cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The estimated elastic constants for a single bone osteonal lamella

Micromechanical estimates of the elastic constants for a single bone osteonal lamella and its substructures are reported. These estimates of elastic constants are accomplished at three distinct and organized hierarchical levels, that of a mineralized collagen fibril, a collagen fiber, and a single lamella. The smallest collagen structure is the collagen fibril whose diameter is the order of 20 nm. The next structural level is the collagen fiber with a diameter of the order of 80 nm. A lamella is a laminate structure, composed of multiple collagen fibers with embedded minerals and consists of several laminates. The thickness of one laminate in the lamella is approximately 130 nm. All collagen fibers in a laminate in the lamella are oriented in one direction. However, the laminates rotate relative to the adjacent laminates. In this work, all collagen fibers in a lamella are assumed to be aligned in the longitudinal direction. This kind of bone with all collagen fibers aligned in one direction is called a parallel fibered bone. The effective elastic constants for a parallel fibered bone are estimated by assuming periodic substructures. These results provide a database for estimating the anisotropic poroelastic constants of an osteon and also provide a database for building mathematical or computational models in bone micromechanics, such as bone damage mechanics and bone poroelasticity.
Effects of Zoospore Concentration and Application Pressure on Foliage Blight of Catharanthus roseus Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of inoculum concentration, application pressure, use of carbon dioxide (CO2), and agitation associated with passage through a spray nozzle on zoospore s...
The role of cardiac electrophysiology in myocardial regenerative stem cell therapy.

Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have put forth new therapeutic paradigms for treatment of myocardial disease. The aim of stem cell therapy for myocardial regeneration has been directed to induce angiogenesis for ischemic heart disease and/or introduction of new cardiomyocytes to improve the mechanical function of the failing heart. Encouraged by positive preliminary results in mouse models of myocardial infarction, clinical trials have utilized autologous skeletal myoblasts and bone-marrow-derived stem cells to treat patients in various clinical settings including acute myocardial injury, chronic angina, and heart failure [1–3]. These studies have collectively shown, at best, modest improvement in cardiac function. This may be due to the fact that there is little evidence to support actual formation and/or integration of transplanted cells into the recipient myocardium. More recent and emerging data supports the finding that electrical stimulation may be an effective catalyst for sustained functional organization, integration, and maturation of transplanted cell populations into the host myocardium. A therapeutic model that utilizes electrical stimulation and/or achieves cardiac resynchronization in conjunction with stem cell transplantation may be an effective means to achieve successful myocardial regenerative therapy.
Micropit: A New Cell Culturing Approach for Characterization of Solitary Astrocytes and Small Networks of these Glial Cells.

Astrocytes play an important role in cell-cell signaling in the mammalian central nervous system. The ability of astrocytes to communicate with surrounding cells through gap-junctional coupling or signaling via the release of transmitters makes characterization of these cells difficult in vitro and even more so in vivo. To simplify the complexity of common in vitro systems, introduced by intercellular communication between astrocytes, we developed a novel cell culturing method, in which purified rat visual cortical astrocytes were grown in spatially defined cell-adhesion wells which we termed micropits. We showed that astrocytes cultured in micropit regions were viable and exhibited similar characteristics of Ca2+ dynamics and astrocytic marker expression to those of cells cultured in non-micropit regions. Examination of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in solitary astrocytes cultured in micropits revealed less variable oscillations than those of non-micropit grouped astrocytes, which were in contact with their neighbors. Solitary cells in micropit regions can undergo ATP-mediated astrocyte-microglia signaling, demonstrating that this culturing method can also be used to investigate glial-glial interactions in a spatially well-defined microenvironment.
A Comparison of Partial and Complete Paired Comparisons in Sociometric Measurement of Preschool Groups.

Low test-retest reliabilities over periods from ten days to five months have been obtained on a par tial-rank order sociometric, the PSI, of preschool- age children's peer preferences. These results have been interpreted to mean that preschool-age chil dren do not have stable and enduring friendships with their peers. An alternative possibility is that the reliabilities of partially ranked data are so low as to obscure the existence of stable individual friendships in this age group. A full-rank order so ciometric instrument, the PCST, utilizing color photographs of the children in a preschool group as aids in eliciting friendship choices from the chil dren, was developed and tested on a group of three- year-olds and a group of four-year-olds. The socio metric measurements from both the PSI and the PCST were most reliable for the four-year-old group. Correlations between the PSI and the PCST, when corrected for attenuation, revealed that the two measures were probably assessing the same peer choice behavi...
Tat and the HIV-1 promoter

The HIV-1 Tat protein enhances the formation of productive RNA polymerase II elongation complexes, potentially acting through a positive-acting, DRB-sensitive elongation factor. Tat is usually recruited to the HIV-1 promoter through the Tat trans-activation response element RNA stem-loop structure; however, recent data suggest that in certain cell types it can be directed instead through upstream enhancer elements. New studies also reveal that the response element overlaps a novel motif that promotes the assembly of abortive elongation complexes in the absence of Tat.
Relation of the electrocardiogram to hemodynamic alterations in pulmonary embolism.

Abstract In 20 consecutive cases of pulmonary embolism in a group of patients free of underlying cardiopulmonary disease the frequency of electrocardiographic changes was observed and related to hemodynamic status. A wide range of embolic obstruction (13 to 68 percent) was shown by angiography and was accompanied by hemodynamic abnormalities ranging from minimal impairment to acute cor pulmonale. Only 1 patient showed diagnostic electrocardiographic changes of right ventricular strain; in 3 the electrocardiogram was suggestive. All 4 had the hemodynamic findings of acute cor pulmonale. No. other patient did. It was clinically clear in all 4 patients that a cardiopulmonary catastrophe had occurred, and the diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction and acute massive pulmonary embolism were immediately considered. It was concluded (1) that the electrocardiogram had virtually no role in arousing the clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism in patients free of prior cardiopulmonary disease and (2) that the only role of the electrocardiogram may be in distinguishing between the 2 most frequent cardiopulmonary catastrophes: acute myocardial infarction and acute massive pulmonary embolism.
Preparation of protoplasts from the carrageenophyte Gigartina corymbifera (Kütz.) J. Ag. (Rhodophyta)

Abstract Protoplasts were isolated with high yield from the carrageenophyte Gigartina corymbifera (Kutz.) J.Ag. by using the enzyme carrageenase in combination with cell wall-digesting enzymes. The enzyme mixture consisted of 5 U carrageenase·ml−1, 2% cellulase, 2% Macerozyme R-10, and 0.2% Pectolyase Y-23 dissolved in 60% seawater containing 0.7 M mannitol, 5 mM CaCl2, and 40 mM Tris—HCl, pH 7. Carrageenase was prepared from cultures of the marine bacterium Pseudomonas carrageenovora. Protoplasts from G. corymbifera were spherical, dark red-colored and very uniform in size (≈17 μm); they originated soley from the epidermal tissue and >95% of the protoplasts were viable. Freshly prepared protoplasts lack cell walls and polysaccharide sheaths, as demonstrated by electron microscopy and specific staining methods. Spontaneous cell fusion was observed on several occasions. These protoplasts could serve as a useful tool in crop improvement of this important carrageenan-producing alga.
Cognitive Correlates of Functional Abilities in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comparison of Questionnaire, Direct Observation and Performance-based Measures

The relationship between, and the cognitive correlates of, several proxy measures of functional status were studied in a population with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were 51 individuals diagnosed with MCI and 51 cognitively healthy older adults (OA). Participants completed performance-based functional status tests and standardized neuropsychological tests, and performed eight activities of daily living (e.g., watered plants, filled medication dispenser) while under direct observation in a campus apartment. An informant interview about everyday functioning was also conducted. Compared to the OA control group, the MCI group performed more poorly on all proxy measures of everyday functioning. The informant report of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) did not correlate with the two performance-based measures; however, both the informant-report IADL and the performance-based everyday problem-solving test correlated with the direct observation measure. After controlling for age and ...
PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.

This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO2 allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg Cburned (N = 8, 68% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely origin...
Structuring feminist science

Synopsis Many calls for a feminist science have ended with the disclaimer that there is no way to imagine such a science from within an androcentric society. Making the attempt requires dealing with two broad questions: “Is all or some of science socially constructed?” and “By what features is science recognized?” The strategy used here involves defining the components as we know them, asking if they are socially constructed, and, if they are, how they could be changed to be less androcentric. The conclusion is that all of science may be androcentric, and the approach to attaining feminist science may need to be radical, a total replacement of the scientific enterprise with one not based on the scientific method. Alternatively, we may accept a modification of current science, a “feminized” science (defined as doing the same science differently), as consistent with the political goal for feminist scientists.
Cross-linking studies on the state of association of apo A-I and apo A-II from human HDL.

Abstract The technique of cross-linking with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl-suberimidate has been employed in the study of apolipoprotein association. Human apo A-I was found to undergo a concentration dependent self-association, with tetrameric and pentameric forms being the predominant polymeric species at concentrations of apo A-I between 0.5 and 1.1 mg/ml. However, apo A-II showed mainly monomer and dimer forms at concentrations ranging from 0.1 – 0.7 mg/ml. When these apolipoproteins were mixed, new cross-linked forms of molecular weight 45,000 and 73,500 became prominent. These molecular weights correspond to those of mixed polymers, indicating that these proteins interact in solution.
Orbital Roof Fractures: Neurologic and Neurosurgical Considerations

A wide spectrum of orbital roof fractures is presented through four clinical cases. Neurologic examination is emphasized and reviewed in order to detect the orbital roof fractures that may involve intracranial damage. A combined neurosurgical and ophthalmologic approach is indicated in basilar skull fractures with involvement of the inner table. Without intracranial damage or evidence of a dural tear, a superior orbitotomy is indicated to reduce the fracture and release the incarcerated orbital contents to improve ocular motility.
Wading in waste.

The article looks at how unchecked development along America's coast has caused beaches and shellfish beds to become increasing fouled by disease-causing microbes. The author reviews how water runoff, human waste in sewage overflows and septic-tanks leaks are causing pollution as a result of increased development. INSETS: Overview/Microbial Pollution;FECAL MICROBES ON THE MOVE;THE EFFECTS OF CONCRETE AND ASPHALT;MORE TO EXPLORE
Epidermal hyperplasia in the incubation patch of the California quail, Lophortyx californicus, in relation to pituitary prolactin content.

Prolactin causes hyperplasia of the incubation patch epidermis of the California quail (Lophortyx californicus) in vivo and in vitro. A comparison of the condition of this tissue with pituitary prolactin content revealed interesting relationships between synthesis and release of this hormone throughout the quail reproductive cycle. In females, prolactin content was low during egg laying and early incubation but high during brooding. Caged egg-laying females had eight times more prolactin than did wild egg-laying females. Comparison of these results with epidermal thickness indicated that the incubation of eggs stimulates release of prolactin from the pituitary. In males, prolactin content was low when the testes were inactive but was high in breeding males and males with regressing testes and an incubation patch. The condition of the epidermis in these birds suggested that circulating prolactin levels were high only in the last group, possibly in response to the presence of an abandoned nest.
Neurocognitive mechanisms of conceptual processing in healthy adults and patients with schizophrenia

This overview outlines findings of cognitive and neurocognitive studies on comprehension of verbal, pictorial, and video stimuli in healthy participants and patients with schizophrenia. We present evidence for a distinction between two complementary neurocognitive streams of conceptual analysis during comprehension. In familiar situations, adequate understanding of events may be achieved by mapping the perceived information on the associative and similarity-based connections between concepts in semantic memory — a process reflected by an N400 waveform of event-related electrophysiological potentials (ERPs). However, in less conventional contexts, a more flexible mechanism may be needed. We suggest that this alternative processing stream, reflected by a P600 ERP waveform, may use discrete, rule-like goal-related requirements of real-world actions to comprehend relationships between perceived people, objects, and actions. This neurocognitive model of comprehension is used as a basis in discussing studies in schizophrenia. These studies suggest an imbalanced engagement of the two conceptual streams in schizophrenia, whereby patients may rely on the associative and similarity-based networks in semantic memory even when it would be more adaptive to recruit mechanisms that draw upon goal-related requirements. Finally, we consider the roles that these conceptual mechanisms may play in real-life behavior, and the consequences that their dysfunction may have for disorganized behavior and inability to plan actions to achieve behavioral goals in schizophrenia.
Supporting collaborative sense-making in emergency management through geo-visualization

In emergency management, collaborative decision-making usually involves collaborative sense-making of diverse information by a group of experts from different knowledge domains, and needs better tools to analyze role-specific information, share and synthesize relevant information, and remain aware of the activities of others. This paper presents our research on the design of a collaborative sense-making system to support team work. We propose a multi-view, role-based design to help team members analyze geo-spatial information, share and integrate critical information, and monitor individual activities. Our design uses coordinated maps and activity visualization to aid decision-making as well as group activity awareness. The paper discusses design rationale, iterative design of visualization tools, prototype implementation, and system evaluation. Our work can potentially improve and extend collaborative tasks in emergency management.
Maternal Inheritance and Interspecific Hybrids of the Liverwort Sphaerocarpos

SEX determination in Sphaerocarpos, a genus of diœcious liverworts, is genetically controlled1. When the spores of a tetrad derived from a single spore mother cell are germinated, two of the sporelings develop into male and two into female gametophytes. Cytological studies have shown that there are eight chromosomes in the complement of each sex. Of these, seven of the eight chromosomes in the female are similar to seven in the male. The eighth chromosome of the female, the X chromosome, is larger than the seven autosomes ; the eighth chromosome of the male, the Y chromosome, is smaller than the autosomes2–4.
Effects of reproductive status on behavioral and endocrine responses to acute stress in a biparental rodent, the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus).

Abstract In several mammalian species, lactating females show blunted neural, hormonal, and behavioral responses to stressors. It is not known whether new fathers also show stress hyporesponsiveness in species in which males provide infant care. To test this possibility, we determined the effects of male and female reproductive status on stress responsiveness in the biparental, monogamous California mouse ( Peromyscus californicus ). Breeding (N = 8 females, 8 males), nonbreeding (N = 10 females, 10 males) and virgin mice (N = 12 females, 9 males) were exposed to a 5-min predator-urine stressor at two time points, corresponding to the early postpartum (5–7 days postpartum) and mid/late postpartum (19–21 days postpartum) phases, and blood samples were collected immediately afterwards. Baseline blood samples were obtained 2 days prior to each stress test. Baseline plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations did not differ among male or female groups. CORT responses to the stressor did not differ among female reproductive groups, and all three groups showed distinct behavioral responses to predator urine. Virgin males tended to increase their CORT response from the first to the second stress test, while breeding and nonbreeding males did not. Moreover, virgin and nonbreeding males showed significant behavioral changes in response to predator urine, whereas breeding males did not. These results suggest that adrenocortical responses to a repeated stressor in male California mice may be modulated by cohabitation with a female, whereas behavioral responses to stress may be blunted by parental status.
Characterization of JKT-7400, an Orbivirus Which Grows inAedes albopictusMosquito Cells: Evidence Pointing to a Minor Virion Protein, VP6, as the RNA Guanylyltransferase☆

Abstract JKT-7400 virus, an orbivirus originally isolated from Culex mosquitos, was plaque purified and adapted to Aedes albopictus mosquito cells. Conditions which enhance viral cytopathic effect and optimize plaque formation are described. In contrast to bluetongue virus, the prototype orbivirus, no replication of JKT-7400 virus in vertebrate cells was observed. The core particle of JKT-7400 virus contains 10 segments of dsRNA and three minor proteins, VP1, VP4, and VP6. The inner shell contains two major proteins, VP2 and VP7, and the outer shell consists of the other two major proteins, VP3 and VP5. Evidence is presented suggesting that the viral protein associated with the capping of virus mRNA, i.e., the guanylyltransferase, is VP6, one of the core proteins.
Generation of 9 MeV γ-rays by all-laser-driven Compton scattering with second-harmonic laser light

Gamma-ray photons with energy >9 MeV were produced when second-harmonic-generated laser light (3 eV) inverse-Compton-scattered from a counterpropagating relativistic (~450 MeV) laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beam. Two laser pulses from the same laser system were used: one to accelerate electrons and one to scatter. Since the two pulses play very different roles in the γ-ray generation process, and thus have different requirements, a novel laser system was developed. It separately and independently optimized the optical properties of the two pulses. This approach also mitigated the deleterious effects on beam focusing that generally accompany nonlinear optics at high peak-power levels.
Identification of MK-944a: a second clinical candidate from the hydroxylaminepentanamide isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors.

Recent results from human clinical trials have established the critical role of HIV protease inhibitors in the treatment of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the emergence of viral resistance, demanding treatment protocols, and adverse side effects have exposed the urgent need for a second generation of HIV protease inhibitors. The continued exploration of our hydroxylaminepentanamide (HAPA) transition-state isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors, which initially resulted in the identification of Crixivan (indinavir sulfate, MK-639, L-735,524), has now yielded MK-944a (L-756,423). This compound is potent, is selective, and competitively inhibits HIV-1 PR with a Ki value of 0.049 nM. It stops the spread of the HIVIIIb-infected MT4 lymphoid cells at 25.0−50.0 nM, even in the presence of α1 acid glycoprotein, human serum albumin, normal human serum, or fetal bovine serum. MK-944a has a longer half-life in several animal models (rats, dogs, and monkeys) than indinavir sulfate and is cur...
Handwritten character recognition using the hybrid learning rule

The hybrid learning rule is a novel learning rule that combines the Hebbian learning rule and the back propagation algorithm. This novel learning rule was applied to the problem of isolated handwritten character recognition. The problem domain was limited to ten letters, which may be rotated or translated. The performance of the hybrid learning rule on this problem domain was measured and compared to the performance of the back propagation algorithm. While the hybrid learning rule failed to outperform the back propagation algorithm, it does generate receptive fields similar to those found by other researchers.
Voicing the Interview: A Researcher's Exploration on a Platform of Empathy.

This article illustrates how an emerging graduate researcher's conceptions of postpositivist, feminist, and poststructural theories of educational research affected data gathering and initial analysis. These macro theories are exemplified as the voices of an educational researcher, a feminist researcher, and a poststructural researcher, respectively. Theoretical tensions influence an interview with one female preservice teacher as part of a larger research project. Interviewing is a complex method for data gathering, and empathic moves within the interview were a site that revealed simultaneously active incongruous theories. This article provides two examples of tensions affecting the interview: understanding an interview question and the interviewer— interviewee relational energy. The effects of multiple theories in an interview supply implications for novice researchers to theorize their own work and for more experienced researchers to guide novices through these challenges.
Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Tolbutamide and Chlorpropamide

Gas-liquid chromatographic methods for the measurement of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide in blood and urine and in pharmaceutical preparations have been developed. In these procedures the drugs were extracted from acidified plasma or urine with chloroform and converted to the corresponding methyl derivative by treatment with dimethylsulfate in the presence of base. The methyl derivatives of these drugs were analyzed on DC-200 coated on diatomaceous earth (Gas Chrom Q). The method has considerable specificity and sensitivity and can measure as little as 0.1 mcg. of these drugs.
Impairments in hepatocyte phosphoinositide metabolism in endotoxemia.

Abstract The status of phospholipid metabolism and inositol lipids-mediated transmembrane signaling in rat hepatocytes was analyzed during chronic, nonlethal endotoxemia. Rats were infused intravenously (IV) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET) via subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps at a rate of 0.1 mg 100 g bw/day . The experiments were performed after 30 hours of ET or sterile saline (NaCl) infusion, in hepatocytes prelabelled “in vitro” with 32P (15 μCi/mL) and further stimulated with vasopressin (VP, 0.23 μmol/L). Similar experiments were done with food-restricted animals, whose food intake was matched with the voluntary intake of ET-infused rats. Uptake of 32P label into phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) occurs rapidly in cells from pair-fed, saline and ET-infused animals, and reaches a plateau between 60 and 80 minutes of incubation. Labeling of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) proceeds linearly after a ten-minute lag period for PI and 20 minutes for the two other lipids. The nutritional state greatly affects the distribution of 32P uptake into lipids, resulting in very low labeling of PA and PI and a high labeling of poly-PI as compared with control (taken from untreated rats) cells. In ET- v saline-infused rats, the labeling of PI and PE was depressed concomitantly with a proportional increase in the labeling of PIP and PC. The ability of VP to induce polyphosphoinositide (poly-PI) degradation in hepatocytes from saline-infused animals was similar to that observed in control cells. The rapid loss in PIP2 and PIP labeling (50% and 35%, respectively, within 30 seconds) was paralleled by an increase in 32P uptake in PA and followed by a later increase in PI labeling (150% at five minutes), and a sustained labeling of poly-PI towards prestimulation levels. In ET-infused rats, the early poly-PI response to VP stimulation was inhibited by 40% with no subsequent recovery in the PIP2 labeling up to the last sampling time (five minutes). Also, the stimulation of PI turnover was 50% lower than that observed in saline-infused animals. The well-known stimulating effect of VP on 32P uptake into PI and PA when present from the start of incubation of the cells with the precursor, was abolished in ET-infused rats, while the labeling of PIP2 was inhibited by 50%. In cells of saline-infused animals, 32P uptake into PA and PI was greatly increased, as in hepatocytes from control and pair-fed animals, with no effect at the level of poly-PI labeling. The results support the concept that ET infusion significantly perturbs changes in inositol lipid metabolism elicited by VP, affecting PIP2 degradation and resynthesis at the plasma membrane level and PI turnover and/or synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Eye Movements Modulate Visual Receptive Fields of V4 Neurons

The receptive field, defined as the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons to sensory stimuli, is central to our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms of perception. However, despite the fact that eye movements are critical during normal vision, the influence of eye movements on the structure of receptive fields has never been characterized. Here, we map the receptive fields of macaque area V4 neurons during saccadic eye movements and find that receptive fields are remarkably dynamic. Specifically, before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement, receptive fields shrink and shift towards the saccade target. These spatiotemporal dynamics may enhance information processing of relevant stimuli during the scanning of a visual scene, thereby assisting the selection of saccade targets and accelerating the analysis of the visual scene during free viewing.
The Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Discussion des resultats experimentaux au sujet de l'existence de relations entre l'infection par le virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) et le developpement d'un carcinome nasopharynge (NPC). Les etudes epidemiologiques ont montre dans quelques cas de NPC la presence d'anticorps diriges contre des antigenes de l'EBV. Des etudes moleculaires ont egalement demontre la presence de DNA de l'EBV dans les tumeurs NPC
The financial undertow of rapid technical advance in new product development

Abstract The logic of time-based competition (TBC) has unleashed a broadside of industrial dynamics whereby the accelerating pace of technical advance may well challenge the financial health of industry-leading producers. Through a series of comparative case studies and subsequent analyses of entire populations of major producers in selected industries, this paper demonstrates that the financial justification for aggressive internal investment in product innovation has been deteriorating over the past decade or two. The results also indicate that TBC-induced financial pressures can flow downstream through industrial linkages from producers of technology-intensive intermediate inputs to end-product producers. Ultimately, in their quest to be time-based competitors, as firms which use rapid technical advance to establish competitive advantage, they can set in motion deeper and broader endogenous influences capable of reworking substantially long-established industry forms and fundamentals.
Exploring the Dimensions of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: Analytics for an Emerging Literature.

This chapter examines the construct scholarship of teaching and learning using a Parsonian four-function paradigm that serves as an analytical structure for organizing and examining some of the key issues in the emerging literature.
P01.45. Activated neuropathway from nucleus tractus solitarius to rostal ventrolateral medulla during electroacupuncture

Purpose Our previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at the Jianshi-Neiguan acupoints (P5-P6, overlying the median nerve) attenuates sympathoexcitatory responses through its influence on neuronal activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives inputs from somatic nerve stimulation. However, there is no information on the activation of NTS neurons by EA at P5-P6 acupoints, which subsequently affects the rVLM. Thus, the present study evaluated neuronal activation of NTS in response to EA, with regard to their projections to the rVLM. Methods Seven to ten days after unilateral microinjection of a rodamine-conjugated microsphere retrograde tracer (100 nl) into the rVLM, rats were subjected to EA or served as a sham-operated control. EA was performed for 30 min at P5-P6 acupoints bilaterally. Results Perikarya containing the microsphere tracer were found in the NTS of both groups. Compared to controls (needle placement without electrical stimulation, n=4), c-Fos immunoreactivity and neurons double-labeled with cFos, an immediate early gene and the tracer were more frequently found in the NTS of EA-treated rats (n=5), particularly, in the medial and lateral subdivisions of caudal and intermediate NTS extension. Conclusion These results suggest that EA at P5-P6 acupoints activates NTS neurons. Furthermore, EA-activated NTS neuron can directly project to the rVLM, which is known to participate in EA-modulation of sympathetic activity.
Profit from the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence

The article reviews the book ‘Profit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence,’ by Chris Zook and James Allen.
Treason, wit and scurrility: Fielding’s Cibber letters

This article proposes a solution to the vexed question of the authorship of a famous eighteenth-century hoax. We can be certain that Theophilus Cibber was not the author of his purported Apology. But who was? Henry Fielding has always been a main suspect, and it must have delighted Joel Schechter to discover evidence supporting the claims for his share in the authorship. Hoaxes, though, are perilous territory. Who, exactly, is the hoaxer, and who is being hoaxed?Never printed before, the letters introduced here reveal that Henry Fielding and James Ralph co-authored a counterfeit autobiography of actor Theophilus Cibber. The book they wrote and attributed to ‘Mr. T……… C……’ contains satiric criticism of theatre censorship, cartels and Colley Cibber’s autobiography.
Modulation-Assisted Machining: A New Paradigm in Material Removal Processes

Modulation Assisted Machining (MAM), based on controlled superimposition of low-frequency modulation to conventional machining, effects discrete chip formation and disrupts the severe contact condition at the tool-chip interface. The underlying theory of discrete chip formation and its implications are briefly described and illustrated. Benefits such as improved chip management and lubrication, reduction of tool wear, enhanced material removal, particulate manufacturing and surface texturing are highlighted using case studies. MAM represents a new paradigm for machining in that it deliberately employs ‘good vibrations’ to enhance machining performance and capability.
Nitrogenous excretory products of adults of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius.

Abstract 1. 1. The nitrogenous excretory products of adults of Sitophilus oryzae and S. granarius feeding on wheat were examined. 2. 2. Uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, allantoin, urea, and amino N were found in the feces of both species. 3. 3. Uric acid N, hypoxanthine N, and amino N constituted 86 and 75% of the soluble nitrogen in the feces of S. oryzae and S. granarius, respectively. 4. 4. The symbiotic microorganisms present in S. oryzae do not appear to utilize the nitrogenous excretory products of the insects as a source of nitrogen.
Metabolic homeostasis in juvenile diabetes mellitus. I. Role of growth hormone.

Abstract Intravenous arginine provocative tests were performed in 23 children with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and the results compared with those obtained in a control group of 19 normal children. Fasting growth hormone concentrations were similar in the two groups, and the mean peak response following the arginine stimulation was almost identical. Although the blood glucose levels rose higher in the diabetic group following arginine stimulation, the percent change of glucose was found to be the same in diabetics as in normals. Plasma FFA changes were consistent with the diabetic child's state of insulin deficiency. These data indicate that the child with diabetes mellitus responds in a normal fashion to an arginine provocation. No evidence of abnormal secretion or of an exaggerated responsiveness to the endogenous growth hormone was detected.
Some things we can infer about the Moon from the composition of the Apollo 16 regolith

Characteristics of the regolith of Cayley plains as sampled at the Apollo 16 lunar landing site are reviewed and new compositional data are presented for samples of less than 1 mm fines ('soils') and 1-2 mm regolith particles. As a means of determining which of the many primary (igneous) and secondary (crystalline breccias) lithologic components that have been identified in the soil are volumetrically important and providing an estimate of their relative abundances, more than 3 x 10(exp 6) combinations of components representing nearly every lithology that has been observed in the Apollo 16 regolith were systematically tested to determine which combinations best account for the composition of the soils. Conclusions drawn from the modeling include the following. At the site, mature soil from the Cayley plains consists of 64.5% +/- 2.7% components representing 'prebasin' materials: anorthosites, feldspathic breccias, and a small amount (2.6% +/- 1.5% of total soil) of nonmare, mafic plutonic rocks, mostly gabbronorites. On average, these components are highly feldspathic, with average concentrations of 3l-32% Al2O3 and 2-3% FeO and a molar Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of O.68. The remaining 36% of the regolith is syn- and postbasin material: 28.8% +/- 2.4% mafic impact-melt breccias (MIMBS, i.e., 'LKFM' and 'VHA basalts') created at the time of basin formation, 6.0% +/- 1.4% mare-derived material (impact and volcanic glass, crystalline basalt) with an average TiO2 concentration of 2.4%, and 1% postbasin meteoritic material. The MIMBs are the principal (80-90%) carrier of incompatible trace elements (rare earths, Th, etc.) and the carrier of about one-half of the siderophile elements and elements associated with mafic mineral phases (Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Sc). Most (71 %) of the Fe in the present regolith derives from syn- and postbasin sources (MIMBS, mare-derived material, and meteorites). Thus, although the bulk composition of the Apollo 16 regolith is nominally that of noritic anorthosite, the noritic part (the MIMBs) and anorthositic parts (the prebasin components) are largely unrelated.
Note on the analysis of plunging of density flows

This note is devoted to the correction of an error in a calculation contained in a classical published paper on the plunging of river flows as they enter lakes or reservoirs. The correction of the error provides a felicitous result, according to which not only the ratio of underflow thickness just after plunging to depth just before plunging, but also the densimetric Froude numbers both just before and just after plunging are all specified as a function of a single parameter. This single parameter characterizes the tendency of plunging to entrain ambient water into the density underflow.
Some performance tests of “quicksort” and descendants

Detailed performance evaluations are presented for six ACM algorithms: quicksort (No. 64), Shellsort (No. 201), stringsort (No. 207), “TREESORT3” (No. 245), quickersort (No. 271), and qsort (No. 402). Algorithms 271 and 402 are refinements of algorithm 64, and all three are discussed in some detail. The evidence given here demonstrates that qsort (No. 402) requires many more comparisons than its author claims. Of all these algorithms, quickersort requires the fewest comparisons to sort random arrays.
Use of spatially distributed stream stage recorders to augment rain gages by identifying locations of thunderstorm precipitation and distinguishing rain from snow

[1] Precipitation measurements in complex terrain are difficult to obtain, particularly during convective thunderstorm precipitation or mixed rain and snow. In such cases, stream stage recorders distributed across many small, headwater streams can bridge the gap between point measurements of precipitation and larger-scale total basin discharge. We use case studies from two steep basins with shallow soils in the Sierra Nevada, California to illustrate how distributed stream sensors can help identify the location, timing, and intensity of spatially variable precipitation.
Analeptic Use in Clinical Toxicology: A Historical Appraisal

AbstractBackground: The introduction and increasing popularity of the barbiturates during the first two decades of the 20th century was associated with an new life threatening toxicological problem: the barbiturate overdose. Methods: This paper reviews the four major phases of analeptic use. As interest in the principles of physiologic antagonism between stimulants and depressants grew, analeptic agents were increasingly used to treat the obtundation and respiratory depression of barbiturate overdose. At first, naturally occurring in desperate attempts to awaken patients. During the 1930s, and continuing at some centers into the 1960s, an increasing number of synthetic analeptics agents such as nikethamide, pentylenetetrazol, bemegride, amphetamine, and methylphenidate were enthusiastically recommended as barbiturate antidotes, often at very high doses. Unfortunately, utilizing generous amounts of multiple convulsants was not without its share of complications. Using this analeptic strategy the mortality ...
A Hemispherical Photometric Integrator

SYNOPSISA study of the errors in spherical photometry due to the presence of the lamps and screens in the Ulbricht sphere led to the development of a fixed convex mirror to be used in place of the two larger screens. A further development of the theory of interference within the instrument led to the adoption of a hemisphere in place of the complete sphere. It is shown how the instrument is calibrated and used for the testing of(a) Reflectors for indoor or street illumination(b) Large searchlights(c) Small searchlights, headlights, etc.(d) Motion picture projectors(c) High intensity arcs (for brilliancy).The various accessories that go with the instrument are described and illustrated
Some effects of water vapour on selenium rectifiers

The current—voltage and capacitance—voltage characteristics of selenium rectifiers with an evaporated aluminum blocking electrode have been measured immediately upon deposition of the aluminum electrode. Such rectifiers show an extremely low reverse breakdown voltage (<1 V) which excludes an avalanche breakdown mechanism. The characteristic is stable when the sample is exposed to oxygen, nitrogen, or dry air. Upon the introduction of water vapour the breakdown voltage increases to its normal value, being determined by avalanche breakdown. Water vapour has little effect on the doping concentration in the exhaustion region as determined from capacitance—voltage characteristics: its main effects are to increase the surface band-bending and the rate of energy loss of hot electrons to the selenium lattice. Die Strom—Spannungs- und Kapazitat—Spannungskennlinien von Selengleichrichtern mit Aluminium-Sperrelektroden wurden kurz nach dem Aufdampfen der Aluminiumelektroden gemessen. Solche Gleichrichter haben eine sehr niedrige Druchbruchspannung in der Sperrrichtung (<1 V), so das ein Lawinenmechanismus ausgeschlossen werden mus. Stabile Kennlinien werden erhalten, wenn das Material sich in Sauerstoff, Stickstoff oder Trockenluft befindet. Beim Einfuhren von Wasserdampf wird dagegen die Durchbruchspannung auf den normalen Wert, der durch den Lawinenmechanismus bestimmt ist, erhoht. Messungen der Kapazitat—Spannungskennlinien zeigen, das der Einflus von Wasserdampf auf die Dotierungskonzentration verhaltnismasig gering ist, wenigstens fur mittlere Werte der Dotierungsdichten. Von Bedeutung ist dagegen die vergroserte Biegung der Oberflachenenergiebander und die zunehmende Energieabgabe der heisen Elektronen an das Selengitter unter dem Einflus von Wasserdampf.
Ketamine-HCI as a Suitable Anesthetic for Endocrine, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Studies in Macaca fascicularis Monkeys

AbstractKetamine-HCl has been reported, depending on experimental conditions and dosage given, to have significant cardiovascular and endocrine effects in some species. However, previous studies in primates have inadequately distinguished between animal handling and ketamine effects. We, therefore, examined the effects of various doses of ketamine (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) on mean arterial blood pressure and on plasma insulin, glucose, and cortisol concentrations in 10 chronically cannulated Macaca fascicularis monkeys which had been acclimated to restraining chairs. Each monkey received three different doses of ketamine according to a balanced incomplete block design. Ketamine anesthesia produced no significant changes in plasma insulin, glucose, or cortisol concentrations nor did it affect mean arterial blood pressure. In addition, the effects of ketamine-HCl on endocrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were examined in four animals according to a cross-over design. These animals also had c...
Serum transferrin of a reptile, the anaconda, Eunectes marinus

Abstract 1. 1. Serum transferrin of the anaconda, Eunectes marinus, isolated by means of ionexchange chromatography, gel filtration, and starch-block electrophoresis, lacked sialic acid in contrast to the mammalian and avian serum transferrins. 2. 2. Ultracentrifugal analysis indicated a S20w0 of 4.73–4.86 and equilibrium molecular weight of 69,900–75,200. 3. 3. Sedimentation viscosity methods produced a molecular weight of 68,700 and an osmotic pressure method yielded a value of 75,600. 4. 4. Spectrophotometric titration indicated 1.648 μg. of ferric iron bound per mg. of protein, or molecular weight of 68,000 if a moles of iron are bound per mole of transferrin.
Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment a...
Psycholinguistic analyses of coercive communications

Analyses of certain communications reveal a content structure for the interpretation of destructive acts.
Animal models for assessing the neurobehavioral impact of airborne pollutants.

There has been a long-standing tradition of experimentation on laboratory animals and the behavioral effects of airborne pollutants. These studies provide a scientific basis for investigating many of the pressing issues on indoor-air pollution. Several different procedures are reviewed, along with representative data taken from the literature. Models are already available for quantitatively assessing the noxious properties of airborne chemicals. A number of physiological responses pertinent to the sick building syndrome have been shown to be produced by conditioning in laboratory animals. The possibility is suggested that similar conditioning may take place in affected humans.
STUDIES OF COLLAGEN DEGRADATION DURING BONE RESORPTION IN TISSUE CULTURE.

SummaryA tissue culture system has been used to study the removal of bone collagen from radioactively labeled, resorbing mouse calvaria, by measuring the amount of hydroxyproline and the radioactivity of H3-hydroxyproline released into the tissue culture medium. The amounts of hydroxyproline and H3-hydroxyproline released from the calvaria were enhanced by addition of parathyroid extract to the medium and correlated with the extent of bone resorption observed microscopically in the living cultures. Evidence is presented which indicates that bone collagen is partially degraded during active bone resorption in tissue culture to peptides similar in size and sequence to those produced by the action of bacterial collagenase on collagen.
Atomic-scale spectroscopic imaging of CoFeB/Mg-B-O/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions

Atomic-scale electron spectroscopic imaging on sputtered magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a thin, <2 nm, MgO layer and B-alloyed electrodes reveals B diffusion into the MgO, resulting in a Mg–B–O tunnel barrier. This ∼2 nm thick interfacial layer forms due to oxidation of CoFeB during radio frequency sputtering of MgO and subsequent B diffusion into MgO during annealing. We measure a room-temperature tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of ∼200% in IrMn/CoFeB/Mg–B–O/CoFeB MTJs after annealing, demonstrating that thin Mg–B–O barriers can produce relatively high TMR.