cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroleukin mediated differentiation induction of myelogenous leukemia cells

Leukemia cells enriched from peripheral blood of a patient with myelogenous leukemia were induced to differentiate with a purified T cell lymphokine neuroleukin. With sufficient neuroleukin concentrations, cells with macrophage-like morphology were identified among the developing adherent cells. After 2-5 days, approximately 38-50% of the suspension cells became macrophage-like and acquired CD21, alpha-naphthyl acetate reactivity and immune adherence capability. The amount of these nonproliferating cells increased along with cells containing fragmented DNA. Induction with insufficient neuroleukin quantity or with patient plasma alone developed few or no mature cells, indicating differentiation to mature cells is dose-dependent. The possibility of insufficient quantity of neuroleukin in regulation of patient plasma for differentiation was discussed.
Family sizes of children and family sizes of women.

This paper demonstrates the relation that obtains between the average family size of women and the average family size of offspring of those women. It estimates the value of these two measures for cohorts of American women aged 45–49 in various years from 1890 to 1970. It shows that children born during the post-war baby boom actually derived from smaller families than those born during the low-fertility 1930’s; that under current patterns a woman would have to bear an average of almost two children fewer than were borne by her mother merely to keep population fertility rates constant from generation to generation; and that average family size for nonwhite children exceeds that for white by 50 percent, although the racial difference in family sizes of women is only 19 percent.
Pulmonary toxicity of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash.

Abstract The effects of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash, a sandy loam soil, and quartz particles on the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of Fischer rats were studied at time intervals of up to 109 days after intratracheal instillation of 40 mg ash, soil, or quartz in a single dose or after multiple doses of ash instilled in seven consecutive weekly doses for a total deposition of 77 mg. Quartz caused early granuloma formation, later fibroplasia and collagen deposition, and widespread lipoproteinosis in the lung; severe fibrosis was also seen in lymph nodes. Volcanic ash caused an ill-defined inflammatory reaction with a few rats showing granuloma formation, a very limited linear fibrosis, and a moderate lipoproteinosis, and lymph nodes were enlarged with numerous microgranulomas but without reticulin and collagen formation. Pulmonary reactions to soil particles were less intense but similar to those in ash-exposed animals; lymph nodes were not enlarged. No significant clearance of ash was found at 3 months after instillation. Volcanic ash produced a simple pneumoconiosis similar to what has been described for animals and humans living for prolonged periods of time in dusty desert areas of the United States.
Health expenditures among high-risk patients after gastric bypass and matched controls.

Objective To determine whether bariatric surgery is associated with reduced health care expenditures in a multisite cohort of predominantly older male patients with a substantial disease burden. Design Retrospective cohort study of bariatric surgery. Outpatient, inpatient, and overall health care expenditures within Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers were examined via generalized estimating equations in the propensity-matched cohorts. Setting Bariatric surgery programs in VA medical centers. Participants Eight hundred forty-seven veterans who were propensity matched to 847 nonsurgical control subjects from the same 12 VA medical centers. Intervention Bariatric surgical procedures. Main Outcome Measure Health expenditures through December 2006. Results Outpatient, inpatient, and total expenditures trended higher for bariatric surgical cases in the 3 years leading up to the procedure and then converged back to the lower expenditure levels of nonsurgical controls in the 3 years after the procedure. Conclusions Based on analyses of a cohort of predominantly older men, bariatric surgery does not appear to be associated with reduced health care expenditures 3 years after the procedure.
Scene projection developments in the AEDC space simulation chambers

Testing system performance early and often under flight conditions is fundamental to managing uncertainty in system performance predictions and reducing system life-cycle cost. As a Department of Defense (DoD) Major Range Test Facility Base (MRTFB), Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) strives to ensure that DoD system performance tests are not limited by test and evaluation capabilities. For over 30 years, the space chambers at AEDC have performed space sensor characterization, calibration, and mission simulation testing on space-based, interceptor, and air-borne sensors. In partnership with the Missile Defense Agency (MDA), AEDC continuously pursues capability upgrades in order to keep pace with evolving sensor technologies. Upgrades to sensor test facilities require rigorous facility characterization and calibration efforts, all of which are routinely included in AEDC's annual activities to ensure quality test data. This paper discusses the status of such upgrades especially with regard to scene projection.
Predicting latent track dimensions

The increased use of columnar damage/latent tracks produced by MeV ions for scientific and technological applications provides ample justification for improving our understanding of the phenomenon. In this paper I give an overview of the systematics of tracks in several materials where the data are sufficiently extensive to make meaningful comparisons. These materials include yttrium iron garnet, crystalline quartz, muscovite mica, polystyrene, mylar, and cellulose triacetate. Although these data can be tied together fairly well by a simple, quantitative model, there are inconsistencies that suggest both that our understanding of the phenomenon and the relationship of data from different experiments need improvement.
Fetal α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels: No correlation with late fetal growth but increased with diabetes mellitus

The pars intermedia of the fetal pituitary produces alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Previous reports suggest that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone may be a determinant of early fetal growth in animal models. Based on anencephalic fetuses, a similar role was suggested in humans. To examine its relationship to late human fetal growth, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 185 umbilical cord blood samples from anatomically normal fetuses of 28 to 42 weeks' gestation. With use of stepwise multiple regression analysis, no significant relationship was demonstrated between alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels and fetal growth. However, significantly higher levels were found in infants of diabetic mothers (p less than 0.05) independent of birth weight, gestational age, or both. No significant relationship with other maternal factors related to fetal growth, labor, and delivery was demonstrated. We conclude that fetal plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels do not correlate with late human fetal growth. It is speculated that increased alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels among infants of diabetic mothers might be related to altered neurological maturation.
Comparison of Predicted and Measured Turbine Vane Rough Surface Heat Transfer

The proposed paper compares predicted turbine vane heat transfer for a rough surface over a wide range of test conditions with experimental data. Predictions were made for the entire vane surface. However, measurements were made only over the suction surface of the vane, and the leading edge region of the pressure surface. Comparisons are shown for a wide range of test conditions. Inlet pressures varied between 3 and 15 psia, and exit Mach numbers ranged between 0.3 and 0.9. Thus, while a single roughened vane was used for the tests, the effective rougness,(k(sup +)), varied by more than a factor of ten. Results were obtained for freestream turbulence levels of 1 and 10%. Heat transfer predictions were obtained using the Navier-Stokes computer code RVCQ3D. Two turbulence models, suitable for rough surface analysis, are incorporated in this code. The Cebeci-Chang roughness model is part of the algebraic turbulence model. The k-omega turbulence model accounts for the effect of roughness in the application of the boundary condition. Roughness causes turbulent flow over the vane surface. Even after accounting for transition, surface roughness significantly increased heat transfer compared to a smooth surface. The k-omega results agreed better with the data than the Cebeci-Chang model. However, the low Reynolds number k-omega model did not accurately account for roughness when the freestream turbulence level was low. The high Reynolds number version of this model was more suitable when the freestream turbulence was low.
Compufilms: A computer animation process:

Compufilms is a computer-generated animation tech nique developed jointly by Pennsylvania Research Associates Inc. (PRA) and film producer, Stanley Rose. A medium-scale general-purpose digital compu ter (RCA Spectra 70/46) is used to generate display instructions for a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 8/338 connected as a satellite computer via telephone lines. The DEC 338 CRT display is photographed with a motor-driven motion picture camera having a "single frame" feature. Special effects and color are added at this point.The basic movie generating softwave was written at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univer sity of Pennsylvania, on sponsored projects. The developers have been able to extend the use of this software and combine it effectively with special animation and cinemagraphic processes to create Compufilms. This article describes the system and its operation, and illustrates its use as a practi cal animation process.
Load transfer with the austin moore cementless hip prosthesis

More than 1,300 Austin Moore hemiarthroplasties have been reviewed in the literature, with no reports of fracture of the stem. Many patients with these hip implants had good function. The lack of stem fractures in patients with good functions has not been explained and contrasts with stem fractures that have occurred in patients with cemented prostheses of other designs during the same time. We used three-dimensional finite-element analysis and free-body diagrams to explain the lack of fractures for this device by a description of the probable load-transfer mechanisms between the prosthesis and the bone. Results from our finite-element analysis indicate that, with good calcar-collar support, the stresses in the stem are small because the stem portion of the prosthesis and the bone are uncoupled and, consequently, do not share the resultant bending moment of the head and abductor forces. If the stem is coupled to the bone so that the resultant bending moment is shared, high stresses in the stem are predicted; such stresses are inconsistent with the complete absence of fractures of these prostheses. The results of the finite-element analysis further showed that loss of calcar-collar support with proximal fixation through the fenestrations resulted in high stresses in the stem and stress shielding of the proximal medial cortex. The uncoupled prosthesis also may be modeled with a free-body diagram as a three-force member loaded at the head, stem tip, and in the proximal region. With this model, it can be shown that the reaction force of the stem tip, and thus the peak bending stress in the stem, increases as calcar-collar support is decreased. If there is no calcar-collar support, proximal support must be provided by some combination of integration of bone in the fenestrations and wedging due to the lateral-medial taper of the device. Stresses in the stem are largest when there is no wedging, but high stresses develop in the cancellous bone in the fenestrations. When there is wedging, stresses in the stem can be low, but stresses in the supporting cancellous bone can be high; additional proximal support through the fenestrations substantially reduces these bone stresses. If reduced stresses in the cancellous bone are indicative of a stable device, these mechanisms indicate that fractures of the Austin Moore prosthesis have not occurred in normally loaded hips because load was transferred primarily either through the collar or by wedging, with additional support at the fenestrations.
Cortisol is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino youth.

Context and Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum morning cortisol and aspects of insulin action in Latino children and adolescents (8–13 yr) at risk for type 2 diabetes. Design and Participants: The present study includes a cross-sectional analysis in 211 participants and a longitudinal analysis in a subset of 143 participants. Results: At baseline, cortisol was negatively associated with fasting glucose (r = 0.23; P < 0.01), β-cell function (disposition index, r = −0.24; P < 0.05), and acute insulin response to glucose (r = −0.27; P < 0.05). Baseline cortisol was also significantly related to the change in insulin sensitivity over 1 yr (r = −0.23; P < 0.05). These results did not differ by Tanner stage or sex. Conclusions: Cortisol contributes to the reduction in insulin sensitivity at an early age in Latino children and adolescents. Specifically, cortisol is negatively associated with potential compensatory mechanisms for insulin resistance, such as increased β-cell function and increased insulin release to a glucose challenge, by exacerbating the progression toward insulin resistance in this population. The results underline the relevance of glucocorticoid reduction for the prevention of metabolic disease in Latino children and adolescents.
DNA-templated synthesis of Pt nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes

A series of electron microscopy characterizations demonstrate that single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) can bind to nanotube surfaces and disperse bundled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into individual tubes. The ssDNA molecules on the nanotube surfaces demonstrate various morphologies, such as aggregated clusters and spiral wrapping around a nanotube with different pitches and spaces, indicating that the morphology of the SWCNT/DNA hybrids is not related solely to the base sequence of the ssDNA or the chirality or the diameter of the nanotubes. In addition to serving as a non-covalent dispersion agent, the ssDNA molecules bonded to the nanotube surface can provide addresses for localizing Pt(II) complexes along the nanotubes. The Pt nanoparticles obtained by a reduction of the Pt2+-DNA adducts are crystals with a size of < or =1-2 nm. These results expand our understanding of the interactions between ssDNA and SWCNTs and provide an efficient approach for positioning Pt and other metal particles, with uniform sizes and without aggregations, along the nanotube surfaces for applications in direct ethanol/methanol fuel cells and nanoscale electronics.
Comparative advertising in markets where brands and comparative advertising are novel

Several recent studies have investigated international differences in advertising practices. Most of these address advertising in general, leaving the transferability of comparative advertising practices largely unexplored. Based on a theoretical framework of consumer skepticism toward novel information, we conducted a cross-national study to examine the effectiveness of comparative ad format and message content advertising executions under conditions of market and sponsor brand novelty, and loyalty toward the comparison brand. Analyses of responses from participants in France, the Netherlands, and the United States indicate that novelty of the brand and novelty of the practice of comparative advertising interact with various ad elements to produce both desirable and undesirable outcomes.
Refining (not narrowing) notions of program sustainability.

The recent research agenda set forth by Scheirer and Dearing1 on program sustainability may serve as an important step toward clarifying conceptualizations of the lasting effects of public health interventions. A concern arises, however, in defining sustainability as “continued use of program components and activities for the continued achievement of desirable program and population outcomes.”1(p2060) Linking continued activities with ongoing intended outcomes may direct attention and resources away from exploring the full range of enduring program effects. Program outcomes are not only the result of continuing program activities nor are they only desirable or intended. Public health programs have lasting intended and unintended outcomes2a across multiple levels of an implementation system2b that are at least the result of program-setting interactions over time. The seemingly straightforward notion of a “continued program activity” belies complex and meaningful variation; activities can vary in the degree to which they are continued as well as in the degree to which they are considered program-related.3,4 It may be possible to benefit, therefore, from studying the long-term effects of discontinued program activities in addition to the continued intended or modified activities the authors mention. An excellent example of unintended positive effects is provided by research into the continuation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) in many schools across the country despite evaluations showing failure to achieve its intended effects.5,6 The explanation for this continuation is three-fold: (1) implementing schools had lower expectations for the program than did its developers; (2) local school staff perceived that D.A.R.E. helped students build relationships with their families, as well as with local law enforcement officials; and (3) personal evidence was valued more highly than scientific evidence. By focusing exclusively on the intended outcomes related to youth substance use, evaluations of D.A.R.E. ignored lasting positive effects that provide insight into alternative strategies for promoting prosocial youth behavior. Finally, these effects revealed discrepant goals and values among actors that have important implications for the design and conduct of enduring public health programs. Scheirer and Dearing are to be commended for their contribution to advancing research on program sustainability; these conceptual issues warrant clarification. However, narrowing conceptualizations of program sustainability may be counterproductive at this point in time. If we are interested in understanding the full range of effects—and not just the desirable intended outcomes—of public health interventions, there may be good reasons to conceptualize intervention activity levels and ongoing outcomes as distinct but related dimensions of multidimensional program sustainability.
THE BILIRUBIN (B) OXIDIZING ACTIVITY IN RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES(MM) IS INHIBITED BY CYANIDE (KCN), BUT NOT BY INHIBITORS OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE(MAO) OR MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MD). 344

Background: B is oxidized by brain MM from both rats and rabbits. The enzyme had not been identified, but based on its localization might be cytochrome oxidase, MAO, or MD. Methods: Adult rats were killed by ip pentobarbital, and the brain vasculature was flushed in situ. Mitochondrial fractions (“P2”) were prepared from forebrains in 0.32 M sucrose by homogenization and differential centrifugation. The P2 was resuspended in aqua dest and sonicated in order to rupture the mitochondria. The protein concentration of the MM suspension was measured with the BioRad DC Protein assay and normalized to 2.5 mg/mL. Aliquots were preincubated with either 1mM KCN (10 min at 37°C), 1 mM tranylcypromine - a MAO inhibitor (10 min at 37°C), 1mM oxaloacetate (10 min at 37°C or 60 min at 0°C) or 1mM hydroxymalonate (60 min at 0°C), both inhibitors of MD. 200 μL MM was added to 2.5 mL of a 10 μM B solution, and the decay in optical density at 440 nm was measured over 60 min at 37.5°C in 0.1M pH 8.2 barbital buffer containing 5 mM EDTA and 500 U/mL catalase (OD measured following a 3-min centrifugation at 20000G). The rate of oxidation of B was calculated per mg protein per min. Results: The B-oxidizing enzyme in brain MM was strongly inhibited by KCN, but not by inhibitors of MAO and MD (data not shown). Conclusion: Inhibition by cyanide suggests that the responsible enzyme may be connected with the cell respiratory cascade. In a companion abstract we present evidence that depletion of cytochrome c from the mitochondria also inhibits the activity of the enzyme. Together these data suggest that the responsible enzyme is a cytochrome oxidase.Figure
Senecan Soleo: Hercules Oetaeus 1767

Michael Winterbottom ( CR n.s. 26 (1976), 39) criticizes Costa's edition of Seneca's Medea for failing to annotate sic fugere soleo (1022). ‘Did Medea’, he asks, ‘habitually escape by chariot - or is this a coy allusion to Seneca's predecessors?’ Of course it is neither; sic fugere soleo means Medea was accustomed to flee by leaving dead bodies behind to encumber her enemies (her children's in this instance, Absyrtus' and Pelias' on previous ones). According to. Seneca's usage, and that of Silver Latin rhetoric in general, once would be enough to establish such a ‘habit’, for in that fairy-world wonders and horrors become, as Atreus ( Thyestes 273 f.) says petulantly, immane…sed occupatum on repetition. At Troades 249 and 360 soleo is used of the virgin-sacrificing ‘habit’ of the Achaeans, i.e. the sacrifice of Iphigeneia, which makes the sacrifice of Polyxena seem a good idea.
Strings in the Ramond-Ramond plane wave background at finite temperature

We calculate the thermal partition function in the canonical ensemble for type IIB superstrings in the plane wave background with a constant null RR five-form. The Hagedorn temperature is found to be higher than the corresponding value for strings in flat space. In the limit corresponding to the weakly coupled field theory we find that the Hagedorn temperature is pushed to infinity. The key property of strings in the plane wave background under investigation on which our result relies is that the effective mass of the bosonic and fermionic coordinates in the light-cone gauge is proportional to the momentum ${p}^{+}.$ The free energy is finite as the Hagedorn temperature is approached from below, suggesting a possible phase transition.
Caffeine-induced hypercalciuria and renal prostaglandins: effect of aspirin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effects of aspirin and fish-oil ingestion on caf- feine-induced hypercalciuria and renal prostaglandins (P0) were investigated in 12 healthy women. The I l-wk study consisted of 7-d baseline, 5-d aspirin (1000 mg/d), I l-d washout, and two 24- d fish-oil periods (FO-l and FO-2, respectively, providing I.5 vs 3.0 g n-3 fatty acids/d) separated by a 4-d washout period. Caf- feine-load (CL) tests providing S mg caffeine/kg body wt were administered after baseline and each experimental period. Timed urine samples were collected precaffeine (basal) and at I, 2, and 3 h post-caffeine. PGE2 excretion decreased during tests after aspirin and FO-2. There were significant increases in PGF2. from baseline during each CL test. Hypercalciuria was observed dun- ing each CL test and the magnitude of this response was not altered by the experimental treatments. The finding that concen- trations of post-caffeine urinary PGF2,, paralleled concentrations of urinary calcium supports the possibility that this prostaglandin plays a role in caffeine-induced hypercalciuria. Am J Clin Nutr l994;60:362-8.
Chip scale package versus direct chip attach (CSP vs. DCA)

When a systems designer is making choices related to what type of packaging is going to be used with the various integrated circuits used on the boards he now has the choice between Chip Scale packaging (CSP) or Direct Chip Attach (DCA). The technologies related to Chip Scale packaging have taken off at an astronomical rate during the last two years. More and more die product is becoming available in the chip size-packaging format. The CSP products have numerous success stories to champion their usage by the systems designer. On the other side of the packaging spectrum, the bare die has been available for systems designers for quite some time in the flip chip and wire bondable formats. The usage of bare die has had a slow and steady increase in popularity as new technologies emerge related to the testing of ICs, materials, and interconnection of the IC to the board or MCM. The systems designer finds himself looking at the relative virtues and vices of CSP vs DCA. This paper is not about picking which packaging technology is the best, or which one will grow in volume the most over the next 10 years, but rather what sorts of developments we are presently seeing in the packaging industry that will keep the choice of CSP vs DCA at the center of the debate.
Physiological stress in broilers: ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses.

Abstract Physiological stress is one of many concerns facing the modern broiler producer. Research has yet to reveal mechanisms that would allow the producer to efficiently minimize the detrimental impacts of physiological stress on broiler performance. One possible approach for improvement in this area is to elucidate the effects of different nutrient regimens on stressed broilers. Sufficient prior knowledge of the effects of stress on metabolism and nutrient digestibility, as well as effective stress induction models, is essential to any researcher interested in delineating the effects of nutrients on stressed broilers. This review examines the physiological mechanisms that activate and control stress, as well as the effects of stress on immunity, metabolism, and broiler performance. Validation procedures for stress induction models are also examined. Additionally, this review examines available research focused on amino acid digest-libility in the presence of stress, digestibility assays necessary for this research, and nutrients that have been shown to have the potential for stress reduction or amelioration.
A 590,000 transistor 48,000 pixel, contrast sensitive, edge enhancing, CMOS imager-silicon retina

We present an experimental analog VLSI focal plane processor for the phototransduction, local gain control and edge enhancement of natural images. The single chip system incorporates 590,000 transistors in 48,000 pixels, and it has been fabricated on a 9.5/spl times/9.3 mm die in a 1.2 /spl mu/m n-well double metal, double poly, digital oriented CMOS technology. The organization of the system abstracts from the structure and function of the vertebrate distal retina. The adopted design style, current-mode subthreshold CMOS using circuits of minimal complexity offers the possibility of ultra low power dissipation and area efficiency, commensurate with VLSI integration.
High resolution broadband FFT beamformer simulation and analysis

Concerns the navigation of unknown regions by autonomous underwater vehicles using high-resolution sonar beamforming. A general computer simulation that allows the analysis of a broadband fast Fourier transform (FTT) beamformer using finite wordlength arithmetic has been developed. It is possible to vary individually the wordlengths of each processor involved in the beamforming calculations, as well as the target effects such as background noise, angle to target, and signal frequency (due to Doppler and other effects). It allows the system designer to evaluate the performance of a broadband FFT beamformer system with quantization. noise, and various target effects included. A significant feature of the simulation is the ability to consider individual effects as well as various combinations of effects, in order to determine the limiting factors in the sonar design. >
Sample Carry-Over in the Milko-Tester Procedure for Consecutive Milk Fat Determinations

Abstract Carry-over effects in the Milko-Tester device were measured with samples ranging from 2.0 to 7.0% milk fat. Carry-over effects were significant when the previous sample was as much as 1% higher or 2% lower in milk fat than the sample under test. The effects were most obious in the Mark III Milko-Tester due to the smaller sample volume.
Adaptation or constraint? Reference-dependent scatter in honey bee dances

The waggle dance of the honey bee is used to recruit nest mates to a resource. Dancer bees, however, may indicate many directions within a single dance bout; we show that this scatter in honey bee dances is strongly dependent on the sensory modality used to determine a reference angle in the dance. Dances with a visual reference are more precise than those with a gravity reference. This finding undermines the idea that scatter is introduced into dances, which the bees could perform more precisely, in order to spread recruits out over resource patches. It also calls into question reported interspecific differences that had been interpreted as adaptations of the dance to different habitats. Our results support a non-adaptive hypothesis: that dance scatter results from sensory and performance constraints, rather than modulation of the scatter by the dancing bee. However, an alternative adaptive hypothesis cannot be ruled out.
The Effects of Ground and Space Processing on the Properties of Organic, Polymeric, and Colloidal Materials

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been directed toward the use of organic materials in the development of high-efficiency optoelectronic and phototonic devices. There is a myriad of possibilities among organic materials which allow flexibility in the design of unique structures with a variety of functional groups. The use of nonlinear optical (NLO) organic materials as thin film wave-guides allows full exploitation of their desirable qualifies by permitting long interaction lengths and large susceptibilities allowing modest power input. There are several methods in use to prepare thin films such as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and self-assembly techniques, vapor deposition, growth from sheared solution or melt, and melt growth between glass plates. Organic-based materials have many features that make them desirable for use in optical devices, such as high second-and third-order nonlinearity, flexibility of molecular design, and damage resistance to optical radiation. However, their use in devices has been hindered by processing difficulties for crystals and thin films. We discuss the potential role of microgravity processing of a few organic and polymeric materials. It is of interest to note how materials with second-and third-order NLO behavior may be improved in a diffusion-limited environment and ways in which convection may be detrimental to these materials. We focus our discussion on third-order materials for all-optical switching, and second-order materials for frequency conversion and electrooptics. The goal of minimizing optical loss obviously depends on processing methods. For solution-based processes, such as solution crystal growth and solution photopolymerization, it is well known that thermal and solutal density gradients can initiate buoyancy-driven convection. Resultant fluid flows can affect transport of material to and from growth interfaces and become manifest in the morphology and homogeneity of the growing film or crystal. Likewise, buoyancy-driven convection can hinder production of defect-free, high-quality crystals or films during crystal and film growth by vapor deposition.
The Pathway Tools software.

Motivation: Bioinformatics requires reusable software tools for creating model-organism databases (MODs). Results: The Pathway Tools is a reusable, productionquality software environment for creating a type of MOD called a Pathway/Genome Database (PGDB). A PGDB such as EcoCyc (see http://ecocyc.org) integrates our evolving understanding of the genes, proteins, metabolic network, and genetic network of an organism. This paper provides an overview of the four main components of the Pathway Tools: The PathoLogic component supports creation of new PGDBs from the annotated genome of an organism. The Pathway/Genome Navigator provides query, visualization, and Web-publishing services for PGDBs. The Pathway/Genome Editors support interactive updating of PGDBs. The Pathway Tools ontology defines the schema of PGDBs. The Pathway Tools makes use of the Ocelot object database system for data management services for PGDBs. The Pathway Tools has been used to build PGDBs for 13 organisms within SRI and by external
Examination of spray-droplet particle counting as a measure of virus concentration.

Abstract Model systems using known mixtures of polystyrene latex solutions have been used to study the spray-droplet method for determining particle concentration. Neither the binomial nor the Poisson distributions are applicable to the counts of particles in individual droplet residues. Both distributions are useful, however, for mathematical deductions about counting errors in the totality of data. The chi-square test for the homogeneity of a series of droplets is verified. The relationship of the critical region to the value of the ratio of the numbers of particles present is demonstrated, and the reasons for selecting the 5 % level are given. A chart is presented from which, in the case of determining the concentration of an unknown particle such as a virus, the level of error to be expected may be determined. This level is in terms of the total number of particles counted and the ratio of the numbers of known to unknown particles.
Expression of an Anaplerotic Enzyme, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Improves Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli

Anaplerotic enzyme reactions are those which replenish tricarboxylic acid intermediates that are withdrawn for the synthesis of biomass. In this study, we examined recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli containing activity in an additional anaplerotic enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase. In batch fermentations, the presence of pyruvate carboxylase resulted in 68% greater production of the model protein, β-galactosidase, 41% greater cell yield, and 57% lower acetate concentration. We discuss why these results indicate that acetate concentration does not limit cell growth and protein synthesis, as predicted by other researchers, and suggest instead that the rate of acetate formation represents an inefficient consumption of glucose carbon, which is reduced by the presence of pyruvate carboxylase.
A shallow-dipping dike fed the 1995 flank eruption at Fernandina volcano, Galápagos, observed by satellite radar interferometry

Satellite radar interferometry data reveal strong localized uplift in a semi- circular pattern on the southwest flank of Fernandina volcano, Galapagos, where an eruption took place in January to April, 1995. The observations show a maximum decrease in radar range of 0.75 m, and they are consistent with a model of a shallow-dipping dike intrusion feeding this fissure eruption. We solve for the best-fit single rectangular dislocation dike source using non-linear inver­ sion techniques where simulated annealing searching algo­ rithm is used to avoid local minima. The best-fit dike is 3.8 km long, 2.3 km high, 0.86 m thick and with a 34° dip. The total dike volume (7.5 x 10- 3 km 3 ) is ~40% of the vol­ ume of extrusive materials estimated to have been produced during the eruption. The data do not permit a sub-vertical dike, implying that the least principal stress direction is not horizontal as is usually assumed.
3-D digital filter design using symmetrical decomposition technique

The authors explore ways of decomposing a 3D response into a number of components and designing a 3D filter by designing each component individually. The authors first list the types of 3D symmetries and antisymmetries that can be present in 3D filter responses. The types of symmetries studied are spatial centro symmetry, single, double, and triple planar quadrantal, diagonal, four-fold rotational, and octagonal symmetries. Then, based on these symmetry and antisymmetry definitions, procedures and examples are given to decompose a 3D function into various symmetrical and antisymmetrical components. A filter design example illustrating the application and efficiency of the method is presented. >
Changes of heart: the switch-value method for assessing value uncertainty.

Background. Medical choices often evoke great value uncertainty, as patients face difficult, unfamiliar tradeoffs. Those seeking to aid such choices must be able to assess patients’ ability to reduce that uncertainty, to reach stable, informed choices. Objective. The authors demonstrate a new method for evaluating how well people have articulated their preferences for difficult health decisions. The method uses 2 evaluative criteria. One is internal consistency, across formally equivalent ways of posing a choice. The 2nd is compliance with principles of prospect theory, indicating sufficient task mastery to respond in predictable ways. Method. Subjects considered a hypothetical choice between noncurative surgery and palliative care, posed by a brain tumor. The choice options were characterized on 6 outcomes (e.g., pain, life expectancy, treatment risk), using a drug facts box display. After making an initial choice, subjects indicated their willingness to switch, given plausible changes in the outcomes. These changes involved either gains (improvements) in the unchosen option or losses (worsening) in the chosen one. A 2 × 2m ixed design manipulated focal change (gains v. losses) within subjects and change order between subjects. Results. In this demonstration, subjects’ preferences were generally consistent 1) with one another: with similar percentages willing to switch for gains and losses, and 2) with prospect theory, requiring larger gains than losses, to make those switches. Conclusion. Informed consent requires understanding decisions well enough to articulate coherent references. The authors’ method allows assessing individuals’ success in doing so.
Deep-space optical terminals

We report on engineering trades that led to the conceptual design of a laser communications terminal for a spacecraft orbiting Mars. The flight terminal, the ground receiver and the ground transmitter subsystems are described. The designed system is capable of 0.25 Gb/s downlink data-rate, 0.3 Mb/s uplink data-rate, and ranging with a 30 cm precision when the distance to the flight terminal is the Earth-Mars close range (0.42 AU).
A Very Damning Truth: Walter Grundmann, Adolf Schlatter, and Susannah Heschel’s The Aryan Jesus

Over the past several decades historians have turned a critical eye to the complicity of the German churches in fostering poisonous societal attitudes towards Jews on the eve of the Holocaust.1 Emerging from this research has been the disputed relationship between Christian anti-Judaism and the intense race-based anti-Semitism of the Nazi era. Separating the content and motivation of these two forms of disparagement has allowed Christians to remove themselves from the genocidal equation linked to radical, racist attacks on Jews.2 Susannah Heschel’s The Aryan Jesus tackles this issue by examining the historical backdrop and explicit content of racially motivated attacks on Jews by German Protestants in the years preceding and during the Holocaust. Targeting the Eisenach Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Influence on German Church Life together with the Institute’s leader, Walter Grundmann, her findings may well render obsolete any theoretical dichotomy between religious anti-Judaism and racial anti-Semitism.3
Internal parasite control strategies.

In much of North America, gastrointestinal parasites are the most significant cause of production loss, morbidity, and death in sheep and goat production. Nematode parasites are the most common and economically important form of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats. This article covers methods of designing and implementing a parasite control program. The emphasis is on commonly used diagnostic protocols, pasture management schemes, and proper use of anthelmintics to maximize parasite control. These procedures are most applicable to nematode parasite control. The article also touches on the control of tapeworms, liver flukes, and Coccidia in sheep and goat flocks.
The green alga Chaetocladus (Dasycladales)

Two species of the enigmatic alga Chaetocladus, C. ruedemanni (new species) and C. dubius (previously regarded as a graptolite incertae sedis), are described from the Silurian Lockport Group of New York and Ontario, Canada, respectively. A comprehensive investigation reveals that these and other Chaetocladus taxa occur in distinctive Konservat-Lagerstatten in association with other thallophytic algae, annelid worms, and lightly sclerotized arthropods. The sedimentology, taphonomy, and biotic composition of Chaetocladus-bearing deposits indicate that this alga thrived in shallow, stagnant, occasionally storm-agitated marine environments. In these settings, preservation of thallophytic algae and associated soft-bodied animals apparently was facilitated by a combination of obrution, anoxia, and early diagenesis of the burial muds.The morphology of Chaetocladus corresponds to that characteristic of the green alga order Dasycladales, and it is herein referred to this long-ranging taxon as a representative of a new subtribe (Chaetocladinae, new subtribe) within the tribe Salpingoporelleae (emended herein), family Triploporellaceae (emended herein). This euspondyl, endosporate genus extends the range of the euspondyl dasyclads significantly, from the Early Devonian back to the Middle Ordovician, and bridges an evolutionary gap between early Paleozoic aspondyl, endosporate forms and middle Paleozoic euspondyl, cladosporate forms.
Creativity and Everyday Life — Ricoeur’s Aesthetics

Theories of creativity have very often stressed innovation or novelty to the point where it transcends the life-situations of the artist — that is, what we can call everyday life1 — and, a fortiori, of the non-artistic person. Indeed, creativity has often been held to require inspiration or a kind of genius that transcends normal mental functioning such as that of the rhapsode in Plato’s Ion, for example.2 Such emphasis on genius as inspiration is, of course, in more modern times associated primarily with romanticism, but it might well have its ultimate source in the famous phrase of the Latinate theological interpretation of the Book of Genesis, creatio ex nihilo. And we can certainly think of splendid examples of precocious creativity in this sense - Mozart comes to mind readily, but so also (especially here in his homeland) Frederick Chopin. But even here, not everything touched by these men is golden; and, in any case, much else is involved in the creation of a work of art. To quote an American sage: “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.”
The Erosion of Judicial Discretion in Crime-Based Removal Proceedings

This article discusses how Congress has eliminated, or at least severely curtailed, judicial discretion in the context of crime-based removal proceedings. By way of illustration, this article focuses on the legislative and judicial histories of two discretionary forms of relief: (1) the Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation (JRAD); and (2) the waiver of deportation pursuant to section 212(c) of the INA.
Oxygen Ion Implantation into Germanium

Single crystal (111) and (100) Ge wafers were implanted with 16O (180 keV, 2.0 x 1018/cm2, 14–28 ¼A/cm2 ) at substrate temperatures of 250, 330, and 500°C. Implanted samples were annealed at 350, 450, 550, and 650°C for 30–90 minutes in an Ar ambient. Rutherford backscattering channeling analysis and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicate that an amorphous buried layer is formed by implantation and that the overlayer contains a dense network of precipitates. Electron spin resonance measurements indicate that the layer does not contain GeO2, but rather oxygen deficient GeO2. Annealing of samples up to 550°C showed no change in the morphology, however, after annealing at 650°C the buried layer was gone and all that remained was a damaged Ge substrate with little or no oxygen. Further annealing for 60 min left nearly virgin Ge.
Dioxypyrrole-Based Polymers via Dehalogenation Polycondensation Using Various Electrophilic Halogen Sources

A convenient and efficient deiodination polycondensation method for the synthesis of dioxypyrrole-based (XDOP) polymers is reported. N-Halosuccinimides, iodine, and bromine were evaluated as halogenating agents to produce 2,5-halodioxypyrroles in situ via halodecarboxylation of 3,4-dioxypyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acids, which were then polymerized at 60 °C using dichloromethane or chloroform as solvent. When iodine and N-iodosuccinimide were employed as electrophilic halogen sources, the methodology produced macromolecules (Mn = 6.2–22.9 kDa) in satisfactory yields (55–71%) for two N-alkyl-3,4-dialkyloxypyrrole-based monomers that were tested. This method can be employed to produce a variety of XDOP-based homopolymers and regioregular copolymers starting from discrete oligomers under relatively mild reaction conditions.
Detecting Between-Groups Heteroscedasticity in Moderated Multiple Regression With a Continuous Predictor and a Categorical Moderator

Moderated multiple regression (MMR) is frequently used to test moderation hypotheses in the behavioral and social sciences. In MMR with a categorical moderator, between-groups heteroscedasticity is...
Advanced Placement and Rural Schools: Access, Success, and Exploring Alternatives

Completing Advanced Placement (AP) coursework is an important part of the selective college admissions process, and access to AP coursework can be viewed as a measure of equal opportunity. Relative...
Dangerous myths about “gifted” mathematics students

A number of myths about mathematically gifted students, mathematics itself, and programs designed to serve these students tend to inhibit educators, parents and students themselves from developing students’ mathematical creativity, expertise and enjoyment. This paper discusses some of the myths that can discourage students’ mathematical development, restrict their understanding of mathematics, and/or are well-intentioned solutions with unintended consequences and includes research results from a few mathematics programs and other studies designed to counteract these myths and maximize students’ mathematical achievement, engagement and innovation.
Two polymorphs of trans-[3-(3-nitro-phen-yl)oxiran-2-yl](phen-yl)methanone.

The title compound, C15H11NO4, crystallizes in two polymorphic forms, centrosymmetric monoclinic and chiral ortho­rhom­bic. The geometry of the mol­ecules in the two polymorphs is slightly different, possibly due to inter­molecular inter­actions. There are no classical hydrogen bonding in these two structures. However, a number of C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions, involving both O atoms of the nitro as well the benzoyl groups, stabilize the crystal structures.
Intracranial Arachnoidal Cysts

Of 28 cases of intracranial arachnoidal cysts reported from the Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, 17 were located in the middle cranial fossa, 3 in the quadrigeminal cistern, 2 were parasagital, 3 suprasellar and 3 were in the posterior fossa.
Construction and targeting of a 5F11-scFv-methioninase fusion protein for antibody-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) against neuroblastoma

3043 Background: Recombinant methioninase (METase) depletes methionine and inhibits tumor growth in preclinical models. 5F11 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) can target fusion proteins (e.g. s...
Friction Stir Welding

In this chapter the basic working principles and applicability of the friction stir welding (FSW) process in aerospace and automobile industries are discussed. FSW results in the formation of three microstructural zones, namely weld nugget, thermomechanical-affected zone, and heat-affected zone. An overview of these zones has been provided. Process variables such as tool geometry, joint configurations, and the effect of process parameters have also been discussed in this chapter.