cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐13 NMR spectra of saturated heterocycles: VIII—tetrahydrofurans and 1,3‐dioxolanes

The 13C NMR spectra of 17 methyl- and ethyl-substituted tetrahydrofurans and 58 alkyl- and aryl- substituted 1,3-dioxolanes are reported. For the cases in which substituents recur, additive substituent parameters are calculated and compared with similar parameters in cyclopentanes and in 6-membered rings. Considering the conformational flexibility of 5-membered ring systems, additivity of the parameters is surprisingly good.
Body change stress for women with breast cancer: The breast-impact of treatment scale

Background: Body change stress refers to subjective psychological stress that accompanies women’s negative and distressing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors resultant from breast cancer and breast surgeries. Body change stress is manifest with traumatic stress-like symptoms.Purpose: The development of the Breast-Impact of Treatment Scale (BITS) is described. The construct is assessed with 13 items that comprise a one-factor solution.Methods and Results: Tests of convergent validity demonstrate the relationship, but not overlap, of the BITS with measures of stress, emotional distress, and sexuality. The BITS distinguishes between women receiving segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) versus mastectomy. Incremental validity is shown with comparison to ratings of body satisfaction.Conclusions: An early psychometric foundation enables use of the BITS to assess a common and distressing quality of life outcome for women with breast cancer.
Sinking Swann: Public School Choice and the Resegregation of Charlotte's Public Schools

Public school choice is a widely used tool for education reform and may be a way to improve school accountability and efficiency. This article examines what happened to student outcomes when Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, a large and diverse urban school district located in North Carolina, changed its assignment policy to one of open enrollment with mandatory choice. The previous policy used a broad array of magnet schools and a limited amount of mandatory busing to achieve desegregation. The new policy required that all students choose a school, and it specifically avoided using race or ethnicity considerations in assigning students. The article examines the impacts of the new policy on the end-of-grade standardized tests in reading and math. The article uses regression analysis to discover whether the scores of various groups of students increased or decreased after the policy change. The analysis suggests that the “race-neutral” assignment policy was neither neutral in the opportunity it provided students to attend their school of choice nor in its academic outcomes. Anglo students were more likely to receive their first choice of schools and to improve their scores. African American students were less likely to receive their first choice school and their scores declined.
Life span planning for human needs: an international perspective.

Globally efforts have been undertaken to reduce infant mortality improve maternal health decrease morbidity due to childhood diseases increase food resources and improve the general health of people. This is evidenced by the increase in life expectancy in India. In China average life expectancy has increased very rapidly as a result of reductions in the number of children born and partly through improvements in health care and nutrition. Among the various causes is the rapid and continuing decline in infant mortality. It is noted that immunization has played an important role in reducing infant and child morbidity. From data shown in the article it is clear that population growth is linked to family planning and use of contraceptives. In the US however increase in the aging population is relatively minor compared to what is occurring in developing or emerging nations. These data show that the results of the success in health care coupled with failure to control population growth will result in social ethical health economic and possibly geopolitical problems. The problems call for more aggressive actions addressing the need for family planning public health and nutritional requirements.
Prediction of Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery shunt surgery outcomes using administrative data

Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery (SPA) shunt surgery, one of the most common cardiac surgical procedures in the newborn period, provides a means to palliate children with limited pulmonary blood flow, such as in Tetralogy of Fallot. Despite the simplicity of the procedure, it is associated with significant morbidity (such as need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and long post-operative length of stay (PLOS) in the hospital following surgery) and mortality. These outcomes are known to be impacted by a number of complex factors (including patient specific and procedure specific factors, perioperative related factors, etc.), whose relative importance in clinical decision making remains the domain of clinical judgment. The increasing availability of multi-modal data on patient care and outcomes opens up the opportunity to assess clinical practices from a more data-driven perspective. In this paper, we report results from a study of 1036 patients (from 44 children's hospitals across the US) during 2009–2014 that applies a machine learning approach to predicting post-operative outcomes for patients in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. We demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve significant prediction benefits using a standard machine learning approach (random forests) on a carefully constructed dataset, showing the value of applying machine learning even with noisy administrative databases. The methods we describe can be used to identify potential important variables that lead to good clinical judgment as defined by desirable clinical outcomes.
Confronting the American Divide on Carbon Emissions Regulation

The failure of carbon regulation in the U.S. Congress has undermined international negotiations to reduce carbon emissions. The global stalemate has, in turn, increased the likelihood that vulnerable developing countries will be severely damaged by climate change. This paper asks why the tragic American impasse has occurred, while the EU has succeeded in implementing carbon regulation. Both cases have involved negotiations between relatively rich "Green" regions and relatively poor "Brown" (carbon-intensive) regions, with success contingent on two factors: the interregional disparity in carbon intensity, which proxies the extra mitigation cost burden for the Brown region, and the compensating incentives provided by the Green region. The European negotiation has succeeded because the interregional disparity in carbon intensity is relatively small, and the compensating incentive (EU membership for the Brown region) has been huge. In contrast, the U.S. negotiation has repeatedly failed because the interregional disparity in carbon intensity is huge, and the compensating incentives have been modest at best. The unsettling implication is that an EU-style arrangement is infeasible in the United States, so the Green states will have to find another path to serious carbon mitigation. One option is mitigation within their own boundaries, through clean technology subsidies or emissions regulation. The Green states have undertaken such measures, but potential free-riding by the Brown states and international competitors seems likely to limit this approach, and it would address only the modest Green-state portion of U.S. carbon emissions in any case. The second option is mobilization of the Green states’ enormous market power through a carbon added tax (CAT). Rather than taxing carbon emissions at their points of production, a CAT taxes the carbon embodied in products at their points of consumption. For Green states, a CAT has four major advantages: It can be implemented unilaterally, state-by-state; it encourages clean production everywhere, by taxing carbon from all sources equally; it creates a market advantage for local producers, by taxing transport-related carbon emissions; and it offers fiscal flexibility, since it can either offset existing taxes or raise additional revenue.
New Threats, Old Problems: Adhering to Brandenburg's Imminence Requirement in Terrorism Prosecutions

Of late, several Muslim citizens in the Virginia and DC area were convicted of conspiring to commit terrorist acts against the United States. In these and other similar cases, the government appears to have changed its approach to prosecuting terrorism from one of crime solving (by finding and convicting after the fact) to one of prevention (by finding and convicting before the alleged act occurs). Most recently, Ali Al-Timimi was sentenced to life in prison because he told a group of Muslim men to go to Afghanistan and fight with terrorist forces following the attacks of September 11. Federal prosecutors alleged that Al-Timimi had incited his listeners to engage in unlawful acts against the United States, and that because he had encouraged the men to train with terrorist forces, he was responsible for their crimes. In order to prosecute Al-Timimi's speech, the government must satisfy the Supreme Court's Brandenburg v. Ohio test by proving that the expression was directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and was likely to incite or produce such action. In Al-Timimi's case, however, the important requirement of imminence was not met. The men to whom Al-Timimi spoke did not arrive at terrorist training camps until weeks later, demonstrating that Al-Timimi's speech was not immediate enough to pass the Brandenburg standard. Al-Timimi's case is therefore troubling as precedent, because it indicates that the government may circumvent the imminence requirement of Brandenburg in the context of domestic terrorism prosecutions. This Note argues that it is essential to adhere to Brandenburg's imminence requirement. This Note demonstrates that Al-Timimi's speech was not imminent under the Supreme Court's jurisprudence, and discusses the reasons why a Muslim imam's speech must not be prosecuted unless it passes the Brandenburg test. The Note also discusses the larger implications for failing to adhere to the imminence requirement in the war on terror. A strict defense of Brandenburg's temporal element is essential because will protect the American public from speech that escalates the threat of domestic terrorist activity while guarding speech that deserves to compete in the marketplace of ideas.
Theorizing the European Union: Realist, Intergovernmentalist and Institutionalist Approaches

For many years, theoretical approaches to the study of the European Union were dominated by theories of international relations. This chapter examines a body of theories – realism, intergovernmentalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and rational-choice institutionalism – that together represent a distinctive family of approaches to the study of the EU. While these various theories are often depicted, correctly, as rivals, they share an intellectual starting point in international relations, as well as two common core assumptions, namely (1) the initial primacy and ongoing centrality of states in EU politics, and (2) the assumption that those states (and other actors) behave as utility-maximizing rational actors. Despite these common assumptions, the various theories reviewed in this chapter also differ on three other assumptions, namely (1) the nature and derivation of state preferences, (2) the severity of the international security environment, and (3) the significance of international institutions in shaping the interactions of states and creating potentially powerful supranational agents. These different assumptions, in turn, explain the primary differences in the predictions of each theory about the workings of EU politics and the process of European integration. Finally, this chapter can also be read, not only as a typological argument, but also an intellectual history argument, tracing an intellectual progression in the literature from realism to intergovernmentalism to liberal intergovernmentalism to rational-choice institutionalism. While useful as a heuristic device, however, this intellectual history argument should not be confused with an evolutionary argument: the “later” theories have not replaced or subsumed “earlier” theories like realism, which have continued to develop in recent years and remain more or less viable as theories of European integration and EU politics.
To Fear or Not to Fear That is the Question: Code Characteristics of a Vulnerable Functionwith an Existing Exploit

Not all vulnerabilities are equal. Some recent studies have shown that only a small fraction of vulnerabilities that have been reported has actually been exploited. Since finding and addressing potential vulnerabilities in a program can take considerable time and effort, recently effort has been made to identify code that is more likely to be vulnerable. This paper tries to identify the attributes of the code containing a vulnerability that makes the code more likely to be exploited. We examine 183 vulnerabilities from the National Vulnerability Database for Linux Kernel and Apache HTTP server. These include eighty-two vulnerabilities that have been found to have an exploit according to the Exploit Database. We characterize the vulnerable functions that have no exploit and the ones that have an exploit using eight metrics. The results show that the difference between a vulnerability that has no exploit and the one that has an exploit can potentially be characterized using the chosen software metrics. However, predicting exploitation of vulnerabilities is more complex than predicting just the presence of vulnerabilities and further research is needed using metrics that consider security domain knowledge for enhancing the predictability of vulnerability exploits.
Hinged external fixators protect ligament reconstructions in knee dislocations: commentary on the article by James P. Stannard, MD, et al.: "Hinged external fixation in the treatment of knee dislocations. a prospective randomized study".

Knee dislocations occur as the result of high-energy trauma. These devastating knee injuries have been addressed with a myriad of surgical approaches, and treatment has evolved from primary repair to reconstruction of torn ligaments. Early surgery has shown benefit over delayed surgery1. Cast immobilization has given way to early rehabilitation; however, stiffness remains the greatest obstacle to successful knee function. Balancing the risk of stiffness with the need for a stable environment to encourage healing of multiple ligament reconstructions is a challenge and the impetus for this investigation by Stannard et al. This study is a prospective randomized controlled trial on the use of a hinged external fixator as an augment to a staged reconstruction protocol. Patients either received a hinged external fixator that was placed during the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), posterolateral corner, or posteromedial corner reconstruction …
LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON DEAN BEACH PROFILES

Natural beaches exhibit an equilibrium profile that is planar nearshore and non-planar, concave-up offshore. The longshore current on these Dean equilibrium beaches is shown to depend on the location of the intersection between the planar and non-planar profiles and on the dimensionless mixing strength parameter if the eddy viscosity coefficient is linearly dependent on the distance offshore. The effect of the profile intersection on the longshore sediment transport rate is demonstrated for two energetics based sediment transport models; viz. the Bagnold and energetics stress models.
Basidial Proliferation Through Clamp-Formation in a New Sebacina

The classical studies of the clamp-connections of basidiomycete hyphae by Kniep (10) and Bensaude (1) and the recent illuminating discussion by Martens (12) provide an essentially complete basis in observation and hypothesis for the interpreta? tion of these structures. The cytological phenomena involved in the formation of the clamp-cell were first described by Kniep; and upon a comparison of the clamp as he had observed it with the crozier of Pyronema as described by Claussen (4) he established the homology of the two structures. Bensaude, whose single-spore cultures of hymenomycetes demonstrated the genetical dissimilarity between the nuclei whose conjugate division is associated with clamp-formation, discovered the actual functional significance of the clamp: that is, it is an organ insuring that each of the hyphal cells between which it lies shall possess not sister nuclei, but a dikaryon of complementary members, one nu? cleus being descended from either member of the parent dikaryon. Martens undertook to push the phylogenetic problem back to the rise of the crozier. He pointed out that even in crozier-bearing species of Ascomycetes conjugate division occurs within the basal, broader portions of the ascogenous system without formation of such a special structure, croziers usually being present only where the hyphae are too narrow to contain two nuclei, or two spindles, placed side by side.3 In a primitive form in which the crozier had not yet been evolved, he pointed out, simultaneous di? vision of paired nuclei in such a narrow portion of the ascogenous
Optimal Guidance and Thruster Control in Orbital Approach and Rendezvous for Docking using Model Predictive Control

In this paper, we present an integrated approach for proximal guidance and control of a docking vehicle during its terminal rendezvous and approach ∞ight phases. The paper particularly focusses on one rendezvous orbit transfer sequence in the Space Shuttle’s standard approach protocol of orbit-raising maneuvers during its approach to ISS: from MC4 (mid-course point 4) to MC5 directly beneath the Space Station. In addition to the relative position and velocity requirements in this transfer, optimal attitude pointing requirements are imposed on the shuttle, as this transfer is in close proximity and the shuttle must orient so that its Trajectory Control Sensor (TCS) can maintain line of sight to the ISS docking port to acquire ISS-relative navigation (relative position, velocity and attitude). The performance of the optimal relative translation and orientation guidance and control is shown in this paper utilizing the distinct, known mass properties and state dispersions from 7 recent shuttle missions (STS114-STS121). We use model-predictive control (MPC) to deflne and solve the optimal transfer guidance problem. The approach divides the problem into separate translational and associated attitude trajectory design phases that operate sequentially and replan at each guidance update period, consistent with MPC designs. To solve the attitude guidance problem, we introduce a method that analyzes a series of constrained optimal control problems at various candidate attitudes and torques to best achieve the desired translational trajectory synthesized in the previous step; the (optimal) attitude control problem is produced from a robust regression analysis of the optimal trajectory solutions. A linear programming solver selects and optimally schedules the vehicle jets to deliver the desired body force and torque commands subject to range-dependent plume impingement constraints imposed for safety of the ISS at ranges closer than 1000 ft.
Dissolution in Vitro of Salbutamol Sulfate Tablets from Different Manufacturers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro dissolution of salbutamol sulfate tablets(SST) from three manufacturers(A,B,C).METHODS: The contents and the dissolution percentages of 3 batches of SST from 3 manufacturers were determined in accordance with the related standard stated in Chinese Pharmacopeia (2005 Edition),and the dissolution parameters of the salbutamol sulfate tablets were computed using Weibull formula.RESULTS: The linear range of salbutamol sulfate was 2.7～27.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 4) with an average recovery of 99.95%(RSD=0.96%).At 5,10,15 min,the cumulative dissolution percentages of SST in descending order were as follows: A B C(P0.01).At 25 min,there was no difference between A and B in the cumulative dissolution percentage,but which was significantly greater in both A and B as compared with C(P0.01).At 45 min,there was no obvious difference among A,B and C tablets.Regarding the dissolution parameter m,tablet A was significantly different from tablet B and C(P0.01),but there was no significant difference between B and C.There were significant differences in T50 and Td across the 3 groups(P0.01).CONCLUSION: There were differences in the dissolution rate of SST from 3 manufacturers.
Simultaneous Series Hybrid Modeling for Fermentation Process Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

An accurate and reliable model is the basis and premise for achieving fermentation process optimization. Series hybrid modeling is a relatively more effective method for fermentation process with complex reaction mechanisms, but it needs data obtained from interpolation to develop the black-box models of intermediate variables, which considerably influences the generalization performance of the final hybrid model. Therefore, in this paper, we present a simultaneous series hybrid modeling method, which can transform the black-box model development problem into a dynamic model parameter identification problem, and thus overcome the shortage that existing methods need interpolation data for the development of black-box models. By introducing multi-elite learning and adaptive inertia weight adjustment strategies,an improved particle swarm optimization(PSO) called adaptive multi-elite learning PSO(AMLPSO) is constructed to determine the parameters of black-box models. Uniform design method is used to select the structure of black-box models.Experimental study is carried out based on the practical production data from nosiheptide batch fermentation process,and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Compilation and Correlation of the P-V-T Data of Normal Hydrogen from Saturated Liquid to 80°K

Increased interest in compressed liquid hydrogen, particularly at high pressures, has resulted in a need for a more extensive correlation of the available P-V-T data. This paper presents correlated values of pressure, specific volume, and temperature of normal hydrogen from 14 to 80°K, up to 200 arm pressure and for volumes from 26 to 70 cm3/mole. The correlation is a result of the compilation of data in this range from the available data in engineering and scientific literature» Graphical presentation of P-V-T values on P-T coordinates results in isometrics that are straight lines, except at extreme conditions. Values of compressibility, Z = PV/RT, were calculated from the correlated P-V-T values for presenting in tabular and graphical form.
Factor V Leiden with deep venous thrombosis.

1. Jeff Gardner[⇑][1] 1. is a second year medical student at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 1. Address for correspondence: Jeff Gardner, 828 Knollwood Street, Winston-Salem NC 27103. (336) 760-4405. jgardner{at}wfubmc.edu Factor V Leiden (FVL) is an autosomal co-dominantly inherited Arg506→Gly substitution of the activated protein C cleavage site affecting 5% of the Caucasian population. FVL results in impaired anticoagulant function without procoagulant modification. Heterozygotes experience a seven-fold increase in thrombotic events, whereas homozygotes may incur a 50 to 100 fold increase. Even though patients are at increased risk for deep venous thrombi, they experience a smaller risk of pulmonary embolism compared to individuals affected by other coagulopathies. PRESENTATION OF PATIENT A 45-year-old white female presented to an emergency room complaining of fever, cough, and left leg pain. Duplex ultra-sonography revealed a left greater saphenous thrombus with extension into the left common and femoral veins. The patient was discharged on oral warfarin. Two days later the patient returned to the hospital complaining of abdominal swelling, left upper quadrant pain, and epigastric tenderness. Additionally, the prothrombin time (PT) performed upon admission yielded an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.0. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed bilateral lung effusions without atelectasis and splenomegaly with multiple low density splenic masses. The patient stated that she experienced slight dyspnea upon exertion. The ventilation perfusion scan was not diagnostic for pulmonary embolus (PE). Upon interview, the patient revealed that she had two prior deep venous thrombi (DVT). Her first occurred at age 25 in her left leg after delivery of her second child. The second DVT occurred at age 43 in her right leg. Also of interest is the death of her daughter subsequent to a… ABBREVIATIONS: APC = activated Protein C; APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; CT - computed tomography; DVT = deep venous thrombosis; FV = factor V; FVL = Factor V Leiden; INR = international normalized ratio; LAC = lupus anticoagulant; PE = pulmonary embolus; PNH = paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; PT = prothrombin time; RBC = red blood cell; SLE = systemic lupus rythematosus; V/Q ratio = ventilation/perfusion ratio. [1]: #corresp-1
Vorticity isotropy in high Karlovitz number premixed flames

The isotropy of the smallest turbulent scales is investigated in premixed turbulent combustion by analyzing the vorticity vector in a series of high Karlovitz number premixed flame direct numerical simulations. It is found that increasing the Karlovitz number and the ratio of the integral length scale to the flame thickness both reduce the level of anisotropy. By analyzing the vorticity transport equation, it is determined that the vortex stretching term is primarily responsible for the development of any anisotropy. The local dynamics of the vortex stretching term and vorticity resemble that of homogeneous isotropic turbulence to a greater extent at higher Karlovitz numbers. This results in small scale isotropy at sufficiently high Karlovitz numbers and supports a fundamental similarity of the behavior of the smallest turbulent scales throughout the flame and in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. At lower Karlovitz numbers, the vortex stretching term and the vorticity alignment in the strain-rate tensor eigenframe are altered by the flame. The integral length scale has minimal impact on these local dynamics but promotes the effects of the flame to be equal in all directions. The resulting isotropy in vorticity does not reflect a fundamental similarity between the smallest turbulent scales in the flame and in homogeneous isotropic turbulence.
Societal Preference for Gender of Surgeons Performing Patients' Surgery.

Purpose Previous studies have shown that there may be a bias among some male oral and maxillofacial surgeons regarding women practicing in the specialty. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a similar bias in the general public. Patients and Methods We performed a survey of 65 patients of various genders, educational levels, and ages asking them their surgeon gender preference for extraction of a tooth, removal of impacted third molars, and cosmetic surgery, as well as the reasons for their preference. Results Of respondents, 91% had no preference regarding surgeon gender for tooth extraction, 88% for removal of impacted teeth, and 83% for cosmetic surgery. There was no difference in gender preference based on the respondents' gender, educational level, or age. Conclusions There does not appear to be a gender bias against female oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the general population.
Superfine powdered activated carbon incorporated into electrospun polystyrene fibers preserve adsorption capacity

A composite material consisted of superfine powdered activated carbon (SPAC) and fibrous polystyrene (PS) was fabricated for the first time by electrospinning. SPAC is produced by pulverizing powdered activated carbon. The diameter of SPAC (100-400nm) is more than one hundred times smaller than conventional powdered activated carbon, but it maintains the internal pore structure based on organic micropollutant adsorption isotherms and specific surface area measurements. Co-spinning SPAC into PS fibers increased specific surface area from 6m2/g to 43m2/g. Unlike metal oxide nanoparticles, which are non-accessible for sorption from solution, electrospinning with SPAC created porous fibers. Composite SPAC-PS electrospun fibers, containing only 10% SPAC, had 30% greater phenanthrene sorption compared against PS fibers alone. SPAC particles embedded within the polymer were either partially or fully incorporated, and the accessibility of terminal adsorption sites were conserved. Conserving the adsorptive functionality of SPAC particles in electrospun non-woven polymeric fiber scaffolding can enable their application in environmental applications such as drinking water treatment.
A well-known potassium channel plays a critical role in lysosomes

Whole-endolysosome patch clamping presents new opportunities to identify and characterize channels pivotal for these acidic organelles. In this issue (Wang et al., 2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612123), the identification of a role for the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel brings new thinking about regulation of lysosome membrane potential and function.
“The Princesses’ Representative” or Renegade Entrepreneur? Marie Petit, the Silk Trade, and Franco-Persian Diplomacy

In 1704, Marie Petit, a gambling house madam, accompanied John-Baptiste Fabre, a Marseillais merchant and France’s first official envoy to the Safavid Shah Sultan Hosayn, to Iran. When Fabre died, Petit assumed charge of the French delegation. This historical examination of the French mission reveals how conflicts among the gunpowder empires shaped French trade and Bourbon diplomacy in Asia. By exploring Petit’s role in the mission within the larger context of overseas trade and mercantilism, this chapter demonstrates how “western” states’ expansionist initiatives relied on provincial and foreign risk-takers, in the parlance of the time, entrepreneurs, who aligned their interests and assets with the greater good of the state.
Climate variability and cultural eutrophication at Walden Pond (Massachusetts, USA) during the last 1800 years.

Recent shifts in the ecological condition of Walden Pond, MA, are of potentially wide interest due to the lake's importance as a cultural, historical, and recreational resource in addition to its scientific value as an indicator of local and global environmental change. Algal microfossils in six sediment cores document changes in hydroclimate and trophic status of the lake during the last 1800 years and extend two previous sediment core records of shorter length. Low percentages of planktonic diatoms in the longest cores (WAL-3, WAL-15) indicate shallowing and/or greater water clarity associated with a relatively arid interval during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, ca. A.D. 1150–1300, Cultural eutrophication of the lake since the A.D. 1920s caused diatoms in the genera Asterionella and Synedra to increase in relative abundance at the expense of Cyclotella, Discostella, and the chrysophyte alga Mallomonas allorgei. Percentages of Asterionella and Synedra have remained fairly stable since A.D. 2000 when a previous sediment core study was conducted, but scaled chrysophytes have become more numerous. These findings suggest that, although mitigation efforts have curtailed anthropogenic nutrient inputs to Walden Pond, the lake has not returned to the pre-impact condition described by Henry David Thoreau and may become increasingly vulnerable to further changes in water quality in a warmer and possibly wetter future.
Time-Shared Computer Systems

Publisher Summary Time-sharing is the simultaneous access to a computer system by a number of independent users. Close study of the time-sharing systems that are in operation and of the designs for systems now being implemented reveals the apparent trends in the time-sharing field. This chapter discusses the common characteristics of these systems. The strengths and weaknesses of current systems and the way they can be improved are described. Applications of these systems by a thorough examination of the techniques involved in the design of time-sharing systems and the problems met when using them are discussed. The chapter presents different types of time-sharing systems. Time-sharing systems span a spectrum from very specialized to completely general. They may be placed into two classes: dedicated and general purpose. The class of dedicated systems can be further divided into two categories. The first kind of dedicated system is that restricted to the solution of a single problem or set of problems. A second kind of dedicated system gives the users the capability of submitting programs for execution.
Implementing parallelism in random discrete event-driven simulation

The inherently sequential nature of random discrete event-driven simulation has made parallel and distributed processing difficult. This paper presents a method of applying Reconfigurable Logic to gain some parallelism in event generation. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are used to create a flexible and fast environment in which events may be generated according to various statistical models. The method presented accelerates both event generation and the elimination of some blocked events from the Event Queue.
The Role of Publicity in FTC Corrective Advertising Remedies

This paper explores the effects of media publicity surrounding an FTC action requiring corrective advertising. Empirical data are reported to assess the extent and effect of publicity in the case o...
Diverting Ostomy: For Whom, When, What, Where, and Why

Fecal diversion is an important tool in the surgical armamentarium. There is much controversy regarding which clinical scenarios warrant diversion. Throughout this article, we have analyzed the most recent literature and discussed the most common applications for the use of a diverting stoma. These include construction of diverting ileostomy or colostomy, ostomy for low colorectal/coloanal anastomosis, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, and obstructing colorectal cancer. We conclude the following: diverting loop ileostomy is preferred to loop colostomy, an ostomy should be used for a pelvic anastomosis
Graded similarity in free categorization

Abstract Similarity has long been regarded as a major determinant of human categorization. Surprisingly, much research has shown that when people are asked to construct their own categories they rarely do so on the basis of overall similarity, instead categorizing on the basis of a single feature or dimension of the objects. This article reports five experiments that manipulate the proportion of parts shared by two structurally alignable objects to determine whether similarity would have a graded effect on free categorization. Increasing the proportion of shared features increased both the rated similarity of a given pair of objects and the probability of assigning them to the same category. Interestingly, the shape of the two similarity functions differed, with rated similarity increasing linearly with the proportion of shared features while the probability of assigning the objects to the same category increased superlinearly (exponentially). This difference is discussed in terms of Shepard's (1987) model of generalization, which predicts that any monotonic increase in perceived similarity will result in an exponential increase in the probability of generalization. Overall, these results provide a strong demonstration of similarity-based free categorization, and the particular form of that relationship provides useful information regarding the underlying cognitive processes involved.
On a generalized free-interface model of solid combustion

In solid combustion, a chemical reaction converts a solid fuel directly into solid products without intermediate gas-phase formation. For example, in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, a flame wave advances through powdered ingredients, leaving high-quality ceramic materials or metallic alloys in its wake. Simple conceptual descriptions of such combustion, as well as of explosive solidification and other exothermic phenomena such as frontal polymerization, can be given by considering reaction–diffusion equations with concentrated kinetics. Our model generalizes a specialized case from the literature in which diffusivities in the reactant and product are assumed equal. Our generalized model pinpoints the dynamics in a range of settings, as long as the diffusivity ratio does not approach zero or infinity too closely. Our numerical study quantitatively predicts the behavior of exothermic reaction fronts in this spectrum of material contexts. We also compare with the case of negligible heat diffusion behind the front. The dynamics involve an interplay of competing effects as the diffusivity ratio is tuned to capture different physical systems.
Comparison of NaI coupled to photomultiplier tube and silicon photomultiplier

The NaI scintillator has been widely used for decades. In recent years, the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), a new photosensor based on semiconductor technologies, has attracted a great deal of attention and has started replacing the conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT) in some applications. This work compares the performance of two NaI detectors with the same size crystals in which one is coupled to a PMT and the other is coupled to a SiPM array. The response of both detectors is fairly linear although the NaI-SiPM detector shows signs of saturation for high energy gammas. The waveform and the energy resolution of the detectors are studied for temperatures between –20 and 50°C. Because of the capacitance of the SiPMs, the decay constant of the waveform for the NaI-SiPM detector is significantly longer than that for the NaI-PMT detector. The energy resolution for both detectors changes with temperatures for a fixed shaping time. However, with a proper choice of the shaping time according to the temperature, the energy resolution for the NaI-SiPM detector is as good as the NaI-PMT detector.
Status Evaluation of Power Secondary Equipment Based on Big Data of Monitoring

The stability and reliability of Electric power secondary equipments operating is very important to the safety and stability of power grid. But nowadays, status evaluation of electric power operation equipments mainly concentrated in primary equipments. Electric power secondary equipments are lack of practical and feasible evaluation methods, can't comprehensive and scientific reflect the operating, all of these are the disadvantages of status evaluation. To solve these problems, in this paper, we build evaluation model based on mining the big data of monitoring signal and equipment ledger information, and then, the weights of each index value of evaluation model is got by Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method, then, to modify the weights by relative entropy, the evaluation result is output by fuzzy algorithm. Electric power secondary equipment status evaluation method of calculation procedure is given in this paper, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical examples, the method is relatively simple and have good performance.
Effect of artefact pollution on the viability of seabird colonies on Long Island, New York

Abstract Colonies of several species of seabirds and freshwater birds persist on Long Island, even in close proximity to metropolitan New York City. Habitat destruction, chemical contamination of water and food sources, and direct interference by man, pose the main hazards to these birds. Efforts have been made to minimise the impact of such well-known disturbances and, in certain areas, the colonies seem to be thriving. Studies of breeding success and mortality have revealed that human artefacts, such as trash scattered on the beaches or jetsam washed ashore, may contribute significantly to the mortality of certain species. This is a readily controllable form of environmental contamination which involves no philosophical or economic conflicts.
Creating Augmented Reality USDZ Files to Visualize 3D Objects on Student Phones in the Classroom

Augmented reality (AR) is a means of superimposing artificial 3D objects over the real world via a mobile device. An AR standard file format has been recently implemented on mobile devices that cur...
How to train your computer: the need for quality embedded systems education

Nearly every electronic device we use contains an embedded processor. Our entertainment, communication, transportation, finances, and health are all dependent on the quality of software in these devices. Today, much of the software in these devices is written by electrical engineers with a course or two in C programming. The inevitable increase in software complexity and society's ever growing dependence on embedded software requires development team members with skills beyond basic C programming - the skills of a computer science graduate. As computer science educators, we are tasked with the job of preparing our graduates to play a part in the development of safe, reliable software.
A Cardio-Obstetric Approach to Management of the Complex Pregnant Cardiac Patient.

Abstract A 23-year-old female presented at 28.5 weeks gestation with symptomatic heart failure due to severe mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. After multidisciplinary planning, she underwent caesarean delivery with mitral valve replacement 48 h postpartum. Cardio-obstetric teams provide expert coordinated care for complex cardiovascular disease in pregnancy. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report

We present a case of a woman diagnosed with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma treated with prednisone and methotrexate with sustained symptom remission, suggesting that uncomplicated subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma can be managed effectively without multiagent chemotherapy or radiation.
Understanding user needs for citation management program support

Citation management programs are tools used to organize references and to create citations and bibliographies. Libraries are often the central point for providing training and support in using thes...
Review: Biomimetic nanofibers in the ex vivo expansion of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells

This review summarizes current strategies in the development of advanced nanofibrous polymer-based scaffolds via electrospinning, their applications in mimicking the extracellular matrix, and the use of polymer nanofibers to deliver growth factors or small molecules for ex vivo expansion of HSCs. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has become the standard of care for patients with hematologic cancers, anemia, and a variety of other malignant and non-malignant disorders. Although mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) has become a preferred source of HSCs for transplants, bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) are also frequently utilized. Regardless of source, Regardless of source, HSC transplantation suffers from low cell doses. Therefore, methods to increase the cell dose while maintaining the progenitor phenotype, especially the CD34+ progenitor cells, would have a significant clinical impact. Ex vivo expansion of HSCs prior to transplantation is one approach that offers tremendous promise for increasing cell doses and improving clinical outcomes. Many ex vivo strategies have been developed within the last decade in order to address the issue of low cell dose, with more or less success, mainly determined by the degree of difficulty related with maintaining HSCs self-renewal and stemness properties after long-term expansion. Here, we report the current progress of nanofibrous scaffolds for the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this review, we present the technique of electrospinning for nanofibrous scaffolds, focusing mainly on preparation methods, materials (synthetic, natural, and hybrid polymers), and surface-structural modifications. The variables of nanofiber processing parameters and its impact on the nanofiber assembly is reported as well as the effect of the solution parameters on the structural morphology of the fabricated nanofibers. Critical features of fabricated nanofibers such as porous structure and high specific surface area are addressed, but more importantly the necessity of mimicking the intrinsic properties of the native in vivo microenvironment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Researchers have been largely successful in replicating the diverse nature of the ECM through the incorporation of small molecules, growth factors, and signaling molecules into 3D scaffolds to generate biomimetic hierarchical structures. Harnessing the potential of the stem cell niche forms the basis of clinical therapy in the ex vivo expansion of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. As reviewed in this article, advances in nanofiber ex vivo approaches based upon emerging biomaterials opens new doors for artificial niches. Scientific evidence provided in this review verifies that the nanofiber niche provides an ideal mimic of the physical microenvironment of HSCs thereby offering great potential for clinical applications.
Quantification of hemodynamics of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is used to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). However, early evaluation of efficacy is difficult as structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) often does not demonstrate appreciable changes within the first 6 months. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI to quantify hemodynamic changes after SRS as early as 2 months. This was a retrospective observational study, which included 14 patients with both pre-SRS and post-SRS imaging obtained at multiple time points from 1 to 27 months after SRS. A 3T MRI Scanner was used to obtain T2 single-shot fast spin echo, time-of-flight MRA, and postcontrast 4D flow with three-dimensional velocity encoding between 150 and 200 cm/s. Post-hoc two-dimensional cross-sectional flow was measured for the dominant feeding artery, the draining vein, and the corresponding contralateral artery as a control. Measurements were performed by two independent observers, and reproducibility was assessed. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare differences in flow, circumference, and pulsatility between the feeding artery and the contralateral artery both before and after SRS; and differences in nidus size and flow and circumference of the feeding artery and draining vein before and after SRS. Arterial flow (L/min) decreased in the primary feeding artery (mean: 0.1 ± 0.07 vs. 0.3 ± 0.2; p < 0.05) and normalized in comparison to the contralateral artery (mean: 0.1 ± 0.07 vs. 0.1 ± 0.07; p = 0.068). Flow decreased in the draining vein (mean: 0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2; p < 0.05), and the circumference of the draining vein also decreased (mean: 16.1 ± 8.3 vs. 15.7 ± 6.7; p < 0.05). AVM volume decreased after SRS (mean: 45.3 ± 84.8 vs. 38.1 ± 78.7; p < 0.05). However, circumference (mm) of the primary feeding artery remained similar after SRS (mean: 15.7 ± 2.7 vs. 16.1 ± 3.1; p = 0.600). 4D flow may be able to demonstrate early hemodynamic changes in AVMs treated with radiosurgery, and these changes appear to be more pronounced and occur earlier than the structural changes on standard MRI/MRA. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1.