cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schedule robustness through broader solve and robustify search for partial order schedules

In previous work, we have defined a two-step procedure called Solve-and-Robustify for generating flexible, partial order schedules. This partitioned problem solving approach — first find a viable solution and then generalize it to enhance robustness properties — has been shown to provide an effective basis for generating flexible, robust schedules while simultaneously achieving good quality with respect to optimization objectives. This paper extends prior analysis of this paradigm, by investigating the effects of using different start solutions as a baseline to generate partial order schedules. Two approaches are compared: the first constructs partial order schedules from a single fixed-time schedule, obtained by first performing an extended makespan optimization search phase; the second considers the search for fixed-time schedules and flexible schedules in a more integrated fashion, and constructs partial order schedules from a number of different fixed-time starting solutions. The paper experimentally shows how the characteristics of the fixed-time solutions may lower the robustness of the final partial order schedules and discusses the reasons for such behavior.
Ovarian tumors: An extension of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Abstract An incidence of ovarian tumors in women demonstrating the syndrome of familial mucocutaneous pigmentation and gastrointestinal polyposis has been statistically approximated and an embryological concept of the possible common histogenetic cause of this coexistence purported. The importance of a careful pelvic evaluation of such women has been noted.
A Table-top Blast Driven Shock Tube

The prevalence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury in conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan has motivated laboratory scale experiments on biomedical effects of blast waves and studies of blast wave transmission properties of various materials in hopes of improving armor design to mitigate these injuries. This paper describes the design and performance of a table-top shock tube that is more convenient and widely accessible than traditional compression driven and blast driven shock tubes. The design is simple: it is an explosive driven shock tube employing a rifle primer which explodes when impacted by the firing pin. The firearm barrel acts as the shock tube, and the shock wave emerges from the muzzle. The small size of this shock tube can facilitate localized application of a blast wave to a subject, tissue, or material under test.
Comparison of unfractionated heparin protocols using antifactor Xa monitoring or activated partial thrombin time monitoring.

Objective To determine whether there is a difference between an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) based unfractionated heparin (UFH) protocol versus an antifactor Xa based UFH protocol with respect to 24-hour attainment of therapeutic levels. Methods This was an observational study performed at a 500 bed private, community hospital. The study included inpatients from January 2008 to December 2009 on our institution’s aPTT UFH protocol and inpatients from July 2010 to March 2011 on our institution’s antifactor Xa UFH protocol. The two groups were compared to determine whether a higher percentage of patients reached therapeutic goal within 24 hours of UFH initiation. Secondary outcomes evaluated the percentage of patients at therapeutic goal within 6 and 12 hours, incidence of bleeding, and number of UFH dosage adjustments within 24 hours between the two groups. Results One hundred twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria for this study; 79 in the aPTT group and 42 in the antifactor Xa group. At 24 hours, 74% of patients in the antifactor Xa group were at goal, versus 63% of patients in the aPTT group ( p = 0.242). Nearly 57% of patients in the antifactor Xa group were at goal versus 27% in the aPTT group within 6 hours ( p = 0.001). Subjects in the antifactor Xa group averaged 1.00 dosage adjustments per subject as compared to an 1.71 dosage adjustments per subject in the aPTT group within the first 24 hours ( p = 0.003). Conclusion The antifactor Xa assay should be used to monitor UFH versus aPTT due to less variability in measurements, the absence of a need for calibration with new reagents/coagulometers, quicker attainment of therapeutic levels, fewer dose adjustments, and similar bleeding rates.
Critical Race Theory Interwoven with Mathematics Education Research

CHRISTOPHER C. JETT is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics in the College of Science and Mathematics at the University of West Georgia, 1601 Maple St., Carrollton, GA 30118; email: cjett@westga.edu. His research interests are centered on employing a critical race theoretical perspective to mathematics education research, particularly, at the undergraduate mathematics level. His research has been published in the Journal of Negro Education, Journal of Black Studies, and Journal of African American Studies. Critical Race Theory Interwoven with Mathematics Education Research
Experimental observation of the Bogoliubov transformation for a Bose-Einstein condensed gas

Summary form only given. Phonons with wavevector q//spl planck/-were optically imprinted into a Bose-Einstein condensate. Their momentum distribution was analyze using Bragg spectroscopy with a high momentum transfer. The wavefunction of these elementary excitations was shown to be a superposition of +q and -q free particle momentum states, in agreement with the Bogoliubov quasiparticle picture.
His Story, Her Story: Sexual Miscommunication, Motivated Remembering, and Intoxication as Pathways to Honest False Testimony Regarding Sexual Consent

This chapter aims to provide a general review of factors that can lead to honest false testimony by either party to cases involving disputed sexual consent. We focus on three issues. First, we review the inherently and deliberately ambiguous nature of many sexual communications. That is, sexual communication often takes place indirectly, in ways that allow for multiple interpretations of meaning (e.g., via hints, nonverbal communication, lack of resistance rather than explicit consent, etc.). Second, we discuss the vagaries of memory for consent interactions. Given the ambiguity of initial consent interactions and the context in which they are later recalled, memory can be predictably distorted such that each party honestly remembers the same interaction differently. Third, we consider the implications of the involvement of intoxication in many disputed sexual encounters. Collectively, these factors pave the way for misinterpretation, miscommunication and false "gist" (or fully fabricated) memories for what took place: a state of affairs that can lead both parties report honest, but completely different accounts of the events in question.
Plant-cover effects on hydrology and pedogenesis in a sandy vadose zone

Abstract The hydrology of three field lysimeters was monitored after 15 years of plant growth to examine pedogenic impacts of plant-induced changes to water budgets, flow, and chemical denudation. Between 70% and 87% of annual water discharge from all lysimeters (“sandboxes”) was generated from short (usually ≤5 days) precipitation events and longer (usually ≤25 days) snowmelt events. These infiltration events occur only 10–23% of the time throughout the year. Average annual evapotranspiration (ET) from the red pine sandbox was 73% of precipitation and 1.4–2.6 times larger than ET from the grass and moss/lichen boxes, respectively. In situ unsaturated hydraulic conductivity estimates, based on Darcy's law, are on the order of 10 −8 m/s and did not appear to vary significantly with plant cover. The upper zone of each sandbox is characterized by rapid, large changes in the magnitude of pressure head (−700 to −6 cm), water content (1 to 9%), and magnitude and direction of the hydraulic gradient. The vertical extent of this upper zone varies with plant cover; it extends to a depth between 30 and 70 cm beneath moss/lichen and grass whereas the upper zone beneath red pine extends to at least 120 cm during the growing season. Synoptic field measurements of water content and pressure head were very different from laboratory measurements of hanging-column moisture-retention curves. The red pine sandbox consistently exhibited the smallest water contents and the most negative pressure heads. Upper-zone soil water samples, collected at small and large tension during events, had different silica concentrations, which supports the existence of a dynamic flow system consisting of water residing in large and small pore spaces, respectively. However, large-tension silica concentrations increased systematically with depth in all sandboxes, indicating chemical reaction progresses in bulk soil water along flow paths. A conservative estimate of the shortest mean soil water residence time in the sandboxes is 9 days, which is sufficient time for exchange and weathering reactions to occur. Silica concentrations at 95 cm beneath red pine were twice as large as those beneath the moss/lichen cover. However, larger water fluxes from the moss/lichen sandbox produced an annual silica denudation flux of 910 mol Si/ha/year, whereas silica denudation from the pine sandbox was only 470 mol Si/ha/year. These results suggest that water and solute uptake by rooting vegetation may actually decrease chemical denudation from young, soil-building ecosystems.
Characteristics of motor vehicle accidents resulting in spinal cord injury

The majority of cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) occur during car crashes. Yet, relatively little is known about the precise accident factors involved. The present study investigated 30 cases of SCI in automobile drivers that occurred in a series of 91 spinal cord injuries. A matched control group was also studied. SCI drivers were not different from controls in terms of mortality, number of rollover crashes, alcohol use, citations for contributing human factors, nighttime accidents, or unfavorable weather and road conditions. However, SCI drivers less frequently used restraints. Results are discussed in terms of preventive measures, specifically, those concerning restraint use, alcohol use, and driving behavior.
Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Colony Morphology in Yeast

Nutrient stresses trigger a variety of developmental switches in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of the least understood of such responses is the development of complex colony morphology, characterized by intricate, organized, and strain-specific patterns of colony growth and architecture. The genetic bases of this phenotype and the key environmental signals involved in its induction have heretofore remained poorly understood. By surveying multiple strain backgrounds and a large number of growth conditions, we show that limitation for fermentable carbon sources coupled with a rich nitrogen source is the primary trigger for the colony morphology response in budding yeast. Using knockout mutants and transposon-mediated mutagenesis, we demonstrate that two key signaling networks regulating this response are the filamentous growth MAP kinase cascade and the Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway. We further show synergistic epistasis between Rim15, a kinase involved in integration of nutrient signals, and other genes in these pathways. Ploidy, mating-type, and genotype-by-environment interactions also appear to play a role in the controlling colony morphology. Our study highlights the high degree of network reuse in this model eukaryote; yeast use the same core signaling pathways in multiple contexts to integrate information about environmental and physiological states and generate diverse developmental outputs.
Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: evidence for opiate mediation of social affect.

Abstract In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous “endorphin withdrawal”.
Inhibition of the fibrinogen-plasmin reaction by ω-aminocarboxylic acids and alkylamines

Abstract We measured (with the pH stat) the rat of hydrolysis of fibrinogen and lysine methyl ester by plasmin (EC 3.4.4.1.4) and calculated the maximal velocity (vmax) for both reactions. The vmax for the lysine methyl ester-plasmin reaction is 1.5 times greater than the vmax for the fibrinogen-plasmin reaction at pH 7.0, and at 23°. The same enzyme preparation and solvent ionic strength were used in both reactions. A new method for measuring proteolysis of fibrinogen by plasmin is reported. This method is based on the precipitation of non-hydrolyzed fibrinogen by 9% ethanol. With this method we investigated inhibition of the fibrinogen-plasmin reaction by ω-aminocarboxylic acids and analogues of some of the 3,4,5 and 6-carbon members. Glycine, β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutaric acid, valeric acid, cadaverine and lysine did not inhibit with concentrations less than 10 mM (Ki>10 mM). Competitive inhibition was found with δ-aminovaleric acid (Ki = 4.7 mM), ϵ-aminocaproic acid (Ki = 2.8 mM), ω-aminocaprylic acid (Ki = 1.0 mM), propylamine (Ki = 3.3 mM)
Maintenance priority assignment utilizing on-line production information

Maintenance management has a direct influence on production performance. Existing works have not systematically taken the on-line production information into consideration in determining maintenance work-order priority, which is often assigned either through an ad hoc approach or using largely heuristic and static methods. In this paper, we first present a metric that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of different maintenance priorities. Based on this index, one can employ a search algorithm to obtain maintenance work-order priorities that will lead to improved productivity within the optimization horizon. These concepts and methods are validated through simulation experiments and implementation in a real industrial facility. The results show that the effective utilization of on-line production data in dynamic maintenance scheduling can yield visible production benefit through maintenance priority optimization.
Apparent isobaric cooling paths from granulites: Two counterexamples from British Columbia and New Hampshire

Textural evidence for the reaction histories of pelitic granulites from British Columbia and New Hampshire shows that pressure-temperature paths obtained from thermobarometry on these samples are an artifact of the calculation technique. Samples from both localities show breakdown of garnet to form cordierite, a reaction that occurs during decompression. Additional reaction textures and fluid-inclusion data also imply decompression at high temperatures. For both localities, however, core-rim thermobarometry yields nearly isobaric cooling paths. Similar cooling paths have been used by other authors to argue for a magmatic underplating model for regional mafic granulites. We show that mineral homogenization in pelitic granulites can lead to erroneous isobaric cooling paths and hence to incorrect conclusions concerning tectonic similarities between different types of granulites.
Solvations of redox ions in glass-forming silicate melts☆

The electromotive force series of redox couples have been compared in a variety of solvents including water, methanol, acetonitrile and glass-forming silicate melts. In general, the ordering of reduction potentials of redox couples in aqueous systems is similar to the trend established by the electronegativities of the elements. This ordering of reduction potentials is similar in other non-aqueous solvents, including the silicate melts - indicative of the ability of a species to attract an electron which is the major determinant of its potential to be reduced, regardless of the presence of a solvent. Unique solvations of specific redox ions (Ag+, Cu+, Eu2+, Cr2+, U5+, and Se2−) in glass-forming silicate melts can be implied from the deviations in the general trends and can be used to explain the stability of particular redox species.
Genetic Testing for Inherited Heart Disease

Medical conditions that run in a family are inherited or genetic, meaning they are caused by changes in genes that are passed from generation to generation. Many different types of heart disease can be inherited. Some conditions like high blood pressure or coronary artery disease (blockages in the arteries that supply the heart with blood) run in families but probably result from a number of different genetic changes that individually have a subtle effect but work collectively in a complex manner to cause disease. In these situations, genetic testing is not yet available. There are other less common inherited heart diseases that are caused by just 1 or very few genetic changes that have a very strong effect in causing disease. These are called monogenic conditions. In this Cardiology Patient Page, we describe our approach to monogenic inherited heart conditions and genetic testing. Examples include conditions that affect the heart muscle, called inherited cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. There are also inherited heart conditions that affect the electric system of the heart, causing abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias. Examples of inherited arrhythmias include the long-QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Some of these conditions may require changes in lifestyle or medical therapy. All inherited heart diseases require special attention not only for the individual patient but also for their family to see if other relatives are in need of medical care. Genes are the basic units of inheritance and are made up of chemicals called DNA. Genes provide instructions for cells to make proteins that carry out all body functions and form our physical characteristics. We each have more than 20 000 genes, and each gene is present in 2 copies. One copy is inherited from your mother and 1 copy is inherited from your …
Memory scanning for words in visual images.

This study attempts to replicate an experiment reported by Seamon (1972). In the present investigation, as in the study by Seamon, the scanning of short-term memory was compared when its contents were rehearsed words vs. a mental image. Memory sets were composed of either one, two, or three words. In the relational imagery group, subjects were required to form a single interactive mental scene of the entities which the memory set words represent. Nonimagery subjects were given instructions to covertly rehearse the memory set. In both groups, the usual memory set size (m) effect was obtained, i.e., reaction time (RT) increased linearly with m. Moreover, the set size effect was the same for both groups. This latter finding stands in marked contrast to the result obtained by Seamon; he found no effect of set size when subjects were given interactive imagery instructions. Because of the failure to replicate Seamon, an additional group of subjects were given imagery instructions. For this latter group, some of the procedural discrepancies between the relational imagery group of the present study and the corresponding group in Seamon’s study were resolved. Also, in this additional group, the set size effect was examined as a function of the subjects’ ratings of the quality of the images which they had formed. The same set size effect was found for this additional group, and the effect was independent of image quality.
An Adaptive Model of Bureaucratic Politics

In this article we outline a new framework for the formal analysis of bureaucratic politics. It departs from standard neoclassical approaches, notably those of Niskanen (1971) and Peltzman (1976), in several important respects. First our approach explicitly models a system of three-way interaction among bureaus, politicians, and interest groups. Second, it allows for institutional features of each type of participant. Third, it is a model of dynamic process. Fourth, participants make choices adoptively rather than optimizing. Fifth, participants are only minimally informed.The result is a dynamic model of adaptive behavior, very much in the spirit of Simon's (1947) behavioral tradition, that offers a new perspective on political control, bureaucratic power, and the “intelligence of democracy.”
New hydrogen carbonate precursors for efficient and byproduct-free syntheses of ionic liquids based on 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium and N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium cores

Two new hydrogen carbonate IL precursors, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium and N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium hydrogen carbonate salts, were synthesized and their structures confirmed by NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These salts were also evaluated for application in the syntheses of ILs by reacting them with a variety of acids and [NH4][ClO4], which resulted in the clean and quantitative formation of a family of 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium- and N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium-based salts. Synthetic protocols for the formation of the hydrogen carbonate salts involved simple alkylation reactions of the chosen neutral amines with dimethyl carbonate, and later conversion of the formed methyl carbonate anion-based salts to hydrogen carbonate salts. The reactions proceed in one step at temperatures close to room temperature using only water. The new organic salts with the chosen anions are formed with only gaseous byproducts (CO2, H2O, and in the case of [NH4][ClO4], NH3), thus eliminating further purification steps. This generalized synthetic protocol for the formation of hydrogen carbonate IL precursors may be used as a cleaner, contaminant-free (halides and metal ions) route to many classes of ILs.
Faster reaction mapping through improved naming techniques

Automated reaction mapping is an important tool in cheminformatics where it may be used to classify reactions or validate reaction mechanisms. The reaction mapping problem is known to be NP-Hard and may be formulated as an optimization problem. In this article, we present four algorithms that continue to obtain optimal solutions to this problem, but with significantly improved runtimes over the previous Constructive Count Vector (CCV) algorithm. Our algorithmic improvements include (i) the use of a fast (but not 100p accurate) canonical labeling algorithm, (ii) name reuse (i.e., storing intermediate results rather than recomputing), and (iii) an incremental approach to canonical name computation. The time to map the reactions from the Kegg/Ligand database previously took over 2 days using CCV, but now it takes fewer than 4 hours to complete. Experimental results on chemical reaction databases demonstrate our 2-CCV FDN MS algorithm usually performs over fifteen times faster than previous automated reaction mapping algorithms.
Offsetting Price Impacts from Imports with Generic Advertising and Promotion Programs: The Hass Avocado Promotion and Research Order

California avocado producers, concerned about sharp increases in imports from Chile and Mexico, secured passage of national legislation to include financial participation by imports in U.S. generic promotion programs. Estimated demand parameters for avocados indicate that new advertising and promotion funded by the 2.5 cents per pound assessment on all Hass avocados sold in the U.S. can offset a portion of the price impact of increased imports. Producers of other specialty crops may want to investigate the feasibility of using national promotion and research orders to expand demand when faced with increased production or imports.
Carbon dioxide retention associated with a humidifier defect

On presente un cas qui decrit un patient chez lequel s’est forme une hyperarbie resultant ďun humidificaieur defectueux. On avait incorpore un humidificateur Puritan-Bennett Cascade I dans un circuit en cercle entre la valve inspiratoire unidirectionnelle et le patient. Ľabsence ďune vis supportant le puits thermique du sommet de ľhumidificateur permettait la formation ďune fuite intermittente dans le circuit. La fuite etait presente quand la pression du circuit s’affaissait au niveau ambiant et elle etait obturee quand la pression du circuit etait positive. De cettefacon, les gaz expires pouvaient entrer dans la partie inspiratoire du circuit qui n’etait pas mis en echec par la valve inspiratoire neanmoins lorsque le circuit etait obstrue du câte du patient et soumis a despressions de 20 a 40 cm de H20, on ne pouvait deceler aucune fuite. En periode intraoperatoire, on a observe que la PaCO2 s’elevait jusqu’a 68 mmHg juste avant de retirer ľhumidificateur du circuit et revenait a 38 mmHg dans les 15 minutes apres avoir enleve ľhumidificateur.
Nanodiamond imaging: molecular imaging with optically detected spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds

Nanodiamond imaging is a new molecular imaging modality that takes advantage of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in nanodiamonds to image the distribution of nanodiamonds within a living organism with high sensitivity and high resolution. Nanodiamond is a nontoxic material that is easily conjugated to biomolecules, such that the distribution of nanodiamond within a living organism can be used to elicit physiological information. Unlike the tracers used in other molecular imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), nanodiamonds are stable and thus allow longitudinal imaging of the same organism over a long time span. Unlike fluorescence-based molecular imaging that has a resolution degraded by photon scattering, the resolution of nanodiamond imaging is defined by the strength of a magnetic gradient. To form an image, a magnetic field-free region is created, such as exists halfway between two identical magnets with north poles facing each other. Optical excitation pumps the NVs into a bright fluorescence state, and microwaves transfer them to a dark state, but only for those NVs within the field-free region and resonant with the microwaves. By rastering the field-free region across the sample, the changes in fluorescence yield the nanodiamond concentration. Images of nanodiamond phantoms within chicken breast have been recorded with a prototype system. By modifying the nanodiamond particles and enhancing the imaging system, it should be possible to approach 100 μm resolution and to increase the sensitivity to a 10 nanomolar carbon concentration per root Hz in a mm 3 voxel.
Classical/quantal correspondence in state-selective charge transfer for partially stripped ion impact on atomic hydrogen: improvements to the CTMC method

A method is developed that enables an improved correspondence of classically determined single-electron excited states of partially stripped ions with appropriate quantal states after charge transfer in ion-atom collisions. This paper extends the applicability and reliability of the classical trajectory Monte Carlo technique. The new method is illustrated by applying it to treat collisions of 5-500 keV u-1 O+ ions with atomic hydrogen. Expected significant deviations from the widely used correspondence scheme that is only strictly applicable to single-electron systems are found for low principal quantum numbers.
Mutations affecting spindle pole body and mitotic exit network function are synthetically lethal with a deletion of the nucleoporin NUP1 in S. cerevisiae

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells and function to regulate passage of macromolecules in and out of the nucleus. Nup1 is one of 30 nucleoporins comprising the NPC of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is located on the nucleoplasmic face of the NPC where it plays a role in mRNA export and protein transport. In order to further characterize the function of Nup1 we used a genetic approach to identify mutations that are synthetically lethal in combination with a deletion of NUP1 (nup1Delta). We have identified one such nup1 lethal mutant (nle6) as a temperature sensitive allele of nud1. NUD1 encodes a component of the yeast spindle pole body (SPB) and acts as scaffolding for the mitotic exit network (MEN). We observe that nle6/nud1 mutant cells have a normal distribution of NPCs within the nuclear envelope and exhibit normal rates of nuclear protein import at both the permissive and restrictive temperatures. nup1Delta also exhibits synthetic lethality with bub2Delta and bfa1Delta, both of which encode proteins that colocalize with Nud1 at spindle pole bodies and function in the mitotic exit network. However, we do not observe genetic interactions among nle6/nud1, bub2Delta, or bfa1Delta and mutations in the nucleoporin encoding genes NUP60 or NUP170, nor is nup1Delta synthetically lethal with the absence of components downstream in the mitotic exit network, including Lte1, Swi5, and Dbf2. Our results suggest a novel functional connection between Nup1 and proteins comprising both the spindle pole body and early mitotic exit network.
Radiation-induced creep of copper, aluminium and their alloys

Abstract The results of creep studies on copper, aluminium and their alloys with and without neutron irradiation are presented. The experiments are carried out at the WWR-K reactor at the neutron of 1.4 · 10 16 n/m 2 · s (2.5 · 10 16 n/m 2 · s, E > 0.1 MeV). Polycrystalline copper (99.99 and 99.95%), aluminium (99.99%) and the alloys of copper with 4 at% of titanium, of aluminium with 4.2% of copper are studied within the temperature interval 0.31–0.51 T m .
Effects of ruthenium red on accumulation and cytotoxicity of m-AMSA, vinblastine and daunorubicin in leukemia cells

Effects of ruthenium red on accumulation and cytotoxicity of m-AMSA, vinblastine and daunorubicin were examined in the P388 murine leukemia cell line and in an adriamycin-resistant subline, P388/ADR, which is cross-resistant to all three agents. Ruthenium red increased m-AMSA accumulation by both P388 and P388/ADR cells; the extent of this effect was a function of the concentration of both agents. Uptake enhancement occurred within 5 min of exposure of cells to ruthenium red and was readily reversed when cells were suspended in fresh medium. A 24-hr exposure to ruthenium red was needed to affect vinblastine or daunorubicin accumulation, and the effect was substantially less than that observed with m-AMSA. Ruthenium red protected P388 cells from m-AMSA toxicity. These data, together with reports indicating a protective effect of ruthenium red against vinblastine and anthracycline toxicity, suggest that the dye promotes tight binding of m-AMSA and other agents to cellular loci on which toxic effects are not exerted.
Multiple alternative splicing to exons II and III of viral interleukin-8 (vIL-8) in the Marek’s disease virus genome: the importance of vIL-8 exon I

The Marek’s disease virus (MDV) Eco Q (Meq) and the interleukin-8 (IL-8) MDV homologue (vIL-8) genes, and the open reading frames RLORF5a and RLORF4 are encoded within the repeat long (IRL and TRL) regions of the MDV genome. The recent cloning and characterization of RLORF4 led to the identification of a RLORF4/vIL-8 splice variant using 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Further characterization of 3′RACE products amplified with primers located within the Meq, RLORF5a, or RLORF4 genes showed the presence of many splice variants. Two novel Meq splice variants were detected, in addition to splice variants encoding portions of RLORF5a and RLORF4 combined with exons II and III of vIL-8 (RLORF5a/vIL-8 and RLORF4/vIL-8, respectively). Analysis of expression in MDV-infected chickens showed that the RLORF5a/vIL-8 and 3 of 4 RLORF4/vIL-8 transcripts were only expressed at 4 days post-infection. Since a number of transcripts encoded vIL-8 exons II and III, this suggested that exon I may be non-essential for vIL-8 function(s). Virus reconstituted from the oncogenic pRB-1B bacterial artificial chromosome with vIL-8 exon I deleted showed decreased early replication and reduced incidence of tumor development, similar to deletion mutants lacking the complete vIL-8 gene.
Mining sequential patterns across time sequences

In this paper, we deal with mining sequential patterns in multiple time sequences. Building on a state-of-the-art sequential pattern mining algorithm PrefixSpan for mining transaction databases, we propose MILE (MIning in muLtiple sEquences), an efficient algorithm to facilitate the mining process. MILE recursively utilizes the knowledge of existing patterns to avoid redundant data scanning, and therefore can effectively speed up the new patterns' discovery process. Another unique feature of MILE is that it can incorporate prior knowledge of the data distribution in time sequences into the mining process to further improve the performance. Extensive empirical results show that MILE is significantly faster than PrefixSpan. As MILE consumes more memory than PrefixSpan, we also present a solution to trade time efficiency in memory constrained environments.
The electronic states of oxygen in gallium phosphide

Existing theoretical models do not account for a number of important electronic properties of oxygen in GaP. I describe here a new (MO) model based on spin multiplets formed from the four neighboring gallium bond orbitals and show that it provides a detailed explanation of these properties in terms of spin- and k-conserving one-electron transitions.
Use of an anaerobic environment to preserve the endogenous activity of protein-tyrosine phosphatases isolated from intact cells

SPECIFIC AIMSProtein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) have a catalytic cysteine residue whose reduced state is required for enzymatic activity. In this study, we evaluated how a strictly anaerobic working environment with deoxygenated buffers and avoiding exposure to air permits the assessment of endogenous PTPase activity as directly isolated in subcellular fractions. Using similar techniques, we also studied the reactivity of a specific PTPase, PTP1B, by immunoprecipitation. This approach provides a new framework for characterizing the activity of PTPases as isolated from the intracellular milieu that more closely reflects their endogenous reactivity and their potential effect on signal transduction pathways involving reversible protein-tyrosine phosphorylation.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Cellular PTPase activity from 3T3-L1 adipocytes is reversible to a variable extent after oxidative inhibition by exposure to airThe effect of air exposure on PTPases isolated from differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes was ev...
A study of the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical via the 193 nm photodissociation of 2-chloro-2-butene.

This work investigates the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical. This radical has three potentially competing reaction pathways: C-C fission to form CH 3 + propyne, C-H fission to form H + 1,2-butadiene, and C-H fission to produce H + 2-butyne. The experiments were designed to probe the branching to the three unimolecular dissociation pathways of the radical and to test theoretical predictions of the relevant dissociation barriers. Our crossed laser-molecular beam studies show that 193 nm photolysis of 2-chloro-2-butene produces 2-buten-2-yl in the initial photolytic step. A minor C-Cl bond fission channel forms electronically excited 2-buten-2-yl radicals and the dominant C-Cl bond fission channel produces ground-state 2-buten-2-yl radicals with a range of internal energies that spans the barriers to dissociation of the radical. Detection of the stable 2-buten-2-yl radicals allows a determination of the translational, and therefore internal, energy that marks the onset of dissociation of the radical. The experimental determination of the lowest-energy dissociation barrier gave 31 ′ 2 kcal/mol, in agreement with the 32.8 ′ 2 kcal/mol barrier to C-C fission at the G3//B3LYP level of theory. Our experiments detected products of all three dissociation channels of unstable 2-buten-2-yl as well as a competing HCl elimination channel in the photolysis of 2-chloro-2-butene. The results allow us to benchmark electronic structure calculations on the unimolecular dissociation reactions of the 2-buten-2-yl radical as well as the CH 3 + propyne and H + 1,2-butadiene bimolecular reactions. They also allow us to critique prior experimental work on the H + 1,2-butadiene reaction.
Continuous nondemolition measurement of the Cs clock transition pseudospin.

We demonstrate a weak continuous measurement of the pseudospin associated with the clock transition in a sample of Cs atoms. Our scheme uses an optical probe tuned near the D{sub 1} transition to measure the sample birefringence, which depends on the z component of the collective pseudospin. At certain probe frequencies the differential light shift of the clock states vanishes, and the measurement is nonperturbing. In dense samples the measurement can be used to squeeze the collective clock pseudospin and has the potential to improve the performance of atomic clocks and interferometers.
On the sensing of magnetorheological elastomers

In this study, combined effects of magnetic fields and applied mechanical compression load on the electrical resistivity behavior of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is studied. MREs with different particle volume percentages are prepared and tested under constant temperature. The theoretical study was performed using a finite element analysis to understand MRE’s deformation subjected to a magnetic field. The coupled magnetic and elastic fields’ equations are employed to determine the magnetic attraction force between the particles. Magnetostriction and magnetoresistance are evaluated to determine the piezoresistivity effect of MREs under the combined loading condition.
Olfactory projections in the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: an experimental study.

Telencephalic evolution in ray-finned fishes shows increasing complexity from polypteriform fishes through sturgeons to teleosts. Telencephalic organization in sturgeons is thus critical to our understanding of ray-finned fish evolution, but it is poorly understood, particularly as regards the roof or pallium. Two major hypotheses exist regarding the medial part of area dorsalis (Dm): that Dm is extended; and that Dm is restricted. The extent and topography of secondary olfactory projections to the pallium are critical in evaluating these hypotheses, but there is little agreement regarding these projections. Olfactory projections in the white sturgeon were therefore examined by using the carbocyanine probe DiI, biocytin, and biotinylated dextrin amine (BDA). Both DiI and BDA revealed primary olfactory projections to the olfactory bulb and primary extrabulbar projections widely in the telencephalon and to more restricted regions of the diencephalon. Myelinated secondary olfactory fibers caused DiI to be less effective in labeling secondary olfactory projections, which terminate in all subpallial nuclei and in the pallium: sparsely in the medial pallial division (Dm); heavily in the posterior pallial division (Dp); and more lightly in the lateral pallial division (Dl). In the diencephalon, substantial secondary olfactory projections were seen to the habenular nuclei, the rostral pole of the inferior lobe, and several nuclei of the posterior tubercle. All secondary olfactory projections were bilateral but heavier ipsilaterally. Bulbopetal neurons were located in both pallial and subpallial centers and were more numerous ipsilaterally. These results corroborate an earlier experimental study on the shovelnose sturgeon and indicate a restricted Dm in sturgeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1999–2022, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-native Co-, Mn-, and Ti-oxyhydroxide nanocrystals in ferritin for high efficiency solar energy conversion

Quantum dot solar cells seek to surpass the solar energy conversion efficiencies achieved by bulk semiconductors. This new field requires a broad selection of materials to achieve its full potential. The 12 nm spherical protein ferritin can be used as a template for uniform and controlled nanocrystal growth, and to then house the nanocrystals for use in solar energy conversion. In this study, precise band gaps of titanium, cobalt, and manganese oxyhydroxide nanocrystals within ferritin were measured, and a change in band gap due to quantum confinement effects was observed. The range of band gaps obtainable from these three types of nanocrystals is 2.19–2.29 eV, 1.93–2.15 eV, and 1.60–1.65 eV respectively. From these measured band gaps, theoretical efficiency limits for a multi-junction solar cell using these ferritin-enclosed nanocrystals are calculated and found to be 38.0% for unconcentrated sunlight and 44.9% for maximally concentrated sunlight. If a ferritin-based nanocrystal with a band gap similar to silicon can be found (i.e. 1.12 eV), the theoretical efficiency limits are raised to 51.3% and 63.1%, respectively. For a current matched cell, these latter efficiencies become 41.6% (with an operating voltage of 5.49 V), and 50.0% (with an operating voltage of 6.59 V), for unconcentrated and maximally concentrated sunlight respectively.
Experimental Homotransplantation of the Lungs with Cytoxic Agents

Lung homotransplantation was performed in 16 paired dogs. Methotrexate and Imuran were used to prolong the survival time. In the group of dogs treated with methotrexate, the average survival was 15 days, and no dog revealed evidence of function of the transplanted lung by bronchospirometry. In the group of dogs treated with Imuran, the average survival was 27 days, with evidence of relatively normal pulmonary function in at least one dog, two months following surgery. In this dog, there was no evidence of graft injection. Death occurred from aspiration pneumonitis in the normal lung.
In Vitro and In Vivo Immunological Measurements in Growing Lambs Fed Diets Deficient, Marginal or Adequate in Zinc

Abstract Semi-purified diets, severely deficient (basal diet, 3.7 mg Zn/kg of diet), marginally deficient (basal diet + 5 mg Zn/kg of diet) or adequate (basal diet + 40 mg Zn/kg of diet) in zinc (Zn), were used to determine the effect of dietary Zn on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in growing lambs. Dry matter intake, daily gain, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum Zn were lower for severely deficient lambs. The total number of peripheral blood leukocytes and an in vivo response to phytohemagglutinin were not affected by treatment. Severe Zn deficiency resulted in a lower percentage of lymphocytes and higher percentage of neutrophils in peripheral blood. Lymphocyte blastogenesis, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into peripheral blood lymphocytes, was lower when lymphocytes from severely deficient lambs were incubated with concentrations of phytohemagglutinin that were suboptimal for maximum proliferation. Blastogenesis was higher when lymphocytes from severely deficient lambs ...
A stimulatory role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in follicle-stimulating hormone-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in rat ovarian granulosa cells.

FSH promotes the differentiation of ovarian follicular granulosa cells via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. Based upon the presence of a prominent phospholipid/diolein/Ca2+-independent myelin basic protein kinase activity in soluble extracts of proliferating immature rat granulosa cells, we determine whether this activity was attributable to the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), one of the ubiquitous families of myelin basic protein kinases, and whether FSH acutely regulated the MAPKs in rat granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were obtained from large preantral follicles in ovaries of immature rats treated with 17beta-estradiol to promote granulosa cell proliferation. Exposure of granulosa cells, cultured overnight in serum-free medium containing 10 nM 17beta- estradiol, to 50 ng/ml FSH for 10 min promoted a 2- to 5- fold increase in MAPK activity. The effects of FSH were mimicked by forskolin and inhibited by the inhibitor of cAMP- dependent protein kinase H89, but were not inhibited by the tyrosine kin...
Demyelinating optic neuritis presenting as a clinically isolated syndrome.

Abstract Background Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) describes a single, first-occurrence attack caused by inflammation/demyelination in 1 or more locations in the central nervous system. The optic nerve is a frequent site affected by this neurologic event. As the name implies, CIS is an isolated condition but is often considered a precursor to multiple sclerosis (MS). When distinctive brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accompany CIS, the person is considered at a high risk for MS. Treatment is aimed at delaying the onset of a second neurologic episode, reducing the accumulation of MRI-detected brain lesions and delaying the development of definite MS. Case Report This article describes a 40-year-old woman who experienced a sudden loss of vision in the right eye. Testing ultimately found a normal MRI, demyelination of the optic nerve, and progressive thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, leading to a diagnosis of CIS.
Letters to Darwin from the Future.

Students, using information gained since 1859, write letters to Charles Darwin critiquing passages from the first edition of On the Origin of Species.
Thermal renaturation of deoxyribonucleic acids

The conditions that produce the optimal re-formation of the native DNA conformation from denatured DNA have been examined. The restoration of the native conformation, called thermal renaturation, has been found to depend markedly on the source of the DNA; mammalian DNA coming from cells with very large DNA content renatures only slightly, bacterial DNA with greatly reduced DNA content per cell undergoes extensive renaturation, and the very smallest bacteria together with bacteriophage, having the lowest DNA contents, show nearly complete renaturation. With a given DNA, the optimal renaturation was found to occur at about 25° below the denaturation temperature, T m . The extent of renaturation was optimal above 0·4 M -Na + and increased with molecular weight. The identity of the renatured DNA and the native material can be shown in two ways: the similarity of the absorbance-temperature curves and the similarity of the rate of thermal inactivation of biological markers at temperatures somewhat above T m . This reproduceability of the helix-coil transition and the course of thermal inactivation demonstrates that the same secondary structure has re-formed and that non-specific hydrogen bonding is not involved.