cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Softgreen: Towards energy management of green office buildings with soft sensors

This paper describes an approach for saving energy in commercial buildings, based on the information gathered from pre-existing opportunistic context sources. Most energy management systems rely on a heavy instrumentation strategy to infer occupancies, and unfortunately ignore already available opportunistic context sources, that can provide significant information about occupancy. We present models to conduct a Context Profiling with available context sources, to infer spatial occupancy measures. Further, we model electrical loads of several types to infer potential energy savings. Through a pilot study of a building with 5 users for 30 days, we identify intra-building areas where additional instrumentation of occupancy sensors is not necessary and demonstrate potential for significant reduction in energy consumption. We believe such Context Profiling can provide insights to significantly reduce deployment and management costs for future occupancy detection and energy management systems.
Mechanisms of seizure suppression during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in cats.

Abstract REM sleep is the most antiepileptic state in the sleep-wake cycle for human generalized epilepsy, yet the neural mechanism is unknown. This study verified the antiepileptic properties of REM sleep in feline generalized epilepsy and also isolated the responsible factors. Conclusions are based on 20 cats evaluated for generalized EEG and motor seizure susceptibility before and after dissociation of specific REM sleep components. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial-lateral pontine tegmentum created a syndrome of REM sleep without atonia. Systemic atropine created a syndrome of REM sleep without thalamocortical EEG desynchronization. Identical results were obtained in two seizure models, systemic penicillin epilepsy and electroconvulsive shock. (1) Normal REM sleep retarded the spread of EEG seizure discharges and had even more potent anticonvulsant effects. (2) Selective loss of ‘sleep paralysis’ (skeletal muscle atonia) during REM abolished REM sleep protection against myoclonus and convulsions without affecting generalized EEG paroxysms. (3) Conversely, selective loss of thalamocortical EEG desynchronization abolished REM sleep protection against generalized EEG seizures without affecting clinical motor accompaniment. These results suggest that the descending brainstem pathways which mediate lower motor neuron inhibition also protect against generalized motor seizures during REM sleep. Protection against spread of EEG paroxysms is governed by a separate mechanism, presumably the ascending brainstem pathways mediating intense thalamocortical EEG desynchronization during REM sleep.
Uncertainty Analysis For the Integration of Seismic And CSEM Data

Geophysical inverse problems consist of three stages: the forward problem, optimization, and appraisal. We study the appraisal problem for the joint inversion of seismic and controlled source electro-magnetic (CSEM) data and utilize rockphysics models to integrate these two disparate data sets. The appraisal problem is solved by adopting a Bayesian model and we incorporate four representative sources of uncertainty. These are uncertainties in (1) seismic wave velocity, (2) electric conductivity, (3) seismic data, and (4) CSEM data. The uncertainties in porosity and water saturation are quantified by a posterior random sampling in the model space of porosity and water saturation of a marine one-dimensional structure. We study the relative contributions from the four individual sources of uncertainty by performing several statistical experiments. The uncertainties in the seismic wave velocity and electric conductivity play a more significant role on the variation of posterior uncertainty than do the seismic and CSEM data noise. The numerical simulations also show that the assessment of porosity is most affected by the uncertainty in seismic wave velocity and the assessment of water saturation is most influenced by the uncertainty in electric conductivity. The framework of the uncertainty analysis presented in this study can be utilized to effectively reduce the uncertainty of the porosity and water saturation derived from integration of seismic and CSEM data.
STIMULATION OF AMINO ACID INCORPORATION IN AN ESCHERICHIA COLI CELL-FREE SYSTEM BY RETICULOCYTE RNA.

Abstract Stimulation of amino acid incorporation in an Escherichia coli cell-free system by added reticulocyte RNA has been studied. Soluble RNA was not effective, but ribosomal RNA gave an 8-fold stimulation of [ 14 C]valine incorporation. Attempts to isolate a specific messenger RNA fraction by washing reticulocyte ribosomes or fractionation of the isolated RNA were unsuccessful. The labeled soluble protein formed was characterized by column chromatography and the incorporation ratio of valine to isoleucine. It was concluded that only a small percentage, if any, of globin or large polypeptide precursors of globin was synthesized. The distribution of radio-activity in the labeled products was different, however, when reticulocyte and Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA were used to stimulate amino acid incorporation. The implications of these results were discussed.
Individuals with mechanical ankle instability exhibit different motion patterns than those with functional ankle instability and ankle sprain copers.

Abstract Background Chronic ankle instability commonly develops after lateral ankle sprain, but differences in movement patterns between subtypes of ankle instability have not been determined. We hypothesized mechanically and functionally unstable ankle subjects would demonstrate different kinematics and kinetics compared to a group of ankle sprain injury “copers”. Methods Sixty-three recreational athletes, 21 in each of 3 groups (11 males, 10 females) matched for gender, age, height, mass, and limb dominance were tested. Knee and ankle sagittal and frontal plane motion, peak ground reaction forces, and time to peak ground reaction forces were measured during 5 tasks (walk, step down, run, drop jump, and stop jump). Findings Using 5 one-way Analyses of Variance with Tukey post hoc testing at α = 0.05, the mechanically unstable group displayed at least one difference in sagittal and/or frontal plane ankle motion at initial contact, maximum, and/or in displacement than the functionally unstable and coper groups in each task except the run (P Interpretation The mechanically unstable group demonstrated altered ankle motion patterns when compared to functionally unstable and coper groups. The landing pattern may help avoid ankle sprains, but may also increase risk of ankle joint degeneration. Unstable ankle groups exhibit different movement patterns and may require different treatment regimens.
Contamination of Stream Fishes with Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from Eggs of Great Lakes Salmon

Abstract Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been stocked in the Great Lakes where they accumulate body burdens of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The transport of these contaminants to resident communities in spawning streams was studied in two tributaries of Lake Michigan accessible to anadromous spawners and one control tributary blocked to them. No polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, or dieldrin were detected in the sediments or biota of the control stream, or in sediments of the test streams. However, trout Salmo spp. and, to a lesser extent, sculpins Cottus spp. accumulated PCBs and DDT as a result of eating contaminated salmon eggs. Eggs constituted as much as 87% (by weight) of the total stomach contents of trout collected during the salmon spawning season early October to early January. Salmon eggs contained 0.46–9.50 mg PCBs/kg, and 0.14–1.80 mg DDT/kg. Consumption of eggs varied greatly among individual trout, and there was a strong correlation between numbers of eggs in the stomachs and PCB and...
Fabricating harsh environment fiber Bragg gratings by ultrafast laser

In this work, the recent work on fabricating harsh environment fiber grating by femtosecond laser and applications as multi-parameter sensor is reported. Bragg gratings have been written in single mode (SM), multimode (MM) silica fiber, polarization maintaining (PM) single mode silica fiber, and highly multimode 60-micron thinned sapphire fiber. Silica gratings can survive in temperature higher than 1000 Celsius degree. And sapphire fiber grating can even go as high as 2000 Celsius degree. Multiple parameter integrated fiber sensor that can detect vector bending and ambient temperature simultaneously with a single asymmetric fiber Bragg grating is realized in MM silica fiber and PM silica fiber. Higher order modes of sapphire Bragg grating is filtered out by mode winding to realize single mode operation.
Proving consistency of non-standard kernel estimators

We develop general methods based upon empirical process techniques to prove uniform in bandwidth consistency of a class of non-standard kernel-type function estimators. Examples include projection pursuit regression and conditional distribution estimation. Our results are especially useful to establish uniform consistency of data-driven bandwidth kernel-type function estimators.
Nesiritide therapy for acute heart failure

Each year, more than 1 million hospitalizations are the result of heart failure. Acute exacerbations of heart failure can occur following routine surgical procedures. One of the newest pharmacological therapies for heart failure is nesiritide. The PACU nurse's vital role in the early recognition and early intervention of heart failure may include the administration of this agent.
Activation and inhibition of rubber transferases by metal cofactors and pyrophosphate substrates

Abstract Metal cofactors are necessary for the activity of alkylation by prenyl transfer in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Rubber transferase (RuT, a cis-prenyl transferase) associated with purified rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum and Ficus elastica can use magnesium and manganese interchangably to achieve maximum velocity. We define the concentration of activator required for maximum velocity as [A]max. The A max Mg 2+ in F. elastica (100 mM) is 10 times the A max Mg 2+ for either H. brasiliensis (10 mM) or P. argentatum (8 mM). The A max Mn 2+ in F. elastica (11 mM), H. brasiliensis (3.8 mM) and P. argentatum (6.8 mM) and the A max Mg 2+ in H. brasiliensis (10 mM) and P. argentatum (8 mM) are similar. The differences in A max Mg 2+ correlate with the actual endogenous Mg2+ concentrations in the latex of living plants. Extremely low Mn2+ levels in vivo indicate that Mg2+ is the RuT cofactor in living H. brasiliensis and F. elastica trees. Kinetic analyses demonstrate that FPP–Mg2+ and FPP–Mn2+ are active substrates for rubber molecule initiation, although free FPP and metal cations, Mg2+ and Mn2+, can interact independently at the active site with the following relative dissociation constants KdFPP
Bridging Methods for Atomistic-to-Continuum Coupling and Their Implementation

Several issues connected with bridgingmethods for atomistic-to-continuum (AtC) coupling are examined. Different coupling approaches using various energy blending models are studied as well as the influence that model parameters, blending functions, and grids have on simulation results. We use the Lagrange multiplier method for enforcing constraints on the atomistic and continuum displacements in the bridge region. We also show that continuum models are not appropriate for dealing with problems with singular loads, whereas AtC bridging methods yield correct results, thus justifying the need for a multiscale method. We investigate models that involve multiple-neighbor interactions in the atomistic region, particularly focusing on a comparison of several approaches for dealing with Dirichlet boundary conditions. AMS subject classifications: 74B05, 74G65, 74S30, 74S05, 70-08, 70C20 PACS: 46.15.-x, 02.70.Ns, 02.70.-c, 46.25.-y, 02.70.Dh
Low temperature structural transformation in Nb3Sn

Abstract Nb 3 Sn undergoes a structural transformal at T M =43°K from cubic A15 to a tetragonal low temperature phase, with a > c (V 3 Si: c > a ) and a distortion from the cubic some 2.5 times greater than V 3 Si.
Rotational energy transfer cross sections in methane (13CD4) from infrared double resonance measurements

Abstract Rotational relaxation times have been measured for methane ( 13 CD 4 ) in collisions with itself, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and CH 2 F 2 , using the method of infrared double resonance. Collision efficiencies range from one-half to greater than gas-kinetic, and the measured relaxation times are longer in the vibrational ground state than in the υ 4 = 1 excited state.
Maternal morbidity and reproductive outcomes related to fetal surgery

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this manuscript was to examine the maternal morbidity and reproductive outcomes following maternal–fetal surgery with an emphasis on the EXIT procedure. Methods The medical records of all women who underwent an ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure or mid-gestation open maternal fetal surgery (OMFS) at our center from December 2001 to December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Future reproductive outcomes were obtained via telephone questionnaire. Results Thirty-three women underwent maternal–fetal surgery. Twenty-six had EXIT, and seven had OMFS. The questionnaire response was 82% (27/33). Eighty-one percent (17/21) of the EXIT cohort desired future pregnancy. All who attempted (13/13) were successful. The majority (85%) conceived spontaneously and within 2.5years on average. In the OMFS group, 40% experienced complications. One had uterine dehiscence, and another had uterine rupture requiring urgent delivery at 36weeks. In subsequent pregnancies, 20% of OMFS cases were complicated by uterine rupture, and 8% of EXIT patients had uterine dehiscence. All had good maternal–fetal outcome. Conclusion Future reproductive capacity and complication rates in subsequent pregnancies following EXIT procedure are similar to those seen in the general population. In contrast, mid-gestation OMFS remains associated with relatively morbid complications. This evidence can help guide in counseling expectant mothers who are faced with the challenge of considering fetal surgery.
Concerning the Mechanism of the FeCl3-Catalyzed α-Oxyamination of Aldehydes. Evidence for a Non-SOMO Activation Pathway

The mechanism of a recently reported aldehyde α-oxyamination reaction has been studied using a combination of kinetic, spectrometric, and spectrophotometric techniques. Most crucially, the use of a validated cyclopropane-based radical-clock substrate has demonstrated that carbon−oxygen bond formation occurs predominantly through an enamine activation manifold. The mechanistic details reported herein indicate that, as has been proposed for previously studied alcohol oxidations, complexation between TEMPO and a simple metal salt leads to electrophilic ionic reactivity.
The role of carboxy methyl cellulose in the flotation of a nickel sulphide transition ore

Abstract The flotation characteristics of a nickel sulphide transition ore are investigated by laboratory tests with regard to two aspects, the recovery of magnesia bearing gangue, and the depression of the nickel sulphides by gaugue slime coatings. The ore, from the Perseverance deposit of Western Mining Corporation at Leinster in Western Australia, is shown to have only a small proportion of naturally floating magnesia minerals, and the dominant recovery mechanism of magnesia is shown to be recovery of magnesia ulphide composites by sulphide flotation. Depression of nickel sulphides by slimes of magnesia minerals is demonstrated by comparison with cyclone deslimed flotation feed. Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a slime dispersant, not as a magnesia depressant, but the dosage required to achieve satisfactory nickel recovery is uneconomically high. 10% sodium chloride solution is shown to give superior results, compared to CMC, particularly in the flotation of fine material. Deslimed feed exhibits partial natural flotation of nickel sulphides.
The new public management and its critics

Abstract It is possible to view the New Public Management as nothing more than the public management equivalent of a cake recipe, a set of practices that can be readily transferred from one culture and one political system to another. If such is the case, then discussions of principles and paradigms are academic; it is necessary only to identify best practices. It will then be up to politicians to realize that they have only to open the book, follow the instructions, and reap the rewards. However, even within the Oecd countries such a possibility is not plausible. Within Europe, there are substantial differences in the political and cultural traditions of Oecd countries. And diversity within the Oecd goes beyond to include Mexico, Japan and Korea but also the former communist countries of Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland. Since the applicability and effectiveness of New Public Management concepts will vary considerably from one country to another, we are left with a considerable challenge: How might we apply these concepts to new settings?
Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction

Seismicity is correlated in space and time with production from some oil and gas fields where pore pressures have declined by several tens of megapascals. Reverse faulting has occurred both above and below petroleum reservoirs, and normal faulting has occurred on the flanks of at least one reservoir. The theory of poroelasticity requires that fluid extraction locally alter the state of stress. Calculations with simple geometries predict stress perturbations that are consistent with observed earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. Measurements of surface displacement and strain, pore pressure, stress, and poroelastic rock properties in such areas could be used to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of earthquake mechanics.
Characterization of purinergic receptors and receptor-channels expressed in anterior pituitary cells.

Purinergic G protein-coupled receptors (P2YR) and ion-conducting receptor-channels (P2XR) are present in the pituitary. However, their identification, expression within pituitary cell subpopulations, and the ability to elevate intracellular Ca 21 concentration ([Ca 21 ]i )i n response to ATP stimulation were incompletely characterized. Here we show that mixed populations of rat anterior pituitary cells express messenger RNA transcripts for P2Y2R, P2X2aR, P2X2bR, P2X3R, P2X4R, and P2X7R. The transcripts and functional P2Y2R were identified in lactotrophs and GH3 cells, but not in somatotrophs and gonadotrophs, and their activation by ATP led to an extracellular Ca 21 -independent rise in [Ca 21 ]i in about 40% of cells tested. Lactotrophs and GH3 cells, but not somatotrophs, also express transcripts for P2X7R, P2X3R, and P2X4R. Functional P2X7R were identified in 74% of lactotrophs, whereas 50% of these cells expressed P2X3R and 33% expressed P2X4R. Coexpression of these receptor subtypes in single lactotrophs was frequently observed. Purified somatotrophs expressed transcripts for P2X2aR and P2X2bR, and functional receptors were identified in somatotrophs and gonadotrophs, but not in lactotrophs. Consistent with the cell-specific expression of transcripts for P2X2R and P2X3R, the expression of their functional heteromers was not evident in pituitary cells. Receptors differed in their capacities to elevate and sustain Ca 21 influx-dependent rise in [Ca 21 ]i during the prolonged ATP stimulation. These results indicate that the purinergic system of anterior pituitary is extremely complex and provides an effective mechanism for generating a cell- and receptor-specific Ca 21 signaling pattern in response to a common agonist. (Endocrinology 141: 4091‐ 4099, 2000)
Explosive chemical emissions from landmines

Chemical sensing for buried landmines is a complex phenomenon that includes mine chemical emissions, soil chemical transport/degradation, and detection at the ground surface. The technology to assess soil chemical transport has evolved and now provides a complex systems analysis capability using high fidelity computational simulation tools. Data requirements to evaluate a chemical sensing scenario include soil chemodynamic properties, micrometeorological conditions, and mine chemical emissions. Mine chemical emission tests were performed on four antipersonnel landmines using whole landmines in soil flux chambers. Soil flux chambers are simple containers that surround landmines with dry soil that act as an adsorbent. After a certain soak time, residue analysis of the soil provides the total chemical emission - a combination of both permeation and leakage. An evaluation of permeation differences into wet soil versus dry soil was also completed using thin polymer coupon sections.
Matrix recovery from quantized and corrupted measurements

This paper deals with the recovery of an unknown, low-rank matrix from quantized and (possibly) corrupted measurements of a subset of its entries. We develop statistical models and corresponding (multi-)convex optimization algorithms for quantized matrix completion (Q-MC) and quantized robust principal component analysis (Q-RPCA). In order to take into account the quantized nature of the available data, we jointly learn the underlying quantization bin boundaries and recover the low-rank matrix, while removing potential (sparse) corruptions. Experimental results on synthetic and two real-world collaborative filtering datasets demonstrate that directly operating with the quantized measurements - rather than treating them as real values - results in (often significantly) lower recovery error if the number of quantization bins is less than about 10.
Assessing the Educational Needs of Undereducated Older Adults: A Case for the Service Provider.

Abstract In this study 505 undereducated older adults were interviewed about educational needs using a schedule requesting demographic information, open‐ended questions and a checklist of 45 types of educational needs falling into six categories. Simultaneously, 95 nutrition site directors and 83 adult basic education teachers responded to an instrument including the same educational needs questions. Results indicate that older adults with little or no formal education prefer educational experiences that relate to health: personal health care, drug use information, identification and use of local health services, etc. Nutrition site managers also ranked health first. ABE teachers' higher ranked items were predominately in the personal development category: learning to read, to write, and to do math problems. The study indicates the disparity between the expressed needs of older adults and the perceived needs of those who work with them; but, the study further shows that the social service provider has a p...
Polarity conserved positions in transmembrane domains of G-protein coupled receptors and bacteriorhodopsin

The polarity of residues at certain positions in the transmembrane domains of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) is found to be conserved, and to indicate the pattern of specific helix-helix packing of the helices. A concept of polarity conserved positions (PCP) is proposed to describe this conserved property, and is applied to obtain insight into the structural features of the transmembrane proteins. The common pattern of PCPs for GPCRs indicates that they share a similar packing arrangement of their transmembrane helix bundles. For proteins in the bacteriorhodopsin family the PCP pattern suggests a common packing arrangement that differs from that of GPCRs, in agreement with experimental data. This difference in the packing arrangement underscores the shortcomings of a BR template for the construction of molecular models of GPCRs.
The pharmacokinetics of etodolac in serum and synovial fluid of patients with arthritis.

The pharmacokinetics of etodolac have been evaluated in five patients with arthritis given 200 mg etodolac, twice daily, at 12-hour intervals, for 7 days. Albumin and total protein concentrations were markedly lower in synovial fluid than in serum, and etodolac free fraction was significantly higher. Etodolac readily penetrated into the synovial fluid, and in the postdistributive phase the concentration of free etodolac (i.e., the drug responsible for pharmacologic activity) remained higher than that in serum at all times. No differences in the half-life of etodolac elimination were noted.
Insulin-like immunoreactivity in serum and pancreas of metamorphosing tadpoles

Insulin-like immunoreactivity (ILI) in pancreatic extracts and serum of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles of various developmental stages was determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum ILI levels increased from 2.4 ± 0.4 μU/ml in limb bud stage tadpoles (I–V) to 13.9 ± 2.2 μU/ml in foot stage animals (XI–XVII). During climax, serum ILI levels declined reaching 5.0 μU/ml in postmetamorphic juveniles. Embryonic pancreases (stage 25) contained sizeable amounts of ILI (115 ± 14.4 μU). A fourfold increase in total pancreatic ILI occurred during the limb bud stages, and a twelvefold increase occurred by the end of the foot development stages. Total pancreatic ILI declined throughout climax stages to 410 μU in postmetamorphic juveniles. Serum glucose increased slightly over the course of larval development; the peak concentration occurred in foot stage tadpoles.
Risk Communication and Foodborne Illness: Message Sponsorship and Attempts to Stimulate Perceptions of Risk

Foodborne illness represents a serious health hazard in the United States. Since foodborne illness can often be prevented by an individual's behavior, messages aimed at promoting safe food-handling behaviors should be a major tool to reduce the incidence of foodborne illness. This article argues that to achieve adoption of safe food-handling practices in the home, food-safety messages should both stimulate risk perceptions and promote self-efficacy, feelings that one can successfully enact recommended behaviors. A content analysis of nationally distributed food-safety messages questioned if messages incorporated these features. Since food-safety communicators operate in complex environments with multiple and sometimes competing objectives, this study also questioned if sponsorship of foodborne illness prevention messages was related to the amount of content designed to alter risk perceptions associated with foodborne illness. Results of the quantitative content analysis found that copywriters generally included content designed to stimulate risk perception about foodborne illness but virtually ignored self-efficacy needs of the audience. A marked difference in tendencies to stimulate risk perceptions was found based on sponsorship. Both in volume and proportion, results show that governmentally sponsored messages more aggressively attempted to heighten risk perceptions associated with foodborne illness than did messages sponsored by privately funded communicators.
Intracerebral extension of nasal dermoid cyst: CT appearance.

We report on a 46-year-old man with a congenital nasal dermoid cyst that extended intracranially to form large bifrontal intraaxial dermoid cysts, which became secondarily infected through a nasal dermal sinus tract. Computed tomography demonstrated bilateral frontal lobe ring enhancing cystic masse
Yeast Extract: Sucrose Ratio Effects on Egg Load, Survival, and Mortality Caused by Gf-120 in Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

It is unclear which ratios of yeast extract to sucrose result in maximum egg production and survival in many tephritid fruit flies. Objectives here were to determine yeast extract:sucrose ratios that maximize egg loads without compromising survival in western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and their effects on mortality caused by spinosad bait (GF-120). Yeast extract:sucrose ratios of 20:80 and 30:70 maximized egg loads without reducing survival in most cases. In 1 experiment, mortality of flies with low to high egg loads exposed to fresh GF-120 for 1 or 2 h in the absence of food did not differ. In a separate experiment, egg loads were lowest in flies fed 0:100 and 1:99 diets and highest in flies fed 20:80, 30:70, and 50:50 diets. When these flies were exposed to dried GF-120 for 6 h in presence of yeast extract and sucrose, percent mortality was lower in flies fed 20:80 and 30:70 (40%) than 0:100 (69%) and 1:99 (63%) diets. In another experiment, egg loads were lowest in flies fed 0:100 and 1:99 diet and highest in flies fed 20:80 diet. When these flies were exposed to dried GF-120 for 6 h in the presence of sucrose only, percent mortality was lower in flies fed 20:80 (39%) than 0:100 (72%) and 1:99 (62%) diets. High yeast extract:sucrose ratios result in high egg loads in R. indifferens and may reduce the fly’s feeding responses to GF-120, although not to the extent that the bait is rendered completely ineffective.
Flow, recruitment limitation, and the maintenance of diversity in marine benthic communities

Many terrestrial and marine systems are open to immigration. As such, the delivery of reproductive propagules should play a substantial role in determining local diversity in many systems. Here we present the results of a two-year experimental manipulation of subtidal flow regimes and show that flow has a strong positive effect on the assembly and maintenance of epifaunal invertebrate diversity by reducing recruitment limitation in two biogeographic regions. At two sites each in Alaska and Maine, USA, we experimentally manipulated flow speeds and measured the diversity of communities assembling through time and on recruitment panels scraped clean regularly. At all sites, the species richness of established communities, and the richness of recruitment into established communities and onto empty plates was >25% higher in enhanced flow than in control flow treatments. These effects were consistent for two years, and community diversity remained higher despite 30% higher species loss in enhanced flow treatmen...
N‐Methyl‐N‐(2‐pyridyl)formamide

[67242-59-5] C7H8N2O (MW 136.17) InChI = 1S/C7H8N2O/c1-9(6-10)7-4-2-3-5-8-7/h2-6H,1H3 InChIKey = DIRVEOCOAHGVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (formylating reagent for Grignard reagents1 and certain organolithiums;6 sequential addition of two Grignard reagents can provide unsymmetrical secondary alcohols3) Alternate Name: 2-(N-formyl-N-methyl)aminopyridine. Physical Data: bp 71–72 °C/0.05 mmHg; d 1.137 g cm−3. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR, NMR. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; irritant; should be kept under argon or nitrogen.
Comparison of ground-water flow model particle-tracking results and isotopic data in the Mojave River ground-water basin, southern California, USA

Abstract Flow-path and time-of-travel results for the Mojave River ground-water basin, southern California, calculated using the ground-water flow model modflow and particle-tracking model modpath were similar to flow path and time-of-travel interpretations derived from delta-deuterium and carbon-14 data. Model and isotopic data both show short flow paths and young ground-water ages throughout the floodplain aquifer along most the Mojave River. Longer flow paths and older ground-water ages as great as 10,000 years before present were measured and simulated in the floodplain aquifer near the Mojave Valley. Model and isotopic data also show movement of water between the floodplain and regional aquifer and subsequent discharge of water from the river to dry lakes in some areas. It was not possible to simulate the isotopic composition of ground-water in the regional aquifer away from the front of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains—because recharge in these areas does not occur under the present-day climatic conditions used for calibration of the model.
Is Regime Change Enough for Burma? The Problem of State Capacity

The U.S. and the EU employ sanctions to encourage regime change in Burma. This policy ignores serious problems of state capacity that impede a transition to democracy and would plague any transitional regime. Engagement with the current regime on issues of state capacity would improve the chances for a transition.
Reemerging leptospirosis, California

Leptospirosis is a reemerging infectious disease in California. Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis throughout the world, though it is infrequently diagnosed in the continental United States. From 1982 to 2001, most reported California cases occurred in previously healthy young adult white men after recreational exposures to contaminated freshwater. We report five recent cases of human leptospirosis acquired in California, including the first documented common-source outbreak of human leptospirosis acquired in this state, and describe the subsequent environmental investigation. Salient features in the California cases include high fever with uniform renal impairment and mild hepatitis. Because leptospirosis can progress rapidly if untreated, this reemerging infection deserves consideration in febrile patients with a history of recreational freshwater exposure, even in states with a low reported incidence of infection.
Thiophosphoric Acid Derivatives of Ethylamine, DL-Methionine, and L-Proline Ethyl Esters II: Biological activities in guppies

Observed biological responses of guppies in 0.01% w/v aqueous solutions of the thiophosphoric acid derivatives indicate that the compounds are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The 0.001% solutions furnished additional information concerning the biological activity of these compounds. Structure-toxicity relationship is discussed.
Endowment Game and Optimal Total Quantity in the Market for Tradeable Permits

The paper extends previous literature on tradable permits in two directions. First, the initial allocation of permits is modeled as a cooperative bargaining game between participants of the subsequent market. Using this framework, it is shown how market structure affects the connection between ‘Utilitarian’ ‘Nash’ and ‘Equal Gains’ allocation principles. Second, the total quantity of permits is made endogenous through the introduction of a social planner maximizing social utility. The effects of both market structure and rules of allocation on optimal total quantity are described. Results are used to evaluate related aspects of International Emission Trading established by the UN’s 1997 Kyoto protocol.
Estimating Area Efficiency of Antifuse based Channeled FPGA Architectures

The paper presents a scheme for estimating area efficiency of antifuse based channelled FPGA architectures. It enables evaluating logic module alternatives differing in granularity and functionality, so as to develop an architecture thatis optimum in terms ofarea. The area efficiencygives the estimate of silicon area required by an FPGA architecture to realize designs of the specified gate capaciiy, The two major components of the area are the logic module array and the routing resources. The paper describes techniques for estimating both these components and presents results for five logic module architectures. The results are analyzed to show the effect of logic module granularity and combinational - sequential logic mix of the designs, on the area efficiency.
Performing bystander CPR for sudden cardiac arrest: Behavioral intentions among the general adult population in Arizona☆

Abstract Study objectives The odds of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are significantly improved by the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but many cardiac arrest victims do not receive it. The existing literature remains equivocal as to why people are unwilling to perform traditional CPR. This study's objectives were to determine the behavioral intentions of the general population in Arizona regarding performing bystander CPR and to assess the reasons for being unwilling to perform CPR. Methods This was a general population survey using a mailed, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was mailed to random samples of Arizona residents in a rural and urban county. Results Usable questionnaires were received from 49.5% ( n =370) and 49.6% ( n =385) of the samples from the urban and rural county, respectively. More than 50% of respondents reported being willing to perform CPR on a stranger and over 80% reported being willing to perform CPR on a family member. There were no significant differences between the proportions of respondents in each county willing to perform CPR. The reasons for not being willing to perform CPR were relatively evenly divided among the five reasons listed. Conclusions Although our findings likely overestimate the proportion of individuals who would perform bystander CPR, the relative importance of the reasons for not performing CPR is informative. Based on the reasons reported, there is potential to change the CPR-related attitudes, beliefs, and skill levels of the general public to enhance the number of people willing and able to perform bystander CPR.
Dual-mode Interaction between Quercetin and DNA-damaging Drugs in Cancer Cells

Quercetin (C15H10O7) is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids; for example, it constitutes about 99% of the flavonoids found in apple peel (1). Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the bioactivity of quercetin in protecting cells from oxidative stress and other types of cell injury (2–4). It is particularly interesting that quercetin has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects against damage induced by drugs and toxic compounds, and against neurovascular insults such as ischemia (5–8). The cancer chemopreventive activities attributed to the constituents derived from the consumption of fruit and vegetables are considered to be due to diverse bioactive polyphenolic compounds present. Quercetin, as one such constituent, has been studied for its anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo (9–13). Formulations of quercetin are available as dietary supplements, primarily as antioxidants purported to promote general health. It is tolerated up to one gram/day orally and is regarded as a relatively safe compound (14). Although quercetin has been well studied for its potential chemopreventive functions, its interaction with cancer chemotherapeutic and other drugs has not been investigated in detail. A few studies have shown the synergistic activities of quercetin with various chemotherapeutic drugs (15–19). Some studies have also suggested precaution in co-administering antioxidants and chemotherapeutic drugs (20, 21). Our recent work also suggested a transient interference of quercetin with the activity of microtubule-targeting drugs to induce arrest of the G2/M cell cycle phase (22). The nucleotide analog 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a component of standard chemotherapy against colon cancer. When converted to its metabolites, 5-FU acts to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting thymidylate synthase, by inducing lesions upon incorporation into DNA and RNA, and through RNA-based cytotoxicity (23–25). 5-FU combined with folinic acid and oxaliplatin, known as FOLFOX, is currently one of the standard first-line chemotherapy regimens for stage III and higher colon cancer in humans (26). Camptothecin and etoposide are topoisomerase inhibitors, which also induce DNA lesions during replication, and are used to treat various types of cancer. Here, we investigated the interaction of quercetin with the chemotherapeutic drugs 5-FU, camptothecin, and etoposide (VP-16).
Learning needs of physician assistants working in hospital medicine

BACKGROUND: Hospital Medicine is growing rapidly, and the number of physician assistants (PAs) in this field is expected to grow. However, there is no available data related to the learning needs of PA hospitalists. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a needs assessment for PA hospitalists who may be embarking on a hospitalist career. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey based on the Core Competencies in Hospital Medicine. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A sample of hospitalist PAs working in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Amount of experience with core diagnoses and procedures, preferences for additional training that would have prepared them to function as hospitalist PAs. RESULTS: Sixty-nine PAs responded (response rate, 67%). Among the core clinical conditions, respondents had the most experience in managing diabetes and urinary tract infections and were least experienced with health care–associated pneumonias and sepsis syndrome. Over 90% rarely performed core competency procedures other than electrocardiogram and chest X-ray interpretations. The top 3 content areas that PA hospitalists believed would have helped to better prepare them to care for inpatients were palliative care (percent of PAs who agreed or strongly agreed: 85%), nutrition for hospitalized patients (84%), and consultations (64%). Almost all (91%) indicated that they would have been interested in formal postgraduate hospital medicine training even if it meant having a lower stipend during the first year on the job. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first national data on self-perceived learning needs of PA hospitalists. The results may prove helpful for both PAs entering hospitalist careers and for the physician groups looking to hire them. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles.

Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles. Edited by Daniel J. Sherman and Irit Rogoff. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. xx. 301 pp.; halftones, notes, index. $49.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper).
Generalized electrolyte‐NRTL model for mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems

A generalized electrolyte Non-Random Two-Liquid (eNRTL) model proposed by Chen and coworkers is presented as a comprehensive excess Gibbs energy expression to represent the liquid-phase nonideality for aqueous and mixed-solvent electrolyte systems over the entire concentration range from pure solvents to saturated solutions or fused salts. The eNRTL model is used to correlate mean ionic activity coefficients of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. The segment interaction concept provides the framework necessary to represent the attractive interaction of ions with the hydrophilic segments of organic solvents and the repulsive interaction of ions with the hydrophobic segments of organic solvents. The ability to explicitly account for such distinctly different ion–segment interactions is shown to be the key for quantitative correlation of mean ionic activity coefficients in mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1928–1941, 2004
The Economics of Short-Term Performance Obsession

In theory, discounted cash flows (DCFs) set prices in well-functioning capital markets. In practice, investment managers attach substantial weight in stock selection to short-term performance, particularly earnings and tracking error. Corporate executives blame this behavior for their own obsession with short-term earnings. Are stock prices likely to allocate financial resources efficiently when short-term earnings dominate investment decisions? Can investment managers who identify stocks as mispriced on a DCF basis earn excess returns? This article explains why maximizing long-term cash flow is the most effective way to create value for shareholders and charts a course for alleviating the obsession with short-term performance.
Cathode analysis using Raman spectroscopy

Two optical detection systems used to obtain Raman spectra from impregnant samples and cathode surfaces are discussed. The advantages of each system are described and their use for cathode diagnostics is explored. The Raman spectra from various impregnant samples are given and preliminary data from cathodes at 10/sup -9/ torr and at temperatures as high as 860 degrees C are presented. >
Citizens and E-Government: Evaluating Policy and Management, Christopher Reddick (Ed.). IGI Global, Hershey, PA (2010), 552 pp. $180 (hardcover), ISBN: 1-61520-931-X

Reviews collection of essays on e-government and its effects on participatory democracy. Also reviews U.S. Office of Management and Budget website on e-government.
Tunable Few-Cycle Mid-IR Pulses Towards Single-Cycle Duration by Adiabatic Frequency Conversion

Using adiabatic difference frequency generation, we generate Fourier-limited, few-cycle, tunable 2-4-μm mid-IR pulses at μJ-level, with controllable amplitude and phase by shaping before conversion from the near-IR, paving the way for arbitrary single-cycle mid-IR waveforms.
Susceptibility of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to pyrethroids.

Adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche), from two laboratory colonies (one originating in California and one from Florida) were exposed to residues of eight pyrethroids to compare their susceptibilities. The Florida strain was more tolerant than the California strain, with 6.8-, 5.2-, and 4.8-fold tolerance to cyfluthrin, cyperrnethrin, and fluvalinate, respectively. The Florida strain showed less than 3-fold tolerance to the other five insecticides (perrnethrin, tralomethrin, d-phenothrin, resmethrin, and fenvalerate). Overall, the pyrethroids were ineffective against the Florida strain.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SHRUBSTEPPE PASSERINE BIRDS: GEOGRAPHICAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN CLUTCH SIZE, BROOD SIZE, AND FLEDGING SUCCESS'

We investigated geographical and temporal variation in clutch size, brood size, and fledging success in three common passerine species in shrubsteppe habitats of the northern Great Basin of western North America. Over a 2-year period we surveyed three vegetationally similar sites spanning a latitudinal gradient of 650 km (the geographical component), one of which we sampled for five consecutive years (the temporal component). Clutch sizes of Sage (Amphispiza belli) and Brewer's (Spizella breweri) sparrows did not differ significantly among sites, but brood sizes and (for Brewer's Sparrow) fledging success did. These geographical differences were associated with site-specific variation in nest-pre- dation rates and were attributed to differences in the abundances of snakes. Nests at a site in central Oregon that lacked snakes suffered virtually no predation during the 2-year geo- graphical sampling, whereas nests in southeastern Washington and northern Nevada suffered significantly higher rates (40% and 93%, respectively). During the 5-year temporal sampling at the central Oregon site, all measured reproductive parameters of Sage and Brewer's sparrows and clutch size in Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus) varied significantly. Although the region experienced extremes of precipitation during this period, in Sage Sparrows only brood size was significantly correlated with rainfall during the previous winter. The principal source of variation in Sage Sparrow final repro- ductive success was predation, which peaked during an outbreak of Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendi) in 1979. This ground squirrel irruption appeared to be triggered by a pattern of a drought year followed by two relatively wet years, beginning in winter 1976-1977. Although Brewer's Sparrows also experienced considerable predation pressure in 1979, clutch size, brood size, and fledging success were significantly correlated with winter precipitation. No component of Sage Thrasher reproduction was associated with climatic variation. The relationship between avian reproductive success and precipitation in arid regions is more complex than the traditional view of desert birds responding directly to increased primary and secondary productivity; such relationships are indirectly influenced by the effects of rainfall on predator populations, and are further complicated by time lags (up to 2 years) in predator response.