cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cynical Successes of the Guantánamo Bay Military Commissions

Since they were first authorized in the weeks after the 9/11 attacks, the Guantanamo Bay Military Commissions—special military tribunals for the trial of certain terror suspects—have generated eight minor convictions at a cost of over $1 billion. Nearly half of the convictions have been vacated on appeal. The three ongoing contested cases, including the case against those accused of complicity in the 9/11 attacks, remain mired in pretrial proceedings. The biggest storylines emanating from the commissions do not concern convictions, but rather government surveillance of the defense teams and the compelled recusal of judges for the appearance of partiality toward the government. Focusing largely on the unique structural features of the commissions, such as the remote location of the commissions that helps explain their cost or the rules of evidence that are unusually favorable to the prosecution, scholars and other observers have consistently and understandably described the commissions as failures. This Article argues that we have been looking at the commissions all wrong. First, the structural features of the commissions are not the primary drivers of their performance. The more fundamental problem is one of ethos: Officials associated with the commissions consistently prioritize objectives other than dispatch, transparency, and public confidence. Second, that prevailing culture was injected into the commissions deliberately at their founding and remains broadly consonant with the governing norms of the broader War on Terror. The commissions have indeed failed the American people, but not because they were badly designed; rather, it is because they have done exactly what they were designed to do. These conclusions have significant implications for our understanding of the importance of the informal norms that overlay the structural features of any justice system, as well as lessons for the War on Terror specifically.
Burn-related Collagen Conformational Changes in ex vivo Porcine Skin using Raman Spectroscopy

This study utilizes Raman spectroscopy to analyze the burn-induced collagen conformational changes in ex vivo porcine skin tissue. Raman spectra of wavenumbers 500–2000 cm−1 were measured for unburnt skin as well as four different burn conditions: (i) 200 °F for 10 s, (ii) 200 °F for the 30 s, (iii) 450 °F for 10 s and (iv) 450 °F for 30 s. The overall spectra reveal that protein and amino acids-related bands have manifested structural changes including the destruction of protein-related functional groups, and transformation from α-helical to disordered structures which are correlated with increasing burn severity. The deconvolution of the amide I region (1580–1720 cm−1) and the analysis of the sub-bands reveal a change of the secondary structure of the collagen from the α-like helix dominated to the β-aggregate dominated one. Such conformational changes may explain the softening of mechanical response in burnt tissues reported in the literature.
To exclude or not to exclude: Considerations and recommendations for C-reactive protein values higher than 10 mg/L.

Abstract This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH079369 and MH101168 awarded to Lauren Alloy, National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH096478 awarded to Lauren Ellman and National Research Service Awards F31MH118808 to Naoise Mac Giollabhui.
Development and validation of machine learning algorithms for postoperative opioid prescriptions after TKA.

Abstract Objective The aims of this study were to develop machine learning algorithms for preoperative prediction of prolonged opioid prescriptions after TKA and to identify variables that can predict the probability of this adverse outcome. Methods Five algorithms were developed for prediction of prolonged postoperative opioid prescriptions. Results The stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) model had the best performance. Age, history of preoperative opioid use, marital status, diagnosis of diabetes, and several preoperative medications were predictive of prolonged postoperative opioid prescriptions. Conclusion The SGB algorithm developed could help improve preoperative identification of TKA patients at risk for prolonged postoperative opioid prescriptions.
Enhancing Gender-Affirming Provider Communication to Increase Health Care Access and Utilization Among Transgender Men and Trans-Masculine Non-Binary Individuals.

Purpose: This study was designed to enhance health care providers' abilities to engage transgender men and trans-masculine non-binary individuals (TMNBI) in sexual and reproductive health care conv...
Applying Siracusa: A Call for a General Comment on Public Health Emergencies.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency--as of Apr 23, 2020 there were over 2 7 million cases, with over 190,000 deaths globally Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, states may restrict certain rights during public emergencies that threaten the life of the nation to the extent that they are "strictly required by the exigencies of the situation " COVID-19 can be a fatal disease without known methods of prevention and treatment Given this situation, the question is not if, but how states may restrict rights to try to control the pandemic The Siracusa Principles are a foundation on which to build The principles outline the limits on rights restrictions that states may take during emergencies Under Siracusa, restrictions are only justified when they support a legitimate aim and are: provided for by law, strictly necessary, proportionate, of limited duration, and subject to review against abusive applications
Shear viscosity of liquid 4 He and 3 He- 4 He mixtures, especially near the superfluid transition

High-resolution measurements of ρη are reported for liquid4He and3He-4He mixtures at saturated vapor pressures between 1.2 and 4.2 K with particular emphasis on the superfluid transition. Here ρ is the mass density, η the shear viscosity, and in the superfluid phase both ρ and η are the contributions from the normal component of the fluid (ρ n and η n ). The experiments were performed with a torsional oscillator operating at 151 Hz. The mole fraction X of3He in the mixtures ranged from 0.03 to 0.65. New data for the total density and data for ρ n by various authors led to the calculation of η. For4He, the results for η are compared with published ones, both in the normal and superfluid phases, and also with predictions in the normal phase both over a broad range and close to Tλ. The behavior of ρη and of η in mixtures if presented. The slopedη/dT near Tλ and its change at the superfluid transition are found to decrease with increasing3He concentration. Measurements at one temperature of η versus pressure indicate a decreasing dependence of η on molar volume asX(3He) increases. Comparison of η at Tλ, the minimum of η n in the superfluid phase and the temperature of this minimum is made with previous measurements. Thermal conductivity measurements in the mixtures, carried out simultaneously with those of ρη, revealed no difference in the recorded superfluid transition, contrary to earlier work. In the appendices, we present data from new measurements of the total density for the same mixtures used in viscosity experiments. Furthermore, we discuss the data for ρ n determined for4He and for3He-4He mixtures, and which are used in the analysis of the ρη data.
Toward Direct RF Sampling: Implications for Digital Communications

According to a recent report [1], the United States is expected to see a fourfold increase in mobile data traffic between 2016 and 2021. Notably, the report suggests that an investment of roughly USd130-150 billion could be required over the next seven years, given that the current infrastructure is not adequate to support the expected growth in wireless data. Further, current transceiver architectures [2] are bulky, inefficient, and expensive.
Derivation and validation of a novel comorbidity-based delirium risk index to predict postoperative delirium using national administrative healthcare database.

Objective To derive and validate a comorbidity-based delirium risk index (DRI) to predict postoperative delirium. Data source/study setting Data of 506 438 hip fracture repair surgeries from 2006 to 2016 were collected to derive DRI and perform internal validation from the Premier Healthcare Database, which provided billing information on 20-25 percent of hospitalizations in the USA. Additionally, data of 1 130 569 knee arthroplasty surgeries were retrieved for external validation. Study design Thirty-six commonly seen comorbidities were evaluated by logistic regression with the outcome of postoperative delirium. The hip fracture repair surgery cohort was separated into a training dataset (60 percent) and an internal validation (40 percent) dataset. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) procedure was applied for variable selection, and weights were assigned to selected comorbidities to quantify corresponding risks. The newly developed DRI was then compared to the Charlson-Deyo Index for goodness-of-fit and predictive ability, using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), area under the ROC curve (AUC) for goodness-of-fit, and odds ratios for predictive performance. Additional internal validation was performed by splitting the data by four regions and in 4 randomly selected hospitals. External validation was conducted in patients with knee arthroplasty surgeries. Data collection Hip fracture repair surgeries, knee arthroplasty surgeries, and comorbidities were identified by using ICD-9 codes. Postoperative delirium was defined by using ICD-9 codes and analyzing billing information for antipsychotics (specifically haloperidol, olanzapine, and quetiapine) typically recommended to treat delirium. Principal findings The derived DRI includes 14 comorbidities and assigns comorbidities weights ranging from 1 to 6. The DRI outperformed the Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index with better goodness-of-fit and predictive performance. Conclusions Delirium risk index is a valid comorbidity index for covariate adjustment and risk prediction in the context of postoperative delirium. Future work is needed to test its performance in different patient populations and varying definitions of delirium.
Estimated Mortality and Morbidity Attributable to Smoke Plumes in the United States: Not Just a Western US Problem

As anthropogenic emissions continue to decline and emissions from landscape (wild, prescribed, and agricultural) fires increase across the coming century, the relative importance of landscape-fire smoke on air quality and health in the United States (US) will increase. Landscape fires are a large source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which has known negative impacts on human health. The seasonal and spatial distribution, particle composition, and co-emitted species in landscape-fire emissions are different from anthropogenic sources of PM2.5. The implications of landscape-fire emissions on the sub-national temporal and spatial distribution of health events and the relative health importance of specific pollutants within smoke are not well understood. We use a health impact assessment with observation-based smoke PM2.5 to determine the sub-national distribution of mortality and the sub-national and sub-annual distribution of asthma morbidity attributable to US smoke PM2.5 from 2006 to 2018. We estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for PM2.5 and 18 gas-phase hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in smoke. Although the majority of large landscape fires occur in the western US, we find the majority of mortality (74%) and asthma morbidity (on average 75% across 2006-2018) attributable to smoke PM2.5 occurs outside the West, due to higher population density in the East. Across the US, smoke-attributable asthma morbidity predominantly occurs in spring and summer. The number of DALYs associated with smoke PM2.5 is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than DALYs associated with gas-phase smoke HAPs. Our results indicate awareness and mitigation of landscape-fire smoke exposure is important across the US.
Posterior cortical atrophy phenotypic heterogeneity revealed by decoding 18F-FDG-PET.

Posterior cortical atrophy is a neurodegenerative syndrome with a heterogeneous clinical presentation due to variable involvement of the left, right, dorsal and ventral parts of the visual system, as well as inconsistent involvement of other cognitive domains and systems. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET is a sensitive marker for regional brain damage or dysfunction, capable of capturing the pattern of neurodegeneration at the single-participant level. We aimed to leverage these inter-individual differences on FDG-PET imaging to better understand the associations of heterogeneity of posterior cortical atrophy. We identified 91 posterior cortical atrophy participants with FDG-PET data and abstracted demographic, neurologic, neuropsychological and Alzheimer's disease biomarker data. The mean age at reported symptom onset was 59.3 (range: 45-72 years old), with an average disease duration of 4.2 years prior to FDG-PET scan, and a mean education of 15.0 years. Females were more common than males at 1.6:1. After standard preprocessing steps, the FDG-PET scans for the cohort were entered into an unsupervised machine learning algorithm which first creates a high-dimensional space of inter-individual covariance before performing an eigen-decomposition to arrive at a low-dimensional representation. Participant values ('eigenbrains' or latent vectors which represent principle axes of inter-individual variation) were then compared to the clinical and biomarker data. Eight eigenbrains explained over 50% of the inter-individual differences in FDG-PET uptake with left (eigenbrain 1) and right (eigenbrain 2) hemispheric lateralization representing 24% of the variance. Furthermore, eigenbrain-loads mapped onto clinical and neuropsychological data (i.e. aphasia, apraxia and global cognition were associated with the left hemispheric eigenbrain 1 and environmental agnosia and apperceptive prosopagnosia were associated with the right hemispheric eigenbrain 2), suggesting that they captured important axes of normal and abnormal brain function. We used NeuroSynth to characterize the eigenbrains through topic-based decoding, which supported the idea that the eigenbrains map onto a diverse set of cognitive functions. These eigenbrains captured important biological and pathophysiologic data (i.e. limbic predominant eigenbrain 4 patterns being associated with older age of onset compared to frontoparietal eigenbrain 7 patterns being associated with younger age of onset), suggesting that approaches that focus on inter-individual differences may be important to better understand the variability observed within a neurodegenerative syndrome like posterior cortical atrophy.
Long-Term (3 Year) Effects of a Single Thermal Pulsation System Treatment on Meibomian Gland Function and Dry Eye Symptoms.

Purpose The present study examined the long-term (3 years) effects of a single (12 min) thermal pulsation system (TPS) treatment on symptomatic patients with evaporative dry eye disease (DED) secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods In this prospective, cohort, observational, single-center study design, signs (meibomian gland secretion [MGS] scores and tear film breakup time [TBUT]) and symptoms (Ocular Surface Disease Index [OSDI] and Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness [SPEED] questionnaires) were determined in 20 patients (40 eyes) with MGD and dry eye symptoms at baseline (BL), 1 month, and 3 years post-TPS treatment using LipiFlow. Results Meibomian gland secretion scores increased from BL (4.5±0.8) to 1 month (12.0±1.1, P≤0.001). Improvement persisted at 3 years (18.4±1.4) relative to BL (P≤0.001). Meibomian gland secretion scores in all regions of the lower eyelid were improved over BL at 1 month (nasal [P≤0.001], central [P≤0.001], temporal [P≤0.01]) and 3 years (nasal [P≤0.001], central [P≤0.001], temporal [P≤0.001]). TBUT increased from BL (4.1±0.4) to 1 month (7.9±1.4, P≤0.05) but was not significantly different than BL at 3 years (4.5±0.6, P>0.05). The OSDI scores decreased from BL (26.0±4.6) to 1 month (14.7±4.3, P≤0.001) but returned to BL levels at 3 years (22.5±5.4, P>0.05). The SPEED scores decreased from BL (13.4±1.0) to 1 month (6.5±1.3, P≤0.001), and this improvement persisted at 3 years (9.5±1.6, P≤0.001). Conclusions Thermal pulsation may be a uniquely efficacious treatment option for DED secondary to MGD in that a single 12-min procedure is associated with significant improvement in MGS and SPEED scores for up to 3 years.
The Development of Combustion from Quasi-Stable Temperatures for the Iron Based Alloy UNS S66286

The development of ignition and subsequent combustion from quasi-stable temperatures was studied for several iron, nickel, and cobalt-based alloys. The quasi-stable temperature was produced by heating a specimen with a continuous wave carbon dioxide laser. Endothermic and exothermic transitions appear to play an important role in the development of thermal runaway, ignition, and combustion. The apparent effect of the endothermic transitions was to accelerate the rate of oxidation of the alloy, which produced abrupt changes in surface temperature as well as increasing the rate of increase in surface temperature. In the final stages of the thermal runaway phase, endothermic and exothermic events forced the alloy surface rapidly into combustion. Total destruction of the specimen followed immediately. The results for the iron-based alloy UNS S66286, which represent the phenomena observed, are presented. A spontaneous ignition temperature, enhanced oxidation temperature and ignition temperature for the solid alloy have been defined. Data are presented for the oxygen pressure range of 1.7 to 13.8 MPa.
An Interaction Value Perspective on Firms of Differing Size

We present a general model of a network of interacting individuals, each of whom derives a known, real-valued benefit from each possible dyadic interaction. The model views interactions as knowledge-transfer exchanges that add value to the organization. We use this model to derive interaction patterns within an organization. We assume that the value of dyadic interaction benefits is distributed as a randomly permuted geometric series. Moreover, interactions only add value when a large enough waiting period is observed between interaction attempts. We show that an organization optimized for knowledge transfer has a distribution of interaction frequencies which correlates well with observations. Organizations of differing sizes can have similar optimal structures as long they have similar normalized levels of interdependence between interactions, and distribution of interaction benefit values. This research has implications for the design of communication infrastructure in a growing organization, as well as for the predictive value of modeling organizations at different scales.
Practical Experience with Multivariable Positivity Controllers

This paper presents a summary of our experience with the application of positivity designed multivariable controllers for the NASA ACES flexible beam experiment at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Multivariable controllers were designed using sets of rotational sensors/actuators (rate gyros/torque actuators) and linear sensors/actuators (accelerometers/LMED's). Our experience with this set of controllers demonstrated the difficulty of designing controllers with significant modal uncertainty and significant phase uncertainty. With the aid of multivariable scaling techniques these designs were able to ultimately achieve a high level of closed loop damping.
Association of Cell and Substrate Adhesion Molecules with Connexin43 During Intramembranous Bone Formation

Prior studies in our laboratory have demonstrated an association of specific gap junction proteins with intramembranous bone formation in the avian mandible. The purpose of the present study was to extend these observations by determining if there was a relationship between the expression of one of the gap junction proteins examined previously (connexin43) and the expression of specific cell adhesion (CAM) and/or substrate adhesion (SAM) molecules [i.e. NCAM, A-CAM (N-cadherin) and tenascin (tenascin-C)] that have previously been shown to be associated with bone formation. Immunohistochemical localization of connexin43, tenascin, NCAM and N-cadherin was performed on serial sections of mandibles of chick embryos from 6 to 12 days of incubation. Analysis of adjacent serial sections revealed that the NCAM and tenascin immunostaining that appeared initially on the lateral aspect of Meckel's cartilage preceded the overt expression of trabecular bone. At subsequent stages, NCAM and tenascin staining gradually overlapped the region of connexin43 expression. In contrast, the expression of N-cadherin was found to colocalize with that of connexin43 from the first appearance of connexin43 expression. Most significantly, although the domains of NCAM and tenascin expression were initially separate from that of connexin43, bone formation originated only in the region where these domains intersected. These findings suggest that, of the CAMs and SAMs examined, N-cadherin appears to be associated with the establishment of cell contacts responsible for the presence and/or maintenance of connexin43-mediated gap junctional communication, while tenascin and NCAM appear to be associated, in a more specific manner, with processes that accompany the overt expression of the osteogenic phenotype.
INVESTMENT-SPECIFIC TECHONOLOGY SHOCKS AND LABOR MARKET FRICTIONS

This paper studies the implications of technical progress through investment-specific technical change in a business cycle model with search and matching frictions and endogenous job destruction. The interaction between the capital formation needed to reap the benefits of an investment-specific technology shock and gradual labor-market matching, generates hump-shaped, persistent responses in output, vacancies, and unemployment. The endogenous job destruction decision also leads to small but persistent endogenous fluctuations in total factor productivity. Simulations suggest a limited role for investment-specific technology shocks as a source of business cycle fluctuations compared to a standard real business cycle model.
Approximation of the minmax interpolator

We consider approximation of the optimal Yen algorithm (1956) for interpolation from a nonuniformly-spaced grid. Although the Yen interpolator is optimal in many senses, it suffers from severe numerical ill conditioning. We suggest a tradeoff between accuracy in computing the interpolator and accuracy in performing the interpolation. A new interpolator is proposed using Choi's expression (1998) for interpolation error. A strategy is suggested to control the error tradeoff. We also generalize the new interpolator to multiple dimensions. The newly designed sinc-kernel interpolator is compared with the Yen, Choi, and usual sinc interpolator with Jacobian weighting using simulations in both one and two dimensions. We show that the new interpolator is robust. It performs similarly to the Yen algorithm when noise is small and similarly to the Choi algorithm when noise is large.
Pursuing the question of reflexivity in psychotherapy and qualitative methods: The contributions of David L. Rennie

Background This article documents the intellectual contributions of the psychologist David Rennie to the fields of psychotherapy research, qualitative methods and humanistic psychology by tracing the central position of reflexivity across these bodies of work. This work had a profound influence on his field and led to his viewing the fostering of clients’ reflexivity as the central task of psychotherapy. Aims It follows his path as a researcher, beginning with his advancement of grounded theory methods and their application within psychotherapy research. His development of a humanistic experiential person-centred approach to psychotherapy is described as an extension of this valuing of reflexivity and the recognition of the role of clients’ agency within sessions. In addition, the paper reviews the innovative methodological research that led him to propose a model of inferential processes that underlies qualitative research methods and that is rooted in the process of embodied reflexivity. His contextualising qualitative methods within a form of methodical hermeneutics permitted a unifying framework for understanding the logic of qualitative methods.
Small molecule inhibitors of histone acetyltransferase Tip60

Tip60 is a key member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases and involved in a broad spectrum of cellular pathways and disease conditions. So far, small molecule inhibitors of Tip60 and other members of MYST HATs are rarely reported. To discover new small molecule inhibitors of Tip60 as mechanistic tools for functional study and as chemical leads for therapeutic development, we performed virtual screening using the crystal structure of Esa1 (the yeast homolog of Tip60) on a small molecule library database. Radioactive acetylation assays were carried out to further evaluate the virtual screen hits. Several compounds with new structural scaffolds were identified with micromolar inhibition potency for Tip60 from the biochemical studies. Further, computer modeling and kinetic assays suggest that these molecules target the acetyl-CoA binding site in Tip60. These new inhibitors provide valuable chemical hits to develop further potent inhibitors for the MYST HATs.
Processing‐Related Fracture Origins: II, Agglomerate Motion and Cracklike Internal Surfaces Caused by Differential Sintering

Effects of differential sintering kinetics due to differential green density were studied by fabricating agglomerate-powder matrix specimens from two Al2O3/ZrO2 (30 vol%) powders and subjecting them to a cyclic sintering schedule to allow intermittent observations. Low-green-density compacts sintered faster than high-density compacts, although high-green-density compacts reached end-point densities first. Specimens containing low-green-density agglomerates produced circumferential cracklike voids at the agglomerate/matrix interface. Agglomerates with a higher green density than the matrix were subjected to compressive strains by the matrix to produce agglomerate motion when the resulting stress field was non-symmetric. Such agglomerates also produced a variety of cracklike separations. Implications regarding sintering kinetics and end-point densities are discussed. Implications regarding strength of sintered bodies are obvious, viz. strength can be proportional to the square root of the agglomerate size.
Studies of the cellular cure for osteopetrosis by transplanted cells: Specificity of the cell type in ia rats

Spleen cells from normal rats are known to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates within 3 weeks. In this study cell suspensions from liver, thymus, bone marrow, salivary gland, skeletal muscle and brain from normal rats were tested for their ability to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates whose ability to reject these cells had been suppressed by whole-body irradiation. Cells from liver, thymus and bone marrow cured the disease as effectively as spleen cells from normal littermates. Mutants that received cells from salivary gland, muscle and brain remained osteopetrotic. These data suggest that some cell found in spleen, liver, thymus and bone marrow of 10-day-old normal rats, such as a lymphoid cell or stem cell, can restore hemopoiesis and bone resorption in osteopetrotic (ia) rats.
V-line: a new interconnect for packaging and microwave applications

A new transmission line configuration is presented for microwave and high-speed digital applications. The structure consists of a conducting strip over a triangular ground reference and offer superior electromagnetic performance at higher frequencies with lower radiation and lower coupling between neighboring interconnect lines. Parameters resulting from a static analysis are shown as a function of the geometrical characteristics and a full wave analysis is used to establish the frequency dependence of the propagation constant. Experimental results are compared with the theoretical data to validate the analysis and determine the advantages of the new structure.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Histological spectrum of pulmonary manifestations in kidney transplant recipients on sirolimus inclusive immunosuppressive regimens.

After the introduction of novel effective immunosuppressive therapies, kidney transplantation became the treatment of choice for end stage renal disease. While these new therapies lead to better graft survival, they can also cause a variety of complications. Only small series or case reports describe pulmonary pathology in renal allograft recipients on mTOR inhibitor inclusive therapies. The goal of this study was to provide a systematic review of thoracic biopsies in kidney transplant recipients for possible association between a type of immunosuppressive regimen and pulmonary complications. A laboratory database search revealed 28 of 2140 renal allograft recipients (18 males and 10 females, 25 to 77 years old, mean age 53 years) who required a biopsy for respiratory symptoms. The histological features were correlated with clinical findings including immunosuppressive medications. The incidence of neoplasia on lung biopsy was 0.4% (9 cases), which included 3 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 adenocarcinomas, 1 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 1 lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and 2 post transplant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Diffuse parenchymal lung disease was identified in 0.4% (9 cases), and included 5 cases of pulmonary hemorrhage, 3 cases of organizing pneumonia and 1 case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Five (0.2%) cases showed histological features indicative of a localized infectious process. Patients on sirolimus had neoplasia less frequently than patients on other immunosuppressive combinations (12.5% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.03). Lung biopsies in 4 of 5 patients with clinically suspected sirolimus toxicity revealed pulmonary hemorrhage as the sole histological finding or in combination with other patterns. Our study documents a spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in renal allograft recipients on current immunosuppressive therapies. Sirolimus inclusive regimens are associated with increased risk of pulmonary toxicity but may be beneficial in cases of posttransplant neoplasia. The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/3320012126569395 .
Dual Archivist/Librarians: Balancing the Benefits and Challenges of Diverse Responsibilities.

A survey of college and university archivists revealed that their roles and responsibilities are broad and diverse. Archival responsibilities have expanded across the board. For the purposes of this study, survey respondents were divided into two groups: archivists with and archivists without library responsibilities. Archivists with library responsibilities, or dual archivist/librarians, commented on a range of responsibilities that they find both beneficial and challenging. These dual archivist/librarians’ roles and responsibilities are the focus of this study.
The spillover effects of biofuel policy on participation in the conservation reserve program

Abstract This paper studies the spillover effects of rising biofuel production on participation in the Conservation Reserve Program. Landowner participation decisions are modeled using a real options framework. We develop a land use decision model that captures biofuel-driven structural changes in market demand and derive threshold conditions that trigger participation in the program. We then quantify the impacts of biofuel production on participation at both the national and state levels using Monte Carlo simulations. The model is also used to analyze how changes in the persistence of the biofuel production boom and in the volatility of farming returns affect conservation participation decisions. Policy implications of the results are discussed.
Light scattering studies of spleen nucleoprotein

Abstract The nucleoproteins of the interphase nucleus of higher organisms consists of DNA, proteins, and RNA. The organization of these components within this structure is unknown. This investigation was designed to analyze the structure and composition of mouse spleen nucleoprotein. Nucleoproteins were extracted from NYLAR-A/Swiss mouse spleen nuclei using a modification of the procedure of Zubay and Doty (1). The gel product was solubilized by shearing in 0.7 mM KH2PO4, pH 6.8, followed by sonication at various time intervals. The sonicated products contained approximately 30% DNA and less than 1% RNA with the balance as protein. The molecular weights and radii of gyration of the nucleoproteins were determined by light scattering. The molecular weights ranged from approximately 7–20 × 106 daltons, depending upon the sonication period. The DNA extracted from the sonicated products was found to occur in short segments with molecular weights less than 1 × 106 daltons as determined by viscosity. A mass/unit length for the sonicated chromatin was found to be 1800–2000 daltons/A.
PRODUCTION OF SOME METAL POWDERS BY HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSES

AbstractNickel, cobalt, copper, and iron powders can be manufactured by hydrometallurgical processes. It is possible to use a wide variety of materials, including waste solutions, as the metal-containing feed. Estimates of the capital cost of reduction autoclaves and ancillary equipment show the advantage of increasing the scale of the operation from 2 to 50 tons of metal produced per day.A major factor in the economics of producing the powders is the cost of purifying the solutions to give a liquor from which metal of the desired purity can be precipitated. Liquid–liquid extraction does not appear to have been used so far in a refinery in which metal is precipitated by hydrogen. The possible application of the technique is examined briefly.Metal powders can be precipitated directly by reducing with hydrogen some organic phases produced by liquid–liquid extraction of aqueous solutions containing several metals. A suitable solvent mixture is acarboxylic acid with hydrocarbon diluent. The total pressure nec...
Microwave dissipation in single-crystal high-Tc superconductors

We report here detailed microwave-absorption studies on single crystals of both Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O systems. A linear ohmic response is found at microwave frequencies, with the absorbed power proportional to the incident microwave power. The dependence of the signal on the angle between the applied dc field and the {ital c} axis shows that the absorption scales with the magnetic component along the {ital c} axis. A broad maximum is observed in the derivative signal of the absorbed power as the applied field {ital B} is varied at constant temperature. The peak field thus defined shows {ital B}{proportional to}(1{minus}{ital T}/{ital T}{sub {ital c}}){sup 3/2} dependence on temperature. The scaling of the data at different {ital T} and {ital B} gives a universal function for resistivity as {rho}={ital F}({ital B}/(1{minus}{ital T}/{ital T}{sub {ital c}}){sup 3/2}). Inconsistency with the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition is also discussed.
Design of head-mounted binoculars utilizing freeform surfaces

Sandia has designed and prototyped a monocular for the use in a head-mounted system. The all-reflective design approach utilized freeform and aspheric surfaces to surpass the performance available from more conventional reflective designs. The prototyped design demonstrated and validated the design approach, mirror fabrication process, and alignment of the system. The system exhibited a magnification of 6.6 × , a field-of-view of 4.5 deg, and an excellent image quality.
Magnetic vortices in a rotating 3 P 2 neutron superfluid

$^{3}P_{2}$ vortices in neutron-star matter are structurally different from vortices in a $^{1}S_{0}$ superfluid. The most important difference is that $^{3}P_{2}$ vortices have a spontaneous magnetization in the core region directed along the vortex line. We estimate the velocity relaxation time for electron scattering from these vortices and compare our results with those of Feibelman and the observed relaxation times for the Crab and Vela pulsars.
Attribute generality: The development and articulation of attributes in person perception☆

Abstract This research focused on the development and articulation of the attributes given by individuals in describing others. Of special interest was the generality with which the individual uses an attribute to characterize stimulus persons. In the first experiment, free descriptions of eight acquaintances were obtained from 88 subjects; the sample included approximately equal numbers of male and female fourth-, sixth-, ninth-, and twelfth-grade students. These descriptions were content analyzed such that the number of different attributes and the generality of every attribute used by a subject could be determined. Developmental increments in both the number of attributes identified by a subject and the proportion of general attributes identified by a subject were found. A second experiment was undertaken to elucidate the function of the developmental increases in attribute generality. It was found that the articulation of an attribute, the likelihood that fine discriminations among stimulus persons are made in terms of the attribute, is concomitant with the level of generality of the attribute.
Interest Groups and Cultural Protectionism: Apartheid and Public Arts Policies

Apartheid is identified as the outcome of a form of (cultural) protectionism. Understanding the protectionist nature of apartheid in the context of the use of state intervention to protect or promote an interest group, allows one to establish criticisms of this system based on a set of principles. While this analysis provides the means for evaluation of consequences, criticisms based on these principles do not require an evaluation of either the intentions or the consequences of protectionist policies. Most forms of interventionist protection are vulnerable to the same objections which are correctly raised against apartheid. Thus, public choice analysis provides evidence and arguments which suggest that evaluation of interventionist policies should be subjected to stringent criteria.
N-halamine biocidal coatings

Novel N-halamine siloxane and epoxide coatings are described. The coatings can be rendered biocidal by exposure to dilute bleach. Once the bound chlorine is lost from the coatings, it can be regenerated by further exposure to dilute bleach. Synthetic schemes and biocidal efficacy data are presented. The stabilities of the bound chlorine on the surfaces are also addressed. Substrates employed include sand, textiles, and paint. Potential uses for the technology are discussed.
Viewpoint: Making TMDLs work

Further consideration of underlying science and policy issues is needed for the program to work better.
Absorption Barriers in the Rat Intestinal Mucosa. 3: Effects of Polyethoxylated Solubilizing Agents on Drug Permeation and Metabolism

Modern drug discovery chemical libraries contain a large number of molecular entities exhibiting low aqueous solubility, often necessitating the inclusion of solubilizing agents in preclinical models of absorption or metabolism. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of several commonly used polyethoxylated solubilizing agents on P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the rat intestinal mucosa. Atenolol and verapamil were administered in the in situ perfused rat intestine or incubated with rat intestinal microsomes in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 (2% or 20%, v/v) D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS; 100 µg/mL), Cremophor EL® (47.5 µg/mL) or polysorbate (Tween) 80 (25 µg/mL). Effects on the absorption of unchanged drug were minimal, with the exception of Tween 80 which caused a 5.0-fold increase in paracellular absorption. Rat intestinal CYP3A was significantly inhibited by PEG-400 and in situ, exceeded inhibition observed with ketoconazole. Cremophor and TPGS increased the fraction of norverapamil in the plasma, consistent with excipient-mediated inhibition of P-gp. These results suggest that caution be exercised when these solubilizing agents are included in preclinical oral dosing solutions as the perturbation of drug absorption barriers may heighten the risk of incorrectly classifying drug candidate PK-parameters. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:1016–1027, 2010
Heterologous expression of active manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium using the baculovirus expression system

The cDNA encoding Mn peroxidase isozyme H4 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was recombined into a baculovirus and heterologously expressed in Sf9 cells. The recombinant Mn peroxidase has the same molecular weight as the native enzyme as determined by SDS-PAGE and cross-reacts with a Mn peroxidase-specific antibody. The recombinant enzyme has a slightly lower pI than the native fungal isozyme H4 indicating some differences in post-translational modification. Phenol red, guaiacol, and vanillylacetone, substrates of the native Mn peroxidase, are oxidized by the recombinant enzyme. All of the activities are dependent on both Mn (II) and H2O2.
Spatial Dynamics of White Flight : The Effects of Local and Extralocal Racial Conditions on Neighborhood Out-Migration

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three U.S. censuses, we examine how the composition of extralocal areas—areas surrounding a householder's neighborhood of residence—shapes the likelihood that Whites will move out of their neighborhoods. Net of local neighborhood conditions and other predictors of residential mobility, high concentrations of minorities in surrounding neighborhoods reduce the likelihood that Whites will move, presumably by reducing the attractiveness of nearby residential alternatives. Notably, this effect also suppresses the influence of the racial composition of the immediate neighborhood on White out-migration. Recent growth in the size of an extralocal minority population increases the likelihood of White outmigration and accounts for much of the influence previously attributed to racial changes in the local neighborhood. High levels of minority concentration in surrounding neighborhoods also exacerbate the positive effect of local minority concentration on White o...
Characterization of a Novel Adhesin-like Gene and Design of a Real-Time PCR for Rapid, Sensitive, and Specific Detection of Spiroplasma kunkelii.

Wei, W., Opgenorth, D. C., Davis, R. E., Chang, C.-J., Summers, C. G., and Zhao, Y. 2006. Characterization of a novel adhesin-like gene and design of a real-time PCR for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Spiroplasma kunkelii. Plant Dis. 90:1233-1238. Spiroplasma kunkelii, a cell wall-less bacterium, is the causal agent of corn stunt disease. The pathogen is restricted to phloem sieve cells of infected plants and is transmitted by phloemfeeding leafhoppers. Since symptoms of corn stunt disease may not appear until close to flowering time, early detection of the pathogen in disease-transmitting leafhoppers and in symptomless foliar tissues of host plants is critical to disease forecasting and outbreak management. In this study, a field-deployable real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for sensitive and specific detection of S. kunkelii. Nucleotide sequence from a previously unreported adhesin-like gene was used to design primers and a fluorogenic probe. The assay was able to detect the presence of S. kunkelii DNA as low as 5 fg, a sensitivity 100 times more than that of conventional PCR. The assay was found to be highly specific to S. kunkelii, as it did not crossreact with one of the most closely related plant pathogenic spiroplasma species, S. citri. The assay was successfully applied to rapid field detection of S. kunkelii in its plant host and insect vectors.
CHOLINERGIC MECHANISM IN THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION OF THE NEWBORN PIGLET

We have shown that, in newborn piglets, the vasodilatory response to 0.1 μM acetylcholine (ACh) is modest (Δ diam = +9±1% in 45% of the vessels, mean±SE), the predominant response is vasoconstriction to 100 μM ACh (Δ diam = −28±3% in 78% of the vessels), and is associated with release of vasoactive prostanoids. The present study investigates the mechanism of the vasoconstrictor response to ACh in 15 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated piglets by examining a) the cholinergic receptor subtype involved, and b) the potential role of prostanoid release. Using a closed cranial window, ACh (0.1 and 100 μM in CSF) was applied to the pial surface and arteriolar diameter measured with video dimension analysis system. Thirty vessels ranging in diameter from 44 to 204 μm were studied. In five piglets, pretreated with muscarinic antagonist atropine (0.5 mg/kg, I.V.), ACh had no effect on arteriolar diameter (Δ diam=+3±2 and 0±4% at respective concentrations, n=15). In 4 piglets, the muscarinic agonist, methacholine (100 μM), caused vasoconstriction (Δdiam = −15±6%, n=4) while nicotine had no effect. In 6 animals, administration of cycooxygenase inhibitor sodium indomethachin trihydrate (5 mg/kg, I.V.) also prevented the vasoconstrictor effect of 100 μM ACh (Δ diam = −3±2%, n=11). Indomethacin did not reveal a vasodilatory response to 0.1 μM ACh (Δ diam=+3±1%). The data suggest that, in the newborn piglet, the cerebral vasoconstrictor response to the parasympathetic neurotransmitter ACh results from muscarinic receptor activation and may be mediated by vasoactive product of the cyclooxygenase pathway. (NIH #RO1-20337 and #R23-19762-01)
Reference models for standardization

Abstract As the use of computer technology becomes more complex and pervasive, computer standards are being developed to facilitate the interconnection of components and transfer of programs, data, and skills from one environment to another. There are standards activities in the areas of programming languages, database management systems, computer communication protocols, graphics, and software engineering. Since these standards may overlap or interact with one another, there is a need for “standard” methods to help manage the development of standards. One such method is to use a “reference model” (RM) for an area in which standards are to be developed. This paper first defines the concept of a RM. Next, it establishes the need for RMs in standards development. Finally, RMs in database management system (DBMS) standardization are presented to illustrate different approaches in the development and use of a RM.
Neural network architecture for fault diagnosis of digital circuits

A neural network architecture that is capable of assisting as well as providing valuable information in diagnosing faults in digital circuits is presented here. Once a digital circuit has been constructed, it is required to test the circuit in order to find out how well the digital circuit works. The neural network architecture presented here will be useful on a wide variety of circuits, both analog and digital, and efficient for guiding the search and forming fault and test hypotheses in diagnostic trouble-shooting of electronic circuits.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.