cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-Regression Methods to Characterize Evidence Strength Using Meaningful-Effect Percentages Conditional on Study Characteristics

Meta-regression analyses usually focus on estimating and testing differences in average effect sizes between individual levels of each meta-regression covariate in turn. These metrics are useful but have limitations: they consider each covariate individually, rather than in combination, and they characterize only the mean of a potentially heterogeneous distribution of effects. We propose additional metrics that address both limitations. Given a chosen threshold representing a meaningfully strong effect size, these metrics address the questions: "For a given joint level of the covariates, what percentage of the population effects are meaningfully strong?" and "For any two joint levels of the covariates, what is the difference between these percentages of meaningfully strong effects?" We provide semiparametric methods for estimation and inference and assess their performance in a simulation study. We apply the proposed methods to meta-regression analyses on memory consolidation and on dietary behavior interventions, illustrating how the methods can provide more information than standard reporting alone. To facilitate implementing the methods in practice, we provide reporting guidelines and simple R code.
The Motion of Screw Dislocations in a Model B.C.C. Sodium Lattice

The behavior of the screw dislocation core in the presence of an external uniaxial stress of varying sense and orientation has been examined for a bcc model lattice, using an effective ion-ion potential for sodium developed from first principles. The Peierls stress is strongly orientation-dependent, and has a minimum value of 0.0076G, where G is the shear modulus. The mechanism for dislocation movement can be planar or nonplanar, depending on the orientation of the applied stress, and can give rise to crystallographic slip on {110| or {112| planes or to noncrystallo-graphic slip.
Eclipse Observation from the Moon and Cislunar Space

Eclipse Observation from the Moon and Cislunar Space. The observation of lunar eclipses from the Earth’s surface is quite frequent. The observation of solar eclipses, on the other hand, requires a special expedition to the specific geographical area where one is visible; such expeditions frequently are foiled by weather. Observed on Earth, the duration of totality of a solar eclipse is very short. Even on board a highspeed jet aircraft chasing the fleeting shadow above the clouds, there are only a few minutes in which to perform the most important experiments.
Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture

Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture. Edited by Doran H. Ross. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1992. 413 pp.; color and b/w illustrations, bibliography, index. $69.00 (cloth); $39.99 (paper).
International Effects of Energy Conservation

This paper reports on an energy conservation scenario computed by the United Nations World Model. Energy prices are assumed to rise as they did in the base runs but shifts in fuel mix and energy-saving are assumed to be achieved through increased labor and capital costs. Results suggest that vigorous energy conservation would substantially decrease, but not eliminate, the payments stresses in the reference case. Regional effects vary greatly. Payments-constrained regions could develop somewhat faster despite additional requirements for investment goods. Developed economies would achieve improved trade balances through higher investment and some consumption sacrifice.
Characterization of the family of Mistic homologues

Background Mistic is a unique Bacillus subtilis protein with virtually no detectable homologues in GenBank, which appears to integrate into the bacterial membrane despite an overall hydrophilic composition. These unusual properties have been shown to be useful for high-yield recombinant expression of other membrane proteins through fusion to the C-terminus of Mistic. To better understand the structure and function of Mistic, we systematically searched for and characterized homologous proteins among closely related bacteria.
Radiation exposure from handling alpha emitting radiopharmaceutical radium-223 dichloride with and without syringe shield

2505 Objectives Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) is a new alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical approved by FDA for treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer bone metastases. An experiment was carried out to determine the exposure associated with handling of radium-223 dichloride radiopharmaceutical with and without the use of a syringe shield. Of the total decay of radium-223, 95.3% are alpha, 3.6% beta and 1.1% gamma. Methods A syringe containing 106 microcuries of radium-223 dichloride was placed on a stand unshielded and exposure measurements were made at 1 cm, 30 cm, and 100 cm with a calibrated ionization survey meter, Victoreen model 451. This process was repeated with radium-223 dichloride syringe covered with a lead syringe shield and then by covering the radium-223 syringe with a plastic beta shield. Reading was also obtained with an alpha probe, Ludlum model 43-92 attached to Ludlum model 3 survey meter with a calibrated efficiency of 5 percent for alpha particles only. Results Results from this experiment for radiation exposure of radium-223 dichloride syringe unshielded, were 5.8 mR/hr at 1 cm, 0.21 mR/hr at 30 cm, and 0.01 mR/hr at 100 cm, the latter being background radiation. Exposures obtained from radium-223 dichloride syringe shielded with a lead syringe shied was 1.2 mR/hr at 1 cm, 0.08 mR/hr at 30 cm, and 0.01 mR/hr at 100 cm. Exposure when the radium-223 chloride syringe was covered with plastic beta shield was 3.3 mR/hr at 1 cm, 0.13 mR/hr at 30 cm, and 0.01 mR/hr at 100 cm. Exposure from alpha radiation measured with alpha detector probe measured less than 10 cpm at 1 cm. Conclusions Even though all alpha radiations are shielded by the syringe, beta and gamma radiations escaping from the syringe warrant the use of syringe shield to minimize the exposure from handling radium-223 dichloride dosages. Standard radiation safety practice established in Nuclear Medicine Department in the use of syringe shield should be adequate for radiation protection.
Nonprofit competition in the grants marketplace

In this study, we test the impact of nonprofit financial health and financial efficiency ratios on the grant amount awarded by foundations using the Georgia grants marketplace as a case. Using hierarchical linear modeling analysis, we can understand the effects of these ratios both within and across foundation grant portfolios. We found statistically significant evidence that grantees with higher debt ratios and higher fundraising ratios receive lower grant amounts. We did not find statistically significant impacts for administrative ratios, revenue diversification, and surplus margin.
The Use of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Prolonged Exposure to Treat Comorbid Dissociation and Self‐Harm: The Case of a Client With Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

There is a high rate of comorbidity between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Pagura et al., 2010). Preliminary studies have evaluated the treatment of PTSD in a BPD population and found positive outcomes for the integration of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and prolonged exposure (PE). This case study illustrates the implementation of a PE protocol into standard DBT treatment, specifically focusing on the management of self-harm and severe dissociation for a client with co-occurring PTSD and BPD. The client entered into treatment with severe and persistent dissociation and a recent history of self-harm, and the case includes consideration of two separate pauses in PTSD treatment related to elevated dissociation and self-harm behaviors. The client successfully completed the DBT PE protocol and results indicate significant improvements in PTSD symptoms as well as outcomes related to self-harm and dissociation. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of combining DBT with PE for clients with comorbid BPD and PTSD and exemplify how complex clients with BPD who present with severe dissociation and self-harm behavior can safely and successfully receive treatment for PTSD.
Island morphology, reef resources, and development paths in the Maldives:

Maldivian paths for economic development have historically been constrained by the morphology of atoll islands and the availability of material resources. These constraints are most evident when examining the development of Male’, the Maldives’ capital and most populous island. Before the 1970s, Male’ was a rather typical atoll island, consisting of accumulated rubble and sand with an underlying lagoonal reef (faro) structure. Rising population and standard-of-living expectations in Male’ led to accelerated coral mining of Male’s reefs in the 1970s and 80s for both landfill and construction material, extending the island’s land surface across Male’s lagoon and reef flats, close to the edge of its underlying faro. This combination of mining and fill degraded the island’s natural defenses against wave events, resulting in disastrous floods in April 1987 and the fortification of the coastline with seawalls shortly thereafter. The degree of degradation to natural defenses and amount of investment in urban bui...
Experiences of Educators Using a Portal of Aggregated Metadata

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Open Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting Project sought to test the viability of a search portal containing aggregated metadata for cultural heritage resources harvested using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Metadata was collected from 39 providers, including museums, archives, libraries, historical societies, consortiums, and digital libraries. Some resources existed in digital formats, such as .JPG images. Other resources were analog objects and were represented digitally through the metadata. The paper documents a pilot user test with a small group of K-12 teachers-in-training. The users were asked to use the portal to locate primary source materials for use in the classroom. The results highlight the challenges posed by aggregations of heterogeneous metadata for both users and service providers. Areas for further investigation and approaches for more in-depth studies are suggested.
Bcl-2 expression delays hepatocyte cell cycle progression during liver regeneration

Bcl-2 is the prototype of a family of genes that prevent apoptosis. However, several reports indicate that Bcl-2 may also act as a cell cycle modulator. In several human tumors, Bcl-2 expression correlates with a more favorable prognosis and lower tumor proliferative activity. We have shown that Bcl-2 expression delays liver tumor development in transgenic mice even when the gene is turned on shortly before the time of tumor development. We hypothesized that Bcl-2 may delay liver tumorigenesis by interfering with hepatocyte proliferation. To test whether Bcl-2 expression may act on hepatocyte replication we studied liver regeneration in Bcl-2 transgenic mice and wild-type littermates. DNA replication was delayed by approximately 8 h in Bcl-2 transgenic mice compared to the timing of the response in wild-type littermates. Cyclin D expression showed no alterations in the regenerating liver of Bcl-2 transgenic mice. In contrast, there was a delay in the expression of p107, cyclin E and in the activity of cyclin E/cdk 2 activity. These results show that Bcl-2 expression delays cell cycle progression in hepatocytes and suggests that it acts at a step involving cyclin E and p107.
Public and private high schools: Is school choice an answer to the productivity problem?

Abstract Using data drawn from NELS88 , this paper attempts to help answer the question of whether public-private school choice is a policy that would help improve the overall achievement of students. Separate models of achievement for schools in each sector are estimated, from which estimated sector achievement differentials are calculated. These differentials are then used in a structural model of school choice to determine whether parents choose schools which academically benefit their children. The results do not show private schools to outperform public schools, but do show sectoral achievement differentials affect choice of school sector.
Periodicity in midwest US climatic data: the Hale cycle signal or the luni-solar signal?

Cohen and Sweeter (1975) found the 20 to 22-year Hale (double sunspot) cycle signal in the maximum entropy spectra of sunspot and Atlantic tropical cyclone data. Currie (1996) corroborated and extended their analysis, but he argued that this signal is the 18.6-year luni-solar tidal constituent. Currie maintains that Cohen and Sweeter mistakenly conjectured that this long term periodicity was induced by the 20 to 22-year Hale cycle signal. However, no further investigation of periodicity in the extracted wave forms corresponding to the 18.6-year luni-solar signal was conducted. In this study, we follow Currie's signal processing procedures to extract the wave forms corresponding to the 18.6-year luni-solar signal. In order to investigate the periodicity in the extracted wave forms, multi-taper method (MTM) is used for harmonic analysis. Band pass filters are then designed to extract the wave forms corresponding to the individual components identified in the MTM harmonic analysis. The investigation results of the monthly precipitation and Palmer's drought severity index (PDSI) data in three of the midwestern states – Illinois, Indiana and Ohio – show that two periodic components, the 20 to 22-year Hale cycle signal and the other component with periods between 16.9 and 13.5 years, are identified. The bistability phenomenon, which Currie found in these wave forms, is more likely to result from the superposition of these two periodic components, rather than from a nonlinear mechanism. Besides, a periodic component with an approximate period of 33 years is detected.
Selenoprotein expression is essential in endothelial cell development and cardiac muscle function

LoxP-Cre technology was used to remove the selenocysteine tRNA gene, trsp, in either endothelial cells or myocytes of skeletal and heart muscle to elucidate the role of selenoproteins in cardiovascular disease. Loss of selenoprotein expression in endothelial cells was embryonic lethal. A 14.5-day-old embryo had numerous abnormalities including necrosis of the central nervous system, subcutaneous hemorrhage and erythrocyte immaturity. Loss of selenoprotein expression in myocytes manifested no apparent phenotype until about day 12 after birth. Affected mice had decreased mobility and an increased respiratory rate, which proceeded rapidly to death. Pathological analysis revealed that mice lacking trsp had moderate to severe myocarditis with inflammation extending into the mediastinitis. Thus, ablation of selenoprotein expression demonstrated an essential role of selenoproteins in endothelial cell development and in proper cardiac muscle function. The data suggest a direct connection between the loss of selenoprotein expression in these cell types and cardiovascular disease.
Qualitative assessment of monomer ratios in putative ionic terpolymer samples by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation.

Collision-induced dissociation in the source of an electrospray (ES) mass spectrometer was employed to characterize putative samples of the ionic terpolymer poly(styrene sulfonate-co-acrylic acid-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). Qualitative and semi-quantitative information about the monomer content was quickly obtainable from ES spectra, and indicated that some samples contained little or none of one or two expected comonomers. For two representative samples, confirmatory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were acquired. The NMR experiments required sample clean-up (to remove additives) and long acquisition times (up to 720 min) for 13C NMR. Cleanup also improved the ES results, providing better agreement with the NMR data. However, qualitative and semi-quantitative information was obtainable by ES (but not by NMR) without the cleanup step. Full quantitation of monomer ratios would require suitable standards, but even without such standards the ES measurements provide a rapid (<1 min) means for differentiating these samples (e.g., for process or quality control).
Cloning and characterization of a G protein α-subunit-encoding gene from the basidiomycete, Coprinus congregatus

Abstract Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding two G protein α-subunit proteins (CGPα1 and CGPα2) were isolated from a Coprinus congregatus (Cc) hyphal tip cell (HTC) library using PCR-generated biotinylated G protein probes. Sequence analysis of the Cc cgpαl gene indicates that the gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) that translates into a putative 353-amino-acid (aa) product. The predicted CGPαl protein exhibits similarity to all known G protein α-subunits (it has all of the consensus regions for a GTP-binding protein), especially the mammalian retinal G protein, transducin. The CGPαl aa sequence is 50% identical overall to the transducin subfamily, cgpαl shares the same aa size grouping as transducin α-subunits and, unlike many other G proteins, both CGPαl and transducin seem to possess a cholera toxin (CTX)- and pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive site. Preliminary reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of cgpαl and cgpα2 mRNA expression revealed that, unlike cgpα2 which seems to be constitutively expressed, cgpαl is expressed only in HTC that are competent in responding to light. Thus, the cgpαl product, CGPαl, is a likely candidate for regulating the blue light-induced signal transduction photomorphogenesis system found in Cc
APPLICATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS TO THE ISOLATION OF CERTAIN trans- PLUTONIDES BY LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

The use of (GO)/sub 2/PO(OH) and (GO)PO(OH)/sub 2/ as extractants in a carrier solvent against an opposing aqueous mineral acid phase in effecting certain mutual separations in the actinide (III) series and lanthanide (III) series, including Y(III), was investigated. The separation of Cf (and E and Fm) from Cm (and Am) by use of a di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-HCl system and the separation of Cf (and E and Fm) from Y by use of a diphenyl phosphoric acid- HCI system were shown to be applicable to nuclear problems on a laboratory scale. It seems likely that these systems could be applied even more efficiently to large- scale operations. The separation of Bk(III) from Ce(III) by use of a di-2- ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-HCI system and the separation of Am(llI) from Pm(III) by use of a mono-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid- HCl system were demonstrated. Other systems suitable for the latter separation are reported also. No system readily applicable to the separation of Am and Cm was developed. The depressant effect of an alcohol on the extractive properties of (GO)PO(OH)/sub 2/ is noted, and the corresponding depressant effect of (GO)/sub 3/PG on the extractive properties of (GO)PO(OH)/sub 2/ is utilized in preventing interference by themore » latter ester in certain separations dependent upon the extractive actions of (GO)/ sub 2/PO(OH). (auth)« less
An approach to the identification of adenosine's inhibitory site on adenylate cyclase

Adenosine inhibits stimulated forms of adenylate cyclase non-competitively with respect to metA prior to storage of mem- branes at -7O’C. Washed particulate and Lubrol-PX-dispersed aden- ylate cyclases were prepared from cerebellum [7]. The dispersed enzyme was concentrated about 12-fold by ultrafiltration (Amicon PM-l 0) and was chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex as in [8]. 2.2.
Dike orientations, fault‐block rotations, and the construction of slow spreading oceanic crust at 22°40′N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

The first paleomagnetic results from oriented dike samples collected on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shed new light on the complex interplay between magmatic accretion and mechanical extension at a slow spreading ridge segment. An upper crustal section about 1.5 km thick is exposed along a west-dipping normal fault zone that defines the eastern median valley wall of the southern segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane fracture zone (MARK area). Two distinct groups of dikes are differentiated on the basis of orientation and paleomagnetic characteristics. One group, on the basis of the paleomagnetic data, appears to be in its original intrusion orientation. This group includes both ridge-parallel, vertical dikes as well as dikes in other orientations, calling into question assumptions about uniform dike orientations at oceanic spreading centers. The second group consists of dikes that have paleomagnetic directions that are distinct from the predicted dipole direction, and we interpret them to have been tectonically rotated. These also occur in many orientations. The spatial relations between rotated and nonrotated dikes indicate that intrusion, faulting, and block rotation were contemporaneous beneath the median valley floor. Nonrotated dikes exposed on the eastern median valley wall indicate that there has been no net rotation of this upper crustal assemblage since magmatic construction ceased. Hence slip and associated uplift probably occurred in the fault zones' present orientation. These results provide the basis for a general model of mechanical extension and dike intrusion for this segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Initially, a portion of crust forms beneath the median valley by synkinematic dike intrusion into laterally discontinuous fault blocks. Slip and associated uplift along a cataclastic normal fault zone later exposes this crustal section on the valley margin. As spreading continues, this valley-bounding cataclastic normal fault zone is abandoned in favor of a new fault system thus passively moving the exposed crustal section away from the median valley.
Developing Observational Skills and Knowledge of Anatomical Relationships in an Art and Anatomy Workshop Using Plastinated Specimens.

One of the strong trends in medical education today is the integration of the humanities into the basic medical curriculum. The anatomy program is an obvious choice for using the humanities to develop professionalism and ethical values. They can also be used to develop close observational skills. Many medical schools have developed formal art observation training in conjunction with nearby art museums to enhance the visual diagnostic skills of their medical students. We report here on an art and anatomy workshop that paired medical and art students who did drawing exercises from plastinated anatomical specimens and the animated face to hone observational skills. Each member of the pair brought a different perspective and expertise to the work that allowed each to be a mentor to the other. The workshop had three sessions: the first involved drawings of plastinated specimens that allowed an intimate experience with authentic human material; the second involved drawings of the human face; and the third included examination of anatomical texts of important anatomist-artists, a lecture on contemporary artists whose work involves anatomy, and a film demonstrating the facial muscles. We propose workshops such as these will help students increase their ability to detect details. This will assist the medical student in developing diagnostic skills for identifying disease and the art student in using the human body as subject. We further propose that these programs will help students develop humanistic sensitivities and provide an outlet for expression of the emotional aspects of dealing with disease and mortality. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Myocarditis possibly due to Coxsackie group A, type 16, virus.

A 10 1/2-month-old girl succumbed to an illness initially characterized as a respiratory infection and culminating in severe cardiac failure. Myocarditis of an interstitial type without significant necrosis was found at autopsy. A Coxsackie Group A, type 16, virus was recovered from the intestinal contents but not from the myocardium. This observation and isolated reports from the literature suggest a possible etiologic relationship between Coxsackie Group A viruses and myocarditis.
Effect of a μ-Selective Opioid Antagonist on CCK-8–Induced Changes in Thermoregulation in the Rat

Abstract We examined the effects of ICV injection of CCK-8 alone and in combination with CTAP, a μ-selective antagonist, on brain surface temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), and heat exchange (Q) in unrestrained male S-D rats at an ambient temperature of 20 ± 0.5°C. CCK-8 (300 ng, ICV) produced hyperthermia (Δ Tb: 0.86 ± 0.22°C) lasting for 30–60 min, which was associated with an increase in VO 2 (1.42 ± 0.28 ml/g/h). There was an increase in Q (1.87 ± 1.2 cal/g/h) beginning 15 min after injection and lasting for 60 min. The CCK-8–induced hyperthermia was attenuated by a postinjection increase in Q. During the 60–120 min postinjection period, VO 2 and Q returned to baseline followed by the return of Tb to preinjection levels. CCK-8–induced increases in Tb, Q, and VO 2 were blocked by pretreatment with CTAP (0.75 nmol, ICV) 15 min earlier. CTAP alone did not significantly affect ΔTb, ΔVO 2 , and ΔQ. These results suggest that, within the thermoneutral zone, the thermoregulatory effects of CCK-8 in the rat involve participation of μ-opioid receptors.
Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status and Political Context

Amidst rising levels of ethnic diversity in the United States, scholars struggle to understand how group consciousness functions among other non-black minority groups such as Asian Americans and Latinos. Most of the literature in this area focuses on the relationship between identity and immigration incorporation or the debate between national origin and panethnicity. We argue that the Asian American community offers an important case study to understand how social context and one's perceived racial position influence an individual's sense of group attachment. Thus, the Asian American case presents new insight beyond the black politics model into how racial identification influences individual political attitudes and behavior. We present findings from a unique embedded survey experiment conducted in 2004 that reveals a surprising degree of malleability in Asian American racial group attachment. This is a striking contrast to the findings demonstrated by blacks whose racial identification is relatively more stable over various contexts. We seek to explain these findings by advocating for a more explicit consideration of the structural incentives and costs of adopting racial and ethnic identities by highlighting the significance of U.S. immigration policy and its role in creating group-based stereotypes and racial tropes.
CALPHAD/first-principles re-modeling of the Co–Y binary system

Abstract The thermodynamic properties and phase diagram of the Co–Y system have been analyzed by the CALPHAD technique using a computational optimization procedure via the ThermoCalc software package. Based on the experimental data, nine intermetallic phases were taken to be stoichiometric compounds and two phases, Co 5 Y and Co 17 Y 2 were described with three-sublattice models. First-principles calculations were obtained for the enthalpy of formation of five stable Co–Y compounds and the calculated end members of the Co 5 Y phase. The model accounts for the magnetic contribution of Co 7 Y 2 , Co 5 Y and Co 17 Y 2 . The thermochemical and equilibrium information in the CoY system has been accurately reproduced and is shown to be in agreement with all experimentally validated phase reactions.
Interactions between the tetratricopeptide repeat-containing transcription factor TFIIIC131 and its ligand, TFIIIB70. Evidence for a conformational change in the complex.

Next Section Abstract In the transcription of tRNA and 5 S genes by RNA polymerase III, recruitment of the transcription factor (TF)IIIB is mediated by the promoter-bound assembly factor TFIIIC. A critical limiting step in this process is the interaction between the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing subunit of TFIIIC (TFIIIC131) and the TFIIB-related factor Brf1p/TFIIIB70. To facilitate biochemical studies of this interaction, we expressed a fragment of TFIIIC131, TFIIIC131-(1–580), that includes the minimal TFIIIB70 interaction domain defined by two-hybrid studies together with adjacent sequences, up to the end of TPR9, implicated in the assembly reaction. TFIIIC131-(1–580) interacts with TFIIIB70 in solution and inhibits the formation of TFIIIB70·TFIIIC·DNA complexes. In a coupled equilibrium binding assay, the formation of TFIIIC131-(1–580)·TFIIIB70 complexes was adequately described by a single-site binding model and yielded an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of 334 ± 23 nm. CD spectroscopy and limited proteolysis experiments defined a well structured and largely protease-resistant core in TFIIIC131-(1–580) comprising part of the hydrophilic amino terminus, TPR1–5, the intervening non-TPR region, and TPR6–8. CD spectra showed that trifluoroethanol induced significant α-helical structure in TFIIIC131-(1–580). A more modest monovalent ion-dependent CD difference was observed in mixtures of TFIIIC131-(1–580) and TFIIIB70, suggesting that formation of the binary complex may proceed with the acquisition of α-helicity.
Building Consciousness: The Organization Workshop Comes to a Nicaraguan Cooperative

Based on ethnographic research conducted in Nicaragua in 2007 during the early phases of the building of an industrial cotton spinning cooperative called Genesis, this article recounts an implementation of the Organization Workshop (OW), a large-scale enterprise-building and employment-generation workshop based on the ideas of Brazilian scholar-activists Clodomir Santos de Morais and Paulo Freire. The story of the Genesis OW, however, is not one of success. In fact, following the 40-day “conscientization” workshop, the cooperative entered into a period of upheaval, ultimately leading to the ousting of the cooperative's leadership. As a way of explaining some of the unexpected consequences of the OW, I point to the disjuncture between the actually existing social and organizational dynamics of Genesis before the implementation of the OW and the OW's model for them.
Abnormal Heart Rate Recovery after Exercise: A Comparison with Known Indicators of Increased Mortality

Background: Abnormal heart rate (HR) recovery at 1 min after exercise (≤12 beats) was recently suggested to be a predictor of all cause and cardiac mortality. Aim:</i&gt
Spatially resolved, in situ elastic modulus of thermoset polymer amidst carbon fibers in a polymer matrix composite

Abstract The mechanical properties of thermoset resins used in carbon fiber composites depend on their processing conditions. The inclusion of fibers into the resin locally affects the thermal balance, creates chemical inhomogeneities, and templates structural developments in the polymer near the fiber surface. In this study we use Raman and Brillouin light scattering to investigate the effect of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of an epoxy matrix. Our results show that the longitudinal modulus of epoxy within a fiber tow is about 3.75% lower than the modulus of the epoxy outside of the tow. Furthermore, within a fiber tow, the modulus depends on the local packing density of the carbon fibers. Comparison between our Brillouin and Raman measurements suggest that the observed spatial inhomogeneity in elastic properties of the matrix is not a result of residual stresses within the matrix but more likely due to structural reorganization in the interfacial region.
Product category description for web-shopping in e-commerce

In this paper, we focus on the web-shopping activity and on ways to improve the quality of the information available to consumers. We describe a tool, called a product space map, for the presentation of information about a product category which can help consumers in making purchasing decisions. Using this tool we first provide a clustering or segmentation of a product line, that is, 27-inch televisions, into price categories such as low end, moderate and high end. Once having this partitioning we then use the idea of linguistic summaries to describe the properties of each category with respect to relevant features. An example of such a summary is “Most TV's in the high price category provide extremely high resolution.” With the aid of such information it becomes much easier for consumers to understand the product line, see what they are getting for their money, and more easily and confidently locate products that are of particular value for the money. Considerable use is made of fuzzy set technology to provide the ability to describe the information in a way, using linguistic expressions, that is particularly consumer friendly. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evidence that SP1 Modulates Transcriptional Activity of the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein Gene

ABSTRACT In previous studies, we have cloned and sequenced a 5′-end region of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene that contains promoter activity as assessed through transient tr...
Airflow and nanoparticle deposition in rat nose under various breathing and sniffing conditions—A computational evaluation of the unsteady and turbulent effect

Abstract Accurate prediction of nanoparticle (1–100 nm) deposition in the rat nasal cavity is important for assessing the toxicological impact of inhaled nanoparticles as well as for potential therapeutic applications. A quasi-steady assumption has been widely adopted in the past investigations on this topic, yet the validity of such simplification under various breathing and sniffing conditions has not been carefully examined. In this study, both steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in a published rat nasal model under various physiologically realistic breathing and sniffing flow rates. The transient airflow structures, nanoparticle transport and deposition patterns in the whole nasal cavity and the olfactory region were investigated and compared with steady state simulation of equivalent flow rate. The results showed that (1) the quasi-steady flow assumption for cyclic flow was valid for over 70% of the cycle period during all simulated breathing and sniffing conditions in the rat nasal cavity, or the unsteady effect was only significant during the transition between the respiratory phases; (2) yet the quasi-steady assumption for nanoparticle transport was not valid, except in the vicinity of peak respiration. In general, the total deposition efficiency of nanoparticle during cyclic breathing would be lower than that of steady state due to the unsteady effect on particle transport and deposition, and further decreased with the increase of particle size, sniffing frequency, and flow rate. In the contrary, previous study indicated that for micro-scale particles (0.5–4 μm), the unsteady effect would increase deposition efficiencies in rat nasal cavity. Combined, these results suggest that the quasi-steady assumption of nasal particle transport during cycling breathing should be used with caution for an accurate assessment of the toxicological and therapeutic impact of particle inhalation. Empirical equations and effective steady state approximation derived in this study are thus valuable to estimate such unsteady effects in future applications. Finally, through large eddy simulations, turbulent effects were found to be negligible for all breathing/sniff conditions in rat nasal cavity.
Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer.

Abstract Efficient antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on aluminum hydroxide gels is a critical step for the evaluation of the quality of vaccines following formulation. It has been shown in our laboratory that the efficiency of antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on Alhydrogel decreased significantly with increased storage time. To increase antigen extraction efficiency, the present study determined the effect of surfactants on antigen recovery from vaccine formulations. The Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) formulated on Alhydrogel and stored at 2–8 °C for 3 years was used as a model in this study. The AMA1 on Alhydrogel was extracted in the presence or absence of 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 20 mM cetylpyridinium chloride in the extraction buffer (0.60 M citrate, 0.55 M phosphate, pH 8.5) using our standard antigen extraction protocols. Extracted AMA1 antigen was analyzed by 4–20% Tris–glycine SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining or western blotting. The results showed that inclusion of SDS or cetylpyridinium chloride in extraction buffer increased the antigen recovery dramatically and can be used for efficient characterization of Alhydrogel vaccines.
Measurements and Predictions of Turbulent Natural Convection Adjacent to Backward-Facing Step

Measurementsandpredictionsofturbulentnaturalconvectionadjacenttoatwo-dimensional,verticalbackwardfacing step in aire ow are reported. The upstream and downstream walls of the backward-facing step geometry were maintained at a constant and uniform temperature, while the backward-facing step was kept adiabatic. The experiment was carried out for a backward-facing step height of 22 mm and a temperature difference, between the heated walls and the mainstream, of 30 ± C. Measurements and predictions of the mean velocities and temperaturedistributions, along with thedistributionsof turbulentintensities, turbulentheate uxes,and Reynolds stress components, are presented at various axial locations downstream of the backward-facing step. A reasonable agreement appears to exist between the measured and the predicted mean quantities, but discrepancies still exist between the measured and the predicted turbulence quantities.
Utilization of purine and pyrimidine compounds in nucleic acid synthesis by Escherichia coli.

Abstract Utilization of purine and pyrimidine compounds by growing Escherichia coli, B , was studied with the aid of 14 Co 2 . It was found that adenine and adenosine were efficiently utilized for nucleic acid synthesis in preference to 14 CO 2 and were converted to bacterial guanine. Yeast adenylic acid was relatively poorly utilized. Guanine, guanosine, and guanylic acid were used as a source of bacterial guanine but were poorly converted to adenine. Cytosine, cytidine, cytidylic acid, uracil, uridine, and uridylic acid were utilized as sources for both bacterial cytosine and uracil. No utilization of thymine, thymidine acid or oxotic acid could be demonstrated by the method used.
Exploring patterns of Latino/a children's school readiness at kindergarten entry and their relations with Grade 2 achievement

Abstract This study contributed to the school readiness literature by taking an intrachild perspective that examined the relations between Latino/a children's school readiness profiles and later academic achievement. Teachers rated the school readiness of 781 Latino/a kindergartners during the first month of school using the Kindergarten Student Entrance Profile (KSEP). Latent class analysis (LCA) examined KSEP profiles across social-emotional, physical, and cognitive domains and identified five distinct school readiness classes that described students’ strengths and weaknesses at kindergarten entry. Among the predictors examined, gender was the only significant difference among the top two readiness classes, with girls less likely to be in the lower of these two classes ( OR = 0.38). In addition, children in the bottom three readiness classes were significantly less likely than students in the top readiness class to have preschool experience ( OR s = 0.02–0.19) and had significantly lower levels of English proficiency ( OR s = 0.51–0.72). Class membership was significantly associated with scores on the Grade 2 California Standards Tests and only the top two readiness classes had reading fluency rates near or above a national benchmark at the end of Grade 2. The variation of early achievement found across readiness classes also showed that considering the pattern of a child's social-emotional and cognitive readiness might enhance school readiness assessment. Implications for integrating universal school readiness screeners within a comprehensive multigating assessment model are also discussed.
Role conflict and identity salience: College athletics and the academic role

Abstract Identity theorists have proposed several variables as influencing the salience of an individual's role. Based upon four years of participant observation with a major college basketball team, we examine the changing salience of athletes' athletic, social, and especially academic roles. Their experiences with role conflict and socialization affirm previously proposed variables and suggest additional ones.
Achilles Tendon Injuries: A Comparison of Surgical Repair Versus No Repair in a Rat Model∗

Controversy exists regarding the treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures. The aim of this study was to determine whether surgical repair of the rat Achilles tendon offered any biomechanical, functional, or morphological advantage over no repair. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) sham operated (skin incision only), (2) no repair (complete division of the Achilles tendon and plantaris tendon without repair), (3) internal splint (plantaris left intact), and (4) Achilles repair (with a modified Kessler-type suture). Functional performance was determined from the measurements of hindpaw prints utilizing the Achilles Functional Index. On day 15, the animals were killed, and biochemical and histological evaluations were performed on both the injured and uninjured Achilles tendon constructs. All groups subjected to Achilles tendon division had a significant initial functional impairment that gradually improved so that by day 15 there were no functional or failure load impairments in any group. The injured tendons in all three groups subjected to Achilles tendon division had a 13-fold increase in the cross-sectional area and were less stiff and more deformable than uninjured and sham-operated tendons on day 15 (P < .001). The magnitude of the biomechanical and morphological changes at postoperative day 15 and the initial impairment and rate of functional recovery were similar for no repair, internal splint, and Achilles repair groups. In summary, this study demonstrates that surgical repair of the Achilles tendon in the rat does not offer any advantage over nonoperative management.
Interindividual Variability in Stress Susceptibility: A Role for Epigenetic Mechanisms in PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive and persistent memories of a psychologically traumatic event that leads to significant functional and social impairment in affected individuals. The molecular bases underlying persistent outcomes of a transient traumatic event have remained elusive for many years, but recent studies in rodents have implicated epigenetic modifications of chromatin structure and DNA methylation as fundamental mechanisms for the induction and stabilization of fear memory. In addition to mediating adaptations to traumatic events that ultimately cause PTSD, epigenetic mechanisms are also involved in establishing individual differences in PTSD risk and resilience by mediating long-lasting effects of genes and early environment on adult function and behavior. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for epigenetic regulation of PTSD in human studies and in animal models and comment on ways in which these models can be expanded. In addition, we identify key outstanding questions in the study of epigenetic mechanisms of PTSD in the context of rapidly evolving technologies that are constantly updating and adjusting our understanding of epigenetic modifications and their functional roles. Finally, we discuss the potential application of epigenetic approaches in identifying markers of risk and resilience that can be utilized to promote early intervention and develop therapeutic strategies to combat PTSD after symptom onset.
Effects of in vitro exposure to low levels of organotin and carbamate pesticides on human natural killer cell cytotoxic function.

Human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes play a central role in immune system defense against viral infection and against the formation of primary tumors. Organotin (OT) pesticides have been used in industrial and agricultural applications, and OT contamination has been reported in water, sediment, and fish. Carbamate pesticides are currently used in agricultural chemicals. Two specific carbamates used in agriculture are ziram and maneb; ziram also is used as an additive in rubber products including latex gloves. In previous studies we demonstrated that at concentrations in the 150–200 nM range, the OTs tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) were capable of disrupting the function of human NK cells after incubations to as short as 24 h. Previously, we also examined the effects of ziram and maneb at higher concentrations on the cytotoxic function of human NK cells. The current study examined the effects of exposure of up to 6 days to lower concentrations of each of these compounds on the cytotoxic function of NK cells. The OTs were studied at concentrations ranging from 200 to 10 nM; ziram was studied at concentrations of 2.5 μM–125 nM and maneb at concentrations of 10–1 μM. These conditions were studied both in highly purified NK cells and in a mixture of lymphocytes containing both T and NK cells. As little as 25 nM TBT decreased the function of purified NK cells after 24 and 48 h, whereas 10 nM TBT was effective after 6 days. The lowest level of TPT that was effective at 24 h was 50 nM whereas the results after 48 h and 6 days were similar to those seen with TBT. The presence of T lymphocytes diminished the effects of both TBT and TPT on NK cytotoxic function. A concentration of ziram as low as 125 nM produced significant loss of cytotoxic function in highly purified NK cells (65% decrease in function after 6 days). The toxicity of each of the compounds studied increased very significantly with length of exposure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 554–563, 2004