cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of group 4 metal complexes of a bulky amido-fluorenyl ligand

Abstract The synthesis, spectroscopic and structural characterization of new amido-fluorenyl ligand [{Me3CN(H)Si(Me)2CH2C3H8}Li(THF)] (1) is reported. The treatment of 1 with BuLi followed by the reaction with Group 4 metal chlorides led to crystalline, solvent free, metal complexes [{(η1−NCME3)Si(Me)2CH2(η5−C13H8)}MCl2] ( where M = Ti ( 3 ), Zr ( 4 ) or Hf ( 5 ) ) in good yield. The X-ray crystal structures of 4 and 5 are also reported. Both these compounds possess monomeric structures with relatively short MN and MCl bonds. The MN distances of 4 and 5 are 2.060(3) A and 2.065(3) A respectively. The metal ion is coordinated to the fluorene group in η5-fashion. The X-ray data also indicate the presence of a relatively unstrained ligand backbone in these metal complexes.
Modeling the diffusion of public policy innovations among the U.S. States

Abstract This paper describes and validates a general model of state diffusion of public policy innovations. The model can be used to identify whether new policies are likely to become fully adopted into the system of states and the time horizon over which this is likely to occur. Limitations and extensions of the model are also concluded.
Influence of age at death on accuracy of death certificate disease diagnosis: findings in 475 consecutive deaths of mesothelioma among asbestos insulation workers and asbestos factory workers.

Age at death had no appreciable influence on accuracy of death certificate diagnoses of 475 consecutive deaths of mesothelioma among asbestos insulation and asbestos factory workers, until age 75 or older.
Importance of Codon Preference for Production of Human RAP74 and Reconstitution of the RAP30/74 Complex

RAP30 and RAP74 are subunits of RAP30/74 (TFIIF, βγ), a general initiation and elongation factor for transcription by RNA polymerase II. Methods were previously published for production of human RAP30 and RAP74 in bacterial cells, using a bacteriophage T7 promoter expression system. The vectors described for production of RAP74 were not very efficient and produced significant quantities of RAP74 amino terminal fragments. To improve these vectors, a segment of the human RAP74 cDNA was recoded using a preferred set of codons for translation in Escherichia coli. Recoding dramatically improved protein production and suppressed production of amino-terminal fragments. Improved vectors are reported that produce RAP74 with an LEHHHHHH carboxy-terminal extension (RAP74-H6), for purification on a Ni2+-affinity column, and also with the native carboxy terminus (RAP74). Methods for purification of RAP74-H6 and RAP74 are reported. Using these improved vectors, approximately 30 mg of soluble and active RAP74-H6 or RAP74 can be produced and purified from 1 liter of E. coli culture, representing a 10-fold improvement in protein production. Methods have also been developed for reconstitution of native RAP30/74 complex using recombinant proteins. This complex has indistinguishable activity from human RAP30/74 for accurate transcription in vitro.
A hydrodynamic model of a permeable tubule.

Abstract A detailed quantitative description of fluid flow in small diameter, porous tubes is of obvious interest to renal physiologists. An attempt to provide such a description is presented here. Under the assumption that fluid loss from a porous tube is a function of pressure gradients across the tubule wall (osmotic effects are not considered), an analytic solution of an approximate form of the Navier-Stokes equations is given. The assumptions and approximations made in obtaining the solution are shown to be valid for physiological data. A simple model system is constructed, and conditions under which fractional reabsorption is constant and independent of both input flow rate and pressure are established. Implications for renal glomerular tubular balance are discussed.
Longitudinal Analysis Is More Powerful than Cross-Sectional Analysis in Detecting Genetic Association with Neuroimaging Phenotypes

Most existing genome-wide association analyses are cross-sectional, utilizing only phenotypic data at a single time point, e.g. baseline. On the other hand, longitudinal studies, such as Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), collect phenotypic information at multiple time points. In this article, as a case study, we conducted both longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of the ADNI data with several brain imaging (not clinical diagnosis) phenotypes, demonstrating the power gains of longitudinal analysis over cross-sectional analysis. Specifically, we scanned genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with 56 brain-wide imaging phenotypes processed by FreeSurfer on 638 subjects. At the genome-wide significance level () or a less stringent level (e.g. ), longitudinal analysis of the phenotypic data from the baseline to month 48 identified more SNP-phenotype associations than cross-sectional analysis of only the baseline data. In particular, at the genome-wide significance level, both SNP rs429358 in gene APOE and SNP rs2075650 in gene TOMM40 were confirmed to be associated with various imaging phenotypes in multiple regions of interests (ROIs) by both analyses, though longitudinal analysis detected more regional phenotypes associated with the two SNPs and indicated another significant SNP rs439401 in gene APOE. In light of the power advantage of longitudinal analysis, we advocate its use in current and future longitudinal neuroimaging studies.
Unconventional pairing in YBa2Cu3O7-d?

Abstract We review a variety of experimental data capable of indicating the pairing state of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. Using the results of a group theoretic analysis we summarise the possible interpretations of these data, and concluded that, at present, there is no firm evidence that the pairing is conventional.
IGES: A Key to CAD/CAM Systems Integration

The data exchange specification is now well developed and tested, and more than 30 graphics system vendors have promised to supply IGES translators for their products.
Something Old, Something New Spirometry and Exhaled Nitric Acid as Biomarkers of Airflow Obstruction

Biomarkers, or “markers,” are used to measure an aspect of the biology or physiology of health and clinical disease. In the case of asthma, the most desirable biomarkers measure airflow obstruction caused by inflammation. Although many biomarkers have been proposed to assist in the diagnosis of asthma and to indicate the degree of disease severity or responsiveness to treatment, few are noninvasive, inexpensive, or measure clinically important aspects of disease activity. Currently, spirometry is the only established biomarker used to confirm the diagnosis and determine lung health. However, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Expert Panel characterizes other biomarkers of particular interest in asthma. This review will compare and contrast spirometry (something old) with one of the newly proposed biomarkers–fractional exhaled nitric acid (something new)–with respect to what aspects of asthma they propose to measure, what they do measure, and what sources of systematic and random error arise in ...
Issues and Trends in Volunteerism

(1985). Issues and Trends in Volunteerism. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 30-32.
Stimulation of albumin synthesis in mouse hepatoma cells by Bt2cAMP: cell cycle specificity.

Abstract Addition of 1 m m dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) to cultures of mouse hepatoma cells, Hepa, specifically stimulates the synthesis of serum proteins including albumin. This stimulation is accompanied by an inhibition of cell proliferation. We have investigated these phenomena in synchronous cultures of Hepa. Proliferation of Hepa was arrested by isoleucine starvation. Synchronous growth was initiated by addition of complete growth medium or complete growth medium supplemented with 1 m m Bt2cAMP. S phase and mitosis were estimated by determinations of [3H]thymidine incorporation and by cell numbers. The rate of albumin synthesis relative to total protein synthesis was measured by pulse labeling cultures for 30 min with [3H]leucine and comparing amounts of immunoprecipitable label with trichloroacetic acid-precipitable label. Treatment of synchronous cultures with Bt2cAMP did not alter the duration of S phase or the onset of mitosis. The relative rate of albumin synthesis in Bt2cAMP-treated culture began increasing after mitosis. The timing of the Bt2cAMP stimulation of albumin synthesis was further investigated by adding Bt2cAMP to cultures of Hepa at various times after the initiation of synchronous growth. The relative rate of albumin synthesis was then measured at a fixed postmitotic time. An increased relative rate of albumin synthesis was observed only in cultures exposed to Bt2cAMP before or during S phase. Thus the postmitotic increase in the synthesis of albumin requires the presence of Bt2cAMP during S phase.
Sabbath Keeping and Its Relationships to Health and Well-Being: A Mediational Analysis

Prior research showing positive relationships between indicators of religiousness and health has generally defined and measured religion broadly. In addition, researchers have not given much attention to the pathways through which the relationship between religion and health is maintained. The result is a lack of specificity that fails to address questions about how and why religion is associated with health. The present study sought to address these limitations and clarify the ties between religion and health through a finer grained analysis of one specific aspect of religiousness (Sabbath keeping) and four possible mediators (religious coping, religious support, diet, and exercise) through which it might affect health. We examined data from a sample of Seventh-day Adventists in North America (N = 5,411), and bootstrapping analysis revealed that the association between Sabbath keeping and physical and mental health was partially mediated by all four mediators. Implications and limitations of the findings...
Exploration of the Influence of Childhood Trauma, Combat Exposure, and the Resilience Construct on Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Iraq/Afghanistan Era Military Personnel and Veterans

This study evaluated the effect of childhood trauma exposure and the role of resilience on both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. The study evaluated 1,488 military personnel and veterans, who served after September 2001, for depressive, suicidal, and PTSD symptoms, combat exposure, childhood trauma exposure, and resiliency. Participants were enrolled as part of an ongoing multicenter study. Outcome measures were depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. After controlling for the effects of combat exposure and PTSD, results revealed that childhood trauma exposures were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. In addition, resilience was negatively associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, suggesting a potential protective effect. These findings suggest that evaluation of childhood trauma is important in the clinical assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among military personnel and veterans.
Cremona Transformations in Four Dimensions

In view of the interest now taken in Cremona Transformations in more than three dimensions, some account seems desirable of such transformations in four dimensions. Many of the ideas in two and three dimensions are capable of immediate extension. In this paper attention is directed to the new possibilities in regard to the Principal and Fundamental Systems. The paper is written on the lines and with the notation of Miss Hudson's book.
A Convolution Backprojection Reconstruction Algorithm For Use With An Image Intensifier Detector

A fan beam convolution backprojection algorithm has been developed for use with any spherically-shaped detector. This work represents the first step in the development of a cone beam reconstruction algorithm to be used with a prototype volume CT device that employs a conventional image intensifier as its detector. This algorithm has been tested for a high contrast vessel phantom reconstruction using real x-ray projection data acquired with our device.
A GLOBALLY WELL-POSED FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHM FOR AERODYNAMICS APPLICATIONS

A finite element CFD algorithm is developed for Euler and Navier-Stokes aerodynamic applications. For the linear basis, the resultant approximation is at least second-order-accurate in time and space for synergistic use of three procedures: (1) a Taylor weak statement, which provides for derivation of companion conservation law systems with embedded dispersion-error control mechanisms; (2) a stiffly stable second-order-accurate implicit Rosenbrock-Runge-Kutta temporal algorithm; and (3) a matrix tensor product factorization that permits efficient numerical linear algebra handling of the terminal large-matrix statement. Thorough analyses are presented regarding well-posed boundary conditions for inviscid and viscous flow specifications. Numerical solutions are generated and compared for critical evaluation of quasi-one- and two-dimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes benchmark test problems.
TOPO: A Topology-aware Single Packet Attack Traceback Scheme

With the phenomenal growth of the Internet, more and more people enjoy and depend on its provided services. Unfortunately, the number of network-based attacks is also increasing quickly. Network attackers can very easily hide their identities, and thereby reduce the chance of being captured and punished. Some attacks can even succeed by using only one or a few well-targeted packets. Therefore, it is desirable to design effective and efficient single packet IP traceback systems to attribute attackers. Several single packet IP traceback systems have been designed using Bloom filters. However, the inherent false positives of Bloom filters caused by unavoidable collisions restrain the effectiveness of these systems. To reduce the impact of unavoidable collisions in Bloom filters, we propose a topology-aware single packet IP traceback system, namely TOPO. We utilize the router's local topology information, i.e., its immediate predecessor information. Our performance analysis shows that TOPO can reduce the number and scope of unnecessary queries, and significantly decrease false attributions. Furthermore, to improve the practicability of Bloom filter-based IP traceback systems, we design TOPO to allow partial deployment while maintaining its traceback capability. When Bloom filters are used, it is difficult to decide their optimal control parameters a priori. We design a k-adaptive mechanism which can dynamically adjust parameters of Bloom filters to reduce the false positive rate
Crop Yield as Affected by Rotation and Nitrogen Rate. II. Grain Sorghum

Crop rotation is reported to increase grain sorghum [ (L.) Moench] yield in some, but not all cases. This study compares yield of continuous grain sorghum with that of sorghum grown (i) in a 2-yr rotation with soybean [ (L.) Merr.]; (ii) in a 4-yr oat + clover [ (L.) + 80% (L.) Lam., 20% ]-corn (L.)-soybean— rotation; and (iii) in a 4-yr soybean—corn—oat + clover— rotation. Interactions between crop rotation and N rate were also determined. The study was conducted for 4 yr on a Sharpsbury silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Arguidoll). Continuous grain sorghum showed a greater response to fertilizer N than sorghum in rotation. Sorghum following legumes in rotation did not respond to applications of more than 90 kg N ha−, while continuous sorghum increased with all levels of N applied. Yield of continuous sorghum was 3.4, 5.0, and 5.3 Mg ha− with 0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−, respectively, while sorghum in rotation averaged 5.0, 5.4, and 5.3 Mg ha− at the same N rates. Differences between continuous and rotated sorghum were large without applied N, but were minimized or removed with N applications. Sorghum in the 2-yr sorghum-soybean rotation produced sustained high yields (5.0 Mg ha−) without additions of N fertilizer.
Assessment of calculation methods for efficiency of straight fins of rectangular profile

Abstract Fin efficiency evaluation of plate-fin surfaces in compact heat exchangers is done based on the idealizations of one-dimensional analysis, uniform thickness thin fins, uniform fin thermal conductivity, uniform heat transfer coefficients, uniform temperature ambient, and no temperature depression at the fin base. A critical assessment of these idealizations is presented. Whenever possible, additional quantitative new results are obtained to account for some of these effects. Relaxation of these idealizations will lower the value of ideal one-dimensional fin efficiency, but will have a relatively small effect, if the fin efficiency is above about 80 percent, based on the assessment in the paper. Some specific design recommendations are made for the determination of the fin efficiency for plate-fin heat exchangers.
Inbreeding and Allele Retention for Lake Sturgeon Populations under Different Supplementation Strategies

Abstract Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens once were abundant throughout the Great Lakes basin but have been reduced to less than 1% of historical levels because of habitat degradation and overexploitation. Current management plans suggest stocking as a tool to increase abundance, but stocking also has genetic implications. The objectives of this study were to determine the supplementation level that would maintain long-term population persistence with the smallest genetic impact and to determine whether different supplementation strategies would be required for different starting conditions. An individual-based model that incorporated demographics and genetics was used to explore scenarios that included three initial population sizes, two different supplementation time frames, varying sex ratios, variance in family size, and different percentages of the adult population contributing progeny for supplementation. As expected, all supplementation scenarios reduced extinction risk, increased population size...
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in Adults and Children

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (SE) accounts for approximately one-quarter of all cases of SE. The actual proportion may be higher because patients with nonconvulsive SE may go unidentified. This disorder may be divided into generalized (absence) or partial (complex partial) forms. Nonconvulsive SE may occur de novo or in patients with epilepsy. Absence SE is considered more frequent and is characterized by a continuous neurocognitive alteration. Complex partial SE may be associated with recurrent seizure activity and a cycling of the clinical states. Treatment includes antiepileptic drug(s) (AEDs) and avoidance of seizure precipitants. Electrophysiological studies are necessary to confirm the diagnosis of nonconvulsive SE and to monitor the response to AED therapy. Prompt recognition and treatment may be necessary to avoid neurological morbidity in select patients. Epilepsy with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (ESES) and the Landau-Kleffner syndrome are two rare childhood disorders that are difficult to classify but may be appropriate to include in a discussion of nonconvulsive SE.
The NASA quiet engine program

Initial studies on the design and testing of the quiet engine are described. The principal noise sources considered in the engine selection were the fan machinery noise and the fan and core jet noise. Nacelle acoustic linings are also mentioned. Fan and engine tests are discussed briefly and results indicate that it is possible to achieve or exceed noise reduction objectives of 15 to 20 PNdb below the levels of 707/DC-8 long-range transport aircraft.
Osteonecrosis in children after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: study of prevalence, risk factors and longitudinal changes using MR imaging.

Osteonecrosis after hematopoietic SCT (HCT) has seldom been addressed in pediatric populations. At our institution, since January 2002, children undergoing allogeneic HCT (alloHCT) receive yearly follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of hips and knees. To estimate the prevalence, longitudinal changes and associated risk factors for osteonecrosis after alloHCT, we reviewed MRs for children who underwent single alloHCT during the study period. We analyzed 149 of 344 patients who had post-HCT MR imaging performed (84 males; median age 11 years (range, 0.5–21years)), median follow-up time was 32.6 months (range, 2.8–97.2 months). In all, 44 (29.5%) developed osteonecrosis of hips and/or knees; of those, 20 (45%) had at least 30% epiphyseal involvement. In 23 (52%), osteonecrosis lesions were identified in the first and in 43 (98%) by the third yearly scan. Knees were more frequently involved than hips; severity of osteonecrosis was greater in hips. Those who had pre-alloHCT osteonecrosis, two patients’ hips and six patients’ knees resolved completely; three patients’ osteonecrosis lesions regressed after alloHCT. On risk factor analysis, age at time of alloHCT (P=0.051) and osteonecrosis identified by MRs before alloHCT (P=0.001) were the primary risk factors. This analysis shows that preventive strategies for osteonecrosis in this population should focus on measures to minimize risk factors before alloHCT.
Spatially Restricted and Developmentally Dynamic Expression of Engrailed Genes in Multiple Cerebellar Cell Types

The cerebellum is a highly organized structure partitioned into lobules along the anterior–posterior (A-P) axis and into striped molecular domains along the medial–lateral (M-L) axis. The Engrailed (En) homeobox genes are required for patterning the morphological and molecular domains along both axes, as well as for the establishment of the normal afferent topography required to generate a fully functional cerebellum. As a means to understand how the En genes regulate multiple levels of cerebellum construction, we characterized En1 and En2 expression around birth and at postnatal day (P) 21 during the period when the cerebellum undergoes a remarkable transformation from a smooth ovoid structure to a highly foliated structure. We show that both En1 and En2 are expressed in many neuronal cell types in the cerebellum, and expression persists until at least P21. En1 and En2 expression, however, undergoes profound changes in their cellular and spatial distributions between embryonic stages and P21, and their expression domains become largely distinct. Comparison of the distribution of En-expressing Purkinje cells relative to early- and late-onset Purkinje cell M-L stripe proteins revealed that although En1- and En2-expressing Purkinje cell domains do not strictly align with those of ZEBRINII at P21, a clear pattern exists that is most evident at E17.5 by an inverse correlation between the level of En2 expression and PLCs4 and EPHA4.
Vacuuming with my mouth?: Children's ability to comprehend novel extensions of familiar verbs

Can 6- and 8-year-olds (and adults) comprehend common instrument verbs when extended to novel situations? Participants heard eight unusual extensions of common verbs and were asked to paraphrase the verbs' meanings. Half of the verbs used were specified instrument verbs that include the name of the instrument used to perform the action (e.g., a vacuum is used to vacuum); the other half were open instrument verbs (e.g., write) whose function can be performed with a range of objects. Results suggest that children's ability to interpret verb extensions increases with age, that open instrument verb extensions were more difficult to comprehend than specified instrument verb extensions and that performance on verb extension correlates with scores on a standardized test of language acquisition. Verb knowledge continues to develop well beyond the preschool years.
Waveguide loss optimization in hollow-core ARROW waveguides

We discuss optimization of the optical properties of hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). We demonstrate significant reduction of waveguide loss to 2.6/cm for a 10.4μm2 mode area after adding an initial etching step of the substrate material. The effect of differences in confinement layer thickness is quantified and an optimized design is presented. The polarization dependence of the waveguide loss is measured and the implications for applications are discussed.
The localization and regulation of Antennapedia protein expression in Drosophila embryos

The homeotic Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila is required for the normal differentiation of the thoracic segments during embryonic development and metamorphosis. Antibodies to a recombinant Antp protein were used to localize the protein in whole mount embryos. Antp is expressed in the nuclei of cells of the thoracic embryonic epidermis and several segments of the ventral and peripheral nervous systems. Analysis of Antp expression in mutant embryos revealed three levels of Antp regulation by genes of the bithorax complex, pleiotropic homeotic loci, and Antp itself. The distributions of the Antp and the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in doubly-labeled embryos suggest that the Ubx protein may be one direct negative regulator of Antp gene expression.
Argininosuccinic aciduria: investigation of an affected family.

Two siblings with argininosuccinic aciduria were studied by an interdisciplinary team. Considerable variability in the clinical expression of this disorder was observed in comparison with previously reported cases. Detection of the heterozygous state in the parents and in a fetal sibling was demonstrated by tissue assay for argininosuccinase acitivity. Mental retardation and neurologic deficits in the affected children were irreversible with dietotherapy but growth was progressive and the general course was relatively benign.
Generation and coherent detection of broadband terahertz radiation in phase-matched microstrip waveguides

We describe novel waveguide devices that simultaneously allow for single-mode propagation of optical pump and probe beams and broadband THz radiation. We demonstrate generation and coherently detection of broadband THz radiation with <10 mW average optical power.
Transmission of Beet Yellows and Beet Mosaic Viruses by Noncolonizing Aphid Vectors

A late Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, and Diuraphis no:xia (Mordvilko) transmitted beet yellows virus (BYV) and beet mosaic virus (BMV) in laboratory tests. In single probe acquisition tests, A. kondoi! and D. no:xia failed to transmit BMV, but both transmitted the virus successfully in free-choice arena tests. A. kondoi and D. no:xia are new vectors of beet yellows and beet mosaic virus. None of the three aphids colonize sugar beets but may be important in BYV and BMV epidemiology.
Produção de carne de bovinos contemporâneos, machos e fêmeas, terminados em confinamento

Economic and animal performance of feedlot beef young bulls and heifers fed finishing diets were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-eight Santa Gertrudis bovines (14 young bulls and 14 heifers) were assigned to a completely randomized design and maintained in individual pens. Diets were formulated to fulfill the weight gain requirements of finishing animals. The measured variables were affected by sex. Daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion, carcass yield, and dry matter (DM) intake were: 1.80 and 1.22 kg/day, 5.61 and 7.18 kg DM/kg DWG, 55.61 and 52.75%, and 10.08 and 8.87 kg/day, respectively, for young bulls and heifers. Males had greater carcass yield but females showed higher proportion of beef round as well as the main commercial cuts. According to an economic analysis, the cost to produce 15 kg of carcass was R$33.95 for young bulls and R$37.02 for heifers.
Effects of NH3 nitridation on oxides grown in pure N2O ambient

Effects of NH3 nitridation on the chemical and electrical properties of N2O oxides have been studied. Compared with NH3‐nitrided SiO2, NH3 nitridation does not degrade the electrical properties of N2O oxides, thus resulting in superior impurity diffusion barrier properties, while preserving excellent interface immunity to hot‐carrier injection and much lower charge trapping. Correlation studies between the chemical and electrical properties of NH3‐nitrided N2O and NH3‐nitrided SiO2 have been done to explain these results.
Policy Indicators: a Continuing and Needed Field

The social indicator movement has always faced in two directions—toward academic disciplines that provide quality control and estimate causal relations, and toward the political system that chooses and uses indicator statistics. At worst, the movement has risked appearing to be peripheral to both theoretical social science and policy choice; such perceptions may have contributed to the movement's weakening. The use of noneconomic time series of data to guide the definition of public problems, however, did not and will not die away.
Zzyzx: Scalable fault tolerance through Byzantine locking

Zzyzx is a Byzantine fault-tolerant replicated state machine protocol that outperforms prior approaches and provides near-linear throughput scaling. Using a new technique called Byzantine Locking, Zzyzx allows a client to extract state from an underlying replicated state machine and access it via a second protocol specialized for use by a single client. This second protocol requires just one round-trip and 2 f + 1 responsive servers—compared to Zyzzyva, this results in 39–43% lower response times and a factor of 2.2−2.9× higher throughput. Furthermore, the extracted state can be transferred to other servers, allowing non-overlapping sets of servers to manage different state. Thus, Zzyzx allows throughput to be scaled by adding servers when concurrent data sharing is not common. When data sharing is common, performance can match that of the underlying replicated state machine protocol.
Theory of extrinsic and intrinsic heterojunctions in thermal equilibrium

A careful analysis of an abrupt heterojunction consisting of two distinct semiconductors either intrinsic or extrinsic is presented. The calculations apply to a one-dimensional, nondegenerate structure. Taking into account all appropriate boundary conditions, it is shown that the intrinsic Fermi level shows a discontinuity at the interface between the two materials which leads to a discontinuity of the valence band edge equal to the difference in the band gap energies of the two materials. The conduction band edge stays continuous however. This result is independent of possible charged interface states and in sharp contrast to the Anderson model. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Stark broadening corrections to laser-induced fluorescence temperature measurements in a hydrogen arcjet plume

Laser-induced fluorescence of the H(α) transition of atomic hydrogen has previously been performed in the plume of a hydrogen arcjet thruster. Measurements of plasma velocity and temperature, based on the Doppler shift and broadening of the H(α) line shape, were previously published [Appl. Opt. 32, 6117 (1993)]. In that paper the Stark broadening of the H(α) transition was estimated from static-ion calculations performed in the early 1970's and found to be negligible in comparison with the Doppler broadening. However, more recent dynamic-ion calculations have shown the Stark broadening to be considerably larger than was previously assumed, resulting in inaccurate temperature measurements. We present a reanalysis of the fluorescence data, taking into account the improved Stark broadening calculations. The correct atomic hydrogen translation temperature and electron number density are obtained from the Doppler and Stark broadening components of the measured line shape. The results indicate a substantial drop in temperature from those previously reported.
Ozonolysis of organic compounds in a two-phase fluorocarbon-water system

Ozone, due to its characteristics as a powerful oxidant, has found use in the destruction of toxic organic compounds in wastewater. Its use has been limited however, because of ozone's rapid decomposition and low solubility in water. The ozonation process may be more efficiently carried out in a two-phase system. The second phase consists of a reusable, fluorinated hydrocarbon, with an ozone solubility of 12–14 times that of water. The fluorinated solvent serves as both an ozone source and a non-aqueous phase in which the oxidation occurs. With this novel two-phase process, it is also possible to perform selective oxidation. The experimental results are presented for organic compounds such as phenol, naphthol, etc. The extent of degradation is measured in terms of pH changes, HPLC, and TOC.
Interplay Between the Crystal and Liquid Crystalline Ordering of iPP and Carbon Nanotube Composites under Melt-Shear

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit liquid crystalline order and their nematic director couples to the one of low molecular weight liquid crystals. Here we explore the interactions between CNTs and the smectic liquid crystal phase of a polymer and the possibility for a similar coupling in this system. Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) and iPP/CNTs nanocomposites were made in solution with varying CNT concentrations and hot pressed into 50-100μm thick films. The pure iPP and iPP/CNT films were then sheared at one rotation per second in the melt state. Shearing continued as the temperature was decreased from 200°C to 145°C to induce a smectic liquid crystal phase. The sheared samples were analyzed using polarized optical microscopy, Two Dimensional Microscopic Transmission Ellipsometry (2D-MTE) and Two Dimensional Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (2D-WAXS). During shearing we detected a sudden increase of birefringence at 151°C in the samples, higher than the iPP crystallization temperature, indicating liquid crystalline ordering. The samples were then crystallized at 135°C for 30 minutes. We measured anisotropic 2D-WAXS patterns of the samples that contained CNTs, indicating strong ordering of the crystals. Upon reheating, we measured birefringence at temperatures higher than the melting endotherm for the iPP crystals, using polarized microscopy, which indicates that some smectic order still persists in the samples, even after crystallization and complete melting of all crystals. Our results indicate that CNTs couple to the smectic phase of iPP, improve its order upon shearing and the crystals created after the formation of the oriented smectic phase are strongly aligned parallel to the direction of shearing.
Risks and prevention of contamination of beef carcasses during the slaughter process in the United States of America

Summary A brief general description of the beef cattle slaughter process used in the United States of America is presented. Considerable variation in prevalence of microbial contamination at beef processing establishments has been reported. Primary factors which may explain this variation include: a) pathogen load on, or in, live animals entering the establishment b) sanitation practices used by the establishment. Pathogen load on, or in, live animals depends on environmental exposure to contaminants, the health of the animal, and on situations stressful to the animal which may increase microbial shedding, such as disrupted access to feed and water, transport, handling and contact with other animals. Processing stations and slaughter practices which are potential sources of carcass contamination are listed, and points on carcasses where contamination is most likely to occur are noted. Contamination risk-reduction measures within an establishment include carcass treatments with anti-microbial agents, trimming, washing, steaming, chilling and gamma irradiation. Several good sanitation practices are described. Microbial monitoring is a necessary step for determining whether sanitation practices are efficacious, but the usefulness of microbial monitoring depends on the microbial tests selected, sampling procedures, frequency of sampling, the rapidity of receiving test results and consistent and accurate record-keeping and analysis. Federal inspection to ensure that processing establishments comply with new Federal regulations regarding the implementation of standard sanitation procedures and microbial testing should result in greater vigilance of good sanitation practices by establishments.
PNEUMONIA IN THE PATIENT WITH HIV INFECTION

The lower respiratory tract has always been a major site of complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In the era before Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (PCP) this organism accounted for more than 70% of initial AIDS-defining diagnoses and was by far the most common identifiable cause of mortality. Even in the era of prophylaxis, PCP continues to be the most common AIDS-defining diagnosis and the most common identifiable cause of death. Despite the historic emphasis on PCP, bacterial pneumonia seems to be at least as common or more common. A substantial spectrum of other opportunistic pathogens are also commonly encountered in these patients. This article reviews pneumonia in patients with HIV infection.
An fMRI Study of the Prefrontal Activity during the Performance of a Working Memory Task in Premutation Carriers of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 Gene With and Without Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)

Premutation alleles of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) are associated with the risk of developing fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder that involves neuropsychiatric problems and executive and memory deficits. Although abnormal elevation of FMR1 mRNA has been proposed to underlie these deficits, it remains unknown which brain regions are affected by the disease process of FXTAS and genetic molecular mechanisms associated with the FMR1 premutation. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify deficient neural substrates responsible for altered executive and memory functions in some FMR1 premutation individuals. We measured fMRI BOLD signals during the performance of verbal working memory from 15 premutation carriers affected by FXTAS (PFX+), 15 premutation carriers unaffected by FXTAS (PFX−), and 12 matched healthy control individuals (HC). We also examined correlation between brain activation and FMR1 molecular variables (CGG repeat size and mRNA levels) in premutation carriers. Compared with HC, PFX+ and PFX− showed reduced activation in the right ventral inferior frontal cortex and left premotor/dorsal inferior frontal cortex. Reduced activation specific to PFX+ was found in the right premotor/dorsal inferior frontal cortex. Regression analysis combining the two premutation groups demonstrated significant negative correlation between the right ventral inferior frontal cortex activity and the levels of FMR1 mRNA after excluding the effect of disease severity of FXTAS. These results indicate altered prefrontal cortex activity that may underline executive and memory deficits affecting some individuals with FMR1 premutation including FXTAS patients.
Spinal cord and peripheral nerve pathology in AIDS: The roles of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus

We examined spinal cords, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves of 27 patients who died with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by immunoperoxidase techniques in paraffin-embedded tissue. Vacuolar myelopathy was seen in 8 of 26 spinal cords (31%) and microglial nodules were seen in 13 (50%). All of the patients with lateral column vacuolar myelopathy showed severe brain pathology. HIV antigens had been detected in the brains of 15 (55%) of the 27 patients but were detected in only 3 (11%) of 26 spinal cords and were not localized to regions of vacuolar myelopathy. This suggests that the vacuolar myelopathy may be due to a remote or indirect effect of HIV or other infectious agent. CMV antigens were detected in none of the patients who showed vacuolar myelopathy but were detected in 2 of the 13 with microglial nodules. Focal nerve root or peripheral nerve inflammation was seen in 7 patients; 4 had CMV antigens and none had HIV antigens. CMV appears to be an important cause of inflammatory peripheral neuropathy in AIDS patients.
The Nature of Antibodies in Mice Injected with Influenza Virus Vaccine.

SummaryHemagglutination - inhibition (HI) antibodies appeared in the serum of mice 3 days after injection of influenza virus vaccine. The initial antibody was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol, sedimented as an 18s mac-roglobulin, and had a biologic half-life of 0.5 days. Antisera obtained approximately 2 weeks after vaccination contained antibody that resisted treatment with mercaptoethanol, sedimented as 7s γ-globulin, and had a half-life of 2 days.
Is Wittgenstein Impaled on Miss Hervey's Dilemma?

I WOULD judge that the primary purpose of Helen Hervey's interesting, clever, and imaginative article which recently appeared in this journal is to present a 'dilemma' which it is 'hard to believe that Wittgenstein was unaware of . .. but he clearly was unable to resolve it'.' She suggests that what accounts in part for the fact that 'his thought and writings manifest tension, and even at times incoherence' is his inability to resolve this dilemma (p. 350). In this note I show that Wittgenstein did not face this dilemma. At the end of her article is found this dilemma (though in several places in the article it is suggested): Wittgenstein must either hold that language is all right and in order or that it is not. If he holds that it is in order, then he must accept the theoretical implications he finds in it. If he holds that it is not in order, then he should abandon his effort to solve philosophical problems by investigating language. But, Miss Hervey points out, Wittgenstein both held that language is in order and he was 'highly critical of many of the theoretical overtones or implications of ordinary language, which implies that everything is not in order, that words are often used in such a way as to convey misleading, even false, ideas and analogies' (p. 350). 'He clings to both positions, hence it is small wonder that his thought and writings manifest tension, and even at times incoherence. He was faced with two mutually exclusive possibilities, which he attempts to reconcile only to fall into inconsistency.' (p. 350.) There is no doubt that Wittgenstein does write that ordinary language is in order and is all right. In addition it is true that he devotes much, I think most, of his time showing where aspects of ordinary language have misled people and have thus given rise to conceptual confusions. Also, he certainly holds that the investigation of ordinary language gets its purpose from the philosophical problems it helps to solve. But (1) does he find theoretical implications in ordinary language? And if he does, how are we to understand this? Moreover, how are the answers to these questions related to the first if-then of the dilemma? In addition, (2) is his view that aspects of language mislead some people incompatible with his view that language is in order and is all right? If not, then it does not follow from his view that language misleads that language is not all right, and thus it does not follow from this that he faces the second if-then of the dilemma. (1) An example of a 'theoretical implication' of ordinary language which Miss Hervey gives is 'mind-body dualism' (p. 346). Does he find such notions in language? Wittgenstein, as Miss Hervey knows and points out,
Human Identity and the Evolution of Societies

Human societies are examined as distinct and coherent groups. This trait is most parsimoniously considered a deeply rooted part of our ancestry rather than a recent cultural invention. Our species is the only vertebrate with society memberships of significantly more than 200. We accomplish this by using society-specific labels to identify members, in what I call an anonymous society. I propose that the human brain has evolved to permit not only the close relationships described by the social brain hypothesis, but also, at little mental cost, the anonymous societies within which such alliances are built. The human compulsion to discover or invent labels to "mark" group memberships may originally have been expressed in hominins as vocally learned greetings only slightly different in function from chimpanzee pant hoots (now known to be society-specific). The weight of evidence suggests that at some point, conceivably early in the hominin line, the distinct groups composed of several bands that were typical of our ancestors came to be distinguished by their members on the basis of multiple labels that were socially acquired in this way, the earliest of which would leave no trace in the archaeological record. Often overlooked as research subjects, these sizable fission-fusion communities, in recent egalitarian hunter-gatherers sometimes 2,000 strong, should consistently be accorded the status of societies, in the same sense that this word is used to describe tribes, chiefdoms, and other cultures arising later in our history. The capacity of hunter-gatherer societies to grow sufficiently populous that not all members necessarily recognize one another would make the transition to larger agricultural societies straightforward. Humans differ from chimpanzees in that societal labels are essential to the maintenance of societies and the processes giving birth to new ones. I propose that anonymous societies of all kinds can expand only so far as their labels can remain sufficiently stable.
Analysis of the Volt/VAr control scheme for smart distribution feeders

With ongoing smart grid activities, there are a number of active demonstration projects in different parts of USA. In the northwest, an ongoing demonstration project is conducted by Avista Utilities to improve the reliability and efficiency of the distribution system. This project includes automated management of distribution system and bi-directional communication capabilities between the devices in the field and the control center. With the added communication capacity, the newly installed equipment coupled with the distribution automation system has the ability of enhanced monitoring and control as well as the potential to decrease the overall power demand. This research explores one aspect of the smart grid in distribution automation called the Volt-VAr Control (VVC) scheme. Voltage regulation over a distribution feeder serves the purpose of achieving a flat voltage profile and maintaining the permissible voltage (plus or minus 5% of rated voltage) at the end-use customer. VAr control allows power factor correction in near real time. To accurately predict the benefits and plan Volt/VAr control, an accurate representation of the load models is essential. The benefits of VVC include reduction of losses, maintenance costs, operating costs, voltage variation, and increase in the power delivery capacity of existing equipment. Resulting analysis of the VVC control shows demand savings of 2–3% for every 2.5% voltage drop.