cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamically improving explanations: a revision-based approach to explanation generation

Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in explanation generation. Despite these advances, the quality of prose produced by explanation generators warrants significant improvement. Revision-based explanation generation offers a promising means for improving explanations at runtime. In contrast to singledraft explanation generation architectures, a revision-based generator could dynamically create, evaluate, and refine multiple drafts of explanations. However, because of the inherent complexity of revision, previous multisentential revision-based approaches have not scaled up. We have developed a scalable revision-based model of explanation generation that dynamically improves multi-sentential explanations. By operating on abstract discourse plans encoded in a minimalist representation, it combats both the conceptual complexities and the efficiency problems posed by revision. This approach has been implemented in REVISOR, a unification-based revision system. Evaluations of REVISOR'S performance in generating a corpus of extended multi-sentential scientific explanations yielded encouraging results.
Silencing the insular-striatal circuit decreases alcohol self-administration and increases sensitivity to alcohol

Abstract Internal drug states/cues can impact drug taking, as pretreatment with a moderate to high alcohol dose (i.e., loading dose) can decrease subsequent alcohol self-administration, alcohol-seeking, and relapse-like drinking. The insular cortex (IC) is implicated in processing information about internal states and findings show that silencing the IC and its projections to the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) enhance sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol. Therefore, the goal of the present work was to determine the functional role of IC-AcbC projections in modulating the effects of alcohol pretreatment on operant alcohol self-administration. Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer a sweetened alcohol solution (15% alcohol (v/v) + 2% sucrose (w/v)) and on test sessions received pretreatment with an alcohol loading dose. A chemogenetic strategy (i.e., hM4D Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs [DREADDs]) was implemented to silence the IC-AcbC projections and test the functional role of the insular-striatal circuitry in regulating self-administration following the alcohol loading doses. Alcohol self-administration decreased following pre-session treatment with alcohol, confirming titration of alcohol drinking following a loading dose of alcohol. Chemogenetic silencing of IC-AcbC projections decreased alcohol self-administration under baseline conditions (i.e., water loading dose) and the reduction in self-administration of an alcohol loading dose, implicating a role for this circuit in the maintenance of alcohol self-administration and suggesting increased sensitivity to the alcohol loading dose. These findings provide evidence for the critical nature of insular-striatal circuitry in ongoing alcohol self-administration, and specifically in relation to interoceptive/internal cues that can impact alcohol drinking.
A study on adaptive vibration control and energy conversion of highly flexible multifunctional wings

Abstract In this paper, a highly flexible multifunctional wing with embedded piezoelectric materials and thin-film battery cells for adaptive vibration control and energy harvesting is studied. It provides a description of the electro-aeroelastic equations of multifunctional wings with piezoelectric devices functioning as both actuators for active vibration control and energy harvesters. The energy harvesters also act as dampers for passive vibration control. An LQR controller is implemented for the feedback control of the piezoelectric actuators. The optimal selection of the pre-placed piezoelectric device configuration for efficient flutter suppression is explored by minimizing the state and control costs while maximizing the harvesting output. The priority of the multifunctional wing design is put on a capability of vibration alleviation than energy harvesting. In addition, an active control algorithm for gust alleviation adaptively switching piezoelectric device functions is developed. A multifunctional wing that takes advantage of both active actuation and energy harvesting is then numerically studied by exploring the state, control, and harvesting costs in different numerical simulations under gust disturbances and aeroelastic instabilities. Finally, an energy storage design using thin-film lithium-ion batteries is considered to accumulate the harvested energy from piezoelectric devices. The performance of the multifunctional wing with such energy storage device is also explored.
Six Signs of Scientism (Seis Signos De Cientismo) (Spanish)

As the English word "scientism" is currently used, it is a trivial verbal truth that scientism-an inappropriately deferential attitude to science-should be avoided. But it is a substantial question when, and why, deference to the sciences in inappropriate or exaggerated. This paper tries to answer that question by articulating "six signs of scientism": the honorific use of "science," etc; using scientific trappings purely decoratively; preoccupation with demarcation; preoccupation with "scientific method"; looking to the sciences for answers beyond their scope; denying the legitimacy or worth of non-scientific (e.g. legal or literary) inquiry, or of writing poetry or making art.
Can Intermittent Video Sampling Capture Individual Differences in Naturalistic Driving

We examined the utility and validity of intermittent video samples from black box devices for capturing individual difference variability in real-world driving performance in an ongoing study of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and community controls. Three types of video clips were coded for several dimensions of interest to driving research including safety, exposure, and driver state. The preliminary findings indicated that clip types successfully captured variability along targeted dimensions such as highway vs. city driving, driver state such as distraction and sleepiness, and safety. Sleepiness metrics were meaningfully associated with adherence to PAP (positive airway pressure) therapy. OSA patients who were PAP adherent showed less sleepiness and less non-driving related gaze movements than nonadherent patients. Simple differences in sleepiness did not readily translate to improvements in driver safety, consistent with epidemiologic evidence to date.
A Sequential Simplex Program for Solving Minimization Problems

Nelder and Mead [2] have developed a simple, robust direct-search procedure for finding the minimum of a function. It consists of evaluating a function of n variables at the (n + 1) vertices of a g...
Fission-Track Annealing: From Geologic Observations to Thermal History Modeling

This chapter reviews the evolving state of knowledge concerning fission-track (FT) annealing, primarily in apatite and zircon, based on theory, experiments, and geological observations. Multiple insights into track structure, formation, and evolution arise from transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and molecular dynamics computer modeling. Our principal knowledge, however, comes from experiments in which spontaneous or induced tracks are annealed, etched, and measured, the results statistically fitted, and their predictions compared against geological benchmarks. This empirical approach has proven effective and resilient, though physical understanding remains an ultimate goal. The precise mechanism by which lattice damage anneals, and how it varies among minerals and damage types, remains unknown. Multiple similarities between apatite and zircon suggest equivalent underlying processes. Both minerals demonstrate annealing anisotropy, and its characterization is crucial for understanding both track shortening and density reduction. The fanning curvilinear equation, featuring curved iso-annealing lines on an Arrhenius-type diagram, has been the most successful for matching data spanning timescales from seconds to hundreds of millions of years. A super-model featuring a single set of iso-annealing lines describes all apatite experimental data to date. Annealing rates vary with both anion and cation substitutions, and more work is required to ascertain how these substitutions interact. Other areas for further research include differences between spontaneous and induced tracks, and possible additional processes affecting length and density evolution, such as seasoning. Thermal history inversion simultaneously leverages and tests our models, and accounting for kinetic variation is key for doing it soundly.
Development of Diabetes after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Results of a 10-Year Series Using Prospective Endocrine Evaluation.

Background Limited literature is available on the development of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The primary aim was to define the diabetic phenotype and correlate preoperative glycemic laboratory results to new-onset diabetes after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Study Design In this prospective study, perioperative fasting and postprandial (oral glucose tolerance test) plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, and c-peptide were measured in consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy by the senior author from 2006 to 2017. American Diabetes Association definitions were used for glycemic classifications. Multivariate risk factor analysis was performed. Results Of 774 identified patients, 371 diabetics were excluded and 403 patients were included: 167 and 236 were preoperatively classified as nondiabetic and prediabetic, respectively. The incidence rates of diabetes at 120 months post pancreaticoduodenectomy were 9.0% (nondiabetics), 22.0% (prediabetics), and 16.6% (overall). Patients in whom diabetes developed demonstrated a 3-fold larger difference between oral glucose tolerance test and fasting glucose (Δ), and 2-fold larger Δinsulin and Δc-peptide values. Tiered multivariate analysis identified glycated hemoglobin >5.4% with a relative risk (RR) of 2.944 (p = 0.047) as an independent predictor of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. Analysis of patients stratified by preoperative classification identified fasting glucose >95 mg/dL (nondiabetics, RR 1.925; p = 0.002), and glycated hemoglobin ≥5.4% (prediabetics, RR 3.125; p = 0.040) as independent risk factors for diabetes. Compared with nondiabetics, prediabetics classified by any laboratory results demonstrated an RR of 2.471 (p = 0.001) for diabetes developing postoperatively. There was no association between primary pathology, advancing age, or BMI and increased risk of diabetes development. Conclusions Diabetes will develop after pancreaticoduodenectomy in approximately 16.6% of patients. A preoperative glycated hemoglobin >5.4% independently predicts new-onset diabetes. Pre- and postoperative endocrine analysis remains paramount for proper patient risk stratification.
Abstract 256: The Direct Characterization of Endothelial Inflammation in Patients with Psoriasis

Objective: Psoriasis, an inflammatory autoimmune disease, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Active psoriatic disease is linked to systemic vascular inflammation, yet how this cont...
Clinical and molecular characterization of early-onset colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increasing in adults younger than 50 years. This study evaluated clinical and molecular features to identify those features unique to early-onset CRC that differentiate these patients from patients 50 years old or older. METHODS Baseline characteristics were evaluated according to the CRC onset age with 3 independent cohorts. A fourth cohort was used to describe the impact of age on the consensus molecular subtype (CMS) prevalence. RESULTS This retrospective review of more than 36,000 patients with CRC showed that early-onset patients were more likely to have microsatellite instability (P = .038), synchronous metastatic disease (P = .009), primary tumors in the distal colon or rectum (P < .0001), and fewer BRAF V600 mutations (P < .001) in comparison with patients 50 years old or older. Patients aged 18 to 29 years had fewer adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations (odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.90; P = .015) and an increased prevalence of signet ring histology (OR, 4.89; 95% CI, 3.23-7.39; P < .0001) in comparison with other patients younger than 50 years. In patients younger than 40 years, CMS1 was the most common subtype, whereas CMS3 and CMS4 were uncommon (P = .003). CMS2 was relatively stable across age groups. Early-onset patients with inflammatory bowel disease were more likely to have mucinous or signet ring histology (OR, 5.54; 95% CI, 2.24-13.74; P = .0004) and less likely to have APC mutations (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.75; P = .019) in comparison with early-onset patients without predisposing conditions. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset CRC is not only distinct from traditional CRC: special consideration should be given to and further investigations should be performed for both very young patients with CRC (18-29 years) and those with predisposing conditions. The etiology of the high rate of CMS1 in patients younger than 40 years deserves further exploration.
Predicting the reliability of an additively-manufactured metal part for the third Sandia fracture challenge by accounting for random material defects

We describe an approach to predict failure in a complex, additively-manufactured stainless steel part as defined by the third Sandia Fracture Challenge. A viscoplastic internal state variable constitutive model was calibrated to fit experimental tension curves in order to capture plasticity, necking, and damage evolution leading to failure. Defects such as gas porosity and lack of fusion voids were represented by overlaying a synthetic porosity distribution onto the finite element mesh and computing the elementwise ratio between pore volume and element volume to initialize the damage internal state variables. These void volume fraction values were then used in a damage formulation accounting for growth of these existing voids, while new voids were allowed to nucleate based on a nucleation rule. Blind predictions of failure are compared to experimental results. The comparisons indicate that crack initiation and propagation were correctly predicted, and that an initial porosity field superimposed as higher initial damage may provide a path forward for capturing material strength uncertainty. The latter conclusion was supported by predicted crack face tortuosity beyond the usual mesh sensitivity and variability in predicted strain to failure; however, it bears further inquiry and a more conclusive result is pending compressive testing of challenge-built coupons to de-convolute materials behavior from the geometric influence of significant porosity.
Religion and Tolerance of Minority Sects in the Arab World

Does religious behavior always promote hostility toward members of other faiths? This article suggests that the relationship between personal religious behavior and religious tolerance is not so si...
Passives as unmarked voice: a case of “warning” Passives in Okinawan

Abstract Drawing on natural conversation data obtained through field work, this paper explores a passive used as an unmarked voice (e.g., You will be hit now vis-a-vis the expected I will hit you now) in certain discourse contexts in Okinawan, an endangered sister language of Japanese. This passive, termed here as “strong warning passive,” occurs in a speaker-addressee dyad at the speech time, like a performative sentence, but unexpectedly only in passive voice. After pointing out necessary conditions for such passives, further recognizing futuritive “weak warning passives,” and bringing in baseline regular passives, this study points out gradational changes in the three passives along three dimensions: speaker involvement, spatial/temporal distance from the deictic center, and agent explicitness. Lastly, the paper offers an explanatory account as to the existence of the warning passives, drawing on typology (become-language) and the addressee-orientation.
Textual and Scientific Exegesis: George Stigler and Method in Economic Science

This chapter reconsiders Stigler’s 1965 distinction between textual and scientific exegesis, and explores its importance in the study and writing of the history of economic thought, as well as in the doing and writing of economic theory. After introducing the distinction, and its reception in Chicago and elsewhere, the chapter counters it (i) by laying out Pocock’s views on the reading of history as the identification and unscrambling of various language games that may conceivably be in play; and (ii) by elaborating Stigler’s own views of the role of mathematics in the theorizing of economic phenomena, as he exposed them in his 1949 LSE lectures. We read these texts through the lens provided by Carl Schmitt in his 1932 articulation of the friend/enemy dichotomy, and his characterization of the “enemy” as the defining character of the “political.” This chapter then reads Stigler as a Schmittian, and develops a critique of his views using his exegetical distinction as its particular point of departure, one that its authors hope will feed into questions concerning the teaching and curricular design of economic theory.
How Exciton and Single Carriers Block the Excitonic Transition in Two-Dimensional Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanoplatelets

Cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets (NPLs) possess unique properties and have shown great potential in lasing, light-emitting diodes, and photocatalytic applications. However, the exact natures of the band-edge exciton and single carrier (electron and hole) states remain unclear, even though they affect the key properties and applications of these materials. Herein, we study the contribution of a single carrier (electron or hole) state to phase space filling of single exciton states of cadmium chalcogenide NPLs. With pump fluence dependent TA study and selective electron removal, we determine that a single electron and hole states contribute 85% and 12%, respectively, to the blocking of the excitonic transition in CdSe/ZnS core/shell NPLs. These observations can be rationalized by a model of band-edge exciton and single carrier states of 2D NPLs that differs significantly from that of quantum dots.
Re-flipping in the Remote Classroom: The Surprising Uptake of Video-Recorded Worked Examples

This communication provides an initial report of modifications of a pedagogically complex, large enrollment (>200 student), studio-based course in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to face-to-face delivery, course activities were identified as new, modified significantly, or relatively similar. Students were asked to rank eight activities in terms of their effectiveness to the development of their chemical engineering knowledge and skills. Surprisingly, students responded most positively to a new activity, “video worked examples,” with over half the students selecting the highest ranking. Fourteen video worked examples were delivered during spring quarter 2020. First, an interactive lecture was delivered during the first hour of the scheduled 2 h class period and then students were directed to a video-recorded worked example that they would watch and submit a corresponding artifact of work that followed the video. The pattern of artifact submission changed over the term. The number of students who submitted the worked artifact before the content was presented in class increased as the term progressed, accounting for approximately one-quarter of the submissions toward the end. There appeared a relatively even distribution among the other seven ranked activities where students expressed different preferences, confirming that a diversity of activity modes supports student engagement.
Debris flow behavior during the September 2013 rainstorm event in the Colorado Front Range, USA

Debris flows are highly unpredictable and mechanically chaotic phenomena that can spread or branch away from an expected path or pre-existing channel, a phenomenon termed avulsion. While avulsion is expected to occur over long time periods on mature debris fans, it can also occur on short time scales and outside of active portions of fans. This was the case during the 9–13 September 2013 rainstorm event that triggered over 1000 debris flows in the Colorado Front Range. This research examines the geomorphic and topographic characteristics of debris flows during this event to identify the controlling variables of avulsion during singular events. Avulsion was observed in 1/3 of the debris flows, which were classified into 5 distinct behaviors and thus hazard implications, including directional change, distributary, split, free spreading, and braided. Debris flows that avulsed were twice as long and 6 times more likely to have path obstructions than non-avulsed paths. Additionally, locations along a debris-flow path with low lateral confinement and decreasing slope angles were more prone to avulsion. The high frequency of avulsed debris flows during the 2013 rainstorm event emphasizes the importance of considering avulsion potential during debris-flow mitigation design. The common characteristics of avulsed flows highlighted here could be incorporated into future hazard modeling efforts.
Norms, Repeated Games, and the Role of Law

In drawing on the theory of repeated games, norms scholars have devoted much attention to the so-called “third-party enforcement problem:” the seemingly inevitable reluctance of members of a community to carry out their implicit threat to punish deviators. We argue that the third-party enforcement problem—as currently represented in the literature—is illusory. To be sure, third party enforcement is always a problem for “titfor-tat,” the norms literature’s canonical example of a cooperation-sustaining strategy. The problem is not, however, endemic to strategies that support cooperation. Thus, we propose re-focusing on an alternative strategy, which we call “def-for-dev” (“defect-for-deviate”). Under def-for-dev third parties find it in their interest to punish deviators lest they themselves be labeled as deviators in future rounds. Although the third-party enforcement problem as conceived of in the literature is illusory, there is still reason for skepticism about the application of mainstream repeated game theory to law and norms. We highlight the “counterfactual problem:” the fact that the theory of games requires that players continue to believe that other players have adopted a particular equilibrium strategy even “off the equilibrium path,” when it is evident that this belief is false. The counterfactual problem opens up avenues for law that the literature has not yet identified. We contend, for example, that law does not enter simply to help players arrive at the cooperative equilibrium, but is required to sustain that equilibrium. This observation has the virtue of consistency with actual patterns of law enforcement. * Brokaw Professor of Corporate Law, Albert C. BeVier Research Professor, University of Virginia School of Law, pgm9h@virginia.edu. ** Associate Professor, University of Virginia School of Law, csanchirico@law.virginia.edu.
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (Mild or Major Neurocognitive Disorder) in Huntington’s Disease

The original descriptions of Huntington’s disease focused so predominantly on the involuntary choreatic movements that the disease was known as Huntington’s chorea. As an understanding evolved that this inherited disorder was characterized as much by cognitive and mood disturbances as it was by motor impairment, the term chorea, derived from the Greek word for dance, was dropped from the name in the 1980s. While less prevalent and less well studied than other neurodegenerative diseases, the ability to identify people with the genetic mutation who will ultimately, and with certainty, develop Huntington’s disease allows for investigation of the lifelong course of this disease well beyond what can be done for other major neurodegenerative diseases. As such, the cognitive deficits that appear along the continuum of the progression of Huntington’s disease have been well characterized. It is now known that cognitive impairments are detectable as long as 15 years before the clinical diagnosis of HD. In this chapter, we describe the phenomenology of the cognitive decline that occurs over the course of the disease and how the profile is unique from other diseases. We present both the domains of cognition most impacted in the disease as well as the specific cognitive tests that are the most sensitive in this population. Lastly, we highlight some of the upcoming clinical trials that will include cognition as an endpoint for this devastating disease.
Patients with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Have an Increased Risk of Second Primary Malignancy.

While overall colorectal cancer (CRC) rates in the USA are declining, the incidence of early-onset CRC (eoCRC) under age 50 is increasing. The aim of this study was to examine the risk of a second primary malignancy (SPM) in individuals with eoCRC, and how this risk compares to those with late-onset CRC (loCRC). We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database to examine the risk of SPM after a diagnosis of eoCRC. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were used to estimate the risk of SPM after eoCRC and loCRC in comparison with the risk of malignancy in the general population. Compared to the general population, individuals with eoCRC, but not loCRC, had an increased lifetime risk of SPM (SIR 1.42, 95% CI 1.37–1.48 and SIR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.02, respectively), and locations at highest risk were the small intestine, ureter, rectum, and colon. The risk of SPM after eoCRC was similar in men and women, but higher in non-whites compared to whites and higher in those with a lower area-level median household income. The risk of SPM following eoCRC was high in the first 5 years after diagnosis (SIR 2.44, 95% CI 2.24–2.66) and, in a birth cohort analysis, was found to be increasing over time. Individuals with eoCRC have a lifetime risk of SPM nearly 50% higher than the general population. The risk of SPM is highest in the first 5 years after diagnosis and is increasing over time.
Sovereign Risk and Asset and Liability Managementâ€”Conceptual Issues

Country practices towards managing financial risks on a sovereign balance sheet continue to evolve. Each crisis period, and its legacy on sovereign balance sheets, reaffirms the need for strengthening financial risk management. This paper discusses some salient features embedded in the current generation of sovereign asset and liability management (SALM) approaches, including objectives, definitions of relevant assets and liabilities, and methodologies used in obtaining optimal SALM outcomes. These elements are used in developing an analytical SALM framework which could become an operational instrument in formulating asset management and debtor liability management strategies at the sovereign level. From a portfolio perspective, the SALM approach could help detect direct and derived sovereign risk exposures. It allows analyzing the financial characteristics of the balance sheet, identifying sources of costs and risks, and quantifying the correlations among these sources of risk. The paper also outlines institutional requirements in implementing an SALM framework and seeks to lay the ground for further policy and analytical work on this topic
Examining the Effects of Microalgal Metabolites on Ciliary Activity of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica

Suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs have evolved a highly effective mechanism for particle discrimination, which allows them to process efficiently the material to which they are exposed. The mechanisms controlling this preingestive sorting process have been described as either passive or active. Evidence of a passive selection mechanism has been demonstrated in several species of suspension-feeding bivalves. In contrast, to date there has been no evidence that active selection mechanisms underlay particle selection in bivalves, although the possibility of such mechanisms has been hypothesized numerous times. The present study was designed to examine active selection on the gill of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. The gill was chosen for study because in oysters this organ is involved in particle selection. Two in vivo assays were designed in which the gill was exposed to dissolved cell exudate or extracts from the microalga Tetraselmis chuii, and the transport of polystyrene microspheres (25 µm) by the frontal cilia of the ordinary filament quantified by means of video endoscopy. Results demonstrated that the addition of exudates or extracts of T. chuii cells had no significant effect on the percentage of particles being transported dorsally (likely ingested) or ventrally (more likely rejected), and no differences in the number of particles in the ventral groove between control and experimental treatments. Results of follow-up experiments using covalently bound neoglycoproteins commonly found on cell surfaces of microalgal species demonstrated differences in transport of captured microspheres (10 µm, carboxylated) depending on the sugar type. Although chemoreception cannot be completely ruled out, these findings further indicate that physicochemical properties of particles, and not an active behavioral or physiological response (i.e., chemoreception of dissolved metabolites) by the animal, mediate particle selection in oysters.
Philadelphia battlefields: Disruptive campaigns and upset elections in a changing city, by John Kromer: Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 2020

Philadelphia Battlefields dissects the origins of successful insurgent campaigns in Philadelphia in a book that is equal parts analysis and call to action. Running without the Democratic Party’s en...
Direct ionic regulation of the activity of Myo-inositol biosynthesis enzymes in Mozambique tilapia.

Myo-inositol (Ins) is a major compatible osmolyte in many cells, including those of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Ins biosynthesis is highly up-regulated in tilapia and other euryhaline fish exposed to hyperosmotic stress. In this study, enzymatic regulation of two enzymes of Ins biosynthesis, Ins phosphate synthase (MIPS) and inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), by direct ionic effects is analyzed. Specific MIPS and IMPase isoforms from Mozambique tilapia (MIPS-160 and IMPase 1) were selected based on experimental, phylogenetic, and structural evidence supporting their role for Ins biosynthesis during hyperosmotic stress. Recombinant tilapia IMPase 1 and MIPS-160 activity was assayed in vitro at ionic conditions that mimic changes in the intracellular milieu during hyperosmotic stress. The in vitro activities of MIPS-160 and IMPase 1 are highest at alkaline pH of 8.8. IMPase 1 catalytic efficiency is strongly increased during hyperosmolality (particularly for the substrate D-Ins-3-phosphate, Ins-3P), mainly as a result of [Na+] elevation. Furthermore, the substrate-specificity of IMPase 1 towards D-Ins-1-phosphate (Ins-1P) is lower than towards Ins-3P. Because MIPS catalysis results in Ins-3P this results represents additional evidence for IMPase 1 being the isoform that mediates Ins biosynthesis in tilapia. Our data collectively demonstrate that the Ins biosynthesis enzymes are activated under ionic conditions that cells are exposed to during hypertonicity, resulting in Ins accumulation, which, in turn, results in restoration of intracellular ion homeostasis. We propose that the unique and direct ionic regulation of the activities of Ins biosynthesis enzymes represents an efficient biochemical feedback loop for regulation of intracellular physiological ion homeostasis during hyperosmotic stress.
The impact of on-officer video cameras on police–citizen contacts: findings from a controlled experiment in Mesa, AZ

On-officer video camera (OVC) technology in policing is developing at a rapid pace. Large agencies are beginning to adopt the technology on a limited basis, and a number of cities across the United States have required their police departments to adopt the technology for all first responders. However, researchers have just begun to examine the effects of OVC technology on citizen complaints, officers’ attitudes, and police–citizen contacts. This study examines officer behavior and perceptions of camera technology among 100 line officers in the Mesa Police Department during police–citizen encounters over a 10-month period. Experimental data from 3698 field contact reports were analyzed to determine whether being assigned to wear an OVC influences officer behavior and perceptions of OVC technology. Bivariate and multilevel logistic regression analyses indicate that officers assigned to wear a camera were less likely to perform stop-and-frisks and make arrests, but were more likely to give citations and initiate encounters. Officers were also more likely to report OVCs as being helpful if they wore a camera and in situations where they issued a warning or citation, performed a stop-and-frisk, and made an arrest. Our results provide important insights into the consequences of OVCs on police behavior and suggest that officers are more proactive with this technology without increasing their use of invasive strategies that may threaten the legitimacy of the organization.
Happily Ever After: Providing Students with Epilogues for Cautionary Tales

Stories of lawyers’ professional missteps are legion: misplaced commas causing millions in client losses, late court filings triggering malpractice claims, and incomprehensible briefs meriting sanctions are just a few. Such cautionary tales present useful teachable moments for law students. Yet, because cautionary tales appeal to fear as a persuasive device, law professors may be wise to use them carefully. Although some fear is productive and can motivate students to achieve, too much fear can be debilitating. This is particularly so among law students -- a population well known to suffer from heightened anxiety and depression. This essay suggests one way that law professors can mitigate the anxiety caused by cautionary tales.
17 – Further Significance of Samples

The idea of sampling is meaningful only when the population is large. When the population is very large, sampling is done to economize on time and expense. When the population involved is not only very large but also not practically accessible, as, for example, when finding the average height of tenth-grade boys in the United States, sampling is unavoidable. In drawing inferences from sampling and applying those to the entire population lies the strength of probability and statistics. When the entire population is accessible and reasonably small, computations for the population of such statistical measures as mean, variance, and standard deviation are done using the same formulas as in the case of samples. If the experimental outcome, the dependent variable, is a number, then the number so obtained from several replications can be averaged to get the “final” number as the experimental result.
Abstract 11123: Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With Stable Coronary Disease and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Background: Clinical trial data suggest a modest improvement in outcomes when coronary bypass surgery (CABG) is added to medical therapy for patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). However, limited data are available to understand the impact of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) on mortality for patients with stable CAD and LVSD. Methods: We studied 901 patients in the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Diseases. All patients underwent a coronary angiogram at Duke University for suspected CAD between 1995 and 2012. Patients included in the analysis all had CAD amenable to PCI (>50% stenosis) in at least 1 vessel, reduced LVEF (< 35%), and stable CAD. Patients with CCS class III or IV angina or CABG within 30 days were excluded. Of 901 patients, 259 were treated with PCI and 642 were treated with medical therapy. Propensity scores for PCI, created from 24 different variables (including age, LVEF, comorbid conditions, and medications), were u...
The Flypaper Effect

What happens to a state's spending when it receives an unconditional grant from the federal government? The standard theoretical analysis predicts that the increase in spending will be the same as that generated by an equivalent increase in local incomes--or roughly 5-10 percent for most states. In contrast, numerous empirical analyses have found that spending increases by much more, with some estimates near 100 percent. This result is known as the 'flypaper effect,' since the money appears to 'stick where it hits.' The authors review this evidence as well as other studies that find similar behavior in firms.
Chemical Biology Using Fluorinated Building Blocks

There is a long and rich history of the use of fluorine-containing molecules to modulate biological function. In recent years, incorporation of fluorine atoms into biomolecular assemblies has resulted in unprecedented control of structure and function. The electronegativity of fluorine has helped unveil the physical basis for the stability of collagen; incorporation of trifluoromethyl groups into peptides and proteins has resulted in hyperstable ensembles and enabled the control of oligomer formation in the nonpolar context of biological membranes. Further, fluorinated lipids segregate from hydrocarbon lipids with identical headgroups in bilayers and serve as better vehicles for transporting macromolecular cargo into living cells. Some select systems are highlighted here and the important role of fluorinated biomolecules is discussed. Keywords: fluorinated building blocks; noncovalent interactions; phase separation; protein design; chemical biology
Abstract W P6: Transfer for Intra-Arterial Stroke Treatment and its Impact on Clinical Outcome

OBJECTIVE: Patients referred to stroke centers from community hospitals for intra-arterial stroke treatment (IAT) may experience significant delay during the transfer process. We sought to determine the difference in clinical outcomes amongst patients presenting directly to stroke centers (PD) versus those transferred from outside community hospitals (TR). METHODS: We reviewed records of patients who underwent IAT at our center from July 2012 – July 2014. All patients had intracranial large vessel occlusion and a baseline ASPECT score of ≥ 6. Patients demographics, risk factors, admission clinical and neuroimaging findings, treatment times and methods, procedure related complications and modified Rankin score (mRS) at 90 days were analyzed. For patients who are not yet at 90 days post-treatment, mRS at hospital discharge was used in the final analysis. A favorable outcome was defined as mRS 2 or less at 90 days. RESULTS: Overall 141 consecutively treated patients were identified. Of these, 89 (63.1%) were transferred from community hospitals for IAT. Median time from last known well to stroke center arrival was 50 mins for PD and 245 mins for TR group (T-test p CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that patients with favorable baseline head CT, referred from outlying facilities, may achieve similar clinical outcomes following IAT when compared to those presenting directly to a designated stroke center. Further randomized studies on an intent to treat design are needed to corroborate these findings.
Classification of modes in multi-moded photonic crystal microcavities

Resonant modes in multi-moded photonic crystal cavities are experimentally characterized and we obtain excellent agreement between these observations and predictions based on a combination of finite-difference time-domain simulations, group theory, and Green's functions
Some Empirical Justification for a Theory of Natural Propositional Logic

Publisher Summary Within psychology, there are three approaches to the issue of the relation of logic to reasoning. One approach emphasizes nonlogical processes and biases. The second approach posits that subjects proceed by constructing a mental model of the information given and reason from the model. The third approach assumes that reasoning includes logical principles and that it has been the starting point for a substantial body of work in recent years. This chapter presents evidence supporting a particular repertory as the repertory of the kinds of inferences basic to the propositional reasoning of adults untutored in logic. The measures of the difficulty of direct reasoning problems can be predicted from the number of inferences of this repertory needed to solve a problem and can very well be predicted if the problem length and the kind of inference are also taken into account. The repertory was incorporated into a reasoning program that consists of a direct reasoning routine, coupled with some strategies to be used when the routine fails to solve a problem.
Development of a Face-to-Face Injunctive Norms Brief Motivational Intervention for College Drinkers and Preliminary Outcomes

Findings are presented from the first randomized clinical trial that compared changes in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences among college student drinkers from baseline to follow-up across 4 conditions: (a) a new single component injunctive norms brief motivational intervention (IN-BMI) condition; (b) a single component descriptive norms brief motivational intervention (DN-BMI); (c) a combined IN and DN brief motivational intervention (Combined-BMI); and (d) assessment-only control. DN-BMI focused on the juxtaposition of personal, perceived, and actual alcohol use by typical same-sex students at your university. IN-BMI focused on the juxtaposition of personal, perceived, and actual attitudes about alcohol-related consequences by the typical same-sex student at your university. Exploratory analyses assessed the effect of IN-BMI and DN-BMI on matched (e.g., the effect of DN-BMI on perceived DN) and mismatched norms (e.g., the effect of DN-BMI on perceived IN). IN-BMI resulted in greater decreases in alcohol use and consequences when delivered alone and in conjunction with DN-BMI compared with the control condition. Further, the Combined-BMI condition reported greater reductions in alcohol use but not consequences compared to the DN condition. Receiving IN-BMI either alone or in combination with DN-BMI produced greater changes in IN perceptions than were produced in the control group. Grounded in norms theory, this study examined how college student problem drinking is affected by both IN-BMI and DN-BMI alone and in combination. We conclude that IN-BMI alone or in combination with DN-BMI is able to modify alcohol use and reduce alcohol-related consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record
Linking China, India, and the United States

China and India in the Age of Globalization. By Shalendra D. Sharma. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 321 pp., $85.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-51571-9); $27.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 798-0-521-73136-2). Professor Shalendra Sharma's China and India in the Age of Globalization provides an informative and timely contribution to the literature on the rising role and status of China and India in world affairs. Sharma's treatment of the political economy of both countries and implications for future-defining Sino-Indian, US–China, and US–India relations is richly detailed, current, and informed by consultation with much of the voluminous relevant literature concerned with the two emerging powers. Professor Sharma's decision to compare China and India, and to analyze his chosen subject within the context of relations with the United States, will be welcomed by many readers. Within this comparative framework, he raises and addresses questions of importance for today's students of comparative politics and international studies, policymakers in all three political systems, and others generally interested in understanding the contemporary “contradictions and paradoxes” (p. 271) of globalization. His key questions include: Will China become a “responsible global stakeholder” (also see Bhattacharya 2005)? Will growing economic convergence further solidify Sino-Indo relations? I would add: How will the economic, social, and political implications of unparalleled disparities in aggregate national income relative to per-capita income play out over time in China and India? Sharma's approach to his subject is thorough, balanced, and cautious. He effectively interweaves historical analysis with recent developments. Table 2 (p. 57) listing “major reform steps in China: 1978–2006” is particularly helpful. His critical analysis of China's banking and financial sectors (pp. 116–27) is illuminating. The book certainly does not avoid informed speculation on the future, but Sharma typically hedges his bets.1 Based on power-transition theory, for instance, he expects China's rise to destabilize the international system.2 At the same time, he envisions the prospect that the United States can further facilitate integrating China “into the international economy and embedding it in the …
Pharmacokinetics and electroencephalographic effects of ketoconazole in the rat.

To evaluate methodology for in vivo interaction studies of benzodiazepines (BZs) and ketoconazole (KCZ) in animal models, this study assessed the pharmacokinetics and electroencephalographic (EEG) effect of KCZ, and suitable dosage regimens of KCZ to maintain sufficiently high KCZ concentrations to inhibit metabolism of BZs in rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with KCZ 10 mg kg−1. No significant EEG change was detected regardless of serum KCZ concentration, indicating that the EEG changes after both BZ and KCZ administration can be attributed entirely to BZ. Serum KCZ concentrations showed an apparent nonlinear pattern of decline with a short half-life (1.38 h). An additional dose of 5 mg kg−1 i.p. given 180 min after the initial dose sustained KCZ concentrations above 2 μg mL−1 until at least 500 min after the initial dose. These results provide the basis for design of animal models for in vivo assessment of interactions of BZs and KCZ. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic considerations in acid-catalyzed cracking of olefins

Abstract The relative rates of cracking and resultant product distributions for cracking C5–C8olefins over ZSM-5 at 510°C were quantified and rationalized in terms of carbenium ion mechanisms. Conditions were chosen to minimize bimolecular reactions. Cracking rates increase more dramatically with carbon number for olefins than for monomolecular cracking of paraffins, as more energetically favorable modes become available for β-scission of the carbenium ion formed by proton donation to the olefin. Product distributions were used to determine the relative rates of various modes of β-scission, as classified by the types of carbenium ions involved. For hexene and heptene feeds, the most-favorable β-scission mode available (C-type, involving just secondary carbenium ions, for hexene feed; B-type, involving secondary plus tertiary carbenium ions for heptene) accounted for 70–80% of the cracking. Product distribution was independent of which hexene or heptene isomer was fed, since double-bond and skeletal isomerization precedes significant cracking. For 1-octene feed, however, the olefin was nearly all cracked via secondary-tertiary and tertiary-secondary β-scission (after isomerizing to a dimethylhexene) before it isomerized further to the 2,4,4-trimethylpentene isomer, which would be required to undergo the most energetically favored (tertiary-tertiary) form of cracking. A semiquantitative prediction of rates and product distribution for 1-octene cracking could be made, using rates for the various types of β-scission calculated from results with C6–C7feeds.