cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of statistics in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics articles published in 2003

Introduction: From 1975 to 1985, the percentage of articles published in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJO-DO) reporting statistical methods nearly doubled, from 43% to 76%. The increase was mainly due to the greater use of inferential statistics. The purpose of this report was to assess the statistical procedures used in articles published in the journal nearly 20 years later in 2003. Methods: All 205 articles published in the journal in 2003 were divided into 2 groups: original research reports and other (including case reports, editorials, and legal articles). The frequency and distribution of statistics used in the original research articles were recorded. Results: The journal published 134 original articles in 2003. Four reported no statistical procedures and the other 130 reported 284 statistical procedures. Ten procedures were descriptive, 265 were inferential, and 9 were miscellaneous. The inferential methods included 163 parametric, 72 nonparametric, and 30 posthoc analyses. Conclusions: Most (94%) original articles published in the AJO-DO in 2003 reported statistical methods. Most (93%) used inferential methods rather than descriptive. The inferential methods were more likely to be nonparametric than parametric.
Workload characterization of selected JEE-based Web 2.0 applications

Web 2.0 represents the evolution of the web from a source of information to a platform. Network advances have permitted users to migrate from desktop applications to so-called Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) characterized by thin clients, which are browser-based and store their state on managed servers. Other Web 2.0 technologies have enabled users to more easily participate, collaborate, and share in web-based communities. With the emergence of wikis, blogs, and social networking, users are no longer only consumers, they become contributors to the collective knowledge accessible on the web. In another Web 2.0 development, content aggregation is moving from portal-based technologies to more sophisticated so-called mashups where aggregation capabilities are greatly expanded. While Web 2.0 has generated a great deal of interest and discussion, there has not been much work on analyzing these emerging workloads. This paper presents a detailed characterization of several applications that exploit Web 2.0 technologies, running on an IBM Power5 system, with the goal of establishing, whether the server-side workloads generated by Web 2.0 applications are significantly different from traditional web workloads, and whether they present new challenges to underlying systems. In this paper, we present a detailed characterization of three Web 2.0 workloads, and a synthetic benchmark representing commercial workloads that do not exploit Web 2.0, for comparison.
Rapid imaging of hyperpolarized gas using EPI.

Rapid repetitive MRI of hyperpolarized (HP) gases using echo-planar imaging (EPI) has been theoretically investigated and experimentally demonstrated for 3He in human lung. A quantitative treatment of signal attenuation and magnetization consumption for the unique circumstance of a rapidly diffusing nonrenewable magnetization source has been performed. Rapid (compared to the human respiratory cycle) and repetitive imaging of the lung gas space with EPI and a single delivered bolus of HP-3He is feasible using low flip angles, provided the voxels are not too small. A coarse-grid (32 × 64) EPI pulse sequence has been developed and implemented to image the lungs of healthy volunteers during rebreathing of a HP-3He/N2 gas mixture. A set of three 10-mm axial slices was imaged every 0.12 sec for the 36 sec duration of rebreathing, yielding a real-time visualization of ventilation. Despite some mild artifacts, the images are of good quality and show changes in gas density related to respiratory physiology. Magn Reson Med 42:507–514, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gain-adaptive control applied to a heat exchange process using a first order plus deadtime compensator

The Smith deadtime compensator with and without model gain-adaptation is applied via a digital computer to a heat exchange process. A first order model with deadtime forms the basis of the well-known compensation scheme which is used in combination with a main process controller of the proportional plus integral (PI) form. Here, adaptation of the static model gain is added in an attempt to stabilize the control system in the face of certain types of process changes. This gain-adaptor also uses PI control of the static model gain to force the undelayed model response into agreement with the process response. Further, as the static model gain changes, the main process controller gain is changed in an attempt to maintain stability. Test runs were made on an actual double-pipe heat exchanger of an industrial size using steam to heat water. Control of the outlet water temperature (process response) was tried using the deadtime compensation schemes and regular PI control by itself. The responses for step changes in set-point water temperature show the superior tracking behavior of the deadtime compensation schemes. For decreases in the water flow rate, it is shown that regular PI control and Smith's method can give oscillatory responses. With proper tuning the gain-adaptive procedure is shown to maintain stability for this type of process change.
Can Medicare beneficiaries make informed choices

This DataWatch assesses Medicare beneficiaries' understanding of the differences between their managed care and fee-for-service Medicare options. A telephone survey was used to evaluate knowledge levels among 1,673 beneficiaries residing in five Medicare markets with high managed care penetration. Half of the sample were enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and half in the traditional Medicare program. The findings show that 30 percent of beneficiaries know almost nothing about HMOs; only 11 percent have adequate knowledge to make an informed choice; and HMO enrollees have significantly lower knowledge levels of the differences between the two delivery systems. These findings have implications for educating beneficiaries about their expanded choices.
Stress Ulceration—Clinical Relevance of Animal and Human Studies

When the equilibrium between cellular resistance and aggressive assault of the gastric mucosa from exposure to hydrogen ions, digestive enzymes, etc. is disrupted, gastric erosions or ulcerations result. This chapter reviews the symptomatology as well as current knowledge of the etiology and treatment of stress ulcers, both in animals and human beings.
Fine Structure of the Rabbit Epididymis and Vas Deferens after Vasectomy

Adult male rabbits were subjected to either bilateral vasectomy or a bilateral sham operation. Several portions of the epididymis and vas deferens were studied with the light and electron microscopes at intervals up to 9 months after operation. In vasectomized rabbits, the epididymis and proximal vas deferent were distended with sperm and expanded progressively from 2 weeks through 4 months after vasectomy. This expansion continued in one rabbit killed at 6 months and in one killed 9 months after vasectomy. However, in the remaining 3 rabbits killed 6 or 9 months after vasectomy, the epididymidis and vas deferens were less distended than in other vasectomized animals, and in 2 of these there was evidence that sperm escaped the male duct system and underwent phagocytosis in a spermatic granuloma in the surrounding connective tissue. Despite the distention, the epithelium of the epididymis and vas deferens of vasectomized rabbits remained columnar. The epithelium also continued to be functionally active as indicated by the persistence of the characteristic complement of cellular organdIes, including vacuoles and lysosomes thought to be involved in absorption and smooth endoplasmic reticulum that may be involved in secretion. The epithelium of the cauda epididymidis and proximal part of the vas deferens in both vasectomized and sham-operated animals fixed 2 to 6 months after operation was highly folded and had many apical cytoplasmic projections. The origin of this change is unknown, but it may be related to seasonal variations in activity of the epithelium.
Reliability design based on dynamic factorial experimental model

This paper discusses how to apply the fractional factorial experiment method to degradation testing and reliability design. The static fractional factorial experimental model is extended to the dynamic fractional factorial experimental model. In data analysis, we suggest using degradation measure and safety margin function Z(t) as the response variable. Z(t) is similar to the signal-noise-ratio defined by Taguchi but has a clear relationship with reliability measure. Using the fractional factorial experimental models, we give a method for factorial parameter tolerance design from a product reliability requirement. An application example is given.
Observations of Flame Behavior in a Laboratory-Scale Pre-Mixed Natural Gas/Air Gas Turbine Combustor From LDA Velocity Measurements

The objective of this study was to obtain simultaneous axial/radial and axial/tangential velocity measurements in a laboratory-scale, gas-turbine combustor (LSGTC) with a premixed, swirl-stabilized, natural gas flame. Velocity measurements were obtained at each of four operating conditions (high swirl and medium swirl at fuel equivalence ratios of 0.80 and 0.65). Example results of mean and standard deviation axial, radial, and tangential velocities are included in this paper for the high swirl (HS), φ = 0.80 case (most stable flame) and the medium swirl (MS), φ = 0.65 case (least stable case). Additionally, example probability density distributions (PDF) for the axial velocity at the 80 mm axial location are presented for the same two cases. The velocity and PDF data show greater stability for the HS cases than the MS cases. Sizes and strengths of recirculation zones are determined, showing a larger degree of central recirculation in the HS cases, which is thought to be responsible for enhanced stability in this premixed system.
Ontogeny of embryonic chicken lung: Effects of pituitary gland, corticosterone, and other hormones upon pulmonary growth and synthesis of surfactant phospholipids

The actions of hormones on growth, celhrlar proliferation, and on synthetic rates of the major surfactant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and disaturated PC (DSPC), were studied in the lung of the chick embryo. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of hypophysectomy, pituitary transplantation, and treatment with corticosterone (CORT). One study was concerned with hydrocortisone (HYCORT), estrogen (Ez), thyroxine (Td), ovine prolactin (oPRL), and insulin. Hypophysectomy interfered with the normal gain in protein, the progressive dehydration of the embryonic lung, and also caused a reduction in the number of pulmonary cells on Days 16 and 18 of incubation. Absence of the pituitary gland diminished pulmonary PC by Day 16. Transplantation of one pituitary gland or exogenous CORT partially restored pulmonary phospholipid and PC (normalized per wet weight) in hypophysectomized (hypox) embryos. Transplantation also restored relative protein content in lungs of hypox individuals. Beyond this, transplantation was generally ineffective in reversing deficits of hypox individuals. All concentrations of CORT administered (30100-300 pg) reduced the rate of pulmonary cell division. The highest dose was toxic as judged by its capacity to cause cellular death. Treatment of intact chicken embryos with CORT or E2 for two days stimulated incorporation of [14C]choline into PC and DSPC (the most surface-active component of PC) in the lungs of Day 17 embryos. CORT, but not Ez, stimulated DSPC synthesis when treatment was increased to 3 days. Other hormones tested (Td,, oPRL, insulin, and HYCORT) had no effect upon the rate of incorporation of [i4C]choline into PC or DSPC. These results indicate that during ontogeny the avian lung becomes sensitive to CORT, and possibly EZ, prior to 16 days of incubation. CORT, in particular, acts both to trigger the prehatching stimulation of surfactant phospholipid synthesis, especially the vital DSPC fraction, and to slow the rate of pulmonary cellular division coincident with biochemical differentiation of the surfactant system.
A magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for photosensitive cooperative treatment of cancer with a mesopore-capping agent and mesopore-loaded drug.

Lately, there has been a growing interest in anticancer therapy with a combination of different drugs that work by different mechanisms of action, which decreases the possibility that resistant cancer cells will develop. Herein we report on the development of a drug delivery system for photosensitive delivery of a known anticancer drug camptothecin along with cytotoxic cadmium sulfide nanoparticles from a magnetic drug nanocarrier. Core–shell nanoparticles consisting of magnetic iron-oxide-cores and mesoporous silica shells are synthesized with a high surface area (859 m2 g−1) and hexagonal packing of mesopores, which are 2.6 nm in diameter. The mesopores are loaded with anticancer drug camptothecin while entrances of the mesopores are blocked with 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzyl alcohol functionalized CdS nanoparticles through a photocleavable carbamate linkage. Camptothecin release from this magnetic drug delivery system is successfully triggered upon irradiation with UV light, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Photosensitive anticancer activity of the drug delivery system is monitored by viability studies on Chinese hamster ovarian cells. The treatment of cancer cells with drug loaded magnetic material leads to a decrease in viability of the cells due to the activity of capping CdS nanoparticles. Upon exposure to low power UV light (365 nm) the loaded camptothecin is released which induces additional decrease in viability of CHO cells. Hence, the capping CdS nanoparticles and loaded camptothecin exert a cooperative anticancer activity. Responsiveness to light irradiation and magnetic activity of the nanocarrier enable its potential application for selective targeted treatment of cancer.
Customer satisfaction and corporate culture: A profile deviation analysis of a relationship marketing outcome

Customer satisfaction has been identified as an important relationship marketing outcome. As such, firms should continually track and assess customer satisfaction. The following study examines how four elements of corporate culture combine to form an optimal mix that encourages attention to and measurement of customer satisfaction. Culture is operationalized as a pattern of values and beliefs that aid individuals in understanding organizational functioning. A profile deviation analysis reveals that an optimal mix of the marketing corporate culture elements of adhocracy, clan, market, and hierarchy does exist and is positively related to customer satisfaction assessment activities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An architecture for privacy-sensitive ubiquitous computing

Privacy is the most often-cited criticism of ubiquitous computing, and may be the greatest barrier to its long-term success. However, developers currently have little support in designing software architectures and in creating interactions that are effective in helping end-users manage their privacy. To address this problem, we present Confab, a toolkit for facilitating the development of privacy-sensitive ubiquitous computing applications. The requirements for Confab were gathered through an analysis of privacy needs for both end-users and application developers. Confab provides basic support for building ubiquitous computing applications, providing a framework as well as several customizable privacy mechanisms. Confab also comes with extensions for managing location privacy. Combined, these features allow application developers and end-users to support a spectrum of trust levels and privacy needs.
Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of St. Louis encephalitis virus

The complete nucleotide sequences of the envelope gene of 62 geographic isolates of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus were determined. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences, conducted using both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods, included four other members of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup. The results indicated that the SLE isolates formed a monophyletic group in which isolates generally clustered according to geographic origin. Isolates from Panama and South America predominantly formed two large groupings, while isolates from the U.S. formed two other major groups. Several South and Central American strains were more closely related to strains isolated in the U.S., e.g., one isolate from Mexico and Panama, each, were closely related to two Tampa Bay, Florida, isolates, and an isolate from Brazil was closely related to three isolates from Texas. The U.S. isolates also were not strictly grouped according to geographic source, e.g., some California isolates were closely related to Texas or midwestern isolates, and a Florida isolate was closely related to three isolates from Maryland. The results of the phylogenetic analyses indicated that SLE virus is predominantly maintained locally, but has been transported occasionally between areas, both within and outside the U.S.
Knowledge Sharing within and across Communities: The CRICOS System

In this paper we present a system that attempts to facilitate knowledge sharing within and across communities. The system provides communication facilities and implements advanced features such as personalization and recommendations. Users of the system who experienced membership in multiple communities provide connections between the information spaces of those communities.
Cultivating Critical-Thinking Dispositions throughout the Business Curriculum.

Critical thinking is an essential component of managerial literacy, yet business school graduates struggle to apply critical-thinking skills at work to the level that employers desire. This article argues for a dispositional approach to teaching critical thinking, rooted in cultivating a critical-thinking culture. We suggest a two-pronged approach of (a) clearly defining critical thinking and selecting an accessible model for applying it and (b) integrating critical thinking consistently throughout the business curriculum. We illustrate implementation of this strategy in our revised MBA curriculum and conclude by challenging others to consider adopting a cultural and dispositional approach.
Widespread Sporophyte Abortion Following Summer Rains in Mojave Desert Populations ofGrimmia orbicularis

Abstract Widespread abortion of sporophytes in the desert moss Grimmia orbicularis occurred following unusually heavy summer rainstorms in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada. Approximately 50% of the sporophyte cohort aborted, the majority in the seta elongation phenophase. Just prior to the abortions, an August rain event equivalent to one-half of the normal annual precipitation occurred over a period of less than six hours. Abortive sporophytes were significantly shorter and had significantly less biomass than viable mature sporophytes from the same cohort. A phenological and length analysis of the sporophyte cohort indicates that the sporophyte abortions occurred over a very brief period of time. It is postulated that the stresses brought on by desiccation/rehydration cycles during the summer heat in the desert, in conjunction with the presence of an abnormally advanced phenophase (early seta elongation), may have resulted in an inability to either repair the cellular damage or resulted in insufficie...
Does phylogeny control U37K-temperature sensitivity? Implications for lacustrine alkenone paleothermometry

Abstract Alkenone paleothermometry (via the U 37 K and U 37 K ′ indices) has long been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature and has more recently been proven effective in lacustrine settings. Genetic analyses indicate that there is a diversity of different alkenone-producing lacustrine haptophytes, and differences among U 37 K -temperature calibrations suggest that unique calibrations might be required to quantify past temperature variation from individual lakes. The only term necessary to quantify U 37 K -inferred temperature relative to a reference period (e.g., modern temperature 20th Century mean) is the slope of the calibration regression, the U 37 K -temperature sensitivity (i.e., the change in U 37 K per °C temperature change). Here, we bring together all of the existing U 37 K -temperature calibrations in order to compare the variability among U 37 K -temperature sensitivities. We also report a new in situ U 37 K -temperature calibration along with environmental genomic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene of an alkenone producing haptophyte from lake Vikvatnet in Norway. We propose and test the hypothesis that U 37 K -temperature sensitivity is controlled by phylogeny and that this term can be used to quantify past temperature variation from lake sediments if the genetic identity of the lake’s alkenone-producer is known. Using the existing calibration data sets, we determine four phylotype-specific U 37 K -temperature sensitivities for use in cases where in situ calibration is unavailable but the phylogeny of the alkenone producers is known.
La Carta Magna y los orígenes del procedimiento judicial o legal (Magna Carta and the Origins of Judicial or Legal Process)

Spanish Abstract: Este articulo pretende aportar al entendimiento de la relacion entre el procedimiento judicial y el proceso mediante jurado en Estados Unidos. Para ello, se analizar el origen tanto del procedimiento judicial como del juicio ante jurado en el siglo XII en el las decada previas a la promulgacion de la Carta Magna. Finalmente, se concluye con un analisis acerca la implementacion del derecho a un juicio a traves de jurado y se argumenta que esto no se debe Carta Magna per se, sino al Cuarto Concilio de Letran.English Abstract: This Article explains the medieval origins of the strong historical connection between notions of due process and the institution of trial by jury in the United States and in the Anglo-American tradition more generally, with a particular focus on the decades leading up to Magna Carta (1215). In addition, the Article discusses the implementation of the right to jury trial in criminal cases, which was a product not of Magna Carta, but of the Fourth Lateran Council held the same year.
Deferribacteres phy. nov.

De.fer.ri.bac' te.res. M.L. fem. pl. n. Deferribacterales type order of the phylum; dropping ending to denote a phylum; M.L. fem. pl. n. Deferribacteres the phylum of Deferribacterales. Deferribacteres Keywords: Deferribacteres phy. nov.; Deferribacterales ord. nov.
Noise from a Rotor Ingesting a Planar Turbulent Boundary Layer

This study concerns rotor noise generated by the ingestion of anisotropic, inhomogenous turbulence produced by a planar turbulent boundary layer. Far field noise was recorded at multiple receiving angles and blade wake profiles were measured for advance ratios ranging J=0.48 to 1.44. A novel method to infer the turbulence characteristics from the measured far field noise is presented. The time-frequency distribution of the recorded noise is used to estimate the streamwise scale of the turbulence while the time-averaged spectra are used to estimate the lateral scale. Results show that the estimated streamwise scale doubles over the measured range of advance ratios and the lateral scale remains approximately constant. This suggests a complex distortion of the turbulence due to the sheared flow and presence of the wall, a topic addressed in a companion paper (Glegg et al., 2013).
A simple procedure for casting plates for two-dimensional photoelastic models

Procedure for casting plates of Epon 828 has been described. Epon 828 is relatively inexpensive and is an excellent material for two-dimensional photoelastic experiments. Complicated models can be made by machining and cementing, using this epoxy resin.
World War I and the Birth of American Regionalism

Soon after American entry into World War I, Colonel Charles Keller of the Army Corps of Engineers confronted an emergency on the home front that threatened to stymie victory abroad. For several years, the West Point career officer had been in charge of overseeing the development of hydroelectric power at Niagara Falls, New York. Now Keller began receiving urgent messages from manufacturers in nearby Buffalo complaining that shortages of electricity were preventing them from producing vital materials such as high-grade steel for shell casings, aluminum for airplanes, chlorine for poison gas, and other electrochemicals.
0001 Keeping older adults independent: it takes a village

Statement of purpose Falls among older New Yorkers are the leading cause of injury deaths, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits. Fall injuries among older New Yorkers result in over $2.3 billion in hospital and emergency department charges every year. Those who fall often suffer a downward spiral in physical and mental health, ultimately taking away an individual’s independence. Methods/Approach The NYS Older Adult Fall Prevention Program supports evidence-based programs in three counties. The evidence-based community programs include Tai Chi for Arthritis, Tai Chi: Moving for Better Balance, and Stepping On . An innovative approach has been using the STEADI Toolkit to integrate fall prevention assessment and referral into clinical practice. STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) provides primary care providers the tools to assess older adult patients for fall risk and then refer them to evidence-based community programs and resources. The state health department partnered with a variety of state, county, and local organisations to facilitate program implementation and sustainability. Results These programs improve quality of life, preserve independence, and reduce health care costs. These programs have reached nearly 1,500 older New Yorkers. At a healthcare system based in Broome County, over 170 physicians across 17 practices spanning four counties now utilise the STEADI Toolkit to conduct fall risk assessments and referrals. Such assessments and referrals are tracked via modified electronic health records. Conclusions Evidence-based fall prevention programs can be delivered through a variety of community partners. Referring older adults into these programs via fall risk assessment in the primary care setting enhances program reach. Significance and contribution to the field Implementing evidence-based fall prevention programs in community and healthcare settings through state health departments is an effective public health strategy to reach community-dwelling older adults.
Adhesive Protein Expression on Thrombin-Stimulated Platelets: Time-Dependent Modulation of Anti-Fibrinogen, -Fibronectin, and -von Willebrand Factor Antibody Binding

Platelets contain a pool of endogenous adhesive proteins that can be released and may bind to surface membrane receptors under appropriate conditions. Because the binding of exogenous fibrinogen to platelets was shown previously to be accompanied by a time-dependent decrease in fibrinogen accessibility to antibody and enzymes, studies were performed to evaluate changes in the expression of endogenous fibrinogen released from thrombin-stimulated platelets using monospecific polyclonal and monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments. Parallel studies were performed to compare the expression of released fibronectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Binding of polyclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments directed against individual adhesive proteins was inhibited by EDTA or the 10E5 monoclonal antibody, suggesting that fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vWF expression was mediated, in large part, by divalent cation-dependent interactions with the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. Interestingly, when polyclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments were added to platelet suspensions at discrete times after thrombin stimulation, antifibrinogen F(ab')2 binding decreased by 72% +/- 15% (mean +/- SD, n = 22) over a 60-minute time course, whereas antifibronectin and anti-vWF antibody F(ab')2 fragment binding changed minimally (6% +/- 23%, n = 22 and 3% +/- 26%, n = 14, respectively). Similar observations were made with monoclonal antibodies. Parallel experiments using 125I-labeled fibrinogen as a marker indicated that the observed decrease in antifibrinogen F(ab')2 binding was not accompanied by fibrinogen dissociation. Moreover, antibody accessibility to platelet-bound fibrinogen could be restored after Triton X-100 platelet lysis. The data suggest that fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vWF are not coordinately expressed on thrombin- stimulated platelets. Rather, fibrinogen expression appears transient compared with the expression of fibronectin and vWF. The ability of platelets to secrete and organize adhesive proteins on their surface is likely to have important implications for hemostasis and thrombosis.
A high-order adaptive Cartesian cut-cell method for simulation of compressible viscous flow over immersed bodies

A new adaptive finite volume conservative cut-cell method that is third-order accurate for simulation of compressible viscous flows is presented. A high-order reconstruction approach using cell centered piecewise polynomial approximation of flow quantities, developed in the past for body-fitted grids, is now extended to the Cartesian based cut-cell method. It is shown that the presence of cut-cells of very low volume results in numerical oscillations in the flow solution near the embedded boundaries when standard small cell treatment techniques are employed. A novel cell clustering approach for polynomial reconstruction in the vicinity of the small cells is proposed and is shown to achieve smooth representation of flow field quantities and their derivatives on immersed interfaces. It is further shown through numerical examples that the proposed clustering method achieves the design order of accuracy and is fairly insensitive to the cluster size. Results are presented for canonical flow past a single cylinder and a sphere at different flow Reynolds numbers to verify the accuracy of the scheme. Investigations are then performed for flow over two staggered cylinders and the results are compared with prior data for the same configuration. All the simulations are carried out with both quadratic and cubic reconstruction, and the results indicate a clear improvement with the cubic reconstruction. The new cut-cell approach with cell clustering is able to predict accurate results even at relatively low resolutions. The ability of the high-order cut-cell method in handling sharp geometrical corners and narrow gaps is also demonstrated using various examples. Finally, three-dimensional flow interactions between a pair of spheres in cross flow is investigated using the proposed cut-cell scheme. The results are shown to be in excellent agreement with past studies, which employed body-fitted grids for studying this complex case.
The Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children, 1923-1973.

This review recounts the inception of the Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children, its growth and development.
CryptoNets: applying neural networks to encrypted data with high throughput and accuracy

Applying machine learning to a problem which involves medical, financial, or other types of sensitive data, not only requires accurate predictions but also careful attention to maintaining data privacy and security. Legal and ethical requirements may prevent the use of cloud-based machine learning solutions for such tasks. In this work, we will present a method to convert learned neural networks to CryptoNets, neural networks that can be applied to encrypted data. This allows a data owner to send their data in an encrypted form to a cloud service that hosts the network. The encryption ensures that the data remains confidential since the cloud does not have access to the keys needed to decrypt it. Nevertheless, we will show that the cloud service is capable of applying the neural network to the encrypted data to make encrypted predictions, and also return them in encrypted form. These encrypted predictions can be sent back to the owner of the secret key who can decrypt them. Therefore, the cloud service does not gain any information about the raw data nor about the prediction it made. We demonstrate CryptoNets on the MNIST optical character recognition tasks. CryptoNets achieve 99% accuracy and can make around 59000 predictions per hour on a single PC. Therefore, they allow high throughput, accurate, and private predictions.
Salt flux synthesis of single and bimetallic carbide nanowires

Metal carbide compounds have a broad range of interesting properties and are some of the hardest and highest melting point compounds known. However, their high melting points force very high reaction temperatures and thus limit the formation of high surface area nanomaterials. To avoid the extreme synthesis temperatures commonly associated with these materials, a new salt flux technique has been employed to reduce reaction temperatures and form these materials in the nanometer regime. Additionally, the use of multiwall carbon nanotubes as a reactant further reduces the diffusion distance and provides a template for the final carbide materials. The metal carbide compounds produced through this low temperature salt flux technique maintain the nanowire morphology of the carbon nanotubes but increase in size to ~15–20 nm diameter due to the incorporation of metal in the carbon lattice. These nano-carbides not only have nanowire like shape but also have much higher surface areas than traditionally prepared metal carbides. Finally, bimetallic carbides with composition control can be produced with this method by simply using two metal precursors in the reaction. This method provides the ability to produce nano sized metal carbide materials with size, morphology, and composition control and will allow for these compounds to be synthesized and studied in a whole new size and temperature regime.
Conservation of Mass, Momenta, and Energy

Although to penetrate into the intimate mysteries of nature and thence to learn the true causes of phenomena is not allowed to us, nevertheless it can happen that a certain fictive hypothesis may suffice for explaining many phenomena. Leonard Euler Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature. Michael Faraday Introduction Virtually every phenomenon in nature, whether mechanical, biological, chemical, geological, or geophysical, can be described in terms of mathematical relations among various quantities of interest. Most mathematical models of physical phenomena are based on fundamental scientific laws of physics that are extracted from centuries of research on the behavior of mechanical systems subjected to the action of natural forces. What is most exciting is that the laws of physics, which are also termed principles of mechanics , govern biological systems as well (because of mass and energy transports). However, biological systems may require additional laws, yet to be discovered, from biology and chemistry to complete their description. This chapter is devoted to the study of fundamental laws of physics as applied to mechanical systems. The laws of physics are expressed in analytical form with the aid of the concepts and quantities introduced in previous chapters. The laws or principles of physics that we study here are (1) the principle of conservation of mass, (2) the principle of conservation of linear momentum, (3) the principle of conservation of angular momentum, and (4) the principle of conservation of energy.
Does Model Specification Matter

Multiregional demography stresses the importance of identifying the proper flows to enter as numerators in constant coefficient account models, and of relating these numerators to appropriate denominators measuring population stocks. When applied in demographic definitional and structural equations, such procedures lead to correctly specified “incidence” rates and the subpopulations at risk of experiencing the changes brought about by these particular rates. In this context, models of the determinants and consequences of migration that rely on inmigration rates and net migration rates are misspecified. So too are models, for example, that rely on the “labor force participation rate.” In both instances the denominators of the rates do not correspond to the subpopulations that are at risk of experiencing the events represented in the numerators. Demographic innumeracy produces a biased model.
Order of efficiency

We have already noticed (Chapter II, § 12) that the determination of the OE is of primary concern. It rises from the fact that there are more processes that employ the Npmp to produce the same basic primary commodity. The choice of the order to activate these processes has fundamental effects on both the price-distribution system and the physical system.
Information management at the North Temperate Lakes Long-term Ecological Research site — Successful support of research in a large, diverse, and long running project

Abstract Information management has been an integral part of the research process at the North Temperate Lakes Long-term Ecological Research (NTL LTER) program for over 30 years. A combination of factors has made the information management system (IMS) at NTL very successful. Significant resources have been invested in the IMS from the beginning, the Information Manager has been part of the leadership team at NTL and later in various roles at the LTER network level; the NTL IMS was a very early adopter of database systems, standardized metadata, and a data delivery system based on those metadata. This approach has made data easily accessible to NTL researchers and the broader scientific community. Data management workflows have become increasingly more automated with adoption of modern technologies as they became available, making the system efficient enough to handle core data as well as all one-time research data generated within NTL and several related projects. More than three decades of core data from eleven lakes are reused extensively as critical background information and as the limnological go-to site for many synthesis projects within and beyond LTER. The NTL IMS continues to implement new technologies for improving data management efficiency, discovery, access, integration, and synthesis. Accordingly, the functionality of the original online data access system programmed in Java and JavaServer Pages (JSP) was ported to the modern content management system, Drupal and integrated into LTER's Drupal Ecological Information Management System (DEIMS). NTL has invested in sensor technology for studying lake conditions over the long term, which necessitated a sophisticated management system tailored to high frequency data streams. Several technologies have been used at different times for automation of management, quality control and archiving of these high volume data. Near real time lake conditions can be accessed on the NTL website and smart phone Apps. Easy access to long-term and sensor data in the NTL IMS has led NTL researchers to develop new analytical methods and the publication of several R statistical packages. Recent graduate students are now employed as data scientists helping define a new career path inspired by the availability of data. The NTL project has amassed one of the world's most comprehensive long-term datasets on lakes and their surrounding landscapes. The NTL IMS facilitates the use of these data by multiple groups for research, education, and communication of science to the public.
High-resolution spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography for noninvasive functional imaging of small-animal brains in vivo

Based on the multiwavelength laser-based photoacoustic tomography, noninvasive imaging of cerebral blood oxygenation and blood volume in small-animal brains in vivo was realized. The high sensitivity of this technique is based on the spectroscopic differences between oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobins whereas its spatial resolution is diffraction-limited by the photoacoustic signals. The point-by-point distributions of hemoglobin oxygen saturation and total concentration of hemoglobin in the cerebral cortical venous vessels, altered by systemic physiological modulations including hyperoxia and hypoxia, were visualized successfully through the intact skin and skull. This technique can potentially accelerate the progress in neuroscience and provide important new insights into cerebrovascular physiology and brain function.
Effects of environment on high voltage electrical/electronic circuits

Gas pressure inside a spacecraft decreases rapidly when continuum flow exists. During molecular flow the internal pressure decreases slowly due to the outgassing of the spacecraft structural, electrical and other materials. Non-pressurized, conformally coated high voltage circuits must be de-energized until the gas pressure is less than that which can support partial discharges and probable arc-over corona, as shown in Fig. 7.
Determining Ice Pressure Distribution on a Stiffened Panel Using Orthotropic Plate Inverse Theory

AbstractInverse algorithms are presented for calculating the variable pressure acting on a stiffened steel plate. The analytical models are formulated to calculate the quasi-static pressure caused ...
A Time-Series, Multinational Analysis of Democratic Forecasts and Emerging Media Diffusion, 1994–2014

In the last decade, the Internet has become more widely diffused and mobile, developing into a more interactive, globalized space with greater potential for democratic participation and mobilization. An earlier study by Groshek (2010) found that from 1994 to 2003, the Internet had limited national-level democratic effects, which suggested that Internet diffusion should not be considered a democratic panacea, but rather a component of contemporary democratization processes. Updating those analyses, this study used the same sample of 72 countries to examine the democratic effects of the Internet and mobile phones from 2004 to 2014 by replicating Groshek’s time-series statistical tests. This study also found very limited evidence that emerging media diffusion resulted in augmented democratization, with only four countries—Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, and Kyrgyzstan—demonstrating greater democracy levels than were statistically predicted. Within a framework of diffusion of innovations and demand for democracy, this study extends the current understanding of emerging media’s role in democratic development, and represents an important step in identifying the limited agency that emerging media diffusion has shown in cultivating democratic growth nationally.
Ebola virus VP30 and nucleoprotein interactions modulate viral RNA synthesis

Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus that causes sporadic outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Ebola viral protein 30 (eVP30) plays a critical role in EBOV transcription initiation at the nucleoprotein (eNP) gene, with additional roles in the replication cycle such as viral assembly. However, the mechanistic basis for how eVP30 functions during the virus replication cycle is currently unclear. Here we define a key interaction between eVP30 and a peptide derived from eNP that is important to facilitate interactions leading to the recognition of the RNA template. We present crystal structures of the eVP30 C-terminus in complex with this eNP peptide. Functional analyses of the eVP30-eNP interface identify residues that are critical for viral RNA synthesis. Altogether, these results support a model where the eVP30-eNP interaction plays a critical role in transcription initiation and provides a novel target for the development of antiviral therapy.
Multiple Sclerosis; Diagnosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily affects young adults and is more common in women, among those of northern European ancestry, and among those in the extreme northern and southern latitudes. Patients with MS typically have a relapsing–remitting clinical course. Over time, relapses may become less common and be replaced by a gradually progressive course. Less commonly, patients may have a gradually progressive course at onset. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has improved our ability to make a diagnosis of MS, but there is still no unequivocal diagnostic test for MS. Clinical criteria for diagnosing MS have been recently revised and simplified.
Crystal cages for clean coolers

In a ‘filled skutterudite’, rare-earth atoms are thought to rattle in the cages formed by the other atoms, disrupting lattice vibrations and so reducing thermal conductivity. That could make these compounds ideal candidates for thermoelectric applications. These local vibrations has now been demonstrated, but they are unexpectedly complicated.
Instructional Supports: Facilitating or Constraining Emergent Bilinguals’ Production of Oral Explanations?

This qualitative study examined how specific instructional supports intended to scaffold emergent bilinguals’ oral production of explanations facilitated or constrained students’ attempts to explai...
Barium Calibration of the CE ν NS Detector

After establishing that the variation of light collection efficiency along the CsI[Na] crystal axis was negligible, an additional low-energy calibration was performed. The goal of this measurement was to build a library of low-energy events taking place within the CsI[Na] crystal that can be used to define and quantify the acceptance of several different cuts used later in the analysis of the CEνNS search data. Given the minimal difference in the decay times for nuclear and electronic recoils in CsI[Na] at low energies, this calibration was performed using electronic recoils induced by γ interactions instead of relying on a neutron source to induce nuclear recoils. The CsI[Na] detector used for these calibrations was later used for the CEνNS search.
Melding of Two Worlds: Lessons Learned about PCIT and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Externalizing behaviors are a common co-occurring issue in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One evidence-based treatment for disruptive behaviors that has shown empirical and clinical success with a range of specialized populations is Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). While the accumulating research for implementing PCIT with the ASD population is promising, clinical parameters for PCIT practice with ASD are dynamically evolving. The chapter presents lessons learned from the authors’ research and clinical experiences when implementing PCIT with the ASD population. The organization of the chapter overlays PCIT concepts onto the ASD diagnostic framework of the DSM-5, including severity and functional level of impairment. Although PCIT is a robust intervention which typically requires minimal changes in implementation for a variety of populations, having a basic understanding of ASD symptomatology and using level of functioning to inform when and how to tailor PCIT to ASD populations is crucial in obtaining positive clinical outcomes.