cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces tolerance to the dopamine releasing effects of WIN 55,212-2 and heroin in adult male rats.

Abstract Synthetic cannabinoids were introduced into recreational drug culture in 2008 and quickly became one of the most commonly abused drugs in the United States. The neurobiological consequences resulting from synthetic cannabinoid repeated exposure remain poorly understood. It is possible that a blunted dopamine (DA) response may lead drug users to consume larger quantities to compensate for this form of neurochemical tolerance. Because the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems exhibit considerable cross-talk and cross-tolerance frequently develops following repeated exposure to either opioids or cannabinoids, there is interest in investigating whether a history of synthetic cannabinoid exposure influences the ability of heroin to increase DA release. To test the effects of chronic cannabinoid exposure on cannabinoid- and heroin-evoked DA release, male adult rats were treated with either vehicle or a synthetic cannabinoid (WIN55-212-2; WIN) using an intravenous (IV) dose escalation regimen (0.2–0.8 mg/kg IV over 9 treatments). As predicted, WIN-treated rats showed a rightward shift in the dose-response relationship across all behavioral/physiological measures when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Then, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure changes in the frequency of transient DA events in the nucleus accumbens shell of awake and freely-moving rats, it was observed that the DA releasing effects of both WIN and heroin were significantly reduced in male rats with a pharmacological history of cannabinoid exposure. These results demonstrate that repeated exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid WIN can produce tolerance to its DA releasing effects and cross-tolerance to the DA releasing effects of heroin.
Revision Facelift and Neck Lift

Facial rejuvenation procedures have become more commonly performed due to an increasing elderly population and greater general public acceptance. As a result, patients are now increasingly undergoing secondary and tertiary rhytidectomies to treat natural aging and/or to correct complications from prior procedures. Revision face and neck lifts are more complex by nature of the procedure and require a comprehensive preoperative assessment for enhanced outcomes. In this review, we discuss the preoperative evaluation, surgical challenges encountered, primary face and neck lift deformities, and their surgical management for patients undergoing secondary face and neck lifts.
Reproducible and accessible analysis of transposon insertion sequencing in Galaxy for qualitative essentiality analyses.

Significant progress has been made in advancing and standardizing tools for human genomic and biomedical research. Yet, the field of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis for microorganisms (including multiple pathogens) remains fragmented, lacks accessible and reusable tools, is hindered by local computational resource limitations, and does not offer widely accepted standards. One such “problem areas” is the analysis of Transposon Insertion Sequencing (TIS) data. TIS allows probing of almost the entire genome of a microorganism by introducing random insertions of transposon-derived constructs. The impact of the insertions on the survival and growth under specific conditions provides precise information about genes affecting specific phenotypic characteristics. A wide array of tools has been developed to analyze TIS data. Among the variety of options available, it is often difficult to identify which one can provide a reliable and reproducible analysis. Here we sought to understand the challenges and propose reliable practices for the analysis of TIS experiments. Using data from two recent TIS studies, we have developed a series of workflows that include multiple tools for data de-multiplexing, promoter sequence identification, transposon flank alignment, and read count repartition across the genome. Particular attention was paid to quality control procedures, such as determining the optimal tool parameters for the analysis and removal of contamination. Our work provides an assessment of the currently available tools for TIS data analysis. It offers ready to use workflows that can be invoked by anyone in the world using our public Galaxy platform ( https://usegalaxy.org ). To lower the entry barriers, we have also developed interactive tutorials explaining details of TIS data analysis procedures at https://bit.ly/gxy-tis .
An Empirical Analysis of the FedAS Term Auction Facility

The U.S. Federal Reserve used the Term Auction Facility (TAF) to provide term funding to eligible depository institutions from December 2007 to March 2010. According to the Fed, the purpose of TAF was to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations. The overall goal of the TAF was to ensure that liquidity provisions could be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets were under stress. In this paper I use the TAF micro-level loan data and find that about 60 percent of TAF loans went to foreign banks that pledged asset-backed securities as collateral for these loans. The data and analysis illustrate the major role that foreign - in particular, European - banks currently play in the U.S. financial system and the resultant currency mismatch in their balance sheets. The data suggest that foreign banks had to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank to meet their dollar-denominated liabilities.
Gender Disparity in Physician Authorship Among Commentary Articles in High Impact Medical Journals

Background: There is an attrition of women physicians in academic medicine hierarchy. Scholarship in medical journals plays a direct role in career advancement, promotion, and authoritative recognition, and women physicians are underrepresented as authors in original research articles. We sought to determine if women physicians are similarly underrepresented in commentary articles within high impact journals. Methods: In this observational study, we abstracted gender, degree, and authorship position from January 1, 2014 to October 16, 2018 among commentary articles in three high impact journals: 1) JAMA Viewpoint; 2) NEJM Perspective; and 3) Annals of Internal Medicine Ideas and Opinions. Our objective was to compare the percentages of authors by gender, degree, authorship position, and journal in commentary articles, and assess for trends over a five-year period. Findings: Of the 2,087 articles during the study period, 48% were men physician first authors compared to 17% women physician first authors (p<0.0001). Men and women accounted for 70% and 30%, respectively, in the first author position. Of the 1,477 articles with more than one author, similar distributions were found with regard to last authors: 55% were men physicians compared to only 12% of women physicians (p<0.0001). The proportion of women physician first authors increased over time, however the proportion of women physician last authors remained stagnant. When comparing proportions of women physician first authors by journal type, Annals of IM had the highest proportion (22%) followed by NEJM (19%) and then JAMA (13%, p <.001). Interpretation: Women physician authors remain underrepresented in commentary articles compared to men physician authors in the first and last author position. This gender disparity in authorship persists over time and across all three journals. Our findings suggest a need to better understand the metrics related to the submission and acceptance process in commentary articles in effort to identify potential strategies to promote parity in authorship as well as overall advancement and sponsorship of women in medicine. Funding Statement: The authors declare: "None." Declaration of Interests: All authors in this study report no conflict of interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The institutional review board granted exempt status to this study. STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies were followed.
The Effect of 'Failed' Community Mental Health Centers on Non-White Mortality

The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 established Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) across the country with the goal of providing continuous, comprehensive, community-oriented care to people suffering from mental illness. Despite this program being considered a failure by most contemporary accounts, the World Health Organization advocates for a transition from the institutionalization of the mentally ill to a system of community-centered care. In this paper, we construct a novel dataset documenting the rollout of CMHCs from 1971 to 1981 to identify the effect of establishing a CMHC on county level mortality rates, focusing on causes of death related to mental illness. Though we find little evidence that access to a CMHC impacted mortality rates in the white population, we find large and robust effects for the non-white population, with CMHCs reducing suicide and homicide rates by 8% and 14%, respectively. CMHCs also reduced deaths from alcohol in the female non-white population by 18%. These results suggest the historical narrative surrounding the failure of this program does not represent the non-white experience and that community care can be effective at reducing mental health related mortality in populations with the least access to alternative treatment options.
Location of the Origin of DNA Replication in Adenovirus Type 2

Abstract Utilizing the isolated left and right halves of both adenovirus type 2 and the nondefective adenovirus simian virus 40 hybrid (Ad2+ND1), studies were undertaken to find the site on the DNA molecules at which replication begins. The data are consistent with several models which include an initiation event at both ends and bidirectional growth.
MARKET EXPANSION OR MARGIN EROSION: THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD OF DIGITAL CONVERGENCE

Digital convergence enables firms in the computing, communications, and electronic consumer industries to design and launch multifunctional converged products. This presents firms with a significant opportunity for value creation and profit growth. At the same time, the increased substitutability between products supplied by different industry segments heightens competition and poses a significant threat of margin erosion. These conflicting incentives make it difficult for firms in converging industries to make strategic product line and product design decisions. In our study, we analyze the technological, product, and market factors that have an impact on these decisions and derive conditions under which it is (and is not) optimal for firms to launch converged products that combine the functionalities of products in two different industries. We find that the optimality of including converged products in the product line depends crucially on the synergies arising out of functionality colocation. Further, as technology permits higher levels of product convergence, converged products relegate specialized products to narrow market niches, even when there is some quality degradation from functionality colocation. Overall production and total firm profits tend to increase, although the impact on consumer surplus and total welfare is ambiguous.
Pharmacokinetics of Dioxins and Related Chemicals

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are two classes of structurally and toxicologically similar persistent environmental contaminants. These compounds are formed as by-products in various chemical and combustion processes and are now global environmental contaminants. The environmental persistence and lipophilic properties of these compounds have led to effective transport of these chemicals into the food chain with pronounced accumulation at higher trophic levels, including humans. As a result, there is concern regarding possible adverse effects of these contaminants on human health and the environment.
Don Quijote y el Oidor de México: desencuentro de caballeros

Don Quixote’s first adventure, the combat with the Basque, and his last one, in which he meets the Auditor, both deal with a «knight»/gentleman who is leaving for the West Indies. The opposite pole of the Manchego knight is the gentleman appointed to the Audience of New Spain, ca. 1600, during Lerma’s Privacy. This lawyer/auditor hears two «cases»: the «strange humor» of the Manchegan, as told by the priest who has found an anonymous manuscript; and the «unnexpected business» of his future son-in-law, who will accompany him to Mexico, heir to a title. The Oidor’s discreet proceedings contrast with Don Quixote’s open proclaims, thus serving as key to a bicostal (Spain/Indies) reading of the .
Damped Lyman alpha absorbers: the progenitors of galactic disks

Damped Lyα absorption lines arise in cold HI layers that contain most of the known baryonic matter in the Universe at large redshifts. A review of their properties suggests that the individual objects are the progenitors of galactic disks. The absence of Lyα emission from these objects indicates that the rate of heavy element production by nucloesynthesis in UMS stars was suprisingly low during the early phases of disk chemical evolution. A survey for new damped Lyα systems confirms our previous result that they occur more frequently than galactic disks down to logN(HI)=21.
Investigating immunological pathways and diseases with a comprehensive compendium of human data (HUM8P.347)

The exponential growth of high throughput immunological data motivates the need to leverage this global effort to guide new investigation and to contextualize domain-specific results. Improved specificity and accuracy over currently utilized approaches such as ontological analysis would be advantageous. To develop such a resource (ImmuNet), we used immunological pathway-guided Bayesian integration of a comprehensive, heterogeneous compendium of human data to assemble functional relationship networks. The utility of ImmuNet was evaluated in various applications. We studied the cellular gene response signature to virus infection, using ImmuNet to guide confirmatory experiments into functionally relevant responses to different viruses. We also demonstrated that ImmuNet can accurately predict disease associated genes in the vicinity of GWAS loci and to explore processes and pathways underlying immune-mediated diseases. By unlocking immunological information captured within the global biomedical research effort, ImmuNet should be widely beneficial to future studies investigating the mechanisms of the human immune system and immunological disease. An interactive user-friendly web interface for investigators is publicly available at immunet.princeton.edu.
Stochastic distribution of a short region of Z-DNA within a long repeated sequence in negatively supercoiled plasmids.

We have analyzed, at nucleotide resolution, the progress of the B-to-Z transition as a function of superhelical density in a 2.2-kilobase plasmid containing the sequence d(C-A)31.d(T-G)31. The transition was monitored by means of reactivity to two chemical probes: diethyl pyrocarbonate, which is sensitive to the presence of Z-DNA, and hydroxylamine, which detects B-Z junctions. At a threshold negative superhelical density between about 0.048 and 0.056, hyper-reactivity to diethyl pyrocarbonate appears throughout the CA/TG repeat and remains as the superhelical density is further increased. However, there is no reactivity characteristic of B-Z junctions until the superhelical density reaches 0.084, when single cytosines at each end of the repeat become hyper-reactive to hydroxylamine. A two-dimensional gel analysis of this system by others (Haniford, D. B., and Pulleyblank, D. E. (1983) Nature 302, 632-634) indicates that only about half of the 62 base pairs of the CA/TG repeat undergo the initial transition at omega = 0.056. Our results indicate that this region of Z-DNA is free to exist anywhere along the CA/TG repeat and is probably constantly in motion. Well defined B-Z junctions are seen only when there is sufficient supercoiling to convert the entire CA/TG sequence to Z-DNA. The implications for possible B-Z transitions in chromosomal domains of different sizes are discussed.
Social-ecological influences on interpersonal support in people with physical disability.

Abstract Background People with physical disability report lower amounts of emotional and informational social support compared with other populations but it is unclear how influences at the broader societal level impact support in this population. Objective To address this question, Berkman and Glass's social-ecological model was used to examine the influence of upstream factors on interpersonal support in people with physical disability. It was predicted that these factors would influence support even after controlling for the traditional measures linked to social support. Methods 331 adult participants with physical disability (43% female; mean age = 42.7; 88% White) completed an online cross-sectional survey measuring types and sources of social support, social integration, disability impact in social domains, environmental barriers, and relevant psychosocial variables such as depression. Results A hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that level of disability, perceived tangible support, social integration, depressive symptoms, environmental barriers, occupational independence, and having family or friends as primary support sources were significantly associated with perceived support at the final step ( R 2 = .60, F (22, 255) = 17.68, p Conclusions Results demonstrate the importance of measuring distinct support constructs and how the broader social environment may matter more in interpersonal support perceptions for people with disability than typical measures studied in the literature. Improving environmental factors will help improve social support.
Intertrochanteric osteotomy for avascular necrosis of the femoral head

Of 24 intertrochanteric osteotomies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head, 22 were followed up for an average of 63 months. Sixteen of the 22 cases had good or excellent results, including 5 of the 6 cases with Stage II disease and 11 of the 16 with Stage III changes. Success seemed to be inversely related to the size of the lesion. There were six major orthopaedic complications, but despite these we feel that the operation has a definite role in the treatment of the young active patient.
Client and birth record linkage: a method, biases, and lessons.

Due to rising data collection costs and the availability of extant data files, record linkage is becoming increasingly important in evaluation research. We begin by discussing record linkage as a data-generating technique and its applicability to evaluation studies. This paper—part of a larger study assessing the perinatal outcomes of a comprehensive prenatal program for poor, urban women—describes a method for linking client records to live and stillbirth records. Biases which can enter into the linkage process and general issues which need to be addressed early in an investigation are also discussed.
Delivery of Compacted DNA Across the Blood-Brain Barrier |[diams]| 732

Delivery of DNA to the central nervous system via the cerebral circulation for a possible treatment of disorders affecting the entire brain is prevented by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although BBB disruption (BBBD) can be obtained by intracarotid infusion of hyperosmolar solutions, the size of the resulting interendothelial gaps does not allow extravasation of cDNA transgenes. We have assessed brain delivery of DNA complexed with the DNA-compacting, cationic proteins poly-L-lysine (PLL) and salmon sperm protamine (SSP) after osmotic BBBD in 26 rats, including 7 controls. The 5kb plasmid, pGL encoding A. victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) was reacted with PLL or SSP under carefully controlled conditions to obtain DNA-protein complexes 10-20 nm in diameter, as assessed by electron microscopy. The DNA suspensions were infused into the common carotid artery of rats after unilateral BBBD. This was obtained by ligation of the ipsilateral occipital and pterigopalatine arteries, temporary clamping of the external and common carotid arteries distal and proximal to an indwelling catheter, and infusion of 1.7 molal arabinose (0.1 ml in 10 s). The presence of plasmid DNA in homogenates of brain hemispheres and cerebellum from 16 animals sacrificed and saline-perfused at 2 hours was assessed by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). PCR product was detected in 15 of these 16 animals, usually with an intensity corresponding to the degree of BBB permeabilization, as judged by Evans blue-albumin (EBA) extravasation. Separation of DNA from endothelial cells and plasma membranes by a modified capillary depletion method supported the contention that most of the plasmid DNA was present in the brain parenchyma. In fact, little or no PCR product was detected in the brain of 4 animals infused with compacted DNA in the absence of BBBD, indicating minimal binding or internalization of DNA-protein complexes by vascular endothelial cells. Predictably, no PCR product was detectable after BBBD and infusion of uncomplexed DNA. Neural cell transduction by PLL-cDNA resulting in GFP expression was assessed by fluorescence- and confocal microscopy in 2 rats sacrificed 5 days after treatment. Paravascular and parenchymal cells exhibiting green cytoplasmic fluorescence were visible in diverse brain regions, usually coincident with red-fluorescing, extravasated EBA. These initial data indicate that transduction of neural cells can be obtained by delivery of compacted DNA-protein complexes to the brain parenchyma across a reversibly permeabilized BBB.
Fourier Transform Infrared Surface Electromagnetic Wave Spectroscopy of polymer thin films on metal substrate

FT-IR Surface Electromagnetic Wave Spectroscopy utilizing the Otto configuration is applied to the study of a thin film of polyvinyl acetate) on a copper substrate. Multiple reflection modification was effective to enhance the sensitivity of this technique.
Channel characteristics, planning and deployment of picocellular systems at UHF: an overview

Cellular mobile radio communication systems are evolving towards the provision of high-capacity, high-quality voice and data services inside confined environments such as buildings. The systems deployed will provide capacity and coverage over small geographical areas such as an office floor, Such systems are referred to as being `picocellular' in the context of cellular mobile telephony. This paper provides an overview of the channel characteristics, planning and deployment of picocellular systems, which in general differ from those of macro- and microcellular systems.
Preparation of radiolabeled peptides via an iodine exchange reaction.

Abstract Peptides labeled with radioactive 125 I can be detected at the extremely low concentrations necessary for receptor binding studies and medical applications. Traditional methods of iodination often lead to inactive peptides due to excessive iodination, nonspecific iodination, or oxidative damage to the peptide. In this work these disadvantages are circumvented by labeling 127 I containing peptides of a predetermined biological activity using a radioactive 125 I exchange reaction with Na 125 I. Specific radioactivity up to 9.8 Ci/mmol was reached in a simple and efficient procedure.
Determining the Place of Religion: Native American Traditions and the WWW

Examples of Native American websites reveal great differences in those created by Native and non-Native people. Most often of central concern for non-Indian people is Native American ‘spirituality’. In contrast, Native people rarely discuss religion as a topic distinct from political, economic or material concerns. This disparity highlights the contentious nature of ‘religion’ between Indigenous and Immigrant cultural contexts. It also reveals some features of the relationships between the cultural phenomenon of ‘whiteness’ and religion.
Inheritance of photosynthesis in a diallel among eight maize inbred lines from Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic

Photosynthesis is a trait that should be improved in a selection program for yield potential of maize (Zea mays L.). We measured leaf CO2-exchange rate (CER), an estimate of photosynthetic efficiency, of a complete diallel (parents, F1 crosses, and their reciprocals) among eight inbred lines (4 with low and 4 with high CER) from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic maize population. Measurements were made during vegetative (CER 1) and grain filling (CER 2) stages of growth, and the experiment was conducted two years at one location. We measured large differences among crosses and significant heterosis for high CER at CER 1 (0.0 to 25.1%) and CER 2 (0.0 to 53.8%). Several crosses exhibited overdominant phenotypes for high CER at both growth stages, and one cross showed significant overdominance for low CER at CER 1. General combining ability effects (gca) were the largest components of among-cross variation at both CER 1 and CER 2. Specific combining ability (sca) also was significant at both growth stages, but gca effects were 9.4 and 4.8 times larger than sca effects at CER 1 and CER 2, respectively. Furthermore, high CER lines showed positive gca effects, and low CER lines showed negative gca effects at each stage. Maternal and reciprocal effects were not significant; thus, CER in these crosses was controlled largely by additive effects of nuclear genes. A high positive genotypic correlation (r=0.74) between CER 1 and CER 2 suggested that selection at either growth stage would improve CER throughout the growing season.
Posttraumatic necrosis of the talus: the Hawkins sign versus magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reported to be more sensitive than plain radiographs, computed tomography, or radionuclide bone scanning in detecting osteonecrosis. Few cases of MRI scans falsely negative for osteonecrosis have been reported. A 36-year-old man with posttraumatic necrosis of the body of the talus proven by biopsy had three serial MRI scans that were interpreted as showing the talus to be viable. Eight weeks after injury, the plain radiographs did not show subchondral resorption of bone in the talus (Hawkins sign) and, thus, did correctly indicate necrosis. Most likely a non-union of the talus neck fracture resulted in the false-negative MRI scans.
Coronary vascular responses to hypoxia in the diabetic lamb: independence from adenosine and autonomic mechanisms

We have previously found that the coronary dilator response to infused adenosine is attenuated in diabetic (alloxan) lambs. Adenosine responsiveness is restored by administration of insulin. The present studies tested the hypothesis that coronary flow changes with hypoxia, if mediated by adenosine, would also be modified. Studies were carried out in eight control and six diabetic lambs. The animals were anesthetized and prepared to maintain constant arterial pressure (reservoir), cardiac output (pump), and heart rate (paced). Atropine and practolol were given. Forced inspired oxygen was reduced in steps. Arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were analyzed for Po2, oxygen content, pH, hematocrit, and glucose. Myocardial oxygen delivery and uptake (MVO2) were calculated. Coronary flow increased identically in both control and diabetic animals as PaO2 was reduced below 60 Torr. Oxygen delivery and MVO2 fell equally in both groups. Acidosis potentiated hypoxic coronary flow changes. Alpha blockade (phentolamine) was without effect in control lambs but caused coronary flow to increase in diabetic lambs. Changes in coronary flow with hypoxia were unaffected, however. Insulin caused no change in the coronary dilator response to hypoxia in either control or diabetic lambs. It is concluded that coronary alpha tone is increased in diabetes but does not modify changes in coronary flow during hypoxia. As coronary flow responses to hypoxia were unaltered in diabetic lambs, and unaffected by insulin, adenosine may not be the primary mediator of coronary vascular dilatation. Potentiation of adenosine by tissue acidosis is apparently insufficient to explain these findings. The mechanism for coronary dilatation during hypoxia is unclear but may involve direct effects of reduced oxygenation of coronary vascular smooth muscle.
Genetic strategies to inhibit HIV

The worldwide incidence of HIV infection continues to rise despite more than a decade of intense research aimed at developing effective intervention strategies. Because the mechanisms of action of the essential HIV gene products are now known, these have become potential targets for intervention. Some of these targets are attractive candidates for intervention by gene therapy. This review will focus on the recent progress in gene therapy strategies, including approaches approved for clinical trials. The efficacy of these various anti-HIV strategies, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of the different existing gene delivery systems, will be discussed.
Heterotopic ossification after surgery for fractures and fracture-dislocations involving the proximal aspect of the radius or ulna

Background: The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the prevalence of heterotopic ossification after surgery for fractures and fracture-dislocations involving the proximal aspect of the radius or ulna, (2) identify risk factors associated with the development of heterotopic ossification in these injuries, and (3) characterize the severity and location of the heterotopic ossification and the associated range of elbow motion. Methods: From 2004 to 2008, 142 elbow fractures and fracture-dislocations involving the proximal aspect of the radius or ulna were treated surgically at our institution. Records and radiographs of 130 elbows with adequate follow-up were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of heterotopic ossification, characterize the ectopic bone, and analyze associated risk factors. The most frequent injuries included olecranon fractures, Monteggia fracture-dislocations, and various combinations of fractures of the radial head and coronoid with or without dislocation or subluxation. Results: Heterotopic bone was identified on the radiographs of forty-eight elbows (37%). Heterotopic ossification interfered with motion in twenty-six elbows (20%), and thirteen elbows (10%) underwent additional surgery to remove heterotopic bone with the goal of improving motion. Risk factors associated with the development of heterotopic ossification included elbow subluxation or dislocation at the time of presentation, an open fracture, a severe chest injury, and a delay in definitive surgical treatment. Ectopic bone was preferentially located at the origin of torn soft-tissue structures or around fracture sites, and it was particularly common around the posterior aspect of the ulna and the neck of the radius. Heterotopic ossification was classified on radiographs as hazy immature in twenty-two elbows, limited mature in eighteen, extensive mature in five, and a complete bone bridge in three. Heterotopic ossification was more common in patients with an associated distal humeral fracture, radial head and coronoid fractures with an associated elbow dislocation (terrible triad injury), and a transolecranon fracture-dislocation. Conclusions: Thirty-seven percent of elbows treated surgically for fractures involving the proximal aspect of the radius and/or ulna developed heterotopic ossification. In twenty percent of elbows, heterotopic ossification was associated with clinically relevant motion deficits. More severe heterotopic ossification was encountered in patients presenting with an associated distal humeral fracture, terrible triad injury, transolecranon fracture-dislocation, or Monteggia fracture-dislocation. Patients with an open injury, instability, severe chest trauma, or delay in definitive surgical treatment had a higher prevalence of heterotopic ossification. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Dynamic multi-process information flow tracking for web application security

Although there is a large body of research on detection and prevention of such memory corruption attacks as buffer overflow, integer overflow, and format string attacks, the web application security problem receives relatively less attention from the research community by comparison. The majority of web application security problems originate from the fact that web applications fail to perform sanity checks on inputs from the network that are eventually used as operands of security-sensitive operations. Therefore, a promising approach to this problem is to apply proper checks on tainted portions of the operands used in security-sensitive operations, where a byte is tainted if it is data/control dependent on some network packet(s). This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a dynamic checking compiler called WASC, which automatically adds checks into web applications used in three-tier internet services to protect them from the most common two types of web application attacks: SQL- and script-injection attack. In addition to including a taint analysis infrastructure for multi-process and multi-language applications, WASC features the use of SQL and HTML parsers to defeat evasion techniques that exploit interpretation differences between attack detection engines and target applications. Experiments with a fully operational WASC prototype show that it can indeed stop all SQL/script injection attacks that we have tested. Moreover, the end-to-end latency penalty associated with the checks inserted by WASC is less than 30% for the test web applications used in our performance study.
Numerical simulations of island effects on airflow and weather during the summer over the island of Oahu

Abstract The high-resolution (1.5 km) nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and an advanced land surface model (LSM) are used to study the island-induced airflow and weather for the island of Oahu, Hawaii, under summer trade wind conditions. Despite Oahu’s relatively small area (1536 km2), there are considerable spatial variations in horizontal distribution of thermodynamic fields related to terrain, airflow, rain, cloud, and ground cover. The largest diurnal variations in temperature and moisture occur in the lee sides of mountains, especially along the western leeside coast. The island-scale surface airflow is also significantly affected by terrain and land surface forcing. The downslope winds above the leeside slopes of both the Ko’olau and Waianae Mountains are simulated with significant diurnal variations with the strongest downslope winds just before sunrise. The timing of diurnal rainfall maxima over t...
ACJ6 : A GENE AFFECTING OLFACTORY PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA

Abstract Mutations affecting olfactory behavior provide material for use in molecular studies of olfaction in Drosophila melanogaster. Using the electroantennogram (EAG), a measure of antennal physiology, we have found an adult antennal defect in the olfactory behavioral mutant abnormal chemosensory jump 6 (acj6). The acj6 EAG defect was mapped to a single locus and the same mutation was found to be responsible for both reduction in EAG amplitude and diminished behavioral response, as if reduced antennal responsiveness to odorant is responsible for abnormal chemosensory behavior in the mutant. acj6 larval olfactory behavior is also abnormal; the mutation seems to alter cellular processes necessary for olfaction at both developmental stages. The acj6 mutation exhibits specificity in that visual system function appears normal in larvae and adults. These experiments provide evidence that the acj6 gene encodes a product required for olfactory signal transduction.
Interaction of estradiol- and progesterone-receptors with nucleoprotein: heat-labile acceptor factors.

Abstract Nuclear protein fractions of calf and lamb uteri appear to contain heat-labile factor(s) needed for the association of 17β-estradiol- or progesterone-receptor protein complex with nucleoprotein aggregates in the presence of native calf DNA, poly(A) or poly(G). Poly(U) and poly(C) are less active while heated calf DNA cannot be used for this purpose. In analogy to the 5α-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex, these female hormone-receptor complexes may be retained specifically by the cell nuclei of the target tissues through a binding to the heat-labile acceptor factors.
Anthropology and Teacher Education

In recent years, anthropologists have increasingly been asked to contribute their knowledge and skills to the training of teachers and administrators for positions in the public schools. While anthropologists have always taught their own successors in anthropology, it is still rare for them to give serious attention to the preparation of non-anthropological teachers and administrators for the vast educational bureaucracy that attends to the formal socialization and enculturation of the youth of our society.
Self-reported exercise behavior and interpretations of exercise in older adults.

Prior exercise experiences may influence interpretations of exercise, ultimately affecting exercise behavior. This study examines differences in interpretations of exercise in older adults based on prior exercise behavior. Older adults who report more exercise behavior were hypothesized to score more positively on measures of interpretations of exercise than older adults reporting less exercise behavior. Two hundred fifteen older adults reported prior-year exercise behavior, and within a 2-week exercise training program reported their episode-specific and general interpretations of exercise. High exercisers reported higher perceptions of energy (p = .021), life enhancement (p = .023), and overall psychological outlook (p = .003) than low exercisers. Several gender differences were also noted. These results support earlier findings that older adults’ beliefs and interpretations of exercise activity influence exercise behavior.
Application of the real space dynamic renormalization group method to the one-dimensional kinetic ising model

Abstract We apply the recently developed real space dynamic renormalization group method to the one-dimensional kinetic Ising model. We show how one can develop block spin methods that lead to recursion relations for the space and time dependent correlation functions that correspond to the observables for this system. We point out the importance of carefully choosing the appropriate parameters governing the behavior of individual blocks of spins and the necessity of worrying about the high temperature properties of the temperature recursion relations if one is to obtain the proper exponential decay of correlation functions at large distances away from the critical point at zero temperature. We systematically investigate the accuracy of our approximate recursion relations for various correlation functions by checking them against the known exact results. Our simple methods work surprisingly well over a wide range of temperatures, wavenumbers and frequencies.
Oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in young children.

1 Frenk J, Sepulveda J, Gomez-Dantes O, Knaul F. Evidence-based health policy: three generations of reform in Mexico. Lancet 2003; 362: 1667–71. 2 Mercado Barajas JL, Viniegra Velazquez L, Leyva Gonzalez FA. [Aptitude for critical reading of clinical research reports among medical residents of the Mexican Social Security Institute in Jalisco]. Rev Invest Clin 2001; 53: 413–21. 3 Gonzalez-Cobos RP, Rios-Hernandez J, Landeros-Morales C. [Aptitude for the critical reading of clinical research articles among psychiatry residents]. Rev Invest Clin 2001; 53: 28–34. 4 Robles Paramo A, Viniegra Velazquez L, Espinosa Alarcon P. [Capacity for critical reading of clinical research among groups of medical residents]. Rev Invest Clin 1997; 49: 117–22. 5 Villasis-Keever MA, Pena LA, Miranda-Novales G, et al. Prevalence of serological markers against measles, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus among medical residents in Mexico. Prev Med 2001; 32: 424–28. for bronchodilators with decreasing response. Children with low symptom scores and requiring little bronchodilator use, such as those in the study by Oommen and colleagues, might indeed show little benefit from corticosteroids because of their benign clinical course, but that hardly applies to the one in 200 US children who end up admitted for asthma annually and the many more seen in emergency rooms. *Miles Weinberger, Richard Ahrens
On interior algorithms for linear programming with no regularity assumptions

The linear programming algorithm of Karmarkar (1984), and all interior methods subsequently devised, require a regularity assumption that the primal and/or dual problem possess a nonempty interior. In this note we devise a polynomial-time interior algorithm which will directly 'process' and linear program, with no regularity assumptions whatsoever, without the addition of any 'M' terms. Our method is based on the application of a combined phase I-phase II algorithm to a combined primal-dual problem.
Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment.

Interventions for youth exposed to family violence recently have incorporated a trauma focus with the objective of reducing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms along with alleviating other wide-ranging childhood disorders. This paper describes generally agreed-upon treatment components for youth exposed to violence in the home, including re-exposure interventions, education about violence and cognitive restructuring, processing of emotional cues, social problem-solving skills, and parenting interventions. Empirically evaluated treatment programs for different developmental stages (preschool, school-age, and adolescence) are summarized and remaining questions about how to best focus treatment efforts for youth traumatized by family violence are presented.
Statistical theory for the ratio model of paired comparisons

Abstract This paper investigates the ratio model for paired comparisons. This model arises in Saaty's (1977, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 5, 234–281) scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures and it also arises in the constant sum paired comparison models presented by Hauser and Shugan (1980, Operations Research, 28, 278–320). This paper characterizes some experimental designs that yield an estimable ratio scale and it develops a uniformly minimum variance, unbiased estimator of the scale parameters. An estimator is developed when only a subject of all p(p−1) 2 comparisons are made and when the comparisons are correlated. Moreover an intercept version of the standard model is investigated and tests of consistency and reliability are presented.
Managed care and medication compliance: implications for chronic depression.

An emerging trend within managed care, “disease management” (DM), will affect consumers and providers of mental health services, clinicians, and mental health administrators. Central to DM programs is the idea that particular diseases, especially chronic illnesses (including depression), can be “carved out” and managed. Pharmaceutical benefit management (PBM) firms may specialize in managing prescription benefits for employers and other managed care organizations by using DM programs. However, given what is known from the theoretical and empirical literature on adherence to medication for chronic illnesses such as depression, it is questionable whether the techniques that are used by PBMs will be effective in managing illnesses that require a multifaceted approach to care. Because the management of antidepressants may have an impact on members of vulnerable populations (e.g., the elderly), more research is required on the approaches used by PBMs and on the cost and quality of the services provided.
Cyclopropanes. XLI. Electron Transfer from Lithium Metal Surfaces to (±) and (−)-(S)-1-Fluoro-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane†

The reaction of (I)-1-fluoro-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane (1) with lithium metal produced a variety of ring-opened, as well as cyclopropane, products. Initial electron transfer from the lithium metal surface to 1 is to the phenyl ring of 1 rather than to the carbon-fluorine bond. Using chiral 1, the 1-lithio-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane produced yielded, upon carbonation, the corresponding acid which was largely racemized. The mechanism of the electron transfer reaction is discussed.
Revisiting the visit: understanding how technology can shape the museum visit

This paper reports findings from a study of how a guidebook was used by pairs of visitors touring a historic house. We describe how the guidebook was incorporated into their visit in four ways: shared listening, independent use, following one another, and checking in on each other. We discuss how individual and groupware features were adopted in support of different visiting experiences, and illustrate how that adoption was influenced by social relationships, the nature of the current visit, and any museum visiting strategies that the couples had. Finally, we describe how the guidebook facilitated awareness between couples, and how awareness of non-guidebook users (strangers) influenced use.
ormulating Strategic Marketing Direction for a Second-Tier Convention Center: The Hickory (North Carolina) Metro Convention Center

ABSTRACT A strategic marketing study was done to provide insight on how to market the Hickory Metro Convention Center. A panel of experts provided their thoughts on the strengths and weaknesses of the Hickory convention product. They then offered points on the opportunities and threats the Hickory Center could encounter in the general environments. Five target markets were identified by the panel using the nominal group technique. A variety of suggestions were made by the panel for improving the Hickory convention product.
Na/H exchange and H-K ATPase increase distal tubule acidification in chronic alkalosis

Na + /H + exchange and H-K ATPase increase distal tubule acidification in chronic alkalosis. We examined whether H + -ATPase, H + -K + -ATPase, and or Na + /H + exchange mediates increased distal tubule acidification in animals with chronic metabolic alkalosis using pharmacological inhibitors of these H + transporters in in vivo -perfused tubules of anesthetized rats. Chronic metabolic alkalosis was induced with furosemide followed by minimum electrolyte diet and HCO 3 drinking water. The reduction in net HCO 3 reabsorption was greater in distal tubules of alkalotic compared to control animals perfused with Schering 28080 to inhibit H + -K + -ATPase (-6.4 ± 0.9 vs. -1.4 ± 0.5 pmol/mm · min -1 , P + /H + exchange (-11.1 ± 1.7 vs. -6.6 ± 0.9 pmol/mm · min -1 , P + -ATPase. The greater reduction of distal tubule net HCO 3 reabsorption in alkalotic compared to control animals induced by EIPA was eliminated by systemic infusion of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan (-4.6 ± 0.7 vs. -4.4 ± 0.7 pmol/mm · min -1 , P = NS) but the greater reduction induced by Schering 28080 persisted. Urine endothelin-1 (ET-1) excretion was higher in animals with maintained alkalosis (164.5 ± 23.7 vs. 76.6 ± 10.8 fmol/day, P P P = NS vs. KCl-repleted alkalotic animals). The data support that augmented distal tubule acidification in alkalotic animals is due to increased H + -K + -ATPase and Na + /H + exchange activity, the latter stimulated by endogenous endothelins.