cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the eyes depicted in Japanese portraits of beautiful women: the Meiji and modern periods.

The women portrayed in the bijin-ga of the past, particularly those from the Meiji Period (1868–1912), tended not to show much resemblance to those of women portrayed in the more modern bijin-ga (from after World War II), and such an observation came across as a possible indication that Japanese standards of beauty have changed over the two eras. To examine whether the apparent discrepancy can be interpreted as an actual change in the standards or not, a study was designed with the aim of assigning numeric values to several aspects of the eyes and testing for the presence of a statistically significant difference in each of the aspects between the Meiji bijin-ga and the modern bijin-ga. For this study, 29 Meiji bijin-ga and 36 modern bijin-ga were selected. The eye was chosen as the subject of comparison, and five aspects were categorized and measured: (1) presence or absence of a double fold, (2) eye width, (3) eye height, (4) eyebrow-to-upper lid distance, and (D) corneal diameter. The eye width, the eye height, and the eyebrow-to-upper lid distance were divided by the corneal diameter to derive standardized grounds for comparison. The difference in double-fold frequencies between the Meiji bijin-ga (24%) and the modern bijin-ga (36%) was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.298). There was no difference in the eye width-to-corneal diameter ratio between the Meiji bijin-ga (mean 2.57 ± 0.6) and the modern bijin-ga (mean 2.61 ± 0.85) (p = 0.86). The eye height-to-corneal diameter ratio derived from the Meiji bijin-ga (mean 0.62 ± 0.15) was significantly smaller than that derived from the modern bijin-ga (mean 0.82 ± 0.18) (p = 0.000). The eyebrow to upper lid distance-to-corneal diameter ratio derived from the Meiji bijin-ga (mean 2.21 ± 0.83) was significantly greater than that derived from the modern bijin-ga (mean 1.36 ± 0.78) (p = 0.000). The results of the study support the notion that Westernization contributed to bringing about changes in the Japanese standards of beautiful eyes in the context of bijin-ga. However, the fact that the changeover has not occurred in all the categories in question does not indicate that the Occidental characteristics came to be emulated in their entirety. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at http://www.springer.com/00266 .
The macrophage chemotactic activity of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products

The chemoattractant capabilities of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products (ECP) were investigated from two isolates, the virulent FL6-60 parent and less virulent RET-04 mutant. Chemotaxis and chemokinesis were assayed in vitro using blind well chambers with peritoneal macrophages obtained from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, 5 days following squalene injection. Non-purified ECP derived from both isolates stimulated predominantly chemokinetic migration of macrophages. Additionally, the ECP were semi-purified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The FL6-60 parent ECP yielded higher molecular weight components than did the ECP from the RET-04 mutant. The chemotactic activity of the macrophages for both the FL6-60 parent and RET-04 mutant semi-purified ECP was increased over the non-purified ECP and overall migration was primarily chemotactic. Exposure to ECP derived from virulent and less virulent E. tarda isolates promoted chemokinetic movement of macrophages that may be involved in inflammatory responses of Nile tilapia to E. tarda infection.
Management leadership and productivity improvement programs

Abstract The intent of this empirical research is to identify the critical factors that are potentially fatal to productivity improvement programs and to analyze these factors relative to management leadership concepts. From this analysis we determine that these “fatal” factors can be prevented by the pre-existence of a leadership-based program that requires participative involvement of all members of an organization through good performance measurement and a sound reward system.
Electrical Manipulation of Spins in Nonmagnetic Semiconductors

Electrical manipulation of conduction band electron spins in nonmagnetic semiconductors is achieved by exploiting various manifestations of the spin–orbit interaction. The g -factor engineering combined with bandgap engineering leads to electrical tuning of the g -factor by changing the position of the electron wave function within parabolic quantum wells. Anisotropy of the g -tensor in these structures enables g -tensor modulation resonance through electrical control of the g -tensor. In a complementary approach, the momentum-dependent spin splitting in the conduction band manipulates spins. The strain-induced spin splitting is used to demonstrate coherent rotation of spins, even at zero magnetic field. The effective internal magnetic fields can also be used to drive spin resonance and to electrically polarize electron spins. Also originating from the spin–orbit interaction, the spin Hall effect generates a pure spin current transverse to an applied electric field even in the absence of applied magnetic ...
DNA Methylation is Altered in Maternal Blood Vessels of Women With Preeclampsia

We analyzed 27 578 CpG sites that map to 14 495 genes in omental arteries of normal pregnant and preeclamptic women for DNA methylation status using the Illumina platform. We found 1685 genes with a significant difference in DNA methylation at a false discovery rate of 0.10, 65 genes were identified, all of which showed reduced methylation in preeclampsia. When these genes were mapped to gene ontology for molecular functions and biological processes, 75 molecular functions and 149 biological processes were overrepresented in the preeclamptic vessels. These included smooth muscle contraction, thrombosis, inflammation, redox homeostasis, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. We speculate that reduced methylation may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and that alterations in DNA methylation resulting from preeclampsia may increase maternal risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
Influence of Winter Starvation on the Distribution of Smallmouth Bass among Wisconsin Streams: A Bioenergetics Modeling Assessment

Abstract I used a bioenergetics model to test whether overwinter starvation of age-0 smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, a representative warmwater species, could account for their scarcity in coldwater streams of Wisconsin. I modeled 84 combinations of food consumption rate, maximum daily mean summer temperature, and winter duration that encompassed the range of conditions likely to be encountered in Wisconsin streams, and ran simulations for the specific thermal regimes in four coldwater, one coolwater, and two warmwater Wisconsin streams where smallmouth bass population status was known. The model predicted that starvation mortality was unlikely at the highest food consumption rates, the warmest summer temperatures, and the shortest winters. Mortality increased with decreasing food consumption rates, decreasing maximum summer temperatures, and increasing winter duration. Starvation mortality was predicted to be negligible in the two Wisconsin warmwater streams, which had self-sustaining smallmouth ba...
Hydrogen recycling and impurities during isotopic exchange in ISX-B

Abstract Working gas composition and edge impurity levels have been monitored during H-D changeover for non-gettered, ohmic discharges in the ISX-B tokamak using optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and surface probe analysis. The isotopic exchange in the plasma is ~80% complete within the first 15 ms of the first discharge in the new isotope, but requires ~10 discharges to reach 98% completion. Fe edge densities increase by a factor of ~3 for D as compared to H plasmas, whereas 0 levels remain comparable for D and H operation. The changeover results indicate that the plasma isotopic composition in ISX-B is dominated by the fill gas, and that most of the smaller contribution from isotopic exchange with exposed surfaces is completed early in the discharge. The impurity data suggest a hydrogen sputtering mechanism for heavy impurity introduction and a chemical process for 0 release.
The SIRT1 modulators AROS and DBC1 regulate HSF1 activity and the heat shock response.

The heat shock response, the cellular response to protein damaging stress, is critical in maintaining proteostasis. The heat shock response is regulated by the transcription factor HSF1, which is activated upon heat shock and other stresses to induce the expression of molecular chaperones. SIRT1 has previously been shown to activate HSF1 by deacetylating it, leading to increased DNA binding ability. We have investigated how the heat shock response may be controlled by factors influencing SIRT1 activity. We found that heat shock results in an increase in the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio and an increase in recruitment of SIRT1 to the hsp70 promoter. Furthermore, we found that the SIRT1 modulators AROS and DBC1 have an impact on hsp70 transcription, HSF1 acetylation status, and HSF1 recruitment to the hsp70 promoter. Therefore, AROS and DBC1 are now two new targets available for therapeutic regulation of the heat shock response.
Validation of interview-based disease classifications—A mail survey of physicians

Abstract Diagnostic information obtained in the third round of a longitudinal household interview study of retirement-age couples was submitted to the respondents' physician for confirmation, and the rates of coverage of the survey population and of corroboration of diagnosis were examined. It was found that due to attrition of the sample population, absence of a designated physician and physician non-response, only about two-thirds of the initial study panel were covered. It was further demonstrated that failure of coverage was not random, but selective in relation to characteristics of both doctor and patient. These included a broad range of sociodemographic variables in the respondent, and of professional and personal characteristics of the physician. Differences in corroboration rates among the population subgroups, however, were not great enough to show significance, and accordingly we have concluded that selective though the panel losses were, they probably did not heavily impair the representativeness of the responses which were subject to validation. An exception to this is the fact that confirmation rates did vary by sex, with women's reports somewhat less valid than men's in the opinion of their physician. Corroboration also showed a considerable variation by diagnosis, with the milder and less specific items generally less well confirmed. Understandably, if the physician chosen was not the one involved in management of a particular condition, he very often pleaded ignorance. Over-all, 90 per cent of diagnostic reports were confirmed when the contact doctor was evidently the appropriate one. For all responding doctors (80 per cent of those questioned) the corroboration rate was about 80 per cent. The fact that our levels of corroboration are higher than those seen in many other such studies may be due to attrition involving poor reporters selectively, and to the progressive refinement of information inherent in a longitudinal study.
Adsorption—desorption of water on poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The physisorption of water by poly(ethylene terephthalate) was studied in the pressure range 7.6 × 10−2−20.7 Torr and in the temperature range 30°–50°C. Sample weights ranged from 683 to 1358 g and packing densities varied from 0.65 to 0.73 g cm−3. Water was the major product on heating the polymer to 135°C. The uptake of water was a rapid (<15 min) and reversible process. The uptake of water varied linearly with pressure at a constant temperature. The effect of packing density on water uptake was small but significantly different for the highest and lowest packing densities. The average water surface area for the polymer was 6.7 m2g−1. The average isosteric heat of adsorption of water on the polymer was −8.8 kcal mol−1.
Multichannel variable optical control systems for large coherent optical arrays

Novel 3D multichannel optical control systems are introduced for large coherent optical, array applications such as coherent laser radar and steered coherent optical communication links. Three optical control systems are introduced using a wide variety of photonic technologies such as acousto-optics, liquid crystals, bulk birefringent crystals, and polarization optics. System control speeds vary from a slow milli-second range to a fast sub- microsecond range. Each proposed system is appropriate for a particular application.
Mixing properties and stability of jadeite-acmite pyroxene in the presence of albite and quartz

The stability of synthetic jadeite-acmite pyroxene coexisting with albite and quartz has been determined at 600, 700, and 900° C. The end-member reaction: albite = jadeite + quartz has been determined to lie between 1.67 and 1.70 GPa at 600° C, 1.88 and 1.90 GPa at 700° C, and 2.44 and 2.48 GPa at 900° C. Jd78Acm22 + quartz is stable above 1.58, 1.78, and 2.33 GPa at 600, 700, and 900° C, respectively. Jd61Acm39 + quartz is stable above 1.47, 1.67, and 2.18 GPa at 600, 700, and 900° C, respectively. Addition of as much as 40% of acmite component in jadeite extends pyroxene stability by less than 300 MPa at 900° C. Unit-cell parameters measured for synthetic jadeite-acmite pyroxenes indicate linear volume-composition relations. The data are consistent with ideal mixing in jadeite-acmite solutions.
Use of limited color-flow duplex for a carotid screening project.

Abstract Background: Although the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis has been established, no cost-effective approach for identification of these patients has yet been devised. The purpose of this study was to develop a limited carotid duplex screening examination to be utilized for the detection of asymptomatic carotid stenoses. Methods: Carotid screening examinations employed rapid identification of the carotid bifurcation using color-flow duplex imaging and an immediate Doppler-derived velocity of the segment of the internal carotid artery with the most turbulent flow. Complete examinations were then finished using well-established protocols in our accredited vascular laboratory. A total of 512 patients were referred for complete studies based upon standard indications. Criteria for at least a 50% internal carotid artery stenosis on the complete examination was defined as a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of at least 125 cm/sec. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were then constructed to identify the optimal screening velocity criteria as compared with the final results on the complete examination. Results: Five screening examinations were technically limited yielding a total of 507 patients with 1,014 carotid arteries available for analysis. Comparison of screening examinations versus complete examinations for a PSV of 125 cm/sec yielded sensitivity 86%, specificity 98%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) 93%. ROC analysis identified a “cut point” of 115 cm/sec on the screening examinations to achieve sensitivity 91%, specificity 95%, PPV 89%, and NPV 96%. Time to perform screening examinations averaged 3.2 minutes per patient. Three patients had common carotid lesions not identified on the limited internal carotid screening examinations. Conclusions: Screening carotid examinations are a rapid, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for detection of patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Limited screening examinations should be developed in each vascular laboratory and utilized in high-risk patients.
The Effects of Anterior Hypothalamic Disconnection on Gonadotropin Secretion in the Female Rhesus Monkey

Studies to date have yielded contradictory data on the role of the anterior hypothalamus in the control of cyclic reproductive processes in the female rhesus monkey. In these experiments, we have studied the immediate and long term effects of anterior hypothalamic disconnection, using a transorbital approach, on spontaneous and estradiol-induced cyclic gonadotropin release. To secure an effective separation between the divided segments of the hypothalamus and to prevent the possibility of neural regeneration across the lesion, a Silastic membrane was introduced through the cut. Immunocytochemical studies, which selectively stained nerve fibers from the magnocellular nuclei, demonstrated no axonal growth through the cut. Eight adult female rhesus monkeys underwent hypothalamic disconnection; four were subsequently shown to have unilateral anterior lesions, and the remaining four had bilateral anterior cuts. All animals had PRL levels within the normal range (<12 ng/ml), except one (no. 577) whose bilateral...
Combination intravenous ceftazidime and aminoglycosides in the treatment of pseudomonal scleritis.

Abstract Background: Pseudomonal scleritis is a serious and potentially blinding infection that usually is resistant to medical management. Methods: Results for three patients with pseudomonal scleritis who were treated with both topical anti-infectives and a combination of intravenous ceftazidime and aminoglycoside are presented in this case series. Results: All three patients had a rapid response to the addition of combination intravenous drug therapy to topical therapy; eradication of the infection and healing of the ocular surface occurred within 8 weeks. Only one patient, in whom cystoid macular edema developed, lost useful vision as a result of the infection. Conclusions: Combination therapy with intravenous ceftazidime and aminoglycoside may be more effective than single-intravenous agents when used in addition to topical antibiotics and may obviate the need for adjunctive surgical procedures, such ascryotherapy, surgical extirpation, or conjunctival recession.
Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling

Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling, Hamideh Sedghi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-83581-7, 344pp. This book is divided into three thematic p...
A simplification of the terpolymerization equation

The terpolymerization composition equation has been modified to eliminate the consideration of interactions between monomers 2 and 3 when they are present in low concentration in the feed mixture relative to monomer 1. Terpolymers with a wide variety of comonomers and compositions have been synthesized and used to demonstrate that a simplified terpolymerization equation accurately predicts terpolymer composition.
Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States

Abstract New seismic-reflection data show that large sand waves near the head of Wilmington Canyon on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf have a spacing of 100–650 m and a relief of 2–9 m. The bedforms trend northwest and are asymmetrical, the steeper slopes being toward the south or west. Vibracore sediments indicate that the waves apparently have formed on a substrate of relict nearshore sediments. Although the age of the original bedforms is unknown, the asymmetry is consistent with the dominant westerly to southerly drift in this area which has been determined by other methods; the asymmetry, therefore, is probably modern. Observations in the sand-wave area from a submersible during August 1975, revealed weak bottom currents, sediment bioturbation, unrippled microtopography, and lack of scour. Thus, the asymmetry may be maintained by periodic water motion, possibly associated with storms or perhaps with flow in the canyon head.
Binding of anti-nucleoside antibodies reveals different classes of DNA in the chromosomes of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii).

Summary The binding of highly purified anti-nucleoside antibodies to fixed metaphase chromosomes of the kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) revealed the presence of different classes of DNA in different regions of the chromosomes. To permit antibody binding, the chromosomal DNA was first made single-stranded by either ultraviolet irradiation, which denatures some classes of AT-rich DNA, or photo-oxidation, which denatures GC-rich DNA. The antibody binding patterns obtained matched the location of the different classes of satellite DNA in kangaroo rat chromosomes. After either denaturation method, anti-5-methylcytidine (anti-M) bound intensely only to the centromeric heterochromatic regions which are known to contain the GC rich, highly methylated HS- β satellite DNA of this species. The basic repeating unit of the HS- β sequence is 5′-ACACAGCGGG-3′ 3′-TGTGTCGCCC-5′ [4]. The binding of anti-M after UV irradiation is permitted by the production of pyrmidine (CC and TC) dimers in the right-hand portion of this repeating sequence, supporting the idea that the 5-methylcytosine residues are in this portion. After photo-oxidation, anti-cytidine (anti-C) and anti-adenosine (anti-A) also showed intense binding to the centromeric heterochromatin. In addition, these antibodies showed moderately intense binding to non-centromeric heterochromatic regions, which contain the relatively GC-rich HS- α and MS satellite DNAs. After UV irradiation, anti-A binding produced a banding pattern identical to the quinacrine (Q-band) pattern, with bright chromosome arms and very dull centromeric heterochromatic regions, while anti-C showed moderate binding in the centromeric regions and fairly even but weak binding elsewhere. The results have clarified the way in which anti-nucleoside antibodies react with chromosomal DNA. The reactivity of anti-A, anti-C and anti-M with the partially denatured HS- β satellite DNA supports the idea that antibody binding requires denaturation of a sequence perhaps no more than 5 base pairs long. In addition, it appears that it is not necessary to have more than one identical base in a row to permit antibody binding.
Optical detection of magnetic resonance of the zinc vacancy in ZnSe via magnetic circular dichroism.

We report a study of the isolated zinc vacancy (${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$) in ZnSe using optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR) via magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) in absorption. Three MCD bands associated with ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ are observed at 1.0, 1.4, and 2.65 eV. The 1.4- and 2.65-eV bands have previously been observed by stress-induced linear dichroism studies. Detection of the band at 1.0 eV provides important confirmation of a previously proposed molecular orbital model for the defect. The MCD-ODMR signals are absorptionlike and disappear for the applied magnetic field along the defect axis. This unusual behavior is explained by calculating the dipole transition probabilities of the MCD transitions using this model, but expanded to include spin-orbit interaction.
Billing for outpatient transplant pharmacy services

Purpose The economic impact of out-patient pharmacy services in a transplant program was evaluated. Methods Full-time kidney transplant pharmacy services were implemented at Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center (PSHMC) in the fall of 2008, with two pharmacists combining hours to provide one full-time-equivalent position. At PSHMC, posttransplantation patients are seen three times per week. The number of patient visits with pharmacists for 2010 was compared with the total number of patient visits. The face-to-face time spent with the patient was translated to a level of billing that was associated with a set reimbursement schedule. For each patient encounter in which a pharmacist was involved, the incremental difference between the nursing and pharmacy levels of billing was examined, as were the levels most often billed by pharmacists. The difference in billing levels between pharmacists and nurses for the same patient encounter was also evaluated. Results Overall, pharmacist visits accounted for 208 (22%) of the 994 out-patient kidney transplant visits in 2010, with pharmacists billing at a higher level of acuity compared with nursing for the same patient encounter 48% of the time. This translated to an approximate increase of $100 per patient visit. For the one-year study period, pharmacists utilizing facility- fee billing increased out-patient reimbursement by approximately $10,000. Conclusion By utilizing outpatient facility-fee billing for pharmacy services, the transplant program at PSHMC increased reimbursement in the outpatient setting.
Plane-strain crack-tip stress field for anisotropic perfectly-plastic materials

Abstract Plane-strain crack-tip stress solutions for anisotropic perfectly-plastic materials are presented. These solutions are obtained using the plane-strain slip-line theory developed by Rice (1973). The plastic anisosotropy is described by the Hill quadratic yield condition. The crack-tip stress solutions under symmetric (Mode I) and anti-symmetric (Mode II) conditions agree well with the low-hardening solutions for the corresponding power-law hardening materials. The crack-tip stress solutions under mixed Mode I and II conditions are also presented. All the solutions indicate that the general features of the slip-line field near a crack tip in orthotropic plastic materials with the elliptical yield contours in the Mohr plane are the same as those associated with isotropic plastic materials. However, the angular variations of the crack-tip stress fields for the materials with large plastic orthotropy differ substantially from those for isotropic plastic materials. Modifications due to polygonal yield contours are outlined and implications of solutions to the fracture analysis of ductile composite materials containing macroscopic flaws are discussed.
Effect of BAL on Cobalt-induced Polycythemia in Rats

ConclusionsBAL in a dose of 0.2 mM/kg given 3 times weekly fails to prevent, cure, or materially alter cobalt-induced polycythemia in rats. The general toxicity of BAL appears minimal when given in this dosage over a 3½-month period.
Effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on the levels of glutathione and lipid peroxidation and the activity of glutathione reductase in liver and lung

After subcutaneous injection of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) to rats, glutathione reductase activity in lung and liver diminished rapidly. The restoration of enzyme activity occurred more slowly in the lung than in the liver. The pattern for the time-course of total glutathione (GSH) levels was similar between lung and liver, except for a marked depression of hepatic levels 6 h after drug administration. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung was not affected by BCNU throughout the experimental period (3 days). However, the level in liver had increased significantly by 6 h after drug administration. These observations indicate that lipid peroxidation in lung was not induced by BCNU even when glutathione reductase activity was markedly diminished. In contrast, the lipid peroxidation in liver was induced by BCNU and was preceded by an early marked depression in total GSH.
The consulting career in transition: from partnership to corporate

Purpose – The consulting industry is facing an inflection point as it shifts to being more populated by publicly traded entities than by private firms. Associated career patterns are affected in ways that have not yet been explored.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper we describe the industry shift to public ownership and resulting changes in consulting careers from a psychological contract perspective. We conclude by discussing the impact of emerging career dynamics that could impact the future effectiveness of the consulting industry.Findings – There are dramatic transitions underway regarding career dynamics of professionals in major consultancies. We foresee a troublesome picture in some respects and a promising outlook in other respects for individuals and their firms in the consulting profession.Practical implications – Aspiring consultants will find this paper informative as a way to assess fit with career models offered by consulting firms. Firms can use points in the paper to understand th...
Palladium membrane reactor for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene

Abstract The Pd membrane was made by the electroless plating of Pd on the oxidized porous stainless steel (PSS) support with a 0.5 μm grade. The dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene was carried out in both the Pd membrane reactor and fixed-bed reactor at temperatures from 450 to 625°C and 1.2 atm pressure with a steam/ethylbenzene ratio of 6.8. As the result of the removal of hydrogen, the ethylbenzene conversion in the Pd membrane reactor was about 10% higher than that in the fixed-bed reactor for temperatures above 600°C. More importantly, the styrene selectivity in the Pd membrane reactor was ∼15% higher than that in the fixed-bed reactor.
Long-term changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence of bleached and recovering corals from Hawaii

Chlorophyll fluorescence has been used to predict and monitor coral bleaching over short timescales (hours to days), but long-term changes during recovery remain largely unknown. To evaluate changes in fluorescence during long-term bleaching and recovery, Porites compressa and Montipora capitata corals were experimentally bleached in tanks at 30°C for 1 month, while control fragments were maintained at 27°C. A pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer measured the quantum yield of photosystem II fluorescence ( F v/ F m) of the zooxanthellae each week during bleaching, and after 0, 1.5, 4 and 8 months recovery. M. capitata appeared bleached 6 days sooner than P. compressa , yet their fluorescence patterns during bleaching did not significantly differ. Changes in minimum ( F o), maximum ( F m) and variable ( F v) fluorescence throughout bleaching and recovery indicated periods of initial photoprotection followed by photodamage in both species, with P. compressa requiring less time for photosystem II (PS II) repair than M. capitata. F v/Fm fully recovered 6.5 months earlier in P. compressa than M. capitata , suggesting that the zooxanthellae of P. compressa were more resilient to bleaching stress.
The Alliance formation process

Abstract While interest in developing strategic alliances within the food system continues to increase, there remains considerable risk when firms adopt such a cooperative strategy. The risk is due in part to the lack of concrete guidelines that illustrate the steps or stages of alliance development and the important strategic and operational decisions required at each stage. The existence of such guidelines would facilitate alliance formation and enable managers and researchers to better understand alliance practice. This paper provides an alliance formation model that incorporates the process of alliance formation with the strategic and operational considerations required for long term success. The model can be used by managers and academicians to develop and understand alliances.
Tuition and U.S. private college characteristics: The hedonic approach

Abstract Tuition at private colleges in the United States for the academic year 1982–1983 were statistically very closely related to quality characteristics associated with those colleges. Reduced form hedonic regressions reveal the equilibrium marginal tuition revenue estimates for over twenty important measures of quality, including faculty-student ratios, library size, and the percentage of the faculty holding Ph.D. degrees. These findings show that private college tuition responds in economically sensible ways to changes in public tuition, and changes in the quantity and quality of the faculties, facilities, and student bodies at private colleges.
Stability, convergence, and accuracy of a new finite element method for the circular arch problem

Abstract The arch problem with shear deformation based upon the Hellinger-Reissner variational formulation is studied in a parameter-dependent form. A mixed Petrov-Galerkin method is used to construct a discrete approximation. Finite elements with equal-order discontinuous stress and continuous displacement interpolations, unstable in the Galerkin method, are proved to be stable in the new formulation. Error estimates indicate optimal rates of convergence for displacements and suboptimal rates, with gap one, for stresses. Numerical experiments confirm these estimates. The good accuracy of the mixed Petrov-Galerkin method is illustrated in some deep and shallow thin arch examples. No shear or membrane locking is present using full integration schemes.
Mini-invasive surgical technique for sagittal craniosynostosis

Introduction Several techniques are currently available for the surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. The most recently introduced ones have been specifically designed to perform a mini-invasive approach in order to reduce the postoperative morbidity. Herein, the surgical steps of a personal, mini-invasive technique used to decrease the impact of the surgical scar are described.
Continuous temporal evaluation of the effect of meprobamate on critical flicker frequency in normal subjects

The effect of meprobamate in two dosage levels on CFF thresholds of five subjects was studied. Four conditions, 400 mg and 800 mg of meprobamate, placebo, and no-drug, were used in a singly replicated experiment employing the double-blind technique. Each session lasted 4 hrs, and CFF thresholds were obtained by the method of constant stimuli at 1/2-hr intervals.
Influences of external digital environment, markets and terminal price elasticity on personal satellite systems

Although there is no doubt about the feasibility of personal communications via small satellites in low earth orbit, there is considerable uncertainty about the size of the market, whether the specific applications will be business or personal in context, about the market relationship between voice services and data services, and the implications for system design of any information that might be developed on these questions. This paper will develop the concept that the key to understanding low orbit small satellite communications systems is the message delivery time requirement of markets and that the data services market has a widely varying range of acceptable data delivery times. We estimate the distribution of data delivery time versus population of users on a global basis. A second concept to be developed in this paper is that low orbit satellites are in some respects matched to global data delivery applications because of the daylight time zones and natural delays they impose. Using the estimated market size versus message delivery time, we show that there is a significant design implication for the space segment in terms of the number of satellites, the orbit period, and the use of crosslinks. It will be further shown that the difference in complexity of data and voice services with respect to cost argues for the rapid emergence and success of data services. Finally, we will show that a preferred terminal architecture may be an accessory or applique for a personal computer, rather than a small dedicated satellite terminal, based on the extant population of personal computers. A review of the planned terminal architectures of emerging systems reveals that using a personal computer as the basis for a terminal has not yet received wide interest. In particular, the new laptop smaller computers may be the natural catalyst for personal satellite data services in facilitating the terminal.
Effects of rutin-fed caterpillars on an invertebrate predator depend on temperature

A factorial experiment examined the effects of varying concentrations of the allelochemical rutin in caterpillars and the length of time the caterpillars had fed on the behavioral interactions of predatory stinkbugs (Podisus maculiventris) and their prey (Manduca sexta). Diet had no significant effect on defensive behavior of the caterpillars. The length of time that the caterpillars had fed (1 vs. 24 h) only influenced the frequency of caterpillars knocking the attacking stinkbugs away, with caterpillars knocking the stinkbugs away more often after 24 h of feeding. A second experiment tested the effects of diet (prey fed various concentrations of rutin), temperature (18° C and 28° C) and gender on consumption and growth parameters of fifth instar stinkbugs. At the cooler temperature, the bugs ate more, gained more weight but took twice as long to complete the stadium and consequently had reduced relative consumption and relative growth rates. Diet had no significant effect on biomass gained or stadium duration, but rutin-fed caterpillars did depress the stinkbugs' relative consumption rates. The effect of food quality on relative growth rate (RGR) was temperature dependent; rutin had no significant effect at the cooler temperature, but a high dose of rutin reduced RGR at the warmer temperature. Rutin had a greater negative impact on the females than the males. The effect of rutin on these predators was different than the effect on their prey (this study compared to Stamp (1990, 1992)): the negative effects of rutin seem to impact on the stinkbug's growth rather than on molting.
Searching in parallel for similar strings [biological sequences]

Distributed computation, probabilistic indexing and hashing techniques combine to create a novel approach to processing very large biological-sequence databases. Other data-intensive tasks could also benefit. Our indexing-based approach enables fast similarity searching through a large database of strings. Thanks to a redundant table-lookup scheme, recovering database items that match a test sequence requires minimal data access. We have implemented a uniprocessor version of this approach called Flash (Fast Lookup Algorithm for String Homology) as well as a distributed version, dFlash, using a cluster of seven non-dedicated workstations connected through a local area network. In this article, we present an approach for retrieving homologies in databases of proteins. >
The keys to the white house: An index forecast for 2008

Abstract The Keys to the White House are an index-based prediction system that retrospectively accounts for the popular-vote winners of every American presidential election from 1860 to 1980, and prospectively forecast the winners of every presidential election from 1984 through 2004 well ahead of time. The Keys give specificity to the theory that presidential election results turn primarily on the performance of the party controlling the White House. The Keys include no polling data and consider a much wider range of performance indicators than economic concerns. Already, the Keys are lining up for 2008, showing how changes in the structure of politics will produce a Democratic victory, in a dramatic reversal from 2004. The Keys also suggest that candidates need not follow the empty scripted campaigns of the recent past, but should instead be liberated to offer forthright discussions of the issues and ideas that will shape America's future.
Bergson's Structure of Soviet Wages

A review of Abram Bergson's first major work on the Soviet economy illustrates how the method of analysis he used remained strikingly consistent throughout his career. The approach involved a rigorous statement of the relevant economic theory, the erection of an hypothesis upon it for empirical testing, and reliance upon carefully evaluated Soviet statistical data for the test.
HEALTH (CARE) REFORM, MANAGED CARE, AND OPHTHALMOLOGY

I MUST CONFESS from the start that the timing and nature of health care reform are as speculative as they are inevitable; that "managed care" has as many different stripes as "health care reform," and their balance is subject to the evolving outcome of the health care reform debate; and that all predictions are subject to change at a moment's notice. Why health care reform in the first place? Put simply, because our present system of providing and paying for health services is inefficient, ineffective, and inequitable. As Brody et al1noted, it "provides appropriate high-quality care to a small group, inappropriately complex care to a larger group, and virtually no care at all to far too many." It does not fulfill "Sommer's maxim"2: maximizing the quality years of life at a cost society can afford. We spend more on health care than any other country, whether in
Survival and multiplication of Rhizobium japonicum strains in silt loam

Antibiotic resistant mutants 8-0 StrR, 110 TetR and 138 KanR derived from wild typeRhizobium japonicum strains were inoculated into silt loam soil to cell concentrations greater than 2×108/g of soil. Population changes were monitored using antibiotic media and strain identification was done using immunodiffusion assay on microcores of soil. Immunodiffusion bands formed by the mutant strains with homologous antisera essentially duplicated bands formed by the parent strain. Strains 110 TetR and 8-0 StrR had cross reacting antigens whereas antigens of strain 138 KanR reacted only with the homologous antiserum. Populations ofR. japonicum strains introduced into sterile soil increased over a period of four weeks under both single and mixed culture inoculations. All populations decreased by the end of six weeks and thereafter remained constant. When theseR. japonicum strains were introduced into non-sterile soil, the population did not increase over the initial population added. Population decreased gradually for two weeks and then maintained thereafter. It was possible to recover very low populations of antibiotic resistantR. japonicum strains from both sterile and unsterile soils using media containing specific antibiotics. Detection ofR. japonicum strains by immunodiffusion was accomplished only when the population was ≥109 cells/g of soil. The method using antibiotic resistant mutants permitted an evaluation of the interactions of variousR. japonicum strains in soil with respect to their survival and multiplication.
The End(s) of Ethnomethodology

From the outset, Melvin Pollner tried to come to grips with ethnomethodology, especially Harold Garfinkel’s contributions. In recent years he was especially concerned with where ethnomethodology had gone and where it was headed. In Garfinkel’s recent book, Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), and other writings, Pollner saw a distinctly different version of ethnomethodology in contrast with Garfinkel’s (and others’) earlier work. “The End(s) of Ethnomethodology” represents Pollner’s most polished, if still incomplete, reflection upon the state of ethnomethodology in the early 21st century. This article is published posthumously. Robert M. Emerson and James A Holstein assembled and edited the final text.
Being Targeted, Being Recognized: The Impact of 9/11 on Arab and Muslim Americans

The wounds inflicted by the September 11 terror attacks remain fresh today, nine years later. Americans have still not fully recov ered from the trauma, nor has the American government been able to conclude the two wars that it launched in response. And while everyone in the country has been negatively affected in some way by the securitization of everyday life that came in the wake of the crisis, the group that has suffered most has been Arab and Muslim Americans. They were targeted as a suspect population sim ply for being Arab and Muslim—the one thing they had in common with the terro rists, who were otherwise all foreigners. Depending on (and even at times regardless of) their citizenship status, they faced depor tation, extraordinary rendition, interroga tion, surveillance, random searches, acts of vandalism, hate crimes and various other forms of discrimination. Singled out and tar geted by both the government and the public, Arab and Muslim communities found them
Influence of Ethanolic Soaking of Soybeans on Flavor and Lipoxygenase Activity of Soymilk

Soymilks were prepared from soybeans soaked in 15% ethanol and in 15% ethanol plus 0.1M NaOH, 0.1M Na2CO3 or 0.1M NaHCO3 for various times at 60°C. The ethanol was removed before processing the soybeans into soymilks, and the soymilks were analyzed for composition, lipoxygenase activity, TBA number, and flavor (paintiness, grassiness, nuttiness, cereal, and astringency). The change in paintiness with time of soaking did not depend only on lipoxygenase activity or on TBA number, but was related to the soaking conditions. Soaking in 0.1M NaOH gave soymilks with more paintiness than soaking in either 0.1M Na2CO3 or NaHCO3.
Taxa of Leafhoppers Carrying Phytoplasmas at Sites of Ash Yellows Occurrence in New York State.

ABSTRACT Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) populations were sampled and leafhopper carriers of ash yellows (AshY) phytoplasmas were identified as first steps toward vector identification. Nearly 5,000 leafhoppers were collected in malaise traps at two sites of high AshY incidence in New York state in 1996 and 1997. These insects comprised 33 taxa, including representatives of 13 genera known to contain phytoplasma vectors. The most abundant genus was Scaphoideus, with numbers about six times greater than any other genus. A total of 1,632 insects were assayed individually for phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of phytoplasmal 16S rDNA and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of PCR products using restriction enzymes TaqI and RsaI separately. Phytoplasmas were detected in 35 insects, all but one in the subfamily Deltocephalinae. AshY phytoplasmas were detected in 19 of 812 individuals of Scaphoideus spp. and 1 of 87 of Colladonus clitellarius. Phytoplasmas of the P...
Security analysis of quantum cryptography with modified coherent state

A modified coherent state is created by mixing a coherent state with optical field from parametric down-conversion in a beam splitter. A two-photon interference effect will cancel the two-photon state. This modified coherent state has ad-vantage over the conventional weak coherent state currently used widely in quantum cryptography. We make numerical analysis on the improvement in secure data rate and transmission distance with the modified coherent state. With a three-photon interference effect to cancel the three-photon state, further improvement is shown to be possible in a newly proposed protocol for quantum cryptography.
Thymocyte-fate decisions: bittersweet new flavor.

In this issue of Blood , Liu and colleagues demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulation of thymocyte-fate decisions by which a sugar-binding protein, galectin-1, enforces death while opposing survival of developing thymocytes. The immune system's central tolerance is shaped in part in the thymus
Recruitment and retention benefits of EMT--paramedic utilization during ED nursing shortages.

ED nursing shortages have been widely documented in the literature; however, there has been little exploration of the benefits of using Emergency Medical Technicians–Paramedics (EMT-Ps) in the recruitment and retention of experienced ED registered nurses (RNs). This article will discuss the functionality of EMT-Ps in the nontraditional emergency care setting and the impact of their utilization against a background of nursing shortages. The proposed benefit from use of EMT-Ps in the emergency department will most certainly be lost without the input from the bedside RN. ED RNs play an integral part in the decision making and evaluation of all nontraditional roles that effect their departmental staffing, and their involvement in the process is critical to its success.