lavy (1999), who use similar techniques but different data, find positive
Evaluation and Comparison of Hemodynamic Performance of Three ECLS Systems in a Simulated Adult Cardiogenic Shock Model.

The objective of this study was to evaluate three commercially available ECLS systems with rotary pumps in terms of circuit pressure, pressure drop, perfusion modes, and hemodynamic energy transmission in a simulated adult cardiogenic shock model. One circuit consisted of a Cardiohelp system, which included a Cardiohelp console and HLS Module Advanced 7.0 tubing set with integrated centrifugal pump and oxygenator. The alternative circuit was composed of a Quadrox-D Adult oxygenator connected in series with either an i-cor diagonal pump and console or a Rotaflow centrifugal pump and console. The circuit was primed with lactated Ringer's solution and packed red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). The trials were conducted at flow rates of 1-5 L/min with pseudo patient pressures of 60 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg. Pulsatile flow was tested when using the i-cor system. Mean pre-oxygenator pressure and pressure drop across ECLS circuit (including oxygenator and arterial tubing) were lower when using the Cardiohelp system as compared to the Rotaflow and i-cor systems (P < 0.01). The i-cor system was able to deliver more hemodynamic energy to the pseudo patient because of its ability to produce pulsatile flow (P < 0.01). The Cardiohelp HLS Module Advanced 7.0 integrated oxygenator had a lower resistance than the Quadrox-D oxygenator. Although the compact Cardiohelp system had a better hemodynamic performance when compared to Rotaflow and i-cor systems, the pulsatile flow of the i-cor system delivered more hemodynamic energy to the pseudo patient. This may render more physiological benefits in high-risk patients on ECLS.
Automated reasoning: real uses and potential uses

An automated reasoning program has provided invaluable assistance in answering certain previously open questions in mathematics and in formal logic. These questions would not have been answered, at least by those who obtained the results, were it not for the program's contribution. Others have used such a program to design logic circuits, many of which proved superior (with respect to transistor count) to the existing designs, and to validate the design of other circuits. These successes establish the value of an automated reasoning program for research and suggest the value for practical applications. We thus conclude that the field of automated reasoning is on the verge of becoming one of the more significant branches of computer science. Further, we conclude that the field has already advanced from stage 1, that of potential usefulness, to stage 2, that of actual usefulness. To pass to stage 3, that of wide acceptance and use, requires, among other things, easy access to an automated reasoning program and an understanding of the various aspects of automated reasoning. In fact, an automated reasoning program is available that is portable and can be run on relatively inexpensive machines. Moreover, a system exists for producing a reasoning program tailored to given specifications. As for the requirement of understanding the aspects of automated reasoning, much research remains--research aided by access to a reasoning program. A large obstacle has thus been removed, permitting many to experiment with and find uses for a computer program that can be relied upon as a most valuable automated reasoning assistant.
A New Scheme for Acoustical Tomography of the Ocean

Abstract : LONG-TERM GOALS. The long-term goal is to develop a remote sensing technique to infer ocean inner 3-D structure using acoustical means. This technique should provide an affordable mean of studying ocean dynamics on different temporary and spacial scales. OBJECTIVES. The objective is to develop a new robust scheme of the acoustical tomography of the ocean of meso- to global scales which is able to infer a 3-D ocean inner structure using simple tonal low-frequency acoustic signals and vertical line receiving arrays. The inversion scheme should be based on measurements of horizontal refraction angle (HRA) related to different acoustic modes rather that travel time along different rays. Both inhomogeneity of the sound speed field and ocean current should be retrieved.
Novel Online PET Imaging for Intrabeam Range Verification and Delivery Optimization: A Simulation Feasibility Study

Online positron emission tomography (PET) image-based method uses an initial particle beam to measure the particle beam range (BR) within the same fraction so that any measured range-shift with respect to the predicted BR can be compensated before the rest therapeutic beam deliveries. However, the method requires to use a low-dose initial beam to minimize the risk of beam overshooting, which leads to low image count and inaccurate BR measurement. In this in-silico study, we evaluate the feasibility of a new online PET imaging method that measures BR at the mid-plane of a target volume with part of the high-dose therapy beams to verify BR and guide adaptive treatment replanning. Simulations included various processes of proton beam radiations to a tumor inside a human–brain phantom, positron, and PET image generation at the mid-plane with initial beams, activity range measurement, and range-shift compensated beam delivery. The results demonstrated that the new method, under the simulated conditions, can achieve ~1.1-mm mid-plane BR measurement accuracy and closely match the delivered range-shift compensated dose distribution with the planned one. Overall, it is promising that this new method may significantly improve the particle therapy accuracy.
Supporting Academic Physician Well-Being: Individual and Organizational Strategies

The well-being of physicians has personal, professional, and public health ramifications. A physician’s personal health and well-being are not only vital to the individual physician and their family members and community, but may also affect that physician’s life professionally. Moreover, on a larger societal scale, physician wellness serves a critical role in the delivery of high-quality healthcare. When physicians are unwell, the performance of healthcare systems can be negatively affected. Good health and mental well-being contribute to the solid foundation on which physicians can be resilient in the face of challenge and optimally address the many stresses of professional life and clinical work. But even for those physicians who understand this connection and are motivated to improve their situation, the real rub comes in practical obstacles of time and energy. Limitations of time and energy are very real, and after the essential tasks of one’s work and personal responsibilities are fulfilled, physicians may feel there is little energy left for the proactivity required to create change that could lead to improvement in health and well-being. This chapter will provide strategies to address ways academic physicians can optimally balance work and personal life as well as the role of the workplace in supporting physician well-being.
Uptake of cancer screenings among a multiethnic refugee population in North Texas, 2014-2018.

Background Refugees are less likely than US born populations to receive cancer screenings. Building Bridges is a community health worker prevention program designed to increase refugee’s cancer screening uptake. The purpose of this cross sectional analysis was to assess differences in uptake of cervical, breast, liver, and colorectal screens across six cultural groups. Methods Data was abstracted in 2018 for this analysis. Participants were categorized into six cultural groups (Myanmar, Central Africa, Bhutan, Somalia, Arabic Speaking Countries, and Other) to assess differences in sociodemographic measures and screening uptake. Uptake proportions were calculated for each cancer type (cervical, breast, liver, and colon) among eligible participants, by gender and cultural group. Differences in uptake across groups were assessed using stratified analysis and logistic regression. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each group to assess the association between screening completion and cultural group. Findings 874 refugees were asked about cancer screening history. The majority of participants were either ‘never had been screened’ or ‘not up-to-date’ for every cancer screening. Among age eligible, 82% had no prior pap exam within the past 3 years, 81% had no prior mammogram within the past year, 69% didn’t know their Hepatitis B status and 87% never had a colon cancer screening. Overall, higher uptake of all types of cancer screenings was observed in Myanmar and Bhutanese groups, except colon cancer screening which was higher among Central African Region and Arabic Speaking participants. Conclusion Screening uptake varied by ethnic group and screening type. The program reached an under and never screened population, however, the proportion of refugees who received a cancer screening remained low compared to the US population. Diversity within refugee communities requires adaptation to specific cultural and linguistic needs to include new Americans in cancer elimination efforts.
Fundamentals of Anorectal Technical Skills: A Concise Surgical Skills Course.

INTRODUCTION Anorectal diseases, among the most common surgical conditions, are underrepresented in medical training. The Fundamentals of Anorectal Technical Skills course was developed to provide cost-effective formal training in diagnosis of common anorectal conditions and in commonly performed anorectal procedures using the theories of deliberative practice and perceptual and adaptive learning. MATERIALS AND METHODS First- through third-year general surgery and internal medicine residents and third- and fourth-year medical students participated in a course consisting of didactic instruction and hands on skills stations. The course covered common anorectal conditions, including internal and external hemorrhoids, fissures, condylomata, abscesses, fistula-in-ano, rectal prolapse, pilonidal disease, pruritis ani, and anal and rectal cancer, as well as common procedures such as anoscopy, excision of thrombosed external hemorrhoids, banding of internal hemorrhoids, rigid proctoscopy, incision and drainage of an abscess, administration of local anesthesia, and reduction of rectal prolapse. Before the course, participants completed a questionnaire consisting of demographics; previous anorectal experience, as measured by procedural case volume; confidence diagnosing and treating anorectal conditions; and a clinical knowledge multiple-choice quiz. Immediately following the course, participants took an additional survey reassessing their confidence and testing their clinical knowledge. This study was granted an educational exception by the Institutional Review Board at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. RESULTS Forty-three learners participated in this course. Forty-six percent of participants had not participated in any anorectal cases, 26% had participated in 1 to 5 cases, 17% had participated in 6 to 10 cases, 6% had been involved with 11 to15 cases, and 6% had been involved with more than 15 cases. For learners who had no prior experience, 1 to 5 prior cases, or 6 to 10 cases, there were statistically and educationally significant increases in confidence for all diagnoses and procedures. Additionally, there were statistically and educationally significant increases between pre-course and post-course quiz scores for learners who had no prior experience (7.8 ± 2.0 vs. 11.8 ± 2.5, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.8) and for those who had only participated in 1 to 5 cases (11.0 ± 3.7 vs. 14.2 ± 2.0, P = 0.04, Cohen's d = 1.1). The changes in quiz scores for learners who previously had been involved with six or more cases were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This course provides a cost-effective training that significantly boosts learners' confidence in diagnosis of common anorectal procedures and confidence in performance of common anorectal procedures, in addition to improving objectively measured anorectal clinical knowledge.
How We Do It: Modified Residency Programming and Adoption of Remote Didactic Curriculum During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE To describe the modified operational plan we implemented for residents and faculty in our orthopedic surgery department to allow continuation of resident education and other core activities during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. DESIGN Description of educational augmentation and programming modifications. SETTING The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD. PARTICIPANTS Residents and faculty, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. METHODS In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we developed and implemented a modified operational schedule and remote curriculum in the orthopedic surgery department of our health system. Our plan was guided by the following principles: protecting the workforce while providing essential clinical care; maintaining continuity of education and research; and promoting social distancing while minimizing the impact on team psychosocial well-being. RESULTS The operational schedule and remote curriculum have been implemented successfully and allow resident education and other core departmental functions to continue as our health care system responds to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS We have been proactive and deliberate in implementing these operational changes, without compromise of our workforce. This experience provides residents exposure to real-life systems-based practice. We hope that our early experience will provide a framework for other surgical residency programs facing this crisis.
Fractal Correlation Dimensions Analysis of Al–Si Dendrites

Solidification dendrites in metal alloys have intricate shapes with fractal elements, making fractal dimension an attractive potential method for more completely quantifying these important shapes. However, fractal analysis as usually applied to dendrites has some pitfalls, which we demonstrate here on micrographs of dendrites from two different aluminum–silicon alloys with different solidification velocities. Box dimension and a more rigorous analysis of correlation dimension were calculated for each sample, but both measures exhibited non-uniform scaling. Further analysis using the Takens–Theiler estimator of correlation dimension revealed a transition between two distinct scaling regimes: a small-scale exponent associated with dendrite boundary texture and the large-scale with overall dendrite morphology. The scaling transition between regimes may prove useful as an automated alternative to secondary dendrite arm spacing. Overall, the investigations give further insight into the quantitative description of complex dendritic structures and clarify the ability of fractal analysis to describe this important solidification morphology.
Dementia in late-onset epilepsy: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

Objective To determine the risk of dementia after the development of late-onset epilepsy. Methods We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study, which started in 1987 to 1989 with 15,792 mostly Black and White men and women from 4 US communities. We identified late-onset epilepsy (LOE; seizures starting at age 67 or later) from linked Medicare claims data. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to evaluate associations between LOE and dementia through 2017 as ascertained from neuropsychological testing, interviews, and hospital discharge surveillance, and we used multinomial logistic regression to assess the risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in the subset with full neuropsychological assessments available. We adjusted for demographics and vascular and Alzheimer disease risk factors. Results Of 9,033 ARIC participants with sufficient Medicare coverage data (4,980 [55.1%] female, 1993 [22.1%] Black), 671 met the definition of LOE. Two hundred seventy-nine (41.6%) participants with and 1,408 (16.8%) without LOE developed dementia (p Interpretation The risk of incident dementia is substantially elevated in individuals with LOE. Further work is needed to explore causes for the increased risk of dementia in this growing population.