cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiparasitism of House Fly, Musca domestica L., Pupae by Spalangia endius Walker and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Spalangia endius and Muscidifurax raptor multiparasitized house fly pupae. However, S. endius tended to avoid ovipositing in pupae parasitized by M. raptor , whereas M. raptor did not avoid pupae parasitized by S. endius . Behavioral observations indicated that both species could, in some cases, discriminate and subsequently refrain from ovipositing on an already parasitized pupa, but only after drilling into the puparium. Multiparasitism decreased as the time after initial parasitization increased. These findings indicate that the parasitoids use cues, possibly venom, inside the puparium for host discrimination. Multiparasitism should be accounted for in laboratory studies on the reproductive potential of these parasitoids. Furthermore, our results indicate that where these two species are mass released simultaneously, multiparasitism may commonly occur.
Future Directions for Ion Beam Technology and Research: Forum Report

As an integral part of the Symposium on “Ion Beams - Applications from Nanoscale to Mesoscale” at the MRS Spring 2011 Meeting, participants were invited to join two open “brainstorming” Forum Discussions, intended to highlight opportunities for application of ion beam techniques in advancing the frontiers of materials research and making high impact contributions to solving some of the world’s major issues for the future. Participants were invited to imagine freely how the field might develop (or be steered) in the next 5–10 years, in the light of the current state of the art, and in the light of the emerging needs of the global community. The resulting ideas and suggestions led to thoughtful discussions, that displayed a remarkable degree of consensus on future directions, opportunities and challenges for the field. This paper attempts to capture and report briefly the spectrum of ideas and the recommended priorities that emerged from the resulting discussions.
STUDY ON EXTRACTION OF HUMIC ACID FROM PEAT

Through the single- factor experiments they studied technological conditions of the alkali extraction process and acidolysis process in the extraction of humic acid from peat. The examination finds the better technological conditions in alkali extraction process:the peat granularity 62%(- 0. 25mm),NaOH solution mass concentration 3%,the water temperature 95℃,reaction continuance 1. 5hour; the better technological conditions in the acidolysis process: the pH of the mixed liquor 3,the water temperature 40℃,reaction continuance 30 minutes,the humic acid yield 42. 36%.
A dermatologist's approach to the management of skin cancer.

Skin cancer is discussed in relation to various regions of the body where it may occur. Guidelines are given for the selection of the best method of treatment for different types of neoplasms in each region.
Supraglottic carcinoma: patterns of recurrence.

In order to further evaluate our management of supraglottic cancer, a retrospective review was performed. Several issues were to be considered, including the possible prognostic importance of midline (epiglottic) versus lateral (aryepiglottic fold) tumor location, the site(s) of failure, and the effectiveness of treatment modalities on local-regional control
Imaginary Worlds: The Status of Simulation Modeling in Claims for Cost-Effectiveness In Diabetes Mellitus

Over the past 20 years a number of simulations or models have been developed as a basis for tracking and evaluating the impact of pharmacological and other interventions in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These models have typically tracked the natural course of these diseases generating long-term composite claims for cost-effectiveness. These claims can extend over the lifetime of the modeled patient cohort. Set against the standards of normal science, however, these claims lack credibility. The claims presented are all too often either immune to failure or are presented in a form that is non-testable. As such they fail to meet the key experimental requirements of falsification and replication. Unfortunately, there is a continuing belief that long-term or lifetime models are essential to decision-making. This is misplaced. The purpose of this review is to argue that there is a pressing need to reconsider the needs of health system decision makers and focus on modeled or simulated claims that are meaningful, testable, reportable and replicable in evaluating interventions in diabetes mellitus. Type: Commentary
Feminization of Poverty

The feminization of poverty is a phenomenon commonly understood as the general disproportionate over-representation of women in poverty globally. The fourth UN World Conference on Women ignited significant conversation when it was asserted that 70 percent of the world's poor were female. Lack of income seems to be an important by-product of the vicious cycle of inadequate access to resources perpetuated by global patriarchal practices. By examining and targeting sociocultural factors associated with the feminization of poverty, advocates may spur changes that will address policies and social traditions that trap women and their children in a state of economic disadvantage. Keywords: discrimination; patriarchy; poverty; women's rights; work
Coexistent Sickle Cell Disease Has No Impact on the Safety or Outcome of Lytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Findings From Get With The Guidelines-Stroke.

Background and Purpose— The recommended treatment for ischemic stroke is tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator). Although sickle cell disease (SCD) represents no known contraindication to tPA, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health recommended acute exchange transfusion for stroke in SCD, not tPA. Data on safety and outcomes of tPA in patients are needed to guide tPA use in SCD. Methods— We matched patients from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association Get With The Guidelines-Stroke registry with SCD to patients without SCD and compared usage, complications, and discharge outcomes after tPA. Multivariable logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations were used to assess outcomes. Results— From 2 016 652 stroke patients admitted to Get With The Guidelines-Stroke sites in the United States, 832 SCD and 3328 non-SCD controls with no differences in admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale or blood pressure were identified. Neither the fraction receiving thrombolytic therapy (8.2% for SCD versus 9.4% non-SCD) nor symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (4.9% of SCD versus 3.2% non-SCD; P =0.4502) was different. There was no difference in a prespecified set of outcome measures for those with SCD compared with controls. Conclusions— Coexistent SCD had no significant impact on the safety or outcome of thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Although the sample size is relatively small, these data suggest that adults with SCD and acute ischemic stroke should be treated with thrombolysis, if they otherwise qualify. Addition studies, however, should track the intracranial hemorrhage rate and provide information on other SCD-related care such as transfusion.
Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery.

To the Editor: In their prospective, multi-institutional study of adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary-artery bypass surgery, Roach et al. (Dec. 19 issue)1 have documented the frequency of such outcomes (6.1 percent) and their costs in terms of increases in mortality, length of hospital stay, and care after hospital discharge. It is becoming increasingly evident that atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is one of the most important predictors, if not the most important predictor, of what the authors termed a type I outcome. Two studies, among others, have documented the importance of aortic atherosclerosis and the use of epiaortic ultrasonography or transesophageal echocardiography for its detection.2,3 Two studies involved over 1200 patients each,2,4 and one was prospective.2 These studies have established that visual inspection and palpation of the ascending aorta underestimate the frequency and severity of atherosclerosis.2,3
The Effects of Biogeography and Biotic Interactions on Lemur Community Assembly

Geographic patterns of biodiversity result from broad-scale biogeographic and present-day ecological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of biogeographic history and ecology driving patterns of diversity in modern primate communities in Madagascar. I collected data on endemic lemur species co-occurrence from range maps and survey literature for 100 communities in protected areas. I quantified and compared taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions of intra- and intersite diversity. I tested environmental and geographic predictors of diversity and endemism. I calculated deforestation rates within protected areas between the years 2000 and 2014, and tested if diversity is related to forest cover and loss. I found the phylogenetic structure of lemur communities could be explained primarily by remotely sensed plant productivity, supporting the hypothesis that there was ecological differentiation among ecoregions, while functional-trait disparity was not strongly related to environment. Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity also increased with increasing topographic heterogeneity. Beta diversity was explained by both differences in ecology among localities and potential river barriers. Approximately 3000 km2 were deforested in protected areas since the year 2000, threatening the most diverse communities (up to 31%/park). The strong positive association of plant productivity and topographic heterogeneity with lemur diversity indicates that high productivity, rugged landscapes support greater diversity. Both ecology and river barriers influenced lemur community ecology and biogeography. These results underscore the need for focused conservation efforts to slow the loss of irreplaceable evolutionary and ecological diversity.
Genome Sequence of Oceanimonas doudoroffii ATCC 27123T.

ABSTRACT Oceanimonas doudoroffii ATCC 27123T is an obligately aerobic Gram-negative rod of the class Gammaproteobacteria. It was first isolated from surface seawater off the coast of Oahu, HI, USA, in 1972. The predicted genome size is 3,832,938 bp (G+C content, 60.03%), which contains 3,524 predicted coding sequences.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)-stilbene derivatives by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.

Abstract A general procedure for the stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)-stilbene derivatives by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of (E)-2-phenylethenylboronic acid pinacol ester with aryl bromides was investigated. (E)-2-Phenylethenylboronic acid pinacol ester was prepared by 9-BBN-catalyzed hydroboration of phenylacetylene with pinacolborane. This reagent undergoes facile palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with a diverse set of aryl bromides to provide the corresponding (E)-stilbene derivatives in moderate to good yield. The use of the sterically bulky t-Bu3PHBF4 ligand was crucial to the successful coupling of electron-rich and electron-poor aryl bromides. Complete stereochemical retention of the (E)-2-phenylethenylboronic acid pinacol ester alkene geometry was observed in all of the (E)-stilbene derivatives synthesized.
Origin and Continuity of Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus in its most familiar form is that part of the cell’s endomembrane system1 consisting of regions of stacked cisternae (dictyosomes) which lack ribosomes. It is a complex structure with unique functions in compartmentalizing products of synthesis, serving as a site of cytomembrane differentiation and producing exocytotic vesicles whose membranes are capable of fusing with plasma membrane. Unlike semiautonomous organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, the function of the Golgi apparatus in secretion depends on functional continuity with other components of the endomembrane system.
Electrochemical remediation of metal-bearing wastewaters Part II: Corrosion-based inhibition of copper removal by iron (iii)

A hitherto undocumented inhibition to electrodeposition of Cu(ii) from dilute (<200 mg L−1) wastewaters was traced to the presence of Fe(iii) at concentrations comparable to those of copper ion. This inhibition was found to differ from heterogeneous side-reduction of Fe(iii) that is well known to decrease faradaic efficiency for copper removal. Based on bench-scale electrolysis as well as cyclic voltammetry studies, an inhibition mechanism was qualitatively identified that involved copper corrosion by Fe(iii). This corrosion process was found to be strongly favoured by sluggish heterogeneous reduction of Fe(iii) at carbon electrode materials. One procedure shown to substantially improve copper removal from solutions demonstrating corrosion inhibition was alkali precipitation of iron. Real mine drainage wastewater that was pretreated in this manner was consistently depleted of copper by flow-through electrolysis to levels below 50 μg L−1.
Addressing the Problematic Issues of Bringing Reform in Science Teaching to Higher Education: Metaloguing with a Biochemistry Colleague

This chapter contains a metalogue with one of my biochemistry colleagues, Professor Emeritus Robley J. Light (referred to in this chapter and metalogue as RJL). In this metalogue, RJL had the opportunity to read my draft doctoral thesis and then ask me questions about my teaching, my classroom, and other issues related to teaching and learning. I responded in writing.
The Integration of Housing Recovery into Reconstruction Planning

Publisher Summary The chapter elaborates the propositions about the integration of housing recovery into broader reconstruction programming and describes past reconstruction programs to illustrate the relationships among these propositions. Past case studies of post-earthquake reconstruction processes indicate that during reconstruction planning, trade-offs are made among four general reconstruction goals: rapid recovery of infrastructure; familiar character of the city; enhanced livability and urban amenities; and reduced vulnerability to seismic events. This decision represents a policy choice based on community values about priorities for reconstruction. A matrix of housing recovery outcomes in relation to overall city reconstruction goals is set forth, which permits the development of propositions about the integration of housing recovery into broader reconstruction programming. Social factors also play an important role because human decisions about where to build, what to build, and how to build set the stage for disasters. As seismic and engineering knowledge increases there is the potential to apply it to new and existing development in order to reduce losses in future earthquakes. The technology for providing seismic safety to individual houses is not difficult to implement, and although there have been some hard lessons with respect to large apartment buildings, the melding of existing information on the behavior of soils and buildings during earthquakes should be able to reduce the number of future failures. Human need, govemmental responsibility, and world opinion typically focus immediate and often massive efforts on seeing to the short-term well-being of the disaster-stricken population. However, much less attention has been focused on the human consequences of longer term reconstruction policies. Many of these impacts lie with the way in which the rehousing of the displaced families is approached in the post-earthquake period. Post-earthquake housing reconstruction goals and routine housing development and re-development goals also can be integrated in reconstruction planning.
The Encounter of Action and Times as Explanation of Fortuna

The text known as the Ghiribizzi al Soderino l has been rightly said to contain “the most unique and mature fruit“ of Machiavelli’s writings during his active political life, prior to the main works.2 The text addresses the traditional, and all too pertinent, question of the change of fortune in the life of individuals. But from the start Machiavelli makes clear that his perspective on the question differs from the one of the addressee. The “mirror” through which he sees the world is not that of Soderini (“wherein nothing but prudence is visible”) but that of “the many, who think that one should judge things in terms of the end to which they are done, and not the means with which they are done.” From the perspective of the people, of the “many,” actions are judged in view of their consequences. Irrespective of who the real addressee of the Ghiribizzi is (whether Machiavelli intended his views to reach Piero Soderini, the political leader, or just stay with his nephew), it is not difficult to see that he is drawing a contrast with the perspective of the traditional civic humanist statesman3 who judges actions in accordance to the morality of the means that are employed to carry out the end.4 The distinction between the “prudent” and the “popular” ways of proceeding in politics sets the stage for Machiavelli’ s attempt to think the problem of historical change through a critique of the classical republican doctrine of prudence.
The role of the amino-terminal beta-barrel domain of the alpha and beta subunits in the yeast F1-ATPase.

The crystal structure of mitochondrial F1-ATPase indicatesthat the α and β subunits fold into a structure defined by threedomains: the top β-barrel domain, the middle nucleotide-binding domain,and the C-terminal α-helix bundle domain (Abraham et al.1994); Bianchet et al., 1998). The β-barrel domains of theα and β subunits form a crown structure at the top ofF1, which was suggested to stabilize it (Abraham et al.1994). In this study. the role of the β-barrel domain in the α andβ subunits of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1,with regard to its folding and assembly, was investigated. The β-barreldomains of yeast F1 α and β subunits were expressedindividually and together in Escherichia coli. When expressedseperately, the β-barrel domain of the β subunit formed a largeaggregate structure, while the domain of the α subunit waspredominately a monomer or dimer. However, coexpression of the β-barreldomain of α subunit domain. Furthermore, the two domains copurified incomplexes with the major portion of the complex found in a small molecularweight form. These results indicate that the β-barrel domain of theα and β subunits interact specifically with each other and thatthese interactions prevent the aggregation of the β-barrel domain of theβ subunit. These results mimic in vivo results and suggest thatthe interactions of the β-barrel domains may be critical during thefolding and assembly of F1.
Methods for Human Sleep Deprivation Experiments

One approach to understanding the importance of sleep in human function involves experimental manipulation of the duration and timing of sleep opportunities. The impact of sleep deprivation (extended wake episodes) and sleep restriction (multiple short sleep episodes) can inform how sleep contributes to normal physiology, cognition, mood, and performance. Here we review common techniques involved in human sleep loss experiments conducted in an inpatient setting. We also discuss important considerations for interpreting the results of inpatient sleep experiments.
Application of Fast Atom Bombardment and Tandem Mass Spectrometry to the Differentiation of Isomeric Molecules of Biological Interest

The advent of fast atom bombardment (FAB) and related techniques of secondary ion mass spectrometry has brought new possibilities to the analysis of a variety of polar and involatile compounds not previously amenable to direct mass spectrometric analysis. While molecular weight information is often readily available, conventional FAB mass spectra are frequently devoid of structurally-diagnostic fragment ions. Information may also be obscured by ions arising from the matrix and/or additives used to enhance [M+H]. The use of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) may assist in these respects by producing fragment ion spectra derived from selected parents via monitoring of unimolecular decompositions or collision-activated dissociation (CAD) occurring in a field-free region.
Association of the Youth-Nominated Support Team Intervention for Suicidal Adolescents With 11- to 14-Year Mortality Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance The prevalence of suicide among adolescents is rising, yet little is known about effective interventions. To date, no intervention for suicidal adolescents has been shown to reduce mortality. Objective To determine whether the Youth-Nominated Support Team Intervention for Suicidal Adolescents–Version II (YST) is associated with reduced mortality 11 to 14 years after psychiatric hospitalization for suicide risk. Design, Setting, and Participants This post hoc secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial used National Death Index (NDI) data from adolescent psychiatric inpatients from 2 US psychiatric hospitals enrolled in the clinical trial from November 10, 2002, to October 26, 2005. Eligible participants were aged 13 to 17 years and presented with suicidal ideation (frequent or with suicidal plan), a suicide attempt, or both within the past 4 weeks. Participants were randomized to receive treatment as usual (TAU) or YST plus TAU (YST). Evaluators and staff who matched identifying data to NDI records were masked to group. The length of NDI follow-up ranged from 11.2 to 14.1 years. Analyses were conducted between February 12, 2018, and September 18, 2018. Interventions The YST is a psychoeducational, social support intervention. Adolescents nominated “caring adults” (mean, 3.4 per adolescent from family, school, and community) to serve as support persons for them after hospitalization. These adults attended a psychoeducational session to learn about the youth’s problem list and treatment plan, suicide warning signs, communicating with adolescents, and how to be helpful in supporting treatment adherence and positive behavioral choices. The adults received weekly supportive telephone calls from YST staff for 3 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Survival 11 to 14 years after index hospitalization, measured by NDI data for deaths (suicide, drug overdose, and other causes of premature death), from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2016. Results National Death Index records were reviewed for all 448 YST study participants (319 [71.2%] identified as female; mean [SD] age, 15.6 [1.3] years; 375 [83.7%] of white race/ethnicity). There were 13 deaths in the TAU group and 2 deaths in the YST group (hazard ratio, 6.62; 95% CI, 1.49-29.35;P Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that the YST intervention for suicidal adolescents is associated with reduced mortality. Because this was a secondary analysis, results warrant replication with examination of mechanisms. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT00071617
Aggregate Filamentous Growth Responses in Yeast

Many fungal species, including pathogens, undergo a morphogenetic response called filamentous growth, where cells differentiate into a specialized cell type to promote nutrient foraging and surface colonization. Despite the fact that filamentous growth is required for virulence in some plant and animal pathogens, certain aspects of this behavior remain poorly understood. By examining filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, we identify responses where cells undergo filamentous growth in groups of cells or aggregates. In S. cerevisiae, aggregate invasive growth was regulated by signaling pathways that control normal filamentous growth. These pathways promoted aggregation in part by fostering aspects of microbial cooperation. For example, aggregate invasive growth required cellular contacts mediated by the flocculin Flo11p, which was produced at higher levels in aggregates than cells undergoing regular invasive growth. Aggregate invasive growth was also stimulated by secreted enzymes, like invertase, which produce metabolites that are shared among cells. Aggregate invasive growth was also induced by alcohols that promote density-dependent filamentous growth in yeast. Aggregate invasive growth also required highly polarized cell morphologies, which may affect the packing or organization of cells. A directed selection experiment for aggregating phenotypes uncovered roles for the fMAPK and RAS pathways, which indicates that these pathways play a general role in regulating aggregate-based responses in yeast. Our study extends the range of responses controlled by filamentation regulatory pathways and has implications in understanding aspects of fungal biology that may be relevant to fungal pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Filamentous growth is a fungal morphogenetic response that is critical for virulence in some fungal species. Many aspects of filamentous growth remain poorly understood. We have identified an aspect of filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans where cells behave collectively to invade surfaces in aggregates. These responses may reflect an extension of normal filamentous growth, as they share the same signaling pathways and effector processes. Aggregate responses may involve cooperation among individual cells, because aggregation was stimulated by cell adhesion molecules, secreted enzymes, and diffusible molecules that promote quorum sensing. Our study may provide insights into the genetic basis of collective cellular responses in fungi. The study may have ramifications in fungal pathogenesis, in situations where collective responses occur to promote virulence.
Modeling violent rock failures in tunneling and shaft boring based on energy balance calculations

Abstract Excavation in highly stressed grounds may lead to violent compressive failures of rock or violent slip along discontinuities in the vicinity of the underground space. Violent failures, usually with anomalous seismic signatures, are characterized with radiating excess energy during the failure, endangering the safety and productivity of the operation. This paper adopts a numerical methodology, developed in the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) for quantitatively studying the occurrence and intensity of violent failures, and advances it for respective analyses in tunneling and shaft-boring operations. The methodology enables estimating the radiated energy as a measure for evaluating the occurrence and relative intensity of violent failures. We first validate the radiated energy calculation in the models against analytical solutions for the formation of a circular opening, analogous to the geometry of tunnels and shafts. After reviewing the concept of violent failures by ideal models, we explore the effects of different factors on the occurrence and intensity of violent failures caused by an excavation into brittle rock or next to a preexisting fault. Limited cases studied in this paper demonstrate that different combinations of the rock elastic modulus and post-failure response of rock and discontinuity can result in a violent failure with various intensities. Larger excavations under higher deviatoric stresses can intensify the potential violent failure mostly through expanding the rock failure zone or the slip area on the activated fault. However, as opposed to the radiated energy, using the failure zone volume and fault slip area alone may lead to underestimating or overestimating the intensity of possible violent failures in a modeling practice. The energy-based analyses outlined in this paper provide a rational yet simple means for quantitatively studying violent failures in potentially complex geological conditions and excavation layouts.
A penalized autologistic regression with application for modeling the microstructure of dual-phase high-strength steel

Recently, dual-phase high-strength steel has attracted increasing attention in the automotive industry due to its prominent physical and mechanical properties. Microstructures of dual-phase high-st...
Socioeconomic Status May Not Be a Risk Factor for Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

Abstract Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication after total joint arthroplasty, carrying significant economic and personal burden. The goal of this study is to use an established database to analyze socioeconomic variables and assess their relationship to PJI. Additionally, we sought to evaluate whether socioeconomic factors, along with other known risk factors of PJI, when controlled for in a statistical model affected the familial risk of PJI. Methods With approval from our Institutional Review Board we performed a population-based retrospective cohort study on all primary total joint arthroplasty cases of the hip or knee (n = 85,332), within a statewide database, between January 1996 and December 2013. We excluded 9854 patients due to age Results After adjusting for covariates, patients with Medicaid as a primary payer were at greater risk for experiencing PJI (relative risk 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.82, P = .01). There was no difference in risk between the groups associated with education level or median household income (all, P > .05). First-degree relatives of patients who develop PJI (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.23-2.24, P = .001) and first-degree and second-degree relatives combined (hazard ratio 1.39, 95% CI 1.09-1.77, P = .007) were at greater risk despite controlling for the above socioeconomic factors. Conclusion Our study provides further support that genetic factors may underlie PJI as we did observe significant familial risk even after accounting for socioeconomic factors and payer status. We did not find a correlation between education level or household income and PJI; however, Medicaid payees were at increased risk. Continued study is needed to define a possible heritable disposition to PJI in an effort to optimize treatment and possibly prevent this complication.
Chapter 6 – Inducing Guilt

Publisher Summary Inducing guilt is one problematic pattern in filial relationships. Inducing guilt capitalizes on this basic structure of guilt. The message that lies at the core of guilt induction is “Look how you are hurting me.” The other person changes his or her behavior to avoid the guilt that would follow from hurting. As already noted, guilt is thus a widely available influence strategy because it does not require formal power or control over material outcomes. It is available even to the relatively weak and powerless, as a means to allow them to get their way. Guilt does however depend on the emotional bond, in two ways. First, the person will feel guilty only to the extent that he or she empathizes with other's suffering. Second, the person wants to preserve the relationship. "Look how you are hurting me" will not elicit much guilt if the response is "So what?" Thus, again, strangers and casual acquaintances are at a substantial relative disadvantage in terms of their ability to induce guilt. Inducing guilt is not without its costs. Two types of costs have been identified. First, manipulating guilt can breed resentment, and so even if the guilt inducer gets his or her way, he or she may have to be content with a residue of ill will and resistance to future attempts at guilt induction. The second potential cost of using guilt as an influence strategy is metaguilt—that is, guilt over inducing guilt.
16 – Urinary System

Publisher Summary The urinary system is responsible for a variety of physiologic processes, including osmoregulation, blood pressure and volume regulation, red blood cell production, calcium absorption, toxin metabolism, and excretion. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and is composed of the glomerulus and the renal tubule. The products of the kidney include urine, the enzyme hormone renin, and the hormones erythropoietin and calcitriol, which is the active form of vitamin D. These common mammalian renal functions, as well as overall gross and histologic structure, are similar between mice and humans. The urinary system in both species is composed of bilateral paired kidneys and ureters, a single midline pelvic bladder, and a urethra. The mouse kidney is located retroperitoneally, often surrounded by white adipose tissue with pockets of brown adipose tissue within the pelvis and occasionally surrounding the capsule. Both kidneys are located in the upper mid-abdomen. The right kidney is relatively cranial, adjacent to the right lobe of the liver; the left is more caudal. The human kidney is located retroperitoneally in the posterior abdomen and, like mouse, is surrounded by adipose tissue. The upper pole of the human kidney is at the level of the upper edge of the 12th thoracic rib, whereas the lower pole extends to the third lumbar rib. The right kidney is usually slightly lower (caudal) than the left one.
Choosing a Sedation Regimen

One of the hallmarks of providing good procedural sedation is the ability of the sedation provider to choose an appropriate agent that meets the needs of the patient and other stakeholders. The agent needs to provide analgesia, anxiolysis, or immobility if needed with minimal to no adverse events and without prolonging post-procedure discharge time. This chapter focuses on how to choose the right agent for procedural sedation.
Multi-resolution Clustering for Enhanced Elastic Behavior in Clustered Shape Matching

Clustered shape matching is an approach for physics-based animation of deformable objects, which breaks an object into overlapping clusters of particles. At each timestep, it computes a best-fit rigid transformation between a cluster’s rest state and current particle configuration and Hookean springs are used to pull particles toward desired goal positions. In this paper, we present multi-resolution clustering as an extension to clustered shape matching. We iteratively construct fine-to-coarse sets of clusters and weights over the set of particles and compute dynamics in a single coarse-to-fine pass. We demonstrate that our approach enhances the possible elastic behavior available to artists and provides an intuitive parameterization to blend between stiffness and deformation richness, which are in contention in the traditional clustered shape matching approach that operates at a single spatial scale. We can specify a different stiffness value for each resolution level, where a greater weight at coarser levels result in a stiffer object while a greater weight at finer levels yield richer deformation; we evaluate a number of approaches for choosing these stiffness values and demonstrate the differences in the accompanying video.
A Scalable Synthesis of the Blue Fluorescent Amino Acid 4-Cyanotryptophan and the Fmoc Derivative: Utility Demonstrated with the Influenza M2 Peptide Tetramer

A scalable synthesis of the Fmoc-protected blue fluorescent amino acid, l-4-cyanotryptophan (W4CN), that exploits an enantioselective phase transfer-catalyzed alkylation is reported. The red-shifted emission of water-exposed W4CN residues was leveraged to investigate the solvation state of tryptophan (Trp) residues within the influenza M2 proton channel. The correlation of the channel's conformation (i.e., open or closed) with the fluorescence spectrum of a mutated W4CN residue suggests that the channel's conformational state does not impact the hydration status of the Trp residues.
In Defense of Moral Credibility

The criminal justice system’s reputation with the community can have a significant effect on the extent to which people are willing to comply with its demands and internalize its norms. In the context of criminal law, the empirical studies suggest that ordinary people expect the criminal justice system to do justice and avoid injustice, as they perceive it – what has been called “empirical desert” to distinguish it from the “deontological desert” of moral philosophers. The empirical studies and many real-world natural experiments suggest that a criminal justice system that regularly deviates from empirical desert loses moral credibility and thereby loses crime-control effectiveness. These crime-control benefits, together with an analysis of the sometimes-disqualifying weaknesses of alternative distributive principles such as general deterrence and incapacitation of the dangerous, suggest that maximizing the criminal law’s moral credibility is the best distributive principle available. Critics have offered a range of objections to this proposal, which are here considered and answered.
The Sounds of the Desert: Lost Children Archive by Valeria Luiselli

In this article, I examine Lost Children Archive, by Valeria Luiselli. I study the methods through which in the novel, sound becomes one of the main narrative tools to underscore the political, historical, and ecological facets of a complex biome that doubles as a border area. To this end, I focus on analyzing the projects carried out by two of the protagonists, which are an inventory of echoes and a sound documentary. Whereas the former attempts to record what is left from the soundscape that surrounded the last free Chiricahua Apaches, the latter intends to document the refugee children crisis in the context of the Mexico-US border. As I contend, through the inventory of echoes, the novel addresses colonization processes and draws attention to the environmental challenges faced by the Sonoran Desert. This is achieved because of two reasons. First, due to the centrality of the biome’s acoustic ecology. Second, because of the cultural and ecological components that accompany the repetition of the word “saguaro” in a section of the plot. In the case of the sound documentary, I analyze the methods through which this project highlights the weaponization of the desert against migrants. As I argue, this is achieved through a collection of acoustic shadows that appear in the form of radio waves, verbal reenactments, and an apocryphal book. Thus, the novel depicts the desert as a central device in border-control strategies and an ecosystem, or what I term a border biome, and as Native land.
This is the Place Salt Lake City, Utah and the Voortrekker Monument Pretoria: monuments to settler constructions of history, race, and religion

This essay compares South Africa’s Voortrekker Monument and the US’s This is the Place monument, both built to commemorate cross-country settler movements, for how the two contemporaneous monuments...
White Matter Hyperintensities Are Not Related to Symptomatology or Cognitive Functioning in Service Members with a Remote History of Traumatic Brain Injury.

This study aimed to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with symptom reporting and/or cognitive performance in 1202 active-duty se...
Adaptive Sampling Quasi-Newton Methods for Zeroth-Order Stochastic Optimization.

We consider unconstrained stochastic optimization problems with no available gradient information. Such problems arise in settings from derivative-free simulation optimization to reinforcement learning. We propose an adaptive sampling quasi-Newton method where we estimate the gradients of a stochastic function using finite differences within a common random number framework. We develop modified versions of a norm test and an inner product quasi-Newton test to control the sample sizes used in the stochastic approximations and provide global convergence results to the neighborhood of the optimal solution. We present numerical experiments on simulation optimization problems to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. When compared with classical zeroth-order stochastic gradient methods, we observe that our strategies of adapting the sample sizes significantly improve performance in terms of the number of stochastic function evaluations required.
A Three-Dimensional Parallel Time-Accurate Turbopump Simulation Procedure Using Overset Grid System

The objective of the current effort is to provide a computational framework for design and analysis of the entire fuel supply system of a liquid rocket engine, including high-fidelity unsteady turbopump flow analysis. This capability is needed to support the design of pump sub-systems for advanced space transportation vehicles that are likely to involve liquid propulsion systems. To date, computational tools for design/analysis of turbopump flows are based on relatively lower fidelity methods. An unsteady, three-dimensional viscous flow analysis tool involving stationary and rotational components for the entire turbopump assembly has not been available for real-world engineering applications. The present effort provides developers with in-formation such as transient flow phenomena at start up, non-uniform inflows, and its impact on system vibration and structures. In the proposed paper, the progress toward the capability of complete simulation of the turbo-pump for a liquid rocket engine is reported. The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbo-pump is used as a test case for evaluation of the hybrid MPI/Open-MP and MLP versions of the INS3D code. CAD to solution auto-scripting capability is developed for tubopump applications. The relative motion of the grid systems for the rotor-stator interaction was obtained using overset grid techniques. Unsteady computations for the SSME turbo-pump, which contains 114 zones with 34.5 million grid points, are carried out on Origin 3000 systems at NASA Ames Research Center. Results from these time-accurate simulations with moving boundary capability are presented along with the performance of parallel versions of the code.
Pipelined Execution of Windowed Image Computations

Many image processing operations manipulate an individual pixel using the values of other pixels in the neighborhood. Such operations are called windowed operations. The size of the windowed operation is a measure of the size of the given pixel's neighborhood. A windowed computation applies a windowed operation on all pixels of the image. An image processing application is typically a sequence of windowed computations. While windowed computations admit high parallelism, the cost of inputting and outputting the image often restricts the computation to a few computational units. In this paper we analytically study the running of a sequence of z windowed computations, each of size w , on a z -stage pipelined computational model. For an NA—N image and nA—n input/output bandwidth per stage, we show that the sequence of windowed computations can be run in at most N 2 /n 2 (1+I´) steps, where I´=(n/N+6n 3 /(wN 2 )+zw/N+zn 2 N 2 ) . This produces a speed-up of z/(1+I´) over a single stage; \delta , the overhead is quite small. We also show that the memory requirement per stage is O(wN+n 2 ) . With values of N , n and w that reflect the current state-of-the-art, over 20 pipeline stages can be sustained with less than 5% overhead for a 10M-pixel image. Each of these stages would require less than 128 Kbytes of storage.
Evaluation of Four Methods for Platelet Compatibility Testing

Four platelet compatibility assays were performed on serum and platelet or lymphocyte samples from 38 closely HLA-matched donor/recipient pairs involved in 55 single-donor platelet transfusions. The 22 patients studied were refractory to transfusions of pooled random-donor platelets. Of the four assays (platelet suspension immunofluorescence, PSIFT; 51Cr release; microlymphocytotoxicity; and a monoclonal anti-IgG assay, MAIA), the MAIA was most predictive of platelet transfusion outcome (predictability, 74% for one-hour posttransfusion platelet recovery and 76% for 24-hour recovery). The only other assay to reach statistical significance was the PSIFT (63% predictability for one-hour posttransfusion recovery). The degree of HLA compatibility between donor and recipient (exact matches v those utilizing cross-reactive associations) was unrelated to the ability of the MAIA to predict transfusion results. The MAIA may be capable of differentiating HLA antibodies, ABO antibodies, and platelet-specific antibodies responsible for failure of HLA-matched and selectively mismatched single-donor platelet transfusions.
Albuterol: an adrenergic agent for use in the treatment of asthma pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical use.

Albuterol is a long-acting beta 2-adrenergic receptor-selective drug that relaxes airway smooth muscle. It is currently available in the United States in oral and metered-dose inhaler forms. Nebulizer solutions and parenteral preparations are likely to be marketed here in the future. The chemical modifications that make albuterol beta 2-selective also promote oral bioavailability and increased duration of action by decreasing sensitivity to degradative enzymes. Albuterol can also produce undesirable dose-related effects: metabolic effects including decreased levels of plasma potassium, phosphate, calcium and magnesium; increased levels of plasma glucose, insulin, renin, lactate and ketones; peripheral vasodilation and perhaps some direct cardiac stimulation resulting in decreased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulse pressure and tachycardia; and skeletal muscle tremor. These side effects are most common with parenteral administration and much less prominent with aerosol administration, which yields lower systemic concentrations. Limited pharmacokinetic data suggest a long distribution phase, a terminal half-life of 3-8 hours, and 10-20% oral bioavailability. Aerosolization of albuterol or a similar agent with a compressed-air nebulizer appears to be best first-line management of the patient with acute dyspneic asthma, but appropriate preparations for this kind of therapy are currently missing from the United States market. Intravenous albuterol has also been employed in acutely dyspneic patients, but produces more side effects than carefully administered intravenous theophylline, is impaired by lack of sufficient pharmacokinetic information to guide dosing, and is of uncertain efficacy in the asthmatic with respiratory failure. However, it appears to lack the potentially life-threatening side effects that can result when theophylline is used carelessly . In the ambulatory patient, aerosolized albuterol (or a similar agent) administered by metered-dose inhaler is an excellent agent for treatment as needed and/or for prevention of acute bronchospasm triggered by exercise or other predictable cause. Advantages include a high degree of efficacy, rapid onset and long duration of effect, and minimal side effects. Regularly scheduled administration of albuterol by metered-dose inhaler is a widely used and effective maintenance medication for patients requiring long-term prophylactic therapy. However comparisons of the ability of this regimen and the other common maintenance regimens (cromolyn and theophylline) to control chronic symptoms of asthma are needed.
Farmland Retirement's Impact on Rural Growth

CRP is approaching its 20th year of operation. From its inception, concerns have been raised that by retiring millions of acres of cropland, the program could disadvantage farming communities already hard hit by farm sector consolidation and globalization. Clearly the CRP does not benefit everyone, and the conservation benefits enjoyed by society may come at the expense of a few industries and regions. Nonetheless, results of ERS analyses suggest that CRP does not come at the expense of longrun economic growth in nearby communities. Even high levels of CRP enrollment have only a modest impact on total county employment, and this impact is relatively short lived. ERS simulations suggest that, in the longer term, CRP enrollment may increase local nonfarm output and employment, and bolster household income if the program increases farm commodity prices and improves recreational opportunities. No statistically significant evidence was found that high CRP enrollments were associated with systematic population declines at the county level.