cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence-driven sound detection for prenotification and identification of construction safety hazards and accidents

Abstract As the construction industry experiences a high rate of casualties and significant economic loss associated with accidents, safety has always been a primary concern. In response, several studies have attempted to develop new approaches and state-of-the-art technology for conducting autonomous safety surveillance of construction work zones such as vision-based monitoring. The current and proposed methods including human inspection, however, are limited to consistent and real-time monitoring and rapid event recognition of construction safety issues. In addition, the health and safety risks inherent in construction projects make it challenging for construction workers to be aware of possible safety risks and hazards according to daily planned work activities. To address the urgent demand of the industry to improve worker safety, this study involves the development of an audio-based event detection system to provide daily safety issues to laborers and through the rapid identification of construction accidents. As an evidence-driven approach, the proposed framework incorporates the occupational injury and illness manual data, consisting of historical construction accident data classified by types of sources and events, into an audio-based safety event detection framework. This evidence-driven framework integrated with a daily project schedule can automatically provide construction workers with prenotifications regarding safety hazards at a pertinent work zone as well as consistently contribute to enhanced construction safety monitoring by audio-based event detection. By using a machine learning algorithm, the framework can clearly categorize the narrowed-down sound training data according to a daily project schedule and dynamically restrict sound classification types in advance. The proposed framework is expected to contribute to an emerging knowledge base for integrating an automated safety surveillance system into occupational accident data, significantly improving the accuracy of audio-based event detection.
Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media: by S. T. Roberts, Hartford, CT, Yale University Press, 2019, 222 pp., $30.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780300235883

Each day, internet users post violent videos, threatening social media posts, and nonconsensual pornographic content. And, each day, most of it disappears. A combination of human and algorithmic la...
Manipulation of the Endocochlear Potential Reveals Two Distinct Types of Cochlear Nonlinearity.

Abstract The mammalian hearing organ, the cochlea, contains an active amplifier to boost the vibrational response to low level sounds. Hallmarks of this active process are sharp location-dependent frequency tuning and compressive nonlinearity over a wide stimulus range. The amplifier relies on outer hair cell (OHC)-generated forces driven in part by the endocochlear potential, the ∼+80 mV potential maintained in scala media, generated by the stria vascularis. We transiently eliminated the endocochlear potential in vivo by an intravenous injection of furosemide and measured the vibrations of different layers in the cochlea’s organ of Corti using optical coherence tomography. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were also monitored. After furosemide injection, the vibrations of the basilar membrane lost the best frequency (BF) peak and showed broad tuning similar to a passive cochlea. The intra-organ of Corti vibrations measured in the region of the OHCs lost the BF peak and showed low-pass responses but retained nonlinearity. This strongly suggests that OHC electromotility was operating and being driven by nonlinear OHC current. Thus, although electromotility is presumably necessary to produce a healthy BF peak, the mere presence of electromotility is not sufficient. The BF peak recovered nearly fully within 2 h, along with the recovery of odd-order distortion product otoacoustic emissions. The recovery pattern suggests that physical shifts in operating condition are a critical step in the recovery process.
Lanthanide Complexes of Bis(tetrazolato)amine: A Route to Lanthanide Nitride Foams.

Metal nitrides are strong refractory ceramic materials known for applications in the coatings, catalysis, and semiconductor industries. Lanthanide nitrides are difficult to prepare in high purity a...
FM-track: pushing the limits of contactless multi-target tracking using acoustic signals

Contactless acoustic motion tracking enables new opportunities to interact with smart devices, such as smartphones and voice-controlled smart assistants. The speakers and microphones integrated in these devices provide unique opportunities to simultaneously track multiple targets in a fine-grained manner. To this end, we propose a system, namely FM-Track, that enables contactless multi-target tracking using acoustic signals. We first introduce a signal model to characterize the location and motion status of targets by fusing the information from multiple dimensions (i.e., range, velocity, and angle of targets). Then we develop a series of techniques to separate signals reflected from multiple targets and accurately track each individual target. We implement and evaluate FM-Track on both research-purpose hardware platform (i.e., Bela) and commercial devices (i.e., smartphones and smart speakers). Extensive experiments show that FM-Track can successfully differentiate two targets with a spacing as small as 1 cm, and achieve a median tracking accuracy of 0.86 cm and 0.11 cm for absolute range and displacement estimates respectively. For multi-target tracking, FM-Track can accurately track four targets and the tracking range can be up to 3 m.
Shallow Placentation: A Distinct Category of Placental Lesions.

Objective Shallow placental implantation (SPI) features placental maldistribution of extravillous trophoblasts and includes excessive amount of extravillous trophoblasts, chorionic microcysts in the membranes and chorionic disc, and decidual clusters of multinucleate trophoblasts. The histological lesions were previously and individually reported in association with various clinical and placental abnormalities. This retrospective statistical analysis of a large placental database from high-risk pregnancy statistically compares placentas with and without a composite group of features of SPI. Study Design Twenty-four independent abnormal clinical and 44 other than SPI placental phenotypes were compared between 4,930 placentas without (group 1) and 1,283 placentas with one or more histological features of SPI (composite SPI group; group 2). Placentas were received for pathology examination at a discretion of obstetricians. Placental lesion terminology was consistent with the Amsterdam criteria, with addition of other lesions described more recently. Results Cases of group 2 featured statistically and significantly (p Conclusion SPI placentas were statistically and significantly associated with 48% abnormal independent clinical and 51% independent abnormal placental phenotypes such as acute and chronic hypoxic lesions, fetal vascular malperfusion, umbilical cord abnormalities, and basal plate myometrial fibers among others. Therefore, SPI should be regarded as a category of placental lesions related to maternal vascular malperfusion and the “Great Obstetrical Syndromes.” Key Points
Relationships Across Clinical Measures of Vocal Quality and Functioning and Their Relationship With Patient Perception

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among subjective auditory-perceptual ratings of vocal quality, objective acoustic and aerodynamic measures of vocal function, and patient-perceived severity of their vocal complaint. Method This study was a retrospective chart review of adult patients evaluated at a single outpatient center over a 1.5-year time period. Twenty-two clinical objective and subjective measures of voice were extracted from 676 charts (310 males, 366 females). To identify the underlying concepts addressed in an initial voice assessment, principal component analyses were conducted for males and females to account for sex differences. Linear regression models were conducted to examine the relationship between the principal components and patient perceived severity. Results Seven principal components were identified for both sexes and accounted for 75% and 71% of the variance in the clinical measures, respectively. Of these seven principal components, only two predicted male patient perceived severity, which accounted for 22% of the variance. In contrast, four principal components predicted female patient perceived severity of their voice disorder and accounted for 19% of the variance. Conclusions The results highlight the underlying aspects of vocal quality and functioning that are evaluated during an initial assessment. Male and female patients differ in which of these components may contribute self-perceived severity of a voice disorder. Identifying these underlying components may support clinical decision making when developing a clinical protocol and highlights the overlap between patient concerns and clinical measures. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16879603.
Preoperative Deprescribing for Medical Optimization of Older Adults Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence for preoperative deprescribing and its effect on postoperative outcomes in older adults undergoing surgery. DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All available studies. METHODS We searched EMBASE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and PubMed from inception to January 12, 2021. Settings included outpatient settings during the waiting period for surgery (ie, preoperative clinic) through to the preoperative period in the hospital. Participants who were older adults, aged ≥65 years, undergoing planned or emergency surgery with deprescribing or medication-related interventions were included for review. RESULTS We identified 3 different methods of deprescribing intervention delivery during the preoperative period: geriatrician-led (n = 2), interdisciplinary team-led (n = 8), and pharmacist-led (n = 6). Outcomes were related to health care utilization, patient outcomes, and medication changes; however, results were difficult to compare because of heterogeneous outcomes within the topics. Overall, results were either positive or neutral. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The evidence for deprescribing during the preoperative period for older adults undergoing surgery is weak because of the heterogeneity of intervention delivery and outcomes, inclusion of nonoperative cases in some studies, and low power. This review highlights the need for future research, which may consider the following: (1) interdisciplinary approach, (2) coordination of deprescribing efforts with primary care provider from the waiting period for surgery up to after discharge, and (3) validated deprescribing criteria such as STOPP/START that is easy to implement. It is important to note that results yielded positive and neutral results, not negative ones, which should reassure clinicians to implement deprescribing for older adults during the surgical period. Additionally, policy initiatives such as integrated electronic medical records or increased reimbursement of deprescribing efforts for primary care providers and/or hospitals should be pursued to prevent adverse postoperative events for this population.
Teaching a Systematic Approach for Transitioning Patients to College: An Interactive Continuing Medical Education Program.

Objective The purpose of this article is to determine the effectiveness of a hands-on continuing education program for practicing child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) with a focus on best practices in transitioning psychiatric patients to college. The plan was to build on the unique knowledge and skill set of CAPs, use audience and facilitator feedback from prior programs to inform program content, structure, and format, and incorporate findings from the evolving literature.
The CVD of the Allotropes of Carbon

This chapter reviews the two major allotropes of carbon—graphite and diamond. These allotropes have the same building block, the carbon atom, but different crystalline structure. Graphite is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and is known as pyrolytic graphite. It is an aggregate of graphite crystallites, which have dimensions ( L c ) that reach several hundred nm. The properties of CVD graphite are similar to those of single crystal graphites. It is a highly refractory material, which is unaffected by thermal shock. The CVD of graphite is simple and is based on the thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of a hydrocarbon gas. The common precursors include: methane, ethylene, and acetylene. CVD graphite can have several structural forms like columnar, laminar, or isotropic. Few applications of CVD graphite include: crucibles for molecular beam epitaxy, electrodes for plasma etching, reaction vessels for gas-phase epitaxy of III–V compounds, trays for silicon-wafer handling, and coating for nuclear-fuel particles.
Neoliberalism, Governmentality, and Ethics

This paper illustrates the relevance of Foucault’s analysis of neoliberal governance for a critical understanding of recent transformations in individual and social life in the United States, particularly in terms of how the realms of the public and the private and the personal and the political are understood and practiced. The central aim of neoliberal governmentality (“the conduct of conduct”) is the strategic creation of social conditions that encourage and necessitate the production of Homo economicus, a historically specific form of subjectivity constituted as a free and autonomous “atom” of self-interest. The neoliberal subject is an individual who is morally responsible for navigating the social realm using rational choice and cost-benefit calculations grounded on market-based principles to the exclusion of all other ethical values and social interests. While the more traditional forms of domination and exploitation characteristic of sovereign and disciplinary forms of power remain evident in our ”globalized” world, the effects of subjectification produced at the level of everyday life through the neoliberal “conduct of conduct” recommend that we recognize and invent new forms of critique and ethical subjectivation that constitute resistance to its specific dangers.
Mental Health Problems and Use of Services of Lesbians

The Boston Health Project II, replicating a national survey of lesbians completed in 1987, found few differences from previous data regarding mental health problems and service use among lesbians. ...
Robust convergence of two-stage nonlinear algorithms for identification in H ∞

Abstract Two-stage nonlinear algorithms for the problem of identification in H ∞ are analyzed in terms of the Fourier transform of the window function. Conditions characterizing the robust convergence of the two-stage nonlinear algorithm are derived. The sufficiency of the conditions holds for a general class of window functions while the necessity is proved for robust convergence of the first stage of the algorithm under the mild additional restriction that the window function is even symmetric. Some improved upper bounds for the worst case identification error are also obtained.
Characteristics of seismic and acoustic signals produced by calving, Bering Glacier, Alaska

[1] We recorded 126 calving and iceberg breakup events from the terminus of the Bering Glacier during five days in August 2008 using seismometers and three small-aperture arrays of infrasound sensors. The seismic signals were typically emergent, narrow-band, and lower-frequency, similar to records at other glaciers. The acoustic records were characterized by shorter-duration, higher-frequency signals with more impulsive onsets. We demonstrate that triangular infrasound arrays permit improved locations of calving events over seismic arrivals that rely on a relatively complicated, poorly known, velocity model. Twenty-six of 35 well-located events occurred on icebergs in Vitus Lake, rather than the glacier face. While our data do not permit a complete description of the source process, the distinctive frequency contents and durations in the seismic and infrasound data suggest that the two data types record different aspects of the same process.
Chloroplast biogenesis. 37. induction of chlorophyllide a (E459 F675) accumulation in higher plants

Abstract The conversion of divinyl protochlorophyllide a (DV Pchlide a) (E443 F625), where E and F refer to fluorescence excitation and emission maxima respectively in ether at 77 K, into chlorophyllide a (Chlide a) (E459 F675) is reported. This reaction was demonstrated by first inducing etiolated cucumber cotyledons to accumulate DV Pchlide a (E443 F625) devoid of monovinyl (MV) contamination by a series of light/dark treatments. The accumulated DV Pchlide a (E443 F625) was then converted into Chlide a (E459 F675) by a 2.5-ms light pulse (L). The Chlide a (E459 F675) thus generated exhibited spectrofluorometric properties which differed from those of MV Chlide a (E447 F674) at 77 K and at room temperature before and after demetallation. The techniques described in this work permit the preparation of Chlide a (E459 F675) devoid of MV Chlide a contamination, for further chemical structural identification of this novel chlorophyll (Chl) precursor.
Quantum Limit of Quality Factor in Silicon Micro and Nano Mechanical Resonators

Micromechanical resonators are promising replacements for quartz crystals for timing and frequency references owing to potential for compactness, integrability with CMOS fabrication processes, low cost, and low power consumption. To be used in high performance reference application, resonators should obtain a high quality factor. The limit of the quality factor achieved by a resonator is set by the material properties, geometry and operating condition. Some recent resonators properly designed for exploiting bulk-acoustic resonance have been demonstrated to operate close to the quantum mechanical limit for the quality factor and frequency product (Q-f). Here, we describe the physics that gives rise to the quantum limit to the Q-f product, explain design strategies for minimizing other dissipation sources, and present new results from several different resonators that approach the limit.
Marine sponge aggregation: A model for effects of NSAIDs on the calcium movements of cell activation

ISSOCIATED cells of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera aggregate in sea water and, with time, reconstitute themselves as small sponges.'·2 The dependence of aggregation upon divalent cations, first noted by Galtsoff,3 has been largely attributed to properties of the species-specific Microciona aggregation factor (MAF), a 2x I07Mr proteoglycan. 4 - 9 MAF requires calcium both for its integrity in solution and to promote sponge cell aggregation. 9
Curative reoperations for locally recurrent rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Our aims were to determine the morbidity, survival and its influencing factors, and patterns of failure for patients who underwent further surgery with the hope of cure for locally recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS: Between January 1981 and December 1988, 224 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of recurrent rectal cancer underwent additional surgery at Mayo Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota. Of these, 65 underwent further surgery with the hope of cure,i.e.,no gross/microscopic residual disease at tumor margins after reoperation. Factors assessed included type of original operation, time interval between operation for primary tumor and initial operation for recurrence, symptom status, degree of fixation, types of reoperations for recurrence, and adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: None of the patients died within 30 days of reoperation. Seventeen complications requiring hospitalization and/or surgical procedure were observed in 14 patients. Extended operations (involving partial or complete removal of surrounding organs/structures) required more time to perform, a greater number of transfusions, and a longer hospital stay than more limited operations. Three-year, five-year, and median survival were 57, 34, and 44.7 months, respectively. Survival was greater after curative than after palliative resection (P<0.001). Survival tended to be greater in females (P<0.075) and in patients without pain (P<0.065). Cumulative probability of local failure was 24, 41, and 47 percent at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Cumulative risk of distant metastasis was 30, 51, and 62 percent at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that complete excision of locally recurrent rectal cancer can provide a significant number of patients with long-term survival and can be accomplished safely in select patients.
DIFFUSION OF INFLUENZA IN ENGLAND AND WALES

ABSTRACT In 1957 a new variant of influenza appeared in China and subsequently swept through a highly susceptible world population in classic pandemic style. England and Wales were infected chiefly through their seaports in June. An epidemic of twelve weeks began in early September, with about six million cases of influenza. Surrogate analysis of spatial components of the epidemic reveals the emergence of primary foci in northern England, followed by a southward shift of infection. Central place systems reversed virus flow-lines in some areas. Onset, peaking, and total weight of the epidemic correlate with distance from two northern seaports, and with room densities. Onset was correlated with population potential. The southward advancing epidemic wave, as depicted in a centrogram, followed the ridgeway of highest population potential. Closed communities, either sociocultural or occupational, tended to stimulate foci development within cities through heavier seeding. Some also generated a double-wave or bi...
Biological applications of fullerenes

Thus far, development of applications of fullerenes in biology has been hampered by the poor water solubility of fullerenes. In spite of such concerns, fullerenes have proved useful for a wide variety of biological applications. As derivatized and underivatized fullerenes continue to become increasingly available, additional applications and further development of those discussed in this article will invariably follow.
Succinate-ubiquinone reductase linked recycling of α-tocopherol in reconstituted systems and mitochondria: Requirement for reduced ubiquinone

Abstract Studies have demonstrated that accumulation of mitochondrial tocopheroxyl radical, the primary oxidation product of α-tocopherol, accompanies rapid consumption of tocopherol. Enzyme-linked electron flow lowers both the steady-state concentration of the radical and the consumption of tocopherol. Reduction of tocopheroxyl radical by a mitochondrial electron carrier(s) seems a likely mechanism of tocopherol recycling. Succinate-ubiquinone reductase (complex II) was incorporated into liposomes in the presence of tocopherol and ubiquinone-10. After inducing formation of tocopheroxyl radical, it was possible to show that reduced ubiquinone prevents radical accumulation and tocopherol consumption. There was no evidence of direct reduction of tocopheroxyl radical by succinate-reduced complex II. These reactions were also measured using ubiquinone-1 and α-C-6-chromanol (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4′-methylpentyl)-6-chromanol) which are less hydrophobic analogues of ubiquinone-10 and α-tocopherol. Mitochondrial membranes were made deficient in ubiquinone but sufficient in α-tocopherol and were reconstituted with added quinone. With these membranes it was shown that mitochondrial enzymelinked reduction of ubiquinone protects α-tocopherol from consumption, and there is a requirement for ubiquinone. This complements the observations made in liposomes and we propose that reduced mitochondrial ubiquinones have a role in α-tocopherol protection, presumably through efficient reduction of the tocopheroxyl radical.
Experimental verification of dielectric constant decrease in silicon nanostructures

During the design of devices using Si nanostructures, it is often important to precisely know the dielectric function e, since it determines many of their electrical and optical properties. Several theoretical studies have predicted a reduction in the dielectric constant e as the nanostructure size decreases. Two competing physical mechanisms have been proposed for the reduction: quantum confinement and surface effects (due to a breaking of polarizable bonds on the surface). There have been only a few experimental works on the size dependence of e, in which e was measured only for one particular average size. In our work, we have measured the size-dependent e of thin crystalline slabs at different sizes using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry from 270 nm to 1700 nm at the incident angles of 65°, 70° and 75°. The thin crystalline slabs of different thicknesses (~ 15 nm to 2.5 nm) were fabricated by repeatedly subjecting the top Si layer of SOI wafers to plasma oxidation and BOE etching. Ellipsometry and surface profile measurements were performed between each etching step. At the wavelength of 1700 nm, for which silicon is transparent and bulk e is 11.7, we found thate was reduced to 7.5 for a 2.5 nm thick Si slab. Our results represent the first systematic measurement of the dielectric function of Si nanostructures as a function of size and represent the first test of the theories.
Graded changes in evoked response (P300) amplitude as a function of cognitive activity

Using a stepwise discriminant analysis, we demonstrate that the amplitude of P300 is a graded function of the complexity of information processing required of a S following a stimulus. This relationship between cognitive complexity and P300 is apparent only when the S is not pressed to generate fast and accurate discriminant responses to the stimuli. Under a reaction-time regime, a large P300 is elicited independently of stimulus predictability or cognitive complexity. It seems that P300 is a measure of the amount of activity of a general-purpose cortical processor.
Empirical Study on the Performance Stability of Named Entity Recognition Model across Domains

When a machine learning-based named entity recognition system is employed in a new domain, its performance usually degrades. In this paper, we provide an empirical study on the impact of training data size and domain information on the performance stability of named entity recognition models. We present an informative sample selection method for building high quality and stable named entity recognition models across domains. Experimental results show that the performance of the named entity recognition model is enhanced significantly after being trained with these informative samples.
Quantitative analysis of the relation between entropy and nucleosynthesis in central Ca + Ca and Nb + Nb collisions

The final states of central Ca + Ca and Nb + Nb collisions at 400 and 1050 MeV/nucleon and at 400 and 650 MeV/nucleon, respectively, are studied with two independently developed statistical models, namely the classical microcanonical model and the quantum-statistical grand canonical model. It is shown that these models are in agreement with each other for these systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that there is essentially a one-to-one relationship between the observed relative abundances of the light fragments p, d, t, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, and \ensuremath{\alpha} and the entropy per nucleon, for breakup temperatures greater than 30 MeV. Entropy values of 3.5--4 are deduced from high-multiplicity selected fragment yield data.
TEACHING MENDING SKILLS TO MENTALLY RETARDED ADOLESCENTS

This experiment presents a model for analyzing community living skills and teaching them to mentally retarded adolescents. A task analysis of three mending skills was developed and validated, aided by consultation with persons having expertise in home economics and mental retardation. The task analysis was modified to compensate for the constraints imposed by the trainees' disabilities. Five moderately retarded youths received training on sewing hems, buttons, and seams. Sewing skills were acquired rapidly and maintained. The behavior generalized from trained to untrained tasks on their common components for all subjects. A multiple baseline across participants combined with a multiple baseline across responses demonstrated the combined effectiveness of an objectively validated, detailed task analysis; graduated sequence of prompts; and response consequences in training and maintaining community living skills with mentally retarded adolescents.
New Onset Psychosis Following Abrupt Discontinuation of Hormone Replacement Therapy in a Trans Woman

Estrogen and related hormones have a significant role to play in the etiology and the treatment of psychotic illness. Here we present the case of a 38-year-old immigrant trans woman referred for management of first onset psychotic symptoms following abrupt discontinuation of female hormonal therapy first started in adolescence. The patient's symptoms progressed to catatonia, but were eventually treated with significant success by a combination of clozapine, estradiol and medroxyprogesterone.
Toward a model of distributed engineering collaboration

The literature previously has explained the design process from the individual perspective; however, it is limited in defining the key attributes of collaborative design groups. In addition, most of the work to date in the co-operative work environment has focused on developing exploratory systems and then testing these systems within some determined environment. This research examines some of the variables that influence distributed collaboration groups engaged in engineering tasks. Groups were investigated across face-to-face, video, and audio communication mediums to examine the collaborative communication process. Results indicate that there were no differences between face-to-face and video groups in their communications development. Audio groups were found to be significantly different that the face-to-face control groups. There was a relationship between the audio groups' communication development and conversational prop richness; however, this relationship did not exist for the face-to-face and video media supported groups. These preliminary findings indicate that groups participating in an engineering project should communicate either in a face-to-face or video forum to ensure the engineering process is not altered from what is today standard practice.
Teaching and learning in an 80-hour work week: A novel day-float rotation for medical residents

The 80-hour workweek limit for residents provides an opportunity for residency directors to creatively innovate their programs. Our novel day-float rotation augmented both the educational structure within the inpatient team setting and the ability for house staff to complete their work within the mandated limits. Descriptive evaluation of the rotation was performed through an end-of-rotation questionnaire. The average length of the ward residents' work week was quantified before and after the rotation's implementation. Educational portfolios and mentored peer-teaching opportunities enriched the rotation. As measured by our evaluation, this new rotation enhanced learning and patient care while reducing work hours for inpatient ward residents.
Extreme Fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma: The stillwater igneous complex

An abstract is here presented of the writer's investigations since 1935. This research is part of a large project involving the detailed study of the Stillwater Complex being carried out by Peoples, Howland, Sampson, and the writer, which will be prepared for publication during 1939. The investigations of the writer's colleagues started in 1930. It was known in 1935 that the Stillwater Complex was a huge concordant sheet or lopolith which had differentiated by settling of crystals, layer upon layer. This sheet has been turned up on end and bevelled across by erosion. The floor is exposed and approximately 17,000 feet of banded rocks above the floor, but the top of the Complex and roof are covered by Paleozoics.
Properties of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase of Phycomyces blakesleeanus

A NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase was isolated from the zygomycetous fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus , and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The pH optimum for the forward reaction (NADP reduction) was ca. pH 7.5–8.5; the pH optimum for the reverse reaction (NADPH + H oxidation) was 6.0. Enzyme activity was significantly influenced by ionic strength. The molecular weight was estimated by means of gel filtration as 88,000. Purine and pyrimidine 5′-phosphorylated nucleosides, reduced glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, glyoxylate, and oxaloacetate neither inhibited nor activated the enzyme; however, sulfhydryl reagents moderately inhibited catalytic activity. The apparent K m values with respect to threo - d s -isocitrate, NADP, and Mn 2+ were 1.43 × 10 −4 , 3.52 × 10 −4 , and 3.36 × 10 −5 m , respectively. Hill plots indicated one binding site each for isocitric acid, NADP, and Mn 2+ . The enzyme had an absolute requirement for a metallic ion, the most effective being Mn 2+ . The action of the polydentate ligands triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate on enzyme activity was examined and the significance of the binding data of these compounds is discussed.
Record of PCB congeners, sorbents and potential toxicity in core samples in Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal.

Abstract Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) is an active navigational system that serves a heavily industrial area of southern Lake Michigan. We have determined the amount of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), congener distributions, sorbent types and potential for dioxin-like PCB toxicity from two IHSC sediment cores. Vertical distributions of ΣPCBs (sum of 161 individual or coeluting congeners) ranged from 410 to 91 000 and 1800 to 41 000 ng g −1 dry weight (d.w.) for cores 1 and 2, respectively. Core 1 showed its highest accumulation rate for the year ∼1979 and exhibits a strong Aroclor 1248 signal in sediments accumulating over the last 60 years. It appears that from the late 1930s until the beginning of the 1980s there was a large and constant input of PCBs into this system. This pattern differs from lake cores from the Great Lakes region which commonly exhibit a rapid increase, a peak, followed by a sharp decrease in the PCB accumulation rates. Core 2 also has a strong Aroclor 1248 signal in the top layers, but deeper layers show evidence of mixtures of Aroclors and/or weathering processes. High levels of black carbon as a fraction of total organic carbon were found in both cores (median ∼30%), which reflect the long history of local combustion sources. No strong relationship was found between ΣPCB concentration and sorbents. Both cores contain dioxin-like PCBs that are highest in concentration below the surface. The high levels of PCBs in the deep sediments are of concern because of plans to dredge this system.
NEW GENUS OF DORUDONTINE ARCHAEOCETE (CETACEA) FROM THE MIDDLE‐TO‐LATE EOCENE OF SOUTH CAROLINA

A new archaeocete whale from the late middle or early late Eocene of South Carolina, Chrysocetus healyorum gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a single subadult specimen. This individual includes: a partial skull; hyoid apparatus; lower jaws; teeth; all cervical, some thoracic and some lumbar vertebrae; ribs and sternum; left forelimb elements; and pelves. The specimen includes portions of much of the body, but while some of the bones are fairly complete, others are damaged, particularly the skull. The pelves resemble those of Basilosaurus, documenting a similar stage of hind limb reduction in dorudontines and suggesting that Chrysocetus was not able to support its body on land. The acetabulum for articulation of the femur is well formed and indicates that the hip joint was functional. Chrysocetus is distinguishable from other described dorudontines based on body size, characteristics of the teeth, and forelimb elements. Absence of deciduous teeth in a subadult individual of Chrysocetus may be indicative of an early stage of the evolution of monophyodonty.
Blastocystis hominis: Axenic cultivation

Abstract Blastocystis hominis, an intestinal parasite of humans, had been previously grown only with benefit of a bacterial flora. Bacteria were eliminated in the presence of 4000 μg/ml of ampicillin and 1000 μg/ml of streptomycin. Amphotericin B (50 μg/ml) was added only to eliminate yeasts or filamentous fungi. Blastocystis hominis was found to be a strict anaerobe. It was essential to use a prereduced modified biphasic egg medium, and cultures were incubated in anaerobic jars. The bacterial flora of the conventional cultures was eliminated gradually, over a month's time, and 6–10 transfers. Two lines of each of 8 strains of axenized B. hominis have been transferred weekly for 2 yr, one with antibiotics and one without. Cultures for bacteria, mycoplasma, and L forms have remained negative. It is now possible to study pure cultures of B. hominis without the previously essential bacterial flora.
Empirical analysis of anticipatory standardization processes: a case study

The processes followed for developing anticipatory standards such as those for web services are still not well-understood. In spite of the openness of the process, there are few analyses that shed light on the roles that different participants play or the actions they engage in during the development of these standards. We analyze archival documents that capture development of SOAP, a core web service standard. Our analysis shows that participants spend a bulk of their time discussing technical issues, identifying action items, and engaging in discussion to reach consensus. These activities reveal prototypical roles that participants take on such as: Advocate, Architect, Bystander, Critic, Facilitator, Guru, and Procrastinator. Together, the findings support the existence of three clusters in standards development processes: design activities performed by Architects, sense-making activities performed by Critics, and managerial activities performed by Facilitators; along with the important activity of coordinating the work of multiple participants. We discuss implications of our findings and identify opportunities for future work.
Three Mazatec Wise Ones and their Books

Most accounts of psychedelic mushroom use in Mexico's Sierra Mazateca describe the practice as a prehispanic survival degraded by tourism. This article explores how - through chants, self-descriptions and life stories - Mazatec curers who deal with 'outsiders' use the discourse surrounding mushrooms to construct a mimetic model of power and the relationship between inside and outside that highlights the importance of the border and the position of the mediator. The themes of shamanic travel and the book make both sense and power out of magical mushroom mediation and involve the outsider as an essential component of Mazatec identity.
Control of residential formaldehyde levels by source treatment

Abstract The efficacy of surface coatings applied to particle board subflooring on formaldehyde levels was evaluated under temperature and humidity — controlled, whole-house conditions. The most effective coating was Valspar formaldehyde sealant (78 to 87% reduction of formaldehyde). Hyde-Chek formaldehyde sealant was somewhat less effective (57 to 67%). Tri-Con Chemicals AP-10 formaldehyde barrier was shown to be ineffective in reducing formaldehyde when applied as a single coat but had an effectiveness of 65% when applied as two coats. Polyurethane varnish was only moderately effective in reducing formaldehyde levels (29 to 55%). Nitrocellulose-based varnish was relatively effective in reducing formaldehyde when applied as a single coat (46 to 64%), but more effective when two coats were applied (70%). Evaluations of alkyd resin varnish produced variable results, from 40 to 77% reduction as a single coat and 53% reduction applied as two coats. All surface coatings appeared to provide long-term reductions in formaldehyde levels.
Hypogammaglobulinemia Associated with Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia

Transient but profound hypogammaglobulinemia occurred during cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia in a patient who developed striking declines in number of T lymphocytes. A 66-year-old, female, human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient requiring long-term hemodialysis had normal serum immunoglobulin concentrations before the onset of CMV pneumonia (IgG, 1070-1470 mg/dl; IgA, 94-102 mg/dl; IgM, 30-48 mg/dl). During the pneumonia episode, serum immunoglobulin concentrations were profoundly reduced (IgG, 440 mg/dl; IgA, 40 mg/dl; IgM, 25 mg/dl). Total lymphocytes declined from 3048/mm3 to 212/mm3 with reductions in CD4+CD45- lymphocytes (inducers of B cells) to 9% (nl, 24%-32%) and CD4+CD45+ lymphocytes (inducers of suppressor T cells) to 4% (nl, 14%-22%). CD8 lymphocytes were reduced to 5% (nl, 19%-31%). As the pneumonia resolved, serum immunoglobulin concentrations returned to normal. This is one of the few reported instances of CMV infection apparently causing hypogammaglobulinemia.
The creative person

The deepest moral justification for a capitalist system is not solely that, poor system that it is, it serves liberty better than any other known system; not even that is raises up the living standards of the poor higher than any other system has; nor that it better improves the state of human health and the balance between humans and the environment that either “real existing” socialism or the traditional Third World society has. All these things, however difficult for one to admit, are empirically true. The true moral strength of capitalism, however, lies in its promotion of human creativity.
Anger Management: Diagnostic Differences and Treatment Implications

Abstract Courts are referring an increasing number of people to anger management treatment, yet there are very few available guidelines for how to diagnose and treat angry people. Indeed, anger does not exist as a diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. The purpose of the present study was (a) to determine whether people referred for anger treatment met the DSM-IV criterion for other affective disorders that symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, and (b) to determine whether there were significant differences in the coping and anger expression styles utilized by angry versus normal populations. A group of 114 college students and 66 people referred for anger management treatment completed the Life Experiences Questionnaire, the Strategic Approaches to Coping, the Trait Anger Inventory, and the Revised-Anger Expression Inventory. Results indicate that people in the anger management group and people who scored high on the ang...
DMP 504, a novel hydrogel bile acid sequestrant: I. equilibrium binding properties and computer simulation of human bile flow

DMP 504 is a novel bile acid sequestrant under development for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. The resin is a soft-textured "hydrogel" that is synthesized from 1,10-dibromodecane and 1,6-diaminohexane. The equilibrium binding parameters for DMP 504 have been determined and compared to cholestyramine (CS) with respect to the major trihydroxy bile acid, glycocholate (GC), and the major dihydroxy bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC). DMP 504 had a greater maximum binding capacity (Bmax) than CS for GC (5.47 ± 0.06 vs. 2.76 ± 0.17 moles/kg) and GCDC (5.71 ± 0.14 vs. 3.26 ± 0.11 moles/kg). DMP 504 had a greater affinity, i.e., a lower Kd, than CS for GC (1.78 ± 0.04 vs. 5.24 ± 0.64 mM) and GCDC (0.19 ± 0.01 vs. 0.52 ± 0.06 mM). Similar values were obtained for the taurine conjugates of cholate and chenodeoxycholate. Since the interaction of bile acids with DMP 504 was highly cooperative, the binding isotherms were analyzed with a model that included a cooperativity parameter (W) to allow for interactions between adjacently bound bile acids. The DMP 504 binding isotherms showed greater cooperativity than CS for GC (5.10 ± 0.42 vs. 1.81 ± 0.47) and GCDC (6.28 ± 1.68 vs. 2.40 ± 0.76). A mathematical model of human bile flow, using the values for Bmax, Kd, and W determined in this study predicted that DMP 504 would be approximately threefold more potent than CS in a clinical setting. Drug Dev. Res. 41:58-64, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Freight Planning Typology

A layered architecture for freight transportation demand modeling entails the construction of a statewide freight transportation demand model by separately simulating traffic for one commodity at a time. Layers can then be added together to construct a comprehensive model that includes the most significant freight flows. Most state or regional economies are dominated by a few economic sectors, and models can be constructed for those sectors that generate the most freight traffic and/or are the most important to the regional economy. Freight traffic demand modeling in intercity applications is more likely to focus on economic development, local infrastructure improvements, maintenance, and similar policy and planning concerns than on system capacity issues. Thus, it is more important to understand changes in traffic growth by economic sector than as the composite of all freight traffic. This method is less data intensive and more easily understood by transportation professionals than previous approaches. T...
Anomalous entropy of small clusters of atoms

Abstract The vibrational entropies of small clusters of atoms have been calculated for clusters of 13 to 87 atoms in both cubic and hexagonal close packed arrangements. The entropy per atom is not a monotonic function of the cluster size and shows a maximum around 40 atoms and a minimum in the range 50–80 atoms.
Changes in rat frontal cortex gene expression following chronic cocaine

Alterations in gene expression caused by repeated cocaine administration have been implicated in the long-term behavioral aspects of cocaine abuse. The frontal cortex mediates reinforcement, sensory, associative, and executive functions and plays an important role in the mesocortical dopamine reinforcement system. Repeated cocaine administration causes changes in frontal cortex gene expression that may lead to changes in the behaviors subserved by this brain region. Rats treated non-contingently with a binge model of cocaine (45 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days were screened for changes in relative mRNA abundance in the frontal cortex by cDNA hybridization arrays. To confirm changes, immunoreactive protein was measured (via protein-specific immunoblots) in a second group of identically-treated animals. Protein levels of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein (ARC), as well as an antigen related to nerve growth factor I-B (NGFI-B-RA) were shown to be significantly induced after cocaine administration. Levels of NGFI-B mRNA were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR to be increased with cocaine administration. These observations are similar to previously reported cocaine-responsive changes in gene expression but novel to the frontal cortex. This study also validates the use of hybridization arrays for screening of neuronal gene expression changes and the utility of relative protein quantification as a post-hoc confirmation tool.