cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Electronic States of Molecules

This chapter discusses the quantum mechanics of electrons in molecules using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which is the assumption that the nuclei are stationary as the electrons move. In this approximation the time-independent Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen molecule ion, H 2 + , can be solved exactly to give energy eigen values and orbitals dependent on the internuclear distance R. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO-Mos) provide an approximate representation of molecular orbitals for H 2 + . The ground-state LCAO-MO, called the σ g 1s function, is a sum of the 1s atomic orbitals for each nucleus, and is called a bonding orbital. An approximate wave function for a diatomic molecule is a product of two LCAO molecular orbitals similar to those of H 2 + . The ground state of the H 2 molecule corresponds to the electron configuration (σ g 1s) 2 . Most of the information about an LCAO-MO wave function is contained in the specification of the electron configuration, which is constructed for the ground state by the Aufbau principle much as with atoms. In the valence bond method, a bonding factor is included in the wave function. This factor represents electron sharing between nuclei by containing two “covalent” terms, with each electron occupying an orbital on one nucleus in one term and on the other nucleus in the other term. The electronic structure of polyatomic molecules can be described with LCAO molecular orbitals.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Family and U.S. Latinos' Physical Health

Latinos, especially immigrant Latinos, have lower mortality rates and some better health outcomes than U.S.-born Latinos and whites, a situation called the Latino Paradox. One explanation for the advantage is that Latinos’ family orientation protects health. However, because few large-scale studies examine Latinos’ family relationships by nativity, the extent to which family factors contribute to Latinos’ health outcomes is unclear. Additionally, while a large literature focuses on family cohesion, fewer studies address both cohesion and conflict, which may be particularly important among immigrants, whose migration and adaptation experiences can strain family relations. This study examines the relationship between family context and U.S. Latinos’ physical health outcomes. Using nationally representative data on Latinos, it explores the relationship between chronic conditions and activity limitation and nativity, ethnicity, and family factors—both subjective, such as cohesion and conflict, and objective, such as household size, marital status, and language spoken with family. Results reveal that family conflict in particular is related to poorer health. Furthermore, objective measures of family context, such as marital status and household size, do not capture the effects of family relationships (cohesion, conflict, social support). These findings emphasize the importance of family relationships and the need for makers of both immigration and health policy to take into account the complex effects of these relationships on society from a public health perspective.
LYSOSOMES IN HUMAN CELL CULTURES. KINETICS OF ENZYME RELEASE FROM INJURED PARTICLES.

Abstract A subcellular fraction prepared from a heteroploid human cell line had the characteristics of lysosomes in that it contained sedimentable acid hydrolases which could be solubilized by adding Triton X-100. Appearance of soluble acid phosphatase activity during acid incubation of these lysosomes was characterized by an initial rapid rise with no further increase until the third hour of incubation. In addition, sedimentable activity increased, suggesting an alteration of permeability of lysosomes to substrate. Ultraviolet irradiation accelerated the release of acid phosphatase during a 90 min period but was not characterized by the initial rapid rise of soluble activity observed with acid incubation. The effects of acid incubation and ultraviolet irradiation were temperature dependent, with no significant release of enzyme activity at 4 °C. Lysosomes from cells grown with 1.5 × 10 −4 M prednisolone released less acid phosphatase during acid incubation. Those from cells grown in concentrations of steroids as low as 2 × 10 −6 M were similarly affected, but only during the first two hours of acid incubation. Cells grown with 4 × 10 −4 M prednisolone showed inhibition of net protein synthesis and no enhancement of lysosome stability.
Cloning and Characterization of Ancylostoma-secreted Protein: A NOVEL PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSITION TO PARASITISM BY INFECTIVE HOOKWORM LARVAE (∗)

The developmentally arrested third stage infective larva of hookworms resumes development upon entry into the definitive host. This transition to parasitism can be modeled in vitro by stimulating infective larvae with a low molecular weight ultrafiltrate of host serum together with methylated glutathione analogues. When stimulated to resume development in vitro, activated larvae of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum released a 42-kDa protein, termed Ancylostoma-secreted protein (ASP). ASP was the major protein released by activated hookworm larvae. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers, based on a partial internal amino acid sequence of the protein, were used together with flanking vector sequence primers to amplify a fragment from a third stage larval cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction. The fragment was used as a probe to isolate a longer clone from the larval cDNA library. The full-length ASP cDNA was found to encode a 424-amino acid protein with homology to the antigen 5/antigen 3 family of proteins from hymenopteran venoms and a family of cysteine-rich secretory proteins. ASP was expressed in bacterial cells, and a polyclonal antiserum against purified recombinant ASP was produced. The antiserum, which was demonstrated to be specific for ASP, was used as a probe to measure the kinetics of ASP release by hookworm larvae. ASP is released within 30 min of stimulation, with the majority released by 4 h. Low levels of ASP were released continuously following activation, but only if the stimuli were present in the incubation medium. The compound 4,7-phenanthroline, previously shown to inhibit larval activation, also inhibited release of ASP. The specific, rapid release of ASP by activated infective larvae suggests that this molecule occupies a critical and central role in the transition from the external environment to parasitism.
The software industry: ten lessons for long life

Summary form only given, as follows. The software industry is headed into a major transition, fueled by the increasing availability of high quality, pervasive networking. This change is as fundamental as the transformation of the hardware industry over the past 25 years that was driven by advances in microprocessor technology. Whether one thinks of this software as service, ASPs, web services, or network computing, the face of the software industry will never be the same. This talk will focus on some of the key issues that challenge the industry, academia, and the research community and help determine who will succeed and who will fail.
Debt for Sale: A Social History of the Credit Trap

Debt for Sale:. Social History of the Credit Trap. Brett Williams. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 145 pp.
Essentially Non-Oscillatory and Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Schemes for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

In these lecture notes we describe the construction, analysis, and application of ENO (Essentially Non-Oscillatory) and WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws and related Hamilton-Jacobi equations. ENO and WENO schemes are high order accurate finite difference schemes designed for problems with piecewise smooth solutions containing discontinuities. The key idea lies at the approximation level, where a nonlinear adaptive procedure is used to automatically choose the locally smoothest stencil, hence avoiding crossing discontinuities in the interpolation procedure as much as possible. ENO and WENO schemes have been quite successful in applications, especially for problems containing both shocks and complicated smooth solution structures, such as compressible turbulence simulations and aeroacoustics.
Church and State in Zimbabwe

If failure to win the support of powerful secular organizations means relative powerlessness and if the effort to win their support runs the danger of coopta tion, religious organizations face a serious dilemma. This dilemma is found most sharply, perhaps, in the relationships between churches and states. Those who believe that clear separation of church and state increases the power of the church emphasize the freedom from political domination, the freedom to criti cize the political process and the secular power structure. There is a danger, however, that such freedoms are closely connected with powerlessness. On the other hand, close institutional connection between church and state scarcely avoids the dilemma, because the union raises the likelihood that the church will be used to lend sanctity to a secular power structure.2
Crack tip yield zone estimates in mode II interlaminar fracture of interleaved composites

Abstract An elastic stress analysis of the interleaved end notched flexure specimen was conducted by two-dimensional finite element modeling. The purpose of the study was to identify mechanisms that influence the enhancement of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of interleaved composites. The study focused on a graphite/epoxy composite interleaved with thermoplastic and thermoset polymeric film materials. Crack tip yield zones were estimated from the elastic stress distribution beyond the crack tip and von Mises yield criterion. The dependence of yield zone height on interleaf film thickness agrees qualitatively with the trends observed experimentally for mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, G IIC , over a range of interleaf thickness. The plastic zone height and G IIC increase rapidly with adhesive thickness and attain a region of less variations at larger film thicknesses. The high yield strength thermoplastic interleaf material attained a constant plastic zone height and a relatively constant fracture toughness at much smaller film thicknesses than the lower yield strength thermoset interleaf material. Irwin's plastic zone model was examined and was found to be a promising candidate for initial design of interleaved composites.
Correlation between the activation enthalpy and Kohlrausch exponent for ionic conductivity in oxide glasses.

We have established for alkali ions in oxide glasses a strong correlation between the fractional (Kohlrausch) exponent \ensuremath{\beta} in the conductivity relaxation function, exp[-(t/${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{*}}$${)}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$], and the activation energy ${E}_{a}^{\mathrm{*}}$ of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and \ensuremath{\sigma} when varying the composition of oxide glass formers and the alkali ions while holding the alkali-ion concentration constant. An even stronger correlation of the trends in \ensuremath{\beta} and the product \ensuremath{\beta}${E}_{a}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is found. These correlations were expected conceptually by the coupling model for conductivity relaxation, and the latter was the motivation behind the present undertaking of the establishment of the correlation from experimental data. The glass-forming oxides considered include ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{GeO}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-${\mathrm{GeO}}_{2}$. In all, some 89 different compositions were examined and the alkali oxides considered include ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$O, and some of their binary mixtures. The correlation will have a bearing on the viability of theoretical models of conductivity relaxation.
THE INTRACELLULAR TRAFFIC OF IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES

Abstract An immune response is the result of a series of molecular and cellular interactions. The molecules involved include secreted proteins such as lymphokines and immunoglobulins and cell surface proteins such as histocompatibility antigens, Fc and lymphokine receptors and the T-cell receptor. Molecular immunologists initially focused on the structure and function of these molecules in extracellular space or on the cell surface but the control of their expression at the chromosomal level is now being studied. These investigations still leave an enormous gap in understanding the life-cycle and behavior of immunological molecules — a gap, literally, extending from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. In this article Frances Brodsky discusses recent studies on molecular events in this region of the cell.
Thermal analysis reveals differential effects of various crosslinkers on bovine annulus fibrosis.

Treatment of pathological spinal discs in vivo by injection of protein crosslinking reagents to restore their mechanical properties is a new possible approach to the treatment of degenerative disc disease. In this study, the thermal stability of the collagen in disc annulus was measured by differential scanning calorimetry following treatment with six different crosslinking agents. The crosslinkers used were; L-threose (LT), genipin (GP), methylglyoxal (MG), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) glutaraldehyde (GA) and proanthrocyanidin (PA). Untreated tissue displayed a prominent peak at approximately 66-68°C. Comparison of endothermal patterns of untreated and crosslinker treated disc annulus tissue samples showed that a new peak appeared at a higher temperature following treatment. The temperature of the new peak qualitatively depended on the crosslinker in the following order GA>MG>GP>PA=EDC>LT. This suggested that the enhanced thermal stability of collagen in the annulus tissue was related to the nature of the crosslinker used. In addition, the enthalpic ratios of the lower temperature (non-crosslinked) peaks in the treated and untreated tissue, and of the higher and lower temperature peaks in the treated tissue, both indicated that the various crosslinkers crosslinked the tissue with different efficiencies. Our data suggest that the ability of GP to penetrate into the disc as well as form long and short range crosslinks may make it the most suitable candidate for clinical development. In addition, binary combinations of long- and short- range crosslinkers, such as PA with LT may also provide synergistic effects due to their substantially different physicochemical properties.
Variants of Integration of Social Control Agencies

Interaction between social control personnel about situations of mutual concern is assumed to be eufunctional. Propositions pertaining to avoidance of such interaction are derived and then examined with data collected from 743 social control personnel. Some conclusions are that agency personnel avoid their own agency personnel less and hold them in higher esteem than other agency personnel. Low intra-agency avoidance appears more strongly related to high intra-agency esteem than to intra-agency adherence to normative prescriptions for interaction. High negative associations between esteem and avoidance suggest that social control system interaction can be characterized as voluntaristic. Functional similarity increases interagency esteem. This latter finding suggested possible ideological antagonisms between agencies because of authoritarian-punitive versus humanitarian-welfare orientations.
Ecdysteroids influence growth of the dorsolongitudinal flight muscle in the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

Abstract We have considered whether the decline of the ecdysteroid titre in the latter stages of adult Manduca development may induce cessation of growth of the flight muscle. Specific stages [Stages 6–13; Schwartz and Truman, Dev. Biol. 99 , 103–114 (1983)] during the last 100 h of development were timed to allow construction of a growth curve for the dorsolongitudinal flight muscle. Pupa weight and muscle mass were unchanged in successive stages. The muscle ratio of wet weight to dry weight and the extracellular volume declined during these stages, reflecting loss of fluids. A growth curve plotted as total muscle protein content against the time before eclosion showed a gradual decline in the growth rate from 150 μg protein/h during Stage 6 to 50 μg protein/h during Stage 11. Growth ceased during Stage 12. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (10 μg/insect) at Stage 10 or Stage 11 significantly increased the total muscle protein accretion by 6- and 3-fold, respectively, during these stages. However, 20-hydroxyecdysone failed to promote growth during Stage 12. A dose curve showed that 5 μg ecdysteroid/g insect produced a near maximal response. These results suggest that the fall of ecdysteroid during adult development leads to reduced growth of the flight muscle and that shortly before eclosion this muscle becomes unresponsive to these hormones.
Simulating the maintenance of a rare fish morph experiencing negative frequency dependent selection.

Abstract Empirical work assessing the maintenance of rare genotypes in natural populations is difficult over very long time scales. Skirting this problematic issue is possible with theory and simulations. Major theoretical constructs, including mutation-selection balance and balancing selection, explain the theoretical maintenance of rare genotypes, and the occurrence of multiple, rare genotypes over time. Additionally, numerical simulations are valuable tools for assessing evolving biological systems because they allow for monitoring systems over long time scales, as well as for controlling model parameters, thus contributing to the exploration of system dynamics that cannot be assessed in nature. Here we employed numerical simulations to explore the importance of several biological factors that contribute to the maintenance of a fish color-pattern polymorphism. We present a numerical model of a two-morph fish polymorphism that allowed us to test the sensitivity of the rare morph's persistence and the population's stability to multiple parameters. Our simulations ran over 10,000 years (where one year is approximately one generation) and demonstrated the maintenance of a stable polymorphism with a rare morph which persisted at a frequency of ∼10 −2 , which is in-fact the frequency of the rare, mottled black mosquitofish morph in natural populations. This pigmentation polymorphism is stable, independent of changes in population size, but can be destabilized with very high predation when coupled with very low birth rates. Employing models with empirical fitness estimates is a valuable tool for monitoring rare vertebrate morphs in nature, however few studies exist that have accomplished this task. Our approach can be adapted for modeling rare morphs (particularly in additional live-bearing fishes like sailfin mollies) that also harbor rare, pigmentation morphs within large populations.
A Sediment-Feed System to Regulate Suspended Solids in Flow-Through Mesocosms

Abstract A low-cost sediment-feed system was developed to introduce suspended solids to flow-through mesocosms. This design allows suspended solids to be regulated independently from the flow rate and turbulence within experimental tanks. It incorporates a stock vessel holding a vigorously mixed and very dense sediment suspension. A slow drip of particle-free water causes periodic overflows that gradually introduce this sediment suspension, via gravity-feed lines, to a head tank supplying the flow-through system. Suspended solids never pass through pumps, valves, or narrow tubing that are prone to clogging. The system was operated continuously for 72 h, delivering particle-laden water to four 40-L tanks at 1.3–1.5 L/min each. With occasional operator adjustments, suspended solids were maintained within 15% of a target concentration of 6 mg/L.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis presenting as a focal splenic mass: a case report

We report the ultrasound, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of extramedullary hematopoiesis presenting as a focal splenic mass in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. Ultrasound demonstrated a well-circumscribed hyperechoic mass, whereas computed tomography showed a heterogeneous mass better visualized after administration of intravenous contrast. On magnetic resonance imaging, the lesion was hypointense to the spleen on T1-weighted images, with increased signal on T2-weighted images, and demonstrated enhancement after intravenous contrast administration. Extramedullary hematopoiesis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a splenic mass in any patient with a hematologic disorder.
Degradation of proteins in steady-state cultures of Escherichia coli

Abstract The degradation of proteins in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells grown under steady-state conditions in a glucose-limited chemostat. During the first 24 h, approximately 25% of pulse-labeled proteins were degraded and after 72 h up to 58% of the proteins were broken down. To examine the stability of subcellular components steady-state cultures were labeled with an initial pulse of [ 14 C]leucine, 24 h were allowed for turnover of these proteins, and the cells were then labeled with a short pulse of [ 3 H]leucine. By this double-label protocol, the labile proteins were preferentially labeled with [ 3 H]leucine and had high 3 H/ 14 C ratios, while the more stable proteins had lower 3 H/ 14 C ratios. The 3 H-labeled proteins were degraded approximately five times as rapidly as the 14 C-labeled proteins in exponentially growing cells. The relative stability of subcellular fractions was determined by comparing their 3 H/ 14 C ratios to the ratio of the cells at harvest. The soluble fraction contained the most labile proteins, while the ribosomal and membrane fractions were at least as stable as the average cell protein.
Mineral homeostasis in obesity: Effects of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia

We explored the effects of insulin on mineral homeostasis in five lean and six moderately obese nondiabetic premenopausal women. Serum and urine minerals were measured before and during the steady-state phase of a euglycemic insulin clamp. Each subject participated in two insulin clamp studies on separate days at insulin infusion rates of 10 and 40 mU/m2/min. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia was associated with (1) a significant increase in urinary calcium excretion when expressed per minute with no change in total serum calcium; (2) a decrease in urine and serum phosphate; (3) a decrease in serum potassium with no change in urine potassium; and (4) no measurable effects on urine or serum sodium. At any given insulin level, the obese individuals excreted significantly more calcium, phosphate, and potassium per minute than lean controls. While insulin administration had no effect on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D levels, baseline serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration was significantly higher and serum ultrafilterable calcium was significantly lower in obese subjects than in lean controls.
Magnetic Resonance Coronary Artery Imaging

Coronary artery imaging with magnetic resonance imaging carries the potential for a noninvasive, essentially risk-free screening test for those at risk for coronary heart disease. Many physiologic and anatomic challenges including cardiac and respiratory motion and the small size, tortuosity, and variable flow characteristics of the coronary arteries hamper efforts to achieve this goal. This article reviews the efforts of several research groups to surmount these difficulties through the use of 2D and 3D techniques; spin echo, gradient echo, and ultrafast sequences; saturation pulses; and contrast agents. Promising results have been and continue to be reported although no obvious optimal solution has yet been determined.
Dispersal in sub-Saharan baboons.

In most mammalian species, males tend to leave their natal group and disperse farther than females, while females tend to be philopatric. Primates generally follow this rule, although long-term studies of a variety of species are revealing an increasing number of exceptions. This paper reviews dispersal patterns in 3 subspecies of savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus, P. cynocephalus anubis, P. cynocephalus ursinus) which exhibit very similar patterns of social organization. Males usually disperse from the natal group at 8–10 years of age. Female dispersal is rare but well documented. Inbreeding avoidance as well as enhanced mating opportunities are suggested as ultimate causes of dispersal. Several proximate factors implicated in the timing of dispersal events are also reviewed.
Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel

Probing the life and work of Kurt Godel, Incompleteness indelibly portrays the tortured genius whose vision rocked the stability of mathematical reasoning- and brought him to the edge of madness.
The Urticaria Severity Score: a sensitive questionnaire/index for monitoring response to therapy in patients with chronic urticaria.

Background Despite the existence of numerous dermatology-specific quality-of-life questionnaires, there exists a need for a well-validated instrument to evaluate and monitor patients with chronic urticaria. Objective To develop and validate a novel chronic urticaria-specific questionnaire, the Urticaria Severity Score (USS). Methods The USS was developed with 12 questions and 7 response options per question included in the final questionnaire. The USS was pilot tested on 28 patients with symptomatic chronic urticaria, and a modified version was tested in 80 patients. In this latter group, the USS was compared with the previously validated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Patients completed both questionnaires at baseline and at follow-up (median, 2 weeks). Spearman rank correlation tests were used to compare the USS with the DLQI. At a subsequent visit, 9 additional patients completed the USS to evaluate test-retest reliability. Results There was a positive correlation between the USS and DLQI at baseline ( r = 0.64) and follow-up ( r = 0.69). The test-retest reliability correlation for the USS was adequate ( r = 0.96) ( P = .001). The USS was more sensitive in detecting symptom improvement than the DLQI. The mean (SD) "raw score" change from baseline to follow-up for the USS was 9.95 (12.80), whereas the mean (SD) change from baseline to follow-up for the DLQI was 2.25 (4.87). Conclusions The USS is a valid and reliable instrument for monitoring urticaria severity. The USS is more sensitive than the DLQI for quantifying urticaria severity and may be more applicable in the evaluation of urticaria-specific treatment efficacy.
Scaling Hausdorff measures

In this note, we investigate those Hausdorff measures which obey a simple scaling law. Consider a continuous increasing function θ defined on with θ(0)= 0 and let be the corresponding Hausdorff measure. We say that obeys an order α scaling law provided whenever K⊂ and c> 0, thenor, equivalently, if T is a similarity map of with similarity ratio c:
Bubble mechanisms and characteristics at pore scale in a packed-bed reactor

An image processing technique was used to study dominant bubble mechanisms in a two-dimensional packed-bed at pore level under the bubbly flow regime. Bubble breakup and coalescence were identified as dominant mechanisms using a large number of image samples. Two types of coalescence mechanisms were identified that occur due to compression and deceleration associated with the bubbles and three breakup mechanisms were identified that are result of liquid shear force, bubble acceleration, and bubble impact. Data on various two-phase parameters, such as local void fraction, bubble velocity, size, number, and shape were obtained from the images. Results indicated that when a flow regime changed from bubbly to either trickling or pulsing flow, the number of average sized bubbles significantly decreased and the shape of the majority of the bubbles was no longer spherical. Although a mean bubble velocity of all sized bubbles was uniform for given gas and liquid superficial velocities, individual bubble velocities were quite different depending on the bubble location in the pore. The present bubble size distributions were compared with previous studies and the results on bubble size are in general agreement.
Does the Market Incorporate Previous IPO Withdrawals When Pricing Second-Time IPOs?

This paper examines the initial public offering (IPO) valuations of issuers that return to the IPO market successfully after withdrawing their first IPO attempt. We find that these second-time IPOs sell at a significant discount relative to similar contemporaneous IPOs that succeed in their first attempt. We also demonstrate that switching underwriters on the second IPO attempt reduces, but does not eliminate, the discount for second-time IPOs. When compared to their matched first-time IPOs, second-time IPOs have similar price revisions and post-IPO long-run stock and operating performances. Overall, these results suggest that the negative information conveyed by the withdrawal event is incorporated into the lower offer valuations for second-time IPOs. Switching investment banks can mitigate, but not eliminate, the perceived higher risk of the second-time offerings.
Effect of muscarinic agonists on the release of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-doapmine by potassium and electrical stimulation from rat brain slices

The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the release of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) from the cerebellum and 3H-dopamine (DA) from the striatum following the administration of potassium chloride or electrical field stimulation was studied in superfused brain slices. ACh in conc. of 10−6 and 10−5M significantly inhibited the release of 3H-NE from cerebellar slices and 3H-DA from striatal slices following 2 min infusion of 50mM potassium chloride. In addition ACh produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the release of 3H-DA from striatal slices following electrical stimulation. The results obtained in the present study are quite consistent with the concept that a muscarinic inhibitory mechanism may be operative on noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in the brain.
The cognitive significance of phenomenal knowledge

Knowledge of what it’s like to have perceptual experiences, e.g. of what it’s like to see red or taste Turkish coffee, is phenomenal knowledge; and it is knowledge the substantial or significant nature of which is widely assumed to pose a challenge for physicalism. Call this the New Challenge to physicalism. The goal of this paper is to take a closer look at the New Challenge. I show, first, that it is surprisingly difficult to spell out clearly and neutrally what the New Challenge is in fact urging the physicalist to explain. What initially look like plausible or promising ways of making sense of it turn out to be either question begging or insufficient to generate a challenge to physicalism at all. I go on to suggest that what the New Challenge may be asking the physicalist to explain may be the fact that we come to token certain higher-order judgments about the significance of phenomenal knowledge. I end with a discussion of the implications of this interpretation of the New Challenge—which turns out to be as much a challenge for the anti-physicalist as it is for the physicalist.
Diffractive dissociation and hadron structure

Abstract A model of hadronic interactions is proposed which explains many of the puzzling features of diffractive dissociation. The model is based on an extension of the familiar Harari-Rosner dual quark diagrams. By introducing self-energy corrections to the bare hadron, new classes of dual diagrams are obtained. Some of these diagrams can be identified with diffractive dissociation and they provide simple explanations of the experimental features of diffractive processes. The new diagrams are compatible with the usual multiperipheral approach and give new insight into the Deck model and general multiparticle production.
A theorem on the generalized Stieltjes transform and its applications

Abstract This paper presents a proof of Parseval-Goldstein type theorem involving the generalized Stieltjes transform and the classical Laplace transform. The theorem is then shown to yield a number of results about the Widder potential transform and the Laguerre transform. Some illustrative examples are also given.
Critical phenomena in thermal conductivity: Implications for lower mantle dynamics

Abstract Microscopic mechanisms for heat transport in dense minerals (phonon scattering and photon attenuation) exhibit aspects of threshold behavior, discussed qualitatively here. For all minerals examined so-far using laser-flash analysis, the lattice component of the thermal conductivity of the mantle asymptotes to a constant above a critical temperature of ∼1500 K. Radiative transfer calculated from absorption spectra has thresholds in both grain-size and Fe content, and a rather complex dependence on temperature. These critical phenomena impact convection of the lower mantle, because the lattice contribution tends to destabilize the cold boundary layers, whereas radiative transfer mostly promotes stability in the lower mantle, unless the grains are large and Fe-rich, which makes convection chaotic and time-dependent. The specific behavior suggests that flow in the lower mantle is sluggish, whereas flow in the upper mantle-transition zone is time-dependent. The decrease in krad as Fe/(Fe + Mg) increases beyond ∼0.1 may be connected with formation of lower mantle, thermo-chemical plumes through positive feedback.
Failing Narcissistic Defenses Can Turn Love Toxic

In the brief essays that follow, failing narcissistic defenses are associated with two tragic events: the murder of a young woman by her ex-boyfriend that became a national media event, and the portrayal in a major motion picture of the gradual disintegration of a marriage that ended in the wife's death.
Learned control of heart rate during exercise in patients with borderline hypertension

Twelve patients with borderline hypertension [⩽21.33/12.6, ⩾18.6/12.0 kPa (⩽160/ 95; ⩾ 140/90 mm Hg)] participated in an experiment aimed at testing whether they could learn to attenuate heart rate while exercising on a cycle ergometer. Six experimental (E) subjects received beat-to-beat heart-rate feedback and were asked to slow heart rate while exercising; six control (C) subjects received no feedback. Averaged over 5 days (25 training trials) the exercise heart-rate of the E group was 97.8 bt min−1, whereas the C group averaged 107 bt min−1 (P=0.03). Systolic blood pressure was unaffected by feedback training. Generally, changes in rate-pressure product reflected changes in heart-rate. Oxygen consumption was lower in the E than in the C group late in training. We conclude that neurally mediated changes associated with exercise in patients with borderline hypertension can be brought under behavioral control through feedback training.
Transient pellet-cladding interaction of LWR fuel rod — Computer code ISUNE-4

Abstract The transient pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) of a typical fuel element in a light-water reactor (LWR) fuel rod (or subassembly) is analyzed, formulated and discussed by taking into consideration temperature distribution, fuel densification, fuel restructuring, pellet-cladding gap opening, closure and fuel-cladding “bambooing,” gap conductance, irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, thermal cycling, fuel cracking, and clad stress fatigue and stress corrosion cracking (SFC-SCC). Based on the postulated models or theories, analytical equations and experimental data, computer code ISUNE-4 (a series of ISUNE-1,-2 and -3) has been developed. The computer code analyzes typical transient PCI, verifies a large quantity of accepted experimental data, and predicts fuel performance and fuel rod safety (as well as reactor safety) of LWR power plants. To improve the fuel (sintered UO2 pellets) performance and fuel rod safety at high burnup during transient PCI, it is very important 1. (a) to strive for increasing strength and ductility of cladding materials (Zircaloy), 2. (b) to provide relatively large gap thickness and plenum space for accommodating fission gas release, 3. (c) to keep power increase rate slow in order to avoid SFC-SCC at the inner cladding surface, and 4. (d) to reduce the intensity and frequency of transient PCI in the high temperature, irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, thermal cycling, and stress fatigue and stress corrosion cracking (SFC-SCC) environment.
Androgen induction of intersexuality in sheep

Abstract The effects of testosterone enanthate (TE), injected at 15-day intervals over a 75-day period, beginning 25–45 days postbreeding were studied on fetal loss and reproductive tract modification of lambs at birth; TE increased (P
Influence of patient age on acute and late clinical outcomes following Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent implantation.

Procedural success may be lower and complication rates higher after balloon angioplasty in older patients. Elective stent implantation improves procedural outcome in younger patients; however, few series have specifically analyzed the octogenarian population. Therefore, we studied 2,534 consecutive patients (3,965 native coronary artery stenoses) who were treated electively with Palmaz-Schatz stents and divided them into 3 groups: (1) ≤70 years old (n = 1,805), (2) 71 to 80 years old (elderly, n = 607), and (3) >80 years old (octogenarian, n = 122). Major in-hospital complications (death, myocardial infarction, and urgent bypass surgery) were significantly higher in the octogenarians than in the elderly and patients ≤70 years of age (4.5% vs 2.0% and 1.5%; p = 0.001). At 1-year follow-up, cardiac events (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and need for any revascularization) did not differ among groups; however, there was a stepwise increase in late death in octogenarians (5%) compared with elderly patients (2%) and patients aged ≤70 years (1%) (p = 0.001). Target lesion revascularization was similar among the groups (11% in octogenarian vs 14% in elderly and 15% in patients ≤70 years, p = 0.791). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, age was an independent predictor of late mortality (odds ratio 1.05, p = 0.0001), but not a predictor of target lesion revascularization. Stent implantation in octogenarians is associated with (1) more acute complications, (2) a higher in-hospital mortality, (3) a higher late mortality, and (4) a target lesion revascularization similar to younger patients.
THE AMINOACIDURIA OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS EXPRESSED BY CHANGES AT THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE

With vitamin D deficiency, excessive phosphaturia and aminoaciduria are common, but the pathophysiology of these abnormal losses is uncertain. To better understand the pathophysiologic mechanism of aminoaciduria, we placed weanling rats on various vitamin D-deficient diets for 4-7 weeks. The diets were: 1) very low calcium (0.02% Ca) diet (VLCD); 2) low-Ca (0.5%) diet (LCD); 3) normal-Ca (1.2%), low-phosphate (0.1%) diet (LPD). Another VLCD group received 500 pmoles of 1,25(OH)2D intraperitoneally for 2 days before sacrifice (VLCD-1,25). Urinary excretion and isolated brush border membrane vesicle studies were performed, examining glucose and the amino acid taurine (T). All * parameters were different from control at p <.05. Kinetic analysis revealed a significantly (p <.01) reduced Vmax of T uptake on all experimental diets. The Km of uptake was not changed by vitamin D deficiency. These data indicate that the aminoaciduria of vitamin D deficiency is expressed at the brush border surface and that vitamin D deficiency is more important than plasma Ca level. This defect in T absorption is not altered by short-term vitamin D administration. BBMV uptake of glucose also was unchanged by vitamin D deficiency.
A calcium requirement for electric field-induced cell shape changes and preferential orientation.

Abstract C3H 10T 1 2 mouse embryo fibroblasts stimulated by a steady electric field (10 V/cm) for 30 min exhibited lamellar retraction on the sides facing the electrodes. Some cells elongated and preferentially oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the field direction. Depletion of external calcium or blockage of calcium influx with lanthanum or the calcium channel blocker D-600 resulted in a reduction of the field-induced response. When external calcium was elevated stepwise from 0 to 10 mM, the field-induced response increased correspondingly. Electric stimulation in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in an increase of spindle-shaped cells with no preferential orientation. This response was blocked by calcium depletion and lanthanum, but not by D-600. The anticalmodulin drug W-13 inhibited the field-induced responses observed in normal buffer as well as in the presence of A23187. Some cell death resulted from prolonged electric field exposure, and the mortality was reduced by calcium depletion, lanthanum or D-600, but was not affected by W-13. We postulate that local calcium influx through channels opened by the electric field produces areas of high intracellular calcium which stimulate the cytoskeletal network to induce lamellar retraction. Prolonged field-induced calcium influx may eventually overcome the cell's mitochondrial calciumbuffer system, leading to necrotic calcification.
Corrigendum to “Interfacial energy between carbon nanotubes and polymers measured from nanoscale peel tests in the atomic force microscope” [Compos Sci Technol 69 (10) (2009) 1580–1586]

Birck Nanotechnology Center and School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA b School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA c School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA d School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA e ELORET Corp, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Ketorolac for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis pain in the emergency department: lack of a narcotic-sparing effect.

Study objective: To determine if a single dose of intramuscular ketorolac given on presentation to the emergency department has a narcotic-sparing effect in adult patients with sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis pain. Design: A prospective, randomized, single-dose, double-blind study. Setting: ED of a university hospital and an affiliated county hospital. Type of participants: Eighteen adult patients who presented to the ED with sickle cell crisis pain a total of 24 times. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive either ketorolac 60 mg IM or placebo on presentation to the ED. Subjects were administered meperidine on presentation and then received a standardized dose of meperidine every 30 minutes during the four-hour observation period based on the severity of pain. Measurements and main results: The 12 subjects in the ketorolac group received an average of 231 ± 92 mg meperidine, whereas the 12 subjects in the placebo group received an average meperidine dose of 250 ± 85 mg ( P = .61). Conclusion: The use of intramuscular ketorolac did not lead to a clinically significant reduction in the requirement for narcotics during the four-hour ED treatment period.
Oxidative Processes In Photosensitization

Photosensitized oxidation is the key chemical process which causes cell toxicity in photodynamic therapy. The process is initiated by absorption of light by a sensitizer (Sens) to convert the sensitizer to an electronically excited state (Sens*). There are two principal reaction mechanisms, referred to as Type I or II, depending on whether the initial interaction of Sens* is with substrate or solvent, or with oxygen, respectively. The route actually adopted depends on oxygen and substrate concentration, and on substrate and sensitizer reactivity. Sensitizers may be dyes, pigments such as porphyrins, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones or quinones, or a variety of other light-absorbing materials. Most types of photodynamic action involve absorption of visible light, although near-UV or infrared light can also be used in some cases.
Generation of Oligonucleotides Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Non-enzymatic Polymerization

We previously reported that 5'-mononucleotides organized within a multilamellar lipid matrix can produce oligomers in the anhydrous phase of hydration-dehydration (HD) cycles. However, hydrolysis of oligomers can occur during hydration, and it is important to better understand the steady state in which ester bond synthesis is balanced by hydrolysis. In order to study condensation products of mononucleotides and hydrolysis of their polymers, we established a simulation of HD cycles that would occur on the early Earth when volcanic land masses emerged from the ocean over 4 billion years ago. At this stage on early Earth, precipitation produced hydrothermal fields characterized by small aqueous pools undergoing evaporation and refilling at elevated temperatures. Here, we confirm that under these conditions, the chemical potential made available by cycles of hydration and dehydration is sufficient to drive synthesis of ester bonds. If 5'-mononucleotides are in solution at millimolar concentrations, then oligomers resembling RNA are synthesized and exist in a steady state with their monomers. Furthermore, if the mononucleotides can form complementary base pairs, then some of the products have properties suggesting that secondary structures are present, including duplex species stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastatic breast carcinoma

An uncommon manifestation of breast cancer is ureteral obstruction secondary to metastatic disease. Five patients who recently developed this complication from two to 20 years after the diagnosis of breast cancer are described. Only two of the five patients had urinary symptoms. All of the patients were older, postmenopausal females who had bone metastases and all had responded to previous hormonal manipulation. Bone scanning was useful in detecting unsuspected hydronephrosis in two patients. Retroperitoneal disease appears to be a complication of long standing breast cancer which is usually hormonally dependent. Routine examination of the bone scan for renal asymmetry may aid in the diagnosis, especially in asymptomatic patients.
Dopamine receptor agonists alter gap prestimulus modulation

An innocuous sensory event (a prestimulus) that briefly precedes a startle-eliciting stimulus (SES) will reduce the amplitude of the subsequently elicited reflex. In three experiments brief silent periods in otherwise continuous noise (gaps) were used as prestimuli to investigate the effects of the D1 dopamine receptor agonist (±)-SKF-38393 (SKF) and the dopamine D2 receptor group agonist (−)-quinpirole hydrochloride on gap inhibition of the rat’s acoustic startle reflex. Gap durations of 4 and 50 ms were analyzed. Quinpirole (0–1.6 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on gap inhibition. Lower doses increased gap inhibition, an effect that peaked at the 0.4 mg/kg dose. For higher doses, inhibition returned to control levels for the 4-ms long gap, but remained elevated for the 50-ms long gap. SKF had no effect on gap inhibition, and haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) reversed the quinpirole-induced increase of gap inhibition. These data implicate the D2 dopamine receptor group in gap inhibition of startle modulation. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of catecholamine agonists on attention.
Adipocyte stem cell: A brief review

Our fundamental understanding of adipose tissue kinetics has, in recent years, been advanced by the finding that there exists in the white adipose tissue, a population of stem cells which under appropriate conditions can differentiate and mature into adipocytes containing lipid inclusions. The evidence for the presence of this stem cell population is derived from both in vivo and in vitro studies.