cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Hepatic Failure in Adult Neimann-Pick Disease

ABSTRACT The case of a 29-year-old man with Neimann-Pick disease and hepatic failure is presented. Massive hepatomegaly with hepatic calcification were noted in association with a course of persistent hepatitis B serum antigenemia with rapid hepatic decompensation, ascites, encephalopathy and renal failure. The possible relationship of the clinical course to the underlying disease process is discussed, and a review of Neimann-Pick disease is presented.
Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometric (MPIMS) Study of Phenol: Mechanism of Ionic Fragment Formation

Time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry is used in conjunction with a variable repelling voltage technique to elucidate the mechanism by which phenol ionizes and dissociates under 266 nm pulsed laser irradiation in combination with a 532 nm or 355 nm pulsed laser. The results suggest that, like benzene, the molecular ion is the predominant precursor of all ionic species generated in the process. Predominance of C 5 H x + species at relatively low powers confirms the presence of a low energy dissociation channel involving the elimination of CO. The use of a second laser at 532 nm is found to selectively destroy the C 5 H x + (as compared to the parent ion) species. The parent ion is found to be protected from the radiation of the second laser pulse at 532 nm but not at 355 nm if the second laser pulse is delayed by 50 ns. This is explained in terms of relaxation within the parent ion energy levels, the location of a low energy dissociation channel and the wavelengths of the lasers used. The main aspects of the fragmentation pattern are discussed in terms of the statistical theory of Rebentrost and Ben-Shaul.
Integrating systems of care in California for youth with severe emotional disturbance. I. A descriptive overview of the California AB377 evaluation project

This paper presents an overview and an initial set of findings from an evaluation in three California counties of a replication of an integrated system of care for youth suffering from serious emotional disturbance. The development of the innovative system of care was pioneered in Ventura County, California, and the replications were legislatively enabled through AB377 (Assembly Bill 377). This paper focuses on one set of variables being studied in the evaluation: the characteristics of the youth enrolled in the care systems. This variable is important because personnel in the counties are explicitly deciding which youth are eligible for services given limited available public resources. Within the model system of care, clinical severity and risk status (being at-risk ofor in out-of-home placement) are used as the criteria for enrollment with the intent of serving those most in need as effectively as possible. The gender, age, clinical diagnosis, ethnicity, and global assessment of functioning (GAF) scores of these youth are presented. In general, the youth served are male, have low GAF scores, and predominantly receive clinical diagnoses of affective disorders and disruptive behavior disorders. African-Americans are overrepresented in the care systems relative to the general population and Asian-Americans are underrepresented.
Land-Cover and Surface Water Change Drive Large Albedo Increases in South America*

Abstract Albedo is an important factor affecting global climate, but uncertainty in the sources and magnitudes of albedo change has led to simplistic treatments of albedo in climate models. Here, the authors examine nine years (2000–08) of historical 1-km Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo estimates across South America to advance understanding of the magnitude and sources of large-scale albedo changes. The authors use the magnitude of albedo change from the arc of deforestation along the southeastern edge of the Brazilian Amazon (+2.8%) as a benchmark for comparison. Large albedo increases (>+2.8%) were 2.2 times more prevalent than similar decreases throughout South America. Changes in surface water drove most large albedo changes that were not caused by vegetative cover change. Decreased surface water in the Santa Fe and Buenos Aires regions of Argentina was responsible for albedo increases exceeding that of the arc of deforestation in magnitude and extent. Although variations...
Uranyl adsorption onto montmorillonite: Evaluation of binding sites and carbonate complexation

Abstract The fate and transport of uranium in contaminated soils and sediments may be affected by adsorption onto the surface of minerals such as montmorillonite. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the adsorption of uranyl (UO22+) onto Wyoming montmorillonite. At low pH (∼4) and low ionic strength (10−3 M), uranyl has an EXAFS spectrum indistinguishable from the aqueous uranyl cation, indicating binding via cation exchange. At near-neutral pH (∼7) and high ionic strength (1 M), the equatorial oxygen shell of uranyl is split, indicating inner-sphere binding to edge sites. Linear-combination fitting of the spectra of samples reacted under conditions where both types of binding are possible reveals that cation exchange at low ionic strengths on SWy-2 may be more important than predicted by past surface complexation models of U(VI) adsorption on related montmorillonites. Analysis of the binding site on the edges of montmorillonite suggests that U(VI) sorbs preferentially to [Fe(O,OH)6] octahedral sites over [Al(O,OH)6] sites. When bound to edge sites, U(VI) occurs as uranyl-carbonato ternary surface complexes in systems equilibrated with atmospheric CO2. Polymeric surface complexes were not observed under any of the conditions studied. Current surface complexation models of uranyl sorption on clay minerals may need to be reevaluated to account for the possible increased importance of cation exchange reactions at low ionic strengths, the presence of reactive octahedral iron surface sites, and the formation of uranyl-carbonato ternary surface complexes. Considering the adsorption mechanisms observed in this study, future studies of U(VI) transport in the environment should consider how uranium retardation will be affected by changes in key solution parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, exchangeable cation composition, and the presence or absence of CO2.
Nalidixic acid-sensitive and resistant modes of DNA replication in Escherichia coli.

Summary The bacterial DNA synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, inhibits DNA replication to different extents in various strains of E. coli , and the amount of inhibition is dependent on the growth temperature. DNA synthesis in the temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutant, dna F (a mutant with a defective ribonucleotide reductase), is sensitive to nalidixic acid at the permissive temperature, but is unusually resistant to nalidixic acid at the non-permissive temperature. This behavior is directly correlated with the dna F mutation, since it is not present in the parent strain of dna F , nor in a temperature-independent revertant of dna F . The results are discussed in terms of two modes of DNA replication, one sensitive to nalidixic acid and the other resistant to the drug.
A fluorometric procedure for determination of o-diphenol oxidase

Abstract A new rapid fluorometric technique has been developed for the measurement of o -diphenol oxidase activity. The change in concentration of a fluorescent substrate such as chlorogenic acid is measured directly by recording loss of fluorescence as the substrate is converted to the quinone. Using this method good linearity was obtained in Lineweaver-Burk determinations. Mushroom, tobacco leaf, tomato leaf, and tomato callus were used as enzyme sources in the development of the method.
A comparison of the ability of frog and rat S‐9 to activate promutagens in the Ames test

A mutagenesis assay employing the frog, Rana pipiens, is currently under development [McKinnell et al, 1979]. A question that must be answered is whether the frog is metabolically capable of activating a large number of promutagens. The Ames assay offers a simple means of comparing the metabolism of mutagens by different animal species. The Ames response obtained with frog-liver S-9 was compared to the response with rat-liver S-9, using the following compounds: Benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 2-amino-fluorene, azobenzene, Sudan II, dibutylnitrosamine, hydrazine sulfate, hydroxyethylhydrazine, cyclophosphamide, 1,2-dichloroethane, tris(2,3 dibromopropyl)phosphate, diallate, quinoline, quercetin, aflatoxin B 1, emodin, and safrole. Of these compounds, activation by rat S-9 was observed for all except hydrazine sulfate and safrole. All except Sudan II, 1,2-dichloroethane, quinoline, and safrole gave positive Ames responses with frog S-9. In general, the responses with frog S-9 were quantitatively lower than those obtained with Aroclor-induced rat S-9; however, the optimum procedure for frog-liver induction has not been determined. The response to dichloroethane is very sensitive to the amount of activating enzyme present; it might be positive with optimally induced frog S-9. Thus, only two of the 15 compounds positive with rat S-9 were definitely missed when tested with frog S-9. We feel that the frog assay appears to be promising from the standpoint of false-negatives.
EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF A COMPREHENSIVE NEONATAL TRANSPORT PROGRAM

Initial care of the sick neonate is crucial to his outcome. To improve this care, a full-time transport team of nurses, fellows, and faculty was established in 1974 that provided nurse-physician education, consultation, and neonatal transport. An 80 hour didactic course on the recognition and stabilization of the high risk neonate was attended by 222 nurses in 1974-76. Using a mobile intensive care unit, 614 babies were transported from 55 predominantly rural hospitals within a 125 mile radius. At each transport, status of the neonate, educational interactions, and an evaluation of referring hospital capabilities were recorded. Diagnosis and therapy were discussed in detail with 40% of the referring physicians and 21% personally participated in management. Nursing staff participation provided the team with an opportunity to develop and reinforce concepts previously presented in didactic sessions. During the second year of operation. improved care was reflected by increased referral at 0-2 hours of age (31% in 1975 vs 23% in 1974), initial temperature > 36°C (79% vs 63%). dextrostix >45 mg% (64% vs 42%), prior IV therapy (33% vs 19%), and proper monitoring of infants (64% vs 38%). The incidence of infants receiving minimal or no care prior to transport decreased from 31% to 15%. These results indicate the value of broadening the scope of a transport program to include on-going assessment of referral capabilities, appropritately directed consultation and reinforced nurse-physician education.
Effect of representational borders on responses of supragranular neurons in rat somatosensory cortex

In this paper we study the responses of small populations of neurons in layer II/III near the forepaw/lower jaw border in rat somatosensory cortex, comparing cross border (CB) stimuli to non-cross border stimuli (NCB). We found the excitatory component of the population response to CB stimuli was significantly less than the response to NCB stimuli. Thus, at the representational border there are significant changes in the population response of the horizontal circuitry.
A Theoretical and Experimental Model for a Dust Devil.

Abstract The flow field found in a steady, axially-symmetric, strong atmospheric vortex of the dust-devil type is considered. The meridional plane containing the axis of the vortex is divided into an inviscid region where an unstratified free-vortex flow prevails, a plate boundary layer region, a corner region, and an axial boundary layer region. All these regions are strongly linked by a meridional circulation cell. Each of these regions is considered in turn and a solution to the overall flow field is found by matching the flow conditions at the interface between two adjacent regions. Using this model one can predict some of the features found in a model where the inviscid flow is stratified. Finally, an experimental demonstration is discussed in which the fluid is given an unstable temperature stratification with height and a source of angular momentum. A vortex of the dust-devil type forms under certain conditions.
Bradhyrhizobium japonicum hydrogen-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity: quinone specificity, inhibition by quinone analogs, and evidence for separate sites of electron acceptor reactivity.

The purified H2-uptake hydrogenase of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, containing no cytochrome b, catalyzed efficient H2-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. Hydrogen-oxidizing membranes also catalyzed H2-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity, and the site of ubiquinone reduction was localized to the H2-quinone oxidoreductase complex based on comparative antimycin A and HQNO titrations of both H2-ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase and ubiquinol-1 oxidase activities. A variety of quinones could function as electron acceptors of both pure or membrane-bound hydrogenase, including ubiquinone-0 Q0), ubiquinone-1 (Q1), duroquinone and menadione, indicating relatively loose substrate specificity with regard to the quinone head group. Both the redox potential and the quinone structure determined the efficiency of hydrogenase turnover. Among short-chain ubiquinones, the isoprenoid chain length had a profound affect on Km, with each additional isoprenoid unit resulting in the Km of the membrane-bound enzyme to decrease more than an order of magnitude. For pure enzyme, the Km values for Q0, Q1 and Q2 were 1.97 mM, 68.8 μM and 3.1 μM, respectively. Vmax was also influenced by the substrate isoprenoid chain length for the pure enzyme. The inhibition patterns of H2-dependent Q1 versus MB reduction by the quinone analogs (2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide and Antimycin A) were significantly different, and clear differences in pH optima for the two activities were observed. In addition, the two hydrogen-dependent electron acceptor activities (Q1 and MB) exhibited different time-dependent inactivation patterns by the chemical modification reagent diazobenzene sulfonate. Ubiquinone and MB therefore react by different mechanisms (perhaps at different sites) within the hydrogenase complex in situ. The inhibition pattern of hydrogen-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity by antimycin A was clearly different than antimycin A inhibition of ubiquinol oxidation at the bc1 complex. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of antimycin A inhibition of a hydrogenase complex, and also of a quinone reducing site of a primary dehydrogenase. When pure hydrogenase is assayed in the absence of dithionite, a delay (lag phase) is observed prior to attainment of full activity. The length of this lag period (in minutes) was inversely dependent on ubiquinone concentration, and was greatly reduced (but not eliminated) at saturating ubiquinone levels. These effects were obtained with both Q1 and MB as electron acceptor, and the lag phases with Q1 were significantly longer than with MB. Electron acceptor binding to hydrogenase is thus required for reductive activation of hydrogenase during turnover.
Aerobic power of competitive paraplegic road racers.

The purpose of this study was to determine peak aerobic power and associated physiological responses in highly competitive spinal cord injured (SCI) paraplegic road racers. Seven (6 male and one female) active paraplegic (lesions T4-T12) road racers and 9 healthy untrained able-bodied males performed continuous graded arm crank ergometer tests to exhaustion for determinations of peak power output (PO), oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Compared to able-bodied subjects, male paraplegic road racers elicited significantly (p less than or equal to .05) higher mean (+/- SD) peak levels of PO (141.6 +/- 8.8 vs 111.4 +/- 27.7 W), absolute VO2 (2.72 +/- .52 vs 2.22 +/- .381/min), and VO2 per unit of body weight (43.06 +/- 7.4 vs 30.33 +/- 4.3 ml/kg/min). Although peak HR (180.3 +/- 9.5 vs 173.2 +/- 8.5 bpm) and VE (92.8 +/- 17.2 vs 74.6 +/- 20.3 l/min) tended to be higher for male paraplegic road racers than able-bodied subjects, the differences were not statistically significant. The female paraplegic road racer achieved the highest peak levels of PO (119 W) and VO2 (1.99 l/min; 38.0 ml/kg/min) reported to date for wheelchair-dependent women. These data suggest that intense physical training via wheelchair propulsion can markedly enhance upper body cardiovascular fitness in SCI paraplegics. However, the correlational analysis between 10 km time and peak VO2 was nonsignificant (p greater than .05) indicating that factors other than peak upper body aerobic power may influence wheelchair road racing performance.
Elemental partitioning in Pinus resinosa leaf litter and associated fungi.

Pinus resinosa leaf litter with associated attached fungi collected from a coal strip-mining area in Perry County, Ohio was studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, scanning electron micr...
Isotopic Composition of Rare Gases in Lunar Samples

Data from total melt and step-by-step heating experiments on the Apollo 11 lunar samples suggest a close affinity between lunar and meteoritic rare gases. Trapped neon-20/neon-22 ratios range from 11.5 to approximately 15, resembling those for the gas-rich meteorites. Trapped krypton and xenon in the lunar fines and in the carbonaceous chondrites are similar except for an interesting underabundance of the heavy isotopes in both lunar gases which suggests that the fission component found in carbonaceous chondrites is depleted in lunar material. Spallation gases are in most cases quite close to meteoritic spallation gases in isotopic composition.
Induction of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes and Antitumor Activity by a Liposomal Lipopeptide Vaccine

We have previously described a simple yet effective liposome-based therapeutic vaccine, DOTAP/E7, which contains only two molecules, the cationic lipid DOTAP and a peptide antigen derived from the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16. In the current report, we have improved the vaccine formulation by incorporation of E7-lipopeptide instead of the water-soluble native E7 peptide into the DOTAP liposome. The lipopeptide consists of an N-terminal alpha- or -palmitoyl lysine connected to the E7 peptide via a dipeptide Ser-Ser linker. The DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine exhibited an enhanced functional antigen-specific CD8 (+) T lymphocyte response in vivo compared to the previous DOTAP/E7 formulation. More importantly, the cytotoxic T cells induced by the DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine could efficiently eliminate an existing HPV positive TC-1 tumor. The antitumor activity of lipopeptide formulated in DOTAP liposome was more than twice as potent as that of native E7, likely owing to the increased peptide entrapment efficiency in the liposomal complex. Our results also showed that it is essential to have the dipeptide spacer sequence between E7 peptide and the attached fatty acid to achieve a full immune response. Overall, the improved DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine described herein showed a significantly enhanced therapeutic effect for the treatment of a cervical cancer model.
A chemical concentration modulation sensor for selective detection of airborne chemicals

Abstract A method for selective detection of airborne chemicals based on concentration-modulated signals is described. A variable energy source ( e.g. , a heated filament) causes a modulated chemical reaction in a flowing gas stream, and a chemical sensor monitors the resultant modulated concentration signal. A parameter that is specific for a particular chemical species ( i.e. , a pseudo-activation energy) can be determined. Because this parameter is unique for a particular chemical and set of operating conditions, devices based on this method offer selectivity in sensing chemical vapors. A single detector capable of selectively identifying a large number of chemicals is possible using this approach.
Laminin-induced activation of Rac1 and JNKp46 is initiated by Src family kinases and mimics the effects of skeletal muscle contraction

Binding of laminin to dystroglycan in the dystrophin glycoprotein complex causes signaling through dystroglycan-syntrophin-grb2-SOS1-Rac1-PAK1-JNK. Laminin binding also causes syntrophin tyrosine phosphorylation to initiate signaling. The kinase responsible was investigated here. PP2 and SU6656, specific inhibitors of Src family kinases, decreased the amount of phosphotyrosine syntrophin and decreased the level of active Rac1 in laminin-treated myoblasts, myotubes, or skeletal muscle microsomes. c-Src and c-Fyn both phosphorylate syntrophin, and inhibition of either with specific siRNAs diminishes the level of syntrophin phosphorylation. When the rat gastrocnemius was contracted, the level of Rac1 activation increased compared to that of the relaxed control muscle and Rac1 colocalized with beta-dystroglycan. Similar results were obtained when the muscle was stretched. Contracted muscle also contained more activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNKp46. E3, an expressed protein containing only laminin domains LG4 and LG5, increased the rate of proliferation of myoblasts, and PP2 prevented cell proliferation. In addition, Src family kinases colocalized with activated Rac1 and with laminin-Sepharose in solid-phase binding assays. Thus, contraction, stretching, or laminin binding causes recruitment of Src family kinase to the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, activating Rac1 and inducing downstream signaling. The DGC likely represents a mechanoreceptor in skeletal muscle-regulating muscle growth in response to muscle activity. Src family kinases play an initiating and critical role.
Ode to human consilience

Optimal human being: An integrated, multi-level perspective K. M. Sheldon (2004), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc, USA, ISBN 0805841881, 208 pp., $24.50, paperback Optimal human being is a bold and...
Localization of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus RNA in lung and lymph nodes of fatal influenza cases by in situ hybridization: New insights on virus replication and pathogenesis

Abstract Background Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) virus has caused substantial morbidity and mortality globally and continues to circulate. Although pH1N1 viral antigens have been demonstrated in various human tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC), cellular localization of pH1N1 RNA in these tissues has largely remained uninvestigated. Objectives To examine the distribution of pH1N1 RNA in tissues of fatal cases in order to understand the virus tissue tropism, replication and disease pathogenesis. Study design Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded autopsy tissues from 21 patients with confirmed pH1N1 infection were analyzed by influenza A IHC and by in situ hybridization (ISH) using DIG-labeled sense (detects viral RNA) and antisense probes (detects positive-stranded mRNA and cRNA) targeting the nucleoprotein gene of pH1N1 virus. Results pH1N1 RNA was localized by ISH in 57% of cases while viral antigens were detected by IHC in 76%. However, in cases with a short duration of illness (1–3 days), more cases (69%) were positive by ISH than IHC (62%). Strong ISH staining was detected by antisense probes in the alveolar pneumocytes of the lungs, mucous glands and in lymph nodes. IHC staining of viral antigens was demonstrated in the lung pneumocytes and mucous glands, but no immunostaining was detected in any of the lymph nodes examined. Conclusions This study demonstrates cellular localization of positive-stranded pH1N1 RNA in the lungs, mucous glands and lymph nodes that suggests viral replication in these tissues. The novel ISH assay can be a useful adjunct for the detection of pH1N1 virus in tissues and for pathogenesis studies.
Nuclear Spin States in Molecular Crystals

Neutron beam attenuation by a sample immersed in liquid helium was measured. Temperatures below 4 deg K were achieved by evacuating the liquid helium and reducing the boiling point. The neutron beam was derived from a reentrant hole in an aqueous nnoderator immersed in liquid helium. A velocity spectrunn of the emergent beam was best fitted by a Maxwell distribution having a temperature of 40 deg K. Time-dependent cross sections of acetylene and spectral distributions from aqueous moderators at 4 deg K were measured and the resuits are graphically represented. Nuclear spin states found in water and acetylene are expected in many molecular crystals, the rotational energy levels being shifted to higher temperatures by the crystal potential. (L.N. N.)
Quark model for weak interactions

We have considered in detail a five-quark model with right-handed current. The model has an additional parameter, ${cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\varphi}$, apart from the usual ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}$, the Weinberg angle, and is able to account satisfactorily for all the charged-current and neutral-current data. Several tests for determining the parameters accurately are proposed. These include the asymptotic ratio of antineutrino to neutrino deep-inelastic scattering and neutral-to-charged-current ratios for deep-inelastic scattering, as well as elastic scattering off protons, direct decays of charmed mesons into neutral leptonic channels, effects in atomic physics, coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, and $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ decay.
Unexpected Ca2+-binding properties of synaptotagmin 9

Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt 1) functions as an essential Ca2+ sensor for the fast but not slow component of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. One hypothesis to account for this selective function, based on the close homology of Syt 1 with synaptotagmin 9 (Syt 9), is that these Syts are redundant for the slow but not the fast component of release. We now show, however, that Syt 9 has unique properties that set it apart from Syt 1. Different from Syt 1, endogenous Syt 9 does not associate Ca2+ dependently or independently with soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) protein complexes, and the Syt 9 C2B domain does not form Ca2+/phospholipid complexes, whereas such complexes are essential for Syt 1 function. Nevertheless, the C2A domain of Syt 9 functions as a Ca2+-binding module, suggesting that Syts 1 and 9 are Ca2+ sensors with similar Ca2+-binding sequences but distinct properties that indicate nonoverlapping functions.
The Effects of Matching Instructional Strategy with Selected Student Characteristics on Ninth Grade Physical Science Students' Attitudes and Achievement.

The study investigated the benefits of a matching model of instruction for students enrolled in ninth grade physical science classes in one high school in a small, urban school district. Based on social learning theory, three independent variables were identified for purposes of matching: need level, cognitive style, and locus of control; attitude and achievement outcomes served as the dependent variables. Results of separate analyses of covariance revealed that attitude toward science in general improved with matching, but achievement, attitude toward physical science, attitude toward instruction, and attitude toward the teacher did not improve. Recommendations for subsequent “matching” experiments are discussed in light of the findings in this investigation.
All-trans retinoic acid significantly increases 5-year survival in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term follow-up of the New York study

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces a high incidence of complete remission (CR) in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); however, the magnitude of this agent’s contribution to increased rates of cure of this disease has not yet been established. From 1990 to 1995 we used RA as remission induction therapy in 103 APL patients (73 newly diagnosed and 30 previously treated) who were retinoid-naive and were treated on the basis of initial morphology. Patients whose diagnosis was changed on the basis of the results of molecular testing (n = 13) were withdrawn from RA treatment and given chemotherapy alone. After achieving a CR, previously untreated patients received several cycles of consolidation chemotherapy, usually with idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside. Among individuals whose diagnosis was molecularly confirmed, 54 of 65 new patients (83%) and 25 of 30 previously treated patients (83%) achieved a CR. All induction failures in molecularly diagnosed cases were due either to early death or to premature withdrawal. Median disease-free and overall survival rates recorded for all newly diagnosed patients are currently >40+ and >43+ months, respectively. We subsequently examined a subset of 27 newly diagnosed patients treated during the first 2 years of this program whose actual median follow-up period is now >5 years. Median disease-free and overall survival rates recorded for this group are >57+ and >58+ months, respectively; 56% of these patients are alive in first remission. These results significantly exceed those achieved using chemotherapy alone in a historical control group of 80 patients consecutively treated at this center from 1975 to 1990, whose median disease-free and overall survival rates were 11 and 19 months, respectively; only 22% of these patients were alive in first remission at 5 years. Although a high proportion of previously treated patients also achieved a CR after RA treatment, median disease-free and overall survival rates noted for that group were markedly lower (i.e., 7.5 and 10.9 months, respectively). Thus, data from patients whose median follow-up period is now >5 years have confirmed earlier projections and indicate that the use of RA for remission induction yields an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the proportion of patients who have presumably been cured of this disease.
The symmetric M-matrix and symmetric inverse M-matrix completion problems

Abstract The symmetric M -matrix and symmetric M 0 -matrix completion problems are solved and results of Johnson and Smith [Linear Algebra Appl. 290 (1999) 193] are extended to solve the symmetric inverse M -matrix completion problem: (1) A pattern (i.e., a list of positions in an n × n matrix) has symmetric M -completion (i.e., every partial symmetric M -matrix specifying the pattern can be completed to a symmetric M -matrix) if and only if the principal subpattern R determined by its diagonal is permutation similar to a pattern that is block diagonal with each diagonal block complete, or, in graph theoretic terms, if and only if each component of the graph of R is a clique. (2) A pattern has symmetric M 0 -completion if and only if the pattern is permutation similar to a pattern that is block diagonal with each diagonal block either complete or omitting all diagonal positions, or, in graph theoretic terms, if and only if every principal subpattern corresponding to a component of the graph of the pattern either omits all diagonal positions, or includes all positions. (3) A pattern has symmetric inverse M -completion if and only if its graph is block-clique and no diagonal position is omitted that corresponds to a vertex in a graph-block of order >2. The techniques used are also applied to matrix completion problems for other classes of symmetric matrices.
Toward an African Cosmology Reframing How We Think About Historically Black Colleges and Universities

This article seeks to point out a discourse history of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in higher education, to explore the question, “Who is framing the narrative of HBCUs?” Th...
Formation of Porphyrin- and Sapphyrin-Containing Monolayers on Electrochemically Prepared Gold Substrates: A FT Raman Spectroscopic Study

The formation of porphyrin- and sapphyrin-containing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on electrochemically prepared gold surfaces by a multistep approach is described. After electrochemical preparation, the gold substrate was characterized by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. SERS characterization was also used to study the basic architecture and properties of the porphyrin- and sapphyrin-modified SAMs and their interactions with model compounds, that is, fluoranthene, 1,10-phenanthroline, and adenine. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that in a general sense, macrocyclic oligopyrrole functionalized SAMs could prove useful in the analysis and detection of polyaromatic and heterocyclic compounds.
Food, War and National Identity in Almudena Grandes' Inés y la alegría

Almudena Grandes’ novel Ines y la alegria offers the reader a unique view into the world of Spanish exiles struggling to regain control of Spain in 1944 and at the same time yearning to recuperate their sense of identity as Spaniards. Grandes accomplishes the latter task by developing a subplot focused on food, the kitchen, cooking and eating. She places Ines at the centre of the action as cook to a contingent of soldiers that form the first wave of invasion in the Valle de Aran. Ines assumes a maternal role as cook, providing the soldiers with both physical and emotional sustenance. This study examines the way that Grandes manipulates the kitchen, food, cooking and eating to create an environment that counters the exiles’ sense of ‘foreignness’ and replaces it with a sense of belonging and identity. However, Grandes unravels her own thesis to reveal the deceptiveness of an identity founded on geopolitical boundaries and cultural practices. Food, with all of its external cultural and social implications, ...
Thermal observations of gas pistoning at Kilauea Volcano

[1] Data acquired by three continuously recording thermal infrared thermometers situated on the north rim of Pu`u `O`o Crater at Kilauea Volcano during 2002 revealed episodes of periodic thermal pulses originating from a degassing vent on the crater floor. These thermal pulses are interpreted as gas release (jetting events) associated with gas pistoning, a mechanism observed previously at both Mauna Ulu and Pu`u `O`o. During a 35-day-long period spanning June and July 2002, gas pistoning was frequently the dominant mode of gas release, with as many as several hundred pulses occurring in uninterrupted series. On other days, degassing alternated between periods of quasi-continuous gas jetting and intervals of gas pistoning that contained a few to a few dozen pulses. Characteristic time intervals between pistoning events ranged from 2 up to 7 min. We identify three types of pistoning. Type 1 involves emission of lava, followed by gas jetting and drain back; type 2 is the same but the elevated position of the vent does not allow postjet drain back; and type 3 involves gas jetting only with no precursory lava flow. To explain gas pistoning, we apply a model whereby a stagnant cap of degassed magma develops in the conduit below the vent. Gas bubbles rise through the magma column and collect under the cap. The collective buoyancy of these bubbles pushes the cap upward. When the cap reaches the surface, it erupts from the vent as a lava flow. Unloading of the conduit magma in this way results in an abrupt pressure drop (i.e., the overburden felt by the bubbles is reduced), causing explosive gas expansion in the form of gas jetting from the vent. This terminates the event and lava drains back into the conduit to start the cycle anew. In the case where there is no surface lava emission or drain back, the cap instead pushes into and spreads out within a subsurface cavity. Again, this unloads the conduit magma and terminates in explosive gas release. Once gas is expelled, lava in the cavity is free to drain back. We hypothesize that pistoning is a stable mode of degassing for low-viscosity basaltic magmas with appropriate conduit geometries and volatile supply rates.
A six‐axis robotic sample changer for high‐throughput neutron powder diffraction and texture measurements

State-of-the-art neutron time-of-flight diffractometers at modern neutron sources allow sample throughput at rates of much less than one hour per sample. Automated sample changes with a high degree of reliability and flexibility are essential to assure safe operation and efficient use of available neutron flux. At the High-Pressure Preferred Orientation (HIPPO) diffractometer, a previous sample changer measured over 2300 texture and 400 powder samples at ambient conditions to study the properties of crystalline materials at the Lujan neutron scattering facility at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Experience gained during operation of the sample changer for over a decade showed room for improvement and led to a new design using current industrial robot technology. Here, the new HIPPO versatile six-axis robotic sample changer for neutron powder diffraction experiments including texture measurements is presented.
Tetrahedral-Based Vector Generalized Finite Element Method and Its Applications

Vector generalized finite element method was first introduced as a meshless method. Its application to practical problems was stymied by the fact that one needs information of intersection of the partition of unity domains with the boundaries of the problem domain. The framework presented in Tuncer 's work (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 3, 887-899, Mar. 2010) overcame this bottleneck. In this letter, the framework is extended to tetrahedral meshes and applied to a number of electromagnetic problems. These examples are chosen so as to highlight some features of the method such as higher-order convergence, flexibility in the choice of basis functions, and use of different types of basis functions or mixed polynomial orders within a simulation.
Reminder-induced attenuation of the effect of relative stimulus validity

The roles of deficient acquisition and deficient expression of learned information in the effect of relative stimulus validity were examined using rats in a conditioned lick suppression paradigm. Recovery from the effect without further pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) would favor an interpretation of the relative validity effect based on a latent CS-US association as distinct from a failure to acquire the CS-US association. As a potential recovery manipulation, “reminder” treatments, consisting of the US alone (Experiment 1) or the CS alone (Experiment 2), were administered following relative validity training. In both cases, subjects for which the CS target was of low relative predictive validity exhibited enhanced responding relative to appropriate controls. Additionally, Experiment 2 showed that the amelioration of the relative validity deficit was stimulus specific. Thus, the results of these experiments support previous suggestions that the performance deficit resulting from low relative stimulus validity is due, at least in part, to a failure to express acquired information (Cole, Barnet, & Miller, 1995a).
Polyhydride (Fluoroalkyl)phosphine Complexes of Iridium. Synthesis, Dynamics, and Reactivity Properties of (dfepe)2Ir2(μ-H)3(H)

The synthesis and reactivity properties of new dimeric iridium polyhydrides incorporating the acceptor ligand (C2F5)2PCH2CH2(C2F5)2 (dfepe) are reported. Hydrogenolysis of (dfepe)Ir(η3-C3H5) (prepared by metathesis of [(dfepe)Ir(μ-Cl)]2 with allylmagnesium chloride) afforded (dfepe)2Ir2(μ-H)3(H) (3) in high yield as an air-stable red crystalline solid. A triply bridged ground-state geometry for 3 was deduced from low-temperature NMR data and was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Hydride site exchange mechanisms are proposed which are consistent with VT 1H and 31P NMR data. Although 3 is formally coordinatively saturated, hydride bridge dissociation readily occurs and leads to ligand addition reactions. Thus, treatment of tetrahydride 3 with 1 atm of H2 at 20 °C quantitatively affords the hexahydride dimer [(dfepe)Ir(μ-H)2(H)2]2 (5). In the absence of H2, 5 rapidly loses H2 in solution at 20 °C to re-form 3. The structure of 5 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. 3 also reacts with CO to give (d...
Faunal re-evaluation of Mid-Pliocene conditions in the western equatorial Pacific

Mid-Pliocene low-latitude Pacific faunal (planktic foraminifer) sea surface temperature (SST) estimates are normally based upon the Modern Analog Technique (MAT). In the Eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), where upwelling of cool water predominates, MAT can be used to discern both cooling and warming in Neogene records. SST today is ~30°C in the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) warm pool, the upper limit of the modern calibration data, and past warming above that level is difficult to assess using faunal methods. Mid-Pliocene fossil samples from the WEP have been analyzed using several variations of MAT with different outcomes and associated levels of confidence. While SST above ~30°C in the WEP during the mid-Pliocene cannot be ruled out due to the limitations of the method, temperatures this warm seem unlikely. In addition to the mid-Pliocene, planktic foraminifer assemblages from the coretop, last glacial maximum, last interglacial and the penultimate glacial (Marine Isotope Stage 6) show striking similarity to each other which suggests little to no change in the region between times of global climate extremes. There is generally good agreement between the Mg/Ca paleothermometer and MAT derived faunal SST estimates. Both suggest stability of the WEP warm pool.
Academic grades: their rational and empirical scale structure.

Summary.-An attempt was made to ascertain a "psychological" scale for academic grades. Thurstonian pair-comparison scaling procedures were used. The judges were from a midwestern university and were employed in professorial positions. The developed psychological scale bore a logarithmic relation to the equal-interval grade-point-average scale (a 4-point scale). Plus- and minus-sign points, around letter grades, were seen as nonsymmetrical. Berweengrade intervals were observed to be larger than were within-grade intervals. It may be that in psychology established measures achieve a position of being unquestioned with respect to their psychological scaling properties. In an earlier investigation, Sinnctt and Scone (1965) found that this occurred for intelligence scales. Although there has been much dispute about academic grading practices and systems, the use of the familiar three- or four-point systems has been widespread and long standing. If deviations are employed, characteristically some transformation is available to arrive at an equivalent measure. The grade-point-average (GPA), the weighted arithmetic mean of a set of assigned grades, treats grades as if they had the properties of an equal-interval scale. Do judges who hrve had many years experience giving and receiving grades actually judge grade intervals so as to conform to an equal-interval-scale model? The present study is addressed to this question. The assessment of the measurement srructllre of psychological judgments is complicated by the fact that often grades are assigned using a normal distribution. Even with this constraint, however, an investigation of the congruity of the rationally based equal-interval scale wirh the empirically derived scale strucnlre seems desirable.
Leukemic potential of doubly mutant Nf1 and Wv hematopoietic cells.

The development of molecularly targeted treatments of adult leukemias warrants investigation of these targets in similar pediatric leukemias. The NF1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes a GTPase activating protein for p21ras, is frequently inactivated in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Other patients with JMML acquire activating RAS gene mutations. Recipient mice reconstituted with Nf1−/− fetal hematopoietic cells develop a myeloproliferative disease (MPD) that models the human disease. JMML arises from clonal expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell, and JMML cells and murineNf1−/− hematopoietic cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and KitL, the ligand for c-kit. We generated embryos doubly mutant for theWv allele of c-kit and Nf1 to ask if reduction of c-kit activity would delay or prevent the development of MPD. Despite a reduction in c-kit activity to approximately 10% of wild-type levels,Nf1−/−;Wv/Wvcells induced MPD in recipient mice.
Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies

Abstract Purpose To determine exposure of young adolescents to extremely violent movies. Design Cross-sectional school-based survey of middle school students at 15 randomly selected New Hampshire and Vermont middle schools. Each survey contained a unique list of 50 movies, randomly selected from 603 top box office hits from 1988 to 1999, 51 of which were determined by content analysis to contain extremely violent material. Movie titles only were listed, and adolescents were asked to indicate which ones they had seen. Each movie appeared on approximately 470 surveys. We calculated the percentage of students who had seen each movie for a representative subsample of the student population. We also examined characteristics associated with seeing at least one extremely violent movie. Complete survey information was obtained from 5456 students. The sample was primarily white and equally distributed by gender. Results On average, extremely violent movies were seen by 28% of the students in the sample (range 4% to 66%). The most popular movie, Scream , was seen by two-thirds of students overall and over 40% of fifth-graders. Other movies with sexualized violent content were seen by many of these adolescents. Examples include The General's Daughter (rated R for "graphic images related to sexual violence including a rape scene and perverse sexuality") and Natural Born Killers (rated R for "extreme violence and graphic carnage, shocking images, language, and sexuality"), seen by 27% and 20%, respectively. Older students, males, those of lower socioeconomic status, and those with poorer school performance were all significantly more likely to have seen at least one extremely violent movie. Conclusion This study documents widespread exposure of young adolescents to movies with brutal, and often sexualized, violence. Given that many of these films were marketed to teens, better oversight of the marketing practices of the film industry may be warranted.
Incidence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Increased risk among diabetic patients

Objective Previous studies have identified a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patient cohorts with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). We sought to determine the development of incident NAION among a group of newly diagnosed patients with DM and to estimate the incidence of NAION among the elderly. Design Medicare 5% database study. Participants A total of 25 515 patients with DM and an equal number of age- and gender-matched nondiabetic patients. Methods Query of Medicare 5% claims files identified patients with a new diagnosis of DM in 1994. A randomly selected control group was created using 1-to-1 propensity score matching. Patients with a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, preexisting DM, and age 68 years or older or >95 years were excluded. Patients with DM and controls were followed for the development of NAION over the following 4745 days. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of NAION among patients with and without DM. Results In each group, 85% were white, 11% were black, and 4% were other race. Patients were aged 76.4 years, and 40% were male. Mean follow-up was 7.6 years. In the diabetes group, 188 individuals developed NAION (0.7%) compared with 131 individuals (0.5%; P Conclusions Diabetes mellitus significantly increased the risk of the diagnosis NAION. The incidence of NAION among patients aged more than 67 years may be higher than previously reported. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Properties of hot expanded liquid aluminum

Abstract Measurement of temperature, volume, enthalpy, and electrical resistivity have been made on aluminum expanded isobarically by 50% in volume to temperatures of about 4000 K. These measurements are compared with the predictions of liquid metal pseudopotential theory.