cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Administration of the New Possessions

How to administer such vast territories newly acquired and how to adapt the uncodified ordinances of a primitive Arabian society to the needs of a huge cosmopolitan conglomerate living under a multitude of conditions uncontemplated by the original lawgiver was the great task now confronting Islam. ‘Umar was the first to address himself to this problem. He is represented by tradition as the one who solved it and therefore as the founder of the second theocracy of Islam—a sort of Islamic Utopia—which, however, was not destined to last long.
Dynamic humanoid balance through inertial control

Physical humanoids often require the ability to maintain upright balance while performing various tasks involving locomotion and environmental interaction. Such balance requirements have been difficult to maintain with traditional approaches to articulated motion control. We claim that these difficulties are significantly due the use of parent-space in standard proportional-derivative (PD) servoing, typically requiring highly sophisticated decision making policies to function while maintaining balance. Using inspiration from inverted pendulum robots, we address humanoid balance control through a world-space servoing model. Our model retains the same basic form as the PD-servo, but uses inertial/accelerometer measurements rather potentiometer-like sensing. Our humanoids are able to functionally balance, locomote, and recover without sophisticated decision making. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through simulation experiments involving locomotion, user interaction, ballistic motion, uneven terrain, and dramatic disturbances.
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC PHASES IN FOOD EMULSIONS

Surface tensions of food grade oils, sodium chloride, sucrose, and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate were studied in a temperature range of 20 C to 50 C. Solutes in aqueous solution were varied in concentration. Regression equations were determined for each oil and solution except dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate which exhibited a Type III surfactant response.
Shakespeare and Autism: Reenvisioning Expression, Communication, and Inclusive Communities

The Hunter Heartbeat Method (HHM), created Kelly Hunter, is a theatrical performance-based program designed for children on the autism spectrum. This chapter will describe the practice and processes involved in the implementation of the method and also discuss the recommended programmatic elements that comprise this innovative technique. The HHM features a series of games that bring the unique characteristics of and interactions between Shakespeare’s characters into focus as children on the spectrum portray the characters and tell the story of the selected play. The method transforms the complexities of Shakespeare’s plots into a sequence of games that are specifically tailored to address the communicative challenges that accompany autism.
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation

(1979). One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 256-258.
Hepatitis B virus screening in patients receiving intravenous chemotherapy.

205Background: Patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) who undergo chemotherapy without antiviral prophylaxis may develop HBV reactivation, hepatitis, liver injury, and even death. The University of Illinois Cancer Center (UICC) lacks a standardized guideline for screening patients for HBV prior to chemotherapy initiation. A retrospective chart review was conducted on chemotherapy orders submitted to UICC pharmacy over 4 weeks for both hematological and solid tumor malignancies. Of 63 new orders for intravenous chemotherapy, only 14 patients (22%) underwent HBV screening prior to chemotherapy initiation. We aimed to increase HBV screening from 22% to 50% over 2 months. Methods: A multidisciplinary taskforce comprised of hematology/oncology and hepatology physicians, clinical pharmacy, and nursing was created. An ideal process map was created identifying a clear management schema for HBV screening including differences in screening tests for various populations and management recommendations for positive t...
Successful Quality Assurance Plan for a Large Project

Abstract For the past 2.5 years I have been leading a large software development effort requiring 40,000 plus manhours to complete. The project’s completion is ahead of schedule and under budget. Two important elements lead to the project's success: the software quality assurance plan and the close teamwork between the customer and the vendor. The SQA plan consisted of several phases. Two of the phases were critical: the creation of a project plan and the execution of a prototype. The project plan provided a well documented scope of work that the customer and veridor agreed to up front.It was a baseline for negotiating changes. The ability to cooperatively negotiate changes gave the vendor an effective way to tightly control the project's budget and the schedule. The prototype accelerated the entire project life cycle for a small portion of the total software development effort. It provided a means for the customer and vendor to gain confidence in the project plan and in the vendor's ability to satisfy the customer's requirements. Executing the prototype provided the vendor with the data needed to estimate the budget and schedule required to complete the project and to evaluate the risks involved in the completion of the project.
OB-tree: a new write optimisation index on out-of-core column-store databases

The column-store database is a representative of next generation databases featuring a high reading speed. Write optimisation in the out-of-core column-store database remains a well-known challenge. Timestamped binary association table (or TBAT) and asynchronous out-of-core update (or AOC update) have shown improvements in write performance. However, a common restriction shared by the timestamp-based approaches is that, after a time period of updates, the searching performance will gradually decrease. In this work, we introduce a new index, called Offset B+-tree (or OB-tree), to further improve the data retrieval speed after many updates have taken place. OB-tree is a flexible and robust index that employs a special pointer elimination strategy to reduce the storage costs. Succinctly designed, OB-tree can be easily integrated into existing timestamp-based column-store databases. Extensive experiments show that OB-tree can be efficiently constructed and significantly improves the data retrieval speed on the TBAT even when a large number of updates occurred.
That’s Why the Lady Lost to the Trump: Demographics and the 2016 Presidential Election

I examine the relationship between demographics and vote choice using pre-election tracking polls, exit polls, and data on the American states. A number of important findings emerge: (1) there was ...
Studies on the performance of multi-phased carbon/epoxy composites with nanoclay and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

In this study, both nanoclay and COOH-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were mixed with SC-15 epoxy resin system, individually as well as together, referred as binary nanoparticles. Resulting nanocomposite was used to prepare multi-phase carbon/epoxy composites. Composites were characterized for their thermal, thermo-mechanical, tensile, and flexural properties. Failure modes of tensile and flexural samples were determined through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Properties of multi-phased nanocomposites were compared with those of carbon/epoxy composites with no nanoparticles, referred to as neat samples. While all nanophased samples exhibited better properties compared to the neat samples, composites with binary nanoparticles exhibited the best properties. Their flexural strength and modulus increased about 30 and 31%, respectively. Tensile strength, modulus, and strain to failure increased by about 28, 27, and 40%, respectively. In addition, they exhibited about 40, 44, and 19% improvement in storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature, respectively. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), when measured through thickness, decreased by about 15 and 40%, before and after glass transition temperature, respectively. Morphological and microscopic analyses exhibit higher interfacial adhesion of resin and fibers when matrix is modified with nanoparticles.
Attention and Related Phenomena

Attention implies the direction of the mind to an object, concentration on particular stimuli in a complex, or the state of consciousness characterized by such concentration. Evoked-potential correlates of attention and related phenomena such as vigilance, distraction, and habituation have been explored in numerous studies. The recording of some kinds of event-related potentials, such as the CNV, is contingent upon employing experimental paradigms in which aspects of attention are manipulated (Chapter 3). Indeed, few recording situations can be considered to be free of the influence of variables related to attention. This chapter presents material selected to illustrate some main findings concerning evoked potential correlates of attention. The reader is referred to reviews by Callaway (1966), Naatanen (1967), Tecce (1970), and to the symposium reports edited by Dargent and Dongier (1969) and Donchin and Lindsley (1969) for additional material.
Starch-gel electrophoresis of the soluble lens proteins from normal and galactosemic animals

The soluble proteins of normal calf, rabbit, and rat lenses have been studied by the method of starch-gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic separations of lens homogenates are compared to those of alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins prepared by paper electrophoresis and by precipitation and gel filtration techniques. Rabbit lens solutions are separated into a total of 15 protein zones, rat lens homogenates into 16, and calf into 17. Galactose cataracts which have progressed to the stage of nuclear cataract give rise to altered electrophoretic patterns. The beta and gamma protein zones decrease in staining intensity, while the alpha zone becomes very diffuse and spread out. These changes appear consistent with those observed by other techniques. Rat lenses in the prevacuolar and vacuolar stages of galactose cataract exhibit minor but characteristic alterations of certain beta protein zones. Preliminary studies of possible mechanisms of these changes are reported.
Realigning TRIPS-plus negotiations with UN Sustainable Development Goals

In December 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which featured 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). These goals were developed at a time when countries were busy negotiating TRIPS-plus bilateral, regional and plurilateral agreements. This chapter explores how developing countries could realign these negotiations with the SDGs. It begins by discussing the intersection between these goals and the development of the intellectual property system—at both the domestic and international levels. The chapter then outlines the direct and indirect impediments that the recent and ongoing negotiations for TRIPS-plus trade agreements have placed on the promotion and fulfilment of the SDGs. These agreements include the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. In view of the potential dangers and complications caused by TRIPS-plus intellectual property negotiations, this chapter concludes by identifying six distinct strategies that developing countries may deploy to ensure greater promotion and fulfilment of the SDGs.
1993 directory of mass spectrometry manufacturers and suppliers

A directory of companies which supply mass spectrometers and mass spectrometry components and services. This directory updates an earlier version.
Basal Contamination of Sequencing: Lessons from the GTEx dataset

One of the challenges of next generation sequencing (NGS) is read contamination. We used the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, a large, diverse, and robustly generated dataset, to understand the factors that contribute to contamination. We obtained GTEx datasets and technical metadata and validating RNA-Seq from other studies. Of 48 analyzed tissues in GTEx, 26 had variant co-expression clusters of four known highly expressed and pancreas-enriched genes (PRSS1, PNLIP, CLPS, and/or CELA3A). Fourteen additional highly expressed genes from other tissues also indicated contamination. Sample contamination by non-native genes was associated with a sample being sequenced on the same day as a tissue that natively expressed those genes. This was highly significant for pancreas and esophagus genes (linear model, p=9.5e-237 and p=5e-260 respectively). Nine SNPs in four genes shown to contaminate non-native tissues demonstrated allelic differences between DNA-based genotypes and contaminated sample RNA-based genotypes, validating the contamination. Low-level contamination affected 4,497 (39.6%) samples (defined as ≥10 PRSS1 TPM). It also led to eQTL assignments in inappropriate tissues among these 18 genes. We note this type of contamination occurs widely, impacting bulk and single cell data set analysis. In conclusion, highly expressed, tissue-enriched genes basally contaminate GTEx and other datasets impacting analyses. Awareness of this process is necessary to avoid assigning inaccurate importance to low-level gene expression in inappropriate tissues and cells.
Heart Rate Acquisition and Threshold-Based Training Increases Oxygen Uptake at Metabolic Threshold in Triathletes: A Pilot Study

Exercise intensity is a critical component of the exercise prescription model. However, current research employing various non-specific exercise intensity protocols have reported wide variability in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) improvement after training, suggesting a present lack of consensus regarding optimal heart rate (fC) training zones for maximal athletic performance. This study examined the relationship between percentage of time (%time) spent training between the metabolic (VO2θ) and ventilatory thresholds (VEθ), and the resultant change in markers of aerobic performance. Thirteen (6 males) collegiate club-level triathletes were recruited for eight weeks of remote fC monitoring during all running and cycling sessions. Participants donned a forearm-worn optical fC sensor paired to a smartphone that collected and stored fCs. Subjects were categorized into Low and High groups based on %time spent training between the VO2θ and VEθ. Significant increases were observed in relative VO2max (P = 0.007, g = 0.48), VO2θ (P = 0.018, g = 0.35), and VEθ (P = 0.030, g = 0.29) from baseline after eight weeks for both groups. A 95% bootstrapped confidence interval that did not include zero (-0.38, -0.03; g = 1.26) revealed a large and significantly greater change in VO2θ in the High group (0.37 ± 0.15 L/min) versus the Low group (0.17 ± 0.14 L/min). No significant differences were observed in other variables between groups. Increasing triathletes' %time spent exercising between VO2θ and VEθ may optimize increases in VO2θ after eight weeks of training.
Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

Background Pressure ulcer (PU) is an injury to skin or underlying tissue as a result of pressure or pressure with shear stress. We classify PUs by the level of tissue injury: stage I-IV, unstageable, suspected deep tissue injury. This quality project was aimed to reduce the incidence of PUs > stage II in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit. Methods We reviewed PUs > stage II from March 2010 to December 2017. Interventions included: PU bundle (April 2010, revised January 2013); multidisciplinary huddles for PUs > stage II (October 2011); multidisciplinary weekly skin rounds (March 2010, revised August 2012); unit specific workgroup (October 2012); caregiver input form (December 2012). The PU bundle included diaper barrier cream, pulse oximeter probe rotation, turning schedule, pressure reduction surfaces, heel pressure release, head of the bed elevation. Results Between 2010 and 2014, PUs decreased from 15.7 events per 1,000 patient days to a new baseline of 2.9 events per 1,000 patient days. We have sustained this rate for 3 years. PUs related to immobility decreased from 35 in 2010-2011 to 4 in 2016-2017. PU related to medical devices decreased from 34 in 2010-2011 to 15 in 2016-2017. Conclusions Institution of PU bundle, multidisciplinary weekly skin rounds, and huddles for PUs > stage II reduced PUs related to immobility, allowed for earlier identification of stage II PUs and reduced stage III PUs. Challenges remain in reducing PUs related to medical devices. Importantly, we sustained this improvement over the past 3 years.
Cancer Care in the Era of COVID-19

The increased vulnerability of patients with cancer to COVID-19 and the implementation of stay-at-home orders have made delivery of the normal standard of care challenging. Innovative practices and new guidelines have been developed by cancer centers worldwide to provide high-quality care while also decreasing the risk of infection with the novel coronavirus.
RNA-seq profile of African American men with a clinically localized prostate cancer.

Background Prostate cancer in African American (AA) men has a poor prognosis. This study aimed to identify potential genetic risk factors for prostate cancer in AA men. Methods We used prostate cancer tissue from 61 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. We compared somatic gene expression in Caucasian (CA) and AA men using RNA sequencing. Results By comparing the RNA-seq data obtained from prostate cancer tissue between AA and CA men, this study showed a significant difference in expression levels of 45 genes. Pathway analysis of 45 genes using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomesenrichment analysis revealed a neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction signal. In addition, the results of the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed pathways involved sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. Furthermore, validating 45 genes in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Provisional cohort, cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 expression level was significantly lower in AA than in CA men, and the results showed a significantly higher rate of biochemical recurrence in patients with low expression. Conclusions We identified genetic differences of clinically localized prostate cancer in AAs and CAs by RNA sequencing.
Effect of the aromatic substituent on the para-position of pyridine-bis(oxazoline) sensitizers on the emission efficiency of their EuIII and TbIII complexes.

Two efficient lanthanide ion sensitizers 2,6-bis(oxazoline)-4-phenyl-pyridine (PyboxPh, 1) and 2,6-bis(oxazoline)-4-thiophen-2-yl-pyridine (Pybox2Th, 2) were synthesized. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 16.3794(4) A, b = 7.2856(2) A, c = 11.7073(3) A, β = 97.229(1)° and V = 1385.97(6) A3. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with cell parameters a = 5.9472(2), b = 16.0747(6), c = 14.3716(5) A, β = 93.503(1)° and V = 1371.35(8) A3. Photophysical characterization of 1 shows that its triplet state energy is located at 22 250 cm−1 and efficient energy transfer is observed for EuIII and TbIII. Solutions of [Ln(PyboxPh)3]3+ in dichloromethane display an emission efficiency of 37.2% for LnEu and 24.0% for LnTb. The excited state lifetimes for EuIII and TbIII are 2.227 ms and 723 μs, respectively. The triplet state energy of 2 is located at 19 280 cm−1 and is therefore too low to efficiently sensitize TbIII emission. However, the sensitization of EuIII is effective, with an emission quantum yield of 14.5% and an excited state lifetime of 714 μs. This shows that the derivatization of the chelator is strongly influenced by the aromatic substituents on the para-position of the pyridine ring. New isostructural 1 : 1 complexes of PyboxPh with EuIII (3) and TbIII (4) were also isolated and crystallize in the triclinic space group P with cell parameters a = 9.1845(2) A, b = 10.3327(2) A, c = 11.9654(2) A, α = 98.419(1)°, β = 108.109(1)°, γ = 91.791(1)°, V = 1064.08(4) A3 and a = 7.8052(1) A, b = 11.8910(1) A, c = 14.2668(2) A, α = 72.557(1)°, β = 86.355(1)°, γ = 77.223(1)°, V = 1231.95(3) A3, respectively.
Medial Column Support in Pilon Fractures Using Percutaneous Intramedullary Large Fragment Fixation.

SUMMARY Pilon fractures are complex injuries to the tibial plafond requiring stable fixation in the setting of effective soft tissue management, particularly in high-energy injuries, open fractures, or in geriatric individuals. Medial column support of the distal tibial metaphysis is often an essential component when applying balanced fixation. However, the biologic implications of multiple surgical approaches in the setting of damaged tissue, devitalized bone, or significant bone loss may contribute to increased complications. Percutaneous intramedullary large fragment screws offer both stability and a soft tissue-friendly approach for stabilizing the medial column. Here, we present our technique and indications for medial column support in pilon fractures using percutaneous large fragment fixation, along with our early clinical experience in a case series of 7 patients. At minimum 6-month follow-up, all patients healed their injuries with maintained alignment and without complications or further reoperation. Medial column support with percutaneous large fragment fixation in pilon fractures is a viable option to provide mechanical stability while effectively managing tenuous soft tissue envelopes.
Treatment of Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis in the Emergency Department Setting With WALANT Technique.

BACKGROUND The standard of care for treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) involves antibiotic therapy and prompt irrigation of the flexor tendon sheath, traditionally performed in the operating room. With the acceptance of wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery and its potential ability to minimize time to flexor tendon sheath irrigation, we sought to determine whether closed irrigation of the flexor tendon sheath could be safely and effectively performed in the emergency department setting with WALANT technique. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of the senior author's hand surgery consultations over a 12-month period. Six patients were identified who were diagnosed with PFT and subsequently underwent irrigation of the flexor tendon sheath using WALANT technique. Patient outcomes such as length of hospital stay, need for reoperation, infectious etiology, perioperative complications, and postprocedure range of motion (ROM) were identified. RESULTS Six patients with diagnosis of PFT underwent irrigation of the flexor tendon sheath in the emergency department with local anesthesia only. The irrigation procedures were all well-tolerated. One patient required reoperation due to lack of appropriate clinical improvement following initial irrigation. Four of 6 patients regained their preinjury ROM while the remaining 2 patients had mild proximal interphalangeal joint extension lag. There were no complications associated with the procedures. CONCLUSIONS Surgical treatment of PFT with closed irrigation of the flexor tendon sheath in the emergency department utilizing WALANT technique was safe, effective, and well-tolerated. Local anesthesia alone can be used effectively for irrigation procedures of the flexor tendon sheath.
Planes, Trains, and Armored Mobiles: Introducing a Dataset of the Global Distribution of Military Capabilities (rDMC)

This article introduces the Distribution of Military Capabilities (rDMC) dataset. It begins by explaining the value of collecting data on disaggregated national military capabilities, its scope, and the data collection process. I then identify some initial trends about changes in the distribution of military capabilities across states from 1970 -- 2014. I conclude by identifying future research use of the data as both a dependent and independent variable.
MADNESS: Schizophrenia, Then and Now

In examining the subject of mental illness, it is clear that diseases and disorders of the brain have not received the same degree of attention in the United States, over the years, as have acute and infectious diseases of the body. This thesis discusses the history of research and treatment of brain disorders, generally, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia, the most serious of mental disorders. The narrative includes the story of my aunt, who was schizophrenic. The objective of this thesis is to add another voice to the many who have asked that the bar on mental health research and treatment be raised significantly. A secondary objective is to include this paper as a chapter in the family memoir I hope to write. © 2014 – By Diane W. Aldrich All Rights Reserved
Biosynthesis of terpenes: I. Chromatography of peppermint oil terpenes

Abstract Chromatography of peppermint oil terpenes on silicic acid chromatoplates, using hexane containing ethyl acetate as the developing solvent, effectively separates known constituents of the oil. A sequence of examinations of the plates makes possible the detection and recovery of numerous components of commercial peppermint oil and of extracts of peppermint leaves. In particular, spraying the plates with a 0.05% aqueous solution of Rhodamine B readily detects even unreactive compounds such as menthol, without altering them chemically. The sensitivity of the method is such that it is possible routinely to examine the constituents of the oil from the pair of leaves at a single node of the plant.
A thermally stable water soluble solder paste

Electronic card assembly manufacturers are only too aware of the challenge that must be faced in eliminating chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) from their assembly process. The issuance of the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent follow-on restrictions have forced these manufacturers to seek alternative approaches. [1] Replacement of the typical rosin based materials (paste and flux) with their water soluble or no-clean counterparts seem to be the most viable approach. However, the replacement of the materials is not transparent to the process. Each unique material set forces the printed circuit assembly shop to adopt both a process methodology and test strategy in order to implement the new materials successfully into their assembly line process. Initially, the water soluble approach was chosen at IBM. An initial survey of off-the-shelf water soluble paste products noted that no one paste met the IBM ECAT requirements. Those pastes that came close had a marked sensitivity to thermal changes. Therefore a work effort was initiated by Austin to develop a thermally stable, water soluble paste that would remain stable at various conditions, encountered prior to use. Any paste developed would have to be suitable for 0.025 in., SMT attach. >
Global Justice and Charity: A Brief for a New Approach to Empirical Philosophy

What does global justice or charity requires us to give to other people? There is a large theoretical literature on this question. There is much less experimental work in political philosophy relevant to answering it. Perhaps for this reason, this literature has yet to have any major impact on theoretical discussions of global justice or charity. There is, however, some experimental research in behavioral economics that has helped to shape the field and a few relevant studies by political philosophers. This paper reviews this research. Moreover, it argues that the little work that has been done can offer some methodological lessons to empirically engaged philosophers of many kinds. Finally, it suggests that there is reason for those interested in global ethics and charitable giving to consider doing new kinds of experimental and other empirical work in addition to traditional experimental philosophy.
The Timing of Challenges to Compel Critical Habitat Designation Under the Endangered Species Act: Should Courts Toll the General Federal Statute of Limitations?

The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Fish and Wildlife Service, is directed by the Endangered Species Act to designate critical habitat concurrently with the listing of a species as endangered or threatened. However, the ESA allows FWS to delay critical habitat designation upon a finding that designation is not prudent or that it is not determinable. FWS has liberally exercised these exceptions to avoid designating critical habitat for the majority of listed species. In response, citizen groups regularly file suit to compel designation. Difficulties arise when the failure to designate occurred more than six years before the filed action. Some federal courts hold the general civil statute of limitations, 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a), bars actions to compel designation. Others have relied on principles of equitable tolling to allow actions to go forward. This Note argues that courts should toll the statute of limitations in actions to compel designation where FWS made a “not determinable” finding because it constitutes a failure to act despite a non-discretionary, mandatory duty, but that “not prudent” findings constitute final agency action and should start the clock running for statute of limitations pur-
Combating Negative Peer Effects: Evidence from Judicial and School Resource Interventions

Recent empirical work on peer effects has primarily focused on identification. However, little is known about the extent to which social and education policy can mitigate the negative spillovers caused by disruptive children. This paper examines two such policies. First, we examine whether filing for a restraining order against domestic violence diminishes the negative peer effect imposed by that parent's child. Second, we investigate whether the exogenous placement of additional school counselors diminishes these negative peer effects. We find that parental reporting to the court eliminates the negative peer effects and one additional school counselor increases student math and reading achievement by 1.1 percentile points. The counselor effects are three times greater than the effect of reducing class size by hiring an additional teacher. Further tests provide suggestive evidence that when the schools are notified of a restraining order, counselors shift their focus toward those children. In doing so, this may help eliminate the negative peer effect. Collectively, our results suggest that interactions between social policy and schools may be important in overcoming negative peer effects.
Techniques of Integration

The purpose of this chapter is to teach you certain basic tricks to find indefinite integrals. It is of course easier to look up integral tables, but you should have a minimum of training in standard techniques.
The University of Utah's Integrated Core: A Case Study from a "Commuter Campus".

AbstractThis paper describes the Integrated Core (IC), the University of Utah's version of integrated curricula. We begin with a rationale for the IC, providing a background on the unique student d...
Analytical Characterization of Fermentation Inhibitors in Biomass Pretreatment Samples Using Liquid Chromatography, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A variety of chemicals are produced upon pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Aliphatic acids, aromatic acids, aldehydes, and phenolic compounds are of particular interest due to their presumed inhibitory influence on downstream enzymatic or microbial steps in biomass-to-ethanol conversion. Herein, we describe a series of analytical protocols that collectively enable quantitative monitoring of 40 potential fermentation inhibitors in biomass pretreatment samples. Solid samples are accommodated by first employing pressurized fluid extraction to generate an aqueous "wash stream." Sample preparation for liquids involves an initial precipitation-filtration step, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and reconstitution of extracts in water. Samples are analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. A standard addition approach is utilized for quantitation to alleviate complications arising from co-extracted sample matrix.
Transsexual Surgery May Be Covered By Medicare

On May 30, 2014, after accepting evidence that transsexual surgical treatment (i.e., the surgical procedures used for treatment of gender dysphoria) is effective and medically accepted in appropriate cases, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) lifted a longstanding ban on use of Medicare funds for transsexual surgeries. Service provision, though, will be subject to Local Coverage Determination. This is a major step in a decades-long struggle to provide medically necessary care for gender-variant people whose gender dysphoria would be best treated with gender affirming surgical procedures. The term "transsexual surgery" refers to those procedures, and is used in this article for consistency with the language of the HHS decision.
Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects

Reincarnation and Biology:. Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. Ian Stevenson. Westport, CT, and London: Praeger, 1997. volumes. 1192 pp. $195.00 (cloth).
John von Neumann's Analysis of Gaussian Elimination and the Origins of Modern Numerical Analysis

Just when modern computers (digital, electronic, and programmable) were being invented, John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine wrote a paper to illustrate the mathematical analyses that they believed would be needed to use the new machines effectively and to guide the development of still faster computers. Their foresight and the congruence of historical events made their work the first modern paper in numerical analysis. Von Neumann once remarked that to found a mathematical theory one had to prove the first theorem, which he and Goldstine did for the accuracy of mechanized Gaussian elimination—but their paper was about more than that. Von Neumann and Goldstine described what they surmized would be the significant questions once computers became available for computational science, and they suggested enduring ways to answer them.
Scalable synthesis of delafossite CuAlO2 nanoparticles for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells applications

Abstract Delafossite CuAlO2 nanoparticles were prepared using an easily scalable method under controlled partial oxygen pressure (pO2) of 10−5 atm at 775 °C. Transmission electron microscopy showed a uniform particle size of 35 nm, agreeing well with the calculated particle size distribution obtained using the Whole Powder Pattern Method (WPPM) via the PM2K software package. Higher cathodic photocurrents (Jsc = 0.954 mA/cm2 under AM1.5 sun) were observed in p-type dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated using these CuAlO2 nanoparticles compared to the previous reports on delafossite CuBO2 (B = Al, Ga) nanoparticles. Enhanced current efficiency in these solar cells is attributed to the nano-sized particles and narrow particle size distributions of nanocrystalline delafossite CuAlO2.
Outbreaks of Banks Grass Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Grain Sorghum Following Insecticide Applications

Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), abundance was monitored in grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to determine if applications of insecticides directed at green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), induced outbreaks of Banks grass mites. Aerial applications of two commonly used insecticides, chlorpyrifos (0.28 kg [AI]/ha) and parathion (0.67 kg [AI]/ha), and an untreated check were replicated three times and repeated during each of 3 yr. In each test, mite densities were higher in insecticide-treated sorghum than in untreated sorghum. Data subjected to analysis of covariance (with pretreatment mite numbers used as the covariate) indicated that mite densities were significantly higher in insecticide-treated sorghum than in untreated sorghum. but that mite densities in chlorpyrifos- or parathion-treated sorghum, did not differ significantly. Mite predators per 1,000 mites were not significantly lower in insecticide-treated sorghum than in untreated sorghum. Both insecticides were effective in reducing green bug densities.
Stress Distribution and Displacements in a Lubricated Elastic Seal

To prevent the escape of pressurizing gases from rotary or actuator shafts, the elastic seal between the shaft and housing must be designed to withstand the pressure forces acting on it. Since theoretical solutions of stresses and displacements are useful in designing such seals, we consider the problem of the seal on a shaft against a fixed housing as shown in the cross section of Fig. 1. On the solid boundary surfaces, as well as on moving shafts, a lubricant reduces leakage between seal and housing as well as friction between seal and moving shafts. Accordingly, we assume that all surfaces of the seal are lubricated and hence, all surface shear forces vanish when the shaft is not being actuated. In addition, we have uniform pressure p on each segment of the free boundary. We assume that the shaft diameter is sufficiently large that plane elasticity describes adequately the stresses and displacements in the seal. The condition that displacements normal to the housing vanish results in an integral equation for the normal stress distributed along its surface. To solve the boundary value problem, we apply the method of complex variables in the theory of plane elasticity as described by Milne-Thomson. Let F(z,z) = 0 denote a cylindrical surface in the z = x + iy plane, x and y being the cartesian coordinates. Then from Eq. (7), p. 31, of Ref. 1, the normal stress rih, measured positive outward, and the shear stress ris on this surface F(z,z) = 0 are given by
On the minimum length error event of minimum Euclidean weight

Let eta denote the length of the shortest error event achieving the minimum detection distance of maximum-likelihood signal detection for an impulse response having memory v. A family of impulse responses where eta is of order v/sup 2/ is exhibited. This, in turn, shows that some difficulty can arise in computing the minimum detection distance. >
Nanotechnology and its applications in the food sector

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are new frontiers of this century. Their applications to the agriculture and food sector are relatively recent compared with their use in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals. Smart delivery of nutrients, bioseparation of proteins, rapid sampling of biological and chemical contaminants and nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals are some of the emerging topics of nanotechnology for food and agriculture. Advances in technologies, such as DNA microarrays, microelectromechanical systems and microfluidics, will enable the realization of the potential of nanotechnology for food applications. In this review, we intended to summarize the applications of nanotechnology relevant to food and nutraceuticals together with identifying the outstanding challenges.
Can Patient-Reported Outcomes Data Be Used to Improve Quality of Care?

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) provide health care providers insight into patient preferences, symptoms, experience, and quality of life but have traditionally been neglected. These data can be used to enhance care, compare across providers, and understand patient preferences regarding different treatment options. PROs may include symptoms, such as pain, or functional status, such as activities of daily living. They may be more multidimensional too, focusing on overall quality of life as well as satisfaction with providers and care. Therefore, as we move toward defining quality indicators and improving treatment as well as treatment decision making in colon and rectal disease, it is important to understand what quality care means to our patients. We will examine PROs and their methodological utility in improving care of patients with colorectal diseases. Incorporation of PROs into clinical practice is the next important step in enhancing health care quality in the management of this disease.
The Extent and Zonal Location of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia: Relationship with Carcinoma in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens

High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) are considered putative precursors of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We determined the extent and zonal distribution of PIN and AAH in totally-embedded radical prostatectomies with prostate cancer, including 195 cases with PIN and 217 with AAH. PIN was identified in 86% of the cases. The mean volume of PIN was 1.32 cc (range, 0-8.12 cc), and was greater for PIN within 2 mm of cancer (mean, 1.0 cc) than for PIN more than 2 mm from cancer (mean, 0.3 cc). PIN was usually multicentric (64.5% of cases) and located in the non-transition zone (63%) or all zones (36%). The volume of PIN was positively correlated with the volume of cancer, patient age, pathologic stage and Gleason score. AAH was identified in 23.0% of the cases, and was more frequent in the transition zone (19.8% of cases) than in the non-transition (peripheral and central) zone (6.0%). The number of foci of AAH in the transition zone was always greater than that in the non-transition zone. AAH was frequently multicentric (46% of cases), especially in the transition zone (47% of transition zone cases) compared with the non-transition zone (23% of non-transition zone cases). The mean volume of AAH was 0.029 cc (range, 0-1.29 cc), and was much higher in the transition zone than in the non-transition zone. AAH was more common in older patients and those with greater prostatic weight, higher prostatic volume, greater percent of nodular hyperplasia, greater volume of cancer, greater percent of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 cancer, higher volume of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and higher serum prostate specific antigen concentration. Our results indicate that the extent and zonal distribution of high grade PIN and carcinoma are strongly associated, and that PIN is frequently multicentric; this supports the hypothesis that PIN is a premalignant lesion. AAH and carcinoma show a weak but significant association; if AAH is a premalignant lesion, it probably is associated with a subset of cancers arising in the transition zone.
Family-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Suicidal Adolescents and Their Integration With Individual Treatment

Abstract A considerable research base underscores the importance of family functioning in the risk for and treatment of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This paper reviews the extant empirical literature documenting associations between features of the family context and adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors. A case example is provided to illustrate how family factors may guide case conceptualization and treatment planning for suicidal adolescents. In light of the growing support for treatment approaches predicated on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), the paper focuses on many of the common family treatment elements, notably interventions with parents across treatment studies with adolescent suicidal populations. A specific treatment known as CBT for Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP; Stanley et al., 2009) serves as an exemplar for how interventions with parents may be applied in the context of an integrated intervention for teen suicide. The paper reviews issues salient to the implementation of key components of treatment with parents and addresses specific treatment considerations and challenges.
Research on goat nutrition and management in Mediterranean Middle East and adjacent Arab countries.

Research was reviewed on structural characteristics of digestive systems, feeding, nutrition, body characteristics, lactation, milk composition, growth, production, reproduction, management systems, and farm economics of goats in the Near and Middle East. Damascus goats are the largest in the area; Kil goats, native to Turkey, are with 16 million the most numerous although least productive in milk and meat. Angoras are raised for mohair. Birth weights, growth rates, kidding rates, and milk yields are most in Damascus goats, followed by Malta and Kilis goats, with Kil and Angora goats last. Different milk nursing, kid and doe feeding systems are discussed. Urea can substitute successfully for part of the protein in rations. Kid carcasses are leaner and tastier than similar lamb carcasses. Carob pods and distillers dried grains can be used successfully in goat rations in relatively large proportions. Single-purpose goats made more money than dual purpose goats, and larger goat farms (200 goats) were more profitable than smaller units (80 goats). Practical research data, written in native languages, are hidden in little accessible annual reports in Turkey, Cyprus, and others.
Analysis of exposure times and dose escalation of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cell lines.

Background. Paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) is a promising drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Exposure times and dose-response relationships should be explored to optimize future clinical applications of this drug. Methods. The cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel on four human ovarian cancer cell lines (Caov-3, SK-OV-3, NIH: OVCAR-3, and A2780) were analyzed using chromium-51 release assays and tetrazolium-based colorimetric assays. Cells were exposed to paclitaxel for 4 and 24 hours at concentrations ranging from 1010-104 M. Two paclitaxel preparations were compared: paclitaxel in DMSO and paclitaxel in cremophor EL, the carrier used in pharmacologic preparations. Cell cycle analysis compared cells exposed to 10−5 M paclitaxel in dimethyl sulfoxide for 4 hours to those exposed for 24 hours. Results. No difference in cell proliferation was demonstrated after 4 hours of treatment when compared with 24 hours of treatment with paclitaxel in dimethyl sulfoxide at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment in any of the cell lines tested, over all concentrations tested. When paclitaxel in cremophor was used, there was a significant decrease in cell proliferation only at 10−4 M of paclitaxel. Similar results were seen with 10−4 M equivalent concentration of the carrier alone. A cell cycle shift to G2/M was the same after 4 or 24 hours of exposure when assessed at 24 hours. Conclusions. A dose escalation from 10−10 M to 10−4 M of paclitaxel in dimethyl sulfoxide did not inhibit cell proliferation significantly in any of these cell lines. More over, shorter exposure times did not appear to alter the cellular response to paclitaxel. Consequently, administration of smaller dosages over shorter time periods may not compromise the cytotoxic effect of this agent. Clinical studies must be performed to validate these observations.
Glucose starvation alters insulin but not IGF-I binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells☆

The pattern of cellular protein glycosylation can be altered in CHO cells by glucose starvation. When wild type CHO cells are deprived of glucose, 125I-insulin binding increases from a B/F of 0.033 +/- 0.004 to 0.063 +/- 0.011, due to an increase in receptor affinity. The already elevated insulin binding to mutant B4-2-1 CHO cells, whose genetic defect causes abnormal glycosylation mimicking the pattern seen in the glucose starved normal cells, is not affected by glucose starvation. In neither cell line is 125I-IGF-I binding affected by glucose starvation. These data support the hypothesis that abnormal glycosylation can alter insulin binding to its receptor. Furthermore, there is a striking difference in the susceptibility of IGF-I and insulin receptors to alterations in glycosylation.