cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription-coupled DNA Double-Strand Breaks Are Mediated via the Nucleotide Excision Repair and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Complex

The cellular activity of Yondelis (trabectedin, Ecteinascidin 743, Et743) is known to depend on transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TCR). However, the subsequent cellular effects of Et743 are not fully understood. Here we show that Et743 induces both transcription- and replication-coupled DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are detectible by neutral COMET assay and as gamma-H2AX foci that colocalize with 53BP1, Mre11, Ser(1981)-pATM, and Thr(68)-pChk2. The transcription coupled-DSBs (TC-DSBs) induced by Et743 depended both on TCR and Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) and were associated with DNA-PK-dependent gamma-H2AX foci. In contrast to DNA-PK, ATM phosphorylated H2AX both in NER-proficient and -deficient cells, but its full activation was dependent on H2AX as well as DNA-PK, suggesting a positive feedback loop: DNA-PK-gamma-H2AX-ATM. Knocking-out H2AX or inactivating DNA-PK reduced Et743's antiproliferative activity, whereas ATM and MRN tended to act as survival factors. Our results highlight the interplays between ATM and DNA-PK and their impacts on H2AX phosphorylation and cell survival. They also suggest that gamma-H2AX may serve as a biomarker in patients treated with Et743 and that molecular profiling of tumors for TCR, MRN, ATM, and DNA-PK might be useful to anticipate tumor response to Et743 treatment.
Population Origin-Destination Estimation Using Automatic Vehicle Identification and Volume Data

The focus of this paper is the use of information from automatic vehicle identification (AVI) systems to help estimate short-term trip origin-destination (OD) matrices in an urban environment. In this paper, a method is proposed for using sample link choice proportions and sample OD matrix information derived from AVI data sampled from a portion of vehicles to estimate population OD matrices with the AVI data collection points acting as the origins and the destinations. This method is extended to estimate ramp-to-ramp freeway OD volumes. The value of such information is demonstrated using a large urban freeway network equipped with an AVI system. Based on a comparison of the OD estimate accuracies, with and without the AVI data, it was found that using AVI data in OD estimation improves significantly the accuracy of the OD matrix estimates.
The relationship between trauma and clinical outcome variables among older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Objective Stressful and traumatic life events have been implicated in the etiology and persistence of symptoms in schizophrenia, but little is known about their impact in later life. This article contrasts lifetime trauma among older persons with schizophrenia with their age peers in the general population, and examines whether greater trauma is associated with higher rates of nonremission of positive and negative symptoms, depression, or anxiety symptoms in the schizophrenia group. Methods The schizophrenia group consisted of 198 community-dwelling persons age 55 and older who developed a schizophrenia spectrum disorder before age 45. A community comparison group (N = 113) was recruited using randomly selected block-groups. Using the Trauma and Victimization Scale, the frequency × severity of lifetime traumatic events scores were calculated. In the schizophrenia group, subjects were dichotomized into low and high trauma groups. Results As compared to the community group, the schizophrenia group scored significantly higher on the total score and on 6 of 11 items of the Trauma and Victimization Scale. The schizophrenia group had significantly more traumatic events before age 17. In logistic regression analysis, a high level of trauma accumulated across the lifespan in the schizophrenia group was associated only with non-remission of positive symptoms; however, the persistence of positive symptoms was not associated with a traumatic event prior to age 17. Conclusion Early trauma may play some role in the development of schizophrenia, but it does not seem to have any special role in the persistence of positive symptoms in later life. Rather, accumulated stressors may be more relevant clinically. The findings suggest that it may be profitable to consider therapies that reduce the psychological impact of traumatic events.
Thrombospondin-2 gene expression and protein localization during embryonic mouse palate development.

The mammalian palate develops from projections of the paired maxillary processes termed palatal shelves. Shelf growth is an essential in normal palatal morphogenesis. Mesenchymal proliferation in the palatal shelves is modulated by transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), among other growth factors. Several pathways eAect TGF-b activation, including one which utilizes thrombospondin (TSP). TSP-1 is a major activator of TGF-b in vivo and has been localized in head mesenchyme, including palates. TSP-2 appears to inhibit TSP-1 activation of latent TGFb by competitively binding the latent TGF-b. Here the TSP-2 mRNA transcript and the immunolocalization of TSP-2 protein with progressive palatogenesis were quantified. There was a significant ( p < 0.05) decline of TSP-2 transcript with palatal maturation; there was no evidence correlating the TSP-2 transcription with the amount of activated TGF-b. At the vertical shelf stage of palatogenesis, TSP-2 protein was found throughout the extracellular matrix of shelf mesenchyme. By the horizontal shelf stage, TSP-2 protein was principally localized to the ossification centres of the developing maxilla, both in extracellular matrix and bone; far less was seen in palatal shelves proper. These results suggest that TSP-2 is multifunctional during embryonic palate formation. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Case Study of Rapid Cyclogenesis over Canada. Part I: Diagnostic Study

Abstract A diagnostic analysis is made for the rapid development of two subsynoptic scale cyclones that coexisted over Canada in the spring season, using the Level IIIb First GARP Global Experiment dataset assimilated by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and National Weather Service operational data. Both cyclones started developing at 0000 UTC 25 April 1979. When development began, these cyclones wore separated from each other by a distance of only about 1300 km. Nonetheless, the physical processes leading to their initial cyclogenesis are found to be different. One of the cyclones remained a weak, shallow surface low for about 48 h after it formed in a zone of developing upper-level westerly waves. It started developing only when it drifted into a region of the horizontal advection of upper-level potential vorticity anomaly associated with a strong tropopause fold. In contrast, the other cyclone formed in a region of strong surface frontogenesis caused primarily by the velocity defo...
Sampling Errors in the Estimation of Empirical Orthogonal Functions

Abstract Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF's), eigenvectors of the spatial cross-covariance matrix of a meteorological field, are reviewed with special attention given to the necessary weighting factors for gridded data and the sampling errors incurred when too small a sample is available. The geographical shape of an EOF shows large intersample variability when its associated eigenvalue is “close” to a neighboring one. A rule of thumb indicating when an EOF is likely to be subject to large sampling fluctuations is presented. An explicit example, based on the statistics of the 500 mb geopotential height field, displays large intersample variability in the EOF's for sample sizes of a few hundred independent realizations, a size seldom exceeded by meteorological data sets.
Stephen Jay Gould as a political theorist.

Before his death in 2002, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould elaborated a large and inclusive theory of life's change. In this essay I concentrate on the aspects of Gould's vast theory that have the most direct political relevance. I briefly discuss his views on the philosophy of science. I examine the way he combined political values and methodology in a seamless, critical analysis of intelligence-testing and sociobiology. I concentrate most extensively on the impact his “punctuated equilibria” concept has made on contemporary political analysis, and I demonstrate that in their appropriation of this concept political scientists have violated the rules that Gould himself articulated for its use. In closing, I consider the possibility that a comprehensive theory of life, a theory that must include political values, might approach traditional questions of political thought more satisfyingly than has conventional philosophy.
Note: Fast compact laser shutter using a direct current motor and three-dimensional printing

We present a mechanical laser shutter design that utilizes a direct current electric motor to rotate a blade which blocks and unblocks a light beam. The blade and the main body of the shutter are modeled with computer aided design (CAD) and are produced by 3D printing. Rubber flaps are used to limit the blade's range of motion, reducing vibrations and preventing undesirable blade oscillations. At its nominal operating voltage, the shutter achieves a switching speed of (1.22 ± 0.02) m/s with 1 ms activation delay and 10 μs jitter in its timing performance. The shutter design is simple, easy to replicate, and highly reliable, showing no failure or degradation in performance over more than 10(8) cycles.
A conceptual framework for rationalized and standardized Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) programs

Congenital hearing loss is the most frequent birth defect. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing established quality of care process indicators for Universal Newborn Hearing Screening starting from 1999. In a previous systematic review of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening studies we highlighted substantial variability in program design and in reported performance data. In order to overcome these heterogeneous findings we think it is necessary to optimize the implementation of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening programs with an appropriate application of the planning, executing, and monitoring, verifications and reporting phases. For this reason we propose a conceptual framework that logically integrates these three phases and, consequently, a tool (a check-list) for their rationalization and standardization.Our paper intends to stimulate debate on how to ameliorate the routine application of high quality Universal Newborn Hearing Screening programs. The conceptual framework is proposed to optimize, rationalise and standardise their implementation. The checklist is intended to allow an inter-program comparison by removing heterogeneity in processes description and assessment.
Assessment of impacts of agricultural and climate change scenarios onwatershed water quantity and quality, and crop production

Abstract. Modeling impacts of agricultural scenarios and climate change on surface water quantity and quality provides useful information for planning effective water, environmental and land use policies. Despite the significant impacts of agriculture on water quantity and quality, limited literature exists that describes the combined impacts of agricultural land use change and climate change on future bioenergy crop yields and watershed hydrology. In this study, the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) eco-hydrological model was used to model the combined impacts of five agricultural land use change scenarios and three downscaled climate pathways (representative concentration pathways, RCPs) that were created from an ensemble of eight atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). These scenarios were implemented in a well-calibrated SWAT model for the intensively farmed and tiled Raccoon River watershed (RRW) located in western Iowa. The scenarios were executed for the historical baseline, early century, mid-century and late century periods. The results indicate that historical and more corn intensive agricultural scenarios with higher CO2 emissions consistently result in more water in the streams and greater water quality problems, especially late in the 21st century. Planting more switchgrass, on the other hand, results in less water in the streams and water quality improvements relative to the baseline. For all given agricultural landscapes simulated, all flow, sediment and nutrient outputs increase from early-to-late century periods for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios. We also find that corn and switchgrass yields are negatively impacted under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the mid- and late 21st century.
Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Insulin Resistance: Toward Kynurenine Hypothesis of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes

Diabetogenic effect of kynurenine (KYN) derivative of tryptophan (TRP), xanthurenic acid (XA), has been suggested last century. Recent interest to this hypothesis was stimulated by data revealing that TRP–KYN pathway can be upregulated by both chronic low-grade inflammation and stress, the two conditions involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR), diabetes type 2 (T2D), and, probably, type 1 (T1D). Pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., interferons) and stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) activate enzymes catalyzing first two steps of TRP–KYN pathway: indoleamine- or tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenases and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), resulting in increased formation of KYN and 3-hydroxyKYN (3-HK), respectively. In addition to overproduction of 3-HK, inflammation/stress-induced increased demand for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (P5P) leads to functional deficiency of P5P. 3-HK is a substrate for two competing pathways dependent on P5P: formation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) catalyzed by kynureninase (KYNase) and formation of xanthurenic acid (XA) catalyzed by 3-HK-transaminase (3-HKT). Since KYNase is more sensitive to P5P deficiency than 3-HKT, inflammation/stress-induced P5P deficiency inhibits KYNase and shifts downstream metabolism of overproduced 3-HK from formation of 3-HAA toward excessive formation of XA. Recent data revealed additional mechanisms of diabetogenic effects of XA, 3-HK, and their derivatives. This chapter suggests that dysregulation of KYN metabolism is one of the mechanisms mediating the impact of chronic low-grade inflammation and/or stress on pathogenesis of IR, T2D, and T1D. Up- and downstream 3-HK derivatives might be used as biomarkers predicting inflammation and/or stress-induced progression from IR to T2D. TRP–KYN pathway might be a new target for prevention and treatment of IR and diabetes.
Computers, Quantitative Methods and the Teaching of Sociology: A New Approach to an Old Problem:

There is a growing awareness in the social sciences that college level course work should offer not only substantive materials but should also acquaint students with research methods and techniques relevant to the particular discipline. This article presents information concerning the development of computer based research materials designed to meet these needs. The study upon which this article is based demonstrates that while there is a definite need for quantitative methods and an understanding of computer based data analysis in an undergraduate Sociology curriculum, the effective implementation of both requires the creation of a non-threatening learning environment.
Epidemiological analysis of rabies in Pingdingshan City from 2005 to 2012

Objective To analyze the human rabies characteristics in Pingdingshan City as well as the epidemic trends and causes so as to provide a basis for making the scientific and effective control measures. Methods The data of human rabies reported in Pingdingshan city from 2005 to 2012 on internet was sorted and retrospectively analyzed. Results A total of 58 rabies cases including 58 deaths from 2005 to 2012 in Pingdingshan City were reported. Human rabies incidence in Pingdingshan City showed an uprising trend, there was the highest incidence rate in 2008; but a downtrend from 2008 to 2012 was noticed. Most rabies cases(46.55%, 27 / 58) were reported in Yexian County(24.14%14/58)and Baofeng County(22.41%, 13/58), meanwhile, no rabies cases were reported in Shilong district. The ratio of male to female patients was approximately 2.22:1(40/18). Patients were mainly in rural areas(84.48%,49/58), male occupied 68.97%(40/58), middle aged cases accunted for 63.79%(32/58)and children comprised 13.79%(8/58). The peak period was in autumn. Conclusions Low prophylaxis rate after exposure was principal cause of high rabies incidence in Pingdingshan City. Health education on rabies prevention in rural areas be strengthened as well as the improvement of prophylaxis rate after exposure and dog management.
Prediction of Audible Noise for EHV Transmission Line Based on BP Neural Network

Taking the measured audible noise data of 330 kV EHV transmission lines in Gansu power grid for example,a back propagation(BP) neural network-based approach to audible noise prediction is researched.Based on the interpretation and analysis of measured audible noise data of 330 kV single-circuit transmission lines with triangle structure,the dataset sample is obtained,then 13 factors that influence audible noise are taken as input variables and the values of audible noise as output variables,and then a BP neural network prediction model with 3-layer structure is built and the proposed prediction model is trained and verified by the dataset sample.Results of simulation verification,in which partial data of some 330 kV transmission lines in the dataset sample are utilized to predict the audible noise of the rest 330 kV transmission lines,show that the predicted results of audible noise of the rest 330 kV lines by the proposed method approximately conform to the measured audible noise data of these 330 kV lines in the dataset sample,thus the proposed approach can be used as a simple and effective method for audible noise prediction of EHV transmission lines.
[Effect of intervention program on stroke regarding blood pressure control among Beijing community population at high-risk].

Objective To evaluate the effect of blood pressure intervention program on stroke among high risk population aged 45-79 at the community level,in Beijing.Methods 7604 subjects were followed and given specific advice according to the situation of each individual,every month.Data regarding average blood pressure,number of hypertension control and the incidence of stroke among people in the community,were recorded and analyzed.Results Prior to the follow-up program,the hypertension prevalence was 64.1％ but both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a reduction of 2.9 and 1.5 mm Hg,respectively after the intervention program was implemented,with t value as-20.987,-15.494,respectively,and P values were both 0.000.Decrease of BP at the first four follow-up experiences was more obvious.Decrease of systolic blood pressure appeared more in elderly (F value was 14.287,and P value was 0.000),in males (t value was-2.885,P value was 0.004),people living in suburban areas (t value was 5.314,P value was 0.000) and with poorer education (t value was-6.943,P value was 0.000).However,decrease of diastolic blood pressure was seen more in younger age population (F value was 22.864,P value was 0.000),in males (t value was-2.259,P value was 0.024) and those having received better education (t value was 2.428,P value was 0.015).Rate regarding hypertension control increased from 67.7％ to 87.9％ after the intervention program was implemented (x2 value was 324.595,P value was 0.000).Incidence of stroke was 2.7‰ and seen higher in suburban area (x2 value was 5.293,P value was 0.021).Conclusion Community intervention program on hypertension could both reduce the blood pressure and the incidence rate of stroke among high-risk population.The earlier the blood pressure intervention program started,the better the effect would be seen.Reduction of blood pressure in males seemed more obvious.In order to prevent or delay the occurrence of stroke,knowledge on hypertension prevention should be improved among populations at high risk.Individualized and comprehensive follow-up management programs should be strengthened among the community health care takers. Key words: Stroke; Hypertension; Control rate; Incidence
The Evaluation and Management of the Eye in Facial Palsy

Paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle results in lagophthalmos, paralytic ectropion, nerve loss, and decreased tear production. Tarsorrhaphies and canthoplasties in combination with lid weights, magnets, and other dynamic procedures are usually successful.
Predation of artificial nests by introduced rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Florida, USA

Native throughout Asia, rhesus macaques are believed to have the widest native range of any non-human primate and are capable of adapting to an extensive diversity of habitats. Rhesus macaques have caused environmental degradation in introduced habitats, including decreasing bird populations through nest predation. In the 1930s, rhesus macaques were intentionally introduced into what is today Silver Springs State Park (SSSP), central Florida, in an effort to increase tourism. Our objective was to determine whether introduced rhesus macaques in SSSP would consume eggs presented in artificial nests. We used camera traps adjacent to 100 open-cupped artificial bird nests baited with quail eggs near the Silver River. Nests were placed in shrubs and left in the field site for 12 days, representative of the incubation period of native passerine species. Twenty-one nests were depredated by rhesus macaques, nine by nest predators other than macaques, and five nests by an unidentified predator. Nests were more likely to be depredated by macaques when located in areas of high macaque relative abundance. This study suggests introduced rhesus macaques may influence nest predation rates of native bird species in natural areas.
Fairness in Computer Networks: A Survey

In this paper some fairness issues in computer communication networks are discussed. In general be network protocols are designed to optimize some network-wide performance measure. However, that may not guarantee that the performance of the individual users will also be optimized. In fact, it can be shown that optimization of some objective functions can be done by making some users' throughput equal to zero. Very few network protocols are designed to distribute the network resources equally to all users. Research work on three different fairness methodologies is reviewed. Some suggestions for future research are given.
Strmst2 and Strmst2pw: New Commands to Compare Survival Curves Using the Restricted Mean Survival time:

We present strmst2, a new command to implement k-sample comparisons using the restricted mean survival time (RMST) as the summary measure of the survival-time distribution. Unlike model-based summa...
Therapeutic disasters that hastened safety testing of new drugs

New drugs were not required to undergo premarket safety testing in the United States until 1938, when a therapeutic disaster-the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy-prompted Congress to pass a bill mandating this now-routine process. History repeated itself nearly 25 years later, when another therapeutic disaster-the thalidomide tragedy-led to passage of new amendments in 1962 to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety. As is typical with historical events, critical information was gained that led to novel approaches for understanding, predicting, diagnosing, and managing drug-induced toxicities. Continued refinement of current, along with development of new, approaches will mitigate future drug-related catastrophes, with the goal of avoiding them entirely.
Base Encounters: The US Armed Forces in South Korea, by Elisabeth Schober

Elisabeth Schober’s Base Encounters: The US Armed Forces in South Korea is a welcome addition to the growing field of an anthropology of militarism. The book carefully examines the formation and tr...
Low Grade Carcinoma Ex-Pleomorphic Adenoma: Diagnosis and Diagnostic Challenges Caused by Fine Needle Aspiration: Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature

Low grade carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (LG CXPA) is a rare low grade malignant neoplasm arising from preexisting pleomorphic adenoma (PA). LG CXPA demonstrates no overt cytological atypia, and can be difficult to distinguish from cellular PA. Invasive growth is one of the hallmarks of LG CXPA, e.g., tumor extends beyond the capsule and into adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. However, it is known that capsular and vascular invasion, as well as the presence of stroma-rich PA in soft tissue without a capsule (pseudopodia) can be seen in PA. These histological findings have no prognostic significance and are not diagnostic of malignancy. In addition, recurrent PA typically presents as numerous nodules extending into soft tissue and skeletal muscle, which again are not considered malignant features. Thus, “infiltrative growth” of LG CXPA is difficult to define and diagnosis is challenging to many practicing pathologists. In this study, we report three cases of LG CXPA. We review the diagnostic criteria for LG CXPA, and discuss the diagnostic challenges caused by fine needle aspiration (FNA) changes. FNA is widely used as a cost-effective, quick and accurate method for diagnosing salivary gland lesions. Histological changes post-FNA are usually focal and mild, and are not causes of diagnostic difficulties. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of LG CXPA complicated with FNA changes.
Analysis of real-time control systems by the model of packet nets

During the planning stages of a real-time control system, the planning team is more concerned about the global aspects of the system rather than the details of its different components. The first questions that have to be resolved are, What are the basic processes (or modules, or tasks) in the system? What are the data flow rates between these processes? and What are the memory and processing rate requirements of each process? Also of prime concern is how to select a suitable computer architecture to host the system and how to decompose the system on a selected distributed architecture.
Traveling waves and spatial patterns from dispersal on homogeneous and gradient habitats

Abstract Models of dispersal for response to global climate change can refer to theory on traveling waves developed for invasions. The relevance of this theory may depend on its density- versus habitat-dependence, but it has not considered environmental gradients nor related feedbacks. An agent based simulation model (ABM) for a plant species or vegetation type is developed here, focusing on properties of traveling waves. The ABM simulated no-tailed, thin-tailed, and fat-tailed dispersal kernels (random uniform, Gaussian, and Cauchy kernels, respectively). Probabilities were based on either population density or habitat, and for the latter as homogeneous or on a gradient, and if a gradient positive feedback from populations to the habitat was added to represent process at ecotones such as a positive feedback switch or the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) feedback. The uniform and Gaussian kernels produced traveling waves with constant speed, but the fat-tailed Cauchy kernel produced traveling waves that accelerated and also flattened as the low-probability portion of wave accelerated fastest. On a gradient, when populations approached the limit of habitability the waves steepened and stopped traveling. The effect of SGH feedback on traveling wave slopes depends on the dispersal kernel. With strong facilitation on the gradient, greater variety of spatial patterns were able to develop among the replicate simulations of the fat-tailed kernel when it flattened to a greater spatial extent of low probability presence. In addition to the heterogeneity of the habitat and its modification by facilitation, the details of dispersal can also affect the feedback between spatial pattern and the establishment process that will affect the rate of advance of a species or an ecotone into new territory.
Social Privacy in the Community of Diversity

Synergy expresses the condition that the whole is greater than -- or at least qualitatively other than -- the sum of the parts. In a synergic view of communality and privacy, our collective selves, as a society, have an expanded identity which is not merely an aggregate of our personal identities, yet is composed of and dependent on them. Our relationship to the non-human physical environment, both as individuals and as groups, is also not merely additive. Larger spaces do not simply accommodate more people; social structures become qualitatively different entities as space expands or contracts.
Remote Microphone System Use at Home: Impact on Caregiver Talk.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of home use of a remote microphone system (RMS) on the spoken language production of caregivers with young children who have hearing...
2017 Fall Dairy Tour

The second annual Fall Dairy Tour provided a two day, one-night learning opportunity for producers, industry, and potentially new dairy producers to network and learn more about the industry. These tours showcased farms and industry that have seen success in advancing and utilizing genetics, implementing technology, and facility design for improved herd health and efficiency.
Combinations of Multivariate Shewhart and MEWMA Control Charts for Monitoring the Mean Vector and Covariance Matrix

﻿It has been suggested that detecting large and small shifts in the mean when monitoring a process with multivariate normal variables can be better accomplished using a multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control chart in combinat..
Enzymatic channeling of DNA precursors.

The idea that metabolic intermediates can be channeled through the action of organized multienzyme complexes is well established in cellular biochemistry. However, application of these ideas to reaction pathways in nucleic acid biosynthesis represents a quite recent development. In part this is because most of the enzymes of nucleic acid metabolism are readily isolated in soluble form, whereas the well-understood complexes, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase or the mitochondrial electron transport chain, consist either of tightly associated enzymes or proteins firmly anchored in a membrane. It is noteworthy that a conference volume published in 1978 [49], “Microenvironments and Metabolic Compartmentation,” made no mention of DNA precursor biosynthesis.
The Cellular Interactions of Algal-Invertebrate Symbiosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the intercellular relationships of algal–invertebrate symbiosis. For this, hosts can be selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) host species should exhibit the full range of symbiotic integration, extending from obligate dependence upon the alga to facultative dependence; (2) closely allied host species should be capable of being infected with a variety of different algal symbionts to facilitate comparative studies on nutrient pathways; (3) hosts should be amenable to axenic cultivation in the laboratory; and (4) the re-infection of hosts should be able to be controlled by the investigator. The chapter examines the basic cellular properties of permanent symbiotic associations in terms of their origins, mechanisms of inter and intra specific transmission of the established symbiosis, and the accommodations required for perpetuation in the environment. It further explores the nutritional aspects of symbiosis, including potential sources, internal exchanges, the avenues of utilization, and resulting growth and its regulation.
Influenza Vaccination Rates of Children in Households with High-Risk Adults

SYNOPSIS Objectives. Household contacts of people at high risk for influenza complications should receive yearly influenza vaccination to reduce potential viral transmission. We evaluated influenza vaccine coverage among children to determine whether or not living with a high-risk adult predicts the likelihood of being vaccinated. Methods. Using the 2006 National Health Interview Survey, we examined influenza vaccination rates among children (aged 1 –17 years) who did and did not reside in a household with an adult at high risk for influenza-related complications. Results. Among 24,195 sampled families, there were 8,976 high-risk adults, 18.9% of whom reported living with a person 17 years of age of younger. Influenza vaccination rates by age group among children living with high-risk adults were 41.7% (1 year), 30.3% (2–4 years), and 20.0% (5–17 years). Unadjusted influenza vaccination rates were significantly higher for school-aged children who lived with a high-risk adult compared with those who did not (20.0% vs. 15.0%, p,0.001). Among children younger than 5 years of age, for whom vaccination was universally recommended at the time of the survey, the rates did not differ. After adjusting for the child’s age, gender, race, insurance coverage, medical visits, and chronic conditions, children who lived with a high-risk adult were not statistically more likely than those who did not live with a high-risk adult to receive influenza vaccination (odds ratio  1.16, 95% confidence interval 0.99, 1.36). Conclusions. Children had low rates of influenza vaccination, and those who lived with high-risk adults were not significantly more likely to be vaccinated. Clinicians caring for high-risk adults should remind eligible household contacts to receive influenza vaccine.
The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis

In recent decades, advances in lighting technology have precipitated exponential increases in night sky brightness worldwide, raising concerns in the scientific community about the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on crepuscular and nocturnal biodiversity. Long-term records show that insect abundance has declined significantly over this time, with worrying implications for terrestrial ecosystems. The majority of investigations into the vulnerability of nocturnal insects to artificial light have focused on the flight-to-light behavior exhibited by select insect families. However, ALAN can affect insects in other ways as well. This review proposes five categories of ALAN impact on nocturnal insects, highlighting past research and identifying key knowledge gaps. We conclude with a summary of relevant literature on bioluminescent fireflies, which emphasizes the unique vulnerability of terrestrial light-based communication systems to artificial illumination. Comprehensive understanding of the ecological impacts of ALAN on diverse nocturnal insect taxa will enable researchers to seek out methods whereby fireflies, moths, and other essential members of the nocturnal ecosystem can coexist with humans on an increasingly urbanized planet.
Observations of shock-induced chemistry with subnanosecond resolution

We report observations of the effects of shock-induced chemical reactions that build to a steady detonation in an energetic material. The chemical reactions in certain materials initiate and build quickly, such that traditional characterization techniques for energetics cannot provide the spatial fidelity necessary to resolve the onset and build-up of reactions. In this work, physical vapor deposition was used to create films of an energetic material with precisely controlled thicknesses to investigate the growth to detonation resulting from shock-induced chemical reactions with microscale spatial resolution. Finite duration shocks were supplied from a well-defined electrically-driven flyer. The velocity of the transmitted shock was measured by photonic Doppler velocimetry with subnanosecond resolution. Initiation experiments were performed on deposited hexanitrostilbene samples ranging from 30 to 150 μm thickness to observe the emergent effects of chemical energy release. The resulting output interface velocity was observed to increase from that predicted for an unreacted shock to that of a chemically supported detonation within 100 μm. A build-up to detonation has not previously been quantified in such a short distance.We report observations of the effects of shock-induced chemical reactions that build to a steady detonation in an energetic material. The chemical reactions in certain materials initiate and build quickly, such that traditional characterization techniques for energetics cannot provide the spatial fidelity necessary to resolve the onset and build-up of reactions. In this work, physical vapor deposition was used to create films of an energetic material with precisely controlled thicknesses to investigate the growth to detonation resulting from shock-induced chemical reactions with microscale spatial resolution. Finite duration shocks were supplied from a well-defined electrically-driven flyer. The velocity of the transmitted shock was measured by photonic Doppler velocimetry with subnanosecond resolution. Initiation experiments were performed on deposited hexanitrostilbene samples ranging from 30 to 150 μm thickness to observe the emergent effects of chemical energy release. The resulting output interface v...
Membrane insertion exacerbates the α-Synuclein-Cu(II) dopamine oxidase activity: Metallothionein-3 targets and silences all α-synuclein-Cu(II) complexes

Copper binding to α-synuclein (α-Syn), the major component of intracellular Lewy body inclusions in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, potentiate its toxic redox-reactivity and plays a detrimental role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Soluble α-synuclein-Cu(II) complexes possess dopamine oxidase activity and catalyze ROS production in the presence of biological reducing agents via Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycling. These metal-centered redox reactivities harmfully promote the oxidation and oligomerization of α-Syn. While this chemistry has been investigated on recombinantly expressed soluble α-Syn, in vivo, α-Syn is acetylated at its N-terminus and is present in equilibrium between soluble and membrane-bound forms. This post-translational modification and membrane-binding alter the Cu(II) coordination environment and binding modes and are expected to affect the α-Syn-Cu(II) reactivity. In this work, we first investigated the reactivity of acetylated and membrane-bound complexes, and subsequently addressed whether the brain metalloprotein Zn7-metallothionein-3 (Zn7MT-3) possesses a multifaceted-role in targeting these aberrant copper interactions and consequent reactivity. Through biochemical characterization of the reactivity of the non-acetylated/N-terminally acetylated soluble or membrane-bound α-Syn-Cu(II) complexes towards dopamine, oxygen, and ascorbate, we reveal that membrane insertion dramatically exacerbates the catechol oxidase-like reactivity of α-Syn-Cu(II) as a result of a change in the Cu(II) coordination environment, thereby potentiating its toxicity. Moreover, we show that Zn7MT-3 can efficiently target all α-Syn-Cu(II) complexes through Cu(II) removal, preventing their deleterious redox activities. We demonstrate that the Cu(II) reduction by the thiolate ligands of Zn7MT-3 and the formation of Cu(I)4Zn4MT-3 featuring an unusual redox-inert Cu(I)4-thiolate cluster is the molecular mechanism responsible for the protective effect exerted by MT-3 towards α-Syn-Cu(II). This work provides the molecular basis for new therapeutic interventions to control the deleterious bioinorganic chemistry of α-Syn-Cu(II).
The use of imaging to identify immunocompromised children requiring biopsy for invasive fungal rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Children with severe immunocompromise due to cancer therapy or hematopoietic cell transplant are at risk both for potentially lethal invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS), and for complications associated with gold-standard biopsy diagnosis. We investigated whether early imaging could reliably identify or exclude IFRS in this population, thereby reducing unnecessary biopsy. METHODS We reviewed clinical/laboratory data and cross-sectional imaging from 31 pediatric patients evaluated for suspicion of IFRS, 19 without (age 11.8 ± 5.4 years) and 12 with proven IFRS (age 11.9 ± 4.6 years). Imaging examinations were graded for mucosal thickening (Lund score), for fungal-specific signs (FSS) of bone destruction, extra-sinus inflammation, and nasal mucosal ulceration. Loss of contrast enhancement (LoCE) was assessed separately where possible. Clinical and imaging findings were compared with parametric or nonparametric tests as appropriate. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Positive (+LR) and negative likelihood ratios (-LR) and probabilities were calculated. RESULTS Ten of 12 patients with IFRS and one of 19 without IFRS had at least one FSS on early imaging (83% sensitive, 95% specific, +LR = 15.83, -LR = 0.18; P < .001). Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≤ 200/mm3 was 100% sensitive and 58% specific for IFRS (+LR = 2.38, -LR = 0; P = .001). Facial pain was the only discriminating symptom of IFRS (P < .001). In a symptomatic child with ANC ≤ 200/m3 , the presence of at least one FSS indicated high (79%) probability of IFRS; absence of FSS suggested low (<4%) probability. CONCLUSION In symptomatic, severely immunocompromised children, the presence or absence of fungal-specific imaging findings may effectively rule in or rule out early IFRS, potentially sparing some patients the risks associated with biopsy.
A co-twin-control analysis of adolescent and young adult drinking effects on learning and memory.

Background and aims Existing evidence for a link between alcohol use and memory impairments in adolescents and young adults is largely correlational. We aimed to determine whether associations between drinking and episodic memory were consistent with a causal effect of drinking or accounted for by familial factors confounding such associations. Because cannabis use is associated with a similar pattern of performance on episodic memory measures, we assessed whether any associations might be attributable to concurrent cannabis use. Design, setting and participants Observational study of individuals aged approximately 20-29 years, comprising two independent population-based cohorts of twins. A co-twin-control design permitted an estimate of alcohol exposure effects free of shared genetic and environmental confounding influences. Significant associations were followed-up with twin-difference analyses. Propensity scores derived from measures collected at age 11 were used to adjust for unshared confounders. Participants in both cohorts were assessed from the age of 11 (n = 1251) under the auspices of the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. Measurements Regression analyses with cumulative alcohol use as the predictor of interest. Multiple measures of attention, learning and memory from a widely used episodic memory task constituted dependent variables. Findings Drinking was associated with poorer attention (P ≤ 0.003) and learning (P ≤ 0.008). Results were similar across the two cohorts. The within-pair effect in twin-difference analyses was significant only for measures of learning (P-values ≤ 0.004). Results were not due to measured unshared confounders or cannabis use. Drinking in adolescence (to age 20) and early adulthood (between 20 and 29) exerted independent effects on learning. Conclusions There appears to be a robust and specific association between drinking and learning that can be reproduced across cohorts, is not easily accounted for by confounding factors or concurrent cannabis use and is consistent with a causal influence of drinking.
A Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral assay distinguishes early stage prostate cancer patient urine from controls

ABSTRACT Current methods for non-invasive prostate cancer (PrCa) detection have a high false-positive rate and often result in unnecessary biopsies. Previous work has suggested that urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers may be able to distinguish PrCa cases from benign disease. The behavior of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been proposed as a tool to take advantage of these potential VOC profiles. To test the ability of C. elegans Bristol N2 to distinguish PrCa cases from controls, we performed chemotaxis assays using human urine samples collected from men screened for PrCa. Behavioral response of nematodes towards diluted urine from PrCa cases was compared to response to samples from cancer-free controls. Overall, we observed a significant attraction of young adult-stage C. elegans nematodes to 1:100 diluted urine from confirmed PrCa cases and repulsion of C. elegans to urine from controls. When C. elegans chemotaxis index was considered alongside prostate-specific antigen levels for distinguishing cancer from cancer-free controls, the accuracy of patient classification was 81%. We also observed behavioral attraction of C. elegans to two previously reported VOCs to be increased in PrCa patient urine. We conclude nematode behavior distinguishes PrCa case urine from controls in a dilution-dependent manner.
A large-scale prospective study of big wins and their relationship with future financial and time involvement in actual daily fantasy sports contests.

Objective Early big wins might have a psychological impact upon gamblers that increases their likelihood of intemperate gambling; however, there has been a paucity of empirical research examining this effect using actual gambling data. Method We assessed the effects of daily fantasy sports (DFS) big wins on subsequent play by analyzing a prospective dataset from a major DFS provider (N = 34,596 DFS subscribers) representing over 18 million entries into DFS contests. Results We found that experiencing a big win in DFS is associated with subsequently increased DFS engagement (i.e., increased contest entry fees and contest entries) and losses (i.e., higher net loss). However, the effect of a big win on engagement and losses decays over time. Whereas theorists have highlighted the effects of early big wins, our analyses indicated that later big wins had a relatively stronger effect on DFS engagement. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of most results, with somewhat greater support for big wins' effects on engagement metrics than losses. Conclusion Our results collectively indicate the existence of a big win effect in DFS. For some players, big wins might instill unrealistic expectations about future probabilities of winning and lead to increased-and potentially excessive-engagement. Explanations from cognitive psychology (e.g., the illusion of control) and behavioral psychology (e.g., operant conditioning) might help to explain the big win effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
A lactation credit model to support breastfeeding in radiology: The new gold standard to support liquid gold"."

Breastfeeding has medical and economic benefits and providing an environment supportive of breastfeeding should be a priority in radiology to promote diversity, equity and inclusion. Most breastfeeding radiologists do not meet their breastfeeding goals and inadequate time for pumping is the most commonly cited barrier. The UCSF lactation credit model sets the standard for breastfeeding support in medicine by providing protected time without productivity penalties and it should be adapted and implemented across radiology practices to more fully support breastfeeding radiologists and radiation oncologists.
Does Disclosure Deter Short Selling with Noisy Information

This paper studies the impact of disclosure on short selling. Using a confidential dataset on shorts on stocks traded in the Dutch stock market including both short positions large enough to trigger public disclosure and positions not large enough, we find that the quality of shorts increases discontinuously at the reporting threshold. we find strong evidence that short sellers increase security selection intensity when their short positions approach the reporting threshold. We rule out several alternative explanations including the explanation that positions reaching the reporting threshold move the market, the explanation that large short sellers have a higher quality of shorts, or the explanation that returns are time-varying and change discontinuously when positions reach the disclosure threshold. These results suggest transparency has an effect of disincentivizing shorting on noisy information.