cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Experimental/Computational Investigation Into the Effects of Finite Width on Transonic Cavity Flow.

Recently acquired experimental data on pressure fluctuations in cavities of equal length (L) to depth (D) ratio but varying length to width (L/W) ratio have shown substantial variations in the dominant modes in the cavity. These observations have been carried out at subsonic and transonic Mach numbers at cavity L/D=5, which puts the cavity flow in the “open” category. This paper presents results from a joint computational and experimental investigation undertaken at Sandia to explain these observations. To this end, simulations of L/D=5.0 cavity at L/W=1.0,1.67 and 5.0 have been carried out and analyzed. The results show strong differences in the mean flow structure between the three widths. The widest cavity shows significantly higher turbulence intensities across the cavity. The unsteady wall pressures reveal that in this case, significant tunnel wall interactions are present, intensifying the pressure fluctuations and the shear layer oscillations. The differences in the wall pressures and turbulent flow field are smaller for the L/W=1.0 and 1.67 cavities. The L/W=1.67 cavity is strongly influenced by the streamwise vortices at the spanwise edges of the cavity, resulting in strong three dimensional variations in mean flow across the width of the cavity. In the case of the narrowest cavity, this effect is minimal, with the resultant flow field showing predominantly two-dimensional character.
Bringing posttraumatic sleep-wake disorders out of the dark.

The restorative effects of sleep on the brain are widely known. We have all observed how attention, memory, and even executive function can be affected by the quality and duration of the prior night's sleep. The physiologic mechanisms underlying this association between cognitive performance and sleep have yet to be fully elucidated, but sleep may have an important role in promoting the clearance of neuronal waste products such as β-amyloid via interstitial spaces in the brain.1 For patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), sleep may be necessary for brain healing, as sleep is involved in a broad spectrum of recovery mechanisms including synaptic plasticity.2 However, despite the role of sleep in facilitating recovery after TBI, a growing body of evidence suggests that many patients with TBI have long-term sleep–wake disturbances. For these patients, the homeostatic sleep–wake circuits that are critical to recovery are themselves disrupted.
Adolescent Work and the Early Socioeconomic Career

Though formulated well before the life course paradigm had been generally accepted, the sociological theory of status attainment is, in essence, a life course model of the socioeconomic career. The central focus is on pathways of attainment. What do they look like? What are their precursors? What are the mechanisms through which they are produced? Elder’s (1998) principles of life course study are well illustrated by this paradigm as well as by the research it has inspired. Studies of the process of stratification clearly demonstrate the connections between earlier and later life events, the consequences of linked lives, career trajectories marked by key transitions, and the importance of human agency. In this chapter, we investigate a relatively neglected set of issues surrounding the place of early work experience in the early socioeconomic career. We describe the diverse features of adolescent work careers, the characteristics of young people who select into them, and the consequences of these pathways for early postsecondary education and full-time work. We consider whether various strategies of investment in early work “pay off” as youth complete school and enter the full-time labor force.*
Practice of PC's Information Security Management in Power Grid Enterprises

Aiming at status quo and existing problems of PC's information security management in power grid enterprises,the paper points out that weak information security awareness of staff,insufficiency of regulation and scarcity of technical means are major causes and presents a working idea of focusing on both management and technology.In combination with practical experiences of Hebei Electric Power Research Institute,the paper expounds management measures and technical method for improving PC's information security.
Ovarian Toxicity from Reactive Oxygen Species

Oxidative stress occurs when cellular mechanisms to regulate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are overwhelmed due to overproduction of ROS and/or deficiency of antioxidants. This chapter describes accumulating evidence that oxidative stress is involved in ovarian toxicity caused by diverse stimuli, including environmental toxicants. There is strong evidence that ROS are involved in initiation of apoptosis in antral follicles caused by several chemical and physical agents. Although less attention has been focused on the roles of ROS in primordial and primary follicle death, several studies have shown protective effects of antioxidants and/or evidence of oxidative damage, suggesting that ROS may play a role in these smaller follicles as well. Oxidative damage to lipids in the oocyte has been implicated as a cause of persistently poor oocyte quality after early life exposure to several toxicants. Developing germ cells in the fetal ovary have also been shown to be sensitive to toxicants and ionizing radiation, which induce oxidative stress. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms by which ROS mediate ovarian toxicity.
Late Quaternary Pollen Records from Oil Lake and Feniak Lake, Alaska, U.S.A.

The pollen analysis of two sediment cores from Oil Lake, in the eastern foothills of the Brooks Range, and Feniak Lake, in the Noatak River drainage, reveal late Wisconsin and Holocene vegetation changes. These cores exhibit alternative trends in the development of the modern tundra biome. At Oil Lake, a long birch/herb zone with little fluctuation is followed by a rapid rise in sedge, which is then followed by a birch zone and an alder zone. There is a drop in birch pollen at the late glacial/Holocene boundary, with a rise in sedge and Nymphaea, an indication of the increase in moisture at the end of the late glacial. Feniak Lake yields a detailed history of Holocene vegetation change that includes an early Alnus pollen rise during the Birch Zone, indicating local expansion of alder in the Noatak River region.
SU-F-T-658: Out-Of-Field Dose Comparison for TrueBeam Low Energy Beams for Extended Distances: Measurement Vs Monte Carlo Simulation

Purpose: Patient dose far from the treatment field is comprised of scatter from within the patient, and treatment head leakage. We quantify the treatment head leakage for TrueBeam linear accelerator for 6X and 6X-FFF beams by comparing measurements to Monte Carlo simulations for a variety of jaw sizes and collimator rotations. This work is conceptually similar to that of Kry et al. (Medical Physics 2006; 33: 4405), who considered a Clinac linear accelerator. Methods: Measurements were made using an EXRADIN A101 ion chamber positioned in the patient plane, at distances up to 100 cm from isocenter. Simulations were done using VirtuaLinac, the GEANT4-based Monte Carlo model of the TrueBeam treatment head, and an in-house (U. Virginia) GEANT4-based code. In-house code modelled an ion chamber with build-up, based on a CT scan of the chamber. VirtuaLinac included a detailed model of the treatment head shielding, and was run on the Amazon Web Services cloud to generate spherical phase space files surrounding the treatment head. These phase space files were imported into the in-house code. Results: Initial comparisons between measurements and simulation showed an excess of dose in the in-plane direction, away from the gantry, in the simulations. This was traced to an incomplete model of the shielding—specifically, the component holding the primary collimator was smaller in the model than in the TrueBeam. Modifications were made to VirtuaLinac to more closely match the engineering drawings. In the in-plane direction, the lowest out of field dose was away from gantry (negative abscissa values) at around 60 cm from isocenter, for fields smaller than 10×10 cm2. Out of field dose decreased with decreasing jaw size. Flattening-filter free beam produced out-of-field doses as low as 65% of those with flattened beam. Conclusion: Doses determined from simulation and measurement were in close agreement. Funding support from the Jefferson Trust Foundation
Warfarin Inhibits Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase By Specifically Blocking at a Conformational and Redox State

Abstract Warfarin targets vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) to interfere with blood coagulation in humans. Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant, but its inhibition mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we use quantitative mass spectrometry to show that warfarin changes the intracellular redox state of human VKOR. Warfarin induces this redox shift at a physiological dosage that correlates well with warfarin-inhibited VKOR activity. The warfarin-induced redox change is prevented by the mutation of two critical cysteines, suggesting that they form a disulfide bond essential for warfarin binding. We also mapped warfarin binding through its interaction with warfarin resistant mutations located at different structural regions of human VKOR. Modeling of these interactions suggests how warfarin binds to a VKOR conformation that is stabilized by the essential disulfide bond. Thus, after sixty years of clinical use of warfarin, we now have a good mechanistic understanding that this drug blocks human VKOR at a specific conformational and redox state. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fetal intrapericardial teratoma: natural history and management including successful in utero surgery

Background Intrapericardial teratoma is a rare, lethal tumor often detected in fetal life. Tumor mass and pericardial effusion cause cardiac tamponade that, if relieved, could be life-saving. Optimal timing of intervention and methods for effective fetal treatment are unknown. Objective We describe our single-center experience with fetal intrapericardial teratoma including the first report of successful in utero surgical resection with survival to term. Study Design We reviewed our database for suspected fetal intrapericardial teratoma. On fetal ultrasound and echocardiography tumor size was estimated by calculation of an ellipse and analyzed in relation to Doppler-derived fetal cardiac output, venous flow patterns, hydrops, and outcome. Results Eight fetuses with suspected intrapericardial teratoma were seen from 2009 through 2015. Gestational age at initial presentation ranged from 21-34 (median 26) weeks. Two cases mimicked the appearance of intrapericardial teratoma, but had no serial change in cardiac output over time and were ultimately determined to be other types of tumor. In 6 cases of true intrapericardial teratoma, tumor growth was extremely rapid and associated with progressive decline in cardiac output (to Conclusion Fetal intrapericardial teratoma can be successfully managed utilizing serial surveillance and by treatment in a timely manner prior to the predictable onset of hydrops, determined through increasing tumor size and a declining cardiac output. Surgical resection in utero is possible, with good results.
Effective strategies for stabilizing sulfur for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries

The lithium-ion battery, with a relatively small energy density of ∼250 W h kg−1, has dominantly powered many devices requiring small energy demands. However, there remains a need for a cheaper and smaller type of battery with higher energy density for energy-intensive storage purposes in the automotive, aircraft, and household energy sectors. With its higher specific capacity (1675 mA h g−1) and lower costs, the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery represents the most promising next generation battery. The main focus of scientific inquiry surrounding Li–S batteries lies at the cathode, where sulfur chemically bonds to lithium. Current challenges pertaining to the high performance cathode such as the dissolution of sulfur into the electrolyte and electrode volume changes are highlighted. This review focuses on recent developments in the last three years of various sulfur integration methods at the cathode that result in improved electrochemical performance, increased energy density, cyclic stability, and a higher capacity over the mainstream lithium-ion battery. In particular, the most recent approaches were systematically examined and compared including the use of carbon and non-carbon composites to stabilize sulfur. Ideal material hosts for sulfur atoms in the cathode for outstanding Li–S batteries were outlined and thoroughly discussed. Critical understanding and relevant knowledge were summarized aiming to provide general guidance for rational design of high-performance cathodes for advanced Li–S batteries.
Emotion regulation and biological stress responding: associations with worry, rumination, and reappraisal

Individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies may play a critical role in understanding psychological and biological stress reactivity and recovery in depression and anxiety. This study investigated the relation between the habitual use of different emotion regulation strategies and cortisol reactivity and recovery in healthy control individuals (CTL; n = 33) and in individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD; n = 41). The tendency to worry was associated with increased cortisol reactivity to a stressor across the full sample. Rumination was not associated with cortisol reactivity, despite its oft-reported similarities to worry. Worry and rumination, however, were associated with increased cortisol during recovery from the stressor. The only difference between CTL and SAD participants was observed for reappraisal. In the CTL but not in the SAD group, reappraisal predicted recovery, such that an increased tendency to reappraise was associated with greater cortisol recovery. These results suggest an important role of the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies in understanding biological stress reactivity and recovery.
Alignment of the transcriptome with individual variation in animals selectively bred for High Drinking-In-the-Dark (HDID)

Abstract Among animals at risk for excessive ethanol consumption such as the HDID selected mouse lines, there is considerable individual variation in the amount of ethanol consumed and the associated blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). For the HDID lines, this variation occurs even though the residual genetic variation associated with the DID phenotype has been largely exhausted and thus is most likely associated with epigenetic factors. Here we focus on the question of whether the genes associated with individual variation in HDID-1 mice are different from those associated with selection (risk) (Iancu et al., 2013). Thirty-three HDID-1 mice were phenotyped for their BECs at the end of a standard DID trial, were sacrificed 3 weeks later, and RNA-Seq was used to analyze the striatal transcriptome. The data obtained illustrate that there is considerable overlap of the risk and variation gene sets, both focused on the fine-tuning of synaptic plasticity.
Physician views regarding the benefits and burdens of prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele.

Physician views regarding the benefits and burdens of prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele
Hybrid catfish (♂Ictalurus punctatus X ♀Ictalurus furcatus) production: Does mixed-size production make economic sense?

Alternative management strategies will be required to produce hybrid catfish (♂Ictalurus punctatus X ♀Ictalurus furcatus) year-round to provide continuous market supply. Hybrid catfish fingerlings ...
Granulocytes as models for human protein marker identification following nicotine exposure.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric cation channels expressed in the mammalian CNS, in the peripheral nervous system, and in skeletal muscle. Neuronal-type nAChRs are also found in several non-neuronal cell types, including leukocytes. Granulocytes are a subtype of leukocytes that include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Granulocytes, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are characterized by their ability to produce, store, and release compounds from intracellular granules. Granulocytes are the most abundant type of leukocyte circulating in the peripheral blood. Granulocyte abundance, nAChR expression, and nAChR upregulation following chronic nicotine administration makes granulocytes interesting models for identifying protein markers of nicotine exposure. Nicotinic receptor subunits and several non-nAChR proteins have been identified as protein markers of granulocyte nicotine exposure. We review methods to isolate granulocytes from human tissue, summarize present data about the expression of nAChRs in the three granulocyte cell types (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils), describe current knowledge of the effects of nicotine exposure on human granulocyte protein expression, and highlight areas of interest for future investigation.
A Dynamic Regression Approach for Frequency-Domain Partial Coherence and Causality Analysis of Functional Brain Networks

Coherence and causality measures are often used to analyze the influence of one region on another during analysis of functional brain networks. The analysis methods usually involve a regression problem, where the signal of interest is decomposed into a mixture of regressor and a residual signal. In this paper, we revisit this basic problem and present solutions that provide the minimal-entropy residuals for different types of regression filters, such as causal, instantaneously causal, and noncausal filters. Using optimal prediction theory, we derive several novel frequency-domain expressions for partial coherence, causality, and conditional causality analysis. In particular, our solution provides a more accurate estimation of the frequency-domain causality compared with the classical Geweke causality measure. Using synthetic examples and in vivo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the human connectome project, we show that the proposed solution is more accurate at revealing frequency-domain linear dependence among high-dimensional signals.
Costa Rica: Caught between Two Worlds

Costa rican amado madrigal porres is a truck driver/owner in his mid-forties who has been delivering cargo to clients throughout Central America for over 20 years. In June 1984, he started out with two trucks loaded with glassware and dishes destined for a market complex in Honduras. He and his son, age 22, had to drive both trucks through Nicaragua in order to arrive at their destination. On this trip they were stopped in a small village in Nicaragua about 50 miles from the Costa Rican border. Porres and his son were held incommunicado for 16 days in jail. His life was threatened as well as that of his son. When word reached his wife that they had not arrived at their Honduran destination, she spent thousands of dollars trying to locate them and win their release.
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE AND EMISSION | Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is a non-destructive and surface sensitive analytical method based on energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with detection limits in the lower picogram range. A wide range of materials are accessible by TXRF ranging from environmental to biological tissue samples and thin layered materials. The application of high energetic synchrotron radiation allows for surface mapping and near surface analysis of a variety of materials.
Development, validation and applications of simulation models for agroecosystems: Problems and perspectives

Several key issues relevant to the development, validation, and applications of simulation models for soil-crop systems are discussed. Development of models with modular components providing multiple options for conceptual representation of the system components is recommended. Combining simulation models with the concepts of artificial intelligence will facilitate the development of user-interactive interfaces which permit the user to customize the model, based on expert guidance, for a specific application. Most models do not account for the spatial and temporal variabilities in input parameters. Uncertainty in model predictions resulting from such variations in the input parameters needs to be accounted for. Minimum data sets required for model development and validation as well as objective criteria for assessing model performance need to be identified. The application of crop-soil simulation models to estimate the probable success of a specific crop production management recommendation (i.e., risk analysis) and evaluating the regional variations in crop performance using spatial modelling techniques are discussed.
Gene Therapy Vectors

Gene therapy vectors discussed here are oncoretrovirus and lentivirus based. Both types of vectors are integrating vectors; they are permanently and semi-randomly inserting their genetic information into the nucleus of the cell to be gene modified. The machinery of the original virus is being used to deliver the gene of interest; however, the virus particle has been rendered completely replication incompetent by removing all viral genes from the vector particle. Anti-HIV genes, which are packaged into these vector particles for delivery into the target cells, can be single genes or a combination of multiple genes, with their active anti-HIV component being RNA or protein based. Safety features have been engineered into latest generation lentiviral vectors, and efficient vector production methods based on transient plasmid transfection methods have been developed.
Industry level analysis of tourism-economic growth in the United States.

Abstract We investigate the relationship between economic growth and six tourism-related sub-industries (accommodation, air transportation, shopping, food and beverage, other transportation, and recreation and entertainment) in the United States in 1998–2017. Except for the lodging and the food and beverage sectors, no long-run relationship exists between other tourism sub-industries and economic growth. We uncover a unidirectional Granger causality from economic growth to each of the sub-industries. Causality is also found between the tourism industries but predominantly from industries providing local offerings (food, entertainment, shopping) to those delivering cross-destination goods and services. Our results suggest that tourism investment could be successful in the long-run even during periods of economic stagnation. In the short-run, however, tourism sectors could benefit from economic growth and tourism-related investment should take a cue from the general economy. Additionally, tourism-related investment and marketing efforts in the U.S. may wish to focus on the food, shopping, and leisure sectors.
Toughness and prism-hamiltonicity of $P_4$-free graphs.

The \emph{prism} over a graph $G$ is the product $G \Box K_2$, i.e., the graph obtained by taking two copies of $G$ and adding a perfect matching joining the two copies of each vertex by an edge. The graph $G$ is called \emph{prism-hamiltonian} if it has a hamiltonian prism. Jung showed that every $1$-tough $P_4$-free graph with at least three vertices is hamiltonian. In this paper, we extend this to observe that for $k \geq 1$ a $P_4$-free graph has a spanning \emph{$k$-walk} (closed walk using each vertex at most $k$ times) if and only if it is $\frac{1}{k}$-tough. As our main result, we show that for the class of $P_4$-free graphs, the three properties of being prism-hamiltonian, having a spanning $2$-walk, and being $\frac{1}{2}$-tough are all equivalent.
Salvage of Infected Periarticular Fractures

Infected fracture treatment and periarticular fracture osteosynthesis are among the most challenging problems of orthopedic surgery. Furthermore, salvaging periarticular infected fracture, with its soft tissue complications, hardware problems, and infection management issues, requires special approach. In this chapter, treatment strategies and techniques are discussed.
Beta Gallium Oxide ( $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 ) Vibrating Channel Transistor

We report on the first demonstration of an ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG), single-crystal $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 vibrating channel transistor (VCT), with all-electrical actuation and detection enabled by efficient vibration-induced channel conductance modulation. Given the challenges in making functional transistors in nanometer-thick $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 with appreciable on-state current and gating effect, directly coupling motion into transistors of this UWBG crystal has been elusive and not been explored yet. Here, we engineer the thickness of suspended $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 channel to attain a favorable threshold voltage ( $\vert V_{\mathrm{th}}\vert ), and operate the device in the subthreshold regime for optimal electromechanical coupling. A lithographically defined local gate device structure on insulating substrate and frequency modulation (FM) mixing techniques are employed for the VCT to suppress parasitic background, leading to enhanced transduction of the first $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 VCT resonance at ∼26MHz. The realization of all-electrical readout of $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 VCT resonators with local gates paves a way for integrating $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 nanoelectromechanical resonators with individual device addressability into the rapidly developing $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 electronics for on-chip sensing, communication, and computing functionalities.
Chronic Active Hepatitis Prolonged Survival without Treatment

A case is presented of a patient with established HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis of at least 14 years duration. The disease, although untreated, has caused the patient relatively little disability. The implications of the patient's prolonged illness are discussed with reference to current knowledge of chronic active hepatitis. It is concluded that corticosteroid therapy may not be a mandatory requirement for all patients with this disease.
Center Variation in Intention-to-Treat Survival Among Patients Listed for Liver Transplant.

In the United States, centers performing liver transplant (LT) are primarily evaluated by patient survival within 1 year after LT, but tight clustering of outcomes allows only a narrow window for evaluation of center variation for quality improvement. Alternate measures more relevant to patients and the transplant community are needed. We examined adults listed for LT in the United States, using data submitted to the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Intention-to-treat (ITT) survival was defined as survival within 1 year from listing, regardless of transplant. Mixed effects/frailty models were used to assess center variation in ITT survival. Between January 2010 and December 2016, there were 66,428 new listings at 113 centers. Overall, median 1-year ITT survival was 79.8% (interquartile range [IQR], 76.1%-83.4%), whereas 1-year waiting-list (WL) survival was 75.8% (IQR, 71.2%-79.4%), and 1-year post-LT survival was 90.0% (IQR, 87.9%-91.8%). Higher rates of ITT mortality were correlated with increased WL mortality (correlation, r = 0.76), increased post-LT mortality (r = 0.31), lower volume centers (r = -0.34), and lower transplant rate ratio (r = -0.25). Similar patterns were observed in the subgroup of WL candidates listed with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) ≥25: median 1-year ITT survival was 65.2% (IQR, 60.2%-72.6%), whereas 1-year post-LT survival was 87.5% (IQR, 84.0%-90.9%), and 1-year WL survival was 36.6% (IQR, 27.9%-47.0%). In mixed effects modeling, the transplant center was an independent predictor of ITT survival even after adjustment for age, sex, MELD, and sociodemographic variables. Center variation for ITT survival was larger compared with post-LT survival. The measurement of ITT outcome offers a complementary method to assess center performance. This is a first step toward understanding differences in program quality beyond patient and graft survival after LT.
TIP30 inhibits B cell proliferation and functions as tumor suppressor in hematopoietic tissue

2514 TIP30 is a Tat-interacting protein that can increase Tat-mediated transcription and is a putative tumor suppressor that can sensitize cells to apoptosis and inhibit tumorigenesis. We recently reported that TIP30-deficient mice of C57BL/6 /129SvJ mixed genetic background had a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and other tumors. Moreover, TIP30 overexpression represses ERα-mediated c-myc transcription, whereas TIP30 deficiency enhances c-myc transcription in both the absence and presence of estrogen. We show here that TIP30 plays an important role in the regulation of B-cell development and proliferation, and those congenic C57BL/6 TIP30-deficient mice are prone to the development of B-cell lymphoma. We have kept a cohort of congenic C57BL/6 TIP30−/−, TIP30+/− and wild-type mice for long-term observation for analysis of the development of spontaneous malignancy. 26.7% of female TIP30−/− and 20% TIP30+/− mice were dead at an average age of 12.9 and 14.8 months (p
Epileptic Encephalopaties and Developmental Disorders

Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) is a finding on electroencephalography (EEG) defined by nearly continuous spike-wave discharges during non-REM sleep. Continuous spike-wave in slow-wave sleep (CSWS) and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) are epileptic encephalopathies of childhood and adolescence characterized by developmental regression and ESES. Only one-third of patients have an identifiable cause. In CSWS, there is global regression, whereas in LKS receptive language is primarily affected. Seizures are often the presenting symptom but do not always occur. Treatment with high-dose diazepam, immunomodulation, conventional antiseizure medications, surgery, ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, amantadine, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been employed with varying success. The goal of treatment is clinical improvement, often accompanied by improvement in the EEG, and serial EEGs are employed to help gauge response to treatment. Many children have neurocognitive improvements with therapy, and in most cases, the EEG pattern resolves spontaneously; however, many are left with residual neurobehavioral sequelae.
Stroke in COVID-19: A Single-Center Initial Experience in a Hotspot of the Pandemic

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that has been an immense burden on the healthcare systems all over the world. Studies have shown that these patients may be at higher risk for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We present our initial experience with AIS in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We reviewed all patients admitted to our hospital during a 6-week period with a positive nasopharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2. Among these patients, we identified AIS by chart review. We reviewed the demographics, clinical, laboratory, imaging characteristics, treatments received, and outcomes of AIS in COVID-19 patients. Results: We identified 683 patients admitted with COVID-19 during the study period, of which 20 patients had AIS. Large vessel occlusion (LVO) was noted in 11 patients (55%). Intravenous alteplase (IV tPA) was administered in four patients (20%) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) was performed in five patients (25%). More than half of the patients were out of window for IV tPA. Respiratory symptoms preceded the onset of stroke in most of the patients (70%), ranging between one to 21 days. The mortality in patients with AIS was 50% compared to 26% of all COVID-19 admissions. Most of these patients died due to non-neurological causes (70%). There were three patients with AIS, who had clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings consistent with COVID-19, but were negative for multiple nasopharyngeal swab tests. Interpretation: LVO was more common in patients with AIS and COVID-19. They had more severe disease and higher mortality rates. Most of the patients had respiratory symptoms preceding AIS by days to weeks. This could explain certain patients with clinical picture of COVID-19 but negative nasopharyngeal swab tests. We need larger studies to further understand the association and mechanisms of AIS in COVID-19. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: All authors have stated that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Rutgers University.
Kidney360: Year 1 in Review

The American Society of Nephrology (ASN) had the foresight to recognize the need for a new nephrology journal to complement its two existing scientific journals, JASN and CJASN , established in 1990 and 2006, respectively. I was honored to be selected as the inaugural editor-in-chief of Kidney360 , the first online-only, open-access nephrology journal sponsored by the ASN. My editorship started in May 2019. After assembling the editorial team, our submission website went live in October 2019, and the first monthly issue was published in January 2020. This paper summarizes the highlights of our accomplishments in year 1 and outlines our future plans. The success of a medical journal is truly a group effort. I am extremely grateful to our entire, outstanding, editorial team, which has worked tirelessly to ensure a rigorous and timely peer review of all manuscripts submitted to Kidney360 . Our team includes two deputy editors, Luis Juncos and Mark Perazella; 13 associate editors, including Nisha Bansal, Arlene Chapman, Steven Coca, Deidra Crews, Steven Crowley, Arjang Djamali, Jennifer Flythe, Reiko Inagi, Shuta Ishibe, Timmy Lee, Samir Parikh, Michael Romero, and Prabhleen Singh; two statistical editors, Heather Philbrook and Rebecca Scherzer; and our Patient Voice Ambassador, Patrick Gee. We greatly benefit from a large and enthusiastic cohort of international kidney experts who contribute to an extensive pool of reviewers. I would also like to acknowledge our outstanding cohort of visual abstract editors, including Joel Topf, Eric Au, Pablo Garcia, Edgar Lerma, Vicki Sandys, and Dominique Tomacruz. Finally, we are fortunate to have the expert assistance of Shari Leventhal, our executive editor, and Virginia Ramsey, our managing editor, in processing and editing the manuscripts. During the first year since our submission website went live (October 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020), we received a total of 549 submissions from …
Exploring the effectiveness of school-proximity residency restrictions for sex offenders

Since the early 1990s, federal and state legislation restricting the residency options of convicted sex offenders has been justified on the basis of protecting vulnerable populations while deterrin...
The forgotten many : A study of poor urban Whites

Being white in America is thought to ensure social and economic stability, but the lives of the white people who are poor run contrary to these assumptions. Members of this group, the focus group of this study, receive food stamps, public aid and general assistance payments on a monthly basis. And they rely on public health clinics and food pantries to get by-programs and services that are viewed by the larger society as being tapped only by the black people. This paper examines the differences and similarities between the poverty experiences of black and white people. The research for this analysis consisted of participant observation and individual interviews performed in a predominantly white community of a major midwest city
Threat evolution: negative feedbacks between management action and species recovery in threatened trout (Salmonidae)

Resource managers are often presented with dilemmas that require immediate action to avoid species extinction, but that also ensure species long-term persistence. These objectives may conflict with one another, resulting in new threats as initial threats are ameliorated. Such threat evolution is a common pattern in the long history of efforts to conserve endemic trout (Salmonidae) populations in western North America. Early conservation strategies were often successful in reducing initial threats of hybridization with non-native trout, but were also responsible for producing new threats such as inbreeding, genetic drift, and, more generally, reductions in heterozygosity. In such situations, the objective of reducing or minimizing the threat of extinction remains the same, but the causes of decline change in direct response to the implemented strategy. This aspect of species recovery is not often recognized in initial efforts to protect a species from extinction. Here, we present the case of the threatened Little Kern golden trout (O. mykiss whitei), as an example of threat evolution. Its conservation management history is well documented, as are feedbacks between direct conservation actions and emerging present-day threats. Management of this and similarly imperiled species must take into account evolving threats, if long-term persistence is to occur.
Enantioselective hydrogenation of tiglic acid in methanol and in dense carbon dioxide catalyzed by a ruthenium–BINAP complex substituted with OCF3 groups

Abstract A fluorinated analog of the 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) ligand was synthesized with OCF 3 -substitution of the aryl groups in BINAP skeleton ( p -OCF 3 –BINAP). Ruthenium complexes of both BINAP (Ru–BINAP) and ( p -OCF 3 )–BINAP (Ru–[( p -OCF 3 )–BINAP]) were also synthesized and investigated as catalysts for hydrogenation of tiglic acid in methanol. Typically, Ru–[( p -OCF 3 )–BINAP] had lower activity but had higher enantioselectivity at high hydrogen pressures than Ru–BINAP at the same condition. The effect of OCF 3 groups on the catalytic properties was discussed on the basis of NMR spectra and kinetic data. Ru–[( p -OCF 3 )–BINAP] was found to have sufficiently high solubility in dense CO 2 for homogeneous catalytic reactions and was investigated for hydrogenation of tiglic acid in CO 2 . The results showed that CO 2 had a great influence on both activity and enantioselectivity. Addition of methanol to CO 2 was found to increase the enantioselectivity.
Regulating Export of ER Cargo

One of the goals of gene therapy is the administration of genes (or their protein products) so that the therapeutic proteins are rapidly delivered to the correct location in a physiological manner. In a Perspective, Aridor and Balch discuss new findings ( Rivera et al. ) that capitalize on the ability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to harbor protein aggregates for regulated delivery to the cell surface. The new work demonstrates that aggregates of a fusion protein (FKBP12 and either insulin or growth hormone) accumulate in the ER. Addition of a small-molecule drug that "dissolves" the aggregates results in rapid export of these therapeutic hormones and their release into the circulation.
Parametric Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines parametric empirical Bayes confidence intervals. Empirical Bayes modeling assumes the distributions π for the parameters θ= (θ 1 , …, θ k ) exist, with π taken from a known class Π of possible parameter distributions. Π is considered independent N (u, A) distributions on R k . It is called parametric empirical Bayes problem, because πɛ Π is determined by the parameters (u, A) and so is a parametric family of distributions. A simulation presented in the chapter was used to determine that the intervals ±s i and ±1.96s i contain the true values θ i in at least 68 percent and 95 percent of the cases. Empirical Bayes estimators, or Stein's estimator, can lead to misestimation of components that the statistician or his clients care about when exchangeability in the prior distribution is implausible. The term empirical Bayes, which is used for non-parametric empirical Bayes problems, actually fits the parametric empirical Bayes case too. The empirical Bayes methods in general and parametric empirical Bayes methods in particular provide a way to utilize this additional information by obtaining more precise estimates and estimating their precision.
ADAPTATION OF THE PENN STATE MICROOXIDATION TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS

The Penn State microoxidation test has been adapted for use with mineral oil base stocks and fully formulated automotive crank-case oils. Tests under nitrogen and air atmospheres coupled with analyses using gel permeation chromatography and clay column adsorption provide for a semiquantitative analysis of the products by elution time (apparent molecular size). This test procedure allows for primary and secondary oxidation reaction rate studies after substantial quantities of the lubricant have been oxidized. Time-temperature studies can show the effectiveness of base oil quality as well as effects contributed by additives. A general time-temperature equivalence in the range of 200 to 225 degree C has been demonstrated for a series of formulated engine oils. Microoxidation tests have been compared with III-C hot engine tests for a series of ASTM reference oils.
The Strength of Snow in Compression

The hardness observations taken in the Canadian Snow Survey are analysed and found to depend on snow density, temperature, and crystal size. This strength property of the snow is found to be highly variable and the variability is attributed to unstable bonding between individual snow grains.
Pharmaceutical speakers' bureaus, academic freedom, and the management of promotional speaking at academic medical centers.

Pharmaceutical companies routinely engage physicians, particularly those with prestigious academic credentials, to deliver “educational” talks to groups of physicians in the community to help market the company's brand-name drugs. Although presented as educational, and even though they provide educational content, these events are intended to influence decisions about drug selection in ways that are not based on the suitability and effectiveness of the product, but on the prestige and persuasiveness of the speaker. A number of state legislatures and most academic medical centers have attempted to restrict physician participation in pharmaceutical marketing activities, though most restrictions are not absolute and have proven difficult to enforce. This article reviews the literature on why Speakers' Bureaus have become a lightning rod for academic/industry conflicts of interest and examines the arguments of those who defend physician participation. It considers whether the restrictions on Speakers' Bureaus are consistent with principles of academic freedom and concludes with the legal and institutional efforts to manage industry speaking.
Maximum Dynamic-Load Allowance of Bridge with GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Deck

AbstractThe 26.87-m, single-span Beaver Creek Bridge on U.S. Highway 6 in Utah was built in 2009. Elements of the bridge included AASHTO Type IV prestressed concrete girders and posttensioned, full-depth, precast concrete deck panels reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The bridge was given three static and five dynamic truck load–controlled tests before it was opened to traffic. Vertical acceleration data was also collected from random truck traffic. Dynamic truck load data was used to verify a finite element model and obtain dynamic load allowance (DLA) values. DLA was determined to be a function of the number of axles, axle group weight, and axle spacing. The maximum DLA for the bridge with a GFRP-reinforced concrete deck was found to be less than the value specified in the AASHTP LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
Defects of tooth structure in congenital cytomegalovirus infection

In most populations congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections occur with a frequency of 0.5% to 2% of live births. In the newborn period this infection is largely clinically inapparent; only 5% to 10% of infected infants manifest illness.1 In this small group of symptomatic babies, both the type and severity of abnormalities have a wide spectrum.2 The most frequent manifestations are microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, petechia, jaundice, and growth retardation. Although signs of central nervous system involvement are not usually evident at birth, they become apparent within the first few years of life in nearly 90% of children with symptoms at birth. The most common manifestations are microcephaly (70%), intellectual impairment (60%), neuromuscular disorder (35%), hearing loss (30%), and chorioretinitis or optic atrophy (22%).
Picosecond dynamics of thermal and acoustic transport in metal films

An optical transient reflectance technique has been developed to characterize both the thermal and the elastic properties of thin-film materials. The use of picosecond-duration laser pulses permits the study of metal films of the order of 100 nm thick. We demonstrate the measurement of thermal diffusivity and acoustic velocity, in addition to observations of the thermal impedance of a single metal-metal interface.
Dermatological disease in patients with CKD.

BACKGROUND I. Studies show that nearly 100% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are affected by at least 1 dermatological disorder II. Also common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) III. Skin disorders have significant effects on quality of life and general appearance IV. Some disorders are associated with excessive morbidity and must be treated aggressively GENERAL CHANGES IN SKIN
Davis and Dietrich's response to Abramson and colleagues' article on statins in low risk people.

Abramson and colleagues question the benefit of statins in low risk patients, as recommended by the new cholesterol treatment guidelines.1 2 This conclusion is based on the authors’ evaluation of a meta-analysis performed by the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators.3 Firstly, they state that, in the setting of primary prevention, statins have not been shown to affect all cause mortality.1 In the JUPITER trial, 17 802 otherwise healthy participants were randomised to treatment with rosuvastatin 20 mg daily or placebo.4 Over 97% of study participants had less than a 10% five …
Quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-shadow views of the extracellular matrix and cortical cytoskeleton of Xenopus laevis eggs.

The quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-shadow technique provides a powerful tool to study the structural dynamics of extracellular matrices. Using this technique, we show that the extracellular investments of the Xenopus laevis egg are multilayered and securely anchored to the egg surface. The cortical cytoskeleton within the egg contains embedded cortical granules with surrounding endoplasmic reticulum and is capped by a thin reticular sheet that contacts the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The extracellular matrix undergoes three distinct changes at fertilization: (a) formation of a “smooth” layer below the vitelline envelope (VE), (b) transformation of the VE itself to an altered VE composed of concentric fibrous sheets, and (c) formation of a dense, “briar-patch”-like fertilization layer at the upper surface of the VE.