cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tools for Software System Construction

The environment in which programs and systems are developed provides some isolated tools for constructing single programs, but support for composing systems out of components is usually lacking. Each tool uses its own vocabulary (e.g., characters and lines for text editors, language syntax for compilers, machine code for debuggers). However, uniformity can be achieved if the analytic approach to program development is replaced by a constructive approach. Taking this approach, all program construction tools use a single set of programming language constructs as their expression mechanism. This is exactly the set of constructs that programs are written in. Building large software systems is not merely a matter of programming, but also one of organization and management. A substantial amount of work goes into fitting pieces together, trying different versions and checking interfaces. The ability to separate module specification from implementation can be utilized for defining precise logical interfaces and for version maintenance. System construction tools can be built that automate most of the task of generating system versions.
Free Radical Initiated Peptide Sequencing for Direct Site Localization of Sulfation and Phosphorylation with Negative Ion Mode Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is the primary method for discovering, identifying, and localizing post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins. However, conventional positive ion mode collision induced dissociation (CID)-based MS/MS often fails to yield site-specific information for labile and acidic modifications due to low ionization efficiency in positive ion mode and/or preferential PTM loss. While a number of alternative methods have been developed to address this issue, most require specialized instrumentation or indirect detection. In this work, we present an amine-reactive TEMPO-based free radical initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) approach for negative ion mode analysis of phosphorylated and sulfated peptides. FRIPS-based fragmentation generates sequence informative ions for both phosphorylated and sulfated peptides with no significant PTM loss. Furthermore, FRIPS is compared to positive ion mode CID, electron transfer dissociation (ETD), as well as negative ion mode electron capture dissociation (niECD) and CID, both in terms of sequence coverage and fragmentation efficiency for phospho- and sulfo-peptides. Because FRIPS-based fragmentation has no particular instrumentation requirements and shows limited PTM loss, we propose this approach as a promising alternative to current techniques for analysis of labile and acidic PTMs.
Detection of oligoprogressive disease in oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer using PET/CT versus CT in patients receiving a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Abstract Objectives: In oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), oligoprogressive disease (OPD) can be treated with local ablative therapy (LAT) to prolong benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). A comparison of PET/CT vs. CT for the detection of OPD at first extra central nervous system (eCNS) progression was performed to determine which modality was more sensitive for OPD detection. Materials and methods: Patients with metastatic EGFR-MT, ALK + or ROS-1+ NSCLC on a relevant TKI from 2010 to 2016 were identified. Scan methodology at first eCNS progression (index scan) was noted and progression was categorized as OPD (≤ 4 lesions) or non-OPD (> 4 lesions). Results: Of the 67 analyzable patients (EGFR-MT = 37, ALK+ = 28, ROS1+ = 2), OPD was detected in 81.3% (26/32) by PET/CT vs. 68.6% (24/35) by CT (p = 0.363). Of these, 17/26(65.4%) in PET/CT and 5/24(20.8%) in CT group had LAT (p = 0.004). Among patients receiving an alternate modality scan within 6 weeks of the index scan that showed first eCNS progression, 91.7% (11/12) had CT prior to index PET/CT, 75% (6/8) had post-index PET/CT showing further progression, whereas 0% (0/5) had post-index CT showing further progression. Time to progression (TTP), Post-progression TKI benefit (TTP2) and overall survival (OS) were longer in the PET/CT-detected group (p = 0.001, p = 0.032, and p = 0.01, respectively). In both PET/CT (N = 26) and CT-detected (N = 24) OPD subgroups, TTP2 and OS were longer in those that received LAT (65.4% [17/26] and 20.8% [5/24]) versus those that did not, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: PET/CT demonstrated a non-significant trend to detect more eCNS OPD and a significantly higher rate of OPD suitable for LAT than CT. Peri-progression alternate modality scans were also consistent with PET/CT being more sensitive. A prospective randomized study is required to assess the long-term impact of PET/CT vs CT in oncogene-addicted NSCLC patients on TKI therapy.
Continuous access to snacks from weaning onwards in female rats causes weight gain, insulin insensitivity, and sustained leptin resistance in adulthood

Abstract A large part of the daily intake of children in the U.S. consists of snacks, with the average child consuming three snacks per day. Despite this, little research has been conducted to determine the metabolic and behavioral effects of snacking. Using a developing female rat model, our studies aimed to determine the effects of snacking during development before the protective effects of estrogen on weight gain would be relevant. Additionally, to determine if snack composition is important, we created one healthy and one unhealthy snacking group provided with chow and three snacks each in addition to a chow-only group. We found that both snacking groups experienced increased weight gain, elevated abdominal fat pad mass, prolonged leptin resistance into adulthood, and insulin insensitivity that was not observed in their non-snacking counterparts. These physiological differences were measured despite both snacking groups having a similar caloric intake as the chow-only group throughout the study. In addition to physiological changes, both snacking groups showed a preference for snacks over chow and ate more often during the inactive light phase than typical for rats, with the unhealthy snacking group presenting this behavioral change earlier than the healthy snacking group. Our results suggest that constant access to palatable snacks, which is often the case for children in western countries, alters feeding behaviors in relation to food choice and time of day when eating occurs. Snacking during development seemed to promote signs of metabolic syndrome in adulthood even when excess caloric intake was not observed. Our work further suggests that development is a vulnerable time for palatable snack presentation when prepubertal females lack the protective effects of estrogen and exhibit reduced leptin feedback on food intake. Thus snacking from weaning onward could be a contributor to the current childhood obesity crisis.
A Service-Learning Initiative to Teach Hands-Only CPR to High School Students: PumpStart:

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival rates have been shown to be lower than cardiac arrest survival rates occurring in the hospital setting. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ...
Delayed Fasciotomy Is Associated with Higher Risk of Major Amputation in Patients with Acute Limb Ischemia.

Background Compartment syndrome (CS) is a feared complication after revascularization for acute limb ischemia (ALI), and patients often undergo prophylactic 4-compartment fasciotomy at the time of revascularization to avoid developing CS and its associated complications. However, fasciotomy carries its own morbidity and surgeons may opt against this initially. The subsequent development of CS would mandate fasciotomy in a delayed fashion. We sought to investigate relationships between fasciotomy timing and patient outcomes. Methods Patients who underwent lower extremity revascularization for ALI from 2005 to 2017 were retrospectively identified from an institutional database. Fasciotomy was classified as either prophylactic (occurring with revascularization) or delayed. Associations among patient characteristics, comorbidities, fasciotomy timing, and patient outcomes were evaluated. Results A total of 138 patients met study inclusion criteria. Forty-two patients (30.4%) underwent fasciotomy, and of these, 8 (19%) were delayed. Patients with higher Rutherford ALI classification were more likely to undergo fasciotomy (I 4.2%, IIA 13.2%, IIB 53.3%, P 6 hr was noted in 66.7% of patients, although this was not significantly associated with fasciotomy occurrence (≤6 hr 21.7% fasciotomy vs. >6 hr 34.8% fasciotomy, P = 0.17). Patients undergoing delayed fasciotomy were more likely to require major amputation within 30 days (50% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.002). Conclusions The decision to perform prophylactic fasciotomy in the setting of ALI is complex. When not performed, the subsequent development of CS requiring delayed fasciotomy appears to be associated with increased risk of major amputation at 30 days. This suggests that a liberal approach to prophylactic fasciotomy at the time of revascularization may improve limb salvage rates.
Bulged and Canonical G-Quadruplex Conformations Determine NDPK Binding Specificity.

Guanine-rich DNA strands can adopt tertiary structures known as G-quadruplexes (G4s) that form when Hoogsteen base-paired guanines assemble as planar stacks, stabilized by a central cation like K+. In this study, we investigated the conformational heterogeneity of a G-rich sequence from the 5′ untranslated region of the Zea mays hexokinase4 gene. This sequence adopted an extensively polymorphic G-quadruplex, including non-canonical bulged G-quadruplex folds that co-existed in solution. The nature of this polymorphism depended, in part, on the incorporation of different sets of adjacent guanines into a quadruplex core, which permitted the formation of the different conformations. Additionally, we showed that the maize homolog of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) NM23-H2 protein—ZmNDPK1—specifically recognizes and promotes formation of a subset of these conformations. Heteromorphic G-quadruplexes play a role in microorganisms’ ability to evade the host immune system, so we also discuss how the underlying properties that determine heterogeneity of this sequence could apply to microorganism G4s.
The Staten Island Rapid Transit

Staten Island is unique among the five boroughs of New York City. It is more isolated than the other five boroughs, and until the opening of the Verrazano Bridge on November 21, 1964, it was only directly connected to Manhattan and the rest of New York City by ferry services.
Geochemical solid characterization of drill cuttings, core and drilling mud from Marcellus Shale Energy development

Abstract Million tons of drill cuttings generated from shale gas development are currently disposed of in landfills, buried in-situ, or reused as road fill. Cuttings, core samples and operating drilling mud from the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory in WV were studied to better characterize drill cuttings and to evaluate trace metal mobility in various disposal environments. Results showed that physical and chemical properties of drill cuttings are impacted by the host-rock formation, calcium sources and the residual drilling-mud. Barite in residual drilling mud forms a coating around rock cuttings and influences the mobility of Sr in drill cuttings. Trace metals in drill cuttings are primarily associated with pyrite and total organic carbon (TOC) phases in the shale. Based on sequential extraction results, various trace metal mobilities are controlled by additional solid fractions in drill cuttings, such as pyrite, TOC, calcite, barite and exchangeable clays in the shale.
Co-targeting p53-R249S and CDK4 synergistically suppresses survival of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

p53-R249S (p53-RS) is frequently detected in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is highly associated with hepatitis B infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Our previous study showed that CDK4/Cyclin D1 phosphorylates p53-RS at the cancer-derived Ser249 and promotes its interaction with c-Myc in the nucleus, consequently enhancing c-Myc-dependent ribosomal biogenesis and HCC cell proliferation. Here we explored the possibility of co-targeting CDK4 and p53-RS with available small molecule inhibitors as a potential combined therapy for HCC that harbor p53-RS. Indeed, co-treatment of p53-RS-containing, but not wild-type p53 or p53-null, HCC cells with PD-0332991 (PD), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, and CP-31398 (CP), a compound that can restore the intrinsic conformation and transcriptional activity of mutant p53, drastically repressed the c-Myc activation function of p53-RS. This combination of PD with CP exhibited a synergistic effect on the inhibition of HCC cell growth in a p53-RS dependent manner, especially at a lower dose. These results suggest that co-targeting CDK4 and p53-RS can serve as a potential approach for the development of an effective therapy for HCC that harbor p53-RS.
Grafting density-induced smectic A to hexagonal columnar transition in mesogen-free isotactic liquid crystalline polyethers with n-dodecylsulfonyl side groups

Abstract Highly dipolar mesogen-free liquid crystalline polymers are excellent candidates for achieving large spontaneous polarization under relatively low electric fields for advanced electrical and optical applications. In this report, the effect of grafting density of n-dodecylsulfonyl side chains on the mesogen-free liquid crystalline self-assembly of comb-like isotactic poly(oxypropylene) was studied. When the grafting density was 80–100%, a stable 21 helical chain conformation was induced by the strong dipole-dipole interactions among the sulfonyl groups in the side chains. Consequently, a smectic A self-assembly was induced. When the grafting density decreased to 60–80%, a poor and possibly imbalanced 21 helical chain conformation was formed due to the frequent absence of the n-dodecylsulfonyl side chains along the main chain. As a result, a hexagonal columnar self-assembly was realized. This study demonstrated that a delicate interplay between the molecular defects and dipole-dipole interactions can lead to different self-assembly structures.
Exercise based assessment of cardiac autonomic function in type 1 versus type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is associated with increased mortality. Exercise-based assessment of autonomic function has identified diminished parasympathetic reactivation after exercise in type 2 DM. It is postulated herein, that this would be more prominent among those with type 1 DM. Methods: Sixteen subjects with type 1 DM (age 32.9 ± 10.1 years), 18 subjects with type 2 DM (55.4 ± 8.0 years) and 30 controls (44.0 ± 11.6 years) underwent exercise-based assessment of autonomic function. Two 16-min submaximal bicycle tests were performed followed by 45 min of recovery. On the 2 nd test, atropine (0.04 mg/kg) was administered near end-exercise so that all of the recovery occurred under parasympathetic blockade. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were measured at rest, during exercise, and during recovery. Results: There were no differences in resting or end-exercise heart rates in the three groups. Parasympathetic effect on RR-intervals during recovery (p < 0.03) and heart rate recovery (p = 0.02) were blunted in type 2 DM. Type 1 DM had higher baseline epinephrine and norepinephrine levels (p < 0.03), and exhibited persistent sympathoexcitation during recovery. Conclusions: Despite a longer duration of DM in the study patients with type 1 versus type 2 DM, diminished parasympathetic reactivation was not noted in type 1 DM. Instead, elevation in resting plasma catecholamines was noted compared to type 2 DM and controls. The variable pathophysiology for exercise-induced autonomic abnormalities in type 1 versus type 2 DM may impact prognosis.
Abstract PO-051: Tumor stem cells arising from a non-stem origin maintain a differentiated phenotype and modulate T cell activity

Tumor stem cells (TSCs) contribute to cancer mortality via therapeutic resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastatic mechanisms. However, the origins of the stem capacity to TSCs remains in question, but all TSCs descend from the original tumor cell-of-origin where the first oncogenic event occurred. Tumors arising from different cells-of-origin are histologically identical, but it is unknown whether TSCs that arose from different origins are molecularly and functionally distinct. Using mouse models driving identical Apc mutations from Lrig1-expressing and Mist1-expressing cells, we characterized TSCs of tumors driven from stem and non-stem cells-of-origin using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), organoids, and multiplexed imaging. We revealed reduced stem capacity but increased class II antigen presentation ability for non-stem cell (Mist1) driven TSCs compared with stem cell (Lrig1) driven TSCs, which resulted in a favorable immune microenvironment skewed towards active cytotoxic response in Mist1-driven tumors. These results suggest that the cell-of-origin of tumorigenesis provides a specific context by which TSCs are generated, dictating their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Cherie’ R. Scurrah, Bob Chen, Nick Markham, Alan Simmons, Austin Southard-Smith, Mary Macedonia, Eunyoung Choi, Qi Liu, Kay Washington, Bob Coffey, Jeremy Goettel, Ken Lau. Tumor stem cells arising from a non-stem origin maintain a differentiated phenotype and modulate T cell activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-051.
Paul Evdokimov and Una Sancta: A Russian Orthodox Theologian in Search of Ecumenical Unity

This chapter presents the contributions of the Russian Orthodox lay theologian Paul Evdokimov (1901–1970) to ecumenical unity. It begins with a brief account of Evdokimov’s life and work on behalf of the unity of the Una Sancta, showing that for him working for church unity is a spiritual vocation. Next, it studies three theological principles that guide Evdokimov’s theology of ecumenical unity, namely, eschatology, pneumatology, and trinitarian theology. Lastly, it examines how Evdokimov deals with three issues still debated between the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church—namely, Filioque, the Marian dogmas, and papal primacy and infallibility.
Recurrent infections related to an extruded ureteral stone in case of spontaneous ureteral rupture.

Abstract Spontaneous rupture of the ureter is a rare entity most commonly a result of ureteral stone disease. Despite the overall low prevalence, the diagnosis should be considered so appropriate imaging and management can be performed without delay. Although treatment has shifted towards more minimally invasive intervention and conservative management, open surgical intervention should be considered in certain situations to mitigate the risk of long-term complications. Here we present a unique case of spontaneous ureteral rupture complicated by recurrent infections and fistulous sinus tract formation.
Nonlinear thermoviscoelastic Timoshenko beams with dynamic frictional contact

This paper focuses on mathematical and numerical analyses of Kirchhoff type nonlinear thermoviscoelastic Timoshenko beams with Coulomb friction law. The dynamic friction is described by a slip rate...
Predicting the biodistribution of 99mTc-labeled cMORF effector in pretargeted tumored mice. Variations in the dosage of MORF conjugated antitumor antibody

1555 Objectives: We previously reported on a semiempirical description of the biodistribution of 99mTc-complementary morpholino oligomer (cMORF) in tumored mice pretargeted by a morpholino oligomer conjugated antitumor antibody (MORF-MN14). The description was based on the pharmacokinetics of both the effector 99mTc-cMORF and the pretargeting agent MORF-MN14 and on their relationship when administered together. By applying the semiempirical description under conditions in which only the effector dosage was varied, it was possible to successfully predict the tumor and normal tissue accumulations of the effector. The objective of this subsequent report is to further establish the utility of this approach by measuring the accumulations of the effector under conditions in which the dosages of the pretargeting agent is varied. Methods: To correct for any variability between the different lots of MN14 used in this and the earlier study, the pharmacokinetics of the antibody was re-examined after conjugation with DTPA and radiolabeling with 111In. Thereafter a pretargeting study was performed under conditions of varying dosages of MORF-MN14 but at fixed pretargeting interval, fixed dosage of radiolabeled 99mTc-cMORF and fixed detection time. The experimental results were then compared to those predicted. Results: The biodistribution of 111In-MN14 at 2 d showed a significantly higher blood level of 3.45 %ID/g compared to 2.24 %ID/g observed previously with an earlier lot of MN14. After taking this difference into consideration, the accumulations of 99mTc-cMORF at various dosages of MORF-MN14 were found to be in gratifying agreement with that predicted by the semiempirical description. Conclusions: Similar to the successful predictions of 99mTc-cMORF accumulations with variations in dosage of radiolabeled cMORF observed earlier, the accumulations of 99mTc-cMORF pretargeted under varying dosages of MORF-MN14 was also accurately predicted. Thus both this and our previous study taken together demonstrate that a semiempirical description based on pharmacokinetic data of both MORF-MN14 and radiolabeled cMORF and their relationship can accurately predict tumor and normal tissue accumulations of the effector in a mouse model and may be used to predict optimum dosages as an alternative to empirical means.
One Versus All: Best Practices in Combining Multi-hazard Damage Imagery Training Datasets for Damage Detection for a Deep Learning Neural Network

Accurate and timely damage assessment is important after any natural disaster event. Accurate damage assessments enhance the efficient distribution of resources. Building damage levels are an important outcome of damage assessment, especially in urban areas. Although at present most building damage assessments are collected manually from post-disaster satellite images or aerial photographs, efforts are now underway to automate the process. Some of these efforts use deep learning algorithms to first identify buildings and then to classify them into damage levels.
Lap band outcomes from 19,221 patients across centers and over a decade within the state of New York

We sought to determine the rate of revision and explant of the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) over a ten-year period in the state of New York. Following IRB approval, the SPARCS administrative database was used to identify LAGB placement from 2004 to 2010. We tracked patients who underwent band placement with subsequent removal/revision, followed by conversion to either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYBG) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between 2004 and 2013. McNemar test and Chi-square test were used to compare complications between primary procedure and subsequent revision and to compare complication rates and mortality rates, respectively. Log-rank test was used to assess patient characteristics and comorbidities. p < 0.05 was considered significant. During a 7-year period, there were 19,221 records of LAGB placements and 6567 records of revisions or removal. We were able to follow up 3158 (16.43 %) who subsequently underwent a band removal or revision over the course of this period. An additional 3606 patients had no records in the state of New York following the procedure, thus making the rate of revision 20.22 %. Initial revision procedures were coded as band removal in 32.77 % (n = 1035), band revision in 30.53 % (n = 964), band removal and replacement in 19.09 % (n = 603), removal and conversion to SG in 5.64 % (n = 178), or removal and conversion to RYGB in 11.97 % (n = 378). From the 3158 patients, 2515 (79.64 %) required only one revision. Six hundred and forty-three patients underwent two or more revisions. Thirty-one out of 3158 (0.0098 %) patients had complications at their initial operation, but 919 (29.1 %) had complications during revision (p < 0.0001). Over a 7-year period, at least 20.22 % of LAGB required removal or revision. Based on all case numbers, total revision rate may be as high as 34.2 %. Although the band is believed to be a reversible procedure, revisional procedures are significantly more morbid than the initial procedure.
Social roles, prestige, and health risk

Selection pressure from health risk is hypothesized to have shaped adaptations motivating individuals to attempt to become valued by other individuals by generously and recurrently providing beneficial goods and/or services to them because this strategy encouraged beneficiaries to provide costly health care to their benefactors when the latter were sick or injured. Additionally, adaptations are hypothesized to have co-evolved that motivate individuals to attend to and value those who recurrently provide them with important benefits so they are willing in turn to provide costly care when a valued person is disabled or in dire need. Individuals in egalitarian foraging bands can provide a number of valuable benefits, such as defense, diplomacy, food, healing, information, technical skill, or trading savvy. We therefore expect that humans have evolved psychological mechanisms motivating the pursuit and cultivation of a difficult-to-replace social role based on the provisioning of a benefit that confers a fitness advantage on its recipients. We call this phenomenon social niche specialization. One such niche that has been well-documented is meat-sharing. Here we present cross-cultural evidence that individuals cultivate two other niches, information and tool production, that serve (among other things) to buffer health risk.
Towards robust interval solid modeling of curved objects

Solid modelers have been used in computer aided design and manufacturing for more than one decade. However, current solid modelers based on Boundary Representation still encounter numerical instability and theoretical difficulties for ill-conditioned geometric computations involving intersections. In this thesis, numerically robust geometric representations and algorithms for numerically robust geometric interrogations, including ill-conditioned geometric intersections are developed. Interval polynomial objects are proposed for robust geometrical representations. A robust algorithm (solver) for solving unbalanced non-linear polynomial equation systems is developed. Based on this solver, a robust unified algorithm for general geometric intersections, including overconstrained intersections, is developed. For the effective and robust detection of intersection curve loops, a direct algorithm is developed to determine collinear normal points and isolated tangential contact points of two surfaces. Theory and algorithms are developed for ill-conditioned intersections, such as tangential intersections of curves, overlapping of curves and surfaces, and overlapping of surfaces. The End Point Theorem is presented to verify that if two ideal Bezier patches tangentially intersect along an open curve, the curve must start from and end at boundaries of either of the two patches. This theorem is extended to general C$\sp\infty$ surface patches, and is followed by a corollary for surface overlapping. An nD novel non-manifold data structure for interval polynomial objects (points, curves, and surfaces) is developed to permit Boundary Representation of interval objects. It separates the manifold from the non-manifold parts of the object, and categorizes nodes into six types for Boolean operations. This separation allows the effective use of a new point classification algorithm for non-manifold objects. Based on the robust interval geometrical representations and computations and data structures, algorithms for Boolean operations are developed first for 2D manifold curved regions and then extended to 3D manifold curved solids. These algorithms are further extended to 2D and 3D non-manifold curved objects resulting from Boolean operations. In order to represent the geometric objects, such as trimmed surfaces, resulting from Boolean operations, the Extreme Orientation Theorem is introduced to determine the orientation of a piecewise smooth simple planar closed curve by an extreme point and its derivative at that point. Finally, examples illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the algorithms for geometric intersections and Boolean operations.
CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 5'-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY REGION OF THE HUMAN INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1 GENE

Cell-cell adhesion is critical in the generation of immunologic responses and is dependent upon expression of a variety of cell surface receptors. While intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a specific receptor for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, is constitutively expressed by some cell types, its de novo or increased expression by various cells has been associated with the initiation of inflammatory responses and appears to be transcriptionally regulated. The 5' region of the human ICAM-1 gene has been cloned and both structurally and functionally analyzed. A 17.3-kilobase genomic clone containing three exonal regions encoding the N-terminal third of the ICAM-1 protein was isolated. A 2.05-kilobase subclone, containing the 5' most exon, was utilized to determine an interferon-gamma-induced transcription initiation site via primer extension and S1 nuclease protection assays. Analysis of the 5'-flanking region revealed consensus sequences for appropriately located basal promoter elements, as well as numerous potential cis-acting enhancer elements. When subcloned into a reporter gene construct, the putative promoter subregion functioned as a potent promoter. However, in accord with biologically observed expression of ICAM-1 in specific cell types, when additional 5'-flanking sequences were included in reporter gene constructs, tissue appropriate repression of transcription was observed.
Environmental Risk Regulation

Environmental risk regulation is intended to limit the harm that individuals and firms would otherwise inflict on others by releasing pollutants to the environment. Regulation requires characterizing the harm from alternative levels of pollution, setting standards to govern the level of a pollutant in the environment, and choosing a regulatory mechanism to govern the compliance behavior of polluters. Keywords: risk assessment; hazard identification; dose–response; exposure; welfare; Pareto efficiency; benefit–cost analysis; technology standard; performance standard; emission tax; tradable permit
A nation divided: how technology influences the American political process

In an attempt to explain how technology shapes the American political process, this paper first explores the problems inherent in American voting methods as revealed by Election 2000 and then presents several alternatives available to our government that are currently ignored or understudied. Finally, this paper examines how the people themselves have incorporated computers and the Internet to further their own political initiatives, forming a stark contrast with the limited and often archaic technology used by the government.
De Plantis Toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale Commentationes – XXXVIII: Ethnopharmacological and alkaloidal notes on plants of the northwest Amazon

Research on the biodynamic plants of the northwest Amazon, especially that part lying within the borders of Colombia, has continued to add to the large number of plants with biological activity-plants deserving of scientific study for the benefit of mankind. This series has continued to note the uses of plants as medicines, poisons or narcotics that the Indians of the northwest Amazon have, through millennia of trial and error, discovered to possess some activity on the human or animal body. It is on these plants-rather perhaps than on a random sampling of the 80.000 species in the Amazon Valley-that modern phytochemists and pharmacologists should focus their attention.
Bronchogenic Carcinoma Associated with Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia

This report pertains to the development of bronchogenic carcinoma in 4 elderly patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The abnormal radiologic shadows in the lung (confined to the upper lobes and hili) were noted 30-60 months after recognition of the hematologic abnormality. Spread to ipsilateral or contralateral lymph nodes was common. After the appearance of lung carcinoma, the patient's course was downhill, with an average survival period of 2 months. The development of a new pulmonary lesion in any patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia should arouse the suspicion of malignancy and lead to prompt investigation.
Relationships between comorbidity and health behaviors related to hypertension in NHANES III.

Abstract Background. Health behaviors such as diet, exercise, and smoking are frequently studied among persons with one particular diagnosis; however, comorbidities that complicate our understanding of behavior patterns are often present. In addition, behaviors and conditions may vary by demographic factors. This study describes the prevalence of behaviors related to hypertension among persons with one to three diagnoses and investigates the relative contribution of demographic factors and increased morbidity on these measures. Methods. Data are from a nationally representative sample of adults over age 30 from the NHANES III. Behaviors are compared among three groups: those with hypertension alone ( N = 2,944), hypertension plus type 2 diabetes ( N = 557), and hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and history of a heart attack ( N = 116). Results. Demographic factors explained more of the variance in behavioral measures than morbidity level. Trends in behavior prevalence across morbidity levels were apparent for measures of alcohol and smoking. No group differences were found for exercise, fat intake, or sodium intake after controlling for demographic factors. Conclusions. Some behaviors were more strongly associated with increased levels of morbidity than others. Longitudinal studies are needed to better describe the reasons for behavior change in the face of various health conditions.
Synthesis of pinacol silylethers from aromatic aldehydes via α-siloxybenzyliron complexes

Abstract Quantitative synthesis of pinacol ethers 4 , [p-C 6 H 4 X(OSiMe 3 )CH-] 2 (X = H,Me,OMe or Cl) from the α-siloxybenzyliron complexes, 3 is reported. The iron dimer, 5 was the only other product which was reused for the reaction.
The narrative structure of ‘The Wife's Lament’

(1971). The narrative structure of ‘The Wife's Lament’. English Studies: Vol. 52, No. 1-6, pp. 497-501.
Binding of 1,N6-ethanoadenosine triphosphate to actin

G-actin is known to bind one molecule of ATP. Its polymerization to F-actin is accompanied by the splitting off of the terminal phosphate of the bound nucleotide. We have found that the fluorescent 1,N6-ethanoadenosine triphosphate (ϵATP) can substitute for ATP in G-actin and that G-actin containing bound ϵATP possesses essentially full polymerizability. The binding of this ATP analog has been studied by following the inactivation of the ϵATP·G-actin complex. The binding constant (4−5.7 × 106 M−1) obtained in the absence of EDTA is about 50% of that for ATP, while the binding constant obtained in the presence of EDTA (0.9−3.0 × 105 M−1) is comparable to those for ATP and ADP. These findings suggest that ϵATP can be used as a structural probe for actin. The fluorescence lifetime of ϵATP bound to G·actin is 36 nsec. The rotational relaxation time of ϵATP·G-actin is near 60 nsec. at 20°C.
Electron Beam Generation Based On Negative Electron Affinity Photocathodes

A negative electron affinity (NEA) GaAs photocathode has been used to generate continuous and pulsed electron beams for electron microscopy and time resolved electron beam metrology. Short electron pulses are emitted from the photocathode when excited by a mode locked laser. Laser pulsing the cathode eliminates the need for complex electron beam blanking optics when performing time domain metrology. The GaAs photocathode exhibits a brightness comparable to LaB6 and is stable enough to display real time TV images in both the continuous and pulsed modes of operation. In the time resolved mode, the temporal resolution of the cathode is currently limited by the laser pulse duration, which is approximately 1 ns.
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE PARTIALLY PARABOLIZED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR DEVELOPING FLOW IN A CHANNEL

The partially parabolized Navier-Stokes equations are a set of approximate governing equations that are applicable to flows possessing a predominant flow direction and are obtained when terms representing viscous diffusion of momentum in the main flow direction are dropped from the full Navier-Stokes equations. These reduced equations differ from Prandtl's boundary-layer equations in that no further simplifying assumptions have been made regarding the transverse pressure gradients and transverse momentum equations. Hence, transmission of influences through pressure can be significant even against the main flow direction. The present study was motivated by an interest in evaluating the merits of this reduced flow model for conditions where the boundary-layer equations are known to be inadequate. The principle features of a numerical scheme used to solve the partially parabolized Navier-Stokes equations are described. Results for the flow in the inlet region of a channel are compared with solutions to the f...
Pancreas Transplantation of Non-Traditional Recipients

Solid organ pancreas transplantation is a durable treatment for establishing normal blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Historically, younger patients with type 1 diabetes have been the primary recipients of pancreas transplants. As surgical techniques and post-operative immunosuppression regimens have continued to improve, indications have expanded such that non-traditional recipients are being evaluated for pancreas transplantation. These recipients include patients with type 2 diabetes, patients older than 50 years of age, and patients with chronic infectious diseases, including HIV and HCV. Despite limited literature in these patient populations, pancreas transplantation is a viable treatment for endocrine pancreas failure in appropriately selected patients, regardless of disease etiology or age. This review summarizes the current literature on pancreas transplantation in non-traditional recipients.
Attracting and managing volunteers in local government

Purpose – This study seeks to understand the relation between public volunteerism and the role of local government agencies to attract and manage volunteers.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on purposive sampling, comprising 37 cities within a 50‐mile radius around Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Administrators in these cities responded to an e‐mail survey. The study also uses a content analysis of homepages of the sample cities.Findings – While volunteerism is found to be widely valued, most agencies also seem to underutilize their capacities in attracting volunteers and valuing their contributions. This is particularly reflected in their homepage design. There also seems to be an underutilization of volunteers in emergency management and homeland security‐related programs.Practical implications – The paper offers an analytical frame to apply professional management tools that can be replicated in other contexts of volunteer management. The study also makes an empirical case for integrating volunte...
Cognitive Arousal and Sleep Complaints in Chronic Pain

This study explored cognitive pre-sleep arousal in chronic pain patients with varying degrees of insomnia symptoms. Forty-eight adult outpatients with chronic pain completed the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) and self-report questionnaires on sleep, pain, and other health and mood issues. Participants were divided into two subgroups based on scores on the Insomnia Severity Index and compared on PSAS scores. Results demonstrated that pain patients with moderate to severe sleep complaints (n = 32) reported higher levels of cognitive and somatic pre-sleep arousal than pain patients with mild sleep complaints (n = 16). Further comparisons with individual items on the cognitive PSAS revealed no differences between the groups on seven of the eight items. Worry about sleep was the only item to differentiate the pain patients with moderate to severe sleep complaints from those with mild sleep complaints. These results provide further support for extending a cognitive-behavioral model of insomnia to comorbid insomnia and chronic pain.
Mapping Human Autosomes: Assignment of the MN Locus to a Specific Segment in the Long Arm of Chromosome No. 2

The locus for MN blood groups, MN, is tentatively assigned to a specific region near the centromere of the long arm of chromosome No. 2 on the basis of a demonstrable deletion of band 2q14 from a No. 2 chromosome in a boy previously reported to be hemizygous (M/-) at that locus.
Structural studies on bioactive compounds. 30. Crystal structure and molecular modeling studies on the Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase cofactor complex with TAB, a highly selective antifolate.

The crystal structure of the ternary complex of NADPH, the potent antifolate [2, 4-diamino-5-?3-[3-(2-acetyloxyethyl)-3-benzyltriazen-1-yl]-4 -chloroph enyl?-6-ethylpyrimidine] (TAB, 1) and Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcDHFR), refined to 2.1 A resolution, reveals that TAB binds similar to the antifolates trimethoprim and methotrexate. These data also reveal multiple conformations for the binding geometry of TAB with two preferred orientations of the acetyloxy and benzyl groups that results from a 180 degrees rotation about the N2-N3 triazenyl bond. The methyl of the acetyloxy and benzyl ring of TAB probes large hydrophobic regions of the p-aminobenzoyl folate binding pocket of the active site, in particular the region near Phe69, which is unique to the pcDHFR sequence. These results confirm prior molecular modeling investigations of the binding of TAB to pcDHFR that identified four low-energy binding geometries, two involving rotations about the terminal N(2)-N(3) triazenyl linkage and two involving atropisomerism about the pivotal pyrimethamine-phenyl bond. The primary differences in the molecular dynamics (MD) models and those observed in this crystal complex result from small conformational changes in active-site residues on energy minimization. However, two MD models place the acetyloxy and benzyl ring groups in a region of the active site between the cofactor-binding region and the p-aminobenzoyl folate pocket; an orientation never observed in any DHFR crystal structure to date. These conformers interact with solvent near the enzyme surface and are probably not observed due to the loss of specific hydrogen bonds with the enzyme. The high species pcDHFR selectivity of TAB could be the result of ligand flexibility that enables multiple binding orientations at the enzyme active site. Further modification of the acetyloxy region of TAB could increase its potency and selectivity for pcDHFR.
Chemical Biology Strategies for Posttranslational Control of Protein Function

A common strategy to understand a biological system is to selectively perturb it and observe its response. Although technologies now exist to manipulate cellular systems at the genetic and transcript level, the direct manipulation of functions at the protein level can offer significant advantages in precision, speed, and reversibility. Combining the specificity of genetic manipulation and the spatiotemporal resolution of light- and small molecule-based approaches now allows exquisite control over biological systems to subtly perturb a system of interest in vitro and in vivo. Conditional perturbation mechanisms may be broadly characterized by change in intracellular localization, intramolecular activation, or degradation of a protein-of-interest. Here we review recent advances in technologies for conditional regulation of protein function and suggest further areas of potential development.
Causality and the radiation condition

For a hydrostatically stable floating body making small oscillations about a fixed position as a result of external forces and moments, it is shown that the radiation condition implies that the motion at time t depends only upon the forces and moments at times ≤t, i.e. that the future does not determine the present.
The benefits and costs of public housing in New York City

Abstract Public housing has been the largest program of housing subsidies to low-income families in the United States for fifty years. This is a comprehensive study of its benefits and costs. It contains the first estimates of the extent to which the program provides its participants with greater effective incomes than the poorest ineligible families and the first detailed analysis of the distribution of benefits among all eligible households. It provides significantly better estimates of the effect of the program on consumption patterns of participants, the effect of replacing public housing with cash grants, and the efficiency with which housing services are produced. Finally, it adds to few reliable estimates of the distribution of benefits among participants.
Ada development system technical and performance requirements (with rationale)

This paper discusses requirements for Ada1 compilers and associated tools used for real-time embedded weapons systems (EWS) development. The requirements have been developed over a period of several years by embedded systems developers at Honeywell Inc. and Alliant Techsystems Inc. Requirements for the run time system, compiler-generated code, and host tools such as linkers are presented. A short rationale statement is provided with each specific requirement.
Long open-path high precision quantum cascade laser methane sensing at toolik lake, Alaska

A long path quantum cascade laser atmospheric methane sensor is demonstrated in an Arctic environment. The sensor has 0.5% precision for methane in 1s and an in-line N 2 O reference cell to account for system drift.
Monopoly aspects of political parties

The standard economic model of a natural monopoly offers a useful conceptual means to examine some of the characteristics of political parties. The declining cost curves for producing political products are attributable to the indivisible nature of the majority asset. In the absence of subsidies, political parties can be expected to produce at the point where their marginal evaluation equals average cost. Thus, they have an incentive to seek subsidies in order to expand production to the point where marginal evaluation equals marginal cost. While this is optimizing behavior on the part of the individual party, it may not be optimal in competing for the majority asset, because this process decreases the value of resources that the other party has expended towards acquiring the asset. Parties will determine their optimal output calculating only the private costs and benefits to be secured through party competition, but will ignore the social costs caused by the externality they generate in competing for a fixed percentage of votes. As a result, optimizing behavior by the individual parties may lead to an excess of resources devoted to producing political decisions.
DRL performance following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats

Abstract Obese ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats obtained more reinforcers than control or lean VMH animals when switched from a continuous reinforcement schedule to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) operant schedule for food reinforcement. There was no significant difference among the three groups in the number of responses emitted on the DRL schedule. An examination of interresponse times revealed that both lean and obese VMH animals suppressed post-reinforcement short-latency responding earlier than control animals. The results do not support the hypothesis that VMH lesions cause a general deficit in response inhibition.