cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment patterns and survival outcomes of recurrent adult-type granulosa cell tumors

Objectives: Granulosa cell tumors are characterized by indolent growth and late recurrence; treatment of recurrent disease is not standardized. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of patients who underwent secondary and tertiary cytoreductive surgery as part of treatment for recurrent granulosa cell tumor. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of women diagnosed with primary or recurrent granulosa cell tumors at an urban university system between 2010 and 2019. Data collected included demographic, clinicopathologic, and treatment factors. Endpoints of treatment outcome was progression free survival. Statistical analyses were preformed using the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: 75 patients diagnosed with primary or recurrent granulosa cell tumor were identified. After excluding cases with inadequate follow-up and juvenile granulosa cell tumor, 69 patients were analyzed. The average age at diagnosis was 48.3 years (21.2-86.0). 82.6% of patients had stage I disease; the remainder had stage II (8.7%) or stage III (8.7%) disease. 15 of 69 patients (21.7%) were treated for recurrent disease. The average time to recurrence was 6.27 years (range 1.05-20.71). There was a significant correlation between optimal resection or staging (including omentectomy and peritoneal biopsies) and recurrence (OR 0.171, 95% CI 0.0553-0.560, p=0.0076). Fertility preservation was not associated with recurrence (p=0.08). 71% of women with recurrent disease underwent secondary cytoreduction. Secondary CRS was associated with a significantly higher progression free survival compared to medical management alone at time of recurrence (median 2.3 vs 1.6 yrs, p=-0.01). 10 women were subsequently treated for a second recurrence; 50% were treated with cytoreductive surgery. No PFS benefit was seen with surgical management compared to medical management for the second recurrence (p=0.31). Seven women were then treated for a third recurrence or progression and six women for a fourth. PFS after treatment for second, third, or fourth recurrence or progression was longer among patients whose treatment included surgery compared to those who did not (median 1.708 vs 0.997 years), although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Complete staging for granulosa cell tumors was associated with decreased risk of recurrence. Secondary CRS at first recurrence is associated with a significantly higher progression free survival.
Mining Discrete Sequences

Discrete sequence data can be considered the categorical analog of time series data. As in the case of time series data, it contains a single contextual attribute that typically corresponds to time. However, the behavioral attribute is categorical.
Preparation and Characterization of Divalent Metal Ion Complexes of N-2-picolyl-N'-phenylthiourea

New complexes ofN-2-picolyl-N′ -phenylthiourea (HPPT) have been prepared employing a number of different divalent metal ion salts. The resultant CoII, NiII, and CuII complexes, which generally involve coordination of HPPT, except for the CuII halides which have a deprotonated ligand, have been characterized by partial elemental analysis, molar conductivity and spectral (i.r., u.v.-vis., and e.s.r.) studies. HPPT is an NN bidentate ligand while the deprotonated form serves as an NNS bridging tridentate ligand. The complexes undergo partial or total decomposition in the solvents in which they are soluble. The compounds [Cu(HPPT)2X2] have resolved g∥ features in their powder spectra indicating that magnetic dilution has occurred.
Critical Discourse Analysis: Toward Theories in Social Media

Social media can be conceptualized as an emerging frontier where new forms of social relations causing power differences and other forms of unacceptable social practices develop at the intersection of human collective communicative acts and information technology. This emergence has created a need for considering novel approaches for investigating these emerging phenomena in social media. In this research, we present Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as an approach for theory development in social media. Discussion revolves around CDAs place in critical information systems (IS) research. Together with an example of a CDA study applied to social media this discussion serves to inform IS researchers of a viable option for theory building in social media.
Contrasting vertical structures of nocturnal boundary layers

This study analyzes eight levels of sonic anemometerdata collected on a 60-m towerduring CASES-99, toward the goal of understanding thevertical structure of thenocturnal boundary layer. Several different regimesare found. Thin boundarylayers are often observed where fluxes decrease with height and approximately vanish between 20 and 30 m aboveground. The flow above the thin boundary layeraccelerates and increasing shear oftengenerates significant turbulence in the middle ofthe night. Thisshear-generated turbulence is often stronger thanthat near the surface corresponding to an upside-downboundary layer. During these conditions,the turbulent transport of turbulence is downwardtoward the surface. The turbulence in this regimeshows features of z-less turbulence to the extentthat neither the height above groundnor the boundary-layer depth are primary scalingvariables. This layer isdifferent from a `residual layer' in thatturbulence is actively generated byshear associated with nocturnal accelerationsand often is stronger than that inthe surface-based boundary layer. In many cases, the turbulence does not varysignificantly across the towerlayer, implying that the boundary layer ismuch deeper than the 60-m towerlayer. Several case studies are presentedto illustrate the largevariation of vertical structure betweennights.
The challenge of determining the role of Rh glycoproteins in transport of NH3 and NH4

The mammalian Rh glycoproteins belong to the solute transporter family SLC42 and include the erythroid Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) and two epithelial membrane molecules Rhbg (human RhBG) and Rhcg (RhCG). Mammalian Rh glycoproteins are closely related to the ammonium transporters of the yeast (MEP proteins) and bacteria (Amt). Rhbg and Rhcg are expressed in several mammalian tissues including liver, kidney, skin, lung, and GI tract. In the kidney they are expressed in α-intercalated cells and principal cells of the collecting duct. Whereas Rhbg is strictly present in the basolateral membrane; Rhcg is reported to be at both apical membrane and basolateral membranes. Recent functional studies strongly support a role of Rh glycoproteins in NH4+ transport. Other studies indicate that they mediate transport of CO2 and NH3. This review highlights the progress in determining the properties of Rh glycoproteins and the challenging questions that continue to hinder understanding their function and their physiological role. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014,3:53–61. doi: 10.1002/wmts.105 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
General Price Level and Inflation

I turn now to what I have always thought are among the most difficult topics in economics, the concepts of the general price level and inflation. Inflation is, and always has been, easy to define as a rise in the general price level. But, what is meant by the general price level and what are its determinants? Of the two questions, the first is logically prior, for one has to know what the general price level is before changes in it can be discussed. The real task, accordingly, is to come up with a definition of the general price level that is fruitful for further analysis.
Judges, Behavioral Scientists, and the Demands of Humanity

When I clerked for David Bazelon in 1964-65, a large original version of a Peanuts cartoon, inscribed by Charles M. Schulz, was displayed on the wall in the Judge's inner chambers. In the first frame of the cartoon, Lucy van Pelt discovers her comic book torn and crumpled on the floor. In the second frame, with outrage written on her face, she confronts her brother Linus with the corpus delicti-and Lucy, you will recall, was never far from glowering outrage. She shouts, "Who did this to my comic book? Are you responsible for this?" Linus responds, "Am I responsible? That is a very difficult question." For the next several frames of the cartoon, Linus elaborates on the difficulties. With his ever-present security blanket pressed against his face and his customary dreamy expression, Linus propounds a series of questions: "What is the meaning of responsibility? Is anyone truly responsible for his conduct? Is there such a thing as free will or is each of us driven by forces beyond our control?" Throughout this exposition, the outrage on Lucy's face mounts in intensity. Finally she explodes: she rolls up her tattered comic book and hits Linus on the head. In the final frame, Linusstunned and floored, his security blanket knocked from his graspsays sadly, "Her kind never understands." There, we might say, was the trajectory of David Bazelon's judicial career; in his more somber moments, theJudge himself said something of the sort to me and to others. And there too is an encapsulated social history of the United States from 1954, when the Judge wrote the opinion in Durham v. United States,1 to 1972, when the Durham experiment was abandoned in United States v. Brawner.2 In 1954 the Linuses of this country were speaking out,
Fuzzy Logic Based UAV Allocation and Coordination

A fuzzy logic resource allocation algorithm that enables a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to automatically cooperate will be discussed. The goal of the UAVs’ coordinated effort is to measure the atmospheric index of refraction. Once in flight no human intervention is required. A fuzzy logic based planning algorithm determines the optimal trajectory and points each UAV will sample, while taking into account the UAVs’ risk, risk tolerance, reliability, and mission priority for sampling in certain regions. It also considers fuel limitations, mission cost, and related uncertainties. The real-time fuzzy control algorithm running on each UAV renders the UAVs autonomous allowing them to change course immediately without consulting with any commander, requests other UAVs to help, and change the points that will be sampled when observing interesting phenomena. Simulations show the ability of the control algorithm to allow UAVs to effectively cooperate to increase the UAV team’s likelihood of success.
Linearization of Discrete Time Nonlinear Systems

We characterize the equivalence of single-input, single-output, discrete-time nonlinear systems to linear ones, via a state coordinate change and with or without feedback. Four cases are distinguished by allowing or disallowing feedback as well as by including the output map or not; the interdependence of these problems is analyzed. An important feature which distinguishes these discrete-time problems from the corresponding problem in continuous-time is that the state coordinate transformation is here directly computable as a higher composition of the system and output maps.
Evolution of the William Pepper Laboratory

The William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, which celebrated its centennial on December 4, 1995, appears to be the oldest clinical laboratory in the US. Its founder and his successors have been committed to ensuring that research and teaching are considered as important as the service role of the clinical laboratory. We highlight here some of the major accomplishments and events affecting the evolution of the laboratory. Established in 1894, the William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine opened in 1895 as a fully equipped facility for performing routine laboratory work as well as research. The third Director of the William Pepper Laboratory, Herbert Fox, after investigating the Loomis Laboratory in New York City determined that it “was not in any sense a part of the medical clinic of Bellevue Hospital” (1). The Pepper Laboratory, then, can claim to be the first clinical laboratory in the US to be associated directly with a medical clinic. In 1994–95, the University of Pennsylvania celebrated the centennial of the Pepper Laboratory by holding a symposium, “The Clinical Laboratory in the Future of Medicine”; establishing endowed William Pepper Laboratory fellowships; publishing a history of the William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine; and erecting a permanent exhibit illustrating that history. The University of Pennsylvania Medical School evolved from the Department of Medicine, which had been created in 1765. John Morgan and William Shippen Jr. were the first professors—Morgan as Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Shippen as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. Thomas Bond, chief physician at Pennsylvania Hospital, the oldest hospital in the country, soon joined the department. Benjamin Rush, the first American professor of chemistry, was also an early member of the department. In 1872, the University of Pennsylvania moved from its original site in the center …
Nonrenal toxicities of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Approximately 2% of the United States population consumes an analgesic, antipyretic, or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) each day. Aspirin and acetaminophen have been available to the public without a prescription (over-the-counter) for decades, while most NSAIDs are still only available with a prescription from a physician. The recent trend of switching NSAIDs from prescription to over-the-counter status may be perceived by some as an indication of their inherent safety. However, all these agents have been associated with a unique but overlapping safety profile. In fact, significant adverse events (AEs) on multiple organ systems, including the kidney and gastrointestinal tract, have been reported with most of these agents. In this review, the incidence of the nonrenal AEs of aspirin, acetaminophen, and selected NSAIDs are tabulated. The strengths of the causative associations are highlighted, the relative risks for the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular AEs are discussed, and the relationship to patient risk factors and drug characteristics, such as dose and half-life, are reviewed. The selection of the optimal agent for an individual patient depends on the balance between the desired pharmacodynamic response, the patient's pharmacotherapy history, and the degree of AE risk one is willing to accept. Therapy should be initiated in all settings with the lowest possible dosage since the incidence of the major AEs is dose related.
Reactor radiation-induced attenuation in fused silica optical fibers heated up to 1000 °C

Abstract The goal of this work was to experimentally determine the performance of commercially available fused silica optical fibers, particularly at the wavelengths used in commercial optical instrumentation (850, 1300, and 1550 nm), as they are simultaneously subjected to reactor radiation and heated to temperatures up to 1000 °C. For that, the broadband (400–2000 nm) optical attenuation in 10 meter lengths of low-OH and high-OH multimode fused silica fibers was continuously monitored in-situ. This work presents the first in-situ measurements of reactor radiation-induced attenuation in fused silica as a function of temperature. Results showed that, for the wavelengths monitored in this experiment, the spectral features of the reactor radiation-induced attenuation are similar to those obtained from a previous high temperature (up to 600 °C) Co-60 gamma irradiation experiment. Both radiation environments were found to primarily affect wavelengths below 1200 nm and 800 nm in the low-OH and high-OH fibers, respectively. The radiation-induced attenuation generally decreased with increasing temperature. However, thermally-induced attenuation caused increases in attenuation unrelated to radiation damage when the low-OH and high-OH fibers were heated during irradiation to temperatures at or above 400 and 800 °C, respectively. At the end of the reactor irradiation at 600 °C, the added attenuation in the low-OH fiber at 1550 nm and the high-OH fiber at 850 nm were as low as 0.04 and 0.02 dB/m, respectively. The results of this work suggest that silica optical fibers are excellent candidates for light transmission at 850 nm (using high-OH fibers), and at 1550 nm (using low-OH fibers) under the high temperature irradiation conditions tested in this work.
Informational processing of complex sound. III: Interference

In this study, theoretical results from information theory and detection theory are applied to provide a formal analysis of the interaction of target and context uncertainty on the discrimination of brief multitone sequences. The experiments employ a sample‐discrimination task in which the performance of an ideal observer is held constant while the relative variability of the target σT and context σC is varied. Listener performance in these experiments was less than ideal but increased monotonically with σT/σC whether the task was to discriminate the frequency or the intensity of the target. Performance was also constant for a constant σT/σC regardless of the target’s position in the sequence. The results are consistent with a class of models in which the decision variable is a weighted sum of the tone values comprising the sequence. Weighting functions computed from the trial‐by‐trial data suggest that limits in performance result from trial‐by‐trial variability in the weights. The decision variable also...
Non-muscle myosin IIA differentially regulates intestinal epithelial cell restitution and matrix invasion.

Epithelial cell motility is critical for self-rejuvenation of normal intestinal mucosa, wound repair, and cancer metastasis. This process is regulated by the reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, which is driven by a myosin II motor. However, the role of myosin II in regulating epithelial cell migration remains poorly understood. This study addressed the role of non-muscle myosin (NM) IIA in two different modes of epithelial cell migration: two-dimensional (2-D) migration that occurs during wound closure and three-dimensional (3-D) migration through a Matrigel matrix that occurs during cancer metastasis. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated knockdown of NM IIA in SK-CO15 human colonic epithelial cells resulted in decreased 2-D migration and increased 3-D invasion. The attenuated 2-D migration was associated with increased cell adhesiveness to collagen and laminin and enhanced expression of β1-integrin and paxillin. On the 2-D surface, NM IIA-deficient SK-CO15 cells failed to assemble focal adhesions and F-actin stress fibers. In contrast, the enhanced invasion of NM IIA-depleted cells was dependent on Raf-ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation, enhanced calpain activity, and increased calpain-2 expression. Our findings suggest that NM IIA promotes 2-D epithelial cell migration but antagonizes 3-D invasion. These observations indicate multiple functions for NM IIA, which, along with the regulation of the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions, involve previously unrecognized control of intracellular signaling and protein expression.
An addition-elimination mechanism for CH/CD exchange in thiazole

Abstract From a study of the pH-exchange rate profile and other data, it is shown that two mechanisms are important in the substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at C2 in thiazole in deuterio-hydroxylic solvents. These pathways are a simple base-induced proton abstraction which is important at high pH and a process involving an equilibrium protonation on nitrogen followed by a rate determining CH ionization which is the primary exchange route at intermediate pH. It is suggested that the latter scheme has much greater generality and may even be involved in the biological activity of certain heterocyclic drugs.
Risk Planning with Discrete Distribution Analysis Applied to Petroleum Spills

This study discussed the theoretical literature related to developing and probability distributions for estimating uncertainty. A theoretically selected ten-year empirical sample was collected and evaluated for the Albany NY area N=942. A discrete probability distribution model was developed and applied for part of the sample, to illustrate the likelihood of petroleum spills by industry and day of week. The benefit of this paper for the community of practice was to demonstrate how to select, develop, test and apply a probability distribution to analyze the patterns in disaster events, using inferential parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques. The method, not the model, was intended to be generalized to other researchers and populations. An interesting side benefit from this study was that it revealed significant findings about where and when most of the human-attributed petroleum leaks had occurred in the Albany NY area over the last ten years ending in 2013. The researchers demonstrated how to develop and apply distribution models in low cost spreadsheet software Excel.
Pre-exposure and stimulus choice: Effects of odor trail

Rats pre-exposed in one arm of a T-maze enter the other arm on a subsequent free choice trial. It is possible that the odor-trail avoidance tendency reported by Douglas accounts for this phenomenon. The present experiment, however, found no effect on the phenomenon from presence or absence of the rat’s own odor trail.
A method for measuring natural abundance intramolecular stable carbon isotopic distributions in malic acid.

Abstract A method for the quantitative conversion of the individual carbon atoms of l -malic acid to CO 2 for high-precision carbon isotope ratio determination is presented. Malic acid is decarboxylated sequentially at C-4 and C-1 using malic enzyme and pyruvate decarboxylase. The acetaldehyde remaining following these reactions is oxidized to acetic acid, which is analyzed by pyrolysis and/or combustion. These methods permit measurement of the natural abundance of 13 C in the individual carbon atoms of malic acid.
Intracerebral Bacillary Angiomatosis in a Patient Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Excerpt Bacillary angiomatosis is a recently described illness that results from infection with a novel, rickettsia-like, gram-negative bacillus (1, 2). This disorder occurs predominantly in patien...
Pore Water Velocity and Residence Time Effects on the Degradation of 2,4-D during Transport

Model predictions of fate and transport of organic solutes in soils and groundwater are sensitive to assumptions concerning rates of microbial degradation. We studied the independent effects of residence time (RT) and pore water velocity (ν) on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by employing a series of unsaturated soil column experiments (continuous pulse concentration = 1 mg L-1) with varying column lengths and ν. While 2,4-D degradation under batch conditions was best described by a logistic rate expression, analysis of the 2,4-D breakthrough curves (BTCs) showed that (i) observed 2,4-D degradation rates were consistent with a first-order kinetic model and (ii) a single set of independently determined rate parameters from batch experiments could not describe 2,4-D degradation for all transport conditions. Apparent first-order degradation rate constants obtained from column data were found to be independent of column RT, but increased with decreasing ν, especially at ν < 1 cm h-1....
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules in the semiclassical limit

We study one-dimensional quantum mechanical systems in the semiclassical limit. We construct a lowest order quasimode .¯ for the Hamiltonian H. ¯ when the energyE and Planck's constanth satisfy the appropriate Bohr-Sommerfeld conditions. This means that .¯ h/ is an approximate solution of the Schr ¨ odinger equation in the sense that k(H. ¯ E) .¯k6C¯ 3=2 k .¯ h/k: It follows that H. ¯ h/ has some spectrum within a distance C¯ 3=2 of E. Although the result has a long history, our time-dependent construction technique is novel and elementary.
Health information technology and dynamic capabilities.

Background Health information technology (HIT) purports to increase quality and efficiency in health care organizations. However, health care organizations are situated in constantly changing environments. They need dynamic capabilities to implement HIT effectively. Purposes This article builds on the dynamic capabilities perspective and generates propositions about implementing HIT in dynamic environments. Specifically, I identify the (1) the necessary resources and capabilities for organizations to implement HIT; (2) the organizational capabilities and benefits that can be enhanced by HIT; and (3) the similarities and differences between three distinct forms of HIT. Approach I synthesized the literature on dynamic capabilities and HIT to identify dynamic capabilities that are associated with (1) electronic medical records, (2) telemedicine, and (3) social media. In addition, I discuss the benefits of these HITs for improving the dynamic capabilities of health care organizations. PROPOSITIONS/FINDINGS: This article generates three sets of propositions that can be tested empirically. First, I am concerned with how organizational size and human resources affect successful implementation of HIT. In addition, I argue that three technology-specific factors--hospital type, medical specialty, and socially desirable technical features--may affect the implementation of HIT. Practical implications To cope with constantly changing environmental pressures, health administrators need to deploy, modify, and/or acquire organizational resources skillfully. Practitioners need to identify dynamic capabilities to support specific forms of HIT and understand how HIT enables health care organizations in turn. The concept of evolutionary fitness in the dynamic capabilities perspective may be developed to measure HIT implementation.
Surfactant-enhanced dissolution of phenanthrene into water for laminar flow conditions

The effects of surfactant solutions on processes influencing subsurface remediation are of significant environmental concern. We previously investigated the dissolution of solid phenanthrene into aqueous solu tions containing nonionic surfactants in a well-mixed system and developed a mechanistic model to describe the dissolution process. In the present work, we challenged this model by collecting data from a flow-through system in which the hydrodynamics are well defined and provided independent measurements of all parameters in the model. The dissolution process is assumed to be governed by the diffusion of phenanthrene away from the hydrocarbon−water interface in both the aqueous phase and micelles, and transport is formulated in a three-dimensional advective−diffusive model. The trends in model predictions and experimental data compare favorably, lending further support to the proposed mechanistic model. In particular, effluent concentrations of phenanthrene from the experimental apparatus were both p...
Correlations of Sedimentary Diatoms with Watershed Land Use and Limnological Conditions in Northern New Jersey Lakes

ABSTRACT Sedimentary diatoms were collected from 62 New Jersey lakes and correlated with limnological and land use variables. Four diatom attributes (species richness, percentage dominance by a single diatom species, percentage acidobiontic species, percentage eutraphentic species) and 4 diatom indices, Centrales:Pennales (C/P), Araphidinaea:Centrales (A/C), Generic Diatom (GI), and diatom index of biotic integrity (DIBI), were compared to the environmental variables. Lakes were classified as forested lakes (±80% the watershed in forests), mixed land use lakes (21–79% forests), or deforested lakes (≤20% forests) based on the satellite imagery. Forested lakes had significantly lower specific conductance and pH, greater ZSD and hypo limnetic DO, and less urban land use within their watersheds than either mixed land use or deforested lakes. Forested lakes also had greater species richness, lesser dominance by single species, more acidobiontic diatoms, fewer eutraphentic diatoms, lower C/P, and higher DIBI sc...
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of Beam Deposition Of Low-Energy (10-100 Ev) Si Atoms On The Si(111) Surface

The deposition of low energy (10-100 eV) silicon atoms onto an unreconstructed (111) silicon surface has been studied using molecular dynamics techniques and an accurate empirical potential describing the covalent Si-Si bonding. 10 eV silicon atoms were directed normal and at 60° angles to a silicon (111) substrate. The resulting atomic trajectories and substrate response were studied to determine the energy loss mechanism resulting in capture and the local lattice excitation near, and subsequent diffusion of excess vibrational energy away from, the irridact point. More glancing angles of incidence (5°-30°) ) were studied for beam energies of 20-100 eV. In general, incident atoms are either quickly adsorbed or scatter from the surface in this energy range. However, for angles less than a critical value a new phenomenon of 'surface channeling' is observed. In 'surface channeling', the trajectory of the incoming particle is steered by short-range repulsive and long-range attractive interactions with the sur-face atoms parallel to, and roughly 2 A above, the surface of the substrate. Ranges of thousands of angstroms of travel along the surface can occur before the particle ultimately undergoes adsorption into a single site. These surface channeling trajectories as well as the local excitation provided by adsorption of energetic incident atoms offer considerable promise for precision control of the beam-induced growth of non-equilibrium semiconductor structures.
Radiotherapy for Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma

The role of radiotherapy for patients who have thymic neoplasms remains unclear. The low incidence of thymic malignancies, excellent outcome with complete resection, and limited body of evidence obfuscate the role of radiation therapy within the current multidisciplinary management of disease. Nonetheless, existing literature reports and novel radiotherapy techniques show increasing potential for integration of radiotherapy into the standard therapeutic milieu for carefully selected patient subpopulations.
Killing of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by normal human milk.

The clinical course of giardiasis is variable, and serum antibodies do not appear to be protective. We propose that natural factors either produced by intestinal tissue, transported into the intestine, or ingested (ie, by breast-fed babies) might promote resistance to this disease. Human milk is very rich in secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, as well as nonspecific antibacterial factors (eg, lactoferrin, lysozyme). Previous studies showed that Giardia lamblia trophozoites were killed by nonimmune human milk (NHM) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Removal of >99% of the S-IgA from NHM did not decrease its Giardia-cidal activity. Thus, the killing was not antibody dependent. This is the first demonstration of nonimmune antiparasitic defenses in human milk. The present studies show that in the presence of NHM, trophozoites lost motility, swelled, and lysed. The Giardia-cidal activity (GCA) may be specific to human milk, since unhcated cow's and goat's milk were virtually devoid of activity. Much, but not all, of the GCA was lost when NHM was heated or reacted with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP), a specific esterase inhibitor. Activity of the major human milk lipase (BSL, bile salt-stimulated lipase, a fatty acid esterase) was lost after heat or DIFP treatment and was absent from cow's or goat's milk. The parasites were also killed by pure BSL. These studies suggest that BSL may be a heat-labile Giardia-cidal component of NHM.
The effect of exercise on the electrocardiogram of bundle branch block.

Abstract A systematic study was undertaken to determine the effect of the exercise test on the electrocardiogram of fifty-six patients with bundle branch block. Of twenty-seven patients with right bundle branch block, four showed a positive test; only two of the four positive reactors had definite evidence of heart disease, while six patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease had negative tests. Of six patients with incomplete right bundle branch block only one had arteriosclerotic heart disease and the exercise test was positive in this case. Of twenty patients with left bundle branch block seven showed positive tests, while five others with arteriosclerotic heart disease had negative tests. All three patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome had positive tests, despite the absence of other clinical evidence of heart disease in two. The exercise test was positive in approximately 50 per cent of patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease and complete bundle branch block. Presumably false positives occurred in two patients with right bundle branch block and in two with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, indicating a possible hazard in the evaluation of the effect of exercise in the presence of aberrant conduction.
The inhibition of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by cations.

Abstract L1210 cells reinitiate growth after dilution with fresh medium; during this time there occurs a transient increase in ornithine decarboxylase (EC4.1.1.17) (ODC) activity. The addition of 10 to 20 mM Na+, K+ or Mg++ completely inhibits this induction of ODC activity with no effect on cell growth. These cations also inhibit the increase of ODC activity in neuroblastoma cells and in H-35 cells which is induced by prostaglandin E1 plus 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine and by 15% fetal calf serum respectively. This inhibitory effect of low levels of cations on the induction of ODC activity in different cell lines suggests that the intracellular function of ODC, and of the products of the reaction it catalyzes (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), may be intimately involved with changes in cation pools.
A note on the meaning of mixture viscosity using the classical continuum theories of mixtures

In this paper we provide a brief review of the basic equations for the flow of two linearly viscous fluids using the mixture theory equations given in Atkin and Craine [R.J. Atkin, R.E. Craine, Continuum theories of mixtures: applications, J. Inst. Math. Appl. 17 (1976) 153; R.J. Atkin, R.E. Craine, Continuum theories of mixtures: basic theory and historical development, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 29 (1976) 290]. We then look at certain principles (or more accurately assumptions) due to Truesdell [C. Truesdell, Sulle basi della thermomeccanica, Rand Lincei, Series 8 22 (1957) 33–38, and 158–166] and Adkins [J.E. Adkins, Non-linear diffusion, 1. Diffusion and flow of mixtures of fluids, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 255 (1963) 607–633; J.E. Adkins, Non-linear diffusion, 2. Constitutive equations for mixtures of isotropic fluids, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 255 (1963) 635–648] and show that if the ‘assumption of the limiting cases’ of Adkins is to hold, then a very specific structure on the material properties of the two fluids has to be imposed. This new hypothesis provides one such condition for this requirement. An attempt is made to derive a relationship for the mixture viscosity using these ideas.
Experimental requirements for the measurement of excess carrier lifetime in semiconductors using microwave techniques

Experimental requirements for an accurate evaluation of the excess carriers lifetime in semiconductors using nondestructive microwave reflection techniques are presented. A relationship between the observed exponential decay time constant and the excess carrier lifetime is derived. It is shown that the microwave transient decay time constant could be either the lifetime or half of the lifetime depending on the arrangement of the measurement setup. The theory of the lifetime measurement has been corroborated by the microwave measurements taken on silicon and semiinsulating gallium arsenide (Si-GaAs) wafers and by an independent photovoltage decay method on silicon solar cells. >
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Internal Cooling Passage With Triangular and Semi-Circular Shaped Pin-Fin Arrays

A systematic experimental study has been conducted to explore the heat transfer behavior of triangular and semicircular shaped pin-fin arrays as compared to the circular shaped pin-fin array, that serve as a baseline case. The main advantage of using triangular and semi-circular shaped pin-fin arrays will results in reduced component weight and potentially increases in heat transfer performance. Three staggered arrays with different inter-pin spacing in both transverse and longitudinal are explored in order to determine the optimal configuration for these three dimensional element. Both semi-circular and circular shaped pin-fin arrays are based on typical inter-pin spacing of 2.5 times the pin diameter. The channel geometry (width, W = 76.2mm, height, E = 25.4mm) simulates an internal cooling passage of wide aspect ratio (3:1) in a gas turbine airfoil. All pin-fin elements are fully bridged from one endwall to the opposite endwall. The Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter of the unobstructed cross-section and the mean bulk velocity, ranges from 10,000 to 25,000. The heat transfer measurement employs a hybrid liquid crystal imaging technique, which combined one-dimensional, transient conduction model and lumped heat-capacitance model. Triangular pin-fin arrays produce the highest heat transfer enhancement, while the semi-circular pin-fin array yields the lowest heat transfer enhancement. Sharp edges at each triangular pin-fin generated more wake and turbulence, resulting in more mixing, induces greater heat transfer enhancement by approximately 10%–20% as compared to the typical pin-fins of circular cross-section. More uniform heat transfer is also observed on the endwall and neighboring pin-fins in all triangular shaped pin-fin arrays. However, triangular pin-fin arrays give the highest pressure loss due to the largest induced form drag among all cases, while circular pin-fin array exhibits the lowest pressure loss.© 2012 ASME
Comparison of DNA adduct levels in human placenta from polychlorinated biphenyl exposed women and smokers in which CYP 1A1 levels are similarly elevated

Previous studies demonstrated that cigarette smoking is associated with high elevations in levels of both cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1) and DNA adducts in human placenta. To date, the identity of the smoking related DNA adducts is not known. The DNA adducts identified in placenta of smokers could result from chemicals present in cigarette smoke, substances formed by CYP 1A1 metabolic activation of endogenous compounds, non-cigarette related exposures or a combination of these processes. Exposure to contaminated rice oil containing large doses of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) also resulted in massive elevation of CYP 1A1 in human placenta but formation of DNA adducts directly from this exposure has not previously been reported. The purpose for comparing the two populations was to test the hypothesis that if CYP 1A1 induction results in the metabolic activation of endogenous compounds, then DNA adducts should also be present in PCB/PCDF exposed tissues exhibiting high CYP 1A1 activity and some of the adducts detected in the placental DNA from smokers may be identified as those derived from the metabolic activation of endogenous compounds. To test this hypothesis, we measured DNA adducts using 32P-postlabeling to analyze placental DNA from women exposed to PCB/PCDF and from cigarette smokers where levels of CYP 1A1 were similarly elevated. There was no evidence of DNA adducts among specimens obtained from PCB/PCDF exposed individuals. These data suggest that CYP 1A1 induction alone (in the absence of cigarette smoking) does not induce the formation of DNA adducts detectable by this approach, and that smoking related adducts are not a consequence of CYP 1A1 induction mediated activation of endogenous compounds or xenobiotics other than cigarette smoke. ©1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Restores Contact Inhibition-Induced Growth Arrest and Inhibits Cell Density-Dependent Apoptosis in Hamster Cells

Most nontransformed cell lines respond to confluence by arresting the cell cycle in a viable G1 phase, whereas immortalized cell lines growing in monolayer do not stop cell cycle progression in response to high cell density and are subjected to density-dependent apoptosis. We have examined the effects, in terms of cell growth, apoptosis, and expression of adhesion molecules of culturing contact inhibition-deficient hamster cells in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Addition of 1.5% DMSO to the growth medium for 96 h arrested Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the G1 phase as a confluent monolayer, associated with a remarkable increase in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Cells cultured in DMSO-containing medium showed increased levels of cadherins and α5β1 and β1 integrin complexes. Cell exposure to DMSO also reduced both cell density-dependent apoptosis and necrosis and resulted in increased Bcl-2 expression. These results converge to indicate that DMSO restores contact inhibition-induced growth arrest and prevents high-density-dependent apoptosis and suggest that the effect of DMSO may be mediated by intracellular signaling triggered by cell–extracellular matrix and cell–cell interactions. Both p27 and bcl-2 appear to be involved in the resumption of growth control accompanying cell adhesion in DMSO-exposed CHO cells.
Rate of organic film formation and oxidation on aqueous drops

[1] Previous studies suggest that saturated fatty acids or other lipids, which are known to be strong film-forming agents, form condensed films on aqueous drops. Specifically, stearic acid (SA) has been used in laboratory and modeling studies to mimic the surface composition of some particles in the atmosphere. In this study, laboratory measurements were used to determine the rate of SA spreading from a solid on aqueous surfaces,ranging in composition from ammonium sulfate to highly acidic sulfuric acid. Maximum spreading rates were measured on neutral electrolyte solutions, while spreading was not observed on aqueous sulfuric and hydrochloric acids (pH < 0). Also, the spreading rates on water and electrolyte surfaces declined sharply as the solution pH was lowered from 7 to 3. Spreading rates are reported with a dependence on the length of solid-aqueous-air boundary (triple interface perimeter). Spreading rates measured on bulk solutions were modeled on atmospheric particles to determine the time constant of organic film formation on aqueous drops. The time required for a saturated fatty acid to spread and coat a submicron salt particle or a cloud drop is on the order of seconds to minutes or minutes to hours, respectively. In conclusion, lipid coatings can form quickly on neutral or slightly acidic salt drops if a sufficient amount of lipid is present in the drop and the lipid is in direct contact with the aqueous solution surface. Rapid film formation and fast heterogeneous oxidation can provide an efficient way of converting water-insoluble organic films into more water-soluble components in aerosols or cloud drops.
Training towards mastery: overcoming the active user paradox

Few users ever attain mastery with an application. Mastery, the state of knowing how to work efficiently with an application requires an understanding of the underlying conceptual model of the system. The active user paradox is one of the main inhibitors of mastery. In this study, we present HotKeyCoach, a training method designed to insert into the flow of the activity learning events that provide contextually relevant training and help the user to circumvent the active user paradox in the pursuit of application mastery.
Spontaneous reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate

Abstract When electric eel acetylcholinesterase is inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate at 0°C most of the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated. However, 0.13–0.18% of the initial activity returns spontaneously after the unbound inhibitor is removed or when the inhibited enzyme is diluted into a large excess of competing substrate. A subsequent inhibition-reactivation cycle results in an essentially complete return of activity with minimal aging. The extent of aging increases substantially when inhibition and reactivation are performed at temperatures above 0°C. The free energy of activation for spontaneous reactivation was determined to be 20.1 kcal · mol−1. This large free energy of activation indicates that the reactivation process is a typical dephosphorylation reaction. The computer program used in determining the rate constants and the final extent of reactivation may be widely applicable in similar kinetic studies.
Endometrial carcinoma: Radiologic assistance in diagnosis, staging, and management

Abstract Hysterography, pelvic pneumography, arteriography, venography, and lymphangiography can be utilized to describe the primary carcinoma of the endometrium and its extension. Hysterography localizes the endometrial neoplasm and delineates the uterine cavity which is of assistance in treatment by radium capsules. Pelvic pneumography will demonstrate the size and contour of the corpus and may suggest extension through the uterine wall. Arteriography and venography more specifically determines mural and contiguous involvement by invasion of the branches of the uterine arteries and veins. Lymphangiography complemented by venography is essential in defining lymph node metastasis which must be established prior to instituting adequate therapy.
From Village to City: Reforming Urban-Rural Relations in China

This paper documents the increased urban-rural interaction in China and argues that the new developmental strategy apparently has helped narrow the urban-rural gap. Income differentials between peasants and workers have declined. Direct commercial interaction between peasants and rural factories and urban residents and urban factories have increased dramatically, and peasants have begun to play a significant role in developing the previously moribund urban service sector. Since 1984, rural surplus labor, previously hidden by the over employment of the rural collective sector, has begun to stream into China's urban centers, particularly the new small towns springing up in the countryside. At the same time, peasants are precipitating an increase in China's medium-size cities as well. Moreover, the creation of a vigorous rural economy, with its increased demand for consumer and producer goods and the closer integration of the urban and rural sectors, has generated strong pressures for the liberalization and ...
Wideband Fading Channels With Feedback

The Rayleigh flat fading channel at low SNR is considered. With full channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and receiver, its capacity is shown to be essentially SNR log(1SNR) nats/symbol, as SNR goes to zero. In fact, this rate can be achieved with a just one bit of CSI at the transmitter (per fading realization) and with no receiver CSI. The capacity for the case of noisy transmitter CSI is also found. Then a Rayleigh block fading channel of coherence interval T ≤ 1/ SNR is considered which has causal feedback and no a priori CSI. A training based scheme is proposed for such channels, which achieves a rate of SNR logT nats/symbol in the limit of small SNR and large T. Thus, when coherence interval T is of the order 1/SNR, without any a priori CSI at either end, the capacity with full CSI at both ends is achievable. For smaller values of T, a rate of SNR logT nats/symbol is shown to be achievable.