cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis

The northern California town of Mendocino, which was the shooting background for the film “East of Eden” starring James Dean, retains some of the air of its late nineteenth century role as a harbor to ship out lumber cut from the mountainsides. Ex-hippies-turned-farmers and artists live in the surrounding area. In the latter half of the 1990s, we rented a house facing the Pacific Ocean from an artist every summer. My wife and daughters went back and forth to Stanford for their activities, but I burrowed myself there for the summer with our dog Robin, brought back with us from Japan, and focused on writing my survey on comparative institutional analysis: Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis (MIT Press, 2001). Mornings and evenings I took Robin for a walk on the cape where there was a greater than 180 ° view. In the morning, the horizon was veiled in fog, while in the evening the ocean was tinted red by the setting sun. It was the perfect place for rethinking problems and reorganizing chapters. Robin was a small mixed breed with some Shikoku-ken, but she was stubborn and at times got into fights with a large Coast Guard officer’s watch dog. My family enjoyed meals made from the organic produce we bought at the farmers’ market (so many varieties of tomatoes); we also went to the harbor to buy albacore tuna and fresh sea urchin still in its thorny shell.
Biomass Gasification for Gas Turbine-Based Power Generation

The Biomass Power Program of the US Department of Energy (DOE) has as a major goal the development of cost-competitive technologies for the production of power from renewable biomass crops. The gasification of biomass provides the potential to meet this goal by efficiently and economically producing a renewable source of a clean gaseous fuel suitable for use in high-efficiency gas turbines. This paper discusses the development and first commercial demonstration of the Battelle high-throughput gasification process for power generation systems. Projected process economics are presented along with a description of current experimental operations coupling a gas turbine power generation system to the research scale gasifier and the process scaleup activities in Burlington, Vermont.
Small Seifert fibered surgery on hyperbolic pretzel knots

The study of exceptional surgery on hyperbolic knots has been well developed over the last quarter century. One particularly well studied problem is that of exceptional surgery on arborescent knots, which include Montesinos knots and pretzel knots. Thanks to the positive solution to the geometrization conjecture by Perelman [38; 39; 40], any exceptional surgery is either reducible, toroidal, or a small Seifert fibered space. Exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic arborescent knots of length 4 or greater have been classified by Wu [52], as have exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic 2–bridge knots; see Brittenham and Wu [7]. It has been shown that no hyperbolic arborescent knot admits a reducible surgery (see Wu [48]), and toroidal surgeries on hyperbolic arborescent knots of length three are completely classified; see Wu [51].
Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is currently defined as a malignant thyroid tumor with evidence of C-cell differentiation.1,2 While earlier reports had alluded to the existence of this tumor type, Robert Horn in 1951 reported a series of 7 cases of a thyroid cancer characterized by sharply defined rounded or ovoid compact cell groups of moderate size in a background of hyalinized connective tissue.3 He noted that “while not pursuing the rapid course characteristic of the giant cell, spindle cell and small cell thyroid carcinoma, these tumors have by no means the favorable prognosis of malignant adenoma and papillary tumors”. The major histopathologic features of this tumor, including the presence of stromal amyloid deposits, were defined in 1959 by Hazard and coworkers who suggested the term, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).4
Titanium mobility in metamorphic systems: a review

Abstract Titanium is a dispersed lithophile element commonly regarded as chemically immobile at sub-magmatic temperatures. However, a growing number of field studies demonstrate that Ti is somewhat mobile in certain environments. This review examines the current state of knowledge concerning the mobility of Ti during alteration and metamorphism of crustal rocks. Also considered are relevant Ti-oxide solubility data from experiments and determinations of Ti concentrations in natural waters. Where Ti mobility is well documented, its length scale is ≤ 10 m. However, Ti may move greater distances in deep crustal shear zones. The solubility of Ti-oxides in geologic fluids is strongly temperature dependent. Under low- to medium-grade metamorphic conditions Ti mobility is limited by the low solubility of Ti-oxides in the associated fluids. Under eclogite conditions Ti mobility is probably limited not by Ti-oxide solubility (which reaches 1% [Ti]) but by restricted fluid flow in low-permeability rocks.
Fast-neutron activation of long-lived nuclides in natural Pb

Abstract We measured the production of the long-lived nuclides 207 Bi, 202 Pb, and 194 Hg in a sample of natural Pb due to high-energy neutron interactions using a neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The activated sample was counted by a HPGe detector to measure the amount of radioactive nuclides present. These nuclides are critical in understanding potential backgrounds in low background experiments utilizing large amounts of Pb shielding due to cosmogenic neutron interactions in the Pb while residing on the Earth’s surface. By scaling the LANSCE neutron flux to a cosmic neutron flux, we measure the sea level cosmic ray production rates of 8.0 ± 1.3 atoms/kg/day of 194 Hg, 120 ± 25 atoms/kg/day 202 Pb, and 207 Bi.
A numerical study of the fission hypothesis for rotating polytropes

Our results show that n = 3/2 and n = 1/2 polytropes are dynamically unstable to non-axisymmetric perturbations if t ≳ 0.30, in rough agreement with linear theory. Instead of fission as the direct end product of dynamic instability in rapidly rotating, centrally condensed stars, it appears that a rapidly rotating star can, through gravitational torques, eject some high angular momentum material in its equatorial plane and settle down into a dynamically stable (lower t) configuration. The central object, at least in the detailed evolution described above, ends up as a stable traixial star! The assumption of reflection symmetry through the rotation axis needs to be relaxed before this evolutionary picture can be considered realistic and before meaningful comparisons can be made with the results of Lucy (1977) and Gingold and Monaghan (1978, 1979), who found “odd” modes to be of crucial importance. We cannot escape mentioning that the ejected disk/ring of material in our models may have some connection with the formation of planetary systems.
Saturation physics and deuteron–gold collisions at RHIC

Abstract We present a review of parton saturation/Color Glass Condensate physics in the context of deuteron–gold ( d + Au ) collisions at RHIC. Color Glass Condensate physics is a universal description of all high energy hadronic and nuclear interactions. It comprises classical (McLerran–Venugopalan model and Glauber–Mueller rescatterings) and quantum evolution (JIMWLK and BK equations) effects both in small- x hadronic and nuclear wave functions and in the high energy scattering processes. Proton–nucleus (or d + A ) collisions present a unique opportunity to study Color Glass Condensate predictions, since many relevant observables in proton–nucleus collisions are reasonably well-understood theoretically in the Color Glass Condensate approach. In this article we review the basics of saturation/Color Glass Condensate physics and reproduce derivations of many important observables in proton (deuteron)–nucleus collisions. We compare the predictions of Color Glass physics to the data generated by d + Au experiments at RHIC and observe an agreement between the data and the theory, indicating that Color Glass Condensate has probably been discovered at RHIC. We point out further experimental measurements which need to be carried out to test the discovery.
Numerical study of competing spin-glass and ferromagnetic order

Two- and three-dimensional random Ising models with a Gaussian distribution of couplings with variance J and nonvanishing mean value ${\mathrm{J}}_{0}$ are studied using the zero-temperature domain-wall renormalization group (DWRG). The DWRG trajectories in the (${\mathrm{J}}_{0}$,J) plane after rescaling can be collapsed on two curves: one for ${\mathrm{J}}_{0}$/Jg${\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and the other for ${\mathrm{J}}_{0}$/J${\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{c}}$. In the first case the DWRG flows are toward the ferromagnetic fixed point both in two and three dimensions while in the second case flows are towards a paramagnetic fixed point and spin-glass fixed point in two and three dimensions, respectively.
On lossless universal compression of distributed identical sources

Slepian-Wolf theorem is a well-known framework that targets almost lossless compression of (two) data streams with symbol-by-symbol correlation between the outputs of (two) distributed sources. However, this paper considers a different scenario which does not fit in the Slepian-Wolf framework. We consider two identical but spatially separated sources. We wish to study the universal compression of a sequence of length n from one of the sources provided that the decoder has access to (i.e., memorized) a sequence of length m from the other source. Such a scenario occurs, for example, in the universal compression of data from multiple mirrors of the same server. In this setup, the correlation does not arise from symbol-by-symbol dependency of two outputs from the two sources. Instead, the sequences are correlated through the information that they contain about the unknown source parameter. We show that the finite-length nature of the compression problem at hand requires considering a notion of almost lossless source coding, where coding incurs an error probability p e (n) that vanishes with sequence length n. We obtain a lower bound on the average minimax redundancy of almost lossless codes as a function of the sequence length n and the permissible error probability p e when the decoder has a memory of length m and the encoders do not communicate. Our results demonstrate that a strict performance loss is incurred when the two encoders do not communicate even when the decoder knows the unknown parameter vector (i.e., m → ∞).
Exploring grain boundary energy landscapes with the activation-relaxation technique

To develop a structure–kinetic property mapping for grain boundaries requires an understanding of their energy landscapes, i.e. the energy basins and nearby saddle points separating adjacent structures. We implement the activation-relaxation technique to obtain a first view of grain boundary energy landscapes for the Σ5 (1 3 0), Σ5 (2 1 0) and Σ3 (1 1 1) grain boundaries in copper. The energy landscapes of these boundaries are very different, which supports a focus on energy landscapes, rather than absolute boundary energy, to understand boundary properties.
Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics

We estimate the fraction of the total energy in a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that is radiated in photons during the main burst. Random internal collisions among different shells limit the efficiency for converting bulk kinetic energy to photons. About 1% of the energy of explosion is converted to radiation, in the 10-103 keV energy band in the observer frame, for long-duration bursts (lasting 10 s or more); the efficiency is significantly smaller for shorter duration bursts. Moreover, about 50% of the energy of the initial explosion could be lost to neutrinos during the early phase of the burst if the initial fireball temperature is ~10 MeV. If isotropic, the total energy budget of the brightest GRBs is 1055 ergs, a factor of 20 larger than previously estimated. Anisotropy of explosion, as evidenced in two GRBs, could reduce the energy requirement by a factor of 10-100. Putting these two effects together, we find that the energy release in the most energetic bursts is about 1054 ergs.
Protein design: A perspective from simple tractable models

Recent progress in computational approaches to protein design builds on advances in statistical mechanical protein folding theory. Here, the number of sequences folding into a given conformation is evaluated and a simple condition for a protein model's designability is outlined.
The hold-up problem in a repeated relationship

Abstract Much of the literature on what determines the scope of operations of a producer has centered on the “hold-up problem”. The standard results indicate the hold-up problem may lead to suboptimal investments, and therefore integration may improve the organization of production. In this paper, we consider a repeated relationship with durable investments and show the possibility of integration improves the choice of investments and there is no integration in equilibrium. The equilibrium contract is non-exclusive, in order to allow the buyer to choose integration in later periods. We derive this result in the presence of very simple and incomplete contracts.
Risk sensitive asset management with transaction costs

This paper develops a continuous time risk-sensitive portfolio optimization model with a general transaction cost structure and where the individual securities or asset categories are explicitly affected by underlying economic factors. The security prices and factors follow diffusion processes with the drift and diffusion coefficients for the securities being functions of the factor levels. We develop methods of risk sensitive impulsive control theory in order to maximize an infinite horizon objective that is natural and features the long run expected growth rate, the asymptotic variance, and a single risk aversion parameter. The optimal trading strategy has a simple characterization in terms of the security prices and the factor levels. Moreover, it can be computed by solving a {\it risk sensitive quasi-variational inequality}. The Kelly criterion case is also studied, and the various results are related to the recent work by Morton and Pliska.
Inclusionary Housing Policies, Stigma Effects and Strategic Production Decisions

Inclusionary housing policies enacted by municipal governments rely on a combination of legal mandates and economic incentives to encourage residential real estate developers to include affordable units in otherwise market-rate projects. These regulations provide a means of stimulating the production of mixed-income housing at a minimal cost to the public sector, but have been hypothesized to slow development and put upward pressure on housing prices. The results of the theoretical models presented in this paper suggest that inclusionary housing policies need not increase housing prices in all situations. However, any observed impact on housing prices may be mitigated by density effects and stigma effects that decrease demand for market-rate units. The results additionally suggest real estate developers are likely to respond to inclusionary housing policies by strategically altering production decisions.
Heterogeneity of the interflavanyl bond in proanthocyanidins from natural sources lacking C-4 (C-ring) deoxy flavonoid nucleophiles.

Abstract The proanthocyanidin pool in the floral kingdom usually involves the presence of carbon–carbon bonds linking predominantly flavan-3-ol constituent moieties. Such an ensemble of flavan-3-ol units originates via electrophilic aromatic substitution of flavan-4-yl carbocations (or their equivalents) derived from flavan-4-ols and/or flavan-3,4-diols and the nucleophilic centers of the m-oxygenated A-rings of flavan-3-ol nucleophiles. In the absence of these potent flavan-3-ol nucleophiles with their aptitude for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds, alternative centers emerge as participants in interflavanyl bond formation. Such a phenomenon is demonstrated for the distribution of various profisetinidin-, prorobinetinidin-, proguibourtinidin-, promelacacinidin- and proteracacinidin-type pro- and leuco-anthocyanidins in several southern hemisphere heartwood species.
On the hierarchy between non-commutative and ordinary supersymmetric Yang-Mills

Non-commutative supersymmetric Yang-Mills with rational Θ is dual to an ordinary supersymmetric Yang-Mills with a 't Hooft flux. It is believed that the simplest description is via the ordinary supersymmetric Yang-Mills. We claim, however, that the two descriptions form a hierarchy. The SYM description is the proper description in the ultra violet while the non-commutative description takes over in the infra red.
Three-dimensional Simulations of Inflows Irradiated by a Precessing Accretion Disk in Active Galactic Nuclei: Formation of Outflows

We present three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of gas flows in the vicinity of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) powered by a precessing accretion disk. We consider the effects of the radiation force from such a disk on its environment on a relatively large scale (up to ~10 pc). We implicitly include the precessing disk by forcing the disk radiation field to precess around a symmetry axis with a given period (P) and a tilt angle (?). We study the time evolution of the flows irradiated by the disk and investigate basic dependencies of the flow morphology, mass flux, and angular momentum on different combinations of ? and P. As this is our first attempt to model such three-dimensional gas flows, we consider a simplest form of radiation force, i.e., force due to electron scattering, and neglect the forces due to line and dust scattering/absorption. Furthermore, the gas is assumed to be nearly isothermal. We find that the gas flow settles into a configuration with two components, (1) an equatorial inflow and (2) a bipolar inflow/outflow, with the outflow leaving the system along the poles (the directions of disk normals). However, the flow does not always reach a steady state. We find that the maximum outflow velocity and the kinetic outflow power at the outer boundary can be reduced significantly with increasing ?. We also find that the mass inflow rate across the inner boundary does not change significantly with increasing ?. The amount of the density-weighted mean specific angular momentum deposited in the environment by the precessing disk increases as P approaches the gas free-fall time (tff) and then decreases as P becomes much larger than tff. Generally, the characteristics of the flows are closely related to a combination of P and ?, but not to P and ? individually. Our models exhibit helical structures in the weakly collimated outflows. Although on different scales, the model reproduces the $t{Z}$ -->- or $t{S}$ -->-shaped density morphology of gas outflows, which are often seen in radio observations of AGNs.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of adrenal glands in infants and children

The most sensitive indicators of an abnormal adrenal gland have been a change in the margin of the gland from concave or straight to convex, and the presence of calcification. Large adrenal glands that have preserved normal shape and in postintravenous enhancement show homogeneous increased density indicate hyperplasia.
Signature of crystalline order in ultra-small metal-oxide clusters

Abstract First principles calculations of the equilibrium geometries, binding energies, electronic structure and ionization potentials of Sb x O y clusters reveal that clusters as small as Sb 5 O 7 bear the fingerprint of their crystal structure. Electronic structure of even smaller clusters mimics the bulk behavior. A partial ionic bonding between metal and oxygen atoms leads to a new family of magic numbers for ( x , y )=(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5) and (5, 7). Simple rules are provided for constructing geometries of larger magic clusters.
Management of a Multiple Cohort Fishery: The Hard Clam in Great South Bay

This paper develops a reasonably general multiple cohort model and derives conditions for optimal harvest and age structure based on a discrete time control problem which maximizes the present value of net revenues subject to recruitment and spawning constraints. The model is applied to the hard clam resource in Great South Bay, which is located on Long Island, New York. The steady state optimum calls for exclusive harvesting of the younger, and more valuable, "littleneck" cohorts; leaving the older, and less valuable, "cherrystone" and "chowder" cohorts to specialize in regeneration. Most of the models employed by economists to characterize renewable resources have presumed that the resource population can be adequately described by a single index or state variable. Such a view is consistent with much of the classical literature in physical biology, where population growth was described using the logistic equation (Lotka, Volterra). Such models may be inadequate, however, when dealing with a resource where recruitment and fecundity are dependent on the population's age structure or where the revenues and costs of resource exploitation vary with the age at harvest (Clark). Biologists have been aware of the importance of age-specific attributes and have developed several models to characterize the population dynamics of a single species. Lewis and Leslie independently developed models where the abundance of various
Migration of Silicon from Oxygen to Carbon in O-Trialkylsilyl Ketene Acetals

Abstract The migration of silicon from oxygen to carbon for 1 and 3 is intramolecular. The half—life of migration is not influenced by the presence of t-BuMe2SiCI or triethyIbenzylammonium chloride.
Chemical shrinkage properties of oilfield cements

Chemical shrinkage in oil field cements was measured at elevated temperatures and pressures for 29 different cements with modified PVT equipment. Results showed that a dilution effect exists; i.e., the cements that had the highest yield had the lowest chemical shrinkage. For the 29 tests, the maximum chemical shrinkage measured was 4.% and the minimum was 1.6%. Tube column tests showed that chemical shrinkage helped to reduce hydrostatic pressures.
Experimental Simulation of Solar Flash Desalination

Experimental simulations of a sustainable desalination process have been carried out using a pilot unit. Experiments were conducted at analogous conditions to simplify design evaluation but with different values of the controlling variables to enhance analysis and modeling. The proposed desalination process, which employs solar heating and passive vacuum generation, has been theoretically simulated in earlier work. It entails flowing seawater through a condenser to preheat it and then through a heater before flashing it in a vacuumed evaporator connected to the condenser where the flashed hot vapor is condensed by the incoming cold seawater forming fresh water. All experiments were run for the same period of time starting at the same initial vacuum. Experiments were carried out at different seawater flow rates and different flash temperatures. In addition, each experiment was duplicated three times to validate its outcome. Flashing seawater at higher temperatures increases vaporization and fresh water production rate. In addition, the accumulating noncondensable gases that are slowly eroding the vacuum will decrease the overall vaporization with time, which reduces the production rate of fresh water. .
Conformal Parameterizations of Slices of Flat Kasner Spacetimes

The Kasner metrics are among the simplest solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations, and we use them here to examine the conformal method of finding solutions of the Einstein constraint equations. After describing the conformal method’s construction of constant mean curvature (CMC) slices of Kasner spacetimes, we turn our attention to non-CMC slices of the smaller family of flat Kasner spacetimes. In this restricted setting we obtain a full description of the construction of certain U n-1 symmetric slices, even in the far-from-CMC regime. Among the conformal data sets generating these slices we find that most data sets construct a single flat Kasner spacetime, but that there are also far-from-CMC data sets that construct one-parameter families of slices. Although these non-CMC families are analogues of well-known CMC one-parameter families, they differ in important ways. Most significantly, unlike the CMC case, the condition signaling the appearance of these non-CMC families is not naturally detected from the conformal data set itself. In light of this difficulty, we propose modifications of the conformal method that involve a conformally transforming mean curvature.
The Farrell–Jones Conjecture for the solvable Baumslag–Solitar groups

In this paper, we prove the Farrell–Jones Conjecture for the solvable Baumslag–Solitar groups with coefficients in an additive category. We also extend our results to groups of the form, Z[1/p] semidirect product with any virtually cyclic group, where p is a prime number.
Martian Atmospheric Lee Waves

Mariner 9 television pictures of Mars extensive mountain lee wave phenomenon in the northern mid-latitudes during winter were evaluated. The characteristic wave length of the lee waves is readily observable, and in a few cases the boundaries of the wave patterns, as well as the wave length, are observed. The cloud patterns resulting from the waves generated by the flow across a mountain or crater are shown to be dependent upon the velocity profile of the air stream and the vertical stability of the atmosphere. Using the stability as inferred by the temperature structure obtained from the infrared spectrometer data, a two layer velocity model of the air stream is used in calculations based on the theory of mountain lee waves. Results yield magnitudes generally in agreement with various other circulation models.
On capability of finite abelian groups

Baer characterized capable finite abelian groups (a group is capable if it is isomorphic to the group of inner automorphisms of some group) by a condition on the size of the factors in the invariant factor decomposition (the group must be noncyclic and the top two invariant factors must be equal). We provide a different characterization, given in terms of a condition on the lattice of subgroups. Namely, a finite abelian group G is capable if and only if there exists a family {Hi} of subgroups of G with trivial intersection, such that the union generates G and all quotients G/Hi have the same exponent. Other variations of this condition are also provided (for instance, the condition that the union generates G can be replaced by the condition that it is equal to G).
Designing Collusion-Proof International Environmental Agreements: Developing Countries and Polluting Firms

We analyze the design of international environmental agreements (IEA) for developing countries (DCs) by a supranational governmental authority (SNGA). We focus on the interaction between an asymmetrically informed SNGA, national governments, and polluting firms in DCs. Two scenarios are compared. In the first, the DC government and the SNGA negotiate a ceiling on pollution abatement and then the SNGA offers an incentive-compatible and collusion-proof IEA to the two DC parties. In the second, the DC government manipulates its monitoring device and the SNGA takes this into account when designing the IEA. Our principal conclusions are as follows. First, the contractually specified levels of pollution abatement and the pattern of the weighted marginal costs of abatement differ depending on the form of the DC government's representation. Second, for the most part, the SNGA is able to extract the informational rents from the government and the firm. Third, as compared with contracting with monitoring device man...
ON A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF THE CHOLERA VIBRIO

The investigations described show that it is possible to extract specific substances from V. cholerae by means of hot dilute alcohol. This result cannot be attributed to the presence of bacilli in the extracts as would follow from the statements made by Prausnitz in his criticism of the work of Levaditi. The original extract contains protein and exhibits antigenic properties. From this preparation an almost protein-free product was obtained. It was fully active in the precipitin test but had lost almost completely the antigenic activity. Accordingly the latter preparation belongs to the class of substances described by Zinsser as residue antigens and studied chemically by Avery and Heidelberger. The fact that the immune sera resulting from the injections of the crude extracts acted upon the non-immunizing precipitable substance indicates that in the crude extract there is present an antigenic complex consisting of protein and the specific substance. Regarding its chemical nature it follows from the foregoing that the precipitable but non-immunizing substance is not a protein. On hydrolysis it yielded a considerable quantity of sugar although less than that given for the specific carbohydrates of pneumococci and B. friedlaenderi. The product contains nitrogen and phosphorus and on hydrolysis a substance of acid character separates from the solution. Accordingly the substance prepared would appear to have either a rather intricate structure or to be a complex carbohydrate, similar to those described by Avery and Heidelberger, but still containing impurities. This issue can probably be decided by further studies.
Synthesis of chiral polybinaphthyls with novel conjugated chromophores

An efficient strategy has been developed to incorporate new chromophores into chiral binaphthyl polymers. The repeating units of these polymers are made of conjugated structures with strongly electron-donating amino groups at the both ends. These optically active materials contain the highest possible density of chromophores in a polymer chain since every repeating unit in these polymers is a chromophore. They are soluble in common organic solvents and can be easily processed. The spectroscopic properties of these polymers are studied. The structural similarity of the chromophores in these chiral conjugated polymers with those of two-photon absorbing molecules may lead to interesting optical properties.
Morphology studies of MnOx-modified Ni(111) surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Morphology of clean Ni(111) and MnO x (x between 0.2 and 0.5)-modified Ni(111) surfaces has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Oxide islands were clearly observed. The nickel-oxide perimeter site concentration was measured as a function of oxide coverage and was found to correlate very well with results from earlier CO thermal desorption studies of the same system. These results strongly suggest the importance of perimeter sites in systems exhibiting strong metal-support interaction.
Sub-wavelength plasmonic crystals: dispersion relations and effective properties

We obtain a convergent power series expansion for the first branch of the dispersion relation for sub-wavelength plasmonic crystals consisting of plasmonic rods with frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity embedded in a host medium with unit permittivity. The expansion parameter is h = kd = 2pd/l, where k is the norm of a fixed wavevector, d is the period of the crystal and l is the wavelength, and the plasma frequency scales inversely to d, making the dielectric permittivity in the rods large and negative. The expressions for the series coefficients (also called dynamic correctors) and the radius of convergence in h are explicitly related to the solutions of higher order cell problems and the geometry of the rods. Within the radius of convergence, we are able to compute the dispersion relation and the fields and define dynamic effective properties in a mathematically rigorous manner. Explicit error estimates show that a good approximation to the true dispersion relation is obtained using only a few terms of the expansion. The convergence proof requires the use of properties of the Catalan numbers to show that the series coefficients are exponentially bounded in the H 1 Sobolev norm.
TeV string state excitation via high-energy cosmic neutrinos

Abstract We construct the open-string scattering amplitudes for neutrino–gluon collisions and evaluate the high energy neutrino–nucleon scattering cross section via string state excitations in the TeV string-scale scenario. We find that the neutrino–gluon scattering is the dominant contribution, 5–10 times larger than neutrino–quark processes, though black hole production may be larger than the string contribution at higher energies. We illustrate the observability of the string signal at the Auger Observatory and the IceCube neutrino telescope for the string scale MS≃1 TeV.
THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INTEGRATËD RURAL DËVELOPMENT PROJECTS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD BANK

A deliberate shift in the Bank's policy over the past six years has resulted in a widening and deepening of lending for agriculture and, in particular, for rural development programs, defined as programs with an antipoverty focus, targeted toward benefitting small farmers. Before there can be successful rural development, there needs to be a suitably encouraging environment, which requires that both political and economic conditions be favorable. The Bank's experience indicates a need to examine critically the notion that a multi-sectoral project generates gains to the rural community above those which would arise from an integrated approach of single sector projects. In addition, there is a need for the development of suitable yield-increasing technology for agriculture in many parts of the world and few opportunities for lowering the costs of delivery systems when these costs are built upon systems intended to help large producers. Rural development is a slow process. Additional research is needed to examine the conceptual framework and the operational experience of rural development projects and for designing monitoring and evaluation systems for such programs.
Grating induced transparency (GIT) and the dark mode in optical waveguides

We propose and describe a new class of optical modes consisting of superposition of three waveguide modes which can be supported by a few-mode waveguide spatially modulated by two co-spatial gratings. These supermodes bear a close, but not exact, formal analogy to the three-level quantum states involved in EIT and its attendant slow light propagation characteristics. Of particular interest is the supermode which we call the dark mode in which, in analogy with the dark state of EIT, one of the three uncoupled waveguide modes is not excited. This mode has unique dispersion characteristics that translate into a slow light propagation which possesses high bandwidth-delay product and can form the basis for a new generation of optical resonators and lasers.
Flag Vectors of Eulerian Partially Ordered Sets

The closed cone of flag vectors of Eulerian partially ordered sets is studied. A new family of linear inequalities valid for Eulerian flag vectors is given. Half-Eulerian posets are defined. Certain limit posets of Billera and Hetyei are half-Eulerian; they give rise to extreme rays of the cone for Eulerian posets. Other extreme posets are formed from consideration of the cd -index. The cone of Eulerian flag vectors is completely determined up through rank seven.
The phoenix-a challenge to engineering education

Engineering education is presented with a unique opportunity for improvement due to the interruption caused by the war. This improvement can only be obtained by a clear determination of the fundamental goals of engineering education and the application to its curricula of the engineering design processes it claims to teach. A distinction should be drawn between the problems of Science, which are those of analysis, and the problems of engineering which are those of Synthesis. Engineering and nonengineering students both should be taught what engineering really is, its philosophy and what it can do. The importance of its humanistic aspect should be stressed. A program is proposed for participation in the discussion and design of engineering curricula by the Institute sections.
Results on $B$ to charmonia decays from CLEO

We review some recent results on B to charmonia decays from CLEO based on 9.7 × 106 pairs collected with the CLEO detector. These include measurements of and J/ ψ π0 branching fractions, search for direct CP violation in B± → J/ψ K± and ψ(2S)K±, observation of B → ηcK, study of χc1, χc2 production and measurement of .
STOKES FLOW THROUGH A SYSTEM OF PARALLEL INFINITE CYLINDERS WITH AXES ORIENTED AT AN ANGLE TO THE DIRECTION Of MEAN FLOW

Abstract Theoretical models based on Stokes flow of air through a fibrous filter predict a significantly higher pressure drop than experimentally measured values. This discrepancy persists even when the interaction of the flow between) neighboring fibers is accounted for. Various authors have attributed this discrepancy to the inhomogeneity of the fiber distribution within the filter and to the possibility that some fibers are partially orientation in the directon of mean flow. It has been shown that fiber density inhomogeneity does indeed contribute to this discrepancy In this paper, the effect on the flow and subsequent pressure drop when the fibers are oriented at an angle to the directon of mean flow is studied. The solution of the three dimensional equation for creeping, incompressible flow in a doubly periodic, infinite lattice of infinite circular cylinders when there is a constant mean flow whose direction makes an acute angle with the axes of the cylinders is given. If the volume fraction of fibe...
Information Acquisition Under Uncertainty in Credit Markets

This article studies information acquisition through investment in improved risk assessment technology in competitive credit markets. A technology has two attributes: its ability to screen in productive borrowers, and its ability to screen out unproductive borrowers. The two attributes have fundamentally different effects on acquisition incentives and the structure of equilibrium informational externalities between lenders. The article also studies how uncertainty associated with the quality of superior technology affects information acquisition incentives. Uncertainty influences information acquisition even with risk-neutral banks. Increased uncertainty may raise or dampen incentives, depending on whether uncertainty is, respectively, about screening out or screening in quality. This article studiesinformation acquisition through investment inimproved risk assessment technology in competitive credit markets. Information acquisition or screening by banks facilitates the rating of creditworthiness and drives the ability to compete in deregulated financial markets. 1 Although improvements in information technology have augmented the ability to screen borrowers and manage risk, the adoption of enhanced screening technologieshas been uneven. 2 The centralityand continuation of the information technology revolution forces closer scrutiny of the decision to adopt new technology. It is generally argued that more widespread use of better information processing technology will benefit borrowers, improve credit allocation and enhance banks’ competitive positions. But will new information processing products or platforms be necessarily adopted, if they are costly?
A 62 Day X-Ray Periodicity and an X-Ray Flare from the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source in M82

In 240 days of X-ray monitoring of M82, we have discovered an X-ray periodicity at 62.0 ? 2.5 days with a peak-to-peak amplitude corresponding to an isotropic luminosity of 2.4 ? 1040 ergs s-1 in M82 and an X-ray flare reaching a peak luminosity of 9.8 ? 1040 ergs s-1. The periodicity and flare likely originate from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in M82, which has been identified as a possible intermediate-mass black hole. We suggest that the 62 day modulation is due to orbital motion within an X-ray binary with a Roche lobe overflowing companion star, which would imply that the average density of the companion star is near 5 ? 10-5 g cm-3 and is therefore a giant or supergiant. Chandra observations just after the flare show an energy spectrum that is consistent with a power law with no evidence of a thermal component or line emission. Radio observations made with the VLA during the flare allow us to rule out a blazar identification for the source and place strong constraints on relativistically beamed models of the X-ray emission. The Chandra observations reveal that a second X-ray source reached a flux of 4.4 ? 10-12 ergs cm-2 s-1 in the 0.3-7 keV band, which is dramatically higher than any flux previously seen from this source and corresponds to an isotropic luminosity of 1.1 ? 1040 ergs s-1. This source is a second ultraluminous X-ray source in M82 and may give rise to the QPOs detected from the central region of M82.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Back-Corrugated Absorber Surface for Solar Air Collectors

Current literature on solar air collectors emphasizes satisfactory heat transfer between the absorber and the flowing air as a major factor in overall performance. Heat transfer in the airflow passages, usually in or near the transitional flow range, is also influenced by entrance effects. The present study experimentally examines a back-corrugated absorber-convector composed of a rectangularly corrugated plate attached to the back side of a flat absorber plate with a high-temperature, high-strength adhesive. The upper surface is subjected to a heat flux from a blanket-type electric heater which simulates solar irradiation. The corrugated-plate configuration creates two parallel airflow channel types. The two channels have different geometries and, therefore, may have different heat transfer characteristics. An apparatus was designed to determine the local convective heat transfer coefficients along each of the channels. The results show that the back-corrugated absorber-convector has much better thermal performance than the simple flat-plate absorber-convector, primarily because of the increased convective heat transfer area.
Interface-flux nodal transport method

The development of the interface-flux nodal (IFN) method is presented to determine the flux distribution in reactor cells, cores and shielding. The method offers geometric flexibility, a high order of spatial expansions of the node interior sources and the node surface quantities. The surface-integral formulation is reduced to response-matrix-like global equations through coupling coefficients which are generalized expressions for escape and transmission probabilities. The spatial distribution of the neutron flux may be represented by high-order polynomials using geometric basis functions determined by a least-square minimalization technique. The angular dependency of the outgoing/incoming surface flux components is treated using a general DPn expansion and the spatial variation is handled with a boundary element technique. Based on the IFN method a computer code has been developed capable of calculating fixed-source and eigenvalue problems. Test problems for 1-D and 2-D X-Y and hexagonal geometries are presented including comparison with other techniques to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the IFN method.
Equity markets and growth: Cross-country evidence on timing and outcomes, 1980–1995

Abstract The rapid expansion of organized equity exchanges in both emerging and developed markets has prompted policymakers to raise important questions about their macroeconomic impact, yet the need to focus on recent data poses implementation difficulties for econometric studies of dynamic interactions between stock markets and economic performance in individual countries. This paper overcomes some of these difficulties by applying recent developments in the analysis of panels with a small time dimension to estimate vector autoregressions for a set of 47 countries with annual data for 1980–1995. After describing recent theories on the role of stock markets in growth and considering a pure cross-sectional empirical approach, our panel VARs show leading roles for stock market liquidity and the intensity of activity in traditional financial intermediaries on per capita output. The findings underscore the potential gains associated with developing deep and liquid financial markets in an increasingly global economy.
Magnetic energy storage and the nightside magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

The change m in the magnetic energy stored m in the Earth`s magnetotail as a function of the solar wind, BIF conditions are investigated using an empirical magnetic field model. The results are used to calculate the two normal modes contained m in the low-dimensional global model called WINDMI for the solar wind driven magnetosphere-ionosphere system. The coupling of the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) through the nightside region 1 current loop transfers power to the ionosphere through two modes: a fast (period of minutes) oscillation and a slow (period of one hour) geotail cavity mode. The solar wind drives both modes m in the substorm dynamics.
Robust fault detection filter design

In practical fault detection filter applications, reliable fault isolation takes place only when the detection space structure is insensitive to parameter variations. A left eigenvector assignment approach is developed which allows for the application of existing results relating supremal controllability subspaces and ill-conditioned eigenvectors. Modifications which yield improved eigenvector conditioning are applied to an aircraft accelerometer fault detection filter.
Matching numerical simulations to continuum field theories: A lattice renormalization study

Abstract The study of non-linear phenomena in systems with many degrees of freedom often relies on complex numerical simulations. In trying to model realistic situations, these systems may be coupled to an external environment which drives their dynamics. For non-linear field theories coupled to thermal (or quantum) baths, discrete lattice formulations must be dealt with extreme care if the results of the simulations are to be interpreted in the continuum limit. Using techniques from renormalization theory, a self-consistent method is presented to match lattice results to continuum models. As an application, symmetry restoration in φ4 models is investigated.
Existence of the lymphatic system in the primate corpus luteum.

Abstract To date, there have been no detailed studies on the lymphatic system in the primate corpus luteum (CL); early reports suggested that the presence of this “secondary circulation” in luteal ...
The Brookhaven radiation effects facility

The Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) Radiation Effects Facility (REF), funded by the Strategic Defense Initiative Office (SDIO) through the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL), has been constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Operation started in October 1986. The facility is capable of delivering pulsed H{sup -}, H{sup o}, and H{sup +} beams of 100 to 200 MeV energy up to 30 mA peak current. Pulses can be adjusted from 5 {mu}s to 500 {mu}s length at a repetition rate of 5 pps. The beam spot on target is adjustable from 3 to 100 cm diameter (2 {sigma}) resulting in a maximum dose of about 10 MRads (Si) per pulse (small beam spot). Experimental use of the REF is being primarily supported by the SDI lethality (LTH-4) program. The program has addressed ionization effects in electronics, both dose rate and total dose dependence, radiation-sensitive components, and dE/dx effects in energetic materials including propellants and high explosives (HE). This paper describes the facility, its capabilities and potential, and the experiments that have been carried out to date or are being planned. 2 refs., 10 figs.
1,4-Diamination of Cyclic Dienes via a (4 + 3) Cycloaddition of Diaza-allyl Cationic Intermediates

Diaza-(4 + 3) cycloadditions of putative diaza-oxyallyl cationic intermediates and cyclic dienes are reported as a method for the 1,4-diamination of cyclic dienes. This reaction was entirely selective for diamination and provided cycloadducts in good to excellent yield.