cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bleeding and Thrombosis in a Cancer Patient

Patients with cancer have an increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) that is well documented, due to a variety of factors including tumor-induced hypercoagulability that varies by tumor type, stasis and vascular compression by tumor, and therapies used to treat the underlying malignancy. Advances in cancer detection and treatment have improved survival, even if patients are not cured, so that cancer in many patients can be viewed as a chronic disease, allowing patients to live longer but also develop complications. In addition to VTE, these complications can include an increased bleeding risk related to both tumor and treatments. Managing the competing risks of thrombosis and bleeding can be difficult in any patient and even more so in the cancer patient. Data regarding specific management is not always available, as each patient can present a unique combination of bleeding and thrombotic risks, and treatment must often be tailored to accommodate these individual risks. In the cases below, we review common clinical situations and discuss management strategies, with data to support these strategies when available.
Early Versus Late Onset Attention Deficit Disorder

The validity of the age-of-onset criterion (AOC), with symptoms emerging before age 7, in the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder was evaluated by analysis of data from interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
A Neurophysiological examination of quality of learning in a feedback-based learning task

Abstract The efficiency with which one processes external feedback contributes to the speed and quality of one’s learning. Previous findings that the feedback related negativity (FRN) event related potential (ERP) is modulated by learning outcomes suggested that this ERP reflects the extent to which feedback is used by the learner to improve performance. To further test this suggestion, we measured whether the FRN and the fronto-central positivity (FCP) that follows it are modulated by learning slopes, and as a function of individual differences in learning outcomes. Participants were tasked with learning names (non-words) of 42 novel objects in a two-choice feedback-based visual learning task. The items were divided into three sets of 14 items, each presented in five learning blocks and a sixth test block. Individual learning slopes based on performance on the task, as well as FRN and FCP slopes based on positive and negative feedback related activation in each block were created for 53 participants. Our data pointed to an interaction between slopes of the FRN elicited by negative feedback and learning slopes, such that a sharper decrease in the amplitude of the FRN to negative feedback was associated with sharper learning slopes. We further examined the predictive power of the FRN and FCP elicited in the training blocks on the learning outcomes as measured by performance on the test blocks. We found that small FRN to negative feedback, large FRN to positive feedback, and large FCP to negative feedback in the first training block predicted better learning outcomes. These results add to the growing evidence that the processes giving rise to the FRN and FCP are sensitive to individual differences in the extent to which feedback is used for learning.
Collisionless Shocks and Solitary Waves

Recently there has been a revival of interest in the collision-free magneto-hydrodynamic shock. This interest centers around the apparent detached shock which buffers the earth and its magnetic field from the solar wind.
Hirayama Disease in Children from North America (IN1-1.009)

OBJECTIVE: To identify Hirayama disease in children in a tertiary care Pediatric Neurology Clinic. BACKGROUND: Hirayama disease has been mainly reported from Asia, with only a few cases from western hemisphere particularly North America. In this study we highlighted our experience with Hirayama disease in non-Asian children from North America. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients RESULTS: Six children (4 males), age 15.1 ± 1.2 years, diagnosed with Hirayama Disease.All children were Caucasian. Symptom onset: 3 months-3 years prior to presentation. Referral diagnoses: tremors (2), median and ulnar neuropathies (1), ulnar neuropathy (1), neuralgic amyotrophy (1), and anterior horn cell disease (1). All had unilateral or bilateral asymmetric distal upper extremity weakness. “Oblique amyotrophy” and “Cold paresis” were noted in 5 each. Two had only subjective sensory symptoms. On electromyography (EMG), acute-on-chronic denervation was most frequently noted in C8-T1 myotomes followed by C7 myotome in both upper limbs (even if one limb was symptomatic). C5, C6 segments were spared. Cervical MRI findings were: normal (3), cervical cord atrophy without signal changes (1), engorgement of posterior epidural venous plexus on neck-flexion (1), and atrophic cervical cord with T2W hyperintensities (1). Symptoms progressed over a mean of 16.5 months. Treatment consisted of placement of cervical collar; follow-up (mean 15.6 months): progression stopped in all with some improvement of hand function in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Hirayama Disease can rarely affect Caucasian children from North America. Heightened awareness of this entity among pediatric neurologists will lead to early diagnosis and intervention thus avoiding unnecessary investigations. Disclosure: Dr. Ghosh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moodley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Friedman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rothner has received personal compensation for activities with AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, MAP Pharmaceuticals, and GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. Dr. Rothner has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Ghosh has received personal compensation for activities with Merz Pharma as a consultant.
Influenza and the patient with end-stage renal disease

Influenza is a commonly encountered and serious pathogen. Patients with end-stage renal disease are more susceptible to serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection. Proper management of patients includes: vaccination, monitoring for symptoms and isolation of potentially infected patients as well as appropriate antiviral therapies. In some cases of exposure, chemoprophylaxis is warranted. Vaccination and appropriate therapies are associated with improved outcomes.
Barriers to conducting ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring during hypertension screening in the United States

In 2015, the US Preventive Services Task Force updated their hypertension recommendations to advise that adults with elevated office blood pressure (BP) undergo out-of-office BP measurement to exclude white coat hypertension before diagnosis. Our goal was to determine the most important barriers to primary care providers' ordering ambulatory and home BP monitoring in the United States. We enrolled 63 primary care providers into nominal group panels in which participants iteratively listed and ranked barriers to ambulatory and home BP monitoring. Top-ranked barriers to ambulatory BP monitoring were challenges in accessing testing, costs of testing, concerns about the willingness or ability of patients to successfully complete tests, and concerns about the accuracy and benefits of testing. Top-ranked barriers to home BP monitoring were concerns about compliance with the correct test protocol, accuracy of tests results, out-of-pocket costs of home BP devices, and time needed to instruct patients on home BP monitoring protocol. Efforts to increase the use of ambulatory and home BP monitoring by primary care providers in the United States should prioritize increasing the financial and personnel resources available for testing and addressing provider concerns about patients' ability to conduct high-quality tests.
Intensive Care Unit Outcomes Among Patients With Cancer After Palliative Radiation Therapy

Purpose To inform goals of care discussions at the time of palliative radiation therapy (RT) consultation, we sought to characterize intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes for patients treated with palliative RT compared to all other patients with metastatic cancer admitted to the ICU. Methods and Materials We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with metastatic cancer admitted to an ICU in a tertiary medical center from January 2010 to September 2015. We compared in-hospital mortality between patients who received palliative RT in the 12 months before admission and all other patients with metastatic cancer. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between receipt of palliative RT and in-hospital mortality, adjusting for patient characteristics and acute illness severity. Results Among 1424 patients with metastatic cancer, 11.3% (n=161) received palliative RT before ICU admission. In-hospital mortality was 36.7% for palliative RT patients, compared with 16.6% for other patients with metastatic cancer ( P P =.001), after adjusting for patient characteristics and severity of critical illness. Only 34 patients (21.1%) treated with palliative RT received additional cancer-directed treatment after ICU admission. Conclusions For patients with metastatic cancer, prior treatment with palliative RT is associated with increased in-hospital mortality after ICU admission. Nearly half of patients previously treated with palliative RT either died during hospitalization or were discharged with hospice care, and few received further cancer-directed therapy. Palliative RT referral may represent an opportunity to discuss end-of-life treatment preferences with patients and families.
Evaluation of model complexity in model predictive control within an exercise-enabled artificial pancreas

Abstract Model predictive control (MPC) algorithms have been used often within artificial pancreas control systems both in-silico and in clinical studies. Increasingly complex models in the controller can more accurately predict the glycemic response, but they introduce increased computational complexity which can be challenging to implement especially within an embedded environment where computational resources are limited. Less complex models are also preferable in that they can be evaluated in silico against more complex plant models. There has not yet been an evaluation of how the complexity of models used within an MPC impacts performance within an artificial pancreas. A model within an artificial pancreas MPC algorithm should be as complex as necessary to accurately predict a glycemic response to meals, exercise, stress, and other disturbances, but not overly complex. In this paper, we evaluate four glucoregulatory models used within an MPC, starting with a 4-state model and increasing in complexity up to six states. We evaluate the complexity using an in-silico population derived from a more complex glucoregulatory model (9 state variables). We assess how complexity of the model impacts performance both in terms of standard control metrics such as settling time and overshoot as well as clinically relevant metrics such as percent time in euglycemia (glucose between 70 and 180 mg/dl), percent time in hypoglycemia (70 mg/dl) and percent time in hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dl). We find that model complexity matters far less than how well the model parameters match the individual subjects. When the simplest model is used, but fit to an individual subject’s data, it performed comparably with more complex models. We selected a middle-complexity model and integrated it into our previously published exercise-enabled MPC model and evaluated it in a virtual patient population both with and without the exercise model present. We found that increasing complexity by modeling exercise is critical to help enable early insulin shut-off by the controller to avoid hypoglycemia.
Anisotropy effect on strain-induced instability during growth of heteroepitaxial films

The use of misfit strain to improve the electronic performance of semiconductor films is a common strategy in modern electronic and photonic device fabrication. However, pursuing a favorable higher strain could lead to mechanical instability, on which systematic and quantitative understandings are yet to be achieved. In this paper, we investigate the anisotropy effects on strain-induced thin-film surface roughening by phase field modeling coupled with elasticity. We find that compared with films grown along {111} and {100} surfaces, the instability of {110} film occurs at a much lower strain. Our simulations capture the evolution of interface morphology and stress distribution during the roughening process. Similar characterizations are performed for heteroepitaxial growth from a surface pit. Finally, from 3D simulations, we show that the surface roughening pattern on {110} film exhibits a clear in-plane orientation preference, consistent with experimental observations.
Developing a spatial clustering model to identify dangerous intersections in Virginia

Motor vehicle crashes in Virginia have become a rising issue in the past years. In an effort to reduce crash accidents, this paper aims to identify which intersections in Virginia roadway are the most dangerous, and why they are dangerous. We developed a new distance-based spatial clustering model to group crashes occurred in Virginia roadway into clusters, from which we find those intersections which have the most crashes. In addition, we also gave weights to different types of crashes along with the number of crashes per intersection to define dangerous intersections. Our analysis includes identifying the most dangerous intersections by each year as well as intersections that are specifically more dangerous with regards to alcohol related crashes or speed related crashes. Our findings indicate that the intersections that had high number of crashes were mostly located in the cities such as the Northern Virginia area and Virginia Beach area. After dangerous intersections were identified, we utilized various machine learning methods such as logistic regression, support vector machines and random forest to pinpoint the factors that makes an intersection very dangerous. This information can be beneficial to prevent and reduce crash accidents in the future as well as to raise public awareness.
The political face of public health.

Public health is politically paradoxical because its core conceptual components - the exercise of public authority and the promotion of population health - stand in practical tension that belies their theoretical promise. Across Western nations, public policymakers stand accused of failing properly to honor and support the crucial contributions that public health makes to the improvement of health outcomes and of overinvesting in acute medical care services, the need for which timely interventions in prevention and health promotion might have averted. The dramatic budgetary discrepancies in Western nations between the massive funds devoted to medical care and the minuscule sums allotted to public health are often taken as evidence that in such matters, political leaders are irrational (or perhaps uninformed, or captured by big-moneyed medical interests) and that good public policy would have epidemiologists and other public health experts running, or at least orchestrating, the show. This paper explores the sources of this tension between population health and political power within the concept of public health and seeks to show why these strains prove to be so durable, indeed irresolvable. The argument and evidence draw largely on the United States, but the supposition - yway, the hope - is that the analysis will also throw light on the politics of public health in other nations.
On the Deformation of a Hyperelastic Tube Due to Steady Viscous Flow Within

In this chapter, we analyze the steady-state microscale fluid–structure interaction (FSI) between a generalized Newtonian fluid and a hyperelastic tube. Physiological flows, especially in hemodynamics, serve as primary examples of such FSI phenomena. The small scale of the physical system renders the flow field, under the power-law rheological model, amenable to a closed-form solution using the lubrication approximation. On the other hand, negligible shear stresses on the walls of a long vessel allow the structure to be treated as a pressure vessel. The constitutive equation for the microtube is prescribed via the strain energy functional for an incompressible, isotropic Mooney–Rivlin material. We employ both the thin- and thick-walled formulations of the pressure vessel theory, and derive the static relation between the pressure load and the deformation of the structure. We harness the latter to determine the flow rate–pressure drop relationship for non-Newtonian flow in thin- and thick-walled soft hyperelastic microtubes. Through illustrative examples, we discuss how a hyperelastic tube supports the same pressure load as a linearly elastic tube with smaller deformation, thus requiring a higher pressure drop across itself to maintain a fixed flow rate.
Insight into Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance by Coupled Dissolution and Membrane Mass Transfer Measurements

The tendency of highly supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) into drug-rich and water-rich phases when the concentration exceeds the amorphous solubility, for example, during dissolution of some amorphous solid dispersions, is thought to be advantageous from a bioavailability enhancement perspective. Recently, we have developed a high surface area, flow-through absorptive dissolution testing apparatus that enables fast mass transfer providing more in vivo relevant conditions and time frames for formulation testing. Using this apparatus, the absorption behaviors of solutions with different extents of supersaturation below and above the amorphous solubility were evaluated. In addition, simultaneous dissolution–absorption testing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with varying drug loadings and polymer types was carried out to study and distinguish the absorption behavior of ASDs that do or do not undergo LLPS. When compared with closed-com...
Assessing change in the overturning behavior of the Laurentian Great Lakes using remotely sensed lake surface water temperatures

Abstract Most large temperate lakes experience overturning every spring and fall as surface water moves past 4 °C, the temperature of maximum density for freshwater. These semiannual, lake-wide overturning events play an important role regulating the thermal structure, deep-water ventilation, nutrient supply, water circulation, and nearshore water quality of the lakes. The general pattern of overturning has long been known from field observations and models, but its timing, duration, detailed spatio-temporal progression and seasonal and interannual variability remain largely undocumented, particularly in the context of recent climate-driven changes in lake thermal dynamics. Here, we used a reconstructed record of daily and spatially-explicit lake surface water temperatures (LSWT) to analyze the migration of the 4 °C thermal front as it progressed from the shorelines to the deep parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes during every overturning event between June 1995 to April 2012. The analysis revealed a strong asymmetry in the timing and duration of overturning between spring and fall, and no relationship with the lake-averaged LSWT or its rate of change. Key differences in the average spatio-temporal progression of overturning were also observed between spring and fall, with the spring progression being largely driven by latitude and water depth and the fall progression being less predictable and influenced by other factors such as wind. Narrow regions of very slow overturning progression were also identified, revealing areas of the lakes where persistent 4 °C thermal bars are likely to re-occur every year. The timing and duration of these seasonal overturning events varied between years by as much as one and two months, respectively, with a direct impact on the duration of lake-wide stratification. In 2012, Lakes Michigan and Ontario experienced an incomplete fall overturning, leading only to a partial winter stratification. Lakes Michigan and Ontario were more susceptible to experience an incomplete overturning than the other Laurentian Great Lakes, seemingly due to a combination of comparatively milder winter air temperatures and lower lake dynamic ratio (steepness of bottom slope). Overall, the duration of lake-wide winter stratification was found to be strongly correlated with mean winter air temperatures, and a simple trend analysis suggested that rising temperatures could lead to more frequent incomplete fall overturnings and partial winter stratifications in Lakes Michigan and Ontario over the next few decades. This study demonstrated that remote sensing provides an unparalleled tool for assessing the long-term variability in the overturning behavior of large lakes in the context of climate change.
Paths to positivity: the relationship of age differences in appraisals of control to emotional experience

Evidence suggests that older adults experience greater emotional well-being compared to younger adults. Appraisal theories of emotion posit that differences in emotional experience are the result of differences in appraisal. As such, age differences in appraisal may relate to age differences in emotion. To investigate this, the present study focused on appraisals of control. Research suggests that losses of control lead to greater negative affect. Therefore, older adulthood was predicted to be associated with increased appraisal of self-control and less negative affect. To investigate this idea, we used an emotionally ambiguous scenario paradigm. Older and younger participants read fourteen ambiguous scenarios, imaging themselves as the main character. After each scenario, participants appraised the scenarios on three different control dimensions: self-, other-, and circumstantial-control. Afterward, they rated their feelings toward the scenarios on seven different emotional states. The results showed that compared to younger adults, older adults appraised more self-control relative to other- and circumstantial-control, and also experienced less negative affect in response to the scenarios. Importantly, in a mediation analysis, self-control relative to other-control explained age differences in emotional reactions toward the scenarios. This finding reflects the importance of considering the role of appraisal in age differences in emotional experience.
The Scarcity of Interleaved Practice in Mathematics Textbooks

A typical mathematics assignment consists of a block of problems devoted to the same topic, yet several classroom-based randomized controlled trials have found that students obtain higher test scores when most practice problems are mixed with different kinds of problems—a format known as interleaved practice. Interleaving prevents students from safely assuming that each practice problem relates to the same skill or concept as the previous problem, thus forcing them to choose an appropriate strategy on the basis of the problem itself. Yet despite the efficacy of interleaved practice, blocked practice predominates most mathematics textbooks. As an illustration, we examined 13,505 practice problems in six representative mathematics texts and found that only 9.7% of the problems were interleaved. This translates to only one or two interleaved problems per school day. In brief, strong evidence suggests that students benefit from heavy doses of interleaved practice, yet most mathematics texts provide scarcely any.
Enhanced principle component method for fringe removal in cold atom images

Many powerful imaging techniques for cold atoms are based on determining the optical density by comparing a beam image having passed through the atom cloud to a reference image taken under similar conditions with no atoms. In practice, the beam profile typically contains interference fringes whose phase is not stable between camera exposures. To reduce the error of these fringes in the computed optical density, an algorithm based on principle component analysis (PCA) is often employed. However, PCA is general purpose and not tailored to the specific case of interference fringes. Here we demonstrate an algorithm that takes advantage of the Fourier space structure of interference fringes to further reduce the residual fringe signatures in the optical density.
Strategic release of lockdowns in a COVID infection model

Abstract The COVID-19 Pandemic has impacted the world’s socio-economic system, resulting in a serious health crisis and lockdowns around the world. As the growth of infection slows, decisions regarding easing of lockdown restrictions are required, keeping in view the capacity of the health-care system. In this paper, we quantify the impact of a multi-phased release of the population from lockdown. Using the SIR model for epidemic spread, we design and implement a method to determine the earliest time of release from lockdown restrictions, constrained by a specified threshold on the subsequent peaks of infection. Trade-offs between the threshold and the earliest times of removing lockdown restrictions are illustrated. Additionally, we consider alternative policy decisions where the population is released gradually from lockdown restrictions and illustrate the trade-offs between the rate of release of population and number of active infections.
Chi Values for Blue Emission Lines in M Dwarfs

We compute chi values for blue emission lines in active M dwarfs. Using flux-calibrated spectra from nearby M dwarfs and spectral M dwarf templates from SDSS, we derive analytic relations that describe how the chi values for the CaII H and K as well as the H-beta, H-gamma, H-delta, H-epsilon and H8 Balmer emission lines vary as a function of spectral type and color. The chi values are useful for numerous M dwarf studies where the intrinsic luminosity of emission lines cannot be estimated due to uncertain distances and/or non-flux-calibrated spectra. We use these results to estimate the mean properties of blue emission lines in active field M dwarfs from SDSS.
Respiratory Care Post-Orientation Curriculum Simulations

Background: Respiratory therapists are an integral part of the critical care team as they are specialist in airway and ventilator management. Currently newly graduated respiratory therapists have limited exposure to advanced critical care technologies and critical training. Once the allotted orientation period is over, the expectation is for recent graduates to master equipment and procedures in a high stress environment. The post orientation period is when recent graduates would benefit from practicing skills and reviewing policies. The Respiratory Care Department at Boston Children’s Hospital adopted a high fidelity simulation for new RTs to become proficient with low volume high risk procedures, skills and knowledge. The SIMPeds center at Boston Children’s Hospital offers 2 simulation sites on campus and also an entire SIM center across the street from the hospital Methods: While the respiratory care department was involved with numerous multidisciplinary simulations throughout the hospital but they were not fulfilling the needs of the post orientation periods of our new therapists. We decided to offer a safe environment fostering communication skills as they practice these identified high risk skills. The course consists of didactic skills sessions; two simulations and debriefings, lasting in total five hours. Participants employed six months to a year and a resource therapist. To enhance the dynamic of the simulations, we have recruited an RN and MD to make the experience more realistic. The didactic concentrates on communication and other principals of crisis resource management. The simulation scenarios combine both the skill sets reviewed and didactic portion for a cohesive curriculum. Results: There were 57 RTs, (73% of the department) who completed this course. We have held 12 courses in the past 3.5 years. Participants are asked to complete a Likert scale survey at the end of the course, with IRB approval. Of the 57 responses: Conclusions: After reviewing the results from the Likert survey and the answers to some of the open ended questions, it was evident that not only was there a need for the course, but also a request for more simulations in the future. There were 12 requests for more simulations and among those requests were 8 for simulations twice a year for all staff members
Computer Simulation of Co-decontamination Process in Purex

Based on the theory of cascade extraction,a computer program was established in order to simulate the steady-state behavior of HNO3,U and Pu in the co-decontamination process in Purex.The reliability of the simulation was verified by the reported parameters.The process security was analyzed and the process parameters were optimized through changing the flow rate and component of the feed stream(1AF),extractant stream(1AX) and scrubbing stream(1AS).It is found that the recovery of uranium and plutonium is remarkably affected by the flow rate change of 1AF and 1AX,slightly by that of 1AS.The increase in the acidity of 1AS can improve the operational flexiblility of 1A while lowering the decontamination of U product over the rare earths.
Augmentation of Pathogens and Nematodes

Numerous species of nematodes and microorganisms have potential for use as commercial products (Starnes et al. 1993). Successful commercial development of pathogens for augmentative biological control involves: agent selection (to obtain the best species and strains for the target pest); development of cost-effective methods for mass rearing; effective methods for storage and shipping of the agent; creation of formulations to protect and deliver the agent to the target pest’s location; field testing of the product’s efficacy and methods for its application; economic factors affecting product development and markets; and demonstration of safety of products to man and the environment.
On the Brilliance of Black Children: A Response to a Clarion Call

MAISIE L. GHOLSON is a recipient of NSF Graduate Research Fellows Program in STEM education and doctoral student in mathematics education in the Curriculum and Instruction Department in the College of Education, at the University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 W. Harrison Street, M/C 147, Chicago, IL, 60607; e-mail: mghols2@uic.edu. Her research interests include the intersection of racial and mathematics identities, identity development through talk, and Black children’s experiences in first-year algebra courses.
Nonlinear stabilization of jump linear Gaussian systems

This paper considers jump linear (JL) systems under the assumption that the mode (system model) is not directly observed. In this situation, the optimal control and stabilization problems are nonlinear (dynamic) optimization problems and very difficult due to the dual effect. Assuming that the base state is perfectly measured, this work answers the following question positively: If the JL system is stabilizable by a linear feedback control, can one find a better stabilizing controller? Two such nonlinear control schemes are presented. For the case of an unknown parameter problem, an example is given to show that the cost from using a nonlinear stabilizing controller derived is within a few percent from a lower bound of the (unknown) optimal cost; and is about half of the cost by using an algorithm from the literature, due to Saridis (1972).
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.1: The Application of Strict Scrutiny to Race-Conscious Student Assignment Policies in K-12 Public Schools

Schools nationwide have used race-conscious student assignment policies to combat the resegregation of K–12 public schools. However, the Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 dealt a disheartening blow to school districts concerned about their racial diversity, holding that certain race-conscious student assignment policies violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court applied strict scrutiny in reaching this conclusion, contrary to the original intent of the drafters of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Court’s jurisprudence in desegregation cases. This Note examines the relationship between segregation, desegregation, and resegregation in America’s public schools and the Fourteenth Amendment. This Note argues that the Court erred in analyzing the race-conscious assignment policies under strict scrutiny for two reasons. First, the drafters of the Fourteenth Amendment did not intend for the Amendment to be “colorblind.” Second, race-conscious assignment policies should be analyzed as an extension of the Court’s desegregation jurisprudence, not as an extension of the Court’s affirmative action jurisprudence.
Chapter 5.5 Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and episodic-like memory

Abstract In this chapter, we discuss examples of behavioral studies of several transgenic models of Alzheimer's-type amyloidosis, providing examples of approaches and comparisons of outcomes for reference, episodic-like, and working memory. Most studies have attempted to link changes in the levels of Aβ peptides (the primary component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease) to the onset of deficits in one type of memory, focusing on one behavioral task to assess specific cognitive functions. Studies that have analyzed concurrent changes in different memory systems have shown that tasks requiring flexible use of information “what,” “where,” and/or “when” (the episodic-like memory tasks) are useful in detecting losses in memory function. In general, impairments in episodic-like memory were detected earlier than in reference memory and were highly correlated with amyloid plaque load. An analysis of the literature, including our own studies, indicates that the accumulation of Aβ peptides impacts the cognitive functions of mice differentially as a function of age and Aβ amyloid load. Cognitive decline appears to be gradually progressive with parallels to human patients in that episodic-like memory is the first memory system affected. More importantly, the physical form of Aβ peptide (monomer, soluble oligomer, or fibril) that mediates memory deficits may differ at various stages of the disease, a finding that could alter strategies for treatment for this disease.
A reconfigurable approach to a systolic sorting architecture

A different approach to reconfigurable systolic arrays is described. In addition to making the interconnection network reconfigurable (to match the topology of the Algorithm flow graph), the authors make the individual processing elements themselves configurable, in order to provide the best match to the computational requirements of individual nodes. Rather than having a fixed instruction set, they hope to tailor the architecture of the different processing elements in such a way as to carry out their functions without the use of instruction streams. This reduces the problems of control and coordination and provides a closer match to the algorithm being implemented. The prototype architecture being developed and an analysis of its application to a particular class of problems (numeric sorting) are described. >
Characterization of a novel isozyme of cGMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine aorta.

Abstract Two isozymic forms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (designated types I alpha and I beta) were purified to homogeneity from bovine aorta smooth muscle. Type I alpha was apparently the same as the well characterized bovine lung cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Type I beta had a subunit Mr = 80,000 compared with Mr = 78,000 for type I alpha, and both forms were dimeric with similar calculated native Mr (170,000-178,000). Both enzymes contained two cGMP-binding sites per subunit, exhibited similar specificities for the peptide substrates tested, photoaffinity labeled with 8-N3[32P] cAMP, and catalyzed autophosphorylation. Silver-stained peptide maps of types I alpha and I beta were similar but not identical; however, autoradiographs of peptide maps of these enzymes prelabeled by either autophosphorylation or photoaffinity labeling showed clearly different patterns. The amino-terminal sequence of a breakdown product of type I beta could not be aligned confidently with any of the published sequence of bovine lung cGMP-dependent protein kinase. [3H]cGMP dissociation curves for types I alpha and I beta were both biphasic, but the dissociation rate of the slow component of type I beta was faster than the corresponding component of type I alpha. The concentration of cGMP required for half-maximal activation (K alpha) was slightly lower for type I alpha than for type I beta (0.29 and 0.44 microM, respectively), and the two enzymes had similar K alpha values for cAMP (16 and 18 microM, respectively). Types I alpha and I beta exhibited different K alpha values for several cGMP analogs. The abundance of type I beta in specific tissues suggested that it could have an important physiological role.
A strategy for determining arterial blood gases on the summit of Mt. Everest

Climbers on the summit of Mt. Everest are exposed to extreme hypoxia, and the physiological implications are of great interest. Inferences have been made from alveolar gas samples collected on the summit, but arterial blood samples would give critical information. We propose a plan to insert an arterial catheter at an altitude of 8000 m, take blood samples above this using an automatic sampler, store the samples in glass syringes in an ice-water slurry, and analyze them lower on the mountain 4 to 6 hours later. A preliminary design of the automatic sampler was successfully tested at the White Mountain Research Station (altitude 3800 m – 4300 m). To determine how much the blood gases changed over a long period, rabbit blood was tonometered to give a gas composition close to that expected on the summit (PO2 4.0 kPa (30 mmHg), PCO2 1.3 kPa (10 mmHg), pH 7.7) and the blood gases were measured every 2 hours for 8 hours both at sea level and 3800 m. The mean changes were PO2 +0.3 to +0.4 kPa (+2 to +3 mmHg), PCO2 0 to +0.13 kPa (+1 mmHg), pH -0.02 to -0.04, base excess -0.7 to -1.2 mM. In practice the delay before analysis should not exceed 4 to 6 hours. The small paradoxical rise in PO2 is presumably caused mainly by contamination of the blood with air. We conclude that automatic arterial blood sampling at high altitude is technically feasible and that the changes in the blood gases over a period of several hours are acceptably small.
A METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS DUE TO COMPLEXITY

Variability in products is driven by the customer and pushes the manufacturer to offer product variants by mass customization. Companies that offer product variety while maintaining competitive cost and quality will gain a competitive edge over other companies in today's market. As auto industries adapt to mass customization strategy, they would require the ability to conduct early design, development and manufacturing trade-offs among competing objectives. An analytical approach is then required to manage the complexity and the risk associated with this environment. This article will present a set of simulation-based methodologies for measuring complexity. The developed methodologies will assist designers in analyzing and mitigating the risks associated with product variety and its impact on manufacturing.
Analysis of Data Dependency Based Intrusion Detection System

This research focuses on analyzing the cost effectiveness of a database intrusion detection system that uses dependencies among data items to detect malicious transactions. The model suggested in this paper considers three main factors: the quality of intrusion detection, the probability of intrusion, and the cost structure of an organization whose data is protected by the intrusion detection system. We developed a step by step approach that helps in determining the optimal configuration expressed by the response strategy and the threshold value. The experimental results show that our model is capable of finding the optimal configuration while taking the cost structure of an organization into consideration.
ARE THE HOMELESS TO BLAME? A Test of Two Theories

Dominant ideology and public arenas theories yield different hypotheses concerning the incidence and antecedents of public beliefs about the causes of homelessness. The analysis reported here, which tests these hypotheses with data from a 1988 national telephone survey, shows that (1) more Americans believe structural rather than individualistic factors cause homelessness, (2) personal statuses like gender, political orientation, and party affiliation significantly influence such causal beliefs, but (3) the single strongest determinant is the perceived presence of—and by implication, exposure to—homeless people in one's own community. Causal beliefs in turn affect policy attitudes: respondents who consider homelessness a structural problem are more likely to favor government action than those believing in individualistic causes. While mixed, the results as a whole provide somewhat greater support for the public arenas perspective.
Melanin Transfer in Human 3D Skin Equivalents Generated Exclusively from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The current utility of 3D skin equivalents is limited by the fact that existing models fail to recapitulate the cellular complexity of human skin. They often contain few cell types and no appendages, in part because many cells found in the skin are difficult to isolate from intact tissue and cannot be expanded in culture. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present an avenue by which we can overcome this issue due to their ability to be differentiated into multiple cell types in the body and their unlimited growth potential. We previously reported generation of the first human 3D skin equivalents from iPSC-derived fibroblasts and iPSC-derived keratinocytes, demonstrating that iPSCs can provide a foundation for modeling a complex human organ such as skin. Here, we have increased the complexity of this model by including additional iPSC-derived melanocytes. Epidermal melanocytes, which are largely responsible for skin pigmentation, represent the second most numerous cell type found in normal human epidermis and as such represent a logical next addition. We report efficient melanin production from iPSC-derived melanocytes and transfer within an entirely iPSC-derived epidermal-melanin unit and generation of the first functional human 3D skin equivalents made from iPSC-derived fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanocytes.
On the thermocapillary Instabilities in a liquid layer heated from below

Abstract The instability due to thermocapillary forces at the free surface of a horizontal liquid layer heated from below is studied. It is shown that there exist two distinct mechanisms by which thermal effects can lead to a destabilizing thermocapillary force. One mechanism is associated with the modification of the basic temperature by the deformation of the free surface and generates long wavelength disturbances. The other mechanism is associated with the interaction of the basic temperature with the perturbation velocity field and generates disturbances the wavelength of which is of the same order as the layer depth. When the temperature difference across the layer is small, instability occurs when the layer is sufficiently thin. For larger temperature differences, thin and thick layers are unstable, while layers of moderate depth are stable. When the temperature difference is beyond a certain value, there is no depth that will render the layer stable. These results, as well as others describing the stability of the layer, are obtained in a clear manner by use of non-dimensional parameters which are appropriate for a comparison of theoretical results with experimental data.
Effect of subsurface drainage on runoff and sediment yield from an agricultural watershed in western Oregon, U.S.A.☆

Abstract Rainfall, watershed runoff and suspended-sediment concentrations for three small watersheds (0.46, 1.4 and 6.0 ha in size) were measured continuously for four winter rainfall seasons. The watersheds were fall-planted to winter wheat and were located on the hilly western margins of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Following two rainfall seasons of data collection, a subsurface drainage system (consisting of a patterned arrangement of 10-cm plastic tubing at a depth of 1.0 m and a spacing of 12 m) was installed on the 1.4-ha watershed (watershed 2). Perched water tables were lowered and seepage was reduced on watershed 2 following the installation of the drainage system. The reductions were quantified with a water-table index (cumulative integrated excess). Watershed runoff and sediment yield from watershed 2 were decreased by ∼65 and ∼55%, respectively. These reductions were estimated from double mass curves and by statistical regression on a set of hydrograph variables. Maximum flow and average flow rates were decreased and the time from the beginning of a storm to the peak flow (lag time) increased. It is concluded that subsurface drainage can be an effective management practice for erosion control in western Oregon.
Mothers of Preschoolers Report Using Less Pressure in Child Feeding Situations Following a Newsletter Intervention

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of written intervention materials on child feeding practices of mothers and on physical activity behaviors of preschoolers. Design Mothers were divided into 3 groups: newsletter (n = 30), booklet (n = 31), and control (n = 31). Questionnaires were completed before and after a 12-week intervention. Setting Mail correspondence. Participants White (90%), full-time mothers (76%) in their thirties (68%). Interventions Nutrition and activity information was provided as twelve 4-page weekly newsletters or one 52-page booklet. Main Outcome Measures Child feeding factors, physical activity practices. Analysis Child feeding factors were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon. Physical activity practices were analyzed using 2-way chi-square and sign tests. The significance level was set at .0125. Results There was a significant decrease in the "pressure to eat" score for participants in the newsletter group (2.5 ± 1.0 to 2.1 ± 1.0, P P P Conclusions and Implications This study is one of the first to indicate that child feeding practices may be modifiable.
Organic matter, nutrient, and pH distribution in no- and conventional-tillage semiarid soils

(...) Objectives of this study were to evaluate the distribution with depth of organic matter (OM, total N, NO 3 -N, P, K, Ca, and pH on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). The crop rotation used was dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow (WSF) involving stubble mulch (SM) tillage and no-tillage (NT). The SM field and an adjacent NT field had been used for the WSF rotation since 1956. No-tillage was started on the adjacent field in 1981 (NT-81), continuing the same rotation. On another field, the NT-WSF rotation was started in 1979 (NT-79)on land previously used for irrigated crops (...)