cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lyophilized yeast powder for adjuvant free thermostable vaccine delivery

Thermolabile nature of commercially available vaccines necessitates their storage, transportation, and dissemination under refrigerated condition. Maintenance of continuous cold chain at every step increases the final cost of vaccines. Any breach in the cold chain even for a short duration results in the need to discard the vaccines. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of thermostable vaccines. In this proof-of-concept study, we showed that E. coli curli-green fluorescent fusion protein remains stable in freeze-dried yeast powder for more than 18 and 12 months when stored at 30 °C and 37 °C respectively. Stability of the heterologous protein remains unaffected during the process of heat-inactivation and lyophilization. The mass of lyophilized yeast powder remains almost unchanged during the entire period of storage and expressed protein remains intact even after two cycles of freeze and thaws. The protease-deficient strain appears ideal for the development of whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines. The cellular abundance of expressed antigen in dry powder after a year was comparable to freshly lyophilized cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed the intact nature of cells in powdered form even after a year of storage at 30 °C. Observation made in this study showed that freeze-dry yeast powder can play a vital role in the development of thermostable vaccines.Key Points• Yeast-based vaccines can overcome problem of cold chain associated with conventional vaccines• Lyophilized yeast powder can be a simple way for long-term storage of immunogen(s)• Protease deficient strain is important for whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines.
A Blueprint for Scaling Tutoring and Mentoring Across Public Schools

In this thought experiment, we explore how to make access to individualized instruction and academic mentoring more equitable by taking tutoring to scale as a permanent feature of the U.S. public e...
The Population Genomics of Aedes aegypti: Progress and Prospects

Despite its significance in public health, the population genomics of Aedes aegypti is in its infancy. We suspect this dichotomy is largely driven by its relatively large genome size affecting cost of sequencing. Efforts to capture the subset of genomic markers have been conducted using exome capture and microarray technologies. The focus of the population genomic studies has been largely on identifying population structure and investigating insecticide resistance. Recent advances in library preparation technology and availability of a chromosome-level reference assembly allowed whole genome sequence-based study. These developments open new questions that can be addressed with further population genomic data. As with Anopheles gambiae, interests in advancing gene drive-based mosquito control methods are propelling additional collections of Ae. aegypti datasets aimed at characterizing dispersal and population size. With increasing interest in novel genetic control and their application in the field, we expect to accelerate research in characterizing field populations using genomics approaches in the near future.
Children's Instrumentality and Agency in Amazonia

Several scholars (Behar 1996, Fabian 1996, Marcus 1999, Marcus and Fischer 1986, Myerhoff 1978, Rosaldo 1989) demonstrate how intimacy brings to the forefront questions of subjective bias, personal expectations and emotions, and unequal power relations inherent in the anthropological fieldwork encounter – precisely the central targets in many of the critiques of the qualitative research methods that we champion. Perhaps it is for this reason that some anthropologists shun reflexive ethnographic writing (Salzman, 2002, Robertson 2002), as it falls on what is already considered “murky” ground – a soil still nurturing ongoing debates over issues of authority and representation and the possibilities of demarcating subjective-objective experiences. In this article, I argue that, instead, it is precisely by incorporating reflexive approaches that the production of knowledge, which is rarely crafted in isolation, gains greater transparency allowing more consideration to be given to power relations and other epistemological frames of reference within which the researcher and anthropology are inevitably embedded. As such, analyzing forms of knowledge that intimate field relationships produce exposes both the underbelly of our methodology as well as the underpinnings of our theories and practices. By focusing on children’s instrumentality as a way to examine these issues, this article contributes to literatures on personhood, relatedness, secrecy, parenting, children and childhood studies.
Distribution of Food Reserves in “Model” Honeybee Swarm Clusters

Summary“Model” swarm clusters, which display behaviour typical of natural swarm clusters, were used in the study of swarm food reserves. The food reserves of a “model” cluster were unevenly distributed among workers of two behavioural modes: active workers, which rapidly consumed food in their scouting activities; and quiescent workers, which acted chiefly as reservoirs for food storage. The absence of the queen from an unfed cluster affected the distribution of food, and also resulted in a more rapid decline of food reserves in the quiescent workers; feeding the queenless cluster negated that effect of queenlessness. The depressed flight activity from a fed cluster suggests that the amount of food reserves may influence the proportions of bees in the cluster that display active and quiescent behaviours.
Conjugate Addition–Cyclization of a Cyanocuprate: 2-Carbomethoxy-3-Vinylcyclopentanone

Conjugate addition–cyclization of a cyanocuprate: 2-carbomethoxy-3-vinylcyclopentanone intermediate: dimethyl (E)-2-hexenedioate product: 2-carbomethoxy-3-vinylcyclopentanone byproduct: Tetramethyltin Keywords: addition, to CC; annulation, carbocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; assay methods, of diastereomeric purity by nmr analysis; lithium divinylcyanocuprate; copper cyanide, poison; copper cyanide, disposal; methyllithium, ethereal solution of; organotin compounds, disposal; organotin compounds, poison; tin alkyls, disposal; tin alkyls, poison
Location of the gene for Theta antigen in the mouse.

Theta (determined by the Thy-1 locus) is a cell-surface antigen found on mouse thymus-derived lymphocytes and in the brain. The expression of theta is controlled by an autosomal gene with two known codominant alleles: Thy-1/sup a/ and Thy-1/sup b/. The purpose of the present study was to define the position of Thy-1 in linkage group II, which has now been identified as chromosome 9. Our experimental design was to measure the recombination between Thy-1 and Trf, the gene controlling an iron-binding serum protein, transferrin. In addition, we followed the segregation at the H-14 locus, which has not previously been assigned to any linkage group. This locus, also known as Ea-2, determines a red-blood cell antigen.
Capacity and Capability Computing Using Legion

Computational Scientists often cannot easily access the large amounts of resources their applications require. Legion is a collection of software services that facilitate the secure and easy use of local and non-local resources by providing the illusion of a single virtual machine from heterogeneous, geographically-distributed resources. This paper describes the newest additions to Legion that enable high-performance (capacity) computing as well as secure, fault-tolerant and collaborative (capability) computing.
AND/OR Branch-and-Bound for solving mixed integer linear programming problems

Graphical models are a powerful representation framework for automated reasoning tasks. These models use graphs to capture conditional independencies between variables, allowing for a concise representation of the knowledge. Optimization tasks defined within this framework are typically tackled with either search or inference. Search methods are time exponential in the number of variables and can operate in linear space. Inference algorithms are time and space exponential in the tree width of the problem. This potentially higher space complexity makes these methods impractical. The AND/OR search space for graphical models is a newly introduced framework for search that is sensitive to the independencies in the model, often resulting in exponentially reduced complexities. The AND/OR search is based on a pseudo-tree which expresses independencies between variables, resulting in a search tree exponential in the depth of the pseudo-tree, rather than the number of variables. The AND/OR Branch-and-Bound algorithm (AOBB) is a new search method that explores the AND/OR search tree for solving optimization tasks in graphical models. In this paper we extend the algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems from the class of Mixed Integer Linear Programs (MILP). A MILP instance is a linear program where some of the decision variables are constrained to have only integer values at the optimal solution (we consider only binary integer variables). AOBB can be readily adapted for solving this class of optimization problems by arranging the integer variables into a start pseudo-tree and, then, traversing the corresponding AND/OR search tree. This rather straightforward extension can be further improved. We introduce a dynamic version of AOBB which uses a recursive decomposition of the problem, based on hypergraph separators. The hypergraph of a MILP instance has a vertex for each constraint and a hyperedge, which corresponds to a variable, connects all the constraints that contain that variable. A separator translates into a subset of variables that, when instantiated, decompose the problem into independent components. The algorithm traverses an AND/OR search tree based on a pseudo-tree which is recomputed dynamically at each search tree node using the hypergraph separator of the respective subproblem. The search process is guided in both cases by lower-bounding heuristic estimates computed at each node by solving the linear relaxation (i.e. ignoring the integrality restrictions) of the subproblem rooted at that node. Preliminary evaluation of the structural properties of several hard problem instances from the MIPLIB2003 library showed promise that the new AND/OR search schemes can improve significantly over the traditional OR tree search approach. Finally, we mention that more advanced strategies developed in the recent years for integer programming, such as the branch-and-cut scheme, can be readily adapted to exploit the AND/OR structural paradigm.
Walton on Argument Structure

In previous work I argued against (i) the likelihood of finding a theoretically sound foundation for the linked/convergent distinction and (ii) the utility of the distinction even if a sound theoretical basis could be found. Here I subject Douglas Walton’s comprehensive discussion of the linked/convergent distinction found in Argument Structure: A Pragmatic Theory to careful scrutiny and argue that at best Walton’s theory remains incomplete and that attempts to fill out the details will run afoul of at least one of the problems adduced above—i.e., result in either a theoretically unsound distinction or a theoretically sound, but unnecessary distinction.
Aspects of Socialization in Sports and Physical Education

(1970). Aspects of Socialization in Sports and Physical Education. Quest: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
Evidence for complex superconducting order parameter symmetry in the low-temperature phase of UPt3 from Josephson interferometry.

We present data on the modulation of the critical current with applied magnetic field in UPt 3 -Cu-Pb Josephson junctions and SQUIDs. The junctions were fabricated on polished surfaces of UPt 3 single crystals. The shape of the resulting diffraction patterns provides phase-sensitive information on the superconducting order parameter. Our comer junction data show asymmetric patterns with respect to magnetic field, indicating a complex order parameter, and both our junction and SQUID measurements point to a phase shift of π, supporting the E 2u representation of the order parameter.
The Distribution of Refractory Periods Influences the Dynamics of Ventricular Fibrillation

Abstract —The spatial and dynamic properties of ventricular fibrillation (VF) may be random or related to cellular electrical properties of the normal heart. Local activation intervals (AIs) in VF may depend on the local refractory period (RP), and sustained VF may require a steep action potential (AP) restitution curve. In guinea pig hearts, AP durations (APDs) and RPs on the epicardium are shorter at the apex and progressively longer toward the base, producing gradients of RPs that may influence the spatial organization of VF. In the present study, the influence of APDs on VF dynamics is investigated in perfused guinea pig hearts stained with a voltage-sensitive dye by comparing APD gradients to the dynamics of VF elicited by burst pacing. In VF, AIs had no clear periodicity, but average AIs were shorter at the apex (57.5±8.1 ms) than the base (76.1±1.5 ms, n=6, P + rectifying currents, I Kr (E4031; 0.5 μmol/L, n=3), shifted FFT spectra from complex to a lower dominant frequency (10 Hz) and altered repolarization but retained the correlation between mean AIs and RPs. Thus, VF dynamics are consistent with a multiple wave-make and wave-break mechanism, and the local RP influences VF dynamics by limiting the range of VF frequencies and AIs at each site. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
Methodology and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

In their study, Brugha et al [1][1] discussed the search strategies employed by the compilers of the systematic reviews and meta-analyses that they analysed. We wish that they had pursued this issue in more detail. Brugha et al wrote that ‘Authors generally gave comprehensive details of search
Pediatric Skin Disease in Pakistan: A Study of Three Punjab Villages

The population of children younger than 5 years old in three widely distributed villages in Punjab, Pakistan, was examined for skin disease in November 1980. Approximately 29% of the children had infectious skin disease, with pyoderma the predominant diagnostic category. There were significant differences in pyoderma prevalence rates between villages, with the suppressive effect of malathion spraying for malaria control on the insect population representing the most likely explanation for the observed differences. These data again emphasize the amount of skin disease, particularly in children, in rural areas of the lesser developed countries, and the desirability of focusing attention on the dermatologic needs of this vast sector of the world's population.
a Neurobiological Theory of Meaning in Perception Part v: Multicortical Patterns of Phase Modulation in Gamma Eeg

The aim of this study is to find evidence for repetitive global phase transitions occurring simultaneously over multiple areas of cortex during normal behavior. EEGs were recorded from multiple hig...
Global women's health--a global perspective.

AbstractThe burden of disease and public health issues affecting girls and women throughout their lives is significantly greater in resource-poor settings. These women and girls suffer from high rates of maternal mortality, obstetric fistulas, female genital cutting, HIV/AIDS, malaria in pregnancy, and cervical cancer. Although the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are being met in some nations, the majority of the goals will not be reached by 2015. In addition, insufficient attention is given to non-communicable and chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, obesity, and chronic respiratory diseases. A life-course approach that includes improvements in earlier-life factors such as diet and exercise is necessary to improve women's long-term health outcomes. Innovative diagnostic tools and treatment strategies along with cost-effective health service delivery systems are needed to make a significant impact on women's and girls’ health worldwide.
Calculating dose distributions and wedge factors for photon treatment fields with dynamic wedges based on a convolution/superposition method

A convolution/superposition based method was developed to calculate dose distributions and wedge factors in photon treatment fields generated by dynamic wedges. This algorithm used a dual source photon beam model that accounted for both primary photons from the target and secondary photons scattered from the machine head. The segmented treatment tables (STT) were used to calculate realistic photon fluence distributions in the wedged fields. The inclusion of the extra-focal photons resulted in more accurate dose calculation in high dose gradient regions, particularly in the beam penumbra. The wedge factors calculated using the convolution method were also compared to the measured data and showed good agreement within 0.5%. The wedge factor varied significantly with the field width along the moving jaw direction, but not along the static jaw or the depth direction. This variation was found to be determined by the ending position of the moving jaw, or the STT of the dynamic wedge. In conclusion, the convolution method proposed in this work can be used to accurately compute dose for a dynamic or an intensity modulated treatment based on the fluence modulation in the treatment field.
Assessment of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass function utilizing selective indicator dilution curves

Aortocoronary saphenous graft function was evaluated in 21 postoperative patients with the selective indocyanine green indicator dilution method. Selective indicator injections were made into the aortic root, diseased coronary artery, and saphenous bypass graft with constant sampling at the main pulmonary artery. There were no major electrocardiographic alterations associated with dye injection. Graft, aortic, and coronary dilution curves obtained from such testing were analyzed with respect to corrected appearance time (AT), build-up time (BT), peak amplitude (PA), peak amplitude build-up time ratio (PABT), clearance time (CT), and spread ratio (SR). When compared with aortic root indicator dilution curves, characteristic findings were: (1) patent grafts: shorter AT (P<0.001), higher PA (P<0.001), greater PABT (P<0.001), shorter CT (P<0.05), and greater SR (P<0.01), (2) occluded graft: no significant difference in any measurement. There were significant differences in BT (P<0.01), PA (P<0.01), PABT (P<0.001), and CT (P<0.05) when curves from injection of grafts with good and poor angiographic clearance were compared. Where graft flow appeared more satisfactory than bypassed coronary arterial flow there were significant differences between the majority of these measurements. It is concluded that the selective indicator dilution technique is safe and useful for the evaluation of aortocoronary graft function.
Pituitary volume in neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenia: A structural MRI study

Abstract Abnormalities in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) have been implicated in psychosis. To our knowledge, no prior study has measured pituitary volume in a neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic population. Herein, we present data exploring the volumetric differences in a sample of antipsychotic-naive patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia versus appropriately matched healthy controls. Pituitary volumes were measured in 51 patients with schizophrenia (36 males, 15 females, mean age ± S.D.: 25.2 ± 7.4 years) and 55 healthy controls (30 males, 25 females; mean age ± S.D.: 25.2 ± 6.6 years) Measurements were conducted on 1.5 mm thick T1-weighted coronal images from a 1.5T scanner by two trained raters. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller pituitary volumes than healthy control subjects (mean volume ± S.D. = 0.58 ± 0.14 cm 3 and 0.66 ± 0.17 cm 3 respectively; ANCOVA (using intracranial volume, gender and age as covariates), F = 6.81, df = 1, 101; p = 0.01). These findings provide new evidence of a smaller pituitary volume in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. The observed alterations in pituitary volume are consistent with neuroendocrine studies that have reported abnormalities in the HPA axis in psychosis. Similar volume reductions have been seen in other neuropsychiatric populations and may cut across diagnostic boundaries.
Simultaneous Measurement of Forces and Currents using an AFM-FET Hybrid Sensor for Studying Single Biomolecular Interactions

The majority of biological functions are carried out at the molecular level by interactions between various biomolecules. Because these interactions are often the target of pharmaceutical agents, drug screening techniques must be capable of sensing the interactions. Field-effect transistors (FET) have been widely used as biosensors, but are generally used with a large number of molecules to obtain a sufficient signal. The measurements taken with the FET-based biosensors are mostly “on” or “off” measurements, which are determined by the presence or absence of a reaction. A specific type of FET, the p-type metal oxide semiconductor FET (pMOSFET) appears to be a promising biosensor device. The pMOSFET contains holes in the channel, also known as the inversion layer, opposite in carrier type to the substrate. An atomic force microscope (AFM) has shown the ability to measure molecular interactions down to the single molecular level and to control the distance between a ligand and a receptor protein up to subatomic resolution. The integration of AFM and FET technologies has the potential to provide not only valuable information about these biomolecular interactions that has not been accomplished by other methods, but also a much more rapid drug screening technique. The ability to control single molecules will allow for the comprehensive study of biomolecular interactions at the single-molecular level. This presentation will show how the AFM and FET were integrated into one functioning biosensor. The efficiency at detecting single molecular binding and unbinding events will be demonstrated by probing the interactions between avidin-biotin complexes.
Hydrogen in semiconductors: The roles of μSR and theory

Hydrogen is an unavoidable impurity in all semiconductors. It interacts with intrinsic defects (from monovacancies to dislocations), with impurities (shallow dopants, deep centers, even electrically inactive impurities), with the crystal, and with otherH interstitials. These interactions profoundly affect the electrical and optical properties of the host. Conventional experimental techniques used to study the properties of hydrogen (EPR, IR or Raman spectroscopy, etc.) have provided information on a number ofH-related defects. Theory has played a major role in these studies, not only by confirming the models proposed on the basis of experimental data, but often by explaining the data altogether or predicting new features. So far,μSR has provided fundamental information on isolated hydrogen-like species in many semiconductors. It would be wonderful if thespectroscopic signature of muonium-impurity pairs could be identified or ifquantitative information regarding the stability of the various charge states of muonium could be obtained.
Antigenic specificities of “antiphospholipid” autoantibodies

Recent data indicate that “antiphospholipid” and associated autoantibodies recognize a number of phospholipid-bound plasma proteins and endothelial cell surface molecules involved with thrombosis and hemostasis, rather than anionic phospholipids alone. Although these recent findings provide potentially important insights into the pathophysiology of autoantibody-mediated thrombosis and fetal loss, it should be understood that these studies have involved relatively small numbers of patients with high levels of IgG autoantibodies. At this juncture it is not clear which, if any, of these autoantibodies are pathogenic. Promising future avenues of investigation include determining whether different antigenic specificities will explain the clinical heterogeneity of the aPL syndrome (why a particular patient might have arterial thrombosis versus venous thrombosis versus recurrent miscarriages) or whether certain specificities may not be related to any disease manifestation, explaining why many individuals with aPL are asymptomatic. The observation that certain autoantibodies to plasma proteins are of low affinity may provide insights into the mechanism of the loss of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity in patients with the aPL syndrome.
The Proposal for a Central Bank in the United States: A Critical View

Introduction: the success of existing central banks, 363.—Minor obstacles in the United States, 365.—The functions of central banks, 369.—I. The activities of central banks in normal times, 373.—The absence of branch banking an insuperable obstacle in the case of government deposits and the issue of notes, 380.—Credit notes a dangerous instrument, when the use of deposit credit is general, 386.—II. The precautionary stage in the policy of central banks, 388.—The sliding scale of discount would be ineffective in the United States, 393. —The kind of central bank which has been proposed for the United States is unlike those in Europe, because it would not be able to restrain credit expansion, 396.—III. Activities of central banks during crises: a central bank not needed to handle the foreign exchange situation, 400; or to insure the continuance of loans, 403.—The suspension of payments can be remedied without revolutionary changes in our present system, 407.—Conclusion, 413.
National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence.

ContextPostmenopausal hormone therapy use increased dramatically during the past 2 decades because of a prevailing belief in its health benefits. Recent evidence from randomized trials published in July 2002 demonstrated adverse cardiovascular disease events and other risks with hormone therapy in the form of oral estrogen combined with progestin.ObjectiveTo describe patterns of hormone therapy use from 1995 until July 2003, including the impact of recent evidence.Design, Setting, and PopulationTwo databases were used to describe national trends in hormone therapy use from January 1995 to July 2003. The National Prescription Audit database provided data on the number of hormone therapy prescriptions filled by retail pharmacies and the National Disease and Therapeutic Index database provided data on patient visits to office-based physicians during which hormone therapy was prescribed.Main Outcome MeasuresAnnual number of hormone therapy prescriptions and characteristics of visits to physicians during which hormone therapy was prescribed.ResultsAnnual hormone therapy prescriptions increased from 58 million in 1995 to 90 million in 1999, representing approximately 15 million women per year, then remained stable through June 2002. Adoption of new oral estrogen/progestin combinations, primarily Prempro, accounted for most of this growth. Obstetrician/gynecologists provided more than 70% of hormone therapy prescriptions, and more than one third of patients were older than 60 years. Following the publication of trial results in July 2002, hormone therapy prescriptions declined in successive months. Relative to January-June 2002, prescriptions from January-June 2003 declined by 66% for Prempro and 33% for Premarin. Small increases were observed in vaginal formulations and in new prescriptions for low-dose Premarin. If prescription rates observed through July 2003 remain stable, a decline to 57 million prescriptions for 2003, similar to the rate in 1995, is projected.ConclusionsClinical practice responded rapidly to recent evidence of harms associated with hormone therapy. Since July 2002, many patients have discontinued hormone therapy or are tapering to lower doses.
Ibrutinib: targeting the hidden CLL

In this issue of Blood , Herman et al elucidate the in vivo effects of ibrutinib (a BTK inhibitor) in various disease compartments of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[1][1] The study validates the differential impact of ibrutinib in various tumor compartments of patients treated on
Production of oxychemicals from precipitated hardwood lignin

Lignin is a major byproduct in the biomass-to-ethanol process. The lignin produced from acid treatment of biomass has characteristics suitable for further conversion to organic chemicals. It is free of contaminants and has a relatively low molecular weight. In this study, catalytic oxidative conversion of the acid-soluble lignin precipitated from acid hydrolysates of hardwood was investigated. The process is based on aqueous alkaline oxidation of lignin with dissolved O2 in the presence of Fe3+ and Cu2+ catalysts at moderate reaction temperatures (160-180 degrees C). Aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids are found to be the primary products identifiable on extraction with ether. The combined weight yield of the total ether extractable products is about 20-25% of the initial lignin. The yield of the aldehydes (vanillin + syringaldehyde) is in the vicinity of 15% with an additional 3 to 4% of aromatic ketones. The yields of aldehydes plus ketones observed in this work far exceeded those obtainable from the conventional alkaline air oxidation of spent sulfite liquors. This article also provides comprehensive batch reaction data on conversion and product distribution.
Future Directions In Close Combat

The most important process in the development of weapons technology is the formulation of weapon systems concepts that satisfy the requirements and needs of the user and thus elicit his active support. The process of concept formulation is sketched.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A semiperfect one-sided injective ring

We construct an example of a ring R: such that i) R is semiperfect, ii) R is right but not left self-injective, iii) R is an essential extension of its socle on the left but not on the right.
A Survey of Switch-Level Algorithms

The switch-level model provides a logical abstraction from the physical structure of a metal-oxide semiconductor(MOS) circuit to its digital behavior. At the switch level, a circuit is modeled as a network of transistor switches connecting a set of charge storage nodes. Node voltages are represented by discrete logic levels, and electrical behavior is modeled in a highly simplified way. Switch-level algorithms have been applied to such tasks as logic and fault simulation, formal hardware verification, timing analysis, and automatic test program generation. They have been implemented on sequential and parallel computers as well as by hardware simulation accelerators.
The Agencies of Abuse: Intimate Abusers' Experience of Presumptive Arrest and Prosecution

Presumptive arrest and prosecution policies are designed to eradicate domestic violence by disrupting abusive relationships and transforming the subjectivities of victimized women and abusive men. Using in-depth interviews with 30 persons arrested and prosecuted for domestic violence, this article examines the power of presumptive policies by exploring how intimate abusers experience them. The study finds that while the police and courts are able to secure arrests and convictions on domestic violence cases, nearly all the respondents in this study understand their punishments as unfair sanctions meted out by an unjust local legal system rather than as the consequences of their own actions. These injustice claims emerge from abusers' group identities as well as the very practices through which the police and courts gain authority over them. These findings demonstrate that the power of the law as a force for social change may be more limited than some have claimed. In addition, they reinforce calls to reform society's response to intimate violence through procedures that can go further in empowering victims and having offenders recognize their responsibility for violence.
Oxygenation of tumors by a hemoglobin solution

Tumor oxygen tensions were measured using a computer-controlled PO2 microelectrode in two preclinical solid tumor models, the rat 9L gliosarcoma and the rat 13672 mammary carcinoma. Tumor oxygenation profiles were determined under four conditions: (a) during normal air breathing, (b) during carbogen breathing, (c) after intravenous administration of a solution of ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin with normal air breathing and (d) after intravenous administration of a solution of ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin with carbogen breathing. Both tumors had severely hypoxic regions under normal air-breathing conditions. Although carbogen breathing increased the oxygenation of the better-oxygenated portions of the tumor, it made no impact on the severely hypoxic tumor regions. Administration of the hemoglobin solution was effective in increasing the oxygenation throughout both tumors under normal air-breathing conditions. The addition of carbogen breathing to administration of the hemoglobin solution eliminated severe hypoxia in the 9L gliosarcoma and markedly reduced the severely hypoxic regions of the 13672 mammary carcinoma. At 24 h after administration of the hemoglobin solution the 13672 mammary carcinoma showed greater hypoxia than before treatment, which was partially corrected with carbogen breathing.
Scent-marking in the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus: Sex differences and ontogeny

Abstract Many mammalian species which exhibit scent-marking behaviour show a pronounced sexual dimorphism in marking behaviour and scent gland morphology. However, several species of marmosets and tamarins do not show dimorphism in these traits. We examined sex differences in scent-marking structures and behaviour in cotton-top tamarins ( Saguinus o. oedipus ; Primates: Callitrichidae). While body size and weight were virtually identical in adult males and females, there were pronounced sex differences in scent gland size and in rates of marking behaviour. Females possessed larger anogenital and suprapubic glands and showed 10-fold higher rates of anogenital marking and slightly higher rates of suprapubic marking than males. Observations on the development of anogenital marking revealed a lack of dimorphism during the first 2 years. Adult rates of anogenital marking in females were only observed in females housed separately from their natal family group. The onset of adult levels of marking behaviour corresponds with the adoption of the role of a breeding adult female, suggesting that anogenital marking plays a role in sexual communication.
Estimating pedestrian counts in groups

The goal of this work is to provide a system which can aid in monitoring crowded urban environments, which often contain tight groups of people. In this paper, we consider the problem of counting the number of people in the scene and also tracking them reliably. We propose a novel method for detecting and estimating the count of people in groups, dense or otherwise, as well as tracking them. Using prior knowledge obtained from the scene and accurate camera calibration, the system learns the parameters required for estimation. This information can then be used to estimate the count of people in the scene, in real-time. Groups are tracked in the same manner as individuals, using Kalman filtering techniques. Favorable results are shown for groups of various sizes moving in an unconstrained fashion.
Phase-controlled surface reactions

Abstract Discrete interfacially controlled condensation and addition reactions, including polymerization, are described in the case of conducting polymer film growth on salt crystals, as well as monolayer reactions on a water surface. It has been shown that the interface controls and limits the extent of reaction so as to minimize structural disruption of the film material. In virtually every case, the resulting polymer has a unique chemistry, structure, defect level or purity which cannot be obtained by any other method.
Estimating the contribution of different parts of the atmosphere to optical wavefront aberration

Abstract Current adaptive optical telescope designs use a single deformable mirror (DM), usually conjugated to the aperture plane, to compensate for the cumulative effects of optical turbulence. The corrected field of view (FOV) of an adaptive optics system could theoretically be increased through the use of multiple DMs conjugated to a like number of corresponding planes which sample the turbulence region in altitude. Often, the atmospheric turbulence responsible for the degradation of long-exposure telescope images is concentrated in several relatively strong layers. The logical location for the planes of correction in a multiconjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) system would be the same as these “seeing layers.” Each DM would correct for the component of the total wavefront contributed by its associated turbulent layer. However, there is no known method of isolating a particular layer so that its component may be measured. Somehow, the individual components must be estimated using available measurements of the cumulative wavefront at the aperture of the telescope. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a signal processing technique for determining these phase contributions. The method takes advantage of the spatial diversity of wavefront sensor (WFS) measurements from two or more reference sources. These separate wavefront sensor measurements are processed via minimum mean square error filtering to yield an estimate of the phase perturbation caused by a particular turbulent layer of the atmosphere. Our results indicate that multiple wavefront corrector adaptive optics systems will require much brighter reference sources than single wavefront corrector systems.
Cloning and genetic characterization of blood group carrier molecules and antigens.

Based on the astounding pace of growth in the field of molecular biology over the last 2 decades, we are now able to consider the allogenicity of transfused blood products in genetic terms. In this sense, the allogenic barriers to the transfusion-based transplantation are defined by differences between those portions of the donor and recipient genomes that define the antigenicity and immune response to transfused cells. The genetic basis of the major histocompatibility complex barrier described earlier is because of well-characterized transcription from a polymorphic locus on chromosome 6 in nonerythroid cells. In contrast, the allo-barrier of ABO-matched RBC transfusion is the result of differences in over 2 dozen independent genes expressed during erythropoiesis that encode a wide variety of molecules important in membrane biology. Variability in the structure of those genes among separate donors often provides the molecular basis of many blood group antigens and phenotypes. This article reviews our current knowledge of the human blood group systems in genetic terms, focusing on strategies used to identify the relevant genes and their polymorphisms.
Small Sample Properties of Alternative Estimators of Seemingly Unrelated Regressions

Abstract A Monte Carlo experiment is carried out to examine the small sample properties of five alternative estimators of a set of linear regression equations with mutually correlated disturbances. The estimators considered are ordinary least squares, Zellner's two-stage Aitken, Zellner's iterative Aitken, Telser's iterative, and maximum likelihood. The experiment, based on 100 samples, provides approximate sampling distributions for samples of size 10, 20 and 100 for various model specifications. The results show that three of the five estimation methods lead to identical estimates for any sample size, that in many cases the two-stage Aitken estimator performs as well as or better than the other estimators, and that most of the asymptotic properties of this estimator tend to hold in small samples as well.
Tunable solid-state lasers: An emerging technology for remote sensing of planetary atmospheres

The present development status and prospective (1990s) performance-improvement evaluation of tunable solid-state laser technology notes recent trends toward spectrum coverage over the 0.20-14.0 microns range, in addition to dramatic increases in efficiency, service life, and reliability. It is judged that the Ti:Al2O3 laser and the AgGaSe2 optical parametric oscillator pumped by a Ho:YAG laser could cover the near-IR and mid-IR regions of the spectrum. Laser diodes operating at 0.78 microns should provide an excellent pump for a Ho:YAG laser.
A note on sufficient conditions that a common factor will be determinate in an infinite domain of variables

It is proved for the common factor model withr common factors that under certain condition s which maintain the distinctiveness of each common factor a given common factor will be determinate if there exists an unlimited number of variables in the model each having an absolute correlation with the factor greater than some arbitrarily small positive quantity.
FACULTY FORUM: Mastery Learning Benefits Low-Aptitude Students

We tested the effects of instructional method (lecture vs. mastery) and aptitude (high, medium, low GPA levels) on students' academic performance and achievement motivation goals. Students enrolled...
Dynamics of seven- and eight-membered 1,5-cycloalkane-fused semibullvalene derivatives

Abstract The conformations and conformational dynamics of the two title hydrocarbons have been determined by 1 H 500 MHz NMR and molecular mechanics calculations; barriers for the Cope rearrangements are also reported.
DNA sequence has an effect on the extent and kinds of alkylation of DNA by a potent carcinogen

Abstract A system has been developed to study the effects of base sequence (neighboring bases) upon the alkylation of guanine (G) and adenine (A) bases in DNA. The study was performed on the synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides, poly(dG) · poly(dC), poly(dG-dC) · poly(dG-dC), poly(dA) · poly(dT), poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT), poly(dA-dC) · poly(dG-dT), poly(dA-dG) · poly(dC-dT), as well as calf thymus DNA. Each polynucleotide was treated with N -[ 3 H]methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU), depurinated, and the freed alkylpurines separated by HPLC and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The amounts of 3-methylguanine (3-MG), 7-MG, and O 6 -MG relative to guanine, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and 1-MA plus 7-MA relative to adenine, and also the O 6 -MG/7-MG ratios were highly reproducible for a given polynucleotide. Significant differences were found in the amounts of each of the methylpurines formed when compared among the six synthetic polynucleotides and DNA. This evidence is interpreted as an effect upon alkylation which is ultimately dependent upon the base sequence. These findings may have significance in defining the specificity of chemical carcinogens in terms of the susceptability to modification of nucleotide sequences such as those found in certain oncogenes.
DTA peak shift studies of primary crystallization in glasses

Abstract Following the recognition during the last decade that knowledge of the shift in the exothermic crystallization DTA peak as a function of pre-DTA isothermal heat-treatment times and temperatures, can provide quantitative information about the crystallization kinetics, there has been renewed interest in DTA investigations of crystallization of glasses. Most studies to date, however, have focussed on the kinetics of polymorphic crystallization (where the compositions of the crystal and the parent glass are the same). These studies have established that the DTA peak shifts to lower temperatures with increased pre-DTA heat-treatment times and JMAK-based formalisms have been developed to extract the steady state nucleation rate from the DTA peak shift data. In this paper, we report new results on the DTA peak shift in systems undergoing primary crystallization (where the compositions of the crystal and glass are different). The DTA results show that the exothermic peak temperature decreases initially but increases later on, becoming significantly larger than the initial value, with increase in the pre-DTA heat-treatment time at a fixed temperature. This increase at long times has not been reported previously and is qualitatively different than the monotonic decrease reported for polymorphic crystallization. To rationalize these new results, a model of primary crystallization has been developed which includes homogeneous nucleation, diffusion-controlled growth, Gibbs–Thomson effect, and a mean field soft-impingement correction during growth. Based on this model and experimental results, it is concluded that the initial shift to lower temperatures is due to an increase in the number of nuclei (as concluded previously by others for the case of polymorphic crystallization) and the later shift towards high temperatures in our experiments is due to diffusion-controlled growth during the pre-DTA heat treatment.
Bioprocess engineering of cell and tissue cultures for marine seaweeds

Abstract Seaweeds are a rich source of valuable compounds including food additives and biomedicinals. The bioprocess engineering of marine macroalgae or “seaweeds” for the production of these compounds is an emerging area of marine biotechnology. Bioprocess technology for marine macroalgae has three elements: cell and tissue culture development, photobioreactor design, and identification of strategies for eliciting secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this paper, the first two elements are presented. Firstly, the development of phototrophic cell and tissue culture systems for representative species within brown, green, and red macroalgae is described. In vitro culture platforms include microscopic gametophytes, undifferentiated callus filaments, and “microplantlets” regenerated from callus. Secondly, the controlled cultivation of these phototrophic culture systems in stirred tank, bubble-column, airlift, and tubular photobioreactors is described. Limiting factors on biomass production in photobioreactors including light delivery, CO 2 transfer, and macronutrient delivery are compared. Finally, a mathematical model that integrates light delivery, CO 2 delivery, and macronutrient delivery into the material balance equations for biomass production in a perfusion bubble-column photobioreactor is presented, and model predictions are compared to biomass production data for microplantlet suspension cultures of the model red alga Agardhiella subulata .
The effect of age on taurine levels in eye tissues.

Abstract Taurine levels were found to decrease in retina and lens tissues of the rat over the period of 30–840 days of age. The early decline in lens taurine that occurred between 30 and 90 days of age coincided with a loss in lens water content but that which occurred between 12 and 24 months of age did not. Corneal taurine levels, which were lower than those of the lens and retina, also seemed to show an age-dependent decrease.