cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structural mechanics and evolution of aquaflying birds

Mass-specific bone strength was examined in the forelimb and hindlimb of 64 species of birds to determine if aquaflying birds (which utilize the wings for propulsion underwater) differ in their skeletal strength compared with other avian taxa. Long bone strengths were estimated from cross-sectional measurements. Compared with the expectation from geometric similarity, humeral section modulus in volant birds scales nearly isometrically, while femoral strength scales with significant positive allometry. Penguin mass-specific humeral strength is greatly elevated, but the average humeral strength in species that are propelled by the wings in both air and water do not differ from the values calculated in non-diving taxa. However, amphibious flyers have gracile femora. Comparative analyses using independent contrasts were utilized to examine the impact of phylogenetic signal. The residual measured for the penguin‐procellariiform humeral strength contrast was larger in magnitude (residual of 2.14) than at any other node in the phylogeny. The data strongly indicate that the transition from an amphibious flight condition to a fully aquatic condition involves greater changes in mechanical factors than the transition from purely aerial locomotion to amphibious wing use. There remains the possibility that a historical effect, such as ancestral body size, has impacted the mechanical scaling of penguins. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 687‐698.
Diffusion of water into a borosilicate glass

Water diffusion into a commercial borosilicate glass was measured in the low temperature range of 200°C–500°C using an IR spectrophotometer. The glass initially exhibited absorption bands at both ∼ 3600 cm−1 (∼ 2.78 μm) and ∼ 2750 cm−1 (∼ 3.64 μm) but only the former absorption band increased with low temperature water diffusion. The diffusion coefficient can be represented by D = 2.8 × 10−7exp[− 52(kJ/mol)/RT] (cm2/s) . Data taken at a higher water vapor pressure than 355 mmHg are consistent with the solubility being proportional to the square root of the water vapor pressure and the diffusion coefficient being concentration independent.
Microsatellite markers for the invasive plant species white sweetclover (Melilotus alba) and yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis)

We describe specific primers that amplify nine microsatellite DNA loci from Melilotus alba and Melilotus officinalis , both invasive plant species (Fabaceae) throughout North America. Allelic diversity was slightly lower for M. alba than for M. officinalis , as was expected heterozygosity. For both species, heterozygote deficit was observed at several loci. Genotypic diversity was very high for both species; the 29 plant samples of each species all had different multilocus genotypes. These markers will be used to determine the origins of the sweetclover invasion in Alaska and to compare patterns of diversity between subarctic and lower latitude populations.
Monoclonal antibody therapy directed against human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells

Accumulating evidence indicates that many human cancers are organized as a cellular hierarchy initiated and maintained by self-renewing cancer stem cells. This cancer stem cell model has been most conclusively established for human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), although controversies still exist regarding the identity of human AML stem cells (leukemia stem cell (LSC)). A major implication of this model is that, in order to eradicate the cancer and cure the patient, the cancer stem cells must be eliminated. Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as effective targeted therapies for the treatment of a number of human malignancies and, given their target antigen specificity and generally minimal toxicity, are well positioned as cancer stem cell-targeting therapies. One strategy for the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting human AML stem cells involves first identifying cell surface antigens preferentially expressed on AML LSC compared with normal hematopoietic stem cells. In recent years, a number of such antigens have been identified, including CD123, CD44, CLL-1, CD96, CD47, CD32, and CD25. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies targeting CD44, CD123, and CD47 have demonstrated efficacy against AML LSC in xenotransplantation models. Hopefully, these antibodies will ultimately prove to be effective in the treatment of human AML.
Surface photochemistry: evidence for hot electron induced dissociation in a strongly bound system

Abstract The rates for photoinduced dissociation and desorption of dioxygen on Ag(110) under near UV irradiation have been measured with HREELS and TPD. The bonding of O 2 to Ag(110) permits polarization measurements at normal incidence. Photolysis rates are found to be independent of the azimuthal orientation of the electric field of the light. Dependences on angle of incidence are consistent with the angle dependence of metal absorption predicted by Fresnel's equations. These observations rule out direct photoexcitation and suggest substrate excitation followed by dissociative electron capture as the photodissociation mechanism. Similar energy thresholds (2.8 eV) for both dissociation and desorption channels suggest that they are activated by a common process. A model is proposed in which the dissociated oxygen atoms, in competition for adsorption sites with adsorbed oxygen molecules, force the molecular desorption. This mechanism is consistent with the energy, coverage and time dependences of the processes. A photodissociation cross section of 2 × 10 −19 cm 2 is estimated from this model.
Schleiermacher's Political Thought and Activity, 1806–1813

In the period of the Prussian reform movement, Friedrich Schleiermacher, pastor and intellectual, found a key political role in the Prussian state. Some aspects of Schleiermacher's singular public life during these years were considered by Wilhelm Dilthey in his short article on Schleiermacher's political thought and activity, written almost a hundred years ago. But Dilthey never expanded this preliminary analysis which was, in any case, partial in coverage and limited in critical approach. The recovery of a vast body of material and information unavailable to Dilthey as well as greater historical perspective necessitate a thorough reconsideration of Schleiermacher's activities during these critical years.
Systems Containing Random Parameters With Small Correlation Times

Abstract Systems described by differential equations involving delta-function-correlated (i.e. white noise) random parameters are discussed. To be physically meaningful, solutions of such equations should be interpreted as the limits of solutions of the corresponding equations with realistic, i.e. finite, correlation time random processes. The implications of this are explored here. We consider first linear systems. Using the Poisson case as the basic process, a “superposition” principle is derived, allowing one to treat any delta-function-correlated process. Closed sets of ordinary linear differential equations are found for the moments. The treatment is then generalized to the non-linear case. Finally, we derive conditions under which a delta-function-correlated process is a valid approximation to one with finite correlation time in a specific stochastic equation and we show how the appropriate approximation may be found.
Volumetric Imaging of Inner Retina with Adaptive Optics Spectral- domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Adaptive optics (AO) coupled with ultra-fast spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has achieved the necessary 3D resolution, sensitivity, and speed for imaging the microscopic retina at the cellular level. While this technology has been rigorously applied to evaluating the 3D morphology of cone photoreceptors, similar detailed studies of cell-sized structures in the inner retina have yet to be undertaken. In this paper, we improve the technical performance of our AO ultrafast SD-OCT and investigate its use for imaging the microscopic inner retina, in particular the nerve fiber layer (NFL) and retinal capillary network. To maximize lateral resolution within the inner retina, focus was controlled with a high stroke, 37-actuator bimorph mirror (AOptix) that also served as the wavefront corrector of the AO. The AO system operated at a closed-loop rate of 25 Hz. The SD-OCT sub-system consisted of a superluminescent diode (l= 842 nm, Dl= 50 nm) and a 512 pixel line scan charge-coupled device (CCD) that acquired 72,000 A-scans/sec. Three different B-scan lengths (36, 60, and 120 A-scans/B-scan), which correspond to B-scan exposure durations of 0.5, 0.83, and 1.67 ms, were evaluated to determine the maximum B-scan length that could be tolerated without noticeable loss in image quality due to eye motion in the well fixated eye. Additional technical improvements included sub-pixel registration to remove instrument error and axial registration of the volume images. Small volume images were acquired at 2 and 7 degrees retinal eccentricity with focus systematically shifted through the retina. Small capillaries, some approaching the smallest in the human eye, were readily detected with AO SD-OCT. Appearance of the nerve fiber layer varied noticeably with depth. The most inner portion (presumably the inner limiting membrane) appeared as a thin irregular surface with little characteristic speckle noise. Within the NFL, complex striation patterns (presumably NFL bundles) were observed throughout the entire thickness with pattern density highest in the inner portion (~15 mm) and large corrugations (~35 mm) at the interface with the ganglion cell layer below. Speckle noise was significant throughout the NFL.
α1-Antitrypsin Wbethesda: Molecular basis of an unusual α1-antitrypsin deficiency variant

Molecular analysis of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) Wbethesda revealed that it differs from the normal M1 (Ala213) allele by a single base mutation causing an amino acid substitution Ala336 GCT----Thr ACT. Evaluation of alpha 1AT biosynthesis directed by the Wbethesda allele showed that although Wbethesda alpha 1AT mRNA was translated normally in vitro, transfection of the Wbethesda cDNA into COS-I cells was associated with human alpha 1AT secretion of 50% that of cells transfected with a normal alpha 1AT cDNA. The pattern of alpha 1AT biosynthesis was not intracellular accumulation as observed with the common Z alpha 1AT deficiency allele, but reduced intracellular alpha 1AT, suggesting intracellular degradation of the newly synthesized Wbethesda molecule. Together these observations suggest that in heterozygous combination with a Z or Null alpha 1AT allele, the Wbethesda variant causes "alpha 1AT deficiency", thus classifying it as an alpha 1AT "at risk" allele for emphysema.
Asian‐Pacific‐American Partisanship: Dynamics of Partisan and Nonpartisan Identities*

Objectives. This article seeks to understand the development of partisanship among Asian Americans since a significant portion do not choose either major party affiliation, but select an independent or a truly nonpartisan status. With a rapidly growing Asian-American population, examining its pattern for both partisan and nonpartisan identification has been ignored. This research took a developmental process in which acquisition of any partisan affiliation/identification is a critical juncture for Asian-American political incorporation. Therefore, considering contributing factors that affect the acquisition of any partisan affiliation as a precursor to specific Asian-American partisan affiliation/behaviors is our direction. Methods. Using a logistical regression model and data from the Pilot National Asian American Political Survey, a category of variables, including sociodemographic, Asian-American subgroup status, U.S. political orientations and attitudes, and experiences with U.S. society, are used to understand a partisan and nonpartisan affiliation. Results. This study reveals that aspects of socioeconomic status, political attitudes, and immigrant experiences are important, in varying degrees (especially Asian subgroup status) to understand partisan acquisition for Asian Americans. More so, Asian-American subgroups, persons with lower educational and income levels, and participants in the labor force are less likely to assume a partisan affiliation. Levels of interest in U.S. politics and length of time in the United States do contribute to a partisan affiliation. Conclusions. Viewing partisan affiliation as a developmental process is an important research avenue to approach the Asian-American community. The inclusion of not only sociodemographic variables, but experiences and evaluation of the U.S. political system, as well as recognizing the political “culture” of Asian-American subgroups, provides a more complete understanding of the partisan acquisition process.
Phase changes, nonwetting and coexistence: (KCI)32

Binary clusters of ionic substances exhibit several properties that make them quite different from homogeneous clusters representable by pairwise Lennard-Jones or Morse potentials. While the potential energy surfaces of clusters of a only a few or several pairs of ions can be explored in microscopic detail, clusters of the size of (KC1)32 must be examined statistically. The stable structures of (KC1)32 can be put into four useful categories: (1) the rocksalt-like ground state (2) slightly defective crystal-like structures (3) “non-wetting” structures that are partly rocksalt-like and partly amorphous and (4) the amorphous structures. A method is presented to estimate the density of configurational states as a function of energy and, from it, the partition function and thermodynamic properties of (KC1)32. Solid and liquid forms of this cluster can coexist in measurable quantities over a significant range of temperatures. However, the times required for the cluster to show ergodic exploration of solid-like and liquid-like regions of phase space is beyond the limits of conventional dynamic simulations.
The Influence of Field of View on Measurements of Atmospheric Transmission

When transmittance of the atmosphere is determined by comparing the irradiancy of a distant light source to the calculated value for the irradiancy in vacuum, the result obtained is dependent on the field of view of the receiver. Measurements of this dependence over water have been made at sea level. For an uncollimated source, the results for any wavelength in the visible and near ultraviolet regions of the spectrum are represented approximately by the relation Tθ=T+0.5(1−T)(1−e−θ),where Tθ is the transmittance at a particular wavelength measured with an instrument having a field of view θ radians in diameter, and T is the transmittance which would be obtained if unscattered light alone were accepted by the measuring equipment.Observations have been made in several wavelength regions between 3600A and 6235A for atmospheres in which the transmission for visible light was between 0.35 and 0.85 per sea mile. Two-mile and nine-mile optical paths were used. Observations of Tθ through the nine-mile path were made with a fixed field of view 13.5 degrees in diameter, and those through the two-mile path were made with several values of θ between 5° and 25°.
Microcredit for people affected by HIV and AIDS: insights from Kenya.

economic resources of entire families. Access to financial services is one of the important ways to protect and build economic resources. Unfortunately, the norm of financial viability discourages microfinance institutions from targeting people severely impacted by HIV and AIDS. Thus, HIV and AIDS service NGOs have been increasingly getting involved in microcredit activity in recent years for economic empowerment of their clients. Despite limited human resources and funding in the area of microcredit activity, these NGOs have demonstrated that nearly 50% of their microcredit beneficiaries invested money in income-generating activities, resulting in enhancement to their livelihood security. In the short term these NGOs need to improve their current practices. However, this does not mean launching microfinance initiatives within their AIDS-focused programmes, as financial services are best provided by specialised institutions. Longer-term cooperation between microfinance institutions and other AIDS service organisations and donors is necessary to muster appropriate and rapid responses in areas experiencing severe impacts of HIV and AIDS.
Development of artificial neural network based metamodels for inactivation of anthrax spores in ventilated spaces using computational fluid dynamics.

ABSTRACT Linear, quadratic, and artificial neural network (ANN)-based metamodels were developed for predicting the extent of anthrax spore inactivation by chlorine dioxide in a ventilated three-dimensional space over time from computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) simulation data. Dimensionless groups were developed to define the design space of the problem scenario. The Hammersley sequence sampling (HSS) method was used to determine the sampling points for the numerical experiments within the design space. A CFD model, comprised of multiple submodels, was applied to conduct the numerical experiments. Large eddy simulation (LES) with the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model was applied to compute the airflow. Anthrax spores were modeled as a dispersed solid phase using the Lagrangian treatment. The disinfectant transport was calculated by solving a mass transport equation. Kinetic decay constants were included for spontaneous decay of the disinfectant and for the reaction of the disinfectant with the surfac...
Structural and spectroscopic analysis of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib and an isomer of bosutinib binding to the Abl tyrosine kinase domain.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the kinase activity of the BCR-Abl fusion protein. The Abl inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib are currently used to treat CML, but resistance to these inhibitors is a significant clinical problem. The kinase inhibitor bosutinib has shown efficacy in clinical trials for imatinib-resistant CML, but its binding mode is unknown. We present the 2.4 A structure of bosutinib bound to the kinase domain of Abl, which explains the inhibitor's activity against several imatinib-resistant mutants, and reveals that similar inhibitors that lack a nitrile moiety could be effective against the common T315I mutant. We also report that two distinct chemical compounds are currently being sold under the name “bosutinib”, and report spectroscopic and structural characterizations of both. We show that the fluorescence properties of these compounds allow inhibitor binding to be measured quantitatively, and that the infrared absorption of the nitrile group reveals a different electrostatic environment in the conserved ATP-binding sites of Abl and Src kinases. Exploiting such differences could lead to inhibitors with improved selectivity.
Detection of α-Transducin in Retinal Rods But Not Cones

The distribution in chicken retina of the alpha subunit of transducin, the guanine nucleotide--binding protein that couples light-dependent activation of rhodopsin with activation of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, was determined with the aid of a specific antiserum. alpha-Transducin was found in rod photoreceptor cells but was not detected in cones. These results show that rods and cones differ with respect to alpha-transducin content and suggest that the processes of phototransduction may differ correspondingly in rods and cones.
Osteonectin/SPARC polymorphisms in Caucasian men with idiopathic osteoporosis

Animal models suggest a role for osteonectin/SPARC in determination of bone mass. We found haplotypes consisting of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the osteonectin gene are associated with bone density in Caucasian men with idiopathic osteoporosis. Osteonectin is a matricellular protein regulating matrix assembly, osteoblast differentiation, and survival. Animal studies indicate that osteonectin is essential for normal bone mass. The 3′ UTR is a regulatory region controlling mRNA stability, trafficking, and translation, and we determined whether osteonectin 3′ UTR haplotypes could be associated with bone mass and/or idiopathic osteoporosis. Single strand conformation polymorphism and allele-specific PCR analysis were used to assess alleles at osteonectin cDNA bases 1046, 1599, and 1970, using genomic DNA from middle-aged Caucasian men with idiopathic, low turnover osteoporosis (n = 56) and matched controls (n = 59). Bone density was measured by DXA at spine, hip and radius. Allele and haplotype frequencies were analyzed by Chi square analysis and Fisher’s exact test. Five common osteonectin 3′ UTR haplotypes were identified. The frequency of one haplotype (1046C-1599C-1970T) was higher in controls compared with patients, and this haplotype was also associated with higher bone densities at multiple sites in patients. In contrast, a second haplotype (1046C-1599G-1970T) was associated with lower bone densities in patients at multiple sites. Osteonectin regulates skeletal remodeling and bone mass in animals, and haplotypes in the 3′ UTR of this gene are associated with bone density in Caucasian men with idiopathic osteoporosis.
Coronary artery fistulas in adults: Incidence, angiographic characteristics, natural history

The incidence, angiographic characteristics, and natural history of coronary artery fistulas in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization have not been well defined. Of 33,600 patients who had diagnostic cardiac catheterization, 34 (0.1%) had coronary artery fistula. Nineteen fistulas originated from the right, 11 from the left anterior descending, and 4 from the circumflex coronary arteries, respectively. The mean ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow was 1.19 +/- 0.33. Only one patient with coexistent atrial septal defect had a pulmonic to systemic flow ratio > 1.5. Right and left heart pressures, with the exception of three patients in whom left ventricular end-diastolic pressures was > 12 mm Hg, were within normal limits. During a mean follow-up period of 6.3 years (range 2-14 years), there were no complications related to coronary artery fistula. It was concluded that the incidence of coronary artery fistulas detected during diagnostic coronary angiography is very low. Coronary artery fistulas originate predominantly from the right coronary artery and are not associated with hemodynamic abnormalities or other congenital heart diseases. The prognosis of coronary artery fistulas in adults is good.
Effect of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Upon Liver Fat and Urinary Phosphorus in Normal Force-Fed Rat.

SummaryNormal male rats were forcefed a medium carbohydrate diet. The administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in amounts of 3 mg per rat per day for 10 days caused an increase in liver fat, glycosuria, a rise in urinary nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus, suppression of weight gains and some changes in organ weights.
Evaluation of sorption and transport of sulfur dioxide in polycarbonate

Abstract Sorption and transport measurements of sulfur dioxide in polycarbonatefilm were carried out a t 10, 25, 40, and 70 °C. The data were well described b
Anal sphincter complex: 2D and 3D endoanal and translabial ultrasound measurement variation in normal postpartum measurements.

Women may experience anal sphincter anatomy changes after vaginal birth (VB) or Cesarean delivery (CD). Therefore, accurate and acceptable imaging options to evaluate the anal sphincter complex (ASC) are needed. ASC measurements may differ between translabial (TLUS) and endoanal (EAUS) ultrasound imaging and between 2D and 3D US. The objective of this analysis was to describe measurement variation between these modalities. Primiparous women underwent 2D and 3D TLUS imaging of the ASC 6 months after VB or CD. A subset of women also underwent EAUS measurements. Measurements included internal anal sphincter (IAS) thickness at proximal, mid, and distal levels and the external anal sphincter (EAS) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 o’clock positions, as well as bilateral thickness of the pubovisceralis muscle (PVM). There were 433 women presenting for US: 423 had TLUS and 64 had both TLUS and EAUS of the ASC. All IAS measurements were significantly thicker on TLUS than EAUS (all p 0.20). On both TLUS and EAUS, there were multiple sites where significant asymmetry existed in left versus right measurements. US modality used to image the ASC introduces small but significant changes in measurements, and the direction of the bias depends on the muscle and location being imaged.
Local cortical injections of glutamate and noradrenaline alter high-frequency (245 Hz) neuronal activity in rat cortex

Abstract Data collected from rat frontal cortical neurons has shown a surprising change in power levels at frequencies surrounding 245 Hz following local injections of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and glutamate. The power spectrum does not change anywhere else up to 1000 Hz. This effect does not appear to be related to the firing rate of individual neurons, nor the overall power spectral densities.
Chemical composition of a bacteriophage for Streptococcus diacetilactis.

Abstract Electron photomicrographs revealed that the tadpole-shaped phage particle had a head width and length of 60 m μ and a tail length of about 170 m μ . The dried phage contained 4.45% P and 12.8% of the protein was N. Bacteriophages prepared in broth medium were recovered by differential centrifugation and purified in a cesium chloride density gradient. An amino acid analysis revealed the following mole percentages for these acids: lysine, 8.1; histidine, 1.7; arginine, 3.8; aspartic acid plus asparagine, 10.0; threonine, 7.5; serine, 6.8; glutamic acid plus glutamine, 12.0; proline, 3.4; glycine, 9.0; alanine, 9.5; valine, 8.9; methionine, 1.1; isoleucine, 7.9; tyrosine, 2.2 and phenylalanine, 2.8. The nucleic acid of the phage was double-stranded DNA with a thermal melting point (Tm) of 84.3C; from this, an average composition of 35.7% guanine plus cytosine was calculated.
Breeding and Selection of New Switchgrass Varieties for Increased Biomass Production

Switchgrass breeding and genetics research was conducted from 1992-2002 at the Oklahoma State University as part of the national DOE-Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP) effort to develop the species as a bioenergy feedstock crop. The fundamental objective of the program was to implement and conduct a breeding program to increase biomass yield capability in switchgrass and develop cultivars for the central and southern United States. Supporting research objectives included: (1) switchgrass germplasm collection, characterization, and enhancement; (2) elucidation of cytogenetic and breeding behavior; and (3) identification of best breeding procedures.
Pulse oximetry in critically ill children.

To confirm the clinical applicability of a commercial pulse oximeter, we compared arterial hemoglobin saturation values determined by in-vitro oximetry and pulse oximetry in 15 critically ill children. One hundred ninety-two paired hemoglobin saturations were determined by both noninvasive pulse oximetry and direct measurement ot arterial blood samples. The correlation between these two methods of measurement was statistically significant (r = 0.895;p < 0.001). The mean percentage difference between the two measurements was 1.8%. Pulse oximetry was found to be safe and less cumbersome than other methods of monitoring arterial oxygen content. Overall, pulse oximetry was precise and provided a clinically satisfactory noninvasive method tor continuously monitoring arterial hemoglobin saturation in critically ill children.
Consumer Culture Theory, Nonverbal Communication, and Contemporary Politics: Considering Context and Embracing Complexity

This commentary addresses Olivola and Todorov’s “Elected in 100 ms: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting” and considers its valuable contribution to the field of nonverbal communication. This work suggests that contemporary politics and voting behavior are so complex that they can be better understood outside of laboratory settings where the vital elements on culture and context come into play. By using consumer culture theory and other cultural theories of branding, this commentary evaluates elements of Barack Obama’s presidential run, and considers why his campaign resonated so well with voters in contemporary United States culture.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Oil Deposit on Citrus Leaves

The determination of the quantity of petroleum oil deposited on the leaves of a citrus tree by various spray emulsions has been the subject of considerable discussion and research. It is of primary importance to know the amount of oil deposited, in order to correlate the data with the factors of insect toxicity and injury to the tree. When oil sprays are tested to ascertain their respective toxicity to insects, it is very easy to draw erroneous conclusions with regard to differences in effectiveness. In reality, the apparent differences may be due to the fact that under a given set of conditions one spray emulsion will deposit a larger amount of oil than will another. A slight change in the physical or chemical properties of the emulsion may affect the results very markedly (Hensill & Hoskins 1935, Ben-Amotz & Hoskins 1937, Brown & Hoskins 1939). The accurate determination of the oil deposited is therefore of the greatest importance.
Participation of HIV-Infected Patients in Autologous Blood Programs

CONSIDER two patients scheduled for elective surgery at the same time in adjacent operating rooms served by the same blood storage refrigerator. Two units of blood have been collected recently from each patient for autologous transfusion. One of the patients is known to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The patient who is not infected with HIV-1 does not want blood from the infected patient on the operating room refrigerator shelf next to his uninfected blood while both patients undergo surgery, during which a single oversight could result in transfusion of the wrong blood. The patient who is infected wants to receive autologous blood and not risk exposure to other transfusion-transmitted viruses that could pose a particular threat to him. He wants the identical care as the patient in the next room. How should the conflict created by these competing interests be resolved? Physicians responsible for blood
NUCLEAR SPIN, HYPERFINE STRUCTURE, AND NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF 6.8-DAY LUTETIUM- 177

The atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method has been used to measure the nuclear spin and hyperfine structure of 6.8-day ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{177}$ in the ground $^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state and in the $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ electronic state. The results are: $I=\frac{7}{2}$; $^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$: $a=194.84(2)$ Mc/sec, $b=1466.71(12)$ Mc/sec; $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$: $a=147.17(1)$ Mc/sec, $b=1805.93(14)$ Mc/sec. The uncorrected nuclear moments for ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{177}$ calculated from these measurements and from known constants of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ are: ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}=+2.217(10)$ nm, $Q=+5.51(6)$ b.
Admissible, Minimax and Equivariant Estimators of Life Distributions from Type II Censored Samples

In life testing, the unique minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) ? is often used when it exists. However it has been shown for certain distributions that an estimator of the form k? with uniformly smaller mean square error exists. Such extimators are derived here for a class of life distributions and are shown to be admissible, minimax, and (in most cases) equivariant. The underlying distribution from which the samples are drawn follows a generalized life model (GLM) which includes a model proposed by Epstein & Sobel, Weibull, exponential, and Rayleigh distributions as special cases. Results are also given for the Type II asymptotic distribution of largest values, Pareto, and limited distributions. In addition, admissible linear estimators of the form a? + b are obtained and it is shown that they are a form of locally best estimators for some portion of the parameter space. Both k? and a? + b could be used in nonrepetitive estimation problems where bias causes no difficulty.
Using ANT to understand the implementation of a billing and patient management system in an IPA

Healthcare organisations in the US are facing the daunting task of trying to stem escalating delivery costs and yet provide higher quality. While the specific solution has yet to be determined, all are agreed that ICT (information communication technology) use holds the key. Therefore, we are seeing the embracing of various billing and practice management systems as well as electronic patient records systems in the US healthcare sector. In such an environment, it becomes critical to understand the key dynamics so that superior operations and, thereby, value driven, patient centric and IT enabled healthcare delivery ensues. The following uses ANT (actor network theory) as a useful lens to support a detailed analysis of the implementation of a billing practice management system in an IPA (independent practice management system).
Ranking approaches for GIR

At the core of any information retrieval system is its method for ranking results in response to a user's query. Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) systems have an added complexity for this task since the information to be included in the ranking process goes beyond text and word frequency information to encompass geographic proximity, containment and other spatial operations. The need to combine both geographic and text components into GIR systems has led to some interesting hybrid approaches in addition to the "pure" spatial ranking methods based on spatial similarity. In this short survey I will look at some of the methods that have been reported in the literature and used in GIR evaluations including GeoCLEF and NTCIR GeoTime.
E-commerce and the Future of the State Sales Tax System: Critical Issues and Policy Recommendations

Abstract This article examines the issues associated with the taxation of electronic commerce in the United States. It outlines the scope of the debate surrounding the taxing of electronic commerce. There is a discussion of the difference between sales and use tax collection. The important court decisions and their impact on taxing electronic commerce are outlined. The arguments for and against taxing electronic commerce are presented. The estimated state economic losses resulting from not taxing Internet sales are shown. The major reforms that have been initiated to address this tax policy issue are alluded to. The conclusion of this article indicates that a major overhaul of the states' sales tax system is necessary to bring it into the 21st century, since it was created before the arrival of the Internet.
Hugh of St. Victor and the Ark of Noah: A @New Look

The treatise De area Noe morali by Hugh of St. Victor (d. 1141) contains a short but significant piece of literal exegesis concerning Noah's Ark. This seemingly slight example of Victorine exegesis is of considerable intrinsic merit for in it Hugh ventured to criticize an accepted exegetical “authority” and offered in its place his own interpretation of the passage. It is the purpose of this article to examine Hugh's criticism of the traditional exegesis and his positive contributions through the correlation of reason, auctoritas, and a fresh examination of the literal sense of Genesis VI.
WISE design for knowledge integration

Scaling research-based curriculum to the multitude of science teaching standards and contexts has proven difficult in the past. To respond to the challenge, the Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE) offers designers a technology-enhanced, research-based, flexibly adaptive learning environment. The learning environment can incorporate new features such as modeling tools or hand-held devices. Using WISE, design teams can create projects that bend but do not break when customized to support new school contexts and state standards. WISE curriculum projects are created by diverse design teams that include classroom teachers, technologists, discipline experts, pedagogy researchers, and curriculum designers. WISE inquiry projects incorporate Internet materials and build on the commitments and talents of teachers as well as the constraints and opportunities of their classroom contexts rather than imposing new practices without concern for past successes. These design teams create projects that incorporate diverse features of the WISE learning environment to form specific patterns that are then combined into whole projects. We refer to the whole projects as implementing curriculum design patterns for student activities. The projects are tested to determine how the curriculum design patterns promote knowledge integration, then reviewed by WISE researchers and revised accordingly (see M. C. Linn, P. Bell, & E. A. Davis, in press, Internet Environments for Science Education). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.). The most successful projects become part of the WISE library. This paper describes WISE design team practices, features of the WISE learning environment, and patterns of feature use in current library projects. The success of WISE in classrooms illustrates how flexibly adaptive projects can meet the needs of diverse teachers. Variation amongst library projects shows that designers can support inquiry with a wide variety of activities. Taken together, the library of projects and the success of students learning from them suggest that sustainable curricular innovations require extensive opportunities for customization and flexibly adaptive designs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:517–538, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10086
Predictive energy management techniques for PGAS programming

Power consumption increasingly presents an upper bound on sustainable large scale computing performance and reliability. The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming model is a family of parallel programming paradigms with a global address space for ease-of-use while providing locality awareness for efficient execution. Very little exploration has been done to determine the potential of PGAS programming models in improving scalable energy efficient computation for high performance computing (HPC) clusters. This paper examines features of the PGAS programming model that may support predictively reducing power consumption in distributed clusters via dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS). These concepts are tested with Unified Parallel C (UPC) codes running on a cluster of commodity PCs which have been instrumented to measure power at the CPU socket level. We have also explored approaches to automating these power optimization techniques at compile time. Benchmarking results show a tangible reduction in power consumption without impacting the overall execution time of the program.
Optical Volume Measurement of Beating Cardiac Myocytes using Quantitative Phase Imaging

This paper describes recent research in developing a high-resolution optical microscope capable of real-time quantitative phase imaging to study morphological changes such as relative optical volume and optical thickness in cellular structures. A pixelated wire grid polarizer mask bonded to a CCD camera sensor enables simultaneous measurement of multiple phase contrast interference patterns. These data are processed in parallel to obtain phase, optical path difference (OPD), optical thickness (OT), optical volume (OV), simulated DIC (gradient), simulated dark field (gradient magnitude), and 3D typographic movies.Results will be presented of quantitative measurements of optical volume changes in beating rat cardiac myocytes before and after treatment with IPHC (isoproterenol hydrochloride). Full phase and topographic data were obtained at 15 frames/sec. Live cells were prepared and grown on either #1 coverslips or highly reflective slides. Cells cultures were placed into a Bioptechs FCS3 perfusion chamber and kept at 37°C during measurement. Videos of cell optical thickness topography were generated and processed to obtain relative optical volume. These results show dramatically increased rate and strength of contractions with application of IPHC.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Strategies utilized by migrating neurons of the postnatal vertebrate forebrain

Structural brain repair has become a possibility with the identification and characterization of persistent neuronal progenitor cells in both the neonatal and adult brain. However, despite recent advances in the identification, propagation and expansion of these cells, they will not be useful therapeutically until methods are available for directing or delivering them to sites of need. As a result, the natural history and induction of neuronal migration into adult brain tissue has assumed new importance in clinical neurobiology. In this review we consider the cellular and molecular bases of neuronal migration into the postnatal forebrain. In particular, we discuss two natural paradigms of postnatal neuronal recruitment: radial-cell-directed neuronal migration to the songbird neostriatum, and neurophilic migration to the rodent olfactory bulb. In each, we will focus on the dynamic interactions between the migrants, their cellular guides and the local environment, and the effect of those interactions on migrational success.
Determination of antidromic excitation by the collision test: Problems of interpretation

Extracellular unit recordings were made from pontine reticular neurons in the cat and cells of the motor cortex in monkeys. In all cases, the characteristics of responses to electrical stimulation were studied using the tests of invariance of latency, high frequency following, and collision for determining the orthodromic or antidromic nature of the responses. The results of these tests show that their conclusions are not always consistent. A systematic error was found between the experimental and predicted values of the collision interval. It is argued that this error is due to differences in the application of measured parameters in calculating the collision interval. The collision test can be considerably improved by repeating the test with stimuli of progressively greater strengths.
HEAT-SENSITIVE CYLINDER UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE WITH MEDIA OF VARIABLE TEMPERATURE

Based on the model of a heat-sensitive body, we determine the temperature field of a finite-length cylinder under the conditions of convective heat exchange through all surfaces of the body with hightemperature media. In this case, the heat transfer coefficients on the boundaries are different and the temperature of the medium around the cylindrical surface changes along the height of the cylinder. We reveal the efficiency of application of the method of linearizing parameters to the solution of these two-dimensional nonlinear problems of heat conduction. By comparing the determined temperature distribution with the distribution obtained by using the linear model (when the heat-conduction coefficient is constant and equal to the reference or mean-integral value), we establish the influence of the thermal sensitivity of the material on this distribution.
Number of siblings, sibling spacing, sex, and birth order: Their effects on perceived parent–adolescent relationships.

This study examines the effect of the sibling structures of number and spacing sex composition and birth order on adolescents perceptions of the power and support dimensions of parental behavior. These sibling structures are conceptualized as dimensions on a hypothetical sibling time line including number of siblings and the way in which they are arranged in time i.e. the spacing and birth order. Data were obtained from a secondary analysis of a national sample of over 1700 adolescent males [in the United States]. It is found that "research focusing on birth order as an explanatory variable must control for number of siblings spacing and sex composition of siblings; studies examining family size must control for sibling spacing birth order and sex composition. In addition a curvilinear relationship was found between perceived parent behaviors and wider spacing between siblings. The best spacings are the widest (five years) and the narrowest (one year or less) with spacings of two and three years being the most negative." (EXCERPT)
Differential electrophysiological coupling for positive and negative BOLD responses during unilateral hand movements

The coupling between neural cellular activity and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is of critical importance to the interpretation of fMRI. Largely unknown, however, is the degree to which different neuronal events (i.e., excitation and inhibition) maintain or disrupt the neural–hemodynamic relationship, especially in humans. In the present study, we compared local electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations and the positive/negative BOLD responses of simultaneously recorded data from healthy human volunteers performing unilateral finger tapping at graded rates. By quantifying the single-trial modulations of EEG using source imaging, we tested for their correlation with positive BOLD response (PBR) and negative BOLD response (NBR) after coregistering their spatial locations. PBR was found to be overlapped with and correlated to the decrease of alpha (8–13 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) band EEG in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. Regional EEG modulations at the sensorimotor cortex further predicted a spatially distributed and interconnected network of motor-related cortical areas. Alternatively, no significant correlation was found at the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex between the NBR and EEG despite their spatial overlapping. This differential electrophysiological coupling of the positive and negative BOLD responses suggests that the underlying neuronal events may not only influence the direction of the signal change but also the neural–hemodynamic relationship.
Transitions: Negotiating Sexual Decision Making in the Life of Students Attending a Christian University

This exploratory study analyzes the responses of 80 open-ended online surveys to examine the sexual beliefs and behaviors of college students aged 18–22 attending a Christian university in the northeastern region of the USA. This study investigates the transitions the participants encountered in relationship to their sexual beliefs and behaviors. The findings of this study indicate that many students at the beginning, middle, or end of their college transition are committed to abstaining from sexual intercourse until marriage. However, there is also a large minority of students who have not made this commitment. Although well over half of the participants self-reported that they would abstain from sexual intercourse until marriage, more than a third are comfortable with, are engaging in, or are contemplating premarital sex.
Taking steps to prevent pressure ulcers.

Here's how one hospital is putting evidence-based practices to work to keep patients' skin intact.
When necessity is the mother of invention: Mood and problem solving

Abstract Happy moods foster the ability to think about problems in new ways, but little is known about how sad moods affect this process. This paper investigates the hypothesis that individuals in sad moods adhere to the data and might not think about problems in new ways until they receive data indicating that it is appropriate to do so. To investigate this hypothesis, participants in happy, sad, and neutral moods completed a classic mental set task ( Luchins, 1942 ). All mood groups were able to break the mental set and to think about the problems in a new way, but mood affected when they did so. Consistent with the idea that individuals in sad moods adhere to the data, they relied on the mental set until they received evidence that it may be problematic. In contrast, individuals in happier moods were more likely to abandon the mental set on their own, rather than wait for evidence of its inadequacy. In three follow-up experiments, when the information provided by participants’ sad feelings was rendered uninformative, the mood effect disappeared. These findings are consistent with the claim that affect influences processing only when it provides information about how to proceed.