cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Vlasov-Maxwell equations

Discontinuous Galerkin methods are developed for solving the Vlasov--Maxwell system, methods that are designed to be systematically as accurate as one wants with provable conservation of mass and possibly total energy. Such properties in general are hard to achieve within other numerical method frameworks for simulating the Vlasov--Maxwell system. The proposed scheme employs discontinuous Galerkin discretizations for both the Vlasov and the Maxwell equations, resulting in a consistent description of the distribution function and electromagnetic fields. It is proven, up to some boundary effects, that charge is conserved and the total energy can be preserved with suitable choices of the numerical flux for the Maxwell equations and the underlying approximation spaces. Error estimates are established for several flux choices. The scheme is tested on the streaming Weibel instability: the order of accuracy and conservation properties of the proposed method are verified.
Current Interruption by Density Depression

Using a one-dimensional electrostatic particle code, we examine processes associated with current interruption in a collisionless plasma when a density depression is present along the current channel. Current interruption due to double layers was suggested by Alfven and Carlqvist (1967) as a cause of solar flares. At a local density depression, plasma instabilities caused by an electron current flow are accentuated, leading to current disruption. Our simulation study encompasses a wide range of the parameters in such a way that under appropriate conditions, both the Alfven and Carlqvist (1967) regime and the Smith and Priest (1972) regime take place. In the latter regime the density depression decays into a stationary structure (‘ion-acoustic layer’) which spawns a series of ion-acoustic ‘solitons’ and ion phase space holes travelling upstream. A large inductance of the current circuit tends to enhance the plasma instabilities.
Properties of the optimal trajectories for Coplanar, aeroassisted orbital transfer

The optimization of trajectories for coplaner, aeroassisted orbital transfer (AOT) from a high Earth orbit (HEO) to a low Earth orbit (LEO) is examined. In particular, HEO can be a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). It is assumed that the initial and final orbits are circular, that the gravitational field is central and is governed by the inverse square law, and that two impulses are employed, one at HEO exit and one at LEO entry. During the atmospheric pass, the trajectory is controlled via the lift coefficient in such a way that the total characteristic velocity is minimized. First, an ideal optimal trajectory is determined analytically for lift coefficient unbounded. This trajectory is called grazing trajectory, because the atmospheric pass is made by flying at constant altitude along the edge of the atmosphere until the excess velocity is depleted. For the grazing trajectory, the lift coefficient varies in such a way that the lift, the centrifugal force due to the Earth's curvature, the weight, and the Coriolis force due to the Earth's rotation are in static balance. Also, the grazing trajectory minimizes the total characteristic velocity and simultaneously nearly minimizes the peak values of the altitude drop, dynamic pressure, and heating rate. Next, starting from the grazing trajectory results, a real optimal trajectory is determined numerically for the lift coefficient bounded from both below and above. This trajectory is characterized by atmospheric penetration with the smallest possible entry angle, followed by flight at the lift coefficient lower bound. Consistently with the grazing trajectory behavior, the real optimal trajectory minimizes the total characteristic velocity and simultaneously nearly minimizes the peak values of the altitude drop, the dynamic pressure, and the heating rate.
Asymmetric 1,4-dihydroxylation of 1,3-dienes by catalytic enantioselective diboration.

Asymmetric 1,4-dihydroxylations of 1,3-dienes, and other transformations, are initiated by the Pt-catalyzed enantioselective addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2(pin)2) to conjugated dienes. The studies reported in this communication suggest that both cyclic and acyclic substrates will participate in this reaction; however, dienes which are unable to adopt the S-cis conformation are unreactive. For most substrates, 1,4-addition is the predominant pathway. In addition to oxidation to the derived 2-buten-1,4-diol, stereoselective carbonyl allylation with the intermediate bis(boronate) ester is also described.
Differential Connectivity Within the Parahippocampal Place Area

article i nfo Article history: The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) has traditionally been considered a homogeneous region of interest, but recent evidence from both human studies and animal models has suggested that PPA may be composed of func- tionally distinct subunits. To investigate this hypothesis, we utilize a functional connectivity measure for fMRI that can estimate connectivity differences at the voxel level. Applying this method to whole-brain data from two experiments, we provide the first direct evidence that anterior and posterior PPA exhibit distinct connectivity patterns, with anterior PPA more strongly connected to regions in the default mode network (including the parieto-medial temporal pathway) and posterior PPA more strongly connected to occipital visual regions. We show that object sensitivity in PPA also has an anterior-posterior gradient, with stronger responses to abstract objects in posterior PPA. These findings cast doubt on the traditional view of PPA as a single coherent region, and suggest that PPA is composed of one subregion specialized for the processing of low-level visual features and object shape, and a separate subregion more involved in memory and scene context.
Does Increasing Women's Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation?

The positive cross-sectional relationship between the schooling of mothers and their children is substantially biased upward due to correlations between schooling and heritable ability as well as assortative mating. An increase in the schooling of women would not have beneficial effects in terms of the schooling of children. Increased maternal schooling leads to reduced home time for mothers. Anticipating the consequences of investing in women's schooling requires attention to the role that schooling plays in the marriage market as well as to opportunities in the labor market for women.
6-Exo-spiro (alkoxycarbonylamino)methyl radical cyclization: highly regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (-)-sibirine.

The (methoxycarbonylamino)methyl radical can be readily generated from its PhSe precursor and undergoes preferential 6-exo-spiro cyclization when PhSO2 is attached at the distal alkene carbon. This property was applied to the synthesis of the racemic and optically active spirocyclic alkaloid sibirine.
Lewis acid-catalyzed conjugate additions of silyloxyallenes: a selective solution to the intermolecular Rauhut-Currier problem.

Silyloxyallenes serve as highly useful α-acylvinyl anion equivalents. These latent allenolates undergo conjugate additions to alkylidene malonates in the presence of 10 mol % Sc(OTf)3. The reaction delivers intermolecular Rauhut−Currier products in excellent yields and regioselectivities for a wide scope of substrates. Notably, the formal cross-coupling of two different α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (a cross Rauhut−Currier reaction) is achieved. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated good levels of enantioselectivity for the addition of a racemic silyloxyallene with a chiral Lewis acid.
Synthesis of tertiary 1,3-butadien-2-ylcarbinols from chromium-catalyzed addition of (4-bromobut-2-ynyl)trimethylsilane to ketones

The synthesis of 1,3-butadien-2-ylcarbinols containing a tertiary alcohol is achieved by desilylation of (trimethylsilyl)methylallenic alcohols. The latter are obtained via a chromium-catalyzed addition of (4-bromobut-2-ynyl)trimethylsilane to aliphatic or aromatic ketones. The desired adducts are obtained in yields ranging from 21% to 67% for this two-step, one-pot process.
Dehydrodimerization of ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, alcohols, and amines, via mercury-photosensitization

Abstract Selective dehydrodimerization of the title compounds can be carried out on a preparative scale at 1 atm. and at 25°–110°C in a simple apparatus by Hg-photosensitized reaction under H 2 .
Design and synthesis of tricyclic derivatives as high density lipoprotein cholesterol enhancers

A pharmacophore for increasing HDLC was proposed based on common structural features of non-thio-containing compounds with HDLC enhancing properties. A search of the compound database identified various series of these non-thio-containing compounds, including a novel tricyclic imidazoisoquinolone. Preparation of 1-aryl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-carboxamides using a novel and widely applicable one-step process from 2-acyl benzoic acids is reported. Reaction of diamines with 1-aryl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-carboxamides and related aza-analogues proceeded with regio-control to furnish imidazoisoquinolones, pyrimidoisoquinolones, and imidazonaphthyridines. NMR studies and X-ray crystallography confirmed the regiochemistry of the products. Compounds of these series increased concentrations of HDLC in test animals following oral administration.
The National Ignition Facility (NIF): A path to fusion energy

Abstract Fusion energy has long been considered a promising, clean, nearly inexhaustible source of energy. Power production by fusion micro-explosions of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets has been a long-term research goal since the invention of the first laser in 1960. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is poised to take the next important step in the journey by beginning experiments researching ICF ignition. Ignition on NIF will be the culmination of over 30 years of ICF research on high-powered laser systems such as the Nova laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester, as well as smaller systems around the world. NIF is a 192-beam Nd-glass laser facility at LLNL that is more than 90% complete. The first cluster of 48 beams is operational in the laser bay, the second cluster is now being commissioned, and the beam path to the target chamber is being installed. The Project will be completed in 2009, and ignition experiments will start in 2010. When completed, NIF will produce up to 1.8 MJ of 0.35-μm light in highly shaped pulses required for ignition. It will have beam stability and control to higher precision than any other laser fusion facility. Experiments using one of the beams of NIF have demonstrated that NIF can meet its beam performance goals. The National Ignition Campaign (NIC) has been established to manage the ignition effort on NIF. NIC has all of the research and development required to execute the ignition plan and to develop NIF into a fully operational facility. NIF will explore the ignition space, including direct drive, 2 ω ignition, and fast ignition, to optimize target efficiency for developing fusion as an energy source. In addition to efficient target performance, fusion energy requires significant advances in high-repetition-rate lasers and fusion reactor technology. The Mercury laser at LLNL is a high-repetition-rate Nd-glass laser for fusion energy driver development. Mercury uses state-of-the-art technology such as ceramic laser slabs and light diode pumping for improved efficiency and thermal management. Progress in NIF, NIC, Mercury, and the path forward for fusion energy will be presented.
The preparation of (α-alkylidene)tetrahydrofurans by tungsten catalyzed decarboxylation of aldol precursors

Abstract A series of substituted (α-alkylidene)tetrahydrofurans was prepared by tungsten catalyzed reaction of substituted hydroxyfuroic acids. These reactions likely involve β-lactone intermediates which decarboxylate under the reaction conditions, and rates for olefin synthesis correlated with donor properties of substituents at C(4).
Iodosonaphthoate catalysts for the cleavage of a reactive phosphate

Abstract Iodosonaphthoates 3–5 are potent catalysts for the hydrolysis of p -nitro-phenyldiphenyl phosphate.
Incorporation of La3+ into a Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

The effects of La[sup 3+] incorporation into Rh/[gamma]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] were investigated by a combination of temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO chemisorption, and reactivity measurements. The reduction of Rh[sup 3+] following high-temperature (> 600 C) oxidation was more facile and the dispersion of Rh was higher with La[sup 3+] present. Notwithstanding, the catalytic activity, as manifested by the HC[sub 2]CO[sub 3] and NO[sub x] conversion efficiencies, was lower in the presence of La[sup 3+]. This is attributed to a combination of Rh particle-size effects and possible La-Rh compound formation under oxidizing conditions. Changes brought about by high-temperature oxidation in catalysts both with and without La[sup 3+] were completely reversed by high-temperature reduction.
Black holes at future colliders and beyond

One of the most dramatic consequences of low-scale (~1 TeV) quantum gravity in models with large or warped extra dimension(s) is copious production of mini-black holes at future colliders and in ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions. Hawking radiation of these black holes is expected to be constrained mainly to our three-dimensional world and results in rich phenomenology. In this topical review we discuss the current status of astrophysical observations of black holes and selected aspects of mini-black-hole phenomenology, such as production at colliders and in cosmic rays, and black-hole decay properties, Hawking radiation as a sensitive probe of the dimensionality of extra space, as well as an exciting possibility of finding new physics in the decays of black holes.
The cGMP signaling pathway affects feeding behavior in the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Background: The genetic tractability and the species-specific association with beetles make the nematode Pristionchus pacificus an exciting emerging model organism for comparative studies in development and behavior. P. pacificus differs from Caenorhabditis elegans (a bacterial feeder) by its buccal teeth and the lack of pharyngeal grinders, but almost nothing is known about which genes coordinate P. pacificus feeding behaviors, such as pharyngeal pumping rate, locomotion, and fat storage. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed P. pacificus pharyngeal pumping rate and locomotion behavior on and off food, as well as on different species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caulobacter crescentus). We found that the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) Ppa-EGL-4 in P. pacificus plays an important role in regulating the pumping rate, mouth form dimorphism, the duration of forward locomotion, and the amount of fat stored in intestine. In addition, Ppa-EGL-4 interacts with Ppa-OBI-1, a recently identified protein involved in chemosensation, to influence feeding and locomotion behavior. We also found that C. crescentus NA1000 increased pharyngeal pumping as well as fat storage in P. pacificus. Conclusions: The PKG EGL-4 has conserved functions in regulating feeding behavior in both C. elegans and P. pacificus nematodes. The Ppa-EGL-4 also has been co-opted during evolution to regulate P. pacificus mouth form dimorphism that indirectly affect pharyngeal pumping rate. Specifically, the lack of Ppa-EGL-4 function increases pharyngeal pumping, time spent in forward locomotion, and fat storage, in part as a result of higher food intake. Ppa-OBI-1 functions upstream or parallel to Ppa-EGL-4. The beetle-associated omnivorous P. pacificus respond differently to changes in food state and food quality compared to the exclusively bacteriovorous C. elegans.
Global regularity for an inviscid three-dimensional slow limiting ocean dynamics model

Author(s): Cao, Chongsheng; Farhat, Aseel; Titi, Edriss S | Abstract: We establish, for smooth enough initial data, the global well-posedness (existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on initial data) of solutions, for an inviscid three-dimensional {\it slow limiting ocean dynamics} model. This model was derived as a strong rotation limit of the rotating and stratified Boussinesg equations with periodic boundary conditions. To establish our results we utilize the tools developed for investigating the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations and linear transport equations. Using a weaker formulation of the model we also show the global existence and uniqueness of solutions, for less regular initial data.
ENHANCING EFFECTIVENESS: AN INVESTIGATION OF ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VALUE‐BASED INTRAGROUP CONFLICT

This study investigates the benefits and detriments of emotional and task‐related conflict in work groups. Group value consensus (GVC), or the extent to which group members share values, and group value fit (GVF), or the degree to which the culture of the group matches the ideal culture envisioned by external parties with control over the group, are hypothesized to decrease conflict. In examining 88 workgroups performing comparable organizational tasks, it was found that groups with low levels of value similarity among members and between the group and governing superiors had higher levels of conflict than groups with high levels of value similarity. As hypothesized, emotional conflict was negatively associated with group performance and satisfaction, while task conflict was positively associated with group performance. The implications of these results for conflict management and group effectiveness are discussed.
Prelaunch Instrument Calibration in the Real World: The GOES Example

The pre-launch ground infrared calibration of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) N-Q Imager and Sounder is presented. Ground calibration provides information necessary to the accurate on-orbit calibration of these radiometers. Infrared channels are calibrated in a thermal vacuum environment, under minimum and maximum mission operation temperatures, using a variable-temperature warm target to simulate the Earth scene and a cold target to simulate the space scene. Brightness temperatures derived from observation of the instrument internal calibration target, used for on-orbit calibration, are compared to brightness temperatures of the external calibration target as a check of relative accuracy using these two sources. Changes to the GOES N-Q specification from GOES I-M are highlighted, as well as results of noise, relative calibration accuracy, and spectral response performance to date. For completeness, results of spatial and pointing performance will be presented. Enhancements to test methodology and data processing techniques are highlighted throughout.
Silicon Nanoparticles: Source of Extended Red Emission?

We have reviewed the characteristics of the extended red emission (ERE) as observed in many dusty astronomical environments, in particular, the diffuse interstellar medium of the Galaxy. The spectral nature and the photon conversion efficiency of the ERE identify the underlying process as highly efficient photoluminescence by an abundant component of interstellar dust. We have compared the photoluminescence properties of a variety of carbon- and silicon-based materials proposed as sources for the ERE with the observationally established constraints. We found that silicon nanoparticles provide the best match to the spectrum and to the efficiency requirement of the ERE. If present in interstellar space with an abundance sufficient to explain the intensity of the ERE, silicon nanoparticles will also contribute to the interstellar 9.7 μm Si—O stretch feature in absorption, to the near- and mid-IR nonequilibrium thermal background radiation, and to the continuum extinction in the near- and far-UV. About 36% of the interstellar silicon that is depleted into the dust phase would be needed in the form of silicon nanoparticles, amounting to less than 5% of the interstellar dust mass. We propose that silicon nanoparticles form through the nucleation of SiO in oxygen-rich stellar mass outflows and that they represent an important small-grain component of the interstellar dust spectrum.
Managing Blood Donations with Marketing

Blood banks rely on marketing to encourage donors to give blood. Many, if not most, blood banks in the United States are community-based not-for-profit organizations with limited marketing budgets. As a result, blood banks increasingly use novel and inexpensive online media, i.e., paid, owned, and earned POE media, in their marketing efforts. We propose a dynamic model to help blood bank marketing managers understand how blood donations can be managed via online POE media. We analytically characterize the optimal forward-looking paid media strategies, taking into account the asymmetric costs related to shortage and excess of blood, as well as the possibility of a cost-free target donation zone. We detail new advertising resource allocation rules for blood banks and show when traditional allocation recommendations do not apply. Additionally, we discover that under certain circumstances, owned/earned media activities hurt the blood bank's performance, despite being predominantly free. We validate our analytical model by using daily donation data from a community-based blood bank and measure the effects of POE media activities on the level of blood donated.
Ca2IrD5: an order–disorder transition

Abstract Neutron powder diffraction data were collected on a sample of Ca 2 IrD 5 for five temperatures from 20 to 295 K. At room temperature, the symmetry is face-centered cubic, but between 295 and 275 K a phase transition to body-centered tetragonal symmetry is seen. In the cubic phase, there is a single octahedral D site with 5/6 occupancy and an Ir–D distance of 1.702(3) A. In the tetragonal phase, there are two D sites. The apical D site is 50% occupied and has an Ir–D bond distance of 1.805(6) A, while the equatorial site is fully occupied and has an Ir–D bond distances of 1.681(3) A. Weighted profile R -factors for the cubic and tetragonal structures are 0.0716, and 0.0733, respectively. In contrast to Sr 2 IrD 5 and Eu 2 IrD 5 , where minor amounts of the cubic phase persisted well below the cubic to tetragonal phase transition temperature, all Ca 2 IrD 5 completely transformed.
Highly enantioselective Diels–Alder catalysis with a chiral ruthenium bisoxazoline complex

Abstract When treated with AgSbF6, the cation (−)-[(η6-cymene)RuCl(L)]SbF6, where L=(+)-INDABOX=[3aR-[2(3′aR*,8′aS*),3′aβ,8′aβ]]-(+)-2,2′-methylenebis[3a,8a-dihydro-8H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol], yields a dication which is an efficient catalyst for the condensation of either methacrolein or ethylacrolein with cyclopentadiene in high ee. For example, the reaction of methacrolein with cyclopentadiene at −24 °C produced (S)-(+)-exo-2-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde in 95% conversion with de=96% and ee=91%. The monocationic catalyst precursor was characterized spectroscopically and by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
AN EXAMINATION OF MARKET REACTION TO SUBSTANTIAL SHIFTS IN DIVIDEND POLICY

This study provides further empirical evidence on the informational content of dividends hypothesis. To reduce the misclassification of unfavorable and favorable dividend announcements, which can result when small dividend changes are included, the analysis is restricted to cases where a substantial shift in dividend policy has occurred. Specifically, the authors examine the aggregate market response to announcements of (1) omitted dividends, (2) dividend decreases of at least 25 percent, (3) dividend increases of at least 25 percent, and (4) initial dividend payments. The results indicate that announcements of dividend omissions and large decreases have a pronounced downward impact on stock prices even though the market has anticipated the forthcoming news to a large degree. Similarly, the market reaction to initial dividend declarations is found to be substantial and much greater than previously found for favorable dividend classifications in general.
Intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of alkynyl alcohols mediated by lanthanide catalysts. Scope and reaction mechanism.

Lanthanide−organic complexes of the general type Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = La, Sm, Y, Lu) serve as effective precatalysts for the rapid, exoselective, and highly regioselective intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of primary and secondary alkynyl alcohols to yield the corresponding exocyclic enol ethers. Conversions are highly selective with products distinctly different from those generally produced by conventional transition metal catalysts, and turnover frequencies as high as 52.8 h−1 at 25 °C are observed. The rates of terminal alkynl alcohol hydroalkoxylation/cyclization are significantly more rapid than those of internal alkynyl alcohols, arguing that steric demands dominate the cyclization transition state. The hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of internal alkynyl alcohols affords excellent E-selectivity. The hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of the SiMe3-terminated internal alkynyl alcohols reveals interesting product profiles which include the desired exocyclic ether, a SiMe3-eliminated exocyclic ethe...
Optical frequencies free electron scattering studies on electrochromic materials for variable reflectivity windows

Abstract Electrically variable reflectivity electrochromic windows have the potential to significantly reduce heating and cooling loads in buildings. The importance of reducing the optical frequencies free electron scattering in the variable reflectivity electrochromic layer will be shown. Based on spectroscopic ellipsometry studies and an analysis of the dynamical resistivity of polycrystalline films of colored WO3 and of single crystals of NaxWO3, it is tentatively concluded that the principal source of free electron scattering in WO3 films is structural disorder, and probably crystallographic shear planes which act as monopolar dislocations. This is in contrast to the much higher reflectivity of single crystal tungsten bronzes for which the more dominant scattering mechanism appears to be that associated with ionized impurities. We therefore conclude that it should be possible to improve the reflectivity modulation in films of electrochromic WO3, and consequently that a practical variable reflectivity electrochromic window should be achievable.
Fractal analysis of highly volatile markets: an application to technology equities

Abstract This paper examines technology equity price series using five self-affine fractal analysis techniques for estimating the Hurst exponent, Mandelbrot–Levy characteristic exponent, and fractal dimension. Techniques employed are rescaled-range analysis, power-spectral density analysis, roughness-length analysis, the variogram or structure function method, and wavelet analysis. Evidence against efficient valuation supports the multifractal model of asset returns (MMAR) and disconfirms the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Strong evidence is presented for antipersistence of many technology equities, suggesting markets do not price all technology securities efficiently, or equally efficiently.
Cocycle and orbit equivalence superrigidity for malleable actions of w-rigid groups

We prove that if a countable discrete group Γ is w-rigid, i.e. it contains an infinite normal subgroup H with the relative property (T) (e.g. $\Gamma=SL(2,\mathbb{Z})\ltimes\mathbb{Z}^2$ , or Γ=H×H’ with H an infinite Kazhdan group and H’ arbitrary), and $\mathcal{V}$ is a closed subgroup of the group of unitaries of a finite separable von Neumann algebra (e.g. $\mathcal{V}$ countable discrete, or separable compact), then any $\mathcal{V}$ -valued measurable cocycle for a measure preserving action $\Gamma\curvearrowright X$ of Γ on a probability space (X,μ) which is weak mixing on H and s-malleable (e.g. the Bernoulli action $\Gamma\curvearrowright[0,1]^{\Gamma}$ ) is cohomologous to a group morphism of Γ into $\mathcal{V}$ . We use the case $\mathcal{V}$ discrete of this result to prove that if in addition Γ has no non-trivial finite normal subgroups then any orbit equivalence between $\Gamma\curvearrowright X$ and a free ergodic measure preserving action of a countable group Λ is implemented by a conjugacy of the actions, with respect to some group isomorphism Γ≃Λ.
Guide to Enantioselective Dirhodium(II)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation with Aryldiazoacetates

Abstract Catalytic enantioselective methods for the generation of cyclopropanes have been of long standing pharmaceutical interest. Chiral dirhodium(II) catalysts prove to be an effective means for the generation of diverse cyclopropane libraries. Rh2(R-DOSP)4 is generally the most effective catalyst for asymmetric intermolecular cyclopropanation of methyl aryldiazoacetates with styrene. Rh2(S-PTAD)4 provides high levels of enantioinduction with ortho-substituted aryldiazoacetates. The less-established Rh2(R-BNP)4 plays a complementary role to Rh2(R-DOSP)4 and Rh2(S-PTAD)4 in catalyzing highly enantioselective cyclopropanation of 3-methoxy substituted aryldiazoacetates. Substitution on the styrene has only moderate influence on the asymmetric induction of the cyclopropanation.
Equality of pressures for diffeomorphisms preserving hyperbolic measures

For a diffeomorphism which preserves a hyperbolic measure the potential \({\varphi^{u} = - \log|{\rm Jac}\,df|_{E^u}|}\) is studied. Various types of pressure of \({\varphi^u}\) are introduced. It is shown that these pressures satisfy a corresponding variational principle.
Extraversion, locus of control, and individual differences in conditionability in organizations.

This study dealt with the issue of whether there are identifiable personality dimensions which moderate the impact of operant conditioning methods on the shaping of organizational behavior and performance. Specifically, Eysenck's hypothesis that Introverts condition more easily than Extraverts was tested by using a specific organizational molar response contingency. Rotter's Locus of Control measure―which reflects a person's stable, general belief system concerning how decisive his own behavior is in determining his outcomes―was also tested for its power to predict conditionability. Students in two sections of a graduate business school course were given bonus additions to examination averages for performance on random short quizzes testing preparation on daily reading assignments (there was no penalty for poor performance on these quizzes). As predicted, Introversion and Internal Locus of Control correlated positively with bonus points earned, with Introversion being the better predictor in each section....
Extended model for Richtmyer–Meshkov mix

Abstract Mixing between two adjacent fluids has important consequences for inertial fusion capsule implosions and for supernova explosions. Consider an interface with small, random perturbations between two fluids of densities ρ A and ρ B . When a shock passes through the interface, those perturbations grow and the two fluids begin mixing in a process called Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) mix, in analogy with Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) mix generated when the system undergoes a constant acceleration. Around the interface a time-dependent mixing width h evolves from the initial value h 0 and grows very large for strong shocks. If the interface sees a second shock, also called a reshock, the mixing is again intensified. In this paper we examine four RM experiments on shock-generated turbulent mix and find them to be in good agreement with our earlier simple model in which the growth rate h of the mixing layer following a shock or reshock is constant and given by 2 α A Δ v . Here A is the Atwood number ( ρ B − ρ A ) / ( ρ B + ρ A ) , Δ v is the jump in velocity induced by the shock or reshock, and α is the constant measured in RT experiments: α b u b b l e ≈ 0.05 − 0.07 , α s p i k e ≈ ( 1.8 − 2.5 ) α b u b b l e for A ≈ 0.7 − 1.0 . We then extend the model to t > t ∗ or, equivalently, h > h ∗ when the growth rate begins to decay and exhibit h ∼ t θ behavior. We ascribe this changeover to loss of memory of the direction of the shock or reshock, signaling the transition from highly directional to isotropic turbulence. In the simplest extension of the model, h ∗ / h 0 is independent of Δ v and depends only on A : h ∗ / h 0 ≈ 2.5 − 3.5 for A ≈ 0.7 − 1.0 .
A Remark on the Potentials of Optimal Transport Maps

Optimal maps, solutions to the optimal transportation problems, are completely determined by the corresponding c-convex potential functions. In this paper, we give simple sufficient conditions for a smooth function to be c-convex when the cost is given by minimizing a Lagrangian action.
Menus with APL, and other full-screen applications

The full-screen manager for APL allows APL writers to take advantage of the facilities available on a display terminal. It allows the user to define fields anywhere on the screen for input or output, make them sensitive to the light pen, alter the intensity of the display, sound the audible alarm, make use of program-function keys and accept magnetic-badge reader input. What difference do they make to APL and the APL user? Do they enable the application programmer to produce better applications? Are they sufficiently easy to use for the problem solver? The new facilities are described in terms of what they do and no attempt is made to explain the mechanics of how they work. Examples of useful functions are given together with their APL code. This paper describes the use of local or remote 3270-compatible screens operating with IBM's VS APL. Through the use of utility functions, device-dependent coding has been avoided. Users of, for example, the IBM 5110 or other manufacturers' graphic displays will use similar routines provided with their devices or can write the functions using appropriate terminology, such as 'bell' for audible alarm, or 'cross hairs' for cursor.
Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials

Supercapacitors operating in aqueous solutions are low cost energy storage devices with high cycling stability and fast charging and discharging capabilities, but generally suffer from low energy densities. Here, we grow Ni(OH)2 nanoplates and RuO2 nanoparticles on high quality graphene sheets in order to maximize the specific capacitances of these materials. We then pair up a Ni(OH)2/graphene electrode with a RuO2/graphene electrode to afford a high performance asymmetrical supercapacitor with high energy and power density operating in aqueous solutions at a voltage of ∼1.5 V. The asymmetrical supercapacitor exhibits significantly higher energy densities than symmetrical RuO2-RuO2 supercapacitors or asymmetrical supercapacitors based on either RuO2-carbon or Ni(OH)2-carbon electrode pairs. A high energy density of ∼48 W·h/kg at a power density of ∼0.23 kW/kg, and a high power density of ∼21 kW/kg at an energy density of ∼14 W·h/kg have been achieved with our Ni(OH)2/graphene and RuO2/graphene asymmetrical supercapacitor. Thus, pairing up metal-oxide/graphene and metal-hydroxide/graphene hybrid materials for asymmetrical supercapacitors represents a new approach to high performance energy storage.
A project management approach to using simulation for cost estimation on large, complex software development projects

It is very difficult for project managers to develop accurate cost and schedule estimates for large, complex software development projects. None of the approaches or tools available today can estimate the true cost of software with any high degree of accuracy early in a project. This paper provides an approach that utilizes a software development process simulation model that considers and conveys the level of uncertainty that exists when developing an initial estimate. A NASA project will be analyzed using simulation and data from the Software Engineering Laboratory to show the benefits of such an approach.
The efficacy of continuous bupivacaine infiltration following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Purpose: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study with a placebo group and 2 experimental groups evaluated the efficacy of continuous low-dose bupivacaine infiltration by infusion pump after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair received a bolus injection in the subacromial space of 35 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine at surgical closure and were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 0.25% bupivacaine at 2 mL/hr (n = 20), 0.25% bupivacaine at 5 mL/hr (n = 20), or saline at 5 mL/hr (n = 20) via infusion pump into the subacromial space. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and narcotic consumption was measured until 48 hours after surgery and converted to dose equivalents (DE). Results: Sixty patients used the infusion pump for a mean of 43.9 hours (range, 15.50 to 50.75 hrs). Mean total narcotic consumption, expressed in DEs, was 2.24 for the 2-mL group, 3.52 for the 5-mL group, and 2.32 for the placebo group. Mean pain score was 2.9 for the 2-mL group, 3.6 for the 5-mL group, and 3.3 for the placebo group. There were no differences in operating room time or infusion pump use time among groups. The 2-mL group had a nonsignificant trend toward less pain and lower narcotic consumption. The 5-mL group evidenced a nonsignificant trend toward more pain and higher narcotic consumption. Conclusions: This study neither supports nor refutes the use of infusion pumps. We hypothesized that the placebo group would experience greater pain than the 5-mL group; however, a nonsignificant trend toward the contrary occurred. A trend toward less pain in the 2-mL group was not significant. Level of Evidence: Level II, randomized controlled trial of therapeutic treatment that lacks statistical significance and narrow confidence intervals.
When the cut condition is enough: a complete characterization for multiflow problems in series-parallel networks

Let G=(V,E) be a supply graph and H=(V,F) a demand graph defined on the same set of vertices. An assignment of capacities to the edges of G and demands to the edges of H is said to satisfy the cut condition if for any cut in the graph, the total demand crossing the cut is no more than the total capacity crossing it. The pair (G,H) is called cut-sufficient if for any assignment of capacities and demands that satisfy the cut condition, there is a multiflow routing the demands defined on $H$ within the network with capacities defined on G. We prove a previous conjecture, which states that when the supply graph G is series-parallel, the pair (G,H) is cut-sufficient if and only if (G,H) does not contain an odd spindle as a minor; that is, if it is impossible to contract edges of G and delete edges of G and H so that G becomes the complete bipartite graph K2,p, with p ≥ 3 odd, and H is composed of a cycle connecting the p vertices of degree 2, and an edge connecting the two vertices of degree p. We further prove that if the instance is Eulerian --- that is, the demands and capacities are integers and the total of demands and capacities incident to each vertex is even --- then the multiflow problem has an integral solution. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm to find an integral solution in this case. In order to prove these results, we formulate properties of tight cuts (cuts for which the cut condition inequality is tight) in cut-sufficient pairs. We believe these properties might be useful in extending our results to planar graphs.
Elements of a planning and modeling system

Today there are nearly two thousand corporations in North America and Europe either using, developing, or experimenting with some form of corporate planning model. With the emergence of this new and rather substantial interest in the methodology of corporate planning modeling, there appears to be a definite need for a conceptual framework which can be used to design and implement computer based planning and modeling systems.In this paper we describe a collection of elements which we believe to be of critical importance in designing a corporate planning model. Our objective is to develop a set of criteria for not only designing a planning and modeling system, but a set of criteria which can also be used to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of alternative planning and modeling systems.There are nearly 50 planning and modeling software packages on the market today. These include systems such as BUDPLAN, COMOS, and SIMPLAN. This paper attempts to provide the reader with a convenient check-list of possible features to consider in either designing one's own system or selecting an appropriate software package.
Detection of Strong Magnetic Fields on M Dwarfs

We have detected Zeeman splitting of the Fe I line (geff = 2.5) at 8468.40 A in the very active M4.5 Ve stars Gliese 729 and Gliese 873 (EV Lac). High-resolution (R = 120,000), low-noise (~0.5%) spectra show clear Zeeman-shifted σ components from which we infer field strengths of 2-4 kG, independent of uncertainties in model atmospheres. Similar observations of a sequence (M0 V-M5 V) of low-activity M dwarfs demonstrate that the wing components in the 8468.40 A line are not due to the ubiquitous TiO lines in the vicinity. This strongly suggests that discrepancies in the shape of the magnetically sensitive iron line are due to magnetic fields rather than differences in photospheric temperature. By fitting the ratio of active to inactive line profiles with simple one-component models, we estimate that 50 ± 13% of the photosphere of EV Lac is covered by 3.8 ± 0.5 kG magnetic fields, while 50 ± 13% of Gliese 729 is covered by 2.6 ± 0.3 kG fields. This confirms earlier reports of large magnetic fields on M dwarf flare stars. We see evidence for a distribution of magnetic field strength, spatially across the surface and/or with depth. The twofold increase in field strength relative to G and K dwarfs is predicted by flux tube equilibrium arguments, but the 1 kG difference in the measured field strengths for these two stars suggests that field strengths may also grow with activity as the photospheric filling factor approaches unity.
Stereoselective synthesis of the bicyclo[5.3.0]decane portion of the diterpene antibiotic guanacastepene using a pyrylium-ylide [5+2] cycloaddition reaction

Treatment of 14 with Ac2O/Et3N resulted in [5+2] cyclization to give 2, which was further elaborated into 20, thus establishing the required stereochemistry in the top-half of guanacastepene 1.
A 60-GHz CMOS receiver front-end

The unlicensed band around 60 GHz can be utilized for wireless communications at data rates of several gigabits per second. This paper describes a receiver front-end that incorporates a folded microstrip geometry to create resonance at 60 GHz in a common-gate LNA and active mixers. Realized in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the receiver front-end provides a voltage gain of 28 dB with a noise figure of 12.5 dB while consuming 9 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
Social insurance and children: The relationship between Social Security, economic well-being, and family context among child recipients

The relationship between social insurance, which provides families protection against certain risks, and child economic security is understudied. Using the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) matched to Social Security Administration benefit records, this article investigates the economic welfare effects of the child component of the US Social Security program. We examine how the poverty rate of child beneficiaries would change, absent Social Security income, and how heavily the family incomes of these children rely on it, by family characteristics. Our findings reveal that Social Security plays an important role in mitigating economic insecurity among children deprived of a wage-earning parent through disability, death, or retirement. Family structure, earnings, and employment status are identified as key factors moderating the effect of Social Security on child recipients’ financial circumstance.
The Effect of the Radial Pressure Gradient in Protoplanetary Disks on Planetesimal Formation

The streaming instability provides a promising mechanism for planetesimal formation because of its ability to concentrate solids into dense clumps. The degree of clumping strongly depends on the height-integrated solid to gas mass ratio Z in protoplanetary disks. In this Letter, we show that the magnitude of the radial pressure gradient that drives the streaming instability (characterized by {Pi} {identical_to} {eta}v{sub K} /c{sub s} , where {eta}v{sub K} is the reduction of Keplerian velocity due to the radial pressure gradient and c{sub s} is the sound speed) also strongly affects clumping. We present local two-dimensional hybrid numerical simulations of aerodynamically coupled particles and gas in the midplane of protoplanetary disks. Magnetic fields and particle self-gravity are ignored. We explore three different radial pressure gradient values appropriate for typical protoplanetary disks: {Pi} = 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1. For each {Pi} value, we consider four different particle size distributions ranging from submillimeter to meter sizes and run simulations with solid abundance from Z = 0.01 up to Z = 0.07. We find that a small radial pressure gradient strongly promotes particle clumping in that: (1) at fixed particle size distribution, the critical solid abundance Z {sub crit} above which particle clumping occursmore » monotonically increases with {Pi} and (2) at fixed Z, strong clumping can occur for smaller particles when {Pi} is smaller. Therefore, we expect planetesimals to form preferentially in regions of protoplanetary disks with a small radial pressure gradient.« less
Equilibrium Prices in a Vertically Coordinated Fishery

Abstract Competition among processing firms is analyzed in a fishery that is managed under a total allowable catch constraint. Firms compete first in the ex-vessel market for round fish and then in the downstream consumer market. Nash equilibrium prices are characterized at each stage of the vertical market. When the number of processors is sufficiently large, equilibrium prices are approximately Walrasian. The ex-vessel price is close to the processor marginal valuation of the round fish and the consumer price clears the total quantity of processed fish. Implications for market structure, conduct and performance, and fisheries management policy are drawn.
Phantom depth and stable phantom exactness

Phantom depth, phantom nonzerodivisors, and phantom exact sequences are analogues of the non-"phantom" notions which have been useful in tackling the (very difficult) localization problem in tight closure theory. In the present paper, these notions are developed further and partially reworked. For instance, although no analogue of a long exact sequence arises from a short stably phantom exact sequence of complexes, we provide a method for recovering the kind of information obtainable from such a long sequence. Also, we give alternate characterizations of the notion of phantom depth, including one based on Koszul homology, which we use to show that with very mild conditions on a finitely generated module M, any two maximal phantom M-regular sequences in an ideal ihave the same length. In order to do so, we prove a "Nakayama lemma for tight closure", which is of independent interest. We strengthen the connection of phantom depth with minheight, we explore several analogues of "associated prime" in tight closure theory, and we discuss a connection with the problem of when tight closure commutes with localization.