cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design considerations for tumour-targeted nanoparticles

Inorganic/organic hybrid nanoparticles are potentially useful in biomedicine, but to avoid non-specific background fluorescence and long-term toxicity, they need to be cleared from the body within a reasonable timescale 1 . Previously, we have shown that rigid spherical nanoparticles such as quantum dots can be cleared by the kidneys if they have a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 5.5 nm and a zwitterionic surface charge 2 . Here, we show that quantum dots functionalized with highaffinity small-molecule ligands that target tumours can also be cleared by the kidneys if their hydrodynamic diameter is less than this value, which sets an upper limit of 5–10 ligands per quantum dot for renal clearance. Animal models of prostate cancer and melanoma show receptor-specific imaging and renal clearance within 4 h post-injection. This study suggests a set of design rules for the clinical translation of targeted nanoparticles that can be eliminated through the kidneys. Although many classes of biocompatible, inorganic-based nanomaterials have been developed for medical diagnostics and therapeutics 3–7 , many presently available formulations require potentially toxic elements 8 . Efforts have been made to reduce toxicity by modulating the composition, particle shape, physical size and surface coating of the nanoparticles 9 . One common strategy is to engineer nanoparticles using biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric coatings 10–13 . However, polymer coatings generally increase particle
Isolation and characterization of two novel metalloproteinase genes linked to the Cdc2L locus on human chromosome 1p36.3.

Abstract The terminal end of the short arm of human chromosome 1, 1p36.3, is frequently deleted in a number of tumors and is believed to be the location of multiple tumor suppressor genes. Thus far, a bona fide tumor suppressor gene from this region has not been identified. The isolation and characterization of new 1p36 genes is, therefore, of some interest. Two novel matrix metalloproteinase genes, MMP21 and MMP22 , have been identified in the Cdc2L1 – 2 locus, which spans approximately 120 kb on 1p36.3. These genes encode novel metalloproteinases that contain prepro, catalytic, cysteine-rich, interleukin-1 receptor-related, and proline-rich domains. Their catalytic domains are most closely related to stromelysin-3 and contain the consensus HEXXH zinc-binding region required for enzyme activation, while their cysteine-rich domains appear to be related to a number of human, mouse, and Caenorhabditis elegans metalloproteinase sequences.Of some possible interest is the absence of a highly conserved cysteine residue in the proenzyme domain, the so-called “cysteine switch,” which has been shown to be involved in the autocatalytic activation of many metalloproteinases. The MMP genes are located less than 1 kb from the 3′ regions of Cdc2L1 and Cdc2L2, suggesting that the MMP and Cdc2L genes are part of a larger region that has been duplicated. Finally, the MMP21/22 genes express multiple mRNAs, some of which are derived by alternative splicing, in a tissue-specific manner.
Task-specific and generalized physical training for improving manual-material handling capability

Abstract Physical training can be defined as muscular activity designed to enhance the physical capacity of the individual by improving one or more of the components of physical fitness. Components of fitness include muscular strength, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Studies examining the influence of physical training on manual material handling (MMH) capability can be separated into two categories: those that use the same task for testing and training (task-specific training studies) and those that do not (general training studies). In task-specific training studies, reported relative improvements in maximal symmetric lifting and repetitive lifting are 26–183% and in general training studies, 16–32%. Psychomotor learning probably accounts for a large proportion of performance gains in task-specific training but some localized improvements in muscle activation and hypertrophy also occur. Generalized training studies have exercised more major muscle groups, and more widespread improvements in muscle activation and muscle hypertrophy account for gains here. While both types of physical training are effective, general training may be useful for improving a wide range of MMH tasks, while task-specific training results in larger gains in targeted MMH tasks. Models for both types of training can be derived from examples in the military. Relevance to industry Industrial jobs with well-defined, physically demanding tasks can benefit from task-specific physical training that targets the specific components of physical fitness necessary for the successful completion of the task. Occupations that include unusual or unexpected physical demands (e.g., military or police) can benefit from a more generalized physical training program.
The Malevolent Use of Microbes and the Rule of Law: Legal Challenges Presented by Bioterrorism

Physicians and public health officials would bear the brunt of the health nightmare unleashed by an act of bioterrorism. Mass casualties and the "worried well" would swamp hospitals and health care facilities that barely cope with normal health care needs. Confusion and fear would haunt infectious disease specialists trying to control the aftermath of an attack with biological weapons (hereafter "bioweapons"). Supplies of antibiotics and equipment would likely be quickly used up. Efforts to treat the sick and control the spread of the pathogenic microbe could be hampered by shortages of medical staff and absenteeism. Public order would be imperiled. What is often neglected in thinking about the threats bioweapons pose to public health is the foundation that law provides for effective public health activities. Focusing on the link between public health and the law reveals that bioterrorism would also constitute a grave threat to the role law plays in regulating public and private behavior in the United States. In this article, I examine 3 significant challenges that the malevolent use of microbes would pose for the rule of law in the United States.
Role of prostaglandins in modulating sympathetic vasoconstriction in the cerebral circulation in anesthetized rabbits.

The effects of the interaction between sympathetic nerves and prostaglandins in the cerebral circulation were examined. The hypothesis tested was that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin would potentiate decreases in CBF caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation. In anesthetized rabbits, following administration of either indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle, CBF was measured with 15-μm microspheres prior to stimulation and following 3–5 min of electrical stimulation (4, 8, 16 Hz) of both superior cervical ganglia. In the vehicle group, CBF was 33–42 ml/min/100 g prior to stimulation. Bilateral sympathetic stimulation reduced blood flow to the cerebrum by 12 ± 6% (mean ± SEM) (p < 0.05) at 4 Hz (n = 8), by 20 ± 4% (p < 0.05) at 8 Hz (n = 12), and 21 ± 6% (p < 0.05) at 16 Hz (n = 11). In the indomethacin group, CBF was 37–48 ml/min/100 g prior to stimulation. Bilateral stimulation decreased blood flow to the cerebrum by 7 ± 5% (NS) at 4 Hz (n = 8), by 25 ± 3% (p < 0.05) at 8 Hz (n = 6), and b...
Mentored by Mr. Infrared

Professor Wolfe has been my mentor and friend since 1965, even before I became one of his PhD students. In fact, the development of my career in infrared technology was closely linked to Bill’s work, and would not have been possible without him and his guidance.
What determines the basal metabolic rate of vertebrate cells in vivo

Abstract Do vertebrate cells dictate basal metabolic rate or does the organism have some influence over this decision? In this paper we advance the idea that the rate of delivery of essential nutrients to cells could be a key regulatory mechanism, a concept which originates from Coulson (Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 84A, 1986, 217–229) that we have extended to the delivery of substrates to enzymes at the intracellular level.
Coeliac plexus block for chronic pain syndromes

The purpose of this article is to familiarize the anaesthetist with the basic anatomy of the coeliac plexus; the techniques used to perform the procedure, its indications, complications and results in the management of chronic abdominal pain syndromes. Radiological, surgical and anaesthetic literature from the beginning of the century were reviewed. The main indication for neurolytic coeliac plexus block is intractable pain secondary to carcinoma of the pancreas or stomach. There appear to be theoretical advantages to techniques that result in spread of solution anterior to the aorta, such as the trans-aortic approach. These have not yet been demonstrated in any studies with large numbers of patients.
The dependencies of phase velocity and dispersion on volume fraction in cancellous-bone-mimicking phantoms.

Frequency-dependent phase velocity was measured in eight cancellous-bone-mimicking phantoms consisting of suspensions of randomly oriented nylon filaments (simulating trabeculae) in a soft-tissue-mimicking medium (simulating marrow). Trabecular thicknesses ranged from 152to356μm. Volume fractions of nylon filament material ranged from 0% to 10%. Phase velocity varied approximately linearly with frequency over the range from 300to700kHz. The increase in phase velocity (compared with phase velocity in a phantom containing no filaments) at 500kHz was approximately proportional to volume fraction occupied by nylon filaments. The derivative of phase velocity with respect to frequency was negative and exhibited nonlinear, monotonically decreasing dependence on volume fraction. The dependencies of phase velocity and its derivative on volume fraction in these phantoms were similar to those reported in previous studies on (1) human cancellous bone and (2) phantoms consisting of parallel nylon wires immersed in water.
Stress activated cytokines and the heart.

Abstract The ability of myocardium to successfully compensate for, and adapt to, stress ultimately determines whether the heart will decompensate and fail, or whether it will instead maintain preserved function. Despite the importance of the myocardial response to environmental stress, very little is known with respect to the biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for mediating and integrating the stress response in the heart. In the present review we will summarize recent experimental material which suggests that cytokines that are expressed within the myocardium in response to a environment injury, namely tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), may play an important role in initiating and integrating homeostatic responses within the heart. However, these ‘stress-activated’ cytokines all have the potential to produce cardiac decompensation when expressed at sufficiently high concentrations. Accordingly, the theme that will emerge from this discussion is that the short-term expression of stress-activated cytokines within the heart may provide the heart with an adaptive response to stress, whereas long-term expression of these molecules may be frankly maladaptive by producing cardiac decompensation.
Protein function annotation with Structurally Aligned Local Sites of Activity (SALSAs)

Background The prediction of biochemical function from the 3D structure of a protein has proved to be much more difficult than was originally foreseen. A reliable method to test the likelihood of putative annotations and to predict function from structure would add tremendous value to structural genomics data. We report on a new method, Structurally Aligned Local Sites of Activity (SALSA), for the prediction of biochemical function based on a local structural match at the predicted catalytic or binding site.
X‐ray emission from the terrestrial magnetosheath including the cusps

[1] X rays are produced throughout the terrestrial magnetosheath as a consequence of charge transfer collisions between heavy solar wind ions and exospheric neutrals. The solar wind ions resulting from these collisions are left in highly excited states and emit extreme ultraviolet or soft X-ray photons. We previously simulated X-ray images of the magnetosheath as seen from an observation point outside the geocorona for average solar wind conditions. The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause were evident in these images, but the cusps were not taken into account. For the current paper we used dynamic three-dimensional MHD simulations of the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere for the 31 March 2001 geomagnetic storm. A sky map was generated of the expected X-ray emissions as seen by a hypothetical X-ray detector on the IMAGE spacecraft. Modeled images as seen from an observation point well outside the geocorona were also created. The cusps can clearly be detected in both types of simulated images. Images of the magnetosheath in energy neutral atoms (ENA) also show the cusps. X-ray imaging of the magnetosheath, revealing the structure of the magnetopause and the bow shock, if carried out, could potentially make a valuable contribution to our understanding of the solar wind interaction with the magnetosheath.
Delayed Migrations of Yearling Chinook Salmon Since Completion of Lower Monumental and Little Goose Dams on the Snake River

Abstract Travel time for yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to migrate the 370 km downstream from the Salmon River to Ice Harbor Dam was compared during 3 years prior (1966–68) and 4 years after (1970–74) impounding of the Snake River behind Lower Monumental and Little Goose dams. Prior to impounding, fish averaged 15 days of travel time to Ice Harbor Dam during low flows (1,000–2,000 m3/s) and 9 days during moderate flows (2,300–4,000 m3/s). After the new impoundments, average travel time was increased to 31 days in low flows and 20 days in moderate flows–a measured delay of 16 and 11 days, respectively.
Solid noninfectious growing masses over cerebrospinal fluid shunts: report of 3 cases.

The authors describe 3 children who presented with progressively enlarging skin-covered solid masses over the shunt catheter in the neck/clavicular region. The authors reviewed the clinical, laboratory, pathological, radiographic, and follow-up data for all 3 patients and reviewed the literature on the subject. The patients had no clinical evidence of an infectious process. Surgical exploration revealed that masses were surrounding and encasing the shunt tubing to which they were strongly attached. Pathological studies of the tissues demonstrated varying degrees of exuberant chronically inflamed granulation tissues, interstitial fibrosis, and dystrophic calcification. One patient had associated thinning of the skin overlying the mass and subsequently developed ulceration. No infectious organisms were observed. The cerebrospinal fluid aspirates from the shunts did not yield any organisms. There has been no recurrence of the masses. The presence of a growing mass over the shunt tube in the neck or the chest...
The design and implementation of a VLSI chess move generator

Communication is a basic problem when using VLSI technology to implement large parallel circuits. Valuable chip area must be used to run wires connecting components on a chip and current packaging technology restricts the amount of communication that can cross chip boundaries. This paper presents a large parallel architecture for generating moves in chess and shows how it can be restructured to reduce communication and permit a straightforward VLSI implementation without any performance loss. The result is a move generator comprising 64 identical custom chips performing at a rate of 500,000 moves per second, performance that is comparable to the best existing move generator.The success of the architecture of a component module like a chess move generator depends not only on its performance but on how well it meshes with the rest of the system. We discuss the requirements of a chess move generator in the context of a chess-playing system and describe how each of these are met by our design. Details of the chip design are presented along with a description of how the move generator is built using identical chips.
Model-based detection of lung lesions in CT exams

Abstract The thorough detection of nodules in high-resolution CT lung scans is an increasingly difficult, labor-intensive, and critical radiological task. Recent clinical research on early lung cancer CT presentation has demonstrated the significant clinical need to detect the more subtle subsolid nodules as well as the traditional solid nodule. We have developed a model-based computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm designed to automatically detect both of these nodule presentation types through the use of precise mathematical models that capture scanner physics and anatomy and pathology domain knowledge. Our model-based CAD algorithm utilizes a Bayesian framework for determining the probability of multiple competing anatomical and pathological events throughout the lung. Using this model-based CAD algorithm on 50 low-dose CT lung cancer screening cases, we measured a 3.9% average improvement in radiologist sensitivity (93.8% to 97.7%) with 8.3 false positives per case for all nodules ≥5 mm in size. This model-based approach can be easily extended to support additional anatomy and pathology models as clinical understanding and scanning practices improve.
Genetic Analysis of a Potential Zinc-binding Domain of the Adenovirus E4 34k Protein

E4 34k, the product of adenovirus early region 4 (E4) open reading frame 6, modulates viral late gene expression, viral DNA replication, apoptosis, double strand break repair, and transformation through multiple interactions with components in infected and transformed cells. Conservation of several cysteine and histidine residues among E4 34k sequences from a variety of adenovirus serotypes suggests the presence of a zinc binding domain important for function. Consistent with the hypothesis that E4 34k is a zinc metalloprotein, zinc binding by baculovirus-expressed E4 34k protein was demonstrated in a zinc blotting assay. To investigate the relationship between the potential zinc-binding region and E4 34k function, a series of mutant genes containing single amino acid substitutions at each of the conserved cysteine and histidine residues in E4 34k were constructed. The mutant proteins were examined for the ability to complement the late protein synthetic defect of an E4 deletion mutant, to physically interact with the viral E1b 55-kDa protein (E1b 55k) and cellular p53 protein, to relocalize E1b 55k, and to destabilize the p53 protein. These analyses identified a subset of cysteine and histidine residues required for stimulation of late gene expression, physical interaction with E1b 55k, and p53 destabilization. These data suggest that a zinc-binding domain participates in the formation of the E4 34k-E1b 55k physical complex and that the complex is required in late gene expression and for p53 destabilization.
Aerodynamic Classification of Swept-Wing Ice Accretion

The continued design, certification and safe operation of swept-wing airplanes in icing conditions rely on the advancement of computational and experimental simulation methods for higher fidelity results over an increasing range of aircraft configurations and performance, and icing conditions. The current stateof- the-art in icing aerodynamics is mainly built upon a comprehensive understanding of two-dimensional geometries that does not currently exist for fundamentally three-dimensional geometries such as swept wings. The purpose of this report is to describe what is known of iced-swept-wing aerodynamics and to identify the type of research that is required to improve the current understanding. Following the method used in a previous review of iced-airfoil aerodynamics, this report proposes a classification of swept-wing ice accretion into four groups based upon unique flowfield attributes. These four groups are: ice roughness, horn ice, streamwise ice and spanwise-ridge ice. In the case of horn ice it is shown that a further subclassification of "nominally 3D" or "highly 3D" horn ice may be necessary. For all of the proposed ice-shape classifications, relatively little is known about the three-dimensional flowfield and even less about the effect of Reynolds number and Mach number on these flowfields. The classifications and supporting data presented in this report can serve as a starting point as new research explores swept-wing aerodynamics with ice shapes. As further results are available, it is expected that these classifications will need to be updated and revised.
On the trail of metathesis catalysts

It was in the fall of 1973 that Geoffrey Wilkinson made one of his too-infrequent visits to the Central Research Department at E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company. On this occasion he announced that he had prepared hexamethyltungsten. At the time I was interested in adding the dianion of cyclooctatetraene to early transition metals in order to provide complexes of potential catalytic interest [I], and in the process had rediscovered Juvinall’s preparation of TaMqCl, [2]. Since the C,H, complexes I obtained did not appear to be potentially interesting catalysts, I decided to try to prepare pentamethyltantalum by adding methyllithium to TaMe,Cl,. Pentamethyltantalum, like hexamethyltungsten, turns out to be an unpredictable and potentially vicious material when isolated as a solid, owing to its ready decomposition to give methane and (under some conditions) hydrogen 131. Since Zr(CH,Pli), and Ti(CH~Ph)~ had been known for several years [4], I was not surprised to find that pentabenzyltantalum could be prepared, and that it was a relatively stable red crystalline species [3b,S]. I was surprised when I attempted to extend the list of pentaalkyls to pentaneopentyltantalum. Trineopentyltantalum dichloride was prepared straightforwardly, and upon addition of 2 equivaIents of neopentyllit~um to it in pentane a lovely orange solution was produced, from which a low melting orange crystalline product could be isolated virtually quantitatively [6a]. Its mass spectrum revealed that it was not pentaneopentyltantalum, but a compound whose mass was consistent with the formulation T~(CHB~‘)(CH,BU’)~. Paul Meakin was kind enough to run a 13C NMR spectrum of Ta(CHBut)(CHzBu’), that same night; I asked him to be sure to extend the window to 300 ppm downfield of TMS. He called the next morning to tell me that there was indeed a most peculiar doublet located at 250 ppm with a coupling constant of only 90 Hz. Since this was the first “carbene” complex that did not contain some sort of stabilizing substituent(s) (usually 0 or N) [7], I did not think the low “olefinic” carbon-hydrogen coupling constant was especially significant. Extensive studies did not result in any firm conclusions regarding the mechanism of formation of TatCHBut)(CH*But)~, and it is still uncertain whether Ta{CH,Bu’),Cl spontaneously loses neopentane or is dehydrohalogenat~ by a fifth equivalent of a lithium reagent to give the final product [6b]. The salient feature of the reaction in either case is removal of an a-hydrogen from one neopentyl group by another
Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rat cortex following prenatal cocaine exposure.

Cocaine has been found to be a neurobehavioral teratogen in both animals and humans. In this study the effects of cocaine on the developing catecholamine systems were examined. Rats were treated gestationally with cocaine (40 mg/kg s.c.) or saline from gestational day 13 until parturition. On postnatal day 28, tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry was performed. Increases in catecholamine fiber densities were observed in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and parietal cortex in cocaine-treated animals. These findings may explain some of the behavioral alterations seen following prenatal cocaine exposure.
Synchrotron Radiation of Neutrinos and Its Astrophysical Significance

The neutrino radiation from a completely relativistic electron gas in the presence of a large magnetic field (the neutrino analog of electromagnetic synchrotron radiation) is computed approximately, under the assumption of a direct electron-neutrino interaction. The radiation is also estimated in the case of a non-relativistic electron gas. It is shown that the radiation increases strongly with electron energy and magnetic-field strength, and is therefore most likely to have astrophysical significance in the evolution of stars with large electron energies and potentially large magnetic fields, such as white dwarfs. However, computation of the total neutrino luminosity of several model white dwarfs shows that the neutrino luminosity is limited by electron degeneracy to values much less than the photon luminosity. The process is also found to be relatively unimportant in the evolution of neutron stars.
Podocytes in bivalve molluscs: morphological evidence for ultrafiltration

In representatives from a survey of three major taxa of bivalves the pericardial glands were found in two distinct positions. In protobranches (Acila castrensis) and filibranch bivalves (Glycymeris subobsoleta, Chlamys hastata, Pecten caurinus, Placopecten magellanicus, Mytilus edulis andMytilus californianus) the pericardial glands are located on the auricular surface. In heterodonts (Mercenaria mercenaria, Clinocardium nuttallii andMya arenaria) the pericardial glands are found in an anterodorsal position to the pericardial cavity. The sites of ultrafiltration are described. They consist of podocytes with basally extending pedicels forming an interdigitating network apposed to a basal lamina. Other characteristics of this ultrafiltration barrier described are anionic sites on the basal lamina and presence of substructural components within the ultrafiltration slits between pedicels. The pathway for the ultrafiltrate in protobranchs and filibranchs is from the hemocoel through the basal lamina, through the ultrafiltration slits of the pedicel network, into the urinary spaces between the podocyte cell bodies and into the pericardial cavity. The pathway for the ultrafiltrate in heterodonts is from the hemocoel through the basal lamina, through the ultrafiltration slits of the pedicel network, into urinary spaces between the podocyte cell bodies, into the lumen of the pericardial gland tubules and into the pericardial cavity. All podocyte cells have electron dense granules, Golgi apparatus and vacuoles associated with their cytoplasm. Heterodont species have microvilli on the cell surfaces of the podocytes apposed to urinary spaces. In all cases the morphological sites of ultrafiltration were associated with the pericardial glands of the heart-pericardial complex.
Built-in self-test design of semiconductor memory

A built-in self-test (BIST) design for semiconductor memory is presented. The design uses up/down counters for linear addressing of memory cells and a transition counter for storing the compressed signature. The test procedure uses marching test patterns and covers stuck-at, transition, and coupling faults.
The temperature and wavelength dependence of the photo-oxidation of propionaldehyde

Abstract Propionaldehyde was photolyzed by flash photolysis in the presence of air or by steady state photolysis in the presence of O 2 at 298 or 263 K. For the flash photolysis experiments, the transient absorption of RO 2 radicals was monitored and quantum yields were obtained at 293.7, 302.0, 311.7 and 325.0 nm incident radiation. For the steady state photolysis, quantum yields for both CO and C 2 H 6 were monitored at 253.7, 312.8 and 334.1 nm incident radiation. C 2 H 6 was found at 253.7 nm but not at the longer wavelengths. For the steady state photolysis, the difference between the quantum yields for CO and C 2 H 6 corresponds to the quantum yield of C 2 H 5 formation. Good agreement was obtained for the radical yields by both methods. The radical yields decreased with increasing pressure, increasing wavelength or decreasing temperature. At 298 K, the half-quenching pressures were ∞, 7800 Torr, 5100 Torr, about 750 Torr, 308 Torr and 291 Torr at 254 nm, 294 nm, 302 nm, 312 nm, 325 nm and 334 nm respectively. These lead to atmospheric photodissociation coefficients for radical formation at 298 K of 2.4 × 10 −5 s −1 and 1.6 × 10 −5 s −1 for solar zenith angles of 30° and 58° respectively.
Constrictional strain in a non-coaxial shear zone: implications for fold and rock fabric development, central Mojave metamorphic core complex, California

Finite strain and fold analyses of footwall mylonites in the central Mojave metamorphic core complex (CMMCC) reveal two distinct deformation paths that generated non-coaxial constrictional strain. The first path, recorded in the Waterman Hills, accomplishes constrictional strain through the formation of L-tectonites at the grain scale. The second path, recorded in the Mitchel Range, involves a combination of plane strain at the grain scale and Y-axis shortening through syn-mylonitic folding. The ductile shear zone in the Waterman Hills is approximately 500 m thick and is developed entirely within a Miocene syn-kinematic granodiorite. Strain magnitude decreases structurally downward. The mylonites contain abundant NE-directed non-coaxial microstructures yet are L-tectonites. Rf/o analysis of quartz-ribbon grain shapes indicate prolate strains (K=6) and bulk chemical data suggest that mylonitization was isochemical or involved volume loss. Therefore, ductile shearing in the Waterman Hills involved true constrictional strain at the grain scale. Immediately to the southeast in the Mitchel Range, the lateral continuation of the shear zone is more than 1000 m thick and primarily involves lithologically heterogeneous pre-Tertiary basement. The mylonitic fabric comprises a well-developed foliation and NE-trending stretching lineation. Rf/o strain analysis was applied to grain shapes of cataclasized and strongly altered garnet porphyroclasts in a peraluminous granite. In contrast to the Waterman Hills, finite strains in these L-S-tectonites approximate plane strain (K = 1.1). However, the mylonitic fabric is strongly folded about axes uniformly oriented subparallel to the stretching lineation. The coaxial folds range from open to isoclinal. We interpret the folds to have nucleated with axes parallel to the stretching lineation during mylonitization and to have accomplished Y-axis shortening in the shear zone. Macroscopic folds of the brittle detachment spatially correspond to open folds in the ductile shear zone, suggesting that Y-axis shortening continued after the fault zone had reached the brittle regime. Corrugations and folds oriented subparallel to the transport direction are characteristic features of fault zones in Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Therefore, constrictional strain may be common in core complexes. Strain compatibility with upper plate rocks in core complexes may be maintained by Y-axis shortening along conjugate strike slip faults. A nearly uniaxial stress field (σ3 < σ2 ≈ σ1) is consistent with most of the structures formed in Basin and Range extension and could generate the observed constrictional strain.
ABSENCE OF STEROLS IN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE.

STEROLS are widely distributed in Nature, but they have not so far been detected in bacteria1. Among the higher plants and algae which have been examined, only the primitive blue-green algae (division, Cyanophyta) have been reported to lack sterols2. The blue-green algae represent an interesting borderline case taxonomically, because their mode of photosynthesis is of the advanced or plant type, whereas their morphology is similar to that of the bacteria. It was felt, therefore, that the blue-green algae should be re-examined for sterols with more sensitive modern methods. Analysing three representative species of cyanophycean algae by a combination of tracer and gas-chromatographic techniques we have failed, like earlier investigators2, to obtain any evidence for the presence of sterols in these organisms.
Exacerbation of perihematomal edema and sterile meningitis with intraventricular administration of tissue plasminogen activator in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with a poor outcome. External ventricular drainage together with clot lysis through intrathecal tissue plasminogen activator (IT-tPA) has been proposed as a promising therapy. However, recent experimental work has implicated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the pathogenesis of cerebral edema. Methods We reviewed the records of all patients with IVH caused by primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent external ventricular drainage without surgical evacuation between January 2001 and June 2008. Of these 30 patients, we identified 13 who received IT-tPA. The remaining 17 patients served as controls. Hemorrhage, edema volume, and IVH score were determined on admission and by follow-up computed tomographic scans for 96 hours after admission. Discharge outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale. Results There were no significant differences between the treatment and controls in terms of age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Graeb and LeRoux IVH scores, or intracerebral hemorrhage volume on admission. IT-tPA resulted in more rapid clearance of IVH as determined by the 96-hour decrease in both the Graeb IVH score (tPA, 3.00 +/- .55; control, 1.00 +/- 0.57; P = .05) and the LeRoux IVH score (tPA, 6.2 +/- 0.80; control, 2.25 +/- 1.32; P = .05). Patients treated with IT-tPA demonstrated significantly larger peak ratios of edema to intracerebral hemorrhage volume (1.24 +/- 0.14 vs 0.70 +/- 0.08 in controls; P = .002). Additionally, increased rates of sterile meningitis (46% vs 12%; P = .049) and a trend toward shunt dependence (38% vs 6%; P = .06) were observed in the tPA cohort. Nevertheless, no significant differences in outcome at discharge or length of hospital stay were observed between cohorts. Conclusion Although IT-tPA hastens the resolution of IVH, it may worsen perihematomal edema formation. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and to determine whether outcome is adversely affected by IT-tPA administration.
Sticky Platelet Syndrome: A Common Cause of Unexplained Arterial and Venous Thrombosis

Sticky platelet syndrome (SPS) was first described in 1983. However, not until 1995 did the prevalence of SPS receive significant recognition in the medical literature. In 1995 we began to routinely add an SPS evaluation to patients re ferred for assessment for causation of arterial and venous thromboses to a large thrombosis hemostasis referral center. The results of our first 2-year experience suggest SPS to be a common cause of arterial and venous thromboses. With respect to otherwise unexplained venous thrombosis, the prevalence of SPS approximates that of activated protein C resistance (APC- R). During the past 24 months, we have evaluated 153 patients referred for evaluation of unexplained arterial or venous events. An evaluation for common and uncommon blood coagulation protein defects and SPS has been applied to these patients. It has been found that SPS accounted for about 21 % of otherwise unexplained arterial events (acute myocardial infarction, cere brovascular thrombosis, transient cerebral i...
Lower limb cellulitis and its mimics: Part I. Lower limb cellulitis

An aging population and obesity have both contributed to a rising incidence of lower limb cellulitis; the most important predisposing factors include older age, obesity, venous insufficiency, saphenous venectomy, and edema. Streptococci are the most commonly implicated pathogen, and often reside in the interdigital toes spaces. Any disruption of the skin surface can allow the organism to invade. Effective management requires an appropriate antibiotic and attention to the predisposing factors. This article summarizes the epidemiology and treatment of this common infection.
An Uncertain Destiny: Indian Captivities on the Upper Connecticut River

The prospect of being taken captive by Indians was one of the greatest terrors for pioneers on the American frontier. From seventeenth-century Massachusetts to twentieth-century Hollywood, Indian captivity has been regarded as a fate worse than death, and western frontiersmen advocated saving the last bullet for oneself to prevent it. Whites inhabiting the trans-Mississippi west in the nineteenth century had in fact every reason to dread falling into Indian hands and a good idea of what was in store for them: among the nomadic tribes of the Great Plains, male captives were tortured (before being put to death), female captives were invariably subjected to sexual and physical abuse and generally condemned to a life of drudgery, while captive children might be killed out of hand or taken into the tribe. In the northeastern woodlands, however, the fate in store for whites captured by Indians was by no means so certain. A study of the experiences and narratives of captives on the upper Connecticut River during the era of Indian raids from Canada suggests that to be captured by Indians in northern New England was a terrifying and traumatic experience, but was certainly no guarantee of death, torture, abuse, or even mistreatment.
Performance optimization of integrated network control schemes in packet-switched networks

Integrated schemes of routing, flow control, and congestion control in packet-switched networks are investigated for performance optimization. After the control parameters and objective function are introduced, an efficient method is derived to compute the gradient vector and Hessian matrix of such an objective function. The method, used with a general nonlinear programming strategy, solves this nonlinear optimization problem. Several examples which showed efficient and stable behavior were investigated. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with exact values and are shown to be accurate. >
The Virtues of Republican Citizenship in Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy

What are the virtues of a good citizen? This article argues that Machiavelli takes a skeptical view of the Roman social virtues, and especially certain aspects of fides, in light of their strong association with clientelism. Attentive to how these “virtues” have been used by elites to amass significant extralegal powers, Machiavelli urges his readers to condemn them as the political vices they actually are. As part of this effort, he re-examines a classic exemplum of Roman virtue, Manlius Torquatus, both to expose how personal loyalties can endanger republican liberty and to develop a new portrait of good citizenship in which “unsociable” traits assume a central place.
Correlation between oxysterol consumption and heart disease

Fred A Kummerow speaks to Hannah Wilson, Assistant Commissioning Editor Fred A Kummerow is a 98-year-old emeritus professor of comparative biosciences at the University of Illinois (USA). Kummerow has spent over six decades studying lipid biochemistry trying to explain the primary causes of heart disease. His research contradicts commonly held notions about the role of dietary cholesterol. Over his lengthy career, Kummerow has painstakingly collected and analyzed the findings that together reveal the underlying mechanisms linking oxidized fat to heart disease. He is a long-time advocate for a ban on trans fats in food and filed a petition with the US FDA to that regard in 2009.
Optimum power allocation and control for OFDM in multiple access channels

This paper considers optimal power allocation in a multiple access channel, where multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is employed. We propose a power allocation algorithm for minimizing the sum of transmitted powers, when each of users in a multiple access cell has a desired data rate. The optimal power allocation can be found very efficiently by an iterative algorithm. The minimum sum power and the convergence behavior turn out to be strongly dependent on the decoding order of the users. We describe the best ordering scheme that provides the global minimum of the sum power. To cope with channel variation in a slowly time-varying channel, we also propose a power control algorithm that modifies the allocated power. In short, the power allocation algorithm assigns optimal power to each user for the initial channel information, and the power control algorithm tracks the channel variation after the initial power allocation.
Case for blending pedigrees, genograms and ecomaps: nursing's contribution to the 'big picture'.

Abstract In the 21st century, knowledge of genetics is closely linked to the ability to provide good care for all patients, not just the few with uncommon genetic diseases. The authors suggest that what is needed in nursing is a comprehensive, three generation pedigree that records a patient's medical, social and environmental history, thereby communicating a ‘big picture’ scenario for holistic nursing care. The case is made for blending pedigrees, genograms and ecomaps. Such a tool can guide risk factor identification and inform patient and family clinical decisions vis-a-vis care management strategies, psychosocial support and education for reproductive decisions, risk reduction, and the prevention, screening, diagnosis, referral and long-term management of disease. Pedigrees, genograms and ecomaps are defined, and their clinical application and reliability are described. A case example that blends these tools is presented. Ethical, legal, educational and research implications are discussed.
JPEG estimated spectrum adaptive postfilter using image-adaptive Q-tables and Canny edge detectors

The Estimated Spectrum Adaptive Postfilter (ESAP) combines several techniques to improve both the objective and subjective quality of low bit-rate JPEG gray-scale images. ESAP uses image-adaptive DCT Quantization Matrices for image encoding. After decoding, ESAP estimates 2-D pixel-adaptive bandwidths directly from the dequantized DCT coefficients. It then combines this information with directional Canny edge detectors to control a 2-D spatially-adaptive non-linear postfilter h[n/sub 1/, n/sub 2/] that significantly reduces the DCT blocking artifacts. ESAP exploits the Human Visual System (HVS) spatial frequency masking characteristics. Based on the HVS tolerance to quantisation errors in the high frequency regions, ESAP performs directional filtering parallel to the edges and no filtering across the edges, subject to filter design constraints. It adaptively filters low frequency regions to minimize blocking and restores the natural smoothness without noticeably reducing the fidelity of the true edges of the image. The non-edges are postfiltered with separable non-directional adaptive lowpass filters while the edges are postfiltered with non-separable directional lowpass filters. ESAP generally improves the PSNR 1 to 2.75 dB over baseline JPEG, and yields subjective improvement as well. ESAP relies on a DFT analysis of the DCT and is compliant with the Independent JPEG Group (IJG) Version 5b Release.
Distribution of Excited Species in a Helium Plasma Flame During the Destruction of Carbon Tetrachloride at Atmospheric Pressure

The distribution of excited species in a helium plasma torch is studied during the introduction of carbon tetrachloride in the main gas. This paper provides information on the processes occurring in the plasma. The method uses a fast high-resolution acquisition setup, as well as a new data processing procedure based on the Abel inversion technique that provides the radial profile of thin plasmas.
An integrated approach towards identifying age-related mechanisms of slip initiated falls

The causes of slip and fall accidents, both in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic factors and their associations are not yet fully understood. Successful intervention solutions for reducing slip and fall accidents require a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved. Before effective fall prevention strategies can be put into practice, it is central to examine the chain of events in an accident, comprising the exposure to hazards, initiation of events and the final outcome leading to injury and disability. These events can be effectively identified and analyzed by applying epidemiological, psychophysical, biomechanical and tribological research principles and methodologies. In this manuscript, various methods available to examine fall accidents and their underlying mechanisms are presented to provide a comprehensive array of information to help pinpoint the needs and requirements of new interventions aimed at reducing the risk of falls among the growing elderly population.
Production of Complex Human Glycoproteins in Yeast

We report the humanization of the glycosylation pathway in the yeast Pichia pastoris to secrete a human glycoprotein with uniform complex N-glycosylation. The process involved eliminating endogenous yeast glycosylation pathways, while properly localizing five active eukaryotic proteins, including mannosidases I and II, N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases I and II, and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine transporter. Targeted localization of the enzymes enabled the generation of a synthetic in vivo glycosylation pathway, which produced the complex human N-glycan N-acetylglucosamine2-mannose3-N-acetylglucosamine2 (GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2). The ability to generate human glycoproteins with homogeneous N-glycan structures in a fungal host is a step toward producing therapeutic glycoproteins and could become a tool for elucidating the structure-function relation of glycoproteins.
Disequilibrium and gait disorders in older people

Disequilibrium is typically described as a feeling of dizziness when standing or walking that is not present while sitting or lying down. Since dizziness is such a common symptom in older people, the symptom may be dismissed as a normal aging phenomenon. On the other hand, the patient may be inappropriately given nonspecific treatment for dizziness such as meclizine or diazepam, which may worsen the condition, due to sedation.
Hall cell energy recovery and anode pre-heating, gauging the opportunity

Anode pre-heating was proposed as an alternative for recycling waste heat from smelting operations, which currently consume substantially more energy than the theoretical minimum required. Aside from direct electricity savings, anode pre-heating can provide extra metal production and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Public data on energy and aluminum production is analyzed to examine the value of these three potential components and define a research development path. It is concluded that indirect process gains show the most potential value with economies on the order of 3 TWh per year in electricity, an avoidance of about 1.8 million metric tons of CO2 emissions, and an increase in production capacity of about 200,000 metric tons of aluminum per year without any expansion of installed capacity.
Parallel computing to start the millennium

We describe the experience of three undergraduate computer science programs offering courses on parallel computing. In particular, we offer three different solutions to the problem of equipping a lab and discuss how those solutions may impact the content of the course.
3D Shape Context Based Gesture Analysis Integrated with Tracking using Omni Video Array

In this paper we introduce a multilayer cylindrical histogram based feature space for representing 3D shape context of human body. Dynamics of gestures are analyzed using discrete hidden Markov models (DHMM) with quantized feature vectors. Extensive experimental trials with multiple subjects and a range of gesture classes are presented. Gesture recognition accuracies of over 85% (for nine gestures, and 9 subjects) and over 95% (for seven gestures) support the basic feasibility and robustness of the approach.