cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 1907–1965

A BOUT five o'clock on the afternoon of Friday, April 23, 1965, the Mississippi Valley Historical Association ceased to exist. The action taken at the annual meeting in Kansas City was routine; it formalized the result of the mail ballot of the preceding October, when 2,595 members had voted in favor of changing the name of the Association to the Organization of American Historians, and 661 had voted against it. In a statement that appeared in the Journal of American History, Ray A. Billington, chairman of the Executive Committee, commented that the founders and early members of the Association had built too well, and as the small society they had founded had matured into a national organization, the name had become increasingly outmoded.' The Mississippi Valley Historical Association was established at a meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska, on October 17 and 18, 1907.2 Perhaps, more
Literature and Thought Experiments

Like works of literature, thought experiments present fictional narratives that prompt reflection in their readers. Because of these and other similarities, a number of philosophers have argued for a strong analogy between works of literary fiction and thought experiments, some going so far as to say that works of literary fiction are a species of thought experiment. These arguments are often used in defending a cognitivist position with regard to literature: thought experiments produce knowledge, so works of literary fiction can too. This article concedes that works of literary fiction can be put to use in thought experiments, but not in a way that is helpful to the cognitivist. In particular, it draws three disanalogies in the ways we engage critically with thought experiments and with literary fictions. First, we use thought experiments to make arguments; second, we read thought experiments in strongly allegorical terms; and third, the terms of criticism we apply to thought experiments and to works of literature differ. Although these disanalogies present problems for the cognitivist position, they also give us a sharper picture of the distinctive educative potential of works of literary fiction.
Transgenic Technology and Application in Plants

Transgenic technology is one of the main methods for gene functional analysis and improvement of agronomic traits in plants.Transgenic research has been a‘ hot spot’ in the area of plant molecular genetics.In the meanwhile,great progress has been made on transgenic study in last several decades.The principle of transgenic technology and the approaches of transformation were summaried till now.Furtherly,the status and prospect of transgenic plants were were reviewed in this paper.
Chapter 7 - Conclusions

In the last chapter, we summarize our main findings for the Brazilian case, and draw some theoretical and managerial implications for the understanding of FDI from emerging economies.
U.S. Banks and the Global Financial System

International banking has undergone many ups and downs in the past century. Toward the end of the Victorian era at the close of the nineteenth century, it was very common for banks to fund investment projects abroad. The reason was partly because it was the heyday of colonization, and the ruling countries frequently undertook capital-intensive construction projects in the colonies. That changed with the First World War and the interwar period. After decades in decline, international banking again started increasing in importance with the Second Age of Globalization. This refers to the period starting in the eighties when large corporations began to move their production facilities to countries with low labor costs.1 Focarelli and Pozzolo identify three ways in which banks can expand their activities across borders.2 First, they can provide loan, asset-management, and liability-management services to foreign counterparts. Loans usually take the form of syndicated loans to large borrowers. Second, they can open a branch abroad. These typically focus on the wholesale market. Third, they can acquire shares in a foreign bank; in other words, they can create a subsidiary. These subsidiaries typically focus on the retail market.
Acute Care Utilization in Glioblastoma (GBM): A descriptive analysis of causes, burden and outcomes (S34.008)

Objective: To describe causes, frequency and outcomes of acute care visits (ACV) in GBM. Background: Utilization of inpatient medical services in GBM is not well studied. Methods: IRB approved retrospective study of 158 GBM patients at the University of Rochester over 5 years. Documents in the EMR were reviewed to identify all local and outside ACV. Results: 71[percnt] (112/158) of GBM patients had 235 ACV corresponding to 163 hospitalizations (69[percnt]) and 72 ED visits (31[percnt]). 63[percnt] of patients had multiple visits. 80[percnt] (130/163) of visits were to a medical floor and 20[percnt] to an ICU. Admission diagnoses were seizure (31[percnt]), neurosurgical procedure (10[percnt]), infection (8.5[percnt]), focal neurologic symptoms (8[percnt]) and VTE (7.7[percnt]). 49 patients had 1 or more visits for seizures. GBM progression was documented in 38[percnt] of visits. Median time to first ACV was 65.6 days (Range: 1-972 days) and 22[percnt] of patients had an ACV within 30 days of diagnosis. Median length of stay was 5 days (range 1 to 59) per visit and 10 days over a lifetime. 50[percnt] of patients were discharged home; 47[percnt] required a higher level of care (19[percnt] home with services, 13[percnt] to a SNF, 11[percnt] to hospice, 4[percnt] to acute rehab) and 3[percnt] died. 38[percnt] of patients had ACV encounters within 30 days of death. Median survival for patients with ACV was 337 vs. 364 days for patients without ACV. Hospitalized patients spent a median of 3.3[percnt] of their survival time in the hospital (range: 0.07-57.14[percnt]). Conclusion: Acute care is utilized by the majority of GBM patients, most commonly for seizures. The high number of ED visits, short length of stay and high number of patients being discharged to home suggest that some ACVs are avoidable. Future studies should focus on interventions and improved seizure control to reduce the frequency of ACV. Disclosure: Dr. Wasilewski has nothing to disclose. Dr. Serventi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kamalyan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wychowski has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mohile has nothing to disclose.
Growth of External Copper Layers During The Internal Oxidation of Dilute Cu-AI Alloys in a Cu 2 O-Cu Pack

The thickness of external layers of pure copper formed on Cu-AI alloys during internal oxidation from a Cu20 source is shown to be related to the amount of oxygen absorbed according to the dissociation reaction of Cu20. No layers are formed during oxidation from NiO or CoO sources. Experimental data suggest that the CuoO is vaporized as molecules, which are dissociated at the oxygen absorbing surface.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Coumarin Anticoagulants IV: Application of a Three-Compartmental Model to the Analysis of the Dose-Dependent Kinetics of Bishydroxycoumarin Elimination

It has been reported that the elimination of bishydroxycoumarin (BHC) in man shows unusual dose-dependent characteristics. Recent studies with isolated perfused rat livers have shown that the liver:plasma distribution ratio of BHC increases at high doses (resulting in more rapid elimination of the drug) and that drug-metabolizing activity is apparently inhibited at high BHC levels (resulting in decreased elimination of the drug). A mathematical model based on a three-compartmental open system consisting of a plasma compartment, a rapidly accessible drug-metabolizing compartment, and a more slowly accessible compartment has been developed for a detailed pharmacokinetic analysis of BHC elimination in man. This analysis shows that the increase in the plasma half-life of BHC in man with increasing dose is due primarily to a decrease in the activity of the drug-elimination process and not to dose-dependent distribution effects. The three-compartmental model presented here has two unique attributes; the first compartment (following intravenous administration) is equated to the plasma volume rather than combining plasma and the so-called well perfused tissues into a single compartment, and an apparent volume of distribution which remains constant throughout the terminal elimination phase (β-phase) has been defined.
Technology versus biology: the limits of pre-implantation genetic screening: Better methods to detect the origin of aneuploidy in pre-implantation embryos could improve the success rate of artificial reproduction.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have become the standard of care for the treatment of infertility. Within this realm, reliable prediction of the developmental potential of the pre‐implantation human embryo remains an overriding priority. One such technology, pre‐implantation genetic screening (PGS), is being increasingly deployed to select against embryonic aneuploidy [1]. However, a growing number of seemingly contradictory outcome reports are forcing a reevaluation of this approach. Here, we discuss how biological factors, notably mitotic aneuploidy during early embryonic development, limit the very rationale for PGS as a clinical diagnostic method. > … PGS is an example of technology compromised by biology The development of safe and efficient methods to select healthy euploid embryos constitutes a pressing need to improve the success of ART. PGS, as one strategy to achieve this, relies on the ploidy status of the trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst‐stage embryo [1] (Table 1). Considerable numbers of patients are undergoing PGS: In the USA alone, more than 5% of 106,902 non‐donor assisted reproduction cycles resorted to PGS during 2011 and 2012 [2]. However, the capacity of PGS to select euploid embryos has recently been questioned by the birth of healthy newborns whose originating blastocysts were deemed mosaic (euploid–aneuploid) [3]. Similar inconsistencies have previously been reported for euploid human embryonic stem cell lines, which have been derived from purportedly aneuploid blastocysts. We suggest herein that the utility of PGS is undermined by innate karyotypic mosaicism, the ontogeny and significance of which in early human development remain uncertain. Viewed in this light, PGS is an example of technology compromised by biology. It follows that the ability of PGS to reliably predict the ploidy status of the human embryo and its developmental potential is limited. View this table: Table 1. Blastocyst developmental potential as inferred from the PGS biopsy ploidy status ### The causes of embryonic aneuploidy Following fertilization and karyogamy, the human zygote undergoes 8–9 …
Comments on Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion

Anthony J. Blasi’s book, Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion, is a valuable contribution to the history of the sociology of religion. In this comment paper, I assert that this text is a fine addition to any graduate-level course on the sociology of religion, and I discuss three different threads of discussion that masters and doctoral students could explore in class. These discussion threads include: 1) Can sociologists maintain objectivity when studying faith-based phenomena? 2) How can sociologists best study religion today? 3) How does the current study of religion today compare to the subfield a century ago? Educators can use this text as a springboard for their students to think, discuss, and write critically.
Physician Perceptions of Surveillance Follow-up Colonoscopy in Older Adults

Background Few data exist regarding when to stop surveillance colonoscopy among older adults with a history of adenomatous colorectal polyps. Our goal was to understand decision making around surveillance colonoscopy among primary care providers (PCPs) and gastroenterologists. Methods We designed a 15-item survey for PCPs and gastroenterologists that evaluated factors important in decision making about surveillance colonoscopy in older adults. Results In October 2015, 88 PCPs and 30 gastroenterologists completed the survey. Life expectancy (40%), gastroenterology recommendation (8%), and patient preference (12%) were the most important factors for PCPs. Findings on prior colonoscopy were most important among gastroenterologists. Regardless of specialty, respondents felt that the existing literature on surveillance colonoscopy in older adults is inadequate. Conclusions More data surrounding the benefits and risk of surveillance colonoscopy are needed to inform when to stop surveillance colonoscopy among older adults with a positive screening history.
Varieties of mixed emotional experience

Experience sampling data reveal that people can experience mixed emotions ( i.e. , the co-occurrence of positive and negative affect) in daily life and that some pairs of opposite-valence emotions co-occur more often than others. Both experience sampling and laboratory data suggest that, not surprisingly, people often experience mixed emotions when dealing with complex events that can readily be appraised as having both pleasant and unpleasant aspects ( e.g. , events that foster the pursuit of one goal but thwart that of another). More intriguingly, some events that can only readily be appraised as having unpleasant aspects ( e.g. , heartbreaking film scenes depicting a character’s death) can also elicit mixed emotions.
THE ETHICS OF DISCLOSURE IN COMPANY FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 1925–1970

Ethics is understood as the worthiness of the rights and needs for accounting information of contending groups in society. Company law is viewed as a means by which users of financial statements rights and needs have been redressed, and which users have relatively less important claims for information. The moral idealism of a true and fair view is being converted into impersonal disclosure laws which serve to provide, in the main, for the needs of shareholders.
Writing About Past Failures Attenuates Cortisol Responses and Sustained Attention Deficits Following Psychosocial Stress.

Acute stress can harm performance. Paradoxically, writing about stressful events—such as past failures—has been shown to improve cognitive functioning and performance, especially in tasks that require sustained attention. Yet, there is little physiological evidence for whether writing about past failures or other negative events improves performance by reducing stress. In this experiment, we studied the effects of an acute psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test, on attentional performance and salivary cortisol release in humans. Additionally, we investigated whether an expressive writing task could reduce the detrimental effects of stress, both on performance and physiological response. We found that when individuals were asked to write about a past failure before experiencing a stressor, they exhibited attenuated stress responses. Moreover, those who wrote about a past failure before being exposed to stress also exhibited better behavioral performance. Our results suggest that writing about a previous failure may allow an individual to experience a new stressor as less stressful, reducing its physiological and behavioral effects.
From Isolated Ions to Multilayer Functional Materials Using Ion Soft Landing

The ability to deposit intact polyatomic ions with well-defined composition, charge state, and kinetic energy onto surfaces makes preparative mass spectrometry, also called ion soft landing, particularly attractive for preparing uniform molecular and ionic layers. Early studies characterized the structures, charge states, and reactivity of sparsely distributed soft-landed species. The recent development of high-flux ionization sources has opened up new opportunities for the precisely controlled preparation of both two-dimensional structures and three-dimensional multilayer architectures by ion soft landing. The deposition of large numbers of ions onto supports led to previously unknown phenomena being uncovered, thereby opening several exciting research directions. Furthermore, faster ion deposition has enabled fabrication of novel functional devices. This Review discusses important phenomena and highlights key developments pertaining to the preparation of well-defined interfaces for studies in energy storage, catalysis, soft materials, and biology.
43 - Intestinal Regeneration and Adaptation Models

The small intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly proliferating tissue in the body, with a turnover time of 2 to 3 days in mice and rats, and 3 to 6 days in humans. This turnover rate is so rapid that cells do not normally enter the prolonged G 0 phase seen in other, more slowly dividing tissues. This renewal is critical for maintenance of the functional integrity of the gut and is very tightly regulated along the crypt–villus axis through the migration of pluripotent stem cells located within the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Crypt and villus architecture is controlled, in part, by stromal and epithelial elements. The cells acquire a differentiated phenotype as they migrate toward the villus tip (absorptive enterocyte, goblet, and enteroendocrine cells), and are eventually extruded into the lumen. Paneth cells do not migrate, however, but differentiate within the base of the crypts, eventually degenerate, and are lost through phagocytosis. Thus, a steady-state equilibrium is maintained between cell production and cell loss. Villus height follows a gradient from the duodenum, where it is greatest, to the ileum, where the shortest villi are encountered. Accordingly, there is a proximal-to-distal gradient in villus height, cell number, and absorptive surface area in the small intestine. These anatomic differences depend not only on the larger amount of ingested nutrients encountered by the proximal gut, but also on an intrinsic genetic program.
Dental management service organizations. Lessons from medicine.

ABSTRACT Background While management service organizations are new to dentistry, they have existed in medicine for many years. The author examined why they developed and what happened to three of them during 1998 to provide dentistry with insights into the future of dental management service organizations, or DMSOs. Methods The author identified and examined the three largest physician practice management firms, or PPMs, as of early 1998. He monitored their stock prices and fiscal changes through 1998. He also tracked all publicly traded DMSOs for growth and evaluated their stock price changes. Results and Conclusions Economic pressures to control the cost of health care led to the development of organizational structures designed to increase the cost effectiveness of, and to control more variables associated with, health care delivery. The lure of vertical integration of health care delivery with the resultant control of multiple variables—including primary and specialty care, pharmaceuticals and hospitals—promoted the development of many PPMs and DMSOs, although many variables differ for dentistry. Practice Implications The realities associated with the loss of control in the corporate model, the lack of sufficient operating margins to support investor expectations and plummeting stock prices call into question the wisdom of universally embracing similar models for dentistry.
Reversibly Reconfigurable Liquid Metal Patch Antenna Using A Superhydrophobic Spray-Coating

Liquid metal-based reconfigurable antennas typically must be flushed with an electrolyte to remove the nanometer-thick oxide skin of EGaln that adheres the walls of the microchannels. The EGaln residue prevents repeatable actuation, but the presence of electrolyte introduces other challenges owing to its often corrosive and electrically conductive nature. To overcome this issue, we present a technique for enabling reversible infusion and withdrawal of EGaln into acrylic micro-channels and wide planar cavities by coating the surfaces with a silica-particle based superhydrophobic coating. The coating prevents adhesion of the liquid metal to the acrylic media and allows it to be reconfigured multiple times without the typical flushing process.
Systematic mapping of drug metabolism by the human gut microbiome

ABSTRACT The human gut microbiome harbors hundreds of bacterial species with diverse biochemical capabilities, making it one of nature’s highest density, highest diversity bioreactors. Several drugs have been previously shown to be directly metabolized by the gut microbiome, but the extent of this phenomenon has not been systematically explored. Here, we develop a systematic screen for mapping the ability of the complex human gut microbiome to biochemically transform small molecules (MDM-Screen), and apply it to a library of 575 clinically used oral drugs. We show that 13% of the analyzed drugs, spanning 28 pharmacological classes, are metabolized by a single microbiome sample. In a proof-of-principle example, we show that microbiome-derived metabolism occurs in vivo, identify the genes responsible for it, and provide a possible link between its consequences and clinically observed features of drug bioavailability and toxicity. Our findings reveal a previously underappreciated role for the gut microbiome in drug metabolism, and provide a comprehensive framework for characterizing this important class of drug-microbiome interactions.
Feature—Taking Stock of Catch Shares: Lessons from the Past and Directions for the Future

AbstractWith the widespread implementation of catch shares (i.e., rights-based fisheries management) at the end of the twentieth century, economists have begun to examine empirical evidence about t...
Continuous Stability Monitoring of DC Microgrids Using Controlled Injection

Emerging dc microgrids incorporating energy storage are presenting new challenges in system design and stability analysis. Several methods have been proposed in literature for online stability evaluation of such dc microgrids using impedance-based stability analysis. This paper presents a method for continuous monitoring of system stability that is not computationally intensive and can be added as a supplemental function to existing converters in the system so that no additional power hardware is required. The proposed method evaluates stability continuously and can be used as a proactive approach for monitoring and maintaining system stability. Hardware results are presented to validate the proposed continuous stability monitor, which shows its effectiveness in predicting the system stability margins.
Capturing the differences between lithiation and sodiation of nanostructured TiS2 electrodes

Abstract In this study TiS2 is chosen as a model electrode material to investigate the relationship between the electrochemical and mechanical performance of layered cathodes for Na-ion batteries. Employing NaFP6 in EC/DMC as the electrolyte allowed for the most promising electrochemical properties recorded in the literature, namely a reversible capacity of 203 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 88 mAh g−1 at 10 C with a capacity retention of 92% over 50 cycles. Despite this promising performance the capacity still decayed during long term cycling. In-situ x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that TiS2 underwent a large expansion of 17.7% along the c direction and irreversible phase transformations took place during the sodiation/de-sodiation process, which lead to severe mechanical strains and intragranular cracks. In comparison, the mechanical stability of TiS2 in Li-ion cells was significantly higher. The experimental results are interpreted within a continuum mechanics model which revealed that the maximum effective von Mises stress that is present at the interface between the ion-intercalated TiS2 and pristine TiS2 is about four times higher during sodiation than lithiation indicating that the electrode is more susceptible to failure/fracture during sodiation.
A Framework for Optimizing Process Parameters in Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) Process Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Abstract Powder bed fusion (PBF) process is a metal additive manufacturing process, which can build parts with any complexity from a wide range of metallic materials. Research in the PBF process predominantly focuses on the impact of a few parameters on the ultimate properties of the printed part. The lack of a systematic approach to optimizing the process parameters for a better performance of given material results in a sub-optimal process. This process needs a comprehensive study of all the influential parameters and their impact on the mechanical and microstructural properties of a fabricated part. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a quantitative system for mapping the material properties and process parameters with the ultimate quality of the fabricated part to achieve improvement in the manufacturing cycle as well as the quality of the final part produced by the PBF process. To address the aforementioned challenges, this research proposes a framework to optimize the process for 316L stainless steel material. This framework characterizes the influence of process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated part using a series of experiments. These experiments study the significance of process parameters and their variance as well as study the microstructure and mechanical properties of fabricated parts by conducting tensile, impact, hardness, surface roughness, and densification tests, and ultimately obtain the optimum range of parameters. This would result in a more complete understanding of the correlation between process parameters and part quality. Furthermore, these experiments provide the required data needed to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to optimize process parameters (for achieving the desired properties) and estimate fabrication time.
Clinical outcomes of moderate to severe acute ischemic stroke in a telemedicine network.

Abstract Acute ischemic strokes (AIS) with severe neurologic deficits are associated with poor short- and long-term prognosis. Thrombectomy alone or in combination with thrombolysis is used for reperfusion in patients with moderate-to-severe AIS. However, the best therapeutic approach within the setting of telemedicine networks needs to be elucidated further. The objective of this study was to analyze clinical and imaging based outcomes of moderate to severe stroke following treatment with thrombolysis, thrombectomy or a combination of both in a telemedicine network. Data of this retrospective study was abstracted from the institutional telestroke database. Patients with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score (NIH-SS ≥ 10) were included into the study. Primary outcome measure was the difference in NIH-SS at admission compared to discharge from the hospital. Secondary outcome measure was the discharge disposition defined as favorable (discharge to home or rehabilitation) versus unfavorable disposition (discharge to hospice/death). Furthermore, outcome was analyzed based on reperfusion status following thrombectomy using the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale. The NIH-SS improved in all three groups, independent of treatment subtype, with a trend towards best outcomes following thrombolysis and combined treatment therapy compared to thrombectomy alone. In addition, reperfusion rates were higher in the combination group compared to the thrombectomy only group. The number of favorable discharges was similar in all three groups. The present study stresses the benefits of tele-stroke networks in allowing to early identify and treat even patients with severe strokes and benefit from different treatment modalities.
Asymmetric gait patterns alter the reactive control of intersegmental coordination patterns during walking

Recovery from perturbations during walking is primarily mediated by reactive control strategies that coordinate multiple body segments to maintain balance. Balance control is often impaired in clinical populations who walk with spatiotemporally asymmetric gait, and, as a result, rehabilitation efforts often seek to reduce asymmetries in these populations. Previous work has demonstrated that the presence of spatiotemporal asymmetries during walking does not impair the control of whole-body dynamics during perturbation recovery. However, it remains to be seen how the neuromotor system adjusts intersegmental coordination patterns to maintain invariant whole-body dynamics. Here, we determined if the neuromotor system generates stereotypical coordination patterns irrespective of the level of asymmetry or if the neuromotor system allows for variance in intersegmental coordination patterns to stabilize whole-body dynamics. Nineteen healthy participants walked on a dual-belt treadmill at a range of step length asymmetries, and they responded to unpredictable, slip-like perturbations. We used principal component analysis of segmental angular momenta to characterize intersegmental coordination patterns before, during, and after imposed perturbations. We found that two principal components were sufficient to explain ~ 95% of the variance in segmental angular momentum during both steading walking and responses to perturbations. Our results also revealed that walking with asymmetric step lengths led to changes in intersegmental coordination patterns during the perturbation and during subsequent recovery steps without affecting whole-body angular momentum. These results suggest that the nervous system allows for variance in segment-level coordination patterns to maintain invariant control of whole-body angular momentum during walking. Future studies exploring how these segmental coordination patterns change in individuals with asymmetries that result from neuromotor impairments can provide further insight into how the healthy and impaired nervous system regulates dynamic balance during walking.
Context and Validation of the Korean Subjective Underemployment Scale (K-SUS): 한국의 불완전 취업 실태 및 주관적인 불완전 취업 척도 타당화:

Underemployment is a multidimensional construct that captures various suboptimal work statuses. Although recent economic depressions and insecure job markets in Korea have increased underemployment...
Characterization of a New High-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Based on a Fluidized Bed Design

The objective of this study was to develop a new high-efficiency dry powder inhaler (DPI) that can effectively aerosolize large masses (25–100 mg) of spray dried powder formulations. The DPI was designed to implement a concept similar to a fluidized bed for aerosolization using small mixing balls made of polytetrafluoroethylene along with a larger, hollow dosing sphere filled with the powder. The performance of the fluidized bed DPI was compared, based on emitted dose (ED) and aerosolization efficiency, to other recently developed capsule-based DPIs that were designed to accommodate smaller powder masses (~2–20 mg). The inhalers were tested with spray dried excipient enhanced growth (EEG) formulations that contained an antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) and hygroscopic excipient (mannitol). The new fluidized bed design produced an ED of 71% along with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.53 μm and fine particle fractions <5 and 1 μm of 93 and 36%, respectively, when used to deliver a 100 mg loaded mass of EEG powder with the advantage of not requiring multiple capsules. Surprisingly, performance of the device was further improved by removing the mixing balls from the inhaler and only retaining the dose containment sphere.
Retarding potential analyzer: Principles, designs, and space applications

The main emphasis of this paper is on the use of Retarding Potential Analyzers (RPAs) for measuring the electron and ion distribution functions, density, and temperature of space plasmas and the charging level of spacecraft surfaces interacting with the plasmas. Multiple grids of progressively negative potential are used to suppress the secondary electrons produced at the entrance of an RPA. We point out that it is impossible to achieve complete suppression. The secondary electrons collected by the receiver may produce a spurious lump in the distribution measured. Improved designs and space applications for spacecraft charging and ionic liquid ion beam diagnostics are discussed. Spacecraft charging will be very important for planetary explorations, whereas ionic liquid ion beams will be important for spacecraft propulsion in the future.
Introduction: Re-thinking Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching in the Face of Neo-Nationalism

This introductory chapter begins by tracking recent geopolitical events that point to a worldwide resurgence in nationalism. The author then argues that the desire for tighter restrictions on immigration and increased border security has emerged largely in response to growing dissatisfaction with inequalities resulting from neoliberal globalization, although this may manifest in different forms depending on the history and demographics of a nation. Next, he explores how language policies and education practices have played key roles in perpetuating both nationalism and neoliberalism. He then poses questions about the place of second and foreign language teaching in a world where many leaders are stirring up xenophobic sentiments. Finally, the chapter ends with a call for applied linguists and language teachers to focus on matters of concern and work together to build bridges across disciplinary and national boundaries. Suggestions are based on policies and practices outlined in the chapters that follow.
2020 Jack Kenney Award for Outstanding Service.

On April 30, 2010, Jack Kenney retired from the ASM Journals Department after 25 years of service. He served as the production editor for the Journal of Bacteriology (JB) for the last 13 of those years. I worked with Jack for almost 10 years. He was an especially gifted production editor; he
Household rates of return to education in rural Bangladesh: Accounting for direct costs, child labour, and option value

Abstract This study estimates the returns to boys’ education for rural Bangladeshi households by accounting for some conventionally neglected items: direct costs of education, foregone child labour earnings, and option value. The estimated returns are 13.5% for primary education, 7.8% for junior‐secondary education, 12.9% for higher‐secondary education, and 9.7% for higher education; the resulting option value from primary education is 5.3%. These results suggest that there is economic rationale for non‐poor rural households to invest in boys’ education, especially at the primary level.
Preferences and Organization Structure: Towards Behavioral Economics Micro-Foundations of Organizational Analysis

The paper proposes micro-foundations for organizational analysis grounded in behavioral economics. As Simon (1985) pointed out it, "nothing is more fundamental in setting our research agenda and informing our research methods than our view of the nature of the human beings whose behavior we are studying." The paper examines optimal workplace-level organization structure (decision-making delegation, incentives and monitoring) relative to four common types of individuals, just selfish, civil, decent and dedicated employees (characterized in terms of their social preferences, self- vs. other-regarding, reciprocity, trusting and trustworthiness). Four principal propositions arise from this analysis. (1) Mismatch between organization structure and employee preferences reduces productivity and profits. (2) The less prosocial employees in an organization, the more complex and sophisticated and therefore expensive the organization structure must be. (3) The less complex and less interdependent are employees’ tasks, the less dependent is organization structure on employee social preferences. (4) Heterogeneity of preferences poses a design a dynamic challenge as practices generally have to be tailored to one type of employee, and will be associated with exit of other types or adverse-selection by types that will seek to exploit it.
Social Network Positions, Peer Effects, and Evaluation Updating: An Experimental Test in the Entrepreneurial Context

In many facets of life, individuals make evaluations that they may update after consulting with others in their networks. But not all individuals have the same positional opportunities for social i...
Parthenogenesis: New Conflicts and Opportunities for Fecundity and Reproductive Freedom

This Monograph examines, critically, a phenomenon of nature termed parthenogenesis, or asexual reproduction. The potential for adapting this occurrence to humans, especially transsexual women, is not only intriguing as a form of assisted reproductive technology, but holds great promise as a source for human embryo research and regenerative medicine. Parthenogenetic embryos would be derived from unfertilized human eggs and, thus, blunt – if not resolve – ethical concerns over experimentation of human embryos. These research embryos would, in turn, be a valuable source for producing stem cells which could then be used to facilitate growth of tissues for organ transplants. As a tool for expanding human fecundity, however, uses of this nature would be little more than a vainglorious and dangerous scientific achievement.
What is the Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory?

This chapter introduces leader–member exchange theory and speaks directly to the following question: Why does this theory matter to me? The authors review and summarize the over four decades of related research and tell employees and formal leaders how this theory can help them predict their organizational experience. Additionally, we provide prescriptive suggestions for employees and address how they may make minor changes that may result in major changes to their leader–member relationship quality. This chapter also takes readers on a historical tour of the evolution of LMX from its conception as vertical dyad linkage theory to the dynamic, interdependent relational phenomenon it is today (Sheer, 2015) This chapter also addresses how leader–member relationships are likely to flourish or flounder based on power enactment. French and Raven’s (1959) five sources of power (i.e., reward, coercive, expert, legitimate, and referent) are considered with the role of a formal leader. We also highlight how in-group and out-group members may interpret the same situation in different ways. This shows leaders how even their best-laid plans may go awry if they are not mindful of relational differences in their ranks.
High-throughput aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase engineering for genetic code expansion in yeast

Abstract Protein expression with genetically encoded noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) benefits a broad range of applications, from the discovery of biological therapeutics to fundamental biological studies. A major factor limiting the use of ncAAs is the lack of orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) that support efficient genetic code expansion at repurposed stop codons. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) have been extensively evolved in E. coli but are not always orthogonal in eukaryotes. In this work, we use a yeast display-based ncAA incorporation reporter platform with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to screen libraries of aaRSs in high throughput for 1) incorporation of ncAAs not previously encoded in yeast; 2) improvement of the performance of an existing aaRS; 3) highly selective OTSs capable of discriminating between closely related ncAA analogs; and 4) OTSs exhibiting enhanced polyspecificity to support translation with structurally diverse sets of ncAAs. The number of previously undiscovered aaRS variants we report in this work more than doubles the total number of translationally active aaRSs available for genetic code manipulation in yeast. The success of myriad screening strategies has important implications related to the fundamental properties and evolvability of aaRSs. Furthermore, access to OTSs with diverse activities and specific/polyspecific properties are invaluable for a range of applications within chemical biology, synthetic biology, and protein engineering.
A study of the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in congenital heart disease

Abstract 1.1. The electrocardiograms and spatial vectorcardiograms of 135 patients with congenital heart disease, in whom the diagnosis was well established, were analyzed. Our findings were compared with those of other authors. 2.2. No pathognomonic electrocardiographic or vectorcardiographic pattern is associated with any particular anatomic lesion. 3.3. Both the electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram, but particularly the latter, are of considerable aid in the differential diagnosis of the various malformations by indicating the dominant type of ventricular hypertrophy present. 4.4. In general, patients with the tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonic stenosis, interatrial septal defect, and Eisenmenger's complex show right ventricular hypertrophy; those with tricuspid atresia, subaortic or aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta show left ventricular hypertrophy, while those with uncomplicated patent ductus arteriosus, interventricular septal defect, and idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery show a normal balance of electrical forces. 5.5. The determination of electrical axis from the standard electrocardiographic leads is found to be of little value in determining the type of ventricular hypertrophy present.
Ca2+-Induced Domain-Domain and Protein-Protein Interaction in NADPH Oxidase 5 and Dual Oxidase

The study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by non-phagocyte NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) and dual oxidase (DUOX) is of growing importance for vascular physiology and disease development. Their ...
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Clinical Specimens From Children Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective. We evaluated the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the insertion sequence IS6110 as the target for DNA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens from children. Study Design. This was a prospective, controlled, blinded study comparing PCR on clinical specimens, mycobacterial culture, and clinical diagnosis. Patients. Sixty-five hospitalized children were evaluated, 35 with tuberculosis disease and 30 controls. Cases were defined by culture and/or specific clinical criteria. Controls included patients with tuberculosis infection but no detectable disease as well as patients free of tuberculosis infection and disease. Results. Polymerase chain reaction had a sensitivity of 40% and a specificity of 80% compared with clinical diagnosis. Mycobacterial culture had a sensitivity of 37%. The combination of culture and PCR identified 19 of 35 children (54%) with clinically diagnosed tuberculosis. There were six children with false-positive PCR results: One had tuberculosis infection without disease, two had Mycobacterium avium lymphadenitis, and three had diagnoses unrelated to tuberculosis. Conclusions. The sensitivity of PCR is comparable to that of culture for detecting M tuberculosis in children, and may strengthen and hasten the clinical diagnosis in culture-negative patients. However, because of the limitations in specificity, the results of PCR alone are insufficient to diagnose tuberculosis in children. Although ongoing refinements in PCR techniques should improve the specificity of this test, epidemiologic and clinical information continue to be the most important consideration in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in culture-negative children.
Terrorism: A Global Phenomenon Mandating a Unified International Response

"Base! Base! Terrorism! Terrorism!"1 shouted Benson Okuku Bwaku, the guard manning the United States Embassy in Nairobi, over his walkie talkie. He let out this alarming cry in response to the 3.5-ton Mitsubishi Canter carrying the bomb that moments later killed 247 people and injured over 5000.2 Retaliating thirteen days after the deadly embassy bombings, the United States launched missile strikes against the terrorist camps in Afghanistan. President Clinton boldly stated: "Our mission was clear?to strike at the network of radical groups affiliated with and funded by Osama bin Laden, perhaps the pre-eminent organizer and financier of international terrorism in the world today."3 This all too recent tragedy brings to light the ever-present threat of terrorism. Terrorism is a complex and highly pervasive global problem which continues to threaten the international community.4 It defies courts, police, intelligence agencies, national governments, and the United Nations alike. States agree that international cooperation is vital to combating terrorism; however, coordination of international efforts has proven extremely
ANALYSIS OF PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY DATA USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS

When only proportionate mortality data are available to an investigator studying the effect of an exposure on a particular cause of death, controls must be selected from among persons dying of other causes believed to be uninfluenced by the exposure under study. When qualitative or quantitative estimates of exposure history can be obtained for the deceased individuals, it is shown that one can use logistic regression models for the mortality odds to efficiently estimate the effect of exposure while controlling for relevant confounding factors by incorporating a priori information on baseline mortality rates available from US life tables. The proposed method is used to reanalyze data from a cohort of arsenic-exposed workers in a Montana copper smelter.
Convolution products of monodiffric functions

As it has been repeatedly pointed out by mathematicians working in discrete function theory, it is both essential and difficult to find discrete analogs for the ordinary pointwise product operation of analytic functions of a complex variable. R. P. Isaacs [Ill, the initiator of monodiffric function theory, is to be credited with the first results in this direction. Later G. J. Kurowski [13] introduced some new monodiffric analogues of pointwise multiplication while the present author [2] succeeded in sharpening and generalizing Isaacs’ and Kurowski’s results. However, all of these attempts were mainly concerned with trying to preserve as many of the pointwise aspects as possible. Consequently, each of these operations proved to be less than satisfactory either from the algebraic or from the function theoretic viewpoint. In the present paper, a different approach is taken. Influenced by the success of R. J. Duffin and C. S. Duris [5] in a related area, we utilize the line integrals introduced in Ref. [l] and the conjoint line integral of Isaacs [l I] to define several convolution-type product operations. It is shown that if D is a suitably restricted discrete domain then monodiffricity is preserved by each of these operations. Further algebraic and function theoretic properties of these operations are investigated and some examples of their applicability are given. For basic definitions, notational conventions and additional bibliographical references the reader is referred to Ref. [I]. It might also be of interest to the reader that a complete bibliography on monodiffric function theory and related topics was recently compiled by the author and is available upon request.
An Empirical Study on the Nature of Trick Test Questions.

This study attempted to better define trick questions and see if students could differentiate between trick and not–trick questions. Phase 1 elicited definitions of trick questions so as to identify essential characteristics. Seven components were found. Phase 2 obtained ratings to see which components of trick questions were considered to be most crucial. The intention of the item constructor and the fact that the questions had multiple correct answers received highest ratings from students. Phase 3 presented a collection of statistics items, some of which were labeled on an a priori basis as being trick or not–trick. The analysis indicated that examinees were able to statistically differentiate between trick and not–trick items, but the difference compared to chance was small. Not–trick items were more successfully sorted than trick items, and trick items that were classified as intentional were sorted about as well as nonintentional items. Evidence seems to suggest that the concept of trickiness is not as clear as some test construction textbook authors suggest.