cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards proactive SDN-controller attack and failure resilience

SDN networks rely mainly on a set of software defined modules, running on generic hardware platforms, and managed by a central SDN controller. The tight coupling and lack of isolation between the controller and the underlying host limit the controller resilience against host-based attacks and failures. That controller is a single point of failure and a target for attackers. “Linux-containers” is a successful thin virtualization technique that enables encapsulated, host-isolated execution-environments for running applications. In this paper we present PAFR, a controller sandboxing mechanism based on Linux-containers. PAFR enables controller/host isolation, plug-and-play operation, failure-and-attack-resilient execution, and fast recovery. PAFR employs and manages live remote checkpointing and migration between different hosts to evade failures and attacks. Experiments and simulations show that the frequent employment of PAFR's live-migration minimizes the chance of successful attack/failure with limited to no impact on network performance.
Cyclanilide foliar applications induce greater lateral branching than pruning in container-grown whips

Abstract A major goal in the production of ornamental whips is to produce small well-branched liners with a crown form similar to that of a mature tree. Pruning is used to induce lateral branching and regulate height. Pruning may result in poor tree quality, reduced whip growth and is labor intensive. This study was done to determine the effects of foliar Cyclanilide (CYC) applications with and without pruning on branching in container grown whips. Four taxa were used: Diospyros virginiana L., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Malus × ‘Prairie Fire’ and Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’. In a two factorial experiment, CYC concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 ppm were applied to Diospyros and Eucommia (2005) and 0, 56 and 112 ppm to Malus and Tilia (2006), with half of the whips of each species receiving terminal shoot pruning, the remaining whips were left intact. Pruning reduced whip height in two out of four species tested. Cyclanilide sprays significantly increased branching and reduced height in Malus and Tilia whips. An ...
Effects of nanobubble collapse on cell membrane integrity

Recent studies have shown that ultrasound is used to open drug-carrying liposomes to release their payloads; however, a shockwave energetic enough to rupture lipid membranes can cause collateral damage to surrounding cells. Similarly, a destructive shockwave, which may be used to rupture a cell membrane in order to lyse the cell (e.g., as in cancer treatments) may also impair or destroy nearby healthy tissue. To address this problem, we use dissipative particle dynamic (DPD) simulation to investigate the addition of a cavitation bubble between the shockwave and the model cell membrane to alter the shockwave front, allowing low-velocity shockwaves to specifically damage an intended target. We focus specifically on a spherical lipid bilayer model, and note the effect of shockwave velocity, bubble size, and orientation on the damage to the model cell. We show that a cavitation bubble greatly decreases the necessary shockwave velocity required to damage the lipid bilayer and rupture the model cell. The cavitation bubble focuses the kinetic energy of the shockwave front into a smaller area, inducing penetration at the edge of the model cell. With this work, we provide a comprehensive approach to the intricacies of model cell destruction via shockwave impact, and hope to offer a guideline for initiating targeted cellular destruction using induced cavitation bubbles and low-velocity shockwaves.
Ligand-Free, Quantum-Confined Cs2SnI6 Perovskite Nanocrystals

Tin-halide perovskite nanocrystals are a viable precursor for lead-free, high-efficiency active layers for photovoltaic cells. We describe a new synthetic procedure for quantum-confined Cs2SnI6 nanocrystals with size-dependent band gaps in the long-visible to near-infrared (1.38–1.47 eV). Hot injection synthesis produces particles with no organic capping ligands, with average diameters that increase from 12 ± 2.8 nm to 38 ± 4.1 nm with increasing reaction temperature. The band gap, energies of the first excitonic peak, ground-state bleach peak (in the transient absorption spectrum), and photoluminescence peak depend linearly on the inverse square of diameter, consistent with quantum-confined excitons with an effective mass of (0.12 ± 0.02)m0, where m0 is the mass of an electron, a factor of 4.6 smaller than that in the bulk material. Transient absorption measurements show that approximately 90% of the bleach amplitude decays within 30 ps, probably because of carrier trapping on unpassivated surface sites....
Design and Profiling of a Subcellular Targeted Optogenetic cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

Although the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is ubiquitously expressed, it is sequestered at specific subcellular locations throughout the cell, thereby resulting in compartmentalized cellular signaling that triggers site-specific behavioral phenotypes. We developed a three-step engineering strategy to construct an optogenetic PKA (optoPKA) and demonstrated that, upon illumination, optoPKA migrates to specified intracellular sites. Furthermore, we designed intracellular spatially segregated reporters of PKA activity and confirmed that optoPKA phosphorylates these reporters in a light-dependent fashion. Finally, proteomics experiments reveal that light activation of optoPKA results in the phosphorylation of known endogenous PKA substrates as well as potential novel substrates.
Semiconducting Ba3Sn3Sb4 and Metallic Ba7-xSn11Sb15-y (x = 0.4, y = 0.6) Zintl Phases.

We report the discovery of two ternary Zintl phases Ba3Sn3Sb4 and Ba7–xSn11Sb15–y (x = 0.4, y = 0.6). Ba3Sn3Sb4 adopts the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.669(3) A, b = 6.9649(14) A, c = 13.629(3) A, and β = 104.98(3)°. It features a unique corrugated two-dimensional (2D) structure consisting of [Sn3Sb4]6– layers extending along the ab-plane with Ba2+ atoms sandwiched between them. The nonstoichiometric Ba6.6Sn11Sb14.4 has a complex one-dimensional (1D) structure adopting the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with unit cell parameters a = 37.964(8) A, b = 4.4090(9) A, and c = 24.682(5) A. It consists of large double Sn–Sb ribbons separated by Ba2+ atoms. Ba3Sn3Sb4 is an n-type semiconductor which has a narrow energy gap of ∼0.18 eV and a room temperature carrier concentration of ∼4.2 × 1018 cm–3. Ba6.6Sn11Sb14.4 is determined to be a metal with electrons being the dominant carriers.
Academy and Society in the United States: Cultural Concerns

Over the past half-century, the American research university system has become the finest in the world. This essay reviews the dynamic tensions in the relationship between the academy and larger society and some of their consequences. This relationship has benefited both, but not without creating structural strain in universities and, at times, in the larger society. The essay examines the changing size, complexity, and composition of the academy over the past forty years; organizational consequences of growth and complexity; the rise of meritocracy at universities; the determinants of quality and the way the need for acquiring resources has influenced the organizational structure of universities, has affected ‘the voice’ of university presidents, and has created tension between traditional academic values and market values. It explores new relationships between the government, industry and research universities and focuses on the emergence of knowledge as a valuable asset that is producing a closer relationship between the academy and industry, but is also creating tensions over ownership of intellectual property within the academy. The influence of scientific and technical discoveries on economic and social changes in the larger society is discussed.
Aspirin-Triggered Lipoxins (15-epi-LX) Are Generated by the Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (A549)–Neutrophil Interactions and Are Potent Inhibitors of Cell Proliferation

The mechanism by which aspirin (ASA) acts to protect against human cancer is not yet known. We recently showed that ASA triggers the formation of a new series of potent bioactive eicosanoids, 15-epi-lipoxins (15-epi-LXs or ASA-triggered LX [AIL]), during interactions between prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) in endothelial cells and 5-lipoxygenase (LO) in leukocytes. Here, we investigated the transcellular biosynthesis of these eicosanoids during costimulation of the human tumor A549 cell line (alveolar type II epithelial cells) and neutrophils, and evaluated their impact on cell proliferation. A549 cells and isolated neutrophils were coincubated and mRNA expression levels of key enzymes in eicosanoid biosynthesis were measured. In addition, product formation was analysed by physical methods. The effect of LX on cell proliferation was determined by using a soluble microculture tetrazolium (MIT) assay and by measuring [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-primed A549 cells showed selective elevation in the levels of PGHS-2 mRNA and generated 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). ASA markedly increased 15-HETE formation by A549 cells, while treatment with an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 reduced by ∼50%, implicating both PGHS-2- and cytochrome P450-initiated routes in 15-HETE biosynthesis in these cells. Maximal production of 15-HETE from endogenous sources occurred within 24 hr of cytokine (IL-1β) exposure and declined thereafter. Chiral analysis revealed that ∼85% of ASA-triggered epithelial-derived 15-HETE carries its carbon 15 alcohol group in the R configuration. Costimulation of ASA-treated A549 cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) led to production of both LXA4 and LXB4, as well as 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4 (9.5 ± 0.5 ng LX/107 A549 cells). 15-epi-LXA4 accounted for ∼88% of the total amount of LXA4 produced. In addition to LXs, stimulation of A549 cells and PMN also liberated substantial amounts (77.2 ± 8.2 ng/107 A549 cells) of peptidoleukotrienes (pLTs), which were not generated by either cell type alone. Addition of ASA to these co-incubations led to an increase in the amounts of LXs generated that was paralleled by a decrease in pLTs. LXA4, LXB4, 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4, as well as dexamethasone, inhibited cell proliferation at 100 nM range with a rank order of activity of 15-epi-LXB4 ≫> LXB4 > dexamethasone ≥ 15-epi-LXA4 > LXA4. These results indicate that ASA promotes the formation of antiproliferative 15-epi-LXs by epithelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Moreover, they suggest that these novel eicosanoids, when generated within the microenvironment of tissues, may contribute to ASA’s therapeutic role in decreasing the risk of human cancer.
Design and Implementation of a Wide Area Network

This case deals with the experience of a school district in the design and implementation of a wide area network. The problems faced by the school district that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the school district. Finally the benefits accruing to the school district are identified, and the cost of the overall system is determined.
Solution of Boolean Equations

Many problems in the application of Boolean algebra may be reduced to that of solving a Boolean equation of the form $$ f(X) = 0, $$ (6.1)
Multiplicity of Infection

Multiplicity of infection (MOI) is the ratio of adsorbed, attached, or infecting agents to susceptible targets. This ratio will vary as a function of numbers of infecting agents, how fast those agents attach, how much time is allowed for attachment, and how many targets there are to attach to. Overall, the ratios of infecting agents to targets can be described in terms of Poisson distributions. We discuss three general approaches to MOI determination, arranged in order of increasing precision: estimations based on ratios of agents added to targets (MOI input ), ratios of agents to targets allowing for delays in agent acquisition of targets (MOI actual ), and experimental determinations. The conditions under which MOI input is applicable are fairly narrow, whereas MOI actual , while potentially accurate, should be employed more as an approximation rather than providing high accuracy or precision. Experimental determinations, too, can be prone to error. We additionally discuss an MOI-based means of agent–density determination.
Latch-up Model of Non-collinear PNPN Structures

A scalable I-V model for latch-up in non-collinear PNPN devices is adapted from a previous model for collinear SCR devices. The model is applied to 14-nm FinFET test structures. Layout scaling trends for key latch-up metrics, such as holding and trigger voltage, are captured by the model in circuit simulation. TCAD simulation is used to gain physical insight into the behavior of non-collinear PNPN devices.
Analysis of a real time group consensus peer review process in radiation oncology: an evaluation of effectiveness and feasibility.

Peer review systems within radiation oncology are important to ensure quality radiation care. Several individualized methods for radiation oncology peer review have been described. However, despite the importance of peer review in radiation oncology barriers may exist to its effective implementation in practice. The purpose of this study was to quantify the rate of plan changes based on our group peer review process as well as the quantify amount of time and resources needed for this process. Data on cases presented in our institutional group consensus peer review conference were prospectively collected. Cases were then retrospectively analyzed to determine the rate of major change (plan rejection) and any change in plans after presentation as well as the median time of presentation. Univariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with major change and any change. There were 73 cases reviewed over a period of 11 weeks. The rate of major change was 8.2% and the rate of any change was 23.3%. The majority of plans (53.4%) were presented in 6–10 min. Overall, the mean time of presentation was 8 min. On univariable logistic regression, volumetric modulated arc therapy plans were less likely to undergo a plan change but otherwise there were no factors significantly associated with major plan change or any type of change. Group consensus peer review allows for a large amount of informative clinical and technical data to be presented per case prior to the initiation of radiation treatment in a thorough yet efficient manner to ensure plan quality and patient safety.
Medical Malpractice in Image-Guided Procedures: An Analysis of 184 Cases.

Abstract Purpose To report types and outcomes of a small subset of malpractice lawsuits filed against physicians performing image-guided interventions in the United States. Materials and Methods In total, 1,312 cases involving common image-guided procedures were reviewed from the Westlaw and LexisNexis databases in the United States from 1963 to 2018. Social Security, disability, employment contract, product liability, criminal, and government employment claims were excluded. The final legal cohort comprised 184 (14.0%) cases. They were categorized into vascular (113/184; 61.4%), inferior vena cava filter (n = 22; 12.0%), neurointerventional (n = 13; 7.1%), gastrointestinal and genitourinary (n = 17; 9.2%), foreign body (n = 7; 3.8%), biopsy related (n = 9; 4.9%), and oncologic (n = 3; 1.6%) interventions. Claims were also organized by defendant type and by specialty, complication stage, verdict, and year. Results From 2001 to 2018, 58.7% of claims (n = 108) were reported. Procedural complications related to arteriography were most commonly litigated (63/113; 55.8%). Claims arising from intra-procedural and early post-procedural complications were common (84/184; 45.7%). Community hospitals were most often named as defendants (61/184; 33.2%). In reported outcomes, courts sided with defendants in 81.9% (104/127) of the cases, similar to national malpractice trends. Unreported outcomes comprised 31% (57/184) of the data. Conclusions For the small subset of claims published within national legal databases, intra-procedural and early post-procedural complications after diagnostic arteriography were most commonly litigated. Most (81.9%) claims with reported outcomes sided with the defendant physician.
Chaotic tip trajectories of a single spiral wave in the presence of heterogeneities

Spiral waves have been observed in a variety of physical, chemical, and biological systems. They play a major role in cardiac arrhythmias, including fibrillation, where the observed irregular activation patterns are generally thought to arise from the continuous breakup of multiple unstable spiral waves. Using spatially extended simulations of different electrophysiological models of cardiac tissue, we show that a single spiral wave in the presence of heterogeneities can display chaotic tip trajectories, consistent with fibrillation. We also show that the simulated spiral tip dynamics, including chaotic trajectories, can be captured by a simple particle model which only describes the dynamics of the spiral tip. This shows that spiral wave breakup, or interactions with other waves, are not necessary to initiate chaos in spiral waves.
Abstract 2961: Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit mTORC1/2 by activating AMPK and inhibiting IGFR/PI3K/Rheb in tumor cells

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) extracts, as dietary supplements, have been found to possess potent anticancer activity, which is attributed to the presence of polysaccharides and triterpenes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer action of G. lucidum extracts remains to be elucidated. Here we show that ReishiMax GLp, containing both polysaccharides and triterpenes of G. lucidum (GLPT), inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in human lung cancer cells (A549 and A427), and concurrently suppressed the signaling pathways mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a central regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Interestingly, GLPT not only inhibited mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), but also repressed mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Mechanistically, GLPT downregulated the phosphorylation and protein levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), as well as the protein level of RAS homolog enriched in brain (Rheb). Besides, GLPT also activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) network. This is supported by the findings that GLPT increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα (T172), as well as its substrates tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2, S1387) and regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (raptor, S792). Ectopic expression of dominant negative AMPKα partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of GLPT on mTORC1, indicating that GLPT inhibits mTORC1 partly via activating AMPK. The results suggest that G. lucidum extracts execute the anticancer action at least partly by inhibiting the mTORC1/2 signaling through activation of AMPK and inhibition of IGFR/PI3K/Rheb in tumor cells. Supported by the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA. Citation Format: Shile Huang, Didem Sohretoglu, Chao Zhang, Jun Luo. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit mTORC1/2 by activating AMPK and inhibiting IGFR/PI3K/Rheb in tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2961.
Exploring the effects of aircraft noise on bioacoustic activity in national parks

In the course of measuring and analyzing environmental acoustic conditions in U. S. National Park units, a large number of acoustical recordings have been aurally reviewed by trained technicians who noted the presence of a wide variety of sound sources. For this presentation, we analyzed changes in bioacoustic activity in relation to sounds from nearby people and distant aircraft. A central question for our analysis was the relevant time scale of exposure, as it is plausible that natural choruses are affected both by the immediate stimuli they experience as well as their recent history of exposure to similar stimuli. The large sample size—600 000 observations—enabled us to investigate data-driven models that document the decay of effects with increasing time lag between exposure and response.In the course of measuring and analyzing environmental acoustic conditions in U. S. National Park units, a large number of acoustical recordings have been aurally reviewed by trained technicians who noted the presence of a wide variety of sound sources. For this presentation, we analyzed changes in bioacoustic activity in relation to sounds from nearby people and distant aircraft. A central question for our analysis was the relevant time scale of exposure, as it is plausible that natural choruses are affected both by the immediate stimuli they experience as well as their recent history of exposure to similar stimuli. The large sample size—600 000 observations—enabled us to investigate data-driven models that document the decay of effects with increasing time lag between exposure and response.
Accessing Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Sensors in France and the US

Blood sugar monitoring is at the heart of every type one diabetic’s treatment. Because patients need make 500,000 decisions over a lifetime on average, reliability on monitoring devices is vital. Thus, the development of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems came as a revolution, as patients need not prick their fingers anymore and now have access to previously unavailable blood sugar trends. This note uses Abbott’s FreeStyle Libre (FSL) as a CGM case study comparing the patenting strategies, regulatory and pricing obstacles this biotechnology company had to face to market its product in both France and the United States.
Abstract P3-09-17: Preoperative pembrolizumab increases sTILs in treatment naïve stage I/IIA TNBC patients in a window of opportunity trial

Background: High levels of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are significantly associated with chemosensitivity and improved overall survival for patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our aim is to determine if we can significantly increase sTILs from biopsy to lumpectomy in a presurgical window of opportunity trial with pembrolizumab and intraoperaperative radiation (IORT) in treatment-naive early stage TNBC compared to matched IORT only controls. We also evaluate the changes in the spatial distribution of intraepithelial TILs (iTILs) by utilizing a deep learning algorithm. Our secondary aim is to characterize the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) using quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence (qmIF) and transcriptomic analysis of tumor-associated and immune genes. Methods: Seven women with node negative TNBC Conclusion: In this preliminary analysis, we observe preoperative pembrolizumab-induced increases in sTILs with increased mean dispersion of iTILs in treatment naive TNBC. Our initial analysis in this ongoing trial appears promising after examining changes in both the density and spatial structure of TILs. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the impact of preoperative pembrolizumab in the TME of early stage TNBC and other potential therapeutic implications. Citation Format: Rami Vanguri, Hua Guo, Shuobo Boboila, Tahsin Kurc, Han Le, Shahira Abousamra, Le Hou, Dimitris Samaras, Rajarsi Gupta, Joel Saltz, Kevin Gardner, Hanina Hibshoosh, Kevin Kalinsky, Eileen Connolly. Preoperative pembrolizumab increases sTILs in treatment naive stage I/IIA TNBC patients in a window of opportunity trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-09-17.
Turleania rubriguttatus , a new species of pagurid hermit crab (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from shallow water in Japan, with notes on T. senticosa (McLaughlin & Haig, 1996)

A new species of the pagurid hermit crab genus Turleania McLaughlin, 1997, T. rubriguttatus, is described on the basis of two specimens, including one male and one female, from shallow subtidal waters in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. The new species appears close to T. albatrossae (McLaughlin & Haig, 1996), known from the Philippines, but the proximally unarmed dorsal surface of the right chela palm and the lack of a dorsomesial row of spines on the left cheliped carpus easily distinguish T. rubriguttatus n. sp. from T. albatrossae. Examination of the type material of T. similis Komai, 1999 and T. spinimanus Komai, 1999, and supplemental material from Japan, confirms that the two taxa are synonymous with T. senticosa (McLaughlin & Haig, 1996), as was suggested by previous authors. Re-examination clarified that in T. senticosa the maxilliped 3 has no developed arthrobranchs, and this led the author to assess the status of T. sinensis Han, Sha & An, 2016, which is also synonymised with T. senticosa.
A Case of COVID-19 With Memory Impairment and Delayed Presentation as Stroke

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory pathogen with remarkable properties of multisystem involvement and numerous complications. The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) presenting as stroke is becoming more common. Herein, we describe an unusual case of COVID-19 in a patient who initially presented with myalgia, fatigue, loss of taste and smell, and non-specific memory impairment. Two months after infection with SARS-CoV-2, the patient presented with acute onset of right-sided weakness, sensory loss, and worsening cognitive impairment. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the results were positive at the time of initial infection as well as during the current admission. Neuroimaging suggested a subacute ischemic infarct in the middle cerebral artery. The patient was re-tested for SARS-CoV-2 and found to be positive, but the cycle threshold was high (40.4) along with a positive test for immunoglobulin-G (IgG) for SARS-CoV-2. This report highlights a unique case of stroke-related to COVID-19 infection in a middle-aged woman with otherwise mild symptomatic illness. The patient had a chronic ischemic stroke with delayed presentation two months after the initial symptomatic viral infection. This case underscores the importance of neurological assessment as well as timely evaluation of patients presenting with COVID-19 and any neurological concerns to recognize stroke as a complication of COVID-19 promptly.
Dual-Mobility Constructs in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in High-Risk Patients With Spinal Fusions: Our Institutional Experience.

Abstract Background Prior spinal fusion significantly increases the risk of dislocation in patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Owing to these high risks, surgeons may use dual-mobility (DM) constructs in these patients to optimize hip stability. However, there is a paucity of data on the outcomes of DM constructs in patients who underwent prior spinal fusions. Methods We retrospectively identified 80 patients (86 THAs) who underwent a spinal arthrodesis and a subsequent posterior approach THA with a DM construct. The median number of levels fused was 4, with 59 (74%) patients having 2 or more levels fused; in addition, 50 (63%) patients were fused to the sacrum. Ninety percent and 55% of THAs were within the Lewinnek safe zone for inclination and anteversion, respectively. Patients were evaluated for any episode of hip instability, complications, and patient reported outcome measures. Results At 3-year mean follow-up, no patients sustained a postoperative dislocation or intraprosthetic dislocation (0%). Overall, there were 6 (7.5%) complications during the study period leading to reoperation in 3 (4%) patients, none related to the acetabular component or instability. Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement scores significantly improved from a mean of 50 preoperatively to 87 postoperatively (P Conclusion In a high-risk series of patients who underwent prior spinal fusion, posterolateral primary THA with a DM construct demonstrated no dislocations at mean 3-year follow-up. Although these early data are clearly encouraging, more patients with longer term follow-up are needed.
Research Directions for Clinical Care and Technology: the JTIBS Research Column

The main purpose of research is to investigate questions with value to people (e.g., patients/clients, users of technology), professions, and society at large. Our goal is to test a theory, to elucidate relationships between ideas (e.g., concepts, events), and to contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study. JTiBS “Research in Technology and Behavioral Sciences” is a step toward participating in these processes, as well as a meeting place to discuss ideas. It is meant to complement our authors’ original research and special editions. JTiBS embraces research at the intersection of human behavior, use of technology, and healthcare. We hope this is stimulating good exercise for our minds and a chance to learn about our professions. JTiBS publishes a variety of methodologies (e.g., surveys and questionnaires, randomized controlled trials, direct observation, descriptive methods, laboratory and field experiments, economic analyses, project and program studies, ethnographic analysis, and other studies). If we are not taking action by reading, asking questions, discussing ideas, and researching key questions, we are probably falling behind in today’s world. As we begin to understand issues, we can also increase public awareness and advocate for people and meaningful causes.
Validation of radiofrequency determined lung fluid using thoracic CT: Findings in acute decompensated heart failure patients

Background Noninvasive outpatient monitoring for heart failure (HF) has significant opportunity to reduce patient morbidity and the costs associated with recurrent hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to validate the ability of radiofrequency (RF) to assess lung fluid via a wearable patch device compared to thoracic CT in order to characterize volume overload. Methods 120 subjects were studied: 66 acute heart failure (AHF) inpatients and 54 subjects without AHF (Control - 44 healthy and 10 stable HF). All underwent supine thoracic CT scans and supine RF readings from the wearable patch device placed on the left mid-axillary line (age = 74 ± 16 vs. 57 ± 15 yrs.; female = 38 vs. 44%; BMI = 33.2 ± 9.0 vs. 27.3 ± 5.1, AHF vs. Control respectively). Reflected RF signals and subject-specific anthropometric data were used to calculate the RF-determined lung fluid content. CT Lung fluid was reported as percentage of lung volume. Classification analyses were used to compare RF and CT performance. Results AHF presented with higher lung fluid than controls by both CT and RF (CT: 20.1 ± 4.2% vs. 15.4 ± 2.4%; RF: 20.7 ± 5.6% vs. 15.6 ± 3.3%; p < 0.05 for all). The correlation between lung fluid measured by CT vs. RF was r = 0.7 (p < 0.001). RF determined lung fluid performed as well as CT in distinguishing AHF from control subjects: Sensitivity: 70% vs. 86%; Specificity: 82% vs. 83%; Positive Predictive Value: 82% vs. 86%; Negative Predictive Value: 69% vs. 83%, CT vs. RF respectively. Conclusions Noninvasive nonionizing RF determined lung fluid provides a potential alternative to other measures for diagnosing and monitoring pulmonary fluid overload.
Tolerance for Ambiguity Among Medical Students: Patterns of Change During Medical School and Their Implications for Professional Development.

PURPOSE Tolerance for ambiguity (TFA) is important for physicians, with implications for ethical behavior and patient care. This study explores how medical students' TFA changes from matriculation to graduation and how change in empathy and openness to diversity are associated with this change. METHOD Data for students who took the Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ) in 2013 or 2014 and the Medical School Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) in 2017 or 2018 were drawn from the Association of American Medical Colleges (n = 17,221). Both the MSQ and GQ included a validated TFA scale and a shortened version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; the MSQ also included an openness to diversity scale. Tercile groups were used to assess how TFA changed from the MSQ to GQ, and regression analyses were used to assess associations between change in TFA and openness to diversity and between change in TFA and change in empathy. RESULTS Mean TFA scores decreased (d = -.67) among students with the highest TFA at matriculation but increased (d = .60) among students with the lowest TFA at matriculation. Regression results showed that change in TFA was significantly and positively associated with change in empathy (beta = .05, P < .001) and that openness to diversity (as reported at matriculation) was significantly and positively associated with TFA at graduation (beta = .05, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first nationally representative study to suggest that medical students' TFA changes over time, but in different directions depending on TFA at matriculation. TFA over time was also associated with change in empathy and openness to diversity. Medical schools should consider strategies to assess TFA in their admissions processes and for cultivating TFA throughout the learning process.
Cell type-specific biogenesis of novel vesicles containing viral products in human 1cytomegalovirus infection

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), while highly restricted for the human species, infects an unlimited array of cell types in the host. Patterns of infection are dictated by the cell type infected, but cell type-specific factors and how they impact tropism for specific cell types is poorly understood. Previous studies in primary endothelial cells showed that HCMV infection induces large multivesicular-like bodies that incorporate viral products including dense bodies and virions. Here we define the nature of these large vesicles using a recombinant virus where UL32, encoding the pp150 tegument protein, is fused in frame with green fluorescent protein (GFP, TB40/E-UL32-GFP). Cells were fixed and labeled with antibodies against subcellular compartment markers and imaged using confocal and super-resolution microscopy. In fibroblasts, UL32-GFP-positive vesicles were marked with classical markers of MVBs, including CD63 and lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), both classical MVB markers, as well as the clathrin and LAMP1. Unexpectedly, UL32-GFP-positive vesicles in endothelial cells were not labeled by CD63, and LBPA was completely lost from infected cells. We defined these UL32-positive vesicles in endothelial cells using markers for the cis-Golgi (GM130), lysosome (LAMP1), and autophagy (LC3B). These findings suggest that virus-containing MVBs in fibroblasts are derived from the canonical endocytic pathway and takeover classical exosomal release pathway. Virus containing MVBs in HMVECs are derived from the early biosynthetic pathway and exploit a less characterized early Golgi-LAMP1-associated non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway. These results reveal striking cell-type specific membrane trafficking differences in host pathways that are exploited by HCMV. ImportanceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that, like all herpesvirus, that establishes a life long infection. HCMV remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and HCMV seropositivity is associated with increased risk vascular disease. HCMV infects many cells in the human and the biology underlying the different patterns of infection in different cell types is poorly understood. Endothelial cells are important target of infection that contribute to hematogenous spread of the virus to tissues. Here we define striking differences in the biogenesis of large vesicles that incorporate virions in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In fibroblasts, HCMV is incorporated into canonical MVBs derived from an endocytic pathway, whereas HCMV matures through vesicles derived from the biosynthetic pathway in endothelial cells. This work defines basic biological differences between these cell types that may impact the outcome of infection.
Sensory cortical and subcortical auditory neurophysiological changes predict cue-specific extinction behavior enabled by the pharmacological inhibition of an epigenetic regulator during memory formation.

Abstract Extinction learning and memory have been broadly investigated at both behavioral and neural levels, but sensory system contributions to extinction processes have been less explored. Using a sound-reward extinction paradigm in male rats, we reveal both cortical and subcortical forms of plasticity associated with the cue-specificity of behavioral extinction memory. In the auditory cortex, frequency tuning narrowed by up to two-thirds of an octave around the remembered extinguished sound cue. Subcortical signals revealed in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in the same animals developed smaller amplitudes of some (but not all) ABR peaks evoked by the extinguished sound frequency. Interestingly, treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3-i) facilitated both auditory cortical tuning bandwidth changes and changes in subcortical peak amplitude evoked only by the extinguished sound frequency. These neurophysiological changes were correlated to each other, and to the highly precise extinction behavior enabled by HDAC3-i (compared to vehicle controls). Thus, we show for the first time that HDAC3 regulates the specificity of sensory features consolidated in extinction memory. Further, the sensory cortical changes in tuning bandwidth recapitulate known effects of blocking HDAC3 to enhance cue specificity in other behavioral tasks. Therefore, the findings demonstrate how some forms of sensory neuroplasticity may encode specific sensory features of learning experiences in order to enable cue-specific behaviors.
‘A question of survival’: Canada and the Rapacki Plan for the denuclearisation of Central Europe, 1957–59

In October 1957, Poland proposed the Rapacki Plan for the denuclearisation of Central Europe. While North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members attacked the initiative, Canada viewed it as a ...
Invariant Imbedding and Partial Differential Equations

The usefulness of much of the theoretical results of mathematical physics rests on our ability to obtain numerical solutions of partial differential equations. The application of standard techniques developed for ordinary differential equations is complicated by two factors. First the dimension of the problem has increased many-fold. As we shall see, the conversion of partial differential equations to approximate systems of ordinary differential or difference equations can result in systems of such high dimension as to strain the memories of even the largest digitalcomputers. Second, we will be dealing with problems where conditions are specified on the boundary of a region. Hence, initial value methods cannot be applied directly.
Epstein-Barr virus intrastrain recombination in oral hairy leukoplakia.

Abstract In laboratory lymphoblastoid cell lines and in natural human infections, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains have been identified by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the BamHI H fragment. Multiple, heterogeneous BamHI H fragments have been detected in oral hairy leukoplakia (HLP), raising the question of EBV coinfection with multiple strains. To investigate whether the heterogeneous BamHI H fragments represent different EBV strains or recombinant variants of the same strain, EBV DNA from HLP lesions was analyzed to characterize the viral strains and determine the source of possible recombinant variants. Clones of heterogeneous BamHI H fragments from a single HLP lesion were determined to have strain identity on the basis of sequence identity of the EBNA-2 genes. Intrastrain homologous recombination within the IR2 internal repeat region and nonhomologous recombination of other sequences accounted for the heterogeneity of the BamHI H fragments. PCR amplification from additional HLP specimens detected similar recombinant variants. A possible example of site-specific recombination joining the BamHI Y portion of the EBNA-2 gene to sequences within the BamHI S fragment was also detected in multiple HLP specimens. These data indicate that intrastrain recombination during productive replication confounds the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the BamHI Y and H fragments to identify EBV strains in HLP. In patients with permissive epithelial EBV infections, EBV strains could be more accurately distinguished by sequence identity or divergence within known regions of genetic strain variation.
Chapter 2.1.7 Genetic dissection of mouse behavior using induced mutagenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the genetic dissection of mouse behavior using induced mutagenesis. The principle of genetic dissection is to identify the molecular components of a behavior by using a three-step process. First, random mutations are induced within a genome and animals demonstrating defects in the behavior of interest are identified by screening the mutagenized individuals. Second, the affected gene is genetically mapped or localized in the genome. Lastly, the gene is identified at the molecular level using candidate gene and positional cloning approaches. Genetic dissection is the use of a series of mutations that affect a biological process in order to identify the functional elements of the process. Genetic dissection has been used routinely to study biochemical pathways. The chapter illustrates that behaviors, are more difficult to study than biochemical pathways. They require communication between cell types within the nervous system and the appropriate interaction of multiple pathways and the molecular components of these pathways such as neurotransmitters, ion channels, and their transcription factors. The chapter highlights that the powerful way to study behavioral genes is to clone them and study their gene products.
The role of prudential supervision and financial restructuring of banks during transition to indirect instruments of monetary control

This paper proposes a stylized sequencing of banking supervision and bank restructuring measures designed to complement and expedite the adoption of indirect instruments of monetary policy. Appropriate sequencing reflects both operational considerations and macroeconomic effects of structural measures. It typically involves implementing initially a critical mass of reforms of prudential supervision and of financial structure of both banks and enterprises, and subsequently adapting and refining these measures in line with the evolution of markets and internal governance. This approach facilitates implementation because the initial cost of bank restructuring can be offset, partly, through the budgetary effects of improved enterprise finances.
FIP Effect in the Solar Upper Atmosphere: Spectroscopic Results

Recent spectroscopic measurements from instruments on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) find that the coronal composition above a polar coronal hole is nearly photospheric. However, similar SOHO observations show that in coronal plasmas above quiet equatorial regions low-FIP elements are enhanced by a factor of ≈ 4. In addition, the process of elemental settling in coronal plasmas high above the solar surface was shown to exist. Measurements by the Ulysses spacecraft, which are based on non-spectroscopic particle counting techniques, show that, with the exception of He, the elemental composition of the fast speed solar wind is similar to within a factor of 1.5 to the composition of the photosphere. In contrast, similar measurements in the slow speed wind show that elements with low first ionization potential (FIP < 10 eV) are enhanced, relative to the photosphere, by a factor of 4–5. By combining the SOHO and Ulysses results, ideas related to the origin of the slow speed solarwind are presented. Using spectroscopic measurements by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) instrument on SOHO the photospheric abundance of He was determined as 8.5 ± 1.3% (Y = 0.248).
Time delays and the control of biological systems: An overview

Abstract This special session provides an introduction for engineers to the applications of delay differential equations to biological control. Topics include the regulation of populations of organisms and neurons, the stabilization of unstable states and the design of drug delivery systems.
From hiding out to coming out: empowering lesbian and gay educators.

The purposes of this participatory research project were to describe the experiences of thirteen lesbian and gay educators and to empower the participants through collective reflection and action. Each participant was interviewed and given a cope of her or his audio-tape and transcript. Using these materials, each participant developed a profile of themselves to share with the other participants. During a series of group meetings that spanned fifteen months, participants discussed their experiences, searched for common themes, and planned two other collective actions. This chapter describes the professional experience of these lesbian and gay educators and the process of empowerment that changed their lives.
THUNDERSTORMS, CHARGES AND CURRENTS

In the early part of the twentieth century, the diurnal variations of the fair weather electric field as a function of universal time (UTC) were characterized by the Carnegie and Maud research ships [e.g.,Whipple, 1929; Torreson et al., 1946]. The source of these variations in the global electric circuit (GEC) was theorized to trace directly to the diurnal variations in thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds [Wilson, 1921; Williams, 2009]. Much subsequent research on the global electric circuit has focused on linking the fair weather field variation, commonly called the Carnegie curve, to worldwide variations in electrified weather by using the proxy of thunderstorm or lightning statistics [e.g., Mach et al., 2011discussion]. What resulted from this research was long standing, unresolved scientific riddle: the diurnal variation global thunderstorm (and lightning) activity was in phase with but nearly twice the amplitude of the Carnegie Curve! A necessary and important step needed to address and solve this long standing discrepancy was providing actual observations of the electric current output and associated electrical generator strength of thunderstorms.
Contactless electroreflectance characterization of three InGaAs quantum wells placed in a GaAs/AlGaAs resonant cavity

Abstract Contactless electroreflectance at 300 K has been used to characterize an InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser test structure, i.e. three InGaAs quantum wells (QWs) placed in a GaAs/AlGaAs resonant cavity. The three observed resonances from the InGaAs QWs have made it possible to evaluate the well width and In composition. The 1020 nm lasing spectrum correlates very well with the energy of the lowest lying QW feature. Also, the built-in electric field in the structure has been determined from the Franz-Keldysh oscillations in the GaAs signal. Furthermore, there is some evidence for Be interdiffusion into the QW region.
THE CENTRIOLE CYCLE IN SYNCHRONIZED HELA CELLS

Progression of the HeLa cell through its life cycle is accompanied by centriolar replication and pericentriolar changes that are in synchrony with DNA synthesis and mitosis. The first signs of preparation for replication occur during G1 at which time the two orthogonal centrioles separate. Replication by budding begins at/or near the initiation of DNA synthesis and is completed by G2. Pericentriolar changes which probably are causally related to spindle tubule formation occur at this time and include the appearance of vesicles, electron-opaque bodies, and an amorphous pericentriolar halo. These phenomena begin to disappear by late prophase, and the remainder of mitosis manifests decreasing centriolar and pericentriolar activity.