cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AIDS: research clues for etiology.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as a disease predictive ofimmunodeficiency in a person with no known cause for that deficit [1]. Patients are susceptible to opportunistic infections with agents which usually only produce disease in severely immunosuppressed transplant and cancer patients [2-4]. AIDS patients are also susceptible to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) [5], a malignancy usually found in older men of Mediterranean heritage and in children in Central Africa. It is of some interest, however, that this cancer has been found predominantly in homosexual men with AIDS and not in the other risk groups whereas opportunistic infections are found as the major clinical syndrome in the other risk groups. In addition to promiscuous male homosexuals, the groups at risk of AIDS include i.v. drug users, Haitians, sexual contacts of AIDS patients, children of AIDS patients, hemophiliacs, and recipients of blood transfusions [1 ]. In this review, immunological and epidemiological evidence will be presented which suggests that AIDS with opportunistic infections and aids with KS may be different syndromes. In addition, evidence will be discussed suggesting etiological roles for specific agents.
Catalysis by Metalloenzymes

Catalysis by metalloenzymes occupies a relatively unique position when placed in a general consideration of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. The distinguishing feature of course is that even if one tends to focus on the metal ion as essential to the catalytic center, one must remember that this center carries with it a large protein molecule of molecular weight from 6000 in the simplest cases to over a 100 000 in the more complex metalloenzymes. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of the macromolecule surrounding the metal ion, resulting from the folding of the amino-acid polymer (and believed to be dictated by the primary sequence of the 20 different amino acids), makes possible an enormous variation in the microenvironment of the metal ion. This microenvironment can also determine the reactivity of the organic groups (the various amino-acid side-chains) that can assume a role in a given catalytic reaction in addition to the metal ion. Such variation is not readily achieved in small molecular systems. Since the great specificity and enormous rate enhancements at 37°C characteristic of biological catalysis are a property of catalytically active protein molecules, many of which do not contain metal ions, the chemistry of metalloenzymes must be considered as a special case of enzymatic catalysis.
Response by William I. Newman et al.

We wish to remind our readers that the purpose of our manuscript was to address the use of the Power Spectral Analysis (PSA) method which was developed by astronomers Yu and Peebles two decades ago to establish the presence of periodicity and/or quantization. We have been particularly motivated by the work of Tifft, Arp and others who have claimed that quantization plays a major role in astronomy. In addition, we examined and presented recent, accurate redshift data for the Coma cluster—owing to older data being employed as a “proof” of quantization, particularly by Tifft and Cocke, and allegedly establishing a 72.5 km/sec “quantization velocity.” We showed that the PSA method—which has been widely applied by others to “demonstrate” periodicity—exhibits no anomalies with respect to the Coma redshift data. However, we make no claims, either pro or con of the existence of subclustering. We find no substantial anomaly in the redshift distribution, but make no claims concerning the three-dimensional distribution, which is not available solely from redshift data. We claimed and implied nothing on the issue of subclustering.
Of Course Idealizations Are Incommensurable

Kuhnian treatment of theory comparison has engendered various worries about scientific rationality. The problems are real but, I suggest, their apparent intractability is an artifact of thinking of science as being in the exact truth business. Instead, following Cartwright, Giere, and others, think of science as being in the business of systematically developing idealized models that are always limited in scope and never completely accurate. Bear in mind that what model is appropriate depends sensitively on interests and other contextual features so that evaluation always needs to be relativized both to human interests and to the limits of human capacities. Consequently, evaluation is relative to our predictive, explanatory, and other interests, both practical and intellectual. Absent the fixed but humanly unattainable objective of truth, such subsidiary interests can appropriately vary, often as a matter of personal or collective values. Recognizing that the best that is humanly accessible are alternative idealizations, that we expect the phenomena to be usefully approached through a variety of theoretizations suddenly looks not only natural but an asset.
Finite Element Modeling of Pulsed Eddy Current Phenomena

Conventional eddy current methods, using single-frequency excitation employ instruments which monitor the phasor value of the impedance, or impedance plane trajectory. Changes in the test specimen or test conditions result in a change in the value of the impedance. The monitored value of the impedance traces out loci which are generally unique to the cause of the change in impedance. In the event that a change in test conditions produces a locus similar to a locus produced by a change in the test specimen, an alternative test must be developed.
Robotic musicianship and musical human augmentation

Robotic Musicianship research at Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology (GTCMT) focuses on the construction of autonomous and wearable robots that can analyze, reason, and generate music. The goal of our research is to facilitate meaningful and inspiring musical interactions between humans and artificially creative machines. In this talk I present the work conducted by the Robotic Musicianship Group at GTCMT over the last 15 years, highlighting the motivation, research questions, platforms, methods, and underlining guidelines for our work.
Whispering gallery mode emission from dye-doped polymer fiber cross-sections fabricated by near-field electrospinning

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators demonstrate great potential for photonic and sensing applications. Yet, these devices are often disadvantaged by costly materials or complex fabrication approaches, in addition to lack of manufacturing scalability. Near-field electrospinning (NFES), a recently emerged facile fiber fabrication method, offers a solution. Here, WGM resonances are reported in Rhodamine 6G-doped poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) microfibers via NFES. Diameters are tuned over a range of more than 10 μm by varying substrate stage speed. Fibers display uniform distribution of dye, smooth surfaces, and circular cross-sections, all critical for supporting WGMs. High quality (Q) resonances are confirmed within fiber cross-sections through polarization experiments, free-spectral range analysis, and Mie-theory-derived mode assignment. In addition to WGMs, groups of associated spiral or conical modes are observed due to taper-induced weak optical confinement along the fiber axis. Crosslinked, dye-doped PVA fibers are utilized to sense the ethanol concentration in ethanol-water mixtures and actuation mechanisms are evaluated by comparison to theoretical spectra. The demonstration of high-Q resonances within NFES polymer microfibers is a critical step toward simple, cost effective, high-volume fabrication of WGM resonators for optoelectronics and biomedical devices.
Minimizing efficacy differences between phase II and III RCTs.

Results from phase II randomized controlled trials (RCTs) determine whether promising therapeutics will progress to phase III. According to detailed analyses in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, phase II efficacy data systematically overestimate subsequent phase III results, raising the question of how this discrepancy might be addressed in future RCTs.
Digitization of Perioperative Surgical Flowsheets

Perioperative mortality rate (POMR) is a metric widely used to describe the quality of treatment in hospitals. Perioperative data, or data collected during surgery, can be used to calculate POMR and determine factors that lead to adverse surgical outcomes. Access to such data is essential for decreasing POMR and improving medical treatment. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), perioperative data is often manually recorded on paper flowsheets. While these flowsheets capture essential information, their non-digital format leads to difficulty in analysis of perioperative data, as aggregating data and observing trends is a time-consuming and tedious task. The goal of this project is to design a system to digitize the information contained in surgical flowsheets that have been in use for six years at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in Rwanda. To accomplish this goal, the research team has done the following: 1) Designed a wooden scanning structure, SARA (Scanning Apparatus for Remote Access), to capture flowsheet images in a standard format, 2) Developed a web application to upload images and securely transfer them to UVA for processing, 3) Developed image processing programs to digitize medication, blood pressure, heart rate and logistical data, and 4) Created a PostgreSQL database system to store the digitized flowsheet data. Additional testing and validation of this system is needed to evaluate the accuracy of each processing technique in the fully integrated system.
A Simulation-based Optimization Approach to Efficiently Route Air Taxis in a Cyber-Physical Network.

Besides air pollution and commuter stress, traffic congestions also lead to loss of productivity, increase in delay, vehicle operating cost, and accidents. To assuage these issues, several logistics companies are planning to launch air taxis, electric-powered vehicles that aim to provide faster passenger commutes on a daily basis at an affordable cost. This research is one of the first to propose a centralized framework to dispatch and route flying taxis in a cyber-physical network considering unique constraints pertaining to air taxi operations. The feasibility of the proposed approach is tested using potential air taxi demands in New York City (NYC) provided by a prior study. The results of the experimentation suggest that the minimum number of air taxis required for efficient operation in NYC is 84, functioning with an average utilization rate of 66%. In addition, the impacts of commuter willingness to fly rate, percentage of demand fulfillment, on-road travel limit, maximum customer wait time, and arrival distribution on the optimal number of air taxis, utilization rate, number of customers served and cost incurred per customer are examined. Analyses show that the willingness to fly rate appears to have a linear influence on the number of air taxis and the efficiency, while on-road travel distance has an exponential impact on the performance measures. The routing and dispatching algorithm developed in this paper can be used by any company that is interested in venturing into the air taxi market.
Schmitt Trigger-Based Key Provisioning for Locking Analog/RF Integrated Circuits

Analog/RF performance locking techniques insert configurable components to obfuscate the biasing or the design parameters of the secured analog block. The locked circuit meets the specifications only under a specific configuration decided by the correct common key, shared by all chip instances of the same design. Key provisioning enables the design of distinct user keys for individual chip instances. This area has received little research attention, and a naive approach yields large area overhead when increasing the key size. We propose a new approach based on a Schmitt trigger (ST) circuit with configurable hysteresis. The proposed key provisioning is compatible with existing analog locking techniques and has a constant area overhead regardless of key size. This approach is tested with three analog/RF circuits to demonstrate its area scalability and effectiveness on security.
Energetic compounds based on a new fused triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine ring: Nitroimino lights up energetic performance

Abstract A series of highly energetic materials with good detonation performance, high density and low impact sensitivity based on a new triazolo[4,5–d]pyridazine fused ring was synthesized and characterized. 4-Nitroamino-7-nitroimino-triazolo[4,5–d]pyridazine (5) was characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analysis, which shows that the proton of one nitroamino group was transferred to the pyridazine ring forming a nitroimino moiety. The electrostatic potential (ESP) of 5 shows the nitroimino group has the lowest negative value, while the nitroamino area has a high positive value. The analysis of NCI plots indicates strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds (HB) and π-π interactions which arise from the newly formed nitroimino group. This supports that the rearrangement of the nitroamino group to form the nitroimino moiety lowers the impact sensitivity. Compound 5·H2O exhibits face-to-face packing, which gives rise to a relatively high density of 1.87 g cm−3 and a low impact sensitivity of 18 J. Its hydrazinium and hydroxylammonium salts have high detonation velocities of 9351 m s−1 and 9307 m s−1, respectively. Their impact and friction sensitivities (7 J, 120 N and 8 J, 160 N) are similar to HMX. This proclivity for rearrangement by a nitroamino group provides new insight into the design of next generation high energy density materials.
The effect of spanking on early social-emotional skills

Whether spanking is detrimental for social-emotional (SE) development remains controversial, mostly due to disputes around the internal and external validity of existing evidence. This study examined the effect of spanking on the SE development of Bhutanese children, using a national, longitudinal sample (N = 1377; Mage = 50.5 months old; 50% girls). Following best-practice recommendations for mitigating issues of selection bias in observational developmental research, the study employed conservative methods (i.e., child fixed-effects and lagged-dependent variables) and robustness checks to assess the internal validity of estimates. Across approaches, spanking predicted reductions in SE skills of .09-.17 SD, even after controlling for all time-invariant confounders and baseline levels of SE skills. These findings strengthen the argument that spanking might be harmful to young children's SE development.
Formation of the Metal-Binding Core of the ZRT/IRT-like Protein (ZIP) Family Zinc Transporter

Zinc homeostasis in mammals is constantly and precisely maintained by sophisticated regulatory proteins. Among them, the Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP) regulates the influx of zinc into the cytoplasm. In this work, we have employed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the Zn2+ transport mechanism in prokaryotic ZIP obtained from Bordetella bronchiseptica (BbZIP) in a membrane bilayer. Additionally, the structural and dynamical transformations of BbZIP during this process have been analyzed. This study allowed us to develop a hypothesis for the zinc influx mechanism and formation of the metal-binding site. We have created a model for the outward-facing form of BbZIP (experimentally only the inward-facing form has been characterized) that has allowed us, for the first time, to observe the Zn2+ ion entering the channel and binding to the negatively charged M2 site. It is thought that the M2 site is less favored than the M1 site, which then leads to metal ion egress; however, we have not observed the M1 site being occupied in our simulations. Furthermore, removing both Zn2+ ions from this complex resulted in the collapse of the metal-binding site, illustrating the "structural role" of metal ions in maintaining the binding site and holding the proteins together. Finally, due to the long Cd2+-residue bond distances observed in the X-ray structures, we have proposed the existence of an H3O+ ion at the M2 site that plays an important role in protein stability in the absence of the metal ion.
A Consideration of Tracking Within a Bounded Educational System

A Consideration of Tracking Within A Bounded Educational System by Scott David Ripley EdS, Walden University, 2012 MA, East Stroudsburg University, 2002 MA, East Stroudsburg University, 1999 BA, State University of New York at Oswego, 1990 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Walden University December 2014 Abstract American education is built upon a cultural paradigm of equality and access. Tracking students into homogenous classes based on prior academic performance could disadvantage lower-achieving students, thereby reinforcing inequality. The problem in the study district is that homogenous tracking was implemented, yet the system had not been evaluated within the context of implementation. The purpose of this qualitative caseAmerican education is built upon a cultural paradigm of equality and access. Tracking students into homogenous classes based on prior academic performance could disadvantage lower-achieving students, thereby reinforcing inequality. The problem in the study district is that homogenous tracking was implemented, yet the system had not been evaluated within the context of implementation. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine educators’ perceptions of the practice of tracking. Bandura and Maslow’s social cognitive theory provided the conceptual framework and Dewey’s beliefs on social justice and a spirit of equity provided the theoretical foundation. Openended narrative questionnaires were disseminated to approximately 109 educators in a public school district in rural northwestern New Jersey. Ten purposefully sampled interviews were also conducted for triangulation and to reach a robust understanding of the qualitative data. The data were content-analyzed through open coding and categorizing of emergent themes. The findings indicated a gap between existing district cultural norms and both current and seminal research as educators supported the district’s practice of tracking. The majority of participants stated that creating homogenous classroom settings, based upon student behavior, work ethic, and motivation, improves the instructional environment for educators. The results informed the development of a white paper for the school board and district stakeholders with policy recommendations for the local tracking model. The implications for positive social change are that these endeavors may inspire the consideration of heterogeneous grouping models to better support student learning, student self-efficacy, and equity in how students are served. A Consideration of Tracking Within A Bounded Educational System by Scott David Ripley EdS, Walden University, 2012 MA, East Stroudsburg University, 2002 MA, East Stroudsburg University, 1999 BA, State University of New York at Oswego, 1990 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
SU-C-213-03: Custom 3D Printed Boluses for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To develop a clinical workflow and to commission the process of creating custom 3d printed boluses for radiation therapy. Methods: We designed a workflow to create custom boluses using a commercial 3D printer. Contours of several patients were deformably mapped to phantoms where the test bolus contours were designed. Treatment plans were created on the phantoms following our institutional planning guideline. The DICOM file of the bolus contours were then converted to stereoLithography (stl) file for the 3d printer. The boluses were printed on a commercial 3D printer using polylactic acid (PLA) material. Custom printing parameters were optimized in order to meet the requirement of bolus composition. The workflow was tested on multiple anatomical sites such as skull, nose and chest wall. The size of boluses varies from 6×9cm2 to 12×25cm2. To commission the process, basic CT and dose properties of the printing materials were measured in photon and electron beams and compared against water and soft superflab bolus. Phantoms were then scanned to confirm the placement of custom boluses. Finally dose distributions with rescanned CTs were compared with those computer-generated boluses. Results: The relative electron density(1.08±0.006) of the printed boluses resemble those of liquid tap water(1.04±0.004). The dosimetricmore » properties resemble those of liquid tap water(1.04±0.004). The dosimetric properties were measured at dmax with an ion chamber in electron and photon open beams. Compared with solid water and soft bolus, the output difference was within 1% for the 3D printer material. The printed boluses fit well to the phantom surfaces on CT scans. The dose distribution and DVH based on the printed boluses match well with those based on TPS generated boluses. Conclusion: 3d printing provides a cost effective and convenient solution for patient-specific boluses in radiation therapy.« less
Neurobehavioral aspects of brain slow potentials.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses neurobehavioral aspects of brain slow potentials. Despite many correlative associations between event-related potentials (ERPs) and covert and overt psychological and behavioral processes, there are few clear indications that any given ERP parameter is a critical link in those processes. This is somewhat understandable in that the ERP reflects a gross outcome of many transactions at the neuronal and molecular levels, and the general patterning of such transactions in cerebral space and time are probably the critical elements of psychological processes and behavior. Such patterning is evident at all levels of analysis. There is a clear need to study multiple cortical and subcortical regions comprehensively in terms of slow potentials (SPs), spike generation, extracellular ionic concentrations, glial processes, metabotropic influences and interactions between various cerebral systems. As the ultimate goal of brain research is to understand the integrative activities that give rise to complex thought and behavior, it would seem appropriate and timely to attempt a reductionistic evaluation of ERPs produced in complex situations such as the cued RT task, employing whenever feasible the methods and theoretical orientations developed in the study of “simple” systems such as the autonomic ganglia.
1,2,4-TRIAZOLES. XXXIV. PHOTODIMERIZATION OF SOME 1,2,4-TRIAZO(4,3-A)QUINOLINE AND 1,2,4-TRIAZOLO(3,4-A)ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract Irradiation of 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoline and several Me derivatives at 300 nm afforded the cisoid -fused, head-to-tail cyclobutane dimers 7bα,7cα,14bα,14cα - tetrahydro - 1,2,3a,8,9,10a - hexaazadibenzo [ c,i ]dicyclopenta[ a,g ]biphenylenes. However, 1,2,4 - triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolines gave analogous cisoid -fused, head-to-head dimers except for the 5-Me derivative where the head-to-tail dimer was obtained. Codimerization occurred when 1 - methyl - 1,2,4 - triazolo[4,3-a]quinoline and 5 - methyl - 1,2,4 -triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinoline were irradiated at 300 nm, affording a cisoid -fused head-to-tail cyclobutane co-dimer as the single photoproduct. However, irradiation of their 5-Me substituted derivatives at 300 nm afforded the cisoid -fused, head-to-head, cyclobutane codimer and also a minor amount of the dimer derived from 5 - methyl -1,2,4- triazolo[4,3-a] quinoline. Irradiation of equimolar quantities of 2(1H)-quinolinone and 5 - methyl - 1,2,4 -triazolo [4,3-a]quinoline at 300 nm gave the known 2(1H)-quinolinone dimer and a minor amount of a cisoid -fused co-dimer of undetermined configuration.
Estimating the statistics of multi-object anatomic geometry using inter-object relationships

We present a methodology for estimating the probability of multi-object anatomic complexes that reflects both the individual objects' variability and the variability of the inter-relationships between objects. The method is based on m-reps and the idea of augmenting medial atoms from one object's m-rep to the set of atoms of an object being described. We describe the training of these probabilities, and we present an example of calculating the statistics of the bladder, prostate, rectum complex in the male pelvis. Via examples from the real world and from Monte-Carlo simulation, we show that this means of representing multi-object statistics yields samples that are nearly geometrically proper and means and principal modes of variations that are intuitively reasonable.
T Cell Homeostasis and Autoreactivity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inﬂammatory disease that prima-rily aVects the synovial membrane and causes irreversible joint damage. Theprevailing pathogenetic model of RA assumes an autoimmune mechanism.Considerable evidence exists that the disease is mediated or at least regulatedby abnormal T cell responses. The most important and, so far, the onlyuniversallyimplicateddiseaseriskgenesareallelicpolymorphismsoftheHLA-DRB1 genes that serve as ligands for the T cell receptor (TCR) of CD4 T cells[1–3]. CD4 T cells are a major component of the inﬂammatory inﬁltrate inthe rheumatoid synovium. In many patients, CD4 T cells and B cells inthe synovial inﬁltrates are organized into lymphoid structures that resemblegerminal centers [4, 5]. Clonally expanded T cell populations are easily detect-able within synovial lesions and identical TCR sequences have been identiﬁedin distinct joints of the same patient, strongly suggesting that CD4 T cellsrecognize antigens in the synovium [6, 7].In spite of this unequivocal evidence of antigen-driven T cell responses, itappearsincreasinglyunlikelythatRAisanantigen-speciﬁcautoimmunedisease.In the strictest sense, autoimmunity is deﬁned as the loss of tolerance and thegeneration of an adaptive immune response to an autoantigen. Such a singleautoantigen has not been identiﬁed in RA. In contrast, recent data suggest thatrecognitionofamultitudeofself-antigensmaybeinvolvedinthediseaseprocess.RA patients have global abnormalities in the peripheral T cell repertoire thatare associated with increased T cell turnover and a contraction of repertoirediversity.Theseaberrationsmaynotonlyreﬂecttherecognitionofmultipleself-antigens but by themselves are likely to have a negative impact on peripheral
Adaptive-grid methods for time-dependent partial differential equations

This paper contains a survey of recent developments of adaptive-grid algorithms for time-dependent partial differential equations. Two lines of research are discussed. One involves the automatic selection of moving grids to follow propagating waves. The other is based on stationary grids but uses local mesh refinement in both space and time. Advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed. The development of adaptive-grid schemes shows promise of greatly increasing our ability to solve problems in several spacial dimensions.
Stress-Level Cortisol Treatment Impairs Inhibitory Control of Behavior in Monkeys

Most studies of cortisol-induced cognitive impairments have focused on hippocampal-dependent memory. This study investigates a different aspect of cognition in a randomized placebo-controlled experiment with monkeys that were treated with cortisol according to a protocol that simulates a prolonged stress response. Young adult and older adult monkeys were assigned randomly to placebo or chronic treatment with cortisol in a 2 x 2 factorial design (n = 8 monkeys per condition). Inhibitory control of behavior was assessed with a test shown previously in primates to reflect prefrontal cortical dysfunction. Failure to inhibit a specific goal-directed response was evident more often in older adults. Treatment with cortisol increased this propensity in both older and young adult monkeys. Age-related differences in response inhibition were consistent across blocks of repeated test trials, but the treatment effects were clearly expressed only after prolonged exposure to cortisol. Aspects of performance that did not require inhibition were not altered by age or treatment with cortisol, which concurs with effects on response inhibition rather than nonspecific changes in behavior. These findings lend support to related reports that cortisol-induced disruptions in prefrontal dopamine neurotransmission may contribute to deficits in response inhibition and play a role in cognitive impairments associated with endogenous hypercortisolism in humans.
Protein 20, an immunodominant surface antigen of Eimeria bovis.

Autoradiography identified six 125I-labeled proteins, ranging in molecular weight (Mr) from 20,000 to approximately 110,000, on the plasmalemma of Eimeria bovis sporozoites. Immunoblotting with bovine antiserum generated by intravenous inoculations of sporozoites and with immune serum generated by per os inoculations of oocysts revealed that protein 20 (i.e., 20,000 Mr) was an immunodominant antigen on the surface of E. bovis sporozoites.
LOCALIZATION OF ENDOTHELIAL NOS AT THE BASAL MICROTUBULE MEMBRANE IN CILIATED EPITHELIUM OF RAT LUNG

Nitric oxide (NO), an important cell messenger molecule, is formed endogenously in the lung airway. Three individual genes of NO synthase (NOS), which represent brain NOS (bNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS), have been reported in the cultured lung epithelium. Although studies in vivo showed that bNOS and iNOS were expressed and localized in the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelium, the expression and localization of eNOS remains to be determined. Therefore, we employed an eNOS monoclonal antibody whose immunospecificity was tested by both Western blot and preadsorption immunohistochemistry to immunostain rat lungs from fetus to adult. The results showed that eNOS immunoreactivity began to appear in the lung epithelium within 2 hr after birth. Six hours later (8 hr after birth), the NOS immunoreaction was concentrated near the surface of the ciliated epithelial cells. This staining pattern appeared in lungs at Day 1, Week 1, Week 2, and in adult rats. By electron microscopy, eNOS immunore...
Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise

This study aimed to determine gender-based differences in fuel metabolism in response to long-duration exercise. Fuel oxidation and the metabolic response to exercise were compared in men (n = 14) ...
Core competencies and the prevention of school failure and early school leaving

There is an increasing awareness that school failure and early school leaving are processes, rather than discrete events, that often co-occur and can have lasting negative effects on children's development. Most of the literature has focused on risk factors for failure and dropout rather than on the promotion of competencies that can increase youths' likelihood of successfully completing high school. This chapter applies the core competencies framework to the promotion of youths' success within the school environment. We conclude with a brief review of evidence-based prevention strategies that address the five competencies and identify avenues for future research.
Energy loss from closed combustion systems

The process of combustion in a closed system, such as a cylinder in a piston engine, is executed in three steps: (1) ignition, devoid of any pressure change; (2) the dynamic stage, manifested by distinct pressure rise: and (3) decay, associated with pressure drop. This paper is concerned solely with the second step, exhibiting the dynamic behavior of the system. The effectiveness of the exothermic energy generated in a closed system is affected only by the loss incurred as a consequence of heat transfer to the walls. Its evaluation is, then, the principal subject of the reported study. Measurements of heat transfer to the walls were made for this purpose in a constant volume vessel by the use of thin film thermometers, simultaneously with pressure and schlieren records. Profiles of energy loss were determined on the basis of a self-similarity theory developed on the basis of the self-similitude exhibited by heat flux profiles. At the same time, the mass fraction of fuel consumed in the course of the dynamic stage of combustion was deduced from the measured pressure trace by thermodynamic analysis based on the balances of mass, volume, and energy. A power-law correlation was thereby derived between the fuel consumed solely to elevate pressure, referred to as effective, and its total amount. As a phase relationship, this correlation is valid irrespectively of the geometry of the enclosure, as well as of its variation in a piston engine, especially in the vicinity of the top dead center where the dynamic stage of combustion takes place. Its utility is then quite general in permitting the ineffective part of consumed fuel, associated with energy lost by heat transfer to the walls, to be evaluated from the pressure record, without taking into account the geometry of the enclosure or its deformation.
Straight Talk: Talking Across Race in Schools

As a first-year teacher, out of field, European-American, and female, I expected I would have some growing pains teaching a class of African American boys with emotional and behavior disorders. I was unprepared for exactly how much growing and pain would actually be involved. Instinctively, I reached out to the paraprofessional with whom I was working, Mrs. Watkins (pseudonym), and to my surprise I was cleverly deflected with enthusiastic assurances of how I was the teacher and it was my classroom. It was clearly logical to me that, since she was African-American, had worked with African-American boys with emotional and behavioral disorders in the past, and was partnered with me for the year, she would openly work with me to make the classroom the best it could be for all involved. It seemed reasonable to me that I would look to her for guidance. She declined. After two months, I was barely making it through each day. It was obvious the classroom needed serious changes, but I did not know where to begin. ...
The spiritual power of repetitive form: Steps toward transcendence in Groundhog Day

Using Rustling's (1993) description of the mythic struggle between Power, Other, and Spirit, and Bakan's (1966) discussion of agency and communion, I examine the rhetorical structure of the 1993 film Groundhog Day. In the film, viewers are given a practical guide toward achieving wholeness and transcendence. This particular type of transcendence is unusual in contemporary film because the male protagonist undergoes a mystical feminine initiation rite of descent. Phil Connors (Bill Murray) is stuck reliving the same day over and over until he finally unlearns rigid sex‐role behaviors and replaces them with others. Through the feminization of Murray's character, Groundhog Day thus offers viewers an optimistic possibility for the refiguration of Power, Other, and Spirit, and the balancing of agency and communion.
Polymersomes for image-guided therapy

Polymersomes are a promising avenue for image-guided therapy of cancer, since they can stably encapsulate a broad range of therapeutic molecules and offer both targeting capacity and stimuli responsiveness. We have formulated highly stable, magnetically activatable polymersomes capable of continuous and pulsed small molecule release. In the proof-of-concept provided here, we demonstrate that these particles are responsive to both external and heat and magnetic fields. At physiologic temperatures, these particles display a sustained release profile that can be reversibly triggered for transient increases in release. The incorporation of fluorescent and iron oxide contrast sources make these particles amenable for quantitative imaging techniques including intravital microscopy (IVM) and ultra-short time-to-echo (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus we believe this formulation is uniquely suited for the in vivo study and optimization of externally triggered tumor growth inhibition.
Meta-emotion: Tests of the Lutz hypothesis

This study tested the hypothesis, proposed by the anthropologist Catherine Lutz (1988), that emotion is devalued in Western culture (and hence in Western scientific psychology) relative to cognition, although it is valued over “estrangement.” Alternate versions of an emotion versus cognition and an emotion versus estrangement questionnaire were developed using terms taken directly from Lutz or supplied by the authors; the questionnaire format was designed to match as literally as possible the wording of Lutz’s argument. Each of 187 undergraduate students responded to one of the four questionnaires by indicating on thirty 10-point rating scales which of two anchor words (e.g., rational, irrational; masculine, feminine) was closer to the concept, cognition (as contrasted with emotion) or, in the alternate version, emotion (as contrasted with cognition); similarly, the subjects responded to one of two symmetrical versions of an emotion versus estrangement questionnaire. They also indicated which member of the pair of words defining each of the 30 scales was the more positive. The data were supportive of the Lutz hypothesis, both globally and with respect to most of the individual scales, and for both male and female subjects. There were also some interesting unexpected findings with regard to the questionnaire version.
Procedures for the analysis of purines and pyrimidines by elution from columns of sulfonated polystyrene with buffers of pH 4

Abstract The analysis and estimation of microgram quantities of the common purines and pyrimidines by use of 0.9 × 60 cm columns of sulfonated polystyrene (Dowex 50) operated at pH 4 are described. The advantages of the procedures, a number of observations relating to the development of the procedures, and some principles underlying the analyses are illustrated and discussed.
Comparative thermoregulatory response to passive heat loading by exposure to radiofrequency radiation.

Abstract 1. 1. Colonic and tail skin temperature of the unrestrained Fischer rat were measured immediately after a 90 min exposure to 600MHz radiofrequency radiation in a waveguide-type system. Ambient temperature (Ta) was maintained at either 20, 28 or 35°C. The specific absorption rate (SAR) in dimensions of W/kg was controlled at a constant level through a feedback control circuit. 2. 2. The SAR needed to elevate colonie and tail skin temperature decreased with increasing Ta. For example, a 0.5°C elevation in colonic temperature occurred at SARs of 4.3, 0.9 and 0.5 W/kg when Ta was maintained at 20, 28 and 35°C, respectively. 3. 3. Data from the present study were combined with data from earlier studies to assess the impact of varying Ta on the thermogenic effect of RF radiation in different species. In species ranging in mass from 0.02 to 3.2 kg, a double logarithmic plot of body mass versus SAR needed to elevate colonie temperature by 0.5°C was linear and inverse with a high goodness of fit (r2 = − 0.94). 4. 4. The highly correlated allometric relationship shows that, as body mass decreases, the relative impact of 7, on the thermogenic effect of RF radiation increases.
Alanine scanning mutagenesis of human erythropoietin identifies four amino acids which are critical for biological activity

Erythropoietin regulates the growth and proliferation of red blood cell progenitors. We demonstrated previously the important structural and functional roles of the amino acid region 99-110 in the biological activity of the hormone. [Chern, Y., Chung, T. & Sytkowski, A. J. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 225-229]. We have now performed alanine scanning mutagenesis to identify which specific residues in this region are essential for function. Four substitutions reduced the biological activity of erythropoietin. Alanine substitution of Ser104, Leu105 and Leu108 reduced activity to 16, 44, and 37% that of the wild-type protein, respectively. Most significantly, substitution of Arg103 with Ala reduced activity to undetectable levels, indicating a > 230-fold reduction in specific activity. Immunochemical analyses using anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that this substitution does not cause major changes in the conformation of the protein or large, localized distortions within the amino acid region 99-129 of the molecule. Heat-denaturation kinetics for the arginine mutant and wild-type erythropoietin are virtually identical, further indicating the structural similarity between these two molecules. Based upon these findings, we propose that Arg103 plays an essential role in the biological activity of erythropoietin, presumably by interacting directly with the erythropoietin receptor.
Elastic foundation analysis of local face buckling in debonded sandwich columns

An elastic foundation model is developed for analysis of the local buckling behavior of foam core sandwich columns containing a through-width face/core debond. Parametric studies are performed to evaluate the effect of debond length, core thickness, core density, face sheet thickness, face sheet modulus, and boundary conditions, on the local buckling load. Model predictions are compared to experimental results obtained for sandwich specimens made from glass/vinylester face sheets over various PVC foam cores containing a face/core debond. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with measured buckling loads.
Scattering dependence of bias-controlled magnetization switching in ferromagnetic resonant tunneling diodes

We present evidence that the bias-dependent magnetization switching effect in resonant tunneling diodes with dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor quantum wells survives for realistic disorder strengths. Our conclusions follow from a mean-field description of ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors combined with self-consistent simulations of electrostatics and quantum transport in the presence of scattering represented by a phenomenological imaginary contribution to the carrier self-energy.
Velocity-Dependent Nuclear Potentials for Singlet-Even States

The usual models for the two-nucleon interaction involve a potential which includes a repulsive hard core at short distances and as a result, the treatment of the many-body problem is mathematically complicated. Peierls, Levinger, and others have suggested that ordinary perturbation theory may be useful if the two-body interaction can be described by a well-behaved potential. We attempt to provide such a description of the singlet-even states in terms of a potential of the form $\ensuremath{-}{V}_{0}J(r)+(\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{M})[{p}^{2}\ensuremath{\omega}(r)+\ensuremath{\omega}(r){p}^{2}].$ $J(r)$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}(r)$ are well-behaved functions of the relative separation and p is the operator for the relative momentum. The effective range and zero-energy scattering length along with the $^{1}S$, $^{1}D$, and $^{1}G$ phase shifts in the energy range 20 to 340 Mev are calculated and adjusted to fit the experimental values. We can fit the low energy parameters and the $^{1}S$ phase shifts very well. Agreement with the $^{1}D$ and $^{1}G$ phase shifts is plausible but less satisfactory. Suggestions for improving the fit are made. The treatment is nonrelativistic and Coulomb effects are ignored.
On conjugate gradient-like methods for eigen-like problems

Numerical analysts, physicists, and signal processing engineers have proposed algorithms that might be called conjugate gradient for problems associated with the computation of eigenvalues. There are many variations, mostly one eigenvalue at a time though sometimes block algorithms are proposed. Is there a correct “conjugate gradient” algorithm for the eigenvalue problem? How are the algorithms related amongst themselves and with other related algorithms such as Lanczos, the Newton method, and the Rayleigh quotient?
Bringing web‐enhanced courses to communities of learners in early childhood teacher education

* These courses were made possible by a Technology Fellows Grant from the College of Education, Towson University.
Recommended Basic Science Foundation Necessary to Prepare Pharmacists to Manage Personalized Pharmacotherapy

In recent years, the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved revised labeling for several existing drugs to include pharmacogenomic information, marking an important step toward more personalized medicine. In addition, it is anticipated that many newly approved drugs may be restricted to use in individuals with certain genotypes. In response to the wealth of pharmacogenomic data generated during the past decade and its implications for pharmacy practice, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Educational Affairs Committee was charged with describing the basic science foundation necessary to prepare future pharmacists to manage personalized, pharmaco-genetically driven therapy. The committee identified four key areas deemed essential components of a pharmacy curriculum related to advances in genomics: personalized medicine concepts and terminology, with a focus on genomics; genomic applications in basic and applied pharmaceutical sciences; biotechnology; and bioinformatics. Each section of this commentary contains one or more broad curricular outcomes to be achieved, suggested implementations to address each outcome, and benchmark performance indicators of learning outcomes for recent graduates from doctor of pharmacy educational programs. There was unanimous agreement among committee members that the curricular outcomes described are the minimum expectation for future pharmacists to provide optimal patient care in the era of personalized medicine. Material taught in each area should evolve with progress in the field, particularly for gene-drug response associations, biotechnology, and bioinformatics. As the areas of proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenetics evolve along with their implications for personalized drug therapy, they should also be incorporated into the curriculum. Self-directed learning behaviors should be encouraged, when possible, to better prepare students to advance their skills and knowledge with the science. Faculty development will likely be necessary for the widespread education of pharmacy students in personalized medicine. It is our hope that this commentary will serve as a useful resource for academicians involved in curricular content development for pharmacy students.
Watching the eyes when talking about size: An investigation of message formulation and utterance planning

In two experiments, naive participants took turns telling each other to click on a target picture while gaze was monitored. Critical trials included a contrast picture that differed from the target only in size. In both experiments, the timing of speakers’ fixations on the contrast predicted whether the contrast was encoded in a phrase with a pre-nominal adjective (the small triangle) or a post-noun repair (the triangle…small one). In Experiment 1, fixations to the contrast were delayed for adjectives in post-nominal phrases (the square with small triangles). In Experiment 2, which used a more complex display, delayed gaze at the contrast was correlated with use of a pre-nominal modifier in disfluent productions (thee uh small horse). The results provide insight into the interface between message formulation and utterance planning. They also support the hypothesis that one role of disfluency is to provide speakers with time to reformulate messages and utterances.