cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an indirect assessment for identifying tasks for functional analysis

Although a demand analysis is helpful for identifying potential establishing operations for the functional analysis (FA) demand condition, it may not always be practical due to time constraints. A potential alternative is the Negative Reinforcement Rating Scale (NRRS), an indirect assessment tool that may serve as a time efficient alternative to a demand analysis. The experimenter assessed the reliability and validity of the NRRS for 5 individuals with autism spectrum disorder who exhibited problem behavior. Multiple types of interrater reliability were assessed across 2 informants, and NRRS outcomes were compared to a subsequent demand analysis and FA to assess its validity. Reliability was high (M = 84%) for NRRS numerical ratings of categories but low (M = 32.9%) for specific examples provided. NRRS-identified highly aversive tasks yielded better correspondence with demand analysis outcomes than did NRRS-identified less aversive tasks.
Predicting the temporal transferability of model parameters through a hydrological signature analysis

Attention has recently increased on the use of hydrological signatures as a potential tool for assessing the fidelity of model structures and providing insights into the transfer of model parameters. The utility of hydrological signatures as model performance/reliability indicators in a calibration-validation testing scenario (i.e., the temporal transfer of model parameters) is the focus of this study. The Probability Distributed Model, a flexible conceptual hydrological model, is used to test the approach across a number of catchments included in the MOPEX data set. We explore the change in model performance across calibration and validation time periods and contrast it to the corresponding change in several hydrological signatures to assess signature worth. Results are explored in finer detail by utilizing a moving window approach to calibration and validation time periods. The results of this study indicated that the most informative signature can vary, both spatially and temporally, based on physical and climatic characteristics and their interaction to the model parameterization. Thus, one signature could not adequately illustrate complex watershed behaviors nor predict model performance in new analysis periods.
Transanal-only Swenson-like pull-through for late diagnosed Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HD) is an obstructive colonic process usually diagnosed in the neonatal period. A small subset of cases are diagnosed late, present with severe constipation without enterocolitis and have low rectosigmoid disease. A transanal-only pull-through is a well-described approach but in the newborn period risks a situation whereby the transition zone is higher than the sigmoid. We present our experience with the unique patient population of older HD patients in whom the transition zone was reliably reachable via a single-stage transanal approach, performed in prone position. Patients between 2 and 6 years of age with a rectal or sigmoid transition zone and minimal proximal colonic dilation can undergo a primary transanal pull-through surgical approach.
Long term outcomes of abdominal wall reconstruction using open component separation and biologic mesh in the liver, kidney, and small bowel transplant population

The aim of this study is to critically examine the multidisciplinary approach to abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) in the solid organ transplant (SOT) population at our institution, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, using a modified component separation technique (CST). A retrospective review of AWR utilizing modified open CST with biologic mesh in SOT patients was performed from January 2010 to June 2018. Patient demographics, comorbidities, operative details, complications, and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics, logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to appraise outcomes. Thirty-five patients were included; mean age was 53 years. Patient demographics and comorbidities were: 82.9% male, 45.7% history of tobacco use, and 28.6% diabetes. Fifty-one percent had undergone prior hernia repair. Transplant types were: kidney (9), liver (16), liver/kidney (1), small bowel (7), multivisceral (2). All were on an immunosuppressive regimen at time of surgery; 22.9% included steroids. Average defect size was 361 cm2. Additional soft tissue procedures were performed in 65.7% (n = 23) of patients. Median time to healing was 29.0 days. Complication rate was 31.4% (n = 11); six patients required reoperation within 90 days. Recurrence rate was 5.7% (n = 2) at mean of follow up of 3.0 years. Additional soft tissue procedures were statistically significant for healing time (p = 0.037). Steroid use was statistically significant for reoperation within 90 days (OR = 12.500; 95% CI 1.694–92.250); however, steroid use was not significant after correction for confounders. Modified open CST with biologic mesh is a safe, efficacious approach to complex AWR in the SOT population with recurrence rates comparable to the general population.
Constitutional Law—Presidential Immunity—The President Is Absolutely Immune from Civil Damages Liability for Acts Done within the 'Outer Perimeter' of His Official Capacity

The Supreme Court theorized absolute immunity for the President must be found in the separation of powers doctrine. Because of the broad range and sensitive nature of the President's responsibilities, his constant visibility, and the judicial deference he has historically been accorded, the Court concluded in Nixon v. Fitzgerald that civil damages suits would unduly distract the President from his official duties. Furthermore, because the President's actions can affect innumerable people, the Court feared the scrutiny inherent in civil damages suits would be overly intrusive. Accordingly, the Court considered it too difficult to align a particular result with one of the President's innumerable decisions; therefore, the Court adopted the rule from Barr v. Matteo, that acts done within the “outer perimeter” of official capacity deserve immunity from civil damages. However, the notion that absolute immunity has placed the President above the law is a misconception for he still may be subject to impeachment, and to mandamus, injunctions, and subpoena duces tecum in criminal trials, as well as being amenable to civil suits when acting beyond the outer perimeter of his official capacity.
Galvanometer response optimization for ophthalmic OCT/OCTA

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) sampling density and acquisition time is directly related to scanning mirror performance. A galvanometer impulse response that is broad or rings reduces the linearly-sampled regions of OCT B-scans and can increase total acquisition time, cause nonlinear distortions, and reduce resolution and contrast in OCT angiography (OCTA). Here, we utilize hardware and software optimizations to improve galvanometer frequency response in order to minimize scanner settling time and are thus able to improve imaging speed and maximize sampling linearity and field-of-view (FOV). We believe these methods can benefit both real-time retinal tracking in OCT and OCTA acquisition protocols.
Non-planar polymer-based flexible electronics fabricated by a four-axis additive manufacturing process

Abstract Flexible electronics refers to the technology that assembles electronic materials on a flexible substrate. However, rigid traces and uncontrollable electrical resistance under bending conditions remain critical problems in the application of flexible electronics. Herein, we investigated a four-axis additive manufacturing method for creating non-planar flexible electronics utilizing polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) as substrate and a polymer-copper conductive composite as the trace. The as-printed specimens exhibited high dimensional accuracy and matchable surface roughness compared with the printed planar ones. The interfacial bonding was revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and peeling test, and the interfacial gaps were observed due to the surface roughness. Besides, the resistance of the non-planar electronics varied with the bending of the specimens during the compression test. The as-built non-planar specimens showed significantly lower resistance than the planar ones tested in a conformably bent condition.
Who Was Afraid of Wolff’s Psychology? The Historical Context

Christian Wolff has a bad reputation. There is at least wide agreement that he was the least interesting thinker. The question arises why—if he was so boring—his opponents still got so excited about him. I will explore the historical context of the intense and long-lasting public debates about Wolff throughout the first half of the eighteenth century and the institutional background of the major participants. What caused the hatred and excitement of theologians above all was Wolff’s psychology. They saw it as a threat to Christian theology because it was based on the Leibniz-Wolffian doctrine of pre-established harmony between mind and body. Instead, they defended the traditional influxus physicus between mind and body to secure the free choice of the will (and thereby absolute responsibility of every individual) and to avoid the deterministic implications of pre-established harmony. To overcome the strong resistance of theologians who were supported by political power in all German states, Wolff and his partisans successfully used and developed the public space as a counter power using journals and newspapers.
Meeting Disorders

Objective Although meetings are central to organizational work, considerable time devoted to meetings in Academic Health Centers appears to be unproductively spent. The primary purposes of this article are to delineate and describe Meeting Disorders, pathological processes resulting in these inefficient and ineffective scenarios, and Meeting Fatigue Disorder (MFD), a clinical syndrome. The paper also offers preliminary approaches to remedies.
Bayesian learning of stochastic dynamical models

Abstract A new methodology for rigorous Bayesian learning of high-dimensional stochastic dynamical models is developed. The methodology performs parallelized computation of marginal likelihoods for multiple candidate models, integrating over all state variable and parameter values, and enabling a principled Bayesian update of model distributions. This is accomplished by leveraging the dynamically orthogonal (DO) evolution equations for uncertainty prediction in a dynamic stochastic subspace and the Gaussian Mixture Model-DO filter for inference of nonlinear state variables and parameters, using reduced-dimension state augmentation to accommodate models featuring uncertain parameters. Overall, the joint Bayesian inference of the state, model equations, geometry, boundary conditions, and initial conditions is performed. Results are exemplified using two high-dimensional, nonlinear simulated fluid and ocean systems. For the first, limited measurements of fluid flow downstream of an obstacle are used to perform joint inference of the obstacle’s shape, the Reynolds number, and the O ( 1 0 5 ) fluid velocity state variables. For the second, limited measurements of the concentration of a microorganism advected by an uncertain flow are used to perform joint inference of the microorganism’s reaction equation and the O ( 1 0 5 ) microorganism concentration and ocean velocity state variables. When the observations are sufficiently informative about the learning objectives, we find that our posterior model probabilities correctly identify either the true model or the most plausible models, even in cases where a human would be challenged to do the same.
Inclusive Collaboration with Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Perceptions of Families, Pre-Service and In-Service Level Teachers

In the social sciences, collaboration among teams is often a requirement. However, integrating collaboration with the principles of inclusion seems to be restricted to the field of education. Collaboration based on inclusive practices improves the diverse quality of team communication, problem solving, and decision making. In the field of education, educators have the primary responsibility for engaging all students in the learning process and actively involving them in the classroom setting and with the course content. Inclusive collaborators understand that their beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors set the tone for each decision. They know that all team members can learn across differences and they are determined to reach all. We provide a timely investigation into the needs of families of children with autism for collaboration. The results illustrate the differing perception of essential collaboration skills among pre- and in service level professionals and families. This demonstrates a need for continuity in collaboration skills of professionals as they move from pre-service into in-service levels in their interactions with families of children with autism. The results of such critical efforts are persons within an organization who possess the ability to work together across their differences.
The first year of socialist government in France

With the election of Francois Mitterrand to the Presidency on May 10, 1981, and the subsequent election of an overwhelming Socialist majority in the National Assembly, the French electorate not only turned its back on twenty-three years of government by the center-right but it brought to power a party that clearly distinguished itself from the old Socialist party, the Section Francaise de l’Internationale Ouvriere (SFIO), which had led several governments during the Fourth Republic. In his speeches and writings between 1977 and 1981, Mitterrand repeatedly expressed the view that the social democracy, represented by the SFIO, ‘has not gone far enough in the reforms and, in particular, it has not appropriated the means to create a radical break with capitalism, by taking away its most decisive weapons’.1 One also finds frequent references to the division of French society into two camps and to the transposition of this division into the political arena: It is his profound conviction, and he has expressed it on a number of occasions, that society is divided into two camps. This division corresponds to the most traditional division of our political future, between the right and the left, which is linked to a second division that finds its origin in the antagonism of the propertied classes and the wage-earners.
Breast cancer prevention with grape seed phytochemicals

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 4278 Suppression of aromatase/estrogen biosynthesis is thought to have potential for chemoprevention of breast cancer. Aromatase is the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. An abnormal expression of aromatase in breast tissue is considered to be a risk factor for breast cancer. In our laboratory, we found that of seven fruit juices tested, grape juice was the most effective in inhibiting the activity of human placental aromatase activity. During the last several years, we have learned that (1) the methanol extract of grape juice and red wine suppresses aromatase in a dose-dependent manner; (2) the extract suppresses the proliferation of an aromatase over-expressing and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell line - MCF-7aro; (3) oral administration of the extract completely abrogates aromatase-induced hyperplasia and other changes in the mammary tissue of aromatase transgenic mice; (4) procyanidin B dimers, the major phytochemicals in the seeds and skins of grapes, are the chemicals responsible for the anti-aromatase activity; and (5) oral feeding of procyanidin B dimers reduces androgen-dependent MCF-7aro tumor growth in nude mice. The tumors of mice treated with the extract enriched with procyanidin B dimers showed a minimal increase in apoptotic cells compared with tumors of control mice, suggesting that the reduction in tumor growth in the treated mice was due to inhibition of aromatase and not due to a non-specific cytotoxic effect. Further, results from the feeding experiments indicate that these procyanidin B dimers are orally active and maintain their activity after ingestion. Recently, we have examined the content of procyanidin B dimers in commercially available grape seed extract formulations and determined that grape seed extract may be a useful chemopreventive agent against breast cancer. The mass spectral analysis has revealed that grape seed extract contains high levels of procyanidin B dimers, oligomers and gallate esters of procyanidins. Further testing in the nude mouse model revealed suppression of MCF-7aro tumor shrinkage when they were fed 700μg/day for 6 weeks. Based on this preclinical data, we hypothesize that postmenopausal women could reduce their breast cancer risk with a grape seed extract dietary supplement, containing phytochemicals that have been shown to be effective aromatase inhibitors. A Phase I chemoprevention trial to evaluate the in vivo anti-aromatase activity of grape seed extract in postmenopausal women has been initiated at the City of Hope. The design and progress of this clinical trial will be discussed.
No-look notes: accessible eyes-free multi-touch text entry

Mobile devices with multi-touch capabilities are becoming increasingly common, largely due to the success of the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch. While there have been some advances in touchscreen accessibility for blind people, touchscreens remain inaccessible in many ways. Recent research has demonstrated that there is great potential in leveraging multi-touch capabilities to increase the accessibility of touchscreen applications for blind people. We have created No-Look Notes, an eyes-free text entry system that uses multi-touch input and audio output. No-Look Notes was implemented on Apple's iPhone platform. We have performed a within-subjects (n=10) user study of both No-Look Notes and the text entry component of Apple's VoiceOver, the recently released official accessibility component on the iPhone. No-Look Notes significantly outperformed VoiceOver in terms of speed, accuracy and user preference.
Metabolism of Pipecolic Acid in a Pseudomonas Species III. l-α-AMINOADIPATE δ-SEMIALDEHYDE:NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE

Abstract A highly specific soluble enzyme catalyzing essentially irreversibly the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)-dependent oxidation of l-α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde to l-α-aminoadipate is induced in Pseudomonas P2 by growth on dl-pipecolate. This enzyme has been purified 20-fold to a specific activity of 4.9 units per mg, at pH 7.0, in five steps, with an over-all recovery of 46%. The enzyme, which is optimally active at pH 8.2, shows a high degree of substrate specificity and does not act on glutamate δ-semialdehyde (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate). Kinetic constants for the substrate and for several coenzyme analogues are presented, together with evidence that the open chain aminoaldehyde form of the substrate may be the species bound initially to the enzyme.
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 inhibits IL-1b nitrite oxide production in articular chondrocytes.

IL-1b is one of the main cytokines leading to the degradation of articular cartilage. One mechanism through which this cytokine exerts its effects is by articular chondrocytes being induced to produce nitrite oxide (NO). These findings are supported by clinical studies revealing a significant increase of NO production in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Modulating IL-1b-induced NO in articular chondrocytes appears to be an interesting challenge for reducing or inhibiting the cartilage destruction. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme catalyzing the degradation of heme. The beneficial effects of HO-1 have been described for several diseases. This enzyme confers protection mainly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The objectives of this work were to investigate the expression and activity of HO-1 in IL-1b-treated articular chondrocytes, and the corresponding molecular mechanism. We used high-density primary cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes. HO-1 expression was evaluated by Western blotting. HO-1 activity on IL-1b-induced NO was evaluated with use of the Griess reaction. Transient transfection of and Western blotting for IkBa, NF-κB, inducible nitrite oxide synthase and HO-1 elucidated the molecular mechanism of the HO-1 activity on IL-1b-induced NO. We found evidence, for the first time, of the inducible expression of HO-1 in articular chondrocytes. Overproduction or overexpression of HO-1 is able to decrease dramatically in a dose-dependent manner the IL-1b-induced NO release in the culture medium from articular chondrocyte culture. The inhibition of NO production occurs at the transcriptional level through an NF-κB-dependent pathway. These results demonstrate the critical role of HO-1 in inhibiting the IL-1b-induced NO. In vivo experiments are under investigation.
Alternative marketplaces in the 21st century: Building community through sharing events

We examine alternative consumption including collaborative consumption, sharing, and unconsumption (i.e., postconsumption activities such as upcycling, reuse, recycling, etc.) at non-monetary-based private and public sharing events including Really Really Free Markets (RRFMs). These alternative marketplaces (RRFMs) were initially organized by the Anarchist Movement as a form of resistance to the capitalist economic model. However, many consumer groups now utilize this model to stage public sharing events as a means of raising awareness about various issues including sustainability and overconsumption. Participants bring, share, and take goods without any expectation of monetary or other exchange. There is limited research on collaborative consumption and sharing in non-monetary marketplaces. We address this gap by exploring alternative marketplaces, organized by consumers for consumers, utilizing qualitative research methods. Our findings indicate that a sense of community is both a driver of participation and an outcome of these events. Organizers and participants utilize these venues to share knowledge and possessions for various ideological and practical reasons. Our findings also indicate that these events challenge the entrenched notions of exchange and reciprocity. Our research contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of community, collaboration, and changing consumer mindsets to the success of such sharing efforts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and analysis of low frequency strut-straddling feed arrays for EVLA reflector antennas

[1] A new feed system is designed for operation below 100 MHz. The only existing system on the EVLA operating below 100 MHz is the “4 m” (74 MHz) system which uses crossed half-wave dipoles located in front of the Cassegrain subreflector as the feed. However, the dipole feeds of this system introduce blockage, and a reduction in system sensitivity (estimated to be ∼6% at 1.4 GHz) is observed at higher frequency bands; hence the dipoles are removed most of the time. An alternative feed concept is therefore proposed in this paper. The proposed system appears to reduce sensitivity degradation at 1.4 GHz by 3% and thus might be permanently mounted. Moreover, the new system has sensitivity comparable to the existing system at frequencies below 100 MHz. The feed for this system consists of dipoles mounted between the adjacent struts of the reflector and is thus referred to as a strut-straddling feed array. This design and the analysis methodology used in this paper should be applicable in meeting the contiguous frequency coverage requirement (50–470 MHz) of the new low frequency system proposed for the EVLA. Also, it may be applied in the modification of other existing large reflector antennas for low frequency operation.
A 12 b 105 Msample/s, 850 mW analog to digital converter

This analog-to-digital converter achieves a minimum sampling rate of 105 Msample/S at a total power dissipation of 850 mW while achieving 11.0 effective number of bits (SNR=68 dB) and an SFDR of >80 dB for sampling analog input frequencies up to 70 MHz. The converter uses a switched capacitor multi-bit per stage architecture and incorporates an on-chip differential input buffer, a dedicated track/hold amplifier and an internally compensated wideband differential reference amplifier. The converter is fabricated on a 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process.
Toward Natural Turn-Taking in a Virtual Human Negotiation Agent

In this paper we assess our progress toward creating a virtual human negotiation agent with fluid turn-taking skills. To facilitate the design of this agent, we have collected a corpus of human-human negotiation roleplays as well as a corpus of Wizard-controlled human-agent negotiations in the same roleplay scenario. We compare the natural turn-taking behavior in our human-human corpus with that achieved in our Wizard-of-Oz corpus, and quantify our virtual human's turn-taking skills using a combination of subjective and objective metrics. We also discuss our design for a Wizard user interface to support real-time control of the virtual human's turn-taking and dialogue behavior, and analyze our wizard's usage of this interface.
Psoriasiform Drug Eruptions and Drugs That Flare Psoriasis

Drugs may exacerbate pre-existing psoriasis, induce new psoriatic lesions on previously uninvolved skin in patients with existing psoriasis, and precipitate de novo psoriasis in patients irrespective of a family history of psoriasis. The clinical spectrum includes limited or generalized erythematous plaques with thick, large, silvery scales, pustular lesions, or erythroderma. Histopathological examination demonstrates psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis with entrapped neutrophils, decreased granular cell layer, focal interface dermatitis, minimal and focal dyskeratosis, and a superficial perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory response with admixed histiocytes and eosinophils. A helpful distinguishing feature of drug-induced psoriasis is the absence of Munro microabscesses, langerhan cells, and vascular changes (tortuous papillary dermal capillaries and related suprapapillary epidermal thinning), with a tendency to exhibit more spongiosis and have less neutrophils and lymphocytes in the epidermis.
Biphasic currents evoked by chemical or thermal activation of the heat-gated ion channel, TRPV3.

2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate was recently identified as a chemical activator of TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV3, three heat-gated members of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channel subfamily. Here we demonstrated that two structurally related compounds, diphenylboronic anhydride (DPBA) and diphenyltetrahydrofuran (DPTHF), can also modulate the activity of these channels. DPBA acted as a TRPV3 agonist, whereas DPTHF exhibited prominent antagonistic activity. However, all three diphenyl-containing compounds promoted some degree of channel activation or potentiation, followed by channel block. Strong TRPV3 activation by DPBA often leads to the appearance of a secondary, enhanced, current phase. A similar biphasic response was observed during TRPV3 heat stimulation; an initial, gradually sensitizing phase (I1) was followed by an abrupt transition to a secondary phase (I2). I2 was characterized by larger current amplitude, loss of outward rectification, and alterations in the following properties: permeability among cations; ruthenium red and DPTHF sensitivity; temperature dependence; and voltage-dependent gating. The I1 to I2 transition depended strongly on TRPV3 current density. Removal of extracellular divalent cations resulted in heat-evoked currents resembling I2, whereas mutation of a putative Ca2+-binding residue in the pore loop domain, aspartate 641, facilitated detection of the I1 to I2 transition, suggesting that the conversion to I2 resulted from the agonist- and time-dependent loss of divalent cationic inhibition. Primary keratinocytes overexpressing exogenous TRPV3 also exhibited biphasic agonist-evoked currents. Thus, strong activation by either chemical or thermal stimuli led to biphasic TRPV3 signaling behavior that may be associated with changes in the channel pore.
Photochemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). III. Determination of decomposition products and reaction mechanism

The vacuum photolysis and air photo-oxidation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) were studied using light in the wavelength ranges of 225–420 nm and 300–420 nm. The volatile photodegradation products were determined by mass-spectrometric and gas-chromatographic analysis; CO and CO2 were found to be the predominant products. In addition, the rates of formation of carboxylic acid endgroups and the net weight losses of the film samples were determined as a function of irradiation time. Quantum yields for the initial rates of formation of CO and CO2 and of COOH within the film were calculated. On the basis of the results obtained, in this and the preceding papers in this series, reaction mechanisms have been proposed for the photochemical degradation of the polymer. The production of CO and COOH in both vacuum and air have been attributed mainly to a Norrish type I cleavage and a Norrish type II photorearrangement, respectively. It has also been concluded that, in the presence of air, an oxidative reaction sequence occurs whereby alkyl radicals produced on photolysis react with oxygen to form ROO. radicals. These subsequently react further to produce CO2 as the main volatile product of photooxidation.
Application of n-pentenyl glycosides in the regio- and stereo-controlled synthesis of α-linked N-glycopeptides

The N-glycopeptides alpha-Glc-(1----Asn and alpha-Glc-(1----6)-beta-Glc- (1----6)-alpha-Glc-(1----Asn have been synthesized efficiently from pent-4-enyl D-glucopyranoside derivatives. The methodology illustrates (a) a novel route for formation of the N-alpha-D-glucosyl-asparagine link, and (b) stereo-controlled construction of the glycan backbone alpha-Glc-(1----6)-beta-Glc-(1----6)-Glc in which the reactivity of each pentenyl glycosyl donor is controlled by an appropriate promoter. This strategy minimizes the number of changes of protecting groups that is required.
Is major depressive disorder or dysthymia more strongly associated with bulimia nervosa

Objective Research on adult samples has found that the comorbidity between depression and eating disorders exceeds the comorbidity of any other Axis I disorder and eating disorders. Few studies have investigated the specific associations of major depression versus dysthymia with eating disorders. Method This sample consisted of 937 adolescents who were repeatedly assessed until the age of 24. Results Analyses revealed that dysthymia was a stronger correlate with bulimia than major depression, even while controlling for other mood disorders and a history of depression and dysthymia. Conclusions The presence of dysthymia in adolescence might be a possible risk factor for the development of bulimia nervosa. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord 36: 55–61, 2004.
Suppression of Matrix Protein Synthesis by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Human Endothelial Cells

The synthesis of matrix proteins was investigated in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). EC cultures were either mock-infected or infected for 1 hour at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 or 20 infectious particles per cell. Synthesis was followed by determining [14C]-proline or [35S]-methionine incorporation into non-dialyzable proteins. Using SDS-PAGE we observed that synthesis of fibronectin (FN), type IV procollagen and thrombospondin (TSP) was inhibited in infected cultures as early as 2 hours becoming almost complete by 15 hours post-infection. The degree of inhibition of matrix protein synthesis was dependent on the dose of the virus inoculum (MOI 20 greater than MOI 5) and varied with the particular matrix protein, i.e. shut-off of type IV collagen occurred first followed by that of FN and then TSP. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that the absence of labeled matrix protein in the medium of infected cultures is not due to accumulation of protein within the infected cells since there was an equal and parallel reduction in the cell layer. Suppression of matrix proteins in infected cultures was confirmed by measuring the level of FN and TSP in uninfected and infected cultures in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The three proteins were identified by ELISA, electroimmunoblot, immunoprecipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The data suggest that HSV-1 infection of human EC suppresses matrix protein synthesis; the degree and time of complete shut-off varies with the protein and the virus dose.
Psychosocial aspects of disease duration and control in young adults with type I diabetes.

Abstract Self-report questionnaires completed by young adults with Type I diabetes were examined to determine if individuals differing in recent metabolic control (Poor, Moderate or Very Good) or disease duration (Long, Short) also vary in either occurrence or type of life events during the past year or occurrence of recent emotional distress. Subjects in Poor control reported more positive and neutral life events during the past year, suggesting even those life changes individuals view benignly may be associated with metabolic control difficulties. Individuals in Poor control also reported more recent symptoms of depression, anxiety and hostility than did individuals in Moderate or Very Good control—symptomatology which may further impair their ability to adhere to a complex self-care regimen. Individuals with Long disease duration reported more positive and negative recent life experiences than did subjects with Short disease duration, but did not evidence concomitant disruptions in metabolic control. The role experience with a chronic disease may play in this finding was unclear, however. Although more research is required to clarify the exact relation of psychosocial variables and diabetic control, these findings suggest that clinically relevant subgroup parameters, subjects' perceptions of life change, and demographic variables may be important factors to assess.
Endocapsular hyperthermia probe to prevent posterior capsular opacification

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility to induce lens epithelial cell death with intraoperative hyperthermia for prevention of secondary cataract. Methods: A prototype miniature resistive hyperthermia probe was designed. The probe contained a thermocouple for temperature feed-back. A timer allowed monitoring of the electrical driving of the hyperthermia probe and the temperature induced as a function of time. To model the heating response, a simple model of the lens capsule was constructed using a thin acrylic plastic shell embedded in a sponge immersed in a water bath at 37°C. The shell was filled with sodium hyaluronate. The probe was positioned at the center of the shell with the thermocouple next to the wall. An experimental protocol was developed to assess the feasibility of increasing the temperature of the human lens to hyperthermia levels in fresh cadaver eyes: An annular metal ring was bonded just below the limbus, the cornea and iris were sectioned, the lens material was removed through a central 5mm diameter capsulorhexis, the capsule was filled with SHA and the globe was set on a temperature-controlled cylindrical vial. Preliminary Results: At 3.3W (2.2V, 1.5A) the shell's content increases from 37°C to 51°C in 30s. At that temperature, LEC death is expected to occur within 1sec. Conclusion: This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of increasing the temperature of the capsular bag to kill LECs by hyperthermia.
Mesoscale temperature fluctuations and polar stratospheric clouds

Abstract Remote sensing measurements of temperature fluctuations on isentropic surfaces, as well as in situ measurements, are used to show that even high-resolution trajectory calculations seriously underestimate the rate of change of temperature experienced by air parcels. Rapid temperature fluctuations will affect the nucleation of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) droplets and could promote the formation of metastable phases in PSCS. Mesoscale temperature fluctuations are large enough to produce significant departures from equilibrium in established PSCS. The large cooling rates experienced by air parcels have important implications for denitrification and dehydration: nearly all condensation nuclei should be activated when a PSC is first formed and mass must be redistributed to larger aerosols during the evolution of a PSC if denitrification is to occur.
DISTINCT NMR for Sign Determination of C–H Dipolar Couplings in Liquid-Crystalline Lipids

Abstract A recently introduced DISTINCT technique for the determination of the signs of C–H dipolar couplings is described in detail. It is a switching-angle spinning experiment that employs scalar couplings to make sign-dependent heteronuclear coherence observable. The pulse sequence and the time evolution of the density operator are described, both for proton-detected local field evolution and the carbon-detected separated local field evolution. The original 1D DISTINCT experiment has also been developed into a 2D technique to allow the direct observation of antiphase dipolar powder spectra, characteristic of the signs of the dipolar couplings. These techniques are demonstrated on a liquid-crystalline lipid, lecithin.
The relationship between inflammation, obesity and risk for hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

It has been suggested that inflammation is important in the aetiology of hypertension and that this may be most relevant among obese persons. To study this, we examined the independent relationships between obesity, inflammation-related proteins (interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) and risk for hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Hypertension status, defined as a blood pressure ⩾140/90 mm Hg or a history of hypertension and use of blood pressure medications, was determined at baseline and two subsequent exams over 5 years. Among 3543 non-hypertensives at baseline, 714 individuals developed incident hypertension by Exam 3. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the relationship between baseline levels of IL-6, CRP and fibrinogen and future risk of hypertension. One s.d. difference in baseline concentration of IL-6, CRP or fibrinogen was associated with 20–40% greater risk of incident hypertension. This risk was attenuated after accounting for other hypertension risk factors (hazard ratio (HR) IL-6: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04–1.23); CRP: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02–1.21); fibrinogen 1.0 (95% CI: 0.92–1.08)). Conversely, obesity was an independent risk factor for hypertension risk, minimally impacted by other covariates, including IL-6 and CRP (HR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.36–2.16)). IL-6 and CRP did not modify the relationship between obesity and hypertension, though an adjusted twofold greater risk was observed for obese individuals with a CRP >3 mg l−1 compared with CRP <1 mg l−1. The relationship between inflammation-related proteins and hypertension risk was predominantly explained by other hypertension risk factors. Obesity, independent of inflammation, remained a potent risk factor for future hypertension.
On multiple solutions of the Fock-space coupled-cluster method

Abstract Intermediate Hamiltonian techniques are used to investigate the problem of multiple solutions of the Fock-space coupled-cluster methods. Two intermediate Hamiltonian schemes are presented, based upon similarity transformations that unlike the wave operator formalism allow for following the complete eigenvalue problem. Solutions of the standard effective Hamiltonian formulation that requires iterative approaches to solve the equations are equivalently given by diagonalization of the intermediate Hamiltonian matrix representations. This procedure provides a systematic way of obtaining all possible solutions of the effective Hamiltonian scheme in all sectors higher than the lowest one.
Pulse-MS study of the partial oxidation of methane over Ni/La2O3 catalyst

The CH4 direct oxidation reaction was studied at 600°C by the pulse-MS transient method over the Ni/La2O3 catalyst. Over the freshly prepared catalyst (which contains NiO), the CO selectivity and CH4 conversion increased and attained constant values as the number of CH4/O2 pulses increased. Over the reduced catalyst (containing Ni), as the number of CH4/O2 pulses increased, the CO selectivity and CH4 conversion decreased before they reached the same constant values as over the fresh catalyst. The CO selectivity increased as the residence time of the reactants shortened, implying that CO was directly generated without the preformation of CO2. The activation energies of CH4 dehydrogenation in the presence and absence of oxygen have been calculated using the bond-order conservation Morse-potential approach. The results indicate (1) the direct dehydrogenation steps are more likely to occur; (2) the transient oxygen species adsorbed on-top of the metal atoms promote dehydrogenation; (3) the oxygen species adsorbed on bridge or hollow sites do not promote dehydrogenation.
Benchmarks and models for time-dependent grey radiation transport with material temperature in binary stochastic media

Abstract We present benchmark calculations for radiation transport coupled to a material temperature equation in a slab geometry binary random media. The mixing statistics are taken to be homogeneous Markov statistics where the material chunk sizes are described by Poisson distribution functions. The material opacities are taken to be constant. Benchmark values for time evolution of the ensemble average values of material temperature energy density and radiation transmission are computed via a Monte Carlo-type method. These benchmarks are used as a basis for comparison with three other approximate methods of solution. One of these approximate methods is simple atomic mix which is seen to consistently over absorb resulting in lower steady-state radiation transmission and material temperature. The second approximate model is an adaptation of what is commonly called the Levermore–Pomraning model and which we refer to as the standard model. It is shown to consistently under absorb resulting in higher steady-state radiation transmission and material temperature. We show that recasting the temperature coupling as a type of effective scattering can be useful in formulating the third approximate model, an adaptation of a model due to Su and Pomraning which attempts to account for the effects of scattering in a stochastic context. We show this last adaptation shows consistent improvement over both the atomic mix and standard models.
A deterministic approach for the estimation of mutation rates in cultured mammalian cells

Summary Unequal growth rates between mutant and wild-type cells in a large population constitute a problem for the estimation of mutation rate. Over a period of cell growth, a selective advantage of one cell type over the other might lead to considerable error in the estimation of mutation rate if equal growth rates are assumed. In this study, we propose a formula and apply it to the estimation of spontaneous mutation rate in a growing population of Chinese hamster V79 cells in which ouabain-resistant mutant cells exhibit a slower growth rate than the wild-type cells. The formula is a generalization of that previously presented by Armitage (1953), and this is the first attempt to apply the deterministic approach for mutation rate estimation to cultured mammalian cells. The value of the estimated rate is compared with that derived from a parallel experiment using the fluctuation test of Luria and Delbri~ck (1943). The limitations and advantages of taking the deterministic approach to mutation rate estimation in mammalian cell systems are discussed.
Transient heat and mass transfer analysis in a porous ceria structure of a novel solar redox reactor

Abstract Thermal transport processes are numerically analyzed for a porous ceria structure undergoing reduction in a novel redox reactor for solar thermochemical fuel production. The cylindrical reactor cavity is formed by an array of annular reactive elements comprising the porous ceria monolith integrated with gas inlet and outlet channels. Two configurations are considered, with the reactor cavity consisting of 10 and 20 reactive elements, respectively. Temperature dependent boundary heat fluxes are obtained on the irradiated cavity wall by solving for the surface radiative exchange using the net radiation method coupled to the heat and mass transfer model of the reactive element. Predicted oxygen production rates are in the range 40–60 μmol s−1 for the geometries considered. After an initial rise, the average temperature of the reactive element levels off at 1660 and 1680 K for the two geometries, respectively. For the chosen reduction reaction rate model, oxygen release continues after the temperature has leveled off which indicates that the oxygen release reaction is limited by chemical kinetics and/or mass transfer rather than by the heating rate. For a fixed total mass of ceria, the peak oxygen release rate is doubled for the cavity with 20 reactive elements due to lower local oxygen partial pressure.
Constitution of ternary titanium-tungsten-carbon alloys☆

Abstract The ternary alloy system Ti-W-C was investigated by means of melting point, differential-thermoanalytical, X-ray diffraction, and metallographic techniques on hot-pressed and heat-treated, as well as melted, alloy specimens and a phase diagram from 1500 °C through the melting range established. Above 2530 °C, titanium monocarbide and the isomorphous cubic high temperature phase in the W-C binary system are completely miscible and the solid solution has a congruent (maximum-type) melting point of 3130 °C at the approximate composition (Ti0.54W0.44)C0.75. Below 2530 °C, the tungsten exchange in the cubic monocarbide is temperature-dependent and decreases to about 50 at.% at 1400 °C. The titanium exchange in W2C is less than 3 at.% at 1500 °C and reaches a maximum of 8 at.% at 2680 °C. In addition to the ternary congruent melting point, four reaction isotherms occur in the system: Two are pseudobinary eutectics, monocarbide + graphite at 3030 °C, and monocarbide + tungsten-rich metal alloy at 2700 °C; peritectic melting of the binary WC results in a class II reaction L + C⇄cubic monocarbide + WC(hex) at 2760 °C, and a fourth isotherm at 2680 °C is associated with a ternary eutectic between metal, monocarbide (B1), and W2C. Pseudobinary eutectic melting between the monocarbide and the metal phase is directly attributable to the large stability difference between titanium and tungsten carbide, and the measured tie line distribution in the two-phase range metal + monocarbide is in accordance with estimates from known thermodynamic values for the binary boundary phases. The phase behavior in pseudobinary monocarbide solutions is largely determined by the relative lattice size of the boundary carbides, except for systems (M, W)C1 − x (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V). which show extra stabilization due to bonding effects.
Batch fabrication of flowable colorimetric pressure sensing particles via surface micromachining

The batch fabrication and test of artificial optical resonator slab-type micro particles (14 µm diameter, 0.7 µm gap) is presented as a means to map absolute pressure within microscopic environments. The pressure-sensing particles consist of a semi-transparent elastic polysilicon shell enclosing a reference vacuum cavity. The optical resonance frequency and the corresponding external pressure can hence be interrogated optically via reflectivity measurements. We demonstrate the measurement of internal pressures between 0−20 psi within microfluidic environments.