cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical solutions of a class of multidimensional Fokker-Planck equations

Analytical representations of the solutions of Kolmogorov's forward (i.e., Fokker-Planck) and backward partial differential equations are obtained by employing Girsanov's (1960) transformation. The equations considered are restricted to those with the drift vector being the gradient of a function and the diffusion matrix being nonsingular and dependent upon time only.
Does Increasing Biology Teacher Knowledge of Evolution and the Nature of Science Lead to Greater Preference for the Teaching of Evolution in Schools

This study investigated whether or not an increase in secondary science teacher knowledge about evolution and the nature of science gained from completing a graduate-level evolution course was associated with greater preference for the teaching of evolution in schools. Forty-four precertified secondary biology teachers participated in a 14-week intervention designed to address documented misconceptions identified by a precourse instrument. The course produced statistically significant gains in teacher knowledge of evolution and the nature of science and a significant decrease in misconceptions about evolution and natural selection. Nevertheless, teachers’ postcourse preference positions remained unchanged; the majority of science teachers still preferred that antievolutionary ideas be taught in school.
Scattering of Fast Electrons by Helium

When a charged particle collides with another charged particle, the force between them varying inversely as the square of the distance, wave mechanics and classical mechanics give the same scattering formula when the particles are unlike, and different formulas when they are identical. In the particular case of scattering of electrons by electrons, wave mechanics predicts a smaller scattering than does classical mechanics, in a ratio which has a minimum of 1 to 2 at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The scattering of 2000 and 4000 volt electrons by helium atoms has been investigated. For such energy values, the scattering at considerable angles (g20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) is due to the nuclei and to atomic electrons acting independently of each other. Thus it is possible to measure the ratio of the scattering by the atomic electrons to that by the nucleus and compare it with the values given by the two theories. The elastically scattered electrons are to be identified with those scattered by the nucleus while the inelastically scattered electrons are to be identified with those scattered by atomic electrons. The results are in quantitative agreement with the wave mechanical theory of collisions between electrons. A subsidiary result of the investigation is that the distribution of energies among the inelastically scattered electrons may be used to show that the velocity of the atomic electrons has a value close to that given by the Bohr theory.
Change What? Identifying Quality Improvement Targets by Investigating Usual Mental Health Care

Efforts to improve community-based children’s mental health care should be based on valid information about effective practices and current routine practices. Emerging research on routine care practices and outcomes has identified discrepancies between evidence-based practices and “usual care.” These discrepancies highlight potentially potent quality improvement interventions. This article reviews existing research on routine or “usual care” practice, identifies strengths and weaknesses in routine psychotherapeutic care, as well as gaps in knowledge, and proposes quality improvement recommendations based on existing data to improve the effectiveness of children’s mental health care. The two broad recommendations for bridging the research-practice gap are to implement valid, feasible measurement feedback systems and clinician training in common elements of evidence-based practice.
Two-photon spectroscopy of xenon dimers in supersonic jets

We report experiments studying the fluorescence and two-photon excitation spectroscopy of xenon dimers and small clusters formed in supersonic jets. Under thermodynamic conditions for maximum dimer density, determined by two-photon resonant multiphoton ionized time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy, no fluorescence of free bound excimers correlating to Xe* 6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, or 6p[5/2]2 was observed; very weak excimer fluorescence was observed for the excimer correlated with Xe+Xe* 5d[1/2]1. Comparing the observed atomic fluorescence and measurements of the monomer–dimer ratio, we estimate predissociation lifetimes on the order of 10−3 of the expected radiative lifetime. TOF spectra are consistent with predissociation for all excimers except those correlating to 6p[5/2]2. At higher nozzle stagnation pressures, we observed fluorescence from vibrationally or electronically relaxed Xe2* excimers imbedded in helium clusters Hn, with 〈n〉 most probably 6 and 13. We report dispersed spectra, and using modeled reflection spectra, we assign the fluorescence spectra to 6p[1/2]00g+→6s[3/2]1B0u+, 6p[1/2]00g+→6s[3/2]11u, and 5d[1/2]10g+→6s[3/2]2A1u.
Localization of types I, III and IV collagen mRNAs in rat heart cells by in situ hybridization

Previous studies investigating the cellular origins of several collagens in young adult rat hearts (Eghbali et al., 1988) demonstrated that the mRNAs for types I and III collagen occurred in non-myocyte cells, mostly fibroblasts, whereas the mRNA for type IV collagen was observed in both myocytes and non-myocyte cells. In the present study, cellular localization of collagen mRNAs has been achieved by in situ hybridization in rat heart tissue and in isolated heart cells. Frozen tissue sections, isolated cardiomyocytes, cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were hybridized with DNA probes for type-specific collagens, actin, and myosin heavy chain. Silver grains were visualized by dark field imaging. In heart sections, types I and III mRNAs were observed predominantly adjacent to myocytes and in the interstitium, where fibroblasts are known to be present. In contrast, type IV collagen mRNA was identified both within the myocytes and the interstitium. In freshly isolated adult cardiomyocytes and in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes, collagen type IV mRNA was observed but type I collagen mRNA was not. In cultured neonatal fibroblasts, both types IV and I collagen mRNAs were abundant.
Effect of doping on the crystal structure and dielectric properties of the Aurivillius phase CaBi4Ti4O15

The effect of doping on the crystal structure and dielectric properties of layered perovskite-type bismuth oxide CaBi4Ti4O15 (Aurivillius phase) has been investigated. Partial substitution both in A (Bi by Na, Pb) and B (Ti by Cr, V, Re) sites leads to changes in the crystal structure parameters and dielectric constants, depending on the dopant type and content.
The Promise of Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics

Clinicians already face “personalized” medicine every day while experiencing the great variation in toxicities and drug efficacy among individual patients. Pharmacogenetics studies are the platform for discovering the DNA determinants of variability in drug response and tolerability. Research now focuses on the genome after its beginning with analyses of single genes. Therapeutic outcomes from several psychotropic drugs have been weakly linked to specific genetic variants without independent replication. Drug side effects show stronger associations to genetic variants, including human leukocyte antigen loci with carbamazepine-induced dermatologic outcome and MC4R with atypical antipsychotic weight gain. Clinical implementation has proven challenging, with barriers including a lack of replicable prospective evidence for clinical utility required for altering medical care. More recent studies show promising approaches for reducing these barriers to routine incorporation of pharmacogenetics data into clinical care.
A Primer on Problem-Based Learning for International Relations Courses

In recent years advocates of educational reform have encouraged and demanded changes in public education at all levels. A teaching method called active learning addresses many such concerns, promising several advantages to both teachers and students. One version of active learning is called problem-based learning (PBL). PBL is a pedagogically sound, scholastically beneficial, and socially desirable response to concerns about educational reform. According to recent research, PBL is the most effective technique for students to learn, apply, integrate, and retain information. Many students also prefer to learn in this style. Many teachers will find PBL a valuable alternative to current teaching practices. This essay is a brief primer on PBL techniques and resources. Abridged sections survey the structure and process of PBL, discuss the role of teacher as facilitator, describe PBL ‘in action’ in my courses, and address implementation.
Blood pressure during induction and termination of the dorsal immobility response.

Abstract Evidence has indicated that afferent baroreceptor input may play a role in the induction of the dorsal and tonic immobility responses, which are behaviorally similar, but involve opposite posture changes upon induction (i.e., upright versus inverted, respectively). Information is lacking on the topography of the blood pressure response during periods of dorsal immobility. The blood pressure response of the adult Wistar rat during induction and termination of dorsal immobility was compared to the blood pressure response during a condition which controlled for posture change. Each animal received two control trials, ten dorsal immobility trials and then two control trials in two successive sessions four and ten days after surgery. A precise second-by-second topographical analysis of the dorsal immobility response revealed a sharp rise in blood pressure at trial onset of 18.4 mmHg, followed by a return below pretrial levels and then subsequent recovery back to pretrial levels by the tenth-trial second. This level was maintained until the last five seconds of immobility when a rapid blood pressure elevation occurred. This terminating elevation correlated highly with the observation of large movement and probably reflected motor activity that eventually culminated in escape from immobility. The vertical posture change of the control condition, on the other hand, resulted in a gradual diminution of blood pressure, which implied that the initial blood pressure elevation during initiation of the dorsal immobility response could not be accounted for simply by posture change. In view of the similarity between the tonic and dorsal immobility blood pressure responses despite opposite postural changes, it was suggested that the blood pressure changes at induction of dorsal immobility probably did not reflect a response to afferent baroreceptor input.
Single sensor radio scene analysis for packet based radio signals

We consider the problem of RF signal analysis where one sensing node observes a frequency band possibly used by multiple packet based radio transmitters. Analysis of the received signal consists of two steps. In the first step we use spectrogram to perform temporal segmentation of the received piecewise statistically homogeneous signal. This task is formulated as a clustering problem. In the second step we compute a certain 2-D slice of the fourth order spectrum for each of the segments found in the first step. The fourth order spectrum slices are arranged in a three-way array. Key idea of the second step is to use uniqueness properties of the low rank decomposition of the three-way array to recover spectra and associated activity sequences of individual components in the received signal. We derive a numerical algorithm for the low rank decomposition, which computes estimates of the spectra and activity sequences by optimizing a weighted least squares criterion under application specific constraints. The approach is illustrated with simulation examples involving signals used in 802.11a/b/g and Bluetooth networks. The proposed algorithm can be used as a spectrum analysis tool, providing crucial information needed for achieving efficient utilization of radio spectrum and elimination of mutual interference between the coexisting systems.
Meditation training as a treatment for insomnia

A set of attention-focusing techniques derived from methods of meditation was compared with progressive relaxation and a waiting list as treatments for insomnia. Analysis of data from 24 insomniacs recruited from the community showed both meditation and progressive relaxation to be superior to no treatment in reducing latency of sleep onset. These treatments did not differ in effectiveness. At 6 months follow-up, both the meditation and progressive relaxation groups showed significant improvement over pretreatment levels on latency of sleep onset, while pretreatment and follow-up means for the control group did not differ.
Pulsed radiation generation in closed and open cavity gyrotrons

Summary form only given, as follows. Recent nonlinear, time-dependent studies indicate that radiation pulses can be generated using a tapered closed-cavity gyrotron oscillator. A cavity composed of a radially tapered section and a straight section of waveguide is designed, built and cold-tested. The resonant TE/sub 11n/ modal set is almost equally spaced in frequency. Using a sinusoidal current density modulation with an amplitude of 5% of the DC current and frequency of 280 MHz (the inter-mode frequency spacing), the simulation results show radiation output in a train of narrow pulses (/spl sim/1 ns) at a 280 MHz repetition rate. Pulsed radiation using an open-cavity (quasi-optical) cavity gyrotron is under investigation. In this case the electron beam passes through a Fabry-Perot resonator and modes are typically weakly coupled. Velocity or current density modulation at half of the bounce frequency in cavity is used to generate short-pulse periodic output from the quasi-optical gyrotron. Numerical simulations based on slow time scale equations for the electron momentum and the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field are presented.
Response of Summerform Pear Psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to Male- and Female-Produced Odors

We examined the role of chemical signals in sex attraction of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster), assessing the response of summerform male and female psyllids to male- and female-produced volatile chemicals. Male psyllids were attracted to odors from live females and pentane extracts of females. Extracts of females were as attractive to males as live females, suggesting that the female-produced volatile chemicals responsible for male attraction might be isolated by extracting females with pentane. Females were not attracted to odorants from live females and tended to avoid odorants from extracts of females. Furthermore, summerform males and females were not attracted or repelled by male-produced odorants from live males or extracts of males. Results of olfactometer assays using male summerform C. pyricola are consistent with results from earlier studies with the winterform morphotype of this species.
Patterns and causes of millennial-scale climate change in the Pacific Northwest during Marine Isotope stages 2 and 3

Abstract A high-resolution pollen record from Fargher Lake, Washington shows a series of millennial-scale changes in vegetation and climate during marine isotope stages (MIS) 3 and 2. A comparison of Fargher Lake with pollen records from Little Lake, Oregon and Carp Lake, Washington, reveals regional patterns of change. During the early part of MIS 3 (ca 60,000–45,000 cal yr BP), Fargher and Carp lakes indicate transitions between open and closed vegetation and cold dry and warm wet conditions. Between 45,000 and 27,500 cal yr BP, all three records show shifts between low- and high-elevation taxa that indicate a series of temperature changes. These temperature changes are similar to those in the Santa Barbara Basin and may be explained by changes in the strength of the Aleutian low. During MIS 2 (27,500–14,000 cal yr BP), shifts between wet- and dry-adapted taxa were most prominent at Little Lake. There is also evidence for two minor warmings. MIS 2 climate variations do not correlate well with those in the Santa Barbara Basin. However, precipitation changes in the Pacific Northwest during MIS 2 correlate with evidence of ice-sheet surges into the North Atlantic and were probably related to variations in the strength and position of the glacial anticyclone and the jet stream.
Picosecond Optical Autocorrelation Experiments on Fast Photodetectors

Typically the response time of a very high speed photodetector is measured by correlating its response to an optical pulse with that of another fast photodetector [1]. The resulting signal is ideally a convolution of the time responses of the two devices, but the signal may be distorted by dispersion in the transmission line joining the two devices [2], by reflections of the original transient from discontinuities, or by signals continually radiated by the propagating electrical transient [3].
Load and Resistance Factors for External Stability Checks of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls

The use of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) to design geotechnical components of transportation infrastructure in the United States is now mandated by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The advantages of LRFD over working stress design (WSD) may lead to its gradual adoption in geotechnical design even in the absence of any mandates. If load and resistance factors are based on reliability analysis, a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall may be designed to a target reliability index (or a target probability of failure). Load and resistance factor design of MSE walls must consider multiple ultimate limit states, associated with both external and internal stabilities. This paper develops factors for use for the two ultimate limit states, sliding and overturning, used in design that are related to the external stability of MSE walls. Equations that closely reproduce the ultimate limit states with as little uncertainty as possible are proposed. The uncertainties of the parameters and the transformations for ultimate limit state equations are assessed using data from an extensive literature review. The first-order reliability method (FORM) is then used to produce resistance factor values for each limit state for different levels of target reliability index.
Early primate evolution in Afro-Arabia

The peculiar mammalian fauna that inhabited Afro-Arabia during the Paleogene first came to the attention of the scientific community in the early part of the twentieth century, when Andrews1 and Schlosser2 published their landmark descriptions of fossil mammals from the Fayum Depression in northern Egypt. Their studies revealed a highly endemic assemblage of land mammals that included the first known Paleogene records of hyraxes, proboscideans, and anthropoid primates, but which lacked ancestors of many iconic mammalian lineages that are found in Africa today, such as rhinos, zebras, bovids, giraffes, and cats. Over the course of the last century, the Afro-Arabian Paleogene has yielded fossil remains of several other endemic mammalian lineages,3 as well as a diversity of prosimian primates,4 but we are only just beginning to understand how the continent's faunal composition came to be, through ancient processes such as the movement of tectonic plates, changes in climate and sea level, and early phylogenetic splits among the major groups of placental mammals. These processes, in turn, made possible chance dispersal events that were critical in determining the competitive landscape–and, indeed, the survival–of our earliest anthropoid ancestors. Newly discovered fossils indicate that the persistence and later diversification of Anthropoidea was not an inevitable result of the clade's competitive isolation or adaptive superiority, as has often been assumed, but rather was as much due to the combined influences of serendipitous geographic conditions, global cooling, and competition with a group of distantly related extinct strepsirrhines with anthropoid-like adaptations known as adapiforms. Many of the important details of this story would not be known, and could never have been predicted, without the fossil evidence that has recently been unearthed by field paleontologists. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Soft Tissue Distraction on Deformity Recurrence After Centralization for Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

Purpose To assess recurrence and complications in children with radial longitudinal deficiency treated with or without external fixator soft tissue distraction prior to centralization. Methods Thirteen upper extremities treated with centralization alone were compared with 13 treated with ring fixator distraction followed by centralization. Resting wrist position between the 2 groups was compared before surgery, approximately 2 years after surgery (midterm), and at final follow-up, which was at a mean of 10 years for the centralization-alone group and 6 years for the distraction group. Radiographs were reviewed for hand-forearm angle, hand-forearm position, volar carpal subluxation, ulnar length, and physeal integrity. Results The clinical resting wrist position was improved significantly after surgery and at final follow-up in both groups, but recurrence was worse at final follow-up in the distraction group patients. Radiographically, in the centralization alone group, the hand-forearm angle improved from 53° before surgery to 13° at midterm but worsened to 27° at final follow-up. In the distraction group, the hand-forearm angle improved from 53° before surgery to 21° at midterm but worsened to 36° at final follow-up. The hand-forearm position improved between preoperative and final assessment in both groups, but at final follow-up, the centralization-alone group had a significantly better position. Volar subluxation was 4 mm improved in the centralization alone group and 2 mm worse in the distraction group at final follow-up. Conclusions Centralization, with or without distraction with an external fixator, resulted in improved alignment of the wrist. Distraction facilitated centralization, but it did not prevent deformity recurrence and was associated with a worse final radial deviation and volar subluxation position compared with wrists treated with centralization alone. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Characterizing social environment's association with neurocognition using census and crime data linked to the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.

Background The contribution of ‘environment’ has been investigated across diverse and multiple domains related to health. However, in the context of large-scale genomic studies the focus has been on obtaining individual-level endophenotypes with environment left for future decomposition. Geo-social research has indicated that environment-level variables can be reduced, and these composites can then be used with other variables as intuitive, precise representations of environment in research. Method Using a large community sample (N = 9498) from the Philadelphia area, participant addresses were linked to 2010 census and crime data. These were then factor analyzed (exploratory factor analysis; EFA) to arrive at social and criminal dimensions of participants' environments. These were used to calculate environment-level scores, which were merged with individual-level variables. We estimated an exploratory multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) exploring associations among environment- and individual-level variables in diverse communities. Results The EFAs revealed that census data was best represented by two factors, one socioeconomic status and one household/language. Crime data was best represented by a single crime factor. The MSEM variables had good fit (e.g. comparative fit index = 0.98), and revealed that environment had the largest association with neurocognitive performance (β = 0.41, p < 0.0005), followed by parent education (β = 0.23, p < 0.0005). Conclusions Environment-level variables can be combined to create factor scores or composites for use in larger statistical models. Our results are consistent with literature indicating that individual-level socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. race and gender) and aspects of familial social capital (e.g. parental education) have statistical relationships with neurocognitive performance.
Scheduling to Minimize theWorst-Case Loss Rate

We study link scheduling in networks with small router buffers, with the goal of minimizing the guaranteed packet loss rate bound for each ingress-egress traffic aggregate (connection). Given a link scheduling algorithm (a service discipline and a packet drop policy), the guaranteed loss rate for a connection is the loss rate under worst-case routing and bandwidth allocations for competing traffic. Under simplifying assumptions, we show that a local min-max fairness property with respect to apportioning loss events among the connections sharing each link, and a condition on the correlation of scheduling decisions at different links are two necessary and (together) sufficient conditions for optimality in the minimization problem. Based on these conditions, we introduce a randomized link-scheduling algorithm called rolling priority where packet scheduling at each link relies exclusively on local information. We show that RP satisfies both conditions and is therefore optimal.
Feedback control of surface roughness during thin-film growth using approximate low-order ODE model

The problem of feedback control of microstructure during thin film growth is addressed. The issue of the non-availability of closed form dynamic models for the evolution of microstructure is addressed by deriving a low-order state-space model that approximates the underlying kinetic monte carlo model. Initially a finite set of "coarse" observables is identified from spatial correlation functions to represent the coarse microscopic state that captures the dominant traits of the microstructure during the deposition process. Subsequently, a state-space model is identified, employing proper orthogonal decomposition and Carleman linearization, that describes the evolution of the coarse observables. The state space model is subsequently employed to design a receding horizon controller that regulates the surface roughness of the thin-film at a specified set point during the growth process by manipulating the substrate temperature. Closed-loop simulations at two distinct growth rates and in the presence of a step disturbance are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller.
A Dynamic Semi-Analytic Channel-to-Channel Model of Two-Phase Water Distribution for a Unit Fuel Cell

The critical task of controlling the water accumulation within the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the channels of a polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cell is shown to benefit from a partial-differential-equation (PDE) approach. Starting from first principles, a model of a fuel cell is represented as a boundary value problem for a set of three coupled nonlinear second-order PDEs for mass transport across the GDL of each electrode. These three PDEs are approximated, with justification founded in linear systems theory and a time-scale decomposition approach, by a semianalytic model that requires less than one-third the number of states to be numerically integrated. A set of numerical transient, analytic transient, and analytic steady-state solutions for the semianalytic model are presented, and an experimental verification of the cell voltage prediction due to liquid-water accumulation is demonstrated. The semianalytic model derived and the associated analysis represent our main contribution for which future expansion of along-the-channel dynamics and statistical consideration of cell-to-cell variations can be implemented for application to control, estimation, and diagnostic algorithms.
An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii associated with pulsatile lavage wound treatment.

ContextPulsatile lavage is a high-pressure irrigation treatment used increasingly in a variety of health care settings to debride wounds. Infection control precautions are not routinely used during the procedure and are not included in pulsatile lavage equipment package labeling.ObjectivesTo investigate an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to test the hypothesis that pulsatile lavage wound treatment was the mode of transmission for the organism.DesignOutbreak case-control investigation including case identification, review of medical records, environmental cultures, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.SettingA 1000-bed tertiary care hospital in Baltimore, Md, during September and October 2003.PatientsThe investigation included 11 patients infected or colonized with multidrug-resistant A baumannii. Seven of these patients met the case definition for the case-control study and were compared with 28 controls randomly selected from a list of inpatients without multidrug-resistant A baumannii who had a wound care consultation.Main Outcome MeasureInfection or colonization with multidrug-resistant A baumannii.ResultsEleven patients had cultures that grew multidrug-resistant A baumannii during the outbreak period. Of the 10 health care–associated cases, 8 had received pulsatile lavage treatment. One strain of multidrug-resistant A baumannii was recovered from all 6 pulsatile lavage patients who had isolates available for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and from multiple surfaces in the wound care area. Six of 7 cases (86%) were treated with pulsatile lavage vs 4 of 28 controls (14%) (odds ratio, 36; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-1721; P<.001). These results confirm that pulsatile lavage was a significant risk factor for acquisition of multidrug-resistant A baumannii.ConclusionsTransmission was apparently caused by dissemination of multidrug-resistant A baumannii during the pulsatile lavage procedure, resulting in environmental contamination. Appropriate infection control precautions should be used during pulsatile lavage therapy and should be included in pulsatile lavage equipment labeling.
Cross-Basin Comparison of Phosphorus Stress and Nitrogen Fixation in Trichodesmium

We investigated the phosphorus (P) status and N2 fixation rates of Trichodesmium populations from the North Pacific, western South Pacific, and western North Atlantic. Colonies of Trichodesmium were collected and analyzed for endogenous alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity using enzyme-labeled fluorescence (ELF) and for nitrogenase activity using acetylene reduction. AP hydrolyzes dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from dissolved organic phosphorus and is active in Trichodesmium colonies experiencing P stress. Across multiple stations in the subtropical North and South Pacific, there was low to moderate ELF labelin gi nTrichodesmium, although labeling was present in other taxa. In contrast, Trichodesmium ELF labeling in the North Atlantic ranged from low to high. Low ELF labeling corresponded with high DIP concentrations while high ELF labeling occurred only at North Atlantic stations with DIP concentrations #40 nmol L21, indicating that Trichodesmium was not experiencing dramatic P stress in the Pacific Ocean while P stress was evident in the western North Atlantic. However, nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in the P-stressed western North Atlantic than in the Pacific Ocean (0.40–1.30 compared to 0.01–0.46 nmol C2H4 h21 colony21). These data underscore the differential basinlevel importance of P availability to Trichodesmium and suggest that factors other than P are constraining their N2 fixation rates in the Pacific.
Assessment of stratum-covariate interactions in Cox's proportional hazards regression model

We assess stratum (e.g. treatment) interactions with covariates and with the baseline hazard function in the proportional hazards (PH) regression model for lifetime data. We consider models incorporating stratum interactions both with and without stratification of the risk sets in the likelihood function, and describe likelihood ratio statistics for tests of the presence of these interactions. We also present step-down methods for building reduced models which include stratum-specific parameters corresponding to covariates which interact with treatment. We apply PH models with such interactions to a clinical trial of DES in the treatment of prostate cancer to determine optimal treatment conditional on each patient's covariates.
Seasonal Predictions, Probabilistic Verifications, and Ensemble Size

Abstract For the case of probabilistic seasonal forecasts verified by the rank probability skill score, the dependence of the expected value of seasonal forecast skill on a hypothesized perfect atmospheric general circulation model’s ensemble size is examined. This score evaluates the distributional features of the forecast as well as its central tendency. The context of the verification is that of interannual variability of the extratropical climate anomalies forced by sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific associated with ENSO. It is argued that because of the atmospheric internal variability, the seasonal predictability is inherently limited, and that this upper limit in the average skill is the one that can be achieved using infinite ensemble size. Next, for different assumptions of signal-to-noise ratios, the ensemble size required to deliver average predictive skill close to inherent skill is evaluated. Results indicate that for signal-to-noise ratios of magnitudes close to 0.5, the typica...
Abstract 3754: A prospective imaging biomarker trial for early identification of GBM patients resistant to first line therapy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We assessed whether quantification of therapeutic-associated tumor cellularity and hemodynamic alterations may help in the early assessment of treatment resistance in patients with high grade glioma. Patients with high grade glioma (n=45) received concurrent chemoradiation. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps were acquired prior to chemoradiation and at week 3 during treatment on a prospective IRB-approved study. Clinical and conventional MR parameters, including average baseline ADC and rCBV and radiological response, were evaluated as prognostic indicators of one-year survival. Parametric response map (PRM), an innovative, voxel-by-voxel method of image analysis, was also performed. Of 45 patients, median survival was found to be 14.9 months with 44% of patients living shorter than one year (median survival of 6.6 months). Baseline ADC was the only single model not found to be predictive of survival at one year, whereas in a multivariate analysis PRMADC+ and PRMrCBV- had a stronger correlation to survival than baseline rCBV. Overall, a composite model of PRMADC+ and PRMrCBV- was found to have the strongest correlation with one-year survival. This study demonstrates the potential of a composite parametric model sensitive to both tumor cellularity and hemodynamic alterations following first line therapy for providing an early assessment of patient resistant to chemoradiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3754.
Stroke rates during the 1980s. The Minnesota Stroke Survey.

Background and Purpose The decline in stroke mortality in the United States may have resulted from declining incidence, improved survival of stroke patients, or both. We previously reported that stroke patients who were 30 to 74 years old and were treated in Minneapolis/St Paul hospitals in 1990 survived longer than did their counterparts in 1980. In the present study, we examined trends in the rate of hospitalized stroke in Minneapolis/St Paul between 1980 and 1990. Methods For 1980, 1985, and 1990, we obtained lists of discharge codes ( International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision ) from Minneapolis/St Paul hospitals, identified hospitalizations for acute cerebrovascular disease, and randomly selected 50% of the cases for medical record abstraction. We counted stroke events in five different ways, which were based on discharge codes as well as diagnostic criteria, and computed age-adjusted stroke rates for each year. Stroke mortality in the population was computed for 1960 through 1994. Results Among men, all five measures of hospitalized stroke attack rate indicated a decline between 1980 and 1985, which ranged from 5% to >20%. Among women, there was a sharp contrast between trends that relied on discharge codes and trends that relied on diagnostic criteria: the former indicated a decline (4% to 19%), whereas the latter indicated some increase. For the second half of the 1980s, most measures of stroke attack rate in men, all measures of stroke attack rate in women, and measures of stroke incidence in both sexes did not indicate a decline in stroke occurrence in the population. Mortality from stroke among 30- to 74-year-old residents of Minneapolis/St Paul, which declined rapidly during the 1970s and early 1980s, declined slowly, if at all, during the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. Conclusions The incidence of stroke may have declined among 30- to 74-year-old residents of Minneapolis/St Paul in the early 1980s. However, we found little indication of such a trend between 1985 and 1990, a period of slow decline or no decline in stroke mortality in that population.
A promising surgical approach to equine glaucoma

Summary The preceding case report by Wilson et al. (2015) describes the surgical placement of a Baerveldt glaucoma shunt in a glaucomatous equine eye that had been refractory to aggressive medical and repeated surgical therapies yet maintained functional vision. Shunt placement surgery successfully maintained vision and intraocular pressure in the normal range in the affected eye. This is the first report of long-term successful glaucoma filtration surgery in a horse. Glaucoma shunt placement shows promise for maintaining vision and comfort in equine eyes affected with glaucoma. There is much to be learned in terms of the most appropriate implant type for the equine eye, the risk of complications such as ocular hypotony or tube fibrosis, and the utility of combination therapy with transcleral cyclophotocoagulation and implant placement, but with the report of one case in which gonioimplant placement has been associated with intraocular pressure control for over one year, further investigations appear warranted. This case provides a glimmer of hope for long-term treatment of a painful, blinding disease that has traditionally carried a poor prognosis in horses.
A virtual reality intervention (Second Life) to improve weight maintenance: Rationale and design for an 18-month randomized trial

Despite the plethora of weight loss programs available in the US, the prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI≥25kg/m(2)) among US adults continues to rise at least, in part, due to the high probability of weight regain following weight loss. Thus, the development and evaluation of novel interventions designed to improve weight maintenance are clearly needed. Virtual reality environments offer a promising platform for delivering weight maintenance interventions as they provide rapid feedback, learner experimentation, real-time personalized task selection and exploration. Utilizing virtual reality during weight maintenance allows individuals to engage in repeated experiential learning, practice skills, and participate in real-life scenarios without real-life repercussions, which may diminish weight regain. We will conduct an 18-month effectiveness trial (6 months weight loss, 12 months weight maintenance) in 202 overweight/obese adults (BMI 25-44.9kg/m(2)). Participants who achieve ≥5% weight loss following a 6month weight loss intervention delivered by phone conference call will be randomized to weight maintenance interventions delivered by conference call or conducted in a virtual environment (Second Life®). The primary aim of the study is to compare weight change during maintenance between the phone conference call and virtual groups. Secondarily, potential mediators of weight change including energy and macronutrient intake, physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, self-efficacy for both physical activity and diet, and attendance and completion of experiential learning assignments will also be assessed.
Abstract P234: Cardiovascular Risk Prediction With Minimal Physiologic Variables

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk prediction relies on physiologic parameters, limiting the utility of tools such as the Pooled Cohort Risk Equation (PCRE) for self-administration outside clinical contexts. Tools that can be widely administered in places such as stores or pharmacies that offer blood pressure (BP) assessment could increase detection of high risk individuals and motivate care seeking. We developed a risk prediction approach that relies only on BP and otherwise self-reported variables and compared it with the PCRE. Methods: We identified 16,833 in the REasons for Geographic AND Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study without coronary heart disease (CHD) and Results: For the overall cohort, the mean C-statistics over the 5 iterations were PCRE: 0.69 (Range 0.65-0.74); GAM BP-self-report: 0.70 (0.67-0.72); Tree BP-self-report: 0.59 (0.55-0.66). For participants aged over 65 years the GAM had the highest mean of 0.64 vs. 0.58 (PCRE) and 0.54 (Tree). See Figure. Conclusion: A predictive statistical model using only self-reported data and systolic BP can have similar predictive performance to the PCRE, with potential marginal improvement noted for subjects over age 65 years.
Ready-To-Wear and Ready-To-Work: A Century of Industry and Immigrants in Paris and New York, Nancy L. Green

(1997). Ready-To-Wear and Ready-To-Work: A Century of Industry and Immigrants in Paris and New York, Nancy L. Green. Fashion Theory: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 447-455.
Syncope: An Evidence-Based Approach

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness with loss of postural tone due to transient cerebral hypoperfusion with spontaneous recovery, usually after a short period of time. It is important to appreciate that not all transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) is due to syncope. The differential diagnosis for TLOC can be divided into cardiac and noncardiac causes. Cardiac causes which result in syncope can be broadly grouped into those due to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, and obstruction to blood flow. Noncardiac causes of TLOC can be categorized into neurologic, metabolic, and psychogenic etiologies.
The first [2]pseudorotaxane and the first pseudocryptand-type poly[2]pseudorotaxane based on bis(meta-phenylene)-32-crown-10 and paraquat derivatives

By the self-assembly of a bis(meta-phenylene)-32-crown-10 bearing two electron-donating groups (carbazoles) with electron-accepting paraquat derivatives, the first [2]pseudorotaxane and the first pseudocryptand-type poly[2]pseudorotaxane based on bis(meta-phenylene)-32-crown-10 were isolated as crystalline solids as shown by X-ray analyses.
Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of CdTe: Surface Effects

Cadmium telluride has been an important absorber material used in solar cells for decades given its near-optimum band gap and lower cost for device fabrication. However, the overall efficiency has been low compared to the theoretical limit. One major contributor to the problem of the relatively low open-circuit voltage is the high surface recombination of photogenerated carriers. In this contribution, time-resolved pump–probe reflectivity was used to study the carrier dynamics of CdTe(111) under the influence of selected surface conditions. It was found that surfaces after the processes of chemical etching and thermal oxidation for short durations exhibit bulk-like transient reflectivity and a clearly reduced surface recombination velocity, according to a model calculation. The comparative study indicates that the origins of carrier traps include the midgap defect states that are associated with the uncapped Te surface atoms, namely the Te antisites and Te interstitials, and subsurface damages resulting f...
Effects of a General Anesthetic (Sodium Amytal) on the Erythrocyte Count Following Hemorrhage

ConclusionsThere is an immediate dilution of capillary and venous blood in the dog after a single large hemorrhage performed under local anesthesia. This dilution is absent when a similar hemorrhage is performed after the induction of intravenous sodium amytal anesthesia. There may even be a concentration of the blood under this circumstance. As soon as the effects of the anesthesia wear off dilution promptly appears.
Developmental Polymorphism in Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

C. viridis Freeman, C. occidcntalis Freeman, and C. fumiferana (Clemens), exhibited 6, 7, and 8; 5, 6, and 7; and 6 and 7 larval instars, respectively, when reared on artificial diets. Males exhibited fewer instars than females. Head capsule width data for all 3 species support the developmental polymorphism hypothesis. A change in nutritional quality influenced the proportions of larvae with varying numbers of instars, but did not appreciably influence the kinds of resulting instar groups within a given species.
Synthesis of Guanidinium Functionalized Polycarbodiimides and Their Antibacterial Activities

A family of guanidinium-side-chain functionalized polycarbodiimides has been synthesized by allowing an azido guanidinium salt to react with alkyne polycarbodiimides via the copper catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition (Click) reaction. Poly-2(a–d) are cationic/amphiphilic polymers in which the global hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance has been tailored by local alteration of the length of alkyl side chain in the repeat unit of polymers prior to polymerization. The shorter alkyl chains yield water-soluble polymers, Poly-2c, -2d, and -2e. Antibacterial activities of these cationic polycarbodiimides have been investigated for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that include Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. It was observed that the influence of hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance per repeat unit of these polymers have profound effects for both antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. In addition, these polycarbodiimide-guanidiniu...
Superficial discussion about how to teach well the Accourting

Accounting principle,the basis Courseol.Accounting,is quite difficult to the freshman who entered the college recently.In order to make the students study easily.We summarire the following points during the years of teaching practile.
Lessons Learned from Secondary Schools Using Technology for School Improvement: It's Just Not That Simple!.

The purpose of this article is to describe lessons learned from studying the leadership in eight award-winning secondary schools and districts that were recognized for successfully leveraging techn...
Brothers and Others: Organizing Masculinity, Disorganizing Workers

Sociologists have long argued that hegemonic masculinity serves as an organizing tool, uniting men around a collective identity by excluding women and subordinate men. This article reformulates existing theories by analyzing organizing drives among an occupationally segregated, ethnically diverse group of men. Ten months of participant observation and 30 in-depth interviews with street vendors in New York City revealed how the exclusionary processes involved in con structing a collective gendered identity can disrupt solidarity and collective action. Organizers attempted to orient members around “brotherhood” in a context where disparate cultural histories and occupational networks shaped interpretive disagreements over masculinity. These interpretive disagreements eventually alienated members and undermined mobilization. Organizational failures such as these allude to the limits social movements face in manipulating gender for institutional purposes. These limits may be especially relevant for resource poor, voluntary organizations that preside over a heterogeneous base.