cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Expectancy Theory to Explain Officer Security Check Activity

Expectancy motivation theory (Vroom, 1964) posits that employees will perform tasks if they are expected to do so, have the ability to do so, the opportunity to do so, and believe that their efforts will be rewarded. While this theoretical framework has been used successfully to explain differences in individual officer behaviour with regard to arrest productivity, it has yet to be tested with officer behaviours that are not easily verified. The present study used expectancy motivation theory to account for officer differences in the amount of time they spent on crime prevention security checks of businesses and residences. The findings suggest that while expectancy motivation theory explains a sizeable amount of variation in officer activities that are easily verified (such as arrests), it is not well suited to explain officer variation in work activities that are not easily verified.
Assessing the influence of treating therapist and patient prognostic factors on recovery from axial pain.

AbstractBackground:Limited research exists regarding the influence of a treating physical therapist on patient recovery (deemed therapist effects). Recent randomized clinical trials data provide an indication of small therapist effects for manual therapy; however, the extent to which therapist effects exist in the average outpatient facility is not clear. Moreover, patient-related prognostic factors, like fear-avoidance or pain duration, are important to consider since these may also influence the extent of therapist effects.Objective:To assess therapist effects and the influence of patient prognostic factors on recovery from axial pain in an outpatient orthopedic physical therapy facility.Methods:Clinical data were collected from consecutive patients with musculoskeletal neck and low back pain. Patient outcomes included pain intensity (visual analog scale) and functional measure (CareConnections functional outcomes index) scores. Therapist effects estimates and the influence of intake fear-avoidance (fea...
A Report of Cognitive, Academic, and Linguistic Profiles for College Students With and Without Learning Disabilities:

A comparison of cognitive, academic, and linguistic profiles for 74 college students with learning disabilities and 37 college students without learning disabilities resulted in significant differences in achievement for reading, writing, listening, and speaking. No significant differences were found for gender or the presence of a Verbal-Performance split in cognitive ability. Instruments for measuring academic and linguistic skills were similar in their ability to classify students with and without learning disabilities. These findings support the importance of using measures of multidimensional attributes, including language, for making decisions concerning the criteria for learning disabilities.
On the existence of an optimal solution of the epsilon variational problem

It has been shown that known sufficient conditions for existence of optimal control imply existence of an optimal solution of the nondynamic epsilon variational problem as formulated by Balakrishnan.
Closed-chest cardiac stimulation with a pulsed magnetic field.

Magnetic stimulators, used medically, generate intense rapidly changing magnetic fields, capable of stimulating nerves. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging systems employ stronger and more rapidly changing gradient fields thant those used previously. The risk of provoking cardiac arrhythmias by these new devices is of concern. In the paper, the threshold for cardiac stimulation by an externally-applied magnetic field is determined for 11 anaesthetised dogs. Two coplanar coils provide the pulsed magnetic field. An average energy of approximately 12kJ is required to achieve closed-chest magnetically induced ectopic beats in the 17–26kg dogs. The mean peak induced electric field for threshold stimulation is 213 Vm −1 for a 571 μs damped sine wave pulse. Accounting for waveform efficacy and extrapolating to long-duration pulses, a threshold induced electric field strength of approximately 30 Vm −1 for the rectangular pulse is predicted. It is now possible to establish the margin of safety for devices that use pulsed magnetic fields and to design therapeutic devices employing magnetic fields to stimulate the heart.
Avatar transparency and the establishment of trust in virtual information eco-systems

This poster addresses the issue of avatar transparency in virtual worlds, and its relationship to the establishment of trustworthiness. Preliminary analysis of interviews with Second Life® users offers insights on this topic. The authors describe the tension between anonymity and trust in participant contexts, and suggest a framework for describing avatar transparency and trust issues.
Chemoembolization outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with compromised liver function

Background Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is recommended as a treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with normal underlying liver function. The efficacy of TACE in cirrhotic patients with compromised liver function is unknown.
Highly absorbing nano-scale metal films for terahertz

Our work aims to identify nano-scale metal films with enhanced absorption between 1 to 10 THz for use in thermal imagers operating in this spectral band. Absorption measurements of chromium and nickel films with different thicknesses (8 - 30 nm) revealed absorption as high as 40% (Cr) and 27% (Ni) between 3 and 9 THz. Further analysis showed that it is possible to optimize absorption by controlling conductivity of metal films by patterning them to reduce fill factor. This design flexibility allows tailoring of the absorbing layer to reduce residual stress of membranes used in microbolmeter and bi-material thermal sensors.
Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of hazardous environmental pollutants, many of which are acutely toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. A diverse group of fungi, including Aspergillus ochraceus, Cunninghamella elegans, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum, have the ability to oxidize PAHs. The PAHs anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, as well as several methyl-, nitro-, and fluoro-substituted PAHs, are metabolized by one or more of these fungi. Unsubstituted PAHs are oxidized initially to arene oxides, trans-dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and tetralones. Phenols and trans-dihydrodiols may be further metabolized, and thus detoxified, by conjugation with sulfate, glucuronic acid, glucose, or xylose. Although dihydrodiol epoxides and other mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds have been detected as minor fungal metabolites of a few PAHs, most transformations performed by fungi reduce the mutagenicity and thus detoxify the PAHs.
Commissioning Legitimacy: The Global Logics of National Violence Commissions in the Twentieth Century

Based on an analysis of the reports of twenty-eight national-level public commission inquiries into events involving ethno-national violence—drawn from five national contexts and arrayed over the course of the twentieth century—this article demonstrates the strikingly transnational character of these investigatory bodies’ attempts to authoritatively explain episodes of collective violence and to thereby restore governing legitimacy in the wake of violent crises. One of four distinct “logics,” or core explanatory frameworks, each associated with a particular mode of “racial power,” characterized a diverse cross-national pool of violence commission reports during defined periods of the twentieth century. In revealing globally encompassing logics to what has often been framed as a national or case-specific phenomenon, the author shows how global ideational currents compose a key dimension of national political dynamics.
Chemical and toxicological characterization of river water extracts with the Vibrio fzscheri photobacterium

Abstract The possible application of a bacterial assay (LUMIStox test) for the determination of the toxicity of river water extracts was evaluated. Ten river Po water samples were taken at the closing section of the basin (Pontelagoscuro, Ferrara), filtered with a Domnick Hunter system and passed through a column filled with XAD-2 resin, for the extraction of the organic micropollutants. The toxicity of the extracts was then evaluated by means of the bacterial assay LUMIStox, which uses Vibrio fischeri NRRL-B-11177 as the test organism. GC-NPD and GC-ECD were used for the chemical chracterization of the water extracts.
Synthesis of porphobilinogen via a novel ozonide cleavage reaction.

Porphobilinogen lactam methyl ester (3a) has been prepared in seven steps, and ∼20−30% overall yield, beginning with furfurylamine (4a).24 Hydrolysis of 3a following the literature procedure then gave porphobilinogen (1). A key intermediate in our synthesis of 3a is the 7-oxonorbornene derivative 7a, which was derived from 4a utilizing a tandem Johnson ortho ester Claisen rearrangement followed by intramolecular Diels−Alder cyclization (five steps, 55−65%).24 Interesting steric accelerating effects were observed in this sequence. Conversion of 7a to 3a was then accomplished employing a novel ozonide cleavage/oxidation reaction, which generated tetrahydrofurans 16a, 32, and 33 in the proper oxidation state for direct aminolysis to pyrrole 3a. A mechanism is proposed for the ozonide cleavage/oxidation that accounts for the observed stereoselectivity of this step.
Bank stabilization, riparian land use and the distribution of large woody debris in a regulated reach of the upper Missouri River, North Dakota, USA

Large woody debris (LWD) is an important component of ecosystem structure and function in large floodplain rivers. We examined associations between LWD distribution and riparian land use, bank stabilization (e.g. riprap revetment), local channel geomorphology, and distance downriver from the dam in the Garrison Reach, a regulated reach of the upper Missouri River in North Dakota, USA. We conducted a survey of shoreline-associated LWD in the reach during typical summer flow conditions. Reach-wide LWD density was 21.3 pieces km−1 of shoreline, of which most pieces (39% ) were ‘beached’ between the waterline and the bankfull level, 31% of pieces had evidence of originating at their current location (anchored), 18% of pieces were in deep water (>1 m), and 13% were in shallow water. LWD density along unstabilized alluvial (sand/silt) shorelines (27.3 pieces km−1) was much higher than along stabilized shorelines (7.2 pieces km−1). LWD density along forested shorelines (40.1 pieces km−1) was higher than along open (e.g. rangeland, crop land; 9.2 pieces km−1) or developed (e.g. residential, industrial; 7.8 pieces km−1) shorelines. LWD density was highest overall along unstabilized, forested shorelines (45 pieces km−1) and lowest along open or developed shorelines stabilized with a blanket-rock revetment (5.5 pieces km−1). Bank stabilization nearly eliminated the positive effect of riparian forest on LWD density. A predicted longitudinal increase in LWD density with distance from the dam was detected only for deep LWD (including snags) along unstabilized alluvial shorelines. Partial resurvey in the summer following the initial survey revealed a reduction in total LWD density in the reach that we attribute to an increase in summer flow between years. Changes in riparian management and land use could slow the loss of LWD-related ecosystem services. However, restoration of a natural LWD regime in the Missouri River would require naturalization of the hydrograph and modification of existing bank stabilization and channel engineering structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient crossover designs for comparing test treatments with a control treatment

Within a large family of crossover designs this paper characterizes the mathematical structures of A-optimal and A-efficient crossover designs for the purpose of statistical comparison between t experimental treatments with a control (standard) treatment. It further guides the user how to go about the construction of these designs and if needed doing the last minute modifications. To demonstrate the ideas some very interesting optimal and efficient small designs are constructed. The mathematical and statistical tools developed here could be very useful in other areas of design of experiments. Many interesting and not yet solved design problems for further research are implicitly stated throughout the paper.
Frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia, a review

Frontotemporal dementias are neurodegenerative diseases in which symptoms of frontal and/or temporal lobe disease are the first signs of the illness, and as the diseases progress, they resemble a focal left hemisphere process such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, even more than a neurodegenerative disease. Over time, some patients develop a more generalized dementia. Four clinical subtypes characterize the predominant presentations of this illness: behavioral or frontal variant FTD, progressive nonfluent aphasia, semantic dementia, and logopenic primary progressive aphasia. These clinical variants correlate with regional patterns of atrophy on brain imaging studies such as MRI and PET scanning, as well as with biochemical and molecular genetic variants of the disorder. The treatment is as yet only symptomatic, but advances in molecular genetics promise new therapies.
X-ray Absorption and Reflection as Probes of the GaN Conduction Bands: Theory and Experiment of the N-K-Edge and Ga M2,3 Edges

X-ray absorption and glancing angle reflectivity measurements in the energy range of the Nitrogen K-edge and Gallium M{sub 2,3} edges are reported. Linear muffin-tin orbital band-structure and spectral function calculations are used to interpret the data. Polarization effects are evidenced for the N-K-edge spectra by comparing X-ray reflectivity in s- and p-polarized light.
Care of the Native American Woman: Strategies for Practice, Education, and Research

Native Americans, the smallest racial minority in the United States, comprise the fastest growing ethnic group and have a myriad of social and health problems. Women play an important role in health care practices and decision making in this community because many tribes are matrilineal. Practice, education, and research strategies should include identification of beliefs and practices specific to the clan or tribe because there is wide variance in values, lifestyles, and taboos from tribe to tribe. Traditional healers, Native American storytelling, and talking circles can be incorporated into the health care of urban Native American women and their families.
Inhibitor of histone deacetylation, depsipeptide (FR901228), in the treatment of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a case report

Depsipeptide, FR901228, has demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against murine and human tumor cell lines. In the laboratory, it has been shown to be a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In a phase I trial of depsipeptide conducted at the National Cancer Institute, 3 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma had a partial response, and 1 patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, had a complete response. Sezary cells isolated from patients after treatment had increased histone acetylation. These results suggest that inhibition of HDAC is a novel and potentially effective therapy for patients with T-cell lymphoma.
Radio Emission from Young Stellar Objects near LkHα 101

We present results of a VLA 3.6 cm B-configuration study of a region around the Herbig Be star LkHα 101. We detect 16 sources down to 5 σ (rms) thresholds of 0.25 mJy. Most of the sources are thought to be young stellar objects associated with the star formation region. Six of the objects have optical counterparts, and at least two are weak-lined T Tauri stars. A large number exhibit high-amplitude variability, indicating that gyrosynchrotron emission from flares just above the photosphere is a primary cause of the emission. We discuss the distance to the star formation region as implied by the radio flux densities and Hipparcos data. We present evidence that the region may be located at a distance typical of the Taurus-Auriga star formation complex, not at the 800 pc suggested by previous studies.
A note on time-reversibility of multivariate linear processes

We derive some readily verifiable necessary and sufficient conditions for a multivariate non-Gaussian linear process to be time-reversible, under two sets of conditions on the contemporaneous dependence structure of the innovations. One set of conditions concerns the case of independent-component innovations, in which case a multivariate non-Gaussian linear process is time-reversible if and only if the coefficients consist of essentially asymmetric columns with column-specific origins of symmetry or symmetric pairs of columns with pair-specific origins of symmetry. On the other hand, for dependent-component innovations plus other regularity conditions, a multivariate non-Gaussian linear process is time-reversible if and only if the coefficients are essentially symmetric about some origin.
An electrophoretic comparison of the histones of various strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract Histones were extracted from isolated macronuclei of several strains of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and compared by electrophoresis on both urea-acrylamide and sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. High resolution urea-acrylamide-gel electrophoresis resolves Tetrahymena histones into five main classes. The lysine-rich histone H1 exhibits microheterogeneity within each strain, mostly due to phosphorylation, and varies extensively in electrophoretic mobility and apparent molecular weight among the strains. Both H3 and H4 are constant among Tetrahymena strains and consist of several secondarily modified subspecies. However, while the electrophoretic constancy of H4, observed in higher organisms, extends to this lower eukaryote, H3 of each Tetrahymena strain migrates faster than calf thymus H3 in both gel systems. This suggests that H3 is not as rigidly conserved as H4. Fraction HX has no electrophoretic counterpart in calf thymus histone. It consists of five subfractions, each of which displays a remarkably constant electrophoretic mobility among the various strains. H2B is electrophoretically variable among Tetrahymena strains. The intersyngen and interphenoset diversity of Tetrahymena histone is shown to be comparable to that found among vertebrate classes.
Supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from contaminated soils

Highly contaminated (with PAHs) topsoils were extracted with supercritical CO2 to determine the feasibility and mechanism of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Effects of supercritical fluid (SCF) density, temperature, and cosolvent type and amount and of slurrying the soil with water were investigated. Experiments were conducted at 308−343 K and 450−850 kg/m3 CO2 density. Water and methanol were used as cosolvents in some experiments, at 0.3−6 wt %. For extractions at an ∼1000 phase ratio (wt of CO2/wt of soil), near-complete contaminant removal was achieved. For an ∼200 phase ratio at 323 K and 13.8 MPa, >95% of two-ring PAHs and >80% of three-ring and heavier PAHs were extracted. Using soil slurries with water had little effect on the total recoveries. Changes in SCF density also had little influence on SFE, while temperature increases improved both initial rates of extraction and total recoveries. Addition of cosolvents generally hindered extraction of the contaminants. These results are used to sh...
Measurement of xenon distribution statistics in Na-A zeolite cavities

{sup 129}Xe NMR spectroscopy has been used to probe directly the distribution of xenon atoms confined in atomic-size Na-A zeolite cavities. For mean xenon occupancies less than about three Xe atoms per {alpha}-cage, the guest populations are well described by binomial statistics. At higher guest loadings the finite volumes of the xenon atoms become significant, as reflected by a fit of the experimental populations with a hypergeometric distribution. The data and hypergeometric analysis indicate a maximum occupancy of seven Xe atoms/cage. At the highest xenon loadings the experimental distribution is narrower than hypergeometric.
Tyrosines 868, 966, and 972 in the Kinase Domain of JAK2 Are Autophosphorylated and Required for Maximal JAK2 Kinase Activity

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is activated by a majority of cytokine family receptors including receptors for GH, leptin, and erythropoietin. To identify novel JAK2-regulatory and/or -binding sites, we set out to identify autophosphorylation sites in the kinase domain of JAK2. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of in vitro autophosphorylated JAK2 identified tyrosines 868, 966, and 972 as sites of autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated tyrosines 868 and 972 were also identified by mass spectrometry analysis of JAK2 activated by an erythropoietin-bound chimeric erythropoietin receptor/leptin receptor. Phosphospecific antibodies suggest that the phosphorylation of all three tyrosines increases in response to GH. Compared with wild-type JAK2, which is constitutively active when overexpressed, JAK2 lacking tyrosine 868, 966, or 972 has substantially reduced activity. Coexpression with GH receptor and protein tyrosine phosphatase1B allowed us to investigate GH-dependent activation of these mutated JAK2s in human embry...
Effect of mitomycin C on the synthesis of induced β-galactosidase in E.,coli

Abstract Addition of mitomycin C to E. , coli , B which had been induced for β-galactosidase by β-thiomethylgalactoside led to a temporary halt (2–3 minutes) of β-galactosidase synthesis followed by synthesis of this enzyme at slightly reduced rate. When the cells were pre-treated with mitomycin C and then induced by β-thiomethylgalactoside, the relative rate of induced β-galactosidase synthesis in treated versus normal cells was found to decrease with increasing duration of mitomycin C pretreatment even though the rate of overall protein synthesis was identical.
A checklist to avoid pilot failures: lessons from a set of women’s economic empowerment initiatives

Pilot programmes have gained significance in donor-supported development interventions because of the growing emphasis on measuring impact. The Results-based initiatives (RBI) were conceived as pioneering pilots expected to acquire rigorous evidence on effective interventions to foster women’s economic empowerment. However, they fell short of providing clear or generalizable conclusions on women’s economic empowerment due to design and implementation problems. The RBI nevertheless offer important lessons on common traps in pilot design and implementation. This article synthesises 10 lessons from the RBI as a checklist to avoid pilot failure, intended for practitioners in any area of development.
Beyond Harem Walls: Redefining Women's Space in Works by Assia Djebar, Malek Alloula and Fatima Mernissi

Orientalist and colonial representations of harems have resulted in the association of North African women with domestic confinement. North African authors such as Assia Djebar (1980), Malek Alloula (1981) and Fatima Mernissi (1994), however, suggest that this view is biased. While focusing largely on Fatima Mernissi's memoir, Dreams of Trespass , this article builds on these authors' exploration of the various ways in which women of the Maghreb are portrayed, in order to provide a clearer understanding of the dynamics of women's space in the context of colonial North Africa.
Economic Efficiency of Residential Water Conservation Programs in a Pennsylvania Public Water Utility

This study examines the economic efficiency of implementing a residential water conservation program in a small Pennsylvania public water utility. Local demographic data and results from similar programs elsewhere were used to estimate potential water conservation for three programs: rebates for low-flow toilets, rebates for high-efficiency washing machines, and in-home water audits. Future water supply and wastewater treatment demand were estimated. The net present value of constructing, operating, and maintaining new capacity infrastructure (water supply, water storage tanks, and wastewater treatment plant capacity), as well as the costs of the conservation programs, was calculated for a range of scenarios that included future demand growth, construction costs, interest rates, and levels of participation in the conservation programs. Results indicate that investing in residential water conservation would be cost-effective for a small number of scenarios that generally combine higher growth rates, higher...
Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of temperature: a study of the terminology used by local television weather forecasters to describe thermal sensation

This paper presents a study of the relationship between quantitative and qualitative descriptions of temperature. Online weather forecast narratives produced by local television forecasters were collected from affiliates in 23 cities throughout the northeastern, central and southern portions of the United States from August 2007 to July 2008. The narratives were collected to study the terminology and reference frames that local forecasters use to describe predicted temperatures for the following day. The main objectives were to explore the adjectives used to describe thermal conditions and the impact that geographical and seasonal variations in thermal conditions have on these descriptions. The results of this empirical study offer some insights into the structure of weather narratives and suggest that spatiotemporal variations in the weather impact how forecasters describe the temperature to their local audiences. In a broader sense, this investigation builds upon research in biometeorology, urban planning and linguistics that has explored the physiological and psychological factors that influence subjective assessments of thermal sensation and comfort. The results of this study provide a basis to reason about how thermal comfort is conveyed in meteorological communications and how experiential knowledge derived from daily observations of the weather influence how we think about and discuss the weather.
An online simulator for thermoelectric cooling and power generation

We present an online simulator that can be used to teach the principles of thermoelectric energy conversion, and analyze the detailed performance of Peltier coolers or thermoelectric power generators with simple user interfaces [1]. The simulation tool is implemented on nanoHUB.org, so it can be run on any web interface without the need to install commercial software. The simulation tool solves the heat balance equations at the top and bottom sides of the thermoelectric device using 1D thermal network model and the electric circuit model to analyze the steady-state temperatures of the device and the thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency. Both cooling and power generation modes can be solved upon user's input. Using this simulator, users are able to optimize the performance of a thermoelectric device with a variety of different design parameters such as the device dimensions and material properties. In particular, this simulator can be very useful to teach the importance of the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, of the material used on the performance of the device. This simulation is also instructive to show that as material properties improve Carnot limit can be achieved at negligible output power, while efficiency at maximum output power converges to Curzon-Ahlborn limit.
Tissue Carnitine Reserves of Newborn Infants

Summary: This study assessed the tissue reserves of carnitine at birth in a group of neonates (n = 22) of varying gestational age dying within 24 h of birth, prior to possible changes in carnitine status induced by postnatal intervention. Tissue carnitine concentration was highest in the muscle in each infant. The mean (±SD) muscle carnitine concentration of 8.4 ± 3.6 nmol/mg noncollagen protein (NCP) in very immature infants (≥1000 g birth weight) was significantly lower than the corresponding mean (±SD) values of 14.0 ± 3.2 nmol/mg NCP in larger preterm infants (1001-2500 g; P < 0.01) and 19.4 ± 2.6 nmol/mg NCP in term infants (≤2501 g; P < 0.001). Muscle carnitine concentration correlated positively with gestational age (r = 0.832; P < 0.001) and with body dimensions. Liver and heart carnitine concentrations did not correlate significantly with gestation or body dimensions. The mean (±SD) liver carnitine concentration for all the neonates as a group was 4.1 ± 1.5 nmol/mg NCP. The mean (±SD) heart carnitine concentration was 4.7 ± 1.3 nmol/mg NCP. In comparison to adult controls, tissue carnitine concentrations were markedly lower in neonates, particularly in immature newborns. These data suggest that newborn infants, especially premature babies, are born with limited tissue reserves of carnitine and are therefore at an increased risk for developing carnitine deficiency and its adverse effects in the postnatal period, particularly if maintained on carnitine-free intravenous nutrition for prolonged periods of time.
Neutron powder diffraction study of the structure of the compound Li0.3125La0.5625MoO4

Abstract The structure of Li0.3125La0.5625MoO4 has been analyzed by the neutron powder diffraction technique and by the Rietveld method. The compound crystallizes with the symmetry of space group I41/a. The lattice parameters are a = 53350 (1), c = 11.7584 (3) A . The structure is of scheelite type. The La3+ ions are uniformly distributed on the sites 4b. The Mo6+ ions fully Occupy sites 4a and the O2- ions are located on sites 16f with x = 0.1413, y = 0.1226, and z = 0.2074. The refinement of the framework structure (no lithium included) gives low R factors (RN = 5.14, RP = 5.86, RW = 7.67, RE = 4.44 with anisotropic temperature factors). Refinements of trial models with the lithium included are peculiarly insensitive to the lithium positions, so that the location of these cations in the structure can only be postulated. A likely site for Li+ would be x⋍0.05, y⋍0.1, z⋍0.65 . In this position the Li+ would reside in the cavity of the La3+ cations and would be coordinated to five oxygen ions.
Effect of Coronary Artery Reperfusion on Transmural Myocardial Remodeling in Dogs

Background The effects of reperfusion after coronary occlusion on transmural remodeling of the ischemic region early and late after nontransmural infarction must importantly affect the recovery of regional function. Accordingly, analysis of local volume and three-dimensional strain was performed using a finite element method to determine regional remodeling. Systolic and remodeling strains were measured using radiographic imaging of three columns (≈1 cm apart) of four to six gold beads implanted across the left ventricular posterior wall in 6 dogs. Methods and Results After a control study, infarction was produced by 2 to 4 hours of proximal left circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Follow-up studies were performed at 2 days, 3 weeks, and 12 weeks with the dogs under anesthesia and in closed-chest conditions. Biplane cineradiography was performed to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the beads. At 2 days, end-systolic strains were akinetic with loss of normal transmural gradients of shortening and thickening. Remodeling strains (RS) were determined by use of a nonhomogeneous finite element method by referring the end-diastolic configuration during follow-up studies to its control state at matched end-diastolic pressures and heart rates. Tissue volume at 2 days increased substantially, more at the endocardium (30±7%) than at the epicardium (5±12%, P <.01); the increase was associated with an average RS in the wall-thickening direction of 0.18±0.15 ( P <.01) with all other RS near zero. At 12 weeks systolic function partially recovered, with normal wall thickening in the epicardium (radial strain, 0.081±0.056 \[control] versus 0.113±0.088 [12 weeks]) but with dysfunction in the endocardium (0.245±0.108 [control] versus 0.111±0.074 [ P <.01\] \[12 weeks\]). This inability of the inner wall to recover function may be related to increased transmural torsional shear and negative longitudinal-radial transverse shear in the inner wall. Volume loss occurred at 12 weeks in the endocardium (−36±16%) corresponding to transmural gradients in longitudinal RS and both transverse shear RS. Negative longitudinal RS was greater at the endocardium (−0.20±0.10) than at the epicardium (−0.06±0.05, P <.01). Conclusions These results indicate the presence of marked subendocardial edema 2 days after reperfusion following 2 to 4 hours of coronary occlusion. At 3 months after reperfusion, however, there was volume loss in the inner wall due to shrinkage along the myofiber direction with reduced transmural function and loss of longitudinal shortening, while both tissue volume and function recovered completely in the outer wall.
Toward a New Conceptualization of Vision in the Work of Educational Leaders: Cases of the Visionary Archetype.

Purpose:Across mainstream educational leadership literature, the term vision has had two primary definitions: (a) a leader’s image of the future and (b) change goals. Translating vision into practice has become increasingly difficult, however, as educators have been bombarded with conflicting images and goals for schools. This article is conceptual in nature, using the findings from a previous empirical study of collaboration and instructional leadership to propose a new way of thinking about vision in terms of the work of educational leaders.Proposed Conceptual Argument:The leaders’ notions of vision suggest principles of the visionary archetype that have not been considered in the extant literature, including four ways of seeing (intuition, perception, insight, and holistic seeing). Thus, literature on the visionary archetype is used as a lens to conceptualize these leaders’ notions of vision. Metaphors are used to present three cases of the visionary archetype and change contexts in which the visionary...
Early Presentation with a Desmoid Tumor Discovery of Multiple Colonic Polyps

A 14-year-old patient who was eventually found to have Gardner syndrome initially presented at the age of 3 years with a desmoid tumor involving the scalp. A careful review of the family history revealed a high incidence of colonic cancer, which prompted endoscopic evaluation of the patient. The discovery of adenomatous polyps in the colon confirmed the diagnosis of Gardner syndrome.In patients with hard or soft tissue tumors, the possibility of Gardner syndrome should be kept in mind, and a thorough family history taken. Early diagnosis may prevent malignant transformation of colonic polyps.
Reclaiming International Law from Extraterritoriality

A fierce debate ensues among leading international law theorists that implicates the role of national courts in solving global challenges. On the one side are scholars who are critical of international law and its institutions. These scholars, often referred to as Sovereigntists, see international law as a threat to democratic sovereignty. On the other side are scholars who support international law as a key means of promoting human and environmental rights, as well as global peace and stability. These scholars are the 'new' Internationalists because they see non-traditional, non-state actors as appropriately enforcing international law at the sub-state level. The debate has had an impact. In recent years, the U.S. has disengaged from traditional sources of international law, and in particular, multilateral treaties. In its place, the U.S. and non-state actors use domestic laws, applied extraterritorially, to exert international influence. Following the U.S. lead, other countries now increasingly apply their domestic laws extraterritorially too. This Article addresses a topic that leading theorists have given scant attention - the rise of global extraterritoriality. It argues that the two prevailing dominant perspectives in international legal theory have miscalculated the dangers that extraterritoriality poses. In so doing, the article advocates for an approach that acknowledges changes in the international system, but also seeks to shore-up territorial sovereignty to prevent the problems that extraterritoriality creates. It thus offers a way beyond the stalemate currently existing in international law scholarship. Controversially, it concludes that international law scholars - from both the Sovereigntist and new Internationalist perspective - should embrace and reclaim multilateral international lawmaking.
Adjunctive use of laminaria tents with hypertonic saline induced mid-trimester abortion.

Abstract One-hundred-eighty-three patients underwent saline abortion utilizing a standardized technique employing saline excess of near 150 ml over amniotic fluid aspirated, infusion of relatively high dose oxytocin 10 units/ hour, and the insertion of two laminaria tents. A reduction in mean instillation-abortion time of nearly 20% to 17.7 hours was observed with the use of the laminaria tents.
Modulation of stress hormones in rainbow trout by means of anesthesia, sensory deprivation and receptor blockade

Sympathetic activation leading to increased levels of blood catecholamines, and stimulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐inter-renal axis leading to increased cortisol, are difficult to avoid when handling animals. Yet, in research on effects of acute stress, elicitation of such responses must be minimized in the control groups. The work examines means to achieve a minimally disturbed state in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Level of arousal was determined by adrenaline and cortisol concentrations in plasma, and by the spleen:somatic index. Fish were prepared for bleeding by rapid capture and concussion, by infusion of anesthetic into the undisturbed home tank, by confinement in black boxes, or by being fed a- and b-receptor antagonists. Even when done quickly, netting and concussion yielded fish with ca. 200-pmol adrenaline:ml plasma. Cortisol was elevated (to \10 ng:ml) within 30 s of stress initiation. Surreptitious infusion of anesthetic (2-phenoxyethanol, PE) into tanks yielded fish with lower adrenaline levels (means 19.34 and 19.58 pmols:ml in home tank and black boxes, respectively). Among fish given phentolamine and propranolol, spleen:somatic indices and plasma adrenaline were higher than in diet controls, whether undisturbed or stressed, indicative of successful receptor blockade. Since careful infusion of 2-PE yielded the lowest adrenaline levels, and requires no special apparatus, it is the method of choice for obtaining minimally stressed fish. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment of Energetic Wastewater Containing 2,4-Dinitroanisole and N-Methyl Paranitro Aniline

AbstractThe U.S. Army is seeking to produce safer, less sensitive munitions through the addition of two new energetics, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and N-methyl paranitro aniline (MNA), to the munitions’ formula. Production of these munitions would add them to the waste stream. The use of an anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor (AFBB) was studied for treating these compounds in a simulated wastewater with ethanol as the electron donor. The reactor degraded both of the compounds to below detection limits over a wide range of ethanol concentrations. The degradation was found to be a transformation into secondary products for both energetics: diaminoanisole (for DNAN) and N-methyl-p-phenylenediamine (for MNA). Both of these by-products reacted upon exposure to air, forming azobond dimers. Potassium perchlorate was added to the feed stream to test if additional energetics would disrupt the transformation. The AFBB continued transformation and was able to remove the perchlorate after a two week acclimation period....
Endoscopy: a must in neonatal respiratory distress

Respiratory distress in a newborn presents both diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Definitive treatment must be preceded by an accurate diagnosis other than in extremes. Complete tracheal rings are a very rare congenital cause of airway obstruction. Unlike other causes of upper airway obstruction, this cannot be relieved by tracheostomy, which may be counterproductive. We report the case of an 8-day-old female baby who presented with respiratory distress and was found to have complete tracheal rings and right pulmonary agenesis. The value of tracheo-bronchoscopy in this case cannot be overstressed.
The c-MYC Oncoprotein Is a Substrate of the Acetyltransferases hGCN5/PCAF and TIP60

The c-MYC oncoprotein functions as a sequence-specific transcription factor. The ability of c-MYC to activate transcription relies in part on the recruitment of cofactor complexes containing the histone acetyltransferases mammalian GCN5 (mGCN5)/PCAF and TIP60. In addition to acetylating histones, these enzymes have been shown to acetylate other proteins involved in transcription, including sequence-specific transcription factors. This study was initiated in order to determine whether c-MYC is a direct substrate of mGCN5 and TIP60. We report here that mGCN5/PCAF and TIP60 acetylate c-MYC in vivo. By using nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry to examine c-MYC purified from human cells, the major mGCN5-induced acetylation sites have been mapped. Acetylation of c-MYC by either mGCN5/PCAF or TIP60 results in a dramatic increase in protein stability. The data reported here suggest a conserved mechanism by which acetyltransferases regulate c-MYC function by altering its rate of degradation.
A generalized theory of strain-rate-dependent plastic wave propagation in bars

Abstract A theory of plastic wave propagation in bars is formulated on the basis of a general quasi-linear constitutive equation. It is shown that the ‘strain-rate-independent’ and ‘strain-rate-dependent’ theories are special cases of the generalized theory, and conditions are shown under which one or the other may be valid.
Approximation Algorithms and Heuristics for a 2-depot, Heterogeneous Hamiltonian Path Problem

This article addresses an important routing problem that arises in surveillance applications involving two heterogeneous vehicles. As the addressed routing problem is NP-Hard, we develop an approximation algorithm and heuristics to solve the problem. Our approach involves solving the routing problem in two main steps: Partitioning and Sequencing. Partitioning involves finding a distinct set of targets to be visited by each vehicle. Sequencing provides the order in which each vehicle must visit the subset of targets assigned to it. The problem of partitioning is tackled by solving a linear program (LP) obtained by relaxing some of the constraints of an integer programming model for the problem. We consider two LP models for partitioning. The first LP model is obtained by mainly relaxing both the integrality and degree constraints, whereas the second model relaxes mainly the integrality constraints. Once the targets are partitioned, the sequencing problem can be solved either by Hoogeveen's algorithm or by the Lin–Kernighan heuristic to yield an approximately optimal solution. Computational results show that the algorithms based on the second LP model, on an average, provided better (closer to the optimum) solutions as compared with those based on the first LP model. We also observed that for both the LP models, the average quality of solutions given by the heuristics were found to be within 4% of the optimum, whereas the average quality of solutions obtained from the approximation algorithms were within 8–20% of the optimum depending on the problem size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium Carbonate–Lithium Bromide

(Li2CO3) [554-13-2] CLi2O3 (MW 73.89) InChI = 1S/CH2O3.2Li/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 InChIKey = XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L (LiBr) [7550-38-8] BrLi (MW 86.85) InChI = 1S/BrH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M (reagent for dehydrohalogenation of α-halo ketones) Physical Data: see Lithium Carbonate and Lithium Bromide.
Disclosing Harmful Pathology Errors to Patients

Imagine this scenario: You receive multiple stomach biopsy fragments showing diffuse surface ulceration, marked inflammation, and reactive atypia. In a small focus of 1 gastric mucosal fragment, there is a subtle, signet-ring adenocarcinoma. You notice on review of the patient’s history that she has had multiple previous stomach biopsies for dyspepsia and weight loss. With a sinking feeling, you pull the preceding biopsy specimens and find that signet-ring adenocarcinoma was present in a biopsy you signed out as benign 8 months earlier. After confirming your diagnoses with other pathologists in your department, you call the gastroenterologist to inform him that the patient currently has gastric adenocarcinoma and that the diagnosis was missed on a previous biopsy. You tell the gastroenterologist that you will issue an amended report correcting the missed adenocarcinoma. The gastroenterologist emphatically tells you not to amend the previous report and insists that the missed diagnosis will not alter current care options or patient survival, and that disclosing this information will only serve to upset “his” patient. As a clinician, and the person responsible for a diagnostic error, how would you handle this situation? Should you issue a corrected report regardless of the opinion of the treating physician? If you decide to issue a corrected report, because the treating physician most likely serves as the gatekeeper for patient information, the patient may never be informed of the delay in diagnosis. Should you contact the patient directly to share this information? Many would argue that because the pathologist has no established relationship with the patient, …
An introduction to the portable parallel programming language Seymour

Seymour, a high-level data parallel programming language that can be used to design, express, and implement efficient portable parallel algorithms, is introduced. Seymour is based on the approach of designing parallel algorithms based on standardized global operations such as prefix, broadcast, sort, compression, and associative read. Seymour also incorporates fundamental paradigms, such as divide-and-conquer, reduce-and-create-cross-product, and reduce-and-compress, which are derived from theoretical parallel algorithms. Seymour redirects the difficulties of portability and efficiency into similar difficulties for the global operations and paradigms. However, the cost of developing efficient implementations of standardized operations on the various target architectures can be amortized over numerous algorithms. >
Solution of three dimensional inverse transport problems

A solution is developed for the problem of determining the cross sections of a physical system by irradiating its outer boundary with a known neutron flux, measuring the exiting flux, and then making suitable use of the known incident and exiting boundary fluxes. Our solution requires the use of delta function (pencil beam) incident boundary fluxes, and detectors that are capable of measuring exiting angular fluxes which are weak delta functions of angle (arising from a line source) over an infinitesimal angular interval comprising the support of the delta function. Our approach, which is significantly different from previously published solutions of this problem, is applicable in general geometries with spatial inhomogeneities.
Specifications for the development of a software environment for evaluation and translation of assembly languages

The author presents specifications for the development of a RISC (reduced-instruction-set-computer)-type universal assembly language (UAL) and its environment. The development of such an environment will be used as a testbed for evaluation of assembly languages, as a basis for translation of an assembly program into another assembly language (automatic compiler generator), and as an educational portable software package. >