cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A look-back at 1906 - Perspectives on great earthquakes and post-earthquake investigations

At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a fracture formed some 10 km below the Earth's surface offshore of the Golden Gate. It propagated upward and outward, reaching the surface and extending north and south. To the south it broke along the San Francisco peninsula, climbed through the Santa Cruz Mountains, and stopped abruptly at San Juan Bautista. To the north it hugged the coast in Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino counties, passed into the Pacific Ocean north of Pt. Arena, and came to halt on land in Humboldt County. Approximately one and one-half minutes after it began, the rupture stopped. Fourhundred-seventy km of the Pacific–North American plate boundary had shifted an average of 4½ m along the San Andreas Fault, and the M 7.9 San Francisco earthquake had occurred. An on-land strike-slip earthquake the size of 1906 is not an everyday occurrence, and diverse messages are to be taken away from it.... For me, one of the most compelling messages is the incalculable importance of post-earthquake investigations—both for what they provide at the moment and the legacy they leave for the future. This year, 2006, is the centennial of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. This anniversary has prompted a broad range of earthquake-centered scientific, historical, cultural, and political activities. Scientifically it has refocused attention on the ground motions and the regional distribution of shaking intensity that the 1906 earthquake generated, the potential effects of its repeat on the San Francisco Bay Area and northern California, and its place in the development of earthquake science. In July 2005, I was in northern Mongolia for an international field trip celebrating the 100th anniversary of another great earthquake, the 1905 rupture of the Bulnay Fault. I admit to a fascination for these great on-land surface-faulting earthquakes, having had the good fortune to work …
Atomic carbon insertion as a low-substrate-temperature growth mechanism in diamond CVD

Abstract In diamond film growth, several researchers have reported a change in the apparent activation energy at substrate temperatures between 900 and 1000 K. A new growth mechanism, based on atomic carbon insertion into carbon–hydrogen bonds, was recently proposed to explain this phenomenon. This paper gives supporting evidence for this insertion of C 1 radicals in diamond CVD. Gas-phase experiments have shown that methylene, methyne, and atomic carbon insert easily into C–H bonds, implying that similar reactions are possible on a hydrogenated diamond surface. Numerical simulations of diamond growth in a chlorine-activated diamond CVD system are shown to agree much more closely with experimental data when carbon insertion reactions are included.
L-Subshell X-Ray Production Cross Sections of Ba, La and Ce for Proton Energies from 0.25 to 2.00 MeV

Protons from the University of Texas at Arlington's 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator were used to produce characteristic L x-rays from thin targets of Ba, La and Ce. The incident proton energy was varied from 0.25 to 2.00 MeV. The x-rays were detected by a detector mounted at 90° to the incident beam direction. Measured x-ray production cross sections were converted to ionization cross sections by the use of subshell fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig transition probabilities taken from Bambynek. Inflection points are found in the L1-subshell ionization cross section for all three elements. Although the theoretical plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA) curves do have inflection points (whereas the binary encounter approximation (BEA) curves do not), the PWBA theory does not correctly predict the proton energies at which these occur for all three elements.
Spectral analysis of random graphs with skewed degree distributions

We extend spectral methods to random graphs with skewed degree distributions through a degree based normalization closely connected to the normalized Laplacian. The normalization is based on intuition drawn from perturbation theory of random matrices, and has the effect of boosting the expectation of the random adjacency matrix without increasing the variances of its entries, leading to better perturbation bounds. The primary implication of this result lies in the realm of spectral analysis of random graphs with skewed degree distributions, such as the ubiquitous "power law graphs". Mihail and Papadimitriou (2002) argued that for randomly generated graphs satisfying a power law degree distribution, spectral analysis of the adjacency matrix simply produces the neighborhoods of the high degree nodes as its eigenvectors, and thus miss any embedded structure. We present a generalization of their model, incorporating latent structure, and prove that after applying our transformation, spectral analysis succeeds in recovering the latent structure with high probability.
Utility of Ultrasound Versus Landmark-Guided Axillary Artery Cannulation for Hemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit

Objectives. To assess the utility of ultrasound-guided axillary artery catheterization compared with anatomical landmark technique catheterization in the intensive care unit. Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. University hospital surgical and neurosurgical intensive care unit. Patients. A total of 33 critically ill patients undergoing arterial line placement. Interventions. Axillary arterial line placement under ultrasound guidance or by using anatomical landmarks. Measurements and main results. Procedure duration, number of attempts (skin punctures), needle repositionings, and aborted procedures were compared. A total of 33 patients were randomly assigned to either the ultrasound group (n = 18) or the anatomical landmark group (n = 15). Aborted procedures were significantly greater in the landmark group (n = 4) than in the ultrasound group (n = 0); P = .019. Procedure duration (mean ± SD) in the ultrasound group was 7.01 ± 4.40 minutes compared with 9.29 ± 10.00 minutes in the landmark group; ...
A pilot study to reduce risk for antepartum depression among women in a public health prenatal clinic.

This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, effectiveness, and helpfulness of Insight-Plus, a brief culturally-tailored cognitive behavioral intervention for African-American and Caucasian rural low-income women at risk for APD [Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ≥10]. Forty two percent (63/149) of women in this non-randomized study were at risk for APD and 41% (26/63) of women, who met all eligibility criteria, initially agreed to participate. Seventeen participants completed all six intervention sessions. Ninety-four percent (16/17) who completed their one-month post-intervention interviews had an antepartum recovery rate of 81% (13/16, EPDS ≤10). Participants reported that many aspects of the program were helpful and they continued to use the intervention exercises after the sessions ended.
EVALUATING THE USE OF ERGOSTEROL AS A BIOINDICATOR FOR ASSESSING FUNGAL RESPONSE TO WATER QUALITY

This study investigated the in situ productionof fungal biomass on presterilized woody substratessubmerged in natural estuarine and freshwater bodiesenriched with nitrogen and phosphorus-containingchemical compounds. Results suggest that themembrane-bound sterol ergosterol may hold significantpromise as an quantitative indicator of fungalresponse to water quality. We suggest that realisticassessment of the environmental health of naturalwaters should include a suite of bioassays that couldmeasure the response of living organisms to pollutionmuch more directly than could be predicted by current,indirect monitoring techniques.
The ambiguous effect of new and improved goods on the cost of living

Abstract I show that the income-share-weighted average of individual cost-of-living indexes can diverge sharply from the equally-weighted ‘ordinary’ average when quality improvements are embodied in discrete goods. It is possible for the income-share-weighted mean to decline while the ordinary mean rises.
PI3K-dependent cross-talk interactions converge with Ras as quantifiable inputs integrated by Erk

Although it is appreciated that canonical signal-transduction pathways represent dominant modes of regulation embedded in larger interaction networks, relatively little has been done to quantify pathway cross-talk in such networks. Through quantitative measurements that systematically canvas an array of stimulation and molecular perturbation conditions, together with computational modeling and analysis, we have elucidated cross-talk mechanisms in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling network, in which phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathways are prominently activated. We show that, while PI3K signaling is insulated from cross-talk, PI3K enhances Erk activation at points both upstream and downstream of Ras. The magnitudes of these effects depend strongly on the stimulation conditions, subject to saturation effects in the respective pathways and negative feedback loops. Motivated by those dynamics, a kinetic model of the network was formulated and used to precisely quantify the relative contributions of PI3K-dependent and -independent modes of Ras/Erk activation.
Arts participation as cultural capital in the United States, 1982–2002: Signs of decline?

We analyzed Surveys of Public Participation in the Arts for 1982, 1992, and 2002 to see if trends in U.S. arts attendance are consistent with the perception of many sociologists of culture that the role of the arts as cultural capital is in decline. From a Bourdieuian perspective, a dramatic deflation in the value of the arts as cultural capital (the ‘‘meltdown scenario’’) would manifest itself in (1) large declines in high-culture arts participation rates (2) especially among the youngest cohorts that (3) are not evident in participation in middlebrow activities and (4) are concentrated among groups for whom cultural capital is most important, i.e. (4a) highly educated people and (4b) women.) Results are mixed. Trend data are not consistent with the meltdown scenario, but do suggest change in the position of different arts genres within cultural capital and ongoing attrition in the audience for many of the arts. Consistent with the decline perspective, younger cohorts’ attendance rates have fallen for most high-culture performing-arts attendance activities. (Because college attendance increased in the 1960s, the decline is not visible in the middle cohorts until one disaggregates by education level.) In contrast to the decline perspective, however, declines are as bad or worse for several middlebrow cultural activities; attendance rates for art museums and jazz concerts have increased; and rates have declined more slowly for women and college graduates than for others. Two changes are evident: first, greater elite and general interest in the visual arts and jazz and less in classical music, ballet, and theatre (trends consistent with Peterson’s ‘‘omnivore theory,’’ aspects of postmodern theory, and the notion that the content of cultural capital evolves over time); and, second, gradual decline among almost all age/gender/education groups in rates of attendance at live cultural events broadly defined, probably reflecting greater competition from at-home entertainment options and changes in population composition and family structure.
Biometric-based two-level secure access control for Implantable Medical Devices during emergencies

Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) are widely used to treat chronic diseases. Nowadays, many IMDs can wirelessly communicate with an outside programmer (reader). However, the wireless access also introduces security concerns. An attacker may get an IMD reader and gain access to a patient's IMD. IMD security is an important issue since attacks on IMDs may directly harm the patient. A number of research groups have studied IMD security issues when the patient is in nonemergency situations. However, these security schemes usually require the patient's participation, and they may not work during emergencies (e.g., when the patient is in comma) for various reasons. In this paper, we propose a light-weight secure access control scheme for IMDs during emergencies. Our scheme utilizes patient's biometric information to prevent unauthorized access to IMDs. The scheme consists of two levels: level 1 employs some basic biometric information of the patient and it is lightweight; level 2 utilizes patients' iris data for authentication and it is very effective. In this research, we also make contributions in human iris verification: we discover that it is possible to perform iris verification by comparing partial iris data rather than the entire iris data. This significantly reduces the overhead of iris verification, which is critical for resource-limited IMDs. We evaluate the performance of our schemes by using real iris data sets. Our experimental results show that the secure access control scheme is very effective and has small overhead (hence feasible for IMDs). Specifically, the false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR) of our secure access control scheme are close to 0.000% with suitable threshold, and the memory and computation overheads are acceptable. Our analysis shows that the secure access control scheme reduces computation overhead by an average of 58%.
Seasonality and Adult Habitat Use by Four Diabrotica Species at Prairie-Corn Interfaces

Although Diabrotica pest species have been well studied in Þeld corn, Zea mays L., relatively little is known about adult habitat use by pest and nonpest species at prairieÐ corn interfaces. Therefore, the objective of this work was to compare seasonal patterns of beetles of four Diabrotica species and their use of remnant prairie and adjacent Þeld corn habitats in southeastern Nebraska. The study was conducted at Þve sites in 2001 and continued at three sites in 2002. The Diabrotica species included D. barberi Smith and Lawrence, D. cristata (Harris), D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, and D. undecimpunctatahowardi Barber. Cucurbitacin vial traps were used to monitorDiabrotica populations. Available sowers and Diabrotica use of these sowers were also documented. The virgifera group species (D.barberi,D.cristata, andD.v.virgifera) were closely tied to a primary habitat, corn or prairie, but moved to secondary habitat if relative attractiveness of food sources in the primary habitat decreased; these three species had high initial population densities that decreased over the season. The one fucata group species (D. u. howardi) was found in various habitats, with low initial densities that increased over the season. Habitat type and contrasts in plant phenology seem to be key factors that insuenced habitat choice by Diabrotica species; this especially affected the level of noncorn habitat use by pest species D. v. virgifera and D. barberi. Use of crop and noncrop parts of the agroecosystem by pest species suggests that a more holistic approach rather than a single Þeld view may be appropriate when managing corn rootworms.
Effect of Temperature, Exposure Interval, and Depth of Diatomaceous Earth Treatment on Distribution, Mortality, and Progeny Production of Lesser Grain Borer (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Stored Wheat

Diatomaceous earth (DE) can be used as a surface treatment in stored wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) to control pest infestations. However, it is not known how the thickness of the DE-treated wheat layer or grain temperature impact effectiveness. Therefore, we conducted an experiment in growth chambers to assess the effect of different surface layers of hard winter wheat combined with DE on spatial distribution, adult survival, and progeny production of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and to determine whether temperature and exposure interval modified this effect. When adult lesser grain borers were released in experimental towers containing untreated wheat or wheat admixed with DE to a surface layer depth of 15.2, 22.9, or 30.5 cm, they were able to penetrate all DE layers and oviposit in the untreated wheat below. However, survival was significantly reduced in adults exposed to DE. Survival decreased both with increasing depth of the DE-treated wheat and with exposure interval. Temperature had no effect on adult survival, but significantly more progeny were produced at 32 than at 27°C. Progeny production was inversely correlated with the depth of the DE-treated layer. Vertical distribution patterns of parental beetles were not significantly different among treatments or exposure intervals; however, more insects were found at greater depths at 32 than at 27°C. The F1 production was reduced by 22% at the thickest DE-treated layer. However, we conclude that this level of survival could leave a residual population of lesser grain borers that would probably be above an allowable threshold for insect damage.
Correlation of aberrations with visual symptoms using wavefront analysis in eyes after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To evaluate the information assessed with the Alcon LADARWave wavefront measurement device and correlate it with visual symptoms in eyes previously treated with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and to analyze the influence of scotopic pupil size on visual symptoms. Methods One hundred and five eyes of 58 patients who underwent LASIK were evaluated. Wavefront measurements were assessed using the Alcon LADARWave device. Visual symptoms were correlated to higher order aberrations in three different pupil sizes (5 mm, 7 mm, and scotopic pupil size). Generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis. Results In eyes after LASIK, visual symptoms analysis showed positive correlation of double vision with total coma and with horizontal coma for the 5-mm and 7-mm pupil sizes, negative correlation between starburst and total coma for the 7-mm pupil size, positive correlation of double vision with horizontal coma, and glare and starburst with spherical aberration and with total aberrations. Scotopic pupil size had a positive association with starburst and negative association with double vision. Conclusion The LADARWave wavefront measurement device is a valuable diagnostic tool in measuring ocular aberrations in eyes after LASIK. A strong correlation between visual symptoms and ocular aberrations, such as monocular diplopia with coma, and starburst and glare with spherical aberration, suggest this device is valuable in diagnosing symptomatic LASIK-induced aberrations. Horizontal coma was correlated with double vision, while vertical coma was not, demonstrating a greater sensitivity with horizontally oriented multifocality.
Data Collection Handbook to Support Modeling Impacts of Radioactive Material in Soil and Building Structures

This handbook is an update of the 1993 version of the Data Collection Handbook and the Radionuclide Transfer Factors Report to support modeling the impact of radioactive material in soil. Many new parameters have been added to the RESRAD Family of Codes, and new measurement methodologies are available. A detailed review of available parameter databases was conducted in preparation of this new handbook. This handbook is a companion document to the user manuals when using the RESRAD (onsite) and RESRAD-OFFSITE code. It can also be used for RESRAD-BUILD code because some of the building-related parameters are included in this handbook. The RESRAD (onsite) has been developed for implementing U.S. Department of Energy Residual Radioactive Material Guidelines. Hydrogeological, meteorological, geochemical, geometrical (size, area, depth), crops and livestock, human intake, source characteristic, and building characteristic parameters are used in the RESRAD (onsite) code. The RESRAD-OFFSITE code is an extension of the RESRAD (onsite) code and can also model the transport of radionuclides to locations outside the footprint of the primary contamination. This handbook discusses parameter definitions, typical ranges, variations, and measurement methodologies. It also provides references for sources of additional information. Although this handbook was developed primarily to support the application ofmore » RESRAD Family of Codes, the discussions and values are valid for use of other pathway analysis models and codes.« less
Mixing Dynamics of A Channel Type Microcombustor

The paper presents a numerical investigation on the mixing behavior of hydrogen and air inside a 5 × 5 × 40 mm channel type microcombustor. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically over a 3-D computational domain to understand the isothermal mixing of fuel and air. For a constant equivalence ratio, the mass flow rates of fuel and air are continuously increased to understand the effects of the power throughput on the combustor stability. At low flow rates the combustor yields adequate mixing and the airfuel ratio stays within the flammable limit throughout the second half of the combustion chamber. Also in compared to the local flow velocity, the laminar flame velocity remains higher along the second half of the chamber which indicates a possibility of stable combustor operation without the velocity blowout. However, at higher mass flow rates (m> 8.0×10 7 kg/s, P > 96W), local flow velocities become higher and tend to surpass the local flame propagation velocity which marks the threshold limit of the combustor stability in terms of power output and velocity blowout.
Tumbling and Deformation of Isolated Polymer Chains in Shearing Flow

Using Brownian dynamics simulations of polymer chains over a wide range of resolution, we find universal scaling laws for polymer coil dimensions and tumbling time. At high shear rates γ, the coil thickness in the gradient direction becomes independent of chain length, scaling as NK0γ–1/4, where NK denotes the numbers of Kuhn steps, and the tumbling time scales as NKγ–3/4, correcting scaling laws presented in prior studies. We find this to be a consequence of the formation of loops whose length is limited by the time required to stretch them and derive scaling laws from a balance of convection and diffusion of monomers. We find that, in the absence of hydrodynamic interaction (HI) and excluded volume (EV), for wormlike chains, the shrinkage in chain stretch observed at ultrahigh shear rates is pushed out to arbitrarily high shear rates if the chain is resolved increasingly finely below the persistence length. Finally, scaling laws in the presence of excluded volume and hydrodynamic interactions are der...
But Now Can See: One Academic's Journey to Feminist Security Studies

This essay expresses my gratitude for the spirit of inclusiveness shown by the first generation of Feminist Security Studies (FSS) scholars. I would like to see FSS remain a large tent, for in constructing boundaries for FSS, we may unintentionally make it smaller than it really is. Indeed, I would like to explore the value of inclusiveness to FSS by undertaking a bit of autobiography. I was a poor candidate to wind up as part of this field; the story of how FSS insights upended my academic life may be instructive as we endeavor to help others in the academy see the connections between gender and security studies that we ourselves see.
Mortality in the Quill Mite, Syringophiloidus minor (Acarina: Syringophilidae)

Dead Syringophiloidus minor (Berlese) were routinely found in the feathers of house sparrows, Passer domesticus Linnaeus, collected at Lubbock, Tex. Some colonizing females died prior to oviposition, thus terminating the colonizing attempt, whereas others died after producing only one or a few eggs. Inviable eggs and dead immatures were also observed in some populations.
Social Health Content and Activity on Facebook: A Survey Study

Facebook (FB) is a popular communication medium and community building tool for health outreach, promotion, and support groups for patients with chronic and rare conditions. Medical writers and health communication specialists are often tasked to write the content and support community interactions in health-related FB interventions. However, studies have reported mixed results at sustaining patient participation and engagement in FB interventions. Questions remain about the relationship between health behavior and FB usage and best strategies for evaluating health-related FB interventions. Furthermore, few studies examine health-related FB usage of people not designated as patients, which might help identify native activities that can sustain participants’ interest in and engagement with FB interventions. This study examines offline and online health-related activities of FB to identify characteristics shared by people who use FB for health-related purposes. The data from 455 users indicate that offline ...
A program on the rise: the combined (M.D./Ph.D.) Degree Program at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine.

The Combined M.D./Ph.D. Degree Program (CDP) of the University of Connecticut School of Medicine is an intensive seven-year program that allows exceptional students simultaneously to develop both clinical and research skills. Each year the program accepts up to four highly qualified students from an applicant pool that has been increasing in both size and talent. Currently, there are 25 students in the program. Each student receives a waiver of tuition and fees for both graduate and medical school as well as a fellowship stipend of $14,700 per year for all seven years. In the initial two years the combined-degree students are enrolled in medical school and participate in laboratory research. During the next three years students focus exclusively on graduate course work and the doctoral dissertation. Following the thesis defense, they enter the final two years of medical school and are graduated with the dual degree. As of May 1995 the CDP has graduated 15 students, each of whom is currently pursuing a career in academic medicine.
Behavioral effects of sublethal exposure to a combination of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.

BACKGROUND Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insect pests with public health relevance. Their rapid evolution of resistance to pyrethroids has prompted a shift to combination products that include both a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide. Insecticides have both a direct impact on mortality and an indirect effect on behavior. Thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of a widely used combination product containing β-cyfluthrin (a pyrethroid) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid), as unexpected behavioral changes after exposure have been known to affect efficacy of insecticides. RESULTS We found that bed bugs exposed to sublethal doses of a combination product containing β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid did not feed as effectively as untreated bugs. Their locomotion behavior was also reduced. However, aggregation in response to the presence of conspecific harborages was not affected by sublethal exposure. CONCLUSION Bed bugs exhibit behavioral changes after sublethal exposure to a combination product that could affect pest management choices and outcomes. A reduction in host-finding efficiency and feeding could complement the lethal effects of the insecticide. Alternatively, reduced locomotion following exposure could limit ongoing contact with insecticide deposits. However, an overall reduction in movement indicates that treatments are unlikely to cause dispersal of bugs to adjacent dwellings. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Minimum and Maximum Temperatures for Growth and Verotoxin Production by Hemorrhagic Strains of Escherichia coli.

The influence of temperature on growth and verotoxin production by Escherichia coli strains was studied in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth both in shake cultures at various temperatures and in a temperature-gradient incubator. All strains of E. coli surveyed grew from at least 10 to 45°C, with some strains growing at 8° C. Verotoxin production (determined using the Vero cell–assay system) was a function of both temperature and time, with the highest titers produced at temperatures supporting the fastest growth (based on days to visible turbidity) and highest viable cell counts. However, for strains producing verotoxin, toxin production was detected at any temperature supporting growth. Three strains (of 16 tested) increased 1000-fold in viable count in 4 to 6 days at 10°C. The data presented here indicate that most E. coli strains surveyed can easily grow at ca. 10°C and thus suggest the potential for growth in temperature-abused refrigerated foods.
Modeling fiber-like conductivity structures via the boundary element method using thin-wire approximation. I construction of basis functions

A set of one-dimensional basis functions is proposed and tested in order to model a thin homogeneous fiber of a higher conductivity within a medium with a lower conductivity. This set allows us to greatly speed up computations while keeping a good accuracy for the total fiber current and the resulting charge distribution averaged over the fiber cross-section.
Colonial or Continental Power? The Debate over Economic Expansion in Interwar France, 1925–1932

In the 1920s various French elites argued that the nation state was not viable in an increasingly interdependent world economy dominated by ‘continental blocs’ such as the United States and the Soviet Union; instead, they hoped to expand French economic power through larger political structures, whether France's existing empire or a federal Europe. French foreign minister Aristide Briand called for the organisation of Europe at the same time that other elites advocated the consolidation of the French empire. Although imperial rivalry would trump European cooperation in the interwar years, the 1920s created a framework for post-1945 debates about whether France would achieve economic growth and maintain political independence through colonial development, continental cooperation or some combination of the two. Conventional narratives locate the origins of European integration in the devastations of the Second World War and the crisis of empire. This article argues that integration was conceived within and in tension with, not outside of, an imperial framework.
Reimagining Critical Care and Problematizing Sense of School Belonging as a Response to Inequality for Immigrants and Children of Immigrants

This chapter examines the factors that contribute to a sense of school belonging for immigrant and immigrant-origin youth. Through a review of the education research on critical care, the authors p...
Externally Oriented Surface Membrane Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Antigens in Leishmania Donovani and Trypanosoma Cruzi

Rabbit antiserum (Tc-CHO-As) made against an isolated Trypanosoma cruzi surface membrane polysaccharide antigen (Tc-CHO) specifically agglutinated both living and fixed Leishmania donovani promastigotes (Ld-P). Agglutination of Ld-P was abrogated with Tc-CHO-As following its absorption with Tc-CHO, Ld-P, surface membranes (Ld-SM) or polysaccharide (Ld-CHO) isolated from Ld-P. The specific binding of Tc-CHO-As on the surface membrane of Ld-P was demonstrated at the light and electron microscope levels using fluorescein and ferritin conjugated antibody methods, respectively. As detected using indirect immunofluorescence, binding of Tc-CHO-As and subsequently fluorescein labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG to living Ld-P at 0-4°C induced the movement (i.e. “patching” and “capping”) of the cross-reactive Ld-P surface membrane ligands. Ld-P briefly fixed in formalin or glutaraldehyde and subsequently treated as above gave very similar, albeit less extensive, surface “patching” suggesting the lipid-linkage of the Ld-P externally oriented surface membrane carbohydrate ligands. Antigenic cross-reactivity between Tc-CHO, Ld-CHO, and a Triton X-100 extract of Ld-SM (Ld-TxSM) was demonstrated in gel diffusion reactions against Tc-CHO-As. In reciprocal gel reactions, rabbit antiserum made against Ld-SM (Ld-SM-As) gave precipitin lines of antigenic identity between Ld-TxSM, Ld-CHO, and Tc-CHO demonstrating the surface membrane origin of the Ld-P cross-reactive polysaccharide antigens. Ld-SM-As also gave precipitin lines of identity between Ld-CHO and polysaccharides isolated from Leishmania tropica and Leishmania braziliensis suggesting that such carbohydrates migh represent common trypanosomatid group-type antigens. Further, several sera from patients with kala-azar also gave precipitin lines of identity between Ld-TxSM, Ld-CHO, and Tc-CHO suggesting the possible clinical significance of these cross-reactive surface membrane antigens.
Enhancing Cooperativity in Bifunctional Acid–Pd Catalysts with Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Organic Monolayers

Cooperative catalysts containing a combination of noble metal hydrogenation sites and Bronsted acid sites are critical for many reactions, including the deoxygenation (DO) of biomass-derived oxygenates in the upgrading of pyrolysis oil. One route toward the design of cooperative catalysts is to tether two different catalytically active functions so that they are in close proximity while avoiding undesirable interactions that can block active sites. Here, we deposited carboxylic acid (CA)-functionalized organophosphonate monolayers onto Al2O3-supported Pd nanoparticle catalysts to prepare bifunctional catalysts containing both Bronsted acid and metal sites. Modification with phosphonic acids (PAs) improved activity and selectivity for gas-phase DO reactions, but the degree of improvement was highly sensitive to both the presence and positioning of the CA group, suggesting a significant contribution from both the PA and CA sites. Short spacer lengths of 1–2 methylene groups between the phosphonate head and ...
Experimental analysis and thermodynamic calculations of an additively manufactured functionally graded material of V to Invar 36

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) in which the elemental composition intentionally varies with position can be fabricated using directed energy deposition additive manufacturing (AM). This work examines an FGM that is linearly graded from V to Invar 36 (64 wt% Fe, 36 wt% Ni). This FGM cracked during fabrication, indicating the formation of detrimental phases. The microstructure, composition, phases, and microhardness of the gradient zone were analyzed experimentally. The phase composition as a function of chemistry was predicted through thermodynamic calculations. It was determined that a significant amount of the intermetallic σ-FeV phase formed within the gradient zone. When the σ phase constituted the majority phase, catastrophic cracking occurred. The approach presented illustrates the suitability of using equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for the prediction of phase formation in FGMs made by AM despite the nonequilibrium conditions in AM, providing a route for the computationally informed design of FGMs.
Immunochemical localization of the Batten disease (CLN3) protein in retina

Purpose. Batten disease, also known asjuvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis and CLN3, is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder that results in blindness due to retinal degeneration. The CLN3 gene has been identified, but the function of the protein that this gene encodes is unknown. Experiments were conducted to determine where the CLN3 protein is localized in the mouse retina. Localization should provide a clue in evaluating potential functions of this protein. Methods. Using oligonucleotide primers based on the reported human CLN3 cDNA sequence, the mouse cDNA nucleotide sequence was determined from products of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. A synthetic 20-amino-acid peptide corresponding to an internal hydrophilic region of the predicted amino acid sequence of the mouse CLN3 protein was used to immunize rabbits. The resulting antiserum was used in immunoblot analysis of mouse retina homogenates and in electron microscopic immunocytochemical labeling of mouse retina sections. Results. The peptide antibody labeled a single protein band of ~50 kDa on immunoblots of mouse retina homogenates. No labeling was detected with homogenates from human retinas. The antibody specifically labeled mitochondria of Miiller cells and inner retinal neurons. Little labeling was observed in mitochondria of the photoreceptor cells. Mitochondria of other cell types, including the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal cells, were not labeled. Conclusions. The retinal CLN3 protein appears to be localized almost exclusively in die mitochondria, but was detected only in certain cell types. Batten disease is characterized by massive lysosomal accumulations of a small inner mitochondria! membrane protein (subunit c of ATP synthase). The mitochondrial localization of the CLN3 protein suggests that it may play a role in the normal processing of subunit c. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997; 38:2375-2386.
Misspecification Analysis and Errors in Variables

In previous discussion we have examined the standard form of the GLM and the consequences of violating assumptions pertaining to the i.i.d. properties of the error term and the rank of the data matrix X.
Transformation of 15-Hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic Acid Into Mono-and Dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acids by Human Platelets

[1-14C]-15-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid was incubated with suspensions of washed human platelets. Two dihydroxy and one monohydroxy metabolites were isolated and purified by RP-HPLC and SPHPLC. GC/MS analysis revealed that the three metabolites were: 8,15-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 14,15-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid. In addition, the non-enzymatic generation of an allylic hydroxy-epoxide metabolite (13-hydroxy-14,15-epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid) was identified. Furthermore, 15-HEPE was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of fMLP-induced neutrophil aggregation. Thus, transformation of the 15-lipoxygenase product of eicosapentaenoic acid by platelets may generate biologically active compounds that modulate neutrophil function.
Approximation Schemes for Covering and Packing Problems in Robotics and VLSI

The approach described in this paper, the shifting strategy, has proved useful in a large variety of contexts. Via the use of this approach we were able to derive algorithms that are the best possible in the sense that the exponential dependence on 1/ɛ cannot be removed unless NP=P. We also note that all other polynomial approximation schemes that we are familiar with rely on dynamic programming. The technique we introduced is an alternative to dynamic programming for the construction of polynomial approximation schemes for strongly NP-complete problems.
Markets as logic programs

Abstract This paper examines how the market mechanism may be represented as a logic program. In this representation markets are viewed as systems that follow rules (in the form of Horn clauses) in pursuit of a specific goal. The logic program representation of a market mechanism carries with it the potential to build directly into the mechanism the satisfaction of constraints and optimality conditions. In addition, it provides a very compact and flexible way to program computerized markets as demonstrated by a Prolog example of New York Stock Exchange trading rules.
Accessibility in Action: Co-Located Collaboration among Deaf and Hearing Professionals

Although accessibility in academic and professional workplaces is a well-known issue, understanding how teams with different abilities communicate and coordinate in technology-rich workspaces is less well understood. When hearing people collaborate around computers, they rely on the ability to simultaneously see and hear as they start a shared document, talk to each other while editing, and gesture towards the screen. This interaction norm breaks down for teams of people with different sensory abilities, such as Deaf and hearing collaborators, who rely on visual communication. Through interviews and observations, we analyze how Deaf-hearing teams collaborate on a variety of naturalistic tasks. Our findings reveal that Deaf-hearing teams create accessibility through their moment-to-moment co-located interaction and emerging team practices over time. We conclude with a discussion of how studying co-located Deaf-hearing interaction extends our understanding of accessibility in mixed-ability teams and provides new insights for groupware systems.
Positive Affectivity, Clan Culture, and Supervisor-Subordinate Demographic Dissimilarity Effects

Demographic dissimilarity has been linked consistently to negative work outcomes. Extending relational demography and mentoring research, the authors sought to uncover whether employee positive aff...
Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary CD8 T cell antiviral immunity but does not affect generation or function of memory CD8 T cells.

Abstract Antiviral immunity is severely compromised following trauma to the central nervous system. In mice with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), primary infection with influenza virus leads to high mortality rates due to impaired expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells. One strategy to increase resistance to viral infections is to generate memory immune cells that protect from recurrent infections. However, it is unknown if chronic SCI also impairs secondary immune responses to influenza challenge as it does primary responses. Here, we used a mouse model of chronic SCI and a clinically relevant influenza A infection to investigate CD8 T cell response. As shown previously, chronic SCI mice had impaired primary antiviral responses with high mortality rates and decreased expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells following intranasal infection. To investigate CD8 T cell memory, we used two strains of influenza A virus [PR8(H1N1) and X31(H3N2)] that share internal proteins but differ in surface antigens. Chronic SCI mice immunized with live X31 were able to generate memory CD8 T cells that secreted IFNγ upon stimulation with viral peptides ex vivo, which was comparable to immunized uninjured mice. Importantly, immunization prior to challenge with a lethal dose of PR8 resulted in no mortality and significant CD8 T cell recall responses in both uninjured and chronic SCI mice. In addition, memory CD8 T cells generated before SCI remained functional up to 8 weeks after injury. These pre-existing memory CD8 T cells provided full protection from lethal PR8 challenge given at the chronic timepoint following injury. Overall, this study shows that memory CD8 T cells generated either before or after chronic SCI still remain functional. These results highlight the need for proper immunization of SCI patients and show the potential of memory T cells to confer protection against not only influenza, but other viral infections as well.
The Use of Sonography in a Mother and Fetus With Concordant Truncus Arteriosus

Reported pregnancies in women with repaired truncus arteriosus are rare. As a result of improved surgical techniques, more women with conotruncal defects are now reaching reproductive age. Multifac...
Wearable Planar Magnetoinductive Waveguide: A Low-Loss Approach to WBANs

We introduce an alternative approach for wireless body area networks (WBANs) that rely on wearable planar magnetoinductive waveguides (MIWs) placed upon the body to reduce loss by 50–60 dB versus the conventional state of the art. Compared to our recently reported MIW WBANs that rely on axial rather than planar electrically small resonant loops, this approach: 1) overcomes the inherent constraints of anatomical geometry; 2) provides uniform WBAN implementations across the entire human body or different human bodies; 3) allows for frequency scalability over a wide frequency range; 4) exhibits more degrees of freedom for design optimization; and 5) provides significantly better performance (28.92 dB loss improvement for an example 5-loop design). In this work, we discuss the operating principle and validate the idea via a theoretical dispersion model. Numerical full-wave simulations are then presented and further validated via in vitro experimental results on a canonical torso model. Design optimization is subsequently performed for performance (loss and bandwidth), accompanied by a reasoning analysis based on the theoretical dispersion model. Specific absorption rate (SAR) studies confirm electromagnetic safety, while frequency scalability and tolerance to anatomical curvature further highlight its potential. Overall, the reported approach significantly advances the state of the art and shows promise for low-loss WBANs of the future.
The effectiveness of national-level containment and closure policies across income levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 113 countries.

Despite heterogeneity in income levels, countries implemented similarly strict containment and closure policies to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. This research assesses the effectiveness of these containment and closure policies, which we defined as larger decreases in mobility and smaller COVID-19 case and death growth rates. Using daily data for 113 countries on mobility and cumulative COVID-19 case and death counts over the 130 days between February 15, 2020 and June 23, 2020, we examined changes in mobility, morbidity, and mortality growth rates across the World Bank's income group classifications. Containment policies correlated with the largest declines in mobility in higher income countries. High-income countries also achieved lower COVID-19 case and death growth rates than low-income countries. This study finds better epidemiological outcomes of containment and closure policies for higher income countries than lower income countries. These findings urge policymakers to consider contextual differences, including levels of economic activity and the structure of the economy, when crafting policies in response to public health emergencies.
Disappearance of superconductivity due to vanishing coupling in the overdoped Bi$$_{2}$$2Sr$$_{2}$$2CaCu$$_{2}$$2O$$_{8+\delta }$$8+δ

In cuprate superconductors, superconductivity is accompanied by a plethora of orders and phenomena that complicate our understanding of superconductivity in these materials. Prominent in the underdoped regime, these orders weaken or vanish with overdoping. Here, we approach the superconducting phase from the more conventional overdoped side. We present angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies of Bi$$_{2}$$Sr$$_{2}$$CaCu$$_{2}$$O$$_{8+\delta }$$, cleaved and annealed in ozone to increase the doping all the way to the non-superconducting phase. We show that the mass renormalization in the antinodal region of the Fermi surface that possibly reflects the pairing, weakens with doping and completely disappears precisely where superconductivity disappears. This is the evidence that in the overdoped regime, superconductivity is determined primarily by the coupling strength. A doping dependence and an abrupt disappearance above the transition temperature eliminate phononic mechanism of the observed renormalization and identify the onset of spin-fluctuations as its likely origin. The pairing mechanism of cuprate superconductors is still under debate. Here, Valla et al. report that mass renormalization in Bi$$_{2}$$Sr$$_{2}$$CaCu$$_{2}$$O$$_{8+\delta }$$ weakens with doping and disappears precisely where superconductivity disappears, eliminating phononic mechanism for pairing.
Mixed Membership Matrix Factorization

Discrete mixed membership modeling and continuous latent factor modeling (also known as matrix factorization) are two popular, complementary approaches to dyadic data analysis. In this work, we develop a fully Bayesian framework for integrating the two approaches into unified Mixed Membership Matrix Factorization (M3F) models. We introduce two M3F models, derive Gibbs sampling inference procedures, and validate our methods on the EachMovie, MovieLens, and Netflix Prize collaborative filtering datasets. We find that, even when fitting fewer parameters, the M3F models outperform state-of-the-art latent factor approaches on all benchmarks, yielding the greatest gains in accuracy on sparsely-rated, high-variance items.