cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of an alkalizing supplement on markers of endurance performance using a double-blind placebo-controlled design.

Previous research has shown that ingestion of substances that enhance the body's hydrogen ion buffering capacity during high intensity exercise can improve exercise performance. The present study aimed to determine whether the chronic ingestion of an alkalizing supplement, which purports to enhance both intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, could impact cardiorespiratory and performance markers in trained Nordic skiers. Twenty-four skiers (12 men, 12 women), matched for upper body power (UBP), were split into treatment and placebo groups. The treatment group ingested Alka-Myte®-based alkalizing tablets (1 tablet/22.7 kg body mass/day) over seven successive days while the placebo group consumed placebo tablets (i.e., no Alka-Myte®) at the same dosage. Prior to tablet ingestion (i.e., pre-testing), both groups completed a constant power UBP test, three successive 10-sec UBP tests, and then a 60-sec UBP test. Next, skiers completed the 7-day ingestion of their assigned tablets followed immediately by a repeat of the same UBP tests (i.e., post-testing). Neither the skiers nor the researchers were aware of which tablets were being consumed by either group until after all testing was complete. Dependent measures for analysis included heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), blood lactate (LA), as well as 10-sec (W10, W) and 60-sec (W60, W) UBP. All data were evaluated using a two-factor multivariate repeated measures ANOVA with planned contrasts for post-hoc testing (alpha = 0.05). Post-testing cardiorespiratory (HR, VO2, VE) and LA measures for the treatment group tended to be significantly lower when measured for both constant power and UBP60 tests, while measures of both 10-sec (W10: 229 to 243 W) and 60-sec UBP (W60: 190 to 198 W) were significantly higher (P 0.05). Following the 7-day loading phase of Alka-Myte®-based alkalizing tablets, trained Nordic skiers experienced significantly lower cardiorespiratory stress, lower blood lactate responses, and higher UBP measures. Thus, the use of this supplement appeared to impart an ergogenic benefit to the skiers that may be similar to the effects expected from consuming well-studied extracellular buffering agents such as sodium bicarbonate.
The Role of Aggregates of Therapeutic Protein Products in Immunogenicity: An Evaluation by Mathematical Modeling

Therapeutic protein products (TPP) have been widely used to treat a variety of human diseases, including cancer, hemophilia, and autoimmune diseases. However, TPP can induce unwanted immune responses that can impact both drug efficacy and patient safety. The presence of aggregates is of particular concern as they have been implicated in inducing both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent immune responses. We used mathematical modeling to evaluate several mechanisms through which aggregates of TPP could contribute to the development of immunogenicity. Modeling interactions between aggregates and B cell receptors demonstrated that aggregates are unlikely to induce T cell-independent immune responses by cross-linking B cell receptors because the amount of signal transducing complex that can form under physiologically relevant conditions is limited. We systematically evaluate the role of aggregates in inducing T cell-dependent immune responses using a recently developed multiscale mechanistic mathematical model. Our analysis indicates that aggregates could contribute to T cell-dependent immune response by inducing high affinity epitopes which may not be present in the nonaggregated TPP and/or by enhancing danger signals to break tolerance. In summary, our computational analysis is suggestive of novel insights into the mechanisms underlying aggregate-induced immunogenicity, which could be used to develop mitigation strategies.
The quality of magnetic resonance imaging, as affected by the composition of the halo orthosis. A brief note.

Etude des images obtenues selon la nature du materiel entrant dans la composition des differents elements du halo: graphite, titane, aluminium, acier. Interet de l'utilisation d'un halo en graphite et de cheville en titane
Beyond editing: repurposing CRISPR–Cas9 for precision genome regulation and interrogation

The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 system has emerged as a multifunctional platform for sequence-specific regulation of gene expression. This Review describes the development of technologies based on nuclease-deactivated Cas9, termed dCas9, for RNA-guided genomic transcription regulation, both by repression through CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and by activation through CRISPR activation (CRISPRa). We highlight different uses in diverse organisms, including bacterial and eukaryotic cells, and summarize current applications of harnessing CRISPR-dCas9 for multiplexed, inducible gene regulation, genome-wide screens and cell fate engineering. We also provide a perspective on future developments of the technology and its applications in biomedical research and clinical studies.
Construction of Donor–Acceptor Polymers via Cyclopentannulation of Poly(arylene ethynylene)s

A one-step postpolymerization modification that converts three high bandgap poly(arylene ethynylene)s into low bandgap donor–acceptor copolymers is described. The strategy relies on a palladium-catalyzed cyclopentannulation reaction between the main-chain ethynylene functionality and a small molecule aryl bromide (6-bromo-1,2-dimethylaceanthrylene). The reaction installs new cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene electron-accepting groups between the electron rich arylenes along the polymer backbone. The modified polymers include poly(9,9-didodecyl-fluorene-2,7-ethynylene), poly(9-dodecyl-carbazole-2,7-ethynylene), and poly(2,5-dioctyloxyphenylene-1,4-ethynylene). The functionalization efficiency was evaluated via isotopic 13C labeling of the polymeric ethynylene carbons and then monitoring the chemical environment of those carbons via NMR spectroscopy. Near complete conversion of the sp carbon species to sp2 carbon species was observed, which demonstrates the high efficiency of the modification strategy. Gel permea...
“Let People See and Be Moved”: Stone Arches and the Chastity Cult in Huizhou during the High Qing Era

This article examines the chastity cult in China during the High Qing (c.1680–1830) era. It focuses on the physical characteristics and the cultural implications of chastity arches built in Huizhou (Anhui) during the eighteenth century. Using both written texts and evidence from extant arches, this article explores how these monumental objects served as a forum through which the ideology of female fidelity was constructed and perceived by different constituents including the Manchu court, wealthy Huizhou merchants, and resident commoners. These three groups had different attitudes toward the value of these chastity arches, and thus, this study reveals a dynamic and contradictory picture of how the chastity cult was contested and negotiated in the local community of Huizhou during the late imperial period.
Contribution of Embodiment to Solving the Riddle of Infantile Amnesia

At least since the late nineteenth century, researchers have sought an explanation for infantile amnesia (IA)—the lack of autobiographical memories dating from early childhood—and childhood amnesia (CA), faster forgetting of events up until the age of about seven. Evidence suggests that IA occurs across altricial species, and a number of studies using animal models have converged on the hypothesis that maturation of the hippocampus is an important factor. But why does the hippocampus mature at one time and not another, and how does that maturation relate to memory? Our hypothesis is rooted in theories of embodied cognition, and it provides an explanation both for hippocampal development and the end of IA. Specifically, the onset of locomotion prompts the alignment of hippocampal place cells and grid cells to the environment, which in turn facilitates the ontogeny of long-term episodic memory and the end of IA. That is, because the animal can now reliably discriminate locations, location becomes a stable cue for memories. Furthermore, as the mode of human locomotion shifts from crawling to walking, there is an additional shift in the alignment of the hippocampus that marks the beginning of adult-like episodic memory and the end of CA. Finally, given a reduction in self-locomotion and exploration with aging, the hypothesis suggests a partial explanation for cognitive decline with aging.
Increased TCF-4 Expression Correlates with Reduced Caspase-3 Induction and Confers Resistance to Bortezomib.

Bortezomib (PS-341 / Velcade ® ) has achieved responses in the setting of relapsed refractory multiple myeloma, yet some patients either fail to respond or become refractory after an initial response. Moreover, despite the essential role of proteasomes in cell proliferation, not all tumor cell types respond to Bortezomib treatment. To define mechanisms for differential sensitivity to Bortezomib, we used gene expression profiling to compare global gene expression patterns in SUDHL-4 and SUDHL-6 B-cell lymphoma cell lines, which respond differentially to Bortezomib treatment. Of genes that were differentially expressed in the two cell lines, we chose to further examine differential expression of the transcription factor ‘T-cell factor 4′ (TCF-4), a downstream effector in Wnt signaling. TCF-4 expression was 15 fold higher in resistant SUDHL-4 cells compared to sensitive SUDHL-6 cells by microarray analysis, which was confirmed by real-time PCR. TCF-4 was constitutively associated with s-catenin, its transcriptional co-activator, only in resistant SUDHL-4 cells, but not in sensitive SUDHL-6 cells. TCF-4 overexpression was associated with increased transcription of TCF-4 target genes cyclin D1 (3.48 fold) and c-myc (1.7 fold). Since all TCF-4 target genes are not defined, we also confirmed increased transcription by the TCF-4 / s-catenin complex using TCF-4 / s-catenin driven reporter genes. Increased TCF-4 expression in resistant SUDHL-4 cells was associated with lower induction of caspase-3 expression and activity in response to Bortezomib. Importantly, siRNA-mediated downregulation of TCF-4 sensitized cells to Bortezomib treatment, suggesting that blocking TCF-4 can restore sensitivity to Bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Our studies provide the rationale to use small molecule antagonists of TCF-4 / s-catenin interaction to overcome Bortezomib resistance and improve patient outcome.
Irritable bowel syndrome: new and emerging treatments

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in developed nations. It is characterized by abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, and bloating. Several non-pharmacological and pharmacological agents, which target the peripheral gastrointestinal system and central nervous system, are used to treat the syndrome. The individual and societal impact of investigating and managing the syndrome is substantial, and despite newer treatments, many patients have unmet needs. Intense research at many international sites has improved the understanding of pathophysiology of the syndrome, but developing treatments that are effective, safe, and that have tolerable side effects remains a challenge. This review briefly summarizes the currently available treatments for irritable bowel syndrome then focuses on newer non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies and recent evidence for older treatments. Recent guidelines on the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome are also discussed.
An Ecological Analysis of Political Tendencies in Louisiana: The Presidential Elections of 1952

HIS paper describes one in a series of T studies on the political ecology of Louisiana. The central problem in these studies' has been to demonstrate the existence of two basic political tendencies in Louisiana which have found expression in the formation of factions within the Democratic party. Although names and candidates of these factions have changed, the basic tendencies have been persistent over long periods since their support is in distinct social strata and their strongholds are in certain geographic regions of the state. The studies have also shown that these tendencies correspond to the major parties on the national scene and that in certain crucial federal elections they find expression through defections from the party which dominates the Solid South. In this paper we intend to show that these basic tendencies continued to prevail during the presidential and gubernatorial elections of 1952 and to demonstrate how they influenced the result of the presidential election. The theme may be stated as the continuity of basic political tendencies in a situation of change.
Drug Product Life-Cycle Management as Anticompetitive Behavior: The Case of Memantine

SUMMARY: A “product hop” involves the substitution of a new formulation of a prescription drug by a pharmaceutical manufacturer for an old version to forestall generic competition. In 2015, for example, Forest Laboratories, the brand-name drug manufacturer of memantine, an Alzheimer’s disease treatment, introduced an extended-release version and tried to restrict patient access to the previous version. Product hops can lead to useful incremental innovation but can also have major public health implications by disrupting patients on stable treatment regimens and increasing costs for patients and payers. This commentary reviews alleged anticompetitive product hopping in the case of memantine, which involved proposed conduct that would have left Alzheimer’s disease patients with no effective choice but to transition to memantine XR. Policy solutions that can limit anticompetitive product hops include raising the bar for obtaining patents on new drug product formulations and changing automatic generic substit...
Potential of Bait Formulations to Increase Effectiveness of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Against the Pink Bollworm

In a bioassay method developed to determine feeding preferences of neonate larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), small plastic vials were filled with an agar solution and scaled with a thin plastic film that made it possible to see larval response to the agar surface in a 4-h test period. The larvae demonstrated a preferential feeding response to ethanol extracts of parts of the cotton plant. Most extracts were preferred over the control by at least 75% of the larvae. An extract of mature cotton seed meats was found to be a good source of feeding stimuli and also is inexpensive and readily available. A bait-virus formulation increased the prevalence of virus infection in pink bollworms in greenhouse tests. Other materials tested for larval feeding preference response included 4 carbohydrates and crude cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil and sucrose were preferred over the control by 75% of the larvae.
Judging the Past: How History Should Inform Bioethics

Bioethics has become a common course of study in medical schools, other health professional schools, and graduate and undergraduate programs. An analysis of past ethical scandals, as well as the bioethics apparatus that emerged in response to them, is often central to the discussion of bioethical questions. This historical perspective on bioethics is invaluable and demonstrates how, for example, the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study was inherently racist and how other experiments exploited mentally disabled and other disadvantaged persons. However, such instruction can resemble so-called Whig history, in which a supposedly more enlightened mindset is seen as having replaced the "bad old days" of physicians behaving immorally. Bioethical discourse-both in the classroom and in practice-should be accompanied by efforts to historicize but not minimize past ethical transgressions. That is, bioethics needs to emphasize why and how such events occurred rather than merely condemning them with an air of moral superiority. Such instruction can reveal the complicated historical circumstances that led physician-researchers (some of whom were actually quite progressive in their thinking) to embark on projects that seem so unethical in hindsight. Such an approach is not meant to exonerate past transgressions but rather to explain them. In this manner, students and practitioners of bioethics can better appreciate how modern health professionals may be susceptible to the same types of pressures, misguided thinking, and conflicts of interest that sometimes led their predecessors astray.
The Philosophical Thought of K'ang Yu-Wei: An Attempt at a New Synthesis

(1962). The Philosophical Thought of K'ang Yu-Wei. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 129-193.
Harmful Effect of Low-Melting Elements and Development Prospects of Tin-Containing Steel

In the steel industry,Sn is always regarded as a harmful impurity element,one of "five harmful elements", which affects the welding property and equality of steel product especially the equality of continuously cast bloom and causes hot brittleness,temper brittleness,crack and fracture. While Sn element also has a vital influence on free-cutting steel,electrical sheet,cast iron and stainless steel. Nippon Steel developed ferritic stainless steel containing low Sn and Ni content improving the corrosion resistance performance and the workability significantly. The current status of tin both at home and abroad was summarized,including the mechanism of the hot brittleness,the segregation model and the prospect of tin-containing stainless steel.
Discussion of the Information-based Experiment Teaching of University

The development background and the development advantage of the information based experiment teaching of university,and its influence on the teaching formation and the fulfillment made by domestic and foreign educators were discussed.The information technology and the experimental teaching should be integraded,because the conformation is the main development direction of the classroom instruction pattern reform,which is helpful to accelerating the education modernization,improving the students'competence,enhancing the graduates'employment competitive power.The information based experiment teaching in university changed the experimental teaching obsolete pattern,and has been changing the teacher's role in teaching process gradually.Moreover,combining the information technology and the teaching discipline organically can make use of the existing resources well,carry out a resources share,impetus the education development of the the western area.The fast development of the information technology provided powerful technical supports for realizing the information-based experiment teaching of university completely.
The Air Conditions of Philosophy of Education: Toward a Microsphereology of the Classroom Derek R.

IntroductIon Educational theory — and critical educational literature more generally — has demonstrated an increased interest in the role of space in philosophy and education.1 This follows a broader spatial turn in social science that has been galvanized by theorizations and processes of globalization, advances in critical geography, and more nuanced conceptions of the production of space. Interestingly, however, the subject of air has largely been absent from these theorizations in education and in the social sciences — at least in explicit formulations. This is surprising because air is such a fundamental element of life and thought, of speech and sound. It is that which, by filling space, makes space inhabitable. In this essay, I want to argue that philosophy of education should begin taking air and atmospheric conditions of the classroom and the globe into consideration. The entry point for this project is the recent work of Peter Sloterdijk, in which Sloterdijk has constructed a grand narrative of spatial ontologies. While Sloterdijk forefronts the constitutive role of space and common air, his analysis leaves open several questions about how air conditions subjects and spaces. To answer some of these questions, and to gesture toward some components of a microsphereology of the classroom, I turn to Luce Irigaray, Marshall Berman, and Teresa Brennan.
Refractory convulsive status epilepticus in childhood

Refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RCSE) is life-threatening condition, with seizures lasting over one hour and not responding to first and second-line anticonvulsant drug therapy. Any mistreatment or delayed proper treatment significantly increase mortality and neurologic sequelae. First line drugs for convulsion ceasing are benzodiazepines, phenobarbital and phenytoin. In case of refractory status, infusion of midazolam and general anesthesia should be administered. The most important measures of the intensive care are control of vital functions, homeostasis, prevention and therapy for possible brain and systemic complications. Discovery of etiology of status epilepticus is highly important because symptomatic therapy should be administered. Overall mortality rate during RCSE is 13.5%, and is much higher in acute symptomatic group--28.6%. Early sequelae rate is 40.6%, 27.3% and 70% in idiopathic and acute symptomatic groups, respectively.
Aztreonam in treatment of intra-abdominal infections

Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic with a broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram-negative facultative bacteria. It possesses many of the characteristics of antibiotics that are useful for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. While this drug is effective against the Gram-negative enteric bacilli usually encountered in intra-abdominal infections, it is not practical as a single agent since anaerobic bacteria are not susceptible to aztreonam. The use of aztreonam avoids the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity associated with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Its pharmacokinetic parameters allow administration 3 or 4 times daily, and it is less expensive than many alternative agents. Studies comparing aztreonam to tobramycin in patients who also received clindamycin for acute appendicitis note similar rates of success in both antibiotic treatment groups.
Visual Representation in Mathematics: Special Education Teachers’ Knowledge and Emphasis for Instruction:

The use of visual representations (VRs) in mathematics is a strongly recommended practice in special education. Although recommended, little is known about special educators’ knowledge of and instr...
Thimbles and thimble rings from the circum-Caribbean region, 1500–1800: Chronology and identification

This paper provides an overview of literature on the subject of thimbles. Particular attention is devoted to the identification of functional categories and determining the gender and age composition of a site using thimbles. Major innovations in construction, decorative patterning, and shape are identified as well. Archaeologically, thimbles are often recovered at European domestic sites, in aboriginal burials, and as trade goods. This omnipresent artifact has considerable potential for general dating and demographic purposes.
Joint estimation of target reflectivity and local oscillator phases in a MIMO radar system with distributed assets

Synchronization across multiple distributed apertures is the standard assumption in proposed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems. However, perfect phase synchronization is difficult to realize. Assuming frequency synchronization, probably through a GPS system or reception of a beacon, we address the issue of unknown LO phases of local oscillators in a MIMO radar system, and consider the problem of joint estimation of target reflectivity and LO phases. The bistatic target reflectivity is subject to a complex normal prior distribution given by a multiple point scatterer model and LO phases are assumed independent and identically distributed random variables.
Application of Functional Molecular Imaging in Radiation Oncology

Molecular imaging of tumors is rapidly gaining momentum as a tool with the capacity to improve cancer treatment. It has the potential to provide more precise diagnosis of cancer, improve radiation treatment planning, and monitor response to treatment as the treatment progresses. Noninvasive imaging platforms reporting on molecular, biochemical, metabolic, and physiological parameters coupled with existing high-resolution anatomical modalities hold the promise of providing clinicians with information regarding the biology of the tumor in the context of its anatomical location. The basic principles of established and emerging molecular imaging techniques as applied to radiation oncology are reviewed highlighting advantages and limitations. The application of molecular imaging monitoring normal tissue responses as well as tumor may provide a means to determine more precisely a therapeutic ratio of different experimental radiation or chemoradiation approaches.
The Role of HIV in Race-Based Differences in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma(DLBCL) Treatment and Outcomes

Abstract Introduction: African American (AA) race is associated with inferior survival in DLBCL compared to white (W) race (Shenoy, Cancer, 2011). This has been attributed to a disparity in administration of chemo-immunotherapy (Flowers, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012). Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in AA with DLBCL is 8-fold higher than in W with DLBCL (Centers for Disease Control, 2014). We hypothesized that HIV infection is associated with a reduction in both administration of chemo-immunotherapy (rituximab) and overall survival (OS) in patients with DLBLC. We examined the relationship between race, HIV status, treatment with rituximab, and overall survival (OS) in a large cohort of United States Veterans with DLBCL with equal insurance access.. Methods We identified 3,227 DLBCL pts between 1998 and 2008 in the Veterans Health Administration Central Cancer Registry. We excluded pts with primary cutaneous or central nervous system DLBCL and pts treated with unknown agents outside the VHA, 2,163 met this inclusion criterion. Given Rituximab did not become standard of care in aggressive lymphomas until approximately 2002; we did a planned sub-analysis of the 1,672 patients diagnosed and treated after January 1, 2002. Data on stage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), medical co-morbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index), date of death, treatment and supportive care medications were obtained for each patient. OS was defined as time from DLBCL diagnosis to date of death. Univariate comparisons were performed to identify differences in treatment and other prognostic variables between race groups, where appropriate. Multivariable analyses were performed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling, producing odds-ratios (OR) or hazard ratios (HR), respectively. Results: Of the 2,163 pts that met inclusion criteria, 88% were W and 12% AA. There was a higher prevalence of HIV in AA patients versus W patients (21% v. 4%, p Conclusions: Prior studies have shown detrimental survival outcomes in patient with HIV receiving Rituximab. Previously, it was also common practice to exclude Rituximab in treatment plans in HIV positive DLBCL patients (Kaplan, Blood, 2005).In this population of veterans with health insurance coverage, the observed racial disparity in survival after DLBCL diagnosis is largely explained by differences in the prevalence of HIV in the AA and W patient population. Thus, in order to reduce the racial outcome disparity among patients with DLBCL, public health efforts should focus on decreasing HIV transmission and enhancing HIV treatment in the AA community. Download : Download high-res image (94KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Minimum time required to detect population trends: the need for long-term monitoring programs

Long-term time series are necessary to better understand population dynamics, assess species’ conservation status, and make management decisions. However, population data are often expensive, requiring a lot of time and resources. What is the minimum population time series length required to detect significant trends in abundance? I first present an overview of the theory and past work that has tried to address this question. As a test of these approaches, I then examine 822 populations of vertebrate species. I show that 72% of time series required at least 10 years of continuous monitoring in order to achieve a high level of statistical power. However, the large variability between populations casts doubt on commonly used simple rules of thumb, such as those employed by the IUCN Red List. I argue that statistical power needs to be considered more often in monitoring programs. Short time series are likely underpowered and potentially misleading.
Constituent and induced tannin accumulations in roots of loblolly pines

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) has become the most important source of wood fiber in the southern United States. This tree is an excellent competitor and recovers well from a variety of adverse conditions.1,2 The value of loblolly pine as a plantation tree has encouraged many researchers to devote their careers to the study of this species. It is surprising then that the root system of loblolly pine has received so little attention! I felt that an anatomical study of loblolly pine roots would be valuable and chose to measure tannin abundance as a primary trait to evaluate root health at the microscopic level.
Malden Mills (A) (Abridged)

CEO Aaron Feuerstein of Malden Mills decided to pay idled workers after a massive fire at his mill in 1995. Focuses on the decisions made post-fire and the rebuilding process and eventual bankruptcy of the company. Also outlines creditors' struggle to decide whether to lend Feuerstein additional funds to enable him to regain control of the company after emerging from bankruptcy.
Community College Pathways to Medical School and Family Medicine Residency Training.

PURPOSE Medical students who attend community college are more likely to express intention to train in family medicine. This study examined whether community college attendance is associated with family medicine residency training in a national sample of US medical school graduates. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the Association of American Medical Colleges matriculant files of residency trainees who graduated from medical school between 2010 to 2012. Residency specialty (family medicine vs other) was modeled using logistic regression analysis; the key independent variable was community college attendance, with categories of non–community college (reference); community college while in high school; community college after graduating from high school, then transfer to 4-year university; and community college after graduating from a 4-year university or as a postbaccalaureate. The logistic model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, years in medical school, parental education (a marker of socioeconomic status), and high school US region. RESULTS Of the 43,382 medical school graduates studied, 25.9% attended community college and 8.7% trained in family medicine. In unadjusted analysis, graduates attending community college while in high school, after graduating from high school with transfer to 4-year university, or after graduating from a 4-year university or as a postbaccalaureate (12.0%, 12.7%, and 10.8%, respectively) were more likely to train in family medicine compared with their peers who did not attend community college (7.7%). Respective adjusted odds ratios were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.33-1.63; P CONCLUSIONS US medical school graduates who attended community college were more likely to train in family medicine, suggesting community college is an important pathway for increasing the primary care workforce.
Tradition’s Edge: Interactions Between Religious Tradition and Sexual Freedom

This chapter considers the topic of same-sex marriage and the ordination of gay and lesbian clergy from the perspective of several religious traditions. The chapter focuses on the internal legal and theological struggles faced as these religions considered doctrinal and spiritual change to longstanding practices. Four religious traditions are explored: United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism; The Episcopalian Church; Japanese Zen Buddhism; and the Roman Catholic Church. Three of these four traditions have recognized and accepted same-sex marriage and ordination of gay clergy, but the processes through which they developed those responses, and their theological approaches, have been quite different. The fourth tradition, the Roman Catholic Church, had a different response than the other three traditions and this will be explored as well.
Investigation of suitable land use potential for industrial sites: the case of Kemalpaşa.

Kemalpasa district (Izmir/Turkey), a significant area in terms of its natural and cultural characteristics alongside with its agricultural production, was selected as the specific site for the study at hand as its natural resources were endangered as a result of unplanned industrial settlement and development in the area. Therefore, the aim of the study was to ascertain the most suitable industrial sites for the area by taking natural factors into consideration, while excluding the economic ones. Within the scope of the study, a total of 13 criteria were set including wildlife development areas, protected areas, forest lands, olive groves, pastures, agricultural lands, water surfaces, streams, land capability areas, distance to residential areas, transportation (distance to roads), slopes, and erosion. Seventeen maps were created based on these 13 criteria and were used to select the suitable sites. The inquiries were conducted through the weighted linear combination technique and the analytic hierarchy process method utilizing the geographical information system software ArcGIS 10.2.1. The land use of Kemalpasa is classified under five classes indicating different suitability values for industrial use and evaluating the land from “not suitable” (0) to “most suitable” (4). The results of the study revealed that 98.64% of Kemalpasa district was “not suitable” (0) for industrial land use. The results further indicated that only 0.50% of the district was “suitable” (3) for industrial use, while 0.86% was found to be “most suitable” (4) to that end. Three alternative sites designated by the study and current industrial sites were evaluated based on protection criteria and planning proposals were suggested.
Improving human-robot interaction through explainable reinforcement learning

Gathering the most informative data from humans without overloading them remains an active research area in AI, and is closely coupled with the problems of determining how and when information should be communicated to others [12]. Current decision support systems (DSS) are still overly simple and static, and cannot adapt to changing environments we expect to deploy in modern systems [3], [4], [9], [11]. They are intrinsically limited in their ability to explain rationale versus merely listing their future behaviors, limiting a human's understanding of the system [2], [7]. Most probabilistic assessments of a task are conveyed after the task/skill is attempted rather than before [10], [14], [16]. This limits failure recovery and danger avoidance mechanisms. Existing work on predicting failures relies on sensors to accurately detect explicitly annotated and learned failure modes [13]. As such, important non-obvious pieces of information for assessing appropriate trust and/or course-of-action (COA) evaluation in collaborative scenarios can go overlooked, while irrelevant information may instead be provided that increases clutter and mental workload. Understanding how AI models arrive at specific decisions is a key principle of trust [8]. Therefore, it is critically important to develop new strategies for anticipating, communicating, and explaining justifications and rationale for AI driven behaviors via contextually appropriate semantics.
Network Meta-Metrics: Using Evolutionary Computation to Identify Effective Indicators of Epidemiological Vulnerability in a Livestock Production System Model

We developed an agent-based susceptible/infective model which simulates disease incursions in the hog production chain networks of three U.S. states. Agent parameters, contact network data, and epidemiological spread patterns are output after each model run. Key network metrics are then calculated, some of which pertain to overall network structure, and others to each node's positionality within the network. We run statistical tests to evaluate the extent to which each network metric predicts epidemiological vulnerability, finding significant correlations in some cases, but no individual metric that serves as a reliable risk indicator. To investigate the complex interactions between network structure and node positionality, we use a genetic programming (GP) algorithm to search for mathematical equations describing combinations of individual metrics â€” which we call "meta-metrics" â€” that may better predict vulnerability. We find that the GP solutions â€” the best of which combine both global and node -level metrics â€” are far better indicators of disease risk than any individual metric, with meta-metrics explaining up to 91% of the variability in agent vulnerability across all three study areas. We suggest that this methodology could be applied to aid livestock epidemiologists in the targeting of biosecurity interventions, and also that the meta-metric approach may be useful to study a wide range of complex network phenomena.
Vegetable soybean tolerance to flumioxazin-based treatments for waterhemp control is similar to grain-type soybean

Herbicides registered in vegetable soybean often fail to control waterhemp. The objective of this research was to quantify vegetable soybean tolerance to preemergence herbicides for early-season waterhemp control, including flumioxazin applied alone PRE or in mixture with chlorimuron, metribuzin, or pyroxasulfone at use rates in grain-type soybean. Crop tolerance to the herbicides was tested in field trials with 20 vegetable soybean cultivars and four grain-type cultivars through 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Flumioxazin-based treatments were equally safe, resulting in only minor, transitory crop response (<5% injury 2 WAT) and no effect on crop emergence or early season growth. Flumioxazin mixtures provided greater than 99% control of waterhemp 4 WAT, as evidenced by reduced weed density from 29.7 plants m-2 in the nontreated control to no waterhemp. Flumioxazin applied alone or in tank mixture with chlorimuron, metribuzin, or pyroxasulfone were as safe in vegetable soybean as previously reported in grain-type soybean. Registration of these products in vegetable soybean would provide the industry with additional options for managing waterhemp.Nomenclature: chlorimuron; flumioxazin; metribuzin; pyroxasulfone; tall waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer, AMATU; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr
Lossless Zero-Index Guided Modes via Bound States in the Continuum

Zero-index metamaterials are sought for a number of applications, but have thus far always been associated with significant optical loss. We overcome this shortcoming by designing non-radiative zero-index modes in an all-dielectric photonic crystal slab. © 2019 The Author(s)
Emergent Imaging of Pediatric Cervical Spine Trauma

Owing to physiologic and biomechanical differences, the incidence, patterns, distributions, and mechanisms of spinal injury in children differ from those in adults. Furthermore, evaluation of the spine can be complicated by synchondroses, developmental and/or anatomic variants, and interpretative pitfalls that are unique to the developing spine of a child. Although the incidence of spinal injury is lower in children, the sequelae are more severe, with higher morbidity and mortality. Mechanistic differences, notably nonaccidental trauma in infants and toddlers; physiologic differences, notably a disproportionately large head relative to body size and ligamentous and soft-tissue laxity; and the propensity of these injuries to occur at higher spinal levels (craniocervical junction to C3) are contributing factors. In addition, imaging recommendations for children are different. Assessment of spinal alignment and adjacent soft tissues, particularly at the craniocervical junction, with a low threshold for performing MRI, is key to diagnosing these serious injuries. The patterns of common pediatric cervical spine injuries, including craniocervical junction injury and spinal cord injury without a correlating radiographic abnormality, are reviewed. ©RSNA, 2019.
A Flexible V2V Charger as a New Layer of Vehicle-Grid Integration Framework

This study proposes a flexible and marketable electric vehicle-to-electric vehicle (V2V) charge sharing solution that will lead to faster and wider customer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as an alternative to current grid-to-vehicle charging methodologies. The energy transfer between EVs will be through a bidirectional DC-DC converter in a conductive way which can take place at parking lots of workplaces, campuses, or residential premises and highways. The proposed design provides compact infrastructure, wide input and output voltage ranges with bidirectional buck/boost operation, and fast power transfer compared to Level 2 charging stations. To demonstrate this idea, this study evaluated three different bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies and validated the developed prototype with experimental results. We further analyzed V2V energy sharing in terms of impact on new charging station installations and possible grid services that can be provided.
Outcomes of Conventional Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Severely Reduced Ejection Fraction in the Modern Era.

Background This study evaluates the outcomes of conventional cardiac surgery in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 25% or less. Methods Patients with preoperative low LVEF (25% or less) undergoing The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) indexed cardiac operations from 2010 to 2018 were included. The primary outcome was survival. Secondary outcomes included major postoperative complications and readmission rates. Multivariable Cox regression was utilized for risk adjustment. Subanalyses evaluated the effect of preoperative inotropes as well as the impact of low LVEF on survival and readmission compared with propensity matched patients with LVEF greater than 25%. Results In all, 9467 patients underwent STS-indexed cardiac operations during the study period, including 588 with LVEF of 25% or less. The low LVEF group included 397 (67.5%) isolated coronary artery bypass graft, 51 (8.67%) isolated valve, and 140 (23.8%) concomitant coronary artery bypass graft and valve operations. Survival of low LVEF patients was not affected by operative procedure but instead by traditional risk factors such as advanced age and medical comorbidities. Freedom from hospital readmission for heart failure was 57.2% at 5-year follow-up. Patients receiving preoperative inotropes had reduced survival, although the majority were still alive at 5 years (53.1% vs 64.9%, P = .002). In addition, propensity matched patients with LVEF 25% or less and LVEF greater than 25% had similar survival and hazards for mortality at 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year follow-up. Conclusions Despite a high-risk profile, patients with reduced preoperative LVEF can undergo conventional cardiac surgery with acceptable outcomes. The majority of patients, including those receiving preoperative inotropes, were alive and free from heart failure readmissions at 5 years.
Quantitative analysis of the Oculus Rift S in controlled movement.

Purpose: To assess the translational and rotational tracking performance of the Oculus Rift S using controlled robotic motion and a gold-standard motion tracking system.Materials and Methods: An Oculus Rift S headset and controller were each placed in an industrial robot arm and had Vicon passive markers placed on them. The robotic arm was then translated in three perpendicular directions and performed three orthogonal rotations about three orthogonal axes while the spatial position of the headset and controller were recorded by Vicon motion capture cameras as well as Unity. Positional data was analyzed to determine the difference in tracking between Unity and Vicon to establish the accuracy of the Rift S' tracking capabilities.Results: It was determined that the translational accuracy of the system was 1.66 ± 0.74 mm for the head-mounted display and 4.36 ± 2.91 mm for the controller, and the rotational accuracy of the system was 0.34 ± 0.38° for the HMD and 1.13 ± 1.23° for the controller.Conclusions: The high level of accuracy and precision combined with the low cost of the Oculus Rift S and its use of inside-out tracking make it a viable candidate for clinicians looking to incorporate virtual reality.Implications for RehabilitationThe Oculus Rift S can report the position and orientation of the user's headmounted display and controllers during gameplay.The Oculus Rift S provides a more portable VR system which does not require external sensors to track motion, allowing it to be used in a variety of rehabilitation scenarios while still providing adequate motion tracking.
Combined l-citrulline and tetrahydrobiopterin therapy improves NO signaling and ameliorates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn pigs.

Newborn pigs with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) have evidence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. In this model, we showed that therapies that promote eNOS...
The Study of Different Factors Affecting Salesperson Deviance: An Abstract

The impact of workplace deviance reaches 95% of all companies that reported some deviance-related activities within their company (Henle et al. 2005). Specifically, salesperson deviance is multidimensional. Deviant behavior may include lack of effort in the work completed, exaggerating the number of hours worked, and intentionally depleting company resources (Darrat et al. 2010). Deviant behavior, however, is not restricted to an isolated event and has extraordinary implications for both the organization and society (Bennett 2003). This study aims to reveal the causes for workplace deviance through a sample of 329 online survey respondents of B2B salespeople. We believe that outside factors such as burnout, emotional labor (EL), and family workplace conflict (FWC) contribute to the underlying deviant root factor-depression. We utilize the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory (Hobfull 2001) to predict loss of resources due to salesperson stressors. When a salesperson encounters a stressor (e.g., burnout, emotional labor, or family–work conflict), the individual may cope with the stressor by diminishing his/her sales/work performance (i.e., conserving work-based resources). Further, stressors may create negative emotions (e.g., dissatisfaction and depression). As a result, the individual may ultimately reduce work-related outcomes (e.g., sales performance) and employ negative coping techniques, such as workplace deviance.
Incorporating Pharmacometrics into Pharmacoeconomic Models: Applications from Drug Development.

Pharmacometrics is the science of quantifying the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in combination with disease models and trial information to aid in drug development and dosing optimization for clinical practice. Considering the variability in the dose–concentration–effect relationship of drugs, an opportunity exists in linking pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model-based estimates with pharmacoeconomic models. This link may provide early estimates of the cost effectiveness of drug therapies, thus informing late-stage drug development, pricing, and reimbursement decisions. Published case studies have demonstrated how integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic–pharmacoeconomic models can complement traditional pharmacoeconomic analyses by identifying the impact of specific patient sub-groups, dose, dosing schedules, and adherence on the cost effectiveness of drugs, thus providing a mechanistic basis to predict the economic value of new drugs. Greater collaboration between the pharmacoeconomics and pharmacometrics community can enable methodological improvements in pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic–pharmacoeconomic models to support drug development.