cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: natural history and impact on productive living

Studies in which groups of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls of comparable age and education are compared reveal consistent impairments by the patient groups on test of anterograde explicit memory, controlled attentional processing, information processing speed, and abstract reasoning and problem solving. Vocabulary, naming and visual perception are less often affected. However, the extent of cognitive impairment for individual patients varies from none at all to global dementia. Both physical and cognitive impairment contribute equally to predicting employment status, but some patients with global cognitive impairment can continue to work effectively at mentally demanding professional jobs. Recently developed screening examinations could detect cognitive impairment early and permit interventions when they should be maximally effective. Three key issues in clinical neuropsychology are identified which have not been addressed by traditional neuropsychology. Italian neuropsychology, because of its unique characteristics, could lead in understanding these important questions.
Nonstructural Protein 5A (NS5A) and Human Replication Protein A Increase the Processivity of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Activity In Vitro

The precise role(s) and topological organization of different factors in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication complex are not well understood. In order to elucidate the role of viral and host proteins in HCV replication, we have developed a novel in vitro replication system that utilizes a rolling-circle RNA template. Under close-to-physiological salt conditions, HCV NS5BΔ21, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, has poor affinity for the RNA template. Human replication protein A (RPA) and HCV NS5A recruit NS5BΔ21 to the template. Subsequently, NS3 is recruited to the replication complex by NS5BΔ21, resulting in RNA synthesis stimulation by helicase. Both RPA and NS5A(S25-C447), but not NS5A(S25-K215), enabled the NS5BΔ21-NS3 helicase complex to be stably associated with the template and synthesize RNA product in a highly processive manner in vitro. This new in vitro HCV replication system is a useful tool that may facilitate the study of other replication factors and aid in the discovery of novel inhibitors of HCV replication. IMPORTANCE The molecular mechanism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is not fully understood, but viral and host proteins collaborate in this process. Using a rolling-circle RNA template, we have reconstituted an in vitro HCV replication system that allows us to interrogate the role of viral and host proteins in HCV replication and delineate the molecular interactions. We showed that HCV NS5A(S25-C447) and cellular replication protein A (RPA) functionally cooperate as a processivity factor to stimulate HCV replication by HCV NS5BΔ21 polymerase and NS3 helicase. This system paves the way to test other proteins and may be used as an assay for discovery of HCV inhibitors.
Environmental history of a closed-basin lake in the US Great Plains: Diatom response to variations in groundwater flow regimes over the last 8500 cal. yr BP

Sediment records from closed-basin lakes in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America have contributed significantly to our understanding of regional paleoclimatology. A high-resolution (near decadal) fossil diatom record from Kettle Lake, ND, USA that spans the last 8500 cal. yr BP is interpreted in concert with percent abundance of aragonite in the sediment as an independent proxy of groundwater flow to the lake (and thus lake water level). Kettle Lake has been relatively fresh for the majority of the Holocene, likely because of the coarse substrata and a strong connection to the underlying aquifer. Interpretation of diatom assemblages in four groups indicative of low to high groundwater flow, based on the percent of aragonite in sediments, allow interpretations of arid periods (and probable meromictic lake conditions) that could not be detected based on diatom-based salinity reconstructions alone. At the centennial-millennial scale, the diatom record suggests humid/wet periods from 8351 to 8088, 4364 to 1406 and 872 to 620 cal. yr BP, with more arid periods intervening. During the last ~ 4500 years, decadal-centennial scale periods of drought have taken place, despite the generally wetter climate. These droughts appear to have had similar impacts on the Kettle Lake hydrology as the 'Dust Bowl' era droughts, but were longer in duration.
Teaching Librarians To Teach: Recommendations on what We Need to Know.

Few librarians learn to teach by formal coursework. The literature reveals that librarians are teaching themselves to teach by attending conferences and workshops and reading the literature in the field. But it is easy to miss useful teaching tips with our busy schedules. Librarians have taken on the responsibility of trying to create an information literate society. In doing so, librarians need to follow certain guidelines as well as understand critical thinking skills, methods of instruction, learning and motivational theories, how to plan instruction sessions, how to deliver a lecture, and how to work with classroom faculty. In this article, Kilcullen summarizes useful information to help librarians learn to teach.
Haplotype variation, recombination, and gene conversion within the turkey MHC-B locus

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene dense region with profound effects on the disease phenotype. In many species, characterizations of MHC polymorphisms have focused on identifying allelic haplotypes of the highly polymorphic class I and class II loci through direct immunological approaches such as monoclonal antibodies specific for the major antigens or indirectly through DNA sequence-based approaches. Invariably, these studies fail to assess the broader range of variation at the other loci within the MHC. This study examines variation in the turkey MHC by resequencing 15 interspersed amplicons (∼14 kb) spaced across the MHC-B locus in a representative sampling of 52 commercial birds. Over 200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified with high levels of polymorphism (1 SNP/70 bp) and heterozygosity (average minor allele frequency of 0.15). SNP genotypes were used to identify the major haplotypes segregating in the commercial lines. Sequencing of the peptide binding region (PBR, exon 2) of the class IIB loci of select individuals identified 10 PBR alleles/isotypes among the major MHC haplotypes. Examination of pedigreed families provides direct evidence of gene conversion and recombination within the B locus. Results of this study demonstrate the MHC diversity available in commercial flocks and provide genomic resources for studying the effect of this diversity (alleles and/or haplotypes) on disease susceptibility and resistance.
Suitability of a probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei strain as a starter culture in olive fermentation and development of the innovative patented product "probiotic table olives".

Probiotic bacteria are generally available for consumers as concentrated preparations or incorporated in milk-based foods. Due to an increased interest of the market for probiotic foods as well as to meet a demand of industry for innovation, a new kind of probiotic food has been developed using table olives as a carrier. Green table olives, produced according to the Spanish-style, are obtained by a fermentation which can be carried out by spontaneous microflora, even if the use of starter cultures is desirable to obtain a more controlled process. In this regard, the selected strain Lactobacillus paracasei IMPC 2.1 of human origin was used in the dual role of starter and probiotic culture, and here we describe the different aspects which have been evaluated and solved to utilize that strain for the development of a new table olive-based probiotic food. These aspects include selection of the strain on the basis of its probiotic properties, molecular characterization, compatibility with the carrier food and efficacy as starter. The final product meets commercial and functional requirements throughout its shelf-life.
Electrical, Optical, and Morphological Properties of P3HT-MWNT Nanocomposites Prepared by in Situ Polymerization

In situ polymerization of thiophene to poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was carried out in the presence of different loadings of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (0.1−10 wt %). It was found that the nanotubes are dispersed uniformly in the polymer matrix and the polymer chains wrap around the nanotube walls. NMR analysis indicated the presence of both CH−π and π−π interaction between P3HT and MWNTs, thereby enhancing the optical, thermal, and electrical properties of the nanocomposite for certain loadings of MWNTs. With an increase in MWNT concentration the head−tail (H-T) regioregularity of the composites was found to decrease. The UV−vis spectra of the composite films show a red shift of the π−π* transition band with increasing MWNT concentration, which was attributed to the uncoiling of the P3HT chain on the MWNT surface. Additionally, the charge carrier transport phenomenon was studied for these nanocomposites. The temperature-dependent conductivity measurement revealed that the addition of MWNTs into ...
Dendritic cells giveth and taketh away

Resting dendritic cells can induce T cell tolerance. This process requires engagement of the costimulatory molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 on T cells.
Effects of opiate antagonists and putative kappa agonists on unpunished and punished operant behavior in the rat.

The effects of naloxone and diprenorphine, opiate antagonists with different receptor-binding properties, and the putative κ-receptor agonists, ketocyclazocine and ethyl-ketocyclazocine (EKC), were studied on food-reinforced responding in rats. Behavior was maintained under a multiple-component 1-min variable-interval schedule in which 12-min periods of unpunished responding alternated with 4-min periods in which each response was punished by a brief electric footshock. Daily sessions were 1 h. Naloxone (0.01–10 mg/kg) decreased unpunished responding only slightly; punished responding was decreased significantly to 66% of control by 10 mg/kg. Diprenorphine (0.01–10 mg/kg) did not affect unpublished responding and increased punished responding dose-dependently to as much as 190% of control. EKC (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) decreased unpunished and punished responding dose-dependently and comparably, whereas ketocyclazocine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg)decreased unpublished responding but did not significantly affect punished responding. Diprenorphine was more potent than naloxone in blocking the decreases in responding produced by the κ agonists. Differences in the behavioral effects of naloxone and diprenorphine appear to reflect the different receptor-binding properties of the two opiate antagonists.
X-Ray Diffraction Criteria for the Characterization of Chloritic Material in Sediments1

Recent surveys of clay mineral assemblages in argillaceous sediments have indicated that chloridc minerals are of more frequent occurrence and of greater significance than was formerly recognized. The wide latitude of compositional variations within the chlorite crystallization scheme introduces enough complexity into the x-ray diffraction identification and characterization of these minerals that a detailed description of a few typical clay mineral associations seems justified. For the simplest cases, in which resolution of diffraction features from entirely chioritic grains can actually be demonstrated, analyses may be highly reliable. Further, for many unresolved instances, simple heat treatments effect reliable identifications. For more complicated assemblages, in which coherently scattering domains are mixtures within themselves, individually planned heating or swelling reactions may become necessary. Typical natural examples are illustrated, for which apparently proper distinctions have been made for characterizing associations on mono- and mixed-clay mineral grains.
A framework of image use among archaeologists, architects, art historians and artists

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a research study which examined how and why images were used by professional image users to inform the design and development of information systems and services. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 20 participants in four user groups, archaeologist, architect, art historian and artist, took part in this qualitative research study. Data was collected through a survey and one-on-one semi-structured interview and data analysis was completed using case-ordered displays and the constant comparative method. Findings – The findings revealed that image use varied according to profession. Archaeologists and art historians identified using images within their lecture presentations, and for research and publications. While architects and artists noted using images for research and design creation, their work products differed. Several reasons why these professionals used images in their work were identified: knowledge, conceptual model, inspiration, cognitive...
Discrimination of topaz rhyolites by major-element composition: a statistical routine for geochemical exploration

Abstract The recognition of topaz-bearing, calc-alkaline, and peralkaline rhyolites at an early stage of an exploration program may be of both geologic interest and of economic significance due to the different mineral deposits characteristically associated with each of these rock suites. Such discrimination could result in better definition of target areas and commodities to explore within a selected region. A geochemical database of major element analyses of calc-alkaline, peralkaline (comendites), and topaz rhyolites from western North America was assembled. Multiple discriminant function analysis assigned each sample statistically to the calc-alkaline, topaz, or peralkaline groups, using only major element composition. The assignment correctly identified 90% of the rhyolites as members of the groups to which they actually belong. In effect, then, major-element composition can serve as a proxy for fluorine content either when no fluorine analysis is available or when it is suspected that fluorine was not preserved in the rock due to its loss during emplacement or subsequent devitrification. We have included a simplified procedure to use our discrimination model to identify silicic rocks of unknown affiliation. This model makes it possible to evaluate the economic potential of both new or previously explored areas by analyzing data files containing major-element chemical analyses.
Hugh Blair's Observations upon a Pamphlet (1755): Introduction and Text

This article provides a critical edition and brief introduction to a polemical pamphlet of Hugh Blair published anonymously under the title Observations upon a Pamphlet, Intitled, An Analysis of the Moral and Religious Sentiments contained in the Writings of Sopho, and David Hume, Esq; &c. (1755). The work participates in a contemporary controversy concerning human nature and religion. Within the controversy Henry Home, Lord Kames, and David Hume had been attacked for their views on free will, not least in a tract by conservative churchman John Bonar. Blair's pamphlet defends Kames and Hume and provides a rare look at Blair's rhetorical practice apart from his extant sermons.
Switched-capacitor FIR filters-a feasibility study

This paper presents the design and the implementation of three different switched-capacitor FIR filter topologies: a 2-phase direct-form implementation and two poly-phase cascade realizations based on second and fourth order building blocks. The two cascade approaches employ a 3-phase and a 6-phase clocking scheme, respectively. Each method is illustrated by a numerical example and results from silicon prototype circuits are presented. The practical results demonstrate the viability of the proposed implementations and reveal the area and power efficiency of the presented cellular FIR filter approaches. >
Supraglacial lake spatial structure in western Greenland during the 2007 ablation season

[1] Increases in surface melt rates along the Greenland ice sheet margin have accelerated meltwater production, resulting in supraglacial lakes that can drain rapidly and enhance basal sliding. In this study, supraglacial lakes in western Greenland are mapped from multitemporal Landsat panchromatic imagery during the 2007 melt season. The analysis models lake spatial structure and establishes sequencing of drainage from 6 June through 9 August 2007. Results indicate high spatial clustering at lower elevations (between ∼100 and 700 m), with minimum lake-to-lake distances of ∼100–500 m and lake sizes <0.5 km2. At higher elevations (700–1200 m), clustering decreases with minimum distances on the order of 900–1400 m and lake sizes between 0.5 and 1 km2. Lakes at elevations above 1200 m exhibit less clustering and smaller areas. Clustering was spatially heterogeneous within elevation bands, with high clustering between ice streams and fewer lakes along shear margins. Spatial patterns of lake drainage throughout the 2007 melt season exhibit strong spatial coherency. The magnitude of clustering reveals patterns caused by surface melt production and water routing through surface streams as well as in situ drainage. Cluster patterns are influenced by proximity to crevasses fields, shear margins, as well as topographic structure.
339 PHARMACOLOGIC MODULATION BY PGE1 OF O2 PRODUCTION BY HUMAN NEUTROPHILS

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), one of a series of naturally occurring prostenoic acid derivatives, has been pharmacologically exploited for its potent vasodilatory effects. However, the observation that patients with patient ductus arteriousus infused with PGE1 may have a higher incidence of wound infection, has led to the speculation that PGE1 might be used to modulate PMN activity to avoid neutrophil mediated host autoinjury such as occurs in adult respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock capillary leak. Suppression of human PMN NADPH oxidoreductase by PGE1 was assessed utilizing a continuous, initial-velocity enzyme assay to quantitate lag time, linearity, rate and extent of superoxide anion production. Assays containing ≤10−9MPGE1 generated O2 15.8±0.8 nmoles/min/106 PMNs, after a lag time of 13.0±0.8 sec. Catalysis was linear for 26.7±2.4 sec after which a gradual decline in activity ensued. Progressive inhibition of O2 generation was noted at higher PGE1 concentrations (10−9M=0%, 10−8M=16.4%, 10−7M=34.8%, 10−6M=58.2%, 10−5M=100%). No changes in reaction lag time or linearity were noted over these PGE1 concentrations, however, extent of reaction was severely compromised at PGE1 ≥ 10−7M where catalysis was concluded in <1min. Calculation of plateau concentrations of continuously infused PGE1 indicate that in vivo modulation of PMN activity is realistic. Present findings indicate the potential feasibility for pharmacologic titration of PMN activity by PGE1 to limit or avoid inflammatory amplification host autoinjury while simultaneously avoiding nosocomial infection.
Cardiac insufficiency in chronic alcoholism

Abstract The frequent coexistence of malnutrition and heart disease with an obscure cause is a world-wide phenomenon. In only a few instances has a causal relationship between these entities been accepted, e.g., kwashiorkor, beriberi. Nevertheless, circumstances suggest similar instances which demand further study. Consideration must also be given to the possibility that alcohol per se may have a direct toxic effect on the heart. To illustrate these problems further, eight cases are reviewed. The clinical picture and course exhibited by these patients ranged from that of classic beriberi heart disease to typical nonspecific heart failure. In every instance alcoholism was a prominent feature of the clinical syndrome.
Engineering Applications of Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction

Time-of-flight neutron diffraction is widely used in characterizing the microstructure and mechanical response of heterogeneous systems. Microstructural characterization techniques include spatial or temporal mapping of the phases and determination of grain size, dislocation structure, and grain orientations (texture) within these phases. Mechanical response analysis utilizes the crystallographic selectivity of the diffraction process to measure the partitioning of strain within the system. The microstructural and mechanical response information is then used to develop more realistic constitutive models. In this article we review some examples of such measurements, based on our experiences at the Lujan Center of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Direct electrolytic dissolution of silicate minerals for air CO2 mitigation and carbon-negative H2 production

We experimentally demonstrate the direct coupling of silicate mineral dissolution with saline water electrolysis and H2 production to effect significant air CO2 absorption, chemical conversion, and storage in solution. In particular, we observed as much as a 10(5)-fold increase in OH(-) concentration (pH increase of up to 5.3 units) relative to experimental controls following the electrolysis of 0.25 M Na2SO4 solutions when the anode was encased in powdered silicate mineral, either wollastonite or an ultramafic mineral. After electrolysis, full equilibration of the alkalized solution with air led to a significant pH reduction and as much as a 45-fold increase in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration. This demonstrated significant spontaneous air CO2 capture, chemical conversion, and storage as a bicarbonate, predominantly as NaHCO3. The excess OH(-) initially formed in these experiments apparently resulted via neutralization of the anolyte acid, H2SO4, by reaction with the base mineral silicate at the anode, producing mineral sulfate and silica. This allowed the NaOH, normally generated at the cathode, to go unneutralized and to accumulate in the bulk electrolyte, ultimately reacting with atmospheric CO2 to form dissolved bicarbonate. Using nongrid or nonpeak renewable electricity, optimized systems at large scale might allow relatively high-capacity, energy-efficient (<300 kJ/mol of CO2 captured), and inexpensive (<$100 per tonne of CO2 mitigated) removal of excess air CO2 with production of carbon-negative H2. Furthermore, when added to the ocean, the produced hydroxide and/or (bi)carbonate could be useful in reducing sea-to-air CO2 emissions and in neutralizing or offsetting the effects of ongoing ocean acidification.
A Model of Deposition of Hygroscopic Particles in the Human Lung

Many aerosols in the environment are hygroscopic and grow in size once inhaled into the humid respiratory tract. The deposited amount and the distribution of the deposited particles among airways differ from insoluble particles of the same initial diameter. As particles grow in size, diffusive behavior tends to diminish while impaction and sedimentation effects increase. A multiple-path model for deposition of hygroscopic particles in the respiratory tract was developed for symmetric and asymmetric lung geometries by implementing particle size change in a model of insoluble particle deposition in lungs. Particle growth by molecular diffusion of water vapor to the particle surface was formulated. The growth model included temperature depression, solute, Kelvin, and Fuchs effects. Particle growth during travel time in each lung airway was computed. Average loss efficiency per airway was calculated by incorporating contributions from particles of various sizes acquired in that airway. A mass balance on the n...
Laboratory diagnosis of blastomycosis

Summary Other than culture that may take up to 4 weeks, blastomycosis cannot be readily diagnosed by any single procedure. However, using a combination of direct-microscopy, histopathology, culture, and serologic techniques, this rare, yet important, fungal infection can be diagnosed and antifungal therapy instituted when indicated.
INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS SOURCES OF VARIANCE IN SELF‐REPORTED AFFECTIVE VARIABLES1

Self-reported attitude data over the last decade have often been used as predictors of attained second language proficiency and for other purposes. Three possible sources of non-random but extraneous vairance in self-reported attitude data are considered: self-flattery, response set, and the approval motive. It is suggested that some of the variance in verbal intelligence is common to variance in first and second language proficiency, some of which in turn may be common to the kinds of non-random sources of variance in self-reported data which are listed above. It is demonstrated that it is possible that self-reported attitude measures may be surreptitious measures of verbal intelligence and/or language proficiency. To the extent that extraneous non-random sources of variance in self-reported attitude measures can be shown to exist, the measures must be assumed to be non-valid.
Molecular genetics and hereditary cancer: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma as a model

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is frequently associated with the germline mutation of a DNA mismatch repair gene. Tumors from these patients typically exhibit microsatellite instability, which is a reflection of their lack of mismatch repair activity. The genetic diagnosis of these individuals relies on family history, tumor analysis for evidence of lack of mismatch repair, and, finally, mutational analysis of the mismatch repair genes themselves. Early diagnosis of germline mutations in HNPCC individuals is likely to lead to improved cancer surveillance and early tumor detection.
Putting the Pieces Together: Necrolytic Migratory Erythema and the Glucagonoma Syndrome

Glucagonomas are slow-growing, rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They may present with paraneoplastic phenomena known together as the “glucagonoma syndrome.” A hallmark sign of this syndrome is a rash known as necrolytic migratory erythema (NME). In this paper, the authors describe a patient with NME and other features of the glucagonoma syndrome. The diagnosis of this rare tumor requires an elevated serum glucagon level and imaging confirming a pancreatic tumor. Surgical and medical treatment options are reviewed. When detected early, a glucagonoma is surgically curable. It is therefore imperative that clinicians recognize the glucagonoma syndrome in order to make an accurate diagnosis and refer for treatment.
Using the Standardized Letters of Recommendation in Selection: Results From a Multidimensional Rasch Model

In an effort to standardize academic application procedures, the authors developed the Standardized Letters of Recommendation (SLR) to capture important cognitive and noncognitive qualities of grad...
Advancing the science of nursing, improving the quality of care.

The director of the Magnet Recognition Program® provides a comprehensive look at the Magnet® model component new knowledge, innovation, and improvements. This article examines Magnet organizations’ responsibility to advance evidence-based practice, improve quality, and develop new models of care. It
MODALITIES AND INTENSIONAL LANGUAGES

The subject of this paper is the foundations of modal logic. By founda tions, we generally mean the underlying assumptions, the underpinnings. There is a normative sense in which it has been claimed that modal logic is without foundation. Professor Quine, in Word and Object, suggests that it was conceived in sin: the sin of confusing use and mention. The original transgressors were Russell and Whitehead. Lewis followed suit and constructed a logic in which an operator corresponding to 'necessarily' operates on sentences whereas 'is necessary' ought to be viewed as a predicate of sentences. As Professor Quine reconstructs the history of the enterprise,1 the operational use of modalities promised only one advan tage : the possibility of quantifying into modal contexts. This several of us2 were enticed into doing. But the evils of the sentential calculus were found out in the functional calculus, and with it - to quote again from Word and Object - 'the varied sorrows of modality transpose'. I do not intend to claim that modal logic is wholly without sorrows, but only that they are not those which Professor Quine describes. I do claim that modal logic is worthy of defense, for it is useful in connection with many interesting and important questions such as the analysis of causa tion, entailment, obligation and belief statements, to name only a few. If we insist on equating formal logic with strongly extensional functional
Screening of basidiomycetes and gene expression of selected lignin modifying enzymes of Phlebia radiata during biodeterioration of three wood types

Gene expression studies were conducted on selected decay enzymes during the decay of pine, cedar, and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ)-treated pine over 18 months. Measurements of modulus of elasticity (MOE), decay rating, and moisture content were also monitored. After 4 months in a soil bed decay test, identification of decay fungi was made to determine gene expression levels. The white rot fungus, Phlebia radiata was identified on all wood stakes. Therefore, P. radiata species specific primers were designed to track the expression of three decay enzyme genes: lignin peroxidase (Lip), manganese peroxidase (Mnp), and laccase (Lcc) on wood samples. The gene expression of Lip and Mnp was similar on pine and on ACQ-treated pine but no Lip or Mnp was expressed on cedar throughout the study. There was significantly more Lcc produced on ACQ-treated pine stakes at 6, 8, 16, and 18 months than pine stakes while no Lcc was expressed on cedar. Basidiomycete decay genes were present on ACQ-treated pine and decay fungi colonized ACQ-treated pine but caused little if any wood decay. Thus, it appears ACQ-treated wood does not stop the expression of the decay genes but does inhibit the effectiveness of the enzymes. No basidiomycete genes were expressed and few basidiomycetes colonized cedar and little or no decay was observed on cedar. The results show that the naturally durable cedar reduced the wood decay community and gene expression in comparison to untreated pine and ACQ-treated pine. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes decay enzyme gene expressions on chemically and naturally durable woods in forest soils.
Bond functions in the description of the water dimer

Abstract Ab initio calculations on the water dimer show that bond functions greatly increase the basis set superposition error (BSSE) at the correlated level. Counterpoise corrections for BSSE mostly undo the effects of including bond functions, and this holds even for very large basis sets. Also, bond functions seriously affect the location of potential minima for the water dimer, at least until counterpoise corrections are made.
Successes and challenges in computational aerodynamics

The purpose of this paper is to survey some of the highlights of computational fluid dynamics as an emerging branch of aeronautical science, and to identify several remaining unsurmounted challenges. Prior to the advent of the computer there was already in place a rather comprehensive mathematical formulation of fluid mechanics. This had been developed by elegant mathetical analysis, frequently guided by brilliant insights. Well known examples include the airfoil theory of Kutta and Joukowski, Prandtl's wing and boundary layer theories, von Karman's analysis of the vortex street, and more recently Jones' slender wing theory [I], and Hayes' theory of linearized supersonic flow [ Z ] . These methods required simplifying assumptions of various kinds, and could not be used to make quantitative predictions of complex flows dominated by nonlinear effects. The computer opens up new possibilities for attacking these problems by direct calculation of solutions to more complete mathematical models.
Perspectives on Regional Change: A Review Essay on Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories

Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2009 (xi and 529 pp., £135, $250). ABSTRACT This paper reviews the contributions in The Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp. The book's coverage is comprehensive in a conventional way. It emphasizes the significance of recent developments in theoretical and empirical regional analysis that have occurred in both neoclassical (convergence) and new economic geography (concentration) contexts. The role of knowledge spillovers in regional growth receives special attention. Given the recent advances in the field, and renewed interest in regional issues, it is time to expand the focus of analysis from relatively narrow production and distribution concerns, to broader ones that incorporate the effects of structural/sectoral, demographic, and environmental change on the future prospects of regional economies. Such an expansion would not only contribute to the theoretical richness of regional growth and development analysis, it would also do much to expand its utility in guiding public policy.
Biomarker predictors of cardiac hospitalization in chronic heart failure: a recurrent event analysis.

Abstract Background Identification of heart failure (HF) patients at risk for hospitalization may improve care and reduce costs. We evaluated 9 biomarkers as predictors of cardiac hospitalization in chronic HF. Methods and Results In a multicenter cohort of 1,512 chronic HF outpatients, we assessed the association between 9 biomarkers and cardiac hospitalization with the use of a recurrent events approach. Over a median follow-up of 4 years, 843 participants experienced ≥1 hospitalizations (total 2,178 hospitalizations). B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin I (TnI) exhibited the strongest associations with risk of hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 3.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-4.9] and HR 3.3 [95% CI 2.8-3.9]; 3rd vs 1st tertiles). Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (sFlt-1) exhibited the next strongest association (HR 2.8 [95% CI 2.4–3.4]), followed by soluble Toll-like receptor 2 (HR 2.3 [95% CI 2.0–2.8]) and creatinine (HR 1.9 [95% CI 1.6–2.4]). Within ischemic/nonischemic subgroups, BNP and TnI remained most strongly associated. Except for creatinine, HRs for all biomarkers studied were smaller within the ischemic subgroup, suggesting greater importance of cardiorenal interactions in decompensation of ischemic HF. Conclusion Although BNP and TnI exhibited the strongest associations with hospitalization, etiology-dependent associations for the remaining biomarkers suggest etiology-specific mechanisms for HF exacerbation. sFlt-1 exhibited a strong association with cardiac hospitalization, highlighting its potential role as a biomarker of HF morbidity.
Biochemical analysis of ‘kerosene tree’ Hymenaea courbaril L. under heat stress

Hymenaea courbaril or jatoba is a tropical tree known for its medically important secondary metabolites production. Considering climate change, the goal of this study was to investigate differential expression of proteins and lipids produced by this tree under heat stress conditions. Total lipid was extracted from heat stressed plant leaves and various sesquiterpenes produced by the tree under heat stress were identified. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis were used to study lipid and volatile compounds produced by the plant. Several volatiles, isoprene, 2-methyl butanenitrile, β ocimene and a numbers of sesquiterpenes differentially produced by the plant under heat stress were identified. We propose these compounds were produced by the tree to cope up with heat stress. A protein gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) was performed to study differential expression of proteins in heat stressed plants. Several proteins were found to be expressed many folds different in heat stressed plants compared to the control. These proteins included heat shock proteins, histone proteins, oxygen evolving complex, and photosynthetic proteins, which, we believe, played key roles in imparting thermotolerance in Hymenaea tree. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of extensive molecular physiological study of Hymenaea trees under heat stress. This work will open avenues of further research on effects of heat stress in Hymenaea and the findings can be applied to understand how global warming can affect physiology of other plants.
Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX.

Summary On the basis of updated fracture and mortality data, we recommend that the base population values used in the US version of FRAX® be revised. The impact of suggested changes is likely to be a lowering of 10-year fracture probabilities.
Systemic haemostatic alterations during no-flow ischaemia and reperfusion of the ascending colon in ponies

Naturally occurring and experimentally induced ascending colon volvulus (ACV) result in transmural compression, increased microvascular permeability and thrombosis and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa analysis of haemostatic variables in horses with naturally occurring ACV have identified changes in plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activity as the most reliable for diagnosing hypercoagulation and predicting survival. In an experimental pony model of no-flow ACV, which results in microvascular injury and thrombosis, systemic haemostasis was evaluated during ischaemia and reperfusion to determine whether selected haemostatic assays consistently yield results suggestive of altered haemostasis (hypercoagulation). Ten normal adult ponies were randomly divided into two equal groups (Group 1, control; Group 2, experimental volvulus). All experiments were performed under general anaesthesia and were terminal. Haemostatic variables (prothrombin time, PT; activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT, platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and plasma AT III activity) were measured prior to general anaesthesia, immediately before colonic volvulus, at 60 and 120 min of ischaemia, and at 60 and 120 min of reperfusion. Mean plasma AT III activity decreased in both the control and experimental groups after induction of general anaesthesia. Mean plasma AT III activity continued to decrease after reperfusion in Group 2 ponies and differed significantly (p<0.05) from control ponies at 120 min of reperfusion. Prothrombin time, APTT, platelet count and fibrinogen concentration values were not significantly different between groups. The decreased plasma AT III activity following the experimental procedures in this model of no-flow colonic ischaemia and reperfusion was suggestive of systemic hypercoagulation.
Nonstatistical nonlinear filtering

Modern statistical continuous-time nonlinear filtering theory has become so esoteric that its utility for practical applications is frequently questioned. This paper examines whether there may be an alternative rationale for arriving at a plausible nonlinear filter which could be more readily implemented in practice. This rationale dispenses with statistics entirely and approaches the problem as nonlinear least squares curve fitting. In order to do this we consider only a model which contains observation "noise" only, and no state "noise". The object is not so much to come up with a specific filter which solves a specific problem as to gain insight into the nature of the obstacles to computational ease which seem inherent in any formulation.
An Ultra-Compact Optical Interleaver with High Performances Based on Double-Ring Assisted Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

We present an ultra-compact and high-performance optical interleaver based on micro-ring assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using ultra-high-index-contrast (UHIC) waveguide (Deltan=17%). This interleaver exhibits flat and near-square passband and better than -30 dB stopband extinction ratio.
Adoption of information technology in Massachusetts emergency departments.

Abstract Background: Information technology improves outcomes (e.g., by reducing error), and universal implementation of electronic medical records throughout the United States is a national goal. Prior studies have shown low rates of implementation. Objectives: To assess the current state of acquisition and implementation of information technology tools in Massachusetts emergency departments (EDs). Methods: This was part of a larger survey that sought to describe various attributes of all non-federal Massachusetts EDs. We asked about implementation of technologies listed below, and report proportions (95% confidence intervals) and medians (interquartile ranges). We compare responding to non-responding EDs to guard against response bias. Results: We identified and surveyed 74 non-federal EDs; 61 (82%) responded. Of these, the following number (%) reported full implementation of the following technologies: medication ordering, 9 (15%); medication error checking, 7 (11%); current visit information (e.g., chief complaint), 25 (41%); computerized management recommendations based on clinical decision rules, 6 (10%); electronic laboratory results, 55 (90%); computerized clinical reminders, 10 (17%); tracking information, 31 (51%); hospital discharge summaries, 50 (82%); current outpatient medications, 15 (25%); ED visit notes, 30 (49%); radiographic images from a prior visit, 39 (64%); old electrocardiograms, 33 (54%); and computer system to collect real-time clinical data, 23 (38%). Conclusion: Massachusetts EDs have been slow to adopt evidence-based information technologies. A collaborative approach to determining the best available technologies and their implementation would decrease duplication of effort, frustration, and financial waste (due to non-implementation of acquired systems), and would facilitate inter-operability of ED computer systems.
William Buckingham Curtis: The Founding Father of American Amateur Athletics, 1837–1900

(1977). William Buckingham Curtis: The Founding Father of American Amateur Athletics, 1837–1900. Quest: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 28-37.
Fabrication and Tribological Properties of Hard Coatings With Embedded Solid Lubricant Phases

The fabrication of nanocomposite coatings consisting of a hard matrix and solid lubricant islands holds promise developing highly wear resistant coatings with low friction coefficients. We have conducted research on methods for creating hard coating layers with a pattern of holes that can act as reservoirs for solid lubricant phases. The requirements for this method include low cost and the ability to create holes with nearly 1:1 aspect ratios. We first investigated methods to disperse polymer or ceramic microspheres on the substrate, followed by deposition of hard coatings (typically 1–3 microns thick) and then removal of the microspheres. This method resulted in a random distribution of 3 micron holes in the coating, and also permitted deposition of the hard coatings at elevated temperatures. The second part of this study investigated the behavior of a solid lubricant (molybdenum disulphide) when deposited on the surface in thin-film form and a powder (graphite) in liquid suspension form. The effectiveness of the patterned hole structure will be discussed in terms of the ability to reduce friction and wear.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
American religious traditions, orthodoxy, and commitment in public opinion toward torture

The conventional wisdom on evangelical American Protestant support for the use of torture on suspected terrorists is incorrect. With data from the 2008 American National Election Studies survey, we specify the interactive influence of religious traditions on attitudes toward torture by religious commitment and belief orthodoxy. Only at low orthodoxy, and low to average commitment, are Catholics, mainline, and black Protestants more likely to support torture than the unaffiliated; the effect for evangelical Protestants is null. Greater commitment moves most traditions and the unaffiliated toward increased opposition to torture. Stronger orthodoxy, however, leads to support for torture only for the unaffiliated. The findings persist given controls for demographic characteristics, party identification, left-right self-placement, and authoritarian values.
Automated packet trace analysis of TCP implementations

We describe tcpanaly, a tool for automatically analyzing a TCP implementation's behavior by inspecting packet traces of the TCP's activity. Doing so requires surmounting a number of hurdles, including detecting packet filter measurement errors, coping with ambiguities due to the distance between the measurement point and the TCP, and accommodating a surprisingly large range of behavior among different TCP implementations. We discuss why our efforts to develop a fully general tool failed, and detail a number of significant differences among 8 major TCP implementations, some of which, if ubiquitous, would devastate Internet performance. The most problematic TCPs were all independently written, suggesting that correct TCP implementation is fraught with difficulty. Consequently, it behooves the Internet community to develop testing programs and reference implementations.
Fault detection and isolation of gas turbine engines using a bank of neural networks

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to design and develop a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme for aircraft gas turbine engines by using neural networks. Towards this end, first for the fault detection task two types of dynamic neural networks are used and compared to learn the engine dynamics. Specially, the dynamic neural model (DNM) and the time delay neural network (TDNN) are utilized. For both architectures a bank of neural networks is trained separately to capture the dynamic relationships among the engine measurable variables. The results show that certain engine parameters have better detection capabilities as compared to the others. Finally, the fault isolation task is accomplished by using a multilayer perception (MLP) network functioning as a pattern classifier applied to the residual signals that are generated by the two dynamic neural networks used for the purpose of the fault detection task. The simulation results do indeed substantiate and verify that our proposed FDI scheme represents a promising tool for aircraft engine diagnostics and health monitoring.
Proportional rate reduction for TCP

Packet losses increase latency for Web users. Fast recovery is a key mechanism for TCP to recover from packet losses. In this paper, we explore some of the weaknesses of the standard algorithm described in RFC 3517 and the non-standard algorithms implemented in Linux. We find that these algorithms deviate from their intended behavior in the real world due to the combined effect of short flows, application stalls, burst losses, acknowledgment (ACK) loss and reordering, and stretch ACKs. Linux suffers from excessive congestion window reductions while RFC 3517 transmits large bursts under high losses, both of which harm the rest of the flow and increase Web latency.Our primary contribution is a new design to control transmission in fast recovery called proportional rate reduction (PRR). PRR recovers from losses quickly, smoothly and accurately by pacing out retransmissions across received ACKs. In addition to PRR, we evaluate the TCP early retransmit (ER) algorithm which lowers the duplicate acknowledgment threshold for short transfers, and show that delaying early retransmissions for a short interval is effective in avoiding spurious retransmissions in the presence of a small degree of reordering. PRR and ER reduce the TCP latency of connections experiencing losses by 3-10% depending on the response size. Based on our instrumentation on Google Web and YouTube servers in U.S. and India, we also present key statistics on the nature of TCP retransmissions.