cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromechanical, self-sensing and viscoelastic behavior of carbon fiber tows

Abstract The electromechanical, electrical-resistance-based self-sensing and viscoelastic stress-relaxation phenomena of unsized binderless pitch-based carbon fiber tows have been observed for the first time, using the elastica loop test innovatively modified with four-probe tow electrical resistance measurement. The resistance increases upon fiber breakage and decreases upon stress-relaxation-related fiber rearrangement. With a fixed tensile strain applied, the resistance decreases with time, levelling off after ∼40 s, due to the relative movement of the fibers causing more fiber-fiber contact as the tow relaxes, and indicating viscoelastic stress-relaxation behavior. Minor fiber fracture and inelastic behavior occur more upon loading than unloading. Strain-controlled fatigue loading results in cycle-by-cycle monotonically increasing fraction of fibers broken. Loop major-to-minor axis ratio increase accompanies fiber fracture, which promotes the inelastic behavior. The increase of the fraction of fibers broken upon strain cycling becomes more abrupt when this fraction exceeds 40% and the ratio exceeds 1.4. This fraction increases monotonically with progressively increasing strain amplitude, being gradual at fraction 4%, with tow failure occurring upon loading from an effectively unloaded state with fraction 22%. For fatigue loading at a relatively high strain amplitude, tow failure occurs upon loading from an effectively unloaded state with fraction 81%.
Identification of the minimum PAR4 inhibitor pharmacophore and optimization of a series of 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles

This letter describes the further deconstruction of the known PAR4 inhibitor chemotypes (MWs 490-525 and with high plasma protein binding) to identify a minimum PAR4 pharmacophore devoid of metabolic liabilities and improved properties. This exercise identified a greatly simplified 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold that afforded nanomolar inhibition of both activating peptide and γ-thrombin mediated PAR4 stimulation, while reducing both molecular weight and the number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors by ∼50%. This minimum PAR4 pharmacophore, with competitive inhibition, versus non-competitive of the larger chemotypes, allows an ideal starting point to incorporate desired functional groups to engender optimal DMPK properties towards a preclinical candidate.
Autophagy and Metabolism in Lymphoid Malignancies

Abstract SCI-26 Cell stress, if left unchecked, leads to apoptosis and autophagy. Both are highly conserved, genetically encoded processes. Apoptosis is a programmed death mechanism, designed to eliminate cells that are defective or no longer needed as part of developmental programs. Autophagy, on the other hand, is a programmed survival mechanism designed to provide cells a temporary source of energy when nutritionally deficient. Since in autophagy (“self eating”) the cell generates energy at the expense of its own organelles, temporary survival leads to death if nutrition is not restored. Both apoptosis and autophagy are induced by glucocorticosteroid hormone (GH) treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Since the main effects of GH on lymphocytes are metabolic, it is likely that apoptosis and autophagy are responses to metabolic stress. Metabolic stress occurs because GH inhibits both glucose uptake and metabolism, as well as calcium signals required for optimal mitochondrial function. Gene expression profiling has provided insight into the complex pathways that mediate apoptosis and autophagy in GH-treated leukemia and lymphoma cells. Ultimately, the balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors determines cell fate. Elevation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim is a critical step in apoptosis induction by GH and is due to GH-mediated repression of a microRNA cluster (miR17-95) that normally represses Bim expression. In metabolically stressed cells, Bim elevation is counterbalanced by a proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, TDAG8, that signals an elevation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, counterbalancing Bim elevation and inhibiting apoptosis. Gene expression profiling also provided insight into the mechanism of autophagy by detecting GH-mediated repression of the Src kinases Fyn and Lck and GH-mediated elevation of Dig2 (REDD1, RTP801). Fyn and Lck interact with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate calcium channel and promote physiological calcium signals. By decreasing Fyn and Lck, GH inhibits calcium signals necessary for optimal mitochondrial metabolism, contributing to autophagy induction. Dig2 is a stress protein that inhibits mTOR signaling. The absence of the Dig2 stress response in Dig2 knockout mice significantly impairs autophagy induction, decreasing lymphocyte survival in GH-treated mice. In summary, both apoptosis and autophagy occur in lymphoid malignancies in response to metabolic stress, as illustrated by the effects of GH treatment. A goal for future studies is to tie these signaling components together into a logical signaling network and to target components of the signaling network for therapeutic purposes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Pathogen reduction co-benefits of nutrient best management practices

BACKGROUND Many of the practices currently underway to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads entering the Chesapeake Bay have also been observed to support reduction of disease-causing pathogen loadings. We quantify how implementation of these practices, proposed to meet the nutrient and sediment caps prescribed by the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), could reduce pathogen loadings and provide public health co-benefits within the Chesapeake Bay system. METHODS We used published data on the pathogen reduction potential of management practices and baseline fecal coliform loadings estimated as part of prior modeling to estimate the reduction in pathogen loadings to the mainstem Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay attributable to practices implemented as part of the TMDL. We then compare the estimates with the baseline loadings of fecal coliform loadings to estimate the total pathogen reduction potential of the TMDL. RESULTS We estimate that the TMDL practices have the potential to decrease disease-causing pathogen loads from all point and non-point sources to the mainstem Potomac River and the entire Chesapeake Bay watershed by 19% and 27%, respectively. These numbers are likely to be underestimates due to data limitations that forced us to omit some practices from analysis. DISCUSSION Based on known impairments and disease incidence rates, we conclude that efforts to reduce nutrients may create substantial health co-benefits by improving the safety of water-contact recreation and seafood consumption.
Graphene Oxide: A Novel 2-Dimensional Material in Membrane Separation for Water Purification

As a newly emerging 2-dimensional (2-D) material with sub-nanometer thickness, graphene oxide (GO) has been widely studied either as a pure/skeleton membrane material or as an additive in and a functional coating on matrix membranes for water purification because of its unique physico-chemico-mechanical properties. Manipulating or incorporating this novel 2-D material effectively into a membrane structure has been shown to significantly improve membrane performance, including increased water permeability, alleviated fouling, improved antibacterial properties, etc., which will eventually lead to lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, and lower maintenance cost. As the pure/skeleton membrane material, GO flakes typically are deposited as a lamellar structure by solution-based coating processes on appropriate porous supports, and nano-channels between GO sheets and sometimes structural defects within GO could be utilized as transport passage. As an effective additive and surface functional coating, GO also shows great potential to improve water permeation, surface hydrophilicity, and chemical resistance. In this paper, the latest studies on the use of GO in membrane application for water purification are reviewed, and potential challenges are discussed. Moreover, possible future research directions to further develop GO or GO-incorporated membranes for water purification are suggested in different membrane separation processes.
A diet containing a high- versus low-daidzein level does not protect against liver steatosis in the obese Zucker rat model

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Obesity increases the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through adipokine dysregulation and inflammation. Previously, we have reported that a high-isoflavone soy protein isolate (HISPI) diet is associated with significantly heavier body weights and reduced liver steatosis in obese Zucker rats (OZR) compared to a casein diet. The objective of this study was to investigate whether daidzein, a soy isoflavone in HISPI, is responsible for increased body weight gain or reduced liver steatosis. We hypothesized that a casein diet containing high daidzein (HD) compared to low daidzein (LD) would mitigate hepatic steatosis in female OZR. We used 19 five-week-old female OZR (fa/fa). Rats were randomly assigned to a modified AIN-93G diet containing HD (0.121 g kg-1 feed) or LD (0.01 g kg-1 feed). Rats were weighed twice weekly. Feed intake was measured once weekly, and kcal per kg of body weight was calculated. After 8 weeks, rats were sacrificed. Serum and livers were collected. Sections of the liver lobe were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Steatosis was semiquantitated as a score of 1 to 4 based upon the relative degree of steatosis within hepatocytes: (1) 75%. Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. Our results did not show significant differences in mean liver steatosis scores, body weights, energy intake, and serum leptin and adiponectin levels between diet groups. In conclusion, daidzein may not be the main component of HISPI responsible for increasing body weight or reducing liver steatosis in OZR.
Weather, hydroregime, and breeding effort influence juvenile recruitment of anurans: implications for climate change

Amphibians that primarily breed in ephemeral wetlands are especially vulnerable to climate change because they rely on rainfall or temperature to initiate breeding and create suitable hydroregimes (water duration, timing, frequency, depth) for reproductive success. Hydroregime effects on reproductive success are likely to differ among species because of differences in reproductive strategies: the length and timing of breeding period, rate of larval development, and timing of metamorphosis. We applied an information-theoretic approach to 22 consecutive years of continuous amphibian trapping data at eight ephemeral wetlands to test hypotheses regarding environmental (hydroregime, weather) and biological (adult breeding effort) factors affecting juvenile recruitment (JR) by six focal species representing four reproductive strategies. We hypothesized that (1) JR by species with similar reproductive strategies would be influenced by similar variables; (2) JR would be higher for all species when models encompassed the maximum time span of potential tadpole occurrence and development; and (3) JR rates within individual wetlands and breeding cycles would correlate most closely between species with similar breeding strategies. The best model for all focal species (except Scaphiopus holbrookii) encompassed the maximum time span and indicated that ≥1 hydroregime variable, total precipitation, or both were important drivers of reproductive success; average air temperature was not. Continuous hydroperiod through peak juvenile emigration was an important predictor of JR for species with prolonged breeding periods, slow larval development, and a “fixed” late spring start date for juvenile emigration (regardless of when oviposition occurred, or cohort age; Lithobates capito, Lithobates sphenocephalus), but not for species with rapid larval development and continual emigration as cohorts complete metamorphosis (Anaxyrus terrestris, Anaxyrus quercicus, Gastrophryne carolinensis, S. holbrookii). Total rainfall was positively associated with recruitment for most species; depth characteristics affected species differently. Annual JR was positively correlated among species with similar reproductive strategies. Our results indicate that weather and hydroregime characteristics interact with reproductive strategies that differ among amphibian species and influence reproductive plasticity, opportunity, and success. Effects of altered weather patterns associated with climate change on amphibian reproductive success may correspond more closely among species having similar reproductive strategies, with critical implications for population trends and assemblages.
Solvent effect in sonochemical synthesis of metal-alloy nanoparticles for use as electrocatalysts.

Abstract Nanomaterials are now widely used in the fabrication of electrodes and electrocatalysts. Herein, we report a sonochemical study of the synthesis of molybdenum and palladium alloy nanomaterials supported on functionalized carbon material in various solvents: hexadecane, ethanol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and Ionic liquids (ILs). The objective was to identify simple and more environmentally friendly design and fabrication methods for nanomaterial synthesis that are suitable as electrocatalysts in electrochemical applications. The particles size and distribution of nanomaterials were compared on two different carbons as supports: activated carbon and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The results show that carbon materials functionalized with ILs in ethanol/deionized water mixture solvent produced smaller particles sizes (3.00 ± 0.05 nm) with uniform distribution while in PEG 400, functionalized materials produced 4.00 ± 1 nm sized particles with uneven distribution (range). In hexadecane solvents with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping ligands, large particle sizes (14.00 ± 1 nm) were produced with wide particle size distribution. The metal alloy nanoparticles produced in ILs without any external reducing agent have potential to exhibit a higher catalytic activity due to smaller particle size and uniform distribution.
Incidence and survival of sinonasal adenocarcinoma by site and histologic subtype

AbstractObjective: To determine the incidence and survival of sinonasal adenocarcinoma (SNAC) by subsite and histologic subtype.Study design: Retrospective database review.Methods: Using the SEER database, we performed a retrospective analysis, identified cases of SNAC diagnosed between 1973 and 2013 and analyzed demographic, histopathology, clinicopathology, and determinants of disease specific survival (DSS).Results: A total of 746 patients with SNAC were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 64 years. Overall incidence was 0.44 per million, and was higher among blacks (O.R.:1.10–2.07:1) and males (O.R.:1.38–2.06:1). Nasal cavity (41.5%) was the most common site, followed by maxillary (26.5%), and ethmoid (17.4%) sinuses. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was less likely than Adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ANOS) to be found in the maxillary sinus (8.8% vs. 30.6%, p < .05). Surgery alone (48.56%) was the most common treatment modality, followed by surgery and radiotherapy (RT) (32.5%), and RT alo...
APP-SON: Application characteristics-driven SON to optimize 4G/5G network performance and quality of experience

Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is an automation technology making the planning, deployment, operation, optimization, and healing of networks simpler and faster. Legacy SON is targeted at network automation and network optimization through certain optimization rules and policies which are globally applied in networks. However, scalable and targeted optimization is not considered yet in 3GPP. Furthermore, SON is driven by performance optimization rather than ultimately improving user Quality of Experience (QoE). The impact of application characteristics on network performance and further on QoE are also not considered in 3GPP SON. This paper presents an application characteristics-driven SON system (APP-SON) to optimize 4G/5G network performance and user Quality of Experience. APP-SON leverages a scalable big data platform for targeted optimization through profiling cell application characteristics in an incremental manner in temporal space. A Hungarian Algorithm Assisted Clustering (HAAC) algorithm and a deep learning-assisted regression algorithm are developed to profile the cell application characteristics and find the targeted KPIs to be optimized for each cell. A similarity-based, parametertuning algorithm is developed to tune the corresponding engineering parameters to optimize the targeted KPIs which further improve QoE. Experimental results demonstrate that the APP-SON system can precisely profile cell traffic and application characteristics to find the targeted KPIs for optimization for each cell. APP-SON can also automatically tune the corresponding engineering parameters to improve the corresponding KPIs, ultimately improving QoE. APP-SON has been successfully implemented in production and applied in a tier-1 operator's 4G network and as a universal SON solution it will be smoothly transitioned and applied in 5G networks for this operator.
What factors predict Fitbit adherence in Stroke and Parkinson disease? (P6.029)

Objective: To investigate predictors of adherence to wearing the Fitbit activity monitor in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and stroke. Background: Exercise and activity improve symptoms of PD and stroke, and aid in primary and secondary stroke prevention. However, adherence to physical activity programs is low and little is known about adherence to daily activity monitoring. Design/Methods: Patients (n=19, age=58.8+/−11, range 37–83Y) with PD (n=12) and stroke (n=8) participated in a pilot study to investigate feasibility and adherence of Fitbit monitoring to track activity between clinical office visits. Results: Comparing PD and stroke, PD patients were more disabled (Rankin; p= .004) but more likely to be employed (p= .03). Stroke patients were more depressed (PROMIS; p=.045), more cognitively impaired (MoCA; p=.02) and had lower numeracy (Subjective Numeracy Scale; p=.03). Fitbit data was collected for 28–53 days (mean=32.9). Patients used the Fitbit for 86% of days and 13.5 hours/day on average. Average steps/day were 6041+/−2797. The only significant predictor of adherence to the Fitbit (% of days used) was medical co-morbidity (r=−.46, p=.047) such that those with greater comorbidity (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale) wore the Fitbit less. Other high correlations with adherence (but nonsignificant) were: PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Medications (r=.57), Self-Efficacy for Managing Social Interactions (r=.46), greater e-Health Literacy (eHEALs; r=.39), and less pain (r=−.37). Adherence showed low correlation (r Conclusions: The strongest predictor of adherence to daily activity monitoring was level of medical co-morbidity. Other determinants of adherence were self-efficacy for managing conditions, e-Health literacy and pain. Age and level of disability did not affect daily use of small wireless monitors to track activity in stroke and PD. Disclosure: Dr. Schrader has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mentis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Phipps has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gruber-Baldini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yarbrough has nothing to disclose. Dr. Von Coelln has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shulman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for AAN Neurology Now. Dr. Shulman has received research support from Biotie Therapies.
The Financial Meltdown of 2008: The Perspective of Jewish Law

One of the great ironies of the financial meltdown of 2008 – which was really more of a values meltdown – is that very few U.S. laws were actually broken. This paper investigates the financial crisis from a different legal perspective – that of Jewish law, using six framing principles: misleading with bad advice; deception and fraud; bribery, both outright and subtle; honest weights and measures; conflicts of interest; and transparency. Each of these is used as a lens through which to view the activities and behaviors that caused the current financial debacle and, in the process, almost totaled the global economy. The paper concludes that Jewish law was violated at every step of the way towards the current financial catastrophe. Had the bankers, auditors, rating agencies, politicians, regulators, and mortgage brokers followed the principles of business ethics described in Jewish law, the global financial crisis would not have occurred.
Fixed Ideals. Compact Spaces

We have seen that in the study of rings of continuous functions there is no need to deal with spaces that are not completely regular. Accordingly, IN THE SEQUEL, ALL GIVEN SPACES ARE ASSUMED TO BE COMPLETELY REGULAR.
Automatic Identification of Quasi-Experimental Designs for Scientific Discovery

We briefly describe recent research on the automatic identification of quasi-experimental designs, a family of methods used in the medical, social, and economic sciences to discover causal knowledge from observational data. These methods are widely used for manual discovery, but recent advances in knowledge representation and databases have made it possible to automate aspects of their use. We report on a prototype system for automatically identifying quasiexperimental designs and suggest future work.
Designing Optimal Algorithms for Solving Banded Triangular Systems on Rings

Parallel complexity results for designing banded triangular solvers are provided. In particular, several lower bounds based on data layout and communication along a ring are derived based on solving such systems using substitution. Lastly, a near-optimal solver for a ring is discussed and provided.
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPY

This chapter discusses the applications of law of initial value (L.I.V.) in pharmacology and therapy. LIV reminds that all the functions of the organism are fluctuating in various degrees. LIV shows that these fluctuations differ in various individuals and under various conditions. It teaches that the momentary level of every function affected by a certain stimulus determines to a very high degree the extent, duration, speed, latency, and even the direction of response; the latter is of greatest practical importance. It highlights that at every single moment, the various functions of the organism are at various levels and directions of activity and will be differently affected by the same stimulus. LIV shows that most responses to stimuli are biphasic or multiphasic, implying overshooting in the opposite direction. It also shows that often the IV determines the degree and direction of response stronger than the dose will and even more than the kind of stimulus applied. The above refers to both function-raising as well as function-depressing stimuli of any kind: chemical, physical, or psychic. The ideal therapy, therefore, must not only consider the somatic constitution, the psychic personality, and the environmental condition of the patient in general. It must pay the greatest attention to the momentary state of the patient at the very moment of the application of treatment.
Security Evaluation Methodology for Software Defined Network Solutions

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has introduced both innovative opportunities and additional risks in the computer networking. Among disadvantages of SDNs one can mention their susceptibility to vulnerabilities associated with both virtualization and the traditional networking. Selecting a proper controller for an organization may not be a trivial task as there is a variety of SDN controllers on the market and each of them may come with its own pros and cons from the security point of view. This research proposes a comprehensive methodology for organizations to evaluate security-related features available in SDN controllers. The methodology can serve as a guideline in the decisions related to SDN choice. The proposed security assessment follows a structured approach to evaluate each layer of the SDN architecture and each metrics defined in presented research has been matched with the security controls defined in NIST 800-53. Through the tests on actual controllers the paper provides an example on how the proposed methodology can be used to evaluate existing SDN solutions.
Are community health workers cost-effective for childhood vaccination in India?

Abstract Introduction Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are female community health workers whose primary role is to promote utilization of primary healthcare services and improve sanitation in rural areas and are financially incentivized for services provided. Prior studies evaluating ASHAs have been largely qualitative, and assess their knowledge, skills, and practice. Globally, there have been very few studies that have quantitatively assessed community health workers. We analyzed the cost effectiveness of ASHAs in facilitating measles vaccination among children under 5 years during 2012–2013. Methods We utilized Markov modeling simulating a cohort of children in villages with and without ASHAs. We extrapolated the health states to a lifetime of 68 years to estimate the effects of ASHA intervention. Measles vaccination rates were obtained from 2013 District Level Household and Facilities Survey 4. Other parameter estimates were obtained from a review of relevant literature. Results ASHA intervention was highly cost effective at $162 per DALY averted compared to no ASHA and remained cost effective with the ASHA incentive increased from $2 to $15, across the range of probabilities and cost parameters. Analyses were sensitive to probability of death due to childhood pneumonia, susceptibility to measles after one dose measles vaccine, and probability of pneumonia after measles infection. Conclusion ASHAs were cost-effective under a wide range of scenarios even when a single health outcome such as measles vaccination was considered. The Government of India and individual state governments of India should consider increasing the incentives provided to ASHAs.
Masking of short tones in noise: Evidence for envelope-based, rather than energy-based detection

The “temporal effect” in simultaneous masking may be characterized by better probe detection thresholds for a short, tonal probe presented at the temporal center of a masker compared to at the onset of a masker. Energy-based models of masking have been used to interpret the temporal effect as evidence that the gain of the auditory system decreases during acoustic stimulation. This study shows that masking from temporal-envelope fluctuations of a precursor or from a temporal gap between stimuli violates the assumptions of energy-based models and complicates the interpretation of temporal effects in terms of a reduction in gain. Detection thresholds were measured for a 6-ms, 4000-Hz probe preceded by a narrowband precursor and presented 2-, 197-, or 392-ms after the onset of a narrowband masker. The delay between the precursor offset and masker onset ranged from −2 to 250 ms. Probe thresholds were elevated in the presence of precursors with fluctuating compared to flattened temporal envelopes and when a temporal gap was inserted between the precursor and masker. The results suggest that the interpretation and design of temporal-effect studies should consider the masking effects of temporal-envelope fluctuations. These findings are consistent with speech-perception experiments that show masking from temporal-envelope fluctuations.
Gas Gun Flyer Plate Impact Testing of Stainless Steel Deposited by Low Pressure Plasma Spraying and Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying

Understanding shock wave propagation behavior in coatings is valuable for predicting their performance in high-velocity impacts. Samples of stainless steel were deposited by low pressure plasma spray and cold gas dynamic spraying. The sound speeds of the deposits were measured, and the deposits were tested in flyer plate impact tests in a gas gun to determine the shock propagation and porosity compaction properties. The most porous sample was tested to determine its equation of state, while the other samples were tested to measure shock wave profiles as a function of deposition parameters. Comparison of the results between the coatings and to reference wrought stainless steel shows the effect of deposition conditions on the dynamic behavior of the deposits. Higher deposit density leads to higher sound speed. The shock speed for the highest porosity plasma sprayed deposit was below that of wrought stainless steel. The Hugoniot elastic limit stress for cold sprayed deposits is higher than that for plasma sprayed deposits due to the higher degree of cold work. Porosity crush up times were found to vary with the total porosity of the deposit. Better understanding of the behavior of these deposits under extreme impact conditions is demonstrated.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Workforce-2018.

Purpose Results of the 2018 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings pertaining to the pharmacy workforce are presented. Methods Pharmacy directors at 4,897 general and children's medical-surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed using a mixed-mode method of contact by mail and email. Survey completion was online. IMS Health supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from the IMS hospital database. Results The survey response rate was 16.6%. The results indicate that inpatient staffing has increased for both pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. More than half of the respondents reported shortages of pharmacy managers, experienced technicians, and experienced pharmacy technicians with sterile compounding experience. More than half of the respondents reported an excess of entry-level frontline pharmacists. The perceived shortage of pharmacists is in decline, while the perceived shortage of pharmacy technicians, especially those with years of experience, is increasing. Pharmacists commonly chair multidisciplinary committees within health systems, and pharmacy leaders often report directly to the chief executive officer or chief operating officer; they are often responsible for reporting quality information associated with medication use to the health system's board. The use of a pharmacist credentialing and privileging process beyond licensure has increased over the past 4 years. Attention is being devoted to stress in the work place and addressing burnout among healthcare professionals, including pharmacists. Conclusion The profession is fostering a workforce that is appropriate in composition, sufficient in number, and has the competence to improve the value and safety of medication use.
Wake behind a three-dimensional dry transom stern. Part 2. Analysis and modelling of incompressible highly variable density turbulence

We analyse the turbulence characteristics and consider the closure modelling of the air entraining flow in the wake of three-dimensional, rectangular dry transom sterns obtained using high-resolution implicit large eddy simulations (iLES) (Hendrickson et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 875, 2019, pp. 854–883). Our focus is the incompressible highly variable density turbulence (IHVDT) in the near surface mixed-phase region .
Stop Epenthesis in English

Some phonologists have claimed that the insertion of a stop between a sonorant and a fricative consonant in syllable-final sonorant–fricative clusters follows from universal constraints on the human speech perception and production mechanism. Others have claimed that the intrusive stops are products of language or dialect specific phonological rules that are stated in the grammar. In this experiment we examined the production of sonorant–fricative and sonorant–stop–fricative clusters by two groups of English speakers. One spoke a South African dialect and the other an American mid-western dialect. The words tested ended in clusters of [n] or [l] plus [s] or [ts] and their voiced counterparts. Spectrographic analysis revealed that the South African speakers maintained a clear contrast between sonorant–fricative and sonorant–stop–fricative clusters. The American speakers always inserted stops after the sonorant if the fricative was voiceless, but when the fricative was voiced, they more often omitted the stop in underlying clusters containing a stop (/ldz/ or /ndz/) but sometimes inserted a stop in clusters such as /nz/ or /lz/. Measurements of the durations of the vowels, sonorants, stops and the final fricatives were made from the spectrograms. The inserted stop in the American productions was significantly shorter than the underlying one and its presence also affected the duration of the preceding nasal. This incomplete neutralization is similar to other cases reported in the literature. It is proposed here that cases of incomplete neutralization result from the application of language-specific rules that we call phase rules which govern articulatory timing. These rules sometimes appear to yield results very similar to those of segmental phonological rules.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Myeloid Hematologic Malignancies

In the majority of patients with myeloid hematologic malignancies, the neoplastic cells have acquired clonal chromosomal abnormalities. A number of specific cytogenetic abnormalities have been recognized that are very closely, and often uniquely, associated with morphologically and clinically distinct subsets of these diseases. The detection of one of these recurring abnormalities can be quite helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis and can add information of prognostic importance. In addition, the appearance of new abnormalities in the karyotype of a patient under observation often signals a change in the pace of the disease, usually to a more aggressive disorder.
Are We Meeting the Demand for Pharmacist-Led Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs during Postgraduate Training-Year 1 (PGY1)?

In the United States of America, pharmacists play a pivotal role in antimicrobial stewardship; training from postgraduate residency may hone knowledge and skills gained from didactic pharmacy education. Specifically, the first year of postgraduate training, the learner may become an “everyday steward in training” and may go on to complete a second year in infectious diseases. However, there are a limited number of second year infectious diseases programs. The current demand for pharmacist to participate in and or lead stewardship is disproportionate to available specialized training. The first year of post-graduate training has to be setup to ensure appropriate preparation, so newly trained pharmacist may help meet the demand. Currently, no clear standards exist for training in the first year. The purpose of this study is to survey the nature of stewardship training performed by first year residents from the perspective of residency program directors and preceptors. A 13-question online survey was distributed to examine resident exposure to antimicrobial stewardship activities. Survey data from targeted residency directors and preceptors were analyzed. A third of the programs required it as a mandatory rotation. Resident’s stewardship activities ranged from program to program; there was not consensus of the training activities.
Transcervical Tissue Extraction at the Time of Laparoscopic Myomectomy

Study Objective To demonstrate a minimally invasive myoma tissue extraction technique following laparoscopic myomectomy in a patient with a dilated cervix. Design Surgical video. Setting Surgery occurred in an academic medical center. The patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy position. A uterine manipulator was used. Patients or Participants A 33-year-old nulligravida presented to the office with a 9-month history of abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain, unimproved by medical management and abdominal myomectomy performed 6 months prior. She had required multiple blood transfusions since surgery. She was using enoxaparin due to an active DVT. On examination, her uterus was 19 weeks in size and the cervix was 1.5cm dilated around a 6cm intracervical fibroid. MRI revealed multiple Type 1 and 2 fibroids. Interventions On laparoscopy, an incision was made on the uterine fundus and carried down to the endometrium, which was intentionally opened to reveal numerous submucosal fibroids. Working from the fundus to cervix, fibroids were successively enucleated. Eventually, the aborting cervical fibroid was laparoscopically extracted. Several fibroids were then removed via transcervical extraction. A laparoscopic tenaculum was passed through the dilated cervix and into the abdominal cavity through the hysterotomy. Fibroids were sequentially transferred to the transcervical instrument and extracted intact through the cervix. A total of 16 fibroids were removed and the myometrium was closed in 3 layers. A Foley catheter was placed in the endometrial cavity. Measurements and Main Results Uterine Foley was removed on POD#7. Two weeks after surgery, the patient reported significant improvement in bleeding and pain. Hemoglobin rose from 8.3 (POD#1) to 9.5. Conclusion Laparoscopic myomectomy is an alternative to hysteroscopic myomectomy in cases of numerous or large submucosal leiomyomas. Our transcervical tissue extraction technique saves operative time when both a dilated cervix from a prolapsing fibroid and extensive submucosal disease are present.
Multispectral Thermal Management Designs for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

The energy consumption of building for heating and cooling accounts for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the world. Owing to the rapid progress in nanophotonic materials, innovative tec...
Media Coverage and The Stock Market: What Is the Real Cost of Congress?

This paper demonstrates a strong inverse connection between daily stock returns and Congress in session. Our key conjecture is when Congress is in session, more media attention focuses on congressional activity than on the stock market; the more the news attention is political, the lower the demand for stock, which consequently impacts asset pricing. We find support for this hypothesis using text-based search data from Factiva; irrespective of the day Congress is in session, the stock market is 0.059% more likely to drop. Furthermore, the overall impact of in-session congressional activity varies across sectors and by Congress job approval ratings.
Energy-optimal trajectory problems in relative motion solved via Theory of Functional Connections

Abstract In this paper, we present a new approach for solving a broad class of energy-optimal trajectory problems in relative motion using the recently developed Theory of Functional Connections (TFC). A total of four problem cases are considered and solved, i.e. rendezvous and intercept with fixed and free final time. Each problem is constrained and formulated using an indirect approach which casts the optimal trajectory problem as a system of linear or nonlinear two-point boundary value problems for the fixed and free final time cases, respectively. Using TFC, we convert each two-point boundary value problem into an unconstrained problem by analytically embedding the boundary constraints into a “constrained expression.” The latter includes a free-function that is expanded using Chebyshev polynomials with unknown coefficients. Regardless of the values of the unknown coefficients, the boundary constraints are satisfied and simple optimization schemes can be employed to numerically solve the problem (e.g. linear and nonlinear least-square methods). To validate the proposed approach, the TFC solutions are compared with solutions obtained via an analytical based method as well as direct and indirect numerical methods. In general, the proposed technique produces solutions to machine level accuracy. Additionally, for the cases tested, it is reported that computational run-time within the MATLAB implementation is lower than 28 and 300 ms for the fixed and free final time problems respectively. Consequently, the proposed methodology is potentially suitable for on-board generation of optimal trajectories in real-time.
Comparing the impact of unhealthy behaviors and preventive services on chronic health outcomes

Chronic health outcomes are a leading cause of death and disability, and also prominent drivers of health care costs. Most chronic health outcomes can be attributed to a few risky behaviors. It is believed that chronic health outcomes and their burdens can be alleviated by the use of clinical preventive services. This paper seeks to assess the relative influence of unhealthy behaviors and preventive services on chronic health outcomes using the 500 Cities data. The approach comprises of three-way clustering of the 500 cities, one each based on health outcomes, preventive services, and unhealthy behaviors, and then measuring the pairwise similarity between the clustering solutions based on health outcomes and preventive services, and health outcomes and unhealthy behaviors. A variant of the Rand Index is defined to assess this clustering similarity. Higher similarity between clusterings based on health outcomes and unhealthy behaviors compared to the clusterings based on health outcomes and preventive services is observed. These findings suggest a greater influence of unhealthy behaviors over preventive services on chronic health outcomes. The paper concludes with a question of whether investing in facilitating healthier lifestyle choices will yield a higher return towards promoting health as opposed to investing in improving access to preventive services.
A Machine Learning Approach for Detecting and Classifying Jamming Attacks Against OFDM-based UAVs

In this paper, a machine learning (ML) approach is proposed to detect and classify jamming attacks on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Four attack types are implemented using software-defined radio (SDR); namely, barrage, single-tone, successive-pulse, and protocol-aware jamming. Each type is launched against a drone that uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication to qualitatively analyze its impacts considering jamming range, complexity, and severity. Then, an SDR is utilized in proximity to the drone and in systematic testing scenarios to record the radiometric parameters before and after each attack is launched. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), energy threshold, and several OFDM parameters are exploited as features and fed to six ML algorithms to explore and enable autonomous jamming detection/classification. The algorithms are quantitatively evaluated with metrics including detection and false alarm rates to evaluate the received signals and facilitate efficient decision-making for improved reception integrity and reliability. The resulting ML approach detects and classifies jamming with an accuracy of 92.2% and a false-alarm rate of 1.35%.
Mitochondria-targeted drugs and immune function

Abstract The mitochondrion has been known for a long time to exert a central and vital role in the aerobic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. More recently, this organelle has been receiving substantial attention as a potential target for therapeutics, especially for cancer treatment. The knowledge of key structural and functional features of mitochondria allows scientists to develop several mitochondria-targeted drugs, from mitochondria-directed conventional drugs to nanoplatforms conjugated to mitochondria-targeted molecules and photosensitizers. Furthermore, multifunctional nanoplatforms targeting mitochondria and simultaneously eliciting immune responses have been explored as potential immunomodulators to be developed as vaccines or vaccine adjuvants. In this chapter, we present a brief overview of mitochondria and immunity focusing on the recent development of nanoparticle-based mitochondrial-targeted drugs.
Using Plasma Structures to Control the Polarization of High-Intensity Laser Beams

Overlapped laser beams in plasma interact via the density grating they generate. We demonstrate how to use this phenomenon to control the polarization of high-intensity laser beams that would damage traditional optical elements.
The Effects Of Self-Efficacy, Assertive-ness, Stress, And Gender On Intention To Turnover In Public Accounting

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of these variables on intention to turnover among public accountants, and to suggest ways to improve retention of both male and female accountants in public practice. Results indicate that self-efficacy had a direct, positive relationship with male public accountants’ intention to turnover; whereas, self-efficacy had no significant relationship with females’ intentions to turnover. Assertiveness had a direct, positive relationship with female public accountants’ intentions to turnover, but had no significant relationship with male public accountants’ intention to turn over. In addition, evidence presented in this paper demonstrates that while stress is higher among female public accountants, and is related to intention to turnover for both genders, intention to turn over is not higher among female public accountants than male public accountants.
Stata tip 63: Modeling proportions

You may often want to model a response variable that appears as a proportion or fraction: the share of consumers’ spending on food, the fraction of the vote for a candidate, or the fraction of days when air pollution is above acceptable levels in a city. To handle these data properly, you must take account of the bounded nature of the response. Just as a linear probability model on unit record data can generate predictions outside the unit interval, using a proportion in a linear regression model will generally yield nonsensical predictions for extreme values of the regressors. One way to handle this for response variables’ values strictly within the unit interval is the logit transformation y = 1