cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Status epilepticus: Will we capture the moment or continue without evidence of efficacy or costs?

Of neurologic emergencies, status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most common with an incidence of approximately 10–20/100,000/y. In addition, it carries a high mortality between 3% and 40% depending on age, etiology, and other factors. Not unexpectedly, SE is also costly with an estimated annual burden of $4 billion in the United States.1 To put this in perspective, the annual direct costs of epilepsy care are approximately $9 to $12 billion.2 Now imagine that the care of patients with this common emergency was guided by low-level evidence. Furthermore, imagine that it was becoming clear that early treatment of SE is substantially more effective and prevents the need for additional aggressive, invasive, and costly treatments. This is the current state of the treatment of SE.
Nickel(II) Uranium(IV) Trisulfide.

Black prisms of NiUS3 and platelets of NiU8S17 as a side product are obtained from the reaction of Ni, U, S, and GeI2 in a CsCl flux (evacuated silica tube, 1073 K, 96 h).
Predictors of Failure from Primary Therapy for Giardiasis in San Diego: A Single Institution Retrospective Review

This study aimed to determine the presence of giardiasis among HIV patients in San Diego, the rate of failure of metronidazole treatment, and factors associated with treatment failure. We used a 7 year retrospective single-center case series of HIV-infected individuals with giardiasis at University of California San Diego Medical Center. Data were analyzed for the changes in the hematological, biochemical, and immunologic results at pre- and at-diagnosis levels. We also compared the changes at the diagnosis level among patients who were treated successfully and those who experienced treatment failure as defined by retreatment with a second course of antibiotics. In 29 Giardia lamblia-infected HIV patients, following diagnosis of G. lamblia, there was a non-significant decrement in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), but a statistically significant increase in the number of white blood cell (WBC). Other indices did not differ between pre- and at-diagnosis levels. Twenty patients (69%) were treated with a single course of metronidazole or tinidazole and seven patients (24.1%) were treated with more than one course of metronidazole. These seven patients had statistically significant higher hemoglobin at the time of diagnosis, but further studies are required to confirm if this is a consistent finding and if this can predict failure from primary therapy.
Talking Children Into Literacy: Once More, With Feeling:

Children’s literate development is mediated by classroom talk. That same talk also mediates children’s emotional, relational, self-regulatory, and moral development. Consequently, the discourse of ...
A continuous-time mathematical model and discrete approximations for the aggregation of β-Amyloid.

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disorder characterized by the loss of synapses and neurons from the brain, as well as the accumulation of amyloid-based neuritic plaques. While it remains a ma...
Architected material analogs for shape memory alloys

Summary We propose a design for a building block of a periodic cellular material that mimics the salient behaviors, superelasticity and shape memory, exhibited by shape memory alloys (SMAs). The block comprises a sinusoidal beam that is anchored in supports made of a material whose storage modulus decreases at a faster rate with increasing temperature than that of the beam. At low temperatures, the storage moduli of the two constituent materials have comparable magnitudes and the block exhibits two stable configurations. The block can transition elastically from one stable configuration to the other via a snap-through in response to an external load. Above a critical temperature, the storage modulus of the supports is sufficiently low such that the second stable configuration becomes unstable, and the block returns to its first stable configuration without any external load. These responses of the block result in SMA-like material behavior in an ensemble of such blocks.
Blood Pressure Trajectories from Mid to Late Life and Risk of Dementia: The Framingham Study (S49.003)

Objective: To determine the association between blood pressure trajectories from mid-life (40–64y) to late-life (≥65y) and risk of dementia. Background: Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular pathology contributing to stroke and dementia. Yet the association between blood pressure and dementia is not well understood. Design/Methods: 1440 (758 women) dementia-free Framingham Offspring participants who had previously attended 5 consecutive quadrennial examinations starting at mid-life (1983–1987, mean age 55y) until late-life (1998–2001, mean age 69y), and have been rigorously followed since for incident dementia. Blood pressure was recorded at each visit during the 18-year exposure period. We assessed the impact of mid-life hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg), late-life hypertension, lower late-life blood pressure ( Results: During a mean 8-year follow-up, 107 participants developed dementia. Using multivariable Cox models, we observed that mid-life systolic hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] 1.57; 95% CI, 1.05–2.35), and persistent systolic hypertension into late-life (HR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.25–3.09) were each independently associated with an increased risk of incident dementia. However, among individuals with low to normal midlife blood pressures (≤140/90 mmHg), a steeper than average decline in systolic blood pressure from mid-to-late life was also associated with a more than 2-fold increased risk of dementia (HR 2.40; 95% CI, 1.39–4.15). Conclusions: Elevated blood pressure in mid-life, persistent hypertension into late-life and, among non-hypertensives, a steep decline in blood pressure from mid-to-late life were each associated with an elevated risk of dementia in a community-based sample. Our data highlight the potential sustained cognitive benefits of lower midlife blood pressures and raise the possibility that lowering of blood pressure in older adults with borderline hypertension may be harmful to cognition, despite a beneficial impact on cardiovascular events. Study Supported by: Framingham Heart Study, (NHLBI/NIH contract HHSN268201500001I) to the Boston University School of Medicine, and by grants from the National Institute on Aging (R01 AG054076, R01 AG049607, R01 AG033193, U01 AG049505, U01 AG052409) and the National Institute for Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NS017950 and UH2 NS100605). Disclosure: Dr. McGrath has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beiser has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeCarli has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis Pharmaceuticals as a consultant. Dr. Plourde has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramachandran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Greenberg has received personal compensation for activities with Hoffman-Laroche. Dr. Seshadri has nothing to disclose.
The Great Texas Social Studies Textbook War of 1961-1962: by Allan O. Kownslar, College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press, 2020, xviii, 317 pp., $40.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1623498375

In 1961 and 1962, Texans squared off in debates over secondary school textbooks, particularly social studies books. The state Textbook Committee, the State Board of Education, and the House of Repr...
Unstructured Grid Solutions using k-∈ with Wall Functions

The method used for solution is very similar to that presented in Ref 1 and is based on Jameson’s type of algorithm. Improvements have been made to the grid generation technique and for the present exercise a structured triangular grid is used very close to the airfoil surface and an unstructured triangular grid is generated outside of this layer to a distance of 1.5 chords; outside of this grid is a structured triangular grid that extends the flow region to about 12 chords from the centre of the airfoil. An unstructured grid Navier Stokes code [1] that will, handle laminar and turbulent flows is used as the flow solver. For turbulence closure a k-∈ model with wall functions is used.
Tree and Trellis Encoding

In this chapter we present the concepts and design algorithms for a class of vector quantization systems with memory that are more general and potentially more powerful than finite-state VQ. The presentation will depend on the previous chapter, so that it is advisable that the reader be familiar with at least the main idea of recursive coding systems and some aspects of FSVQ.
Performance of Daughters of High and Average Predicted Difference Sires

Abstract Data on 162 Holstein heifers born over 6 yr and sired by bulls with either high or average Predicted Differences for milk yield were subjected to least squares analysis. Three sets of data (all lactations 419 records, first lactations 162 records, and lifetime records 162 individual cows) involving 16 production traits were analyzed. Breeding to bulls with high Predicted Differences increased milk yield by 670 kg, fat yield by 29 kg, solids-not-fat yield by 58 kg, and protein yield by 23 kg. Genetic trend of sires could not be estimated easily because of a quadratic effect in the regression of production traits on order of sires. The estimate of linear genetic trend for milk yield was positive. The linear regression of lifetime production traits on total days in the herd was positive, and adjustment of lifetime traits to constant number of days in the herd reduced differences between high and average sires.
Does the Jurisdiction of the California Railroad Commission Extend to Air Transportation

IN THE period following 1870 the Granger Movement influenced many states to pass laws prohibiting unreasonable railroad rates, discriminations and practices.' Commissions were created to administer and enforce these statutes against the railroads. One of these was the California Railroad Commission.' There does not appear to be anything else in the genesis of this Commission in 1879 which would warrant broadening its original compass beyond the specific need that produced it. The language of the constitutional and statutory provisions creating and implementing the Commission was functionally contrived. It set up a special kind of agency to regulate in a limited way a transportation medium that was then causing the people concern. Controlled regulatory growth was later specifically provided for by endowing the legislature with authority to enlarge the Commission's powers and orbit as it saw fit. Nowhere in its origins (at a time when the entire country was at the threshold of a new and mighty transportation era) does it appear that the Commission was given a blank check on the future. Being unknown to the common law, a public utility commission is conditioned by the terms of its creating statute, organic or legislative.3 These conditions mark the boundaries of its authority which
Diversity of rotavirus serotypes in Mexican infants with gastroenteritis.

One hundred thirty-two stool specimens from infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalized in two Mexican cities (Mexico City and Merida) were examined by serotype- and subgroup-specific enzyme immunoassays. Among them, 38 (29%) were serotype 1, 15 (11%) were serotype 2, 13 (10%) were serotype 3, 22 (17%) were serotype 4, none was serotype 5 or 6, and 44 (33%) could not be serotyped. By subgrouping, 121 specimens were characterized as follows: 24 (18%) were subgroup 1, 97 (74%) were subgroup 2, and none had both subgroup specificities. While serotype 1 rotavirus predominated in the Mexico City area for 4 consecutive years (1984 to 1987), serotype 4 predominated in Merida during the single epidemic season studied (1985). These data demonstrate that all four primary human rotavirus serotypes circulated in Mexico, with serotype 1 being the most prevalent. The seroneutralization responses of 14 of the 22 patients infected with serotype 4 strains had been previously studied. Of these 14 infants, 11 appeared to have primary infections, as indicated by absence of neutralizing antibodies in the acute-phase sera and their young age (8 months on average) at the time of illness. Seven patients seroresponded to serotypes 1 and 4; two seroresponded to serotypes 1, 3, and 4; three seroresponded to serotype 1; and two had low-level seroresponses to serotype 3 or 4. These data indicate that heterotypic neutralizing antibody responses occur frequently following infection with serotype 4 rotaviruses.
Auditory Morse Analysis of Triangulated Manifolds

Visualization of high-dimensional or large geometric data sets is inherently difficult, so we experiment with the use of audio to display the shape and connectivity of these data sets. Sonification is used as both an addition to and a substitution for the visual display. We describe a new algorithm called wave traversal that provides a necessary intermediate step to sonification of the data; it produces an ordered sequence of subsets, called waves, that allows us to map the data to time. In this paper we focus in detail on the mathematics of wave traversal, in particular, how wave traversal can be used as a discrete Morse function.
Lessons Learned, Challenges Ahead

This article offers some reflections on the author’s two years as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). It offers a number of lessons learned regarding regulatory analysis, including that OIRA has no constituency, the value of benefit-cost analysis, and the political pressures to regulate. It also describes some of the challenges that OIRA faces in the future, including the need to minimize unnecessary regulatory differences between the United States and foreign nations, and the importance of informing the public as to the true effects of regulation.
A Dam methylation mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae is partially attenuated

In Klebsiella pneumoniae, a chromosomal insertion mutation was constructed in the dam gene, which encodes DNA adenine methylase (Dam), resulting in a mutant unable to methylate specific nucleotides. In some bacteria, the Dam methylase has been shown to play an important role in virulence gene regulation as well as in methyl-directed mismatch repair and the regulation of replication initiation. Disruption of the normal Dam function by either eliminating or greatly increasing expression in several organisms has been shown to cause attenuation of virulence in murine models of infection. In K. pneumoniae, a mutation-eliminating Dam function is shown here to result in only partial attenuation following intranasal and intraperitoneal infection of Balb/C mice.
Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy

Entropy, as it relates to dynamical systems, is the rate of information production. Methods for estimation of the entropy of a system represented by a time series are not, however, well suited to analysis of the short and noisy data sets encountered in cardiovascular and other biological studies. Pincus introduced approximate entropy (ApEn), a set of measures of system complexity closely related to entropy, which is easily applied to clinical cardiovascular and other time series. ApEn statistics, however, lead to inconsistent results. We have developed a new and related complexity measure, sample entropy (SampEn), and have compared ApEn and SampEn by using them to analyze sets of random numbers with known probabilistic character. We have also evaluated cross-ApEn and cross-SampEn, which use cardiovascular data sets to measure the similarity of two distinct time series. SampEn agreed with theory much more closely than ApEn over a broad range of conditions. The improved accuracy of SampEn statistics should make them useful in the study of experimental clinical cardiovascular and other biological time series.
The Relationships Between Justice Perceptions, Trust, and Employee Attitudes in a Downsized Organization

The authors examined perceptions of distributive justice, procedural justice, trust, organizational commitment, organizational satisfaction, and turnover intentions among survivors in an organization that had recently completed an organizational downsizing. Results suggested that trust partially mediated the relationship between distributive justice and both organizational satisfaction and affective commitment. Additionally, the relationship between procedural justice and turnover intentions was mediated by trust perceptions.
Regulation of Phytochrome B Nuclear Localization through Light-Dependent Unmasking of Nuclear-Localization Signals

Phytochromes are red and far-red photoreceptors that regulate plant growth and development in response to environmental light cues. Phytochromes exist in two photo-interconvertible conformational states: an inactive Pr form and an active Pfr form. The alteration of phytochromes' subcellular location functions as a major regulatory mechanism of their biological activities. Whereas phytochromes in the Pr form localize in the cytoplasm, phytochromes in the Pfr form accumulate in the nucleus, where they interact with transcription factors to regulate gene expression. The molecular details of the regulation of phytochrome translocation by light are poorly understood. Using Arabidopsis phyB as a model, we demonstrate that the C-terminal PAS-related domain (PRD) is both necessary and sufficient for phyB nuclear import and that the entire C terminus is required for nuclear-body (NB) localization. We also show that phyB's N-terminal bilin lyase domain (BLD) and PHY domain interact directly with the PRD in a light-dependent manner. In vivo localization studies indicate that BLD-PHY is sufficient to regulate phyB's nuclear accumulation. For phyB nuclear localization, our results suggest a molecular mechanism in which the nuclear-localization signal in the PRD is masked by interactions with phyB's chromophore-attachment domains and unmasked by light-dependent conformational changes.
Synthesis of Figwort Mosaic Virus (FMV) Coat Protein-Reverse Transcriptase Fusion Protein in Reticulocyte Lysates from a Full-length Transcript

Genetic organization of figwort mosaic virus (FMV) genome (circular, double stranded DNA of about 8 kbp) reveals six major open reading frames (I-VI) and a small (VII) open reading frame (ORF) which are expressed from two different transcripts. One of the transcripts spans the entire length of the viral genome and may function as a messenger RNA for the translation of 5-6 closely spaced genes appearing on this RNA; the other spans the gene VI. In the present study, synthesis of a native viral polypeptide(s) was investigated from a full-length and a partial transcript of a naturally occurring deletion mutant of FMV. The deletion in the mutant results in the fusion of the coat protein (IV) and the reverse transcriptase (V) cistrons, consequently, a fusion cistron (IV/V ORF) is generated. In constructs pH52 and pH55 used in the present study, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in the deletion mutant is positioned in cistron II and VI, respectively. Translation of full-length transcripts generated from these constructs in reticulocyte Iysates results in simultaneous synthesis of CAT polypeptide with a predicted size of the fusion (IV/V) polypeptide of 86,000 daltons. These polypeptides are immunoselected using anti-CAT and antiviral coat protein antibodies. When IV/V ORF is deleted from these constructs by digestion with Sac I before a transcript is prepared, with pH55, the in vitro expression of the fusion polypeptide (IV/V) and the CAT polypeptide in Iysates are both abolished. With construct pH52, on the other hand, the synthesis of CAT polypeptide is still observed. These studies are consistant with the full-length viral RNA functioning as a messenger RNA.
Renal revascularization in patients with a single functioning ischemic kidney.

Abstract From 1965 to 1985, 19 patients with a single, ischemic kidney underwent renal revascularization. Thirteen patients had a single kidney and six had a single functioning kidney. The cause of the renal artery lesions was atherosclerosis in 17 patients and fibromuscular dysplasia in two. All but one were hypertensive with a mean diastolic blood pressure of 119 mm Hg and they were taking an average of 2.6 antihypertensive medications. Most had diminished renal function with a mean serum creatinine value of 3.7 mg/dl (range 0.8 to 9.0 mg/dl) and a mean creatinine clearance of 38 ml/min (range 8 to 75 ml/min). Three patients required preoperative hemodialysis. The first two patients treated died postoperatively, but no deaths have occurred since 1970. Follow-up among the survivors averaged 32.9 months. The mean serum creatinine value decreased significantly to 2.2 mg/dl postoperatively (p
Short-Run Instability in Single-Family Housing Starts

Abstract This article provides a statistical analysis of an inventory-theoretic approach to the study of the speculative sector of the single-family housing starts. Seen as a source of supply of new housing units the speculative housing starts are found to be heavily affected by the short-term interest rate and the monetary base.
Computer simulation of a mathematical model of HAART therapy for HIV-1 AIDS

A clinically plausible mathematical model is constructed to describe the patho-physiological dynamics of HIV-1 induced AIDS during HAART therapy. The model equations incorporate physiological interactions between non-infected helper T cells, HIV-1 infected helper T cells, HIV-1 virions in the blood plasma, HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T cells and drug molecules of the HAART protocol. Investigative computer simulations are performed to elucidate some therapeutic scenarios such as viral annihilation and efficacious HAART therapy. In particular, some mathematical criteria are derived for therapeutic outcomes such as viral persistence and viral annihilation.
Maximal functions: Homogeneous curves

Let t --> gamma(t) be a homogeneous curve in R(n). For suitable f, define [unk](f)(x) = sup(h > 0)|(1/h) [unk](0) (h)f(x - gamma(t)) dt|. Then parallel[unk](f) parallel(p) </= A(p) parallelf parallel(p), 1 < p </= infinity.
A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae

The angiosperm family Theaceae has been investigated extensively with a rich publication record of anatomical, cytological, paleontological, and palynological data analyses and interpretation. Recent developmental and molecular data sets and the application of cladistic analytical methods support dramatic changes in circumscription at the familial, tribal, and generic levels. Growing interest in the family outside the taxonomic and systematic fields warrants a brief review of the recent nomenclatural history (mainly 20th century), some of the classification systems currently in use, and an explanation of which data support various classification schemes. An abridged bibliography with critical nomenclatural references is provided.
Can magnetic resonance spectroscopy predict neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight preterm infants

To determine if metabolite ratios at near-term age predict outcome in very low birth weight preterm infants at 18 to 24 months adjusted age. Thirty-six infants (birth weight ⩽1510 g, gestational age ⩽32 weeks) were scanned at a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 35 to 43 weeks from July 2001 to September 2003. Multivoxel proton spectroscopic data were acquired and metabolite ratios were calculated in regions of the thalamus and basal ganglia. Bayley Scales of Infant Development were assessed between 18 and 24 months corrected age. Metabolic ratios showed no significant correlation with developmental outcome. A correlation was seen between N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Ch) and PMA in thalamus and basal ganglia. Metabolite ratios from near-term proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were not predictive of Bayley scores at 18 to 24 months adjusted age. There was a positive correlation between NAA/Ch and PMA, which supports previous work by others for the importance of developmental changes in the MRS with age.
The identification of O-phosphothreonine in the soluble non-collagenous phosphoproteins of bone matrix

To date, the only phosphorylated amino acid identified in the non-collagenous phosphoproteins of the organic matrices of enamel [ 11, dentin [2-4] and bone [5,6] has been U-phosphoserine [2,6-l 11. Although the organic phosphate of rat dentinal phosphoprotein [ 111 and bovine enamel [ 13,141 can be accounted for by O-phosphoserine [ser(P)], analyses of the phosphoproteins of chicken and bovine bone suggest that the total phosphorus content is greater than can be accounted for by ser(P) alone [5]. In the present study, the EDTA-soluble, nondiffusible phosphoproteins of eight species are found to contain 0-phosphothreonine [thr(P)] as well as ser(P). Essentially all of the protein-bound, organic phosphate of the EDTA-soluble proteins are accounted for by ser(P) and thr(P). This represents the first instance in which thr(P) has been identified in the structural proteins of mineralized tissues. Moreover, the absence of thr(P)in the phosphoproteins of enamel and dentin is a characteristic feature which distinguishes the phosphoproteins of bone from those of dentin and enamel.
A Multiple Discourse Approach to Health Communication: Translational Research and Ethical Practice

Experiences with the pursuit of health communication research are discussed in terms of barriers and facilitators to conducting this work. These experiences are considered for generalizable principles relating to the conduct of translational research. The importance of acknowledging the values and agendas which underlie the pursuit of translational research is emphasized. The contributions of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to pursuits of translational projects are acknowledged. Finally, the need for communication scholars to participate in interdisciplinary endeavors is advanced as a goal with benefits for sharing the field's theory and research insights, and to expand our own knowledge about other disciplines.
Geothermal Power Generation-An Aggressive Utility Program

While water-dominated geothermal resources with potential for large scale power generation have been known to exist in Southern California for many years, they have not yet been commercially developed. In the last ten years, however, Southern California Edison as well as other utilities and resource production companies have made major commitments to the development of geothermal resources located in the Imperial Valley. Edison's program includes the construction of three flash steam power plants with varying objectives and designs which will assist in the assessment of the feasibility of hot water geothermal as a base load generation option.
New Directions for Mentoring Research: An Examination of Related Constructs☆☆☆★

Abstract This article describes literature from several domains in organizational psychology and vocational behavior in an attempt to advance theory building and research in the area of mentoring in organizations. Relevant research from leader–member exchange theory, organizational citizenship behavior, social support, and socialization is reviewed in order to understand the theoretical nomological network of mentoring. Propositions for future research on the topic of mentoring are provided.
An agent simulation study of optimal foraging: the ideal free distribution with individual scalar expectancies

Agents that forage in groups must handle the problem of resource sharing. In this study, we present a selective overview of group and individual foraging behavior and propose an agent-based model to unify these methodologies, enabling the exploration of plausible causal mechanisms and novel hypothesis generation. Despite its place in behavioral science, little work has been done with the generalized matching equation as it pertains to simulation work. Our model uses psychologically plausible models of memory for time and decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation research suggest that the model is sensitive to changes in pay-off density and correctly replicates Ideal Free Distributions.
Effects of pump pulse temporal structure on long-pulse multi-order stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the effects of pump pulse temporal structure on cascade Raman generation in the quasi-continuous wave regime. The growth and saturation of the Stokes pulse energies depend very strongly on the pump pulse temporal envelope and substructure. Experiments and simulations on the growth of the total Stokes pulse energy and the energy in a narrow central slice highlight the importance of knowing the detailed pump pulse temporal structure. Experimentally measured growth curves for different Stokes orders could be transformed by a simple scaling to lie on a universal curve.
Interpreting disjunctive logic programs based on a strong sense of disjunction

This paper studies a strong form of disjunctive information in deductive databases. The basic idea is that a disjunctionA ∨B should be considered true only in the case when neitherA norB can be inferred, but the disjunctionA ∨B is true. Under this interpretation, databases may be inconsistent. For those databases that are consistent, it is shown that a unique minimal model exists. We study a fixpoint theory and present a sound and complete proof procedure for query processing in consistent databases. For a class of inconsistent databases, we obtain a declarative semantics by selecting an interpretation that maximizes satisfaction, and minimizes indefiniteness. Two notions of negation are introduced.
Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives

In an aging population with increasing incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, strategies are needed to slow age-related decline and reduce disease-related cognitive impairment in older adults. Physical exercise that targets modifiable risk factors and neuroprotective mechanisms may reduce declines in cognitive performance attributed to the normal aging process and protect against changes related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. In this review we summarize the role of exercise in neuroprotection and cognitive performance, and provide information related to implementation of physical exercise programs for older adults. Evidence from both animal and human studies supports the role of physical exercise in modifying metabolic, structural, and functional dimensions of the brain and preserving cognitive performance in older adults. The results of observational studies support a dose-dependent neuroprotective relationship between physical exercise and cognitive performance in older adults. Although some clinical trials of exercise interventions demonstrate positive effects of exercise on cognitive performance, other trials show minimal to no effect. Although further research is needed, physical exercise interventions aimed at improving brain health through neuroprotective mechanisms show promise for preserving cognitive performance. Exercise programs that are structured, individualized, higher intensity, longer duration, and multicomponent show promise for preserving cognitive performance in older adults.
Regional localization of the regulatory subunit (RIIβ) of the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase in human brain

Abstract The distribution of the regulatory (RIIβ) subunits of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cortical and subcortical areas was examined in human control and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Four monoclonal antibodies generated against bovine brain RII, which crossreacted with human brain RIIβ, detected RII-immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and frontal, occipital, parietal and superior temporal cortices and in non-pyramidal neurons of the amygdala and putamen. RIIβ immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal perikarya, proximal dendrites and cell processes. With the exception of rare processes in the ventroposterior lateral nucleus, RII-immunoreactivity was not seen in the thalamus. Other areas lacking RII-immunoreactivity included the midbrain, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. RII-immunoreactivity was not detected in endothelia or glia. Except for the neocortex, the distribution of RIIβ immunoreactivity was the same in AD and non-demented control brains; however, cell bodies and their processes stained more intensely and uniformly in the neocortical regions of non-demented controls compared to AD. In the neocortex of AD, RIIβ immunoreactivity was substantially decreased in the superior temporal and occipital cortices, but not in the frontal cortex. Our data suggest that RII subunits are regionally distributed in the human brain. RII-immunoreactivity was decreased in some regions of neocortex in AD, but it did not preferentially colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), senile plaques, or neuropil threads.
An iterated Cochrane-Orcutt procedure for nonparametric regression

Altman (1990) and Hart (1991) have shown that kernel regression can be an effective method for estimating an unknown mean function when the errors are correlated. However, the optimal bandwidth for kernel smoothing depends strongly on the correlation function, as do confidence bands for the regression curve. In this paper, the simultaneous estimation of the regression and correlation functions is explored. An iterative technique analogous to the iterated Cochrane-Orcutt method for linear regression (Cochrane and Orcutt, 1949) is shown to perform well. However, for moderate sample sizes, stopping after the first iteration produces better results. An interesting feature of the simultaneous method is that it performs best when different kernels are used to estimate the regression and correlation functions. For the regression function, unimodal kernels are known to be optimal. However, examination of the mean squared error of the correlation estimator suggests that a bimodal kernel will perform better for est...
Solving PDEs on loosely-coupled parallel processors

Abstract Partial differential equations (PDEs) account for a large part of scientific computing. As a special domain, they have a number of features which makes their solution on parallel computers particularly attractive. One is the highly-ordered structure of most solution algorithms; there is a regular pattern of memory access. Another is the wide range of solution algorithms from which to choose. Loosely-coupled parallel processors, using a message passing interprocessor communication mechanism, appear to match the data communication requirements of algorithms for PDEs. However, there are many unanswered questions: What is the best communication topology? How fast should the communication be relative to the floating-point speed? How much memory should each node have? The answers to these questions depend on the algorithms chosen. In this paper, we will look at three different classes of algorithms for PDEs and discuss their implications. From these results, we can make recommendations about the design of the next generation of these parallel computers.
Fluorometric determination of the neutral lipid content of microalgal cells using Nile Red

The fluorophore Nile Red (9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[α]phenoxazine-5-one) has been used to determine neutral lipid in microalgal cells. Cellular fluorescence of stained cells and gravimetrically or chromatographically determined lipid were linearly correlated when Nile Red was excited at 488 – 525 nm and the fluorescent emision measured at 570 – 600 nm. Nile Red is a vital stain which allowed flow cytometric sorting of live microalgal populations based on their lipid content.
A Simple Experiment To Demonstrate the Effects of Cracks on Materials Strength

A simple in-class experiment was designed to expose students to an aspect of materials science dealing with defects. Students break a series of paper strips to gauge the breaking strength. A precut transverse “crack” weakens the paper strip by a surprising amount. Adding a precut “crack stopper” greatly reduces the effect of the original “crack”. The observations are explained by the stress lines in the paper strips.
The Photonics Academy: pipeline to the future

The Photonics Academy offers high-schoolers courses to prepare them for high-tech work in optics and photonics. Students achieve sufficient math and science proficiency to attend university or community college. Internship opportunities, tours, guest lecturers, articulated curriculum are popular program components. Enrollment is close to 200 students, 48% female and 65% Hispanic.
Improvement of homogeneity in large optics made of Corning HPFS fused silica

In large fused silica blanks, typically greater than 225mm in diameter and 40mm thick, recent glass forming improvements have improved the homogeneity in Corning HPFS fused silica by 51%. Overall homogeneity peak to valley values improved from an average 1.4ppm to 0.69ppm. This paper describes the experimental results on homogeneity and birefringence resulting from these Forming improvements.
Chromogenic and Neurotoxic Effects of an Aliphatic γ-Diketone: Computational Insights into the Molecular Structures and Mechanism

First principles electronic structure calculations have been performed to predict chromogenic properties of various candidate structures, including pyrrole monomers and dimers and their derivatives, of the chromophores formed from the reactions of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), a prototype of neurotoxic aliphatic y-diketones, with NH3, amino acids, and proteins. The calculated results indicate that the pyrrole monomer structures and a previously proposed dimer structure do not have an absorption in the visible region whereas a novel type of pyrrole dimer structure has absorptions in the visible region if the methyl (CH3) groups on the pyrrole rings are oxidized to CHO groups. The calculated results for the oxidized pyrrole dimer models for cross-linked proteins are consistent with all of the available experimental data for the chromogenic and neurotoxic effects of 2,5-HD. Our results strongly support the conclusion that the chromogenic effects of aliphatic y-diketones are closely related to their neurotoxic effects and further predict that both the chromogenic and neurotoxic effects are associated with the same chemical reaction process. Such a reaction process most likely starts from the formation of the pyrrole-protein adducts followed by the dimerization and further oxidation.
The similar properties of tryptophan synthetase and a mutationally altered enzyme in Neurospora crassa.

A method has been developed for the stabilization and further purification of tryptophan synthetase from N. crassa. The sedimentation constant, diffusion coefficient and approximate molecular weight of the enzyme from strain C-84 have been determined. A marked similarity in physical properties was found between the enzyme and an antigenically related protein in one tryptophan-requiring mutant. These properties include behavior during purification, elution pattern during DEAE cellulose column chromatography, and sedimentation velocity constants. The results support the hypothesis that the antigenically related proteins in the td mutants are in fact genetically altered tryptophan synthetase molecules.
The effect of environmental pH on the proton motive force of Helicobacter pylori

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Responses of the proton motive force (the driving force for protons) in Helicobacter pylori to varying medium pH may explain gastric colonization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of external pH (pHout) on the proton motive force, the sum of the pH gradient, and the potential difference across the bacterial membrane. METHODS: Intracellular pH (pHin) was measured by bis- carboxyethyl-carboxy fluorescein fluorescence and transmembrane potential difference (PD) by fluorescent quenching of 3,3'-dipropyl thiadicarbocyanine iodide at differing pHout and was correlated with survival. RESULTS: PD was -131 +/- 0.36 mV (n = 3), and pHin was about 8.4 at loading pHout 7.0. PD increased as pHout was increased from 4.0 to 8.0, giving a constant proton motive force of about -220 mV. Outside these limits, PD collapsed irreversibly to zero. Addition of 5 mmol/L urea to weak buffer at pH 3.0 or 3.5 prevented irreversible collapse of PD by elevation of pHout caused by NH3 production. Urea addition to weak buffer at pH 7.0 collapsed the PD as urease activity increased the pHout to about 8.4. Survival was also limited to this range of pHout. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori survives over the range of pHout where it maintains a proton motive force. The effect of urease activity on pHout, while allowing gastric survival in acidic media, may limit survival in nonacidic media. (Gastroenterology 1996 Oct;111(4):886-900)
Extending the duration of ACTH-induced memory reactivation in an amnesic paradigm☆

Abstract The effectiveness of ACTH treatment in reversing hypothermia-induced retrograde amnesia was investigated in a passive avoidance paradigm. Subcutaneous injections of ACTH 30 min prior to a retention test attenuated the amnesia typically evidenced 24 hr after whole body cooling. Experiment 2 found no evidence for the reversal of amnesia 24 hr after ACTH treatment; however, when ACTH was combined with brief exposure to the “fear” cues previously associated with training substantial memory recovery was sustained over 24 hr. Although fear cue exposure without prior ACTH treatment also attenuated amnesia, the memory recovery was significantly less than that following the combined ACTH/cue exposure. Neither ACTH nor ACTH/cue exposure following sham-training appeared to have any consequence on performance. A final experiment replicated these findings and further suggested that the memory recovery induced by the combined ACTH/cue exposure persisted over 7, but not 14 days. It was suggested that although the combined hormone/behavioral reactivation treatment may extend the duration of ACTH-induced recovery from amnesia, a reactivated memory, like other memories, appears susceptible to ordinary sources of retention loss.
Pediatric multidetector body CT.

Multidetector CT (MDCT) has quickly become established as an invaluable imaging option for children. Just as when single-detector helical CT replaced conventional CT, MDCT is now replacing single-detector CT (SDCT). Although much of this is caused by the overall benefits of CT [1], multidetector technology offers additional and unique advantages. Multidetector technology also presents additional and unique challenges for children. For example, the wide range of sizes, from small preterm infants to large adult-size adolescents, makes scanning more demanding. Because of these unique considerations in children, the following material briefly summarizes the importance of MDCT; reviews the general technical considerations for MDCT; discusses applications of this technology for chest and abdomen imaging; and provides general recommendations for body (chest and abdomen) imaging of the pediatric population. Emphasis is placed on those technical considerations unique to multidetector technology, as opposed to conventional CT or SDCT. Those applications in which multidetector technology either improves or provides new information compared with older CT technology are reviewed. Technical aspects are discussed to a greater extent than applications because image quality and diagnostic capability are dependent on appropriate technique. Importance of MDCT
Temperature Dependence of the Product Branching Ratio of the CN + O2 Reaction

The reaction of CN radicals with O2 was studied using infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy. CO and CO2 products were detected directly, while the yield of NCO products was inferred by measuring the N2O yield upon addition of excess NO. Experiments and kinetic modeling calculations were performed to examine the extent of secondary chemistry in this system. The following branching ratios of the CN + O2 reaction at 296 K were determined: φ(N+CO2) = 0.02 ± 0.01 and φ(CO+NO) = 0.22 ± 0.02. The branching ratio into the CO + NO channel has a strong negative temperature dependence over the range 239−643 K.
Results of treatment for squamous carcinoma of the lower gum

The records of 61 patients with a diagnosis of squamous carcinoma of the lower alveolar ridge were reviewed. The overall two-year survival was 67% with a local or regional failure of 5%. The majority of patients were treated with surgery initially with an excellent local control of 98%, if the patient who died in the postoperative period and the patient lost to follow-up are excluded. Radiation therapy should be used postoperatively for those patients whose cancer exhibits some of the adverse findings such as extensive nodal metastasis, perineural invasion, or inadequate margins of surgical resection.
Effects of Aroclor 1254 treatment on the in vitro hepatic metabolism of toluene, aniline and aminopyrine in hybrid sunfish.

Abstract 1. The in vitro metabolism of the volatile aromatic hydrocarbon toluene by enzymes associated with the 12,000 g supernatant fraction of hybrid sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus × L. cyanellus × L. gibbosus ) liver homogenates was studied. 2. Aminopyrine demethylase (APDM) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activities were measured. 3. Intramuscular injections of Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) produced significant increases in APDM and AH activities ( P ≤ 0.1, ANOVA). There were no significant changes in the metabolism of toluene, liver wet weights, or liver protein concentrations following treatment.
Political correctness, social work, and the breakdown of the child abuse system

This article examines the relationship between political correctness, social work, and the breakdown of the child abuse system. Specifically, the authors explore the myth of the classlessness of child abuse by providing a brief overview of studies relating socioeconomic factors to child abuse. In addition, the article examines groups that stand to gain from perpetuating the myth of classlessness, including liberal politicians and policymakers, academicians, and psychotherapists. The authors then proceed to examine social work training for child protective services, including the preparedness of social workers for child welfare practice, the dearth of trained social workers in child protective services #opCPS#cp, and the politicization of the social work curriculum. Lastly, this article investigates the breakdown of the child abuse system with specific reference to high turnover rates among CPS workers; the declassification of public welfare jobs; and problems in the screening, investigation, and provision...
Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology

Despite the increasing interest in the study of emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology, researchers have predominantly focused on covert emotion regulation strategies-that is, those strategies that occur within the individual (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, suppression). Conversely, less attention has been devoted to the examination of the relationship between psychopathology and overt emotion regulation strategies (e.g., drinking alcohol, seeking advice). This has resulted in a limited understanding of the complex repertoire of emotion regulation strategies that individuals possess, and how patterns in the use of strategies might relate to psychopathology. We asked 218 undergraduates to report on their habitual use of 15 covert and overt emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of seven different mental disorders. Overt strategies were associated with symptoms and, at times, they predicted psychopathology above and beyond the more frequently studied covert strategies. These findings have implications for developing a more sophisticated understanding of patterns of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation.
Modeling marketplace behavior

Marketplace behavior refers to aspects of the purchase behavior of individuals and firms that leads to marketplace demand. It is characterized by the presence of many variables, most of which have nothing to do with a specific venture or specific consumer. This paper discusses three challenges of analysis commonly found in quantitative models of marketplace data: heterogeneous consumers, goal-directed behaviors, and the selective attention to some but not all variables in extended models of behavior. Bayesian solutions to these challenges are discussed.