cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2,4-DINITROPHENOL AND PLANT RESPIRATION

NEWCOMB (1950) has briefly reviewed the pertinent literature in his report on the respiration of tobacco callus and its response to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). It is now established that in a wide variety of tissues and organisms (including fungi, bacteria, animals, and higher plants) DNP and allied substances have profound effects on metabolism. In low concentrations, of the order of 10-5 M at pH 5.0, they may prevent growth and other energy requiring events while respiration rate, as judged by 02 uptake, is unaffected or even strongly stimulated. In more recent papers on higher plant tissues, effects on glucose uptake (Stenlid, 1949) and salt uptake (Robertson et al., 1952) and associated respiratory responses to DNP have been described. The experimental part of the present paper is concerned with respiratory responses. 02 uptake, C02 output, and fermentation products liave been measured to obtain quantitative relationships between respiratory reactants and end products over a wide series of finely graded dilutions of DNP, and to construct a general picture of its effects on several plant tissues.
Zone axes in the Miller index space

Abstract Crystallographic zone axes, when plotted on triangular coordinate paper as though each digit of a Miller index were a component in a ternary alloy, plot as straight lines connecting all the points representing crystallographic planes in that zone. The plotting method has many uses.
Maintaining urine production and early allograft function during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

Objectives. Intraoperative oliguria and its impact on early postoperative allograft function have been expressed as potential concerns of laparoscopic kidney donation. We evaluated our ability to maintain adequate diuresis during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and its potential impact on early graft function compared with open donation. Methods. We performed a retrospective review of 98 laparoscopic and 80 open donor nephrectomies from 1999 to 2002. All laparoscopic donors received infusions of mannitol (grams of mannitol equaled patient weight in kilograms) and dopamine (2 to 3.0 g/kg/min) throughout the pneumoperitoneum. All open donors received a single dose of mannitol (12.5 g). Multiple donor variables were compared, including operative time, estimated blood loss, intraoperative fluid administration (in milliliters per kilogram per hour), intraoperative urine production (milliliters per kilogram per hour), and change in creatinine at discharge. The postoperative recipient data were compared, including initial 24-hour urine output, 1-week creatinine level, 1-month creatinine level, and need for postoperative hemodialysis. Results. No significant differences were noted in the donor groups with respect to age, weight, intraoperative fluid administration, or change in creatinine at discharge. The mean operative urine production was greater in the laparoscopic group at 5.22 mL/kg/hr than in the open group at 2.43 mL/kg/hr (P 0.0001). The mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower (P 0.0001) for the laparoscopic donors (106.7 mL) than for the open donors (184.7 mL). No significant differences were seen among the recipient groups. Conclusions. The use of mannitol and dopamine infusions during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy provided superior intraoperative urine production in the donor and equivalent early graft function in the recipient compared with the open approach. UROLOGY 68: 747‐750, 2006. © 2006 Elsevier Inc.
The synthesis of pulse sequences yielding arbitrary magnetization vectors.

A new procedure and algorithm are presented to allow the synthesis of a pulse sequence which will generate an arbitrary frequency-dependent spin excitation. This procedure is a generalization of our previous paper, where this was done subject to the restriction that the spin excitation was symmetric about zero offset frequency, and pulses were restricted to being about a fixed axis. The required final z-magnetization vector (Mz) is expressed as a function of the off-resonance frequency as an Nth order complex Fourier series. We then form a consistent Fourier series for (Mxy). As many as 2 2N different pulse sequences may be directly generated all of which produce a different Mxy(f), but the same Mz(f). A pulse sequence is then generated which will yield the desired Mz(f) and Mxy(f). This is done by an analytic inversion of the Bloch equation, not by the classical Fourier approximation. This technique enables us to generate any Mz which is potentially realizable by a pulse sequence. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Does carotid sinus baroreceptor dysfunction increase vasopressor drug requirements after combined carotid and coronary artery surgery

undergoing combined carotid and coronary artery surgery (group I) were matched according to sex, age, left ventricle ejection fraction, and number of grafted coronary artery vessels with 25 patients undergoing elective coronary artery surgery (group II). Anesthesia management, surgical and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques, and postoperative care protocols were identical in all patients. Medical records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, risk factors, preoperative medical treatments, and surgical data. Hemodynamic parameters and vasopressor drug requirements during the first 24 hours in the intensive care unit also were assessed. Patients who presented with postoperative acute ventricular failure, cardiac tamponade, or major surgical bleeding were excluded. Student’st-test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis; p 0.05 was considered to be significant. Demographic, medical, and surgical characteristics were identical in the 2 groups of patients. The lowest cardiac index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance recorded in the intensive care unit and the frequency of vasopressor drug use are presented in Table 1. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding postoperative vasopressor drug requirements and hemodynamic parameters. In conclusion, vasopressor drug requirements were not increased after concomitant carotid and coronary artery surgery compared with isolated coronary artery surgery. Excessive carotid sinus responses may have been blunted by the increased arterial vasoconstriction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. 2 This vasoconstriction is multifactorial, including responses to decreasing anesthetic levels increases in endogenous catecholamines, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, neural coronary and great vessel reflexes, and hypothermia. 3 Prospective studies are needed to assess the impact of carotid baroreceptor impairment on blood pressure autoregulation after combined carotid and coronary artery surgery.
Progressive Public Health Administration in the Jim Crow South: A Case Study of Richmond, Virginia, 1907-1920

In the early twentieth century, Richmond, Virginia embarked on a campaign to modernize its public health department. One consequence of southern racial attitudes, however, was that African Americans did not constitute a primary constituency for public health intervention. This was based, in part, on strongly held beliefs that African Americans were largely responsible for creating their own particular health problems, either as the result of behavior or inheritance. As a result, improvements in black health were largely incidental to efforts to make southern cities healthier for their white citizens. By exploring the role of race in the development of three campaigns conducted by the Richmond Department of Public Health---the campaigns against typhoid fever, infantile diarrhea, and tuberculosis---this study shows that African Americans received few of the benefits derived from Richmond's move toward improved public health, and that the benefits they did receive were confined to those programs administered by the city's public health nurses. Because of the racial discrimination inherent in the system of healthcare delivery, the potential to dramatically improve the health of the city's blacks was never fully realized and Richmond's African American community benefited only marginally from the city's overall advancement in public health.
Studies on the Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid, and Choline Requirements of Young Embden Geese

Four experiments were conducted to examine the riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, and choline requirements of young Embden geese fed purified diets. Goslings fed diets deficient in either riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, or choline grew poorly. Feeding a pantothenic acid-deficient diet resulted in 100% mortality. Goslings fed diets containing 530 mg/kg of choline or less developed perosis. Under the conditions of these experiments it was found that: 1) goslings require no more than 3.84 mg/kg of riboflavin and 31.2 mg/kg of nicotinic acid in the diet for rapid growth and normal development, 2) the pantothenic acid requirement of goslings is no more than 12.6 mg/kg of diet, and 3) a dietary choline level of 1530 mg/kg is adequate for both the prevention of perosis and rapid growth of goslings. The levels of vitamins found to support normal growth and development of goslings appear to be similar to requirements of other species that have been examined.
Citizen Responsibility for War in Imperfect Democracies

Les citoyens des democraties imparfaites sont-ils moralement responsables des guerres injustes menees par leurs etats ? La responsabilite morale pour les guerres injustes implique a la fois une responsabilite retrospective et une responsabilite sociale. Les citoyens des democraties imparfaites sont retrospectivement responsables quand ils choisissent de voter pour un dirigeant dont ils savent qu'il menera une guerre injuste. Les citoyens americains, par exemple, n'avaient pas cette option politique au debut de la guerre du Vietnam ou de la guerre en Irak. Cependant, meme quand les citoyens ne sont pas retrospectivement responsables, ils ont la responsabilite sociale de s'engager dans une action collective pour faire face aux dommages causes par une guerre injuste.
Nanoneedles of maghemite iron oxide prepared from a wet chemical route

Nanometer-sized maghemite iron oxide ({gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) particles were produced first by synthesis of a precursor, {gamma}-FeO(OH), in a surfactant-less microemulsion and subsequent heat treatment of the {gamma}-FeO(OH). The precursors and {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Susceptometer from Quantum Design (SQUID) measurements. TGA and XRD analysis indicated the formation of single cubic phase when the samples were heat-treated at 240 deg. C. TEM reveals that the {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles are needle-shaped with an aspect ratio of {approx}20; typically 5-10 nm wide and over 150 nm long. It was found that these microemulsion-derived {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoneedles possess an intrinsic coercivity of 28 Oe at 300 K and 950 Oe at 2 K.
The kinetics of amiben absorption and metabolism as related to species sensitivity.

The rates of absorption and metabolism of 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) were investigated in 3-day-old roots of amiben-sensitive velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) and amiben-tolerant morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.].The initial rates of amiben absorption and binding were identically concentration dependent for both species for external concentrations from 0.02 to 500 mg/liter.THE RATES AT WHICH THE ABSORBED AMIBEN WAS: 1) bound; 2) incorporated into an unidentified amiben complex (amiben-X) and N-(3-carboxy-2,5-dichlorophenyl)-glucosylamine (N-glucosyl amiben); and 3) accumulated in these tissues during a 24-hr period was investigated at widely different concentrations for both species. There were no salient differences between the species in their amiben absorption rate at 5 mg/liter, but the absorbed amiben was complexed as N-glucosyl amiben more rapidly and to a greater extent in morningglory; maximum rate of glucosylation was attained earlier after exposure to amiben in morningglory than in velvetleaf. At nearly equitoxic concentrations (100 and 1 mg/l, 5 and 0.05 mg/l for morningglory and velvetleaf, respectively), the rates at which the absorbed amiben was distributed among N-glucosyl amiben, amiben-X and amiben were very similar for both species, although morningglory absorbed amiben at the faster rate. At amiben concentrations required for equal expression of the herbicidal effect, morningglory conjugates amiben at a faster rate and tolerates higher levels of free amiben than velvetleaf. Amiben toxicity in a species is expressed at that concentration which saturates the glucosylation process, and results in amiben accumulation at sufficiently high levels to exert its toxic effect. A scheme for amiben metabolism in plants is presented.
Inspection and quality control of cross wire welded joints

Abstract G.E.C. Electronics, Applied Electronics Laboratories, Portsmouth, have had over four years' experience in the construction of circuit assemblies by means of cross wire welds. The initial approach was to develop a process based on predetermined weld schedules and pre-set machines, rather than on operator skill, to ensure weld quality and to establish quality control procedures to demonstrate the degree of repeatability achieved. This concept has now been integrated with normal inspection procedures to provide a continuous assurance that the highest standards of quality are maintained. The paper reviews the factors which can affect weld quality and outlines the procedures which have been found effective for their control.
The Universal Group of a Heyting Effect Algebra

A Heyting effect algebra (HEA) is a lattice-ordered effect algebra that is at the same time a Heyting algebra and for which the Heyting center coincides with the effect-algebra center. Every HEA is both an MV-algebra and a Stone-Heyting algebra and is realized as the unit interval in its own universal group. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition that an effect algebra is an HEA is that its universal group has the central comparability and central Rickart properties.
Combining relational and network retrieval methods

New methods for retrieving records from a database with links are given so that records are retrieved only once and not multiple times as happens when using the traditional method of retrieval Improvements as great as 50 percent are expected for queries over databases containing only many-to-one relationships and much greater improvements are expected when many-to-many relationships are embedded in the database Furthermore, it is shown how to combine relational and network retrieval methods Relations, containing many tuples, are created during the evaluation of a network query Each relation is either joined with other relations or is used to continue the evaluation of the network query The methods given show how to optimize data retrieval from a relational database that is implemented using links, where each link represents a many-to-one relationship
Commitments for Flexible Business Processes

Current approaches of specifying business processes describe the implementation of a process rather than the interactions that are expected from the agents that participate in it. This means that the specification is neither flexible, nor reusable. We propose an approach of developing business processes from commitment-based protocols. Our approach results in protocols that are reusable across applications and processes that are flexible. An essential ingredient of our approach is developing an operational semantics of commitments that allows contextual (policy-specific) reasoning about them.
Precision tracking control of a horizontal arm coordinate measuring machine in the presence of dynamic flexibilities

One of the major sources that affect measurement ac- curacy and limit the use of high motion speeds in coordinate measuring machines (CMM) is the position error. In fact, static and dynamic probe errors are more direct factors in measur- ing machine accuracy, but are not the subject of this research. However the accuracy of acquisition of component position er- rors using a CMM in motion is also of importance, hence the dynamics of a CMM need to be considered. Therefore, this re- search aims to model the dynamics of a horizontal arm CMM by considering drive flexibility at joints and evaluates the char- acteristics of the system for fine motion control purposes. De- sign of a precision tracking controller (PTC) to perform supe- rior tracking for enhancing the measurement accuracy and the probing speed in providing less inspection time at high mo- tion speeds is carried out. A dynamic model for the CMM is developed including drive flexibilities represented with lumped springs at the joints. Due to the non-collocated nature of the control scheme in the flexible CMM dynamics, a non-minimum phase system is observed in the proposed CMM model. Using the derived CMM model with joint flexibilities, tracking motion control simulations are conducted at different probing speeds for the cases where a PI controller and a feedback PTC are em- ployed. A comparison of the PI controller with the feedback PTC is also performed. Results demonstrate that the effects of joint flexibilities on the contour error and probing speeds are sig- nificant and the PI controller is not capable of providing good accuracy during challenging tasks such as corner tracking. How- ever, the simulation results indicated that by using the proposed feedback precision tracking controller, contour errors in corner tracking that are caused by joint flexibilities can be reduced effectively.
Small bowel sarcoma: analysis of survival from the National Cancer Data Base.

Background: Small bowel sarcomas (SBS) are rare, accounting for 10% of small bowel cancers. As a result, few studies of SBS have had enough patients to accurately define their natural history and to determine the factors that have an impact on patient survival. The objective of this study was to examine patient and tumor factors in SBS and to determine prognostic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS) using the National Cancer Data Base.
Biochemical Characterization of the Arabidopsis Protein Kinase SOS2 That Functions in Salt Tolerance

The Arabidopsis Salt Overly Sensitive 2 ( SOS2 ) gene encodes a serine/threonine (Thr) protein kinase that has been shown to be a critical component of the salt stress signaling pathway. SOS2 contains a sucrose-non-fermenting protein kinase 1/AMP-activated protein kinase-like N-terminal catalytic domain with an activation loop and a unique C-terminal regulatory domain with an FISL motif that binds to the calcium sensor Salt Overly Sensitive 3 . In this study, we examined some of the biochemical properties of the SOS2 in vitro. To determine its biochemical properties, we expressed and isolated a number of active and inactive SOS2 mutants as glutathione S -transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli . Three constitutively active mutants, SOS2T168D, SOS2T168DΔF, and SOS2T168DΔ308, were obtained previously, which contain either the Thr-168 to aspartic acid (Asp) mutation in the activation loop or combine the activation loop mutation with removal of the FISL motif or the entire regulatory domain. These active mutants exhibited a preference for Mn 2+ relative to Mg 2+ and could not use GTP as phosphate donor for either substrate phosphorylation or autophosphorylation. The three enzymes had similar peptide substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency. Salt overly sensitive 3 had little effect on the activity of the activation loop mutant SOS2T168D, either in the presence or absence of calcium. The active mutant SOS2T168DΔ308 could not transphosphorylate an inactive protein (SOS2K40N), which indicates an intramolecular reaction mechanism of SOS2 autophosphorylation. Interestingly, SOS2 could be activated not only by the Thr-168 to Asp mutation but also by a serine-156 or tyrosine-175 to Asp mutation within the activation loop. Our results provide insights into the regulation and biochemical properties of SOS2 and the SOS2 subfamily of protein kinases.
Chronic use of chloroquine disrupts the urine concentration mechanism by lowering cAMP levels in the inner medulla.

Chloroquine, a widely used anti-malaria drug, has gained popularity for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unfortunately, chloroquine may also negatively impact renal function for patients whose fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is already compromised by diseases. Chronic administration of chloroquine also results in polyuria, which may be explained by suppression of the antidiuretic response of vasopressin. Several of the transporters responsible for concentrating urine are vasopressin-sensitive including the urea transporters UT-A1 and UT-A3, the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), and the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2). To examine the effect of chloroquine on these transporters, Sprague-Dawley rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 80 mg·kg−1·day−1 of chloroquine for 4 days. Twenty-four hour urine output was twofold higher, and urine osmolality was decreased by twofold in chloroquine-treated rats compared with controls. Urine analysis of treated rats detected the presence chloroquine as well as decreased urine urea and cAMP levels compared with control rats. Western blot analysis showed a downregulation of AQP2 and NKCC2 transporters; however, UT-A1 and UT-A3 abundances were unaffected by chloroquine treatment. Immunohistochemistry showed a marked reduction of UT-A1 and AQP2 in the apical membrane in inner medullary collecting ducts of chloroquine-treated rats. In conclusion, chloroquine-induced polyuria likely occurs as a result of lowered cAMP production. These findings suggest that chronic chloroquine treatment would exacerbate the already compromised fluid homeostasis observed in diseases like chronic kidney disease.
Influence of particle size on carbon monoxide hydrogenation over silica- and lanthana-supported rhodium

Abstract The influence of Rh particle size on the activity and selectivity of Rh/SiO 2 and Rh/La 2 O 3 catalysts for CO hydrogenation has been studied. For Rh/SiO 2 , the dispersion of Rh had little effect on the total catalyst activity but did strongly influence product selectivity. Maximum selectivity to CH 3 OH and C 2 -oxygenates was observed for high Rh dispersions, whereas high selectivity to hydrocarbons was observed for low Rh dispersions. When Rh was supported on La 2 O 3 , a portion of the Rh crystallite surface was covered by patches of LaOx, the extent of coverage increasing with increasing Rh loading. As a consequence, the catalytic properties of Rh/La 2 O 3 catalysts were found to reflect in a complex fashion the effects of both Rh dispersion and LaOx decoration of Rh crystallites. For comparable dispersions, Rh/La 2 O 3 catalysts exhibited amuch higher selectivity to CH 3 OH and a lower selectivity to hydrocarbons than Rh/ Comparison of specific activities, SiO 2 − and La 2 O 3 supported Rh, are complicated by the fact that the activation energies for individual products depend on both Rh dispersion and support composition.
Microstrip ring resonator for soil moisture measurements

Development of a successful remote sensing instrument for soil moisture relies on the accurate knowledge of the soil dielectric constant (/spl epsiv//sub soil/) to its moisture content. Two existing methods for measurement of dielectric constant of soil at low and high frequencies are, respectively, the time domain reflectometry and the reflection coefficient measurement using an open-ended coaxial probe. The major shortcoming of these methods is the lack of accurate determination of the imaginary part of E/sub soil/. In this paper, a microstrip ring resonator is proposed for the accurate measurement of soil dielectric constant. In this technique the microstrip ring resonator is placed in contact with soil medium and the real and imaginary parts of E/sub soil/ are determined from the changes in the resonant frequency and the quality factor of the resonator, respectively. The solution of the electromagnetic problem is obtained using a hybrid approach based on the method of moments solution of the quasistatic formulation in conjunction with experimental data obtained from reference dielectric samples. Also, a simple inversion algorithm for E/sub soil/=E/sup '//sub r/-j/spl epsiv/E/sup "//sub r/ based on regression analysis is obtained. It is shown that the wide dynamic range of the measured quantities provides excellent accuracy in the dielectric constant measurement. A prototype microstrip ring resonator at L-band is designed and measurements of soil with different moisture contents are presented and compared with other approaches.
T2 relaxometry with indirect echo compensation from highly undersampled data.

Purpose To develop an algorithm for fast and accurate T2 estimation from highly undersampled multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) data.
Osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses

Destructive lesions of the axial region of the proximal sesamoid bones were identified by radiography in eight fetlocks and seven lame adult horses. Lameness ranged from 2 to 5 (mean 4; scale 1 to 5) at the time of examination, with a duration of 10 days to two years (mean 5.6 months). Destructive lesions involved both proximal sesamoid bones when examined radiographically and were situated primarily at the level of the mid-body and apical region of the axial borders. Some lesions were cystic, whereas others eroded the axial border more diffusely. Scintigraphy revealed markedly increased activity within the proximal sesamoid bones of the clinically lame limb of four of the five horses examined. In four horses, post mortem computed tomography revealed axial border bone destruction and cavitary lesions within cancellous bone of affected proximal sesamoid bones. Lesions seen by computed tomography were larger than those identified on radiographic examination. Cavitary lesions not seen radiographically were identified in the proximal sesamoid bones of two clinically unaffected fetlocks examined for comparison in two of the seven horses. Evidence of acute, subacute or chronic/reparative osteomyelitis of the axial region of the proximal sesamoid bones was seen in the 10 fetlocks identified as abnormal from radiography or computed tomography. Also, three horses had septic synovitis of the flexor sheath of the clinically affected limb; of these, two had septic arthritis of the fetlock joint.
Multiple agminate juvenile melanoma

Summary A case is reported of a boy aged 21/2 years who had multiple agminate juvenile melanoma on the left side of the face.
How Can We Improve School Discipline

School discipline addresses schoolwide, classroom, and individual student needs through broad prevention, targeted intervention, and development of self-discipline. Schools often respond to disruptive students with exclusionary and punitive approaches that have limited value. This article surveys three approaches to improving school discipline practices and student behavior: ecological approaches to classroom management; schoolwide positive behavioral supports; and social and emotional learning. The article examines their epistemological and empirical roots and supporting research, suggesting ways to combine approaches.
Peri-operative care in patients treated for testicular cancer.

The success of combination chemotherapy in treating advanced metastatic germ cell tumors has led to new challenges for the genitourinary oncologic surgeon in the peri-operative care of patients. Surgery remains an integral part of the management of patients with advanced germ cell tumors. Retroperitoneal node dissections following chemotherapy or radiation, or both, are technically more demanding and subject to higher rates of peri-operative complications. Overall post-therapy surgical complication rates range from 33% to 75%, with the highest rates among patients who receive both radiation and chemotherapy. Although most patients with testicular cancer are young and healthy, residual pulmonary, renal, vascular, and neurologic toxicities from chemotherapy can increase the risk of peri-operative complications. In addition, the volume and location of tumor can increase the technical demands, especially when there is a tremendous soft tissue reaction to the chemotherapy. Identification of pre-operative risk factors for peri-operative complications is imperative and the first step in pre-operative planning. Pulmonary toxicity and vascular (cardiac or peripheral) events are the two most immediately life-threatening complications that can occur in the peri-operative period. Due to the high incidence of subclinical pulmonary toxicity, one must consider all patients who have received bleomycin pre-operatively at risk to develop postoperative pulmonary problems. Pre-operative evaluation and judicious fluid management have been shown to reduce the risk of life-threatening respiratory complications in the postoperative period.
Immunology and Skin in Health and Disease

The skin is a complex organ that, in addition to providing a strong barrier against external insults, serves as an arena for a wide variety of inflammatory processes, including immunity against infections, tumor immunity, autoimmunity, and allergy. A variety of cells collaborate to mount functional immune responses, which are initiated by resident populations and evolve through the recruitment of additional cell populations to the skin. Inflammatory responses are quite diverse, resulting in a wide range of signs and symptoms that depend on the initiating signals, characteristics of the infiltrating cell populations, and cytokines that are produced (cytokines are secreted protein that allows for cell-cell communication; usually refers to communication between immune-immune cells or stromal-immune cells). In this work, we will review the skin architecture and resident and recruited cell populations and discuss how these populations contribute to inflammation using human diseases and treatments when possible to illustrate their importance within a clinical context.
Ethnic Identity and Power: Cultural Contexts of Political Action in School and Society.

Ethnic Identity and Power. Cultural Contexts of Political Action in School and Society. Yali Zou and Enrique T. Trueba. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 452 pp.
X-irradiation of splenic lymphocytes. I. Thymidine pools and radiothymidine incorporation into DNA.

An immediate suppression of radiothymidine incorporation into DNA is found in splenic lymphocytes of the golden hamster when they are irradiated in vitro in the kilorad range (Manasek, Adelstein and Lyman 1966). Although the mechanism of this suppression has not been elucidated, Smets (1966 a) has put forth the hypothesis that at least part of the apparent depression in DNA synthesis is due to changes in the precursor-pool size. A number of investigators, working with a wide range of biological systems, have suggested that the decreased uptake of radiothymidine into DNA often observed after irradiation is due to an expansion of nucleoside and nucleotide pools consequent on DNA degradation and not to a net decrease in DNA synthesis (Hell, Berry and Lajtha 1960, Kelly 1961, Nygaard 1962, Smets 1966b). Several experimental approaches have been utilized to test for such amplification of intracellular pools. In one (Hell et al. 1960, Smets 1966b), the precursor is varied over a wide concentration range in the hope of eliminating pool effects by flooding. In the experiments to be described, the method is applied to x-irradiated splenic lymphocytes. Cell suspensions were prepared from the spleens of mature, male, golden hamsters (Manasek et al. 1966). From radioautographs we have determined that the predominant nucleated cell which is synthesizing DNA is a medium-sized lymphocyte. The minced tissue was passed through stainless-steel screens for dispersion, and the cells were suspended in Hanks' salt solution at pH 7-25. They were subsequently exposed to unfiltered 250kvp x-rays generated at a dose-rate of 300 rads per minute as determined with ferrous ammonium sulphate. The suspensions were maintained at a controlled temperature throughout their irradiation. Immediately thereafter, the cells were incubated with tritiated thymidine (specific activity 2 Ci/mmole) at 37°c for 30 min. DNA was isolated by a modification of Schmidt and Thannhauser's method (Munro and Fleck 1966). In this assay the incorporation of thymidine into DNA is linear for 4 hours in control and up to 1 hours in irradiated suspensions. In figure 1, the uptake of radiothymidine into the DNA of unirradiated splenic lymphocytes is shown for total thymidine concentrations varied from 1 x 10 - 7 M to 35 x 10- M. The 350-fold increase in concentration results in a ten-fold increase in radiothymidine incorporation. The ' S ' shape of the uptake curve suggests that the overall incorporation obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Under
The role of systemic cyclosporine dosing schedule on corneal allograft survival in the rat model.

We evaluated the role of preoperative versus postoperative systemic Cyclosporin A (CsA) on corneal allograft survival in the rat model. All treatment regimens were administered by daily intramuscular injection until rejection. In the preoperative group (n = 9), CsA (7.5 mg/kg/day) was started ten days preoperatively. In the postoperative group (n = 9), CsA (7.5 mg/kg/day) was started immediately postoperatively. In the injectable control group (n = 7), injections of 0.9% normal saline with olive oil began the day of surgery. A masked observer performed alternate day slit lamp evaluations of graft opacity, edema, and vascularity. The median rejection times [days (range)] for the injection control, preoperative and postoperative groups were: 11 (10–17), 17 (12–53), and 28 (12–53), respectively. The grafts in the postoperative and preoperative treatment groups survived longer than the control (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005 respectively). There was no statistical difference between the preoperative and postoperativ...
Interactive effects of ultraviolet-B radiation and temperature on cotton physiology, growth, development and hyperspectral reflectance.

Abstract Current conditions of 2–11 kJ m−2 day−1 of UV-B radiation and temperatures of >30°C during flowering in cotton cultivated regions are projected to increase in the future. A controlled environment study was conducted in sunlit growth chambers to determine the effects of UV-B radiation and temperature on physiology, growth, development and leaf hyperspectral reflectance of cotton. Plants were grown in the growth chambers at three day/night temperatures (24/16°C, 30/22°C and 36/28°C) and three levels of UV-B radiation (0, 7 and 14 kJ m−2 day−1) at each temperature from emergence to 79 days under optimum nutrient and water conditions. Increases in main stem node number and the node of first fruiting branch and decrease in duration to first flower bud (square) and flower were recorded with increase in temperature. Main effects of temperature and UV-B radiation were significant for net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of uppermost, fully expand...
Effects of hTERT immortalization on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells

These data relate to the differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and DPSC immortalized by constitutively expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) through both osteogenic and adipogenic lineages (i.e. to make bone producing and fat producing cells from these dental pulp stem cells). The data augment another study to characterize immortalized DPSC for the study of neurogenetic "Characterization of neurons from immortalized dental pulp stem cells for the study of neurogenetic disorders" [1]. Two copies of one typical control cell line (technical replicates) were used in this study. The data represent the differentiation of primary DPSC into osteoblast cells approximately 60% more effectively than hTERT immortalized DPSC. Conversely, both primary and immortalized DPSC are poorly differentiated into adipocytes. The mRNA expression levels for both early and late adipogenic and osteogenic gene markers are shown.
Estimating Equilibrium in Health Insurance Exchanges: Price Competition and Subsidy Design Under the ACA

To design premium subsidies in a health insurance market it is necessary to estimate consumer demand and study how different subsidy schemes affect insurers’ incentives. Combining data from the Californian ACA marketplace with a model of insurance demand and insurers’ competition, I identify and estimate demand and cost primitives, and assess equilibrium outcomes under alternative subsidy designs. I find that vouchers are less distortionary than subsidies calculated from market premiums, and — given age-heterogeneity in demand and cost — tailoring subsidies to age leads to an equilibrium where all buyers are better off and per-person public spending is lower.
Hypoxia, temperature, and pH/CO2 effects on respiratory discharge from a turtle brain stem preparation

Johnson, Stephen M., Rebecca A. Johnson, and Gordon S. Mitchell. Hypoxia, temperature, and pH/CO2 effects on respiratory discharge from a turtle brain stem preparation. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 649...
Another Missed Opportunity: The Supreme Court's Failure to Define Nonobviousness or Combat Hindsight Bias in KSR v. Teleflex

This Article analyzes two significant errors of omission in the Supreme Court's recent patent decision, KSR v. Teleflex. First, though KSR represents the Court's eighth decision on nonobviousness since the standard was enacted in 1952, the Court still has never defined what this core patent standard requires. The failure to instruct on the level of ingenuity necessary to satisfy nonobviousness leads to inconsistent and unpredictable nonobvious decisions. Second, despite recognizing the problem of hindsight bias in nonobviousness analysis and the importance of ameliorating this bias to achieve accurate non-obvious decisions, the Supreme Court not only failed to take the hindsight problem seriously in KSR, but actually appeared to misconstrue the problem. As a result, nonobviousness decisions will continue to be systematically biased with respect to the legal inquiry required by section 103. This is a symposium article based on a presentation given at Nonobviousness: The Shape of Things to Come, a 2007 Lewis & Clark Law School Business Law Forum.
The Impact of Repealing PPACA on Savings Needed for Health Expenses for Persons Eligible for Medicare

In 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) added outpatient prescription drugs as an optional benefit. When the program was originally enacted, it included a controversial feature: a coverage gap, more commonly known as the “donut hole.” The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA) included provisions to reduce this coverage gap. This paper examines the impact that repealing PPACA would have on savings targets for health care expenses in retirement. The estimates suggest that retirees with high levels of prescription drug use throughout retirement would see their savings targets increase roughly 30-40 percent were the coverage gap reduction in PPACA repealed. Individuals at the median (midpoint) level of prescription drug use throughout retirement would not see any change in savings targets. This analysis uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the amount of savings needed to cover health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket health care expenses in retirement. Estimates are presented for persons who supplement Medicare with a combination of individual health insurance through Plan F Medigap coverage and Medicare Part D for outpatient prescription drug coverage. For each source of supplemental coverage, the model simulated 100,000 observations allowing for uncertainty related to individual mortality and rates of return on assets in retirement, and it computed the present value of the savings needed to cover health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket expenses in retirement at age 65. These observations were used to determine asset targets for having adequate savings to cover retiree health costs 50 percent, 75 percent, and 90 percent of the time. Estimates are also jointly presented for a stylized couple both of whom are assumed to retire simultaneously at age 65. The PDF for the above title, published in the August 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another August 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “The Importance of Defined Benefit Plans for Retirement Income Adequacy.”
The Philadelphia Printer: A Study of an Eighteenth-Century Businessman

This composite portrait of a “community” of printers reveals the composition of their trade and the unique mixture of businessman and publicist they represented in early America.
Pharmacy Management, Leadership, Marketing and Finance, 2nd Edition

Published by Jones & Bartlett Learning, 5 Wall Street, Burlington, MA 01803, 2012. 590 p. Price $61.95 (soft cover) Description: Addressing the key components of pharmacy administration in institutional and ambulatory practice environments, this book provides significant insight into the three key
Management of unusual presentations of acute leukemia.

Unusual patterns of presentation of acute leukemia are discussed, with an emphasis on the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that they pose. Clinical syndromes reviewed include the leukostasis syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, granulocytic sarcoma, central nervous system leukemia, leukemia cutis, Sweet’s syndrome, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acute leukemia diagnosed during pregnancy. Each of these uncommon presentations of acute leukemia has a unique impact on patient management.
Low power magneto-inductive communication system for structural health monitoring

Scouring is the major component of levee failures causing floods thus make the scour monitoring very important. There exist some on field mechanisms to monitor the health of the levees but there is still need for a remote, low cost and real time monitoring system. This paper proposes a real time structural monitoring system by presenting a sensor node with embedded electronics which can be deployed by the I-wall to monitor the health and report back to base station in case of failure detection. The sensor node use Magneto Inductive (MI) communication.
Experience Report: Playing the DSL Card : A Domain Specific Language for Component Configuration

This paper describes our experience using a functional language, Haskell, to build an embedded, domain-specific language (DSL) for component configuration in large-scale, real-time, embedded systems. Prior to the introduction of the DSL, engineers would describe the steps needed to configure a particular system in a handwritten XML document. In this paper, we outline the application domain, give a brief overview of the DSL that we developed, and provide concrete data to demonstrate its effectiveness. In particular, we show that the DSL has several significant benefits over the original, XML-based approach including reduced code size, increased modularity and scalability, and detection and prevention of common defects. For example, using the DSL, we were able to produce clear and intuitive descriptions of component configurations that were sometimes less than 1/30 of the size of the original XML.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis issues in support vector machines

Robust optimization and sensitivity analysis techniques are applied to the support vector machine (SVM) learning problem. Perturbations of input data and model parameters are considered. This approach determines how the level of noise of data and model parameters influences the SVM solution. Examples illustrate the above methodology.
Electron Stimulated Desorption of Excited Hydrogen Atoms from an Alkali Promoted Surface

We observe directly the radiation emitted from excited hydrogen atoms following their electron stimulated desorption from an al kali-promoted Ni(001) surface. We observe Lyman α, s, γ radiation. The line width and energy of the emitted radiation indicate that the hydrogen atoms are well removed from the metal surface at the point of deexcitation. By comparing the desorption cross-section for these states with the desorption cross-section of hydrogen ions we find that the excited hydrogen atoms are emitted directly from the surface rather than resulting from the reneutralization of desorbed ions. The intensity of Lyman α radiation is over an order of magnitude greater than the intensity of Lyman s and γ radiation suggesting either a higher probability for excitation into the hydrogen 2p state initially or a higher probability of resonance ionization of the higher excited states.
Distributed retrieval practice promotes superior recall of anatomy information.

Effortful retrieval produces greater long-term recall of information when compared to studying (i.e., reading), as do learning sessions that are distributed (i.e., spaced apart) when compared to those that are massed together. Although the retrieval and distributed practice effects are well-established in the cognitive science literature, no studies have examined their additive effect with regard to learning anatomy information. The aim of this study was to determine how the benefits of retrieval practice vary with massed versus distributed learning. Participants used the following strategies to learn sets of skeletal muscle anatomy: (1) studying on three different days over a seven day period (SSSS7,2,0), (2) studying and retrieving on three different days over a seven day period (SRSR7,2,0), (3) studying on two different days over a two day period (SSSSSS2,0), (4) studying and retrieving on two separate days over a two day period (SRSRSR2,0), and (5) studying and retrieving on one day (SRx60). All strategies consisted of 12 learning phases and lasted exactly 24 minutes. Muscle information retention was assessed via free recall and using repeated measures ANOVAs. A week after learning, the recall scores were 24.72 ± 3.12, 33.88 ± 3.48, 15.51 ± 2.48, 20.72 ± 2.94, and 12.86 ± 2.05 for the SSSS7,2,0, SRSR7,2,0, SSSSSS2,0, STSTST2,0, and SRx60 strategies, respectively. In conclusion, the distributed strategies produced significantly better recall than the massed strategies, the retrieval-based strategies produced significantly better recall than the studying strategies, and the combination of distributed and retrieval practice generated the greatest recall of anatomy information. Anat Sci Educ. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Word embeddings for Arabic sentiment analysis

Manual feature extraction is a challenging and time consuming task, especially in a Morphologically Rich Language (MRL) such as Arabic. In this paper, we rely on word embeddings as the main source of features for opinion mining in Arabic text such as tweets, consumer reviews, and news articles. First, we compile a large Arabic corpus from various sources to learn word representations. Second, we train and generate word vectors (embeddings) from the corpus. Third, we use the embeddings in our feature representation for training several binary classifiers to detect subjectivity and sentiment in both Standard Arabic and Dialectal Arabic. We compare our results with other methods in literature; our approach — with no hand-crafted features — achieves a slightly better accuracy than the top hand-crafted methods. To reproduce our results and for further work, we publish the data and code used in our experiments1.
Sunbird surprise for syndromes

Predictions can be made about how a given plant might be pollinated by looking at its morphology, colour, nectar and odour. But scientists are increasingly finding that these predictions aren't reliable. The latest example is that ofMicroloma sagittatum, a member of the milkweed family, which, against all expectations, has been found to be pollinated by the South African sunbird Nectarinia chalybea.