cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entity Theory as Myth in the U.S. Corporate Excise Tax of 1909

Recently, scholars have examined the 1909 corporate excise tax, the first tax imposed against corporations because of their corporate status, and concluded that it was enacted due to developments in entity theory around the turn-of-the-century. According to this scholarship, corporations grew in power and became real entities under the eyes of the law and the people. The government sought to regulate this accumulated wealth through corporate taxation. Thus, the origins of the modern corporate income tax can be traced to entity theory and the need to regulate corporate power. This historical explanation does not stand up to close scrutiny. Upon examining the events leading up to and following the adoption of the 1909 tax, as well as the debates over the 1909 act itself, it appears that the role of entity theory and corporate regulation in the rise of the modern corporate income tax has been overstated. The 1909 corporate excise tax, like its predecessors, the sugar and petroleum excise taxes during the Spanish-American War, were an attempt to reach shareholder wealth while complying with the constitutional limitations imposed by the Supreme Court in Pollock. While they were both passed with regulatory undertones, the historical significance of this tax became more limited after the constitution was amended to permit income taxation. When the first post-amendment corporate income tax was enacted in 1913, it was essentially a replica of the pass-through corporate taxation employed during the nineteenth century. This chapter in a forthcoming book, Studies in the History of Tax Law, Vol. II (John Tiley, ed., Hart Publishing, forthcoming 2006), suggests that rather than appearing in 1909 as a result of developments in entity theory, the modern corporate income tax emerged during World War I and its aftermath because of a variety of factors. These included the wartime need for revenue, the increase in progressive surtax rates applied to individuals, and a shift toward more conservative dividend policies among corporations. Each of these factors combined to produce a different reality for the taxation of corporate income. The pass-through model was no longer considered viable. Thus, the modern corporate income tax system developed not because of a change in the theory of the corporation or because of a desire to regulate it, but because the old system no longer worked.
Mod p representations of SL2(Qp)

In Barthel and Livne (1994) [3], the authors give a rough classification of mod p representations of GL2(F) where F is a finite extension of Qp. In Breuil (2003) [4], the author gives a complete classification of mod p representations of GL2(Qp). In this paper, using the classification in those two papers, we classify mod p representations of SL2(Qp). We also define conductors and newforms for these representations and compute the conductors and the dimensions of spaces of newforms.
An unusual cause of right lower abdominal pain in young female: A case report and review of literature

Renal infarction is a serious medical emergency but its diagnosis is often delayed because it mimics many other conditionsincluding renal stones, pyelonephritis, renal cancer and back pain. Early diagnosis as well as treatment is important for preventingrecurrence of infarction and irreversible kidney damage. The most common causes of renal infarction are heart diseases leadingto embolism, renal trauma and atheromatous disease. However, in some patients, the etiology remains unclear and is labeled asidiopathic renal infarction. We report an unusual case of right lower abdominal pain which was finally determined to idiopathicrenal infarction after extensive investigation.
A Fable About Social Structure

When the spaceship finally landed on Stellar 8R, nobody expected to find any people there. After all, this was the 964th mission to another star, and none had found any form of life, unless one considered the rocks brought back by the 804th mission as showing fossils of extinct protozoa, a claim made by some scientists but hotly disputed by others. But to everyone's surprise, there were creatures who immediately gathered around the rocket when it landed. They did not exactly look like people, but they surely were more like people than like protozoa. The two sociologists who had been brought along on Mission 964 immediately set to work to study these creatures on 8R (aytars, as someone started calling them, and the name stuck), while other scientists went about their tasks. The aytars were all alike, as far as the sociologists could discover, except in two respects. They differed in color, some being blue and others green; and they differed in size, ranging in height from about 10 to nearly 30 inches. They did not differ in sex; nor did they differ in age. Of course, time elapsed for them, but it did not change them, so that they did not grow older and ultimately die, which obviated the need for sexual reproduction. (Biologists were studying how they regenerated their organisms.)
Swimming against the current--what might work to reduce low-value care?

Reducing overuse of low-value health care services could theoretically improve quality while slowing spending growth. But we need to determine whether current policy tools, which were designed to address underuse, will work to reduce overuse.
Improved Simulation of Edaphic and Manure Phosphorus Loss in SWAT

Watershed models such as the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Agricultural Policy Environmental EXtender (APEX) are widely used to assess the fate and transport of agricultural nutrient management practices on soluble and particulate phosphorus (P) loss in runoff. Soil P-cycling routines used in SWAT2012 revision 586, however, do not simulate the short-term effects of applying a concentrated source of soluble P, such as manure, to the soil surface where it is most vulnerable to runoff. We added a new set of soil P routines to SWAT2012 revision 586 to simulate surface-applied manure at field and subwatershed scales within Mahantango Creek watershed in south-central Pennsylvania. We corroborated the new P routines and standard P routines in two versions of SWAT (conventional SWAT, and a topographically driven variation called TopoSWAT) for a total of four modeling "treatments". All modeling treatments included 5 yr of measured data under field-specific, historical management information. Short-term "wash off" processes resulting from precipitation immediately following surface application of manures were captured with the new P routine whereas the standard routines resulted in losses regardless of manure application. The new routines improved sensitivity to key factors in nutrient management (i.e., timing, rate, method, and form of P application). Only the new P routines indicated decreases in soluble P losses for dairy manure applications at 1, 5, and 10 d before a storm event. The new P routines also resulted in more variable P losses when applying manure versus commercial fertilizer and represented increases in total P losses, as compared with standard P routines, with rate increases in dairy manure application (56,000 to 84,000 L ha). The new P routines exhibited greater than 50% variation among proportions of organic, particulate, and soluble P corresponding to spreading method. In contrast, proportions of P forms under the standard P routines varied less than 20%. Results suggest similar revisions to other agroecosystem watershed models would be appropriate.
Rapid fibrosis and significant histologic recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplant is associated with higher tumor recurrence rates in hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a single center retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus recurrence after transplant is universal. Histologic recurrence is observed in > 50% hepatitis C virus-infected grafts within the first year. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate factors responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence and mortality including histologic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients who had undergone transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus from 2002 to 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS There were 109 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus that underwent living-donor liver transplant from July 2002 to June 2012. On univariate analysis, preoperative Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score (P = .026), α-fetoprotein level (P = .020), rapid fibrosis (P = .008), and Hepatitis Activity Index ≥ 6 (P = .008) were associated with recurrence. On multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (P < .0001) and rapid fibrosis (P = .015) independently predicted hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus recurrence on biopsy is a poor prognostic indicator and is associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplant. Rapid fibrosis after liver transplant independently predicts hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence.
Acculturation contexts: Theorizing on the role of inter-cultural hierarchy in contemporary immigrants’ acculturation strategies

Recent efforts to expand the theoretical framework of acculturation have drawn attention to a variety of pre-migration and reception contexts that affect how immigrants engage with the culture of their country of destination. Building on John W. Berry’s seminal work, this article contributes to the development of acculturation theory by delineating the previously under-explored context of inter-cultural hierarchy. Employing a critical theory stance, the paper argues that immigrants’ response to western cultural dominance and the rise of neoliberal imperatives can influence, along with the above mentioned contexts, their acculturative strategies. The paper proposes distinctions between types of assimilation, integration and separation strategies that have the potential to capture immigrant’s risk of long-term psychosocial maladjustment in the country of destination.
Characterizing Adhesion between a Micropatterned Surface and a Soft Synthetic Tissue

The work of adhesion and work of separation are characteristic properties of a contact interface that describe the amount of energy per unit area required to adhere or separate two contacting substrates, respectively. In this work, the authors present experimental and data analysis procedures that allow the contact interface between a soft synthetic tissue and a smooth or micropatterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate to be characterized in terms of these characteristic parameters. Because of physical geometry limitations, the experimental contact geometry chosen for this study differs from conventional test geometries. Therefore, the authors used finite element modeling to develop correction factors specific to the experimental contact geometry used in this work. A work of adhesion was directly extracted from experimental data while the work of separation was estimated on the basis of experimental results. These values are compared to other theoretical calculations for validation. The results of ...
Expression of connexin 30 in Xenopus embryos and its involvement in hatching gland function.

Connexins are a family of proteins that assemble to form gap junction channels. Cell-cell communication through gap junctions mediates many important events in embryogenesis, including limb patterning, lens physiology, neuronal function, left-right asymmetry, and secretion from gland tissue. We studied the expression of connexin 30 (Cx30) in the Xenopus embryo and find that it is expressed in the developing hatching gland and pronephros. To determine whether its expression plays a functional role in the activity of the hatching gland, we exposed pre-hatching embryos to drugs that block gap junctional communication. This resulted in a continuation of normal growth and development but specifically abolished hatching. The treatment did not affect Cx30 or Xenopus hatching enzyme transcription, suggesting a post-transcriptional effect on Cx30 gap junctions. We conclude that junctional communication, possibly mediated by Cx30, is involved in secretion of hatching enzyme in Xenopus. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is business news starting to bark? How business news covers corporate social responsibility post the economic crisis:

This study seeks to give a timely perspective on understanding how business news covers corporate social responsibility in light of heavy criticism financial journalists have faced since the latest...
Chapter 12 – The Harmonic Structure of Mind: Higher Level Everyday Transfer Thinking

This chapter focuses on harmonic mind and its structure, and its importance in everyday transfer thinking. The harmonic structure of higher level transfer thinking helps to efficiently store, integrate, remember, process, and retrieve information. Such a structure becomes a memory or mnemonic device for learning. This form of analogical transfer is also seen in the basic structure of higher level mathematical thinking. Thus it appears that transfer ability and mathematical ability are integrally related on some fundamental neurological level. Although analogical transfer ability, which is manifested mathematically in abstract proportional forms, is characteristic of all good mathematicians, those not skilled in higher mathematics may nevertheless be good at transfer thinking.
Lobbying across the USA: from state vetoes to federal venues

Drawing on the veto player and multilevel lobbying literatures, the article analyzes the impact of policymaking vetoes on cross-territorial lobbying patterns. This comparative study of the American states finds that the incidence of federal lobbying by state interest groups and corporations is higher from states with divided government. Federal lobbying is higher also from states with unified Democratic Party control. The findings of a two-level statistical analysis of Lobbying Disclosure Act data from 2005 to 2015 suggest that subnational actors partially redirect their lobbying effort to the federal level when state policymaking channels are blocked. The empirical analysis builds on a multilevel interactive game and is supported further by a case study of lobbying patterns that followed the 2010 elections, when the Republican Party gained control of many state legislative chambers. Future research on lobbying in multilevel polities must simultaneously consider the relative powers of government levels and the partisan control of those levels.
The Beginnings of Change

There were many events that led up to the flurry in sweetgrass work that began in the late 1980s before my entrance into the arena (Fig. 2.1). Of course, the first event that contributed to the stress was the explosion of coastal development in the late 1970s and early 1980s which even continues today.
Strategies in Surgical Management

Heart failure is not a disease but a complex clinical syndrome representing the end-stage of a number of different cardiac diseases. It can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. It has been defined as a reduction in cardiac function such that cardiac output is reduced relative to the metabolic demands of the body and is associated with failure of compensating mechanisms.
The Political Aesthetics of Anne Boleyn’s Queenship in Henry VIII

When Shakespeare and Fletcher wrote Henry VIII, or, All is True, they were responding to and codifying a political mythology developed within the preceding century. Of particular relevance for Shakespeare and Fletcher’s work was Henry’s political performance in his courtship and marriage of his second queen. Both in history and in the play, the character of Anne Boleyn/Anne Bullen becomes a locus of the shifts caused by Henrician reform in church and state. Because those reforms created threatening instabilities in the social order, Anne’s containment becomes a central concern of the play. In Henry VIII, Anne is made subject to the audience, as well as subject to Henry, as a way of historicizing and containing these instabilities and the resultant English anxieties.
Resources, Platforms, and Sustainable Competitive Advantage: How to Win and Keep on Winning

When competing in any area, it’s helpful to have valuable stuff that opponents don’t have. If you want to fight a war, it helps to have better fighter aircraft and better tanks. This pattern is called resource-based sustainable competitive advantage. Resource-based sustainable competitive advantage is surprisingly difficult to achieve in an information-based business because software can be copied. However, sometimes the resources the firm owns or its skill base cannot be fully duplicated. These resources and skills can be sources of sustainable competitive advantage when leveraged through software, even if the software itself can be copied. Platform envelopment is a form of resource-based sustainable competitive advantage. In platform envelopment, the firm creates the resources that it later combines and uses to protect and defend its sustainable competitive advantage. Each app that’s included in the platform creates super-additive value; the value of the platform is far greater than sum of the values of each part. To compete with a complete platform, it is usually necessary to have an equally attractive complete platform of your own. Google has a platform envelopment strategy. Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Uber pursue their own. Platform envelopment strategies create monopoly power, delighting consumers but virtually destroying competition.
τ-Rigid modules from tilted to cluster-tilted algebras

We study the module categories of a tilted algebra C and the corresponding cluster-tilted algebra B=C⋉E where E is the C-C-bimodule ExtC2(DC,C). In particular, we study which τC-rigid C-modules are...
Interferon-gamma increases the expression of the gene encoding the beta subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activates a broad range of myeloid cells through binding to high-affinity receptors (GM-CSF-R) consisting of at least two distinct subunits, GM-CSF-R alpha and GM-CSF-R beta. The genes of these GM-CSF-R subunits have been identified recently, but little is known about the regulation of their expression. In this study, we investigated the expression of the GM-CSF- R subunit genes in normal human monocytes. Out of a panel of various cytokines and factors tested, only interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) affected the expression of one of the GM-CSF-R subunit genes by increasing the GM-CSF-R beta mRNA expression threefold to sixfold with no effect on GM-CSF-R alpha. Maximal effects occurred 2 to 4 hours after stimulation with 500 to 5,000 U/mL IFN-gamma. Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA half-life studies showed that IFN-gamma modestly enhanced the transcription of the GM-CSF-R beta gene and stabilized the GM-CSF-R beta mRNA, with the latter mechanism predominant. Pretreatment of the monocytes with cycloheximide did not abrogate the increase of GM- CSF-R beta mRNA expression induced by IFN-gamma, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was not required for this activity. When monocytes were exposed to IFN-gamma for 6 to 24 hours, the number of GM- CSF-R per cell was increased 79% as compared with controls, whereas the receptor affinity remained unchanged. These data indicate that the GM- CSF-R expression in monocytes may be upregulated by IFN-gamma via an increased expression of the beta subunit gene, involving both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Diego Sarmiento de Acuña (1567-1626), I conde de Gondomar, y la traducción al castellano de la obra de fray Cornelio Musso (1511-1574), obispo de Bitonto

Cornelio Musso (1511-1574), Bishop of Bitonto (1544-1574), will always be remembered because he opened the Council of Trent with one of his preachings. His books had an important diffusion in the Iberian Peninsula in the Modern Age. Nevertheless, we only know two translations of his preachings into Spanish during this time, both related to Diego Sarmiento de Acuna (1567-1626), first Count of Gondomar. In this paper, we will analyze the reasons of this fact and why this nobleman could be interested in these translations. We will do so using the catalogues of his library and his famous letters.
History-Aware Free Space Detection for Efficient Autonomous Exploration using Aerial Robots

In this work, we present an approach for the detection of the direction of free space in order to improve the efficiency of robotic exploration by exploiting the history of free space calculations. As a motivational example, we consider the case of exploration of subterranean environments where the length of corridors can exceed the range of most sensors, multi-branched geometry may lead to ambiguity with respect to the most efficient direction of exploration, or sensor degradation can shorten the effective depth range. The proposed method can be used to assist a path planner by determining the directions of probable free space for efficient exploration. The algorithm was evaluated using point clouds from two types of sensors, namely sparse long-range sensors such as a LiDAR and dense short-range sensors such as direct depth RGBD sensors. Furthermore, evaluation took place against a variety of environments using handheld and aerial robotic data in urban and subterranean environments. During each of the tests, the algorithm has shown to be capable of consistently and reliably finding the directions of probable unobserved free space in real-time. As a final evaluation step, the proposed algorithm was integrated as part of the path planning functionality on-board an autonomous aerial robot and the relevant mine exploration field results are shown. Analysis of computational efficiency is further presented. The code for this method is open-sourced and accompanies this paper submission.
Sign Language and Autism

For over a decade, reports have documented the efficacy of sign language intervention techniques with autistic individuals who do not appear to benefit from traditional speech training. There has been much discussion and speculation as to the reasons for this apparent success in the various reviews that have surveyed the research literature (Bonvillian, Nelson, & Rhyne, 1981; Carr, 1979; Layton, Leslie, & Helmer, 1983; Wilbur, 1979). Concurrently, there has been an exciting revolution in our understanding of the structure of sign language and its function as a natural language. Although these recent linguistic insights do not solve the puzzles presented by sign language usage with autistic children and adults, they do provide fresh perspectives on the problems that may serve to stimulate innovative research and clinical creativity. This chapter then will take its title literally and allocate a substantial portion of its space to a description of sign language itself, even though in many cases only a portion of the language is being used for intervention purposes. Following this discussion, our attention will be turned to the problems posed by the need to develop communicative language in autistic individuals. We will suggest new directions for future intervention and research and reiterate several earlier suggestions for sign language usage with autistic children (Menyuk & Wilbur, 1981; Moores, 1981).
A causal perspective on reliability assessment

Abstract Causality in an engineered system pertains to how a system output changes due to a controlled change or intervention on the system or system environment. Engineered systems designs reflect a causal theory regarding how a system will work, and predicting the reliability of such systems typically requires knowledge of this underlying causal structure. The aim of this work is to introduce causal modeling tools that inform reliability predictions based on biased data sources. We present a novel application of the popular structural causal modeling (SCM) framework to reliability estimation in an engineering application, illustrating how this framework can inform whether reliability is estimable and how to estimate reliability given a set of data and assumptions about the subject matter and data generating mechanism. When data are insufficient for estimation, sensitivity studies based on problem-specific knowledge can inform how much reliability estimates can change due to biases in the data and what information should be collected next to provide the most additional information. We apply the approach to a pedagogical example related to a real, but proprietary, engineering application, considering how two types of biases in data can influence a reliability calculation.
School of Holistic Development: A Case Study: A Unique Program of Life Transformation through Educational Metamorphosis of Students

Holistic development of students for life transformation through process of educational metamorphosis with the help of pentagonal model of integral education is the unique program of School of Holistic Development (SHD). With a vision to create and nurture the ‘Wholesome’ Personality of student to build ‘Winning Personalities and Comprehensive Global Professionals’ enabling them to meet challenges of career as well as life with skills, sensibility and sense of responsibility towards society and humanity by emphasizing on enhancing Employability of students by building Skills, Competencies and Multiple intelligence, Character, Values of Life are the objectives of the program. Inspired with this Indic approach SHD has designed a unique model of creating and fostering wholesome personalities through Integral Education. Indic wisdom of personality talks of five aspects (Panch Kosh). This ‘Pentagon’ of five ‘Koshas’ emphasizes five-dimensional development like Physical, Emotional, Psychological and Intellectual Development and Spiritual Awakening. This program at SHD works at levels of senses and for healthy body; mind, emotions and psychology; skills and competencies for technical and intellectual enhancement, responsible behavior towards society and environment, yoga, values and spirituality to achieve the final objective of self-realization, self-discovery and finding out one’s own real-life purpose. The paper discusses the case study of SHD, launched by MIT Arts Design Technology University, Pune, India gives details of conceptual framework, vision, mission, objectives, methodology and tools adopted under SHD for holistic development of students and also compares and gives similarities between SHD and the National Educational Policy of Indian 2019.
Phase-Field Study of Thermomigration in 3-D IC Micro Interconnects

We studied the evolution of the Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn intermetallic compounds under large thermal gradients for assisted directional solidification in Cu/Sn/Cu micro solder units for fast bonding in 3-D IC packaging. Thermomigration-enhanced growth and dissolution of the phasesare observed and tracked using a CALPHAD-reinforced multiphase-field model that accounts for the thermodynamics and kinetics of the Cu(Sn) reacting system. The results show that the process of bonding follows a reaction-controlled growth regime ( $n{\sim }1$ ) during thermal gradient bonding, proceeding faster than isothermal conditions. In addition, the asymmetric phase evolution, i.e., simultaneous growth in hot side and dissolution in the cold side of the interconnect, is modeled. The developed model can be used for the proactive control of the complex heat treatment processes for the design of multicomponent low-volume solder interconnects in electronic packaging.
Effects of pulmonary protective solution involved ulinastatin on lung function after cardioopulmonary bypass

Objective To evaluate protective effects of hypothermic pulmonary protective solution with uli-nastatin on lung function during cardiopulmouary bypass (CPB) in the patients with congenital heart disease(CHD) and pulmonary hypertenion. Method Fifty-four children,who had CHD of left-to-fight shunts with moderate-se-rious pulmonary hypertension, were enrolled. They had been performed with the radical operation under CPB from September 2005 to December 2006 in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children' s Hospital of Zhejiang University. Moderate-serious pulmonary hypertension was defined as pulmonary-to-systolic pressure ratio > 0.45(Pp/Ps > 0.45). Fifty-four children were randomly divided into three groups. Patients in group A (n = 18)didn't receive pulmonary protective solution, and scrved as control; patients in group B (n = 18) were adminis-tered with pulmonary protective solution without ulinastatin;patients in group C (n = 18) were administered with pulmonary protective solution with ulinastatin. The serum concentrations of MDA and MPO were measured at five different time points:pre-operation, 0 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h in the intensive care unit (ICU) (T1～5). Patients'lung functions were monitored at T1 - T4. The time of mechanical ventilation was recorded. Results No one died in this study. The mean time of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the group B and group C than that in the group A. The MDA and MPO levels were lower in group B compared with group A at T4. The MDA level at T3-T5 and the MPO level at T4 was lower in group C than those in group A. There were no significant in MDA and MPO levels between group B and group C at five time point.A-aDO2 was lower in groups B and C than those in group A at T3 and T4, whereas at T4, A-aDO2 was lower in group C than that in group B. Cdyn was higher in group B at T3and group C at T3 - T4 than those in group A. Cdyn was lower in groups C than that in group B at T4.Condusions Lung perfusion with hypothermic protective solution during CPB can all lung injury and promote recovery after operation, especialy with ulinastatin. Key words: Ulinnstatin; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Lung protection; Congenital heart disease
Derrida on Language and Philosophical Education

The relationship between national languages and schooling is a recurring theme in Derrida’s writings on education, playing an important role in the challenge he mounts to traditional understandings of the French State’s involvement in the teaching of philosophy. In this essay, I follow this thread of thinking across several of Derrida’s texts, paying specific attention to his diagnoses of positions arguing for a universal philosophical language on the one hand, and those elevating French as the proper language of philosophy on the other. I demonstrate how, against these positions, an alternative understanding of relation between language and philosophical education starts to emerge in Derrida’s work, one in which translation is a key element.
Regulation of human sphingomyelin synthase 1 translation through its 5'-untranslated region.

Bcr-abl1 oncogene causes a shift in the transcription start site of the SMS1 gene (SGMS1) encoding the sphingomyelin (SM) synthesizing enzyme, sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1). This results in an mRNA with a significantly shorter 5'-UTR, called 7-SGMS1, which is translated more efficiently than another transcript (IIb-SGMS1) with a longer 5'UTR in Bcr-abl1-positive cells. Here, we determine the effects of these alternative 5'UTRs on SMS1 translation and investigate the key features underlying such regulation. First, the presence of the longer IIb 5'UTR is sufficient to greatly impair translation of a reporter gene. Deletion of the upstream open reading frame (-164 nt) or of the predicted stem-loops in the 5'UTR of IIb-SGMS1 has minimal effects on SGMS1 translation. Conversely, deletion of nucleotides -310 to -132 enhanced transcription of IIb-SGMS1 to reach that of 7-SGMS1. We thus suggest that regulatory features within nucleotides -310 and -132 modulate IIb-SGMS1 translation efficiency.
Mindfulness Training to Improve Nurse Clinical Performance: A Pilot Study:

Health care errors are a national concern. Although considerable attention has been placed on reducing errors since a 2000 Institute of Medicine report, adverse events persist. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of mindfulness training, employing the standardized approach of an eight-week mindfulness-based, stress reduction program on reduction of nurse errors in simulated clinical scenarios. An experimental, pre- and post-test control group design was employed with 20 staff nurses and senior nursing students. Although not statistically significant, there were numerical differences in clinical performance scores from baseline when comparing mindfulness and control groups immediately following mindfulness training and after three months. A number of benefits of mindfulness training, such as improved listening skills, were identified. This pilot study supports the benefits of mindfulness training in improving nurse clinical performance and illustrates a novel approach to employ in future research.
Changes in Austria’s Agricultural Structures Since the Accession to the EU in 1995

Since joining the EU in 1995, Austria has been subject to EU regulations including the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The opening of the markets to consumers and producers and the reduction of producer prices to EU level represented big challenges in the early years. Vast adaptation measures were adopted in Austria’s agricultural sector and compensatory measures were financed by both Austria and the EU. The CAP, however, has continued to develop and the periodic new objectives, programs and measures also had to be implemented, thereby affecting the economy, agricultural and regional structures as well as landscapes. This article analyses the regional development of agrarian structures in the context of the historical CAP stages. Detailed regional statistical analyses of the Austrian situation have been carried out based on data from IACS and statistical censuses for the eight Austrian agricultural production zones, for specific years with sound and comparable data on development. Absolute numbers, rates of change and indices for specialization and concentration for numbers of businesses, livestock and areas are presented to illustrate changes in Austria’s agricultural structures.
Cognitive subtypes in individuals with essential tremor seeking deep brain stimulation.

Objective: Essential tremor (ET) is a common neurological disorder that has been associated with 60% increased risk of developing dementia. The goals of the present study were to: (a) learn whether individuals with advanced ET symptoms seeking deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery would fall into distinct cognitive subgroups, and (b) learn how empirically derived subgroups map onto criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: Patients with ET (N = 201; mean age = 68.9 ± 8.9 years) undergoing pre-surgical evaluation for DBS completed a multi-domain neurocognitive assessment consisting of memory, executive function, visuospatial skill, language, and processing speed. Two cluster analytic approaches (K-means, hierarchical) were independently conducted to classify cognitive patterns using domain composites. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and proportion of cases meeting neuropsychologically defined criteria for MCI were examined among clusters. Results: A three-cluster solution reflected a Low Executive group (N = 64), Low Memory Multi-Domain group (N = 41), and Cognitively Normal group (N = 96). The Cognitively Normal group was older and more educated, with a higher Dementia Rating Scale-2 score. In total, 27.4% of participants met criteria for MCI. Of the MCI cases, most were in the Low Executive (41.8%) or Low Memory Multi-Domain groups (49.1%). In the latter, 65.9% of its members were classified as MCI versus 35.9% in the Low Executive group. Conclusions: Our study identified three cognitive subtypes of ET patients presenting for DBS. Future work should examine the subgroups for progression to dementia, particularly the Low Memory Multi-Domain subgroup which may be at highest risk.
LED-Based Visible Light Intersatellite Communication for Distributed Space Systems

Intersatellite communication (ISC), also known as intersatellite links (ISLs), comes with many benefits to distributed space systems (DSSs) including advanced capabilities, such as relative navigation among small satellites and a reduction in the need for the ground segment. Radio frequency (RF) has been the de-facto method for ISC in DSS missions. However, as new science missions evolve with advanced payloads and complex architectures, RF may not be able to meet the ISC requirements of high bandwidth and throughput without violating the size, mass, power, and cost (SMaP-C) constraints of small satellites. Laser communication has the potential of meeting the requirements for these more complex missions but may violate the constraints imposed on small satellites due to its high-precision pointing and tracking requirements. This work presents the progress made on the development of LED-based visible light ISC (VL-ISC). Key aspects of the system design are presented with regards to the physical and data link layers. The simulation of the nonorthogonal multiple-access scheme for VL-ISC in a cluster of small satellites indicates an overall system throughput sum rate of about 2 Mbit/s (for system bandwidth of 0.5 MHz) among others. The roadmap to the development of a future VL-ISC standard is discussed.
The dubious logic of sacrifice: Motherhood, crisis, and social reproduction in Advantageous (2015)

A number of independent science fiction films released since the Great Recession feature relatively unexceptional protagonists in dystopian scenarios, thereby shifting the conventional focus of the...
The Everchanging World Wheat Market

For some countries, wheat is no longer the primary grain crop grown. Over the past ten years, wheat production in the USA has declined by almost 15%. For many farmers in the USA and Canada, wheat has become a minor crop partly due to the introduction of oil and pulse crops and the increase in canola, peas, and lentils acreage. The shift away from wheat was made possible through new technologies, such as the use of air seeders and combine headers for straight combining. This shift, however, has caused transformations in the world wheat market, including changes in government policies over time, some of which have affected world wheat crops. This chapter highlights the changes that have taken place in the world wheat market from the 1970s to the present and how policies and programs have influenced the changing structure of the world wheat market.
Association Between Twitter Mentions and Academic Citations in Otolaryngology Literature.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between Twitter mentions and academic citations in otolaryngology literature.Study DesignRetrospective cross-sectional analysis.SettingAltmetric Twitter mentio...
The Bonaparte of St. Domingo: Historiography and Heroism in Harriet Martineau’s The Hour and the Man

In the introduction to The Philosophy of History, G.W.F. Hegel discusses the role of heroes: “World-historical men – the Heroes of an epoch – must, therefore, be recognized … their deeds, their wor...
Harnessing Nutritional Benefits of Spirulina platensis: Standardization of Cultivating Conditions of Spirulina in Kilimanjaro

Malnutrition remains a challenge in Tanzania, notwithstanding government initiatives and health education geared towards assuaging the problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there will be more than 600,000 severely malnourished children in Tanzania by the year 2030. In particular, protein based malnutrition remains the greatest challenge due to the irreplaceable nature of its essential amino acids. Macronutrients and micronutrients which are found in Spirulina platensis have been recommended by WHO to address malnutrition in developing countries. Spirulina platensis is a ﬁlamentous Cyanobacterium microalgae with the highest recorded protein content of plant origin with several immune boosting nutrients. Spirulina cultivation requires sufficient aeration, proper light intensity and salinity for maximum biomass yield, cell productivity, specific growth rate, and protein content. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Kilimanjaro on the optimized conditions, locally and economically tailored approach system required to grow spirulina in the region. The study established the use of food grade organic media with low-cost urea as nitrogen source, a greenhouse average temperature of 30–32 °C in the months between December to March, alkalinity of 5 g/L, mixing frequency of 3 times per day/100 L and partial shading, as the optimum conditions for outdoor cultivation of spirulina. Keywords: Malnutrition, Spirulina, Protein, growth condition
Modelling long-term human immunodeficiency virus dynamic models with application to acquired immune deficiency syndrome clinical study

Summary. Mathematical modelling of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics has played an important role in acquired immune deficiency syndrome research. Deterministic dynamic models have been developed to study the viral dynamic process for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV type 1 infection and antiviral treatment strategies. We propose a new multistage estimation procedure which uses data, HIV viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts, from an acquired immune deficiency syndrome clinical study, to estimate the parameters in a long-term HIV dynamic model containing both constant and time varying parameters. Simulation studies and a real data application show that the methods proposed are efficient and appropriate to estimate both constant and time varying parameters in long-term HIV dynamic models.
Making aerospace technology work for the automotive industry, introduction

NASA derived technology already in use in the automotive industry include: (1) developments in electronics design, computer systems, and quality control methods for line testing of cars and trucks; (2) a combustion analysis computer program for automotive engine research and development; (3) an infrared scanner and television display for analyzing tire design and performance, and for studying the effects of heat on the service life of V-belts, shock mounts, brakes, and rubber bearings; (4) exhaust gas analyzers for trouble shooting and emissions certification; (5) a device for reducing noise from trucks; and (6) a low cost test vehicle for measuring highway skid resistance. Services offered by NASA to facilitate access to its technology are described.
Prediction of Olympic Balance Beam Performance from Standardized and Modified Tests of Balance

Abstract Relationships among standardized and modified balance tests, balance discrepancy scores, balance speed tests, and an Olympic Balance Beam Skill Test were examined. Each of the balance variables served as an independent variable in a multiple regression analysis to predict Olympic Beam performance. The Bass Stick Test and the Sideward Leap Test were raised to a height 3′11” above the floor to determine the effect that height would have on balance ability. Little relationship among any of the tests was found. Task-height significantly affected balance performance in both static and dynamic tests. Neither balance discrepancy scores nor balance speed tests efficiently predicted balance beam skill, although one of the speed tests significantly discriminated between beginning and intermediate beam performers. The most effective combination of predictors of balance beam skill were two tests of dynamic balance, the Sideward Leap and the Modified Sideward Leap.
Changing Selves, Sexualities, and Genders in Samoan History

Jeannette Marie Mageo. Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. xv. 292 pp.
Transplacental passage of IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes (HYP7P.306)

Maternal IgG mediates the transplacental passage of several antigens; however, it is unclear if maternal IgE may be transferred across the placenta as IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes. In this study, we determined maternal and cord blood serum concentrations of IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes in a cohort of allergic and non-allergic mother/infant dyads. We found a strong correlation (r = 0.88) between maternal and cord serum concentrations, which is strongly suggestive of placental transmission. Subclass analysis demonstrated the majority of IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes in maternal sera were of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses, while those in cord blood were of the IgG1 subclass. Levels of IgG1 anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes were significantly higher in allergic vs. non-allergic pregnant women. To investigate the role of FcRn in the transplacental passage of IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes, we used MDCK cells stably transfected with hFcRn. IgG, IgG anti-IgE, and IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes bound to hFcRn-expressing MDCK cells in a pH-dependent manner whereas IgE alone did not. The addition of an FcRn blocking antibody effectively inhibited the binding of IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes. Ongoing experiments are being conducted using the MDCK cells to demonstrate FcRn-mediated transcytosis. The ability of maternal IgG anti-IgE/IgE immune complexes to bind fetal myeloid dendritic cells and regulate FcϵRI-dependent pro-inflammatory responses is being investigated.
The natural-fit handrim: factors related to improvement in symptoms and function in wheelchair users.

AbstractBackground/Objective: People with spinal cord injury (SCI) may spend several decades using a wheelchair as their primary means of mobility. Secondary injury and a decline in independence over time are common with manual wheelchair users who, in turn, may require increased assistance as time passes. The Natural-Fit contoured hand rim has been shown to improve symptoms and function in people with SCI who use manual wheelchairs and who have experienced upper extremity pain. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with improved symptoms and functions.Participants: 87 people who purchased the ergonomic wheelchair handrims. Participants were predominately men, with a median age of 51 to 55 years, median level of injury Tl 0 to T12, median time in a wheelchair of 15 years, and they had used the contoured rims for 1 to 2 years.Methods: This was a mail survey of 217 people who purchased the rims. The survey was mailed out from the manufacturer and was anonymously returned to the...
Peripheral Regulation of Food Intake in Poultry

This review focuses on food intake regulation in avian species with the emphasis on sites of action outside of the central nervous system using data obtained mainly with studies involving poultry. Avian species do appear to regulate food intake, and there is good evidence that both the gastrointestinal tract and the liver are primary sites for regulation. Although young meat-type chickens may be eating near gut capacity, this does not appear to be the case in older birds. Furthermore, although the crop probably has a role in food intake control when meal feeding, its role during free access feeding is marginal. Food intake can be altered in chickens by infusion of glucose, lipids, epinephrine and possibly amino acids into the liver. The response to such infusions is altered by genotype and feeding state (fed or unfed). In addition, injection of peptides including cholecystokinin, bombesin, and gastrin outside the central nervous system decrease food intake. It is uncertain whether the anorexigenic effect of these peptides is a specific response, or if it is a general response caused by abdominal discomfort. Opioids appear to stimulate food intake with at least part of their effect being from outside of the central nervous system. Therefore, although the central nervous system is involved in food intake control in avian species, there are other sites involved. Furthermore, genetic selection for growth in meat-type chickens has altered the responsiveness of these control mechanisms suggesting that there is genetic variation for these physiological systems.