cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PEG-ADA: An alternative to haploidentical bone marrow transplantation and an adjunct to gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency

PEG-ADA is a long-circulating form of adenosine deaminase (ADA) that has been in use for > 8 years as replacement therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency disease due to ADA deficiency. Treatment with PEG-ADA almost completely corrects metabolic abnormalities, allowing the recovery of a variable degree of immune function. Although not normal, the level of function achieved has in most cases been sufficient to protect against opportunistic and life-threatening infections. PEG-ADA has been used as an alternative for patients who lack an HLA-identical bone marrow donor, but are judged to be at too high a risk for undergoing HLA-haploidentical marrow transplantation. To date, mortality and morbidity with PEG-ADA have been less than for the latter procedure. PEG-ADA has also been an important adjunct to attempts to develop somatic cell gene therapy for ADA deficiency, although its continued use poses a problem for evaluation of the benefit of gene therapy. As a true "orphan drug" developed to treat a very small patient population, the cost per patient of PEG-ADA is very high.
The effect of 3-deazauridine and dipyridamole on uridine utilization by mice

The inhibition of uridine utilization by 3-deazauridine, an inhibitor of uridine kinase, and by dipyridamole, an inhibitor of the facilitated transport of nucleosides was examined. 3-Deazauridine (500 mg/kg) markedly inhibited (greater than 70%) the formation of uracil nucleotides from uridine in liver, kidney, and L1210 tumor cells. The degree of inhibition is greatly reduced by 6 hr after administration of the drug. Dipyridamole (100 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce salvage of uridine by liver or kidney and produced only small, transient reductions in salvage by L1210 tumors. Dipyridamole pretreatment did not alter the rate of clearance of uridine from the plasma.
Play-centric games education

Major universities around the world now offer degree programs in game design in response to student demand; more than 80 such programs exist in North America alone. Recognizing the overwhelming interest in guidelines for teaching game design, the International Game Developers Association established a committee to help educators craft a curriculum that reflects the real-world creative process of professional game designers. The interactive media program at the USC School of Cinema-Television combines a broad liberal arts education with the technical expertise needed to create games that provide players with a narratively rich and emotionally immersive experience
Microgravity effects on leaf morphology, cell structure, carbon metabolism and mRNA expression of dwarf wheat

The use of higher plants as the basis for a biological life support system that regenerates the atmosphere, purifies water, and produces food has been proposed for long duration space missions. The objective of these experiments was to determine what effects microgravity (μg) had on chloroplast development, carbohydrate metabolism and gene expression in developing leaves of Triticum aestivum L. cv. USU Apogee. Gravity naive wheat plants were sampled from a series of seven 21-day experiments conducted during Increment IV of the International Space Station. These samples were fixed in either 3% glutaraldehyde or RNAlater™ or frozen at −25°C for subsequent analysis. In addition, leaf samples were collected from 24- and 14-day-old plants during the mission that were returned to Earth for analysis. Plants grown under identical light, temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod, CO2, and planting density were used as ground controls. At the morphological level, there was little difference in the development of cells of wheat under μg conditions. Leaves developed in μg have thinner cross-sectional area than the 1 g grown plants. Ultrastructurally, the chloroplasts of μg grown plants were more ovoid than those developed at 1 g, and the thylakoid membranes had a trend to greater packing density. No differences were observed in the starch, soluble sugar, or lignin content of the leaves grown in μg or 1 g conditions. Furthermore, no differences in gene expression were detected leaf samples collected at μg from 24-day-old leaves, suggesting that the spaceflight environment had minimal impact on wheat metabolism.
Thermal Fracture Resistance of Ceramic Coatings Applied to Metal: I, Elastic Deformation

A study was made of the resistance to thermal fracture of four ceramic coatings of the cobalt-bearing ground-coat type applied to enameling-grade iron specimens. The study was made of coated-metal systems in the unsteady state, symmetrically cooled, and in the absence of viscous or plastic flow. Determinations were made of the elastic characteristics of the coating-metal composites, the effective coefficient of linear expansion, the temperature at which the coating and base metal were at dimensional equilibrium, and the temperature differential sufficient to induce coating fracture when water quenched. Coating-metal thickness ratios were correlated with the maximum specimen temperature withstood in water quenching without coating fracture. Studies indicated that ceramic coatings, after receiving a given thermal treatment, fracture when subjected to a thermal shock by a critical temperature differential. When no residual coating stress is present, thermal shock resistance is inversely related to the thermal expansion characteristics of the coating. The critical stress at which coating fracture occurs may be expressed as the sum of thermal and residual stresses developed in annealed systems in which viscous or plastic flow does not occur. Residual compressive stress in a coating is a major factor in improved thermal shock resistance. Increased thermal shock resistance is gained by decreased coating thickness.
What is bottom-up about global internet governance?:

This article maintains that the price for inclusion in the World Summit on the Information Society – which finally has been achieved through the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) – has been the erosion of an oppositional civil society within the summit itself. Specifically, it evaluates the development of the WGIG as a manifestation of global neo-corporatism. In doing so, the article addresses recurrent patterns within neo-corporatist policy concertation that is oriented toward satisfying neoliberal economic imperatives. The objective of this article is to provide an analysis of processes by which the diversity of interest representation that was characteristic of the first phase of the WSIS has become condensed into one agenda item focused on internet governance.
Subsistence Wages and Household Production: Clearing the Way for an Analysis of Class and Gender

A theoretical analysis of capitalist relations of production shows that both the subsistence wage rate and the allocation of workers’ time between household and wage labor are determined by the household production function. In and of itself, this analysis tells us nothing at all about gender relations. It does, however, enable us to distinguish clearly between gender and class relations and thus to investigate their interrelationship.
Clinical review of Crohn’s disease

Purpose: This clinical review presents proposed theories regarding the etiology of Crohn’s disease (CD), the pathophysiology of the disorder, and current diagnostic methods. Data sources: Pertinent publications in the literature, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation web page, and relevant texts regarding pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal system. Conclusions: CD can be a devastating disease and difficult to diagnose. The advanced practice nurse (APRN) should be aware of the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and current treatment options of this disorder. Implications for practice: In collaboration with a gastroenterologist, APRNs can provide much needed information to the patient with CD. Practice recommendations include patient education, pain management, and support for quality of life issues.
Teams, signaling, and information theory

The purpose of this paper is to unify results from three separate and, at least superficially, unrelated subject matters, namely, team decision theory, market signaling in economics, and the classical Shannon information theory.
SINOITE (SI2N2O) : CRYSTALLIZATION FROM EL CHONDRITE IMPACT MELTS

Sinoite (Si2N2O) was previously observed only in EL6 chondrites and recently modeled as having formed over geologic time scales at metamorphic temperatures of ;950 8C. I found several ;10‐210 mm-sized subhedral and euhedral grains of twinned, optically zoned sinoite associated with euhedral enstatite and euhedral graphite within impact-melted portions of QUE94368, the first EL4 chondrite. The presence of sinoite within a type 4 chondrite mitigates against the metamorphic model of sinoite formation; it seems more likely that sinoite crystallized from a liquid. During impact melting of EL material, N 2 may have been released from lattice defects in sulfides whereupon it reacted with reduced Si dissolved in the metallic Fe-Ni melt and with fine-grained or molten silica derived from the silicate fraction of the EL assemblage. The N that formed the sinoite was derived from the silicate melt or from temporary, melt-filled cavities constructed from unmelted EL material in which the nitrogen fugacity may have reached ;40 to 130 bars (0.004 to 0.013 GPa). Sinoite in EL6 chondrites may have formed either metamorphically, as previously proposed, or by means of crystallization from an impact melt, as in QUE94368. In the latter case, sinoite-bearing EL6 chondrites would be annealed impact-melt breccias.
The Developmental Origins and Treatment Needs of Female Adolescents With Depression

Rates of female to male depression rapidly soar during adolescence to a 2:1 ratio despite fairly equal rates throughout childhood. The literature suggests that changes in social development, social role expectations, and/or biology may play significant roles, but research considering these factors is scarce and inconsistent. This review considers how current information about these factors can help develop more culturally and client-appropriate treatment approaches and guide recommendations for the next steps in research.
The Analysis of Mercury in Urine, Blood, Water, and Air

A procedure for the analysis of mercury in water, air, and biological fluids is described. Sensitivity and reliability data are presented. The procedure is simple, fast, economical, and reliable. It is a method which is adaptable to the analysis of mercury in any medium that lends itself to liquefication and/or the release of elemental mercury by aeration, and it is equally applicable as a permanent analytical system in the laboratory or in the field as a portable testing device.
Design of a controlled-brake orthosis for FES-aided gait

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a means of restoring gait to individuals with spinal cord injury, but the performance of most FES-aided gait systems is hampered by the rapid muscle fatigue which results from stimulated muscle contraction and the inadequate control of joint torques necessary to produce desired limb trajectories. The controlled-brake orthosis (CBO) addresses these limitations by utilizing FES in combination with a long-leg brace that contains controllable friction brakes at the knees and hips. A laboratory version of the CBO utilizing computer-controlled magnetic particle brakes at the joints was designed and constructed, and preliminary results with a single spinal cord injury (SCI) subject have demonstrated reduced fatigue and more repeatable gait trajectories when compared to FES-aided gait without the brace. Significant work remains to demonstrate the efficacy of the concept across a wide range of SCI subjects and to design a system which meets appropriate user requirements of size, weight, cosmesis, ease of use and cost. The primary purpose of the paper is to detail the design of the CBO.
Building a second opinion: learning cross-company data

Background: Developing and maintaining a software effort estimation (SEE) data set within a company (within data) is costly. Often times parts of data may be missing or too difficult to collect, e.g. effort values. However, information about the past projects-although incomplete- may be helpful, when incorporated with the SEE data sets from other companies (cross data).Aim: Utilizing cross data to aid within company estimates and local experts; Proposing a synergy between semi-supervised, active and cross company learning for software effort estimation.Method: The proposed method: 1) Summarizes existing unlabeled within data; 2) Uses cross data to provide pseudo-labels for the summarized within data; 3) Uses steps 1 and 2 to provide an estimate for the within test data as an input for the local company experts. We use 21 data sets and compare the proposed method to existing state-of-the-art within and cross company effort estimation methods subject to evaluation by 7 different error measures.Results: In 132 out of 147 settings (21 data sets X 7 error measures = 147 settings), the proposed method performs as well as the state-of-the-art methods. Also, the proposed method summarizes the past within data down to at most 15% of the original data.Conclusion: It is important to look for synergies amongst cross company and within-company effort estimation data, even when the latter is imperfect or sparse. In this research, we provide the experts with a method that: 1) is competent (performs as well as prior within and cross data estimation methods) 2) reflects on local data (estimates come from the within data); 3) is succinct (summarizes within data down to 15% or less); 4) cheap (easy to build).
Low Cost Inkjet-printing Paper-Based Modules for RFID Sensing and Wireless Applications

A very low cost substrate, paper makes one of the best substrate candidates for applications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), wireless and ubiquitous sensing due to the fact that it is the lowest cost materials, is environmentally friendly and can be easily used for mass reel-to-reel processing while having good flexibility, minimal water absorption if treated with an appropriate coating and is suitable for fast printing processes such as direct write methodologies instead of the traditional metal etching techniques. In this paper, three modules are presented: a paper based wireless sensor module, a wifi antenna on paper via, and a paper based three dimensional RFID antennas. These modules prove paper and inkjet printing as a candidate for the first ultra low cost paper based wireless electronics.
Inferring ancient Agave cultivation practices from contemporary genetic patterns

Several Agave species have played an important ethnobotanical role since prehistory in Mesoamerica and semiarid areas to the north, including central Arizona. We examined genetic variation in relict Agave parryi populations northeast of the Mogollon Rim in Arizona, remnants from anthropogenic manipulation over 600 years ago. We used both allozymes and microsatellites to compare genetic variability and structure in anthropogenically manipulated populations with putative wild populations, to assess whether they were actively cultivated or the result of inadvertent manipulation, and to determine probable source locations for anthropogenic populations. Wild populations were more genetically diverse than anthropogenic populations, with greater expected heterozygosity, polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles and allelic richness. Anthropogenic populations exhibited many traits indicative of past active cultivation: fixed heterozygosity for several loci in all populations (nonexistent in wild populations); fewer multilocus genotypes, which differed by fewer alleles; and greater differentiation among populations than was characteristic of wild populations. Furthermore, manipulated populations date from a period when changes in the cultural context may have favoured active cultivation near dwellings. Patterns of genetic similarity among populations suggest a complex anthropogenic history. Anthropogenic populations were not simply derived from the closest wild A. parryi stock; instead they evidently came from more distant, often more diverse, wild populations, perhaps obtained through trade networks in existence at the time of cultivation.
ON State Stability of Programmable Metalization Cell (PMC) Memory

Programmable metallization cell (PMC) memory is a non-volatile memory technology that is based on the electrochemical growth of a metallic electrodeposit between two metal electrodes, one oxidizable and another electrochemically indifferent. Considerable research has already been done on the processing and the operation of these devices for a variety of materials and their performance has been shown to be promising. However, since the metallic features in PMC devices are grown rather than deposited and patterned, their behavior is expected to be different from that of a typical metallic wire. This work focuses on the characterization of these devices with respect to the durability of the ON state when stressed under various constant bias conditions. In general, negative bias (against the direction necessary for electrodeposition) leads to a slow increase in resistance whereas a positive bias results in a decrease in resistance.
On Theory, Practice, and the Nature of Integration

It is really not very difficult to argue against an integration of psychodynamic and behavioral approaches. All one has to do is to define psychodynamic and behavioral in the right way, and they will indeed be incompatible. This the critics of integration have done, sometimes with flair and considerable sophistication. It will be the burden of this chapter to argue, however, that such criticisms do not really address the kind of integration I have proposed. They are, I suggest, articulate defenses of a less than satisfactory status quo and they impede the creative fusion that I believe is necessary for a major advance in psychotherapeutic efficacy and in the theoretical understanding on which such enhanced efficacy must be based.
Executive Functions and Parenting Behaviors in Association With Medical Adherence and Autonomy Among Youth With Spina Bifida

Objective This study was designed to examine whether executive functions and parenting behaviors (acceptance, behavioral control, and psychological control) are associated with medical adherence and autonomy among preadolescents and adolescents with spina bifida (SB). Methods Questionnaire and observational data were collected from a sample of 8–15 year olds with SB (N ¼ 140) and their mothers, fathers, and teachers. Youth also completed neuropsychological testing. Results Youth with SB demonstrated impairment on measures of executive functions, based on questionnaire and test data. Executive functions (questionnaire data only) and parenting behaviors were associated with medical adherence, but only executive functions (test data only) were associated with medical autonomy. Analyses also suggest that maternal and paternal behavioral control and paternal psychological control moderate relations between executive functions and adherence. Conclusions Interventions that target executive functions and parenting behaviors may facilitate positive health care behavior outcomes among youth with SB.
Volume viewer: an interactive tool for fitting surfaces to volume data

Recent advances in surface reconstruction algorithms [BM07, LBD*08] allow surfaces to be built from contours lying on non-parallel planes. Such algorithms allow users to construct surfaces of similar quality more efficiently by using a small set of oblique contours, rather than many parallel contours. However, current medical imaging systems do not provide tools for sketching contours on oblique planes. In this paper, we take the first steps towards bridging the gap between the new surface reconstruction technologies and putting those methods to use in practice. We develop a novel interface for modeling surfaces from volume data by allowing the user to sketch contours on arbitrarily oriented cross-sections of the volume, and we examine the users' ability to contour the same structures using oblique cross-sections with similar consistency as they can using parallel cross-sections. We measure the inter-observer and intra-observer variability of trained physicians contouring on oblique cross-sections of real patient data as compared to the traditional parallel cross-sections, and show that the variation is much higher for oblique contouring. We then show that this variability can be greatly reduced by integrating a collection of training images into the interface.
The Hidden Tax of Government Regulation

The increasing burden of government regulation on economic activity in both the United Kingdom and the United States is examined critically by Murray Weidenbaum, Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor at the Center for the Study of American Business at Washington University, St Louis, and formerly chairman of the US Council of Economic Advisers. He calls for the removal of government-imposed barriers to markets in fuel, pharmacy, transport, finance and other goods and services.
An integrated and distributed scheduling and power control algorithm for maximizing network utility for wireless multihop networks

In this paper, we solve the resource allocation problem of maximizing the sum of transmitter utilities subject to QoS and peak power constraints per link in a wireless multihop network. Each node in the network has an associated utility function that models its valuation of its data rate (or signal power) in terms of its transmission power and multiaccess interference. By explicitly accounting for multiaccess interference in the utility function, our framework can model and solve a wide variety of resource allocation problems. Each link in the network is subject to a minimum and a maximum data rate constraint and each transmitter is subject to a peak power constraint. We present an iterative power control algorithm that solves the above problem using a penalty function approach and prove its convergence to the optimal solution. Our power control policy is applicable over any subset of links scheduled. To achieve high data rates over the links in addition to maximizing system utility, we schedule links using a degree-based greedy algorithm that limits multiaccess interference by scheduling a small number of transmissions around any scheduled receiver. The link scheduling algorithm and the power control algorithm are both amenable to distributed implementation in the framework of 802.11 LANs. Finally, we compare the performance of our joint scheduling and power control algorithms against CDMA using example utility functions and illustrate the superior performance of our algorithms.
Hydrological and Fiscal Impacts of Residential Development: Virginia Case Study

This study examined hydrological and fiscal effects of residential growth patterns in Virginia. Eleven scenarios that consider a fixed increase in population and vary housing arrangement within a tract ~tract form!, tract arrangement within the watershed ~tract pattern!, and shared open space land cover were examined. The analytical tools included a geographic information system, a statistical land value model, tract development budgets, and a hydrological model ~HSPF!. Low density development has the greatest hydrological impact due to highest per capita impervious area. Varying tract form has more impact on land values and tax receipts than varying tract pattern. Low density development has the highest increase in revenues net of public sewer, water, and education ~bus transportation! costs. Higher density settlements reduce hydrological impacts but bear a high cost to local governments in reduced property tax revenues.
Prevention of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in HIV-Infected Children: Expanding the Toolbox

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains a threat to HIV-infected children adolescents and adults in both developed and emerging nations. In the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era Mao et al. identified a cumulative incidence of 6.1 cases per 100 patient-years through age 7 years among HIV-infected children in Massachusetts a rate 100-300-fold that seen in HIV-uninfected immunocompetent children in the United States. Similarly Westwood et al. reported an IPD rate of 13 cases per 100 patient-years in Capetown South Africa a large proportion of which were lower respiratory tract infections. With widespread use of HAART in the United States the rate of pneumococcal bacteremia declined by 80% to 1.9 cases per 100 patient-years; this residual rate still remained at least 10-fold greater than that among HIV-uninfected children and children who suffered an episode of pneumococcal bacteremia were more likely to die during follow-up than were HIV-infected children without an episode. These data identify the need to protect HIV-infected children from infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae even in populations treated with HAART. (excerpt)
Lumped modeling of optical generation in nonuniformly doped semiconductors

When carrier density is normalized and recombination neglected, a single transport element accounts for both drift and diffusion. Optical generation is modeled by discrete current sources, and expressions for lumped elements are obtained in terms of integrals of the doping profile. Good physical intuition with respect to the effect of the profile on photocurrent transport is obtained, and analytical calculation of device quantum efficiency is facilitated.
Effects of Altitude and Heat on Complex Cognitive Tasks

The effects of heat and altitude on complex cognitive tasks involved in artillery fire direction center operations were examined. Five six-man groups received one week of intensive training on task...
Propofol-mediated Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Abstract Propofol-mediated gastrointestinal endoscopy (PME) has become a hotly debated and rapidly evolving topic. Supporters tout the agent’s rapidity of onset, superior recovery profile and enhanced patient and endoscopist satisfaction. Its detractors point to the fact that propofol is an anesthesia induction agent with a narrow therapeutic window which should only be used by anesthesia personnel. Another evolving issue is the training and regulatory aspects of PME. Is it appropriate for a registered nurse of gastroenterologist to administer propofol? How (and who) should sanction the training and competency issues? The purpose of this discussion is to provide an evidence-based approach to PME, with careful attention to administration techniques and clinical outcomes.
STRESS, APOPTOSIS, AND MITOSIS INDUCE PHOSPHORYLATION OF HUMAN KERATIN 8 AT SER-73 IN TISSUES AND CULTURED CELLS

Simple epithelia express keratins 8 (K8) and 18 (K18) as their major intermediate filament proteins. We previously showed that several types of cell stress such as heat and virus infection result in a distinct hyperphosphorylated form of K8 (termed HK8). To better characterize K8/18 phosphorylation, we generated monoclonal antibodies by immunizing mice with hyperphosphorylated keratins that were purified from colonic cultured human HT29 cells pretreated with okadaic acid. One antibody specifically recognized HK8, and the epitope was identified as 71LLpSPL which corresponds to K8 phosphorylation at Ser-73. Generation of HK8 occurs in mitotic HT29 cells, basal crypt mitotic cells in normal mouse intestine, and in regenerating mouse hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. Prominent levels of HK8 were also generated in HT29 cells that were induced to undergo apoptosis using anisomycin or etoposide. In addition, mouse hepatotoxicity that is induced by chronic feeding with griseofulvin resulted in HK8 formation in the liver. Our results demonstrate that a "reverse immunological" approach, coupled with enhancing in vivo phosphorylation using phosphatase inhibitors, can result in the identification of physiologic phosphorylation states. As such, K8 Ser-73 phosphorylation generates a distinct HK8 species under a variety of in vivo conditions including mitosis, apoptosis, and cell stress. The low steady state levels of HK8 during mitosis, in contrast to stress and apoptosis, suggest that accumulation of HK8 may represent a physiologic stress marker for simple epithelia.
Water Planning and the Environment: 1776-1976

The history of the ways in which environmental factors have been integrated into water resources planning is divided into three periods. During the first period, the years from 1776 to 1900, there was relatively little concern over the environmental impacts of water projects. The second period, from 1900 to 1970, represents a period during which environmental issues were concerned largely with the elimination of recklessness and waste and the efficient utilization of water resources. Environmental factors sometimes received consideration as a result of the concerns of citizens' groups and as a result of interagency coordination requirements. The third period, the years since 1970, represents a time during which water resources agencies are routinely faced with a host of environmental concerns. Some of these relate to principal concerns of the previous period, i.e., the efficient use of resources. Others, e.g., the preservation of scarce natural environments and the maintenance of ecological stability and diversity, are relatively new issues.
Gene replacement in Dictyostelium: generation of myosin null mutants

The eukaryotic slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has a single conventional myosin heavy chain gene (mhcA). The elimination of the mhcA gene was achieved by homologous recombination. Two gene replacement plasmids were constructed, each carrying the G418 resistance gene as a selective marker and flanked by either 0.7 kb of 5' coding sequence and 0.9 kb of 3' coding sequence or 1.5 kb of 5' flanking sequence and 1.1 kb of 3' flanking sequence. Myosin null mutants (mhcA- cells) were obtained after transformation with either of these plasmids. The mhcA- cells are genetically stable and are capable of a variety of motile processes. Our results provide genetic proof that in Dictyostelium the conventional myosin gene is required for growth in suspension, normal cell division and sporogenesis, and illustrate how gene targeting can be used as a tool in Dictyostelium.
Water Resources Planning and Public Health: 1776-1976

Planning for water use and management extends from the earliest cultures of agriculture and water navigation to twentieth century energy development. Within this historical framework, the nature of the relationship of water resources and public health provides an important mirror to the character of human civilization over time. In overview terms, this paper describes man's concern for the water environment from historical and scientific perspectives. Early institutions to manage the public health aspects of water resources; the impact of sanitary engineering on urbanization; and the rise of modern environmental engineering in relation to controlling water pollution are considered. The paper examines a number of specific elements illustrating the substantial impact that public health interests have had on water resources planning in the United States. Beyond usual drinking water supply and pollution control matters, the paper touches upon public safety, insect-borne disease control, institutional change, and issues associated with broad based multipurpose water resource development planning.
ACTIVATION ON THE MEDIAL WALL DURING REMEMBERED SEQUENCES OF REACHING MOVEMENTS IN MONKEYS

Picard, Nathalie and Peter L. Strick. Activation on the medial wall during remembered sequences of reaching movements in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2197–2201, 1997. We used the 2-deoxyglucose (2...
The Demise of the French Constitution of 1875

French constitutional theory, on the basis of extensive national experience, distinguishes between revolutions from below—elementary ground-swells among the masses which sweep irresistibly over the nation and destroy all constitutional obstacles—on the one hand, and revolutions from above, by coup d'etat of a constituted organ, either a legislative body or a governmental agency, on the other hand. In the latter case, an effort is made to connect the new regime with the preceding order by what constitutional ropes, or even threads, are still available. This habit has created, in spite of frequent upheavals in the first half of French constitutional life since 1789, a strong sense of constitutional tradition and legal conservatism.The events of July, 1940, may amount to a full-fledged revolution, but not a revolution in the common sense of the word, that is, a ground-swell rising from below. When France adopted the authoritarian form of government, no fascist mass party, today the indispensable prerequisite of popular upheavals, was in existence. It was a coup d'etat from above, a deliberate act of the defeated military leaders and their political advisers—in short, a skillfully engineered political stratagem. The politicians among the group must have been well aware of the character of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, capable of being abrogated only by a legislative act of equal rank.
Temporal Patterns in Male Mating Behavior of Captive Reeve's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)

Reproductive behavior of captive Muntiacus reevesi was observed in 18 mating bouts during a 9-month study. Females presumably limit the number of mating bouts with a given male, but time between successive bouts is determined by the male. Several variables measured during bouts were similar among pairs, whereas others were significantly different. Of the 11 behaviors exhibited by males during bouts, only time allocated to the behavior termed Lick Vulva varied among males. The reproductive behavior of M. reevesi is compared to other ungulates.
Preparation and characterization of monolithic HgCdTe/CdTe tandem cells

A prototype monolithic HgCdTe/CdTe superstrate tandem cell has been fabricated by RF sputtering, comprising a CdTe/CdS top cell, a ZnTe:N/ZnO:Al interconnect junction and a HgCdTe/CdS bottom cell. The Hg1−xCdxTe film as the bottom absorption layer was deposited by RF sputtering with 70% or 85% Cd content in the Hg1−xCdxTe magnetron target. Hg1−xCdxTe films with band gap from 0.98 eV to 1.45 eV were obtained by controlling the deposition temperature. CdCl2 thermal treatments were used to improve the Hg1−xCdxTe film electrical properties. A nitrogen-doped ZnTe film combined with an aluminium (Al) doped ZnO film formed a good interconnect junction. Results of Voc = 0.99 V and Jsc = 2.1 mA/cm2 were obtained in the best such tandem cell at one sun (AM1.5).
A clearer view of how crevice corrosion occurs

Crevice corrosion is a poorly understood and very damaging form of corrosion. This paper presents the essential characteristics of crevice corrosion established during the last four decades as well as some recent results that provide a fresh approach to understanding the process. A simple criterion has been developed that involves two factors. First is the current and resistance between the anodic reaction in the crevice and the cathodic reaction at the outer surface; second is the polarization curve. Practices for preventing crevice corrosion are also discussed. The size of the active peak in the polarization curve and, in particular, whether it increases or decreases can be used to determine whether or not a change in a system parameter (e.g., a solute addition to the alloy) will promote or inhibit crevice corrosion. A second indicator is whether the solution resistivity increases or decreases.
Persistence in the Labor Market: The Effect of Early Career Labor Market Conditions on Future Job Prospects

This paper analyzes whether people who enter the labor market during economic downturns suffer a setback in their careers that can last indefinitely. I test whether recessions experienced in a person's state of birth between the ages of 16 and 25 have effects that persist at the individual level one to two decades after the fact. I find evidence that such adverse shocks do persist for many years after the fact. The paper contributes to three broad literatures. The first is concerned with persistence in female labor supply. The second attempts to measure scarring effects of unemployment and nonemployment on subsequent labor market outcomes. The third is broadly concerned with the distributional effects of recessions. In each case fundamental identification problems are posed by measures of "external" factors that may not be truly exogenous to the individual worker. The use of labor market conditions from the state of birth at specific ages in this paper permits the identification of persistence effects that are free from such exogeneity concerns. I find that early-career recessions lead to lower employment rates/fewer weeks worked per year for white women, black women, and black men. The measured effects of a 3-4 year recession experienced before age 25 (frequently) persist until at least age forty, sometimes even later in life. The magnitudes range from 1 to 3 percent lower employment rates, and 1.5 to over 5 fewer weeks worked per year. Evidence of a persistence effect for wages is less clear. The wage estimates are probably biased by countercyclical removal of low wage workers from the employment statistics (creating an aggregation bias similar to that documented by Solon, et al., 1994). Regardless, even if the wage effect is taken to be zero on average, a zero wage effect coupled with a negative labor supply effect means a negative impact on earnings for white women, black women, and black men. Because white men show virtually no persistence effect for labor supply, their small estimated negative wage effect suggests a modest adverse shock to earnings as well. So the overall effect on earnings appears to be negative for all four groups of people.
Death analysis of malignant tumor in urban area of Xuzhou City in 2010 Urban Residents in 2010

[Objective]To understand the death distribution of malignant tumor among urban residents among urban residents in Xuzhou City,and provide evidence for developing malignant tumor control measures. [Methods]The death data from national mortality surveillance system and medical institutions at all levels were collected and analyzed according to ICD-10. [Results]The mortality rate of malignant tumor was 144.66/100 000 in Xuzhou City in 2010,that of male and female was 184.80/105,102.23/105 respectively;the top 5 malignant tumors were lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreatic cancer;the potential years of life lost(PYLL) were 20 072.5 years,standardized rate was 12.95‰,and the highest ones appeared in 50-55 years age group. [Conclusion]Malignant tumor has caused great impact on PYLL of urban residents of Xuzhou City and it caused great loss of life among residents.
The misunderstood role of R&D in the global economy: today and in the future

Economists have long understood the importance of engineering research and development to economic growth. Business leaders, policy makers, and the media often do not. The recent debate over "outsourcing* is just the latest example. This paper examines the relationship between R&D and economic growth and explain how this relationship is often misrepresented by various sources.
A new process sensitivity index to identify important system processes under process model and parametric uncertainty

A hydrological model consists of multiple process level submodels, and each submodel represents a process key to the operation of the simulated system. Global sensitivity analysis methods have been widely used to identify important processes for system model development and improvement. The existing methods of global sensitivity analysis only consider parametric uncertainty, and are not capable of handling model uncertainty caused by multiple process models that arise from competing hypotheses about one or more processes. To address this problem, this study develops a new method to probe model output sensitivity to competing process models by integrating model averaging methods with variance-based global sensitivity analysis. A process sensitivity index is derived as a single summary measure of relative process importance, and the index includes variance in model outputs caused by uncertainty in both process models and their parameters. For demonstration, the new index is used to assign importance to the processes of recharge and geology in a synthetic study of groundwater reactive transport modeling. The recharge process is simulated by two models that convert precipitation to recharge, and the geology process is simulated by two models of hydraulic conductivity. Each process model has its own random parameters. The new process sensitivity index is mathematically general, and can be applied to a wide range of problems in hydrology and beyond.
Combination of an oncolytic virus with PD-L1 blockade keeps cancer in check

An oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing CXCL11 combined with PD-L1 blockade significantly reduces tumor burden and improves survival in murine cancer models.
Abstract 048: Decision Regret in Patients With Durable Ventricular Assist Devices

Background: Patients presented with the option of undergoing ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy are by definition very sick, and often in crisis. They are typically told that they have a high likelihood of dying in the next year without VAD. Though most patients have improved functional status and quality of life (QoL), repeated hospitalizations and potentially catastrophic complications in the post implant period can be burdensome. Objective: To assess for decisional regret or ambivalence about VAD implant. Methods: During a 3 year pilot program of outpatient palliative care embedded in a cardiology/CT surgery clinic, all post VAD implant patients were referred to palliative care as part of routine care. As part of their assessment, they were administered a survey consisting of a 5 question decision regret scale that has been validated for a wide range of treatment decision making, and has correlated well with decision satisfaction and decisional conflict. The results were entered into a QI database. On a scale of 0 (no regret) to 100 (regret), scores >25 were considered to reflect significant ambivalence about their decision to have VAD implant. Scores between 10-25 were defined as mild ambivalence. Patients were also administered the PHQ-9 depression inventory. Results: 129 unique patients were seen as outpatients over a period of 49 months. 102 (79%) completed decision regret surveys. Of these, the majority (64/102, 63%) scored 0, 7/102 (7%) scored > 25, and another 29/102 (28%) scored between 10 and 25. The average age of the patients scoring > 25 on the scale was 46, compared with the average age of 55 of the whole cohort. Of those that expressed some degree of ambivalence (n=36) about their decision, 11/35 (31%) met criteria for at least moderate depression on the PHQ-9, compared with 18% for the whole cohort. Though 26% of the total cohort had VADs as BTT, 20/36 (44%) ambivalent patients and 3/7 (57%) very ambivalent patients were living with their VAD as BTT. The percent of patients expressing ambivalence 6 months post implant was equivalent (33%). Conclusions: In this preliminary study, as expected, a majority of patients do not regret their decision. However a significant minority expressed some ambivalence about this decision, and a small number expressed significant ambivalence. Ambivalence was more common in those who are younger, those with VAD as BTT, and in patients with depression. Ambivalence is likely a marker for patients whose expectations for quality of life with VAD are not being met. It is important to recognize pre-implant that patients have different decision-making needs, and that managing their expectations may be a key component of helping them to adjust post VAD. It is also important to identify those patients who would benefit from more post implant support to optimize their quality of life.
How Should I Submit to mSphere: Traditional, Expedited, or mSphereDirect?

As we approach the end of our second year serving the microbial science community, we have been examining our processes as well as listening to the formal and informal feedback that we have received from the community. I take this opportunity to try to clarify some misconceptions and tell you about
ESOL Urban High School Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Instructional Strengths and Challenges: A Qualitative Case Study

The current interest in student performance and evaluation often neglects the impact instruction has in the academic achievement of English Learners. Similarly, recent literature focuses on educators’ specific set of qualities and abilities without considering the implications of self-perception and professional development as instrumental parts of teacher effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to understand the pedagogical experiences of ESL teachers in an urban high school. Through interviews and observations, this article provides an overview of the instructional realities ESL educators face in today’s classrooms. Furthermore, findings reveal the relationship between self-perception and instructional performance in the ESL classroom.
The Culture Differential in Parental Autonomy

When the laws of a community reflect a dominant culture and yet many of its members are from other minority cultures, there is often conflict. When this conflict occurs in the legal regulation of the parent-child relationship, the consequences are tremendous for the children, the parents and the State. In this Article, I focus on the federal statute criminalizing female genital cuttings and make two major claims. The first claim is that the decisions of minority parents are scrutinized and regulated to a greater degree than the decisions of parents from the dominant culture, even when their decisions are strikingly similar. For example, breast implant procedures, intersex surgeries and the administration of growth hormones are arguably analogous to female genital cuttings and yet they are severely under-regulated. The result is a differential in the autonomy of parents that is explained more by cultural differences than by an objective interest in the protection of children. The second claim in the Article is a prescription for how the law can minimize this culture differential. Social psychologists have studied the interactions of human beings from different cultures and have developed principles and tools that seek to improve these interactions. This Article advocates for the adoption of procedural reforms to ensure cultural mindfulness or "hard second looks" at both the administrative and legislative levels in child welfare.
Epilogue: Physics, Skiing, and the Future

In a sense, the speed and intensity of today’s research and development efforts regarding the physical properties of ski manufacturing materials and ski design have brought the future much closer to us. Skiers who use the latest equipment built for the current season are, in relation to the many more skiers on the hill whose equipment is even just a few years old, the skiers of the future. They use skis made of composite materials designed specifically to address the flexural, torsional, and vibrational demands of skiing, and those skis are designed into special shapes and contours that promote enhanced glide and ever tighter turns made ever faster and carved with ever greater control.
Essential Core Values for Individuals and Organizations, as Derived from the Torah

This paper examines the Torah to derive a small set of essential core values for living. Core values are the guiding principles that can be used by individuals as well as organizations to make correct decisions and provide a reason for being. Both the Torah itself (the Written Law) and the Talmud - the Oral Law that explains and elaborates on the Written Law of the Torah - are used as sources to help discover the core values. This paper finds six core values in the Torah: compassion, peace, human dignity, integrity, justice, and industriousness.