cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of sanitizer treatments in inactivation of Salmonella spp. from bell pepper, cucumber, and strawberry

Four different postharvest treatments for removal of Salmonella from bell pepper and cucumber were examined, including washes with chlorinated water (HOCl; 200 ppm), acidified sodium chlorite (ASC; 1200 ppm), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 75 ppm), and treatment with gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ; total 100 mg). Only ClO 2 gas was evaluated for decontamination of strawberries. Each produce was inoculated with approximately 1.0 x 10 7 colony-forming units (CFU) of a 5-serovar cocktail of Salmonella on artificially created wounds, smooth surfaces, and stem scar tissue. For tests involving smooth surface inoculation, ASC and PAA treatments decreased contamination to undetectable levels on bell pepper and cucumber, while the chlorine treatment of bell pepper reduced contamination by approximately 2-logs. For stem scar contamination on bell pepper, ASC and PAA treatments both showed >2-log unit reductions, and chlorine treatment showed a <1-log unit reduction. For puncture wounds on bell pepper, HOCl, ASC, and PAA treatments reduced bacterial levels approximately 2-, 3-, and 1-log units, respectively, indicating that HOCl and ASC were more effective than PAA. These aqueous treatments of cucumber with puncture wounds reduced bacterial levels approximately 1-, 2-, and 2-log units, respectively. ClO 2 treatment decreased counts to undetectable levels on all inoculation sites on cucumber and on strawberry smooth surfaces, but failed to completely eliminate Salmonella from bell pepper and from the stem scar and the puncture wounds of strawberry. ASC treatment of bell pepper and ClO 2 gas treatments of cucumber showed the best efficiency for inactivation of Salmonella. ClO 2 treatments effectively reduced Salmonella cells inoculated on the smooth surface and stem scar of strawberries compared with unsanitized control.
Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method

A major line of evidence that supports the hypothesis of dopamine overactivity in schizophrenia is the psychomimetic potential of agents such as amphetamine that stimulate dopamine outflow. A novel brain imaging method provides an indirect measure of in vivo synaptic dopamine concentration by quantifying the change in dopamine receptor radiotracer binding produced by agents that alter dopamine release but do not themselves bind to dopamine receptors. The purpose of this investigation is (i) to determine the sensitivity (i.e., amount of dopamine reflected in radiotracer binding changes) of this method by examining the relationship between amphetamine-induced changes in simultaneously derived striatal extracellular dopamine levels with in vivo microdialysis and striatal binding levels with the dopamine D2/D3 positron-emission tomography radioligand [11C]raclopride in nonhuman primates, and (ii) to test the hypothesis of elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine levels in schizophrenia. In the nonhuman primate study (n = 4), doubling the amphetamine dose produced a doubling in [11C]raclopride specific binding reductions. In addition, the ratio of percent mean dopamine increase to percent mean striatal binding reduction for amphetamine (0.2 mg/kg) was 44:1, demonstrating that relatively small binding changes reflect large changes in dopamine outflow. In the clinical study, patients with schizophrenia (n = 11) compared with healthy volunteers (n = 12) had significantly greater amphetamine-related reductions in [11C]raclopride specific binding (mean ± SEM): −22.3% (±2.7) vs. −15.5% (±1.8), P = 0.04, respectively. Inferences from the preclinical study suggest that the patients’ elevation in synaptic dopamine concentrations was substantially greater than controls. These data provide direct evidence for the hypothesis of elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations in schizophrenia.
Intergenerational Mobility and Inequality: The Latin American Case*

Prompted by new data and a renewed concern about equality of opportunity, the study of intergenerational mobility has flourished in Latin America in the past decade. Although analysis is still restricted to a handful of countries, one conclusion appears clear: Intergenerational income mobility is weaker in Latin America than in industrial countries and is characterized by “persistence at the top,” a pattern consistent with the high levels of economic concentration in the region. However, social class mobility in Latin America does not differ from that in the industrialized world. This essay reviews two generations of mobility research since the 1960s, takes stock of current findings on economic and class mobility in Latin America, examines the linkages between mobility and macro-level factors, and engages a new literature on equality of opportunity. I suggest that the comparative understanding of mobility in Latin America can inform and inspire research in the industrialized world.
Roles of the 2 microns gene products in stable maintenance of the 2 microns plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We have examined the replication and segregation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 microns circle. The amplification of the plasmid at low copy numbers requires site-specific recombination between the 2 microns inverted repeat sequences catalyzed by the plasmid-encoded FLP gene. No other 2 microns gene products are required. The overexpression of FLP in a strain carrying endogenous 2 microns leads to uncontrolled plasmid replication, longer cell cycles, and cell death. Two different assays show that the level of Flp activity decreases with increasing 2 microns copy number. This regulation requires the products of the REP1 and REP2 genes. These gene products also act together to ensure that 2 microns molecules are randomly segregated between mother and daughter cells at cell division.
Serum vitamin D metabolites and intestinal calcium absorption efficiency in women

Background: Vitamin D sufficiency may be determined by the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] that results in maximal intestinal calcium absorption efficiency. However, some investigators questioned whether 25(OH)D concentrations above the concentrations associated with rickets or osteomalacia influence calcium absorption. Objective: We determined whether calcium absorption efficiency is related to serum 25(OH)D or serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentrations. Design: We measured calcium absorption efficiency in 492 black and white healthy women (age range: 20–80 y) by the single-isotope method with 45Ca. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by a radioreceptor assay. Other relevant measurements included concentrations of serum 1,25(OH)2D, serum parathyroid hormone, serum creatinine, and serum estradiol, calcium intake, and bone mineral density. Results: There was no relation between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and calcium absorption efficiency. In development of a multivariate model, the 4 major determinants of calcium absorption efficiency were menopausal status, calcium intake, and serum estradiol and serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations. There was an interaction between serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D concentrations on calcium absorption efficiency. The relation between calcium absorption and 1,25(OH)2D was positive, and this relation was stronger for lower concentrations of 25(OH)D than for higher concentrations of 25(OH)D. Conclusion: The relation of serum 25(OH)D to calcium absorption is not useful as an indicator of vitamin D sufficiency.
Chlamydia pneumoniae as a Candidate Pathogen in Multiple Sclerosis

Establishing the etiology of MS continues to be a difficult problem. The polygenic inheritance pattern, varying clinical features, heterogeneity of the clinical course, and environmental factors all must be considered when considering a putative infectious agent in MS. Nonetheless, the infectious nature of MS is inescapable. It may be that MS is a syndrome similar to pneumonia and more than one etiologic infectious agent may be involved. This would account for the heterogeneity of the disease. Host genes may further modulate disease expression as seen with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS. The recent sequencing of the human genome may allow for more rapid identification of host genetic factors that could interact in some fashion with an infectious pathogen(s) to result in the cascade of events that we identify as inflammatory demyelinating disease pathologically and multiple sclerosis clinically.
Minding Patent Infringement

The Patent Act of 1952 provides at 35 U.S.C. § 271(b) that "[w]hoever actively induces infringement of a patent shall be liable as an infringer." This provision codified long-standing precedent deriving from tort law that those who aid and abet direct patent infringement shall be liable for indirect infringement. Contrary to the views of most scholars, opinions from the Supreme Court and lower courts from the mid-19th century through the passage of the 1952 Act repeatedly held that aiding and abetting direct patent infringement solely required specific intent merely to further the acts that constituted direct infringement, and did not require knowledge of the patent-in-suit. Because Congress codified this precedent, the Supreme Court should find in the pending Global-Tech v. SEB case that Section 271(b) does not require the inducer to know of the applicable patent. Importantly, this result is sensible as a policy matter. First, it places system and method patent claims on more equal footing. Second, it eliminates a strategy of "willful blindness," whereby potential indirect infringers forgo searching for patents prior to undertaking their potentially infringing behavior - even when it is not costly to do so - to avoid charges of indirect infringement. Third, for those infringers that are aware of patents prior to infringement, it ends the self-serving and generally meaningless "opinion of counsel" defense strategy, whereby outside counsel immunize indirect infringers by writing conclusory - but usually outcome-determinative - letters stating that the patent-at-issue is not infringed, invalid, or unenforceable.
The Changing Landscape of Molecular Diagnostic Testing: Implications for Academic Medical Centers

Over the last decade, the field of molecular diagnostics has undergone tremendous transformation, catalyzed by the clinical implementation of next generation sequencing (NGS). As technical capabilities are enhanced and current limitations are addressed, NGS is increasingly capable of detecting most variant types and will therefore continue to consolidate and simplify diagnostic testing. It is likely that genome sequencing will eventually serve as a universal first line test for disorders with a suspected genetic origin. Academic Medical Centers (AMCs), which have been at the forefront of this paradigm shift are now presented with challenges to keep up with increasing technical, bioinformatic and interpretive complexity of NGS-based tests in a highly competitive market. Additional complexity may arise from altered regulatory oversight, also triggered by the unprecedented scope of NGS-based testing, which requires new approaches. However, these challenges are balanced by unique opportunities, particularly at the interface between clinical and research operations, where AMCs can capitalize on access to cutting edge research environments and establish collaborations to facilitate rapid diagnostic innovation. This article reviews present and future challenges and opportunities for AMC associated molecular diagnostic laboratories from the perspective of the Partners HealthCare Laboratory for Molecular Medicine (LMM).
Finding the needle in a haystack: identification of cases of Lynch syndrome with MLH1 epimutation

Constitutional epimutation of the DNA mismatch repair gene, MLH1, represents a minor cause of Lynch syndrome. MLH1 epimutations are characterized by the soma-wide distribution of methylation of a single allele of the MLH1 promoter accompanied by constitutive allelic loss of transcription. 'Primary' MLH1 epimutations, considered pure epigenetic defects, tend to arise de novo in patients without a family history or any apparent genetic mutation. These demonstrate non-Mendelian inheritance. 'Secondary' MLH1 epimutations have a genetic basis and have been linked to non-coding genetic alterations in the vicinity of MLH1. These demonstrate autosomal dominant inheritance. Despite convincing evidence of their role in causing Lynch-type cancers, routine screening for MLH1 epimutations has not been widely adopted. Complicating factors may include: the need to perform additional methylation-based testing beyond the standard genetic screening for a germline mutation; the lack of a consensus algorithm for the selection of patients warranting MLH1 epimutation testing; overlapping molecular pathology features of MLH1 methylation and loss of MLH1 expression with more prevalent sporadic MSI cancers; the rarity of MLH1 epimutation; the variable inter-generational inheritance patterns; and the cost-effectiveness of screening. Nevertheless, a positive molecular diagnosis of MLH1 epimutation is clinically important because carriers have a high personal risk of developing metachronous Lynch-type cancers, and their relatives may also be at risk of carriage. Extending existing universal and clinic-based screening algorithms for Lynch syndrome to include an additional arm of selection criteria for cases warranting MLH1 epimutation testing could provide a cost-effective means of diagnosing these cases.
Dynamic spatial ordering of thin film nanostructures by rapid spatio-temporal surface modulations

We present novel results showing that the application of a rapid spatio-temporal surface modulation in-situ with film deposition directs the assembly of ordered nanostructures. Co nanoclusters of approximately 50 nm in size were assembled into one-dimensionally ordered arrays spaced 400 nm apart on Si (100) substrates during film growth of a 0.5 nm thick film. This ordered arrangement was achieved under e-beam evaporation of Co with simultaneous two-beam pulsed laser interference irradiation. The ordering length scale was consistent with the theoretical two-beam fringe spacing. For a thicker Co film, the particles were irregularly shaped, like that of a rapidly solidified liquid-like structure. From this evidence, the mechanism for ordering is partly attributed to thermal effects due to the spatially periodic laser interference heating of the cobalt nanoparticles. This dynamic in-situ process, without the need of any pre-or post-patterning of the substrate or film, is promising as an economical and simple approach to assemble ordered nanostructured films. The author can be reached via e-mail at ramkik@wuphys.wustl.edu
Identification of a non-proportional damping matrix-sensitivity analysis

-1 130-CP IDENTIFICATION OF A NON-PROPORTIONAL DAMPING MATRIX-SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Constantinos Minas* GE Corporate Research and Development Schenectady, New York 12301 Abstract A method was previously presented where a non-proportional damping matrix of a structure was uniquely identified from incomplete modal information. The approach taken was to use the reduced mass and stiffness matrices and the experimentally obtained eigenvalues and eigenvectors in a weighted least squares or a pseudo-inverse scheme (depending on the number of the equations that are available) to solve for the elements of the real, symmetric damping matrix. This method is now applied to inexact incomplete modal information. A fictitious example where the damping matrix is originally known is considered, where the elements of the exact incomplete eigenvector matrix are perturbed by a small amount up to 0.5% around the true value, to simulate noisy experimental data. The proposed method develops a non-proportional damping matrix that is a good approximation of the true viscous damping matrix, by only using a partial set of the system's perturbed eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The stability of the resulting damped model is examined.
When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results

What are the electoral consequences of attempts by great powers to intervene in a partisan manner in another country’s elections? Great powers frequently deploy partisan electoral interventions as a major foreign policy tool. For example, the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one of every nine competitive national level executive elections between 1946 and 2000. However, scant scholarly research has been conducted about their effects on the election results in the target. I argue that such interventions usually significantly increase the electoral chances of the aided candidate and that overt interventions are more effective than covert interventions. I then test these hypotheses utilizing a new, original dataset of all U.S. and USSR/Russian partisan electoral interventions between 1946 and 2000. I find strong support for both arguments.
Competent Consultation: Developing Self-Efficacy for Process and Problem Aspects of Consultation

ABSTRACTUsing samples of novice and advanced consultants in training (CITs), this study explored the development of consultation self-efficacy (CSE) for both process-oriented and problem-oriented aspects of consultation. Regardless of experience level, self-efficacy in both domains increased with training. However, significantly greater gains were made by novice CITs as compared to their advanced counterparts. In addition, feedback collected from consultees was generally favorable, and consultants received high ratings on items that reflected both process- and problem-focused skills. Implications for consultation training are discussed.
Quantifying Culture: The value of visualization inside (and outside) libraries, museums, and the academy.

Maps, diagrams, illustrations, and other visual materials have long been part of cultural institutions, as well as the academic disciplines of the arts, sciences, and humanities. In the past several years, these visual materials have been increasingly centred on quantitative data, with sensors, geotags, social networks, and “big data” now occupying the forefronts of research and public engagement. With this use of quantitative data comes the need for more sophisticated and adequate visual representations, particularly through the field of information visualization (i.e., infovis). In this paper, I explore five ways in which infovis can enrich the visual culture of libraries, museums, and the academy: (1) digital, interactive visualizations can take advantage of linked data to provide participants with richer, contextualized experiences; (2) high-volume, longitudinal datasets can be seen from a macroscopic perspective, in which patterns, processes, and systemslevel phenomena all become visible; (3) the cognitive science foundations of infovis help produce designs that extend working memory and amplify cognition, allowing many viewers to grasp large, complex data for the first time; (4) the empirical foundations of quantitative data collection help to reduce biases in representing events; and (5) this empirical validity helps to produce visualizations that are more ethical in the sense that they are more inclusive of various groups and disinterested on the whole—the victors can still write history, but only insofar as they can measure it (and cannot avoid all measurements of it).
An example of anti-di a in a multitransfused man.

Because of the extremely low incidence of the Dia antigen in the general population, opportunities for isoimmunization to this factor are remote. The four previously reported immune examples of anti-Dia occurred in pregnant women, three having resulted in hemolytic disease of the newborn. This report describes the finding in the serum of a multitransfused man of anti-Dia associated with another antibody, anti-Lua. This combination of antibodies may be significant, since the Diego and Lutheran systems have not proved to be independent.
Topoclimatic Effects on Microclimate

This chapter examines the various effects of topoclimate on microclimates. These include exposition (or aspect), slope angle, and shading, which are all related to incoming solar radiation and thus affect surface and soil temperatures. Exposition and slope angle also modify the wind direction and speed and the precipitation amount. Specific localities such as lakeshores and coasts and spatial subdivisions of urban areas are discussed, as well as mosaic landscapes. Exposition, Slope Angle, and Shade Effects Slope exposition (or aspect) has significant effects on solar radiation receipts and, therefore, on surface temperature. One of the earliest investigations of the effects of exposition was carried out in Munich, Germany, by Wollny (1878), who showed that south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere received more radiation and had slightly higher soil temperatures at 15 cm than horizontal surfaces and north-facing slopes. At 560 m elevation in the Inn valley and at 780 m elevation in the Gschnitztal in Austria, soil temperatures were measured by Kerner (1891) at a depth of 70 cm over a three-year period with eight different exposures around a small hillock. The slope angles were not reported. Table 11.1 summarizes a few of his results. The range of soil temperature with exposition at Inntal (Gschnitztal) in February is 2.9 °C (2.8) and in August it is 4.4 °C (2.3). For the yearly average with exposition the range is 3.2 °C (2.7). The annual range on N slopes is 12.5 °C (13.0) and on SE slopes 15.3 °C (7.1). The snow cover melt date averaged February 21 on the south-facing slope and March 12 on the north-facing slope at Inntal and, correspondingly, on March 25 and April 17 at Gschnitztal. Cantlon (1953) analyzed microclimates during May 1948–January 1950 on 20° N and S slopes of Cushetunk Mountain, New Jersey, at an elevation of 200 m. He recorded temperatures weekly, or daily during the summer, at 4 cm in the duff layer of the soil, at 5 cm in the bryophyte layer, at 20 cm in the herbaceous layer, 1 m in the shrub layer, and 2 m within the trees to represent the air temperature. The stations were substantially screened by trees, and during summer 1949 two additional slope stations received no direct insolation. Table 11.2 summarizes the differences between south- and north-facing slopes and shade effects for selected months in 1949.
Trastuzumab cardiotoxicity: from clinical trials to experimental studies.

Epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) is overexpressed in 20% to 25% of human breast cancers, which is associated with aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against HER-2, the first highly selective form of therapy targeting HER-2 overexpressing tumors. Although initial trials indicated high efficacy and a favorable safety profile of the drug, the first large, randomized trial prompted a retrospective analysis of cardiac dysfunction in prior trials utilizing trastuzumab. There has been ongoing debate on the cardiac safety of trastuzumab since, initiating numerous clinical and preclinical investigations to better understand the background of trastuzumab cardiotoxicity and evaluate its impact on patient morbidity. Hereby, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on the cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab, primarily focusing on data from clinical trials and highlighting the main molecular mechanisms proposed.
Social Networking Analysis: A State of the Art and the Effect of Semantics

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the state of the art in Social Networking Analysis and examines the impact of content analysis and the effects of semantics in social networking analysis research. We propose a taxonomy of current approaches, classifying them into the following main categories: 1) graph-theoretic approaches, 2) applications of semantic web technologies and emergent semantics modelling, and 3) data mining and analytics. The purpose is to increase awareness of the social networking analysis community about different ongoing efforts, which not only focus on the network aspect of social networks, shed some light into different approaches and advance the discussion about potential future directions.
Deterring Rearrests for Drinking and Driving.

This study assesses why some individuals are rearrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Using longitudinal data from North Carolina containing information on arrests and arrest outcomes, we test hypotheses that individuals prosecuted and convicted of DWI are less likely to be rearrested for DWI. We allow for possible endogeneity of prosecution and conviction outcomes by using instrumental variables for the prosecutor's prosecution rate and the judge's conviction rate. With a three-year follow-up, the probability of DWI rearrest was reduced by 6.6% if the person was prosecuted for DWI and, for those prosecuted, by 24.5% if convicted on this charge. Prosecution and conviction for DWI deters rearrest for DWI.
A Clinical Teacher Model for Interrelated Areas of Special Education

A teacher preparation model for interrelated areas in special education is described. The model provides (a) behaviorally defined specifications of competencies desired, (b) criterion measures for assessing entry and proficiency, and (c) instructional options available for achieving these objectives. A program is outlined for teacher education from the junior undergraduate level through the master's degree, with possible doctoral level extension. Evaluation of the model is twofold and concerns the project's effectiveness in teacher preparation and eventually, in pupil gains. The model synthesizes the common competencies necessary for teachers in interrelated areas of special education.
Institutions for Environmental AID: Pitfalls and Promise

(1997). Institutions for Environmental AID: Pitfalls and Promise. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 867-870.
Nickel render anti-apoptotic effect by induction of COX-2 through IKKβ/p65-dependent pathway

4259 Nickel Compounds Render Anti-apoptotic Effect to Human Bronchial Epithelial Beas-2B Cells by Induction of COX-2 through IKKβ/p65-dependent, and IKKα- and p50-independent Pathway Jin Ding, Jinlong Jian, Jingxia Li, Lun Song, Weiming Ouyang, Dongyun Zhang, and Chuanshu Huang Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987 # Summary The carcinogenicity of nickel compounds has been well documented both in vivo and in vivo , however the molecular mechanisms by which nickel compounds cause cancers are far from understood yet. Since suppression of apoptosis is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis, current studies investigated the mechanisms implicated in nickel-induced anti-apoptotic effect in human bronchial epithelial (Beas-2B) cells. We found that exposure of Beas-2B cells to nickel compounds resulted in an increased COX-2 expression, and knockdown of COX-2 expression with its small interfering RNA (siCOX-2) resulted in the cell more sensitivity to nickel-triggered cell apoptosis, demonstrating that COX-2 induction renders the anti-apoptotic effect to Beas-2B cells. Overexpression of IKKβ-KM, a kinase inactive mutant of IKKβ, blocked NF-κB activation and COX-2 induction by nickel compounds, indicating that activated NF-κB may be a mediator for COX-2 induction. To further explore the implication of the NF-κB pathway in COX-2 induction and anti-apoptotic effect upon nickel exposure, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient with IKKβ, IKKα, p65 and p50, were employed. Abortion of IKKβ in IKKβ-/- cells impaired COX-2 induction by nickel exposure, whereas knockout of IKKα only showed a marginal effect. Moreover, p65, and not p50 of NF-κB subunit, was critical for nickel-induced COX-2 expression. In addition, a deficiency of IKKβ or p65 renders cells more sensitive to nickel-induced apoptosis as compared to those in wild type cells. Finally, it was shown that reactive oxygen species H 2 O 2 were involved in both NFκB activation and COX-2 expression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that COX-2 induction by nickel compounds via IKKβ/p65 NF-κB-dependent, and IKKα- and p50-independent pathway, plays a crucial role in antagonizing nickel-induced cell apoptosis in Beas-2B cells.
Is ET often oversimplified in hydrologic models? Using long records to elucidate unaccounted for controls on ET

Abstract Recent research has found that hydrologic modeling over decadal time periods often requires time variant model parameters. Most prior work has focused on assessing time variance in model parameters conceptualizing watershed features and functions. In this paper, we assess whether adding a time variant scalar to potential evapotranspiration (PET) can be used in place of time variant parameters. Using the HBV hydrologic model and four different simple but common PET methods (Hamon, Priestly-Taylor, Oudin, and Hargreaves), we simulated 60+ years of daily discharge on four rivers in New York state. Allowing all ten model parameters to vary in time achieved good model fits in terms of daily NSE and long-term water balance. However, allowing single model parameters to vary in time – including a scalar on PET – achieved nearly equivalent model fits across PET methods. Overall, varying a PET scalar in time is likely more physically consistent with known biophysical controls on PET as compared to varying parameters conceptualizing innate watershed properties related to soil properties such as wilting point and field capacity. This work suggests that the seeming need for time variance in innate watershed parameters may be due to overly simple evapotranspiration formulations that do not account for all factors controlling evapotranspiration over long time periods.
Dispersive Shock Waves

Shock waves are nonlinear structures characterized by a discontinuous jump in the wave profile. There exist prototypical examples of partial differential equations (PDEs), including the well-known Burgers’ equation (without dissipation), where the relevant waveforms feature infinite derivatives arising in finite time. To study shock waves in equations like the inviscid Burgers’ equations one can study the evolution of Riemann initial conditions involving a jump in the initial data.
Group Dynamics of Phototaxis: Interacting Stochastic Many-Particle Systems and Their Continuum Limit

In this paper we introduce new models for describing the motion of phototaxis, i.e. bacteria that move towards light. Following experimental observations, the first model describes the locations of bacteria, an internal property of the bacteria that is related to the group dynamics, and the interaction between the bacteria and the medium in which it resides. The second model is a new multi-particle system following the same quantities as in the first model. The main theorem shows how to obtain a new system of PDEs, which we refer to as the phototaxis system as the limit dynamics of the multi-particle system. Numerical simulations are provided.
A Theory of Elastic Stability for Perfectly Elastic Materials with Couple-stresses

A material that exhibits couple effects is called a polar or Cosserat material. Although it is possible to consider more general kinds of continua, this note concerns only the class of polar materials for which the angular velocity of a material parcel X is constrained so as to coincide always with the local rigid body angular velocity of the continuum at X. Such a material is called a constrained, Cosserat continuum. The objective here is to outline my recent studies of a theory of elastic stability for hyperelastic materials of this type.
Three‐dimensional multiscale finite element models for in‐service performance assessment of bridges

Abstract Accurate representation of the structural performance of civil engineering structures, specifically complex bridge structures, may be achieved through an efficient multiscale finite elemen...
Adobe Photoshop CC for Photographers, 2015 Release

Adobe Photoshop CC for Photographers by Photoshop hall-of-famer and acclaimed digital imaging professional Martin Evening has been revamped for a thirteenth edition to include detailed instruction for all of the updates to Photoshop CC on Adobe’s Creative Cloud, including significant new features, such as faster Camera Raw processing, Blur Gallery noise matching, and new export options for quick image-saving and layers as separate documents. This guide covers all the tools and techniques photographers and professional image editors need to know when using Photoshop CC, from workflow guidance to core skills to advanced techniques for professional results. Using clear, succinct instruction and real world examples, this guide is the essential reference for Photoshop users. Accompanying the book is the photoshopforphotographers.com website, fully updated with new sample images, tutorial videos, and bonus chapters.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Treatment Initiation and Completion Rates in Persons Seeking Immigration and Health Care Workers.

Abstract Background We assessed the factors associated with initiation and completion rates of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection treatment in persons evaluated at an infectious diseases outpatient clinic in central Massachusetts. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there may be up to 14 million persons in the United States with a latent TB infection. The risk of developing active TB in these persons can range from 5% to 15%. Hence, treatment of latent TB infection is an important aspect of any plan attempting to eradicate TB from the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients referred to our outpatient infectious diseases clinic from December 2006 to October 2010. Results Overall treatment initiation and completion rates were 76% and 68%, respectively, in our cohort. Two factors that were statistically significant for higher rates of treatment completion were 4 or more follow-up visits during the course of treatment (P Conclusion Our study reveals findings not previously reported in the US literature. We noted a high rate of treatment completion in persons seeking immigration to the United States. The second unique observation is the higher treatment completion rates in persons with 4 or more follow-up visits. We suggest that an emphasis on at least 4 follow-up visits can be an intervention that could improve the overall rates of treatment completion.
Diastereoselective reductions of cyclohexanones with diisobutylaluminum 2 , 6-di- t-butyl-4-methylphenoxide

Abstract Isomerization of aluminum alcoholates occurs in the reduction of cyclohexanones with diisobutylaluminum 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenoxide 1 in the presence of excess ketone. Factors affecting the diastereoselectivity of reduction of cyclohexanones with I were investigated.
Lessons from the Archive: Still Relevant 50 Years Later

Human interaction and sustainability represent huge concepts impacting design practice in multiple disciplines. Because of this impact on design practice, the conversations around these concepts is critical to the profession. The discipline of Industrial design in the making of objects has a rich history of applying these guiding principles, while by comparison graphic design in the making of communications has more recently started to address some of these concepts. This paper highlights bits of conversation from present to 50 years ago about the role of human interaction and sustainability in industrial and graphic design. For the contemporary designer it is important to recognize and embrace these ideas, so that the next generation of designers do not have to rediscover them.
Impacts of Rationalization on Exposure to High Winds in Alaska’s Crab Fisheries

Objectives: Safety at sea is an often overlooked aspect of well-being that fisheries management actions can affect, even when management actions are not intended to affect safety. Catch shares mana...
Conceptual design of an RF multipole plasma transport and trap loading experiment

Abstract A multipole plasma trap uses radio-frequency electric multipole fields to confine the charged particles of a plasma in a 3D volume. For experimentation with this concept, it is necessary to load the trap with the desired distribution of particles. A new concept is illustrated, in which one trap electrode is replaced with the aperture of a linear multipole stage, which acts as a conduit to channel plasma from a source region to the trap volume. This linear multipole plasma transport also lends itself to investigation of 2D multipole confinement, with and without an axial magnetic field.
Sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men in an American Deep South PrEP clinic

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectively prevents HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM), but PrEP uptake has been associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The ...
PRECLINICAL SIGNALS OF CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS IN UNDIAGNOSED CARRIERS OF PATHOGENIC TTR VARIANTS

Pathogenic gene variants in transthyretin ( TTR ) can cause heritable amyloidosis (hATTR) and confer a 60% risk of heart failure. Echocardiography with global longitudinal strain (GLS) discriminates fully manifest cardiac amyloid (CA) but its ability to detect preclinical CA is unknown. We
LT-Spice Model for Induction Generators with Self-Excitation

We are presenting an LT-Spice Model for 3-phase Induction Generators that are operating in off-grid mode using a 3-phase capacitor bank for self-excitation. To model the self-excitation, we include the effects of a non-linear magnetizing inductance with residual magnetic flux and saturation. Our model represents both the electrical as well as the mechanical characteristics of the machine.
Assessing the Impact of Different Depression Treatment Success Metrics on Organizational Performance

Objective: The Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) is commonly used to assess depression symptoms, but its associated treatment success criteria (i.e., metrics) are inconsistently defined. The a...
Inactivation of posterior but not anterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen impedes learning with self-administered nicotine stimulus in male rats

The rodent caudate-putamen is a large heterogeneous neural structure with distinct anatomical connections that differ in their control of learning processes. Previous research suggests that the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen (a- and p-dmCPu) differentially regulate associative learning with a non-contingent nicotine stimulus. The current study used bilateral NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesions to the a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu to determine the functional involvement of a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu in appetitive learning with contingent nicotine stimulus. Rats with a-dmCPu, p-dmCPu, or sham lesions were trained to lever-press for intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) followed by access to sucrose 30 s later. After 1, 3, 9, and 20 nicotine-sucrose training sessions, appetitive learning in the form of a goal-tracking response was assessed using a non-contingent nicotine-alone test. All rats acquired nicotine self-administration and learned to retrieve sucrose from a receptacle at equal rates. However, rats with lesions to p-dmCPu demonstrated blunted learning of the nicotine-sucrose association. Our primary findings show that rats with lesions to p-dmCPu had a blunted goal-tracking response to a non-contingent nicotine administration after 20 consecutive days of nicotine-sucrose pairing. Our findings extend previous reports to a contingent model of nicotine self-administration and show that p-dmCPu is involved in associative learning with nicotine stimulus using a paradigm where rats voluntarily self-administer nicotine infusions that are paired with access to sucrose-a paradigm that closely resembles learning processes observed in humans.
An End-to-end Spiking Neural Network Platform for Edge Robotics: From Event-Cameras to Central Pattern Generation

Learning to adapt one’s gait with environmental changes plays an essential role in locomotion of legged robots which remains challenging for constrained computing resources and energy budget, as in the case of edge-robots. Recent advances in bio-inspired vision with dynamic vision sensors (DVS) and associated neuromorphic processing can provide promising solutions for end-to-end sensing, cognition and control tasks. However, such bio-mimetic closed-loop robotic systems based on event-based visual sensing and actuation in the form of spiking neural networks (SNN) have not been well explored. In this work, we program the weights of a bio-mimetic multi-gait central pattern generator (CPG) and couple it with DVS-based visual data processing to show a spike-only closed-loop robotic system for a prey-tracking scenario. We first propose a supervised learning rule based on stochastic weight updates to produce a multi-gait producing Spiking-CPG (SCPG) for hexapod robot locomotion. We then actuate the SCPG to seamlessly transition between the gaits for a nearest prey tracking task by incorporating SNN based visual processing for input event-data generated by the DVS. This for the first time, demonstrates the natural coupling of event data flow from event-camera through SNN and neuromorphic locomotion. Thus, we exploit bio-mimetic dynamics and energy advantages of spike-based processing for autonomous edge-robotics.
The conquest of spaces: Exploring drivers of morphological shifts through phylogenetic palaeoecology

Abstract Much of the focus of palaeobiological studies in the last century can be summarized as seeking to understand how evolutionary lineages occupy new regions of morphological, ecological, and geographic space, or are excluded from those spaces. A desire to understand the processes that lead to morphological change unites a variety of biological disciplines focusing on topics ranging from studies of organism genomics to broad scale macroevolutionary analyses. There is increasing recognition that a hierarchical approach, incorporating both intrinsic genealogical processes and external ecological factors, is necessary to understand the mechanisms behind the drivers of phenotypic change. One of the most important issues that remains to be resolved regards the generation and fixation of morphological changes within evolutionary lineages, including whether the evolution of novel morphologies facilitates expansion to previously unoccupied environments (a developmental push mechanism) or whether a shift in ecological occupation results in subsequent morphologic change (an ecological pull mechanism). The geological record affords a unique perspective on morphological change, preserving both evidence of environmental change through shifts in sedimentology and the changing morphology of evolutionary lineages; as such, palaeontology provides a long-term view of the relationship between ecological and morphological shifts. This review focuses on the ways that phylogenetic palaeoecology, which utilizes phylogenetic frameworks in concert with palaeoecological data, can be leveraged to explore these questions. It begins by reviewing the literature on novelty and innovation – the origination of new morphologies and their proliferation within ecosystems – within a hierarchical framework and the role of heterochrony as the primary mechanism by which phenotypic change occurs before exploring evidence for developmental push and ecological pull as competing drivers of morphological shifts. Drivers of morphological shifts are examined through analysis of heterochronic trends in horseshoe crab evolution and comparison with case studies on angiosperm plants, giant ground sloths, and megatooth sharks.
Crystal orientation relationships and pattern evolution in directionally solidified Al-Cu-Mg ternary eutectic

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of microstructure evolution during alloy solidification is crucial in designing multi-phase, multi-component systems. In the current work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques are deployed to carry out a detailed experimental investigation to better understand the correlation between crystallographic orientation relationships (ORs) and the microstructural pattern evolution of directionally solidified Al-Al2Cu-Al2CuMg ternary invariant eutectic. The behavior of the patterns in response to imposed low (6 K/mm) and high (25 K/mm) thermal gradients is also presented. Close examination of the microstructure revealed an unexpected modification of lamellar growth, with lamellar sheets being limited in length to approximately four times the width of one sheet, and the Al2Cu rod phase aligning along these pre-existing boundaries which correspond to low index crystallographic planes. Alignment of the pattern was found to increase with increasing thermal gradient. The results shed more light on somewhat contradictory literature data and provide an increased understanding of pattern evolution in multi-phase eutectic systems.
Evaluating the joint effects of climate and land use change on runoff and pollutant loading in a rapidly developing watershed

Abstract Communities are coping with changes in runoff quantity and quality, stemming mainly from changes in climate and land use/land cover (LULC); there is a need to identify the most adaptable strategies that improve community resilience. However, the joint impacts of climate and LULC change have rarely been assessed at local scales. To address these needs, we assessed the response of runoff and pollutant loads from Broad Run, a rapidly developing watershed in northern Virginia, to projected climate and LULC change. Climate data from two downscaled Global Climate Models (GCMs) were used to force an urban watershed model, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), while forecasts of LULC change were derived from the Chesapeake Bay Land Change Model (CBLCM). Two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 4.5 and 8.5, a historic baseline (1995–2020), and projected periods (2040–2065); and four LULC change scenarios designated agricultural conservation (AC), forest conservation (FC), growth management (GM), and historical trend (HT) were used to create a series of ensemble simulations of coupled LULC and climate change. Results indicated that, under RCP 8.5, annual precipitation is projected to increase substantially more than RCP 4.5. Projected LULC change resulted in a projected increase in imperviousness from 6.3% to 13.1%. Results indicated that climate change will likely increase the seasonal variability of runoff, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) for both RCPs. The largest increase for a single LULC change (without climate change) scenario for runoff, TSS, TN, and TP was 32.6%, 33.4%, 31.6%, and 35.8%, respectively. which occurred with the HT scenario. Results of LULC change also indicated that more pollutant loads were associated with increased imperviousness from increased urban development and loss of deciduous forests and grasslands. The largest increase for climate and LULC change scenarios in runoff, TSS, TN, and TP was 67.6%, 66.7%, 63.4%, and 69.4%, respectively, which occurred with the RCP 8.5 and HT scenarios. Similar, but smaller increases were obtained for other scenarios, suggesting that climate and LULC change may be synergistic, likely undermining watershed restoration efforts. The results of our study also indicate that runoff, TSS, TN, and TP are expected to be more affected by changes in future LULC than by projected changes in climate. Our study can be used to inform watershed restoration efforts, urban planning, and environmental policy. The combined impact of climate and LULC change will likely generate increased runoff, and nutrients and sediment loading, indicating that robust mitigation strategies are needed for watershed restoration to succeed.