cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between inactivation of poliovirus by phenol and appearance of ribonuclease-labile infectivity.

SummaryThe influence of phenol concentration, time, and pH on phenolic inactivation of poliovirus at 0° was studied. A minimal phenol concentration of about 0.5 M was required for removal of all the original ribonuclease-stable poliovirus infectivity. This minimal requirement was influenced slightly by pH; it was lower at pH 4.0 than at pH 6.2 and lower at pH 6.2 than pH 7.4. Amount of inactivation was independent of time of exposure to phenol over range of 0.5 to 240 minutes. Poliovirus populations studied were heterogeneous with respect to phenol-stability, some particles requiring higher phenol concentrations than others for inactivation. Under conditions giving phenolic inactivation of all ribonuclease-stable infectivity, the ribonuclease-labile infectivity was present 0.5 minute after start of reaction and its titer remained essentially constant for at least 4 hours.
What Do We Do With Twitter

This Twitter Research Forum essay by Jimmy Sanderson, one of the leading scholars on social media and sport, considers the reasons why article submissions on Twitter and sport have mushroomed at scholarly journals in sport, communication, and media studies. Sanderson notes that the plethora of research on Twitter and sport has been met with resistance by skeptics, some of whom cite deficiencies that include lack of theoretical sophistication, insufficient explanation of methods, and/or weak arguments for the merit and importance of the research. It is argued that, as Twitter and sport research matures, the frequency of submissions to sport communication journals may lessen as other scholarly outlets become more “friendly” to this topic and research foci broadens. Noting that Twitter is not “different” from communication but rather is communication, the essay encourages progress beyond thematic analysis to look at central questions about stakeholders and issues of power in the sporting context.
A Study of the Superfluid Transition in 4 He Films Adsorbed to Rough CaF2 Over a Large Temperature Range

Roughtwo-dimensionalsubstrates,suchasthermallydepositedCaF2,have been shown to modify the experimental signatures of the superfluid transition in adsorbedthinheliumfilms.Previousexperimentshaveinvestigatedaseriesofincreas- ingly rough surfaces over a limited temperature range and found that the features at the superfluid transition become less defined as substrate roughness is increased. In this work we study the superfluid transition in adsorbed helium films over a wide range of temperatures for a series of CaF2 substrates. Our results show that as the transition temperature increases the abrupt jump in superfluid density at the transition becomes less distinct. The changing characteristics of the transition on a single CaF2 substrate with temperature suggest that the reduced observability of the transition on rough substrates cannot be explained entirely by superfluid drag. We discuss several other possible scenarios which may be relevant to the helium films on CaF2.
Thermal diversities of two Na+/H+ exchanges in guinea pig red cells.

OBJECTIVE To test the effect of hypothermia on Na+/H+ exchange, activated by shrinkage and cytoplasmic acidosis. METHOD Amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx in guinea pig red cells was traced with isotope 22Na and intracellular Na+ concentration was measured by emission flame photometry. RESULT Amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx decreased linearly as a function of temperatures (about 37 degrees C) in shrunken cells, but increased in acidified cells. The up-regulation of acid-induced Na+/H+ exchange by elevated temperature was enhanced by hypo-osmolarity. Less sensitivity of intracellular H+ site at 41 degrees C may be the mechanism for the inhibition of shrinkage-induced Na+/H+ exchange by elevated temperature. Heating-mediated explosive increase in the activity of acid-induced Na+/H+ exchange may be due to enhanced extracellular Na+ sensitivity and lower intracellular pH caused by acidic metabolites. Acid-induced Na+/H+ exchange contributes to cytoplasmic Na+ accumulation. CONCLUSION These two modes of Na+/H+ exchange with different response to elevated temperature may play different roles in the cellular pathogenesis of heatstroke.
A Collection of Characters with the Same Pronunciations of Hancheng Dialect

Hancheng dialect belongs to Fenhe section of central China mandarin.The issues discussed in the paper includes: phonology of Hancheng dialect;characters with the same pronunciations of Hancheng dialect.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Producing β-1,3-glucanase bySchizophyllum commune

β-1, 3-Glucanase was produced by fermentation of Schizophyllum commune Fr. and the fermentation conditions were optimized.The effect of substrate composition, such as carbon, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, on the enzyme production were investigated, the optimumsubstrate was glucose 2%, beef cream 0.3%, NH4Cl 0.1%, MgSO40.05%, KH2PO40.05%. The optimum fermentation conditions was as follows:initial pH 7.0, inoculum concentration 2 mL to 100 mL medium volume in 250 mL triangle flask, temperature 30 ℃, the fermentation period was6 days. The results indicated that the activity of β-1,3-glucanase could reach 15.09U/mL, and the activity of endo-β-1,3-glucanase could reach 4.35U/mL when the Schizophyllum commune Fr was cultured in optimum fermentation conditions.
The Effect of Barium Enema RepositionI in Operation and Prognosis of Pedo-intussusception

Objective To approach the effect of barium enema repositionl in operation curati and oprognostic of pedo-intussusception.Methods To make a cross-check analysis of operation and prognosis for 8 case failing in barium enema reposition and 24 case failing in gaseous enema reduction.Results The campus of operation is effected by the barium,causing barium-lith intestinal obstruction,enterobrosis,ankylenteron,toxic shock an so on,make a direct impact to the result of operation and prognosis.Conclusion Barium enema reposition is unsuitable to the first election of curing intussusception in-operatio.
Biphasic regulation of paracellular permeability in human cervical cells by two distinct nucleotide receptors

The effects of extracellular ATP (ATPe) were characterized in human cervical cells grown on filters. ATPe changed the transepithelial conductance (GT) in a biphasic manner with an initial acute increase of 13 +/- 3% (phase I), lasting approximately 2 min, followed by a sustained decrease of 49 +/- 17% (phase II). ATPe also effected decreases of permeabilities to pyranine and to sucrose, which correspond to the phase II decrease in GT. Both phase I and II effects appear to be mediated by apical nucleotide receptors. However, the phase I effect differed from the phase II effect as follows: 1) a higher 50% effective concentration for ATPe, 22 vs. 3 microM; 2) different nucleotide specificity; 3) lack of influence of pretreatment with pertussis toxin; 4) independence from time in culture after seeding; and 5) involvement of cytosolic calcium, rather than diacylglycerol, as intracellular messenger. These differences suggest the presence of two different types of nucleotide receptors that use different intracellular signaling systems and have opposite effects on the paracellular permeability and electrical conductance. These results suggest that ATPe could regulate cervical mucus production in vivo by regulating the paracellular permeability. Depending on the specific receptors present, ATPe could either increase or decrease mucus production.
Leuprolide acetate lowers circulating bioactive luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations during ovarian stimulation for oocyte retrieval

Levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), bioactive LH, and testosterone (T) were determined in 52 women receiving human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). In 26 women receiving leuprolide acetate (LA) preceding hMG, there was a significant suppression of immunoreactive LH and bioactive LH. The characteristic increase in serum levels of bioactive LH and T were absent. Follicular fluid estradiol and T concentrations, and serum progesterone were not different. The lower circulating levels of T may reflect reduced LH-stimulated androgen accumulation in smaller nonaspirated follicles and may account for the enhanced follicle recruitment observed during LA. The lack of premature luteinization despite marked rises of bioactive LH in the absence of LA is consistent with normal events during the menstrual cycle and was due to the early termination of hMG stimulation.
Randomized target search and its convergence in dynamic multi-layer networks

Modeling and analyzing a randomized target search problem for surveillance and protection in time-dependent, switching multi-layer networks will be considered in this paper. We use a tensor-based modeling approach to characterize time evolution of graph topologies for multi-layer networks. With this multilinear algebraic model, we conduct a global convergence analysis for the proposed randomized target search algorithm in dynamic multi-layer networks. Sufficient conditions to guarantee the global convergence of such algorithms are derived via the new notion of subset matrix paracontraction and some latest results developed based on this notion. This technique can help to determine computationally efficient, stable strategies for protecting hierarchical critical infrastructural networks and enhance its resilience in dynamically changing environments under disruptive events.
Anti-aliasing optical method for Shack Hartmann WFSs

Measurement errors due to aliasing in a Shack-Hartmann WFS are typically 40% larger in variance than the fitting error of an AO system. On bright stars, aliasing is the dominant error within the control radius of the deformable mirror. Wavefront spatial frequencies beyond the WFS’ Nyquist frequency corrupt measurements below this frequency. A common misconception is to think that aliasing primarily affects the higher spatial frequency measurements. But in fact aliasing propagates to the lowest order modes, and corrupts even tip/tilt. There are many examples including the observation that the temporal power spectrum of measured tip/tilt from a WFS does not correspond to Kolmogorov theory. We propose a simple optical modification to a SH WFS (borrowed from the digital video camera industry), and present simulation results showing that the aliasing errors are reduced.
RELATIVELY SELECTIVE BETA IRRADIATION OF LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES IN THE DOG USING Y90-DTPA.

In an attempt to provide relatively selective irradiation of tissues responsible for the homograft rejection response and to minimize exposure of other radiosensitive tissues, we developed a technic using internally administered Yttrium-90 chelated with DTPA (diethylene triamine-pentaacetic acid). Dogs given sublethal doses of Y90-DTPA radiation had a benign clinical course, the only remarkable finding being a selective lymphopenia without depression of granulocytes, platelets, or reticulocytes. Dogs lethally irradiated with Y90-DTPA showed depression of all formed blood elements, and severe depression of lymphocytes was most prominent. As the homograft rejection response appears to be a function of lymphatic tissues, the results obtained suggest the use of this procedure to prepare large mammals for homologous tissue transplantation.
Mechanism of the Transfer of AuCl4– and TOA+ Ions Across the Liquid/Liquid Interface

The Brust–Schiffrin (BS) two-phase method to synthesize nanoparticles has been widely used. In this method, the transfer of tetrachloroaurate (AuCl4–) from aqueous phase into organic phase is the first step. However, the mechanism of the transfer of AuCl4– is still not clear. In this paper, we studied the mechanism of the transfer of AuCl4– across a micrometer-sized interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Our results revealed that the presence of TOA+ can enhance the transfer of AuCl4– from aqueous phase into organic phase. The enhanced transfer of AuCl4– is explained by the shuttling mechanism which has been developed by Laforge et al.
Memantine: A Safe and Tolerable NMDA Antagonist with Potential Benefits in Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract The potent neuroprotective properties of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists have been well established in experimental models of neurological insults in which excitotoxicity is contributory. However, early clinical trials using high-affinity or competitive NMDA antagonists in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke were disappointing due to unacceptable psychotomimetic side effects. Memantine, a moderate-affinity, uncompetitive, open-channel NMDA blocker, appears to provide some clinical benefits in Alzheimer's dementia, while maintaining a relatively safe side effect profile. This chapter reviews fundamental concepts relevant to excitotoxicity in TBI, pharmacological properties of memantine, and studies demonstrating potential benefits of memantine in experimental models relevant to TBI. Use of memantine for acute neuroprotection in TBI warrants further investigation, as does use of memantine for cognitive enhancement in postacute TBI.
Remote fault diagnosis system for power transformer insulation based on RIA model

Currently, the transformer monitoring system has a single, centralized, geographical constraints and other weaknesses. Therefore, distributed remote insulation condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system based on Rich Internet Applications (RIA) model is proposed. Ultra high frequency (UHF) partial discharges (PD), core grounding current and other monitoring methods have been fused together. Relationship between discharge and insulation defects, location and typical causes are established. Discharge pattern recognition and insulation fault diagnosis method fusion pulse waveform and statistical operator are given. Remote on-line monitoring of insulation state and distributed multi-experts collaborative fault diagnosis is implemented.
Program changes are effective and cost‐effective in increasing the amount of oil used in preparing corn soy blend porridge for treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in Malawi

Corn Soy Blend (CSB) porridge is commonly prepared with oil for treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). A recent review recommended that 30 g of oil be used with 100 g of CSB to increase energy density and micronutrient absorption. This study assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of program changes aimed at achieving that target oil:CSB ratio in prepared porridge. Caregivers of children in MAM supplementary feeding programs were assigned to three groups: a control group received monthly rations of 1 L oil, 8 kg CSB in bulk, and social and behavior change communication (SBCC); intervention groups received 2.6 L oil, 8 kg CSB provided either in bulk (Group 1) or four 2-kg packages with printed messages (Group 2), and enhanced SBCC emphasizing the target oil:CSB ratio. Compared to the control, both intervention groups had higher mean added oil per 100 g CSB (18 g, p < 0.01, and 13 g, p= 0.04, higher in groups 1 and 2, respectively), and greater odds of meeting or exceeding the target ratio (28.4, p< 0.01, and 12.7, p= 0.02, in groups 1 and 2, respectively). Cost per caregiver reaching the target ratio was most favorable in Group 1 ($391 in Group 1, $527 in Group 2, and $1,666 in the control). Enhanced SBCC combined with increased oil ration resulted in increased use of oil in CSB porridge in a supplementary feeding program. Modified packaging did not improve effectiveness. However, both interventions were more cost-effective than standard programming.
Improving System-Level Lifetime Reliability of Multicore Soft Real-Time Systems

This paper studies the problem of maximizing multicore system lifetime reliability, an important design consideration for many real-time embedded systems. Existing work has investigated the problem, but has neglected important failure mechanisms. Furthermore, most existing algorithms are too slow for online use, and thus cannot address runtime workload and environment variations. This paper presents an online framework that maximizes system lifetime reliability through reliability-aware utilization control. It focuses on homogeneous multicore soft real-time systems. It selectively employs a comprehensive reliability estimation tool to deal with a variety of failure mechanisms at the system level. A model-predictive controller adjusts utilization by manipulating core frequencies, thereby reducing temperature, and an online heuristic adjusts the controller sampling window length to decrease the reliability effects of thermal cycling. Experiments with a real quad-core ARM processor and a simulator demonstrate that the proposed approach improves system mean time to failure by 50% on average and 141% in the best case, compared with existing techniques.
Fine-structure of the metastable, c3 Πu (1s, 2p), state of molecular hydrogen

Abstract The energy splittings of a single rotational level of metastable parahydrogen have been attributed to spin-orbit, spin-other-orbit and spin-spin interactions. However, there is a discrepancy between this theory and the experimental results in the prediction of the spin-orbit coupling constant. Experiment gives different values for this constant in ortho- and para-hydrogen differing by 2 1 2 %. It is shown that when one properly takes into account the spin-rotational interaction between the electrons and nuclear frame work this discrepancy is resolved.
Direct arylation polymerization of asymmetric push–pull aryl halides

Recently, direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has emerged as a greener polymerization method for donor–acceptor (D–A) type conjugated polymers. DArP, in contrast to Stille or Suzuki polymerization, does not involve organometallic compounds as nucleophiles. This feature makes it feasible to directly use asymmetric aryl halides as monomers for preparing D–A polymers. In this study, we report the design of an asymmetric push–pull thieno-benzo-isoindigo (TBII) based monomer and explore the potential of DArP of TBII. With careful studies on catalytic systems and reaction conditions, we successfully prepared TBII based polymers with high molecular weights. As a control experiment, we also attempted to prepare the symmetric polymer thienoisoindigo-co-isoindigo (PTII-II) via DArP. The result suggested that the use of H-DA-X type monomers is advantageous to achieve high molecular weights in DArP.
Somatostatin did not increase survival or decrease blood transfusions in bleeding esophageal varices

Source Citation Gotzsche PC, Gjorup I, Bonnen H, et al. Somatostatin v placebo in bleeding oesophageal varices: randomised trial and meta-analysis. BMJ. 1995 Jun 10;310:1495-8.
Translating evidence into practice; utilising quality analysis data and clinical care guidelines to improve patient care outcomes.

In response to an initial clinical quality analysis (QA) that identified an unacceptably high rate of surgical correction in patients treated for club foot, a quality improvement (QI) initiative was implemented. Predictors of treatment failure were identified and then utilised to inform outcome targets for a QI initiative and to create momentum for QI changes. The aim of this study is to compare …
Microcystin exposure Exacerbates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) via NOX2 Dependent Activation of miR21-induced Inflammatory Pathways

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an emerging global pandemic with 15% of the cases progressing to steatohepatitis or cirrhosis and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma. Though significant progress has been made in unravelling the pathophysiology of the disease, the effect of environmental and genetic factors in an underlying NAFLD pathophysiology remains unclear. The present report tests the hypothesis that microcystin (MC), a principal component of harmful algal blooms activates Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, crucial mediators in hepatic fibrogenesis via NOX2 dependent pathway in an underlying condition of NAFLD. Mice that had mild steatosis and showed signs of NAFLD were exposed to microcystin via an intraperitoneal route. Results showed that MC exposure led to exacerbation of NAFLD pathology with increased CD68 immunoreactivity, release of proinflammatory cytokines and stellate cell activation, a process that was attenuated in miR21 knockout mice and mice that lacked the p47 phox gene. Mechanistically, immortalized Kupffer cells treated with apocynin or nitrone spin trap DMPO had significantly decreased CD68, decreased miR21 and α-SMA levels signifying the role of NOX2-dedendent reactive oxygen species in miR21-induced Kupffer cell activation and stellate cell pathology. Further, NOX2 dependent peroxynitrite generation was primarily responsible for cellular events observed following MC exposure since incubation with phenyl boronic acid attenuated miR21 levels, Kuppfer cell activation and inflammatory cytokine release. Taken together, we show that MC exposure exacerbates NAFLD pathology via NOX2 dependent peroxynitrite generation by increasing miR21 levels.
Beyond Google: Bibliographic Transformation to Connect Users to Good Content

ABSTRACTAt the 2017 North Carolina Serials Conference, keynote speaker Regina Romano Reynolds—Director, U.S. ISSN Center and Head, ISSN Section at the Library of Congress—explored how bibliographic transformation can connect users to good-quality content. Offering examples of current and potential serials management projects, Reynolds shared her vision for breaking down information silos, experimenting in the resource management space, and the need for visionary leadership.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and follow-up of pacemaker events to identify the etiology and natural history of heart blocks

Background In patients with hemodynamically significant atrioventricular (AV) blocks of unknown etiology, cardiac MRI (CMR) with tissue characterization can provide incremental diagnostic information. Correlation of initial CMR findings with future events recorded by permanent pacemakers (PPM) can characterize the natural history of these serious and potentially life-threatening cardiac conditions. Methods We studied at otal of 78 patients with complete heart block, high-grade second degree heart block and symptomatic bundle branch blocks. In all patients, initial cardiac work-up was non-revealing for potential etiology, and CMR with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was performed. Following CMR, most of these patients underwent clinically indicated PPM placement. The interrogated PPM events were followed up for 1-4 years
Nodal Statistics for the Van Vleck Polynomials

The Van Vleck polynomials naturally arise from the generalized Lame equation $$$$ as the polynomials \(\) of degree \(\) for which Eq. (1) has a polynomial solution of some degree k. In this paper, we compute the limiting distribution, as well as the limiting mean level spacings distribution of the zeros of any Van Vleck polynomial as N → ∞.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS | Overview

Cystic fibrosis (CF) or mucoviscidosis is the most frequent autosomal recessive genetic disorder in people with European ancestry. The classic form of CF results from loss of function mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The gene is localized to the long arm of chromosome 7 and encodes a protein that acts both as a chloride channel and as a regulator of other transporters. Loss of CFTR activity results in a plethora of pathological consequences, suggesting a central role for CFTR in epithelial physiology. The disease is characterized by viscous secretions of the exocrine glands in multiple organs and elevated levels of sweat chloride. The most life-threatening clinical features of CF include chronic bacterial infections of the upper and lower airways, airway obstruction, bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and cor pulmonale. The gastrointestinal manifestations are primarily caused by inefficient exocrine pancreatic function and include meconium ileus, maldigestion, and failure to thrive. Male infertility and reduced fertility in females are also important symptoms in adults with CF. Current therapy focuses on ameliorating the symptoms of malnutrition, airway obstruction, and inflammation. As a result of these symptomatic treatments, the survival improved dramatically. The new therapeutic approaches fall into two broad categories, gene replacement and targeted drug development.
A Neurotoxin Which is Used for Health – How it all Began?

This chapter discusses the history of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic option in medicine starting with early observations of Kerner in 1800s on botulism outbreaks and his recognition of the toxin’s potential for medical use, the discovery of the responsible agent by Van Ermengem in late 1800’s and the major contribution of several basic scientists, Edward Schantz, Karl Lamanna, Eric Johnson and others who purified, developed and produced the toxin for clinical use. Finally, the work of Alan Scott who first introduced the toxin for clinical use and neuroscientists such as Fahn, Jankovic, Brin, Tsui, Comella and others who, through their early high quality clinical trials, found diverse indications for botulinum toxin therapy in clinical medicine are discussed.
Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide.

Abstract Background Recently there has been an increase in Candida infections worldwide. A handful of species in the genus Candida are opportunistic pathogens and have been known to cause infections in immunocompromised or otherwise impaired hosts. These infections can be superficial, affecting the skin or mucous membrane, or invasive, which can be life-threatening. Azoles and echinocandins are antifungal drugs used globally to treat Candida infections. However, resistance to these antifungal drugs has increased in many of the Candida species, and the effects this has in the clinical setting can be seen. Objectives Here, we discuss the mechanisms that Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida auris are implementing to increase resistance to azoles and echinocandins, and how they are affecting clinical, or hospital, settings worldwide. Sources Different studies and papers describing the mechanisms of antifungal drugs and Candida species evolution to becoming resistant to these drugs were looked at for this review. Content We discuss the mechanisms that azoles and echinocandins use against Candida species to treat infections, as well as the evolution of these fungi to become resistant to these drugs, and the effect this has in the clinical settings around the globe. Implications Increased resistance to azoles and echinocandins by Candida species is an increasingly serious problem in clinical settings worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms used against antifungal drugs is imperative for patient treatment.
Somatic mutation panels: Time to clear their names

Abstract With improvements in DNA sequencing technologies and the consequent reduction in costs, next generation sequencing is being utilized increasingly in panel-based testing to perform molecular profiling of tumors. Such tumor-based panels are often referred to as ‘somatic’ panels, but this term is misleading and should not be used, since not all DNA variants within a tumor are somatic in nature. Every cell in a person's body contains that person's germline DNA, including tumor cells. Moreover, tumor samples are invariably contaminated with blood, a tissue that can contain somatic mutations itself in a process now called clonal hematopoiesis. Differentiating between germline variants or tumor-associated somatic mutations versus clonal hematopoiesis can be challenging. In this review, we address how to interpret the results of somatic mutation panels, how to differentiate between germline and truly somatic events, and discuss the importance of this distinction.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Fusobacterium necrophorum Strains Isolated from the Uterus of Dairy Cows with Metritis

A commensal in the gastrointestinal tract, Fusobacterium necrophorum is involved in the pathogenicity of abscesses, foot rot, and metritis in cattle. Here, we present the draft genomes of two Fusobacterium necrophorum isolates from the uterus of dairy cows with metritis to allow for future comparative genome studies.
127-LB: Longevity of the Coated ConvaTec Infusion Set with Lantern Technology

Objective: Current insulin infusion sets are approved for 2-3 days of wear; however, glucose sensors are approved for 7-14 days of wear. A commonly reported reason for discontinuing use of CGM within 1 year is not wanting to wear devices on two sites of the body. Any attempt to create a combined glucose sensor and infusion set for closed-loop control requires a set with greater longevity. The coated ConvaTec Infusion Set with Lantern Technology is a new infusion set with multiple slits and coating intended to reduce foreign body response and occlusion from bending or kinking. Methods: A pilot safety and extended wear tolerability study is being performed at Stanford University. To date, 15 adult subjects on tethered insulin pump therapy using insulin aspart or lispro have completed the study. Each participant places the set and wears it for 10 days or until set failure to establish a maximum length of infusion set wear when 80% of sets are still functional (excluding accidental “pull-outs”). Infusion set failures are based on: (1) Presence of serum ketones with hyperglycemia; (2) Unexplained hyperglycemia, unresolved with correction dose; (3) Signs of infection at the infusion site; (4) Pump occlusion alarm; and (5) Adhesive failure. Results: Two subjects did not meet failure criteria and were excluded. Of the remaining, 6 (46%) wore the novel infusion set the full 10 days and all sets lasted 7 days or more (mean 8.8 days). 3 premature set failures were associated with persistent hyperglycemia unresponsive to correction boluses on days 7-8, 3 with adhesive failure on days 7-9, and 1 with infection on day 9. Conclusions: In our previous studies assessing 353 infusion set insertions for 7 days, average length of wear was 5.1 ± 1.7 days. Thus far, the novel set has demonstrated increased longevity. The duration of wear established in this pilot study will be used to perform a masked, randomized controlled crossover study comparing the coated ConvaTec Infusion Set with Lantern Technology against standard infusion sets. Disclosure R. Lal: Consultant; Self; Abbott. P.K. Schondorff: Employee; Self; ConvaTec Inc. L. Hsu: None. M. Heschel: Employee; Self; Unomedical a/s. B.A. Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Self; ConvaTec Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Profusa, Inc. Consultant; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Research Support; Self; Beta Bionics, ConvaTec Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care.
Fuel and Travel Time Benefits of Simultaneously Optimizing Cruising Flight Levels and Mach Numbers Using Satellite-Based Surveillance and Communication Technologies for Flights in Oceanic Airspace

Flights can achieve a significant amount of fuel burn reduction by simultaneously optimizing flight levels and Mach numbers (FL/M) in the U.S. domestic airspace. Satellite-based surveillance and communication technologies (S&C) have been widely used to improve the flight operations in oceanic airspace. This study estimates the fuel and travel time benefits achieved by simultaneously optimizing cruising FL/M for flights in oceanic airspace. We study the benefits in two cases. In the first case, pilots improve fuel efficiency by optimizing cruising FL/M with the constraint of avoiding conflicts with other traffic. In the second scenario, pilots improve fuel efficiency by optimizing cruising FL/M without the constraint of avoiding conflicts with other traffic. In the first scenario, we estimate that in 2020 airlines can save more than 9 million dollars of fuel and 1,300 flight hours inside the New York Flight Information Region (FIR) only. The corresponding fuel savings in the second scenario can reach about 29 million dollars. The benefit estimates are primarily based on the current air traffic management rules and existing satellite-based S&C in the New York FIR. This study can help airlines and pilots to improve fuel efficiency in oceanic airspace using satellite-based S&C.
Travel writing, visual culture and form, 1760–1900: edited by Mary Henes and Brian H. Murray, Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture, London, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016, xiv+248 pp., $84.99 (ebook), $104.99 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-137-54338-7

This collection, edited by Mary Henes and Brian H. Murray, draws selectively from the massive range of nineteenth-century travel writing to explain particular reciprocal shapings of literary and vi...
What ‘Things’ Did Hitler ‘Get Done’?

In 1932, Mises (apparently referring to himself) declared: ‘Genius does not allow itself to be hindered by any consideration for the comfort of its fellows even of those closest to it … Talent and genius are the gifts of God … why should those be penalized in whose lap Nature has not placed the great gifts of talent and genius? Distribution according to the merits of the individual would open the door wide to mere caprice and leave the individual defenceless before the oppression of the majority.’ In 1932, Hitler expressed similar sentiments in an address to the Dusseldorf Industry Club. Mises praised the Austro-German ‘Anti-Marxism’ ‘movement which ‘has been steadily gaining significance in politics and the social sciences’; Hitler and Hayek were ‘Anti-Marxist.’ Mises and Hayek supported Austro-German Anschluss—which Hitler achieved in 1938. In 1925, Mises criticised the Nazis for not defending ‘capitalism and private property.’ In 1926, Hitler—having previously embraced ABCT—declared: ‘We stand for the maintenance of private property … We should protect free enterprise as the most expedient, or rather the sole possible, economic order.’ Hitler reminded the Dusseldorf Industry Club about the incompatibility of ‘political democracy with private enterprise,’ and Hayek also reflected to James Buchanan and other disciples about the incompatibility of political democracy with private enterprise. According to Mises, ‘The programme of liberalism, therefore, if condensed into a single word, would have to read: property … All the other demands of liberalism result from this fundamental demand … The victory of Fascism in a number of countries is only an episode in the long series of struggles over the problem of property.’ The ‘Fascists’ defined and praised by Mises included ‘Ludendorff and Hitler’—who else but Hitler could Mises and Hayek have supported in the 1932 German federal elections?
Artificial intelligence in digital pathology — new tools for diagnosis and precision oncology

In the past decade, advances in precision oncology have resulted in an increased demand for predictive assays that enable the selection and stratification of patients for treatment. The enormous divergence of signalling and transcriptional networks mediating the crosstalk between cancer, stromal and immune cells complicates the development of functionally relevant biomarkers based on a single gene or protein. However, the result of these complex processes can be uniquely captured in the morphometric features of stained tissue specimens. The possibility of digitizing whole-slide images of tissue has led to the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning tools in digital pathology, which enable mining of subvisual morphometric phenotypes and might, ultimately, improve patient management. In this Perspective, we critically evaluate various AI-based computational approaches for digital pathology, focusing on deep neural networks and 'hand-crafted' feature-based methodologies. We aim to provide a broad framework for incorporating AI and machine learning tools into clinical oncology, with an emphasis on biomarker development. We discuss some of the challenges relating to the use of AI, including the need for well-curated validation datasets, regulatory approval and fair reimbursement strategies. Finally, we present potential future opportunities for precision oncology.
Contemporary Stories of Female Development and the Outer Limits of Maternal Sexuality in Susan Choi’s My Education and Amy Sohn’s Prospect Park West

While liberal sexuality has been integrated into contemporary discursive understandings of female possibilities, barriers remain to representing mothers as sexual beings. This essay explores matern...
Unconventional superconductivity in 3d rocksalt transition metal carbides

Through calculation and analysis of electronic structure and lattice dynamics in 3d transition metal carbides, we identify MnC as a novel compound displaying unconventional superconductivity. Though unstable in the absence of applied pressure at 0 K, MnC may be stabilized above 300 K or 13 GPa due to enhanced t2g orbital overlap or phonon–phonon interactions respectively. In the resulting structure, which adopts a ferromagnetic configuration with magnetization of 1.55 μB per Mn, we predict superconductivity occurring below a critical temperature of 16.2 K. Further investigation reveals this unconventional superconductivity derives from phonon-mediated minority-spin-triplet Cooper pairs, for which competing magnetic order is also suggested to play a role. Consideration of all 3d transition metal carbides yields a holistic explanation of trends in stability and superconductivity. Two unique cases are predicted: (i) FeC, with a critical temperature of 4.0 K, may be stabilized by temperature or pressure, whereas (ii) ZnC, with a high critical temperature of 27.8 K, remains stable at 0 K owing to complete filling and strong localization of its 3d shell. The findings here contribute to the understanding of factors influencing superconductivity, hence forming a basis on which a materials-by-design approach may be utilized for next-generation applications such as spintronic devices.
Civil Disobedience, Punishment, and Injustice

This chapter examines the tension between the justification and the punishment of civil disobedience, and theorists’ common solutions to it, by focusing on two central questions: first, should the state punish civil disobedience? Second, should the civil disobedient accept punishment? It presents the theoretical lay of the land on each of these questions, with particular attention to American jurisprudence on civil disobedience. The third part takes a step back to ask anew, how should we think about civil disobedience? and uncovers some problematic assumptions behind the common theoretical approach to the “problem” of civil disobedience.
Characteristics that make trophy hunting of giant pandas inconceivable

In November 1928, Theodore Jr. and Kermit Roosevelt led an expedition to China with the expressed purpose of being the first Westerners to kill the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The expedition lasted 8 months and resulted in the brothers shooting a giant panda in the mountains of Sichuan Province. Given the concurrent attention in the popular press describing this celebrated expedition, the giant panda was poised to be trophy hunted much like other large mammals around the world. Today, however, the killing of giant pandas, even for the generation of conservation revenue, is unthinkable for reasons related to the species itself and the context, in time and space, in which the species was popularized in the West. We found that the giant panda's status as a conservation symbol, exceptional charisma and gentle disposition, rarity, value as a nonconsumptive ecotourism attraction, and endemism are integral to the explanation of why the species is not trophy hunted. We compared these intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics with 20 of the most common trophy-hunted mammals to determine whether the principles applying to giant pandas are generalizable to other species. Although certain characteristics of the 20 trophy-hunted mammals aligned with the giant panda, many did not. Charisma, economic value, and endemism, in particular, were comparatively unique to the giant panda. Our analysis suggests that, at present, exceptional characteristics may be necessary for certain mammals to be excepted from trophy hunting. However, because discourse relating to the role of trophy hunting in supporting conservation outcomes is dynamic in both science and society, we suspect these valuations will also change in future.
Multi-criteria approach for platelet inventory management in hospitals

In this paper, a multiple criteria approach is proposed for platelet inventory management in hospitals. It has been reported that about 20% of the total platelet collected is outdated due to the short shelf life of platelets and demand uncertainty resulting in severe shortage. A multiple criteria mathematical programming (MCMP) model is developed to minimise three criteria: platelet wastage, shortage, and procurement and holding cost. The MCMP problem is solved using three MCMP techniques; preemptive goal programming (PGP), non-preemptive goal programming (NPGP) and weighted objective methods (WOM). A case study is discussed by applying the model to the daily demand data of platelets. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to analyze the impact of goal priorities in the PGP model and weights in the NPGP model and WOM. Based on the policies obtained under PGP, NPGP and WOM methods, the hospital management can decide the most suitable inventory policy for implementation. From the results, it is recommended that preemptive goal programming technique can be used if few goals are extremely important or given very high priority compared to others and is recommended to use weighted moving average or non-preemptive goal programming techniques if equal importance is given to all the goals.
Renal Artery Stenosis: To Stent or Not to Stent

The column in this issue is supplied by Hassan N. Ibrahim, M.D., director of the Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension in the Department of Medicine at Houston Methodist Hospital and a fellow of the American Society of Nephrology. Dr. Ibrahim joined Houston Methodist in May 2017 after serving as a professor of medicine and chief of nephrology at the University of Minnesota.
Total serum immunoglobulin A in ALS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can have marked phenotypic variability. To date, no biomarker explains this variability. This study tested the hypothesis that immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels migh...
Vertex-minimal planar graphs with cyclic 2-group symmetry

For the positive integer m, let $${\mathbb {Z}}_m$$ denote the cyclic group of order m. Vertex-minimal planar graphs with prescribed automorphism group $${\mathbb {Z}}_m$$ were first considered by Marusic. In particular, when m is odd he produced a vertex-minimal planar graph with $${\mathbb {Z}}_m$$ -symmetry. Marusic then conjectured the order of a vertex-minimal planar graph with $${\mathbb {Z}}_m$$ -symmetry when m is a power of 2; in this article, we prove his conjecture. We conclude by discussing vertex-minimal planar graphs with noncyclic automorphism groups and pose some open questions.
Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification (Interaction)

Bias, confounding, and random variation/chance are the reasons for a non-causal association between an exposure and outcome. This chapter will define and discuss these concepts so that they may be appropriately considered whenever one is interpreting the data from a study. Several types of common bias will be discussed (e.g. measurement bias, sampling bias, etc.) and effect modification (interaction) will be explained.
The Financial Cost of Interprofessional Ambulatory Training: What's the Bottom Line?

Background Team-based care is recommended as a building block of high-performing primary care but has not been widely adapted in training sites. Cost may be one barrier to a team-based approach. Objective We quantified incremental annual faculty and staff costs as well as potential cost savings associated with an interprofessional (IP) ambulatory training program compared to a traditional residency clinic at the same site. Methods Cost calculations for the 2017-2018 academic year were made using US Department of Labor median salaries by profession and divided by the number of residents trained per year. Cost implications of lower no-show rates were calculated by multiplying the difference in no-show rate by the number of scheduled appointments, and then by the weighted average of the reimbursement rate. Results A total of 1572 arrived appointments were seen by the 10 residents in the IP program compared with 8689 arrived appointments seen by 57 residents in the traditional clinic. The no-show rate was 11.5% (265 of 2311) in the IP program and 19.2% (2532 of 13 154) in the traditional clinic (P < .001). Total cost to the health system through higher staffing needs was $113,897, or $11,390 per trained resident. Conclusions Total costs of the IP model due to higher faculty and staff to resident ratios totaled $11,390 per resident per year. Understanding the faculty and staff costs and potential cost-saving opportunities associated with transformation to an IP model may assist in sustainability.
Directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of functionally graded Al-W composites

Abstract Directed energy deposition using laser heat sources (DED-L) is a metal additive manufacturing method that can be used to fabricate functionally graded materials by feeding multiple powder streams directly into a laser-generated melt pool. The composition can be spatially varied by independent control of the materials feed rates. DED-L additive manufacturing is used in this work to create continuously graded Al/W composites that span 0–55 vol% W in Al over length scales from 0.6 to 1.2 mm with individual layers on the order of 0.1 mm and powder particle sizes on the order of 10 µm. The obtained composition and thickness ranges are comparable to those typically achieved using conventional powder metallurgy approaches and enables fabrication of composites to be used as a high impedance graded density impactor (GDI) in dynamic ramp compression experiments to study matter under extreme conditions. DED-L additive manufacturing of a GDI presents an opportunity to reduce GDI fabrication time to less than a day compared to many weeks by conventional methods. It is also possible to scale the deposition by DED-L to essentially unlimited dimensions in the lateral directions, whereas conventional methods become limited.