cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looters, collectors and a passion for antiquities at the margins of Italian society

Unearthing old objects was for centuries a widespread activity in Italy. Artefacts were removed from the soil and re-incorporated into the social realm as votives, chits and treasure. Women and men knowledgeable about old things and old places were respected repositories of history. The twentieth century brought significant changes to this sphere of cultural activity: archaeology became a professionalized discipline, regulated by the state, and artefacts became scientific objects belonging to the Italian nation. Today, unauthorized excavators risk prosecution, fines and imprisonment. In this paper I ask: What is the effect of state power on the use and circulation of antiquities by unauthorized excavators and collectors? How do the men and women who inhabit the cultural margins distinguish themselves from each other? My analysis draws on ethnographic data and textual analysis of newspaper articles concerning tombaroli or ‘tomb robbers’. I focus on marginalized cultural production, a key dimension that is ...
New pH sensor for hydrothermal fluids

The pH values of subsurface hydrothermal fluids remain controversial and largely unknown, because of the difficulties of measuring them in situ. This paper presents a new method for evaluating the pH of hydrothermal fluids from analyses of halogen concentrations in hydrous minerals. This method is general and can be used to study water-rock interactions in a variety of geologic environments. An example of the method9s application to the Salton Sea geothermal systems, California, is given.
Legal consequences of dating violence: A critical review and directions for improved behavioral contingencies

As researchers and clinicians seek to better understand, prevent, and address violence in dating relationships among adolescents and young adults, there is also a need to better explore the possible legal consequences for perpetrators of aggression. The purpose of this paper is to review legal involvement in violent intimate relationships, with a specific focus on dating relationships, as these sanctions represent possible punishing consequences for violent perpetration. Punishing consequences of aggression, including legal interventions, could serve to lessen or eliminate violence in the current relationship and also circumvent possible aggression in future relationships. Implications of this review for clinicians, law enforcement, judiciary officials, and prevention programmers addressing dating violence are provided, along with directions for future research.
Reversal of HIV-1 latency with anti-microRNA inhibitors

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency is achieved when host cells contain integrated proviral DNA but do not produce viral particles. The virus remains in resting CD4 T-lymphocytes, evading host immune surveillance and antiviral drugs. When resting cells are activated, infectious viral particles are produced. Latency is critical for the survival of all HIV-1 strains in vivo. Recently, it has been reported that a cluster of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) enriched specifically in resting CD4+ T-cells suppresses translation of most HIV-1-encoded proteins in the cytoplasm, sustaining HIV-1 escape from the host immune response. Complementary antisense miRNA inhibitors block the inhibitory effect of miRNAs and drive viral production from the resting T-lymphocytes without activating the cells. Therefore, inhibition of these HIV-1-specific cellular miRNAs is of great therapeutic significance for eliminating the HIV-1 reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Battle of the Genomes: The Struggle for Survival in a Microbial World

Although this book’s title promises the excitement of a 21st-century computer game, the cover photograph of Robert Koch in 1883 provides a better clue to the contents. The general plan is a survey of 20th-century genetics, illustrated by insights into human coevolution with microbial pathogens. Early chapters focus on familiar examples, including G6PD deficiency and sickle cell trait as adaptations to malaria, as evidence for pathogen-driven natural selection. Later chapters discuss more recent research findings, varying from female preference for the scent of males with dissimilar human leukocyte antigen types to the role of human CFTR membrane protein in infection with Salmonella Typhi. All of these are such good stories that science writer Matt Ridley included briefer versions in Chapter 9 of his popular book Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1). Battle of the Genomes: The Struggle for Survival in a Microbial World discusses in some detail how catastrophic epidemics of cholera, bubonic plague, and smallpox could explain the emergence of certain common human genetic mutations. Some of these mutations are deleterious; for example, CFTR ΔF508, which reduces the risk for typhoid, causes cystic fibrosis in persons who inherit 2 copies. Other mutations are beneficial, such as CCR5 Δ32, which may have protected carriers from smallpox and now reduces the risk for HIV infection. In general, the author’s review of the evidence for and against these hypotheses, which remain speculative, is evenhanded and up-to-date. His accounts of the human and social effects of epidemic diseases and the origins of public health are full of lively anecdotes and colorful detail. Interspersed throughout are personal asides, clinical pearls, and lengthy tutorials on basic science topics, such as DNA replication and gene splicing. Although this book is far more information dense than are popular books for the lay public, its many shortcomings in terms of organization, depth, and documentation (including surprisingly few references) diminish its value to scholarly readers. More than anything else, it resembles an intellectually inspired but somewhat disorganized professor’s medical school lecture, which would probably be more fun to hear in person than to read. Meanwhile, those who are interested in a 21st-century account of the battle of the genomes may want to wait. Rapid advances in genomic science and technology are opening the way to better understanding of biology, evolution, and medicine, but the full integration of these disciplines is still at a relatively early stage. The idea that genes of 1 species can influence whole ecosystems, described by Richard Dawkins in 1982 as the “extended phenotype” (2), is only now giving rise to new perspectives on community genetics (3).
The evolving role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in heart failure: expanding the protective envelope.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality; in the United States alone, CHF afflicts 4 million patients, representing about 2% of the adult population; causes or contributes to more than 250,000 deaths yearly; and is the principal or secondary diagnosis in 6% of all hospital discharges. After the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as potent antihypertensive agents, an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of CHF, in addition to the recognition of heart failure as a process that evolves through time, led to the use ofthese agents in patients with CHF. Subsequently, a series of multicenter trials systematically explored the role of ACE-inhibitor therapy in heart failure
The effect of stoichiometry on the combustion behavior of a nanoscale Al/MoO3 thermite

Abstract The effect of stoichiometry on the combustion behavior of the nanoscale aluminum molybdenum trioxide (nAl/MoO 3 ) thermite was studied in a burn tube experiment by characterizing the propagation velocity and pressure output of the reaction. Changing the stoichiometry affects the combustion through changes in the product temperature, phase, and composition. The mixture ratios of the composites were varied over an extremely wide range (5% nAl (95% MoO 3 )–90% nAl (10% MoO 3 )). Results revealed three separate combustion regimes: a steady high speed propagation (∼100 to ∼1000 m/s) from approximately 10% to 65% nAl, an oscillating and accelerating wave near 70% nAl, and a steady-slow speed propagation (∼0.1–1 m/s) from approximately 75% to 85% nAl. Propagation was observed to fail both 85% nAl. This is the first known observation of such limits for a nanoscale thermite in a tube geometry. The instrumented tube tests revealed peak pressures over 8 MPa near stoichiometric conditions in the steady high speed propagation region, no measurable pressure rise at low speed propagation, and building pressures for accelerating waves. The results suggest the propagation mode to be a supersonic convective wave for near stoichiometric mixtures and a conductive deflagration for extremely fuel-rich mixtures. The implications of these results for microscale combustion applications are discussed.
Device choice and experience level in endoscopic foreign object retrieval: An in vivo study

Abstract Background: Successful foreign object retrieval may depend on device choice and the experience level of the endoscopist, although these factors have not been systematically evaluated. Methods: In anesthetized pigs, the ability to retrieve foreign objects (metal tack, button disc battery, wooden toothpick) placed endoscopically into the stomach was assessed. Seven university medical center gastroenterology attending physicians (5 clinical and 2 basic science research [BSR]), and 4 fellows-in-training participated. The devices used were the Roth retrieval net, rat tooth forceps, Dormia basket, polypectomy snare, and radial jaw forceps. The time to retrieve each object into an esophageal overtube within a 5 minute maximum was measured. Results: Only the Roth net and Dormia basket were successful in retrieving the button disc battery, although the Roth net was superior (100% vs 27%, Fisher p p = NS). The snare was significantly faster than the Roth net ( p p p p p p Conclusions: The Roth net is the best device for retrieving smooth objects such as the button disc battery. For sharp objects, such as the tack and toothpick, best results were achieved with the snare, although the forceps were also effective. More experienced endoscopists had higher success rates and faster retrieval times. Both device choice and the experience level of the endoscopist have an impact on successful foreign object retrieval. (Gastrointes Endosc 1997;45:490-2.)
Effect of coronary collateral circulation on regional myocardial perfusion assessed with quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy

Abstract The functional role of the coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease has yet to be clarified. Because the distribution of thallium in the myocardium after its intravenous injection is proportional to regional blood flow, quantitative thallium scintigraphy was employed to assess noninvasively the effect of collateral vessels on regional myocardial perfusion at rest and after exercise stress. Sixty-two patients with significant (greater than 50 percent stenosis of luminal diameter) coronary artery disease had after exercise thallium imaging and 35 patients underwent imaging at rest. Delayed redistribution images were obtained after exercise and at rest. Images were divided into six segments for analysis and interpreted using computer-assisted quantitative techniques. In patients undergoing exercise stress, collateral vessels did not significantly influence thallium uptake patterns in segments associated with electrocardiographic Q waves. In segments without Q waves, thallium uptake was more frequently abnormal (p It is concluded that (1) coronary collateral vessels are an indicator of severe coronary arterial obstruction and do not protect against exercise-induced hypoperfusion or affect the occurrence of redistribution, and (2) non-jeopardized collateral vessels appear to augment perfusion at rest in some segments to the degree that normal thallium uptake at rest is observed.
FREE ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF THE QUENCHING OF CHLOROPHYLL a FLUORESCENCE BY SUBSTITUTED QUINONES

The quenching of chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence hy a series of substituted benzoquinones. naphthoquinones and anthraquinones has been examined employing ethanol and acetonitrile as solvents. All quinones are good quenchers of fluorescence. There is an excellent linear relation between the Stern-Volmer quenching constants, K, and the polarographic half wave potentials (E12) of the quinones, with more oxidizing quinones being better quenchers. The quenching data are consistent with the excited state half wave potential of −1.31 eV predicted theoretically, demonstrating that the kinetically estimated value of the Chl a excited state reduction potential agrees with that expected on spectroscopic grounds. The results of quenching are not in agreement with the conventional Marcus theory of electron-transfer reactions, as there is no evidence of quenching constant. Kq. decrease vsΔG0 even for free energy changes nearly twice that expected for the onset of the Marcus inverted region. However, the kinetically estimated Kq values are in good agreement with the ones calculated by using the Rehm and Weller equation for fluorescence quenching by electron transfer. Our experimental results support the electron transfer mechanism of quenching proposed by Seely.
Validation of Centrifuge Model Scaling for Soil Systems via Trapdoor Tests

The validity of centrifuge modeling of soil systems is investigated by means of a “yielding trapdoor” setup similar to the one used by previous researchers for examining soil arching. A modeling-of-models exercise is thus carried out in accordance with centrifuge scaling requirements. This parametric study also includes the effects of g-level, grain-size, trapdoor width, and overburden depth. Particle-size scaling may be necessary to achieve full model-prototype similitude, depending on the structure-to-grain-size ratio. However, it appears that reasonable results can be achieved with centrifuge models, using the same soil as the prototype, where the structural dimensions are at least 20 times the grain size.
An integral equation theory of polymer blends: athermal mixtures

Application de la theorie MISM developpee par les auteurs a l'etude de l'influence de la structure des polymeres sur leurs melanges athermiques. Deduction d'une approximation analytique pour le parametre de Flory-Huggins generalise en fonction de la composition, de la densite et des parametres moleculaires de melanges de polymeres differant par leur structure locale. Calcul des facteurs de structure partiel et total de melanges athermiques et comparaison avec la theorie MPA
Three-dimensional unsteady incompressible flow computations using multigrid

We apply a robust and computationally efficient multigrid-driven algorithm for the simulation of time-dependent three-dimensional incompressible bluff body wakes at low Reynolds numbers (Re less than or equal to 350). The computational algorithm combines a generalized time-accurate artificial compressibility approach, a finite-volume discretization in space, and an implicit backward discretization in time. The solution is advanced in time by performing iterative 'pseudo-transient' steady-state calculations at each time step. The key to the algorithm's efficiency is a powerful multigrid scheme that is employed to accelerate the rate of convergence of the pseudo-transient iteration. The computational efficiency is improved even further by the application of residual smoothing and local pseudo time-stepping techniques, and by using a point-implicit discretization of the unsteady terms. The solver is implemented on a multiprocessor IBM SP2 computer by using the MPI Standard, and a high parallel scalability is demonstrated. The low Reynolds number regime (Re less than or equal to 500) encompasses flow transitions to unsteadiness and to three-dimensionality and attracts considerable attention as an important step on the road to turbulence. In this regime, the slow asymptotics of the wake provide a challenging test for numerical methods since long integration times are necessary to resolve the flow evolution toward a limiting cycle. Our method is extended to three dimensions and applied for low Reynolds number flows over a circular cylinder (Re less than or equal to 250) and a circular semi-cylinder (Re = 350). The computational results are found to be in close agreement with the available experimental and computational data. (Author)
Dose-response studies of MeIQx in rat liver and liver DNA at low doses.

2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a heterocyclic amine mutagen found in cooked meats and is carcinogenic in mice and rats at high doses (mg/kg body wt). Humans, however, are exposed to low amounts (p.p.b.) in the diet, and the effects caused by exposure to human equivalent doses of MeIQx have been difficult to determine accurately. We report on the effect of MeIQx exposure on liver bioavailability, hepatic DNA binding and MeIQx persistence in both liver tissue and liver DNA after acute (24 h), and subchronic (7 day and 42 day) exposures in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered [2-14C]MeIQx either by gavage or in the diet for 1, 7 or 42 days (1 x 10(-6) mg/kg day up to 3.4 x 10(-2) mg/kg day dose) and the [2-14C]MeIQx was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Assessment of the kinetics of hepatic MeIQx DNA adduct formation over 42 days (1.1 x 10(-4) mg [2-14C]MeIQx kg daily dose) shows that steady-state [2-14C]MeIQx tissue concentrations of 138 +/- 15 pg/g liver and DNA adduct levels of 113 +/- 10 ag adduct/micrograms DNA were reached at 14-28 days and 28 days respectively. The relationship between administered dose and either hepatic MeIQx DNA adduct levels or MeIQx tissue levels are linear for the 24 h, 7 day and 42 day exposures. Furthermore, MeIQx adducts persist for at least 14 days after exposure ceases. These data suggest that bioavailability and DNA adduction by MeIQx increase linearly with increasing dose for both acute and subchronic exposures. These data also show that MeIQx DNA adducts are useful in predicting daily exposure and support a linear extrapolation in the risk assessment of MeIQx. However, the quantitative relationship between DNA adducts and tumor formation will also depend on the specific tissue and the subsequent steps needed for tumor progression.
Electrophysiologic studies of the heart in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract We investigated the electrophysiological properties of the heart in patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis using programmed electrical stimulation techniques. Twelve patients with rheumatoid arthritis and without evidence of organic heart disease or arrhythmia detectable with serial electrocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring were compared with 12 control subjects. Stimulation was performed from the high right atrium and right ventricular apex at a drive cycle length of 600 msec and the recording sites included high right atrium, atrioventricular junction and distal coronary sinus. There was no statistically significant difference in the corrected sinus node recovery time between the study and control group of patients. Similarly, no differences from normal were found in the AH and HV intervals or in the atrial and ventricular refractoriness, whereas the atrioventricular nodal effective refractory period was higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, compared with the control group (338 ± 38 vs 286 ± 29, P P P P The clinical importance of these findings is uncertain. Nevertheless, our data suggest that abnormalities in atrial conduction time may be present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and predispose to the initiation of atrial tachyarrhythmias.
Durable goods produced by state owned enterprises

Abstract A two-period durable-goods monopoly model is analyzed where the durable good is provided by a state owned enterprise (SOE). First, we suppose that the SOE is under pressure to provide employment, and therefore has an employment goal, as well as the traditional profit and consumer surplus objectives. Assuming that the SOE has difficulty committing to current buyers with respect to its profit and employment motives, we find that as the employment burden increases, the SOE tends to move further away from the efficient durability and provides a lower durability level than a pure profit maximizer. Additionally, we show that a durable-goods SOE without commitment power, will wish to partially privatize to help mitigate its commitment problem with buyers and increase social welfare. Both of these findings provide economic rationale for the partial privatization of SOEs in transitioning economies that have not been identified in the literature prior to this.
Modulation of β-amyloid precursor protein trafficking and processing by the low density lipoprotein receptor family

Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is an early, toxic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is produced by proteolytic processing of a transmembrane protein, β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that alterations in APP cellular trafficking and localization directly impact its processing to Aβ. Recent studies have shown that members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, including LRP, LRP1B, SorLA/LR11, and apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor 2, interact with APP and regulate its endocytic trafficking. Another common feature of these receptors is their ability to bind apoE, which exists in three isoforms in humans and the presence of the e4 allele represents a genetic risk factor for AD. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the function of these apoE receptors with a focus on their role in APP trafficking and processing. Knowledge of the interactions between these distinct low-density lipoprotein receptor family members and APP may ultimately influence future therapies for AD.
Roads to Travel: A Historical Look atThe Freedman's Torchlight—An African American Contribution to 19th-Century Instructional Technologies

African Americans have been active producers throughout the history of the United States; however, during most of this history, their role in such capacities has been ignored, lost, destroyed, excluded, omitted, sporadically documented, or contained in books read by an elite few. This research reveals critical moments in U.S. history when African Americans contributed to the field of instructional technology and the nature of those contributions. In particular, this study examines The Freedman's Torchlight1 (TFT) (American Missionary Association, 1866/1980), a newspaper textbook, to ascertain elements of the design that are culturally and racially specific. Moreover, this research is undergirded by a desire to document the ways in which African Americans have been active participants in educating themselves and to support the inclusion of African American instructional materials into the field of instructional technology.
US public diplomacy in the Asia Pacific: Opportunities and challenges in a time of transition

This paper assesses policy-setting for US public diplomacy in a regional context that has received little scrutiny in recent debates on US public diplomacy: the Asia Pacific. The garnering of soft power and diplomatic consensus through public diplomacy should be regarded as an important platform for US foreign policy in the region, given Washington's extensive strategic and economic interests in the Asia Pacific, and because the region is currently undergoing considerable structural changes that suggest that hard power alone will not be sufficient to secure Washington's desired outcomes. This paper has four sections. First, I survey contemporary debates on US public diplomacy and the global setting in which US public diplomacy operates. I then outline the three key components of US public diplomacy, emphasising how key initiatives pertain to the Asia Pacific context. The third section examines the bureaucratic structures through which US public diplomacy initiatives are designed and implemented. Finally, I provide an outlook on the future of US public diplomacy in the Asia Pacific in the context of regional geopolitical transitions, emphasising the potential contribution of public diplomacy to US interests in the years ahead.
Current and future applications of robotic gynecologic surgery

Robotic gynecologic surgery is the natural evolution in technology to facilitate minimally invasive access surgery. This technology has the potential to expand the scope of complex procedures performed by laparoscopy. The main advantages of the approach are the 3D image that give the gynecologist depth perception and the ability to have movement at the instrument tip that resembles the human wrist. However, there are no randomized clinical trials that validate this technology. This article will give an overview of the instrumentation available and evaluate the case series that provide insight into the future potential of this emerging field of robotics.
Kindergarten readiness after prematurity: Integrating health, development, and behavioral functioning to optimize educational outcomes of vulnerable children

In the past 20 years, many advances (e.g., maternal steroids and surfactant) have changed the course of neonatal medicine. As a result, extremely preterm infants survive medical complications that were previously fatal. Once they are discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit, preterm infants may continue to experience a spectrum of medical and developmental challenges, and their families are faced with the potentially daunting task of nurturing a vulnerable child. Families may be referred to multiple systems of care, including primary care physicians, pediatric subspecialists, and early intervention services. The ultimate goal for preterm infants is to optimize their motor, communicative, social-emotional, and adaptive development as well as to promote their learning at home, at school, and in the community. As children transition to school, key indicators of their functional status include the amount of developmental, educational, habilitative, and behavioral supports they require to participate in learning activities with their peers. Success may be measured by whether preterm infants are ready for large-group learning with peers and the extent of supports required to make this important transition. The purpose of this review is to describe what is known about certain indicators of school readiness in preterm infants, including neurodevelopmental impairments, social-emotional skills, and social factors. We conclude with guidelines for using this transition as an important indicator of developmental trajectories that may help us to better understand risk and resilience in this vulnerable population of children.
The Long Wait For Medical Excellence

In October 1997 the book Demanding Medical Excellence: Doctors and Accountability in the Information Age provided a pathbreaking examination of the quality of American health care. It documented rampant medical error and the absence of evidence-based practice, highlighted the potential of electronic health records (EHRs), endorsed what is now known as value purchasing, and showed how patients could exert more control over their care. Although the book suggested that transformational change was imminent, sixteen years later little has changed in some areas (medical error), while in others (evidence-based medicine and population health) change is only now gaining momentum. The exception is technology, where incentives boosted EHR use and the Internet has made a vast array of information available to patients. Paradigm shifts are traumatic, and only recently has intense financial pressure made greater clinical accountability seem less painful than retaining the tradition of untrammeled autonomy. In hearing r...
A reduced-order discrete-time H-infinity norm bounding controller

Sufficient conditions to design a discrete-time reduced-order H/sub /spl infin// norm bounding controller using measurement feedback are given. The solution method is based on the bounded real lemma, and a novel approach involving matrix inequalities and repeated use of positive semi-definiteness preserving transformations. The result is given in the form of two design equations. The first is a Riccati equation fully decoupled from the second and can be solved directly using the Hamiltonian approach. The second design equation depends on the solution of the first and must be solved using an iterative technique based on the solution to a Riccati equation.
Seminal influences: Drosophila Acps and the molecular interplay between males and females during reproduction

Successful reproduction requires contributions from both the male and the female. In Drosophila, contributions from the male include accessory gland proteins (Acps) that are components of the seminal fluid. Upon their transfer to the female, Acps affect the female's physiology and behavior. Although primary sequences of Acp genes exhibit variation among species and genera, the conservation of protein biochemical classes in the seminal fluid suggests a conservation of functions. Bioinformatics coupled with molecular and genetic tools available for Drosophila melanogaster has expanded the functional analysis of Acps in recent years to the genomic/proteomic scale. Molecular interplay between Acps and the female enhances her egg production, reduces her receptivity to remating, alters her immune response and feeding behavior, facilitates storage and utilization of sperm in the female and affects her longevity. Here, we provide an overview of the D. melanogaster Acps and integrate the results from several studies that bring the current number of known D. melanogaster Acps to 112. We then discuss several examples of how the female's physiological processes and behaviors are mediated by interactions between Acps and the female. Understanding how Acps elicit particular female responses will provide insights into reproductive biology and chemical communication, tools for analyzing models of sexual cooperation and/or sexual conflict, and information potentially useful for strategies for managing insect pests.
Ensuring accurate knowledge of prematurity outcomes for prenatal counseling.

Objectives. To determine the accuracy of knowledge of different health care providers regarding survival and long-term morbidity rates for very premature infants and to examine whether a focused educational intervention improves the accuracy of this knowledge and influences health care decisions. Methods. Using hypothetical case scenarios with infants at ≤28 weeks of gestation, we surveyed a variety of caregivers involved in perinatal communication and decision-making processes at a tertiary center that provides intensive care for neonates. We asked physicians from the pediatrics and obstetrics services and nurses and nurse practitioners from the NICU and obstetrics ward for their best estimates of survival and major long-term disability rates and for their opinions regarding the appropriateness of resuscitation and life support at each week of gestation of Results. Fifty-one health care providers were involved in the baseline survey. The response rates for the postintervention survey were 100% for physicians (20 of 20 subjects) and nurses (20 of 20 subjects) and 91% (10 of 11 subjects) for the nurse practitioners. In the baseline survey, statistically significant underestimates of survival rates were seen for physicians and nurses at 23 to 28 weeks of gestation and for nurse practitioners at 23 to 27 weeks of gestation. Statistically significant overestimates of disability rates were seen for physicians and nurse practitioners at ≤26 weeks of gestation and for nurses at ≤28 weeks of gestation. After the intervention, respondents demonstrated significant improvements in the accuracy of survival and disability estimates at many, but not all, gestational ages. Although underestimation of survival rates and overestimation of disability rates decreased after the intervention, it persisted to some degree. After the intervention, a larger proportion of physicians (53% vs 21%) and a smaller proportion of nurses (10% vs 37%) were likely to recommend resuscitation for infants born at 23 weeks of gestation. Conclusions. Physicians, nurses, and nurse practitioners underestimated survival rates and overestimated long-term disability rates for very premature infants. After education, their estimates of survival and long-term disability rates for these infants improved significantly. More accurate estimates of survival and disability rates affected physicians9 and nurses9 theoretical decision-making regarding the appropriateness of resuscitation at 23 weeks of gestation.
Seedling recruitment factors in low‐diversity Hawaiian wet forest: towards global comparisons among tropical forests

Seed arrival and habitat conditions (i.e., seed limitation and establishment limitation) are the primary drivers of community assembly in tropical forests. Several hypotheses make contradictory predictions for how the relative importance of these two drivers should vary with diversity. Particularly little is known of recruitment limitations in the regeneration of low diversity tropical forest. We quantified seed limitation, establishment limitation, seedling limitation, source limitation, dispersal limitation, and habitat associations using 2.5 years of seed rain and seedling distribution data collected within a 4-ha forest dynamics plot in extremely low diversity native-dominated Hawaiian wet forest. As a first approximation, we compared seedling recruitment limitations and the frequency of habitat associations across forests using the few available published data from high-diversity tropical forests employing similar methods and analyses. In Hawaiian wet forest, the relative importance of limitations varied greatly among species. Seed dispersal more strongly determined seedling recruitment than did establishment limitation across species, with 11 of 18 species completely seed limited (i.e., no seeds found). However, the most abundant species, Metrosideros polymorpha, was not seed limited, and regeneration of the three species with the highest seed production and dispersal was more strongly limited by habitat than seed arrival. Notably, although habitat associations may indicate niche specialization, Hawaiian species showed both significant habitat associations and niche overlap. On average across communities, seed and establishment limitations were strikingly similar across the three tropical forests compared, despite wide variations in diversity. Within all forests, species differed strongly in recruitment limitations, due to differences in species life history characteristics. Notably, while seed limitation in Hawaiian forests may be comparable to high-diversity tropical forests, the mechanisms driving this limitation may be different; i.e., loss of pollinators and dispersers and/or high seed predation, instead of the higher proportion of rare species that leads to high seed limitation in forests with greater diversity. Our first comparisons across forests indicated that the extent of habitat associations may be greater in lower-diversity forest, consistent with theory that proposes that lower species diversity increases the importance of habitat associations for community assembly.
A Contingency Study of the Relationship between Strategic Groups and Performance

Summarized in this study is a demonstration in 162 firms that selected strategic types are related to specific performance objectives. The findings are consistent among strategy groups and between high and low performing firms. This supports an argument that research into the relationship between strategy and performance must consider the performance objectives of the strategy under consideration.
Oesophageal motility defects associated with nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux on proton pump inhibitors

Background : Recent studies from our laboratory reveal that 70% of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on proton pump inhibitors twice daily (b.d.) have nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough (gastric pH 1 h) which is often accompanied by oesophageal acid exposure. The pathogenesis of GER during gastric acid breakthrough is not clear. Aim : To determine the prevalence of oesophageal motility abnormalities in patients with nocturnal GER associated with nocturnal acid breakthrough on proton pump inhibitor b.d. Methods : We reviewed the pH-metry and manometric studies of 100 consecutive patients with GERD who were on proton pump inhibitor b.d. pH tracings were analysed for the nocturnal period (10.00 hours until 06.00 hours). Nocturnal GER was defined as> 0.5% time distal oesophageal pH < 4. Manometric tracings were reviewed for lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and oesophageal body motility. Chi-squared and Fischer’s test were used for statistical analysis. Results : Of the 100 patients, 74 (74%) had nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Thirty-one (42%) had concurrent abnormal nocturnal GER (refluxers) and 43 out of 74 (58%) had no GER (non-refluxers). The prevalence of ineffective oesophageal motility, and low LES pressure was significantly higher in refluxers than in non-refluxers (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Ineffective-oesophageal motility has a high specificity (91%), but low sensitivity (45%) as a diagnostic predictor for patients who are more likely to develop nocturnal GER on proton pump inhibitor b.d. Conclusion : Ineffective oesophageal motility is a risk factor for proton pump inhibitor refractory GER.
First results of proton injection commissioning of the AGS booster synchrotron

Beam performance results for the injection phase of proton beam commissioning of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) booster synchrotron are presented. The beam from the 200 MeV LINAC is transported through a new beam line into the booster. This LINAC-to-booster (LTB) beam line includes a 126 degrees bend and brings the injected beam onto the Booster injection orbit through the backleg of a main-ring dipole magnet. Transfer of the beam from the LINAC to the booster, the spiralling beam, and closing of the orbit in the booster ring are discussed. Injection and transport through one sector of the ring were accomplished. >
Early adolescents as publics: A national survey of teens with social media accounts, their media use preferences, parental mediation, and perceived Internet literacy

Abstract This article explores early adolescents’ media channel use to better understand early adolescents as a public relations public. The article offers the results of a national panel survey of early adolescents in sixth to eighth grades ( N = 354) who have social media accounts. Our analysis shows that adolescents say that they spend more time with television than they do with social media. In addition, adolescents are more likely to observe what other people post on social media than they are to engage in posting information themselves. Data also indicate that even though parents may place limits on adolescents’ social media use, these limits may drive use of other forms of media and limits are not associated with less social media use compared with adolescents whose parents do not place as many limits on their social media use. Ethical and practical implications for public relations practitioners are offered.
Chromatin, DNA Methylation, RNAi and Epigenetic Regulation

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of maize gene expression is proving to be important in many aspects of maize biology. The dramatic growth of research in this area has yielded exciting new discoveries which have enhanced our understanding of gene regulation in maize, and have linked previously diverse phenomena to central underlying mechanisms. In this review, I provide a summary of genes considered to function in chromatin-based transcriptional control of gene expression, in post-transcriptional gene silencing, and which link RNA molecules to heritable states of expression. Information from maize, or most relevant to maize, is cataloged according to gene families and groups. The topic area is too broad to provide a thorough synthesis for any gene family or pathway, but the review should allow the reader an entry point to access most maize information on this topic.
Diffraction of Waves by Shore-Connected Breakwater

The diffraction diagrams commonly used by coastal engineers to determine the shelter afforded by a shore-connected breakwater are generally based upon Sommerfeld’s exact solution, with only limited experimental data to define the range of applicability. In order to establish this range more precisely, wave-height distributions in the shadow-zone of an impermeable shore-connected breakwater, 30-ft (9-m) in length, were measured in a large hydraulic-model basin and compared to Sommerfeld’s solution. The influence of a wave-splitter plate and energy dissipation on the structure were studied in experiments with the wave generator running continuously and also intermittently (stop-start). Detailed diffraction profiles were obtained both near the structure and at great distances, as far as 22 wavelengths from the breakwater. Long-crested regular waves were generated and found to be significantly non-uniform in height along the 65-ft (19.5-m) crest line under all conditions.
A New Hybrid of Asimina (Annonaceae) Based on Morphological and Ecological Data

ABSTRACT Two species of the genus Asimina (Annonaceae), A. triloba and A. parviflora, are well known to occur in South Carolina. Recent work investigating variation in leaf size, flower morphology, and habitat of Asimina in the state shows that a hybrid between the two species exists. The differences in the three taxa are best related to growth form, peduncle length, and outer petal length and width. This new hybrid, Asimina × piedmontana, is hereby described and distinguished from both parents.
Response to the Ingersoll Lecture by a Theologian

Birth and death are the most elemental symbols of the mystery we are to ourselves. Birth: the original moment of creativity through which new life comes into being with all the potentialities for joy and sorrow and meaning which we know to be most deeply human. Death: the dissolution and passing away, and even violent destruction, of all of this, disappearing forever from human consciousness. Events of such importance can never be left by men to lie undisturbed in their bare facticity: they will be elaborated and interpreted in myth and theory; they will be transformed in their character and their import for human life by deliberate techniques of control, as well as by the more unconscious impact of long established custom and practice. There are no obvious criteria for deciding what is significant and what is true, what is right and good, with regard to such events. The most we can do, perhaps, is formulate a negative criterion: above all, with events of such real and such symbolic import for human life, we want to avoid serious illusion or delusion.
Modernization and Capability Investigation of the MATRIX Electromagnetic Pump Analysis Code

AbstractElectromagnetic (EM) pumps are a major component in the safe operation of liquid metal—cooled nuclear reactors and can also be used in any other application in which a conductive fluid is being pumped through a system. During the design of an EM pump, it is useful to model its operating characteristics for pump sizing, flow capabilities, and other design checks. The EM pump analysis code known as MATRIX is a prime example of a tool that can be used for such pump modeling. This paper introduces the modernization and capability investigation efforts completed on MATRIX. An output data comparison of the modernized code is made between both the legacy code and the measured EM pump. Further improvement of MATRIX through data analysis and flow correction techniques is explained.
A Survey on Anxiety and Depression within Patients after Coronary Artery Intervention

Objective To study the conditions of anxiety and depression in patients after interventional procedures via transradial approach,as well as relevant risk factors,so as to provide theoretical basis for psychological intervention.Methods All 65 patients diagonosed as coronary heart disease are included,ZUNG self rating anxiety scale(SAS)and self rating depression scale(SDS)are used.Results The SDS scores of patients with the coronary heart disease before and after interventional procedures via yransradial approach were 35.71±9.61 and 32.34±8.50,respectively.The SAS scores were 35.35±8.62 and 31.94±6.48,respectively,which was not different from domestic regular scores.The incidence of depression and anxiety before and after procedure were 7.7%、4.6%;6.2%、3.1%.Conclusion Although the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary heart disease before and after coronary artery interventional procedures via transradial approach is lower than previous study.It is important for the performance of operation when patients are treated for anxiety and depression with psychological intervention.
Effects of nonanticoagulant heparin on cardiovascular and hepatocellular function after hemorrhagic shock.

Although heparinization of animals before hemorrhage improves cell and organ function, the potent anticoagulant activity of conventional heparin sodium precludes its potential clinical use. To determine whether a novel nonanticoagulant heparin, GM1892, would have any beneficial effects on cardiovascular and hapatocellular functions and would decrease susceptibility to sepsis after hemorrhage, laparotomy was performed on rats (i.e., trauma induced), after which they were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of maximal bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate solution (RL). The rats were then resuscitated with three times the volume of shed blood with RL over 45 min, followed by infusion of two times RL plus GM1892 (7 mg/kg body wt; approximately 2% the anticoagulant activity of regular heparin) of saline over 60 min. At 2 and 4 h after the completion of resuscitation, cardiac output, hepatocellular function, and microvascular blood flow were determined. The results indicated that cardiac output, hepatocellular function, and microvascular blood flow in the liver, spleen, and small intestine decreased significantly after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Administration of GM1892, however, restored these parameters. The morphological abnormality observed after hemorrhage in the liver, kidney, and small gut was also attenuated with GM1892 treatment. Moreover, GM1892 normalized the elevated plasma prostaglandin E2 levels. Sepsis was induced in additional rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after hemorrhage, and the necrotic cecum was excised 10 h thereafter. GM1892 treatment significantly decreased mortality after CLP and cecal excision. Thus GM1892 appears to be a useful adjunct to fluid resuscitation, since it restores the depressed cardiovascular responses and decreases susceptibility to sepsis after trauma and hemorrhage.
Hereditary Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma

Paragangliomas (PGLs) and pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which predominantly occur in the head and neck. They can be part of a syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL). Hereditary PGLs/PCCs are caused by molecular defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, also known as the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, which contains protein subunits and assembly factors encoded by the nuclear genes, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, and SDHAF2. This chapter focuses on molecular mechanisms, available clinical molecular tests, interpretation of test results, and the clinical utility of molecular testing for hereditary PGL/PCC caused by mutations in the SDH genes. In general, diagnosis can be achieved by immunohistochemical studies of tumors, sequence analysis of SDH genes in germline cells and tumor tissues, and detection of large heterozygous deletions or duplications by microarray-based technology. Detailed clinical evaluation and family history are vital to appropriate prioritization of the diagnostic testing and for interpretation of test results.