cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drought stress affects Solanum lycopersicum susceptibility to Bactericera cockerelli colonization

Recent outbreaks in plant diseases associated with Liberibacter pathogens have impacted large areas of western and southern North America. The increase in frequency and severity of drought could render plants more susceptible to the colonization by insect vectors. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting to evaluate the influence of water scarcity on drought stress of tomato plants, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Weekly water treatment of 200, 100, and 50 ml resulted in unstressed (control, Ψw = −0.55 MPa), lowly drought‐stressed (LDS, Ψw = −0.70 MPa), and moderately drought‐stressed (MDS, Ψw = −0.87 MPa) plants, respectively. By controlling for both water availability and plant drought stress, the effect of drought stress on S. lycopersicum susceptibility to potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), was evaluated. In a no‐choice experiment, MDS plants had significantly more B. cockerelli nymphs than control plants. However, plant susceptibility to B. cockerelli colonization was not due to the oviposition preference for MDS, but rather to the higher B. cockerelli nymphal survival on MDS than on control plants. Nymphal survival of B. cockerelli on MDS plants was consistently and significantly higher than on control plants. Throughout all nymphal stages, B. cockerelli had higher survival on MDS plants than on control plants. Drought stress not only enhanced B. cockerelli survival on S. lycopersicum but it also resulted in 60% more adults produced on water‐stressed plants than on control plants. Therefore, as adults can move from plant to plant, drought stress could increase B. cockerelli's dispersion potential. Although plant drought stress improved B. cockerelli survival, it did not affect B. cockerelli oviposition. No difference in number of offspring was found between B. cockerelli adults that developed on MDS vs. control plants. These results might be relevant to B. cockerelli outbreaks and Liberibacter epidemics.
Aggressive Sex Offenders

This article presents a brief review of the research literature on adolescent sex offenders, discusses available data from an inner-city sample of adolescent sex offenders on the amount of aggression they used during the commission of sexual offenses, presents case studies, and describes treatment considerations for this population.
Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation* of wavelengths longer than 295 nm from sunlight is a ubiquitous part of the natural environment of most organisms. Although beneficial and possibly beneficial aspects of sunlight have long been recognized and studied (Daniels, 1974; Wurtman, 1975), harmful effects, except for sunburn, have received relatively little attention until recently. Photochemical possibilities of natural components of the cell suggest that efficient mechanisms for the partial prevention or repair of resultant damage from exposure to solar radiation must exist for biological entities to survive regular exposure to natural sunlight. Recent work has identified DNA lesions induced by near-UV radiation (Section 2.4). Furthermore, mechanisms of protection and repair of near-UV-induced lesions have been reported (Sections 2.3 and 2.6).
Laparoscopy and Penetrating Trauma

Although not always the primary modality to treat the injured patient, laparoscopy has been used in trauma since the early twentieth century. In the 1920s, laparoscopy was first proposed as a means of identifying hemoperitoneum. In the 1960s, Hesselson performed the first diagnostic laparoscopy, and in 1976, Gazzaniga successfully used laparoscopy for evaluation of 37 patients who suffered abdominal trauma. A year later, Carnevale described the use of laparoscopy to evaluate patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds and tangential gunshot wounds with acceptable outcomes. Over the past 30 years, laparoscopy has become the standard in diagnosis and treatment of many surgical diseases. As such, the technology and availability of equipment, as well as surgeons’ ability, have all greatly improved.
Molecular and Biochemical Control of Tumor Growth Following Treatment With Carotenoids or Tocopherols

Chemopreventative agents such as retinoids, carotenoids or tocopherols have been shown in vitro and in animal models to inhibit, prevent, and regress established malignancies when they are administered in combination. Their mode of action appears to involve oxygen reactivity, which results in either the control or the promotion of tumor cell growth. Recent evidence indicates that there are common mechanisms for the growth inhibitory effects of these different chemopreventative groups. These include the reduction of mutant p53 protein expression with increases in protein expression of wild type p53 and stress protein 70 and 90 kD in treated tumor cells. An accumulation of cells in G1 of the cell cycle, a change in cyclin complex activities, and a reduction in the expression of transcription protein factors in tumors cells was also noted for carotenoids and alpha tocopherol activity. There was also an increase in programmed cell death as determined by the nucleosome formation. At higher concentrations these agents can induce increased growth and mitotic activity dissociated from programmed cell death processes.Oxygen reactive nutrients may inhibit growth but they also may contribute to the triggering of side effects in human populations.
Metabolic features and regulation of the healing cycle—A new model for chronic disease pathogenesis and treatment

Without healing, multicellular life on Earth would not exist. Without healing, one injury predisposes to another, leading to disability, chronic disease, accelerated aging, and death. Over 60% of adults and 30% of children and teens in the United States now live with a chronic illness. Advances in mass spectrometry and metabolomics have given scientists a new lens for studying health and disease. This study defines the healing cycle in metabolic terms and reframes the pathophysiology of chronic illness as the result of metabolic signaling abnormalities that block healing and cause the normal stages of the cell danger response (CDR) to persist abnormally. Once an injury occurs, active progress through the stages of healing is driven by sequential changes in cellular bioenergetics and the disposition of oxygen and carbon skeletons used for fuel, signaling, defense, repair, and recovery. >100 chronic illnesses can be organized into three persistent stages of the CDR. One hundred and two targetable chemosensory G-protein coupled and ionotropic receptors are presented that regulate the CDR and healing. Metabokines are signaling molecules derived from metabolism that regulate these receptors. Reframing the pathogenesis of chronic illness in this way, as a systems problem that maintains disease, rather than focusing on remote trigger(s) that caused the initial injury, permits new research to focus on novel signaling therapies to unblock the healing cycle, and restore health when other approaches have failed.
Towards high-throughput fast photochemical oxidation of proteins: Quantifying exposure in high fluence microtiter plate photolysis

Abstract Protein structural analysis by mass spectrometry has gained significant popularity in recent years, including high-resolution protein topographical mapping by fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP). The ability to provide protein topographical information at moderate spatial resolution makes FPOP an attractive technology for the protein pharmaceutical discovery and development processes. However, current technology limits the throughput and requires significant manual sample manipulation. Similarly, as FPOP is being used on larger samples, sample flow through the capillary becomes challenging. No systematic comparison of the performance of static flash photolysis with traditional flow FPOP has been reported. Here, we evaluate a 96-well microtiter-based laser flash photolysis method for the topographical probing of proteins, which subsequently could be used to analyze higher order structure of the protein in a high-throughput fashion with minimal manual sample manipulation. We used multiple metrics to compare microtiter FPOP performance with that of traditional flow FPOP: adenine-based hydroxyl radical dosimetry, oxidation efficiency of a model peptide, and hydroxyl radical protein footprint of myoglobin. In all cases, microtiter plate FPOP performed comparably with traditional flow FPOP, requiring a small fraction of the time for exposure. This greatly reduced sample exposure time, coupled with automated sample handling in 96-well microtiter plates, makes microtiter-based FPOP an important step in achieving the throughput required to adapt hydroxyl radical protein footprinting for screening purposes.
“The End Game”- Students’ perspectives of the National Residency Matching Program: A focus group study

The evolving match process has resulted in increasing pressures on medical students, residency programs, and medical schools. These pressures have led to calls for reform of the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). Large amounts of data regarding strategic ways to apply to residencies are available, but students may not trust the data enough to make such an important decision. In order to understand student experiences during the NRMP, qualitative studies are needed. Video-recorded focus groups were conducted with students who participated in the 2017 NRMP at a large Midwestern medical school. Recordings were independently analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach, developing categories which were reviewed by all members of the research team. Five focus groups were completed with 24 volunteers within weeks of match results. Categories were identified and supporting quotes included. These categories included information regarding the selection of programs, accepting and scheduling interviews, and the interview experience. Participants indicated that they accept all interviews and then subsequently canceled them, regardless of the impact on fellow students or residency programs. Participants also provided recommendations for programs, but were reluctant to suggest major changes to the NRMP. The match is a high-stakes experience in which the “over-apply, overaccept” strategy is dominant. Students recognize that they are investing excessive time and resources, but will not leave anything to chance. This study illuminates the areas of concern and perspectives of the NRMP from the student point-of-view. Further qualitative studies are needed to investigate this further.
Anterior Fixation Plating

The anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is currently a favored treatment option for most degenerative cervical spine pathology. The ACDF has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment alternative for patients with cervical degenerative myelopathy and radiculopathy. The goals of anterior cervical spine surgery include stabilization of the cervical spine, maintenance of cervical alignment, and decompression of the neural structures, all of which have improved with the use of an anterior cervical plate, especially in smokers. This chapter addresses the fundamental biomechanics and development of the anterior cervical plate, the surgical nuances of securing the anterior cervical plate, and the radiographic and clinical outcomes of anterior cervical plating in degenerative myelopathy and radiculopathy.
Leading Culture Change: Moving from Here to There

This chapter is about leading change, specifically about principles and practices that support successful culture change. I have spent significant time in my career supporting leaders in their efforts to change their cultures. In this chapter, I describe my “top 10” list of change principles and practices that I’ve found invaluable. This is the most tactical chapter in the book—with the goal of providing a handrail for leaders who have the courage to attempt to create a People-Centric culture in their business.
Health Management and Prognostics of Complex Structures and Systems

This Ph.D. research focuses on developing reliable and effective structural health monitoring and prognostic health management frameworks for complex structures and system. The ultrasonic guided wave is used as a robust interrogation tool for structural level monitoring; numerical simulation, sensing architecture, signal processing and damage localization technique are being developed. For system level management, data mining techniques, with high-fidelity simulation platform, are used to establish a reliable fault detection and prediction for in-air aircrafts.
Barriers and facilitators to oncology clinical trial accrual: Comparing perceptions of community and academic oncologists.

e18131Background: Multiple studies have described the barriers and facilitators to oncology clinical trial accrual in academic practices. However, few studies have been done in community settings, ...
Battery-Powered Distance-Based Electrochemical Sensor Using a Longitudinally-Oriented Silver Band Electrode

Abstract Here we report a battery-powered distance-based electrochemical sensor that can be operated without the need for laboratory-based instruments. This sensing platform can effectively convert an electrochemical current from a sensing reaction to a visual signal that is identifiable as the length of the silver band electrode (Ag BE). As presently configured, the electrochemical sensing reaction occurs when the working electrode triggers the electro-oxidation of the Ag on the Ag BE, which causes the Ag BE to shorten due to oxidation. Previously, we demonstrated that the resultant length of the Ag BE directly correlates with electrochemical species in analyte solution using a three-electrode system Oh and Chow (2016). Compared to our previously reported distance-based electrochemical sensor, the key advantage of this new sensor is that it can be operated using a two-electrode system, which allows this sensing platform to operate using only two AA batteries as the power source. We suggest this approach as a conceptual pathway that can lead to instrument-free distance-based electrochemical sensor design.
Marriage, Divorce, Death and ERISA

This article discusses spousal protections under ERISA; determining who is a spouse or a surviving spouse; the effect of divorce on beneficiary designations under an ERISA plan; ERISA preemption of state community property law; claims for restitution or a constructive trust; best practices for retirement plan beneficiary designations; defective, incomplete and ambiguous beneficiary designations; and supplementing ERISA with federal common law.
Special Session: Measuring Salesperson Storytelling: An Abstract

In general, people find stories far more compelling than presentations. The importance of storytelling in business has even caught the recent attention of practitioners and scholars. For example, a recent article in Forbes suggests that effective storytelling could lead to increased profitability by enabling a firm to deftly and emotively express its capabilities as well as clearly differentiating itself from competitors. For organizations, salespeople, acting as boundary spanners, are the primary storytellers of the firm. In the literature, salesperson storytelling is currently defined as a “discourse dealing with interrelated actions and consequences in a chronological order” in order to drive sales. While past research has recognized the importance and produced meaningful insights on this phenomenon, it is too general to effectively provide guidance to researchers and practitioners. That is, it is likely that the notion of storytelling is a much more complex and multifaceted phenomenon than we currently understand it to be. Furthermore, much remains to be known about how to empirically capture and operationalize storytelling. As such, further research is needed in order to identify and offer a way to empirically measure storytelling. Toward this end, this study attempts to take a much-needed step towards unveiling the nature of salesperson storytelling and to offer a usable instrument that can be used to measure it. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to employ a careful and rigorous scale development process and test the nomological net, consisting of a multi-study approach to generating items, scale purification, and testing predictive validity. This research contributes to the marketing literature by (1) conceptualizing a comprehensive definition of salesperson storytelling, (2) developing and validating a scale for salesperson storytelling, and (3) empirically showing that salesperson storytelling has an effect on job-related outcomes.
Aerobic Exercise Interventions for Patients in Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Systematic Review:

Background:Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) is the standard for treatment of opioid use disorder, but some individuals on OMT experience disrupted sleep, heightened sensitivity to pain, and conti...
Religiously oriented mindfulness for social workers: effects on mindfulness, heart rate variability, and personal burnout

This pilot study explored whether a Moving Pictures Experts Group-3 (MP3) delivery of a Religiously Oriented Mindfulness (ROM) intervention would improve mindfulness, increase cardiac vagal tone, a...
Comparison of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Adverse Local Tissue Reaction in Patients With Head-Neck Taper Corrosion.

Abstract Background Diagnosis of adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR) in metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) total hip arthroplasty (THA) secondary to head-neck taper corrosion is challenging. The purpose of this study is to compare differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic ALTR in an observational cohort, including presentation, metal ion differences, and metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Methods We performed a retrospective review of an observational cohort of 492 MoP THA patients at increased risk of developing ALTR. Ninety-four patients underwent revision arthroplasty for ALTR. Patients were stratified into symptomatic and asymptomatic ALTR groups. Presentation, metal ion levels, and imaging findings were compared. Results For patients with confirmed ALTR, 41% were asymptomatic. There was a statistically significant difference in the serum chromium levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic ALTR patients (2.2 μg/L vs 3.1 μg/L, P = .05). There was no statistically significant difference between the serum cobalt levels or MRI findings in these 2 groups. We observed that extracapsular disease associated with ALTR could be misinterpreted as trochanteric bursitis. Conclusion Almost half of the MoP THA ALTR cases identified were asymptomatic. Cobalt levels could not differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic pseudotumor formation. Symptomatic and asymptomatic MoP ALTRs have similar MARS MRI characteristics. Our findings suggest that it is essential to risk stratify patients who could potentially have ALTR based on implant type, symptoms, ion levels, and MARS MRI.
Evaluating the chemical exfoliation of lithium cobalt oxide using UV-Vis spectroscopy

Two-dimensional materials have been at the forefront of chemistry and materials science research for the past decade owing to promising applications across many fields. Improvements in exfoliation processes continually give access to new two-dimensional material compositions, demanding a deeper understanding of the defect structure and exfoliation mechanisms. Chemical exfoliation processes allow for both the fabrication of new, and the production of industrial-scale quantities of two-dimensional materials. For this reason, we report a rapid, efficient, and simple method for evaluating the exfoliation behavior of protonated lithium cobalt oxide. Using a two-step chemical exfoliation method, first by proton–cation exchange, then by treatment with an organo-ammonium hydroxide, the exfoliation yield of lithium cobalt oxide was quantified with a quick and powerful technique, ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy characterization. This method provided an in-depth analysis of the exfoliation of lithium cobalt oxide confirming and discovering many key aspects of its soft-chemical exfoliation relating to layered transition metal oxides. It was determined that the exfoliation yield has a strong dependence on multiple factors, such as the concentration of protons in the powder, the presence of water and hydroxide groups in solution, and the ionic radius and concentration of the intercalating cation. Both morphological changes occurring as a function of reaction conditions and the two-dimensional nature of the final sheets were revealed through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Relative proton concentration of acid-treated lithium cobalt oxide was determined as a function of acid concentration using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry after deuterated acid treatment. These experiments led to an improved understanding of the soft-chemical exfoliation of lithium cobalt oxide and can be applied to many layered transition metal oxides.
Supporting Teacher Candidates During COVID-19

This article provides the personal account of two professors who reflect on the challenges of teacher education preparation due to COVID-19. They discuss the swift transition from face to face instruction to virtual learning and teaching including inequities faculty and teacher candidates faced during remote learning, obstacles surrounding state requirements for practicums and certification along with the social emotional impact. Suggestions for moving forward, based on the lessons learned, include additional supports for teacher candidates.
Sir William Osler, eugenics, racism, and the Komagata Maru incident.

A recent critic levels two new charges against Sir William Osler: (1) that in 1912 he was a vice president of the First International Eugenics Congress; and (2) that in 1914 he asserted Canada shou...
Measuring Instantaneous Resilience of a Highway Bridge Subjected to Earthquake Events

Bridges in a road network play a significant role in supporting the flows of people, goods, and freight during an earthquake event and are expected to maintain their functionality following the eve...
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Lessons from the U.S., China, and Japan

State and local climate action has played a key role in the global response to climate change. Still, not all jurisdictions are engaged in emissions reductions, and some are actively recalcitrant. What prompts some state and local governments to take action while prompting others to resist? This Article makes several contributions to understanding state and local climate policies. First, prior efforts have generally had a U.S. focus. We broaden the inquiry to include the two leading Asian economies. Second, we make use of a fifty-state survey of recent state climate and energy initiatives in the United States rather than focusing on a few prominent jurisdictions like California. Third, rather than focusing solely on activist jurisdictions, we discuss the full range of stances on energy policy, from the leadership of states like California in the United States and cities like Shenzhen in China to the resistance of some rural areas of the United States, China, and Japan to climate action. We identify important economic, demographic, and geographic drivers of climate and energy policies in these diverse jurisdictions. Finally, we propose a new way of conceptualizing subnational climate action based on the peer production model used in the creation of important digital resources.
Quantification of Myocardial Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using PET

To present a method enabling in vivo quantification of tissue membrane potential (ΔΨT), a proxy of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), to review the origin and role of ΔΨm, and to highlight potential applications of myocardial ΔΨT imaging. Radiolabelled lipophilic cations have been used for decades to measure ΔΨm in vitro. Using similar compounds labeled with positron emitters and appropriate compartment modeling, this technique now allows in vivo quantification of ΔΨT with positron emission tomography. Studies have confirmed the feasibility of measuring myocardial ΔΨT in both animals and humans. In addition, ΔΨT showed very low variability among healthy subjects, suggesting that this method could allow detection of relatively small pathological changes. In vivo assessment of myocardial ΔΨT provides a new tool to study the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and has the potential to serve as a new biomarker to assess disease stage, prognosis, and response to therapy.
Social Engagement and Cognitive Function of Older Adults in Mexico and the United States: How Universal Is the Interdependence in Couples?

OBJECTIVES Increased social engagement in older adults has been linked to positive cognitive outcomes; however, it is unclear if the social engagement of husbands and wives influences their own cognition as well as each other's cognition. Moreover, it is unknown if any such patterns persist in different country contexts. METHODS Data from the 2001 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and the 2000 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were combined, and comparable samples of married couples without cognitive impairment at baseline were drawn. Follow-up cognition data was obtained from the 2012 MHAS and the 2012 HRS. Structural equation models (SEM) were used to test the actor-partner interdependence model with moderating effect of country on the association of social engagement with cognition. RESULTS Significant actor effects were observed for wives in both countries. Actor effects for husbands were observed in the United States only. In Mexico, a significant partner effect was observed where wives' social engagement benefited their own cognition as well as their husbands', but not vice versa. Partner effects were not observed in the United States. No moderation effects of country were observed. DISCUSSION Our results suggest asymmetric patterns of actor-partner interdependence in Mexico, which may be reflective of the more traditional social role of women, and codependence within the couple. On the other hand, our results for the United States, where each spouse had significant actor effects but no partner effects, may suggest more independence within the couple.
Considering a Marketing Degree? Student Perceptions of General Versus Specialized Majors:

Many business colleges offer specialized marketing majors in addition to the general marketing major. Given the extra resources needed to maintain multiple majors, in a time when higher education b...
Gendered racism and depression among Black women: Examining the roles of social support and identity.

OBJECTIVE Black women's experiences of gendered racism have implications for their mental health. The present study tested the associations between gendered racism, social support, and depression, then investigated whether gendered racial centrality buffered the impact of gendered racism on mental health outcomes. METHOD Data from 237 Black college women (Mage = 22.04, SD = 4.02 years) were collected using an online survey, assessing gendered racism, social support, depression, and gendered racial identity. RESULTS We found that social support mediated (but did not moderate) the association between gendered racism and depression: More gendered racism was associated with decreased support, and consequently more depression. Also, higher gendered racial centrality buffered the indirect effect of gendered racism on greater depression via lower social support. CONCLUSION Our results further illustrate the detrimental effect of gendered racism on Black women, while also illuminating areas for intervention useful for this group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
No-FAT: architectural support for low overhead memory safety checks

Memory safety continues to be a significant software reliability and security problem, and low overhead and low complexity hardware solutions have eluded computer designers. In this paper, we explore a pathway to deployable memory safety defenses. Our technique builds on a recent trend in software: the usage of binning memory allocators. We observe that if memory allocation sizes (e.g., malloc sizes) are made an architectural feature, then it is possible to overcome many of the thorny issues with traditional approaches to memory safety such as compatibility with unsecured software and significant performance degradation. We show that our architecture, No-FAT, incurs an overhead of 8% on SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks, and our VLSI measurements show low power and area overheads. Finally, as No-FAT’s hardware is aware of the memory allocation sizes, it effectively mitigates certain speculative attacks (e.g., Spectre-V1) with no additional cost. When our solution is used for pre-deployment fuzz testing it can improve fuzz testing bandwidth by an order of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art approaches.
Identifying Correlates of Peer and Faculty/Staff Sexual Harassment in US Students

Sexual harassment and its negative consequences continue to affect a large percentage of higher education students in the US. Previous research has identified a limited number of harassment risk fa...
Victims as Instruments

Crime victims are often instrumentalized within the criminal legal process in furtherance of state prosecutorial interests. This is a particularly salient issue concerning victims of gender-based violence (GBV) because victim testimony is typically considered essential for successful prosecution of these types of crimes, especially since the Supreme Court’s 2004 Crawford v. Washington decision requiring declarants to be available for cross-examination on “testimonial” hearsay evidence. Consequently, criminal legal actors often employ highly coercive practices to secure GBV victims’ participation in the criminal legal process as evidentiary tools, including arresting and incarcerating victims through material witness warrants and contempt power, criminally charging and threatening charges against them, and conditioning key assistance measures upon their full cooperation with law enforcement. This Article critically examines paternalistic and utilitarian justifications for these practices and exposes their misalignment with the core principles of each framework. It then examines the state’s approach to GBV victims under three interrelated conceptual frameworks which have thus far been overlooked in this context: deontological ethics, dehumanization constructs, and liberal legal principles. This novel critique argues that the practices at issue are incompatible with foundational principles concerning the dignified treatment of individuals within the liberal legal order. It also contends that the targeted use of these coercive mechanisms operates as punishment for victims who fail to conform to “ideal” and legitimate GBV victim stereotypes, which require full cooperation with criminal legal authorities. This Article is the first to analyze the treatment of crime victims through the lens of moral philosophy and liberal legal theory. It demonstrates that the application of these concepts is helpful in evaluating the legitimacy of the state’s approach to GBV victims. Following this analysis, it proposes a normative shift in the approach, from one that conceptualizes GBV victims primarily as instruments to one that constructs them as agents whose dignity and autonomy the state must respect.
Storm Clouds and Silver Linings: Day-to-Day Life in COVID-19 Lockdown and Emotional Health in Adolescent Girls.

Objective We examined risk and protective factors for emotional health problems in adolescent girls during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated pre- to early-pandemic changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression, documented daily activities and perceived positive and negative impacts of the pandemic, and linked perceived positive and negative impacts of the pandemic to real-time changes in emotional health. Methods The study was a 10-day daily diary study with 93 U.S. adolescent girls (aged 12-17; 68% White non-Hispanic) at temperamental risk for anxiety and depression, conducted in April/May 2020 when all participants were under state-issued stay-at-home orders. Girls provided daily reports of positive and negative affect, depressive and anxious symptoms, activities, and positive and negative impacts resulting from the pandemic. Results Girls reported engaging in many activities that may contribute to well-being. Mixed effects analyses revealed positive impacts associated with improved same-day emotional health such as more time for family and relaxation and reduced pressure from school/activities. Negative impacts associated with poorer same-day emotional health included problems with online schooling, lack of space/privacy, lack of a regular schedule, and family conflict. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of providing in-person or quality online schooling, resources and space for learning, promoting daily routines, and spending time with teens while reducing family conflict. The pandemic also appears to have offered many girls a respite from the chronic stress of modern teen life, with time to relax and engage in creative and healthy pursuits showing benefits for daily emotional health, which should be considered following the return to normal life.
Separation, speciation, and mechanism of astatine and bismuth extraction from nitric acid into 1-octanol and methyl anthranilate

Abstract A detailed study of At and Bi extraction from nitric acid media into conventional solvents, namely 1-octanol and methyl anthranilate, has been performed. The analysis includes a mathematical modeling which allows the fitting of experimental data and determination of extraction constants of the two above mentioned elements. Also, this approach helped to estimate a stability constant of a weak AtO(NO3) complex along with thermodynamic constants describing the redox process of At species in the acidic solution and formation of an adduct of Bi in the presence of methyl anthranilate. The results of the fitting have been used to calculate corresponding separation factors of Bi and At as well. Moreover, a computational study has been performed to evaluate At interaction with the above mentioned solvents.
An Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale Constructed Through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11

Impulsiveness is a personality trait that reflects an urge to act spontaneously, without thinking or planning ahead for the consequences of your actions. High impulsiveness is characteristic of a variety of problematic behaviors including attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, excessive gambling, risk-taking, drug use, and alcoholism. Researchers studying attention and self-control often assess impulsiveness using personality questionnaires, notably the common Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11; last revised in 1995). Advances in techniques for producing personality questionnaires over the last 20 years prompted us to revise and improve the BIS-11. We sought to make the revised scale shorter - so that it would be quicker to administer - and better matched to current behaviors. We analyzed responses from 1549 adults who took the BIS-11 questionnaire. Using a statistical technique called factor analysis, we eliminated 17 questions that did a poor job of measuring the three major types of impulsiveness identified by the scale: inattention, spontaneous action, and lack of planning. We constructed our ABbreviated Impulsiveness Scale (ABIS) using the remaining 13 questions. We showed that the ABIS performed well when administered to additional groups of 657 and 285 adults. Finally, we showed expected relationships between the ABIS and other personality measurements related to impulsiveness, and showed that the ABIS can help predict alcohol consumption. We present the ABIS as a useful and efficient tool for researchers interested in measuring impulsive personality.
Abstract P6-10-15: Association between vitamin D supplementation and mammographic density change over time in women at high risk for breast cancer

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to breast cancer risk, but less is known about vitamin D and changes over time in mammographic density (MD), a strong predictor of breast cancer risk. Studies that have evaluated the association between MD and vitamin D have primarily been cross-sectional designs and focused on average-risk postmenopausal women. Methods: Using data from a prospective cohort study (1991-2013), we examined whether vitamin D supplementation was associated with MD at baseline and changes in MD over time. High-risk women had a first-degree family history of breast cancer, atypical hyperplasia, lobular or ductal carcinoma in situ. They completed baseline questionnaires with self-reported vitamin D supplement use (Y/N) and had serial mammograms with qualitative assessment of MD (BIRADS categories: 1=0-24%, 2=25-50%, 3=51-75%, 4=76-100%). GEE logistic regression and unordered polytomous regression models were used to assess the association between change in MD in the short-term ( Results: Of 1171 women who had vitamin D supplement information and a baseline mammogram, 615 had two mammograms within 3 years from baseline and 461 had a long-term follow-up mammogram. Median age was 49 (range, 17-88), median BMI 23.6 kg/m2 (range, 14.9-53.4), and mean follow-up time 6 years (range, 9 months-18 years). Among women with a BMI Discussion: Although vitamin D supplementation was not associated with short-term changes in MD, we did observe a trend toward an association with long-term change among high-risk women. If replicated in larger studies, our study gives added evidence that MD changes may need longer observation time. Citation Format: Katherine D Crew, Tong Xiao, Mary Beth Terry. Association between vitamin D supplementation and mammographic density change over time in women at high risk for breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-15.
New Kid on the Block: KeyCite Compared to Shepard's

In July, 1997, West Group unveiled a major new citator product, KeyCite. This article examines both Shepard`s and KeyCite`s process. The article considers marketing claims, and, using randomly selected cases, compares KeyCite with Shepard`s. The article details how Shepard`s and KeyCite prepare their respective products as well as evaluating the claims made as KeyCite entered the market. Readers of the article are cautioned that the author used Westlaw's version of Shepard's, which, while available in 1999, was not as current as the version which was on Lexis. A modified version of this paper was published at 17 Legal Reference Services Quarterly 85-99 (1999).
New approach to model the hand-arm system for analysis of musculoskeletal disorders

A new analysis approach is developed for hand-arm vibration analysis of musculoskeletal disorders. At a given equilibrium point, the musculo-tendon system can be interpreted as a spring damper system. It is considered that the Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) and Lumbrical (LU) are participating in the response to the vibration force. The study shows that realistic muscle models should be included in the vibration analysis of the hand-arm exposed to tool vibration. The hand-arm system is found to have a redundancy in muscles because it has many more muscles than the minimum number required to establish equilibrium in gripping. An important observation is that bigger extrinsic muscles carry most of the static load to generate the grip force, and smaller muscles carry most tool vibration force at high frequencies.
Action rules for programming constraint propagators and interactive user interfaces

In this paper, we present a new language construct, called Action Rules (AR), and describe its application to the implementation of various constraint propagators and interactive graphical user interfaces. An action rule specifies a pattern for agents, an event pattern for events that can activate the agents, and an action that the agents carry out when activated. AR combines the goal-oriented execution model of logic programming with the event-driven execution model. This hybrid execution model facilitates programming interactions in applications such as constraint propagators and interactive user interfaces. A propagator for a constraint is an agent that maintains the consistency of the constraint and is activated by updates to the domain variables in the constraint. As graphics programming is concerned, an agent is an event handler that handles stimuli from the users. AR has been incorporated into B-Prolog (www.probp.com). It has been successfully employed in the implementation of several efficient constraint solvers [24],[26] and in the CGLIB, a high-level constraint-based graphics library [25].
Trends in purchases and intake of foods and beverages containing caloric and low-calorie sweeteners over the last decade in the United States.

Summary What is already known about this subject Caloric sweetener (CS) intake in beverages and food has been linked with weight gain. Over the last 30 years, there have been important changes in consumption of caloric- and low-calorie sweetened foods and beverages among children and adults in the United States. However, current food databases might not capture rapidly occurring changes in the U.S. food supply, such as the increased use of CS combined with low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) in newly introduced or reformulated food products. What this study adds We analyzed the Homescan commercial dataset (foods as purchased) and National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of dietary intake (foods as consumed) to explore recent time trends in foods and beverages containing LCS, CS or both sweeteners in the United States. In terms of purchases (Homescan 2000–2010), although CS food and beverages continue declining, they remained high. We showed an important but previously unexplored trend in purchases of products that contain both LCS and CS, especially among households with children. In terms of intake (NHANES 2003–2010), children (2–18 years old) increased their consumption of LCS beverages and decreased intake of CS beverages. We found heterogeneity of consumption of CS and LCS foods and beverages across key socioeconomic status (SES) sub-populations in both datasets. Background Current food databases might not capture rapidly occurring changes in the food supply, such as the increased use of caloric (CS) and low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) in products. Objective We explored trends in purchases and intake of foods and beverages containing LCS, CS or both sweeteners over the last decade in the United States, as well as household and socioeconomic status (SES) predictors of these trends. Methods We analyzed household purchases from Homescan 2000–2010 (n = 140 352 households; 408 458 individuals) and dietary intake from National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2010 (n = 34 391 individuals). We estimated per capita purchases and intake (g or mL d−1) and percent of consumers of foods and beverages containing LCS, CS or both LCS + CS. We estimated change in purchases associated with SES and household composition using random-effects longitudinal models. Results From 2000 to 2010, percent of households purchasing CS products decreased, whereas that for LCS and LCS + CS products increased among all types of households and particularly among those with children. African–American, Hispanic and households with children had a higher % CS beverage purchases (+9, +4 and +3%, respectively, P < 0.001) and lower % LCS beverage purchases (−12, −5 and −2%, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions During a period of declining purchases and consumption of CS products, we have documented an increasing trend in products that contain LCS and a previously unexplored trend in products with both LCS and CS, especially important among households with children.
Fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic serous cystadenoma : Cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls

BACKGROUND The preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic serous cystadenoma (SCA) is important because as a typically benign tumor it can be treated expectantly, whereas many other cystic tumors require excision. This study examines the cytology, clinical and radiologic features, diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and potential pitfalls associated with this rare tumor. METHODS Cytomorphologic features were retrospectively reviewed from 28 FNAs of SCA from 21 patients. FNA biopsies were guided by percutaneous computed tomographic or ultrasonographic imaging in 10 cases and by endoscopic ultrasonographic imaging in 18 cases. Corresponding histology (14 tumors) and clinical/imaging findings were also evaluated. RESULTS Patients typically presented with upper abdominal discomfort or asymptomatically. Radiologically, a well-demarcated, multiloculated cystic mass involving the pancreatic head or uncinate process was common. Aspirates were sparsely cellular against a clean or granular, proteinaceous background. Tumor cells formed loose clusters or monolayered sheets composed of cuboidal cells with indistinct cell borders and granular or clear cytoplasm that was often stripped from the nucleus. Nuclei were small, round, with fine chromatin and indistinct nucleoli and devoid of mitotic activity. Seven (25%) of the aspirates were initially classified as “consistent with SCA,” 6 (21%) as “no malignant cells,” 3 (11%) as “nondiagnostic specimen,” 3 (11%) as “suspicious for malignancy,” 3 (11%) as “rare atypical cells,” and 6 (21%) as “probably or consistent with mucinous cystic neoplasm.” Features causing diagnostic difficulty were scant cellularity, papillary groups, nuclear atypia, and columnar cells mimicking those of mucinous neoplasms. Gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium and mucin also caused confusion. The detection of intracytoplasmic glycogen (3 of 6 cases) and cyst fluid analysis (2 of 2 cases) showing low viscosity and low or undetectable levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 19.9, and amylase enhanced diagnostic confidence. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosing SCA by FNA is challenging. Familiarity with its morphologic spectrum, use of ancillary studies, and correlation with clinical/radiologic findings greatly improves diagnostic accuracy. Contaminating GI epithelium and mucin should be distinguished from components of a mucinous neoplasm. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Flesh and Blood, or Merely Ghosts? Some Comments on the Multi-Muon Study at CDF

A recent paper by the CDF collaboration suggests (but does not claim) an anomalous event sample containing muons produced with large impact parameter, often with high multiplicity and at small angles from one another. This curious hint of a signal is potentially consistent with the hidden valley scenario, as well as with some other classes of models. Despite its tenuous nature, this hint highlights the experimental difficulties raised by such signals, and merits some consideration. Some of the simplest interpretations of the data, such as a light neutral particle decaying to muon and/or tau pairs, are largely disfavored; three-body decays to $\tau\tau\nu$ appear slightly better. An alternative speculative possibility -- a "micro-cascade decay" -- might be consistent with the data. It is suggested that the experimentalists involved provide additional plots showing invariant mass distributions of same- and opposite-sign dimuon pairs, invariant masses of various classes of displaced vertices, and spatial correlations among vertices within a cone.