cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, inhibits platelet-dependent prothrombinase assembly and activity by factor-Xa neutralization.

Background: The available evidence suggests strongly that intravascular thrombosis is mediated predominantly by tissue-factor and its activation of factor X, which in the presence of factor Va, calcium, and phospholipid (prothrombinase complex) effectively converts prothrombin to thrombin. In vitro experiments have shown that low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have greater anti-Xa activity than unfractionated heparin; however, it remains unclear as to whether their antithrombotic effects in vivo are determined by a similar mechanism. We determined the ability of plasma obtained from patients with either unstable angina or non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) receiving the LMWH enoxaparin (anti Xa:IIa ratio 3:1) to inhibit tissue factor-mediated thrombin generation and to inactivate platelet prothrombinase. Methods: Platelet rich plasma was prepared by suspending washed donor platelets in the plasma of 7 patients participating in the TIMI 11A study. Samples were obtained before, 1 hour after a 30-mg IV bolus of enoxaparin and 6 hours after the third subcutaneous injection (1.0–1.25 mg/kg given subcutaneously every 12 hrs). Tissue factor (0.1 ng/ml) and 10 mM CaCl2 were added to initiate extrinsic coagulation. At timed intervals prothrombin activation fragment 1.2 (F1.2) levels (thrombin generation) were measured using an ELISA technique. Inactivation of reformed platelet prothrombinase by samples obtained at the same time points was also determined. Results: Patient plasma obtained 1 hr after treatment initiation and 6 hours after the third subcutaneous injection inhibited tissue factor mediated prothrombinase assembly by 31% and 11%, respectively and platelet prothrombinase activity by 27% and 22%, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that enoxaparin in plasma concentrations achieved routinely in clinical practice is able to: (1) inhibit tissue factor mediated extrinsic coagulation by preventing platelet surface prothrombinase assembly, and (2) inactivate platelet prothrombinase activity and resulting thrombin generation. These observations suggest that a LMWH's anti-Xa activity (and anti-Xa:IIa profile) is important in determining its overall antithrombotic potential. Clinical trials comparing agents with differing anti-Xa:IIa properties will be required, however, to provide proof of concept.
Alphavirus E1 Glycoprotein-Liposome-Nucleic Acid Complexes Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge with Multiple Alphaviruses

Alphaviruses are globally distributed, mosquito borne pathogens that cause death and disease in vertebrates, including humans. Therapeutics to combat alphaviral disease are non-existant and only a handful of IND status vaccines are available. Of the available vaccines most are associated with a poor immunological response and a high rate of reactivity, and none protects against more than a single alphavirus species. We designed and tested novel alphavirus vaccines comprised of the E1 glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Immunization with cationic lipid nucleic acid complexes (CLNCs) and alphavirus E1ecto mixture (lipid-antigen-nucleic acid complexes:LANACs) provided significant protection in mice challenged with either WEEV, VEEV or eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) regardless of challenge route. LANAC immunized mice mount a strong humoral immune response lacking neutralizing antibody. Passive transfer of immune sera from LANAC immunized mice to non-immunized mice confers protection to challenge, indicating that non-neutralizing antibody is sufficient for protection. In summary, our LANAC vaccine has both therapeutic and prophylactic potential and is able to offer protection against distinct alphavirus species irrespective of the route of infection.
Nonlinear dynamical and statistical approaches to investigate state transitions before epileptic seizures

Epilepsy is a dynamical disorder of the brain. Initial results obtained, from a small sample of patients, by employing signal processing techniques, based on the theory of nonlinear dynamics and statistics, led us to hypothesize that the dynamical entrainment (i.e., their dynamical measures are gradually convergent in time) among the critical cortical brain sites can be used to anticipate an impending seizure [10, 17]. In this chapter, we present the results from a larger sample of patients and seizures to confirm this hypothesis.Through the analysis of long-term intracranial EEG recordings obtained in 10 patients with 118 medically intractable seizures, we observed that seizures were preceded by a preictal transition that evolves over approximately 54 minutes. This transition is followed by a seizure. The study of this process has been hampered by its complexity and variability. A major problem is that the transitions involve a subset of brain sites that vary from seizure to seizure, even in the same patient, which is expected since the state of the patient may be different before each seizure. However, by combining dynamical analytic techniques with a critical cortical site selection method, we have been able to elucidate important dynamical characteristics underlying human epilepsy. We anticipate that these observations will lead to a better understanding of the physiological processes involved. We illustrate the use of these approaches in confirming our hypotheses regarding entrainment characteristics prior the seizure. Thus, it may be possible to develop novel therapeutic approaches involving carefully timed interventions to prevent the patients from the occurrence of a seizure.
Sequence of alcohol involvement from early onset to young adult alcohol abuse: differential predictors and moderation by family‐focused preventive intervention

AIMS: This study tests risk factors for four dimensions of alcohol use in the sequence from (a) early onset prior to age 13 to (b) adolescent alcohol use and (c) alcohol problems to (d) young adult alcohol abuse. It also examines whether family-focused preventive interventions buffer predictive relationships. DESIGN: Data were from a randomized prevention trial extending from ages 11 to 21. SETTING: Families of sixth graders enrolled in 33 rural schools in the Midwestern United States were invited to participate. PARTICIPANTS: Families (N = 667) were pretested and randomly assigned to a control group (n = 208) or to family interventions (n = 459). The average age of participating youth was 11.3 years when the study began (52% female). Measurements: Questionnaire data were collected on alcohol dimensions during adolescence (early onset, alcohol use, alcohol problems) and young adulthood (alcohol abuse), and on risk factors in early adolescence (male gender, impulsive behaviors, aggression-hostility, peer deviance, and parent problem drinking). FINDINGS: Impulsive behaviors predicted early onset, peer deviance predicted alcohol use, and parent problem drinking predicted alcohol problems (p .05). CONCLUSIONS: Different dimensions of alcohol use and problems from before age 13 to young adulthood are predicted by different risk factors. Family-focused preventive interventions can reduce the influence of some of these risk factors, including early adolescent aggression-hostility and late adolescent alcohol problems. Language: en
Methyl(methylene)oxonium Hexafluoroantimonate

[41581-97-9] C2H5F6OSb (MW 280.82) InChI = 1S/C2H5O.6FH.Sb/c1-3-2;;;;;;;/h1H2,2H3;6*1H;/q+1;;;;;;;+5/p-6 InChIKey = MMQRKKVKTJHRQD-UHFFFAOYSA-H (methoxymethylating agent; methylating agent; cationic polymerization initiator) Preparative Methods: can be prepared either by treating Methoxyacetyl Chloride with anhydrous hexafluoroantimonic acid (see Hydrogen Fluoride–Antimony(V) Fluoride) in SO2, or by combining Chloromethyl Methyl Ether with the acid in methylene chloride.1 In both cases, the pure MeOCH2+SbF6− was obtained by washing the crude products with dry Freon 113. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is corrosive and moisture sensitive. It should be stored in a Teflon or Nalgene bottle under anhydrous conditions.
La geología siniestra del amor en El pasado de Alan Pauls

Este articulo propone una revision de la funcion del amor en El pasado de Alan Pauls. Para esto, se plantea leer la relacion sentimental de Sofia y Rimini a partir de dos conceptos que resultan fundamentales para interpretar la novela: “el amor siniestro” y la “geologia del amor”. Ambas nociones resultan claves para desentranar la importancia, los alcances y el sentido de la exploracion amorosa en el texto de Pauls. Asimismo, se realizan una serie de conexiones intertextuales necesarias para la comprension del fenomeno amoroso en la novela.
The vertical structure of the F ring of Saturn from ring-plane crossings

Abstract We present a photometric model of the rings of Saturn which includes the main rings and an F ring, inclined to the main rings, with a Gaussian vertical profile of optical depth. This model reproduces the asymmetry in brightness between the east and west ansae of the rings of Saturn that was observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) within a few hours after the Earth ring-plane crossing (RPX) of 10 August 1995. The model shows that during this observation the inclined F ring unevenly blocked the east and west ansae of the main rings. The brightness asymmetry produced by the model is highly sensitive to the vertical thickness and radial optical depth of the F ring. The F-ring model that best matches the observations has a vertical full width at half maximum of 13 ± 7 km and an equivalent depth of 10 ± 4 km. The model also reproduces the shape of the HST profiles of ring brightness vs. distance from Saturn, both before and after the time of ring-plane crossing. Smaller asymmetries observed before the RPX, when the Earth was on the dark side of the rings, cannot be explained by blocking of the main rings by the F ring or vice versa and are probably instead due to the intrinsic longitudinal variation exhibited by the F ring.
VARIABILITY IN INTERLANGUAGE USE: A STUDY OF STYLE‐SHIFTING IN MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

It has been claimed that as second langue learners perform different tasks at a single point in time, their production of some grammatical, morphological, and phonological forms will vary in a predictable manner. This article reports a study on the English language use of native speakers of Arabic and Japanese in three task conditions: completing a written grammar test, participating in an oral interview, and narrating a story to a listener Results of the study provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the utterances of second language learners show systematic variability in some morphological and grammatical forms, a variability related to task. The study shows that the performance of second language learners on a written grammar test varies from their performance when attempting to communicate orally, in some cases, grammatical accuracy is much better in spontaneous oral communication than in scores on a written grammar test The study shows that more than two styles arc evidenced when learners perform more than two tasks, and that when those tasks are ordered in terms of degree of attention to language form required, the styles produced by learners in response to those tasks may be ranged along a continuous dimension.
Excitatory/inhibitory interaction in the LSO revealed by point process modeling

We studied lateral superior olivary (LSO) unit responses to binaural tone-bursts using a general point process approach. We show that inhibition of the ipsilaterally elicited response by contralateral stimulation cannot be modeled simply as a reduction of the ipsilateral input. Statistical analyses reveal that inhibition operates by scaling the intensity of the point process describing the ipsilateral response. In some cases the scaling process has secondary effects: Binaurally elicited discharges produce bimodal interspike interval histograms from units that produce unimodal interval histograms under monaural stimulation. We present a specific point process model that describes the scaling process and successfully replicates the observed responses to monaural and binaural stimulation of the three types of LSO units: slow choppers, fast choppers, and bimodal units. We interpret scaling as a shunting inhibitory process in these LSO neurons. By relating scaling magnitude to interaural level difference, we demonstrate the spatial sensitivity of LSO units.
Ventricular performance in patients based upon rate of change of power during isovolumic contraction

Abstract Energy is expended by the ventricle during isovolumic contraction as the blood within the ventricle is compressed. This isovolumic energy of compression, as well as the isovolumic rate of energy transfer (power) and acceleration of energy transfer (rate of change of power), was calculated in 17 patients with angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The peak isovolumic rate of change of power in patients with normal left ventricular performance (based upon the ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-diastolic volume index) was 31,000 ± 3,000 dynes cm sec−2 (mean ± standard error), whereas in those with poor ventricular performance it was 18,000 ± 2,000 dynes cm sec−2 (P dp dt ), maximal (dp/dt)/p or Vmax. The derivation of these isovolumic energy transfer rates requires no assumptions related to ventricular geometry or characteristics of muscle fibers. Peak isovolumic rate of change of power may be a useful and sensitive indicator of ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease.
M-CSF mediates TNF-induced inflammatory osteolysis

TNF-α�isthedominantcytokineininflammatoryosteolysis.�UsingmicewhoseBMstromalcellsandosteo- clastprecursorsarechimericforthepresenceofTNFreceptors,�wefoundthatbothcelltypesmediatedthe� cytokine'sosteoclastogenicproperties.�Thegreatercontributionwasmade,�however,�bystromalcellsthat� expresstheosteoclastogeniccytokineM-CSF.�TNF-α�stimulatedM-CSFgeneexpression,�invivo,�onlyinthe� presenceofTNF-responsivestromalcells.�M-CSF,�inturn,�inducedthekeyosteoclastogeniccytokinerecep- tor,�receptoractivatorofNF-κB�(RANK),�inosteoclastprecursors.�Inkeepingwiththeproproliferativeand� survivalpropertiesofM-CSF,�TNF-α�enhancedosteoclastprecursornumberonlyinthepresenceofstromal� cellsbearingTNFreceptors.�Todeterminetheclinicalrelevanceoftheseobservations,�weinducedinflam- matoryarthritisinwild-typemiceandtreatedthemwithamAbdirectedagainsttheM-CSFreceptor,�c-Fms.� Anti-c-FmsmAbselectivelyandcompletelyarrestedtheprofoundpathologicalosteoclastogenesisattending� thiscondition,�thesignificanceofwhichisreflectedbysimilarbluntingoftheinvivoboneresorptionmarker� tartrate-resistantacidphosphatase�5b�(TRACP�5b).�ConfirmingthatinhibitionoftheM-CSFsignalingpath- waytargetsTNF-α,�anti-c-FmsalsocompletelyarrestedosteolysisinTNF-injectedmicewithnominaleffect� onmacrophagenumber.�M-CSFanditsreceptor,�c-Fms,�thereforepresentascandidatetherapeutictargetsin� statesofinflammatoryboneerosion.
Salvage Intraperitoneal Mitoxantrone Therapy of Ovarian Cancer: Influence of Increasing the Volume of Treatment

Abstract Despite the demonstrated activity of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone in patients with small volume-platinum-refractory ovarian cancer, previous reports have revealed that many patients fail to achieve adequate distribution of the cytotoxic drug throughout the peritoneal cavity when delivered in a "standard" 2-liter treatment volume. In an effort to improve the distribution and therapeutic efficacy of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone, 22 patients with platinum-refractory ovarian cancer were treated with the drug at a dose of 10 mg/m 2 given in 2 liters of normal saline followed by an additional 1-2 liters every 2 weeks for eight cycles. The surgically defined complete response rate in 17 patients evaluable for response with platinum-refractory ovarian cancer was 24%, with an overall response rate of 29%. Of 18 in which the influence of treatment volume could be examined (4 patients developed catheter failure), 12 (67%) were able to tolerate a 4-liter treatment volume for >80% of courses, with a total of 15 patients (83%) receiving treatment with a minimum of a 3-liter treatment volume. We conclude that it is possible to safely increase the intraperitoneal treatment volume to 3-4 liters in most patients undergoing this therapeutic strategy. While the impact on therapeutic efficacy of expanding the volume employed for cytotoxic drug delivery remains to be defined, in theory this approach may optimize the opportunity for agents achieving high-intraperitoneal concentrations to produce their maximal cytotoxic effect.
Measurement of monoamines and monoamine metabolites in various brain regions of six shark species

1. The concentrations of six monoamines or monoamine metabolites were measured in six brain regions of six shark species using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 2. Serotonin concentrations were greatest in the hypothalamus and tegmentum, intermediate in the midline ridge formation, spinal cord and forebrain, and lowest in the cerebellum in all species. 3. Specie differences in dopamien concentration were significant only in the forebrain; species differences in the levels of the norepinephrine, epinephrine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significant in most brain regions, including the midline ridge formation. 4. Differences and similarities to the mammalian pattern of monoamine distribution in the brain are discussed.
The Hoax Involving Stem Cells

Abstract A hoax is being perpetrated on the American people. Those behind the hoax include many prominent scientists, medical societies and legislators. The hoax is that the best way to cure the diseases of mankind is through embryonic stem cells (ESC) obtained from human embryos and/or human clones, overriding all ethical and moral concerns.
Sudden cardiac death after heart failure; symptomatic versus disease treatment? An editorial comment.

The current special issue of Heart Failure Reviews “Ventricular Restoration; Surgical Approaches to Reverse Ventricular Remodeling” was requested by Drs. Goldstein and Sabbah to summarize the efforts of an International group of cardiologists and surgeons, the RESTORE team, that developed a registry to analyze how geometric alteration of ventricular size and shape may alter current congestive heart failure management. After final submission of our 9 reports, Dr. Goldstein added an important paper about optimal pharmacologic strategy to treat sudden death [1] a terminal event in about 50% of heart failure patients. As guest editor, I am grateful for the chance to provide these supplementary comments about why this important pharmacologic paper adds a critical aspect to the global management of this disease process.
A Scheme for Batch Verification of Integrity Assertions in a Database System

A database management system can ensure the semantic integrity of a database via an integrity control subsystem. A technique for implementation of such a subsystem is proposed. After a database is updated by transactions, its integrity must be verified by evaluation of a set of semantic integrity assertions. For evaluation of an integrity assertion a number of database pages need to be transferred from the secondary storage to the fast memory. Since certain pages may be required for evaluation of different integrity assertions, the order of the evaluation of the integrity assertions determines the total number of pages fetched from the secondary storage. Hence, the schedule for the evaluation determines the cost of the database verification process. We show that the search for an optimal schedule is an NP-hard problem. Four approximation algorithms that find suboptimal schedules are proposed. They are based on the utilization of intersections among sets of pages required for the evaluation of different integrity assertions. The theoretical worst case behaviors of these algorithms are studied. Finally, the algorithms are compared via a simulation study to a naive, random order verification approach. The methods proposed for minimizing the costs of the batch integrity verification also apply to other problems that can be abstracted to the directed traveling salesman optimization problem. For example, the methods are applicable to multiple to multiple-query optimization and to concurrency control via the predicate locks.
The Lagrangian theory of Stäckel systems

A purely Lagrangian formulation and a direct proof of the separation of variables theorem is given for what is called Stackel Systems in dynamics and celestial mechanics. The proof is essentially based on some properties of determinants and minors (given in Appendix A). In contrast with the standard literature on the subject, we avoid the use of the Hamiltonian, canonical transformations or the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, by using instead a more elementary approach based on the Lagrangian. In AppendixB we use the Kepler Problem as an illustration of the Lagrangian theory of Stackel Systems.
Histologic study of the inhibition of bone resorption in organ cultures by myoinositol‐2‐monophosphate

This study examines chemically and histologically the relative abilities of inositiol monophosphate (IP1), inorganic phosphate (Pi), ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene disphosphonate (Cl2MDP) to inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH) - induced resorption of fetal rat long bones in organ culture. Pregnant rats injected with 45Ca on the 18th day of gestation were killed the next day and their fetuses removed. Half of each pair of dissected long bones was incubated in a chemically defined control medium while the contralateral half was incubated in medium containing PTH or PTH plus the compound to be tested. 45Ca released into the medium was indicative of the amount of bone resorption. Bones were then processed histologically and examined microscopically. All compounds inhibited resorption to some extent with IP1 and Pi being less effective than EHDP or Cl2MDP at comparable phosphate concentrations. However, the disphosphonates damaged osteoclasts whereas IP1 and Pi did not. This suggests that IP1 may inhibit resorption by a different mechanism perhaps related only to prevention of crystal dissolution.
A coupled segmentation and registration framework for medical image analysis using robust point matching and active shape model

Image segmentation and non-rigid registration are two widely investigated tasks in medical image analysis. Concurrent segmentation and registration methods have received considerable attention in recent years. While some models have been shown to give interesting results, most of them are either able to improve segmentation results alone or able to correct rigid rotation and translation only. In addition, the previous reported methods require a long waiting time to converge. In this paper, we present a fast coupled approach that performs automatic segmentation and nonrigid registration simultaneously. It can progressively identify the boundaries of several organs of interest based on the achieved transformation, and conversely, accurate knowledge of important structures enables us to achievemore precise nonrigid mapping result. We tested the method on two different applications to validate our approach: prostate image guided radiotherapy on computed tomography (CT) volumes and brain image analysis on magnetic resonance images (MRI). Quantitative analysis of experimental results shows that the segmentation result has promising global and local consistencies with the manual segmentation, and the mapping result outperforms the traditional rigid and nonrigid registration. In addition, the new method is proven to be faster and more efficient than previous reported ones.1
Esterase isozymes from Solanum tubers

Abstract The variation and distribution of esterase isozymes in tuber-bearing Solanums was determined by disc electrophoresis. Esterases obtained from tubers of wild species, interspecific hybrids, haploids (2 n = 24) and selfs (2 n = 48) of Tuberosum cultivars (2 n = 48) and haploid-species hybrids revealed a diversity of patterns among fifteen isozyme bands. Simple and complex patterns occur in species and interspecific hybrids; they do not appear related to taxonomic status or ploidy level. Within cultivated potatoes. Group Phureja and Group Tuberosum have simple patterns as compared to Group Stenotomum and Group Andigena. The haploids and selfs of Tuberosum specifically contain simple patterns amenable to biochemical and genetic analysis. A hypothesis based on the active enzyme being a tetramer composed of one, two or three types of monomers accounts for the results. It is assumed that three alleles E a , E b and E c each control the production of a different monomer which combine to give fifteen esterase isozymes. More critical biochemical and genetic data are required to test these hypotheses.
Upper Precambrian (Eocambrian) Mineral Fork Tillite of Utah: A continental glacial and glaciomarine sequence

A glacial origin for the Mineral Fork Tillite in the Big Cottonwood Canyon area of the Wasatch Range in Utah is reaffirmed. The formation consists of two members: a lower sequence of thick, massive diamictites, with minor lensoid beds of shale-siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate, and an upper sequence of more abundant shale-siltstone and siltstone that displays prominent bedding. The lower member is interpreted to be a sedimentary pile of tills and outwash deposited by multiple advances of continental glaciers. A grooved, polished, and striated surface marks the basal contact with the Big Cottonwood Formation. The upper member is considered to be of glaciomarine origin, mainly sediments released from icebergs and/or a floating ice shelf, along with rock flour washed from marine-based glacier margins. One major continental to marine cycle of environmental change is indicated as a result of slow but steady subsidence along a continental margin. Evidence cited here strengthens the case for a major glacial event during late Precambrian (Eocambrian) time in western North America.
Yestermorrow, Notes on Man's Progress, by Kurt W. Marek (pen name C. W. Ceram), translated from the German by Ralph Manheim, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1961. 151 pp. $3.50

(1962). Yestermorrow, Notes on Man's Progress, by Kurt W. Marek (pen name C. W. Ceram), translated from the German by Ralph Manheim, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1961. 151 pp. $3.50. The Educational Forum: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 123-123.
The effect of burning velocity inhibitors on the ignition of hydrocarbon-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures

Abstract It has been proposed in the literature that the mechanism of inhibition by halogens in hydrocarbon flames involves an increase in the ignition temperature with a consequent prolongation of the preignition zone. An examination of this hypothesis was undertaken by a systematic investigation of the effect of a number of well-recognized burning velocity inhibitors on the ignition temperature as a mixtures by hot wires in a 35-mm quartz tube. Data are reported for ignition temperature as a function of additive concentration for methane and/or propane mixtures with oxygen and nitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure. Studies on the following 20 additives are described: SnCl4, GeCl4, SiCl4, CCl4, SiCl3H, PCl3, AsCl3, TiCl4, CH2I, CH3Br, CH2Cl, CH3F, CH4Br1, CHBr2, Cl2, BBr3, CrO2Cl2, POCl2, Fe(CO)6. Although some of the experimental results are quite disparate, several groups of compounds do show similar behavior. The Group IVa chlorides show a trend somewhat similar to that reported in burning velocity experiments. SnCl4 and GeCl4 increased the ignition temperature of propane-air systems, whereas SiCl4 did not affect the ignition temperature and CCl4 lowered it. SiCl3H and PCl3 decreased the ignition temperature of methane-air and/or propane-air mixtures; AsCl3 increased it slightly. TiCl4 did not affect the ignition temperature of propane-air mixtures for the concentration range studied. The methyl halides increased the ignition temperature of propane-air mixtures in the following order of effectiveness: CH2I > CH3Br > CH3Cl > CH3F. A well-marked trend between ignition temperature increase for the propane-air system as a function of bromine atom concentration was found for BBr3, Br2, CH3Br, CH2Br2, and CHBr3. However, while the data for the latter additives could be correlated by a single experimental curve, both BBr3 and Br2 were more effective inhibitors for the same bromine atom concentration. In relatively large concentrations of Cl2 (>4%), the ignition temperature for mixtures of propane and air was decreased. The behavior of BBr3 and CrO2Cl2 was completely unexpected. In propane-air mixtures, the ignition temperatures increased linearly with BBr3 concentration up to the maximum investigated. CrO2Cl2 did not affect the ignition temperature in this system. With enriched “air” (35%, O2), however, BBr3 and CrO2Cl2 reduced the ignition temperature with increasing concentration. POCl3 increased the ignition temperature slightly, whereas Fe(CO)4 showed no effect in the propane-air systems studied. Possible mechanistic explanations of the experimental results are discussed.
Five Genes Involved in Biosynthesis of the Pyruvylated Galβ1,3-Epitope in Schizosaccharomyces pombe N-Linked Glycans

The N-linked galactomannans of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have pyruvylated Galβ1,3-(PvGal) caps on a portion of the Galα1,2-residues in their outer chains (Gemmill, T. R., and Trimble, R. B. (1998) Glycobiology 8, 1087–1095). PvGal biosynthesis was investigated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of S. pombe, followed by the isolation of cells devoid of negatively charged N-glycans by Q-Sepharose exclusion and failure to bind human serum amyloid P component, which acts as a lectin for terminal PvGal residues. Mutant glycans were characterized by lectin binding, saccharide composition, exoglycosidase sensitivity, and NMR spectroscopy. Restoration of the cell surface negative charge by complementation with an S. pombe genomic library led to the identification of five genes involved in PvGal biosynthesis, which we designated pvg1–pvg5. Pvg1p may be a pyruvyltransferase, since NMR of pvg1– mutant N-glycans revealed the absence of only the pyruvyl moiety. Pvg2p–Pvg5p are crucial for attachment of the Galβ1,3-residue that becomes pyruvylated. Pvg3p is predicted to be a member of the β1,3-galactosyltransferase family, and Pvg3p-green fluorescent protein labeling was consistent with Golgi localization. Predicted Pvg1p and Pvg3p functions imply that Galβ1,3-is added to the galactomannans and is then pyruvylated in situ, rather than by an en bloc addition of PvGalβ1,3-caps to the outer chain. Pvg4p-green fluorescent protein targeted to the nucleus, and its sequence contains a MADS-box DNA-binding and dimerization domain; however, it does not appear to solely control transcription of the other identified genes. Pvg2p and/or Pvg5p may contribute to an enzyme complex. Whereas a functional role for the PvGal epitope in S. pombe remains unclear, it is nonessential for either cell growth or mating under laboratory conditions.
Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum(II) and molybdenum(V) monothiocarbamate complexes. Crystal and molecular structures of tetrakis(isopropylmonothiocarbamato)dimolybdenum(II) and oxobis[di(oxoisopropylmonothiocarbamato)molybdenum(V)]

Abstract The compound Mo2(SOCNR2)4 (Ri-Pr) has been prepared from the reaction of a stoichiometric amount of lithium monothiocarbamate with Mo2(O2CCH3)4 in ethanol. The compound was then reacted with molecular oxygen to form the oxidized product Mo2O4(SOCNR2)4. The structure of the isopropyl derivative was obtained using single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mo2(SOCN(i-Pr)2)4·2THF crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with Z = 1 and unit cell dimensions a = 10.396(2) A , b = 11.473(3) A , c = 11.779(3) A , α = 75.03(2)°, β = 104.34(2)°, γ = 114.27(2)° and V = 1221.2(5) A . Crystallographic studies have also been completed for the Mo2O3(SOCN(i-Pr)2)4 complex, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Aba2 with Z = 4 and unit cell dimensions a = 21.456(7) A , b = 15.630(3) A , c = 12.638(5) A and V = 42.38(2) A . These complexes represent the first reported monothiocarbamate metal complexes to be structurally characterized.
Panting in dogs: unidirectional air flow over evaporative surfaces

In dogs which are panting due to a heat load, most of the respired air enters through the nose and leaves through the mouth. Different patterns of flow are, however, possible. The unidirectional flow over the evaporative (nasal) surfaces is an important mechanism for regulating the amount of heat dissipated in panting.
Trajectory assessment and modification tools

• NextGen solutions have to be integrated • Move from controlled airspace to managed airspace • Leverage and expand on current technologies • Implement new automated DSTs • Ground systems that can work with advanced aircraft technologies • ADS-B • Performance-based trajectory navigation • Data Comm • Support a more advanced, efficient, safe and flexible air traffic control system
Skeletal muscle ATP kinetics are impaired in frail mice

The interleukin-10 knockout mouse (IL10tm/tm) has been proposed as a model for human frailty, a geriatric syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle (SM) weakness, because it develops an age-related decline in SM strength compared to control (C57BL/6J) mice. Compromised energy metabolism and energy deprivation appear to play a central role in muscle weakness in metabolic myopathies and muscular dystrophies. Nonetheless, it is not known whether SM energy metabolism is altered in frailty. A combination of in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and biochemical assays was used to measure high-energy phosphate concentrations, the rate of ATP synthesis via creatine kinase (CK), the primary energy reserve reaction in SM, as well as the unidirectional rates of ATP synthesis from inorganic phosphate (Pi) in hind limb SM of 92-week-old control (n = 7) and IL10tm/tm (n = 6) mice. SM Phosphocreatine (20.2 ± 2.3 vs. 16.8 ± 2.3 μmol/g, control vs. IL10tm/tm, p < 0.05), ATP flux via CK (5.0 ± 0.9 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 μmol/g/s, p < 0.01), ATP synthesis from inorganic phosphate (Pi → ATP) (0.58 ± 0.3 vs. 0.26 ± 0.2 μmol/g/s, p < 0.05) and the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis (∆G∼ATP) were significantly lower and [Pi] (2.8 ± 1.0 vs. 5.3 ± 2.0 μmol/g, control vs. IL10tm/tm, p < 0.05) markedly higher in IL10tm/tm than in control mice. These observations demonstrate that, despite normal in vitro metabolic enzyme activities, in vivo SM ATP kinetics, high-energy phosphate levels and energy release from ATP hydrolysis are reduced and inorganic phosphate is elevated in a murine model of frailty. These observations do not prove, but are consistent with the premise, that energetic abnormalities may contribute metabolically to SM weakness in this geriatric syndrome.
Inter-Korean cooperation in the fisheries industry: modeling trust and peace building on the ECSC

The predecessor of the European Union (EU), the European Coal and Steel Community, was successful in its dual goal of providing peace and prosperity to the European subcontinent in large part because its institutions fostered enduring relations between government officials. Mirroring the European focus on coal and steel, this paper suggests inter-Korean cooperation in the fisheries industry. The Yellow Sea border and the disputed Northern Limit Line has been the scene of deadly clashes between the two Koreas. Cooperation in the fisheries industry would provide economic benefits while it can build trusting relations between the two Koreas as a necessary condition for political cooperation. As coal and steel were only a start for the EU, and implemented clearly with greater political goals in mind, so can the integration of the fishery industries provide a similar starting point in the search for peace and security for the Korean peninsula.
Real eigenvalues of nonnegative matrices which commute with a symmetric matrix involution

Abstract It is well known that if P is a nonnegative matrix, then its spectral radius is an eigenvalue of P (Perron-Frobenius theorem). In this paper it is shown that if P is an n × n nonnegative matrix and it commutes with a nonnegative symmetric involution when n =4 m +3, then (1) P has at least two real eigenvalues if n =4 m or 4 m + 2, (2) P has at least one real eigenvalue if n =4 m +1, and (3) P has at least three real eigenvalues if n =4 m +3, where m is a nonnegative integer and n ⩾ 1. Examples are given to show that these results are the best possible, and nonnegative symmetric involutions are classified.
Mapping the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect

On large scales, the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) reflect not only the primordial density field but also the energy gain when photons traverse decaying gravitational potentials of large scale structure, what is called the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. Decomposing the anisotropy signal into a primordial piece and an ISW component, the main secondary effect on large scales, is more urgent than ever as cosmologists strive to understand the Universe on those scales. We present a likelihood technique for extracting the ISW signal combining measurements of the CMB, the distribution of galaxies, and maps of gravitational lensing. We test this technique with simulated data showing that we can successfully reconstruct the ISW map using all the data sets together. Then we present the ISW map obtained from a combination of real data: the NRAO VLA sky survey (NVSS) galaxy survey, temperature anisotropies, and lensing maps made by the Planck satellite. This map shows that, with the data sets used and assuming linear physics, there is no evidence, from the reconstructed ISW signal in the Cold Spot region, for an entirely ISW origin of this large scale anomaly in the CMB. However a large scale structure origin from low redshift voids outside the NVSS redshift range is still possible. Finally we show that future surveys, thanks to a better large scale lensing reconstruction will be able to improve the reconstruction signal to noise which is now mainly coming from galaxy surveys.
Environmentalism, resistance, and solidarity: the politics of Friends of the Earth International

This welcome addition to the growing body of scholarship about international- and national-level environmental movement organisations reports findings from a decade-long study of Friends of the Ear...
Strengthening Critical Health Psychology A Critical Action Orientation

The commentaries on my original article ‘The Emergence of Critical Health Psychology: Can it Contribute to Promoting Public Health?’ provided engaging views on what critical health psychology (CHP) actually is and does. Consideration of each commentary gave rise to numerous themes and generated my own further thoughts on CHP which I frame as five key areas of a continuing dialogue: (1) reflexivity and CHP; (2) health psychology: pluralist or not? (3) CHP as a moral project; (4) social action and change; and (5) strengthening critical approaches to health. Throughout I highlight concepts and issues that are integral to the capacity of CHP to create a shift towards a reinvigorated action-orientated agenda.
Microstructural evidence for conditioning-dependent δ → α′ transformations in retained δ-phase Pu–Ga

Abstract The retained δ phase of a Pu–1.9 at.% Ga alloy is metastable with respect to the martensitic δ → α′ transformation that occurs at low temperatures. This transformation has been shown to proceed by means of an isothermal martensitic mode, but the kinetics of the transformation are atypical. The transformation exhibits a “double-C” in a time–temperature–transformation diagram, wherein there exist two temperatures at which transformation occurs in a minimum amount of time. The cause of the double-C kinetics remains uncertain, eliciting proposals of multiple mechanisms, multiple paths, or different morphologies as possible origins. Recently, a “conditioning” treatment was found to affect the δ → α′ transformation, but the underlying mechanism by which the conditioning treatment influences the transformation has not yet been resolved. In this study, microstructural characterization as a function of temperature, time, and conditioning has been employed to illuminate the role of conditioning in the δ → α′ transformation. Conditioning is found to enhance transformation in the upper-C and to enable transformation in the lower-C. The data garnered from these experiments suggest that conditioning is intimately linked to nucleation processes, but is of little consequence to the growth and morphology of the α′ product phase.
The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989

The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989. By Mark L. Haas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005. 250p. $39.95.Realists argue that state behavior is predicated on the distribution of power in the international system. Specifically, states attempt to acquire, maintain, exercise, and balance power in response to the same behavior expected of other states in the system. In this book, Mark L. Haas offers a compelling argument for thinking beyond power variables and considering the independent effects of ideology on leaders' foreign policy decisions. The main thrust of his thesis is that the greater the ideological distance between decision makers of different states, the greater the likelihood that they will view each other as threats to domestic power and international security. Conversely, the greater the ideological affinity between states' leaders, the greater the likelihood that they will see each other as mutually supportive of one another's interests and, therefore, as less threatening. Decision makers' conflictual or accommodative foreign policies, then, are a function of threat perception caused by ideological distance. The book begins with the explication of the theoretical argument and then applies the theory to five different historical case studies. Haas concludes with policy implications and prescriptions for current and future international politics generally, and U.S. foreign policy specifically.
Free Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Evidence is presented that shows that free fatty acids (FFA) are one important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Plasma FFA levels are elevated in most obese subjects, and physiological elevations of plasma FFA inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle. This peripheral insulin resistance is caused by an FFA-induced defect, which develops 3-4 hr after raising plasma FFA, in insulin-stimulated glucose transport or phosphorylation, or both. This resistance is also caused by a second defect, which develops after 4-6 hr, consisting of inhibition of glycogen synthase activity. Whether elevated plasma FFA levels inhibit insulin action on endogenous glucose production (EGP), that is, cause central insulin resistance, is more difficult to demonstrate. On the one hand, FFA increase gluconeogenesis, which enhances EGP; on the other hand, FFA increase insulin secretion, which decreases EGP. Basal plasma FFA support approximately one third of basal insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects and, hence, are responsible for some of the hyperinsulinemia in obese, normoglycemic patients. In addition, elevated plasma FFA levels potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion acutely and during prolonged exposure (48 hr). It is hypothesized that obese subjects who are genetically predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes will become partially "lipid blind," that is, unable to compensate for their FFA-induced insulin resistance with FFA-induced insulin oversecretion. The resulting insulin resistance/secretion deficit will then have to be compensated for with glucose-induced insulin secretion, which, because of their partial "glucose blindness," will result in hyperglycemia and eventually in type 2 diabetes.
Multivariate analysis of unionized employees’ propensity to cross their union’s picket line

Unionized employees who were surveyed concerning a hypothetical strike scenario were asked whether they would cross their union’s picket line during an authorized economic strike. Potential crossovers differed from potential continuing strikers in their support for union representation and in their attitudes about striking and picketing. Compared to potential continuing strikers, potential crossovers made a lower hourly wage, were more willing to find alternate employment during a strike, and were willing to strike fewer weeks. Thus, the NLRB’s no-presumption policy best corresponds to workplace reality.
The applications of wafer vacuum laminator equipment in 3D-IC process technology

The technology of dry film laminator equipment has been developed in CSUN for more than a decade and widely adopted in PCB and Display industries.
MACRO‐MICRO INTEGRATION IN THE STUDY OF VICTIMIZATION: A HIERARCHICAL LOGISTIC MODEL ANALYSIS ACROSS SEATTLE NEIGHBORHOODS*

Recent contextual analyses of victimization survey data are extended by application of hierarchical logistic model techniques. Using a multi-stage sample of 5,090 Seattle residents, we estimate models for individuals' risks of violent crime and burglary victimization as a function of both individual crime opportunity factors (routine activity and personal lifestyle) and contextual indicators of neighborhood social disorganization (neighborhood incivilities on conditions of disorder, ethnic heterogeneity, and neighborhood density in terms of both residents and strangers). Strong contextual direct effects of density, disorder, and heterogeneity are observed for violent and or burglary risks. Further, the hierarchical method used here provides a richer type of contextual analysis, indicating that neighborhood factors also “condition” the impact of crime opportunity factors for risk of both violent and burglary victimization. Implications for theoretical integration, victimization prevention strategies, and crime control policies are discussed.
Biochemistry and Biomarkers of Inflamed Patients: Why Look, What to Assess

Specific laboratory tests and physical findings are available to the practicing clinician that should raise the suspicion of inflammation. Inflammation is related to specific clinical outcomes. Once identified, changes in clinical practice may affect the level of inflammation in individual and or groups of dialysis patients with the hope that these changes may in turn affect outcome in a positive manner. Standard clinical tests and observations associated with inflammation are hypoalbuminemia, erythropoietin resistance, decreased iron saturation accompanied by high ferritin, frailty, low serum creatinine, reduced total and LDL-cholesterol, and increased C reactive protein (CRP). Inflammation is strongly associated with loss of physical function, dyslipidemia (low LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, increased triglycerides), and anemia that is unresponsive to erythropoietin. Inflammation is associated with cardiovascular events, increased hospitalization, and death. Correctible causes of inflammation are tunneled dialysis catheters, arteriovenous grafts, catheter infection, periodontal disease, poor water quality, and dialyzer incompatibility. Obesity also is a source of cytokines but may be less amenable to treatment. Inflammation is multifactorial in dialysis patients. Some sources are recognizable and correctable, such as vascular access type, clinical infection, and water quality, and some are not. Inflammation is strongly associated with outcome.