cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CON: Not All Patients With Endometrial Cancer With Extrauterine Disease Should Receive Chemotherapy After Any Indicated Surgery

Introduction The adoption of primary surgical therapy and staging (including lymph node assessment and/or dissection) has given us a better understanding of prognostic groups, risk factors, and patterns of recurrence.1 Furthermore, the recognition of clear-cell and papillary carcinomas of the endometrium (PCE) as distinct subtypes of endometrial carcinoma has provided further information along these lines.2,3 Although clinicians now have, in many cases, a more complete understanding of disease extent and surgicopathologic features in an individual patient, the manner in which this information should affect the choice of adjuvant therapy is still debated. Radiation therapy (RT) has long been used as adjunctive or primary therapy in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Prospective and retrospective series uniformly demonstrate a significant improvement in pelvic control.4,5 A survival benefit has, however, been more difficult to demonstrate. The recognition that patients with locally advanced disease also have a significant rate of failure outside the pelvis has given impetus to the use of chemotherapy in this group of patients. Publication of the results of Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) study 122 established a role for adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of patients with selected stage III and IV endometrial cancers.6 Since that time, other studies, using varying eligibility criteria and trial designs, have been performed, many of which support the notion that adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes for the patient population generally defined as having locally advanced endometrial carcinoma; however, not all studies have shown a benefit for chemotherapy over radiation therapy alone.7,8 Furthermore, questions arise regarding patient selection in terms of how “locally advanced” should be defined. Do the data conclusively indicate that every patient with any extrauterine disease should receive chemotherapy? Or are certain subsets most likely to benefit? Finally, because the patient population under consideration typically includes older women with various comorbid illnesses, it is not clear that the toxicities of systemic therapy are, in all cases, outweighed by the therapeutic benefit that has been demonstrated. The purpose of this article is to discuss the various subpopulations of patients with extrauterine involvement from endometrial cancer, review the relevant literature that potentially inform decisions regarding adjuvant therapy in these subpopulations, mention ongoing clinical trials, and offer some general recommendations regarding the selection of adjuvant therapies in patients with extrauterine endometrial cancer, including the possibility that, in selected cases, systemic therapy can be reasonably withheld.
Keloids: Prevention and Management

Keloids result from an abnormal wound-healing process in which the normal regulatory pathways during tissue regeneration and scar remodeling are disrupted. While the pathogenesis of keloids continues to be investigated, numerous treatment options exist. Although prevention of keloid formation is the best management, early recognition of keloid formation is integral in treatment and prevention of recurrence. Surgical resection with adjuvant silicone gel sheeting or triamcinolone injection is common, but can still result in recurrence. New treatments include chemotherapeutics such as 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, and mitomycin C. Although further clinical investigation is required for newer treatments, initial results are promising.
Global and local processing in adult humans (Homo sapiens), 5-year-old children (Homo sapiens), and adult cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

This study compared adults, young children, and adult tamarins while they discriminated global and local properties of stimuli. Subjects were trained to discriminate a circle made of circle elements from a square made of square elements, and were tested with circles made of squares and squares made of circles. Adult humans showed a global bias in testing which was unaffected by the density of the elements in the stimuli. Children showed a global bias with dense displays, but discrimination by both local and global properties with sparse displays. Adult tamarins’ biases matched the children. The striking similarity between the perceptual processing of adult monkeys and autistic humans, and the difference between this and normal developing human perception is discussed.
Anomalous electronic properties of complex crystals: from cluster compounds to quasicrystals

Abstract It has been reported recently that icosahedral (i-) crystals with perfect quasicrystalline order exhibit semimetallic conductivity that falls below Mott's minimum metallic conductivity. Moreover, their transport properties are anomalous in comparison with disordered systems with low metallic conductivity. Results obtained from these ordered phases based on good metals (Al, Cu) are presented. The anomalies in transport properties and their strong dependence on crystal chemistry have revealed a peculiar bandstructure effect induced by the Fermi-surface-Jones-zone-boundaries (FS-JZB) interaction in i-crystals. Central to the FS-JZB interaction criterion of phase stability is the existence of a pseudogap which is enhanced by the global icosahedral symmetry. Further understanding of the i-crystals has been advanced through studies of crystal analogs known as approximants. Several approximant structures are constructed from the b.c.c. packing of large icosahedral clusters. Bandstructure calculations for these cluster compounds are now available. Decagonal-crystal structures constructed from the periodic stacking of two-dimensional quasiperiodic layers known as decagonal crystals are also studied. Comparison between the approximant and amorphous phases has provided insight to the understanding of quasiperiodicity, randomness, and atomic-potential as well as dimensionality effects on electronic properties.
Conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma with subarticular involvement

A 78-year-old female patient with a lesion in the distal tibia is shown to have conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma. Typical considerations for this end-of-bone neoplastic lesion are giant cell tumor, clear cell chondrosarcoma, and chondroblastoma. Salient clinical and radiographic features and behavior of this lesion broaden the typical view of conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma.
Second Special Theme Issue: Occupation, Well-being and Immigration

Jyothi Gupta This second installment of the special issue on Occupation, Well-being and Immigration includes eight feature articles that present the central role of occupation in the resettlement a...
Light and electron microscopic distribution of the AMPA receptor subunit, GluR2, in the spinal cord of control and G86R mutant superoxide dismutase transgenic mice

Excitotoxicity has been hypothesized to contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neurodegeneration. The similar pattern of vulnerability in the spinal cord of mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) transgenic mice and mice treated with excitotoxins supports a role for excitotoxicity in the mechanism of degeneration. The distribution of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) class of glutamate receptors (GluRs) with different calcium permeabilities has been proposed as an explanation for this differential vulnerability. GluR2 appears to be the dominant determinant of calcium permeability for AMPA receptors; thus, it is critical for their contribution to excitotoxic mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the distribution of GluR2 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of control and SOD-1 transgenic mice. GluR2 immunoreactivity is present equally within vulnerable neurons (i.e., motor neurons and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons) as well as nonvulnerable neurons (i.e., calbindin-immunoreactive neurons and dorsal horn neurons). In addition, postembedding immunoelectron microscopy reveals that GluR2 is present in synapses of dorsal and ventral horn neurons and that the percentage of labeled synapses and numbers of immunogold particles per synapse do not vary between these spinal cord regions. Comparing control mice with SOD-1 transgenic mice, at both the light and the electron microscopic levels, the distribution and intensity of GluR2-immunoreactivity do not appear to be altered. These results suggest that the cellular and synaptic distribution of GluR2 is not a determinant of the selective vulnerability observed in SOD-1 transgenic mice or in ALS patients.
Coarse-grained free-energy-functional treatment of quasistatic multiscale processes in heterogeneous materials.

A new treatment of quasistatic (reversible) multiscale processes in heterogeneous materials at nonzero temperature is presented. The system is coarse grained by means of a finite-element mesh. The coarse-grained free-energy functional (of the positions of the nodes of the mesh) appropriate to the thermodynamic-state variables controlled in the relevant process is minimized. Tests of the new procedure on a Lennard-Jonesium crystal yield thermomechanical properties in good agreement with the “exact” atomistic results.
Prognostic Value of p53 for Local Failure in Mastectomy-Treated Breast Cancer Patients

PURPOSE: The loss of p53 function is a recognized adverse prognostic factor in invasive breast cancer. Several studies have shown a relationship between the nuclear accumulation of p53 protein (a surrogate marker of p53 inactivation) and poor disease-free and overall survival. In general, however, these studies did not report the prognostic value of p53 for local failure, which we have therefore assessed retrospectively here. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Accumulation of p53 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 1,530 mastectomy-treated breast cancer patients (259 radiation therapy [RT]– and 1,271 mastectomy only [No RT]–treated patients). Statistical comparisons were made between p53 protein accumulation, estrogen/progesterone receptors, nodal status, tumor size, and local failure rate (LFR). Local failure was defined as tumor recurrence involving the chest wall and/or the ipsilateral supraclavicular/axillary lymph nodes. The median follow-up period was 62 months. RESULTS: In the No RT group, the LFR...
Accelerated epigenetic aging in brain is associated with pre-mortem HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

HIV infection leads to age-related conditions in relatively young persons. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are considered among the most prevalent of these conditions. To study the mechanisms underlying this disorder, researchers need an accurate method for measuring biological aging. Here, we apply a recently developed measure of biological aging, based on DNA methylation, to the study of biological aging in HIV+ brains. Retrospective analysis of tissue bank specimens and pre-mortem data was carried out. Fifty-eight HIV+ adults underwent a medical and neurocognitive evaluation within 1 year of death. DNA was obtained from occipital cortex and analyzed with the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K platform. Biological age determined via the epigenetic clock was contrasted with chronological age to obtain a measure of age acceleration, which was then compared between those with HAND and neurocognitively normal individuals. The HAND and neurocognitively normal groups did not differ with regard to demographic, histologic, neuropathologic, or virologic variables. HAND was associated with accelerated aging relative to neurocognitively normal individuals, with average relative acceleration of 3.5 years. Age acceleration did not correlate with pre-mortem neurocognitive functioning or HAND severity. This is the first study to demonstrate that the epigenetic age of occipital cortex samples is associated with HAND status in HIV+ individuals pre-mortem. While these results suggest that the increased risk of a neurocognitive disorder due to HIV might be mediated by an epigenetic aging mechanism, future studies will be needed to validate the findings and dissect causal relationships and downstream effects.
Counseling on contraceptives: an unfilled need.

The dictum that pharmacists have a fundamental responsibility to provide health care information for their patients includes the need to furnish complete and accurate information on all of the contraceptive products that currently are on the market. To help accomplish this many different resources are available that provide guidance for comprehensive patient education on all the different products and devices. If one agrees to the principle that an individuals sexuality is an accepted element of his or her life then promoting sexual well-being should be an important part of health care. Yet it seems that pharmacists and other health care professionals in general have not been particularly liberated about talking about and making objective assessments on sexual matters. Health care professionals seem to need more education to enable them to provide accurate information to augment their own knowledge bases and to reduce their inhibitions and possible misconceptions about sexual matters. Pharmacists do not want to appear as if they are encouraging or promoting sexual activity but given the consequences of nonuse of contraception socially responsible pharmacists need to disseminate basic information about the use of contraceptive products. At some level too objective guidelines should be established to help pharmacists in handling contraceptive information. Pharmacists can play a key role in counseling on both prescription and nonprescription methods. In fact pharmacists may be the only health care professionals with whom a sexually active person can speak about nonprescription contraceptive methods. Some pharmacists have been reluctant to provide patient information because of the risk of possible liability. But this attitude seems to be changing. The recent emphasis on clinical functions in pharmacy practice has led to speculation that as pharmacists come to assume new roles they may become liable for not providing some of this information. At present at least 22 states already have guidelines or regulations requiring pharmacists to counsel patients. To provide the most effective learning experience active participation is the key ingredient. It is necessary to elicit active participation in the counseling process. It is not possible to give complete guidance on the subject of contraceptives to every patient that comes in the store. Nor is every person going to be receptive at least initially to the idea of talking about contraception with a pharmacist. Yet the role of the pharmacist takes on greater significance now because of the controversy that continues to surround some of the safety and efficacy issues of oral contraceptives and IUDs. Brochures and other materials are available to help pharmacists counsel patients on all of the different contraceptive methods.
Solutions via Group Theory for Linear Diophantine Equations

(1978). Solutions via Group Theory for Linear Diophantine Equations. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 180-181.
Organized Labor's Social Security Program: 1948

2. In determining the length of time that a myth is likely to persist or the speed with which it may decline and disappear, knowledge of the type of myth is of primary importance. For example, the Strategic type of myth is much more subject to decline than the Culture-Centered myth. 3. As the Culture-Centered myth is significant in maintaining occupational morale, the tendency of such a myth to be modified under modern industrial conditionis is of importance to persons concerned with the practical aspects of industrial relations, since definite behavioral changes on the part of workers are likely to follow disturbances in the myth. 4. As the Compensatory myth represents a vital factor in the personality integration of individuals in the management system of industry, an understanding of its function may offer the basis of the better adjustment of the individual to formal structures.
Abstract 1631: Protection of colon carcinogenesis by estrogen receptor-beta may involve regulation of angiogenesis and invasion specific signaling molecules

Estrogen receptor-beta (ERα) has been suggested to exert anti-tumorigenic effects in the colon. However, its mechanism of action in colon cancer remains unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that azoxymethane (AOM) treated ERα knockout (≥ERKO) mice showed a significantly higher incidence of colonic precancerous lesions compared to AOM-treated WT mice. These results were associated with a decrease in apoptosis and loss of crypt organization in the colonic epithelium of αERKO mice. In the present study, we investigated whether ERα deficiency would also correlate with a higher incidence of colonic tumors. For this, αERKO and WT mice were injected subcutaneously with AOM (10mg/kg) once a week, for six weeks. Forty weeks after the beginning of the study, mice were sacrificed and colonic sections were collected for histopathology, RNA, and protein expression analysis. Evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin sections from each group showed that αERKO mice developed higher number of colonic adenomas (1.40 ± 0.40) than WT mice (0.33 ± 0.21) (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1631. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1631
The Application of GIS in the Information Service Platform for New Village Construction

In order to visually query, manage and analyze on all theme information of new village construction, an information service platform for new village construction is developed based on the GIS technique. By the help of advantages of GIS in information visualization, spatial information management, the platform can manage the multi-source, multi-precision village theme information with the same space benchmark. In this platform, the numerical village theme information can be represented by many intuitionistic graphics. The representation with graphics is more suitable for the village users. The platform has been applied in the Fangshan District, Beijing. The practical application effect indicates that the platform can improve the management efficiency of village theme information with certain degree.
Re-examination of Mereschkowsky’s genus Tetramphora (Bacillariophyta) and its separation from Amphora

The raphid diatom genus Amphora has been subject to considerable revision over the previous 30 years, with many species transferred to newly created or existing genera. Despite these efforts, recent work has demonstrated that taxa presently assigned to the genus continue to be non-monophyletic and further revision is required. This investigation re-examines Mereschkowsky’s genus Tetramphora, which he described as including all Amphora species with four chloroplasts, arranged in pairs linked by large pyrenoids. Although largely ignored over the last 100 years, recent work has shown that taxa aligning with Tetramphora are monophyletic and distinct from Amphora sensu stricto. Nine species belonging to Tetramphora are illustrated and described, based on light and scanning electron microscope observations, as well as a preliminary molecular phylogeny for the group. From these observations, we designate Mereschkowsky’s T. ostrearia as the generitype of Tetramphora, recognize T. lineolata, and transfer the Ampho...
Teaching Positioning and Handling Techniques to Public School Personnel through Inservice Training

Two public school teachers were taught positioning and handling techniques using written task analyses, demonstrations by an occupational therapist, verbal and modeling prompts, corrective feedback...
Data Journalism Versus Traditional Journalism in Election Reporting: An Analysis of Competing Narratives in the 2012 Presidential Election

This article employs a grounded, qualitative analysis of election reporting to examine competing narratives constructed by media professionals covering the 2012 presidential election. Traditional journalists covered the election using time-worn strategies. In contrast, new data journalists relied upon analyses of large quantitative data sets to generate election stories. Two competing narratives emerged from these different reporting strategies: traditional journalists reported the election as competitive and volatile while data journalists reported the election as stable and consistent. Utilizing analytic frameworks from the media and politics literature, this article explores why the competition narrative provided by traditional journalists dominated election reporting, despite the greater accuracy of data journalists. Our analysis reveals that organizational, market, and structural forces tend to privilege competitive election narratives. To incorporate data journalists more centrally into future elect...
Chart Notes, Case Histories, and Test Reports

The patient’s treatment record is one of the most important clinical documents to which the intern will contribute. It is a comprehensive account of all diagnostic and treatment activities that are pertinent to a patient’s care. The treatment record functions as a clinical log that is used for the documentation of services, and communication among professional staff. Aside from its clinical utility, the treatment record also is a legal document that can be reviewed by third-party payers or review committees, subpoenaed by a court, and, in many states, made available to the patient or his parent or guardian. As clinical facilities, all internship sites maintain treatment records, and all will advocate certain customs and procedures for the documentation of services. While there may be some variation in the documentation required by different sites, much of what is contained in the treatment record is bound by state laws, professional standards, and regulations set forth by utilization review groups. Most treatment records are composed of hand-written notes and typed reports. However, the computerization of clinical facilities has led to the development of patient records that are maintained and stored on electronic media (e.g., optical disk). These forms of records are gaining more widespread use because they are cost and space efficient, and they can be used in the construction of patient databases that can be searched, reviewed, and statistically analyzed.
Finding information and finding locations in a multimodal interface: a case study of an intelligent kiosk

Increasingly, technology developers are turning to interactive, intelligent kiosks to provide routine communicative functions such as greeting and informing people as they enter public, corporate, retail, or healthcare spaces. A number of studies have found intelligent kiosks to be usable with study participants reporting them to be appealing, useful, and even entertaining. However, the field still lacks insight into the ways in which people use multimodal interfaces to seek information and accomplish tasks. The Memphis Intelligent Kiosk Initiative project, or MIKI, was designed for multimodal use and although in usability testing it exemplified good interface design in a number of areas, the complexity of multiple modalities---including animated graphics, speech technology and an avatar greeter---complicated usability testing, leaving developers seeking improved instruments. In particular, factors such as gender and technical background of the user seemed to change the way that various kiosk tasks were perceived, deficiencies were observed in speech interaction as well as the location information in a 3D animated map.
Urban Road Network Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram Analysis Under Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Environment

This research aims to analyze the urban road network macroscopic fundamental diagram under vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) environment. The macroscopic (network) fundamental diagram (MFD or NFD), which relates network space–mean density and flow, has been shown to be existed in urban network with homogeneous traffic conditions. Although MFD represents the network performance and is an important indicator for traffic management, the practical application of the MFD is limited to the fact that the homogenous traffic condition is generally not observed in the real network. However, with wireless communication technology, VANETs provide such environment and therefore could be evaluated by MFD. VANETs are networks in which each node is a vehicle. The adjacent vehicles in VANETs are equipped with wireless communication devices. Under VANETs environment, the road network system provides communications not only between individual vehicles, but also between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment and roadside facilities. Therefore, the vehicles in VANETs environment receive real-time road information, thus improve traveling safety and efficiency. The primary object of this study is to explore whether a well-defined MFD exists in urban road network under VANETs environment. To analysis the MFD under VANETs environment, a simulation test is conducted with gird road network in NS-3 simulation platform. The MFD of the simulated network is presented in the study. The simulation results are compared between different wireless communication scenarios. The results show that the urban road network performs a MFD under VANETs environment. Meanwhile, wireless communications under VANETs environment has an impact on the shape of the MFD for the simulated road network.
Safety of deferred CT imaging of intoxicated patients presenting with possible traumatic brain injury

Abstract Background Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with altered mental status and alcohol intoxication can clinically resemble patients with an intracranial hemorrhage. Although intracranial hemorrhage is quickly excluded with a head computed tomographic (CT) scan, it is common practice to defer imaging and allow the patient to metabolize to spare ED resources and minimize radiation exposure to the patient. Although this reduces unnecessary scans, it may delay treatment in patients with occult intracranial hemorrhage, which some fear may increase morbidity and mortality. We sought to evaluate the safety of deferred CT imaging in these patients by evaluating whether time to scan significantly affects the rate of neurosurgical intervention. Methods In this retrospective medical record review, all clinically alcohol-intoxicated patients presenting to 2 university EDs were included. Time to order CT imaging, findings on imaging, and outcomes of these patients were determined. Patients were assessed in 3 groups: CT ordered within 1 hour of triage, CT ordered 1-3 hours from triage, and CT ordered 3 or more hours from triage. Results During the study period, 5943 patients were included in the study. Of these, 0 patients scanned in less than 3 hours had intracranial findings on imaging requiring neurosurgery, whereas 1 patient with a deferred CT scan required a neurosurgical intervention; however, it was not emergently performed. Conclusion Routine CT scanning of alcohol-intoxicated patients with altered mental status is of low clinical value. Deferring CT imaging while monitoring improving clinical status appears to be a safe practice.
Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure.

Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual’s decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual’s social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders’ greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.
Spatial Variation in Nutrient and Water Color Effects on Lake Chlorophyll at Macroscales.

The nutrient-water color paradigm is a framework to characterize lake trophic status by relating lake primary productivity to both nutrients and water color, the colored component of dissolved organic carbon. Total phosphorus (TP), a limiting nutrient, and water color, a strong light attenuator, influence lake chlorophyll a concentrations (CHL). But, these relationships have been shown in previous studies to be highly variable, which may be related to differences in lake and catchment geomorphology, the forms of nutrients and carbon entering the system, and lake community composition. Because many of these factors vary across space it is likely that lake nutrient and water color relationships with CHL exhibit spatial autocorrelation, such that lakes near one another have similar relationships compared to lakes further away. Including this spatial dependency in models may improve CHL predictions and clarify how well the nutrient-water color paradigm applies to lakes distributed across diverse landscape settings. However, few studies have explicitly examined spatial heterogeneity in the effects of TP and water color together on lake CHL. In this study, we examined spatial variation in TP and water color relationships with CHL in over 800 north temperate lakes using spatially-varying coefficient models (SVC), a robust statistical method that applies a Bayesian framework to explore space-varying and scale-dependent relationships. We found that TP and water color relationships were spatially autocorrelated and that allowing for these relationships to vary by individual lakes over space improved the model fit and predictive performance as compared to models that did not vary over space. The magnitudes of TP effects on CHL differed across lakes such that a 1 μg/L increase in TP resulted in increased CHL ranging from 2–24 μg/L across lake locations. Water color was not related to CHL for the majority of lakes, but there were some locations where water color had a positive effect such that a unit increase in water color resulted in a 2 μg/L increase in CHL and other locations where it had a negative effect such that a unit increase in water color resulted in a 2 μg/L decrease in CHL. In addition, the spatial scales that captured variation in TP and water color effects were different for our study lakes. Variation in TP–CHL relationships was observed at intermediate distances (~20 km) compared to variation in water color–CHL relationships that was observed at regional distances (~200 km). These results demonstrate that there are lake-to-lake differences in the effects of TP and water color on lake CHL and that this variation is spatially structured. Quantifying spatial structure in these relationships furthers our understanding of the variability in these relationships at macroscales and would improve model prediction of chlorophyll a to better meet lake management goals.
Geoffrey S. Dawes: A Life in Science

In view of his seminal role in the evolution of this field of study, it is perhaps not inappropriate to consider the contributions of Geoffrey Sharman Dawes (Fig. 4.1a). Born in Mackworth, Derbyshire, England, on 21 January 1918, Dawes was the youngest of five children. His father William Dawes (1874–1943), a graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, was the Vicar of Elvaston with Thulston in Derbyshire. His paternal grandfather, the Reverend Josiah William Dawes (1844–ca. 1914), a farmer and auctioneer, was also Vicar of All Saints Cathedral, Liverpool. His great grandfather was Josiah Belton Dawes (1813–1878). Initially, Geoffrey, called “pugface” by his brothers, attended the preparatory school Shardlow Hall and later the Repton School, also in Derbyshire. In his final year, Dawes was awarded the Senior House Prize for verse, a foretaste of his literary ability and distinction. As a youth, Dawes spent considerable time fishing and hunting in the countryside surrounding the commodious vicarage, Thurlaston Grange, in which he was raised. With a tennis court on the premises, he became first-rate in that sport. Although his parents planned for Geoffrey to follow the family tradition and attend Cambridge, he was awarded a place at New College, University of Oxford, where he gained first class honors in physiology. Following award of a Bachelor of Science degree (1939), he qualified in medicine (1943). On 15 April 1941, Dawes married Margaret Joan Monk born in 1918 in Singapore, the daughter of Harold Monk (1890–1930), the District Commissioner of Malaya, and Violet Jones (1891–1990). Over the years, they had four children: Caroline Harriet Maunsell, OBE, b. 22 August 1943; Alison Jennifer Williams, b. 3 June 1945; Nicholas William Dawes, DPhil, b. 20 June 1948; and Martin Geoffrey Dawes MD, b. 18 September 1954.
Long-term efficacy of medical treatments for obesity

Obesity is a chronic, usually life-long condition. Therefore, the success of any treatment should be measured by the long-term weight loss. More patients lose weight than maintain the weight loss after the active phase of therapy has ended. Conservative approaches like dietary restrictions or behavior modification techniques have been only modestly successful in weight maintenance. Both are, therefore, suitable for patients with milder degrees of obesity. Anorexicants seem to have specific but limited use in the treatment of obesity. Fasting and protein sparing modified fast are indicated for patients with a high degree of obesity, i.e. for those who are at least 30% or 25 kg or more over their ideal body weight. Both these procedures have definite risks. Rapid weight loss is induced by fasting but long-term follow-ups showed gradual regain of weight loss. Combinations of various techniques such as behavior modification, exercise, proper nutritional instruction and protein-sparing modified fast seem to have the best chance for long-term success.
Effects of follicular development on the ability of cultured porcine granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens.

It has been shown by Channing and her colleagues that as the antral porcine follicle grows from a 2 mm follicle to a 6–12 mm follicle, the granulosa cells exhibit up to a 100 fold increase in LH/hCG receptors (1), an increase in ability to secrete progesterone in culture (2), as well as an increase in ability to respond to LHin terms of cyclic AMP accumulation (3,4). However, changes in the ability to secrete estrogen have not been measured. It has been shown that granulosa cells of many species can secrete estrogen provided they are given androgen substrate (sow (5), mare (6),cow (7), rabbit (8), sheep (9), and rat (10).
Virginia Auto Insurers Tread Softly: An Underinsured Motorist Carrier's Good Faith Duty (or Lack Thereof) before Judgment

The duties of a bodily injury (BI) carrier and an underinsured motorist (UIM) carrier are patently different. The BI carrier has the “duty to defend” and to “exercise good faith,” while the UIM carrier does not have this responsibility. As a result of the inherently different protections of BI coverage and UIM coverage, “[w]hen tort litigation ensues, the liability insurer is the insured’s defender; the [UIM] insurer is the insured’s adversary.” Although the UIM carrier does not have the same obligation in conducting settlement negotiations as the BI carrier, does the UIM carrier have a duty to make a settlement offer to the insured before judgment is entered against the at-fault party? In the past, the UIM carrier’s obligation to make a settlement offer was prompted only by judgment—as opposed to being prompted by the BI carrier’s settlement offer or payment of policy limits to the insured. This Note affords insight into the problem and provides guidance for good faith UIM claims handling.
Epilepsy is associated with ventricular alterations following convulsive status epilepticus in children.

SummaryObjective Convulsive status epilepticus can exert profound cardiovascular effects in adults including ventricular depolarization-repolarization abnormalities. Whether status epilepticus adversely affects ventricular electrical properties in children is less understood. Therefore, we sought to characterize ventricular alterations and the associated clinical factors in children following convulsive status epilepticus. Methods We conducted a 2-year retrospective, case-control study. Children between 1 month and 21 years of age were included if they were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with primary diagnosis of convulsive status epilepticus and had 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) within 24 hours of admission. Children with heart disease, ion channelopathy, or on vasoactive medications were excluded. Age-matched control subjects had no history of seizures or epilepsy. The primary outcome was ventricular abnormalities represented by ST segment changes, abnormal T wave, QRS axis deviation, and corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation. The secondary outcomes included QT/RR relationship, beat-to-beat QTc interval variability, ECG interval measurement between groups, and clinical factors associated with ECG abnormalities. Results Of 317 eligible children, 59 met the inclusion criteria. History of epilepsy was present in 31 children (epileptic) and absent in 28 children (non-epileptic). Compared with the control subjects (n = 31), the status epilepticus groups were more likely to have an abnormal ECG with overall odds ratio of 3.8 and 7.0 for the non-epileptic and the epileptic groups respectively. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated that children with epilepsy exhibited impaired dependence and adaptation of the QT interval on heart rate. Beat-to-beat QTc interval variability, a marker of ventricular repolarization instability, was increased in children with epilepsy. Significance Convulsive status epilepticus can adversely affect ventricular electrical properties and stability in children, especially those with epilepsy. These findings suggest that children with epilepsy may be particularly vulnerable to seizure-induced arrhythmias. Therefore postictal cardiac surveillance may be warranted in this population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Pilot Study of an Interprofessional Palliative Care Curriculum: Course Content and Participant-Reported Learning Gains:

Context:The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend that palliative care clinicians work together as interprofessional teams. We created and pi...
T Cell Histiocyte Rich Large B Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: An Uncommon Presentation of a Rare Disease

T cell histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized by malignant B cells with reactive T lymphocytes. The pathophysiology is thought to involve cytokine-mediated evasion of T cell immune response by malignant B cells. It usually presents at an advanced stage with extranodal involvement. An extremely unusual manifestation of the disease is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which is a hyperinflammatory disorder. We present a case of a 43-year-old male who presented with recurrent fever and recent radiologic imaging showing splenomegaly and right inguinal lymphadenopathy. On presentation, he had a fever of 105°F. Laboratory work-up was consistent with pancytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, elevated D-dimer, and a ferritin of 24,247 ng/mL. The patient was started on steroid therapy. An excisional biopsy of the right inguinal lymph node was consistent with a diagnosis of THRLBCL and the patient subsequently received six cycles of chemotherapy with R-CHOP (Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone) after which a PET-CT scan showed no evidence of biologically active disease and ferritin was down to 822 ng/mL. We discuss the clinical manifestations and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of this rare disease along with a review of reported cases in the literature.
Sex differences in stress regulation of arousal and cognition

There are sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of many psychiatric disorders. For example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression are more common in women than men, and women with these disorders present with more hyperarousal symptoms than men. In contrast, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia are more common in men than women, and men with these disorders have increased cognitive deficits compared to women. A shared feature of the aforementioned psychiatric disorders is the contribution of stressful events to their onset and/or severity. Here we propose that sex differences in stress responses bias females towards hyperarousal and males towards cognitive deficits. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies is detailed. We also describe underlying neurobiological mechanisms. For example, sex differences in stress receptor signaling and trafficking in the locus coeruleus-arousal center are detailed. In learning circuits, evidence for sex differences in dendritic morphology is provided. Finally, we describe how evaluating sex-specific mechanisms for responding to stress in female and male rodents can lead to better treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Beyond-Line-of-Sight Identification by Using Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

In this paper, we investigate the identification of the configuration and the dynamics of connected vehicle systems, where wireless vehicle-to-vehicle communication is used to access the motion data of vehicles that are beyond the line of sight. In particular, we first construct a causality detector to determine whether the information received from distant vehicles is relevant to the motion of the receiving vehicle. Then, we design a link-length estimator to identify the number of vehicles between the broadcasting vehicle and the receiving vehicle, which is required for appropriately incorporating the received data into the vehicle control system. Finally, a dynamics identifier is proposed to approximate the nonlinear time-delayed dynamics of vehicle chains, which is needed for the controller design to achieve desired system-level performance. The presented analytical results are validated through numerical simulations using synthetic data and on-road experiments.
Wideband material detection for spoof resistance in GHz ultrasonic fingerprint sensing

One of the primary motivations for using ultrasound reflectometry for fingerprint imaging is the promise of increased spoof resistance over conventional optical or capacitive sensing approaches due to the ability for ultrasound to determine the elastic impedance of the imaged material. A fake 3D printed plastic finger can therefore be easily distinguished from a real finger. However, ultrasonic sensors are still vulnerable to materials that are similar in impedance to tissue, such as water or rubber. Previously we demonstrated an ultrasonic fingerprint reader operating with 1.3GHz ultrasound based on pulse echo impedance imaging on the backside silicon interface. In this work, we utilize the large bandwidth of these sensors to differentiate between a finger and materials with similar impedances using the frequency response of elastic impedance obtained by transducer excitation with a wideband RF chirp signal. The reflected signal is a strong function of impedance mismatch and absorption [Hoople 2015].
Executive Leadership: Securing The Future of Black Colleges and Universities

This article addresses the critical need for exceptional leaders to shepherd the nationʼs Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in a post-Brown era where African American students enjoy unlimited access to higher education in the United States. The article spotlights the many contributions Black colleges and universities have made to American society against insuperable odds since their inception in the mid-nineteenth century. It studies selected examples of HBCUs whose graduates have distinguished themselves in areas where other institutions enjoy centers of excellence. The article traces the historical inequities between major and minority institutions, the challenges HBCUs face in surmounting these disparities, and the growing tendency of Black students to exercise their options by enrolling at White colleges and universities. With the loss of a pure monopoly on African American students, Black colleges now must find leaders of exceptional talent and vision in order to ensure their survival. The article recommends strategies designed to surmount hurdles and enhance the viability of Black colleges and universities in an increasingly competitive environment.
Transient-state analysis of a large distribution feeder with high-capacity photovoltaic systems able to control reactive power

Many utilities may prefer that various distributed generation (DG) systems, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems in this study, connected to their network are able to maintain a fixed power factor or higher (e.g., unity power factor) as a current source. On the contrary, some utilities may require that such a DG system participates in controlling reactive power for regulating voltage. Furthermore, such DG systems are either clustered or scattered to a large distribution network. Therefore, comparative case studies on DG systems with the capability of controlling reactive power should be conducted for a large distribution network. The objective of this paper is to examine the transient-state response of a sufficiently large distribution feeder with thousands of nodes when grid-connected DG systems participate in controlling reactive power or not. For this purpose, using DIgSILENT, a power systems transient-state analysis program presented by Power Factory, this study models an actual substation distribution system with thousands of nodes, adds four high-capacity PV systems able to control reactive power to the feeder, and generates a single line-to-ground fault. Finally, this study investigates transient-state responses of the feeder from the point of view of reactive power control and short-circuit analysis.