cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered Functional Connectivity Strength in Abstinent Chronic Cocaine Smokers Compared to Healthy Controls

Past research involving cocaine and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) has shown altered functional connectivity within the frontal and between the frontal and other cortical and subcortical brain regions in chronic users of cocaine. However, there have been discrepancies in literature regarding the relationship between RSFC between brain regions and cocaine use behavior. This study explored the RSFC between brain regions in cocaine smokers abstinent from cocaine use for 72 h and healthy controls. Also, the relationship between RSFC between brain regions and various cocaine use measures (cocaine use duration; frequency, and money spent on cocaine/week) was examined. Twenty chronic cocaine users and 17 controls completed a resting-state scan and an anatomical MPRAGE scan. Group independent component analysis performed on functional magnetic resonance imaging data identified 13 ICs pertaining to distinct resting-state networks, and group-level differences were examined. To examine inter-network functional connectivity between brain regions, these 13 ICs were divided into 61 distinct regions of interest (ROIs). Correlations were calculated between 61 ROI time series. For the ROI pairs that significantly differed from controls in connectivity strength, correlations were computed between connectivity strength and cocaine use measures. Results showed an enhanced RSFC within the sensory motor cortex and the left frontal-parietal network in cocaine users than controls. An increased inter-network RSFC between frontal-temporal and frontal-parietal brain regions, and a decreased RSFC between parietal-parietal, occipital-limbic, occipital-occipital, and occipital-parietal brain regions was found in cocaine users. This study demonstrated that intra-network connectivity strength of sensory motor cortex was negatively correlated with years of cocaine use. Inter-network connectivity strength between occipital-limbic brain regions was positively correlated with years of cocaine use, while connectivity strength within occipital brain regions was negatively related to cocaine use frequency and money spent on cocaine per week in abstinent cocaine users.
Symptomatic Perihepatic Fluid Collections After Hepatic Resection in the Modern Era.

Improvements in liver surgery have led to decreased mortality rates. Symptomatic perihepatic collections (SPHCs) requiring percutaneous drainage remain a significant source of morbidity. A single institution’s prospectively maintained hepatic resection database was reviewed to identify patients who underwent hepatectomy between January 2004 and February 2012. Data from 2173 hepatectomies performed in 2040 patients were reviewed. Overall, 200 (9 %) patients developed an SPHC, the majority non-bilious (75.5 %) and infected (54 %). Major hepatic resections, larger than median blood loss (≥360 ml), use of surgical drains, and simultaneous performance of a colorectal procedure were associated with an SPHC on multivariate analysis. Non-bilious, non-infected (NBNI) collections were associated with lower white blood cell (WBC) counts, absence of a bilio-enteric anastomosis, use of hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP), and presence of metastatic disease, and resolved more frequently with a single interventional radiology (IR) procedure (85 vs 46.5 %, p < 0.001) more quickly (15 vs 30 days, p = 0.001). SPHCs developed in 9 % of patients in a modern series of hepatic resections, and in one third were non-bilious and non-infected. In the era of modern interventional radiology, the need for re-operation for SPHC is exceedingly rare. A significant proportion of minimally symptomatic SPHC patients may not require drainage, and strategies to avoid unnecessary drainage are warranted.
Control of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in Chicken Breast Meat by Irradiation Combined with Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Salmonella is one of the leading causes of human foodborne illnesses originating from meat and poultry products. Cross-contamination of Salmonella from raw to cooked products continues to be problematic in the food industry. Therefore, new intervention strategies are needed for meat and poultry products. Vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) are common packaging techniques used to extend the shelf life of meat products. Irradiation has been well established as an antibacterial treatment to reduce pathogens on meat and poultry. Combining irradiation with high-CO2+CO MAP was investigated in this study for improving the control of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on chicken breast meat. The radiation sensitivities (D10-values) of this pathogen in chicken breast meat were found to be similar in vacuum and in high-CO2+CO MAP (0.55 ± 0.03 kGy and 0.54 ±0.03 kGy, respectively). Irradiation at 1.5 kGy reduced the Salmonella population by an average of 3 log. Some Salmonella cells survived in both vacuum an...
The Dimensions of New Product Planning

Models employed in the analysis and planning of four critical areas of new product management are reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed on the role these models play in improving information...
DOES STATIN THERAPY PREVENT NEOATHEROSCLEROSIS

Emerging evidence suggests in-stent neoatherosclerosis (NA) as an important mechanism for late stent failure. Although statin therapy has been shown beneficial for native vessel atherosclerosis, whether it prevents or delays NA is unknown. We identified 211 patients with 251 stents who underwent
A 0.2–2.6GHz instantaneous frequency-to-voltage converter in 90nm CMOS

This paper presents a novel architecture for detecting the frequency of sinusoidal or square-wave signals with a short settling time. The architecture is based on detecting consecutive rising edges of the input signal and is able to generate a dc voltage proportional to the signal frequency in a time as short as only one input cycle. Measurements show that it can detect signals with frequencies up to 2.6 GHz. The chip is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS process. The total die area is 0.132 mm2 and consumes 6.5 mW from a 1-V power supply.
Discussion on Safety Quality Management of Medical Devices

Objective To analyze the defects of medical devices of clinical trial or verification in pre-markets and to explore the evaluation of safety quality management of medical devices in markets.Methods Combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis is used to discuss the defects of medical devices of clinical trial in pre-markets and the manners of safety quality management of medical devices.Results Management of medical devices for safety and quality is to be achieved by means of reports of adverse events,recall and follow-up of medical devices.Conclusion Reports of adverse events,recall and follow-up after medical devices entering markets,are the important aspects in evaluation of safety,efficacy and quality management of medical devices.
Primary Care Evaluation and Management of Gastroenterologic Issues in Women

Gastrointestinal disorders often present to the primary care setting where initial preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies are implemented. This article reviews the presentation and diagnosis of common gastrointestinal disorders, including colorectal cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, gallbladder disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and Barrett's esophagus. We focus on the evaluation and management of these diseases in women.
Potential Safeguards Applications of Fast Neutron Hodoscope Radiography

The accurate determination of fissile content is essential to domestic and international safeguards of nuclear fuel. Experience gained with the fast-neutron hodoscope at the U.S. Department of Energy reactor TREAT indicates a sensitivity of 1 g of fuel out of a kg. The actual unanticipated absence of less than 1 g of mixed oxide was found in one instance; in fact, all prior forms of quality control, including mass measurements, x-ray radiography, and neutron radiography had failed to detect the deficit. Although the means utilized for uncovering this particular deficiency is a large fixed installation, the generic principles of using a neutron-induced source for digital radiography with an array of fast-neutron detectors operated in a scanning mode are applicable to many other situations. For example, a modest-size detector array could be installed at reactor or neutron sources to achieve equivalent sensitivity with longer operating times.
CONTRAST-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF GYNECOLOGIC DISORDERS

Although standard MR imaging techniques can provide most of the important diagnostic information needed for studies of the female pelvis, intravenous contrast and bowel contrast agents can provide critical ancillary information in selected patients. Imaging techniques and diagnostic principles related to the use of these agents for gynecologic disorders are discussed.
The Team Meeting on a Rapid Turnover Psychiatric Ward: Clinical Illustration of a Model for Stages of Group Development

This article illustrates stages of group development in a semi-structured team meeting of staff and patients in an inpatient psychiatric unit. Clinical material drawn from such a group at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center is presented in support of the view that, even in a rapid-turnover ward, group process in a mixed-level, mixed-diagnosis "ward meeting" follows some predictable lines and responds to the articulation of certain predictable concerns. Garland's (1981) model of group development is adapted to show the cyclical nature of group process in a teaching hospital, where doctors as well as patients may make only brief stays. Effective leadership strategies are suggested.
Localization of the delta opioid receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdalar complex: role in anxiety

It is well established that central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems are important mediators of behavioral responses to stressors. More recent studies have defined a role for delta opioid receptors (DOPR) in maintaining emotional valence including anxiety. The amygdala plays an important role in processing emotional stimuli, and has been implicated in the development of anxiety disorders. Activation of DOPR or inhibition of CRF in the amygdala reduces baseline and stress-induced anxiety-like responses. It is not known whether CRF- and DOPR-containing amygdalar neurons interact or whether they are regulated by NE afferents. Therefore, this study sought to better define interactions between the CRF, DOPR and NE systems in the basolateral (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of the male rat using anatomical and functional approaches. Irrespective of the amygdalar subregion, dual immunofluorescence microscopy showed that DOPR was present in CRF-containing neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that DOPR was localized to both dendritic processes and axon terminals in the BLA and CeA. Semi-quantitative dual immunoelectron microscopy analysis of gold-silver labeling for DOPR and immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF revealed that 55 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the BLA while 67 % of the CRF neurons analyzed contained DOPR in the CeA. Furthermore, approximately 41 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted BLA neurons that expressed CRF while 29 % of DOPR-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that expressed CRF. Triple label immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that DOPR and CRF were co-localized in common cellular profiles that were in close proximity to NE-containing fibers in both subregions. These anatomical results indicate significant interactions between DOPR and CRF in this critical limbic region and reveal that NE is poised to regulate these peptidergic systems in the amygdala. Functional studies were performed to determine if activation of DOPR could inhibit the anxiety produced by elevation of NE in the amygdala using the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. Administration of the DOPR agonist, SNC80, significantly attenuated elevated anxiogenic behaviors produced by yohimbine as measured in the rat on the elevated zero maze. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate the convergence of three important systems, NE, CRF, and DOPR, in the amygdala and provide insight into their functional role in modulating stress and anxiety responses.
Research Plan and Data Collection Procedure at the Programs

The idea of a large-scale study to investigate the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment developed from a series of research review conferences sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) during the mid-1980s. In these Research Analysis and Utilization System (RAUS) reviews,1 the question arose as to “what extent should we invest in large-scale studies of process and effectiveness vs. smaller, program-based research?” Although a consensus was not reached by the assembled researchers as to how to answer this question, the need for multiprogram studies of treatment effectiveness was discussed. Therefore these RAUS discussions laid the groundwork for potential support of this study.
School-Based HIV/STD Testing Behaviors and Motivations Among Black and Hispanic Teen MSM: Results From a Formative Evaluation

BACKGROUND This evaluation explores experiences with, and motivations for, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing among black and Hispanic school-aged young men who have sex with men (YMSM). METHODS Participants were recruited at community-based organizations that serve YMSM in New York City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Eligible participants were 13- to 19-year-old black or Hispanic males who reported attraction to or sexual behavior with other males and/or identified as gay or bisexual, and attended at least 90 days of school in the previous 18 months. Participants (N = 415) completed web-based questionnaires and/or in-depth interviews (N = 32). RESULTS In the past year, 72.0% of questionnaire participants had been tested for HIV, 13.5% of them at school or school clinic. Participants reported that they would be more likely to get an HIV test if they could be tested close to or at school (34.4%), and 64.4% would use HIV testing if offered in schools. Most interview participants reported willingness to use school-based services if they were offered nonjudgmentally, privately, and confidentially by providers with experience serving YMSM. CONCLUSION Schools can provide opportunities to make HIV and STD testing accessible to school-aged YMSM, but the services must be provided in ways that are comfortable to them.
Factors associated with substance use in older homeless adults: Results from the HOPE HOME study.

Background: The median age of the single adult homeless population is 50 and rising. Although the prevalence of substance use decreases as individuals age, older adults now have a higher prevalence...
Neonatal Perforated Appendicitis Attributed to Localized Necrotizing Enterocolitis of the Appendix: A Review.

Neonatal appendicitis is a rare clinical entity associated with remarkable morbidity and mortality. Appen¬dicular perforation is common and the diagnosis is usually made intra-operatively. The causative etiology of neonatal perforated appendicitis (NPA) is a subject of debate and has not been elucidated. Although many etiologic theories exist, increasing evidence suggests a subset of NPA cases may represent a form of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) localized to the appendix. We herein present a review of the current litera¬ture to include cases of NPA attributed to localized NEC. A high index of clinical suspicion and early laparotomy are recommended.
Subcutaneous implant-based breast reconstruction, a modern challenge in postmastectomy radiation planning

Abstract Purpose A growing trend in breast reconstruction has been placement of tissue expanders in the pre pectoral space. This is a change from the practice of placement under the pectoralis major with or without an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) sling. The move toward pre pectoral placement with an ADM wrap has the intent of decreasing post-operative pain and decreasing animation deformities. The cosmesis of pre pectoral reconstructions in the setting of post mastectomy radiation has also appeared improved in our early experience, when compared to submuscular reconstructions. We sought to review the risks and benefits of this technique in the setting of post mastectomy radiation. Methods and materials Cases of ADM wrapped prepectoral tissue expander breast reconstructions in patients needing postmastectomy radiation therapy were reviewed in a single institution. Results Thirty patients were treated with ADM wrapped prepectoral tissue expanders. On review of radiation plans, there were patients with anatomical variations, for whom standard dosimetric criteria were not met with partially wide tangent fields. Use of a medial electron field matched to steep photon tangents was not advised due to undercoverage of the tumor bed related to implant placement. Boost treatment was also omitted as a result of concerns regarding the implant location. Conclusions While new advances in plastic surgery may improve on cosmetic outcomes for breast cancer patients, increased discussion with radiation oncologists is needed to appropriately select candidates for these procedures. Prospective trials are necessary to ensure that these new techniques do not compromise oncologic outcomes.
Environmental Responsibility, External Assurance, and Firm Valuation

SUMMARY We provide new evidence in examining whether external auditors price environmental responsibility initiatives when performing the audit of financial statements. We also examine how investor...
Person-Centered Care: Opportunities and Challenges for Academic Dental Institutions and Programs.

Many readers may be familiar with patient-centered care, but they may not be familiar with the concept of person-centered care. Person-centered care implies knowing the patient as a person, not as just another patient or as a clinical requirement in dental school. Person-centered care gains the trust of the patient and is meaningful to the person because it respects his or her values, preferences, needs, and beliefs, emphasizing the individual’s freedom of choice while promoting emotional and physical comfort. This article describes the concept of person-centered care, compares person-centered care with patient- and student-centered care, presents a vision of person-centered care in a clinic setting, discusses its opportunities and challenges in general, and outlines future topics of interest for the academic, research, and practicing dental communities, including opportunities for in-depth reviews and guidelines.
Online DEKF for State Estimation in Semi-Batch Free-Radical Polymerization Reactors

Abstract In this work, a dynamic filter for nonlinear systems is implemented for on-line sate estimation, dynamic data reconciliation, molar mass distribution (MMD) monitoring, and feedback control of polymerization processes. A discrete-time extended Kalman filter (DEKF) is designed for a free-radical polymerization reaction that synthetizes polyacrylamide using potassium persulfate as initiator in a semi-batch reactor. For improving the performance of the filter, its free parameters are tuned using a metaheuristic technique. The Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization reactions (ACOMP) is used for obtaining online measurement values in various experiments. Total moles of monomer, initiator and solvent and the corresponding moments of the dead polymers are estimated by the DEKF using weight average molecular weight, monomer concentration and reactor volume as real-time measurements. State estimation permits to estimate polymer properties that cannot be measured directly while reconciling measured values. A tailor made filter/controller module is formulated and implemented in Python environment supporting multiple programming paradigms such as object-oriented and functional programming styles.
Epidemiology of Mental Illness and Maladaptive Behavior in Intellectual Disabilities

The following chapter discusses a literature review on the epidemiology of psychopathology in intellectual disabilities (ID), with a focus on research published since 2000. Substantial differences in prevalence and incidence estimates across publications due to methodological discrepancies are a concern but some of the more recent studies from Australia and some European countries (foremost the UK) show noticeable technical improvements. In summary, prevalence of global mental illness across all ID levels, sex, and age ranged from roughly 16% to 54%. Psychopathology in children with ID was 4.8 and 4.5 times higher than in typically developing comparison groups. Maladaptive behavior prevalence ranged from 0.1% to 23% (aggressive behavior 6% to 32%, self-injurious behavior 4% to 21%, and destructive behavior 2% to 19%). While the presence of a mental illness does not seem to be associated with cognitive functioning levels, maladaptive behavior is strongly negatively correlated, especially self-injurious and stereotyped behavior. Age does not affect the presence of mental illness while challenging behaviors increase from childhood to early or mid adulthood, before diminishing as people age. While sex does not predict general mental illness, evidence points to a male predominance in aggressive and destructive behavior. Comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a risk factor for concurrent mental illness and challenging behaviors. There is growing evidence that certain forms of psychopathology may be phenotypic for certain chromosomal conditions. Vulnerability for psychopathology in ID, as in the general population, is a function of complex interactions of often still poorly understood factors that include neurobiological substrates, personal characteristics, and socioeconomic circumstances.
Social Casework and Strategic Therapy

Social workers who see themselves as strategic or structural family therapists too often disregard the conceptual contributions of early social casework. One explanation for this disregard may be f...
Investigating precipitation extremes in South Carolina with focus on the state's October 2015 precipitation event

The October 2015 precipitation event in the Southeastern United States brought large amounts of rainfall to South Carolina, with particularly heavy amounts in Charleston and Columbia. The subsequen...
Multispectral Wavefront Sensing for Characterizing Spatiotemporal Coupling in Ultrashort Pulses

A multispectral wavefront sensor is presented based on a lateral shearing interferometry technique and a multispectral image sensor. The measurement of first-order spatiotemporal coupling effects agrees well with the expectation.
Vapor Precooling in a Pulse Tube Liquefier

Experiments were performed to study the effects of introducing vapor into a dewar where a coaxial pulse tube refrigerator was used as a liquefier in the neck of the dewar. We were concerned about how the introduction of vapor might impact the refrigeration load as the vapor barrier in the neck of the dewar is disturbed. Three experiments were performed where the input power to the cooler was held constant and the nitrogen liquefaction rate was measured. The first test introduced the vapor at the top of the dewar neck. Another introduced the vapor directly to the cold head through a small tube, leaving the neck vapor barrier undisturbed. The third test placed a heat exchanger partway down the regenerator where the vapor was pre-cooled before being liquefied at the cold head. This experiment also left the neck vapor barrier undisturbed. Compared to the test where the vapor was introduced directly to the cold head, the heat exchanger test increased the liquefaction rate by 12.0%. The experiment where vapor was introduced at the top of the dewar increased the liquefaction rate by 17.2%. A computational fluid dynamics model was constructed of the dewar neck and liquefier to show how the regenerator outer wall acted as a pre-cooler to the incoming vapor steam, eliminating the need for the heat exchanger.
Preconditioning for SAH

This chapter summarizes both clinical and experimental conditioning modalities for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), especially the types of conditioning for SAH, potential clinical applications and strategies, conditioning modalities for traumatic brain injury-induced SAH, mechanisms of conditioning-induced protection, selection for outcome measurement of conditioning effects, and ongoing clinical trials and future directions.
Trends of hospitalization for multiple myeloma patients: Insights from the national inpatient sample database.

e20015Background: The prevalence of multiple myeloma (MM) in the US has increased from 50,484 cases in 2002 to 118,539 cases in 2014 per the SEER database. Overall survival has improved with the ad...
Self-Propulsion and Active Motion of Janus Ellipsoids.

The propulsion of platinum-coated polystyrene prolate ellipsoids, as generated by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, is characterized by direct visualization of the trajectories of the a...
Public Health at the Zimbabwean Border: Medicalizing Migrants and Contesting Colonial Institutions, 1890-1960

As colonial powers in Africa consolidated their authority, borders became significant areas of focus for nascent colonial administrations. Border monitoring and regulation sought to control the cross-border movements of people, animals, and goods for varied reasons, including public health. In Zimbabwe, colonial public health measures at the border comprised the “medicalization” of African migrants, perceived by colonial authorities as diseased. These measures involved medical inspections or examinations, diagnosis, treatment, vaccinations or immunizations, and detention and quarantine, relating to diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, plague, tuberculosis, smallpox, and syphilis. Yet, while colonial authorities in Zimbabwe advanced these explanations for regulating borders, some African migrants crossing the Zimbabwean border from neighboring countries often had their own understandings of the medical encounter and imperial boundaries. They questioned colonial governments’ motives, contesting both public health measures and the border itself, both of which they considered oppressive and discriminatory.
Supersaturation fluctuations in moist turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection: a two-scalar transport problem

Moist Rayleigh–Benard convection with water saturated boundaries is explored using a One-Dimensional Turbulence model. The system involves both temperature and water vapour pressure as driving scalars. The emphasis of the work is on a supersaturation , a nonlinear combination of and that is crucial to cloud formation. Its mean as well as fluctuation statistics determine cloud droplet growth and therefore precipitation formation and cloud optical properties. To explore the role of relative scalar diffusivities for temperature ( ) and water vapour ( ), three different regimes are considered: , and . Scalar fluxes (Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, ) and their scalings with moist Rayleigh number are consistent with previous studies of one-component convection. Moreover, variances of the scalars in the bulk region increase with their diffusivities and also reasonably follow derived scaling expressions. Eulerian properties plotted in coordinates have a different slope compared to an idealized mixing process. Additionally, the scalars are highly correlated, even in the cases of high relative diffusivities (factor of four) and . Based on the above fact and the scaling relation of the scalars, the supersaturation variance is found to vary approximately as , in agreement with numerical results. Finally, the supersaturation profile in the boundary layer is explored and compares well with scalar boundary layer models. A sharp peak appears in the boundary-layer-supersaturation profile, not only in the variance but also in the mean profile, due to relative diffusivities of the scalars.
Emergence of Water Sensitive Design

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, once had lowlands on both west and east periphery. The west periphery has already taken up by urbanization after constructing the flood embankment and in the eastern periphery it is on process of disappearing very fast. City is now expanding to this area which requires mandatory to keep open and low to take water from city for flooding alleviation. Lack of physical planning is very evident here which causes great degradation of the flooding and water logging situation of the city. At present master planning of the city following subdivision of land and provide little attention about water problem when zoning. Dhaka city was once gifted with rich system of water bodies and lowlands. Vast lowlands in both sides helped rivers to spread over wider area so the depth of flooding could remain low and contribute to balance water level by storing water before discharge into rivers. But, city is expanding drastically by grabbing all the least open areas in and around, and worsening the flooding scenario unbearable. Keeping these issues in mind this paper tried to understand the water system for the city, reasons for water (flooding, water logging) problems, role of eastern lowlands to control city's flooding situation. Finally, some innovative design strategies have been suggested for upcoming unavoidable development by understanding the water system and checking flood problem eventually ensuring environmental quality.
An Anomaly Detection System for the Protection of Relational Database Systems against Data Leakage by Application Programs

Application programs are a possible source of attacks to databases as attackers might exploit vulnerabilities in a privileged database application. They can perform code injection or code-reuse attack in order to steal sensitive data. However, as such attacks very often result in changes in the program’s behavior, program monitoring techniques represent an effective defense to detect on-going attacks. One such technique is monitoring the library/system calls that the application program issues while running. In this paper, we propose AD-PROM, an Anomaly Detection system that aims at protecting relational database systems against malicious/compromised applications PROgraMs aiming at stealing data. AD-PROM tracks calls executed by application programs on data extracted from a database. The system operates in two phases. The first phase statically and dynamically analyzes the behavior of the application in order to build profiles representing the application’s normal behavior. AD-PROM analyzes the control and data flow of the application program (i.e., static analysis), and builds a hidden Markov model trained by the program traces (i.e., dynamic analysis). During the second phase, the program execution is monitored in order to detect anomalies that may represent data leakage attempts. We have implemented AD-PROM and carried experimental activities to assess its performance. The results showed that our system is highly accurate in detecting changes in the application programs’ behaviors and has very low false positive rates.
Multi-energy computed tomography and material quantification: Current barriers and opportunities for advancement

Computed tomography (CT) technology has rapidly evolved since its introduction in the 1970s. It is a highly important diagnostic tool for clinicians as demonstrated by the significant increase in utilization over several decades. However, much of the effort to develop and advance CT applications has been focused on improving visual sensitivity and reducing radiation dose. In comparison to these areas, improvements in quantitative CT have lagged behind. While this could be a consequence of the technological limitations of conventional CT, advanced dual-energy CT (DECT) and photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) offer new opportunities for quantitation. Routine use of DECT is becoming more widely available and PCD-CT is rapidly developing. This review covers efforts to address an unmet need for improved quantitative imaging to better characterize disease, identify biomarkers, and evaluate therapeutic response, with an emphasis on multi-energy CT applications. The review will primarily discuss applications that have utilized quantitative metrics using both conventional and DECT, such as bone mineral density measurement, evaluation of renal lesions, and diagnosis of fatty liver disease. Other topics that will be discussed include efforts to improve quantitative CT volumetry and radiomics. Finally, we will address the use of quantitative CT to enhance image-guided techniques for surgery, radiotherapy and interventions and provide unique opportunities for development of new contrast agents.
Slow oscillation-spindle coupling impairs emotional memory consolidation following stress

Sleep and stress have both been shown to enhance emotional memory consolidation. They also interact, with the largest benefit of sleep on emotional memory being seen when stress occurs either shortly before or after memory encoding. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is believed to be critical for episodic memory consolidation, facilitated by the coupling of slow oscillations and sleep spindles. However, prior work in humans has only demonstrated slow oscillation-spindle coupling to be associated with consolidation of neutral information in non-stressed participants. Whether coupling interacts with stress to facilitate emotional memory consolidation is unknown. To address this exploratory question, we reanalyzed an existing dataset of N=64 individuals. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (n=32) or comparable control (n=32) prior to the encoding of 150 line drawings of neutral, positive, and negative images. All participants then slept overnight with polysomnographic recordings. The next day, they were given a surprise memory test. In the stress group, percentage of time spent in SWS was positively correlated with memory for images of all valences (all r>.35, p .65, p .25). However, the amount of slow oscillation-spindle coupling during SWS was negatively associated with neutral (r=-.45, p=.01) and emotional (r=-.66, p<.001) memory in the stress group. The negative association with emotional memory was significantly stronger than for neutral memory (Meng z=2.04, p=.04). Between stress and control groups, there were no differences in any of the sleep measures assessed. These results highlight the importance of considering sleep microarchitecture events in addition to overall sleep stage time and suggests that stress may alter the relationship between SWS and memory consolidation.
Bifunctional Porphyrins: Redox Photochemistry of [Meso (Tritolyl (Pyridyl Ru(III) (NH3) 4 L’)) Porphyrin] (L’ = NH3, Pyridine, 5-Cl-Pyridine)

A series of difunctional porphyrins have been synthesized Zwhich contain a redox active Ru(III) moiety attached via a meso pyridyl group to a redox photo active porphyrin ie: [meso(tritolyl)(monopyri- dylRu(III) (MH3)4L’) porphyrin] L’ = NH3, pyridine, 5 Cl pyridine. In these complexes, the porphyrin triplet excited state is quenched by intramolecular electron transfer, with rates which depend on ΔG as follows: For L = NH3 ΔE = 0.37Vk = 4 × 10 s−1 L = pyridine. ΔE = 0.55 V k = 1.2 × 105s−1,L3, L = 5 Cl pyridine ΔE = 0.65 V k = 2 × 105 s. Detailed studies of collisional intermolecular quenching of the unsub stituted porphyrin by Ru(III)(NH3)5 pyridine are reported for comparison with the collisionless, intramolecular systems. Interestingly, the intermolecular rate is significantly faster than the intra- molecular process, suggesting an important steric effect in the transition state for electron transfer.
Structural Response Modeling of a Woven Thermal Protection System

Woven thermal protection systems (TPSs) are being developed for extreme heating conditions experienced during hypersonic atmospheric entry. A linear elasticity solver is used to model this new clas...
Seclusion and Restraint of Students with Disabilities: A Recent Circuit Court Case Law Overview

In 2017–2018, a total of 101,990 students were physically restrained, mechanically restrained, or secluded; students with disabilities accounted for 78% of all students physically and/or mechanically restrained. Given the disproportionate use of seclusion and restraint on students with disabilities, this population is at higher risk for injury and potential violations of constitutional rights. The purpose of this review was to analyze recent circuit-level cases involving students with disabilities subjected to seclusion and restraint. We searched Special Ed Connection for circuit-level rulings involving seclusion/ restraint of students with disabilities between January 1st, 2019, and March 19th, 2021. This search yielded a total of seven cases. Of these seven cases, the ninth circuit ruled on three cases, the fifth circuit ruled on two cases, the tenth circuit ruled on one case, and the eleventh circuit ruled on one case. The majority of the cases were heard in the ninth circuit; the following key issues were litigated: (a) appropriate use of restraints and seclusion, (b) qualified immunity and policy use of restraints, and (c) and lack of consistency of policy/procedures across jurisdictions. These rulings underscored the need for (a) federal legislation to address uniformity, (b) targeted training for school personnel/school resource officers to understand the parameters of qualified immunity and police use in school, and (c) access to professional development regarding the appropriate use of seclusion and restraints and the implementations of preventative measures.
Making the financial case for immediate postpartum intrauterine device: a budget impact analysis.

Abstract Background Clinical guidelines support inpatient postpartum intrauterine device insertion; however, inpatient placement remains infrequent, in part due to inconsistent private insurance reimbursement. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore how the payer’s costs and number of unintended pregnancies associated with postpartum intrauterine device differed on the basis of placement timing. Study Design Using a decision tree model, following a hypothetical cohort of people who intend to use an intrauterine device after their delivery, we conducted a cost analysis comparing planned approach of inpatient versus outpatient postpartum insertion. Using a two-year time horizon, probability and cost estimates were derived from literature review. Our primary outcome was total accrued costs to the payer. Secondarily, we examined rates of early repeat pregnancy, and sensitivity to estimates of key inputs including expulsion rates and intrauterine device cost. Results While inpatient intrauterine device placement’s up-front costs were higher, total cost of this approach was lower. Including costs of managing expulsions and complications, our model suggests that for every 1000 people desiring postpartum intrauterine device, intended inpatient intrauterine device placement resulted in a total cost savings of $211,100 and prevention of 37 additional pregnancies as compared to outpatient placement. Inpatient cost savings were superior to outpatient largely due to a known high proportion not returning for outpatient placement, and the resulting higher number of unintended pregnancies among patients desiring outpatient placement. In sensitivity analyses, we found that total cost to the payer was sensitive to the probability of expulsion after immediate postpartum intrauterine device placement. Conclusions For beneficiaries desiring postpartum intrauterine device, payers are likely to save money by fully reimbursing inpatient intrauterine device placement rather than incentivizing placement at the frequently missed postpartum visit. These results support the financial case for private insurers to fully and separately reimburse (i.e. “unbundle” from the single payment for delivery) inpatient postpartum intrauterine device placement.
Not a Hoax: New Evidence in the New York Journal's Rescue of Evangelina Cisneros

Abstract This article offers compelling new evidence about the unprecedented case of “jailbreaking journalism”—the New York Journal's rescue in October 1897 of Evangelina Cossio y Cisneros, an eighteen-year-old Cuban imprisoned in Havana during the rebellion against Spanish colonial rule. The article challenges the persistent view that the escape of Cisneros was a hoax, or what one critic called a “magnificent farce.“In arguing otherwise, the article presents detailed evidence that the rescue was the result of an intricate plan in which Cuba-based U.S. diplomatic personnel and associates took critical roles—roles that have remained obscure for more than one hundred years. In presenting the first detailed account of their participation, the article concludes that it would have been implausible for U.S. diplomatic personnel to have taken the risks they took had the rescue been a sham. Instead, their involvement represents powerful and telling corroboration that the escape was not a hoax.
Constrained preferences in nitrogen uptake across plant species and environments

Knowledge of determining factors for nitrogen uptake preferences and how they are modified in changing environments are critical to understand ecosystem nitrogen cycling and to predict plant responses to future environmental changes. Two ¹⁵N tracer experiments utilizing a unique differential labelled nitrogen source were employed in both African savannas and greenhouse settings. The results demonstrated that nitrogen uptake preferences were constrained by the climatic conditions. As mainly indicated by root δ¹⁵N signatures at 1:1 ammonium/nitrate ratio, in the drier environments, plants preferred nitrate and in the wetter environments they preferred ammonium. Nitrogen uptake preferences were different across different ecosystems (e.g. from drier to wetter environments) even for the same species. More significantly, our experiments showed that the plant progeny continued to exhibit the same nitrogen preference as the parent plants in the field, even when removed from their native environment and the nitrogen source was changed dramatically. The climatic constraint of nitrogen uptake preference is likely influenced by ammonium/nitrate ratios in the native habitats of the plants. The constancy in nitrogen preference has important implications in predicting the success of plant communities in their response to climate change, to seed bank use and to reforestation efforts.
Framing Science in a New Context: What Students Take Away From a Student-Directed Inquiry Curriculum

Student-directed inquiry in science is an important mechanism for helping students develop a repertoire of practices that reflects the work of real scientists. But few studies consider what students “take away” from this type of instruction, i.e., how strategies developed in such curricula transfer into other contexts. Our research addresses this gap by examining how strategies cultivated in a yearlong chemistry curriculum (the originating context) appeared (absent teacher intervention) in a new context with new peers. Dependent upon Lobato's actor-oriented transfer perspective (2006), this mixed-methods study deploys a multilevel analysis of video data collected in six physics classrooms (the new context) during a researcher-designed activity. Results show that absent teacher directives, two classes partially attempted to frame the physics inquiry using strategies cultivated in the original context, and one fully framed the new context using these strategies. This class's successful use of a specific focusing phenomenon (electing student managers) appeared as the key component in this full framing. Significantly, we found that a carefully designed inquiry curriculum can support students’ capacity to (a) organize to work collaboratively, (b) communicate to engage all students in the inquiry investigation, and (c) conduct scientific work that meets disciplinary requirements.
Issues in the Application of High Order Schemes

We argue, in this paper, that the type of simulations to be carried out in the next decade will entail the use of high order schemes.
Nutrient Infusion into the Ileum of Rats Does Not Lower Plasma Lipids or Alter Apolipoprotein mRNA Abundance

Viscous polysaccharides enhance the delivery of nutrients to the ileum. Our objective was to determine if the presence of nutrients in the ileum, in the absence of fiber, alters plasma and hepatic lipids. Twenty-four Wistar male rats weighing 150-160 g were fed a fiber-free purified diet (30% of energy as fat) for 7 d. The small intestine was cannulated 30 cm proximal to the ileo-cecal junction. The animals consumed the purified diet ad libitum and the intestine was infused (3 mL/h) with saline, or an enteral solution contributing 10, 20 or 30% total energy for half of a 12-h feeding period. Infusion was performed for 14 d, after which the animals were killed. The animals adjusted their food intake so that each group had an equivalent energy intake and weight gain over the experimental period. The relative ileal mucosa weight was increased with nutrient infusion indicating hypertrophy. Plasma cholesterol in the nutrient-infused animals tended to be higher than in the saline-infused animals (P < 0.06). Apolipoprotein B and A-IV mRNA were not affected by ileal infusion. Thus, enhanced delivery of nutrients to the ileum, without fiber present in the diet, does not lower plasma cholesterol.
A Unified Semantics for Active and Deductive Databases

These two rule-oriented paradigms of databases have been the focus of extensive research and are now coming of age in the commercial DBMS world. However, the systems developed so far support well only one of the two paradigms—thus limiting the effectiveness of such systems in many applications that require complete integration of both kinds of rules. In this paper, we discuss the technical problems that make such an integration difficult, and trace their roots to a lack of a unified underlying semantics. Then, we review recent advances in the semantics of non-monotonic logic and show that they can be used to unify the foundations of active databases and deductive databases. Finally, we outline the design a new rule language for databases that integrates a deductive system with a trigger-based DBMS.
Stresses and End Cracks in Anchorage Zones of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams

This paper discusses the stresses, strains, and the development of bursting cracks at the end block anchorage zones of post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams. It covers the two stages of loading, namely, the longitudinal prestressing loading stage and the additional transverse loading at the third span point applied during the beam testing stage. The effects of the transverse shear force on the stress/strain distributions and end block cracking of concentrically and eccentrically post-tensioned beams with rectangular anchorage blocks were studied. A three-dimensioanl embeddable strain gage tripod frame was developed and fabricated in this investigation to measure the interior strains in the anchorage blocks of fifteen beams subjected first to initial prestressing and subsequently to additional transverse shear loading. Surface concrete strains were also measured through the use of strain rosettes mounted on the concrete surface at critical locations in the anchor blocks. The measured strains were compared to the analytical strain curves and contours produced by a linear, isotropic, three-dimensional finite element model. The peak lateral bursting stress was found to be greater and located nearer to the bearing surface than the peak transverse bursting stress. The transverse external shear load was generally found to be reaching the peak transverse bursting strain but had little effect on the peak lateral bursting strain. The bursting cracks in the longitudinal direction across the beam lateral thickness as well as the spalling cracks result when the three-dimensional stresses exceed the modulus of rupture of concrete, but can be controlled through the use of adequate vertical reinforcement in the anchorage stress transition zone.