cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Soft X-Rays upon Chætopods

THE effects of X-rays upon Tubifex tubifex and some other members of the class Chaetopoda have been investigated by Stone, Turner, Zhinkin and others. They have reported, in general, that hard X-rays inhibited or destroyed the capability of regeneration, because it destroyed the neoblasts, although in appearance the general body tissue was little affected by their dosages.
Sexual Harassment and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Asian and White Women

Sexual harassment is a prevalent problem that has been associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes. Although sexual harassment has been linked to posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, little is known about how PTS symptoms that arose from sexual harassment experiences might be associated with psychological and physical health. This study examined the associations among sexual harassment, PTS symptoms, and psychological and physical well-being in a sample of Asian and White women. In addition, given the lack of research on sexual harassment among Asian women, we investigated the moderating role of ethnicity. Results indicated that greater sexual harassment frequency and PTS symptom severity predicted more depression, overall psychological distress, and physical symptoms. PTS symptom severity and ethnicity moderated the relationship between sexual harassment frequency and physical symptoms. We discuss the implications of these findings and directions for further research.
Enhanced Proteolysis of β-Amyloid in APP Transgenic Mice Prevents Plaque Formation, Secondary Pathology, and Premature Death

Converging evidence suggests that the accumulation of cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflects an imbalance between the production and degradation of this self-aggregating peptide. Upregulation of proteases that degrade Aβ thus represents a novel therapeutic approach to lowering steady-state Aβ levels, but the consequences of sustained upregulation in vivo have not been studied. Here we show that transgenic overexpression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) or neprilysin (NEP) in neurons significantly reduces brain Aβ levels, retards or completely prevents amyloid plaque formation and its associated cytopathology, and rescues the premature lethality present in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Our findings demonstrate that chronic upregulation of Aβ-degrading proteases represents an efficacious therapeutic approach to combating Alzheimer-type pathology in vivo.
Variation in Sexually Dimorphic Traits of Male Pronghorns

Sexually dimorphic characters in males are expected to display substantial variation if they are to be used as cues for choice of mates by females. This study examined the informative value of morphological and behavioral traits of males that were sexually dimorphic, and characteristics of their territories through an examination of the variance exhibited in male pronghorns ( Antilocapra americana ). Cheek-patch areas and lengths of horns displayed higher levels of variation than other morphological characters. Although cheek-patch areas were more variable, asymmetry in lengths of horns may provide reliable information on quality of males. Cheek-patch areas, lengths of horns, and frequency of social behaviors differed among males, whereas their territories differed in size and vegetative cover. Individual males displayed variation between their right and left cheek patches, and their frequencies of courtship changed during rut. Both timing and bout-lengths of social behaviors were negatively associated with those of maintenance behaviors, suggesting that these two classes of activities are mutually exclusive. Sizes of territories of individual males tended to be greater during summer and cover of grasses varied over years. The expression of territoriality in pronghorns is variable both among and within populations, and may represent a frequency-dependent mating strategy of males. Further study on whether variation in traits of males is correlated with variation in reproductive success of males is necessary before questions of choice of mates by females can be addressed.
Systems genetics analysis of cancer susceptibility: from mouse models to humans

Genetic studies of cancer susceptibility have shown that most heritable risk cannot be explained by the main effects of common alleles. This may be due to unknown gene-gene or gene-environment interactions and the complex roles of many genes at different stages of cancer. Studies using mouse models of cancer suggest that methods that integrate genetic analysis and genomic networks with knowledge of cancer biology can help to extend our understanding of heritable cancer susceptibility.
Decay-accelerating factor confers protection against complement-mediated podocyte injury in acute nephrotoxic nephritis

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) is one of a set of regulators that function to protect self cells from deposition of autologous C3b on their surfaces. Its relative importance in vivo, however, is incompletely understood. As one approach to address this issue, we induced nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis in wild-type mice and Daf1 gene-floxed mice devoid of renal DAF expression. For these experiments NTS IgG was administered at a dose (0.5 mg iv) that requires complement for glomerular injury. After 18 hours, renal injury was assessed by proteinuria and by histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic analyses of kidneys. Fifteen normal and 15 DAF-deficient mice were studied. Baseline albuminuria in the Daf1−/− mice was 115.9 ± 41.4 μg/mg creatinine as compared with 85.7 ± 32.3 μg/mg creatinine in their Daf1+/+ littermates (p = 0.075). After administration of NTS IgG, albuminuria increased to 2001.7 ± 688.7 μg/mg creatinine as compared with 799.7 ± 340.5 μg/mg creatinine in the controls (p = 0.0003). Glomerular histology was similar in Daf1−/− and Daf1+/+ mice, with essentially no infiltrating leukocytes. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed severe podocyte fusion in the Daf1−/− mice but only mild focal changes in the controls. Immunohistochemical staining showed equivalent deposition of the administered (sheep) NTS IgG in the Daf1−/− and Daf1+/+ animals. This contrasted with marked deposition of autologous murine C3 in the former and minimal deposition in the latter. The results show that DAF is essential physiologically for protecting glomeruli against autologous complement attack initiated by the classical pathway.
Detection and Resolution of Incoherent Objects Seen through a Turbulent Medium

A background-limited optical system is to view an object through a turbulent medium. The threshold systems for detecting and resolving specific details of the object are derived and their probabilities of correct detection and resolution evaluated. The variance of a maximum-likelihood estimate of the position of the object is calculated for large signal-to-noise ratio. Specific numerical results are given for turbulence that produces a gaussian mutual-coherence function in light from a point object. A model of such turbulence, depicting it as concentrated in one or more thin, homogeneous phase screens, is proposed.
Particle size control in dendrimer-derived supported ruthenium catalysts.

A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigation of a family of supported Ru catalysts prepared from Ru hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer−metal nanocomposite (DMN) precursors has been conducted. Ru particle sizes observed following deposition of DMNs on a HRTEM grid can be controlled within a 0.9−1.4 nm range depending on the metal-to-dendrimer molar ratio. The average particle size in this case correlates well with the theoretically predicted particle size from the molar loading of Ru in the dendrimer. Upon impregnation of Ru-DMNs on Al2O3 and subsequent thermal removal of the dendrimer via reduction at 300 °C, significant sintering of the Ru particles was observed. Nevertheless, the resulting supported Ru particles maintained a narrow particle size distribution and average particle size below 2.5 nm. These particle sizes no longer correlate with the metal-to-dendrimer molar ratio but do correlate with the metal-to-dendrimer weight ratio, suggesting that the dendrimer...
Intermediate disturbance promotes invasive ant abundance

Urban habitats are undergoing a faunal and floral homogenization process worldwide. We investigated how such homogenization influences ant communities. We monitored ant species richness and abundance in natural, semi-natural, urban, and agricultural habitats for one year, along an urban–rural gradient in the San Francisco Bay Area, and examined which human-related and other environmental variables most affect ant distribution. We investigated whether alien ant species have an advantage in humanmodified habitats. We found that distance from buildings was the most important factor affecting ant distribution. In total, we recorded 17 ant species, of which four were non-native. Native ant species richness was highest in natural habitats, and alien species richness was highest in urban habitats. Remarkably, in a sample of 19,450 ant workers at food baits, the highest ant abundance across all seasons was in the seminatural habitat where usually only the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), representing 81% of all ants seen at baits, and the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) were present. Agricultural habitats had a surprisingly high number of native and alien species. It appears that the invasive Argentine ant creates a favorable ecological community in semi-natural environments, where they compete successfully with the native species, and do not face the increased competition with other alien species that they encounter in urban habitats. Even well protected natural habitat may be favorable for invasive species, due to its proximity to human disturbance.
Occupational asthma caused by exposure to low-molecular-weight chemicals

Chemical agents cause approximately 40% of cases of occupational asthma (OA). Diagnosis of OA caused by chemicals relies on the demonstration of decrements in lung function at the workplace or during a controlled specific inhalation challenge to the suspect chemical agent. Evaluation of workers is accomplished best with a stepwise algorithmic approach and while the worker is symptomatic and still exposed at work. An early diagnosis followed by cessation of exposure can result in asthma remission and is likely to prevent progression to chronic disabling obstructive disease.
EFFECTS OF HIGH-PROBABILITY REQUESTS ON THE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS OF YOUNG CHILDREN WITH SEVERE DISABILITIES

High-probability requests were used to increase social interactions in 3 young boys with severe disabilities who had been identified as severely socially withdrawn. A multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of high-probability request intervention on (a) social initiations, (b) social responses, (c) continued interactions, and (d) performance of high- and low-probability requests. The students were observed in a second setting to examine generalization effects across peers who did not participate in the training sequence and settings. The results demonstrated that the high-probability requests increased the students' responsiveness to low-probability requests to initiate social behavior. Increases were also found in (a) unprompted initiations and extended interactions to the training peers, (b) unprompted initiations and extended interactions to peers who were not involved in the training procedure, and (c) generalized unprompted initiations and interactions in a second nontraining setting. The students maintained increased levels of initiations and interactions after all prompts were removed from both the training and nontraining settings.
Use of ejection fraction (or lack thereof), morbidity/mortality and heart failure drug trials: a review

Ejection fraction (EF) is an ejection phase parameter used to assess the performance of the heart in normal individuals and pathologic states such as myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure (CHF). It can be measured by radionuclide ventriculography, angiocardiography, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. EF is dependent on the loading conditions of the heart as well as contractility of the myocardium which makes it a less useful measure of cardiac performance. Nevertheless, it has been widely utilized and discussed for years. EF has been used as an entry criteria for many trials in CHF and has been used to characterize the hemodynamic effects of various classes of drugs which are used in treating CHF. How predictive an increase in EF on therapy is of morbidity and mortality is a matter of debate. This review outlines the utilization (or lack thereof), of EF in various CHF drug trials, its relationship to symptomatic improvement and morbidity/mortality.
Cytokine release and innate immunity in respiratory viral infection

Abstract Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus are the two most important causes of viral lower respiratory tract disease. The innate immune response to these viruses, determined by multiple cell types, creates a cytokine milieu that affects the adaptive immune response and disease manifestations. This review addresses the function of cytokines released from cells resident in the respiratory tract after infection with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and how differences in early cytokine release may impact disease pathogenesis and host response.
TU-C-108-01: Verification of Deformable Dose Calculation with Phantom Measurements

Purpose: Dose accumulation involves many computational procedures which may introduce error. The purpose of this study is to utilize a novel deformable dosimetry phantom to experimentally verify the total dose accumulated by 4D dose calculation algorithms. Methods: Lung phantom consisting of heterogeneous sponge material and tissue‐equivalent tumor. The sponge is enclosed in a latex cylinder, compressed by a piston to simulate the diaphragm motion. TLD‐100 thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed in the sponge and inside the tumor for 4D‐dosimetry verification. Three TLDs were used at each point for better statistics. A four phase 4DCT was taken for planning purposes. A 5‐beam 6MV 3D conformal plan was developed with 95% of the ITV receiving the prescribed dose of 200 cGy, which may help to maintain a linear TLD response. The plan was delivered under the same deformation pattern with the BrainLab Novalis system, and exported to Eclipse and Pinnacle for comparison. CT phase images were registered to end‐exhale (EE) phase, when sponge is maximally compressed, using a B‐Spline‐based algorithm. The resultant displacement vector field was output for dose mapping. Dose was warped to EE phase using an in‐house developed, subvoxel projection method and accumulated for comparison with the TLD measurements. Results: The tumor dose agreed very closely to the accumulated dose and was measured to be 0.5% lower with the TLDs. Another point of measurement was ∼2 cm from the tumor, near the edge of the field, and was measured 5.4% higher with the dosimeter. A point of high field gradient ∼5 mm from the tumor was measured 12.5% higher than calculated. Larger uncertainties in the TPS are expected in this gradient region. Dose warping improved the tumor dose calculation by 29.4%. Conclusion: The deformable phantom could be a valuable tool to verify the total dose calculated by adaptive treatment plans. The research was supported by NIH/NCI R01CA140341.
A trial of buspirone for the control of disruptive behaviors in community-dwelling patients with dementia

We report the results of a pilot study examining the dose–response of buspirone for the treatment of agitated and disruptive behaviors in dementia patients. Patients were identified by physician referral, chart review and caregiver response to newspaper adverisements. All subjects met NINCDS–ADRDA criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease. Twenty subjects were entered into the study, 12 completed the protocol. After a washout period, all subjects received 1 week of placebo followed by approximately 2 weeks each of buspirone 15 mg, 30 mg, 45mg and 60 mg daily. The primary outcome measure was the total score on Reisberg's Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE–AD), which was administered at baseline, the end of the placebo phase and at the end of each dosage interval. Significant improvement in the mean score was seen at a daily dosage of 30mg (p< 0.05 vs placebo). Significant improvement was also seen on the delusion, aggression and anxiety subscales of the BEHAVE-AD. Few side-effects were noted. These data suggest that the optimal starting dosage of buspirone for the treatment of behavioral pathology in dementia patients is 30mg daily. Individual patients may have their best response at dosages ranging from 15 to 60 mg daily. Confirmation of these findings requires a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trail.
Disclusion time measurement studies: A comparison of disclusion time between chronic myofascial pain dyfunction patients and nonpatients: A population analysis

From a pool of 89 patients, 49 patients were classified as having chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS), and 40 were classified as asymptomatic or non-MPDS patients designated as the control group for the study. To achieve balanced sample size in both groups, 40 patients were arbitrarily selected from the MPDS group. All patients from each of the two primary groups were then categorized and assigned to one or more subgroups according to the following criteria: (1) jaw classification, (2) open occlusion, (3) previous orthodontic therapy, or (4) no previous orthodontic therapy. A fifth subgroup composed of only MPDS patients and equally divided into those who had or had not experienced orthodontic therapy was established to determine whether mean disclusion time differences occur between orthodontic and nonorthodontic MPDS patients. All 80 patients were evaluated for disclusion time of their right and left mandibular excursions to determine statistical population comparisons. Statistical assessment of right and left disclusion times for women and men in the MPDS and non-MPDS groups was performed separately for each of the five subgroups. Analysis of the comparisons revealed that in all except two of the subgroups, mean disclusion time was significantly longer in the MPDS patient group than in the non-MPDS group. The two subgroups in which this was not apparent were those with open occlusion and orthodontic patients compared with nonorthodontic patients. These findings suggest that lengthy posterior disclusion time may be of diagnostic importance when the differing etiologic factors of chronic MPDS patients are evaluated.
TGFBETA SIGNALING IN GROWTH CONTROL, CANCER, AND HERITABLE DISORDERS

We are grateful to members of the Massague laboratory for insightful discussions. R. S. L. would like to thank S. H. Roan for all her help. R. S. L is supported by an NIH Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) grant. S. W. B. is a Special Fellow of the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. J. M. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
2‐(1‐Azulyl)ethyl tosylate methylene scrambling in the gas phase. Similarities to solution chemistry

The methylene groups in 2-(1-azulyl)ethyl tosylate are largely scrambled prior to formation of fragment ions in the mass spectrometer. This process also occurs in the 3-nitro analog, where it is dependent on sample residence time in the source and independent of electron energy. It could not be observed with the isomeric 6-substituted tosylates, the 1-substituted acetates or alcohols, or with 2-(p-anisyl)ethyl tosylate. Scrambling occurs in the neutral molecule prior to ionization and a mechanism involving absorption onto the metal surface and formation of a complexed ethylenazulonium ion is suggested.
Suspicious allies: Wartime aviation developments and the Anglo‐American international airline rivalry, 1939–45

Abstract Anglo‐American aviation rivalry began in the late 1930s, when the two powers clashed over landing rights in several small South Pacific islands which each hoped to develop as bases for a trans‐Pacific airline route. When war broke out in Europe, British aviation resources were suddenly and completely diverted to the military effort. Two years later, when the Americans entered the conflict the two sides reached a critical agreement on aircraft production. The British were to focus on producing warplanes while the US would provide them with transport aircraft. This gave the Americans an important technological lead in this domain, which they quickly used to develop services to Britian's African colonies, so gaining a toehold in the empire. These developments greatly affected postwar planning, as the British sought to protect their technologically weak airlines while the US promoted an “open skies” policy safe in the knowledge that the better range, speed, and comfort of their transport aircraft wou...
Inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on CYP2D6- and CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolic reactions in human liver microsomes.

Objective: To screen the inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on hepatic bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation and on tolbutamide 4-methylhydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Methods: Bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation and tolbutamide 4-methylhydroxylation were used as index reactions for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, respectively. The metabolites of both reactions were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and were used as indicators of whether CYP2D6 or CYP2C9 activities were inhibited or unaffected by the agents. Results: All five H1-antihistamines studied showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6-mediated bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 32–109 µM. Cyclizine and promethazine showed inhibitory effects on tolbutamide 4-methylhydroxylation with IC20 values of 85 µM and 88 µM, respectively. Tripelennamine, chlorpheniramine, and diphenhydramine showed no inhibitory effects on CYP2C9. Conclusion: All five H1-antihistamines studied inhibited CYP2D6 markedly, but only cyclizine and promethazine inhibited CYP2C9 at concentrations above that usually seen in plasma. Promethazine and chlorpheniramine inhibited CYP2D6 at concentrations that are very close to their therapeutic plasma concentrations. Further studies in humans, especially in poor metabolizers of CYP2D6, will be required to confirm these findings.
Stimulus competition as a function of varying stimulus meaningfulness

This study examined the effects of varying the meaningfulness of stimuli within a compound stimulus. Stimulus competition, as a function of increased similarity of stimulus meaningfulness, retarded acquisition. The results were interpreted in terms of stimulus selection as a separate stage in paired-associate learning.
A description of free responding in the rat

Abstract Continuous records of the eating, drinking, and running of five rats were analyzed so as to uncover the statistical structure of choices made in free time from a constant set of alternatives. To a first approximation, the sequence of states of responding was first-order Markov and duration of a state of responding depended on the kind of preceding event but not on its duration.
Incorporation of Bloom's taxonomy into multiple-choice examination questions for a pharmacotherapeutics course.

Objective. To incorporate Bloom’s taxonomy into multiple-choice examination questions in a pharmacotherapeutics course and assess its effectiveness in detecting areas of improvement in learning. Design. Bloom’s taxonomy was incorporated into examination questions through a multi-step process: Sample questions representing each learning domain within Bloom’s taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) were introduced to students during lecture presentations and discussions. Quiz and examination containing questions categorized according to Bloom’s taxonomy were administered to students. During review sessions following each quiz or examination, the categorization of each question was provided to students and feedback from students was gathered. Assessment. The effect of the 5 types of test questions on the correct response fraction and discrimination index was determined after combining synthesis and evaluation. Correct response fractions for knowledge, comprehension, and application questions were significantly higher than those for analysis and synthesis/evaluation questions (p Conclusion. Well-designed multiple-choice questions incorporating different learning domains of Bloom’s taxonomy may be a potential method of assessing critical-thinking skills in large classes of students.
Synthesis of diamino sugars from 1,2-diamino-1,2-dideoxy-alditols. 4,5-diacetamido-4,5-dideoxy-l-xylose

Abstract 1,2-Diamino-1,2-dideoxy- d -glucitol dihydrobromide (I) was converted into 1,2-diacetamido-1,2-dideoxy- d -glucitol (II). With cupric sulfate and sulfuric acid as catalysts, acetonation of II gave 1,2-diacetamido-1,2-dideoxy-5,6- O -isopropylidene- d -glucitol (III), whose structure was established by periodate oxidation. With zinc chloride, phosphorus pentaoxide, and phosphoric acid as catalysts, 1,2-diacetamido-1,2-dideoxy-3,4:5,6-di- O -isopropylidene- d -glucitol (IV) was obtained. The 5,6- O -isopropylidene group of IV could be selectively removed by acid to give 1,2-diacetamido-1,2-dideoxy-3,4- O -isopropylidene- d -glucitol (V), whose structure was likewise established by periodate oxidation. Preparative glycol cleavage of V with periodate afforded 4,5-diacetamido-4,5-dideoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene- aldehydo - l -xylose (VI). Paper chromatography of the products of acid hydrolysis of VI indicated a major and a minor component. The major product crystallized from the mixture and was formulated as 4,5-diacetamido-4,5-dideoxy- l -xylopyranose (VII) by nuclear magnetic resonance data. All compounds were obtained in crystalline form.
Fault injection-based assessment of partial fault tolerance in stream processing applications

This paper describes an experimental methodology used to evaluate the effectiveness of partial fault tolerance (PFT) techniques in data stream processing applications. Without a clear understanding of the impact of faults on the quality of the application output, applying PFT techniques in practice is not viable. We assess the impact of PFT by injecting faults into a synthetic financial engineering application running on top of IBM's stream processing middleware, System S. The application output quality degradation is evaluated via an application-specific output score function. In addition, we propose four metrics that are aimed at assessing the impact of faults in different stream operators of the application flow graph with respect to predictability and availability. These metrics help the developer to decide where in the application he should place redundant resources. We show that PFT is indeed viable, which opens the way for considerably reducing the resource consumption when compared to fully consistent replicas.
Target validation using chemical probes

Fully profiled chemical probes are essential to support the unbiased interpretation of biological experiments necessary for rigorous preclinical target validation. We believe that by developing a 'chemical probe tool kit', and a framework for its use, chemical biology can have a more central role in identifying targets of potential relevance to disease, avoiding many of the biases that complicate target validation as practiced currently.
The blood libel against the montanists

Il est difficile de prouver que la diffamation contre les montanistes trouve son origine dans les travaux apologetiques d'Apollinaris de Hierapolis ou dans un texte du II e siecle. Cette diffamation pourrait apparaitre de maniere spontanee au IV e siecle. On peut avec quelque certitude croire qu'au IV e siecle, des groupes chretiens eclates comme les montanistes etaient percus avec hostilite et suspicion. Ce reveil de l'hostilite est sans aucun doute du a Cyrille de Jerusalem et la rumeur du sacrifice d'enfants s'est probablement repandue rapidement dans les decennies suivantes
Stridulatory movements in eight species of Neoconocephalus (Tettigoniidae).

Abstract High-speed sound-synchronized photography showed details of stridulatory movements and their relation to the sounds produced. Closing movements were more prolonged than opening movements and generally produced more intense sounds. Wing closures varied in rate from 10 to 250/sec. Four species had unpredicted complexities in their stridulatory movements: one silently snapped its wings shut after each acoustically effective stroke; two alternated long and short wing closures; and one made repeated groups of 4 to 9 progressively changing closures.
Biobjective optimization for general oil field development

Abstract The optimization of oil field development and production planning typically requires the consideration of multiple, possibly conflicting, objectives. For example, in a waterflooding project, we might seek to maximize oil recovery and minimize water injection. It is therefore important to devise and test optimization procedures that consider two or more objectives in the determination of optimal development and production plans. In this work we present an approach for field development optimization with two objectives. A single-objective product formulation, which systematically combines the two objectives in a sequence of single-objective optimization problems, is applied. The method, called BiPSOMADS, utilizes at its core our recently developed PSO–MADS (Particle Swarm Optimization–Mesh Adaptive Direct Search) hybrid optimization algorithm. This derivative-free procedure has been shown to be effective for the solution of generalized field development and well control problems that include categorical, discrete and continuous variables along with general (nonlinear) constraints. Four biobjective field development and well control examples are solved using BiPSOMADS. These examples include problems that consider the maximization of both net present value and cumulative oil production, and the maximization of both long-term and short-term reservoir performance. An example that highlights the applicability of biobjective optimization for field development under geological uncertainty is also presented. This usage of BiPSOMADS enables us to maximize expected reservoir performance while reducing the risk associated with the worst-case scenario.
Intracoronary thrombolysis 3 to 13 days after acute myocardial infarction for postinfarction angina pectoris.

Abstract The restoration of anterograde coronary flow long after coronary thrombosis may be of benefit to patients with continuing ischemia. To determine whether “old” intracoronary thrombi are susceptible to lysis with thrombolytic agents, 18 patients with angina at rest during evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and total occlusion of the infarct vessel were treated with Intracoronary streptokinase 3 to 13 days after onset of AMI. In 12 of the 18 patients (67%), successful recanalization of the artery was achieved 6.9 ± 2.7 days after AMI. Thrombolysis was followed by coronary angioplasty in 2 patients. To evaluate the efficacy of this approach in reducing post-AMI Ischemia, the number of episodes of angina at rest was compared in patients with successful and unsuccessful attempts at recanalization. Even in patients without angioplasty, the mean number of daily episodes decreased from 1.02 ± 0.6 to 0.09 ± 0.2 in patients In whom reperfusion was achieved, and from 1.07 ± 0.8 to 0.88 ± 0.8 in those in whom it was not (p = 0.027 for the difference between the groups). Thus, in patients with early post-AMI angina, intracoronary streptokinase can restore flow in the occluded artery, may decrease the frequency of angina, and allows angioplasty to be performed.
SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN POLYIMIDES : QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE MEASUREMENTS

The solubility of water vapor in four different polyimides at 100% relative humidity and 22°C was measured by means of a quartz crystal microbalance system. The results confirm earlier conclusions that diffusion in these polymers is Fickian, and are sufficiently precise that the order of solubilities is unambiguous. The differences between the values are interpreted in terms of morphological variations rather than variations in chemical affinity for water. Diffusion coefficients are also reported.
Lead chloride complexation using ultraviolet molar absorptivity characteristics

The molar absorptivities of Pb2+, PbCl+, PbCl2, and PbCl 3 − were obtained between 210 and 300 nm. Molar absorptivity data were used to determine lead speciation directly from Pb(II) absorbance characteristics in a variety of media including natural seawater. The absorbance characteristics of lead in a particular chloride medium reveal the lead chloride formation constants appropriate to that medium. Our analyses indicate that lead chloride formation constants are significantly smaller in MgCl2 media than in HCl at constant ionic strength.
Photoelectrochemical degradation of naphthol blue black diazo dye on WO3 film electrode

Abstract Photoelectrochemical degradation of a textile diazo dye, naphthol blue black (NBB), has been investigated using different semiconductor electrodes. A higher photoelectrocatalytic activity has been observed for WO3 film electrodes, prepared by electrodeposition, than for TiO2 nanoparticulate film electrodes. By annealing of the WO3 film deposited on a Pt substrate, we were able to increase the photodegradation rate of NBB, owing to the reduced losses due to the electron–hole recombination. This treatment also increased the long-term photostability of the electrode. The effect of the supporting electrolyte was examined using NaCl, NaClO4, KNO3, and Na2SO4 solutions. The highest NBB degradation rate was found in the acidic Cl− medium. With increasing solution pH, the degradation rate decreased to a lower level indicating a change in the NBB photodecomposition mechanism. The reaction is of the first order with respect to NBB in the concentration range up to ca. 6×10−5 M NBB. The apparent rate constants for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of NBB in 0.5 M NaCl+8.8×10−5 M NBB solution, on a WO3 film electrode at E=1.08 V versus SCE, are 1.302×10−4 and 3.41×10−5 cm−2 s−1, under illumination with ultraviolet and visible light, respectively. It has been found that the mechanism of the sub-band excitation with the dye self-sensitization is a minor degradation path for NBB, while the main path involves the electron–hole generation and heterogeneous oxidation with participation of valence-band electron holes. The latter reactions involve oxidation of solution components with generation of powerful oxidants, such as the OH , Cl2 −, and Cl radicals, being directly responsible for the fast dye decomposition.
The T1 domain of Kv1.3 mediates intracellular targeting to axons.

Shaker K + channels play an important role in modulating electrical excitability of axons. Recent work has demonstrated that the T1 tetramerization domain of Kv1.2 is both necessary and sufficient for targeting of the channel to the axonal surface [Gu, C., Jan, Y.N. & Jan, L.Y. (2003) Science, 301, 646-649]. Here we use a related channel, Kv1.3, as a model to investigate cellular mechanisms that mediate axonal targeting. We show that the T1 domain of Kv1.3 is necessary and sufficient to mediate targeting of the channel to the axonal surface in pyramidal neurons in slices of cortex from neonatal rat. The T1 domain is also sufficient to cause preferential axonal localization of intracellular protein, which indicates that the domain probably does not work through compartment-specific endocytosis or compartment-specific vesicle docking. To determine whether the T1 domain mediates axonal trafficking of transport vesicles, we compared the trafficking of vesicles containing green fluorescent protein-labelled transferrin receptor with those containing the same protein fused with the T1 domain in living cortical neurons. Vesicles containing the wild-type transferrin receptor did not traffic to the axon, in accord with previously published results; however, those containing the transferrin receptor fused to T1 did traffic to the axon. These results are consistent with the T1 domain of Kv1.3 mediating axonal targeting by causing transport vesicles to traffic to axons and they represent the first evidence that such a mechanism might underlie axonal targeting.
HYPOKALEMIA AND HYPERKALEMIA

This article discusses the causes and nature of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Diagnosis, testing, drug administration, and general management are outlined in detail.
Exchange thresholds in dichromats.

Light of intensity I1 at wave length λ1 is suddenly exchanged for I2 at λ2. This exchange is presented upon a background of ½(I1 + I2). The exchange is attenuated to threshold by a photometric wedge. When I1 is kept fixed and I2 varied in intensity, the relation between threshold and I2 for dichromats fits the curve expected from Weber's law and the principle of univariance. For normal eyes the threshold is nearly the same as that for the protanope or deuteranope, whichever is lower.
An Analysis of Nitrate‐Nitrogen in Ground Water Beneath Unsewered Subdivisions

Water samples from private water supply wells in five unsewered subdivisions were tested for nitrate-nitrogen to determine the possible impact of septic systems on ground water quality. Three subdivisions are located in Eau Claire County and two in LaCrosse County, Wisconsin. The nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the wells were analyzed in relation to ground water flow direction, the location of septic systems within the subdivision, and the hydrogeologic and physical characteristics of the subdivisions. A comparison of three nitrogen mass balance models helped to identify the possible sources of nitrate-nitrogen in the wells. The results indicate that nitrogen from septic systems and lawn fertilizer cause nitrate-nitrogen to increase in the ground water beneath the downgradient side of the subdivisions. In three of the five subdivisions the highest nitrate-nitrogen value exceeds the drinking water standard of 10 mg/L.
Review of Research: Allergies in School: A Review of Research

(2010). Review of Research: Allergies in School: A Review of Research. Childhood Education: Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 264-266.
Method for the Synthesis of Mono-ADP-ribose Conjugated Peptides

ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational modification involved in processes including cellular replication, DNA repair, and cell death. Despite these roles, the functions of ADP-ribosylation, in particular mono-ADP-ribosylation, remain poorly understood. The development of a technique to generate large amounts of site-specific, ADP-ribosylated peptides would provide a useful tool for deconvoluting the biochemical roles of ADP-ribosylation. Here we demonstrate that synthetic histone H2B tail peptides, incorporating aminooxy or N-methyl aminooxy functionalized amino acids, can be site-specifically conjugated to ADP-ribose. These peptides are recognized as substrates by the ADP-ribosylation biochemical machinery (PARP1), can interact with the ADP-ribose binding proteins macroH2A1.1 and PARP9, and demonstrate superior enzymatic and chemical stability when compared to ester-linked ADP-ribose. In addition, the incorporation of benzophenone photo-cross-linkers into these peptides is demonstrated to provide a means to probe for and enrich ADP-ribose binding proteins.
Conducting Power Analyses for Anova and Ancova in between-Subjects Designs

Researchers are frequently asked to justify the sample size used in their quantitative inquiries. Such a justification can be provided through a power analysis. Conducting power analyses, however, can raise some difficult issues regarding the specification of the size of the effect, testing for interaction effects, the role of covariates, and the use of an estimated effect size in the power analysis. The authors present methods for conducting power analyses along with a discussion of these issues, and they make available SAS programs that can be used to implement the power analyses that are discussed.
Dynamic activation of an allosteric regulatory protein

Effector molecules are thought to control the activity of allosteric proteins by binding to an allosteric site, distinct from the active site, thereby inducing and stabilizing a specific conformational state of the protein. A new study suggests that the notion of purely structurally regulated activity in allosteric proteins should be revised to include a frequently dominating contribution from protein dynamics. Shiou-Ru Tzeng and Charalampos Kalodimos characterized cyclic AMP binding to catabolite activator protein (CAP), a transcriptional activator often used as a model for allostery. They find, surprisingly, that even when in a structurally inactive conformation, CAP can be activated for ligand (DNA) binding by changes in protein dynamics. Allosteric regulation is used to control protein activity across a broad range of biological processes. Effectors are thought to function by selectively stabilizing a specific conformational state with distinct binding or enzymatic activity, thereby regulating protein activity. Here, the characterization of the binding of cyclic AMP to the catabolite activator protein demonstrates that allosteric proteins can be regulated predominantly by changes in their structural dynamics. Allosteric regulation is used as a very efficient mechanism to control protein activity in most biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, catalysis and gene regulation1,2,3,4,5,6. Allosteric proteins can exist in several conformational states with distinct binding or enzymatic activity. Effectors are considered to function in a purely structural manner by selectively stabilizing a specific conformational state, thereby regulating protein activity. Here we show that allosteric proteins can be regulated predominantly by changes in their structural dynamics. We have used NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize cyclic AMP (cAMP) binding to the catabolite activator protein (CAP), a transcriptional activator that has been a prototype for understanding effector-mediated allosteric control of protein activity7. cAMP switches CAP from the ‘off’ state (inactive), which binds DNA weakly and non-specifically, to the ‘on’ state (active), which binds DNA strongly and specifically. In contrast, cAMP binding to a single CAP mutant, CAP-S62F, fails to elicit the active conformation; yet, cAMP binding to CAP-S62F strongly activates the protein for DNA binding. NMR and thermodynamic analyses show that despite the fact that CAP-S62F-cAMP2 adopts the inactive conformation, its strong binding to DNA is driven by a large conformational entropy originating in enhanced protein motions induced by DNA binding. The results provide strong evidence that changes in protein motions may activate allosteric proteins that are otherwise structurally inactive.
Choosing crop cultivars and cultivar mixtures under low versus high disease pressure: a case study with wheat.

Abstract Four winter wheat cultivars and all possible equiproportional mixtures among them were grown under low and high severity of Septoria blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola and Leptosphaeria nodorum ) and eyespot (caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ) in each of 3 years. On average, mixtures provided only a small reduction of Septoria blotch relative to their component pure stands (27, 9, 15% for the three seasons), however, mixtures containing both very resistant and very susceptible cultivars demonstrated larger reductions. Reductions of eyespot severity due to mixing averaged only 6% in the one mixture evaluated, and were statistically non-significant. The two most resistant cultivars yielded less than the two more susceptible cultivars under low disease pressure, while the opposite relationship between yield and disease resistance was found under high disease pressure. There was considerable variation among mixtures for yield, and the yield of a mixture could generally not be predicted a priori . Some mixtures demonstrated high yields over years and under both low and high disease pressure. For western Oregon and Washington, the best strategy may be to choose a cultivar with intermediate yield potential and disease resistance or to grow a cultivar mixture with proven yield performance.
Relational-Cultural Theory for Middle School Counselors

Young adolescents (ages 11-14), typically in the middle school grades, face life tasks involving connections and belonging with their peer group along with the development of their individual identity (Henderson & Thompson, 2010). Learning to negotiate through these developmental tasks, they face myriad relational challenges. This article explores the application of Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) with early adolescents. It provides implications and recommendations for school counselors.
A two-channel, ultra-low-power, SiGe BiCMOS receiver front-end for X-band phased array radars

We present an ultra-low-power SiGe BiCMOS receiver front-end for X-band phased-array radar systems. The receiver, which consists of two LNAs and a 3-bit phase shifter, consumes only 4 mW of dc power while achieving over 10 dB of gain, less than 5 dB noise figure, and an OTOI of over 10 dBm. In addition, the RMS gain and phase errors were less than 0.5 dB and 2∘, respectively. This design demonstrates possible applications of SiGe HBT technology for use in ultra-low-power radar systems.
The lizard in the green bottle : aging out of problem drinking among Navajo men

The Navajo exhibit a number of indicators suggesting the extent of significant problems associated with drinking and alcohol abuse. Measures of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity provide stark testimony regarding the shape and magnitude of problem drinking among the Navajo. While these measures highlight patterns of drinking that often result in social, physical, and psychological pathology, there are other, less noted patterns of Navajo drinking. This paper describes a salient, if often overlooked, pattern of Native American drinking by examining the aging out phenomenon among Navajo men. Using narratives collected from former problem drinkers, this paper describes the factors and motivations associated with this sometimes dramatic change in drinking behavior. Several themes emerge from these narratives that help explain the aging out process. These themes include health concerns, religious involvement, living a traditional Navajo way of life, and the responsibilities and life changes associated with child rearing. This paper not only provides detail on a category of drinker and drinking phenomena that is largely ignored in accounts of Native American drinking, but also illustrates some of the values and meanings attached to drinking cessation and highlights the relation between changes in drinking behavior and stages in life course among Navajo men.
Collapsing objects and the backward emission of light

Abstract A general and comprehensive analysis is presented of the characteristics of light emitted from a collapsing, non-rotating gas within the framework of general relativity. The results are contrasted with the analogous special relativistic situation. It is found that there exist restrictions on the range and frequency shift of escaping light that are purely general relativistic. One particularly interesting result is that, unlike the special relativistic analog, light emitted from an optically thick collapsing gas will never be received blue-shifted by an observer.