cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histological markers of risk and the role of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

The marked discrepancy between the prevalence of preclinical prostate cancer and the incidence of clinically manifest disease indicates a long latency phase and significant heterogeneity in the progression potential of early neoplastic lesions. There are a variety of histologic changes within prostatic epithelium that have been termed atypical or dysplastic. The 2 most widely studied of these lesions are prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). Although associations between AAH and adenocarcinoma are spurious, those linking high-grade PIN (HGPIN) to cancer are far more established. There is a significantly increased risk for patients with isolated HGPIN to have prostate cancer confirmed on subsequent biopsy, suggesting that HGPIN is a marker for prostate carcinoma in addition to its potential role as a premalignant lesion. Autopsy studies reveal that HGPIN is found in association with cancer in 63% to 94% of malignant and 25% to 43% of benign prostates. Data on age and race reveal that African American men develop more extensive HGPIN at a younger age than white men. A wide spectrum of molecular/genetic abnormalities appears to be common to both HGPIN and prostate cancer. Data loss of 8p, 10q, 16q, 18q, and gain of 7q31, 8q, multiple copies of the c-myc genes, along with changes in chromatin texture, telomerase activity, cell cycle status, and proliferative indices collectively suggest that HGPIN is intermediate between benign epithelium and prostatic carcinoma with respect to these markers. These data indicate that HGPIN is important in neoplastic progression, and may present an appropriate target/marker for chemoprevention.
Guilt and Sin in Traditional China

haviour depends largely upon the internalization of social norms is, of course, commonplace. The notion that in the process of internalization some societies depend predominantly upon inculcating feelings of guilt and others upon feelings of shame is one of those sweeping generalizations which seem at first sight to be strikingly illuminating but which further reflection tends to reject as both over-simple and over-subtle. Mr. Eberhard's latest addition to his many distinguished studies of Chinese social institutions is, among other things, a contribution to the general argument on this matter.
Patent protection and foreign direct investment

The importance of development and use of products embodying intellectual property rights has increased dramatically. The growing share of knowledge-intensive products in worldwide trade, together with the increase in international technological competition, has magnified the importance of patents and other forms of intellectual property. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of patent protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI). It also examines the relative importance of other variables such as market size, trade orientation, unemployment rates, and so on. The findings are supportive of the fact that the level of patent protection is a strong determinant of investment flows. A proper understanding of this relationship will help firms and governments devise appropriate intellectual property policy to encourage the growth and expansion of FDI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stratigraphy and Heavy Minerals of the Bays Formation, Bays Mountain Synclinorium, Northeast Tennessee

The Bays Mountain synclinorium is in the Valley and Ridge province in northeast Tennessee, southwest of Kingsport and west of Greeneville. The more clastic part of the Bays formation lies in the east section of the synclinorium. The thickness of the Bays decreases from about 870 feet on the east to about 600 feet on the west. Presumably, the red beds and primary features of the Bays formation formed under deltaic conditions. A Camarocladia Zone near its base indicates a time-transgression of the Bays. The Bays is older at the base to the east than at its base to the west. The heavy minerals of the Bays were compared with those of the Cambrian and Precambrian(?) sediments, volcanic rocks, and accessory minerals of the crystalline complex which now comprise the Blue Ridge. The minerals identified include nearly all those in the Cambrian and Precambrian(?) sediments as well as additional minerals not found in these older sediments but that are in the crystalline complex. Such minerals indicate that at least a part of the crystalline complex was above sea level during the Middle Ordovician.
Cavity QED with Nanocrystals and Silica Microresonators

We report recent progress on achieving strong-coupling in a cavity QED system, in which nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nanocrystals are coupled to whispering gallery modes in a silica microsphere.
Somatic markers, working memory, and decision making.

The somatic marker hypothesis formulated by Damasio (e.g., 1994; Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1991) argues that affective reactions ordinarily guide and simplify decision making. Although originally intended to explain decision-making deficits in people with specific frontal lobe damage, the hypothesis also applies to decision-making problems in populations without brain injury. Subsequently, the gambling task was developed by Bechara (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994) as a diagnostic test of decision-making deficit in neurological populations. More recently, the gambling task has been used to explore implications of the somatic marker hypothesis, as well as to study suboptimal decision making in a variety of domains. We examined relations among gambling task decision making, working memory (WM) load, and somatic markers in a modified version of the gambling task. Increased WM load produced by secondary tasks led to poorer gambling performance. Declines in gambling performance were associated with the absence of the affective reactions that anticipate choice outcomes and guide future decision making. Our experiments provide evidence that WM processes contribute to the development of somatic markers. If WM functioning is taxed, somatic markers may not develop, and decision making may thereby suffer.
Barrows' Integration of Cognitive and Clinical Psychology in PBL Tutor Guidelines.

Scholars have noted PBL is consistent with John Dewey’s educational theories and with constructivist philosophies. This paper explores the similarities between the assumptions within Howard Barrows’ principles for the PBL tutor’s actions with Dewey’s theories that address teacher behaviors and with Carl Rogers’s conceptual frameworks that support the therapeutic behaviors of the client-centered therapist. In doing so it recognizes Barrows’ integration of the educational and cognitive psychology concepts of two psychologists who have influenced the psychology of education and provides an additional conceptual and theoretical anchor for PBL tutor facilitation skills.
An Econometric Method of Estimating the 'Hidden Economy', United Kingdom (1960-1984): Estimates and Tests

In this paper, a method of estimating the unrecorded part of the GNP based on a modified RESET procedure applied to a currency demand equation is proposed. The model passes all standard diagnostic tests and the estimates of the unrecorded economy provide plausible answers when used as a proxy for the tax-evaded income. The method is easily applicable to most countries with minor modifications. Copyright 1990 by Royal Economic Society.
Deposition of inhaled particles in the human lung is more peripheral in lunar than in normal gravity

Lunar dust presents a potential toxic challenge to future explorers of the moon. The extent of the inflammatory response to lunar dust will in part depend on where in the lung particles deposit. To determine the effect of lowered gravity, we measured deposition of 0.5 and 1 μm diameter particles in six subjects on the ground (1G) and during short periods of lunar gravity (1/6G) aboard the NASA Microgravity Research Aircraft. Total deposition was measured during continuous aerosol breathing, and regional deposition by aerosol bolus inhalations at penetration volumes (V p) of 200, 500 and 1,200 ml. For both particle sizes (d p), deposition was gravity-dependent with the lowest deposition occurring at the lower G-level. Total deposition decreased by 25 and 32% from 1G to 1/6G for 0.5 and 1 μm diameter particles, respectively. In the bolus tests, deposition increased with increasing V p. However, the penetration volume required to achieve a given deposition level was larger in 1/6G than in 1G. For example, for d p = 1 μm (0.5 μm), a level of 25% deposition was reached at V p = 260 ml (370 ml) in 1G but not until V p = 730 ml (835 ml) in 1/6G. Thus in 1G, deposition in more central airways reduces the transport of fine particles to the lung periphery. In the fractional gravity environment of a lunar outpost, while inhaled fine particle deposition may be lower than on earth, those particles that are deposited will do so in more peripheral regions of the lung.
Social Commentary and Political Action: The Headscarf as Popular Culture and Symbol of Political Confrontation in Modern Turkey1

Les AA. examinent les enjeux et les significations du port du foulard traditionnel par les femmes en Turquie. Ils montrent qu'au-dela des enjeux proprement socio-politiques et religieux, a propos notamment du debat sur la laicite et l'islamisme, le foulard est egalement une expression de la culture traditionnelle et populaire, d'une part en milieu rural, d'autre part en milieu urbain, parmi la classe moyenne musulmane emergente, ou pour les milieux fondamentalistes. De ce point de vue le foulard condense des significations multiples a propos de l'identite musulmane et feminine : il est un commentaire social sur la liberte d'expression, sur le feminisme islamique et seculier, mais il est aussi associe a la sexualite et la fertilite, a la beaute, a ses aspects pratiques, et de maniere generale aux conditions quotidiennes de la vie.
Use of a restriction-defective variant for the construction of stable attenuated strains of the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum.

Abstract A method for the in vitro construction of stable attenuated strains of the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum 775 is described. A cloned gene for a membrane-associated polypeptide, p40, that is required for virulence of V. anguillarum , was inactivated by insertion of a 1.5-kb kan fragment. The mutagenized p40- kan DNA sequence was introduced into a restriction-defective recipient strain of virulent V. anguillarum 775 by conjugal mobilization of a pBR322-p40- kan derivative from an Escherichia coli HB101 donor. A homologous recombinant of V. anguillarum 775 was selected that lost pBR322 sequences but that retained p40- kan DNA sequences. This strain was > 10 5 -fold attenuated in virulence for rainbow trout, expressed a surface-exposed outer membrane protein, pOM2, that is also known to be required for virulence, and persisted in immunized fish for at least 9 days post-injection.
The lunar conductivity profile and the nonuniqueness of electromagnetic data inversion

A review of the theory for the electromagnetic functional used to date to determine the lunar conductivity profile from spectral analyses of lunar magnetometer data. The 'hard' boundary condition used by Sonett et al. (1971) and others appears to be a good approximation for the sunlit lunar hemisphere. The use of the spectral data in conjunction with the functional to find a least squares conductivity profile is examined from the point of view of the nonuniqueness of nonlinear estimation. An unsuccessful search was carried out to find models that were both geophysically reasonable and consistent with the data. It is asserted that the failure to find these models is due to the inadequacy of the functional. Of the models generated, those that best fit the data all have a conductivity peak at a depth of 240 km similar to that of the model discussed by Sonett et al. However, all of these models are quite distinct elsewhere in the profile. It is shown how such models are dependent on both the nature of the functional as well as the initial guess in the least squares procedure. A correlation analysis shows that the only resolvable features from this type of model are a low conductivity crust, a high conductivity peak of limited radial extent, and a low conductivity zone beneath the peak.
Quantitative thermal nondestructive evaluation using an uncooled microbolometer infrared camera

Recent advances in uncooled microbolometer detector arrays has resulted in low cost, small size/weight, and low power consumption infrared cameras. The purpose of this paper is to assess the capabilities of the new microbolometer infrared cameras for quantitative thermal nondestructive evaluation. The camera assessed is a 160 x 128 uncooled microbolometer sensor array operating in the long wavelength infrared band (7.5 to 13.5 microns). The camera size is 4.32 H x 4.32 W X 10.92 L centimeters. Quantitative thermal diffusivity and thickness images obtained by minimizing the squared difference between the data and a thermal model on samples with fabricated defects are presented. The results are compared to conventional thermal imaging cameras using cooled focal plane array detectors. The advantages of a synchronized electronic shutter system (SESS) to remove the heat lamp influence during and after flash heating will also be discussed for these uncooled microbolometer detector arrays.
Aging effects on sensorimotor integration: a comparison of effector systems and feedback modalities.

ABSTRACT Research on motor aging has focused on visuomotor effects in limb musculature, with few comparisons across effectors or feedback modalities. The authors examined steady fine force control in oral and manual effectors under visual and auditory feedback in 13 young (19–23 years old) and 13 older (60–77 years old) participants, hypothesizing that force variability would increase with aging (a) more in the finger than the lip and (b) for both feedback modalities. The magnitude of variability increased with age for both visuomotor and audiomotor tasks but age-related differences were greater in the lip than the finger. These results point to increased variability as a potential early marker of changing motor function (prior to loss of strength) that extends beyond the visuomotor system.
Conditional expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, MKP-1, is cytoprotective against UV-induced apoptosis

UV irradiation induces apoptosis in U937 human leukemic cells that is accompanied by the activation of both the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways. The MAPK phosphatase, MKP-1, is capable of inactivating both SAPK and p38 MAPK in vivo. To determine whether MKP-1-mediated inhibition of SAPK and/or p38 MAPK activity provided cytoprotection against UV-induced apoptosis, a U937 cell line conditionally expressing MKP-1 from the human metallothionein IIa promoter was established. Conditional expression of MKP-1 was found to abolish UV-induced SAPK and p38 MAPK activity, and inhibit UV-induced apoptosis as judged by both morphological criteria and DNA fragmentation. MKP-1 was also found to inhibit other biochemical events associated with apoptosis, including activation of caspase-3 and the proteolytic cleavage of the caspase-3 substrate, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase. These findings demonstrate that MKP-1 acts at a site upstream of caspase activation within the apoptotic program. The cytoprotective properties of MKP-1 do not appear to be mediated by its ability to inhibit p38 MAPK because the p38 MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580 had no effect on UV-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Furthermore, by titrating the level of MKP-1 expression it was found that MKP-1 inhibited UV-induced SAPK activity, DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation in a similar dose-dependent manner. The dual-specificity phosphatase, PAC1, which does not inhibit UV-induced activation of SAPK, did not provide a similar cytoprotection against UV-induced apoptosis. These results are consistent with a model whereby MKP-1 provides cytoprotection against UV-induced apoptosis by inhibiting UV-induced SAPK activity.
Transcription termination by RNA polymerase III in fission yeast. A genetic and biochemically tractable model system.

In order for RNA polymerase (pol) III to produce a sufficient quantity of RNAs of appropriate structure, initiation, termination, and reinitiation must be accurate and efficient. Termination-associated factors have been shown to facilitate reinitiation and regulate transcription in some species. Suppressor tRNA genes that differ in the dT(n) termination signal were examined for function in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We also developed an S. pombe extract that is active for tRNA transcription that is described here for the first time. The ability of this tRNA gene to be transcribed in extracts from different species allowed us to compare termination in three model systems. Although human pol III terminates efficiently at 4 dTs and S. pombeat 5 dTs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae pol III requires 6 dTs to direct comparable but lower termination efficiency and also appears qualitatively distinct. Interestingly, this pattern of sensitivity to a minimal dT(n) termination signal was found to correlate with the sensitivity to α-amanitin, as S. pombe was intermediate between human and S. cerevisiae pols III. The results establish that the pols III of S. cerevisiae,S. pombe, and human exhibit distinctive properties and that termination occurs in S. pombe in a manner that is functionally more similar to human than is S. cerevisiae.
The use of stress echocardiography in the assessment of mitral valvular disease.

Stress echocardiography plays an important role in evaluating asymptomatic patients with significant mitral stenosis and symptomatic patients with only mild disease at rest, as it correlates the exercise-induced symptoms with changes in transmitral gradients, pulmonary pressures, and mitral valve area. In patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), exercise or dobutamine protocols assess for the change in the degree of regurgitation and the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in response to high flow states, and detect underlying left ventricular (LV) dysfunction prior to valvular surgery. Exercise echocardiography also helps in the prognostic assessment of patients with mitral valve prolapse as new MR, or latent LV dysfunction may be provoked to identify a group of high risk individuals with normal resting echocardiographic parameters. Finally, it evaluates the proper functioning of prosthetic mitral valves and helps on the monitoring of transmitral gradients and PAPs after mitral valve surgery. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 21, July 2004)
Neutrino Background from Population III Stars

Population III Stars (PopIII) are the first generation of stars formed from the collapse of the very first structures in the Universe. Their peculiar chemical composition (metal-free, resembling the Primordial Nucleosynthesis yields) affects their formation and evolution and makes them unusually big and hot stars. They are good candidates for the engines of Reionization of the Universe although their direct observation is extremely difficult. Here we summarize a study of their expected diffuse low-energy neutrino background flux at Earth.
Maternal Distress and Discrepancy in Reports of Psychopathology in Chronically Ill Children

This article focuses on the relation between maternal distress and mother-child discrepancy in reports of child psychopathology, as assessed by a standardized structured interview. The sample includes 92 chronically ill children (mean age ± SD = 12.5 ± 2.7 years). Agreement between mother and child on the presence of any child psychiatric diagnosis was low. Maternal distress was correlated with the number of disorders identified by the mother but not with those identified by the child. Maternal distress was significantly higher in the mothers who identified a disorder but whose children did not. Choice of infcrmant and maternal distress are significant factors in the evaluation of psychopathology.
Static control for wood chip chemical digester for the paper industry

Static switching control, with its greatly improved reliability, is another step toward automated industrial sytems. A general view of this field including a specific application to a paper mill digester is presented.
Dental development in apes and humans: a comment on Simpson, Lovejoy and Meindl (1990)

We agree that differences exist in relative rates of development between anterior and posterior teeth in apes and humans. However, we suggest that these differences result from a prolonged developmental retardation of the human molar dentition, and not from relatively earlier onset of calcification or more rapid development of the human anterior teeth. Further-more, we see evidence for the existence of major differences between apes and humans in relative developmental rates within the molar field. Finally, we suggest that linear regression analysis is not an appropriate tool for the statistical analysis of a decidely non-linear developmental process like calcification of the mammalian dentition.
Induction of the Mouse κ-Opioid Receptor Gene by Retinoic Acid in P19 Cells

The mouse κ-opioid receptor (KOR) gene is expressed in mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cells and induced by retinoic acid (RA) within 24 h. An RA-responsivecis-acting element is identified within promoter I of the KOR gene. This element contains a GC box, a putative binding site for transcription factor Sp1. Enhanced binding of Sp1 to this GC box correlates with RA induction of KOR gene. Phosphatase inhibitor (sodium pyrophosphate) decreases RA induction of this promoter, whereas hypophosphorylation of Sp1 results in an increase in its DNA binding affinity to this promoter as demonstrated by in vitro gel retardation and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Consistently, the inhibitor of MEK, PD98058, dose-dependently enhances RA induction of this promoter, suggesting that the ERK signaling pathway is negatively involved in the RA induction of mouse KOR gene activities. Collectively, enhanced binding of Sp1 to promoter I of the KOR gene as a result of inhibiting the ERK pathway contributes to RA induction of this gene in P19.
Effect of container diameter on β‐radiation‐induced polymerization of acrylamide

Beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei have a finite depth of penetration in a given medium and hence a certain linear energy transfer value depending upon their initial energy. This property can be utilized to achieve different rates of radiation induced reactions. Various diameter capillaries containing saline solutions of acrylamide and radioactive phosphorus-32 were used in the experiment and the change in viscosity of acrylamide solution was used as an indicator of the amount of energy transferred. Distinctly different rates were observed which were roughly proportional to the diameters of the capillaries containing the solutions. It also appears that irradiation of the polymer solution at 80/sup 0/C even in the absence of oxygen has an adverse effect on the viscosity. The experimental conditions were chosen to approximate those existing in oil reservoirs.
Myocardial capillary permeability to iohexol. Evaluation with fast x-ray computed tomography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The accuracy and sensitivity of fast x-ray computed tomography (CT) for estimating myocardial capillary permeability to iohexol was evaluated. The long-term goal is to quantitate capillary integrity. METHODS: Anesthetized pigs were scanned during coronary infusion of adenosine and an aortic root injection of iohexol. The CT images were used to compute myocardial perfusion (F) and capillary extraction factor (E). The permeability-surface area product (PS) was calculated as follows: PS = -F.ln(1-E). Accuracy of the PS value was evaluated with catheter-sampled dual-dilution curves (DDC) resulting from simultaneous injection of cobalt-58 EDTA and iodine-125 albumin. A second group of pigs was scanned while bradykinin (5, 10 or 20 ng/kg/min) was infused into the coronary artery. RESULTS: The DDC and CT-based PS values (mean +/- standard deviation) were as follows: 0.149 +/- 0.107, 0.125 +/- .067; 0.127 +/- 0.072, 0.129 +/- 0.053; and 0.132 +/- 0.043, 0.190 +/- 0.111 for 350, 230, and 175 mg iodine/mL, iohexol respectively. The regression was PS = 0.22 [bradykinin] + 0.083, r = .845. CONCLUSIONS: Dual-dilution curve-obtained and CT-obtained PS values are well correlated. The data show that concentration of iohexol has little (P > .1) impact on the calculated PS value and the bradykinin data suggest good sensitivity.
Severe hypothermia with cardiac arrest: complete neurologic recovery in a 4-year-old child.

Abstract A 4-year-old girl was lost for 17 hours in a snowstorm. Upon discovery, her core temperature was 72°F (22°C). While undergoing endotracheal intubation in the emergency department, she experienced sudden ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. Closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was instituted, and standard rewarming measures were begun. Despite this, neither core temperature, nor the patient's arrhythmia, changed. An infraumbilical "mini-laparotomy" incision was made, with placement of a large silicone peritoneal dialysis catheter into the abdomen. This was then connected to a rapid infuser device, with the delivery of 1L of warmed, normal saline every 90 seconds. The core temperature reached 29°C in 15 minutes, and a palpable pulse was detected. Lavage was continued until core temperature reached 34°C, at which time transport to the pediatric intensive care unit was arranged. She was extubated the next day and discharged home, on the fourth hospital day, with apparent complete neurologic recovery. This is the first report of the successful use of rapid high-volume peritoneal lavage for the treatment of accidental severe hypothermia in a pediatric patient. J Pediatr Surg 36:1590-1592. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Aerosol penetration and leakae characteristics of masks used in the health care industry

Abstract Background: Historically, surgical masks have been worn to protect patients from being infected by large, pathogen-containing aerosol droplets emitted by health care personnel. Today, emphasis has shifted from solely protecting the patient to protecting the health care worker as well. As a result of new procedures used in operating rooms and clinical areas, aerosolized hazardous agents in the submicrometer size range are being produced, posing a potential threat to health care workers. Methods: Eight surgical masks were tested for aerosol particle penetration through their filter media and through induced face-seal leaks. Results: The percentage of filter penetration ranged from 20% to nearly 100% for submicrometer-sized particles. In comparison, a dust-mist-fume respirator used in industrial settings had significantly less penetration through its filter medium. When the surgical masks had artificially induced face-seal leaks, the concentration of submicrometer-sized particles inside the mask increased slightly; in contrast, the more protective dust-mist-fume respirator showed a fourfold increase in aerosol penetration into the mask with an artificial leak 4 mm in diameter. Conclusion: We conclude that the protection provided by surgical masks may be insufficient in environments containing potentially hazardous submicrometer-sized aerosols.
Intelligent Transportation Systems Traveling Salesman Problem (ITS-TSP) - a specialized tsp with dynamic edge weights and intermediate cities

In this paper we present the Intelligent Transportation Systems Traveling Salesman Problem (ITS-TSP), which is a heuristic algorithm loosely based on the traditional TSP with three variations: the edge weights can change constantly, not every node in the graph must be visited, and simple cycles can exist. This problem has direct application to the transportation sector where vehicles leave from a source and need to visit a certain set of locations before returning back to the source. The ITS-TSP algorithm is analyzed to show a worst case running time of O(V3), assuming that all V nodes in a graph must be visited. There is a pre-processing cost of O(V2E!) that must be incurred, though this must only be performed one time for a graph. The algorithm is a heuristic that provides routes that are optimal based on a snapshot of the graph, though as the edge weights change over time, the solution may not be optimal. On a graph of the transportation network in Anchorage, Alaska, we tested the ITS-TSP with live data gathered through vehicle-tracking devices installed in 65 vehicles. With the weight on each edge representing the amount of time to traverse a roadway, the ITS-TSP algorithm always computed the route with minimum cost based on the snapshot of the network.
Generic Prioritization Framework for Target Selection and Instrument Usage for Reconnaissance Mission Autonomy

A generic prioritization framework is introduced for addressing the problem of automated prioritization of target selection and instrument usage, applicable to Earth and space reconnaissance missions. The framework is based on the assumptions that clustering of preliminary data for identified targets within an operational area has occurred and that the clustering quality can be expressed as an objective function. Target prioritization then means to rank targets according to their probability of changing the objective function value upon close reexamination. The formalism for calculating these probabilities and the probabilities for instruments aboard a science craft to contribute to this change of the objective function value is introduced.
Ipsilateral connections of the gyrus proreus in the cat.

Abstract Ipsilateral projections of the frontal granular cortex in the cat were studied with a modification of the Nauta-Gygax method. Particular emphasis was placed on those fibers which arise in gyrus proreus and pass over the genu of the corpus callosum to join the cingulum. Sparse preterminal and terminal degeneration was found in the anterior half of the cingulate cortex, but the most dense terminal fields were restricted to those cells in the caudal, ventral and medial one-half to one-third of the gyrus. Very fine caliber fibers were observed to continue caudally in the cingulum, then to curve ventrally around the splenium of the corpus callosum and join the fornix dorsalis. These fibers rostrally in the body and anterior column of the fornix, and distribute, by way of the precommissural fornix, to the lateral septal nucleus. The results are discussed with reference to the interrelationship between prefrontal cortex and limbic system, as described previously for the rat and monkey, and presently for the cat.
Generating Sudoku puzzles and its applications in teaching mathematics

This article presents a few methods for generating Sudoku puzzles. These methods are developed based on the concepts of matrix, permutation, and modular functions, and therefore can be used to form application examples or student projects when teaching various mathematics courses. Mathematical properties of these methods are studied, connections between the methods are investigated, and student projects are suggested. Since most students tend to enjoy games, studies like this may help raising students’ interests and enhance their problem-solving skills.
Policies to Address Conflicts Between Passenger and Freight Rail Service in the U.S.

A renewed interest in expanding passenger service on rail in the US faces challenges and opportunities in that most of the railroads are privately owned. Up to this point railroad network capacity has kept up with demand relatively well. However, signs of strain are apparent looking into the future as freight volumes increase with globalization and conflicts with passenger trains increase with the addition of more intercity and commuter lines. Case studies were conducted to understand the relationship between passenger and freight operations in the US and to identify areas of conflict and opportunities for improvement. Common conflicts arise from differing objectives and include cost sharing, safety, liability and infrastructure needs. Currently, public agencies and railroad companies deal with these conflicts through an outdated regulatory framework that in many cases does not serve the interests of either party; improvements here are possible. Additionally, a greater use of hybrid agreements where government agencies fund capacity improvements for passenger and freight operations simultaneously may offer the best approach for dealing with these conflicts and adapting the rail network to meet demands into the future.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Intraoperative high-dose rate interstitial irradiation of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Results of a phase I-II trial.

Background. Resection of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma can be curative. Unresectable but liverconfined metastases might be ablated by high-dose radiation with a similar curative result. Methods. At Georgetown University Hospital, 22 patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma underwent 24 interstitial irradiation procedures at laparotomy in a Phase I–II study. A single dose was administered with a high-dose rate iridium-192 afterloader. Dose to the tumor periphery was 20 Gy, 25 Gy, and 30 Gy in 13, 9, and 2 procedures, respectively. Results. No acute or chronic radiation toxicity has occurred at a median follow-up of 11 months. Median actuarial local control at irradiated sites was 8 months, with 26% actuarial local control at 26 months by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. In the two patients undergoing two procedures each, a second biopsy of previously irradiated areas demonstrated tumor eradication. Conclusions. This innovative, radical approach to unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases proved safe. Additional study is needed to determine whether interstitial irradiation is as effective as surgical resection, or whether it alters the natural history of the disease or longevity.
Optimization of an anode fabrication method for the alkaline Direct Formate Fuel Cell

Abstract The performance of an alkaline Direct Formate Fuel Cell (DFFC) employing a polymer anion exchange membrane has been greatly improved by optimization of the method and amount of catalyst loading at the anode. An optimum anode for this DFFC was obtained by a combination of direct-membrane spray painting and gas diffusion layer brush painting. When this fuel cell was operated at 60 °C with 1 M HCOOK, 2 M KOH, and oxygen, its current density at 0.6 V was 408 mA cm−2, and its maximum power density was 267 mW cm−2. When KOH was removed from the fuel stream, a power density of 157 mW cm−2 was achieved. Both of these power densities are very competitive with recent reports of alkaline direct liquid fuel cells (DLFC). We also demonstrate the DFFC when air was used at the cathode and no KOH was added to the fuel; the maximum power density was 105 mW cm−2 in this case.
Second-gradient constitutive theory for granular material with random packing structure

Abstract A second-gradient constitutive law for granular media is derived, in which stress is a function of the second order of strain gradient. The constitutive coefficients for granular materials with an isotropic packing structure are derived in explicit terms of inter-particle stiffness and particle size. In the present constitutive theory, the total number of elastic constants for the isotropic granular material is four: two of them are the usual Lame constants; the other two are associated with the second gradient of strain. The derived constitutive relationships illustrate the important role of micro-scale properties in the macro-scale behavior. The influence of inter-particle stiffness and particle size on the response of material due to the second gradient of strain is discussed. This paper also discusses the connection between the second-gradient theory and non-local theory. The second-gradient theory can be regarded as the first-order approximation of non-local theory.
F-TO-HF Reactions. The importance of non-equilibrium effects in moderated nuclear recoil experiments

Abstract The 18F versus CH4/C3F6 competitive system has been investigated using the moderated nuclear recoil (MNR) technique. No deviations from the 0.326 ± 0.004 mean k273C3F6/k273CH4 value were detected within the range 95.0–99.95 moleXXX C2F6, suggesting that thermalized reaction conditions have been established. At readily accessible C2F6 concentrations thermal 18F reactive lifetimes can be maintained at values greatly exceeding hot-atom thermalization times.
Administration of FGF-1 through transfected cells alleviates MPTP toxicity in mice

The use of genetically modified cells to deliver growth factors has been proposed as a possible treatment for neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s disease. Here we demonstrate that the implantation of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF) increased striatal dopamine concentrations in a l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUP EXPERIMENTAL LEVEL OF ASPIRATION MEASURES AND SELF-ESTIMATES OF PERSONALITY1

This research was concerned with the relationship between the individual's level of aspiration in regard to performance on cognitive tasks, and his reported self-perceptions and desires with respect to various traits in his personality. Two group-administrable level of aspiration tasks were used, one involving three trials on a general ability test, the other, eight trials on a code-learning task. Subjects computed their scores after each trial, and then stated what score they would try to make on the following trial. The difference between each performance and the following aspiration, averaged over all trials, was the principal level of aspiration measure used. A total of 144 male and 99 female college students took one or both level of aspiration tasks, as well as a Check List in which the individual is asked to describe himself as he is, and as he would like to be, on each of 81 heterogeneous personality and ability traits. A number of scores reflecting various self-evaluative tendencies were obtained from the Check List responses. Results indicated that the height of the individual's level of aspiration on the cognitive tasks was not related to his over-all self-criticalness, or dissatisfaction with self. However, high aspiration level tended to be associated somewhat with a relatively favorable self-appraisal on a cluster of ability traits, and with the desire to attain a more favorable status even when present status is reported as already being very high. Individuals showing the two characteristics just mentioned tended not only to set high aspirations on the cognitive tasks, but also to adjust their aspirations from trial to trial with little regard to preceding upward or downward shifts in performance. The results suggest that several of the measures under study may reflect the intensity of the individual's desire to approximate the ideal self even when the present self-image is highly favorable. A comparison of responses to individual Check List traits given by high and low level of aspiration groups indicated that these groups may be differentiable in terms of psychologically meaningful trait clusters.
Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) as a probe of the structural differences between the Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome.

Abstract Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectra have been obtained from the active, far-red light absorbing (Pfr) and biologically inactive (Pr) forms of phytochrome adsorbed on silver colloids. Substantial differences between the SERRS spectra of the two forms in the low and high wavenumber regions are observed using 406.7 nm wavelength excitation. These differences reinforce those seen with 413.1 nm wavelength excitation in the high wavenumber region. Simultaneously, extensive differences are observed in the SERRS obtained from the same form in the low wavenumber region using 406.7 nm, as compared with 413.1 nm wavelength excitation. The relative intensity differences observed for the two forms, and those obtained using two slightly different excitation wavelengths to illuminate the same form, suggest that some type of subtle, proteincontrolled structural variation is responsible for the spectroscopic differences. A Z → E isomerization during the Pr → Pfr phototransformation is consistent with the SERRS data, although the overall chromophore conformations are most likely conserved for the native Pr- and Pfr-phytochrome species. Slight out-of-plane ring twisting, accompanying the Pr → Pfr photoisomerization, may be responsible for the large difference in the spectroscopic properties of the native Pr and Pfr chromophores.
AT1 Receptor-Mediated Nuclear Translocation of Raf-1 in Brain Neurons

Abstract: Angiotensin II (Ang II) interacts with the neuronal AT1 receptor subtype and initiates a cascade of signaling events involving activation of Ras-Raf-1-MAP kinase. Raf-1-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is the key in the chronic norepinephrine neuromodulatory actions of Ang II and is associated with the translocation of MAPK into the nucleus. In view of these observations, this study was designed to determine if Ang II causes cellular redistribution of Raf-1 in neuronal cells. Most of Raf-1 was localized in the cytoplasmic compartment in neurons. Ang II treatment resulted in a time-dependent increase in the translocation of immunoreactive Raf-1 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. A fourfold increase was observed in 15 min. The nuclear sequestration of Raf-1 was blocked by losartan, an AT1 receptor-specific antagonist, and not by PD123319, an AT2 receptor-specific antagonist. Confocal microscopic analysis of immunofluorescence data confirmed the nuclear translocation and further showed that Raf-1 was exclusively localized into the nucleolus. These observations demonstrate, for the first time, that Ang II stimulates Raf-1 targeting into the neuronal nucleus, and they suggest that this translocation may play a direct role in the transcriptional regulation of Ang II actions.
Enhanced nucleate boiling in an angular geometry found in structured surfaces

Abstract Nucleate boiling within an angular geometry, a basic geometry found in many structured boiling heat transfer surfaces, is investigated. Pool boiling tests are conducted using water at atmospheric pressure and a horizontal heated wall with an inclined wall attachment making a line contact to form an angular geometry. It is found that nucleate boiling from the horizontal heated wall is greatly enhanced by a favorable thermal environment within the angular geometry. The effects of the angle between the two walls, and roughness and length of the wall attachment are studied. The results reveal the importance of the angular geometry to the enhanced nucleate boiling heat transfer of structured surfaces, and provide information to the development of more effective surfaces.
Prevalence of cervical spine stenosis. Anatomic study in cadavers.

Background: The sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal is of clinical importance in traumatic, degenerative, and inflammatory conditions. A small canal diameter has been associated with an increased risk of injury; however, there is a lack of reliable normative data on spinal canal diameters
Models of Particle Dry Deposition to a Lake Surface and Some Effects of Surface Microlayers

Abstract A review of the theoretical and empirical information that has been used in modeling dry deposition over water reveals uncertainty up to the order of magnitude level for particles in the important 0.5 to 5 μm range of diameter. Much of this is attributable to uncertainty in identifying the mechanisms controlling this transport. The results do indicate that dry deposition velocities are a function of particle size as well as windspeed, surface roughness, reference height, stability, and possibly relative humidity. Surface microlayers may affect roughness, but they are unlikely to exert significant control over deposition rates except on a very local level. Estimates of potential lake-derived concentrations in air indicate that bubble ejection may prove important in evaluating net atmospheric loading rates for some metallic species and perhaps organic substances as well.
Measurement Of The Temporal Coherence Properties Of Pulsed Single-Mode Laser-Diodes

The coherence of a single-mode laser diode, under high-speed pulsed modulation, is limited by instabilities in the lasing wavelength arising from transient phenomena in the junction region of the laser. This paper reports the results of an experiment to characterize the effects of these modal instabilities on the temporal coherence of pulsed laser diodes. The primary intent of the experiment was measurement of the cumulative effect of the modal instabilities on the fringe visibility in interferometric time integrating optical processors. A conclusion of this study is that commercially available laser diodes can be used as pulsed light sources in interferometric applications in which the pulse width of the laser is long compared to its characteristic coherence time constant and short compared to its characteristic thermal time constant. Furthermore, the interpulse modal instability can be minimized by prudent choice of operating conditions.
Length of stay and hospital costs associated with a pharmacodynamic-based clinical pathway for empiric antibiotic choice for ventilator-associated pneumonia

Study objective To determine hospital costs associated with the use of a clinical pathway implemented in our intensive care units (ICUs) to optimize antibiotic regimen selection for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) compared with costs in a historical control group treated according to prescriber preference. Design Retrospective cost analysis from the hospital perspective. Setting Single, tertiary-care medical center. Patients One hundred sixty-six adults with VAP from the medical, surgical, and neurotrauma ICUs (73 historical control patients [2004-2005] and 93 patients given an empiric antibiotic clinical pathway for VAP [2006-2007]). Measurements and main results The VAP clinical pathway consisted of an ICU-specific three-drug regimen that considered local minimum inhibitory concentration distributions and a pharmacodynamically optimized dosing strategy. Hospital cost data were collected and inflated to 2007 according to the consumer price index. The VAP-related length of treatment, hospitalization costs, and antibiotic costs were compared between groups. The median VAP length of treatment was 24 days (interquartile range [IQR] 13-35 days] and 11 days (IQR 7-17 days) for historical and clinical pathway groups, respectively (p Conclusion Although aggressive dosing of more costly antibiotics was empirically prescribed using the clinical pathway, patients in this group exhibited a shorter duration of treatment, reduced hospital length of stay after VAP, and lower hospital costs without any significant increase in antibiotic expenditures.