cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship Process: A Case Study on IDEO

Creativity is a continuous effort for the entrepreneur, who always sees new ways of doing things. Entrepreneur is able to innovate and to take the idea and make it work in practice.However, the creation of corporate entrepreneurship framework is difficult since it involves radically changing internal organizational behavior patterns.The term “new resource combination” is interpreted to be synonymous with innovation in the Schumpeterian sense. Thus corporate entrepreneurship is understood of as the effort to extend an organization's competitive advantage through internally generated innovations that significantly change the balance of competition within an industry or create entirely new industries. This paper addresses entrepreneurship process in one of the most innovative companies in world. IDEO has won more of the Business Week/IDSA Industrial Design Excellence Awards than any other firm and topped Busines Week’s list of design award winners for fourteen years straight.
Bayesian Methods in Biological Sequence Analysis

Hidden Markov models, the expectation–maximization algorithm, and the Gibbs sampler were introduced for biological sequence analysis in early 1990s. Since then the use of formal statistical models and inference procedures has revolutionized the field of computational biology. This chapter reviews the hidden Markov and related models, as well as their Bayesian inference procedures and algorithms, for sequence alignments and gene regulatory binding motif discoveries. We emphasize that the combination of Markov chain Monte Carlo and dynamic-programming techniques often results in effective algorithms for NP-hard problems in sequence analysis.
Ahlan wa Sahlan: Functional Modern Standard Arabic for Beginners by ALOSH, MAHDI

A review is presented for the books "Ahlan wa Sahlan: Functional Modern Standard Arabic for Beginners," and "Ahlan wa Sahlan: Functional Modern Standard Arabic for Beginners, Letters and Sounds of the Arabic Language," both by Mahdi Alosh.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH ECONOMIC HISTORY?

In this polemical book, Francesco Boldizzoni argues that economic history is so moribund as to require resurrection. He maintains that economic history has been converted into a subfield of economics and has embraced the antihistorical and a priori intellectual style of mainstream economics departments: it has, in effect, ceased to be a form of history. Boldizzoni hopes to force a recognition of contemporary economic history's bankruptcy and to show the way toward a revitalization. He criticizes both economic history as retrospective econometrics, as in the work of Robert Fogel, and economic history as a branch of the new institutional economics, as in the work of Douglas North. Boldizzoni suggests that economic history should return to the sort of research and models that prevailed earlier in its own history—models based on induction from observed economic life rather than on deduction from the theories of contemporary microeconomics. He particularly singles out the work of Witold Kula, Moses Finley, and the Annales historians for emulation, but also praises the perspectives of economic sociology and economic anthropology. Boldizzoni's call for a return to a more inductive form of economic history is welcome, and his discussions of his heroes should remind us that economic history was once a vibrant and creative part of the history profession. But the book's advice is more useful for historians working on premodern than on modern economic life. The claim that self-governing markets and interest-maximizing individual actors are pure figments of economists' imaginations seems far less certain for recent than for premodern times. And his insistence that each society has its own distinct form of economic life that must be discovered inductively leaves unconceptualized the world-spanning forces of capitalist development that increasingly shape societies everywhere. Boldizzoni's critique and his positive suggestions are certainly valuable, but he by no means supplies a sufficient recipe for economic history's resurrection as a vibrant field.
Selection of Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism for Thrombolytic Therapy: Thrombolysis in Pulmonary Embolism (TIPE) Patient Survey

During a recent one-year period, 44 clinical centers in the United States saw 2,539 patients with diagnoses of pulmonary embolism as supported by high probability lung scans and/or positive pulmonary angiograms. In developing proposals for a clinical trial of Thrombolysis in Pulmonary Embolism (TIPE), investigators in the 44 clinical centers reviewed the 2,539 patients’ medical charts for contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. Overall, 1,345 (53.5%) patients surveyed in the TIPE clinical centers would have been acceptable for treatment with thrombolytic therapy, a proportion higher than generally anticipated. Risks of major blood loss were the most frequent contraindications to thrombolytic therapy and were found in 838 (33.3%) patients. Risks to the CNS were found to contraindicate thrombolytic therapy in 453 (17.9%) patients. Risks of bleeding into special compartments were found to contraindicate thrombolytic therapy in 76 (3.0%) patients. Pulmonary embolism is underdiagnosed in most clinical settings, and even more patients than found in the TIPE survey could benefit from appropriate diagnosis and treatment. The question remains as to whether pulmonary embolism patients will benefit from thrombolytic therapy. Only a randomized clinical trial will provide a satisfactory answer.
Identification and prevalence of a genetic defect that causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency in Holstein cattle.

Abstract Two point mutations were identified within the gene encoding bovine CD18 in a Holstein calf afflicted with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). One mutation causes an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at amino acid 128 (D128G) in the highly conserved extracellular region of this adhesion glycoprotein, a region where several mutations have been found to cause human LAD. The other mutation is silent. Twenty calves with clinical symptoms of LAD were tested, and all were homozygous for the D128G allele. In addition, two calves homozygous for the D128G allele were identified during widespread DNA testing, and both were subsequently found to exhibit symptoms of LAD. The carrier frequency for the D128G allele among Holstein cattle in the United States is approximately 15% among bulls and 6% among cows. This mutation is also prevalent among Holstein cattle throughout the world, placing this disorder among the most common genetic diseases known in animal agriculture. All cattle with the mutant allele are related to one bull, who through the use of artificial insemination sired many calves in the 1950s and 1960s. The organization of the dairy industry and the diagnostic test described herein will enable nearly complete eradication of bovine LAD within 1 year. These results also demonstrate that bovine LAD is genetically homologous and phenotypically similar to human LAD, thus providing a useful animal model for studies of LAD and beta 2 integrin function.
A reexamination of the effect of thiosemicarbazide on brain GABA and glutamic decarboxylase in vivo.

Abstract After administration of convulsant doses of thiosemicarbazide (TSC) a reduction in mouse brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration was observed in mice quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen at a time just preceding the onset of convulsions. Inhibition of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity by TSC, either administered in vivo or added in vitro , was demonstrated to occur only after homogenization of brain tissue, but not in brain slices. Therefore, it remains to be demonstrated that inhibition of GAD in vivo is responsible for the reduction of brain GABA following TSC.
Regge theory for multiparticle amplitudes

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of multiparticle scattering amplitudes is discussed and reviewed with an emphasis on the analytic structure of the amplitudes as a function of the channel invariants. Single and multiple asymptotic limits of the Regge and helicity type are defined and a recipe is given for obtaining the asymptotic behavior of amplitudes in these limits controlled by exchanges of factorizable Regge poles and constrained by analyticity requirements. Applications to inclusive cross sections and the decoupling theorems for a pomeron Regge pole are reviewed as illustrative consequences of unitarity for multi-Regge theory. The present understanding of the relationship of cuts in angular momentum to unitarity is also described and suggestions given for further research. An effort has been made to keep the discussion pedagogical, while at the same time providing an entree to the literature.
Effects of Waveform and Polarity on Defibrillation Thresholds in Humans Using a Transvenous Lead System

Abstract Minimizing defibrillation thresholds is important to allow for implantation of downsized pulse generators with reduced outputs while maintaining an adequate defibrillation safety margin. Recent studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in monophasic defibrillation thresholds with a transvenous lead when the polarity was reversed (proximal coil = cathode). However, conflicting data exist concerning the effect of polarity reversal on biphasic defibrillation thresholds. The present study was designed to evaluate prospectively the effect of waveform shape and polarity on defibrillation thresholds in humans. The group studied consisted of 26 patients undergoing cardioverter-defibrillator implantation for standard indications. All data were obtained with a transvenous lead alone configuration. Defibrillation thresholds were determined using a step-down protocol with the initial waveform and polarity randomized. Reversing polarity significantly decreased the delivered energy at defibrillation threshold with monophasic waveforms (14.8 ± 7.1 vs 20.4 ± 8.9 J; p
Decreased carbachol-stimulated inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate formation in senescent rat cerebral cortical slices.

It is well established that muscarinic cholinergic receptors are linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in brain. Previous studies of muscarinic responses used Li+ to increase inositol phosphate accumulation and suggested little or no change during aging. Li+ disrupts certain aspects of the inositol phosphate metabolism and inhibits the formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4]. Ins(1,34,5)P4 appears to have second messenger functions. To investigate the effects of aging on agonist stimulated Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 formation, young (6–8 months) and old (28–30 months) Fischer 344 rat cerebral cortical or hippocampal slices were challenged with various agonists known to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in brain using a recently developed assay that does not use Li+. Carbachol and quisqualate stimulated [3H]inositol trisphosphate ([3H]InsP3) and [3h]Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 formation in young and old rat cerebral cortical slices. Norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and vasopressin failed to stimulate [3H]Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 or [3H]InsP3 formation in either young or old rat cerebral cortical slices. In old rat cerebral cortical slices, the carbachol-stimulated [3H]Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 formation was reduced by 44%. Angiotensin II stimulated [3H]InsP3 was increased (21%) in old rats. There was no influence of aging either on the basal level or on the maximal response to carbachol or quisqualate in hippocampal slices. These studies suggest region-specific changes in phosphoinositide hydrolysis during aging.
Counting symmetric and near-symmetric fullerene patches

We establish an exact method for drawing fullerene patches in the hexagonal tessellation of the plane. Using these embeddings, we then provide a closed form equation for the total number of symmetric and near-symmetric fullerene patches, up to isomorphism. The function depends only on parameters of the boundary code.
SMITH: How to produce CAI courses without programming

A computer-assisted instruction system (called SMITH † ), has been developed. SMITH relieves the course author of the burden of computer programming, thus greatly reducing course preparation time. The author writes his normal instructional text, divides it into frames (suitable for screen presentation), and describes each frame in terms of the topics it covers. He may also establish precedence and some other relations between frames. From then on SMITH structures the material and displays it to each student in a tutorial mixedinitiative mode, tailoring the presentation according to the student's characteristics, performance and requests. SMITH is, in fact, an instructional information-retrieval system, provided with a teaching strategy. This new type of system, which may be called IRO-CAI (for information-retrieval oriented CAI), employs special purpose algorithms in order to make intelligent use of minimal content information provided by the author. In this way it is possible to provide CAI in an efficient and adaptive manner without demanding an unrealistic time investment from the author.
Chronic Valproate Treatment Blocks D2-like Receptor-Mediated Brain Signaling via Arachidonic Acid in Rats

Background and Objective Hyperdopaminergic signaling and an upregulated brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade may contribute to bipolar disorder (BD). Lithium and carbamazepine, FDA-approved for the treatment of BD, attenuate brain dopaminergic D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor signaling involving AA when given chronically to awake rats. We hypothesized that valproate (VPA), with mood-stabilizing properties, would also reduce the D2-like-mediated signaling via AA.
Clinical trials of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spasticity.

Botulinum toxin has been tested as a treatment for spasticity resulting from cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke. The results of 18 studies are reviewed in this article. In both open label and double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, botulinum toxin has proven to be an effective measure for reduction of focal spasticity. Improvements have been documented in tone reduction, range of motion, hygiene, autonomic dysreflexia, gait pattern, positioning, and other criteria, though not all criteria tested showed improvement in all studies. In none of the studies were there significant adverse effects. Future trials may be improved by refinement of several design parameters, including patient selection, treatment timing, and selection of dose and injection site. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Inc. Spasticity: Etiology, Evaluation, Management, and the Role of Botulinum Toxin Type A, MF Brin, editor, Muscle Nerve 1997; 20(suppl 6):S169-S175.
Preparing hydroxyapatite powders with controlled morphology

We developed a synthesis method for hydroxyapatite particles with different morphologies. The process involved chemical precipitation and spray drying, which produced spherical, agglomerated hydroxyapatite granules with controlled particle sizes and structures. These granules contained nanoparticles with an average crystalline size of about 10 nm. We controlled the morphologies of the granules by adjusting the spray-drying conditions, such as the volume fraction of feed slurry and the atomization pressure. The spray-dried granules were doughnut shapes, solid spheres, or hollow spheres, and their sizes were controlled by varying the atomization pressure and the concentration of the feed slurry.
Editorial: Thanks To All Who Helped In 1985

On behalf of the officers and governors of SPIE, the SPIE editorial staff, and my predecessor, John Caulfield, I would like to thank all of the individuals who contributed in any way to the publication of Optical Engineering in 1985.
Magnesium as a biodegradable and bioabsorbable material for medical implants

For many years, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and titanium alloys have been the primary biomaterials used for load-bearing applications. However, as the need for structural materials in temporary implant applications has grown, materials that provide short-term structural support and can be reabsorbed into the body after healing are being sought. Since traditional metallic biomaterials are typically biocompatible but not biodegradable, the potential for magnesium-based alloys in biomedical applications has gained more interest. This paper summarizes the history and current status of magnesium as a bioabsorbable implant material. Also discussed is the development of a magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy that demonstrates promising degradation behavior.
Meshless Analyses of Fracture, Plasticity and Impact

The governing equations for rate-independent large strain plasticity are formulated in the framework of meshless method. The numerical procedures, including return mapping algorithm, to obtain the solutions of boundary-value problems in computational plasticity are outlined. The crack growth process in elastic-plastic solid under plane strain conditions is analyzed. The large strain plastic response of material under high-speed impact is simulated. Numerical results are presented and discussed.© 2003 ASME
The photolysis of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin under anaerobic conditions.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry have been used to confirm that the nucleoside product formed when 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin is photolysed under anaerobic conditions is 8,5′-cyclic adenosine. The synthesis of 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, which is tritiated at C8 of the adenosyl moiety, provides the confirmation that the photolysis mechanism involves a reaction between the 5′-methylene carbon radical and C8 of the adenine ring.
The Role of Home Monitoring in Interstage Management of Infants Following the Norwood Procedure

Although outcomes for infants with complex single ventricle heart defects have steadily improved in recent decades, there is still a significant risk for mortality and morbidity during the interstage period between stage 1 Norwood hospitalization discharge and stage 2 palliation. Home monitoring programs, which involve parental surveillance of daily weight and oxygen saturations during the interstage period, have been shown to significantly improve survival rates. This article describes the potential risk factors or causes of interstage mortality and reviews the role of home monitoring in early detection and potential prevention of adverse outcomes.
Discussion of “The robustness of the Sabarnes Oxley effect on the U.S. capital market”

In this paper, I use anecdotal evidence and logical reasoning to suggest that, despite the use of an extensive database, it is not possible to conclude that passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act did not have an impact on companies’ delisting decisions. Moreover, the instrumental variables used to proxy for SOX effects are too weak and suffer from a significant endogeneity problem given that passage of SOX was driven by many of the economic and control problems that are used to control for market and company factors. I also discuss some broader issues about the trade-off between large sample statistical inference and anecdotal analysis for addressing practical questions.
Social Indicators of Basic Needs: Quantitative Data for Human Rights Policy.

This paper reports on the author's effort to improve the consistency and objectivity of the economic rights section of the annual Country Reports, prepared by the Department of State, to provide a basis for equitable implementation of this aspect of U.S. human rights policy. The purpose was to define relatively objectively the extent to which a country's basic human needs are filled, as a backdrop to a discussion of the country's policy effort. This complex and evolving area of foreign policy had few participants who were sophisticated about social policy or social data, and existing social indicators had many problems of reliability. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights to which the U.S. is signatory, were taken as starting points, along with literature on basic needs in developing countries. Education, health, income and nutrition were selected as the highest priority rights for immediate action, policy issues were outlined for discussion, and a set of overview, background, and diagnostic social indicators were selected for inclusion in the reports. Principles for the selection of indicators included simplicity, ready availability across many nations, reliability, credibility, comprehensibility and correspondence to policy issues. Indicators, which are available through the World Bank, included life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality, school enrollment, population per physician, percentage of FAO daily nutritional requirement, percentage served by clean water. Cautions are raised that indicators should be used only in context of expert qualitative analysis of a country's situation because they are imperfect and limited measures. They should not be linked to policy too directly because the causal connection may be tenuous. The project is seen as a first phase in improving the information used in this policy area and giving more visibility to the issues.
Graduate training and the early career productivity of Ph.D. economists

Abstract This paper estimates the relationships among the attributes of graduate economics programs and the occupational choices and publishing proficiency of recent Ph.D.s. The estimates indicate that research experience in graduate school (e.g. working as a research assistant, submitting and publishing articles) is positively associated with subsequent publishing proficiency. Other variables included in the analysis include graduate school ranking, graduate school faculty size and its publishing proficiency, and individual demographic characteristics and academic experiences.
Observational Evidence for a Possible New Diffusion Path

Transmission electron microscopy of experimentally deformed amphibolite suggests that submicroscopic intracrystalline tubes formed around linear defects may be a previously unrecognized kind of diffusion pathway. Deformed and compositionally altered plagioclase and amphibole crystals include moderate densities of linear defects that morphologically resemble unit dislocations but display unusual contrast. During prolonged electron irradiation, the core regions of the defects expand to well-defined tubes that are ∼20 nanometers in diameter. Both observations suggest that the regions about the defect cores are glassy and were filled with silicate-water fluid during the experiments. Intracrystalline transport along these tubes would likely be several orders of magnitude faster than traditionally conceived processes of solid-state volume diffusion, grain-boundary solvent transfer, and ordinary pipe diffusion along dislocation cores.
PIASy Mediates SUMO-2/3 Conjugation of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) on Mitotic Chromosomes

PIASy is a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligase that modifies chromosomal proteins in mitotic Xenopus egg extracts and plays an essential role in mitotic chromosome segregation. We have isolated a novel SUMO-2/3-modified mitotic chromosomal protein and identified it as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). PARP1 was robustly conjugated to SUMO-2/3 on mitotic chromosomes but not on interphase chromatin. PIASy promotes SUMOylation of PARP1 both in egg extracts and in vitro reconstituted SUMOylation assays. Through tandem mass spectrometry analysis of mitotically SUMOylated PARP1, we identified a residue within the BRCA1 C-terminal domain of PARP1 (lysine 482) as its primary SUMOylation site. Mutation of this residue significantly reduced PARP1 SUMOylation in egg extracts and enhanced the accumulation of species derived from modification of secondary lysine residues in assays using purified components. SUMOylation of PARP1 did not alter in vitro PARP1 enzyme activity, poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation), nor did inhibition of SUMOylation of PARP1 alter the accumulation of PARP1 on mitotic chromosomes, suggesting that SUMOylation regulates neither the intrinsic activity of PARP1 nor its localization. However, loss of SUMOylation increased PARP1-dependent PARylation on isolated chromosomes, indicating SUMOylation controls the capacity of PARP1 to modify other chromatin-associated proteins.
The Role of Parent, Provider, and Child Characteristics in Parent–Provider Relationships in Infant and Toddler Classrooms

Research Findings: This study examined how characteristics of parents, providers, and children contribute to the quality of parent–provider relationships in infant and toddler classrooms. Parents (n = 192) and providers (n = 95) from 14 child care centers in a large metropolitan area participated by completing questionnaires about the nature of their relationships and communication, as well as other aspects of the child care experience. Although the study did not examine causal relations between variables, characteristics of parent–provider relationships were correlated with parents’ anxiety about placing their children in care, with providers’ knowledge of child development, and with whether parents and providers had worked together in the past. Parents’ views of their relationships with providers were more positive when they had worked with them before and when they were less anxious about placing their children in care. Providers who had worked with parents before had less favorable views of their rela...
Gap Sense: Lightweight coordination of heterogeneous wireless devices

Coordination of co-located wireless devices is a fundamental function/requirement for reducing interference. However, different devices cannot directly coordinate with one another as they often use incompatible modulation schemes. Even for the same type (e.g., WiFi) of devices, their coordination is infeasible when neighboring transmitters adopt different spectrum widths. Such an incompatibility between heterogeneous devices may severely degrade the network performance. In this paper, we introduce Gap Sense (GSense), a novel mechanism that can coordinate heterogeneous devices without modifying their PHYlayer modulation schemes or spectrum widths. GSense prepends legacy packets with a customized preamble, which piggy-backs information to enhance inter-device coordination. The preamble leverages the quiet period between signal pulses to convey such information, and can be detected by neighboring nodes even when they have incompatible PHY layers. We have implemented and evaluated GSense on a software radio platform, demonstrating its significance and utility in three popular protocols. GSense is shown to deliver coordination information with close to 100% accuracy within practical SNR regions. It can also reduce the energy consumption by around 44%, and the collision rate by more than 88% in networks of heterogeneous transmitters and receivers.
Reply to Gelman, Gaudart, Pericchi: More reasons to revise standards for statistical evidence

I thank the editor for selecting these letters for discussion; together, they typify the most common objections to raising standards for statistical evidence.
Two easy duality theorems for product partial orders

Abstract Two duality theorems are proved about the direct product of two partial orders. First, the size of the largest unichain (a chain fixed in one coordinate) equals the smallest number of semian-tichains (collections of elements in which no pair are comparable if they agree in either coordinate) needed to cover the elements of the product order. With analogous definitions, the size of a largest uniantichain equals the size of a smallest semichain covering.
Does Nature Have to Be Natural? The Question of Wetland Interpretation

Through a study of modified natural landscapes, particularly cranberry bogs, this article investigates the broad understandings of nature and wilderness. In relying on a nature as wilderness paradigm to identify what is ecologically valuable, the potential exists to disregard altered nature as ecologically damaged. This approach to understanding nature discounts the value of agricultural sites that demonstrate another way of seeing nature, one that appreciates its resilience. This article strives to understand how current metaphors that define nature as pristine fail to consider how altered nature can and does have significant ecological value.
State‐selective single‐electron capture in very slow collisions of Arq+ (q = 4–8) ions with neon

State-selective differential cross sections for single-electron capture processes in very slow collisions of Arq+ (q = 4–6) ions with neon (Ne) have been studied experimentally at laboratory impact energies between 0.4 and 4 qeV/amu and scattering angles between 0 ° and 8 ° by means of the translational energy-gain spectroscopy technique. The translational energy spectra show that the dominant reaction channels are due to capture into excited states of the projectile product Ar(q−1)+. However, at very low energies, other channels due to transfer excitation processes are found to open at large scattering angles. The energy-gain spectra are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the reaction windows, which are calculated using the single-crossing Landau-Zener model and the extended version of the classical over-the-barrier model. The energy dependence of cross sections for single-electron capture by Arq+ (q = 4–8) ions from Ne are also measured and found to be nearly constant with changing impact energy, but increase with an increase in the projectile charge state. The data are also compared with available measurements and theoretical calculations. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein and Its E3 Ligase Activity Promote Transforming Growth Factor-β-mediated Nuclear Factor-κB Activation during Breast Cancer Progression

The precise sequence of events that enable mammary tumorigenesis to convert transforming growth factor-Β (TGF-Β) from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter remains incompletely understood. We show here that X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP) is essential for the ability of TGF-Β to stimulate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells. Indeed whereas TGF-Β suppressed NF-κB activity in normal mammary epithelial cells, those engineered to overexpress xIAP demonstrated activation of NF-κB when stimulated with TGF-Β. Additionally up-regulated xIAP expression also potentiated the basal and TGF-Β-stimulated transcriptional activities of Smad2/3 and NF-κB. Mechanistically xIAP (i) interacted physically with the TGF-Β type I receptor, (ii) mediated the ubiquitination of TGF-Β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and (iii) facilitated the formation of complexes between TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) and IκB kinase Β that enabled TGF-Β to activate p65/RelA and to induce the expression of prometastatic (i.e. cyclooxygenase-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and prosurvival (i.e. survivin) genes. We further observed that inhibiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase function of xIAP or expressing a mutant ubiquitin protein (i.e. K63R-ubiquitin) was capable of blocking xIAP- and TGF-Β-mediated activation of NF-κB. Functionally xIAP deficiency dramatically reduced the coupling of TGF-Β to Smad2/3 in NMuMG cells as well as inhibited their expression of mesenchymal markers in response to TGF-Β. More importantly, xIAP deficiency also abrogated the formation of TAB1·IκB kinase Β complexes in 4T1 breast cancer cells, thereby diminishing their activation of NF-κB, their expression of prosurvival/metastatic genes, their invasion through synthetic basement membranes, and their growth in soft agar. Collectively our findings have defined a novel role for xIAP in mediating oncogenic signaling by TGF-Β in breast cancer cells.
SENSORY ANALYSIS OF FIBER FORMULATED GROUND PORK PATTIES

. Pure cellulose (Solka-Floc), microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), and a soluble gum (Nutriloid Fiberplus) were added to ground pork (25%± 2% fat) at 3.5% and 7.0% based on total dietary fiber content of each ingredient. Cooked samples of all treatments and a control were presented to a professional sensory panel and evaluated for the following six attributes: resistance to bite, juiciness, off flavor, pork flavor intensity, graininess/flouriness, and cohesiveness. Products containing Nutriloid Fiberplus at 3.5% and 7.0% had the least resistance to bite (softest), but no differences were detected between the two levels of these products. The Avicel and Solka-Floc products were similar to the control products for resistance to bite. Products containing Nutriloid Fiberplus carried a significant off-flavor, whereas products containing Avicel at 3.5% maintained a flavor similar to that of the control products. Products with Solka-Floc or Nutriloid Fiberplus had distinct graininess/flouriness attributes. Solka-Floc products and Nutriloid products were more cohesive (p < 0.05) than control products. Avicel products at 3.5% were not significantly different than control products for all attributes evaluated.
Improved inference for a linear mixed-effects model when the subpopulation effects are clustered

Abstract We provide Bayesian methodology to relax the assumption that all subpopulation effects in a linear mixed-effects model have, after adjustment for covariates, a common mean. We expand the model specification by assuming that the m subpopulation effects are allowed to cluster into d groups where the value of d, 1 ⩽ d ⩽ m , and the composition of the d groups are unknown, a priori. Specifically, for each partition of the m effects into d groups we only assume that the subpopulation effects in each group are exchangeable and are independent across the groups. We show that failure to take account of this clustering, as with the customary method, will lead to serious errors in inference about the variances and subpopulation effects, but the proposed, expanded, model leads to appropriate inferences. The efficacy of the proposed method is evaluated by contrasting it with both the customary method and use of a Dirichlet process prior. We use data from small area estimation to illustrate our method.
The cognitive impact of interactive design features for learning complex materials in medical education

To identify the most effective way for medical students to interact with a browser-based learning module on the symptoms and neurological underpinnings of stroke syndromes, this study manipulated the way in which subjects interacted with a graphical model of the brain and examined the impact of functional changes on learning outcomes. It was hypothesized that behavioral interactions that were behaviorally more engaging and which required deeper consideration of the model would result in heightened cognitive interaction and better learning than those whose manipulation required less deliberate behavioral and cognitive processing. One hundred forty four students were randomly assigned to four conditions whose model controls incorporated features that required different levels of behavioral and cognitive interaction: Movie (low behavioral/low cognitive, n = 40), Slider (high behavioral/low cognitive, n = 36), Click (low behavioral/high cognitive, n = 30), and Drag (high behavioral/high cognitive, n = 38). Analysis of Covariates (ANCOVA) showed that students who received the treatments associated with lower cognitive interactivity (Movie and Slider) performed better on a transfer task than those receiving the module associated with high cognitive interactivity (Click and Drag, partial eta squared = .03). In addition, the students in the high cognitive interactivity conditions spent significantly more time on the stroke locator activity than other conditions (partial eta squared = .36). The results suggest that interaction with controls that were tightly coupled with the model and whose manipulation required deliberate consideration of the model's features may have overtaxed subjects' cognitive resources. Cognitive effort that facilitated manipulation of content, though directed at the model, may have resulted in extraneous cognitive load, impeding subjects in recognizing the deeper, global relationships in the materials. Instructional designers must, therefore, keep in mind that the way in which functional affordances are integrated with the content can shape both behavioral and cognitive processing, and has significant cognitive load implications.
Harmonics of the Kruskal Limit and Field Diffusion in a Toroidal Pinch Discharge

Measurement of the magnetic fields in a toroidal pinch discharge have shown that when the applied toroidal magnetic field (${B}_{z0}$) is comparable with or less than the self-field of the discharge (${B}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$), the ${B}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ field penetrates into the discharge more rapidly than expected by simple electromagnetic theory, and also the ${B}_{z}$ flux is enhanced within the discharge. This second effect was very marked in these experiments because of the high impedance of the supply circuit connected to the ${B}_{z}$ coils. In addition, the magnetic field oscillograms show steps which commence when the magnetic pitch (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{B}=\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}r{B}_{z}}{{B}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$) satisfied ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{B}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{L}{n} or \frac{2L}{n}$, where $L$ is the torus circumference and $n$ is an integer. If it is assumed that instabilities prevent the formation of a large pressure gradient in the discharge, then ${j}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\ll}{j}_{\mathrm{II}}$, and the field configurations predicted for an applied electric field (${E}_{z}$) are in good agreement with those observed experimentally after field penetration is complete. In particular, the enhancement of ${B}_{z}$ is explained. Further, the assumption of small ${j}_{\mathrm{II}}$ leads to the prediction of more rapid ${B}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ penetration at low ${B}_{z}$. The most likely instabilities which would cause the limitation in pressure gradient and produce the waveform steps are thought to be interchange modes.R. The most likely instabilities which would cause the limitation in pressure gradient and produce the waveform steps are thought to be interchange modeql
Significance of centro-temporal spikes on the EEG

In a prospectively studied group of 43 children with centro-temporal spikes on the EEG, only 26 had the classical epileptic syndrome related to this EEG abnormality. Ten patients never had epileptic manifestations. In the other seven cases two types of epileptiform activity were encountered: in addition to the centro-temporal spikes generalized spike-and-wave complexes or - in other patients - occipital epileptiform phenomena occurred. In these cases the clinical signs and symptoms correlated best with the non-Rolandic EEG abnormalities. Some patients had only a few centro-temporal spikes during the recording of the EEG; in others this epileptiform activity was almost continuously present. This quantitative difference had no clinical correlation. Centro-temporal spikes should probably be looked upon as an (epi)phenomenon of cerebral disfunction with a wide range of clinical and electroencephalographic expressions.
A solid-state NMR index of helical membrane protein structure and topology.

The secondary structure and topology of membrane proteins can be described by inspection of two-dimensional 1H–15N dipolar coupling/15N chemical shift polarization inversion spin exchange at the magic angle spectra obtained from uniformly 15N-labeled samples in oriented bilayers. The characteristic wheel-like patterns of resonances observed in these spectra reflect helical wheel projections of residues in both transmembrane and in-plane helices and hence provide direct indices of the secondary structure and topology of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers. We refer to these patterns as PISA (polarity index slant angle) wheels. The transmembrane helix of the M2 peptide corresponding to the pore-lining segment of the acetylcholine receptor and the membrane surface helix of the antibiotic peptide magainin are used as examples.
Surgical techniques and outcomes for primary nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

Patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors are usually young men with large anterior mediastinal masses. The diagnosis can usually be established with measurement of serum tumor markers and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The mainstay of treatment is cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Resection of the residual postchemotherapy mass is usually necessary and is performed even with persistently elevated tumor markers if a clean resection is possible. The finding of necrotic tumor predicts long-term survival, whereas persistent germ cell cancer has a less favorable prognosis.
Isolation and characterization of axolemma-enriched fractions from rabbit and bovine peripheral nerve

Axolemma-enriched fractions were isolated from bovine spinal accessory nerves, bovine intradural dorsal roots, and rabbit sciatic nerve by differential centrifugation and separation on a linear 10–40% sucrose (w/w) gradient. The fractions were enriched 4 to 10 fold in acetylcholinesterase, a biochemical marker for axolemma. Axolemma-enriched fractions isolated from uniformly well-myelinated fibers (bovine spinal accessory nerve) contained lower CNPase activity and higher acetylcholinesterase activity than comparable fractions isolated from variably myelinated fibers (rabbit sciatic nerve and bovine intradural roots). Separation by polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight distribution of all peripheral nerve axolemma-enriched fractions was similar and ranged from 20 to over 150 kilodaltons. All axolemma-enriched fractions appeared to contain a small but variable amount of myelin-specific proteins. Based on biochemical properties, peripheral nerves containing uniformly well-myelinated fibers yield an axolemma-enriched fraction which is least contaminated with myelin-related membranes.
Personality Factor Structure among Hare Krishnas

The Comrey Personality Scales (CPS) were administered to 226 members of the Hare Krishna movement. Forty subscales defining the 8 CPS factors, 2 validation scale scores, age, and sex, were intercor...
An improved rhodium-DIOP catalyst system for the homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone

Abstract The asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone with an improved Rh-DIOP catalyst system was studied. Optical yields as high as 79% were obtained when a rhodium-DIOP-chloride catalyst system containing a tertiary hydroxyalkylamine promoter was used. The various factors governing the rates and selectivities are discussed.
SU‐C‐WAB‐02: Voxel‐By‐Voxel Validation of Deformable Image Registration Between External Beam and Intracavitary Brachytherapy Images Using Artificial CT Images Created From Patient Populations

Purpose: This study aims to develop a novel method for volumetric validation of deformable image registration. The developed method was used to determine the accuracy in bladder and rectum registration between external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) CT images. Methods: Twenty patients treated for intact cervical cancer were used for this study. All patients had EBRT CT (CT1) and ICBT CT (CT2). A single patient from the population was chosen as the reference patient. CT1 from the remaining 19 patients were then deformed to the reference CT1 (CT1_ref). The mean deformation and principle components of deformation fields were determined and used to simulate a known interpatient deformation. For each patient, CT1 was also deformed to CT2 to quantify deformation within each patient. The mean deformation and principal components of those fields were used to create a known intrapatient deformation field. The inter-patient deformation field was applied to the CT1_ref and inter-and intra-patient deformation field was applied to CT2_ref to create artificial CT1 and CT2, respectively. Our DIR algorithm was tested by deforming artificial CT1 to CT2. Errors in DIR were determined by taking the difference between calculated and the known fields. Results: We have successfully created artificial CT images that were realistic, represented our patient population, and had realistic deformations between EBRT and ICBT. The mean errors in registration for the bladder were 0.98 mm, 1.09 mm, −0.17 mm, and 3.47 mm in the RL, AP, SI directions, and total magnitude, respectively. For the rectum, the mean errors in registration were 0.02 mm, −0.86 mm, −0.37 mm, and 2.74 mm in the RL, AP, SI directions, and total magnitude, respectively. Conclusion: We have developed a method to validate any DIR algorithm for any particular patient population and organs of interest.
The Plasma Capacitor in a Magnetic Field

ABSTRACT This paper extends previous work on the impedance of a parallel plate capacitor, filled with warm plasma, to take account of a static magnetic field. Computations are presented for parallel plate and coaxial cylinder geometries and indicate series of resonances occurring at, and between, the electron cyclotron frequency harmonies. It is suggested that if the theoretical results were confirmed experimentally, plasma admittance measurements would form the basis of a simple and powerful diagnostic technique for measuring plasma parameters such as electron density and temperature in the laboratory and in the ionosphere.
Cerebrovascular disease and the visual system

Vascular diseases of the brain affect vision owing to a variety of mechanisms and cause a range of signs and symptoms. These conditions may result from diminished bloodflow, from leakage of blood through vessel walls, or from the compression of adjacent structures by enlarged vessels. Vascular disease may affect the arterial or venous systems and may be caused by abnormal communications between arteries and veins. In some cases, these visual manifestations have a significant impact on quality of life; in other cases, they may be warning signs of serious underlying neurologic or systemic disease. This article emphasizes the conditions that present most commonly to ophthalmologists.
The Trauma-Memory Argument

The trauma-memory argument proposes that memories of childhood trauma can affect adult behavior outside awareness and that such unconscious memories can return to awareness even after long delays. Unfortunately, this conclusion is based on case reports of unknown representativeness and on clinical studies which are methodologically flawed or do not consider alternative explanations. Of particular concern is the general lack of independent verification of the ostensibly forgotten memories. The trauma-memory argument is plausible, in at least some respects, given what we know about the processes of remembering and forgetting, but considerably more research is needed before it can serve as a basis for scientifically sound clinical practice.
Design and performance of a solar-powered heating and cooling system using silica gel/water adsorption chiller

Abstract In this paper, a solar-powered compound system for heating and cooling was designed and constructed in a golf course in Taiwan. An integrated, two-bed, closed-type adsorption chiller was developed in the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. Plate fin and tube heat exchangers were adopted as an adsorber and evaporator/condenser. Some test runs have been conducted in the laboratory. Under the test conditions of 80 °C hot water, 30 °C cooling water, and 14 °C chilled water inlet temperatures, a cooling power of 9 kW and a COP (coefficient of performance for cooling) of 0.37 can be achieved. It has provided a SCP (specific cooling power) of about 72 W/(kg adsorbent). Some field tests have been performed from July to October 2006 for providing air-conditioning and hot water. The efficiency of the collector field lies in 18.5–32.4%, with an average value of 27.3%. The daily average COP of the adsorption chiller lies in 33.8–49.7%, with an average COP of 40.3% and an average cooling power of 7.79 kW. A typical daily operation shows that the efficiency of the solar heating system, the adsorption cooling and the entirely solar cooling system is 28.4%, 45.2%, and 12.8%, respectively.