cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro biosynthesis of the β-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase in developing brine shrimp: glycosylation and membrane insertion

Abstract We demonstrate here translation, glycosylation, and membrane insertion of the β-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase of the developing brine shrimp, Artemia, in a reticulocyte lysate translation system. The apparent molecular weight of the primary translation product as determined by SDS-PAGE is 33 000 ± 1000 (n = 7). When microsomal membranes are present during the entire translation period, a new band with an apparent molecular weight of 37 000 ± 1000 (n = 7) appears. This change in apparent molecular weight is due to the addition of about two N-linked oligosaccharides. The temporal relationship between protein synthesis and glycosylation have also been examined. Glycosylation and membrane insertion could be achieved if membranes were added after completion of about 70% of the peptide chain. However, glycosylation did not occur if membranes were added after the completion of translation of the β-subunit. The β-subunit was synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, where about two N-linked oligosaccharides were added to the growing polypeptide chain. These studies demonstrate that in vitro translation systems will be useful for studying the biosynthesis of the β-subunit of the brine shrimp, which is a good model system to examine the developmental regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
Preparing School Counselors to Promote Academic Development

Reform in school counseling over the last decade has focused on how school counselors can contribute to the academic development of K–12 students. Consensus in this matter has yet to be achieved, and recommendations about how best to prepare preservice K–12 school counselors for this objective have been incomplete. The authors describe content and supervised experiences from a preservice course designed to prepare school counselors to promote student academic development.
Chromosomal arrangement of the chicken β-type globin genes

Abstract We have isolated the chicken β-type globin genes from a library of chicken DNA-λ Charon 4A recombinant bacteriophage. There are four β-type genes within this segment of the genome; we believe this represents all of the β-type genes of the chicken. The recombinant λCβG1 contains the embryonic ϵ- and adult β-globin genes. The hatching β H and embryonic p -globin genes are found in the recombinant λCβG2. Although λCβG1 and λCβG2 do not physically overlap, we present evidence that all four genes are closely linked and transcribed from the same DNA strand. These experiments demonstrate that the chromosomal regions represented by λCβG1 and λCβG2 lie approximately 1.6 kb apart in the chicken genome. A third recombinant λCβG3 extends the genomic locus studied in the vicinity of the β-type globin genes to approximately 39 kb. The physical order of the chicken β-type globin genes within this segment of the chromosome is 5′ … ϱ - β H - β - ϵ … 3′. This arrangement is unique among the vertebrate β-type globin gene clusters thus far examined, in that embryonic genes are located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cluster while the hatching and adult genes occupy central positions.
Applied Fractional Calculus in controls

Why Fractional Calculus? Many real dynamic systems are better characterized using a noninteger order dynamic model based on fractional calculus or, differentiation or integration of noninteger order. Traditional calculus is based on integer order differentiation and integration. The concept of fractional calculus has tremendous potential to change the way we see, model, and control the nature around us. Denying fractional derivatives is like saying that zero, fractional, or irrational numbers do not exist.
Membranous nephropathy associated with multiple sclerosis

Membranous nephropathy and multiple sclerosis are believed to be mediated by immune mechanisms. A patient is reported with the first described association of membranous nephropathy and multiple sclerosis. Its significance and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.
Bond Valence Sums in Coordination Chemistry Using Oxidation State Independent R(0) Values. A Simple Method for Calculating the Oxidation State of Manganese in Complexes Containing Only Mn-O Bonds.

An analysis of 250 MnOn fragments retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database was used to derive the oxidation state independent R0 value of 1.754 A for Mn−O bonds that can be used to reproduce the oxidation state using the bond valence sum (BVS) method. The coordination numbers varied from 3 to 8 and the oxidation states from 2 through 7. Deviations of the BVS from an integer value are discussed. An analysis of the 1360 Mn−O bond distances used suggests that the BVS is more significant in discussing Mn−O structures than a comparison of bond distances.
Nucleation of crystallization in molten isotactic polybutene‐1

Droplet experiments have been performed on polybutene-1. It was found that this polymer can be cooled to room temperature without homogeneous nucleation of crystallization. It was also found that when the polymer was heterogeneously nucleated, form I (as well as form II) could be crystallized directly from the melt. The melting point of droplets crystallized in form I near room temperature decreased with increasing crystallization temperature, while the melting point of the droplets crystallized in form I at the highest temperatures increased with increasing crystallization temperature. There was a broad minimum at about 60°C. in the melting point versus crystallization temperature curve.
Human development: biological and genetic processes.

Adaptation is a central organizing principle throughout biology, whether we are studying species, populations, or individuals. Adaptation in biological systems occurs in response to molar and molecular environments. Thus, we would predict that genetic systems and nervous systems would be dynamic (cybernetic) in contrast to previous conceptualizations with genes and brains fixed in form and function. Questions of nature versus nurture are meaningless, and we must turn to epigenetics—the way in which biology and experience work together to enhance adaptation throughout thick and thin. Defining endophenotypes—road markers that bring us closer to the biological origins of the developmental journey—facilitates our understanding of adaptive or maladaptive processes. For human behavioral disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, the inherent plasticity of the nervous system requires a systems approach to incorporate all of the myriad epigenetic factors that can influence such outcomes.
Cryptococcal Meningitis in an HIV-Positive Pregnant Woman.

Cryptococcal meningitis is uncommon in pregnant HIV-infected women. The clinical care of an HIV-1 positive pregnant woman with cryptococcal meningitis whose pathology has been previously reported is reviewed to highlight the treatment of the disease and some of the challenges associated with antifungal therapy during pregnancy, including the teratogenicity of antifungal agents, their variable pharmacokinetics in pregnancy, the lack of well-defined treatment duration for such infections, and host factors including compliance. This patient’s disease relapsed due to nonadherence after an initial course of intravenous amphotericin. Subsequently, she was successfully treated, with a favorable fetal outcome, with another 2 weeks of amphotericin B, followed by consolidation and maintenance with fluconazole and antiretroviral treatment. This case highlights and reviews the complexities of the management of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected pregnant women.
"What does it mean?": uncertainties in understanding results of chromosomal microarray testing.

“What does it mean?”: Uncertainties in understanding results of chromosomal microarray testing
Visual Observations of Crystal Morphologies and Melting of Ice IV at Pressures up to 1 GPa

Morphologies of ice IV crystals were observed and their melting pressure (P) -temperature (T) relations were determined in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell at pressures up to 1 GPa. Water sample and a chip of BaTiO3 were sealed in the sample chamber of the cell, and were observed under a microscope during isochoric cooling-heating cycles. Images of the sample, together with time and T, information, were recorded continuously on VCR tapes. The tetragonal to cubic phase transition in BaTiO3 observed in heating was used to provide pressure and water density information for the sample. Our ice IV melting P-T data are in excellent agreement with those predicted by the equation formulated previously based on the data collected at pressures between 0. 4 and 0. 6 GPa.
Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field, Washington

Strontium, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and O isotope compositions for 30 Quaternary lava flows from the Mount Adams stratovolcano and its basaltic periphery in the Cascade arc, southern Washington, USA indicate a major component from intraplate mantle sources, a relatively small subduction component, and interaction with young mafic crust at depth. Major- and trace-element patterns for Mount Adams lavas are distinct from the rear-arc Simcoe volcanic field and other nearby volcanic centers in the Cascade arc such as Mount St. Helens. Radiogenic isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) compositions do not correlate with geochemical indicators of slab-fluids such as (Sr/P) n and Ba/Nb. Mass-balance modeling calculations, coupled with trace-element and isotopic data, indicate that although the mantle source for the calc-alkaline Adams basalts has been modified with a fluid derived from subducted sediment, the extent of modification is significantly less than what is documented in the southern Cascades. The isotopic and trace-element compositions of most Mount Adams lavas require the presence of enriched and depleted mantle sources, and based on volume-weighted chemical and isotopic compositions for Mount Adams lavas through time, an intraplate mantle source contributed the major magmatic mass of the system. Generation of basaltic andesites to dacites at Mount Adams occurred by assimilation and fractional crystallization in the lower crust, but wholesale crustal melting did not occur. Most lavas have Tb/Yb ratios that are significantly higher than those of MORB, which is consistent with partial melting of the mantle in the presence of residual garnet. δ 18O values for olivine phenocrysts in Mount Adams lavas are within the range of typical upper mantle peridotites, precluding involvement of upper crustal sedimentary material or accreted terrane during magma ascent. The restricted Nd and Hf isotope compositions of Mount Adams lavas indicate that these isotope systems are insensitive to crustal interaction in this juvenile arc, in stark contrast to Os isotopes, which are highly sensitive to interaction with young, mafic material in the lower crust.
Adsorption of enzyme onto lignins of liquid hot water pretreated hardwoods.

The adsorption of cellulase enzymes onto lignin is shown to be non-productive and therefore reduces enzymatic hydrolysis of liquid hot water pretreated cellulose. Among the enzyme components of Trichoderma reesei cellulase cocktail, β-glucosidase showed the strongest adsorption onto lignin. Only 2–18% of the initial β-glucosidase activity remained in the supernatant while 50–60% of cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase activities were recovered after incubation with lignin. By increasing the pH to 5.5 and adding NaCl to a 200 mM, the free enzymes in the supernatant were increased but hydrolysis was not enhanced since optimal pH for enzymatic hydrolysis is at 4.8. Electrostatic interactions contributed to enzyme adsorption and their effect was most pronounced for T. reesei β-glucosidase which had high molecular weights (78–94 kDa) and high isoelectric points (pI 5.7–6.4). Since the enzyme components which are required to synergistically hydrolyze cellulose have different profiles (molecular weight, hydrophobicity and pI), they exhibit different adsorption behaviors with lignin, and thereby change the ratio of enzyme activities needed for synergism during cellulose hydrolysis. β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger exhibits less adsorption than β-glucosidase from T. reesei. Supplemental addition of A. niger β-glucosidase to the enzyme mixture increases hydrolysis of pretreated hardwood by a factor of two. The analysis presented in this paper shows that lignins with higher guaiacyl content adsorb more cellulase enzymes, particularly β-glucosidase, and that adsorption of β-glucosidase onto lignin indirectly suppresses enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in pretreated hardwoods due to decreased hydrolysis of cellobiose which in turn accumulates and inhibits CBH. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 447–456. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic behavior of mixed populations of activated sludge

The kinetic behavior of heterogeneous microbial populations of sewage origin was studied in a single-stage isothermal continuous flow completely mixed aeration tank. A series of experiments were carried out at various dilution rates using glucose as the growth limiting substrate. The steady-state behavior of the system was observed at each dilution rate and the results were found to fit fairly well with the steady-state equation bayed on the Monod model with an endogenous respiration term included, i.e., μ = μmS/(Ks + S) − Kd. The growth kinetics of cells harvested at steady state for each dilution rate were studied using batch experiments. The multiple response data of the system as functions of time were used to estimate the parameter values in the above kinetic model. It was found that values of the growth parameters changed significantly and systematically with cell population. For example, values of μm were high at high dilution rates and low at low dilution rates. It was also found that only those batch growth parameters from cells obtained at fairly high dilution rates are comparable with those estimated by the results of steady-state operations. The results of this investigation suggest that (1) different cell populations pre dominated at different steady-state dilution rates, with high dilution rates resulting in predominantly fast-growing organisms and low dilution rates resulting in predominantly slow-growing cells, and (2) risk exists in any randomly picked batch experiment to predict the steady-state behavior of the system when heterogeneous microbial populations must be used.
The Incremental Usefulness Of Income Tax Allocations In Predicting One-Year-Ahead Future Cash Flows

Interperiod income tax allocation has been a hotly debated financial accounting issue for a long time. Critics of interperiod tax allocation frequently question the usefulness of the extra information, particularly considering the FASB’s decision usefulness approach stated in its Conceptual Framework. This study extends the research of Cheung et al. (1997) and Krishnan and Largay (2000) by using the ability to predict future taxes paid and future cash flow as criteria to evaluate the usefulness of interperiod tax allocation. This study extends previous research by examining not only whether interperiod tax allocation included in financial statements is useful, but also by examining whether such information is incrementally useful beyond taxes paid. For predicting future taxes paid and operating cash flow, our analyses provides little evidence that interperiod tax allocation information included in financial statements adds incremental predictive value beyond taxes paid as reported on the cash flow statement.
The Sensitivity and Limitations of Condensed Phase Infrared Emission Spectroscopy

The basic problems of condensed phase infrared emission spectroscopy are discussed. Conditions which cause instrumental background and the method for background removal are reviewed. The sensitivity of the technique is illustrated with spectra of microgram quantities. Spectra are shown for samples near room temperature (30°C) and for a sample below room temperature. The major limitations in infrared emission spectroscopy are reviewed and the problems associated with multiple passing of radiation through the modulator are outlined.
A design framework for Internet-scale event observation and notification

There is increasing interest in having software systems execute and interoperate over the Internet. Execution and interoperation at this scale imply a degree of loose coupling and heterogeneity among the components from which such systems will be built. One common architectural style for distributed, loosely-coupled, heterogeneous software systems is a structure based on event generation, observation and notification. The technology to support this approach is well-developed for local area networks, but it is ill-suited to networks on the scale of the Internet. Hence, new technologies are needed to support the construction of large-scale, event-based software systems for the Internet. We have begun to design a new facility for event observation and notification that better serves the needs of Internet-scale applications. In this paper we present results from our first step in this design process, in which we defined a framework that captures many of the relevant design dimensions. Our framework comprises seven models-an object model, an event model, a naming model, an observation model, a time model, a notification model, and a resource model. The paper discusses each of these models in detail and illustrates them using an example involving an update to a Web page. The paper also evaluates three existing technologies with respect to the seven models.
Morphological and Molecular Reassessment of Graptemys oculifera and Graptemys flavimaculata (Testudines: Emydidae)

The turtle genus Graptemys consists of 15 recognized taxa, distinguished largely on the basis of pigmentation pattern (i.e., soft tissue and shell), head size, and shell morphology. However, phylogenetic studies have shown limited sequence divergence within the genus and between Graptemys oculifera and Graptemys flavimaculata relative to most other members of the Emydidae. Graptemys oculifera of the Pearl River drainage and G. flavimaculata of the Pascagoula River drainage have been recognized as species since 1890 and 1954, respectively. However, the description of G. flavimaculata was based on a limited number of morphological characters. Several of these characters overlap between G. flavimaculata and G. oculifera, and no attempt was made to test for significant morphological differentiation. In this study, we reevaluated the morphological and genetic distinctiveness of G. flavimaculata and G. oculifera with (1) multivariate statistical analyses of 44 morphological characters and (2) 1,560 bp of sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (control region and ND4). The morphological and molecular analyses produced incongruent results. The principal components analysis ordinations separated the two species along a pigmentation gradient with G. flavimaculata having more yellow pigmentation than G. oculifera. Likewise, clustering analyses separated the specimens into two distinct groups with little overlap between the species. Our mitochondrial data supported previous findings of limited genetic differentiation between the two species. However, the results of our morphological analyses, in conjunction with recently published nuclear gene sequence data, support the continued recognition of the two species.
Endothelial progenitors encapsulated in bioartificial niches are insulated from systemic cytotoxicity and are angiogenesis competent

Intrinsic stem cells (SC) participate in tissue remodeling and regeneration in various diseases and following toxic insults. Failure of tissue regeneration is in part attributed to lack of SC protection from toxic stress of noxious stimuli, thus prompting intense research efforts to develop strategies for SC protection and functional preservation for in vivo delivery. One strategy is creation of artificial SC niches in an attempt to mimic the requirements of endogenous SC niches by generating scaffolds with properties of extracellular matrix. Here, we investigated the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels as an artificial SC niche and examined regenerative capabilities of encapsulated embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (eEPC) in three different in vivo models. Hydrogel-encapsulated eEPC demonstrated improved resistance to toxic insult (adriamycin) in vitro, thus prompting in vivo studies. Implantation of HA hydrogels containing eEPC to mice with adriamycin nephropathy or renal ischemia resulted in eEPC mobilization to injured kidneys (and to a lesser extent to the spleen) and improvement of renal function, which was equal or superior to adoptively transferred EPC by intravenous infusion. In mice with hindlimb ischemia, EPC encapsulated in HA hydrogels dramatically accelerated the recovery of collateral circulation with the efficacy superior to intravenous infusion of EPC. In conclusion, HA hydrogels protect eEPC against adriamycin cytotoxicity and implantation of eEPC encapsulated in HA hydrogels supports renal regeneration in ischemic and cytotoxic (adriamycin) nephropathy and neovascularization of ischemic hindlimb, thus establishing their functional competence and superior capabilities to deliver stem cells stored in and released from this bioartificial niche.
Automated Selection of Signals to Observe for Efficient Silicon Debug

Internal signals of a circuit are observed to analyze, understand, and debug nonconforming chip behavior. The number of signals that can be observed is limited by bandwidth and storage requirements. This paper presents an automated procedure to select which signals to observe to facilitate early detection of circuit malfunction to help find the root cause of a bug. This paper exploits the nature of error propagation in sequential circuits by observing signals which are most often sensitized to possible errors. Given a functional input vector set, an error transmission matrix is generated by analyzing which flip-flops are sensitized to other flip-flops. Signal observability is enhanced by merging data from relatively independent flip-flops. The final set of signals to observe is determined through integer linear programming (ILP) which provides a set of locations that maximally cover the possible error sites within given constraints. Experimental results indicate that the cycle in which a bug first appears can be more rapidly and precisely found with the proposed approach thereby speeding up the post-silicon debug process.
Emotional face processing and attention performance in three domains: Neurophysiological mechanisms and moderating effects of trait anxiety

The rapid processing of emotional information adaptively regulates the allocation of attention, but may also divert resources away from attention performance, particularly for those showing elevated anxiety. The temporal organization of rapid emotional processing and its implications for attention performance, however, remain unclear. Participants were 18 healthy adults (12 females) who reported on trait anxiety. Tasks-irrelevant fearful, sad, and neutral faces were presented for 50 ms prior to each trial of a cued attention task measuring alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Electroencephalographic recordings were made from 64 scalp electrodes to generate event-related potentials (ERPs) to faces. Emotional face type and trait anxiety modulated ERP responses at three early stages around 200 ms, 250 ms, and 320 ms. Although behavioral findings showed enhanced orienting and executive attention following presentation of fearful and sad faces, the degree to which these faces modulated ERP responses, particularly around 250 ms, interfered with orienting and executive attention in the high trait anxiety group, and enhanced alerting in the low trait anxiety group. Results are discussed in terms of mechanisms in the emotional capture of attention and implications for understanding attentional processes in anxiety. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A novel adaptive sliding mode controller for MEMS gyroscope

This paper presents a new adaptive sliding mode controller for MEMS gyroscope; an adaptive tracking controller with a proportional and integral sliding surface is proposed. The adaptive sliding mode control algorithm can estimate the angular velocity vector and the linear damping and stiffness coefficients in real time. A proportional and integral sliding surface, instead of a conventional sliding surface is adopted. An adaptive sliding mode controller that incorporates both matched and unmatched uncertainties and disturbances is derived and the stability of the closed-loop system is established. The numerical simulation is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. It is shown that the proposed adaptive sliding mode control scheme offers several advantages such as consistent estimation of gyroscope parameters including angular velocity and large robustness to parameter variations and external disturbances.
Novel diffusion tensor imaging technique reveals developmental streamline volume changes in the corticospinal tract associated with leg motor control

Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has expanded our knowledge of corticospinal tract (CST) anatomy and development. However, previous developmental DTI studies assessed the CST as a whole, overlooking potential differences in development of its components related to control of the upper and lower extremities. The present cross-sectional study investigated age-related changes, side and gender differences in streamline volume of the leg- and hand-related segments of the CST in children.
Controlling uncertainty in discretization of continuous data

There is a demand for formalization of dependencies between multiple-valued and continuous signals. The composition of both has been successfully applied to various problems of circuit design and knowledge discovery. This paper reviews some information measures in the multiple-valued and continuous domains considering different representation forms for functions with multiple-valued and continuous attributes. Being at the cross-roads of analog and discrete data processing, the paper addresses the problem known as discretization and introduces an adaptive method of finding an optimal representation of continuous data in the multiple-valued domain. Both multiple-valued and interval decision diagrams are examined for efficient representation of continuous data.
Drosophila abl and genetic redundancy in signal transduction

Genetic studies on Drosophila Abl and, more recently, on mouse c-Abl and c-Src indicate that the functions of these non-receptor tyrosine kinases may duplicate activities of other molecules within signal transduction pathways. In Drosophila, second-site mutations have been recovered that disrupt the redundant functions so that the Abl tyrosine kinase is essential to the formation of axonal connections in the embryonic central nervous system and for attachment of embryonic muscles to the body wall. Molecular isolation and analysis of the genes identified by these second-site mutations should define the molecular basis for the genetic redundancy.
27-Meter-long ultra-low-loss optical delay line on a silicon chip

Using a wet etch process, 27 meter long waveguides having optical loss of less than 0.1dB/m are demonstrated. Resonator measurements show that this loss value can be reduced to 0.037 dB/m
Single-Layer Graphene as a Barrier Layer for Intense UV Laser-Induced Damages for Silver Nanowire Network

Single-layer graphene (SLG) has been proposed as the thinnest protective/barrier layer for wide applications involving resistance to oxidation, corrosion, atomic/molecular diffusion, electromagnetic interference, and bacterial contamination. Functional metallic nanostructures have lower thermal stability than their bulk forms and are therefore susceptible to high energy photons. Here, we demonstrate that SLG can shield metallic nanostructures from intense laser radiation that would otherwise ablate them. By irradiation via a UV laser beam with nanosecond pulse width and a range of laser intensities (in millions of watt per cm(2)) onto a silver nanowire network, and conformally wrapping SLG on top of the nanowire network, we demonstrate that graphene "extracts and spreads" most of the thermal energy away from nanowire, thereby keeping it damage-free. Without graphene wrapping, the radiation would fragment the wires into smaller pieces and even decompose them into droplets. A systematic molecular dynamics simulation confirms the mechanism of SLG shielding. Consequently, particular damage-free and ablation-free laser-based nanomanufacturing of hybrid nanostructures might be sparked off by application of SLG on functional surfaces and nanofeatures.
Inactivation of enteric microbes in water by electro-chemical oxidant from brine (NaCl) and free chlorine.

Oxidant solutions of mostly free chlorine can be electrochemically produced on-site from brine (NaCl) solution and used to disinfect water at the household or community level. In this study electrochemical oxidant (ECO) from brine and free chlorine were evaluated under laboratory conditions for inactivation of test microbes. Purified suspensions of Escherichia coli , the rugose strain of Vibrio cholerae , Clostridium perfringens spores, MS2 coliphage and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were treated with 2 mg/L or 5 mg/L solutions of ECO or free chlorine at 5°C and 25°C and pH 6, 8, and 10 (pH 7 and 25°C only for C. parvum oocysts) for contact times 4 log10 within 30 min and C. perfringens spores by >2 log10 within 10 min at pH 8 and 25° C. Contrary to previous results, however, C. parvum oocysts were not inactivated by ECO, and the reasons for this difference are uncertain. The on-site electrolytic generation of oxidants from brine provided a convenient and inexpensive disinfectant containing free chlorine that was effective against many enteric microbes, for the treatment of household and community drinking-water supplies worldwide. However, the effectiveness of such oxidants for inactivating C. parvum oocysts was variable and sometimes ineffective.
Comparison of Rh-OCH3 and Rh-CH2OH bond dissociation energetics from methanol C-H and O-H bond reactions with rhodium(II) porphyrins.

Reaction of methanol in toluene with tetramesityl rhodium(II) porphyrin ((TMP)RhII•) produces a 1H NMR-observable equilibrium with rhodium methoxide ((TMP)Rh−OCH3(CH3OH)) and rhodium hydride ((TMP)...
OCT-based quantification of flow velocity, shear force, and power generated by a biological ciliated surface (Conference Presentation)

In cilia-driven fluid flow physiology, quantification of flow velocity, shearing force, and power dissipation is important in defining abnormal ciliary function. The capacity to generate flow can be robustly described in terms of shearing force. Dissipated power can be related to net ATP consumption by ciliary molecular motors. To date, however, only flow velocity can be routinely quantified in a non-invasive, non-contact manner. Additionally, traditional power-based metrics rely on metabolic consumption that reflects energy consumption not just from cilia but also from all active cellular processes. Here, we demonstrate the estimation of all three of these quantities (flow velocity, shear force, and power dissipation) using only optical coherence tomography (OCT). Specifically, we develop a framework that can extract force and power information from vectorial flow velocity fields obtained using OCT-based methods. We do so by (a) estimating the viscous stress tensor from flow velocity fields to estimate shearing force and (b) using the viscous stress tensor to estimate the power dissipation function to infer total mechanical power. These estimates have the advantage of (a) requiring only a single modality, (b) being non-invasive in nature, and (c) being reflective of only the net power work generated by a ciliated surface. We demonstrate our all-optical approach to the estimation of these parameters in the Xenopus animal model system under normal and increased viscous loading. Our preliminary data support the hypothesis that the Xenopus ciliated surface can increase force output under loading conditions.
A survey of the quality of the lunch in primary and middle schools of Shanghai

Objective] To estimate the dietary nutrients supply of lunch in 4 primary and 5 middle schools of Shanghai and make suggestions for improval. [Methods] The nutrients in lunch were estimated by food samples and compared with RLA. [Results] (1)The mean supply of energy in lunch of primary and middle schools was 599.8kcal( 85.7% of RLA) and 754.4 kcal (81.1% of RLA) respectively, the protein supply in lunch was 21.1g (87.8% of RLA) and 24.7g(77.3% of RLA)respectively, the fat supply in lunch was 15.9g (68.2% of RLA) and 25.5g(98.8% of RLA) respectively, the carbohydrate supply was 93.1g (94.5% of RLA) and 106.7g (74.9% of RLA). The energy ratios of protein/fat/carbohydrate in primary and middle schools were 14.1/23.9/62.1 and 13.1/30.4/56.6 respectively. (2)The supplies of Ca, Zn in lunch of primary and middle schools were both difficient. The Fe supply was appropriate in primary schools, but not so in middle schools. (3) The supplies of VitA, VitB 1,VitB 2 and VitC were inadequate. [Conclusion] There are some nutritional problems in lunch of primary and middle schools which need improving.
Intergenerational conflicts about social equity, expectations and obligations: lessons from the United States

"Justice across generations" has become a policy issue throughout the Western-industrial world during the past decade. Debate about intergenerational equity involves the distribution of resources and obligations across age groups and generations. Our analysis suggests that debate centres around five specific issues: (1) Conceptual confusions between age groups and family generations; (2) disagreements over the meaning of "equity"; (3) arguments about whether supporting the old is an unbearable public cost; (4) differing opinions about familial expectations, obligations and burdens; and (5) discrepancies between media coverage and empirical evidence on intergenerational relations. While these issues first surfaced in the United States, it can be expected that such disputes will arise in many other nations with similar economic environments, demographic profiles, and public sentiment regarding welfare and entitlement spending. We conclude by examining the potential for increased intergenerational solidarity as an outcome of discussions about equity.
Scalable distributed DNN training using commodity GPU cloud computing.

We introduce a new method for scaling up distributed Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) training of Deep Neural Networks (DNN). The method solves the well-known communication bottleneck problem that arises for data-parallel SGD because compute nodes frequently need to synchronize a replica of the model. We solve it by purposefully controlling the rate of weight-update per individual weight, which is in contrast to the uniform update-rate customarily imposed by the size of a mini-batch. It is shown empirically that the method can reduce the amount of communication by three orders of magnitude while training a typical DNN for acoustic modelling. This reduction in communication bandwidth enables efficient scaling to more parallel GPU nodes than any other method that we are aware of, and it can be achieved with neither loss in convergence rate nor accuracy in the resulting DNN. Furthermore, the training can be performed on commodity cloud infrastructure and networking.
Real-time B scanning in the diagnosis of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.

To determine the accuracy of ultrasound scanning (RTBS) for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in newborn infants, we analyzed the results of 357 scans in 176 selected neonates born at Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. RTBS was performed in the immediate neonatal period (1 to 3 days). Confirmation of RTBS was available from computerized tomography (CT) scanning, lumbar puncture (LP), or postmortem examination in 60% of the positive findings and 20% of the negative findings. RTBS appeared to be as accurate in diagnosing ICH as was CT scanning, and was far more convenient to use. RTBS permitted localization of ICH and determination of the type of ICH (subarachnoid, intraventricular, or intracerebral), site of origin (germinal matrix, choroid plexus), and uniform selective and asymmetrical ventricular dilatations. The overall incidence of ICH in this selected population was 72%, with the risk decreasing with advancing gestational age. ICH was found in 90% of those babies less than 33 weeks, and in 45% of babies more than 36 weeks. Breech presentation during labor was invariably associated with ICH irrespective of the route of delivery. Furthermore, there was no apparent benefit of cesarean section over vaginal delivery in any age group in which cesarean section was undertaken after the onset of labor. Of the 20 babies who were thought to have undergone traumatic delivery, 16 (90%) were found to have ICH. Follow-up scans (up to 38 days of life) revealed that selective and asymmetrical ventricular dilatations were a far more common sequel to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) than was uniform ventricular dilatation. Of the 78 term fetuses, 38 were found to have ICH, half of whom were asymptomatic at the time of RTBS. Compression of the thalamus/brain stem on RTBS was invariably associated with neurological symptoms in the newborn infant. On the other hand, neurological symptoms were present in only 20% of those in whom compression of the thalamus/brain stem was absent. The percentage of symptomatic babies with ICH appeared to decrease with increasing gestational age in the preterm infant. A continuation of this decreasing trend was not found in the term infants who were studied. The percentage of symptomatic babies with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) alone appeared to increase with advancing gestational age. In consideration of the frequency of positive findings in asymptomatic infants and the promising correlations between RTBS findings, obstetric/ neonatal practices, and neurological symptoms in newborn infants, routine scanning may be necessary for an understanding of the long-term consequences of ICH. Similarly, these results suggest that ICH, as determined on RTBS, may represent another endpoint with which to assess the quality of perinatal care.
Use of New Techniques in Addition to IHC Applied to the Diagnosis of Melanocytic Lesions, With Emphasis on CGH, FISH, and Mass Spectrometry

Melanoma remains one of the most aggressive forms of cutaneous malignancies. While its diagnosis based on histologic parameters is usually straight forward in most cases, distinguishing a melanoma from a melanocytic nevus can be challenging in some instances, especially when there are overlapping clinical and histopathologic features. Occasionally, melanomas can histologically mimic other tumors and even demonstration of melanocytic origin can be challenging. Thus, several ancillary tests may be employed to arrive at the correct diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarize these tests, including the well-established and commonly used ones such as immunohistochemistry, with specific emphasis on emerging techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization and imaging mass spectrometry.
Percutaneous bladder procedures.

SUMMARY Endourology must now include lower urinary tract pathology. The above techniques utilize equipment that is readily available in most centers performing percutaneous procedures. As with the upper tract endourology, the procedures performed in the bladder are likely to reduce morbidity and hospital stay, and in fact, many of these procedures are performed in the office setting under local anesthesia. Our experience was initially in the geriatric population but has now expanded widely, and we use this approach primarily in many bladder cases.
Project: Locast Health Diary

This chapter describes the research project Locast Health Diary which aims to provide a helpful set of tools for obese teens, or teens’ risk at obesity to record their behaviors and activities in their everyday health environment. The project aims to evaluate if Locast tools (mobile video diaries, a location-based platform and a social network) could address obesity problem. Video diaries, created by a mobile application, visualized and shared in real-time on a location-based platform. The platform aims to understand obese teens perception versus reality providing them tools to reflect on their problems and create a network community that they could develop awareness through social interactions. The exchange of information affects health decision making with the aim to create a long-term behavioral change towards a healthier lifestyle. Results show that it is not far to imagine the use of mobile technology and civic media creation as a tool to understand correlation of behaviors and encourage active participation in your own health. Locast Health Diary helps developing awareness however, without an expert participation it may not be sufficient to determinate behavioral change. Locast Health Diary project has been expanded as a discussion tool for educational experts, an additional food diary tool for health experts, and an opportunity tool to implement with other chronic disease patients, and community health initiatives for community leaders.
CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D4 (q3), q = 2n BY ITS SYLOW 2-SUBGROUP

This chapter discusses a characterization of 3 D 4 (q 3 ), q = 2 n by its sylow 2-subgroup. If X is a finite group with Sylow 2-subgroup U, it is said that a finite group G is of type X if a Sylow 2-subgroup of G is isomorphic to U. The main result is the theorem that says if G be a finite simple group of type 3 D 4 (q 3 ), q = 2 n , with Sylow 2-subgroup S. Then G is isomorphic to 3 D 4 (q 3 ). The chapter discusses the structure of S and explains the automorphism group of S is found.
Exploring the Optimal Erectile Function Domain Score Cutoff That Defines Sexual Satisfaction After Radical Prostatectomy.

Abstract Introduction The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is the gold standard validated instrument for defining erectile function (EF) and its response to treatment. The EF domain (EFD) contains six questions and is a sensitive and specific measurement of treatment-related changes in EF. The EFD score has been widely used as a primary assessment end point for clinical trials of EF recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP). Various EFD scores have been used to define functional erections. Recently, an EFD score of at least 22 has been used as a threshold in major post-RP penile rehabilitation studies. Aim To define the EFD score that optimally defines “functional” erections after RP. Methods We assessed men 24 months after RP using the IIEF and specifically analyzed the scores of the EFD and intercourse satisfaction domain (ISD). Main Outcome Measures We used two questions on satisfaction (score = 0–5) and enjoyment (score = 0–5) from the ISD to classify IS (score = 0–10). We tested the following intercourse satisfaction classifications: ISD score equal to 10, ISD score of at least 8, and a score of at least 4 for the ISD questions on satisfaction and enjoyment. We used the classification that produced the largest area under the curve (AUC) using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Then, we used a three-step process to determine the optimal EFD score cutoff using sensitivity and specificity analysis. Results One hundred seventy-eight men had an average age at RP of 58 ± 7 years and a 24-month EFD score of 20 ± 9. Sixty-four percent had complete nerve-sparing surgery, 35% had partial nerve-sparing surgery, and 1% had the nerves fully resected. Thirty-three percent had laparoscopic RP and 67% had open RP. The ROC curves produced AUCs of 0.80 (ISD score = 10), 0.85 (ISD score ≥ 8), and 0.86 (ISD scores for satisfaction and enjoyment ≥ 4; P Conclusion These data support an EFD score of 24 as a valid cutoff defining “functional” erection in men with erectile dysfunction after RP. These data are important for clinicians in counseling patients and to researchers to define inclusion criteria and treatment end points for trials of erectile dysfunction after RP. Terrier JE, Muhall JP, Nelson CJ. Exploring the Optimal Erectile Function Domain Score Cutoff That Defines Sexual Satisfaction After Radical Prostatectomy. J Sex Med 2017;14:804–809.
Conclusion: Re-writing the Nation and the Self

The Conclusion returns to the theater of revisions from the self. The conclusion, in turn, looks at two plays by the Cuban Abelardo Estorino—La dolorosa historia del amor secreto de don Jose Jacinto Milanes (1974) and Vagos rumores (1992)—to understand what happens when the playwright rewrites himself. This exploration, then, helps the reader understand the role of the theater of revisions.
Technical Section: All around the map: Online spherical panorama construction

One of the main goals of anywhere augmentation is the development of automatic algorithms for scene acquisition in augmented reality systems. In this paper, we present Envisor, a system for online construction of environment maps in new locations. To accomplish this, Envisor uses vision-based frame to frame and landmark orientation tracking for long-term, drift-free registration. For additional robustness, a gyroscope/compass orientation unit can optionally be used for hybrid tracking. The tracked video is then projected into a cubemap frame by frame. Feedback is presented to the user to help avoid gaps in the cubemap, while any remaining gaps are filled by texture diffusion. The resulting environment map can be used for a variety of applications, including shading of virtual geometry and remote presence.
Changes in cognition and dendritic complexity following intrathecal methotrexate and cytarabine treatment in a juvenile murine model

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent childhood cancer and accounts for 26.8% of cancer diagnoses among children, worldwide-approximately 3000 children each year. While advancements in treating ALL have led to a remission rate of more than 90%, many survivors experience adverse neurocognitive and/or neurobehavioral effects as a result of intrathecal chemotherapy. Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly administered with cytosine arabinoside (AraC, cytarabine) during intrathecal chemotherapy for ALL. To date, few studies exist that test the cognitive effects of intrathecal injections of MTX/AraC on juvenile populations. The purpose of our study was to investigate the combined effects of MTX/AraC on cognition and dendritic structure in the hippocampus in juvenile male mice. Twenty, 21-day-old male C57BL/6 mice were used in this study; 10 mice received intrathecal MTX/AraC treatment, and 10 were given intrathecal saline injections. Five weeks after injections, we tested the animals' hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance in the Morris water maze. After the first day of hidden-platform training, we observed that the mice that received MTX/AraC treatment showed signs of significant impairment in spatial memory retention. MTX/AraC treatment significantly compromised the dendritic architecture and reduced mushroom spine density in the dorsal ganglion (DG), CA1, and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. The present data provided evidence that MTX/AraC compromised the dendritic architecture and impaired hippocampal dependent cognition. This could provide insight into chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in juvenile patients treated for ALL.