cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHORT-TERM LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES OF FEMALE EXOFFENDERS

This paper uses a unique data set constructed from two sets of administrative records to estimate the association between imprisonment and employment rates for former female state prisoners from Illinois. To control for individual heterogeneity the paper compares the employment rates of women who enter prison to employment rates of future prison entrants. Although employment rates tend to decline during the quarters leading up to prison entry, it does not appear to harm future employment prospects. In the short-term, it is estimated that female post-prison employment rates are about seven to eight percentage points above expected levels. These results show that female incarceration is not associated with an undesirable signal that will diminish the future employability of former inmates.
CTC1 Mutations in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome caused by mutations in 7 genes involved in telomere biology, with approximately 50% of cases remaining genetically uncharacterized. We report a patient with classic DC carrying a compound heterozygous mutation in the CTC1 (conserved telomere maintenance component 1) gene, which has recently implicated in the pleiotropic syndrome Coats plus. This report confirms a molecular link between DC and Coats plus and expands the genotype-phenotype complexity observed in telomere-related genetic disorders.
Attitudes of scientists toward a specialized information center

Data were obtained from more than 300 atomic and molecular physicists in the U. S. concerning their use of existing information sources. A discussion of their information needs and preferences is presented. An attempt is made to define the attitude of this group toward a specialized information center in the light of their responses.
New applications of the infrared CCD camera

In Japan, two dimensional IRCCD cameras such as Nikon's LAIRD 3 have been sold by various manufacturers. In addition to the staring type IR cameras, there are mechanical scanning type IR cameras which are also receiving much attention in the market. The primary applications of the IR camera market have been night-time security surveillance, non-destructive testing and/or process control in the industrial environment. In such applications, infrared radiation emitted from the observed object is seen as heat. Thus, many IR cameras have been designed to maximize the amount of IR radiation collected from an observed object. One new application for the LAIRD3 camera is to observe the spectral signature of an object over a specific spectral band in order to determine the presence and location of a specific gas. This paper described the results of using this method to detect the presence and location of methane in an observed environment.
1.16 Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of CLL Subgroups Defined by Ki-67 Expression

(mean of 3.7CNAs/case), with a higher frequency of complex genomes than at diagnosis (defined as 3 CNAs per case, 45% v 16%, P 0.001). In our total cohort, genome complexity was associated with a reduced overall survival (OS, 135 v 209mths, P 0.001). However, in our progressive cohort the reduced survival associated with genomic complexity was purely a reflection of underlying TP53/ATM loss or mutation. Only in our diagnostic cases was genomic complexity associated with reduced OS (155 v 321mths, P 0.02) independent of TP53 and ATM loss/mutation. Using a highly robust and systematic bioinformatic analysis we identify 37 novel recurrent ( 1% of all cases) minimally deleted (MDRs, n 32) and enhanced (MER, n 5) regions in our CLL cases ranging from 0.03-27.15Mb in size. In each instance, the MDR/MER was not defined by cases considered to have high levels of complexity ( 3 CNAs targeting the MDR/MER containing chromosome). These regions could be grouped as follows. (1) Of the 28 regions that contained genes, 16 were significantly associated (p 0.05) with the presence of loss/mutation targeting the ATM (n 2) or TP53 (n 14) loci. These regions are likely to be the result of genome instability, and could represent markers of TP53 pathway dysfunction; (2) Six of the remaining 12 regions occurred in complex genomes in cases that lacked a deletion or mutation of either TP53 or ATM, and included deletions of 6q, 8p, 8q, 9p, 19p and 19q. Genes within one or more of these regions may be contributing to genomic complexity in these cases. (3) The remaining eight regions, loss of 1q (two regions), 10q, 14q, 15q, 18q (x2) and gain of 3q, occurred independent of TP53/ATM loss or mutation and genomic complexity and may be important. Several of the novel regions are preliminarily associated with reduced survival, and within these regions are genes involved in cell cycle control, NF-Kappa-B signaling and chromatin modification. In conclusion, our data describe the detailed architecture of CNAs and aUPD events in CLL across the evolution of the disease. We show that the utility of established biomarkers, such as genome complexity, is dependent on the evolutionary stage of the disease. We use a systematic approach to identify a panel of novel regions of recurrent CNA that included genes implicated in carcinogenesis, where preliminary data suggests a prognostic utility. Currently, we are identifying causative genes within these regions, using next generation sequencing, and screening extended cohorts to confirm the prognostic relevance. It is hoped that several of the genes emerging from this study may represent novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Context browsing with mobiles - when less is more

Except for a handful of "mobile" Web sites, the Web is designed for browsing using personal computers with large screens capable of fully rendering the content of most Web pages. Browsing with handhelds, such as small-screen PDA's or cell phones, usually involves a lot of horizontal and vertical scrolling, thus making Web browsing time-consuming and strenuous. At the same time, one isoften only interested in a fragment of a Web page, which again may not fit on the limited-size screens of mobile devices, requiring more scrolling in both dimensions. In this paper, we address the problem of browsing fatigue during mobile Web access using geometric segmentation of Web pages and the notion of context. Our prototype system, CMo, reduces information overload by allowing its users to see the most relevant fragment of the page and then navigate between other fragments if necessary. On following a link, CMo captures the context of the link, employing a simple topic-boundary detection technique; then, it uses the context to identify relevant information in the next page with the help of a Support Vector Machine, a statistical machine-learning model. Our experiments show that the use of context can potentially save browsing time and improve the mobile browsing experience.
Cumulative offset of the San Andreas fault in central California: A seismic approach

Scattered-wave imaging of upper crustal heterogeneity along nearly 500 km of the San Andreas fault in central California is used to estimate cumulative offset of basement rocks in the fault zone. Optimal cross-fault realignment of scattering patterns is achieved through removal of ∼315 km of right-lateral slip. This value agrees with most previous estimates of early Miocene displacement, placing the initiation of movement on the San Andreas no earlier than ca. 23.1 Ma. Scattering along the fault correlates with segment boundaries established on the basis of historic and paleo seismicity, corroborating evidence from southern California that the upper crustal structures responsible for scattering are important in seismogenesis.
Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) antagonists in the prevention of emesis caused by anticancer therapy.

Abstract Most anticancer drugs are cytotoxic and produce various side-effects, among which nausea and vomiting are almost ubiquitous and usually extremely distressing to the patient. Cancer chemotherapy elicits two main phases of vomiting: an intense, acute phase of vomiting that occurs almost immediately following anti-cancer therapy and a milder, delayed phase of nausea and vomiting of longer duration. The mechanisms underlying the induction of nausea and vomiting after cancer chemotherapy are poorly understood but may be mediated by serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), particularly in the acute phase. Serotonin activates 5-HT 3 receptors, which function as ligand-gated ion channels located either in the periphery and/or in the central nervous system to produce emesis, among other effects. The peripheral 5-HT 3 receptors may be pharmacologically distinct from the central 5-HT 3 receptors and may exhibit some association with GTP-binding proteins. In addition, different populations may exist as distinct subtypes of the same receptor. The 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (GR 38032F) is effective in preventing the emesis induced by cytotoxic agents currently used in the treatment of many forms of cancer. Ondansetron has, comparatively, a much higher efficacy in the treatment of acute emesis following cancer chemotherapy than it does in the delayed phase, suggesting that the late phase of emesis may be mediated by other distinct mechanisms. BIOCHEM pharmacol 52;5:685–692, 1996.
Playing Catch-Up with Iterated Exponentials

(2004). Playing Catch-Up with Iterated Exponentials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 111, No. 8, pp. 704-709.
Effects of Feeding Elevated Levels of Monounsaturated Fats to Growing-finishing Swine on Acceptability of Boneless Hams

Sixty barrows and gilts were given one of five diets consisting of a control (corn and soybean meal), and four similar diets with a 10% replacement of animal fat, safflower oil, sunflower oil or canola oil. Pork trimmings, from carcasses of animals fed the five diets were used to formulate sausages at fat levels of 25 and 35% and water levels [4(% protein)+ 3% and 4(% protein)+ 11%]. Sensory panelists reported control sausages were springier than those from animal fat diets which were springier than those from all high oleate treatments. Sausages from high oleate treatments were more tender and less cohesive than the others. Sausage from canola oil treatment scored lowest flavor and palatability.
Using Soundex codes for indexing names in ASR documents

In this paper we highlight the problems that arise due to variations of spellings of names that occur in text, as a result of which links between two pieces of text where the same name is spelt differently may be missed. The problem is particularly pronounced in the case of ASR text. We propose the use of approximate string matching techniques to normalize names in order to overcome the problem. We show how we could achieve an improvement if we could tag names with reasonable accuracy in ASR.
GONADOTROPIC HORMONE ASSAYS OF HUMAN MALE URINE1

ATTEMPTS are being made through the assay of gonadotropic hormone in human urine to furnish an aid in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gonadal dysfunctions, as well as to add further information on the role of this hormone in the relationship between the pituitary and the gonads. Although even the best assay methods are only roughly quantitative, and many of the findings probably misleading and unreliable, sufficient progress has been made in recent years to justify the hope that such studies may eventually leave the research laboratory, and enter the field of practical application. We have been able to apply greatly improved extraction and assay technics for gonadotropic hormone to routine analyses of urine. A study of the excretion rate of this hormone in a series of women of various ages revealed that urinary gonadotropic concentration was low in menstruating women, increased markedly at the menopause, and remained consistently high during the post-menopausal period and senility (1).
Dye-sensitized solar cells using branched titania nanotube films

Abstract Photovoltaic characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated from branched titania nanotube arrays are compared with those obtained from unbranched ones. Branched titania nanotubes result in increased efficiency and short circuit current density without any discernible increases in dark current, than in devices with purely unbranched tubes. Adsorption isotherms show that increased inter-tube porosity exposes the outer surfaces of the branched tubes, providing increased access and area for dye adsorption. Our findings indicate that branched titania nanotubes could be attractive for use in many applications.
On Global Stability of Planar Formations

Formation control is concerned with the design of control laws that stabilize agents at given distances from each other, with the constraint that an agent's dynamics only depends on a subset of other agents. We show in this technical note that a broad class of control laws fails to stabilize a simple formation with four agents. The novelty of the approach used in this technical note lies in the use of bifurcation theory to show that, for almost all control laws, there exists a stable undesired equilibrium.
Continuum modelling of transportation networks

Abstract The standard discrete transportation models, which attempt to determine traffic flow on every link of a transportation network, are inapplicable to complex dense urban networks, in view of the amount of computation involved. In this paper we adopt a radically new point of view and construct a family of models based on the assumption of continuous traffic distribution over the network. We derive the flow conservation equations and the equilibrium conditions for user-optimized and system-optimized networks.
Efficient Storage of Sterilized Ophthalmic Surgical Instruments

To solve the problem of efficient storage of sterilized ophthalmic surgical instruments, we devised a system that uses backloading hooks and cross-indexing of instruments by number together with the mounting of the instruments by number on a pegboard system.
Neuroscience in Nazi Europe part I: eugenics, human experimentation, and mass murder.

The Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945 waged a veritable war throughout Europe to eliminate neurologic disease from the gene pool. Fueled by eugenic policies on racial hygiene, the Nazis first undertook a sterilization campaign against "mental defectives," which included neurologic patients with epilepsy and other disorders, as well as psychiatric patients. From 1939-41 the Nazis instead resorted to "euthanasia" of many of the same patients. Some neuroscientists were collaborators in this program, using patients for research, or using extracted brains following their murder. Other reviews have focused on Hallervorden, Spatz, Schaltenbrand, Scherer, and Gross, but in this review the focus is on neuroscientists not well described in the neurology literature, including Scholz, Ostertag, Schneider, Nachtsheim, and von Weizsacker. Only by understanding the actions of neuroscientists during this dark period can we learn from the slippery slope down which they traveled, and prevent history from repeating itself.
Analysis of a PstI polymorphism of the human erythrocyte band 3 gene (EPB3).

Summary The genomic structure of a 1. 5 kb region near the 5′ end of the human erythrocyte band 3 gene (EPB3) was determined and the location of a two-allele PstI polymor phism in this region identified. Using this information, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was designed for rapid, simple identification of the PstI polymorphism.
Context Effects on Students’ Gains in Reading Comprehension in Reading First Schools in Michigan

Reading First, Part B of Title 1 of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, provides support for states with approved programs to improve the reading achievement of early elementary students in high poverty, chronically low achieving schools. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the Reading First program in the state of Michigan is making progress in meeting this goal after five years of implementation. The study design makes use of the reading comprehension achievement test results for cohorts of students who entered the program in different years and who took the test two or three times while attending a Reading First school in Michigan between 2002 and 2006. The results indicate that overall the students showed significant gains in reading comprehension; further, students with three years in Reading First tended to score higher than those with two years in Reading First. However, students whose socio-demographic characteristics place them at an educational disadvantage (e.g., eligibility for subsidized lunch) made relatively modest gains in reading comprehension. In addition, any negative effects attributable to such student characteristics are compounded when the student body in the school is composed of a large percentage of students with the same characteristic. These results suggest that while a successful program overall, Reading First is not comprehensive enough to counteract the socio-demographic problems of extremely high poverty schools.
An energetic perspective on the relationship between disturbance and ecosystem productivity

Abstract Previous ecological models for disturbance from energetic perspectives have focused on destructive pulses by which storages in a system are quickly drained during disturbance events and recovered thereafter. However, considering the wide range of disturbance intensities, frequencies, and durations in nature, disturbance effects on ecosystem energetics would be better understood by diversifying the disturbance effects on specific system configurations or energy pathways. Based on two hypotheses, we built simulation models of the variable disturbance–productivity relationships observed in a freshwater aquatic microcosm study. First, we hypothesized that disturbances will differentially alter the intrinsic rates of energy pathways in a system. Second, we hypothesized that there is a disturbance threshold where response of the intrinsic rates changes abruptly. Simulation results showed variable patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP) during the disturbance and post-disturbance periods under the diverse scenarios of disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates. Simulation results confirmed that the second hypothesis (i.e., disturbance threshold) was essential to achieve a U-shaped or peaked disturbance–productivity relationship. We evaluated the models by comparing them with the results of the microcosm tests, and suggested possible mechanisms of the variable disturbance–productivity relationships by varying parameters related to the disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates and the disturbance thresholds.
Multimodality fusion of physiological images using regularization theory and deformable models

A common medical diagnostic problem is the determination of physiological function. MRI and CT are somewhat dissimilar but complementary imaging technologies. While CT provides excellent information regarding internal bony structures, MRI has proven to be superior in the production of high contrast images of soft tissue. The integration of these two modalities will ameliorate solutions to problems which require highly accurate mappings of anatomical features. PET imagery presents an accurate view of physiological function but little anatomical information. The ability to integrate quantitative information from these complementary modalities will result in improved medical analysis and subsequent improvements in patient care. We consider the problem of multimodality data fusion as an extension of regularization theory. Directionally controlled continuity stabilizers are utilized in the reconstruction process. The fusion method presented in this paper can deal with surface discontinuities of an arbitrary order. The fusion methodology presented can handle with data sets belonging to different visual cues.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expert system development tools for chemists

Abstract The current state of expert system development tools is reviewed from the perspective of persons considering the development and use of such systems for knowledge management and delivery. The concepts and specific terms associated with expert systems are presented. The advantages and limitations of the three principal types of development tools are examined. The major factors to consider when selecting a development tool are discussed, and some of the more popular expert system development shells are listed. References to more detailed discussions of the topics are provided. No attempt is made to describe the actual processes involved in taking an expert system from its inception through the prototype to a robust delivery system.
VALIDITY AND TEMPORAL STABILITY ISSUES REGARDING TWO MEASURES OF COMPUTER APTITUDES AND ATTITUDES

Psychometric information regarding the Computer Aptitude, Literacy, and Interest Profile and the Computer Attitude Scale was obtained from an NSF retraining project preparing computer science teachers for the secondary school level. Data address: (1) pre-/post-training stability; and (2) validity information involving (2.a.) course achievement predictions, (2.b.) CALIP-CAS interrelationships, and (2.c.) intra-instrument relationships.
Manidipine inhibits endothelin-1-induced [Ca2+]i signaling but potentiates endothelin's effect on c-fos and c-jun induction in vascular smooth muscle and glomerular mesangial cells

We studied the effects of manidipine, a newly synthesized dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist, on endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced [Ca2+]i signaling and immediate-early gene induction in vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cells and glomerular mesangial cells (MCs). ET-1-induced a dose-dependent, biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i in both A7r5 cells and MCs. Manidipine inhibited the ET-1-induced [Ca2+]i increase by reducing both the transient and sustained Ca2+ increments in A7r5 cells and MCs. At concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L, inhibition was dose dependent with a median effective dose (ED50) of 10(-9) mol/L. A 20-minute preincubation period was required to observe the maximal inhibitory effect of manidipine. In contrast, manidipine (10(-5) mol/L) potentiated ET-1-induced c-fos and c-jun expression in A7r5 cells. This potentiating effect appeared 30 minutes after manidipine was added to the media and lasted for 15 hours. Manidipine alone had no detectable effect on c-fos steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid level. Manidipine induced c-jun expression starting at 60 minutes but with much lower potency. These data demonstrate that manidipine is a potent inhibitor for ET-1-induced [Ca2+]i signaling and that manidipine has multiple effects on ET-1-induced signaling, including potentiating the immediate-early gene response.
Interaction of pH, density, and priority effects on the survivorship and growth of two species of hylid tadpoles

We examined the interactions of an abiotic factor (pH) and a biotic factor (density) on the survival and growth of two species of anuran larvae (Hyla gratiosa and Hyla femoralis) in outdoor tanks. Three levels of pH (4.3, 4.6, or 6.0) and three levels of density (0, 30 or 60 embryos) were arranged in a blocked design and replicated three times for Hyla gratiosa. At the end of this experiment the effects of pH (4.3, 4.6, or 6.0), density of H. femoralis (30 or 60), and prior use by H. gratiosa (at 0, 30, or 60 larvae per tank) on the survival and growth of H. femoralis, were examined. Higher density increased larval period and decreased size at metamorphosis of H. gratiosa. Lower pH decreased survival rate and also decreased size at metamorphosis. Body sodium concentrations were lowest at the low pH values. Lower pH increased the susceptibility of H. gratiosa tadpoles to the adverse effects of higher densities. For H. femoralis higher density decreased survival, increased larval period and decreased size at metamorphosis. Hyla femoralis also had lower survivorship at low pH and exhibited decreased size at metamorphosis. However, unlike the results with Hyla gratiosa, there were no interactive effects between pH and density for any of the life-history traits studied. The effect of previous colonization by H. gratiosa on H. femoralis survival was facilitative. Body sodium concentrations of H. femoralis were lowest at the highest pH value. Metamorphs of the same size had much lower levels of sodium in H. femoralis than H. gratiosa. In general, H. femoralis was less affected by pH variation than H. gratiosa. These results demonstrate that abiotic factors can interact strongly with biotic effects such as density and they suggest that interspecific interactions can be strongly modulated by the background abiotic environment.
A prototype detector for a novel high-resolution PET system: BazookaPET

We have designed and are developing a novel proof-of-concept PET system called BazookaPET. In order to complete the PET configuration, at least two detector elements are required to detect positron-electron annihilation events. Each detector element of the BazookaPET has two independent data acquisition channels. One side of the scintillation crystal is optically coupled to a 4 × 4 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array and the other side is a CCD-based gamma camera. Using these two separate channels, we can obtain data with high energy, temporal and spatial resolution data by associating the data outputs via several maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) steps. In this work, we present the concept of the system and the prototype detector element. We focus on characterizing individual detector channels, and initial experimental calibration results are shown along with preliminary performance-evaluation results. We measured energy resolution and the integrated traces of the slit-beam images from both detector channel outputs. A photo-peak energy resolution of ~5.3% FWHM was obtained from the SiPM and ~48% FWHM from the CCD at 662 keY. We assumed SiPM signals follow Gaussian statistics and estimated the 2D interaction position using MLE. Based on our the calibration experiments, we computed the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the SiPM detector channel and found that the CRB resolution is better than 1 mm in the center of the crystal.
Le Corbusier's “Naked”: “Absolute Honesty” and (Exhibitionist) Display in Bathroom Settings

This article could be described as “how Modernism got (us) naked.” It examines both vernacular and professional design examples of (1) the meaning of “naked” in relationship to bathroom design as a...
Assurance of quality of the provision of primary medical care by non-professionals

Abstract The acceptance of the once radical concept that non-physicians may provide primary medical care is due to the obvious need in many communities for such care in spite of inadequate resources. Primary medical care must involve the family and the community to be successful, it must permit appropriate referrals within a medical system to be effective and the quality of care must be assured by the training and supervision of the primary health care worker. Such a system of training and supervision as applied in some Guatemalan villages is described, as well as the quality control methods used. This total system reduced infant mortality by two-thirds and the mortality of children between one and four years of age by three-quarters.
Timing and Frequency Synchronization for OFDM Downlink Transmissions Using Zadoff-Chu Sequences

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been widely adopted in wireless systems, but it is known for being sensitive to synchronization errors. In this paper, we present timing and frequency synchronization algorithms for OFDM downlink transmissions using Zadoff-Chu sequences. We show that the current timing synchronization method employing Zadoff-Chu sequences is sensitive to carrier frequency offsets. To reduce this sensitivity, we develop conditions for the selection of appropriate Zadoff-Chu sequences. We then design a training sequence and propose joint signal detection, timing, and carrier frequency offset estimation algorithms for OFDM downlink transmissions. We show that the proposed schemes simplify the overall synchronization architecture and improve the performance compared to the existing schemes in the literature.
OOPM: An Object-Oriented Multimodeling and Simulation Application Framework

OOPM, or Object-Oriented Physical Multi modeling, is an application framework for mod eling and simulation under development at the University of Florida. It extends object-oriented program design with visualization and a defini tion of system modeling that reinforces the rela tionship of model to program. Model authors interact with OOPM via graphical user inter face, which captures model design, translates models to simulation programs, controls model execution and provides output visualization. Distributed Model Repository facilitates collabo rative and distributed model definitions and model reuse. Translator converts model defini tion to a simulation program in C++, then com piles and links this simulation program, adding run-time support and creating an executable which runs under control of Scenario to provide output visualization using Virtual Reality Modeling Language. A variety of model types may be freely combined through heterogeneous multimodeling, which is the basis for geometry and dynamic ...
Dating Violence Attributions: Do They Differ for In-Group and Out-Group Members Who Have a History of Dating Violence?

In this research we examined the influence of in-group bias and dating violence history on dating violence attributions. Participants were 113 college students (97 women and 16 men; age M=21.9). They read a vignette that depicted dating violence and then completed a questionnaire concerning the assault. The couple was described as either part of the participants' in-group or the participants' out-group. The dating violence was described as either a first-time event for the couple or a repeated act of violence. Participants formed more lenient attributions for the in-group assailant than for the out-group assailant, but only if he was a first-time assailant rather than a repeat assailant. In addition, participants attributed less blame to the in-group victim than to the out-group victim, but only if she was a repeat victim of dating violence. These findings are examined in relation to in-group bias.
Large aperture harmonic conversion experiments at LLNL: comments.

The purpose of this letter is to describe the collabration between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of Rochester the subject of harmonic generation of laser radiation for inertial confinement fusion researh. (AIP)
Bacterial Adherence to Pharyngeal Cells during Viral Infection

Adherence of bacteria to pharyngeal cells from patients with naturally acquired acute respiratory illness and from volunteers experimentally infected with influenza virus vaccine was studied. Increased adherence of Staphylococcus aureus was found in both groups. In addition, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae type I adhered in increased numbers to cells from volunteers experimentally infected with influenza virus. Alterations in mucosal cells leading to increased bacterial adherence may play a role in the pathogenesis of suprainfection by these organisms in patients with viral respiratory diseases.
Traumatic responses among battered women who kill

This study compared levels of violence, social support, and post-traumatic stress between battered women charged with a violent crime against an abusive partner and those seeking help from a mental health clinic. Results indicated that forensic battered women were more likely than clinical battered women to report experiencing severe violence, including sexual abuse, in their relationships. Women in the forensic sample also reported less social support and greater post-traumatic stress than women in the clinical sample. However, when social support and level of violence were accounted for, levels of general post-traumatic stress indicators (MMPI-PTSD, CR-PTSD, GSI) were no longer different between groups, although levels of specific post-traumatic stress indicators (intrusion, avoidance) remained higher for battered women in the forensic sample. Implications for understanding battered women's response to violence and their post-traumatic reactions to it are discussed.
Dye-Laser Frequency Stabilization Using Optical Resonators

We describe a study, performed using heterodyne techniques, of the frequency fluctuations of two completely independent ring dye lasers locked to independent reference cavities. Single laser linewidths of less than 750 Hz were achieved, the principal limitation being residual vibrations from the noisy laboratory environment. With future design and environmental improvements, ultranarrow linewidths are expected thus providing a useful tool for a great variety of high precision experiments.
Effects of deletions in mouse chromosome 7 on expression of genes encoding the urea-cycle enzymes and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in liver, kidney, and intestine

Chromosomal deletions at and around the albino locus on chromosome 7 of the mouse affect the enzyme activities and steady-state levels of mRNAs for five urea-cycle enzymes in liver. In newbornc3H homozygotes, activities of these enzymes were 43–62% of normal, while corresponding mRNA levels were 14–29% of normal.c14CoS deletion homozygotes expressed mRNA levels for these enzymes which were 32–48% of normal. However, transcription rates of these genes in hepatic nuclei ofc3H/c3H mice were reduced only to 57–84% of normal. Since effects of the deletions had previously been noted in the kidney, mRNA levels for three enzymes expressed also in the kidney were examined. Mice homozygous for thec3H deletion, shown previously to have drastically reduced mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the liver, expressed the same deficiency in the kidney, while mRNA levels for argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase were reduced in the liver but remained unaffected in the kidney. However, mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, and ornithine transcarbamylase were unaffected in the intestine ofc3H homozygotes. The results suggest that a regulatory factor(s) encoded in the DNA encompassed by the deletion is involved in the normal developmental maturation of hepatocytes and certain cells in the kidney.
Effects of sex hormones and of potassium salts of fatty acids on the biosynthesis in vitro of cholesterol from [2-14C]mevalonic acid.

Abstract Liver-homogenate preparations from three groups of rats were incubated with [2- 14 C]mevalonic acid, the necessary cofactors, and varying amounts of sex hormones with and without equimolar amounts of potassium salts of specific fatty acids. The greatest inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of “free” cholesterol in any of the homogenate systems was usually exhibited by testosterone; this effect was most clearly demonstrated in the liver-homogenate preparations from young female rats. Estradiol showed the least inhibitory effect in all liver-homogenate preparations except in extremely low concentrations. The biosynthesis of esterified cholesterol was inhibited extensively in all homogenate systems to approximately the same degree. Potassium caprylate in the presence of the hormones generally enhanced the inhibition of the biosynthesis of free and esterified cholesterol. The potassium salts of the unsaturated fatty acids had a tendency to decrease the inhibitory effects of the sex hormones. Among plausible theoretical explanations for the action of the hormones are: the activation of adenosine triphosphate (EC 3.6.1.3) of mitochondria, alteration of the permeability of the mitochondrial particles, interruption of the electron flow between DPNH and the cytochromes, and competition between the hormones and squalene for oxidative enzymes.
The formation of the first low-mass stars from gas with low carbon and oxygen abundances.

The first stars in the Universe are predicted to have been much more massive than the Sun1,2,3. Gravitational condensation, accompanied by cooling of the primordial gas via molecular hydrogen, yields a minimum fragmentation scale of a few hundred solar masses. Numerical simulations indicate that once a gas clump acquires this mass it undergoes a slow, quasi-hydrostatic contraction without further fragmentation1,2; lower-mass stars cannot form. Here we show that as soon as the primordial gas—left over from the Big Bang—is enriched by elements ejected from supernovae to a carbon or oxygen abundance as small as ∼0.01–0.1 per cent of that found in the Sun, cooling by singly ionized carbon or neutral oxygen can lead to the formation of low-mass stars by allowing cloud fragmentation to smaller clumps. This mechanism naturally accommodates the recent discovery4 of solar-mass stars with unusually low iron abundances (10-5.3 solar) but with relatively high (10-1.3 solar) carbon abundance. The critical abundances that we derive can be used to identify those metal-poor stars in our Galaxy with elemental patterns imprinted by the first supernovae. We also find that the minimum stellar mass at early epochs is partially regulated by the temperature of the cosmic microwave background.
Stiction problems in releasing 3D microstructures and the solution

Micro-stereolithography (μSL) is capable of fabrication of highly complex three-dimensional (3D) microstructures by selectively photo-induced polymerization from the monomer resin. However, during the evaporative drying of structures from liquid resin, the 3D microstructures often collapse due to the capillary force. In this work, a theoretical model is developed to analyze the deflection and adhesion between thin polymer beams under capillary force. The detachment length of the test structures and adhesion energy of a typical μSL polymer (HDDA) are obtained experimentally which are important for MEMS structure design. Finally, we successfully developed a sublimation process to release the 3D microstructures without the adhesion.
Selective Alterations of Opiate Receptor Subtypes in Mono sodium Glutamate‐Treated Rats

: Neonatal treatment of rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been demonstrated to destroy cell bodies of neurons in the arcuate nucleus including the brain beta-endorphin (B-END) system. The effects on opiate receptors of the loss of B-END is unknown. Neonatal rats were treated with MSG as previously described. After reaching maturity (7-9 months), MSG-treated rats and litter-matched untreated control rats were decapitated and brains dissected into brain regions. Opiate receptor assays were run with [3H]morphine (mu receptor ligand) and [3H]D-alanine2-D-leucine5 (DADL) enkephalin (delta receptor ligand) for each brain region for both MSG and control rats simultaneously. Scatchard plot analyses showed a selective increase in delta receptors in the thala-mus only. No corresponding change in mu receptors in the thalamus was found. The cross-competition IC50 data supported this conclusion, showing a loss in the potency of morphine in displacing [3H]DADL enkephalin in the thalamus of MSG-treated rats. This shift in delta receptors produced an IC50 displacement pattern in thalamus, ordinarily a mu-rich area, similar to that of striatum or cortex, delta-rich areas, again indicating an increase in delta receptors. Similar changes in delta receptors in other brain regions were not found. These results represent one of the few examples of a selective and localized shift in delta with no change in mu sites. Furthermore, the delta increase may reflect an up-regulation of the receptors in thalamus after chronic loss of the endogenous opioid B-END.
In Vitro Functional Reactivities of Cutaneous Mast Cells From Patients With Mastocytosis

Cutaneous mast cells from 3 patients with mastocytosis were evaluated for their morphologic characteristics and in vitro functional reactivities to different secretory agonists. By electron microscopy, mastocytosis mast cells appeared larger than normal skin mast cells, frequently had atypical, highly indented or bilobed nuclei, and each contained numerous, elongated cytoplasmic projections. Suspensions of mastocytosis mast cells were obtained from lesional skin biopsy specimens, and their response to both immunologic and nonimmunologic secretagogues was compared with mast cells from normal skin. Lesional skin mast cells had a net histamine release of 12.3% (+/- 1.3 SEM) and 31.1% (+/- 6.0 SEM) following stimulation with the purified human anaphylotoxin C3a and mouse monoclonal antihuman IgE antibodies, respectively. This specific release was similar to the responses observed in normal skin mast cells (11.5% +/- 4.5 SEM and 16.7% +/- 2.1 SEM, respectively). Mast cells from cutaneous lesions of mastocytosis also responded to the nonimmunologic secretagogues, morphine sulfate and calcium ionophore A23187 with a specific histamine release of 15.1% (+/- 1.2 SEM) and 39.8% (+/- 8.7 SEM), respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that mast cells from lesions of mastocytosis are morphologically atypical, but have a histamine content similar to normal skin mast cells and retain their functional reactivities to clinically relevant secretory stimuli.
Effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine upon the in vitro proliferation of tumor cell lines.

Previous publications have suggested that commonly prescribed antidepressants have the potential to stimulate the proliferation of extant tumors in human and rodent in vivo and in vitro models. The direct effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine were evaluated in assays that detect different aspects of proliferative responses at pharmacologically relevant drug concentrations. Three in vitro assays of cellular proliferation and clonal growth were used with human (MCF7, PA-1 and LS174T) and murine (B16.f10, C-3 and B16.f1) tumor cell lines. The cells were exposed to amitriptyline or fluoxetine (0.001-100 microM) for different time periods (1-7 days) and at varying serum concentrations (0.1-15%). Amitriptyline and fluoxetine failed to significantly stimulate tumor cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, or colony formation. Both drugs inhibited B16.f10 colony growth at concentrations above 5 microM along with significant suppression of DNA synthesis in B16.f10 and C-3 cells at 30 microM. Although there were generally no effects on cell proliferation by the drugs in the microtiter tetrazolium assay, several rare instances of stimulation were noted. Amitriptyline and fluoxetine were consistent in their lack of effect or inhibition with the human or murine tumor cell lines in conventional in vitro assays of cell proliferation and clonogenicity in optimal or suboptimal culture conditions.
The clinical epidemiology of male osteoporosis: a review of the recent literature

Osteoporosis, a musculoskeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fragility fractures, is now recognized as an important public health problem in men. Osteoporotic fractures, particularly of the hip, result in significant morbidity and mortality in men and lead to considerable societal costs. Many national and international organizations now address screening and treatment for men in their osteoporosis clinical guidelines. However, male osteoporosis remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of recent findings in male osteoporosis, including pathophysiology, epidemiology, and incidence and burden of fracture, and discuss current knowledge about the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis in males. In particular, clinical practice guidelines, fracture risk assessment, and evidence of treatment effectiveness in men are addressed.
The photochemical reflectance index: an optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels.

The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), derived from narrow-band reflectance at 531 and 570 nm, was explored as an indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for 20 species representing three functional types: annual, deciduous perennial, and evergreen perennial. Across species, top-canopy leaves in full sun at midday exhibited a strong correlation between PRI and ΔF/Fm′, a fluorescence-based index of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency. PRI was also significantly correlated with both net CO2 uptake and radiation use efficiency measured by gas exchange. When species were examined by functional type, evergreens exhibited significantly reduced midday photosynthetic rates relative to annual and deciduous species. This midday reduction was associated with reduced radiation use efficiency, detectable as reduced net CO2 uptake, PRI, and ΔF/Fm′ values, and increased levels of the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle pigment zeaxanthin. For each functional type, nutrient deficiency led to reductions in both PRI and ΔF/Fm′ relative to fertilized controls. Laboratory experiments exposing leaves to diurnal courses of radiation and simulated midday stomatal closure demonstrated that PRI changed rapidly with both irradiance and leaf physiological state. In these studies, PRI was closely correlated with both ΔF/Fm' and radiation use efficiency determined from gas exchange at all but the lowest light levels. Examination of the difference spectra upon exposure to increasing light levels revealed that the 531 nm Δ reflectance signal was composed of two spectral components. At low irradiance, this signal was dominated by a 545-nm component, which was not closely related to radiation use efficiency. At progressively higher light levels above 100 μmol m−2 s−1, the 531-nm signal was increasingly dominated by a 526-nm component, which was correlated with light use efficiency and with the conversion of the xanthophyll pigment violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin. Further consideration of the two components composing the 531-nm signal could lead to an index of photosynthetic function applicable over a wide range of illumination. The results of this study support the use of PRI as an interspecific index of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for leaves and canopies in full sun, but not across wide ranges in illumination from deep shade to full sun. The discovery of a consistent relationship between PRI and photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for top-canopy leaves across species, functional types, and nutrient treatments suggests that relative photosynthetic rates could be derived with the “view from above” provided by remote reflectance measurements if issues of canopy and stand structure can be resolved.
Controlled Spherulitic Crystallization in 3BaO‐5SiO2 Glass

Morphological stages in the internal crystallization of a 3BaO- 5SiO2 glass were investigated. Spherulitic crystallization occurred between 800° and 950°C. After long times at the crystallization temperatures, the spherulites changed, apparently by secondary crystallization. Above 950°C, lath-like crystals are formed by recrystallization of the spherulites. The effects of nucleation-and-growth heat treatments on the rate and morphology of crystallization were studied. The peak nucleation temperature was between 700° and 725°C, and all the crystalline forms were 3BaO.5SiO2.