cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future perspectives on materials for two-photon polymerization

Abstract The adoption of additive manufacturing technologies into mainstream applications and across material classes has radically accelerated over the past decade. Two-photon polymerization (2PP) provides an unprecedented resolution capability compared to these other 3D manufacturing techniques. As a result, it has been at the forefront of the research community where exciting new structures and functionalities have been demonstrated. However, it has yet to be broadly adopted outside of the academic community largely due to its relatively slow speed and limited material set. Consequently, in this chapter, we seek to explore some of the more recent advancements in materials for 2PP and pose some questions for future consideration.
Use of SPY Elite Fluorescence Imaging in Creation of a Continent Urinary Diversion

The use of SPY Elite Fluorescence Imaging has recently grown popular among multiple surgical specialties, including colorectal, plastic, endocrine, ophthalmologic, and vascular surgery, due to its ability to quickly and accurately assess tissue perfusion and guide intraoperative decision making. To our knowledge, the use of SPY imaging in urologic reconstructive surgery has yet to be reported. We present a case in which SPY imaging was used intraoperatively to assess perfusion of an ileocecal anastomosis and a segment of bowel prior to creation of a continent urinary diversion following radical cystectomy.
Conformational rearrangements in the N-domain of Escherichia coli FepA during ferric enterobactin transport

The Escherichia coli outer membrane receptor FepA transports ferric enterobactin (FeEnt) by an energy- and TonB-dependent, but otherwise a mechanistically undetermined process involving its internal 150-residue N-terminal globular domain (N-domain). We genetically introduced pairs of Cys residues in different regions of the FepA tertiary structure, with the potential to form disulfide bonds. These included Cys pairs on adjacent β-strands of the N-domain (intra-N) and Cys pairs that bridged the external surface of the N-domain to the interior of the C-terminal transmembrane β-barrel (inter-N–C). We characterized FeEnt uptake by these mutants with siderophore nutrition tests, [59Fe]Ent binding and uptake experiments, and fluorescence decoy sensor assays. The three methods consistently showed that the intra-N disulfide bonds, which restrict conformational motion within the N-domain, prevented FeEnt uptake, whereas most inter-N–C disulfide bonds did not prevent FeEnt uptake. These outcomes indicate that conformational rearrangements must occur in the N terminus of FepA during FeEnt transport. They also argue against disengagement of the N-domain out of the channel as a rigid body and suggest instead that it remains within the transmembrane pore as FeEnt enters the periplasm.
Abstract P5-04-05: Tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes produce IL-27 to upregulate PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment and promote breast cancer progression

The host immune response can be evaded by cancer cells, e.g., through upregulation of the PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint, and even hijacked to promote tumor progression. Here, we show that tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes play an important role in PD-L1 expression using two different murine models of breast cancer (BCa). Mice deficient in B cells displayed virtually abrogatedtumor growth from transplanted syngeneic BCa cells and expressed less PD-L1 in residual tumors. Mechanistic studies showed that the impact of B cells was through their production of IL-27, a pleotropic cytokine composed of the IL-27p28/EBI3 heterodimer and possessing both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Accordingly, mice with B cell-specific deficiency in expressing IL-27p28/EBI3(but not Il12a, which can heterodimerize with EBI3 to form cytokine IL-35) were severely impaired in the BCa tumor growth and tumoral PD-L1 expression. IL-27-producing B cells were generated by priming of B cells with TLR ligands (that are abundant in the tumor microenvironment due to the release by apoptotic cells) followed by stimulation with CD154 and IL-21 (as likely expressed by activated tumor-infiltrating CD4+T cells). Single cell-RNA-sequencing analysis using Il27p28-Gfp reporter mice revealed that IL-27-producing B cells expressed a transcriptome that is distinct than other B cells and IL-27-producing non-B cells. B cell secreted IL-27, induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation, upregulated PD-L1 expression, and enhanced the growth of human and mouse BCa cells in vitro.It also activated STAT1/STAT3 and upregulated PD-L1 in B lymphocytes, which were the immune cell type with the highest PD-L1 expression in murine BCa tumors. In human primaryBCa tumors, stronger IL-27 expression was associatedwith more B cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression, and correlated with a poorer survival in BCa patients. Further, recombinant IL-27 supported human BCa tumor growth in mice with humanized immune system. Collectively, these results demonstrated that B cell production of IL-27 underpins how the host immune system is hijacked to promote BCa tumor progression. Supported by DOD/BCRP grant BC170448 (to R.V. and Z.X.), NIH/NIAID grant AI 135599 and UT Health Mays Cancer Center - Dew Foundation Pilot Grant (to Z.X.). Citation Format: Hui Yan, Suryavathi Viswanadhapalli, Daniel Chupp, Maria Fernandez, Shuai Wu, Jingwei Wang, Justin Moroney, Julia Taylor, John Im, Carlos Rivera, Yiliao Luo, Junhao Liu, Gangadhara Sareddy, Tyler Curiel, Paolo Casali, Ratna Vadlamudi, Zhenming Xu. Tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes produce IL-27 to upregulate PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment and promote breast cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-05.
Path Dependence in Temporary Legislation

What determines the fate of temporary legislation? In various settings, legal rules may contain expiration dates. While some provisions simply serve as temporary fixes, others perpetuate and transform into permanent fixtures of the law. What explains these different destinies? To answer these questions, this Article draws on a case study of two widely used temporary programs with similar features yet dramatically different outcomes. One program became permanent while the other did not. Existing accounts in the literature that scrutinize repeated extensions of expiring legislation on the basis of public choice theory and political reasons are incomplete. While they may explain why such provisions are continued, they fail to elucidate why they lapse, die, or become permanent. This Article demonstrates that path dependence theory can provide context and new answers to these questions. It reveals that the causes for different legislative routes go beyond structural or political rent-seeking. It demonstrates that policies may diverge in path dynamics, perceptions they epitomize, and instrumental goals in society. The Article not only enriches important and ongoing debates on the role of prior choices on present-day policies in healthcare, tax, antitrust, intellectual property, and renewable energy policies. It also provides important insights for policymakers on the forces behind “temporary-but-not-temporary” legislation.
Evaluation of an electronic clinical algorithm to improve screening and evaluation of college students for depressive symptoms.

Background Depression is higher among college students compared with the general population, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning/queer (LGBTQ+) persons have higher rates than heterosexuals. Evidence supports the implementation of automated depressive symptoms screenings to improve provider compliance. Local problem A student health clinic at a private, catholic university did not consistently collect Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) depressive screening scores or sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data. Methods The Plan-Do-Study-Act method of quality improvement was used to improve depressive symptom screenings and SOGI data collection. Baseline assessment included a review of patient medical records during a 10-week period before the intervention. Interventions Patient Health Questionnaire 2 data were collected electronically and PHQ-9 data were collected automatically when indicated. Sexual orientation and gender identity data were added to the electronic intake form. The project was evaluated by: (1) comparing preimplementation and postimplementation compliance of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 screenings; (2) assessing SOGI data collection; and (3) comparing LGBTQ+ and heterosexual student's PHQ-2 scores. Results Preimplementation data revealed a PHQ-2 compliance rate of 44.3%, with 0% PHQ-9 compliance, and no self-reported SOGI data collection. Postimplementation, PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 compliance increased to 93.2% and 100%, respectively. Patient Health Questionnaire 2 scores did not differ between LGBTQ+ and heterosexual students. Conclusions The electronic clinical algorithm increased PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 data collection, supporting automated screenings for depressive symptoms. Collection of SOGI data also improved, thus potentially improving health outcomes. No differences between LGBTQ+ and heterosexual student's depressive symptoms were identified.
Diatom genus Planothidium (Bacillariophyta) from streams and rivers in California, USA: diversity, distribution and autecology

The diatom genus Planothidium from streams and rivers in California was studied by applying the most current species designations. Twenty Planothidium taxa were identified in total, including a previously undescribed species, Planothidium californicum. Extensive light and scanning electron microscopic documentation is provided to support consistent further identification of the taxa for the local stream bioassessment. The most common and abundant species, recorded across the entire state, were P. frequentissimum, P. lanceolatum, P. victorii, P. cryptolanceolatum, P. amphibium, and P. minutissimum. Species ranges and species-weighted averages for the main anthropogenic stressors, i.e. chloride, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were determined for the eleven most common Planothdium taxa. Statistically significant differences among species weighted averages were determined by randomization test. Of these eleven species, P. delicatulum, P. robustum, P. engelbrechtii, P. frequentissimum and P. victorii had the highest weighted averages along the chloride and conductivity gradients. P. potapovae, Planothidium sp. 1, P. amphibium, and P. engelbrechtii had narrow nutrient ranges and lowest weighted averages for total nitrogen and phosphorus, making them significantly different from P. delicatulum which had highest total nitrogen average and from P. minutissimum, associated with highest total phosphorus average level. Given that there were differences in associations with environmental variables between recently described species, it is important to use the new taxonomy when using diatoms in bioassessment work.
22370 Mechanical Analysis of Posterior Spinal Fusion Assemblies Intended to Cross the Cervicothoracic Junction

ABSTRACT IMPACT: A comparative evaluation of the mechanical properties of commonly used posterior spinal fusion assemblies will allow surgeons to choose an assembly based on desired properties. The results will better inform surgical decision making and may lead to improved patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of three posterior spinal fusion assemblies commonly used to cross the cervicothoracic junction. Fusion success depends on immobilization of vertebrae. The results will better inform surgical decision making and may improve patient outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Three titanium alloy posterior spinal fusion assemblies intended to cross the cervicothoracic junction underwent static compressive bending, tensile bending, and torsion as described in ASTM F1717 to a torque of 2.5 Nm: 3.5mm rods (Assembly A), 3.5mm to 5.5mm dilating rods (Assembly B), and two 3.5mm rods connected to two 5.5mm rods (Assembly C). Five samples of each assembly were attached to ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene blocks via multiaxial screws for testing. The distance from the axis of rotation to the point of attachment of the rod and cervical screw was used as the lever arm to calculate the force required to create the desired torque for each test: lever arm of 37mm, requiring 67.6N of force to generate 2.5Nm of torque. Force and displacement were recorded, and stiffness of each construct calculated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: An ANOVA was performed and resulted in p-values all p<0.005, indicating the test groups were significantly different. Therefore, pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni corrections (p<0.017) were used to determine pairs that were significantly different. Assembly A (3.5mm rods only) was found to be significantly less stiff than Assembly B (dilating rods) and Assembly C (3.5mm-connector-5.5mm rods) in each mode of bending: compression bending, tension bending, and torsion. Assembly A had a significantly greater range of motion in compression bending and torsion, but not tension bending, when compared to Assembly B and Assembly C. The only significant difference between Assembly B and Assembly C was found in the stiffness value of compression bending. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The results of this study indicate that incorporating a 5.5mm rod in a fusion assembly adds significant stiffness to the posterior spinal fusion construct. When stability of a fusion is of heightened concern, as demonstrated by the ASTM F1717 vertebectomy (worst case scenario) model, including 5.5mm rods increases the likelihood of fusion success.
Adaptive Control of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with near Deadbeat Response

Grid connected inverters constitute the most important part of any modern day micro-grid. However, for the optimal usage of the resources, it becomes a necessity to track the dynamic changes in the plant parameters. In this paper, a parameter estimation architecture is employed in a synchronous frame of reference and the controller parameters are updated online. To verify the performance of the control come estimation architecture, a deadbeat control is implemented on a three phase grid connected inverter with RL filter. The controller parameter gains are adjusted based on the parameter estimated. Verification of the proposed methodology is carried out via simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS domain along with experimental verification on a reduced scale laboratory prototype.
VI.D.1. Pharmacologic Vitreolysis with Plasmin: Basic Science Experiments

Unmet needs in the treatment of vitreoretinal (VR) disorders provide the impetus to explore new pharmacologic treatments to complement the ever-improving quality and miniaturization of mechanical surgical tools [1, 2]. This is true today as it was 20 years ago when we undertook a novel exploration in biochemical manipulation of the VR interface. Plasmin, a nonspecific serine protease, was first used in 1990 in an experimental animal model to assess its potential to cleave the VR interface [1]. The physiologic adhesion between the inner retina and the posterior vitreous cortex is primarily attributed to glycoproteins, including laminin and fibronectin [see chapter II.E. Vitreoretinal interface and the ILM]. These molecules interact with the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina and the posterior vitreous cortex collagens [3, 4], which over the posterior pole are mostly running parallel to the ILM, whereas perpendicular insertion of vitreous collagen fibrils is seen at the vitreous base [5]. Laminin is primarily located in the basement membrane and attached to collagen type IV. Fibronectin is seen preferentially around blood vessels, in the basement membrane of most cells, and in the extracellular matrix. In the eye, it is present in the vitreous and in the ILM. These glycoproteins are also present in lens zonules, the lamina cribrosa, and the ciliary body. Variations in the distribution of laminin and fibronectin may underlie variability in the strength of the VR adhesion. Some pathologic conditions, like diabetes, can lead to a buildup of laminin and fibronectin at the VR interface [6, 7].
Breaking Dependence in Graphical Belief Models

Graphical models are a useful organizational tool for complex models. Local models, using either conditional Bayesian probability distributions (random values) or belief functions (random sets), describe interactions among closely related variables. The collection of local models induces a hypergraph over all the variables; this hypergraph describes conditional independence conditions among the variables in a problem. More importantly, the graphical model suggest local computation strategies for finding the marginal distribution (belief or probability) of certain collections of the attributes.
Frequency dependent precompensation for dominance in a four input/output theme problem model

This paper reports on additional experience in applying the CARDIAD methodology to design of dynamical input compensation to achieve column dominance for linear multivariable models of realistic turbine engine simulations. In particular, the approach has been extended to models having four inputs and four outputs, and successful compensations have been achieved with an investment of about thirty minutes desk time.
Legal Liability and the Physical Educator.

(1973). Legal Liability and the Physical Educator. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 42-43.
Paleoindian Sites and Topography in the Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico

AbstractThe settlement patterns of Paleo-Indians are almost completely unknown. Although the use of topographic features for game drives, such as blind canyons, bluffs, and arroyo banks, is well do...
Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behavior

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Commodity-choice behaviour I: some initial tests of the theory 3. Commodity-choice behaviour II: tests of competing motivational processes and the representative consumer hypothesis 4. Labour-supply behaviour I: initial tests of the theory with some public policy implications 5. Labour-supply behaviour II: tests of competing motivational processes and earnings distributions for animal workers 6. Choices over uncertain outcomes 7. Intertemporal choice 8. Summing up Bibliography Index.
The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability under Parker-Spiral Interplanetary Magnetic Field conditions at the magnetospheric flanks

Abstract We have generated fully three-dimensional, high-resolution magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) Instability during Parker-Spiral Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions at the dawnside magnetospheric flank magnetopause. Results of these simulations show that, although the draping of a strong tangential magnetic field component around the magnetopause, tailward of the terminator (due to the Parker-Spiral orientation), tends to stabilize the growth of such instabilities within the shear-flow plane, Kelvin–Helmholtz waves with a k -vector tilted out of this plane may, nonetheless, develop into the nonlinear phase. This result suggests that obliquely propagating KH waves may contribute to the dawn-dusk asymmetries observed in plasma sheet parameters.
Emotion and Political Judgment: Expectancy Violation and Affective Intelligence

What factors prompt citizens to switch from a partisan judgment strategy, one in which they reflexively side with the in-group in policy and electoral contests, to a more thoughtful one, in which t...
Discrete Choice Methods and their Applications to Short Term Travel Decisions

Modeling travel behavior is a key aspect of demand analysis, where aggregate demand is the accumulation of individuals’ decisions. In this chapter, we focus on “short-term” travel decisions. The most important short-term travel decisions include choice of destination for a non-work trip, choice of travel mode, choice of departure time and choice of route. It is important to note that short-term decisions are conditional on long-term travel and mobility decisions such as car ownership and residential and work locations.
A wire bond reliability model

A defect modeling approach is developed which allows the determination of the true failure rate with a minimal sample size. A model was developed using the proposed approach to estimate the failure rate of an aluminium/1% silicon wire ultrasonically bonded to aluminum and to gold pads. For this reliability model the variable was wire-bond width. Dependent upon the width of the bond, the failure mode can be either a wire-bond lift or a heel break. The purpose of the model was to determine the true wire-bond failure rate and to understand the bond width limits by defining the failure potential curve. To determine the process capability of the manufacturing line, a sampling plan was put in place to collect data from different bonders, different shifts, and different operators over a span of two weeks. The data were compiled and fitted to a statistical model. The probability of failure is the mathematical summation of the failure potential curve along with the probability of occurrence data. Factors that could influence the results of this analysis are discussed. >
Wiki Technology: A Virtual, Cooperative Learning Tool Used to Enhance Student Learning

Abstract This study demonstrates the use of wiki technology (an editable webpage environment) to provide a virtual, asynchronous collaborative-learning environment for students for the purpose of working on course-content-focused study-guide questions. To analyze the effectiveness of this course tool, students' responses to various qualitative and quantitative questions were collected from multiple classes of various levels. Preliminary findings demonstrate that students preferred and were better able to use the wiki cooperative learning group compared with common classroom resources (PowerPoint, videos, in-class group activities, and the textbook).
Minimal training is required to reliably perform quantitative ultrasound of muscle

Muscle ultrasound can be used to evaluate children with neuromuscular disorders and is a promising adjunct to the physical examination for quantitative assessment of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one of the most common, progressive, and devastating neuromuscular disorders of childhood.1 The pathology of DMD, increased amounts of intramuscular fat and fibrosis, results in increasing reflection of ultrasonic echoes that produce a brighter ultrasound image.2,3 The degree of brightness, or echogenicity, of dystrophic muscle relates to the severity and progression of the disease. In dystrophic muscle, echogenicity increases with age more in boys and young men with DMD than in the less severe Becker muscular dystrophy. In boys with DMD, the degree of echogenicity correlates with measures of strength and function and is similarly sensitive to changes in pathology over time.4,5 As ultrasound can be performed quickly and painlessly at the bedside and with minimal patient cooperation or effort, it could be used potentially to evaluate very young or very weak patients with DMD, in whom levels of strength and function are difficult to quantify. Although the amount of brightness in the ultrasound image can be evaluated using either qualitative6,7 or quantitative2,8,9 techniques, quantification of the degree of echogenicity improves reliability and sensitivity to disease10 and is appealing as a potential outcome measure in clinical trials. One quantitative method to evaluate the ultrasound image is to measure the level of the gray scale pixels in the image using commonly available image analysis software, such as Adobe Photoshop or National Institutes of Health (NIH) ImageJ.2,11 When applied to skeletal muscle, quantitative ultrasound is sensitive to the presence of neuromuscular pathologies9 and can be measured reliably between different ultrasound systems by referencing images from muscle to a common phantom.12,13 An alternative method for standardizing gray scale level (GSL) measurements between ultrasound systems has been proposed that references the GSL from muscle to subcutaneous fat14; this approach would not require use of a common phantom, but it would require that GSLs measured from fat did not vary with disease or other subject characteristics. Prior studies of quantitative muscle ultrasound have evaluated primarily images obtained by examiners with considerable ultrasound experience and training.4,8,10,14 Having skilled ultrasonographers and radiologists perform the examination and quantification, however, is problematic because it limits the applicability of the technique in the office and in multicenter clinical trials. Thus, in this study we evaluated whether inexperienced examiners could perform ultrasound imaging reliably after only a brief training session in boys with DMD and age-matched normal subjects. We also compared the reliability of image quantification between a board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist and a research assistant with only basic training.
The Generalized Synthetic Chart

Abstract The Generalized Synthetic chart is presented and mathematical expressions for its average run length and variance of the run length are developed. The methodology is applied to the EWMA and CUSUM charts and near-optimization procedures are discussed. The synthetic EWMA and CUSUM charts are compared with their standard counterparts, the original synthetic chart, and the Shewhart chart. Significant improvements in detecting power are reported.
Sediment-capped guyots in the Mid-Pacific mountains

Abstract Seismic reflection profiling across several guyots of the Mid-Pacific Mountains has revealed low domes of sediments above the basement summit platform. These domes are asymmetric, reflecting preferential erosion or non-deposition on the northern flanks, and are attributed to the action of deep currents on pelagic sediments deposited on guyots after they subside below wave base. Sets of terraces buried beneath the pelagic capping suggest that guyot subsidence was a complex process.
MAC/PHY Cross-Layer Design and Analysis for Multiple Packet Detector MIMO

Coping with collisions is one of the biggest challenges in the design of MAC algorithms for wireless networks. Recent advances in MIMO communications have provided the possibility of decoding colliding packets. In this paper, we introduce a new MIMO cross-layer MAC/PHY design that is capable of combating collisions through the use of a multiple packet detection technique. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed MAC design can considerably improve the throughput of a WLAN operating over lossy links.
Automated Classification of Radiology Reports to Facilitate Retrospective Study in Radiology

Retrospective research is an import tool in radiology. Identifying imaging examinations appropriate for a given research question from the unstructured radiology reports is extremely useful, but labor-intensive. Using the machine learning text-mining methods implemented in LingPipe [1], we evaluated the performance of the dynamic language model (DLM) and the Naive Bayesian (NB) classifiers in classifying radiology reports to facilitate identification of radiological examinations for research projects. The training dataset consisted of 14,325 sentences from 11,432 radiology reports randomly selected from a database of 5,104,594 reports in all disciplines of radiology. The training sentences were categorized manually into six categories (Positive, Differential, Post Treatment, Negative, Normal, and History). A 10-fold cross-validation [2] was used to evaluate the performance of the models, which were tested in classification of radiology reports for cases of sellar or suprasellar masses and colloid cysts. The average accuracies for the DLM and NB classifiers were 88.5 % with 95 % confidence interval (CI) of 1.9 % and 85.9 % with 95 % CI of 2.0 %, respectively. The DLM performed slightly better and was used to classify 1,397 radiology reports containing the keywords “sellar or suprasellar mass”, or “colloid cyst”. The DLM model produced an accuracy of 88.2 % with 95 % CI of 2.1 % for 959 reports that contain “sellar or suprasellar mass” and an accuracy of 86.3 % with 95 % CI of 2.5 % for 437 reports of “colloid cyst”. We conclude that automated classification of radiology reports using machine learning techniques can effectively facilitate the identification of cases suitable for retrospective research.
Predictability measures for ridge regression models

Methods for flagging new points that are not similar to the original data used for developing a ridge regression equation are discussed. Using the regression equation for predictions should be avoided for these dissimilar points. An example quantifies the sample space limitations for using biased prediction when multicollinearity is present.
Effects of diet and type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia upon structure of triacylglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines from human plasma lipoproteins.

Four normal and two individuals with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were placed on the National Heart and Lung Institute Type IIa diet (low cholesterol, <300 mg/day, high polyunsaturated, low saturated fat diet) for 1 week and on a normal diet the following week. Plasma samples were obtained and the triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and cholesterol contents of plasma and of very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins determined. Triacylglycerol fatty acid composition was determined and stereospecific analyses of triaclglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines performed. Structural determinations were limited to one normal and one Type IIa individual. In normal and Type IIa individuals, chylomicrons contained twice the amount of 18∶0 as did the very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, or high density lipoproteins. The structure of the triacylglycerols from the very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins was asymmetric with at least 50M% 16∶0 in thesn-1 position and mostly 18∶1 in positionssn-2 and 3. There was a marked difference in the distribution of 18∶2 in low density lipoproteins of the normal and Type IIa individuals. The control contained equal amounts of 18∶2 in thesn-1 andsn-3 positions, whereas IIa low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with 26% of the 18∶2 in positionsn-1 and 3% in thesn-3 position. Very low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with regard to 18∶2 in control and IIa samples with an average of 5% of the 18∶2 in positionsn-1 and 40% in positionsn-3. The phosphatidyl cholines contained predominantly 16∶0 and 18∶0 in positionsn-1, whereas the acids in positionsn-2 were unsaturated with very little difference between lipoprotein classes. Neither the short dietary periods nor source of plasma affected the structure of the phosphatidyl cholines.
Synthesis of general distillation sequences : nonsharp separations

Abstract The synthesis problem of distillation sequences that separate a given multicomponent feed stream into several desired multicomponent product streams, while allowing nonsharp separations in the columns, is addressed. A superstructure is proposed that contains options for distribution of the light and heavy key components, all possible sequences and all alternatives for stream splitting, bypassing and mixing. Light and heavy key component recoveries define the nonsharpness of separation and are treated explicitly as optimization variables. This superstructure is modeled as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation whose objective is to minimize the total annual cost. Shortcut simulations and regression analysis are used to develop cost functions to be used in this formulation. The solution of the MINLP formulation results in an optimal separation sequence that may involve sharp and/or nonsharp distillation columns. The nature of the proposed mathematical formulation is investigated and the search for a global optimum solution is performed using a new decomposition approach. The proposed approach, which is implemented automatically in the procedure NOUS (NOt Universally Sharp separation), is illustrated with six example problems and the results show that using nonsharp separations can result in savings of 10–30% and even 70% in some cases (see Example 2) as compared to sharp sequences. It is also illustrated that columns with nonadjacent key components can be included easily by extending the proposed approach.
Pythodelphys Acruris, a New Genus and Species of Copepoda (Notodelphyidae) From the Pacific Ocean

[Un nouveau Copepode de la famille des Notodelphyidae, Pythodelphys acruris nov. gen. nov. sp., a ete decrit. Cinquante-huit femelles de cette espece ont ete extraites d'une ascidie composee, Eudistoma psammion Ritter & Forsyth, collectee a un mille au nord-est de Point Dume, Californie, U.S.A., a une profondeur de quatre metres. Pythodelphys acruris est seulement le deuxieme copepode connu de la famille des Notodelphyidae, qui vivent dans les ascidies composees, dans l'hemisphere occidental. L'espece est comparee a d'autres membres de la famille, recoltes dans des ascidies composees d'Europe. Les auteurs estiment que c'est au genre Prophioseides Chatton que le genre Pythodelphys est le plus intimement allie., Un nouveau Copepode de la famille des Notodelphyidae, Pythodelphys acruris nov. gen. nov. sp., a ete decrit. Cinquante-huit femelles de cette espece ont ete extraites d'une ascidie composee, Eudistoma psammion Ritter & Forsyth, collectee a un mille au nord-est de Point Dume, Californie, U.S.A., a une profondeur de quatre metres. Pythodelphys acruris est seulement le deuxieme copepode connu de la famille des Notodelphyidae, qui vivent dans les ascidies composees, dans l'hemisphere occidental. L'espece est comparee a d'autres membres de la famille, recoltes dans des ascidies composees d'Europe. Les auteurs estiment que c'est au genre Prophioseides Chatton que le genre Pythodelphys est le plus intimement allie.]
LACTIC ACID INACTIVATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ATTACHED TO CATFISH SKIN

This study was conducted to test sanitizer efficacy of lactic acid on Salmonella typhimurium populations that were firmly attached or loosely attached on catfish skin with or without mucus. For both cell types, counts of S. typhimurium were reduced from 5.9 log 10 CFU/skin to below the limit of detection of 2.0 logo CFU/skin by a 5 min exposure to 2% lactic acid. Exposure for 1 min reduced a 10 4 CFU/skin inoculum to below the limit of detection. Catfish skin mucus slightly decreased the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid against firmly attached S. typhimurium.
Investigating the impact of extended bar closing times on police stops for DUI

Researchers have often studied whether changes in the availability of alcohol impact associated problem behaviors like drunk driving. In July of 2003, the state of Minnesota approved legislation to extend by one hour the closing time for eating and social establishments that serve alcohol. This study utilized a time-series model to examine the impact of the extended closing time on the number of police stops for DUI in one jurisdiction in Minnesota. While results of the time-series indicated that there was a significant increase in the number of police stops for DUI following this legislative change, incident-specific analyses suggested that this increase might have been largely a result of increased proactive responses by local police. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Flux of Reduced Sulfur Gases Along a Salinity Gradient in Louisiana Coastal Marshes

Abstract Seasonal and diurnal reduced sulfur gas emissions were measured along a salinity gradient in Louisiana Gulf Coast salt, brackish and freshwater marshes. Reduced sulfur gas emission was strongly associated with habitat and salinity gradient. The dominant emission component was dimethyl sulfide (average: 57·3 μg S m−2 h−1) in saltmarsh with considerable seasonal (max: 144·03 μg S m−2 h−1; min: 1·47 μg S m−2 h−1) and diurnal (max: 83·58 μg S m−2 h−1; min: 69·59 μg S m−2 h−1) changes in flux rates. Hydrogen sulfide was dominant (average: 21·2 μg S m−2 h−1, max: 79·2 μg S m−2 h−1; min: 5·29 μg S m−2 h−1) form in brackishmarsh and carbonyl sulfide (average: 1·09 μg S m−2 h−1; max: 3·42 μg S m−2 h−1; min: 0·32 μg S m−2 h−1) was dominant form in freshwater marsh. A greater amount of H2S was evolved from brackishmarsh (21·22 μg S m−2 h−1) as compared to the saltmarsh (2·46 μg S m−2 h−1) and freshwater marsh (0·30 μg S m−2 h−1). Emission of total reduced sulfur gases decreased with decrease in salinity and distance inland from the coast. Emission of total reduced sulfur gases over the study averaged 73·3 μg S m−2 h−1 for the saltmarsh, 32·1 μg S m−2 h−1 for brackishmarsh and 2·76 μg S m−2 h−1 for the freshwater marsh.
Inhibitory effect of neurogenic and immune stressors on testosterone secretion in rats.

Objective: We investigated the ability of foot shocks, endotoxemia and turpentine-induced tissue injury, to interfere with luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) secretion, a
Some Astronomical Performance Advantages of Off-Axis Telescopes

Measurements requiring very high photometric dynamic range, like astronomical observations of faint objects near bright sources (e.g., extrasolar planet detection), are often limited by the scattered light characteristics of the telescope. Although the light-gathering power of recently built telescopes has increased dramatically, their scattered light performance has not. We compare models and measurements of telescope scattered light and discuss some of the scientific and technical issues that suggest how a low scattered light design could extend the scientific capabilities of moderate (4 m aperture) telescopes.
Direct neutron scattering from 182W and 184W

Abstract Differential elastic and inelastic neutron scattering cross sections for 182W and 184W have been measured at incident energies 4.87 and 6.00 MeV. Cross sections for the first (0+, 2+, 4+, 6+), second (0+, 2+), and some higher excitations are presented. Angular distributions exhibit direct reaction characteristics, suggesting that compound cross sections for these states are small. This is supported by statistical-model calculations. Coupled-channel calculations of cross sections are made using a phenomenological deformed optical potential. Quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations have been searched to optimize fits. The necessity of introducing a β6 deformation is investigated. Electric multipole transition matrix elements, used in the coupled-channel analysis, are obtained from the rotation-vibration model and the dynamic-deformation theory.
Tele-endoscopy: a way to provide diagnostic quality for remote populations.

Abstract Background Flexible endoscopy plays an important role in digestive health. However, access to endoscopy is limited in many rural areas throughout the world. Training non-physician personal to perform diagnostic endoscopy and to transmit images to a central hospital, where experienced endoscopists can review the procedures, may improve digestive health for patients in remote areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic quality and accuracy of upper-GI tele-endoscopy. Methods Fifty patients scheduled for EGD underwent upper-GI tele-endoscopy. The procedures were observed simultaneously by the endoscopist and a gastroenterologist observing from a remote station connected by 4 integrated services digital network telephone lines. The interpretation of the findings by both were compared and concordance for diagnosis of major and minor lesions was analyzed. Results Tele-endoscopic image quality was adequate to support diagnosis of abnormal lesions by the remote observer. Technical issues included worsening image quality caused by mild pixelation during rapid endoscope movement and rare loss of the telephone lines. The endoscopist identified 47 different major and 44 minor findings in the 50 patients. The observer missed one major lesion (columnar-lined esophagus) because of suspected inflammation and described 10 non-existing major lesions (sensitivity 98%: 95% CI[89%, 99%], specificity 80%: 95% CI[66%, 90%]). Some of the differences were because of interobserver variability. Conclusions Upper-GI tele-endoscopy by using telephone lines has good diagnostic quality and is highly sensitive with regard to major findings. The misinterpretation of certain findings (esophageal ring, gastric erosions) may be caused by interobserver variability. The data strongly suggest that endoscopist and observer see similar endoscopic views.
Über den affektwert von wortdarstellungen – Eine untersuchung an Kindern

zusammenfassung (gekuerzt): es wurde der versuch unternommen, die affektbedeutung von begriffen bei juengeren kindern mittels eines fuer diesen zweck entworfenen bildwertungstest zu messen. die aufgabe der versuchspersonen bestand darin, 70 bildlichdargestellte begriffe aus der kindlichen lebenssphaere jeweils einer von 5 wertstufen von "sehr schoen" bis "sehr schiach" ("sehr haesslich") beizuordnen. die versuchspersonen standen im alter von 3 bis 9 jahren und wurden in 2 verschiedenen "situationsgruppen" erfasst. die gruppen waren 120 gesunde kinder aus tagesheimstaetten (tagesheimgruppe) und 50 hospitalisierte kinder (spitalsgruppe). auf grund einer voruntersuchung wurde festgestellt, dass der test nur fuer kinder ueber etwa viereinhalbjahren valid ist. (...);
A Diffusional-Thermal Theory of Near-Stoichiometric Premixed Flames

In this paper we present a diffusional-thermal theory of premixed flames for near-stoichiometric conditions. Our theory exhibits an explicit dependence on the equivalence ratio as well as on two distinct Lewis numbers which correspond to the fuel and the oxidizer. Normally, the deficient component in the mixture is totally depleted in the reaction zone. However, for curved or strained flames, it is possible for the initially excess reactant to be consumed at the reaction zone if it is the less mobile of the two species, while the initially deficient species leaks through. The form of the derived jump conditions for temperature and enthalpy gradients across the reaction sheet depends on which of the two species is consumed. This can have important implications on predicted flame dynamics. For example, we show that, as a result of preferential diffusion, portions of a corrugated flame may burn rich while neighboring regions burn lean. This results in leakage of fuel and oxidizer through the premixed flame w...
A panlingual anomalous text detector

In a large-scale book scanning operation, material can vary widely in language, script, genre, domain, print quality, and other factors, giving rise to a corresponding variability in the OCRed text. It is often desirable to automatically detect errorful and otherwise anomalous text segments, so that they can be filtered out or appropriately flagged, for such applications as indexing, mining, analyzing, displaying, and selectively re-processing such data. Moreover, it is advantageous to require that the automated detector be independent of the underlying OCR engine (or engines), that it work over a broad range of languages, that it seamlessly handle mixed-language material, and that it accommodate documents that contain domain-specific and otherwise rare terminology. A technique is presented that satisfies these requirements, using an adaptive mixture of character-level N-gram language models. Its design, training, implementation, and evaluation are described within the context of high-volume book scanning.
Ectopic pregnancy not within the (distal) fallopian tube: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Ectopic pregnancy is a very common diagnosis (2% of pregnancies), and implantation location varies. Although 97% of ectopics are implanted within the fallopian tube, associated with commonly recognized risk factors, ectopic implantation can occur in other pelvic and abdominal locations that may not have such predisposing risk factors. After an extensive review of the literature, along with the author's personal experience, implantation frequency, etiologic possibilities, and treatment options for each ectopic pregnancy location are presented. When ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed early, before rupture, regardless of location, conservative, fertility-sparing treatment options can be successful in terminating the pregnancy. Predisposing risk factors and treatment options can vary and can be ectopic-location specific.
Gentzen’s Cut Elimination Theorem for Non-Logicians

The most important theorem of constructive mathematical logic, Gentzen’s cut elimination theorem, is largely unknown even among those acquainted with mathematical logic. Usual treatments of mathematical logic, oriented to semantics, use formalization only to find a syntactic property (theoremhood) to correspond to the semantic property (validity). What is needed for a more meaningful use of formalization (and so of mathematical logic) is an effective way of studying formal proofs. The importance of Gentzen’s cut elimination theorem lies in the fact that it gives a normal form for formal proofs, so they can be looked at meaningfully. I.e., one can read off certain results about a theorem simply by looking at its normal form proof.1 The purpose of this paper is to present Gentzen’s cut elimination theorem for mathematically minded philosophers.2 Since our interest is in understanding, we shall give up the usual rigor of logical treatments of this theorem and present it in the spirit of mathematics.
Role of Insulin-like Growth Factors in Embryonic and Postnatal Growth

A developmental analysis of growth kinetics in mouse embryos carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R), alone or in combination, defined the onset of mutational effects leading to growth deficiency and indicated that between embryonic days 11.0 and 12.5, IGF1R serves only the in vivo mitogenic signaling of IGF-II. From E13.5 onward, IGF1R interacts with both IGF-I and IGF-II, while IGF-II recognizes an additional unknown receptor (XR). In contrast with the embryo proper, placental growth is served exclusively by an IGF-II-XR interaction. Additional genetic data suggested that the type 2IGF/mannose 6-phosphate receptor is an unlikely candidate for XR. Postnatal growth curves indicated that surviving Igf-1(-/-) mutants, which are infertile and exhibit delayed bone development, continue to grow with a retarded rate after birth in comparison with wild-type littermates and become 30% of normal weight as adults.
Potassium is not compartmentalized within the unfertilized sea urchin egg

Abstract Virtually all of the potassium in the unfertilized eggs of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is in a single compartment and is exchangeable with extracellular potassium. This conclusion is based on an analysis of 42 K uptake and efflux experiments and is in conflict with some claims of other investigators.
Chronostratigraphic accuracy of Ordovician ecostratigraphic correlation

Six stratigraphic sections along a 34 km transect down a Middle Ordovician depth gradient (Trenton Group, New York) were ecostratigraphically correlated to 105 year accuracy by pairwise statistical cross-correlation of curves describing each section's depth history in terms of the distribution of fossil marine benthic communities along the gradient. This accuracy is about an order of magnitude greater than that of ordinary biostratigraphic correlation in the sequence, and it is attained even in correlating between very different biofacies. New ecostratigraphic methods illustrated here promise comparable improvements in analyzing many stratigraphic sequences.