cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integral measures of the zero pressure gradient boundary layer over the Reynolds number range 0≤Rτ<∞

A recently developed mixing length model of the turbulent shearing stress has been shown to generate a universal velocity profile that provides an accurate approximation to incompressible pipe flow velocity profiles over a wide Reynolds number range [B. J. Cantwell, “A universal velocity profile for smooth wall pipe flow,” J. Fluid Mech. 878, 834–874 (2019)]. More recently, the same profile was shown to accurately approximate velocity profiles in channel flow, the zero pressure gradient boundary layer, and the boundary layer in an adverse pressure gradient [M. A. Subrahmanyam, B. J. Cantwell, and J. J. Alonso, “A universal velocity profile for turbulent wall flows,” AIAA Paper No. 2021-0061, 2021 and M. A. Subrahmanyam, B. J. Cantwell, and J. J. Alonso, “A universal velocity profile for turbulent wall flows including adverse pressure gradient boundary layers,” J. Fluid Mech. (unpublished) (2021)] The universal velocity profile is uniformly valid from the wall to the free stream at all Reynolds numbers from zero to infinity. At a low Reynolds number, the profile approaches the laminar channel/pipe flow limit. The primary measure of the Reynolds number used in this work is the friction Reynolds number Rτ=uτδ/ν. It is a little unusual to use Rτ for the boundary layer since it requires that the velocity profile be cutoff using an arbitrarily defined overall boundary layer thickness, δ. Because of the slow approach of the velocity to the free stream, different conventions used to define the thickness lead to different values of Rτ assigned to a given flow. It will be shown in this paper that, through its connection to channel/pipe flow, the universal velocity profile can be used to define a practically useful, unambiguous, measure of overall boundary layer thickness, called here the equivalent channel half height, δh. For Rτ>≈5000, the universal velocity profile defines a Reynolds number independent shape function that can be used to generate explicit expressions for the infinite Reynolds number behavior of all the usual integral boundary layer measures; displacement thickness, momentum thickness, energy thickness, overall boundary layer thickness, and skin friction. The friction coefficient Cf(Rδ2) generated by the universal velocity profile accurately approximates data over a wide range of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers collected by Nagib et al. [“Can we ever rely on results from wall-bounded turbulent flows without direct measurements of wall shear stress?,” AIAA Paper No. 2004-2392, 2004]. The universal velocity profile is used to integrate the von Kaŕman boundary layer integral equation [T. von Karman, “Uber laminaire und turbulente reibung,” Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 1, 233–252 (1921)] in order to generate the various thicknesses and friction velocity as functions of the spatial Reynolds number, Rx=uex/ν.
The SAH Score: An Outcome Prediction Model (S12.004)

OBJECTIVE: Create a novel “SAH score” and compare the accuracy of mortality prediction with the Hunt & Hess Grade and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) scale. BACKGROUND: The Hunt & Hess Grade and WFNS scale are commonly used to predict mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). DESIGN/METHODS: Prospectively collected data of aSAH patients admitted to our institution between 1991-2009 were reviewed. We analyzed factors impacting in-hospital SAH mortality using multiple logistic regression analysis. Scores were 9weighted9 based on relative risk of mortality following stratification of each of these variables. GCS was subdivided into subgroups of 3-4, 5-8, 9-13 and 14-15; age was split into 4 subgroups: 18-49, 50-69, 70-79 and >80. Medical co-morbidities were subdivided into none, 1 or >/=2 based on co-morbidities derived from Charlson index or other factors (hypertension, cocaine) historically known to impact SAH outcomes. RESULTS: 1134 patients were included; all-cause SAH hospital mortality was 18.3%. Admission GCS, age and medical co-morbidities significantly impacted mortality following multivariate analysis (P 80; score=3). Relationship of co-morbidities and mortality was 9%(none; score=0), 17%(one; score=1) and 32%(two/more; score=2). Summated Scores ranged from 0-8 with progressively escalating mortality at higher scores (0=2%/ 1=6%/ 2=8%/ 3=13%/ 4=30%/ 5=54%/ 6=80%/ 7=89%/ 8=100%). PPV for scores in the range 7-8 was 90% while 6-8 was 84%. NPV was 94% for range 0-2 and 91% for 0-3. The area under the curve (AUC) for the SAH score was 0.822 (good accuracy), compared to WFNS scale (AUC 0.777, fair accuracy) and Hunt & Hess Grade (AUC 0.771, fair accuracy). CONCLUSIONS: The SAH score is more accurate in predicting SAH mortality compared to Hunt & Hess Grade and WFNS scale. Disclosure: Dr. Kowalski has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Caserta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nyquist has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carhuapoma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tamargo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Naval has received personal compensation for activities with EKR Therapeutics as a speaker.
The Archaic : The Past in the Present

'Old-fashioned', 'primitive', 'antiquated', these are all definitons of the archaic. Yet the archaic is, in fact, much more than something very, very old: it is timeless, inasmuch as it is before time itself. Archē, Urgrund, Ungrund, 'primordial darkness', 'eternal nothing' are names for something essentially nameless, yet whose presence we nevertheless intuit. The Archaic takes as its major reference points C.G. Jung's classic essay, 'Archaic Man' (1930), and Ernesto Grassi's paper on 'Archaic Theories of History' (1990). Moving beyond the confines of a Jungian framework to include other methodological approaches, this book explores the concept of the archaic. This book focuses on the reception of myth in the tradition of German Idealism or Romanticism (Creuzer, Schelling, Nietzsche), which not only looked back to earlier thinkers (such as Jacob Boehme) but also laid down roots for developments in twentieth-century thought (Ludwig Klages, Martin Heidegger). The Archaic also includes: studies of the Germanic dimension of the archaic (Charles Bambach, Alan Cardew) a discussion of the mytho-phenomenological approach to the archaic (Robert Josef Kozljanic) a series of articles on Jung's understanding of the archaic (Paul Bishop, Susan Rowland, Robert Segal). This book will be of interest to psychoanalysts, anthropologists and phenomenologists, as well as students of psychology, cultural studies, religious studies, and philosophy, as it seeks to rehabilitate a concept of demonstrable and urgent relevance for our time.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES AND MORPHOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN LAND PLANTS

An increasingly robust phylogenetic framework based on molecular and fossil data clarifies the sequence of evolutionary innovations in land plants. Oogamy and cellular novelties (phragmoplast, plasmodesmata, incipient meris- tems) evolved in aquatic streptophytes. Invasion of the land entailed interpolation of the sporophyte, jacketed gametangia and sporangia, and air-dispersed spores, followed by stomata. Origin of vascular plants involved branching of the sporo- phyte and stepwise evolution of vascular tissue. Leaves originated independently in lycophytes and euphyllophytes; in some euphyllophytes leaves were derived from single dichotomous branches, in others from whole branch systems. In seed plants, secondary growth evolved before the seed. Pinnately compound leaves were replaced by simple leaves in coniferophytes. The origin of the angiosperm flower remains unresolved, but bitegmic ovules may be derived from cupules, and the ancestral carpel can be reconstructed as ascidiate. Evolution of double fertilization was a stepwise process that continued within angiosperms; vessels also evolved within the group. Monocots show major reorganization tied to loss of secondary growth, while pentamerous flowers evolved from dimerous within eudicots.
Fast, near-optimal, multiresolution estimation of poisson signals and images

The nonparametric multiscale methods presented here are powerful tools for Poisson signal and image denoising and reconstruction. These methods offer near minimax convergence rates for broad classes of functions. However, the computational burden these methods impose makes them impractical for many applications which involve iterative algorithms, such as deblurring and tomographic reconstruction. The techniques described in this paper allow multiscale Poisson signal and image reconstruction methods to be implemented with significantly less computational complexity than previously possible. Fast translation-invariant Haar denoising for Poisson data is accomplished by deriving the relationship between maximum penalized likelihood tree pruning decisions and the undecimated wavelet transform coefficients. Fast wedgelet and platelet methods are accomplished with a coarse-to-fine technique which detects possible boundary locations before performing wedgelet or platelet fits.
In Vivo Administration of Purified Jurkat-derived Interleukin 2 in Mice

Pure human interleukin 2 (IL-2), produced by the T-cell lymphoma Jurkat, was injected in mice to study the serum half-life, toxicity, and in vivo immunological effects of IL-2. The serum half-life (t1/2) of Jurkat IL-2 in mice appeared to have two components: (a) a rapid initial phase with t1/2 of approximately 2 min during which most of the exogenous IL-2 was cleared from the serum; and (b) a second, slower component with t1/2 of about 9 min. Mice given injections i.p. or i.v. with pure Jurkat IL-2, at doses comparable on a microgram/kg basis to contemplated doses for humans, showed no signs of toxicity on the basis of serial measurements of weight, serum liver and kidney chemistries, or histology of lymphoid and vital organs. Jurkat IL-2 had no effect on the rate of growth or survival of mice with an established s.c. methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, but Jurkat IL-2 used in conjunction with in vitro-resensitized and IL-2-expanded specific immune splenocytes prolonged survival of mice with disseminated FBL-3 tumor. This survival prolongation was highly significant when compared to treatment with Jurkat IL-2 alone (p = less than 0.001) or an equivalent number of in vitro-resensitized and expanded cells alone (p = 0.004). Treatment of mice with i.p. Jurkat IL-2 subsequent to secondary immunization with allogeneic tumor enhanced by more than 5-fold the splenocyte cytotoxicity for alloantigen measured 7 days later. Thus, purified human IL-2 derived from the Jurkat cell line has a short half-life in mice with no apparent toxicity at large doses. In vivo efficacy of human IL-2 was demonstrated in increasing alloantigen responsiveness and in increasing the efficacy of transferred expanded immune lymphocytes in the FBL-3 lymphoma model.
The Ultimate Question of Origins: God and the Beginning of the Universe

Both cosmology and philosophy trace their roots to the wonder felt by the ancient Greeks as they contemplated the universe. The ultimate question remains why the universe exists rather than nothing. This question led Leibniz to postulate the existence of a metaphysically necessary being, which he identified as God. Leibniz's critics, however, disputed this identification, claiming that the space-time universe itself may be the metaphysically necessary being. The discovery during this century that the universe began to exist, however, calls into question the universe's status as metaphysically necessary, since any necessary being must be eternal in its existence. Although various cosmogonic models claiming to avert the beginning of the universe predicted by the standard model have been and continue to be offered, no model involving an eternal universe has proved as plausible as the standard model. Unless we are to assert that the universe simply sprang into being uncaused out of nothing, we are thus led to Leibniz's conclusion. Several objections to inferring a supernatural cause of the origin of the universe are considered and found to be unsound.
Refining Research on Older Adults' Leisure: Implications of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation and Socioemotional Selectivity Theories

Continuity and activity theories are often used to study leisure behavior but have limitations that hinder their application to older adults. Two theories from Lifespan Development Psychology—selec...
Effect of selection for size of testes in boars on semen and testis traits

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selection for increased size of testes on semen and testis characteristics. Boars from a line selected for increased size of testes at 150 d of age (TS, n = 25) and a randomly selected control line (C, n = 18) were used. Semen was collected three times per week for 3 wk (TRT1) then daily for 3 wk (TRT2) beginning when boar age averaged 276 d. It was followed by a 4-wk period of one collection per week and then the TRT1-TRT2 sequence was repeated. After 64 collections, boars were castrated and testes were evaluated for sperm numbers. Volume of semen, percentage of motile sperm cells, and percentage of abnormal cells in the semen did not differ (P > .05) between lines. Concentration of sperm cells in the semen was greater for TS boars at TRT 1 (35.0 million cells/mL, P < .10) and TRT 2 (29.5 million cells/mL, P < .01). Number of sperm cells per ejaculate was greater for TS boars (6.1 and 4.3 billion cells for TRT 1 and TRT 2, respectively; P < .05). Percentage of abnormal cells was less (P < .05) for boars at the younger ages. Concentration of sperm cells was 16 to 18 million cells/mL semen greater (P < .05) at the older ages. Significant differences in the shapes of the response curves with increasing collection number across lines and ages were found. These differences were small and not considered to be important. Line differences in testicular and epididymal sperm numbers and in daily sperm production were consistent with differences in semen traits. Repeatabilities of semen traits were between .16 and .74. Selection for increased size of testes can be used to improve the reproductive capacity of boars used for artificial insemination.
ON THE MEETING OF SEMANTICS AND PERCEPTION

Publisher Summary Perceptual events, like linguistic events, are interpreted when they are processed, that is, when one perceives objects and events, one does not merely store them as visual or auditory entities, but rather one ultimately interprets them semantically and store these interpretations. The formation of such interpretations depends on a number of conditions. Someone else's description might induce one to interpret objects or events in one way rather than another, or some other previous context might bias our interpretation. But in the absence of such prior influences, one has some very general rules for interpreting perceptions. These rules are a reflection of certain perceptual constancies and, therefore, constitute the most efficient and informative procedure for coding perceptual events. The chapter discusses four types of English constructions commonly used in describing perceptual events and explains what they imply about our perceptual codings. The first construction is the negative. The next construction is the locative—an expression that contains a spatial preposition. The next construction is the comparative, which also comes in pairs. The final construction discusses the dimensional term and its derivatives, words such as length, depth, height, width, and their kin.
Determining how brand communication works in the short and long terms

The debate continues to rage concerning whether or not advertising ‘works’. Ehrenberg and Jones are at odds as to whether or not advertising is a strong or weak force. In this paper the focus is shifted to brand communication based on customer value and understanding. Communication is then developed based on results required in the short term and long term. Tactics are rolled up into messages and incentives, a dichotomy the customer understands. The process, a substantial departure from current thinking, enables organisations to know and track what they are getting back for what they are spending against various customer groups.
Diplomatic Theory of International Relations: Diplomacy and diplomats in the rational tradition

What sort of places do diplomacy and diplomats occupy in each of Wight's three traditions of international thought? I am interested particularly in the accounts they provide of what diplomats do and the explanations they offer for how they accomplish it. I begin with the radical tradition partly because it is customary to leave it until last. More importantly, it is easy to suppose that resistance to the plural “fact” of human existence upon which my characterization of diplomacy rests will be strongest within this tradition. Why so? Our stories of the origins of diplomacy and, indeed, international relations often start with imagined encounters between groups of people who, until that point, did not merely regard themselves as separate, but were not even aware of each other's existence. As in Harold Nicolson's version, the first moment in international relations occurs at the point of contact between different groups. The second occurs when they institute an exception to the general injunction to kill and eat all outsiders in the form of immunity for heralds and messengers. This is a plausible origin myth. It may capture aspects of what actually happened on numerous occasions, and I shall make use of it below. Nevertheless, both anthropological research into prehistoric societies and a modest exercise of the imagination suggest that this is not the only possible point of departure for a story about the origins of international relations.
A comparison of double vial to serum bottle radiorespirometry to measure microbial mineralization in soils

Abstract Two methods of measuring mineralization rates were compared for their ability to quantify the microbiol mineralization of organic compounds in soils. In each of three soils used, the serum bottles gave higher yields for the mineralization of both [ 14 C]glucose and [ 14 C]cellulose (lignocellulose) than the double vials. In two of the soils, the serum bottles also showed less variation between replicates than the double vials. Furthermore, the mineralization of glucose in the serum bottles fit a first order rate model, whereas the mineralization of glucose in the double vials showed best fit to a linear model. Results using different amounts of soils indicated that container geometry may have placed unfavorable restrictions upon the double vial system, lowering the yield of 14 CO 2 from the soils. Therefore, the serum bottle method was found to be the better method for measuring mineralization rates in soils.
SnapShot: Light microscopy.

Epi-fluorescence microscopy fluorescence wide-field illumination and detection through the same objective lens, separat-ing the fluorescence emission from excitation light using dichroic mirrors and band-pass filtersspecific visualization of biomolecules with low background (compared to label-free methods)imaging fluorescent protein (FP)-labeled, dye-stained, or immunostained sampleTotal internal reflection fluores-cence (TIRF) microscopyfluorescence—optical sectioninglimiting the excitation volume to the close vicinity of the interface by sending the excitation light at an incident angle higher than the critical angle; usually implemented using a high numerical aperture (NA) objective.high signal-to-background for near-surface structuresmonitoring plasma mem-brane processes single-molecule detectionDeconvolution microscopy capturing a series of wide-field fluorescence images at different focal planes; computing the full three-dimensional (3D) structure using prior knowledge of the point spread function (PSF)optical sectioning in wide-field imag-ing; resolution enhancement (limited by the signal-to-noise ratio)general 3D imaging of cells and tissue samplesConfocal microscopy using a focused laser for excitation and a pinhole in the detection path to reject the out-of-focus fluorescence; optical sectioning of a thick sample; diffraction-limited resolution (~250 nm lateral, ~600 nm axial)general 3D imaging of cells and tissue samples; monitor-ing intracellular processesMultiphoton excitation microscopyusing high-intensity, focused infrared light to excite fluorophores by simultane-ous absorption of multiple (usually two) photons; infrared excitation and pinhole-free detection make it less affected by scattering in deep tissue imagingin vivo microscopy such as monitoring neuron behavior in live animalsSingle-plane illumination microscopy (SPIM)/light-sheet florescence microscopyusing a sheet of light to excite the sample from the direction perpendicular to the direction to detect fluorescence emission; wide-field images are captured with the depth-of-view confined by the thickness of the excitation light sheetreduced photo damage because the out-of-focus region is not illuminated during image acquisitionimaging the development of a whole embryoLight-field microscopy inserting a microlens array in front of the camera so that not only the intensi-ties but also the directions of light rays are recorded (at the cost of reduced lateral resolution)capturing a full 3D structure with a single snapshot3D imaging of tissue samples4Pi microscopy fluorescence– enhanced resolutionusing two opposing objectives and the interference of light through these two objectives to enhance the axial resolution; implemented in either point scan-ning format (4Pi microscopy) or wide-field format (I
Commentary: Research Possibilities Using the National Survey of Adoptive Parents

The analyses presented in this special issue of Adoption Quarterly represent merely the beginning in terms of the research possibilities inherent in the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP), and much remains to be examined. This commentary summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the data and suggests research possibilities that remain to be addressed. Information is provided about possibilities for linking NSAP data to data from the National Survey of Children's Health, from which respondents were recruited, as well as on accessing restricted data through the National Center for Health Statistics’ Research Data Center.
Increased sensitivity of lymphocyte Δ1pyrroline-5- carboxylate reductase to inhibition by proline with transformation

THE mitogen-induced transformation of resting lymphocytes to proliferating blast forms is associated with a marked increase in amino-acid uptake1, protein synthesis2 and enzyme activities3. There is little information, however, on the effect of transformation on enzymes of amino-acid metabolism. We therefore examined the biosynthetic and degradative enzymes of the non-essential amino acid, proline4, in resting and transformed lymphocytes. We found a selective increase of proline bio-synthetic enzymes in association with transformation. It is interesting that transformation also produced qualitative changes in Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, the enzyme which catalyses the committed step in proline synthesis.
The importance of precipitation timing for grassland productivity

Future climate change is likely to involve changes in the amount and intensity of precipitation, but also its timing during the year. To better understand how the timing of precipitation impacts plant productivity, a 27-year dataset on grass productivity for a mesic North American grassland was analyzed. Along with other climate parameters, the ability of the average date precipitation fell during different climate periods to explain grass productivity was tested. Across the 27 years, grass productivity was greater in years with more precipitation between April 15 and August 2. After accounting for differences in the total amount of precipitation during this time period, in years when precipitation between May 9 and August 27 fell later, measured grass productivity was less. Variation among years in precipitation timing was of similar importance as temperatures during critical climate periods and about 40 % of the importance of the total amount of precipitation. In all, although the mechanisms generating these responses are uncertain, precipitation timing within a growing season has substantial effects on productivity.
Scent‐marking in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens)

Three male and three female captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were observed during and outside of the breeding season to examine changes in scent-marking behavior. Variation in scent-marking was analyzed with respect to site preferences, sex differences, onset of breeding, behavioral correlates, and environmental factors. Both males and females exhibited significant preferences for particular marking sites, those being prominent points in the enclosures. Males showed significantly higher scent-marking frequencies than females, except in one enclosure where increased marking behavior was associated with the presence of young. Sexual dimorphism in the pattern of marking was also observed, with males showing a bidirectional mark and females a unidirectional mark. Female marking was greater during the breeding season. Sniffing and number of waddles per mark were associated with scent-marking. Temperature change was not related to frequency of scent-marking. These results are compared with scent-marking behaviors in other species of carnivores and functional explanations are suggested.
Martian Topography: Large-Scale Variations

The variation in carbon dioxide abundances detected in the 1.05-micron band over small, discrete areas on Mars indicates that larger-scale topographical differences are present than had previously been believed. Spectroscopic mapping of the surface also indicates no apparent correlation between albedo and height; the results are in good agreement with topographical data derived from the range-gated rodar scan along +21 degrees N. High and low areas are found in both the major equatorial maria and the bright deserts in the northern hemisphere.
Virtual manufacturing information system using JAVA and JDBC

Abstract The programming language -- Java, from Sun Microsystems, promises to transform the internet into a medium of secure on-line and real-time business transactions, that are independent of operating systems. Also, with the development of Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API, it is possible to create secure, three-tier, virtual database systems. This paper deals with the implementation of a three-tier database system, using Java and JDBC, and Creation of an innovative, intelligent “interactive ordering system” on the Internet. It goes a step further to prove the flexibility of the system, by using different database engines at different nodes.
Creative leadership: Discovering paradoxes of innovation and risk

Abstract Investigations of both creativity and leadership have focused primarily on genetic and/or teleological accounts. As such, they have tended to emphasize the attributes, behaviors, and purposes of individual actors. This research shifts the locus of inquiry to explore paradoxes inherent in the enactment of creative leadership in complex interpersonal situations. The most significant finding to emerge from interviews with 27 exemplary public school superintendents about their professional practice is their relatively closed problem-solving orientation. In specific instances of their practice, the superintendents in this study consistently framed difficult interpersonal interactions as problems to be solved rather than as problems to be explored. In retrospective reflections with the researchers, the superintendents explored previously unexamined dilemmas and binds in these situations with a more open, problem-finding orientation. The implications of this more open, problem-finding orientation for creativity are discussed.
Cerebrovascular accidents in patients with a ventricular assist device

Objective A cerebrovascular accident is a devastating adverse event in a patient with a ventricular assist device. The goal was to clarify the risk factors for cerebrovascular accident. Methods Prospectively collected data, including medical history, ventricular assist device type, white blood cell count, thrombelastogram, and infection, were reviewed retrospectively in 124 patients. Results Thirty-one patients (25%) had 48 cerebrovascular accidents. The mean ventricular assist device support period was 228 and 89 days in patients with and without cerebrovascular accidents, respectively (P Conclusions The risk of cerebrovascular accident increases with a longer ventricular assist device support period. Infection may activate platelet function and predispose the patient to a cerebrovascular accident. An elevation of the white blood cell count may also exacerbate the risk of cerebrovascular accident even in patients without infection. Selection of device type, prevention of infection, and meticulous control of anticoagulation are key to preventing cerebrovascular accident.
Case report 376: Accessory (anomalous) soleus muscle.

A 24-year-old woman school teacher noticed swelling behind her left ankle when she started jogging two or three miles a day, approximately nine months prior to admission. She stopped jogging for three months, and the swelling receded. However, the swelling returned along with pain, when she resumed jogging three months before to admission. The ankle also became swollen and painful when she attended classes for physical exercise. The patient denied any ecchymosis, numbness or weakness of the left foot or ankle. Physical exami-
Development of a Competency‐Based Curriculum for Training Women in Breast Self‐Examination Skills

It is expected that there will be 178,700 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed in American women during 1998. This corresponds to a new breast cancer diagnosis every 3 minutes. In the absence of any preventive measures at this time, control of breast cancer morbidity and mortality must be sought through early detection and treatment. A competency-based training curriculum in breast self-examination was developed that incorporated three specific skill components: a systematic pattern of search; palpation topography discrimination training; and use of appropriate finger pressure for examination. A computer-assisted breast model was built and piloted for use in this study. The design, implementation, and validation of this program as a platform to train women and advanced practice nurses in breast self-examination is described.
Target recognition and visual maps in the thalamus of achiasmatic dogs.

VISION is dependent on ordered neuronal representations or maps of visual space. These maps depend on precise connections between retinal axons and their targets cells. In mammals, nerve fibres from right and left eyes produce congruent maps of contralateral visual space in adjacent layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)1. We have identified an autosomal recessive mutation in Belgian sheepdogs2,3 that eliminates the optic chiasm. In these mutants, all retinal axons project into the ipsilateral optic tract, including those originating in the nasal hemiretina that normally cross midline. These animals exhibit a pronounced horizontal nystagmus4,5. The abnormal ipsilaterally directed nasal fibres innervate the LGN as if they had successfully crossed the midline, terminating in the appropriate layer of the nucleus. As a consequence, the LGN contains non-congruent, mirror-image maps of visual space in adjacent layers. These results show that there is a robust affinity between nasal and temporal retinal axons and specific LGN layers even when all retinal axons originate from a single eye.
Managing India's nuclear forces

In this timely and thoughtful book, Verghese Koithara's starting assumption is: ‘People are the key to the successful operation of a nuclear force’ (p. 157). In the rest of the book, Koithara shows...
The development of the directional adverb hin in an Alemannic dialect: From sociolinguistic marker to stereotype

In a small community of approximately 760 High Alemannic speakers, four reflexes of the MHG directional particle anhin co-occur: (aje), (ae), (ahe) and (ane) in a case of active variation leading to change. The distribution patterns indicate that the most active variants, (aje) and (ane), are evaluated differently by different segments of the community. In the adult population we find speakers for whom the variation is still active and subconscious as well as those for whom the change is complete or otherwise inactive. In contrast, the children and adolescents use the conservative variant as a sociolinguistic stereotype. This pattern suggests that the classical sociolinguistic definition of speech community may be inadequate.
Single-pulse, laser-saturated fluorescence measurements of OH in turbulent nonpremixed flames

A single-pulse, laser-saturated fluorescence technique has been developed for absolute OH concentration measurements with a temporal resolution of 2 nsec, a spatial resolution of less than 0.1 cu mm, and an estimated accuracy of + or - 30 percent. It has been applied in laminar, transitional, and turbulent hydrogen-air diffusion flames, providing the first reported quantitative measurements of average values, rms fluctuations, and probability-density functions of OH-radical concentration in nonpremixed flames.
Revisiting an Old Riddle: What Determines Genetic Diversity Levels within Species?

Understanding why some species have more genetic diversity than others is central to the study of ecology and evolution, and carries potentially important implications for conservation biology. Yet not only does this question remain unresolved, it has largely fallen into disregard. With the rapid decrease in sequencing costs, we argue that it is time to revive it. What evolutionary forces maintain genetic diversity in natural populations? How do diversity levels relate to census population sizes (Box 1)? Do low levels of diversity limit adaptation to novel selective pressures? Efforts to address such questions spurred the rise of modern population genetics and contributed to the development of the neutral theory of molecular evolution—the null hypothesis for much of evolutionary genetics and comparative genomics (1-3). Yet these questions remain wide open and, for close to two decades, have been neglected (4). Most notably, little progress has been made to resolve a riddle first pointed out 40 years ago on the basis of allozyme data: the mysteriously narrow range of genetic diversity levels seen across taxa that vary markedly in their census population sizes (5). This gap in our understanding is glaring, and may hamper efforts at conservation (e.g., (6)). With the recent technological revolution in sequencing, the data needed to address questions about the determinants of genetic diversity levels are now within reach. As a first step towards reviving these questions, we compile existing estimates of nuclear sequence diversity. These data are highly preliminary, but they underscore how little is known about the narrow span of diversity levels across species or why some species maintain more genetic variation than others (5,7,8), and they offer a glimpse of trends that may be worth pursuing.
Seismic slip and down-dip strain rates in wadati-benioff zones.

The rate of accumulation of seismic moment in Wadati-Benioff zones is used to estimate strain rates in subducting slabs that are sinking through the asthenosphere. Between depths of 75 and 175 kilometers a typical down-dip strain rate is about 10 -15 per second, which implies that slabs in this depth range typically accumulate strain of order 10 -1 . This result is in accord with geometrical arguments that subducted slabs must experience large membrane strains to deform to their observed shapes. Mantle seismicity (repeated catastrophic shear failure) is apparently a primary mechanism by which large membrane strains accumulate in the cold cores of subducting slabs. Slabs are penetratively deformed, and they have low flexural rigidity compared to oceanic plates at the earth9s surface.
Long-term use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with decreased incidence of advanced adenomatous colon polyps

BackgroundThe long-term use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC).GoalThe aim of our study was to determine how long-term use of lisinopril influences the development of advanced adenomatous polyps (APs).StudyWe performed a retros
Common approach to managing lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction

The present paper serves as a review of the associations between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED), with a focus on common and combined pathways for treatment. LUTS and ED are common conditions seen in general urologic practice. Research has started to establish epidemiologic and pathophysiologic links between the two conditions and a strong association confirmed across multiple studies. Men seeking care for one condition should always be interviewed for complaints of the other condition. Proposed common pathways include α-1 adrenergic receptor imbalance, Rho-kinase overactivity, endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis-induced ischemia. Medical therapy has replaced surgery as the first-line treatment for LUTS in most patients, with the incorporation of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α-ARAs) and 5-α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) into everyday practice. Treatment with α-ARAs contributes to some improvement in ED, whereas use of 5-ARIs results in worsened sexual function in some patients. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of ED with a simple oral regimen, and new insights demonstrate a benefit of combined use of PDE-5 inhibitors and α-ARAs. The mechanisms of action of these medications support these observed benefits, and they are being studied in the basic science and clinical settings. In addition, novel mechanisms for therapy have been proposed based on clinical and research observations. The minimally invasive and surgical treatments for LUTS are known to have adverse effects on ejaculatory function, while their effects on erectile function are still debated. Much remains to be investigated, but it is clear that the associations between LUTS and ED lay the foundation for future therapies and possible preventative strategies. (Asian J Androl 2008 Jan; 10: 45–53)
Evaluation of carboprost tromethamine in the treatment of cyclophosphamide‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis

The treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis has been difficult, with overall poor results using intensive and costly therapy. The authors evaluated the treatment of this problem in four patients with prostaglandin intravesical therapy. Each patient had failed to respond to conservative management. Carboprost tromethamine (Hemabate) was instilled into the bladder, with dwell times ranging from 45 to 60 minutes, three to four times a day for 4 to 5 days. Two of the patients required a second course with carboprost tromethamine at an increased concentration. A third patient's treatment was stopped after the first 5-day course because of intractable bladder spasms and persistent hematuria. In the three patients who completed the full course of therapy the hematuria resolved completely. The only side effect noted was bladder spasms, which were controlled in three of the four patients with oxybutynin chloride. This preliminary evaluation suggests that carboprost tromethamine may be a safe and effective bedside treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
Effects of intraoperative hyperthermia on peripheral nerves: Neurological and electrophysiological studies

The tolerance of peripheral nerves to heat may limit the heat dose which can be applied to tumours. This may be particularly important in intraoperative hyperthermia (IOHT) for pelvic and retroperitoneal tumours. Furthermore the effects of hyperthermia alone must be known before its effects can be assessed in combination with irradiation. In this study injury to sciatic nerves was evaluated in 30 beagle dogs for 1 year following IOHT. IOHT was performed using a water circulating hyperthermia device with multichannel thermometry system. Neurological and electrophysiological examinations were done before, during and after IOHT treatment. Electrophysiological examinations showed a significant decrease in sciatic nerve conduction velocity and potential amplitude immediately after 60 min of heating for all temperatures. The greatest decrease in conduction velocity was observed for a temperature of 45 degrees C. Full recovery of nerve conduction velocity was observed 3 weeks following hyperthermia for all dogs except for those exposed to 45 degrees C. Neurological findings correlated with electrophysiological results. All five dogs which had nerve exposed to 45 degrees C for 60 min had severe neurological changes, with recovery taking place between 3 and 11 months after treatment. Based on these results it appears that temperatures to the peripheral nerve exceeding 44 degrees C for 1 h are likely to cause significant, but not necessarily permanent, nerve injury.
Problems of Operational Definitions of “Empathy”, “Identification” and Related Concepts

(1964). Problems of Operational Definitions of “Empathy”, “Identification” and Related Concepts. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 87-102.
Cuprophilic and π-stacking interactions in the formation of supramolecular stacks from dicoordinate organocopper complexes

The unsupported organocopper pyridine complexes C6F5Cu(py) (2) and [C6F5Cu]2(4,4′-bipy) (3) form supramolecular structures that are unprecedented in organocopper chemistry; one-dimensional chains of copper atoms with Cu⋯Cu distances of 2.8924(3) A in the blue-luminescent complex 2 are likely associated with cuprophilic interactions, whereas multiple perfluoroarene–arene interactions dominate in the supramolecular assembly of 3.
Rationing health protection: a proposal to exempt nuisance dust from US Clean Air Act regulations.

Abstract The US House of Representative has passed a bill called the “Farm Dust Regulation Prevention Act” (Dust Act) that would exempt most types of particulate matter (PM) in rural areas from the air quality controls of the US Clean Air Act. The Dust Act would markedly change the country's air quality standards. An examination of the proposed provisions shows that they would exempt non-combustion PM pollutants from mining, smelting, petroleum production, and power generation from existing air quality standards. Persons downwind from pollutants generated in rural areas could be exposed to concentrations of carcinogenic heavy metals, asbestos, and benzene known to adversely affect their health and ecological resources. Existing federal air quality standards based on science would be replaced by a flexible standard that rations health protection.
Dynamics of land-use for a closed city

Abstract This paper analyses land-use patterns in a closed only when experiences a discontinuous population change that is anticipated by developers. At each location, developers choose among five development strategies: constructing a building at time zero which is left standing forever, constructing a building at time zero and replacing it at the date τ of the population change, farming the land until τ, with residential development thereafter, and vice-versa, farming the land continuously. By deriving admissable spatial patterns for these five strategies, the analysis is able to characterize the spatial and temporal pattern of land-use in a closed city.
Microfriction studies of model self-lubricating surfaces

Abstract Self-lubricating composites consist of at least one structural (matrix) phase and at least one phase to provide lubrication. Modelling the behavior of such composites involves ascertaining the frictional contributions of each constituent phase under varying conditions of lubricating film coverage. The ORNL friction microprobe, a specialized microcontact tribometer, was used to investigate the frictional behavior of both matrix and lubricant phases in order to support the development of self-lubricating surfaces. Polished chemical-vapour-deposited SiC deposits and silicon wafers were used as substrates. The wafers were intended to simulate the thin SiO2 films present on SiC surfaces at elevated temperatures. MoS2 in both sputtered and burnished forms was used as the model lubricant. The effects of the chemical-vapor-deposited SiC substrate surface roughness and method of lubricant film deposition on the substrate were studied for single passes of a spherical Si3N4 slider (NBD 200 material). In contrast to the smooth sliding exhibited by burnished films, sputtered MoS2 surfaces exhibited marked stick-slip behavior, indicating that the frictional behavior of solid lubricating coatings can be quite erratic on a microscale, especially when asperity contacts are elastically complaint.
The socio-cultural context of rape: A cross-cultural study.

A cross-cultural study on the sociocultural context of rape was undertaken to examine the incidence meaning and function of rape in tribal societies. The study utilized a cross-cultural sample of 156 tribal societies. The research described in this paper departs from the assumption that although sexual behavior of human beings was based on a biological need it was rather an expression of a sociological and cultural force than merely a bodily relation between two persons. Analysis of available information suggested that rape in tribal societies was part of a cultural configuration which includes interpersonal violence male dominance and sexual separation. There was considerable evidence to support the notion that rape was an expression of a social ideology of male dominance. First female power and authority was lower in rape prone societies. Second women in these societies do not participate in decision making. The correlates of rape strongly suggested that rape was the playing out of a sociocultural script in which the personhood of males was expressed through interpersonal violence and an ideology of toughness.
OCT imaging of cardiac architecture

Using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), an emerging imaging modality, we have produced both 3D and 4D images of cardiac architecture. We captured 3D images of rabbit Purkinje fiber networks and we also created a 4D representation of a beating stage 28 chicken embryo heart. For the 4D reconstruction, we generated a movie by employing a gated reconstruction technique.
Subcutaneous blood patch for iatrogenic suboccipital pseudomeningocele following decompressive suboccipital craniectomy and enlarging duroplasty for the treatment of Chiari I malformation. Technical note.

Purpose Epidural blood patch (EBP) represents one of the best nonsurgical treatment for intracranial hypotension syndrome. Orthostatic headache caused by reduced intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, like in “spontaneous” intracranial hypotension or as consequence of lumbar puncture or anesthesiological procedure, can be managed with the injection of autologous blood on the epidural space with a successful rate of 89%, increased to 97% after a second application.
Enzymatic oxidation and ruduction of retinal by mouse epidermis

Abstract Evidence is presented for the ability of mouse epidermis to oxidize retinal by the action of a cytosolic enzyme with a pH optimum of about 8.5. The enzyme activity was slightly enhanced by the addition of either NAD or FAD. The reaction exhibited Michaelis-Menton kinetics with a km of 1.627 × 10−4M for retinal. Mouse epidermal cytosol was also capable of reducing retinal. This enzyme had an optimum pH of 6.0 and the activity of the undialyzed enzyme was enhanced 5- to 7-fold by the addition of reduced NAD or NADP. Possible roles of these enzymic activities in epidermis are discussed.