cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of the NOAA 16 AMSU-A brightness temperatures observed over Libyan Desert

[1] The brightness temperatures over the southeastern Libyan Desert (21°-23°N; 28°-29°E) from the NOAA-16 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) were investigated for the months of January and March 2001. Angular distributions of the data from each month show remarkably stable patterns. The stable pattern of angular distributions can be potentially useful for postlaunch calibration and validation of the AMSU-A instrument, if a long-term trend of the angular distributions can be established. Angular distributions from the three window channels (channels 1, 2, and 15 with frequencies centered at 23.8, 31.4, and 89 GHz, respectively) and one near-surface sounding channel (channel 3 at 50.3 GHz) were simulated with a parametric model using the radiative transfer equation and a soil dielectric-emissivity model that generates the required soil emissivity as a function of zenith angle. The simulated results agree well with the data over the Libyan Desert area. The best-fit results indicate that radiation sensed by each channel comes from different thermal sampling depth and that these window channels could be used for temperature sounding in soils. The effect of spacecraft roll error on the angular distribution was also investigated. It was found that 1 ° roll error would produce a left-right asymmetry of 2.6 K in the angular distribution.
Re-alimentation in harbor seal pups: Effects on the somatotropic axis and growth rate

The metabolic hormones, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, together with IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), have been well studied in domestic species and are the primary components of the somatotropic axis. This hormone axis is responsive to nutrient intake, associated with growth rate, and accretion of protein and adipose. However, this relationship has not been evaluated in species that rely heavily on adipose stores for survival, such as pinnipeds. The primary objectives of this research were to investigate the response of the somatotropic axis to reduced nutrient intake and re-alimentation in rehabilitated harbor seal pups, and to assess if these hormones are related to nutritional status and growth rate in harbor seals. Stranded harbor seal pups (n = 24) arrived at the rehabilitation facility very thin after fasting for several days (nutritional nadir). Throughout rehabilitation nutrient intake increased and pups gained mass and body condition. Concentrations of GH and IGFBP-2 decreased with re-alimentation, while IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations increased. Overall, GH and IGFBP-2 were negatively associated and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were positively associated with growth rate and increased body condition of harbor sea pups. Further, the magnitude of the growth response was related to the magnitude in response of the somatotropic axis to varied levels of intake. These data suggest that multiple components of the somatotropic axis may be used to assess the energy status of individuals and may also provide information on the level of feed intake that is predictive of growth rate.
Modest Influence of FRET Chromophores on the Properties of Unfolded Proteins

Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments are often used to study the properties of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins. Because of their large extinction coefficients and quantum yields, synthetic heteroaromatic chromophores covalently linked to the protein are often used as donor and acceptor fluorophores. A key issue in the interpretation of such experiments is the extent to which the properties of the unfolded chain may be affected by the presence of these chromophores. In this article, we investigate this question using all-atom explicit solvent replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of three different unfolded or intrinsically disordered proteins. We find that the secondary structure and long-range contacts are largely the same in the presence or absence of the fluorophores, and that the dimensions of the chain with and without chromophores are similar. This suggests that, at least in the cases studied, extrinsic fluorophores have little effect on the structural properties of unfolded or disordered proteins. We also find that the critical FRET orientational factor κ2, has an average value and equilibrium distribution very close to that expected for isotropic orientations, which supports one of the assumptions frequently made when interpreting FRET efficiency in terms of distances.
Facial augmentation with Proplast and nonporous hydroxylapatite in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Using an extra-oral approach, subperiosteal pockets were created bilaterally over zygomatic and mandibular areas in six Rhesus monkeys. One side of each anatomic site received a Proplast I implant and the contralateral a nonporous hydroxylapatite (NPHA) block. Two animals were killed postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months, and the implants retrieved en bloc for histologic evaluation. Clinical evaluation showed the Proplast implants more stable than NPHA implants. Histologic evaluation for Proplast implants demonstrated complete encapsulation, fibrous tissue infiltration, fragmentation of implants, and some giant cell reaction. The NPHA implants were completely encapsulated with fibrous tissues, and no giant cell response, fragmentation, biodegradation, or bone formation was observed. We concluded that the Proplast was more stable than NPHA implants, but the NPHA produced less inflammatory cell and giant cell reaction.
CHLOROPLAST EVOLUTION IN THE PINUS MONTEZUMAE COMPLEX: A COALESCENT APPROACH TO HYBRIDIZATION

This study addresses the evolutionary history of the chloroplast genomes of two closely related pine species, Pinus hartwegii Lindl. and P. montezumae Lamb (subsect. Ponderosae) using coalescent theory and some of the statistical tools that have been developed from it during the past two decades. Pinus hartwegii and P. montezumae are closely related species in the P. montezumae complex (subsect. Ponderosae) of Mexico and Central America. Pinus hartwegii is a high elevation species, whereas P. montezumae occurs at lower elevations. The two species occur on many of the same mountains throughout Mexico. A total of 350 individuals of P. hartwegii and P. montezumae were collected from Nevado de Colima (Jalisco), Cerro Potosi (Nuevo Leon), Iztaccihuatl/Popocatepetl (Mexico), and Nevado de Toluca (Mexico). The chloroplast genome of P. hartwegii and P. montezumae was mapped using eight restriction enzymes. Fifty-one different haplotypes were characterized; 38 of 160 restriction sites were polymorphic. Clades of most parsimoniously related chloroplast haplotypes are geographically localized and do not overlap in distribution, and the geographically localized clades of haplotypes include both P. hartwegii and P. montezumae. Some haplotypes in the clades occur in only one of the two species, whereas other haplotypes occur in both species. These data strongly suggest ancient and/or ongoing hybridization between P. hartwegii and P. montezumae and a shared chloroplast genome history within geographic regions of Mexico.
A robust data scaling algorithm for gene expression classification

Gene expression data are widely used in classification tasks for medical diagnosis. Data scaling is recommended and helpful for learning the classification models. In this study, we propose a data scaling algorithm to transform the data uniformly to an appropriate interval by learning a generalized logistic function to fit the empirical cumulative density function of the data. The proposed algorithm is robust to outliers, and experimental results show that models learned using data scaled by the proposed algorithm generally outperform the ones using min-max mapping and z-score which are currently the most commonly used data scaling algorithms.
Mechanism of all trans-retinoic acid and glucocorticoid regulation of surfactant protein mRNA

The surfactant proteins (SPs) are required for the normal function of pulmonary surfactant, a lipoprotein substance that prevents alveolar collapse at end expiration. We characterized the effects o...
Classification of clinically useful sentences in clinical evidence resources

Display Omitted We investigated automated extraction of clinically useful sentences from UpToDate.A Kernel-based Bayes Network classifier was applied on domain-specific features.Features: UMLS concepts, semantic predications, patient population and cue words.The proposed approach outperformed baselines and alternate classifiers.The classifier's model and features generalized to Medline abstracts. Most patient care questions raised by clinicians can be answered by online clinical knowledge resources. However, important barriers still challenge the use of these resources at the point of care. ObjectiveTo design and assess a method for extracting clinically useful sentences from synthesized online clinical resources that represent the most clinically useful information for directly answering clinicians' information needs. Materials and methodsWe developed a Kernel-based Bayesian Network classification model based on different domain-specific feature types extracted from sentences in a gold standard composed of 18 UpToDate documents. These features included UMLS concepts and their semantic groups, semantic predications extracted by SemRep, patient population identified by a pattern-based natural language processing (NLP) algorithm, and cue words extracted by a feature selection technique. Algorithm performance was measured in terms of precision, recall, and F-measure. ResultsThe feature-rich approach yielded an F-measure of 74% versus 37% for a feature co-occurrence method (p<0.001). Excluding predication, population, semantic concept or text-based features reduced the F-measure to 62%, 66%, 58% and 69% respectively (p<0.01). The classifier applied to Medline sentences reached an F-measure of 73%, which is equivalent to the performance of the classifier on UpToDate sentences (p=0.62). ConclusionsThe feature-rich approach significantly outperformed general baseline methods. This approach significantly outperformed classifiers based on a single type of feature. Different types of semantic features provided a unique contribution to overall classification performance. The classifier's model and features used for UpToDate generalized well to Medline abstracts.
Linear Optical Properties of a Series of Polyacetylene Oligomers

A homologous series of polyacetylene oligomers having up to 13 double bonds has been prepared, thus allowing, for the first time, an examination of optical properties of polyenes having enough conjugation length to suggest extrapolation to the polymer. We have measured two linear optical properties, the uv-visible absorption spectra in solid and solution form and the Raman scattering spectra in solid form. Both the lowest energy electronic absorption peak and the frequency of the Raman band associated with the carbon-carbon double bond stretch become linear in 1/n for n≥7. Assuming the validity of the 1/n extrapolation, the results suggest that the familiar forms of polyacetylene have effective conjugation lengths of no more than approximately 30 double bonds.
Does Blight Really Justify Condemnation

This article asserts, contrary to existing law, that blight condemnation is inconsistent with the fundamental distinction between eminent domain, which arrogates private goods for public use, and the police power, which protects the public from harm. When conditions on a parcel constitute a threat to public health and safety, the landowner should be ordered to abate. If the owner is unable or unwilling to do so, the dangerous condition should be abated by government under its police power. The cost of abatement should be treated as a betterment assessment, which become a lien on the land and, if unpaid, should result in a foreclosure sale. Thereafter, the land could be redeveloped by the purchaser or its designee. One practical result of abatement and foreclosure is that an owner has an incentive to abate, or to sell to a neighbor or redeveloper who would abate, perhaps in combination with abatement on other nearby parcels similarly situated. Should the parcel go through foreclosure, its redeveloper is selected through a transparent process of competitive bidding. This likely would reduce unjustified blight condemnation resulting from rent seeking manifested through political favoritism towards selected redevelopers. Also, re-channeling redevelopment through market actors would reduce grandiose and wasteful redevelopment schemes.
Reducing Unplanned Extubations in the Pediatric ICU: Are We Seeing the Whole Picture?—Reply

In Reply: We would like to thank Dr Da Silva and colleagues for their interest in our project report on interventions to reduce unplanned extubation in our pediatric ICU.[1][1] We note with great interest their significant body of work in this important area of ICU safety. The authors correctly
Products of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with (C2H5O)2P(S)CH3 and (C2H5O)3PS.

Products of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with O,O-diethyl methylphosphonothioate [(C2H5O)2P(S)CH3, DEMPT] and O,O,O-triethyl phosphorothioate [(C2H5O)3PS, TEPT] have been investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure of air using in situ atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS) and, for the TEPT reaction, gas chromatography and in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT−IR) spectroscopy. Combined with products quantified previously by gas chromatography, the products observed were: from the DEMPT reaction, (C2H5O)2P(O)CH3 (21 ± 4% yield) and C2H5OP(S)(CH3)OH or C2H5OP(O)(CH3)SH (presumed to be C2H5OP(O)(CH3)SH by analogy with the TEPT reaction); and from the TEPT reaction, (C2H5O)3PO (54−62% yield), SO2 (67 ± 10% yield), CH3CHO (22−40% yield) and, tentatively, (C2H5O)2P(O)SH. The FT−IR analyses showed that the formation yields of HCHO, CO, CO2, peroxyacetyl nitrate [CH3C(O)OONO2], organic nitrates, and acetates from the TEPT reaction were <5%, 3 ± 1%, <7%, <2%, 5 ± 3%,...
Nanocrystalline Materials: Mechanical Properties

Nanocrystalline (nc) materials are defined as the ones with the average grain size less than 100 nm. As the grain size is considered as the characteristic length scale in defining these materials, they fall under the class of 3-dimensional nanomaterials (Gleiter, 2000). These novel class of materials have exhibited exciting and often superior properties in comparison to their conventional counterparts (Kumar et al. , 2003, Meyers et al. , 2006). As the grain size is reduced to such a finer scale, the volume fraction of grain boundaries and other interfacial regions increases and these interfacial regions play a very significant role in governing the final inherent behavior of a given material. While adapting these materials for various engineering applications either at bulk scale or small scale, the mechanical properties, that they display both in as-fabricated condition as well as during service, are very important. This article will review the present state of the art understanding of the major mechanical properties of nc materials. This will include discussions of the elastic properties, hardness and strength, ductility, deformation and fracture behavior, superplasticity, strain rate sensitivity and the possible deformation mechanisms. The deformation characteristics are discussed based both on direct experimental results and computer simulation studies.
Coping with Suicide in the Family

Since my topic is a very broad one, I have decided to address my comments to two issues concerning children. The first has to do with children who are victims of suicide, that is, children who take their own lives. The second issue has to do with children who are survivors of suicide, children whose parents or siblings kill themselves and with whom it is important to do adequate grief counseling.
The role of GSK-3 in DNA methylation: Relevance to bipolar disorder

G synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity has been shown to be a critical mediator of several signal transduction pathways, most notably Wnt and insulin signaling. Recently, we identified a novel function for GSK-3 in the regulation of DNA methylation. Using DNA methylation enrichment techniques followed by next-generation sequencing (methyl-seq), we identified thousands of genomic regions that have reduced DNA methylation when GSK-3 activity is absent or reduced. Lithium is a direct inhibitor of GSK-3 enzymes, and is also the primary therapy for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD). Little is known about how lithium treats BPD, but one of the leading hypotheses is that it is through GSK-3 inhibition. Based on this, we speculated that lithium could have its therapeutic effects via changes in DNA methylation. Toward this end, we have treated human cells with a GSK-3 inhibitor, and examined DNA methylation by performing methyl-seq. We identified and validated several loci that have also been implicated in BPD via genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In addition, we have performed methyl-seq on cells from individuals with BPD compared to unaffected siblings, and analyzed DNA methylation differences with methyl-seq. The results of these studies will be presented.
Induction Therapy for Clinical Stage I Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of death and will cause approximately 163,500 deaths in the United States in 2005. While patients presenting with localized disease have the best chance of being cured, they represent a minority of patients and unfortunately have a significant likelihood of developing recurrent disease after treatment and ultimately dying of their disease. The 5-year survival for patients presenting with clinical stage I lung cancer ranges from 38% to 61%; for those with pathological stage IA disease, the survival is 67%.
Vaginal Testosterone Cream vs Estradiol Vaginal Ring for Vaginal Dryness or Decreased Libido in Women Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are associated with significant urogenital atrophy, affecting quality of life and drug compliance. Objective To evaluate safety of intravaginal testosterone cream (IVT) or an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (7.5 μg/d) in patients with early-stage breast cancer (BC) receiving an AI. Intervention was considered unsafe if more than 25% of patients had persistent elevation in estradiol (E 2 ), defined as E 2 greater than 10 pg/mL (to convert to pmol/L, multiply by 3.671) and at least 10 pg/mL above baseline after treatment initiation on 2 consecutive tests at least 2 weeks apart. Design, Setting, and Participants Postmenopausal (PM) women with hormone receptor (HR)–positive stage I to III BC taking AIs with self-reported vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, or decreased libido were randomized to 12 weeks of IVT or an estradiol vaginal ring. Estradiol was measured at baseline and weeks 4 and 12 using a commercially available liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry assay; follicle-stimulating hormone levels were measured at baseline and week 4. Gynecologic examinations and sexual quality-of-life questionnaires were completed at baseline and week 12. This randomized noncomparative design allowed safety evaluation of 2 interventions concurrently in the same population of patients, reducing the possibility of E 2 assay variability over time and between the 2 interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate safety of IVT or an estradiol vaginal ring in patients with early-stage BC receiving an AI; secondary objectives included evaluation of adverse events, changes in sexual quality of life using the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System sexuality subscales, changes in vaginal atrophy using a validated 4-point scale, and comparison of E 2 levels. Results Overall, 76 women signed consent (mean [range] age, 56 [37-78] years), 75 started treatment, and 69 completed 12 weeks of treatment. Mean (range) baseline E 2 was 20 ( 2 was above the postmenopausal range (>10 pg/mL) in 28 of 76 women (37%). Persistent E 2 elevation was observed in none with a vaginal ring and in 4 of 34 women (12%) with IVT. Transient E 2 elevation was seen in 4 of 35 (11%) with a vaginal ring and in 4 of 34 (12%) with IVT. Vaginal atrophy and sexual interest and dysfunction improved for all patients. Conclusions and Relevance In PM women with early-stage BC receiving AIs, treatment with a vaginal ring or IVT over 12 weeks met the primary safety end point. Baseline elevation in E 2 was common and complicates this assessment. Vaginal atrophy, sexual interest, and sexual dysfunction were improved. Further study is required to understand E 2 variability in this setting. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00698035
Investigating the Role of Lipid Metabolism in Chilling and Freezing Tolerance

Within the broader context of how lipid composition affects the cell biology and physiology of plants, the question of how membrane unsaturation affects a plant’s ability to tolerate low-temperature stresses has a long and distinguished history. A series of Arabidopsis mutants with defects in lipid metabolism has provided important examples of how membrane fatty acid composition can affect plant temperature responses, although it is not complete clear how these specialized examples relate to chilling and freezing tolerance in horticulture. In this review, we will first provide a general introduction to the lipid mutants and then consider in detail some of the studies that have demonstrated the requirements of polyunsaturated membranes for proper growth and function of plants at chilling temperatures. A specific screen for mutants that are damaged by chilling has also been undertaken and the results and prospects for this approach are discussed.
Connected speech in transient aphasias after left hemisphere resective surgery.

ABSTRACTBackground: Transient aphasias are common in the first few days after resective surgery to the language-dominant hemisphere. The specific speech and language deficits that occur are related to the location of the surgical site, and may include impairments in fluency, lexical access, repetition, and comprehension. The impact of these transient aphasias on connected speech production has not previously been investigated.Aims: The goals of this study were to characterise the nature of connected speech deficits in the immediate post-surgical period, and to determine which deficits resolve completely within 1 month.Methods & Procedures: Forty-three patients undergoing resective surgery in the left (language-dominant) hemisphere participated in the study. Brief connected speech samples were obtained before surgery, and at 2–3 days post-surgery. In a subset of 24 patients (all of whom presented with aphasia in the immediate post-surgical period), follow-up samples were also obtained at 1 month post-surge...
Input---output analysis of international research collaborations: a case study of five U.S. universities

International collaboration in research is increasingly recognized as an important component of both research and internationalization priorities by higher education institutions. This study analyzed the input---output trends of international research collaboration at five U.S. public universities using quantitative research metrics. We also tested these set of metrics to understand its individual direct relationship with international research collaboration using binary logistic regression. Results showed that international faculty, research funding, research influence, and academic impact were statistically significant (P < 0.05) and can serve as single predictors of international research collaboration for the five universities. Findings should provide international officers and research managers with clear sample data and metrics, and their association to make judgments and decisions on the value and impact of international research collaborations as they relate to overall research progress, productivity and research quality of U.S. universities.
The Differential Impact of New Product Development “Make/Buy” Choices on Immediate and Future Product Quality: Insights from the Automobile Industry

AbstractThis article examines the impact of new product development (NPD) “make/buy” choices on product quality using data from the automobile industry. Although the business press has lamented that NPD outsourcing compromises product quality, there is no systematic evidence to support or refute this assertion. Against this backdrop, this study tests a contingency model of the impact of NPD make/buy decisions on immediate and future product quality. The hypotheses are tested using data on NPD make/buy choices of 173 models of 12 automobile firms in the United States between 2007 and 2014. The authors find that whereas NPD buy has a more positive impact on immediate product quality, NPD make has a more positive impact on future product quality. Furthermore, the immediate product quality impact of NPD buy is stronger when (1) technologies are more complex and (2) firm NPD capability is higher. In contrast, the future product quality impact of NPD make is stronger when (1) there is postlaunch adverse feedbac...
Medicare Beneficiaries With Advanced Lung Cancer Experience Diverse Patterns Of Care From Diagnosis To Death.

Characterizations of average end-of-life care for people with cancer can obscure important differences in patients’ experiences. Using Medicare claims data for 14,257 patients diagnosed with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the period 1995–2009, we used latent class analysis to identify classes of people with different care patterns. We characterized care trajectories from diagnosis to death using time spent in five care settings—home, hospital inpatient unit (acute), hospital intensive care unit (ICU), postacute skilled nursing facility, and hospice—and transitions across these settings. We identified four classes of patients: 66 percent spent the time primarily at home, 11 percent were primarily in hospice, 17 percent were largely in an acute setting, and 6 percent were largely in an ICU. Patients in these classes differed significantly in terms of baseline clinical characteristics, survival length, time spent in hospice, site of death, and spending. The findings show substantial heterogeneity ...
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preterm Children

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired socialization and communication. In addition to cognitive, language, and motor disabilities, preterm children are at increased risk for the development of ASD. Several perinatal and neonatal insults, including maternal infection, perinatal depression, prenatal stress, and intraventricular hemorrhage, may disrupt early brain development and contribute to ASD risk. Preterm children demonstrate altered neuroconnectivity and cerebellar injury, both of which are associated with ASD. Early identification of ASD may improve long-term outcomes in this population.
Recent increase of river–floodplain suspended sediment exchange in a reach of the lower Amazon River

We analyzed variation of channel–floodplain suspended sediment exchange along a 140 km reach of the lower Amazon River for two decades (1995–2014). Daily sediment fluxes were determined by combining measured and estimated surface sediment concentrations with river–floodplain water exchanges computed with a two-dimensional hydraulic model. The average annual inflow to the floodplain was 4088 ± 2017 Gg yr−1 and the outflow was 2251 ± 471 Gg yr−1, respectively. Prediction of average sediment accretion rate was twice the estimate from a previous study of this same reach and more than an order of magnitude lower than an estimate from an earlier regional scale study. The amount of water routed through the floodplain, which is sensitive to levee topography and increases exponentially with river discharge, was the main factor controlling the variation in total annual sediment inflow. Besides floodplain routing, the total annual sediment export depended on the increase in sediment concentration in lakes during floodplain drainage. The recent increasing amplitude of the Amazon River annual flood over two decades has caused a substantial shift in water and sediment river–floodplain exchanges. In the second decade (2005–2014), as the frequency of extreme floods increased, annual sediment inflow increased by 81% and net storage increased by 317% in relation to the previous decade (1995–2004). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and importance of shared reality in the domains of opinion, morality, and religion

The importance of shared reality emerges early in human development. Infants and young children notice when others share their beliefs, and information about shared beliefs influences their social judgments. This article reviews recent research on the importance of shared beliefs in three domains that have been widely investigated over the past several years-opinions, moral views, and religious beliefs. I argue that shared religious beliefs appear especially influential and suggest several reasons why this might be the case, including the perceived link between religion and morality as well as the strong role that religious beliefs play in personal identity. Future research can further test these possibilities.
Stage of Religious Faith and Reactions to Terminal Cancer

This study focused on the impact of terminal cancer on the lives of patients and their spouses as a function of the stage of religious faith of the subjects. Patients at more complex stages of faith reported higher overall quality of life; higher quality of socioeconomic life, family life, and psychological and spiritual life; and greater marital intimacy than patients at simpler stages of faith. Patients, regardless of stage of faith, reported the most important factor in their quality of life was their personal relationships, and this importance increased after the diagnosis of cancer. The spouses’ quality of life seemed mostly related to the state of the patients’ health.
Modulus of a Curve Family, Capacity, and Upper Gradients

In Chapter 5, we discussed a possible definition for a Sobolev space in a metric measure space; this was the space M1,p of Hajlasz. While often convenient, it does not capture the geometry of the underlying space. This is seen, for example, in the fact that a Poincare inequality always holds for functions in M1,p (Theorem 5.15). On the other hand, the validity of a Sobolev-Poincare-type inequality in a space should tell us something about the geometry of the space, as in the discussion of the isoperimetric inequalities in Section 3.30. Now M1,p fails in this task because the definition of the “derivative” g of a function u in M1,p already is global. There is necessarily a loss of information. (In some sense, M1,p precisely consists of those functions for which a Poincare inequality is satisfied [75].)
Primary and Secondary Alcoholic Women

Little attention has been given to the complex issues regarding assessment and treatment of primary and secondary alcoholic women. The author differentiates between these two groups, discusses clin...
Forecasting and Assessment of Plant Growth,Soil Water-Nitrogen, and Grain Yield for Central Iowa

In 2018, the Forecast and Assessment of Cropping sysTemS (FACTS) project was replicated to achieve the objective of forecasting and evaluating in-season soil-crop dynamics. This concept was initiated to help farmers and agronomists make in-season management decisions, plus identify management practices that could have been changed to improve grain yields, net profits, and also reduce environmental impacts.
The Craze Growth Response in Stress Relaxation Conditions for a Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer during Physical Aging

Craze growth in a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) wasstudied as a function of time after a quench (physical aging) at fourdifferent temperatures between 22 and 60°C. Thecraze growth experiments were performed in stress relaxation conditions.The craze length was found to grow linearly on a logarithmic loadingtime scale. A transition in the logarithmic growth rate was found tooccur on the logarithmic aging time scale. The transition was observedas a change in rate from high to approximately five times slower andoccurred over a relatively narrow range of aging times. The growth ratein the slow growth regime was relatively insensitive to temperature forall four temperatures studied. The transition was found to move toshorter aging times as temperature increases. Although the craze lengthbetween crazes in a sample could differ to a large extent, the growthrates themselves, were found to vary only within a±20% band.
The Ambiguous Duality between Hero and Devil: Max Beckmann Reinvents Goethe’s Faust in his Amsterdam Exile

When Max Beckmann, labeled a “degenerate” artist by the Nazis, lived in Amsterdam under German occupation, he was commissioned in 1943 by a patron in Frankfurt to illustrate Goethe’s Faust II. At this fateful juncture of biography and political circumstances, Beckmann imaged the ambiguous complementarities of Faust and Mephistopheles by imbuing both figures with his own features. As he explored the question of Faust’s guilt, he confronted the vexing duality of Faust and Mephistopheles. Beckmann radically challenges and ultimately reverses the nationalistic and monolithic interpretations of Faust that had dominated the reading of the text in his native country. Effacing the distinction between hero and devil, the artist questions the very nature of fixed moral values, thus foreshadowing interpretations of the postwar decades.
Anatomical and Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent behavioral disorders in pediatric populations (1,2). Researchers have hypothesized that ADHD has a biological etiology (3). Indeed, twin studies have provided evidence to suggest that ADHD is an inherited disorder (4) and a variety of genes have been identified, which have been associated with an increased susceptibility to developing ADHD (5). The core characteristics of ADHD, which include inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, are thought to be the result of dysfunctional noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways residing in discrete brain regions (6,7). As a result of recent advances in neuroimaging technologies, there has been an increasing number of neuroimaging studies investigating the neurophysiological basis of ADHD (3). Some studies have concentrated on anatomical pathology, probing for variations in the neuroanatomical structures of ADHD patients, such as differences in volumes of distinct brain regions. In contrast, other studies have focused on physiological functions of the central nervous system, such as regulation of blood flow, which may be responsible for the behavioral manifestations of the disorder. The following chapter will begin with a brief review of neuroimaging techniques that have been utilized to investigate the neurobiological basis of ADHD. Next, we will review the findings of structural and functional neuroimaging studies involving children and adolescents with ADHD. We will also discuss recent findings from functional neuroimaging studies that have begun to investigate the mechanisms of action of pharmacological treatments for ADHD. Finally, we will examine some of the limitations of existing studies and propose neuroimaging investigation that might help further clarify the neurophysiology of ADHD.
Organisatorische Wachstumsschwellen erfolgreich meistern

Unternehmen, die bisher gute Gewinne erwirtschaftet haben, stosen heute oft an Wachstumsgrenzen. Die in der Vergangenheit aufgebauten Starken — sehr haufig technisch und produktorientiert ausgerichtet — bewirken nur noch wenig im Markt. In der arbeitsteiligen Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Abteilungen und Mitarbeitern ergeben sich Reibungsverluste. Die organisatorischen Schnittstellen behindern die Effizienz, Flexibilitat und Schnelligkeit und fuhren dazu, das die Potentiale bei bestehenden und neuen Kunden zuwenig ausgeschopft werden. Obwohl solche Unternehmen immer noch Umsatzsteigerungen erwirtschaften und Gewinne erzielen, gelingt es — bei genauer Betrachtung — immer weniger, die Wachstumspotentiale und Marktchancen auszuschopfen. Die zukunftigen Probleme sind damit vorprogrammiert, obwohl heute erst schwache Signale diese Entwicklung anzeigen.
Electric switching of visible and infrared transmission using liquid crystals co-doped with plasmonic gold nanorods and dichroic dyes

Smart windows and many other applications require synchronous or alternating facile electric switching of transmitted light intensity in visible and near infrared spectral ranges, but most electrochromic devices suffer from slow, nonuniform switching, high power consumption and limited options for designing spectral characteristics. Here we develop a guest-host mesostructured composite with rod-like dye molecules and plasmonic nanorods spontaneously aligned either parallel or orthogonally to the director of the liquid crystal host. This composite material enables fast, low-voltage electric switching of electromagnetic radiation in visible and infrared ranges, which can be customized depending on the needs of applications, like climate-dependent optimal solar gain control in smart windows.
Posing As a Democrat: Scripting the Male Body in West German Films of the 1950s

The article draws on emblematic examples from 1950s West German cinema to examine how popular film employed elements of typecasting, performance style and staging in order to project images of a positive, “democratic” masculinity and contrast that with negatively connoted “fascist” men. As part of the ongoing project to reimagine the terms of male agency in the wake of military defeat and occupation, numerous commercial films refashioned masculinity according to the dictates of the era’s culture of political transformation. Consciously or not, these works sought to differentiate between an invalidated fascist model of rigid, hardened manliness and newer, more flexible modes of masculinity suited both to serving and leading a reconstructed, democratic nation – literally localizing politics in the body, presenting it as a matter of posture and attitudes. In the process, the article claims, 1950 s West German cinema contributed, both directly and indirectly, to the discourse of democratization in the postwar nation.
A Tunable Resonance Cantilever for Cardiac Energy Harvesting.

Energy harvesting from cardiac motion is an attractive means to avoid the use of batteries in implantable sensors and pacemakers. A single implantable device would ideally integrate both sensing and self-powering functionality. This work describes a novel electromagnetic system that achieves high sensitivity detection of the heart rate while simultaneously providing adaptive energy harvesting capability using a tunable resonance cantilever mechanism. Our prototype design exhibits tunability of resonant frequency across the range of physiologic heart rates at a combination of lengths and angular orientations. Our initial prototype also produces between 3.0 $$\mu$$ W and 20.6 $$\mu$$ W of power at heart rates of 79–243 bpm, respectively. The prototype device can harvest sufficient energy to sustain implantable cardiac devices such as a leadless pacemaker. The system in this paper has the potential to eliminate batteries in certain implantable cardiac devices and thereby improve overall patient monitoring and treatment.
Media Studies: Why 9/11 and Digital Media Pose New Problems and Opportunities for the Study of News

In the years since 2001, Media Studies has undergone considerable changes, some of which are related to 9/11. This chapter explores those changes by responding to five distinct yet related questions. First, how does news present domestic issues differently from international issues? Second, how has reporting changed since 2001? Third, what are some of the content differences across news delivery platforms? Fourth, in what ways are political influences exerted over presentations and coverage of particular issues? And, finally, how are diverse national, social, political, racial, and religious groups represented in the news media? The answers find that while 9/11 was not a catalytic event that generated changes to Media Studies, the post-9/11 environment is different, and many of those differences are related to the events of that day.
Savoring Moderates the Link between Marijuana Use and Marijuana Problems

Background: The changing legal landscape for marijuana requires concerted efforts toward minimizing the potential harms related to use of the plant. Purpose/Objectives: Identifying buffers against ...
Crystal structures of three hexakis-(fluoroar-yloxy)cyclo-triphosphazenes.

The syntheses and crystal structures of three cyclo­triphosphazenes, all with fluorinated ar­yloxy side groups that generate different steric characteristics, viz. hexa­kis­(penta­fluoro­phen­oxy)cyclo­triphosphazene, N3P3(OC6F5)6, 1, hexa­kis­[4-(tri­fluoro­methyl)­phen­oxy]cyclo­triphosphazene, N3P3[OC6H4(CF3)]6, 2 and hexa­kis­[3,5-bis(­tri­fluoro­methyl)­phen­oxy]cyclo­triphosphazene, N3P3[OC6H3(CF3)2]6 3, are reported. Specifically, each phospho­rus atom bears either two penta­fluoro­phen­oxy, 4-tri­fluoro­methyl­phen­oxy, or 3,5-tri­fluoro­methyl­phen­oxy groups. The central six-membered phosphazene rings display envelope pucker conformations in each case, albeit to varying degrees. The maximum displacement of the `flap atom' from the plane through the other ring atoms [0.308 (5) A] is seen in 1, in a mol­ecule that is devoid of hydrogen atoms and which exhibits a `wind-swept' look with all the aromatic rings displaced in the same direction. In 3 an intra­molecular C—H(aromatic)⋯F inter­action is observed. All the –CF3 groups in 2 and 3 exhibit positional disorder over two rotated orientations in close to statistical ratios. The extended structures of 2 and 3 are consolidated by C—H⋯F inter­actions of two kinds: (a) linear chains, and (b) cyclic between mol­ecules related by inversion centers. In both 1 and 3, one of the six substituted phenyl rings has a parallel-displaced aromatic π–π stacking inter­action with its respective symmetry mate with slippage values of 2.2 A in 1 and 1.0 A in 3. None of the structures reported here have solvent voids that could lead to clathrate formation.
Statistical Language Learning and Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Pilot Study

Applying transcutaneous stimulation to the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) has been shown to enhance associative learning in humans. The main goal of the project is to investigate the effect tVNS has on procedural learning, specifically implicit statistical language learning. The aim of the experiment reported in this paper was to determine which statistical language learning paradigms would be appropriate to use with tVNS. Since we would be looking at within-subject changes between two sessions (one session with, one session without stimulation), we tested the test-retest reliability of two statistical learning paradigms. We also tested the correlation between a explicit phonological memory task and the implicit statistical learning tasks to determine whether phonological memory was involved in the statistical learning tasks. Our results showed a high test-retest reliability for the word segmentation and adjacent dependencies statistical learning task. However, the second statistical learning task dealing with non-adjacent dependencies had low test-retest reliability, meaning it would not be appropriate for future studies incorporating tVNS. There was a high correlation between the phonological memory task and both statistical learning taks, indicating implicit statistical learning may recruit phonological memory.
Analyzing IOT users’ mobile device privacy concerns: Extracting privacy permissions using a disclosure experiment

Abstract The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has caused a critical shift in the amount of data being collected and shared about individual consumers. Although many users perceive the proliferation of IoT as convenience and important informational utility, they are largely unaware of the unintended outcomes of such widespread data accumulation—namely, breaches of personally identifiable information (PII). Using the enhanced Antecedents-Privacy Concerns-Outcomes (APCO) model as a theoretical framework, we executed a disclosure experiment that captured users’ actual disclosure behavior when they were presented with an IoT aggregator application and a graphical representation of various ways in which their private data might be shared. We found that IoT users process privacy concerns related to their IoT devices differently than concerns related to using the Internet and that increasing the respondents’ awareness of data sharing practices influenced their perceptions related to privacy and intentions regarding future IoT usage. In respondents who were willing to disclose their private information, we were also able to analyze the actual privacy permissions on their mobile devices. We observed significant correlations between specific application-level privacy allowances and the perceptions measured using Internet Users’ Internet Privacy Concerns (IUIPC). Our work contributes to the theoretical literature by demonstrating unexpected and key differences in IUIPC based on its utilization in the IoT context. We also offer practical implications for IoT developers and the education of consumers regarding IoT-based privacy risks.
Recovery of autologous sickle cells by hypotonic wash.

CONCLUSIONS It is important to isolate autologous red blood cells (RBCs) from transfused RBCs in samples from recently transfused patients to ensure that accurate serologic results are obtained. Typically, this isolation can be performed using methods that separate patient reticulocytes from transfused, older donor RBCs. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), however, characteristically have RBCs with altered membrane and morphological features, causing their RBCs to take on a sickle-shape appearance different from the biconcave disc-shape appearance of "normal" RBCs. These characteristics enable the use of hypotonic saline solution to lyse normal RBCs while allowing "sickle cells" to remain intact. Because many patients with SCD undergo frequent transfusions to treat their condition, the use of hypotonic saline solution provides a rapid method to obtain autologous RBCs for serologic testing from this patient population using standard laboratory equipment and supplies.
Compact portable holographic microscope for cell and particle counting in microfuidics

We present and test a prototype of a compact, light in weight, cost effective and field portable off-axis DH microscope based on the concept of the Holographic Microscope Slide.
Loss of CDC50A function drives Aβ/p3 production via increased β/α-secretase processing of APP

Abstract The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) undergoes extensive proteolytic processing to produce several biologically active metabolites which affect Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Sequential cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretases results in Aβ, while cleavage by α- and γ-secretases produces the smaller p3 peptide. Here we report that in cells in which the P4-ATPase flippase subunit CDC50A has been knocked out, large increases in the products of β- and α-secretase cleavage of APP (sAPPβ/βCTF and sAPPα/αCTF, respectively) and the downstream metabolites Aβ and p3 are seen. These data indicate that APP cleavage by β/α-secretase are increased and suggest that phospholipid asymmetry plays an important role in APP metabolism and Aβ production.