cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A “popout” effect with words and nonwords

Previous research (Flowers & Lohr, 1985) has not found evidence for the “popout” phenomenon (e.g., Treisman, 1988) with word and nonword letter strings. Flowers and Lohr utilized a visual search task that employed a circular arrangement of stimuli. This format does not optimize spatial contiguity, which has been shown to facilitate stimulus detection in certain contexts (Bryant & Soraci, 1992; Soraci, Carlin, Deckner, & Baumeister, 1990). The present study examined popout with words and nonwords in a same-different task, using a visual array format in which interstimulus contiguity increased with changes in set size. With these arrays, no popout effect was evidenced under conditions of high featural overlap between targets and distractors. However, under conditions of low featural overlap, a popout effect for both words and nonwords was found.
Puberty and polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous familial disorder characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. This multi-system, polygenic, multi-factorial disorder is associated with an increased risk for metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Signs and symptoms of PCOS often emerge during the peri-pubertal years with premature pubarche (PP) being the earliest manifestation for some girls. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are important pathophysiological features that are common to both PP and PCOS. Future investigations are needed to uncover the relevant genetic and hormonal factors and identify effective interventions.
Environmental Factors at Dissimilar Spatial Scales Influence Plant and Microbial Communities in Restored Wetlands

Identifying environmental factors that contribute to plant and microbial community variation at different spatial scales can provide critical information for restoration of these communities and the ecosystem services they provide. The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify the relationships among landscape/local environmental factors and plant, bacterial and denitrifier communities, and (ii) assess the spatial relationships between environmental and biological community matrices in 27 restored Illinois wetlands. We hypothesized that plant and microbial community composition are sensitive to different environmental factors operating at local compared to landscape scales. We surveyed plant assemblages, overall bacterial communities, and denitrifying bacteria. Landscape (surrounding land cover, regional climate variables) and local soil factors (soil organic matter, moisture, inorganic nitrogen, pH, redox status) were also assessed. Land use, temperature, and nitrogen availability influenced plant community composition. In contrast, microbial community composition was correlated with local soil factors, especially pH. Our results demonstrated that plant communities in restored wetlands are influenced by both landscape and local factors, whereas microbial communities are more strongly influenced by local soil factors. Choosing restoration sites based on environmental conditions known to support particular plant or microbial communities may enhance recovery of ecosystem services mediated by plants and soil microorganisms.
Total Survivin and acetylated Survivin correlate with distinct molecular subtypes of breast cancer

Global gene expression profiling studies led to the recent classification of breast cancer into 4 distinct molecular subtypes including luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 enriched, basal like, and unclassified. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate expression of the antiapoptotic protein Survivin and its recently described acetylated form, Survivin acetyl129, in normal breast tissue and in 226 primary breast tumors of different molecular subtypes. Correlation of Survivin expression with molecular markers and its impact on patient outcomes were analyzed. Eighty-four percent of basal-like tumors expressed high levels of total Survivin, whereas 52% of luminal tumors expressed high levels of acetylated Survivin (P < .001). Overall survival (91%) for tumors expressing low levels of total Survivin was better than that for tumors expressing high levels of total Survivin (72%, P = .02), whereas the reverse was true for tumors expressing acetylated Survivin. In hierarchical cluster analysis, total Survivin clustered with basal marker expression, whereas acetylated Survivin clustered with luminal marker expression. In multivariate analysis, high total Survivin expression was an independent predictor of worse overall survival in patients with breast cancer (relative risk, 11; P < .01). These data indicate that high levels of total Survivin predict poor outcome in patients with grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma and correlate directly with a basal-like phenotype. In contrast, high expression of the acetylated form of the protein associates with a favorable outcome and preferentially correlates with luminal-type tumors. Survivin likely has different functions in distinct breast cancer subtypes, and diagnostic strategies that incorporate immunohistochemical markers that detect both Survivin forms may help better strategize patient risk and direct therapy.
Regiospecific Functionalization of Binor S by A Gif Type Oxidation System

Under GoAggIII conditions, the saturated heptacyclic hydrocarbon Binor S which contains 12 tertiary and 2 secondary carbons, was regiospecifically oxidized to a single product, the ketone heptacyclo[8.4.0.02,7.03,5.04,8.09,13.012,14]tetradecane-6-one with good yield. This work represents the first example of a completely regiospecific oxidation of a methylene group into a ketone in the presence of so many saturated tertiary CH bonds by a Gif type system..
Comparison of column ozone retrievals by use of an UV multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture UV-B Monitoring Program measures ultraviolet light at seven wavelengths from 300 to 368 nm with an ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer (UV-MFRSR) at 25 sites across the United States, including Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Column ozone has been retrieved under all-sky conditions near Boulder, Colorado (40.177 °N, 105.276 °W), from global irradiances of the UV-MFRSR 332- and 305-nm channels (2 nm FWHM) using lookup tables generated from a multiple-scattering radiative transfer code suitable for solar zenith angles (SZA’s) up to 90°. The most significant sources of error for UV-MFRSR column ozone retrievals at SZA’s less than 75° are the spectral characterizations of the filters and the absolute calibration uncertainty, which together yield an estimated uncertainty in ozone retrievals of ±4.0%. Using model sensitivity studies, we determined that the retrieved column ozone is relatively insensitive (<±2%) to typical variations in aerosol optical depth, cloud cover, surface pressure, stratospheric temperature, and surface albedo. For 5 months in 1996–1997 the mean ratio of column ozone retrieved by the UV-MFRSR divided by that retrieved by the collocated Brewer was 1.024 and for the UV-MFRSR divided by those from a nearby Dobson was 1.025. The accuracy of the retrieval becomes unreliable at large SZA’s of more than 75° as the detection limit of the 305-nm channel is reached and because of overall angular response errors. The UV-MFRSR advantages of relatively low cost, unattended operation, automated calibration stability checks using Langley plots, and minimal maintenance make it a unique instrument for column ozone measurement.
Nonlinear modeling, strength-based design, and testing of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters under large dynamic loads for rotorcraft applications

There has been growing interest in enabling wireless health and usage monitoring for rotorcraft applications, such as helicopter rotor systems. Large dynamic loads and acceleration fluctuations available in these environments make the implementation of vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters a very promising choice. However, such extreme loads transmitted to the harvester can also be detrimental to piezoelectric laminates and overall system reliability. Particularly flexible resonant cantilever configurations tuned to match the dominant excitation frequency can be subject to very large deformations and failure of brittle piezoelectric laminates due to excessive bending stresses at the root of the harvester. Design of resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters for use in these environments require nonlinear electroelastic dynamic modeling and strength-based analysis to maximize the power output while ensuring that the harvester is still functional. This paper presents a mathematical framework to design and analyze the dynamics of nonlinear flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters under large base acceleration levels. A strength-based limit is imposed to design the piezoelectric energy harvester with a proof mass while accounting for material, geometric, and dissipative nonlinearities, with a focus on two demonstrative case studies having the same linear fundamental resonance frequency but different overhang length and proof mass values. Experiments are conducted at different excitation levels for validation of the nonlinear design approach proposed in this work. The case studies in this work reveal that harvesters exhibiting similar behavior and power generation performance at low excitation levels (e.g. less than 0.1g) can have totally different strength-imposed performance limitations under high excitations (e.g. above 1g). Nonlinear modeling and strength-based design is necessary for such excitation levels especially when using resonant cantilevers with no geometric constraint.
Serum LH and FSH following Passive Immunization Against Circulating Testosterone in the Intact Male Rat and in Orchidectomized Rats Bearing Subcutaneous Silastic Implants of Testosterone

Subcutaneous Silastic implants were designed to release quantities of testosterone approximating that produced by the rat testis and appropriate testosterone treatment was found to produce a physiologic inhibition of both LH and FSH secretion in orchidectomized rats. In rats bearing such testosterone implants, intravenous injection of an ovine anti-testosterone serum (0.3 cc) was sufficient to completely abolish the inhibitory effects of the testosterone implant for a period of 3 days as judged by the development of typical post-castration increases in serum LH and FSH. When this dose of antiserum was administered to intact adult male rats, the increases in serum LH on days 1, 2, and 3 post-injection were approximately 19%, 15%, and 11% of those observed in untreated castrates. Increases in serum FSH in antiserum injected rats followed a pattern similar to that for serum LH but the response was slightly greater (19%, 23%, and 22% of the castrate response) and there was no indication of a decreasing effect...
Studies with the high voltage electron microscope of normal, degenerating, and Golgi impregnated neuronal processes

Synaptic relationships between neuronal processes have been studied in thick sections (up to 1.0 mum) with high voltage electron microscopy. Some of the problems that arise in the study of such thick sections have been considered. (1) Where two parts of a single process are in continuity through a narrow stalk, as a dendritic stem and one of its spines, the continuity can generally not be seen if the stalk is included within the section or is crossed in the section by other processes. (2) Membranes that are viewed face-on cannot be seen in the thick sections and, therefore, processes belonging to two separate nerve cells may appear as though they are in cytoplasmic continuity. (3) Synaptic junctions that are viewed face-on cannot be seen in the thick sections, and junctions lying close to the same angle are also invisible; the relative number of invisible junctions depends upon a number of factors, including the section thickness and the size and contrast properties of the junctional specializations. Two methods of marking neuronal processes have been explored: (1) degenerating axons that are undergoing the dark degenerative change can be recognized readily within the thick sections. However, they stand out less clearly than in thin sections. (2) Neuronal processes that have been impregnated by an extra-rapid modification of the Golgi method can be easily traced in thick sections. It is possible to study some of the synaptic contacts made by these impregnated processes, especially if the processes have been only lightly impregnated or if the silver dichromate deposits are secondarily removed.
Virtual collaborative environments: programming and controlling robotic devices remotely

This paper describes a technology for remote sharing of intelligent electro-mechanical devices. An architecture and actual system have been developed and tested, based on the proposed National Information Infrastructure (NII) or Information Highway, to facilitate programming and control of intelligent programmable machines (like robots, machine tools, etc.). Using appropriate geometric models, integrated sensors, video systems, and computing hardware; computer controlled resources owned and operated by different (in a geographic sense as well as legal sense) entities can be individually or simultaneously programmed and controlled from one or more remote locations. Remote programming and control of intelligent machines will create significant opportunities for sharing of expensive capital equipment. Using the technology described in this paper, university researchers, manufacturing entities, automation consultants, design entities, and others can directly access robotic and machining facilities located across the country. Disparate electro-mechanical resources will be shared in a manner similar to the way supercomputers are accessed by multiple users. Using this technology, it will be possible for researchers developing new robot control algorithms to validate models and algorithms right from their university labs without ever owning a robot. Manufacturers will be able to model, simulate, and measure the performance of prospective robots before selecting robot hardware optimally suited for their intended application. Designers will be able to access CNC machining centers across the country to fabricate prototypic parts during product design validation. An existing prototype architecture and system has been developed and proven. Programming and control of a large gantry robot located at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was demonstrated from such remote locations as Washington D.C., Washington State, and Southern California.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Combined inhibition of glycolysis, the pentose cycle, and thioredoxin metabolism selectively increases cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human breast and prostate cancer.

Inhibition of glycolysis using 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG, 20 mM, 24–48 h) combined with inhibition of the pentose cycle using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 300 µM, 24–48 h) increased clonogenic cell killing in both human prostate (PC-3 and DU145) and human breast (MDA-MB231) cancer cells via a mechanism involving thiol-mediated oxidative stress. Surprisingly, when 2DG+DHEA treatment was combined with an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis (l-buthionine sulfoximine; BSO, 1 mM) that depleted GSH>90% of control, no further increase in cell killing was observed during 48 h exposures. In contrast, when an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity (Auranofin; Au, 1 µM), was combined with 2DG+DHEA or DHEA-alone for 24 h, clonogenic cell killing was significantly increased in all three human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, enhanced clonogenic cell killing seen with the combination of DHEA+Au was nearly completely inhibited using the thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 20 mM). Redox Western blot analysis of PC-3 cells also supported the conclusion that thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) oxidation was enhanced by treatment DHEA+Au and inhibited by NAC. Importantly, normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) were not as sensitive to 2DG, DHEA, and Au combinations as their cancer cell counterparts (MDA-MB-231). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that inhibition of glycolysis and pentose cycle activity, combined with inhibition of Trx metabolism, may provide a promising strategy for selectively sensitizing human cancer cells to oxidative stress-induced cell killing.
Reassessing the standard chest radiograph for intraparenchymal activity.

The results concerning the activity or inactivity of the alveolitis determined with our proposed scoring system were comparable to those determined with gallium scanning in 68.2% of the patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis in our study. Certainly, further evaluation of a larger series of patients over a longer period of time will be required to more adequately evaluate this classification method. We also believe this methodology is reproducible and can be utilized by experienced interpreters of chest radiographs. If we closely reevaluate the 32% of the cases in which the radiographic results disagreed with the gallium assessment of activity, two points worthy of mention become evident. In one group the gallium indices were borderline for activity whereas in the other group the radiographic criteria were most likely indicative of irreversible parenchymal changes. When the radiographs for the latter group were reevaluated for signs of fibrosis such as volume loss, cystic changes, and alteration in vascular patterns, it was possible to delineate a significant false-positive group of patients. We will be reporting the long-term results of our observations over the next several years as well as adding more groups of patients to our initial study analysis. At that time, correlation with allmore » other measurable parameters in determining high-intensity alveolitis versus low-intensity alveolitis will be compared to these new chest radiographic profiles.« less
ac Hopping Conductivity of a One-Dimensional Bond-Percolation Model

The exact frequency dependence of the ac hopping conductivity of a one-dimensional chain with random interruptions is obtained. The real and imaginary parts of the ac conductivity are shown to vanish quadratically and linearly, respectively, with frequency at the static limit. Critical behavior of the ac conductivity in the limit of no interruptions is discussed.
Unbinding transitions of interacting membranes.

Molecular membranes in aqueous solutions interact via van der Waals, hydration, and electrostatic forces. In addition, thermal fluctuations of the membranes generate long-range effective repulsion. A systematic theory of the interplay among these interactions reveals a continuous phase transition from a state where the membranes are bound together to a state where they are completely separated. In three dimensions, this unbinding transition is driven by fluctuations. Quantitative correlations with data for lipid bilayers suggest that it can be observed experimentally.
Dispersion of displaying male sage grouse. I: Patterns of temporal variation

The distribution of lek sizes was examined in each of three populations of sage grouse in eastern California. Peak seasonal lek sizes collected over a 35 year period were found to covary among the three sites indicating that some global environmental or demographic features modulated male attendance in any given year. Despite these annual variations, the ranks of the three populations with regard to mean lek size remained stable. In all three populations, there was a persistent excess of small and large leks, compared to random settlement on the same number of sites, and a consistency in the ranking by size of particular sites in successive years. The sequential phenology of lek site occupation in each population was correlated with recolonization of habitats surrounding central wintering refuges each spring. Some lek sites utilized for display in early spring were regularly abandoned prior to the onset of mating as more peripheral leks became active. On top of population, site, and seasonal variations in lek size, pronounced daily fluctuations in attendance were common. Multivariate regressions indicated that an average 36% of the daily variation in male numbers was correlated with weather variables, female attendance levels, and prior raptor harassment. Several outcomes of the analyses support the notion that dispersion of males is partly determined by male settlement on current female traffic patterns (hotspot settlement). The analyses also suggest that display is sufficiently costly that variations in male attendance are in part a result of conflicts between strutting and thermoregulatory expenditures.
PREDICTORS OF PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT AND SATISFACTION

Few researchers have simultaneously examined the multiple components of fathering, attitudes, practices, involvement, and satisfaction. Consequently, there is little information available concerning the empirical relations among these dimensions of fathering and of the theoretical meanings implied by these relations. 177 fathers of firstborn sons and daughters, ages 4, 8, 12, and 16 years, were administered structured standardized questionnaires assessing their childrearing practices, attitudes, involvement, and satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses identified several significant predictors of paternal involvement across the four age groups, including demographic variables and childrearing practices. Analyses conducted within each age group yielded somewhat different regression models. Implications for research on fathering and parental education programs are discussed.
Superconducting phase diagram of Li metal in nearly hydrostatic pressures up to 67 GPa

The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature T(c) on nearly hydrostatic pressure has been determined to 67 GPa in an ac susceptibility measurement for a Li sample embedded in helium pressure medium. With increasing pressure, superconductivity appears at 5.47 K for 20.3 GPa, T(c) rising rapidly to approximately 14 K at 30 GPa. The T(c)(P) dependence to 67 GPa differs significantly from that observed in previous studies where no pressure medium was used. Evidence is given that superconductivity in Li competes with symmetry breaking structural phase transitions which occur near 20, 30, and 62 GPa. In the pressure range 20-30 GPa, T(c) is found to decrease rapidly in a dc magnetic field, the first evidence that Li is a type I superconductor.
Removal of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from air via biofiltration: performance assessment and microbial community structure.

Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale biofilter to assess the ability of a fixed-film biological process to treat an air stream containing β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene emitted by a variety of conifer trees as well as industrial wood processing operations. Treatment performance was evaluated under a variety of pollutant loading conditions and nutrient supply rates over an operational period lasting more than 240 days. At empty bed contact times (EBCTs) as low as 10 s and daily average pollutant loading rate as high as 24.2 g C/(m3 h) (grams pollutant measured as carbon per cubic meter packed bed volume per hour), removal efficiencies in excess of 95 % were observed when sufficient nutrients were supplied. Results demonstrate that, as with biofilters treating other compounds, biofilters treating β-caryophyllene can experience local nutrient limitations that result in diminished performance. The biofilter successfully recovered high removal efficiency within a few days after resumption of pollutant loading following a 14-day interval of no contaminant loading. Construction of a 16S rRNA gene library via pyrosequencing revealed the presence of a high proportion of bacteria clustering within the genera Gordonia (39.7 % of the library) and Rhodanobacter (37.6 %). Other phylotypes detected at lower relative abundances included Pandoraea (6.2 %), unclassified Acetobacteraceae (5.5 %), Dyella (3.3 %), unclassified Xanthomonadaceae (2.6 %), Mycobacterium (1.8 %), and Nocardia (0.6 %). Collectively, results demonstrate that β-caryophyllene can be effectively removed from contaminated gas streams using biofilters.
Nutrient digestibility of lower-fiber rations in the ruminant animal

Abstract Digestibility trials with growing steers related chemical composition as defined by detergent analyses to true and apparent digestible components in 14 lower-fiber rations. Linear relationships were significant when the digested fraction of a constituent was regressed on the total constituent consumed in the rations for cell-wall constituents, cellulose, hemicellulose, neutral detergent solubles, and nitrogen fractions, with less nutritive uniformity in the fibrous fractions. Total ration cellulose explained 77% (coefficient of determination) of the variation in digestible cellulose while lignification constituted only 20%. Total hemicellulose explained 59% of the variation in digestible hemicellulose with a small contribution (6%) from lignification. Decreased apparent digestibility of detergent solubles or increased fecal loss of nonfibrous energy were related to increased cell-wall fiber in the ration. Correlation (r = .97, P
Decomposition by planktonic and attached microorganisms improves chemical fate models

Terms for decomposition by both suspended and attached microorganisms were included in a model to calculate the fate of chemicals in aquatic systems. This model differs from previous models primarily by the inclusion of a term for decomposition by aufwuchs in addition to a term for decomposition by planktonic microorganisms. Decomposition by aufwuchs is represented as occurring at a rate limited by the serial processes of transport to a planar surface and decomposition at the surface. Two sets of experiments were conducted using replicate laboratory microcosms, each maintained with six different environments. The predictive capability was good, as indicated by the absence of statistically detectable differences between predictions and laboratory measurements. In making the predictions, a set of parameters describing the characteristics of the chemical was required. Included in these parameters were the rate coefficients for the two microbial decomposition terms. With both microbial decomposition terms included, the fate model accounted satisfactorily for observed methyl parathion concentrations using only a single, environment-independent rate coefficient for each term.
Diamond tool wear measurement by electron-beam-induced deposition

Quantitative characterization of a diamond tool profile is critical to reveal tool wear mechanisms. An electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) method reported previously is further developed and improved to measure diamond tool profiles using a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The edge radius and wear land length for new and worn diamond tools were derived from analysis of the EBID-SEM images. Experimental results are presented to show that the methodology is an effective means to characterize diamond tool wear.
Low brain DHA content worsens sensorimotor outcomes after TBI and decreases TBI-induced Timp1 expression in juvenile rats

The effects of dietary modulation of brain DHA content on outcomes after TBI were examined in a juvenile rat model. Long-Evans rats with normal or diet-induced decreases in brain DHA were subjected to a controlled cortical impact or sham surgery on postnatal day 17. Rats with the greatest decreases in brain DHA had the poorest sensorimotor outcomes after TBI. Ccl2, Gfap, and Mmp 9 mRNA levels, and MMP-2 and -9 enzymatic activities were increased after TBI regardless of brain DHA level. Lesion volume was not affected by brain DHA level. In contrast, TBI-induced Timp1 expression was lower in rats on the Deficient diet and correlated with brain DHA level. These data suggest that decreased brain DHA content contributes to poorer sensorimotor outcomes after TBI through a mechanism involving modulation of Timp1 expression.
Out of the funhouse mirrors: steps toward understanding the role of parenting in maladaptive child development.

c e w t e t g p b q E very major theory of the origins of mental health problems, from Sigmund Freud to Gerald Patterson, posits a key causal role for maladaptive parenting. We are, in the shared view of the mental health field, the person created by our parents—but, are we really? This is one of the most important, complicated, and vexing questions facing the mental health sciences. Trying to answer it has proved to be at least as confounding and confusing as navigating carnival funhouse mirrors. In favor of the widely held view that parents causally influence the lives of their children, there are hundreds of studies reporting correlations between variations in parenting and variations in the mental health outcomes of children. In some cases, these correlational studies are predictive, with parenting measured at one point in time and child mental health measured later. Correlation does not equal causation, of course, but these predictive correlations could mean that variations in parenting cause variations in the mental health outcomes of children. In contrast, psychologist Dick Bell taught us years ago that the causal effect could go in the opposite direction: the behavior of children often has profound effects on the ways in which parents interact with them. In a clever and rigorous test of Bell’s child-effects hypothesis, Russell Barkley and Charles Cunningham showed that, although the mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder interacted in what appeared to be maladaptive ways with their children, their parenting became significantly more responsive and less demanding when a dose of methylphenidate was taken—by child, not the mother. The improved behavior of the child after taking medication changed the mother’s behavior toward the child. Similarly, longitudinal studies of twins, which J
Non-invasive cardiopulmonary support: a canine survival model.

Abstract A canine model (group A = 7, B = 7, C = 6) was developed for the study of postresuscitative disease following untreated ventricular fibrillation with ventilatory arrest (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 min, respectively). Non-invasive circulatory support (pneumatic vest/binder), with accompanying ventilatory support, was administered for 20.0, 20.0 and 15.0 min, respectively, followed by defibrillation, recovery and elective euthanasia. Sodium bicarbonate and epinephrine were administered during support and early recovery. Group A received the least amount of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary support and had the highest mean arterial pressure during early recovery. Group B received the most epinephrine during cardiopulmonary support and in total. There were no significant differences in total energy applied during defibrillation. In group A, there was a positive correlation between the total energy applied during defibrillation and the amount of epinephrine administered during early recovery. In group B, there was a positive correlation between the amount of epinephrine administered during cardiopulmonary support and the total energy applied during defibrillation and a negative correlation between the total energy applied and the mean arterial pressure during early recovery. The neurological quality of survival in this model will permit the protracted study of organ dysfunction(s) following prolonged cardiopulmonary arrest and support.
Sputtering of Au, Csl and LiNbO3 by multiply charged Ar ions

We have bombarded targets of Csl, LiNbO_3 and Au with 48, 48 and 60 keV Ar^(q+) ions, respectively, for q = 4, 8 and 11. To look for any possible ejection mechanisms related to the primary charge state q of the projectile, we have examined the total (neutral plus ionic) differential angular sputtering yields and total integrated sputtering yields as a function of q. Our measurements were made using a collector technique: sputtered material was captured on foils surrounding the target, which were subsequently analyzed using heavy ion Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy to determine angular distributions; total sputtering yields were obtained from the angular distributions. No significant variation was observed in the yield from the Au target, but slight ( ~ 10%) enhancements in the total yields from the insulating targets were measured as the projectile charge state was increased from 4 + to 11 +.
A LONG-ACTING ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUG, OXAPROZIN, IN THE TREATMENT OF JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (JRA)

A LONG-ACTING ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUG, OXAPROZIN, IN THE TREATMENT OF JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (JRA)
Acceptability of a Computerized Brief Intervention for Alcohol Among Abstinent But At-Risk Pregnant Women

ABSTRACTBackground: Limitations in time and training have hindered widespread implementation of alcohol-based interventions in prenatal clinics. Also, despite the possibility of underreporting or relapse, many at-risk women report that they quit drinking after pregnancy confirmation so that interventions focusing on current drinking may seem unnecessary. The Computerized Brief Intervention for Alcohol Use in Pregnancy (C-BIAP) was designed to (a) be implemented via a handheld device in prenatal clinics, and (b) use a modified brief intervention strategy with women who screen at-risk but report no current drinking. Methods: The authors administered the C-BIAP to 18 T-ACE (Tolerance, Annoyance, Cut Down, and Eye Opener)-positive pregnant African American women who provided quantitative and qualitative feedback. Results: The C-BIAP received high ratings of acceptability; qualitative feedback was also positive overall and suggested good acceptance of abstinence themes. Conclusions: Technology may be a feasibl...
Absence of final-state screening shifts in photoemission spectroscopy frontier orbital alignment measurements at organic/semiconductor interfaces

Abstract Chloroindium phthalocyanine (ClInPc) thin films were grown by vapor deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. The alignment of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) of the phthalocyanine layer relative to the Fermi level of the HOPG substrate was determined by combined X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS, UPS) measurements. The measurements revealed that the electronic structure of this interface is almost free of band bending, which results in only very weak shifts of the ClInPc-related XPS core-level peaks. Therefore, the influence of final-state screening shifts on orbital alignment measurements at organic/semiconductor interfaces with photoemission spectroscopy (PES) can be investigated in this system. The comparison of our results with PES measurements of monolayers and multilayers of xenon on palladium substrates revealed that final-state screening plays no or only an insignificant role within the accuracy that can be achieved in such measurements.
Gastric mucosal damage induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose involves medullary TRH in the rat

These studies examined the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on gastric mucosal integrity. Intravenous administration of 2-DG in doses of 100 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently produced multiple, hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions while 75 mg/kg of 2-DG failed to induce gastric lesions. Intracisternal injection of 2-DG in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg also induced gastric mucosal damage in a dose-dependent manner whereas the injection of 5 mg/kg of 2-DG intracisternally did not induce the development of gastric lesions. Gastric mucosal damage by intravenous 2-DG was completely blocked by bilateral gastric branch vagotomy. Intracisternal but not intraperitoneal injection of anti-TRH antibody 8964 significantly reduced the severity of gastric mucosal lesions evoked by intravenous administration of 2-DG. These results suggest that 2-DG acts in the brain to induce gastric mucosal damage through vagal dependent pathways. Endogenous TRH in the central nervous system may be involved in the production of gastric mucosal damage by 2-DG.
Scattering From Objects at a Water–Sediment Interface: Experiment, High-Speed and High-Fidelity Models, and Physical Insight

In March 2010, a series of measurements were conducted to collect synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) data from objects placed on a water–sediment interface. The processed data were compared to two models that included the scattering of an acoustic field from an object on a water–sediment interface. In one model, finite-element (FE) methods were used to predict the scattered pressure near the outer surface of the target, and then this local target response was propagated via a Helmholtz integral to distant observation points. Due to the computational burden of the FE model and Helmholtz integral, a second model utilizing a fast ray model for propagation was developed to track time-of-flight wave packets, which propagate to and subsequently scatter from an object. Rays were associated with image sources and receivers, which account for interactions with the water–sediment interface. Within the ray model, target scattering is reduced to a convolution of a free-field scattering amplitude and an incident acoustic field at the target location. A simulated or measured scattered free-field pressure from a complicated target can be reduced to a (complex) scattering amplitude, and this amplitude then can be used within the ray model via interpolation. The ray model permits the rapid generation of realistic pings suitable for SAS processing and the analysis of acoustic color templates. Results from FE/Helmholtz calculations and FE/ray model calculations are compared to measurements, where the target is a solid aluminum replica of an inert 100-mm unexploded ordnance (UXO).
Inhibitory G protein alpha subunit (Giα) expression and localization during human trophoblast differentiation

Objective: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) participates in the regulation of processes associated with trophoblast syncytialization. As guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) modulate adenylate cyclase activity, the present study investigated the expression and regulation of the alpha subunit of inhibitory G protein (Giα) during human trophoblast differentiation in vitro. Study Design: Protein levels and the immunolocalization of the protein at a subcellular level were assessed. Results: Expression of Giα protein decreased during syncytialization. Moreover, Giα transmigrated from a predominantly cell membrane-associated to a predominantly perinuclear location during the process. Conclusion: These results suggest that Giα is regulated and may be implicated in cAMP-dependent events during the terminal differentiation of human trophoblasts.
Needed: A historico-dynamical view of theory change

Most authors who have been discussing in recent years the problem of theory change seem to have had forgotten that they have been discussing the actual theory changes in history. History is a one-way succession of events such that their succession in a reverse order would not constitute a history. In history, succession of events involves, in a certain delicate balance, both continuation and alteration. History is a complex interplay of causality and contingency. What is 'determined' by the past and what is 'accidental' should be an important subject of study. History is a process of choosing at each time-point a unique solution out of infinitely many alternatives. Moreover, a written history is an artful selection of events, depending on the sense of value and order of the author. All these essential elements that make a history a history are sadly left out of consideration in the writings of the recent authors discussing theory change. I should like to specify four separate, but interrelated, complaints about the recent discussions of the subject of theory change. I shall choose main ly Thomas S. Kuhn as the target of my criticism, but many of my objec tions could be addressed equally well to some other authors, including some of Kuhn's critics. (i) The key concepts in Kuhn's theory, such as 'paradigm', incommen surability, Gestalt-switch do not reflect any trace of one-wayness of history. It is true, he occasionally speaks of progress and 'increased problem-solving ability', but these concepts do not play any essential role in his theory. When A and B are two successive theories, the most impor tant aspect of the relation of A to B:f(A, B), should be characterized by its asymmetry :f(A, B) +f(B, A). Any theory which does not take seriously this asymmetry does not deserve the name of a historical study of theory change. Kuhn's does not. (ii) When A and B are two successive theories, it is obvious that theory B builds pertinent concepts in a different way from theory A. What is as
Distribution of14C after topical application of14C-labeled 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in mice

Following topical application of14C-labeled 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) to the skin of mice radioactivity was found in all viscera and tissues examined. Exclusive of the gut, highest values were recorded for the liver, kidney and lung.
Pressure losses across gravel packs

Abstract An analytical solution is presented for laminar flow across a gravel pack. THe solution was obtained by solving the three-dimensional (3-D) diffusivity equation. This solution describes the divergent flow in the gravel-packed annulus between screen and casing. The solution is in the form of an infinite Fourier-Bessel series. An electrical analog was constructed to verify the mathematical solution. The mathematical model compared very well with the experimental data. The analytical solution was then used to investigate the effects of several design parameters on the productivity of a gravel-packed well. The perforation size and shot density were identified as the most important parameters.
Age-related changes in the frequency profile of children's finger tremor.

Abstract Little consensus exists as to the age-related pattern of change in the frequency characteristics of postural tremor through childhood. We investigated postural finger tremor of children (6 and 10 years) and adults (18–22 years) using accelerometers under dual and single limb conditions (10 s trials). The postural tremor of the children exhibited proportionally more power below 10 Hz and less power above 20 Hz than that of the adults. It also showed a significantly lower peak frequency and lower proportion of power at the peak frequency than the adults in the 15–30 Hz frequency band but did not differ significantly from the adults in peak frequency or proportion of power at the peak frequency in the 5–15 Hz frequency band. The greater relative contribution of fast time scales over the 1–30 Hz frequency band in the organization of the postural tremor of the adults in comparison to the children may be a contributing factor to adult's typically observed reduced motor skill performance variability.
Bilateral fetal striatal grafts in the 3-nitropropionic acid-induced hypoactive model of Huntington's disease.

Abstract We investigated the 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)–induced hypoactive model of Huntington’s disease (HD) to demonstrate whether fetal tissue transplantation can ameliorate behavioral deficits associated with a more advanced stage of HD. Twelve-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were introduced to the 3-NP dosing regimen (10 mg/kg, i.p., once every 4 days for 28 consecutive days), and were then tested for general spontaneous locomotor activity in the Digiscan locomotor apparatus. All rats displayed significant hypoactivity compared to their pre-3-NP injection locomotor activity. Randomly selected rats then received bilateral intrastriatal solid grafts of fetal striatal (lateral ganglionic eminence, LGE) tissues from embryonic day 14 rat fetuses. Approximately 1/3 of each LGE in hibernation medium was infused into each lesioned host striatum. In control rats, medium alone was infused intrastriatally. A 3-mo posttransplant maturation period was allowed prior to locomotor activity testing. Animals receiving fetal LGE grafts exhibited a significant increase in locomotor activity compared to their post-3-NP injection activity or to the controls’ posttransplant activity. Surviving striatal grafts were noted in functionally recovered animals. This observation supports the use of fetal striatal transplants to correct the akinetic stage of HD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has investigated the effects of fetal striatal transplantation in a hypoactive model of HD.
Propylthiouracil reduces xenograft tumor growth in an athymic nude mouse prostate cancer model.

Abstract Methods: Several anecdotal reports indicate that cancer may occasionally remain in a dormant state for prolonged periods in patients with hypothyroidism. Once the hypothyroid state is recognized and supplementation therapy with thyroid hormones is initiated, disease progression occurs. In this experiment, 6-n-propyl- 2-thiouracil (PTU) was added to the water of athymic nude mice. The animals were subsequently inoculated with cells from a human prostate cancer cell line. Results: The growth rate of subcutaneously implanted prostate xenografts was significantly slower in mice treated with PTU compared with mice that did not receive PTU. In a separate experiment, tritiated thymidine incorporation assays were performed in DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells with and without PTU. No significant differences were observed, indicating that PTU did not exert any antitumor effect in vitro. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that PTU inhibits the growth of human prostate tumors in nude mice via an indirect effect. This antitumor effect may be caused by hypothyroidism. This is the first in vivo study suggesting potential therapeutic applications for thyroid hormone manipulations in human cancer of the prostate. Further studies will determine growth kinetics of xenotransplanted prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. PTUinduced hypothyroidism may be further explored in conjunction with other antineoplastic therapy.
Polyester textile bioadhesion to muscle and bone.

Surgical repair of injuries to the flexor tendons of the hand does not give satisfactory clinical results. In an attempt to solve this clinical problem, basic studies have been done aimed at developing an artificial tendon. In this paper, the anatomy of the flexor tendons and the physiology of their wound healing is related to the clinical problems encountered in this type surgery. It is proposed that a satisfactory way to solve this clinical problem is development of a permanently implantable functional flexor tendon prosthesis. Dacron polyester fabric of four various weave configurations were implanted into the musculotendinous junction of rabbits and into the femurs of dogs for periods varying from 2 to 8 weeks. The strength of the ingrowth into these fabrics was mechanically measured and related to surface area and porosity of the implant. Histological studies of the ingrowth was made. It would appear, at the musculotendinous junction, the strength of the ingrowth into the implant is primarily dependent on the internal fabric porosity and not the surface morphology. The strength of the ingrowth from the bone into the implant exceeded the strength of the materials in all specimens.