cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neogene volcanism at the front of the central Mexican volcanic belt: Basaltic andesites to dacites, with contemporaneous shoshonites and high-TiO2 lava

As part of the continuing study of the young Mexican volcanic belt designed to document the ages and types of volcanism from the Gulf of California to the Valley of Mexico, a 50-km-wide segment of the central part of the belt has been mapped, and five types of lava have been found. Pliocene (3.77 Ma) shoshonite lava flows (K 2 O >2 wt%; SiO 2 52–58 wt%) form eroded plateaus more than 50 km behind the present volcanic front, but in the past 1 m.y. shoshonites have erupted closer to the volcanic front (∼300 km from the Middle America Trench). The shoshonite lava type is the most enriched in Ba, Sr, and Zr of the suite, and plagioclase phenocrysts are absent, presumably because of high contents of dissolved water (3–5 wt%). Quaternary shield volcanoes and several cinder cones with small-volume lava flows are composed of high-TiO 2 lavas (>1.2 wt%), which have 51–57 wt% SiO 2 , 9 ppm) and Zr (160–230 ppm). Pliocene high-TiO 2 lava is found within the eroded plateaus located ∼50 km behind the present volcanic front. Quaternary basaltic andesite (52–57 wt% SiO 2 ) with up to ∼10 wt% MgO is found at the volcanic front, along with more siliceous andesite (57–63 wt% SiO 2 ). Representatives of the siliceous andesites (57–63 wt% SiO 2 ) are free of plagioclase phenocrysts, low in Al 2 O 3 (∼15.7 wt%), but rich in MgO (∼5 wt%). Experiments reported elsewhere suggest that the magmas contained 3–7 wt% dissolved water. This andesite erupted along a normal fault between ∼0.3 and 0.005 Ma, and it is associated with dacite, similarly lacking plagioclase phenocrysts, but having comparatively abundant pyroxene. Other dacite in the Zitacuaro area is richly porphyritic, having plagioclase and hornblende; this dacite forms clusters of steep-sided domes or widespread pyroclastic deposits, and the latest eruptions, dated by radiocarbon and K-Ar, occurred between 0.03–0.05 Ma. Estimates of the volume of magma erupted in the Zitacuaro–Valle de Bravo region in the past 1 m.y. (1.8 km 3 · m.y. –1 · km –1 ) show that this area is somewhat less productive per 1 km of arc than those to the west (3.5 km 3 · m.y. –1 · km –1 ) in the Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF). A large volume of dacite has erupted in the Zitacuaro–Valle de Bravo region, which is rare in the MGVF. The cone density in the Zitacuaro–Valle de Bravo region (2.1/100 km 2 ) is only slightly lower than the 2.6 cones/100 km 2 found in the MGVF.
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid-associated infectious morbidity: a randomized, double-blind trial of ampicillin-sulbactam prophylaxis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of intrapartum prophylactic administration of ampicillin-sulbactam in reducing intraamniotic infection and postpartum endometritis in patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF). Methods Patients with intrapartum meconium-stained AF were randomized to receive either ampicillin-sulbactam or normal saline (placebo) intravenously at the time of diagnosis of meconium and every 6 hours until delivery. The outcomes of the two groups were compared with respect to intra-amniotic infection and postpartum endometritis. Results During the study period, 332 patients with meconium-stained AF were approached for participation, and 120 patients met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Patient demographics, labor, and delivery characteristics were similar. Ampicillin-sulbactam reduced the incidence of intraamniotic infection from 23.3 to 6.7%, ( P =.02; relative risk [RR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–0.98). The incidence of postpartum endometritis was also reduced, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (8.3 versus 16.7%, P =.16; RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.30–1.33). Conclusion Prophylactic intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam significantly reduces intra-amniotic infection in patients with meconium-stained AF.
Time-Action Relationships of the Specific Inhibitor of Caudal Regeneration in Clymenella tor quata.∗

SummaryThese data suggest that one may extract from the anal collars of Clymenella torquata an inhibitor which acts within 3 hours, and whose effect lasts at least 8 days. The data furthermore suggest that the inhibitor is not easily metabolized, and that it blocks an initial step in regeneration. The data from the delayed treatment tests suggest that the inhibitor must enter an open wound surface, and that a closed wound is impermeable to inhibitor.
Studies on cysteine conjugate β-lyase and thiol s-methyltransferase in insects

Abstract Cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity was demonstrated in the cuticle of M. sexta and H. virescens and was present in the cytosolic fraction from both of these species. Enzymatic activity was significantly decreased following each molt of the larvae and the increased until the start of the next instar. β-Lyase activity increased for 20 h after eclosure in the adult and the highest larval activity was measured in the late fifth instar. The insect enzyme appears to be less sensitive to (aminooxy)acetic acid, a cysteine conjugate β-lyase inhibitor, than was reported for the rat renal enzyme. Thiol S-methyltransferase activity was also localized in the cuticle of both insect species but was present in both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions.
Elemental analysis of forensic glasses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Flat glass is a common type of evidence collected from the scenes of crimes such as burglaries, vandalism, and hit-and- run accidents. The usefulness of such evidence lies in the ability to associate the glass from the scene (or a suspect) to the original source. Physical and chemical analysis of the glass can be used for discrimination between the possible sources of glass. If the sample is large enough, physical attributes such as fracture matches, density, color, and thickness can be employed for comparison between a recovered fragment(s) to the suspect source. More commonly, refractive index (RI) comparisons are employed. Due to the improved control over glass manufacturing processes, RI values often cannot differentiate glasses where approximately 6 - 9% of casework samples are not expected to be distinguished by RI alone even if they originated from different sources. Employing methods such as NAA, XRF, ICP-AES, and ICP-MS for the comparison of trace elemental compositions has been shown to be more discriminating than RI comparisons. The multielement capability and the sensitivity of ICP-AES and ICP-MS provide for excellent discrimination power. In this work, the sources of variability in ICP-MS of glass analysis are investigated to determine possible sources of variation. The sources of variation examined include errors due to sample preparation, instrument accuracy and precision, and interlaboratory reproducibility. Other sources of variation include inhomogeneity across a sheet of glass from the same source. Analysis of variance has been applied to our ICP-MS analysis of NIST standards and to the interlaboratory comparisons of float glass samples collected across a sheet in a production facility. The results of these experiments allows for a more accurate interpretation of forensic glass data and a better understanding of the discriminating power (absolute and practical) of ICP-MS.
Leakage evaluation on power balance countermeasure against side-channel attack on FPGAs

Power leakage through side-channels has been utilized by attackers to recover secret information in embedded cryptographic systems, and various countermeasures have been devised to mitigate this kind of leakage. In hardware systems, examples of such countermeasures include power balance circuits and masked gates. Power balance technologies such as Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) aim to balance the power by introducing differential logic. However, the early evaluation effect, which can take advantage of the possible different arrival times for a pair of differential input signals, hampers the strength of the power balance countermeasure. In this paper, we provide a new method to further balance the power of differential signals by manipulating the lower level primitives and applying placement constraints on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). We use the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm as an example to demonstrate the amount of leakage for different implementations. Results show that constraining the differential pair in one LUT does not guarantee power leakage reduction, and placement constraints on state registers are necessary.
Spatial distribution of cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L)) eggs and larvae and treatment of count data.

The variance-mean relationship of 92 cereal leaf beetle (CLB) egg and larval samples was represented by a 2nd order log-log model. Maximum likelihood estimates of sample negative binomial k's were found to be independent of sample mean density and mean instar. Common k's were estimated to be 2.56 for eggs and 1.44 for larvae. Of four variance stabilizing transforms, z=log (x+c) was recommended as best.
Methylmercury in arctic Alaskan mosquitoes: implications for impact of atmospheric mercury depletion events

Environmental context. Recent research suggests that gross mercury deposition in the Arctic is increased significantly as a result of springtime Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events (AMDE). A primary environmental and human health concern is whether mercury deposited with these events leads to enhanced production and uptake of the toxic methylmercury species in polar ecosystems. Here, we present an initial assessment of potential impact from AMDE utilising mosquitoes as bioindicators of methylmercury accumulation in freshwater and terrestrial food webs within 200 km of the Arctic Ocean. Abstract. Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events (AMDE) – phenomena in which elemental Hg is oxidised and stripped from the atmosphere over an 8–12-week period following polar sunrise – appear to increase Hg deposition to environs near the Arctic Ocean with a lesser impact inland. A key concern is whether such events lead to enhanced production and uptake of the toxic methylmercury (MeHg) species into arctic food webs. Here, we used mosquitoes, which are sensitive and site-specific bioindicators of Hg loadings, to assess the impact of AMDE on ecosystem MeHg contamination along a 200-km transect between the Arctic Ocean coast and foothills of the Brooks Range, where gross atmospheric Hg deposition appears to be ~20-fold less than that near the coast. This preliminary survey revealed little variation and no gradient in mosquito MeHg levels, which suggests comparable ecosystem impact. This may also point to significant cycling and reemission (e.g. via photoreduction) of Hg deposited during AMDE from the snow and ice pack to the atmosphere.
Intestinal Enzyme Activities Following Whole-Body Irradiation in Hamsters

SummaryThe phosphomonoesterase and Mg- (Na + K) -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were measured in the mucosa of the small intestine of hamsters (Mesocrkelus auratus) exposed to 1,000 rads 60Co whole-body irradiation. The enzyme assays were made in irradiated and sham-irradiated hamsters sacrificed at intervals through Day 4 postirradiation. The two enzy-mic activities expressed per unit of tissue weight were significantly higher in the irradiated animals as compared to the sham-irradiated group at Day 2 postirradiation. No changes were found in the protein contents of jejunal mucosa between irradiated and sham-irracliated animals. While the ATPase activity was significantly lowered at Day 4, the phosphomonoesterase activity was observed to be higher at that time. The increase in enzyme activities may represent increased synthesis of these enzymes in the crypt cells that gave origin to the mature cells of the intestinal villi of animals sacrificed at Day 2 postirradiation. The increase in ATPa...
Inverse of an Additive × Additive Relationship Matrix Due to Sires and Maternal Grandsires

Abstract A method for inverting an additive×additive relationship matrix due to sire and maternal grandsires is presented. It is based on a recursive relationship between these epistatic effects in offspring and male ancestors (sires and maternal grandsires) expressed in terms of a transition matrix between generations. The required inverse is a function of this matrix and of the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix of segregation residuals ( R ). This matrix is at least as sparse as the additive×additive relationship matrix. Without inbreeding, R is often diagonal or block diagonal, so the calculations required are easier than those needed for direct inversion.
On evaluating species distribution models with random background sites in place of absences when test presences disproportionately sample suitable habitat

Modelling the distribution of rare and invasive species often occurs in situations where reliable absences for evaluating model performance are unavailable. However, predictions at randomly located sites, or ‘background’ sites, can stand in for true absences. The maximum value of the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve, AUC, calculated with background sites is believed to be 1 − a/2, where a is the typically unknown prevalence of the species on the landscape. Using a simple example of a species' range, I show how AUC can achieve values > 1 − a/2 when test presences do not represent each inhabited region of a species__ range in proportion to its area. Values of AUC that surpass 1 − a/2 are associated with higher model predictions in areas overrepresented in the test data set, even if they are less environmentally suitable than other regions the species occupies. Pursuit of high AUC values can encourage inclusion of spurious predictors in the final model if they help to differentiate areas with disproportionate representation in the test data. Choices made during modelling to increase AUC calculated with background sites on the assumption that higher scores connote more accurate models can decrease actual accuracy when test presences disproportionately represent inhabited areas.
The effects of ultraviolet light and lonizing radiation on the transduction of Escherichia coli by phage P1

Abstract Transduction of the threonine and leucine markers in E. coli strain K3 was studied using phage P1 as the transducing agent. Eight strains of E. coli which were heterogenotic at these loci were isolated. These heterogenotes fell into two classes which differed in their sensitivity to radiation. The mechanism of transduction by phage P1 was discussed.
Some Observations on Pianists' Timing of Arpeggiated Chords

The timing of arpeggiated chords involving both hands sequentially was measured in performances of Edvard Grieg's Erotik, op. 43, No. 5, by ten graduate student pianists (who played the piece three times after brief study) and by eight commercially recorded ("expert") pianists. Arpeggio durations depended more on the preceding note value and position in the phrase than on the number of notes. The student pianists frequently overlapped the two hands, contrary to the notation. Those student arpeggios which were executed correctly frequently showed lengthening of the final and, less often, of the initial interonset interval. There were consistent individual differences in the students' timing patterns. The expert pianists showed even larger individual differences and few commonalities. The origins of these differences and their perceptual and aesthetic implications remain to be investigated.
Petrologic and mineralogic investigation of some crystalline rocks returned by the Apollo 14 mission.

Apollo 14 crystalline rocks (14053 and 14310) and crystalline rock fragments (14001,7,1; 14001,7,3; 14073; 14167,8,1 and 14321,191,X-1) on which Rb/Sr, Ar-40/Ar-39, or cosmic ray exposure ages have been determined by our colleagues were studied with the electron microprobe and the petrographic microscope. Rock samples 14053 and 14310 are mineralogically and petrologically distinct from each other. On the basis of mineralogic and petrologic characteristics all of the fragments, except 14001,7,1, are correlative with rock 14310. Sample 14073 is an orthopyroxene basalt with chemical and mineralogic affinities to ?KREEP,' the ?magic' and ?cryptic' components. Fragment 14001,7,1 is very similar to Luny Rock I.
Tissue procurement strategies affect the protein biochemistry of human heart samples

The ability to analyze the biochemical properties of human cardiac tissue is critical both to an understanding of cardiac pathology and also to the development of novel pharmacotherapies. However current strategies for tissue procurement are not uniform and are potentially biased. In this study we contrasted several commonly used approaches for tissue sampling in order to determine their impact on contractile protein biochemistry. Not surprisingly our results show that different tissue handling strategies have the potential to produce a wide variation in the phosphorylation and proteolysis of selected contractile proteins. However this was not uniform: phosphorylation of troponin I (TnI) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) varied significantly depending on approach whereas changes in desmin and myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) were relatively unaffected. Moreover, some strategies increased whereas others reduced TnI phosphorylation, suggesting a dynamic balance between kinase and phosphatase activities. Overall, procurement strategies that involved maintenance of tissue in cardioplegia solution deviated most dramatically from prompt and rapid tissue immersion in liquid nitrogen.
Soft-tissue coverage of the hand: A case-based approach

Adequate soft-tissue coverage of the hand is paramount to achieve optimal aesthetic and functional results in patients with complex hand defects. In this article, the authors present four illustrative clinical cases and discuss potential reconstructive modalities. For each scenario, two surgical options are discussed: one established and one nontraditional method of reconstruction. The authors' preferred method and technical pearls for execution are presented.
Role of Cl– Co-Transporters in the Excitation Produced by GABAA Receptors in Juvenile Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain. However, in neonatal animals, activation of Cl–-permeable GABA receptors is excitatory and appears to depend on the exp...
A study of field independent biased mental ability tests in community college science classes

Many schools use mental ability test scores as a basis for grouping students and planning their educational needs. The widespread use of these test scores throughout public and private schools demands that test items be unbiased. One way in which tests could be biased, that has not been thoroughly investigated, is the inadvertent use of analytical skill items favoring one perceptual orientation over another. This study investigated analytical skill items on the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test for field independent bias. Using as analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, the results indicated that the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test was biased in favor of individuals with a field of independent perceptual orientation.
Induced autoantibodies to fetal erythroid antigens in the chicken.

Abstract Cornell Obese (OS) (B 13 B 13 ), Special C (Sp. C) (B 13 B 13 ) and K-strain White Leghorn chickens (B 15 B 15 ) were examined for both naturally occuring and induced autoantibodies directed against erythroid fetal antigens. Obese chickens have been reported to produce high levels of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to occasionally produce antinuclear autoantibodies specific for erythrocytes. Despite producing high levels of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies and antibodies cross-reactive with erythrocytes, no OS chickens were found to possess naturally occuring autoantibodies to fetal-specific antigens on erythrocytes. However, such antibodies were induced following immunization with fetal erythrocytes derived from a strain allogenic for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the B-complex. Challenge with both intact erythrocytes and erythroid membranes in Freund's complete adjuvant resulted in production of antibodies specific for fetal antigens. The ability to induce autoantibodies to fetal erythrocytes was not restricted to the OS-strain; similar antibodies were detected in the Cornell K-strain and Special C-strain chickens even when intrastrain immunizations were employed. These results suggest that antibodies can be induced to fetal antigens on chicken erythrocytes in both autoimmune and normal chickens given the appropriate antigen presentation.
International cooperative effort to establish dosimetry standardization for radiation processing

Abstract Radiation processing is a rapidly developing technology with numerous applications in food treatment, sterilization, and polymer modification. The effectiveness of the process depends, however, on the proper application of dose and its measurement. These aspects are being considered by a wide group of experts from around the world who have joined together to write a comprehensive set of standards for dosimetry for radiation processing. Originally formed in 1984 to develop standards for food processing dosimetry, the group has now expanded into a full subcommittee of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), with 97 members from 19 countries. The scope of the standards now includes dosimetry for all forms and applications of radiation processing. To date, the group has completed and published four standards, and is working on an additional seven. Three are specifically for food applications and the others are for all radiation applications, including food processing. Together, this set of standards will specify acceptable guidelines and methods for accomplishing the required irradiation treatment. This set will be available for adoption by national regulatory agencies or other standards-setting organizations for their procedures and protocols.
Reactive animation and gameplay experience

Using procedural animation systems introduces different work practices and represents adoption costs for game and simulation developers, so it is helpful to uncover whether and how it adds to the end user experience. The benefit of procedural content has been assumed, but given the challenge and risks inherent with implementation, we decided to conduct a study to find out whether this assumption was merited in player response. Players rated reactive systems highly and continued to play longer with reactive systems, but gave inconclusive responses to survey items aimed at uncovering what about reactive animation improved the experience. In this paper we present results and implications for use of procedural animation.
The Smoking Milkshake.

Abstract Objectives: This teaching idea is designed for students to learn about the ingredients in cigarettes and the potential short-term health consequences of these ingredients, as well as to learn about the general effects of smoking. Students will complete an activity to use this information in a hypothetical, but potentially, real-world situation. Target Audience: Middle school students.
An investigation of interfacial instabilities in the superposed channel flow of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract Interfacial instabilities of superposed pressure driven channel flow of viscoelastic fluids are investigated theoretically using linear stability analysis. Nonlinear constitutive equations which accurately depict the steady as well as transient viscoelastic properties of typical polymeric melts and solutions with various degrees of flexibility and accuracy are used to assess the constitutive complexity required to accurately describe the stability characteristics of this class of flows by comparing the results of the stability analysis with the experimental results of Wilson and Khomami (J. Non. Newtonian Fluid Mech. 41 (1992) 255; J. Rheol. 37 (1993) 315) and Khomami and Ranjbaran (Rheol. Acta 36 (1997) 1–22). It is shown that the multimode Giesekus model, which can accurately describe the steady as well transient behavior of the polymeric test fluids used in the experiments, can quantitatively describe the interfacial instability phenomenon in terms of the neutral stability contour as well as the growth/decay rate behavior. A rigorous energy analysis based on a newly developed disturbance-energy equation for viscoelastic flows is performed to investigate the mechanism of the purely viscous and purely elastic interfacial instabilities in pressure and drag driven channel flows. The mechanism of shortwave purely viscous instability is found to be due to the viscosity mismatch and the subsequent perturbation vorticity mismatch at the interface (i.e. interfacial friction), whereas the mechanism of the longwave purely viscous instability is found to be due to the bulk Reynolds stresses. The mechanism of purely elastic instability is found to be due to the coupling between the perturbation velocity and the jump in normal stresses across the interface at longwaves as well as shortwaves. An examination of perturbation velocity field reveals that for purely elastic longwave instability the jump in the normal stresses across the interface leads to a perturbation back flow in the bulk resulting in either accumulation (destabilizing) or depletion (stabilizing) of the fluid below the crest of the perturbed interface. In the case of purely elastic shortwave instability, coupling of the jump in the normal stresses across the interface and the perturbation velocity leads to perturbation vorticities adjacent to the interface which drive the instability.
Genetic and physiological variability among cultured cells and regenerated plants of Nicotiana tabacum

Tobacco cell lines selected for resistance to picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and plants regenerated from these cell lines manifest several traits not shown by the parental strains. Genetics analyses of the regenerated plants have permitted the sources of this variability to be identified.
Stressors May Compromise Medication Adherence Among Adults With Diabetes and Low Socioeconomic Status

Studies examining the impact of stressors on diabetes self-care have focused on a single stressor or have been largely qualitative. Therefore, we assessed the stressors experienced by a high-risk population with type 2 diabetes, and tested whether having more stressors was associated with less adherence to multiple self-care behaviors. Participants were recruited from a Federally Qualified Health Center and 192 completed a stressors checklist. Experiencing more stressors was associated with less adherence to diet recommendations and medications among participants who were trying to be adherent, but was not associated with adherence to other self-care behaviors. Because having more stressors was also associated with more depressive symptoms, we further adjusted for depressive symptoms. Stressors remained associated with less adherence to medications, but not to diet recommendations. For adults engaged in adherence, experiencing an accumulation of stressors presents barriers to adherence that are distinct from associated depressive symptoms.
Paleomagnetic directions from the Iztaccihuatl Volcano, Mexico

Abstract Measurement of partially demagnetized samples from 35 sites above timberline on Iztaccihuatl, a product of late Cenozoic volcanism, revealed entirely normal polarity of the lava flows.
Model-independent contribution in proton-proton bremsstrahlung

Abstract Part of the invariant amplitude for p-p bremsstrahlung can be shown to be independent of the off-shell behaviour of the p-p interaction. The corresponding cross section agrees with the measured values. The model-independent t terms are computed in a fully covariant and gauge-independent fashion, employing the best available representation of the leastic p-p scattering amplitude.
New method for determining hexagonal direction indices and their relationship to crystallographic directions

A new method for determining the hexagonal direction indices is introduced, which is more practical than other commonly used methods. The relationship between the crystallographic directions and hexagonal direction indices for face-centered cubic crystals is derived. Different sets of hexagonal indices for equivalent crystallographic directions are discussed.
Methylphenidate in children with oppositional defiant disorder and both comorbid chronic multiple tic disorder and ADHD

Our primary objective was to determine if immediate-release methylphenidate is an effective treatment for oppositional defiant disorder diagnosed from mother's report in children with both chronic multiple tic disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children (n = 31) aged 6 to 12 years received placebo and 3 doses of methylphenidate twice daily for 2 weeks each under double-blind conditions and were assessed with ratings scales and laboratory measures. Results indicated significant improvement in both oppositional and ADHD behaviors with medication; however, the magnitude of treatment effect varied considerably as a function of disorder (ADHD > Oppositional behaviors), informant (teacher > mother), assessment instrument, and specific oppositional behavior (rebellious > disobeys rules). Drug response was comparable with that in children (n = 26) who did not have diagnosed oppositional defiant disorder, but comorbidity appeared to alter the perceived benefits for ADHD according to mother's report. Methylphenidate is an effective short-term treatment for oppositional behavior in children with comorbid ADHD and chronic multiple tic disorder.
Age Differences in Response to Grocery Store Price Information

The study reported here investigated age differences in consumer response to grocery store price information. A sample of 160 female consumers shopped for twelve grocery products in a simulated store. Following the shopping task, subjects responded to an unannounced memory performance test requiring them to recall the prices of products on the shelves. Respondents' methods of encoding information and certainty regarding recall were also recorded. Analysis revealed age differences in usage of price information, in recall of product prices, and in certainty experienced by shoppers. Hypothesized age differences in the encoding of information did not surface. Discussion centers on the policy implications of these findings.
The relationship between component self-diffusion coefficients and interdiffusion coefficient for pseudobinary systems

Abstract A general relationship between the interdiffusion ( D ) and component self-diffusion coefficients ( D i ∗ ) for pseudobinary systems is derived using the basic definitions of the diffusion coefficients and the constraints appropriate for pseudobinary systems. The Hg 1 − x ,Cd x Te (MCT) system is used as an example of such a system. The relationship between D and the intrinsic chemical diffusion coefficient ( D i ,) is the same as for a binary system and is described by the Darken equation. In pseudobinary systems there are relevant diffusion driving forces in addition to neutral chemical potential gradients and the relationships between D i and D i ∗ and D and D i ∗ are complicated by the diffusion of a common non-metal species. The physical meaning of the resulting equation is explained by the limiting behavior of the general equation. A Darken-type equation is obtained when there is only a neutral chemical potential gradient for metal diffusion species such as the case of a common non-metal species moving much faster than the metal species. However, when the common non-metal species diffuses more slowly than the metal components, the resulting interdiffusion coefficient is related to the D i ∗ by a Nernst-Planck-type equation, since the electroneutrality and/or the conservation of lattice sites requires the flux of metals to be coupled. The slow movement of the common non-metal species plays the same role as lack of attainment of vacancy equilibrium in binary systems. Our experimental results of the D and D i ∗ values in the MCT system support our theoretical analysis.
Customer Lifetime Value: Entwicklungspfade, Einsatzpotenziale und Herausforderungen

Aufgrund der in Forschung und Praxis anhaltenden Diskussion einer kundenwertorientierten Ausrichtung von Unternehmen, gewinnt die Bewertung und Steuerung von Kundenbeziehung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dabei ist in den letzten Jahren eine Vielzahl an wissenschaftlichen Publikationen entstanden, die sich verstarkt dem Thema Kundenwert gewidmet haben. Eine in der Wissenschaft weit verbreitete zukunftsorientierte Bewertungsmethode stellt das Konzept des Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) dar. Fur die Ermittlung des CLV existieren nicht nur zahlreiche Modelle. Vielmehr kann der CLV als zentrale Steuerungsgrose Unternehmen bei der Beantwortung verschiedener unternehmerischer Fragestellungen unterstutzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Beitrag ein Uberblick uber den gegenwartigen Stand der CLV-Forschung gegeben. Als Erweiterung der existierenden Literatur werden Entwicklungspfade, Einsatzpotenziale und zukunftige Herausforderungen des CLV vorgestellt und diskutiert.
The Allocation of Research, Teaching, and Extension Personnel in U.S. Colleges of Agriculture

The aim of this paper is to inventory the allocation of research, teaching, and extension personnel by departments in United States colleges of agriculture and experiment stations, and to identify and measure factors that appear to influence this allocation. Although growth is the predominate characteristic of departments and disciplines, we observe and can predict decline in several instances. With the use of multiple regression analysis, state nonfarm income emerges as the most important variable explaining total funds available to experiment stations. Rural farm population has virtually no effect on total funds available. In fact, since 1960 it was somewhat of a detriment for an agricultural experiment station to be located in an agricultural state. At the departmental level, the departments engaged in farm oriented research (agronomy, animal husbandry, etc.) appear to be more dependent on farm income for support whereas departments in closer contact with the nonfarm sector (horticulture, agricultural economics, etc.) are more dependent on nonfarm income. Predictions for the early 1970's indicate largest growth for departments located in the high income, urbanindustrial states particularly for those more closely tied to nonfarm income. T HE growth in technology and productive efficiency of U.S. agriculture is a well-known fact. Moreover, there seems to be little doubt that the research, teaching, and extension activities of U.S. land grant colleges and experiment stations have contributed greatly to making this productivity growth possible. In fact, we are accumulating evidence which indicates that the social rate of return to investment in these activities is high, relative to the rate of return obtained from typical investment
Microfabrication of biosensors for neurotransmitter analysis

We have developed ultrasensitive biosensors for the analysis of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA and lactate. These sensors have micrometer to submicrometer sizes. They are based on biomolecule immobilization on optical fiber probe surfaces. The miniaturized fiber probes are fabricated by either pulling or etching conventional optical fibers. For example, surface immobilized glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is being used for glutamate analysis. GDH has been directly immobilized onto an optical fiber probe surface through a new optical fiber sensor fabrication technique using covalent binding mechanisms. None of the direct or indirect physical confinement methods, such as mechanical confinement, gel trapping or membrane immobilization, has been used for the sensor preparation. An optical fiber surface is initially activated by silanization, which adds amine groups (-NH 2 ) to the surface. We then affix functional groups -CHO to the optical fiber surface by employing a bifunctional cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde. The amino acids of GDH enzyme molecules (or other biomolecules) readily attach to these free -CHO groups on the fiber surface. The sensor is able to detect its substrate, glutamate, by monitoring the fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a product of the reaction between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and glutamate. Similar procedures and principle have been used for the development of lactate and GABA sensors. Our biomolecule based biosensors have been applied to the study of single living cell neurophysiological responses.
Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the aorta and CATCH 22 syndrome

We report repair of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta in a premature neonate with a deletion in the CATCH 22 region of chromosome 22. This case suggests that the pathogenesis of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery involves genetically determined abnormalities of the neural crest. Repair of this defect in a premature infant can prevent the development of severe pulmonary vascular disease.
Manifest Left-Right Symmetry and its Experimental Consequences

We consider the possibility that weaker interactions: in common with all other known interactions: do in in fact enjoy a left-right symmetry manifest in the Hamiltonian, and that parity nonconservation stems from the spontaneous breakdown of this symmetry. We show that this picture is experimentally distinguishable from the conventional one in which parity nonconservation stems from the Hamiltonian. The implications of currently available experimental results are discussed and the need for new and decisive experiments is underlined.
In the Guise of Civility: The Complicitous Maintenance of Inferential Forms of Sexism and Racism in Higher Education

In this paper, I examine and explore the continued existence of inferential forms of sexism and racism in higher education. Situated in autoethnography and using complicity theory and narrative analysis, this essay addresses issues and experiences related to civility, sexism and racism on a largely Euro American campus. More specifically, I critically examine the interdependence of sexist and racist ideologies that persist in university classrooms in the guise of civility. I argue that inferential sexism and racism are endemic to U.S. higher education and classrooms and are as dangerous as overt forms of sexism and racism because they are harder to identify, and more naturalized and acceptable.
Parallel direct modulation laser transmitters for high-speed high-sensitivity laser communications

We demonstrate new power-efficient techniques for generating high-fidelity waveforms from directly modulated lasers using periodic high-contrast spectral and temporal windowing. Real-time optical M-FSK communication experiments demonstrate flexible and scalable transceiver designs with record sensitivity.
Noninvasive polarimetric-based glucose monitoring: an in vivo study.

Background:Since 1990, there has been significant research devoted toward development of a noninvasive physiological glucose sensor. In this article, we report on the use of optical polarimetry for...
Extensive pelvic malacoplakia : diagnosis and management

CASE REPORT An 80-year-old black woman with chronic renal insufficiency and hypertension was hospitalized elsewhere with the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cystitis. Gross hematuria, urgency, frequency and vaginal bleeding were noted. Relevant laboratory findings included a urine culture with greater than 100,000 colonies Escherichia coli, serum creatinine 4.4 mg./ dl. (normal 0.5 to 1.4), blood urea nitrogen 80 mg./dl. (normal
Recognition of a cytosine base lesion by a human damage-specific DNA binding protein

Sodium bisulfite reacts with cytosine and 5-methylcytosine, forming the 5,6-dihydrosulfonate adducts which deaminate to the uracil and thymine adducts, respectively. At alkaline pH, the sulfonate groups are then released, generating uracil and thymine. In DNA, the resulting G:U and G:T base mismatches generated are potential sites of mutagenesis. Using a human damage-specific DNA binding protein as a probe, we have found protein-recognizable lesions in bisulfite-treated DNA and poly d(I-C), but not in treated poly d(A-T) or poly d(A-U). Although this suggests that the lesion recognized is cytosine-derived, there was no correlation between the number of uracils induced and the number of binding sites, suggesting that the protein-bound damage is not a uracil-containing mismatch. Modification of the treatment protocol to reduce elimination of the bisulfite from the base adducts increased the level of binding, suggesting that the protein recognizes a base-sulfonate adduct.
Effects of chronic sympathectomy on vascular function in the human forearm

To determine whether endothelial function is altered by chronic surgical sympathectomy, we infused ACh, isoproterenol, nitroprusside (NTP), and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N G-mono-methyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) into the brachial arteries of nine patients 5–64 mo after thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. Age- and gender-matched controls were also studied. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Lower body negative pressure was used to assess reflex vasoconstrictor responses. Tyramine, which acts locally and causes norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves, was also administered via the brachial artery. FBF at rest was 2.5 ± 0.4 ml · dl−1 · min−1 in the patients and 2.5 ± 0.3 ml · dl−1 · min−1 in the controls (P = 0.95). The normal vasoconstrictor responses to lower body negative pressure were abolished in the patients. By contrast, tyramine produced dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the patients that was identical to that of controls. The dose-response cu...
Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the emotion regulation questionnaire.

Emotion regulation is widely studied in many areas of psychology and the number of publications on emotion regulation has increased exponentially over the past few decades. Additionally, interest in the relationships between emotion dysregulation processes and psychopathology has drastically increased in recent years. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) was developed to measure two specific constructs related to emotion control: reappraisal and suppression (Gross & John, 2003). In its initial validation study and subsequent analyses, the instrument was shown to possess sound psychometric properties, but, to date, inquiry regarding the measure's characteristics has been limited. Factor analytic examinations of commonly used instruments are recommended to validate the properties of a given measure and increase researchers understanding of the measured constructs. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the ERQ in a sample of 1,188 undergraduates through confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, tests of measurement invariance were employed in order to examine potential structural differences based on gender and ethnicity. The current study supported the original structure of the measure with all demographic groups and exceptional fit was demonstrated. Additional normative data for gender and ethnic groups are included. Results support the use of the instrument in future research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:1–11, 2011.
Right-Sided Pleural Effusion in a Critically Ill Stroke Patient:

Pleural fluid collections are common in those critically ill. We report the case of a left middle cerebral artery stroke patient who developed respiratory distress and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Although the patient's clinical status and oxygenation improved, there was persistence of right-sided opacity in the chest radiograph. Further workup proved a right-sided pleural effusion, which was drained and managed. Following extubation, a swallow study was ordered, which led to a fluoroscopic examination that demonstrated esophageal perforation. Thoracic surgery was consulted and did a primary repair of perforation and noted non-small cell carcinoma on the perforated site.
Vacuum frying versus conventional frying – An overview*

Deep-fat frying of foods usually is carried out under atmospheric conditions at temperatures near 190°C. The problem that arises most often is excessive darkening or scorching of the product, even before the product is completely cooked. In addition, some of the oil decomposition products have been implicated in producing adverse health effects when fried oils degraded with continued use. Vacuum frying is a process that is carried out under pressures well below atmospheric levels (below 6.65 kPa). Vacuum-fried products have higher retention of nutritional quality (phytochemicals), color is enhanced (less oxidation), and oil degradation is reduced compared to atmospheric frying. However, a de-oiling mechanism is necessary to remove the excessive oil absorption at the surface of the product. The main objectives of this paper are to review the literature on vacuum frying specifically on the effect of vacuum frying operating conditions such as pressurization and de-oiling mechanisms on the final product oil content. Product quality attributes as affected by atmospheric and vacuum pressures and fundamental modeling of the process are also discussed in this article.
Teaching Exodus as “Problem Text”

This essay explores how one might use the “problem” of the hardening of Pharaoh's heart as a learning opportunity in the classroom. The author identifies two pedagogical aims: (1) cultivating more sophisticated, critical readers of the Bible; and (2) helping students reflect on the contextual nature of interpretation. The essay discusses in some detail various ways of teaching the text, including an exercise in close reading, examination of sources, and a selective study of the history of interpretation. It also explores various lessons to be learned from these exercises, and addresses applicability of the approaches to other teaching contexts. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for the “Problem Texts” group of the consultation “Teaching the Bible in the 21st Century,” held at the Wabash Center in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
A Review and Critique of Guiding Questions: Guidelines for Leadership Education Programs

The International Leadership Association’s Guiding Questions: Guidelines for Leadership Education Programs (Ritch & Mengel, 2009) provides a framework to attend to leadership program development, redesign, evaluation, organized program review, questions concerning academic legitimacy and developing common program benchmarks. This article provides a critique of the Guiding Questions: Guidelines for Leadership Education Programs and, in particular, the five major categories: Conceptual Framework, Context, Content, Teaching and Learning, and Outcomes/Assessment. The article also draws upon scholarly research within the field to provide both breadth and depth to the different Guiding Questions categories. Finally, the goal of this article is to encourage a collaborative dialogue which will ultimately increase the effectiveness of the Guiding Questions .