cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and Behavioral Distancing from the Poor.

The author argues that distancing is the dominant response to poor people on the part of those who are not poor and that distancing, separation, exclusion, and devaluing operationally define discrimination. Such responses, together with stereotypes and prejudice, define classism. The article focuses on classism in the United States. Classism is examined in the context of theoretical propositions about the moral exclusion of stigmatized others and is illustrated by cognitive distancing, institutional distancing (in education, housing, health care, legal assistance, politics, and public policy), and interpersonal distancing. The adoption of the Resolution on Poverty and Socioeconomic Status by the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives in August 2000 is cited as an important step in the direction of eliminating the invisibility of low-income persons in psychological research and theory.
Do Pharmaceutical Sales Respond to Scientific Evidence

I investigate how different sources of information influence the diffusion of pharmaceutical innovations. In prescription-drug markets, both advertising and scientific information stemming from clinical trials can affect physicians' prescription choices. Using novel indices of clinical-research output, I find that both marketing and scientific evidence directly influence the diffusion process in the antiulcer-drug market, with marketing having a more pronounced influence. I also find evidence that clinical outputs are important drivers of firms' marketing efforts, affecting sales indirectly. Taken together, the direct and indirect effects of science on demand imply strong private incentives for clinical research. I conclude that product-market competition in the pharmaceutical industry is shaped by both advertising rivalries and scientific rivalries. Moreover, drug advertising may perform an important informative function.
Weatherization of residences: Criteria for thermal insulation

The Department of Energy (DoE) requested the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to review and update criteria for materials and products to be included in the DoE Weatherization Assistance Program. This program was established by Congressional legislation in 1976 and was directed toward providing financial assistance to low-income individuals for retrofitting residences to conserve energy. In most cases, only energy-saving materials and products for which standards and specifications are available are to be included in the Program. In late 1983, DoE proposed rule changes to the Program which made it necessary to update existing criteria and establish, as appropriate, new criteria.Criteria were developed for retrofit materials and products included in the DoE Weatherization Assistance Program. These materials and products were thermal insulation, storm windows and doors, replacement windows and doors, caulks and sealants, weatherstripping, vapor retarders, clock ther mostats, and replacement glazing. The c...
Regioselektive Reduktion von NAD+‐Modellverbindungen mit [Cp*Rh(bipy)H]+: Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehungen und mechanistische Aspekte der Bildung von 1,4‐NADH‐Derivaten

Der Mechanismus der Hydridubertragung auf die NAD+-Modellverbindung 1 unter Bildung des NADH-Analogons 3 [Gl. (1)] hangt entscheidend von der Amid-Carbonylgruppe ab, die das Metallzentrum des aus 2 in situ gebildeten Katalysators [Cp*Rh(bpy)H]+ koordiniert; zuvor findet im Cp*Rh-Fragment ein Wechsel des Koordinationsmodus von η5 nach η3 statt. Bei Substraten mit sterisch anspruchsvollen Substituenten wie C(O)NEt2 in der 3-Position des Pyridinrings ist diese regioselektive Reduktion hingegen nicht moglich. bpy = 2,2′-Bipyridin, Cp* = C5Me5, OTf = Trifluormethansulfonat.
Bioluminescent Sensors for Onsite Non-specific Screening of Toxic Agents in Food and Water

This paper presents a non-specific detection system for quickly screening toxic and harmful contaminants in food products by utilizing the properties of naturally occurring bioluminescence in selected living bacteria. The goal of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of using luminescent bacteria as "canaries" for rapid non-specific detection of toxic contaminants for homeland food protection and defense. Vibro fischeri was used as the specific biological sensor in this study. The bacteria was grown in marine broth and maintained between 22 and 25degC for optimal growth. Cultures were used to determine the presence of a surrogate toxicant, in this case, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) in various concentrations. Initial results show that 10% bleach quenches light emission immediately upon contact with the bacteria contained in 3 food matrices, namely: skim milk, 2% milk, and drinking water. This naturally occurring biological sensor would be useful in providing an inexpensive, highly renewable early warning system of a potentially catastrophic event. A successful system would enhance early surveillance against any intentional attack on the US food supply, including drinking water. Even in the absence of a bioterrorism event, the biological sensor would still be useful in control measures against naturally occurring or sanitation-constrained toxic substances.
Spaceflight and Bone Turnover: Correlation with a New Rat Model of Weightlessness

Earlier manned spaceflight studies have revealed that the near-weightless environment of orbital flight produce certain biological effects in humans, including abnormalities in mineral metabolism. The data collected were compatible with bone mineral loss. Cosmos 782 and 936 experiments have shown a decrease in rat bone formation rate. In this paper, a rat model of weightlessness is described, which is unique in that the animal is free to move about a 360-deg arc. The model meets the requirements for an acceptable system. Data from the model and spaceflight are presented. Many of the responses noted in suspended animals indicate that the model closely mimics results from rats and man exposed to near-weightlessness during orbital spaceflight.
Are renal tumors associated with lithium treatment

Editorial Zaidan et al. (2014) recently identified solid renal tumors by sonographic scanning among 170 patients in Parisian renal disorder programs who had been treated with lithium for an average of 21.4 years and developed decreased renal function. In such patients, the observed rate of renal tumors was high, at 14/170 (8.24%), and half of the tumors were considered malignant (4.12%). The observed rate of solid renal tumors was nearly six times greater than among patients with chronic renal disease (matched for age, sex, and glomerular filtration rate) but not known to have been exposed to lithium (8.24% vs. 5/340 or 1.47%), and the risk among all observed patients with renal dysfunction (19/510 or 2.73%) was over three times less than with lithium treatment (2.73% vs. 8.24%). These rates were reported to be far greater than in the general population. However, risks among lithium-treated patients without renal impairment were not reported. The report proposes that there is an increased risk of renal tumors in association with long-term exposure to lithium salts among patients with impaired renal function. These striking observations, if validated, are of considerable concern, particularly as long-term treatment with lithium has been associated with risk of pathological and pathophysiological changes in renal function that call for regular, routine clinical monitoring of indices of renal function among patients treated long-term with lithium (Bauer et al. 2006; Baldessarini 2013). Rates of severe impairment of renal function among lithium-treated patients may be as low as 0.5% (McKnight et al. 2012). Given an estimated risk of solid renal tumors of 8.24% (and of malignancies of about 4.12%) of lithium-treated patients with significant renal impairment (Zaidan et al. 2014), a tentative estimate of risk of kidney tumors among all patients exposed to lithium long-term would be approximately 0.041% (0.0824 × 0.005), and of cancers
Competition between stink bug and heliothine caterpillar pests on cotton at within-plant spatial scales

Outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton threaten the economic and ecological benefits of the technology in cotton-producing countries. In the southeastern USA, stink bug pests, namely Nezara viridula L. and Euschistus servus Say (both Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), have recently become severe problems associated with Bt cotton, requiring continued insecticide use. However, the causes of non-target pest outbreaks remain unclear. Release from competition with Bt-susceptible pest species, in addition to other mechanisms, may contribute to increased stink bug populations in Bt cotton. We investigated the competitive interactions between the two stink bug species and the Bt-susceptible pests Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens Fabricius (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt cotton. We tested for competition effects on stink bug growth rates in no-choice experiments at two spatial scales: a single cotton boll and a branch with multiple developing bolls. Although caterpillars of the two species had equivalent effects on resource availability, they had distinct effects on stink bug growth rates. Fourth instar H. zea reduced growth rates of both stink bug species by 60% when caged on a single cotton boll and reduced growth rates of only E. servus by 36% when caged on a cotton branch. In contrast, H. virescens had no effect on stink bug growth rates. Resource competition was apparent in the interactions between H. zea and E. servus, but interference competition may have contributed to the interactions as well. Competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton is possible, and shouldbe more likelyforE. servusthan for N. viridula. Understanding thecausesofnon-targetpest outbreaksin Btcottonwillcontributeto improved environmentalriskassessments offuturereleasesofBt cottonandrelatedtransgenic crops.
NEW MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DATA AFFIRM THE IMPORTANCE OF PLEISTOCENE SPECIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

The timing of origin of modern North American bird species in relation to Pleistocene glaciations has long been the topic of significant discussion and disagreement. Recently, Klicka and Zink (1997) and Avise and Walker (1998) enlivened this debate by using calibrated molecular distance values to estimate timing of speciations. Here we use new molecular studies to test their conclusions. Molecular distance values for 39 pairs of proven sister species, 27 of which are based on new data, alter the currently perceived pattern that avian species splits occurred mainly in the Pliocene and early-mid-Pleistocene. Mitochondrial DNA divergence values for this set of taxa showed a skewed distribution pointing toward relatively young speciation times, in contrast to the pattern presented by Klicka and Zink (1997) for 35 sister plus non-sister species pairs. Our pattern was not significantly different from that of Avise and Walker (1998) for "intraspecific phylogroups," some of which are species. We conclude that the entire Pleistocene, including the last two glacial cycles (<250,000 years ago), was important in speciations of modern North American birds. A substantial number of speciations were both initiated and completed in the last 250,000 years. Simultaneously, many taxa began to diverge in the Pleistocene but their speciations are not yet complete (per Avise and Walker 1998). The suggestion that durations of speciations average two million years is probably a substantial overestimate.
A system biology approach to robustness analysis of circadian rhythm

Summary form only given. Understanding regulation is a critical hurdle in unraveling complex biological systems. As gene-level architectures become known, the open challenge is to assign predictable behavior to a known structure, the so-called "genotype-to-phenotype" problem. In response to this challenge, the discipline of systems biology has emerged with an integrative perspective towards determining complex systems behavior. A property of particular interest is the robustness of the biophysical network: the ability to maintain some target level of behavior or performance in the presence of uncertainty and/or perturbations. In biological systems, these disturbances can be environmental (heat, pH, etc.) or intrinsic to the organism (changes in kinetic parameters). While preliminary results are available for simple (low-dimensional, deterministic) biological systems, general tools for analyzing these tradeoffs are the subject of active research. The gene network which underlies circadian rhythms is an ideal system for robustness studies, owing to its remarkable performance in a highly uncertain environment. Of interest for control theoretic analyses, the dominant elements of the postulated architecture for Drosophila consist of nested negative autoregulatory feedback loops controlling the expression of timeless (tim) and period (per) interlocked with a positive feedback loop established via the dClock gene. Complex formation, regulated translocation and degradation of several of these gene products, which is additionally controlled (and delayed) by protein phosphorylation, add further levels of complexity to the system. In this talk, a number of quantitative tools from systems theory are presented as enabling methodologies for unraveling robust biological regulatory systems, with an emphasis on sensitivity analysis. Our work on modeling and analysis of the Drosophila circadian rhythm gene network are detailed, and generalizations are be drawn for the mammalian analog and for more general gene regulatory networks.
Suburban Food Security: Walkability and Nutritional Access in Metropolitan Detroit

This article explored the relationship between the local food environment and walkability in the socioeconomically diverse, inner-ring suburbs of metropolitan Detroit. The availability and cost differentials of food were surveyed using a modified version of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Stores (NEMS–S), and a geographic information system–based method was designed to map walkability relative to licensed food retail establishments. Results showed that minority communities lack access to fresh produce and nutritionally adequate foods, which is compounded by limited mobility. By incorporating local-based economic incentives, low-income communities can better align neighborhood goals of obtaining nutritionally adequate food (and other services) with economic opportunity.
Damage detection of a damped structure with neural networks

In the future, is envisioned that passively damped structures and structural health monitoring techniques will be applied to the same class of structures. However, damage detection research has not been performed on damped structures because of the mathematical complexities associated with highly damped systems. A neural network is presented for detecting damage of a structural system damped with viscoelastic material dampers. The damage characteristic (location and severity) are predicted using driving point impedance functions as the inputs to a four layer backpropogation network. While the neural network adequately predicts damage on a simple structural system, it may become unreasonably large for structural systems with a large number of degrees of freedom.
Draft Genome of Pseudomonas sp. Strain 11/12A, Isolated from Lake Washington Sediment

We announce here the genome sequencing of Pseudomonas sp. strain 11/12A from Lake Washington sediment. From the genome content, a versatile lifestyle is predicted but not one of bona fide methylotrophy. With the availability of its genomic sequence, Pseudomonas sp. 11/12A presents a prospective model for studying microbial communities in lake sediments.
An Experimental Demonstrator of Semi-Active Tire Damping Enhancement

Pneumatic tires play a greater role in vibration control of vehicles with stiff or no suspension systems. The challenge is to find an approach that enhances vibratory damping in the tires without increasing the power losses due to rolling resistance effects. This paper presents a novel tire damping enhancement that allows for improved damping within the tire while maintaining the rolling resistance found in a typical pneumatic tire.The damping enhancement was evaluated by testing an apparatus/demonstrator that simulates a pneumatic tire. The experiment was initially configured to measure the damping ratio of the conventional tire design using a calibrated external excitation and analyzing the decay of the vibration. The damping enhancement presented in the paper was then subjected to the same test and analysis procedure. Results of the analysis show that the proposed damping enhancement measurably decreased the time of the vibratory oscillation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Bees of the Genus Andrena of Boulder, Colorado

The area near Boulder, Colorado, is the type locality for twenty-four species of Andrena , making the area a critical one in regard to the Andrena fauna of the Rocky Mountain region. A key to the bees of Boulder County was published by Cockerell (1907), and subsequent short notes on the regional fauna have appeared in many journals. Twenty-four Boulder Andrena were tabulated in the 1907 key, and sixty-four are included in the present key, but probably eighty or more species exist in the region.
Investigation of Methyl Decanoate Combustion in an Optical Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

An optically accessible heavy-duty diesel engine was used to investigate the impact of methyl decanoate (MD) on combustion and emissions. Specific goals of the study were to produce experimental data for validating engine combustion models using MD (a biodiesel surrogate), as well as to determine if MD could enable soot-free leaner-lifted flame combustion (LLFC), a mode of mixing-controlled combustion associated with equivalence ratios below approximately 2. An ultralow sulfur diesel certification fuel (CF) was used as the baseline fuel, and experiments were conducted at two fuel-injection pressures with three levels of charge-gas dilution; start of combustion and duration of fuel injection were held constant. In addition to conventional pressure-based and engine-out emissions measurements, exhaust laser-induced incandescence, in-cylinder natural luminosity, and in-cylinder chemiluminescence diagnostics were used to provide detailed insight into combustion processes. Results indicate that MD effectively e...
Chaos and Bifurcation Control Using Nonlinear Recursive Controller

Chaos and bifurcation control is achieved by nonlinear controller that is able to mitigate the characteristics of a class of nonlinear systems that are experiencing such phenomenon. In this paper, a backstepping nonlinear recursive controller is presented. Comparison has been made between it and a Pole Placement controller. The study shows the effectiveness of the proposed control under various operating conditions.
Screening for Psychological Inflexibility: Initial Validation of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth as a School Mental Health Screener:

The present study reports on the initial validation of the eight-item version of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y8) as a school mental health screener for identifying clinical-level depression and anxiety caseness within a sample of urban high school students (N = 219). Results indicated that responses to the AFQ-Y8 yielded better data–model fit and comparable internal consistency and convergent validity in relation to responses to the longer, 17-item version of the measure. Findings from receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses showed that scores derived from the AFQ-Y8 had excellent discrimination ability for correctly classifying students with and without clinical-level depression (area under the curve [AUC] = .91) and anxiety (AUC = .92), and that a cutoff score of ≥15 yielded optimal sensitivity (.86, .92) and specificity (.88, .87) for accomplishing these purposes. Taken together, findings suggest the AFQ-Y8 is a technically adequate instrument for both measuring psychological ...
Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae kap108Δ Mutants upon Addition of Oxidative Stress.

Protein transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is tightly regulated, providing a mechanism for controlling intracellular localization of proteins, and regulating gene expression. In this study, we have investigated the importance of nucleocytoplasmic transport mediated by the karyopherin Kap108 in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We carried out microarray analyses on wild-type and kap108 mutant cells grown under normal conditions, shortly after introduction of oxidative stress, after 1 hr of oxidative stress, and 1 hr after oxidative stress was removed. We observe more than 500 genes that undergo a 40% or greater change in differential expression between wild-type and kap108Δ cells under at least one of these conditions. Genes undergoing changes in expression can be categorized in two general groups: 1) those that are differentially expressed between wild-type and kap108Δ cells, no matter the oxidative stress conditions; and 2) those that have patterns of response dependent upon both the absence of Kap108, and introduction or removal of oxidative stress. Gene ontology analysis reveals that, among the genes whose expression is reduced in the absence of Kap108 are those involved in stress response and intracellular transport, while those overexpressed are largely involved in mating and pheromone response. We also identified 25 clusters of genes that undergo similar patterns of change in gene expression when oxidative stresses are added and subsequently removed, including genes involved in stress response, oxidation–reduction processing, iron homeostasis, ascospore wall assembly, transmembrane transport, and cell fusion during mating. These data suggest that Kap108 is important for regulating expression of genes involved in a variety of specific cell functions.
Analysis of imported malaria cases in Nanning city

Objective To analyze the imported malaria cases from Africa and Southeast Asia. Methods The epidemic malaria data were obtained from the network of National Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China. Results The incidence of imported malaria cases was greatly increased compared to the same period last year an an outbreak was recorded in Shanglin county. the imported malaria infection reached a peak in June and imported malaria were reported in 6 counties and 7 urban areas,and the number of cases were higher in counties than in cities. The age of the imported malaria cases were averagely(36.30±9.14)years and 99.2% of the malaria cases were those returned from Africa. Conclusions The number of imported malaria case showed an increasing trend,thus monitoring of workers returned from Africa be strengthened and the imported malaria cases be properly managed.
The action of leukocytosis-promoting factor on the blood and bone marrow of the guinea pig.

Ten normal guinea pigs each weighing approximately 400 Gm. were given intraperitoneal injections of sterile pyrogen-free saline, and another ten were given injections of saline + 25 mg. of Leukocytosis-Promoting Factor (Menkin). The animals were killed 4 hours after the injection and quantitative studies made on the blood and the bone marrow. LPF appears to give rise to a considerable discharge of granulocytes from the bone marrow, much greater than can be accounted for by the leukocytosis which develops. The administration of LPF is also associated with a marked increase in the marrow lymphocytes.
Protein adsorption and osteoblast precursor cell attachment to hydroxyapatite of different crystallinities.

Purpose The effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystallinity on protein adsorption and osteoblast precursor cell attachment to HA was investigated. Materials and methods Different weight ratios of 100% crystalline HA and 100% amorphous calcium phosphate powders were mixed and pressed into disks (0.5 g) of different crystallinities--either 0% (HAO), 30% (HA30), 50% (HA50), 70% (HA70), or 100% (HA100). Results X-ray diffraction indicated differences in HA crystallinities. In addition, dissolution of the HA was dependent on its crystallinity, with an increase in phosphorus dissolution as the degree of crystallinity was decreased. No significant difference in albumin adsorption and initial osteoblast precursor cell attachment was observed in the range of HA0 to HA70 surfaces. However, a significantly lower albumin adsorption and initial osteoblast precursor cell attachment were observed on HA100. Discussion It was suggested that changes in ionic interactions as a result of a change in crystallinity affect the amount of calcium ion ligands readily available to electrostatically bind to proteins. Conclusion It was thus concluded from this study that HA crystallinity affects the amount of albumin adsorbed and initial osteoblast attachment.
Effects of growth type on carcass traits of pasture- or feedlot-developed steers.

Carcasses of 342 steers of known genetic backgrounds from four fundamentally different growth types were developed either on pasture or feedlot regimens to study differences in carcass traits. Growth types were large framed-late maturing (LL), intermediate framed-intermediate maturing (II), intermediate framed-early maturing (IE), and small framed-early maturing (SE). Five calves from each growth type were assigned to each regimen in each year of a 9-yr study. Eighteen steers were removed from the study because of accident or illness. Data collected were preslaughter shrunk BW (SBW); hot carcass weight (HCW); chilled carcass weight (CCW); dressing percentage (DRESS); fat thickness at the 12th and 13th-rib interface (FAT); percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH); longissimus muscle area (LMA); marbling score (MARB); quality grade (QG); and yield grade (YG). Differences in carcass traits reflected genetic differences among growth types. The LL steers had heavier BW, HCW, and CCW and larger LMA (P < .05) than steers of other growth types, regardless of development regimen. Among pasture-developed steer carcasses, IE and SE steers had higher (P < .05) MARB and QG than either LL or II steers. Carcasses of large framed-late maturing steers had the lowest (P < .05) MARB and QG of the growth types. Carcasses of the II, IE, and SE steers had a higher (P < .05) numerical value for YG than carcasses of the LL steers. Among the carcasses of the feedlot-developed steers, IE and SE steers had the highest (P < .05) MARB and QG. Carcasses from the IE and SE steers were fatter (P < .05) than those from LL or II steers. Carcasses of the LL steers had the lowest percentage of KPH of growth types developed in the feedlot. No difference was observed in KPH for carcasses of II, IE, and SE steers. The LL steer carcasses had the lowest numerical value for YG of all growth types. These data indicate that variation existed among carcass traits for the four growth types and that carcass traits influenced by fatness were greater and more attainable in the feedlot-developed steers using current methods of evaluation.
Subpicosecond Photoinduced Hole Transfer from a CdS Quantum Dot to a Molecular Acceptor Bound Through an Exciton-Delocalizing Ligand

This paper describes the enhancement of the rate of hole transfer from a photoexcited CdS quantum dot (QD), with radius R = 2.0 nm, to a molecular acceptor, phenothiazine (PTZ), by linking the donor and acceptor through a phenyldithiocarbamate (PTC) linker, which is known to lower the confinement energy of the excitonic hole. Upon adsorption of PTC, the bandgap of the QD decreases due to delocalization of the exciton, primarily the excitonic hole, into interfacial states of mixed QD/PTC character. This delocalization enables hole transfer from the QD to PTZ in <300 fs (within the instrument response of the laser system) when linked by PTC, but not when linked by a benzoate group, which has a similar length and conjugation as PTC but does not delocalize the excitonic hole. Comparison of the two systems was aided by quantification of the surface coverage of benzoate and PTC-linked PTZ by 1H NMR. This work provides direct spectroscopic evidence of the enhancement of the rate of hole extraction from a colloid...
Computing undetectable attacks on power grids

We consider combined data and physical attacks on power grids, motivated by recent events and research. We consider a setting where an attacker may alter the topology of a power grid by removing lines and may also alter the load (demand) of some nodes; simultaneously the attacker interdicts data flowing to the control center. We use the PMU model of data that provides high-fidelity AC power flow data (voltages and currents) The goal of the attacker is to provide data that paints a completely safe picture for the grid which is consistent with the net load change, while at the same time disguising large line overloads, a fundamentally dangerous situation that may lead to a cascading failure. We provide a computational procedure that efficiently computes sparse attacks even on cases of large grids.
Should We Treat Data as Labor? Moving Beyond 'Free'

In the digital economy, user data is typically treated as capital created by corporations observing willing individuals. This neglects users' role in creating data, reducing incentives for users, distributing the gains from the data economy unequally and stoking fears of automation. Instead treating data (at least partially) as labor could help resolve these issues and restore a functioning market for user contributions, but may run against the near-term interests of dominant data monopsonists who have benefited from data being treated as 'free'. Countervailing power, in the form of competition, a data labor movement and/or thoughtful regulation could help restore balance.
Survey of Available Literature and Meta-Analyses on Chronic Subdural Hematoma

A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is an encapsulated collection of blood and fluid on the surface of the brain. It is a common condition, especially in elderly patients, with an incidence of 58 cases per 100,000 people per year in patients over 65 years of age, a mortality rate of about 2%, and a recurrence rate ranging from 11.7% to 28% despite surgical and medical treatments. Due to the high incidence of CSDH, a vast amount of literature exists on the various medical and surgical aspects. Moreover, the literature contained meta-analyses analyzing different techniques, medical therapies, and factors associated with prognoses. Herein, the available literature and meta-analyses on different aspects of CSDH are reviewed in order to provide a rapid review of the best evidence regarding this condition. Twelve meta-analyses comparing the effects of different surgical and/or medical treatments on various different clinical outcomes were analyzed. Strong evidence was found that: 1) burr-hole craniostomy and twist-drill craniostomy are both efficacious in treating CSDH; 2) drainage placement is associated with better clinical outcomes and significantly lower recurrence rates; 3) antithrombotic drugs are significantly associated with a higher recurrence rate; and 4) in case of need of reoperation, open craniotomy is associated with better outcomes compared with minimally invasive procedures. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of corticosteroids and the best timing of the resumption of antithrombotic drugs after CSDH evacuation.
Chemotherapy for Medulloblastoma—Childhood

Abstract Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and occurs rarely in adult patients. Treatment has evolved over the last decades to include surgery, radiotherapy to the tumor site and craniospinal axis and chemotherapy in most patients. Although various treatment approaches have been attempted, cisplatin/cyclophosphamide based approaches are the most widely used resulting in 5-year overall survival rates of 85% in standard risk patients and 50%–65% in patients with high risk disease. Late relapses do occur, although only in the minority of patients, and secondary malignancies including brain tumors, are a major complication 5 years or greater from diagnosis. Long-term sequelae from therapy are significant and novel approaches are still greatly needed. Over the last decade there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the biology of these tumors, and they have been subdivided into four molecular groups, WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4. Clinical trials that incorporate these subgroups into risk stratification prospectively will be important in further modifying therapy for patients in order to improve outcomes.
Interracial face-to-face crimes and the socioeconomics of neighborhoods: Evidence from policing records

Abstract Using a novel data set comprising the universe of reported crimes to the Los Angeles Police Department from 2000 to 2007, we examine race victimization patterns among face-to-face crimes at the neighborhood level. While some of our findings support previous work, others challenge previous research and general expectations about race and crime. Contrary to victimization patterns observed in the aggregate data, our panel data models identify consistent patterns of reported violence committed by White individuals against Blacks and Hispanics across neighborhoods. Specifically, in the presence of controls for neighborhood and time effects, Whites are more likely to assault and use weapons against Blacks and Hispanics than Blacks and Hispanics are to assault or use weapons against Whites. On the other hand, Blacks and Hispanics are typically more likely to commit robbery (crimes which we characterize as being often related to economic motives) against Whites than the reverse. We estimate these effects across the racial composition and earnings distribution of neighborhoods in Los Angeles County and find significant heterogeneity in the propensity for certain types of crimes to occur as a function of the race/ethnic match of suspect and victim.
Dulaglutide Has Higher Adherence and Persistence than Liraglutide and Exenatide QW—One-Year Follow-Up from U.S. Real-World Data

The objective of this retrospective real-world observational study was to compare 1-year adherence and persistence among patients initiating GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), dulaglutide (DULA) vs. liraglutide (LIRA) or DULA vs. exenatide QW (EQW) in the U.S., using claims data between November 2014 and May 2016 (index date=earliest GLP-1RA fill date) from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (HIRD®). Patients ≥18 years old, with T2DM, no claim for index drug in the 6 months pre-index period, and continuous enrollment 6 months pre- and 1-year post-index were included. DULA users were propensity-matched 1:1 to LIRA (2,427 pairs) or EQW (1,8pairs) users. Matched cohorts were balanced in baseline characteristics and the mean age was 54 years with around 52% males. The key adherence and persistence outcomes are included in the table. At 1-year, DULA users were more likely to be adherent [Proportion of Days Covered (PDC)≥80%] than LIRA (odds ratio [OR]=1.76, 95% CI=[1.56, 1.99]) or EQW users (OR=2.31, 95% CI=[2.00, 2.66]). Cox regression showed that DULA users were less likely to discontinue therapy than LIRA (hazard ratio [HR]=0.75, 95% CI=[0.69, 0.81]) or EQW users (HR=0.58, 95% CI=[0.53, 0.63]). At 1-year follow-up, patients initiating DULA had higher medication adherence, and were more persistent to their treatment compared to patients initiating either LIRA or EQW. Disclosure R. Mody: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Q. Huang: Other Relationship; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Yu: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. R. Zhao: Other Relationship; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. H. Patel: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Grabner: Employee; Self; HealthCore, Inc. L. Fernandez Lando: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company.
The Safe Natal Home and Other Myths: Sibling Violence and Incest in India

This article focuses on childhood-based sibling violence against adolescent girls in urban India and highlights the ways in which culture shapes, morphs, disguises and elides particular forms of ki...
Antiestrogens Old and New: The Search for a Non-Toxic Agent with No Estrogenic Properties

Tamoxifen (Novaldex®) is the first nonsteroidal antiestrogen to be used extensively for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. The drug is available in more than 70 countries around the world. The value of tamoxifen comes not only from its proven efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer but also from the lack of toxic side effects. Compared to other approaches, the selective toxicity of tamoxifen for the tumor is not at the expense of host morbidity [1,2].
MULTICRITERION DECISIONS IN SYSTEMS WITH FEEDBACK

Abstract The process of setting priorities in systems with a network structure is more complex than it is in a hierarchy which is essentially linear. The composition of priorities in a hierarchy is a special case of composition in a system. Simple examples of composition in hierarchies with cycles between adjacent levels and cyclic hierarchies called holarchies are given. More generally suppose we have a network whose nodes are components of a system. These components can interact in a designated manner according to a variety of criteria whose priorities derive from a separate hierarchy. The object is to compose priorities for the elements of a system with respect to each criterion by examining the reducibility and primitivity characteristics of a column stochastic matrix which represents the interactions of the components of the system and then synthesize the results obtained for each criterion over the entire set of criteria by appropriate weighting with the priorities of each.
The Window of Opportunity

As a beginning graduate student, well before I even met the man I would eventually marry, I recall considering my future. I was training to become a scientist, but would I find a partner? Would my career path allow me to have a family? Although these basic personal choices had always seemed inevitable to me as a child, in the frenetic schedule of a chemical physics graduate student they were anything but given. At that point, studies showing the impact of advanced education on women’s personal lives had yet to appear [1]. Still, it seemed clear; the likelihood of finding a partner while spending almost all my waking hours working on science was probably pretty small. After many musings, I made an active decision: the rich career afforded by my advanced degree would fulfill me whether I married or not, or had a family. This decision played a role in my success as a graduate student. It allowed me to focus my energy on science and leave my personal life to chance. I thrived in graduate school, both academically and personally. About 2 years later, I met Pete, the man who would become my best friend, my husband, the father of my children, and the person who made it possible for me to succeed in my career as a professor and as a mother.
Theories of Electronic Energy Levels in Molecules and Solids

The most comprehensive available treatment for the analysis of the electronic behavior of molecules is that of molecular orbital (MO) theory. The theory has been used to describe many aspects of molecular structure and such diverse molecular properties as optical absorption spectra, electronic dipole moments, and electron and nuclear magnetic resonance. Numerous texts exist on the treatment of molecular orbital theory at various levels of approximation. Streitweiser [1] considers Huckel’s π electron theory in detail. Later works by Salem [2] and Murrell [3] develop the self-consistent theory for π electron systems. Finally, Pople and Beveridge [4] consider more recent approximate molecular orbital theories which may be applied to all valence electrons of a general three-dimensional molecule.
Procesos de neoculturación en la autobiografía y la memoria femenina hispana en los Estados Unidos

The present article studies the specific literary patterns followed by different Hispanic women writers in their attempt to recover the past of their communities. In the light of Angel Rama's theories on process of culturacion and the effects of neocolonialism in Latin American literature, I determine parallelisms between the works of New Mexican women writers of the 30's, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca Gilbert, Cleofas Jaramillo and Nina Otero-Warren, and contemporary Texan and Puerto Rican authors, particularly, in Gloria Anzaldua's text Borderlands/La frontera and in Esmeralda Santiago When I Was Puerto Rican and I come to the conclusion that the similar literary development between women writers of different historic, social and geographic background needs to be explained not only as a response to the imperialism forced upon Hispanic communities in the United States but as the consequence of the double patriarchal system experienced by these writers.
A Stated Preference Survey Approach to Understanding Mobility Choices in Light of Shared Mobility Services and Automated Vehicle Technologies in the U.S.

This paper presents the preliminary results of a recent nationwide survey that focuses on mode choice behavior in view of emerging mobility options such as ride-sourcing and automated vehicles (AV)...
Ventricular-vascular Coupling at Rest and after Exercise Predicts Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background The ventricular-vascular coupling ratio (Ea/Ees) is defined as the ratio of arterial elastance (Ea) to left ventricular elastance (Ees) and is a key determinant of cardiac performance. Ventricular-vascular coupling has not been examined in populations with coronary artery disease (CAD) and its association with heart failure (HF) in this population is unknown. Methods We measured baseline ventricular-vascular coupling at rest and after exercise using echocardiography and cuff blood pressure in 815 patients with stable CAD enrolled in the Heart and Soul Study. Patients were prospectively followed for the endpoint of HF hospitalization. We used Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for baseline demographics and medical comorbidities, to evaluate the association between ventricular-vascular coupling and HF hospitalizations. Results Ea and Ees increased with exercise, while the Ea/Ees ratio decreased modestly. After a median of 8.9 years, 144 (18%) patients were hospitalized for HF. After multivariable adjustment, patients in the highest tertile of resting Ees (HR 0.24, CI 0.13 to 0.43, P Conclusions The Ea/Ees ratio, at rest and after exercise, is strongly associated with future HF hospitalizations in patients with stable CAD and low rates of baseline HF. The association is driven primarily by Ees, while Ea has little prognostic significance.
Abstract 121: Machine Learning Prediction of Stroke Mechanism in Embolic Strokes of Undetermined Source

Introduction: Embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) are thought to arise mostly from occult cardiac sources or large-artery atherosclerotic lesions and, less frequently, other causes. The p...
Facile synthesis of enantiopure trans-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Abstract An efficient synthesis of enantiopure trans -2,3-diphenyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ( trans -2,3-diphenyl-DABCO) from enantiopure stilbene diamine is reported.
Economics and novels: good, evil and becoming better people

This paper considers differences in how economists and novelists view the importance of good and evil in determining social outcomes. As opposed to novelists, economists see the possibility of achieving desirable outcomes through the pursuit of self-interest in markets with good and evil having little influence on that achievement. However, the paper also considers problems with relying on self-interest alone to generate publicly desirable outcomes through markets and points out limits to self-interest in markets. It is argued that novels and literature are a time-tested way of promoting the moral education necessary for well-functioning markets. Attention is turned to the similarities between Adam Smith’s theory of moral sentiments and the novels of Jane Austen on the means by which people are able to transcend narrow self-interest in ways that improve both economic and social outcomes.
Investigation of the shear relaxation behavior of As-Se liquids within the framework of entropic and elastic models of viscous flow

Abstract The shear relaxation behavior of supercooled arsenic selenide liquids is studied using small amplitude oscillatory parallel plate rheometry. Compositions with >80% Se, characterized by a low-dimensional network of selenium chain segments cross-linked by threefold coordinated arsenic atoms, display the coexistence of a nearly-Arrhenius, slow relaxation process and a strongly non-Arrhenius, fast relaxation process corresponding to bond scission/renewal and chain segmental motion, respectively. The coupling between the weakly non-Arrhenius bond scission and the strongly non-Arrhenius viscosity is achieved near Tg due to the pronounced temperature-dependence of the modulus corresponding to this relaxation process. The temperature dependence of this relaxation modulus is related to the conformational entropy of the chain segments. The large difference between the activation energy of viscous flow and that of the timescale of the relaxation associated with bond scission/renewal implies the need for a revision of the existing models of viscous flow in the literature.
Collection practices for nontraditional online resources among academic health sciences libraries

Objective: In recent years, individuals and small organizations have developed new online learning and information resources that are often marketed directly to students. In this study, these nontraditional online resources are defined as apps or other online resources that are not available through large and well-known publishers. The purposes of this study are to determine if academic health sciences libraries are licensing nontraditional online resources and to provide a snapshot of current collections practices in this area. Methods: An online survey was designed and distributed to the email lists of the Collection Development Section of the Medical Library Association and Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries directors. Follow-up phone interviews were conducted with survey participants who volunteered to be contacted. Results: Of the 58 survey respondents, 21 (36.2%) reported that their libraries currently licensed at least 1 nontraditional online resource, and 45 (77.6%) reported receiving requests for these types of resources. The resources listed by respondents included 50 unique titles. Of the 37 (63.8%) respondents whose library did not license nontraditional online resources, major barriers that were noted included a lack of Internet protocol (IP) authentication, licenses that charge per user, and affordable institutional pricing. Conclusions: Evaluation criteria for nontraditional online resources should be developed and refined, and these resources should be examined over time to determine their potential and actual use by students. There is a growing demand for many of these resources among students, but the lack of financial and access models that serve libraries’ needs is an obstacle to institutional licensing.
Nephron number and its determinants: a 2020 update

Studies of human nephron number have been conducted for well over a century and have uncovered a large variability in nephron number. However, the mechanisms influencing nephron endowment and loss, along with the etiology for the wide range among individuals are largely unknown. Advances in imaging technology have allowed investigators to revisit the principles of renal structure and physiology and their roles in the progression of kidney disease. Here, we will review the latest data on the influences impacting nephron number, innovations made over the last 6 years to understand and integrate renal structure and function, and new developments in the tools used to count nephrons in vivo.