cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation of Proposed Correlation Indices of Cerebrovascular Reactivity with Change of Arteriolar Diameter

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between proposed correlation indices of cerebrovascular reserve and corresponding changes of cerebrovascular reserve as measured by changes of pial arteriolar diameter. Mild and severe physiologic challenge was produced in piglets by appropriate ventilation with foreign gas mixture and altered alveolar ventilation. Intracranial pressure (ICP), arterial blood pressure (ABP), and video micrometer recordings of pial arteriolar diameter were made. Serial values of ICP and ABP were used to compute the Correlation Coefficient index (Corrx) and the Pressure Reactivity Index (PrX). For the 10 mild physiologic challenge experiments, correlations between percent change index (%ΔCorrx and %ΔPrX) and percent change of pial arteriolar diameter (%Δdia.) induced by mild challenges (n = 40) were 0.51 (p <.005) and 0.097 (p n.s.) respectively. For 8 asphyxia experiments, serial values with respect to time of the correlation indices were correlated with %Δdia. obtained before, during induction and recovery. The grand mean (n = 8) correlation values (± S.D.) of the Corrx and PrX were 0.76 (±0.18, p <.025) and 0.21 (±0.38, p n.s.) respectively. In contrast to the PrX index, changes of the Corrx index significantly correlated with changes of pial arteriolar diameter. However, Corrx and PrX were simultaneously high only during a state of maximum dilation. These findings suggest that sudden salient increases of the Corrx and PrX indices induced by physiologic challenge are indicative of vigorous dilatory response of the cerebral arterioles and loss of cerebrovascular reserve.
High-resolution multiple target angle tracking

An approach to high-resolution multiple-target-angle tracking that uses the output of an array of sensors is presented. The results of direction-of-arrival estimation by eigenstructure analysis are extended to derive a recursive procedure for tracking moving sources. This procedure involves recursive eigenvalue decomposition and a zero-tracking algorithm, using the coefficient derived from the minimum-norm criterion. The algorithm has superresolution capability in that a pair of closely spaced target angles can be resolved and tracked even though the angular separation between them is less than the reciprocal of the aperture size. Simulation results verify that the algorithm works well in tracking multiple-target sources. >
The Role of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has published a number of studies on corporate governance. In one study (OECD 2004) it outlined a series of benchmarks intended for use by investors, policy makers, corporations and other stakeholders. Corporations that follow the guidelines provided in this document will have a strong corporate governance system. The World Bank has conducted a number of studies of corporate governance practices in more than 40 countries, using these OECD guidelines as a template. Seventeen of those studies were of transition economies, i.e., countries that are in the process of transitioning from central planning to a market system. The World Bank (2001–2006) studies examined the corporate governance practices identified by the OECD and classified them into the following five categories:
Does the mood matter

We report the results of the experiment that examined effects of mood on search performance. Participants were asked to use Google search engine to find answers to two questions. Searchers' mood was measured using the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Search performance was measured by number of websites visited, time spent reading search results, quality of answers and other similar measures. Analysis of relationship between the mood and search performance indicated that positive mood prior to the search affected certain search behaviors, but neither positive nor negative moods had significant effect on the quality of search results.
Borders and cytoarchitecture of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in the rat.

Cytoarchitectonic and histochemical analyses were carried out for perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex, providing the first detailed cytoarchitectonic study of these regions in the rat brain. The rostral perirhinal border with insular cortex is at the extreme caudal limit of the claustrum, consistent with classical definitions of insular cortex dating back to Rose ([1928] J. Psychol. Neurol. 37:467–624). The border between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices is at the caudal limit of the angular bundle, as previously proposed by Burwell et al. ([1995] Hippocampus 5:390–408). The ventral borders with entorhinal cortex are consistent with the Insausti et al. ([1997] Hippocampus 7:146–183) description of that region and the Dolorfo and Amaral ([1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 398:25–48) connectional findings. Regarding the remaining borders, both the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices encroach upon temporal cortical regions as defined by others (e.g., Zilles [1990] The cerebral cortex of the rat, p 77–112; Paxinos and Watson [1998] The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates). Based on cytoarchitectonic and histochemical criteria, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex were further subdivided. Area 36 was parceled into three subregions, areas 36d, 36v, and 36p. Area 35 was parceled into two cytoarchitectonically distinctive subregions, areas 35d and 35v. The postrhinal cortex was divided into two subregions, areas PORd and PORv. These regional definitions of perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex were confirmed by new empirical analyses of previously reported quantitative connectional data (Burwell and Amaral [1998a] J. Comp. Neurol. 398:179–205). J. Comp. Neurol. 437:17–41, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender, Hierarchy, and Leadership: An Introduction

Although women’s status has improved remarkably in the 20th century in many societies, women continue to lack access to power and leadership compared with men. This issue reviews research and theory concerning women’s leadership. The articles included in the issue provide evidence of bias in the evaluation of women, discuss effects of gender stereotypes on women’s influence and leadership behaviors, and evaluate strategies for change. This introductory article provides a brief summary of changes in women’s status and power in employment and education and the absence of change at the upper echelons of power in organizations. Also included is an outline of the contributions of the other articles in the issue. It is an exciting period for scholars who study how gender affects leadership: The presence of greater numbers of women in positions of power has produced new opportunities to observe female leaders along with male leaders. There has been an increase in the numbers of women in positions of public leadership, including highly visible positions. Of course, focusing on women who occupy such leadership positions should not cause us to forget that women have always exercised leadership, particularly in families and throughout communities. However, until recently, women were extremely rare in major positions of public leadership. Now women are in a small minority in such roles, but present. Political leadership illus trates this trend: In history only 42 women have ever served as presidents or prime ministers, and 25 of those have come to office in the 1990s (Adler, 1999). Almost all of the women who have attained top positions in corporations around the world have done so in the 1990s.
Altered 5-HT(2A) receptor binding after recovery from bulimia-type anorexia nervosa: relationships to harm avoidance and drive for thinness.

Several lines of evidence suggest that a disturbance of serotonin neuronal pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). This study applied positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate the brain serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor, which could contribute to disturbances of appetite and behavior in AN and BN. To avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition, we studied 10 women recovered from bulimia-type AN (REC AN–BN, >1 year normal weight, regular menstrual cycles, no binging, or purging) compared with 16 healthy control women (CW) using PET imaging and a specific 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, [18F]altanserin. REC AN–BN women had significantly reduced [18F]altanserin binding potential relative to CW in the left subgenual cingulate, the left parietal cortex, and the right occipital cortex. [18F]altanserin binding potential was positively related to harm avoidance and negatively related to novelty seeking in cingulate and temporal regions only in REC AN–BN subjects. In addition, REC AN–BN had negative relationships between [18F]altanserin binding potential and drive for thinness in several cortical regions. In conclusion, this study extends research suggesting that altered 5-HT neuronal system activity persists after recovery from bulimia-type AN, particularly in subgenual cingulate regions. Altered 5-HT neurotransmission after recovery also supports the possibility that this may be a trait-related disturbance that contributes to the pathophysiology of eating disorders. It is possible that subgenual cingulate findings are not specific for AN–BN, but may be related to the high incidence of lifetime major depressive disorder diagnosis in these subjects.
Atmospheric inverse modeling to constrain regional-scale CO2 budgets at high spatial and temporal resolution

[1] We present an inverse modeling framework designed to constrain CO2 budgets at regional scales. The approach captures atmospheric transport processes in high spatiotemporal resolution by coupling a mesoscale model with Lagrangian Stochastic backward trajectories. Terrestrial biosphere CO2 emissions are generated through a simple diagnostic flux model that splits the net ecosystem exchange into its major components of gross primary productivity and autotrophic and heterotrophic respirations. The modeling framework assimilates state-of-the-art data sets for advected background CO2 and anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions as well as highly resolved remote sensing products. We introduce a Bayesian inversion setup, optimizing a posteriori flux base rates for surface types that are defined through remote sensing information. This strategy significantly reduces the number of parameters to be optimized compared with solving fluxes for each individual grid cell, thus permitting description of the surface in a very high resolution. The model is tested using CO2 concentrations measured in the fall and winter of 2006 at two AmeriFlux sites in Oregon. Because this database does not cover a full seasonal cycle, we focus on conducting model sensitivity tests rather than producing quantitative CO2 flux estimates. Sensitivity tests on the influence of spatial and temporal resolution indicate that optimum results can be obtained using 4 h time steps and grid sizes of 6 km or less. Further tests demonstrate the importance of dividing biome types by ecoregions to capture their different biogeochemical responses to external forcings across climatic gradients. Detailed stand age information was shown to have a positive effect on model performance.
A Practical Method for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature From AMSR-E Over the Amazon Forest

Remote sensing of land surface temperature (LST) using infrared (IR) sensors, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is only capable of retrieval under clear-sky conditions. Such LST observations over tropical forests are very limited due to clouds and rainfall, particularly during the wet season and high atmospheric water-vapor content. In comparison, low-frequency microwave radiances are minimally influenced by meteorological conditions. Exploring this advantage, we have developed an algorithm to retrieve LST over the Amazonian forest. The algorithm uses multifrequency polarized microwave brightness temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on NASA's Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). Relationships between polarization ratio and surface emissivity are established for forested and nonforested areas, such that LST can solely be calculated from microwave radiance. Results are presented over three time scales: at each orbit, daily, and monthly. Results are evaluated by comparing with available air-temperature records on daily and monthly intervals. Our findings indicate that the AMSR-E-derived LST agrees well with in situ measurements. Results during the wet season over the tropical forest suggest that the AMSR-E LST is robust under all-weather conditions and shows higher correlation to meteorological data (r = 0.70) than the IR-based LST approaches (r = 0.42).
History of Science and Technology of Polymeric Foams

Abstract The history of the science and technology of polymeric foams is traced from its early beginnings starting in the late 1920s with latex foam. Two major methods evolved for producing the latter, the Dunlop and Talalay processes, both reaching industrial stages in the 1930s. Both natural and synthetic latices, notably SBR, as well as blends were extensively used. With the development of many other synthetic elastomers during the last three decades, many flexible and semiflexible foams were produced from them including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, and urethane foams among the major flexible foam categories but which also included specialty foams such as silicone and fluorocarbon-based foams. Among rigid foams, low density foams were first produced from special phenolic resins, and various foaming procedures evolved subsequently for the production of phenolic foams. Urea-formaldehyde foams were developed as early as 1933. The most widely used types of rigid foams today, polystyrene and polyurethane...
Understanding Diffusion Processes: Inference and Theory

With increasing popularity of social media and social networks sites, analyzing the social networks offers great potential to shed light on human social structure and provides great marketing opportunities. Usually, social network analysis starts with extracting or learning the social network and the associated parameters. Contrary to other analytical tasks, this step is highly non-trivial due to amorphous nature of social ties and the challenges of noisy and incomplete observations. My research focuses on improving accuracy in inferring the network as well as analyzing the consequences when the extracted network is noisy or erroneous. To be more precise, I propose to study the following two questions with a special focus on analyzing diffusion behaviors: (1) How to utilize special properties of social networks to improve accuracy of the extracted network under noisy and missing data; (2) How to characterize the impact of noise in the inferred network and carry out robust analysis and optimization.
Planes and half-planes

In this chapter we consider the action of forces applied to isotropic material which occupies the whole plane or a half-plane. In the latter case the forces can be applied by a body in contact with the half-plane, as in the case of buildings on elastic foundations and similar situations.
Abstract P2-06-20: Hormonal Criteria for Assessment of Menopause: Role of Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Introduction: The difficulty in establishing the time of menopause poses a problem in many breast cancer research studies. We sought to determine the value of adding anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) to the accuracy of designating hormonal signs of menopause in 179 women who were recruited for a case-control study of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) biomarkers. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to obtain medical and reproductive history, self-reported menstrual cycle length, last menstrual period and age. Serum estradiol, progesterone, FSH, and AMH were measured in a blood sample obtained on the day of the study encounter. Criteria for premenopause were: serum FSH 0.08 ng/ml, estradiol (E2) >30 pg/ml, and menstrual periods of 25 to 35 days. For postmenopause the inverse of the hormone levels and no menstrual periods for >12 mo and age >52 years was used. Serum progesterone (P4) concentration of 12 mo and age) 76 subjects were premenopausal; 70 were postmenopausal and 33 subjects were perimenopausal. Table: Designation of menopausal state based on hormonal criteria: Concordance of individual measures with the designation based on all criteria (percentages). Table FSH was found to be discordant in 1 (1.1%) of premenopausal subjects and in 5 (5.3%) of postmenopausal subjects. AMH was found to be discordant in 21 (24.7%) of premenopausal subjects and 6 (6.4%) of postmenopausal subjects. Estradiol was discordant in 13 (15.3%) of premenopausal subjects and in 7 (7.4%) of postmenopausal subjects. Progesterone was Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-20.
Effect Of health education on hypertention-related healh behaviors

Objective To explore health education on hypertension-related health behavior,to help patients to establish long-term good health behavior to improve patient quality of life.Methods To investigate the Xuzhou Railway jurisdictions in the hospital out-patient clinic and hospital patients diagnosed with high blood pressure monitoring and control of blood pressure,not smoking,limited alcohol consumption,following the doctor's medication,physical exercise,low-salt diet,health,conduct health education and guidance,and intervention before and 6 months after intervention evaluation.Results Patients with hypertension related knowledg has improved significantly(P0.01),significantly improved their health behaviors(P0.01).Conclusions The health education in patients with hypertension can increase the patient's self-care awareness,the establishment of long-term good health behavior,in order to prevent and mitigate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,maintaining the patient's physical health,improve the quality of life of patients is necessary.
Understanding the Membrane Proteome of Developing Natural Killer Cells.

Abstract We are interested in the biological as well as molecular processes involved in natural killer cell differentiation and function based on the growing interest in these cells for cancer therapy and allogeneic transplantation. Determining the proteomic complement is a useful tool in predicting cellular function and fate. iTRAQ is a new tandem mass-spec method which not only allows identification of proteins in the picomole to femtomole range, but also allows one to quantify differences in specific protein amount between two samples. Using this method one can potentially get reliable proteomic information from cells and also compare expression differences between cell populations. For the first time shown here, we have applied the new method of iTRAQ to identify and quantify the expression of membrane localized proteins in two previously characterized distinct but related NK cells populations. One population was derived in vitro from umbilical cord blood stem cells (CD34+Lin−CD38−) differentiated with murine stroma and human cytokines (IL-3, Flt3L, SCF, IL-7. IL-15) and the other from NK cells expanded from CD3-depleted adult peripheral blood and IL-2, both resulting in cultured populations of >90% NK cells. iTRAQ was employed for multiplex peptide labeling followed by 1- and 2-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (1D- and 2D-HPLC) and then tandem mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the proteomic contingent of membrane associated proteins. We were able to identify well as quantify differences in expression levels of 35–133 proteins in a typical 1D-HPLC experiment. This increased to >400 proteins when 2D-HPLC was used. Over 75% of the proteins were identified with more than 2 peptide fragments. Gene ontogeny analysis showed the majority of proteins to be involved in cell signaling, nucleic acid binding, or cell adhesion. Nearly all proteins were associated with the plasma membrane, membrane bound organelle (lysosome or peroxisome), or nucleus. Several unique proteins were found which previously have not been known to be expressed by NK cells: BASP1, nmb, and AIF-1. More important, we were able to confirm several of our iTRAQ results by RT-PCR, Western blot, and FACS analysis. This is the first demonstration, and verification of using iTRAQ to determine the “membrane proteome” in NK cells and represents a valid and powerful new tool in the science of proteomics. These novel differences between NK cells and their precursors will be studied further to understand NK cell interactions and novel mechanisms which govern NK cell development.
eIF4B stimulates translation of long mRNAs with structured 5′ UTRs and low closed-loop potential but weak dependence on eIF4G

DEAD-box RNA helicases eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) and Ded1 promote translation by resolving mRNA secondary structures that impede preinitiation complex (PIC) attachment to mRNA or scanning. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) is a cofactor for eIF4A but also might function independently of eIF4A. Ribosome profiling of mutants lacking eIF4B or with impaired eIF4A or Ded1 activity revealed that eliminating eIF4B reduces the relative translational efficiencies of many more genes than does inactivation of eIF4A, despite comparable reductions in bulk translation, and few genes display unusually strong requirements for both factors. However, either eliminating eIF4B or inactivating eIF4A preferentially impacts mRNAs with longer, more structured 5' untranslated regions (UTRs). These findings reveal an eIF4A-independent role for eIF4B in addition to its function as eIF4A cofactor in promoting PIC attachment or scanning on structured mRNAs. eIF4B, eIF4A, and Ded1 mutations also preferentially impair translation of longer mRNAs in a fashion mitigated by the ability to form closed-loop messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) via eIF4F-poly(A)-binding protein 1 (Pab1) association, suggesting cooperation between closed-loop assembly and eIF4B/helicase functions. Remarkably, depleting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G), the scaffold subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F), preferentially impacts short mRNAs with strong closed-loop potential and unstructured 5' UTRs, exactly the opposite features associated with hyperdependence on the eIF4B/helicases. We propose that short, highly efficient mRNAs preferentially depend on the stimulatory effects of eIF4G-dependent closed-loop assembly.
Compensation, Wealth Heterogeneity, and Shareholder Value

In this study we experimentally test the impact compensation and wealth (whether given or earned) have on a player's decision to choose a risky investment on the behalf on another player. Using 580 observations from players at Harvard Business School's Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research our results indicate that when taken alone compensation type did not significantly impact a player's decision to choose a risky investment. We found some evidence that outside wealth led to less risky behavior, but controlling for rounds seems to mitigate that result. Earned wealth, on the other hand, when interacted with equity compensation did matter. Our results indicate as player one's earned wealth increased, those compensated with equity compensation were less likely to choose the risky investment.
Complex colored water-filling algorithm for gain allocation in proportionate adaptive filtering

A complex colored water-filling algorithm is derived for gain allocation in proportionate-type NLMS filtering under the assumption that the input signal is Gaussian and the covariance and pseudo-covariance are known. The algorithm is derived by minimizing the mean square weight deviation at every time instance, where the weight deviation is defined as the difference between the unknown impulse response and the estimated impulse response at the current time. A single real-valued gain is used to simultaneously update both the real and imaginary parts of the estimated impulse response. The performance of the new algorithm is compared with the performance of several standard proportionate-type normalized least mean square algorithms for colored input.
Longitudinal Profiles of Thyroid Hormone Parameters in Pregnancy and Associations with Preterm Birth.

Introduction Overt thyroid disease in pregnancy is associated with numerous maternal and neonatal complications including preterm birth. Less is known about the contribution of trimester-specific subclinical alterations in individual thyroid hormones, especially in late gestation, on the risk of preterm birth. Herein, we examined the associations between subclinical changes in maternal thyroid hormone concentrations (TSH, total T3, free and total T4), measured at multiple time points in pregnancy, and the odds of preterm birth in pregnant women without clinical thyroid disease. Participants and methods Data were obtained from pregnant women participating in a nested case-control study of preterm birth within on ongoing birth cohort study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA (N = 439; 116 cases and 323 controls). We measured thyroid hormones in plasma collected at up to four time points in pregnancy (median = 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks). We used multivariate logistic regression models stratified by study visit of sample collection to examine associations. To reveal potential biological pathways, we also explored these relationships by obstetric presentation of preterm birth (e.g., spontaneous preterm delivery) that have been previously hypothesized to share common underlying mechanisms. Results In samples collected at median 10 and 26 weeks of gestation, we found inverse associations between FT4 and the odds of overall preterm birth (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33, 1.00; and OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.84, respectively). Positive associations were detected for total T3 at these same time points (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.20, 5.31; and OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.56, 7.40, respectively). These effect estimates were stronger for spontaneous preterm birth. Conclusions Our results suggest that subclinical alterations in individual maternal thyroid hormones may influence the risk of preterm birth, and the strength of these associations vary by gestational age.
Evolving Bipartite Authentication Graph Partitions

As large scale enterprise computer networks become more ubiquitous, finding the appropriate balance between user convenience and user access control is an increasingly challenging proposition. Suboptimal partitioning of users’ access and available services contributes to the vulnerability of enterprise networks. Previous edge-cut partitioning methods unduly restrict users’ access to network resources. This paper introduces a novel method of network partitioning superior to the current state-of-the-art which minimizes user impact by providing alternate avenues for access that reduce vulnerability. Networks are modeled as bipartite authentication access graphs and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used to simultaneously minimize the size of large connected components while minimizing overall restrictions on network users. Results are presented on a real world data set that demonstrates the effectiveness of the introduced method compared to previous naive methods.
The Query of Everything: Developing Open-Domain, Natural-Language Queries for BOLT Information Retrieval.

The DARPA BOLT Information Retrieval evaluations target open-domain natural-language queries over a large corpus of informal text in English, Chinese and Egyptian Arabic. We outline the goals of BOLT IR, comparing it with the prior GALE Distillation task. After discussing the properties of the BOLT IR corpus, we provide a detailed description of the query creation process, contrasting the summary query format presented to systems at run time with the full query format created by annotators. We describe the relevance criteria used to assess BOLT system responses, highlighting the evolution of the procedures used over the three evaluation phases. We provide a detailed review of the decision points model for relevance assessment introduced during Phase 2, and conclude with information about inter-assessor consistency achieved with the decision points assessment model.
Multimedia Campaign Enhances Orthopaedic Patient Perceptions of Health Care Quality: A Prospective Analysis of Effect at a Military Treatment Facility

ABSTRACT Background: The importance of patient satisfaction as a measure of quality has grown with initiatives intended to enhance demand for services, refocus reimbursement paradigms, encourage health care efficiencies, and ultimately improve clinical outcomes. The purpose of our performance improvement project was to (1) characterize the effect of a two-pronged multimedia initiative on patient perceptions of health care quality and satisfaction as assessed by the Army Provider Level Satisfaction Survey (APLSS) and (2) assess for differences in APLSS scores between the surgeons that did and did not participate in the program. Methods: Baseline APLSS data for our Department of Orthopaedic Surgery were collected and subsequently compared to APLSS results 3 months after the implementation of a department-wide multimedia campaign. The multimedia initiative consisted of two concurrently implemented interventions to the orthopaedic surgery outpatient clinics. One intervention involved placing large-framed post...
Modeling Enhancer-Promoter Interactions with Attention-Based Neural Networks

Background: Gene regulatory sequences play critical roles in ensuring tightly controlled RNA expression patterns that are essential in a large variety of biological processes. Specifically, enhancer sequences drive expression of their target genes, and the availability of genome-wide maps of enhancer-promoter interactions has opened up the possibility to use machine learning approaches to extract and interpret features that define these interactions in different biological contexts. Methods: Inspired by machine translation models we develop an attention-based neural network model, EPIANN, to predict enhancer-promoter interactions based on DNA sequences. Codes and data are available at https://github.com/wgmao/EPIANN. Results: Our approach accurately predicts enhancer-promoter interactions across six cell lines. In addition, our method generates pairwise attention scores at the sequence level, which specify how short regions in the enhancer and promoter pair-up to drive the interaction prediction. This allows us to identify over-represented transcription factors (TF) binding sites and TF-pair interactions in the context of enhancer function.
The development of memory: knowing, knowing about knowing, and knowing how to know.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three main aspects of memory and their ontogenesis. The first, “knowing,” refers to the developing knowledge of the world, or semantic memory, which the child brings to all memorial situations—be they deliberate or involuntary. The two other aspects, “knowing about knowing” and “knowing how to know,” have received more prior attention and, therefore, are treated superficially in this chapter. While much attention is focused on the semantic system, the importance of memorial or metamemorial skills is still recognized. Both the acquisition of mnemonic strategies and the ability to monitor and control them effectively are essential skills that must be mastered by an efficient information processor. Only when the child has mastered such skills can he begin to deal efficiently with an increasingly complex environment. “What is memory?” is the original question raised in this chapter.
The Behavior of Solutions of a Nonlinear Boundary Layer Equation

We investigate the behavior of solutions of the equation φ′″ +1 -φ + λ(φφ″ - (φ)′2) = 0. This equation arises in modelling large scale ocean circulation with particular emphasis on the behavior of the Gulf Stream. There are two sets of physically interesting boundary conditions, namely φ(0) = φ′(0) = 0 and φ(∞) = 1 (no-slip conditions) or φ(0) = φ′(0) = 0 and φ(∞) = 1 (stress-free conditions). For each of these problems we prove that solutions exist if |λ| is small. However, if λ ≤ -9 then there is no solution of the no-slip problem. If λ ≤ -(2)1/3 then the stress-free problem has no solution.
Open Source Radio Telescopes: Astronomy Projects for Students, Teachers, and Amateurs

The Open Source Radio Telescopes (OSRT) project is a budding endeavour to provide educational activities for primary and secondary school students and introduce them to science and technology through basic radio astronomy projects, as well as provide a repository for like-minded projects. There are two projects currently on the website: a horn antenna specialized for detecting the 21cm neutral hydrogen line of the Milky Way galaxy, and a loop antenna built to detect Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SID's) caused by solar flares and high-energy phenomena in the upper atmosphere. The OSRT website has instructions for building and operating both antennas (http://opensourceradiotelescopes.org/). GNU Radio software is used to interpret and display the data for each antenna, and both are successful at either mapping the Milky Way galaxy across the sky or detecting ionospheric disturbances, respectively. Both projects are well-suited for lab classes or workshop activities and aim to foster an interest in STEM among students.
Analytical Methods for Spatially Varying MMF Vectors to Adjust Back-EMF Harmonics and Torque Ripple in Variable Magnetization Pattern Machines

This paper studies the stator spatial magnetomotive force (MMF) of machines to establish a general guideline for applicable machine topologies and the pulse period of magnetizing current for the active magnetization change technique. Applications of the active magnetization technique including variable flux permanent magnet machines (VFPMs) and variable magnetization pattern machines (VMPMs) have been investigated from the expectation to the potential benefit in loss reduction and torque ripple minimization. In this paper, the analytical model of the local de/re-magnetization in permanent magnets due to the stator winding MMF is formulated. Guidelines regarding the machine topology and the magnetizing trajectories are built up based on the stator spatial MMF spectra analysis. The proposed guideline about slot pole combinations is confirmed using parameters of eleven examples from the existing literature. The proposed guideline about the minimum pulse period is confirmed using numerical simulation.
Feasibility of multiple-view myocardial perfusion MRI using radial simultaneous multi-slice acquisitions.

Purpose Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the heart typically acquires 2-4 short-axis (SA) slices to detect and characterize coronary artery disease. This acquisition scheme is limited by incomplete coverage of the left ventricle. We studied the feasibility of using radial simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) technique to achieve SA, 2-chamber and/or 4-chamber long-axis (2CH LA and/or 4CH LA) coverage with and without electrocardiography (ECG) gating using a motion-robust reconstruction framework. Methods 12 subjects were scanned at rest and/or stress, free breathing, with or without ECG gating. Multiple sets of radial SMS k-space were acquired within each cardiac cycle, and each SMS set sampled 3 parallel slices that were either SA, 2CH LA, or 4CH LA slices. The radial data was interpolated onto Cartesian space using an SMS GRAPPA operator gridding method. Self-gating and respiratory states binning of the data were done. The binning information as well as a pixel tracking spatiotemporal constrained reconstruction method were applied to obtain motion-robust image reconstructions. Reconstructions with and without the pixel tracking method were compared for signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. Results Full coverage of the heart (at least 3 SA and 3 LA slices) during the first pass of contrast at every heartbeat was achieved by using the radial SMS acquisition. The proposed pixel tracking reconstruction improves the average SNR and CNR by 21% and 30% respectively, and reduces temporal blurring for both gated and ungated acquisitions. Conclusion Acquiring simultaneous multi-slice SA, 2CH LA and/or 4CH LA myocardial perfusion images in every heartbeat is feasible in both gated and ungated acquisitions. This can add confidence when detecting and characterizing coronary artery disease by revealing ischemia in different views, and by providing apical coverage that is improved relative to SA slices alone. The proposed pixel tracking framework improves the reconstruction while adding little computational cost.
Selling (out) on the black market: 'Black bazar''s literary 'sape'

This article develops a framework drawing from Congolese sape fashion practices to read Alain Mabanckou’s 2009 novel Black bazar . In sape —an acronym for La Societe des ambianceurs et des personnes elegantes (the Society of Ambiencers and Persons of Elegance)— sapeurs “sappers” perform danses des griffes “dances of designer labels” during which they brandish their clothing items’ designer brands. In my reading of Black bazar as an example of “literary sape ,” I argue that the narrator-author’s references to cultural works from a variety of national and historical contexts can productively be read as a literary danse des griffes —a performance that interrogates the reading strategies to which the novel itself will be subjected. Ultimately, through its content and form, Black bazar contests the very notion of authenticity that undergirds how francophone cultural works and their authors are packaged and circulated within larger global cultural economies.
Thirty-Day Hospital Readmission and Surgical Complication Rates for Shunting in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Large National Database Analysis.

Background Research on age-related complications secondary to shunts in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is primarily limited to single-center studies and small cohorts. Objective To determine the rates of hospital readmission and surgical complications, and factors that predict them, following shunt surgery for NPH in a large healthcare network. Methods Surgical procedures, complications, and readmissions for adults undergoing ventricular shunting for NPH were determined using de-identified claims from a privately insured United States healthcare network in years 2007-2014. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to determine factors that predict poor surgical outcomes. The primary outcome variable was surgical complications or readmissions (composite variable for any major perioperative complication or 30-d readmission). Results The 30-d readmission rate for 974 patients with NPH who underwent ventricular shunting was 7.29%; the most common reasons for readmission were shunt-related complications, infection, hemorrhage, altered mental status, and cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal problems. The perioperative complication rate was 21.15%, including intraparenchymal hemorrhage (5.85%) and extra-axial (subdural or epidural) hematoma (5.54%). The overall rate of having a surgical complication or 30-d readmission was 25.15%. Age did not predict surgical complication or 30-d readmission. Preoperative comorbidities independently associated with poor outcome were myocardial infarction within 1 yr (OR = 3.984, 95% CI = 1.105-14.368); existing cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.206, 95% CI = 1.544-3.152); and moderate/severe renal disease (OR = 2.000, 95% CI = 1.155-3.464). Conclusion The rate of complications or readmission within 30 d of ventricular shunting for NPH is 25.15%. Preoperative comorbidities of myocardial infarction within 1 yr, cerebrovascular disease, and moderate/severe renal disease are independent risk factors for poor outcome.
STAT6 deficiency enhances immunity to spontaneous mammary carcinoma in neuT transgenic mice.

2150 Deletion of the gene encoding the transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) results in increased immunity and survival of mice inoculated with the 4T1 mammary carcinoma, a highly malignant and spontaneously metastatic transplantable tumor. To determine if deletion of the STAT6 gene also confers resistance to naturally occurring breast cancer, we have interbred BALB/c STAT6-deficient (STAT6-/-) with BALB/c neuT (neuT+/−) transgenic mice, which contain the activated ErbB-2 gene and spontaneously develop lethal mammary carcinoma. (STAT6-/- × NeuT) F1 mice were backcrossed to STAT6-/- mice and the offspring screened by PCR to identify STAT6-/-neuT+/− individuals. Female neuT+/− and STAT6-/-neuT+/− mice were palpated weekly at each of 8 mammary glands to compare 1) age at tumor onset, 2) size of tumors, 3) number of tumors per mouse, and 4) survival time of mice. Two groups, each consisting of 7-10 STAT6-/-neuT+/− and 9-10 neuT+/− mice were monitored for up to 28 weeks each. STAT6-/-neuT+/− mice showed a statistically significant increase in survival time relative to neuT+/− mice, fewer tumors per mouse, decreased tumor size, and statistically significant delayed tumor onset when compared with neuT+/− mice. These results demonstrate that STAT6-deficiency increases survival time of mice with spontaneously occurring breast cancer, and suggest that STAT6-deficiency may be exploitable as an immunotherapy strategy. (NIH R01CA52521, R01CA84232, DOD DAMD-17-01-0312, and DAMD-17-01-0313, and MARC U*STAR grant T34 GM08663, NIH/NIGMS Grant 08663-05)
Ethics in Global Surgery

As the population increases in the world's poorest countries, the need for surgical interventions will increase. Short-term surgical missions can play an important role in increasing access to solve this disparity by providing much-needed surgical services to vulnerable populations in low-income and middle-income countries. As short-term surgical missions increase, it is important that basic ethical principles are a foundation in service delivery. By following ethical principles outlined in this article, abiding by common moral language, and establishing long-term relationships, a significant contribution can be made to global surgery to increase access and deliver high-quality surgery.
Data Citizenship under the 21st Century Cures Act

Data Citizenship under the 21st Century Cures Act A new federal rule facilitates health data exchange and enforces right of access to a computable version of one’s medical record. The essential nex...
Effect of antimicrobial washout from anaerobic digesters on microbial community composition

The antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) were banned from over-the-counter hand soaps by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of removing these antimicrobials on microbial communities in anaerobic digesters. For this, lab-scale digester feed was amended with either TCS or TCC along with synthetic primary sludge for greater than three solid retention time (SRT) values. Subsequently, TCS and TCC feed amendment were eliminated (washout). Microbial communities before and after antimicrobial washout in the digesters were analyzed via Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Interestingly, methane production was greater after washout in digesters that were previously fed triclosan or triclocarban. The bacterial community structures based on non-metric multidimensional analysis (nMDS) in antimicrobial-fed digesters prior to washout were different from those in digesters not fed antimicrobials. However, all digester communities were more similar on day 180, after washout, and the similarity was comparable to that observed prior to antimicrobial addition. The return of the bacterial community composition in amended digesters to that of control digesters after antimicrobial amendment was stopped suggests that, if the loading of TCC or TCS is reduced or stopped, the bacterial community structure will return to that observed before antimicrobials were fed. A persistent difference in abundance of genera key to methanogenesis and anaerobic digestion was observed though after washout. Gene copies of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a key enzyme for methanogenesis, was higher in triclocarban-amended digesters after washout. It is possible that functional performance of digesters exposed to these antimicrobials could improve after chemical washout.
DNA methyctransferase 1 and gynecological malignancies

DNMT1,the main member of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family,plays a core role in maintaining and regulating tumor cell genome-wide and the local area methylation.DNMT1 is highly expressed in gynecological malignancies,which leads to abnormal DNA methylation of genes,especially high methylation of tumor suppressor genes,gene expression silencing,and malignant cell growth. Key words: Site-specific DNA methyltransferase (cytosine-specific); Genital neoplasms,female
The Impact of Economic Inequality on Entrepreneurship: Does a Society’s Stage of Development Make a Difference?:

In recent studies linking inequality to the entrepreneurial process, some scholars claim that inequality creates entrepreneurial incentives, thereby increasing entrepreneurship, while others conten...
Utilization and survival outcomes of sequential, concurrent and sandwich therapies for advanced stage endometrial cancers by histology.

Abstract Objective To determine the impact on overall survival (OS) of different modalities of adjuvant therapy for the treatment of stage III endometrial cancer (EC), by histology. Methods Stage 3 endometrioid (EAC), serous (SER), clear cell (CC), and carcinosarcoma (CS) patients who underwent primary surgical staging from 2000 to 2013 were identified in SEER-Medicare. Adjuvant therapy was defined by a 4-arm comparator grouping (none; RT only; CT only; combination RT), as well as by an 8-arm comparator grouping (none; RT only; CT only; concurrent CT-RT; concurrent CT-RT then CT; Serial CT-RT; serial RT-CT; sandwich). Modality of RT and CT were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log rank tests, and multivariable cox modeling. Results Of 2870 cases identified (1798 EAC, 606 SER, 118 CC, 348 CS), 31.5% received no adjuvant therapy. The remainder received RT or CT alone, concurrent RT-CT, serial or sandwich modalities. OS differed by adjuvant therapy in adjusted and unadjusted models, when combining all histologies, and when stratifying by histology using both the 4-arm, and 8-arm comparator analyses (log rank p Conclusions OS for advanced EC significantly differs by histology and mode of adjuvant therapy. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy of combination-based adjuvant therapy versus chemotherapy alone, by histologic subtype and molecular signature.