cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman crosstalk control in passive optical networks

We present a new solution to the Raman coupling problem in PON systems carrying sub-carrier modulated analog video. This is done by shaping the spectrum of the digital signals while maintaining the line signal format.
How inflammation modulates central nervous system vessel activation and provides targets for intervention--a personal perspective.

I here describe a line of research that grew out of studies of spinal cord–damaging decompression sickness, focused on the blood–endothelial interface, that was influenced by the local Shwartzman phenomenon, addressed innate immune and inflammatory mechanisms, and ultimately arrived at mucosal tolerance approaches to prevent stroke. Intranasal instillation of E-selectin is under development as a novel means of targeting immunomodulation to activating blood vessels within the vascular tree supplying the brain. The goal of this form of focused immunomodulation is to prevent recurrent strokes in patients that have previously suffered transient ischemic attacks or strokes.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a whole-arm translocation involving chromosomes 18 and 20 with α-satellite DNA probes: Detection of a centromeric DNA break?

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with α-satellite DNA probes was used to study whole-arm chromosome translocation products in a family in which the propositus was shown to have a monosomy 18p/trisomy 20p imbalance. By this approach, we show that the chromosome 18 α-satellite DNA block is split into 2 smaller units, whereas the chromosome 20 breakpoint is not included within the α-satellite DNA region. We found no evidence to suggest that this split α-satellite DNA region has reduced or impaired the function of the centromere or that it contributed to the phenotype of the propositus. The FISH technique critically demonstrated the involvement of a whole-arm translocation in this case and provided accurate identification of breakpoints, which was not possible with standard banding techniques. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sex-specific antidepressant effects of dietary creatine with and without sub-acute fluoxetine in rats

The potential role of metabolic impairments in the pathophysiology of depression is motivating researchers to evaluate the treatment efficacy of creatine, a naturally occurring energetic and neuroprotective compound found in brain and muscle tissues. Growing evidence is demonstrating the benefit of oral creatine supplements for reducing depressive symptoms in humans and animals. A novel question is whether dietary creatine, when combined with antidepressant drug therapy, would be more effective than either compound alone. To answer this question, four studies were conducted to investigate the behavioral effects of combined creatine and low-dose fluoxetine treatment using the forced swim test in male and female rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed powdered rodent chow supplemented with 0%, 2% or 4% w/w creatine monohydrate for 5 weeks. Rats were injected with fluoxetine (5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) or saline according to a sub-acute dosing schedule. Female rats maintained on a 4% creatine diet displayed antidepressant-like effects compared to non-supplemented females prior to fluoxetine treatment. In contrast, creatine did not alter behavior reliably in males. Following drug treatment and a second forced swim trial, the antidepressant-like profile of creatine remained significant only in females co-administered 5.0 mg/kg fluoxetine. Moreover, in females only, supplementation with 4% creatine produced a more robust antidepressant-like behavioral profile compared to either dose of fluoxetine alone. Estrous cycle data indicated that ovarian hormones influenced the antidepressant-like effects of creatine. Addressing the issue of sex differences in response to treatment may affect our understanding of creatine, its relationship with depressive behavior, and may lead to sex-specific therapeutic strategies.
EFFECT OF TRAINER'S PRESENCE AND RESPONSE-CONTINGENT FEEDBACK IN BIOFEEDBACK-RELAXATION TRAINING

The present study investigated the effects of a trainer's presence vs a trainer's absence on subject-controlled, response-contingent relaxation training. Ten college students each received either frontalis EMG biofeedback training with trainer present, biofeedback training with trainer absent or information/placebo control with a trainer present. The relaxation procedure included a .5-hr baseline session and five .5-hr. training sessions. Analysis indicated that the biofeedback groups showed greater within-session reduction of EMG activity than the control condition but did not differ from each other. Post-session EMG levels across training sessions showed a significant decrease for all three groups. However, the two biofeedback groups relaxed more across sessions than did the control group and the two biofeedback groups did not differ from each other. Subjective ratings showed that subjects in all conditions became more relaxed both within and across sessions. The results indicate that a trainer's presence is not crucial in facilitating subject-controlled, response-contingent relaxation training.
Stress-Modulated Growth, Residual Stress, and Vascular Heterogeneity

A simple phenomenological model is used to study interrelations between material properties, growth-induced residual stresses, and opening angles in arteries. The artery is assumed to be a thick-walled tube composed of an orthotropic pseudoelastic material. In addition, the normal mature vessel is assumed to have uniform circumferential wall stress, which is achieved here via a mechanical growth law. Residual stresses are computed for three configurations: the unloaded intact artery, the artery after a single transmural cut, and the inner and outer rings of the artery created by combined radial and circumferential cuts. The results show that the magnitudes of the opening angles depend strongly on the heterogeneity of the material properties of the vessel wall and that multiple radial and circumferential cuts may be needed to relieve all residual stress. In addition, comparing computed opening angles with published experimental data for the bovine carotid artery suggests that the material properties change continuously across the vessel wall and that stress, not strain, correlates well with growth in arteries.
Recurrent Goodpasture's disease secondary to a monoclonal IgA1-κ antibody autoreactive with the α1/α2 chains of type IV collagen

● Goodpasture’s disease is characterized by crescentic glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage in the presence of anti– glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. This disease usually is mediated by IgG autoantibodies directed against the noncollagenous domain of the 3(IV) collagen chain, the Goodpasture autoantigen. In rare cases, anti-GBM antibodies of IgA or IgM class are involved, but their specificity has not been determined, and their target antigen remains unknown. The authors present the case of a 62-year-old man with anti-GBM disease mediated by a monoclonal IgA- antibody, which progressed to end-stage renal disease despite intensive immunosuppression. The patient underwent living-related kidney transplantation, but lung hemorrhage and crescentic glomerulonephritis recurred, causing the loss of the allograft 2 years later. Indirect immunofluorescence found the presence of circulating IgA antibodies reactive with a basement membrane component, identified by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and Western blot as the 1/2(IV) collagen chains. Sensitivity to digestion with collagenase indicated that IgA bound to epitopes located in the collagenous domain. This is the first case of recurrent Goodpasture’s disease secondary to an autoreactive IgA antibody. The specificity of an IgA antibody implicated in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease has been investigated for the first time, identifying the 1/2(IV) collagen chains as a novel target for nephritogenic antibodies. Am J Kidney Dis 45:397– 406. © 2004 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. INDEX WORDS: Goodpasture’s disease; anti– glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease; paraproteinemia; IgA- antibodies; crescentic glomerulonephritis; pulmonary hemorrhage; kidney transplantation; 1/2 chains of type IV collagen.
Effects of elasticity and pressure-sensitive yielding on plane-stress crack-tip fields

The asymptotic plane-stress mode 1 crack-tip fields under small-scale yielding for pressure- sensitive materials are investigated. The yield criterion for these materials is described by a linear combination of the effective stress and the hydrostatic stress. Plastic dilatancy is introduced by normality flow rule. A closed-form genera1 asymptotic solution for singular centered fan sectors is given as a function of p, which is a pressure sensitivity parameter introduced in the yield condition. When elastic-perfectly plastic behavior is considered, the finite element results show the existence of elastic sectors bordering the stress-free crack faces. The near-tip stresses of the finite element results agree well with those of the corresponding asymptotic analysis. The angular spans of the elastic and plastic sectors vary with the value of p. The parameter p also has significant effects on the sizes and shapes of the plastic zones. The contribution of hydrostatic stress in the yield criterion for this class of pressure-sensitive materials extends the boundary of the plastic zone much farther in front of the crack-tip than that for incompressible Mises materials.
Improved Molecular Typing Assay for Rhinovirus Species A, B, and C

ABSTRACT Human rhinoviruses (RVs), comprising three species (A, B, and C) of the genus Enterovirus, are responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections and are associated with severe lower respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and asthma exacerbations. High genetic diversity and continuous identification of new types necessitate regular updating of the diagnostic assays for the accurate and comprehensive detection of circulating RVs. Methods for molecular typing based on phylogenetic comparisons of a variable fragment in the 5′ untranslated region were improved to increase assay sensitivity and to eliminate nonspecific amplification of human sequences, which are observed occasionally in clinical samples. A modified set of primers based on new sequence information and improved buffers and enzymes for seminested PCR assays provided higher specificity and sensitivity for virus detection. In addition, new diagnostic primers were designed for unequivocal species and type assignments for RV-C isolates, based on phylogenetic analysis of partial VP4/VP2 coding sequences. The improved assay was evaluated by typing RVs in >3,800 clinical samples. RVs were successfully detected and typed in 99% of the samples that were RV positive in multiplex diagnostic assays.
School Resource Officers and Students’ Feelings of Safety at School

The number of school resource officers (SROs) placed at schools has increased dramatically. These officers are tasked with making schools safer, yet the effect of interacting with SROs on students’...
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma T1N0M0 and its classification

Over the last decade, use of the term bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) has come under constant scrutiny as some consider it an anachronism or a term that provides incorrect information about this neoplasm. To that extent, it has recently been suggested to replace the term BAC with that of in situ adenocarcinoma (AIS) or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) for small solitary adenocarcinomas with either pure bronchioloalveolar growth (AIS) or predominant bronchioloalveolar growth and ≤5-mm invasion (MIA). However, as of today, there is no comprehensive study of these tumors, and most of what has been published in this context is based on a review of the literature that focused on scattered short series of cases describing either small adenocarcinomas or BAC. More recently, a large series of cases of a more comprehensive nature that included all early-stage adenocarcinomas (T1N0M0) has cast some doubt regarding the need for the proposed change in nomenclature. At the same time, it was suggested that if indeed that notion is maintained, a more serious and comprehensive study of actual cases must be undertaken. The details of the issues surrounding this subject are presented in this review.
Valence-band electronic structure of silicon nitride studied with the use of soft-x-ray emission.

We have studied the valence-band electronic structure of \ensuremath{\alpha}-phase, \ensuremath{\beta}-phase, and amorphous silicon nitride samples, using Si L-x-ray emission. Our results are compared with a recent band-structure calculation and show that Si 3d states are necessary to properly describe the upper-valence-band and lower-conduction-band density of states. A prominent feature is seen above the valence band which is attributed to conduction-band states that are populated by the incident electron beam. By reducing the energy of the electron beam it is possible to enhance the surface emission relative to bulk emission, and such spectra are also presented and discussed.
Staking a claim: The decoupling of liberal arts mission statements from baccalaureate degrees awarded in higher education

This study uses data from synopses of academic mission statements at 303 U.S. colleges to examine the relationship between liberal arts claims and major field of baccalaureate degrees. Hypotheses are developed from an institutionalist perspective that focus, first, on the extent to which academic mission statements are decoupled (inconsistent) from major field of baccalaureate degrees awarded at “liberal arts” colleges and, second, on the relationship between several organizational characteristics of colleges and the likelihood of decoupling. Descriptive statistics reveal that 70 percent of colleges making liberal arts claims award degrees primarily in professional disciplines. Logit analysis is used to test institutionalist hypotheses concerning the effects of denominational affiliation, selectivity, residentiality, and endowment on the probability of decoupling. Results support the institutionalist model.
A Comparison of Alphaprodine and Meperidine Pharmacokinetics

We have developed a gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for measuring plasma alphaprodine. The analysis is sufficiently sensitive for studying therapeutic-dose pharmacokinetics in man. Single intravenous bolus injections of either alphaprodine or meperidine were given to volunteer subjects. Plasma concentration data were fitted to a biexpoential equation and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Consistent with alphaprodine's shorter clinical duration compared to meperidine, we found that plasma levels of alphaprodine decline at a more rapid rate. Plasma clearances for the two narcotics are nearly identical (1.04 l./kg/min for alphaprodine and 1.01 l./kg/min for meperidine). The apparent volume of distribution for alphaprodine is smaller than for meperidine (1.90 l./kg for alphaprodine and 3.37 l./kg for meperidine).
Identification of the anti-inflammatory protein tristetraprolin as a hyperphosphorylated protein by mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis

Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a zinc-finger protein that binds to AREs (AU-rich elements) within certain mRNAs and causes destabilization of those mRNAs. Mice deficient in TTP develop a profound inflammatory syndrome with erosive arthritis, autoimmunity and myeloid hyperplasia. Previous studies showed that TTP is phosphorylated extensively in intact cells. However, limited information is available about the identities of these phosphorylation sites. We investigated the phosphorylation sites in human TTP from transfected HEK-293 cells by MS and site-directed mutagenesis. A number of phosphorylation sites including Ser66, Ser88, Thr92, Ser169, Ser186, Ser197, Ser218, Ser228, Ser276 and Ser296 were identified by MS analyses using MALDI (matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization)-MS, MALDI-tandem MS, LC (liquid chromatography)-tandem MS and multidimensional protein identification technology. Mutations of Ser197, Ser218 and Ser228 to alanine in the human protein significantly increased TTP's gel mobility (likely to be stoichiometric), whereas mutations at the other sites had little effect on its gel mobility. Dephosphorylation and in vivo labelling studies showed that mutant proteins containing multiple mutations were still phosphorylated, and all were able to bind to RNA probes containing AREs. Confocal microscopy showed a similar cytosolic localization of TTP among the various proteins. Ser197, Ser218 and Ser228 are predicted by motif scanning to be potential sites for protein kinase A, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 (both Ser218 and Ser228) respectively. The present study has identified multiple phosphorylation sites in the anti-inflammatory protein TTP in mammalian cells and should provide the molecular basis for further studies on the function and regulation of TTP in controlling pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Integrating critical thinking in the U.S. Army: Decision Support Red Teams

This chapter examines the U.S. Army's development and implementation of Decision Support Red Teams. We review the education of Red Team members, the structure of the education and use of adult education principles, and how teams use their training to help make sense of complex military environments.
Polymorphism Screening in the Cardiac K+ Channel Gene KCNA5

Background Common deoxyribonucleic acid polymorphisms that modulate normal cardiac electrophysiologic characteristics have previously been identified in long QT syndrome disease genes. In this study we screened an additional gene encoding the cardiac potassium channel KCNA5 (underlying IKur) in 3 ethnic groups and evaluated the functional consequences of the variants identified. Methods The coding region was screened by single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing, and nonsynonymous variants were studied by patch-clamping transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Results Five synonymous and 6 nonsynonymous polymorphisms were found in KCNA5. None of these polymorphisms was present in greater than 7% of alleles screened or in all 3 ethnic groups. Expression of the nonsynonymous KCNA5 variants revealed normal gating. However, 2 variants (P532L and R578K, both in the C-terminus) were resistant to block by the prototypical inhibitor quinidine; the concentration required to block IKur by 50% (IC50) was 8.4 Μmol/L for wild type versus 54 Μmol/L for R578K and 133 Μmol/L for P532L (both P < .0001, versus wild type). Conclusion KCNA5 displays little variability in its coding region. C-terminal KCNA5 variants displayed near-normal gating but striking resistance to drug block; thus these pharmacogenomic studies have identified a heretofore-unappreciated role of this region as a modulator of channel sensitivity to drugs. Resistance to IKur blockers may be genetically determined. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, 138–144; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.10.008
Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by interleukin-2-induced lymph node cells.

Abstract Previous reports have demonstrated natural killer cells (NK) to exert growth inhibitory effects against certain fungi, but not against Candida albicans . In this investigation, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced lymph node cells with phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK were shown to inhibit the growth of C. albicans . Growth inhibition was evaluated by both the release of 51 Cr by the fungus and the inhibition of microcolony growth of the fungus on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Lymphoid cells derived from C57B1/6 mice and immediately assessed for hyphal growth inhibition showed little or no activity. However, significant hyphal growth inhibition was produced by lymph node cells cultured with recombinant IL-2. Growth inhibitory activity was dependent upon the concentration of IL-2 and was mediated by nonadherent lymphocytes which lysed an NK-susceptible and to a lesser extent an NK-resistant cell line. Treatment of the IL-2-induced cells with anti-asialo G M1 but not anti-Thy-1 and complement abrogated growth inhibition of C. albicans . These results suggest that IL-2-induced lymph node cells with functional and phenotypic characteristics similar to those of activated NK, mediate in vitro growth inhibition of the hyphal form of C. albicans .
Second Moment of the Cr 3 + EPR Line in Ruby Broadened by Strong Hyperfine Interactions

An alternative approach to the Van Vleck formalism for calculating the second moment of an EPR line in the case of strong (super) hyperfine interactions is described. The calculation uses probability theory to arrive at the following expression for the second moment of the EPR line: $〈\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}^{2}〉={(2I+1)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{N}{i=1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{2I+1}{j=1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{2I+1}{k=1}{[{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}({j}_{i})\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{b}({k}_{i})]}^{2}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{P}_{i}(j, k),$ where ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}({j}_{i})$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{b}({k}_{i})$ are the exact energy levels of the $i\mathrm{th}$ nucleus in the presence of the paramagnetic ion, when the ion is in its ${j}_{i}\mathrm{th}$ initial and ${k}_{i}\mathrm{th}$ final state, respectively, and $I$ is the spin of the nucleus. The ${P}_{i}(j, k)$ are the "transition" probabilities for the $i\mathrm{th}$ nucleus in the ${j}_{i}\mathrm{th}$ level of the initial spin states to be found in the ${k}_{i}\mathrm{th}$ level of the final nuclear-spin states after the ion transition. The paramagnetic ion strongly interacts with $N$ nuclear spins. The anisotropic EPR-line width variation of dilute Verneuil ruby has been analyzed, using this formulation, in terms of the (super) hyperfine interaction with the surrounding aluminum nuclei. The calculation shows that most of the linewidth (70 to 80%) is caused by the hyperfine interaction. The line shape is also calculated by a Monte Carlo technique and is found to be Gaussian.
Childhood gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in adult patients.

ABSTRACTObjectivesGastroesophageal reflux (GER) and its esophageal (esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus) and extraesophageal (asthma, laryngeal disease) disease manifestations (GERD) are increasing common problems in children and adults. There are virtually no published longitudinal outcome studies tha
The role of surgical resection in the management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws.

Purpose Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) is a poorly understood pathologic entity from the standpoints of its nomenclature, frequency, pathogenesis, and best method of treatment. In particular, numerous recommendations have been made for treatment involving nonsurgical therapy. It is the purpose of this article to specifically examine the success of resection of the necrotic bone in the mandible and maxilla in these patients. Patients and Methods We identified 103 sites of BRONJ in 82 patients. Of these sites of osteonecrosis, 32 were in the maxilla and 71 were in the mandible. Of the patients, 30 were taking an oral bisphosphonate medication whereas 52 were taking a parenteral bisphosphonate medication. Resection was performed in 95 sites of osteonecrosis in 74 patients, whereas 8 sites diagnosed in 8 patients were not resected. A total of 27 sites of BRONJ were resected in patients treated with oral bisphosphonates, and 68 sites of BRONJ were resected in patients treated with parenteral bisphosphonates. Results Of the 95 resected sites, 87 (91.6%) healed in an acceptable fashion with resolution of disease. Of 27 resected sites in patients taking an oral bisphosphonate medication, 26 (96.3%) healed satisfactorily, with refractory disease developing in 1 site. Of 68 resected sites in patients taking a parenteral bisphosphonate medication, 61 (89.7%) healed satisfactorily, with refractory disease developing in 7 sites. All 29 patients (100%) undergoing resection of the maxilla related to either an oral or parenteral bisphosphonate healed acceptably. The 8 patients who had the development of refractory disease did so with a range of 7 to 250 days postoperatively (mean, 73 days). Of the 8 sites of refractory disease, 6 developed after a marginal resection of the mandible for BRONJ. Three sites of new primary disease developed in 2 patients postoperatively. Both patients were taking a parenteral bisphosphonate medication. Histologic examination of the resected specimens identified malignant disease in 4 specimens in 3 patients. Conclusion Resection of BRONJ permits acceptable healing in patients taking an oral bisphosphonate medication. In addition, resection of BRONJ of the maxilla in patients taking an oral or parenteral bisphosphonate medication follows a predictable course with regard to healing. Resection of BRONJ of the mandible in patients taking a parenteral bisphosphonate medication follows a variable postoperative course, although a high degree of success is realized. Surgeons should consider resection of necrotic bone of the maxilla and mandible that develops in patients taking bisphosphonate medications. In addition, refractory disease can be successfully managed with a more aggressive resection, specifically, a segmental resection of the mandible after a marginal resection of the mandible where refractory disease developed.
The long-term outcomes in children who are not compliant with spectacle treatment for accommodative esotropia

Purpose To evaluate the long-term motor and sensory outcomes of children who have refractive accommodative esotropia and are noncompliant with spectacle wear. Methods The medical records of patients diagnosed with pure refractive accommodative esotropia between 1999 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had hyperopia of at least 3 D and at least 1 year's follow-up. Patients were classified according to degree of compliance with spectacle wear as good, fair, and poor. The main outcome measures were sensory and motor outcomes. Results A total of 92 patients were included. The mean follow-up period was 61.4 months (range, 12-200 months). Compared to patients with good compliance, those with fair compliance had a significantly higher risk for poor sensory outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 4.56; 95% CI 2.1 - 24.7; P = 0.0003) and poor motor outcome (OR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.44 -11.75; P = 0.0065). Patients with poor compliance likewise had a higher risk for poor sensory outcome (OR = 12.3; 95% CI, 1.29-96.79; P = 0.0061) and poor motor outcome (OR = 11.7; 95% CI, 2.38-74.19; P = 0.0006). Conclusions Fair and poor compliance with spectacle use greatly increases the risk of poor sensory and motor outcomes in children with pure refractive accommodative esotropia.
Microstructural diagnosis of block copolymer nonlinear mechanical properties. II: Free recovery from large tensile deformations

Three styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers were cast into sheet form, and the resulting microphase-separated specimens were tested in tensile free recovery. After an initial strain of 300%, specimens were released and their lengths measured for about a week. For one polymer, the recovery curves are presented for seven temperatures in the range −40 to +80°C; other data are given at 22°C. Analysis of the recovery curves, using as the model a series assembly of Kelvin elements, obtains time constants for microstructural repair and explains the temperature dependence in terms of the microstructural interphase and its partial vitrification. Differences among the three polymers can be interpreted by recognition of styrene-block molecular weights, as well as by the volume fractions of the domain styrene cores and interphases. Additional structural information arises from torsion pendulum experiments over −120 to 100°C for unstretched, stretched (300%), and partially recovered samples.
Linkage Synthesis Using Algebraic Curves

A method to snythesize four-bar linkages using the algebraic curve of the motion of the coupler point on the coupler link of the four-bar linkage is developed. This method is a departure from modern synthesis methods, most of which are based upon Burmester theory. This curve, which is a planar algebraic polynomial in two variables for the four-bar linkage, is a trinodal tricircular sextic (sixth order). These properties are used to determine the coefficients of the curve given a set of points that the coupler point of the coupler link is to pass through. The coefficients of this curve are nonlinear functions of the linkage parameters. The resulting set of nonlinear equations are solved using iterative/optimization techniques for the linkage parameters.
The Youth Employment Service — and the School

The ‘School Talk’ given by the Youth Employment Officer is the introduction to the preparatory stage of careers guidance work.
The effect of nitroimidazoles on the oxygen consumption rate and respiratory control ratio of beef heart mitochondria

Abstract The neurotoxic effect of the nitroimidazole radiosensitizers misonidazole (MISO) and desmethylmisonidazole (DMM) has seriously compromised their clinical effectiveness. We compare here the effect of MISO and DMM on oxygen consumption in purified beef heart mitochondria. MISO has been found to significantly increase the oxygen consumption rate and decrease the respiratory control ratio in isolated mitochondria when incubated in the presence of the NAD+ dependent substrate, β-hydroxybutyrate. DMM has a similar but less pronounced effect than MISO on these respiratory parameters. When mitochondria were incubated in the presence of these radiosensitizers for 8, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, the oxygen consumption rate was decreased when succinate, a FAD dependent substrate, was added following the incubation. This decrease, which is both time and dosage dependent. is equivalent for MISO and DMM.
Radiocarbon profile of Hanauma Reef, Oahu, Hawaii

Hanauma Bay on the southeast coast of Oahu is a breached compound explosion crater invaded by the sea. Ten core holes through an active fringing reef within the bay provided 63 samples for which C 14 dates have been determined. These ages indicate that (1) the reef started growing about 7,000 yr ago; (2) most of its vertical growth was during the interval from 5,800 to 3,500 radiocarbon years ago, when its average upward growth rate was 1 m/300 yr; and (3) during the past 3,000 yr, it advanced seaward at the rate of 1 m/45 yr. The data indicate that Koko Bench at −5 m was formed at least 5,800 radiocarbon years ago when the sea stood from 5 to 9 m below its present level. This result is contrary to a previously suggested date of origin of 4,100 to 4,400 yr ago. During the past 3,500 yr, sea level on the reef has risen to its present position at a decreasing rate, but at an overall rate for the interval of 1 m/∼2,900 yr. It is unlikely that sea level ever stood appreciably higher than at present during the past 3,500 yr. Volcanic ash at the base of several cores marks the latest eruption of nearby Koko Crater, which the C 14 dates place at no later than 5,800 and possibly 7,000 or more radiocarbon years ago. In most cases, the radiocarbon dates follow a sequence that is consistent with stratigraphic position, but age inversions occur that are clearly beyond the statistically defined errors in age. They are probably caused by irregularities in the growth pattern of the reef near channels and large pockets. The profile of ages in this most extensively dated reef indicates that casual and sparse sampling of a reef could lead to dubious results in interpreting reef history and chronology of sea levels.
Tachycardia mediated cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, mechanisms, clinical features and management

Tachycardia mediated cardiomyopathy (TMC) is a reversible form of dilated cardiomyopathy that can occur with most supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Despite the plethora of literature describing this entity in animal models, as well as humans, it remains poorly understood. Over the last decade, new etiologies of TMC, such as frequent premature ventricular complexes in normal hearts, have been identified. Recent advances in catheter-based ablation therapies, particularly for atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias, have added a new dimension to the treatment of this condition. This review describes the pathophysiology, proposed mechanisms, clinical features and management in various arrhythmic conditions.
Posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula that presented as seizure and focal neurological deficits with symptom resolution after therapeutic coil embolization.

Abstract Background A posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula can remain unrecognized and ultimately present with symptoms characteristic for a middle cerebral artery stroke. Progressive neurologic deterioration can occur until the condition is diagnosed and treated. If unrecognized and untreated, permanent damage may result. Case Report A 46-year-old white man with the history of a motor vehicle crash 6 months prior presented with complaints of acute onset of expressive aphasia and seizure-like activity for 3 days. On presentation, the patient was noted to have moderate proptosis and chemosis of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed an arteriovenous fistula arising from the anterolateral precavernous left internal carotid artery. This was directly communicating with the adjacent cortical veins along the medial aspect of the left temporal lobe, resulting in venous congestion in the left frontal opercular region, the left insula, and subinsular tracks. The patient underwent an intracranial coil embolization of a left carotid cavernous fistula. No complications were encountered, and the patient had near-complete resolution of neurologic deficits and left eye proptosis. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Although posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula is a rare condition, it is important to be aware of this entity because immediate diagnosis and treatment may improve outcome.
Systematics of the eimerian parasites from North American snakes of the family Colubridae, and their prevalence in the colubrids of Iowa.

SYNOPSIS A survey of 117 Iowa snakes, representing 18 species within 12 genera, revealed the presence of 6 species of Eimeria, 5 of which are described as new and 1 of which (E. zamenis) is redescribed. Those species found, the average length-width dimensions of their oocysts (in micrometers), and the respective hosts from which they were isolated were as follows: E. attenuata sp. n., 22.2 × 12.6, from 1 of 25 red-sided garter snakes [Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say)] and 1 of 14 northern water snakes [Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus)]; E. iowaensis sp. n., 17.8 × 14.5, from 1 of 25 redsided garter snakes; E. hydrophis sp. n., 15.4 × 10.9, from 5 of 14 northern water snakes and 1 of 1 diamond-backed water snake [N. rhombifera rhombifera (Hallowell)]; E. helmisophis sp. n., 13.8 × 10.6, from 1 of 5 western worm snakes [Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicott)]; E. collanuli sp. n., 33.1 × 18.3, from 1 of 14 prairie ring-neck snakes (Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott), and E. zamenis, 31.0 × 17.0, from 1 of 6 eastern yellow-bellied racers (Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say) and 1 of 1 eastern milk snake [Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede)]. The overall infection rate for the 117 snakes examined was 9.2%; these data are tabulated. In addition, the possible synonymy of E. lampropeltis with E. zamenis is considered, and the probable status of E. attenuata, E. hydrophis, E. zamenis, and E. annea, as parasites of multiple host species, is reviewed with regard to the phylogenetic relationships of the respective hosts from which they have been reported.
A set of extensions to the SIMAN/ARENA simulation environment

In this paper, we introduce a set of SIMAN/ARENA language constructs. These constructs are intended to add correlated variate generation and importance sampling capabilities to the SIMAN/ARENA simulation environment. It is our purpose to demonstrate that such enhancements are feasible in virtually all simulation languages. These extensions are useful in the analysis of rare events and/or in systems driven by processes exhibiting some degree of correlation. Models arising in communications, manufacturing, physics, and biology may require this type of simulation capability. We describe how the constructs function, including activation, parameter specification, and behavior. In the case of the correlated variate construct, we describe the Markov modulation used to generate our correlations. For the importance sampling construct, we discuss the class of "exponentially twisted" changes-of-measure implemented within our construct, and provide some explanatory theoretical background.
Materials Properties Characterization in Fossil-Fuel Power Plants

Significant changes in microstructure occur in many fossil plant components that operate for long times at elevated temperatures. Some examples include hydrogen damage in steam-generating boiler tubes, carbide coarsening in superheater tubes, creep cavitation in the heat-affected zones of thick-section weldments, and temper embrittlement in turbine rotors and disks. Quantitative estimates of the remaining useful lives of components affected by these damage mechanisms require that the degree of damage be determined and related to the life-limiting mechanisms. The paper discusses recent progress in the development and field demonstration of nondestructive techniques for characterizing the damage types listed above. This research has produced several products that have achieved or are close to commercial status. The research has also helped to define some of the limitations related to access, sensitivity, and signal interpretation of the nondestructive techniques. The paper discusses how these limitations can often be mitigated by using several nondestructive techniques in concert to obtain a more complete picture of material condition or by removing small specimens for detailed laboratory analysis.
Tarsal margin rotation with posterior lamella superadvancement for the management of cicatricial entropion of the upper eyelid

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the efficacy of tarsal margin rotation with posterior lamella superadvancement in the management of cicatricial entropion of the upper eyelid. METHODS: In 15 consecutive patients, 22 eyelids with cicatricial entropion were managed with tarsal margin rotation and posterior lamella superadvancement. In a retrospective study, the technique and results were evaluated. RESULTS: In all 22 upper eyelids, the normal eyelashes rotated away from the surface of the eye. Mean follow-up was 12.9 ± 12.4 months (range, 1 to 48 months). One eyelid developed buckling of the tarsus. Three eyelids needed electrolysis to treat isolated metaplastic cilia posterior to the normal lash line. CONCLUSIONS: Tarsal margin rotation with posterior lamella superadvancement appears to be effective in managing cicatricial entropion of the upper lid.
Microphase separation in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers

Small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering results for a series of un-neutralized and neutralized sulfonated polystyrenes are presented for the range of sulfonation from 0 to 7.26 mol %. From the small-angle scattering it is shown that above the 3 mol % level for both the zinc and sodium salts, a Bragg spacing (37 A) and diameter (6.9-8.4 A) of the scattering unit can be calculated. When the concentration of salt is increased, there is no appreciable change in the latter two measurements. The wide-angle data indicate that the cations do not influence to any large extent the basic intramolecular and intermolecular structure of polystyrene. All the data are consistent with the onset of clustering above a critical ion concentration.
Feasibility of estimating isokinetic knee torque using a neural network model

Many studies have investigated the relationships between electromyography (EMG) and torque production. A few investigators have used adjusted learning algorithms and feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate joint torque in the elbow. This study sought to estimate net isokinetic knee torque using ANN models. Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor torque data were measured simultaneously with agonist and antagonist EMG during concentric and eccentric contractions at joint velocities of 30 degrees /s and 60 degrees /s. Age, gender, height, body mass, agonist EMG, antagonist EMG, joint position and joint velocity were entered as predictive variables of net torque. A three-layer ANN model was developed and trained using an adjusted back-propagation algorithm. Accuracy results were compared against those of forward stepwise regression models. Stepwise regression models included body mass, body height and joint position as the most influential predictors, followed by agonist EMG for concentric and eccentric contractions. Estimation of eccentric torque included antagonist EMG following the agonist activation. ANN models resulted in more accurate torque estimation (R=0.96), compared to the stepwise regression models (R=0.71). ANN model accuracy increased greatly when the number of hidden units increased from 5 to 10, continuing to increase gradually with additional hidden units. The average number of training epochs necessary for solution convergence and the relative accuracy of the model indicate a strong ability for the ANN model to generalize these estimations to a broader sample. The ANN model appears to be a feasible technique for estimating joint torque in the knee.
Comparative Reliability of Uninterruptible Power Supply Configurations

This paper compares the reliability of four uninterruptible power supply (UPS) configurations; single module, parallel redundant, static bypass, and static bypass redundant. Equations for calculating the MTBF's of these configurations are presented along with component reliability estimates. Effects of failure rates of associated circuitry are included. System MTBF's of 200,000 hours for redundant and 150,000 hours for static bypass systems are now achievable. Guidelines for system type selection are included as performance curves. Effects of aging and appropriate corrective action are discussed.
Poison ivy: An underreported cause of erythema multiforme

The relationship between herpes simplex virus (HSV) and erythema multiforme (EM) has been well described. 1-2 Many authors contend that EM (excluding Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) occurs almost exclusively as a response to HSV infection. 1 During the past year, however, we have observed several cases of EM complicating severe Rhus allergic contact dermatitis. Although this association has been previously documented, 3,4 the paucity of cases in the literature, along with our experience, suggests that this is an underreported phenomenon. We describe 4 of our cases.
What is the energy policy-planning network and who dominates it?: A network and QCA analysis of leading energy firms and organizations

This study examines the structure of the energy industry and the energy policy-planning network (EPPN). I use cross-sectional director interlocks from 2002 to examine the social networks amongst a sample of the largest energy firms, between these firms and the EPPN, and to calculate relative network centrality measures for the firms. I then use qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to isolate specific combinations of energy firm attributes that are associated with network position. I find that the energy industry has several key intra-firm interlocks that link dominant companies to each other and that the industry is well represented on the boards of EPPN organizations. Additionally, several dominant energy firms provide links between ultra-conservative and moderate policy development organizations. Finally, QCA models suggest that firms with many employees, high revenue, and who produce oil are most likely to hold prominent positions in the EPPN—though above average political campaign contributions offer an alternative path into the network.
Horizontal Pursuit Defect Nystagmus

A teenage girl with a chronic large posterior fossa tumor had primary position right-beating nystagmus with a constant-velocity slow phase. Smooth pursuit was normal to the left but absent to the right. Vestibuloocular movements were present in both directions. The findings are analogous to downbeat and upbeat nystagmus, in which unidirectional pursuit palsies have been postulated as the pathogenic mechanism. This is the first reported case of a horizontal pursuit defect causing nystagmus.
A kinetic isotope effect in the photoreactivation of U.V.-inactivated tobacco mosaic virus RNA.

— Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV-RNA) by u.v. radiation is slower in D2O than in H2O, and TMV-RNA which has been inactivated in D2O is photoreactivated faster (on Pinto bean) than TMV-RNA which has been inactivated in H2O. The maximum amount of photoreactivation is unaffected by the solvent, H2O or D2O, present during irradiation. These deuterium isotope effects for inactivation and photoreactivation suggest that pyrimidine hydrates are photoreactivable lesions on Pinto bean.
Full-wafer electron beam inspection for detection of BEOL defects

This paper details an application where E-Beam Inspection (EBI) can be used for 100% full wafer inspection, generally considered a mythical target for EBI. For process layers where the line-widths and defects of interest (DOI) are large, very large pixel size and high scan frequency can be used, thereby making full wafer inspection feasible. The metal layers in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) fit this bill when scanned in voltage contrast (VC) mode. Shorts or opens at any previous layer connected to the surface nodes can cause a VC signal, therefore the electrical health of each wafer is assessed for multiple layers simultaneously across the full wafer. The advantage of this scan is that failure sites can be identified and somewhat localized well before wafer final test. This application is more appropriate for semi-mature technologies where there are few defects per wafer, and therefore a full wafer scan is needed to catch a reasonable number of defects. The challenge with this type inspection is in identification of the root cause. A number of studies to map VC defect strength to types of physical defects are described. These studies demonstrated that this technique successfully finds yield limiting defects, but not all yield limiting defects will be detected. A plan for how to use the VC inspection to find root cause is presented.
A 35 GS/s 5-Bit SiGe BiCMOS flash ADC with offset corrected exclusive-or comparator

The design and wafer probe test results of a 5-bit SiGe ADC are presented. The integrated circuit, fabricated in a 200/250 GHz fT/Fmax, SiGe BiCMOS technology, provides a 5-bit analog to digital conversion with input tone frequencies up to 20 GHz and sampling clock rates up to 35 GS/s. The ADC makes use of a comparator with an integrated exclusive-or function to reduce power consumption. The device also generates two half-rate interleaved outputs to ease in data capturing with laboratory equipment. An effective number of bits (ENOB) of nearly 5.0 is achieved for low frequency input tones, dropping to 4.0 at 10 GHz.