cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the assumption of transverse isotropy of a honeycomb sandwich panel for NDT applications

Due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, honeycomb sandwich panels are being increasingly used in lightweight structures, in particular in aircraft and aerospace industry. Delaminations of individual plies in the composite skins or disbonds of a layer in the multi-layer plate structures often remain undetected during visual inspection. Using guided ultrasonic waves, such hidden defects can be detected. For the successful application of ultrasonic nondestructive testing methods, however, wave propagation characteristics have to be well-understood. Recently developed semi-analytical techniques allow for the calculation of dispersion characteristics for many materials. However, the elastic material behavior is often simplified for these calculations. For example, woven composite laminates are modeled as a homogeneous, transversely isotropic plate. While these simplifications only lead to minor errors, the modeling of aluminum honeycomb core sandwich panels with homogeneous, transversely isotropic layers has yet to be validated. In this paper, an efficient numerical approach is used to determine the dispersion characteristics of a honeycomb core layer with and without simplified material behavior. A full 3D-model, including the honeycomb cells, of a small representative volume element of the material is generated using finite elements, and the resulting dispersion curves are compared to the ones obtained from simplified models. In addition to dispersion curves, the displacement fields of the waves are also analyzed.
By Default: The Effect of Prepopulated Prescription Quantities on Opioid Prescribing in the Emergency Department

Introduction: Opioid prescribing patterns have come under increasing scrutiny with the recent rise in opioid prescriptions, opioid misuse and abuse, and opioid-related adverse events. To date, there have been limited studies on the effect of default tablet quantities as part of emergency department (ED) electronic order entry. Our goal was to evaluate opioid prescribing patterns before and after the removal of a default quantity of 20 tablets from ED electronic order entry.Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study at a single academic, urban ED with 58,000 annual visits. We identified all adult patients (18 years or older) seen in the ED and discharged home with prescriptions for tablet forms of hydrocodone and oxycodone (including mixed formulations with acetaminophen). We compared the quantity of tablets prescribed per opioid prescription 12 months before and 10 months after the electronic order-entry prescription default quantity of 20 tablets was removed and replaced with no default quantity. No specific messaging was given to providers, to avoid influencing prescribing patterns. We used two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, two-sample test of proportions, and Pearson’s chi-squared tests where appropriate for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 4,104 adult patients received discharge prescriptions for opioids in the pre-intervention period (151.6 prescriptions per 1,000 discharged adult patients), and 2,464 post-intervention (106.69 prescriptions per 1,000 discharged adult patients). The median quantity of opioid tablets prescribed decreased from 20 (interquartile ration [IQR] 10-20) to 15 (IQR 10-20) (p<0.0001) after removal of the default quantity. While the most frequent quantity of tablets received in both groups was 20 tablets, the proportion of patients who received prescriptions on discharge that contained 20 tablets decreased from 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.48-0.52]) to 0.23 (95% CI [0.21-0.24]) (p<0.001) after default quantity removal. Conclusion: Although the median number of tablets differed significantly before and after the intervention, the clinical significance of this is unclear. An observed wider distribution of the quantity of tablets prescribed after removal of the default quantity of 20 may reflect more appropriate prescribing patterns (i.e., less severe indications receiving fewer tabs and more severe indications receiving more). A default value of 20 tablets for opioid prescriptions may be an example of the electronic medical record’s ability to reduce practice variability in medication orders actually counteracting optimal patient care.
Magnetic resonance assessment of pulmonary artery compliance: a promising diagnostic and prognostic tool in pulmonary hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension, whether caused by idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or as a complication of an increasingly recognized number of primary disease states, is associated with significant mortality and morbidity ([1,2][1]). Diagnosing pulmonary hypertension, however, may be challenging
Principals’ Instructional Feedback Practices During Race to the Top

We investigated how 12 K–12 public school principals in a Northeastern U.S. state perceived their role to provide teachers with instructional feedback during Race to the Top (RTTT). Guided by the u...
Equity in STEM-rich Making: Pedagogies and Designs

This brief essay offers an introduction to a special symposium on equity in STEM-rich making. The introduction provides context that frames current equity issues in the Maker Movement, as well as s...
Effector Cells in ADCC with Anti-Breast Cancer Monoclonal Antibodies

A considerable body of data has been accumulated as evidence for the existence of tumor associated antigens in human mammary tumors (1–5). Introduction of hybridoma technology has resulted in detection and characterization of antigenic molecules associated with mammary tumors (6–17).
Ophthalmic Disease in the Ageing Society

The diverse range of ophthalmic disease covers every ocular structure, function, ethnic group, mode of inheritance and of course every age range. Certainly, in the developed world, a significant proportion of disease is multifactorial in origin; however, in a large majority of cases, the underlying risk includes that of increasing age. Indeed, by 80 years old, more than 80 % of the main causes of blindness are due to age-related conditions such as cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Finger et al. 2011a, b) (Fig. 1.1).
Major Abdominal Arteries

Vascular injuries are the most common cause of death after penetrating abdominal trauma. Any penetrating injury to the abdomen should be considered a potential vascular injury until proven otherwise. This is critical for understanding that this is a true emergency and requires running the patient to the operating room (OR) before they exsanguinate. Only a novice would saunter over. In this chapter, we will address how to quickly access and manage injuries to the major arteries in the abdomen. We will begin with key features that include staying calm, rapid exposure, obtaining temporary control until further decisions can be made, and various approaches to treatment.
Backscattering properties of topographic targets in the visible, shortwave infrared, and mid-infrared spectral ranges for hard-target lidars

Hard-target lidars rely on the reflectivity and backscattering properties of topographic targets, which are rather difficult to evaluate, resulting in uncertainties when assessing the performance of the instrument. In this work, backscattering properties and hemispherical reflectance of topographic targets are measured in the visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectral ranges. A laboratory setup mimicking a hard-target lidar is used to measure the backscattered signals at various angles of incidence, which are then fitted using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function Phong model. We show that these results are useful for optimizing active stand-off detection and hard-target lidars and for increasing their overall efficiency.
Quantifying user preferences for sanitation construction and use: Application of discrete choice experiments in Amhara, Ethiopia.

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are stated preference methods that allow for the quantification of preferences by presenting respondents with hypothetical choices. We conducted image-based DCEs to assess preferences for latrine use (stratified by gender) and construction (among men only) in Amhara, Ethiopia. Preference was quantified using a conditional logistic model to estimate utilities and corresponding odds ratios associated with a set of latrine attributes. For latrine use, tin roofing, handwashing stations, and clean latrines had the highest relative utility coefficients. Tin roofing was preferred to no roof for use (Women: OR 3.68, 95% CI 3.18-4.25; Men: OR 3.75, 95% CI 3.21-4.39) and new latrine construction (5.92, 5.04-6.95). Concrete slabs, a critical aspect of improved sanitation, was not preferred to dirt floors for use (Women: 0.87, 0.75-1.00; Men: 1.03, 0.88-1.20), but was preferred for new construction (1.52, 1.30-1.78). We did not observe any trends in preference for direct (monetary) or indirect cost (labour days), so we were not able to elicit trade-offs between latrine attributes and these costs for the construction of new latrines. Our findings suggest similar latrine use preferences between men and women. We found that tin roofs are the most strongly preferred latrine characteristic, but concrete slabs, commonly promoted in sanitation programmes, were not preferred for use. We demonstrate the utility of DCEs to elicit stated preferences for latrine use and construction among community members who have myriad motivations for using and making improvements to their sanitation facilities, including the ease of cleaning and hygiene, durability, or privacy and comfort. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Case History Problem Solving: Part V General

Case 31–1: This 59-year-old, white male, married plumbing contractor, approximately 7 years prior to admission, had the onset of a tremor of the right hand occurring mainly at rest. One year prior to admission, the patient had noted progression. The tremor was now present at the wrist and shoulder in addition to the fingers. During this time, the patient had also noted a stiffness of the right leg when walking. For one year prior to admission, since an alleged back injury, he had been unable to straighten up when walking and had had to walk in a very stooped position. During the 6 months prior to admission, the patient had experienced short episodes of subjective vertigo, resulting in a tendency to fall forward.
Long-term survival in an octogenarian patient with carcinomatous pleurisy from recurrent colon cancer, responding to Bevacizmab and CPT-11

Cancerous pleurisy of recurrent colorectal cancer is relatively rare, and standardized chemotherapy has not been established. We herein presented a case of octogenarian with recurrent colon cancer with carcinomatous pleurisy, which successfully treated by modulated bevacizmab and CPT-11 combination chemotherapy and a total of 5-year long-term survival was achieved. Significantly responsive cases of Bevacizmab-combined chemotherapy have been reported for cancer pleurisy from different carcinomas, and its usefulness for cancerous pleural effusion cases is expected. We discuss the efficacy of Bevacizmab for elderly patients with recurrent or advanced colorectal cancer and cancerous pleurisy.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.

Guidelines from professional societies recommend that clinicians avoid placing peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study used data fr...
Simulated microgravity in the ring-sheared drop

The ring-sheared drop is a module for the International Space Station to study sheared fluid interfaces and their influence on amyloid fibril formation. A 2.54-cm diameter drop is constrained by a stationary sharp-edged ring at some latitude and sheared by the rotation of another ring in the other hemisphere. Shearing motion is conveyed primarily by the action of surface shear viscosity. Here, we simulate microgravity in the laboratory using a density-matched liquid surrounding the drop. Upon shearing, the drop's deformation away from spherical is found to be a result of viscous and inertial forces balanced against the capillary force. We also present evidence that the deformation increases with increasing surface shear viscosity.
The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on testosterone among men in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

To determine the association between tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use and testosterone (T) levels among men in the United States. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from the years 2011–2016, we identified all men 18 years and older who answered the substance use questionnaire and underwent laboratory testing for T. Regular THC users were defined as those who use THC at least one time per month, every month for at least 1 year. Multivariable linear regressions controlling for confounders were then used to determine the relationship between THC use and T levels. Among the 5146 men who met inclusion, 3027 endorsed using THC at least once in their life (ever-user). Nearly half of the THC ever-users (49.3%) were considered regular THC users. Multivariate analysis controlling for age, comorbidities, tobacco use, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), exercise level, and race revealed a small but statistically significant increase in T among regular THC users at any measured level of use, compared to non-regular THC users (non-users). This increase was characterized by an inverse U-shaped trend with Regular THC users using two–three times per month demonstrating the greatest increase in T (+ 66.77 ng/dL) over non-users. THC use is associated with small increases in testosterone. This increase in T appears to decline as THC use increases, but nevertheless, T is still higher with any amount of regular use when compared to T in non-users. Prospective work is needed to validate the observed increase and to better elucidate the mechanism of impact THC use has on T levels.
Addressing challenges to precepting advanced pharmacy practice experience students in the community setting.

Abstract Background and purpose An advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in a community pharmacy setting is required in all accredited doctor of pharmacy program curricula in the United States. This setting often presents unique challenges to precepting students that may hinder the development and availability of robust learning experiences. This qualitative review discusses perceived challenges and potential solutions to maintaining a meaningful community rotation experience for students based on published literature and reported preceptor experiences. It also explores the clinical impact of APPE students in community pharmacy. Educational activity and setting St. Louis College of Pharmacy (STLCOP) provides a systematic approach to student orientation and evaluation for community pharmacy APPEs. This allows all pharmacy students to be held to the same educational outcome standard. Site preceptors are responsible for communicating site-specific expectations and providing frequent formative feedback to students throughout the five-week rotation. Findings Community rotation students spent approximately 6400 hours providing almost 30,000 patient interventions over two years, indicating a potential benefit in quality of care at student-hosted sites. Despite evidenced benefits of the presence of pharmacy students in community pharmacies, some pharmacists hesitate to precept students due to anticipated obstacles of this additional responsibility. Summary This review explored the community practice APPE structure offered at STLCOP and describes the patient impact that students have made during this clinical rotation. Data seem to indicate a positive return on investment for having APPE students in community pharmacy.
A clash of epidemics: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic response on opioid overdose

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will have a lasting impact on public health. In addition to the direct effects of COVID-19 infection, physical distancing and quarantine interventions have indirect effects on health. While necessary, physical distancing interventions to control the spread of COVID-19 could have multiple impacts on people living with opioid use disorder, including impacts on mental health that lead to greater substance use, the availability of drug supply, the ways that people use drugs, treatment-seeking behaviors, and retention in care. The degree to which COVID-19 will impact the opioid epidemic and through which of the possible mechanisms that we discuss is important to monitor. We employed simulation modeling to demonstrate the potential impact of physical distancing on overdose mortality.
Healthcare Openness and Access Project: Mapping the Frontier for the Next Generation of American Healthcare, June 2018 Update

The Healthcare Openness and Access Project (HOAP) is a collection of state-by- state comparative data on the flexibility and discretion US patients and providers have in managing healthcare. HOAP combines these data to produce 37 indicators of openness and accessibility. In turn, these indicators are grouped into 10 broad subindexes (Corporate, Insurance, Occupational Regulation, Pharmaceutical Access, Telemedicine, Direct Primary Care, Medical Liability, Provider Regulation, Public Health, and Taxation), which in combination form the overall HOAP index. The indicators, subindexes, and overall index are all scored on a 1-to-5 Likert scale. The project provides state-by-state rankings over a number of variables. Using the data provided on the project’s website, readers may adjust the weights on the indicators to custom-build subjective measures and rankings that differ from the ones presented in this paper. This June 2018 update revises some of the data series from the original November 2016 study.
Periorbital Mass in a 2-month-old Girl.

1. Shi Xun Fang, MD* 2. Kimberly G. Montez, MD, MPH, FAAP*,† 1. *Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 2. †Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC A 2-month-old girl presents to the pediatric outpatient clinic with a small mass inferior to her right medial canthus (Fig 1). The area was noted to be slightly raised at birth but has become more apparent following an episode of coldlike symptoms at 1 month of age. The lesion increases in size, develops a bluish hue, and becomes more prominent with crying. There is no fever, eyelid edema, ocular discharge, conjunctival injection, or respiratory distress. The infant has prominent veins on her right upper eyelid that are unchanged since birth. The patient was born at 39 weeks’ and 2 days’ gestation via vaginal delivery to a 33-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder. The pregnancy was complicated by tobacco and marijuana use. Prenatal medications included a multivitamin, cyclobenzaprine, promethazine, famotidine, loratadine, and hydroxyzine. The infant is growing and developing well. There is no significant family history. Figure 1. Blue nodule inferior to right medial canthus. Nevus simplex on glabella. On physical examination, the girl is alert, active, and well-appearing with normal vital signs. Inferior to her right medial canthus is a well-demarcated, compressible, nontender violaceous nodule ∼1 × 1 cm in size, with an overlying superficial telangiectasia. There is no bleeding, ulceration, thrills, or warmth of the nodule. Extraocular movements are intact, red reflex is symmetric bilaterally, and there is no conjunctival injection, tearing, or discharge. On the right upper eyelid are prominent veins. On the glabella and bilateral upper eyelids are erythematous, blanching macules consistent with a nevus simplex. All other physical examination findings are normal. A diagnosis of a localized, deep infantile hemangioma (IH) is made based on clinical examination. A deep IH located inferior to the medial canthus can be difficult to distinguish clinically from other causes of periorbital masses. However, the blue hue, overlying telangiectasia, and proliferation …
An Examination of Coping Strategies and Intent to Leave Child Welfare During the COVID 19 Pandemic

Child welfare work is inherently difficult, and child welfare agencies are known to experience high rates of turnover. We sought to expand the existing literature on intention to leave one’s child welfare agency and commitment to child welfare work through examining the coping mechanisms of frontline workers. Having and utilizing healthy coping mechanisms has proved beneficial to child welfare workers in previous research. In this paper, we examine specific coping mechanisms identified in the Comprehensive Organizational Health Assessment and how they were associated with child welfare workers’ intent to leave their agency and their commitment to remain in the field of child welfare during the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. We surveyed over 250 child welfare caseworkers using the COHA instrument. Using both bivariate analysis and linear regression, we identify specific coping mechanisms, such as staying present with friends and family, as highly influential and discuss ways to strengthen these areas.
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and autism spectrum disorder in adult patients in the United States.

BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been associated with psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, but most research has been done on children. Our aim was to determine the relationship between GERD and autism in adults and assess GERD-related complications in those with autism. METHODS A national cohort of adults aged 18 and above with GERD with and without ASD were compared to those without GERD. Complications of GERD that were studied included Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, esophageal stricture, ulcer, and malignancy. Conditions associated with GERD were evaluated including chronic cough, wheezing, sore throat, non-cardiac chest pain, and hoarseness. GERD treatment that was evaluated included proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA), and anti-reflux surgery. KEY RESULTS There was an increased risk of GERD in subjects with ASD (p = 0.0001). Erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer were more likely to occur in those with GERD and ASD (p = 0.0001). Those with ASD were at higher risk of suffering from wheezing following a diagnosis of GERD compared to those without ASD (p = 0.0001). Those with GERD and ASD were more likely to be treated with an H2RA both as monotherapy and in combination with PPI versus those without ASD (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0037, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Adult patients with ASD are more likely to have GERD as well as complications including erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Treatment of patients with GERD and ASD is not consistent and may suggest health care disparities.
Partisan Control of Government and Public Policy

We live in an era of unprecedented frequency of change in partisan control of government. Since at least 1994, neither of the United States’ two main political parties can be said to have had a lock on control of the House, the Senate, or the presidency. Incredibly, the seven elections from 1998 to 2010 produced six different combinations of party control: a Democratic president with a Republican Congress (1998), a Republican president with a divided Congress (2000), a Republican president with a Republican Congress (2002, 2004), a Republican president with a Democratic Congress (2006), a Democratic president with a Democratic Congress (2008), and a Democratic president with a divided Congress (2010). Do such changes in partisan control carry meaningful consequences for public policy and the quality of democracy in the United States? Focusing on the federal government, this chapter examines five related aspects of this question. First, it looks at the degree of differentiation in the policy preferences of the two parties, and how these differences may have changed over time. Second, it discusses the extent to which presidents are compatible with their co-partisans in the legislative branch. Third, it presents the debate over whether divided party control of government as opposed to unified control affects the volume or quality of policy outcomes. Fourth, it considers whether Democratic control as opposed to Republican control affects policy content. Finally, given that frequent changes in party control have become the norm, it discusses the effect that such alternations in power have on policy coherence and representation.
The effect of metal loading on Cd adsorption onto Shewanella oneidensis bacterial cell envelopes: The role of sulfhydryl sites

Abstract The adsorption and desorption of Cd onto Shewanella oneidensis bacterial cells with and without blocking of sulfhydryl sites was measured in order to determine the effect of metal loading and to understand the role of sulfhydryl sites in the adsorption reactions. The observed adsorption/desorption behaviors display strong dependence on metal loading. Under a high loading of 40 μmol Cd/g bacterial cells, blocking the sulfhydryl sites within the cell envelope by exposure of the biomass to monobromo(trimethylammonio)bimane bromide (qBBr) does not significantly affect the extent of Cd adsorption, and we observed fully reversible adsorption under this condition. In contrast, under a low metal loading of 1.3 μmol Cd/g bacterial cells, the extent of Cd adsorption onto sulfhydryl-blocked S. oneidensis cells was significantly lower than that onto untreated cells, and only approximately 50–60% of the adsorbed Cd desorbed from the cells upon acidification. In conjunction with previous EXAFS results, our findings demonstrate that Cd adsorption onto S. oneidensis under low metal loading conditions is dominated by sulfhydryl binding, and thus is controlled by a distinct adsorption mechanism from the non-sulfhydryl site binding which controls Cd adsorption under high metal loading conditions. We use the data to develop a surface complexation model that constrains the values of the stability constants for individual Cd-sulfhydryl and Cd-non-sulfhydryl bacterial complexes, and we use this approach to account for the Cd adsorption behavior as a function of both pH and metal loading. This approach is crucial in order to predict metal adsorption onto bacteria under environmentally relevant metal loading conditions where sulfhydryl binding sites can dominate the adsorption reaction.
Material Culture, Landscapes of Action, and Emergent Causation

After a century of research, there is still no widely accepted explanation for the spread of farming in Europe. Top-down explanations stress climate change, population increase, or geographic diffusion, but they distort human action reductionistically. Bottom-up explanations stress the local, meaningful choices involved in becoming a farmer, but they do not account for why the Neolithic transition in Europe was so widespread and generally unidirectional. The real problem is theoretical; we need to consider the transformative effects of human–material culture relationships and to relate humans, things, and environments at multiple scales. This article views the Neolithic as a set of new human-material relationships which were experimented with variably but which had unintended consequences resulting in an increasingly coherent, structured, and narrowly based social world. This interplay of local human action and emergent causation made the Neolithic transition difficult to reverse locally; the Neolithic wa...
Natural Killer and B-Lymphoid Potential in CD34+ Cells Derived From Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiated in the Presence of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Differentiation of totipotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to various lymphohematopoietic cells is an in vitro model of the hematopoietic cell development during embryogenesis. To understand this process at cellular levels, differentiation intermediates were investigated. ES cells generated progeny expressing CD34, which was significantly enhanced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The isolated CD34+ cells were enriched for myeloid colony-forming cells but not significantly for erythroid colony-forming cells. When cultured on OP9 stroma cells in the presence of interleukin-2 and interleukin-7, the CD34+ cells developed two types of B220+ CD34- lymphocytes: CD3- cytotoxic lymphocytes and CD19+ pre-B cells, and such lymphoid potential was highly enriched in the CD34+ population. Interestingly, the cytotoxic cells expressed the natural killer (NK) cell markers, such as NKR-P1, perforin, and granzymes, classified into two types, one of which showed target specificity of NK cells. Thus, ES cells have potential to generate NK-type cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro in addition to erythro-myeloid cells and pre-B cells, and both myeloid and lymphoid cells seem to be derived from the CD34+ intermediate, on which VEGF may play an important role.
Adaptive Rooms, Virtual Collaboration and Cognitive Workflow

This paper introduces the concept of Adaptive Rooms, which are virtual environments able to dynamically adapt to users' needs, including 'physical' and cognitive workflow requirements, number of users, differing cognitive abilities and skills. Adaptive rooms are collections of virtual objects, many of them self-transforming objects, housed in an architecturally active room with information spaces and tools. An ontology of objects used in adaptive rooms is presented. Virtual entities are classified as passive, reactive, active, and information entities, and their sub-categories. Only active objects can be self-transforming. Adaptive Rooms are meant to combine the insights of ubiquitous computing -- that computerization should be everywhere, transparently incorporated -- with the insights of augmented reality -- that everyday objects can be digitally enhanced to carry more information about their use. To display the special potential of adaptive rooms, concrete examples are given to show how the demands of cognitive workflow can be reduced.
In Praise of Epistemic Irresponsibility: How lazy and ignorant can you be?

Epistemic responsibility involves at least two central ideas. (V) To be epistemically responsible is to display the virtue(s) epistemic internalists take to be central to justification (e.g., coherence, having good reasons, fitting the evidence). (C) In normal (non-skeptical)circumstances and in thelong run, epistemic responsibility is strongly positively correlated with reliability. Sections 1 and 2 review evidence showing that for a wide range of real-world problems, the most reliable, tractable reasoning strategies audaciously flout the internalist's epistemic virtues. In Section 3, I argue that these results force us to give up either (V), our current conception of what it is to be epistemically responsible, or (C) the responsibility-reliability connection. I will argue that we should relinquish (V). This is likely to reshape our epistemic practices. It will force us to alter our epistemic judgments about certain instances of reasoning, to endorse some counterintuitive epistemic prescriptions, and to rethink what it is for cognitive agents to be epistemically responsible.
[19] Expression cloning: PCR versus episomal vectors for rescue of transfected genes

Summary It is clear that episomal vectors provide several advantages over PCR rescue for expression cloning in eukaryotes and should be the system of choice whenever possible. However, when it is not possible to use episomal vectors, it may be possible to clone the cDNA of interest using the PCR rescue protocol described above if the following precautions are observed: (i) The vector chosen should be capable of high expression as an integrated plasmid in the cell line to be used. This should be tested using a readily assayable marker (e.g., β -galactosidase) cloned in the vector prior to library construction. (ii) When using a cytotoxic agent for selection, it is critical that the spontaneous mutation rate be low (≤10 −6 ). (iii) When using an assay for selection, it is critical that the assay be able to reliably detect the product at low levels. The detection limits necessary can be estimated using the control plasmid constructed for point number 1. If these three conditions can be met, then an expression cloning project exploiting PCR rescue should be successful.
Elution of Acid Phosphatase from the Cell Surface of Saccharomyces mellis by Potassium Chloride

Weimberg, Ralph (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), and William L. Orton. Elution of acid phosphatase from the cell surface of Saccharomyces mellis by potassium chloride. J. Bacteriol. 90:82–94. 1965.—Acid phosphatase of Saccharomyces mellis may be eluted from intact resting cells by 0.5 m KCl or other salts. However, the enzyme is not eluted at higher salt concentrations of about 2 m unless a thiol, such as β-mercaptoethanol, is included in the reaction mixture. These treatments do not significantly affect viability of the cells. Neutral compounds like sorbitol or sucrose cannot substitute for ionic compounds in eluting the enzyme from resting cells. Furthermore, the neutral compounds are also inadequate for stabilizing the protoplast structure. It is suggested that the enzyme is held on the cell surface by a combination of electrostatic forces and disulfide bonds. Thiol alone dissociates protein and carbohydrate from the cell surface, but the eluate has no acid phosphatase activity. Salts also remove protein and carbohydrate from the cell surface, but the amount of protein removed is considerably less than that dissociated by thiol. A concentration of 0.5 m KCl elutes more protein than does a 2 m concentration, and enzymatic activity is present only in the 0.5 m KCl eluate. The carbohydrate eluted by either reagent has been identified as a mannan. Conditions for eluting acid phosphatase from acetonedried cells of S. mellis are essentially the same as those for resting cells. Significantly, though, thiol is required at all salt concentrations to dissociate the enzyme. Pretreatment of the cells with thiol, followed by KCl, elutes acid phosphatase, whereas the reverse procedure does not. Acid phosphatase is excreted by growing cells of S. mellis into growth media if the medium contains 0.25 m KCl. The total yield of enzymatic activity may be 8 to 10 times greater than is usually present on derepressed cells grown in a salt-free medium. The enzyme can be precipitated from the culture fluid with acetone. The acetone-precipitated fraction contains mannan and protein in a ratio of 12:1 by weight. Partial purification of the enzyme by calcium phosphate gel and elution resulted in an enzyme fraction in which the specific activity on the basis of protein increased 12-fold, and the carbohydrate-protein ratio was reduced to 1:1.
New perspectives in leadership: adopting a proactive library recruitment strategy

1) We look for jobs on job websites. 2) We see a job ad description that we are qualified for (or somewhat qualified for). 3) We submit our application. 4) We are invited for a telephone interview. 5) We are then invited to visit the library for a one-to-two day face-to-face interview with the search committee, the hiring department, and many other people. We are usually asked to deliver a presentation, and we have meals with various people who work at that library and/or the university. 6) After the campus interview, we are left to sweat and wait for an offer (either to us or to somebody else, because usually libraries do not notify rejected candidates until an offer has been accepted). The entire process can last up to nine months.
Dishwasher effluent burns in infants

Burns are a significant cause of injury in children, and hot liquid scald is the most common form of pediatric burn.1 The depth of scald burns depends on the water temperature and the duration of contact.2 To our knowledge, scalds in infants resulting from hot dishwasher effluent being forced into the kitchen sink while children are being bathed have not been reported previously. A specific plumbing arrangement may favor the occurrence of this type of accident. Two such cases were managed at our institution and form the basis for this report. CASE REPORTS Case 1 A 6-month-old boy was being bathed in the kitchen sink by a care giver while the dishwasher was running.
Evaluations of safety packaging for the protection of children.

The use of a crossover approach in which each of a group of packages is tested in each subject in randomized sequence has been found to give highly satisfactory evaluations of safety packagings, when data are analyzed properly, using limited numbers of children. The method is described as a model for the evaluation of safety packaging in the prevention of childhood poisoning. Its use showed the limited effectiveness of snap-type "safety caps," the significant retardant value of unit packaging, and the effectiveness of press-release types of closures in denying access of young children to the contents.
76 Efficacy of a Feeding Guideline Based Upon Gastric Emptying

Objective: To determine whether introduction a new feeding guideline based upon individual gastric emptying times provides a higher proportion of enteral feeding. Methods: A prospective audit in a 20-bed PICU was conducted one year before (March 2007) and after (March 2009) introduction of the new guideline (March 2008). Data were collected over 4 days per patient on 76 patients in 2007 (37 cardiac, 39 general), and 78 patients in 2009 (39 cardiac, 39 general), comprising 9339 PICU hours. In 2009, the feeding interval was based upon individualised gastric emptying time, calculated after a test feed. Results: The proportion of potential enteral calories given to cardiac patients increased from 39.8% in 2007 to 60.7% in 2009, p < 0.001). A smaller increase was seen for general patients (62.1% to 66.6%, p < 0.001). The median (interquartile) time from admission to establishing full feeds reduced from 23 (12 - 49) to 13 (8 - 24) hours for cardiac (p = 0.007) and from 17 (8 - 32) to 8 (5 - 20) hours (p = 0.05) for general patients. The impact of the feeding guideline on time to establish full feeds remained significant (p < 0.001) after multivariable adjustment for mortality risk (PIM2), diagnosis, weight and gender. By 2009, the major reasons for not feeding were largely unavoidable (including nil by mouth peri-procedure, gut pathology). Conclusions: Introduction of a new feed in guideline appeared to result in earlier and more effective establishment of enteral feeding.
Construction and Operation of a Drift-Collection Calorimeter

Large area planar drift chambers with long drift distances (up to 50 cm) have been developed for possible use in the new Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector. Design goals included fine sampling to determine the topology of complex events with several low-energy tracks. The large scale of the experiment (greater than 1000 metric tons) required large area, inexpensive chambers, which also had good position resolution and multi-track separation. The chambers were to be installed between thin sheets of steel to form a finegrained detector. A second goal was the sampling of dE/dx with each position measurement, in order to determine the direction and particle identity of each track. In this paper we report on the construction and operation of a prototype detector consisting of 50 chambers, separated by 3 mm-thick steel plates. Readout of drift time and pulse height from anode wires and an orthogonal grid of bussed cathode pads utilized 6-bit flash ADC's. This application of the drift-collection calorimeter technique to a nucleon decay detector/sup 1/ follows the investigation by a number of groups/sup 2 -4/ of calorimeters for high energy detectors based on long drifting.
The Validity of Determinations of Pulmonary Wedge Pressure during Mechanical Ventilation

Changes in the mean pulmonary wedge pressure were measured during temporary disconnection from a ventilator in 29 patients to assess the effects of therapy with controlled-volume ventilation on determinations of pulmonary wedge pressure. In 16 observations performed during therapy with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, the mean value for the pulmonary wedge pressure was the same (10.3 mm Hg) with the patients connected to or disconnected from the ventilator. Thirteen of the patients were also maintained on therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); the mean (± SD) of 17 measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure did not show a significant variation on cessation of mechanical ventilation (12.5 ± 6.7 mm Hg vs 11.7 ± 6.9 mm Hg; P > 0.05). We conclude that pulmonary wedge pressure can be measured accurately at the end of exhalation during the administration of positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cm H 2 O of PEEP. The suggested practice of discontinuing mechanical ventilation in order to obtain a more exact measurement is not warranted.
Sexual Orientation and Functional Pain in U.S. Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Childhood Abuse

Objective Pain without known pathology, termed “functional pain,” causes much school absenteeism, medication usage, and medical visits. Yet which adolescents are at risk is not well understood. Functional pain has been linked to childhood abuse, and sexual orientation minority youth (gay, lesbian, bisexual, “mostly heterosexual,” and heterosexual with same-sex sexual contact) are more likely to be victims of childhood abuse than heterosexuals, thus may be at greater risk of functional pain.
Pixel-level processing: why, what, and how?

Pixel level processing promises many significant advantages including high SNR, low power, and the ability to adapt image capture and processing to different environments by processing signals during integration. However, the severe limitation on pixel size has precluded its mainstream use. In this paper we argue that CMOS technology scaling will make pixel level processing increasingly popular. Since pixel size is limited primarily by optical and light collection considerations, as CMOS technology scales, an increasing number of transistors can be integrated at the pixel. We first demonstrate that our argument is supported by the evolution of CMOS image sensor from PPS to APS. We then briefly survey existing work on analog pixel level processing an d pixel level ADC. We classify analog processing into intrapixel and interpixel. Intrapixel processing is mainly used to improve sensor performance, while interpixel processing is used to perform early vision processing. We briefly describe the operation and architecture of our recently developed pixel level MCBS ADC. Finally we discuss future directions in pixel level processing. We argue that interpixel analog processing is not likely to become mainstream even for computational sensors due to the poor scaling popular since it minimizes analog processing, and requires only simple and imprecise circuits to implement. We then discuss the inclusion of digital memory and interpixel digital processing in future technologies to implement programmable digital pixel sensors.
Tribological Testing and Thermal Analysis of an Alkyl Sulfate Series of Ionic Liquids for Use as Aerospace Lubricants

Due to their low vapor pressures, low melting points, high boiling points, high radiation resistance, and high thermal stability, room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) appear to be suitable candidates as new aerospace lubricants for the upcoming return to the Moon and eventual Mars missions and for air and rotorcraft applications. In this study, three ILs with the same cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, but different sulfate anions were tested using an ultra-high vacuum spiral orbit tribometer (SOT) and their thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Specifically, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate were tested. The SOT experiments revealed that the lifetimes of the three ILs decreased with increasing alkyl substituent length on the sulfate anion. Infrared and Raman spectra were taken to detect unused ILs and graphitic degradation products, respectively, on worn parts. Post-run s...
Impacts of microbial community composition on isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene

Isotope fractionation has been used with increasing frequency as a tool to quantify degradation of chlorinated aliphatic pollutants in the environment. The objective of this research was to determine if the electron donor present in enrichment cultures prepared from uncontaminated sediments influenced the extent of isotope fractionation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), either directly, or through its influence on microbial community composition. Two PCE-degrading enrichment cultures were prepared from Duck Pond (DP) sediment and were incubated with formate (DPF) or H2 (DPH) as electron donor. DPF and DPH were significantly different in both product distribution and extent of isotope fractionation. Chemical and isotope analyses indicated that electron donors did not directly affect the product distribution or the extent of isotope fractionation for PCE reductive dechlorination. Instead, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA clone libraries of DPF and DPH identified distinct microbial communities in each enrichment culture, suggesting that differences in microbial communities were responsible for distinct product distributions and isotope fractionation between the two cultures. A dominant species identified only in DPH was closely related to known dehalogenating species (Sulfurospirillum multivorans and Sulfurospirillum halorespirans) and may be responsible for PCE degradation in DPH. Our study suggests that different dechlorinators exist at the same site and can be preferentially stimulated by different electron donors, especially over the long-term (i.e., years), typical of in-situ ground water remediation.
Radioactive Ion Beam Production Capabilities At The Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility

The Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) is a national user facility for research with radioactive ion beams (RIBs) that has been in routine operation since 1996. It is located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and operated by the ORNL Physics Division. The principal mission of the HRIBF is the production of high quality beams of shortlived radioactive isotopes to support research in nuclear structure physics and nuclear astrophysics. HRIBF is currently unique worldwide in its ability to provide neutron‐rich fission fragment beams post‐accelerated to energies above the Coulomb barrier for nuclear reactions. HRIBF produces RIBs by the isotope separator on‐line (ISOL) technique using a particle accelerator system that consists of the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC) driver accelerator, one of the two Injectors for Radioactive Ion Species (IRIS1 or IRIS2) production systems, and the 25‐MV tandem electrostatic accelerator that is used for RIB post‐acceleration. ORIC provides a light ion beam (proton, deuteron, or alpha) which is directed onto a thick target mounted in a target‐ion source (TIS) assembly located on IRIS1 or IRIS2. Radioactive atoms that diffuse from the target material are ionized, accelerated, mass selected, and transported to the tandem accelerator where they are further accelerated to energies suitable for nuclear physics research. RIBs are transported through a beam line system to various experimental end stations including the Recoil Mass Spectrometer (RMS) for nuclear structure research, and the Daresbury Recoil Separator (DRS) for nuclear astrophysics research. HRIBF also includes two off‐line ion source test facilities, one low‐power on‐line ISOL test facility (OLTF), and one high‐power on‐line ISOL test facility (HPTL). This paper provides an overview and status update of HRIBF, describes the recently completed $4.7M IRIS2 addition and incorporation of laser systems for beam production and purification, and discusses a proposed replacement of the ORIC driver accelerator.