cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Everyone Did What Was Right in His Own Eyes": Nondenominational Fundamentalist/Evangelical/Pentecostal Archives in the United States

The conservative Protestant traditions of Fundamentalism, Evangelicalism, and Pentecostalism have few archives, particularly for the nondenominational institutions that provide so much of these groups' leadership and resources. Part of the explanation for this scarcity of archives lies in the nature of these traditions—their relatively recent origin, focus on the present, diversity, and funding priorities. The Evangelical Archives Conference, held at the Billy Graham Center in 1988, began to address the problem by bringing together a group of archivists and nonarchivists to plan an agenda for future action.
Natural killer (NK) cells are associated with reduced relapse without increased graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoetic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT)

6542 Background: Natural killer cells have potential for anti-leukemia activity after haplo-identical HSCT. However, the role of reconstituted NK cells in relapse and survival after matched HLA-ide...
An Exploration of the Implications of Regina v. Lucas in the Construction of Libel Law in Canada and the United States

Abstract This essay compares the Supreme Court of Canada's response to Regina v. Lucas, a criminal libel case, to a presumed United States Supreme Court response. The analysis reveals a very different commitment to free expression protection for connotative speech employed to protest the behavior of a public figure.
Improvements to RDX combustion modeling

Many improvements have been made to models of RDX combustion in the past few years. The onedimensional model presented in this paper, models the solid, two-phase, and gas regions using complex kinetics and concentration and temperature dependent thermophysical properties. Calculated values agree well with experimentally determined burn rate, ap, melt layer thickness, surface temperature and species concentration profiles. When including laser-assisted burning in the model, a dark zone appeared similar to that seen experimentally. With the laser assisted case, the chemistry controlling the burn rate is significantly different from cases without the laser heat flux. Calculations show that the melt layer thickness is determined primarily by the liquid thermal conductivity and the surface temperature is controlled by the vapor pressure correlation. All other model predictions are relatively insensitive to these parameters. The weakest areas of the model remain the condensed phase decomposition and evaporation/condensation sub-model. Nomenclature A = area (cm) A = pre-exponential rate constant c = heat capacity (erg/g K) C = molar concentration (moles/cm-*) Ea = activation energy (cal/mole) H = molar enthalpy (erg/mole) h = specific enthalpy (erg/g) kk = number of gas phase species rh = mass flow rate (g/s) n = number of bubbles per volume 1 e 13 bubbles/cm^ p = pressure q = rate of progress variable (moles/cm s) rb = burn rate (cm/s) R = universal gas constant s = sticking factor T = temperature (K) u = gas velocity (cm/sec) V = diffusion velocity (cm/sec) W = average molecular weight (g/mole) W = molecular weight (g/mole) W = molar rate of production (moles/cm s) x = distance from 2-phase-gas interface (cm) X = mole fraction Y = mass fraction P = temperature exponent rate constant
The Control of Insects In Cereal Food Products

Germea, cream of wheat, corn meal and other breakfast cereals are often found to be infested with insects. In an attempt to find the source of this infestation studies were made of the packages in which these cereals are packed and of the sterilizers at some of the mills, and it was found that frequently the sterilization process is not sufficient to destroy all of the insects. At other times the cereal is subjected to a regimentation after it has been sterilized. A table showing various temperatures at which insects will killed is given and a description is given of a sterilizing apparatus devised by the author with which electric heat is used to sterilize the cereal with an exposure of approximately two seconds.
The Truth of Equality

The author applauds the passing of the ADA as acknowledgment that our laws have begun to reveal that human worth transcends disability, just as it does race and gender. He see the growth of federal and state laws forbidding discrimination against people with disabilities as a tribute to a movement which culminated in the ADA's passage, which requires access to most aspects of public life for people with disabilities and recognizes their rightful place alongside their fellow citizens.
An Empirical Study on the Cost Stickiness Behavior from Chinese Listed Companies: Base on Difference Nature of Actual Controller

Existing studies on cost behavior indicate that the proportion of cost change with volume increases and decreases is asymmetric.The speed of cost increases with volume is faster than the speed of cost decreases.In this study,we divide Chinese listed companies based on difference nature of actual controller into two classifications,state-owned listed companies and non state-owned listed companies.By analyzing the accounting data during 2004 to 2010 of these listed companies respectively,we find:(1)SGA costs have a feature of stickiness with changes in volume in both types of listed companies;(2)the speed of state-owned listed companies' SGA increase is faster than non state-owned listed companies';(3)after the financial crisis,the cost stickiness' degree of Chinese listed companies improves,while the situation of non state-owned listed companies' is more serious;(4)cost stickiness of listed companies in China is enhanced by capital-intensive,and state-owned companies are affected more strongly.
Management of the Patient with Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Premature rupture of the membranes is such a common and important occurrence in obstetrics that it is surprising to find a tremendous divergence of opinion concerning its proper management. No one strategy of management has emerged as superior to all others. This article incorporates the latest advances in a field in which significant change occurs frequently.
Facial Weakness, Dysarthria, and Dysphagia

Dysfunction of the lower brainstem, cranial nerves, and structures which they innervate may lead to facial weakness, dysarthria, or dysphagia. Facial weakness may be secondary to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system. Key examination techniques in differentiating between central and peripheral facial weakness include testing for weakness of the upper and lower half of the face and examining taste perception on the anterior 1/3 of the tongue. Dysarthria may be divided into spastic, flaccid, extrapyramidal, and scanning forms. Many patients, however, have nonspecific slurred speech that does not localize well to any specific site within the nervous system. Oropharyngeal phase dysphagia may be secondary to lesions of the supranuclear region, brainstem, cranial nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Monitoring Plethodon Cinereus Populations

Recently there has been a rapidly growing interest in monitoring populations of plethodontid salamanders which stems from three related areas of research. First, worldwide declines and extinctions of anurans,raise the possibility that other amphibian taxa may also be at risk now or in the near future. Indeed, it has been predicted that growing human impact on ecosystems may induce even higher rates of decline in native amphibian and other herpetofaunal populations in the future(Beebee, 1996; Pechmann et al., 1991;Seigel and Simons, 1995). Second, the pronounced sensitivity of amphibians to environmental changes makes them particularly valuable as indicator species, even for species not facing any immediate risk of extinction. For example, studies have shown that survival of many amphibian species is strongly dependent upon factors that can be influenced by human activities, including habitat fragmentation and edge effects,UV radiation levels (Grant et al., 1992), soil and water pH (Frisbie and Wyman, 1991; Sugalski and Claussen, 1997), and percent organic matter and percent moisture of soil (Grant et al., 1992; Droege et al., 1997). Finally, because of their abundance, total biomass, and role in food chains, amphibians and other herpetofauna are ecologically sifinificant members of their communities (Hairston, 1987). In particular, the redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus is one of the most important mid-level predators in eastern North American forest ecosystems.
Customizing vendor systems for better user experiences: The innovative librarian's guide

For libraries frustrated by information design and usability issues in hosted vendor solutions, Reidsma offers an empowering framework for addressing these and other user experience concerns. While...
El gran milagro... Todavía

Resumen Este texto plantea una reflexion personal sobre las multiples contradicciones y desafios que la institucion y la experiencia de la maternidad plantean a las mujeres, considerando un contexto muy especifico: la academia norteamericana, a la que llegue como inmigrante privilegiada desde Espana. Si la practica de la co-maternidad aparece en ciertos discursos como garante de la solidaridad entre las mujeres, otros factores como la raza, la clase o las puras circunstancias individuales, modulan nuestras vidas como mujeres, trabajadoras y madres. En cualquier caso, en nuestras sociedades desarrolladas e hiper-competitivas, solo gracias a las redes de apoyo formales o informales entre mujeres y a una voluntad decidida de involucrare en la crianza de l@s hij@s por parte de nuestras parejas garantiza que la experiencia de ser madres pueda ser vivida como un gran milagro. Abstract This text proposes a personal reflection on the multiple contradictions and challenges that the institution and the experience of motherhood pose to women, considering a very specific context: the American academy, to which I arrived as a (privileged) immigrant from Spain. If the practice of co-motherhood appears in certain contexts as a guarantee of solidarity among women, other factors such as race, class or purely individual circumstances modulate our lives as women, workers and mothers. In any case, in our developed and hyper-competitive societies, it is only thanks to formal or informal networks of support between women and a clear will on the part of our partners that allows us to live the experience of motherhood as a great miracle.
Gangliosides in Neuroblastomas

Neuroblastomas from children presenting with tumors at various ages and different primary sites (abdominal, adrenals, pelvic, and thoracic) were studied. Analysis of the ganglioside patterns of 53 tumors indicated that patients who were either disease positive 2 yr following surgery or dead of disease, had significantly (p<0.005) less GT1b plus GD1b than tumors from patients that were disease free 2 yr post surgery. The presence of GD2 in 45 of the tumors correlates well with the suggestion that it can be used as a marker in neuroblastoma diagnosis. Children with thoracic neuroblastomas have a significantly better prognosis than children with tumors in other anatomic sites. Analysis of the ganglioside composition of these tumors only, indicated that they had a significantly higher (p<0.005) concentration of GT1b and GD1b and a significantly lower concentration (p<0.025) of monosialogangliosides than those patients who were dead of disease or had persistent disease. These results suggest that low levels of GT1b and GD1b correlate with a poor prognosis. The thoracic neuroblastomas may be comprised of more “differentiated” neuroblastoma cells (ganglioside patterns more similar to the CNS), and this may contribute to the fact that about 85% of children with thoracic neuroblastoma recover. To understand why the ganglioside pattern may serve as a prognostic indicator for neuroblastoma, it is necessary to know whether gangliosides have specific roles in neuronal differentiation. Our approach to this question is to compare the effect(s) of added ganglioside or the corresponding oligosaccharide on neuroblastoma cells. Results obtained suggest that the oligosaccharide from GM1 is able to enhance neuritogenesis by S20Y murine neuroblastoma cells to the same extent that GM1 does.
Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This chapter presents background on greenhouse gas emission (GHG) formation from motor vehicles and then estimates of GHG emissions from various types of electric vehicles (EVs) such as battery, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from studies conducted by research groups at universities, national labs, government agencies, and other groups are reviewed. EVs can even have very low to zero emissions of GHGs when they run on renewable fuels; however, at present, EVs are more expensive than other options that offer significant reductions at lower costs as electricity is largely generated from conventional fuels. When coal is heavily used to produce electricity or H 2 , GHG emissions tend to increase significantly compared with conventional fuel alternatives. Without carbon capture and sequestration, coal-based fuels even in conjunction with electric drive systems offer little or no benefit. Much deeper reductions of over 90% in GHG are possible for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) if they are run on renewable or nuclear power sources. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) running on gasoline can reduce emissions by 20–60%, and fuel cell EVs can reduce GHGs by 30–50% when they run on natural gas-derived H 2 and up to 95% or more when the H 2 is produced and potentially compressed by using renewable feedstocks.
History of Orthopedic Oncology in the United States

Orthopedic oncology in the United States has its roots in European medicine of the 1800s in which sarcomas were first classified on the basis of their gross characteristics (1804) and amended on the basis of their histologic features (1867). Surgical management, local excision, with unacceptable mortality gave way to amputation in the 1870s and remained so, until limb-sparing resection was cautiously embarked upon in the mid 1900s. Nonsurgical adjuvant was first devised in the 1880s (as Coley’s toxins) but remained largely ineffective until the advent of chemotherapy in the 1970s. The combination of these in the last 30 years, together with vastly improved staging and reconstructive techniques has led to the current preponderance of limb-salvaging surgery and greatly improved survival rates. Their application has been greatly enhanced by the development of Orthopedic oncology fellowships, formation of Orthopedic oncology societies, and the institution of federally funded regional cancer centers with the formation of multidisciplinary sarcoma treatment teams.
Preparation Of Highly Active Composite Oxides Of Silver For Hydrogen And Carbon Monoxide Oxidation

Highly active oxide catalysts have been developed for low-temperature catalytic combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These oxides, which consist of silver oxide combined with manganese dioxide and/or cobalt oxide, are prepared by coprecipitation from nitrate mixtures in the presence of KMnO4. A systematic investigation of the correlation between activity and atomic ratios of Mn/Ag and Co/Ag resulted in an optimum composition of Ag-Mn-Co (1:4:20 in atomic ratio). The oxide exhibits remarkably enhanced activity and good thermal stability in comparison with the simple component oxides.
The Degree of Strong Nondegeneracy of the Bisectional Curvature of Exceptional Bounded Symmetric Domains

In Refs. 3 and 4 Siu discovered the complex analyticity of harmonic maps between two Kahler manifolds under some conditions and proved the strong rigidity of compact quotients of irreducible bounded symmetric domains of dimension at least 2. Furthermore, he proposed the following conjecture.
RNA regulation in Neurodegeneration and Cancer

The paraneoplastic neurologic diseases are a set of brain degenerations that develop in the setting of occult cancer. These disorders arise when common cancers express brain proteins, triggering an anti-tumor immune response and tumor immunity. Studies of the nature of these brain-cancer proteins has revealed a new world of neuron-specific RNA binding proteins whose functions may be co-opted by tumor cells. The interest in their function has spawned the development of new methods and strategies to understand RNA-protein regulation in living tissues. These approaches, and the new biology they reveal, are discussed here.
Aminopropyltransferases: Mechanistic Studies and the Synthesis of Specific Inhibitors

We have studied the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed alkyl transfer reactions by a variety of methods including non-enzymic model reactions, steady-state kinetics, and stereochemistry. In this brief paper, the results of our earlier work on catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT, E.C. 2.1.1.6) and more recent work on putrescine aminopropyltransferase (PAPT, E.C. 2.5.1.16, sometimes referred to as spermidine synthase) will be reviewed. These investigations have resulted in the demonstration that each of these alkyltransferases catalyze a reaction which proceeds via a ternary complex involving the enzyme and both nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates. In addition, the demonstration of general base catalysis in related model reactions, provides chemical precedent for the involvement of this type of catalysis by basic residues of the enzyme. The mechanistic conclusions have allowed us to design and synthesize several mechanism-based inhibitors which exhibit great potency and specificity for individual alkyltransferases1.
An Introduction to Optimization Theory

Optimization models in environmental systems consist of a set of objectives, constraints, and decision or control variables. The decision variables detail the possible operational, planning, or design alternatives. In many problems, decision variables include state variables of the environmental system. The optimization models are predicated on mathematical models describing the underlying flow, mass, or energy transport processes. The mathematical models are used in optimization modeling to relate how the decision variables affect the state variables of the environmental system.
Languages for Computer Music

Specialized languages for computer music have long been an important area of research in this community. Computer music languages have enabled composers who are not software engineers to nevertheless use computers effectively. While powerful general-purpose programming languages can be used for music tasks, experience has shown that time plays a special role in music computation, and languages that embrace musical time are especially expressive for many musical tasks. Time is expressed in procedural languages through schedulers and abstractions of beats, duration and tempo. Functional languages have been extended with temporal semantics, and object-oriented languages are often used to model stream-based computation of audio. This chapter considers models of computation that are especially important for music programming, how these models are supported in programming languages, and how this leads to expressive and efficient programs. Concrete examples are drawn from some of the most widely used music programming languages.
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Attribute-Based Access Control

The second Workshop on Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC '17), held in conjunction with the 7th ACM Conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy (CODASPY 2017), continues to foster a community of researchers interested in all aspects of attribute based access control. Major challenges remain to be addressed for ABAC to be effective in practice including ABAC policy engineering and mining, attribute assurance, usable administration, ABAC enforcement, and balancing expressive power with usability. ABAC '17 features papers on various aspects of ABAC including theoretical issues as attribute reduction, ABAC administration, and policy verification; practical issues such as ABAC for databases, authoring ABAC policies via natural language, and systematic ABAC implementation; and ABAC issues in applications such as healthcare. We hope the workshop attendees will find this wide variety of topics to be insightful, and helpful in advancing the field of ABAC.
Predicting attenuation of salinized surface- and groundwater-resources from legacy energy development in the Prairie Pothole Region.

Abstract Oil and gas (energy) development in the Williston Basin, which partly underlies the Prairie Pothole Region in central North America, has helped meet U.S. energy demand for decades. Historical handling and disposal practices of saline wastewater co-produced during energy development resulted in salinization of surface and groundwater at numerous legacy energy sites. Thirty years of monitoring (1988–2018) at Goose Lake, which has been producing since the 1960s, documents long-term spatial and temporal changes in water quality from legacy energy development. Surface water quality was highly variable and decoupled from changes in groundwater quality, likely due to annual and regional climatic fluctuations. Therefore, changes in surface water-quality were not considered a reliable indicator of subsurface chloride migration. However, chloride concentrations in monitoring wells near wastewater sources exhibited systematic temporal reductions allowing for estimates of the time required for natural attenuation of groundwater to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute and chronic chloride toxicity benchmarks and a local background level. Point attenuation rates differed based on sediment type (outwash vs till) and yielded a range of predicted years when water-quality targets will be reached: acute – 2045 to 2113; chronic – 2069 to 2160; background – 2126 to 2275. Bulk attenuation rates from four separate years of data were used to calculate the distances chloride could migrate downgradient from the largest wastewater source. Potential distances of downgradient migration before dilution to water-quality targets decreased from 1989 to 2018: acute – 949 to 673 m; chronic – 1220 to 922 m; background – 1878 to 1525 m. Several downgradient wetlands are within these distances and will continue to receive saline contaminated groundwater for years. While these results demonstrate chloride attenuation at a legacy energy site, they also highlight the persistence of saline wastewater contamination and the need to mitigate future spills to prevent long-term salinization from energy development.
Coarse-Fine Control of Dual-Tuner Mach-Zehnder Interferometer using Identical Low-Resolution DACs

We present a novel approach for achieving coarse-fine control of two thermo-optic phase shifters in a dual-tuner Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based photonic switch. We demonstrate the concept in a fabricated silicon switch containing thermo-optic phase tuners driven from identical monolithically integrated low-resolution digital-to-analog converters.
Generalized Emden–Fowler equations in noncentral curl forces and first integrals

Noncentral force is an exemplary example of curl force and in general this is not an integrable system. The purpose of this note is twofold. First, we study a different reduction in the noncentral force compared to Berry and Shukla, and this leads to the generalized Emden–Fowler (GEF) equation, which in turn can be mapped to the Thomas–Fermi equation. Second, we compute the first integrals of the integrable standard Emden–Fowler (EF) and the generalized EF equations associated with the reduced noncentral dynamics using old results and new techniques. Finally, we compute the reduction in the nonpolynomial noncentral forces, which also leads to generalized EF equations.
Stable microstructure in a nanocrystalline copper-tantalum alloy during shock loading

The microstructures of materials typically undergo significant changes during shock loading, causing failure when higher shock pressures are reached. However, preservation of microstructural and mechanical integrity during shock loading are essential in situations such as space travel, nuclear energy, protection systems, extreme geological events, and transportation. Here, we report ex situ shock behavior of a chemically optimized and microstructurally stable, bulk nanocrystalline copper–tantalum alloy that shows a relatively unchanged microstructure or properties when shock compressed up to 15 GPa. The absence of shock-hardening indicates that the grains and grain boundaries that make up the stabilized nanocrystalline microstructure act as stable sinks, thereby annihilating deformation-induced defects during shock loading. This study helps to advance the possibility of developing advanced structural materials for extreme applications where shock loading occurs. Shock loading of materials alters the microstructure and considerably degrades mechanical performance. Here, shock loading of a nanocrystalline Cu–Ta alloy is found to induce minor changes to microstructure and mechanical performance, attributed to the annihilation of defects during deformation.
Etiologies and sequelae of extreme thrombocytosis in a large pediatric hospital

Extreme thrombocytosis (ET, platelet count >1000 x 10^3/ul) is an uncommon clinical finding 1. Primary ET is associated with myeloproliferative disorders, such as essential thrombocythemia 2. Secondary ET is more common and occurs in reaction to infection, inflammation, or iron deficiency. Bleeding and thrombotic complications more frequently arise in primary ET cases 1, but have been reported with secondary ET in adults 3. Etiologies and complications associated with ET in children are less well-defined, as prior pediatric studies have been relatively small or restricted to specialized patient populations 4,5. We aimed to characterize ET in a large, single-center pediatric cohort.
Dynamics of magnetoelectric reversal of an antiferromagnetic domain

In spintronics research, the actual dynamics of magnetoelectric magnetization switching in an antiferromagnet is often overlooked in experimental work, even though it is important to establish whether multidomain effects play a role. The authors analyze the speed and energy limits of the spatial mechanisms governing electrically controlled domain switching in antiferromagnetic insulators. This study provides valuable insight into the performance of such materials for applications in ultralow-power nonvolatile memory and logic processing.
What Makes a “Computer Science Person”? Minoritized Students' Sense of Identity in AP CSP Classrooms

The CS for All Movement is making great strides toward increasing access to quality computer science (CS) education, particularly for minoritized youth from communities historically underrepresented in computing fields. However, it can be both mentally and emotionally challenging to enter fields of expertise where people do not look like you, and where your culture and experiences are seen as foreign or “different.” If we want to see students engaging with computing in their varying academic/career pathways, they must feel a sense of belonging and “rightful presence” in computing classrooms [1]. In an effort to prioritize students' voices and ideas about what matters most for their sense of belonging in CS, this study administered end-of-year surveys to 860 students across Advanced Placement Computer Science Principles classrooms in a large west coast urban school district serving majority low-income students of color. This study describes students' levels of engagement with CS, whether or not they identify as “computer science people,” and the factors impacting their sense of belonging with the field. These findings will be important to consider when shaping both curricula and professional development opportunities geared at broadening participation in computing, by informing ways to support students' sense of belonging and engagement with computing.
Effects of Cocaine on Human Glial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Background Microglia are important myeloid cells present in the brain parenchyma that serve a surveillance function in the central nervous system. Microglial cell activation results in neuroinflammation that, when prolonged, can disrupt immune homeostasis and neurogenesis. Activated microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be involved in the propagation of inflammatory responses and modulation of cell-to-cell communication. However, a complete understanding of how EVs are regulated by drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, is still lacking. Findings Cocaine exposure reduced human microglial cell (HMC3) viability, decreased expression of CD63 and dectin-1 in HMC3-derived EVs, and increased expression of the apoptotic marker histone H2A.x in HMC3-derived EVs. Conclusion Cocaine impacts HMC3 cell viability and specific EV protein expression, which could disrupt cellular signaling and cell-to-cell communication.
Energetics of twisted DNA topologies

Abstract Our goal is to review the main theoretical models used to calculate free energy changes associated with common, torsion-induced conformational changes in DNA and provide the resulting equations hoping to facilitate quantitative analysis of both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review begins with a summary of work regarding the energy change of the negative supercoiling-induced B- to L-DNA transition, followed by a discussion of the energetics associated with the transition to Z-form DNA. Finally, it describes the energy changes associated with the formation of DNA curls and plectonemes, which can regulate DNA-protein interactions and promote cross talk between distant DNA elements, respectively. The salient formulas and parameters for each scenario are summarized in table format to facilitate comparison and provide a concise, user-friendly resource.
Understanding Black, Asian, Latinx, and White College Students’ Views of Nature: Frequent Thoughts About Wild, Remote, Rural, and Urban Landscapes:

Nature and landscapes are essential elements of American culture. Consequently, many scholars have examined the public’s perceptions of nature and landscapes. Some posit that Blacks are averse to w...
Evaluation of a novel C-Arm draping technique to minimize surgical field contamination and surgery time.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to compare the sterility of three C-Arm draping techniques: the clip-drape, sterile pouch, and a novel drape tower method. We hypothesize that our novel technique will minimize floor contamination from reaching the surgical field while allowing the C-Arm machine to rotate between lateral and anterior-posterior positions more quickly. METHODS Five trials consisting of rotating the C-Arm and simulating surgeon movement were run using each technique. Ultraviolet light illuminating melamine powder was used to represent floor contamination. Measurements of melamine powder encroachment on the drapes were taken using the top of the C-Arm in lateral position as the reference point. The time needed to assemble, deploy, and retract the C-Arm was measured for each technique. The gown, gloves, and mayo stand were also examined after each trial for contamination. RESULTS Compared to the clip drape, the drape tower prevented contamination from reaching the C-Arm by an additional 30.5 cm (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.0-43.9, P < 0.001). The drape tower had faster deployment and retraction times than both the clip drape (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and sterile pouch (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively). The clip drape and sterile pouch exhibited glove contamination in two (40%) simulations, while the drape tower showed no instances of contamination (P = 0.255). CONCLUSIONS The novel drape tower technique limits the encroachment of floor contamination onto sterile drapes. It should be considered as an alternative draping method for lower extremity surgery.
Near-instantaneous catalytic hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents with zirconium-based MOF/hydrogel composites

Summary Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) with Lewis-acidic sites are potent catalysts for degrading organophosphorus nerve agents. However, a volatile basic solution must regenerate the Zr-MOF catalysts, challenging its real-world implementation. By crosslinking polyethylene imine with an epoxide in the presence of selected Zr-MOFs, we prepared Zr-MOF/hydrogel composite catalysts for the rapid degradation of organophosphorus chemicals under atmospheric conditions. We developed a series of Zr-MOF hydrogel powder composites varying in Zr-node connectivity, linker functionality, and topology. The MOF-808 hydrogel powder was the highest-performing MOF-based composite for the hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve-agent simulants. We coated the MOF-808 hydrogel onto a textile, and the composite rapidly detoxified nerve-agent simulants and actual nerve agents. The resulting half-lives are the fastest reaction rates to date among MOF-based composite materials, representing a critical step toward the production of protective gear for the instantaneous detoxification of nerve agents in practical conditions.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FRACTURE MECHANICS OF RAILROAD MATERIALS

ABSTRACT Most structural materials contain flaws or cracks that are introduced during fabrication or service. Under various combinations of static and alternating loads and reactive environments, these flaws begin to grow slowly and stably. Unstable fracture leading to complete structural failure occurs when a flaw has developed to a critical size. The critical flaw size is a function of both the applied and/or residual stresses acting on the structure, and the toughness of the materials. The principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics can be used to describe the functional relationships for unstable (brittle, rapid) fracture that occurs even though the nominal stresses are below the general yield strength (i.e., before full-plasticity has occurred in the structure). The effects of temperature, composition, strain rate and microstructure are discussed using data gathered from railway materials. The static and dynamic fracture toughness of standard carbon steel rail was determined using precracked Charpy bars. The static fracture toughness was found to be approximately 10 Ksi in ( 11 KN m − 3 / 2 ) higher than the dynamic fracture toughness across the entire range of railway operating conditions. Since rails are subjected to dynamic loading conditions, dynamic fracture toughness tests were conducted on specimens from alloy-steel and heat-treated rails in order to compare fracture properties. In addition, the standard British rail steel and two heat-treated grades of British rail steel were evaluated. It was found that carbon levels above 0.55w/o did not affect fracture toughness in both high and low carbon rails. In line with earlier work, it was found that decreasing pearlite colony size increased fracture toughness. In addition, the effects of manganese, chromium and molybdenum are discussed.
Media Violence and Aggression: Science and Ideology

Setting the stage: why this book is needed -- A short history of the concept of effects: the people who raised concerns about the media's putative effect on society -- The epistemology of media effects: the way different scholars view the world in which they live often predicts the initial approach they take to doing research -- The social scientific "theory" that never quite fit: why the media violence/social aggression theory isn't compatible with the rest of behavioral science theory (or with common sense) -- Is it just science? Or is it ideology as well? -- The world according to causationists: what the world would be like if the causationists were right -- The biggest cultural variable of all: the Child Careful! and watch out for the children -- The role of psychopathology in the media violence/aggression equation: a return to psychological and cultural conditionals as boundaries for assessing media effects -- The attempt to make an ideology a science: when well-meaning people try to "science-ize" an ideology, confusion and foggy thinking reign -- To legislate or not to legislate against media violence: what policy makers need to know -- References -- Index.
Electron Attachment to Excited Molecules

Studies on electron attachment to molecules rotationally/vibrationally excited thermally or via infrared-laser excitation showed that the effect of internal energy of a molecule on its electron attachment properties depends on the mode-dissociative or nondissociative-of electron attachment. They quantified the effect of the internal energy of the molecule on the rate of destruction (by autodissociation or by autodetachment) of its parent transient anion. Generally, increases in ro-vibrational molecular energy increase the cross section for dissociative electron attachment and decrease the effective cross section for parent anion formation due mainly to increased autodetachment. These findings and their understanding are discussed. A discussion is given, also, of recent investigations of electron attachment to electronically excited molecules, especially photoenhanced dissociative electron attachment to long- and short-lived excited electronic states of molecules produced directly or indirectly by laser irradiation. These studies showed that the cross sections for dissociative electron attachment to electronically excited molecules usually are many orders of magnitude larger than those for the ground-state molecules. The new techniques that have been developed for such studies are briefly described also.
The natural thermoluminescence of Antarctic meteorites and their terrestrial ages and orbits: A 2010 update

Abstract– We have examined the relationship between natural thermoluminescence (TL) and 26Al in 120 Antarctic meteorites in order to explore the orbital history and terrestrial ages of these meteorites. Our results confirm the observations of Hasan et al. (1987) which were based on 23 meteorites. For most meteorites there was a positive correlation between natural TL and 26Al, reflecting their similarity in decay rate under Antarctic conditions and thus in terrestrial age. For a small group with low TL and high 26Al a small perihelion was proposed. Within this group, natural TL decreases with terrestrial age as determined by 36Cl measurements, although the rate of TL decay is faster (half-life approximately 10 ka) and the ages that can be determined are smaller (<200 ka) than for most meteorites. The faster decay rate and lower natural TL levels are a reflection of recent exposure to higher radiation doses and higher temperatures, since this history would populate less stable TL traps with smaller electron densities. We sort the 120 meteorites by perihelion and terrestrial age. The normal perihelion group range up to approximately 1000 ka and the small perihelion group range up to approximately 200 ka. An intermediate perihelion group tends to have short terrestrial ages (20–60 ka). There is acceptable agreement between most (34 out of 43) of our present terrestrial age estimates and those determined by isotopic means, the exceptions reflecting complex irradiation histories, long burial times in the Antarctic, or other issues.
Relation of mild-to-moderate malnutrition to human development: correlational studies.

The present review focuses on the relation to human behavior and development of anthropometric or dietary indexes of mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The primary goal of the review is to integrate previous research findings with current findings from correlational studies conducted over the past decade. From this integration, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1) Chronic, mild postnatal malnutrition is associated with a variety of cognitive and behavioral deficits across the life span. The role of prenatal malnutrition in this process is less clear. 2) To understand the role chronic mild malnutrition plays in behavior and development, it is necessary to move beyond protein-calorie deficits to consider the role of intake of animal source foods and specific micronutrients such as iron, zinc and B vitamins. 3) Chronic mild malnutrition is embedded in a host of other biological and psychosocial risk factors. As a result, chronic mild malnutrition appears to be a necessary but insufficient condition for producing behavioral deficits. 4) The salience of chronic mild malnutrition as a risk factor is accentuated when other psychosocial-contextual risk factors are also present or when multiple low-level nutrient deficits are interacting. Suggestions for future research directions include an emphasis on interactions between nutrients and between specific psychosocial and nutritional risk factors; the ways in which individual (e.g., gender) or cultural characteristics can moderate nutrition development relations; and a broader range of populations, such as sibling or elderly caregivers, and outcome variables, such as social-emotional development, temperament and mental health.
Warning sounds of moths.

Zusammenfassung Viele Neuwelt-Schmetterlinge der Familien Arctiidae und Ctenuchidae ausern Folgen sehr hoher Klick-Gerausche, wenn man sie beruhrt oder Ultraschall-Signalen aussetzt, etwa solchen von Fledermausen. Einige Arten scheinen fur Fledermause widerlich zu riechen oder zu schmecken, denn sie werden selten verletzt, selbst wenn man sie mit Fledermausen zusammen in engen Kafigen halt. Die Fledermause meiden die Klickgerausche ausernden Arctiiden und Ctenuchiden mehr oder weisen sie starker ab als die stummen. Schmetterlinge anderer Familien, die keine Gerausche erzeugen, werden unter gleichen Bedingungen von Fledermausen gern gefangen und gefressen. Die ungeniesbaren Schmetterlinge konnten Muller'sche Mimikry-Ringe bilden, denn die Fledermause scheinen die Artunterschiede in den Lautauserungen nicht zu beachten. Eine nearktische Art konnte ein Bates'scher Nachahmer sein, denn sie scheint geniesbar zu sein, ausert aber Klick-Gerausche, die sie vor Fledermausen schutzt. Die Lautauserungen dieser Schmetterlinge wirken also wohl als Warngerausche.
p75 mediated apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells is inhibited by expression of TrkA.

Background Neurotrophins mediate their effects by binding to members of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and to the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been demonstrated to support survival and differentiation of neuroblastoma (NB) cells by activation of the TrkA receptor. The p75 receptor belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of death receptors and has been suggested as a receptor that mediates apoptosis in neuronal and NB cells. Procedure To investigate the effect of p75 expression in NB, we transfected the p75 cDNA into SH-SY5Y cells, an NB cell line lacking expression of both p75 and TrkA. Results Cell clones expressing elevated levels of p75 showed a high degree of apoptosis even in 10% serum-supplemented medium. Apoptotic signaling by p75 was ligand-independent and only partly caspase-dependent. The level of apoptosis correlated directly with the expression level of the receptor, indicating that p75 may activate the cell death program directly. However, additional transfection of TrkA into SY5Y-p75 cells resulted in a significantly reduced rate of apoptosis even in the absence of NGF. Conclusions Thus, expression of the TrkA receptor itself inhibits p75 mediated apoptosis in NB cells. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35:573–576, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloning and promoter mapping of mouse κ opioid receptor gene

Abstract We have isolated mouse κ opioid receptor (KOR) genomic clones containing the complete 5′-untranslated region, a portion of the 3′-untranslated region, and its coding region. The mouse KOR gene spans at least 16 kb and contains at least 4 exons. Exon I encodes the major portion of 5′-untranslated sequence and transcription initiation is determined, by primer extension experiments, to reside at 3 major sites, located at 334, 340, and 716 nucleotides upstream from the translation initiation codon. No typical TATA or CAAT boxes can be identified within an approximately 1-kb upstream region. Exon II contains 271 nucleotides, including 14 nucleotides of 5′-untranslated sequence. Exon III contains 353 nucleotides and exon IV begins at amino acid position #204 and encodes the rest of the 3′-end sequence of the cloned cDNA. Based upon Northern blot analysis, KOR transcript is estimated to be approximately 6 kb in length.
Further karyological studies on Felidae

The karyotypes of the domestic cat and the tiger are presented. The diploid number for both species is 38. Autoradiographic studies on the cat chromosomes show that in females one X-chromosome is late replicating and in males the Y is late replicating. Other chromosomes bear late replicating segments.
Self-sensing McKibben actuators using dielectric elastomer sensors

In this paper, a self-sensing McKibben actuator using dielectric elastomer sensors is presented. Fiber-reinforced cylindrical actuators offer one potential solution to the low-force output problem that plagues many artificial muscle actuators. Placing a cylindrical dielectric elastomer sensor in direct contact with the inner surface of the McKibben actuator facilitates in situ monitoring of actuator strains and loads. The deformation of the McKibben actuator and hence the cylindrical dielectric elastomer sensor results in a change in the electrical signal read from the electroded surfaces of the dielectric elastomer. In this paper, we present a model for predicting the response of fiber reinforced cylindrical constructs (McKibben actuators) that are actuated by an inflation pressure, which is used to support an axial load. The model is based on Adkins and Rivlin's large deformation model for the inflation and contraction of tubes reinforced with inextensible fibers. In this model, the McKibben actuator is considered as a surface of revolution since the initially near cylindrical shape is nearly always compromised during mechanical loading. A series of experiments measuring the force versus contraction behavior of the actuators are used to validate the numerical model. The material constants for an Ogden model were determined by uni-axial extension of cylindrical samples. A comparison of the numerical and experimental results shows that the correlation is good. The model enables a number of key analyses such as the effect of the braid angle and the tension generated in the fibers.
How Entrepreneurship Forgot Capitalism: Entrepreneurship Teaching and Research in Business Schools

By most measures, entrepreneurship education and research is flourishing in business schools today. Classes abound and students are keen to take them. The number of business school professors identifying themselves as focused on the study of entrepreneurship has also soared. Yet, the meaning and scope of entrepreneurship as it has come to be defined, taught, and studied in business schools over the last three decades is remarkably narrow, largely divorcing entrepreneurship from its economic and social context and from its relationship to processes of change in the market economy. In short, entrepreneurship as it is understood in business schools today has largely lost its raison d’etre as the engine of change in capitalist economies. This paper examines the origins of the splintering of entrepreneurship education from the study of capitalism and highlights a set of intellectual and educational problems this has created.
Injection-moulded scanning force microscopy probes

This paper presents the first production and demonstration of thermoplastic scanning force microscopy cantilevers with integrated tips fabricated via injection moulding. Their imaging resolution, clarity, and accuracy are equal to conventional silicon-type parts. The tips exhibit acceptable wear and are ready for use upon removal from the injection mould. This work shows the ability to economically mass-produce SFM probes with arbitrary shapes and features, as well as tailorable physical and chemical properties, which until now were limited by the properties of silicon and integrated-circuit processing technology used to make current commercial SFM probes.