cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmembrane Signaling and the Regulation of Histidine Kinase Activity

Publisher Summary Transmembrane signal transduction plays a central role in biology. All cells transport information from surface receptors into the cytoplasm where it is processed and used to regulate virtually every aspect of biological activity. This is analogous to the uptake of nutrient molecules from the environment. In the case of membrane transporters and channels, the molecular basis for their function has become clear through high-resolution structural studies. This chapter focuses on functions of histidine protein kinase (HPK) and HPK-linked receptors in well-characterized prokaryotic systems that regulate gene expression and motility. In prokaryotes, histidine protein kinases (HPKs) transduce sensory inputs into protein phosphorylation outputs. Although all HPKs share homologous kinase catalytic domains, their activities are generally regulated by external stimuli via a wide variety of sensory input domains. Like tyrosine protein kinases, dimerization is important for HPK function. A possible insight into the mechanism of signaling by HPKs comes from observations of tight clustering by the chemotaxis receptors in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The examination of the E. coli chemotaxis system reveals that changes in lateral interaction among hundreds or even thousands of receptors in large clusters play a key role in chemotaxis signal transduction.
Enfleshing Scripture through Literature

College students seldom have an adequate backdrop against which to view and evaluate their present experiences and, consequently, are hindered in their growth into responsible adulthood. Although scripture could be an enlightening and stabilizing touchstone for their experiences, students are not sufficiently familiar with this unique aspect of their heritage nor their basic claim to it. By means of a course developed at Saint Mary's College, Winona, basic scriptural themes and experiences were identified and then perceived through their expression in literature. As a result students were stimulated to insights which promoted personal understanding and acceptance; the human experience initially brought forth in scripture, recalled and interpreted through literature, tended to surface as their personal story.
Prospects of modeling poststroke epileptogenesis

This Review describes the current status of poststroke epilepsy (PSE) with an emphasis on poststroke epileptogenesis modeling for testing new therapeutic agents. Stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy in an aging population. Late-onset "epileptic" seizures have been reported in up to 30% cases after stroke. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of PSE is 2-4%. Rodent models of stroke have contributed to our understanding of the relationship between seizures and the underlying ischemic damage to neurons. To understand whether acutely generated stroke events lead to a chronic phenotype more closely resembling PSE with recurrent seizures, a limited variety of approaches emerged in early 2000s. These limited methods of causing an occlusion in mice and rats show different infarct size and neurological deficits. The most often employed procedure for inducing focal ischemia is the middle cerebral artery occlusion. This mimics the pathophysiology seen in humans in terms of extent of damage to cortex and striatum. Photothrombosis and endothelin-1 models can similarly evoke episodes of ischemic stroke. These models are well suited to studying mechanisms and biomarkers of epileptogenesis or optimizing novel drug discoveries. However, modeling of PSE is tedious, is highly variable, and lacks validity; therefore, it is not widely implemented in epilepsy research. Moreover, the relevance of ischemic models to specific forms of human stroke remains unclear. Stroke modeling in young male rodents lacks clinical relevance to elderly populations and especially to women, likely as a result of sex differences. Nevertheless, because of the neuronal damage and epileptogenic insult that these models trigger, they are helpful tools in studying acquired epilepsy and prophylactic drug therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Slow Preconditioning for the Abrupt Convective Jump over the Northwest Pacific during Summer

AbstractThe rapid intensification of convective activity in mid-July over the northwest Pacific marks the final stage of the Asian summer monsoon, accompanied by major shifts in regional rainfall and circulation patterns. An entraining plume model is used to investigate the physical processes underlying the abrupt convective jump. Despite little change in sea surface temperature (SST), gradual lower-troposphere mixing leads to a threshold transition in the model as follows. Before mid-July, although SST is already high (29°C), the convective plume is inhibited by the capping inversion above the trade cumulus boundary layer. As the lower troposphere is gradually mixed, the boundary layer top rises with reduced atmospheric stability and increased humidity in the lower troposphere. These factors weaken the inhibition effect of the inversion on the entraining plume. As soon as the plume is able to overcome the inversion barrier, it can rise all the way to the upper troposphere. This marks an abrupt threshold ...
Rates and risk factors of unplanned 30-day readmission following general and thoracic pediatric surgical procedures.

Abstract Background/Purpose Postoperative unplanned readmissions are costly and decrease patient satisfaction; however, little is known about this complication in pediatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine rates and predictors of unplanned readmission in a multi-institutional cohort of pediatric surgical patients. Methods Unplanned 30-day readmissions following general and thoracic surgical procedures in children Results Readmission occurred in 1948 (3.6%) of 54,870 children for a rate of 4.3% per 30 person–days. Adjusted predictors of readmission included hepatobiliary procedures, increased wound class, operative duration, complications, and pLOS. The predictive model discriminated well in the derivation and validation cohorts (AUROC 0.710 and 0.701) with good calibration between observed and expected readmission events in both cohorts (p>.05). Conclusions Unplanned readmission occurs less frequently in pediatric surgery than what is described in adults, calling into question its use as a quality indicator in this population. Factors that predict readmission including type of procedure, complications, and pLOS can be used to identify at-risk children and develop prevention strategies. Level of evidence III.
Contracting for public bus transit: do techniques employed make a difference in service outcome?

The evidence suggests deductions for non-performance and competitive solicitation methods are key determinants of contractor performance. A penalty provision is strongly associated with an increase in unit cost, while a competitive solicitation method reduces unit cost. The evidence is inconclusive for fixed price contract and contract length. The findings support the idea that contracting techniques impact contractor performance. The potential for cost savings may not be fully realized unless techniques that focus on competitive contracting are employed. Future research that addresses contract design factors for other services in other settings will provide information to help policy makers choose among the numerous contract design options.
PRECISION DETERMINATION OF αs AND mb FROM QCD SUM RULES FOR $b\bar b$

The QCD sum rules for moments of the production cross section of $b\bar b$ states in e+ e− annihilation are extremely sensitive to the values of mb and αs for moments of large order n. This enables one to extract from the existing data on ϒ resonances the values of these parameters with a high precision by using a nonrelativistic expansion in 1/n. It is found that the sum rules fit the data with $\alpha_s^{\overline {MS}}(1~\text{GeV}) = 0.336 \pm 0.011$ and mb=4827±7 MeV, where the estimate of the errors includes the theoretical uncertainty due to subleading-in-1/n terms and the experimental uncertainty of the e+ e− annihilation cross section above the $B \bar B$ threshold. The found value of αs, when evolved in two loops up to the Z mass, gives $\alpha_s^{\overline {MS}} (M_Z) = 0.109 \pm 0.001$. The b quark mass mb corresponds to the “on-shell” value appropriate for one-loop perturbative calculations.
Colorectal Interventions: Benign Anorectal Disease

This chapter addresses the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of benign anorectal disorders encountered in the elderly. The topics that will be discussed include pruritus ani, fistula-in-ano, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, and sexually transmitted diseases. The treatment objectives for these anorectal disorders include the eradication of disease, alleviation of symptoms, preservation of sphincter function, and prevention of disease recurrence.
Elliptic double affine Hecke algebras

We give a construction of an affine Hecke algebra associated to any Coxeter group acting on an abelian variety by reflections; in the case of an affine Weyl group, the result is an elliptic analogue of the usual double affine Hecke algebra. As an application, we use a variant of the C_n version of the construction to construct a flat noncommutative deformation of the nth symmetric power of any rational surface with a smooth anticanonical curve.
Primary Disorders of Mitochondrial DNA and the Pathophysiology of mtDNA-Related Disorders

Mitochondrial diseases are a diverse group of disorders characterized by impairment of mitochondrial function. The diversity is most easily seen in the bewildering array of clinical phenotypes that result from errors not only in maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mendelian-inherited nuclear DNA (nDNA), but also from spontaneous mutations and environmental insults that can affect either genome. The human mitochondrial genome is a 16,569-bp double-stranded DNA circle (Anderson et al., 1981). It contains only 37 genes (Fig. 1): two encode ribosomal RNAs, 22 encode transfer RNAs, and 13 encode polypeptides. Significantly, all 13 polypeptides are components of the respiratory chain/oxidative phosphorylation system. They include seven subunits of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase–ubiquinone oxidoreductase), one subunit of complex III (ubiquinone–cytochrome c oxidoreductase), three subunits of complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and two subunits of complex V (ATP synthetase). The respiratory complexes also contain subunits encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA) imported into the organelle from the cytosol and co-assembled with the mtDNAencoded subunits into their in respective complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Towards Decision Making in Knowledge-Based Systems for Composite Cure

Current emphases on effective process control are targeted to achieve the desired product-property in a consistent and verifiable manner. The paradigm focuses on implementing knowledge derived from pre-and-after processing material properties, thermomechanical history, in-situ sensor data, and predictive process models. A series of pre-determined set points would be established to control the on-line process schedules. Since material properties are not directly measurable, the effectiveness of those schedules depends on knowing the evolution of property goal states as a function of the process variable set points.
The Cell Dependency Analysis on Learning SRAM Power-Up States

The authentication and verification of a device requires strong and cost-effective digital fingerprint based solutions. The power-up state of Static Random Access Memory (SRAMs) has been widely used for a variety of authentication and identification purposes, such as SRAM-based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Random Number Generators (RNGs), which form the basis for many cryptographic algorithms and protocols. Many published work have made various assumptions on the SRAM power-up states. In this work, we have conducted a comprehensive set of empirical SRAM cell spatial dependency studies, and the statistical and physical analysis thereof, to validate these critical assumptions and results in this domain. This paper details the results of the experimental tests on different models of SRAM chips and show that the power-up states of SRAM cells must be carefully selected in order to avoid some unwanted dependency effects. Otherwise, the probability of key disclosure will increase, and the randomness of dynamic seeds used in critical cryptographic functions will be challenged. Furthermore, our purposed method provides a more reliable cell dependency analysis of SRAM chips and can be used as a guidance for key selection and/or randomness extraction for many other similar security applications.
Relative Nucleus Pulposus Area and Position Alters Disc Joint Mechanics

Aging and degeneration of the intervertebral disc are noted by changes in tissue composition and geometry, including a decrease in nucleus pulposus (NP) area. The NP centroid is positioned slightly posterior of the disc's centroid, but the effect of NP size and location on disc joint mechanics is not well understood. We evaluated the effect of NP size and centroid location on disc joint mechanics under dual-loading modalities (i.e., compression in combination with axial rotation or bending). A finite element model was developed to vary the relative NP area (NP:Disc area ratio range = 0.21 - 0.60). We also evaluated the effect of NP position by shifting the NP centroid anteriorly and posteriorly. Our results showed that compressive stiffness and average first principal strains increased with NP size. Under axial compression, stresses are distributed from the NP to the annulus, and stresses were redistributed towards the NP with axial rotation. Moreover, peak stresses were greater for discs with a smaller NP area. NP centroid location had a greater impact on intradiscal pressure during flexion and extension, where peak pressures in the posterior annulus under extension was greater for discs with a more posteriorly situated NP. In conclusion, the findings from this study highlight the importance of closely mimicking NP size and location in computational models that aim to understand stress/strain distribution during complex loading and for developing repair strategies that aim to recapitulate the mechanical behavior of healthy discs.
SELECTION OF ECOLOGICAL SITES BY PRONGHORN IN TRANS-PECOS REGION OF TEXAS

Rangeland managers use the ecological site concept to segment rangelands into discrete areas capable of supporting a particular suite of vegetation. Ecological site data are easily accessible and standardized in the Soil Survey Geographic Database published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. While widely used in range management, wildlife managers have only recently explored the usefulness of ecological site data in delineating wildlife habitat. We undertook this study to assess pronghorn selection of ecological sites across two seasons (warm-dry and warm-wet) following translocation to the Trans-Pecos region of Texas in 2013. We observed seasonal shifts in selection with selection of draws and limestone hills in the warm-wet season and selection of clay flats in both seasons. Pronghorn avoided other sites or used them in proportion to their availability. Our results suggest that ecological sites provide a valid means of segmenting wildlife habitats and identifying important sites for management of pronghorn.
Administering Health Innovation

Scholars and policymakers have recently begun to focus on the role federal agencies charged with health-related missions can play in the development of innovative health technologies and promotion of access to those technologies. Appreciating the expertise of agencies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has expanded the range of tools contemplated by scholars who had previously focused largely on the United States Patent & Trademark Office. Yet much of this attention has so far focused on the capacities of single agencies, acting alone. This Article expands the existing scholarly focus, considering not only the potential innovation-related goals to be achieved if each agency acts alone, but also the potential for collaboration across agencies. This Article begins that conversation, drawing not only on the health innovation policy literature but also on the growing administrative law literatures focusing on inter-agency and intra-agency coordination models. This Article develops a taxonomy of potential modes of collaboration, demonstrating how these agencies, which lack formally shared regulatory authority over the innovation space, nonetheless may collaborate to promote incentives for innovation. These agencies do sometimes collaborate to advance goals which are common to the agencies. But they can do more. These agencies may complement each other, accomplishing together socially valuable ends that cannot be accomplished alone. By considering each agency’s core competency, this Article develops specific proposals for agencies to work together going forward. This Article goes on to consider legal barriers to existing collaboration and potential procedural mechanisms for enhancing collaboration between these agencies for the purpose of achieving health innovation policy goals. Ultimately, it argues that a combination of reforms both internal to and external to the executive branch might be most useful in achieving these goals.
Presenilin 1 increases association with synaptotagmin 1 during normal aging

Abstract Presenilin 1 (PS1), the catalytic component of gamma secretase, associates with synaptotagmin 1 (Syt-1). This interaction is decreased in the brains of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear how this interaction changes during normal aging. Because aging is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, we sought to identify changes in PS1 and Syt-1 association during aging in primary neurons in vitro and mouse brain sections ex vivo. We also tested the effect of aging on the calcium dependence of the interaction by treating neurons aged in vitro with KCl. We found that PS1 and Syt-1 increase their association with age, an effect that is more robust in neuronal processes than cell bodies. Treatment with KCl triggered the interaction in both young and old neurons. Baseline calcium levels and calcium influx in response to KCl treatment were significantly higher in older neurons, which can partially explain the increase in PS1/Syt-1 binding with age. These results suggest a compensatory mechanism during normal aging to offset detrimental age-associated effects.
Design of a CORDIC processor for mixed-signal A/D conversion

This paper proposes a new method which offers a high level of synchronization between a source, which is primarily digital, that generates a test signal and the ADC that will sample it. By using using a single clock to control the source, a clock divider may be used to derive a clock that will trigger an ADC at the appropriate times to produce a coherently sampled data set. Thus the timing of the waveform and the ADC will be accurately synchronized; moreover, since test time is a valuable commodity, a predictable number of clock cycles can be issued in order to generate a sampled data set. A computer simulation is given which fully characterizes the theoretical aspects of this paper. In addition, selected laboratory measurements are also given for discussion.
Bridging the divide with a chat window: why consumers prefer using live chat support on foreign e-commerce sites

In the present research, we investigate how consumers using a foreign (vs. domestic) e-commerce site (e.g., Alibaba.com, JD.com) prefer to communicate with customer service agents on that site. Our results suggest that consumers using a foreign (vs. domestic) site prefer to communicate with service agents on computer-mediated channels, such as live chat, instead of more traditional and direct channels, such as phone. Driving this effect, consumers on foreign sites have lower expectations of their ability to communicate with service agents. Further, we explore individual differences in uncertainty avoidance as a moderator of this basic effect. Our research contributes to existing literature by looking at the benefits of computer-mediated environments in the context of cross-cultural service encounters.
Variations of Lower Thermospheric FUV Emissions Based on GOLD Observations and GLOW Modeling.

Here we compare the global-scale morphology of Earth's the Far-Ultraviolet (FUV) emissions observed by NASA's Global-scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission to those modeled using the Global Airglow (GLOW) code with atmospheric parameters provided by Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). The O 5S oxygen (135.6 nm) and N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) emissions are observed over the Western hemisphere every 30 min by the GOLD instrument. The FUV brightness of the thermosphere-ionosphere is expected to vary in systemic ways with respect to geophysical parameters, solar energy input from above, and terrestrial weather input from below. In this paper we examine the O 5S oxygen emission and the N2 LBH emission brightnesses with local time, latitude, season, tides, geomagnetic activity, and solar activity based on GOLD observations and GLOW modeling. Early GOLD observations indicate that the model effectively reproduces the brightness variations with local time and latitude but is biased low in magnitude. However, the TIEGCM is unable to accurately represent the extraordinary nighttime equatorial ionization anomaly observed by GOLD. It is also expected from these results that the signal from geomagnetic storms may obscure tidal signals.
Impact of admission serum ionized calcium levels on risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients

This study aimed to investigate the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients based on admission serum ionized calcium levels. This is a cohort study of all hospitalized adult patients, from January 2009 to December 2013 at a tertiary referral hospital, who had available serum ionized calcium at the time of admission. We excluded patients who had end-stage kidney disease or AKI at admission. We stratified admission serum ionized calcium into 6 groups; ≤ 4.39, 4.40–4.59, 4.60–4.79, 4.80–4.99, 5.00–5.19, and ≥ 5.20 mg/dL. We used serum creatinine criterion of KDIGO definition for diagnosis of AKI. We performed logistic regression analysis to assess the risk of in-hospital AKI occurrence based on admission serum ionized calcium, using serum ionized calcium of 5.00–5.19 mg/dL as the reference group. We studied a total of 25,844 hospitalized patients. Of these, 3,294 (12.7%) developed AKI in hospital, and 622 (2.4%) had AKI stage 2 or 3. We observed a U-shaped association between admission serum ionized calcium and in-hospital AKI, with nadir in-hospital AKI was in serum ionized calcium of 5.00–5.19 mg/dL. After adjustment for confounders, low serum ionized calcium of 4.40–4.59, ≤ 4.39 mg/dL and elevated serum ionized calcium ≥ 5.20 mg/dL were associated with increased risk of AKI with odds ratio of 1.33 (95% CI 1.14–1.56), 1.45 (95% CI 1.21–1.74), and 1.26 (95% CI 1.04–1.54), respectively. Both hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia at the time of admission were associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired AKI.
Graft Preparation with Intraoperative Vancomycin Decreases Infection after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of 1640 Cases:

Objectives:Septic arthritis is a rare but devastating complication following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Reported infection rates following ACL reconstruction are low, but asso...
Anatomy of Acquired Spinal Disorders

Osteoporosis arises when bone mass drops to a critical level, below which fracture risk is substantially higher. This usually occurs when there is an imbalance between bone formation and resorption [1].
Urothelial carcinoma of the graft kidney with molecular analyses: a rare case report.

Malignancy after transplantation is a leading cause of death among kidney transplant recipients. However, donor-derived malignancies are rare. We report a case of a high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma arising in a transplanted kidney. A 62-year-old female who received a kidney transplantation more than 30 years ago presented with urinary tract infection, acute renal failure, and hydronephrosis of the transplant kidney. Anterograde nephrostogram showed a large filling defect in the lower pole of the transplant kidney and in the proximal 3–4 cm of the ureter. A biopsy from the renal pelvic mass showed a high grade urothelial carcinoma. She underwent an anterior exenteration, resection of both transplant and native kidneys and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Pathologic examination showed a high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma which appeared to arise in the pelvis of the graft kidney, involve the graft ureter and native urinary bladder. The tumor had metastasized to one left obturator lymph node but spared the two native kidneys and ureters. Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis confirmed the tumor to be of donor origin. Next-generation sequencing identified amplification of TERT and loss of CDKN2A/CDKN2B in the primary tumor. While it is known that transplant recipients have an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma compared to the general population, the lack of the well-documented risk factors, such as older age at transplantation, BK polyomavirus infection, and prolonged post-transplantation history and dissemination of the tumor in this case shed light on the de novo tumorigenesis of the graft kidney within the host microenvironment. Amplification of Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and loss of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/2B (CDKN2A/CDKN2B) detected in the tumor by next gene sequencing suggests that they may play an important role in this case.
A Bayesian surrogate constitutive model to estimate failure probability of elastomers

Abstract To calculate the uncertainty in the failure probability of elastomeric materials, a parametric and a non-parametric Bayesian-based stochastic constitutive model were evaluated. (i) A Bayesian linear regression calibration technique is created based on the Carroll model to construct a probabilistic hyper-elastic model in the parametric approach. The model was then calibrated using two methods: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) estimation, with the results compared. (ii) The Gaussian process (GP) is used in non-parametric hyper-parameters of the radial basis kernel computed using the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno technique. Both models were trained and verified with regard to two sets of our experiments on silicon- and polyurethane-based elastomers to demonstrate their capabilities in modeling uncertainty propagation. Finally, failure probability analysis was carried out for these data sets using First Order Reliability Method (FORM) analysis and Crude Monte Carlo (CMC) simulation, with a limit state function based on the stochastic constitutive model at the failure point. Sensitivity analysis is also used to demonstrate the importance of Carroll model parameters in predicting failure likelihood. The results show that the parametric approach has great agreement with experimental data, not only for uncertainty quantification and model calibration, but also for calculating the failure probability of hyperelastic materials.
The Dynamics of Political Communication: Media and Politics in a Digital Age

"The Dynamics of Political Communication blends the drama, excitement, and chaos of politics with the extensive body of social science research that maps in detail the role of the communication media in our political life." —Maxwell McCombs, University of Texas at Austin "The effortlessness and accessibility with which this text walks the reader through theories, current examples and exercises will also make it a very popular textbook for undergraduate courses. I look forward to assigning it in my classes."—Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin-Madison "Written in an easily accessible style and filled with timely and interesting examples, this textbook would be a first-rate addition to any introductory course on the topic."—Gadi Wolfsfeld, Author of Making Sense of Media and Politics: Five Principles in Political Communication "…an engaging and timely analysis of the central role of media in American politics. … The book provides multiple perspectives to stimulate critical thought and reflection."—Ann N. Crigler, University of Southern California "Perloff has offered a systematic overview of the topic that allows us to make sense of the chaotic communication environment we are enveloped within. … A must-read for anyone looking to introduce themselves to this important research area."—R. Lance Holbert, The Ohio State University What impact do news and political advertising have on us? How do candidates use media to persuade us as voters? Are we informed adequately about political issues? Do 21st-century political communications measure up to democratic ideals? The Dynamics of Political Communication: Media and Politics in a Digital Age explores these issues and guides us through current political communication theories and beliefs. Author Richard M. Perloff details the fluid landscape of political communication and offers us an engaging introduction to the field and a thorough tour of the discipline. He examines essential concepts in this arena, such as agenda-setting, agenda-building, framing, political socialization, and issues of bias that are part of campaign news. Designed to provide an understanding and appreciation of the principles involved in political communication along with methods of research and hypothesis-testing, each chapter includes materials that challenge us by encouraging reflection on controversial matters and providing links to online examples of real-life political communication. The text’s companion website provides expanded resources for students as well as materials for instructors to use in the classroom. The Dynamics of Political Communication immerses readers in contemporary events through its coverage of online campaigning, effects of negative advertising, issues of gender bias in campaign politics, and image-management strategies in the 2012 campaign. It will prepare you to survey the current political landscape with a more critical eye, and encourage a greater understanding of the challenges and occurrences presented in this constantly evolving field.
Does Outsourcing Always Benefit Skilled Labor

This paper builds a dynamic product cycle model with three kinds of labor inputs—scientists, white-collar workers, and blue-collar workers—and producer heterogeneity to find an explanation for why outsourcing did not cause wage inequality in the 1970s. According to the theoretical model, outsourcing decreases the wages of white-collar workers and the relative wages of white-collar workers to blue-collar workers in the outsourcing home country if outsourcing industries are blue-collar worker intensive compared with non-outsourcing industries. Scientists who conduct research and development always benefit from outsourcing.
Cramér's Theorem

For a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables whose moment-generating function is finite in a neighborhood of the origin, Cramer's theorem gives a simple method to identify the exponential decay rate of the small probabilities that the empirical means are away from the population mean. In this article, we briefly review Cramer's theorem and related results in the context of large deviation theory. Keywords: Cramer's Theorem; large deviations; rate function
The Importance of Irrelevance of Rejected Contracts in Matching under Weakened Substitutes Conditions

We show that Hatfield and Kojima (2010) inherits a critical ambiguity from its predecessor Hatfield and Milgrom (2005), and clearing this ambiguity has strong implications for the paper. Of the two potential remedies, the first one results in the failure of all theorems except one in the absence of an additional irrelevance of rejected contracts (IRC) condition, whereas the second remedy eliminates the transparency of the results, reduces the scope of the model, and contradicts authors' interpretation of the nature of their contributions. Fortunately all results are restored when IRC is explicitly assumed under the first remedy.
Complexity in power systems and consequences for real-time computing

The scale of the computational problem involved in correctly analyzing present-day and future power systems is shown to be significantly greater than in the past. Concepts for characterizing the nature and scale of the new systems and for creating new approaches to simulating them quickly enough for real-time operations are discussed.
Path-integral generalized differentials

This is the second of a series of two papers on generalized differentiation theories (GDTs). The first paper discussed the definition of the GDT concept, presented several GCDTs (the Warga derivate containers, weak multidifferentials, and generalized differential quotients) and compared them showing, in particular, that none of these theories contains all the others. In this paper, we introduce another concept of generalized differential-the path-integral generalized differential (PIGD)-that achieves the desired unification.
A conversation with Dr Michael Fordham. Interview by James Astor.

: In this interview1 in Dr Fordham's 83rd year he describes how he started to work with children, and how Mrs Jung was supportive. He talks about the initial suspicion this interest generated in the wider Jungian community. He refers to his acceptance of and interest in the psychotic elements in child analysis and his transference-based approach to working with these elements. He reflects on his own birth, his work with evacuee children in hostels during the war years and the politics of supervision. He describes the core Jungian concepts which underpinned his work and the theoretical differences from the Kleinian and Anna Freudian positions.
Mechanisms of reductive dechlorination of DDT by rat liver microsomes

Abstract Reductive systems in the rat liver which dechlorinate DDT to form TDE were studied. Two independent systems, one requiring cytochrome P450 and the other requiring FAD, are postulated. In the former system DDT seems to bind directly with the reduced cytochrome P450. The electron is transferred from NADPH to the reduced cytochrome P450-substrate complex via NADPH reductase. Because of the rapid turnover of the system it is proposed that the last electron transfer to the substrate releases the reduced cytochrome which can react again with the substrate. In this cycle no oxidized form of cytochrome P450 is involved, the conclusion being supported by the lack of inhibitory effects of sesamex and piperonyl butoxide, which are known to bind with the oxidized form of cytochrome P450. The second system, requiring FAD, was found to be identical to the flavoprotein-flavin cofactor system which has been previously reported by our group. The system is heat stable and affected by pH changes. It is necessary that the flavin cofactor is reduced before it can stimulate the system; e.g., FAD must be converted to FADH, NADPH also aids this reduction of the flavin cofactor.
DynXML: safely programming the dynamic web

A single web page in a complex web application has a huge number of possible runtime states. Functions, like JavaScript event handlers, that operate on such pages are extremely difficult to write correctly, because there are virtually no guaranteed constraints on the page. In this paper we propose DynXML, a new language for the web which safely and naturally mutates XML trees. Any dynamic web application written in DynXML is statically guaranteed to maintain the page in a subtype of a programmer-defined page type. Furthermore, event handlers are guaranteed to receive the page in the state they expect and leave it in the form expected by the next set of handlers---DynXML prevents page-manipulating programs from going wrong.
Regression of metastatic renal carcinoma following nephrectomy

Abstract A case of biopsy-proved postnephrectomy regression of a metastatic skin lesion of renal carcinoma is presented. The incidence of postnephrectomy regression, occurrence of other pulmonary entities resembling metastases, and the possible mechanisms of postnephrectomy regression are discussed. Biopsy of suspected metastatic lesions in renal carcinoma is advocated. We further advocate nephrectomy in the face of distant metastasis, and also consider excision of single metastases, and chemotherapy and/or irradiation when indicated.
Effect of Silage Extract on Voluntary Intake, Rumen Fluid Constituents, and Rumen Motility

Abstract The effects of intraruminal infusion of juice expressed from second cutting untreated (Silage) and formaldehyde-formic acid treated (Formal) alfalfa silage were investigated in two fistulated wethers. Infusion of 2.25 liters Silage juice coincident with the morning feeding depressed voluntary intake of hay for 1.5 to 9 h and caused distortion in rumen motility. Formal juice had intermediate effects and water no effect. With infusions of Silage juice, maximum ruminal fluid volatile fatty acids (982 mg/100 ml), lactate (1105 mg/100 ml), and osmolality (551 mOsm/kg) were higher than previously associated with intake depression. However, synthetic juice with volatile fatty acids, lactate, soluble carbohydrate, pH, osmolality, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate identical to the Silage juice accounted for only a maximum of 40% of its intake depressing effect when similarly infused. Other factors, such as amines, may have contributed to the depressing effects of the Silage juice on intake.
The Mentor‐Protege Relationship as a Factor in Preservice Teacher Education: A Review of the Literature

This review of the literature investigates the various factors within the mentor‐protege relationship that foster the development of competence and teacher self‐efficacy belief in the preservice teacher. It is organized into the following sections: a historical view of mentoring, Vygotsky's mediated learning as a factor in the development of the mentor‐protege relationship and protege teacher efficacy belief, teacher self‐efficacy beliefs, roles and characteristics of mentors in education, and empathy as it relates to relationship building.
Porous microspheres of MgO-patched TiO2 for CO2 photoreduction with H2O vapor: temperature-dependent activity and stability

A novel MgO-patched TiO2 microsphere photocatalyst demonstrated 10 times higher activity toward CO production from CO2 photoreduction with H2O vapor, when the reaction temperature increased from 50 to 150 °C. The catalytic performance of hybrid MgO–TiO2 was much more stable than TiO2, particularly at a higher temperature, likely due to easier desorption of reaction intermediates and the enhanced CO2 adsorption by MgO.
Review of the improvements in the quality and applications of photon beams from linear accelerators in radiation therapy and a projection of future trends

Since the introduction of linear accelerators to radiation therapy in the 1950s, there have been considerable changes in their design and the quality of the beams they produce, resulting in a general reduction in morbidity and improvement in survival rates. Such changes include the development of isocentric machines, increasingly energetic beams with suitable choice of target and flattening filter material to optimize % depth dose and reduce neutron background, dual photon energy machines and the development of independently adjustable jaws and dynamic wedges to permit more sophisticated treatments. Currently, the trend is towards the implementation of dynamic radiotherapy using multileaf collimators for field shaping.
ANALYSIS OF OPTICALLY INDUCED REFRACTIVE INDEX CHANGE OF DYE-DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

We present a detailed quantitative experimental and theoretical study of laser induced refractive index changes in nematic liquid crystals doped with methyl-red, disperse red and azobenzene liquid crystal. These refractive index changes, originating from molecular reorientations and order parameter modification, are measured by means of intensity and polarization grating methods. The reorientation of the director axis is calculated from polarization dependence of the probe beam diffraction efficiency. The contribution of each effect to the total diffraction efficiency is quantitatively evaluated. In general, we found that the reorientational direction of the NLC molecules depends on the dopants as well as the nature of the pump beam polarization state. In methyl-red doped samples, the laser induced reorientation mechanism dominates, whereas order parameter modification plays a major role in the others.
Tensile creep of fine grained (3–5 μm) Ti3SiC2 in the 1000–1200°C temperature range

Abstract In this paper we report on the tensile creep behavior of fine-grained (3–5 μm) Ti3SiC2 in the 1000–1200°C temperature, T, range and the 10–100 MPa stress, σ, range. The creep behavior is characterized by three regimes a primary, quasi-steady state and a tertiary. In the quasi-steady state range and over the entire range of testing temperatures and stresses, the minimum creep rate, e min , is given by: e min ( s −1 )= e 0 · exp [19±1]·(σ/σ 0 ) 1.5±0.1 · exp (−445±10) kJ/mol RT where σ0=MPa and e 0 =1 s−1. The times to failure, tf, were fitted to an expression of the form: t f (s)=t 0 · exp [−2±1]·[ e min / e 0 ] −0.9±0.1 where t0=1 s. Interrupted creep tests show that volume-conserving plastic deformation is the dominant source of strain during the secondary creep regime, while cavities and microcracks are responsible for the acceleration of the creep rate during the tertiary creep regime. Like in ice, large internal stresses, especially at high stresses, are developed in Ti3SiC2 during deformation, as a consequence of its extreme plastic anisotropy. The response of Ti3SiC2 to stress appears to be determined by a competition between the rates of accumulation and relaxation of these internal stresses.
Revision of Flabelliderma Hartman, 1969 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae)

The flabelligerid genus Flabelliderma Hartman, 1969 is redefined and its type species is re‐established. In comparison with Flabelligera Sars, 1829, the diagnostic features include the fusion of papillae forming tubercles, often adhering sediment particles, and notopodial lobes forming large ovoid lobes. Four species are described and presented as new combinations, and three others were previously undescribed; thus the species included are F. papillosa (Essenberg, 1922) from southern California, F. berkeleyorum n. sp. from Washington, F. claparedei (de Saint‐Joseph, 1898) from the Bay of Biscay, F. gourdoni (Gravier, 1906) from Antarctica, F. lighti n. sp. from Guadalupe Island, western Mexico, F. ockeri n. sp. from southern California, and F. pruvoti (Fauvel, 1930) from New Caledonia.
Frequency of Interatrial Block in Patients With Sinus Rhythm Hospitalized for Stroke and Comparison to Those Without Interatrial Block

Interatrial block (IAB; P wave ≥110 ms) is a potent correlate of left atrial (LA) enlargement and electromechanical dysfunction and a strong predictor of atrial tachyarrhythmias, in particular, atrial fibrillation. Although these associations increase its risk for embolism, i.e., cardioembolic stroke, such a phenomenon has been inadequately investigated. We investigated 85 general hospital patients who had been admitted to the neurologic unit between January 2003 and December 2004 for embolic stroke. Of those, 66 patients who had electrocardiograms that showed sinus rhythm were evaluated for IAB and categorized as those with IAB and those without (controls). Medical records were then reviewed for common co-morbidities and stroke risk factors, high-resolution carotid artery Doppler ultrasonographic study reports, and 2-dimensional echocardiograms obtained during the current admission for embolic stroke; 40 patients (61%) had IAB. There was a 55% prevalence of LA enlargement (diameter in the parasternal long-axis view ≥40 mm, p
Acoustic emission monitoring for rolling contact fatigue of superfinished ground surfaces

Abstract Grinding is the key finishing process in mass production of various precision components such as bearings, cams, shafts, etc. Grinding induced surface integrity has significant impact on rolling contact fatigue life. However, the effect of grinding induced surface integrity on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life has been poorly understood. Therefore, an effective method to in-process monitor fatigue failure is critical to study the effects of surface integrity on RCF. In situ monitoring for fatigue failure of the ground and polished AISI 52100 samples was accomplished using an acoustic emission sensor and signal processing software. A real life loading of contact pressure and rolling speed were applied to the well lubricated test samples. Analytical approaches to determine contact stress and RCF life were derived based on Hertz theory and kinematic analysis. All AE signals are sensitive in general to fatigue failure. The AE signals amplitude, absolute energy, and RMS increase sharply when fatigue occurs, while counts and average frequency decrease sharply with the onset of fatigue. A signal shoot always appears in the 3D (hit-amplitude-time) AE signal map whenever fatigue occurs. AE amplitude is the most stable signal for monitoring fatigue. The polished ground samples can achieve as many as 194 million cycles at a peak Hertz pressure of 4.6 GPa. Shearing may be the dominant mechanism for fatigue crack initiation and development.
Organization and interaction among defensive systems: Implications for functional analyses of pain

M aier et al.‘s review of their work on pain facilitory systems should stimulate considerable research in the near future. Their functional analysis of pain has exceptionally important implications, not only for the neuroanatomy of the system but for conceptions of conditioning and defensive behavior as well. There is much in this article worthy of discussion. Of particular interest to me, however, is their treatment of recuperative behavior and the inclusion of emesis within the class of pain modulatory events. The related finding of emesis-enhanced nociception is completely unanticipated by traditional treatments of defensive behavior. Some perspective on this issue seems worthwhile. In addition, in working through the proposed pain facilitory model, it was unclear whether the proposed circuitry can actually accomplish the dual task of antianalgesia and hyperalgesia. This apparent problem led to further questions about the putative evolutionary advantage of emesis-induced hyperalgesia and whether the system responsible for gastrointestinal distress should be hardwired to the pain system. I would like to suggest an alternative. Major features of Maier et al.‘s pain facilitory system are summarized in the form of a circuit diagram in Figure 1. Briefly, three classes of events are shown interacting with offand on-cells of the rostra1 ventromedial medulla (RVM). Centrifugal projections from these cells to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord interact with ascending sensory information derived from the application of radiant heat to a rat’s tail to alter