cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault-injection-based testing of fault-tolerant algorithms in message-passing parallel computers

Distributed-memory parallel computers offer inherent redundancy that can be exploited to provide software-implemented fault tolerance. Numerous algorithms have been developed for fault-tolerant unicast communication, fault-tolerant broadcast, fault diagnosis, check-point/rollback, various consensus problems, algorithm-based fault tolerance, etc. Correctness proofs for these algorithms tend to be quite complex and, as a result, are error-prone. Furthermore, the way in which an algorithm is implemented can have dramatic impact on its correctness. Fault-injection-based testing is, therefore, an essential component of the validation procedure for these algorithms, which can complement other methods such as formal verification. The authors present a methodology for fault injection in distributed-memory parallel computers that use a message-passing paradigm. Their approach is based on injection of faults into interprocessor communications, and allows emulation of fault models commonly used in design of fault-tolerant parallel algorithms. The methodology has been applied in a tool for fault injection in Intel iPSC/860 multicomputers, and has been demonstrated through the extensive testing of a fault-tolerant broadcast algorithm.
THE EFFECTS OF PREDATOR LEARNING, FORGETTING, AND RECOGNITION ERRORS ON THE EVOLUTION OF WARNING COLORATION

This paper demonstrates that the specifics of predator avoidance learning, information loss, and recognition errors may heavily influence the evolution of aposematism. I establish a mathematical model of the change in frequency over time of bright individuals of a distasteful prey species. Warning color spreads through green beard selection as reformulated by Guilford (1990); bright colored forms gain an advantage due to their phenotypic resemblance to other bright forms, which have been sampled by the predator. I use a general classical conditioning model to examine gradual predator learning and forgetting, and then consider the extreme of one-trial learning and no forgetting over time that may occur with very toxic prey. The advantage of conspicuous coloration under these latter conditions depends upon its role in lowering a constant probability of the prey being misidentified and thus mistakenly attacked by a predator, a rarely emphasized factor in the evolution of warning coloration. This constant probability of mistaken attacks can also be interpreted as a constant probability that forgetting has occurred (forgetting does not increase with time) or a periodic decision by the predator to resample avoided prey. I show that when predators learn and forget gradually, as under the general classical conditioning model, it is very difficult for aposematic coloration to become established unless bright individuals cross an often high threshold frequency through chance factors. In contrast, the conditions expected with highly toxic prey promote the evolution of warning coloration more easily, by means from the fixation of very bright mutations to the fixation of successive mutations each of which causes a small increase in a prey's conspicuousness. The results therefore predict that aposematic coloration may have evolved in a different manner in different predator and prey systems. They also suggest that it may be extremely difficult for warning coloration to evolve in more mildly toxic or distasteful prey outside of a mimicry system.
An Algebraic Generalization of Stochastic Integration

The authors use a generalization of stochastic integration to analyze real constant coefficient elliptic operators of order n which generate strongly continuous semigroups on L 2 ( k ). Let p n (x, t) be the fundamental solution to u t = Au where for n even. For real polynomials q l ,…,q k on m let q = (q l ,…,q k ) and define integral operators F n,q (t), for each t > 0 on functions on k by The authors determine when e tQ = lim F(t/j) J strongly on L 2 ( k ) as j →, for some q on some m .
Structure and Dynamic Behavior of Phosphine Gold(I)-Coordinated Enamines: Characterization of α-Metalated Iminium Ions

Cationic gold(I) enamine complexes with the (t-Bu)2(o-biphenyl)phosphine ligand were isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The complexes display highly distorted coordination modes that are consistent with characterization as α-metalated iminium ions. The barrier to rotation around the formal enamine C–C double bond has been measured in a geminally disubstituted enamine complex, and it is comparable to the barrier to C–C single-bond rotation in electronically restricted alkanes. With additional substitution on the enamine double bond, the complexes remain highly distorted, and the reaction of a mixture of E and Z enamines results in formation of a stereochemically pure gold complex. A survey of binding constants reveals enamines to be significantly stronger donors than any alkenes examined to date, and in the case of a geminally disubstituted enamine, the coordination is stronger even than that of triethylamine. The high stability drives the isomerization of an internal...
Serum Phosphatase in Normal Young Rabbits

SummaryWithin the age limits of 15 and 71 days the serum phosphatase values for healthy rabbits describe a statistically significant linear decrease with increasing age and weight.
Increasing robustness and resilience: assessing disruptions and dependencies in analysis of system-of-systems alternatives

This poster describes a multi-disciplinary effort, funded by the DoD's Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC), towards establishing a System of Systems Analytic Workbench of computational tools to facilitate better-informed decision-making on SoS architectures. The work seeks to map relevant questions in system-of-system architectural decision to an appropriate set of quantitative methods that can provide analytical outputs to directly support decisions. Such an integrated approach is suitable to address the problem of increasing robustness and resilience in complex systems, with the goal of preventing or mitigating the effect of disruptions on the overall behavior of the system.
Articulation generalization during articulation training.

Four children who misarticulated the /s/ phoneme were administered an articulation training programme which trained the child to emit the correct /s/ in isolation and in the initial, final and medi...
Charge trapping in doped organic Zener diodes

Abstract Understanding charge trapping in organic semiconductors is key to the development of highly efficient organic devices. Here, charge trapping in organic p-i-n Zener diodes is studied and an analytical model able to describe the influence of the trapped charges on the electrical performance is proposed. The model shows a good agreement with the experiment and allows quantifying the density of trapped charges and the molecular doping efficiency from capacitance spectroscopy of systematically stressed devices. This work is expected to provide a platform to understand and quantify charge trapping in organic electronic devices, especially two-terminal p-i-n devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells.
Vector Eigenfunction Expansions for the Growth of Taylor Vortices in the Flow between Rotating Cylinders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the stability of flow between rotating cylinders to periodic disturbances and the subsequent growth and equilibration of such disturbances for speeds above critical. The stability of a viscous flow between concentric rotating cylinders is one of the classical problems in the theory of hydrodynamic stability. An analysis of the stability of Couette flow based on the linearized equations for small disturbances leads to an eigenvalue problem for the critical speed of the inner cylinder in the form of a dimensionless combination T, the Taylor number. It is a function of the parameters μ = Ω2 /Ω1 and η = R1/R2 that describe the basic velocity and the geometry, and the dimensionless wave numbers describing the disturbance. Ω2 , Ω1 and R1, R2 are the angular velocities and radii of the inner and outer cylinders, respectively. This chapter discusses the values of η and μ for which one can expect the critical speed to correspond to an axisymmetric disturbance and the resulting motion for T > Tc , where Tc the critical value of T, to be the axisymmetric Taylor vortex motion. The chapter presents the development of the finite-amplitude Taylor vortex motion for T > Tc .
Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation for atmospheric waves

Ray and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximations have long been important tools in understanding and modelling propagation of atmospheric waves. However, contradictory claims regarding the applicability and uniqueness of the WKB approximation persist in the literature. Here, we consider linear acoustic–gravity waves (AGWs) in a layered atmosphere with horizontal winds. A self-consistent version of the WKB approximation is systematically derived from first principles and compared to ad hoc approximations proposed earlier. The parameters of the problem are identified that need to be small to ensure the validity of the WKB approximation. Properties of low-order WKB approximations are discussed in some detail. Contrary to the better-studied cases of acoustic waves and internal gravity waves in the Boussinesq approximation, the WKB solution contains the geometric, or Berry, phase. The Berry phase is generally non-negligible for AGWs in a moving atmosphere. In other words, knowledge of the AGW dispersion relation is not sufficient for calculation of the wave phase.
Celestial Navigation in Drosophila

Insects exhibit impressive navigational abilities, from long distance migrations of monarch butterflies to path integration of desert ants in the genus Cataglyphis. Celestial cues — including polarized light and solar position — provide valuable information to navigating insects, and the brain regions that process this information appear largely conserved. Although not generally considered migratory, mark-recapture experiments indicate that Drosophila can cover 10 km of open desert in perhaps as little as a few hours without stopping to refuel. This impressive feat required flies to adopt a fairly straight path, likely accomplished by visually-guided navigation using celestial cues. Like many insects Drosophila possess the ability to navigate using the polarization pattern of skylight but sun-compass navigation in this genus has not been examined. Using a flight simulator with machine-vision wing tracking, we found that tethered D. melanogaster can use the position of a simulated sun to fly straight, and individuals vary in their heading preference. This preferred heading is maintained over short intervals, but fidelity decays as the time between flights is increased. By training flies with a stimulus restricted to one half of the arena, we could bias subsequent headings towards the side of the training stimulus. These findings suggest that flight and/or visual experience can influence heading, although the neural basis remains unknown. Drosophila sun compass navigation has the potential for future behavioral, ecological and neurobiological studies that could shed light on the deep evolutionary roots of visually-guided locomotion.
Abstract P240: Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate the Cardiac Na + Channel in Heart Failure

Background: Previously, we have shown that elevated intracellular NADH causes a decrease in cardiac Na + current ( I Na ) signaled by an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The decrease in I Na can be ameliorated by NAD + or a mitochondrial specific anti-oxidant, mitoTEMPO. It is known that cardiomyopathy is associated with reduced I Na . Therefore, we tested whether the NADH-mitochondrial ROS pathway was involved in the reduction in I Na in cardiomyopathic mice. Methods: Nonischemic cardiomyopathy was induced in C57BL/6 mice 6 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) pellet implantation, and salt water substitution. Sham operated mice were used as controls. Ventricular myocytes isolated from mice were utilized for whole-cell patch clamp recording, intracellular NADH/NAD + level measurements, and mitochondrial ROS monitoring with confocal microscopy. Results: Compared to the sham mice, the left ventricular volume was significantly enlarged (105.5 ± 4.4 µL vs. 91.6 ± 4.0 µL, P I Na was decreased (62±8%; P + (500 μ M) and mitoTEMPO (10 μ M) recovered I Na (90±9% and 103±9% of sham, respectively, P>0.05). Mitochondrial ROS overproduction was observed with DOCA mice myocytes by MitoSOX Red (∼4.8-fold of sham; P + and mitoTEMPO decreased ROS in DOCA mice myocytes (∼20±6% of DOCA for both, P Conclusions: NADH and mitochondrial ROS were elevated, and I Na was decreased in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Maneuvers that reduced mitochondrial ROS restored I Na . Since reduced I Na and the subsequent slow conduction velocity are thought to contribute to arrhythmic risk in this condition, NAD + and mitochondrial anti-oxidants may have anti-arrhythmic activity in cardiomyopathy.
Synchronous Central Nervous System Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor and Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney: Case Report of a Long-Term Survivor and Review of the Literature

Background Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) of the central nervous system (CNS) with synchronous or metachronous extra-CNS disease is a rare childhood malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Case Description We report a 7-week-old female with metastatic AT/RT and synchronous malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney who received an intensive multimodal approach combining surgical resection, intrathecal chemotherapy, and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT). She is currently 24 months old without any evidence of disease. In addition, we completed an extensive literature review of cases with CNS AT/RT and synchronous or metachronous extra-CNS primary tumors. To date, 31 pediatric cases have been reported, and the median overall-survival was 6 months after diagnosis. The only 3 survivors received autologous PBSCT, and 2 of these patients had complete resection of their CNS tumor. Conclusions The rarity of CNS AT/RT with extra-CNS primary disease and the lack of standard treatment contribute to its reported dismal prognosis. We report a case of a long-term survivor with metastatic AT/RT and synchronous extra-CNS primary tumor. Maximal surgical resection, intrathecal chemotherapy, and consolidative autologous PBSCT may improve prognosis and avoid radiation.
Theoretical Basis for Liquid Crystallinity in Polymers

The molecular features responsible for liquid crystallinity are: (i) asymmetry of molecular shape and (ii) anisotropy of intermolecular forces. The former feature is dominant, especially among polymers.1,2 Feature (ii) is most prominent in liquid crystalline compounds of low molecular weight; it is doubtless important also in many polymers containing groups, such as p-phenylene, whose polarizabilities are highly anisotropic. The latter feature, although of lesser importance than (i) in promoting liquid crystallinity, is usually responsible for thermotropic behaviour.
The Metabolism of Gold: Possible Mechanisms for Perturbations of Copper and Zinc Homeostasis

The use of gold complexes - chrysotherapy - for treating rheumatoid arthritis is well established and can actually alter the course of the disease, unlike most anti-inflammatory drugs which do not stop the underlying tissue damage (1). Although many theories of action have been proposed (1), none can be considered to be well established and space does not permit a detailed evaluation of them. However, one possibility, which is not exclusive of other postulated mechanisms, is that gold may affect copper and zinc homeostasis. Indeed these essential metals - as well as penicillamine which chelates both of them - have been used to treat arthritis.
The mechanism and kinetics of methyl isobutyl ketone synthesis from acetone over ion-exchanged hydroxyapatite

Abstract The synthesis of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) can be carried out by the condensation of acetone in the presence of hydrogen over a supported metal catalyst. Previous studies have shown that hydroxyapatite is an excellent catalyst for condensation reactions. The present investigation was undertaken in order to elucidate the reaction mechanism and site requirements for acetone coupling to MIBK over a physical mixture of hydroxyapatite and Pd/SiO2. The reaction is found to proceed by consecutive aldol addition to form diacetone alcohol (DAA), dehydration of DAA to mesityl oxide (MO), and hydrogenation of MO to MIBK. The products formed by feeding DAA and MO reveal that aldol addition of acetone is rapid and reversible, and that the subsequent dehydration of DAA is rate-limiting. Pyridine and CO2 titration show that aldol dehydration occurs over basic sites via an E1cB mechanism. A series of cation-substituted hydroxyapatite samples were prepared by ion-exchange to further investigate the role of acid-base strength on catalyst performance. Characterization of these samples by PXRD, BET, ICP-OES, XPS, CO2-TPD, and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the exchange procedure used does not affect the bulk properties of hydroxyapatite. DFT calculations reveal that in addition to affecting the Lewis acidity/basicity of the support, the size of the cation plays a significant role in the chemistry: cations that are too large (Ba2+) or too small (Mg2+) adversely affect reaction rates due to excessive stabilization of intermediate species. Strontium-exchanged hydroxyapatite was found to be the most active catalyst because it promoted α-hydrogen abstraction and C O bond cleavage of DAA efficiently.
Curing behavior of soy flour with phenol-formaldehyde and isocyanate resins

Abstract Cost savings are realized when phenol formaldehyde (PF) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resins are partially substituted with soy flour during the manufacture of engineered woods such as oriented strand board. The interaction of soy flour with the two resins was studied through thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. No significant differences in the results from all three analyses were observed between neat PF and PF resin partially (up to 30%) substituted with soy flour, suggesting that chemical bonding between soy flour and PF resin was minimal. In contrast, soy flour induced major changes in the thermogravimetric and spectroscopic properties when substituted in pMDI resin because of chemical cross-linking between the two species.
Element-wise estimation error of a total variation regularized estimator for change point detection.

This work studies the total variation regularized $\ell_2$ estimator (fused lasso) in the setting of a change point detection problem. Compared with existing works that focus on the sum of squared estimation errors, we give bound on the element-wise estimation error. Our bound is nearly optimal in the sense that the sum of squared error matches the best existing result, up to a logarithmic factor. This analysis of the element-wise estimation error allows a screening method that can approximately detect all the change points. We also generalize this method to the muitivariate setting, i.e., to the problem of group fused lasso.
School Green Space and Its Impact on Academic Performance: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Scholars and policymakers have criticized public education in developed countries for perpetuating health and income disparities. Several studies have examined the ties between green space and academic performance, hypothesizing that green space can foster performance, and, over time, help reduce such disparities. Although numerous reviews have analyzed the link between nature and child health, none have focused on academic achievement. Methods: We identified 13 peer-reviewed articles that examined associations between academic outcomes, types of green spaces, and distances in which green spaces were measured around schools. Results: Of the 122 findings reported in the 13 articles, 64% were non-significant, 8% were significant and negative, and 28% were significant and positive. Positive findings were limited to greenness, tree cover, and green land cover at distances up to 2000 m around schools. End-of-semester grades and college preparatory exams showed greater shares of positive associations than math or reading test scores. Most findings regarding writing test scores were non-significant, and moderation effects of socioeconomic status, gender, and urbanization showed mixed results. Conclusions: The extant literature on green space and academic performance is small, shows mixed results, and mostly includes articles using observational, school-level research designs. Regardless, there is sufficient evidence to warrant further research on this topic, including effect moderation and mechanistic pathways.
Cervical Cancer Prevention: Immunization and Screening 2015

Abstract Both primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer are now available. Immunizations against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 have the potential to prevent 70% of cancers of the cervix plus a large percentage of other lower anogenital tract cancers. Screening guidelines were recently changed to recommend cotesting with cytology plus an HPV test. The addition of HPV testing increases the sensitivity and negative predictive value of screening over the Papanicolaou (Pap) test alone.
Recent Developments in Quaternary Paleoclimatology

Sources of paleoclimatic data for the Quaternary have greatly increased in the last twenty years. Long terrestrial records, in ice cores, lake sediments, peat and loess-paleosol sequences have greatly expanded knowledge of climatic changes over the last interglacial-glacial cycle; the reconstruction of past atmospheric composition has been of particular significance. Developments in dating methods (accelerator-based 14C, thermoluminescence [TL] and electron spin resonance [ESR] dating) have been important in understanding the paleoclimatic record in sediments. New techniques are needed for recovering deep ice cores from ice sheets and long cores of lacustrine sediments in order to expand the limited number of terrestrial records which cover the last interglacial-glacial (and earlier) cycles.
Integrative Management of Complex Patients with High Comorbidity

Common patterns of comorbidity in mental illness are described and mainstream approaches to managing complex cases with high comorbidity are reviewed. Depressed mood, anxiety, psychosis, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other serious mental health problems often occur together (i.e., “are comorbid”) with substance abuse and medical problems. Mental health problems are also frequently comorbid with medical disorders in all age groups and may significantly impact the clinical course of medical illness and response to treatment. Complex presentations involving two or more serious mental health problems and comorbid substance abuse or a medical problem are often poorly responsive to pharmaceuticals and other Western medical treatments. Managing complex cases calls for multitiered treatment planning incorporating evidence from a wide range of Western medical and CAM modalities. There is currently no agreement within Western medicine or non-Western systems of medicine on how to manage complex cases with high comorbidity. Complex patients with serious mental health problems and comorbid substance abuse or medical problems respond better and more rapidly when managed by a team of practitioners using a collaborative care model. The methodology developed in previous chapters is expanded to address complex cases with high comorbidity including co-occurring psychiatric disorders, substance abuse and medical problems. Important clinical considerations involved in managing complex patients are reviewed. The goal of parsimony is to identify the simplest care plan that adequately addresses all medical, mental health and substance use problem(s). The uses of the evidence tables and algorithms for planning integrative mental health care involving highly comorbid cases are described. The chapter concludes with a detailed case vignette that includes the rationale for recommendations made during different phases of treatment.
Characterization of Hemangioblastic Traits within Endothelial Progenitor Cells of Multiple Myeloma Patients

Abstract Abstract 2984 Background: Multiple myeloma (MM), a neoplasm of committed B-lymphocytes within the bone marrow (BM), is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the U.S. Despite prolonged median survival with anti-myeloma strategies aimed at the tumor and its BM microenvironment, MM remains invariably fatal. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are CD133+/KDR+ cells that originate in the BM and play a key role in supporting tumor growth and MM progression. Using X-chromosome inactivation and RT-PCR analyses, we previously found EPCs from MM patients to be clonally restricted and to display clonotypic IG heavy-chain gene rearrangements identical to the same patients' tumor cells (Braunstein et al., 2006). Based on the shared genetic identity that we and others have demonstrated between tumor cells and EPCs in MM patients, the present study explored the hypothesis that, similar to hemangioblasts, which are CD133-expressing precursors to adult hematopoietic and endothelial cells, EPCs may be a source of vascular and MM progenitor cells. Since hemangioblasts are known to exist predominately in the quiescent phases of the cell cycle, in this study we also examined the cell cycle status of CD133-expressing BM cells from MM patients in order to gain insight into their hemangioblastic traits. Methods: BM aspirates were acquired from MM patients under IRB approval. EPCs (>98% vWF/CD133/KDR+ and CD38-) from BM aspirates of MM patients were outgrown on laminin-coated flasks as previously described. The spleen colony assay was used to determine the stem cell capacity within BM-derived EPCs by i.v. injection into NOD/SCID mice. The spleens and BM of mice were harvested 2–4 weeks later. Cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry. Hoechst 33342 (Hst) and Pyronin Y (PY) were used to measure the cell cycle status of CD133+ cells using FACS analysis. Results: Two to four weeks following i.v. injection of MM EPCs, human cell surface marker expression detected by flow cytometry within mouse BM and spleen cells shifted from CD133+/CD45-lo, a progenitor cell phenotype, to CD133−/CD45-hi, a more differentiated phenotype, suggesting the ability of MM EPCs to differentiate in vivo. Cell cycle analysis of the CD133+ population in BM cells of MM patients showed that these cells were predominantly non-cycling. On average, 60.5% of CD133+ cells were found to be in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, as indicated by low levels of IF staining with Hst and PY. Conclusions: CD133+ cells are strong candidates as precursors to MM tumor and vascular progenitor cells. As quiescent cells are non-dividing, they often escape cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, resulting in relapse, and therefore, identification of these cells is critical. Ongoing studies include the engraftment of CD133+ cells in the subcutaneous NOD/SCID gamma xenotransplant model and their growth in response to anti-myeloma strategies; results of these studies will be discussed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Application of Multielectrode Array Sensor to Study Dewpoint Corrosion in High Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline Environments

Internal corrosion of pipelines occurs where water or other corrosive electrolyte accumulates. This is the basis for Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA). Although ICDA focuses on nominally dry gas with episodes of water upset, the well accepted criteria for dry gas (e.g., water less than 112 mg/m or 7 pounds per million standard cubic feet, MMSCF) may be significantly influenced by the presence of bacterial biofilms and hygroscopic solids, such as iron oxide corrosion products and some salts. Therefore, understanding the changes in dew point induced by the presence of these compounds is necessary to better quantify gas quality requirements. The Multielectrode Array Sensor (MAS) probe was used to study the effect of biofilms and corrosion products on corrosion in high pressure gas mixtures. It was found that: (i) the MAS probe is sensitive in detecting localized corrosion in wet gas streams at pipeline pressures; (ii) the corrosion rate is sensitive to gas composition/quality; (iii) the presence of biofilm and corrosion products affected the dew point but the current water content specifications for gas are sufficiently conservative that this decrease in dew point is not a concern; and (iv) the corrosion under the biofilm once initiated at high humidity levels did not decrease even upon decrease of humidity to levels lower than needed to initiate corrosion.
Wearing a happy mask: mother’s expressions of suicidality with postpartum depression

Anywhere between 7% to 63% of mothers will experience postpartum depression (PPD) globally. Currently, the leading cause of maternal death after the birth of a child is suicide; the psychache or in...
Localized cutaneous reaction to an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.

The corona virus disease (COVID-19) is a novel disease that can lead to fatal outcomes in infected individuals. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are two of the three Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccines in the United States (US) to date. Disclosed side effects by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea. 1,2 A variety of other adverse effects are continuously being reported in individual patients. We describe a case of localized cutaneous reaction to a mRNA vaccine.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Cohort of 282,718 Hospitalized Patients.

To identify whether the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage is higher in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we compared the risk factors, comorbidities, and outcomes in patients intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 and those without COVID-19. We analyzed the data from the Cerner deidentified COVID-19 data set derived from 62 health care facilities. The data set included patients with an emergency department or inpatient encounter with discharge diagnoses codes that could be associated with suspicion of or exposure to COVID-19 or confirmed COVID-19. There were a total of 154 (0.2%) and 667 (0.3%) patients with intracerebral hemorrhage among 85,645 patients with COVID-19 and 197,073 patients without COVID-19, respectively. In the multivariate model, there was a lower risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio 0.5; 95% confidence interval 0.5–0.6; p < .0001) after adjustment for sex, age strata, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, nicotine dependence/tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, long-term anticoagulant use, and alcohol abuse. The proportions of patients who developed pneumonia (58.4% versus 22.5%; p < .0001), acute kidney injury (48.7% versus 31.0%; p < .0001), acute myocardial infarction (11% versus 6.4%; p = .048), sepsis (41.6% versus 22.5%; p < .0001), and respiratory failure (61.7% versus 42.3%; p < .0001) were significantly higher among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 compared with those without COVID-19. The in-hospital mortality among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 was significantly higher compared with that among those without COVID-19 (40.3% versus 19.0%; p < .0001). Our analysis does not suggest that rates of intracerebral hemorrhage are higher in patients with COVID-19. The higher mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 compared with those without COVID-19 is likely mediated by higher frequency of comorbidities and adverse in-hospital events.
Community gun violence and functional disability: An ecological analysis among men in four U.S. cities.

Abstract This study uses data on neighborhoods in four U.S. cities over five years to examine the relationship between fatal and non-fatal gun violence and rates of functional disability among men. Descriptive analyses indicate significant disparities in shooting rates across neighborhoods and heightened associated disability in high shooting communities. Multivariate results show that rates of non-fatal shootings correspond to greater functional disability among young men, but not older men. Fatal gun violence is not associated with increased community disability. The findings suggest that improvements in local gun violence prevention may serve to address broader community disparities in health and well-being.
Policing the Poachers in a Western State: Game Wardens and the Use of Discretion

Game wardens are specialized law enforcement officers responsible for enforcing hunting and fishing laws designed to protect wildlife resources. While performing their duties they encounter a variety of wrongdoers that range from first time offenders to those who are chronic violators of the law. Little research exists on the use of discretion by wildlife law enforcement officers, or their attitudes toward offenders. This study took a qualitative approach to data collection and examined the use of discretion by game wardens in Montana and their perceptions of habitual poachers. Factors that were associated with the use of discretion included intent of the violator, seriousness of the offense, and age of the violator. The majority of wardens in the study expressed negative opinions toward violators that were chronic offenders. Findings contribute to our understanding of law enforcement attitudes and decision making.
A passive CMOS low-pass filter for high speed and high SNDR applications

A new passive switched-capacitor low-pass filter topology is presented. The sampling rate is high due to the reduced number of clock phases and switches connected to each capacitor. Also, this scheme decreases the filter nonlinearity. Verified by simulations, the noise analysis of the filter shows superior performance compared to active SC filters. These features, and a wide frequency tuning range, make the filter suitable for high-speed, low noise, and low power applications. A 7th-order 400 MS/s filter was designed in 0.18 μm AKM CMOS technology. Simulations verify that it can achieve over 100 dB attenuation at 200 MHz frequency, while consuming only dynamic power.
Exit Act I: JFTR, 2009–2013

Keywords: extended families; extended kin; family theory; marital relationships; marriage
Sexualities, Latin America and the Caribbean

This entry offers an overview of sexualities in Latin America and the Caribbean from precolonial and colonial times, through the post-independence and contemporary periods. Heterosexuality is considered, though there is an emphasis on same-sex and LGBT experiences in the region. Practices and identities are shown to be diverse and often to be expressed differently from those in Euro-American contexts. Currents in scholarship reveal attention to inequality and discrimination, cultural expression, and political affirmation from past times through the era of neoliberal globalization. Keywords: AIDS ; Latin America and the Caribbean; LGBT identities; passive and active roles; social movements
Helminths and human ancestral immune ecology: What is the evidence for high helminth loads among foragers?

Objectives Recent theories of human immune ecology have invoked high helminth loads as an important selection factor among early humans. However, few studies have assessed this assumption among extant human foragers. Methods We review the current evidence for high helminth loads in documented forager populations and present new data from members of a Kawymeno Waorani forager group in Amazonian Ecuador (n = 16) compared with neighboring Kichwa subsistence farmers (n = 63). Results Stool samples indicated a near absence of helminths among the Kawymeno foraging group (6.25% with Ascaris lumbricoides and 0% with Ancylostoma duodenale or Trichuris trichiura). In contrast neighboring, isolated Kichwa subsistence farmers in a similar ecosystem had abundant helminth infestations (76.1% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 11.1% with Ancylostoma duodenale, and 1.5% with Trichuris trichiura). The presence of helminths among the Waorani and Kichwa was triangulated across multiple data sources, including presence in stool samples, medical exams, and 3 years of participant observation. Conclusions These findings, coupled with the modern forager literature, raise questions as to whether helminths were prevalent enough in Paleolithic humans to be a unique evolutionary selective force in human physiology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:124–129, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: The Modern Homophobia Scale

The authors developed the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS), a scale that includes measures of attitudes toward lesbians (MHS-L) and attitudes toward gay men (MHS-G). An initial pool of 97 items was generated by the authors based on a review of the literature on homophobia and feedback from several focus groups. Responses to the initial pool of items were factor analyzed. The final versions of the MHS-L and the MHS-G included items reflecting the following factors: Personal Discomfort with lesbians/gay men, Institutional Homophobia toward lesbians/gay men, and the Deviance/Changeability of female/male homosexuality. Although the Personal Discomfort, Institutional, and Deviance/Changeability factors were separable, they were highly correlated and showed little evidence of divergent validity. Reactions to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual characters in written vignettes provided initial support for the validity of the MHS. Both the MHS-L and MHS-G were significantly correlated with the Index of Homophobia and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. A greater degree of homophobia on the MHS-L and MHS-G was associated with a greater degree of socially desirable responding as measured by the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Lower levels of homophobia on the MHS-L and MHS-G were associated with having lesbian and gay acquaintances and friends. On the MHS-L, men and women did not differ in their overall level of homophobia toward lesbians, but significant gender differences on MHS-L factor scores were present. Compared to men, women were more supportive of gay men on all three factors of the MHS-G.
Phenotypic Differentiation during Migration of Dopaminergic Progenitor Cells to the Olfactory Bulb

A possible source for transplantable neurons in Parkinson's disease are adult olfactory bulb (OB) dopamine (DA) progenitors that originate in the anterior subventricular zone and reach the OB through the rostral migratory stream. We used adult transgenic mice expressing a lacZ reporter directed by an 8.9 kb tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter to investigate the course of DAergic differentiation. Parallel transgene and intrinsic TH mRNA expression occurred during migration of DA interneurons through the mitral and superficial granule cell layers before these cells reached their final periglomerular position. Differential transgene and calcium–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV expression distinguished two nonoverlapping populations of interneurons. Transgenic mice carrying a TH8.9kb/ lacZ construct with a mutant AP-1 site demonstrated that this element confers OB DA-specific TH gene regulation. These results indicate that DA phenotypic determination is specific to a subset of mobile OB progenitors.
Understanding Multigenerational Work-Value Conflict Resolution

Numerous sources report increased conflict between the four generations currently in the workplace resulting in organizational problems. The conclusion of this study is that age-related life-stage researchers and birth-year-cohort researchers provide significant scholarly evidence that can be used to determine the “why and how” of generational work-value differences’ impact on employee productivity. There is a significant relationship between generational cohorts and conflict created by generational work-value differences. A generational management practices model was developed that provides a scholarly basis for managers to make informed decisions about how they can shape workforce strategies and management practices for a generationally-diverse workplace.
Discovering Reusable Hardware Using Birthmarking Techniques

With decades of investments, productivity has still continued to be a major issue for many digital circuit designers. One of the most important factors in improving productivity is design reuse, which current tools have yet to fully exploit. Reusing designs involve manually searching through repositories to find a design that meets the requirements of a project. This search can be tedious and often unfruitful. In order to promote design reuse, an automated discovery technique is proposed: a reference circuit is compared with an archive of existing designs such that similar circuits are suggested throughout the design phase, however, most circuit comparison techniques are focused on exact matches. In this paper, a method of comparing the similarity of circuits using a birthmarking technique is presented. The birthmarking technique captures a wide range of features including structural characteristics, such as components and nets, and functional characteristics, such as dataflow, into a single compact representation. Experiments and evaluations of the birthmarking technique were performed on over 150 circuits from various sources in order to show the feasibility of the proposed methods. Results show that using birthmarks to compare the similarity of circuits is promising.
GaAs metamorphic HEMT (MHEMT): an attractive alternative to InP HEMTs for high performance low noise and power applications

Metamorphic HEMTs (MHEMTs) are becoming the device of choice for low cost millimeter-wave applications, where a high indium content channel is necessary for high performance. This paper will review the material properties, the processing, end the device and amplifier performance of metamorphic HEMTs with 30% to 60% indium channel content, with a focus on work done at Raytheon RF Components.
Grain Drain: The Hidden Cost of U.S. Rice Subsidies

Rice is the world's most important food commodity and also the most protected and subsidized. The U.S. rice program is no exception. The U.S. government supports domestic rice production through tariffs on imported rice and direct taxpayer subsidies based on production, prices, and historical acreage. These subsidies result in enormous welfare losses for both U.S. consumers and taxpayers. U.S. farm policy should embrace a more market-oriented rice program in the upcoming 2007 farm bill, including repeal of tariffs and a rapid phaseout of subsidies.
Role of the membrane-associated folate binding protein (folate receptor) in methotrexate transport by human KB cells☆

The uptake of methotrexate by KB cells was observed to be dependent on time, temperature, and concentration of extracellular methotrexate. The Kd for methotrexate surface binding to KB cells was approximately 200 nM. Following exposure of KB cells to trace quantities of [3H]methotrexate for periods ranging from 6 min to 24 h, the cellular methotrexate was progressively formed into methotrexate polyglutamates and was bound to dihydrofolate reductase as well as to a particulate folate binding protein. To further study the mechanism of methotrexate uptake in KB cells, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate was used to covalently label the surface of KB cells and to inhibit transport of methotrexate. The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate was bound to a species of protein with an apparent molecular weight of 160,000 in 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 that bound folic acid and was specifically precipitated by antiserum raised against the previously purified high-affinity folate binding protein (the folate receptor) from human KB cells. In addition, trypsin was utilized to remove surface-accessible covalently bound methotrexate. The amount of covalently bound methotrexate that could be released by trypsin initially decreased on incubation at 37 degrees C, suggesting that the methotrexate and binding protein were internalized. However, with time, trypsin could again release the covalently bound methotrexate, suggesting that the binding protein cycles from the external cell surface to the inside of the cell and out again.
Compressive plasticity and toughness of a Ti-based bulk metallic glass

Abstract The effects of changes in sample dimensions on the compressive plasticity and fracture toughness/energy have been determined for Ti40Zr25Cu12Ni3Be20 bulk metallic glass (BMG). Changes in sample dimensions alone produced widely different values for compressive plasticity. While these were correlated with changes to the measured Poisson’s ratio for samples of the same composition cast into different sample sizes, significant effects of testing conditions apart from the Poisson’s ratio on the measured compressive plasticity are also demonstrated. Fracture toughness testing on the same material/size that exhibited zero compressive plasticity produced both notch and fatigue pre-cracked toughness in excess of 100 MPa m1/2, while a size effect on the magnitude of toughness was similarly demonstrated. Discussions on the source(s) of the size effect on toughness are provided in addition to demonstrating that exceptional toughness can be obtained in this BMG which exhibits essentially zero compressive plasticity under certain test conditions. The apparent critical Poisson’s ratio for plasticity/toughness is thus different in these very different types of tests.
18F-2-Deoxyglucose Deposition and Regional Flow in Pigs With Chronically Dysfunctional Myocardium Evidence for Transmural Variations in Chronic Hibernating Myocardium

Background Hibernating myocardium in patients with collateral-dependent myocardium is characterized by relative reductions in resting flow and increases in the uptake of 18F-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) in the fasting state. We performed the present study to examine whether these key physiological alterations could be produced in a porcine model of chronic coronary occlusion and to assess whether the adaptations consistent with hibernation varied across the myocardial wall. Methods and Results We chronically instrumented pigs (n=18) with a fixed occluder on the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Three months later, ventricular function, regional myocardial perfusion, and FDG deposition (by excised tissue counting or positron emission tomography) were assessed in pigs after an overnight fast in the closed-chest anesthetized state. Total LAD occlusion with angiographic collaterals was present in the majority of animals. Left ventriculography showed severe anterior hypokinesis, and resting perf...
Study of Possible Complex Formation between Macromolecules and Certain Pharmaceuticals*: II. Polyvinylpyrrolidone with p-Aminobenzoic Acid, Aminopyrine, Benzoic Acid, Salicylic Acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, m-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, Citric Acid, and Phenobarbital

The interactions between polyvinylpyrrolidone and eight additional pharmaceuticals have been studied. Experimental evidence is offered to support the existence of the formation of complexes in solution between polyvinylpyrrolidone and p-aminobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxy-benzoic acid, and phenobarbital. No evidence of complex formation was detected between polyvinylpyrrolidone and aminopyrine and citric acid. The similarity of the influence of chemical structure on the stability of the PVP complexes as compared to the caffeine complexes indicates that a similar mechanism may be responsible for both series.