cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical fractionations in meteorites—I. Condensation of the elements

Abstract The condensation history of a cooling gas of cosmic composition is outlined. Two condensation sequences are derived: one for fast cooling, with the formation of pure elements and compounds and another one for slow cooling, with the formation of solid solutions. These sequences bear a striking resemblance to the depletion patterns observed in ordinary chondrites. The elements Pb, Bi, In and T1, which are most strongly depleted are among the last ones to condense, with condensation temperatures It is proposed that the fractionation patterns observed in chondrites arose in the solar nebula during condensation and accretion. Subsequent heating in a meteorite parent body does not appear to have effected any further fractionations, with the possible exception of the most volatile trace elements, the noble gases and Hg.
The Association between Self-Defeating Personality Characteristics, Career Indecision, and Vocational Identity.

Research on Schill's Self-Defeating Personality Scale (SDPS; Schill, 1990) has focused primarily on interpersonal relationships and less on self-defeating behavior in other contexts. The SDPS was c...
How an RNA Ligase Discriminates RNA versus DNA Damage

T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) exemplifies a family of RNA-joining enzymes that includes protozoan RNA-editing ligases. Rnl2 efficiently seals 3'-OH/5'-PO4 RNA nicks in either a duplex RNA or an RNA:DNA hybrid but cannot seal DNA nicks. RNA specificity arises from a requirement for at least two ribonucleotides immediately flanking the 3'-OH of the nick; the rest of the nicked duplex can be replaced by DNA. The terminal 2'-OH at the nick is important for the attack of the 3'-OH on the 5'-adenylated strand to form a phosphodiester, but dispensable for nick recognition and adenylylation of the 5'-PO4 strand. The penultimate 2'-OH is important for nick recognition. Stable binding of Rnl2 at a nick depends on contacts to both the N-terminal adenylyltransferase domain and its signature C-terminal domain. Nick sensing also requires adenylylation of Rnl2. These results provide insights to the evolution of nucleic acid repair systems.
Prospects for a bio-based succinate industry

Bio-based succinate is receiving increasing attention as a potential intermediary feedstock for replacing a large petrochemical-based bulk chemical market. The prospective economical and environmental benefits of a bio-based succinate industry have motivated research and development of succinate-producing organisms. Bio-based succinate is still faced with the challenge of becoming cost competitive against petrochemical-based alternatives. High succinate concentrations must be produced at high rates, with little or no by-products to most efficiently use substrates and to simplify purification procedures. Herein are described the current prospects for a bio-based succinate industry, with emphasis on specific bacteria that show the greatest promise for industrial succinate production. The succinate-producing characteristics and the metabolic pathway used by each bacterial species are described, and the advantages and disadvantages of each bacterial system are discussed.
Retreatment with argon laser trabeculoplasty.

Abstract Forty eyes in 37 patients that had previously successful 360° argon laser trabeculoplasty were again found to have uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) on maximally tolerated medical therapy and were retreated with argon laser trabeculoplasty to 180° of the trabecular circumference. Successful retreatment was considered a decrease in IOP of 3 mmHg or more and sufficient to avoid further laser therapy or invasive glaucoma surgery. Laser trabeculoplasty retreatment was successful in 13 of the eyes treated (32%). Retreatment failed to control IOP in 27 of the retreated eyes (68%): either the IOP was not lowered by at least 3 mmHg (4 eyes) or the eyes required further laser therapy or surgery (23 eyes). The probability of successful IOP control 1 year after retreatment was 33% and only 14% after 1.75 years. No IOP elevations greater than 6 mmHg were recognized in the postlaser period. Although retreatment with argon laser trabeculoplasty can safely be used to control the IOP in some glaucomatous eyes, the likelihood of success is low.
An Update on the Status of Foreign Language Education in the United States.

The involvement of all tiers—local, state, regional, and national—is essential to propel foreign language education to the next level of unity and progress. Greater efforts should be made to improve commu nication and involvement among all stakeholders, including the admin istrators who manage schools, hire staff members, build schedules, assign courses—and help build and maintain communication with the local community.
Coexisting Disorders and Academic Achievement Among Children With ADHD

Objective: ADHD is a commonly diagnosed neuropsychological disorder among school-aged children with reported high rates of coexisting or comorbid disorders. As ADHD has been associated with academic underachievement, the current study examines this association in view of the presence of coexisting disorders. The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between the presence of coexisting disorders and academic achievement among children with ADHD using a large, nationally representative, and community-based sample. Method: To achieve this purpose, the presence of coexisting disorders with ADHD and academic achievement are examined across time utilizing latent growth models. Results: Our results indicate an inverse relationship between the presence of coexisting disorders and academic achievement across time among children diagnosed with ADHD. Conclusion: The authors conclude that practitioners must be concerned with the presence of coexisting disorders for children with ADHD with respect to academic achievement as well as other behavioral and psychological outcomes. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; XX(X) 1-XX)
Oxalic acid in clear and cloudy atmospheres: Analysis of data from International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004

inorganic ions (including SO4� ) and five organic acid ions (including oxalate) were measured on board the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter research aircraft by a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) during flights over Ohio and surrounding areas. Five local atmospheric conditions were studied: (1) cloud-free air, (2) power plant plume in cloud-free air with precipitation from scattered clouds overhead, (3) power plant plume in cloud-free air, (4) power plant plume in cloud, and (5) clouds uninfluenced by local pollution sources. The aircraft sampled from two inlets: a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) to isolate droplet residuals in clouds and a second inlet for sampling total aerosol. A strong correlation was observed between oxalate and SO4� when sampling through both inlets in clouds. Predictions from a chemical cloud parcel model considering the aqueous-phase production of dicarboxylic acids and SO4� show good agreement for the relative magnitude of SO4� and oxalate growth for two scenarios: power plant plume in clouds and clouds uninfluenced by local pollution sources. The relative contributions of the two aqueous-phase routes responsible for oxalic acid formation were examined; the oxidation of glyoxylic acid was predicted to dominate over the decay of longer-chain dicarboxylic acids. Clear evidence is presented for aqueous-phase oxalic acid production as the primary mechanism for oxalic acid formation in ambient aerosols.
Highlights in clinical autonomic neurosciences: Fits vs. faints — How best to diagnose?

Neurally mediated syncope (NMS) is a common disorder that is triggered by orthostatic stress. Circulatory maladaptation to orthostatic stress occurs just prior to a sudden loss of consciousness. The ability to predict NMS would protect patients from falls or accidents. Based on simultaneously recorded heart rate (HR) and pulse wave during 70° head-up tilt (HUT) table testing the authors investigated a “syncope warning system”. Fourteen patients with a history of suspected NMS were tested with 2 algorithms based on HR and/or pulse arrival time (PAT). When the cumulative risk exceeded the threshold (which was calculated during the first 2 min following the posture change to upright position), a syncope prediction alarm was triggered. All syncope spells (n=7) were detected more than 16 s before the onset of dizziness or unconsciousness by using a prediction alarm based on HR and PAT (syncope prediction algorithm 2). No false alarm was generated in patients with negative HUT (n=7). Syncope prediction was improved by detecting the slope of HR changes as compared with monitoring PAT changes alone (syncope prediction algorithm 1). The duration between the prediction alarm and the occurrence of syncope was 99±108 s. The authors conclude that predicting NMS is feasible bymonitoring HR and the onset of the pulse wave at the periphery, and that this approach might improve NMS management.
Trace Element Partitioning and Transformations During Combustion of Bituminous and Subbituminous U. S. Coals In a 7-kW Combustion System

Mode of occurrence analyses indicate that trace elements (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, V, and Zn) in the Illinois No. 6 coal are generally associated with relatively large discrete mineral grains, especially pyrite, whereas trace elements in Absaloka coal are much more strongly associated with macerals and fine-grained minerals. These coals were burned using conventional and low-NOx conditions in an ∼7-kW combustion system to evaluate the importance of elemental modes of occurrence, coal properties, and combustion conditions on trace element volatility and As, Cr, and Ni speciation. Chemical analyses of size-classified (∼0.4−7.7 μm) fly ash and flue gas samples indicated that Hg and Se were the most volatile elements in both coals. Occurrences of Cr, Co, and Cu in fly ash were characterized by relatively uniform particle-size distributions and relative enrichment/depletion (RED) factors for all four fly ashes, which is indicative of nonvolatility. As and Sb in Absaloka fly ashes exhibited simil...
Reliabililty Models: The Influence of Model Specification in Generation Expansion Planning

This paper is a critical evaluation of reliability methods used for generation expansion planning. It is shown that the methods for treating uncertainty are critical for determining the relative reliability value of expansion alternatives. It is also shown that the specification of the reliability model will not favor all expansion options equally. Consequently, the model is biased. In addition, reliability models should be augmented with an economic value of reliability (such as the cost of emergency procedures or energy not served). Generation expansion evaluations which ignore the economic value of excess reliability can be shown to be inconsistent. The conclusions are that, in general, a reliability model simplifies generation expansion planning evaluations. However, for a thorough analysis, the expansion options should be reviewed for candidates which may be unduly rejected because of the bias of the reliability model. And this implies that for a consistent formulation in an optimization frame- work, the reliability model should be replaced with a full economic optimization which includes the costs of emergency procedures and interruptions in the objective function.
Real-time measurements of phonon lifetime using a streak-camera-Raman-induced phase-conjugation method.

A novel real-time technique to measure phonon dynamics using the Raman-induced phase-conjugation method in combination with streak-camera technology is described. The technique is used to determine vibrational and optical phonon dephasing kinetics of CS2, calcite, and LiNbO3 with a temporal resolution of 3 psec.
ActiveNotes: computer-assisted creation of patient progress notes

We present activeNotes, a prototype application that supports the creation of Critical Care Notes by physicians in a hospital intensive care unit. activeNotes integrates automated, context-sensitive patient data retrieval and user control of automated data updates and alerts into the note-creation process. In a user study at New York Presbyterian Hospital, we gathered qualitative feedback on the prototype from 15 physicians. The physicians found activeNotes to be valuable and said they would use it to create both formal notes for medical records and informal notes. One surprising finding is that while physicians have rejected template-based clinical documentation systems in the past, they expressed a desire to use activeNotes to create personalized, physician-specific note templates to be reused with a given patient, or for a given condition.
Regulation of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis: Induction of Aflatoxin Production by Various Carbohydrates

The ability of various compounds to induce aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus was investigated by initially culturing the organism in a peptone basal medium that does not support aflatoxin production, and then transferring the organism to a replacement medium containing the test compound. Ribose, xylose, glucose, fructose, sorbose, mannose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, and glycerol induced aflatoxin production. This induction of aflatoxin production was blocked when cycloheximide was incorporated into the replacement medium. Aflatoxin biosynthesis was not induced by lactose, lactic acid, sodium pyruvate, oleic acid, citric acid, sodium acetate, α-methyl-D-glucoside, 3-0-methyl-D-glucoside, cAMP, or cGMP. The results suggest that the synthesis of one or more of the enzymes responsible for aflatoxin formation is regulated by the availability of specific readily-metabolizable carbon sources.
A crystal plasticity model that incorporates stresses and strains due to slip gradients

Abstract This work is concerned with incorporating the kinematic and stress effects of excess dislocations in a constitutive model for the elastoplastic behavior of crystalline materials. The foundation of the model is a three term multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in which the two classical terms of plastic and elastic deformation are included along with an additional term for long range strain due to the collective effects of excess dislocations. The long range strain is obtained from an assumed density of Volterra edge dislocations and is directly related to gradients in slip. A new material parameter emerges which is the size the region about a continuum point that contributes to long range strains. Using Hookean elasticity, the stress at a point is linearly related to the sum of the elastic plus the long range strain fields. However, the driving force for slip is postulated to be due only to the elastic stress so that the long range stress is a back stress in the constitutive relationship for plastic deformation. A consistent balance of the total deformation rate with the three proposed mechanisms of deformation leads to a set of differential equations that can be solved for the elastic stress, rotation and pressure which then implicitly defines the material state and equilibrium stress. Results from the simulation of a tapered tensile specimen demonstrate that the constitutive model exhibits isotropic and kinematic type hardening effects as well as changes in the pattern of plastic deformation and necking when compared to a material without slip gradient effects.
On the Adaptive Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in Wavelet Bases

This work develops fast and adaptive algorithms for numerically solving nonlinear partial differential equations of the formut= Lu+ Nf(u), where L and N are linear differential operators andf(u) is a nonlinear function. These equations are adaptively solved by projecting the solutionuand the operators L and N into a wavelet basis. Vanishing moments of the basis functions permit a sparse representation of the solution and operators. Using these sparse representations fast and adaptive algorithms that apply operators to functions and evaluate nonlinear functions, are developed for solving evolution equations. For a wavelet representation of the solutionuthat containsNssignificant coefficients, the algorithms update the solution usingO(Ns) operations. The approach is applied to a number of examples and numerical results are given.
Cathepsin D acts as an essential mediator to promote malignancy of benign prostatic epithelium

BACKGROUND Stromal–epithelial interactions are important in both development and prostate cancer. Stromal changes have been shown to be powerful prognostic indicators of prostate cancer progression and of patient death helping to define lethal versus indolent phenotypes. The specific molecular underpinnings of these interactions are incompletely understood. We investigated whether stromal cathepsin D (CathD) overexpression affects prostate tumorigenesis through a paracrine mechanism. METHODS Normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF) were retrovirally transduced to overexpress cyclin D1 (CD1) and were designated NPFCD1. Cathepsin D expression was knocked down using shRNA in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and NPFCD1. We analyzed these stromal cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and tissue recombination. RESULTS An examination of human prostate tissue revealed significantly increased stromal staining of CathD in malignant prostate tissue. Overexpression of CD1 in normal prostate fibroblasts (NPFCD1) produced a phenotype similar to, but more moderate than, CAF in a tissue recombination model. Knockdown studies revealed that CathD is required for NPFCD1 motility and invasive growth in vitro. BPH-1 cell proliferation was found to be induced when cultured with NPFCD1 conditioned medium, this effect was inhibited when CathD was knocked down in NPFCD1 cells. Overexpression of CathD in prostate stromal cells induced malignancy in adjacent epithelium, and this transformation was inhibited when stromal CathD expression was knocked down in CAF. CONCLUSIONS The study presented here demonstrates increased CathD expression is seen in human CAF. The upregulation of CD1 results in concomitant increases in CathD expression. Elevated CathD expression in the stroma contributes to tumor promotion. Prostate 73: 476–488, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stopping-cross-section additivity for 1-2-MeV 4He+ in solid oxides

The stopping of 1-2-MeV α particles in five solid oxides, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, α-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, has been investigated by measuring the ratios of the elastically-back-scattered-particle yields from two-layered metal-oxide and metal-metal targets. By applying a self-consistent analytical procedure, it is demonstrated that within the 2% sensitivity of the experiment, there is a unique set of five elemental stopping cross sections that is applicable to the pure metals and their oxides. When the effective stopping cross section of oxygen in these solid oxides is calculated using the reported Mg, Al, Si, and Fe stopping cross sections, the resulting values are systematically (6-22)% lower than the value reported for gaseous O2.
Perceptions of Community and Experiences in School: Understanding the Opportunities, Resources, and Education Within one Neighborhood

The purpose of this study is to consider how mothers of kindergartners navigate their families’ experiences within a community and how their children’s school experiences affect their interactions and investment in a place. The questions this research asks is: How do mothers define and describe their neighborhood? What role does the school play as mothers navigate their children’s experiences in the community? Findings indicate that the way that families conceptualize and manage their context indicates that their values, needs, and life aspirations, which are clearly connected to their experiences and perceptions of the school.
Decoding the language of epigenetics during neural development is key for understanding development as well as developmental neurotoxicity.

Neural development is a delicate process that can be disrupted by pollution that exerts detrimental impact on neural signaling. This commentary highlights recent discoveries in the arena of research at the interface of environmental toxicology and developmental neuroscience relating to toxicity mechanisms of bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous chemical used in manufacturing of plastics and epoxy resins that is known to bind to and interfere with estrogen receptors, estrogen-receptor-related receptors and other receptors for gonadal steroids. It was recently observed that BPA disrupts the perinatal chloride shift, a key neurodevelopmental mechanism that brings down neuronal chloride from ~100 mM to ~20 mM within weeks. The chloride shift happens in all central nervous systems of vertebrates around parturition. High neuronal chloride supports neuron precursors’ migrations, low neuronal chloride is the prerequisite for inhibitory action of neurotransmitters GABA and glycine, and thus an absolute requisite for no...
Added-mass effect in modeling of cilia-based (vibrating cantilever-type) devices for microfluidic systems

This article shows that the added mass due to fluid structure interaction significantly affects the vibrational dynamics of cilia-based (vibrating cantilever-type) devices for handling micro/nano-scale fluid flows. Commonly, the hydrodynamic interaction between the cilia-based actuator and fluid is modeled as a Stokes drag force that is proportional to the velocity. Our main contribution is to show that such a drag effect cannot explain the substantial reduction in the resonant frequency of the cilia actuator operating in liquid when compared to the natural frequency of the cilia in air. It is shown that an added-mass approach can explain this reduction in the resonant frequency when operating cantilever-type devices in fluid. Thus, this article shows the need to model the added-mass effect, both, theoretically and by using experimental results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Empirically based assessment of serious emotional disturbance

Abstract Our model of multiaxial empirically based assessment is described in a case study of a child identified as seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) according to Public Law 94-142 criteria. The case illustrates the use of the Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for obtaining standardized data on the child's competencies and problems from several sources, including teachers, parents, and direct observations. The empirically based measures are combined with clinical interviews and psychoeducational testing in a three-phase multiple gating process of assessment and intervention with the SED child.
An updated parameterization for infrared emission and absorption by water vapor in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model

[1] An updated parameterization for the absorption and emission of infrared radiation by water vapor has been developed for the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The CAM is the latest version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM). This updated treatment preserves the formulation of the radiative transfer equations using the absorptivity/emissivity method. However, the components of the absorptivity and emissivity related to water vapor have been replaced with new terms calculated with the General Line-by-line Atmospheric Transmittance and Radiance Model (GENLN2). The mean absolute errors in the surface and top-of-atmosphere clear-sky longwave fluxes for standard atmospheres are reduced to less than 1 W/m 2 . Mean absolute differences between the cooling rates from the original method and GENLN2 are typically 0.2 K/d. These differences are reduced by at least a factor of 3 using the updated parameterization. The updated parameterization increases the longwave cooling at 300 mbar by 0.4 to 0.7 K/d, and it decreases the cooling near 800 mbar by 0.2 to 0.6 K/d. The increased cooling is caused by line absorption and the foreign continuum in the rotation band, and the decreased cooling is caused by the self-continuum in the rotation band. These changes in the vertical profile of longwave cooling interact strongly with the parameterization of convection. The effects on the fluxes, diabatic cooling rates, and climate state are illustrated using simulations with the new climate model. INDEX TERMS: 3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; 3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation; 3359 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes; KEYWORDS: radiative transfer, water vapor, continuum, GCM, longwave cooling
Analysis of PBP5 of Early U.S. Isolates of Enterococcus faecium: Sequence Variation Alone Does Not Explain Increasing Ampicillin Resistance over Time

Recent studies have shown that ampicillin resistance has increased steadily over the past 3 decades within U.S. Enterococcus faecium isolates. Analysis of the predicted PBP5 protein of 41 isolates showed a consensus PBP5 pattern for the 9 isolates with MICs of 4 μg/ml with ∼5% difference between these; however, there were no consistent amino acid changes that correlated with specific increases in the MICs of ampicillin within the latter group. Analysis of three other genes encoding cell wall/surface proteins also showed that there are two distinct evolutionary groups for each gene, but with occasional mixing of genes, consistent with a species that evolves by recombination.
Digitizing a gap: a state‐wide institutional repository project

Purpose – This study aims to illustrate how one medium‐sized academic library was able to use a web‐based digitization and repository project to increase and promote communication and relationships between the library and the university community. This case study traces the history and development of the Cornerstone Project – the Network of Alabama Academic Library's (NAAL) state‐wide digital repository project.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the steps taken by a medium‐sized academic library to participate in a state‐wide institutional repository project to improve on liaison activities, and form new relationships with departments across the campus.Findings – Using the digital repository project to help bridge gaps between departments that had limited or no involvement with the library and its services, one medium‐sized academic library found that its involvement in the repository project resulted in a new and improved interdepartmental relationship.Originality/value – The results have ...
Ureteric Embolization for Lower Urinary Tract Fistulae: Use of Two Amplatzer Vascular Plugs and N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Employing the “Sandwich” Technique

This study describes and evaluated the effectiveness of occluding distal ureters in the clinical setting of urinary vaginal (vesicovaginal or enterovesicovaginal) fistulae utilizing a new technique which combines Amplatzer vascular plugs and N-butyl cyanoacrylate. This is a retrospective study (January 2007–December 2010) of patients with urinary-vaginal fistulae undergoing distal ureter embolization utilizing an Amplatzer- N-butyl cyanoacrylate-Amplatzer sandwich technique. An 8–12–mm type-I or type-II Amplatzer vascular plug was delivered using the sheath and deployed in the ureter distal to the pelvic brim. Instillation of 0.8–1.5 cc of N-butyl cyanoacrylate into ureter proximal to the Amplatzer plug was performed. This was followed by another set of 8–12-mm type-I or type-II Amplatzer vascular plugs in a technique referred to as the “sandwich technique.” Five ureters in three patients were occluded utilizing the above-described technique during the 4-year study period. Mean maximum size Amplatzer used per ureter was 10.8 mm (range, 8–12). One ureter required three Amplatzer plugs and the rest required two. Two patients (3 ureters) were clinically successful with complete resolution of symptoms in 36–48 h. The third patient (2 ureters) was partly successful and required a second Amplatzer- N-butyl cyanoacrylate sandwich technique embolization. The mean clinical follow-up was 11.3 months (range, 1.7–29.2). The Amplatzer- N-butyl cyanoacrylate-Amplatzer sandwich technique for occluding the distal ureter is safe and effective with a quick (probably due to the N-butyl cyanoacrylate) and durable (probably due to the Amplatzer plugs) clinical response.
Robert Owen: a historiographic study of a pioneer of human resource development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ideals and activities of the nineteenth century Welsh industrialist and reformer Robert Owen (1771-1858), and how they informed modern human resource development (HRD) concepts and practices and provided evidence of Owen as a HRD pioneer. Design/methodology/approach – Historiography provided a method to understand how historical figures, and the context in which they lived and worked, inform contemporary research and practice. Findings – Contextual factors of economics, politics and societal demands and the influences of Owen's early life, his immersion within the British factory system and the creation of the New Lanark mill village, Owen's great work experiment, revealed a strong impact on his thinking and actions. Thematic findings included: managing people and profit, education and training, pioneering workplace innovations, and the failure of the New Harmony, Indiana community. Themes provided unique historical evidence that education and deve...
IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Background Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) are potent inflammatory mediators and contribute to acute lung injury in adults. Recently, a potential role for IFN-γ and IP-10 in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been reported in animal models. Objective To study the association between IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirate (TA) and the development of BPD in premature infants. Design/Methods TA samples collected within 48 hr after birth from 79 mechanically ventilated premature neonates [gestational age (GA) <30 weeks (w), birth weight (BW) <1,250 g (g)] were analyzed. IFN-γ was measured in a subgroup of 38 infants by using a biochip multi-analyte immunoassay. The level of IP-10 was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. Total protein in TA was measured by Bradford assay to correct for sampling related dilution. BPD was defined as the need of supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Results Twenty infants (GA 26.4 ± 1.9w, BW 860 ± 201 g) survived without BPD at 36 weeks PMA and 59 infants (GA 25.5 ± 1.5w, BW 751 ± 163 g) died before 36 weeks PMA or developed BPD. The mean IFN-γ level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (9.7 ± 2.8 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 pg/ml, P = 0.03). Similarly, the mean IP-10 level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (63.4 ± 17.5 pg/ml) compared to those who survived without BPD (18.5 ± 7.5 pg/ml, P = 0.02). Conclusions Higher IFN-γ and IP-10 levels in TA samples are associated with the development of BPD or death in premature infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:8–13. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Setup Times on the Performance of Multiclass Service and Production Systems

We characterize the impact of the means and distributions of setup times in polling systems. Starting with cyclic systems with exhaustive service, we show that the vector of average setup times affects the complete distribution of waiting times and queue sizes only via its sum. In addition, all moments of all waiting times and queue sizes are reduced if the higher order moments of one or more of the setup times is reduced while maintaining their means. We also obtain a fundamental decomposition result of the queue sizes at polling instants which is reminiscent of those obtained in vacation models. We show that the above results continue to apply under more general and more efficient protocols, e.g., general polling tables, systems with gated service, and systems with mixed service.
Measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in serve terminals of rat hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum using an improved assay for tyrosine hydroxylase

Abstract The formation of 3 H 2 O from L-4- 3 H-phenylalanine is used as an index of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in synaptosomes from rat hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum. The reactions are linear with respect to time (up to 20 min) and with respect to protein concentration (up to 0.2 mg/ml). Formation of 3 H 2 O from L-4- 3 H-phenylalanine is inhibited by standard tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors (α-methyl-p-tyrosine, L-3-iodotyrosine, dopamine, L-norepinephrine, and L-apomorphine) and by the tyrosine hydroxylase substrate L-tyrosine as well as by synaptosomal lysis. The blank 3 H 2 O produced from L-4- 3 H-phenylalanine (0.02% of total DPM) is 10-fold less than the blank 3 H 2 O produced from L-3,5- 3 H-tyrosine. The K m values of tyrosine hydroxylase for phenylalanine determined by the production of 3 H 2 O from L-4- 3 H-phenylalanine are 3.1, 1.3, and 1.2 μm in hippocampal, hypothalamic and striatal synaptosomes respectively. The results indicate that analysis of 3 H 2 O formed from L-4- 3 H-phenylalanine is a sensitive and reliable method for quantitating synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity from tissues with low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase such as synaptosomes from hippocampus and hypothalamus.
Task-dependence of subjective believability in integration of scientific data

Believability is one of the major information quality dimensions that plays a role in the operational fitness and sound decision making. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of how people perceive believability of data shown through visual and textual representations. Integration of text and images is also studied with respect to believability. The subjective assessment exhibits variation for different types of data sources: textual, image, and both. The manner in which believability varies appears to be heavily dependent on task. Some tasks are more believable when text is integrated with images, others do not benefit from the combination. The results may be influenced by possible bias towards particular data. The data is the result of scientific research into the process of incubation of the bone cells with gold nanoparticles. This research was selected for our study because it alleviates the effect of the accuracy dimension on the assessment of believability. These results are complemented by pr...
Frost's DESIGN

Robert Frost once wrote that the mistake should not be made “of assuming that [his] simplicity is that of the untutored child” and that he was “not undesigning” (84). This self-characterization is ...
Menin Localizes to Chromatin Through an ATR-CHK1 Mediated Pathway After UV-Induced DNA Damage

Background Menin is the tumor suppressor protein product of the gene identified in MEN1 syndrome. Evidence suggests menin binds DNA and interacts with proteins implicated in DNA damage pathways. The canonical cellular response to UV-induced DNA damage involves activation of the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase pathway. Materials and methods HEK293 cells were irradiated in a UV chamber. Menin’s cellular location before and after UV irradiation was investigated by extracting four separate cellular components—a soluble, two chromatin and a nuclear matrix. To block the ATR pathway, we treated with 5 μ m of caffeine for 1 h before irradiation. The ATR pathway was further investigated by transiently transfecting HEK293 cells with two mammalian CHK1 expression constructs—full length CHK1 and truncated active CHK1. Results A 24-h post UV-irradiation time course was studied and demonstrated menin concentration in the chromatin peaked at 4 h. At 4 h post-irradiation, menin concentration in the chromatin increased in a dose dependent manner and demonstrated a 2.8-fold maximal increase. HEK293 cells were pretreated with caffeine, an inhibitor of the ATR. Caffeine decreased menin localization to the chromatin after UV. Constitutively active CHK1 (1–365) transfection increased chromatin-bound menin, mimicking UV irradiation. Conclusions Menin localizes to the chromatin after UV irradiation. Caffeine blocks menin localization to the chromatin after UV-irradiation. Over expressing active CHK1 (1–365) increased chromatin-bound menin, similar to UV. The data suggest menin localization to chromatin after UV irradiation is the result of an ATR-CHK1 dependent pathway.
Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan: a multi‐locus test of the biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of isolated populations of shrews

Aim Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan or neighbouring areas of the Asian mainland has been proposed as an important source of diversity for some plant and animal groups in the northern Philippines. Previous inferences, however, were based on taxonomic groupings, which sometimes fail to reflect phylogenetic history. Here, we test for colonization of the Philippines from the north in a group of shrews (Soricomorpha: Crocidura) using explicit inferences of evolutionary history. Location Southeast Asia. Methods We estimate the phylogenetic relationships of populations of shrews from Batan and Sabtang islands in the northern Philippines using DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes and three nuclear loci. We employ topology tests to evaluate the possible relationships of these shrews to species from throughout Southeast Asia. Results We find conclusive evidence that shrews from Batan and Sabtang are closely related to Crocidura tanakae from Taiwan and additional specimens from the Asian mainland. Bayesian and frequentist topology tests using alignments of individual loci strongly reject any notion that shrews from Batan and Sabtang are part of the main Philippine radiation of Crocidura, indicating that the northernmost Philippine islands were almost certainly colonized by shrews from Taiwan or mainland Asia. Main conclusions Our results provide the first compelling evidence for colonization of the Philippine archipelago by a terrestrial vertebrate via a northern route. Invasion of the northern Philippines by shrews, however, did not lead to further range expansion to more southerly parts of the Philippines. This study, combined with previous results, documents that Crocidura colonized the Philippines at least three times. However, only one of these invasions led to in situ speciation and ubiquity across the archipelago. Our findings are part of a growing body of literature suggesting that oceanic archipelagos are often colonized multiple times by groups of closely related species, and occasionally from multiple sources.
Surgical and anesthetic management of patients undergoing major hepatectomy using total vascular exclusion

Total vascular exclusion (TVE) of the liver is accomplished by complete occlusion of inflow and outflow of the liver during hepatectomy. It affords the opportunity for bloodless, anatomically precise parenchymal transection but has not been widely used in this country. TVE should make it possible to treat large or unfavorably located lesions safely. To evaluate the benefit of this modality, we have examined the results of TVE in 49 major resections. Forty-nine patients with liver tumors (mean age, 50 +/- 17 years; range 3 to 75 years) were treated by the authors over 5 years with a mean age of 50 +/- 17 years (range 3-75). Thirty-five (71%) patients were females and 38 (78%) had malignant tumors (hepatocellular CA n = 15, liver metastases n = 20, other n = 3), whereas 11 (22%) had benign tumors (hemangiomas n = 7 other n = 4). Six (12%) had histological cirrhosis but normal liver function test results. Twenty two (45%) had previous surgery. Forty-seven (96%) underwent total or extended lobectomies. Two patients had segmental resection of benign tumors (one in segment 4 and one in segment 8). Mean surgical time was 4.7 hours (2.5-8.3 hours) and mean red blood cell requirement was 2.2 U (0 to 11). Twenty-two (45%) procedures were performed without transfusions. Hospital mortality rates were 0%. The mean postoperative hospital duration was 11 days (5 to 41 years). Complications occurred in 18 (36%), requiring reoperation in 1 case for wound debridement and in another for lysis of postoperative adhesions. Hepatic insufficiency occurred transiently in 2 patients with prolongation of protime and cholestasis and resolved within 4 days in 1 patient and 10 days in the other (with cirrhosis). The perception of hepatic resection as a prohibitive undertaking with high mortality rate may limit the use of resection in patients who might benefit from this modality. Our data document the effectiveness and safety of major hepatectomy even in cirrhotic patients using TVE. Expanded use of TVE and other advances in liver surgery should be considered to decrease the morbidity rate of resection and make the benefits of this therapy more widely available.
Some carbohydrates of synovial fluid

Synovial fluids from a group of patients without clinical joint disease and from a group of patients with joint disease have been analyzed for several carbohydrate components. One patient is reported who has an increased amount of galatosamine in the synovial fluid but not in the serum. These findings are discussed. Specimens de fluido synovial ab un gruppo de patientes sin grados clinic de morbo articular e ab un altere gruppo con morbo articular esseva enalysate pro plure componentes carbohydratic. Es reportate le caso de un patiente con augmento de galactosamina synovial sed non serai. Le constatationes es discutite.
Immunocytochemistry of GABA in the antennal lobes of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta.

We have prepared and characterized specific rabbit antisera against γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) coupled covalently to bovine serum albumin and keyhole-limpet hemocyanin. Using these antisera in immunocytochemical staining procedures, we have probed the antennal lobes and their afferent and efferent fiber tracts in the sphinx moth Manduca sexta for GABA-like immunoreactivity in order to map putatively GABAergic central neurons in the central antennal-sensory pathway. About 30% of the neuronal somata in the large lateral group of cell bodies in the antennal lobe are GABA-immunoreactive; cells in the medial and anterior groups of antennal-lobe cells did not exhibit GABA-like immunoreactivity. GABA-immunoreactive neurites had arborizations in all of the glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Double-labeling experiments involving tandem intracellular staining with Lucifer Yellow and immunocytochemical staining for GABA-like immunoreactivity demonstrated that at least some of the GABA-immunoreactive cells in the antennal lobe are amacrine local interneurons. Several fiber tracts that carry axons of antennal-lobe projection neurons exhibited GABA-immunoreactive fibers. Among the possibly GABA-containing projection neurons are several cells, with somata in the lateral group of the antennal lobe, that send their axons directly to the lateral protocerebmm.
Preliminary Report on Ultrafiltration-Induced Polarization Chromatography—An Analog of Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract Ultrafiltration-induced polarization chromatography (UPC), belonging to the class of field-flow fractionations, is examined in some depth mathematically, and predictions based on this examination are tested against preliminary experimental data. Both analysis and experiments are performed for slit flow between porous confining walls with a superimposed cross flow perpendicular to these walls. Integration of the diffusion equation for an idealized two-dimensional flow suggests that UPC is a very promising alternate to gel permeation chromatography, both for determining polymer diffusion coefficients and estimating the molecular-weight distribution of mixtures. These predictions are borne out to a substantial degree by experiments with monodisperse native proteins, but it is clear that important practical problems remain to be solved. The most important of these are adsorption of protein and deviation of flow distribution from that modeled.
Atomic linewidths and line shifts near a dielectric layer, and the limit of a semi-infinite medium

The linewidth and line shift of an atom near a dielectric medium have been studied. The effect of the presence of the material is either a line narrowing or a line broadening, as compared to the natural linewidth, and it appears that the general tendency is a line narrowing. The corresponding shift is predominantly towards the blue. We illustrate graphically that the theoretical limit of a perfect conducting metal is unrealistic for any existing material, in particular when the atomic dipole is oriented perpendicular to the surface. We show that the limit of a semi-infinite medium follows from a delicate average over fast oscillations, and that the result is different from what one would expect. Explicit expressions for the linewidth were obtained for the case where the atom is close to the surface.
Paleochemistry of plio-pleistocene lake Turkana, Kenya

Abstract The paleochemistry of Plio-Pleistocene Lake Turkana can be estimated by using the chemistry of lakes from the Eastern Rift of Africa as an analogue. Most modern East African lakes occupy closed basins; their chemistries follow an evaporation trend defined by the precipitation of certain mineral phases with increasing alkalinity. Estimates of paleoalkalinity can be used to closely estimate the chemical the chemical composition of ancient lakes. Three methods are used to estimate paleoalkalinity. Diatoms, molluscs, and fish have certain metabolic requirements that are dependent on pH, alkalinity, or calcium levels; thus fauna and flora can be used as paleoalkalinity indicators. Exchangeable cations on clay minerals can also be used because the relative concentrations of sodium and calcium in lake waters are related to alkalinity. Absence or presence of certain minerals also can serve as a paleoalkalinity indicator. Although the latter two techniques give estimates of paleoalkalinity that are averaged over several hundred or thousand years, their estimates agree with the instantaneous estimates based on biologic considerations. This study shows that the earliest lake phase was very fresh and continued until the end of the Kubi Algi Formation. The Lower Member of the Koobi Fora Formation is shown to have been a fresh- to brackish-water lake. From the beginning of Upper Member time (about 1.8 m.y. ago) to the present, the lake occupying the Turkana Depression has varied from a brackish lake that overflowed to a closed basin lake that fell below overflow level and whose alkalinity rose to about 200 meq/l.
Corporate name change signaling in the services industry

Investigates the effectiveness of corporate name change signaling in the services industry. Argues that previous studies on the subject are lacking because they failed to distinguish between the services and manufacturing sectors. Uses the trend analysis method and examines the movement of price‐earning ratios during a five‐year period before and after the name change. Evaluates the effectiveness of the name change signaling strategy by testing the difference in means of the “before and after” P/E ratios. Finds that firms who announce name change together with other managerial decisions and regularly release news on other firm‐specific activities fared much better than firms which did not release such information.
Building reliable interactive information systems

User software engineering (USE) is a methodology, with supporting tools, for the specification, design, and implementation of interactive information systems. With the USE approach, the user interface is formally specified with augmented state transition diagrams, and the operations may be formally specified with preconditions and postconditions. The USE state transition diagrams may be directly executed with the application development tool RAPID/USE. RAPID/USE and its associated tool RAPSUM create and analyze logging information that is useful for system testing, and for evaluation and modification of the user interface. The authors briefly describe the USE transition diagrams and the formal specification approach, and show how these tools and techniques aid in the creation of reliable interactive information systems.