cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membrane Protein Crystallization in Lipidic Mesophases: Detergent Effects

The "cubic phase method" for growing crystals of membrane proteins uses a complex mixture of water, lipid, protein, and other components. The current view is that the cubic phase is integral to the process. Thus additives from whatever source introduce the possibility of destabilizing the phase, thereby compromising the crystallization process. Detergents are used to solubilize membrane proteins and are likely to be ported into the cubic medium with the target protein. Depending on the identity and concentration of the detergent, the cubic phase, which itself is membranous, may be solubilized or destabilized in such a way as to render it unsuitable as a crystal growing system. The nonionic detergent n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside is commonly used in membrane protein work. In this study, we evaluate its effect on the cubic mesophase of hydrated monoolein. X-ray diffraction was used for phase identification and mesophase microstructure characterization. The results show that while low levels of the detergent are tolerated, increasing concentrations trigger a cubic-to-lamellar phase transition in a temperature-dependent manner. This finding is rationalized in the context of complementary molecular shapes of the lipid and the detergent and has implications for the mechanism of crystallization in lipidic mesophases as discussed.
Effect of surface reactions on the solid propellant response function.

Surface coupled heat release effect on oscillatory amplitude of pressure coupled response in solid propellant
Causality and volatility spillovers among petroleum prices of WTI, gasoline and heating oil in different locations

Abstract This paper examines the time series properties of daily spot and futures prices for three petroleum types traded at five commodity centers within and outside the United States. Examining five combinations of the spot and futures prices by petroleum type and trading center, the cointegration tests of each of these five groups suggest that spot and futures contracts offer little room for long-run commodity portfolio diversification. In the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude-oil group, the VEC model indicates that the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) 1-month futures price has the upper hand in terms of directional causality and volatility spillovers. In the NYMEX gasoline system, there are bi-directional causality relationships among all the gasoline spot and futures prices, but the spot price produces the greatest spillover. In the NYMEX heating oil system, information transmission and predictability among the spot, 1- and 3-month futures are found to be particularly strong and significant. In the international gasoline spot market, contrary to the world crude-oil market, there is no apparent world gasoline spot leader for the gasoline spot prices.
Control of combustion instability with a high-momentum air-jet

An improved strategy for controlling combustion oscillations using a high-momentum air-jet that changes the reactant mixing process is presented in this paper. The oscillations in the swirl-stabilized spray combustor of interest are dominated by an acoustic mode (235 Hz) with a low-frequency (13 Hz) bulk mode (of the upstream cavity) oscillation superimposed. The bulk mode gives rise to an axial movement of the flame and leads to cyclic variations of the dominant mode time period. These cyclic variations lead to phase jitter and make control more difficult. The most effective strategy for maintaining control is shown to be achieved through the use of a new concept which utilizes a high-momentum air-jet injected directly into the regions of positive Rayleigh Index from where the instability originates. Improvements with this new strategy relative to the traditional fuel-modulation-based control are demonstrated.
Temporal discrimination of recycled tonal sequences: Pattern matching and naming of order by untrained listeners

Sets of recycled sequences of four successive tones were presented in all six possible orders to untrained listeners. For pitches within the musical range, recognition (as measured by matching of any unknown order with an array of permuted orders of the same tones) could be accomplished as readily for tonal durations and frequency separations outside the limits employed for melodic construction as inside these limits. Identifying or naming of relative pitches of successive tones was considerably more difficult than matching for these tonal sequences, and appeared to follow different rules based upon duration and upon frequency separation. Use of frequencies above the pitch limits for music (4,500 Hz and above) resulted in poor performance both for matching and naming of order. Introduction of short silent intervals between items was without effect for both tasks. Naming of order and pattern recognition appear to reflect different basic processes, in agreement with earlier formulations based on experiments with phonemic sequences of speech and sequences of unrelated sounds (hisses, tones, buzzes). Special characteristics of tonal sequences are discussed, and some speculations concerning music are offered.
Theory of mental tests

This classic volume outlines, for both students and professionals, the mathematical theories and equations that are necessary for evaluating a test and for quantifying its characteristics. The author utilizes formulas that evaluate both the reliability and the validity of tests. He also provides the means for evaluating the reliability and validity of total test scores and individual item analysis. The work remains one of the only books on classical test theory to discuss applications, "true score" theory, the effect of test length on reliability and validity, and the effects of univariate and multivariate selection on validity.
Reconstruction of the pelvic floor and perineum with human acellular dermal matrix and thigh flaps following pelvic exenteration

Abstract Background Patients who undergo pelvic floor resection as treatment for recurrent cancer following radiation therapy have increased rates of complications, particularly if permanent prosthetic mesh is used for reconstruction. Human acellular dermal matrix (HADM), commonly used for reconstruction in other torso locations, is associated with lower rates of complications (including infection, adhesions and cutaneous exposure) than synthetic mesh. We describe an effective technique to reconstruct the pelvic floor and perineum with HADM and thigh-based flaps following pelvic exenteration and radical vulvectomy. Case A 75-year-old woman underwent radical resection of the pelvic floor and perineum to treat recurrent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and osteoradionecrosis. The pelvic floor and perineal soft tissue defect were reconstructed with HADM (AlloDerm; LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) and bilateral, thigh-based tissue flaps, respectively. Despite a large resection, previous irradiation therapy and bacterial contamination the wounds healed without complications. Conclusion Reconstruction of pelvic floor defects using HADM is an option when wound conditions are unfavorable for the use of permanent prosthetic meshes.
Application of vector and parallel supercomputers to ground-water flow modeling

Abstract A new generation of high-performance computers offers geoscientists new and exciting tools for computationally-intensive scientific problems. This paper presents preliminary results on optimizing the performance for ground-water flow models on a Cray supercomputer. The traditional method of solving a tridiagonal matrix system, that of forward solution and backsubstitution (FB), is intrinsically data dependent, in that the equations at a given grid node depend on values from adjacent grid nodes. This feature effectively prohibits vectorizing and parallelizing the method for solution on vector and parallel processors. An alternative method of solution, that of reduction and backsubstitution (RB), has no data dependence and was implemented in Fortran for vector and parallel processors to solve a tridiagonal matrix system in a ground-water flow model. The vectorized code has an overall execution rate of 110 MFLOPs on a Cray Y-MP that is five to sixteen times faster than the scalar code. Implementing the code in vector-parallel mode using eight undedicated processors on a Cray Y-MP results in an overall additional speedup of 2.8 times in wall clock time for a two-dimensional flow problem and 2.2 times for a three-dimensional flow problem. In comparison with the FB code, the RB code requires 26% less CPU time and 66% less wall-clock time on the same flow problem. Demonstrative application of the model is included for two- and three-dimensional flow problems.
A flow visualization technique for low-speed wind-tunnel studies

The paper describes a flow visualization technique (direct injection method) used in low-speed wind-tunnel studies. Mixture of titanium tetrachloride and carbon tetrachloride is used to produce closely spaced parallel streaklines of white smoke of long duration. The technique is described in detail and representative photographs of various flow patterns are presented.
The Authority of Documents at Some American History Museums

It is widely accepted among both public and academic historians that history museums in the United States have become more pluralistic institutions in the last two decades. This is attributed in part to the impact of a new generation of professional historians who began entering museums from the academy during the late 1960s. Many of these scholars had been trained in the new social history, and they wanted museums to tell the stories of all the people who had earlier been ignored by those venerable institutions.1 As the social historians advanced to leadership positions in the museum world, they were able to pluralize the museum, opening it for diverse people who all want to be included in the American story. It is also commonly assumed that the new generation of museum historians has pluralized museum historiography in a perhaps more profound way. Unlike their predecessors, those historians have tried to be explicit about the relationship between ideologies, institutions, and histories. Museum historians today acknowledge that, as one of them wrote in 1992, "history is a construct that the manner in which history is presented is an inherently political statement that what constitutes history reflects the values and attitudes of those who interpret it."2 This acknowledgment has ostensibly become a crucial part of the museum's pedagogic content. No longer do museums pretend to base their histories on "just the facts." Rather, museum historians wish to teach the public the crucial lesson that no version of the past is neutral or objective. If a generation ago the ameliorative task of the
A method to eliminate articulation from the Palmaz-Schatz stent delivery system

It has been shown that the articulation site in the Palmaz-Schatz stent is a frequent site for restenosis. In this communication, we report on a new method to eliminate the articulation site in the Palmaz-Schatz stent to provide better lesion coverage and decrease the probability of plaque prolapse at the articulation site. We believe that this method is simple and effective, and that it serves an important clinical purpose.
Modulation of Endogenous Antioxidant Enzymes by Nitric Oxide in Rat C6 Glial Cells † 1722

To understand the possible mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) mediated cytotoxicity we investigated the effect of NO on endogenous antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) in rat C6 glial cells under conditions in which these cells expressed oligodendrocytelike properties. The 24h treatment with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, decreased the activities and the protein levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, the activity and the protein level of CuZnSOD were increased. A NO scavenger, PTIO, blocked the effect of SNAP. Moreover, the treatment of C6 cells with sodium nitroprusside, another NO donor, or with a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which induce excessive production of NO also significantly modulated the AOE activities in a manner similar to that seen with SNAP treatment. Treatment with SNAP and a combination of LPS and IFN-γ also modulated the mRNA levels of AOEs parallel to the changes in their protein levels and activities except for MnSOD where the combination of LPS and IFN-γ markedly stimulated the mRNA expression. In spite of the stimulation of mRNA level, LPS and IFN-γ significantly inhibited the activity of MnSOD within the first 24 h of incubation, however, MnSOD activity gradually increased with the increase in time of incubation. These results suggest that alterations in the status of AOEs by NO may be the basis of NO induced cytotoxicity in disease states associated with excessive NO production.(Funded by a grant NS-22576 from N.I.H.)
A Complexin/Synaptotagmin 1 Switch Controls Fast Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis

Summary Ca 2+ binding to synaptotagmin 1 triggers fast exocytosis of synaptic vesicles that have been primed for release by SNARE-complex assembly. Besides synaptotagmin 1, fast Ca 2+ -triggered exocytosis requires complexins. Synaptotagmin 1 and complexins both bind to assembled SNARE complexes, but it is unclear how their functions are coupled. Here we propose that complexin binding activates SNARE complexes into a metastable state and that Ca 2+ binding to synaptotagmin 1 triggers fast exocytosis by displacing complexin from metastable SNARE complexes. Specifically, we demonstrate that, biochemically, synaptotagmin 1 competes with complexin for SNARE-complex binding, thereby dislodging complexin from SNARE complexes in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. Physiologically, increasing the local concentration of complexin selectively impairs fast Ca 2+ -triggered exocytosis but retains other forms of SNARE-dependent fusion. The hypothesis that Ca 2+ -induced displacement of complexins from SNARE complexes triggers fast exocytosis accounts for the loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes of complexins and provides a molecular explanation for the high speed and synchronicity of fast Ca 2+ -triggered neurotransmitter release.
Pseudocyesis in a 6-Year-Old Girl: Follow-up Report at 23

This is a follow-up report of a 6-year-old girl with pseudocyesis, or imaginary pregnancy, seen as a 23-year-old adult. The patient had completely repressed the earlier intense wish for a baby but was able to feel and verbalize her anger at her abusive and neglectful mother, something she had not been able to do so as a child. Her ambivalent identification with her mother resulted in a fear of becoming a mother and of being cruel and unloving to a child as her mother had been to her.
When the Resources Are Human: Managing Staff, Students, and Ourselves.

Managing people can be an unanticipated responsibility—suddenly there aren't only collections to care for, but also human beings. Learning what resources and training opportunities are available to hone managerial skills is a task that can't be delayed until a difficult personnel situation develops. Working with supervisors, those we supervise and human resource departments will lead to a better working environment for all members of the archives staff, from administrators to student workers. This article highlights some of the skills and techniques that a manager can utilize to nurture and sustain good working relationships in an archives.
LACK OF SALINITY SELECTION BY FRESHWATER AND BRACKISH POPULATIONS OF JUVENILE BLUEGILL, LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS RAFINESQUE

Salinity preferences of juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) from a freshwater pond in north-eastern Mississippi and a brackish bayou in coastal Mississippi held at 0‰ were tested at 26.5±1.0°C in salinity-gradient chambers (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10‰) under a 12L∶12D photoperiod cycle. Juvenile bluegill from both sites did not show any statistically significant preference for any of the salinity options and were not significantly different from controls. These data suggest that juvenile bluegill from either locale fail to show any differential short-term (1.5 h) behavioral effects that might influence their perception and use of saline habitats. These data and data from previous studies suggest that bluegill are better able to physiologically and behaviorally tolerate elevated salinity relative to other centrarchids, particularlyMicropterus spp.
Purification of VBacillus anthracis lethal factor by immunosorbent chromatography

Abstract Lethal factor from B. anthracis (Vollum 1B strain) has been purified 1130-fold by immunosorbent chromatography using a mouse anti-lethal factor monoclonal antibody Sepharose-4B column. The antibody was covalently attached to CNBr activated Sepharose-4B. Lethal factor bound at pH 7 (0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer) and was eluted with buffer containing 4 M NaSCN with 77% recovery of the immunological activity. Pre-elution with 4 M NaCl was effective in eluting non-biospecifically bound proteins. Migration of lethal factor on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a single component (> 99% pure) with a molecular weight of 82,000. The effect of a number of dissociation buffers on the antigen — antibody complex has been investigated. Sodium thiocyanate (4M) in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7, was the most effective eluting solution, causing complete dissociation of the antigen — antibody complex, while 4M NaI and 4 M NaCl caused 93% and 15% dissociation, respectively. The antigen-antibody complex was found to undergo a reversible dissociation at moderately high pH values. The ionizable group(s) responsible for this dissociation exhibited a p K a , value of 9.90. Purified lethal factor exhibited a significant decrease in immunological activity upon freeze-thawing, with 52% loss in potency observed after 3 freeze-thaw cycles.
Evaluating the relative roles of ecological regions and land-cover composition for guiding establishment of nutrient criteria

The continuing degradation of United States surface waters by excessive nutrient loads has motivated the establishment of nutrient criteria for streams, lakes, and estuaries as a means to protect aquatic resources. Nutrient criteria have been established based on ecoregional differences, recognizing that geographic variation in climate, topography, geology, and land use require use of different criteria values for different regions of the continental United States. Several studies have demonstrated that land-cover composition also strongly influences nutrient concentrations and yields. We examined the relative importance of ecoregions and watershed land-cover composition in explaining variability in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations by re-analyzing the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) data reported by Omernik (1977). The variance of N concentrations among land-cover composition classes within ecoregions was six times larger than the variance among ecoregions. For P concentrations, land-cover composition within ecoregions accounted for three times more variance than ecoregions themselves. Variance across ecoregions was only weakly significant after accounting for variance in land-cover composition within ecoregions. The results suggest that the relationship between land-cover composition and nutrient concentrations in aquatic systems should also be used to help guide establishment of nutrient criteria.
Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Three exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joint specimens were tested under reverse cyclic loading. The joint region of these specimens suffered significant damage, whereas limited damage was observed in the beams. The damaged specimens were repaired and strengthened to prevent shear damage and strength deterioration inside the joint region and to achieve more ductile response. First, the damaged loose concrete was removed and replaced by high-strength nonshrink mortar. Then, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strips were diagonally wrapped over the joint region, and longitudinal FRP strips were applied and anchored on the beams. The original strength was restored in all strengthened specimens under the application of the same loading history. Deformation capacities of the strengthened specimens were much larger than those of the original specimens.
Reconciling warming trends

Any divergence between real-world climate phenomena and prior expectations poses interesting science questions. The case of the apparent slow-down of warming since the record El Nino event in 1997/1998 is no exception. The global mean surface temperature trend was smaller 1 between 1997 and 2013 (0.07±0.08 °C per decade) than over the last 50 years (0.16 ± 0.02 °C per decade), highlighting questions about the mechanisms that regulate decadal variability in the Earth’s temperature. In addition, the warming trend in the most recent 15-year period is near the lower edge of the 5–95% range of projections from a collection of climate models that were part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Why most of the model simulations suggest more warming than has been observed is a second question that deserves further exploration. Short-term fluctuations in global mean surface temperature anomalies have been a perennial focus of public discussions related to climate change. We should expect to see climate changes, by definition, only in the long-term trends that average over stochastic weather and year-to-year fluctuations such as those associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which favoured a cool La Nina phase in the past few years. On decadal timescales, global mean surface temperatures are expected to vary, too. One cause might be the chaotic internal variability of the coupled system of oceans and atmosphere, for example in the tropical Pacific Ocean 2
P02.56. A naturopathic treatment protocol for acute otitis media: a report of twenty-four cases

Purpose To describe a case series of children treated with a naturopathic protocol for acute otitis media (AOM). Acute otitis media places a large burden on pediatric populations. Antibiotics provide modest benefits; however, these benefits must be weighed against the risk of adverse events and antibiotic resistance. Current American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines includes “watchful waiting”: withholding antibiotics and providing analgesics and supportive care in selected patients.
(Re)appropriating The Petroglyphs: Commercial representations of a cultural landscape

This article examines the case of the Albuquerque Petroglyphs to explore how government and business commercially appropriate and reappropriate cultural landscapes for use in capitalistic developme...
Does training matter? Exploring police officer response to domestic dispute calls before and after training on intimate partner violence

Police officers often leave the scene of many domestic dispute calls, unable to collect evidence needed to lay charges against the accused. They may find the residence in order, no visible signs of...
Testosterone increases activity but not daily energy expenditure in captive male dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis.

Plasma testosterone (T) levels in male dark-eyed juncos peak early in the breeding season, then decline. If T enhances opportunities for reproductive success, as suggested by previous experiments, why does elevated T not occur naturally? To address this question, we prolonged the early peak level throughout the breeding season and explored potential energetic costs of maintaining elevated T. We measured daily energy expenditure (DEE) of treated males (T-males) and controls (C-males) using doubly labelled water (DLW). We also conducted behaviour scans of T- and C-males housed in outdoor aviaries. DEE was not higher in T-males than in C-males. However, T-males did increase locomotion and foraging and decrease rest and self-maintenance. These results suggest that elevated T may increase the contribution of some components of DEE and lower the contribution of others. Furthermore, the T-induced decrease in allocation of time to rest and maintenance may represent a long-term cost that has led to selection against the maintenance of elevated T beyond the natural early spring peak.
Controlling Platform Motions and Reducing Blade Loads for Floating Wind Turbines

Offshore sites hold great promise for the growth of wind energy. To tap the vast resource in deep water sites, new support structures, such as those that float, are needed. For floating structures to succeed, they must withstand the offshore wind and wave environment. Two new methods for controlling a floating turbine and reducing the platform and blade loads are presented. The first is a method for controlling collective blade pitch and reducing platform pitch motion, a significant problem for floating structures. The rated generator speed is made a function of the platform pitch velocity. When the platform is pitching upwind, the set point generator speed is set to a larger value, and vice versa. For constant generator torque, this approach essentially makes the rated power a variable that depends on the platform pitch velocity. Fundamentally, this control approach trades power variability for platform pitch variability. The results will show substantial reductions in platform pitch motion but minor inc...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Sputtering of Langmuir−Blodgett Multilayers by Kiloelectronvolt C60 Projectiles

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics computer simulations are applied to investigate fundamental processes induced by an impact of keV C60 projectile at an organic overlayer composed of long, well-organized linear molecules. The energy transfer pathways, sputtering yields, and the damage induced in the irradiated system, represented by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers composed of molecules of bariated arachidic acid, are investigated as a function of the kinetic energy and impact angle of the projectile and the thickness of the organic system. In particular, the unique challenges of depth profiling through a LB film versus a more isotropic solid are discussed. The results indicate that the trajectories of projectile fragments and, consequently, the primary energy can be channeled by the geometrical structure of the overlayer. Although, a similar process is known from sputtering of single crystals by atomic projectiles, it has not been anticipated to occur during C60 bombardment due to the large size of the projectile. An open and ordered molecular structure of LB films is responsible for such behavior. Both the extent of damage and the efficiency of sputtering depend on the kinetic energy, the impact angle, and the layer thickness. The results indicate that the best depth profiling conditions can be achieved with low-energy cluster projectiles irradiating the organic overlayer at large offnormal angles.
Co-treatment with arsenic trioxide and ganciclovir reduces tumor volume in a murine xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

We have previously shown that disruption of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) is sufficient to activate the EBV lytic cycle thus making infected cells susceptible to ganciclovir (GCV) mediated killing in vitro. Here we show that co-administration of GCV and arsenic trioxide (ATO), a PML NB disruptor, reduces tumor volume in a xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma utilizing CNE1 cells. When administered at pharmacologic levels, both GCV and ATO reduced tumor growth while co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in a diminution of tumor volume. Treatment with GCV or ATO individually resulted in an increased number of apoptotic cells while co-treatment with GCV + ATO synergistically induced apoptosis. Treatment with ATO or co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in expression of EBV lytic proteins. These data suggest that co-treatment with GCV + ATO may provide an effective treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.
Improving the Impact of Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation on Contextual Opinion Analysis

Subjectivity word sense disambiguation (SWSD) is automatically determining which word instances in a corpus are being used with subjective senses, and which are being used with objective senses. SWSD has been shown to improve the performance of contextual opinion analysis, but only on a small scale and using manually developed integration rules. In this paper, we scale up the integration of SWSD into contextual opinion analysis and still obtain improvements in performance, by successfully gathering data annotated by non-expert annotators. Further, by improving the method for integrating SWSD into contextual opinion analysis, even greater benefits from SWSD are achieved than in previous work. We thus more firmly demonstrate the potential of SWSD to improve contextual opinion analysis.
The 2-Minute Drills: Incorporating Simulation into a Large Lecture Format

Abstract Nurse educators are faced with the challenge of providing quality nursing education. Current nursing curricula separate didactic and clinical learning, which can fragment learning. Increases in faculty workload and classroom size and decreases in clinical placement sites have increased the need for innovative teaching strategies to assist in bridging the gap between didactic and clinical learning. Time constraints make it difficult to provide traditional simulation-based learning (SBL) for large groups of students. This article describes the theoretical congruence, development, and implementation of the 2-minute drills, a teaching strategy that integrates lecture and SBL in a large classroom format.
Grades: Their Influence on Students and Faculty.

Understanding how students and faculty are alike and different in their attitudes toward learning and grading can provide some guidance in organizing courses to meet the diverse motivations of both groups.
Gαq-TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ Entry Induces RhoA Activation and Resultant Endothelial Cell Shape Change in Response to Thrombin

RhoA activation and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration mediated by the activation of transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) both contribute to the thrombin-induced increase in endothelial cell contraction, cell shape change, and consequently to the mechanism of increased endothelial permeability. Herein, we addressed the possibility that TRPC signals RhoA activation and thereby contributes in actinomyosin-mediated endothelial cell contraction and increased endothelial permeability. Transduction of a constitutively active Gαq mutant in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells induced RhoA activity. Preventing the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration by the inhibitor of Gαq or phospholipase C and the Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA-AM, abrogated thrombin-induced RhoA activation. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ also inhibited RhoA activation, indicating the requirement of Ca2+ entry in the response. RhoA activation could not be ascribed to storeoperated Ca2+ (SOC) entry because SOC entry induced with thapsigargin or small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of TRPC1 expression, the predominant SOC channel in these endothelial cells, failed to alter RhoA activity. However, activation of receptor-operated Ca2+ entry by oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, the membrane permeable analogue of the Gαq-phospholipase C product diacylglycerol, induced RhoA activity. Receptor-operated Ca2+ activation was mediated by TRPC6 because small interfering RNA-induced TRPC6 knockdown significantly reduced Ca2+ entry. TRPC6 knockdown also prevented RhoA activation, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and actin stress fiber formation as well as inter-endothelial junctional gap formation in response to either oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol or thrombin. TRPC6-mediated RhoA activity was shown to be dependent on PKCα activation. Our results demonstrate that Gαq activation of TRPC6 signals the activation of PKCα, and thereby induces RhoA activity and endothelial cell contraction.
Growth in Spending on and Use of Services for Mental and Substance Use Disorders After the Great Recession Among Individuals With Private Insurance

Objective: Recessions are associated with increased prevalence of mental and substance use disorders, but their effect on use of behavioral health services is less clear. This study examined changes in spending per enrollee for behavioral health services compared with general medical services among individuals with private insurance following the Great Recession that began in 2007.Methods: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health was used to examine the prevalence of behavioral health conditions among persons with private insurance from 2004 to 2013. Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters data (2004–2012) were used to calculate use of and spending on treatment of behavioral and general medical conditions before and after the recession among individuals with employer-sponsored private health insurance.Results:There was a statistically significant increase in serious psychological distress and episodes of major depression between 2007 and 2010. Between 2004–2009 and 2009–2012, the growt...
Chapter 10 – Investment in Visual Art: Evidence from International Transactions

Abstract This study uses international trade data to discern whether fine art is, on average, more an investment or a consumption good. Using a battery of novel measures, the chapter demonstrates that the flows of services embodied by visual artworks most closely resemble consumption services. A stylized prediction of the permanent income hypothesis is that consumption demand increases with rises in permanent income and the demand for investment increases with rises in temporary income. We find that international shipments of art are strongly correlated with trade in consumer goods, with the income of destination countries, and specifically with the permanent component of income changes. In contrast, there is little indication that art demand responds to temporary income shocks or that it even moves in tandem with other investments, implying that the investment motive for purchasing art is relatively weak.
Dynamics of Single Point Mooring in Deep Water

The dynamics of a single point mooring of an oceanographic disc buoy with diameter of forty feet were investigated in ocean waves, current and wind for water depths in the order of 10,000 to 20,000 feet. A numerical model was developed to simulate the motion of the buoy and the nylon mooring line. The buoy motion and position were determined at each time increment from integrating the differential equations that arise from considering the buoy to be a rigid body and applying Newton’s second law of motion. The solution for the dynamics of the line was developed by integrating the differential equations of motion by utilizing the method of charateristics. The results from the numerical analysis compared favorably with measurements of dynamic line tension for a mooring in 13,000 feet of water near Bermuda.
Roles for lipid heterogeneity in immunoreceptor signaling

Immune receptors that specifically recognize foreign antigens to activate leukocytes in adaptive immune responses belong to a family of multichain cell surface proteins. All of these contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs in one or more subunits that initiate signaling cascades following stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation by Src-family kinases. As highlighted in this review, lipids participate in this initial activation step, as well as in more downstream signaling steps. We summarize evidence for cholesterol-dependent ordered lipids serving to regulate the store-operated Ca(2+) channel, Orai1, and we describe the sensitivity of Orai1 coupling to the ER Ca(2+) sensor, STIM1, to inhibition by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphoinositides play key roles in regulating STIM1-Orai1 coupling, as well as in the stimulated Ca(2+) oscillations that are a consequence of IgE receptor signaling in mast cells. They also participate in the coupling between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton, which regulates immune receptor responses in T cells, B cells, and mast cells, both positively and negatively, depending on the cellular context. Recent studies show that other phospholipids with mostly saturated acylation also participate in coupling between receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. Lipid heterogeneity is a central feature of the intimate relationship between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The detailed nature of these interactions and how they are dynamically regulated to initiate and propagate receptor-mediated cell signaling are challenging questions for further investigation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
Imagination as a “Medium” in the Critique of Pure Reason

Here, the intellect adds a special unity to the synthesis in question (A79/B104, A94,.A118, A130, A155/B194, A158/B197) or some special kind of consciousness of such unity (A103-6, Al 15-6). The addition is needed in order "to bring this synthesis to concepts." Consequently, it could not be an upshot of concept-application in the first place. But elsewhere, Kant ap pears to attribute synthesis directly to intellect, for example in an emenda tion of the quoted passage.2 He also says that, to the extent that (insofern) imaginative synthesis involves spontaneity and determines sensibility, it is itself "an action of the understanding on sensibility" (B152; cf. B162n). It is difficult to know whether the source of the problem lies in a mere degree of unclarity on Kant's part or in a more substantive but perhaps inherently ambiguous relationship between the faculties. Imagination and understand ing are after all "two friends who cannot bear to be separated but also can not abide one another . . . . "3 I want to propose that much of the unclarity and apparent contradic tion stems from the fact that imagination is indeed a kind of middle for Kant?but more specifically a kind of medium in a much more pregnant sense. The proposal is this: Concepts are formed from a material in a way that is at least analogous to the formation of intuitions from sensations in the Aesthetic. (Throughout, the proposal is limited to non-categorial con cepts.) Kant regards the material as imaginative in nature. This is because it comprises manifolds of pre-intellectual "associations." These are anticipa
Liquid-Phase Laser Induced Forward Transfer for Complex Organic Inks and Tissue Engineering

Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) acts as a novel alternative to incumbent plotting techniques such as inkjet printing due to its ability to precisely deposit and position picoliter-sized droplets while being gentle enough to preserve sensitive structures within the ink. Materials as simple as screen printing ink to complex eukaryotic cells have been printed with applications spanning from microelectronics to tissue engineering. Biotechnology can benefit from this technique due to the efficient use of low volumes of reagent and the compatibility with a wide range of rheological properties. In addition, LIFT can be performed in a simple lab environment, not requiring vacuum or other extreme conditions. Although the basic apparatus is simple, many strategies exist to optimize the performance considering the ink and the desired pattern. The basic mechanism is similar between studies so the large number of variants can be summarized into a couple of categories and reported on with respect to their specific applications. In particular, precise and gentle deposition of complex molecules and eukaryotic cells represent the unique abilities of this technology. LIFT has demonstrated not only marked improvements in the quality of sensors and related medical devices over those manufactured with incumbent technologies but also great applicability in tissue engineering due to the high viability of printed cells.
Financial Innovation in Funds Circulation for Infrastructure in Xi'an

Infrastructure construction in Xi'an has lagged far behind.The main reason lies in the shortage of funds.Raising money through capital market is the solution to it.The new funds innovation is the key with prominent superiorities.As dot bonds and market fund-raising,different financial approaches can be devised,based on the characteristics of cash flow.Its function can be realized by state-owned investment companies.Trust service can be provided to back up the construction of urban infrastructure.
Results of surveillance of malaria in Suining County

Aim To understand malaria situation and analyze its prevalent factors.Methods The status of malaria infections,use of mosquitoes-preventive facilites and monitoring of malaria vectors and malaria parasites were surveyed.Results From 2005~2009 there 40 malaria cases were detected including 38 positives(0.39%) out of 9 921 persons microscopically examined with a blood examination rate of 5.28%,There were 38 positive cases with plasmodium and the positive rate was 0.39%.Biting rate of Anopheles Sinensis was from 9 to 14 times per night.Conclusion To strengthen management of sources of infection is one of important malaria control measures.Higher density of Anopheles Sinensis is the main factor for malaria recurrence in the county.
The reintroduction of Natalizumab and its risk management plan

The risk management for pharmaceutical products not only applies to the life of a drug from Investigational New Drug (IND), New Drug Application (NDA), postmarketing, but also plays a key role in its removal from marketing and reintroduction into the market. In this article we reviewed Natalizumab(Tysabri)'s withdrawal due to severe progressive multifocal leukoencep- halopathy(PML) and its reintroduction to the market under a unique risk management plan (TOUCH). The experience of risk management strategies from USA might shed the light for the future risk management of drug safety in China.
Disagreement and Attitudinal Relativism

tions (‘knows’), predicates of taste (‘tasty’, ‘delicious’, ‘cool’), colour ascriptions (‘red’), epistemic modals (‘might’, ‘must’, ‘probably’), deontic modals (‘ought’, ‘may’), and indicative conditionals. A dispute about whether an expression is context-sensitive is a dispute between a contextualist and an invariantist. A contextualist about an expression claims that the expression is context-sensitive; an invariantist denies this. Although the dispute between contextualists and invariantists is about subsentential expressions, it is often helpful to cast the dispute at the sentential level. Let a contested sentence be a sentence that contains one contested expression but no other potentially context-sensitive expressions. The dispute between contextualists and invariantists then centres around the following question: Do utterances of a contested sentence express the same proposition irrespective of the context of utterance? Invariantists say yes; contextualists say no. Invariantists think that there is more cross-context 1 In setting up the dispute between contextualists and invariantists, I follow Ross and Schroeder, both in their 2013 (pp. 43{51) and in previous drafts of their paper that were made available online. Ross and Schroeder focus on ‘epistemic’ expressions, such as epistemic modals, deontic modals, and indicative conditionals. But as they note (see their n. 5), a similar dialectic arises for other contested expressions.
Conformational Heterogeneity in the Michaelis Complex of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopy Using Markov and Hidden Markov Models

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. Recent isotope-edited IR spectroscopy suggests that conformational heterogeneity exists within the Michaelis complex of LDH, and this heterogeneity affects the propensity toward the on-enzyme chemical step for each Michaelis substate. By combining molecular dynamics simulations with Markov and hidden Markov models, we obtained a detailed kinetic network of the substates of the Michaelis complex of LDH. The ensemble-average electric fields exerted onto the vibrational probe were calculated to provide a direct comparison with the vibrational spectroscopy. Structural features of the Michaelis substates were also analyzed on atomistic scales. Our work not only clearly demonstrates the conformational heterogeneity in the Michaelis complex of LDH and its coupling to the reactivities of the substates, but it also suggests a methodology to simultaneously resolve kinetics and structures on atomistic scales, which can be directly com...
WE-DE-209-01: Dosimetric Benefits of DIBH

Breast radiation therapy is associated with some risk of lung toxicity as well as cardiac toxicity for left-sided cases. Radiation doses to the lung and heart can be reduced by using the deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) technique, in which the patient is simulated and treated during the deep inspiration phase of the breathing cycle. During DIBH, the heart is usually displaced posteriorly, inferiorly, and to the right, effectively expanding the distance between the heart and the breast/chest wall. As a result, the distance between the medial treatment field border and heart/lung is increased. Also, in a majority of DIBH patients, the air drawn into the thoracic cavity increases the total lung volume. The DIBH was discussed by an AAPM Task Group 10 years ago in the AAPM TG 76 report. However, DIBH is still not the standard of care in many clinics, which may be partially due to challenges associated with its implementation. Therefore, this seccion will focus primarily on how to clinically implement four different DIBH techniques: (1) Active Breathing Control, (2) Spirometric Motion Management, (3) 3D Surface Image-Guided, and (4) Self-held Breath Control with Respiratory Monitoring and Feedback Guidance. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the physical displacement of the heart and the change in lung volume during DIBH and discuss dosimetric consequences of those changes. 2. Provide an overview of the technical aspects. 3. Describe work flow for patient simulation and treatment. 4. Give an overview of commissioning and routine. 5. Provide practical tips for clinical implementation.
Scalable semisupervised functional neurocartography reveals canonical neurons in behavioral networks

Large-scale data collection efforts to map the brain are underway at multiple spatial and temporal scales, but all face fundamental problems posed by high-dimensional data and intersubject variability. Even seemingly simple problems, such as identifying a neuron/brain region across animals/subjects, become exponentially more difficult in high dimensions, such as recognizing dozens of neurons/brain regions simultaneously. We present a framework and tools for functional neurocartography-the large-scale mapping of neural activity during behavioral states. Using a voltage-sensitive dye VSD, we imaged the multifunctional responses of hundreds of leech neurons during several behaviors to identify and functionally map homologous neurons. We extracted simple features from each of these behaviors and combined them with anatomical features to create a rich medium-dimensional feature space. This enabled us to use machine learning techniques and visualizations to characterize and account for intersubject variability, piece together a canonical atlas of neural activity, and identify two behavioral networks. We identified 39 neurons 18 pairs, 3 unpaired as part of a canonical swim network and 17 neurons 8 pairs, 1 unpaired involved in a partially overlapping preparatory network. All neurons in the preparatory network rapidly depolarized at the onsets of each behavior, suggesting that it is part of a dedicated rapid-response network. This network is likely mediated by the S cell, and we referenced VSD recordings to an activity atlas to identify multiple cells of interest simultaneously in real time for further experiments. We targeted and electrophysiologically verified several neurons in the swim network and further showed that the S cell is presynaptic to multiple neurons in the preparatory network. This study illustrates the basic framework to map neural activity in high dimensions with large-scale recordings and how to extract the rich information necessary to perform analyses in light of intersubject variability.