cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporations are people: Emblematic scales of brand personification among Asian American youth

This article examines the use of corporate names as personal nicknames for AsianAmericanyouth.Theanalysistracesthemeaningsofthesenicknaming practices through the concepts of BRAND PERSONIFICATION (how figures of personhood are recruited as embodiments of corporate brands) and EMBLEMATIC SCALES (how signs of personhood emerge acrosstrajectories of use and scales of time). Within the crossracial institutional structure of an Asian American supplementary school, these nicknaming practices not only formulate speech, participants, relationships, and settings as informal, but also infuse the nicknamed with brand qualities linked to race, nation, class, and status. Thesepractices alsogenerate fleetingandstableframeworksofgroupdistinction and adequation that operate simultaneously or cyclically and that maintain or transgress classroom roles and racial boundaries. This article demonstrates how an attention to temporal dimensions enables researchers to explore the ways in which small-scale activities accumulate across events and assemble into wider scale structural change. (Nickname, brand, emblem, timescale, trajectory, Asian American youth, race, classroom discourse)*
Definitions of breastfeeding: call for the development and use of consistent definitions in research and peer-reviewed literature.

Abstract Background: There has been a significant increase in the number of published peer-reviewed articles on breastfeeding over the last two decades. However, in part because of the lack of clear or consistent definitions used in these publications, generalization and comparison of findings have been difficult, and interpretation of findings is often limited. This study was undertaken to examine this issue by assessing if and what definitions of breastfeeding have been used in a variety of relevant journals and the source of those definitions. Materials and Methods: An iterative systematic approach was used to select articles for review from major breastfeeding and health-related journals. Articles were reviewed for use of breastfeeding terminology, descriptors (e.g., exclusive, partial), and full definitions. Descriptive analysis was carried out using Excel (Microsoft®, Redmond, WA). A flow chart was developed to examine sources of definitions in use. Findings: Descriptors are seen 68% of the time, an...
Dietary and Parasitological Analysis of Coprolites Recovered from Mummy 5, Ventana Cave, Arizona

ABSTRACTFour coprolites were excavated with Burial 5 at Ventana Cave, a partially mummified five-year-old child. Two coprolites were granular and dark in color and two were fibrous and light in color. The coprolites are remains of the child's intestinal contents and were submitted for dietary and parasitological analysis. No parasites were found. The fibrous coprolites proved to be remains of highly masticated mesquite pods (Prosopis). The granular coprolites consist of seeds of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). Pollen analysis reveals two dietary pollen types, both derived from cactus. No evidence of cultivated plants except for a trace amount of com pollen was found.
Propensity of Different AgBr Surfaces for Photoinduced Silver Cluster Formation: A Molecular Orbital Analysis †

Ag cluster formation on AgBr is probed in three ways. First, qualitative orbital arguments, largely based on symmetry considerations, are introduced to determine which AgBr surfaces are more likely to lead to silver cluster formation induced by photoelectrons. The analysis indicates that silver atoms on the (111) surface and the troughs and wedges of a twin plane are likely to form clusters. Silver atoms on (100) and (110) surfaces do not appear to possess the electronic features favoring cluster formation. Second, DFT electronic structure calculations performed on cluster models produced trends similar to those emerging from the group theoretical analysis. Third, we looked at electron density shifts in models specifically constructed to create contrasting bonding environments on AgBr surfaces. An increase in electron density on the essential silver atoms is observed in a triplet state model for photoinduced cluster formation.
Youth Perceptions of the Police: Identifying Trajectories

The relevance of examining juveniles’ attitudes toward the police has been firmly established in the literature. Employing group-based trajectory modeling, the present study builds upon this previous research by estimating police attitudinal trajectories among a general sample of youths. The models produced a 5-group solution for both males and females, with four of the trajectories remaining relatively stable over the time observed and one noticeably experiencing a downward trend. Furthermore, of the items making up the police attitudinal scale, for several of the groups, the item measuring prejudice most consistently oscillated away from the trajectory profile. Policy implications are discussed.
A Legacy of Trauma: Caribbean Slavery, Race, Class, and Contemporary Identity in Abeng

The disruptions and transformations caused by the slave trade are largely demographic and cultural. It was through this extended and traumatic forced population transfer that Caribbean colonies across the board became dominantly black communities. For these island nations and territories, the inescapable fact of their blackness had always marked a tangible and material link with their origins in Africa. Jamaica was home to more rebel- lions than all of the other British islands combined, proof positive of the continuing identitarian role of African culture in the Caribbean during the period of slavery. Colonization's phenomenon of ethnocultural creolization marked an interpenetration of populations and practices originating both from the colonial metropole and from the African continent, such that long- held notions of race and social stratification would be have to be revised as independence approached, posing a set of complex tensions effectively articulated in Michelle Cliff's novel Abeng.
Entrapment and release characteristics of 2-methoxynaphthalene from cylindrical microstructures formed from phospholipids.

AbstractMany natural products that exhibit biocidal activity have poor solubility in water. In order to explore the prolonged delivery of these compounds from microtubules we have utilized 2-methoxynaphthalene as a model to elucidate release characteristics of hydrophobic compounds entrapped in microtubules by spectrophotometric absorbance at 255 nm. Entrapment of this compound in microcylinders was accomplished by addition of 2-methoxynaphthalene to a watersoluble epoxy, or entrapment of the neat compound. Variation of the release rate is possible for 2-methoxynaphthalene based on the mode of entrapment and by variations in the methods used to immobilize the compound within the microcylinders. Unlike conventional microencapsulation techniques which require inclusion of the active agent at the time of formation, the use of microcylinders allows for the inclusion of a variety of active agents and the tailoring of release characteristics after their formation. We report the results of in vitro release rates...
COMPARISON OF SCREENING METHODS IN THE DETECTION OF BLADDER CANCER

AbstractPurpose: We prospectively evaluate and compare the sensitivity and specificity of urine cytology, BTA stat, [dagger] NMP22, [double dagger] fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), telomerase, chemiluminescent hemoglobin and hemoglobin dipstick to detect bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Single voided specimens were obtained from 57 patients with bladder cancer, and 139 without evidence of bladder malignancy on cystoscopy or a negative biopsy of indeterminate lesions. A cytology report was available for 125 patient and interpreted independently. BTA stat, NMP22 and FDP were analyzed according to manufacturer specifications. The telomerase assay was performed on cells collected from urine by centrifugation in preparation for polymerase chain reaction based amplification using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. The chemiluminescent screening assay for hemoglobin in urine uses the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin on hydrogen peroxide and subsequent oxidation of 7-dimet...
Mortuary Behavior and Early Holocene Land Use in the North American Midcontinent

Evidence presented here indicates that the regional mortuary record for Holocene hunter-gatherers emerges in the immediate post-glacial period. Data concerning mortuary practices are reviewed from twenty Early Holocene (10,500-8,000 B.P.) archaeological sites located throughout the North American midcontinent. Two types of funerary treatment appear pervasive, primary inhumation in a flexed posture and cremation of individuals. Such cremations were frequently followed by reburial at spatially separate locations. Grave goods largely consist of ornaments, weapon components, and toolkits. The initial Holocene sites described in this article provide the earliest evidence in North America for the appearance of formal cemeteries. Application of ethnographically-derived models suggests that such cemeteries were special-place ritual nodes which may have defined home territories and reinforced group cohesion across multiple generations.
Characterization of graphene–fullerene interactions: Insights from density functional theory

Abstract Using density functional theory (DFT) based approaches that utilize appropriate semi-empirical and nonlocal van der Waals corrections, we rigorously examine the interactions between fullerene (C 60 ) molecules and pristine single layer graphene (SLG) sheets as well as SLG containing isolated mono-vacancy, divacancy and Stone–Wales defect-sites respectively. Our results show that chemical bonding between the C 60 molecule and SLG at mono-vacancy defect-sites demonstrate predominantly sp 3 -like hybridization, in contrast to weaker π – π interactions that characterize C 60 –SLG systems containing divacancies and Stone–Wales defects.
Role of Auxilin and Heat Shock Protein 70kDa in Clathrin Uncoating

An interaction between auxilin and heat shock protein 70kDa (Hsc70) was initially discovered in 1995. There exists a large amount of data supporting the basis for their interaction in vitro and their function in clathrin uncoating in vivo. This review examines the key experiments in elucidating this interaction and introduces a third protein that may connect constriction or fission with hsc70/auxilin mediated clathrin uncoating.
Surcharges and Penalties in Tax Law: United States

This is the General Report for the United States on the theme of “Surcharges and Penalties in Tax Law” for the 2015 meeting of the European Association of Tax Law Professors in Milan, Italy. The Report addresses questions relating to the treatment of civil penalties, criminal penalties and interest charges imposed on taxpayers under the U.S. federal income tax. In so doing, the Report explains the basics of federal tax procedure. It also includes some government statistics on U.S. Tax Court cases and criminal tax prosecutions.
Comparison of the estrogen feedback control mechanism between women with normal and polycystic ovaries

A clinical assay was designed to test the functional capability of the internal feedback mechanisms of ovarian steroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary function in normal women and in those with the polycystic ovary syndrome. In the control group of normally menstruating women, the aim of the experimental design was to inhibit the preovulatory estrogen peak and thereby inhibit the LH flood and corpus luteum formation. This was accomplished partially in 4 of the 5 subjects, as judged by their deficient pregnanediol excretion and by their inability to increase progesterone production under HCG stimulation. The assumption that a decrease in 17-ketosteroid values following a dexamethasone and simultaneous stilbestrol suppression test can be construed as indicating a suppression of pituitary gonadotropin is invalidated by examination of urinary estrogen excretion. The results obtained in patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome are compatible with the assumption that there is in fact a disruption of the estrogen negative feedback mechanism which allows for a persistent FSH and ICSH stimulation.
Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Analysis of Recombinant NMDA Receptor Pharmacology Using Brief Glutamate Applications

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are essential for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Dysfunction of NMDARs has been implicated in many nervous system disorders; therefore, pharmacological modulation of NMDAR activity has great therapeutic potential. However, given the broad physiological importance of NMDARs, modulating their activity often has detrimental side effects precluding pharmaceutical use of many NMDAR modulators. One approach to possibly improve the therapeutic potential of NMDAR modulators is to identify compounds that modulate subsets of NMDARs. An obvious target for modulating NMDAR subsets are the many NMDAR subtypes produced through different combinations of NMDAR subunits. With seven identified genes that encode NMDAR subunits, there are many neuronal NMDAR subtypes with distinct properties and potentially differential pharmacological sensitivities. Study of NMDAR subtype-specific pharmacology is complicated in neurons, however, because most neurons express at least three NMDAR subtypes. Thus, use of an approach that permits study in isolation of a single receptor subtype is preferred. Additionally, the effects of drugs on agonist-activated responses typically depend on duration of agonist exposure. To evaluate drug effects on synaptic transmission, an approach should be used that allows activation of receptor responses as brief as those observed during synaptic transmission, both in the absence and presence of drug. To address these issues, we designed a fast perfusion system capable of (1) delivering brief (~5 ms) and consistent applications of glutamate to recombinant NMDARs of known subunit composition, and (2) easily and quickly (~5 seconds) changing between glutamate applications in the absence and presence of drug.
Somatomedin and growth retardation in children with chronic renal insufficiency.

A number of recent observations have brought into question a possible role for the somatomedins in explaining the growth failure which characterizes chronic renal disease in childhood [1–5]. In order to put these findings into perspective, it is necessary first to review the status of these peptides as mediators of growth and the wide variety of techniques which have been used to measure the levels of these substances in serum.
Comparing the Hydrogen-Bonding Effect of Brönsted Bases in Solution and When They Are Covalently Bound to the Surface of Glassy Carbon Electrodes in the Electrochemical Behavior of Hydroquinone

Mono- and dibasic phthalate bases (HP– and P2–) interact with 1,4-hydroquinone (1,4-H2Q) in acetonitrile through hydrogen bonding to form molecular complexes that oxidize at easier (less positive) potentials than pure 1,4-H2Q. The relatively large decrease in the oxidation overpotential for 1,4-H2Q, observed upon introducing these Bronsted bases, is an example of thermodynamic control of a PCET achieved with weak bases. The favoring effect occurs because the bases accept the protons released by 1,4-H2Q during its two-electron oxidation. Similar effects are observed when the phthalate bases were attached to the electrode surface. The hydrogen bonding was verified and measured by determining diffusion coefficients using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The modification of glassy carbon electrodes with phthalate diazonium salts was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental electrochemical responses by cyclic voltammetry were fitted to simulations following mechanisms previously reported and using t...
Microporous, Homochiral Structures Containing Iron Oxo-Clusters Supported by Antimony(III) Tartrate Scaffolds

A chiral cluster compound, dipotassium bis-(μ-tartrato)-diantimony(III), K2Sb2L2 (H4L = l-tartaric acid), was used as a secondary building unit to react with Fe(III) perchlorate and Fe(II) sulfate in water and DMF (DMF = dimethylformamide) in the presence of NaN(CN)2 or 4,4′-bipyridine. Three distinct homochiral structures have been obtained: H3Na7[Fe4Sb6(μ4-O)6(μ3-O)2(l-tartrate)6]·14H2O (1), H5K3[(CH3)2NH2]2[Fe7Sb6(μ4-O)6(μ3-O)2(l-tartrate)6]2·28H2O (2), and Na3K5[(CH3)2NH2]4[Fe6Sb6(μ4-O)6(μ3-O)2(l-tartrate)6]2·30H2O (3). All of these compounds contain iron oxo-clusters sandwiched by Sb3(μ3-O)(l-tartrate)3 SBUs. 1 consists of isolated [Fe4Sb6(μ4-O)6(μ3-O)2(l-tartrate)6]10– clusters, which are interconnected by Na+ ions into 2D homochiral layers. The structure of 2 features [Fe7Sb6(μ4-O)6(μ3-O)2(l-tartrate)6]5– clusters; the clusters are further linked into negatively charged honeycomb layers. Both types of clusters are found in 3 and are also assembled into negatively charged honeycomb layers. The acces...
Study on the interaction between spectral probes and bovine serum albumin

The binding reaction between Tetrabromofluorescein,Tetrachloro-tetrabromofluorescein,diiodofluorescein,Ethylrhodamine B,Janus green B with bovine serum albumin(BSA) in aqueous solution was studied by fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra.The results show that hydrophobic force plays the decisive role and electrostatic force on the secondary role in the reactions.In contrast,bovine serum albumin can most firmly combine with anions,secondly with neutral molecules,finally for the cations.The fluorescent probes insert their common nonpolar phenyl into hydrophobic cavity of BSA through hydrophobic force where they finally combine to tryptophanyl and the formation of weak hydrogen bonds strengthen the action and makes energy transfer efficiency improved significantly.Because of the polar and spacial effects their polar parts can not enter to the cavity,so the reactions all take place by nearly 1∶1 manner.
Longitudinal Effects of Preventive Services on Health Behaviors Among an Elderly Cohort

This study examines the longitudinal (48 months) effects of a preventive services intervention trial with Medicare beneficiaries. The health promotion intervention incorporated a series of workshops and targeted individualized counseling dealing primarily with nutrition and exercise. All subjects completed a health risk appraisal (HRA) questionnaire, which served as a dependent measure. Results show significant, positive changes in intervention subjects in two activity outcomes, aerobic activity and stretching exercises. Although previous research on this cohort found significant positive changes in nutrition behaviors at 12-month follow-up, these differences were not sustained over the three-year follow-up period. The results offer encouragement that continued research on health promotion will eventually produce protocols for select activities that will improve the status of seniors’ health.
Technical Innovation and Visceral Transplantation

The improvement in outcomes of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation during the past two decades is the result of several factors, including innovations in surgical techniques. As it has become more practical, visceral transplantation has been successfully performed in patients with different forms of irreversible gastrointestinal failure. Accordingly, different combinations of en bloc abdominal visceral organ transplants are being used more frequently. In this chapter, we describe the three main prototypes of visceral transplantation and discuss the most relevant technical modifications of both the donor and recipient procedures.
Internal hydraulic jumps in two-layer flows with upstream shear

Internal hydraulic jumps in flows with upstream shear are investigated using two-layer shock-joining theories and numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. The role of upstream shear has not previously been thoroughly investigated, although it is important in many oceanographic situations, including exchange flows. The full solution spaces of several two-layer theories, distinguished by how dissipation is distributed between the layers, with upstream shear are found, and the physically allowable solution space is identified. These two-layer theories are then evaluated using more realistic numerical simulations that have continuous density and velocity profiles and permit turbulence and mixing. Two-dimensional numerical simulations show that none of the two-layer theories reliably predicts the relation between jump height and speed over the full range of allowable solutions. The numerical simulations also show that different qualitative types of jumps can occur, including undular bores, energy-conserving conjugate state transitions, smooth-front jumps with trailing turbulence and overturning turbulent jumps. Simulation results are used to investigate mixing, which increases with jump height and upstream shear. A few three-dimensional simulations results were undertaken and are in quantitative agreement with the two-dimensional simulations.
Oedipus and Greek Tragedy

The figure of Oedipus functions in several distinct ways in Rene Girard’s work. It first appears in a discussion in which Girard moves from an analysis of the European novel (and French drama) in the mid-1960s to his full articulation of the sacrificial structure of all culture by means of the scapegoat mechanism in the late 1960s and the 1970s. In the latter decade, the theme reappears as a critical component of Girard’s theory of sacrifice where he contrasts it with Freud’s use of the myth in psychoanalysis and Claude Levi-Strauss’s use of it in structural anthropology. In this anthropological connection, the figure of Oedipus and his relation to Sophocles’ tragedy also comes to assume a primary place in the close reading of literary texts developed by early proponents of Girard’s ideas. The figure of Oedipus reappears finally in Girard’s work in the mid-1980s and the 1990s where it is contrasted with the Joseph story in the Hebrew Bible.
Voter support for environmental bond referenda

Abstract Open space and recreation land protection can provide a variety of community benefits. Limited government resources, however, may preclude land acquisition and enhancement activities. State governments have thus turned to “bond referenda” as a mechanism to increase financial resource capacity to provide public goods. The purpose of this study is to explore two groups of factors (resident characteristics and land use types) related to voter support for an environmental bond in the state of Rhode Island, USA. A spatial regression model is used to explore these relationships. The results show that voting districts with high-density residential land use and a non-white population are more supportive of the environmental bond referendum, as are voting districts with more open space that is publicly accessible and that have recreational amenities. Voting districts with a high percentage of natural habitat land are less supportive of the bond referendum. The findings suggest government agencies should pay more attention to the equitable distribution of public goods and to providing more open space land that is public accessible.
Combined Brain Mapping and Compact Intraoperative MRI for Brain Tumor Resection.

Background Surgery on patients with lesions in the dominant hemisphere for language is best done with awake language mapping. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) has also been proposed as an ideal method for tumor resection control in patients with primary brain tumors. Objectives This study examines the feasibility of low-field iMRI during awake craniotomy and tumor resection. Methods 36 patients underwent awake resection with a compact iMRI for guidance. Outcomes were grouped using an A-D classification. Outcome A was defined as gross total resection (GTR) without iMRI, B as GTR achieved secondary to iMRI findings, C as resection stopped due to mapping but prior to iMRI, and, finally, D as resection stopped after iMRI had showed residual tumor but subsequent mapping limited further resection. Results Diagnoses included primary brain tumors in all but 2 patients: 1 had mesial temporal sclerosis and 1 cysticercosis. Overall, outcomes A and D were the most common with 12 patients each, outcome C was the least common occurring in only 3 patients, and outcome B occurred in 9 patients. Hence, in 12 patients, iMRI led to increased tumor resection while in another 12 brain mapping limited the extent of resection. Conclusions Combined awake language and motor mapping and iMRI guidance is feasible for resection of brain lesions. A compact iMRI has unique advantages for this approach.
A Practical Approach to Sizing Neural Networks

Memorization is worst-case generalization. Based on MacKay's information theoretic model of supervised machine learning, this article discusses how to practically estimate the maximum size of a neural network given a training data set. First, we present four easily applicable rules to analytically determine the capacity of neural network architectures. This allows the comparison of the efficiency of different network architectures independently of a task. Second, we introduce and experimentally validate a heuristic method to estimate the neural network capacity requirement for a given dataset and labeling. This allows an estimate of the required size of a neural network for a given problem. We conclude the article with a discussion on the consequences of sizing the network wrongly, which includes both increased computation effort for training as well as reduced generalization capability.
Reconstruction of the Nose.

Nasal reconstructive techniques have advanced significantly over the past 50 years. Modern techniques in nasal reconstruction are based on the nasal aesthetic subunits. In order to achieve ideal outcomes, reconstructive surgeons must consider differences in tissue qualities across the nasal aesthetic subunits and formulate reconstructive plans based on these differences. Local flaps, skin grafts, and several types of interpolated flaps comprise the most commonly used techniques for nasal reconstruction. Defects that involve structural or internal lining defects require reconstruction of significantly higher complexity.
Marek's disease virus: Biology and life cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biology and life cycle of Marek's disease virus (MDV). Marek's disease virus spreads by indirect contact and can remain infectious for several months in environments contaminated by infected birds. The source of infectious cell-free virus is the feather-follicle epithelium, which is the only site where fully productive infection and release of cell-free MDV occurs. The lung is the portal for virus entry, although the actual site(s) of uptake along the airways and the cellular mechanisms involved in the virus are yet to be identified. MDV has a complex life cycle and uses two means of replication—productive and nonproductive—to exist and propagate. The method of reproduction changes according to a defined pattern that depends on the changes in virus–cell interactions at different stages of the disease and in different tissues. Productive (lytic) interactions involve active invasion and takeover of the host cell, thereby resulting in the production of infectious progeny virions. The pathogenesis of Marek's disease can be described in four phases: (1) the early cytolytic phase, (2) the latent phase, (3) the late cytolytic and immunosuppressive phase, and (4) the proliferative phase.
Syntheses and transformations of substituted benzazolyl- and tetrazolyl(benzotriazol-1-yl)methanes

Condensation reactions of o-hydroxy- and o-mercaptoanilines, and o-phenylenediamine with (benzotriazol-1-yl)acetic acid result in (1,3-benzazol-2-yl)(benzotriazol-1-yl)methanes. Cycloaddition of sodium azide to (benzotriazol-1-yl)acetonitrile leads to (1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)(benzotriazol-1-yl)methane. The diazolo-substituted benzotriazolylmethanes thus obtained were mono- and di-alkylated at the methylene group and the displacement of the benzotriazole group by nucleophiles was investigated.
Azido-galactose outperforms azido-mannose for metabolic labeling and targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma

Metabolic glycoengineering of unnatural monosaccharides provides a facile method to label cancer cells with chemical tags for glycan imaging and cancer targeting. Multiple types of monosaccharides have been utilized for metabolic cell labeling. However, the comparison of different types of monosaccharides in labeling efficiency and selectivity has not been reported. In this study, we compared N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalAz) and N-azidoacetylmannosamine (ManAz) for metabolic labeling of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. GalAz showed higher labeling efficiency at low concentrations, and outperformed ManAz in metabolic labeling of HepG2 tumors in vivo. GalAz mediated labeling of HepG2 tumors with azido groups significantly improved the tumor accumulation of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-Cy5 and DBCO-doxorubicin conjugate via efficient Click chemistry. This study, for the first time, uncovered the distinct labeling efficiency and selectivity of different unnatural monosaccharides in liver cancers.
Patient-provider comparison of dermatology vocabulary understanding: a cross-sectional study in patients from minority ethnic groups.

Patient-centered communication is necessary for a successful clinical relationship. There has been great interest in improving communication within the field of dermatology. To identify gaps between patient comprehension of dermatology-specific vocabulary and perceived comprehension by providers. Two hundred and eighty-five patients were recruited from outpatient dermatology clinics at Boston Medical Center and East Boston Neighborhood Health Center to complete a multiple choice survey regarding comprehension of dermatology-specific vocabulary. Participating patients were 59.6% female, with ages ranging from 18 to 94 years old, and a mean age of 45. Forty-six percent of patients identified as Hispanic/Latino, 36% as White. Fifty-five percent had a high school education or lower. Forty percent had an income of < 34,999/year. Seventy providers completed a questionnaire about their perception of patient understanding of dermatology-specific vocabulary. Patient and provider data were compared. About 60% of patients did not know the meaning of metastasis or hyperpigmentation, and approximately 55% did not understand excision or autoimmune. Providers overestimated patient comprehension of benign by 38% and sunburn and symptom by approximately 32%. Provider estimation exceeded actual patient comprehension of scar and recur by 27%. Sixty-six percent of providers cited “lack of time” as the largest communication barrier, while only 7% of patients believed additional time would improve communication. Limitations include sample size and generalizability. More than half of the patients surveyed did not understand metastasis, excision, hyperpigmentation, and autoimmune. Providers overestimated patient comprehension of benign, sunburn, symptom, scar, and recur.
Applying Pharmacogenomics to Antifungal Selection and Dosing: Are We There Yet?

This review summarizes recent literature for applying pharmacogenomics to antifungal selection and dosing, providing an approach to implementing antifungal pharmacogenomics in clinical practice. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium published guidelines on CYP2C19 and voriconazole, with recommendations to use alternative antifungals or adjust voriconazole dose with close therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Recent studies demonstrate an association between CYP2C19 phenotype and voriconazole levels, clinical outcomes, and adverse events. Additionally, CYP2C19-guided preemptive dose adjustment demonstrated benefit in two prospective studies for prophylaxis. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling studies have generated proposed voriconazole treatment doses based on CYP2C19 phenotypes, with further validation studies needed. Sufficient evidence is available for implementing CYP2C19-guided voriconazole selection and dosing among select patients at risk for invasive fungal infections. The institution needs appropriate infrastructure for pharmacogenomic testing, integration of results in the clinical decision process, with TDM confirmation of goal trough achievement, to integrate antifungal pharmacogenomics into routine clinical care.
Abstract 4651: Interaction between outdoor ultraviolet radiation and indoor tanning bed use on skin cancer risk

Background: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the use of UV-emitting tanning devices are risk factors for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Despite abundant evidence, frequent outdoor sunbathers are more likely to use indoor tanning beds. In our study, we aim to investigate the interaction between indoor tanning bed use and exposure to solar UV radiation associated with the risk of skin cancer. Methods: The study population was participants of the Nurses9 Health Study II, which started in 1989 including 116,430 registered female nurses aged 25-42. Participants biennially self-reported diagnosis of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cases for melanoma and SCC were confirmed by medical records. Information on indoor tanning bed use during high school/college or age 25-35 was collected. Cumulative average UV exposure at residence during follow-up was calculated for each participant. We built Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential confounders. Interactions between cumulative UV exposure and indoor tanning use were tested in multivariable-adjusted models for three types of skin cancer. Results: We found significant interactions between cumulative average UV during follow-up and indoor tanning bed use during high school/college years (P for interaction=0.01) on the risk of BCC, but not during the age 25-35 (P for interaction=0.15). Subjects who were exposed to high UV and used tanning bed during high school/college (RR: 1.54, 95% CI 1.38, 1.72) or during age 25-35 (RR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.69) had nearly 50% increased risk of BCC compared to subjects who were exposed to low UV and did not use tanning bed. Increased risk but non-significant interactions were found for SCC (indoor tanning during high school/college years: P for interaction=0.29, during age 25-35: P for interaction=0.09). Subjects who were exposed to high UV and used tanning bed during age 25-35 had approximately double the risk of SCC (RR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.51, 2.76), compared to the reference group. No significant interactions were found for the risk of melanoma. Conclusions: We found significant interaction between outdoor UV and indoor tanning bed use during high school/college years on the risk of BCC but not SCC or melanoma. Citation Format: Jongeun Rhee, Tricia Li, Wen-Qing Li, Abrar A. Qureshi, Eunyoung Cho. Interaction between outdoor ultraviolet radiation and indoor tanning bed use on skin cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4651.
Hafnium silicate formation during oxidation of a permeable silicon + HfO2 powder composite system

Abstract Silicon bond coats, applied to silicon carbide composites used in gas turbine engines as a part of an environmental barrier coating (EBC) system, arrest the transport of oxidizing species to the SiC composite by forming a SiO2 thermally grown oxide. Above 1200°C, a crystalline s-cristobalite SiO2 phase is formed that subsequently undergoes a large thermal contraction during its s→α-cristobalite transformation upon cooling, leading to oxide layer cracking and eventual EBC delamination. A model system of silicon particles in a highly porous HfO2 particle matrix is used to investigate the rate and mechanism by which s-cristobalite SiO2 is dynamically converted to hafnium orthosilicate (HfSiO4; Hafnon) when oxidizing silicon is in contact with m-HfO2. The study compares the net rate of SiO2 formation in the model silicon + HfO2 system with that on only silicon particles, and finds that the thickness of the SiO2 layer that forms during high temperature (1250–1316°C) oxidation can be greatly reduced by the hafnon formation reaction. The study also investigates the mechanism by which hafnon forms, and reports a SiO2 rumpling process when its outward (radial) growth is locally constrained by HfO2 particles. Since hafnon is phase stable over the temperature range of EBC interest, and has a thermal expansion coefficient similar to silicon, the dynamic conversion of SiO2 to hafnon provides a promising approach for controlling the delamination of EBC systems that use silicon bond coats.
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations -Probabilistic and Game Theoretic Methods

These lectures are concerned with first order partial differential equations of the form $$\phi _\text{s} + \text{F}\left( \text{s,x,}\phi ,\phi _\text{x} \right) = 0,\,\,\,\,\text{s} \leqslant \text{T}$$ (1.1)
Does investor identity matter? An empirical examination of investments by venture capital funds and hedge funds in PIPEs ☆

Abstract I examine the emerging phenomenon of PIPEs (private investments in public equity) invested by venture capital funds (VCs) and hedge funds (HFs) and analyze whether and how these investors add value to firms by comparing a sample of 113 VC-invested PIPEs to a sample of 397 PIPEs with HFs. I find that VCs gain substantial ownership, request board seats, and often keep their stake after the PIPEs. In contrast, HFs rarely join the board of directors and typically cash out their positions shortly after the PIPE. The stock performance of VC-invested firms is significantly better than HF-invested firms both in the short run and in the long run. The positive valuation effect of having VCs as PIPE investors appears to be a certification effect rather than a monitoring effect. A key implication from these findings is that investor identity matters.
Shaffer v. Heitner: A New Attitude Toward State Court Jurisdiction

Mr. Justice Frankfurter's observation is equally suited to the overruling of the century-old case, Pennoyer v. Neff, by the recent decision in Shaffer v. Heitner Shaffer ended not only Pennoyer's reign, but also a jurisdictional perspective which rested on the distinction between in personam and in rem jurisdiction and the concept of a state's sovereignty over property within its borders. The basis of the Pennoyer doctrine was the concept that a state had authority over all persons and property within its territory, and no authority whatsoever outside its territorial limits. Modifying previous theory slightly, Pennoyer became the standard, prescribing all state jurisdictional procedures until, in 1945, International Shoe v. Washington delineated a new test for in personam actions. Since that time, Pennoyer has continued to serve as the paradigm for in rem proceedings. The variety of litigants and the diverse situations naturally found in a civil system created a complex framework around the basic doctrine. The most oblique of these developments was the evolution of quasi in rem theory, which allowed the seizure of a nonresident's property in order to satisfy a claim unrelated to that property. In certain applications, the theory is valid; for example, where a party goes into seclusion or moves out of state to avoid creditors and the jurisdiction of the courts, seizure of any property remaining in the state is a fair method of satisfying valid claims against him. A state has the right and duty to provide its residents with a remedy for debts where the debtor is conspicuously absent and refuses to submit himself to the forum for a court determination of his liability. Nevertheless, the commercial complexities of the twentieth century provided an opportunity for severe abuse of the procedure. Intangible obligations, contingent debts, even non-transferable interests became a valid basis for quasi in rem jurisdiction in cases where the defendant's relation to the forum state was nil. The abuse reached its critical point in the facts of Shaffer, and resulted in the abandonment of the Pennoyer theory for the more viable "minimum contacts" standard of International Shoe. As indicated in the opening quote, this change signifies more than the mere replacement of Pennoyer with a more modern standard, or a single enlargement of minimum contacts' application. It expresses the adoption of a new attitude toward state court jurisdiction; the Court has de-emphasized the importance of the res in the realization that no matter what the object of the litigation, the subject is always the determination of personal rights. After analyzing the Shaffer decision, this note will discuss its effect on in rem and quasi in rem actions, and the possible backlash by state courts reacting to a limitation on their jurisdiction. It will conclude with an examination of the minimum contacts test and the possibility of its modification in light of the recent decision.
Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread protein secretion apparatus used by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effector proteins into adjacent bacterial or host cells. Here, we uncovered a role in interbacterial competition for the two T6SSs encoded by the marine pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus. Using comparative proteomics and genetics, we identified their effector repertoires. In addition to the previously described effector V12G01_02265, we identified three new effectors secreted by T6SS1, indicating that the T6SS1 secretes at least four antibacterial effectors, of which three are members of the MIX-effector class. We also showed that the T6SS2 secretes at least three antibacterial effectors. Our findings revealed that many MIX-effectors belonging to clan V are "orphan" effectors that neighbor mobile elements and are shared between marine bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. We demonstrated that a MIX V-effector from V. alginolyticus is a functional T6SS effector when ectopically expressed in another Vibrio species. We propose that mobile MIX V-effectors serve as an environmental reservoir of T6SS effectors that are shared and used to diversify antibacterial toxin repertoires in marine bacteria, resulting in enhanced competitive fitness.
The functional relationship between the polymerization and catalytic activity of beef liver glutamate dehydrogenase: III. Analysis of Thusius' critique

Abstract Thusius' critique (1977) of our work (Cohen et al. , 1975,1976; Cohen & Benedek, 1976), on the functional relationship between the equilibrium polymerization and catalytic activity of beef liver glutamate dehydrogenase, is refuted on a point by point basis. Thusius' critique is primarily based on data relating to the kinetics of the polymerization-depolymerization reaction. It is shown that such data are not in contradiction to our equilibrium thermodynamic analysis, for this analysis makes absolutely no predictions regarding the kinetics of the polymerization-depolymerization reaction. Moreover, the important functional relationship between the polymerization and allosteric control of beef liver glutamate dehydrogenase has, in any event, been clearly demonstrated on a purely experimental basis. Furthermore, our theoretical model is the only proposed model capable of quantitatively explaining the available data on the detailed equilibrium polymer distribution and the associated level of catalytic activity as functions of effector and enzyme concentrations.
Revision of the spider genus Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877 (Araneae, Ctenidae)

Se examina y redefine el genero Caloctenus Keyserling. Este grupo incluye aranas pequenas que se caracterizan por tener el cefalotorax con las regiones cefalica y toracica bien delimitadas por surcos profundos; el cuerpo enteramente cubierto por escamas iridicentes y una combinacion de 5- 8/6-7 pares de espinas ventrales en las tibias/metatarsos del primer y segundo par de patas. Caloctenus incluye cuatro especies del norte de Sudamerica, se proporciona una clave para identificarlas. Los ejemplares machos de C. aculeatus Keys. y C. gracilitarsis Simon se describen por primera vez. Se presenta dos nuevas especies: C. carbonera, de Venezuela y C. oxapampa, del Peru. Otras especies previamente descritas bajo este genero pertenecen a otros grupos. Caloctenus boetonensis Strand, C. celer Simon, y C. oreus Simon se transfieren al genero Acantheis Thorell, 1891. Caloctenus fernandensis Simon se transfiere a Africactenus Hyatt, 1954. Caloctenus penicilliger Simon y C. variegatus Bertkau se transfieren a Enoploctenus Simon, 1897. Caloctenus abyssinicus Strand se considera incertae sedis en Ctenidae.
Anomeric Specificity of Phosphofructokinase from Rabbit Muscle

Abstract Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase apparently utilizes only the β-furanose anomer as disclosed by rapid quench kinetic studies employing d-fructose-6-P and d-tagatose-6-P. Approximately 80% of the substrate, a figure that closely corresponds to the percentage β anomer, is converted to the diphosphate in a rapid initial phase. Investigations utilizing methyl-α,β-d-fructofuranoside-6-P as a substrate analog demonstrated exclusive phosphorylation of the β anomer to yield methyl-β-d-fructofuranoside-1,6-P2. The occurrence of fructoside phosphorylation argues against the need for an intervening keto form to accomplish the transphosphorylation process. An absolute stereoselectivity of phosphofructokinase for the β anomer of fructose-6-P thus is indicated.
Variants of Simian Virus 40-Transformed 3T3 Cells That Are Resistant to Concanavalin A

By treating populations of simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed 3T3 cells with concanavalin A, variants have been isolated which are resistant to the killing action of the lectin. The variants (i) resemble 3T3 cells morphologically and in some of their growth characteristics; (ii) are not agglutinated by high concentrations of concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin, but can be rendered agglutinable by treatment with low concentrations of trypsin; (iii) bind the same number of concanavalin A molecules as 3T3 or SV3T3 cells; (iv) cannot be transformed by SV40 and are resistant to focus formation after infection with murine sarcoma virus; (v) contain SV40-specific T antigen and RNA and; (vi) yield wild-type SV40 virus after heterokaryon formation with BS-C-1 cells.
Abordagem da Nefropatia Diabética em Idade Pediátrica: Revisão Baseada na Evidência

Introducao: A diabetes mellitus e uma doenca cronica com complicacoes macro e microvasculares que condicionam elevada morbilidade e mortalidade, destacando-se a nefropatia. O nosso objectivo foi rever a bibliografia existente sobre abordagem na nefropatia diabetica em idade pediatrica. Metodos: Pesquisa nas bases UpToDate, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines Finder, Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines Infobase, Cochrane, DARE, Bandolier e PubMed, com limitacao de busca para idades entre os 0 e 18 anos, de artigos em ingles, com os termos MeSH “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Diabetic Nephropathies” e “Renal Insufficiency”. Para atribuicao da forca de recomendacao considerou-se a escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) da American Family Physician. Resultados: Encontraram-se 167 artigos, dos quais se selecionaram 3 guidelines. Todas recomendam doseamento anual de microalbuminuria (grau B), nao sendo consensual a idade de inicio. O controlo de factores de risco, como tensao arterial, variacao glicemica e dislipidemia podem reduzir a progressao da lesao renal (grau B). O uso de IECAs ou ARAs pode diminuir a progressao da proteinuria (grau C). Discussao e Conclusao: O adequado controlo da diabetes mellitus e de factores de risco associados e recomendado para diminuicao da progressao da nefropatia, e a sua monitorizacao deve ser feita regularmente com doseamento de proteinuria (grau B). Mais estudos sao necessarios para esclarecer a forca de recomendacao no uso de IECAs ou ARAs (grau C).