cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting of the CNS in MPS-IH Using a Nonviral Transferrin-α-l-iduronidase Fusion Gene Product.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome) is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme α-l-iduronidase (IDUA), and is characterized by widespread lysosomal glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation. Successful treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is limited by the presence of the blood–brain barrier, which prevents penetration of the therapeutic enzyme. Given that the brain capillary endothelial cells that form this barrier express high levels of the transferrin receptor (TfR), we hypothesized that the coupling of IDUA to transferrin (Tf) would facilitate IDUA delivery to the CNS. A plasmid bearing a fusion gene consisting of Tf and IDUA was constructed which, when delivered in vivo, resulted in the production of high levels of an enzymatically active protein that was transported into the CNS by TfR-mediated endocytosis. Short-term treatment resulted in a decrease in GAGs in the cerebellum of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) mice. This approach, therefore, represents a potential strategy for the delivery of therapeutic enzyme to the CNS.
Crystallographic texture gradients in the aluminum 8090 matrix alloy and 8090 particulate composites

Abstract AlLi alloys develop sharp textures with a strong brass component after fabrication. In the case of thick sheet and plate extrusions through thickness texture gradients are also commonly observed. These textures are different from those that develop in conventional aluminum alloys and their origin has not yet been completely understood. In the present work the sources of texture gradients in the 8090 alloy and 8090 based particulate composites, both formed as thick plate extrusions, have been studied. Results showed that strain gradients, and redundant shears in particular, are responsible for the development of textures in the 8090 alloys. In the SiC reinforced particulate composites, the presence of reinforcement resulted in the development of significantly weaker deformation textures without dominant brass component within the plate and a mixture of recrystallization and surface shear type textures at the surface. The development of textures in the composites has been attributed to the absence of redundant shears in the bulk and to a surface deformation gradient introduced by the presence of SiC particles.
Nonlinear phase noise in polarization-division-multiplexed DPSK systems

Nonlinear phase noise (NPN) in polarization-division-multiplexed DPSK systems is analyzed. It is found that the absolute NPN is inversely proportional to the square-root of channel spacing, while the differential NPN depends on the launch condition.
Evaluation of flurbiprofen urinary ratios as in vivo indices for CYP2C9 activity

Aims We investigated flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics in 12 volunteers to develop a phenotypic trait measure that correlates with the fractional clearance to 4′-hydroxyflurbiprofen. The effect of the CYP2C9 inhibitor fluconazole on flurbiprofen metabolism was also evaluated. Methods Flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics were evaluated before and after the first and seventh doses of fluconazole. The urinary recovery ratio was calculated as FLRR = 4′-OHF/[4′-OHF + Ftot] and the urinary metabolic ratio was calculated as FLMR = 4′-OHF/Ftot, where 4′-OHF and Ftot represent total (conjugated and unconjugated) amounts recovered in urine. Results There was a statistically significant relationship between the 4′-OHF formation clearance (4OHCLf) and both the 8-h FLRR and the 8-h FLMR with and without administration of fluconazole. The flurbiprofen apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was decreased by 53% [90% confidence interval (CI) −58, −48] and 64% (90% CI −69, −59), respectively, after administration of one and seven doses of fluconazole when compared with administration of flurbiprofen alone; similarly, the 4OHCLf decreased by 69% (90% CI −74, −64) and 78% (90% CI −83, −73), the 8-h FLRR decreased by 35% (90% CI −41, −29) and 40% (90% CI −46, −35) and the 8-h FLMR decreased by 61% (90% CI −65, −58) and 67% (90% CI −70, −63). The magnitude of decrease in CL/F and 4OHCLf was greater after seven doses compared with after one dose of fluconazole (P < 0.005). Conclusions This study provides strong evidence that both the 8-h FLRR and the 8-h FLMR are suitable phenotypic indices for CYP2C9 activity.
Soft lithographic directed growth of wire grating arrays with optical resonances

We have demonstrated a method of fabricating long-range arrays of 2D metallic microstructures on glass surfaces and measured the optical resonances of those structures. Gold and silver stripes are fabricated using microcontact printing with PDMS gratings and electroless plating techniques without the use of resist masks or etching. Changing the blaze angle and periodicity of the gratings used to make the PDMS stamps varies the line widths. The optical response of these fabricated transmission gratings was evaluated by measuring the transmission spectra while varying the angle of the incident light.
A New Look at Informal Communication: The Role of the Physical Environment

A model of informal communication is presented and supporting literature briefly described. Then two studies are presented that examine the link between elements of the physical environment and informal social interaction in departmental lounges. Environmental features involving location of the lounges were relatively strong predictors of the amount of lounge use; It is argued that location of the lounge has an indirect effect on the nature of communication within an organization.
Fast 3D imaging using variable‐density spiral trajectories with applications to limb perfusion

Variable-density k-space sampling using a stack-of-spirals trajectory is proposed for ultra fast 3D imaging. Since most of the energy of an image is concentrated near the k-space origin, a variable-density k-space sampling method can be used to reduce the sampling density in the outer portion of k-space. This significantly reduces scan time while introducing only minor aliasing artifacts from the low-energy, high-spatial-frequency components. A stack-of-spirals trajectory allows control over the density variations in both the kx–ky plane and the kz direction while fast k-space coverage is provided by spiral trajectories in the kx–ky plane. A variable-density stack-of-spirals trajectory consists of variable-density spirals in each kx–ky plane that are located in varying density in the kz direction. Phantom experiments demonstrate that reasonable image quality is preserved with approximately half the scan time. This technique was then applied to first-pass perfusion imaging of the lower extremities which demands very rapid volume coverage. Using a variable-density stack-of-spirals trajectory, 3D images were acquired at a temporal resolution of 2.8 sec over a large volume with a 2.5 × 2.5 × 8 mm3 spatial resolution. These images were used to resolve the time-course of muscle intensity following contrast injection. Magn Reson Med 50:1276–1285, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The antitubercular activity of azo dyes. I. Bisazo dyes derived from tetrazotized bis(4-aminophenyl)-sulfone and various coupling components

(1) In order to find out whether the chemotherapeutic properties of bisazo dyes derived from bis(4-aminophenyl)-sulfone are due to the dyes themselves or to the amine tetrazotized (reduction product of the dye), thirty bisazo dyes were prepared by condensing tetrazotized bis(4-aminophenyl)-sulfone with various types of coupling components. (2) The in vitro activity of these dyes against M. Tb. was studied. The most active ones were those derived from 1,3-diaminobenzene, meta-aminobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, and 8-hydroxy-quinoline. They inhibited the growth of this micro-organism completely at a concentration of 2 mg per 10 cm3 culture. The derivative from meta-amino-benzoic acid was still strongly bacteriostatic at a concentration of 0.2 mg per 10 cm3 culture. (3) (3) Nine of the above bisazo dyes representing different types were also tested chemotherapeutically. Only three of them (derivatives from meta-phenylene diamine, salicylic acid and H acid) were found to be as effective as sulfanilamide in Streptococcus hemolyticus infected mice. The dye from meta-phenylene diamine was also as effective as sulfadiazine in mice infected with McGovern, normal Type I Pneumococcus. They were ineffective against tetanus toxemia, influenza virus, and rabic virus in mice. (4) Five of these dyes were tested in vitro against ameba. Two of them (derivatives from 3,5-diamino-benzoic acid and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone) were as effective as chloroquine standard. Derivatives from para-amino-benzoic acid and phloroglucinol were about one half as active, while the dye from H acid was only amebastatic at dilutions between 1: 500 and 1: 5000. (5) The relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of these bisazo dyes was discussed.
Uveal melanoma in children and teenagers

Abstract Purpose To review the features and prognosis of uveal melanoma in children. Methods Retrospective case series. Results Of 122 children with uveal melanoma, there were 53 (43%) male and 69 (57%) female patients. In this group, the mean age at presentation was 15years (median 16years, range 3–20years). Age at presentation was 0 to 5years in 4 (3%), 5.1 to 10years in 14 (11%), 10.1 to 15years in 43 (35%), and 15.1 to ⩽20 in 61 (50%). Associated ocular melanocytosis was present in 4 (3%). The melanoma was primarily located in the iris ( n =30, 25%), ciliary body ( n =10, 8%), or choroid ( n =82, 67%). The mean tumor basal dimension was 9.8mm and mean thickness was 5.0mm. The tumor color was pigmented (brown) ( n =102, 84%), nonpigmented (yellow) ( n =19, 16%), or mixed ( n =25, 21%). Subretinal fluid ( n =66, 54%) and hemorrhage ( n =9, 7%) were noted. Primary treatment involved laser photocoagulation ( n =3, 2%), transpupillary thermotherapy ( n =17, 14%), local tumor resection ( n =26, 21%), plaque radiotherapy ( n =42, 34%), or enucleation ( n =54, 44%). Kaplan Meier 5, 10, and 20-year estimates for uveal melanoma-related metastasis were 9%, 9%, and 20%, respectively, for children compared to 15%, 25%, and 36% for all ages. Conclusion Uveal melanoma in children tends to occur most often in the teenage years as a pigmented tumor involving the choroid or iris and with mean thickness of 5mm. Prompt treatment is advised.
Major investment studies: HIT or MIS? Southern California experience

The major investment study (MIS) formally came into being with passage of the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. Federal, state, metropolitan planning organizations (MPO), and local regulations and guidelines say little about how sponsoring agencies should conduct a MIS. The MPO guidelines even state that "no one size fits all." But because there are few specific requirements of the MIS process, a lot can be learned from MISs that have been completed. Three MISs were undertaken recently in Southern California: The Corridor (Orange County CenterLine), the Interstate 5 Corridor, and the State Route 22/West Orange County Connection Major Investment Studies. Lessons learned from these three MISs include the following: (a) The process needs to begin with the identification of problems, not solutions; (b) it is important to define the roles of the various participating agencies early in the process; (c) integrating the planning and environmental-analysis processes can simplify the processes ...
Undergraduate spacecraft design projects

A problem associated with space education in undergraduate and graduate curricula is the very nature of space engineering. The history of space tells a story of thousands of engineers from a broad spectrum of engineering disciplines along with physicists, chemists, and so on involved from the beginning of space exploration. It is extremely difficult to introduce design into the undergraduate curriculum because of this broad reach of disciplines. Universities and colleges have resorted to "paper designs" for design courses for space-related curricula. This direction ignores the need for a practical approach and results in grandiose and superficial designs that have little chance of success. Senior design projects involving simple spacecraft where actual hardware may be built and launched would be more beneficial to the engineering student. The broad spectrum of disciplines involved in spacecraft or space mission design is actually an important lesson to be learned by engineering undergraduates. Many universities have addressed the multi-disciplinary nature of the modern engineering and, much to the delight of industry; have implemented student design projects involving a number of academic departments, even outside of engineering. Unfortunately, the undergraduate student does not have the level of knowledge to design even a small part of a spacecraft. This paper considers various unique undergraduate space design projects that produce operating hardware and completed within one or two academic years
Chromatography in a single metal-organic framework (MOF) crystal

Millimeter-sized single MOF-5 crystals are used as “chromatographic columns” to effectively separate mixtures of organic dyes. Remarkably, owing to the nanoscopic pore dimensions and the molecular-level interactions between the migrating molecules and the MOF scaffold, the separations occur over a distance of only a few hundred micrometers which is unambiguously confirmed by fluorescence confocal microscopy.
Investigation of the magnetization process of domain walls in an iron-garnet film by direct optical observation of vertical Bloch lines

Vertical Bloch lines (VBL) were observed in a (YLuBi)/sub 3/(FeGa)/sub 5/O/sub 12/ magnetic garnet film from the light diffracted from the stripe domains. Experiments on the motion of the Bloch lines in response to magnetic fields perpendicular to and in the plane of the film were performed. For a bias-field pulse perpendicular to the film there was a nonlinear relationship between pulse amplitude and VBL displacement. The minimum static in-plane field for VBL displacement (VBL coercivity) was 1.3+or-0.4 Oe. Winding VBL pairs disappeared at an in-plane field. In a novel experiment, the amplitude of VBL displacement in response to a low-frequency AC in-plane field was measured. This experiment can be used to quantify the energy of the VBL in the vicinity of the pinning sites, which were found to occur regularly along the domain wall. A considerable variation in the strength and spacing of the pinning sites was found in the film studied. >
Trace element mobility during hydrothermal alteration of oceanic basalts

Abstract Trace element analyses have been carried out on hydrothermally altered pillow basalts of greenschist facies dredged from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sr is leached from the rock, and its behavior is apparently controlled by the same reactions as Ca. Cu is also leached from the basalt, but often shows local precipitation in veins as sulfides. Fe, B, Li, Ba, Mn, Ni and Co show sufficient variations in concentration and location within the altered basalts to indicate that some mobilisation occurs, but there may be subsequent uptake or precipitation into the secondary mineral assemblages. V, Y, Zr and Cr do not appear to be affected by hydrothermal alteration. The production of a metal-enriched solution by hydrothermal alteration and subsequent precipitation of metal salts to form metalliferous sediments is indicated, as is precipitation of metal sulfides in the basaltic basement.
Increased content of inositol phosphates in amputated limbs of axolotl larvae, and the effect of beryllium

The involvement of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) breakdown in the initia- tion of cell proliferation, differentiation, or other developmental processes is well established. PIP breakdown leads to the formation of second messengers, including inositol trisphosphate, which evoke cellular responses and cell-to-cell interactions. Such events occur very early after exposure of cells to an agonist. In an attempt to elucidate biochemical mechanisms that could be involved in stimulating cellular events during very early stages of vertebrate limb regeneration we exam- ined local production of inositol phosphates (IPS) following amputation of axolotl limbs. The content of IPS increases in stump tissues within 30 seconds after amputation. In addition we found that beryllium treatment, which inhibits regeneration if applied to stumps immediately after amputa- tion, blocks production of IPS. Similarly, Li' which is known to inhibit production of IP, affected regeneration in a similar fashion to beryllium. These results indicate that production of PIP- derived second messengers is one of the earliest events following amputation and might be crucial for the regeneration process.
Identification and characterization of two new, highly polymorphic loci adjacent to GNAS1 on chromosome 20q13.3.

Abstract GNAS1 , which is located in the chromosomal region 20q13.3, gives rise to maternally, paternally or bi-allelically expressed transcripts including the one that encodes the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein. Numerous naturally occurring mutations of this gene have been identified in several different disorders including certain forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism, progressive osseous heteroplasia, McCune–Albright syndrome and acromegaly. Polymorphic markers currently employed in the genetic evaluation of these disorders frequently prove uninformative owing to a low heterozygosity value associated with each marker. We searched for potentially polymorphic tandem repeats close to the GNAS1 locus, and identified two new, highly polymorphic loci that are located within a 48-kb region immediately downstream of this gene. These new microsatellite markers, with their high polymorphism information content, may prove to be useful in genetic studies related to GNAS1 as well as to other genes located in the flanking genomic region.
Differential Roles of Arabidopsis Dynamin-Related Proteins DRP3A, DRP3B, and DRP5B in Organelle Division

Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are key components of the organelle division machineries, functioning as molecular scissors during the fission process. In Arabidopsis, DRP3A and DRP3B are shared by peroxisomal and mitochondrial division, whereas the structurally-distinct DRP5B (ARC5) protein is involved in the division of chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Here, we further investigated the roles of DRP3A, DRP3B, and DRP5B in organelle division and plant development. Despite DRP5B's lack of stable association with mitochondria, drp5B mutants show defects in mitochondrial division. The drp3A-2 drp3B-2 drp5B-2 triple mutant exhibits enhanced mitochondrial division phenotypes over drp3A-2 drp3B-2, but its peroxisomal morphology and plant growth phenotypes resemble those of the double mutant. We further demonstrated that DRP3A and DRP3B form a supercomplex in vivo, in which DRP3A is the major component, yet DRP5B is not a constituent of this complex. We thus conclude that DRP5B participates in the division of three types of organelles in Arabidopsis, acting independently of the DRP3 complex. Our findings will help elucidate the precise composition of the DRP3 complex at organelle division sites, and will be instrumental to studies aimed at understanding how the same protein mediates the morphogenesis of distinct organelles that are linked by metabolism.
The oral composition of poetry in the beginning interpretation course

This paper outlines a procedure for composing oral poetry in the beginning oral interpretation classroom. It discusses the results and advantages of using this exercise to introduce the oral tradition of literature and poetry.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF FLUIDLIKE MOTION OF OPTICAL VORTICES

We have observed the fluidlike rotation of a pair of identical optical vortices (OV's) as they propagate through free space. Similar to vortex filaments in a fluid, the initial rotation rate is found to be inversely proportional to the squared distance of separation. Owing to unusually small vortex cores, we obtained rotation rates that were 2 orders of magnitude larger than expected for ``conventional'' large core OV's.
The Sequential Production Profiles of Growth Factors and their Relations to Bone Volume in Ossifying Bone Marrow Explants

Osteogenesis is a complex process that involves the synergistic contribution of multiple cell types and numerous growth factors (GFs). To develop effective bone tissue engineering strategies employing GFs, it is essential to delineate the complex and interconnected role of GFs in osteogenesis. The studies investigating the temporal involvement of GFs in osteogenesis are limited to in vitro studies with single cell types or complex in vivo studies. There is a need for platforms that embody the physiological characteristics and the multicellular environment of natural osteogenesis. Marrow tissue houses various cell types that are known to be involved in osteogenesis, and in vitro cultures of marrow inherently undergo osteogenesis process. Self-inductive ossification of marrow explants in vitro can be employed as a representative multicellular and three-dimensional model of osteogenesis. Therefore, the aims of this study were to employ the rat bone marrow explant ossification model to determine (1) the temporal production profiles of key GFs involved in osteogenesis, (2) the relation between GF production and ossification, and (3) the relations between the GF levels throughout ossification. Temporal production profiles of transforming GF beta-1 (TGF-beta1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial GF (VEGF), and insulin-like GF-1 (IGF-1) and the bone-related proteins alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays conducted at days 2, 7, 12, 14, 19, and 21. The final amount of ossification (ossified volume [OV]) was measured by microcomputed tomography at day 21. TGF-beta1, BMP-2, VEGF, IGF-1, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin were produced by the ossifying marrow explants differentially over time. The early production of IGF-1 (day 2) correlated positively (r = 0.868) with OV; however, latent production of IGF-1 correlated negatively (day 14: r = -0.813; day 19: r = -0.865) with OV. OV also correlated with VEGF levels at day 12 (r = 0.988) and at day 14 (r = 0.970). Production of GFs also correlated to each other across time points, which indicates the complex and interconnected contribution of various GFs in osteogenesis. Therefore, tissue engineering strategies toward bone regeneration should consider the richness of GFs involved in osteogenesis and their dynamically varying participation over time.
The Spectrum of Biliary Tract Disorders in Infants and Children: Experience With 300 Cases

Objective: To assess the results of surgical treatment of infants and children with biliary tract disease. Design: The records of children with biliary tract disorders requiring surgical intervention were reviewed retrospectively. Diagnosis, age, sex, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome were evaluated. Setting: A large pediatric referral facility. Patients: A total of 300 patients treated from 1972 through 1993 were evaluated, including 102 with biliary atresia, 29 with choledochal cyst, and 169 with cholelithiasis. Hepatic portoenterostomy was performed in 87 patients with biliary atresia, and biopsy alone was performed in 15. Twenty girls and nine boys, 50% of whom were younger than 3 years, had choledochal cyst. Operative management included cyst excision and hepatojejunostomy in 25 patients, cyst jejunostomy in two patients, cystduodenostomy in one patient, and choledochocele excision in one patient. Gallstones were observed in 106 girls and 63 boys; 28 were aged 0 to 5 years, 31 were aged 6 to 10 years, and 110 were aged 11 to 18 years. Open cholecystectomy was performed in 143 patients, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 26 patients. Main Outcome Measures: Principal outcomes examined were surgical morbidity and mortality. Results: Hepatic portoenterostomy was successful in 28 (32%) of 87 patients with biliary atresia (all younger than 3 months), and 23 showed improvement following hepatic portoenterostomy; hepatic portoenterostomy failed in 36 patients. Twenty-eight (82.3%) of 34 patients survived liver transplantation. Overall survival was 71.5%. Survival of patients with choledochal cyst was 96.4% (28/29). Cholecystectomy was successful in all 169 patients. There were eight complications and one death (0.59% mortality). Conclusion: Survival in patients with biliary atresia (71%) has improved with hepatic portoenterostomy complemented by liver transplantation. Hepatic portoenterostomy is the procedure of choice in infants younger than 3 months. An improved outlook for patients with choledochal cyst can be expected after cyst excision and hepatojejunostomy. Gallstones are relatively common in children. Both open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy are safe and effective procedures in children. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:513-520)
Polymer optical fiber sensors for civil infrastructure systems

This paper presents intrinsic polymer fiber (POF) sensors for high-strain applications such as the performance-based assessment and health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems subjected to earthquake loading or morphing aircraft. POFs provide a potential maximum strain range of 6-12%, are more flexible that silica optical fibers, and are more durable in harsh chemical or environmental conditions. Recent advances in the fabrication of singlemode POFs have made it possible to extend POFs to interferometric sensor capabilities. Furthermore, the interferometric nature of intrinsic sensors permits high accuracy for such measurements. Measurements of the mechanical response of the sensor at various strain rates are presented. In addition, the design of a time-of-flight interferometer for phase measurements over the large strain range required is discussed. Finally the bond strength between the embedded POF and various structural materials is investigated and a methodology demonstrated for embedment of the sensors into a reinforced concrete structural component.
A Lab of Her Own?: Portrayals of Female Characters on Children's Educational Science Programs

Television teaches children gender-specific behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics. By observing male and female characters on television, children learn to label certain characteristics and beh...
Using a Surface-Sensitive Chemical Probe and a Bulk Structure Technique to Monitor the γ- to θ-Al2O3 Phase Transformation

In this work, we investigated the phase transformation of γ-Al2O3 to θ-Al2O3 by ethanol TPD and XRD. Ethanol TPD showed remarkable sensitivity toward the surface structures of the aluminas studied. Maximum desorption rates for the primary product of ethanol adsorption, ethylene, were observed at 225, 245, and 320 °C over γ-, θ-, and α-Al2O3, respectively. Ethanol TPD over a γ-Al2O3 sample calcined at 800 °C clearly shows that the surface of the resulting material possesses θ-alumina characteristics, even though only the γ-alumina phase was detected by XRD. These results strongly suggest that the γ-to-θ phase transformation of alumina initiates at oxide particle surfaces. The results obtained are also consistent with our previous finding that the presence of penta-coordinated Al3+ sites, formed on the (100) facets of the alumina surface, is strongly correlated with the thermal stability of γ-alumina.
Identification and characterization of a nuclear factor-κ B-p65 proteolytic fragment in nuclei of porcine hepatocytes in monolayer culture

Hepatic responses to proinflammatory signals are controlled by the activation of several transcription factors, including, nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB). In this study, hepatocytes prepared from suckling pigs and maintained in serum-free monolayer culture were used to define a novel proinflammatory cytokine-specific NF-κB subunit modification. The immunoreactive p65 protein was detected by Western blot analysis at the appropriate molecular weight in the cytosol of control cultures and those incubated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). However, in nuclei, the p65 antisera cross-reacted with a protein of approximately 38 kDa (termed p38) after TNF addition, which was not observed in the cytosol of control or cytokine-treated cells. Specifically, incubation with TNF also resulted in phosphorylation (P < 0.05) of the inhibitor complex protein (IκB), whereas incubation with other cytokines, IL-6, IL-17a, or oncostatin M was not associated with either phosphorylation of IκB or nuclear translocation of p65. Intracellular endothelial nitric oxide synthase was deceased (P < 0.05) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion was increased (P < 0.05) after TNF incubation. The TNF-induced p38 protein was purified from hepatocyte nuclei by immunoprecipitation, concentrated by electrophoresis, and subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry. Ten unique NF-κB p65 peptides were identified after digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin; however, all were mapped to the N-terminus and within the first 310 amino acid residues of the intact p65 protein. Although low molecular weight immunoreactive p65 molecules were previously observed in various human and rodent systems, this is the first report to positively identify the p38 fragment within hepatocyte nuclei or after specific cytokine (TNF) induction.
Political and Budget Issues Associated with Educating Medical Students

Unfortunately for medical educators, medical student clerkships in emergency medicine (EM) do not occur in isolation from the key institutional issues of organizational politics and resource support. This article discusses some of the political and resource issues in proposing and obtaining support for a mandatory EM student clerkship. Political issues of importance include: 1) securing intradepartmental support from all faculty and the chair for the priority and teaching commitment of a mandatory clerkship; 2) strategizing the different steps and their sequencing for achieving clerkship approval, including cultivation of key supporters, content of a clerkship proposal, and resource support needs; 3) identifying and collecting data from existing EM teaching efforts that will support a mandatory clerkship proposal; 4) establishing a connection between the overall educational outcome objectives for students of the school and the educational outcomes for students taking the EM clerkship; and 5) developing solutions to logistic issues in clerkship implementation (availability of an adequate number of teaching sites; establishment of equivalence of educational experiences across all sites). A list of resources for a mandatory clerkship, an "ideal" budget, and potential rationales to advocate for resource support from specific funding sources are included.
Audiolingual Method and Behaviorism: From Misunderstanding to Myth.

This article contends that the modern descendant of B. F. Skinner's experimental analysis of behavior, ‘behavior analysis,’ and as well his 1957 masterwork Verbal Behavior, have rarely if ever been seriously contemplated by applied linguists for possible contributions to the field. Rather, a pat literature of dismissal has developed that justifies itself on (a) a fictitious link between the audiolingual method and undifferentiated behaviorism, and/or (b) a demonstrably erroneous notion that operant psychology is too simplistic to effectively take up language issues. In reality, behavior analysis is alive, well, and making significant contributions in applied language settings, but not typically in the second language area.
Characterization of Surfactant Partitioning in Polyelectrolyte−Surfactant Nanorod Aggregates Observed with a Surfactant-Specific Electrode

Self-assembled polymer-surfactant aggregates offer an inexpensive and robust approach to controlling the nanoscale structure of materials in solution. However, complete understanding of the partitioning of different species is required for design and engineering of these structures. In this work, the surfactant partitioning of an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte-surfactant (PES) aggregate system in aqueous solution is characterized using a surfactant-specific coated-wire electrode. Previous work has shown that the structure of these aggregates is sensitive to the surfactant partitioning behavior, so characterizing this behavior is vital in controlling the aggregate structure. Due to our synthesis procedure, no small counterions (salts) are present in the system; therefore, the electrolyte concentration can be controlled very accurately and the effect of background electrolyte on surfactant partitioning behavior characterized. A simple model describing the surfactant partitioning in the system is presented and compared to the observed results. Results provide the tools to control the length and surface charge of these rodlike nanoparticles through overall composition.
Poly(riboadenylic acid) and adjacent nucleotides in Rous sarcoma virus RNA.

Abstract Poly(A) segments were released from Rous sarcoma virus 70 S RNA by the action of T 1 or pancreatic ribonuclease in high ionic strength buffer, and purified by affinity chromatography on columns of poly(U)-cellulose. By oligonucleotide mapping, the poly(A) was shown to be located at the 3′-OH end of the molecule and to consist entirely of adenylate residues. The identification of the nucleotides adjacent to the poly(A) segments was performed by digestion of the purified T 1 ribonuclease-released fragments with U 2 ribonuclease. C-Ap was the predominant component released by U 2 ribonuclease, indicating that most of the 35 S RNA chains terminate with the sequence 5′-(G-)C-poly(A)-3′.
The effects of temperature on the isolated heart of the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris

Abstract 1. 1. The heart rate from the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) reacts to increasing hypothermia as a typical nonhibernator, stopping at 15°C. 2. 2. The heart rate-temperature graph was linear between the temperatures of 41 and 19°C. but became curvilinear between 19 and 15°C. 3. 3. The cooling and rewarming curves for the heart rate-temperature graph exhibited no hysteresis. 4. 4. Arrhenius graphs showed a change in energy of activation (Ea,) in the temperature range of 25–27°C. 5. 5. During cooling from 41 to 27°C, the hearts showed an Ea of 10.2 kcal/mole while from 27 to 15°C the Ea was 29.8 kcal/mole. During rewarming, the Ea between 15 and 25°C was 30.5 kcal/mole and between 25 and 41°C was 11.6 kcal/mole.
Gauge-invariant effective stress-energy tensors for gravitational waves

It is shown that if a generalized definition of gauge invariance is used, gauge-invariant effective stress-energy tensors for gravitational waves and other gravitational perturbations can be defined in a much larger variety of circumstances than has previously been possible. In particular it is no longer necessary to average the stress-energy tensor over a region of spacetime which is larger in scale than the wavelengths of the waves and it is no longer necessary to restrict attention to high frequency gravitational waves.
Extensible layout in functional documents

Highly customised variable-data documents make automatic layout of the resulting publication hard. Architectures for defining and processing such documents can benefit if the repertoire of layout methods available can be extended smoothly and easily to accommodate new styles of customisation. The Document Description Framework incorporates a model for declarative document layout and processing where documents are treated as functional programs. A canonical XML tree contains nodes describing layout instructions which will modify and combine their children component parts to build sections of the final presentation. Leaf components such as images, vector graphic fragments and text blocks are 'rendered' to make consistent graphical atoms. These parts are then processed by layout agents, described and parameterised by their parent nodes, which can range from simple layouts like translations, flows, encapsulations and tables through to highly complex arrangements such as constraint-solution or pagination. The result then becomes a 'molecule' for processing at a higher level of the layout tree. A variable and reference mechanism is included for resolving rendering interdependency and supporting component reuse. Addition of new layout types involves definition of a new combinator node and attachment of a suitable agent.
Family-focused pediatrics: A primary care family systems approach to psychosocial problems

Summary Every child comes with a family—the single greatest, most enduring influence on a child. Forces within the family—their socioeconomic status, parental medical and mental health, parenting practices, nature of the spousal/partner relationship, behavior, cultural beliefs, and communication style—powerfully affect children's physical and mental health, self-image, behavior, educational attainment, and overall well-being. It follows logically that the family is the domain of the pediatrician and other primary providers. Pediatricians are trained with the biomedical model, but they increasingly encounter problems for which they should consider incorporating a biopsychosocial-family systems-model: (1) psychosocial problems that prove resistant to traditional child-centered, or symptom-centered interventions, (2) problems that are affected by and/or impact the family context, and (3) families who actively seek help for behavioral and interactive-emotional problems. This article has described (1) the family systems model and techniques (with an illustrative case study of a common pediatric problem); (2) the rationale for adopting (and adapting) this model to better address psychosocial problems that are increasing in America; (3) the unique qualifications and position of primary care pediatricians in the health care system to address these problems; (4) the impact of family relationships and other family-social factors on children's behavior, development, and emotions; and finally, (5) a variety of clinical strategies and interviewing techniques for pediatricians (and other primary care providers) who want to enhance their skills in working with children and adolescents within the context of their families. This article concludes with recommendations (from the AAP Task Force on the Family) for future pediatric training, education, and policymaking. The family is the pediatrician's greatest resource, and the family is the best expert on their children. Using an admixture of the family's strengths and values and the pediatrician's knowledge, skills, and guidance, pediatricians and families can coconstruct solutions to ensure the best outcome for children and their families. 98. , 204.
Interendocrine control by 20-hydroxyecdysone of the corpora allata of Manduca sexta

Abstract A positive interendocrine control by 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates the corpora allata (CA) and thus the hemolymph titers of the juvenile hormones (JHs) during the fourth and fifth larval stadia of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone is exerted via the brain-corpora cardiaca (Br-CC), and the kinetics of stimulation by the hormone suggest that its control of the CA is indirect, possibly involving neural effectors. Co-incubation of precommitment CA with Br-CC resulted in a stimulation of the synthesis of JH I acid equivalent to that achieved by the incubation of brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (Br-CC-CA) with 20-hydroxyedcysone, suggesting that a diffusible regulatory factor may be involved in the stimulation. During pharate pupal development, a close temporal relationship exists between the drop in the ecdysteroid titer and declines in CA activity and the JH hemolymph titer, suggesting that 20-hydroxyecdysone may now inhbit the CA. Incubations of day 6 Br-CC-CA with physiological concentrations of 20-hydroxyecdysone resulted in an apparent dose-dependent inhibition of CA activity. Thus in Manduca, 20-hydroxyecdysone may exert varying stage-specific interendocrine effects on the CA which direct the postembryonic development of this species.
Mass spectral analyses of hemoglobin adducts formed after in vitro exposure of erythrocytes to hydroxymethylvinyl ketone

Hydroxymethylvinyl ketone (HMVK) is a reactive oxidation product of 3-butene-1,2-diol, a metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. The potential for HMVK (0.1 and 1mM) to form hemoglobin (Hb) adducts in erythrocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated at physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). With the 0.1mM HMVK globin samples, the results indicate HMVK adduction on the alpha2, beta2 and beta3 chains. With the 1.0mM HMVK globin samples, adducts were detected on the beta2 and beta3 chains. However, no correlation was observed between incubation time and the extent of adduct formation, and additional adducts were detected when globin samples were fractionated by HPLC before the ESI/MS analyses. For specific localizations of adducts on the globin chains, trypsin digested peptides from the 1mM HMVK globin samples were subjected to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. The results, which are consistent with formation of HMVK adducts on several specific peptides within the alpha- and beta-chains, suggest selectivity in the interaction of HMVK with the different cysteine residues in Hb. Because adducts were also detected in peptides containing no cysteine residues and multiple HMVK moieties were detected on some of the cysteine-containing peptides, the results suggest other amino acids may be also reactive with HMVK. Adduct profiles and their relative intensities were consistent between the 1 and 2h samples providing evidence for the HMVK reactions being fast and selective. The finding that fewer peptides were adducted in the 0.1mM HMVK globin samples provides further evidence for selectivity of the HMVK reaction. Collectively, the results show HMVK readily and selectively forms adducts on Hb. Characterization of these adducts will facilitate development of useful biomarkers of exposure to HMVK and its precursor 1,3-butadiene.
In vitro binding of bile acids by bananas, peaches, pineapple, grapes, pears, apricots and nectarines

Abstract The in vitro binding of bile acids by bananas ( Musa × paradisiaca ), peaches ( Prunus persica ), pineapple ( Ananus comosus ), grapes ( Vitis spp.), pears ( Pyrus communis ), apricots ( Prunus armeniaca ) and nectarines ( Prunus persica, nectarina ) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing various fresh fruits on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding percentages on dry matter (DM), total dietary fibre and total polysaccharides basis were 2–9%, 15–101% and 10–101%, respectively. Bile acid binding, on a DM basis, for bananas was significantly ( P ⩽ 0.05) higher and that for nectarines significantly lower than those for peaches, pineapple, grapes, pears and apricots. The bile acid bindings for peaches and pineapple were similar and significantly higher than those for grapes, pears and apricots. Binding values for grapes and pears were significantly higher than apricots. These results point to the relative health promoting potential of bananas > peaches = pineapple > grapes = pears > apricots > nectarines, as indicated by their bile acid binding on a DM basis. The variability in bile acid binding between the fruits tested maybe related to their phytonutrients, antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins), structure, hydrophobicity of undigested fractions, anionic or cationic nature of the metabolites produced during digestion or their interaction with active binding sites. Animal studies are planned to validate in vitro bile acid binding of fruits, observed herein, to their healthful potential, atherosclerosis amelioration and cancer prevention.
Regulation of Transgenic Plants

Plants modified by recombinant DNA (rDNA) have been known since 1983 when three research teams independently reported the first stable integration of foreign DNA into plant cells and the regeneration of genetically modified plants. By 1987 rDNA-modified crop species were available that warranted field evaluation of traits conferred by the new genes. By the end of 1992 more than 40 species of rDNA-modified food and fiber crops will have been described and almost 600 field tests of rDNA-modified plants will be completed or in progress in more than 20 countries around the world. Many of these tests will involve plants of potential commercial value since they represent genetic improvements in disease or pest resistance, hybridization technologies, or value-added food traits such as nutritional or processing enhancements. The field tests evidence the substantial public and private commitments that have been made to agricultural biotechnology. They also provide tangible proof of very successful technology transfer from basic plant molecular biology laboratories to problem-solving research programs that should help ensure agricultural sufficiency into the next century.
Right transatrial approach to relieve pulmonary stenosis in patients with corrected transposition of the great vessels: a new operation without use of an extracardiac conduit.

Background: A new operation to relieve pulmonary obstruction is proposed for patients with corrected transposition of the great vessels and pulmonary stenosis (PS). A right transatrial approach involves excising or detaching the right-sided atrioventricular valve (AV). Next, the pulmonary outflow tract is opened wide with an incision extending from the right-sided ventricle upward across the AV valve annulus. This incision extends into the main trunk of the pulmonary artery located behind the right atrium. A patch, with or without implantation of a pulmonary valve prosthesis, widens the outflow tract, thus avoiding use of an extracardiac conduit. Method: We describe this operation performed in a 51-year-old man who had previously undergone correction with an extracardiac conduit that had become obstructed. The patient had severe right-sided AV valve insufficiency and complete heart block with a functioning transvenous pacemaker. We replaced the right-sided AV valve and positioned the permanent pacemaker lead outside of the prosthetic skirt. The PS was corrected as described above and a pulmonary prosthetic valve implanted. Use of an extracardiac conduit was avoided altogether. Conclusion: This technique may be applicable even without excising the right-sided AV valve. The clinical result for our patient is still optimal 4 years after surgery.
Experimental determination of single-ion anisotropies in two nickel complexes

Abstract Motivated by the Haldane conjecture, the powder susceptibilities of two nickel complexes (1: NiCl2L2, with LP(CH2CH2CN)3; 2: bis(propiolato)tetraaquonickel(II)) have been investigated as part of a search for new S=1 antiferromagnetic linear chains. The effective moments of both complexes correspond to high-spin S=1 Ni(II) ions at room temperature but decrease rapidly below 20 K. Analysis of the data showed the decreases to correspond to the effects of single-ion anisotropy and not magnetic exchange. The susceptibilities of 1 and 2 can be described as resulting from single-ion anisotropy parameters D/k=7 and 8.5 K, respectively, with the ms=0 single state low for both complexes. Neither 1 nor 2 can be considered a magnetic linear chain.
Coincidences of projections and linear n-valued maps of tori

Abstract We prove that the Nielsen fixed point number N ( φ ) of an n -valued map φ : X ⊸ X of a compact connected triangulated orientable q -manifold without boundary is equal to the Nielsen coincidence number of the projections of the graph of φ , a subset of X × X , to the two factors. For certain q × q integer matrices A , there exist “linear” n -valued maps Φ n , A , σ : T q ⊸ T q of q -tori that generalize the single-valued maps f A : T q → T q induced by the linear transformations T A : R q → R q defined by T A ( v ) = A v . By calculating the Nielsen coincidence number of the projections of its graph, we calculate N ( Φ n , A , σ ) for a large class of linear n -valued maps.