cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Economists in Overseas Development Assistance and the Impact Upon U.S. Universities

SEVERAL studies have appraised technical assistance programs abroad, with the works of Adams and Garraty [1], Weidner [10], and Cleveland, Mangone, and Adams [4] among the best known. Agri. cultural economists have recognized the need to make international work a part of the profession but have expressed concern over the impact of university-AID contract program involvement on the U.S. university and the professional careers of individuals. Several articles have appeared in this journal, and Association presidential addresses have often pointed up problems in international assistance [2, 6, 11]. A research team commissioned by Education and World Affairs to study international programs of five major universities called for evaluation: "The time is long past for a thorough analysis and assessment of what the university contract system has and has not accomplished toward overseas development goals and toward the academic development of American institutions" [5, p. 272]. The three-year CIC-AID Rural Development Research Project that was completed in June 1968 has attempted to do this for the university agricultural AID contracts. The University of Illinois part of this project has emphasized the impacts on U.S. universities, the results of which are reported elsewhere [9]. It is the purpose of this paper to focus on the role of agricultural economists in university-AID contract projects and assess the impacts of this involvement on U.S. universities.
Beyond Licking and Grooming: Maternal Regulation of Infant Stress in the Context of Routine Care

SYNOPSIS Rodent epigenetic models of early maternal care have demonstrated that natural variations in maternal behavior shape the development of stress reactivity and social behavior in offspring. Rodent models have also revealed the “hidden” regulatory functions of specific dimensions of maternal behavior. Here we present research that has extended rodent models of early care to the study of biobehavioral development in human infants. Research showing contemporaneous and predictive associations between quality of maternal caregiving behavior (MCB) and early biobehavioral development is reviewed. New evidence demonstrating the proximal effects of MCB in early infancy on infant stress reactivity is reported and highlights the value of examining early parenting at the specific behavioral level. Future research should extend this domain-specific approach to the study of infant contributions to the early care environment. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Physioecology of zooplankton. IV. Effects of phytoplankton concentration, temperature, and body size on the net production efficiency of Calanus pacificus

Weight-specific rates of individual production, total metabolic expenditure and assimilation, and net production efficiencies were estimated forCalanus pacificus Brodsky of selected body weights cultured at various phytoplankton concentrations and temperatures. The weight-specific rate of individual production increased hyperbolically with food concentration, and the maximum rate of individual production decreased logarithmically with a linear increase in body weight propotionally more at high than at low temperature. The weight-specific rate of total metabolic expenditure decreased logarithmically with increasing body weight and was unaffected by changes in food concentration. The effects of food concentration and temperature on the weight-specific rate of assimilation were similar to those on the rate of individual production, but the effect of body size differed considerably. The diversity in the temperature and body-size dependence of the maximum weight-specific rates of various physiological processes suggest (1) that, except for the metabolic rate, the allometric model (log-log relation) is inadequate for describing relationships between maximum rates of physiological processes and body size within species, and (2) that the common assumption that temperature affects the rates of various physiological processes in similar ways is not justified. Net production efficiency increased hyperbolically with food concentration, and the maximum production efficiency first increased slightly and then decreased gradually with increasing body weight. Small copepods attained higher efficiency at high temperature but larger ones did so at low temperature. The critical food concentrations for production efficiency and for the rate of individual production increased with increasing temperature and body size. Because of the effects of interactions among critical food concentration, temperature, and body size on the rates of growth and individual production and on net production efficiency, early development stages ofC. pacificus optimized growth and food conversion efficiency at high temperature, but late stages, particularly at low food concentrations, grew best and transformed food more efficiently at low temperature.
Photorespiration in c(3) and c(4) plant tissue cultures: significance of kranz anatomy to low photorespiration in c(4) plants.

Photorespiration rates in tissue cultures of a C4 plant, Portulaca oleracea, were compared to those in tissue cultures of a C3 plant, Streptanthus tortuosus. The C4 plant tissue cultures have one-half to one-third the photorespiration rate of the C3 plant tissue cultures and respond to varying O2 concentrations in a manner typical of C4 plants. The results suggest that the lack of detectable photorespiration in C4 plants is not related to leaf anatomy.
Gasdynamic enhancement of nonpremixed combustion

To promote efficient performance of very high speed air-breathing propulsion systems, the combustor Mach number must be of the order of six for a flight Mach number of 18. Because of this high gas speed through the combustor, mixing rates of hydrogen fuel with air must be very rapid in order to allow a combustor of reasonable length. It is proposed to enhance the rate of mixing and combustion of hydrogen and air, and thereby reduce combustor length, through the introduction of streamwise vorticity generated by the interaction of a weak oblique shock wave with the density gradient between air and a cylindrical jet of hydrogen. Because of the high Mach number flow in the combustor, the oblique shock traverses the jet at a small angle with respect to the free stream direction, and the principle of slender body theory allows one conceptually to replace the three-dimensional steady flow with a two-dimensional unsteady flow. As a consequence, two-dimensional time-dependent computational studies and an extensive experimental shock tube investigation were employed to assess mixing rates for the steady flow in the combustor. The results indicated that under realistic conditions, adequate mixing could be accomplished within 1 ms, a rate that was technologically interesting. Encouraged by these experiments, a “practical” injector, utilizing shock-enhanced mixing, was designed for a combustor having a free stream Mach number of 6.0. A detailed aerodynamic and mixing investigation was carried out in the Mach 6 High Reynolds Number Tunnel at the NASA-Langley Research Center. The results confirmed both the details and the overall effectiveness of the shock-enhanced mixing concept.
Hyperspectral radiance simulator: cloudy radiance modeling and beyond

Current and future advanced atmospheric profile sounding and imaging instruments are evolving to enable global or hemispherical hyperspectral resolution measurements from space. The NASA/Navy/NOAA Geosynchronous Imaging FTS (GIFTS) for EO-3, NOAA Hyperspectral Environmental Sounder (HES) for GOES-R, and the currently operational Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA's Aqua Spacecraft will collect infrared high-spectral resolution/hyperspectral radiance spectra for remote sensing of the atmosphere, clouds, land, and ocean surfaces. These semi-continuous infrared high spectral- resolution/hyperspectral radiances will provide unprecedented information in the infrared region that is highly sensitive to absorption and emission of clouds. For sounding the atmospheric profiles one must perform cloud clearing or model the radiative effects of cloud explicitly if sounding is desired under cloud-contaminated conditions. We will describe the approach for modeling cloud attenuation in a fast-parameterized forward model that treats clouds as an additional absorber. Together with the usual clear forward model spectroscopic inputs, cloud altitude, effective particle size and shape and its ice or liquid water content are required input variables. Based on this efficient cloudy radiative transfer model, the simulation of the spatial and temporal coherent radiance images in three dimensions becomes possible. We will further explain how these 3-D GIFTS radiance cubes are used as test bed for a variety of trade studies.
Strategic Planning for High-Tech Product Development

A three-questionnaire DELPHI management issues study of technology management problems identifies the top 24 technology management problems of advanced-technology product companies. These problems are ranked in order of importance. Strategic planning for technology products is found to be the dominant problem. A striking theme of the findings is the extent to which several of the twenty four issues are related to this dominant problem. Arguably, not only is strategic planning the top technology management problem of product development in high-tech companies but it is also the cornerstone problem. Dealing effectively with this top problem will require attention to aspects of several others of the management problems. This article first examines the area of strategic planning in advanced-technology product development. It then summarizes the DELPHI study's findings and explores the central role among these findings of strategic planning for technology products. The next 10 problems in importance then are e...
Physiological responses of the giant hummingbird, Patagona gigas

Abstract 1. 1. Standard metabolic rate of three Giant Hummingbirds (mean weight, 19·1 g) was 2·7 cm3 O2/g/hr, and thermal conductance was 0·17 cm3 O2/g/hr/°C. 2. 2. Torpid metabolism increased exponentially with ambient temperature (Q10 = 3·7). 3. 3. Thermal conductance in birds is inversely related to body weight, described by: log C = log 0·848–0·508 log W, where C is thermal conductance in cm3 O2/g/hr/°C, and W is body weight in grams. 4. 4. Rates of entry into and arousal from torpor are inversely related to body weight. 5. 5. Evaporative water loss is inversely related to ambient water vapor pressure at ambient temperature of 25°C. 6. 6. Homeothermic heart rates ranged from 300–1020/min, and minimum breathing rate was 106/min. Wing beat frequency during hovering flight was 15/sec.
Effect of inbreeding on pseudo-self-compatibility in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The effect of inbreeding on pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) was investigated in I0, I1, and I2 clones of red clover, Trifolium pratense L., at 40°C. PSC was found to decrease with inbreeding. Significant differences were found among I0 clones, among I1 clones, and among I2 clones for PSC. Significant differences in PSC within generations were found in two of eight I1 clones and one of five I2 clones. A new method of inbred line maintenance is proposed which combines the desirable features of vegetative and seed maintenance of inbred lines. Superior I1 clones with different but homozygous S genotypes and PSC values of 8 to 10% would be vegetatively increased. Clones would be isolated under high temperature field conditions and selfed seed (PSC) would produce the I2. Selfed seed from two different I1 clonal lines would then be mixed and sown to produce single-cross seed. Singlecross seed obtained from different clonal sources would be mixed and sown for the production of double-cross hybrid red clover.
Variations in vocal frequency perturbation across the menstrual cycle

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the magnitude of frequency perturbation varies systematically across the menstrual cycle. Frequency perturbation was measured every other day for a 33-day sampling period for 10 young women and five young men. For the women, results were analyzed in relation to ovarian hormone fluctuations inferred from basal body temperature data and subjects' reports of the onset of menstruation. At premenstruation and the onset of menstruation, the magnitude of frequency perturbation was not notably different from the average behavior of individual subjects. The time of ovulation was associated with a notable change in the magnitude of frequency perturbation for most subjects. It was suggested that ovarian hormone fluctuations alter neurotransmitter levels, which results in changes in the motor and sensory processes involved in laryngeal control.
Absence of changes in cortical thickness in patients with migraine.

Objective: Previous studies have reported gray matter alterations in patients with migraine, particularly thinning of the cingulate gyrus, and thickening of the somatosensory cortex (SSC) and visual motion processing areas (V3A/MT+). We attempted to replicate these findings in a larger patient population.Methods: Brain anatomy was collected with 3T MRI. Surface-based morphometry was used to segment each brain volume, reconstruct and inflate the cortical sheet, and estimate gray matter thickness.Results: Eighty-four age and sex-matched participants (28 migraine with aura, 28 migraine without aura, and 28 controls) were studied. No significant differences in somatosensory, cingulate gyrus, or V3A/MT+ cortical thickness were found between the groups, including analysis of specific subregions previously reported to be affected. Whole brain analysis found no regions of differential gray matter thickness between groups. A highly significant inverse correlation between age and whole brain and regional cortical t...
Raft aggregation with specific receptor recruitment is required for microglial phagocytosis of Aβ42

Microglial phagocytosis contributes to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Mechanisms involved, however, remain unclear. Using Abeta(42) solely as a stimulant, we provide novel insight into regulation of microglial phagocytosis by rafts. We demonstrate the existence of an Abeta(42) threshold level of 250 pg/mL, above which microglial phagocytic function is impaired. Low levels of Abeta(42) facilitate fluorescent bead uptake, whereas phagocytosis is inhibited when Abeta(42) accumulates. We also show that region-specific raft clustering occurs before microglial phagocytosis. Low Abeta(42) levels stimulated this type of raft aggregation, but high Abeta(42) levels inhibited it. Additionally, treatment with high Abeta(42) concentrations caused a redistribution of the raft structural protein flotillin1 from low to higher density fractions along a sucrose gradient. This suggests a loss of raft structural integrity. Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g., the cyclooxygenase 2-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, celecoxib, raise Abeta(42) levels. We demonstrated that prolonged celecoxib exposure can disrupt rafts in a manner similar to that seen in an elevated Abeta(42) environment: abnormal raft aggregation and Flot1 distribution. This resulted in aberrant receptor recruitment to rafts and impaired receptor-mediated phagocytosis by microglial cells. Specifically, recruitment of the scavenger receptor CD36 to rafts during active phagocytosis was affected. Thus, we propose that maintaining raft integrity is crucial for determining microglial phagocytic outcomes and disease progression.
Symbolic psycho‐logic: A model of attitudinal cognition

Several lines of theoretical and research interest have gradually been converging upon the study of "cognitive structure," especially in the area of social attitudes. Theorists are reluctant even to consider cognitive units of an attitude apart from other cognitive units, preferring to treat cognition as "structured" into meaningful wholes. If psychologists are to talk about "cognitive structure," they must do something about it; there must be a correspondence between theory and some sort of research operation. F. Heider's theory is addressed to structural details of cognition, but there has been no research operation available to investigate these details with particular attitude contents. The chapter focuses on some inspiration from D. Cartwright and F. Harary's objective system for the examination of "structural balance," from Heider's ideas on cognitive balance. It discusses the "psychological model" and the "mathematical system". The mathematical system is designed specifically for dealing analytically with the structure of attitudinal cognitions.
Capacity predictions for lead/acid battery plates having conductive additives

In this paper, we predict the capacity of positive plates having conductive particles mixed into its paste. Computer models previously reported are used to make these predictions. The models use a few physical parameters to predict capacity. The most important of these parameters is the critical volume fraction. This parameter provides the maximum amount of active material that can be discharged before the paste's conductivity limits the reaction. We estimate the critical volume fraction for plates containing different size conductive particles using the conductivity model. These results are then used in the capacity model to predict cell performance. Conductive particles improve low rate capacity and, on a per weight basis, can improve cell capacity at higher rates. The model predicts that the addition of 34% by volume of a conductive particle 20 μm in diameter will increase the capacity from 25 to over 60% of the stoichiometric capacity at 1 h rate. We compare the predicted performance of plates with conductive particles to other plates having no additives or non-conductive additives. A number of conductive particles were tested in an attempt to validate the model, but all proved to be unstable in the positive plate's oxidizing environment.
Psychiatric emergency services: Policy considerations

Funding for PES occurs through a variety of public and private sources. Potential difficulties associated with providing emergency psychiatric care in a free-market economy are discussed.
The Interdomain Linker Region of HIV-1 Capsid Protein is a Critical Determinant of Proper Core Assembly and Stability

The HIV-1 capsid protein consists of two independently folded domains connected by a flexible peptide linker (residues 146–150), the function of which remains to be defined. To investigate the role of this region in virus replication, we made alanine or leucine substitutions in each linker residue and two flanking residues. Three classes of mutants were identified: (i) S146A and T148A behave like wild type (WT); (ii) Y145A, I150A, and L151A are noninfectious, assemble unstable cores with aberrant morphology, and synthesize almost no viral DNA; and (iii) P147L and S149A display a poorly infectious, attenuated phenotype. Infectivity of P147L and S149A is rescued specifically by pseudotyping with vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein. Moreover, despite having unstable cores, these mutants assemble WT-like structures and synthesize viral DNA, although less efficiently than WT. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the linker region is essential for proper assembly and stability of cores and efficient replication.
2001 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture: Promoting Quality School Physical Education: Exploring the Root of the Problem

(2002). 2001 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture: Promoting Quality School Physical Education: Exploring the Root of the Problem. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 118-124.
Full icosahedra dominate local order in Cu64Zr34 metallic glass and supercooled liquid

Extensive molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to monitor the development of icosahedral order in Cu64Zr34 liquid and metallic glass (MG). This study illustrates that at this Cu-rich Cu–Zr alloy composition, Cu-centered full icosahedra constitute the dominant and characteristic short-range-ordered coordination motif. The results for this model liquid/glass address five questions regarding the ordering of Cu-centered coordination polyhedral towards full icosahedra, including: (i) its evolution and extent during prolonged structural relaxation; (ii) the resulting reduction in potential energy and slowing-down of dynamics; (iii) the accompanying preference of a particular type of Zr-centered Kasper coordination polyhedra; (iv) the evolution and conversion of polyhedral connection schemes in the medium range; and (v) the formation and percolation of networks formed by interpenetrating connection of icosahedra to constitute a stiff backbone over extended range. Five related issues are also clarified, to: (i) differentiate full-icosahedra-based ordering from the generally favorable fivefold bonds; (ii) compare the Cu-based perspective with a Zr-centric view; (iii) systematically list the rationales behind focusing on icosahedral order for explaining the Cu64Zr34 MG/liquid properties; (iv) discuss other non-icosahedral ordering varieties; and (v) comment on the most liquid-like local environments. Taken together, the ten issues addressed set the stage for understanding structure–property relations in a category of amorphous alloys that can be characterized based on full-icosahedral ordering.
ON SPRAYS AND HIGHER ORDER CONNECTIONS.

The purpose of this note is to formulate the theory of sprays in terms of semiholonomic jets"l (thus we give new proofs of some results obtained by AmbrosePalais-Singer2) and to extend it to higher order connections. Higher order connections have been introduced by C. Ehresmannlb but our definition is different and less general. Details will be given in a paper to appear later. Notations and definitions: Let V, and Vm be paracompact differentiable manifolds (by differentiable we always mean C") of dimensions n and m; for any map f: U c V, Vm, f* will be the prolongation to tangent vectors. Let &(V,,F,G, SC) be a fiber bundle over V, with standard fiber F, structural group G, principal bundle S; if s e G, s will also denote the right translation: h -* hs of SC onto itself; T(JC)/G will denote the vector bundle obtained from the tangent bundle T(XC) by identifying vectors which are transforms of each other under right translations of G. Let p be the map: JC X SC -? SC-1 defined by cp(h,h') = h'h-1; an infinitesimal displacementlc x of the fiber F^(X e V,) is a vector (*p(0,Xh) where Oh is the zero vector and Xh any vector which is also tangent to JC at h e JCx; the origin of 6, in the groupoid SSCis the identity map of Fx; as (*(0h,Xh) = <(P(0hs s*Xhs), the space of all infinitesimal displacements of Fx can be identified with T(SXx)/G. Let JQ(Vm,Vn) be the bundle of all q-jets of V, into Vm, a: J1(Vm,Vn) -V, be the projection sending each jet onto its source; if a is a local lifting of V, into Jl(Vm,Vn) (ao is the identity map of U c Vn), the jet jl owill be called nonholonomic jet of order 2 of V, into Vm; let J2(Vm,Vn) be the space of all these jets. By induction on q, we define J(Vm, Vn). If, for any k, the lifting o of Vn into Jk(Vm,Vn) satisfies: jx(j-"'-l.) = o(x) where jk-l is the projection: Jk(Vm,Vn) -. Jk-Cl(Vm, Vn), we get the semi-holonomic jets; let JY(Vm,Vn) be the set of all semi-holonomic q-jets; we have: Jq(Vm, Vn) c Jq(Vm, V). The space Iqf(Vn) (or more briefly if) of semi-holonomic frames of order q is a fiber bundle which is associated to Hq(Vn) (space of holonomic frames); moreover H1 is a principal bundle, with structural group Ln (group of all invertible semi-holonomic q-jets of R" into R", with source and target 0). Every y e Lq can be written: ic = E akxj + .. . + l/q! al. ..j .XZ . .. . xjq where the matrix a) e Lj (= Ln = full linear group); y e Ln if and only if the aj,... j are symmetrical. By symmetrization we get a projection Pq of -Iq onto Hq. Let Mq be the kernel of the homomorphism jq-: Lq -, L-~ ; M is an abelian group and its Lie algebra can be identified with R" ? (Rn*). We have: -M,n = Ml,n = Ln,n = space of all n X n matrices. We shall write: H? = Vn. Let Sq(Vn) (or more briefly Sq) be the vector space of all q-jets (with source x) of the local liftings of Vn into the tangent bundle T(Vn) and SQ = Ux , Vn S; using semi-holonomic jets, we define Sx and Sq; we have SO = Tx (tangent space
Finite element methodology for transient conduction/forced-convection thermal analysis

Finite element methodology for steady state thermal analysis of convectively cooled structures has been extended for transient analysis. The finite elements are based on representing the fluid passages by fluid bulk-temperature nodes and fluid-solid interface nodes. The formulation of the finite element equations for a typical flow passage is based on the weighted residual method with upwind weighting functions. Computer implementation of the convective finite element methodology using explicit and implicit time integration algorithms is described. Accuracy and efficiency of the methodology is evaluated by comparisons with analytical solutions and finite-difference lumped-parameter analyses. The comparative analyses demonstrate that finite element conduction/conduction methodology may be used to predict transient temperatures with an accuracy equal or superior to the lumped-parameter finite-difference method.
Use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Treatment of Infections in Patients with Cancer

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) was used alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents as treatment for infections in patients with cancer. Patients who did not respond to previous treatment with combinations of antibiotics received TMP-SMZ orally or parenterally during a total of 127 episodes of infection. The combined response rate for these two routes of administration was 49%, and the individual rates were similar for both routes. Twenty-eight infections were treated with TMP-SMZ plus tobramycin, and 75% responded after treatment with other drugs had failed. Ticarcillin plus TMP-SMZ was used as initial therapy for presumed or proved infection during 276 episodes of fever. Of 102 documented infections, 77% responded. Toxicity from TMP-SMZ was minimal.
A simple balanced search tree

This paper provides a simple data structure and algorithm to create a balanced binary search tree that may be useful as an index for stored data or for other purposes. Its search and insertion time complexities are both O(log N) where N is the number of keys that it contains. The interesting feature of this data structure is that it is easy to visualize and understand. This structure could provide a friendly introduction to the study of balanced tree structures. Performance characteristics are sufficient that it could be appropriate in medium sized applications where small code size is important.
The use of 2s-derived molecular orbitals in identifying surface hydrocarbons using photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract It is known that the binding energies of the 2s-derived molecular orbitals for gas-phase hydrocarbons can be predicted quite simply using Huckel molecular orbital theory. This suggests that the photoelectron spectrum of 2s-derived molecular orbitals can be used to identify the nature of hydrocarbon species adsorbed on surfaces. However, these energy levels are often differentially shifted with respect to the rest of the molecular orbitals. It is, however, shown from the photoelectron spectra of a range of hydrocarbons adsorbed on a Mo (100) surface obtained using synchrotron radiation that this differential shift is usually less than ≈ 0.5 eV. The spacing of the peaks in the 2s region of the spectrum is greater than 1.8 eV, so that the pattern of the peaks in the spectrum is only slightly modified by chemisorption and thus can be used to identify the nature of the adsorbed hydrocarbon species. Significantly larger differential shifts of 1.5 eV are found for benzene adsorbed on Mo (100). In this case, the number of peaks remains the same, so that the 2s-derived photoemission peaks can still be used to provide information on the nature of the surface species. The utility of this strategy is illustrated by measuring the spectra of the 2s-derived orbitals of ethylene and propylene on Mo (100) as a function of annealing temperature which demonstrate that the carbon bonds have cleaved in these adsorbed hydrocarbons by heating to room temperature.
When Identifying Health Disparities as a Problem Is a Problem: Pedagogical Strategies for Examining Racialized Contexts

The current study presents a critical discussion on community responses to health disparity research and the need for utilizing pedagogical strategies to prepare students to understand and address health disparities in racialized contexts. Qualitative research methods were used to examine community responses to media stories on two health disparity research projects, and four themes emerged: naming health disparities is a tool for dividing, structural racism does not exist, naming of health disparities is a political act, and health disparities exist because of individual-level deficiencies. The implications for teaching students about racial health disparities are presented and discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VERBAL FLUENCY FACTORS1

The objective of the investigation here described was to carry out a factor-analytic study of the somewhat ambiguous area of verbal fluency, using a new approach which emphasized certain experimental features. Hypotheses regarding difference among the fluency factors were tested by systematic variations in sets of two or more parallel tests. A six-hour battery of experimental and marker tests was administered to 221 Naval Air Cadets. Thirteen factors were extracted from the inter-correlations of 41 variables. First-approximation positions were obtained by placing each of nine reference axes near a single marker test in an orthogonal system. From this two rotational solutions were obtained graphically, one using the criteria of simple structure and positive manifold only with no knowledge of the tests, the other with knowledge and with the further criterion of psychological sense. The two were in general agreement. The following factors were identified: (i) four reference factors, Verbal Comprehension, General Reasoning, Writing Speed, Originality, (ii) a factor called Eduction of Conceptual Correlates; (iii) three factors specific to parallel tests or overlapping scores; (iv) one residual factor, and (v) four fluency factors, namely Expressional Fluency (the ability to produce connected discourse, irrespective of the quality of production), Ideational Fluency (the ability to produce ideas in situations where there is little restriction and a high level of quality is not required), Word Fluency (the ability to produce words meeting structural requirements with moderate restrictions on responses), and Associational Fluency (the ability to produce isolated words to fit a given relation and unit of meaning).
The early stages of pyrolysis and oxidation of methane

Abstract Measurement of post shock-front density-gradients generated by shock waves propagating through CH 4 Ar and CH4/O2/Ar mixtures provided data for estimating the rate constant for the primary dissociation step [CH4 + Ar → CH3 + H + Ar] in the bimolecular regime. A least-squares analysis of 24 runs covering the temperature range 1950–2770°K and total densities (2.37–8.91) × 10−6 mol cm−3 gave for k 1 (T) = 0.6 Z CH 4 M ( E 0 RT ) 4.2 exp ( (−E 0 RT) /4.2! cm 3 mol −1 s −1 , with E0 = 103.2 kcal/mole. The measured activation energy was 85.8 ± 1 kcal/mole. Within our experimental scatter the rate constant for CD4 was equal to that for CH4 but (possibly) with a slightly higher activation energy (+1.7 kcal). To fit the computed profiles of the density gradients to those observed, over particle times 0.5–50 μs, a 12-step mechanism was postulated and a reasonable set of rate constants derived. Our data combined with room temperature values for the termolecular association of CH3 with H atoms suggest that the association rate constant varies as ( 1 T )1.2. At CH 4 O 2 ratios 3.3 and 6.7, combustion is initiated when molecular oxygen is attacked by the primary products of pyrolysis. Ten additional steps are required to account for the recorded density gradient profiles. The sensitivity of the psfdg technique for imposing sharp criteria on proposed reactions that occur during the induction period of a combustion process is demonstrated in these studies. Comparisons were made between the 22-step mechanism derived in this investigation and a variety of mechanisms proposed in the literature.
Resistance minima in amorphous PdSi alloy

Abstract The resistivity minimum in amorphous PdSi containing transition metals is magnetic in origin. For high purity samples a weak minimum, possibly associated with residual Fe impurity, is removed by a mild heat-treatment known to reduce the density of localized “tunneling” states.
Application of heavy-ion-induced X-ray satellite emission to alloys

High-resolution measurements of heavy-ion-induced X-ray satellite emission (HIXSE) spectra have been obtained for a series of Mo-Ti binary alloys and V(FexCoyNiz)3 long-range-ordered (LRO) alloys. Variations in the relative intensity distribution of the satellite lines of these alloys were observed and are attributed to the influence of the valence-electron distribution or chemical environment of the emitting target atom. Results are also presented which demonstrate the ability of this method to differentiate between different crystal structures of the same alloy. The sensitivity of HIXSE to changes in the valence-electron environment of alloys may provide a means of probing metal valence states in metals and alloys.
Dirichlet Generalizations of Latent-Class Models

With a latent-class model, each individual belongs to a single latent class, which determines the person's set of response probabilities for the observed, or manifest, variables. A more general model, proposed herein, adds a single parameter and involves drawing, separately and independently for each individual, a latent set of mixing weights from a Dirichlet distribution whose dispersion is governed by the added parameter. The person's set of response probabilities then consists of weighted averages of the probabilities for the classes, where the weights are the person's Dirichlet values. The posterior probabilities commonly used under latent-class models generalize under Dirichlet models to posterior expectations, which serve much the same function. We give examples of formulations of the Dirichlet model, along with numerical illustrations using published data. The first two model formulations involve Guttman scaling and panel analysis and effectively have no latent-class models that compete.
C-Terminus of Heat Shock Cognate 70 Interacting Protein Increases Following Stroke and Impairs Survival Against Acute Oxidative Stress

Abstract The decision to remove or refold oxidized, denatured, or misfolded proteins by heat shock protein 70 and its binding partners is critical to determine cell fate under pathophysiological conditions. Overexpression of the ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of HSC70 interacting protein (CHIP) can compensate for failure of other ubiquitin ligases and enhance protein turnover and survival under chronic neurological stress. The ability of CHIP to alter cell fate after acute neurological injury has not been assessed. Using postmortem human tissue samples, we provide the first evidence that cortical CHIP expression is increased after ischemic stroke. Oxygen glucose deprivation in vitro led to rapid protein oxidation, antioxidant depletion, proteasome dysfunction, and a significant increase in CHIP expression. To determine if CHIP upregulation enhances neural survival, we overexpressed CHIP in vitro and evaluated cell fate 24 h after acute oxidative stress. Surprisingly, CHIP overexpressing cells fared worse aga...
Subcutaneous emphysema during periodontal surgery: report of a case.

Subcutaneous emphysema (S.E.) of the facial region is an uncommon complication of dental procedures. A case is presented which details the development of S.E. following use of an air-water syringe during periodontal surgery. Differential diagnosis of the condition depends upon accurate historical data and the finding of crepitus on palpation of the involved tissues. Treatment is supportive in nature, although prophylactic antibiotic coverage is suggested. The etiology of S.E. is discussed and judicious use of compressed air or gas-producing medicaments during dental treatment is stressed.
Elucidation of acid-induced unfolding and aggregation of human immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2 Fc

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Fc aggregation is an important prerequisite for developing stable and efficacious antibody-based therapeutics. In our study, high resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to probe structural changes in the IgG1 Fc. A series of 1H-15N heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectra were collected between pH 2.5 and 4.7 to assess whether unfolding of CH2 domains precedes that of CH3 domains. The same pH range was subsequently screened in Fc aggregation experiments that utilized molecules of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses with varying levels of CH2 glycosylation. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry data were collected over a pH range of 3–7 to assess changes in CH2 and CH3 thermostability. As a result, compelling evidence was gathered that emphasizes the importance of CH2 stability in determining the rate and extent of Fc aggregation. In particular, we found that Fc domains of the IgG1 subclass have a lower propensity to aggregate compared with those of the IgG2 subclass. Our data for glycosylated, partially deglycosylated, and fully deglycosylated molecules further revealed the criticality of CH2 glycans in modulating Fc aggregation. These findings provide important insights into the stability of Fc-based therapeutics and promote better understanding of their acid-induced aggregation process.
MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF FISHERY STOCK RECOVERY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES

. During the restoration planning phase of the natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) process, potential injuries to natural resources and services are evaluated in terms of the nature, degree and extent of injury so that the need for and scale of restoration actions can be ascertained. Injuries are quantified by comparing the condition of the injured natural resource relative to baseline (pre-injury) conditions. The “Type A” procedures are used to quantify damages from smaller spills and rely on a standardized methodology and computer model to calculate injury and value of damages. In this model, fishery stock changes from injuries and resulting changes in user participation are not treated as dynamic. If true stock growth and re-growth are indeed dynamic, then the Type A model is likely underestimating fishery losses. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the potential for such underestimation by comparing simulated stock and harvest losses under dynamic treatment and a static treatment that more closely represents the way stock and service losses are estimated under the current NRDA process.
A motivational intervention trial to reduce cocaine use

The aim of this study was to test if a motivational intervention would reduce cocaine use. We performed a randomized trial with 6-month follow-up for 198 persons who used cocaine at least weekly. Participants were randomly assigned to a four-session motivational intervention or an assessment control group. We performed an intent-to-treat analysis of past 30-day self-reported cocaine use at 6 months, with those lost to follow-up assumed to use cocaine at their baseline level. Participants were 62% male, 40% Caucasian, and used cocaine an average of 13.8 days over the past month. In the full cohort, there were no significant intervention effects on mean change in cocaine use days (p = .21), past 30-day abstinence (33% vs. 26%, p = .26), or >50% reduction in cocaine use days from baseline (55.7% vs. 46.5%, p = .20). However, among those using cocaine on 15 or more of the 30 days prior to baseline, motivational interviewing participants had a significantly larger mean reduction in cocaine use days (p = .023). There were also no significant group differences in days of employment, quality of life, or substance abuse treatment entry. We conclude that this motivational intervention was more effective than assessment alone at reducing cocaine days among the heaviest community-based users. Both study conditions induced positive effects on cocaine use.
Performance of photovoltaic maximum power point tracking algorithms in the presence of noise

This paper introduces a probabilistic analysis of the effects of noise on various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic systems, including how noise affects both tracking speed and overall efficiency. The results of this analysis are verified by simulations. This analysis provides a better understanding of how noise affects performance and it can be used to optimize an MPPT system.
Surgical options in the treatmentof sports hernia

Groin injuries in athletes are seen with increasing frequency. The insidious onset of groin pain in professional athletes may be caused by a range of musculoskeletal conditions and injuries. The diagnosis of occult or "sports" hernia must be considered in athletes who do not respond to conservative treatment modalities directed at these entities. A review of diagnostic workup and presenting symptomatology is given. In addition, a retrospective literature review of the surgical treatment of sports hernias is presented, including the lead author's personal experience with laparoscopic hernia repair. Comparison is made between operative findings, surgical techniques, and long-term results. Although length of recovery and return to activity varied from series to series, laparoscopic hernia repair provided the quickest return to full, unrestricted athletic activity in 4 weeks or less. Laparoscopic preperitoneal hernia repair should be considered as a treatment modality in athletes presenting with chronic groin pain. Groin injuries in athletes are seen with increasing frequency. Estimates suggest that 5% of all sports injuries occur in the groin. It has been postulated that such injuries are more common from sports that require repetitive fast twisting and turning movements (eg, soccer and hockey). I Injuries to the adductor longus, iliopsoas, and rectus femoris muscles are the most common causes of groin pain in athletes. Other causes of groin pain include ilioinguinal neuralgia, osteitis pubis, genitourinary sources (prostatitis, epididymitis, urethritis, hydrocele), bursitis, arthritis of the hip, and sports hernias. Sports hernias can best be described as incompetence of the abdominal wall musculature in the absence of a clinically detectable hernia bulge. The prevalence of such hernias found at surgical exploration in athletes with chronic groin pain is reported to be as high as 80%. 2,3 However, since up to 50% of these athletes have an occult hernia in the contralateral groin, the presence of a hernia does not necessarily correlate with symptoms. 4
Molecular modeling of human p450c17 (17α-hydroxylase/ 17,20-lyase) insights into reaction mechanisms and effects of mutations

P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities in the biosynthesis of androgens and estrogens. These two activities are differentially regulated in a tissue-specific and developmentally programmed manner. To visualize the active site topology of human P450c17 and to study the structural basis of its substrate specificity and catalytic selectivity, we constructed a second-generation computer-graphic model of human P450c17. The energetics of the model are comparable to those of the principal template of the model, P450BMP, as determined from its crystallographic coordinates. The protein structure analysis programs PROCHECK, WHATIF, and SurVol indicate that the predicted P450c17 structure is reasonable. The hydrophobic active site accommodates both Δ4 and Δ5 steroid substrates in a catalytically favorable orientation. The predicted contributions of positively charged residues to the redox-partner binding site were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Mol...
Natural resonance extraction from: multiple data sets using a genetic algorithm

Identification of radar targets based on their late-time, natural-resonance signature requires the accurate knowledge of target natural frequencies. Realistically, these frequencies must be determined from measurements of actual or scale model targets. Many approaches have been studied to extract the natural frequencies from measurement, including the E-pulse technique, several variants of Prony's method, and the pencil-of-functions method. Perhaps the most straight-forward are those based on nonlinear least squares algorithms. Difficulty arises with least-squares techniques, however, because of their dependence on initial guesses for the natural frequencies and their tendency to get trapped in local minima. Also, constraints must often be placed on the ranges of the parameters as dictated by the measurement process and the principle of energy conservation. A genetic algorithm provides a natural minimization procedure for implementing constraints and avoiding initial guesses. Early studies have shown that a genetic algorithm provides results equivalent to the constrained E-pulse technique, with much less computer effort. >
Long-term observations of proton-irradiated monkey eyes

• Fifteen owl monkeys (30 eyes) that received proton irradiation of discrete areas of the retina and choroid have been observed for 3½ years or more after irradiation. The dose delivered to the retina varied from a single dose of 1,600 to 4,750 proton rads and from 10,250 to 18,250 rads delivered in five fractions over a period of one month. Fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and light and electron microscopy revealed chorioretinal changes at the area of irradiation. The part of the retina adjacent to the chorioretinal scar showed preservation of normal retinal vascular architecture on trypsin digest studies of the retina and on electron microscopic examination, even 1 mm from the edge of the scar. The results of this study suggest that proton beam irradiation may markedly reduce delayed ocular complications, especially radiation retinopathy, which is common to other forms of radiotherapy in the treatment of intraocular tumors.
Keynote Address: One Statistician’s Observations Concerning Energy Modeling

My own background and experience have been in statistics. I was trained as a theoretical statistician, and since 1950 I have applied statistical methods to various kinds of research problems, but mainly in medicine and biology. That kind of work seen from my present vantage point could be thought of as having rather narrow, limited scope. Let me elaborate.
Absolute rate and temperature dependence of the reaction between chlorine (2P) atoms and methane

The absolute rate of reaction Cl(2P)+CH4→HCl+CH3 was determined between 220 and 423 K using the discharge flow–resonance fluorescence technique. Evidence of curvature is observed in the Arrhenius plot. The data are best fitted by the following Arrhenius expressions: The present results are compared with earlier absolute rate measurements.