cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increase of core biopsies in visceral organs–experience at one institution

All targeted core biopsies in the surgical pathology file and all cytology specimens from liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas accessioned in 1997, 2002, and 2007 in the Pathology Department at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, were culled. Cytology specimen type [touch imprint smear (TIS) from core-only, fine-needle aspiration (FNA)-only, or both] was determined. Seven hundred and fifty-eight targeted core biopsies were identified from the years 1997 (162), 2002 (249), and 2007 (347). Eight hundred and seventy-eight cytology specimens from the years 1997 (127), 2002 (264), and 2007 (487) were included. The overall percentage of TIS-only of all cytology specimens increased from 5.5 to 31% in 10 years and most prominently in the liver (14% in 1997 to 87% in 2007). In spite of the increasing use of core biopsies, the volume of cytology specimens from these organs increased from 127 in 1997 to 487 in 2007. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of δ 13 C and δ 15 N and trophic fractionation in jellyfish: implications for food web ecology

Application of stable isotope analysis (SIA) in jellyfish allows definition of trophic patterns not detectable using gut content analysis alone, but analytical protocols require standardization to avoid bias in interpreting isotopic data. We determined δ13C and δ15N in Aurelia sp. from the northern Gulf of Mexico (30°00′N, 89°00′W–30°24′N, 88°00′W) to define differences in stable isotope composition between body parts and whole body, the effect of lipid extraction on δ13C in tissues, and fractionation values from medusa to prey. The isotopic composition of bell and whole Aurelia sp. was not different. The increase in δ13C values after lipid removal suggested a correction is needed. To aid future analyses, we derived a correction equation from empirical data for jellyfish samples. Laboratory feeding experiments indicated medusae increased +4 ‰ in δ13C and +0.1 ‰ in δ15N compared to their diet. These results suggest protocols commonly applied for other species may be inaccurate to define Aurelia sp. trophic ecology. Because Aurelia spp. are commonly found in marine ecosystems, accurately defining their trophic role by use of SIA has implications for understanding marine food webs worldwide.
Coupling between mutually orthogonal slot antennas covered by an overdense plasma sheath

Measurements of the isolation between mutually orthogonal slot antennas on the surface of a metal cone covered by an overdense plasma sheath are presented. The measurements show that the isolation is essentially the same for small and large input powers and independent of the antenna used as the transmitter. The results also show that the coupling between antennas is greater in the presence of the plasma sheath.
Porous lithium imidazolate frameworks constructed with charge-complementary ligands.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on 4-connected nodes are of special interest because of their zeolite-like topologies and open architectures.[1–2] A fundamental structural feature of zeolite topology is tetrahedral nodes (e.g., Si4+) crosslinked by a bicoordinated bridge (e.g., O2− as in SiO2). This bonding feature can be emulated by metal cations (or clusters) and organic crosslinking ligands. Until now, several metallic elements (e.g., Zn, Cd, and In) have been found to generate zeolite-like MOFs including zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and indium-based ZMOFs.[3–6] The replacement of these transition (or post-transition) metals with lightweight main group metals (e.g., Li, Mg, and Al) has potential to produce a lower framework density, which is desirable for enhancing gravimetric energy storage capacity of gas storage materials. In the past several years, the synthesis of MOFs based on lightweight metals has attracted much attention with the greatest successes being achieved in Mg- and Al-MOFs.[7–8] Nevertheless, to date, the framework based on only 4-connected lithium nodes remains unknown, even though Li-containing boron imidazolate frameworks and frameworks containing Li-O clusters or chains are known.[9]
Materials in Nuclear Waste Disposition

Commercial nuclear energy has been used for over 6 decades; however, to date, none of the 30+ countries with nuclear power has opened a repository for high-level waste (HLW). All countries with nuclear waste plan to dispose of it in metallic containers located in underground geologically stable repositories. Some countries also have liquid nuclear waste that needs to be reduced and vitrified before disposition. The five articles included in this topic offer a cross section of the importance of alloy selection to handle nuclear waste at the different stages of waste processing and disposal.
High Sodium Chloride Diets Injure Arteries and Raise Mortality Without Changing Blood Pressure

High NaCl diets often increase blood pressure and thereby accelerate lesions in arterial walls. Could high NaCl diets increase arterial lesions without raising blood pressure? To test this, 100 uninephrectomized Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats (highly resistant to NaCl hypertension) were administered deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) (250 mg/kg) in silicone implants and drinking water containing 1% NaCl for 6 weeks. Then the DOCA and saline were removed, and the rats were allowed to recover for 4 weeks. Intra-arterial mean blood pressures on all rats allowed division of the rats into two matched groups, each group with an average blood pressure of 160 mm Hg. One group continued on a 0.3% NaCl diet, whereas the other group began an 8% NaCl diet for 8 weeks. After 5 weeks on these two diets, the intra-arterial blood pressure averaged 158 mm Hg in both groups. Thus, the 8% NaCl diet produced no further increase in blood pressure in the DR rats. Nevertheless, after 8 weeks on the 8% NaCl diet, 53% of the rats (26 of 49) had died; whereas in the group on the 0.3% NaCl diet, not one rat (0 of 51) had died (p less than 0.000001). After 7 more weeks on the 8% NaCl diet, all the rats in this group had died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-School Exit Examinations and the Schooling Decisions of Teenagers: Evidence From Regression-Discontinuity Approaches

We examine whether barely failing one or more state-mandated high school exit examinations in Massachusetts affects the probability that students enroll in college. We extend the exit examination literature in two ways. First, we explore longer term effects of failing these tests. We find that barely failing an exit examination, for students on the margin of passing, reduces the probability of college attendance several years after the test. Second, we explore potential interactions that arise because students must pass exit examinations in both mathematics and English language arts in order to graduate from high school. We adopt a variety of regression-discontinuity approaches to address situations where multiple variables assign individuals to a range of treatments; some of these approaches enable us to examine whether the effect of barely failing one examination depends on student performance on the other. We document the range of causal effects estimated by each approach. We argue that each approach presents opportunities and limitations for making causal inferences in such situations and that the choice of approach should match the question of interest.
Estimating Movement of Ground Water from a Pond or Large‐Radius Conduit

Evaluation of ground-water exchange between ponds or large-radius conduits and surrounding aquifers is a common problem in contaminant migration studies. Analytic solutions are useful tools for this evaluation, particularly when the system is incompletely characterized. Solutions are derived below for application to ponds, lakes, and natural or artificial conduits with a known discharge/recharge flux. General features of migration in this setting are determined by the ratio of pond flux (source/sink) to regional flux crossing the pond boundary. When this ratio is large (pond dominates) the effect of the pond is indistinguishable from a well. At intermediate values, movement from the pond against the regional flow is inhibited, and discharge plumes are shifted downgradient relative to those for a well. At small ratios only a narrow plume will emerge from the downgradient side of a discharging pond, considerably narrower but longer than predicted for a well of the same strength.
Neuroregulatory activities and potassium enhancement of lateral ctenidial beating in Crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. 1. Lateral ciliary activity was studied on the ctenidium of the oyster (Crassostrea virginica. 2. 2. The addition of potassium in excess of 50 mM is cilioexcitatory. 3. 3. Cilioexcitation caused by low frequency (10 Hz) electrical stimulation was enhanced in the presence of potassium but inhibited with bromolysergic acid. 4. 4. High frequency (50 Hz) electrical stimulation produced a cilioinhibition which could be blocked by potassium and phenoxybenzamine. 5. 5. After transaction of the branchial nerve, the yellow-fluorophore (serotonergic varicosities) and the cilioexcitatory effect of potassium are gradually eliminated. 6. 6. This study investigates the potassium effect on ciliary activity. The effect increases with low frequency and decreases with high frequency nerve stimulation.
Eulerian kinematics of flow through spatially periodic models of porous media

For spatially periodic models of porous media, and incompressible fluids, we consider here in detail thephysical interpretation of averaged velocity fields in terms of a purely continuum-level Eulerian seepage flux relation involving the mass flow across an arbitrarily oriented ‘macroscale’ surface element. We prove that the appropriately averaged microscale velocities do indeed satisfy a macroscale Eulerian flux relation (albeit to some approximation), provided that the surface ‘element’ is large compared with the pore lengthscale (microscale). A quantitative discussion of an ‘intermediate scale’ (lying between the pore scale and a characteristic macroscale) is achieved through the use of locally periodic velocity fields. Within the context of seepage velocity kinematics, our developments provide a conceptual foundation that renders continuum theories of flow of incompressible fluids through (periodic) porous media entirely selfcontained on the macroscale—free from any details of the discrete microscale structure (inaccessible to macroscopic observers) from which this continuum theory sprang. The error bounds and scaling laws derived are of special interest when the macroscale/microscale disparity is not very ‘wide’. With reference to current rational mechanical theories of ‘immiscible mixtures,’ our analysis provides aconstructive existence proof, at least for periodic models of porous media, for phase-specific velocities; heretofore, such velocities were usually accepted, in a Lagrangian sense, on an axiomatic basis. Thus, clarification and quantification of thekinematical aspects of the continuum hypothesis for certain classes of multiphase systems can be effecteda priori by our arguments, independently of any subsequent macroscaledynamical modelling. Our analysis, whereby we systematically proceed from a discrete picture of the underlying geometry to a purely continuum picture, may be likened to that achieved in classical statistical mechanics. As in that case, we hope that the general results obtained transcend the underlying discrete (i.e. spatially periodic) model of the subcontinuum structure.
Active optimal optical filtering of wavelengths for increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic modules

Filtering the wavelengths that do not generate electricity and the wavelengths that generate heat more than photonic current would reduce the photovoltaic (PV) module temperature and accordingly enhances its efficiency. In previous work, a wavelength-based thermoelectrical model for PV modules is proposed and experimentally characterized and validated. In this work, the model is used to investigate the effect of active optical filtering on the module temperature and output power. The simulation results show that the optimal active optical filtration of the ultraviolet wavelengths increases the module efficiency by about 1% in some cases.
Characterization of a Chondroitin Sultate Proteoglycan Associated with Regeneration in Goldfish Optic Tract

Regeneration of goldfish optic nerve axons is accompanied by a major increase in axonally transported proteoglycans (21). To identify specific proteoglycans increased during regeneration, we have used proteoglycan preparations from regenerating goldfish optic tracts to produce monoclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis shows a 28-kD antigen reacting with our 1G4/G5 antibody is present in optic tract 21 days after nerve crush, but absent in nonregenerating tract. Treatment with chondroitinase AC removes IG4/G5 immunostaining of the 28-kD molecule. An anti-CS antibody further confirmed this molecule as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. A slightly smaller core protein following chondroitinase AC treatment indicates a low level of glycosylation. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of its core protein is not similar to any known proteoglycans. The CSPG sediments through 1.4 M sucrose, indicative of an extracellular matrix localization. It is expressed during the outgrowth of regenerating axons. Cut nerve and retinal explant studies demonstrate that the 1G4/G5 CSPG is not axonal, suggesting a glial localization.
Use of orthogonalized-plane-wave bands and wave functions in the calculation of acoustic deformation potentials

The scattering of electrons by acoustic phonons in an InSb-like semiconductor has been shown previously to be influenced strongly by the symmetry of the electronic wave function near the conduction-band minimum. In this work we show how to extract values of the acoustic "deformation potentials" ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ from the self-consistent relativistic orthogonalized-plane-wave claculations for InSb and InAs. With their use one can compute the energy dependence of the electronic scattering.
Gaussian relaxation method. I. Homopolar tetrahedral solids

We present a method for extending an empirical tight-binding theory to the calculation of densities of states of very large but finite systems. We also derive a set of bond-centered analytic wave functions which can be used to obtain realistic energy-dependent charge densities from a tight-binding calculation. As an example, we apply the method to a model homopolar tetrahedral solid representative of Ge.
Identification of multiple oscillation states of carbon nanotube tipped cantilevers interacting with surfaces in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Follow this and additional works at:http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/nanopubPart of theApplied Mechanics Commons,Dynamics and Dynamical Systems Commons,Engineering Mechanics Commons,Mechanics of Materials Commons,Nanoscience andNanotechnology Commons,Other Mechanical Engineering Commons, and theTribologyCommons
Toughening response of a crack-tip surrounded by a local elastic gradient

The healing process exhibited by biological structures has inspired the creation of engineered materials capable of impeding crack propagation. Furthermore, recent observation of local elastic modification at the crack-tip has shown drastic improvement in the fracture behavior of materials. By taking advantage of the highly temperature dependent elastic properties of a thermo-responsive shape memory polyurethane, an annular elastic gradient around the crack-tip is created by applying thermal energy. A large reduction (∼95% decreases) in the stress intensity factor is obtained. To fully understand the toughening mechanism, finite element and micromechanics models are created to simulate fracture behavior of a compact tension specimen with local property modification of thermo-responsive polymers at the crack-tip. The modeling results are validated through the use of a digital image correlation technique which can be utilized to provide the stress intensity factor at the crack-tip, confirming the toughening mechanism and the accuracy of the models.
Patterns of Resource Use by a Drosophilid (Diptera) Leaf Miner on a Native Crucifer

Distribution and damage of Scaptomyza nigrita Wheeler on its host (bittercress, Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray), a native perennial crucifer, were examined over two growing seasons in relation to leaf position. Concentrations of defensive compounds (glucosinolates) and of nutritive compounds (total nitrogen, free amino acids, soluble carbohydrates) were also examined. The fly-host plant relationship was studied in sun and shade habitats at two sites. Oviposition and leaf-mining damage were concentrated on the lower central leaves of a stem in both habitats. These mature leaves have lower glucosinolate concentrations than new leaves. Adult densities and larval feeding damage were consistently and significantly greater on plants in the sun than on those in the shade. Higher S. nigrita densities in the sun habitat and slightly higher soluble carbohydrate concentrations in sun leaves at the beginning of the growing season, rather than variation in defensive glucosinolate levels, are the most likely mechanisms determining higher levels of leaf mining on host plants in the sun habitat.
A binary instrumentation tool for the Blackfin processor

While a large number of program profiling and instrumentation tools have been developed to support hardware and software analysis on general purpose systems, there is a general lack of sophisticated tools available for embedded architectures. Embedded systems are sensitive to performance bottlenecks, memory leaks, and software inefficiencies. There is a growing need to develop more sophisticated profiling and instrumentation tools in this rapidly growing design space.In this paper we describe, DSPInst, a binary instrumentation tool for the Analog Device's Blackfin family of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). DSPInst provides for fine-grained control over the execution of programs. Instrumentation tool users are able to gain transparent access to the processor and memory state at instruction boundaries, without perturbing the architected program state. DSPInst provides a platform for building a wide range of customized analysis tools at an instruction level granularity. To demonstrate the utility of this toolset, we provide an example analysis and optimization tool that performs dynamic voltage and frequency scaling to balance performance and power.
An unexpected source of Russian neo-Kantianism: Alexander Vvedensky and Lobachevsky's Geometry

It has long been a commonplace that Kant's philosophy was rela tively unimportant in Russia, the land of Schelling and Hegel par excellence. Kant's ideas, it seems, did not keep the youth of Moscow and St. Petersburg in the 1840s up until all hours, delaying dinner for the sake of discussing the possibility of synthetic a priori judg ments. The importance of Kant for Russian thought at the close of the nineteenth century, in contrast, is both undeniable and the object of increasing scholarly attention. Kant's influence, it turns out, can be felt not only among those who explicitly identified themselves as Kantians or Neo-Kantians, but among writers, poets, social thinkers, and religious philosophers. All the same, it seems peculiar that the reception of Kant, whose ideas Vladimir Solov'?v considered "the single main turning point in the history of human thought,"1 should occur so late in Russia almost a century after the philosopher's death. In the present essay, I would like to look at the ideas of the leading exponent of Neo-Kantianism at St. Petersburg University, Alexander Vvedensky, in the larger context of Russian Kantian ism. Vvedensky (1856-1925) is practically identified with Russian academic Neo-Kantianism at the turn of the century; his interpre tation of Kant was immensely influential for an entire generation of students. I would like to suggest that, indeed, the story of Kant in Russia is less simple, and rather more engaging, than the above sketch indicates; Vvedensky's philosophy points to a more compli cated, "homegrown" context of the renewed interest in Kant in the 1890s.
Ecological and Socioeconomic Correlates of Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Consumption among African-American Boys☆

Background. Investigators have reported that the availability of foods in local grocery stores correlated with consumption when using large geopolitical units of analysis, e.g., zip codes. Associations across smaller geopolitical units, e.g., census tracts, have not been tested, nor has this work focused on restaurant availability, child consumption, or specific ethnic groups. Methods. This study examined whether median family income and fruit, juice, and vegetable (FJV) availability in grocery stores, restaurants, and homes in 11 census tracts correlated with FJV consumption among 11- to 14-year-old African-American Boy Scouts. FJV consumption was measured in 90 scouts using two 24-h food recalls. Instruments were developed to measure the availability of FJV at area grocery stores, restaurants, and homes where troop members resided. Results. Median household income (from 1990 census) was significantly correlated with restaurant fruit availability. Significant correlations were found between restaurant juice and vegetable availability and Boy Scout reported consumption of juice and vegetables. Conclusion. Census tract may be a useful unit when studying restaurant, but not grocery store, FJV availability. Within a census tract, restaurant FJV availability may be a significant target for community intervention and process evaluation.
SEPARATION POINTS ON A CYLINDER IN OSCILLATING FLOW

Experiments were performed in a U-shaped oscillating-flow tunnel, with fixed smooth and rough circular cylinders, to determine the circumferential as well as spanwise excursion of the separation points for representative values of the governing parameters. Differential-pressure probes (sublayer fences), flushmount hot film sensors, and flow visualisation were used to determine the instantaneous positions of the separation points. Subsequently, small smooth cylinders, oscillating in water otherwise at rest, and two types of flow visualisation were used to obtain additional data. The results have shown that the separation points undergo large angular excursions during a given cycle, the degree of excursion depending primarily on the Reynolds number, Keulegan-Carpenter number, and the relative roughness. The separation data obtained in this investigation are expected to form the basis of related numerical studies in providing guidance for their formulation as well as comparison for their accuracy and validity.
The influence of neutron irradiation in FFTF on the microstructural and microchemical development of Mo 41Re at 470 730 °C

Abstract Specimens of Mo–41 wt% Re irradiated in the fast flux test facility (FFTF) experience significant and non-monotonic changes in density that arise first from radiation-induced segregation, leading to non-equilibrium phase separation, and second by progressive transmutation of Re to Os. As a consequence the density of Mo–41Re initially decreases and then increases thereafter. Beginning as a single-phase solid solution of Re and Mo, irradiation of Mo–41 wt% Re over a range of temperatures (470–730 °C) to 28–96 dpa produces a high density of thin platelets of a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase identified as a solid solution of Re, Os and possibly a small amount of Mo. These hcp precipitates are thought to form in the alloy matrix as a consequence of strong radiation-induced segregation to Frank loops. Grain boundaries also segregate Re to form the hcp phase, but the precipitates are much bigger and more equiaxed in shape. Although not formed at lower dose, continued irradiation at 730 °C leads to the co-formation of late-forming chi-phase, an equilibrium phase that then competes with the preexisting hcp phase for rhenium.
Process evaluation of the home performance with ENERGY STAR Program

The Home Performance with ENERGY STAR Program (HPwES) was established to promote a comprehensive, whole-house approach to retrofits. It is currently administered by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) after being jointly administered by DOE and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since the Program's inception in 1999. This paper presents the results of a process evaluation of the HPwES Program. Interviews were conducted with key federal Program administrators and a sample of sponsors and contractors responsible for implementing the Program in the field. The respondents describe a program whose success is largely dependent on the use of the ENERGY STAR brand and the flexibility given sponsors to tailor their programs to their specific contexts. It is recommended that the HPwES Program: evolve to better meet the needs of specific types of sponsors (e.g., utilities, public benefit funds); implement a national marketing campaign; create closer ties to other DOE programs (e.g., the Weatherization Assistance Program); and conduct research to better establish program energy savings impacts and awareness.
Dissociation between the effect of aceclidine on Outflow facility and accommodation

Abstract The dose/effect relationships for intracameral doses of aceclidine HCl and pilocarpine HCl on total facility of outflow and accommodative amplitude were compared in the cynomolgus monkey eye in vivo. The largest dose of aceclidine tested (20 μg), resulted in an average increase of 270% in outflow facility, whereas accommodation was limited to an average of 5 diopters. In contrast, 20 μg of intracameral pilocarpine (which is submaximal in increasing facility) resulted in an average of 19 diopters of accommodation. These results provide further evidence for a dissociation between the accommodative and outflow facility functions of the ciliary muscle.
Behavioral abnormalities are common and severe in patients with distal 22q11.2 microdeletions and microduplications.

We describe six individuals with microdeletions and microduplications in the distal 22q11.2 region detected by microarray. Five of the abnormalities have breakpoints in the low-copy repeats (LCR) in this region and one patient has an atypical rearrangement. Two of the six patients with abnormalities in the region between LCR22 D–E have hearing loss, which has previously been reported only once in association with these abnormalities. We especially note the behavioral/neuropsychiatric problems, including the severity and early onset, in patients with distal 22q11.2 rearrangements. Our patients add to the genotype–phenotype correlations which are still being generated for these chromosomal anomalies.
Metabolic disease drug discovery- "hitting the target" is easier said than done.

Despite the advent of new drug classes, the global epidemic of cardiometabolic disease has not abated. Continuing unmet medical needs remain a major driver for new research. Drug discovery approaches in this field have mirrored industry trends, leading to a recent increase in the number of molecules entering development. However, worrisome trends and newer hurdles are also apparent. The history of two newer drug classes—glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors—illustrates both progress and challenges. Future success requires that researchers learn from these experiences and continue to explore and apply new technology platforms and research paradigms.
Increased left ventricular diastolic chamber stiffness immediately after coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Objectives . The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and severity of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction immediately after coronary artery bypass surgery by utilizing simultaneous transesophageal echocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring. Background . Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction has been documented after coronary bypass surgery, but its measurement has been technically difficult to acquire and limited by dependence on loading conditions. Methods . End-diastolic pressure-area curves were constructed before and immediately after coronary bypass surgery in 20 patients. Transesophageal echocardiographic images at the mid-papillary level of the left ventricle and hemodynamic data were recorded. Volume status was manipulated to alter loading conditions, and muitiple measurements were taken at each loading condition. Results . Diastolic function worsened in all patients, as manifested by a postoperative leftward shift of the end-diastolic pressure-area curve. At a comparable preload, mean end-diastolic area ± SEM decreased by 15% from 17.6 ± 0.8 to 14.9 ± 0.8 cm 2 postoperatively (p = 0.0001). Conclusions . Left ventricular diastolic chamber stiffness frequently increases immediately after coronary artery bypass surgery. Simultaneous hemodynamic and transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring, through the construction of end-diastolic pressure-area curves, is a useful method to evaluate diastolic function and guide management after cardiac surgery.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE A.B. DEGREE

Author's summary.— This paper surveys the present language requirements of 100 representative collegiate institutions, the results being presented with respect to four main geographical divisions of the United States. A purely fact-finding report without recommendations.
Sticky bargained wages

Abstract A model is developed where wages are negotiated and wage rigidity arises naturally from the assumptions on the bargaining protocol. This result does not require any of the assumptions on risk aversion or informational asymmetry necessary for the other standard explanations of wage stickiness. Wage rigidity is obtained, even though compensations are bargained at the individual level and may be continuously renegotiated. Also, separations are privately efficient. Finally, the model leads to predictions that are consistent with empirical findings on cyclical employment variability at different skill levels, which is not the case for the standard models of wage rigidity.
Protein fragmentation due to slow highly charged ion impact

We present first results of experiments on the fragmentation of biomolecules using highly charged heavy ions. Fragmentation and modification of oligopeptides, such as dimerization and attachment of ionic salt components, have been observed by means of mass spectrometry. Plasmid DNA molecules were imaged with an atomic force microscope after ion irradiation and profound molecular damage was found.
P(450)/NADPH/O(2)- and P(450)/PhIO-catalyzed N-dealkylations are mechanistically distinct.

A high-valent iron-oxo species analogous to the compound I of peroxidases has been thought to be the activated oxygen species in P450-catalyzed reactions. Spectroscopic characterization of the catalytically competent iron-oxo species in iodosobenzene (PhIO)-supported model reactions and parallels between these model reactions and PhIO- and NADPH/O2-supported P450 reactions have been taken as strong evidence for this proposal. To support this proposal, subtle differences observed in regio- and chemoselectivities, isotope effects, and source of oxygen, etc., between NADPH/O2- and PhIO-supported P450 reactions have been generally attributed to reasons other than the mechanistic differences between the two systems. In the present study, we have used a series of sensitive mechanistic probes, 4-chloro-N-cyclopropyl-N-alkylanilines, to compare and contrast the chemistries of the NADPH/O2- and PhIO-supported purified CYP2B1 N-dealkylation reactions. Herein we present the first experimental evidence to demonstrate...
Nuclear data sheets for A = 129*

Abstract The literature pertaining to nuclei in the A = 129 mass chain has been examined and the experimental data summarized in the present compilation. A minimum of numerical data is included. Few definitive spin and parity assignments could be made. Decay data for 129Ba indicate the existence of two isomers with nearly equal half-lives. Using unpublished results, the compilers propose these to consist of the g.s., Jπ = 1/2+, and a level at 0.2771 MeV, Jπ = (11/2−). Efforts have been made to indicte apparent discrepancies in the data. The present compilation might serve as a basis for choosing definitive experiments to augment our knowledge of nuclei in this mass chain.
Exact solutions for some simple flows of an Oldroyd-B fluid

We present two simple but elegant solutions for the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid. First, we consider the flow past an infinite porous plate and find that the problem admits an asymptotically decaying solution in the case of suction at the plate, and that in the case of blowing it admits no such solution. Second, we study the longitudinal and torsional oscillations of an infinitely long rod of finite radius. The solutions are found in terms of Bessel functions.
Biomass and annual production of the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata in an oligotrophic softwater lake

SUMMARY. An extensive survey of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, was carried out by divers with SCUBA to assess the importance of the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata in this softwater lake ecosystem. Density (0.032 adults m−2), biomass (52 mg m−2 as dry organic matter) and annual production (6.4 mg m−2 as dry organic matter) of the mussel population are low when compared with results from other studies, corresponding with the general observation that mussels are scarce in soft, oligotrophic waters. We reject the traditional view that the low mussel density is a result of low calcium concentrations in Mirror Lake, and propose that mussel populations may be regulated by a scarcity of appropriate fish hosts in unproductive lakes. Elliptio complanata is probably not important in the metabolism or biochemistry of the Mirror Lake ecosystem.
Mobility-related function in older adults: Assessment with a 6-minute walk test☆☆☆★

Abstract Objective: To determine the usefulness of the 6-minute walk test as an integrated measure of mobility in older adults. Design: Observational study. Setting: Community centers and retirement homes in the Los Angeles area. Patients: Eighty-six older adults without significant disease. Interventions: None Main Outcome Measures: Assessments included the 6-minute walk, chair stands, standing balance, gait speed, body mass index, and self-reported physical functioning and general health perceptions. Results: One-week test-retest reliability of the 6-minute walk was .95. As hypothesized, the 6-minute walk distance was significantly greater for active than for inactive older adults ( p r = .67), standing balance ( r = .52), and gait speed ( r = -.73). It had a low correlation with body mass index ( r = −.07). The correlation of the 6-minute walk with self-reported physical functioning was .55, and its correlation with general health perceptions was .39. Self-report and performance measures explained 69% of the variance in 6-minute walk scores. Conclusions: The 6-minute walk test is reliable and is valid in relation to the performance and self-reported indicators of physical functioning tested in this study. It could serve as a useful integrated measure of mobility.
Preventing a Perm with TRPV3

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is instrumental for terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, hair morphogenesis, and maintenance of the skin barrier. Cheng et al. (2010) now demonstrate that the calcium-permeable channel TRPV3 is required for these EGFR-dependent functions.
American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest

The contact of cultures on the first frontiers the struggle of empires to control tyhe frontiers forging a frontier policy in the new nation Westward expansion - political controversy and popular culture moving West and making communities Indians and the enclosing frontier, 1860-90.
Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks: Cross- national Analyses, 1970-2008

In reaction to the disasters of the first half the 20th century and World War II, a dramatic world movement arose emphasizing the human rights of persons in global society. The contrast—celebrated ...
Dynamics of image formation by nerve cell assemblies

Masses of nerve cells that comprise the cerebral cortex have certain properties that promote the emergence of cooperative ensemble. These include the immense numbers of quasi-autonomous elements, the neurons, the high density of interconnections by axons and dendrites at synapses, the linear operations of temporal and spatial integration, and the regenerative nonlinearities of neural function. The ensemble differs from the “average neuron” in the way ice differs from an “average molecule” of water. The time and distance scales of macroscopic neural mass action are one to three orders of magnitude greater than the scales of microscopic neural action. The state variables are activity density functions distributed in both time and space, and the operations on the state variables differ from their homologs for single neurons. Analysis of the dynamics of a primitive form of cortex show that sensory information is encoded in macroscopic patterns of neural activity analogous to the way that temperature reflects kinetic energy of particles in a fluid. A key step of information processing depends on an orderly transition of a cortical neural mass from a quasi-equilibrium state to a limit cycle state and back again. The limit cycle activity serves as an operator on sensory input to abstract and generalize aspects of the input into pre-established categories, thereby creating information for further central processing.
The Chimpanzee's service economy: Food for grooming

Abstract Evidence is presented that the reciprocal exchange of social services among chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) rests on cognitive abilities that allow current behavior to be contingent upon a history of interaction. Food sharing within a captive colony of chimpanzees was studied by means of 200 food trials, conducted on separate daus over a 3-year period, in which 6,972 approaches occurred among the nine adults in the colony. The success rate of each adult, A, to obtain food from another adult, B, was compared with grooming interactions between A and B in the 2 hours prior to each food trial. The tendency of B to share with A was higher if A had groomed B than if A had not done so. The exchange was partner-specific, i.e., the effect of previous grooming on the behavior of food possessors was limited to the grooming partner. Grooming did not affect subsequent sharing by the groomer, only by the groomee. The effect of grooming was greatest for pairs of adults who rarely groomed. Nevertheless, the effect was general: 31 dyadic directions showed an increase in sharing following grooming, and only 11 a decrease. Food possessors actively resisted approaches by individuals who had not groomed them. After food trials there was a significant reduction of grooming by previous possessors towards those individuals with whom they had shared.
PIASy-Mediated Sumoylation of Yin Yang 1 Depends on Their Interaction but Not the RING Finger

As a multifunctional protein, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) has been demonstrated to regulate both gene expression and protein posttranslational modifications. However, gaps still exist in our knowledge of how YY1 can be modified and what the consequences of its modifications are. Here we report that YY1 protein can be sumoylated both in vivo and in vitro. We have identified lysine 288 as the major sumoylation site of YY1. We also discovered that PIASy, a SUMO E3 ligase, is a novel YY1-interacting protein and can stimulate the sumoylation of YY1 both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the effects of PIASy mutants on in vivo YY1 sumoylation correlate with the YY1-PIASy interaction but do not depend on the RING finger domain of PIASy. This regulation is unique to YY1 sumoylation because PIASy-mediated p53 sumoylation still relies on the integrity of PIASy, which is also true of all of the previously identified substrates of PIASy. In addition, PIASy colocalizes with YY1 in the nucleus, stabilizes YY1 in vivo, and differentially regulates YY1 transcriptional activity on different target promoters. This study demonstrates that YY1 is a target of SUMOs and reveals a novel feature of a SUMO E3 ligase in the PIAS family that selectively stimulates protein sumoylation independent of the RING finger domain.
Reasoning on Scientific Workflows

Scientific workflows describe the scientific process from experimental design, data capture, integration, processing, and analysis that leads to scientific discovery. Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) coordinate the management of wet lab tasks, samples, and instruments and allow reasoning on business-like parameters such as ordering (e.g., invoicing) and organization (automation and optimization) whereas workflow systems support the design of workflows in-silico for their execution. We present an approach that supports reasoning on scientific workflows that mix wet and digital tasks. Indeed, experiments are often first designed and simulated with digital resources in order to predict the quality of the result or to identify the parameters suitable for the expected outcome. ProtocolDB allows the design of scientific workflows that may combine wet and digital tasks and provides the framework for prediction and reasoning on performance, quality, and cost.
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) at treeline: a century of change in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA

During a repeat photography study quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) was observed invading conifer stands at treeline in the San Juan Mountains of south-western Colorado. Aspen tree core samples were collected from nine plots ranging in elevation from 3192 to 3547 m, and estimated dates of establishment of aspen were grouped into 10-year intervals for analysis. Estimated periods of establishment were compared with century-long climate data records to derive any correlations with aspen invasion. Other disturbance agents, such as fire and livestock grazing were also considered. Quantitative analysis of climate variables suggests that decreased mean spring precipitation and increased mean summer maximum temperature provide optimal conditions for aspen establishment. Episodes of invasion were non-synchronous, but all occurred after 1900, and are likely from seed germination, considered unusual in aspen. Different climate variables explain stand initiation from seed and subsequent peak establishment from vegetative reproduction. Long-term climate records indicate a general warming since the beginning of the 20th century and explain the continued invasion and persistence of aspen at treeline, resulting from asexual reproduction. Short-term climate records identify anomalously cool, moist years that explain rarely observed sexual reproduction in aspen.
A Behavioral Approach to Asset Pricing (a review)

Theoretical and quantitative in orientation, this book provides a thorough analysis of the sentiment factor, which stems from systematic errors committed by investors, as one of the major determinants of asset pricing in the behavioral approach.
Diffusions of innovations on deterministic topologies

In this paper, we are interested in modeling diffusion of innovations on social networks. We focus on a scenario where innovation emerges at a small number of nodes in the society, and each individual needs certain portion of his neighbors (thresholds) to adopt the innovation before he does so. We analyze the dynamics of the diffusion process under deterministic topologies and threshold values. We show that the diffusion process depends on both the topology and threshold values through so called coherent sets. We investigate several interesting topologies, and utilize coherent set argument to determine the behavior of the process on these topologies.
Fli-1 expression in mycosis fungoides.

Background: The Fli-1 transcription factor functions in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Its role in various neoplasms and its presence in lymphocytes suggest a link between Fli-1 dysregulation and the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides (MF). In this study, we further elucidate this possible link. Methods: Sections from archived specimens were stained using a polyclonal antibody against Fli-1. The percentage of nuclei showing Fli-1 expression was recorded. These were compared with reactive dermatoses. Results: All of the tumor stage lesions showed high levels of nuclear Fli-1 expression. Of plaque stage lesions, six of 12 (50%) showed the same intensity, while the remaining six of 12 varied significantly in their Fli-1 expression. The few patch stage lesions also showed varied expression. Conclusion: This study shows diffuse nuclear expression of Fli-1 in all tumor stage MF, whereas expression of this transcription factor varied widely in the early, epidermotropic stages. Although the numbers are too small to draw statistical significance, this study demonstrates an association between increased expression of Fli-1 and progression to tumor stage MF that merits further investigation. Additionally, the mixed expression of Fli-1 in the epidermotropic stages suggests that the role of Fli-1 in MF is related to neoplasia and not epidermotropism.
The ecology of Cytophaga–Flavobacteria in aquatic environments

Culture-dependent and -independent studies have found that prokaryotic assemblages are quite diverse in aquatic habitats and contain representatives of virtually all of the roughly 40 divisions of bacteria and the major archaeal groups found so far in the biosphere [1]. Fortunately, not all of these prokaryotic groups are abundant in the plankton nor important in all biogeochemical cycles. Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria dominate the prokaryotic biomass in surface waters, as Archaea appear to be abundant only in the plankton of the deep oceans [2]. Among the heterotrophic bacteria, the two most abundant groups are often the Proteobacteria and the subject of this review, the Cytophaga–Flavobacteria cluster (Table 1). View this table: 1 The relative abundance of the major heterotrophic bacterial groups in aquatic ecosystems, as determined by FISH with oligonucleotide probes This paper reviews recent studies that have applied molecular methods to examine uncultured Cytophaga–Flavobacteria in freshwaters and the oceans, with the ultimate goal of using this information to better understand the role of heterotrophic bacteria in carbon cycles and other biogeochemical processes. The importance of heterotrophic bacteria in biogeochemical processes is now well appreciated, but until recently geochemists and field-orientated microbial ecologists considered these microbes as if they were a single group, even though microbiologists have been accumulating for several years information about the taxonomic and phylogenetic make up (‘community structure’) of heterotrophic bacterial communities. Only recently, however, have microbial ecologists been able to link community structure with specific biogeochemical processes (‘function’) [3]. Here I summarize briefly our progress in these areas while discussing what we know about Cytophaga–Flavobacteria in aquatic habitats. This microbial group is a natural starting point because of its high abundance in many freshwater and marine systems. The Cytophaga–Flavobacteria cluster belongs to a diverse bacterial division that has been labeled differently over …