cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperabsorption and retention of campestanol in a sitosterolemic homozygote: comparison with her mother and three control subjects.

We measured the percent absorption, turnover, and distribution of campestanol (24-methyl-5 a -cholestan-3 b - ol) in a sitosterolemic homozygote, her obligate heterozygous mother, and three healthy human control subjects. For rea- sons relating to sterol hyperabsorption, the homozygote con- sumed a diet low in plant sterols that contained campestanol at about 2 mg/day. The heterozygote and three control sub- jects were fed a diet supplemented with a spread that con- tained campestanol at 540 mg/day and sitostanol (24-ethyl- 5 a -cholestan-3 b -ol) at 1.9 g/day as fatty acid esters. Plasma campestanol concentrations determined by capillary gas- liquid chromatography were 0.72 6 0.03 mg/dl in the homozygote, 0.09 6 0.04 mg/dl in the heterozygote, and 0.05 6 0.03 mg/dl for the control mean. After simulta- neous pulse labeling with (3 a - 3 H)campestanol intrave- nously and (23- 14 C)campestanol orally, the maximum per- cent absorption measured by the plasma dual-isotope ratio method as a single time point was 80% in the homozygote, 14.3% in the heterozygote, and 5.5 6 4.3% as the mean for three control subjects. Turnover (pool size) values esti- mated by mathematical analysis of the specific activity ver- sus time (3 a - 3 H)campestanol decay curves were as follows: 261 mg in the homozygote, 27.3 mg in the heterozygote, and 12.8 6 7.6 mg in the three control subjects (homogygote vs. controls, P , 0.001). The calculated production rate (mg/24 h) equivalent to actual absorption in the presence of dietary sterols and stanols was 0.67 mg/day or 31% of in- take in the homozygote, 2.1 mg/day or 0.3% of intake in the heterozygote, and 0.7 6 0.3 mg/day or 0.1% of intake in the three control subjects. However, the excretion constant from pool A (K A ) was prolonged markedly in the homozy- gote, but was 100 times more rapid in the heterozygote and three control subjects. Thus, campestanol, like other non- cholesterol sterols, is hyperabsorbed and retained in sitoster- olemic homozygotes. However, campestanol absorption was only slightly increased in the sitosterolemic heterozygote and removal was as rapid as in control subjects. — Salen, G., G. Xu, G. S. Tint, A. K. Batta, and S. Shefer. Hyperabsorp- tion and retention of campestanol in a sitosterolemic homo- zygote: comparison with her mother and three control sub- jects. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1883-1889.
Local Geographic Spillovers between University Research and High Technology Innovations

Abstract This paper re-examines the empirical evidence on the degree of spatial spillover between university research and high technology innovations. The familiar Griliches–Jaffe knowledge production function is estimated at both the state and the metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) level and extended with more precise measures of spatial spillover. Alternatives based on the gravity potential and covering indices are formulated for Jaffe's “geographical coincidence index” and found to provide strong evidence of local spillovers at the state level. At the MSA level, a distinction is made between research and development activities and university research in the MSA and in the surrounding counties. Evidence is found of local spatial externalities between university research and high technology innovative activity, both directly and indirectly via private research and development.
A 6b stochastic flash analog-to-digital converter without calibration or reference ladder

A 6-bit stochastic flash ADC is presented. By connecting many comparators in parallel, a reference ladder is avoided by allowing random offset to set individual trip points. The ADC transfer function is the cumulative density function of comparator offset. A technique is proposed to improve transfer function linearity by 8.5 dB. A test chip, fabricated in 0.18 mum CMOS, achieves ENOB over 4.9 b up to 18 MS/s with 900 mV supply and comparator offset standard deviation of 140 mV Comparators are digital cells to allow automated synthesis. Total core power consumption when fs = 8 MHz is 631muW.
The constitutive and the instrumental in social design

Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial is rightly influential as a founding text in design research in the information systems field (IS). Simon's contributions in the same volume to what he calls social planning and human design - practices associated with the development of societal scale artifacts that foster a "humane society" - are much less visible in IS design research. I develop and expand on some of Simon's insights here using social design projects such as IT-based civic networks as my context, drawing on a civic network development project called the Urban-net that I have tracked since its inception in 1996. I define some distinctive features of such projects and advance an institutionalist conception of actors (designers) and action. Despite noting that "nothing is more fundamental in setting our research agenda and informing our research methods than our view of the nature of the human beings whose behavior we are studying" (Simon 1985; emphasis added), and despite his recognition that social planning projects often are quite different from other types of technical projects in the demands they make on actors, Simon's (1996) discussion is not moved by a sufficiently nuanced view of the designer. Apropos, and drawing on a sociological institutionalist view of social actors and action, I outline a model of two inter-related design activities: constitutive design - targeting design of the normative or institutional foundation and governance mechanisms - and instrumental design, where designers specify the system to be built within the agreed-upon normative constraints. I conclude with a brief account of the Urban-net case.
Promoting Child Protection through Community Resources: Care Arrangements for Ethiopian AIDS Orphans

One of the key development challenges posed by AIDS in Ethiopia is providing care for the vastly increased number of orphans resulting from the pandemic. Organizational initiatives and policy responses will affect a wide range of developmental indicators, as well as the formative experiences of millions of Ethiopian children in years to come. This paper explores the strategies and basic assumptions of community-based care, which has become the orthodox approach to orphan care in Africa. Two limitations of this approach are discussed. First, it is often based on an outdated understanding and assessment of the capabilities of traditional institutions to care for children. Second, it provides inadequate protection and condones a variety of arrangements that are inconsistent with the needs and interests of orphan children. A set of practices and normative principles is then reviewed by which innovation in orphan care consistent with child protection functions as well as the utilization of available community resources may be promoted.
A compact branch-line coupler using discontinuous microstrip lines

We introduce a branch-line coupler using discontinuous microstrip lines whose size is significantly reduced relative to the standard design. We manipulate the reactive characteristics of discontinuities in its microstrip lines to achieve a physical size reduction of almost 60% with comparable performance.
Elusive Culture: Schooling, Race, and Identity in Global Times

Elusive Culture: Schooling, Race, and Identity in Global Times. Daniel A. Yon. New York: State University of New York Press, 2000. 175 pp.
Lesions of gnotobiotic calves experimentally infected with a calicivirus-like (Newbury) agent.

Fourteen gnotobiotic calves were killed 0.5 to ten days after infection with Newbury agent SRV-1 and the changes in small intestinal structure and function were assessed, qualitatively and quantitatively, by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, enzymology and xylose absorption.The first enterocytes detected as infected by immunoperoxidase were those on the sides of villi at the base. Subsequently exfoliation of degenerate enterocytes resulted in stunted villi; mucosal β-galactosidase activity fell and there was xylose malabsorption. Small intestinal damage, first detected at 12 hours after infection but almost repaired by ten days, was restricted to the anterior half of the small intestine. In the distal small intestine, where no virus-induced damage occurred, villi lengthened—possibly due to increased mitosis of crypt cells stimulated by enteroglucagon release.
Lévy-driven CARMA processes

Properties and examples of continuous-time ARMA (CARMA) processes driven by Levy processes are examined. By allowing Levy processes to replace Brownian motion in the definition of a Gaussian CARMA process, we obtain a much richer class of possibly heavy-tailed continuous-time stationary processes with many potential applications in finance, where such heavy tails are frequently observed in practice. If the Levy process has finite second moments, the correlation structure of the CARMA process is the same as that of a corresponding Gaussian CARMA process. In this paper we make use of the properties of general Levy processes to investigate CARMA processes driven by Levy processes {W(t)} without the restriction to finite second moments. We assume only that W (1) has finite r-th absolute moment for some strictly positive r. The processes so obtained include CARMA processes with marginal symmetric stable distributions.
An Exploration of Student Experiences with Learner-Centered Instructional Strategies

In this exploratory study, we examined how undergraduate students experience learning in a learner-centered teaching environment and their perceptions of motivation towards learning material in an introductory public speaking communications course. Six faculty members participated in a semester-long study where their teaching strategies were observed. Three faculty members participated in a cognitive apprenticeship where they were taught how to implement learner-centered instructional strategies into their coursework. Participants were 109 students who were enrolled in an introductory public speaking course. Data was collected by means of classroom observations, interviews, and the administration of a survey. Our findings indicated that students who were engaged in learner-centered activities within the communications course demonstrate higher levels of motivation towards the course and are more actively engaged in their learning.
Pneumothorax during CPR training: case report and review of the CPR literature.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is taught widely to both lay persons and health care oworkers. It is a challenging psychomotor skill. Concerns about its safety to the rescuer have centered around the risk of infectious disease exposure. A young nursing assistant developed a minimally symptomatic pneumothorax during CPR training. This case is the first reported example of this complication for a CPR trainee or provider. The literature is reviewed for complications for CPR provider and recipient and the relevant issues regarding the current status and future direction of this intervention.
The use of a physiologically-based extraction test to assess relationships between bioaccessible metals in urban soil and neurodevelopmental conditions in children.

Intellectual disability (ID) and cerebral palsy (CP) are serious neurodevelopment conditions and low birth weight (LBW) is correlated with both ID and CP. The actual causes and mechanisms for each of these child outcomes are not well understood. In this study, the relationship between bioaccessible metal concentrations in urban soil and these child conditions were investigated. A physiologically based extraction test (PBET) mimicking gastric and intestinal processes was applied to measure the bio-accessibility of four metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)) in urban soil, and a Bayesian Kriging method was used to estimate metal concentrations in geocoded maternal residential sites. The results showed that bioaccessible metal concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the intestinal phase were statistically significantly associated with the child outcomes. Lead and nickel were associated with ID, lead and cadmium was associated with LBW, and cadmium was associated with CP. The total concentrations and stomach concentrations were not correlated to significant effects in any of the analyses. For lead, an estimated threshold value was found that was statistically significant in predicting low birth weight. The change point test was statistically significant (p value = 0.045) at an intestine threshold level of 9.2 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 8.9-9.4, p value = 0.0016), which corresponds to 130.6 mg/kg of total Pb concentration in the soil. This is a narrow confidence interval for an important relationship.
A Method for MEG Data That Obtains Linearly-Constrained Minimum-Variance Beamformer Solution by Minimum-Norm Least-Squares Method

A method to obtain the linearly-constrained minimum-variance (LCMV) beamformer solution simply by applying the minimum-norm least-squares (MNLS) method to the recorded brain magnetic fields is theoretically shown. First, apply the prewhitening process to the recorded data using the data variance-covariance matrix. Then, apply the MNLS method to its outcome. The obtained solution is mathematically proved to be equivalent to the one obtained by the original LCMV beamformer. This method works only when the number of independent neural currents (equivalent to double of the number of specified neural current locations if a spherical head model is used) in the brain to be calculated is not more than the number of magnetic sensors. This is because linear independence of the neural currents is one of prerequisites for obtaining the LCMV beamformer weight matrices. When it is more, the solution currents at different locations are not linearly independent, meaning that the obtained neural currents are mathematically, rather than physiologically, determined by the beamformer weight matrices or the MNLS pseudoinverse matrix, which should be avoided for further analyses on the obtained neural currents.
Perspectives: From Bedside to Bench.

the american journal of physiology-Renal Physiology is pleased to announce a new series of articles called Perspectives: From Bedside to Bench. This reversal of the usual expression “bench to bedside” indicates that the flow of information in these articles is from the clinical experience to the
Health Condition of the Traffic Policemen in Chongwen District of Beijing

[Objective] To understand the health condition of the traffic policemen and provide scientific evidence for establishing countermeasures, protecting the policemen's physical health and controlling the automobile exhaust gas. [Methods] 112 outside-office policemen and 76 office policemen form Chongwen District of Beijing were chosen as the observation group and the control respectively; physical examination was conducted on them; summing-up method was used to classify their diseases; comparison was made between the two groups. [Results] 101 policemen in the observation group were found with various diseases with a morbidity of 90.18%; 41 policemen in the control were found with various diseases with an morbidity of 53.95%; the first 5 places of the diseases (in the order of morbidity) were fatty liver, Chronic upper respiratory tract inflammation, ECG abnormity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.[Conclusion] Health protection and health education should be improved among the traffic policemen; psychological health and reasonable diet are to be emphasized; regular physical examination is expected to be carried out for the early diagnosis and treatment.
Establishment and evaluation of rat model of acute stress during chronic heart failure

Objective To establish the rat model of acute stress during chronic heart failure and evaluate it.Methods Male Wistar rats were injected adrimycin(ADR)via abdominal cavity to induce heart failure.Cardiovascular dynamics and heart pathology were measured.Rats with heart failure received bacterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS)0.2 mg/kg by peritoneal injection to induce acute stress,and we measured blood pressure,heart rate and the expression of HO-1 after LPS injection.Results ADR peritoneal injection led to heart failure successfully.Compared with that in normal group,left ventricular function(±LVdp/dtmax)of rats in model group reduced significantly,and myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy occurred,too.LPS peritoneal injection led to acute stress in rats with heart failure.Heart rate and blood pressure began to rise 0.5 h after LPS injection and reached at 1 h after LPS injection.The expression of myocardium HO-1 increased at 6 h and was significantly higher at 12 h after LPS injection.The expression of HO-1 was higher in model group than in normal group.Conclusion LPS peritoneal injection successfully leads to acute stress in rats with heart failure,providing a reliable model for study of decompensated heart failure.
Monokine-induced acute lung injury in rabbits

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates components of the acute phase response, stimulates granulocyte metabolism, and induces endothelial cell surface changes. We studied in unanesthetized rabbits the effects of intravenous divided dose infusions of a murine monokine preparation containing IL-1 activity, on circulating granulocytes, their sequestration within the pulmonary microvasculature, pulmonary edema formation, and changes in pulmonary vascular permeability. Monokine administration induced significant (P less than 0.01) granulocytopenia as well as a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in mean alveolar septal wall granulocytes per high power field (HPF) compared with saline-injected controls. Infusions of the monokine preparation significantly (P less than 0.005) increased lung wet-to-dry weight ratios as well as significantly (P less than 0.025) increased pulmonary extravasation of radiolabeled albumin. Electron microscopic analysis of lung sections obtained from monokine-infused animals demonstrated endothelial injury, perivascular edema, and extravasation of an ultrastructural tracer. We conclude that a monokine preparation containing IL-1 activity can induce profound granulocytopenia, pulmonary leukostasis, and acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury.
Singularity formation for vortex sheets and hyperbolic equations

Singularities are expected to occur in a variety of inviscid incompressible flows, the simplest being on a vortex sheet just preceding roll-up of the sheet. We present a new approach to the vortex sheet problem, in which the Birkhoff-Rott equation is approximated by a system of first order non-linear pde's. The system is solved in an analytic function setting, and singularities occur as branch points for the solution. In this paper, the general method is applied to Burger's equation and to the short time existence problem for a 2x2 system with initial singularities.
Valuing biodiversity, aesthetics, and job losses associated with ecosystem management using stated preferences

The study performs a joint estimation of the values for three important attributes of forest ecosystem management-biodiversity, aesthetics, and rural employment impacts using a choice-based, stated preference approach. It develops the marginal willingness-to-pay schedule for the three attributes for timber rural, other rural, and urban communities in Washington State. In contrast to the conventional wisdom in neoclassical economics, the public perceives job losses as losses of social welfare in this study. There are differences as well as similarities among the preferences ofthe three communities for the attributes of ecosystem management. The results show that the overall preferences of the timber rural and urban communities towards ecosystem management are substantially different, while the preferences of other rural community are not statistically significantly different from the other two communities. The estimated environmental and social values make it possible for policy makers and resource managers to compare and assess the trade-offs of different management plans. For example, with the biodiversity index level at 60, where an index of 50 relates current conditions, and rural forest-related job losses at 5,000, each household in urban communities in Washington State is willing to pay $31.44 annually for an additional unit of improvement of biodiversity, and $45.97 annually for avoiding an additional 1,000 rural job losses. The trade-off relationship forthe given biodiversity and job loss levels suggests each household in urban communities each year is willing to trade 684 additional rural forest-related job losses with one unit of biodiversity improvement, ceteris paribus. Similar trade-off relationships for households in timber and other rural communities suggest each is willing to trade 598 and 388 additional rural forest-related job losses, respectively, with one unit of biodiversity improvement, ceteris paribus. The trade-off between aesthetics and job losses are 1,229, 452, and 686 additional jobs with one unit of aesthetics improvement for urban, timber, and other rural households, respectively. The trade-off relationships provide important information for improving the efficiency and equity of forest ecosystem management.
Metabolic Acidosis Effects on Bone and Its Metabolism

Chronic acid challenges to systemic acid–base status might cause bone injury in the absence of chronic metabolic acidosis. Ongoing bone injury is better documented in individuals with chronic metabolic acidosis, particularly in association with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although studies show that correction of metabolic acidosis in children improves bone health and growth, few studies in adults, particularly in those with CKD, have examined if correction of metabolic acidosis in CKD improves the disturbed bone metabolism and improves bone health. We will begin our discussion with a case and then discuss what is known about the physiology of bone disease, how metabolic acidosis adversely affects it, and how clinicians might approach management based on current knowledge.
Morton Order Improves Performance

Data locality, vectorization, and threading are three issues that are critical to getting peak performance on an Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor. Morton order preserves multidimensional locality and provides a basis for improved vectorization and logical blocking for partitioning work for multithreading.
A new algorithm for monthly generation scheduling and security correction in power systems

In traditional generation plan management, the completion schedule of the annual contract energy and plants' equaled load ratios are mainly considered, rather than the implementation of the generation scheduling. As the direct-supplying energy increases, the proportionality of power plants' generated energy is observably influenced, thus the power grid's security constraints are more sharpened or formed into new ones; meanwhile, considering the difficulty in solving the monthly unit commitment model with 720 periods, a monthly generation scheduling and security correction model based on characteristic periods of load is proposed. First, by the piecewise-linear technique based on local minimum deviation, the load characteristic periods are extracted, decreasing the model scale significantly; second, the transfer energy of the transmission corridors are introduced as optimization variables to evaluate the transmission capacity demand of the transmission corridors, and to realize the coordination of sending, receiving system's capacity and corridors' transmission capacity. Simulation for IEEE 118-bus system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.
Assessment of EFL Through the Process of Problem-Based Learning

The increasing numbers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and multiethnic students require engagement and exploration coupled with stimulating pedagogy across cultural and linguistic lines. Language learning and Problem-based Learning (PBL) are closely intertwined in their efforts to achieve success. This chapter focuses on meeting the diverse needs of learners and assessing their progress applying PBL methodology to EFL assessment. It offers educators creative and dynamic assessment strategies that include outcomes based on the PBL process and product. This pedagogical approach focuses on assessment tools and models that address unique teaching styles and key competencies while stimulating critical thinking and effective teamwork. Assessment tools are clearly identified allowing for individual differences as well as collaboration and group synergy in order to enhance EFL academic achievement.
Temperature-Dependent Development and Thermal Sensitivity of Blaptica dubia (Blattodea: Blaberidae).

Temperature-dependent development of nymphs of the Dubia cockroach, Blaptica dubia Serville, was described using constant-temperature data collected from laboratory experiments at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C. Simple linear regression models were developed based on the data from each instar. Degree-days required to complete a particular life stage were estimated as 457.5, 668, 1,031, 1,317, 1,515, 1,429, and 2,071 for instars 1-7, respectively. Nymphs developed to adulthood at 20, 25, and 30 °C, but all died before developing into fifth instar at 35 °C and into second instar at 40 °C. Critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and critical thermal minimum (CTMin) of B. dubia were also measured for each instar. CTMax ranged from 44.8 to 49.9 °C for fourth and second instars, respectively. CTMin ranged from approximately -2 °C for seventh instar to - 3.1 °C for second instar. There was no relationship between body mass (instar) and CTMax; however, CTMin was positively correlated with body mass. These results could be used to control the development rate of B. dubia and adjust the optimal rearing temperature for B. dubia in a given situation.
Poldark : The Vampire That We Need

This chapter compares two television productions of Poldark (1975, 2015) to show how each generation represents the eighteenth century to construct the history that it wants. The portrayals of Ross by Robin Ellis and Aidan Turner, and of Demelza by Angharad Rees and Eleanor Tomlinson reify significantly different norms. The subsequent analysis of cinematic technique focuses on the second Poldark’s use of heritage film conventions. Drawing on ideas of the “post-heritage film” and the “retrovision,” the chapter contends that 2015s Poldark addressed two histories: national history and film history in the form of heritage film. Using heritage film’s conventions, Poldark accepted and challenged heritage film as a genre, in part by constructing a national history ostentatiously different from the one expected from heritage film.
A General Inequality for Kählerian Slant Submanifolds and Related Results

An isometric immersion of a Riemannian manifold into a Kahlerian manifold is called slant if it has a constant Wirtinger angle. A slant submanifold is called Kahlerian slant if its canonical structure is parallel. In this article, we prove a general inequality relating the mean and scalar curvatures of Kahlerian slant submanifolds in a complex space form. We also classify Kahlerian slant submanifolds which satisfy the equality case of the inequality. Several related results on slant submanifolds are also proved.
Truth or fiction

In his 1987 acceptance speech for the Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society, which since 1963 has honoured authors whose works have contributed in some fashion to the cause o...
Composition and seasonal abundance of hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) at a midelevation site in central Utah

Abstract Dipteran pollinators are important in the successful reproduction of many plants, yet are less studied than other groups. We know that these insects affect the biodiversity of natural landscapes, yet much remains unknown about the extent of their influence in pollination systems and flight seasons. In this study, we collected hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with 3 Malaise traps at a midelevation site in central Utah throughout the flies' flight season of 2015. We collected 27 genera and 48 species in our traps. We determined seasonal flight times by collecting at weekly intervals throughout the frost-free year. Abundance of all hover flies peaked twice, in June and September, showing a bimodal distribution. We noted a drop in overall abundance during the hottest months of July and August. Species diversity and richness also peaked in June and September. We calculated species richness estimators, which suggest that more than 60 species make up the total assemblage at the study site. Local museum ...
Description of Specific Structures

This chapter describes specific structures of head. The inferolateral border of the superior orbital fissure forms the posterior third of the upper margin of the lateral wall of the orbit. The superolateral border of the inferior orbital fissure forms the inferior two-thirds of the border of the lateral wall of the orbit. In the middle of the anterior portion of the lateral wall of the orbit is the zygomatic canal. The zygomatic canal transmits the zygomatic nerve. The canal divides within the bone into two parts, one branch opening into the temporal fossa and the other branch opening on the malar eminence. The branches transmit the zygomatico-temporal ramus and the zygomaticofacial ramus of the zygomatic nerve respectively. The superior orbital fissure lies between the roof and lateral wall of the orbit. It consists of a narrower lateral portion, which separates the lesser wing from the greater wing of the sphenoid, and a wider medial portion, which separates the greater wing of the sphenoid from the body of the sphenoid. The first portion of the intratemporal course of the facial nerve is through the internal auditory canal. At the lateral end, the facial nerve leaves the internal auditory canal and enters its own canal, the facial (Fallopian) canal.
The Adolescent Russell and the Victorian Crisis of Faith

A wag once asked whether there had been even a single Victorian intellectual who did not experience a religious crisis of some sort. And indeed it does often seem as if such a crisis was a test ofauthenticity which all genuine Victorian thinkers had to pass. To be sure, doubts concerning their religious faith perplexed many Victorians, and although Charles Darwin, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, and John Stuart Mill were the best-known sufferers ofthis spiritual turmoil, thousands of other English men and women, by no means all intellectuals, endured equal misery. The most common intellectual cause of these pervasive crises of faith was of course the challenge presented by the discoveries of nineteenth-century science-most especially those associated with the name of Darwin. Both the severity and the ubiquity of the reaction to these scientific innovations were due to the very nature of the challenge itself, for the threat posed by science to religion struck at the very root of established Christian doctrine and ethics. Questions of human purpose, responsibility, and worth were all opened to doubt and reinterpretation, as were issues of social conscience, cosmic design, and metaphysical certitude. The lives of many Victorians were riven by conflicting loyalties-by a respect for the method and discoveries ofscience on the one hand, and by an emotional attachment to the ancient faith and its forms on the other. As their old faith gradually ebbed and their belief in science proved to be a spiritually deficient alternative, these men and women experienced what Leslie Stephen sensitively termed "a painful discord between the imagination and the reason". I Confused, anxious, and beleaguered, they found themselves living in a frightening age, a time that John Stuart Mill described as at once "devoid of faith, yet terrified of scepticism". 2 Many of these Victorian "crises" were, however, religious only in a
Acoustic radiation force on an elastic sphere in a soft elastic medium

A theoretical framework in Lagrangian coordinates is developed for calculating the acoustic radiation force on an elastic sphere in a soft elastic medium. Advantages of using Lagrangian coordinates are that the surface of the sphere is fixed in the reference frame, and nonlinearity appears only in the stress tensor. The incident field is a time-harmonic compressional wave with arbitrary spatial structure, and there is no restriction on the size of the sphere. Bulk and shear viscosities are taken into account with complex wavenumbers. A solution is presented for the radiation force due to the scattered compressional wave. For an ideal liquid surrounding the sphere, there is no scattered shear wave contributing to the radiation force and the solution is complete. The theory reproduces established results obtained in Eulerian coordinates for an elastic sphere in a fluid.
EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY IN A TACHYCARDIC POSTPARTUM WOMAN

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare congenital defect involving the tricuspid valve, with prevalence of less than 1%. While there is variability in severity of disease, it can be well tolerated during pregnancy. A 19 year old female presented for preeclampsia and urgent delivery. She developed tachycardia
Uses and Gratifications Theory and E-Consumer Behaviors

ABSTRACTDrawing from uses and gratifications theory, this study explores influences of informativeness, entertainment, and irritation on various online consumer behaviors such as attitude toward the Web, Web usage, and satisfaction. Particularly, web usage and satisfaction are explored as the consequences of attitude toward the Web, while informativeness, entertainment, and irritation are the antecedents of attitude toward the Web. This nomological model was tested with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. SEM results indicated that the uses and gratifications theory explains well consumers’ attitude toward the Web. Internet users who perceive the Web as entertaining and informative generally show a positive attitude toward the Web. In contrast, those who perceive the Web as irritating indicate a negative attitude toward the Web. Finally, this study found that web users with a positive attitude toward the Web browse the Net more oftentimes and feel more satisfied.
Smokeless Tobacco and the Rural Teen: How Culture and Masculinity Contribute to Adolescent Use

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is primarily used by younger, rural males and often in the presence of o...
Electromagnetic Analysis and Experimental Testing of a Flux Focusing Wind Turbine Magnetic Gearbox

The electromagnetic design of the second stage of a 59:1 multistage magnetic gearbox for a wind turbine demonstrator is presented. The multistage series connected magnetic gearbox is composed of a 6.45:1 first stage and 9.14:1 second stage magnetic gear. The magnetic gears utilize a flux focusing spoke type rotor typology with a unique segmented fully laminated design. The electromagnetic impact of structural design changes on the second stage gearbox is considered with respect to torque density. Severe three-dimensional edge effects were encountered that greatly reduced the expect torque density of the second stage magnetic gear. Experimental testing of the multistage magnetic gear highlights unexpected problems associated with eddy current loss and torque ripple.
Automated Text Messaging With Patients in Department of Veterans Affairs Specialty Clinics: Cluster Randomized Trial.

Background: Acceptability of mobile phone text messaging as a means of asynchronous communication between health care systems and patients is growing. The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has adopted an automated texting system (aTS) for national rollout. The aTS allows providers to develop clinical texting protocols to promote patient self-management and allows clinical teams to monitor patient progress between in-person visits. Texting-supported hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment has not been previously tested. Objective: Guided by the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM), we developed an aTS HCV protocol and conducted a mixed methods, hybrid type 2 effectiveness implementation study comparing two programs supporting implementation of the aTS HCV protocol for medication adherence in patients with HCV. Methods: Seven VA HCV specialty clinics were randomized to usual aTS implementation versus an augmented implementation facilitation program. Implementation process measures included facilitation metrics, usability, and usefulness. Implementation outcomes included provider and patient use of the aTS HCV protocol, and effectiveness outcomes included medication adherence, health perceptions and behaviors, and sustained virologic response (SVR). Results: Across the seven randomized clinics, there were 293 facilitation events using a core set of nine implementation strategies (157 events in augmented implementation facilitation, 136 events in usual implementation). Providers found the aTS appropriate with high potential for scale-up but not without difficulties in startup, patient selection and recruitment, and clinic workflow integration. Patients largely found the aTS easy to use and helpful; however, low perceived need for self-management support contributed to high declination. Reach and use was modest with 197 patients approached, 71 (36%) enrolled, 50 (25%) authenticated, and 32 (16%) using the aTS. In augmented implementation facilitation clinics, more patients actively used the aTS HCV protocol compared with usual clinic patients (20% vs 12%). Patients who texted reported lower distress about failing HCV treatment (13/15, 87%, vs 8/15, 53%; P=.05) and better adherence to HCV medication (11/15, 73%, reporting excellent adherence vs 6/15, 40%; P=.06), although SVR did not differ by group. Conclusions: The aTS is a promising intervention for improving patient self-management; however, augmented approaches to implementation may be needed to support clinician buy-in and patient engagement. Considering the behavioral, social, organizational, and technical scale-up challenges that we documented, successful and sustained implementation of the aTS may require implementation strategies that operate at the clinic, provider, and patient levels. Trial Registration: Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03898349; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03898349
Endothelialization of cardiovascular devices

Blood-contacting surfaces of cardiovascular devices are not biocompatible for creating an endothelial layer on them. Numerous research studies have mainly sought to modify these surfaces through physical, chemical and biological means to ease early endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration and proliferation, and eventually to build an endothelial layer on the surfaces. The first priority for surface modification is inhibition of protein adsorption that leads to inhibition of platelet adhesion to the device surfaces, which may favor EC adhesion. Surface modification through surface texturing, if applicable, can bring some hopeful outcomes in this regard. Surface modifications through chemical and/or biological means may play a significant role in easy endothelialization of cardiovascular devices and inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cellular engineering of cells relevant to endothelialization can boost the positive outcomes obtained through surface engineering. This review briefly summarizes recent developments and research in early endothelialization of cardiovascular devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Endothelialization of cardiovascular implants, including heart valves, vascular stents and vascular grafts is crucial to solve many problems in our health care system. Numerous research efforts have been made to improve endothelialization on the surfaces of cardiovascular implants, mainly through surface modifications in three ways - physically, chemically and biologically. This review is intended to highlight comprehensive research studies to date on surface modifications aiming for early endothelialization on the blood-contacting surfaces of cardiovascular implants. It also discusses future perspectives to help guide endothelialization strategies and inspire further innovations.
Effect of Attribute Alignment on Action Sequence Variability: Evidence from Electronic Medical Records.

Business process mining algorithms discover processes from event logs that record sequences of events or actions. Typical event logs may or may not contain information about the attributes of the actions, such as the particular workstations used to carry out an action or the identity of the person performing the action. In this paper, we test the effect of action attributes on action sequence using data from electronic medical records at five dermatology clinics. We demonstrate that action sequence is influenced by attributes such as actors (who does what) and workstations (what is done where) that are not typically considered relevant to process flow control. We introduce a new metric – attribute alignment – that summarizes the extent to which actions are carried out with the same attributes throughout a process instance. If each action is always performed with the same attributes, attribute alignment is 100%. We discuss the implications and limitations of this finding for research and practice.
Comparing Telephone Counseling With Reminding to Promote On-Time Repeated Mammography: A Randomized Trial in a Cohort With 4 Years Follow-Up

Background. Long-term continuous adherence to biennial screening mammograms as guidelines recommend remains low. Limited evidence suggests that reminder calls may increase short-term adherence as much as telephone counseling, but research is needed comparing the long-term effects of these two approaches. Purpose. To compare the impacts of two telephone outreach interventions and mailed reminders on 4-year continuous mammography adherence. Method. A cohort of 3,215 women, age 50 to 81 years, was selected from 30,160 women from a 4-year randomized trial of three interventions to promote biennial mammography: reminder letter only (LO), letter plus reminder call (RC), and two letters plus educational material and a counseling call (CC). Women selected remained eligible for the trial all 4 years and received annual interventions as needed. The proportion with a mammogram in the last 24 months was determined at baseline and four annual time points. Results. Continuous adherence at all four time points was higher in the RC (78.8%) and CC arms (78.8%) than in the LO arm (75.1%; p < .001). Multivariable analysis confirmed this finding: CC (odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = [1.01, 1.61]) and RC (odds ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval = [0.98, 1.56]). Only 27.8% of women eligible for an initial counseling call actually received counseling. Conclusions. Compared with letters alone, outreach calls can modestly increase continuous mammography adherence among insured women with consistent primary care. Telephone counseling was no more effective than a reminder call, possibly due to limited acceptance of counseling calls by women who may find them unwelcome or unnecessary.
Anxiety Comorbidities: Mood Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Chronic Medical Illness

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and are associated with significant negative consequences. Importantly, a large proportion of individuals with anxiety disorders also meet criteria for other disorders. Specifically, a large body of work suggests that anxiety is often comorbid with mood and substance use disorders, as well as physical health conditions, including chronic pain. These comorbidities contribute to overall disease burden and are associated with greater overall severity of each disorder compared to individuals with only one disorder, and these individuals also exhibit poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, there is clinical utility in understanding the relationships between anxiety and its comorbidities. The following chapter reviews existing research examining the relationship between anxiety and mood disorders, substance use disorders, and chronic pain. Each section provides a comprehensive review of existing research on the etiology and treatment of these comorbidities, as well as provides a framework for future directions.
Safety of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery in Patients Receiving Direct oral Anticoaulants (DOACs)

Background: The safety and optimal perioperative management of patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) during hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) surgery is still controversial. Methods: Between 2012 and 2018, 115 anticoagulant-prescribed patients who underwent elective HBP surgery (65 benign and 50 malignant diseases, 69 laparoscopic and 46 open-fashioned operations) in our department were enrolled in this study. Patients undergoing emergency operations were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into two groups; patients receiving DOACs (DOAC group, n=35) and patients undergoing warfarin therapy (WF group, n=80). Background characteristics, surgical blood loss, and postoperative complications, including bleeding and thrombotic complications, were compared between the groups. Results: In the DOAC group, dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban were used in 10, 8, 10, and 7 patients, respectively, and only 11 patients (31.4%) received perioperative heparin bridging. There were no differences in patients’ background characteristics and mode of surgery (open or laparoscopic). The duration of operation ( P =0.148), surgical blood loss ( P =0.782), and the rate of intraoperative red blood cell transfusion ( P =1.000) were similar between the groups. Overall, any thromboembolic complications were not observed in the current cohort, and only 1 patient (2.9%) suffered from postoperative bleeding complication in the DOAC group. The mortality was zero, and the length of postoperative stay was also identical between the groups ( P = 0.998). Conclusion: HBP surgery is safely performed in patients receiving DOAC therapy, without increase in bleeding or thromboembolic complications compared with warfarin therapy.
Long-Term Quality of Life Following Endoscopic Therapy Compared to Esophagectomy for Neoplastic Barrett’s Esophagus

Endoscopic therapy (ET) and esophagectomy result in similar survival for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or T1a esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), but the long-term quality of life (QOL) has not been compared. We aimed to compare long-term QOL between patients who had undergone ET versus esophagectomy. Patients were included if they underwent ET or esophagectomy at the University of Michigan since 2000 for the treatment of HGD or T1a EAC. Two validated survey QOL questionnaires were mailed to the patients. We compared QOL between and within groups (ET = 91, esophagectomy = 62), adjusting for covariates. The median time since initial intervention was 6.8 years. Compared to esophagectomy, ET patients tended to be older, had a lower prevalence of EAC, and had a shorter duration since therapy. ET patients had worse adjusted physical and role functioning than esophagectomy patients. However, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having symptoms was significantly less with ET for diarrhea (0.287; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.114, 0.724), trouble eating (0.207; 0.0766, 0.562), choking (0.325; 0.119, 0.888), coughing (0.291; 0.114, 0.746), and speech difficulty (0.306; 0.0959, 0.978). Amongst the ET patients, we found that the number of therapy sessions and need for dilation were associated with worse outcomes. Multiple measures of symptom status were better with ET compared to esophagectomy following treatment of BE with HGD or T1a EAC. We observed worse long-term physical and role functioning in ET patients which could reflect unmeasured baseline functional status rather than a causal effect of ET.