cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic immunodeficiency‐associated lymphoproliferative disease of the Hodgkin lymphoma‐like variant in a patient treated with mycophenolate mofetil for autoimmune hepatitis

Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (ILDs) are well-described entities that occur in the setting of organ transplant, bone marrow transplant, and congenital or acquired immunodeficiency [1,2]. The latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues [3] defines a subset of "other iatrogenic ILDs", composed mostly of lymphoproliferations occurring in the setting of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (particularly methotrexate or anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) agents) for autoimmune diseases or conditions other than in the transplant setting such as rheumatoid arthritis [4―9] or inflammatory bowel disease [10]. The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in ILDs is well characterized and the EBV-positive ILDs have a better prognosis than their EBV negative counterparts [9]. Among the morphologic variants of iatrogenic ILDs are classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and Hodgkin-like lymphoproliferations resembling cHL. These are rare entities with very few cases reported in the medical literature [4,8,11,12]. We report a case of EBV-positive ILD of the Hodgkin-like variant in a patient on long-term mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for autoimmune hepatitis. Our patient had a complete response after withdrawal of immunosuppression and treatment with rituximab. As many of these cases will resolve without cytotoxic chemotherapy, this case highlights the importance of recognizing this clinical entity [4] and distinguishing it from de novo lymphomas.
Fluorine-19 NMR studies on the acid state of the intestinal fatty acid binding protein.

The intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) is composed of two β-sheets with a large hydrophobic cavity into which ligands bind. After eight 4-19F-phenylalanines were incorporated into the protein, the acid state of both apo- and holo-IFABP (at pH 2.8 and 2.3) was characterized by means of 1H NMR diffusion measurements, circular dichroism, and 19F NMR. Diffusion measurements show a moderately increased hydrodynamic radius while near- and far-UV CD measurements suggest that the acid state has substantial secondary structure as well as persistent tertiary interactions. At pH 2.8, these tertiary interactions have been further characterized by 19F NMR and show an NOE cross-peak between residues that are located on different β-strands. Side chain conformational heterogeneity on the millisecond time scale was captured by phase-sensitive 19F−19F NOESY. At pH 2.3, native NMR peaks are mostly gone, but the protein can still bind fatty acid to form the holoprotein. An exchange cross-peak of one phenylalanine ...
Measuring Technical, Allocative and Overall Efficiencies Using a DEA Algorithm

This study presents an effectively-designed algorithm for measuring technical, allocative and overall efficiencies, using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The specially designed DEA code takes advantage of unique features related to the DEA algorithm. Computational efficiency of the proposed DEA algorithm is confirmed by a Monte Carlo simulation study.
Competitive Gut Exclusion of Avian Pathogens by Lactobacillus acidophilus in Gnotobiotic Chicks

A total of 205 Grey Leghorn chicks were hatched germfree for separate trials to determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus treatment on pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium and Staphlococcus aureus. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatments with L. acidophilus were administered either before or after the pathogens were introduced. Prophylactic treatments significantly reduced chick mortality (P less than .01) and shedding of the pathogens (P less than .05). The L. acidophilus prophylactic treatments were also effective qualitatively in reducing the isolation of S. typhimurium and Staph. aureus from crop contents but not, to a great extent, from cecal or rectal contents of gnotobiotic chicks at postmortem. The average surface pH values for the crop, proventriculus, duodenum, cecum, and rectum for gnotobiotic chicks were 5.43, 5.02, 6.18, 6.56, and 6.71, respectively. The L. acidophilus treatments did not significantly affect surface pH of the various segments of the intestinal tract.
Carbonate mineral solubility at low temperatures in the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system

Abstract Carbonate minerals have played an important role in the geochemical evolution of Earth, and may have also played an important role in the geochemical evolution of Mars and Europa. Several models have been published in recent years that describe chloride and sulfate mineral solubilities in concentrated brines using the Pitzer equations. Few of these models are parameterized for subzero temperatures, and those that are do not include carbonate chemistry. The objectives of this work are to estimate Pitzer–equation bicarbonate–carbonate parameters and carbonate mineral solubility products and to incorporate them into the FREZCHEM model to predict carbonate mineral solubilities in the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system at low temperatures (≤25°C) with a special focus on subzero temperatures. Most of the Pitzer-equation parameters and equilibrium constants are taken from the literature and extrapolated into the subzero temperature range. Solubility products for 14 sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium bicarbonate and carbonate minerals are included in the model. Most of the experimental data are at temperatures ≥ −8°C; only for the NaHCO3-NaCl-H2O and Na2CO3-NaCl-H2O systems are there bicarbonate and carbonate data to temperatures as low as −21.6°C. In general, the fit of the model to the experimental data is good. For example, calculated eutectic temperatures and compositions for NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and their mixtures with NaCl and Na2SO4 salts are in good agreement with experimental data to temperatures as low as −21.6°C. Application of the model to eight saline, alkaline carbonate waters give predicted pHs ranging from 9.2 to 10.2, in comparison with measured pHs that range from 8.7 to 10.2. The model suggests that the CaCO3 mineral that precipitates during seawater freezing is probably calcite and not ikaite. The model demonstrates that a proposed salt assemblage for the icy surface of Europa consisting of highly hydrated MgSO4 salts and natron (Na2CO3 · 10H2O) is an incompatible salt assemblage.
Incremental computation of complex object queries

The need for incremental algorithms for evaluating database queries is well known, but constructing algorithms that work on object-oriented databases (OODBs) has been difficult. The reason is that OODB query languages involve complex data types including composite objects and nested collections. As a result, existing algorithms have limitations in that the kinds of database updates are restricted, the operations found in many query languages are not supported, or the algorithms are too complex to be described precisely. We present an incremental computation algorithm that can handle any kind of database updates, can accept any expressions in complex query languages such as OQL, and can be described precisely. By translating primitive values and records into collections, we can reduce all query expressions comprehension. This makes the problems with incremental computation less complicated and thus allows us to decribe of two parts: one is to maintain the consistency in each comprehension occurrence and the other is to update the value of an entire expression. The algorithm is so flexible that we can use strict updates, lazy updates, and their combinations. By comparing the performance of applications built with our mechanism and that of equivalent hand written update programs, we show that our incremental algorithm can be iplemented efficiently.
Acceptor energy level control of charge photogeneration in organic donor/acceptor blends

In this paper we focus upon the role of interfacial energetics in influencing the separation of charge transfer states into dissociated charge carriers in organic donor/acceptor blend films. In particular, we undertake transient optical studies of films comprising regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with a series of perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PDI) electron acceptors. For this film series, we observe a close correlation between the PDI electron affinity and the efficiency of charge separation. This correlation is discussed in the context of studies of charge photogeneration for other organic donor/acceptor blend films, including other polymers, blend compositions, and the widely used electron acceptor 3′-phenyl-3′H-cyclopropa[1,9](C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene-3′-butanoic acid methyl ester (PCBM).
The effect of number of stimulators on the optimal interstimulus onset interval in tactile apparent movement

The effect of variations in the number of sequentially activated electromechanical stimulators on tactile apparent movement was examined in nine subjects. Judgments of successiveness or simultaneity were obtained as well. It was observed that four stimulators produced more frequent reports of apparent movement and resulted in optimal movement at shorter interztimulus onset intervals than did two stimulators, regardless of stimulus duration. Stimulus duration and interstimulus onset interval and their interaction were again found to be important determinants of tactile apparent movement.
Mother–child and father–child emotional expressiveness in Mexican-American families and toddlers' peer interactions

The present investigation explored the association of mother–child and father–child emotional expressiveness during toddlerhood to children's prosocial and aggressive behaviour with peers. Data were collected from 62 Mexican-American families with toddlers (29 females, 33 males) during a home visit. Children's peer interactions were also observed approximately eight months later at their child-care setting. Observed mother–child and father–child interaction was coded for positive and negative emotional expressiveness, including shared positive and negative emotion. Observed child–peer interactions were coded for prosocial and aggressive behaviour. Data revealed that mother and father's expression of positive and negative emotion were uniquely related to children's prosocial and aggressive behaviour with peers. Children's expression of negative emotion with mothers and fathers was related to higher levels of peer aggression. Mother–child shared positive emotion predicted less peer aggression, whereas mothe...
The prevalence of gene duplications and their ancient origin in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1

Background Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 is a metabolically versatile organism that belongs to α-3 subdivision of Proteobacteria. The present study was to identify the extent, history, and role of gene duplications in R. sphaeroides 2.4.1, an organism that possesses two chromosomes.
Chiral structures from achiral liquid crystals in cylindrical capillaries

We study chiral symmetry-broken configurations of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) confined to cylindrical capillaries with homeotropic anchoring on the cylinder walls (i.e., perpendicular surface alignment). Interestingly, achiral nematic LCs with comparatively small twist elastic moduli relieve bend and splay deformations by introducing twist deformations. In the resulting twisted and escaped radial (TER) configuration, LC directors are parallel to the cylindrical axis near the center, but to attain radial orientation near the capillary wall, they escape along the radius through bend and twist distortions. Chiral symmetry-breaking experiments in polymer-coated capillaries are carried out using Sunset Yellow FCF, a lyotropic chromonic LC with a small twist elastic constant. Its director configurations are investigated by polarized optical microscopy and explained theoretically with numerical calculations. A rich phenomenology of defects also arises from the degenerate bend/twist deformations of the TER configuration, including a nonsingular domain wall separating domains of opposite twist handedness but the same escape direction and singular point defects (hedgehogs) separating domains of opposite escape direction. We show the energetic preference for singular defects separating domains of opposite twist handedness compared with those of the same handedness, and we report remarkable chiral configurations with a double helix of disclination lines along the cylindrical axis. These findings show archetypally how simple boundary conditions and elastic anisotropy of confined materials lead to multiple symmetry breaking and how these broken symmetries combine to create a variety of defects.
Collaborating in the field, working for change: Reflecting on partnerships between academics, development organizations and rural communities in Africa

Academics and development organizations approach fieldwork with somewhat different motivations, constraints and challenges. In many instances, fieldwork might be improved if greater collaboration occurred between these two parties. Rural communities are also important yet frequently taken for granted partners in the research process that deserve greater respect. This paper explores and describes the real and imagined impediments to greater collaboration between academics, development organizations and rural communities. The findings are based on 18 years of working with rural communities in Africa, both as a development practitioner and academic researcher. This reflection makes three contributions to the broader literature on fieldwork. First, it explicitly links two ongoing discussions, one on relationships with institutional partners, the other on interactions with rural communities. Second, it articulates the concerns of development organizations in their partnerships with academic researchers, a perspective rarely heard in a literature dominated by academic voices. Third, while feminist scholarship on fieldwork methods often wrestles with issues of positionality and engagement at the scale of the individual researcher, this reflection is aimed at the broader scale of the professional (academic and practitioner) communities involved in development praxis and scholarship.
The future of small group communication research: Revitalization or continued good health?

This essay argues that while the study of group communication generally is in good health, further advancement clearly is warranted. Such advancement is contingent on increased attention by scholars to four categories of influence: antecedent, external, relational, and processual. The essay develops a rationale for work in these four areas and illustrates the sorts of issues that can be explored more profitably.
Tillich's “Dynamic-Typological” Approach to the History of Religions

A lthough Tillich did not write much that has to do explicitly with the history of religions, he was more or less directly concerned with this field throughout his career. His doctoral dissertation was a study of Schelling's philosophy of the history of religions. His systematic theology has much to say about modes of religious knowledge and, by implication, of the relation among religions (1951:139). Toward the end of his career, he showed keen interest in the subject of inter-religion dialogue. He traveled to Japan and exchanged views with his Buddhist and Shinto counterparts. With Mircea Eliade he taught a seminar on the history of religions at the University of Chicago. During these final years he wrote two brief but highly suggestive pieces on world religions: the Bampton Lectures, published as Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions, and a lecture for the Eliade seminar entitled "The Significance of the History of Religions for the Systematic Theologian." In these two writings, Tillich sets forth the outlines of a suggestive concept of the methodology of the history of religions. I shall characterize this methodology and then inquire briefly into it, particularly into what it entails for the field of religious studies. Let us turn first to Tillich's idea of the basic work of the history of religions.
Pediatric neuroblastoma: postoperative radiation therapy using less than 2000 rad.

Abstract There is considerable controversy regarding the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Postoperative irradiation in the range of 2500–4000 rad is commonly used in the treatment of Evans Stage II or III disease, but there are no data in the literature to suggest the optimum dose of radiation that is necessary. Because much lower doses have been used at the University of Florida, a retrospective study was undertaken in an attempt to determine the optimum dose necessary in conjunction with surgery. From March 1964 through July 1979, 21 children with Stage II or III neuroblastoma were seen at the University of Florida. One patient died postoperatively. The remainder received postoperative irradiation with doses ranging from 900 to 4500 rad. The lower dose of radiation used did not adversely influence survival, particularly for patients less than two years of age at diagnosis. In this group, no patient had a local recurrence or died of disease, even though nine of 15 available patients received doses of 900–1500 rad.
Data matters—Specification and estimation of natural gas demand per customer in the Northeastern United States

Abstract This article describes how an examination of the interaction between data issues, historical context, and a general problem can result in new, simpler, and more informative ways of specifying and of estimating a relationship. An equation for natural gas demand per customer is first specified. Data issues, market conditions, and historical circumstances affecting the specification and estimation of the demand relationship are addressed next. Special attention is directed to heating degree days and the fraction of customers that are space heating customers as explanatory variables. As a consequence of the results of two initial estimations and other considerations, a price of oil variable is not included in a final estimation. The final equation estimated provides a good description of the effect of economic and other factors on gas demand per customer in the Northeast between 1970–1982. A Lagrangian multiplier test is used to test the hypothesis of zero state and temporal variance components. The hypothesis is not rejected. Finally, estimated results in this study are compared with estimated results in another similar study.
Contribution of wood smoke to in vivo formation of N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: initial studies.

Abstract The effect of administering liquid smoke or smoked food products to rats on in vivo formation of N -nitrosamino acids was investigated. Rats treated by gavage with either cysteine, formaldehyde or nitrite excreted urine containing no detectable levels of N -nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTCA). All three precursor compounds were required for NTCA formation. Two liquid smokes, when administered to rats in combination with cysteine and nitrite also produced measurable quantities of NTCA. Ascorbate inhibited in vivo formation of NTCA by approximately 90% when given to rats simultaneously with cysteine, formaldehyde, and nitrite. α-Tocopherol was much less effective than ascorbate in blocking NTCA formation. When smoked bacon, smoked Swiss cheese, and chicken barbecued with a sauce containing smoke flavouring were fed to rats along with nitrate, NTCA was again detected in the urine.
An alernative test for normality based on normalized spacings

The Shapiro-Wilk statistic and its modifications are widely used for assessing the assumption that a sample was drawn from a normal distribution. Many of the modifications simplified the calculation of the test statistic but resulted in a loss of power. In this paper, we propose an alternative statistic for testing normality which is easy to compute and has power comparable or superior to the original W test.
Knowledge-based diagnosis of drill conditions

One major bottleneck in the automation of the drilling process by robots in the aerospace industry is drill condition monitoring. This paper describes a system approach to solve this problem through the advancement of new machine design, sensor instrumentation, metal-cutting research, and intelligent software development. All drill failures can be detected and distinguished: chisel edge wear, flank wear, crater wear, margin wear, corner wear, breakage, asymmetry, lip height difference, and chipping at lips. However, in the real manufacturing environment, different workpiece materials, drill size, drill geometry, drill material, cutting speed, feed rate, etc. will change the criteria for judging the drill condition. The knowledge base used for diagnosing the drill failures requires a huge data bank and prior exhaustive testing. A self-learning scheme is therefore introduced to the machine in order to acquire the threshold history needed for automatic diagnosis by using the same new tool under the same drilling conditions.
Psychopathology, craving, and mood during heroin acquisition: An experimental study

Six detoxified addict volunteers were allowed to self-administer intravenous heroin on an essentially self-determined schedule. Two periods of heroin acquisition were compared: an unmodified cycle in which patients could become intoxicated and a later cycle in which the effects of heroin were blocked with a narcotic antagonist.In the unblocked condition, patients initially experienced an increase in positive mood, but with chronic administration there was a significant rise in psychopathology and the development of a generalized dysphoric state. Similar changes did not occur when the same patients took heroin while blocked with a narcotic antagonist.Drug craving rose dramatically when “unblocked” heroin was available, but gradually fell during methadone detoxification. Following treatment with a narcotic antagonist, the presence of heroin failed to elicit any sustained rise in craving and drug taking was dramatically reduced.
A doctor's journey: tribute to a precious one. A patient who volunteered for the REACH study.

As I look back on the beginning of our special Adolescent Clinic in 1991 and the first cases of adolescent HIV infection in 1993, I can only realize that while we have learned a lot, there is still much more to discover. The start of the Adolescent Medicine HIV/AIDS Research Network in 1994 paved the way to a greater understanding of medical, psychosocial, and biobehavioral components of HIV/AIDS infection in youth. This has been done primarily through the Network’s REACH Study of youth infected with HIV via sexual contact or injection drug use. This research is the foundation of our knowledge, but it is our patients who provide us the ultimate learning experience. I was a clinical investigator in the REACH Study and through that experience I came to know a Precious One.
Pediatric asthma and ambient pollutant levels in industrializing nations

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and its prevalence has been increasing within industrializing nations. The contribution of ambient pollutants to asthma symptomatology has been explored in some countries through epidemiological investigations, molecular analysis and monitoring functional outcomes. The health effects of rising environmental pollution have been of increasing concern in industrializing nations with rising urbanization patterns. This review article provides an overview of the link between pediatric asthma and exposure to rising sources of urban air pollution. It primarily focuses on the asthma-specific effects of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter. Worldwide trends of asthma prevalence are also provided which detail the prominent rise in asthma symptoms in many urban areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia. The molecular and functional correlation of ambient pollutants with asthma-specific airway inflammation in the pediatric population are also highlighted. The final aspect of the review considers the correlation of motor vehicle, industrial and cooking energy sources, ascribed as the major emitters among the pollutants in urban settings, with asthma epidemiology in children.
Attitudes toward methadone maintenance: implications for HIV prevention

Abstract Attitudes of opioid users toward methadone maintenance were studied using semistructured field interviews. One hundred and sixty-one heroin and speedball users in San Antonio, Texas, were interviewed between 1989 and 1992. Users were classified according to whether or not they had ever been on methadone maintenance. Opioid users who had never been on methadone maintenance were more likely to express a negative attitude toward methadone maintenance than users who had been on it (50% versus 30%). Sources of negative attitudes fell into the following categories: (1) general societal disapproval of addictive drugs, including methadone; (2) prior experience with 12 Step groups or abstinence-based treatment programs; (3) previous forced rapid detoxification from methadone in jail; and (4) observation of methadone maintained peers who continued to use drugs. Very few respondents reported adverse effects from methadone itself as a source of negative attitudes. Sources of positive attitudes included: (1) ...
The international organization of Third World debt

Third World debt grew very rapidly in the 1970s. Many states, faced with sharply higher costs for energy and manufactured imports, borrowed aggressively in unregulated offshore capital markets. But what constrains sovereign states to repay this debt to commercial banks? Creditors do not turn to their home states to enforce payment; rather, the supervision of sovereign debt is largely a function of commercial banking arrangements, especially lenders' syndicates, and the International Monetary Fund's conditional lending. This political structure, which involves unified private sanctions, has ensured that no state defaults unless it is insolvent or is willing to accept a radical rupture in its international commercial relationships. When the problem is insolvency, creditors routinely convene ad hoc conferences. In conjunction with an IMFapproved stabilization program, creditors can renegotiate debt-service schedules and provide new financing if necessary. These arrangements are distinctive among international economic regimes because they rely on nonstate actors as the primary source of rules, norms, and procedures.
Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon—Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen

Comparison of systematic variations in sediment magnetic properties to changes in pollen assemblages in middle Pleistocene lake sediments from Buck Lake indicates that the magnetic properties are sensitive to changes in climate. Buck Lake is located in southern Oregon just east of the crest of the Cascade Range. Lacustrine sediments, from 5.2 to 19.4 m in depth in core, contain tephra layers with ages of ≈300–400 ka at 9.5 m and ≈400–470 ka at 19.9 m. In these sediments magnetic properties reflect the absolute amount and relative abundances of detrital Fe-oxide minerals, titanomagnetite and hematite. The lacustrine section is divided into four zones on the basis of magnetic properties. Two zones (19.4–17.4 m and 14.5–10.3 m) of high magnetic susceptibility contain abundant Fe oxides and correspond closely to pollen zones that are indicative of cold, dry environments. Two low-susceptibility zones (17.4–14.5 m and 10.3–5.3 m) contain lesser amounts of Fe oxides and largely coincide with zones of warm-climate pollen. Transitions from cold to warm climate based on pollen are preceded by sharp changes in magnetic properties. This relation suggests that land-surface processes responded to these climate changes more rapidly than did changes in vegetation as indicated by pollen frequencies. Magnetic properties have been affected by three factors: (1) dissolution of Fe oxides, (2) variation in heavy-mineral content, and (3) variation in abundance of fresh volcanic rock fragments. Trace-element geochemistry, employing Fe and the immobile elements Ti and Zr, is utilized to detect postdepositional dissolution of magnetic minerals that has affected the magnitude of magnetic properties with little effect on the pattern of magnetic-property variation. Comparison of Ti and Zr values, proxies for heavy-mineral content, to magnetic properties demonstrates that part of the variation in the amount of magnetite and nearly all of the variation in the amount of hematite are due to changes in heavy-mineral content. Variation in the quantity of fresh volcanic rock fragments is the other source of change in magnetite content. Magnetic-property variations probably arise primarily from changes in peak runoff. At low to moderate flows magnetic properties reflect only the quantities of heavy minerals derived from soil and highly weathered rock in the catchment. At high flows, however, fresh volcanic rock fragments may be produced by breaking of pebbles and cobbles, and such fragments greatly increase the magnetite content of the resulting sediment. Climatically controlled factors that would affect peak runoff levels include the accumulation and subsequent melting of winter snow pack, the seasonality of precipitation, and the degree of vegetation cover of the land surface.Our results do not distinguish among the possible contributions of these disparate factors.
Tempo and mode in plant breeding system evolution

Classic questions about trait evolution-including the directionality of character change and its interactions with lineage diversification-intersect in the study of plant breeding systems. Transitions from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility are frequent, and they may proceed within a species ("anagenetic" mode of breeding system change) or in conjunction with speciation events ("cladogenetic" mode of change). We apply a recently developed phylogenetic model to the nightshade family Solanaceae, quantifying the relative contributions of these two modes of evolution along with the tempo of breeding system change, speciation, and extinction. We find that self-incompatibility, a genetic mechanism that prevents self-fertilization, is lost largely by the cladogenetic mode. Self-compatible species are thus more likely to arise from the isolation of a newly self-compatible population than from species-wide fixation of self-compatible mutants. Shared polymorphism at the locus that governs self-incompatibility shows it to be ancestral and not regained within this family. We demonstrate that failing to account for cladogenetic character change misleads phylogenetic tests of evolutionary irreversibility, both for breeding system in Solanaceae and on simulated trees.
Interference-avoiding features of ultra-wideband communication and wideband ALOHA

Short-distance low-energy high-bandwidth communication can benefit greatly from light traffic, wideband ALOHA techniques. Because of the short distances, ultra-wideband communication may be permissible. This allows high data rates with very little interference. Also, in a multi-receiver situation, even very rare interference that is present in one receiver may not be present in an associated receiver. Thus simple orthogonal reception is almost always available, without the need for complex hopping codes. Examples are given for mobile users to a dense multi-base network, such as a system of base stations along major roadways, and ad hoc wireless networks.
How strong is natural selection

The strength of selection in nature has long been a controversial subject, partly because there were few quantitative measurements of phenotypic selection available until recently. In a new paper, Kingsolver and colleagues reviewed 63 studies and found that the median standardized directional selection gradient (a measure of the strength of phenotypic selection) was 0.16. Whether this means selection in nature is strong or weak depends both on one's point of view and on the error in selection estimates.
Antecedents of Impression Management Use and Effectiveness in a Structured Interview

The authors examine personality variables and interview format as potential antecedents of impression management (IM) behaviors in simulated selection interviews. The means by which these variables affect ratings of interview performance is also investigated. The altruism facet of agreeableness predicted defensive IM behaviors, the vulnerability facet of emotional stability predicted self- and other-focused behaviors, and interview format (behavior description vs. situational questions) predicted self-focused and defensive behaviors. Consistent with theory and research on situational strength, antecedent—IM relations were consistently weaker in a strong situation in which interviewees had an incentive to manage their impressions. There was also evidence that IM partially mediated the effects of personality and interview format on interview performance in the weak situation.
Sharing vs. splitting spectrum in OFDMA femtocell networks

A network comprised of high-density femtocells coexisting with low-density macrocells, in an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) setting, is considered. Two approaches are investigated: (1) spectrum sharing where macrocells and femtocells can access the same subchannels, and (2) spectrum splitting where macrocells and femtocells access separate portions of the spectrum. In both approaches, the trade-off between the utilized bandwidth and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), as femtocells or macrocells access more subchannels, is studied. The number of utilized subchannels that maximizes the average spectral efficiency for femtocells, subject to a minimum average spectral efficiency constraint for macrocells, is analyzed for both approaches, showing that the performance with spectrum splitting is better than spectrum sharing, for the considered model.
Online Capacity Identification of Multitier Websites Using Hardware Performance Counters

Understanding server capacity is crucial to system capacity planning, configuration, and QoS-aware resource management. Conventional stress testing approaches measure server capacity offline in terms of application-level performance metrics like response time and throughput. They are limited in measurement accuracy and timeliness. In a multitier website, resource bottleneck often shifts between tiers as client access pattern changes. This makes the problem of online capacity measurement even more challenge. This paper presents an online measurement approach based on low-level hardware performance metrics such as instructions execution rate and cache access behavior. Such metrics together define a system internal running state. The measurement approach uses machine learning techniques to infer application-level performance at each tier from a set of selected hardware performance counters. A coordinated predictor is induced over individual tier-wide models to make global system performance prediction and identify the bottleneck when the system becomes overloaded. Experiments were conducted on a two-tier Tomcat/MySQL-configured website using TPC-W benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrated that this approach was able to achieve an overload prediction accuracy of higher than 90 percent for a priori known input traffic mix and over 85 percent accuracy even for traffic causing frequent bottleneck shifting. It costs less than 0.5 percent runtime overhead for data collection and no more than 50 ms for each online decision making.
Comparison of mean gravity anomalies at elevation with corresponding ground anomalies

In support of requirements for the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, gravity anomalies have been upward continued to several elevations in different areas of the United States. One area was 340 to 400 N in latitude and 960 to 1030 W in longitude, generally called the Oklahoma area. The computations proceeded from 26, 032 point anomalies to the prediction of mean anomalies in 14, 704, 2.5′×2.5′ blocks and 9,284, 5′×5′ blocks. These anomalies were upward continued along 28 profiles at 5′ intervals for every 30′ in latitude and longitude. These anomalies at elevations were meaned in various patterns to form mean 30′×30″, 10×10, 50×50 blocks. Comparisons were then made to the corresponding ground values. The results of these comparisons lead to practical recommendations on the arrangement of flight profiles in airborne gravimetry.
Preserving positive identities: Public and private regard for one's ingroup and susceptibility to stereotype threat

The current study examines the effect of racial regard—feelings of positivity or negativity toward African Americans—on stereotype threat. Forty participants at Harvard University responded to questions concerning their social attitudes and returned later to take a difficult verbal test. This study replicated the well-established stereotype threat effect, and found evidence that both public regard (judgments concerning how others view Blacks) and private regard (how one views Blacks and feels about being Black) moderate the effect. Specifically, Blacks high in public regard and high in private regard appear more susceptible to stereotype threat effects. The article discusses the possibility that African Americans in our study face an additional cognitive burden when confronted with the need to preserve a positive identity.
An Eye for an Eye: Public Support for War Against Evildoers

Retributiveness and humanitarianism, predispositions that shape indi- viduals' moral judgment and criminal punishment attitudes, should also influence their positions on war against evil-seeming states. Retributiveness should heighten sup- port for punitive uses of military force, satisfaction from punitive wars, and threats perceived from transgressor states, while humanitarianism should have the opposite effects. Using death penalty support as a proxy measure for these values, public opin- ion about the 1991 and 2003 Persian Gulf wars provides evidence for a moral- punitiveness effect. Death penalty supporters were significantly more hawkish than death penalty opponents in both cases, controlling for ideology, utilitarian logic, and other potential confounders. These findings explain why foreign villains and good- versus-evil framing heighten public support for war.
Nematode suppression with brassicaceous amendments: application based upon glucosinolate profiles

Glucosinolate profiles differ among plant species and their isothiocyanate (ITC) derivatives differ in toxicity to nematodes. Successful management of plant ‐parasitic nematodes by ITCs requires the incorporation of appropriate amounts of glucosinolate-containing biomass. Plant materials, containing glucosinolate-precursors of the ITCs most toxic to nematodes, were selected and applied to soil based upon ITC lethal concentration (LC) values. This provided a reliable and repeatable basis for application rates for suppression of Meloidogyne javanica and Tylenchulus semipenetrans by Brassica hirta and M. javanica by B. juncea. Sufficient biomass of B. hirta to potentially yield 0.03 ‐0.12 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin reduced nematode survival compared to similar amounts of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis). At biomass levels providing . 0.37 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin, mortality of M. javanica was 100% with B. hirta. Biomass of B. juncea potentially yielding 2.82 mmol ml 21 of sinigrin reduced M. javanica survival 65% below that obtained by a similar amount of broccoli. Rates of B. juncea to yield lethal levels of allyl ITC to reduce T. semipenetrans survival underestimated the glucosinolate application rates for this amendment. Application of plant biomass to soil .2.9% w/w reduced M. javanica survival regardless of the glucosinolate concentration of the amendment material. Application of brassicaceous amendments to soil initiates complex and dynamic biological and chemical processes. Despite the inherent complexity, we find that brassicaceous amendments can be applied to achieve consistent and repeatable nematode suppression when based upon the chemistry of the incorporated material. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Positive Nasal Airway Pressure Eliminates Snoring As Well As Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Nine men who were habitual snorers were studied during a control and a treatment night (in random order) to assess the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on snoring, sleep-disordered breathing, and nocturnal oxygen desaturation. Four subjects had symptoms suggestive of the sleep apnea syndrome, but the other five were asymptomatic. Polysomnography and recordings of snores were obtained on both nights. On the treatment night, The subjects wore a customized infant anesthesia mask over their noses, and CPAP was applied and adjusted upward from 4 cm H 2 O to a level that obliterated snoring. Nasal CPAP (range 4 to 13 cm H 2 O) reduced the mean number of snores per night from 1,015 per subject to 23 per subject (p
Effects of heparin and N-acetyl heparin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced alterations in myocardial function in the rabbit isolated heart.

Evidence is presented that heparin pretreatment produces protective effects on myocardial tissue distinct from its anticoagulant activity. The present study examines the ability of heparin sulfate and N-acetyl heparin (a derivative of heparin devoid of anticoagulant effects) to protect the heart from injury associated with global ischemia and reperfusion. Male New Zealand White rabbits were administered either heparin sulfate (n = 7, 300 U/kg i.v.), N-acetyl heparin (n = 6, 1.73 mg/kg i.v.), or vehicle (n = 6). Two hours after treatment, the hearts were removed, perfused on a Langendorff apparatus, and subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia, followed by 45 minutes of reperfusion. During reperfusion, creatine kinase concentrations in the coronary sinus effluent were greater in hearts from vehicle-treated rabbits compared with hearts from N-acetyl heparin-treated and heparin-treated rabbits. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure after 45 minutes of reperfusion in the vehicle-treated group was 64 +/- 15 mm Hg compared with 17 +/- 4 and 10 +/- 3 mm Hg in the heparin-pretreated and N-acetyl heparin-pretreated groups, respectively. Heparin, but not N-acetyl heparin, increased the activated partial thromboplastin time, consistent with its known anticoagulant action. Heparin and N-acetyl heparin inhibited complement-mediated erythrocyte lysis in a concentration-dependent manner. The glycosaminoglycans, in contrast to r-hirudin, reduced complement activation-induced injury in the rabbit isolated heart. The results demonstrate that heparin or N-acetyl heparin, administered to the intact rabbit, protects the isolated heart from subsequent myocardial dysfunction secondary to ischemia/reperfusion. The cardioprotective effects of heparin and N-acetyl heparin are independent of an antithrombin mechanism.
A direct technique to fabricate an intraoral shield for unilateral head and neck radiation.

A radiation oncologist may ask the prosthodontist to fabricate an intraoral shield when ipsilateral fields are used for patients with head and neck cancer. A technique for its fabrication is described that can be accomplished with materials and equipment that are readily available in the dental office. Baseplate wax is used intraorally to fabricate a pattern, which is duplicated with irreversible hydrocolloid material. Autopolymerizing acrylic resin is then used to make the shield. This simple technique can be completed in a single visit.
Effect of GABAB receptor agonist on distension-sensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating rat colon

Spinal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract are the major pathways for visceral nociception. Many centrally acting analgesic drugs attenuate responses of visceral primary afferent fiber...
Multi‐Scale Effects in the Strength of Ceramics

Multiple length-scale effects are demonstrated in indentation-strength measurements of a range of ceramic materials under inert and reactive conditions. Meso-scale effects associated with flaw disruption by lateral cracking at large indentation loads are shown to increase strengths above the ideal indentation response. Micro-scale effects associated with toughening by microstructural restraints at small indentation loads are shown to decrease strengths below the ideal response. A combined meso-micro-scale analysis is developed that describes ceramic inert strength behaviors over the complete indentation flaw size range. Nano-scale effects associated with chemical equilibria and crack velocity thresholds are shown to lead to invariant minimum strengths at slow applied stressing rates under reactive conditions. A combined meso-micro-nano-scale analysis is developed that describes the full range of reactive and inert strength behaviors as a function of indentation load and applied stressing rate. Applications of the multi-scale analysis are demonstrated for materials design, materials selection, toughness determination, crack velocity determination, bond rupture parameter determination, and prediction of reactive strengths. The measurements and analysis provide strong support for the existence of sharp crack tips in ceramics such that the nano-scale mechanisms of discrete bond rupture are separate from the larger scale crack driving force mechanics characterized by continuum-based stress-intensity factors.
A replication competent HSV-1(McKrae) with a mutation in the amino-terminus of glycoprotein K (gK) is unable to infect mouse trigeminal ganglia after cornea infection.

AbstractPurpose: To determine the role of the amino terminus of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein K (gK) in corneal infection, neuroinvasion, and establishment of virus latency in trigeminal ganglia of mice.Methods: The recombinant virus HSV-1 (McKΔgK31-68) was constructed by engineering gK genes encoding gK lacking 38 amino acids immediately after the gK signal sequence. A rescued virus was also produced. Mouse eyes were scarified and infected with 105 plaque forming units (PFU) in each eye. Clinical signs of ocular disease were monitored daily. Thirty days postinfection trigeminal ganglia were collected and processed for quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of viral DNA and recovery of infectious virions by cell culture of ganglionic tissues.Results: Deletion of the amino terminus of gK encoded by the McKΔgK31-68 mutant virus did not substantially affect its replication kinetics on African green monkey kidney cells (Vero), while it reduced cell-to-cell spread. McK viral infection of scarified mous...
An Exploratory Analysis of College Students’ Response and Reporting Behavior Regarding Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Their Friends

Over the last several decades, an extensive literature has documented the prevalence of dating violence on college campuses. As a result, initiatives to promote awareness of dating violence on college campuses have proliferated and models of "bystander intervention" have been developed. Bystander intervention asserts that by giving all students information concerning the prevalence and warning signs of dating violence, these individuals will "say something" when they see problem behavior. However, a paucity of empirical research exists concerning whether students actually report their observation of dating violence among their peers. In the present study, a sample of college freshman (n = 275) was surveyed regarding their willingness to report dating violence behaviors among their friends. Findings indicate that a slight majority of respondents report that they would report dating violence victimization among their friends to university officials (54%) and/or law enforcement (56%) while fewer indicated they would report perpetration, 38% and 42%, respectively. Importantly, respondents overwhelmingly report that they would attempt to intervene in the dating violence victimization (87%) and perpetration (84%). Implications of these findings for campus safety initiatives and bystander education models are discussed.